cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing Resistance to Psychological Treatment

Scores on psychological tests reveal those individuals who are reluctant to seek or recommend psychotherapy and show a relationship between this unwillingness and gender.
Opposing mechanisms underlying differential changes in brain oxygen and temperature induced by intravenous morphine

With the use of oxygen sensors coupled with amperometry, we show that morphine induces differential effects on brain oxygen levels, slightly increasing them at low doses and strongly decreasing the...
EXERTIONAL DYSPNEA IN AN ATHLETE: THE ANSWER IS THE HISTORY

Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction classically occurs with septal hypertrophy; however elongation of the mitral valve leaflet is an increasingly recognized contributing factor. A 52 year old athletic man presented with 5 years of intermittent exertional chest pressure, dyspnea, and
A Primer for Teaching World History by Antoinette Burton

Burton, Antoinette. A Primer for Teaching World History . Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012. Review by Gail M. Presbey.
Regulation, Entrepreneurship, and Firm Size

We investigate whether regulatory growth disproportionately burdens small businesses relative to large businesses. Using panel data from RegData 3.0 and exploiting variation across industries over time, we empirically estimate the relationship between regulatory growth and growth in the number of small and large firms. Controlling for other factors, we find that a 10 percent increase in regulatory restrictions on a particular industry is associated with a reduction in the total number of small firms within that industry by about 0.5 percent, while simultaneously having no statistically significant association with the number of large firms in that industry. We also find that these magnitudes are amplified when this regulatory growth follows previous years of high regulatory growth, implying that unrelenting regulatory increases harm small businesses at an escalating rate.
Tuberculosis presenting as dacryoadenitis in the USA.

A 25-year-old Filipino woman living in the USA was evaluated for a 5-month history of left eye pain and a subsequent orbital mass. Histopathological analysis of the lacrimal mass showed a mixed inflammatory process with necrotising granulomas and positive cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. She was treated with antituberculosis therapy, with resolution of symptoms. Tuberculosis dacryoadenitis is extremely rare in the USA and other developed countries. It requires a high degree of clinical suspicion with special attention to the patient’s history to make the correct diagnosis. It can be treated successfully with antituberculosis therapy.
Remarks on the Development of a Multiblock Three-Dimensional Euler Code for out of Core and Multiprocessor Calculations

Our purpose in this paper is to describe some of the problems which were presented by the development of a three-dimensional Euler code with a multiblock grid structure in which only a single block at a time is held in core, and the main data base is out of core. The initial development of the code was motivated by the need to use a much denser mesh than could be accommodated in the then available supercomputers, which had one or two million words of memory, in order to provide adequate resolution of complex three-dimensional flows.
Privacy-preserving analytics for the securitization market: a zero-knowledge distributed ledger technology application

A zero-knowledge proof or protocol is a cryptographic technique for verifying private data without revealing it in its clear form. In this paper, we evaluate the potential for zero-knowledge distributed ledger technology to alleviate asymmetry of information in the asset-backed securitization market. To frame this inquiry, we conducted market data analyses, a review of prior literature, stakeholder interviews with investors, originators and security issuers and collaboration with blockchain engineers and researchers. We introduce a new system which could enable all market participants in the securitization lifecycle (e.g. investors, rating agencies, regulators and security issuers) to interact on a unique decentralized platform while maintaining the privacy of loan-level data, therefore providing the industry with timely analytics and performance data. Our platform is powered by zkLedger (Narula et al. 2018), a zero-knowledge protocol developed by the MIT Media Lab and the first system that enables participants of a distributed ledger to run publicly verifiable analytics on masked data.
Oscillatory Fluid-Induced Mechanobiology in Heart Valves with Parallels to the Vasculature

Forces generated by blood flow are known to contribute to cardiovascular development and remodeling. These hemodynamic forces induce molecular signals that are communicated from the endothelium to various cell types. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and the vasculature, and together they deliver nutrients throughout the body. While heart valves and blood vessels experience different environmental forces and differ in morphology as well as cell types, they both can undergo pathological remodeling and become susceptible to calcification. In addition, while the plaque morphology is similar in valvular and vascular diseases, therapeutic targets available for the latter condition are not effective in the management of heart valve calcification. Therefore, research in valvular and vascular pathologies and treatments have largely remained independent. Nonetheless, understanding the similarities and differences in development, calcific/fibrous pathologies and healthy remodeling events between the valvular and vascular systems can help us better identify future treatments for both types of tissues, particularly for heart valve pathologies which have been understudied in comparison to arterial diseases.
The correlation of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio with the presence and short-time curative effect of myasthenia gravis in children：a retrospectively study

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the influence of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) on the severity and short-time curative effect of myasthenia gravis (MG) in children.Methods: Data of 132 MG children were retrospectively analyzed, and data of 140 healthy controls (HC group) in the same period were collected. The data of both groups were compared and analyzed.Results: NLR of MG group was significantly higher than that of HC group (Z = 2.644, p = 0.008). According to NLR level, patients were divided into 3 groups: N1 (NLR 2.17). Significant differences in white blood cell counts, course of disease, uric acid, albumin and the time of hospital stay among the 3 groups were observed (p < 0.05, 0.01). The results of logistic regression revealed that NLR (adjusted OR = 3.874, 95% CI 1.359-11.045, p = 0.011) was the risk factor of MG, and it was risk factor of higher QMG during admission (adjusted OR = 2.989, 95% CI 1.247-7.160, p = 0.014) as well. Using the NLR level for the MG diagnostic test, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.765 [95%CI (0.710-0.820), p = 0.000], with a cut-off value of 1.39, sensitivity of 0.833, and specificity of 0.479. Cox regression analysis suggested that NLR (N1: Wald = 9.262, p = 0.010, N2: HR = 12.267, 95%CI 2.432-61.863, p = 0.000, and N3: HR = 8.142, 95%CI 1.209-77.754, p = 0.032) was associated with poor efficacy at discharge. Elevated NLR was considered as an independent risk factor of poor outcomes during discharge.Conclusion: NLR could reflect disease severity and short time curative effect in children with MG to some extent. It may also be a potential marker in indicating diagnosis and severity of MG in children.
The Smell of Slavery: Olfactory Racism and the Atlantic World

In the Atlantic World, different groups were aromatically classified in opposition to other ethnic, gendered, and class assemblies due to an economic necessity that needed certain bodies to be defined as excremental, which culminated in the creation of a progressive tautology that linked Africa and waste through a conceptual hendiadys born of capitalist licentiousness. The African subject was defined as a scented object, appropriated as filthy to create levels of ownership through discourse that marked African peoples as unable to access spaces of Western modernity. Embodied cultural knowledge was potent enough to alter the biological function of the five senses to create a European olfactory consciousness made to sense the African other as foul. Fascinating, informative, and deeply researched, The Smell of Slavery exposes that concerns with pungency within the Western self were emitted outward upon the freshly dug outhouse of the mass slave grave called the Atlantic World.
A Reconfigurable Origami Reflectarray

This paper presents a novel Miura-Ori origami reflectarray unit-cell. This origami inspired unit-cell allows efficient folding\unfolding, high packing efficiency, easy deployment and frequency reconfigurable behavior. The unitcell is composed of 4 parallelogram patches that can achieve 560° phase shift. To synthetize the radiation pattern and the directivity of a deployable 25 by 25 element reflectarray, for different folding states, a procedure based on the conventional array summation with proper element excitation is proposed. A maximum directivity of 32 dBi is obtained with a 2 dB bandwidth from 8.2 GHz to 9.4 GHz (13%). The proposed origami antenna can adjust its operational frequency band by changing its folding angle; therefore, it is physically reconfigurable. The main advantage of this antenna is that the size at its maximum folded state is approximately 6 times smaller than its volume when it is fully deployed thereby offering a significant advantage for small satellites applications.
Second Order Logic

One natural extension of the type of logic which we have been studying is to include quantification over sets of the objects in the domain. Predicate letters have been interpreted as sets (of n-tuples) of objects from the domain. When we have wanted to assert that some fact holds for all subsets of the domain, as in mathematical induction, we have used axiom schemata which require that the fact be true at least for all subsets definable in the language. Of course, for a denumerable domain there are non-denumerably many subsets whereas there are always at most denumerably many distinct definable subsets. Thus we might expect that second order logic would provide more expressive power than first order logic and this expectation is correct.
Implementation of lung protective ventilation order to improve adherence to low tidal volume ventilation: A RE-AIM evaluation.

Abstract Purpose Lung protective ventilation (LPV), defined as a tidal volume (Vt) ≤8 cc/kg of predicted body weight, reduces ventilator-induced lung injury but is applied inconsistently. Materials and methods We conducted a prospective, quasi-experimental, cohort study of adults mechanically ventilated admitted to intensive care units (ICU) in the year before, year after, and second year after implementation of an electronic medical record based LPV order, and a cross-sectional qualitative study of ICU providers regarding their perceptions of the order. We applied the Reach, Efficacy, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework to evaluate the implementation. Results There were 1405, 1424, and 1342 in the control, adoption, and maintenance cohorts, representing 95% of mechanically ventilated adult ICU patients. The overall prevalence of LPV increased from 65% to 73% (p Conclusion We designed and implemented an LPV order that sustainably improved LPV adherence across diverse ICUs.
Soviet Philosophy: The Ambiguous Inheritance of Materialism

By its own account the fundamental identifying trait of Soviet Marxist-Leninist philosophy has been and is its dialectical-materialist standpoint. Engels’, and more particularly Plekhanov’s insistence that all philosophies belong to one or the other of two great camps, materialism or idealism, which together exhaust the most important tendencies of philosophical thought has been adopted as the first premise of all philosophical commentary.1 Within the camp of the materialists, two major groups are distinguished, the ‘vulgar’ or‘mechanistic’ materialists and the ‘dialectical’ materialists. The differences between these two varieties of materialism were thought to be so great that ‘dialectical’ or ‘intelligent’ idealism was to be preferred in Lenin’s eyes to ‘metaphysical’ or’ stupid’ materialism.2 Thus, in the view of most Soviet philosophers, the identity of Marxist-Leninist philosophy depends entirely upon success in maintaining the distinction between ‘dialectical materialism’ and all other species of materialism, as well as all varieties of idealism. This commitment, and the assertion that dialectical materialism constitutes the only true interpretation of Marx’s and Engels’ philosophical writings, are perhaps the two most fundamental dogmas of Soviet philosophy.
Relationship-Centered Care in a Novel Dual-Visit Model COVID Nursery Follow-Up Clinic

The COVID Nursery Follow-Up Clinic at our academic medical center in New York City was established during the COVID-19 pandemic to provide care to infants born to SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers. We describe a novel dual-visit model utilizing telehealth and an in-person visit to provide timely, inclusive and relationship-centered care to the mother/infant couplet in a situation where the mother was unable to come to a traditional in-person visit, but the infant needed medically necessary in-person evaluation.
Studies in Leader Legitimacy, Influence, and Innovation

Publisher Summary This chapter provides results from experiments on studies in leadership. Study of leadership can be fruitfully pursued in terms of interpersonal processes, notably the perceptions and expectations of followers. The attributes and actions of the leader have a discernible role in creating the impressions that contribute to his or her legitimacy. Furthermore, the leader's sense of his or her legitimacy has a direct impact on his or her willingness to assert influence. There is also substantial support in these findings for the efficacy of multifactor designs in the study of leadership phenomena. Several variables may be looked at in combination to reveal their interactions. Indeed, among the more repetitive findings is the extent to which these interactions govern outcomes. Because leadership implicates various leader roles, there is considerable room for studying these functions beyond the traditional function summed up by Hemphill as “initiating structure”. The chapter considers the spokesman as an occupant of a leader role and ventures into decision-making and innovating functions. These distinctions deserve more attention in research on leadership than they have thus far received. Also, additional study might be turned to the sequence implied by attaining a leader role and then maintaining it successfully.
Grouping Mechanisms in Music

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the grouping mechanisms in music. Music provides a complexity, rapidly changing acoustic spectrum, often derived from the superposition of sounds from many different sources. Auditory system has the task of analyzing this spectrum so as to reconstruct the originating sound events. This is analogous to the task performed by visual system when it interprets the mosaic of light impinging on the retina in terms of visually perceived objects. The chapter considers the relationships between the components of a sound spectrum that leads to fuse them into a unitary sound image and those that lead to separate them into multiple sound images. In particular, the chapter explores two types of relationship. The first is harmonicity. Natural sustained sounds, such as produced by musical instruments and the human voice, are made up of components that stand in harmonic, or near-harmonic, relation. A second relationship that is explored is onset synchronicity. When components of a sound complex begin at the same time, it is likely that they have originated from the same source; conversely, when they begin at different times, it is likely that they have originated from different sources. Finally, the illusions explored in the chapter show that listeners do not necessarily music in accordance with the written score, or as might be imagined from reading a score.
Structural Analysis of Polymeric Composite Materials

"Structural Analysis of Polymeric Composite Materials" studies the mechanics of composite materials and structures and combines classical lamination theory with macromechanic failure principles for prediction and optimization of composite structural performance. This reference addresses topics such as high-strength fibers, commercially-available compounds, and the behavior of anisotropic, orthotropic, and transversely isotropic materials and structures subjected to complex loading. It provides a wide variety of numerical analyses and examples throughout each chapter and details the use of easily-accessible computer programs for solutions to problems presented in the text.
Abstract 16294: Chronic Alcohol Feeding Increases miR-214 and Down regulates Bcl-2 in Heart with Asymptomatic Cardiac Dysfunction

Background: Abusive chronic alcohol consumption over a long period can cause metabolic changes in heart and is a risk factor for non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. Alcohol abusers have no clinical manifestation and remain asymptomatic until challenged with stress, such as cardiac ischemia. Recent study shows MicroRNA-214 (miR-214) as an excellent sensor of underlying stress signals that leads to harmful effects. Therefore we designed this chronic study in mice to diagnose the changes in miR-214 level and its targets and use sildenafil, a cardio protective drug to prevent the heart from alcohol induced injury. Methods and Results: Adult male 12-14 weeks old FVB mice were grouped to receive unlimited access to normal liquid diet as control (n =6) or Alcohol diet (35 % of daily energy intake, n=7) or alcohol with sildenafil (1mg/kg ;n=6) for 14 weeks. Animal groups fed with alcohol or sildenafil with alcohol diet showed increased volume consumption and a loss in body weight (Fig.1&2). Echocardiography showed no si...
Somatic hypermutations confer rheumatoid factor activity in hepatitis C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia.

Objective Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most frequent cause of mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC), which is characterized by endothelial deposition of rheumatoid factor (RF)–containing immune complexes and end-organ vasculitis. MC is a lymphoproliferative disorder in which B cells express RF-like Ig, yet its precise antigenic stimulus is unknown. We have proposed that IgG–HCV immune complexes stimulate B cell expansion and somatic hypermutation (SHM)–induced affinity maturation in part via engagement of an RF-like B cell receptor. This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that SHM augments RF activity. Methods RFs cloned from single B cells from 4 patients with HCV-associated MC (HCV-MC) were expressed as IgM, IgG, or IgG Fab. Selected Ig were reverted to germline. RF activity of somatically mutated Ig and germline-reverted Ig was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Ig with SHM had RF activity, with the preference for binding being highest for IgG1, followed by IgG2 and IgG4, and lowest for IgG3, where there was no detectable binding. In contrast, reverted germline IgG exhibited markedly diminished RF activity. Competition with 1 μg/ml of protein A abrogated RF activity, suggesting specificity for IgG Fc. Swapping of mutated heavy-chain pairs and light-chain pairs also abrogated RF activity, suggesting that context-specific pairing of appropriate IgH and Igκ, in addition to SHM, is necessary for RF activity. Conclusion SHM significantly contributes to RF activity in HCV-MC patients, suggesting that autoreactivity in these patients arises through antigen-dependent SHM, as opposed to nondeletion of autoreactive germline Ig.
Solid-state memcapacitive system with negative and diverging capacitance

We suggest a possible realization of a solid-state memory capacitive (memcapacitive) system. Our approach relies on the slow polarization rate of a medium between plates of a regular capacitor. To achieve this goal, we consider a multilayer structure embedded in a capacitor. The multilayer structure is formed by metallic layers separated by an insulator so that nonlinear electronic transport (tunneling) between the layers can occur. The suggested memcapacitor shows hysteretic charge-voltage and capacitance-voltage curves, and both negative and diverging capacitance within certain ranges of the field. This proposal can be easily realized experimentally and indicates the possibility of information storage in memcapacitive systems.
Two-World Background of Special Relativity. Part I

A new sheet of spacetime is isolated and added to the existing sheet, thereby yielding a pair of co-existing sheets of spacetimes, which are four-dimensional inversions of each other. The separation of the spacetimes by the special-relativistic event horizon compels an interpretation of the existence of a pair of symmetrical worlds (or universes) in nature. Further more, a flat two-dimensional intrinsic spacetime that underlies the flat four-dimensional spacetime in each universe is introduced. The four-dimensional spacetime is outward manifestation of the two-dimensional intrinsic spacetime, just as the Special Theory of Relativity (SR) on four-dimensional spacetime is mere outward manifestation of the intrinsic Special Theory of Relativity (φSR) on two-dimensional intrinsic spacetime. A new set of diagrams in the two-world picture that involves relative rotation of the coordinates of the two-dimensional intrinsic spacetime is drawn and intrinsic Lorentz transformation derived from it. The Lorentz transformation in SR is then written directly from intrinsic Lorentz transformation in φSR without any need to draw diagrams involving relative rotation of the coordinates of four-dimensional spacetime, as usually done until now. Indeed every result of SR can be written directly from the corresponding result of φSR. The non-existence of the light cone concept in the two-world picture is shown and good prospect for making the Lorentz group SO(3,1) compact in the two-world picture is highlighted.
State Constitutions and American Tort Law: A History

Over the past twenty years, a number of state statutes purporting to reform the law of torts have been struck down by state courts as unconstitutional under state constitutions. Commentators on all sides have treated these decisions as a new phenomenon in American law. In fact, American tort law has developed for over a century in the shadow of state (and occasionally federal) constitutional law. Beginning in the late nineteenth century, state tort reform legislation came under sustained constitutional critique. Late nineteenth and early twentieth-century state courts developed a small number of time-tested outer bounds on the legislative power to alter the rules of tort suits. The current generation of state constitutional decisions reviewing tort reform legislation are thus merely the latest incarnation of what has been more than a hundred years of interaction between American constitutions at the state and sometimes even federal levels, on one hand, and the law of torts, on the other. This history, in turn, is a cautionary tale for all those who would intervene in today's tort reform efforts. Supporters of modern tort reform have little occasion for seeing unprecedented threats to basic constitutional principles. But those who would use state constitutional litigation to ward off legislated tort reform should be wary, too, for under the guise of judicial review, state courts have all too often used state constitutional provisions to obstruct experiments in public policy that over time have come to be widely respected.
The Migration Experience as It Relates to Cargo Participation in San Miguel Cuevas, Oaxaca

This article provides an overview of the ongoing effects of migration on munici ­ pal governance and community organization in the mixtec town of San miguel Cuevas in oaxaca, mexico. legally constituted as a self ­ governing indigenous mu ­ nicipality, Cuevas has recently been reconstituted as a transnational community whose citizens now reside mainly in Cuevas and Fresno, California. increased cir cular and permanent migration to the united States since the late 1980s and the customary law ( usos y costumbres) enforced in the community, situates its migrants in a complex array of familial and community obligations that require fulfilling civic and ceremonial obligations ( cargos) in order ­ to maintain one’s citizenship
Carbodiimide-dependent inactivation of dihydrofolate reductase.

Abstract Dihydrofolate reductase from amethopterin-resistant Lactobacillus casei was inactivated by a water soluble carbodiimide, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)-carbodiimide HCl. The rapid inactivation observed at pH 5.0–6.0, coupled with lack of recovery of activity from inactivated samples incubated with NH2OH was consistent with modification of enzymic carboxyl groups. Significant protection against inactivation was provided by 7,8-dihydrofolate and NADPH. Analysis of the reaction order suggests that the carbodiimide-dependent inactivation may result from modification of a single essential carboxyl group.
Comparison of Dentoalveolar Morphology in WT and P2X7R KO Mice for the Development of Biomechanical Orthodontic Models

It has been suggested that the absence of the P2X7 receptor affects long bone morphology, and that one of the cytokines dependent on its activation may also affect tooth morphology. P2X7R KO (knockout) were compared with C57B/6 WT mice (background strain) to identify differences in a maxillary molar and surrounding bone. Nineteen WT and 12 KO mouse maxillae were scanned and 3D-reconstructed using microCT. Tooth dimensions were measured and 3D bone morphometry was conducted. A finite element model was constructed based on the results. No statistically significant differences were found in dentoalveolar characteristics between the two mouse types. A single finite element model of the tooth can be used to mechanically represent both strains. P2X7R does not have a major effect on alveolar bone or tooth morphology. The P2X7R effects are site-specific. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Stag Monotone Experimental Design Algorithm SMEDAL

In using a computer simulation to gain insight into a planning problem, repeated runs over a range of input variables can be used to develop a picture of the general response of the system being studied. SMEDAL was developed to help organize such studies and in particular to eliminate redundant computer runs. If the planning problem can be interpreted as a question of feasibility i.e., will we win or lose? and if the system under study exhibits a “monotone” property, then SMEDAL can be applied. Furthermore, SMEDAL is not limited to computer applications but can be used to save effort in any such study.
Fast context switches: compiler and architectural support for preemptive scheduling

Abstract This paper addresses the possibility of reducing the overhead due to preemptive context switching in real-time systems that use preemptive scheduling. The method introduced attempts to avoid saving and restoring registers by performing context switches at points in the program where only a small subset of the registers are live. When context switches occur frequently, which is the case in some real-time systems, performing context switches at fast context switch points is found to significantly reduce the total number of memory references. A new optimization technique, known as register remapping, is introduced which increases the number of these fast context switch points without degrading the efficiency of the code.
Presence and development of ependymal cells in primary tissue cultures derived from embryonic rat cerebral cortex

Abstract Using indirect immunohistocehmistry, a secondary antibody was detected in a commercial preparation of antiserum against vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The secondary antibody selectively stained ependymal cells during the first 3 weeks in vitro in cultures of dissociated cerebral cortical tissue from rat. This staining provided a convenient mechanism for investigating the development and properties of these cells in cultures. The overall level of immunofluorescent staining during the initial 3-week time period appeared to directly reflect the proliferation and development of ependymal cells. Fluorescent staining was initially detected in cells which appeared to correspond to matrix cells or progenitor cells from the ependyma. These cells underwent rapid cell division, as evidenced by distinct morphological stages, to yield daughter cells which were the precursors of mature ependymal cells. Three different morphological classes of mature ependymal cells were observed in the cortical cultures. These classes corresponded to the cuboidal, tanycyte and secretory ependymal cell types described in vivo. Direct counting of stained cells showed that these morphological classes were represented in the cultures in roughly the same proportions seen in vivo (cuboidal 75%, tanycyte 19% and secretory 6%). The temporal aspects of ependyma development permitted the staining of developmental stages corresponding to the various morphological classes or types. The morphological sequence of development of the cuboidal cell and tanycyte from the precursor cell or matrix cell—daughter cell was determined. These two cell types displayed marked differences in their developmental sequence. The developmental sequence of the secretory cell could not be resolved; however, what appeared to be multiple morphological subtypes of this cell class were encountered. Thus, a component was present in the antiserum which specifically stained ependymal cells during a restricted time interval in vitro. All ependymal cells in the cultures appeared to be stained, as well as developmental stages and progenitor cells. The component or antibody may potentially represent a unique marker for the ependymal cell group.
High resolution Raman study of the two-roton bound state

A high resolution study has been made of the two-roton Raman scattering from liquid 4He at T=0.6K and SVP. This experiment shows conclusively that roton-roton interactions are necessary to explain the spectrum. From the shape of the two-roton peak the two-roton binding energy is estimated to be 0.22+or-0.07K. An intrinsic zero temperature linewidth of the pair equal to 0.11+or-0.01K has been found.
Tests of the single-Z-boson hypothesis in neutral-current processes☆

Abstract Weak boson models with a single neutral Z boson must satisfy six factorization relations that can be tested in forthcoming experiments. Using the proposed tests, we should be able to infer whether a weak-interaction group larger than SU(2) × U(1) is required by the data.
Volumetric comparison of seated and standing test postures.

Published protocols for the volumetric assessment of upper-extremity edema differ regarding patients' posture. The present study was designed to determine the effect of posture on test-retest reliability and mean volume. Thirty women were tested in both seated and standing postures. For the dominant hand, test-retest reliabilities for the seated posture were identical to those for the standing posture. Test-retest reliability was slightly stronger for the nondominant hand in sitting than for the same hand in standing. Both postures afforded clinically acceptable test-retest reliabilities. The mean volumes in sitting were significantly lower than those in standing (p less than .0001), thus suggesting that volumetric measures should be considered discontinuous if the patient's test posture is altered. Mean volumes of the dominant hand averaged 9.3 ml more than those of the nondominant hand. It is suggested that this discrepancy be considered in the establishment of goals for edema control and in the determination of the need for continued edema treatment.
The Effect of Spatial and Nonspatial Contextual Information on Visual Object Memory.

Recent research has found visual object memory can be stored as part of a larger scene representation rather than independently of scene context. The present study examined how spatial and nonspatial contextual information modulate visual object memory. Two experiments tested participants’ visual memory by using a change detection task in which a target object’s orientation was either the same as it appeared during initial viewing or changed. In addition, we examined the effect of spatial and nonspatial contextual manipulations on change detection performance. The results revealed that visual object representations can be maintained reliably after viewing arrays of objects. Moreover, change detection performance was significantly higher when either spatial or nonspatial contextual information remained the same in the test image. We concluded that while processing complex visual stimuli such as object arrays, visual object memory can be stored as part of a comprehensive scene representation, and both spatial and nonspatial contextual changes modulate visual memory retrieval and comparison.
An Automotive SMA Mirror Actuator: Modeling, Design, and Experimental Evaluation

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) provide compact and effective actuation for a variety of mechanical systems. Automotive applications of these materials, although very attractive, have not been fully explored. The lack of activities in this area is partly due to the complex thermomechanical behavior of these materials. In this work a two degree of freedom SMA actuator has been developed to orient the position of a rearview mirror for automotive applications. This paper presents the design, modeling, and experimental evaluation of this SMA mirror actuator. To evaluate the performance of the actuator a prototype SMA actuated mirror is designed and fabricated. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the SMA actuator in positioning the mirror.
Probabilistic Change Detection Framework for Analyzing Settlement Dynamics Using Very High-resolution Satellite Imagery

Global human population growth and an increasingly urbanizing world have led to rapid changes in human settlement landscapes and patterns. Timely monitoring and assessment of these changes and dissemination of accurate information is important for policy makers, city planners, and humanitarian relief workers. Satellite imagery provides useful data for the aforementioned applications, and remote sensing can be used to identify and quantify change areas. We explore a probabilistic framework to identify changes in human settlements using very high-resolution satellite imagery. As compared to predominantly pixel-based change detection systems which are highly sensitive to image registration errors, our grid (block) based approach is more robust to registration errors. The presented framework is an automated change detection system applicable to both panchromatic and multi-spectral imagery. The detection system provides comprehensible information about change areas, and minimizes the post-detection thresholding procedure often needed in traditional change detection algorithms.
Geomorphic relations among glacial Lake Algonquin and the Munising and Grand Marais moraines in eastern Upper Michigan, USA

Abstract Data obtained from ground-penetrating radar (GPR), optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, and geostatistical reconstructions of Lake Algonquin water planes indicate that high-standing outwash aprons flanking the Munising moraine's southern margin in eastern Upper Michigan terminate as large, coalescing Gilbert-type ice-contact deltas graded to the Main level of Lake Algonquin. Nearly 30 km of GPR imagery provides clear evidence of topset and foreset beds diagnostic of deltaic deposition. Landform assemblages suggest that the deltas likely evolved from subaqueous grounding line fans formed along a retreating ice margin characterized by widespread stagnation. In time, these deltas aggraded to the Main Lake Algonquin level as the ice margin stabilized. An OSL date of 12.5 ± 1.1 ka on a nearby beach ridge associated with the Main Algonquin shoreline is consistent with this interpretation. These new data, coupled with the presence of nested fans at the downstream end of meltwater channels incised into the delta, indicate that Lake Algonquin was falling as delta deposition waned, eventually reaching a level concordant with the Lower Orillia level before final abandonment. Large, regionally extensive heads of outwash marking the crest of the Munising moraine are graded to the upper margins of these deltas and, by inference, must also correlate with Main Lake Algonquin and the associated Two Rivers deglaciation ca. 13–12.5 ka. The deltas, in turn, are conspicuously crosscut by outwash aprons that are graded to levels much lower than any recognized upper group Lake Algonquin shoreline. Because these aforementioned heads of outwash, part of Drexler and others' Grand Marais moraine, correlate with the Marquette moraine farther west, they likely date to the Marquette advance ca. 11.5 ka. Thus, landforms related to Two Rivers and to Marquette glaciations appear to comingle across the study area. In the absence of extensive exposures and datable materials, our work highlights the fact that crosscutting relationships and distinct differences in base level can provide an important first step for untangling the complicated landform relationships in this part of Michigan.
Personality, attitude, and leader influences on divergent thinking and creativity in organizations

Divergent thinking is an integral process in creativity. This study presents and tests an interactionist, divergent‐thinking based model of individual creativity in organizations. Openness to experience is a personality trait that relates to divergent thinking and, therefore, is hypothesized to be related to creative performance in organizations. The effects of openness to experience are likely to be partially mediated by an individual's attitude toward divergent thinking (ATDT). Some individuals do not care to engage in divergent thinking, and researchers have asserted that negative ATDT is an impediment to individual creativity in organizations. However, the empirical link between one's ATDT and one's creative performance has yet to be demonstrated. Contextual factors also influence creative attitudes and behavior. ATDT is also likely to be influenced by one's supervisor's attitude. The amount of structure that supervisors initiate for their subordinates is likely to have a direct, negative effect on subordinates' divergent thinking, and may also affect divergent thinking indirectly by influencing subordinates’ ATDT. Results generally support the model. Openness to experience and ATDT are positively associated with employees' creative performance. In addition, some support is provided for a negative relationship between initiating structure and subordinates’ ATDT.
The Fading Exceptionalism of American Political Parties?: Evidence from Party Allocation Decisions

Using qualitative comparative analysis to mirror the decision-framework employed by the leaders of the Democratic and Republican congressional campaign committees, I demonstrate party leaders simultaneously consider multiple factors when they decide how to distribute their party’s limited resources to candidates. In contrast to studies, which characterize American party organizations as strategically pragmatic rather than ideologically motivated like parties in many other countries, I find the congressional candidate’s ideology is an increasingly important criterion for the receipt of party support as politics in the United States becomes more polarized.
Air Pollution and interpersonal Attraction1

It was predicted that negative affect associated with one component of air pollution (malodor) reduces attraction toward both similar and dissimilar strangers. In one experiment, 27 subjects rated attitudinally similar or dissimilar strangers while confined in a room whose atmosphere was ambient (no-odor control) or polluted by ammonium sulfide. Contrary to predictions, similar strangers elicited greatest liking in the polluted atmosphere. It was suggested that air pollution had increased attraction for another who might be experiencing the same disagreeable situation (i.e., “shared stress”). In a second experiment, this suggestion was examined by assuring subjects that they were alone and would not meet the similar or dissimilar person they rated. As predicted, exposure to either ammonium sulfide or butyric acid combined additively with attitudinal dissimilarity to depress liking, mood-affect, time spent in the setting, and ratings of the environment. These results were viewed as consistent with the reinforcement-affect model of attraction, but it was cautioned that the effects of air pollution may depend on social factors, such as shared stress, and dosage level of the pollutant.
Hydrothermal alteration and mass exchange in the hornblende latite porphyry, Rico, Colorado

The Rico paleothermal anomaly, southwestern Colorado, records the effects of a large hydrothermal system that was active at 4 Ma. This hydrothermal system produced the deep Silver Creek stockwork Mo deposit, which formed above the anomaly's heat source, and shallower base and precious-metal vein and replacement deposits. A 65 Ma hornblende latite porphyry is present as widespread sills throughout the area and provided a homogenous material that recorded the effects of the hydrothermal system up to 8 km from the center. Hydrothermal alteration in the latite can be divided into a proximal facies which consists of two assemblages, quartz-illite-calcite and chlorite-epidote, and a distal facies which consists of a distinct propylitic assemblage. Temperatures were gradational vertically and laterally in the anomaly, and decreased away from the centra heat source. A convective hydrothermal plume, 3 km wide and at least 2 km high, was present above the stock-work molybdenum deposit and consisted of upwelling, high-temperature fluids that produced the proximal alteration facies. Distal facies alteration was produced by shallower cooler fluids. The most important shallow base and precious-metal vein deposits in the Rico district are at or close to the boundary of the thermal plume. Latite within the plume had a large loss of Na2O, large addition of CaO, and variable SiO2 exchante. Distal propylitized latite samples lost small amounts of Na2O and CaO and exchanged minor variable amounts of SiO2. The edge of the plume is marked by steep Na2O exchange gradients. Na2O exchange throughout the paleothermal anomaly was controlled by the reaction of the albite components in primary plagioclase and alkali feldspars. Initial feldspar alteration in the distal facies was dominated by reaction of the plagioclase, and the initial molar ratio of reactants (alkali feldspar albite component to plagioclase albite component) was 0.35. This ratio of the moles of plagioclase to alkali feldspar albite components that reacted evolved to 0.92 as the reaction progressed. Much of the alkali feldspar albite component in the proximal facies reacted while the, primary plagioclase was still unreacted, but the ratio for these assemblages increased to 1.51 when the plagioclase entered the reaction paragenesis. Plagioclase reaction during distal propylitic alteration resulted in pseudomorphic albite mixed with illite and a loss of Na2O. CaO is lost in the distal facies as hornblende reacts to chlorite, although some calcium may be fixed in calcite. CaO is added to the proximal facies as the quantity of chlorite replacing hornblende increases and epidote and calcite are produced.
Primary intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) constitutes about 13% of stroke cases in the United States. I In Asian populations, the frequency may be as high as 30% of all strokes. 2 The United States age-adjusted incidence of ICH is 10 to 15 per 100,000 per year and doubles with each decade after age 45. 3,4 After a steady decline in incidence from 1945 through 1974, possibly reflecting better management of hypertension, the rate of ICH increased in Rochester, Minnesota, from 1975 through 1979 which was attributed to the introduction of computed tomography (CT). s The case fatality rate of ICH is about 50% and is related to the hemorrhage location and volume, as well as to the clinical grade of the patient. ICH may be classified as primary or secondary. The major risk factors for primary ICH are age, hypertension, alcohol abuse, and very low serum cholesterol. 6; The causes of secondary ICH vary by age. In young adults, drug abuse, vascular malformations, aneurysms, and coagulopathies are the most common causes. In middleaged adults, metastatic and primary brain tumors and anticoagulation therapy are additional important causes. In the elderly population, amyloid angiopathy is probably the single most frequent cause of ICH. s The most frequent sites of primary spontaneous (often called hypertensive) ICH are the putamen (50%), thalamus (15%), pons (10% to 15%), and cerebellum (10%). Lobar or multiple hemorrhages should suggest a cause other than hypertension.
An autonomous articulating desktop robot for proctoring remote online examinations

In this paper we describe a new low-cost, autonomous desktop robot for proctoring examinations in online/distance learning courses. The robot is attached to the student's computer via a USB port and monitors the examination environment using a webcam that articulates in both altitude and azimuth together with an array of acoustic sensors that provides audio directionality. The examination may be monitored in real time by a live proctor via the Internet or the data may be recorded for future review. Authentication of the identity of the test taker is accomplished using the webcam and simple, reliable ear recognition techniques. This eliminates the need for expensive digital fingerprint hardware.
Inorganic lead in man's environment: Sources and toxicological significance

Major anthropogenic sources of lead in the general population are solder in canned foods and lead in air, originating from auto emissions and various industrial sources. In the US, approximately ten percent of total dietary lead originates from solder. The contribution of airborne lead to total daily lead absorption varies with air lead concentration in a non-linear fashion. Incremental rise in blood lead concentration decreases progressively with increasing air lead concentration and with the magnitude of blood lead concentrations derived from other sources. Hand-to-mouth transfer of lead from dust is a significant added source of lead in young children. Ingestions of flakes and chips of paint is probably still a significant problem when blood lead concentrations are grossly elevated. The major unresolved issue as to toxic effects in children concerns subtle neurobehavioral deficits. As yet, there is no clear knowledge as to the degree of exposure which causes these effects, nor as to the importance of age and duration of exposure as determinants of sensitivity. Occupational exposure, even at relatively moderate levels, causes a decrement in hemoglobin concentration, and reduction in the functional reserve of the kidneys. Recent studies conducted by two groups of investigators in the US indicate that a substantial number of workers in lead smelters have substantial loss of glomerular function as determined by renal clearance of inulin or iothalamate. This effect is probably due to a reduction in renal blood flow. It is most pronounced with long-term exposure.
Reinforcing effects of modafinil: influence of dose and behavioral demands following drug administration.

Rationale The reinforcing effects of stimulant drugs are modulated by behavioral demands following drug administration.