cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The testis and the adrenal are (transcriptionally) the same

We have been studying the transcriptional regulation of the rat P450c17 gene in both adrenocortical and Leydig cells, to assess which DNA sequences are required for its basal and hormonally stimulated transcription. Comparing the transcriptional regulation in both of these cell types enables us to demonstrate whether specific nuclear factors required for transcriptional regulation of the rat P450c17 gene are tissue-specifically expressed, and whether the same cis-acting DNA elements in the gene are required for transcriptional regulation in both of these two different steroidogenic tissues. Using such an approach, we previously demonstrated that the transcriptional regulation of the rat P450scc gene uses different cis-acting DNA sequences in steroidogenic versus neural tissues, and requires the expression of tissue-specific nuclear factors that are unique to neural tissue. However, in studying the transcriptional regulation of the rat P450c17 gene in cultured mouse adrenocortical Y-1 and mouse Leydig MA-10 cells, we have shown that identical DNA sequences necessary for basal and cAMP-stimulated transcriptional regulation in these two cell types, and that identical nuclear factors from Y-1 and from MA-10 cells bind to these sequences. We have identified four transcriptionally active regions within 500 bp of the transcription initiation start site that are important for basal and/or cAMP-stimulated transcriptional regulation of this gene in Y-1 and MA-10 cells. This paper will discuss two of these regions in greater detail. By studying the regulation of the rat P450c17 gene, we have identified two new members of the orphan nuclear receptor gene family and have discovered new alternative mechanisms by which orphan nuclear receptors activate gene transcription in both mouse adrenocortical Y-1 and Leydig MA-10 cells.
Phosphorylation of uridine with inorganic phosphates

Uridine phosphorylation by heating with inorganic orthophosphates achieved via nucleoside reactions
Condensed-matter physics: Dense ice in detail

A substance as simple as water is in fact a rich source of interesting physics. The solid phase contains several amorphous forms of ice, including one with a very dense structure, the details of which have now been revealed.
Population status and demographics of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) in the St. Marys River, from 2000 to 2007

Abstract The St. Marys River, the sole outflow of Lake Superior, was historically inhabited by lake sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens ); until recently it was unclear whether a population was still present in the river. From 2000 to 2007, the population status of subadult and adult lake sturgeon in the St. Marys River was characterized. Setlines were deployed at multiple water depths (2–20 m) for 3400 setline nights. Biological measurements including total length and weight were recorded and each individual was affixed with unique identification tags before being released. A total of 192 unique lake sturgeon were captured with a recapture rate of 16%. The population size of lake sturgeon in the St. Marys River was estimated to be near 500 individuals. Fish captured exhibited a mean weight of 13 kg (range 2–37 kg) and a mean total length of 125 cm (range 80–175 cm). The mean age of lake sturgeon captured was 20 years (range 7–59 years) and 36 age classes were represented. Lamprey wounds were observed on 23% ( N = 53) of sturgeon and nearly 19% ( N = 44) of lake sturgeon had visible external parasites classified as Argulus spp. This study suggests that a recovering lake sturgeon population exists in the St. Marys River, however, it remains unclear as to whether this is a self-sustaining population reproducing in the river. Additional information is needed on metapopulation dynamics, habitat use, and younger age classes to assess recruitment success and population status.
Genetic strategies for reforestation in the face of global climate change

Abstract If global warming materializes as projected, natural or artificial regeneration of forests with local seed sources will become increasingly difficult. However, global warming is far from a certainty and predictions of its magnitude and timing vary at least twofold. In the face of such uncertainty, reforestation strategies should emphasize conservation, diversification, and broader deployment of species, seed sources, and families. Planting programs may have to deploy non-local seed sources, imported from further south or from lower elevations, which necessitates a system for conserving native gene pools in seed banks or clone banks. Planting a diverse array of species or seed sources is a hedge against the uncertainty inherent in current projections of warming. Most tree improvement programs already stress genetic diversity and deployment of multi-progeny mixes, but may better prepare for climate change by testing selections in an even wider set of environments than is now the case.
Analysis of Combusting High-Pressure Monopropellant Sprays

Abstract A simplified analysis of monopropellant spray combustion was developed, based on the locally-homogeneous-flow approximation of multiphase flow theory and the thin-flame approximation of turbulent premixed flame theory. The performance of the analysis was evaluated using shadowgraphs of spray flames for a hydroxyl ammonium nitrate (HAN)-hased liquid monopropellant at ambient pressures of 6-8 MPa. Predictions showed that these spray flames are very sensitive to the degree of flow development at the injector exit, with fully-developed turbulent flows requiring significantly smaller combustion volumes than slug flows having low initial turhulence levels. There was encouraging agreement between predictions and measurements; however, uncertainties concerning injector exit conditions for the experiments precluded definitive assessment of the analysis
Understanding the Relationship Between Mental Disorder and Violence: The Need for a Criminological Perspective

This paper offers a criminologically informed framework to guide research on the relationship between mental disorder and violence. Criminological theories examined include social learning, social stress, social control, rational choice, and social disorganization. In addition, the “criminal careers” and “local life circumstance” methodologies are reviewed. It is argued that adopting a criminologically informed framework that takes into account within-person changes over time will contribute greatly to our understanding of the factors that affect violence among people with mental disorder living in the community, and enhance the capacity of research to support effective evidenced-based case management programs aimed at reducing violence.
The luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-secreting hypothalamic hamartoma is a congenital malformation: natural history.

The LHRH-secreting hypothalamic hamartoma (HH), a congenital malformation consisting of a heterotopic mass of nervous tissue that contains LHRH neurosecretory neurons attached to the tuber cinereum or the floor of the third ventricle, can cause true or central precocious puberty (TPP). We have suggested that it functions as an ectopic LHRH pulse generator independent of the central nervous system inhibitory mechanism that normally restrains the hypothalamic LHRH pulse generator. TPP associated with a hamartoma has all of the hormonal hallmarks of puberty, including a pubertal pattern of pulsatile LH and a pubertal plasma LH response to LHRH administration. Little is known about the natural history of HH. We present long term data on 10 children (5 females and 5 males) with TPP due to HH. Physical signs of puberty were observed at a mean age of 2.2 +/- 1.6 yr (range, 0.5-5.1). Two of 10 had a pedunculated mass, and 8 of 10 had a sessile mass. The hamartoma varied in diameter from 4-25 mm and did not change...
Interstitial atoms in metal-metal bonded arrays: The synthesis and characterization of heptascandium decachlorodicarbide, Sc7Cl10C2, and comparison with the interstitial-free Sc7Cl10

Reaction of Sc strips, ScCl/sub 3/, and graphite at 860-1000/sup 0/C gives Sc/sub 7/Cl/sub 10/C/sub 2/ in quantitative yields, with transport occurring at the higher temperatures; adventitious carbon will also produce the phase. The compound has been shown to be isostructural with Er/sub 7/I/sub 10/ by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (a = 18.620 (4) A, b = 3.4975 (6) A, c = 11.810 (2) A, ..beta.. = 99.81 (2)/sup 0/; space group C2/m, Z = 2, R = 0.029, R/sub w/ = 0.046 for 676 reflections, MoK..cap alpha.., 2 theta < 50/sup 0/). The phase contains double chains of condensed scandium octahedra sharing edges with a carbon approximately centered in each (anti d(Sc-C) = 2.31 A) together with isolated scandium atoms in a parallel chain of chloride octahedra. The arrangement is very similar to that in the previously known Sc/sub 7/Cl/sub 10/, from which the heavy atom arrangement can be derived by displacement of all metal atoms by b/2 so as to convert chlorine functions on the metal chain from face-capping to edge-bridging. The driving force for this is thought to be the reduction of carbon-chlorine repulsive interactions. Core and valence x-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) for Sc/sub 7/Cl/sub 10/, Sc/sub 7/Cl/submore » 10/Cl/sub 2/, Sc/sub 2/Cl/sub 2/C, ScCl/sub 3/, and Sc are presented to demonstrate the appearance of a carbide-like state for the interstitial, the presence of two different types of scandium in the first two compounds, the oxidation of the chain that accompanies the carbon insertion, and a substantial Sc-C covalency. The latter arises through mixing of the interstitial's 2s and 2p valence orbitals with metal-metal bonding cluster orbitals of the same symmetry. 37 references, 6 figures, 7 tables.« less
Whose Data Is It Anyway? Legal Risks and Burdens Faced by Librarians in the New Bibliographic Universe

The new era of online data places librarians in a potentially perilous legal position. Information and data, which have been ruled by decades-old concepts of intellectual property, have become unbound from their traditional physical constraints. Currently, American libraries operate under the “fair use” exception to the Copyright Act of 1976, which grants rights to both libraries as institutions and their users; however, the law remains in a state of flux regarding such rights in the digital environment. A host of legislation, such as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, and the Prioritizing Resources and Organization for Intellectual Property Act of 2008, could potentially subject libraries as institutions to liability for copyright infringement in certain circumstances. In particular, libraries that do not take particular care with their data and metadata could risk liability as intermediaries to copyright infringement. The ...
Modulation of antinociceptive responses following tail pinch stress

Mild, non-noxious, oscillating pinches to a rat's tail elicits hyperphagia. The present study examined whether tail-pinch (TP) would exert hyperalgesic and hyperactive effects in rats that also exhibit the overeating response. The first experiment assessed TP effects upon reactivity to electric shock as measured by flinch-jump thresholds. Significant decreases in jump thresholds were observed 0 and 15, but not 30, min following TP. This effect persisted regardless of whether food was present or absent during TP. The second experiment assessed TP effects upon reactivity to heat as measured by hot-plate latencies. In contrast to jump thresholds, the shortened hot-plate latencies observed following TP persisted into the recovery period. In examining TP effects upon activity levels (Experiment 3), it was found that animals display similar patterns of temporally-declining activity regardless of whether TP was administered or not. Finally, TP selectively decreased the analgesic responses to two different doses of morphine and two different cold-water swim temperatures (Experiment 4). The TP-induced reductions occurred when TP was administered either before or after the analgesic manipulation. These data are discussed in terms of the nociceptive selectivity of the TP effect, and its influences upon analgesic processes.
Remittances and circulation behavior in the livelihood process: transmigrant families in South Sumatra, Indonesia.

Studies of remittances and remittance behavior have been dominated by emphases on relatively long-distance and long-term migration and on the urban-to- rural flow of capital and goods. Remittance impacts have also been explored, pri- marily in terms of local and regional development and family well-being. This paper expands our knowledge of remittances by extending the mobility component with a focus on fairly short-distance and short-term circulation in the context of the Indonesian transmigration program. The research takes a qualitative approach, with data derived from semistructured, open-ended interviews of 21 households and several village leaders in the transmigration scheme of Cinta Karya, South Sumatra. Findings are used to develop a schematic model of the peasant livelihood process, which demonstrates the complex decision-making pathways that emerge and evolve as families monitor and continually reallocate their resources to ensure basic survival and, if possible, enhanced well-being through capital accumulation and investments. Our findings illustrate that remittance behavior is spatially con- trolled and temporally variable, as families balance their labor and capital resources among farm production, local industry and investments, and the often unpre- dictable nature of circulation employment and remittances. We emphasize the linked and recursive nature of elements in the livelihood process and the related importance of temporal family dynamics in decision-making strategies.
Sclerosing B-cell lymphoma involving the skin.

We report a case of sclerosing B-cell lymphoma involving the skin. The patient is a 43-year-old man who came to our institution with a 4-year history of multinodular masses in the back. A thoracic CT scan demonstrated subcutaneous masses with extension to the posterior parietal pleura and compression of several epidural spaces. An incisional biopsy was performed and demonstrated an infiltrative process in the lower dermis composed of interconnected thick sclerosing bands forming compartments around groups of large neoplastic cells. These neoplastic cells were shown to be B lymphocytes using immunohistochemical stains. A diagnosis of diffuse sclerosing B-cell lymphoma, large cell type, was made. Our case is reported to alert dermatologists and dermatopathologists lo the occurrence of this neoplasm in the skin which could be confused with a deep inflammatory process or other neoplastic conditions. Cruz-Ramon JG, Blodgett. TP, Puthuff DL, Wilkin JK, Pellegrini AE. Sclerosing B-cell lymphoma involving the skin.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 82

Abstract Level schemes and decay characteristics are presented for all nuclei with mass number 82. Experimental data, adopted values, comparisons with theory, and arguments for spin and parity assignments are given. The adopted level schemes and decay properties are based on data received before November 1, 1974.
A Test of Exponentiality Based on the Bivariate F Distribution

The tests based upon normalized sample spacings and analogous to the classical homogeneity of variances procedures are the simplest tests of exponentiality. Among these, Gnedenko's Q test (Gnedenko, Belyayev and Solovyev, 1969) is found to be superior against the monotone hazard rate alternative Weibull. In this note the normalized spacings are used in the same spirit but in conjunction with the bivariate F distribution to obtain a test of exponentiality which provides protection against a broad class of alternatives.
The vicissitudes of change.

Abstract A recent study of outpatient care examines the effects of change on patient and staff satisfaction. The significance of the proposed improvements is first examined. Four ‘deviant cases’, clinics which do not change according to official prescriptions, illustrate direct and indirect responses to change, rejection and diffusion respectively.
Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Control by Hydrogen Phosphide Fumigation and Compression of Hay for Export to Japan

A multiple-quarantine treatment of compression and hydrogen phosphide fumigation (60 g/28.3 m3 for 7 d at > 10°C) was developed to control Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), in six species of hay exported to Japan. The hay included timothy, Phleum pratense; alfalfa, Medicago sativa; oat, Avena sativa; Sudan grass, Sorghum bicolor sudanensis; Bermuda grass, Cynodon dactylon; and rye straw, Secale cereale . Commercial hay compressors configured to produce 72 and 80 kg/cm2 of pressure caused 93 and 97% mortality of Hessian fly puparia in bales held for 7 d in freight containers, respectively. Hydrogen phosphide fumigation of compressed bales significantly increased the mortality of puparia that survived compression in the bales. The total number of Hessian fly puparia tested and insect mortality for all species of hay was 255,191 and 99.940%, respectively, based on the number of puparia in wheat seedlings, and 105,763 and 99.855%, respectively, based on the number of puparia reared to the adult stage in laboratory controls. In total, 153 puparia survived hay compression and fumigation and were reared to the adult stage. The extraordinary number of insects tested in our large-scale tests would not occur in export-quality hay, and mortality would be increased by postharvest hay handling procedures. Hay compression and hydrogen phosphide fumigation can be used to control Hessian fly in a multiple-quarantine treatment and to maintain quarantine security levels required by regulatory agencies for hay exported to Japan.
Formulas for coherent synchrotron radiation microbunching in a bunch compressor chicane

A microbunching instability driven by coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) in a bunch compressor chicane is studied using an iterative solution of the integral equation that governs this process. By including both one-stage and two-stage amplifications, we obtain analytical expressions for CSR microbunching that are valid in both low-gain and high-gain regimes. These formulas can be used to explore the dependence of CSR microbunching on compressed beam current, energy spread, and emittance, and to design stable bunch compressors required for an x-ray free-electron laser.
Statistically characterized features for directionality quantitation in patterns and textures

Abstract A method is presented for numerical characterization of directionality in biological images by extraction of angle and strength features from image areas. The usefulness of these features is expanded by (1) the documentation of the functional behavior of the heuristically defined strength features and (2) the derivation and testing of the statistical properties of angle and strength of directionality.
Creation of Primary Cell Lines from Lineage-Labeled Mouse Models of Cancer

Frequently, it is necessary to isolate pure populations of cancer cells for downstream assays, such as transcriptional analysis, signaling studies, and the creation of noncontaminated primary cell lines. Genetic lineage labeling with fluorescent reporter alleles allows for the identification of epithelial-derived cells within tumors. This protocol describes a method to isolate lineage-labeled pancreatic epithelial cells for ex vivo analysis, but it can be adapted for any type of lineage-labeled tumor.
Dynamic pattern generation in behavioral and neural systems

In the search for principles of pattern generation in complex biological systems, an operational approach is presented that embraces both theory and experiment. The central mathematical concepts of self-organization in nonequilibrium systems (including order parameter dynamics, stability, fluctuations, and time scales) are used to show how a large number of empirically observed features of temporal patterns can be mapped onto simple low-dimensional (stochastic, nonlinear) dynamical laws that are derivable from lower levels of description. The theoretical framework provides a language and a strategy, accompanied by new observables, that may afford an understanding of dynamic patterns at several scales of analysis (including behavioral patterns, neural networks, and individual neurons) and the linkage among them.
MicroRNA miR-29c down-regulation leading to de-repression of its target DNA methyltransferase 3a promotes ischemic brain damage.

Recent studies showed that stroke extensively alters cerebral microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles and several miRNAs play a role in mediating ischemic pathophysiology. We currently evaluated the significance of miR-29c, a highly expressed miRNA in rodent brain that was significantly down-regulated after focal ischemia in adult rats as well as after oxygen-glucose deprivation in PC12 cells. Bioinformatics indicated that DNA methyltransferase 3a (DNMT3a) is a major target of miR-29c and co-transfection with premiR-29c prevented DNMT3a 3′UTR vector expression. In PC12 cells, treatment with premiR-29c prevented OGD-induced cell death (by 58±6%; p<0.05). Furthermore, treatment with antagomiR-29c resulted in a 46±5% cell death in PC12 cells. When rats were treated with premiR-29c and subjected to transient focal ischemia, post-ischemic miR-29c levels were restored and the infarct volume decreased significantly (by 34±6%; p<0.05) compared to control premiR treated group. DNMT3a siRNA treatment also significantly curtailed the post-OGD cell death in PC12 cells (by 54±6%; p<0.05) and decreased the post-ischemic infarct volume in rats (by 30±5%; p<0.05) compared to respective control siRNA treated groups. The miR-29c gene promoter showed specific binding sites for the transcription factor REST and the miR-29c promoter vector expression was curtailed when cotransfected with a REST expressing plasmid. Furthermore, treatment with REST siRNA prevented the post-ischemic miR-29c down-regulation and DNMT3a induction in PC12 cells and curtailed ischemic cell death (by 64±9%; p<0.05) compared to control siRNA treatment. These studies suggest that miR-29c is a pro-survival miRNA and its down-regulation is a promoter of ischemic brain damage by acting through its target DNMT3a. Furthermore, REST is an upstream transcriptional controller of miR-29c and curtailing REST induction prevents miR-29c down-regulation and ischemic neuronal death.
Two-photon excitation of ethidium bromide labeled DNA

Abstract We examined the steady state and time-resolved emission of DNA stained with ethidium bromide (EB) when excited with 90 fs pulses from a mode-locked titanium sapphire laser. Over the wavelength range from 840 to 880 nm EB-DNA was found to display two-photon excitation, with a cross-section near 7 × 10 −50 cm 4 s/photon. Frequency-domain intensity decay measurements revealed similar multi-exponential intensity decays for one- and two-photon excitation. Time-resolved anisotropy decay measurements revealed similar correlation times, but different amplitudes as has been observed previously for two- versus one-photon excitation. These results indicate that two-photon excitation of EB-DNA can be accomplished with the fundamental output of a Ti:sapphire laser without obvious heating or perturbation of the DNA.
A conversation with Joseph Stiglitz1

Joseph Stiglitz launched his new book Making Globalization Work at the Said Business School on 4 September. In this interview with OES he explains how he thinks globalization should be governed, discusses policies for economic development, and suggests some directions for future research.
Hospitalization due to injuries in the military. Evaluation of current data and recommendations on their use for injury prevention.

Abstract Introduction: Injuries inflict the largest health impact on military populations in terms of hospitalization. Hospitalized injuries result in the largest direct costs of medical care and the most lost workdays, include the largest proportion of disabling injuries, and have the largest impact on troop readiness. Efforts are now beginning to focus on how injury surveillance data can be used to reduce the burden of injuries. This article examines the value of administrative hospital discharge databases in the military for routine injury surveillance, as well as investigation of specific injury problems, including musculoskeletal conditions that are frequently sequelae of old injuries. Methods: Data on hospitalizations for injuries and musculoskeletal conditions were obtained from separate administrative agencies for the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Since 1989, a Standard Inpatient Data Record (SIDR) has been used to ensure uniformity in data collection across the services utilizing standard ICD-9 codes. Cause of injury was coded using special military cause codes (STANAG codes) developed by NATO. Data were analyzed on both nature and cause of injury. Denominator data on troop strength were obtained from the Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC). Results: Hospital records data indicate that injuries and musculoskeletal conditions have a bigger impact on the health of service members and military/combat readiness than any other ICD-9 Principal Diagnostic Group (higher incidence and higher noneffective rate or days not available for duty). Hospitalization rates for injury appeared to decline for all services from 1980 to 1992. In 1992, service-specific injury hospitalization rates per 1000 person-years were 15.6 for the Army, 8.3 for the Navy (enlisted only), and 7.7 for the Air Force, while the corresponding hospitalization rate for musculoskeletal conditions was higher in all three services: 28.1, 9.7, and 12.0, respectively. Conclusions: Military hospital discharge databases are an important source of information on severe injuries and are more comprehensive than civilian databases. They include detailed injury information that can be useful for injury prevention and surveillance purposes. Specifically, it can be used to identify high-risk groups or hazards for targeting prevention resources. These may vary widely by service, rank, and job tasks. Hospital discharge data can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions for reducing injury rates. Recommendations were submitted to further improve data collection and the use of hospital data for research and injury prevention.
Purification techniques and purity and density measurements of high-pressure Xe

Abstract A xenon gas purification system and simple techniques for purity and density measurements of high-pressure (∼60 atm) Xe have been developed. The purification system features two stages. As a first stage of purification an oxisorb and a high-temperature getter are used to purify Xe gas up to a level of that typically required for liquid Xe detectors. As a second stage, a titanium spark purifier is employed to further improve the purity by an order of magnitude. A gridded ionization chamber is used to measure the purity level and density of the xenon. The duration of pulses produced by cosmic muons inside the chamber gives the lower limit of an electron's life time. The capacitance between the mesh and anode, which depends on the dielectric constant of Xe, provides a temperature independent measurement of the density. This work is a part of a development program of high-pressure Xe detectors for hard X-ray and low energy gamma-ray astronomy.
Effects of Differences in Numeric Ability on the Perception of Adversity Risk to Others and Self

This study used an experimental news report about confrontational robberies by adolescent groups in Mexican resorts that presented statistics with or without personalized cases of victimization. Study participants estimated the risk of harm to victims and the extent of their suffering. They also indicated their own risk and concern for their own safety. The readers’ numeric ability was ascertained thereafter. A trisection of this ability showed that persons of high ability comparatively overestimated others’ risk but underestimated their own; this despite indicating greater concerns for their own safety. These results were not altered by consideration of the readers’ empathic, experiential, and rational traits. The incorporation of personalized cases of victimization in the news report did not appreciably influence risk assessments. The involvement of cases resulting in major bodily injury, however, increased estimates of the incidence of such robberies.
Control of enzymatic velocity under near-equilibrium conditions

Abstract Algebraic derivations demonstrate that if a multireactant enzyme system is poised at equilibrium and the concentration of one of the reactants is then changed by a small fraction, the resulting net reaction velocity is hyperbolically related to the fractional perturbation rather than the initial or final absolute concentration of that reactant. For small fractional perturbations the velocity is almost identical regardless which reactant is perturbed. Similar results are obtained even if the reaction system is already displaced by up to 30% from equilibrium at the time of the perturbation. These conclusions are independent of the relationships between the reactant concentrations and the kinetic constants for the enzyme. Thus under any near-equilibrium condition each of the reactants for a multireactant enzyme system shares almost equally in control of the net reaction velocity.
The effect of low-temperature oxidation on large multi-domain magnetite

Natural samples of oxidized and unoxidized magnetite have been used to study the effect of low-temperature oxidation on magnetic domain state. All of the magnetites studied were large multi-domain (MD) grains, ranging in size from 53 µm to at least 250 µm. Hysteresis data typical of MD grains are obtained from unoxidized magnetite samples while data from partially oxidized samples are characteristic of pseudo-single domain (PSD) grains. Our results demonstrate that low-temperature oxidation can seriously affect the magnetic properties of magnetite by significantly increasing the PSD-MD threshold size. The presence of a suppressed Verwey transition at 118 K in the oxidized samples indicates that the oxidation may only be surficial and that there may exist a core of magnetite under the maghemitized surface shell. We suggest three possible mechanisms for the observed PSD-like behavior. First, the magnetite core could be reduced sufficiently in volume to make it a PSD grain, independent of the surficial maghemite. Second, internal stress in the composite grain due to lattice mismatches between the magnetite core and maghemite rim will increase the domain wall energy and make it more difficult to add walls for a given grain size. Coupled with a reduced volume of the magnetite core, this could give rise to PSD-like behavior. Third, the composite grain could be a mixture of SD maghemite and MD magnetite which gives rise to bulk PSD-like properties. Our results have potentially important implications for paleomagnetic records because they provide a mechanism whereby a stable chemical remanent magnetization can be acquired by MD grains in sediments and igneous rocks.
The 6.1 Å family (InAs, GaSb, AlSb) and its heterostructures: a selective review

Abstract The three semiconductors InAs, GaSb, and AlSb form an approximately lattice-matched set around 6.1 A , covering a wide range of energy gaps and other properties. Of particular interest are heterostructures combining InAs with one or both of the antimonides, and they are emphasized in this review. In addition to their use in conventional device types (FETs, RTDs, etc.), several heterostructure configurations with unique properties have been explored, especially InAs/AlSb quantum wells and InAs/GaSb superlattices. InAs/AlSb quantum wells are an ideal medium to study the low-temperature transport properties in InAs itself. With gate-induced electron sheet concentrations on the order 10 12 cm −2 , they exhibit a pronounced conductivity quantization. The very deep wells (1.35 eV ) provide excellent electron confinement, and also permit modulation doping up to at least 10 13 electrons cm −2 . Because of the very low effective mass in InAs, heavily doped wells are essentially metals, with Fermi energies around 200 meV , and Fermi velocities exceeding 10 8 cm s −1 . Contacted with superconducting electrodes, such structures can act as superconductive weak links. InAs/GaSb-related superlattices with their broken-gap lineup behave like semimetals at large lattice periods, but if the lattice period is shortened, increasing quantization effects cause a transition to a narrow-gap semiconductor, making such structures of interest for infrared detectors, often combined with the deliberate addition of strain.
Disease Recurrence in Sentinel Node-Positive Breast Cancer Patients Forgoing Axillary Lymph Node Dissection

Background Clinically node-negative breast cancer patients usually undergo sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy. When metastasis is identified, completion axillary lymph node dissection (CALND) is recommended. Newer data suggest that CALND may be omitted in some women as it does not improve local control or survival.
Infestations of Cryptotermes brevis (Walker) (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) in Queensland, Australia 2. Treatment

Fumigation and monitoring procedures currently used, as part of an eradication programme, to treat infestations of the exotic West Indian drywood termite, Cryptotermes brevis (Walker), in Queenslan...
Design implementation and data analysis of a high speed photometer for auroral observations

Abstract This paper details the design, implementation, and data analysis techniques used in a high speed photometer. The photometer is used to record auroral intensity with 40 kHz bandwidth. The photometer was designed with this high data rate to investigate the possibility of fluctuations in the auroral intensity at frequencies up through the lower hybrid frequency. This inexpensive design has been in operation for three field seasons at the Poker Flats Optical Observatory in Poker Flats Alaska. Data storage, handling and analysis are all complicated by the relatively high acquisition speeds. Inexpensive solutions to these problems are detailed, and the data analysis procedures for the large data sets are described. Representative results from flickering aurora are presented to show that intensity modulations in the aurora exist at frequencies above those observable with standard TV frame rates.
The C-terminus of the P22 tailspike protein acts as an independent oligomerization domain for monomeric proteins

TSP (P22 tailspike protein) is a well-established model system for studying the folding and assembly of oligomeric proteins, and previous studies have documented both in vivo and in vitro folding intermediates using this protein. Especially important is the C-terminus of TSP, which plays a critical role in the assembly and maturation of the protrimer intermediate to its final trimeric form. In the present study, we show that by grafting the C-terminus of TSP on to the monomeric MBP (maltose-binding protein), the resulting chimaera (MBP-537) is a trimeric protein. Moreover, Western blot studies (using an anti-TSP antibody) indicate that the TSP C-terminus in the MBP-537 chimaera has the same conformation as the native TSP. The oligomerization of the MBP-537 chimaera appears to involve hydrophobic interactions and a refolding sequence, both of which are analogous to the native TSP. These results underscore the importance of the TSP C-terminus in the assembly of the mature trimer and demonstrate its potential utility as a model to study the folding and assembly of the TSP C-terminus in isolation.
Test of the Taylor Rule and Policy Implications

The Taylor rule [CRCSPP, 1993; MS, 1998; MPR, 2001] describes the behavior of the Fed in determining the federal funds rate and is given by: R 1⁄4 πþ 0:5 GAP þ 0:5ðπ π*Þ þ R* where R, π GAP, π*, and R* are the federal funds rate, the inflation rate, the output gap, the inflation target, and the real interest rate. Taylor assumed a 2% inflation target and a 2% real interest rate and suggested that the Fed would raise the federal funds rate by 0.5 percentage points if actual GDP is greater than potential GDP by 1.0 percentage point or if the inflation rate is greater than the inflation target by 1.0 percentage point. Judd and Rudebusch [FRBSFER, 1998] indicated that the Taylor rule is a useful guide to characterize major elements of US monetary policy. Kozicki [FRBKCER, 1999] presented the strengths and weaknesses of the Taylor-type rules. Mehra [JEB, 2001] suggested the inclusion of the long bond rate in the Taylor rule. Bullard and Schaling [FRBSLR, 2002] argued that the stock market performance should not be considered by the Fed while Rogobon [FRBSLR, 2003] maintained that US monetary policy responded to the stock market performance. Chadha, Sarno, and Valente [IMF Staff Papers, 2004] found that exchange rates and asset prices may be considered in the Taylor-type rules for the US, UK, and Japan. Osterholm [AEL, 2005] showed that the Taylor rule as a tool for U.S. monetary policy seemed to be questionable. Tchaidze [IMF Staff Papers, 2005] indicated that a simple Taylor rule may misspecify the monetary policy reaction function if time-varying inflation targets are considered by policymakers. This paper attempts to examine whether the Taylor rule may be confirmed empirically based on the simplified equation with specific values for π* and R* suggested by Taylor: R 1⁄4 1þ 1:5p þ 0:5 GAP. The sample consists of quarterly data during 1987.Q3 to 2005.Q3 with a total of 74 observations. This period coincides with the Greenspan era. Quarterly data for actual GDP and potential GDP Atl Econ J (2007) 35:121–122 DOI 10.1007/s11293-006-9056-4
Influence of microbubble surface charge on capillary transit and myocardial contrast enhancement.

Abstract Objective The goal of the study was to determine whether microbubble charge influences the microvascular retention of microbubble contrast agents. Background Interactions between serum proteins and lipid membranes are greater with anionic compared with neutral membranes. These interactions may influence the microvascular behavior of anionic lipid microbubbles. Methods Intravital microscopy of the cremaster muscle was performed in six wild-type mice and three C3-deficient mice during intravenous injection of lipid-shelled microbubbles with either a neutral or a negative charge. Both agents were prepared with and without a protective surface layer of polyethyleneglycol (PEG). Complement attachment to microbubbles was assessed by flow cytometry with flourescein isothiocyanate-conjugated anti-C3b monoclonal antibody. Myocardial contrast echocardiography was performed in six dogs to assess pulmonary and myocardial retention of microbubbles. Results Size-independent capillary retention of microbubbles, occurring for a few seconds to >10 min, was frequently observed with anionic, but rarely with neutral, microbubbles (4.3 ± 0.3 vs. 0.4 ± 0.1 mm−3, p 10 min after bolus intravenous injection. Conclusions Lipid microbubbles with a net negative charge can be retained within capillaries via complement-mediated attachment to endothelium. This property may be useful for the development of ultrasound contrast agents that can be imaged late after venous injection.
Should Pharmacogenomic Studies be Required for New Drug Approval

The field of pharmacogenetics has existed since the 1950s, when it was demonstrated that some drug effects could differ substantially among race and ethnic groups, and that some drug metabolizing enzyme activities were inherited. During the 1990s, application of molecular biology to the study of inherited drug-related phenotypes proved the genetic basis of several genetic polymorphisms. Genomic technology has now demonstrated that germline genetic variability among humans is extremely common. The combined weight of proven examples whereby pharmacogenetics affects drugs, and the possibility of even more examples being elucidated in the coming decades, dictates that pharmacogenetics be incorporated into the drug approval process. It is our contention that minimal pharmacogenetic testing should be required for all new drug applications to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This would include a requirement for germline DNA to be prospectively collected from all subjects participating in preapproval clinical trials. For drugs that are metabolized by enzymes whose genes have clearly inactivating polymorphisms, clinical trial participants should be genotyped for those polymorphisms.
Effects of Traditional Gender Role Norms and Religious Fundamentalism on Self-Identified Heterosexual Men's Attitudes, Anger, and Aggression Toward Gay Men and Lesbians

Sexual prejudice and antigay anger were examined as mediators of the associations between traditional male gender norms, religious fundamentalism, and aggression toward gay men and lesbians. Participants were 201 self-identified heterosexual men recruited from the community to complete computer-administered measures of adherence to traditional male gender norms (i.e., status, toughness, antifemininity), religious fundamentalism, sexual prejudice, and frequency of aggression toward gay men and lesbians. Additionally, participants completed a structured interview designed to assess anger in response to a vignette depicting a male-male intimate relationship (i.e., partners saying “I love you,” holding hands, kissing). Results showed that sexual prejudice and antigay anger partially mediated the effect of antifemininity on aggression and fully mediated the effect of religious fundamentalism on aggression. Sexual prejudice alone fully mediated the effect of status on aggression and neither sexual prejudice nor antigay anger mediated the effect of toughness on aggression. Further, results suggested that religious fundamentalism is a multifaceted construct of which some aspects increase risk for aggression toward gay men and lesbians, whereas other aspects decrease this risk. These data provide multivariate evidence from a nonprobability, community-based sample that extreme internalization of dominant cultural values can set the stage for violence toward marginalized groups. Implications for intervention programming and future research are reviewed.
Excited-state dynamics and energy transfer of +4 curium in cerium tetrafluoride

Energy-transfer dynamics of 5f states of +4 curium in cerium tetrafluoride have been investigated for the first time. Emission from the lowest energy component of the second J=1 multiplet was studied using time- and frequency-resolved laser-induced fluorescence. The observed dynamics were complex due, in part, to the strong ion-lattice coupling and the dense f-state energy-level structure of ${\mathrm{Cm}}^{4+}$. The influence of experimental parameters such as excitation frequency, excitation intensity, sample temperature, and prior optical irradiation on the observed nonexponential fluorescence decays was determined. The observed 5f-state dynamics of 0.1 at. % ${\mathrm{Cm}}^{4+}$:${\mathrm{CeF}}_{4}$ are well fit by a cross-relaxation model, except at low temperature and high excitation intensity, where photoinduced site distortion and ground-state depletion via a two-photon process occurred. In this case, the initial fluorescence decay rate of ${\mathrm{Cm}}^{4+}$ on one of the two metal-ion sites was reduced in comparison with the rate observed at lower excitation intensity. A cross-relaxation model incorporating exciton-exciton annihilation was necessary to describe the fluorescence dynamics of 5 at. % ${\mathrm{Cm}}^{4+}$:${\mathrm{CeF}}_{4}$. The derived energy-transfer rates for 5f states of ${\mathrm{Cm}}^{4+}$ via cross relaxation and up conversion are two orders of magnitude higher, at equal ion densities, than those of lanthanide-ion 4f states and approach those of transition-metal-ion d states.
Abstract LB-254: XBP1-NFkappaB signaling promotes antiestrogen resistance in breast cancer animal model.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC There are nearly 3 million breast cancer survivors in the United States, with more than 230,000 women being newly diagnosed with invasive breast cancer each year. Of total breast cancer patients, around 70 percent are estrogen receptor (ER) positive and often receive endocrine therapy. Endocrine resistance, either de novo or acquired, is a major hurdle for treating ER positive breast cancer patients. Unfolded protein response (UPR) is known to be activated and promote endocrine resistance in breast cancer cells. As an essential component of URP signaling, X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) was shown up-regulated in endocrine resistant breast cancer. XBP1 was demonstrated as an important mediator for endocrine resistance in vitro cell culture model in our previous findings. In this study, the effect of XBP1 in endocrine resistance in animal model was examined. XBP1 contains two alternative splice variants: XBP1(S) and XBP1(U). In order to differentiate the role of each variant, we generated XBP1 mutant constructs that overexpress specifically only either the XBP1(S) or XBP1(U). The XBP1 over-expressing human breast cancer cells have been injected into the mammary fat pad of female nude mice. The preliminary data shows that the over-expression of both XBP1 splice variants promotes tumor growth in vivo. More importantly, tumors with over-expressed XBP1 show less sensitivity to tamoxifen treatment. Our previous finding revealed that NFkappaB signaling is regulated by XBP1 and required for antiestrogen resistance in cultured cells. In the current study, we have treated XBP1-overexpressed breast tumor bearing animals with NFkappaB inhibitor Parthenolide, and find that it enhances tamoxifen sensitivity. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that XBP1-NFkappaB signaling plays an important role in antiestrogen resistance in vivo. Citation Format: Rong Hu, Alan Zwart, Anni Warri, Robert Clarke. XBP1-NFkappaB signaling promotes antiestrogen resistance in breast cancer animal model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-254. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-254
Implications of reform and WTO accession for China’ agricultural policies

While China’s trade policies in most areas have been transformed in the reform era, trade in many agricultural goods remains under relatively non-transparent state trading arrangements. Accession to the WTO will be a critical turning point, increasing transparency and introducing disciplines on protection even for the commodities remaining under state trading. While China’s tariff bindings for the most sensitive products seem unlikely to require substantial short-term reductions in protection, they rule out substantial increases in the future, provide the opportunity to develop an efficient agricultural sector, and highlight the need for effective policies to reduce rural poverty. WTO membership provides an opportunity for China to improve market access opportunities for its agricultural exports, which face much higher barriers than its exports of industrial products. JEL classification: D58, F13, O13, O56, P33, Q17.