cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study on Numerical Simulation of 4045/3003 Aluminium Alloy Cladding Casting Process

The effects of split-flow way, casting temperature and casting speed on temperature field, flow field and solidification process during the casting process of 4045/3003 cladding ingots with section of φ140 mm ×φ110 mm were studied by using the method of numerical simulation combined with experiments. The results show that concentrated uneven split-flow way could make the temperature and flow rate of melt around the supporting layer uniform, and the temperature difference of the upper edge on composite surface is less than 5℃. When the casting temperature of 3003 aluminum alloy increases from 720℃ to 760 ℃, the temperature field changes scarcely, but in a reasonable range, higher casting temperature contributes to improving the smoothness of supporting layer and the quality of cladding ingots. A too high or too low casting speed would lead to locking and remelting, respectively. Therefore, the reasonable casting speed is about 100mm/min to ensure that the experiment goes smoothly. Simulation results could provide theoretical foundation for optimizing further cladding casting process and industrialization.
MUSCLE ADAPTATIONS IN TRAINED RATS WITH PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL INSUFFICIENCY

The influence of training adaptations, induced within the active muscles of rats with peripheral arterial insufficiency, was assessed with an isolated hindlimb preparation. Femoral artery-stenosed rats, showing symptoms of intermittent claudication, were trained for 14-20 wk by running at 20-35 m/min up a 15% grade for up to approximately 1 h/day, 5 days/wk. Similar total hindlimb blood flows (12.6 ml/min) at a similar arterial O2 content (20.7 vol/100 ml) yielded similar blood flows (95-117 ml.min-1.100 g-1) and O2 deliveries (9-11 mumol.min-1.g-1) to the contracting muscle of sedentary (n = 10) and trained (n = 10) rats. Ten-minute periods of tetanic contractions (100 ms at 100 Hz each) at 4, 8, 13, 45, 60, and 90 tetani/min were used. Muscle force development was better maintained (P less than 0.001) by the trained group. Higher peak O2 consumption (P less than 0.01) of the trained (5.69 +/- 0.53 mumol.min-1.g-1) compared with the sedentary group (3.66 +/- 0.26 mumol.min-1.g-1) involved a greater O2 extraction, since delivery of O2 was not different between groups. Thus adaptations occurred within trained muscle to enhance performance and peak O2 consumption. Muscle citrate synthase activity, an index of mitochondrial content, was greater (P less than 0.005) in the trained group, with the low-oxidative white muscle section exhibiting the greatest change (approximately threefold sedentary). Adaptations in this section were probably realized functionally, since improvements in muscle performance were evident early in the contraction sequence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Interaction between some anticholinergic agents and phenothiazines. Potentiation of phenothiazine sedation and its antagonism.

Chlorpromazine and promazine were found to potentiate certain effects of JB-329 and atropine in a group of psychiatric patients. These effects were measured by a JB-329 rating scale, 80 items grouped to yield nine cluster scores. This scale allowed a differenrtiation of the particular aspects potentiated by chlorpromazine and promazine. This potentiation was observed on three scores: neurological impairment, loss of consciousness, and impaired performance on the Bender-Gestalt test. Imipramine did not show any such potentiation on this scale and was similar in effect to a saline control. THA and yohimbine were found to antagonize the effects produced by the combination of an anticholinergic and a phenothiazine compound. The effects of these drug combinations were similar to those observed in dogs, but not to the findings in smaller animals (mice and rats).
Construct validity of the Modified Gait Efficacy Scale in older females.

There are few well-validated tools that focus on the assessment of walking confidence in older adults. The main objective of this study was to assess construct validity of the 10-item Modified Gait Efficacy Scale (mGES) as a measure of walking confidence in older adults. Twenty-four older females completed the mGES, the 16-item Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC-16) scale, and the Senior Fitness Test (SFT). Construct validity of the mGES was evaluated by quantifying relationships between the mGES and the ABC-16 and the SFT, and by examining the ability of the mGES to discriminate between known groups (no/lower fear of falling versus higher fear of falling). There was a strong correlation between mGES and the ABC-16 scale (rs = 0.85; p 0.05). Mean mGES score was 91.5% in a no/lower fear of falling group, while it was 81.4% in a higher fear group (p = 0.22). There was a trend toward a significant difference in the unstandardized residuals derived from regression of ranked mGES scores on ranked covariate (age and 8 foot up and go) scores, between the no/lower versus higher fear of falling group (p = 0.095). These results support construct validity of the mGES as a measure of gait self-efficacy in community-dwelling older females.
Knowledge Management and Entrepreneurship: A Contradictory Recipe

Most literature on knowledge management KM focuses on large firms-the domain in which KM was originally developed-and most KM literature on entrepreneurship focuses on entrepreneurial activities in post-revenue firms. The domain of the startup, however, is traditionally very different from these, characterized by a lack of tangible assets and validated value proposition. The authors review the literature on KM and entrepreneurship with a particular focus on young micro-enterprises that have yet to cross the "valley of death" stage of maturation. Using the Dynamic Knowledge Creation Process as a guide, they elaborate on the challenges facing the implementation of KM in startups, and on the subsequent opportunities for startup growth. Finally, the authors reflect upon research questions that may engage future researchers in proposing strategies that better integrate KM as a discipline into the fabric of entrepreneurship and the startup domain.
Phenotyping in Precision Medicine

Abstract Phenotype is the trait or observable characteristic of an organism representing its unique morphological, biochemical, physiological, or behavioral property. In the medical field, this term is generally considered to mention changes from the normal characteristics of patients. The successful differentiation of a patient's phenotype plays a key role in the accurate diagnosis of disease, its stage, and required therapeutics. However, in some cases phenotypic descriptions cannot precisely depict the nature of disease or its stage. Particularly, in case of rare diseases, this phenomenon is very prominent due to the lack of enough phenotypic descriptions. The emerging area of precision medicine tries to render the best available health care to each patient. The practice of precision medicine is largely dependent upon the classification of each disease into its subtypes. This process depends upon the collective information of clinical, genotypic, and phenotypic data. Among them phenotypic data could produce an economically feasible approach to the diagnosis of the disease or its subtypes that produce reliable foundations for the precision medicine. The purpose of this chapter is to present the current situation of phenotyping in precision medicine along with the related issues and their possible solutions.
Galactocele in a Prepubertal Girl.

Abstract Background Galactoceles have been previously described as an unusual cause of benign breast enlargement in male infants and children. Case A 3-year-old prepubertal girl presented with a right-sided breast mass and was found to have a 4.4-cm hypoechoic cyst on ultrasound imaging with otherwise normal endocrine studies including prolactin levels. She underwent cyst aspiration which revealed milky fluid. Fat globules were identified with microscopic examination, confirming the diagnosis of a galactocele. Aspiration resolved the mass. Summary and Conclusion The etiology of galactoceles in nonlactating women is poorly understood. Traditionally, treatment of these benign cysts in male children has been surgical excision. In prepubertal girls, conservative management by surveillance or needle aspiration is warranted to prevent damage to developing breast tissue.
ASP-DAC 2017 keynote speech I-2: Electronics for the human body

Biology is soft, curvilinear and transient; modern semiconductor technologies are rigid, planar and everlasting. Electronic and optoelectronic systems that eliminate this profound mismatch in properties create opportunities for devices that can intimately integrate with the body, for diagnostic, therapeutic or surgical function with important, unique capabilities in biomedical research and clinical healthcare. Over the last decade, a convergence of new concepts in mechanical engineering, materials science, electrical engineering and advanced manufacturing has led to the emergence of diverse, novel classes of ‘biocompatible' electronic platforms. This talk describes the key ideas, with examples ranging from wireless, skin-like electronic ‘tattoos' for continuous monitoring of physiological health, to multiplexed, conformal sensor sheets for mapping cardiac electrophysiology, to bioresorbable intracranial sensors for treating traumatic brain injury.
Human Photoreactivating Enzyme

The photoreactivating enzyme (PRE) repairs UV-damaged DNA in a two-step reaction: the enzyme binds to a damaged region of the DNA containing a pyrimidine dimer, the enzyme-DNA complex absorbs a photon in the wavelength range 300–600 nm, resulting in photolysis of the dimer to constituent monomers and restoration of biological activity of the DNA (1,2,3). Although the photoreactivating enzyme was known to be widely distributed through both plant and animal kingdoms, most studies indicated that the enzyme was absent in placental mammals (4). Recent evidence indicates, however, that placental mammals do possess photoreactivating enzyme activity, that this activity can monomerize pyrimidine dimers in cellular DNA, and thus prevent UV-induced biological damage (5,6,7). I shall discuss these data with emphasis on the human enzyme, its deficiency in some human cells, and the possible role of the enzyme in DNA repair in man.
Selling the Norm

Advertising is prominent in every aspect of our highly commercialized society. As a conduit for capitalism, advertising acts as a public pedagogy, subtly teaching us what to think or believe, how to behave, and who or what has value within society. Without realizing the subconscious influence of advertising, people are led to make choices about what products to buy and what ideas to buy into.
Functionalization of carbon silica composites via in-pore synthesis of active sites for NH$$_$$ and SO$$_2$$2 adsorption

To enhance the gas adsorption of toxic industrial chemicals such as NH $$_3$$ and SO $$_2$$ , a biphasic carbon silica composite (CSC) is functionalized with combinations of potassium carbonate or potassium phosphate and various metal chlorides with divalent cations. A precipitation reaction occurs within the pores of the CSC between non-monovalent cations and anions to create essentially insoluble active sites. The adsorption capacities of these functionalized materials are measured at atmospheric pressure and low concentrations of NH $$_3$$ and SO $$_2$$ . Along with capacity performance, the synthesized materials are characterized using X-ray diffraction, porosimetry and pH measurements to analyze the structure, the incorporation, and the effects of impregnation upon functionalization. Results show that successful incorporation of all insoluble precipitates enhances adsorption capacities compared to impregnant-free substrates. Furthermore, characterization results show reduced pore volumes and surface areas of functionalized materials with structural integrity maintained. Both NH $$_3$$ and SO $$_2$$ adsorption can be improved via dual salt functionalization of metal chlorides with potassium salts which form insoluble precipitates on CSC and MCM-41 adsorbent materials. In order to target both adsorbates effectively, the incorporation of K $$_2$$ CO $$_3$$ and ZnCl $$_2$$ to form ZnCO $$_3$$ provides the highest adsorption capacities for both NH $$_3$$ and SO $$_2$$ .
Must, Juice, and Wine Transfer Methods

This chapter deals with the transfer of musts, juices, and wines by the energy imparted by mechanical pumps and by pressure differences. The various pumps that can be used are described, as well as the manner in which they are used. The calculation procedures for the sizing of pumps and of estimating flow rates are presented, together with typical examples.
Guidelines for performing systematic reviews in the development of toxicity factors.

Abstract The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) developed guidance on conducting systematic reviews during the development of chemical-specific toxicity factors. Using elements from publicly available frameworks, the TCEQ systematic review process was developed in order to supplement the existing TCEQ Guidelines for developing toxicity factors (TCEQ Regulatory Guidance 442). The TCEQ systematic review process includes six steps: 1) Problem Formulation; 2) Systematic Literature Review and Study Selection; 3) Data Extraction; 4) Study Quality and Risk of Bias Assessment; 5) Evidence Integration and Endpoint Determination; and 6) Confidence Rating. This document provides guidance on conducting a systematic literature review and integrating evidence from different data streams when developing chemical-specific reference values (ReVs) and unit risk factors (URFs). However, this process can also be modified or expanded to address other questions that would benefit from systematic review practices. The systematic review and evidence integration framework can improve regulatory decision-making processes, increase transparency, minimize bias, improve consistency between different risk assessments, and further improve confidence in toxicity factor development.
Discordance between 'actual' and 'scheduled' check-in times at a heart failure clinic.

INTRODUCTION A 2015 Institute Of Medicine statement "Transforming Health Care Scheduling and Access: Getting to Now", has increased concerns regarding patient wait times. Although waiting times have been widely studied, little attention has been paid to the role of patient arrival times as a component of this phenomenon. To this end, we investigated patterns of patient arrival at scheduled ambulatory heart failure (HF) clinic appointments and studied its predictors. We hypothesized that patients are more likely to arrive later than scheduled, with progressively later arrivals later in the day. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a business intelligence database we identified 6,194 unique patients that visited the Cleveland Clinic Main Campus HF clinic between January, 2015 and January, 2017. This clinic served both as a tertiary referral center and a community HF clinic. Transplant and left ventricular assist device (LVAD) visits were excluded. Punctuality was defined as the difference between 'actual' and 'scheduled' check-in times, whereby negative values (i.e., early punctuality) were patients who checked-in early. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that patients checked-in late only a minority of the time (38% of visits). Additionally, examining punctuality by appointment hour slot we found that patients scheduled after 8AM had progressively earlier check-in times as the day progressed (P < .001 for trend). In both a Random Forest-Regression framework and linear regression models the most important risk-adjusted predictors of early punctuality were: later in the day appointment hour slot, patient having previously been to the hospital, age in the early 70s, and white race. CONCLUSIONS Patients attending a mixed population ambulatory HF clinic check-in earlier than scheduled times, with progressive discrepant intervals throughout the day. This finding may have significant implications for provider utilization and resource planning in order to maximize clinic efficiency. The impact of elective early arrival on patient's perceived wait times requires further study.
Hierarchical learning for automated malware classification

Despite widespread use of commercial anti-virus products, the number of malicious files detected on home and corporate computers continues to increase at a significant rate. Recently, anti-virus companies have started investing in machine learning solutions to augment signatures manually designed by analysts. A malicious file's determination is often represented as a hierarchical structure consisting of a type (e.g. Worm, Backdoor), a platform (e.g. Win32, Win64), a family (e.g. Rbot, Rugrat) and a family variant (e.g. A, B). While there has been substantial research in automated malware classification, the aforementioned hierarchical structure, which can provide additional information to the classification models, has been ignored. In this paper, we propose the novel idea and study the performance of employing hierarchical learning algorithms for automated classification of malicious files. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first research effort which incorporates the hierarchical structure of the malware label in its automated classification and in the security domain, in general. It is important to note that our method does not require any additional effort by analysts because they typically assign these hierarchical labels today. Our empirical results on a real world, industrial-scale malware dataset of 3.6 million files demonstrate that incorporation of the label hierarchy achieves a significant reduction of 33.1% in the binary error rate as compared to a non-hierarchical classifier which is traditionally used in such problems.
N is Neither Very Small nor Very Large

A number of estimates of N are based on minimum assumptions, and lead to “moderate” values of about 105. The suggestion that N may be very much larger is not supported observationally. The suggestion that the lack of extraterrestrial colonists on the earth means that N is very small is examined in detail. It is shown that the interstellar colonization scenario is, in fact, not plausible because even one colony calls for expenditures of energy sufficient to support hundreds of millions of individuals for hundreds of years. The laws of physics, biology, and interstellar distances thus make interstellar colonization unreasonable, and moderate values of N continue to be most plausible.
A darkly bright republic: Milton's poetic logic

My first section considers Walter J. Ong's influential analyses of the logical method of Peter Ramus, on whose system Milton based his Art of Logic. The upshot of Ong's work is that philosophical l...
Experience implementing a university-based mass immunization program in response to a meningococcal B outbreak

Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (MenB) has caused several recent outbreaks of meningococcal disease on US college campuses. In January 2015, a case of MenB was reported at a university in Oregon, culminating in an outbreak with a total of 7 cases (including 1 fatality) identified over a 5-month period. In response to the outbreak, the university organized a mass immunization campaign with 4 "opt-in" immunization clinics. The preparation, challenges, and resources required for organization and implementation of a mass immunization program in response to an outbreak at a large public university are discussed herein. Based on the logistical challenges as well as resource expenditures associated with planning and executing a mass immunization effort, this experience illustrates that proactive, routine immunization of incoming students is the best strategy for MenB outbreak prevention.
Advancing the aging biology toolkit

A new device for isolating large quantities of old yeast cells expands the experimental boundaries of aging research.
CHAPTER 6 – Fractal Dimension and the Binding Rate Coefficient

This chapter analyzes the influence of the fractal dimension on the surface on binding-rate coefficient. A fractal analysis of analyte–receptor binding kinetics is presented in this chapter, which provides examples of cases when: a single-fractal analysis is applicable; a single as well as a dual-fractal analysis is applicable; and only a dual-fractal analysis is applicable. The fractal dimension provides a quantitative measure of the degree of heterogeneity that exists on the surface. The predictive relationships developed for the binding-rate coefficient as a function of a reactant concentration are of particular value because they provide an avenue by which the binding-rate coefficient may be manipulated. These relationships have been developed for all the three cases mentioned in the chapter. In each case, the noninteger dependence of the binding-rate coefficient on the reactant concentration lends further support for the fractal nature of the system. More studies are required to determine whether the binding-rate coefficient is sensitive to the fractal dimension or the degree of heterogeneity that exists on the biosensor surface.
Error Analysis for the Particle Filter: Methods and Theoretical Support

The particle filter is a popular Bayesian filtering algorithm for use in cases where the state-space model is nonlinear and/or the random terms (initial state or noises) are non-Gaussian distributed. We study the behavior of the error in the particle filter algorithm as the number of particles gets large. After a decomposition of the error into two terms, we show that the difference between the estimator and the conditional mean is asymptotically normal when the resampling is done at every step in the filtering process. Two nonlinear/non-Gaussian examples are tested to verify this conclusion.
An mHealth SMS intervention on Postpartum Contraceptive Use Among Women and Couples in Kenya: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objectives. To assess the effect of 2-way short message service (SMS) with a nurse on postpartum contraceptive use among individual women and couples.Methods. From 2016 to 2017, we conducted a rand...
CONCLUDING REMARKS ON LEARNING IN ISOLATED NEURONAL STRUCTURES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses several remarks on learning in isolated neuronal structures. The establishment of associative learning within an isolated moluskan neuronal soma has been demonstrated. In an experiment described in the chapter, repeated combinations of local applications of the transmitter, acetylcholine, on the surface of a completely isolated neuron, with injection of intracellular depolarizing current, resulted in an increase in the amplitude of the excitatory transmitter potential, which then triggered action potentials. Two groups of plastic neurons were found among isolated neurons by Grechenko. The combination of afferent signals with antidromic stimulation resulted in an increase in postsynaptic potentials at the intracellular level.
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia and Checkpoint Inhibitors: 68 Cases from the FDA Database and Critical Review

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) are widely used in modern oncology and have improved the prognosis of lung cancer, bladder cancer, malignant melanoma and other malignancies. Unlike cytotoxic chemotherapy, drugs like nivolumab, pembrolizumab and ipilimumab are associated with a high frequency of immune-related adverse effects. We recently observed a patient with lung cancer who developed a fulminant warm-antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and reviewed the literature and public databases of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to help understand the association between CPI use and AIHA. A total of 68 cases of AIHA were identified in the FDA database during the time period 2012-2018; 43 associated with nivolumab, 13 with pembrolizumab, 7 with ipilimumab and 5 with atezolizumab administration (see Table 1). All episodes of AIHA were listed as serious. If the total number of adverse effect cases reported to the FDA is taken as a reference, AIHA is rare, but occurred more frequently with PD-1 or PDL1 targeting agents (0.15 to 0.25%) than with CTLA4-inhibitors (0.06%). The underlying cancer diagnoses corresponded mostly to the approved indications for CPI (32 cases of malignant melanoma, 24 cases of lung cancer). In about a quarter of cases with AIHA other immune related side effects were reported. In addition to our case, the literature review identified 10 similar cases. AIHA can occur earlier and later after the administration of CPI (median of 10 weeks, range 2- 78). Most cases of AIHA responded to steroids, but 2/11 were fatal. In conclusion, we describe AIHA as a rare and serious immune-related side effect of checkpoint inhibitors. Because of its seriousness and the underlying comorbidities, early aggressive management is necessary. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Patients triaged to neoadjuvant chemotherapy have higher rates of sarcopenia: An opportunity for prehabilitation

Abstract Objective To compare baseline body composition measures (BCM), including sarcopenia, between patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) undergoing primary cytoreductive surgery (PCS) versus neoadjuvant chemotherapy/interval cytoreductive surgery (NACT/ICS) and evaluate changes in BCM pre-NACT versus pre-ICS. Methods Patients with stage IIIC/IV EOC who underwent PCS or NACT with curative intent between 1/1/2012 and 7/31/2016 were included. Computed tomography scans were evaluated via a semi-automated program to determine BCM. Measures evaluated include skeletal muscle area (SMA), skeletal muscle density (SMD), skeletal muscle index (SMI), and skeletal muscle gauge (SMG). Sarcopenia was defined as SMI Results The study included 200 PCS patients and 85 NACT/ICS patients, of which 76 had both pre-NACT and pre-ICS scans. NACT patients were significantly more likely to be sarcopenic compared to PCS patients (40.0% vs 27.5%, p = 0.04). Mean SMA (107.3 vs 113.4 cm2, p = 0.004) and mean SMG (1344.6 vs. 1456.9 (cm2 x HU)/m2, p = 0.06) were lower in NACT patients. Among NACT/ICS patients, mean SMI significantly decreased −1.4 cm2/m2 (p = 0.005) at the time of surgery, resulting in a non-statistically significant increase in the percentage of sarcopenic patients from baseline (40.8% vs. 50.0%, p = 0.09). Conclusions Sarcopenia is more common in patients with advanced EOC undergoing NACT compared to PCS when using an evidence-based triage system for triage decisions. Body composition changes significantly over the course of NACT. Sarcopenia may be an indicator of debility and another factor for consideration in treatment planning. Further research into body composition's effects on prognosis and altering sarcopenia is necessary.
Assessment of ED triage of anaphylaxis patients based on the Emergency Severity Index.

Abstract Objectives To describe the emergency department (ED) triage of anaphylaxis patients based on the Emergency Severity Index (ESI), assess the association between ESI triage level and ED epinephrine administration, and determine characteristics associated with lower acuity triage ESI assignment (levels 3 and 4). Methods We conducted a cohort study of adult and pediatric anaphylaxis patients between September 2010 and September 2018 at an academic ED. Patient characteristics and management were compared between Emergency Severity Index (ESI) triage level 1 or 2 versus levels 3 or 4 using logistic regression analysis. We adhered to STROBE reporting guidelines. Results A total of 1090 patient visits were included. There were 26 (2%), 515 (47%), 489 (45%), and 60 (6%) visits that were assigned an ESI triage level of 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Epinephrine was administered in the ED to 53% of patients triaged ESI level 1 or 2 and to 40% of patients triaged ESI level 3 or 4. Patients who were assigned a lower acuity ESI level of 3 or 4 had a longer median time from ED arrival to epinephrine administration compared to those with a higher acuity ESI level of 1 or 2 (28 min compared to 13 min, p Conclusion Patients triaged to lower acuity ESI levels experienced delays in ED epinephrine administration. Adult and pediatric patients with skin-related chief concerns were more likely to be to be assigned lower acuity ESI levels. Further studies are needed to identify interventions that will improve ED anaphylaxis triage.
Ferroelectric Switching in Sub-20 nm Aluminum Scandium Nitride Thin Films

Ferroelectric switching was studied in 20 nm thick Al0.68Sc0.32N and Al0.64Sc0.36N films (with ~4 nm surface oxides) on platinized silicon wafers by multiple electrical characterization methods. Positive up negative down (PUND) measurements were conducted using 100 $\mu \text{s}$ monopolar triangular waveform excitation. At room temperature, Al0.68Sc0.32N exhibited an apparent remanent polarization, $\text{P}_{\text {r}} = {140}\,\,\mu \text{C}$ /cm2 and a coercive field, $\text{E}_{\text {c}} = {6.5}$ MV/cm, while film leakage prevented quantitative measurement of the Al0.64Sc0.36N ferroelectric properties. Remanent polarizations of $75~\mu \text{C}$ /cm2 for Al0.68Sc0.32N and $25\mu \text{C}$ /cm2for Al0.64Sc0.36N were measured at 120 K. Partial ferroelectric switching was confirmed at room temperature for both materials via the measured transverse piezoelectric coefficients (e31, f) of −1.3 C/m2 (down-switching) and −0.3 C/m2 (up-switching) for Al0.68Sc0.32N, and −0.9 C/m2 (down-switching) and −0.7 C/m2 (up-switching) for Al0.64Sc0.36N.
Cytokine Receptor Signaling and CD4/CD8 Lineage Choice during T Cell Development in the Thymus

The adaptive immune system is controlled by the concerted action of two major populations of T cells, i.e., helper T cells that express the coreceptor CD4 and cytolytic T cells that express the coreceptor CD8. In mature T cells, the expression of CD4 and CD8 is mutually exclusive, and their functional properties tightly correlate with the coreceptor phenotype. The common precursors of helper and cytolytic T cells in the thymus express both CD4 and CD8 at the same time. Moreover, they are referred to as double-positive (DP) thymocytes. A long-standing question in T cell development is how extinguishing the expression of one coreceptor versus the other is orchestrated on DP thymocytes, such that the coreceptor expression precisely matches T lineage fate. This problem is commonly known as CD4/CD8 lineage choice, and mechanistic details of this process are rapidly emerging. Recent reports have revealed that lineage fate is determined by the mutually antagonistic actions of two transcription factors that are absent in DP cells but are induced in thymocytes following positive selection. The BTB-zinc finger family protein ThPOK is induced by strong and persistent TCR signals and imposes CD4 lineage fate. The runt family transcription factor Runx3, in contrast, is induced by cytokine signaling and is found in CD8 lineage committed cells. However, how these transcription factors control the actions of each other and which intra-thymic signals regulate the timing of their expression are not clear. Here, we review the role of cytokine signaling in determining CD4/CD8 lineage choice, and we explore the regulatory pathways that lead to the mutually exclusive expression of ThPOK and Runx3, which culminates in the lineage bifurcation of developing thymocytes.
Upon Leaving a Firm: Tell the Truth or Hide the Ball

Over the last fifteen years, two divergent common law views have emerged regarding the enforceability of noncompetition clauses between attorneys. The first is exemplified by two Oregon appellate cases and the landmark New York Court of Appeals’ decision, Cohen v. Lord, Day & Lord, whereby noncompetition clauses between attorneys were found void as against public policy. The second adopts a contrary opinion, questioning the conventional wisdom that those who seek legal advice must be afforded the broadest possible choice of counsel. At present, a balancing test is used to reject the per se impermissibility of noncompetition clauses between lawyers. However, the application of this balancing test has adverse effects. These effects, as well as the conflicts that occur when attorneys depart their firms, and the evolution and ethical rationale underlying the traditional, per se impermissibility of noncompetition clauses, therefore require further review. The legal profession is inherently different from any other profession, and as such mandates that attorney noncompetition clauses be treated differently in order to protect the interests of the client.
Analysis of Neutral Lipid Synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Metabolic Labeling and Thin Layer Chromatography.

Neutral lipids (NLs) are a class of hydrophobic, chargeless biomolecules that play key roles in energy and lipid homeostasis. NLs are synthesized de novo from acetyl-CoA and are primarily present in eukaryotes in the form of triglycerides (TGs) and sterol-esters (SEs). The enzymes responsible for the synthesis of NLs are highly conserved from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) to humans, making yeast a useful model organism to dissect the function and regulation of NL metabolism enzymes. While much is known about how acetyl-CoA is converted into a diverse set of NL species, mechanisms for regulating NL metabolism enzymes, and how mis-regulation can contribute to cellular pathologies, are still being discovered. Numerous methods for the isolation and characterization of NL species have been developed and used over decades of research; however, a quantitative and simple protocol for the comprehensive characterization of major NL species has not been discussed. Here, a simple and adaptable method to quantify the de novo synthesis of major NL species in yeast is presented. We apply 14C-acetic acid metabolic labeling coupled with thin layer chromatography to separate and quantify a diverse range of physiologically important NLs. Additionally, this method can be easily applied to study in vivo reaction rates of NL enzymes or degradation of NL species over time.
Synthesis of Deceptive Strategies in Reachability Games with Action Misperception (Technical Report).

Strategic deception is an act of manipulating the opponent's perception to gain strategic advantages. In this paper, we study synthesis of deceptive winning strategies in two-player turn-based zero-sum reachability games on graphs with one-sided incomplete information of action sets. In particular, we consider the class of games in which Player 1 (P1) starts with a non-empty set of private actions, which she may 'reveal' to Player 2 (P2) during the course of the game. P2 is equipped with an inference mechanism using which he updates his perception of P1's action set whenever a new action is revealed. Under this information structure, the objective of P1 is to reach a set of goal states in the game graph while that of P2 is to prevent it. We address the question: how can P1 leverage her information advantages to deceive P2 into choosing actions that in turn benefit P1? To this end, we introduce a dynamic hypergame model to capture the reachability game with evolving misperception of P2. Analyzing the game qualitatively, we design algorithms to synthesize deceptive sure and almost-sure winning regions, and establish two key results: (1) under sure-winning condition, deceptive winning strategy is equivalent to the non-deceptive winning strategy - i.e. use of deception has no advantages, (2) under almost-sure winning condition, the deceptive winning strategy could be more powerful than the non-deceptive strategy. We illustrate our algorithms using a capture-the-flag game, and demonstrate the use of proposed approach to a larger class of games with temporal logic objectives.
Geriatrische Frakturzentren

Durch die Alterung der Weltbevolkerung verandert sich die Behandlung und Pflege alterer Menschen. Daruber hinaus besteht in dieser Bevolkerungsgruppe ein erhebliches Risiko fur Altersfrakturen, v. a. Huftfrakturen. Huftfrakturen gehen mit einer erheblichen Morbiditat und Mortalitat einher und haben grose okonomische Konsequenzen. Aus diesen Grunden wurde das Konzept des Traumazentrums fur altere Menschen entwickelt. Diese Zentren nutzen die Erfahrung von orthopadischen Chirurgen und Geriatern, um dem alteren Huftfrakturpatienten eine gemeinsame und abgestimmte Behandlung zu bieten. Studien haben eine Verbesserung der klinischen Ergebnisse, eine Verkurzung des Krankenhausaufenthalts, eine Verminderung iatrogener Komplikationen und eine Verringerung der Mortalitat nach einem Jahr im Vergleich zur herkommlichen Behandlung gezeigt. Okonomische Berechnungen konnten auserdem nachweisen, dass regionale Huftfrakturzentren nicht nur medizinisch effizienter, sondern auch profitabel sind.
An Approach to Standard Perioperative Transthoracic Echocardiography Practice for Anesthesiologists-Perioperative Transthoracic Echocardiography Protocols.

Abstract The use of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has become the standard of care for most cardiac surgical procedures. There are guidelines established for training, practice, and quality improvement in perioperative TEE by the joint efforts of the American Society of Echocardiography and Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. Cardiac point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) increasingly is being incorporated into anesthesiologists’ training and practice. While a special “certification in Critical Care Echocardiography” was created by the National Board of Echocardiography in 2019, there currently exist no guidelines for training, certification, and practice of perioperative TTE by anesthesiologists. In this review, the authors describe the categories, indications and applications of perioperative TTE and provide a recommended sequence for performing an examination tailored to the evaluation of perioperative patients. Although the authors describe a protocol utilized at their institution, there are no standards described in the literature for PTTE. Cardiac anesthesiologists and cardiac anesthesia societies (Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, European Association of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiologists) must come forward to establish standards working in collaboration with echocardiography societies (American Society of Echocardiography, European Society of Cardiology).
“I Did Not Wash My Feet with that Woman”: Using Dramatic Performance to Teach Biblical Studies

The student dramatic performance is an effective way for undergraduates to learn biblical studies. In this article I will give an example of a dramatic performance assignment that I developed over a number of courses and used most recently and most successfully in an undergraduate course in the Hebrew Bible at a small liberal arts college in the Midwest/Appalachian region in 2008. Drawing on my own experience as a teacher, as well as on the ideas of philosophers, educators, playwrights, and biblical scholars, I will explain why such performances are effective teaching tools. I will also give guidance on how to use dramatic performances effectively. I intend to show that the success of this assignment depends on, and ultimately validates, two basic trusts: trust in the intellectual and creative capacity of students, as well as trust in the wealth of meaning in the biblical text.
Getting There is Half the Battle: Military Mobilization and the Escalation of Demands

When a state in a diplomatic crisis with a rival mobilizes its military, it pays in advance some of the costs of fighting a war since military movements are a necessary first step in actually fighting. However, this act of sinking costs during negotiation alters the bargaining environment. This is because the set of possible negotiated outcomes mutually-preferred to war is determined by the joint costs of war, and part of the cost of war includes mobilization. Mobilization reduces the remaining marginal cost of war for the mobilizing side, thereby raising the mobilizer’s minimum demands for a negotiated settlement. Case studies of British mobilization in the Crimean War and U.S. mobilization against Iraq prior to March 2003 demonstrate the effect of mobilization on the course of negotiations. We conclude with some implications for the credibility of great powers who mobilize against distant weaker states.
Protein-protein interactions in an alphavirus membrane.

Abstract Using homobifunctional chemical cross-linkers with various span distances, we have determined the near-neighbor associations and planar organization of the E1 and E2 envelope glycoproteins which compose the icosahedral surface of Sindbis virus. We have found that E1-E2 heterodimers, which form the virus protomeric units, exist in two conformationally distinct forms, reflecting their nonequivalent positions in the icosahedron. Three of these heterodimers form the trimeric morphologic units (capsomeres) which are held together by central E1-E1 interactions. In addition, we present data which suggest that E2-E2 interactions organize the capsomeres into pentameric and hexameric geometric units and that E1-E1 interactions between capsomeres maintain the icosahedral lattice in mature virions.
Use of the sex reversed gene (Sxr) to investigate functional sex reversal and gonadal determination in mammals.

Functional sex reversal is a well established phenomenon in many classes of organisms and demonstrates that sex determination in those organisms is influenced by the extra-embryonic environment. Experimental reversal of chromosomally male Xenopus laevis embryos to functional females has been accomplished by adding estrogens to the water in which these embryos develop (Chang and Witschi 1955; Gallien 1955). Chromosomally male embryos of the fish Oryziat latipes have been similarly reversed by estrogens (Yamamoto 1953, 1955), and female embryos of this same species have been reversed to functional males with testosterone (Yamamoto 1958). Other experiments have reversed males of Amblystoma maculatum (Foote 1940, 1941) and of the urodele, Fleurodeles waltlii (Gallien 1950, 1951).
Geographic variation in utilization of sentinel lymph node biopsy for intermediate thickness cutaneous melanoma.

Background and Objectives Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is the standard for evaluation of the draining lymphatic basin for intermediate thickness melanoma. Despite this, SLNB has not been uniformly adopted. We hypothesized that there are geographic areas of the United States where patients are less likely to receive SLNB. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was queried for patients who underwent surgery for intermediate thickness cutaneous melanoma (Breslow thickness 1.00–4.00 mm) from 2004 to 2008. Patients were categorized according to geographic area based on the reporting registry. Multivariate logistic regression models predicted use of SLNB. Results Entry criteria were met by 8,957 patients. On multivariate analysis, patients from the South were less likely (OR 0.54, CI 0.48–0.62; P < 0.001) to receive a SLNB. Additional factors associated with a decreased likelihood of receiving a SLNB included head and neck primary tumor site, high or unknown serum LDH, Asian, Hispanic, Native American or unknown race, and increasing age. Conclusions Patients from the South were less likely to receive a SLNB for an intermediate thickness cutaneous melanoma. This report of geographic disparities on a national level should be confirmed locally to better guide interventions aimed at eliminating these disparities. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:807–810. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Passive aggression: An alternative hypothesis for the Piper-Pheidole association.

Myrmecophytic Piper spp. were re-examined in view of what has become a common expectation in studies of mutualistic ant-plant associations: overtly aggressive behavioral traits in ants that function in anti-herbivore defense. Piper plants provide food and shelter for the Pheidole ant inhabitants. The ants, small and "sluggish", were previously thought to serve in nutrient procurement for the plant even though their foraging is probably restricted to the plant surface and most of the ants' food is produced by the plant itself.An alternative hypothesis, that Pheidole ants function in anti-herbivore defense by disrupting herbivores as eggs or early instars occurring on Piper foliage, was tested using the following lines of reasoning: (1) If the youngest, tender leaves are more vulnerable to herbivore attack, or simply more valuable to the plant, then ants may "patrol" these leaves preferentially. More ants were found on young leaves ([Formula: see text]=2.00 ants/leaf) than on mature leaves ([Formula: see text]=0.51). (2) If the ants are functioning in anti-herbivore defense, herbivory should be lower on occupied plants than on plants without ants. Estimates of mean percent foliovore damage per sapling showed that for samples with similar average heights (and presumably, ages), the unoccupied plants had significantly greater damage. A comparison of newest leaves showed a significant trend for damage to decrease with increased ant activity. (3) If ants are attacking hervibores at early stages of development, baiting with eggs should demonstrate this activity. Over 75% of all egg baits on young and mature leaves were taken up by an ant during observation periods of 30 or 60 min. Baits were found significantly faster on young than on mature leaves. In over half of the baiting trials, the egg was taken to the edge of the leaf and dropped to the ground rather than sequestered as a nutrient source.These data suggest that Pheidole inhabiting Piper plants are important in plant defense from herbivores and that adherance to a classical notion of aggression in similar studies might bias the initial question-asking stages of an investigation.
The toxicokinetics of (1R, cis)- and (1R, trans)- tetramethrin in the isolated perfused rat liver.

1. The toxicokinetics of cis- and trans-tetramethrin isomers were investigated using the isolated perfused rat liver preparation.2. The concentration of cis- and trans-tetramethrin decreased rapidly in the plasma perfusate and was initially replaced by N-(hydroxymethyl)3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide (MTI) and then by 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide (TPI). Plasma perfusate concentrations of the intact cis-isomer were higher than those of the trans-isomer. Concentrations of MTI and TPI were higher in livers treated with the trans-isomer.3. Tetramethrin and its metabolites were rapidly excreted in the bile. Bile from livers perfused with trans-isomer contained higher concentrations of parent isomer and metabolites MTI and TPI, than did bile from livers treated with the cis-isomer
Predation on Soft-Shell Clams, Mya arenaria, by the Common Mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus'

Invertebrate predation has been cited as the major factor determining post-settling survival of the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria. Feeding studies on common mummichogs, Fundulus heteroclitus, in Essex Bay, Massachusetts, from July 1976 to June 1978 showed soft-shell clams to be an important diet item in fish greater than 55 mm TL. Biweekly quantitative seining from 16 April to 24 September 1977 revealed predation peaks in the spring and fall corresponding to March–April and June–July spawning periods for M. arenaria. In spring and fall 1977 and spring 1978, 38.5% of the male and 52.8% of the female mummichogs sampled over 55 mm TL averaged 6.77 and 7.32 clams per stomach respectively. The maximum number of clams per stomach was 49 (108 mm female), and 47 (100 mm male). Quantitative seining at low tide yielded mummichog densities from 0.35 to 6.04 fish/m2. Combining mummichog density estimates with soft-shell clam predation data gave a possible consumption of 546,000 M. arenaria per km low tide shoreline per day during peak predation periods. Results indicate mummichog predation may equal or exceed invertebrate predation as a major cause of small (<12 mm) soft-shell clam mortality in the Gulf of Maine.