cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LP-rounding algorithms for the fault-tolerant facility placement problem

The Fault-Tolerant Facility Placement problem (FTFP) is a generalization of the classic Uncapacitated Facility Location Problem (UFL). In FTFP we are given a set of facility sites and a set of clients. Opening a facility at site i costs f i and connecting client j to a facility at site i costs d i j . We assume that the connection costs (distances) d i j satisfy the triangle inequality. Multiple facilities can be opened at any site. Each client j has a demand r j , which means that it needs to be connected to r j different facilities (some of which could be located on the same site). The goal is to minimize the sum of facility opening cost and connection cost.The main result of this paper is a 1.575-approximation algorithm for FTFP, based on LP-rounding. The algorithm first reduces the demands to values polynomial in the number of sites. Then it uses a technique that we call adaptive partitioning, which partitions the instance by splitting clients into unit demands and creating a number of (not yet opened) facilities at each site. It also partitions the optimal fractional solution to produce a fractional solution for this new instance. The partitioned fractional solution satisfies a number of properties that allow us to exploit existing LP-rounding methods for UFL to round our partitioned solution to an integral solution, preserving the approximation ratio. In particular, our 1.575-approximation algorithm is based on the ideas from the 1.575-approximation algorithm for UFL by Byrka et al., with changes necessary to satisfy the fault-tolerance requirement.
The Three-dimensional Evolution of Rising, Twisted Magnetic Flux Tubes in a Gravitationally Stratified Model Convection Zone

We present three-dimensional numerical simulations of the rise and fragmentation of twisted, initially horizontal magnetic —ux tubes that evolve into emerging )-loops. The —ux tubes rise buoyantly through an adiabatically strati—ed plasma that represents the solar convection zone. The MHD equations are solved in the anelastic approximation, and the results are compared with studies of —ux-tube fragmenta- tion in two dimensions. We —nd that if the initial amount of —eld line twist is below a critical value, the degree of fragmentation at the apex of a rising )-loop depends on its three-dimensional geometry: the greater the apex curvature of a given )-loop, the lesser the degree of fragmentation of the loop as it approaches the photosphere. Thus, the amount of initial twist necessary for the loop to retain its cohe- sion can be reduced substantially from the two-dimensional limit. The simulations also suggest that, as a fragmented —ux tube emerges through a relatively quiet portion of the solar disk, extended crescent- shaped magnetic features of opposite polarity should form and steadily recede from one another. These features eventually coalesce after the fragmented portion of the )-loop emerges through the photosphere. Subject headings: MHDmethods: numericalSun: interiorSun: magnetic —elds
Gyroscopic classical and quantum oscillators interacting with heat baths

We analyze the stability of a gyroscopic oscillator interacting with a finite- and infinite-dimensional heat bath in both the classical and quantum cases. We consider a finite gyroscopic oscillator model of a particle in a magnetic field and examine the stability before and after coupling to a heat bath. It is shown that if the oscillator is gyroscopically stable, coupling to a sufficiently massive heat bath induces instability. The meaning of these ideas in the quantum context is discussed. The model extends the exact diagonalization analysis of an oscillator and field of Ford, Lewis, and O'Connell to the gyroscopic setting.
Semistar Operations and Standard Closure Operations

Let R be a commutative ring. It is shown that there is an order isomorphism between a popular class of finite type closure operations on the ideals of R and the poset of semistar operations of finite type.
An Efficient, Regio- and Stereoselective Palladium-Catalyzed Route to Tetrasubstituted Olefins

An efficient, regio- and stereoselective palladium-catalyzed route to tetrasubstituted olefins has been developed, which involves the intermolecular coupling of an aryl iodide, an internal alkyne, and an arylboronic acid. The reaction involves cis-addition of the aryl group from the aryl halide to the less hindered or less electron-poor end of the alkyne, while the aryl group from the arylboronic acid adds to the other end.
Facile Synthesis of Hexakis(4-Formylphenoxy)-Cyclotriphosphazene and Hexakis(4-Acetophenoxy)-Cyclotriphosphazene

Abstract Synthesis of hexakis(4-formylphenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene and similar compounds may be achieved utilizing a phase-transfer reaction. This one-pot procedure eliminates the need for rigorous drying of solvents, purification of reagents, and reflux conditions during the reaction.
Cervical assessment by ultrasound for preventing preterm delivery

Background Measurement of cervical length (CL) by transvaginal ultrasound (TVU) is predictive of preterm birth (PTB). It is unclear if this screening test is effective for prevention of PTB.
Separating metagenomic short reads into genomes via clustering

The metagenomics approach allows the simultaneous sequencing of all genomes in an environmental sample. This results in high complexity datasets, where in addition to repeats and sequencing errors, the number of genomes and their abundance ratios are unknown. Recently developed next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies significantly improve the sequencing efficiency and cost. On the other hand, they result in shorter reads, which makes the separation of reads from different species harder. Among the existing computational tools for metagenomic analysis, there are similarity-based methods that use reference databases to align reads and composition-based methods that use composition patterns (i.e., frequencies of short words or l-mers) to cluster reads. Similarity-based methods are unable to classify reads from unknown species without close references (which constitute the majority of reads). Since composition patterns are preserved only in significantly large fragments, composition-based tools cannot be used for very short reads, which becomes a significant limitation with the development of NGS. A recently proposed algorithm, AbundanceBin, introduced another method that bins reads based on predicted abundances of the genomes sequenced. However, it does not separate reads from genomes of similar abundance levels. In this work, we present a two-phase heuristic algorithm for separating short paired-end reads from different genomes in a metagenomic dataset. We use the observation that most of the l-mers belong to unique genomes when l is sufficiently large. The first phase of the algorithm results in clusters of l-mers each of which belongs to one genome. During the second phase, clusters are merged based on l-mer repeat information. These final clusters are used to assign reads. The algorithm could handle very short reads and sequencing errors. It is initially designed for genomes with similar abundance levels and then extended to handle arbitrary abundance ratios. The software can be download for free at http://www.cs.ucr.edu/∼tanaseio/toss.htm . Our tests on a large number of simulated metagenomic datasets concerning species at various phylogenetic distances demonstrate that genomes can be separated if the number of common repeats is smaller than the number of genome-specific repeats. For such genomes, our method can separate NGS reads with a high precision and sensitivity.
Did Workers Pay for the Passage of Workers' Compensation Laws?

Market responses to legislative reforms often mitigate the expected gains that reformers promise in legislation. Contemporaries hailed workers' compensation as a boon to workers because it raised the amount of postaccident compensation paid to injured workers. Despite the large gains to workers, employers often supported the legislation. Analysis of several wage samples from the early 1900s shows that employers were able to pass a significant part of the added costs of higher postaccident compensation on to some workers in the form of reductions in wages. The size of the wage offsets, however, was smaller for union workers.
Reexamination of dynamic efficiency with taxation on land

Abstract This paper examines the possibility of overaccumulation of capital in an overlapping generations economy with land. With zero population growth rate, the steady state equilibrium is dynamically efficient. Imposition of property tax on land, however, distorts the no-arbitrage condition and can generate dynamic inefficiency. A similar possibility arises in an economy with a positive growth rate in population.
Microwave initiated reactions: Pechmann coumarin synthesis, Biginelli reaction, and acylation

Abstract An energy-efficient protocol has been developed for solvent-free reactions that are mildly exothermic but not spontaneous. The exothermic reaction mixture—on several g-scale—is exposed for about 30 s to low power (about 200 W) microwaves and then the microwave oven is switched off. After this short burst of energy, the exothermic reaction gets initiated and proceeds on its own to completion. A number of coumarins were synthesized by the Pechmann reaction using this strategy.
The Impact of Audit Completeness and Quality on Earnings Announcement GAAP Disclosures

ABSTRACT This study examines the role of the external audit in management's decision about the amount of GAAP financial statement information to disclose in the annual earnings announcement. The earnings announcement is a key disclosure provided by public companies. Yet, there is no requirement that earnings announcements contain audited GAAP numbers; in fact, recent trends indicate that a majority of companies release earnings before the completion of year-end audit fieldwork. I predict and find that companies that wait until the audit is more complete at the earnings announcement date and receive higher quality audits provide more detailed balance sheet, cash flow statement, and overall GAAP disclosures. I also provide evidence that complete audits and higher quality audits impact the information content of the earnings announcement. The combined results indicate that audit completeness and quality help facilitate more detailed earnings announcement disclosures and have implications for the equity marke...
Synthesis and evaluation of vitamin D-based cationic lipids for gene delivery in vitro.

Abstract A new panel of steroidal cationic lipids has been synthesized for gene delivery. Using commercially available vitamin D2 (calciferol) or vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) as hydrophobic motifs and a variety of cationic head groups as binding sites for negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA, we demonstrated that the transfection activity of the synthetic vitamin D-based cationic lipids 1d Download : Download high-res image (180KB) Download : Download full-size image Scheme 1 . , 2d formulated with dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) as a co-lipid is comparable to that of 3-(-[N-N′,N′-dimethylaminoethane)carbamoyl]cholesterol (DC-Chol). These synthetic lipids are effective in transfecting a variety of cell lines. These results suggest that vitamin D-based cationic lipids are useful transfection reagents for in vitro gene transfer studies.
Psychological Expected Utility Theory and Anticipatory Feelings

We extend expected utility theory to situations in which agents experience feelings of anticipation prior to the resolution of uncertainty. We show how these anticipatory feelings may result in time inconsistency. We provide an example from portfolio theory to illustrate the potential impact of anticipation on asset prices.
Using the Teamlet Model to Improve Chronic Care in an Academic Primary Care Practice

Background Team care can improve management of chronic conditions, but implementing a team approach in an academic primary care clinic presents unique challenges.
Housing finance in transition economies : the early years in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union

The transition to markets dominates the development agenda of the 1990s. Financial sector reforms are central to a successful transition to a market economy. The author focuses on one dimension of these reforms: the development of housing finance institutions and services. He presents a progress report for the years since 1989, when the road to change opened with the collapse of communist regimes in most countries. Rather than a detailed account of reform in 25 countries, he offers a general framework for analyzing change and evaluating the prospects for rapid development of market-based housing finance systems. To understand why sound housing finance systems have not yet developed, one must consider factors in four key reform areas: the macroeconomic policies adopted to liberalize the economy and stabilize prices; privatization policies, in particular in housing and real estate; the strategies adopted - whether by design or by default - to reform the financial sector; the nature of the financial priorities and institutional constraints affecting housing finance reform strategies followed in different countries. Housing finance policy development has been somewhat haphazard in many countries. But the evidence suggests that the transition economies that have achieved low inflation, have adopted radical banking reforms, and seriously reformed and liberalized their real estate sector should be among the first to develop a modern system of housing finance.
Some results of the Advanced Photon Source beam lifetime studies

Total beam lifetime consists of two components: the residual-gas-scattering lifetime and Touschek lifetime. The residual-gas lifetime is comprised of the elastic and inelastic scattering on electrons and elastic and inelastic scattering on nuclei. Touschek scattering involves scattering of particles within the bunch. One usually calculates only the elastic scattering on nuclei (single Coulomb scattering) and inelastic scattering on nuclei (bremsstrahlung) of the residual-gas-scattering lifetime component. Experience gained from computing the beam lifetime in the Advanced Photon Source (APS) storage ring shows that the electron scattering should not be neglected, particularly the inelastic contribution. Given the measured quantities from the APS storage ring, one can compare theoretical predictions with experimental results. Uncertainties in calculating the various contributions to lifetime will be discussed.
Hofer–Zehnder capacity and length minimizing Hamiltonian paths

We use the criteria of Lalonde and McDu to show that a path that is generated by a generic autonomous Hamiltonian is length minimizing with respect to the Hofer norm among all homotopic paths provided that it induces no non-constant closed trajectories in M . This generalizes a result of Hofer for symplectomorphisms of Euclidean space. The proof for general M uses Liu{ Tian’s construction of S 1 {invariant virtual moduli cycles. As a corollary, we nd that any semifree action of S 1 on M gives rise to a nontrivial element in the fundamental group of the symplectomorphism group of M .W e also establish a version of the area-capacity inequality for quasicylinders.
An analysis of elasto-plastic sliding spherical asperity interaction

This work seeks to characterize the component of friction, which arises from energy being dissipated via elasto-plastic deformation during sliding contact (as apposed to adhesive mechanisms). The sliding interaction between spheres is analyzed using two approaches (a semi-analytical and finite element simulation). These analyses are used to formulate empirical equations, which describe the average tangential and normal forces resulting from the sliding interaction. A parametric study of the properties of typical metals is then used to help verify the effectiveness of the empirical equations. The study shows that the effective friction coefficient between spherical asperities increases with the elastic modulus, decreases with yield strength, and increases with the interference between the contacts (dependant on the normal load).
Should law and public policy adopt ‘practical causality’ as the appropriate criteria for deciding product liability cases and public policy?

The tension between the meaning of causality in science and law or public policy is well-known; however, defendants in product liability cases or industries that might be affected by a government regulation may try to convince the fact-finder to require evidence of a causal relationship that meets the standards of science. From the perspective of public health, however, people may be exposed unnecessarily to a health risk during the time period between the establishment of reasonably strong evidence of a causal relationship and the overwhelming evidence required for scientific causality. The Bayesian paradigm enables one to update information from epidemiologic studies as they accumulate, providing estimates of the probability that the relative risk of a particular harm from exposure exceeds a threshold value, e.g. 2.0 or 4.0. In order to diminish the role of the initial prior distribution, which may be quite subjective, the first case-control study or an analysis of adverse event and case reports is used to determine two prior distributions. One is the most favorable to the defendant, or industry that might be regulated, which is consistent with the previous data. The other is centered on or near the estimated relative risk from the first study. The method is applied to the studies that linked aspirin use to Reye syndrome and demonstrates that the evidence of a causal association was sufficiently strong in 1982, when the FDA first proposed that the public be warned of the risk, to support the regulation. Thus, lives would have been saved had the warning been given at the end of 1982 rather than in early 1985.
Kodaira dimension and zeros of holomorphic one-forms

We show that every holomorphic one-form on a smooth complex projective variety of general type must vanish at some point. The proof uses generic vanishing theory for Hodge modules on abelian varieties.
Throughput analysis of a timer controlled token passing protocol under heavy load

An analysis is presented of the throughput performance of some recently proposed token-passing local area network (LAN) protocols under a heavy load assumption. The IEEE 802.4 token bus standard which uses a cycle-dependent timing mechanism to control station access to the channel, is studied. It is shown that the cycle-dependent timing mechanism limits the token circulation times properly. Moreover, priority among different access classes is being implemented. Analytic results for computations of throughputs and cycle lengths are derived. These results provide insights into the cycle-dependent timing mechanism and also guidelines for design. Using the results derived, examples concerning the throughput behavior under different heavy load configurations, the sensitivity to parameters, system optimization with delay and bandwidth constraints, and comparison with the other integrated access schemes are studied. >
Personal Income and Attitudes toward Redistribution: A Study of Lottery Winners

In order to estimate the effects of affluence on political attitudes, we conducted interviews with 342 people who had won the lottery between 1983 and 2000 in an Eastern state. A parallel survey of the general public was also conducted. Comparing winners of varying amounts, we find that lottery-induced affluence increases hostility toward estate taxes, marginally increases hostility towards government redistribution, but has little effect on broader attitudes concerning economic stratification or the role of government as a provider of social insurance. These results bolster previous findings suggesting that economic self-interest influences policy preferences when policy consequences are perceived as salient. At the same time, the findings suggest the limited influence that material concerns have on one's broad political outlook.
Transition Boiling Heat Transfer of Droplet Streams and Sprays

An experimental study was performed to characterize the transition boiling heat transfer rate from a surface to a stream of impinging water droplets and to extrapolate this information to predict the transition boiling heat transfer of a dilute spray. First, transition boiling heat transfer data were gathered for a continuous stream of monodispersed water droplets striking a polished nickel surface. From these data, empirical correlations were developed to describe the heat transfer rate and heat transfer efficiency for droplet velocities between 1.0 m s ! 1 and 7.1 m s ! 1 , droplet diameters ranging from 0.250! 10 ! 3 m to 1.002 ! 10 ! 3 m, and surface temperatures covering 110‐240°C. By properly accounting for the hydrodynamic differences between a spray and a single droplet stream, the empirical single droplet stream heat transfer correlations were effectively extrapolated into a model for predicting the transition boiling heat flux of dilute sprays ! Q! " 0.5! 10 ! 3 m 3 s ! 1 m ! 2 # . $ DOI: 10.1115/1.2764090%
THE WP-BAILEY TREE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS

The object of the paper is a thorough analysis of the WP-Bailey tree, a recent extension of classical Bailey chains. The paper begins by observing how the WP-Bailey tree naturally requires a finite number of classical -hypergeometric transformation formulas. It then shows how to move beyond this closed set of results, and in the process, heretofore mysterious identities of Bressoud are explicated. Next, WP-Bailey pairs are used to provide a new proof of a recent formula of Kirillov. Finally, the relation between the approach in the paper and that of Burge is discussed.
Global Ozone Minima in the Historical Record

The magnitude and structure of the global total ozone minimum between 1958 and 1962 is similar to that observed between 1979 and 1983. Analysis of the single station data that exhibit the most pronounced minima suggest that the spatial structure of the global minimum is different from the currently observed reduction. Very low north polar values were observed, but there is no indication of anomalously low ozone in Antarctica. The temporal relationship to the sun spot cycle is similar in both time periods. Rather than solar terrestrial interaction, however, a more likely explanation of the early 1960's reduction is normal climatology caused by a persistent period of planetary wave activity. Such a natural explanation may also be appropriate for the current depletion.
Sintering of monosized, spherical yttria powders

Monosized, spherical Y2O3 was processed from raw commercial Y2O3 by homogeneous precipitation in aqueous solution via urea decomposition. Dry-pressed pellets of the synthesized and raw powders were sintered to 1500°, 1600°, and 1700°C for 7 to 720 min. Microstructural development was followed with scanning electron microscopy. The differences between sintering behavior of the two powders are discussed.
Perceptron Trees: A Case Study in Hybrid Concept Representations

Abstract This article presents a case study in examining the bias of two particular formalisms: decision trees and linear threshold units. The immediate result is a new hybrid representation, called a ‘perceptron tree’, and an associated learning algorithm called the ‘percepton tree error correction procedure’. The longer term result is a model for exploring issues related to understanding representational bias and constructing other useful hybrid representations.
Analysis of handoff algorithms using both absolute and relative measurements

An analytic model has been previously developed for evaluating the performance of handoff algorithms based on relative signal strength measurements, i.e., the difference of signal strength from two base stations (BSs). The present authors have extended this analysis by including an additional criterion based on absolute signal strength in the handoff decision algorithm. The absolute signal strength is the averaged value of the received signal level from the current serving BS measured by the mobile unit. This value has to be below a fixed threshold to initiate a handoff (a necessary, not sufficient condition). In this way, the mobile unit should be assigned to a new BS if the absolute signal strength from the old BS drops below the threshold and the relative signal strength between the new and old BS reaches the hysteresis level. The model is proved to be sufficiently accurate by comparison with simulation. The effect of adding absolute signal strength is illustrated.
DIMERIZATION OF LITHOCHOLATE UNSATURATED ESTERS USING THE ‘SECOND GENERATION’ GRUBBS' REAGENT

(2006). DIMERIZATION OF LITHOCHOLATE UNSATURATED ESTERS USING THE ‘SECOND GENERATION’ GRUBBS' REAGENT. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 337-340.
An evaluation of error performance estimation schemes for DS1 transmission systems carrying live traffic

Under the memoryless binary symmetric channel assumption, the author evaluates performance estimation schemes for DS1 transmission systems carrying live traffic. Bipolar violations, framing bit errors, and code-detected errors are commonly used to estimate bit error ratios and the respective numbers of errored seconds and severely errored seconds that are fundamental parameters in characterizing the performance of DS1 transmission systems. A basic framework based on the coefficient of variation is proposed to evaluate several estimation schemes. Serious drawbacks of the existing estimation schemes based on the superframe (D4) format are identified. A new method for estimating the number of errored seconds is proposed. A computer simulation shows that this proposed method performs much better than the conventional counting method. The performance of the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code of the extended superframe (ESF) format is also evaluated through the use of a computer simulation model. The simulation results show that all the errored seconds are detected by the CRC code. This is a welcome feature of the code for real-time performance monitoring. Furthermore, the results suggest a new threshold of 326 CRC errors per second for determining severely errored seconds. >
Structuring for high reliability: HR practices and mindful processes in reliability‐seeking organizations

Summary This paper theoretically and empirically connects the literature on high-reliability organizations (HROs) to a broader set of organizations, which we call reliability-seeking organizations. Unlike HROs, which operate high-hazard technologies, reliability-seeking organizations operate in high-hazard environments. Reliability-seeking organizations are tightly coupled to their unpredictable and complex environments in such a manner that although the human mortality rate is low, the risk of small failures amplifying into organizational mortality is high. To cope with these environments, reliability-seeking organizations organize to remain open and flexible to emerging information and achieve the reliability demanded by their environments— intensity of innovation. These organizations utilize skilled temporary employees, positive employee relations, and an emphasis on training to innovate, and, in turn, generate greater financial performance. We test these hypotheses using a sample of 184 initial public offering (IPO) software firms that conducted their IPO between 1993 and 1996 and our results are consistent with our theorizing. Firms that utilized these human resource practices innovated more frequently and firms with more innovations had higher stock prices over time. Our findings combine to suggest a theoretical model of structural antecedents of a different type of reliability—intensity of innovation. Copyright # 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Network flow for collaborative ranking

In query based Web search, a significant percentage of user queries are underspecified, most likely by naive users. Collaborative ranking helps the naive user by exploiting the collective expertise. We present a novel algorithmic model inspired by the network flow theory, which constructs a search network based on search engine logs to describe the relationship between the relevant entities in search: queries, documents, and users. This formal model permits the theoretical investigation of the nature of collaborative ranking in more concrete terms, and the learning of the dependence relations among the different entities. FlowRank, an algorithm derived from this model through an analysis of empirical usage patterns, is implemented and evaluated. We empirically show its potential in experiments involving real-world user relevance ratings and a random sample of 1,334 documents and 100 queries from a popular document search engine. Definite improvements over two baseline ranking algorithms for approximately 47% of the queries are reported.
Segregation in the Asymmetric Hubbard Model

We study the “asymmetric” Hubbard model, where hoppings of electrons depend on their spin. For strong interactions and sufficiently asymmetric hoppings, it is proved that the ground state displays phase separation away from half-filling. This extends a recent result obtained with Freericks and Lieb for the Falicov–Kimball model. It is based on estimates for the sum of lowest eigenvalues of the discrete Laplacian in arbitrary domains.
Influence of material contrast on fault branching behavior

[1] Material contrasts across faults are a common occurrence, and it is important to understand if these material contrasts can influence the path of rupture propagation. Here we examine models, solved numerically, of rupture propagation through one type of geometric complexity, that of a fault branch stemming from a planar main fault on which rupture initiates. This geometry, with a material contrast across the main fault, could be representative of either a mature strike-slip fault or a subduction zone interface. We consider branches in both the compressional and extensional quadrants of the fault, and material configurations in which the branch fault is in either the stiffer or the more compliant material as well as configurations with no material contrast. We find that there are regimes in which this elastic contrast can influence the rupture behavior at a branching junction, but there are also stress states for which the branch activation will not depend on the orientation of the mismatch. For the scenarios presented here, both compressional and extensional side branches are more likely to rupture if the branch is on the side of the fault with the more compliant material versus the stiffer material. The stresses induced on the branch fault, by rupture traveling on the main fault, are different for the two orientations of material contrast. We show how the interactions between rupture on the two faults determine which faults are activated.
Multicast communication in multicomputer networks

Efficient routing of messages is a key to the performance of multicomputers. Multicast communication refers to the delivery of the same message from a source node to an arbitrary number of destination nodes. While multicast communication is highly demanded in many applications, most of the existing multicomputers do not directly support this service; rather it is indirectly supported by multiple one-to-one or broadcast communications, which result in more network traffic and a waste of system resources. The authors study routing evaluation criteria for multicast communication under different switching technologies. Multicast communication in multicomputers is formulated as a graph theoretical problem. Depending on the evaluation criteria and switching technologies, they study three optimal multicast communication problems, which are equivalent to the finding of the following three subgraphs: optimal multicast path, optimal multicast cycle, and minimal Steiner tree, where the interconnection of a multicomputer defines a host graph. They show that all these optimization problems are NP-complete for the popular 2D-mesh and hypercube host graphs. Heuristic multicast algorithms for these routing problems are proposed. >
Fiscal storms: public spending and revenues in the aftermath of natural disasters

We estimate and quantify the fiscal consequences of natural disasters using quarterly fiscal data for a large panel of countries. In our estimations, we employ a panel vector autoregression framework that also controls for the business cycle. In developed countries, we find fiscal behavior in the aftermath of disasters that can best be characterized as counter-cyclical. In contrast, we find pro-cyclical decreased spending and increasing revenues in developing countries following large natural catastrophes. These pro-cyclical fiscal dynamics are likely to worsen the adverse consequences of natural disasters on middle- and low-income countries. We quantify these dynamics. The canton of Unterwald in Switzerland is frequently ravaged by storms and inundations, and is thereby exposed to extraordinary expences. Upon such occasions the people assemble, and every one is said to declare with the greatest frankness what he is worth in order to be taxed accordingly. (The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, book V, chapter II, p. 359).
Photonic neurocomputers and learning machines

Efforts and progress made towards achieving desirable attributes in analog photonic (optoelectronic and/or electron optical) hardware that utilizes primarily incoherent light are reviewed. A hardware implementation of a stochastic Boltzmann learning machine is used as a vehicle for identifying generic issues and clarifying research and development areas for further advancement of the field. The development of architectures and methodologies for learning in self-organizing networks that employ a type of quasi-nonvolatile storage medium called electron trapping material is discussed. >
Mercury (not always rising) and the social economy of nineteenth-century Peru

This study focuses on the Peruvian mining industry of mercury or azogue in the nineteenth century.Mercury was a crucial component for Andean and Mexican silver mining during colonialtimes and still in the first century of Republican Peru. However, it was not the booming industrythat occurred at the end of the sixteenth century, in the second half of the seventeenth, and at thesecond half of the eighteenth century with production peaks at 13 000, 8000 and 7000 quintalsper year. During the nineteenth century it was rather a relative modest industry («not always rising») but also had moments of peak and decline. The article discusses production figures from the1950 by engineers Fernandez Concha, Yates, and Kent, with new statistics coming from archivalsources, which shows important regional levels of production and articulation with silver miningcenters such as Cerro de Pasco. The article also shows that mercury production was not limitedto the old colonial Huancavelica mine of Santa Barbara but to other areas in the Huancavelicaregion, such as Angaraes and Lircay, or beyond Hunacavelica, such as Chonta in Cerro de Pascoor even Chachapoyas. It also focuses on the conflictive dynamics that mining production meantfor criollo business people, the government, merchants, and indigenous workers. There wereseveral business efforts to revitalize the mine of Santa Barbara as well as to invest in Huancavelicamercury mining in combination with government initiatives and actions, but it is also clear theaction of mercury merchants, rescatires, who many times rather dealt with workers and humachis,independent laborers or small entrepreneurs, many times Andean Quechua peasants, who ratherbenefitted during the down cycles in mercury production. Finally, after analyzing this particularindustry, the author reflects on the meaning of economic development and historical studies tocriticize U.S. economic historians such as Stephen Haber (from Stanford University) and JohnCoatsworth (from Columbia University) and their view that Latin American countries have to«catch-up» with the capitalist development in the United States and Western Europe, as well aspost-modern and cultural studies which deny the materiality of human life.
Shear‐wave studies in glacial till

Within a high‐resolution shallow reflection survey program in Saskatchewan, Canada, S-waves were produced using a single seismo‐electric blasting cap and were found to be distinguishable from surface wave phases. The local glacial deposits have average velocities of 450 m/s. VP/VS ratios average 3.6 in these sequences, but they vary laterally, according to the velocity analyses done in two boreholes drilled along the seismic line. Vertical resolution for S-wave reflections are 0.75 m [in the vertical seismic profiling (VSP) data] and 1.5 m (in the CDP data). Yet, the S-wave CDP results are still better than corresponding P-wave data, which had a vertical resolution of 2.6 m. S-wave anisotropy is inferred in the glacial deposits on the basis of particle motion analysis and interpretations of S-wave splitting. However, the amount of observed splitting is small (∼2–6 ms over 5–10 m) and could go undetected for seismic surveys with larger sampling intervals. VSPs indicate that S-wave reflectivity is caused by...
A method for the determination of the 3D orientations and positions of catheters from single-plane X-ray images

The 3D orientation and position of an object, i.e., a configuration of points, can be determined by use of the single projection technique (SPT) from a single projection image, given the relative 3D positions of the points and initial estimates of the orientation and position. The accuracy of the SPT for the case of L-shaped catheters was evaluated in simulation studies. Catheter models were generated, oriented and positioned, and then projected onto an image plane to generate projection images. Gaussian-distributed noise was added to the image positions. The 3D orientations and positions of the catheters were determined using the SPT, which iteratively aligns the model points with their respective image positions. Studies indicate that the orientation and position of a catheter of diameter 0.18 cm can be determined to within 1.6/spl deg/ and 0.8 cm, respectively. These results are comparable to those obtained with a J-shaped catheter indicating that the technique is generally applicable independent of catheter shape. Studies indicate that the SPT may provide the basis for the automated determination of the orientations of catheters in vivo from single-plane projection images. This automated method may facilitate interventional procedures by eliminating the need for imaging the vasculature at various angulations of the gantry, and may, thereby, reduce procedure times, complications, and radiation dose. In the future, the information provided by the SPT may be employed by 3D vessel reconstruction techniques to extend conventional roadmapping techniques from 2D to 3D.
The fate of long-lived superparticles with hadronic decays after LHC Run 1

Supersymmetry searches at the LHC are both highly varied and highly constraining, but the vast majority are focused on cases where the final-stage visible decays are prompt. Scenarios featuring superparticles with detector-scale lifetimes have therefore remained a tantalizing possibility for sub-TeV SUSY, since explicit limits are relatively sparse. Nonetheless, the extremely low backgrounds of the few existing searches for collider-stable and displaced new particles facilitates recastings into powerful long-lived superparticle searches, even for models for which those searches are highly non-optimized. In this paper, we assess the status of such models in the context of baryonic R-parity violation, gauge mediation, and mini-split SUSY. We explore a number of common simplified spectra where hadronic decays can be important, employing recasts of LHC searches that utilize different detector systems and final-state objects. The LSP/NLSP possibilities considered here include generic colored superparticles such as the gluino and light-flavor squarks, as well as the lighter stop and the quasi-degenerate Higgsino multiplet motivated by naturalness. We find that complementary coverage over large swaths of mass and lifetime is achievable by superimposing limits, particularly from CMS’s tracker-based displaced dijet search and heavy stable charged particle searches. Adding in prompt searches, we find many cases where a range of sparticle masses is now excluded from zero lifetime to infinite lifetime with no gaps. In other cases, the displaced searches furnish the only extant limits at any lifetime.
Trade and Inequality: From Theory to Estimation

While neoclassical theory emphasizes the impact of trade on wage inequality between occupations and sectors, more recent theories of rm heterogeneity point to the impact of trade on wage dispersion within occupations and sectors. Using linked employer-employee data for Brazil, we show that much of overall wage inequality arises within sector-occupations and for workers with similar observable characteristics; this within component is driven by wage dispersion between rms; and wage dispersion between rms is related to rm employment size and trade participation. We then extend the heterogenous-rm model of trade and inequality from Helpman, Itskhoki, and Redding (2010) and estimate it with Brazilian data. We show that the estimated model provides a close approximation to the observed distribution of wages and employment. We use the estimated model to undertake counterfactuals, in which we nd sizable eects of trade on wage inequality.
Entanglement entropy of magnetic electron stars

We study the behavior of the entanglement entropy in (2 + 1)-dimensional strongly coupled theories via the AdS/CFT correspondence. We consider theories at a finite charge density with a magnetic field, with their holographic dual being Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton theory in four dimensional anti-de Sitter gravity. Restricting to black hole and electron star solutions at zero temperature in the presence of a background magnetic field, we compute their holographic entanglement entropy using the Ryu-Takayanagi prescription for both strip and disk geometries. In the case of the electric or magnetic zero temperature black holes, we are able to confirm that the entanglement entropy is invariant under electric-magnetic duality. In the case of the electron star with a finite magnetic field, for the strip geometry, we find a discontinuity in the first derivative of the entanglement entropy as the strip width is increased.
Social Loafing: A Field Investigation

Social loafing was investigated by testing a multilevel model among 23 intact work groups comprised of 168 employees representing two organizations. Results demonstrated that as hypothesized at the individual level, increases in task interdependence and decreases in task visibility and distributive justice were associated with greater occurrence of social loafing. At the group level, increased group size and decreased cohesiveness were related to increased levels of social loafing. Of particular interest was the finding that group member perceptions of perceived coworker loafing was associated with reduced social loafing, opposite of our predictions. We suggested that this unexpected finding may provide evidence of a social compensation effect.
MAGNETICALLY CONTROLLED ACCRETION FLOWS ONTO YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS

Accretion from disks onto young stars is thought to follow magnetic field lines from the inner disk edge to the stellar surface. The accretion flow thus depends on the geometry of the magnetic field. This paper extends previous work by constructing a collection of orthogonal coordinate systems, including the corresponding differential operators, where one coordinate traces the magnetic field lines. This formalism allows for an (essentially) analytic description of the geometry and the conditions required for the flow to pass through sonic points. Using this approach, we revisit the problem of magnetically controlled accretion flow in a dipole geometry, and then generalize the treatment to consider magnetic fields with multiple components, including dipole, octupole, and split monopole contributions. This approach can be generalized further to consider more complex magnetic field configurations. Observations indicate that accreting young stars have substantial dipole and octupole components, and that accretion flow is transonic. If the effective equation of state for the fluid is too stiff, however, the flow cannot pass smoothly through the sonic points in steady state. For a multipole field of order l, we derive a general constraint on the polytropic index, n > l + 3/2, required for steady transonic flow to reach free-fall velocities. For octupole fields, inferred on surfaces of T Tauri stars, the index n > 9/2, so that the flow must be close to isothermal. The inclusion of octupole field components produces higher densities at the stellar surface and smaller areas for the hot spots, which occur at higher latitudes; the magnetic truncation radius is smaller (larger) for octupole components that are aligned (anti-aligned) with the stellar dipole. This contribution thus increases our understanding of magnetically controlled accretion for young stellar objects and can be applied to a variety of additional astrophysical problems.
Analysis of GMSK with discriminator detection in mobile radio channels

Discriminator detection of Gaussian minimum shift keying in a land mobile radio environment is analyzed. Simple closed-form expressions for the average probability of error are presented and evaluated for cases of practical interest.
A Device for Checking Alignment of Fluoroscopic Systems

A device utilizing a fluoroscent screen was fabricated to assist in the evaluation of x-ray beam alignment of fluoroscopic systems. This device is employed for routine equipment checks and adjustments of the following physical factors: (1) alignment of the x-ray beam with respect to the image intensifier (and television chain), (2) field size congruence with the spot filming device and/or the image intensifier, and (3) source-to-tabletop distance (STD). The description and operational procedure of this device are demonstrated in detail.
Model-Based Restoration Procedure For Small, Low Resolution Optical Images

A deterministic model-based restoration procedure is presented. The algorithm is effective for the restoration of coarsely sampled images degraded by diffraction and noise. The a priori information, an assumed parametric object model, is used to arrive at the solution. The object model is convolved with the optical system and sensing mechanism degradations and then matched against the limited number of available samples. The unknown parameters are then estimated using a numerical least mean square error optimization procedure. The method has been tested with a double delta function model via digital simulations. A zero-mean, additive, white Gaussian background noise process was assumed. The technique requires a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to resolve the doublet with a separation distance smaller than the detector width. With increasing separation, good restoration can be achieved at low SNR. The procedure is applicable to restore generalized objects.
CRIANÇA, CORPO E LINGUAGEM: QUE(M) FALA?

Une convergence peut exister entre les etudes somatiques ou organiques et la psychanalyse, une fois que ceux-la decrivent les phenomenes et celle-ci donne la raison de sa structure. Cependant, au cas ou l’on adopte une position selon laquelle on ne se reconnait pas la causalite psychique, le sujet de l’inconscient et le critere du transfert, on tombera necessairement dans une reduction.