cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partial coherence in coupled photonic crystal vertical cavity lasers

A model for the emergence of partial coherence in arrays of VCSELs is presented. The spectra of the uncoupled lasers determine the coherence properties of the coupled system. Predictions the model is verified experimentally.
Thermal conductance of Cu/Cu and Cu/Si interfaces from 85 K to 300 K

Abstract The thermal conductance of copper-copper and copper-silicon interfaces has been measured between 85 K and 300 K. Bare surfaces and interface containing various thermal greases and thermally conductive elastomers have been evaluated. The use of thermal grease was found greatly to enhance thermal conductance of copper - copper interfaces at all temperatures. The use of thermal interface materials at the silicon - copper interface may or may not contribute to thermal conductance throughout the entire temperature range owing to a glass transition in the grease materials and the shear force created between silicon and copper by the different thermal contraction of the two materials as temperature is reduced.
Ultrastructure of human tendon sheath and synovium: implications for tumor histogenesis.

Normal human tendon sheath and synovium were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The lining cells of the two tissues appear to be identical ultrastructurally. The most superficial cells (B-cells) possess long cytoplasmic extensions that clothe the membrane surface. Intermingled with deeper B-cells are the so-called A-cells, which have similar cytoplasmic features but lack long processes and instead have many filopodia. The frequent occurrence of intermediate forms indicates that the two cells form part of a morphologic spectrum. Comparison with cells of tumors that have been ascribed to synovium or tendon sheath (synovial sarcoma, epithelioid sarcoma, clear cell sarcoma) do not reveal any close similarities that might support a histogenetic relationship.
Sparkover as influenced by surface conditions in D-C Corona

Sparkover between clean electrodes has been investigated extensively but it is found that sparkover between contaminated electrodes exhibits very different results. With corona from a clean metal point to a plane, sparkover occurs at a considerably lower voltage if the point is positive.1 Because of this, it is frequently assumed that positive corona will always result in the lowest sparkover voltage. A few experiments with contaminated electrodes show that sparkover is a complicated phenomenon and that negative corona does not always result in a higher sparkover voltage.
Understanding and Addressing the Disproportionate Representation of Students of Color in Special Education.

The disproportionate representation of students of color in special education is a critical challenge facing educators and school districts. This article helps educators understand and address this...
Effect of inducing nocturnal serum melatonin concentrations in daytime on sleep, mood, body temperature, and performance

We examined effects of very low doses of melatonin (0.1-10 mg, orally) or placebo, administered at 1145 h, on sleep latency and duration, mood, performance, oral temperature, and changes in serum melatonin levels in 20 healthy male volunteers. A repeated-measure double-blind Latin square design was used. Subjects completed a battery of tests designed to assess mood and performance between 0930 and 1730 h. The sedative-like effects of melatonin were assessed by a simple sleep test: at 1330 h subjects were asked to hold a positive pressure switch in each hand and to relax with eyes closed while reclining in a quiet darkened room. Latency and duration of switch release, indicators of sleep, were measured. Areas under the time-melatonin concentration curve varied in proportion to the different melatonin doses ingested, and the 0.1- and 0.3-mg doses generated peak serum melatonin levels that were within the normal range of nocturnal melatonin levels in untreated people. All melatonin doses tested significantly increased sleep duration, as well as self-reported sleepiness and fatigue, relative to placebo. Moreover, all of the doses significantly decreased sleep-onset latency, oral temperature, and the number of correct responses on the Wilkinson auditory vigilance task. These data indicate that orally administered melatonin can be a highly potent hypnotic agent; they also suggest that the physiological increase in serum melatonin levels, which occurs around 2100 h daily, may constitute a signal initiating normal sleep onset.
Comparative structural and catalytic properties of oxygen-evolving photosystem II preparations

Biochemical techniques now exist to produce the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II (PSII) and its associated photochemical redox reactions in various states of purity. These preparations permit one to assess the structural roles of polypeptides in promoting activity by using selective extraction techniques which remove certain polypeptides, to carry out reconstitution studies which re-establish activity, and, in the case of more recently developed, highly purified preparations discussed in this overview, to identify the minimal polypeptide complement necessary for photosynthetic oxygen evolution activity. These comparative investigations also suggest a tentative structure for an oxygen-evolving PSII core complex whose primary constituents are a hydrophobic complex of polypeptide, manganese, calcium and chloride, and the 33 kDa extrinsic polypeptide.
A Role for the Androgen Metabolite, 5α‐Androstane‐3β,17β‐Diol, in Modulating Oestrogen Receptor β‐Mediated Regulation of Hormonal Stress Reactivity

Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a basic response of animals to environmental perturbations that threaten homeostasis. These responses are regulated by neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) that synthesise and secrete corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH). Other PVN neuropeptides, such as arginine vasopressin and oxytocin, can also modulate activity of CRH neurones in the PVN and enhance CRH secretagogue activity of the anterior pituitary gland. In rodents, sex differences in HPA reactivity are well established; females exhibit a more robust activation of the HPA axis after stress than do males. These sex differences primarily result from opposing actions of sex steroids, testosterone and oestrogen, on HPA function. Ostreogen enhances stress activated adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) secretion, whereas testosterone decreases the gain of the HPA axis and inhibits ACTH and CORT responses to stress. Data show that androgens can act directly on PVN neurones in the male rat through a novel pathway involving oestrogen receptor (ER)β, whereas oestrogen acts predominantly through ERα. Thus, we examined the hypothesis that, in males, testosterone suppresses HPA function via an androgen metabolite that binds ERβ. Clues to the neurobiological mechanisms underlying such a novel action can be gleaned from studies showing extensive colocalisation of ERβ in oxytocin-containing cells of the PVN. Hence, in this review, we address the possibility that testosterone inhibits HPA reactivity by metabolising to 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol, a compound that binds ERβ and regulates oxytocin containing neurones of the PVN. These findings suggest a re-evaluation of studies examining pathways for androgen receptor signalling.
Role of the TATA box in transcription of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat

An in vitro transcription system from mammary cells was established to study transcription of the long terminal repeat (LTR) of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). Experiments with progressive 5'-deletion constructs of the MMTV LTR revealed that a 19-base pair (bp) region from -41 to -23 bp, encompassing the TATA box and flanking DNA sequence, was as transcriptionally active as larger promoter constructs, both in nuclear extracts from human mammary cell lines (T47D and MCF7) and a nonmammary cell line (HeLa). The cell-free system was capable of supporting transcriptional induction by factors binding upstream of the TATA box, however, since purified glucocorticoid receptor-induced transcription in larger promoter constructs encompassing the MMTV hormone-responsive elements. Transcription from two other promoters, the adenovirus major late promoter and the human immunodeficiency virus LTR, also revealed a significant transcriptional contribution of upstream elements. The 19-bp TATA region from the MMTV LTR was shown to have considerably more activity in this transcription system than comparable TATA regions from other promoters. Sequences critical to the MMTV TATA region were evaluated by single base pair mutagenesis and found to comprise a consensus TATA box sequence, TATAAAA, as well as a single A just upstream of the TATAAAA sequence. Thus, the high level of basal transcription observed with the TATA region from MMTV is due to a perfect consensus TATA box sequence and a single base immediately 5' adjacent. It is likely that the high basal rate of transcription observed with this TATA box region on histone-free templates represents an inappropriate level of basal expression and that a complete evaluation of transactivation mechanisms in this system will require the recapitulation in vitro of the chromatin-mediated repressive state that exists in vivo.
Search and Evaluation Strategies for Effective Use of World Wide Web in Leadership Education

Executive Summary Educators and students of leadership have access to a dynamic tool in the World Wide Web. However, with the increasing amount of information available, finding specific information for teaching, learning, and research in a timely manner can become a challenge. As a teaching/learning tool, Web-based resources must ultimately contribute to learning amid abundant commercial and recreational material. This article offers guidelines for encouraging effective search strategies, provides resources both on-line and in print for further exploration, and presents a Web Evaluation Tool which outlines criteria for evaluation of Web sites for educational use. Students knowledgeable of effective search strategies can enhance their study of leadership, and continue to update their leadership information, research, and trends through access to relevant and useful resources readily available on the Web.
Systems for continuous preparation of macromolecular fractions for radioactive counting

Abstract The collection of effluent from fractionation procedures on a moving tape is proposed as a means of continuous analysis. Two systems are described for collecting and washing radioactively labeled macromolecules after zonal centrifugation, and results are presented to demonstrate their effectiveness. Other potential applications are outlined.
Evidence that Snf-Swi controls chromatin structure over both the TATA and UAS regions of the SUC2 promoter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Snf-Swi complex of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been shown to control gene expression by controlling chromatin structure. We have analyzed the promoter of the SUC2 gene, a gene strongly controlled by Snf-Swi, by a high resolution analysis of micrococcal nuclease digests. This analysis suggests that there are at least four nucleosomes positioned over the SUC2 TATA and UAS regions under conditions repressing SUC2 transcription. Under derepressing conditions this entire promoter region is much more sensitive to MNase digestion. Analysis of an snf2 Delta mutant demonstrates that even under derepressing conditions the SUC2 promoter is resistant to MNase digestion. Thus, the Snf-Swi complex appears to control chromatin structure over both the SUC2 TATA and UAS regions. The presence of nucleosomes over both promoter regions may explain the strong requirement of SUC2 for Snf-Swi function.
Photochemistry complicates attribution of volatile organics

Understanding the sources of air pollution is important in mitigation efforts. Commonly used models known as receptor models often do not take into account chemical reactions that may occur between the source of the emission and the site where measurements are taken. To determine to what extent photochemical reactions in the atmosphere may be affecting source attribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Yuan et al. measured VOCs at an urban site in Beijing in August–September 2010 and identified emission sources.
Higher-moment approaches to approximate interval estimation for a certain intraclass correlation coefficient.

We consider the problem of constructing a confidence interval for the intraclass correlation coefficient in an interrater reliability study when the raters are assumed to be randomly selected from a population of raters. A Monte Carlo simulation study is conducted to investigate the true coverage probabilities of the commonly used intervals proposed by Fleiss and Shrout, which rely on Satterthwaite's two-moment approximation. These intervals are shown to be substantially anticonservative in certain cases. We propose intervals based on higher-moment approximations obtained using the Pearson system of distributions. The modified intervals are more conservative and generally more satisfactory than those obtained by the two-moment approximation. The competing methods are illustrated using data from a study of the natural history of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.
Comparison of measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction by Tc-99m sestamibi first-pass angiography with electron beam computed tomography in patients with anterior wall acute myocardial infarction.

Abstract The goal of this study was to compare measurements of left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) by first-pass radionuclide angiography (“first-pass angiography”) using technetium-99m (Tc-99m) sestamibi with those by contrast-enhanced electron beam computed tomography (“electron beam tomography”) as a reference technique in patients with an anterior wall acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Twenty-five patients with first Q-wave anterior wall AMI underwent paired electron beam tomographic and first-pass angiographic studies (mean, 1 day apart). Fourteen patients had 2 sets of measurements of the LVEF obtained by both methods (separated by at least 6 weeks), for a total of 39 paired measurements. LVEF by electron beam tomography was calculated from absolute systolic and diastolic LV chamber volumes. LV volumes by electron beam tomography were 199 ± 51 ml at end-diastole and 111 ± 42 ml at end-systole. Mean LVEF was 45 ± 11% by first-pass tomography and 46 ± 9% by electron beam tomography. The linear correlation coefficient between both methods was 0.82 (p
Plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA) deficiency and oral surgery.

Summary A 13-year-old boy with a history of prolonged bleeding following minor surgery entered the hospital for treatment of acute alveolar abscess. Following multiple extractions, he failed to clot normally and was therefore studied for possible hemophilia-like deficiency. By selective and differential laboratory tests, a plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA) deficiency was diagnosed. On subsequent readmission to the hospital, the patient was prepared preoperatively with fresh whole blood and clotting after surgery was normal.
Circadian cycles in binding of 3H-alprenolol to beta-adrenergic receptor sites in rat pineal.

A β-ADRENERGIC receptor coupled to adenylate cyclase regulates the activity of rat pineal N-acetyltransferase, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of melatonin1. At the onset of darkness there is an increase in the release of the neurotransmitter noradrenaline from sympathetic nerves2,3 which produces 30- to 50-fold increases in N-acetyltransferase activity4. During periods of exposure to light, nerve activity and noradrenaline turnover are lower than during peribds of darkness2,3, and N-acetyltransferase activity remains at its lowest level4.
The determination of trace elements in human hair by atomic absorption spectroscopy

Abstract The concentrations of copper, iron, magnesium, and zinc in the hair of eighteen different adult male subjects have been determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy over periods ranging from 4 to 10 months. The mean for each of the four analysis elements is shown for each subject. A mean, median, and range are given for each subject. A mean, median, and range are given for each element taking all subjects into consideration. A study was made of the pre-treatment of hair, including a comparison of detergent washed and organic solvent washed hair and an investigation of other wash parameters. Recovery studies were made for each analysis element.
Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition Regrowth of InGaN and GaN on N-polar Pillar and Stripe Nanostructures

N-polar (000-1) GaN templates were patterned using holographic lithography to create nanopillar (NP) and nanostripe (NS) arrays. InGaN and GaN was subsequently regrown on the patterned wafers by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The impact of changes in V/III ratio and growth temperature were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and photoluminescence (PL). Highly selective growth of InGaN and GaN on planes close to the {10-10} m-planes was observed over a wide range of growth conditions as well as different facet formation compared to regrowth on Ga-polar (0001) NP and NS arrays.
SOME HISTORY OF HEREDITY-VS-ENVIRONMENT, GENETIC INFERIORITY AT HARVARD(?), AND THE (INCREDIBLE) BELL CURVE

This article discusses some historical and intellectual roots of American behaviorism in psychology and its anti-heredity, environmentalist bias, as well as the early 'justification' for pure line theory in genetics and some interrelations between the two fields. Next, I discuss the heritability concept, its promotion, its critique and the importance of distinguishing it from, rather than confusing or conflating it with, the heredity concept. Then, briefly I consider some of the history and problems associated with the intelligence concept, as well as the capital importance of biological controls in studies of human heredity. And finally, I document the incredibility of the The Bell Curve and the appalling inadequacy of its reception.
Drug evaluation in angina pectoris: khellin, heparin, peritrate.

Abstract 1. 1. Three drugs, khellin, heparin, and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (Peritrate), have been investigated for therapeutic efficacy in angina pectoris. Subjective evaluation with a “daily record” was supplemented by objective evaluation by means of the anoxemia test. 2. 2. Khellin though of definite therapeutic value in a limited number of patients with angina pectoris is not generally useful because of the high incidence of side reactions. 3. 3. Fifty milligrams of heparin daily produced subjective and objective benefit in only one of eleven patients, and this benefit was not sustained. This drug appears virtually ineffective in angina pectoris. 4. 4. Peritrate provided impressive and sustained subjective improvement in two of six patients but failed to alter the anoxemia test in any way. 5. 5. Although the general usefulness of therapeutic agents in angina pectoris can best be established by statistical compilation of “double-blind placebo” subjective data and by objective testing, the therapeutic value in an individual may be amply demonstrated by alternate long periods on drug and placebo with a favorable response following the drug and failure of response following the placebo.
A review of solidification/stabilization technology

Abstract In hazardous waste management, solidification/stabilization (S/S) is a term normally used to designate a technology employing additives to alter hazardous waste to make it non-hazardous or acceptable for current land disposal requirements. The use of this technology to treat hazardous waste may become more important as regulations restrict the use of land for disposing of hazardous waste. This paper reviews the technology and provides information to help assess its potential role in managing hazardous waste. Information is provided to assist the proper selection, use and evaluation of S/S technologies. Regulatory factors affecting its use are also discussed.
Glucocorticoid Receptor Transcriptional Activity Determined by Spacing of Receptor and Nonreceptor DNA Sites

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) displays distinct modes of regulation when bound at glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) bearing different binding sequences and arrangements of binding sites. For example, it has been shown to activate transcription synergistically with itself or with other regulatory factors, such as AP1, when bound to a consensus palindromic element or "simple GRE" that is multimerized or linked tightly with an AP1 site. In contrast, at certain "composite GREs" GR and AP1 bind to nonconsensus sequences, and GR either activates or represses depending on the subunit composition of AP1. To uncouple the contributions to regulatory behavior of binding sequences and binding element arrangements, we examined GR action at "paired elements," combinations of a simple GRE and a consensus AP1 site, separated by different distances. We found that GR synergized with either c-Jun or c-Jun-c-Fos at paired elements with GRE-AP1 site separations of >/=26 base pairs. In contrast, paired elements with separations of 14-18 base pairs mimicked the composite GRE, i.e. GR synergized with c-Jun and repressed c-Jun-c-Fos. In DNA binding studies, GR and AP1 cooccupied the paired elements. We conclude that the arrangement of binding sites within a compound response element can be a major determinant of regulatory factor action.
Cervical Disc Replacement: The State of the Data

Cervical arthroplasty has undergone a rapid evolution since the development of the original Cummins device. The evolution of metal-on-metal implants has occurred in parallel with the development of novel bearing concepts incorporating metal alloys, polymers, and ceramics. The current “state of the data” is presented including clinical outcomes of recently developed devices. While the early data from clinical trials are encouraging, there remains a need to demonstrate the viability of such techniques in the long term.
EYE ON THE LASER

Ophthalmology was the first medical discipline to use lasers on a regular basis. Trokel assesses current techniques used to treat eye disorders and offers commentary on how to improve them.
Cutting planes and beyond

We present extensions to the traditional cutting plane that become practical with the availability of virtual reality devices. These extensions take advantage of the intuitive ease of use associated with the cutting metaphor. Using their hands as the cutting tool, users interact directly with the data to generate arbitrarily oriented planar surfaces, linear surfaces, and curved surfaces. We find that this type of interaction is particularly suited for exploratory scientific visualization where features need to be quickly identified and precise positioning is not required. We also document our investigation on other intuitive metaphors for use with scientific visualization.
Some Renaissance Polish Commentaries on Aristotle's Rhetoric and Hermogenes' On Ideas

Absract: In the present manuscript collections of the Biblioteka Narodowa in Warsaw and the Biblioteka Jagiellonska in Krakow are two commentaries on Aristotle9s Rhetoric and two on Hermogenes9 On Ideas , all evidently composed in the early seventeenth century. This study briefly surveys their contents and organization and attempts to locate them in the cultural milieu of Renaissance Polish scholarship, an area of study almost totally ignored by American and Western European historians of rhetoric.
A Statistical Theory of Liquids. I

A theory is developed which deduces the elastic and thermal properties of a liquid from the expression of the mutual potential between two molecules, these being considered as centers of force. The two-phase system consisting of liquid and vapor is treated as a statistical unit and thus dynamical expressions for the vapor pressure and the surface tension are obtained. The characteristic parameter of the theory is the mean distance between nearest neighbors, $\ensuremath{\sigma}$. Its dependence on molecular density and temperature is determined by combining Boltzmann's theorem with a geometrical formula due to P. Hertz. The agreement with experimental data (after introduction of a specialized form of the potential) is satisfactory and will be further investigated in subsequent papers. The Introduction (Section I) exposes the general scope of the theory. In Section II the expression for the potential energy is established and suitably simplified by integration. In Section III the partition function for the two-phase system is formed without further neglections. In Section IV the co-existence of the two phases is shown to be possible only if surface tension is taken into account. Section V contains the determination of $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ as sketched above. In Section VI the general formulae for the liquid state are established. Section VII introduces a special form for the intermolecular forces and in Section VIII comparison with experimental data, covering heat of vaporization, compressibility, expansion, and specific heat, is carried through for ten liquids widely different in character.
Predicting response to immunosuppressive therapy and survival in severe aplastic anaemia

Horse anti-thymocyte globulin (h-ATG) and ciclosporin are the initial therapy for most patients with severe aplastic anaemia (SAA), but there is no practical and reliable method to predict response to this treatment. To determine whether pretreatment blood counts discriminate patients with SAA who have a higher likelihood of haematological response at 6 months to immunosuppressive therapy (IST), we conducted a single institution retrospective analysis on 316 SAA patients treated with h-ATG-based IST from 1989 to 2005. In multivariate analysis, younger age, higher baseline absolute reticulocyte count (ARC), and absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) were highly predictive of response at 6 months. Patients with baseline ARC > or = 25 x 10(9)/l and ALC > or = 1 x 10(9)/l had a much greater probability of response at 6 months following IST compared to those with lower ARC and ALC (83% vs. 41%, respectively; P < 0.001). This higher likelihood of response translated to greater rate of 5-year survival in patients in the high ARC/ALC group (92%) compared to those with a low ARC/ALC (53%). In the era of IST, the baseline ARC and ALC together serve as a simple predictor of response following IST, which should guide in risk stratification among patients with SAA.
On the applicability of the wolff rearrangement to strained hydrocarbons

Bei der Photolyse des 9-Diazo-10-keto-4,5-methylenphenanthrens (I) nach Wolff in Gegenwart von tert.-Butylamin (II) und Aromaten (III) erhalt man das uber die Keten-Stufe (V) gebildete Addukt (VI) nur in geringer Ausbeute; uberwiegend entsteht das kondensierte Benzofuran (VII), das zu (VIII) dehydriert werden kann.
Factors affecting acceptance and continued use of soil conservation practices in developing societies: a diffusion perspective☆☆☆

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine social, economic and institutional factors which affect the adoption of soil conservation practices in developing societies. The traditional diffusion model is discussed in the context of its utility for facilitating adoption of soil conservation at the farm level. Factors discussed are as follows: awareness of soil conservation practices; potential impacts of adoption; attributes of the innovation; relevance of soil conservation practices; and institutional barriers to adoption. It is concluded that institutional barriers will be the most difficult barriers to remove in developing societies.
Durability of Boston Blue Clay in Waste Containment Applications

An experimental investigation of the durability of natural and polymer-amended Boston Blue Clay (BBC) used in waste containment applications was conducted. Durability was assessed in terms of hydraulic conductivity and crack formation in response to freeze-thaw- and desiccation-induced stresses. The polymers tested were nonionic polysaccharide (guar gum) and cationic polyacrylamide (PAM) with aqueous concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 8.00 g/L. BBC proved resistant to shrinkage cracks from desiccation, but susceptible to ice lensing from the application of freeze-thaw cycles. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of natural BBC increased from 5×10\U-5\N to 1×10\U-3\N cm/s after five freeze-thaw cycles. The saturated hydraulic conductivity for guar- and PAM-amended BBC also increased in response to freeze-thaw cycling; however, both the initial and final values were nearly an order of magnitude lower than those of natural BBC. In terms of crack formation as identified with computed topography scans, extensive ice lensing was observed in both the unamended and guar-amended specimens, while the PAM-amended specimen exhibited no such behavior in response to freeze-thaw cycling. Crack formation from either desiccation or freeze-thaw cycling was quantified in terms of a crack area density (CAD) that decreased for both guar- and PAM-amended specimens, as compared with the natural BBC. In particular, the observed CAD values for natural and PAM-amended BBC subjected to freeze-thaw cycling were 69 and 8%, respectively. The observed CAD values for all BBC specimens subjected to desiccation stress were less than 3%. Overall, these results indicate that natural BBC may be unsuitable for waste containment applications where control measures are not implemented for frost penetration. Moreover, polymer amendment serves to improve the material by reducing crack formation and hydraulic conductivity.
Evaluating Automated Unit Testing in Sulu

Sulu is a programming language designed with automated unit testing specifically in mind. One aim of Sulu is to demonstrate how automated software testing can be more integrated into current software development processes. Sulu's runtime and tools support automated testing from end to end; automating the generation, execution, and evaluation of test suites using both code coverage and mutation analysis. To show the effectiveness of this integrated approach, we performed an experiment to evaluate a family of test suites generated using a test case generation algorithm which exhaustively enumerates every sequence of method calls within a certain bound. The results show high code coverage, including 90% statement coverage and high mutation coverage for the most comprehensive test suite generated.
Mechanisms of Renal Release of Renin by Electrical Stimulation of the Brainstem in the Cat

Electrical stimulation of the dorsolateral pons for 5-minute periods in anesthetized cats produced a rise in blood pressure of 40%, a reduction in renal blood flow of 28%, and an increase in the rate of renin release (the product of renal plasma flow and the venoarterial difference of plasma renin activity) of more than 100% in intact kidneys. Comparison of an intact kidney with the contralateral denervated one showed that denervation abolished the decrease in renal blood flow and the increase in renin release induced by pontine stimulation. Infusion of phenoxybenzamine into an otherwise intact kidney prevented the decrease in renal blood flow on that side, but brain-induced renin release was at least equal to that from the contralateral kidney in which the vasomotor response remained unchanged. Treatment of the animal with intravenously administered propranolol (1.3-3.0 mg/kg) abolished any rise in renin release, although propranolol accentuated the reduction in renal blood flow during stimulation of the brainstem. We concluded that the increased renal release of renin induced by electrical stimulation of a pressor area of the brainstem was dependent on intact renal nerves and on mechanisms blocked by propranolol but was not dependent on changes in renal blood flow or on renal alpha receptors.
Edge displacement field-based classification for improved detection of polyps in CT colonography

Colorectal cancer can easily be prevented provided that the precursors to tumors, small colonic polyps, are detected and removed. Currently, the only definitive examination of the colon is fiber-optic colonoscopy, which is invasive and expensive. Computed tomographic colonography (CTC) is potentially a less costly and less invasive alternative to FOC. It would be desirable to have computer-aided detection (CAD) algorithms to examine the large amount of data CTC provides. Most current CAD algorithms have high false positive rates at the required sensitivity levels. We developed and evaluated a postprocessing algorithm to decrease the false positive rate of such a CAD method without sacrificing sensitivity. Our method attempts to model the way a radiologist recognizes a polyp while scrolling a cross-sectional plane through three-dimensional computed tomography data by classification of the changes in the location of the edges in the two-dimensional plane. We performed a tenfold cross-validation study to assess its performance using sensitivity/specificity analysis on data from 48 patients. The mean specificity over all experiments increased from 0.19 (0.35) to 0.47 (0.56) for a sensitivity of 1.00 (0.95).
MISSED DATA FORECASTING USING FAST NEURAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Wavelet function based feed forward neural network architecture is proposed for forecasting of missed data. A set of wavelet functions offers a multi-resolution approximation in signal analysis and provides localization in spatial domain. Wavelet neural network (WNN) is developed using these properties of wavelet functions in the traditional feed forward network. This network has multi-layer architecture and its each neuron includes wavelet functions in the first layer. The second layer entries are wavelet coefficients corresponding to first layer outputs. Wavelet functions provide high convergence capability and faster learning process in the multilayer networks. WNN performance is tested for function approximation and missed data forecasting problems.
Ocean Color Reveals Sand Ridge Morphology on the West Florida Shelf

Inner shelf sand ridges are common features along many sandy coastlines. Here, I demonstrate that ocean color imagery from the operational satellite instrument Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer can clearly show their morphology, including orientation, width, length, spacing, thickness, and distribution, on the inner west Florida shelf between the Big Bend and the Florida Bight (about 500 km N-S) up to 35-m water depth and 150 km from the shoreline. Some of the sand ridges were previously unknown due to lack of in situ data. Most of the periodic, parallel, and static features agree well with the existing high-resolution bathymetry. However, there are also mismatches between the bathymetric features and those revealed by the consistent satellite measurements, suggesting possible errors in the bathymetry data. Using a simple optical model, I show that the 500-m resolution imagery can accurately reveal sand ridge thickness from several meters to < 1 m. Because of the repeated and synoptic coverage, these medium-resolution ocean color imageries provide unprecedented capability in studying distributions and changes of the sand ridge morphology, which are otherwise expensive and difficult to obtain.
An adaptive callback cache access for wireless Internet

We propose a two-level adaptive callback access mechanism for wireless data access. In the first level, cache size in a mobile termination is adaptively adjusted based on update-to-access-ratio. In the second level adaptation, when an object is updated at the server, whether to send the object directly or an invalidation message, adaptively depends on the object size. We analytically model cost function, and the optimal cache size and the optimal adaptation threshold value are obtained simultaneously. Both simulations and analytical results are used to study the performance.
Smad3 Mediates Angiotensin II– and TGF-β1–Induced Vascular Fibrosis Smad3 Thickens the Plot

See related article, pages 1032–1039 Hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerosis are three diseases responsible for the majority of cardiovascular morbidity in humans. Not only are they independent risk factors, but they clearly potentiate and complement each other in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. The first manifestation of end-organ damage in these diseases is the vascular remodeling of small (resistance) and large (conductance), and this precedes the development of cardiac hypertrophy, renal insufficiency or stroke.1 This vascular remodeling is characterized by hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and apoptosis of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and vascular fibrosis, caused by increased extracellular matrix deposition of total collagen, and changes in ratio of type I/III collagen, fibronectin, and proteoglycans.1 Angiotensin II (Ang II) has recently emerged as a key mediator of vascular fibrosis (sclerosis) both in humans and animal models of hypertension because of its pleiotropic effects of SMCs, fibroblasts, and inflammatory cells. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) and angiotensin receptor antagonists (ARB) diminish cardiac hypertrophy and vascular fibrosis in animal models of hypertension.1,2 In human clinical trials of hypertension, ARBs reverse vascular remodeling in resistance arteries and new incidence of strokes more potently than any other antihypertensive agents (beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers), despite similar reduction in blood pressure.3,4 This provides strong evidence that targeting the mechanisms involved in arterial remodeling process may provide the key in preventing the long-term consequences of hypertension or atherosclerosis in humans. However, deciphering the intimate mechanisms of in vivo vascular remodeling has become very complex because of enormous reciprocal interactions between Ang II and other growth factors. Ang II exerts its effects not only by activating its specific receptors, but also by transactivating other growth factor receptors such as epidermal growth factor …
[7] Direct complementary DNA cloning using polymerase chain reaction

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the direct complementary DNA cloning using polymerase chain reaction. A major approach in complementary DNA (cDNA) cloning involves screening a cDNA library with oligonucleotide probes encoding a known peptide sequence. Oligonucleotide probes lacking complementarity to their target sequences frequently generate spurious hybridization signals, and often fail to identify authentic clones, rendering cDNA library screening a complicated process. These approaches are frequently unsatisfactory because actual codon usage in the target sequence is heterogeneous. To overcome these limitations, one have developed a procedure based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for cDNA cloning, using the amino acid sequence as the primary information for the gene of interest. The procedure is based on the idea that, if one could “reverse translate” an amino acid sequence to its authentic cDNA codon usage, then stringent hybridization conditions can be used when screening a cDNA library with this cDNA as a probe. A technology that was highly suitable for such a purpose was the polymerase chain reaction. Fundamental assumption behind this approach was that the authentic sequence primer would selectively anneal to its target complementary sequence, outcompeting the less complementary primers during the annealing process.
Convolutional deep belief networks for scalable unsupervised learning of hierarchical representations

There has been much interest in unsupervised learning of hierarchical generative models such as deep belief networks. Scaling such models to full-sized, high-dimensional images remains a difficult problem. To address this problem, we present the convolutional deep belief network, a hierarchical generative model which scales to realistic image sizes. This model is translation-invariant and supports efficient bottom-up and top-down probabilistic inference. Key to our approach is probabilistic max-pooling, a novel technique which shrinks the representations of higher layers in a probabilistically sound way. Our experiments show that the algorithm learns useful high-level visual features, such as object parts, from unlabeled images of objects and natural scenes. We demonstrate excellent performance on several visual recognition tasks and show that our model can perform hierarchical (bottom-up and top-down) inference over full-sized images.
Changing The Culture In Medical Education To Teach Patient Safety

In 1999 a seminal Institute of Medicine report estimated that preventable medical errors accounted for 44,000–98,000 patient deaths annually in U.S. hospitals. In response to this problem, the nation’s medical schools, teaching hospitals, and health systems recognized that achieving greater patient safety requires more than a brief course in an already crowded medical school curriculum. It requires a fundamental culture change across all phases of medical education. This includes graduate medical education, which is already teaching the next generation of physicians to approach patient safety in a new way. In this paper the authors explore five factors critical to transforming the culture for patient safety and reflect on one real-world example at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine.
State estimation under uncertain observations with unknown statistics

The asymptotic behavior of a Bayes optimal adaptive estimation scheme for a linear, discrete-time system with interrupted observations is investigated. The interrupted observation mechanism is expressed in terms of a stationary two-state Markov chain. The transition probability matrix is unknown and can take values only from a finite set.
Role of Complement Receptors in Opsonophagocytosis of Group B Streptococci by Adult and Neonatal Neutrophils

The role of complement receptors in bactericidal activity for types III and Ia group B streptococci (GBS) by adult or neonatal polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) was explored using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to complement receptors one (CR1) and three (CR3). In an opsonophagocytic assay, selective blockade of the CR3 sugar or lectin-like binding site on adult or neonatal PMNL effected a significant reduction in killing of both GBS serotypes that was more pronounced for type III. In contrast, blockade of the iC3b binding site effected greater inhibition of bactericidal activity for type Ia than for type III GBS. When both the CR3 sugar or lectin-like binding site and CR1 were blocked, inhibition was enhanced for type Ia GBS by adult PMNL and for both serotypes by neonatal PMNL. These results demonstrate a role for both CR1 and CR3 in the opsonophagocytosis of GBS. Possibly, differences in CR3 epitope utilization contribute to the differential virulence among GBS serotypes in neonates.
Introduction to the special issue: Addressing mental health disparities through culturally competent research and community-based practice

As we enter a new millennium in which rapid demographic changes in the United States are predicted to dramatically change the face of “mainstream” America, it is essential that researchers, practitioners, and policymakers come to grips with mental health disparities through culturally competent research and community-based practice. This introduction to the special issue outlines the rationale for this volume and briefly describes the main underlying themes across this set of articles. The purpose of this special issue is twofold: (a) to present studies which serve as illustrative examples of empirical research focusing on the needs and characteristics of diverse populations within various contexts in the community and also point to implications for culturally sensitive intervention/ prevention; and (b) to provide directions for future research in this area of culturally competent mental health services and treatment. Implications for future research, practice, and policy are discussed.© 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Qualitative Study of the Role of Friendship in Late Adolescent and Young Adult Heterosexual Romantic Relationships

Friendship is considered one of the pillars of satisfying, long-term, romantic relationships and marriage. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the role of friendship in heterosexual romantic relationships. Eight single participants, ages 18 to 29, were selected from two West Coast metropolitan areas in the United States to explore whether or not friendship facilitates future long term relationships. Participants reported that friendship helped establish economic independence, adult identity and improved communication skills. Participants also reported that the development and stability of long term relationships was tenuous and temporal in their lives. Late adolescents and young adults in our study believed that their selection of partners was very different than their parents and that the success of their long term relationships was enhanced by a strong friendship with their partner.
Design Principles of Robust Property-Rights Institutions: What Have We Learned?

The problem of overuse of open-access resources was clearly articulated by Scott Gordon (1954) and Harold Demsetz (1967). Garrett Hardin (1968) speculated about the same problem, but stressed that the resource users themselves were trapped in tragic overuse and that solutions had to be imposed on them from the outside. Gordon, Demsetz, and Hardin ignited a general concern that when property rights did not exist related to a valuable resource, the resources would be overharvested. Sufficient empirical examples existed where the absence of property rights and the independence of actors captured the essence of problems facing users of land-based commonpool resources that the empirical applicability of the theory was not challenged until the mid-1980s. The massive deforestation in tropical countries and the collapse of many ocean fisheries confirmed the worst predictions to be derived from this theory for many. Since harvesters are viewed as being trapped in these dilemmas, repeated recommendations have been made that external authorities must impose a different set of institutions on such settings. Predictions of overharvesting are also supported in the experimental laboratory when subjects make anonymous decisions and are not allowed to communicate with one another, but not when they are able to engage in face-to-face communication.
Eosinophil fluorescence in cutaneous infiltrates--a possible source of confusion.

Summary Granular cytoplasmic cellular fluorescence was observed in a wide variety of dermatoses examined by immunofluorescence. This was shown to be due to non-immunological binding of the fluorescein isothiocyanate label by eosinophils. Eosinophil fluorescence presents both a potential source of confusion in the interpretation of immunofluorescence procedures and a sensitive means for the recognition of eosinophils in cutaneous infiltrates.