cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leakage Studies With Seals for Solid-Oxide Fuel Cells

This research seeks to characterize the gas leakage of a mica-based compressive seal assembly in planar solid-oxide fuel cells through modeling and experiment. In particular, it is of interest to assess how certain physical parameters (i.e., seal material composition, compressive applied stress, and surface finish) affect leakage rates. Finite element analysis is used to determine the macroscopic stresses and deformations in the sealing interface, while a microscale contact mechanics analysis is employed to model the role of surface roughness on the mean interfacial gap at the interface. An averaged Reynolds equation from mixed lubrication theory is applied to model the leakage flow across the sealed interface, which is of nanometer to micrometer dimensions in the vertical direction. In conjunction with the mathematical modeling, leakage results are reported. For these tests, an annular Inconel tube was pressed against a stainless steel substrate, creating an annular sealing zone. The inside of the tube is pressurized with a test gas, the mass of which is monitored during the leakage experiment. Test results are compared to model predictions.© 2007 ASME
Static output feedback control of nonlinear aeroelastic response of a slender wing

The present work focuses on the use of optimal static output feedback (SOF) controllers for aeroelastic applications. Specifically, SOF controllers are designed for flutter suppression and gust-load alleviation of a slender wing. The SOF controller architecture is one of the simplest, using direct feedback of the sensor outputs. Thus, an SOF controller is very fast, but its performance is highly dependent on sensor selection and placement. Also, optimal design of SOF controllers require an accurate knowledge of the expected disturbance mode and gust spectrum. For optimal sensor placement and with knowledge of the disturbance, the SOF performance and robustness was found to be equivalent to that of linear quadratic regulator and linear quadratic Gaussian controllers for the example considered. The SOF controller was also shown to be very easy to alter and/or combine with other controllers for better overall system response.
Molecular Architecture of the Retroviral Capsid

Retroviral capsid cores are proteinaceous containers that self-assemble to encase the viral genome and a handful of proteins that promote infection. Their function is to protect and aid in the delivery of viral genes to the nucleus of the host, and, in many cases, infection pathways are influenced by capsid–cellular interactions. From a mathematical perspective, capsid cores are polyhedral cages and, as such, follow well-defined geometric rules. However, marked morphological differences in shapes exist, depending on virus type. Given the specific roles of capsid in the viral life cycle, the availability of detailed molecular structures, particularly at assembly interfaces, opens novel avenues for targeted drug development against these pathogens. Here, we summarize recent advances in the structure and understanding of retroviral capsid, with particular emphasis on assemblies and the capsid cores.
Error correction for encoded quantum annealing

Recently, W. Lechner, P. Hauke, and P. Zoller [Sci. Adv. 1, e1500838 (2015)] have proposed a quantum annealing architecture, in which a classical spin glass with all-to-all pairwise connectivity is simulated by a spin glass with geometrically local interactions. We interpret this architecture as a classical error-correcting code, which is highly robust against weakly correlated bit-flip noise, and we analyze the code's performance using a belief-propagation decoding algorithm. Our observations may also apply to more general encoding schemes and noise models.
Recent Advances in Targetable Therapeutics in Metastatic Non-Squamous NSCLC.

Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). With the discovery of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements and effective targeted therapies, therapeutic options are expanding for patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Here, we review novel therapies in non-squamous NSCLC, which are directed against oncogenic targets, including EGFR, ALK, ROS1, BRAF, MET, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), RET and NTRK. With the rapidly evolving molecular testing and development of new targeted agents, our ability to further personalize therapy in non-squamous NSCLC is rapidly expanding.
Testing study on low cycle fatigue of 1Cr11Ni2W2MoV steel welding joint at middle temperature

Fatigue tests and static tension tests of butt welds in 1Cr11Ni2W2MoV steel plate used on aerospace at 422℃ were carried out.The test result shows that the weakness of the welding joint is the heat affect zone(HAZ).Taking care of the effect of average stress,the testing data with three parameters method and statistical analysis are fitted,and the modified S-N formula which have probability P=99.87% and g=95% is obtained.The modified S-N formula combined with Miner linear cumulated damage theory were used to assess fatigue damage of weld butt joints on outer box of an airplane engine.
Applications of Constraint-Based Models for Biochemical Production

Biofuels are metabolic products, and knowledge of how metabolism operates is critical for understanding and improving biofuel production by microorganisms. Constraint-based metabolic modeling has been an important technique to broaden and deepen our knowledge of microbial metabolism and regulation. Genome-scale metabolic models enable global analysis of microbial metabolism by considering all metabolic reactions simultaneously. Genome-scale metabolic reconstructions are comprehensive listings of all the reactions, compounds, and genes that are involved in cellular metabolism for a particular organism. Constraint-based modeling methods use the information in metabolic reconstructions to predict intracellular fluxes and design strains for chemical and biofuel production. Recently, constraint-based modeling has been successful in designing a number of chemical production strains.
OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION HEAT EXCHANGERS: A REVIEW OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Resultats des travaux de R et D consacres aux echangeurs de chaleur pour centrales ETM a cycle ferme a ammoniac: conception, materiaux, prevention du bioencrassement, cout specifique
For Economic Advantage or Something Else? A Case for Racial Identification Switching

The identity choices people take on serve as a filter for viewing the world. It is believed that race identity formation is in part a response to economic and social incentives. Using NELS 1988 dataset we evaluate at the individual level factors that affect changes in self-reported racial identity. We find that being multiracial, living in a non-affirmative action ban state, and relative income/education measures within race groups have an effect on racial identity switching. We find strong evidence that the social-political environments surrounding an affirmative action ban alters the likelihood that an individual will change race. Our results suggest that social factors when present dominate economic incentives to take on a different racial identity.
Disaster Management and Preparedness

The management of the medical effects of contemporary disasters, whether natural or man-made, is one of the most significant challenges facing medical providers today. Disaster medical care is NOT the same as conventional medical care. Disaster medical care requires a fundamental change (crisis management care) in the care of disaster victims.
Assessing health-related quality of life in cataract patients: the relationship between utility and health-related quality of life measurement.

The relationship between health-related quality of life (HQL) measures and patient preference for their health status was studied. Study subjects consisted of 132 patients at four hospitals who were scheduled for cataract surgery. Generic and disease-specific health status measures were determined in study subjects. The Medical Outcomes Study Short-form 36 (SF-36) item health status instrument was used to measure generic health status and the Visual Function 14 (VF-14) item visual health status instrument was used as the disease-specific health measure. Preference for general health and visual health was measured by assessing utilities assigned by patients to certain health states. Utilities assigned for general health were correlated with all categories of the SF-36 and VF-14 scores. Utilities assigned for visual health were correlated with four categories of the SF-36 (role limitation due to emotional health, general health, physical functioning, and vitality) and VF-14 scores. Utilities assigned for visual health were more strongly correlated with VF-14 scores than generic measures of health. Verbal ratings for visual health were correlated with Snellen visual acuity (SVA) (r=0.20), utilities assigned for visual health (r=0.58), VF-14 scores (r=0.74), all categories of the SF-36 (r values ranging from 0.21 to 0.28), utilities assigned for general health (r=0.19), and verbal ratings for general health (r=0.29). Utility measures and verbal ratings for general and visual health were shown to be appropriate HQL measures. These measures were strongly correlated with other established generic and disease-specific health measures and should be included in the array of health status measures.
Residential Neighborhood Amenities and Physical Activity Among U.S. Children with Special Health Care Needs.

Objectives Children with special health care needs (SHCN) have or are at elevated risk for chronic physical, developmental, behavioral or emotional conditions and therefore require specialized health care services. This study examines the relationship between residential neighborhood amenities and physical activity among U.S. children with SHCN. Methods A nationally representative sample of 113,767 children aged 6–17 years was taken from National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) 2007–2008 and 2011–2012. Residential neighborhood amenities were defined by parent-reported presence or absence of sidewalks, parks/playgrounds, and recreation center. Physical activity was measured by parent-reported number of physically active days (0–7), defined as 20 min or longer during the past week. Negative binomial regressions were performed to estimate the associations between residential neighborhood amenities and physical activity among U.S. children with and without SHCN, adjusting for various neighborhood (detracting condition and safety) and individual characteristics and NSCH sampling design. Results Approximately 23% of young children aged 6–11 years and adolescents aged 12–17 years had SHCN. Number of weekly physically active days was both 4.8 among young children with and without SHCN, and 3.7 and 4.1 among adolescents with and without SHCN, respectively. Among young children with SHCN, neighborhood availability of a recreation center was associated with increased weekly physically active days by 0.23; whereas among young children without SHCN, number of weekly physically active days was not associated with the availability of any amenity. Among adolescents with SHCN, neighborhood availability of parks/playgrounds was associated with increased weekly physically active days by 0.33, whereas neighborhood availability of sidewalks was associated with reduced weekly physically active days by 0.21. Conversely, among adolescents without SHCN, neighborhood availability of a recreation center was associated with increased weekly physically active days by 0.22. Conclusions for Practice Vulnerable health status and high dependence on health care may prevent children with SHCN from being physically active. Provision of adequate amenities in residential neighborhoods could be essential in promoting physical activity and preventing obesity among children/adolescents with SHCN.
Structural Synthesis of Multivariable Controllers

Abstract In this paper the problem of achieving a desired transfer function matrix H d (s) between external inputs and controlled outputs in a linear multivariable system by connecting proper, stabilizing controllers between measured outputs and control inputs is solved in both transfer function and state space settings. The class Hd of achievable transfer functions is directly and constructively characterized via the theory of transfer function valuations. For each H d (s) e H d , the class of synthesizing controllers is determined. Similar valuation conditions are given for the asymptotic tracking and disturbance rejection problem in which H d (s) in only partially specified, The problem of achieving a desired H d (s) is solved by formulating its as an equivalent output feedback disturbance rejection problem. The signal flow structure and certain factorizability conditions for a robust synthesis of the output feedback disturbance rejection problem are also given which extend earlier results on robut state feedback disturbance rejection.
Metamaterials: Topological order gets active

Topological states of matter offer new opportunities to improve the way we transmit acoustic or optical signals, but existing technologies have proven difficult to scale. The field of active metamaterials may be able to help.
Applying an Equity Lens to the Child Care Setting

In the current landscape, child care is increasingly being seen as a place for early education, and systems are largely bundling child care in the Early Care and Education sphere through funding and quality measures. As states define school readiness and quality, they often miss critical elements, such as equitable access to quality and cultural traditions. This article provides a summary of the various definitions and structures of child care. It also discusses how the current child care policy conversation can and ought to be infused with a framework grounded in the context of institutional racism and trauma. Models and examples will explore the differences between state government regulations, and how those differ than the regulation and structure of child care in Indian Country.
Assessment of oxidative stress and bioaccumulation of the metals Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd in the polychaete Perinereis gualpensis from estuaries of central Chile.

Abstract The estuaries of the Aconcagua and Maipo Rivers of central Chile are receptors of residues that contain metals from anthropic activities including agriculture, mining and smelters, which have different levels in the two basins. This study postulates that the exposition to metals is different in the two estuaries and that their sediments contain bioavailable chemical agents that produce oxidative stress. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of estuarine sediments on the polychaete Perinereis gualpensis using oxidative stress biomarkers and to determine the metal concentrations in sediments and their accumulation in P. gualpensis . Sediments and organisms were collected in December 2015 and January 2016 in the estuaries. The Catapilco estuary was used as control, since its basin has little anthropic activity. The metal concentrations of Fe Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd were determined in tissues of the organisms and in sediments. The granulometry, conductivity, redox potential, pH and organic matter in sediments were determined, as well as catalase activity and lipid peroxidation. The results show that the concentrations of metals in sediments were higher in the estuary of the Aconcagua River: Cu: 48 ± 2 μg g −1 ; Fe: 154 ± 19 mg g −1 , Pb: 20 ± 3 μg g −1 and Zn: 143 ± 20 μg g −1 . In tissues, Pb and Fe were higher in the estuary of the Maipo River, while Cd was detected only in the Catapilco River mouth. Catalase activity was greater in the estuary of the Aconcagua River and lipid peroxidation in the estuary of the Catapilco River. Significant regressions were found between biomarkers of oxidative stress and metal concentrations in tissues of P. gualpensis . In conclusion, the sediments of the studied estuaries contain bioavailable chemical agents that provoke oxidative stress in P. gualpensis , which may be a risk for the benthic communities of these ecosystems. This species is proposed to monitor metals bioavailability and oxidative stress in estuarine sediments.
Design and experiment of the lower extremity exoskeleton

This paper contains the mechanical and hydraulic system design of the exoskeleton and its electronic control solution. A testing platform was built and systematic researches were conducted in theory, designing, manufacturing, controlling and functioning. Firstly, based on the requirement of the exoskeleton, the mechanical structure of the exoskeleton was designed and hydraulic actuators were chosen to power the hip and knee of the exoskeleton. Force sensors were used to acquire the intention of movement of lower limbs. The result of the research indicates that force sensors is effective in controlling the lower extremity exoskeleton.
Easy Suprapubic Tube Placement Using a Van Buren Sound.

Objective To place a suprapubic tube without using specialized instruments. Suprapubic cystostomy is a straightforward urological procedure, which nevertheless may become complicated if the equipment needed to perform the operation is unavailable. Nowadays, in most operating rooms, control of urological instruments has been taken away from a small cadre of dedicated urology nurses, and instead is delegated to a central sterilization department or is even outsourced, leading to an increased rate of instrument misplacement or breakage. Disposable kits are useful, but may not be stocked at all facilities. Hence, the tools needed by the urologist to perform suprapubic cystostomy may not be readily available when they are needed. This reality was the impetus for the development of the following technique for suprapubic tube placement, which relies only upon ordinary instruments. Methods A simple method is described for placing a suprapubic catheter using a curved Van Buren sound, a cystoscope, and a minor surgical set. Results Not only is the operation is easy to do, but is also advantageous in that the catheter may be exchanged over a wire, if necessary, before the establishment of a suprapubic tract. The technique depends on the presence of an intact urethra; therefore, it is contraindicated in the setting of pelvic trauma. Conclusion This suprapubic cystostomy method may be used either as a primary technique or as a back-up procedure if the urologist's preferred instrumentation is not available.
Die-level processing for 3-D monolithic integration of piezoelectric MEMS on CMOS

SMRs and FBARs allow for a wide variety of applications such as IR and mass sensors, RF filters, and signal generators. By integrating devices directly on CMOS, bonding and attachment parasitics can be eliminated, permitting the optimization of the design for each application. Using full wafers in a research environment is not cost-effective and developing a die process that allows the use of MPWs is of great benefit for research environments. In this work, we demonstrate several of the techniques that allow for 3D integration using small dies, and show the value of these techniques for piezoelectric MEMS structures.
Uses of Statistics in Citrus Operations

The subject of “Statistics for Process Control” is rather broad, therefore, I am limiting my paper to three basic topics: first, the interpretation of patterns of variation using statistical control charts, second, quick and easy statistical tests, and third, a computer approach to solving complicated mathematical problems. My purpose is to present statistical techniques that an engineer or analyst can use with a minimum of difficulty. For me, these methods have proven valuable in the analysis of a variety of problems in the Citrus Industry.Paper published with permission.Compilation Copyright © 2018 ASME
Liquid biopsy of fine-needle aspiration supernatant for lung cancer genotyping.

Abstract Background Tumor genotyping is transforming lung cancer care but requires adequate tumor tissue. Advances in minimally invasive biopsy techniques have increased access to difficult-to-access lesions, but often result in smaller samples. With the advent of highly sensitive DNA genotyping methods used for plasma analysis, we hypothesized that these same methods might allow genotyping of free DNA derived from fine needle aspiration supernatant (FNA-S). Methods We studied patients with known or suspected lung cancer undergoing fine needle aspirate (FNA). After spinning the sample for cellblock, the FNA-S (usually discarded) was saved for genotyping. Supernatant cell-free DNA (SN-cfDNA) was extracted and tested by both droplet digital PCR (EGFR, BRAF, KRAS mutations) and highly sensitive amplicon-based next-generation sequencing (NGS). Results 17 samples were studied, including 11 FNAs from patients with suspected lung cancer and 6 FNAs from patients with lung cancer and acquired drug resistance. Of 6 newly diagnosed adenocarcinomas, 4 had a driver mutations (1 EGFR, 2 KRAS, 1 HER2) found on tissue; all of these could be detected in SN-cfDNA. The EGFR driver mutation was detected in all 5 adenocarcinomas with acquired EGFR resistance and the EGFR T790 M in three cases, in agreement with cellblock. Conclusions FNA-S is a rich source of fresh tumor DNA, potentially increasing the diagnostic yield from small FNAs. Through use of emerging techniques for highly sensitive genotyping, this widely available biospecimen has potential for facilitating rapid cancer genotyping at diagnosis and after drug resistance.
The Cassini Extended Mission

Based on the overwhelming success of the Cassini/Huygens 4-year tour of Saturn from July 2004 to June 2008, NASA Headquarters approved at least two years of extended mission for continued study of the target-rich Saturnian system. After a rigorous phase of science objective definition and trajectory design and analysis, the Cassini project initiated an efficient, scientifically intense and operationally challenging mission phase, including 60 orbits around Saturn, 26 close Titan flybys, and 10 close icy satellite flybys — including seven more flybys of Enceladus. At the conclusion of the 2-year extended mission, substantial operating margins should be present with some fascinating options for further extensions
Journeys Home: The Pathos of Place

The pathos of place is elemental in grounding the risk of life, the source of confidence requisite to the human quest whether it is conceived as arche or telos, whether it is where one begins, or the end toward which one’s journey is directed. The project of living is such that one’s journey is always toward a homeland, however it be conceived: dreams of homecoming the recovery of innocence, the joyful receiving of the retrieved prodigal, the triumphal march of the heroic legions, the quiet return of the native — all hopeful to appear once again in the light of recognition, of acceptance, of victory, to the acknowledged communion of belonging. The perceived cycle of life, a full and human life, is such that one always returns home, whatever its name. If one cannot go home again, one always looks homeward. With luck, effort, intelligence and imagination — features without which Greek philosophy found no life human — one finds a way home, to the arche and telos of place, and discovers those boundaries within which the passion of human achievement is realized.
Study on Penetration Equation by Experimental Investigation on Penetration into Wax

Penetration of a projectile into a target is a complicated phenomenon where both materials deform with very high strain rate. Most of experiments on penetration were to obtain resultant quantities such as depth of penetration and residual speeds of projectiles. To verify conventional penetration equations based on dynamic cavity expansion, the histories of strain and stress inside target are required. In this study, we used wax as the target material because the penetration equation of wax is relatively simple due to its hydrodynamic behavior in low speed penetration. We installed specially designed piezoelectric gages in a wax target and then launched metal projectiles into the target. The stress variations in the target were obtained with the gages and the motions of the projectile were recorded with flash X-rays.
Strategy in 3D Printing of Food

Additive manufacturing was developed in the 1980s and for a long time, it had limited applications. In recent years additive manufacturing has found increasing uses in a variety of industries such as the medical field and the construction industry. One industry in particular that has received increasing attention is that of 3D printing food. One of the parties that is interested in this is NASA as 3D printing improves the ability for space exploration. In this study, we examine the current technological developments in the 3D food printing industry. The focus is on describing the main technologies that are applied in this industry, the materials that are being printed, and the main companies and business strategy. It is concluded that the industry is very young and that most of the commercialization is based on the application of only one of the seven additive manufacturing technologies.
Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment of Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is the most common form of adult brain cancer and remains one of the deadliest of human cancers. The current standard-of-care involves maximal tumor resection followed by treatment with concurrent radiation therapy and the chemotherapy temozolomide. Recurrence after this therapy is nearly universal within 2 years of diagnosis. Notably, >80% of recurrence is found in the region adjacent to the resection cavity. The need for improved local control in this region, thus remains unmet. The FDA approval of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) for fluorescence guided glioblastoma resection renewed interests in leveraging this agent as a means to administer photodynamic therapy (PDT). Here we review the general principles of PDT as well as the available literature on PDT as a glioblastoma therapeutic platform.
A meta-analysis of the relationship between working memory and second language reading comprehension: Does task type matter?

Despite the increasing attention paid to the role of working memory in reading, findings and measurement of working memory have been inconsistent. The current meta-analysis aims to provide a quantitative description of the overall relationship between second language (L2) reading comprehension and working memory measured through reading span task and identify methodological features that moderate this relationship. Following a comprehensive search, 25 primary studies (23 peer-reviewed studies and 2 dissertations) were included comprising 37 unique samples (N = 2,682), all of which were coded for substantive and methodological features. The results showed that (a) there is a moderate relationship between L2 reading comprehension and working memory (r = .30), (b) reading span task features such as the scoring procedure, task language, and final word recall order moderate this relationship, and (c) the degree to which working memory’s involvement in L2 reading comprehension may vary depending on the type of reading tasks at hand. Implications are discussed in terms of conceptualization and measurement of working memory. Future directions are also offered in relation to measurement practices to encourage consistency and to improve our understanding of the link between working memory and L2 reading comprehension.
Metformin enhances protection in guinea pigs chronically infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is often associated with alterations in systemic and cellular metabolism that resolves following successful antimicrobial drug treatment. We hypothesized that altered systemic glucose metabolism as a consequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, contributes to TB pathogenesis, and when normalized with anti-glycemic drugs would improve clinical outcomes. To test this hypothesis, guinea pigs were treated daily with the anti-diabetic drug metformin starting 4 weeks prior or concurrent with aerosol exposure to the H37Rv strain of Mtb. In the chronic stages of infection, Mtb infected metformin-treated animals had restored systemic insulin sensitivity but remained glucose intolerant as determined by oral glucose tolerance testing. Despite persistent glucose intolerance, metformin-treated guinea pigs had a 2.8-fold reduction in lung lesion burden and a 0.7 log decrease in CFUs. An alternative hypothesis that metformin treatment improved clinical disease by having a direct effect on immune cell energy metabolism was tested using extracellular flux analysis and flow cytometry. The proinflammatory immune response to Mtb infection in untreated guinea pigs was associated with a marked increase in energy metabolism (glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which was normalized in metformin-treated guinea pigs. Moreover, both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from Mtb infected, metformin treated animals maintained a more normal mitochondrial membrane potential while those isolated from untreated animals had persistent mitochondrial hyperpolarization. These data suggest that metformin promotes natural host resistance to Mtb infection by maintaining immune cell metabolic homeostasis and function during the chronic stages of active TB disease.
A Mother-Scholar During COVID-19

This poem highlights the current challenges and the lived realities of a mother-scholar during COVID-19. As a mother of two young children, the author details how the global pandemic has thrown her...
Motor Impairment Increases in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder as a Function of Social Communication, Cognitive and Functional Impairment, Repetitive Behavior Severity, and Comorbid Diagnoses: A SPARK Study Report

Eighty-seven percent of a large sample of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at risk for motor impairment (Bhat, Physical Therapy, 2020, 100, 633-644). In spite of the high prevalence for motor impairment in children with ASD, it is not considered among the diagnostic criteria or specifiers within DSM-V. In this article, we analyzed the SPARK study dataset (n = 13,887) to examine associations between risk for motor impairment using the Developmental Coordination Disorder-Questionnaire (DCD-Q), social communication impairment using the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), repetitive behavior severity using the Repetitive Behaviors Scale - Revised (RBS-R), and parent-reported categories of cognitive, functional, and language impairments. Upon including children with ASD with cognitive impairments, 88.2% of the SPARK sample was at risk for motor impairment. The relative risk ratio for motor impairment in children with ASD was 22.2 times greater compared to the general population and that risk further increased up to 6.2 with increasing social communication (5.7), functional (6.2), cognitive (3.8), and language (1.6) impairments as well as repetitive behavior severity (5.0). Additionally, the magnitude of risk for motor impairment (fine- and gross-motor) increased with increasing severity of all impairment types with medium to large effects. These findings highlight the multisystem nature of ASD, the need to recognize motor impairments as one of the diagnostic criteria or specifiers for ASD, and the need for appropriate motor screening and assessment of children with ASD. Interventions must address not only the social communication and cognitive/behavioral challenges of children with ASD but also their motor function and participation. LAY ABSTRACT: Eighty-eight percent of the SPARK sample of children with ASD were at risk for motor impairment. The relative risk for motor impairment was 22.2 times greater in children with ASD compared to the general population and the risk increased with more social communication, repetitive behavior, cognitive, and functional impairment. It is important to recognize motor impairments as one of the diagnostic criteria or specifiers for ASD and there is a need to administer appropriate motor screening, assessment, and interventions in children with ASD.
Wild chimpanzee offspring exhibit adult-like foraging patterns around the age of weaning.

OBJECTIVES The prolonged juvenile period exhibited by primates is an evolutionary conundrum. Here we examine wild chimpanzee feeding development in the context of two hypotheses regarding prolonged development in primates: the needing-to-learn hypothesis and the expensive brain hypothesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS We studied wild chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) offspring at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. We analyzed 41 years of observational behavioral data collected between 1975 and 2016 from 81 offspring. We characterized feeding development in the first 10 years of life via four different measures: (1) proportion of observation time spent feeding; (2) diet composition; (3) diet breadth; and (4) diet maturity as measured by similarity to maternal diet. We used mixed effects models to examine changes with age and by sex, while controlling for season. RESULTS Feeding time, diet breadth, and diet maturity exhibited the most substantial increases with age in the first 6 years, with no significant change thereafter. Males and females showed different patterns of change in diet breadth by age, but did not differ by age 10. Diet composition did not change significantly with age and did not differ by sex. DISCUSSION We found that chimpanzee offspring attained adult-like feeding behaviors between 4 and 6 years of age, concomitant with the completion of weaning. Thus, our data do not support the needing-to-learn feeding skills hypothesis of a prolonged juvenile period, but additional data are needed to evaluate how and when adolescent chimpanzees are able to make foraging decisions independent of their mothers. Existing data on growth provides support for the expensive brain hypothesis, however, these hypotheses are not necessarily mutually exclusive. As more studies across taxa accumulate sufficient datasets on a range of developmental metrics, we will be able to achieve a more robust understanding of prolonged development in primates.
Evaluating Mechanisms: Mapping Weekly Dynamics between Experiential Avoidance and SAD Symptoms

Widely-used, empirically-supported treatments focus on reducing experiential avoidance (EA) as a mechanism of social anxiety disorder (SAD) symptom change. However, little is known about how EA and SAD symptoms bidirectionally interrelate from session to session, or throughout the course of an intervention—a gap that raises significant theoretical and clinical questions about the mechanistic role of EA. Participants (N = 78) with elevated EA and SAD symptoms completed a 3-session pilot intervention (Approach-Avoidance Task training plus psychoeducation) designed to target EA. Bivariate latent change score modeling was then used to map the bidirectional, temporal interrelationships between EA and SAD symptoms from session to session. Analyses accounted for the overall trajectory of change in both variables (i.e., EA and SAD) and both variables’ preceding measurement. Findings suggested that changes in SAD symptoms preceded and predicted changes in EA from session to session. Contrary to hypotheses, this effect was not bidirectional, as changes in EA did not precede and predict changes in SAD symptoms from session to session. The use of a relatively small analogue sample limit the external validity of the present findings. Nevertheless, these novel findings advance our understanding of the dynamic interrelationships between EA and SAD symptoms throughout treatment. Moreover, given that many leading treatments target EA, this study highlights a need for future work to continue evaluating whether EA is indeed a mechanism of SAD symptom change.
Global banking and the spillovers from political shocks at the core of the world economy

When do political shocks in core countries reverberate across the global financial system? We identify cross-border banking as a distinct transmission mechanism for political shocks. Democratic processes that advance (undermine) the interests of the global banking industry in core economies benefit (hurt) countries with closer banking ties to these economies. Empirically, we leverage the unanticipated outcomes of the 2016 US presidential election and the Brexit referendum to identify the role of cross-border banking in transmitting these shocks. We show that US global banks benefited disproportionately from the US election surprise. Accordingly, countries with closer ties to US banks fared relatively better; exposure to US bank flows cushioned the negative effect of the election. Evidence from Brexit reinforces the banking-channel hypothesis. The findings further our understanding of the role of global banks in the international financial order and underscore the need for more research on the political economy of global banking.
From Language to Literacy: The Evolving Concepts of Foreign Language Teaching at American Colleges and Universities Since 1945

This chapter assesses the history of FL teaching and professional organizations since 1945 to explain the current lack of integration between language and content within collegiate foreign language curricula and the absence of more student-centered practices and research. It identifies major time periods marked by particular theories and pedagogical models that shaped attitudes and practices in Departments in their hiring and their classrooms. The historical analyses explores resulting concepts of learning styles and teaching objectives that evolved for beginning, intermediate and advanced level FL classes. These sections also incorporate the role of professional organizations, notably the MLA’s responses and ACTFL’s initiatives developed to address emergent needs across institutions. The author’s objective is to illustrate how the enduring legacies of each era continue to influence FL departments’ curricular decisions and in many cases explain their resistance to change. The author concludes by making the case for learner-centered pedagogies presented in forthcoming chapters and suggests the parameters for faculty initiatives to be undertaken to reform their curricula.
The Role of Interest in Understanding the Career Choices of Female and Male College Students

Mismatch between college students' work goals and perceived goal affordances of physical/mathematical science careers may help explain gender differences in interest and career choice. In Study 1, the desire for interesting work was cited by most students in the sample (89% White, 6% Asian, 5% other). Compared to men, women reported interpersonal work goals more and high pay and status work goals less frequently. In Study 2, students (79% White, 12% Latino, 5% Asian, 4% other, predominantly middle class) perceived physical/mathematical science careers as less likely to afford interpersonal goals and more likely to afford high pay and status goals compared to other careers. Interpersonal goal affordances predicted greater interestingness for all careers, whereas high pay and status goal affordances predicted greater interestingness only for physical/mathematical sciences. Interestingness positively predicted likelihood of career choice.
Ballot Design as Fail-Safe: An Ounce of Rotation Is Worth a Pound of Litigation

Abstract For generations, some candidates have argued that first-listed candidates gain “extra” votes due to primacy effect, recommending ballot rotation to solve the problem. These votes, however, are generally intentional votes, accurately cast, and rotation is controversial. This article argues that rotation is appropriate because it mitigates the electoral impact of not only primacy effect, but also of two categories of miscast votes. First, rotation mitigates the impact of proximity-mistake votes, which can occur even on well-designed ballots when voters mis-vote for a candidate in proximity to their chosen candidate. Second, rotation mitigates the impact of mis-votes caused by flawed ballot designs, providing a fail-safe that can prevent some electoral meltdowns. Ballot rotation represents a last-best-chance to avoid the electoral impact of foreseeable and unforeseeable voter error and ballot design issues. Although the impact is small for each of these kinds of voter behavior, some elections are wo...
Particle uptake efficiency is significantly affected by type of capping agent and cell line.

Surface-functionalized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are the most deployed engineered nanomaterials in consumer products because of their optical, antibacterial and electrical properties. Almost all engineered nanoparticles are coated with application-specific capping agents (i.e. organic/inorganic ligands on particle surface) to enhance their stability in suspension or increase their biocompatibility for biomedicine. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of the selected capping agents to their observed health impacts using realistic dose ranges. AgNPs capped with citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and tannic acid were studied with human bronchoalveolar carcinoma (A549) and human colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cell lines and compared against exposures to Ag ions. Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity were evaluated up to 24 h. Tannic acid capped AgNPs induced higher cellular uptake and rate in both cell lines. Citrate-capped and PVP-capped AgNPs behaved similarly over 24 h. All three of the capped AgNPs penetrated more into the A549 cells than Caco-2 cells. In contrast, the uptake rate of Ag ions in Caco-2 cells (0.11 ± 0.0001 µg h–1) was higher than A549 cells (0.025 ± 0.00004 µg h–1). The exposure concentration of 3 mg l–1 is below the EC50 value for all of the AgNPs; therefore, little cytotoxicity was observed in any experiment conducted herein. Exposure of Ag ions, however, interrupted cell membrane integrity and cell proliferation (up to 70% lysed after 24 h). These findings indicate cellular uptake is dependent on capping agent, and when controlled to realistic exposure concentrations, cellular function is not significantly affected by AgNP exposure. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reichenbach’s Theory of Nomological Statements

My primary aim in this paper is to discuss and evaluate Reichenbach’s theory of nomological statements. The importance of this topic is evident from the fact that Reichenbach offers the concept of a synthetic nomological statement as an explication for the recalcitrant notion of a law of nature. An early version of this theory was presented in the last chapter of his Elements of Symbolic Logic (1947), but I shall here deal with the considerably revised version contained in his Nomological Statements and Admissible Operations (1954). All parenthetical page citations in the sequel (unless otherwise identified) will refer to this book.
The Use of Prediction Analysis to Develop Groupings of Survey Questions

A statistical procedure is applied to surveys which elicit discrete ordinal data so that groupings of questions analogous to factors may be identified. The statistical procedure, termed prediction analysis, develops a measure which reflects the conformability of a set of data to an articulated expectation. A case is presented.
Characteristics That Affect the Integrity of Existing Thin Stone Cladding

Prestigious structures began using thin natural stone panels as wall cladding to give them historic character in the late 1960s. Easier fabrication methods increased stone production and enabled larger, thinner panels that were lightweight. Unfortunately, engineering and testing did not keep pace. Inadequate initial evaluation of material durability and panel strength resulted in varying degrees of distress developing in some claddings. Because early stone cladding was installed with little structural analysis, current evaluation should predict capability by checking characteristics initial engineering likely ignored. Comprehending all characteristics that affect the integrity of thin stone cladding must be the objective of a responsible maintenance program. The program must evolve with each evaluation’s findings to adapt to the specifics of that building and its changes over time. Maintaining the safety of a building’s skin is essential to extending the service life of the whole structure. Verifying safety requires more than a cursory visual check for exposed elements to find them before they fall. In the past, stone cladding was completely removed from too many structures that experienced distress. Some evaluations misunderstood or misdiagnosed affect of distress on integrity. They failed to investigate some characteristics, or did not relate others, yielding an incomplete assessment. Adding evaluation of characteristics common to traditional structural assessment to a cladding program adds rigor and objectivity, avoiding misdiagnosis and unjustified expense. In rare cases, remove-and-replace-all may still be required, but only if gross problems exist with support. However, in most cases, an appropriate program will not only identify the parts creating the highest risk, but the program can prescribe selective replacement instead of complete recladding as a long-term remedy.
Technology in the Service of Language Learning: Trends and Issues

The article presents a reprint of the article "Technology in the Service of Language Learning: Trends and Issues," by Nina Garrett, which appeared in issue 75 of the journal. The article discusses the use of technology in language education and whether technology can promote language learning and communication in students. The author comments on the use of videotapes, computers and local area networks (LANs) in education, as well as teacher attitudes toward technology.
Microbus crashes and Coca-Cola cash

In this article, I explore valuation of dead bodies in postwar El Salvador. Taking the view that human-rights violations are, in Paul Farmer's words, “symptoms of deeper pathologies of power,” I start with the seemingly random violence of a fatal bus crash. I then broaden the focus to other categories of suffering undervalued by institutional discourses. The shift in death's meanings comprises a political project undermining the collective agency that sustained revolutionary efforts. The value of death has been (re)privatized and individualized in a way that has extended anguish. These changes in value index links between violence and the position of states and citizens in the world market.
Changes in circulating equine erythrocytes induced by brief, high-speed exercise.

Summary Five horses were exercised at 10m/sec at a 3° incline for 2 mins. Packed cell volume, erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, plasma protein, total white cell count and lymphocytes increased significantly in blood samples taken after exercise, compared with those taken before exercise; but mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration decreased. Erythrocytes were more resistant to osmotic stress after exercise, but their shape and degree of deformity were unaffected by exercise.
Synthesis of Medium Voltage dc-to-dc Converters From Low-Voltage, High-Frequency PWM Switching Converters

Low-voltage dc-to-dc power conversion is a very mature industry which uses high-frequency pulsewidth modulation (PWM) switching techniques. The passive and active components needed to build low-voltage dc-to-dc converters are highly available, affordable and constantly improving. In this paper, a very simple and systematic method of using a large number of low-voltage, high-frequency PWM converters to synthesize highly redundant, medium voltage (4-40 kV) dc-to-dc converters is presented. Theoretical and practical considerations are discussed in necessary detail and test results of an actual 10-kW, 10 kV-to-400 V, converter built from 48 low-voltage forward converters are presented. Real-time and average reduced circuit models are derived to predict the dynamical behavior of the converter and to design the feedback control loop.