cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrical Conductivities of Natural Graphite Crystals

The principal electrical conductivities (${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{a}$ in the basal plane and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}$ perpendicular to the basal plane) of graphite crystals isolated from several North American marbles were studied. By means of measurements of potential distributions on the surfaces of crystals carrying electric current, it was conclusively shown that $\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{a}}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}}$ for these crystals is about several hundred at room temperature. By direct measurement ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{a}$ was found to be (2.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$ (ohm ${\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}$ to vary from 150 to 230 (ohm ${\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ (\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20 percent) at room temperature. Below room temperature it was found for two crystals that ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{a}$ increased slowly to liquid nitrogen temperatures, then followed a ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ law to about 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and again slowly increased in the region 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Two other crystals for which ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}$ was measured at low temperatures did not behave alike. For both, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}$ decreased as the temperature was lowered, reached a minimum above liquid nitrogen temperatures, and then started increasing, the one showing a ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ behavior, the other increasing more slowly. For both, the rate of increase declined markedly in the region 15\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
Meta-observations from an outsider's study of clinical environments

The security and privacy challenges posed by clinical environments must be understood before they can be addressed, and studied before they can be understood. This document shares observations from studying technology and human users in these environments, and oers suggestions for technologists undertaking collaborative research with health care organizations.
Friction Characteristics of Some Automatic Transmission Fluid Components

The effects of automatic transmission fluid additives on the friction characteristics of a mineral oil are presented. Some common viscosity-index improvers, chain-breaking oxidation inhibitors, and ashless dispersants have little or no effect on the friction characteristics of the mineral oil. Conversely, some metal-organic dispersants as well as a zinc 0,0′-dialkylphosphorodithioate oxidation inhibitor alter the friction characteristics of the mineral oil. The results indicate that some of the additives are multifunctional and will render the friction characteristics of the mineral oil satisfactory. Relationships between molecular structure of the additives and friction characteristics are discussed, but general conclusions are not formulated. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers Paper at the Lubrication Conference held in Minneapolis. Minnesota, October 18–20, 1966.
Possible role of cyclic AMP and dopamine in morphine tolerance and physical dependence

Abstract In chronically morphinized rats undergoing naloxone induced withdrawal the cerebellar Cyclic 3′, 5′ adenosine monophosphate (Cyclic AMP) was significantly higher than the controls. The cerebellar dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) were decreased, elevated or unchanged depending on the duration of morphine treatment. The corpus striatal DA levels during withdrawal were markedly elevated and the striatal cyclic AMP levels were unchanged. The NE levels in the striatal tissue were either elevated or unchanged depending upon the duration of morphine administration. In sharp contrast to the chronically morphinized rats undergoing naloxone induced withdrawal, the rats made morphine dependent over a period of eight weeks showed quite moderate changes in the striatal and cerebellar cyclic AMP and DA levels. Thus alterations in the DA and the cyclic AMP levels in the central nervous system (CNS) may play an important role in the naloxone induced stereotyped morphine withdrawal behavior.
Adrenal Androgen Excess in Women: Lack of a Role for 17-Hydroxylase and 17,20=Lyase Dysregulation*

Some investigators have suggested that "dysregulation" of cytochrome P450c17 alpha may result in the exaggerated secretion of ovarian androgens in hyperandrogenism. Although the majority of hyperandrogenic (HA) patients demonstrate an ovarian source for their androgens, approximately 50% also display adrenocortical hyperactivity and adrenal androgen excess. To determine whether 17-hydroxylase (17-OH) and/or 17,20-lyase dysregulation is responsible for the adrenocortical abnormalities noted in many HA patients, we studied 92 consecutive women with hirsutism and/or HA oligomenorrhea; 26 healthy eumenorrheic nonhirsute women served as controls. The basal levels of total and free testosterone (T), sex hormone-binding globulin, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were measured, and pregnenolone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and androstenedione were measured 0 and 60 min after the acute iv administration of ACTH-(1-24). Controls and HA patients did not dif...
The effect of a web-based stroke intervention on carers' well-being and survivors' use of healthcare services

Purpose. We hypothesised that carers of stroke survivors who participate in the Web-based intervention, Caring∼Web©, would have higher well-being than non-Web users. We also postulated that those survivors whose carers participated in Caring∼Web would use fewer healthcare services.Method. A randomised, two-group, repeated measures design was used. Subjects were recruited from four rehabilitation centres from which first-time stroke survivors were discharged to home in two Midwestern states. Of 144 carers screened, 103 carers of these survivors who were novice Internet users were assigned to a Web or non-Web user group. Seventy-three subjects completed the study.Intervention. Caring∼Web was a Web-based intervention of education and support provided to the Web user group for 1 year. A bi-monthly telephone survey collected data on all carers well-being (perceived depression, life satisfaction) and survivors healthcare service use (self-reported provider and emergency department visits, hospital re-admissions...
Evaluation of parameter effects in estimating non-linear uncertainty propagation

Abstract The propagation of uncertainty in non-linear cases can be handled accurately and easily with a piecewise linear approach to propagating the probability density function through the analysis equation. Previous work outlined this method but did not examine the effects of parameters on the accuracy of the results. Parameters to be chosen in this approach include the number of evaluation points and the distribution of those points over the range of interest. The effects of these parameters are explored for three elementary functions. It is found that for the functions examined, the piecewise linear approach always converged with increasing numbers of points. For the cases examined, 30–200 evaluation points were required for convergence. A uniform distribution of points was both the simplest to implement and converged the fastest.
Effect of age on the incidence of experimental caries in normal and castrate female rats.

Attention has recently been focused on the problems of aging of dental structures by Robinson, Boling and Lischer (1). Although these authors have compiled an imposing list of references concerning the changes in the teeth and jaws with age, little is known of the effect of age on experimental caries in the rat. Most of the studies on caries in rats (2-19) have been made over relatively short periods and on young animals. Only a few studies (20-26) have included rats of advanced age or rats which have been observed over a period of 1 year or more. From these long-term studies the general impression is gained that rats on adequate dietary regimes do not develop caries, whereas those fed deficient diets may have carious teeth. No data are available on the incidence of caries in old rats placed on the coarse corn diet. A colony of 17 normal and 12 castrate female rats were put on the Hoppert, Weber, and Caniff diet (3) at the age of 1 year. They were maintained on this diet until death from old age or other causes supervened, with the exception of 4 rats which were sacrificed after 19 months on the diet in order to end the experiment. At death the jaws were removed and the teeth examined under binoculars (15X) according to the technique previously described (25). Missing cusps and microscopic lesions were recorded although it was frequently difficult to distinguish between fractures and carious lesions in the presence of advanced attrition. The data on the normal rats are given in Table I. It is interesting to observe that little evidence of caries was found in some of the rats after periods as long as 13 months on the experimental diet. The number of cavities, the number of cusps involved, and the number of teeth totally destroyed are seen to increase with increasing time on the diet. In Table II are given the corresponding data on the castrate female rats. None of these had any caries up to 9 months on the diet. As in the case of the normal animals the numbers of cavities, of cusps involved, and of teeth totally destroyed increased with the time on the diet. There is little difference between the observations on the normal and on the castrate female rats. The normal rats averaged 2.8 cavities per rat; the castrates 2.2. The normal rats averaged 7.5 cusps involved per rat; the castrates 5.8. The normal rats averaged 0.9 teeth totally destroyed per rat; the castrates 0.7. There is apparently a tendency for the normal rats to have somewhat higher average values per rat. However, these differences can be accounted for by the
Determining cutting parameters in wire EDM based on workpiece surface temperature distribution

The material removal process in wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) may result in work-piece surface damage due to the material thermal properties and the cutting parameters such as varying on-time pulses, open circuit voltage, machine cutting speed, and dielectric fluid pressure. A finite element method (FEM) program was developed to model temperature distribution in the workpiece under the conditions of different cutting parameters. The thermal parameters of low carbon steel (AISI4340) were selected to conduct this simulation. The thickness of the temperature affected layers for different cutting parameters was computed based on a critical temperature value. Through minimizing the thickness of the temperature affected layers and satisfying a certain cutting speed, a set of the cutting process parameters were determined for workpiece manufacture. On the other hand, the experimental investigation of the effects of cutting parameters on the thickness of the AISI4340 workpiece surface layers in WEDM was used to validate the simulation results. This study is helpful for developing advanced control strategies to enhance the complex contouring capabilities and machining rate while avoiding harmful surface damage.
Lymphotoxin in nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease lymphocytes.

We have confirmed the finding that cell-free filtrates of disrupted, freshly obtained inflammatory bowel disease lymphocytes were cytotoxic in vitro for human colonic epithelial cells. Furthermore, we have shown that the properties of the cytotoxic factor in these filtrates conformed exactly to those described for lymphotoxin released by the incubation in vitro of inflammatory bowel disease lymphocytes with colonic target cells. In addition, the properties conformed very closely to those described by others in their characterization of lymphotoxin released by stimulation of lymphocytes in vitro by phytohemagglutinin except for the action of trypsin.
REVERSE MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS OF LIGHT PULSE PROPAGATION IN NONHOMOGENEOUS MEDIA - PART II: NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS

In the Part II of this study, the reverse Monte Carlo algorithm was applied to onedimensional, multi-layer media. The time-resolved reflectance exhibits a direct correlation between the signal magnitude and the travel time to the layer interface if the ballistic photons encounter a strongly scattering layer. Furthermore, it is found that even with a symmetric radiative property distribution in a three-layer medium, the reflectance and transmittance signals do not converge at long time when the mid-layer is optically thick. The long time slope of the temporal signal does not provide the specificity required for an inverse analysis parameter as stipulated by earlier researches.
Knowledge-Based Segmentation of Intrathoracic Airways from Multidimensional High Resolution CT Images

A critically important component in the development of new methods for treatment of pulmonary diseases is the development of sensitive techniques for assessing alterations in regional lung structure and function. We describe an automated method for segmentation of airway trees from 3-D sets of CT images. The method is based on a combination of conventional 3-D seeded region growing that is used to identify large airways, knowledge- based 2-D segmentation of individual CT slices to identify probable locations of smaller diameter airways, and merging of airway regions across the 3-D set of slices resulting in a tree-like airway structure. The preliminary validation of the method was done in eighty 3 mm thick CT sections from two 40 slice data sets of a canine thorax scanned with lungs held at 1.5 kPa and 2.5 kPa. The method's performance was compared with that of the conventional 3-D region growing method. The knowledge-based approach to identification of potential airways in individual image slices substantially outperforms the conventional method and promises to be applicable to in vivo pulmonary CT images.
THE COMMUNITY COLLEGE: A CHALLENGE FOR CHANGE

The community college holds the promise of a better life for many. As open admissions institutions, community colleges provide educational opportunities for all citizens regardless of past academic or social background. Research needs to be conducted on students to develop programs tailored to meet their needs.
Enterococcus faecium resistant to ampicillin and gentamicin.

Abstract Thirty ampicillin-resistant enterococci were isolated from clinical specimens at our institution, 28 of these over a six month period. All were identified as Enterococcus faecium with an MIC 90 to ampicillin ond penicillin of 32 and 128 μg/ml, respectively. These isolates were also resistant to imipenem, ampicillin-sulbactam, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, but susceptible to vancomycin. Only 10%% were resistant to gentamicin at 2 000 μg/ml, but bactericidad synergy could not be demonstrated against any of these isolates using the combination of gentamicin added to either penicillin or vancomycin. No β-lactamase activity was detected by the nitrocephin test, or by the addition of clavulanic acid or sulbactam. Plasmid analysis revealed a band common to 29 of 30 ampicillin-resistant E. faecium, which was not present in two ampicillin-sensitive E. faecium or in any of twenty E. faecalis. The limited number of options available to treat these isolates of E. faecium simultaneously resistant to multiple antibiotics and resistant to the bactericidad synergy of gentamicin underscores the need to develop new strategies in the prevention and treatment of enterococcal infections.
Evolutionary Trade-Offs in Plants Mediate the Strength of Trophic Cascades

Predators determine herbivore and plant biomass via so-called trophic cascades, and the strength of such effects is influenced by ecosystem productivity. To determine whether evolutionary trade-offs among plant traits influence patterns of trophic control, we manipulated predators and soil fertility and measured impacts of a major herbivore (the aphid Aphis nerii) on 16 milkweed species (Asclepias spp.) in a phylogenetic field experiment. Herbivore density was determined by variation in predation and trade-offs between herbivore resistance and plant growth strategy. Neither herbivore density nor predator effects on herbivores predicted the cascading effects of predators on plant biomass. Instead, cascade strength was strongly and positively associated with milkweed response to soil fertility. Accordingly, contemporary patterns of trophic control are driven by evolutionary convergent trade-offs faced by plants.
A compiler approach to fast hardware design space exploration in FPGA-based systems

The current practice of mapping computations to custom hardware implementations requires programmers to assume the role of hardware designers. In tuning the performance of their hardware implementation, designers manually apply loop transformations such as loop unrolling. designers manually apply loop transformations. For example, loop unrolling is used to expose instruction-level parallelism at the expense of more hardware resources for concurrent operator evaluation. Because unrolling also increases the amount of data a computation requires, too much unrolling can lead to a memory bound implementation where resources are idle. To negotiate inherent hardware space-time trade-offs, designers must engage in an iterative refinement cycle, at each step manually applying transformations and evaluating their impact. This process is not only error-prone and tedious but also prohibitively expensive given the large search spaces and with long synthesis times. This paper describes an automated approach to hardware design space exploration, through a collaboration between parallelizing compiler technology and high-level synthesis tools. We present a compiler algorithm that automatically explores the large design spaces resulting from the application of several program transformations commonly used in application-specific hardware designs. Our approach uses synthesis estimation techniques to quantitatively evaluate alternate designs for a loop nest computation. We have implemented this design space exploration algorithm in the context of a compilation and synthesis system called DEFACTO, and present results of this implementation on five multimedia kernels. Our algorithm derives an implementation that closely matches the performance of the fastest design in the design space, and among implementations with comparable performance, selects the smallest design. We search on average only 0.3% of the design space. This technology thus significantly raises the level of abstraction for hardware design and explores a design space much larger than is feasible for a human designer.
Approximate determination of stresses and displacements near a rounded notch

Abstract A numerical method is presented for the determination of the stress and displacement fields in two-dimensional bodies with high stress concentrations caused by the presence of a rounded notch. The problem is formulated in terms of boundary integral equations of a type used previously by Barone and Robinson to study the effects of sharp notches and cracks. Fundamental solutions are found numerically which resemble the Williams’ solutions for sharp notches, but satisfy the boundary conditions on the curved notch boundary. The coefficients of these modified Williams’ solutions are treated as additional generalized unknowns in the integral equation formulation. The corresponding singular solutions used are those developed by Barone and Robinson.
How, and why, process metrics are better

Defect prediction techniques could potentially help us to focus quality-assurance efforts on the most defect-prone files. Modern statistical tools make it very easy to quickly build and deploy prediction models. Software metrics are at the heart of prediction models; understanding how and especially why different types of metrics are effective is very important for successful model deployment. In this paper we analyze the applicability and efficacy of process and code metrics from several different perspectives. We build many prediction models across 85 releases of 12 large open source projects to address the performance, stability, portability and stasis of different sets of metrics. Our results suggest that code metrics, despite widespread use in the defect prediction literature, are generally less useful than process metrics for prediction. Second, we find that code metrics have high stasis; they don't change very much from release to release. This leads to stagnation in the prediction models, leading to the same files being repeatedly predicted as defective; unfortunately, these recurringly defective files turn out to be comparatively less defect-dense.
Preparation of pentamethylcyclopentadienyl-dialkylnitrosyliron complexes

Abstract The dimer [(CH 3 ) 5 C 5 Fe(NO)] 2 has been prepared by octane reflux of [(CH 3 ) 5 C 5 Fe(CO) 2 ] 2 under a NO atmosphere. Oxidative cleavage of the dimer with iodine yields (CH 3 ) 5 C 5 Fe(NO)I 2 . Alkylation with two equivalents of RLi or RMgX (R = CH 3 , CH 2 C 6 H 5 , or CH 2 SC 6 H 5 ) leads to the dialkyl derivatives in good yields. All compounds are new and have been characterized by elemental analyses, IR, mass, 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra.
Policy history of the US Global Change Research Program: Part I. Administrative development

a synthesis based on materials found in the public record (notably Congressional and administrative documents), published analyses and interviews with numerous outside observers, as well as individuals closely involved with the program, from their perspectives on science, administration, and policy. Interviews were conducted over the period 1993}1997, some on record and some o! record. I have chosen not to identify by name many interview sources cited in the text out of consideration for their candor and in recognition that the US Global Change Research program is an ongoing e!ort with many interviewees having continued involvement in the Program. In the text the interviews are cited simply as ([I]interview with [A]uthor [year]), e.g. (IA, 1994). See Pielke (1995) for an appraisal of USGCRP implementation through 1994. *Corresponding author. Tel: #1-303-497-8111; fax: #1-303-4978125. E-mail address: rogerp@ucar.edu (R.A. Pielke Jr). 1 The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. 2Hansen testi"ed to three main points: (1) that 1988 was the warmest year on record (of the past 100 years), (2) there was a high degree of con"dence that warming was caused by human activities, and (3) that computer models indicated that the greenhouse e!ect was already large enough to result in extreme events like summer heat waves. Global Environmental Change 10 (2000) 9}25
Rose is a rose is a rose: Content and construct validity

Abstract This is a response to Roth, Hammelstein, and Brahler’s (2007) article: “Beyond a youthful behavior style—Age and sex differences in sensation seeking based on need theory”. The authors developed a new scale for sensation seeking because they claim that the behavioral type of items in Zuckerman (1979, 1994, 2007) sensation seeking scale (SSS) do not reflect a need for varied, novel, intense, and complex sensations. The criticism of the SSS is one of content rather than construct validity. Content validity cannot substitute for construct validity, as measured by relationships between a scale and external criteria. “Need” was part of an older definition of sensation seeking but was dropped because the construct of need as a secondary drive is not relevant to the trait concept of sensation seeking. Tolerance for risk is part of the definition of sensation seeking but sensation seeking covers a broader range of phenomena including non-risky preferences. In spite of the specificity of the content of different sensation seeking scales all of them show age declines. A “youthful behavior style”, as reflected in the content of the items, does not produce the age changes in the trait itself.
Failure of carbon nanotube/polymer composites and the effect of nanotube waviness

This paper studies the failure of CNT/polymer composites by combining micromechanics model and finite element simulation. A computational model of composite of adequate size is employed so the interactions between nanotubes embedded in the matrix can be taken into account. The effects of nanotube waviness and random nanotube distribution relative to aligned straight nanotubes are investigated. The computational results indicate that the nanotube waviness tend to reduce the elastic modulus but increase the ultimate strain of a composite. The randomness of nanotube distribution tends to reduce both the composite elastic modulus and tensile strength. The damage initiation and evolution in composites with random wavy nanotubes have also been analyzed.
Eye movements evoked by microstimulation in the flocculus of the alert macaque.

We have used microstimulation in the floccular cortex of alert monkeys to study the role of the cerebellar flocculus in the control of slow eye movements and the representation of eye movement direction in the flocculus. Eye movements having peak velocities of less than 15 deg/s, sometimes accompanied by rapid eye movements, were evoked using trains of current pulses (22 μA or less). The initial slow eye movement was designated Phase I. By restricting current spread to specific layers of the flocculus, evidence was obtained that Phase I was caused by the activation of molecular layer elements; it appeared to reflect the suppression of Purkinje cell activity. Phase I, therefore, probably represents the best estimate of the effect of changing Purkinje cell activity in a limited region. Phase I ended either during the pulse train or after the end of the pulse train; following the end of Phase I, the eye movement reversed its direction. Again by stimulating various layers, the eye movement following the reversal (Phase II and the off-response) was attributed to activation of Purkinje cell axons and other elements, including floccular afferents, in the granular layer and white matter. Phase I eye movements in all directions were evoked from the flocculus. Homogeneous zones with respect to eye movement direction were approximately 300 μm in diameter. When the cortex was represented as a two-dimensional sheet, a large number of zones corresponding to different directions of Phase I were observed.
Highly efficient optically pumped cesium vapor laser

We have demonstrated an optically pumped continuous wave Cs vapor laser with an input power to output power slope efficiency of 81%. The laser power was 0.35 W for an input power of 0.57 W, yielding an overall optical efficiency of 63%.
Global physical effects of anthropogenic hydrological alterations: sea level and water redistribution

Abstract Human influence on the Earth System and hydrologic cycle has reached the point where it affects the hydrologic balance between ocean and continental storage reservoirs. The anthropogenic redistribution of water mass at a planetary scale even has an effect on Earth rotation parameters. Land use changes associated with expanding agriculture to support an increasing human population have already had a profound influence on basin-scale hydrology, and in extreme cases, on regional climate. Major human activities which lead to hydrologic alterations include irrigation (from ground water mining and surface water diversion), deforestation, wetland filling or drainage, and new dam construction. With the exception of the latter, these all contribute to the transfer of water from the continents to the ocean and a reduction of continental water resources. However, water impoundment behind dams may partially or completely counteract the cumulative effect of the others. Present compilations of reservoirs impounded by dams include only the results of major engineering projects. Smaller impoundments have largely been ignored. The cumulative volume of the literally millions of small reservoirs such as farm ponds and rice paddies may approach that of the larger documented reservoirs. Unfortunately it is not practical to make a global inventory of millions of small and unregistered reservoirs, so their volume may never be known precisely. The quantity of water stored in artifically raised water tables behind dams has also not yet been addressed. The issue of water impoundment or release from continental drainage basins affects global sea level. Recent estimates based solely on major dammed reservoirs suggest that if new dam construction is not maintained at the rates of the 1960s through 1980s, the rate of sea level rise could increase by about half a millimeter per year. If small impoundments are taken into account, this figure could be much greater.
An argument for descriptivism

Critique de la conception non-descriptiviste du langage evaluatif soutenue par les defenseurs de l'emotivisme, du prescriptivisme et de l'expressivisme a partir d'une approche commune du langage moral. Analysant les trois presupposes concernant le langage evaluatif que sont: 1) son inutilite pour les propositions possedant des valeurs de verites; 2) son inutilite pour decrire le monde; 3) son utilisation pour exprimer des emotions, des prescriptions et des etats non-cognitifs comme le desir, l'A. montre que certaines assertions evaluatives remplissent certaines conditions generales de la description, ce qui permet de rejeter comme fausse toute version du non-descriptivisme, meme faible et non-universelle
Algorithms Fit for Compilation

Should there be a standard in the way of algorithms languages to improve productivity and remove ambiguity?
Temperament moderates the influence of periadolescent social experience on behavior and adrenocortical activity in adult male rats.

Abstract Adolescence is a period of significant behavioral and physiological maturation, particularly related to stress responses. Animal studies that have tested the influence of adolescent social experiences on stress-related behavioral and physiological development have led to complex results. We used a rodent model of neophobia to test the hypothesis that the influence of adolescent social experience on adult behavior and adrenocortical function is modulated by pre-adolescent temperament. Exploratory activity was assessed in 53 male Sprague–Dawley rats to classify temperament and then they were housed in one of the three conditions during postnatal days (PND) 28–46: (1) with familiar kin, (2) with novel social partners, or (3) individually with no social partners. Effects on adult adrenocortical function were evaluated from fecal samples collected while rats were individually-housed and exposed to a 1-hour novel social challenge during PND 110–114. Adolescent-housing with novel or no social partners led to reduced adult glucocorticoid production compared to adolescent-housing with familiar littermates. Additionally, highly-exploratory pre-weanling rats that were housed with novel social partners during adolescence exhibited increased exploratory behavior and a more rapid return to basal glucocorticoid production in adulthood compared to those housed with familiar or no social partners during adolescence and compared to low-exploratory rats exposed to novel social partners. In sum, relatively short-term adolescent social experiences can cause transient changes in temperament and potentially longer-term changes in recovery of glucocorticoid production in response to adult social challenges. Furthermore, early temperament may modulate the influence of adolescent experiences on adult behavioral and adrenocortical function.
Natural Gas Fueling of a Caterpillar 3406 Diesel Engine

This paper reports on a Caterpillar 3406 turbocharged diesel engine which was converted to operate in a natural gas with diesel pilot ignition mode and was evaluated for performance and emission characteristics for both diesel and natural gas operation. Full-load power was achieved with natural gas fueling without knock. Similar fuel efficiencies were obtained with natural gas fueling at high loads, but efficiencies were lower for low loads. Bosch smoke numbers were reduced by over 50 percent with natural gas fueling for all cases investigated. NO[sub x] emissions were found to be lower at low loads and at high speeds under high load. CO emissions were significantly increased for natural gas fueling while CO[sub 2] concentrations in the exhaust were reduced for natural gas fueling.
Relationships between multilocus heterozygosity and morphometric indices in a population of the deep-sea red crab Chaceon quinquedens (Smith)

Genetic characteristics for 15 allozyme loci were compared to morphometric and gonadosomatic characteristics in a population of the deep-sea red crab Chaceon quinquedens (Smith). Chaceon quinquedens showed a high degree of genetic variability measured either as level of polymorphism (0.87) or as heterozygosity (0.80). Multilocus heterozygosity (MLH) for the six best-resolved polymorphic loci was correlated positively with carapace width (CW; r = 0.386; df = 49; p < 0.01). Other morphometric indices that are allometrically associated with CW [e.g. carapace length (CL), total wet weight, digestive gland weight and volume] were also positively correlated with MLH (p<0.05). More heterozygous crabs had significantly blackened carapaces with many barnacles (p<0.05) compared to the orange carapaces of more homozygous crabs. Because the carapace darkens with time since last molt and because molting frequency decreases with age in other species of crustaceans, the association of MLH and carapace color suggests that older crabs may be slightly more heterozygous than younger crabs. Gonad weight, volume and brood weight were not correlated with MLH. There was no effect of sex or collection depth (860 vs. 1042 m) on any MLH-morphometric index relationship or on any population genetic characteristics of this species. The rank of loci contributing to the MLH-size correlation (especially aspartate aminotransferase and amino peptidase) supports the role that protein/amino acid metabolism is thought to play in the bioenergetics of this species. The very strong MLH-size relationship involving loci known to encode enzymes in metabolic pathways that are particularly important to this species suggests that high levels of genetic variation may be maintained by heterosis.
Standards for the token ring

The author outlines the structures and responsibilities of the various national and international standards-making organizations. He describes the contents of communications standards generally and of the IEEE 802 standards relating to token rings in particular.
Use of mini-octadecylsilane ultrasphere column in high-pressure liquid chromatography for protein structural studies

Abstract Using a single mini-octadecylsilane (ODS) 5-μm ultrasphere column (0.46 × 4.5 cm) and linear gradients of different solvents, all the aspects of protein structural analysis have been defined. The effectiveness of the system has been evaluated by separating the α and β chains of hemoglobin and their tryptic peptides, then performing amino acid analysis and, finally, identifying the phenylthiohydantoin derivatives of amino acids.
An estimate of the eddy-induced circulation in the Labrador Sea

Regions of oceanic deep convection such as the Labrador Sea are prone to baroclinic instability. The resulting geostrophic eddies play a crucial role in the post-convection adjustment process which involves both rearrangement of mass so as to release available potential energy and exchange of heat and salt with the boundaries. In this study it is proposed that the slumping of isopycnals associated with baroclinic instability drives an eddy-induced “overturning circulation” consisting of a surface intensified flow transporting low salinity water from the boundary currents into the interior; sinking motion in the interior; and an “outflow” at depth transporting newly ventilated Labrador Sea Water towards the boundaries. Typical eddy-induced velocities estimated from hydrographic data are roughly 0.5 cm/s for the surface inflow, 1 m/day for the vertical motion, and 0.1 cm/s for the deeper outflow, in close agreement with those calculated in a numerical model.
Examination of the Bouchet Morton Complementary Relationship Using a Mesoscale Climate Model and Observations under a Progressive Irrigation Scenario

The complementary relationship between actual and potential evaporation over southeastern Turkey was examined using a mesoscale climate model and field data. Model simulations of both actual and potential evaporation produce realistic temporal patterns in comparison to those estimated from field data; as evaporation from the surface increases with increasing irrigation, potential evaporation decreases. This is in accordance with the Bouchet–Morton complementary relationship and suggests that actual evapotranspiration can be readily computed from routine meteorological observations. The driving mechanisms behind irrigation-related changes in actual and potential evaporation include reduced wind velocities, increased atmospheric stability, and depressed humidity deficits. The relative role of each in preserving the complementary relation is assessed by fitting a potential evaporation model to pan evaporation data. The importance of reduced wind velocity in maintaining complementarity was unexpected, and thus examined further using a set of perturbation simulation experiments with changing roughness parameters (reflecting growing cotton crops), changing moisture conditions (reflecting irrigation), and both. Three potential causes of wind velocity reduction associated with irrigation may be increased surface roughness, decreased thermal convection that influences momentum transfer, and the development of anomalous high pressure that counteracts the background wind field. All three are evident in the mesoscale model results, but the primary cause is the pressure-induced local wind system. The apparent necessity of capturing mesoscale dynamical feedbacks in maintaining complementarity between potential and actual evaporation suggests that a theory more complicated than current descriptions (which are based on feedbacks between actual evaporation and temperature and/or humidity gradients) is required to explain the complementary relationship.
Progress towards steady state at low aspect ratio on the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX)

Modifications to the plasma control capabilities and poloidal field coils of the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) have enabled a significant enhancement in shaping capability which has led to the transient achievement of a record shape factor (S ? q95 (Ip/a Bt)) of ~41?(MA?m?1?T?1) simultaneous with a record plasma elongation of ? ? b/a ~ 3. This result was obtained using isoflux control and real-time equilibrium reconstruction. Achieving high shape factor together with tolerable divertor loading is an important result for future ST burning plasma experiments as exemplified by studies for future ST reactor concepts, as well as neutron producing devices, which rely on achieving high shape factors in order to achieve steady state operation while maintaining MHD stability. Statistical evidence is presented which demonstrates the expected correlation between increased shaping and improved plasma performance. Plasmas with high shape factor have been sustained for pulse lengths which correspond to ?pulse = 1.6s ~ 50 ?E ~ 5 ?CR, where ?CR is the current relaxation time and ?E is the energy confinement time. Plasmas with higher ?t ~ 20% have been sustained for ?pulse = 1.2s ~ 25 ?E ~ 3 ?CR with non-inductive current fractions fNI ~ 50%, with ~40% pressure driven current and ~10% neutral beam driven current. An interesting feature of these discharges is the observation that the central value of the safety factor q(0) remains elevated and constant for several current diffusion times without sawteeth, similar to the 'hybrid mode'. Calculations of the profiles of inductive and non-inductive current are compared with measurements of the total current profile and are shown to be in quantitative agreement. Results are shown from experiments which investigate the applicability of high harmonic fast waves (HHFWs) and electron Bernstein waves (EBWs) as current drive and heating sources, and the possibility of LHCD for future ST devices is raised. A calculated scenario which provides 100% non-inductive current drive is described. NSTX operates with peak divertor heat fluxes which are in the same range as those expected for the ITER device, i.e. with . High triangularity, high elongation plasmas on NSTX have been demonstrated to have reduced peak heat flux to the divertor plates to <3?MW?m?2.
Schwann cells can misdirect regrowing neuronal processes

Studies of potentials for dorsal spinal nerve root axons to regrow into the spinal cord involved placement of the tracer HRP/WGA-HRP on the cut end of the nerve root. Following this procedure, labeled neurons were found within the spinal dorsal gray matter. Analyses revealed that spinal neurons influenced by the presence of radiation-induced intraspinal Schwann cells extend misdirected processes into the dorsal root.
Temperature-dependent egg development of Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera: Miridae).

Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae) is a key agricultural pest in the western United States, but certain aspects of its temperature-dependent development are poorly defined. Accurate models describing the relationships between temperature and development of L. hesperus would facilitate the study of Lygus seasonal population dynamics and overwintering ecology. We used nonlinear biophysical models to describe the development of L. hesperus eggs oviposited in green bean pods and semitransparent agarose and held under constant temperatures from 10 to 37.8°C. The agarose substrate was used because it is less susceptible than green beans to deterioration at low and high temperature extremes, and because it allowed the observation of phases of embryonic development that are hidden from view from eggs developing in plant material. The models indicated that both low and high temperature inhibited development of each observed embryonic phase regardless of oviposition substrate. Developmental rates asymptotically approached zero with decreasing temperature in the lower thermal range, and decreased with increasing temperatures above 32.2°C. Eggs oviposited in agarose developed slower than eggs oviposited in green bean pods suggesting that egg developmental rates were influenced by the type of host substrate. Our temperature-dependent developmental rate models for L. hesperus eggs supplement nonlinear models recently reported for L. hesperus nymphal and adult reproductive development and should be useful in planning and interpreting field studies of L. hesperus population dynamics and overwintering ecology.
GaAs JFETS Intended for Deep Cryogenic VLWIR Readout Electronics

This paper presents the structure and fabrication of GaAs JFETSs and their performance at 4 K.
Bilin chromophores as reporters of unique protein conformations of phycocyanin 645

At 45 degrees C, phycocyanin 645 maximally undergoes a reversible and stable conformational change. The change is observed in the visible (chromophore) region of the absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectra. In the absorption spectrum, the absorbance is lower at 45 degrees C but remains much closer to the normal spectrum than to a strongly denatured spectrum. In the CD, a similar situation exists except that a negative band on the blue edge of the spectrum is much more strongly affected at 45 degrees C than the other bands. On returning to 20 degrees C, all these changes are restored to the original states. The protein is an alpha 2 beta 2 dimer at both 20 and 45 degrees C, and CD in the far-UV shows the identical protein secondary structures at both 20 and 45 degrees C. Fluorescence studies show that energy transfer occurs at both temperatures. At 50 degrees C the results are saliently different as the secondary structure changes and the spectral changes are mostly irreversible. At 50 degrees C, some monomers (alpha beta) are produced, and these monomers are very unstable at that temperature, resulting in the formation of some fully denatured polypeptides. Stable monomers can be produced at 20 degrees C and have visible absorption and CD spectra identical to the dimer at 45 degrees C. Therefore, the chromophores are reporting a tertiary conformational change at 45 degrees C, in which the two halves of the dimer each assume a monomer-like conformation prior to dissociating. These results are compared with a hypothesis for the chromophore topography, and the CD change at the blue edge of the spectra may result from the separation at 45 degrees C of a chromophore pair.
Laughter: the best medicine?

Correspondence: Richard T. Penson, M.R.C.P., M.D., Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cox 548, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114-2617, USA. Telephone: 617-726-5867; Fax: 617-724-6898; e-mail: rpenson@partners.org Received August 1, 2005; accepted for publication August 1, 2005. ©AlphaMed Press 1083-7159/2005/$12.00/0 Abstract Shortly before his death in 1995, Kenneth B. Schwartz, a cancer patient at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) founded The Kenneth B. Schwartz Center at MGH. The Schwartz Center is a nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting and advancing compassionate health care delivery, which provides hope to the patient and support to caregivers and encourages the healing process. The center sponsors the Schwartz Center Rounds, a monthly multidisciplinary forum where caregivers reflect on important psychosocial issues faced by patients, their families, and their caregivers, and gain insight and support from fellow staff members. The diagnosis of cancer is incredibly stressful, and treatments are arduous. Humor may help to ease the pain, show the human side of the health care team, and help everyone cope. Whether the patient uses humor to lighten the mood of a difficult consultation with their physician, or health care workers use it to help cheer each other through the day, humor and laughter can be valuable tools. Humor can soften the isolation experienced by both patients and staff. When used sensitively, respecting the gravity of the situation, humor can build the connection among the caregiver, patient, and family. However, insensitive joking is offensive and distressing, and experience suggests a variable acceptance of humor by patients with life-threatening illnesses, making humor a high-risk strategy, and it can be a pejorative maker of an adversive power differential. The medical literature contains little on humor, and very little research has been conducted on this common aspect of human communication. Through an examination of physician and nurse experiences, the role of humor in medicine is reviewed. The Oncologist 2005:651–660
The occupied and unoccupied electronic structure of adsorbed ferrocene

Abstract We have studied both the occupied and unoccupied molecular orbitals of adsorbed ferrocene. The occupied molecular orbitals have been identified using a combination of photoemission selection rules and resonant photoemission. Ferrocene adsorbs with a strong preferential molecular orientation on Mo(112) at 150 K, like metallocenes on many other surfaces. Though the ferrocene molecular axis is largely parallel with the Mo(112) surface there is very little perturbation of the molecular orbitals relative to the gas phase.