cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying Performance Gaps in Comorbidity and Risk Factor Screening, Prevention, and Counseling Behaviors of Providers Caring for Children with Psoriasis.

Background/Objectives Comorbidities and risk factors are associated with pediatric psoriasis. It is unknown whether pediatricians and dermatologists ask about, record, or counsel on pediatric psoriasis risk factors and comorbidities. The aim of our study was to assess the rate at which pediatricians and dermatologists inquire about, counsel on, and document pediatric psoriasis risk factors and comorbidities in a stable population. Methods This was a retrospective chart review from 2011 to 2013 in a large, rural multidisciplinary clinic, the Marshfield Epidemiologic Study Area. Participants were children ages 18 years and younger with plaque psoriasis. Rates of counseling and screening for pediatric psoriasis risk factors and comorbidities by pediatricians and dermatologists were determined. Results Thirty patients qualified for the study. Data were collected on body mass index (BMI) and tobacco exposure. Caregiver counseling rates on these factors were low; 66.7% and 60% did not receive counseling on BMI reduction or family member smoking cessation, respectively. Counseling on stress as a risk factor was performed at only one patient's dermatology visit (3.3%). Lipid panels were collected for 40% of patients and fasting glucose levels for 33.3% since the date of first psoriasis diagnosis. Blood pressure was collected for all patients. Only 13.3% of patients were counseled on the psoriasis comorbidity hyperlipidemia, 10% on hypertension, and 3.3% on diabetes mellitus. Conclusions Dermatologists and pediatricians have a low rate of counseling, documenting, and screening for pediatric psoriasis risk factors and comorbidities, suggesting that psoriasis comorbidity education is an aspect of the patient visit that may need improvement. Pediatric psoriasis counseling and screening guidelines are needed.
Effekte eines Therapiebegleithundes auf Patienten im stationären Drogenentzug

Fragestellung: Positive Effekte tiergestutzter Therapie (TGT) auf Patienten sind belegt. Die vorliegende Studie geht der Frage nach, ob auch Substanzabhangige im stationaren Drogenentzug von TGT profitieren und sich unmittelbare Effekte auf die emotionale Befindlichkeit und das subjektive Craving zeigen lassen. Methode: 26 Patienten (ICD-10: F11.2; F12.2, Alter:18 – 65 Jahre) wurden in der randomisiert-kontrollierten Studie im Cross-Over-Design untersucht und in Gruppe A und B aufgeteilt. Gruppe A erhielt zuerst das Interventionsangebot (Spaziergange mit Hund) und dann das Kontrollangebot (Spaziergange ohne Hund), bei Gruppe B wurde umgekehrt verfahren. Vor und nach jeder Intervention wurden die emotionale Befindlichkeit und das Craving der Probanden erfasst. Auserdem wurde uber den Studienzeitraum hinweg die globale psychopathologische Symptombelastung der Patienten ermittelt. Ergebnisse: Es konnten signifikant starkere pra-/post-Veranderungen unter der Interventionsbedingung mit Hund im Vergleich zu ohn...
Real Women Watch Football: Gender Differences in the Consumption of the NFL Super Bowl Broadcast

The present study explores the role gender plays in the consumption of sport broadcasting, specifically, the National Football League's (NFL) Super Bowl broadcast. Data were collected from self-identified, serious NFL fans and casual or non-NFL fans alike using an online survey. Results indicate that female viewers held more positive attitudes toward the “entertainment” elements of the broadcast (e.g., celebrity singing the national anthem, the MVP Award presentation) than male respondents. Female respondents also held more favorable attitudes toward the entertainment value of the Super Bowl halftime show. Female and male respondents also differed in their motives for watching a NFL game broadcast.
Factors affecting size and configuration of electrovaporization lesions in the prostate

Abstract Objectives. Transurethral electrovaporization of the prostate is a new, minimally invasive technique being used by urologists for surgical ablation of prostatic tissue. There are insufficient data concerning factors affecting the vaporization and coagulation lesions produced by this technique. The aim of this study was to determine the role of various parameters for adequate tissue evaporation. Methods. This study compared bovine liver and human prostatic lesions made by the Vaportrode instrument with those produced by standard electrocautery loops, roller balls, and laser fibers. Additionally, two electrosurgical instruments with differing technical capabilities were compared for their ability to cause vaporization of tissue. Results. Results revealed that the Vaportrode lesions were maximal with a new electrode when used with a Force 40S electrosurgical generator set at 300 W and a drag speed of 25 to 30 seconds per 10 mm of tissue. The lesions produced by this technique had a 74% greater coagulation volume compared to a standard cautery loop. The evaporation defect was comparable to a laser lesion produced in contact at 60 W. Conclusions. We conclude that electrovaporization under optimal conditions causes a vaporization lesion comparable to that produced by high power density laser prostatectomy. Additionally, the coagulation volume of a vaportrode lesion is considerably greater than that produced by standard electrocautery resection.
Rapid measurement of plasma acylcarnitines by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry without derivatization

Abstract Background Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is being increasingly used to identify and measure acylcarnitines in blood and urine of children suspected of having fatty oxidation disorders and other inborn errors of metabolism. Rapid MS/MS analysis requires simple and efficient sample preparation. We developed a LC-MS/MS method for the online extraction of acylcarnitines in plasma without derivatization that requires only precipitation of proteins by acetonitrile followed by centrifugation, thus increasing efficiency. Methods An API-3000 tandem mass spectrometer (SCIEX, Toronto, Canada) equipped with electrospray ionization (ESI), TurboIon Spray source, three Shimadzu LC10AD micropumps and autosampler (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Columbia, MD) was used to perform the analysis. Within-day and between-day imprecision was evaluated for 10 analytes in the MRM mode using 3 levels of controls. Accuracy was determined by comparing the method with another MS/MS procedure and by recovery experiments. Sensitivity and specificity were evaluated by identifying patient samples under a wide variety of clinical conditions. Results Within-day CVs was Conclusions Our method is a simple procedure for the analysis of acylcarnitines in plasma with minimal sample preparation. It is thus ideal in a routine clinical setting where efficient processing of clinical samples is necessary to reduce turnaround time under conditions of high-throughput.
Boos receives 2010 James R. Holton Junior Scientist Award: response

[1] William R. Boos received the 2010 James R. Holton Junior Scientist Award at the 2010 AGU Fall Meeting, held 13–17 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes outstanding research contributions by a junior atmospheric scientist within 3 years of his or her Ph.D.
Searching questions: The Center on Organizational Innovation at Columbia University

This essay gives an account of the Center on Organizational Innovation at Columbia University. Established in 2000, the center promotes research on the social bases of reflexivity in organizations. Heterarchy is one such form, involving lateral accountability and the productive friction of competing criteria of worth. The dissonance of diverse organizational principles can lead to discovery.
A Structural View of Integrin Activation and Signaling

Integrins connect the matrix to the cytoskeleton and propagate structural order between the two systems. A series of elegant structural papers now provides a compelling explanation of how integrins perform this basic function.
Brain embolic phenomena associated with cardiopulmonary bypass

Various biologic and non-biologic materials may be embolized to the brain after the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) pumps during open heart surgery but their relative frequency and importance are uncertain. Among the nonbiologic materials, Antifoam A, which contains organosilicates and silicon, continues to be employed as an additive to prevent frothing. Recent improvements in filtration and oxygenation techniques have clearly reduced the incidence of large emboli and complications like stroke but other neurologic sequelae following open heart surgery are common and in many cases poorly explained. A recently developed histochemical technique for the demonstration of the endothelial alkaline phosphatase (AP) was employed in a post-mortem study of brains from 8 patients and 6 dogs dying within a few days after open heart surgery employing cardiopulmonary bypass perfusion. Brains from 38 patients and 6 dogs who were not subjected to heart surgery were studied as controls with the same technique. The AP-stained slides are suitable for both light microscopic examination of the thick celloidin sections as well as a subsequent processing for high-resolution microradiography. Small capillary and arteriolar dilatations (SCADs) were seen in the test subjects/animals but not controls. SCADs were seen in all parts of the brain. Approximately 50% of the SCADs showed birefringence when examined with polarized light. SCADs are putative embolic phenomena and the exact nature and source of the embolic material is under investigation. A glycolipid component is indicated by preliminary studies. SCADs are difficult to find in routine paraffin sections and most if not all of the offending material seems to be dissolved during processing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a patient with refractory acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to toxic epidermal necrolysis.

Abstract : Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare condition affecting an estimated 1 to 2 cases per million per year, with reported mortality between 30% and 50% typically because of multiorgan failure or sepsis. Acute pulmonary complications from this disorder include bronchial mucosal sloughing, pulmonary edema, and infectious pneumonitis. Pulmonary complications in TEN occurred in 46% of patients in one series. Use of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) in adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has increased markedly during the past few years after successful treatment in adults with swine flu (H1N1) and publication of the CESAR (conventional ventilation or ECMO for severe adult respiratory failure) trial, which demonstrated a lower mortality and disability at 6 months for patients referred to an ECLS center. The suggested ideal candidate for ECLS would be one with an acute, reversible, survivable illness if not for associated ARDS, no significant comorbidities, no contraindication to systemic anticoagulation, less than 8 days on mechanical ventilation, and younger than 65 years of age.
Opinions on the provision of dental care in Iowa nursing homes

Using a stratified random sample, a questionnaire was mailed to 400 practicing dentists and 200 directors of nursing (DONs). Response rates were 58.3% for dentists and 50% for DONs. Dentists were representative of Iowa dentists, with 85% male, mean age 49.1 years, and 22.4 years in practice. All DONs were female, with mean age of 44.9 years. Of the participating dentists, 86% had provided dental care for nursing home residents, but the majority of care was completed in dental offices. Three-quarters of dentists were somewhat/not interested in nursing home dentistry. Dentists and DONs held common perceptions of the most frequent problems related to care provision at nursing homes: low financial reimbursement, especially for Medicaid patients; no portable dental equipment; no suitable area for dentistry; dentist's preference to treat patients at their dental practice; and transportation of residents to a dental practice. Dentists and DONs had some differing perceptions about oral health care (p < .01). Minimal dental care was provided on-site at Iowa nursing homes.
Restoration of Synthesis of Sulfoglucuronylglycolipids in Cerebellar Granule Neurons Promotes Dedifferentiation and Neurite Outgrowth

Sulfoglucuronyl carbohydrate (SGC) linked to the terminal moiety of neolacto-oligosaccharides is expressed in several glycoproteins of the immunoglobulin superfamily involved in neural cell-cell recognition as well as in two sulfoglucuronylglycolipids (SGGLs) of the nervous system. SGGLs and SGC-containing glycoproteins are temporally and spatially regulated during development of the nervous system. In the cerebellum, the expression of SGC, particularly that of SGGLs, is biphasic. Several studies have suggested that the initial rise and decline in the levels of SGGLs and SGC-containing proteins correlated with the migration of granule neurons from the external granule cell layer to the internal granule cell layer and their subsequent maturation, whereas the later rise and continued expression of SGGLs in the adult was associated with their localization in the Purkinje neurons and their dendrites in the molecular layer. Here it is shown by immunocytochemical methods that the expression of SGC declined progressively in granule neurons isolated from cerebella of increasing age. The decline in the expression of SGC in granule neurons was also shown with time in culture. These results correlated with the previously shown declining activity of the regulatory enzyme lactosylceramideN-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GlcNAc-Tr) with agein vivo and in isolated granule neurons in culture. GlcNAc-Tr synthesizes a key precursor, lactotriosylceramide, involved in the biosynthesis of SGGL-1. The down-regulated synthesis of SGGLs in the mature granule neurons was shown by immunocytochemical and biochemical methods to be restored when a precursor, glucuronylneolactotetraosylceramide (GGL-1), which is beyond the GlcNAc-Tr step, was exogenously provided to these cells. The biological effect of such restoration of the synthesis of SGGLs in the mature granule neurons leads to cell aggregation and enhanced proliferation of neurites, amounting to dedifferentiation.
Accountability, Transparency, and Inflation Targeting

Inflation targeting regimes define a performance measure for the central bank. A regime that places a large (small) weight on achieving the target is analogous to a high- (low-) powered incentive scheme. High-powered incentive structures promote accountability but may distort stabilization policy. The optimal power under inflation targeting is derived under perfect and imperfect information. The fundamental trade-off between accountability and stabilization depends on the degree of transparency, defined as the ability to monitor the central bank's performance. Multiplicative uncertainty increases the optimal weight to place on achieving an inflation target.
Interior Structure and Seasonal Mass Redistribution of Mars from Radio Tracking of Mars Pathfinder

Doppler and range measurements to the Mars Pathfinder lander made using its radio communications system have been combined with similar measurements from the Viking landers to estimate improved values of the precession of Mars' pole of rotation and the variation in Mars' rotation rate. The observed precession of -7576 +/- 35 milliarc seconds of angle per year implies a dense core and constrains possible models of interior composition. The estimated annual variation in rotation is in good agreement with a model of seasonal mass exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and ice caps.
Policy Update: Amazon deforestation and Brazil’s forest code: a crossroads for climate change

Considerably more is at stake in the ongoing battle in Brazil’s Congress and government over the country’s core forest protection legislation, the Forest Code, than President Dilma Rousseff’s polit...
Carotid plaque spaces relate to symptoms and ultrasound scattering.

We have previously found that spectral analysis of ultrasound (US) can discriminate in vitro plaques from asymptomatic and symptomatic (transient ischemic attack within previous 4 weeks) patients. That study found no differences in percentages of lipid or thrombus between the two groups by optical microscopy/planimetry. The present study was to find out if another feature from the microscopy could show a difference. The number and size of spaces resulting from cell death or new blood vessels were measured to see if they related to symptoms or could help explain US differentiation. Twelve plaques from each group were examined by optical microscopy. The sizes and concentrations of two kinds of spaces, endothelial lined (vessel spaces) and unlined (tissue spaces), were correlated both with symptoms and also with the US tissue characterization scores from the previous study. Symptomatic vs. asymptomatic plaques showed a higher concentration and a larger size: 0.87 vs. 0.21 per mm2 (p < 0.005) and 154 vs. 110 μm (p < 0.02). A discriminant function of spaces with symptoms as dependent variables correctly identified 91.7% of the plaques (p < 0.001). The concentration in plaques previously designated by US as true positive plaques or true negative was 1.21 vs. 0.22 per mm2 (p < 0.005). spaces were increased in plaques of symptomatic patients and were related to UTC scores. Both the lined and unlined spaces were useful as predictors. (Jeffrey.Justin@Drexel.edu)
N,O-diacylated-N-hydroxyarylsulfonamides : nitroxyl precursors with potent smooth muscle relaxant properties

N,O-Diacylated-N-hydroxyarylsulfonamides are capable of slowly releasing nitroxyl (HNO) by simple, non-enzymatic hydrolysis in Krebs solution at 37 degrees C. Release of nitric oxide (NO) was not seen. These compounds were also found to elicit vasorelaxation in rabbit thoracic aorta in vitro, presumably as a result of their ability to release HNO. This effect was enhanced by the addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Thus, these results are consistent with previous work indicating that HNO is a potent vasorelaxant.
NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE CONVERGENCE OF THE LINEAR EXPANSION METHOD FOR THE ONE-ELECTRON DIRAC EQUATION

Abstract We have carried out relativistic molecular electronic structure calculations using the prescription of ‘strict kinetic balance’ applied to four-component spherical Gaussian spinors centred on the nuclei; the exponents for all atomic symmetries have been chosen according to the ‘even-tempered’ or ‘geometric’ prescription. The upper bound properties and convergence behaviour of the ground states of one-electron molecular ions with two, three and four centres have been investigated. The Dirac energy of the 1σg state of H2+ at an internuclear separation of 2 bohr is computed to an accuracy of better than 1 part in 1010. We calculate the energy of the corresponding level of the highly relativistic Th2179+ system at an internuclear separation of 2 90 bohr. Studies of models of three- and four-center molecular ions, H32+ and H43+, are reported to demonstrate the applicability of the approach to arbitrary geometries. Our estimates of the relativistic energy converge monotonically from above as the basis sets are enlarged, and nonrelativistic limits obtained by increasing the speed of light used in the computations yield results in excellent agreement with calculations that are nonrelativistic from the outset.
Addressing Unknown Variability in Seemingly Fixed National Forest Estimates: Aboveground Forest Biomass for Renewable Energy

When determining the capacity of National Forests to develop sustainable bio-energy systems, accurate estimates of forest biomass are needed. What appears to be a straight forward assessment of biomass availability is complicated by the existence of highly variable data sets. Country level data is mostly produced by scaling data from a few sites to the country level. Using Indonesia as a case study, reported data varied by more than 20%. Using the reliable data, three levels of biomass potential, namely the lower and upper “bounds” (5,083 million Mg and 10,726 million Mg, respectively) and moderate estimates (5,410 million Mg) at the country level are constructed.
Rate curves for glycolysis and for glycogen resynthesis in a lizard

Abstract 1. 1. Lactates were estimated on homogenates of whole lizards ( Anolis carolinensis ) after various periods of intense work to determine the shape of the rate-curve of anaerobic glycolysis. 2. 2. Other lizards were worked to exhaustion and groups were homogenized for lactate analysis at intervals thereafter for up to 2 hr. 3. 3. The glycolysis rate-curve was hyperbolic. 4. 4. Lactate disappeared at a constant percentage rate typical of a first order reaction. 5. 5. ATP was produced during the first 10 sec of maximum work at a rate 10 times that of the last 10 sec of a 2 min work period. 6. 6. In the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, this lizard requires 2625 x as much enzyme activity in anaerobic glycolysis as in aerobic metabolism. 7. 7. By calculation, a 70 kg alligator would need 60,000 x as much.
Risk factors for third-degree and fourth-degree perineal lacerations in forceps and vacuum deliveries

Third- and fourth-degree perineal lacerations occur frequently during operative vaginal deliveries. To identify risk factors for lacerations, 2832 consecutive forceps and vacuum extraction deliveries were analyzed. Third- and fourth-degree lacerations occurred in 30% of deliveries. Multiple logistic regression was used to control for intercorrelation between potential risK factors. Factors associated with increased risk for third- and fourth-degree lacerations were midline episiotomy, nulliparity, second-stage arrest, occipitoposterior position, low or mid station, use of forceps instead of vacuum, use of local anesthesia, and Asian race. When these factors were controlled, there was no effect of birth weight, faculty versus resident operator, gestational age, abnormalities of first-stage labor, or several other factors. Prevention of perineal lacerations requires that the operator identify the patient at risk. Possible options for management of high-risk patients include use of mediolateral episiotomy or no episiotomy, use of vacuum extraction instead of forceps, and use of conduction anesthesia.
Tool path generation and tolerance analysis for free-form surfaces

This paper focuses on developing algorithms that generate tool paths for free-form surfaces based on the accuracy of a desired manufactured part. A manufacturing part is represented by mathematical curves and surfaces. Using the mathematical representation of the manufacturing part, we generate reliable and near-optimal tool paths as well as cutter location data file for post-processing. This algorithm includes two components. First is the forward-step function that determines the maximum distance, called forward step, between two cutter contact (CC) points with a given tolerance. This function is independent of the surface type and is applicable to all continuous parametric surfaces that are twice differentiable. The second component is the side step function which determines the maximum distance, called side step, between two adjacent tool paths with a given scallop height. This algorithm reduces manufacturing and computing time as well as the CC points while keeping the given tolerance and scallop height in the tool paths. Several parts, for which the CC points are generated using the proposed algorithm, are machined using a three-axes milling machine. As part of the validation process, the tool paths generated during machining are analyzed to compare the machined part and the desired part.
Geophysical applicability of aerosol size distribution measurements using cascade impactors and proton induced x ray emission

Proton Induced X-ray Emission, (PIXE), is capable of high precision analysis for trace element components of aerosol particle size fractions sampled by cascade impactor. A statistical evaluation of data quality has been carried out in order to distinguish between analytical uncertainties in the PIXE procedure, errors caused by cascade impactor performance and by other factors in the sampling procedure, and geophysical causes of differences in composition and particle size distributions of the elements in aerosols. Replicate analyses and simultaneous samplings taken in north Florida and St. Louis have been used for the data evaluation. In addition to the analytical error the sampling procedure contributes an error of ~ 10% to be added quadratically. The resulting precision is sufficient to evaluate the data in geophysical terms. This is illustrated by means of sample sets taken simultaneously in an urban, forest and coastal environment of the same region. (Less)
Timing of Neonatal Seizures and Intrapartum Obstetrical Factors

One hundred ninety-three neonates with seizures were available on a neonatal seizure database, which included intrapartum and neonatal factors such as labor duration, fetal heart rate abnormalities, cord blood gas values, Apgar scores and clinical signs of encephalopathy. Regression analyses (analysis of variance) were performed on the entire cohort as well as specific subsets of neonates (eg, neonatal encephalopathy vs no encephalopathy) to assess the relationship between seizure timing and intrapartum/neonatal factors. Seizures were noted earlier for the encephalopathic group than for the nonencephalopathic group. No significant differences were noted for any intrapartum or neonatal factors. Timing of neonatal seizures, with or without an encephalopathy occurs within the first 2 days after birth and is independent of selected intrapartum and neonatal factors, underscoring recent task force recommendations concerning neonatal encephalopathy. Factors other than intrapartum events more likely contribute to the encephalopathic repertoire of the newborn, including seizures.
The rising incidence of adenocarcinoma relative to squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix in the United States--a 24-year population-based study

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study was to compare the age-adjusted incidence and survival for invasive adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix using population-based data. Methods. The SEER database was used to identify all cases of cervical cancer registered between 1973 and 1996. Stage was defined as localized, regional, or distant. Age-adjusted incidence rates were analyzed statistically using the Jonchkeere–Terpstra exact test for trends. Relative and observed survival rates, respectively, were compared using z tests and log-rank tests. Results. The age-adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 for all invasive cervical cancers decreased by 36.9% over 24 years [12.35 (1973–1977) vs 7.79 (1993–1996)]. Similarly, the age-adjusted incidence rates for squamous cell carcinoma declined by 41.9% [9.45 (1973–1977) vs 5.49 (1993–1996)]. In contrast, the age-adjusted incidence rates for adenocarcinoma increased by 29.1% [1.34 (1973–1977) vs 1.73 (1993–1996)]. The proportion of adenocarcinoma increased 107.4% relative to all cervical cancer, 95.2% relative to squamous cell carcinoma, and 49.3% relative to the population of women at risk [10.8% vs 22.4% ( P P P P = 0.04), but not localized or distant disease. Conclusions. Over the past 24 years, the incidence of all cervical cancer and squamous cell carcinoma has continued to decline. However, the proportion of adenocarcinoma relative to squamous cell carcinoma and to all cervical cancers has doubled, and the rate of adenocarcinoma per population at risk has also increased. These results suggest that current screening practices in the United States are insufficient to detect a significant proportion of adenocarcinoma precursor lesions.
Salmonella-Infected Submandibular Gland Cyst: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Salmonellae are non-encapsulated gram-negative motile bacteria that may typically be associated with one of the following 5 groups of infections: enteric fever, septicemia without localization, focal disease (with or without septicemia), gastroenteritis, and asymptomatic carrier stage. Extraintestinal focal infections after bacteremia may involve any organ and mainly depend on the mode of dissemination: blood-borne or lymphatic. 1 Neck abscesses and parotid involvement, though rare, are found throughout the literature involving mostly immunocompromised individuals or pediatric patients. 2-9 Currently, there are no cases of isolated Salmonella infection involving the submandibular gland reported in the literature. We report a unique case of a submandibular gland cyst infected with Salmonella and present a review of the existing literature relevant to Salmonella infections of the head and neck.
Employing Satellite-Derived Sea Ice Concentration to Constrain Upper-Ocean Temperature in a Global Ocean GCM

Abstract The quality of Southern Ocean sea ice simulations in a global ocean general circulation model (GCM) depends decisively on the simulated upper-ocean temperature. This is confirmed by assimilating satellite-derived sea ice concentration to constrain the upper-layer temperature of a sea ice–ocean GCM. The resolution of the model’s sea ice component is about 22 km and thus comparable to the pixel resolution of the satellite data. The ocean component is coarse resolution to afford long-term integrations for investigations of the deep-ocean equilibrium response. Besides improving the sea ice simulation considerably, the simulations with constrained upper-ocean temperature yield much more realistic global deep-ocean properties, in particular when combined with glacial freshwater input. Both outcomes are relatively insensitive to the passive-microwave algorithm used to retrieve the ice concentration being assimilated. The sensitivity of the long-term global deep-ocean properties and circulation to the po...
Finding tight single-change covering designs with v =20, k =5

Abstract The discovery is reported of tight single-change covering designs (tsccd's) with v =20 and k =5. All previously known tsccd's had k =2,3 or 4. The computational difficulties encountered in the computer construction of the new designs are described and discussed.
(Z)‐3‐[1‐(4‐Chlorobenzyl)‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl]‐2‐(3‐thienyl)acrylonitrile

The title compound, C22H15ClN2S, was prepared by the base-catalyzed reaction of 1-(4-chloro­benz­yl)indole-3-carboxaldehyde with thio­phene-3-acetonitrile and recrystallization of the product from methanol. The double bond connecting the indole and thio­phene units has Z geometry. The indole ring system is nearly planar and makes a dihedral angle of 79.81 (4)° with the plane of the 4-chloro­phenyl ring. The mol­ecule exhibits orientational disorder of the thienyl fragment, with occupancy factors of 0.65:0.35.
Planning the development of the socialist city: the case of Dubna New Town

Abstract For almost 70 years. Soviet urban planners have enacted policies to create an urban environment designed to further the development of socialism. This paper analyzes the planning and development of one Soviet new town, Dubna, in order to provide insight into Soviet urban planning in general, as well as to identify the problems and prospects for city planners as they attempt to translate general socialist planning goals into reality. The study indentifies specific characteristics of the ideal Soviet socialist city and examines the extent to which these have been realized in Dubna. This allows a comparison between the actual accomplishments of local officials in Dubna and the ideal planning goals expressed throughout the Soviet urban literature. It also helps identify barriers to effective implementation of urban policies, barriers that help explain the disparity between the real and the ideal. Given the strong parallels between Soviet and British new towns, the examination is further enhanced by comparing Dubna with British new towns. Using the British case as a yardstick provides a crosscultural comparison that extends our understanding of the Soviet case, where data and analyses are lacking.
Beam-foil spectroscopy as of June 1970.

Abstract The developments in beam-foil spectroscopy since 1967 will be reviewed, with particular attention given to new techniques and problems. Among the topics to be discussed are the excitation of neutral atoms, the identification of strange lines, charge identification, foil characteristics, the astrophysical application of mean-life data, and the Stark effect.
Notes From the Field: Learning Cultural Humility Through Critical Incidents and Central Challenges in Community-Based Participatory Research

Cultural humility is critical in the education of community development and planning graduate students because they often work with communities—geographic and/or identity based—where there is a power differential based on privileges of race, income, and education. Cultural humility requires commitment to ongoing self-reflection and self-critique, particularly identifying and examining one's own patterns of unintentional and intentional racism (Israel, Eng, Schulz, & Parker, 2005; Tervalon & Murray-Garcia, 1998). This article describes a 2-course sequence within a community development and planning graduate program that develops students ' cultural humility by integrating community-based participatory research (CBPR) and ongoing reflection. Recommendations for instruction and assessing graduate students ' development of cultural humility emerge from this analysis.
Detection of single base differences using biotinylated nucleotides with very long linker arms

A simple primer extension method for detecting nucleotide differences is based on the substitution of mobility-shifting analogs for natural nucleotides (1). This technique can detect any single-base difference that might occur including previously unknown mutations or polymorphisms. Two technical limitations of the original procedure have now been addressed. First, switching to Thermococcus litoralis DNA polymerase has eliminated variability believed to be due to the addition of an extra, non-templated base to the 3' end of DNA by Taq DNA polymerase. Second, with the analogs used in the original study, the mobility shift induced by a single base change can usually be resolved only in DNA segments 200 nt or smaller. This size limitation has been overcome by synthesizing biotinylated nucleotides with extraordinarily long linker arms (36 atom backbone). Using these new analogs and conventional sequencing gels (0.4 mm thick), mutations in the human beta-hexosaminidase alpha and CYP2D6 genes have been detected in DNA segments up to 300 nt in length. By using very thin (0.15 mm) gels, single-base polymorphisms in the human APOE gene have been detected in 500-nt segments.
Discretionary behaviour and Soviet economic reform

FOUR COMMON THEMES underline most existing studies of Soviet economic reform since World War II. First, problems have been identified in the logical consistency of reform documents, which have typically sought to reduce administrative planning and avoid a significant expansion of markets simultaneously. Second, reform measures have been consistently criticised as not being far-reaching enough to have a significant impact. Many studies also emphasise political resistance to relinquishing power in the party and government apparatus. Finally, social unease about reforms that involve greater responsibility and risk has also been stressed. The failure of the first wave of comprehensive post-Stalin reforms in 1965 is commonly attributed to these four types of problems. Kontorovich (1988) and Kushnirsky (1982) appeal primarily to the first category, arguing that the Soviettype economic system itself rejected the proposed marginal reductions in central control. Other well known analyses of the 1965 experience, such as Schroeder (1973), emphasise the second type of problem, associating failure with the ultimate decision not to abandon the administrative planning mechanism. Also, the failure of the 1965 reform package is often associated with the rise of Brezhnev and the political 'right' in the late 1960s and early 1970s, while the 'Little Deal' between Brezhnev and Soviet workers provided legitimacy in the social sphere (Millar, 1988). The less ambitious reforms of 1979, 1983 and 1985 received similar analytical treatment. Although the comprehensive decrees of 1987-90 propose at least a partial shift to market resource allocation, these measures have also been criticised in this framework. Perhaps the most common theme in recent critiques is the reluctance of the leadership to decree large-scale non-government property rights.1 The sluggishness at the implementation stage has been associated with both anti-reformist political factions in the party and government, as well as the economic inconsistency of pressing the development of wholesale trade without allowing for significant market pricing.2 By appealing to the same four themes as in the past, these studies illuminate important general underlying problems in the reform process in the USSR since World War II. The thesis of this paper is that, despite the unquestionable importance of these four traditional categories of problems, they are insufficient to explain difficulties in Soviet economic reform. This insufficiency is particularly marked in the current period, as the primary obstacle to successful economic reform in the USSR now
A bacterial homolog to the mitochondrial enoyl-CoA hydratase

A 257-amino acid (aa) open reading frame in the photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodobacter capsulatus, shows significant homology to the mitochondrial enoyl-CoA hydratase (290 aa). This similarity in size and sequence suggests that R. capsulatus oxidizes fatty acids using specific components, more like the mitochondrial system than the multifunctional component system of Escherichia coli.
Women's Experience of Co-Occurring Substance Abuse and Mental Health Conditions

ABSTRACT This study explored the relationship between gender and co-occurring substance abuse and mental health conditions among a sample of 754 consumers of behavioral health services in the southwest U.S. Logistic regression was used to determine factors that would predict women's unique experience of dual diagnosis. Women were almost seven times more likely than men in this sample to have a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder in conjunction with substance abuse. Women were also significantly more likely to experience anxiety and mood disorders and to have been married. Implications of these findings for social work practice are suggested.
Nonlinear superposition and absorption of delta waves in one space dimension

In the study of the initial value problem for linear hyperbolic partial differential equations it is usually possible to extend the solution operator from classical to distribution initial data. This extension is useful for several reasons. First, the existence of fundamental solutions allows one to construct other solutions by the superposition principle. Second, distribution data are idealizations of certain kinds of classical initial data: The delta functon is an idealization of a high localized peak, the derivative of a delta function is an idealization of a single sharp localized oscillation, and so forth. If one can understand how the idealized data are propagated, then, with suitable continuity, one has understood some of the essential features of the classical solutions with data which are close to the distribution data. In the linear theory there are many theorems which give precise analytical content to this idea. In the nonlinear case the first reason for studying distribution data is not operative since there is no general superposition principal for nonlinear equations. The second reason is certainly appropriate, however, since one is very interested in the propagation of high peaks, sharp jumps, and
Primary Care Fellowship in Diabetes: An Innovative Program in Postgraduate Diabetes Education

Background: To address the need of caring for the growing number of patients with diabetes, East Carolina University implemented a 1-year fellowship in diabetes. Most of the region has been designated as Health Professional Shortage Areas. Description: The objective of the fellowship is to educate primary care physicians to serve as regional specialists in diabetes. The program is administered by physicians, educators, and representatives of the university's affiliated teaching hospital. The curriculum includes clinical, didactic, and experiential learning strategies in outpatient and inpatient settings. Adult and pediatric endocrinologists, obstetricians, and generalists mentor and evaluate the fellows. Evaluation: This innovative training program has improved the availability of high-quality diabetes care for underserved patients in the region. Mean glycemic control in fellows' patients improved and other clinical endpoints were also met. Conclusions: A 1-year diabetes fellowship is a replicable solutio...
Leaders and the Logic of Political Survival

The Logic of Political Survival. By Bruce Bueno De Mesquita, Alastair Smith, Randolph M. Siverson, James D. Morrow. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003. 536 pp., $40.00 cloth (ISBN: 0-262-02546-9). The Logic of Political Survival is a collective effort by Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, Alastair Smith, Randolph Siverson, and James Morrow to explain how leaders and institutions interact to produce a range of public policies within both the domestic and foreign arenas. The authors offer an account of how institutions influence the selection of leaders, and how the actions of leaders affect their own political survival, along with that of the institutions that spawned them. The general theoretical core of their explanation is grounded in the literatures of political economy and rational choice. The cases that the authors use to test their models draw upon several well-known datasets in international relations and comparative politics, as well as a host of other statistical sources containing economic data on taxation, spending, and so on. The methods applied to these sources include formal modeling, statistical analyses, and historical case studies, supplemented with secondary sources. The results are interpreted in a concluding chapter that offers advice regarding institutional design and the selection of leaders, contingent on the outcomes desired. It is not surprising that this book took four authors a decade and almost 500 pages of text, sans footnotes and references, to complete. In spite of the scope of the analysis and the use of powerful mathematical and statistical methods, The Logic of Political Survival is written in an engaging style that makes the argument accessible to a general reader. The main ideas and their connections appear in the first three chapters. The remainder of the volume is divided into two parts, reflecting the dual focus of the book: the explanation of policies, and the choice of institutions by members of a wide range of societies throughout history. For each chapter, the formal models and their logical …
Generation of optimal code for expressions via factorization

Given a set of expressions which are to be compiled, methods are presented for increasing the efficiency of the object code produced by first factoring the expressions, i.e. finding a set of subexpressions each of which occurs in two or more other expressions or subexpressions. Once all the factors have been ascertained, a sequencing procedure is applied which orders the factors and expressions such that all information is computed in the correct sequence and factors need be retained in memory a minimal amount of time. An assignment algorithm is then executed in order to minimize the total number of temporary storage cells required to hold the results of evaluating the factors. In order to make these techniques computationally feasible, heuristic procedures are applied, and hence global optimal results are not necessarily generated. The factorization algorithms are also applicable to the problem of factoring Boolean switching expressions and of factoring polynomials encountered in symbol manipulating systems.
A Ribosome Dissociation Factor from Rabbit Reticulocytes Distinct from Initiation Factor M3

Abstract A ribosome dissociation factor (DF), from a 0.5 M KCl wash fraction of rabbit-reticulocyte-ribosomes, has been purified by Sephadex G-200, phosphocellulose, DEAE-cellulose, and hydroxyapatite chromatography. The most purified preparation displayed one major and several minor bands on 3.75% acrylamide gels. DF cannot replace IF-M1, IF-M2A, IF-M2B, IF-M2, EF-1, or EF-2 in poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis at low Mg++ concentrations or in endogenous mRNA-directed globin synthesis. Conversely, these initiation and elongation factors showed little or no dissociation activity, even when assayed at levels 5-10 times greater than those required to saturate a polypeptide synthesis assay. Reticulocyte DF thus appears to be a distinct factor.
An NMR study of hindered internal rotation in some unsymmetrically N,N-disubstituted acetamides

Abstract Barriers to internal rotation in a series of four unsymmetrically N,N -disubstituted amides CH 3 CON(CH 3 )R (R = ethyl, isopropyl, n -butyl and cyclohexyl) have been determined from high resolution NMR spectra by total lineshape analysis. A set of values of the rotational barriers in four previously studied N,N -dimethylamides, R′CON(CH 3 ) 2 (R′ = -CH 3 ,-C 2 H 5 , Cl, -CCl 3 ), is also reported to permit a comparison of activation parameters measured in this laboratory with those obtained recently elsewhere by similar methods. Steric factors appear to be of particular importance and larger groups, whether substituted on carbon or nitrogen, consistently reduce the rotational barrier.
General equilibrium with information sales

Consider a general equilibrium model in which information is an indivisible differentiated commodity for which satiation occurs at one unit. Suppose that uncountably many types of information are possible which can be costlessly combined by agents who desire information only because it helps them to maximize state dependent utilities under uncertainty. Similarity of information is expressed by a metric which reflects substitution possibilities among different information structures. Such a large pure exchange economy in which prices for (differentiated) information structures and (finitely many) ordinary commodities are determined simultaneously is consistent - equilibrium distributions exist.
Capecitabine and docetaxel in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer: combination, sequence or single agent?

Abstract Capecitabine is preferentially activated to 5-fluorouracil in tumour tissue by thymidine phosphorylase (TP). When combined with agents known to upregulate TP, such as docetaxel, a synergistic interaction was noted in preclinical models. In a phase III clinical trial, the combination of capecitabine plus docetaxel yielded improved response rates, progression-free survival and an absolute survival benefit of 3 months compared with docetaxel alone. Combination therapy was associated with significantly more diarrhoea, stomatitis, hand–foot syndrome and nausea and vomiting, although dose reductions can reduce these side-effects while maintaining a survival benefit. The superiority of the combination as opposed to the sequential use of these drugs remains unclear. There is interest in developing single-agent capecitabine as first-line treatment for patients with more indolent disease where, as a consequence of improved tolerability, continued use may lead to improvements in overall survival.
Low-temperature opto-galvanic spectroscopy without discharges

A new versatile method for opto-galvanic spectroscopy is described. The method is based on sensitive detection of impedance changes in dilute plasma without the necessity for a self-sustaining discharge. A one-dimensional model for the effect in a high-pressure electron beam pumped gas is developed and tested. Test spectra for the Balmer-α transition in hydrogen, produced by resonant dissociation of excited hydrogen molecules in high pressure Ne, demonstrate the high resolution and sensitivity achievable for potential spectroscopic and chemical kinetics applications.