cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Cycle of Fragmentation and Sprawl: A Conceptual Framework and Empirical Model:

The political and spatial dimensions of US metropolitan areas are eminently interconnected through a recurring cycle of fragmentation and sprawl. In this paper we demonstrate the cycle at work by refining a land-use model developed in a previous paper and applying it to a national dataset of metropolitan counties. The recursive simultaneous-equations model is structured around five-year intervals, and enables us to observe how the political landscape (urban development patterns) at time t − 5 affects spatial outcomes (municipal fragmentation) at time t. The results suggest that regulatory failure may bear as much fault for urban sprawl as the more commonly cited market failures, and that it may therefore be worthwhile to shift the focus of the sprawl/antisprawl debate from its physical to its political dimensions. Future research should focus on identifying the systematic nature of sprawl and, as an extension, the various policy levers that may be used to mitigate its negative consequences. The paper impr...
Testicular tumor in patient with persistent müllerian duct syndrome.

A case of a yolk-sac tumor associated with an intra-abdominal testis in a patient with persistent mullerian duct syndrome is presented.
Clinical features and treatment of graves ophthalmopathy in pediatric patients.

Purpose To determine the clinical characteristics and review the frequencies of medical and surgical treatment of children with Graves ophthalmopathy. Methods Retrospective case series identifying patients 18 years or younger in whom Graves ophthalmopathy was diagnosed from 1985 through 1999. Data also were obtained from a follow-up survey. Results The 35 children with Graves ophthalmopathy included 27 girls (77.1%) and 8 boys (22.9%). At the time of initial ophthalmic examination, 31 patients (88.6%) were hyperthyroid, 1 (2.9%) was hypothyroid, and 3 (8.6%) were euthyroid. The mean age at diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction was 13.1 years (range, 3 to 18). The mean age at diagnosis of ophthalmopathy was 15.0 years (range, 5 to 18). No patient had compressive optic neuropathy. Thirty-one patients (88.6%) required no therapy or only supportive therapy. One patient (2.9%) required eyelid surgery and 3 (8.6%) underwent transantral orbital decompression for proptosis that caused discomfort and exposure keratitis. No patient received systemic corticosteroids or orbital radiotherapy. A follow-up survey was returned by 20 respondents at a mean follow-up of 11.0 years after the initial examination (range, 3.4 to 19.4). One patient (5.0%) had undergone eye muscle surgery. All patients stated that their vision was good, and 19 (95.0%) had no diplopia. Two patients (10.0%) reported that family members had Graves ophthalmopathy, and 12 (60.0%) had family members with thyroid dysfunction. Conclusions The clinical manifestations of Graves ophthalmopathy are relatively less severe in pediatric patients. Surgical therapy is infrequently necessary.
Sex differences in the potency of κ opioids and mixed-action opioids administered systemically and at the site of inflammation against capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia in rats

Rationale Sex differences in the potency of the antinociceptive effects of κ opioids have been reported in various acute pain models with evidence suggesting that these sex differences are mediated by activity in the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) system.
The Case for Modulated Parasystole

JALIFE, J., ANTZELEVITCH, C., and MOE, G.K.: The case for modulated parasystole. Several recently published tracings of parasystolic rhythms with unusual features were studied to determine whether the biphasic response curve characteristic of modulated parasystole could be extracted from the patterns of arrhythmia. Even in cases in which the possibility of modulation had been rejected, the phase response curves could be derived by inverse analysis of the ectopic intervals. When the derived curves were inserted into the program of the computer model, almost exact matches for the clinical patterns were recorded. In one case, in which the right atrium was driven at increasing rates, the patterns of manifest ectopic ventricular responses appeared to be re-entrant rather than parasystolic. In this case, similar patterns as a function of heart rate were recorded from a mathematical model of reflection.
Surface Area Corrections Applied to a Resource Map

: Generally a difference exists between the horizontal planar area of a watershed as measured on a map and the actual surface area. A technique is presented, utilizing a topographic map, for computing the difference in the two areas as well as yielding a prediction of the actual surface area. Spatial variations in the magnitude of the difference in the two areas for small local sites over the watershed are displayed on computer generated maps. The technique is also used to adjust various inventory variables on maps, such as vegetation density, to reflect actual surface coverage. This allows estimates to be made of the difference in using corrected versus uncorrected area related parameters in mathematical functions describing processes occurring in the atmosphere-surface boundary layer.
Being liked and teaching: The effects and bases of personal likability in college instruction

This article gathers together and critically analyzes literature on two sensitive and important questions: First, what effects (if any) does the psychological attractiveness, or personal likability, of college instructors have on student learning? Second, what leads to an instructor's being liked or likable? Review of this literature suggests that personal likability does affect learning in the affective domain, and sometimes also in the cognitive domain. Accordingly, the review also identifies instructor traits and behaviors which influence likability, at least under certain circumstances. Finally, discussion focuses on gaps in this area of knowledge and raises questions that need further empirical or theoretical attention.
The preferential human mononuclear leukocyte chemotactic activity of the substituent tetrapeptides of angiotensin II

The amino- and carboxy-terminal substituent tetrapeptides of angiotensin II, Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr and Ile-His-Pro-Phe, elicit substantial human mononuclear leukocyte chemotactic responses invitro that attain maximal levels at tetrapeptide concentrations of 3 × 10−8 M and 3 × 10−7 M, respectively. In contrast, the angiotensin II-derived tetrapeptides evoke only marginal human neutrophil chemotactic responses. Amino acid deletions or substitutions that alter the properties of the tetrapeptides, reduce their chemotactic potency and activity. Limited proteolytic cleavage of angiotensin II thus may convert a pathway with predominantly humoral effects to a source of mediators that regulate cellular immunity and chronic inflammatory responses.
The effects of reaction conditions and catalyst deactivation on the mechanism of n-butane isomerization on sulfated zirconia

Abstract The mechanism of n-butane isomerization on a widely studied unpromoted sulfated zirconia catalyst was studied at low conversions in a once-through reactor using 13C-labeled n-butane as a reactant. The comparison of results from GC/MS analysis of isobutane produced from 12C containing n-butane and 13C-labelled n-butane suggests that, at reaction temperatures ≤250°C, the reaction proceeds mainly via the bimolecular mechanism. The decrease in n-butane isomerization activity with time-on-stream did not appear to cause a change in the reaction mechanism.
Vertebrate use of muskrat lodges and burrows

The literature is reviewed and analysis made of references to more than 60 vertebrates that use lodges or bank burrows built by the muskrat,Ondatra zibethicus L. Muskrat homes are important to turtles, waterfowl, terns, carnivores, rodents, and other species for shelter, nesting, getting above the water, or seeking food. No use is obligate but the availability of muskrat homes may limit some species. Effects on vertebrate associates should be considered when muskrat populations are manipulated.
Error estimates for factor loadings and scores obtained with target transformation factor analysis

Abstract Methods of calculating the errors associated with the reproduction of data from the results of target-transformation factor analysis are demonstrated. Errors in the factor loadings and scores are produced by two methods: the jack-knife method, which is time-consuming, and a faster calculation procedure. The agreement shown between the two methods demonstrates the effectiveness of the calculation approach as a quick and simple method of error estimation.
Numerological analysis of the WKB approximation in large order

We show how to slove the one-dimensional two-turning-point eigenvalue problem for analytic potentials to all orders in the WKB approximation. We use this method to compute the eigenvalues of the ${x}^{N}$ ($N$ even) potential to twelfth order. Numerical results for the ${x}^{4}$ potential are accurate to 1 part in ${10}^{15}$ for the tenth eigenvalue. For the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{0}{cosh}^{\ensuremath{-}2}x$ potential the WKB series reduces to a geometric series which may be summed to give the exact answer. Finally, we report on the results of numerological experiments on the structure of the WKB series. The simplicity of our results leads us to conjecture (weakly) that it may be possible to find a formula for the terms of the WKB series for arbitrary analytic potentials.
Stepwise square integrable representations of nilpotent Lie groups

We study the conditions for a nilpotent Lie group to be foliated into subgroups that have square integrable (relative discrete series) unitary representations, that fit together to form a filtration by normal subgroups. Then we use that filtration to construct a class of “stepwise square integrable” representations on which Plancherel measure is concentrated. Further, we work out the character formulae for those stepwise square integrable representations, and we give an explicit Plancherel formula. Next, we use some structure theory to check that all these constructions and results apply to nilradicals of minimal parabolic subgroups of real reductive Lie groups. Finally, we develop multiplicity formulae for compact quotients $$N/\varGamma $$ where $$\varGamma $$ respects the filtration.
Grain size and depositional environment as predictors of permeability in coastal marine sands

More than half of the surface sediments covering the continental shelves are sandy, which may permit substantial sub-seafloor pore water advection. Knowledge of sediment permeability is required for quantifying advection and associated solute transport, but studies of marine sediments typically report grain size analyses rather than permeability. Here data from 23 studies were examined to determine the range in permeabilities reported for sublittoral marine sands and to assess the utility of permeability– grain size relationships in this setting. In the resulting database, the permeability of small (w30 cm) undisturbed cores collected from the sea floor all fell between 2 � 10 � 12 and 4 � 10 � 10 m 2 , a range where advective transport induced by wave and current action should be pervasive. The range in grain size was very similar for near-shore ( 10 m water depth), but the permeability of the continental shelf samples was consistently lower for the same median grain size. Empirical permeability–grain size relationships generated a poor fit (r 2 ¼ 0.35) for the aggregate data, but separate relationships for near-shore and continental shelf samples were significantly better, r 2 ¼ 0.66 and 0.77, respectively. Permeability–grain size relationships thus may be useful for sublittoral sands, but a larger database needs to be accumulated before reliable fit parameters and variability can be predicted. Thus it is recommended that permeability be routinely determined when characterizing sedimentological properties of marine sand deposits. Concurrent determinations of sediment bulk density and porosity may further improve estimates of permeability. 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Relationship Between Liver Injury Induced by Alcohol and Elimination of Phenolsulphonephthalein.

Conclusions1. The foregoing observations of the changes which develop in the liver in those animals which show an increase in the elimination of phenolsulphonephthalein in the urine from the use of alcohol when contrasted with animals which do not show these changes, would indicate that the liver injury is responsible for the increased output of the dye by the kidney either by decreasing the excretion of the dye by the liver into the intestine with its reabsorption and elimination by the kidney (Rowntree and Geraghty2), or by decreasing the ability of the liver to destroy it (Kendall5). These results obtained from the use of alcohol in 7 of 23 dogs, coincide with the observation of Hanner and Whipple4 on the relationship which exists between a liver necrosis induced by chloroform and an increase in the elimination of phenolsulphonephthalein.2. In this series of animals which developed a liver injury from alcohol with an increase in phenolsulphoneplthalein elimination the observation was made, that if the ...
Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Adolescent Organ Transplant Recipients

Objective. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after life-threatening medical illness have been found to predict poor outcome in preliminary studies of adults and children. However, these symptoms are rarely recognized in general medical or pediatric settings. Here we report on the first large investigation to assess prevalence and correlates of self-reported symptoms of posttraumatic stress in a nonreferred sample of adolescent liver, heart, and kidney transplant recipients. Methods. One hundred four adolescents, ages 12 to 20 years (mean: 15.7; SD: 2.1), completed and returned the University of California, Los Angeles, PTSD Index for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. All participants were at least 1 year post-initial transplant and were fluent speakers of English and/or Spanish. Results. More than 16% of the adolescents met all symptom criteria for PTSD, and an additional 14.4% met 2 of 3 symptom-cluster criteria. Regression analysis indicated no effect of gender, ethnicity, age at interview, organ type, time since transplant, or age at transplant. Conclusions. As has been found with other life-threatening pediatric conditions, solid organ transplantation can precipitate symptoms of posttraumatic stress. Symptoms are not predicted by what would be considered objective factors increasing life threat, suggesting a greater salience of subjective appraisal of threat, as has been seen in studies of childhood cancer survivors.
An efficient solvent model for study of hydrophobic phenomena

Abstract We have recently introduced a new Hamiltonian for water which accurately describes the thermodynamics of methane association in solution at 25°C and 1 atm. This work quantifies potentially important advances for characterizing the structure and thermodynamics of hydrophobic solvation in the future. When compared to commonly used multi-site water models, the new model provides (1) a straightforward procedure for extrapolating the one-site description of water to other thermodynamic points of interest, (2) an order of magnitude gain in computational speed, and (3) statistical confidence for quantities such as the entropy which is comparable to free energies evaluated with traditional water models.
Error Field Correction in DIII-D Ohmic Plasmas with Either Handedness

Error field correction results in DIII-D plasmas are presented in various configurations. In both left-handed and right-handed plasma configurations, where the intrinsic error fields become different due to the opposite helical twist (handedness) of the magnetic field, the optimal error correction currents and the toroidal phases of internal(I)-coils are empirically established. Applications of the Ideal Perturbed Equilibrium Code to these results demonstrate that the field component to be minimized is not the resonant component of the external field, but the total field including ideal plasma responses. Consistency between experiment and theory has been greatly improved along with the understanding of ideal plasma responses, but non-ideal plasma responses still need to be understood to achieve the reliable predictability in tokamak error field correction.
Gene transfer into hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells: progress and problems.

The hematopoietic stem cell has been an obvious target for gene therapy technologies because of its ability to permanently reconstitute all the lineages of the hematopoietic and immune systems after transplantation. Many different congenital and acquired diseases could theoretically be treated by introducing a new gene into stem cells.1–4 Retroviral vectors are currently the only gene transfer system with the appropriate characteristics of chromosomal integration and stable helper-free producer cell lines that can be used clinically in protocols targetted at hematopoietic stem cells. In rodent models, investigators have demonstrated efficient and reproducible gene transfer to a high percentage of long-term repopulating stem cells and achieved long-term expression of introduced genes in appropriate lineages.4–7 In large animal and primate models, retroviral gene transfer has been much less efficient, with reproducibly less than 1% of circulating cells containing the transferred gene long-term. 8–12 Efficient gene transfer to primitive human progenitor cells such as CFU-GEMM or long-term culture initiating cells has been reported, with gene transfer efficiencies greatly increased by exposing target cells to hematopoietic growth factors during transduction with viral vectors.I3–15 Over the past four years, investigators have begun to apply retroviral gene transfer technology directed at hematopoietic stem cells in preliminary human clinical trials.
Properties of certain fuzzy linear regression methods

Abstract Fuzzy linear regression was originally introduced by Tanaka, Uejima, and Asai [IEEE Trans. Systems Man. Cybern. 12 (1982) 903–907]. In subsequent years, several different approaches to fuzzy linear regression have been proposed. The purpose of this paper is to review and examine some of these formulations, to discuss their strengths and weaknesses relative to each other, and to suggest possible improvements. In addition, we compare and contrast these methods to the method of ordinary least squares regression.
Serum growth factors cause rapid stimulation of protein synthesis and dephosphorylation of eIF-2 in serum deprived Ehrlich cells.

Abstract In Ehrlich ascites tumor cells maintained in serum-free medium for 16 h the rate of protein synthesis was about 50% of the rate in control (well-fed) cells. The addition of 10% calf serum led to a 1.5- to 2-fold stimulation of protein synthesis within 10 min. Stimulation was effected through a non-transcriptional mechanism which operated at the level of polypeptide chain initiation. The effect was due to non-dialyzable serum growth factors which were sensitive to treatment with dithiothreitol and iodoacetamide. Replacing the 16-h-conditioned serum-free medium with fresh serum-free medium stimulated protein synthesis about 30% in serum-deprived cells, and the effect of these low molecular weight nutrients was additive with the effect of serum factors. Phosphorylation of the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2α) inhibits protein synthesis by competitively inhibiting the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), and modulation of the extent of phosphorylation of eIF-2α has been suggested as a probable regulatory mechanism in serum-deprived mammalian cells. We measured the ratio of phosphorylated to total eIF-2α in serum-deprived cells. The ratio was elevated in serum-deprived cells compared to control (serum-fed) cells. eIF-2 was rapidly dephosphorylated in response to serum refeeding and returned to near control levels after 10 min. The rapidity of this response and the close temporal correlation between eIF-2 dephosphorylation and increased rate of protein synthesis provide evidence that eIF-2 plays an important role in the regulation of protein synthesis by serum growth factors.
A six-month, placebo-controlled trial of D-cycloserine co-administered with conventional antipsychotics in schizophrenia patients.

Rationale d-Cycloserine, a partial agonist at the glycine site of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor, has demonstrated inconsistent efficacy for negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. The strongest evidence for efficacy has come from studies using d-cycloserine at a dose of 50 mg/day added to conventional antipsychotics in trials of 8 weeks duration or less.
Continuous-mixture fragmentation kinetics: particle size reduction and molecular cracking

Abstract Continuous-mixture rate expressions are formulated for particle breakage and molecular fragmentation when two fragments result from each fission event. The proposed general stoichiometric coefficient for binary fragmentation reduces to the limit cases of totally random and proportioned fragmentation terms. Combinations of the new binary fragmentation expressions describe ternary and other multiple product events resulting in more than two fragments. New formulations for the stoichiometric coefficients and the rate constants allow final products of the fragmentation process to have a nonzero size. Moment methods and other procedures provide solutions for the frequency distribution functions of the population balance equations that apply to batch and continuous-flow cases. A superposition of fragmentation events yields a moment solution for an infinite sequence of scissions and the general stoichiometric coefficient.
MDDV: a mobility-centric data dissemination algorithm for vehicular networks

There has been increasing interest in the exploitation of advances in information technology in surface transportation systems. One trend is to exploit on-board sensing, computing and communication capabilities in vehicles, e.g., to augment and enhance existing intelligent transportation systems. A natural approach is to use vehicle-to-vehicle communications to disseminate information. In this paper, we propose MDDV, a mobility-centric approach for data dissemination in vehicular networks designed to operate efficiently and reliably despite the highly mobile, partitioned nature of these networks. MDDV is designed to exploit vehicle mobility for data dissemination, and combines the idea of opportunistic forwarding, trajectory based forwarding and geographical forwarding. We develop a generic mobile computing approach for designing localized algorithms in vehicular networks. Vehicles perform local operations based on their own knowledge while they collectively achieve a global behavior. We evaluate the performance of the MDDV algorithm using realistic simulation of the vehicle traffic in Atlanta area.
DIRECT EVIDENCE FOR AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF SPHINGOMYELINASE IN ULTRAVIOLET-INDUCED ACTIVATION OF C-JUN N-TERMINAL KINASE

Sphingomyelinase (SMase) and its product ceramide have recently attracted a great deal of attention because of their possible role in the signal transduction pathway. However, the role of sphingomyelinase in UV-induced c-June N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation is still unclear. Thus, we investigated this issue directly using a genetic SMase-deficient (2 approximately 3% residual acid SMase activity) lymphoblast cell line, MS1418. The results showed that while UV irradiation markedly induces JNK activation in a normal human lymphoblast cell line, JY, it induces only weak JNK activation in MS1418 cells. This difference of JNK response to UV irradiation between these two cell lines was further observed in time course and dose-response studies. In contrast, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced JNK activation could be observed in both JY and MS1418 cells. Furthermore, significant JNK activation can be observed in MS1418 cells by exposure of the cells to SMase or C2-ceramide, whereas phospholipase A2 or phospholipase C did not show significant induction of JNK activity, and C2-dihydroceramide and sphingosine induce only much weaker JNK activation in MS1418 cells than that by C2-ceramide. These data demonstrated that SMase plays an essential role in UV-induced JNK activation.
Evaluating the Performance of Transgenic Corn Producing Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins in South Carolina

Abstract Transgenic corn, Zea mays L., hybrids expressing insecticidal Cry proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) were evaluated for control of insect pests from 2007 to 2009 in Florence and Blackville, South Carolina. Two planting dates were used in trials in 2009. Early- and mid-season pests and associated injury were consistently absent or at low numbers. Data analyses were limited to Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) injury and infestations in corn ears. Based on the number of kernels injured per ear, event MON810 significantly (P < 0.05) reduced injury compared with the non-Bt isoline in both trials in 2008 (average of 67% control), but reduced injury only in 2009 at the Florence location (64% control). Event TC1507 significantly reduced injury relative to its non-Bt isoline in trials in 2008 by an average of 51%. Based on one year of data at two locations in 2009, event MON89034 significantly reduced injury relative to the non-Bt isoline (average of 83% control), and was more effective than MON810 in the ...
Sublobäre Dysplasie: Eine seltene Form der Malformation kortikaler Entwicklung

Wir beschreiben die Klinik, das EEG, die Charakteristika der magnetresonanz tomographischen Bildgebung und die Gewebspathologie bei einem Kind mit einer besonderen Form der Malformation kortikaler Entwicklung – der sublobaren Dysplasie.¶ In der Literatur sind 5 Falle, die anhand der MRT-Besonderheiten selektioniert wurden, beschrieben. Die Pathologie dieser Dysplasieform ist noch nicht in der Literatur beschrieben worden [2].¶ Sie entspricht anhand der Pathologie des Resektates bei unserem Patienten einer Storung der Migration und nicht der Storung einer Stammzellendifferenzierung und konnte daher Ausdruck einer fruhen Schadigung wahrend der Schwangerschaft sein. Die klinische Diagnose dieser Dysplasieform mit Kenntnis der MRT-Merkmale kann dem Patienten unnotige diagnostische Eingriffe, wie z.B. eine Biopsie ersparen.
Emulsification of Chemically Modified Vegetable Oils for Lubricant Use

Oil in water emulsions of several vegetable oils were studied in order to prepare a useful lubrication fluid. Several previously uncharacterized systems were studied in this paper, including those made from epoxidized vegetable oils. A series of different surfactants were studied in order to obtain emulsions suitable for lubrication applications. The epoxidized oils were found to form stable oil in water emulsions using several different surfactant systems. Only the (4) lauryl ether dodecyl polyethoxylated nonionic surfactant and a modified palm stearin methoxy ester ethoxylate were able to stabilize ordinary soybean oil for 1 week under our test conditions. Overall, the best surfactants were those with an HLB value slightly above 9. The droplet size of emulsions made with surfactants formed submicron droplets, whereas only droplets of larger diameter were obtained when surfactants were not added. Most importantly, a lubrication study was performed showing that even a 1% emulsion of the vegetable oils used in this study can reduce friction nearly as well as using the base oil alone.
Inhibition of Thromboxane Synthesis Attenuates Insulin Hypertension in Rats

Chronic insulin infusion in rats increases mean arterial pressure (MAP) and reduces glomerular filtration rate (GFR), but the mechanisms for these actions are not known. This study tested whether thromboxane synthesis inhibition (TSI) would attenuate the renal and blood pressure responses to sustained hyperinsulinemia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were instrumented with arterial and venous catheters, and MAP was measured 24 h/day. After 4 days of baseline measurements, endogenous synthesis of thromboxane was suppressed in 7 rats by infusing the thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, U63557A, intravenously (30 μg/kg/min) for the remainder of the experiment; 7 other rats received vehicle. Baseline MAP was not significantly different between vehicle and TSI rats (96 ± 1 v 99 ± 1 mm Hg). After 3 days of U63557A or vehicle, a 5-day control period was started, followed by a 7-day infusion of insulin (1.5 mU/kg/min, intravenously). Glucose (22 mg/kg/min, intravenously) was infused along with insulin to prevent hypoglycemia. In the control period, MAP was not different between vehicle and TSI rats (99 ± 2 v 100 ± 1 mm Hg), but MAP increased throughout the 7-day infusion period only in the vehicle rats with an average increase in blood pressure of 7 ± 2 mm Hg. In the control period, GFR was lower in vehicle rats compared with TSI rats (2.5 ± 0.1 v 3.1 ± 0.2 mL/min, P = .06), and the decrease to 81% ± 4% and 91% ± 6% of control, respectively, during insulin was significant only in the vehicle rats. All variables returned toward control during a 6-day recovery period. These results suggest that full expression of hypertension and renal vasoconstriction during hyperinsulinemia in rats is dependent on a normal ability to synthesize thromboxane.
The role of vasopressin in congestive heart failure.

Neurohormonal abnormalities contribute to the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure (CHF). Successful approaches to improving the prognosis of patients with CHF are based largely on therapeutic interruption of activated neurohormonal systems. The use of antagonists and inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems has significantly improved clinical outcomes in CHF. Excessive secretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP) has the potential for deleterious effects on various physiologic processes in CHF. Inhibition of AVP through vasopressin receptor antagonist therapy is a potentially beneficial new therapeutic approach to CHF.
Thermal Needs and Challenges for the Solid State Lighting Devices: Materials to Packages

Light emitting diodes historically have been used for indicators and produced low amounts of heat. The introduction of high brightness LEDs with white light and monochromatic colors have led to a movement towards specialty and general illumination applications. The increased electrical currents used to drive the LEDs have focused more attention on the thermal paths in the LED packages and developments in LED power packaging. The luminous efficiency of LEDs is soon expected to reach over 80 Lumens/Watt that is approximately 6 times more than a conventional tungsten bulb. The thermal challenges include but not limited to chip architecture, packaging, phosphors for light conversion, encapsulants and fillers for optical transparency, interconnects for both electrical and thermal reasons. A typical LED power-package has a 1mm2 surface area with a total heat generation of 1 W. This corresponds to a heat flux of 100 W/cm2 , which is much higher than heat fluxes at the current electronics packaging. In this paper, effect of the thermal management on packaging architectures, as well as phosphor and encapsulants are discussed. Discussions on the microscopic defects due to packaging problems as well as chip active layer defects are presented through experimental findings.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Effects of serum on calcium mobilization in the submandibular cell line A253.

The effects of serum on inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) formation and Ca2+ mobilization in the human submandibular cell line A253 were studied. Exposure of A253 cells to fetal bovine serum (FBS) elicited a 3.3-fold increase in IP3 formation and a concentration-dependent transient increase in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), which was similar in Ca2+-containing and Ca2+-free media. Newborn bovine serum (NBS), but not bovine serum albumin (BSA), induced a similar response. The Ca2+ release triggered by FBS was significantly (88%) reduced by the phospholipase C inhibitor U73122, indicating that Ca2+ release induced by FBS is through the PLC pathway. Pretreatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein abolished the FBS- and NBS-induced Ca2+ release, suggesting that tyrosine kinase plays an important role in mediating the Ca2+ release. Pre-exposure to ATP or thapsigargin (TG) significantly reduced the FBS-induced [Ca2+]i increase, indicating that Ca2+ release caused by FBS is from the TG- or ATP-sensitive Ca2+ store. While FBS exposure elicited a large Ca2+ release, it reduced Ca2+ influx. Furthermore, FBS significantly inhibited the Ca2+ influx activated by the depletion of intracellular stores by ATP or TG. These results suggest that (1) serum elicits Ca2+ release from ATP- and TG-sensitive stores, which is mediated by IP3; (2) the serum-induced Ca2+ release may be modulated by a tyrosine kinase-associated process; and (3) serum strongly inhibits Ca2+ influxes including the store depletion-activated Ca2+ influx. J. Cell. Biochem. 73:458–468, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN NEONATAL PIG HEARTS SUBJECTED TO HYPOXIA FOLLOWED BY REOXYGENATION. † 198

Glucose has been recognized as an important substrate for enhancing myocardial viability in hearts compromised by oxygen insufficiency. However, few studies have quantitatively assessed glucose utilization in neonatal hearts under these conditions. Isolated, paced (150 bpm), isovolumically-beating hearts from pigs (< 2 days of age, N=10) underwent non-recirculating, retrograde-aortic perfusion using a Krebs-Henseleit solution (37°C), containing: 2% BSA, glucose (5.5 mM) and insulin (100μU/ml). Left ventricular peak systolic pressure (PSP) and end diastolic pressure (EDP), coronary flow (CF), lactate release (Lac), glycolysis (Gly, using 3H2O from 3H-glucose), glucose oxidation (GluOx, using 14CO2 from 14C-glucose) and oxygen consumption (MVO2) were studied. Hearts were perfused with a pressure of 60 mmHg during 3 consecutive 30 min. periods: 1) Baseline (95%O2-5%CO2, pO2 ≅550 mmHg), 2) Hypoxia (95%N2-5%CO2, pO2 ≅55 mmHg) and 3) Reoxygenation, pO2 returned to baseline. During baseline, PSP was 131.2± 4.5 mmHg, EDP 5.1 ± 0.3 mmHg, CF 5.7 ± 0.2 ml/min/g, Lac 0.3 μmol/min/g, Gly 547.6 ± 83.8 nmol/min/g, GluOx 310.5± 17.3 nmol/min/g and MVO2 54.8 ± 2.0 μl/min/g. During hypoxia, PSP decreased to 58.1 ± 1.2 mmHg and EDP increased to 32.3± 2.2 mmHg. CF was 8.4 ± 0.7 ml/min/g and Lac 3.6 ± 0.4μmol/min/g. Gly increased to 1103.6 ± 168.4 nmol/min/g, but accounted for only ≅60% of Lac. GluOx decreased to 16.9 ± 4.0 nmol/min/g, yet yielded ≅575 nmol/min/g of ATP, vs. ≅2200 nmol/min/g of ATP from Gly. Upon reoxygenation, PSP returned to 93.0 ± 3.8 mmHg, EDP 14.1 ± 1.3 mmHg, CF 5.0 ± 0.4 ml/min/g, Lac 0.5 ± 0.1μmol/min/g, Gly 565.8 ± 68.1 nmol/min/g, GluOx 213.3 ± 17.8 nmol/min/g and MVO2 44.1 ± 2.9 μl/min/g. When indexed to mechanical activity (ΔP × HR), however, GluOx returned to baseline, but MVO2 remained elevated, implying an oxygen debt. Addition of the fatty acid palmitate (0.5 mM) to the perfusate depressed Gly, but did not alter baseline mechanical function. However, palmitate did result in a further increase in EDP to ≅44 mmHg during hypoxia. In conclusion, for neonatal hearts subjected to hypoxia: 1) Gly does not fully account for Lac, suggesting non-glycolytic sources (eg. amino acids or tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates) for energy and lactate formation, 2) Gly increases markedly, yet GluOx continues to provide an important source of ATP and 3) Palmitate furthers impairs diastolic compliance, presumably secondary to its inhibitory effect on glycolysis. (HL 45603)
Further Observations on the Morphology of Chrysotile and Halloysite1

Electron microscope studies of chrysotile show that tubes are present in bulk specimens and that these tubes commonly have fuzzy, amorphous-looking material on both the inside and outside. Similar material is associated with synthetic chrysotile and has been noted previously in halloysite specimens. The existence of such material between and within the tubes, together with apparent irregularities in size, shape and packing of tubes, explains the apparent discrepancy between the measured density of bulk samples and the calculated density of a hypothetical sample consisting of close-packed, regular, hollow capillaries. Replicas of fractured surfaces of halloysite (2H2O) from various localities reveal that the particles occur as curved to flat laths commonly possessing “hexagonal” terminations and surface features indicative of a higher degree of crystallinity than tubes of halloysite (4H2O). It is suggested that a complete morphological series from plates through laths to tubes exists both in platy to fibrous serpentine and in kaolinite to halloysite (4H2O). In each series a number of structural varieties are to be expected between the morphologically distinct “end members.”
Cytogenetic findings in a case of congenital mesoblastic nephroma

Abstract Congenital mesoblastic nephroma (CMN) is a benign, but locally agressive, renal tumor of early infancy. Few metastases have been reported, but local recurrence is well documented. CMN is histologically distinct from Wilm's tumor and other childhood renal tumors, and is typically treated by surgical excision without adjuvant therapy. Cytogenetic abnormalities in these tumors have been described and are often compared with abnormalities seen in leiomyomas, fibromatoses, and infantile fibrosarcomas. In particular, trisomy 11 has been suggested as a nonrandom occurrence in CMNs. We described a case of CMN in a 4-month-old female infant. The diagnostic histologic features included a monophasic mesenchymal appearance, prominent staghorn vascular spaces, and extensive infiltration of the adjacent kidney. Cytogenetic analysis showed a hyperdiploid chromosome number and a single structural abnormality involving a translocation between chromosomes 12 and 15. The composite karyotypic interpretation was: 46–47,XX, −X, +8, +11,t(12;15)(p12;q25), +17, +20[cp14]. The significance of karyotypic changes in this tumor is currently unknown. A genetic basis for histologic variability and progression may exist if certain cytogenetic abnormalities, such as trisomy 11 or specific translocations, confer a proliferative advantage. Additional cases are required to correlate cytogenetic findings with the biologic behaviors of CMN. We present this case as a contribution to existing literature describing these relatively rare and interesting renal tumors.
Computerized Heavy-Vehicle Size and Weight Regulations Data Base

Policy, management, and technical decisions affecting highway infrastructure, truck operations, and regulatory enforcement, among other factors affecting the trucking industry require information on the types and operating characteristics of heavy vehicles. This information is contained in the set of regulations governing the sizes and weights of these vehicles and is traditionally provided in print medium. The results of a novel attempt to computerize these regulations and store them in a data base are presented. The platform used for the data base is user friendly, flexible, easily accessible, and interactive; sketches of vehicles can be included and information can be protected through definition of user passwords. It is demonstrated that even though industry regulations are complex, specific to jurisdiction, and varied in a number of respects, it is possible to capture the most important variables in a data base. It is also possible to enhance the utility and scope of the data base by interfacing with a geographic information system and to include other variables, such as the dynamic and operational performance attributes of heavy vehicles. The data base has limitations, among them that it cannot capture all descriptive details of the set of regulations and that it serves as an information base only and cannot be used as a legal document.
Optimizing the android virtual keyboard: A study of user experience

Virtual keyboards for mobile devices continue to lack the accuracy and efficiency of their mechanical counterparts. The intent of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of various virtual keyboard implementations employing key-resizing strategies on an Android mobile phone. Study participants were asked to type various phrases using three different virtual keyboard implementations in both portrait and landscape orientations. Quantitative results were reported and conclusions were derived to aid in the development and implementation of more efficient virtual keyboard interfaces for mobile devices.
Binding of merocyanine 540 to normal and leukemic erythroid cells

Normal erythroid cells and both uninduced and induced erythroleukemia cells were stained with the leukemia-specific fluorescent probe merocyanine 540 and its analogs. The external membranes of normal intact cells bound the dye, but this general low-affinity binding was completely abolished by the addition of competing serum. In contrast, erythroleukemia cells bound the dye even in the presence of serum; binding was not affected by reversing the sign of the charge carried by MC540, but was abolished upon removal of certain hydrophobic side chains. When the erythroleukemia cells were induced to differentiate, the distribution of dye-binding regions was altered by the cell such that staining became localized to one region of the membrane. Concomitantly, conconavalin A binding sites were redistributed and became localized in the same region of the membrane as the merocyanine binding sites. Merocyanine 540 is thus shown to bind to a hematopoietic surface feature whose topological distribution is subject to cellular control during differentiation. This leukemia-specific marker may be one of several eliminated during enucleation of mammalian erythroid cells.
Single Limb Exercise: Pilot Study of Physiological and Functional Responses to Forced Use of the Hemiparetic Lower Extremity

AbstractPurpose: Stroke-related deficits can impede both functional performance and walking tolerance. Individuals with hemiparesis rely on the stronger limb during exercise and functional tasks. The single limb exercise (SLE) intervention was a unique training protocol that focused only on the hemiparetic limb. Our objective was to determine the effect of the SLE intervention on cardiorespiratory fitness parameters. Methods: Twelve participants (5 male) with a mean age of 60.6 ± 14.5 years and 69.1 ± 82.2 months post stroke participated in the training intervention. All participants performed SLE using the hemiparetic leg three times a week for 4 weeks. The nonhemiparetic limb served as the control limb and did not engage in SLE. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) and oxygen uptake (VO2) were measured at baseline and post intervention in all 12 participants. At pre and post intervention, gait velocity was assessed in a subset of participants (n = 7) using the 10-m fast-walk test. Results: After the 4-week SLE...
Seabed Characterization for SW2013 Mid-Frequency Reverberation Experiment

Abstract : Seabed geoacoustic structure exhibits variability on a wide spectrum of spatial scales. An experiment was designed and conducted (under the TREX13 experiment) to measure those scales in an inner shelf ridge and swale environment off the coast of Panama City, Florida. One of the surprising results was the observation that significant scales of lateral variability in the sub-bottom exist at scales of 1-10 m. This was observed at both measurement sites, one on a small ridge and one in a swale. Very large differences were observed between the gross sediment properties on the ridge and in the swale despite there being only 30 cm difference in water depth between them. Some of the physical properties could be estimated, but many of the geoacoustic results are rather qualitative. New techniques are required for fully quantifying the geoacoustic variability in such a heterogeneous environment.
Role of acetyl coenzyme A synthesis and breakdown in alternative carbon source utilization in Candida albicans.

Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) is the central intermediate of the pathways required to metabolize nonfermentable carbon sources. Three such pathways, i.e., gluconeogenesis, the glyoxylate cycle, and β-oxidation, are required for full virulence in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. These processes are compartmentalized in the cytosol, mitochondria, and peroxosomes, necessitating transport of intermediates across intracellular membranes. Acetyl-CoA is trafficked in the form of acetate by the carnitine shuttle, and we hypothesized that the enzymes that convert acetyl-CoA to/from acetate, i.e., acetyl-CoA hydrolase (ACH1) and acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS1 and ACS2), would regulate alternative carbon utilization and virulence. We show that C. albicans strains depleted for ACS2 are unviable in the presence of most carbon sources, including glucose, acetate, and ethanol; these strains metabolize only fatty acids and glycerol, a substantially more severe phenotype than that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae acs2 mutants. In contrast, deletion of ACS1 confers no phenotype, though it is highly induced in the presence of fatty acids, perhaps explaining why acs2 mutants can utilize fatty acids. Strains lacking ACH1 have a mild growth defect on some carbon sources but are fully virulent in a mouse model of disseminated candidiasis. Both ACH1 and ACS2 complement mutations in their S. cerevisiae homolog. Together, these results show that acetyl-CoA metabolism and transport are critical for growth of C. albicans on a wide variety of nutrients. Furthermore, the phenotypic differences between mutations in these highly conserved genes in S. cerevisiae and C. albicans support recent findings that significant functional divergence exists even in fundamental metabolic pathways between these related yeasts.
Management of Bone Disease in Patients Undergoing Hormonal Therapy for Breast Cancer

Estrogen deficiency at menopause is associated with increased risk of bone loss and osteoporosis. Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are increasingly being used for the treatment of postmenopausal hormone-sensitive breast cancer because of better disease-free survival compared with tamoxifen seen in clinical trials with AIs. This article reviews the effect of endocrine therapies of breast cancer on bone and the management of bone disease with these endocrine therapies. The effect of these therapies on bone mineral density and bone turnover along with possible interventions is discussed. AIs are also associated with skeletal-related events, which are not discussed.
dRBAC: distributed role-based access control for dynamic coalition environments

distributed role-based access control (dRBAC) is a scalable, decentralized trust-management and access-control mechanism for systems that span multiple administrative domains. dRBAC utilizes PKI identities to define trust domains, roles to define controlled activities, and role delegation across domains to represent permissions to these activities. The mapping of controlled actions to roles enables their namespaces to serve as policy roots. dRBAC distinguishes itself from previous approaches by providing three features: (1) third-party delegation of roles from outside a domain's namespace, relying upon an explicit delegation of assignment; (2) modulation of transferred permissions using scalar valued attributes associated with roles; and (3) continuous monitoring of trust relationships over long-lived interactions. The paper describes the dRBAC model and its scalable implementation using a graph approach to credential discovery and validation.