cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infant Self-Regulation of Breast Milk Intake

In an experimental study to determine whether augmentation of maternal milk supply affects infant intake, 18 mothers of exclusively breast-fed infants stimulated milk supply by daily expression of extra milk for 2 weeks. Infant milk intake was recorded before, during and after this expression phase. All but 4 mothers increased milk production by greater than 73 g/day over baseline, with an average increase of 124 g/day. On the average, the 14 infants of mothers who increased milk production took in significantly more milk immediately following the expression phase (849 vs. 732 g/day), but about half of them returned to near baseline levels of milk intake after 1-2 weeks. Net change in infant intake at the end of the study was positively correlated with infant weight-for-length (r = 0.59) and age (r = 0.58), and was unrelated to baseline milk intake (r = -0.06). Therefore, the wide range in breast milk volume in well-nourished populations is due more to variation in infant "demand" than to inadequacy of milk production.
The vibrational spectra and structure of sodium bromoacetate and sodium bromoacetate-d2

Abstract The complete vibrational spectra of crystalline sodium bromoacetate and sodium bromoacetate-d 2 have been recorded and a vibrational assignmem proposed. The intermolecular coupling of these compounds is quite strong and the data are consistent with a centrosymmetric unit cell containing at least four molecules. The product rule calculations support a structure m which the bromine atom is rotated out of the plane of the remaining heavy atoms, but the frequency of the carbon-bromine stretching mode indicates that the degree of rotation is not large.
A General Solution for the 2‐Pyridyl Problem

Problem solved: an air-stable 2-pyridyl borane that can effectively couple to a wide range of aryl and heteroaryl halides and pseudohalides has evaded the synthesis community for decades. The discovery that Cu(DEA)(2) powerfully enables palladium-mediated cross-couplings with air-stable boronates 1 has finally provided a general solution to this problem. DEA=diethanolamine, DMF=N,N'-dimethylformamide, Tf=trifluoromethanesulfonyl.
Real-time measurement of stress and damage evolution during initial lithiation of crystalline silicon.

Crystalline to amorphous phase transformation during initial lithiation in (100) Si wafers is studied in an electrochemical cell with Limetalas thecounter andreferenceelectrode.During initiallithiation,amoving phase boundary advances into thewafer starting from the surface facing the lithium electrode, transforming crystalline Si into amorphous LixSi. The resulting biaxial compressive stress in the amorphous layer is measured in situ, and it was observed to be ca. 0.5 GPa. High-resolution TEM images reveal a very sharp crystalline-amorphous phase boundary, with a thickness of � 1n m. Upon delithiation, the stress rapidly reverses andbecomes tensile,and the amorphous layer begins to deform plastically ataround 0.5 GPa.With continued delithiation, the yield stress increases in magnitude, culminating in a sudden fracture of the amorphous layer into microfragments, and the cracks extend into the underlying crystalline Si.
Analysis of structured programs

We compare the structural complexity of various classes of structured programs. To achieve this we concentrate on a notion called “reducibility”. Loosely speaking, given two classes of programs C 1 and C 2 , we say that C 1 is reducible to C 2 ( C 1 ≤ w C 2 ) if and only if for every program P in C 1 , there is a program in C 2 that computes the same function as P and uses the same primitive actions and predicates as P . If C 1 is reducible to C 2 , but C 2 is not reducible to C 1 , then we say that C 1 w C 2 . We explore this notion of reducibility for several classes of programs. These include: D-charts and BJ n -charts, which are programs based on the DO-WHILE construct, a familiar construct in the literature on structured programs; RE n -charts, GRE n -charts and DRE n -charts, which are programs constructed using a continuously repeating block of code with exit statements, similar to the REPEAT-EXIT construct of BLISS; TD n -charts, which are programs based on control structures arising from top-down programming. Several results on these classes of programs are proved here. These results include o (a) BJ n -charts w BJ n +1 -charts, and ∪ n ≥1 BJ n -charts w RE 1 -charts; (b) RE n -charts w RE n +1 -charts, GRE n -charts w GRE n +1 -charts, DRE n -charts w GRE n +2 -charts; (c) TD n -charts ≤ w RE 3 n -charts. In addition, it is shown that an arbitrary program P is reducible to a D-chart if and only if P does not contain a loop with two distinct exits. The paper concludes by suggesting various open problems.
The mailbox problem

We propose and solve a synchronization problem called the mailbox problem, motivated by a particular type of interaction between a processor and an external device or between two threads. In this problem, a postman delivers letters to the mailbox of a home owner and uses a flag to signal a non-empty mailbox. The owner must remove all letters delivered to the mailbox and should not walk to the mailbox if it is empty. We present algorithms and an impossibility result for this problem.
$3 \times 3$ minors of catalecticants

Secant varieties to Veronese embeddings of projective space are classical varieties whose equations are not completely understood. Minors of catalecticant matrices furnish some of their equations, and in some situations even generate their ideals. Geramita conjectured that this is the case for the secant line variety of the Veronese variety, namely that its ideal is generated by the 3x3 minors of any of the "middle" catalecticants. Part of this conjecture is the statement that the ideals of 3x3 minors are equal for most catalecticants, and this was known to hold set-theoretically. We prove the equality of 3x3 minors and derive Geramita's conjecture as a consequence of previous work by Kanev.
An Unusual Synthesis of Phthalaldehyde

Abstract A variety of oxidizing agents convert 5-hydroxy-4,5-dihydroisobenzo-furan into phthalaldehyde. Other oxidizing agents produce both phthalaldehyde and its 4-hydroxy derivative.
FermiQCD: A tool kit for parallel lattice QCD applications

We present here the most recent version of FermiQCD, a collection of C++ classes, functions and parallel algorithms for lattice QCD, based on Matrix Distributed Processing. FermiQCD allows fast development of parallel lattice applications and includes some SSE2 optimizations for clusters of Pentium 4 PCs.
Enantioselective Michael Addition of Nitromethane to α,β-Enones Catalyzed by Chiral Quaternary Ammonium Salts. A Simple Synthesis of (R)-Baclofen

Enantioselective Michael addition of nitromethane to an α,β-enone is a key step in the synthesis of (R)-baclofen.
Studies on the intermediary metabolism of Trichinella spiralis.

Abstract 1. 1. Spectroscopic analysis of intact larvae revealed the absorption bands in the approximate positions of cytochrome c, b, and a + a3. In addition the bands for hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin were observed and appeared to be more intense in larvae which had been in the host muscle for at least 6 weeks. 2. 2. The catalytic activity of cytochrome oxidase and the cytochrome c reductases was determined spectrophotometrically in both larvae and adults. The enzymes appeared to be less active in the adult worms. Cytochrome oxidase was inhibited by cyanide, and by carbon monoxide in the dark. The latter inhibition was reversed by light. Succinic dehydrogenase activity was inhibited by malonate. 3. 3. The respiration of homogenates of the larvae is stimulated by succinic and α-ketoglutaric acids. Increased oxygen consumption in the presence of carbon monoxide was also observed. 4. 4. Enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, including aconitase, isocitric dehydrogenase, fumarase and malic dehydrogenase were measured in homogenates spectrophotometrically. Citrate formation from oxalacetic acid and acetate was demonstrated, utilizing paper partition chromatography. 5. 5. The evidence presented strongly indicates that the cytochrome system for electron transport and the tricarboxylic acid cycle for terminal oxidative processes occur in the tissues of the larvae of T. spiralis.
Design considerations for knowledge workshop terminals

The theme of this paper ties directly to that developed in a concurrent paper "The Augmented Knowledge Workshop," and assumes that: "intelligent terminals" will come to be used very, very extensively by knowledge workers of all kinds; terminals will be their constant working companions; service transactions through their terminals will cover a surprisingly pervasive range of work activity, including communication with people who are widely distributed geographically; the many "computer-aid tools" and human services thus accessible will represent a thoroughly coordinated "knowledge workshop"; most of these users will absorb a great deal of special training aimed at effectively harnessing their respective workshop systems---in special working methods, conventions, concepts, and procedural and operating skills.
Valuation uncertainty, institutional involvement, and the underpricing of IPOs: The case of REITs

Abstract Unlike operating company IPOs, Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) IPOs in the 1970s and 1980s were initially overpriced and subsequently underperformed other REIT securities in the 100 trading days after initial issuance. In contrast. equity REIT IPOs in the 1990s have been underpriced. on average by 3.6%. and have moderately outperformed seasoned equity REITs in the 100 trading days after issuance. We attribute the initial-day underpricing of recent REIT IPOs to greater valuation uncertainty and greater institutional involvement in the recent REIT IPO market. Both of these factors make these issues more susceptible to the ‘winner's curse’.
On Existence of Static Metric Extensions in General Relativity

Motivated by problems related to quasi-local mass in general relativity, we study the static metric extension conjecture proposed by R. Bartnik [4]. We show that, for any metric on ¯B1 that is close enough to the Euclidean metric and has reflection invariant boundary data, there always exists an asymptotically flat and scalar flat static metric extension in M=ℝ3∖B1 such that it satisfies Bartnik's geometric boundary condition [4] on ∂B1.
Short-Run Effects of Parental Job Loss on Children's Academic Achievement.

Abstract We study the relationship between parental job loss and children's academic achievement using data on job loss and grade retention from the 1996, 2001, and 2004 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation. We find that a parental job loss increases the probability of children's grade retention by 0.8 percentage points, or around 15%. After conditioning on child fixed effects, there is no evidence of significantly increased grade retention prior to the job loss, suggesting a causal link running from the parental employment shock to children's academic difficulties.
The even isomorphism theorem for coxeter groups

Coxeter groups have presentations (S : (st) mst ∀s,t ∈ S> where for all s,t ∈ S, m st ∈ {1,2,...,∞}, m st = m ts and m st = 1 if and only if s = t. A fundamental question in the theory of Coxeter groups is: Given two such "Coxeter" presentations, do they present the same group? There are two known ways to change a Coxeter presentation, generally referred to as twisting and simplex exchange. We solve the isomorphism question for Coxeter groups with an even Coxeter presentation (one in which m st is even or oo when s ≠ t). More specifically, we give an algorithm that describes a sequence of twists and triangle-edge exchanges that either converts an arbitrary finitely generated Coxeter presentation into a unique even presentation or identifies the group as a non-even Coxeter group. Our technique can be used to produce all Coxeter presentations for a given even Coxeter group.
Diastereoselective Ni-catalyzed 1,4-hydroboration of chiral dienols.

The Ni-catalyzed hydroboration of dienols occurs in a 1,4 fashion and delivers a syn-propionate motif in high diastereoselectivity and with a stereodefined trisubstituted crotylboronic ester. The boronic ester can be further manipulated to provide carbon–carbon or carbon–oxygen bonds.
Studies on tandem ene/intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions

Abstract Tandem ene/intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions of 1,4-cyclohexadiene and mono - or di -activated acetylenes are optimized. Analogous reactions with disubstituted bicyclohexa-1,4-dienes regioselectively produce highly functionalized tetracyclic adducts.
Efficacy and cost of ampicillin-sulbactam and ticarcillin-clavulanate in the treatment of hospitalized patients with bacterial infections.

Study Objective. To evaluate the efficacy and cost of treatment with two β-lactam/β-lactamase-inhibitor combinations. Design. Retrospective, open-label multicenter study. Setting. Fifty-four hospitals across the United States. Patients. Eight hundred ninety patients with skin and soft tissue, intraabdominal, gynecologic, respiratory, urinary tract, or other infections that required parenteral antibiotic therapy. Intervention. Patients were administered either ampicillin-sulbactam 1.5 or 3.0 g every 6 hours or ticarcillin-clavulanate 3.1 g every 6 hours. Measurements and Main Results. The agents did not differ significantly in efficacy for most infections; although, ampicillin-sulbactam was bacteriologically superior to ticarcillin-clavulanate in the treatment of intraabdominal infections (p=;0.0011). Costs of ampicillin-sulbactam, particularly the 1.5-g dose, were lower than those of ticarcillin-clavulanate for skin and soft tissue (p<0.001), intraabdominal (p=;0.005), and respiratory tract (p<0.001) infections. Conclusion. Ampicillin-sulbactam provides effective coverage for patients with the above infections and is as effective as the broader-spectrum agent.
Automated discovery, interaction and composition of Semantic Web services

Abstract In this paper, we introduce a vision for Semantic Web services which combines the growing Web services architecture and the Semantic Web and we will propose DAML-S as a prototypical example of an ontology for describing Semantic Web services. Furthermore, we show that DAML-S is not just an abstract description, but it can be efficiently implemented to support capability matching and to manage interaction between Web services. Specifically, we will describe the implementation of the DAML-S/UDDI Matchmaker that expands on UDDI by providing semantic capability matching, and we will present the DAML-S Virtual Machine that uses the DAML-S Process Model to manage the interaction with Web service. We will also show that the use of DAML-S does not produce a performance penalty during the normal operation of Web services.
A cooperative system which does not satisfy the limit set dichotomy

The fundamental property of strongly monotone systems, and strongly cooperative systems in particular, is the limit set dichotomy due to Hirsch: if x< y, then either (x) <(y) ,o r (x) = (y) and both sets consist of equilibria. We provide here a counterexample showing that this property need not hold for (non-strongly) cooperative systems.
Giant Herbig-Haro Flows

Recent observations with wide field-of-view CCDs have shown that over 20 Herbig-Haro flows extend for more than one parsec from their driving sources. We review the observed properties of these giant HH flows and discuss the physical consequences for star formation, and for the physics and chemistry of the surrounding interstellar medium.
Practical Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Diaryl-, Aryl Heteroaryl- and Diheteroarylmethanols

Enantioenriched diaryl-, aryl heteroaryl-, and diheteroarylmethanols exhibit important biological and medicinal properties. One-pot catalytic asymmetric syntheses of these compounds beginning from readily available aryl bromides are introduced. Thus, lithium-bromide exchange with commercially available aryl bromides and n-BuLi was followed by salt metathesis with ZnCl2 to generate ArZnCl. A second equivalent of n-BuLi was added to form the mixed organozinc, ArZnBu. In the presence of enantioenriched amino alcohol-based catalysts, ArZnBu adds to aldehydes to afford essentially racemic diarylmethanols. The low enantioselectivities were attributed to a LiCl-promoted background reaction. To inhibit this background reaction, the chelating diamine TEEDA (tetraethylethylene diamine) was introduced prior to aldehyde addition. Under these conditions, enantioenriched diarylmethanols were obtained with >90% ee. Arylations of enals generated allylic alcohols with 81−90% ee. This procedure was unsuccessful, however, w...
Sensitivity of mixing times

In this note, we demonstrate an instance of bounded-degree graphs of size $n$, for which the total variation mixing time for the random walk is decreased by a factor of $\log n/ \log\log n$ if we multiply the edge-conductances by bounded factors in a certain way.
Experiments in supersonic turbulent flow with large distributed surface injection.

The mean velocity and pressure fields in a turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate at M_∞ = 2.6 are investigated for ratios of mass flow per unit area injected at the wall to that at the edge of the boundary layer Λ_e) between 0 and 0.03. Two dimensionality is demonstrated, and a similar flow established with linear growth of momentum and displacement thicknesses. A Howarth-Dorodnitsyn transformation for the normal coordinate is found to bring the data into good agreement with incompressible results for the same value of Λ_e. At the highest injection rate, the velocity profiles agree well with turbulent mixing-layer results. However, unlike mixing layers, the maximum rate of mass entrainment is the same as for the incompressible case. Finally,the induced side forces are found to be comparable to those obtained by equivalent inje ction thr ough a slot.
Bismuth(III) Triflate Catalyzed Allylation of Cyclic Acetals and Dithianes Followed by in situ Derivatization to Generate Highly Functionalized Esters

The allylation of acyclic acetals to generate homoallyl ethers has been well documented in the literature. Several catalysts have been developed for this purpose including TiCl4, 1 AlCl3, 2 BF3·Et2...
Liquid crystal coatings for surface shear-stress visualization in hypersonic flows

Experiments were conducted to test the surface-shear-stress visualization capabilities of shear-stress-sensitive/temperature- insensitive liquid crystal compounds in hypersonic flow. Liquid crystal coatings were applied to the surface of a conical model, which was then exposed to a high-unit-Reynolds-number (2.3 {times} 10{sup 7}/m) Mach 5 flow. The coating was illuminated by white light, and its response to the various flow situations was monitored and recorded with standard video and high-speed movie cameras. Boundary layer transition to turbulence was clearly demarcated by the technique. The dynamic location of the transition front as a function of model angle of attack (for sharp and blunt cones, with and without boundary-layer trips) was recorded, and observations were found to be consistent with established (published) trends for hypersonic flows over conical bodies. Normal shock passage over the model during tunnel shutdown was recorded (at 400 frames/second), and the liquid crystal coating was observed to respond to this event in a time interval less than or equal to the time between sequential movie frame exposures ({le} 0.0025 seconds). The liquid crystal technique has thus been demonstrated as a viable diagnostic tool for use in transient/compressible flows. 18 refs., 3 figs.
Computing the differential Galois group of a parameterized second-order linear differential equation

We develop algorithms to compute the differential Galois group G associated to a parameterized second-order homogeneous linear differential equation of the form[EQUATION]where the coefficients r1, r0 ∈ F(x) are rational functions in x with coefficients in a partial differential field F of characteristic zero. This work relies on earlier procedures developed by Dreyfus and by the present author to compute G when r1 = 0. By reinterpreting a classical change-of-variables procedure in Galois-theoretic terms, we complete these algorithms to compute G with no restrictions on r1.
Crystallization pathways of sulfate-nitrate-ammonium aerosol particles.

Crystallization experiments are conducted for aerosol particles composed of aqueous mixtures of (NH4)2SO4(aq) and NH4NO3(aq), (NH4)2SO4(aq) and NH4HSO4(aq), and NH4NO3(aq) and NH4HSO4(aq). Depending on the aqueous composition, crystals of (NH4)2SO4(s), (NH4)3H(SO4)2(s), NH4HSO4(s), NH4NO3(s), 2NH4NO3·(NH4)2SO4(s), and 3NH4NO3·(NH4)2SO4(s) are formed. Although particles of NH4NO3(aq) and NH4HSO4(aq) do not crystallize even at 1% relative humidity, additions of 0.05 mol fraction SO42-(aq) or NO3-(aq) ions promote crystallization, respectively. 2NH4NO3·(NH4)2SO4(s) and (NH4)3H(SO4)2(s) appear to serve as good heterogeneous nuclei for NH4NO3(s) and NH4HSO4(s), respectively. 2NH4NO3·(NH4)2SO4(s) crystallizes over a greater range of aqueous compositions than 3NH4NO3·(NH4)2SO4(s). An infrared aerosol spectrum is provided for each solid based upon a linear decomposition analysis of the recorded spectra. Small nonzero residuals occur in the analysis because aerosol spectra depend on particle morphology, which chan...
Sooting characteristics of surrogates for jet fuels

Abstract Currently, modeling the combustion of aviation fuels, such as JP-8 and JetA, is not feasible due to the complexity and compositional variation of these practical fuels. Surrogate fuel mixtures, composed of a few pure hydrocarbon compounds, are a key step toward modeling the combustion of practical aviation fuels. For the surrogate to simulate the practical fuel, the composition must be designed to reproduce certain pre-designated chemical parameters such as sooting tendency, H / C ratio, autoignition, as well as physical parameters such as boiling range and density. In this study, we focused only on the sooting characteristics based on the Threshold Soot Index (TSI). New measurements of TSI values derived from the smoke point along with other sooting tendency data from the literature have been combined to develop a set of recommended TSI values for pure compounds used to make surrogate mixtures. When formulating the surrogate fuel mixtures, the TSI values of the components are used to predict the TSI of the mixture. To verify the empirical mixture rule for TSI, the TSI values of several binary mixtures of candidate surrogate components were measured. Binary mixtures were also used to derive a TSI for iso-cetane, which had not previously been measured, and to verify the TSI for 1-methylnaphthalene, which had a low smoke point and large relative uncertainty as a pure compound. Lastly, surrogate mixtures containing three components were tested to see how well the measured TSI values matched the predicted values, and to demonstrate that a target value for TSI can be maintained using various components, while also holding the H / C ratio constant.
Nucleophilic carbene and HOAt relay catalysis in an amide bond coupling: an orthogonal peptide bond forming reaction.

A catalyzed internal redox process provides a route from α-reducible aldehydes and amines to α-reduced amides. The chemistry is catalyzed by nucleophilic carbenes and common peptide cocatalysts such as HOBt and HOAt in a relay fashion. The transformation proceeds in excellent yields using a variety of primary and secondary alkyl and aryl amines. The aldehyde component may be varied from haloaldehydes to epoxy and aziridino aldehydes as well as enals. The latter three substrates provide for a waste-free amide bond forming reaction.
Hermiticity and the Cohomology Condition in Topological Yang-Mills Theory

Abstract The symmetries of the topological Yang-Mills theory are studied in the Hamiltonian formalism and the generators of the twisted N = 2 super Poincare algebra are explicitly constructed. Noting that the twisted Lorentz generators do not generate the Lorentz symmetry of the theory, we relate the two by extracting from the latter the twisted version of the internal SU (2) generator. The hermiticity properties of the various generators are also considered throughout, and the boost generators are found to be non-hermitian. We then recover the BRST cohomology condition on physical states from representation theory arguments.
Syntactic structure and ambiguity of English

This paper is in two parts. The first (Section 2) gives an evaluation of the performance of the multiple-path syntactic analyzer to date, with emphasis on the nature and the consequences of syntactic ambiguities in English sentences and suggestions for the refinement of the grammar. The remainder of the paper is concerned with certain concrete implications of the theoretical description of multiple-path predictive analysis provided by recent work of Evey and Greibach. A modification of the form of the current grammar is proposed which should yield a new grammar with additional intuitive appeal, a simplified version of the present analysis program, and sentence structure descriptions in the form of a generalized parenthesis-free notation readily interpretable as a tree.
Deregulating religion: The economics of church and state

Traditional religious research fails to recognize religion as a market phenomenon. It especially overlooks supply-side factors that shape the incentives and opportunities of religious firms, emphasizing instead demand-side shifts in the perceptions, tastes, and needs of consumers. This paper reviews the effects of government actions that alter religious supply — a longer version appears in Economic Inquiry 40(2), April 1997.
Ghrelin and peptide YY increase with weight loss during a 12-month intervention to reduce dietary energy density in obese women

Reducing dietary energy density (ED) promotes weight loss; however, underlying mechanisms are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine if low-ED diets facilitate weight loss through actions on ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY), independent of influences of psychosocial measures. Seventy-one obese women (BMI 30-40 kg/m(2)) ages 22-60 years received counseling to reduce ED. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for total ghrelin and total PYY by radioimmunoassay at months 0, 3, 6, and 12. Restraint, disinhibition, and hunger were assessed by the Eating Inventory. Body weight (-7.8 ± 0.5 kg), BMI (-2.9 ± 0.2 kg/m(2)), body fat (-3.0 ± 0.3%), and ED (-0.47 ± 0.05 kcal/g or -1.97 ± 0.21 kJ/g) decreased from months 0 to 6 (p<0.05) after which no change occurred from months 6 to 12. Ghrelin increased in a curvilinear fashion (month 0: 973 ± 39, month 3: 1024 ± 37, month 6: 1109 ± 44, and month 12: 1063 ± 45 pg/ml, p<0.001) and PYY increased linearly (month 0: 74.2 ± 3.1, month 3: 76.4 ± 3.2, month 6: 77.2 ± 3.0, month 12: 82.8 ± 3.2 pg/ml, p<0.001). ED, body weight, and hunger predicted ghrelin, with ED being the strongest predictor (ghrelin = 2674.8+291.6 × ED-19.2 × BW-15 × H; p<0.05). There was a trend toward a significant association between ED and PYY (PYY = 115.0-43.1 × ED; p = 0.05). Reductions in ED may promote weight loss and weight loss maintenance by opposing increases in ghrelin and promoting increases in PYY.
Optimal tetrahedralization of the 3D-region “between” a convex polyhedron and a convex polygon

Abstract Given a convex polyhedron P and a convex polygon Q in R3 such that Q′s supporting plane does not intersect P, we are interested in tetrahedralizing the closure of the difference convex_hull(P ∪ Q) ⧹ P; since P is convex, this difference is a connected nonconvex subset of R3 which we call the region “between” P and Q. The problem is motivated by the work of Bern on tetrahedralizing the region between convex polyhedra (Bern, 1993). In this paper, we describe a novel approach that yields an optimal tetrahedralization, that is, O(n) tetrahedra and no Steiner points; the tetrahedralization is compatible with the boundary of the polyhedron P, and can be computed in optimal O(n) time. Our result also implies a simple and optimal algorithm for the side-by-side case (Bern, 1993) when Steiner points are allowed: the region “between” two non-intersecting convex polyhedra of total size n can be partitioned into O(n) tetrahedra using O(n) Steiner points; as above, the tetrahedralization is compatible with the boundaries of the two polyhedra, and can be computed in O(n) time. Note that if Steiner points are not allowed, instances of side-by-side convex polyhedra lead to tetrahedralizations quadratic in their sizes.
Quantum sine-Gordon thermodynamics

Abstract Bethe Ansatz methods developed by the author and Zotos almost 20 years ago to examine TMMC established that it was not the hoped-for quantum sine-Gordon system. Recent applications of these methods have shown that true quantum sine-Gordon systems have at last been found: copper benzoate and Yb 4 As 3 .
Climate change and forest fires synergistically drive widespread melt events of the Greenland Ice Sheet

In July 2012, over 97% of the Greenland Ice Sheet experienced surface melt, the first widespread melt during the era of satellite remote sensing. Analysis of six Greenland shallow firn cores from the dry snow region confirms that the most recent prior widespread melt occurred in 1889. A firn core from the center of the ice sheet demonstrated that exceptionally warm temperatures combined with black carbon sediments from Northern Hemisphere forest fires reduced albedo below a critical threshold in the dry snow region, and caused the melting events in both 1889 and 2012. We use these data to project the frequency of widespread melt into the year 2100. Since Arctic temperatures and the frequency of forest fires are both expected to rise with climate change, our results suggest that widespread melt events on the Greenland Ice Sheet may begin to occur almost annually by the end of century. These events are likely to alter the surface mass balance of the ice sheet, leaving the surface susceptible to further melting.
Influence of rain on air-sea gas exchange: Lessons from a model ocean

[1] Rain has been shown to significantly enhance the rate of air-water gas exchange in fresh water environments, and the mechanism behind this enhancement has been studied in laboratory experiments. In the ocean, the effects of rain are complicated by the potential influence of density stratification at the water surface. Since it is difficult to perform controlled rain-induced gas exchange experiments in the open ocean, an SF6 evasion experiment was conducted in the artificial ocean at Biosphere 2. The measurements show a rapid depletion of SF6 in the surface layer due to rain enhancement of air-sea gas exchange, and the gas transfer velocity was similar to that predicted from the relationship established from freshwater laboratory experiments. However, because vertical mixing is reduced by stratification, the overall gas flux is lower than that found during freshwater experiments. Physical measurements of various properties of the ocean during the rain events further elucidate the mechanisms behind the observed response. The findings suggest that short, intense rain events accelerate gas exchange in oceanic environments.
OCTONIONIC MÖBIUS TRANSFORMATIONS

A vexing problem involving nonassociativity is resolved, allowing a generalization of the usual complex Mobius transformations to the octonions. This is accomplished by relating the octonionic Mobius transformations to the Lorentz group in ten space–time dimensions. The result will be of particular interest to physicists working with lightlike objects in ten dimensions.
Mathematical College Majors and the Gender Gap in Wages

College graduates with mathematical college majors earn more than other college graduates. Women are less likely than men to pursue mathematical college majors. This does not, however, explain the entire gender wage differential. In a representative cross section of recent college graduates, women earn 9 percent less than men with equally mathematical college majors. The gender wage disadvantage faced by women with technical college majors is no larger than that faced by women with nontechnical college majors.
Empirical Densities, Kinetic Temperatures, and Outflow Velocities in the Equatorial Streamer Belt at Solar Minimum

We use combined Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer and Large Angle Spectroscopic Coronagraph data to determine the O5+ outflow velocities as a function of height along the axis of an equatorial streamer at solar minimum and as a function of latitude (at 2.3 R☉ from Sun center). The results show that outflow increases rather abruptly in the region between 3.6 and 4.1 R☉ near the streamer cusp and gradually increases to ~90 km s-1 at ~5 R☉ in the streamer stalk beyond the cusp. The latitudinal variation at 2.3 R☉ shows that there is no outflow (within the measurement uncertainties) in the center of the streamer, called the core, and that a steep increase in outflow occurs just beyond the streamer legs, where the O VI λ1032 intensity relative to H I λ1216 (Lyα) is higher than in the core. Velocity variations in both height and latitude show that the transitions from no measurable outflow to positive outflow are relatively sharp and thus can be used to infer the location of the transition from closed to open field lines in streamer magnetic field topologies. Such information, including the densities and kinetic temperatures derived from the observations, provides hard constraints for realistic theoretical models of streamers and the source regions of the slow solar wind.
Geographic variation in health IT and health care outcomes: A snapshot before the meaningful use incentive program began.

Abstract Background The 2009 Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, which includes the Meaningful Use (MU) incentive program, was designed to increase the adoption of health information technology (IT) by physicians and hospitals. Policymakers hope that increased use of health IT to exchange health information will in turn enhance the quality and efficiency of health care delivery. In this study, we analyze the extent to which key outcomes vary based on the levels of health ITness among physicians and hospitals before the HITECH and MU programs led to increases in adoption and changes in use. Our findings provide an important baseline for a future evaluation of the impact of these programs on population-level outcomes. Methods We constructed measures of the degree of hospital and physician adoption and use (“health ITness”) at the level of the hospital referral region (HRR). We used data from the 2010 IT Supplement of the American Hospital Association (AHA) Annual Survey of Hospitals to capture hospital health ITness and data from the 2010 survey of ambulatory health care sites produced by SKA as such, these results do not suggest that the adoption and use of health IT by individual physicians or hospitals leads to decreases in costs or use for their individual patients. Nevertheless, these baseline findings provide important information to be considered in future research analyzing the impact of HITECH and the MU incentives.
50 GHz velocity-matched broad wavelength LiNbO3 modulator with multimode active section

A velocity-matched LiNbO3 modulator is described which achieves an electrical 3dB bandwidth of 44 GHz and an optical 3 dB bandwidth in excess of 50 GHz. The modulator also uses multimode waveguides in the active section to achieve excellent loss, drive voltage, and contrast ratio characteristics over a 1.3–1.55 μm wavelength range.
Chiral Dynamics without A 1

The nonlinear realization method of Weinberg is used to construct a chiral-invariant Lagrangian consisting of $\ensuremath{\pi}$, $N$, ${N}^{*}(1236)$, and $\ensuremath{\rho}$, but not ${A}_{1}$. Chiral invariance can be, of course, maintained without invoking the ${A}_{1}$ meson. In view of the experimental status of ${A}_{1}$, it may be worthwhile studying such a model. The tree-diagram technique is used, with an off-mass-shell ${N}^{*}$ propagator, to calculate pion-nucleon $s$-wave scattering lengths, isobar production parameters, and single-pion photoproduction differential cross sections. A comparison with the current-algebra method is made.
Ligand-Controlled Access to [4 + 2] and [4 + 3] Cycloadditions in Gold-Catalyzed Reactions of Allene-Dienes

By adjustment of the electronic properties of the ancilliary ligands, high selectivity can be achieved for either [4 + 2] or [4 + 3] cycloaddition reactions of allene-dienes catalyzed by gold(I). Triarylphosphitegold(I) complexes are employed as catalysts for a [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction leading to alkylidenecyclohexenes. Conversely, di-tert-butylbiphenylphosphinegold(I)-catalyzed reactions afford cycloheptadienes via [4 + 3] cycloaddition reactions.
Flame temperature analysis of biodiesel blends and components

Abstract Meeting sustainable energy demand with minimum environmental impact is a major area of concern in the energy sector. Alternative fuels such as biodiesel, ethanol etc. have been quite promising for fulfilling both these aspects. While biodiesel reduces emissions of CO, life cycle CO 2 , SO x , volatile organic compounds (VOC) and particulate matter (PM) significantly, the propensity for the production of NO x is an important problem that requires extensive research. NO x emission from a direct-injection diesel engine is mainly due to formation of thermal NO that is described by Zeldovich mechanism. Thus, studying temperature profile during biodiesel combustion can provide useful insights to the formation and destruction of NO x . The main objective of this work is to investigate the effect of component methyl esters of biodiesel on open air flame temperature distribution and the effect of blending biodiesel with diesel and oxygenates (ethanol and methyl acetate) on open air flames. This objective was achieved by obtaining thermocouple measurements and thermal infrared imaging of local flame temperatures of wick-generated open air flames. A relationship between blend proportions and relative flame temperatures were obtained. In general, it was found that blending oxygenates such as ethanol and methyl acetate into petroleum diesel tended to increase the flame temperature in comparison with straight diesel fuel. The analyses of relative flame temperatures of different components of biodiesel were performed to evaluate the effect of unsaturation level and the hydrocarbon chain length on the flame temperature. It was found that the saturated methyl esters resulted in greater flame temperatures in comparison to unsaturated methyl esters. It was also revealed that shorter chained fatty acid methyl esters lead to higher flame temperatures as compared to its longer chained counterparts.
Cosmic-ray-neutrino tests for heavier weak bosons and cosmic antimatter

We present a broad program for using high-energy neutrino astronomy with large neutrino detectors to directly test for the existence of heavier weak intermediate vector bosons (IVB's) and cosmic antimatter. Changes in the total cross section for ..nu..N..--> mu..X due to additional propagators are discussed and higher-mass resonances in the annihilation channel nu-bar/sub e/e/sup -/..-->..X are analyzed. The annihilation channel is instrumental in the search for antimatter, particularly if heavier IVB's exist.
A game-theoretic view of the fiscal theory of the price level

The goal of this paper is to probe the validity of the fiscal theory of the price level by modelling explicitly the market structure in which households and the government make their decisions. I describe the economy as a game, and I am thus able to state precisely the consequences of actions that are out of the equilibrium path. I show that there exist government strategies that lead to a version of the fiscal theory, in which the price level is determined by fiscal variables alone. These strategies are however more complex than the simple budgetary rules usually associated with the fiscal theory, and the government budget constraint cannot be merely viewed as an equilibrium condition.
Ene-like addition of an oxoammonium cation to alkenes: highly selective route to allylic alkoxyamines.

The oxoammonium cation of 4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxoammonium tetrafluoroborate (1) adds rapidly at room temperature in an ene-like fashion to trisubstituted alkenes to afford allylic alkoxyamines in high yield.
The effect of external finance on the equilibrium allocation of capital

Abstract We develop an equilibrium model to understand how the efficiency of capital allocation depends on outside investor protection and the external financing needs of firms. We show that when capital allocation is constrained by poor investor protection, an increase in firms' external financing needs may improve allocative efficiency by fostering the reallocation of capital from low to high productivity projects. We also find novel empirical support for this prediction.
Survey of Electric Propulsion Capability

A nearly two decades of research and development, and several recent and ongoing successful tests in space, electric propulsion systems are emerging which are capable of fulfilling the secondary propulsion requirements of initial station acquisition, stationkeeping, attitude control, and modest repositioning, as well as providing primary propulsion for a wide range of interesting missions. Further, system reliability has now advanced sufficiently to project electric propulsion to the threshold of several flights, where it will be an integral part of functioning spacecraft. Many excellent reviews of the historical development and status of electric propulsion have appeared in the literature." The purpose of this paper is to provide the spacecraft designer with sufficient information regarding the recent progress and present capability of the several types of electric propulsion systems to enable him to optimize his selection for a particular mission. To this end, each of four major classes of electric thruster (electrothermal, plasma, colloid, and ion) is briefly described and the distinct programs in each class reviewed. The emphasis is on performance capability, development status, program goals, and technology improvement. Adequate references are provided for a more detailed examination of each thruster program.
Concerning the planetary system of Barnard's Star.

Reanalyzed data pertaining to the proper motion of Barnard's Star indicate that at least two dark companions are required to explain the observations. It is found that the orbits of the two companions are not coplanar, but have a relative inclination of nearly 50 deg.
COMPUTATION OF WEYL GROUPS OF G-VARIETIES

Let G be a connected reductive group. To any irreducible G-variety one assigns a certain linear group generated by reflections called the Weyl group. Weyl groups play an important role in the study of embeddings of homogeneous spaces. We establish algorithms for computing Weyl groups for homogeneous spaces and affine homogeneous vector bundles. For some special classes of G-varieties (affine homogeneous vector bundles of maximal rank, affine homogeneous spaces, homogeneous spaces of maximal rank with discrete group of central automorphisms) we compute Weyl groups more or less explicitly.
The Case of the Off-Center, Levitating Bar in the Large Magellanic Cloud

I explore the hypothesis that many of the unusual aspects of the apparent stellar bar of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) are the result of viewing a triaxial stellar bulge that is embedded in a highly obscuring thin disk. Specifically, this hypothesis explains the observed off-center position of the bar within the disk, the differing apparent distances of the bar and disk, the near alignment of the bar's major-axis position angle and the disk's line of nodes, and the asymmetric appearance of the bar itself. Indirectly, it may also play a role in explaining the microlensing rate toward the LMC and the recently observed large velocity dispersion of RR Lyrae stars.
Verifiable and Non-Verifiable Anonymous Mechanisms for Regulating a Polluting Monopolist

Abstract Optimal regulation of a polluting natural monopolist must correct for both external damages and market power to achieve a social optimum. Existing non-Bayesian regulatory methods require knowledge of the demand function, while Bayesian schemes require knowledge of the underlying cost distribution. We introduce mechanisms adapted to use less information. Our P rice-based S ubsidy ( PS ) mechanisms give the firm a transfer that matches or approximates the incremental surplus generated each period. The regulator need not observe the abatement activity or know the demand, cost, or damage functions of the firm. All of the mechanisms induce the firm to price at marginal social cost, either immediately or asymptotically.
Scholarly communication and the continuum of electronic publishing

Electronic publishing opportunities, manifested today in a variety of electronic journals and Web-based compendia, have captured the imagination of many scholars. These opportunities have also destabilized norms about the character of legitimate scholarly publishing in some fields. Unfortunately, much of the literature about scholarly e-publishing homogenizes the character of publishing. This article provides an analytical approach for evaluating disciplinary conventions and for proposing policies about scholarly e-publishing. We characterize three dimensions of scholarly publishing as a communicative practice—publicity, access, and trustworthiness—and examine several forms of paper and electronic publications in this framework. This analysis shows how the common claim that e-publishing “substantially expands access” is oversimplified. It also indicates how peer reviewing (whether in paper or electronically) provides valuable functions for scholarly communication that are not effectively replaced by self-posting articles in electronic media.
Do Better Schools Matter? Parental Valuation of Elementary Education

The evaluation of numerous school reforms requires an understanding of the value of better schools. Given the difficulty of calculating the relationship between school quality and student outcomes, I turn to another method and use house prices to infer the value parents place on school quality. I look within school districts at houses located on attendance district boundaries; houses then differ only by the elementary school the child attends. I thereby effectively remove the variation in neighborhoods, taxes, and school spending. I find that parents are willing to pay 2.5 percent more for a 5 percent increase in test scores. This finding is robust to a number of sensitivity checks.
Magnetic fields of neutron stars in low mass X-ray binaries

Abstract We report detailed radiation transport calculations which show that the shape of the 1–30 keV continuum spectrum of a weakly magnetic accreting neutron star depends on the strength of its magnetic field. We use this dependence to estimate the magnetic fields of several accreting neutron stars in LMXBs. We demonstrate that the magnetic field strengths estimated in this way correlate strongly with the properties of the 15–60 Hz magnetospheric QPOs and the kilohertz QPOs observed in many Z and atoll sources. We also find that sources currently accreting at high rates have higher magnetic field strengths than sources currently accreting at lower rates. This is an important constraint on models of the evolution of the magnetic field strengths of accreting neutron stars.
Simplified Unsteady Aerodynamic Concepts with Application to Parameter Estimation

A simplified aerodynamic force model based on the physical principle of Prandtl's lifting line theory and trailing vortex concept has been developed to account for unsteadiness in the aircraft dynamics. The wake is assumed to be compressed to a single shed vortex element of appropriate strength moving downstream at a speed sufficient to approximate the Wagner function. Results are presented illustrating the ability of the simplified theory to duplicate exact solutions in unsteady aerodynamics. Further, consideration is given to the utility of the model in a parameter identification application.