cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gene expression analysis using cDNA microarrays

This unit focuses on cDNA microarrays, which are being increasingly applied to large-scale gene expression studies in the nervous system, concentrating on the steps of probe preparation and microarray hybridization. Four protocols for the attachment of fluorophores to cDNA (labeling) and cDNA hybridization onto microarrays are presented: direct labeling using either Klenow fragment or reverse transcriptase, and two signal amplification techniques represented by the tyramide signal amplification method (TSA), and detection and labeling of cDNA using PCR amplification. Basic issues in experimental design, sources of variability and potential pitfalls in microarray experiments are described. Anticipated results and follow up of microarray experiments, including confirmation of the results and troubleshooting are also discussed.
Anthranilate Synthetase SOME PHYSICAL AND KINETIC PROPERTIES OF THE ENZYME FROM SERRATIA MARCESCENS

Abstract Anthranilate synthetase from Serratia marcescens was purified to homogeneity. Criteria for homogeneity were disc gel electrophoresis, sedimentation analysis, and immunodiffusion. During electrofocusing the enzyme was found to have an isoelectric pH of 4.6. Glutamine- and ammonia-dependent activities superimposed during electrofocusing. Glutamine-dependent activity showed a pH optimum of 7.6, while ammonia-dependent activity was optimal above pH 8.5, indicating that NH3 rather than NH4+ was involved in the reaction mechanism. The enzyme was sensitive to feedback inhibition by very low concentrations of l-tryptophan. The mercurial, p-chloromercuribenzoate, was found to be ineffective in desensitizing the enzyme to tryptophan inhibition. However, glutamine utilization was selectively and reversibly blocked. Chorismate enhanced this inactivation, while glutamine and a mixture of glutamine and chorismate were increasingly effective protective agents. A molecular weight of 140,000 was estimated from sucrose gradient centrifugation (7.6 S). The molecular weight on Sephadex gel filtration was 150,000.
The US External Deficit and Developing Countries

In the absence of US fiscal adjustment and a further correction of the dollar, the current account deficit is headed to $1.3 trillion by 2010 (8 to 8.5 percent of GDP) and net US foreign liabilities to over $8 trillion (50 percent of GDP). According to CGD/IIE Senior Fellow William R. Cline, the rising trade deficit and associated borrowing from abroad are now financing a decline in personal saving and a rise in the government deficit. This imbalance will increasingly put the US economy - and the developing countries - at risk. This working paper focuses on the impact that the US external deficit and a possible "hard landing" for the US and world economies will have on developing countries. Cline finds that these countries are at risk since they have relied heavily on a continuing expansion of trade surpluses with the United States as a source of demand. Developing countries with high borrowing abroad are also doubly sensitive to a spike in world interest rates - once directly from higher US interest rates, and once indirectly through higher risk spreads - that might be associated with a hard landing. This Working Paper is based on The United States as a Debtor Nation, a book published in 2005 by the Center for Global Development and the Institute for International Economics.
Methods for Quantifying Emotion-Related Gait Kinematics

Quantitative models of whole body expressive movement can be developed by combining methods form biomechanics, psychology, and statistics. The purpose of this paper was to use motion capture data to assess emotion-related gait kinematics of hip and shoulder sagittal plane movement to evaluate the feasibility of using functional data analysis (FDA) for developing quantitative models. Overall, FDA was an effective method for comparing gait waveforms and emotion-related kinematics were associated with emotion arousal level.
Electrohydraulic Sheet Metal Forming of Aluminum Panels

In this paper, we present results of testing from sheet metal forming trials using pulsed electrohydraulic technology. Pulsed electrohydraulic forming is an electrodynamic process, based upon high-voltage discharge of capacitors between two electrodes positioned in a fluid-filled chamber. Electrohydraulic forming (EHF) combines the advantages of both high-rate deformation and conventional hydroforming; EHF enables a more uniform distribution of strains, widens the formability window, and reduces elastic springback in the final part when compared to traditional sheet metal stamping. This extended formability allows the fabrication of aluminum panels that are difficult to make conventionally even of EDDQ steel, and it thereby vastly improves the number automotive weight reduction opportunities. The paper presents discoveries regarding chamber design, electrode erosion, forming, and results of finite element multiphysics simulations of system performance.
Comparative Study of Boosting and Non-Boosting Training for Constructing Ensembles of Acoustic Models

This paper compares the performance of Boosting and nonBoosting training algorithms in large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) using ensembles of acoustic models. Both algorithms demonstrated significant word error rate reduction on the CMU Communicator corpus. However, both algorithms produced comparable improvements, even though one would expect that the Boosting algorithm, which has a solid theoretic foundation, should work much better than the non-Boosting algorithm. Several voting schemes for hypothesis combining were evaluated, including weighted voting, un-weighted voting and ROVER.
Solving the Aerosol Puzzle

Natural and human factors contribute to the presence of aerosols in Earth9s atmosphere. These aerosols reflect some sunlight back into space, thus effectively cooling the atmosphere. This effect may cancel out some of the global warming caused by greenhouse gases, but the magnitude of direct and indirect aerosol effects on the radiation budget of Earth remains quite uncertain. Concerted efforts with different observational platforms in conjunction with sophisticated climate modeling are required to solve this problem.
Genetics of alternative nitrogen fixation systems in Azotobacter vinelandii

The diazotroph, Azotobacter vinelandii, harbors three genetically distinct nitrogenases (2, 13, 16). These consist of the extensively studied conventional molybdenum-containing nitrogenase (nitrogenase-1) and two alternative nitrogenase complexes (nitrogenases-2 and -3) that do not contain molybdenum.
Geochemistry and crystal morphology of aragonite cements of mixing-zone origin, Barbados, West Indies

ABSTRACT Isopachous aragonite ray cement (ARC) lines large rugs (> 5 cm) through a 4 m interval recovered in core samples from a borehole drilled along the southeast coast of Barbados. The vuggy/cement interval is 12-16 m below core top, and most of the interval is below the modern water table (13 m). The top of the interval corresponds to the top of the 194 ka coral reef terrace, which is unconformably overlain by the 122 ka terrace. ARC was precipitated after a period of meteoric diagenesis during which vuggy porosity was produced. ARC shows variable ultrastructures, including (1) loosely packed, randomly oriented rays ( The 100% ARC has uncharacteristically low 13C values relative to predicted and reported values for marine aragonite cement. Likewise, the 18O values are lower than both reported and most predicted O18O values for marine aragonite. Stable-isotope compositions of this cement fall along a mixing line between aragonite equilibrium compositions calculated for meteoric and marine end-member fluids. Strontium concentrations are greater than in most known marine aragonite; this suggests precipitation from fluids with an elevated Sr/Ca ratio. Such fluids are found in modern Barbados mixed waters whose elevated Sr/Ca ratios result from updip meteoric dis olution of aragonite. Magnesium concentrations are slightly higher and more variable than in reported Pleistocene marine aragonite. Sodium concentrations are lower than expected marine values and covary with changes in 13C and 18O values. Isotope and minor-element geochemistry of these cements suggests precipitation from mixed meteoric-marine waters. Fluid mixing models for modern Barbados waters suggest precipitation from mixed fluids ranging from 50% to 75% seawater. Precipitation of aragonite from mixed waters may be facilitated by degassing of CO2-charged mixed waters within large vugs and by Mg/Ca ratios sufficiently elevated to inhibit precipitation of calcite.
Effect of transition-metal-ion doping on high temperature thermal expansion of 3:2 mullite—An in situ, high temperature, synchrotron diffraction study

Abstract The effect of Ti 4+ , Cr 3+ or Ga 3+ doping on thermal expansion of 3:2 mullite was examined from 20 °C to 1400 °C by high temperature XRD using synchrotron radiation. The room temperature mullite lattice expanded with metal-ion incorporation and the change in the b -axis was larger than that along the a -axis (Δ b > Δ a ) for all ion types. Upon heating, the largest elongation was along the b -axis (Δ b / b RT ) and was similar to that in the pure mullite (∼0.5%). Least expansion was observed along the a -axis (0.28% ≤ Δ a / a RT ≤ 0.41%). The thermal expansion of mullite was not constant in the temperature range from 20 °C to 1400 °C, and had a linear dependence on temperature ( α ( T ) = A 0 + A 1 Δ T ). The α mean values increased with temperature (20 °C ≤ T ≤ 1000 °C), but were always within 3.0–6.7. Cr 3+ and Ga 3+ doping decreased the anisotropy in mullite lattice expansion, however, Ti 4+ doping showed a sharp increase. Trends associated with type and the quantity of dopant are discussed.
Phenomenological study of elastic and anelastic properties of dental alloys

Measurements of Young's modulus, mechanical damping, stress and unit damping energy have been made as a function of temperature on five dental amalgams with the PUCOT (piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator technique). In Dispersalloy amalgam the mechanical damping changed by a factor of 4.3 and Young's modulus was reduced by 0.5% as the temperature increased from 20 to 80° C. The effective activation energy for the change in damping was 0.42 eV. For the five amalgams the curves of unit damping energy against stress, damping against modulus, and (damping/modulus) against modulus had a variety of forms: one, two, three or four straight lines, with or without hysteresis effects. All the curves for Tytin amalgam showed a sharp change near 68° C. The data are examined phenomenologically to show that they lend themselves well to the detection and monitoring of transformations taking place in dental alloys.
Living donor kidney transplantation with multiple renal arteries in the laparoscopic era.

Objectives To compare the postoperative complications and survival metrics after multiple renal arteries (MRA) and single renal artery (SRA) laparoscopically procured living donor kidney transplantation (LLDKT). MRA are the most frequently encountered anatomic variation during kidney transplantation. The long-term outcomes of LLDKT with MRA are not well characterized. Methods A retrospective review of our institution's LLDKT database was performed. All surgeries were performed at a single tertiary care academic center between June 1999 and September 2008. Patients were divided into 2 cohorts (MRA vs SRA), and analysis was limited to patients with at least 1-year follow-up. Results Of 584 LLDKTs, 510 had at least 1-year follow-up (median: 36 months). A total of 393 grafts had an SRA, whereas 117 (23%) had MRA. When complications were stratified by the Clavien classification system, no differences were noted between groups ( P = .5). Furthermore, rates of vascular ( P = .2) and urological ( P = .9) complications were similar between groups. There was, however, a higher incidence of slow graft function in the MRA group ( P = .01), despite similar rates of delayed graft function ( P = .9) and acute rejection ( P = .4). Furthermore, allograft survival was similar between both groups with 76% of MRA and 81% of SRA grafts functioning at 5 years ( P = .49). Patient overall survival was likewise similar between groups with 88% of MRA and 86% of SRA recipients surviving at 5 years ( P = .76). Conclusions Despite a higher incidence slow graft function, MRA in LLDKT does not adversely affect long-term allograft and patient overall survival.
Dental evidence for prehistoric dietary change on the northern Channel Islands, California.

Santa Rosa Island skeletal collections, dating from between 4000 and 400 B.P., were analyzed for evidence of dental caries. Carious lesions were found to decrease significantly through time, as were sexual differences in caries rates. These trends in dental health appear to reflect changes in diet and sexual division of labor associated with a subsistence shift from the exploitation of roots, tubers, and other cariogenic plant foods to the intensive exploitation of fish. Analysis of dental caries can provide information on prehistoric carbohydrate intake that is unavailable using conventional methods of faunal and artifactual analysis.
Evapotranspiration measurements in Eriophorum vaginatum tussock tundra in Alaska

Evapotranspiration was measured periodically from late June through mid-August 1978 in Eriophorum vaginiatum tussock tundra near Eagle Creek, Alaska. The average evapotranspiration rates from tussock and intertussock areas were 0.8 mm d−1 and 1.3 mm d−1, respectively. Potential evaporation was calculated according to the Penman equation using microclimate data collected at the same time actual evapotranspiration was measured. Actual evapotranspiration was 0.56 ± 0.06 (X± SE, N = 10) of the potential evaporation from moss and 0.43 ± 0.08 (X± SE, N = 10) of the potential evaporation from E. vaginatum tussocks. Seventy three percent of the variability in the ratio of actual evapotranspiration to potential evaporation from tussocks was accounted for by linear regression on net radiation. Eighty nine percent of the variability in the same ratio for mosses was explained by linear regression on the vapor pressure deficit of the air and net radiation.
Rufus A. Lyman: Pharmacy's Lamplighter

Rufus Ashley Lyman, a physician, was one of the most prominent leaders in US pharmacy education during the first half of the 20th century. He remains the only individual to be the founding dean at colleges of pharmacy at 2 state universities. His role in the creation and sustenance of the American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education provided a platform for a national community and a sounding board for faculty members and others interested in professional education. His efforts to increase pharmacy educational standards were instrumental in the abandonment of the 2-year graduate in pharmacy (PhG) degree and the universal acceptance of the 4-year bachelor of science (BS) degree. Lyman's simple approach and fierce championship of his beliefs led to his recognition as a lamplighter for the profession. Curt P. Wimmer, chair of the New York Branch of the American Pharmaceutical Association (now the American Pharmacists Association (APhA), introduced the 1947 Remington Honor Medalist, Rufus Ashley Lyman. Wimmer mentioned that Lyman worked as a lamplighter in Omaha, Nebraska, during medical school. Continuing the lamplighter analogy, Wimmer cited Lyman's work as a pharmacy educator and editor: “in the councils of your colleagues, your lamp became a torch emitting red hot sparks that often burnt and seared and scorched—but always made for progress.”1 This description provides an evocative image of one of the most prominent pharmacy educators and leaders of the first half of the 20th century.
Design tradeoffs for process scheduling in shared memory multiprocessor systems

A potential system software bottleneck is demonstrated in designing an efficient process scheduling method for multiprocessor systems with shared-memory communication mechanism. The process scheduling overhead is considered. The main contribution of this work is to find the design tradeoffs between monitor bottleneck due to scheduling overhead and low process utilization due to load imbalancing. Choosing an optimum number of scheduling monitors is the key to resolve the bottlenecks. Because of the excessive number of memory requests generated by the dynamic monitor selection method, the use of the fixed monitor selection method is recommended. An analytic estimation provides a lower bound in determining the optimum number of monitors. Hill-climbing simulation is then used to find the optimum number of monitors. >
Contact inhibition of growth is restored to malignant melanocytes of man and mouse by a hamster protein.

Abstract Contact inhibition of growth, an in vitro property whose loss has been correlated with increasing tumorigenicity in vivo, is restored to hamster malignant melanocytes by a glycoprotein previously isolated from culture medium of a contact-inhibited hamster melanocytic cell line. Such growth inhibition is characterized by changes in cultures from a disoriented, multilayered, pleomorphic morphology to well oriented monolayers of fibroblast-like cells, with significant reduction in saturation densities. The present studies show that: 1. 1. The morphologic and growth inhibitory effects transcend species barriers, occurring also in malignant melanoma cell lines of human and murine origin. 2. 2. Arrest of growth occurs in the G1 (G0) phase of the cell cycle, as in the classical case of diploid fibroblasts. 3. 3. Cessation of growth is not due to depletion of essential constituents of the growth medium, but occurs only as cells approach confluence. The melanocyte contact inhibitory factor (MCIF) may be the prototype for a class of surface-associated proteins concerned with regulation of normal cell-cell interactions leading to feedback inhibition of growth.
The leadership behavior and combat performance of airplane commanders.

Correlations were computed between airplane commanders scores on the "Consideration" and "Initiating Structure" portions of a Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire and (1) superior's ratings of their combat performance and (2) crew's Satisfaction Index. "A trend toward negative correlations was found between the superior's ratings and the Consideration scores, and positive correlations between these ratings and the Initiating Structure scores. Conversely, the correlations between the Satisfaction Index and the dimension scores showed a trend in the opposite direction. Thus, the superiors and subordinates were inclined to evaluate oppositely the contribution of these dimensions to the effectiveness of leadership." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)
A study of some enriching variables in a free-environment for rats

Abstract A Number of studies have demonstrated that enrichment of early experience enhances the learning ability of the rat in later life, while restriction to laboratory cages retards learning ability [1–6]. These studies used early handling as the enriching experience. More recently, in an attempt to validate more thoroughly the findings of the earlier studies by using a different enrichment experience, we used a free-environment or ‘rat playground’ [7]. In the latter study, rats were removed from their individual cages and placed in the free-environment for 2 hr per day. It was observed that, during this 2 hr period, the animals spent their time in vigorous running about the large space of the playground, generally ignoring the ‘toys’ with which it was furnished. This led to the inference that space in which to run and the opportunity for greater visual experience were more important variables than the potential enriching quality of the toys; the present studies are an attempt to test this inference.
Electrospray-assisted modification of proteins: a radical probe of protein structure.

A new approach is described to probe the structure of proteins through their reactivity with oxygen-containing radicals.1 Radical-induced oxidative modification of proteins is achieved within an electrospray ion source using oxygen as a reactive nebulizer gas at high needle voltages. This method facilitates the rapid oxidation of proteins as the molecules emerge from the electrospray needle tip. Electrospray mass spectra of both ubiquitin and lysozyme reveal that over 50% of the protein can be modified under these conditions. The radical-induced oxidative modification of amino acid side chains is correlated with their solvent accessibility to obtain information on a protein's higher-order structure. The oxidation sites in hen lysozyme have been identified by proteolysis of the condensed protein solution and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Oxidation of tryptophan at positions 62 and 123 occurs exclusively over all other tryptophan residues, consistent with the relative solvent accessibilities of the residue side chains based on the NMR structure of the protein. Radical-induced oxidative modification of cysteine (Cys), methionine (Met), tryptophan (Trp), phenylalanine (Phe), tyrosine (Tyr), proline (Pro), histidine (His), and leucine (Leu) residues is also reported, providing sufficient reactive markers to span a protein sequence. This facile oxidation process could be applied to investigate the molecular mechanism by which reactive oxygen species interact with a particular protein domain as a means to investigate the onset of certain diseases. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What are tropisms

The term tropism has been applied to almost every sort of reaction. It has been defined in some twenty different senses. There is so much diversity concerning its meaning that every one who wishes to convey anything but the vaguest sort of an idea finds it necessary to state in which sense he proposes to use it. This term has by some, also, been endowed with mystical causal powers. It would consequently be advisable to drop it altogether and substitute terms with more precise meanings. The following are suggested: negative or positive orientation or reaction, to light, gravity etc.; photo-, geo etc. negative or positive; or merely negative or positive reactions to light, gravity, chemicals etc.
Towards the prediction of noise from realistic rotor wake/stator interaction using CAA

In this work, the NASA Glenn Research Center Broadband Aeroacoustic Stator Simulation (BASS) code is extended for use in the prediction of noise produced by realistic three dimensional rotor wakes impinging on a downstream stator row. In order to accurately simulate such a flow using a nonlinear time-accurate solver, the inflow and outflow boundary conditions must simultaneously maintain the desired mean flow, allow outgoing vortical, entropic, and acoustic waves to cleanly exit the domain, and accurately impose the desired incoming flow disturbances. This work validates a new method for the acoustics-free imposition of three-dimensional vortical disturbances using a benchmark test case.
Socially induced ovulation synchrony and its effect on seabird population dynamics

Spontaneous oscillator synchrony is a form of self-organization in which populations of interacting oscillators ultimately cycle together. This phenomenon occurs in a wide range of physical and biological systems. In rats and humans, oestrous/menstrual cycles synchronize through social stimulation with pheromones acting as synchronizing signals. In previous work, we showed that glaucous-winged gulls (Larus glaucescens) can lay eggs synchronously on an every-other-day schedule, and that synchrony increases with colony density. We posed a discrete-time mathematical model for reproduction during the breeding season based on the hypothesis that pre-ovulatory luteinizing hormone surges synchronize by means of visual, auditory and/or olfactory cues. Here, we extend the seasonal model in order to investigate the effect of ovulation synchrony on population dynamics across reproductive seasons. We show that socially stimulated ovulation synchrony can enhance total population size and allow the population to persist at lower birth rates than would otherwise be possible.
RETAIL ON‐SHELF PERFORMANCE OF ADVERTISED ITEMS: AN ASSESSMENT OF SUPPLY CHAIN EFFECTIVENESS AT THE POINT OF PURCHASE

In the retail environment, one key prerequisite to satisfying customers is to have the product available, on the shelf, when and where the customer expects to find it. The study reported here evaluated the on-shelf stock performance of three distinct types of retailers–mass merchandisers, category killers, and grocery retailers. Overall on-shelf performance for advertised items was just 83.5% percent. Follow-up interviews with store managers indicate that availability problems are often the result of merchandising or store operations issues and not necessarily logistics or warehousing problems. However, in today's supply chain world, the real measure of success is satisfaction all the way to the customer's trunk.
MODEL BUILDING FOR MULTIPARTICLE REACTIONS

Particle models for hadron interactions are discussed. The various strong interaction phenomena are considered, and those features of the data which need to be incorporated in a model for it to be successful are discussed. 12 references. (JFP)
Aberrant Carotid Artery Injured at Myringotomy: Control of Hemorrhage by a Balloon Catheter

THE NORMAL internal carotid artery enters the base of the skull through the carotid canal. The artery then bends medially and anteriorly, traversing the petrous bone and cavernous sinus, before emerging medial to the anterior clinoid process. As it passes through the bony petrous ridge, the artery is separated from the middle ear cavity by the tympanic plate. This 0.5-mm-thick plate may be disrupted in basilar skull fractures, displacing the carotid artery into the middle ear. The artery may also pass through the middle ear because of congenital anomalies in its course. Such a vessel may be seen through the tympanic membrane, where it may be mistaken for hemorrhage behind the drum or a tumor. The vessel may be injured during myringotomy; attempts to perform a biopsy of the "mass" may be disastrous. We recently treated a child who experienced massive hemorrhage from his ear after biopsy of such a
TH-D-213A-05: A Method to Estimate 4DCT Deformable Registration Errors Via Principal Components Analysis

Purpose: To extract continuous deformable image registration error maps from 4DCTs using a small set of ground truth landmarks. Method and Materials: Assuming that we have a set of displacement vector fields (DVFs) calculated via deformable registration from 4DCT breathing phases, and a small set of validation landmarks, we use principal components analysis (PCA) to separate the eigenmodes of breathing from the error eigenmodes. We then reconstruct the DVF error maps from their principal components. To test this method we made a 2D model of breathing motion in the thorax with a 16×16 pixel DVF to which we added simulated errors. We selected 20 pixels as ground truth landmarks and applied our PCA method to the simulated data to estimate the error maps. We applied the same algorithm to the Point‐validated Pixel‐base (POPI) 4DCT data set, which consists of a 4D CT in which clinicians have located 41 point landmarks in 10 reconstructed CT breathing phases. Results: In the numerical simulations our method successfully recovered the artificial DVF error map although the error amplitudes were underestimated by 10–30%. The 4DCT analysis showed PCA eigenvalue spectra that are consistent with the assumptions of our error estimation method and also indicated that the landmarks provided by POPI model are sufficiently representative to be used as ground truth for our analysis. Conclusion: Point‐by‐point landmark validation of deformable image registration results can give highly selective results that do not realistically reflect the true spatial distribution of registration errors. Our PCA based method allows a more realistic picture of image registration and 4DCT motion mapping errors. This research was supported in part by NIH grant P01CA116602.
Effects of medium carbon-to-nitrogen ratio on biofilm formation and plasmid stability.

Biofilm formation and plasmid segregational instability in biofilm cultures of Escherichia coli DH5alpha (pMJR1750) were investigated under different medium-carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios. At C/N ratios of 0.07 and 1, net accumulation of both biofilm plasmid-bearing and plasmid-free cells continued through the entire experiment without attaining any apparent steady state. At C/N ratios of 5 and 10, net biofilm cell accumulation for the two populations reached apparent steady states after 84 and 72 h, respectively. At C/N ratios of 0.07 and 1, polysaccharide production increased slowly and reached about 2g alginate equivalent/cm(2) by the end of both experiments. At a C/N ratio of 5, polysaccharide increase significantly after 84 h, reaching about 7 microg alginate equivalent/cm(2) prior to termination. At a C/N ratio of 10, polysaccharide increased significantly after 72 h and reached 21 microg alginate equivalent/cm(2) at 108 h. At C/N ratios of 0.07 and 1, protein production reached 6.5 and 4 microg/cm(2), respectively. At C/N ratios of 5 and 10, protein production increased slightly for the first 84 h and reached a maximum at 108 h, at 3 and 2 microg/cm(2), respectively, then decreased over the last 12 h of the experiment. Ratios of polysaccharide to protein increased with increasing C/N ratios. At C/N ratios of 0.07 and 1, the ratios between extracellular polysaccharide (EP) and protein were no more than 205 microg polysaccharide/microg protein, whereas those at C/N ratios of 5 and 10 increased to about 7 and 12 microg polysaccharide/microg protein, respectively.Probabilities of plasmid loss in the biofilm cultures increased with increasing C/N ratios. At C/N ratios of 0.07, 1, and 5, the probabilities of plasmid loss were 0.0013 +/- 0.011, 0.020 +/- 0.006 and 0.122 +/- 0.021, respectively. At a C/N ratio of 10, the probability of plasmid loss was significantly higher, reaching 0.38 +/- 0.125. The increase of probability of plasmid loss at higher C/N ratios results from competition between cell replication and extracellular polysaccharide production.
Wheelchair securement and occupant restraint system (WTORS) practices in public transit buses

The purpose of this study was to characterize wheelchair tiedown and occupant restraint system (WTORS) usage in public transit buses based on observations of wheelchair and scooter (wheeled mobility device: WhMD) passenger trips. A retrospective review of on-board video surveillance recordings of WhMD trips on fixed-route, large accessible transit vehicles (LATVs) was performed. Two hundred ninety-five video recordings were collected for review and analysis during the period June 2007–February 2009. Results showed that 73.6% of WhMDs were unsecured during transit. Complete use of all four tiedowns was observed more frequently for manual wheelchairs (14.9%) and power wheelchairs (5.5%), compared to scooters (0.0%), and this difference was significant (p = 0.013). Nonuse or misuse (lap belt use only) of the occupant restraint system occurred during 47.5% of WhMD trips. The most frequently observed (52.5%) use of the lap belt consisted of bus operators routing the lap belt around the WhMD seatback in an atte...
Classification within the cosmopolitan genus Culex (Diptera: Culicidae): The foundation for molecular systematics and phylogenetic research

The internal classification of the cosmopolitan and medically important genus Culex is thoroughly reviewed and updated to reflect the multitude of taxonomic changes and concepts which have been published since the classification was last compiled by Edwards in 1932. Both formal and informal taxa are included. The classification is intended to aid researchers and students who are interested in analyzing species relationships, making group comparisons and testing phylogenetic hypotheses. The genus includes 768 formally recognized species divided among 26 subgenera. Many of the subgenera are subdivided hierarchically into nested informal groups of morphologically similar species that are believed to represent monophyletic lineages based on morphological similarity. The informal groupings proposed by researchers include Sections, Series, Groups, Lines, Subgroups and Complexes, which are unlikely to be phylogenetically equivalent categories among the various subgenera.
Low oxygen delivery produced by anemia, hypoxia, and low cardiac output

Abstract In pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs, oxygen delivery (DO 2 ) was measured by thermodilution cardiac output and cooximeter determined oxygen content, while oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) was measured independently by spirometry. Oxygen delivery was decreased by isovolemic dilutional anemia, breathing hypoxic gas mixtures, or cardiac tamponade to reduce cardiac output. Baseline VO 2 (cc/kg/min) for the three groups was 5.9 ± 0.7 (anemia), 5.4 ± 0.4 (hypoxia), and 5.6 ± 0.1 (low C.O.) (NS). A critical level of oxygen delivery (DO 2crit ) was found at 9–10 cc/kg/min (anemia), 10–11 cc/kg/min (hypoxia), and 9–10 cc/kg/min (low C.O.) (NS.). Below this level, VO 2 fell (became supply dependent) and lactic acidosis occurred, regardless of the mechanism of impaired oxygen delivery.
Steady state saltation in air

Coupled equations of motion for steady state saltation over an infinite plane are derived and solved for a simplified model of the grain-surface impact process. Experimentally observed features of the wind velocity profile in saltation are qualitatively reproduced, including a diminution of the sub-saltation layer mean wind speed, as the friction speed increases. In this model the surface impact velocity of the saltating grains remains relatively constant over a wide range of free-stream shear stresses, and the grain mass flux increases with friction speed uf* less rapidly than uf3.
Construction and Evaluation of a Versatile Graphite Filament Atomizer for Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A simple, versatile atomizer of the electrically heated graphite rod type is described and used for atomic absorption studies. The atomizer utilizes a burner head (directly under the rod) to produce a H2-Ar-entrained air flame; the flame is primarily useful in minimizing ambient air entrainment in order to maintain a highly reducing environment directly above the rod where atomic absorption measurements are generally taken. Temperature profiles of the H2-Ar-entrained air flames and also the temperatures of the graphite rod at various currents were measured, and appropriate plots are given. Several types of graphite and several different ways of holding liquid samples on the atomizer were also compared. Detection limits and analytical curves of aqueous solutions of Ag, As, Au, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, and Pb and oil-based solutions of Ag, Cu, and Fe are given. This atomizer should be of even greater use for atomic fluorescence studies.
Fertility of goats following synchronization of estrus with prostagland in F2α

Abstract Thirty-four mixed breed cyclic does were randomly divided into two groups of 17 each. One group was synchronized for estrus using two i.m. injections of 8 mg PGF2α administered 11 days apart. The other group served as controls and was bred at the time of naturally occurring estrus. Both groups were bred by natural service. Ninety-four percent of the treated does came into estrus within a mean (± S.E.) of 53 ± 3 hours after the second injection of 8 mg PGF2α. No differences (P > 0.10) in the first service conception rates based on radiography at mid-gestation were observed between the treated and control groups. It was concluded that the use of 8 mg injections of PGF2α 11 days apart had no detrimental effects on fertility of goats.
Enhancement of macrophage bactericidal capacity by antigenically stimulated immune lymphocytes.

Abstract The ability of antigenically stimulated immune lymphocytes to influence the bactericidal capacity of normal macrophages was studied in vitro . Purified lymphocytes were obtained from the lymph nodes and peritoneal exudates of guinea pigs immunized with bovine gamma globulin (BGG) and from control animals. Immune and control lymphocytes were added to normal macrophages and incubated overnight in the presence or absence of BGG. After washing, the macrophage monolayers were infected with Listeria monocytogenes ; 4 hr later, the cells were lysed and the surviving intracellular bacteria quantitated. The macrophages which had been incubated with BGG-immune lymphocytes in the presence of BGG displayed a markedly enhanced listericidal capacity. In parallel experiments, these same antigen-stimulated lymphocytes were shown to inhibit the migration of normal macrophages. Lymphocytes derived from peritoneal exudates were more active than lymph node lymphocytes in both assays.
Carbon–silica composite adsorbent: Characterization and adsorption of light gases

Abstract A novel carbon–silica composite has been synthesized from MCM-41 and polyfurfuryl alcohol and characterized via X-ray diffraction and nitrogen adsorption. The adsorption and X-ray diffraction studies of the parent MCM-41 and the novel material are contrasted with a carbon derived from pure polyfurfuryl alcohol. The novel material has a high surface area, 850 m 2 /g, and a narrow pore size distribution centered at approximately 5 A. The novel material is unique when compared to traditional activated carbons or templated mesoporous carbons. The pores contained in the novel material are assembled using templating techniques and are half the size of pores contained in traditional carbons. Room temperature adsorption isotherms for the novel material and MCM-41 are presented for nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, and ethane.
High-contrast ratio power measurements with a streak camera

Future multibeam laser-fusion experiments will require that beam powers be determined with better than 5% precision over a range approaching 40 to 1. In this paper, statistical, dispersive, and nonlinear factors which most influence such measurements are discussed. We conclude such that such measurements can be made with 30-ps temporal resolution using an optical streak cameras.
Matching and indexing sequences of different lengths

In this paper, we consider the problem of efficient matching and retrieval of sequences of different lengths. Most of the previous research is concentrated on similarity matching and retrieval of sequences of the same length using Euclidean distance metric. For similarity matching of sequences, we use a modified version of the edit distance function, and consider two sequences matching if a majority of the elements in the sequences match. In the matching process a mapping among non-matching elements is created to check if there are unacceptable deviations among them. This means that two matching sequences should have lengths that are comparable. For efficient retrieval of matching sequences, we propose an indexing scheme which is totally based on lengths and relative distances between sequences. We use vp-trees as the underlying distance-based index structures in our method.
Abstract 4508: Novel multifunctional nanocarriers for drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, MRI and PET imaging.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC We have previously reported the development of a versatile nanocarrier platform comprised of PEG-cholic acid cluster telodendrimers that can self-assemble together with hydrophobic cytotoxic anti-cancer agents to form stable nanoparticle drugs. We have successfully loaded these nanoparticles with a number of different cancer drugs. These include paclitaxel, doxorubicin, vincristine, vinblastine, actinomycin D, bortezomib, temsirolimus, sarofinib, and lapatinib. Using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, we have demonstrated that the micelles can be disrupted by HDL, LDL, VLDL or chylomicron causing premature drug release. Such undesirable properties can be eliminated by cross-linking the telodendrimers with disulfide bonds or boronate-catechol linkages. Very recently, we have developed a series of novel highly versatile multi-functional nancarriers that not only allow efficient delivery of hydrophobic drugs, but can also (i) deliver proteins and nucleic acids to target cells, (ii) allow efficient photodynamic therapy and sonodynamic therapy, and (iii) function as sensitive MRI and PET imaging agents for the detection of cancers. Tumor cell surface binding ligands identified through one-bead-one-compound combinatorial chemistry can be easily incorporated into these nanocarriers for effective tumor targeting. On-demand releasable mechanism can also be built into such novel nanoplatforms for more efficacious therapy. Citation Format: Kit S. Lam, Yuanpei Li, Tzu-yin Lin, Hongyong Zhang, Caihong Feng, Yan Luo, Chong-Xian Pan, Kai Xiao, Wenwu Xiao, Joyce Lee, Ruiwu Liu. Novel multifunctional nanocarriers for drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, MRI and PET imaging. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4508. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4508
Genetic variation of copia suppression in Drosophila melanogaster

Transposable elements (TEs) are genomic parasites that propagate by exploiting its host reproductive machinery. However, some hosts have evolved the ability to silence TE activity, whereas others have not. We are investigating the population dynamics of TE host-silencing pathways, particularly copia long terminal repeat retrotransposon in Drosophila melanogaster. Here, we identify large effect genes involved in copia suppression by using a semi-quantitative analysis to assay levels of copia plasmids (believed to be an intermediate of transposition) in 98 recombinant inbred lines constructed from a line exhibiting high copia transpositions and a line exhibiting no transpositions. The results revealed that the influence of copia copy number and transcription level on copia plasmid concentrations are weak and that genomic factors, presumably encoded by the host, have stronger effects on transposition rates. We mapped a QTL affecting copia plasmid concentration within the 33A–43E cytological region of the second chromosome and applied a quantitative deficiency complementation analysis on this chromosomal region. One out of the two large effect deficiencies on copia plasmid concentrations corresponded to the vasa gene, an important component of the nuage-piwi RNA TE-silencing machinery. We hypothesize that copia suppression occurs by the joint action of several post-transcriptional mechanisms with at least one of the blocks taking place in the nuage.
Analysis of a model of a nephron of a kidney having a multitube postglomerular capillary

Multisolute flow in a nephron model, which includes the Bowman's space, cortical interstitium, and pelvis as well-stirred baths and the postglomerus as a multitube capillary, is investigated. A boundary value problem, which allows for pelvic reflux and consists of a system of differential equations and integral equations, is established. The implicit function theorem is used to establish existence and uniqueness results for the steady-state problem for the case of small permeability coefficients and transport rates.
Towards a framework for understanding the evolution of avian migration

Bird migration has fascinated humans for millennia. Consequently many scientific studies have investigated in detail the physiology and ecology of migration. A large number of authors also have explored the evolution of migration. A typical conclusion is that "migration" evolved in a tropical, sedentary avian ancestor. There is, in fact, no evidence to support this assertion because these past analyses have not distinguished the historical and ecological components of migration. Part of the problem with past hypotheses about the evolution of migration has been a misunderstanding of the actual question itself. Understanding the evolution of a phenotypic trait, such as migratory behavior, requires some effort to determine if it is a character, amenable to analysis using comparative methods, or an attribute, essentially a manifestation of several independent components. Attributes are overly broad summaries of an organism's phenotype, and require dissection into characters for proper historical analysis. Subsequently, to understand the evolution of a character, one must identify at least three aspects, namely its origin, its maintenance, and its modification (Brooks and McLennan 1991). This requires an explicitly phylogenetic context, because the question is historical in its nature. Most studies of avian migration have used "migration" as a character, which is likely incorrect, and furthermore, confused the origin of migration with its modification and maintenance. Hence, our understanding of the evolution of avian migration is incomplete. In this paper, I present a framework for understanding migration in evolutionary terms by integrating information on the genetics of migration with a macroevolutionary view provided by comparative systematics.
Synchrotron and inverse Compton emission from expanding sources in jets - Application to SS 433

The formalism for an expanding source is extended to include continuous injection of electrons and the production of X-rays by inverse Compton scattering of external photons and synchrotron-self-Compton scattering. The model is applied to the expanding nonthermal sources entrained in the jets of SS 433. These sources are found capable of producing both the flaring radio component and the X-ray fluxes only if the relativistic electrons and the magnetic field are far out of equipartition. If the expanding source in the jets is in equipartition, the X-rays may originate from a stationary source within the binary system, which is self-absorbed at radio frequencies and produces X-rays by inverse Compton scattering of optical photons from the binary.
Application of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to Evaluating the Deformation Behaviors of Pharmaceutical Powders

Introduction This study uses principal component analysis (PCA) to investigate deformation during powder compaction, in order to classify common pharmaceutical materials according to their relative plasticity.
Lie algebra cohomology and the fusion rules

We prove a vanishing theorem for Lie algebra cohomology which constitutes a loop group analogue of Kostant's Lie algebra version of the Borel-Weil-Bott theorem. Consider a complex semi-simple Lie algebra Open image in new window and an integrable, irreducible, negative energy representation ℋ of Open image in new window . Givenn distinct pointszk in ℂ, with a finite-dimensional irreducible representationVk of Open image in new window assigned to each, the Lie algebra Open image in new window of Open image in new window -valued polynomials acts on eachVk, via evaluation atzk. Then, the relative Lie algebra cohomologyH* Open image in new window is concentrated in one degree. As an application, based on an idea of G. Segal's, we prove that a certain “homolorphic induction” map from representations ofG to representations ofLG at a given level takes the ordinary tensor product into the fusion product. This result had been conjectured by R. Bott.
Soundtrack for a revolution

directed by Bill Guttentag and Dan Sturman, L'Ouverture Films LLC, 2009 directed by Stanley Nelson, Firelight Media, 2010 “The first time I got arrested I felt so free” (John Lewis) Former Student ...