cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy security and the US–China dyad: is sustained energy cooperation possible?

As two of the world’s largest energy consumers, the United States and China regularly consult on energy matters and, at times, exchange information on innovations and best practices within the field. These habits extend back to the early 1970s when the two countries initiated diplomatic exchanges following President Richard Nixon’s historic visit to China in February 1972. Since that time, energy has been viewed as a relatively ‘safe’ and non-controversial topic that has enhanced bilateral relations and mutual confidence. Simultaneously, however, China and Chinese state-sponsored energy firms have aggressively moved into energy markets around the world in search of energy resources which are designed to satisfy China’s growing energy demands. US officials have, on certain occasions, reacted with some degree of unease or alarm regarding these activities and are fearful that such commercial relationships might enhance Chinese political influence or geopolitical standing in certain regions, such as the Middl...
VESTPD as a measure of ventilatory acclimatization to hypobaric hypoxia.

This study compared the ventilation response to an incremental ergometer exercise at two altitudes: 633 mmHg (resident altitude = 1,600 m) and following acute decompression to 455 mmHg (≈4,350 m altitude) in eight male cyclists and runners. At 455 mmHg, the VESTPD at RER <1.0 was significantly lower and the VEBTPS was higher because of higher breathing frequency; at VO2max, both VESTPD and VEBTPS were not significantly different. As percent of VO2max, the VEBTPS was nearly identical and VESTPD was 30% lower throughout the exercise at 455 mmHg. The lower VESTPD at lower pressure differs from two classical studies of acclimatized subjects (Silver Hut and OEII), where VESTPD at submaximal workloads was maintained or increased above that at sea level. The lower VESTPD at 455 mmHg in unacclimatized subjects at submaximal workloads results from acute respiratory alkalosis due to the initial fall in HbO2 (≈0.17 pHa units), reduction in PACO2 (≈5 mmHg) and higher PAO2 throughout the exercise, which are partially ...
Selective Molecularly Mediated Pseudocapacitive Separation of Ionic Species in Solution.

We report the development of a dual-electrode pseudocapacitive separation technology (PSST) to capture quantitatively, remotely, and in a reversible manner value-added carboxylate salts of environmental and industrial significance. The nanostructured pseudocapacitive cell exhibits elegant molecular selectivity toward ionic species: upon electrochemical oxidation, a poly(vinylferrocene) (PVF)-based anodic electrode shows high selectivity toward carboxylates based on their basicity and hydrophobicity. Simultaneously, on the other side of the electrochemical cell, a poly(anthraquinone) (PAQ)-based cathodic electrode undergoes electrochemical reduction and captures the counterions of these carboxylates. The separation and regeneration capability of the electrochemical cell was evaluated through the variations in concentration of the carboxylates in polar organic solvents (often used in electrocatalytic processes) upon electrochemical charging and neutralization of the polymeric cargo of the electrodes, respec...
Incorporating shape prior into active contours with a sparse linear combination of training shapes: Application to corpus callosum segmentation

In this paper, a novel method of embedding shape information into level set image segmentation is proposed. Our method is based on inferring shape variations by a sparse linear combination of instances in the shape repository. Given a sufficient number of training shapes with variations, a new shape can be approximated by a linear span of training shapes associated with those variations. At each step of curve evolution the curve is moved to minimize Chan-Vese energy functional as well as toward the best approximation based on a linear combination of training samples. Although the method is general, in this paper it has been applied to the problem of segmentation of corpus callosum from 2D sagittal MR images.
Evidence for the in vivo safety of insulated foamy viral vectors

Retroviral vector-mediated stem cell gene therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of hematopoietic disorders. However, genotoxic side effects from integrated vector proviruses are a significant concern for the use of retroviral vectors in the clinic. Insulated foamy viral (FV) vectors are potentially safer retroviral vectors for hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy. We evaluated two newly identified human insulators, A1 and A2, for use in FV vectors. These insulators had moderate insulating capacity and higher titers than previously developed insulated FV vectors. The A1-insulated FV vector was chosen for comparison with the previously described 650cHS4-insulated FV vector in human cord blood CD34+ repopulating cells in an immunodeficient mouse model. To maximize the effects of the insulators on the safety of FV vectors, FV vectors containing a highly genotoxic spleen focus forming virus promoter were used to elicit differences in genotoxicity. In vivo, the A1-insulated FV vector showed an approximate 50% reduction in clonal dominance compared with either the 650cHS4-insulated or control FV vectors, although the transduction efficiency of the A1-insulated vector was higher. This data suggests that the A1-insulated FV vector is promising for future preclinical and clinical studies.
Inferring the structure of polytree networks of dynamic systems with hidden nodes

In many application scenarios the underlying structure of a distributed system is described by using a graph representing the influence among its individual components. Indeed, given an unknown complex system, deriving information about its connectivity structure is often the first step to understand its fundamental mechanisms. There are several techniques in the scientific literature to infer influence diagrams for networks of dynamic systems, however, most of them can not deal with the presence of latent (unmeasured) components. The article provides sufficient conditions for reconstruction of networks of dynamic systems with polytree structure in the presence of latent nodes. No a priori assumptions are made about the location and number of hidden nodes.
Industrial capacitance sensors and actuators

In-line monitoring of the integrity of industrial components is critical for determining overall system life and stability which in turn promotes safety for personnel and equipment. However, sensing is not the only step in the process, sensing and then subsequent response can create a full-loop interactive system to not only predict failure but also prevent its occurrence. Ideal measurement and response systems should be designed to minimize required material and processing adjustments to current standardized components. This research depicts methods and proof of concept for monitoring the integrity of industrial systems using capacitance sensors created from common industrial materials and manufacturing processes in three industrial applications: tires, hydraulic hoses, and seals. Furthermore, the work provides a means to create an actuation response using electroactive polymers composed of the same industrial materials providing a sensing and response loop. This article depicts three specific applications of this technology and industrial products that can be used to improve the reliability of human operated equipment.
Quantitative Changes in Dihydroethidium (DHE) Oxidation Products from Isolated Mitochondria While Respiring on Select Substrates and the Effects Mitochondrial Inhibitors Commonly Used in Bioenergetic Profiling

Dihydroethdium (DHE) oxidation is commonly used as a method for monitoring cellular production of “reactive oxygen species (ROS)”. Usually changes in DHE florescence due to oxidation in cells and tissues are measured by microscopy, flow cytometry and occassionaly by HPLC analysis. Rarely are functional intact mitochondria while respiring on known mitochondrial substrates used, nor changes in “ROS” and DHE oxidation products analyzed while using bioenergetics profiling strategies like those used in Seahorse type experiments. We have studied quantitative changes in DHE oxidation products, as measured by HPLC with electrochemical detection, from intact, functional mitochondria that were simultaneously analyzed by Seahorse bioenergetic profile analysis. Combining these 2 types analysis allows for a more thorough and quantitative approach to understanding the relationship of mitochondrial “ROS” and mitochondrial bioenergetics. Forinstance in functional isolated mouse brain mitochondria we measured the rates of molecular oxygen consumption and used the same mitochondria for measuring the quantitative production of the superoxide specific DHE oxidation product, 2-hydroxyethidium, the non-specific DHE oxidation product ethidium and select DHE mixed dimers. The quantitative yields of products do not appear to be limited by DHE substrate availablity but represent the actual oxidation product yield under these experimental and kinetic conditions: the product yield are quite different than those observed from intact cells and tissues. Supported NIH grants R01 CA169046, R01 CA184051, R21 CA137230, P30 CA086862, R01 GM073929, P42 ES013661 and VA Merit Award 1101BX001318.
Processing of High-Temperature Simulated Waste Glass in a Continuous Ceramic Melter

The processing of spent nuclear fuel for defense and commercial purposes has generated a volume of high level liquid waste, which is being retained in storage tanks. The Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL), operated by the Battelle Memorial Institute under its contract with the Department of Energy, is developing suitable solidification processes for these and other radioactive wastes.
Spine Conditions in the Young Dancer

Pain and injury related to the spine are common complaints in the dancer. Certain demands of the discipline increase the risk of back injury, while poor technique, overuse, and muscle imbalance can exacerbate this risk. This chapter will discuss the important postural and alignment issues in the dancer related to the spine, as well as the common conditions that may affect the young dancer with back pain. A review of the risk factors, examination findings, treatment modalities, and indications for more urgent assessment will be presented. Special attention is given to scoliosis in the young dancer. Identification of this condition is particularly important given its greater prevalence in young dancers than in the general population.
Production and Use of Hymenolepis diminuta Cysticercoids as Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics

Helminthic therapy has shown considerable promise as a means of alleviating some inflammatory diseases that have proven resistant to pharmaceutical intervention. However, research in the field has been limited by a lack of availability to clinician scientists of a helminth that is relatively benign, non-communicable, affordable, and effectively treats disease. Previous socio-medical studies have found that some individuals self-treating with helminths to alleviate various diseases are using the rat tapeworm (cysticercoid developmental stage of Hymenolepis diminuta; HDC). In this study, we describe the production and use of HDCs in a manner that is based on reports from individuals self-treating with helminths, individuals producing helminths for self-treatment, and physicians monitoring patients that are self-treating. The helminth may fit the criteria needed by clinical scientists for clinical trials, and the methodology is apparently feasible for any medical center to reproduce. It is hoped that future clinical trials using this organism may shed light on the potential for helminthic therapy to alleviate inflammatory diseases. Further, it is hoped that studies with HDCs may provide a stepping stone toward population-wide restoration of the biota of the human body, potentially reversing the inflammatory consequences of biota depletion that currently affect Western society.
UV and Skin: Photocarcinogenesis

Because the annual incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), both basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, exceeds that of all other cancers combined, there is a need to understand the mechanisms by which these neoplasms occur in order to develop more effective methods for their prevention and therapy. Most are caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation; the discipline of photocarcinogenesis seeks to understand the pathogenesis of UV-induced skin cancers.
Community Approach to Improving Children's Oral Health

Olmsted County underserved children face multiple barriers to oral health. Only 33% of 12,000 Medicaid children birth to 20 years in Olmsted County had any dental service in 2012. Less than 3% of children birth to 2 years were seen by a dentist. There is a lack of integration between dental and medical homes. There are only 6 pediatric dentists in Olmsted County. Minnesota is last in the country in Medicaid dental reimbursements. …
The Lotus Valve: Can It Float Above the Muddy Waters?

Article, see p 2557 Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has rapidly emerged as the treatment of choice in inoperable patients and a reasonable alternative to surgical aortic valve replacement in patients at high and intermediate surgical risk.1 The success of this technology is in large part because of the rigor with which quantitative echocardiography by core laboratories has been used to assess native and prosthetic aortic valve function. The initial PARTNER I trial (Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valves) was a model for echo core laboratory best practices, and serial measurements using consistent methodology have led to reassurances of transcatheter heart valve (THV) durability.2 In addition, because of the meticulousness with which echocardiographic core labs record and maintain their data, one of the early concerns of TAVR, inconsistent reporting of the incidence and prognostic significance of paravalvular regurgitation (PVR), could be rigorously investigated. The investigation became the basis for a new proposed grading scheme,3 which has led to studies that clarify the role of PVR on TAVR outcomes.4 As new transcatheter valves are developed to address the shortcomings of current iterations of THV, differences in procedural and hemodynamic success may allow clinicians to make decisions about valve choice for their patients. One of the first trials comparing different THV devices was the CHOICE trial (Comparison of Transcatheter Heart Valves in High Risk Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis: Medtronic CoreValve Versus Edwards SAPIEN XT).5 It is important to note that echocardiographic results were not core laboratory-assessed but site-reported, raising questions about the validity of the comparison. In fact, the incidence of moderate/severe PVR by echocardiography did not correlate with either angiography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for the CoreValve (while correlating relatively well for the balloon-expandable valve). Nonetheless, this trial reported greater PVR with the self-expanding valve …
A comprehensive framework for secure query processing on relational data in the cloud

Data security in the cloud is a big concern that blocks the widespread use of the cloud for relational data management. First, to ensure data security, data confidentiality needs to be provided when data resides in storage as well as when data is dynamically accessed by queries. Prior works on query processing on encrypted data did not provide data confidentiality guarantees in both aspects. Tradeoff between secrecy and efficiency needs to be made when satisfying both aspects of data confidentiality while being suitable for practical use. Second, to support common relational data management functions, various types of queries such as exact queries, range queries, data updates, insertion and deletion should be supported. To address these issues, this paper proposes a comprehensive framework for secure and efficient query processing of relational data in the cloud. Our framework ensures data confidentiality using a salted IDA encoding scheme and column-access-via-proxy query processing primitives, and ensures query efficiency using matrix column accesses and a secure B+-tree index. In addition, our framework provides data availability and integrity. We establish the security of our proposal by a detailed security analysis and demonstrate the query efficiency of our proposal through an experimental evaluation.
18F-Labeled analog of rapamycin for PET imaging

1854 Objectives: The protein kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key regulator of cell growth and proliferation that is up-regulated in a number of cancers. Rapamycin, a 31-membered macrolide is a potent inhibitor of mTOR and three of its analogs are currently in clinical trials for cancer treatment in humans. The high affinity of rapamycin for mTOR complexed with the cellular protein FKBP12 (Kd = 2 nM) makes it possible to use positron emitter labeled rapamycin analogs as probes to image tumors for their drug sensitivity using Positron Emission Tomography (PET). The principal aim of this investigation was to prepare 11C, 18F and 124I labeled rapamycin analogs for that. Methods: Rapamycin modified at 42-position with O-methyl, O-fluoroethyl, O-acetyl, O-fluoroacetyl, O-2-fluorobenzoyl, O-4-fluorobenzoyl, O-2-iodobenzoyl, O-3-iodobenzoyl, and O-4-iodobenzoyl groups, as well as modified at the 7-position with 2-fluorobenzyloxy, 3-fluorobenzyloxy, 4-fluorobenzyloxy, 2-iodobenzyloxy, 3-iodobenzyloxy, and 4-iodobenzyloxy groups were synthesized via alkylation, acylation, and substitution reactions on rapamycin with appropriate F- or I-substituted tagging moieties. The products were purified and characterized by 600 MHz 1H, 13C, 19F, HMBC and HMQC 2D NMR experiments as well as high resolution mass spectroscopy. The inhibitory activity of these analogs against mTOR was assessed in vitro by S6 phosphorylation assay in U87 glioblastoma cells. The feasibility of radiolabeling these complex rapamycin derivatives with 18F or 124I isotope was explored with a selected member of the group. Results: The IC50 values of the newly synthesized analogs of rapamycin were found to be 2-65 fold less than unaltered rapamycin. The synthesis of 42-O-(4-[18F]fluorobenzoyl)rapamycin, as a model analog, was achieved by a two-step labeling procedure involving the preparation of no-carrier-added 4-[18F]fluorobenzoic acid and its condensation with rapamycin. The pure 18F-labeled rapamycin derivative was isolated by semi-preparative HPLC in 4±2 % (n=10) radiochemical yield. In vitro assays with this 18F-labeled analog showed that the probe was taken up by the U87 glioblastoma cells as well as by U87 cells over expressing EGFRvIII and restored with PTEN. Utilization of this analog in PET imaging of SCID mice bearing the same human tumor xenografts is currently under way. Conclusions: A number of potent fluorinated and iodinated rapamycin based inhibitors of mTOR function has been synthesized. A member of this group has also been 18F-labeled for in vivo PET imaging purposes. Research Support (if any): This investigation is supported by the DOE
Religion, Spirituality, and Health Behaviors: Intersections with Gender Diversity and Aging

This chapter presents a brief overview of the overall beneficial effect on optimal aging that religion and spirituality have in individual’s lives. The chapter points out the paucity of literature or understanding of the direct impact, both positive and negative, of religion and spirituality on the lives of gender-diverse people, highlighting a tendency of organized systems of religion and spirituality toward rejection of and vilification of this population contrasted with the resilience potential from gender-affirming religious and spiritual practices and beliefs. The chapter offers a call to health-care professionals to increase competency and engagement in exploration of the role of religion and spirituality in gender-diverse people’s lives as essential to supporting optimal aging. Finally the chapter offers suggestions for engaging and utilizing religious and spiritual practices, beliefs, and organizing systems of meaning in health care with this population to capitalize on the potential enhancement of wellbeing and resilience across the life span.
Does the response to competition depend on perceived ability? Evidence from a classroom experiment

Abstract We examine the effect of relative evaluation on test performance by implementing a classroom-level experiment in which students are financially incentivized either individually or in a tournament. Linking the experimental data with student-level administrative data allows us to study two aspects of competitive environments: tournament structure and one’s perceived position in the ability distribution. At least in our setting, we find only limited evidence that effort responses to competition are sensitive to tournament size or prize structure. However, in contrast to previous studies that examine effort responses to exogenously assigned competition, we find a large negative competition effect for students who believe they are relatively low in the ability distribution, and no competition effect for those who believe they are relatively high ability. Using additional treatments, we further show that the divergence between our results and past results is likely driven by task type and not by differences in selection into participation between lab and classroom environments.
Chapter 23.5 Solvent structure

This chapter summarises empirical information on the structure of water molecules bound to proteins. The focus is on structures solved by X-ray crystallography, although complementary techniques of obtaining solvent structure are discussed briefly and, when appropriate, particular examples are given. The coverage includes: methods by which solvent structure can be observed; knowledge derived from database analysis of large numbers of proteins; particular examples of groups of well studied protein structures; the contribution of protein models obtained at very high resolution to the understanding of solvent structure; and an analysis of water molecules as mediators of complex formation. Finally, a conclusion and a perspective is presented regarding the direction in which this information can lead in building a cohesive understanding of the roles played by solvent in the structural integrity and biological function of macromolecules. Keywords: amino acids; antigen–antibody association; bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor; complex formation; crambin; elastase; haemoglobin; legume lectins; lysozyme; protein kinase A; protein–DNA recognition; protein–ligand interactions; protein–water interactions; ribonuclease; secondary structure; serine proteases; solvent structure; T4 lysozyme; tertiary structure; water molecules
Impact of endoscopic craniofacial resection on simulated nasal airflow and heat transport.

Background Endoscopic craniofacial resections (CFR) are performed for extensive anterior skull base lesions. This surgery involves removal of multiple intranasal structures, potentially leading to empty nose syndrome (ENS). However, many patients remain asymptomatic postoperatively. Our objective was to analyze the impact of CFR on nasal physiology and airflow using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This is the first CFD analysis of post-CFR patients. Methods Three-dimensional sinonasal models were constructed from 3 postoperative images using MimicsTM . Hybrid computational meshes were created. Steady inspiratory airflow and heat transport were simulated at patient-specific flow rates using shear stress transport k-omega turbulent flow modeling in FluentTM . Simulated average heat flux (HF) and surface area where HF exceeded 50 W/m2 (SAHF50) were compared with laminar simulations in 9 radiographically normal adults. Results Three adults underwent CFR without developing ENS. Average HF (W/m2 ) were 132.70, 134.84, and 142.60 in the CFR group, ranging from 156.24 to 234.95 in the nonoperative cohort. SAHF50 (m2 ) values were 0.0087, 0.0120, and 0.0110 in the CFR group, ranging from 0.0082 to 0.0114 in the radiographically normal cohort. SAHF50 was distributed throughout the CFR cavities, with increased HF at the roof and walls compared with the nonoperative cohort. Conclusion Average HF was low in the CFR group compared with the nonoperative group. However, absence of ENS in most CFR patients may be due to large stimulated mucosal surface area, commensurate with the nonoperative cohort. Diffuse distribution of stimulated area may result from turbulent mixing after CFR. To better understand heat transport post-CFR, a larger cohort is necessary.
Trends and Zipcodes associated with Lead poisoning in Chicago: What level is safe?

Purpose: Lead exposure in children has been a long-term problem leading to deleterious effects in the body. Centre for Disease Control(CDC) recommends to screen all children for their blood Lead concentrations at around 1 and 2 years of age. In the latest guidelines published in 2012, the safe blood level of lead(10ig/dL) and the term “level of concern” have been abandoned because of the evidence …
The Utility of ERBB4 and RB1 Immunohistochemistry in Distinguishing Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma From Renal Oncocytoma

Objectives. Differentiating renal oncocytoma (RO) from chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) can occasionally be challenging. We evaluated the expression of RB1 and ERBB4 in RO and ChRCC, and compared the immunohistochemistry (IHC) results to RB1 and ERBB4 gene abnormalities detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Materials and Methods. Fifty-three kidney resections (ChRCC, n=28; RO, n=25) were stained for RB1 and ERBB4 IHC and FISH was performed to evaluate gene copy number analysis. Results. A loss of RB1 staining was identified in 64% (18/28) of ChRCCs, which was not found in any ROs (0/25; P <.001). FISH analysis revealed 36% (10/28) of ChRCCs contained a RB1 hemizygous deletion with a concordance of 56% (10/18) between the IHC and FISH findings. No RB1 gene copy number variations were detected in any of the ROs (0/25; P <.001) and retained expression of RB1 by IHC. ERBB4 showed cytoplasmic/membranous staining in all ROs and ChRCCs. However, 75% (21/28) of ChRCCs also contained nuclear positivity for ERBB4, which was uncommonly seen in ROs (3/25, 12%; P < .001). A hemizygous ERBB4 gene deletion was detected in 46% of ChRCCs (13/28), but none of the ROs (0/25; 0%). Loss of labeling by RB1 or nuclear staining for ERBB4 IHC identified 25 of 28 (89%) of ChRCCs. Conclusion. In summary, the loss of RB1 expression is a highly specific diagnostic biomarker in distinguishing ChRCC from RO. Nuclear ERBB4 expression also appears to be a sensitive diagnostic biomarker for ChRCC, albeit the mechanism is unknown.
From Parton Saturation to Proton Spin: the Impact of BFKL Equation and Reggeon Evolution

Lev Lipatov was a giant in the field of strong interactions and a dominant force in high-energy QCD for many decades. His work deeply influenced both how we think about QCD and how we perform calculations in the theory. Below we describe the work in two related research directions: the physics of parton saturation and proton spin at small $x$. Both developments would have been impossible without Lipatov's groundbreaking work. Saturation physics would not have happened without the Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov (BFKL) equation. The recent progress in our theoretical understanding of the proton spin contribution coming from small-$x$ partons started with the seminal paper by Kirschner and Lipatov resumming double logarithms of energy in the Reggeon evolution.
Nongenetic Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Melanoma

Resistance to targeted and immune-based therapies limits cures in patients with metastatic melanoma. A growing number of reports have identified nongenetic primary resistance mechanisms including i...
Theoretical insights into the surface physics and chemistry of redox-active oxides

Redox-active oxides find use in many applications, including catalysts, photovoltaic devices, self-cleaning glasses, chemical sensors and electronic components. Their utility derives from their unique ability to access multiple metal-charge states within a finite energy window. However, this property also confounds our ability to study reducible oxides, because it leads to structural, compositional and electronic complexities that elude simplistic models of materials structure and function. Oxygen vacancies play a critical role in shaping the functional properties of such oxides; most notably, they lead to mobile-charge imbalances that impact surface processes at substantial distances from the originating defect. Atomistic simulations are inherently equipped to illuminate these phenomena at a fundamental level; however, reducible oxides pose great challenges, owing to the high level of electron correlation needed to correctly describe them. Understanding how defects form, couple, propagate, agglomerate or repel each other and influence the surface properties of reducible oxides is only now coming into the grasp of modern theory and simulation capabilities. This knowledge is also key to discovering and controlling emergent materials properties with tunable multifunctionalities at the nanometre scale and beyond. Reducible oxides are tunable, multifunctional materials used in many applications, particularly in catalysis; their attractive properties arise from their interacting charge carriers, complex electronic structure and propensity to form mobile defects. This Review surveys theoretical methods to model and understand reducible oxides, using TiO2 as a prototypical example.
A New Superconducting Undulator Cryostat for the APS Upgrade

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) is in the midst of a major facility upgrade including both a new electron storage ring (SR) and many new insertion devices (IDs) providing x-ray photon beams to a new suite of experimental end stations. Included among the new IDs are four 4.8-meter superconducting undulator (SCU) cryostats, each containing two 1.8-meter planar undulator magnets operating at 4.2 K in either a phase shifted or canted configuration. We describe a new, compact cryocooler-based cryostat design which supports the magnets and associated subsystems and also fits the space constraints of the SR ID straight sections. The design is an evolution of earlier single-magnet 2-meter cryostats, retaining some subsystem commonality while incorporating lessons learned and several features unique to the challenge of supporting two independently operable undulator magnets in a single device.
Peritoneal Spread of Ovarian Cancer harbors Therapeutic Vulnerabilities Regulated by FOXM1 and EGFR/ERBB2 Signaling

Peritoneal spread is the primary mechanism of metastasis of ovarian cancer, and survival of ovarian cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity as nonadherent spheroids and their adherence to the mesothelium of distant organs lead to cancer progression, metastasis, and mortality. However, the mechanisms that govern this metastatic process in ovarian cancer cells remain poorly understood. In this study, we cultured ovarian cancer cell lines in adherent and nonadherent conditions in vitro and analyzed changes in mRNA and protein levels to identify mechanisms of tumor cell survival and proliferation in adherent and nonadherent cells. EGFR or ERBB2 upregulated ZEB1 in nonadherent cells, which caused resistance to cell death and increased tumor-initiating capacity. Conversely, Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) was required for the induction of integrin β1, integrin-α V, and integrin-α 5 for adhesion of cancer cells. FOXM1 also upregulated ZEB1, which could act as a feedback inhibitor of FOXM1, and caused the transition of adherent cells to nonadherent cells. Strikingly, the combinatorial treatment with lapatinib [dual kinase inhibitor of EGFR (ERBB1) and ERBB2] and thiostrepton (FOXM1 inhibitor) reduced growth and peritoneal spread of ovarian cancer cells more effectively than either single-agent treatment in vivo. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that FOXM1 and EGFR/ERBB2 pathways are key points of vulnerability for therapy to disrupt peritoneal spread and adhesion of ovarian cancer cells. SIGNIFICANCE: This study describes the mechanism exhibited by ovarian cancer cells required for adherent cell transition to nonadherent form during peritoneal spread and metastasis. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/24/5554/F1.large.jpg.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of pharmacological ascorbate-induced iron redox state as a biomarker in subjects undergoing radio-chemotherapy.

Abstract Pharmacological ascorbate (P-AscH-) combined with standard of care (SOC) radiation and temozolomide is being evaluated in a phase 2 clinical trial (NCT02344355) in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). Previously published data demonstrated that paramagnetic iron (Fe3+) catalyzes ascorbate's oxidation to form diamagnetic iron (Fe2+). Because paramagnetic Fe3+ may influence relaxation times observed in MR imaging, quantitative MR imaging of P-AscH--induced changes in redox-active Fe was assessed as a biomarker for therapy response. Gel phantoms containing either Fe3+ or Fe2+ were imaged with T2* and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). Fifteen subjects receiving P-AscH- plus SOC underwent T2* and QSM imaging four weeks into treatment. Subjects were scanned: pre-P-AscH- infusion, post-P-AscH- infusion, and post-radiation (3–4 h between scans). Changes in T2* and QSM relaxation times in tumor and normal tissue were calculated and compared to changes in Fe3+ and Fe2+ gel phantoms. A GBM mouse model was used to study the relationship between the imaging findings and the labile iron pool. Phantoms containing Fe3+ demonstrated detectable changes in T2* and QSM relaxation times relative to Fe2+ phantoms. Compared to pre-P-AscH-, GBM T2* and QSM imaging were significantly changed post-P-AscH- infusion consistent with conversion of Fe3+ to Fe2+. No significant changes in T2* or QSM were observed in normal brain tissue. There was moderate concordance between T2* and QSM changes in both progression free survival and overall survival. The GBM mouse model showed similar results with P-AscH- inducing greater changes in tumor labile iron pools compared to the normal tissue. Conclusions T2* and QSM MR-imaging responses are consistent with P-AscH- reducing Fe3+ to Fe2+, selectively in GBM tumor volumes and represent a potential biomarker of response. This study is the first application using MR imaging in humans to measure P-AscH--induced changes in redox-active iron.
Restoration of Lake Okeechobee, Florida: mission impossible?

Canfield DE Jr, Bachmann RW, Hoyer MV. 2020. Restoration of Lake Okeechobee, Florida: mission impossible? Lake Reserv Manage. XX:XXX–XXX. Legally mandated eutrophication restoration goals for Lake ...
BLACK ATTITUDES AND THE 1960s BLACK RIOTS

Nearly all aggregate-level studies of political violence use objective indicators to assess an aggrieved group's dissatisfactions and deprivations. Critics of this research often note that there are no necessary connections between perceived grievances and their objective counterparts. Moreover, even if such correlations do exist, detractors contend there is no inherent relation between felt grievances and participation in—or support of—collective violent protest. The 1968 Kerner Commission's 15-Cities Study provides a unique set of data to test both of these objections. Correlational analyses of aggregated subjective reports of black grievances and their objective counterparts reveal a weak relation; however, such reports do not correlate with riot activity in directions that would be predicted by conventional wisdom or much of current social science theory.
Gamma ray astronomy and black hole astrophysics

The importance for future high‐energy astrophysics space missions to incoporate the study of gamma emission from black hole candidates as a major component their scientific goals is discussed. Such gamma emission can provide excellent diagnostics for black hole astrophysics and is particularly sensitivity to the accretion disk phenomena. (AIP)
When Politics and Models Collide: Estimating Models of Multiparty Elections

Theory: The spatial model of elections can better be represented by using conditional logit models which consider the position of the parties in issue spaces than by multinomial logit models which only consider the position of voters in the issue space. The spatial model, and random utility models in general, suffer from a failure to adequately consider the substitutability of parties sharing similar or identical issue positions. Hypotheses: Multinomial logit is not necessarily better than successive applications of binomial logit. Conditional logit allows for considering more interesting political questions than does multinomial logit. The spatial model may not correspond to voter decision-making in multiple party settings. Multinomial probit allows for a relaxation of the IIA condition and this should improve estimates of the effect of adding or removing parties. Methods: Comparisons of binomial logit, multinomial logit, conditional logit, and multinomial probit on simulated data and survey data from multiparty elections. Results: Multinomial logit offers almost no benefits over binomial logit. Conditional logit is capable of examining movements by parties, whereas multinomial logit is not. Multinomial probit performs better than conditional logit when considering the effects of altering the set of choices available to voters. Estimation of multinomial probit with more than three choices is feasible
Parallel processing algorithms for linear predictive coding

The use of the SIMD (single instruction stream-multiple data stream) mode of parallelism to perform linear predictive coding analysis is explored. Parallel algorithms for the autocorrelation formulation of linear prediction are presented and analyzed. The algorithms are evaluated in terms of the number of arithmetic operations and interprocessor data transfers required.
Mechanisms of Staphylococcus aureus invasion of cultured osteoblasts.

Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterial pathogen causing approximately 80% of all cases of human osteomyelitis. This bacterium can adhere to and become internalized by osteoblasts and previous studies indicate that osteoblasts are active in the internalization process. In the current study, we examined the roles of microfilaments, microtubules and clathrin-dependent receptor-mediated endocytosis in the internalization of S. aureus by MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblast cells. Microfilament and microtubule polymerization was inhibited with cytochalasin D and colchicine. Clathrin-coated pit formation was examined by using the transaminase inhibitor, monodanslycadaverine. The results of this study indicate that mouse osteoblasts utilize actin microfilaments, microtubules and clathrin-coated pits in the internalization of S. aureus; however, microfilaments seem to play the most significant role in the invasion process.
Mid infrared vibrational circular dichroism in (S-(-)-epoxypropane

The circular dichroism intensities associated with the vibrational transitions (VCD) of (S)-(-)-epoxypropane are calculated using the bond moment model. The force constants, required for obtaining the normal coordinate descriptions, and the charge flux parameters are first determined for ethylene oxide from its vibrational spectral data. The resulting quantities are then used for VCD calculations on epoxypropane. The signs of circular dichroism bands predicted by the calculations are found to be in very good agreement with those observed experimentally.
Energetic, relativistic, and ultrarelativistic electrons: Comparison of long-term VERB code simulations with Van Allen Probes measurements

In this study, we compare long-term simulations performed by the Versatile Electron Radiation Belt (VERB) code with observations from the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer and Relativistic Electron-Proton Telescope instruments on the Van Allen Probes satellites. The model takes into account radial, energy, pitch angle and mixed diffusion, losses into the atmosphere, and magnetopause shadowing. We consider the energetic (>100 keV), relativistic (~0.5–1 MeV), and ultrarelativistic (>2 MeV) electrons. One year of relativistic electron measurements (μ = 700 MeV/G) from 1 October 2012 to 1 October 2013 are well reproduced by the simulation during varying levels of geomagnetic activity. However, for ultrarelativistic energies (μ = 3500 MeV/G), the VERB code simulation overestimates electron fluxes and phase space density. These results indicate that an additional loss mechanism is operational and efficient for these high energies. The most likely mechanism for explaining the observed loss at ultrarelativistic energies is scattering by the electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves.
MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING WITH FUZZY CONSTRAINTS AND A PREFERENCE ON THE OBJECTIVE

We investigated a fuzzy programming problem in which the constraints are a fuzzy subset over the alternatives and the objective is in the form of a linear ordering. A fuzzy subset is developed which reflects the objects ranking information in terms of grades of membership of the constraints. These two fuzzy subsets then are combined via intersection operation to form a fuzzy decision function.
Lessons from model organisms: phenotypic robustness and missing heritability in complex disease.

Genetically tractable model organisms from phages to mice have taught us invaluable lessons about fundamental biological processes and disease-causing mutations. Owing to technological and computational advances, human biology and the causes of human diseases have become accessible as never before. Progress in identifying genetic determinants for human diseases has been most remarkable for Mendelian traits. In contrast, identifying genetic determinants for complex diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular and neurological diseases has remained challenging, despite the fact that these diseases cluster in families. Hundreds of variants associated with complex diseases have been found in genome-wide association studies (GWAS), yet most of these variants explain only a modest amount of the observed heritability, a phenomenon known as “missing heritability.” The missing heritability has been attributed to many factors, mainly inadequacies in genotyping and phenotyping. We argue that lessons learned about complex traits in model organisms offer an alternative explanation for missing heritability in humans. In diverse model organisms, phenotypic robustness differs among individuals, and those with decreased robustness show increased penetrance of mutations and express previously cryptic genetic variation. We propose that phenotypic robustness also differs among humans and that individuals with lower robustness will be more responsive to genetic and environmental perturbations and hence susceptible to disease. Phenotypic robustness is a quantitative trait that can be accurately measured in model organisms, but not as yet in humans. We propose feasible approaches to measure robustness in large human populations, proof-of-principle experiments for robustness markers in model organisms, and a new GWAS design that takes differences in robustness into account.
Sensitivities of deep‐ocean heat uptake and heat content to surface fluxes and subgrid‐scale parameters in an ocean general circulation model with idealized geometry

[1] Sensitivities of the net heat flux into the deep ocean (Qnet) and of the deep-ocean heat content (DOC) below 700 m are studied using an ocean general circulation model and its adjoint. Both are found to have very similar sensitivities. The sensitivity to the surface freshwater flux (E-P-R) is positive in the Atlantic but negative in the Pacific and Southern Ocean. A positive sensitivity to the downward net surface heat flux is found only in the North Atlantic north of 40°N and the Southern Ocean. The diapycnal diffusivity of temperature affects Qnet and DOC positively in a large area of the tropics and subtropics in both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The isopycnal diffusivity contributes to Qnet and DOC mainly in the Southern Ocean. Detailed analysis indicates that the surface freshwater flux affects Qnet and DOC by changing vertical velocity, temperature stratification, and overturning circulation. The downward net surface heat flux appears to increase Qnet and DOC by strengthening vertical advection and isopycnal mixing. The contribution of isopycnal diffusivity to Qnet and DOC is largely associated with the vertical heat flux due to isopycnal mixing. Similarly, the diapycnal diffusivity of temperature modulates Qnet and DOC through the downward heat flux due to diapycnal diffusion. The uncertainties of Qnet and DOC are estimated on the basis of the sensitivities and error bars of observed surface forcing and oceanic diffusivities. For DOC they are about 0.7 K (1 K = 3.7 × 1024J) for the isopycnal diffusivity, 0.4 K for the diapycnal diffusivity of temperature, 0.3 K for the surface freshwater flux, and 0.1 K for the net surface heat flux and zonal wind stress. Our results suggest that the heat uptake by ocean general circulation models in climate experiments is sensitive to the isopycnal diffusivity as well to the diapycnal thermal diffusivity.
Seasonality of phytoplankton chlorophyll in the central and northern Arabian sea

Abstract Marked seasonality of ship-observed chlorophyll concentrations in the upper layers of the central and northern parts of the Arabian Sea is established for three hydrographically defined offshore areas. A peak related to the southwest (summer) monsoon occurs, either with or without a northeast (winter) monsoon-related peak. Both appear to depend on the establishment of a deep mixed layer and the concomitant nutrient supply, but at any station the relation between pigment content and mixed-layer depth or nitrate concentration is usually obscure.
NVM heaps for accelerating browser-based applications

The growth in browser-based computations is raising the need for efficient local storage for browser-based applications. A standard approach to control how such applications access and manipulate the underlying platform resources, is to run in-browser applications in a sandbox environment. Sandboxing works by static code analysis and system call interception, and as a result, the performance of browser applications making frequent I/O calls can be severely impacted. To address this, we explore the utility of next generation non-volatile memories (NVM) in client platforms. By using NVM as virtual memory, and integrating NVM support for browser applications with byte-addressable I/O interfaces, our approach shows up to 3.5x reduction in sandboxing cost and around 3x reduction in serialization overheads for browser-based applications, and improved application performance.
Molecular genetic studies in the neuropsychiatric disorders

Within the past decade intensive molecular genetic research has been carried out in the attempt to pinpoint chromosomal loci that may be linked to neuropsychiatric disorders. Joseph Martin reviews progress made in the application of molecular genetics to the study of diseases such as Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy and inherited nervous system tumors.
Effect of Dogmatism and Authority of the Source of Communication upon Persuasion

80 high- and low-dogmatic women read a communication which was either attributed to an expert or to a high school student. As predicted, high-dogmatic Ss agreed more with the communication when given by the high-authority source than by the low-authority source. Low-dogmatic Ss were not differentially influenced by the authority of the communicator. In addition, high-dogmatic Ss who received the communication from the low-authority source were less influenced than high-dogmatics who had not been exposed to the communication and low-dogmatics who received the same communication from the same source.