cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface Integrity of Magnesum-Calcium Orthopedic Biomaterial Procesed by Dry High-Speed Face Milling

Biodegradable magnesium-calcium (Mg-Ca) implants have the ability to gradually dissolve and absorb into the human body after implantation. The critical issue that hinders the application of Mg-Ca implants is its poor corrosion resistance to human body fluids. A promising approach to tackle this issue is tailoring the surface integrity characteristics of the orthopedic implants to get an appropriate corrosion kinetic. High speed face milling of biodegradable Mg-Ca alloy is used in this study as a possible way to achieve that goal. Polycrystalline diamond inserts are used to avoid material adhesion and likely fire hazards. All the cutting tests are performed without using coolant to keep the manufacturing process ecological. High cutting speed of 40 m/s and 200 μm depth of cut are applied in a broad range of feed values to cover finish and rough cutting regimes. The effect of feed as a key machining parameter which defines the amount and duration of thermo-mechanical load and ultimately provides higher chances for surface integrity changes are investigated.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Composition of basaltic liquids generated from a partially depleted lherzolite at 9 kbar pressure

Two contrasting views exist regarding the nature and origin of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB): first, that these olivine-tholeiites with Mg/(Mg = Fe) = 0.70–0.72 are primary and are generated by partial fusion of plagioclase + spinel lherzolite at around 30-km (≈9 kbar pressure) in the mantle1. Others2–8 suggest that even the most primitive MORBs are not primary but are derived by fractionation of olivine±pyroxene from picritic parental magmas that are generated at depths of 45 km or more. Duncan and Green2,3 argued for the existence of a second primary magma, a high-MgO quartz-normative or olivine-poor tholeiite, which is produced at depths ≤25 km beneath the ocean ridges. This problem, concerning the composition and depth of origin of primary MORBS, has been approached here by experimentally melting a plagioclase+spinel lherzolite xenolith from Hawaii at 9 kbar pressure. The experimental melts are very similar to some mid-ocean ridge basalts, which suggests that the latter are probably primary and are generated at shallow depths in the mantle.
How do Greeks search the web?: a query log analysis study.

This study investigates how Greeks search the web through the analysis of search logs from the AltaVista search engine. The analysis looks at the data as a whole and also examines the use of the Greek language in web searching. Statistics include frequencies of queries, term distributions, languages used including mixed language queries, search features used in query formulation and query length patterns.
Technology breakthrough of die backside film application in assembly process for small form factor package

A new material technology — die backside film is initiated to provide a solution for marking at die backside in small form factor package and yet serves as ultra thin silicon backside surface protection during assembly process. This paper describes the application and success criteria of the adhesive film that newly introduced in assembly. It presents the overall adhesive film assembly process flow on how it integrated into ultra thin die small form factor packaging process, adhesive film's cross module interaction and material characteristics.
THE EFFECT OF KVP ON THE DOSE EQUIVALENT RECEIVED FROM SCATTERED RADIATION BY RADIOGRAPHY PERSONNEL

Radiographs were made of a canine pelvis using 60, 90, and 117 kVp. Thermoluminescent dosimeters were used to measure absorbed dose within the primary beam and from scattered radiation in adjacent regions. Lithium fluroide (LiF) dosimeters were selected because of the similarity of their radiation absorption to that of soft tissue. The absorted dose to the dog per radiograph was reduced as kVp increased. A similar trend was observed in dose equivalent from scattered radiation to adjacent regions. In all cases the dose equivalent per radiograph from scattered radiation was less than three orders of magnitude below the recommended maximum permissible dose for radiation workers.
Tissue transglutaminase overexpression does not modify the disease phenotype of the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease

Huntington's disease (HD) is a devastating autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder initiated by an abnormally expanded polyglutamine in the huntingtin protein. Determining the contribution of specific factors to the pathogenesis of HD should provide rational targets for therapeutic intervention. One suggested contributor is the type 2 transglutaminase (TG2), a multifunctional calcium dependent enzyme. A role for TG2 in HD has been suggested because a polypeptide-bound glutamine is a rate-limiting factor for a TG2-catalyzed reaction, and TG2 can cross-link mutant huntingtin in vitro. Further, TG2 is up regulated in brain areas affected in HD. The objective of this study was to further examine the contribution of TG2 as a potential modifier of HD pathogenesis and its validity as a therapeutic target in HD. In particular our goal was to determine whether an increase in TG2 level, as documented in human HD brains, modulates the well-characterized phenotype of the R6/2 HD mouse model. To accomplish this objective a genetic cross was performed between R6/2 mice and an established transgenic mouse line that constitutively expresses human TG2 (hTG2) under control of the prion promoter. Constitutive expression of hTG2 did not affect the onset and progression of the behavioral and neuropathological HD phenotype of R6/2 mice. We found no alterations in body weight changes, rotarod performances, grip strength, overall activity, and no significant effect on the neuropathological features of R6/2 mice. Overall the results of this study suggest that an increase in hTG2 expression does not significantly modify the pathology of HD.
Probabilistic analysis of output cost of a heuristic search algorithm

Abstract By proposing a new, restricted type of network model, we compute the probability distribution of output costs generated by the heuristic search algorithm A of Bagchi and Mohanti ( A ∗ of Nilsson) in terms of the heuristic distribution.
The Russian revolution of 1917–18 in Transbaikalia

(1971). The Russian revolution of 1917–18 in Transbaikalia. Soviet Studies: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 201-215.
Impetus beliefs as default heuristics: dissociation between explicit and implicit knowledge about motion.

We examined the extent to which findings from the literature on naive physics and representational momentum studies are consistent with impetus beliefs postulating imparted internal energy as a source of motion. In a literature review, we showed that, for situations in which impetus theory and physical principles make different predictions, representational momentum effects are consistent with impetus beliefs. In three new experiments, we examined people’s implicit and explicit knowledge of the effect of mass on the rate of ascending motion. The results suggest that implicit knowledge is consistent with impetus theory and is unaffected by explicit knowledge. Expert physicists, whose explicit knowledge is in accord with Newtonian principles, exhibited the same implicit impetus beliefs as novices when asked to respond in a representational momentum paradigm. We propose that, in situations in which an immediate response is required and one does not have specific contextual knowledge about an object’s motion, both physics experts and novices apply impetus principles as a default heuristic.
Membranes and consistent quantization of Nambu dynamics

The dynamics of even topological open membranes relies on Nambu brackets. Consequently, such 2p-branes can be quantized through the consistent quantization of the underlying Nambu dynamical structures. This is a summary construction relying on the methods detailed in Refs. [New J. Phys. 4 (2002) 83.1; Phys. Rev. D 68 (2003)].
Deviations from the Poisson behavior of equilibrium fluctuations in a closed system

A molecular dynamics simulation of dimer formation in an adiabatic, hardcore, square-well, dilute two-dimensional gas yields a non-Poissonian dimer number distribution. Its ratio of variance to mean deviates from unity in a manner recently predicted theoretically.
A Recap of the 22nd Annual Mid-Year Meeting of the American Taxation Association

Editor's Introduction The 22nd Annual Mid-Year Meeting of the American Taxation Association took place in Denver, Colorado, USA, 19–20 February 2010. Two US-based academics, Mark Higgins (Rhode Isl...
Development of a Community Health Service System Simulation Model

The feasibility of using simulation techniques in community health planning by investigating problems associated with the development of a community health service system simulation model is examined. Two preliminary tasks were completed: a general systems analysis of the community health services and the preparation of a simulation model of one segment of this system. The system is described in terms of needs, demands, and resources. Various factors determine extent of the needs, conversion of the needs into demands, and availability of resources for satisfying the demands. This conceptual framework, the various factors, their significance, and an estimate of the extent of their control by a health planner were derived. A simulation model was developed using this framework and was based on a maternal and infant care program conducted by the North Carolina State Board of Health. The model was verified using data from three different communities within the program. Model processes are described; outputs are discussed; and potential model uses within a planning environment are presented.
Vertical diffusivity of the Western Arctic Ocean halocline

A nearly year-long series of upper ocean temperature, conductivity, and temperature microstructure profiles were collected from an ice camp drifting in the Beaufort Gyre as part of the 1997–1998 Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Experiment (SHEBA). Geographically, the record includes portions over the deep Canada Basin and the steep bathymetry of the Chukchi Borderlands region. Hydrographically, the record includes “cool,” Pacific-origin haloclines, which contain a variety of subsurface temperature maxima, and cold haloclines typical of the Eurasian Basins. We present estimates of the vertical turbulent diffusivity derived from the dissipation rate of thermal variance and calculations of the associated vertical heat fluxes. We find that vertical diffusion proceeds at molecular rates in the deep basins and away from topographic features. While still relatively small, diffusivity is enhanced by 1 order of magnitude near and above the Chukchi Borderlands. The enhanced diffusivity is correlated to an increase in water column strain variance above the Borderlands, providing a linkage between bathymetry, internal wave activity and turbulence. The Chukchi Borderlands play a significant role in heat transport in the Western Arctic. They are a pathway for horizontal heat transport and a hot spot for vertical heat transport. Vertical fluxes make a substantial contribution to the energy balance of the sea ice cover in this region. Heat fluxes between the halocline and underlying Atlantic Water are shown to be small and lacking vertical connection near surface waters.
Ultrashort-pulse EUV and soft x-ray sources based on high-harmonic generation: principles and applications

High harmonic generation (HHG) is a useful source of coherent light in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) region of the spectrum. However, both the conversion efficiency and the highest achievable photon energy have in the past been limited in the past by the inability to phase-match the frequency conversion process. In this paper, we summarize recent results on the development of new techniques for phase-matching the high-harmonic conversion process. We also summarize finding from three series of experiments that make use of the coherent EUV light generated using HHG: 1) probing of acoustic dynamics in materials; 2) monitoring of chemical dynamics at surfaces using photoelectron spectroscopy; and 3) time-resolved plasma imaging.
Studies of photoexcited states in polyacetylene and poly(paraphenylenevinylene) by absorption detected magnetic resonance: The case of neutral photoexcitations.

Photoexcited states in transpolyacetylene [t-(CH${)}_{\mathit{x}}$], and in alkoxy derivatives of poly(paraphenylenevinylene) (PPV) nondegenerate ground-state polymers, have been studied by the technique of absorption detected magnetic resonance. In addition to the stable charged photoexcitations, which are charged solitons in t-(CH${)}_{\mathit{x}}$ and bipolarons in PPV, we clearly identify neutral photoexcitations with nonzero spins. In t-(CH${)}_{\mathit{x}}$ these are spin-1/2 neutral solitons ${\mathit{S}}^{0}$(S\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} $^{0}$) with an optical transition at 1.35 eV. The neutral photoexcitations in PPV form triplet excitons which cannot dissociate into ${\mathit{S}}^{0}$S\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} $^{0}$ pairs due to the confinement caused by the nondegenerate backbone structure.
iPhone application development

Apple's mobile handheld devices have been a huge success; beginning with the launching of the iPhone in 2007 and that has been maintained until present days with the launching of the iPad in 2010. There are now more than 85,000 apps available for the more than 50 million iPhone and iPod touch customers worldwide and over 125,000 developers in Apple's iPhone Developer Program. That is why iPhone is a new and widely extended platform to develop object-oriented applications.iPhone platform involves several and amazing technologies that makes programming it a cool activity for experienced programmers willing to know the goodness of a mobile device, and a great option for students or novices to learn programming. Both of them will find the power of the iPhone libraries and development tools amazing to quickly start building powerful iPhone apps. We will be using Xcode under Mac OS X as our IDE, and Objective-C and iPhone API as our programming tools to create iPhone applications (from basic to medium level), which finally can be loaded into the iPhone device. We'll start with the classical "Hello World" and continue to develop applications using graphical user interfaces, handling multi-touch and motion detection, communication interfaces, and different media.
A simple, inexpensive applicator for irradiation of localized areas of the vagina with intracavitary brachytherapy

Purpose: To describe the construction of a simple, inexpensive applicator for irradiation of localized areas of the vagina with intracavitary brachytherapy Methods and Materials: It was desirable to avoid an interstitial implant in an elderly patient with a stage T2 vaginal cancer. The final phase of radiation therapy was delivered with a custom made intracavitary cylinder that allowed the high-dose area to be limited to the portion of the vagina at high risk for residual disease. The applicator was fabricated from a clear cast acrylic (Lucite) rod with dimensions 3.5 cm diameter X 5.0 cm long. The applicator contained 11 parallel grooves, each 1.8 mm deep X 2.2 mm wide, machined along the surface of the cylinder parallel its long axis at 1.0 cm increments. Plastic needles (15 gauge) were inserted into the grooves along the surface of the acrylic cylinder and held in place with heat shrink tubing. The applicator was easily inserted and positioned without anesthesia. Standard low dose rate 192 Ir ribbons were inserted into the plastic needles after positioning the applicator in the vagina. Results: Construction of this applicator system requires a few weeks notice and approximately $150. Fabrication of the grooved cylinder is a routine task for a workshop with a milling machine. A step-by-step description of how to construct and use the applicator is provided along with the telephone numbers of commercial vendors to call to order all necessary materials. Conclusion: This article describes a simple, inexpensive method for constructing a customized vaginal applicator that can be used to treat a limited area of the vagina with intracavitary brachytherapy.
Identification of ARA70 as a ligand-enhanced coactivator for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.

In an effort to understand transcriptional regulation by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), we have investigated its potential interaction with coregulators and have identified ARA70 as a ligand-enhanced coactivator. ARA70 was initially described as a coactivator for the androgen receptor (AR) and is expressed in a range of tissues including adipose tissue (Yeh, S., and Chang, C. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93, 5517–5521). Here we show that ARA70 and PPARγ specifically interact by coimmunoprecipitation and in a mammalian two-hybrid assay. PPARγ and ARA70 interact in the absence of the PPARγ ligand 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2, although the addition of exogenous ligand enhances this interaction. Similarly, in transient transfection of DU145 cells, cotransfection of PPARγ and ARA70 induces transcription from reporter constructs driven by either three copies of an isolated PPAR response element or the natural promoter of the adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein 2 in the absence of exogenous 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2. However, this PPARγ-ARA70 transactivation is enhanced by the addition of ligand. Thus, ARA70 can function as a ligand-enhanced coactivator of PPARγ. Finally, we show that AR can squelch PPARγ-ARA70 transactivation, which suggests that cross-talk may occur between PPARγ- and AR-mediated responses in adipocytes.
Advertiser acculturation in Japan: examples from foreign actors

Recent work on advertising acculturation suggests that ad agencies have changed their messages in order to appeal to immigrants. The following inquiry turns the tables and looks at how the role of foreign actors has been adapted in a country with a relatively homogeneous population. Specifically, how adaptive is the Japanese advertising industry? Has the behaviour of foreign actors been adapted to reflect Japanese culture? Using Duncan’s categories of the non verbal communication, the mannerisms of foreign actors are examined. The results suggest that acculturation is occurring at some level; however, the inclusion of stereo typical materials suggests some retention of foreign identity.
Purification and Characterization of a Pregnancy-Associated Protein: TJ6s

PROBLEM: Characterization of the soluble form of a novel protein, TJ6 (TJ6s) with immune suppressive activity from murine fetoplacental units. METHOD: Preferential ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography were employed to purify the protein TJ6s from murine fetoplacental units using an anti-peptide antibody as a detection tool. Biological activity of the purified protein was studied in lymphocyte proliferation assays. RESULTS: Purified TJ6s has a Mr of approximately 18 kDa as evidenced by SDS-PAGE in both reducing and non reducing conditions. It exerted a strong anti-proliferative activity in both anti-CD3 and Con A proliferation lymphocyte proliferation assays but not in a PHA assay, suggesting that the anti-proliferative effects on T cells are exerted only on cells specifically activated directly through T cell receptor complex. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that TJ6s is a novel anti-proliferative protein that has many of the characteristics that are considered necessary for survival of the fetal allograft
Needs and Priorities in Balancing Paid and Family Work: A Gender and Social Class Analysis

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of gender and social class on perceptions of work-family needs and priorities. The target population was allfull-time, on-campus employees (faculty and staff) of the University of Idaho. Medical information and supportive work environment surfaced as the most pressing work/family needs for all employees. Gender and social class were significant influences of work/family needs, with women and staff reporting greater work/family needs than men orfaculty. Employees report their work/family needs to be partially met in most areas. Supportive work environment emerged as the top priority to be addressed by the university for all groups. Numerous gender differences resulted in rating work/family priorities while only minor differences emergedfor social class. In all cases, women rated work/family concepts as higher priorities for the workplace than did men.
Surgical treatment for refractory epileptic spasms: The Detroit series

SummaryObjective We reviewed our experience of surgery for epileptic spasms (ES) with or without history of infantile spasms. Methods Data were reviewed from 65 (33 male) patients with ES who underwent surgery between 1993 and 2014; palliative cases were excluded. Results Mean age at surgery was 5.1 (range 0.2–19) years, with mean postsurgical follow-up of 45.3 (6–120) months. Mean number of anticonvulsants used preoperatively was 4.2 (2–8), which decreased to 1.2 (0–4) postoperatively (p < 0.0001). Total hemispherectomy was the most commonly performed surgery (n = 20), followed by subtotal hemispherectomy (n = 17), multilobar resection (n = 13), lobectomy (n = 7), tuberectomy (n = 6), and lobectomy + tuberectomy (n = 2), with International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) class I outcome in 20, 10, 7, 6, 3, and 0 patients, respectively (total 46/65 (71%); 22 off medication). Shorter duration of epilepsy (p = 0.022) and presence of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesion (p = 0.026) were independently associated with class I outcome. Of 34 patients operated <3 years after seizure onset, 30 (88%) achieved class I outcome. Thirty-seven (79%) of 47 patients with lesional MRI had class-I outcome, whereas 9 (50%) of 18 with normal MRI had class I outcome. Positron emission tomography (PET) scan was abnormal in almost all patients [61 (97%) of 63 with lateralizing/localizing findings in 56 (92%) of 61 patients, thus helping in surgical decision making and guiding subdural grid placements, particularly in patients with nonlesional MRI. Fifteen patients had postoperative complications, mostly minor. Significance Curative epilepsy surgery in ES patients, with or without history of infantile spasms, is best accomplished at an early age and in those patients with lesional abnormalities on MRI with electroencephalography (EEG) concordance. Good outcomes can be achieved even when there is no MRI lesion but positive PET localization.
A simulated jury study: Characteristics of the defendant and the jurors.

Summary In the present study, two samples of subjects differing in class and political orientation were tested in a simulated jury situation. The defendant, accused of negligent homicide, varied in the characteristics of race and attractiveness. Mean sentencing of the defendant was found to be a function of the characteristics of the jurors and of the attractiveness of the defendant. No main effect for race of the defendant was found. Further, a significant interaction between the subject sample—i.e. the jurors—and attractiveness of the defendant and between the subject sample and race of the defendant was found. The latter findings were discussed with reference to the child-rearing literature on class differences.
Eliminating ventricular tachycardia by targeting premature ventricular contractions in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy: innocent bystander or heart of the matter?

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) is an electrophysiological curiosity. Unlike most forms of ventricular tachycardia (VT) due to a structural pathogenesis, it commonly originates from the right ventricle (RV) rather than the left ventricle, and in contrast to most forms of malignant ventricular arrhythmias due to a molecular defect, ARVD/C develops from mutations in desmosomal proteins rather than ion channels. Therefore, ARVD/C stands alone as an example of a cardiomyopathy, which is expressed primarily in the RV and is associated with VT and sudden cardiac death. Article see p 160 In general, ARVD/C is an autosomal dominant disease. The precise correlation between mutations in desmosomal proteins and disease expression is unclear, but desmosomal proteins are integral to cell adhesion, are involved with transcriptional regulation of genes that govern adipogenesis and apoptosis, and facilitate electrical conductivity between cells through regulation of gap junctions.1 Pathologically, there is a progressive loss of cardiomyocytes with fibrofatty replacement. Although initially confined to the RV, and in particular, to the RV inflow tract, the RV outflow tract and apex, progression of fibrofatty replacement in the remainder of the RV and left ventricle may occur. This process begins in the subepicardium and midmyocardium, and subsequently migrates to the subendocardium. Because of the presence of patchy scar interspersed with normal myocardium, the demonstration of entrainment during tachycardia, as well as the presence of anatomic barriers like the tricuspid annulus, re-entry is well established as the arrhythmogenic mechanism of VT in ARVD/C.2 Most, but not all, of these circuits are due to macroreentry, with a minority due to focal re-entry.3,4 The study by Philips et al5 in this issue of the journal suggests that activation mapping and pace mapping of frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) can identify focal sites where successful ablation of …
Detection of TNT and Picric Acid on Surfaces and in Seawater by Using Photoluminescent Polysiloles

Nitroaromatic explosives can be detected in a simple and rapid method by the quenching of the photoluminescence of fluorescent polysiloles. Quenching is achieved by electron transfer from the conduction band of the polysiloles to electron-poor molecules such as picric acid, nitrobenzene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). Dilute polymer solutions can also be employed as a forensic spray-on reagent to visualize TNT or picric acid residues under a UV lamp (see picture of the print of a nitrile-gloved hand that had been in contact with TNT).
Advanced Dementia and the End of Life

The association between violent head contact in football and subsequent long-term consequences has long been disputed, especially by the National Football League, until now. As reported in the New York Times, 1 confidential data from the N.F.L.’s dementia assistance plan strongly corroborate the claim of a link between football and later life cognitive impairment. Records show that pro-football’s retirees are experiencing moderate-toadvanced early-onset dementia at rates some 4 to 5 times the general population. The implications of this study are clear as are the potential impact on all those who have ever participated in contact sports and sustained 1 or more concussions. Dementia is often characterized as a slowly progressive loss of cognitive function characterized by loss of recent memory and language difficulties. Alzheimer disease accounts for the highest proportion of cases of dementia and affects at least 5 million Americans and is the fourth leading cause of death among the elderly population. Evidence suggests that the prevalence of Alzheimer disease may be extremely high among very old people, nearing 50% in persons older than 85 years of age. The length of survival is highly variable and may range from 2 to 16 years after the onset of symptoms. The hallmark of dementia is impairment of recent memory, but thought, judgment, perception, language, and functional abilities also deteriorate. Symptoms gradually worsen, and the clinical course is punctuated by acute intervening episodes. Behavioral symptoms include angry outbursts, violence, depression, suspicion, hallucinations, delusions, wandering, and other disturbing problems. The performance of simple tasks such as eating, dressing, and toileting eventually becomes impossible, and ultimately the patient needs long-term institutional care. The management of dementia consists of symptomatic treatment of behavioral problems, insomnia, seizures, and intercurrent illnesses. When gradual loss of intellectual function is observed, the usual assumption is that it is related to Alzheimer disease. However, there are other recognized etiologies of dementia such as 2
First Look Examining the Horizontal Grid Layout using Eye-tracking

Previous research has shown that users scan traditional text-based web pages using an “F-shaped” pattern. Evidence of this pattern exists because of the hierarchical structure of search engine result pages (SERP). With the recent implementation of Windows 8, search results are presented as a horizontal grid rather than a list. Due to the structural differences between the list and grid layouts, it is reasonable to postulate that users would exhibit dissimilar scanning patterns between layouts. This study compared the eye-tracking data of two SERP layouts (grid vs. list) with two types of tasks (informational vs. navigational) to observe differences in gaze patterns. Results indicated that users viewed the top left quadrants of the grid layout the most. However, there was little consensus as to how the results were ordered in the grid, unlike the list layout.
Comparative Life Cycles and Life Histories of North American Rhabdias Spp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae): Lungworms from Snakes and Anurans

The present study used experimental infections to compare the life cycles and life histories of 6 Rhabdias spp. infecting snakes and anurans. Free-living development of anuran lungworms was primarily limited to heterogonic reproduction, and females utilized matricidal endotoky exclusively, whereas snake lungworms primarily reproduced homogonically and, when heterogonic reproduction occurred, females used a combination of releasing eggs and matricidal endotoky. Infective snake lungworms survived for longer periods in fresh water compared to anuran worms. Infective anuran lungworms penetrated into the skin of frogs and toads; few infections resulted from per os infections. In contrast, snake lungworms were unable to penetrate skin; instead, infective juveniles penetrated into snake esophageal tissue during per os infections. Despite separate points of entry, anuran and snake lungworms both migrated and developed in the fascia, eventually penetrating into the body cavity of the host. Worms molted to adulthood inside the body cavity and subsequently penetrated into the host's lungs, where they fed on blood while becoming gravid. Adult lungworm survival varied among lungworm species, but, in general, snake lungworms were longer lived than anuran worms. Anuran lungworms were poorly suited for transmission via transport hosts, whereas snake lungworms were consistently capable of establishing infections using transport hosts. Overall, these observations suggest that snake and anuran lungworms have discrepant life cycles and life history strategies.
Visual experience during phacoemulsification cataract surgery under topical anaesthesia

BACKGROUND/AIMS Visual awareness during phacoemulsification cataract surgery is an important determinant of patient satisfaction with any anaesthetic technique. Topical anaesthesia could be associated with significant visual awareness because it does not affect optic nerve function. METHODS The visual experience during phacoemulsification cataract surgery under topical anaesthesia (without sedation) was assessed for 106 consecutive unselected patients. Patients were interviewed immediately after surgery using a standardised questionnaire that explored specific aspects of their visual experience. RESULTS Four patients were excluded because they had poor recollection of their visual experience. The visual awareness of the remaining 102 patients comprised operating microscope light (99), colours (73), flashes of light (7), vague movements (19), surgical instruments or other objects (12), change in light brightness during surgery (49), change in colours during surgery (30), and transient visual alteration during corneal irrigation (25). No patient found their visual experience during surgery unpleasant, though the operating microscope light was uncomfortably bright for two patients. Six patients lost light perception for a short interval during surgery. There was no association between the various visual phenomena reported and patients9 age, sex, preoperative visual acuity, cataract morphology, coexisting ocular pathology, or previous experience of cataract surgery under local anaesthesia (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Patients experience a wide variety of visual sensations during phacoemulsification cataract surgery under topical anaesthesia. Topical anaesthesia does not, however, appear to result in greater visual awareness than regional anaesthesia. Preoperative patient counselling should include information about the visual experience during surgery.
The Architectural Origins of the Great Early Modern Urban Synagogue

Throughout the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, synagogues across Christian Europe were generally small and, as far as their exteriors were concerned, they adhered to prevailing norms of vernacular architecture, so as to be ‘‘invisible’’ or at least unrecognizable as houses of worship. This was not just a defensive measure by Jews in order to avoid unwanted attention but was also a result of the restrictions placed upon theJewish populace by the government which required that they be inconspicuous. Synagogues are important artefacts of Jewish material culture. Their size renders them immovable and they represent a substantial investment in resources.This either requires a communal investment or a signi¢cant sum from a benevolent benefactor. Like any form of art, a statement is made through the production, visibility, and maintenance of synagogue architecture. Therefore a ‘‘great synagogue’’ constitutes a much larger, more pronounced statement. The cultural meaning of a great synagogue can be echoed, and thus reinforced, when aspects of its architectural design are duplicated elsewhere. With the coming of Renaissance philosophy, the Age of Reason, and Jewish urbanization in Christian Europe ^ primarily in the seventeenth-century Holy Roman Empire, Poland-Lithuania, and the Netherlands ^ synagogue architecture, art, and size began to change signi¢cantly. The increased size and architectural
Commentary: diversity and inclusion in the 21st century: bridging the moral and excellence imperatives.

There is prolific evidence of a commitment to diversifying student and faculty populations in academic medicine, but far less evidence of its effectiveness. The social justice underpinning of this commitment is important and must continue to undergird diversity and inclusion efforts. In today's environment of pinched resources, however, moral arguments alone will not suffice. What the diversity and inclusion movement needs for the 21st century is to apply rigorous empirical methods to understanding the most effective and efficient interventions to contribute to institutional excellence.The collection of diversity and inclusion articles in this month's issue of Academic Medicine is quite comprehensive and speaks to a range of audiences, from those who consider themselves experts on diversity and inclusion to the casual and interested reader. This robust collection will afford diversity practitioners, institutional leaders, and policy influencers with greater insight into what defines an effective diversity strategy.The academic medicine community cannot derive top value from diversity efforts, however, until practitioners, deans, CEOs, and policy makers begin operating with a shared framework for success. The excellence imperative facing our medical schools and teaching hospitals calls for improved precision in decision making and resource deployment to drive sustainable outcomes, which in turn requires a strong degree of alignment among all involved parties.
Observational Batteries in Neurotoxicity Testing

Behavioral evaluations are emerging as a key component in neurotoxicity testing. A neurobehavioral screening battery that is most often used for hazard identification consists of a functional obser...
Genetic mechanisms and age-related macular degeneration: common variants, rare variants, copy number variations, epigenetics, and mitochondrial genetics

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex and multifaceted disease involving contributions from both genetic and environmental influences. Previous work exploring the genetic contributions of AMD has implicated numerous genomic regions and a variety of candidate genes as modulators of AMD susceptibility. Nevertheless, much of this work has revolved around single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and it is apparent that a significant portion of the heritability of AMD cannot be explained through these mechanisms. In this review, we consider the role of common variants, rare variants, copy number variations, epigenetics, microRNAs, and mitochondrial genetics in AMD. Copy number variations in regulators of complement activation genes (CFHR1 and CFHR3) and glutathione S transferase genes (GSTM1 and GSTT1) have been associated with AMD, and several additional loci have been identified as regions of potential interest but require further evaluation. MicroRNA dysregulation has been linked to the retinal pigment epithelium degeneration in geographic atrophy, ocular neovascularization, and oxidative stress, all of which are hallmarks in the pathogenesis of AMD. Certain mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and SNPs in mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase genes have also been associated with AMD. The role of these additional mechanisms remains only partly understood, but the importance of their further investigation is clear to elucidate more completely the genetic basis of AMD.
Direct human-caused mortality of birds: improving quantification of magnitude and assessment of population impact

Hundreds of millions to greater than one billion North American birds are directly killed each year by human stressors, including collisions with man-made structures, predation by feral and pet cats, intentional and accidental poisoning, and pollution. Because these causes of mortality are increasingly abundant and because some result in large bird die-offs, they have received both increased scientific attention and general media coverage. However, quantifying bird mortality remains imprecise and methods to assess whether these losses cause important biological impacts remain underdeveloped. If local mortality studies followed rigorous design and sampling schemes, allowing comparison of data and scaling up of mortality estimates to broad regions, this could lead to improved analyses. Several analytical techniques – including hierarchical and population models – show potential for improving quantification of anthropogenic mortality of birds and inference of population-level effects. Results arising from im...
Law of the sea: Deep-ocean mining

It has taken 14 years for the Law of the Sea Convention to adopt an agreement to control and regulate activities by nations on the world's ocean floors. Of particular concern to the United States was the subject of deep ocean mining; adoption of the convention's draft was voted on at United Nations headquarters this past April 30th (see Eos, June 1, p. 523). The United States voted not to adopt the draft; the Reagan administration announced that the President will not sign the Law of the Sea Convention later this year when it is opened for signature in Caracas, Venezuela. There is a lot at stake from the standpoint of both the need for strategic metals, such as manganese, that exist on the deep-ocean floor and the protection of the technology of ocean-floor mining. Regulations on deep-ocean mining practices could threaten the interests of the major nations.
Ireland's Apostles of Peace

The period from the death of Charles Stewart Parnell (1891) to the establishment of the Irish Free State (1922) was a momentous one for Ireland. There was a cultural revitalization (1891– 1916), a Rising (1916), the Anglo‐Irish War (1919–21), the Treaty (1922), and the Civil War (1922–23) before the new Irish state settled into a routine pattern. This was a period characterized by assertive nationalism, dogmatism, and intolerance that led to violence and bloodshed. The result would be an independent Ireland, but a divided Ireland with potential for explosion in the North. Still there were people who surmounted the polemic of the moment and sought rational compromise and mutual tolerance. These were individuals who sought limited practical objectives, empathized with their adversaries, demonstrated civility, and often predicted the problems of the future. These were the “apostles of peace”. Among Ireland's many notables, three of such caliber stand out — Arthur Griffith, Horace Plunkett, and Eoin MacNeill. These men were intimately associated with the affairs of their day and were recognized for their integrity and professional accomplishment. They were also associated with the major peaceful attempts to solve Ireland's problems and avoid the warfare that ensued. Griffith, the journalist, founded the early Sinn Fein and came temporarily to lead the Irish Free State. Plunkett, the Anglo‐Irish aristocrat, founded the cooperative movement. MacNeill, the civil servant and historian, was involved in starting the Gaelic League and the Irish Volunteers. These were the “apostles of peace” and Ireland's subsequent trauma stemmed from their limited number. The objective of this study is to examine the careers of these three exceptional notables and ascertain if there exist some pattern. Are there generalizations that might be made about them collectively?
Stubbing Injuries to the Hallux

Stubbing injuries to the hallux, previously unreported, result in specific fractures and fracture dislocations of the interphalangeal joint. In the six cases seen, the initial injury remained unrecognized for 3 to 6 weeks. The mechanism of injury consisted of stubbing the hallux while barefoot, driving it proximally and dorsally. The mildest injury consisted of single or multiple relative undisplaced fractures of either the lateral or medial condyle of the proximal phalanx. Further force resulted in condylar displacement and rotation to complete dorsal dislocation of the distal phalanx, carrying with it either one or both condyles. Treatment in these relatively symptomatic late cases was expectant. One patient ultimately required an interphalangeal fusion.
Synthesis of Radiopharmaceuticals Via Organoboranes

Radiopharmaceuticals containing complex functional groups are playing an increasing role in diagnostic nuclear medicine due to new developments in the instrumentation used for single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT)1 and positron emission tomography (PET).2 These computerized systems permit noninvasive, in vivo, three-dimensional imaging of organs after administration of appropriate agents labeled with short-lived nuclides.3 The techniques are used for in vivo pharmacokinetics, organ imaging, evaluation of organ function, and physiological mapping. They complement the traditional X-ray scan and are’partially responsible for the tremendous upsurge in the use of radiopharmaceuticals in hospitals today.
An Afterword to Indexing It All: The Subject in the Age of Documentation, Information, and Data

EDITOR'S SUMMARY For his book Indexing It All: The Subject in the Age of Documentation, Information, and Data, Ronald E. Day was honored with the 2015 ASIS&T Best Information Science Book award. In this afterword, Day explains that the book examines the concept of “aboutness” in the modern documentary tradition covering information science and data science. In writing the book, Day wanted to sort out the relationship between subject and object, between user and document, the core of information science and prelude to information retrieval. He considers the transition of a text serving a group audience to a document serving individual user needs, facilitated by an array of digital technologies. Referencing historical precursors Paul Otlet and Suzanne Briet, he considers documentation as evidence that, depending on the viewpoint chosen, may be a construction or a representation of a concept. Day considers his book a dystopian work, asserting that information technology has been charged with answering both information and cultural needs and has given rise to users’ addiction to technology. He anticipates data and documents to both influence and be influenced by evolving technologies, cultural forms and social norms with the document form persisting, though transformed.
‘Popeye the Sailor’: facial emphysema after a surface-supplied air dive

The patient (figure 1) is a US Navy diver who developed left orbital swelling and eyelid closure during a diving exercise. The swelling occurred immediately after surfacing from a shallow, surface-supplied helmet air dive. Two hours earlier, while performing flips off the side of the boat, he landed on the left side of his face at the water surface, experiencing mild, …
Fluid Manipulation by Bio-Mimetic Cilia

This paper describes the fabrication and actuation of bio-mimetic cilia for fluid manipulation. High aspect ratio cilia made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were successfully assembled in a microfluidic device by our novel fabrication method. This method was to release the PDMS cilia from a Si mold and assemble the cilia in a device. All the process was performed under water in order to avoid the stiction and pairing of the PDMS cilia. The underwater assembly method enabled a high aspect ratio PDMS structure assembly in a fluidic device. The PDMS cilia were actuated in air and water by lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) microstage. In the fabricated device, the maximum displacement of the cilia was observed at 120Hz in air and at 50Hz in de-ionized (DI) water with our experimental condition. The actuated cilia in a solution produced convective and propulsive fluid flow near the cilia structure. The developed device can be used for precise handling of small volume sample (e.g., 1 μL).© 2007 ASME
National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 1995 summary.

OBJECTIVE: This report describes ambulatory care visits made to physician offices within the United States. Statistics are presented on selected physician patient, and visit characteristics for aggregated ambulatory care visits. METHODS: The data presented in this report were collected from the 1995 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS). NAMCS is part of the ambulatory care component of the National Health Care Survey, which measures health care utilization across various types of providers. NAMCS is a national probability survey of visits to office-based physicians in the United States. Sample data were weighted to produce annual estimates. RESULTS: During 1995, an estimated 697.1 million visits were made to physician offices in the United States, an overall rate of 2.7 visits per person. One quarter of the NAMCS visits were made to general and family physicians, which was significantly higher than the other 13 specialties. Persons 75 years of age and over had the highest rate of physician office visits 5.9 visits per person. Females had a significantly higher rate of visits to physician offices than males did overall, as did white persons compared with black persons. Of all visits made to these offices in 1995, 86% were covered by some form of insurance, and 11 percent were paid "out-of-pocket." There were an estimated 81.6 million injury-related visits during 1995, or 31.2 visits per 100 persons. A significantly higher proportion of injury visits were made by white persons compared with black persons. Over two-thirds of all injury visits were for unintentional injuries. Language: en