cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recall of congruent information in the self-reference task

Information descriptive of the self has prior associations with the representation of the self in memory. Therefore, information descriptive of the self should be recalled better than information not descriptive of the self. This is the congruent-information hypothesis. A related hypothesis, the trait-superiority hypothesis, states that trait adjectives are more easily recalled using a self-reference task than using another task. The results of previous research are equivocal with regard to the congruent-information hypothesis and sparse with regard to the trait-superiority hypothesis. College students judged whether trait adjectives and nouns described themselves. Another group judged whether the trait adjectives and nouns described objects in their houses. Results support the congruent-information hypothesis for the self-reference effect, but not the trait-superiority hypothesis.
Distinguishing Epicardial and Microvascular Disease Using Combined Functional and Anatomical Endpoints in a Porcine Model

For a better treatment of coronary artery disease in a catheterization lab, detection of the relative contributions of the epicardial stenosis (ES) and concomitant microvascular disease (MVD) is important. To diagnose ES, fractional flow reserve (FFR), the hyperemic stenosis resistance index (hSRv) and to diagnose MVD, hyperemic microvascular resistance index (hMRv) have been tested in cath labs. However, for concurrent assessment of ES and MVD, functional parameter utilizing flow and pressure values, pressure drop coefficient (CDP) and combined functional and anatomical parameter, lesion flow coefficient (LFC) are defined. To test the ability of CDP and LFC to account for ES and MVD, they were correlated with the hSRv and hMRv. We hypothesize that CDP and LFC will have a better combined correlation with hSRv and hMRv.Simultaneous pressure and flow readings were obtained in 11 Yorkshire swine. Single and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted between the FFR, CDP and LFC vs hSRv and hMRv. The correlation coefficient (r) was used to check the strength of correlation.The individual correlation between hSRv and hMRV with CDP (r = 0.90; r = 0.78) and LFC (r = 0.89; r = 0.95) was stronger compared to FFR (r = 0.63; r = 0.32). The combined correlation between hSRv and hMRv with CDP (r = 0.95) and LFC (r = 0.95) increased from the individual correlation. Therefore, we conclude that CDP and LFC can diagnose ES and MVD concurrently and might prove to be improved diagnostic parameters than FFR.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Central orexin-A increases gastric motility in rats

Orexin receptor type-1 (OX1R) is expressed in the dorsal motor nucleus of vagi (DMV). Although orexin-A (OXA) plays an important role in mediating stress responses, it remains unclear how central OXA regulates gastric dysmotility induced by stress. Acute restraint stress (ARS) delays solid gastric emptying via the central corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and peripheral autonomic neural pathways. We have previously shown that ARS impairs postprandial antro-pyloric coordination and delays solid gastric emptying in rats. We also showed that postprandial gastric contractions were augmented in response to ARS in rats. However, the mechanism of augmented postprandial gastric contractions induced by ARS remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that augmented gastric motility induced by ARS is mediated via the central OX1R. We also assessed the role of endogenous OXA in the mediation of gastric motility under non-stressed conditions in conscious rats. A strain gauge transducer was implanted on the antrum to record postprandial gastric motility. To investigate whether endogenous OXA is involved in ARS-induced augmented gastric motility, selective OX1R antagonist, SB-334867 (16 μg), was administered intracerebroventricularly (icv). Icv-injection of SB-334867 abolished the augmented gastric contractions induced by ARS. Spontaneous postprandial gastric motility was enhanced by icv-injection of OXA (10 μg), while it was attenuated by icv-injection of SB-3334867. It is suggested that central OXA mediates augmented gastric motility induced by ARS in rats. Central OXA also modulates postprandial gastric contractions in non-stressed conditions.
Selective Solid-Phase Extraction of α-Tocopherol by Functionalized Ionic Liquid-modified Mesoporous SBA-15 Adsorbent

Ordered mesoporous adsorbents were prepared by physically grafting functionalized ionic liquids onto SBA-15 (a mesoporous siliceous substrate) using incipient wetness immersion method. These adsorbents were successfully applied to the selective extraction and separation of alpha-tocopherol (an isomer of vitamin E) from a model mixture of soybean oil deodorizer distillate. Various parameters affecting adsorption process such as adsorption time, the structures and loadings of ionic liquids, the adsorption isotherm, and the reusability of adsorbent were investigated using liquid-solid extraction. As high as 211 mg/g adsorbent of the adsorption capacity for alpha-tocopherol was obtained through the adsorption isotherm tests using [emim][Gly]/SBA-15 (functionalized ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium glycine which was physically coated on SBA-15) as the adsorbent, in which the functionalized ionic liquids contained the amino acid glycine as the anion. The adsorbent [emim][Gly]/SBA-15 also exhibited a very high adsorption selectivity for alpha-tocopherol. The extraction selectivity or the ratio of distribution coefficients between alpha-tocopherol and the major interference component glyceryl triundecanoate (K(d(alpha-tocopherol))/K(d(triglyceride))) was 10.5. The concentration of alpha-tocopherol was significantly increased from 15.6% in original feedstock solution that contained fatty acid methyl ester, triglyceride and alpha-tocopherol to 73.0% after stripping by diethyl ether. Five adsorbent recycle tests showed good reusability of the functionalized ionic liquid-modified mesoporous adsorbent.
A review of cat and monkey studies implicating the pulvinar in visual function.

The anatomical, neurophysiological, and behavioral evidence implicating the cat's and monkey's pulvinar in visual function is reviewed. While at present it is not possible to establish homologies between regions of the posterior thalamus in these two species, in both species there is evidence for extra-geniculate pathways by which visual input could be relayed to cortex. In the monkey, it is suggested that the inferior pulvinar could be part of a subcortical system dealing with visual attentional function, while portions of the medial pulvinar could be involved in a system concerned with oculomotor integration.
Infrared Studies Of Acceptors In Gallium-Arsenide

The ls-2p electronic intrasite transitions and local vibrational modes (LVM) of impurities and defects in GaAs are studied in FTIR transmission spectroscopy. These features are observed in as-grown samples and in samples which have been compensated by irradiation with 2 MeV electrons. The position of the Fermi level is monitored by observing the lowest energy ls-2p transition.
Principles of high-contrast energy modulation and microbunching of electron beams

Abstract Recent advancements in ultra-short-pulse terawatt IR/visible/UV laser technology have made it possible to consider particle-beam energy modulation schemes in which the practical field amplitudes of the laser and undulator fields in an ultrarelativistic electron bunch's average rest frame can attain comparable magnitudes. This parameter regime, well outside the radiation field strengths attainable by conventional free electron lasers, makes possible the exploitation of “relativistic interferometry”, viz., the phenomenon of high-contrast interference, to isolate regions in the longitudinal space of an electron bunch on the order of one laser wavelength. In this paper we review selected requirements on the laser and undulator fields to generate highly efficient microbunching followed by coherent radiation at a substantially reduced wavelength. Conditions on the electron beam quality, as well as selected possibilities for new modes of operation, are summarized.
Clustering Analysis for Cotton Trash Classification

Raw cotton may contain various kinds of trash, such as leaf, bark, and seed coat particles. The content of each of these trash categories is useful information for finding more efficient cleaning processes and predicting the quality of the finished products. This paper addresses the importance of using chromatic and geometric features of trash for trash description, and presents three different clustering methods that automatically classify trash based on the feature measurements. Compared with the geometric attributes of trash, such as size and shape, color attributes are less changeable during harvesting and ginning of cotton and are therefore more reliable and descriptive in categorizing trash. Three clustering methods—sum of squares, fuzzy, and neural network—prove effective for trash classification. Sum of squares clustering and fuzzy clustering require iterative computations and generate comparable classification accuracy. Neural network clustering yields the highest accuracy, but it needs more comp...
OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATION OF THE EYE TO IMMUNITY IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS

Three experiments are reported in which an attempt has been made to determine the extent to which the eye participates in the general resistance which develops in rabbits during the course of syphilitic infection. Rabbits treated with arsphenamine well after the period when they would be expected to be immune to intratesticular or intracutaneous inoculations were reinoculated with the homologous strain of T. pallidum , the organisms being injected into either the cornea itself or the anterior chamber. Altogether in the three experiments 43 presumably immune animals were injected, 25 into the cornea itself and 18 into the anterior chamber. 41 normal animals were used as controls. In the immune animals 27 or 62 per cent showed lesions in the cornea. 14 of the 43 test animals were inoculated simultaneously in the cornea and in the skin of the back. In 9 of these 14, lesions developed in the cornea although no lesions developed in the skin. The lesions developing in the corneas of the "immune" animals had a longer incubation period on the average, were often of longer duration, and in some instances were more severe than the lesions developing in the control animals. In the case of some animals, also, they showed a greater tendency to recur. The immediate reactions in both the normal and the "immune" animals were entirely comparable and there was no evidence of an accelerated reaction in the test animals. It is concluded that the eye of the syphilitic rabbit does not share to the same extent as other tissues in the general resistant state which develops in that animal during the course of syphilitic infection. Possible explanations for this finding are discussed.
Chemical Similarity Using Geometric Atom Pair Descriptors

Similarity searches using topological descriptors have proved extremely useful in aiding large-scale screening. In this paper we describe the geometric atom pair, the 3D analog of the topological atom pair descriptor (Carhart et al. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 1985, 25, 64−73). We show the results of geometric similarity searches using the CONCORD-build structures of typical small druglike molecules as probes. The database to be searched is a 3D version of the Derwent Standard Drug File that contains an average of 10 explicit conformations per compound. Using objective criteria for determining how good a descriptor is in selecting active compounds from large databases, we compare the results using the geometric versus the topological atom pair. We find that geometric and topological atom pairs are about equally effective in selecting active compounds from large databases. How the two types of descriptors rank active compounds is generally about the same as well, but occasionally active compounds will be se...
Matter and Flux in Plato's Timaeus

In a well-known passage in the Theaetetus (182c1-183b5), Plato describes a radical Heraclitean position according to which all things change both in place and in character. Although the theory becomes tied to an account of perception discussed earlier in the dialogue, the Heraclitean position as introduced is quite general. And the conclusion Plato draws would seem to apply to any item subject to Heraclitean flux: if something is radically impermanent, both moving in space and altering its character, then nothing can be said of it, except perhaps "not even such" used in an indefinite way. The Timaeus appears to be concerned with just such a Heraclitean world. At 49a6-c7 Plato raises a difficulty about fire and things like fire. He remarks of such things that "it is difficult to tell which of these one must say is really water rather than fire, and which any one thing rather than all and each, so as to use language which is trustworthy and secure" (49b2-5). The trouble is that what we now call "water," we see being compacted to generate earth and stone or being dispersed to generate air, and that being inflamed to generate fire. Since these phenomenal stuffs keep changing, how can we say that any one of them is really one thing (e.g. water) rather than some other? Plato then says:
Some stimuli and aptitudes determining apparent parallelism.

Apparent parallelism was studied to determine spatial relations of S, standard, and variable which might be sufficient for veridical and illusory perceptions of parallelism. Relationships between Ss' aptitude for spatial visualization (paper-and-pencil tests) and the measures of parallelism were assessed. Different spatial relations of S, standard, and variable resulted in veridical and illusory perceptions of parallelism. The magnitude of the illusory effects was inversely related to S's aptitude for spatial visualization, the highest r being –.98. The two tests correlated +.92. A theory of apparent parallelism is proposed.
Nonlinear analysis of steel and concrete bridge components

Results of two ongoing numerical studies used to supplement the existing experimental analyses of ultimate load carrying capacity of steel box girder webs and reinforced concrete beams externally strengthened by composite materials plates are presented. In performing the nonlinear analyses, the ADINA finite element computer code was used. The soundness of the finite element formulations is shown by comparison with results of experimental tests.
ED “hold” patients: Is their care also being held?*

Abstract Introduction: Patient care should be governed by the same standards of care regardless of location within a hospital system. Little is known about adherence to standards of care for admitted patients who are "held" in the emergency department because of an unavailable inpatient bed. For example, is there a difference in the timeliness of nursing assessments and initial antibiotic administration for patients with pneumonia who are held in the emergency department compared with those who are directly admitted to an inpatient bed? Methods: A descriptive comparison research design with 2 known groups ("ED hold" patients and "ED direct-admit" patients) was used. A convenience sample of 104 closed medical records was obtained from a Midwestern hospital for a retrospective chart audit. Results: Patients held in the emergency department had their blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation recorded with greater frequency compared with patients who were directly admitted. Directly admitted patients had their intake and output and their temperature noted with greater frequency. Although there was no statistically significant difference in the timeliness of respiratory assessments or antibiotic administration, antibiotics were delivered to the ED direct-admit group an average of 1 hour earlier than to the ED hold group. Discussion: When measuring only the frequency and/or timeliness of taking vital signs, recording intake and output, and administering antibiotics, there were statistical differences between "hold" patients and "direct-admit" patients. In some instances, ED "hold" patients actually received more timely assessment than did "direct-admit" patients. Direct-admit patients received antibiotics an average of 1 hour sooner. More studies are necessary to evaluate other aspects of care that may or may not be compromised when admitted patients are "held" in the emergency department. (J Emerg Nurs 2000;26:549-53)
Theta-Shaped Plasmonic Nanostructures: Bringing Dark Multipole Plasmon Resonances into Action via Conductive Coupling

Quadrupole plasmon and (octupolar) Fano resonances are induced in lithographically fabricated theta-shaped ring-rod gold nanostructures. The optical response is characterized by measuring the light scattered by individual nanostructures. When the nanorod is brought within 3 nm of the ring wall, a weak quadrupolar resonance is observed due to capacitive coupling, and when a necklike conductive bridge links the nanorod to the nanoring the optical response changes dramatically bringing the quadrupolar resonance into prominence and creating an octupolar Fano resonance. The Fano resonance is observed due to the destructive interference of the octupolar resonance with the overlapping and broadened dipolar resonance. The quadrupolar and Fano resonances are further enhanced by capacitive coupling (near-field interaction) that is favored by the theta-shaped arrangement. The interpretation of the data is supported by FDTD simulation.
The social value of crime

criminal gains in welfare economics and cost-benefit analysis. It has been common practice among economists working in this area to make use of social welfare functions containing the gains from criminal activity as a positive value. The inclusion of criminal gains is an ethical judgment, but economists often fail to acknowledge it as such, or even seem to be aware that it is controversial. There has been considerable interest in the economics of crime and optimal law enforcement since Gary Becker’s well-known article of two decades ago.’ In deriving an equation for the optimal level of law enforcement, Becker employed a social loss function in which the total loss to society equals the harm done by the crime plus the cost of law enforcement, but minus the “social value of the gain to offenders.“‘Becker thus treated a reduction in criminal gains as a cost of law enforcement.’ In a response to Becker, George Stigler questioned the assumption that the gain to offenders has a positive social value: The determination of this social value is not explained, and one is entitled to doubt its usefulness as an explanatory concept: what evidence is there that society sets a positive value upon the utility derived from a murder, rape, or arson? In fact, the society has branded the utility derived from such activities as illicit.4
Who Defaults on Student Loans? Findings from the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study.

Abstract Data from the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study are used in this study to analyze the characteristics of student loan recipients and to compare student loan defaulters and nondefaulters along a variety of dimensions, including their demographic profiles, their socioeconomic characteristics, and their educational attainment. Three key results emerged from the descriptive analysis and were supported in the regression analysis. First, borrowers from low-income households and minority groups, high school dropouts, and borrowers who attend proprietary schools and two-year colleges were more likely to default on their loan payments. Secondly, after adjusting for numerous background factors, earnings after leaving school remained a powerful determinant of default. Thirdly, borrowers who did not complete high school and borrowers who did not complete their postsecondary program were significantly more likely to default. Efforts to reduce default rates are thus likely to be felt most significantly by students from disadvantaged backgrounds, a key target group for student aid.
Natural Selection Doesn’t Work That Way: Jerry Fodor vs. Evolutionary Psychology on Gradualism and Saltationism

: In Chapter Five of The Mind Doesn’t Work That Way, Jerry Fodor argues that since it is likely that human minds evolved quickly as saltations rather than gradually as the product of an accumulation of small mutations, evolutionary psychologists are wrong to think that human minds are adaptations. I argue that Fodor's requirement that adaptationism entails gradualism is wrongheaded. So, while evolutionary psychologists may be wrong to endorse gradualism—and I argue that they are wrong—it does not follow that they are wrong to endorse an adaptationist explanation for how the human mind evolved.
Retention of oxidized glutathione by isolated rat liver mitochondria during hydroperoxide treatment.

Abstract The addition of tert -butyl hydroperoxide ( t -BuOOH) to isolated mitochondria resulted in oxidation of approximately 80% of the mitochondrial reduced glutathione (GSH) independently of the dose of t -BuOOH (1–5 mM). Concomitant with the oxidation of GSH inside the mitochondria was the formation of GSH-protein mixed disulfides (protein-SSG), with approximately 1% of the mitochondrial protein thiols involved. A dose-dependent rate of GSH recovery was observed, via the reduction of oxidized GSH (GSSG) and a slower reduction or protein-SSG. Although t -BuOOH administration affected the respiratory control ratio, the mitochondria remained coupled and loss of the matrix enzyme, citrate synthase, was not increased ove the control and was less than 3% over 60 min. A slow loss of GSH out of the coupled non-treated mitochondria was not increased by t -BuOOH treatment, in fact, a dose-dependent drop of GSH levels occurred in the medium. However, no GSSG was found outside the mitochondria, indicating the necessary unvolvement of enzymes in the t -BuOOH-induced conversion of GSH to GSSG. The absence of GSSG in the medium also suggests that, unlike the plasma membrane, the mitochondrial membranes do not have the ability to export GSSG as a response to oxidative stress. Our results demonstrate the inability of mitochondria to export GSSG during oxidative stress and may explain the protective role of mitochondrial GSH in cytotoxicity.
Using C60+ sputtering to improve detection limit of nitrogen in zinc oxide

C₆₀⁺ sputtering was firstly used to determine depth profile of nitrogen in zinc oxide materials by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Compared to traditional Cs+ sputtering depth profiling, the C₆₀⁺ sputtering provides over 200 times of effective signal intensity and the detection limit is about 10 times better. In addition, our X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results show that sputtering zinc oxide materials by 10 keV C₆₀⁺ leads to very weak carbon deposition at bottom of the sputter crater.
Information structure expectations in sentence comprehension

In English, new information typically appears late in the sentence, as does primary accent. Because of this tendency, perceivers might expect the final constituent or constituents of a sentence to ...
Parasitic SCR between a Schottky diode and an adjacent transistor

Abstract A Schottky diode and an adjacent transistor in integrated circuits may show parasitic silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) latching. This parasitic effect must be taken into account by circuit designers. If the SCR latches, an undesirable electrical short is formed between the Schottky diode and the emitter of the transistor. In this paper the conditions are investigated under which the parasitic SCR can switch. Experimental data are presented which show the validity of the theoretical considerations. Recommendations are given on how to suppress parasitic SCR latching.
Systematics of Higher Spin Gauge Fields

Free-field theories for symmetric tensor and tensor-spinor gauge fields have recently been obtained which describe massless particles of arbitrary integer or half-integer spin. An independent discussion of these field theories is given here, based on a hierarchy of generalized Christoffel symbols with simple gauge transformation properties. The necessity of certain constraints on gauge fields and parameters is easily seen. Wave equations and Lagrangians are expressed in terms of the Christoffel symbols, and the independent modes of the system are counted in covariant gauges. Minimal-coupling inconsistency and a combined system of higher-spin boson gauge fields interacting with relativistic particles is discussed.
Effect of Subtle Positioning Flaws on Measured Bone Mineral Density of the Hip

Careful hip positioning is necessary for accurate and precise measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) by dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Large, intentional rotational deviations from best hip position reportedly increase measured BMD at the femoral neck. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of unintentional, subtle deviations from best hip position ("flaws") on expected and measured BMD of the hip and its subregions. Two hundred DXA scans (GE/Lunar Prodigy) performed in the dual-femur mode were randomly selected and scrutinized for hip-positioning flaws. Hips were sorted by side (right/left), positioning quality (flawless/flawed), and specific positioning flaw (under/over-rotation and adduction/abduction). Individual hip pairs in which at least one hip was flawlessly positioned were further sorted as flawless/flawless, flawless/vertically flawed, flawless/rotationally flaw, and flawless/dually flawed. Differences and direction of difference in BMD between sorted groups and within individual hip pairs were analyzed by univariate analysis (t-test for equal samples). Two hundred hip pairs (400 individual hip scans) were analyzed. Overall, there was no significant difference in BMD between all right and all left hips or between all flawlessly positioned and all flawed hips. In hip pairs in which one hip was flawlessly positioned and the contralateral hip position was flawed (vertically, rotationally, or both), the measured BMD of the latter hip was not predictably greater than the former. Average absolute intrapair BMD difference between hip subregions was 0.038+/-0.001 g/cm2 and was unaffected by the presence or type of positioning flaw. Net intrapair difference between sorted hip groups and within hip pairs was negligible, indicating that the direction of the variance was equally positive and negative. In the practice of clinical densitometry, subtle positioning flaws do not generate predictable changes in measured BMD at any hip region of interest. The current teaching that rotational deviations from best hip position results in a greater measured BMD needs to be reconsidered when comparing a rotationally flawed hip with a contralateral flawlessly positioned hip.
Effects of ozone and sulphur dioxide on injury and foliar concentrations of sulphur and chlorophyll in soybean Glycine max

Abstract Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) fumigations with as much as 1050 μg m −3 (0·40 ppm) for as long as 4 h caused no visible injury nor reduction in foliar chlorophyll concentration but increased the sulphur concentration in unifoliolate and first trifoliate leaves of soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. Combined fumigations with SO 2 and ozone (O 3 ) caused visible injury and a significantly greater reduction in foliar chlorophyll concentration than did O 3 alone. Combined fumigations caused a smaller increase in foliar sulphur concentration than when SO 2 was the sole fumigant.
Purification and new biological properties of the slime mold germination inhibitor

Abstract We have partially purified a germination inhibitor from the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium purpureum. The molecular weight of the inhibitor could not be determined since we could not exclude the possibility that it interacts with both Bio-Gel and Sephadex. It has an absorption maximum at about 200 nm. At very low concentrations, (which would not be autoinhibitory), the inhibitor preparation temporarily blocks bacterial growth, which was shown to be detrimental to normal development of the cellular slime molds. The inhibitor will also prevent normal aggregation of competent amoebae, but cAMP will reverse this inhibition, as well as the inhibition of germination.
Decay dynamics of free and trapped excitons in tetragonal mercuric iodide

Abstract We present the time-resolved photoluminescence spectra of tetragonal mercuric iodide from 4.2 to 100 K. Decay of photoluminescence is dominated by transport of the exciton-polariton to sites for recombination: the surface (band 1 at about 532 nm) and the band 2 trap site (about 560 nm). The decay rate of the exciton-polariton in the bulk of the material decreases precipitously (a factor of nearly 100) over this temperature range, which we ascribe to a manifestation of polariton (radiative) decay. Inelastic scattering of exciton-polaritons from thermally populated phonons reduces the cooling rate of the exciton-polariton to energies below the knee of the exciton-polariton dispersion curve, which slows transport and thus blocks the dominant pathway for radiative recombination and reduces the decay rate. Band 2, which is present to some extent in all mercuric iodide crystals, shows a rapid rise time and two decay channels. The decay rate of the radiative channel is less than the decay rate of band 1 at low temperatures, and changes at higher temperatures to be indistinguishable from that of band 1. At higher temperatures a nonradiative channel begins to dominate; its decay rate increases strongly with temperature, which leads to quenching of all luminescence even at temperatures well below 300 K.
Effect of levamisole on pokeweed mitogen stimulation of immunoglobulin production in vitro

Abstract The effects of levamisole (LMS) on immunoglobulin (Ig) production were studied in vitro using peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal subjects stimulated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Cells were cultured for 9 days with varying concentrations of LMS and PWM, and immunoglobulin secretion in the supernatants was quantified by solid phase redioimmunoassay. The results showed that 1) the effect of LMS in vitro depends upon the degree of lymphocyte stimulation by PWM. When PWM stimulation is optimal, typical pharmacologic concentrations of LMS (0.5 μg/ml) decrease both IgM and IgG production by 50%. However, at lower suboptimal doses of PWM, LMS, at similar concentrations, enhances immunoglobulin production by 24% (p
Low-Velocity Layer in the Upper Mantle Beneath Mexico

Travel times of P waves to observatories at Tucson, Arizona, and at El Paso, Junction, and Lubbock, Texas, from earthquakes which occurred along the west coast of Mexico during 1963 through 1966 indicate that the low-velocity layer in the upper mantle beneath Mexico is at a depth of about 100 km and is about 70 km thick. The velocity in the layer is 7.5 km and the velocity contrast is greater than has been reported for adjacent areas to the north.
Structural biology: Porthole to catalysis

The crystal structure of a sugar-transferring enzyme offers insight into the mechanism of a ubiquitous protein-modification reaction, and solves the mystery of how the enzyme recognizes certain sequences in proteins. See Article p.350 More than half of the proteins in eukaryotes are glycoproteins, with specific amino-acid side chains linked to oligosaccharides. The most frequent of these chemical modifications is asparagine-linked glycosylation, catalysed by oligosaccharyltransferase (OST), a membrane protein complex located in the endoplasmic reticulum. The X-ray structure of a bacterial OST from Campylobacter lari in complex with an acceptor peptide has now been determined. The structure provides the molecular basis for understanding amide nitrogen activation and glycosylation, and offers opportunities for the production of glycoprotein and glycoconjugate therapeutics.
Determining functionally important amino acid residues of the E1 protein of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus

A new method for predicting interacting residues in protein complexes, InterProSurf, was applied to the E1 envelope protein of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEEV). Monomeric and trimeric models of VEEV-E1 were constructed with our MPACK program, using the crystal structure of the E1 protein of Semliki forest virus as a template. An alignment of the E1 sequences from representative alphavirus sequences was used to determine physical chemical property motifs (likely functional areas) with our PCPMer program. Information on residue variability, propensity to be in protein interfaces, and surface exposure on the model was combined to predict surface clusters likely to interact with other viral or cellular proteins. Mutagenesis of these clusters indicated that the predictions accurately detected areas crucial for virus infection. In addition to the fusion peptide area in domain 2, at least two other surface areas play an important role in virus infection. We propose that these may be sites of interaction between the E1-E1 and E1-E2 subdomains of the envelope proteins that are required to assemble the functional unit. The InterProSurf method is, thus, an important new tool for predicting viral protein interactions. These results can aid in the design of new vaccines against alphaviruses and other viruses.
Parent-dependent loss of gene silencing during interspecies hybridization.

Summary Speciation depends on the establishment of reproductive barriers that allow populations to diverge from each other. Such divergence may involve protein sequence, copy number, or expression changes that are predicted to result in dosage-dependent effects [1–3]. In plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana and A. arenosa, postzygotic species barriers often affect seed abortion [4, 5], and hybrid failure resembles that of interploidy crosses where the paternal genome is in excess [3, 5, 6]. We used this species pair to explore the relationship between hybrid incompatibility and gene silencing. In incompatible crosses, the normally silenced and heterochromatic element ATHILA was expressed from the paternal, but not maternal, chromosomes. Three Polycomb-regulated genes; PHERES1 , MEIDOS , and MEDEA , were also induced. At PHERES1 , maternal imprinting of the promoter was disrupted, and paternal imprinting of MEDEA appeared to be lost. The rate of hybrid seed lethality was sensitive to parental genome dosage, and gene activation was proportional to the dosage of parental genomes. A causal link was established between PHE1 and hybrid seed failure; a transposon-induced disruption of PHE1 significantly improved fertility. We propose that the dosage-dependent regulation of chromatin could be a universal phenomenon affecting lethality in interspecies hybrids.
Effect of (partial) overlapping of spectral lines on the total emissivity of H2O-CO2 mixtures (T⪞800°K)

Abstract The influence of (partial) overlapping of lines in CO 2 -H 2 O mixtures has been calculated. Highly simplified calculations lead to acceptable agreement with Hottel's empirical correlations at elevated temperatures ( T =1200°K) where only the 2·7 μ bands of H 2 O and CO 2 are overlapped. On the other hand, comparisons at 811°K indicate that serious discrepancies exist in the 15 μ region between Hottel's correlations and approximate calculations based on recent spectroscopic measurements.
Getting to Know You: Using Documentary Video-Making to Challenge Ageist Stereotypes

The article theorizes that augmenting traditional humanities course work with documentary video-making can enhance and motivate learning. The English class profiled focused on aging and the lives of elders in an adult daycare center and a retirement community. Students documented elders' stories in video over 15 weeks. The instructor's goal was to use the immediacy of video to challenge and dismantle ageist stereotypes. Documentary video-making is a simple, and enticing, technology that gives students a powerful tool for getting to know elders. Scholarship on classroom uses of digital video-making is discussed, and critical comments from the five reflective essays students wrote during the semester are used to track changes in student perceptions of elders.
Polynomial fitting adaptive Kalman filter tracking and choice of correlation coefficient

Kalman filters have been used as a robust method for object location prediction in various tracking algorithms for nearly a decade. More recently, adaptive and extended Kalman filters have been employed, making predictions even more reliable. The presented addition to this trend is the employment of a polynomial fit to the history of object locations, using the adaptive Kalman filter framework. This allows the linear state model of the adaptive Kalman filter to predict non-linear motion, making tracking more robust. This modified filter will be used in conjunction with the Mean Shift algorithm as the measurement step. Another important consideration when using a Kalman filter in this manner will be which correlation coefficient is used. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient is shown to provide more robust tracking when compared to the Bhattacharyya coefficient when objects have either low resolution or are unresolved.
Optimization of carbon capture percentage for technical and economic impact of near-term CCS implementation at coal-fired power plants

While capture of carbon dioxide from coal-fired power plants has important potential for abating climate change, capturing nearly all of the emissions, or full capture, currently has a significant impact on plant technology, performance, and economics. Capturing only part of the emissions, or partial capture, can take advantage of technological differences that result in a reduction of capital investment and improved plant performance. By reducing technical and economic disincentives for first movers, partial capture can serve as an important near-term strategy to meet electrical demand while expediting widespread deployment of full capture.
STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF RESISTANCE OF GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI TO PENICILLIN : ANTAGONISTIC AND ENHANCING EFFECTS OF AMINO ACIDS.

The susceptibility of E. coli and Salmonella to penicillin is highest in a basal medium devoid of amino acids. Blood serum in certain concentrations, meat infusion broth, yeast extract, and casein hydrolysate interfere with the penicillin activity. The effect is apparently due to the antagonism of certain amino acids in the materials. Dicarboxyl-monoamino acids ( i.e . aspartic, glutamic, and hydroxyglutamic acids and asparagine) cystine, arginine, histidine, and hydroxyproline are capable of suppressing the effect of penicilhn upon Gram-negative organisms. The antagonism of amino acids is not primarily related to their effect upon the rate of bacterial growth. It is suggested from the experiments detailed, that the antipenicillin activity is due to the effect of the amino acids upon bacterial metabolism. Prepassages in media of various concentrations of antagonistic amino acids alter the resistance of E. coli to penicillin. The changes are in inverse relation to the concentration of the antagonists. The antipenicillin activity of amino acids may be reversed significantly by dl -methionine. The substance, however, reverses only incompletely the antagonism of materials of mixed composition; i.e ., casein hydrolysate, meat infusion broth, and serum. Upon addition of methionine, methionine sulfoxide, and threonine, there occurs a marked enhancement of penicillin susceptibility of broth cultures of Brucella, Eberthella, Salmonella , and Shigella . The enhancement is apparently due to the ability of this amino acid mixture to reverse effectively the action of the antagonists present in the cultures. Methionine is essential for the enhancement of penicillin susceptibility. Threonine and methionine sulfoxide facilitate the effect of methionine following a reciprocal quantitative relationship.
Quantitative analysis of rat inner ear blood flow using the iodo[14C]antipyrine technique

A number of different qualitative and quantitative techniques have been used to measure inner ear blood flow and all have required that the animal be anesthetized. It is well known that anesthesia can cause a variety of circulatory as well as other systemic changes. In this study, we have employed a technique commonly used for quantifying brain blood flow, the iodo[14C]antipyrine technique ([14C]IAP). Unlike other techniques, [14C]IAP can be used in unanesthetized animals under conditions that are nearly normal, it is non-invasive, it can be used reliably in regions of low local blood flow, and data can be acquired from both the periphery and central nervous system. Results show that blood flow to the lateral wall of the basal turn of the cochlea (387±19 μl/g/min) is significantly higher (P<0.001) than that of the utricular macula (189±23 μl/g/min), horizontal (186±22 μl/g/min), superior (185±22 μl/g/min), or posterior canal crista (185±25 μl/g/min). Surprisingly, blood flow to all of the vestibular end-organs is remarkably similar. The use of this technique should allow pharmacological experimentation on inner ear blood flow without the unknown complications of anesthesia or invasive procedures.
Production and comprehension of unaccusatives in aphasia

Background: Recent studies have reported impairments in the production of sentences containing unaccusative verbs (e.g., The ball bounced down the street) in agrammatic patients. In these sentences, the subject is the theme of the verb, resulting in a non‐standard order of thematic roles (often called non‐canonical thematic role order). Aims: We tested the hypothesis that aphasic patients would be affected by these features of unaccusatives in both production and comprehension, and that they would show similar deficits in sentences with unaccusative verbs and passive sentences, which also have non‐canonical thematic role order. Methods & Procedures: Single‐word naming, sentence production, and sentence–picture matching tasks were administered to a group of 9 aphasic participants and 12 age‐ and education‐matched control participants. Outcomes & Results: The aphasic patients performed less well than the controls, and there were effects of the presence of movement in both groups and an interaction between g...
Goblin Markets: Victorian Women Shoppers at Liberty’s Oriental Bazaar

In a Max Beerbohm caricature, a fashionably dressed Dante Gabriel Rossetti implores his plain sister, Christina, to choose something more fetching to wear (see Figure 1). The Rossettis are apparent...
Localized π -orbitals, pauling bond orders, and the origin of aromatic stability

Energy-localized π-orbitals are obtained for twenty-one cata- and peri-condensed hydrocarbons in the Huckel approximation. Coefficients for the localized orbitals are given. Four different orbital types are found to occur. Rules are given relating the localized orbitals to Pauling bond orders and an interpretation of the theoretical resonance energy is offered.
The Proteolytic Cleavage of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef Does Not Correlate with Its Ability To Stimulate Virion Infectivity

The Nef protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) promotes virion infectivity through mechanisms that are yet ill defined. Some Nef is incorporated into particles, where it is cleaved by the viral protease between amino acids 57 and 58. The functional significance of this event, which liberates the C-terminal core domain of the protein from its membrane-associated N terminus, is unknown. To address this question, we examined the modalities of Nef virion association and processing. We found that although significant levels of Nef were detected in HIV-1 virions partly in a cleaved form, cell-specific variations existed in the efficiency of Nef proteolytic processing. The virion association of Nef was strongly enhanced by myristoylation but did not require other HIV-1-specific proteins, since Nef was efficiently incorporated into and cleaved inside murine leukemia virus particles. Substituting alanine for tryptophan57 decreased the efficiency of Nef processing, while mutating leucine58 had little effect. In contrast, replacing both of these residues simultaneously almost completely prevented this process. However, when the resulting mutants were compared with a wild-type control in viral infectivity assays, no correlation was found between the levels of cleavage and the ability to stimulate virion infectivity. Furthermore, simian immunodeficiency virus Nef, which lacks the sequence recognized by the protease and as a consequence is not cleaved despite its incorporation into virions, could stimulate the infectivity of a nef-defective HIV-1 variant as efficiently as HIV-1 Nef. On these bases, we conclude that the proteolytic processing of Nef is not required for the ability of this protein to enhance virion infectivity.
Bile acid transporters

In liver and intestine, transporters play a critical role in maintaining the enterohepatic circulation and bile acid homeostasis. Over the past two decades, there has been significant progress toward identifying the individual membrane transporters and unraveling their complex regulation. In the liver, bile acids are efficiently transported across the sinusoidal membrane by the Na+ taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide with assistance by members of the organic anion transporting polypeptide family. The bile acids are then secreted in an ATP-dependent fashion across the canalicular membrane by the bile salt export pump. Following their movement with bile into the lumen of the small intestine, bile acids are almost quantitatively reclaimed in the ileum by the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter. The bile acids are shuttled across the enterocyte to the basolateral membrane and effluxed into the portal circulation by the recently indentified heteromeric organic solute transporter, OSTα-OSTβ. In addition to the hepatocyte and enterocyte, subgroups of these bile acid transporters are expressed by the biliary, renal, and colonic epithelium where they contribute to maintaining bile acid homeostasis and play important cytoprotective roles. This article will review our current understanding of the physiological role and regulation of these important carriers.
Localized Basis Function Method for Computing Limit Cycle Oscillations

An alternate approach to the standard harmonic balance method (based on Fourier transforms) is proposed. The proposed method begins with an idea similar to the harmonic balance method, i.e. to transform the initial set of differential equations of the dynamics to a set of discrete algebraic equations. However, as distinct from previous harmonic balance techniques, the proposed method uses a set of basis functions which are localized in time and are not necessarily sinusoidal. Also as distinct from previous harmonic balance methods, the algebraic equations obtained after the transformation of the differential equations of the dynamics are solved in the time domain rather than the frequency domain. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the performance of the method for autonomous and forced dynamics of a Van der Pol oscillator.
Software analytics as a learning case in practice: approaches and experiences

Software analytics is to enable software practitioners to perform data exploration and analysis in order to obtain insightful and actionable information for data-driven tasks around software and services. In this position paper, we advocate that when applying analytic technologies in practice of software analytics, one should (1) incorporate a broad spectrum of domain knowledge and expertise, e.g., management, machine learning, large-scale data processing and computing, and information visualization; and (2) investigate how practitioners take actions on the produced information, and provide effective support for such information-based action taking. Our position is based on our experiences of successful technology transfer on software analytics at Microsoft Research Asia.