cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Between two systems: Children in TANF child-only cases with relative caregivers

Abstract The TANF program provides financial assistance to more than 500,000 children in relative care through child-only TANF grants, yet little information exists to describe this population. This study explored the service needs and well-being of children in TANF child-only cases with relative caregivers, using secondary analysis of national survey data and case studies in five states. Secondary analyses suggested that these children compare favorably to children in kinship and foster care on many measures of well-being, but some indications of behavioral and mental health problems were seen. Case studies suggest that many children in TANF child-only cases with relative caregivers have extensive service needs. Taken together, these findings suggest advantages of relative caregiver arrangements for children in TANF child-only cases, as well as cause for concern. Relative care is generally believed to be preferable to foster care with nonrelatives when children cannot remain with parents. However, children often experience substantial difficulties as a result of their previous experiences and separation from parents, and the TANF system lacks the necessary resources to respond to them.
The generation and analysis of clones containing bacteriophage T4 DNA fragments

Abstract Cytosine-containing DNA of bacteriophage T4 was digested with three restriction endonucleases: endo R · EcoRI, endo R · HindIII and endo R · PstI, and each digestion ligated with a cloning vector to generate three independent collections of T4 DNA-containing clones. The T4 clones were screened for their T4 genetic content by recombinational analysis using amber mutants of T4. Complementation of T4 amber mutant growth and labeling of proteins in vivo provided evidence of expression of specific (g30, g39, g44 and g46) cloned T4 genes.
UVA1 Radiation Triggers Two Different Final Apoptotic Pathways

Because ultraviolet-A1 (UVA1; 340-400 nm) radiation is used therapeutically, this in vitro study addressed the question "how does it work?" To begin addressing this question, UVA1 radiation was first established to reduce the survival of transformed T and B lymphocytes in a linear dose-dependent manner using clonogenic reproductive assays, and that cell death occurs by apoptosis using transmission electron microscopy, Annexin V, and flow cytometry. The primary mechanism was determined to be immediate pre-programmed cell death, an apoptotic mechanism that does not require protein synthesis post-insult, by quantifying the apoptotic cells over time in the absence or presence of a translation inhibitor. To explore how UVA1 radiation induces immediate pre-programmed cell death apoptosis, reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial activity were altered during exposure using a variety of agents, while a specific fluorescent probe, 5,5',6,6'tetrachloro- 1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolcarbocyanine iodide, was used to examine mitochondrial transmembrane depolarization. To show that UVA1 mediates singlet-oxygen damage to the mitochondrial membranes, X-rays, UVB (290-320 nm), 8-methoxypsoralen and UVA, vitamin K3, anti-Fas antibody, and blocking antibody were the negative controls, while rose bengal or protoporphyrin IX with visible light were the positive controls. Cyclosporine A, which inhibits the mitochondrial megapore from opening, was used with singlet-oxygen and superoxide-anion generators to distinguish between the two final apoptotic pathways. The collective results show that UVA1 radiation primarily mediates singlet-oxygen damage triggering immediate pre-programmed cell death apoptosis (T < 20 min) by immediately opening the cyclosporine A-sensitive ("S" site) mitochondrial megapore, while superoxide anions initiate another cyclosporine A-insensitive ("P" site) final apoptotic pathway.
Amphiphilic networks. XI. Mechanical properties and morphology

The bulk properties of two types of amphiphilic networks, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-l-polyisobutylene (PHEMA-l-PIB, H-network) and poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)-l-polyisobutylene (PDMAAm-l-PIB, A-network), have been investigated. Tensile strengths decreased considerably by swelling, and the decrease was more severe by swelling in water than in n-heptane. Elongations increased by swelling in water; however, the change was not consistent upon swelling in n-heptane. The hardness of dry networks decreased with increasing PIB content, while for wet networks it was similar to dry networks containing 85 wt % PIB. Small-angle X-ray scattering showed that average interdomain spacings decreased with increasing PIB content. According to dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) the glass transition temperatures (T g ) of the respective hydrophobic and hydrophilic components shift toward each other with increasing PIB content. A liquid-liquid transition (T u ) above the T g of the hydrophilic component was apparent by DMTA, but could not be found by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
High-contrast, fast-switching liquid-crystal-on-silicon microdisplay with a frame buffer pixel array.

A 64×32 liquid-crystal-on-silicon (LCOS) microdisplay with a frame buffer pixel architecture is described. The advantage of frame buffer pixel circuits is an increase in brightness and image contrast ratio. The increase in brightness is attributed to maximizing the overall image viewing time, allowing an image to be displayed at full contrast while the next image is loaded onto the pixels. The LCOS microdisplay employs a fast-switching optically compensated birefringence mode that operates at a 720-Hz frame frequency with a potentially high contrast ratio.
Impurity states in Kondo insulators: Density of states and specific heat

Abstract Nonmagnetic impurities give rise to boundstates in the gap of a Kondo insulator. A finite concentration of Kondo holes yields an impurity band in the gap, whose height and width are proportional to √c for small c. The correlations in the f-band are introduced via a self-energy, evaluated to second order in U using an 1/d-expansion.
Development of a regional macroinvertebrate index for large river bioassessment

Abstract Large river bioassessment protocols lag far behind those of wadeable streams and often rely on fish assemblages of individual rivers. We developed a regional macroinvertebrate index and assessed relative condition of six large river tributaries to the upper Mississippi and Ohio rivers, Midwest USA. In 2004 and 2005, benthic macroinvertebrates, water chemistry, and habitat data were collected from randomly selected sites on each of the St. Croix, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Scioto, Wabash, and Illinois rivers. We first identified the human disturbance gradient using principal components analysis (PCA) of abiotic data. From the PCA, least disturbed sites showed strong separation from stressed sites along a gradient contrasting high water clarity, canopy cover, habitat scores, and plant-based substrates at one end and higher conductivity and nutrient concentrations at the other. Evaluation of 97 benthic metrics identified those with good range, responsiveness, and relative scope of impairment, as well as redundancies with other metrics. The final index was composed of Diptera taxa richness, EPT taxa richness, Coleoptera taxa richness, percent oligochaete and leech taxa, percent collector-filterer individuals, predator taxa richness, percent burrower taxa, tolerant taxa richness, and percent facultative individuals. Each of the selected metrics was scored using upper and lower thresholds based on all sites, and averaging across the nine metric scores, we obtained the Non-wadeable Macroinvertebrate Assemblage Condition Index (NMACI). The NMACI showed a strong response to disturbance using a validation data set and was highly correlated with non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination axes of benthic taxa. The cumulative distribution function of index scores for each river showed qualitative differences in condition among rivers. NMACI scores were highest for the federally protected St. Croix River and lowest for the Illinois River. Other rivers were intermediate and generally reflected the mixture of land use types within individual basins. Use of regional reference sites, though setting a high level of expectation, provides a valuable frame of reference for the potential of large river benthic communities that will aid management and restoration efforts.
Multiple scattering noise in one dimension: Universality through localization length scaling.

We present a study of nonstationary multiple-scattering noise resulting from pulse reflection from a one-dimensional randomly layered half-space. It is shown that the noise power spectrum exhibits model-independent universal behavior when it is analyzed in terms of a single dimension-less variable $x$, defined as the ratio between the mean distance traveled by the pulse and the frequency-dependent localization length. Results of numerical simulation indicate that the spectrum is a peaked function of $x$, where the height of the peak defines the expected value of a noise upper bound.
Influence of neurotrophins on the synaptogenesis of inner hair cells in the deaf Bronx waltzer (bv) mouse organ of Corti in culture

Abstract The Bronx waltzer (bv) deaf mouse is characterized by massive degeneration of the primary auditory receptors, the inner hair cells, which occurs during the time of expected afferent synaptogenesis. The process is associated with degeneration and protracted division of the normally postmitotic afferent spiral ganglion neurons. To investigate the potential role of neurotrophins in the afferent synaptogenesis of inner hair cells, we exposed bv newborn cochleas in organotypic culture to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and nerve growth factor (NGF), and also to gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), for up to 8 days. The study was done using light and electron microscopy. Only about 20% of the inner hair cells survived in culture, regardless of the treatment, similar to the number in the intact mutant in our colony. Depending on the exogenous treatment, this population consisted of either innervated ultrastructurally normal cells or denervated dedifferentiated cells wrapped—in lieu of nerve endings—by the supporting inner phalangeal and border cells. In the control and GABA cultures, inner hair cells were mostly denervated. BDNF and NT-3 alone or combined increased synaptogenesis and hair cell survival only during the first 3 days (by about 10%); however, the cells became denervated by 8 postnatal (PN). Only NGF induced stable innervation and differentiation of neurosensory relationships, including supernumerary innervation characteristic of the intact bv. Denervation among the remaining 20% of inner hair cells induced a reactive wrapping by inner phalangeal and border cells which evidently extended inner hair cell survival. Immunocytochemical studies of these reactive supporting cells were done in the intact (8 PN) mutant cochlea. The supporting cells that provide sustenance to the denervated inner hair cells displayed strong BDNF (and possibly NT-3) immunoreactivity. Subsequently, we revealed the presence of all three neurotrophins in the inner hair cell region of the developing (1–8 PN) cochlea of the normal ICR mouse. The inner hair cells expressed all three neurotrophins; BDNF prevailed in the inner phalangeal cells, NT-3 in the pillar cells and inner phalangeal cells, and NGF in the pillar cells. In conclusion: initially, the 80% loss of inner hair cells is apparently caused by their failed afferent synaptogenesis. Exogenous neurotrophins influence synaptogenesis in the bv in culture, but NGF alone is successful in promoting stable neurosensory relationships. The presence of neurotrophins in supporting cells in the normal and degenerating cochlea indicates their role in the sustenance of inner hair cells.
Group 13 chemistry of sterically hindered amines. Synthesis and molecular structure of [Me2M-Ada]2 (M Al, Ga; Ada 1-aminoadamantane) and [(i-Bu)Al-iminodibenzyl]2

Reaction of Me3M (M  Al, Ga) with 1-aminoadamantane, Ada, in toluene affords crystalline complexes of the type [Me2M-Ada]2. The gallium compound, I, isomorphous with the aluminum compound, II, crystallizes in the triclinic space group P with unit cell parameters a=6.728(1), b=9.957(2), c=10.341(2) A, α=74.30(1), β=73.94(1), γ=72.19(1)°, V=620.6(2) A3 and Dcalc=1.34 g cm−3 for Z=1. Least-squares refinement based on 1794 observed reflections (I>3σ(I)) converged at R=0.059, Rw=0.080. I resides about a crystallographic center of symmetry and contains a planar Ga2N2 four-membered ring. The Ga2N2 ring has a mean GaN bond distance of 2.030(9) A. The mean GaC bond distance in the dimethylgallium unit is 1.974(9) A. The crystalline product [(i-Bu)Al-iminodibenzyl]2 (III), isolated from reaction of diisobutylaluminum hydride with iminodibenzyl, (C14H12)NH, in toluene, crystallizes in the triclinic space group P with unit cell parameters a=10.767(2), b=12.264(3), c=13.230(4) A, α=75.57(2), β=74.14(2), γ=73.58(2)°, V=1583.7(7) A3 and Dcalc=1.16 g cm−3 for Z=2. Least-squares refinement based on 2216 observed reflections (I>3σ(I)) converged at R=0.093, Rw=0.118. Compound III results from a unique condensation reaction in which ortho-metallation of one of the aromatic rings of iminodibenzyl was observed. Compound III has a mean AlN bond distance of 2.036(7) A. The mean AlCisobutyl bond distance of 1.98(3) A is comparable to 1.954(8) A for the AlCaromatic fragment.
Reproductive Potential of Field-collected Populations of Cimex lectularius L. and the Cost of Traumatic Insemination

Egg production was compared among three field-collected bed bug strains over the course of 13 feeding/oviposition cycles, each of which lasted ~10 days. No significant differences were found among bed bug strains in the mean number of eggs/female/day (~1.0 egg). However, significant differences were found among strains in their patterns of egg production throughout the study period. Specifically, differences were observed in the timing of peak egg production and the rapidity of egg production decline among the three strains. Egg production was also quantified for female bed bugs that were subjected to single or multiple traumatic insemination events over a period of six feeding/oviposition cycles. Significant differences were found in egg production between females exposed to single and multiple inseminations. Females mated only once produced 83.8 ± 4.5 (mean ± SE) eggs over six feeding cycles. Females exposed to multiple inseminations produced 61.0 ± 3.1 eggs, indicating that multiple traumatic inseminations may reduce female fecundity by as much as 27%. This study is the first to suggest that, in a new infestation (first ~6 weeks), a solitary, singly-mated female with access to regular blood meals is capable of producing greater numbers of offspring than the same female in the presence of a male.
Motion of vortex pairs in the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic anisotropic Heisenberg model

We study the motion of a pair of unbound vortices in two-dimensional classical spin systems with easy-plane exchange symmetry (XY symmetry). Assuming a velocity-independent shape we derive an equation of motion for one vortex in the presence of the other. The results are compared with a direct molecular-dynamics simulation on a 50\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}50 square lattice at zero temperature. For both the ferromagnet and the antiferromagnet there exists a critical value ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathit{c}}$ of the anisotropy parameter \ensuremath{\lambda} which separates two regimes with different stable vortex structures. For \ensuremath{\lambda}${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathit{c}}$ the spins creating a vortex are essentially in the easy plane and the motion of a pair of vortices is mainly determined by repulsive or attractive forces for equal or different vorticities, respectively. For \ensuremath{\lambda}g${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathit{c}}$ the vortices have additional out-of-plane spin components which depend on \ensuremath{\lambda}. In the ferromagnetic case these z components are parallel to each other and act effectively on the other vortex like a magnetic field. Together with the attraction or repulsion discussed above, this effective field leads to rotation of the vortices around each other, or to a translation parallel to each other, depending on whether the products of the vorticity and the sign of the out-of-plane components are equal or different for the two vortices. For an antiferromagnetic out-of-plane vortex, however, the z components of the spins are antialigned and therefore do not give an effective magnetic field, here the vortices move essentially on straight lines. In our simulations we observe the above discussed trajectories. The fluctuations around these trajectories due to the discreteness of the lattice are more pronounced for \ensuremath{\lambda}${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathit{c}}$ than for \ensuremath{\lambda}g${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathit{c}}$.
Comparison of the Effects of ACTH and an Inhibitor of 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase on the Synthesis of Adrenal Microsomal Proteins

ABSTRACT After 4 days of treatment with either ACTH or the steroidal inhibitor of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 2α-cyano-4,4,17α-trimethylandrost-5-en-17β-ol-3-one (cyanoketone), guinea pig adrenals were exposed to l-leucine-(3H) for 4 hr in vivo. Both treatments led to adrenal growth, but they had somewhat different effects. The increase in adrenal RNA and protein after treatment with cyano-ketone was disproportionately larger than with ACTH. There was a net increase of microsomal protein after both treatments. In the animals treated with inhibitor, higher specific protein radioactivities suggested a greater continued stimulation of protein synthesis than in the ACTH-treated groups. When microsomal proteins were fractionated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis, it was evident that the administration of cyanoketone led to a relative increase in the labeling of “heavy” proteins. Such an increase was not observed after ACTH administration. Although the effect of cyano-ketone on adrenal enlargement was prev...
Insulin-Degrading Activity in Wound Fluid

Patients with diabetes are at great risk of developing lower extremity ulcers. The management of diabetic foot ulcers typically includes early recognition and appropriate clinical care. Recent advances in wound treatment include topical growth factor therapy, which has been successful in diabetic wounds. Growth factors are decreased in wound fluid; this may be due to decreased supply, increased binding, or increased degradation of the naturally occurring growth factors. This study investigates the activity of the insulin-degrading enzyme in wound fluid. Wound fluid was obtained from patients with (n = 17) and without (n = 4) diabetes. Insulin degradation was assayed by incubating [(125)I]insulin with wound fluid and precipitation in trichloroacetic acid. Fluid from nondiabetics degraded 2.22 +/- 0.73%, whereas diabetic fluid degraded significantly more (6.13 +/- 1.48%; P < 0.05). In patients with diabetes, the degradation of insulin by wound fluid correlated with glucose control (hemoglobin A(1c); r(2) = 0.5353; P < 0.001), and patients with worse outcomes (i.e. amputation) had higher wound fluid insulin degradation. The biochemical characteristics of insulin degradation in the wound fluid were consistent with the characteristics of insulin-degrading enzyme. These data suggest that glucose control is a critical factor in wound healing, but a reduction in the insulin-degrading activity in the wound fluid is also a potential therapeutic target.
Effect of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation on regional myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption in the presence of coronary artery stenosis: Observations in an awake animal model

Abstract The mechanism by which intraaortic balloon pumping ameliorates myocardial ischemia in patients with unstable angina pectoris is uncertain. Accordingly, the following study was performed to determine the effect of intraaortic balloon pumping on regional myocardial blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO 2 ) distal to severe coronary artery stenosis. Nine closed chest conscious pigs were instrumented with a 7.5 mm long plastic stenosis which reduced vessel diameter by 82%. Measurements of hemodynamics, regional myocardial blood flow (microsphere technique) and MVO 2 were made (1) before intraaortic balloon pumping, (2) at the end of 15 to 20 minutes of intraaortic balloon pumping, and (3) 20 minutes after its discontinuation. Control endocardial blood flow (ml · min − 1 · g − 1 ) distal to the stenosis (1.04 ± 0.20, mean ± 1 standard deviation [SD]) was less than endocardial flow in myocardium perfused by the unobstructed circumflex coronary artery (1.67 ± 0 0.77, p In response to intraaortic balloon pumping rate-pressure product declined versus control (10,300 ± 2,090 [SD] mm Hg · min − 1 to 9,110 ± 2,010, p − 1 · − 1 ) distal to the stenosis did not change during intraaortic balloon pumping (1.00 ± 0.24) versus control (1.04 ± 0.20). In contrast, during intraaortic balloon pumping epicardial blood flow distal to the stenosis declined versus control (1.16 ± 0.36 to 1.01 ± 0.27, p 2 (ml · min − 1 · 100 g − 1 ) distal to the stenosis also decreased versus control in response to intraaortic balloon pumping (12.90 ± 3.55 to 10.30 ± 2.52, p 2 correlated well ( r = 0.74, p Thus, intraaortic balloon pumping reduces myocardial oxygen demand but does not improve blood flow distal to a severe coronary stenosis; (2) blood flow distal to a severe stenosis may fail to increase with intraaortic balloon pumping because (A) distal coronary mean diastolic pressure may not increase, and (B) blood vessels distal to the stenosis tend to autoregulate in response to a decline in myocardial oxygen demand; and (3) intraaortic balloon pumping ameliorates myocardial ischemia in patients with unstable angina pectoris primarily by reducing oxygen demand rather than by increasing oxygen supply.
Multi-targeted therapy of cancer by genistein

Soy isoflavones have been identified as dietary components having an important role in reducing the incidence of breast and prostate cancers in Asian countries. Genistein, the predominant isoflavone found in soy products, has been shown to inhibit the carcinogenesis in animal models. There is a growing body of experimental evidence showing that the inhibition of human cancer cell growth by genistein is mediated via the modulation of genes that are related to the control of cell cycle and apoptosis. It has been shown that genistein inhibits the activation of NF-kappaB and Akt signaling pathways, both of which are known to maintain a homeostatic balance between cell survival and apoptosis. Moreover, genistein antagonizes estrogen- and androgen-mediated signaling pathways in the processes of carcinogenesis. Furthermore, genistein has been found to have antioxidant properties, and shown to be a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis and metastasis. Taken together, both in vivo and in vitro studies have clearly shown that genistein, one of the major soy isoflavones is a promising agent for cancer chemoprevention and further suggest that it could be an adjunct to cancer therapy by virtue of its effects on reversing radioresistance and chemoresistance. In this review, we attempt to provide evidence for these preventive and therapeutic effects of genistein in a succinct manner highlighting comprehensive state-of-the-art knowledge regarding its multi-targeted biological and molecular effects in cancer cells.
Interferon and interferon inhibitor levels in patients infected with varicella-zoster virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex, or Kaposi's sarcoma, and in normal individuals.

Purpose Previous studies had reported that normal individuals do not have measurable levels of interferons in their circulation, whereas high levels have been found in patients in the early stages of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) and in those with AIDS-related complex (ARC). This study was undertaken to compare levels of interferon and interferon inhibitors in plasma samples from patients with AIDS, ARC, Kaposi's sarcoma, or varicella-zoster virus infection, and from control subjects. Patients and methods A total of 206 persons were tested for the presence of interferon and interferon inhibitors in their plasma: 76 with ARC or AIDS, with or without Kaposi's sarcoma or lymphoma; 32 with varicella-zoster infection; 12 with AIDS-unrelated Kaposi's sarcoma; and 86 normal control subjects at high or low risk of AIDS with or without positive antibody levels to human immunodeficiency virus-1. Total interferon activity was measured by bioassay and the subtypes were not separated. Results Of 86 normal control subjects, 85 had no significant levels of interferon or interferon inhibitor. One disease-free homosexual exhibited measurable interferon levels. Patients acutely infected with varicella-zoster virus showed no measurable interferon or inhibitor levels except if they were in a high-risk group for AIDS. Seventy-six patients with ARC or AIDS exhibited measurable circulating interferon levels. Only patients with AIDS had interferon inhibitors in their circulation. Of 12 patients with Kaposi's sarcoma unrelated to AIDS, none had measurable interferon inhibitor levels, but some exhibited measurable interferon levels. Conclusion It is suggested that levels of interferon inhibitor should be considered when interferon is used therapeutically in viral or neoplastic diseases.
Lévy-Bruhl in Piaget: Hermeneutic Analysis of Text and Context

Abstract Lucien Levy-Bruhl's famous anthropological analysis (1910) of “primitive” mentality influenced Piaget's early research with children and teachers at the Rousseau Institute in the 1920s. Levy-Bruhl 's contrast between primitive and modern ontology and logic preceded by a decade Piaget's contrast between child and adult ontology and logic. Parallels between their research designs substantiate Piaget's explicit references to Levy-Bruhl and resonate with his conviction that the forms of knowledge building would turn out to be isomorphic on individual and cultural levels of analysis. The conceptual kinship of Levy-Bruhl's cultural anthropology and Piaget's cognitive psychology has implications for an interdisciplinary perspective on the origins and the future of research in the developmental tradition.
Transform approach to solution of groundwater flow equations

Abstract A method of obtaining approximate integral transforms of second-order partial differential equations with non-constant coefficients is discussed. The inverses of these transforms may be found using the appropriate standard inversion techniques. Finite and infinite Fourier transforms are discussed as particular cases. The application of these transforms to groundwater flow equations is discussed briefly via two examples. The potential advantages of this technique for application to numerical solution of flow equations and diffusion-dispersion equations are: (1) for each independent variable that can be transformed, a dimension that would otherwise need to be considered numerically is eliminated, thus making larger problems accessible to computer analysis; and (2) the solution can be generated at the spatial and temporal locations of interest only, thus effecting further efficiencies in modeling a given aquifer system.
Antibiotic selection for diabetic foot infections : A review

Foot infections account for about 20% of all hospitalizations in people with diabetes and at least 50% of all nontraumatic lower-limb amputations performed annually in the United States. As many as 25% of all diabetics are expected to develop severe foot problems at some point in their lifetimes. Diabetic foot infections are generally more severe and more difficult to treat than infections in nondiabetics. This is due to impaired microvascular circulation, neuropathy, anatomical alterations, and impaired immune capacity in diabetic patients. Most moderate-to-severe soft-tissue diabetic foot infections are polymicrobial (i.e., due to gram-positive, gram-negative, aerobic, and anaerobic pathogens). Empiric antibiotic therapy should include broad-spectrum antibiotics capable of covering the most common pathogens found in diabetic infections. Other factors to consider in antibiotic selection include the severity of the infection, the presence of peripheral vascular disease, and the possibility of drug-resistant organisms in the infection. This review summarizes the clinical presentation and antimicrobial therapy of diabetic foot infections.
Abilities of organic acids to support growth and anthocyanin accumulation by suspension cultures of wild carrot cells using ammonium as the sole nitrogen source

Fifteen organic acids were examined for their abilities to support the growth and anthocyanin accumulation by suspension cultures of wild carrot (Daucus carota L.) using ammonium as the sole nitrogen source. Glutarate, adipate, pimelate, azelate, cinnamate, and phthalate were toxic to the culture. They prevented growth and anthocyanin accumulation at 5 mM or less in media that were otherwise adequate for growth. Succinate, fumarate, malate, α-ketoglutarate, glutamate, maleate, malonate, tartarate, and citrate all supported growth and anthocyanin accumulation but in varying amounts. The growth achieved in medium containing 20 mM acid was higher at an initial pH of 5.5 than at an initial pH of 4.5. The growth achieved was dependent on the organic acid used, its concentration, and the initial pH of the medium. When growth occurred the final pH was higher than the initial pH with most of the acids. Anthocyanin accumulation was greatest with succinate at 14 to 20 mM at an initial pH of 4.2 or 4.3 and declined when the initial pH was above 4.3.
Neuroblast protuberances in the subventricular zone of the regenerative MRL/MpJ mouse.

The MRL mouse is unique in its capacity for regenerative healing of wounds. This regenerative ability includes complete closure, with little scarring, of wounds to the ear pinna and repair of cardiac muscle, without fibrosis, following cryoinjury. Here, we examine whether neurogenic zones within the MRL brain show enhanced regenerative capacity. The largest neurogenic zone in the adult brain, the subventricular zone (SVZ), lies adjacent to the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle and is responsible for replacement of interneuron populations within the olfactory bulb. Initial gross observation of the anterior forebrain in MRL mice revealed enlarged lateral ventricles; however, little neurodegeneration was detected within the SVZ or surrounding tissues. Instead, increased proliferation within the SVZ was observed, based on incorporation of the thymidine analogue bromodeoxyuridine. Closer examination using electron microscopy revealed that a significant number of SVZ astrocytes interpolated within the ependyma and established contact with the ventricle. In addition, subependymal, protuberant nests of cells, consisting primarily of neuroblasts, were found along the anterior SVZ of MRL mice. Whole mounts of the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle stained for the neuroblast marker doublecortin revealed normal formation of chains of migratory neuroblasts along the entire wall and introduction of enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged retrovirus into the lateral ventricles confirmed that newly generated neuroblasts were able to track into the olfactory bulb. J. Comp. Neurol. 498: 747‐761, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: neurogenesis; neural stem cell; neuroblasts; regeneration; migration
Allergens in the American Contact Dermatitis Society Core Series

In 2009, the American Contact Dermatitis Society (ACDS) proposed a Core Allergen Series (CAS) consisting of 80 allergens. The proposed ACDS series contains many of the same allergens present in other international series, including the European Standard Series (ESS), the Extended International Series (EIS), and the British Contact Dermatitis Society (BCDS) Series; however, the number of allergens recommended in the ACDS CAS is greater than other screening series. Some notable examples of allergens included in ACDS CAS that are absent in other international series are bacitracin, benzophenone, mixed dialkyl thioureas, multiple corticosteroids, acrylates, and sorbitan sesquioleate. The ACDS CAS, conversely, omits some allergens that are included in other series such as clioquinol and primin in the BCDS, EIS, and Swedish standard series. This contribution discusses the rationale and important aspects of allergens included in the ACDS CAS that are not included in other series.
Placing Equity Front and Center Some Thoughts on Transforming Teacher Education for a New Century

This article explores what it means for teacher education programs to place diversity front and center. Using a social justice perspective on teacher education, the author argues that schools and colleges of education need to radically transform their policies and practices if they are to become places where teachers and prospective teachers learn to become effective with students of all backgrounds in U.S. schools. Specifically, she suggests that teacher education programs need to take a stand on social justice and diversity, make social justice ubiquitous in teacher education, and promote teaching as a life-long journey of transformation. The author provides several examples of how to do this.
Nonlinear optical properties of quantum-confined CdSe microcrystallites

Quantum-confinement effects in CdSe microcrystallites in a glass matrix are investigated in the nanosecond time domain. The results of pump–probe and single-beam absorption saturation measurements show strong evidence for electron–hole quantization in the semiconductor microstructures, a different bleaching behavior from those of bulk semiconductors and multiple quantum wells, and a trend of increased saturation intensity with decreased microcrystallite size. A theory for the one- and two-pair states in quantum dots is developed that fully includes the relevant Coulomb interactions. The theory is evaluated numerically, and results are presented for intrinsic quantum dots and for quantum dots with impurities. The experimentally observed nonlinearities are attributed to saturation of one-electron–hole-pair resonances and induced absorption caused by two-pair resonances in the presence or absence of impurities (traps).
USING PERSONALITY CONSTRUCTS TO PREDICT PERFORMANCE: NARROW OR BROAD BANDWIDTH

One factor that can influence the magnitude of predictive validity of personality tests for selection is the bandwidth of the constructs measured (Ashton, Jackson, Paunonen, Helmes, & Rothstein, Journal of Research in Personality, 29, 432–442 (1995)). In addition, certain personality characteristics have been shown to be more prevalent in an occupational category (Barrick & Mount, Personnel Psychology, 44, 1–26 (1991)). The results of this study suggest the necessity to perform personality based job analysis within a specific occupational category to properly select a personality measure. Criterion validity coefficients of broad constructs were non significant. However, specific facets identified in a personality based job analysis demonstrated moderate significant correlations. In addition, applicants prefer a more narrowly defined selection test.
Role of glutathione in intracellular amyloid-α precursor protein/ carboxy-terminal fragment aggregation and associated cytotoxicity

Alterations in glutathione (GSH) metabolism are associated with neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and GSH depletion follows application of exogenous fibrillar amyloid β (Aβ) peptides in experimental systems; these results are commonly cited as evidence of oxidative damage in AD. We used MC65 human neuroblastoma cells that conditionally express carboxy-terminal fragments of the Aβ precursor protein (Aβ/CTFs) to directly test the hypothesis that GSH is part of the cellular response to stressors associated with Aβ/CTF accumulation and not simply a marker of oxidative damage. Our data showed that Aβ/CTFs accumulated by post-translational processes and were associated with progressive increases in oxidative damage and cytotoxicity. Ethycrinic acid (EA) or diethyl maleate (DEM), reagents that deplete GSH through non-specific thiol adduction, gave rise to dose-dependent cytotoxicity that was independent of Aβ/CTF expression and minimally responsive to α-tocopherol (AT). In contrast, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a selective inhibitor of GSH synthase, not only augmented Aβ/CTF-associated cell death but unexpectedly potentiated Aβ/CTF accumulation; both outcomes were completely suppressed by AT. These data suggest that antioxidants may serve as ‘Aβ targeting’ therapies that suppress toxic protein aggregation rather than simply acting as downstream radical scavengers.
Modulation of appetite and feeding behavior of the larval mosquito Aedes aegypti by the serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitor paroxetine: shifts between distinct feeding modes and the influence of feeding status

The effects of the serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitor paroxetine (2×10(-5) mol l(-1)) on behavior of the larval mosquito Aedes aegypti are described. Four discrete behavioral states dominate larval behavior: wriggling, two distinct types of feeding, and quiescence. Feeding behaviors consist of foraging along the bottom of the container (substrate browsing), and stationary filter feeding while suspended from the surface film. Fed larvae respond to paroxetine with increased wriggling, and reductions in both feeding behaviors. In contrast, food-deprived larvae treated with paroxetine show no change in the proportion of time spent wriggling or feeding, but shift from stationary filter feeding to substrate browsing. Thus, actions of paroxetine in fed larvae are consistent with suppression of appetite and stimulation of wriggling, whereas paroxetine causes food-deprived larvae to switch from one feeding behavior to another. Further analysis of unfed larvae revealed that paroxetine decreased the power stroke frequency during wriggling locomotion, but had no effect on the swimming velocity during either wriggling or substrate browsing. These data suggest that: (1) serotonergic pathways may trigger shifts between distinct behaviors by actions on higher level (brain) integrating centers where behaviors such as feeding and locomotion are coordinated; (2) these centers in fed and food-deprived larvae respond differently to serotonergic stimulation suggesting sensory feedback from feeding status; and (3) serotonergic pathways also modulate central pattern generators of the nerve cord where the bursts of action potentials originate that drive the rhythmic muscle contractions of wriggling.
Nanoscale approaches to define biologic signatures and measure proteomic response to targeted therapies in hematologic and solid tumors

The ability to quantify changes in protein activation in a clinical setting is important for the development of therapeutics that target cancer signaling pathways. A barrier to analyzing proteomic response in patients is the large amount of specimen required to make measurements at each time point. To overcome this barrier, we have developed the use of a highly sensitive microfluidic nano-immunoassay system (NIA) to quantify unphosphorylated, single- and multiple phosphorylated isoforms of proteins in patient specimens collected by minimally invasive blood draws or fine needle aspirates. We first developed tissue collection, handling and processing protocols to produce reliable NIA results using as little as 4 nanoliters of lysate. We next developed assays to measure over 40 proteomic parameters, including changes in proteins that mediate RAS and MAP Kinase signaling, cell cycle and apoptosis. To investigate the diagnostic potential of NIA, we have collected over 300 specimens from normal controls and patients with hematopoietic and solid tumors. We found that phosphoprotein profiles in tumor cells could distinguish tumor from normal cells. Further, patient tumors could be grouped based upon different patterns of percent ERK and MEK phosphorylation. In a clinical trial setting, we have now used NIA in conjunction with multicolor intracellular flow cytometry (FACS) to monitor changes in phospho-profiles in patients with receiving novel agents for hematopoietic cancers. In a prospective study of a novel cell cycle inhibitor in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), we have used NIA to measure changes in MAPK and cell cycle proteins in patient leukocytes sampled throughout serial time points during the study. In a prospective study of atorvastatin in patients with non-Hodgkin9s lymphoma, we have used NIA and FACS to distinguish three patterns of signaling changes in patient tumor cells, monocytes, and T cells. First, pathways that were initially activated in tumor cells decreased upon treatment with atorvastatin, with up to a 70% decrease in phospho-STAT3 and phospho-STAT5. Second, pathways that were initially suppressed in tumor cells (including phospho-PLC), normalized upon treatment. Third, expression levels of proteins in apoptotic pathways, including p38, increased upon atorvastatin treatment. Finally, changes in signaling associated with atorvastatin were found to be cell specific: effects on tumor cells were distinct from effects on non-tumor T cells and monocytes. Our studies demonstrate that NIA and FACS are complementary proteomic methods that can be used to quantify changes in cell signaling and distinguish responses in different cellular populations from very small clinical specimens sampled during therapeutic interventions. Nanoscale analysis of patient specimens is a feasible and promising approach for the development of new diagnostic markers and biomarkers of therapeutic activity. This talk is also presented as Poster A21.
TOWARDS OPTIMAL MULTIGRID EFFICIENCY FOR THE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS

A fast multigrid solver for the steady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations is presented. Unlike time-marching schemes, this approach uses relaxation of the steady equations. Application of this method results in a discretization that correctly distinguishes between the advection and elliptic parts of the operator, allowing efficient smoothers to be constructed. Numerical solutions are shown for flow over a flat plate and a Karman-Trefftz airfoil. Using collective Gauss-Seidel line relaxation in both the vertical and horizontal directions, multigrid convergence behavior approaching that of O(N) methods is achieved. The computational efficiency of the numerical scheme is compared with that of a Runge-Kutta based multigrid method.
Immunization with recombinantly expressed glycan antigens from Schistosoma mansoni induces glycan-specific antibodies against the parasite

Schistosomiasis caused by infection with parasitic helminths of Schistosoma spp. is a major global health problem due to inadequate treatment and lack of a vaccine. The immune response to schistosomes includes glycan antigens, which could be valuable diagnostic markers and vaccine targets. However, no precedent exists for how to design vaccines targeting eukaryotic glycoconjugates. The di- and tri-saccharide motifs LacdiNAc (GalNAcβ1,4GlcNAc; LDN) and fucosylated LacdiNAc (GalNAcβ1,4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc; LDNF) are the basis for several important schistosome glycan antigens. They occur in monomeric form or as repeating units (poly-LDNF) and as part of a variety of different glycoconjugates. Because chemical synthesis and conjugation of such antigens is exceedingly difficult, we sought to develop a recombinant expression system for parasite glycans. We hypothesized that presentation of parasite glycans on the cell surface would induce glycan-specific antibodies. We generated Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) Lec8 cell lines expressing poly-LDN (L8-GT) and poly-LDNF (L8-GTFT) abundantly on their membrane glycoproteins. Sera from Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice were highly cross-reactive with the cells and with cell-surface N-glycans. Immunizing mice with L8-GT and L8-GTFT cells induced glycan-specific antibodies. The L8-GTFT cells induced a sustained booster response, with antibodies that bound to S. mansoni lysates and recapitulated the exquisite specificity of the anti-parasite response for particular presentations of LDNF antigen. In summary, this recombinant expression system promotes successful generation of antibodies to the glycans of S. mansoni, and it can be adapted to study the role of glycan antigens and anti-glycan immune responses in many other infections and pathologies.
The microcirculation of the bone marrow

The microcirculation in the bone marrow has been studied in the femur, tibia, and humerus of guinea pigs, rats, and rabbits. Used were whole mounts of bone with bone marrow in situ, perfused and not perfused with India ink, thick sections (0.5 to 1.0 mm) of the same material, and also serially cut histological sections. It is concluded that the major blood supply to the bone marrow is transosteal. Direct intramyeloid connections of the arborizations of the nutrient artery with the sinusoids are rare. The great majority of the terminal capillaries of the nutrient artery enter the bone, where they anastomose with the intraosteal vessels which in turn connect with the sinusoidal network at the osteomyeloid junction. In addition, numerous direct links exist between the periosteal vessels and the vessels in the osteal canals.
ON THE SCALAR-VORTICITY AND HORIZONTAL-DIVERGENCE EQUATIONS

Abstract It is desirable to treat the horizontal divergence as well as the vertical component of vorticity in reasoning about the wind field. One reason for this is that the vorticity is connected with the intensity of disturbances, the divergence with vertical motion and, hence, weather. Both are synoptically important. Another reason is that, together with boundary conditions and in the absence of discontinuities, these two fields are sufficient to determine the wind field. This co-importance makes desirable an equation for the horizontal divergence comparable to the scalar-vorticity equation. Such an equation is derived in the paper. The physical meanings and orders of magnitude of the various terms of the two equations are discussed. Certain terms of the vorticity equation, ordinarily neglected, are shown to be important.