cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Active interference suppression in CDMA overlay systems

Communication networks involving the overlay of spread-spectrum systems an narrower band services are of increasing interest as a means of producing greater efficiencies and flexibility in the use of the radio spectrum. Although spread-spectrum systems enjoy a natural immunity to interference from narrowband sources, their performance in the presence of such interference can be significantly enhanced by active suppression techniques. The study of this problem has elicited a very rich body of methodology, which has progressed over nearly 25 years from some of the simplest signal processing paradigms to some of the most advanced. This paper provides an overview of a number of these techniques, most of which have been developed over the past decade. In particular, a progression of techniques is described, in which successively more information about the spread-spectrum signal and interference is used to make improvements on the interference suppression capability via more advanced signal processing methods. These include linear predictive methods that make use of the spectral properties of the spread-spectrum and narrowband signals, nonlinear predictive methods that make use of the spectra and first-order probability distribution of these signals, linear code-aided methods that make use of the spreading codes of the signals of interest and the second-order statistics of the narrowband interference, and finally, a maximum-likelihood code-aided technique that makes use of essentially all that is known about the useful signals and interference. Performance comparisons show that moving up this progression of improved modeling is rewarded with performance gains that can be quite significant.
Azide as a Preservative in Assays of Aspartate Aminotransferase Activity

Azide at an effective antimicrobial concentration, 7.7 mmol/liter, inhibits neither the cytoplasmic or the mitochondrial isoenzymes of human aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) or porcine malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37). It markedly prolongs the usefulness of substrates in assays for estimating aspartate aminotransferase activity (aspartate substrate without azide deteriorates in less than 24 h at 25 °C) and does not affect results obtained in assays in which activity is continuously monitored. It also has no effect on chromophore development or absorption spectra in 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-coupled assays, but it eliminates oxalacetate-diazonium salt chromophore formation, thus making it unsuitable for use in this assay. At concentrations greater than 100 mmol/liter it inhibits activities of both enzymes. Azide also catalyzes the ketoenol tautomerization of oxalacetate.
Use of Portable Analytical Methods to Determine the Stoichiometry of Reaction for Hexahydrotriazine-Based Hydrogen Sulfide Scavenger Operations

During the reaction between 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-s-triazine and hydrogen sulphide, the principle by-product is the organic sulphide 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)dithiazine. It can be determined by a novel, portable, field-capable ion mobility spectrometry method described herein and enables the "degree spent" to be determined. Dependant upon the level of carbon dioxide in the produced gas, a mixture of ethanolaminium bicarbonate and ethanolamine bisulphide is also produced. Using a field capable spectrophotometric method the level of inorganic sulphide can be determined, thus allowing the ethanolaminium bisulphide concentration to be calculated. Provided the fluid is only partially spent, and there is some unreacted 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-s-triazine remaining; the only source of inorganic sulphide is the amine salt. From a knowledge of the original fluid concentration, the combination of these two methods allows the effective stoichiometry, or observed molar reaction proportions between 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-s-triazine and hydrogen sulphide, to be measured for a specific field location.
Evaluation of a Diffusion Charger for Measuring Aerosols in a Workplace

The model DC2000CE diffusion charger from EcoChem Analytics (League City, TX, USA) has the potential to be of considerable use to measure airborne surface area concentrations of nanoparticles in the workplace. The detection efficiency of the DC2000CE to reference instruments was determined with monodispersed spherical particles from 54 to 565.7nm. Surface area concentrations measured by a DC2000CE were then compared to measured and detection efficiency adjusted reference surface area concentrations for polydispersed aerosols (propylene torch exhaust, incense, diesel exhaust, and Arizona road dust) over a range of particle sizes that may be encountered in a workplace. The ratio of surface area concentrations measured by the DC2000CE to that measured with the reference instruments for unimodal and multimodal aerosols ranged from 0.02 to 0.52. The ratios for detection efficiency adjusted unimodal and multimodal surface area concentrations were closer to unity (0.93–1.19) for aerosols where the majority of the surface area was within the size range of particles used to create the correction. A detection efficiency that includes the entire size range of the DC2000CE is needed before a calibration correction for the DC2000CE can be created. For diesel exhaust, the DC2000CE retained a linear response compared to reference instruments up to 2500mm2 m−3, which was greater than the maximum range stated by the manufacturer (1000mm2 m−3). Physical limitations with regard to DC2000CE orientation, movement, and vibration were identified. Vibrating the DC2000CE while measuring aerosol concentrations may cause an increase of ~35mm2 m−3, whereas moving the DC2000CE may cause concentrations to be inflated by as much as 400mm2 m−3. Depending on the concentration of the aerosol of interest being measured, moving or vibrating a DC2000CE while measuring the aerosol should be avoided.
Defining viral species: making taxonomy useful

Virus taxonomy at present is best characterized as a categorization of convenience, without a firm basis in the principles of evolutionary biology. Specifically, virus species definitions appear to depend more on tradition and popular opinion among virologists than on firm, quantitative biological evidence. I suggest a series of changes to underlying species concepts that would shift the field from one that simply files viruses away in taxonomic boxes to one that can learn important biological lessons from its taxonomy.
Performance analysis of traffic control system based on stochastic timed Petri net models

We present a new modeling method to evaluate the performance indices of traffic control systems where each intersection has two or four phases. The method is based on the stochastic timed Petri net models of isolated intersections. It considers one direction of traffic along a street each time, and the interactions between traffic of different directions are partially approximated by statistical models. By so doing, it dramatically reduces the computing complexity that other Petri net-based methods suffer due to the consideration of detailed interactions among all directions of traffic. An example is presented to show the potential application of the new method.
Simulation of Nigerian Development: Northern Region Model

A multidisciplinary team is currently studying the applicability of computer simulation to problems of agricultural sector development in Nigeria. The program has as one of its major objectives the exploration of simulation as a tool for aiding policy makers of that country concerned with meeting the nutritional needs of the population, generation of foreign exchange earnings and raw material inputs for industrialization, and other important questions relating to long-run development of the agricultural sector and its interaction with nonagricultural development. While the project is localized in a particular country, models are being developed with adaptability to other developing areas of the world as a major objective. To date, a model of the northern region of the country has been developed which will be linked to a southern model currently under construction. The structure of the northern model is described in some detail as an example of the application of simulation to a macroeconomic system. Preliminary tests of this model are discussed and an assessment of the capabilities and limitations of this approach to planning development in emerging countries is given.
Tissue bioreactor system for the creation and maturation of organized functional tissues for surgical reconstruction

INTRODUCTION: One of the major challenges in engineering clinically applicable functional tissues for reconstructive procedures is the lack of a bioreactor system that would accelerate cellular organization and tissue formation. We developed a computerized bioreactor system that could allow for enhanced bladder tissue formation. In this study we investigated whether organized functional muscle tissue could be engineered using the 3-D bioreactor system.
Gluten Enteropathy Appearing After Gastric Surgery

Four patients with severe malabsorption syndrome precipitated by gastric surgery are described. The clinical features were diarrhea, steatorrhea, and a dramatic weight loss promptly following surgery. Laboratory determinations were consistent with malabsorption syndrome. Small intestinal mucosal biopsy demonstrated villous atrophy and inflammatory cell infiltration. In each instance, a gluten-free diet led to clinical improvement and a return toward normal of the laboratory measures of absorptive function. The appearance of the proximal intestinal mucosal histology improved in 3 cases. These findings indicate that evaluation of small bowel function should be undertaken prior to gastric surgery in patients with a family or past history of celiac disease, or symptomatology suggestive of an absorptive defect. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the importance of adequate evaluation of the small intestine in patients with steatorrhea following gastric surgery. Although malabsorption in the postgastrectomy patient may result from disruption of intraluminal digestive processes, the recognition of a concomitant gluten enteropathy can lead to lifesaving dietary therapy.
Fault area estimation via intelligent processing of fault-induced transients

This paper presents a new method for estimating the fault area in electric power systems. The method is based on processing fault-induced electromagnetic transients through pattern matching. In this process, distinctive features of the recorded fault event are matched with the features of a large number of representative faults. The method originates from the concept of vulnerability contours which are used to assess the likelihood of voltage sags effecting a given network region. A limited number of sparsely located voltage waveform recording devices is used. Intelligent computing techniques are used to identify the most likely fault area. The method is aimed at complementing an earlier-developed technique for estimating fault location based on phasor voltage measurements. Good performance of the method is demonstrated through several examples using ATP simulations.
Total Chemical Synthesis of Biologically Active Fluorescent Dye‐Labeled Ts1 Toxin

Ts1 toxin is a protein found in the venom of the Brazilian scorpion Tityus serrulatus. Ts1 binds to the domain II voltage sensor in the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav and modifies its voltage dependence. In the work reported here, we established an efficient total chemical synthesis of the Ts1 protein using modern chemical ligation methods and demonstrated that it was fully active in modifying the voltage dependence of the rat skeletal muscle voltage-gated sodium channel rNav1.4 expressed in oocytes. Total synthesis combined with click chemistry was used to label the Ts1 protein molecule with the fluorescent dyes Alexa-Fluor 488 and Bodipy. Dye-labeled Ts1 proteins retained their optical properties and bound to and modified the voltage dependence of the sodium channel Nav. Because of the highly specific binding of Ts1 toxin to Nav, successful chemical synthesis and labeling of Ts1 toxin provides an important tool for biophysical studies, histochemical studies, and opto-pharmacological studies of the Nav protein.
Earthquake studies in the People's Republic of China

From June 30 to July 18, 1973, I visited the People's Republic of China as guest lecturer of the Academia Sinica. The invitation had been extended in 1972 by Ku Kunghsu, acting director of the Geophysical Institute of Academia Sinica, Peking (see Figure 1). In the last decade, unfortunately, little information has been available in the English language scientific literature on geophysical and geological research and teaching in China [Tsu, 1972; Wilson, 1972; Chao, 1973]. The main concern of my trip was seismological research.
The Pace of Signs and Symptoms of Blunt Abdominal Trauma to Children

The authors describe the types, signs, and symptoms of blunt abdominal injury. Record reviews of children <5 years old were carried out at a regional children's hospital or level 1 trauma center between 1994 and 1999. Recognized cases of child abuse, penetrating trauma, or children with an unavailable chart were excluded. The mean age was 38 months (n = 42; range 11-59). Motor vehicle trauma caused most of the injuries (72%); 64% had isolated solid organ, 14% isolated hollow viscous, and 21% both organ injuries. Multisystem trauma included closed head injury (29%) and fractures (43%). Scene reports documented that 80% of those assessed immediately had abdominal pain. Average time taken to arrive at the emergency department was 66 minutes (range 15-420). Hollow viscous perforations were symptomatic from onset. The overall mortality rate was 12%, related to multitrauma. Most children suffering unintentional blunt abdominal trauma have immediate and ongoing injury. Caretakers promptly seek emergency care, and solid organ injuries predominate. The series mortality was low compared with that for abusive abdominal injuries.
Multiple layer transducers for broadband applications

A novel transducer structure which incorporates an active piezoelectric matching layer has been fabricated. This active matching layer is effectively used for pulse shaping purposes and an elegant technique, based on a Laplace domain matrix technique, is presented for determining the voltage excitation required to achieve a specified result. If arbitrary excitation can be applied to both layers then even greater versatility is afforded. Practical results demonstrate the viability of the technique. >
Effect of Punitive Dress on Classroom Behavior of Institutionalized Emotionally Disturbed Adolescents

This study investigated the effects of an institutional policy of consequating running away behavior of emotionally disturbed adolescents by forcing them to wear a loose pajama-like two-piece garment (hospital whites) for three days following their return to a mental health center. Two important classroom behaviors were measured while 14 adolescents were in the learning center in hospital whites, showing that punitive dress had a measured detrimental effect on the adolescents' classroom behavior.
Kinetics and Mechanisms of Hydrothermal Synthesis of Barium Titanate

Reaction mechanisms for the hydrothermal synthesis of barium titanate are evaluated. Feedstocks of barium hydroxide octahydrate and anatase titania are reacted for varying durations (1–72 h) to provide intermediate-stage samples for characterization by transmission electron microscopy/ energy-dispersive spectroscopy (TEM/EDS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP). Quantitative evaluation of the extent of reaction by ICP and XRD methods permits the analysis of data with the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami equation. This analysis reveals two reaction-rate regimes. Kinetic analysis, based on reaction progress, yields insight into the first reaction-rate regime but is inconclusive in the analysis of the second reaction-rate regime. In the first regime, at the early stage of barium titanate formation, a dissolution-precipitation mechanism dominates. In contrast, in the second regime, at longer reaction times, an in-situ transformation mechanism is probably dominant. However, multiple reaction mechanisms (e.g., in-situ transformation and dissolution-precipitation) may be competing for rate control. Alternatively, dissolution-precipitation may be the dominant mechanism throughout the barium titanate synthesis, with nucleation and growth controlling the first regime and dissolution rate controlling the second regime.
Identification of Important Regressor Groups, Subgroups, and Individuals via Regularization Methods: Application to Gut Microbiome Data

Motivation: Gut microbiota can be classified at multiple taxonomy levels. Strategies to use changes in microbiota composition to effect health improvements require knowing at which taxonomy level interventions should be aimed. Identifying these important levels is difficult, however, because most statistical methods only consider when the microbiota are classified at one taxonomy level, not multiple. Results: Using L1 and L2 regularizations, we developed a new variable selection method that identifies important features at multiple taxonomy levels. The regularization parameters are chosen by a new, data-adaptive, repeated cross-validation approach, which performed well. In simulation studies, our method outperformed competing methods: it more often selected significant variables, and had small false discovery rates and acceptable false-positive rates. Applying our method to gut microbiota data, we found which taxonomic levels were most altered by specific interventions or physiological status. Availability: The new approach is implemented in an R package, which is freely available from the corresponding author. Contact: ude.cshmat.hprs@aicragpt Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Usefulness of Leukocyte Esterase Test Versus Rapid Strep Test for Diagnosis of Acute Strep Pharyngitis.

Objective: A study to compare the usage of throat swab testing for leukocyte esterase on a test strip(urine dip stick-multi stick) to rapid strep test for rapid diagnosis of Group A Beta hemolytic streptococci in cases of acute pharyngitis in children. Hypothesis: The testing of throat swab for leukocyte esterase on test strip currently used for urine testing may be used to detect throat infection and might be as useful as rapid strep. Methods: All patients who come with a complaint of sore throat and fever were examined clinically for erythema of pharynx, tonsils and also for any exudates. Informed consent was obtained from the parents and assent from the subjects. 3 swabs were taken from pharyngo-tonsillar region, testing for culture, rapid strep & Leukocyte Esterase. Results: Total number is 100. Cultures 9(+); for rapid strep== 84(-) and16 (+); For LE== 80(-) and 20(+) Statistics: From data configuration Rapid Strep versus LE test don’t seem to be a random (independent) assignment but extremely aligned. The Statistical results show rapid and LE show very agreeable results. Calculated Value of Chi Squared Exceeds Tabulated under 1 Degree Of Freedom (P<.0.0001) reject Null Hypothesis and Conclude Alternative Conclusions: Leukocyte esterase on throat swab is as useful as rapid strep test for rapid diagnosis of strep pharyngitis on test strip currently used for urine dip stick causing acute pharyngitis in children.
Electroporation of mammalian cells by nanosecond electric field oscillations and its inhibition by the electric field reversal

The present study compared electroporation efficiency of bipolar and unipolar nanosecond electric field oscillations (NEFO). Bipolar NEFO was a damped sine wave with 140 ns first phase duration at 50% height; the peak amplitude of phases 2-4 decreased to 35%, 12%, and 7% of the first phase. This waveform was rectified to produce unipolar NEFO by cutting off phases 2 and 4. Membrane permeabilization was quantified in CHO and GH3 cells by uptake of a membrane integrity marker dye YO-PRO-1 (YP) and by the membrane conductance increase measured by patch clamp. For treatments with 1-20 unipolar NEFO, at 9.6-24 kV/cm, 10 Hz, the rate and amount of YP uptake were consistently 2-3-fold higher than after bipolar NEFO treatments, despite delivering less energy. However, the threshold amplitude was about 7 kV/cm for both NEFO waveforms. A single 14.4 kV/cm unipolar NEFO caused a 1.5-2 times greater increase in membrane conductance (p<0.05) than bipolar NEFO, along with a longer and less frequent recovery. The lower efficiency of bipolar NEFO was preserved in Ca2+-free conditions and thus cannot be explained by the reversal of electrophoretic flows of Ca2+. Instead, the data indicate that the electric field polarity reversals reduced the pore yield.
Accelerating the Critical Line Algorithm for Portfolio Optimization Using GPUs

Since the introduction of the Modern Portfolio Theory by Markowitz in the Journal of Finance in 1952, it has been the underlying theory in several portfolio optimization techniques. With the advancement of computers, most portfolio optimization are done by CPUs. Over the years, there have been papers that introduce various optimization methods including those introduced by Markowitz, implemented on the CPUs. In the recent years, GPUs have taken the front seat as a technology to take computational speeds to new levels. However, very few papers published about portfolio optimization utilize GPUs. Our paper is about accelerating the open source Critical Line Algorithm for portfolio optimization by using GPU’s, more precicely using NVIDIA’S GPUS and CUDA API, for time consuming parts of the algorithm.
Interaction region design and auxiliary detector systems for an EIC

There are a number of exciting physics opportunities at a future electron-ion collider facility. One possible design for such a facility is eRHIC, where the current RHIC facility located at Brookhaven National Lab would be transformed into an electron-ion collider. It is imperative for a seamless integration of auxiliary detector systems into the interaction region design to have a machine that meets the needs for the planned physics analyses, as well as take into account the space constraints due to the tunnel geometry and the necessary beam line elements. In this talk, we describe the current ideas for integrating a luminosity detector, electron polarimeter, roman pots, and a low Q2 -tagger into the interaction region for eRHIC.
Abstract A56: Induction of spermine oxidase by enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis contributes to tumorigenesis in a model of colitis-associated colorectal cancer

It is estimated that the etiology of 20-30% of epithelial cancers is directly associated with inflammation, though the molecular events linking inflammation and the necessary carcinogenic mutations remain to be clarified. In the context of gastrointestinal disease, the bacterial pathogens Helicobacter pylori and enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) are significant sources of chronic inflammation and have been implicated as risk factors for the development of gastric and colorectal cancer, respectively. We have previously demonstrated that H. pylori and the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) rapidly induce spermine oxidase (SMO), resulting in increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage, in gastric and lung epithelial cells. In addition, tissue microarray studies revealed that increased SMO expression was associated with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer lesions and that benign prostate epithelial tissue from men with these diseases exhibits higher SMO expression than normal controls. We now demonstrate that purified B. fragilis toxin (BFT) upregulates SMO in HT29/c1 and T84 colonic epithelial cells, resulting in SMO-dependent induction of γ-H2A.x, a marker of DNA damage. Further, ETBF-induced colitis in wild-type or APC+/− Min C57Bl/6 mice is associated with increased SMO expression. Inhibition of SMO activity by MDL 72,527 in vivo (20 mg/kg i.p. 3 days per week) significantly reduces ETBF-induced chronic inflammation, proliferation, and induction of Th17-associated cytokines. Most importantly, in Min mice, treatment with the SMO inhibitor reduces ETBF-induced colon tumorigenesis by 69% (p Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(12 Suppl):A56.
The laser-scanning confocal microscope in biomedical research

The laser-scanning confocal microscope (LSCM) produces improved light microscope images of both fixed and living cells and tissues. Moreover, the serial optical-sectioning power of the LSCM has made three dimensional reconstruction of light microscope images a practical option. The different confocal microscopes that have resulted in the current generation of the LSCM and the applications of the LSCM for biomedical research are briefly reviewed: further details can be found elsewhere (1–3).Historical PerspectiveMarvin Minsky's Microscope. The confocal microscope was invented in 1955 by Marvin Minsky specifically for studying neural networks in the living brain (4, 5). All modern confocal microscopes are based on Minsky's original idea, which was patented in 1957. Basically, illumination and detection are confined to a single diffraction-limited point in the specimen. The point is scanned across the specimen and light from the specimen is built into an image of a precise optical section of the specimen. Th...
Detection of human rotavirus and human astrovirus from children with diarrhea in Liaoning Province

Objective:To investigate human rotavirus and human astrovirus infection of children in Liaoning Province.Methods:131 stoo1 specimens were collected from children who were younger than 5 years old with diarrhea and were used for the detection of human rotavirus by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).Serotyping G and genotyping P identifications of human rotavirus were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).Human Astrovirus was detected by RT-PCR and positive samples were sequenced and compared,and phylogenetic tree of open reading frame 2(ORF2) was constructed.Results:Of the total 131 stool specimens,29(22.1%) Human Rotavirus strains were detected by PAGE.Of 29 positive samples,G serotyping as G3 was 13(44.8%),G1+G3 2(6.9%)and nontypeable 14(48.3%);P genotyping,in turn,P[8]accounted for 18(62.1%),P[4]1(3.4%),and nontypeable 10(34.5%).2 Human Astrovirus strains were detected by RT-PCR and sequenced for their ORF2,and nucleotide sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis showed 2 strains were the highest identical to those genotype 1 strains which prevalent in Japan.Conclusion: Human Rotavirus is the most important viral agent sporadic causing diarrhea among children under 5 years old in Liaoning Province.Two human astrovirus strains belong to genotype 1 which were detected in Liaoning Province for the first time.
Hearing Preservation Outcomes With a Mid-Scala Electrode in Cochlear Implantation.

Objective To evaluate hearing preservation (HP) outcomes in adult cochlear implant recipients with a mid-scala electrode. Setting Tertiary academic center. Patients Adult patients implanted with a mid-scala electrode between May 2013 and July 2015. Interventions Cochlear implantation. Main outcome measure(s) Age, sex, surgical approach, residual hearing changes post cochlear implantation, HP rates using different published classifications, and speech perception scores. Results Fifty ears for 47 patients (mean age, 58.2 yr; range, 23-86) were implanted with the electrode. Recognizing that not all patients were true HP candidates and/or underwent generally accepted HP surgical techniques, 39 ears had preoperative low-frequency hearing (audiometric threshold ≤ 85dB HL at 250Hz), 24 preserved acoustic hearing postoperatively (75.0%). Patients who had preserved acoustic hearing were implanted via round window (N = 18), extended round window (N = 4), or via cochleostomy (N = 2) approaches. Mean threshold elevation for low-frequency pure-tone average (125, 250, and 500 Hz) was 20.2 dB after surgery. 43.8% of patients had aidable low-frequency hearing at activation, 30.0% at 6-months postoperatively, and 30.8% 1-year postopera tively. Using a formula outlined by Skarzynski and colleagues, at 6-months postoperatively, 15.0% of patients had complete HP, whereas 40.0% had partial HP. At 1-year, these percentages decreased to 0% and 38.5%, respectively. Age, type of approach, and perioperative steroid use were not correlated with HP outcomes at activation and 6-months postoperatively (p > 0.05). Conclusion The mid-scala electrode evaluated allows preservation of low-frequency hearing in patients undergoing cochlear implantation at rates and degrees of preservation close to other reports in the cochlear implant literature.
Special Delivery: Using iPads and Campus Wi-Fi to Enhance an Existing Campus Document Delivery Service

ABSTRACTWhen considering the creation and deployment of new library services, it is important to consider how those services will integrate with existing library workflows. This is especially important when we examine the development or improvement of a campus delivery service for interlibrary loan. Developing such a service as a standalone system outside of the existing document delivery functions is not always the best practice for helping patrons understand how their items will be delivered. On the other hand, endeavoring to integrate such a system into the existing workflow using new types of technology can help bring clarity and efficiency to an already functioning delivery system.
Computers, Solid Models, and Robots

High powered computing hardware, software, and sophisticated computer-based sensing and control has migrated from the factory and entered the cloud and the home. We have become comfortable with computers, software applications, and computer-driven machines as they now exist in our homes in many forms ranging from smart phones to remote controlled toys. We now have access to low cost 3D printers in the studio, or down the street, and access to larger commercial machines over the Internet. It is useful to understand what the building blocks of these machines are and how they fit together to best choose AM metal printing capability. In this chapter, we discuss the range and capabilities of 3D solid model software, 3D scanners, and computer-aided design (CAD) that support AM. In addition, we introduce and discuss computer-aided engineering (CAE), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), computer numerical control (CNC), and motion systems. Most importantly, we focus on the aspects of these technologies as applied to AM metals. You will be introduced to the STL or Stereolithography file format, originally developed for rapid prototyping of polymer materials and plastics, offering a simple solution to computer-defined surface geometry. The evolving need for interoperability and cross platform independence is discussed as well as the development of the 3MF file format.
Chapter 5 Visualization of Chromatin v-Bodies

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the methods for visualization of chromatin v bodies. Many stains can be used successfully to visualize v bodies. Ethanol and methanol solvents do not affect the general morphology of the v bodies at this stage. Positive stains give excellent contrast but do not resolve v bodies that are in contact with each other. High-concentration negative stains (1% or more) have too much contrast to visualize the small amounts of stain among close particles. Low-concentration negative stains produce less contrast but tend to be more delicate and show more detail. In this study, the standard and most reliable staining procedure at present is to put a small drop of 0.01 M uranyl acetate in water, on the sample side of the grid for 30 seconds and touch the edge of the grid to the edge of bibulous paper to drain as thoroughly as possible. Low-angle rotary shadowing has been used successfully in several laboratories. It is a high-contrast method and makes the electron microscopy much more rapid. However, the details of the internal v -body structure are lost, and subtle differences in morphology are unattainable.
Who's Getting the Office? Party Dominance and Elected Executives’ Career Path

This paper examines how party dominance affects elected politicians’ quality, measured by their career path. Politicians’ career is divided between political and technical or administrative posts. To examine the relationship between party dominance and career path, I use data from the Mexican states over the period 2000-2014. The paper exploits the 2008 US financial crisis as a source of exogenous variation in incumbents’ popularity level. Results support theoretical predictions that elected politicians’ profile in states with a dominant party experience a shift away from political posts after experiencing party turnover due to a sudden loss in popularity. I find that after the 2008 US financial crisis, elected politicians in states with a dominant party had over 25 percentage points less of their career in political posts. Party turnover explains the decrease in political experience. Results are robust to different measures of political and technical or administrative career path.
Ab Initio Thermodynamic Investigation of Monolayer Stability of Multicomponent Metal Oxides: MxOy/ZnO(0001) and MxOy/TiO2(110) (M = Pd, Ru, Ni, Pt, Au, Zn)

Multicomponent metal oxide catalysts can offer a tunable redox capacity and chemical reactivity. These materials are used in fuel cells, in gas sensors, and as heterogeneous catalysts. The large number of possible combinations of different mixed-metal oxides and their metastability make the experimental discovery of such systems very inefficient. Herein, we develop an ab initio thermodynamic framework using density functional theory to accelerate this discovery process by predicting stable monolayer metal oxides that can be subjected to further computational study or experimental investigation. As an example of the application of this framework, we present our stability analysis of ZnO(0001)–Zn terminated and rutile TiO2(110) surfaces with epitaxial MxOy (M = Pd, Ru, Ni, Pt, Au, Zn) monolayers. Metastability is predicted relative to segregated particle structures of varying radii. We predict that NiO can form a metastable monolayer with the same stoichiometry as the support, ZnO(0001). A PdO and RuO2 mono...
Latent Warheads for Targeted Cancer Therapy: Design and Synthesis of pro-Pyrrolobenzodiazepines and Conjugates

Pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) and their dimers (bis-PBDs) have emerged as some of the most potent chemotherapeutic compounds, and are currently under development as novel payloads in antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs). However, when used as stand-alone therapeutics or as warheads for small molecule drug conjugates (SMDCs), dose-limiting toxicities are often observed. As an elegant solution to this inherent problem, we designed diazepine-ring-opened conjugated prodrugs lacking the imine moiety. Once the prodrug (pro-PBD) conjugate enters a targeted cell, cleavage of the linker system triggers the generation of a reactive intermediate possessing an aldehyde and aromatic amine. An intramolecular ring-closing reaction subsequently takes place as the aromatic amine adds to the aldehyde with the loss of water to give the imine and, as a result, the diazepine ring. In our pro-PBDs, we mask the aldehyde as a hydrolytically sensitive oxazolidine moiety which in turn is a part of a reductively labile self-immolative l...
Epigenetic emergence: reading for growth in Jane Eyre

The potential for an intervention by epigenetics into cultural theory and literary analysis has been a topic of recent inquiry from several directions. However, these approaches sometimes too easil...
The multiple-access collision channel without feedback: Capacity region and a mutual information game

This paper revisits the collision channel without feedback by reformulating it as a deterministic multiple-access channel. The capacity region of this channel is computed for different cardinalities of the input alphabets, and it is shown that: for alphabets with small cardinalities, the users exploit the action of transmitting vs. not transmitting to communicate at rates on the boundary of the capacity region; and as the alphabet cardinalities increase, the time-sharing inner bound approaches the boundary of the capacity region. A non-cooperative mutual information game is also considered and the existence of a unique Nash-equilibrium solution is established.
Childhood trauma and problem behavior: Examining the mediating roles of experiential avoidance and mindfulness processes.

ABSTRACTObjective: Childhood trauma is associated with a variety of risky, unhealthy, or problem behaviors. The current study aimed to explore experiential avoidance and mindfulness processes as mechanisms through which childhood trauma and problem behavior are linked in a college sample. Participants: The sample consisted of college-aged young adults recruited November-December, 2016 (N = 414). Methods: Participants completed self-report measures of childhood trauma, current problem behavior, experiential avoidance, and mindfulness processes. Bootstrapped mediation analyses examined the mechanistic associations of interest. Results: Mediation analyses indicated that experiential avoidance was a significant mediator of the association between childhood trauma and problem behavior. Additionally, multiple mediation analyses indicated that specific mindfulness facets–act with awareness and nonjudgment of inner experience–significantly mediated the same association. Conclusions: Interventions for college stud...
Stimulating Astrocytes to Remember.

Adamsky et al. show that stimulation of astrocytes potentiates synaptic transmission and enhances behavioral performance in memory tasks. These results demonstrate that astrocytes are actively involved in synaptic physiology and brain function and lend further support to the idea that animal behavior results from the coordinated activity of neurons and astrocytes.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC AND PHYSICAL CHANGES OF SOME CARBONS UPON OXIDATION AND HEAT TREATMENT

Eleven commercial carbon blacks, one anthracite, and three graphites were studied. Changes in the crystallographic and physical properties upon oxidation and heat treatment were followed by measurements of helium densities, nitrogen low temperature adsorption surface areas (BET), crystallite sizes, and average range of inhomogeneities and surface areas calculated from small-angle X-ray scattering data. On the basis of their change in properties, the carbons can be classified into two main groups. Group one: These carbons show a large decrease in helium density and BET surface area and an increase in particle density upon heat treatment, indicating the production of an extensive closed pore system. Group two: The carbons show an increase in helium and particle densities and a very slight decrease in BET surface area upon heat treatment, indicating the development of a dense, compacted particle structure. The X-ray surface areas and average range of inhomogeneities for the carbons are compared with the BET surface areas and crystallite dimensions, respectively.
Inhibitory Effect of Mercaptoamino Acids on Lysinoalanine Formation During Alkali Treatment of Proteins

Alkali treatment of food proteins converts some amino acid residues to the unnatural amino acid lysinoalanine which has been found to cause kidney damage when fed to rats. Formation of lysinoalanine was essentially prevented when isolates of soy protein and casein were exposed to alkali in the presence of thioalamino acids such as cysteine. The results suggest that added thiols minimize the formation of potentially toxic lysinoalanine.
Analyzing integrity protection in the SELinux example policy

In this paper, we present an approach for analyzing the integrity protection in the SELinux example policy. The SELinux example policy is intended as an example from which administrators customize to create a policy for their site's security goals, but the complexity of the model and size of the policy make this quite complex. Our aim is to provide an access control model to express site security goals and resolve them against the SELinux policy. Ultimately, we aim to define a minimal trusted computing base (TCB) that satisfies Clark-Wilson integrity, by first testing for the more restrictive Biba integrity policy and resolving conflicts using Clark-Wilson semantics. Our policy analysis tool, Gokyo, implements the following approach: (1) it represents the SELinux example policy and our integrity goals; (2) it identifies conflicts between them; (3) it estimates the resolutions to these conflicts; and (4) provides information for deciding upon a resolution. Using Gokyo, we derive a proposal for a minimal TCB for SELinux includes 30 subject types, and we identify the work remaining to ensure that TCB is integrity-protected. Our analysis is performed on the SELinux example policy for Linux 2.4.19.
The thromboelastogram and circulating lupus anticoagulant.

Abnormal lupus anticoagulant (LA) levels, as measured with the activated partial tissue thromboplastin and tissue thromboplastin inhibition tests, are associated with a predisposition toward thromboembolic phenomena. Thromboelastogram (TEG) measurements have been proposed as a standardized assay to predict such a predisposition. We therefore correlated LA and TEG assessments in 46 women who were either apparently healthy controls or who had abnormal LA levels with such conditions as endometriosis and repeated pregnancy wastage. The coefficient of correlation (Rho) was .3282 (P = .025). Seven patients with an abnormal LA demonstrated a normal TEG, and eight with a normal LA exhibited an abnormal TEG. Only nine had concomitant LA and TEG abnormalities. We conclude that LA and TEG apparently are not interchangeable as predictors of a hypercoagulable state. While this study did not address which of the two assays has a better predictive value for thromboembolic phenomena, it suggested that each can identify a different patient population.
Revisiting complexation thermodynamics of transplutonium elements up to einsteinium

Literature casts einsteinium as a departure from earlier transplutonium actinides, with a decrease in stability constants with aminopolycarboxylate ligands. This report studies transplutonium chemistry – including Am, Bk, Cf, and Es – with aminopolycarboxylate ligands. Es complexation follows similar thermodynamic and structural trends established by the earlier actinides, consistent with first-principle calculations.
Characterization and Biological Activity of a Hydrogen Sulfide-Releasing Red Light-Activated Ruthenium(II) Complex

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a biological gasotransmitter that has been employed for the treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Despite its therapeutic value, the implementation of this gaseous molecule for this purpose has required H2S-releasing prodrugs for effective intracellular delivery. The majority of these prodrugs, however, spontaneously release H2S via uncontrolled hydrolysis. Here, we describe a Ru(II)-based H2S-releasing agent that can be activated selectively by red light irradiation. This compound operates in living cells, increasing intracellular H2S concentration only upon irradiation with red light. Furthermore, the red light irradiation of this compound protects H9c2 cardiomyoblasts from an in vitro model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. These results validate the use of red light-activated H2S-releasing agents as valuable tools for studying the biology and therapeutic utility of this gasotransmitter.
Does School Finance Reform Reduce the Race Gap in School Funding

This paper offers new evidence on the impacts of school finance reforms (SFRs) precipitated by school finance litigation, exploring the extent to which the impact of SFR differs by district racial ...
Anisotropic index of refraction and structural properties of hexagonal boron nitride epilayers probed by spectroscopic ellipsometry

The anisotropic index of refraction of 200 μm thick boron-10 enriched hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) freestanding epilayers grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition has been measured using spectroscopic ellipsometry in the UV (4.0–5.1 eV) spectral range. It was found that the index of refraction for the polarization mode with an electric field perpendicular to the c-axis (ordinary, no) is much higher than that with an electric field parallel to the c-axis (extraordinary, ne). By inclusion of turbostratic- (t-) phase layers within h-BN having an average inclination angle (θ) with respect to the ideal c-plane, a simple method for quantifying θ has been deduced. Our results revealed that the presence of t-phase layers decreases the optical anisotropy of h-BN and that a signature of improved crystalline quality is an increase in the ordinary index of refraction (no) as a result of the average incline angle θ approaching 0° and predicted that no = 2.7 and ne = 1.5 at 280 nm for single crystalline h-BN epilayers. More importantly, our results demonstrated that spectroscopic ellipsometry is an effective technique for characterizing the crystalline quality of h-BN epilayers with the advantages of being noninvasive and highly sensitive.
Local excision of rectal cancer

Transanal Local Excision has become a very useful surgical tool for the management of selected cases of rectal cancer due to its low postoperative morbidity and minimal functional consequences. However, the considerably high local recurrence rates led to the introduction of preoperative therapies. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy has been considered the preferred alternative in this setting and may result in significant rates of tumor regression allowing the procedure to be offered to a significant proportion of cases. On the other hand, this multimodality approach may also determine increased postoperative morbidity. In addition, completion or salvage total mesorectal excision in the case of local recurrence or the presence of unfavorable pathological features may also be a challenging task. Finally, accurate selection criteria for this minimally invasive approach are still lacking and may be influenced by baseline staging, post-treatment staging and final pathology information. Ultimately, selection of patients for this treatment modality remains a significant challenge for colorectal surgeons. In the present chapter, the rationale, surgical technique and outcomes of transanal local excision are detailed both after surgery alone or in the setting of multimodality therapy.
Orientations at or near Cusco, at Tipon, and at Saihuite

Pachacuti instituted a great system of ceques and huacas that emanated in all directions from Cusco’s Coricancha, the primary Sun temple of the Incas. Pachacuti ordered many Sun temples to be built across the empire so that all could worship the Sun (Cobo 1983 [1653], p. 134). Structures such as the Coricancha, the Sunturhuasi, and the ushnu of the Hanan Huaycapata plaza figured prominently in Inca astronomy and are discussed in Chap. 6. At least 328 huacas were worshipped and cared for, but most did not survive the Catholic purge of idolatries following the Spanish conquest. Those that remain largely were carved from rock and many of these are examined. The system for designating ceques and huacas that was first mentioned by Cobo (1990 [1653], pp. 51–84) and later put forth by Bauer (1998) is used here. Certain huaca descriptions by Cobo are included. Featured are photographs of astronomical effects found with many of the carved rock huacas, stones, caves, and structures. Also included are negative findings for certain huacas and carved rocks that exhibited no signs of celestial orientation. Calculated azimuths were arrived at with spherical trigonometry (Sect. 5.7; Appendix 6). Figure 7.2 is a location map of the sites presented in this chapter, including those north, east, and west of Cusco.