cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proteomics in pediatric research and practice.

Proteomics offers insight into studies of human disease including the opportunity to: define underlying mechanisms of disease; determine disease susceptibility; stage disease and monitor its progression; assess susceptibility to, or identify exacerbation; select treatment and monitor response to it; and to assist in the performance of clinical trials. Although the common perception is that proteomics is primarily a tool for identifying biomarkers, this view sells the significant potential of this evolving technology short of its full potential. Proteomics, by definition, is the comprehensive depiction of the proteins in a biological tissue or fluid, and optimally, studies should provide both qualitative and quantitative information. These data can provide unprecedented insight into the function (and dysfunction) of complex biological systems, because proteins are key structural, communication, enzymatic, and other functional components of biological systems. Given the central role of proteins in human biology, understanding their complex interplay offers the opportunity to define, at the molecular level, key events in growth, development, aging, and disease onset. This information can enhance one’s understanding of physiology and biochemistry, improve one’s ability to diagnosis disease and to predict outcomes, and provide insights into the action of drugs, the design of new drugs, and the assessment of the relationship between therapy and response.
Guinier-Preston zones in AuFe alloys

Abstract Transmission electron microscopy was employed to study aging effects in the AuFe system. Specimens containing 10.7 18, 25 and 35 at.% Fe in both as-quenched and aged conditions (from room temperature up to 500 °C for as long as 2 months) were investigated. Rod-shaped and/or lobe-like strain contrast images whose visibility was sensitive to specimen preparation and diffraction conditions were seen after aged specimens were further cleaned using an ion miller, whereas a dynamical flickering “streaming effect” was observed in as-electropolished specimens. Trace analysis as well as other evidence indicates that the images correspond to small precipitates rather than defects generated by ion milling. Dark-field and stereomicroscopy analyses show that the nature of the strain field is inwards. A model of Guinier-Preston (G-P) zone precipitation is proposed to interpret the various types of diffuse streaks present in the diffraction patterns. Theoretical calculations indicate that the habit of the iron-rich G-P zones might lie on planes with normal n0 =
Pulmonary function in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

12. Galanello R, Melis MA, Ruggeri R, Addis M, Scalas MT, Maccioni L, Furbetta M, Angius A, Tuveri T, and Cao A: fl~ trait in Sardinian, Hemoglobin 3"33, 1979. 13. Beaven GH, Ellis M J, and White JC: Studies on human 14. fetal haemoglobin. III. The hereditary haemoglobinopathies and thalassaemias, Br J Haematol 7:169, 1961. Luzzatto L: Genetics of red cells and susceptibility to malaria, Blood 54:961, 1979.
Discrete orthogonal polynomials and difference equations of several variables

The goal of this work is to characterize all second order difference operators of several variables that have discrete orthogonal polynomials as eigenfunctions. Under some mild assumptions, we give a complete solution of the problem.
Homogeneous immunoassay for human IgG using oriented hen egg IgY immobilized on gold sol nanoparticles

Homogeneous immunoassays using (red) gold nanoparticles represent an attractive detection scheme because of the option of photometric readout. We have applied oriented immobilization of hen egg immunoglobulin Y (IgY) on gold nanoparticles when developing a homogeneous immunoassay for human IgG. In oriented immobilization, as opposed to random immobilization, the antigen binding capabilities of the antibodies are retained. It is shown that such immunoassay has significantly better sensitivity in comparison with methods based on conventional immobilization of affinity-purified antibodies. It is also shown that hen egg IgY is better suited than rabbit antibodies, because much more antibody can be immobilized on gold nanoparticles without any destabilization, probably because of the more acidic nature of these antibodies. In addition, hen egg IgY can be supplied in higher quantity and can be prepared more easily than IgG from rabbits. Bleeding and slaughtering of animals is not needed. The assay presented here has a wide detection range (30–500 ng .mL−1) and a limit of detection as low as 30 ng.mL−1 of human IgG.
Association between strict blood pressure control during chronic kidney disease and lower mortality after onset of end-stage renal disease

There is controversy regarding whether strict blood pressure control is indicated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) since the primary results of randomized controlled trials failed to show any impact on progression of kidney disease with this strategy. However, strict blood pressure control may have other beneficial effects beyond reducing the risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), such as lowering mortality after ESRD onset. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) trial randomized 840 patients with CKD to strict (mean arterial pressure under 92 mm Hg) versus usual (mean arterial pressure under 107 mm Hg) blood pressure control between 1989 and 1993. Here we extended follow-up of study enrollees by linkage with United States Renal Data System and National Death Index to ascertain ESRD and vital status through 2010. Overall, 627 patients developed ESRD through 2010 with a median follow-up of 19.3 years. After ESRD onset, there were 142 deaths in the strict blood pressure arm and 182 deaths in the usual blood pressure arm (significant unadjusted hazard ratio for death was 0.72 (95% CI 0.58-0.89)). Overall, there were 212 deaths in the strict blood pressure control arm and 233 deaths in the usual arm (significant unadjusted hazard ratio for death 0.82 (95% CI 0.68-0.98)). Thus, although strict blood pressure control did not delay progression of CKD to ESRD, this strategy was associated with a lower risk of death after ESRD. Hence, long-term post-ESRD outcomes should be considered when formulating blood pressure targets for CKD.
Insights into Structure and Mechanical Behavior of α and γ Crystal Forms of Nylon-6 at Low Strain by Infrared Studies

Stress-induced frequency shifts of spun-cast nylon-6 films with α and γ crystals are studied at low strains with particular emphasis on vibrations related to hydrogen bonding and to the methylene chains. With increasing stress in the α films, there is a frequency increase of the NH stretching mode in the crystals where the NH bonds are preferentially aligned parallel to the tensile stretching direction. The CH2 stretching modes undergo a downward shift. This is correlated with the weakening of the hydrogen bonds and opening up of the tightly packed α crystal structure during deformation, thereby increasing both the N−H- - -O and CH bond lengths. In the α crystals where the NH bond and stretching directions are perpendicular to each other, compressive forces do not lead to significant amounts of frequency shifting of the NH stretching peak. Tensile deformation has less effect in weakening the hydrogen bonds in the more dynamic amorphous regions. For the γ films, however, there is negligible frequency shift...
Studies on the succinylation of erythrocyte membranes.

Abstract A method is described for the solubilization of the erythrocyte membrane by means of succinylation. In this procedure lipids and proteins are solubilized into an aqueous phase. The physical properties of this preparation were studied by optical rotatory dispersion, circular dichroism and infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate that succinylation is associated with a decrease in ordered structure of the protein. After succinylation the soluble membrane proteins are still loosely associated with membrane lipids and retain the ABO blood group antigens and phytohemagglutinin binding activity. The membrane proteins and lipids can then be separated by centrifugation, gel filtration or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
The Effects of Prompts on Minority Children's Screening Attendance at a Community Mental Health Center.

This study examined the impact of prompts upon the screening attendence rate at a children's community mental health center (CMHC) serving lower socioeconomic urban minority clients. Subjects (274 children under age 18 and their adult caretakers who contacted the CMHC for screening appointments) were assigned to one of three conditions: (a) a phone prompt one day before the appointment, (b) a letter prompt one to two days before the appointment, and (c) a no-intervention control group. Both phone and letter prompts produced significantly greater attendance than the no-intervention condition. The phone prompt group evidenced a tendency toward greater attendance than the letter prompt group. A cost analysis indicated that the phone prompt generated more net revenue than the other two conditions and had a lower total cost and per subject than the conditon. The data suggest that prompts can be effectively used by mental health facilities to engage minority clients in the intial phase of the treament process.
Gradient term in the Kohn-Sham exchange-correlation potential

We show that the gradient expansion of the Kohn-Sham potential does not exist for the case of pure exchange but that when correlation is taken into account by screening the exchange, the expansion does exist and has a different dependence on the charge density than that assumed by Herman et al. and by Sham. We obtain the gradient term to all powers in ${e}^{2}$. Our gradient term vanishes in regions where the charge density vanishes, unlike the gradient term calculated by Herman et al. and Sham which becomes infinite.
Aerodynamic and nonlinear dynamic acoustic analysis of tension asymmetry in excised canine larynges.

Purpose To model tension asymmetry caused by superior laryngeal nerve paralysis (SLNP) in excised larynges and apply perturbation, nonlinear dynamic, and aerodynamic analyses. Method SLNP was model...
IS A C-EXOTIC 1−+ STATE POSSIBLE BELOW 1.6 GeV?

We argue on the basis of dual models, supplemented by Schwimmer’s analysis that all nice features of resonance-Regge pole duality requires the non-existence of C-exotic mesons, that indeed such states are likely to be absent in the energy domain ≲1.6 GeV where duality has been successfully tested experimentally. The status of the experimental C-exotic 1−+ candidate M(1405) is examined further. Evaluation of methods for experimental search of this class of states is also briefly discussed.
3-D imaging of seismic data from a physical model of a salt structure

Seismic data from a physical model of the SEG/EAGE salt structure were imaged to evaluate the quality of imaging of a complex structure and benchmark imaging codes. The physical model was constructed at the University of Houston. Two simulated marine surveys were collected from it: a conventional towed streamer survey, and a vertical receiver cable survey.
Miller—Galante unicompartmental knee arthroplasty at 2- to 5-year follow-up evaluations

Abstract A consecutive series of 62 Miller—Galante (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN) unicompartmental knee arthroplasties were evaluated. Patients had unicompartmental degenerative arthritis or osteonecrosis, a sagittal plane deformity of 15° or less, and minimal patellofemoral involvement. The average age was 69, with osteoarthritis in 85% and osteonecrosis in 15%. Ninety-five percent were medial and 5% lateral compartment replacements. The Hospital for Special Surgery knee score averaged 56 ± 11 before surgery and 96 ± 5 at the final follow-up evaluation, with an average postoperative pain score of 48 ± 2. Three patients suffered intra-operative or immediate postoperative tibial plateau fractures without apparent sequelae, one patient required a postoperative manipulation under anesthesia, and one patient required an arthroscopic debridement for retained cement in the posterior capsular space. Limb alignment was corrected to within 5° of the neutral mechanical axis in 77%, with 19% undercorrected and 3% overcorrected. Seventy percent of knees showed at least a single radiolucent line. Complete radiolucent lines were noted about three tibial components (6%) and progressive partial radiolucency was noted about four additional components (8%).
Study of indentation of a sample equine bone using finite element simulation and single cycle reference point indentation.

Abstract In an attempt to study the mechanical behavior of bone under indentation, methods of analyses and experimental validations have been developed, with a selected test material. The test material chosen is from an equine cortical bone. Stress–strain relationships are first obtained from conventional mechanical property tests. A finite element simulation procedure is developed for indentation analyses. The simulation results are experimentally validated by determining (1) the maximum depth of indentation with a single cycle type of reference point indentation, and (2) the profile and depth of the unloaded, permanent indentation with atomic force microscopy. The advantage of incorporating in the simulation a yield criterion calibrated by tested mechanical properties, with different values in tension and compression, is demonstrated. In addition, the benefit of including damage through a reduction in Young’s modulus is shown in predicting the permanent indentation after unloading and recovery. The expected differences in response between two indenter tips with different sharpness are predicted and experimentally observed. Results show predicted indentation depths agree with experimental data. Thus, finite element simulation methods with experimental validation, and with damage approximation by a reduction of Young’s modulus, may provide a good approach for analysis of indentation of cortical bone. These methods reveal that multiple factors affect measured indentation depth and that the shape of the permanent indentation contains useful information about bone material properties. Only further work can determine if these methods or extensions to these methods can give useful insights into bone pathology, for example the bone fragility of thoroughbred racehorses.
Deposition and characterization of YBaCuO thin films on silicon substrates: Interface analysis

Abstract Laser ablation deposition has been used to form thin films of YBaCuO onto Si(100) surfaces. The Si surfaces were thermally oxidized (SiO 2 ), or H terminated (Si:H, by a spin-etch process) prior to YBCO deposition. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy of YBCO films 2.5-nm thick revealed details of the film and interface bonding chemistry. Si was found to diffuse into and react with the YBCO. The Si concentration at the film surface followed an Arrhenius equation with an activation energy of 0.2 eV. Thin films of zirconia were deposited on Si under similar conditions, and were found to be excellent barriers to Si diffusion and reaction.
Alternative Forms of Mentoring in Changing Organizational Environments: A Conceptual Extension of the Mentoring Literature.

Abstract Mentoring is examined in the context of the changing nature of work. In this context, the construct of mentoring is expanded to consider its use under a variety of situations facing today's organizations such as more participative work arrangements, corporate restructuring, and domestic and international expansion. A typology that differentiates mentoring on two primary dimensions is presented: the form of the relationship (lateral or hierarchical mentor–protege relationship) and the type of skill development obtained through the mentoring experience (job-related or career-related). Specific examples of alternative forms of mentoring that can be used to help individuals and organizations adapt to organizational change are presented. An agenda for future research, as well as implications for counselors and human resource management professionals, is presented.
Quantitating small volumes of dilute DNA samples containing sodium dodecyl sulfate.

Abstract A technique to quantitate small volumes of dilute solutions of different-sized DNA fragments has been developed. The detection limit was 0.7 μg/ml and the technique could be used even in the presence of diffusable substances, including those such as sodium dodecyl sulfate which affect surface tension and also exhibit fluorescence when stained with ethidium bromide and excited by ultraviolet light. The DNA was mixed with low-melting-point agarose and pipetted into preformed wells in an agarose plate, where it solidified. After diffusion of small molecules, the amount of DNA was estimated by comparing ethidium bromide-mediated fluorescence of samples with that of standards.
Oxygen consumption calculated from the Fick equation has limited utility

ObjectiveTo determine if oxygen consumption (VO2) calculated using the Fick relationship (calculated VO2) determines total body VO2 accurately and precisely enough to employ this method during clinical assessment of oxygen transport.DesignMethods comparison, using repeated measures during four physi
Three-dimensional diffuse optical tomography of osteoarthritis: a study of 38 finger joints

Our previous work has shown that near-infrared diffuse optical tomography has the potential to be a clinical tool in diagnosis of osteoarthritis. Here we report a study of 38 joints from 38 females, including 20 OA and 18 healthy joints. The quantitative results obtained show that there exists clear difference between OA and healthy joints in terms of the ratio of optical properties of the joint soft tissues to that of the associated bone. Statistic analysis of these clinical data is also presented.
Long-term risk of malignancy among patients treated with immunosuppressive agents for ocular inflammation: a critical assessment of the evidence.

Purpose To critically assess potentially carcinogenic effects of immunosuppressive therapy in the ocular inflammation setting. Design Focused evidence assessment. Methods Relevant publications were identified by MEDLINE and EMBASE queries and reference list searches. Results Extrapolation from transplant, rheumatology, skin disease, and inflammatory bowel disease cohorts to the ocular inflammation setting suggest that: 1) alkylating agents increase hematologic malignancy risk and cyclophosphamide increases bladder cancer risk, but less so with ≤18 months' duration of therapy and hydration, respectively; 2) calcineurin inhibitors and azathioprine probably do not increase total cancer risk to a detectable degree, except perhaps some other risk factors (uncommon in ocular inflammation patients) might interact with the former to raise risk; 3) tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors may accelerate diagnosis of cancer in the first six to 12 months, but probably do not increase long-term cancer risk; and 4) changes in risk with methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, and daclizumab appear negligible, although nontransplant data are limited for the latter agents. Immunosuppression in general may increase skin cancer risk in a sun exposure–dependent manner. Conclusion Use of alkylating agents for a limited duration seems justifiable for severe, vision-threatening disease, but otherwise cancer risk may be a relevant constraint on use of this approach. Antimetabolites, daclizumab, TNF inhibitors, and calcineurin inhibitors probably do not increase cancer risk to a degree that outweighs the expected benefits of therapy. Monitoring for skin cancer may be useful for highly sun-exposed patients. Data from ocular inflammation patients are needed to confirm the conclusions made in this analysis by extrapolation.
Dental pulp stem cells in regenerative dentistry

Stem cells constitute the source of differentiated cells for the generation of tissues during development, and for regeneration of tissues that are diseased or injured postnatally. In recent years, stem cell research has grown exponentially owing to the recognition that stem cell-based therapies have the potential to improve the life of patients with conditions that span from Alzheimer's disease to cardiac ischemia to bone or tooth loss. Growing evidence demonstrates that stem cells are primarily found in niches and that certain tissues contain more stem cells than others. Among these tissues, the dental pulp is considered a rich source of mesenchymal stem cells that are suitable for tissue engineering applications. It is known that dental pulp stem cells have the potential to differentiate into several cell types, including odontoblasts, neural progenitors, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. The dental pulp stem cells are highly proliferative. This characteristic facilitates ex vivo expansion and enhances the translational potential of these cells. Notably, the dental pulp is arguably the most accessible source of postnatal stem cells. Collectively, the multipotency, high proliferation rates, and accessibility make the dental pulp an attractive source of mesenchymal stem cells for tissue regeneration. This review discusses fundamental concepts of stem cell biology and tissue engineering within the context of regenerative dentistry.
Extraction and Clean-Up Procedures for Measuring Chlorobenzenes in Sediments and Fish by Capillary Gas Chromatography

Abstract A soxhlet extraction technique for recovering chlorobenzenes from sediments and fish is described. The extract is concentrated by evaporation, cleaned up with florisil (sediments) or a combination of alumina, silica gel, florisil and acidified silica gel (fish) before quantitation by capillary gas chromatography with an electron capture detector. Recoveries for all chlorobenzenes are greater than 80%. Detection limits of the technique are ∼0.05ng/g (ppb) for penta- and hexachlorobenzene, ∼0.2 ppb for the tetrachlorobenzenes, ∼0.4 ppb for the trichlorobenzenes, ∼5ppb for the dichlorobenzenes, and ∼1500 ppb for monochlorobenzene.
Site-specific Lys-63-linked Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-associated Factor 6 Auto-ubiquitination Is a Critical Determinant of IκB Kinase Activation

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is a key mediator in proximal signaling of the interleukin-1/Toll-like receptor and the TNF receptor superfamily. Analysis of TRAF6-deficient mice revealed a fundamental role of TRAF6 in osteoclastogenesis; however, the molecular mechanism underlying TRAF6 signaling in this biological process is not understood. Recent biochemical evidence has indicated that TRAF6 possesses ubiquitin ligase activity that controls the activation of IKK and NF-B. Because these studies are primarily based on cell-free systems, the role of the ubiquitin ligase activity of TRAF6 and its auto-ubiquitination to initiate the NF-B pathway in vivo remain elusive. Here we show that an intact RING domain of TRAF6 in conjunction with the E2 enzyme Ubc13/Uev1A is necessary for Lys-63-linked auto-ubiquitination of TRAF6 and for its ability to activate IKK and NF-B. Furthermore, a RING mutant of TRAF6 abolishes its ability to induce receptor activator of NF-B-independent osteoclast differentiation and nuclear accumulation of the transcription factor NFATc1. Notably, we map the auto-ubiquitination site of TRAF6 to a single Lys residue, which if mutated renders TRAF6 unable to activate transforming growth factor--activated kinase 1 and IKK and to cause spontaneous osteoclast differentiation. Additionally, we provide biochemical and in vivo evidence that TRAF6 serves as an E3 to directly ubiquitinate NEMO. Reconstituting TRAF6-deficent cells with various TRAF6 mutants, we clearly demonstrate the requirement for the TRAF6 RING domain and site-specific auto-ubiquitination of TRAF6 to activate IKK in response to interleukin-1. These data establish a signaling cascade in which regulated site-specific Lys63-linked TRAF6 auto-ubiquitination is the critical upstream mediator of IKK. The pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) 2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) elicit a critical function in the innate immune response. Following receptor activation, these cytokines induce a cascade of signaling events leading to the
Temperature-enhanced osmotic growth requirement of Crithidia.

SYNOPSIS. An osmotic growth requirement for the trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata became conspicuous at 32 C. Osmo-supportive compounds were surveyed at 28 vs. 33 C, in “low-osmotic” defined medium. Effective osmotic support was provided by many compounds, e.g., glycerophosphate, sorbitol, mannitol, glycerol, Na isethionate, glycine, arginine, KCl, NaCl, NH4Cl, and K2SO4. The nonspecificity of the requirement was thus evident, but inactivity of the presumably poorly adsorbable pentaerythritol indicated that osmotic pressure was a likely but insufficient condition for satisfying the temperature-enhanced growth requirement most clearly expressed as a need for osmotic support. Fortification of the medium with a combination of glycerophosphate, glycine, glycerol, and Tween 80 permitted good growth at 35 C. Possible relations between the temperature-enhanced osmotic requirement cell membrane damage, and morphological phases of Trypanosoma and Leishmania are discussed.
Deformation of olivine at subduction zone conditions determined from in situ measurements with synchrotron radiation

Abstract We report measurements of the deformation stress for San Carlos olivine at pressures of 3–5 GPa, temperatures of 25–1150 °C, and strain rates of 10 −7 –10 −5 s −1 . We determine a deformation stress of approximately 2.5 GPa that is relatively temperature and strain rate independent in the temperature range of 400–900 °C. The deformation experiments have been carried out on a deformation DIA (D-DIA) apparatus, Sam85, at X17B2, NSLS. Powder samples are used in these experiments. Enstatite (MgSiO 3 ) (3–5% total quality of sample) is used as the buffer to control the activity of silica. Ni foil is used in some experiments to buffer the oxygen fugacity. Water content is confirmed by IR spectra of the recovered samples. Samples are compressed at room temperature and are then annealed at 1200 °C for at least 2 h before deformation. The total (plastic and elastic) strains (macroscopic) are derived from the direct measurements of the images taken by X-ray radiograph technique. The differential stresses are derived from the diffraction determined elastic strains. In the regime of 25–400 °C, there is a small decrease of stress at steady state as temperature increases; in the regime of 400 °C to the ‘transition temperature’, the differential stress at steady state (∼2.5 GPa) is relatively insensitive to the changes of temperature and strain rate; however, it drastically decreases to about 1 GPa and becomes temperature-dependent above the transition temperature and thereafter. The transition temperature is near 900 °C. Above the transition temperature, the flow agrees with power law creep measurements of previous investigations. The anisotropy of differential stress in individual planes indicates that the deformation of olivine at low temperature is dominated by [0 0 1](1 0 0). Accounting to a slower strain rate in the natural system, the transition temperature for the olivine in the slab is most likely in the range of 570–660 °C.
Real-Time Evaluation of CO2 Production and Sequestration in a Gas Field

Production of substantial fraction of CO2 in any hydrocarbon-gas stream poses a significant challenge in terms of separation and sequestration. Both environmental concerns and economic incentives provide the operators to search for safe, costeffective ways of disposing CO2.
Enhancement in the Effective Thermal Conductivity in Rat Spinotrapezius Due to Vasoregulation

This study was undertaken to gain a better understanding of the countercurrent heat exchange of thermally significant blood vessels in skeletal muscle by measuring the vascular structure and flow in an exteriorized rat spinotrapezius muscle and estimating the enhancement in the effective thermal conductivity of the muscle. Detailed anatomic measurements of the number density and length of countercurrent vessel pairs between 45 and 165 microns diameter were obtained. Moreover, diameter and blood flow in the 1A to 3A vessels were measured for muscles in which pharmacological vasoactive agents were introduced, allowing one to vary the local blood flow Peclet number from 1 to 18 in the major feeding arteries. These combined measurements have been used to estimate the range of possible enhancement in the effective thermal conductivity of the tissue. The newly derived conduction shape factor in Zhu et al. for countercurrent vessels in two-dimensional tissue preparations was used in this analysis. Our experimental data indicated that the value of this conduction shape factor was about one-third to two-thirds the value for two countercurrent vessels of the same size and spacing in an infinite medium. The experiment also revealed that the Weinbaum-Jiji expression for keff was valid for the spinotrapezius muscle when the largest vessels were less than 195 microns diameter. A fivefold increase in keff was predicted for 195 microns diameter vessels. Vasoregulation was also shown to have a dramatic effect on keff. A tissue that exhibits only small increases in keff due to countercurrent convection in its vasoconstricted state can exhibit a more than fivefold increase in keff in its vasodilated state.
Modeling Noise Transfer Characteristic of Dynamic Logic Gates

Dynamic noise analysis is recently gaining more attention as a definitive method to overcome glaring deficiencies of static noise analysis. Exact dynamic noise analysis requires modeling of both injected noise and propagated noise. In this paper, we have developed a strategy to study the noise propagation problem. An efficient analytical formula has been derived to accurately model the noise waveform transfer characteristic of dynamic CMOS logic gates. Experiments have shown that the maximum error in peak propagated noises of the proposed model is less than 10%.
Direct quadrature method of moments solution of the Fokker–Planck equation

Abstract The direct quadrature method of moments is presented as an efficient and accurate means of numerically computing solutions of the Fokker–Planck equation corresponding to stochastic nonlinear dynamical systems. The theoretical details of the solution procedure are first presented. The method is then used to solve Fokker–Planck equations for both 1D and 2D (noisy van der Pol oscillator) processes which possess nonlinear stochastic differential equations. Higher-order moments of the stationary solutions are computed and prove to be very accurate when compared to analytic (1D process) and Monte Carlo (2D process) solutions.
Impact of interlayer slip on fracture prediction from geomechanical models of fault-related folds

Understanding and interpreting the timing, location, orientation, and intensity of natural fractures within a geologic structure are commonly important to both exploration and production planning activities. Here we explore the application of finite-element-based geomechanical models to fracture prediction. Our approach is based on the idea that natural fractures can be interpreted or inferred from the geomechanical-model-derived permanent strains. For this analysis, we model an extensional fault-tip monocline developed in a mechanically stratified limestone and shale sequence because field data exist that can be directly compared with model results. The approach and our conclusions, however, are independent of the specific structural geometry. The presence or absence of interlayer slip is shown to strongly control the distribution and evolution of strain, and this control has important implications for interpreting fractures from geomechanical models.
Natural selection drives recurrent formation of activating killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor and Ly49 from inhibitory homologues

Expression of killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) diversifies human natural killer cell populations and T cell subpopulations. Whereas the major histocompatibility complex class I binding functions of inhibitory KIR are known, specificities for the activating receptors have resisted analysis. To understand better activating KIR and their relationship to inhibitory KIR, we took the approach of reconstructing their natural history and that of Ly49, the analogous system in rodents. A general principle is that inhibitory receptors are ancestral, the activating receptors having evolved from them by mutation. This evolutionary process of functional switch occurs independently in different species to yield activating KIR and Ly49 genes with similar signaling domains. Selecting such convergent evolution were the signaling adaptors, which are older and more conserved than any KIR or Ly49. After functional shift, further activating receptors form through recombination and gene duplication. Activating receptors are short lived and evolved recurrently, showing they are subject to conflicting selections, consistent with activating KIR's association with resistance to infection, reproductive success, and susceptibility to autoimmunity. Our analysis suggests a two-stage model in which activating KIR or Ly49 are initially subject to positive selection that rapidly increases their frequency, followed by negative selection that decreases their frequency and leads eventually to loss.
Impacts of Climate Change on Terrestrial Ecosystems and Adaptation Measures for Natural Resource Management

Emissions from motor vehicles, power plants, deforestation, and other human sources are warming the Earth and damaging ecosystems and human well-being. Field observations from around the world have detected significant changes in terrestrial ecosystems and attributed them to climate change rather than other factors. Climate change has shifted the ranges of plants, animals, and biomes, altered the timing of life events such as plant flowering and animal migration, increased wildfires, and driven 75 frog and other amphibian species to extinction. Projections of future climate change and analyses of vulnerability indicate that unless we substantially reduce greenhouse gas emissions, further warming may overwhelm the adaptive capacity of many species and ecosystems. Climate change could convert extensive land areas from one biome to another, alter global biogeochemical cycles, and isolate or drive numerous species to extinction. Natural resource managers are developing adaptation measures to help species and ecosystems cope with the impacts of climate change.
Liquidus Phase Relations in the CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 System at 3.0 GPa: the Aluminous Pyroxene Thermal Divide and High-Pressure Fractionation of Picritic and Komatiitic Magmas

We present liquidus phase equilibrium data at 3·0 GPa for the model INTRODUCTION tholeiitic basalt tetrahedron, diopside–anorthite–forsterite–quartz, in In the CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 (CMAS) system, the the CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 system. This pressure coincides with tetrahedron diopside–anorthite–forsterite–quartz (Di– the invariant point (1568°C) on the simplified model lherzolite An–Fo–Qz) is a simplified analog of the tholeiitic portion solidus that marks the transition between spinel lherzolite and garnet of the basalt tetrahedron of Yoder & Tilley (1962) and lherzolite (fo + en + di + sp + gt + liq). The composition has been used extensively to model the melting behavior of the liquid at the invariant point (46·4 An, 16·0 Di, 33·5 Fo, of the Earth’s mantle and the fractional crystallization of 4·2 Qz, wt %) is a model olivine-rich basalt that lies slightly basalts. Here, we present a study of liquidus phase (0·2% excess fo) to the SiO2-poor side of the aluminous pyroxene relations in this system at 3·0 GPa. By chance, we have plane, MgSiO3–CaSiO3–Al2O3. A large garnet primary phase found that the univariant transition curve for the spinel volume is bordered by primary phase volumes for forsterite, spinel, lherzolite (olivine+ enstatite+ diopside+ spinel) to sapphirine, corundum, enstatite, diopside, quartz, and kyanite. The garnet lherzolite (olivine+enstatite+diopside+garnet) observed absence of enstatite at the solidus of lherzolite at pressures assemblage, as it intersects the solidus, occurs exactly at above ~3·3 GPa is readily understood from the phase relations in 3·0 GPa. Thus, we are able to clarify in some detail the this system. During melting at these high pressures, enstatite first changes in melting and crystallization behavior that occur forms at a temperature somewhat above the solidus and then dissolves as this transition is crossed. We discuss the bearing of before complete melting. As pressure increases above 3·0 GPa, these phase relations on the aluminous pyroxene thermal the aluminous pyroxene plane, MgSiO3–CaSiO3–Al2O3, becomes divide and high-pressure fractional crystallization of increasingly effective as a thermal divide that causes picritic and komatiitic and picritic magmas. komatiitic melts lying on the silica-poor side of the plane to
Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure in a 57-Year-Old Woman With Acute Monocytic Leukemia

A 57-year-old woman presented to a community hospital with complaints of headache and photophobia, cough, and nausea. Workup included a lumbar puncture to rule out meningitis. Spinal fluid analysis was unremarkable for infection or malignancy. Her initial CBC count showed a normal total WBC count, but the differential was noted to contain 75% blasts. The patient was transferred to the hematology/oncology service at our hospital, where a bone marrow biopsy was performed. Within 24 h, progressive fevers, respiratory distress, and hypoxemia developed, and the patient was transferred to the ICU. The medical history was significant for only migraine headaches. There were no known drug allergies. The medical and surgical histories otherwise were noncontributory. The patient was a lifelong nonsmoker, drank a glass of wine with dinner, and had no history of illicit drug use. Up to the time of hospitalization, she was working as a women’s health physician and had no recent travel outside of the country.
Low Power Synthesis of Dynamic Logic Circuits Using Fine-Grained Clock Gating

Clock power consumes a significant fraction of total power dissipation in high speed precharge/evaluate logic styles. In this paper, we present a novel low-cost design methodology for reducing clock power in the active mode for dynamic circuits with fine-grained clock gating. The proposed technique also improves switching power by preventing redundant computations. A logic synthesis approach for domino/skewed logic styles based on Shannon expansion is proposed, that dynamically identifies idle parts of logic and applies clock gating to them to reduce power in the active mode of operation. Results on a set of MCNC benchmark circuits in predictive 70nm process exhibit improvements of 15% to 64% in total power with minimal overhead in terms of delay and area compared to conventionally synthesized domino/skewed logic.
Dependence of elastomeric properties on network junction functionality

Liaison par groupes terminaux de polydimethylsiloxane avec un liant terminal trifonctionnel, un liant tetrafonctionnel et des melanges des deux pour des valeurs moyennes comprises entre 3 et 4. Les proprietes elastomeriques de ces reseaux sont interpretees en utilisant la theorie moleculaire recente de l'elasticite caoutchoutique developpee par Flory et Erman
The three-dimensional structure of trabecular bone in the femoral head of strepsirrhine primates

It has been hypothesized for over a hundred years that trabecular bone plays an important structural role in the musculoskeletal system of animals and that it responds dynamically to applied loads through growth. The objectives of this study are to quantify the three-dimensional structure of femoral head trabecular bone in a sample of extant strepsirrhines and to relate patterns of interspecific variation to locomotor behavioral differences. The bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and fabric anisotropy of trabecular bone in the femoral heads of Cheirogaleus major, Avahi laniger, Galago senegalensis, Galago alleni, Loris tardigradus, Otolemur crassicaudatus, and Perodicticus potto were quantified in three dimensions using serial high-resolution X-ray computed tomography scan data. A volume based method was used to quantify the structural anisotropy in three cubic samples located inside the central portion of the femoral head. Significant structural differences were found between the predominantly leaping galagines and indriids and the nonleaping lorisines and cheirogaleids. The leapers in general have relatively anisotropic trabecular bone. The galagines display a unique pattern of decreasing bone volume and increasing anisotropy moving from the superior to the inferior half of the femoral head. By contrast, the nonleaping taxa possess relatively uniform and isotropic bone throughout the femoral head. The differences in femoral head trabecular structure among these taxa seem to be related to locomotor behavioral differences, reflecting variation in the use and loading of the hip joint during normal locomotion.
Effects of climate and land-surface processes on terrestrial dissolved organic carbon export to major U.S. coastal rivers

Abstract This study aims to understand the influences of climate change and land surface processes on the variation of in-stream DOC concentrations in coastal rivers crossing different climate zones. Monthly observations spanning multiple years in seven major rivers in four different climate zones within the U.S. were analyzed for correlations between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and surface air temperature, precipitation, land cover and discharge. The major watersheds were the Altamaha River (GA), the Apilachicola River (FL), the Columbia River (OR), the Delaware River (NJ), the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers (CA) and the Susquehanna River (MD). One minor watershed, the Neponset River (MA) was also analyzed. Results indicate that temperature is the most important variable for DOC export when the variation of annual mean temperatures is large (e.g., >5 °C) with sufficient precipitation levels. Land-surface characteristics and discharges are better correlated to DOC concentrations when the variations of annual mean temperatures are small (e.g.
The γ Subfamily of DNA Polymerases: Cloning of a Developmentally Regulated cDNA Encoding Xenopus Laevis Mitochondrial DNA Polymerase γ

We used the known sequence of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA polymerase gamma to clone the genes or cDNAs encoding this enzyme in two other yeasts, Pychia pastoris and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and one higher eukaryote, Xenopus laevis. To confirm the identity of the final X.laevis clone, two antisera raised against peptide sequences were shown to react with DNA polymerase gamma purified from X.laevis oocyte mitochondria. A developmentally regulated 4.6 kb mRNA is recognized on Northern blots of oocyte RNA using the X.laevis cDNA. Comparison of the four DNA polymerase gamma gene sequences revealed several highly conserved sequence blocks, comprising an N-terminal 3'-->5'exonuclease domain and a C-terminal polymerase active center interspersed with gamma-specific gene sequences. The consensus sequences for the DNA polymerase gamma exonuclease and polymerase domains show extensive sequence similarity to DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli. Sequence conservation is greatest for residues located near the active centers of the exo and pol domains of the E.coli DNA polymerase I structure. The domain separating the exonuclease and polymerase active sites is larger in DNA polymerase gamma than in other members of family A (DNA polymerase I-like) polymerases. The S.cerevisiae DNA polymerase gamma is atypical in that it includes a 240 residue C-terminal extension that is not found in the other members of the DNA polymerase gamma family, or in other family A DNA polymerases.
Tension within Triangulation

Philosophers disagree about how meaning connects with history. Donald Davidson, who helped deepen our understanding of meaning, even disagreed with himself. As Ernest Lepore and Kirk Ludwig note, Davidson’s account of radical interpretation treats meaning as ahistorical; his Swampman thought experiment treats it as historical. Here I show that while Lepore and Ludwig are right that Davidson’s views are in tension, they are wrong about its extent. Unbeknownst to them, Davidson’s account of radical interpretation and Swampman thought experiment both rely—in different ways—on the same model of triangulation. I revise one of those ways to resolve the tension within Davidson’s views. I close by detailing what role history should play in Davidson’s views overall.
Toward Cooperative Multimedia Interaction

The proliferation of information and services on our global information highways demands mechanisms to support more effective and efficient interaction. This article claims that efficient and effective interaction requires both cooperative and multimedia communication, illustrating this through several applications developed by our group that aim to enhance interaction with complex systems or information sources. After defining the terms cooperative and multimedia and arguing for their centrality in interfaces, we overview key processes in the automated generation of multimedia. We then illustrate these with implemented examples from several domains including information retrieval, direction providing, mission planning and computer maintenance. After describing a visionary system for information access, we conclude by describing our current efforts toward providing content-based browsing and search of video.
The Gamma Gap and All-Cause Mortality.

Background The difference between total serum protein and albumin, i.e. the gamma gap, is a frequently used clinical screening measure for both latent infection and malignancy. However, there are no studies defining a positive gamma gap. Further, whether it is an independent risk factor of mortality is unknown. Methods and Findings This study examined the association between gamma gap, all-cause mortality, and specific causes of death (cardiovascular, cancer, pulmonary, or other) in 12,260 participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999–2004. Participants had a comprehensive metabolic panel measured, which was linked with vital status data from the National Death Index. Cause of death was based on ICD10 codes from death certificates. Analyses were performed with Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for mortality risk factors. The mean (SE) age was 46 (0.3) years and the mean gamma gap was 3.0 (0.01) g/dl. The population was 52% women and 10% black. During a median follow-up period of 4.8 years (IQR: 3.3 to 6.2 years), there were 723 deaths. The unadjusted 5-year cumulative incidences across quartiles of the gamma gap (1.7–2.7, 2.8–3.0, 3.1–3.2, and 3.3–7.9 g/dl) were 5.7%, 4.2%, 5.5%, and 7.8%. After adjustment for risk factors, participants with a gamma gap of ≥3.1 g/dl had a 30% higher risk of death compared to participants with a gamma gap <3.1 g/dl (HR: 1.30; 95%CI: 1.08, 1.55; P = 0.006). Gamma gap (per 1.0 g/dl) was most strongly associated with death from pulmonary causes (HR 2.22; 95%CI: 1.19, 4.17; P = 0.01). Conclusions The gamma gap is an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality at values as low as 3.1 g/dl (in contrast to the traditional definition of 4.0 g/dl), and is strongly associated with death from pulmonary causes. Future studies should examine the biologic pathways underlying these associations.