cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Courtship Anomalies Caused by doublesex Mutations in Drosophila melanogaster

The role played by the sex-determining gene doublesex (dsx) and its influence on Drosophila courtship were examined. Against a background of subnormal male-like behavior that is reported to be an attribute of haplo-X flies homozygous for the original dsx mutation, and given that a sex-specific muscle is unaffected by genetic variation at this locus, analyses of several reproductive behaviors and control for genetic background effects indicated that XY dsx mutants are impaired in their willingness to court females. When they did court, certain behavioral actions were normal, including components of courtship song. However, these mutants never produced courtship humming sounds. Mature XY dsx flies elicited anomalously high levels of courtship; that this occurs merely because of a delay in imaginal development was experimentally discounted. The current analysis reconciled two ostensibly conflicting reports involving the courtship-stimulating qualities of this mutant type. Such experiments also uncovered a new behavioral anomaly: dsx mutations caused chromosomal males to court other males at abnormally high levels. These results are discussed from the perspective of doublesex's influence on internal tissues of adult Drosophila involved in the triggering and neural control of male- and female-like elements of courtship, reproductive pheromone production, or a combination of such factors.
Parahydrogen conversion and magnetocatalytic effects over yttria and lutetia

Abstract Yttria (Y 2 O 3 ) and lutetia (Lu 2 O 3 ) pretreated in hydrogen above 550 °C become effective catalysts for the ortho-parahydrogen conversion by the magnetic mechanism. The source of activity in each case appears to be the paramagnetic 2+ ion, Y 2+ or Lu 2+ . This view is supported by electron spin resonance measurements. The rate of conversion is strongly influenced by a magnetic field of a few oersteds. Over lutetia a field of 40 Oe applied to the catalyst decreases the rate by 42%, and the presence of the Earth's field may readily be demonstrated. Some recent theoretical work is consistent with these magnetocatalytic results.
Competitive ability, body size and geographical range size in small mammals

Aim Why are some species widespread and abundant while others are restricted and rare? Darwin (1859) and others have claimed that some species have become widespread because they are competitively dominant over related, geographically restricted species. An alternative hypothesis is that wide-ranging species are ecological generalists that have been able to opportunistically colonize many kinds of new, disturbed and/or marginal habitats, whereas related narrow-ranging species are ecological specialists that competitively dominate specific kinds of relatively stable habitats/resources. We tested these opposing hypotheses using small mammals, for which considerable data on competitive interactions and geographical range sizes are available. Location North America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. Methods We analysed data for forty-three competitive interactions between congeneric species in twenty genera, seven families, and four orders of small mammals. Competitive dominance was identified from both field and laboratory experiments, which were lumped because they showed similar results. Results We found that (1) when all studies were analysed as individual data points, species with smaller geographical ranges tended to be dominant over congeneric species with larger geographical ranges, (2) lumping of interaction pairs sharing one or more of the same species yielded a similar result, (3) lumping all interactions involving the same genus also showed the same result, although it was not statistically significant, probably because of the small sample size resulting from this attempt to remove phylogenetic effects. Examination of the taxonomic relationships of the studied genera revealed no obvious phylogenetic effects on the relationship of competitive dominance with geographical range size. Furthermore, although body-size differences appeared to have played a role in the results observed, they cannot completely explain them. Main conclusions We tentatively conclude that Darwin's hypothesis is falsified for small mammals, while the alternative hypothesis that geographically restricted species are competitively dominant over related widespread species receives some support.
The association of proximal femoral shape and incident radiographic hip OA in elderly women.

Summary Purpose Variations in femoral head shape are reported to predict incident hip osteoarthritis (OA). This study evaluated if proximal femur shape at baseline was a risk factor for incident radiographic hip OA (RHOA) after 8.3 years of follow-up in a cohort of elderly Caucasian women. Methods Supine pelvic radiographs were obtained as part of the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) at baseline and Visit 5 (8.3 years later), and were scored for RHOA. A nested case–control study was performed: hips were eligible for inclusion if they had no prevalent RHOA in either hip at baseline. Cases of incident RHOA were defined as no RHOA at baseline and RHOA in their right hip present at Visit 5 [or right total hip replacement (THR) for OA between baseline for follow-up] and a random selection of one half of all incident RHOA cases plus right THR cases ( n =102) were chosen. A random selection ( n =249) of control subjects who had no RHOA in their right hip at both baseline and follow-up visit were included for comparison. The shape of the right proximal femur was outlined on a digitized baseline radiograph and a statistical image analysis technique, Active Shape Modeling (ASM), was used to generate 10 unique and independent "modes" or variations in shape, which explained 95% of the variance in the shape of the proximal femurs studied. Any hip shape was therefore described as the average shape plus a linear combination of these 10 independent modes of variation. The values for each of these 10 modes for each hip analyzed were entered into a logistic regression model as independent predictors of incident RHOA adjusting for covariates. Results The incident RHOA cases were slightly taller, heavier and had higher total hip bone mineral density (BMD) than control subjects ( P P Conclusion These results suggest that variations in the relative sizes of the femoral head and neck at baseline are modest determinants of incident RHOA in elderly Caucasian women.
Temperature Dependences of Isotope Effects

It is shown that the harmonic‐vibrational contributions to an isotope effect can by themselves lead to several types of temperature‐dependence “anomalies,” including inflections, maxima, minima, and “cross‐overs,” in a plot of the logarithm of an isotopic equilibrium‐constant or rate‐constant ratio vs temperature (or vs logarithm of temperature). In a series of calculations for a large number of 15N and 18O isotope‐exchange equilibria among fourteen simple oxynitrogen compounds, such “anomalies” are found in 15 of the 91 15N exchanges considered and in 97 of the 153 18O exchanges considered. The significance of the prevalence of temperature‐dependence “anomalies” to equilibrium and kinetic isotope‐effect studies is discussed.
Radiometric Age (Late Ordovician) of the Quincy, Cape Ann, and Peabody Granites from Eastern Massachusetts

A geochronologic study of several intrusive bodies of alkalic granite from eastern Massachusetts yields the following radiometric ages (in millions of years). ![Formula][1] The zircon ages show only mild internal discordancies and most diffusion models used to discuss U-Th-Pb isotopic systematics would give a true age about equal to that of the Pb207/Pb206 value. When plotted on a concordia diagram, the zircon data indicate a time of emplacement of 450 ± 25 m.y. for all three granite bodies. This Late Ordovician age for post-tectonic granites suggests that revisions in the commonly accepted geologic interpretation of eastern Massachusetts may be required. Previously, because of their massive, undeformed nature, the alkalic rocks were generally regarded as being Mississippian or Devonian in age and younger than the Early to Middle Devonian Acadian orogeny. The amphibole K-Ar and whole-rock Rb-Sr systems have responded in a complex way to postcrystallization disturbances. We interpret the pattern of ages for the Quincy Granite to reflect a late Paleozoic(?), low-temperature alteration that accompanied extensive faulting, and the patterns of ages for the Cape Ann and Peabody Granites to reflect a Devonian heating possibly related to contact metamorphism by a nearby mafic pluton. [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
The Ranschburg effect: Modification of guessing strategies by context

A guessing strategy interpretation of the Ranschburg effect-poor recall of repeated items in a short sequence-was tested by manipulating repetition frequency in the surrounding sequence. Three groups of 32 college students were tested with high-, low-, and mixed-repetition structure lists. The usual Ranschburg effect was obtained in the low-repetition group, but no significant differences were found on the high-repetition group. Performance in the mixed-repetition structure group was intermediate, but comparison of high and low sublists within the mixed condition revealed nearly identical performance for both sublists, more similar to the separate high-repetition group than to the low group.
Estimating the Risk of Future Reading Difficulties in Kindergarten Children: A Research-Based Model and Its Clinical Implementation.

Purpose: Speech-language pathologists have the skills and knowledge needed to play an important role in the early identification of children who are at risk for reading difficulties. Whereas resear...
Microbial gifts from rain forests

It appears that all higher plants are hosts to one or more endophytic microbes. These organisms reside in the tissues between and among living plant cells. The relationship that they establish with the plant varies from symbiotic to pathogenic. Of the estimated 500 000 plant species on the planet, less than a handful have had their endophytic microflora studied. As a result, the opportunity of finding new and interesting microorganisms within the myriad of the world's plants is great. In addition, in the case of a microbe being symbiotic, new and unusual organic substances may be discovered that contribute to the host-microbe relationship while at the same time providing new and interesting bioactive compounds that may find uses in medicine, industry, and agriculture. Some of the compounds that we have discovered in endophytic microbes are taxol, cryptocin, cryptocandin, and ambuic acid. This review discusses an approach to bioprospecting the rain forests, not only to understand them, but to realize the i...
VERTICAL EDDY FLUX OF HEAT IN THE ATMOSPHERE

Abstract The thermodynamics of open systems is developed for a special atmospheric system in order to obtain a precise definition of the vertical eddy flux of heat. The upward eddy flux of heat per unit area is 〈ρV′zh〉, where ρ is density, V′z is a specially defined fluctuation of the vertical component of velocity, and h is specific enthalpy. In terms of the eddy diffusivity K1, the unit-area flux of sensible heat is –KρδȲd/δz1, where z is height and Yd ≡ cpT + ϕ and, in turn, cp is isobaric specific heat, T is temperature, and ϕ is geopotential. The heat flux including the latent-heat flux due to the flux of water vapor is −KρδȲt/δz, where Yt ≡ cpdTe + ϕ and, in turn, cpd is the isobaric specific heat of dry air and Te, is equivalent temperature. Other expressions can replace these general expressions under stated conditions. Under some conditions the rate of loss of heat from the ocean surface by evaporation and conduction to the air, for a given distribution of eddy diffusivity, depends only on the ...
Proportions of mammalian-type and reptilian-type nephrons in the kidneys of two passerine birds.

We compared the proportions of mammalian-type and reptilian-type nephrons in the kidneys of two species of passerine birds. The desert house sparrow (Passer domesticus) is relatively well adapted for water conservation, whereas the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) is more mesic adapted. The two species do not differ in body mass, but the kidneys of P. domesticus are significantly smaller than those of Z. leucophrys. Associated with its smaller size, the house sparrow kidney has significantly fewer glomeruli (35,700 per kidney) than does the white-crowned sparrow kidney (53,000 per kidney). The medullary cones, which contain the loops of Henle of the mammalian-type nephrons, are significantly longer in house sparrows than in white-crowned sparrows (2.2 vs. 1.9 mm). The number of medullary cones, the number of nephrons per medullary cone, and, hence, the number of mammalian-type nephrons do not differ between the two species. The smaller number of nephrons in the kidney of the house sparrow therefore represents a smaller number of reptilian-type nephrons. Desert house sparrows have 18% mammalian-type nephrons, whereas white-crowned sparrows have 10% mammaliantype nephrons. The relative reduction of reptilian-type nephrons in P. domesticus may reduce the flow of dilute urine through the collecting ducts, thereby permitting a greater concentration gradient to be established along the length of the medullary cones.
Combat Near-Death Experiences: An Exploratory Study

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to add to the professional literature regarding combat near-death experiences (cNDEs) and to help clinicians and experiencers (cNDErs) recognize this phenomenon as an experience that is not indicative of mental illness. cNDErs were military personnel whose NDEs occurred during active combat or sequelae. Sixty-eight self-reported survivors of combat-related close brushes with death completed an online survey that included the Near-Death Experience Scale1 (NDE Scale), the Life-Changes Inventory-Revised2, and a few open-ended questions. Respondents were 20 cNDErs—participants who scored at least 7 on the NDE Scale—and 48 non-NDErs. Compared to NDErs from two methodologically similar studies, cNDErs scored lower on Bonferroni corrected t-tests than NDErs on the NDE Scale overall3 (p < 0.0003) and on Affective and Transcendental subscales; they scored higher on the Cognitive subscale1 (p < 0.0007). In Life-Changes Inventory-Revised total change and six of seven value clus...
What is the most cost-effective advertising strategy for alcohol pharmacotherapy clinical trials?

s / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 146 (2015) e2–e33 e5 and TM use patterns and preferences pertaining to their substance treatment. Results: Mobile phone ownership was common (93%) with no significant differences in ownership among self-reported homeless, recently incarcerated, and unemployed respondents. Most reported sending or receiving TM (93%) and reporting ‘very much’ or ‘somewhat’ comfort sending TM (79%). Contacting buprenorphine providers by phone (30%) or TM (17%) was uncommon, however most preferred to use either form of communication to reach their provider (67%). Older patients received less TM (25) compared to younger age groups (128) yet were as interested as the rest of the clinic population to have their provider’s mobile phone number (96%) and send TM if at risk of relapse (78%). Conclusions:Ourfindingshighlight the acceptability of enhancing patient-provider mobile phone and TM communications in a public sector, office-based buprenorphine clinic, even among respondents that were not comfortable in using TM. Although mobile phone ownership was very common, frequent turnover in phone ownership and changing phone numbers highlights challenges in feasibility for any future mhealth interventions in this clinical setting. Financial Support: Babak Tofighi is supported by a NRSA T32: Postdoctoral Primary Care Research Training Program (HRSA T32HP22238-01-00) and the Research in AddictionMedicine Scholars Program (R25DA03211). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.694 What is the most cost-effective advertising strategy for alcohol pharmacotherapy clinical trials? David A. Tompkins, Joseph A. Harrison, Eric C. Strain Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United
Trichloroethylene exposure and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: supportive evidence

We appreciate the interest in our recent meta-analysis of occupational trichloroethylene (TCE) exposure and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) ( Occup Environ Med 2007; 64 :352). Three criticisms were mentioned as being “serious limitations”: (1) that the alternative descriptions of the Group I occupational cohort studies (multiple industry vs aerospace, incidence vs mortality and Europe vs US studies) should have been characterised and discussed a priori; (2) that mortality and incidence data should not be combined in a meta-analysis; and (3) our interpretation that the epidemiological data are not supportive of a causal relation is wrong …
Algebraic evaluation of disjunctive deductive databases

An algebraic approach to evaluate non-Horn rules in disjunctive databases is presented. Tabular structures, called C-tables, are used to represent disjunctive facts. Algebraic operations on C-tables are used to evaluate non-Horn rules. A new operator called Project-Or is introduced which enables us to compute disjunctive facts implied by the non-Horn rules.
Parametric cubics as algebraic curves

Abstract This paper provides first a general background in the algebraic curve theory of cubics. The specific topics covered are double points, inflection points, tangent lines, three standard curves and the slope parameterization. Then parametric cubics are discussed in this context. Specific topics covered are double points, inflection points, tangent lines, degenerate cubic parameterizations, the inverse problem, and finding the implicit equation. All of these topics are presented so as to be easily translatable into computer algorithms.
Intrabody and Parkinson’s disease

The intrabody technology has become a promising therapeutic avenue for a variety of incurable diseases. This technology is an intracellular application of gene-engineered antibodies, aimed at ablating the abnormal function of intracellular molecules. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease with no cure. Recent studies have explored possible intrabody applications against alpha-synuclein (α-syn), whose misfolding is believed to cause a familial form of PD. Here, we review the origin, production, and therapeutic mechanisms of intrabodies and the potential of intrabody protection against α-syn toxicity. Furthermore, we propose possible intrabody applications against leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), whose mutations are the most frequent known cause of familial and sporadic PD.
High order maximum principle preserving semi-Lagrangian finite difference WENO schemes for the Vlasov equation

In this paper, we propose the parametrized maximum principle preserving (MPP) flux limiter, originally developed in [37], to the semi-Lagrangian finite difference weighted essentially non-oscillatory scheme for solving the Vlasov equation. The MPP flux limiter is proved to maintain up to fourth order accuracy for the semi-Lagrangian finite difference scheme without any time step restriction. Numerical studies on the Vlasov-Poisson system demonstrate the performance of the proposed method and its ability in preserving the positivity of the probability distribution function while maintaining the high order accuracy.
Two-stage model of memory trace formation: a role for "noisy" brain states.

Review of the normally occurring neuronal patterns of the hippocampus suggests that the two principal cell types of the hippocampus, the pyramidal neurons and granule cells, are maximally active during different behaviors. Granule cells reach their highest discharge rates during theta-concurrent exploratory activities, while population synchrony of pyramidal cells is maximum during immobility, consummatory behaviors, and slow wave sleep associated with field sharp waves. Sharp waves reflect the summed postsynaptic depolarization of large numbers of pyramidal cells in the CA1 and subiculum as a consequence of synchronous discharge of bursting CA3 pyramidal neurons. The trigger for the population burst in the CA3 region is the temporary release from subcortical tonic inhibition. An overview of the experimentally explored criteria of synaptic enhancement (intensity, frequency, and pattern of postsynaptic depolarization, calcium influx, cooperativity, threshold) suggests that these requirements may be present during sharp wave-concurrent population bursts of pyramidal cells. Experimental evidence is cited showing that (a) population bursts in CA3 may lead to long-term potentiation in their postsynaptic CA1 targets, (b) tetanizing stimuli are capable of increasing the synchrony of the sharp wave-burst, and (c) activity patterns of the neocortical input to the hippocampus determine which subgroup of CA3 neurons will trigger subsequently occurring population bursts (initiator cells). Based on the experimental evidence reviewed a formal model of memory trace formation is outlined. During exploratory (theta) behaviors the neocortical information is transmitted to the hippocampus via the fast-firing granule cells which may induce a weak and transient heterosynaptic potentiation in a subgroup of CA3 pyramidal cells. The weakly potentiated CA3 neurons will then initiate population bursts upon the termination of exploratory activity (sharp wave state). It is assumed that recurrent excitation during the population burst is strongest on those cells which initiated the population event. It is suggested that the strong excitatory drive brought about by the sharp wave-concurrent population bursts during consummatory behaviors, immobility, and slow wave sleep may be sufficient for the induction of long-term synaptic modification in the initiator neurons of the CA3 region and in their targets in CA1. In this two-stage model both exploratory (theta) and sharp wave states of the hippocampus are essential and any interference that might modify the structure of the population bursts (e.g. epileptic spikes) is detrimental to memory trace formation.
Myocardial Ischemia Caused By Coronary- Pulmonary Fistula and Coronary Atherosclerosis

A 57-year-old woman suffered from atypical angina after a myocardial in farction. Coronary artery occlusive dis ease and fistula between the coronary artery and pulmonary artery was iden tified by cardiac catheterization. The result of medical treatment was border line, and she did not respond to nitro glycerin as is expected in coronary oc clusive disease. Following surgical clo sure of the fistula and myocardial re vascularization, her angina subsided and she was pain-free for more than 1 year.
Change in complementation patterns and enzyme activity of pyrimidine-3 mutants of Neurospora crassa by induced reversion

Abstract Polar-complementing pyrimidine-3 mutants that lack both carbamyl phosphate synthetase and asparate transcarbamylase were tested for their ability to have either of their 2 functions restored by mutation. Such partial reversions restoring only the aspartate transcarbamylase function were recovered from some, but not all, of the alleles tested. No polar allele tested could be partially reverted to the other singly defective type. The partial reversion of one frame-shift allele was subsequently fully reverted by nitrous acid mutagenesis. The results derived from partial reversion confirm the locations of the 2 enzyme activities within the pyr-3 gene, and show that am polar mutant in a carbamyl phosphate synthetase-specific region loses aspartate transcarbamylase activity as a result of its polarity.
Identification of a stimulator of steroid hormone synthesis isolated from testis

Gonadal steroidogenesis is regulated by pituitary gonadotropins and a locally produced, unidentified factor. A 70-kilodalton (kD) protein complex secreted from rat Sertoli cells was isolated. The complex, composed of 28- and 38-kD proteins, stimulated steroidogenesis by Leydig cells and ovarian granulosa cells in a dose-dependent and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-independent manner. The follicle-stimulating hormone-induced 28-kD protein appeared to be responsible for the bioactivity, but the 38-kD protein was indispensable for maximal activity. The 28- and 38-kD proteins were shown to be identical to the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and the proenzyme form of cathepsin L, respectively. Thus, a TIMP-1-procathepsin L complex is a potent activator of steroidogenesis and may regulate steroid concentrations and, thus, germ cell development in both males and females.
The buddy wire technique : Accessing lateral coronary veins while maintaining coronary sinus position

There is compelling data to place the coronary sinus lead (CSL) in a lateral or posterolateral tributary. Coronary sinus venography often demonstrates the absence of easily accessible lateral veins or those with sufficient size to accommodate the CSL. The operator may choose to deploy the CSL in the anterior vein but publications and experience highlight the lack of resynchronization benefit when the CSL is deployed in this location. There is often a posterolateral vessel or the middle cardiac vein (MCV) originating from near the coronary sinus (CS) os. These vessels require the operator to pull the CS guide essentially out of the CS to allow successful access. Cannulation of the coronary sinus (CS) is often challenging, and the risk of losing access to the CS may dissuade the implanter from attempting access to a vessel near the CS os. We describe a technique to access vessels near the CS os while maintaining secure position in the main body of the CS.
Gated memory control for memory monitoring, leak detection and garbage collection

In the past, program monitoring often operates at the code level, performing checks at function and loop boundaries. Recent research shows that profiling analysis can identify high-level phases in complex binary code. Examples are time steps in scientific simulations and service cycles in utility programs. Because of their larger size and more predictable behavior, program phases make it possible for more accurate and longer term predictions of program behavior, especially its memory usage. This paper describes a new approach that uses phase boundaries as the gates to monitor and control the memory usage. In particular, it presents three techniques: memory usage monitoring, object lifetime classification, and preventive memory management. They use phase-level patterns to predict the trend of the program's memory demand, identify and control memory leaks, improve the efficiency of garbage collection. The potential of the new techniques is demonstrated on two non-trivial applications---a C compiler and a Lisp interpreter.
Rate-dependent effects of d-amphetamine on locomotor activity in mice: possible relationship to paradoxical amphetamine sedation in minimal brain dysfunction.

Abstract Following a week of habituation to an activity cage, the locomotor activity of mice following a single dose (0, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 or 15.0 mg/kg) of d-amphetamine was measured. At all doses except 0 (saline), the effect of d-amphetamine on activity was inversely correlated with pre-drug baseline activity. These results demonstrate rate-dependent effects of d-amphetamine on locomotor activity and suggest that hyperkinesis per se would predispose to a sedative action of amphetamines in minimal brain dysfunction.
Effects of neonatal monosodium glutamate (MSG) treatment on the hormonal and central monoaminergic dynamics associated with acute ether stress in the male rat.

Abstract Neonatal treatment with monosodium glutamate (MSG) induces severe neurochemical damage to several brain regions, and these lesions are expressed in adult life by a variety of endocrine and behavioral abnormalities. The present study analyzes the extent of the neurochemical damage to several monoaminergic systems by evaluating the changes in norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) metabolism induced by the neurotoxin in several discrete hypothalamic loci. Moreover, the study also evaluated the ability of MSG-treated rats to respond to acute ether stress, by measuring the release of ACTH and prolactin induced by ether and correlating those changes with the alterations in monoamine metabolism in the arcuate (AN), dorsomedial (DMN), and suprachiasmatic (SCN) nuclei and in the median eminence (ME). The results indicate that MSG treatment induces marked changes in monoamine metabolism in several of the regions examined. The metabolite of DA, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, was markedly depressed in the AN, SCN, and DMN. NE metabolism was also significantly lower in the AN of MSG-treated animals. 5-HT metabolism was also altered by MSG treatment, with significant decrements recorded in the SCN, DMN, and AN. Both control and MSG-treated rats showed highly significant increments in ACTH and PRL release 5 and 15 min after exposure to ether vapors. The only quantitative difference between the two groups was a smaller increment in ACTH levels 5 min after ether in the MSG group. Ether stress increased DA metabolism in the AN, NE metabolism in the AN and DMN, and 5-HT metabolism in the SCN in control animals. With the exception of the latter, all these changes in amine metabolism were also observed in the MSG rats. In addition, increased NE and DA metabolism was recorded in the SCN and DMN of MSG-treated rats. The results indicate that although MSG treatment causes severe changes in amine metabolism in discrete brain regions, neither the neurochemical nor the hormone response to ether stress appears to be greatly affected. The additional changes in monoamine metabolism observed in MSG rats after ether may represent part of a compensatory mechanism evoked by the central nervous system in adaptation to the neonatally-induced neurochemical deficits.
Kuhn's Alternative Path: Science and the Social Resistance to Criticism

One of Thomas Kuhn's most important contributions to the epistemology of science has been overlooked and underanalyzed. Specifically, Kuhn was one of the first to approach the philosophy of science by examining the dynamics of scientific communities. I will show how this approach is vital to the epistemology of science by showing how two dynamics that Kuhn discusses, shared tacit knowledge and professional hierarchies, directly bear on Popper's epistemic thesis that the possibility of criticism is the crucial feature of science. Without this methodological shift, the potential social hindrances to science being a critical enterprise remain beyond the scope of our philosophies.
The temperature dependence of the isotope effect for the diffusion of Na+ in NaCl

Abstract The isotope effect for the diffusion of Na + in Harshaw NaCl crystals has been measured in the temperature range 589–796°C. The diffusion coefficients of Na + in NaCl are give by D = 7 7 exp ( - 2 ⋅ 0 4 ± 0 ⋅ 0 2 eV k T ) cm 2 / sec ⁡ . The isotope effect, f Δ K , decreases as the temperature increases, indicating a vacancy pair contribution to the self-diffusion of Na + in NaCl. This contribution reaches 30–45 per cent near the melting point. The temperature dependence of f Δ K and D suggests f Δ K is ≤ 0·2 for Na + diffusion by means of vacancy pairs. This implies that, if Δ K for diffusion by vacancy pairs is greater than 0·8, f pairs is ≤ 0·25, and hence the ratio of Cl − jumps by pairs to Na + jumps by pairs must be less than 0·1. Also, a large entropy for Na + diffusion by vacancy pairs is indicated.
The Radial Dependence of the Tensor Force in the Deuteron

The properties of the deuteron are discussed by means of a neutron-proton potential consisting of but two terms: ordinary force and tensor force, with different radial dependences. Assuming the latter to be square wells of different ranges, the wave functions corresponding to selected pairs of radii for the ordinary and tensor wells are computed, and from these the quadrupole moment is calculated. In summary, the results indicate that (a) no special pair of ranges appears preferred in the light of scattering experiments and of the comparison between observed and calculated magnetic moments, (b) the binding energies of heavy nuclei apparently limit the ordinary force range to about (2.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm, and (c) all empirical data may be fitted, within experimental error, by a very simple potential with equal ranges: $\ensuremath{-}[1+{S}_{12}]J(r)$, with $J(r)$ a square well of depth 13.25 Mev, and of radius 2.663\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm.
Optimal operation of thermoelectric cooler driven by solar thermoelectric generator

Abstract The possibility of using a solar thermoelectric generator (TEG) to drive a small thermoelectric cooler (TEC) is studied in the present work. The study includes the theory of both the TEG and the TEC, giving special consideration to determination of the number of TEG modules required to power the TEC to achieve the best performance of the TEG–TEC system all year round. Commercially available thermoelectric modules (TE) are used in the system. The TEG contains 49 thermocouples and the TEC contains 127 thermocouples. A simple arrangement of plane reflectors that are designed to receive maximum solar energy during noon time is used to heat the TEG. Performance tests are conducted to determine both the physical properties and the performance curves of the available TE modules. Also, empirical relations describing the performance of the TEG and TEC modules have been established. These relations are used to develop a mathematical model simulating the TEG–TEC system to predict its performance all year round under the actual climatic conditions of Cairo, Egypt (30°N latitude). The model results are used to determine the number of TEG modules required to drive a single TEC module at maximum cooling capacity. The results show that five thermocouples of the TEG can drive one thermocouple of the TEC, which coincides with the previous theory of the TEG–TEC. This means that 10 of the used TEG modules are required to power the used TEC at optimum performance most times of the year.
Comprehensive computed tomography assessment of the upper cervical anatomy: what is normal?

Abstract Background context High-speed computed tomography (CT) exams have replaced traditional radiographs for assessment of cervical spine injuries in many emergency departments. Recent evidence demonstrates that even subtle displacements can indicate significant upper cervical spine injuries. Many different anatomical measurements have been described in the upper cervical spine to date, most of them based on X-ray. The range of anatomical relationships that exist in an uninjured population must be known to reliably detect abnormal relations. The measurements with the lowest normal variation are likely to be most useful in detecting injuries. Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe the normal quantitative anatomical relationships as well as the threshold measurements most likely to detect injury in the upper cervical spine. Study design/Setting Retrospective anatomical case review. Patient sample Seventy-six thin-sliced cervical CT scans randomly selected from a trauma population, all negative for injury in the cervical spine. Methods Forty-two different anatomical measurements were made of the upper cervical spine. These included traditional historical measurements and other detailed dimensions to characterize occipitocervical (OC) and atlantoaxial (AA) joint relationships. Results After review of all the anatomical measurements performed in the upper cervical spine, direct measurements of the joint space had the least variation. The mean OC joint space was 0.6 mm, with an upper 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1 mm at the most anterior or posterior aspects of the joints. This was true for both sagittal and coronal measurements. The mean AA joint space was 0.6 mm, with an upper 95% CI of 1.2 mm at the lateral aspect of the joint on the coronal image only. The midsagittal structures demonstrated significantly higher standard deviation and variability. Conclusions These results revealed consistently narrow joint spaces and left-right symmetry in the upper cervical spine joints that do not vary according to demographics. There was distinctly greater consistency in the coronal plane, which enabled more precise diagnostic measurement and side-to-side comparison of measurements. This precision will enable more accurate identification of abnormal scans, which should prompt consideration for additional workup. Thus, better understanding of these relationships may enable earlier detection of subtle craniocervical dissociative injuries based on CT scan data. This is important, because the only evidence of a severe injury on CT can be subtle misalignment.
Distributing net-enabled federal aviation administration (FAA) weather data

The FAA, under the System Wide Information Management (SWIM) Program, is pursuing development of net-enabled services together with underlying technologies to implement new data sharing capabilities in the National Airspace System (NAS). SWIM offers a means to achieve a dynamic and flexible operating environment using network- enabling technologies that increase agility, improve interoperability and increase data sharing among users. This paper describes plans currently under consideration by the FAA and SWIM to develop net-enabled services to promote the efficient distribution of FAA weather data for terminal, en- route, and traffic flow operations. The services will be designed to support interfaces for both human- to-machine as well as machine-to-machine communication. Weather services will also be available for design-time discovery by prospective consumers to facilitate a common weather picture for the aviation community. This paper concludes with a description of future plans for distribution of FAA weather data by SWIM that provide incremental steps towards the strategy and roadmap being developed by the Joint Planning and Development Office (JPDO) and the FAA's NextGen Network Enabled Weather (NNEW) program. Future plans include possible access to sensor and model weather data and enhanced implementations of SWIM service registries to facilitate future concepts of net-enabled NAS operations.
The Kimball Free-Cloud Model: A Failed Innovation in Chemical Education?

This historical review traces the origins of the Kimball free-cloud model of the chemical bond, otherwise known as the charge-cloud or tangent-sphere model, and the central role it played in attempts to reform the introductory chemical curriculum at both the high school and college levels in the 1960s. It also critically evaluates the limitations of the model, its current implicit role in the teaching of VSEPR theory, and its pedagogical implications, as well as providing a resource paper for those chemical educators interested in exploring its present-day applications.
Cars spectrum of O2− formed by the trapping of photo-generated electrons on a ZnO surface

Abstract Using the planar optical waveguide geometry, two-photon absorption in ZnO generates electrons which are trapped by physisorbed O 2 . The CARS spectrum of transient O 2 − on a ZnO surface indicates the presence of at least three bound species with vibrational frequencies of 1121, 1133 and 1142 cm −1 . The required CARS sensitivity in a UHV environment was achieved by establishing an interference condition within a ZnO waveguide to eliminate the contribution from the non-resonant susceptibility of the ZnO.
Adjunctive mirror exposure for eating disorders: A randomized controlled pilot study

Abstract Mirror exposure therapy has proven efficacious in improving body image among individuals with shape/weight concerns and eating disorders. No randomized controlled trials have examined the effect of mirror exposure in a healthy-weight clinical sample of eating disordered individuals. The purpose of the current study was to test the efficacy of a five-session acceptance based mirror exposure therapy (A-MET) versus a non directive body image therapy (ND) control as an adjunctive treatment to outpatient eating disorder treatment. Thirty-three males and females aged 14–65 with a body mass index of 18.5–29.9 were randomized to five sessions of A-MET or ND with a 1-month follow-up. Results indicated large to moderate effect size differences for efficacy of A-MET across measures of body checking, body image dissatisfaction, and eating disorder symptoms ( d = −0.38 to −1.61) at end of treatment and follow-up. Baseline measures of social comparison and history of appearance-related teasing were predictive of treatment response. There were also differential effects of treatment on participants' perceived homework quality, but no differences in therapeutic alliance. Results suggest that A-MET is a promising adjunctive treatment for residual body image disturbance among normal and overweight individuals undergoing treatment for an eating disorder. Future research and clinical implications are discussed.
Effects of lead on neuromuscular transmission in the frog.

The acute effects of Pb2+ on synaptic transmission at the frog neuromuscular junction were measured using conventional microelectrode techniques. Experiments were performed on preparations bathed in high magnesium/low calcium Ringer solution in order to record subthreshold endplate potentials (EPPs). The effects of Pb2+ on the muscle membrane and postsynaptic membrane were minimal since relatively high doses of Pb2+ caused no significant change in the input resistance of the muscle fiber and in the amplitude of the acetylcholine (ACh) iontophoteric potential when the ACh micropipette was highly localized. However, when the ACh micropipette was moved away from the receptors, the resulting ACh potential was reduced significantly by Pb2+. Pb2+ is a potent blocker of the EPP. Extracellular recordings from motor nerve terminals showed that endplate currents (EPCs) were reduced by Pb2+ while the nerve terminal potentials were unaffected. Therefore, Pb2+ blocks evoked transmitter release at a step following the depolarization of the nerve terminal. The blocking effect on the EPP was overcome when [Ca2+]o was raised. The log-log relationship between [Ca2+]o (abscissa) and EPP amplitude was shifted to the right in the presence of 1 microM Pb2+; the mean +/- S.E. slopes were 4.16 +/- 0.12 (control) and 4.05 +/- 0.13 (Pb2+). Reciprocal plots relating [Ca2+]o-1 to (EPP)-1/5 confirmed that Pb2+ competitively antagonized the action of Ca2+. The dissociation constant between Pb2+ and the Ca2+ receptor site was found to be 0.99 microM. Pb2+ is about 3 X 10(3) times more potent than is Mg2+, about 150 times more potent than is either Mn2+ or Co2+, and about 3 times more potent than Cd2+ is in blocking evoked release of ACh. After Pb2+ decreased the EPP, the MEPP frequency began to increase; this was probably the result of intracellular Pb2+ disrupting the Ca2+ sequestering activity of mitochondria and/or other intraterminal organelles. [Ca2+]i was thereby increased and an increase in MEPP frequency followed. Decreased MEPP amplitudes were observed when the MEPP frequency had been increased by Pb2+. Pb2+ may affect most chemical synapses in a manner which is similar to its effects on the neuromuscular junction and that this may be one of its important neurotoxic effects.
Partial and complete trisomy 9: delineation of a trisomy 9 syndrome.

Two infants with trisomy involving chromosome 9 are described. One had complete trisomy 9 and the other karyotype 47,XX,+der(9),t(7;9)(p22;q32)mat. A trisomy 9 syndrome is delineated, consisting of features of the trisomy 9p syndrome and various other malformations. These include abnormalities of the cardiovascular and urogenital systems, cranial suture anomalies, dislocation of the hips and knees and early death. A possible relationship of some of these findings to regions of 9q involved in cases of partial trisomy 9 is suggested.
Goal Directed Adaptive Behavior in Second-Order Neural Networks: The MAXSON family of architectures

The paper presents a neural network architecture (MAXSON) based on second-order connections that can learn a multiple goal approach/avoid task using reinforcement from the environment. It also enables an agent to learn vicariously, from the successes and failures of other agents. The paper shows that MAXSON can learn certain spatial navigation tasks much faster than traditional Q-learning, as well as learn goal directed behavior, increasing the agent's chances of long-term sur vival. The paper shows that an extension of MAXSON (V-MAXSON) enables agents to learn vicariously, and this improves the overall survivability of the agent population.
Beta-lactam antibiotics: Newer formulations and newer agents

beta-Lactam antibiotics share a common structure and mechanism of action, although they differ in their spectrum of antimicrobial activity and utility in treating different infections. The current classes include the penicillins, the penicillinase-resistant penicillins, the extended- spectrum penicillins, the cephalosporins, the carbapenems, and the monobactams. This article discusses some of the newest beta-lactams available for use in the United States: ertapenem, cefditoren, and cefepime. A new formulation of amoxicillin-clavulanate, which contains higher doses of amoxicillin, is also discussed.
The immune response to a subdominant epitope in myelin basic protein exon-2 results in immunity to intra-and intermolecular dominant epitopes

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was induced in SJL/J mice by adoptive transfer of a MBP exon-2 peptide-specific T cell line. The T cell line, when tested for antigen specificity, reacted strongly with exon-2 peptide, but not with MBP peptides pAc1-11, p43-88, p89-101 or PLP p139-151. The specificity of splenic or lymph node T cells isolated from mice with acute or first relapse EAE induced by adoptive transfer of the exon-2-specific T cell line was identical to the transferred line. Splenocytes or lymphocytes isolated from mice at the second relapse were reactive with MBP p43-88, p89-101 and PLP p139-151 in addition to exon-2 peptide and MBP peptide Ac1-11. T cell lines selected by culture with MBP exon-2 peptide or PLP p139-151 from splenic cells from mice with relapsing EAE were weakly encephalitogenic; however, T cell lines selected from the same mice with MBP pAc1-11 were not encephalitogenic. T cells from the exon-2 and p139-151 T cell lines primed recipients for rapid onset severe EAE, whereas the pAc1-11 T cell line did not. T cells from the exon-2-specific line did not express V beta 17a+ TCR; however, peptide-specific T cell lines derived from the spleens of relapsing animals did express this TCR gene segment providing direct evidence of recruitment and sensitization of recipient T cells.
On the Order of Algebraic Differential Equations Satisfied by Schanuel Functions

Abstract We prove that the minimum order of an algebraic differential equation satisfied by a Schanuel function depends on the number of algebraically independent functions needed to build up the function. This extends a result of A. Babakhanian on towers of exponentials.