cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional morphology of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus in perciform fishes: An experimental analysis of the haemulidae.

A new mechanical model for function of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus in generalized perciform fishes is developed from work with the family Haemulidae. The model is based on anatomical observations, patterns of muscle activity during feeding (electromyography), and the actions of directly stimulated muscles. The primary working stroke of the pharyngeal apparatus involves simultaneous upper jaw depression and retraction against a stabilized and elevating lower jaw. The working stroke is characterized by overlapping activity in most branchial muscles and is resolved into three phases. Four muscles (obliquus dorsalis 3, levator posterior, levator externus 3/4, and obliquus posterior) that act to depress the upper jaws become active in the first phase. Next, the retractor dorsalis, the only upper jaw retracting muscle, becomes active. Finally, there is activity in several muscles (transversus ventrales, pharyngocleithralis externus, pharyngohyoideus, and protractor pectoralis) that attach to the lower jaws. The combined effect of these muscles is to elevate and stabilize the lower jaws against the depressing and retracting upper jaws. The model identifies a novel mechanism of upper jaw depression, here proposed to be the primary component of the perciform pharyngeal jaw bite. The key to this mechanism is the joint between the epibranchial and toothed pharyngobranchial of arches 3 and 4. Dorsal rotation of epibranchials 3 and 4 about the insertion of the obliquus posterior depresses the lateral border of pharyngobranchials 3 and 4 (upper jaw). The obliquus dorsalis 3 muscle crosses the epibranchial-pharyngo-branchial joint in arches 3 and 4, and several additional muscles effect epibranchial rotation. Five upper jaw muscles cause upper jaw depression upon electrical stimulation: the obliquus dorsalis 3, levator posterior, levator externus 3/4, obliquus posterior, and transversus dorsalis. This result directly contradicts previous interpretations of function for the first three muscles. The presence of strong depression of the upper pharyngeal jaws explains the ability of many generalized perciform fishes to crush hard prey in their pharyngeal apparatus.
Maya Resurgence in Guatemala: Q'Eqchi' Experiences

Across Guatemala, Mayan peoples are struggling to recover from decades of cataclysmic upheaval--religious conversions, civil war, displacement, military repression. Richard Wilson carried out long-term research with Q'eqchi'-speaking Mayas in the province of Alta Verapaz to ascertain how these events affected social organization and identity. He finds that their rituals of fertility and healing--abandoned in the 1970s during Catholic and Protestant evangelizations--have been reinvented by an ethnic revivalist movement led by Catholic lay activists, who seek to renovate the earth cult in order to create a new pan-Q'eqchi' ethnic identity.
The Formation of a Planter Elite: Jonathan Bryan and the Southern Colonial Frontier

Jonathan Bryan (1708-88) rose from the obscurity of the southern frontier to become one of colonial Georgia's richest, most powerful men. Along the way he made such influential friends as George Whitefield and James Oglethorpe. Bryan's contemporaries, in terms of their large holdings of land and slaves, were markedly traditional and conservative. As Alan Gallay shows, Bryan was different. Paternalistic and relatively open minded, Bryan contemplated religious, social, political, and economic ideas that other planters refused to consider. Of equal importance, he explored the geographic areas that lay beyond the reach and understanding of his contemporaries. Through the career of a remarkable individual--which spanned the founding of Georgia, the Revolution, and the birth of the new republic--Gallay chronicles the rise of the plantation slavery system in the colonial South.
An analysis of several methods for approximately solving the mechanical alloying equation

The methods of Picard iteration, power series expansion, perturbation and discretization are applied to a quadratic integrodifferential evolution equation describing an ensemble of particles undergoing concurrent fracture and coalescence. Though the methods are standard, new and improved error bounds and convergence rates are obtained because of the introduction of the total ensemble volume,V0, into the equation. The problem can then be formulated in function spaces over [o,V0] instead of [0,∞), permitting much stronger results.
Intravesical valrubicin in the treatment of carcinoma in situ of the bladder

The propensity of patients with carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the bladder to progress to invasive and metastatic disease is clearly established. Today, the standard therapy in treating patients with CIS of the bladder is intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Nevertheless, patients who fail intravesical BCG have few viable options except to undergo a radical cystectomy. Valrubicin (N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate) is a new semisynthetic derivative of the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin that has been shown to benefit patients with BCG-refractory CIS of the bladder. Intravesical instillation of valrubicin is well-tolerated, safe and can be durable. Early non-randomised studies show promise and the current utilisation of this drug is limited to patients with BCG-refractory CIS of the bladder who are not good surgical candidates. Randomised studies of intravesical valrubicin for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer are ongoing.
Cross'Cultural Concepts of Illness: Variation and Validation

ness concept. It is assumed that illness concepts with the highest agreement are culturally more salient than those with lower agreement. Important to the study of disease concepts are methods that allow a precise, quantifiable representation of disease concepts and facilitate hypothesis testing. In a cross-cultural study, D'Andrade, Quinn, Nerlove, and Romney (1972; D'Andrade 1973) explored the conceptional organization of the domain of illness terms for Mexican-Spanish speakers and American-English speakers. An initial assumption of the D'Andrade et al. (1972) study was that the properties that defined and distinguished diseases would be the most important characteristics of disease. However, the statements regarding the diseases seemed to represent preconditions or consequences of the diseases and were not the features that the informants used
A study on crack propagation and electrical resistance change of sputtered aluminum thin film on poly ethylene terephthalate substrate under stretching

Abstract This work is designed to study crack development and resistance changes in aluminum thin films under stretching. Crack development and relative electrical resistance change (∆R/R 0 ) of aluminum thin film on 127-μm poly ethylene terephthalate substrates were investigated as a function of engineering strain. Four thicknesses were considered for the aluminum thin films: 50, 100, 200, and 500 nm. The engineering stress–engineering strain curves were very similar for all thicknesses. Three strain rates were considered in this study: 0.1 min − 1 , 0.5 min − 1 and 1.0 min − 1 . Before the yield point, there was no stress difference under different strain rates. However, after the yield point, stress was higher at a higher strain rate. It was found that ∆R/R 0 was very sensitive to the film thickness. Optical microscope images at high magnification showed that cracks were observed at 2% strain for 100, 200, and 500 nm-thick films and at 8% strain for the 50 nm-thick films. Short lateral cracks (perpendicular to the original cracks) were observed at 20% strain for the 100 and 200 nm thick films and at 30% for the 500 nm thick films.
THERMAL INACTIVATION and INJURY of CLOSTRIDIUM SPOROGENES SPORES DURING EXTRUSION of MECHANICALLY DEBONED TURKEY MIXED WITH WHITE CORN FLOUR

An extruded mixture of mechanically deboned turkey and white corn flour was used as a model system to study the thermal inactivation and injury of Clostridium sporogenes spores. Thermal inactivation was observed at 93.3C (2 log10 reductions) and 115.6C (4–5 log10 reductions). Statistical analyses showed that significant difference in thermal inactivation of spores occurred between the extrusion temperatures (P < 0.05). C. sporogenes spore counts of the extruded sample from a rich protein medium (Brewer Anaerobic Agar) were significantly greater than those from a limiting growth medium (Nutrient Agar) (P < 0.05), indicating that spores surviving severe heat treatments required nutrients not required by unheated spores. C. sporogenes spores counts of the extruded sample decreased after 1 and 2 weeks of storage under refrigeration conditions. the overall bacteriological quality of the extruded mixture of mechanically deboned turkey and white corn flour was excellent (0 spore/g in both Brewer Anaerobic Agar and Nutrient Agar).
Clinical evaluation of the wax trial denture

The wax trial denture stage of complete denture fabrication enables the dentist to optimize the relationship of the denture to the patient.
APOPTOSIS DURING PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY-INDUCED ABLATION OF RIF-1 TUMORS IN C3H MICE: ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC, HISTOPATHOLOGIC AND BIOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE

Very little is known about the applicability of the metabolic and biochemical events observed in cell culture systems to in vivo tumor shrinkage following photodynamic therapy (PDT). The purpose of this study was to assess whether PDT induces apoptosis during tumor ablation in vivo. We treated radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF-1) tumors grown in C3H/HeN mice with PDT employing three photosensitizers, Photofrin-II, chloroaluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate, or Pc IV (a promising phthalocyanine developed in this laboratory). Each photosensitizer was injected intraperitoneally and 24 h later the tumors were irradiated with an appropriate wavelength of red light using an argon-pumped dye laser. During the course of tumor shrinkage, the tumors were removed at 1, 2, 4 and 10 h post-PDT for DNA fragmentation, histopathologic, and electron microscopic studies. Markers of apoptosis, viz. the ladder of nucleosome-size DNA fragments, increased apoptotic bodies, and condensation of chromatin material around the periphery of the nucleus, were evident in tumor tissue even 1 h post-PDT; the extent of these changes increased during the later stages of tumor ablation. No changes were observed in tumors given photosensitizer alone or irradiation alone. Our data suggest that the damage produced by in vivo PDT may activate endonucleolysis and chromatin condensation, and that apoptosis is an early event in tumor shrinkage following PDT.
Mössbauer and related studies of tin(IV) complexes with N,N-dialkyldithiocarbamic acids

Abstract Mossbauer parameters are reported for thirty-two tin(IV) compounds containing N,N-dialkyldithiocarbamate ligands. NMR spectra reveal the bidentate character of the dimethyldithiocarbamate ligand. Mossbauer, NMR and infrared spectra indicate greater tin s-character for Sn-C bonds and weaker SN-S bonds in seven- than in six-coordinate compounds. The dithiocarbamate ligand effects a greater electron density at the tin nucleus than any other bidentate anionic ligand studied to date.
The kinetics of olation of some hydroxoaquotetrammine-cobalt(III) complexes in the solid state

The solid-state kinetics for the olation reactions of [Co(NH34(OH)(H2O)]X2 (where X  Cl−, Br−, or 12SO2−4 were determined by several different methods using dynamic and isothermal thermogravimetric data. For the reduced-time plot method, E values were 20, 43, and 25 kcal mol−1 for the chloride-bromide, and sulfate complexes, respectively. For the Jacobs and Kureishy method, E values of 21, 37, and 17 kcal mol−1, were obtained for the above three complexes, respectively. A possible reaction pathway is suggested for the olation reaction.
Construction of an ultrathin, compacted clay membrane for use in reverse osmosis

Abstract The purpose of this project was to test a combination sedimentation/vacuum filtering method for forming ultrathin (0.041 to 0.064 mm) bentonite membranes and to see if ultrathin clay membranes can be effectively compacted and used in reverse osmosis purification of water. We used a flat-leaf reverse osmosis (RO) cell specifically constructed for use with clay membranes. This cell differs from commercially available cells in that it has an integral piston so that the clay membrane can be compacted in a hydraulic press. Our results showed compaction of such ultrathin clay membranes to be problematic. The thickness of the membranes was exceeded by the dimensional variation in the machined experimental cell, and this is believed to have resulted in local bypassing of the membrane with a resultant decrease in solute rejection efficiency. In two of the experiments, permeant flow was varied as a percentage of the total flow to investigate the results of changing permeant flow on solute rejection. In one experiment, the permeant flow was varied between 2.4% and 10.3% of the total flow with no change in solute rejection. In another experiment, the permeant flow was varied between 24.6% and 52.5% of the total flow. In this experiment, the solute rejection rate decreased as the permeant occupied greater fractions of the total flow. Solute rejection was found to decrease with increasing salt concentration and ranged between 62.9% for 0.092 M and 19.7% for 0.989 M chloride and between 61.5% and 16.8% for sodium. Due to problems with the compaction procedure and potential membrane bypassing, these rejection rates are probably not the upper limit for NaCl rejection by bentonite membranes.
Adaptive processing to ensure practical application of a multiple hypothesis tracking system

Modern computational capabilities allow the practical application of Multiple Hypothesis Tracking (MHT) for difficult tracking conditions. However, even in typical expected scenarios, periods of unusually high target and / or clutter density may occur that stress the ability of MHT to operate in real-time and under the constraints of limited computer memory. This paper outlines methods that are being developed to ensure practical application, even though some performance degradation must be accepted, during these difficult conditions. These methods include the adaptive choice of track and hypothesis pruning parameters, IMM filtering models and new track initiation strategies as a function of the latency between the time that current observations are received and the track processing time. Methods to ensure that memory constraints are satisfied are also discussed. The methods are illustrated with examples from simulated missile defense scenarios where periods of very high target density are expected and a ground target tracking scenario with real radar data.
Genome-Wide Association Study Implicates Testis-Sperm Specific FKBP6 as a Susceptibility Locus for Impaired Acrosome Reaction in Stallions

Impaired acrosomal reaction (IAR) of sperm causes male subfertility in humans and animals. Despite compelling evidence about the genetic control over acrosome biogenesis and function, the genomics of IAR is as yet poorly understood, providing no molecular tools for diagnostics. Here we conducted Equine SNP50 Beadchip genotyping and GWAS using 7 IAR-affected and 37 control Thoroughbred stallions. A significant (P A and g.11040379C>A (p.166H>N) in exon 4 that were significantly associated with the IAR phenotype both in the GWAS cohort (n = 44) and in a large multi-breed cohort of 265 horses. All IAR stallions were homozygous for the A-alleles, while this genotype was found only in 2% of controls. The equine FKBP6 was exclusively expressed in testis and sperm and had 5 different transcripts, of which 4 were novel. The expression of this gene in AC/AG heterozygous controls was monoallelic, and we observed a tendency for FKBP6 up-regulation in IAR stallions compared to controls. Because exon 4 SNPs had no effect on the protein structure, it is likely that FKBP6 relates to the IAR phenotype via regulatory or modifying functions. In conclusion, FKBP6 was considered a susceptibility gene of incomplete penetrance for IAR in stallions and a candidate gene for male subfertility in mammals. FKBP6 genotyping is recommended for the detection of IAR-susceptible individuals among potential breeding stallions. Successful use of sperm as a source of DNA and RNA propagates non-invasive sample procurement for fertility genomics in animals and humans.
Hospitalization for complications of cirrhosis: does volume matter?

Close to 30,000 people die of cirrhosis in the USA each year. Previous studies have shown a survival advantage with high-volume (HV) hospitals for complex surgical procedures. We examined whether a volume benefit exists for hospitals dealing with specialized disorders like complications of cirrhosis. Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, we identified all cases of cirrhosis-related complications (n = 217,948) from 1998 to 2006. Hospital volume was divided into tertile-based admissions for cirrhosis per year. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality, and secondary endpoints included length of stay (LOS) and hospital charges. The number of admissions for cirrhosis increased over time (p < 0.0001). HV centers were more likely to be large (86.8%) and teaching (81.5%) hospitals compared to lower volume centers. The average LOS and hospital charges were greater at the HV centers, but hospitalization at a HV center resulted in an adjusted mortality benefit (HR 0.88; 95% CI 0.83–0.92) compared to care at lower volume hospitals. Despite increased LOS and hospital cost, a mortality benefit exists at HV centers. Future studies are necessary to determine other processes of care that may exist at HV centers that may account for this survival benefit.
Revision of the Leptotrombidium generic complex, based on palpal setation combined with other morphological characters.

The palpal setation formula, insufficiently applied at the generic level heretofore, is used in combination with other characters to divide the genus Leptotrombidium into subgenera. One, Intertrombidium , is new; the other 3 remain as Leptotrombidium, Trombiculindus , and Ericotrombidium. Chiroptella is now divided into only 3 subgenera: Neosomia, Chiroptella , and Qudemansidium. Lorillatum , differing significantly from both Leptotrombidium sens. lat. and Chiroptella , is raised to full generic status.
Structure of a cluster of mouse histone genes

The structure of a 25 kilobase region of mouse DNA containing 6 functional histone genes and an H2a pseudogene has been determined. The sequences and levels of expression of the H3 and H2b gene as well as the sequence of the H2a pseudogene have been determined.
Intelligibility of Connected Discourse

An approach to measuring the intelligibility of free-running connected discourse that contrasts with the quasi-statistical methods generally used with nonsense syllables, words, or sentences is des...
Multicluster growth via irreversible cooperative filling on lattices.

Consider irreversible cooperative filling of sites on an infinite lattice where the filling rates ${k}_{i}$ depend on the number, i, of occupied sites adjacent to the site(s) being filled. If clustering is significantly enhanced relative to nucleation (${k}_{1}$/${k}_{0}$\ensuremath{\equiv}\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\gg}1), then the process is thought of as a competition between nucleation, growth, and (possible) coalescence of clusters. These could be Eden clusters with or without permanent voids, Eden trees, or have modified but compact structure (depending on the ${k}_{i}$, i\ensuremath{\ge}1).Detailed analysis of the master equations in hierarchial form (exploiting an empty-site shielding property) produces results which are exact (approximate) in one (two or more) dimensions. For linear, square, and (hyper)cubic lattices, we consider the behavior of the average length of linear strings of filled sites, ${l}_{\mathrm{av}}$=${\mathcal{J}}_{s=1}^{\ensuremath{\infty}}$ ${\mathrm{sl}}_{s}$/${\mathcal{J}}_{s=1}^{\ensuremath{\infty}}$ ${l}_{s}$, where ${l}_{s}$ is the probability of a string of length s [${l}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{v}=(1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{CTHETA}{)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}}$ for random filling, at coverage CTHETA].In one dimension, ${l}_{s}$=${n}_{s}$ gives the cluster size distribution, and we write ${l}_{\mathrm{av}}$=${\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{av}}$. We consider the scaling ${l}_{\mathrm{av}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sim}}\mathrm{A}(\mathrm{CTHETA}){\ensuremath{\rho}}^{\ensuremath{\omega}}}$ as \ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty} (with CTHETA fixed), which is elucidated by the introduction of simpler models neglecting fluctuations in cluster growth or cluster interference. For an initially seeded lattice, there exists an upper bounding curve ${l}_{\mathrm{av}{}^{+}}$ for ${l}_{\mathrm{av}}$ (as a function of CTHETA), which is naturally obtained by switching off nucleation (setting ${k}_{0}$=0). We consider scaling of ${l}_{\mathrm{av}{}^{+}}$ as the initial seed coverage \ensuremath{\epsilon} vanishes. The divergence, ${l}_{\mathrm{av}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sim}}\mathrm{C}(1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{CTHETA}{)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}}$ as CTHETA\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1, is also considered, focusing on the cooperativity dependence of C. Other results concerning single-cluster densities and ${l}_{s}$ behavior are discussed.
Antioxidant agents transiently inhibit aneuploidy progression in Li-Fraumeni cell strains.

Cultured human fibroblasts from patients with the Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) containing heterozygous germline p53 mutations develop genomic instability, loss of the wild-type p53 allele, and immortalize at a low frequency. Since genomic instability and phenotypic change are observed in presenescent cells without specific exposure to mutagens, we hypothesized that reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during normal cell metabolism coupled with deficient p53 dependent DNA damage repair pathways make a significant contribution to immortalization related parameters. To test this hypothesis, three LFS cell strains (MDAH087, MDAH041, and MDAH172) were exposed to five compounds with demonstrated antioxidant properties for ≥85% of their proliferative lifetimes. Agent effectiveness was evaluated every five passages during subculturing by analyzing aberrant chromosome number, anchorage independent growth (AIG), and p16 expression. Cytogenetic analysis revealed that of the five antioxidants tested, only oltipraz was significantly effective in transiently delaying a shift to hyperdiploidy in all three cell strains. However, treated populations were not different from untreated controls when measured in the last 10% of their lifetimes. Additionally, no differences were observed in AIG and p16 expression in antioxidant treated or untreated control populations. Epidemiological studies, in vitro and in vivo experimentation and some clinical trials have suggested that antioxidants may inhibit the progression of cancer and other mutation related diseases. This data, however, does not support the hypothesis that the antioxidants tested have chemopreventive potential in cancers that develop genomic instability due to loss of p53. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Uncertainty analysis of system reliability and availability assessment

Abstract Uncertainty analysis of system reliability assessments with particular emphasis on commercial nuclear power generation stations have been investigated. Sources of uncertainty in reliability assessments are identified, and methods to account for their treatment are discussed. Available methods for determining uncertainties in system characteristics (such as unavailability) by synthesizing the known or assumed uncertainties in component characteristics (propagation of errors) are presented and compared. New or improved codes developed in this study are compared with previous methods. The use of a data base management system, common cause failure analysis and the influence of noncoherent structures in minimizing uncertainty in reliability assessment are discussed.
Optimizing the Learning of a Second-Language Vocabulary.

The problem is to optimize the learning of a large German-English vocabulary. Four optimization strategies are proposed and evaluated experimentally. The first strategy involves presenting items in a random order and serves as a benchmark against which the others can be evaluated. The second strategy permits 5 to determine on each trial of the experiment which item is to be presented, thus placing instruction under "learner control." The third and fourth strategies are based on a mathematical model of the learning process; these strategies are computer controlled and take account of S's response history in making decisions about which items to present next. Performance on a delayed test administered 1 wk. after the instructional session indicated that the learner-controlled strategy yielded a gain of 53% when compared to the random procedure, whereas the best of the two computer-controlled strategies yielded a gain of 108%. Implications of the work for a theory of instruction are considered.
Are ethnic differences in insulin sensitivity explained by variation in carbohydrate intake

Aims/hypothesis Minority populations are disproportionately affected by diabetes. This health disparity may be due to less healthy diets and/or heritable factors in minority populations. These factors must be assessed concurrently to better appreciate their contribution to insulin sensitivity.
Does the Clock Drawing Test have focal neuroanatomical correlates

The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is widely used in clinical neuropsychological practice. The CDT has been used traditionally as a “parietal lobe” test (e.g., Kaplan, 1988), but most empirical work on the CDT has focused on its sensitivity and specificity for detecting and differentiating subtypes of dementia, and there are surprisingly few studies of its neuroanatomical correlates. We investigated the neuroanatomical correlates of the CDT, using a group of 133 patients whose lesions provided effective coverage of most of both hemispheric convexities and underlying white matter. On the CDT, 30 subjects were impaired and 87 were unimpaired (16 were “borderline”). Lesion analysis indicated that impairments on the CDT were most strongly associated with damage to right parietal cortices (supramarginal gyrus) and left inferior frontal-parietal opercular cortices. A follow-up analysis showed that visuospatial errors were predominant in patients with right hemisphere damage, whereas time setting errors were predominant in patients with left hemisphere lesions. These findings provide new empirical evidence regarding the neuroanatomical correlates of the CDT, and together with previous work, support the use of this quick and easily administered test not only as a screening measure but also as a good index of focal brain dysfunction (provided that error type is taken into account).
Liquid-liquid equilibria for binary and ternary systems including the critical region. Transformation to non-classical coordinates

Abstract Classical constitutive equations for equilibrium properties of fluids and fluid mixtures are inaccurate near a critical point. To improve the performance of classical models near the critical point of a pure fluid, Fox, in 1983, proposed a method for transforming the coordinates of a classical equation of state to non-classical coordinates. In this work, the method of Fox is extended and applied to binary liquid mixtures at constant pressure, and to ternary liquid mixtures at constant temperature and pressure. A conventional activity-coefficient model is used to represent mixture properties; mixture parameters are determined primarily from the experimental (or estimated) critical point and stability conditions. Results are shown for binary and ternary liquid mixtures. The method proposed here gives good representation of liquid—liquid equilibria, including the critical region. However, the required calculations are complex and therefore, a phenomenological method presented earlier may be preferred for engineering calculations.
Pulmonary edema: reversal by ultrafiltration.

Abstract Ultrafiltration, the process by which plasma water is removed from the blood was utilized to determine its effect on lowering lung water in pulmonary edema produced by fluid overload, steam inhalation, and endotoxin. Lung water was measured by the thermal-dye indicator dilution technique which correlated well with lung water measured gravimetrically over a wide range (r = 0.95). Edema was produced by fluid overload in five mongrel dogs (Group I), by steam inhalation (Group II), and by endotoxin (Group III). Extravascular lung water (EVLW) rose significantly (P =
Parts and Relations in Young Children's Shape-Based Object Recognition

The ability to recognize common objects from sparse information about geometric shape emerges during the same period in which children learn object names and object categories. Hummel and Biederman's (1992) theory of object recognition proposes that the geometric shapes of objects have two components—geometric volumes representing major object parts, and the spatial relations among those parts. In the present research, 18- to 30-month-old children's ability to use separate information about object part shapes and part relations to recognize both novel (Experiment 1) and common objects (Experiment 2) was examined. Children succeeded in matching novel objects on part shapes despite differences in part relations but did not match on part relations when there were differences in part shapes. Given known objects, children showed that they did represent the relational structure of those objects. The results support the proposal that children's representations of the geometric structures of objects are built ove...
Differences Between Second Law Analysis and Pinch Technology

The use of second law analysis to design a heat exchanger network is compared with the pinch technology approach. Differences between the two methods are identified and discussed in the light of claims made by practitioners of pinch technology. Second law insights are used to easily identify and correct design errors in a heat exchanger network, and to design maximum energy recovery networks. More importantly, it is found that use of the second law provides an understanding of the process which is totally absent in the pinch technology approach. The claims that pinch technology can find global optimum solutions, that only pinch technology can find maximum energy recovery heat exchanger networks and that pinch technology is a form of second law analysis, are considered, discussed, and shown to be invalid.
Dispositional Group Loyalty and Individual Action for the Benefit of an Ingroup: Experimental and Correlational Evidence

Abstract Much of individuals′ lives are spent working in groups, but not all individuals necessarily react to groups in the same way. Based upon previous research, we examined the construct of dispositional group loyalty as a predictor of willingness to contribute to organizational success. Individuals high in dispositional group loyalty were thought to be more likely to exert effort on behalf of their ingroups than individuals low in dispositional group loyalty. Furthermore, this effect should only be manifested in certain situations. In particular, individuals with high group loyalty should perform better when their group is being compared to another than when intergroup comparison is lacking. Three experimental studies were done to test this possibility. In each case, the prediction outlined above was supported. A fourth correlational study provided evidence from outside of the laboratory that dispositional group loyalty predicts involvement in group-based organizational activities, positiveness of attitudes toward organizations, and inclination to perform behaviors for the benefit of one′s organization. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed.
Genomic sequence comparison of the human and mouse XRCC1 DNA repair gene regions

The XRCC1 (X-ray repair cross complementing) gene is involved in the efficient repair of DNA single-strand breaks formed by exposure to ionizing radiation and alkylating agents. The human gene maps to chromosome 19q13.2, and the mouse homologue maps to the syntenic region on chromosome 7. Two cosmids (approximately 38 kb each) containing the human and mouse genes were sequenced to an average 8-fold clonal redundancy. The XRCC1 gene spans a genomic distance of 26 kb in mouse and 31.9 kb in human. Both genes contain 17 exons, are 84% identical within the coding regions, and are 86% identical at the amino acid sequence level. Intron and exon lengths are highly conserved. For the human cosmid, a total of 43 Alu repetitive elements are present, a density of 1.1 Alu/kb, but due to clustering, the local density is as high as 1.8 Alu/kb. In addition, we observed a statistically significant bias for insertion of these elements in the 3'-5' orientation relative to the direction of XRCC1 transcription, predominantly in the second and third introns. This bias may indicate that XRCC1 is more accessible to Alu retroposition events during transcription than genes not expressed during spermatogenesis. The density of B1 and B2 elements in the mouse is 0.4/kb, integrated primarily in the 5'-3' orientation. The human chromosome 19-specific minisatellite PE670 was present in the same orientation in 3 introns in the human gene, and a similar repeat was found at 3 different locations in the mouse cosmid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Postnatal Retinal Vascularization in Former Preterm Infants with Retinopathy of Prematurity

Conclusions: To study the postnatally vascularized retina in former preterm infants in whom retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) stages 2 to 4a developed and spontaneously regressed. Methods: Matched fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms of the temporal peripheral retinas of 133 eyes (72 patients) were obtained after 2 years of age (mean, 7.7 years; range, 2–16.2 years) and were quantified by two masked observers with respect to the following parameters: (1) macular ectopia (in disc diameters); (2) vessel traction (in 30° sectors); (3) radial length of postnatally vascularized retina (in disc diameters); and (4) capillary scaffolding of postnatally vascularized retina (as a density). These cicatricial outcomes were then compared with their active worst ROP stage. Results: Of the 133 retinal montages, the following active worst ROP stages had been documented: 30 with stage 2, 42 with stage 3 mild, 32 with stage 3 moderate, 20 with stage 3 severe, and 9 with stage 4a. As active worst ROP stage increased, macular ectopia and vessel traction increased, and radial length and capillary scaffolding of postnatal retinal vascularization decreased. Retinal holes were documented frequently in eyes with high myopia. Conclusions: The peripheral retina in former preterm infants warrants close scrutiny for possible late rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. Prolonged retinal traction (by remnant shunt and extraretinal fibrovascular proliferation) between stable, posterior, prenatally vascularized retina, and unstable, postnatally vascularized retina may lead to the development of retinal holes characteristically located in the fragile, anterior, undifferentiated, nonvascularized retina.
Experimental evaluation of hinge phenomenon in notched three point bend bars using laser speckle metrology

Abstract In elastic-plastic fracture, material behavior is often characterized by the J -integral or crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) parameters. In order to evaluate these parameters accurately, the location of the plastic hinge point, and subsequently the value of the plastic rotational factor, r p , must be determined. Traditionally, hinge point location and r p have been inferred through crack opening displacement (COD) measurements. However, this work indicates that laser speckle metrology can be used to analyse directly the hinging phenomenon. Using notched three point bend bars fabricated from a high stretch low alloy steel, a full-field map of in-plane displacements was generated over the course of each test. The results indicate the existance of a hinge region, rather than an explicit hinge point. The hinge region appears to contain the computed hinge point location using the range of cited r p values. This indicates that it may be appropriate to use the centroid of the hinge region in subsequent CTOD and J -integral calculations.
Cold moving mice: A microfoil internal conversion electron detector for low and intermediate energy Mössbauer transitions

Abstract A microfoil internal conversion electron (MICE) detector is described which permits direct Doppler shifting of resonance radiation up to velocities of ± 20 cm/s, and gives large improvements in signal-to-background ratios for many Mossbauer isotopes, when compared with transmission geometry. The detector described has efficiency of nearly unity, and it allows for cooling the reciprocating microfoil module to 100 K, which improves signal-to-background substantially over room temperature operation. We give an analysis of the signal-to-background that can be expected for this MICE detector, and for a corresponding transmission experiment. In a table of neutron produced isotopes we find more than 10 cases which are favorable to the MICE approach as compared with the more conventional transmission geometry. The signal-to-background enhancement predicted for several Mossbauer isotopes is substantial for the MICE geometry compared to transmission geometry. Direct measurements of the Mossbauer conversion electron spectrum for the 46.5 and 99.1 keV transitions of 183 W and the 100.1 keV transition in 182 W are reported and compared with our analysis. In the case of 183 W (46.5 keV) we observe over 500% signal-to-background, and this experimental result agrees well with our analysis of the expected size of the effect. Satisfactory agreement is also found for the 99.1 keV 183 W and 100.1 keV 182 W spectra. Based on the analysis given it is possible to determine nuclear resonance cross sections and thereby infer internal conversion coefficients for the resonance transitions. Thus, we are able to determine the internal conversion coefficient for the 46.5 keV transition in 183 W to be α = 13 ± 3.
Two self-shaping methods for intracranial self-stimulation in rats

Abstract Shaping an animal for intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) by manual reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired response can be tedious and time-consuming and may produce inappropriate behaviors. To test alternative shaping methods, rats were implanted with bipolar electrodes aimed at the medial forebrain bundle; one group was shaped manually, another group was allowed to acquire the bar-press response for food reward before implantation and then ICSS was substituted for food, and a third group was allowed to shape themselves spontaneously for ICSS through exploratory behavior. It was concluded that spontaneous shaping produces stable responders with less investment of time and expertise than do the other two methods.
Recent developments in the method of different orbitals for different spins

The alternant molecular orbital method and the nonpaired spatial orbital method have been compared. Some recent applications of the AMO method have been reported.
All fixed-order H/sub /spl infin controllers: observer-based structure and covariance bounds

This note obtains a parameterization of the set of all stabilizing controllers of order less than or equal to the plant, which yields for the closed-loop transfer matrix a specified H/sub /spl infin norm bound. The algebraic results of covariance control are applied to the H/sub /spl infin control problem to yield a parameterization in terms of the Lyapunov matrix, which carries many system properties (such as H/sub 2/ performance, covariance bounds, system entropy at infinity, etc.). All low-order H/sub /spl infin controllers are shown to have observer-based structure for "reduced-order models" of the plant and are characterized by two Riccati equations with a coupling condition. >
Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (SKY) in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: Search for recurrent chromosome abnormalities

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a clonally derived lymphoproliferative disorder that preferentially involves the skin. The two major clinical expressions of CTCL, mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sezary syndrome (SS), have poorly understood pathogenesis. Chromosome abnormalities, mostly complex karyotypes, are seen in about 50% of patients with MF/SS, and there have only been a few instances of recurrent rearrangements. We analyzed 19 blood samples from patients with MF/SS with cytogenetics and multicolor FISH (SKY) to better describe the complex karyotypes and search for recurrent abnormalities or breakpoints. Comparison of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)–stimulated cultures versus a combination of interleukin 2 plus interleukin 7 showed similar efficiency in detecting abnormal clones; however, the PHA cultures yielded more analyzable metaphases. Nine of 19 patients (47%) had an abnormal karyotype. The most frequent abnormalities, in 7 of 9 cases, involved chromosome 10; followed by chromosome 6, in 6 of 9 cases; chromosomes 3, 7, 9, 17, and 19, in 5 of 9 cases; chromosomes 1 and 12, in 4 of 9 cases; and chromosomes 8, 11, and 13, in 3 of 9 cases. Most abnormalities were structural. Recurrent rearrangements included deleted chromosomes 6 and 13, in three cases each, and recurrent breakpoints at 1p32–36, 6q22–25, 17p11.2–13, 10q23–26, and 19p13.3, occurring in three or more cases. One patient had a pseudodicentric translocation between the short arms of chromosomes 8 and 17, confirmed by dual-color FISH and interpreted as psu dic(17;8)(p11.2;p11.2). Two patients with SS reported in the literature seem to have a similar translocation. If confirmed, a psu dic(17;8) could be the first recurring translocation detected in at least three patients with MF/SS. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Integrated distributed energy awareness for wireless sensor networks

Energy in sensor networks is distributed and non-transferable. Over time, differences in energy availability across the network are likely to arise. Protocols such as routing engines can concentrate energy load at certain nodes. Variations in incident sunlight can produce different solar charging rates at different nodes. Because many sensor network applications require nodes collaborate --- to ensure complete sensor coverage or route data to the network's edge --- a small set of nodes threatened by low energy availability can have a disproportionate impact on the entire network. For example, the loss of a single sink node may render the application unable to communicate with all the other nodes.However, network density provides redundancy that can be exploited to control the distribution of energy load. Multiple possible routing paths may link a node and the sink, or several sinks may exist. Adjusting MAC-level parameters may allow a node to conserve energy by forcing additional load on its neighbors. Inputs from multiple sensors may prove redundant to the application, allowing some sensors to be disabled or operated at reduced fidelity, saving power at those nodes. These choices imply that energy load can be tuned to match availability, and this tuning can extend the useful lifetime of the network.Effective distributed energy management requires network-wide awareness of energy availability and load integrated with algorithms guiding protocols toward states producing longer lifetimes or higher node duty-cycles. Intelligent Distributed Energy Awareness (IDEA) is a sensor network service that can be used by both protocols and applications. Given the current energy availability and a set of protocol states, each with different implications for network-wide energy consumption, IDEA projects future energy availability in order to make the best choice. By simplifying decisions impacting distributed energy availability, it facilitates the implementation of energy-aware services.
Shaving It All Off: Examining Social Norms of Body Hair among College Men in a Women's Studies Course

As a field only four decades old, women's studies has undergone sweeping changes since its inception in the early 1970s. Striving to shed light on the trappings of gender roles, the dangers of patr...
Measurement of Corporate Social Action: Discovering Taxonomy in the Kinder Lydenburg Domini Ratings Data

The contribution of this work is a classification of corporate social action underlying the Social Ratings Data compiled by Kinder Lydenburg Domini Analytics, Inc. We compare extant typologies of c...
History of the Theories of Evaporation — A Chronological Sketch

Since time immemorial human beings have observed evaporation of water in their surroundings, and they undoubtedly have speculated on the nature of this phenomenon. For a better understanding of the discovery of our present knowledge, it is appropriate to review briefly some of the concepts of the past and their evolution.
VPg of Tobacco Etch Potyvirus Is a Host Genotype-Specific Determinant for Long-Distance Movement

The V20 cultivar of Nicotiana tabacum was shown previously to exhibit a strain-specific restriction of long-distance movement of tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV). In V20, both TEV-HAT and TEV-Oxnard strains are capable of genome amplification and cell-to-cell movement, but only TEV-Oxnard is capable of systemic infection by vasculature-dependent long-distance movement. To investigate the basis for host-specific movement of TEV, chimeric virus genomes were assembled from TEV-HAT and TEV-Oxnard. Viruses containing the TEV-Oxnard coding regions for HC-Pro and/or capsid protein (CP), two proteins that are known to be essential for TEV long-distance movement, failed to infect V20 systemically. In contrast, chimeric viruses encoding the TEV-Oxnard VPg domain of NIa were able to infect V20 systemically. The critical region controlling the infection phenotype in V20 was mapped to a 67-nucleotide segment containing 10-nucleotide differences, but only five amino acid differences, between TEV-HAT and TEV-Oxnard. In V20 coinfection experiments, a restricted strain had no effect on systemic infection by a long-distance movement-competent chimeric strain, suggesting that the restricted strain was not inducing a generalized systemic resistance response. These data suggest that the VPg domain, which is covalently attached to the 5' end of genomic RNA, interacts either directly or indirectly with host components to facilitate long-distance movement.
Yes, Minister: Reassessing South Africa's Intervention in the Angolan Civil War, 1975–1976

In 1975–1976, South Africa's apartheid regime took the momentous step of intervening in the Angolan civil war to counter the Marxist Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola and its backers in Havana and Moscow. The failure of this intervention and the subsequent ignominious withdrawal had major repercussions for the evolution of the regime and the history of the Cold War in southern Africa. This article is the first comprehensive study of how and why Pretoria became involved. Drawing on a wide variety of primary sources from South African archives as well as interviews with key protagonists, the article shows that the South African Defence Force and Defence Minister P. W. Botha pushed vigorously and successfully for deeper engagement to cope with security threats perceived through the prism of the emerging doctrine of “total onslaught.” South Africa's intervention in Angola was first and foremost the product of strategic calculations derived from a sense of threat perception expressed and experience...
A Review of: “Kelly Oliver. Women as Weapons of War.”

In Women as Weapons of War, Kelly Oliver tries “to figure out why ‘normal’ American kids engage in deadly violence.” (p. xii) She explores how the interplay of gender, sex, and violence, mediated b...