cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capturing Urban Change: Contrasts, Lapses, and Contradictions

Is it possible to capture and analyze urban change by observing the urban landscape? If so, how does that look? We argue that there are “material clues” that pinpoint the process of urban change. The research, conducted in the summer of 2014 across New York City, entailed walking visits to neighborhoods which the researchers had no prior knowledge (South Bronx), limited knowledge (Flushing Meadows) and substantial knowledge (Williamsburg) that urban change was happening. Through photographs and field notes taken during our field trips, along with our interpretation of Don Mitchell’s (2008) reading the landscape axioms, we argue that the process of change is perceptible in the urban landscape through contrasts, lapses, and contradictions . We contend that our observational techniques can only reveal part of the process of urban change, but that this initial methodological approach could help us raise the following questions: what are the forces fostering urban change? For whom is the urban landscape changing? And for whom is urban change (in)visible? We suggest that these questions could be answered by methods that move beyond observation. Here, however, we are concerned with what observation can reveal.
On positivity-preserving high order discontinuous Galerkin schemes for compressible Navier-Stokes equations

We construct a local Lax-Friedrichs type positivity-preserving flux for compressible Navier-Stokes equations, which can be easily extended to multiple dimensions for generic forms of equations of state, shear stress tensor and heat flux. With this positivity-preserving flux, any finite volume type schemes including discontinuous Galerkin (DG) schemes with strong stability preserving Runge-Kutta time discretizations satisfy a weak positivity property. With a simple and efficient positivity-preserving limiter, high order explicit Runge-Kutta DG schemes are rendered preserving the positivity of density and internal energy without losing local conservation or high order accuracy. Numerical tests suggest that the positivity-preserving flux and the positivity-preserving limiter do not induce excessive artificial viscosity, and the high order positivity-preserving DG schemes without other limiters can produce satisfying non-oscillatory solutions when the nonlinear diffusion in compressible Navier-Stokes equations is accurately resolved.
Prior Dietary Practices and Connections to a Human Gut Microbial Metacommunity Alter Responses to Diet Interventions

Ensuring that gut microbiota respond consistently to prescribed dietary interventions, irrespective of prior dietary practices (DPs), is critical for effective nutritional therapy. To address this, we identified DP-associated gut bacterial taxa in individuals either practicing chronic calorie restriction with adequate nutrition (CRON) or without dietary restrictions (AMER). When transplanted into gnotobiotic mice, AMER and CRON microbiota responded predictably to CRON and AMER diets but with variable response strengths. An individual's microbiota is connected to other individuals' communities ("metacommunity") by microbial exchange. Sequentially cohousing AMER-colonized mice with two different groups of CRON-colonized mice simulated metacommunity effects, resulting in enhanced responses to a CRON diet intervention and changes in several metabolic features in AMER animals. This response was driven by an influx of CRON DP-associated taxa. Certain DPs may impair responses to dietary interventions, necessitating the introduction of diet-responsive bacterial lineages present in other individuals and identified using the strategies described.
Intraplate Seismicity in Alaska

A large part of central Alaska and the whole of northeast Alaska are dominated by intraplate tectonics. In this tectonic regime, earthquakes are primarily restricted to the crust (≈40 km); their magnitudes and density decrease northward. In terms of principal stresses — σ 1 (compressional = P), σ 2 (intermediate = B) and σ 3 (tension = T), where σ 1 > σ 2 > σ 3 , the state of stress in the crust of central and northeast Alaska obtained from focal mechanism solutions (Biswas et al. , 1986a) shows nearly horizontal orientations of P and T and nearly vertical orientations of B.
Obesity Prevention in the Supermarket-Choice Architecture and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program

The article discusses obesity-related health care costs in America in relation to a debate about whether the U.S. government should allow consumers to purchase sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and other unhealthy food products through food assistance programs such as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) as of 2017. A choice architecture concept involving decision making by consumers is examined, along with supermarkets and American public health.
Effects of fluorosurfactant structure and concentration on drug availability and biocompatibility in water-in-perfluorocarbon emulsions for pulmonary drug delivery

The efficacy of inhaled antibiotics is often impaired by insufficient drug penetration into plugged and poorly ventilated airways. Liquid ventilation with perfluorocarbon (PFC) containing emulsified aqueous antibiotics, or antibacterial perfluorocarbon ventilation, could potentially improve treatment of respiratory infections when used as an adjunct therapy to inhaled antibiotics. The molecular structure and concentration of the fluorosurfactant used to stabilize such water-in-PFC emulsions will have significant effects on the efficacy and safety of the resulting treatment. In the present study, emulsions are formulated with tobramycin in the aqueous phase using two different fluorosurfactants (termed FSL-PEG+FSL and FSH-PEG) at varying concentrations (C fs). An aqueous gel is used to evaluate the availability of emulsified drug to diffuse into an aqueous interface (such as mucus or biofilm) for varying emulsion formulations. Lastly, the cytotoxicity of the fluorosurfactants is characterized using human alveolar basal epithelial cells. Results showed that tobramycin delivery is reduced at low C fs due to inadequate drug emulsification and at large C fs due to hindered drug availability. Thus, maximal delivery occurs at intermediate values of C fs equal to 2 and 10 mg mL−1 for the FSH-PEG and FSL-PEG+FSL fluorosurfactants, respectively. The optimal emulsion formulation utilized FSH-PEG and demonstrated improved drug delivery relative to previously used formulations while exhibiting no cytotoxic effect. This work increases understanding of the physical means of pulmonary drug delivery via a water-in-PFC emulsion and represents a critical step in optimizing emulsion formulation for safe and effective treatment.
The formation and molecular structure of (η5-C5H5)Rh(CO) [C(NMe)CH2CH2(NMe)]

Abstract A reaction between (η5-C5H5)Rh(CO)2 and bis(1,3-dimethylimidazolindin-2-ylidene) in methylcyclohexane produces (η5-C5H5)Rh(CO)[ C(NMe)CH 2 CH 2 (N Me)] in 53% yield. This mononuclear cyclopentadienylrhodium carbene complex was characterized by elemental analysis, 1H NMR, 13C{1H} NMR, IR, mass spectral, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The compound (η5-C5H5)Rh(CO)-[ C(NMe)CH 2 CH 2 (N Me)] crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a 9.053(3), b 10.256(4), c 12.696(5) A, β 91.18(3)° and Dcalc 1.66 g cm−3 for Z = 4. The structure was refined by least-squares techniques to a final conventional R value of 0.045 using 1739 independent observed (I ≥ 3σ(I)) reflections. The overall structure is that of a two-legged piano stool. The RhC(η5) separations average 2.29(3) A. The RhC and RhCO bond lengths are 1.994(7) and 1.795(9) A, respectively.
Materials-related problems faced by light water reactor (LWR) operators and corresponding research needs

Abstract: This chapter provides background on current materials-related problems faced by the nuclear industry. These issues have become more important as the current fleet of nuclear plants ages and as life extensions of 20 years each are added onto the current 40 year life. Materials issues requiring research and development are presented in terms of the fuel, the primary boundary, the containment and other general issues.
The WTO Shrimp-Turtle Case (United States - Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products)

In its report "United States- Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products,” the WTO Appellate Body attempts to foster a process whereby diverse interests are accounted for when regulations addressing environmental issues affect trans-border trade. In this way, the Appellate Body decision significantly departed from former GATT jurisprudence and, in particular, the former GATT panel decisions in the two tuna-dolphin cases of 1991 and 1994. The Appellate Body decision can be viewed as a response to challenges to WTO legitimacy by powerful constituencies in the United States and Europe which successfully pressured their governmental representatives to seek changes in the application of GATT rules. The shrimp-turtle case involved the application of GATT rules to a trade dispute over production and process methods (known as "ppms") for the trawling of shrimp, which kill endangered sea turtles. As in the earlier tuna-dolphin conflict, while the U.S. lost the legal case, the developing country complainants may be prompted to upgrade their environmental regulations. In the end, foreign shrimpers wishing to export shrimp to the U.S. market will likely be forced to use TEDs.
Delayed Infection in a Patient After Total Hip Arthroplasty.

A 67-year-old woman presented 3 weeks following left total hip arthroplasty (THA) and received 12 physical therapy sessions over 2 months. One week after returning to work, the patient experienced ...
Wearables technology for drug abuse detection: A survey of recent advancement

Abstract Wearable sensors have gathered tremendous interest for a plethora of applications, yet there is a void of robust and accurate wearable systems for reliable drug monitoring. Wearables can be found in many different form factors and physiologic monitoring capabilities. Due to their compact size, wearables can easily adjust to various computer and accessibility requirements for a wide range of applications. Recent work has demonstrated the feasibility wearable sensors to non-invasively detect drugs, specifically drugs of abuse. This review highlights the recent development of wearables for continuous drug monitoring. The article presents a comprehensive survey and classification of different methods, research prototypes and commercially available devices. For each method we review the pros and cons, characteristics that promote flexibility, scalability, real-time applications, and eventually autonomous system architecture.
401 HYPERTENSION KNOWLEDGE IN URBAN BLACKS.

Purpose Poor hypertension knowledge may contribute to low rates of blood pressure control. The purpose of this study was to determine levels and correlates of hypertension knowledge among an urban, black population. Methods Study participants with established hypertension (n = 263) were administered a telephone survey, designed for low-literacy populations. Hypertension knowledge was assessed through a validated 10-item questionnaire on which respondents received 1 point for a correct response for a total possible score of 10. Results The majority of participants were female (80.2%), 75% reported incomes less than $1,000/month, 60% had at least a high school education, and 75% of respondents were reported always being comfortable asking their doctors questions. Overall, 40% of participants correctly answered 9 or 10 questions. Items with the lowest percentage of correct responses included knowing that a blood pressure of 130/80 is normal (58.9% correct), hypertension lasts a lifetime (59.3%), hypertension does not cause cancer (40.3%), and renal failure is a complication of hypertension (77.6%). Compared with their counterparts with a high hypertension knowledge score (9 or 10 questions correct), the odds ratio of a low hypertension knowledge score ( Conclusions Overall knowledge of high blood pressure was good in this population. However, deficits exist in specific content areas and certain subgroups. Effectively targeting hypertension education content to specific audiences and topical areas may improve hypertension knowledge for black patients receiving care in urban public hospitals.
Combination immunotherapy with IL-4 Pseudomonas exotoxin and IFN-α and IFN-γ mediate antitumor effects in vitro and in a mouse model of human ovarian cancer.

Aim We have shown that IL-4 fused to Pseudomonas exotoxin (IL-4-PE) is cytotoxic to ovarian cancer cell lines. The antineoplastic properties of IFN-α, IFN-γ and IL-4-PE have been studied and showed some promise in the clinical trials. Here, we investigated whether the combination of IL-4-PE, IFN-α and IFN-γ will result in increased ovarian cancer cell death in vitro and in vivo. Materials & methods Ovarian cancer cells were tested in vitro to analyze the cytotoxic effects of IL-4-PE, IFN-α and IFN-γ, and the combination of all three. Tumor-bearing xenograft mice were treated with the combination of IL-4-PE, IFN-α and IFN-γ to monitor their overall survival. The JAK/STAT phosphorylation signaling pathways were studied to delineate the mechanism of synergistic antitumor activity. Results The combination of IL-4-PE with IFN-α and IFN-γ resulted in increased ovarian cancer cell death in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, the synergistic antitumor effect was dependent on interferon signaling, but not IL-4-PE signaling as determined by signaling specific chemical inhibitors. The combination therapy induced the activation of critical mediators of apoptosis. Conclusion The combination of IL-4-PE with interferons increased overall survival of mice with human ovarian cancer xenograft. These data suggest that this novel combination could provide a unique approach to treating ovarian cancer.
Demonstrating the benefits of a multidisciplinary aerodigestive program.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The Aerodigestive Program (the Aero Program) at Children's Hospital Colorado is a multidisciplinary program focused on airway, digestive, and lung disorders in complex children, involving collaboration between gastroenterology, pulmonology, anesthesiology, and otolaryngology in clinic and operating room. These programs have proliferated as institutions focus on providing greater care coordination and family satisfaction. However, few cost, charge, and satisfaction data exist to support these resource-intensive programs. The goal of this study was to investigate the value of combined triple endoscopy delivered by the Aero Program through analysis of institutional charges, direct costs, operating room efficiency metrics, and parent satisfaction. STUDY DESIGN Program evaluation. METHODS Finance, satisfaction, efficiency, and quality-of-care metrics were evaluated within and outside of the Aero Program through retrospective queries of electronic health records, administrative databases, and parent surveys at our institution. RESULTS Mean anesthesia time in the Aero Program was 54 minutes (49-60; 95% confidence interval), which was significantly less (P < .0001) than the estimated 89 minutes of having the three procedures done separately. Average charges and average direct costs for triple endoscopy were 38.8% and 41.9% less than the sum of the averages for separate procedures, respectively. Parent satisfaction was high for the Aero Program care. CONCLUSIONS As organizations move toward greater coordination of care for complex patients, multidisciplinary programs must demonstrate their value by delivering cost-effective care. Aerodigestive programs have the potential to provide satisfying care that is less costly to the organization, insurer, and family. These programs represent a step in the evolution toward higher value care and value-based payment methodology. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 130:521-525, 2020.
Comparing multidisciplinary optimizaton architectures with an aircraft case study

This research describes a comparison study of different ways to formulate and solve a Multi-Disciplinary Optimization (MDO) problem. Two MDO architectures, multidisciplinary feasible (MDF) and interdisciplinary feasible (IDF), were tested on a simulation-based aircraft model. The aircraft's aerodynamic performance is modeled with computational fluid dynamics, and its structure is modeled with finite element analysis. The results show that the MDF architecture finds better solutions when it comes to optimality, but it requires more computing resources, time, and has higher variability than IDF.
Zip Codes May Not Be an Adequate Method to Risk Adjust for Socioeconomic Status Following Total Joint Arthroplasty at the Individual Surgeon Level.

Abstract Background Increasing consumerism in healthcare has included a push toward the ranking of individual surgeons. These rankings rely on the adjustment of patient outcomes based on individual patient risk. Socioeconomic status (SES) has been identified as an important variable impacting patient outcomes following total joint arthroplasty, and patient zip code has been proposed as a proxy. Our study attempts to determine if zip code is an acceptable proxy for SES within a single surgeon’s practice. Methods Using public zip code and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tax map data, we compared the real estate holdings of 244 patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty from an individual hip and knee arthroplasty surgeon’s practice within an academic medical center over a 14-month period. An independent t-test was used to compare GIS data with the average home value within a given zip code. A Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated between GIS values and average home value per zip code. Results In a sample of 244 patients, mean home value calculated from GIS data was $335,993 (standard deviation [SD] $246,549), and $243,663 with zip code data (SD $84,731). The Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.411 (P Conclusion Although there was some relationship between zip code and real estate holdings, the correlation is only moderate in strength and a substantial number of outliers were present. Given the sample size at the individual surgeon level, we question whether zip code can be used as a proxy for SES risk adjustment for the purposes of surgeon ranking.
Development of Severe COVID-19 Adaptive Risk Predictor (SCARP), a Calculator to Predict Severe Disease or Death in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19.

Background Predicting the clinical trajectory of individual patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is challenging but necessary to inform clinical care. The majority of COVID-19 prognostic tools use only data present upon admission and do not incorporate changes occurring after admission. Objective To develop the Severe COVID-19 Adaptive Risk Predictor (SCARP) (https://rsconnect.biostat.jhsph.edu/covid_trajectory/), a novel tool that can provide dynamic risk predictions for progression from moderate disease to severe illness or death in patients with COVID-19 at any time within the first 14 days of their hospitalization. Design Retrospective observational cohort study. Settings Five hospitals in Maryland and Washington, D.C. Patients Patients who were hospitalized between 5 March and 4 December 2020 with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) confirmed by nucleic acid test and symptomatic disease. Measurements A clinical registry for patients hospitalized with COVID-19 was the primary data source; data included demographic characteristics, admission source, comorbid conditions, time-varying vital signs, laboratory measurements, and clinical severity. Random forest for survival, longitudinal, and multivariate (RF-SLAM) data analysis was applied to predict the 1-day and 7-day risks for progression to severe disease or death for any given day during the first 14 days of hospitalization. Results Among 3163 patients admitted with moderate COVID-19, 228 (7%) became severely ill or died in the next 24 hours; an additional 355 (11%) became severely ill or died in the next 7 days. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) for 1-day risk predictions for progression to severe disease or death was 0.89 (95% CI, 0.88 to 0.90) and 0.89 (CI, 0.87 to 0.91) during the first and second weeks of hospitalization, respectively. The AUC for 7-day risk predictions for progression to severe disease or death was 0.83 (CI, 0.83 to 0.84) and 0.87 (CI, 0.86 to 0.89) during the first and second weeks of hospitalization, respectively. Limitation The SCARP tool was developed by using data from a single health system. Conclusion Using the predictive power of RF-SLAM and longitudinal data from more than 3000 patients hospitalized with COVID-19, an interactive tool was developed that rapidly and accurately provides the probability of an individual patient's progression to severe illness or death on the basis of readily available clinical information. Primary funding source Hopkins inHealth and COVID-19 Administrative Supplement for the HHS Region 3 Treatment Center from the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response.
Stigma, Structural Vulnerability, and "What Matters Most" Among Women Living With HIV in Botswana, 2017.

Objectives. To explore whether beneficial health care policies, when implemented in the context of gender inequality, yield unintended structural consequences that stigmatize and ostracize women wi...
New nurse graduates and rapidly changing clinical situations: the role of expert critical care nurse mentors.

OBJECTIVES New nurse graduates may be prone to instances of failure to rescue. Mentoring programs may be an opportunity to assist them with clinical decision making in situations of patient decline. We explored the experiences of new nurse graduates and expert nurses after participation in a mentoring program. METHODS In this exploratory-descriptive study, five seasoned nurses were paired with five new nurse graduates. After four months, the new nurse graduates were interviewed, and the expert nurses participated in a focus group. RESULTS Themes emerged for the new nurse graduates: 1) importance of the charge nurse, 2) differences in practice areas, and 3) supportive healthcare teams. The focus group revealed three themes: 1) remembering what it was like, 2) desiring to help, and 3) having confidence in their preparation as mentors. CONCLUSIONS New nurse graduates relied on charge nurses for assistance. Therefore, it is imperative that charge nurses receive adequate support.
Software Engineering Quality Practices

Introduction Qualities Quality Drivers Common Approaches to Developing Quality Software An Integrated Approach for Developing Quality Software Organizational Change Management Practices to be Followed by Management Personnel Practices to be Followed by Software Engineering Process Groups A Procedure for Making Change Happen Personnel Management Practices for Staffing an Organization Practices for Developing Individual Skills Practices for Rewarding Performance Practices for Providing a Suitable Workplace A Procedure for Hiring and Keeping Good People Project Management Practices for Planning a Project Practices for Managing a Project A Procedure for Planning a Project Configuration Management Practices for Managing Versions of Software Artifacts Practices for Controlling Changes to Software Artifacts Practices for Building Software Systems Practices for Releasing Software Systems Practices for Maintaining the Integrity of Software Artifacts A Procedure for Creating a Configuration Management System A Baseline Procedure for Managing Software Configurations Requirements Engineering Practices for Eliciting Requirements Practices for Analyzing the Problem Domain and Application Needs Practices for Specifying Requirements Practices for Validating Requirements Practices for Managing the Definition of Requirements A Procedure for Engineering Requirements Design Fundamental Principles of Design Practices for Designing Architectures Practices for Adding Detailed Design Information Practices Affecting the Design Process A Unified Framework for System Architectures A Procedure for Designing Software Programming Practices for General-Purpose Programming Verification Inspections Testing A Procedure for Planning the Verification Procedure A Baseline Procedure for Verifying Software Systems Remaining Quality Practices and Issues Practices for Writing Useful User Documentation Reusability Defect Estimation Techniques Competing Approaches Extreme Programming The Rational Unified Process Cleanroom Software Engineering Capability Maturity Model - Integrated Summary Comparison to Competing Approaches Early Thoughts of the Software Pioneers My Final Thoughts
Frequent chromosomal translocations induced by DNA double-strand breaks

The faithful repair of DNA damage such as chromosomal double-strand breaks (DSBs) is crucial for genomic integrity. Aberrant repair of these lesions can result in chromosomal rearrangements, including translocations, which are associated with numerous tumours. Models predict that some translocations arise from DSB-induced recombination in differentiating lymphoid cell types or from aberrant repair of DNA damage induced by irradiation or other agents; however, a genetic system to study the aetiology of these events has been lacking. Here we use a mouse embryonic stem cell system to examine the role of DNA damage on the formation of translocations. We find that two DSBs, each on different chromosomes, are sufficient to promote frequent reciprocal translocations. The results are in striking contrast with interchromosomal repair of a single DSB in an analogous system in which translocations are not recovered. Thus, while interchromosomal DNA repair does not result in genome instability per se, the presence of two DSBs in a single cell can alter the spectrum of repair products that are recovered.
Natural chaotic inflation and ultraviolet sensitivity

Motivated by the BICEP2 observation, which may imply a sensitivity to UV completions for inflation models, the effects of UV corrections for axion monodromy inflation models (also typically obtained from explicit string constructions), and their possible observable signatures are discussed.
Temporary and permanent restoration of airway continuity with the tracheal T-tube

The advantages of the tracheal T-tube compared with a regular tracheostomy tube are a physiologic direction of air flow, preservation of laryngeal phonation, and superior patient acceptance. Between 1968 and 1991, 140 patients aged 7 months to 95 years underwent placement of T-, TY- ( n = 7), or a modified extended T-tube ( n = 4). Primary diagnosis was postintubation stenosis in 86 patients, burn injury in 13 patients, malignant airway tumors in 12 patients, and various disorders in 29 patients. Stenting with a silicone rubber tube was temporary in 31 patients and 14 underwent later operative reconstruction. Definitive permanent insertion was performed in 49 patients. A modified tube was used in 4 patients with left main bronchial stenosis with effective long-term palliation in 3. Postoperative airway obstruction prompted placement in 32 patients. Positioning of the T-tube above the vocal cords in 12 patients for subglottic stenosis was effective in 10. The T-tube was not tolerated in 28 patients (20 %) because of obstruction of the upper limb or aspiration. Five of 10 patients under the age of 10 years had airway obstruction necessitating tube removal. Long-term intubation in 112 patients exceeded 1 year in 49 patients and 5 years in 12 patients. Only 5 patients required tube removal for obstructive problems more than 2 months after placement. The tracheal T-tube restores airway patency reliably with excellent long-term results and represents the preferred management of chronic airway obstruction not amenable to surgical reconstruction.
Aging rat brain: a model for analyzing interactions among CSF dynamics, ventriculomegaly and the β-amyloid retention of alzheimer's disease

Background Age-associated disruptions in brain barrier systems (including choroid plexus) lead to multiple problems for CSF turnover and brain interstitial fluid composition. Age is a great risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have presented evidence that beta-amyloid (Aβ) retention in AD is linked to decreased CSF turnover and reduced Aβ transport out of human brain. It is also known that CSF formation is reduced in aged rats (Preston et al.).
Practitioners’ Guide to Meeting the Vitamin B-12 Recommended Dietary Allowance for People Aged 51 Years and Older

Abstract In response to research findings that 10% to 30% of people aged 51 years and older may have protein-bound vitamin B-12 malabsorption, the National Academy of Sciences' Institute of Medicine recommends that these people consume a majority of the new Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 2.4μg/day in its synthetic form rather than in its food form. Protein-bound vitamin B-12 malabsorption in older adults has been attributed to reduced pepsin activity and gastric acid secretion, which interfere with cleavage of vitamin B-12 from dietary protein before absorption. Unlike patients with pernicious anemia, most people with protein-bound vitamin B-12 malabsorption produce intrinsic factor and have the ability to absorb synthetic vitamin B-12 normally. Early diagnosis is necessary to prevent the untoward effects of vitamin B-12 deficiency. A thorough assessment of vitamin B-12 status entails measurement of multiple biochemical assessment indexes, including serum vitamin B-12, methylmalonic acid, and homocysteine concentrations. Dietitians and other health care professionals should be aware of the prevalence of vitamin B-12 deficiency in older adults and be familiar with sources of synthetic vitamin B-12 to facilitate implementation of the new RDA. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:725-727 .
NUCLEAR EXCAVATION OF A SEA-LEVEL ISTHMIAN CANAL

Data on high-explosive and nuclear cratering events are combined with 1947 Route Surveys (Panama Canal Company) to estimate the number and yield of the nuclear devices required to excavate a sea-level, transisthmian canal along nine routes. Cost estimates are developed for both all-nuclear and combined nuclear-mechanical methods. Savings vary with different routes and combinations, but the use of nuclear explosives can reduce excavation costs by as much as 90% and overall costs by approximately 65%. The study is meant to evaluate present (1964) capability, not to be determinative. Scaling-method uncertainties, slope stability, and different channel widths are considered, and their effect on cost and yield is examined. The study concludes that nuclear excavation is promising and offers the possibility of large savings, but that considerable further experimentation (in areas specified and examined) is required to perfect the technique.
Advances in aluminium alloy products for structural applications in transportation

This paper describes the needs of the aviation and automotive markets for structural materials and presents examples of developments of aluminum alloy products to fill these needs. Designers of aircraft desire materials which will allow them to design lightweight, cost-effective structures which have the performance characteristics of durability and damage tolerance. Their needs are being met by new and emerging materials varying from Al-Li alloys for thick structure, high-strength plate and extrusions for wings, and new monolithic and aluminum-fiber laminates for fuselages. Increase in fuel economy because of lighter weight structure is the driving force for aluminum alloys in the automotive market, and cost is extremely important. Mechanical properties for automotive use also depend on the application, and corrosion resistance must be adequate. For «hang-on» components such as fenders and hoods, formability is typically the limiting mechanical property. Strength must be adequate to resist denting at a thickness which offers cost-effective weight savings over steel. Because formability often decreases with increasing yield strength, alloys which are highly formable in the T4 temper and which age harden during the paint bake operation were developed. Alloys such as 6009 and 6010 are now being challenged by 2008, 6111 and 6016. Body structure components must be made from materials which absorb energy and fail gracefully during a crash. Such components for an automotive space frame are being die cast from an Al-Si-Mg alloy. These ductile die castings are joined to thin 6XXX extrusions which must combine formability, strength, ductility and the ability to deform plastically on impact. Bumpers must combine strength and adequate formability; in the event that current alloys are inadequate for future needs, a new 7XXX alloy offers an improved combination of properties
Isospin mixing in /sup 111/In and the inclusion of additional terms in the mixing formalism

The extent of isospin mixing in $^{111}\mathrm{In}$ has been determined at 20.9 MeV on the basis of measured cross sections for the ($p, {p}^{\ensuremath{'}}$), ($p, \ensuremath{\alpha}$), ($\ensuremath{\alpha}, p$) and ($\ensuremath{\alpha}, {\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) reactions involving the formation of the $^{111}\mathrm{In}$ compound nucleus. The following values were obtained for the mixing fraction and the isospin mixing matrix element: $\ensuremath{\mu}=0.62\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.14$ and $|{H}_{c}|=0.013\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004$ eV. These results are based on a reformulation of the isospin mixing theory in which additional terms are included. Previous data available for the $A\ensuremath{\sim}50\ensuremath{-}70$ region are reanalyzed using this formalism and the dependence of $|{H}_{c}|$ on energy, mass number, and the probability of proton emission from the ${T}_{l}(\mathrm{nonanalog})$ states of the compound nucleus is determined. $|{H}_{c}|$ varies inversely with the first two of these quantities and directly with the third.
Patterning plasmonic nanostructures through resistless nanoimprinting in metal

We report a low-cost method that allows silicon molds to directly imprint metals and achieve high-fidelity pattern transfer with vertical sidewalls and ultra-high resolution. Large-scale extraordinary light transmission through silver apertures is demonstrated.
Effects of ethanol on calcium transport by microsomes phosphorylated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.

Abstract The sensitivity of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum to the inhibitory effects of ethanol was significantly increased after phosphorylation of these membranes by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Ethanol concentrations needed to inhibit oxalate-supported calcium uptake were reduced approximately 4-fold after phosphorylation. Ethanol decreased the extent of stimulation of calcium uptake by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but protein kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation of these membranes was not affected by concentrations of ethanol used in these studies. These findings suggest that ethanol interferes with the ability of protein kinase-dependent phosphoprotein to stimulate the calcium pump of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
An emerging consensus on cardiac regeneration

Cardiac regeneration is a rapidly evolving and controversial field of research. The identification some 12 years ago of progenitor cells that reside within the heart spurred enthusiasm for cell-based regenerative therapies. However, recent evidence has called into question both the presence of a biologically important stem cell population in the heart and the ability of exogenously derived cells to promote regeneration through direct formation of new cardiomyocytes. Here, we discuss recent developments that suggest an emerging consensus on the ability of different cell types to regenerate the adult mammalian heart.
Factors affecting the susceptibility of Pseudeucoila bochei eggs to encapsulation by Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract An experiment designed to determine whether or not refrigeration of adult Pseudeucoila bochei (Hymenoptera) affected the susceptibility of their eggs to encapsulation by their host, Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera), revealed no significant effect from 33 days of refrigeration at 7°C. However, encapsulation of the progeny of both refrigerated and unrefrigerated female P. bochei increased greatly during the oviposition period of the individual female parasites used in this experiment. Further experiments showed that the increasing susceptibility of the parasite female's progeny to encapsulation was related to the amount of previous oviposition by the female and not to age per se . It was also shown that lack of sperm did not affect the ability of a P. bochei female to produce progeny that were resistant to encapsulation. The greater susceptibility of the eggs of partially spent females to encapsulation may be caused, in part, by the longer developmental time required by these eggs.
Access to highly active antiretroviral therapy for injection drug users: adherence, resistance, and death

Injection drug users (IDUs) continue to comprise a major risk group for HIV infection throughout the world and represent the focal population for HIV epidemics in Asia and Eastern Europe/Russia. HIV prevention programs have ranged from HIV testing and counseling, education, behavioral and network interventions, drug abuse treatment, bleach disinfection of needles, needle exchange and expanded syringe access, as well as reducing transition to injection and primary substance abuse prevention. With the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in 1996, dramatic clinical improvements have been seen. In addition, the treatment's impact on reducing HIV viral load (and therefore transmission by all routes) provides a stronger rationale for an expansion of the focus on prevention to emphasize early identification and treatment of HIV infected individuals. However, treatment of IDUs has many challenges including adherence, resistance and relapse to high risk behaviors, all of which impact issues of access and ultimately effectiveness of potent antiretroviral treatment. A major current challenge in addressing the HIV epidemic revolves around an appropriate approach to HIV treatment for IDUs.
Protein kinase A mediated modulation of acto-myosin kinetics

The effects of protein kinase A (PKA) mediated phosphorylation on thin filament and cross-bridge function is not fully understood. To delineate the effects of troponin I (TnI) phosphorylation by PKA on contractile protein performance, reconstituted thin filaments were treated with PKA. With the use of the in vitro motility assay, PKA treated thin filament function was assessed relative to non-phosphorylated thin filaments in a calcium-regulated system. At maximal calcium activation, unloaded shortening velocity and force did not differ between the groups. However, at submaximal activation, an increase in calcium sensitivity of the thin filament was observed for velocity but a decrease in calcium sensitivity was observed for force. Activation of the thin filament by myosin strong-binding did not elicit a calcium-independent effect. The rightward shift in calcium sensitivity for force and the leftward shift in calcium sensitivity for velocity indicate that PKA phosphorylation of TnI directly modulates the kinetics of the myosin cross-bridge. In addition, the altered velocity dependence on thin filament length implicates reduced myosin cross-bridge binding with PKA treatment. These data highlight the importance of TnI serine 23 and 24 phosphorylation in the modulation of cardiac function.
Adaptive dispersion formula for index interpolation and chromatic aberration correction.

This paper defines and discusses a glass dispersion formula that is adaptive. The formula exhibits superior convergence with a minimum number of coefficients. Using this formula we rationalize the correction of chromatic aberration per spectrum order. We compare the formula with the Sellmeier and Buchdahl formulas for glasses in the Schott catalogue. The six coefficient adaptive formula is found to be the most accurate with an average maximum index of refraction error of 2.91 × 10−6 within the visible band.
Oil crop biomass residue-based media for enhanced algal lipid production.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of hydrolysates from acid hydrolysis of four different oil crop biomass residues (OCBR) as low cost culture media for algae growth. The one-factor-at-a-time method was used to design a series of experiments to optimize the acid hydrolysis conditions through examining the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, and ammonia nitrogen in the hydrolysates. The optimal conditions were found to be using 3 % sulfuric acid and hydrolyzing residues at 90 °C for 20 h. The hydrolysates (OCBR media) produced under the optimal conditions were used to cultivate the two algae strains, namely UM258 and UM268. The results from 5 days of cultivation showed that the OCBR media supported faster algae growth with maximal algal biomass yield of 2.7 and 3 g/L, respectively. Moreover, the total lipids for UM258 and UM268 were 54 and 35 %, respectively, after 5 days of cultivation, which suggested that the OCBR media allowed the algae strains to accumulate higher lipids probably due to high C/N ratio. Furthermore, over 3 % of omega-3 fatty acid (EPA) was produced for the two algae strains. In conclusion, OCBR media are excellent alternative for algae growth and have a great potential for large-scale production of algae-based ingredients for biodiesel as well as high-value food and pharmaceutical products.
Lysine deacetylases regulate the heat shock response including the age-associated impairment of HSF1

Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is critical for defending cells from both acute and chronic stresses. In aging cells, the DNA binding activity of HSF1 deteriorates correlating with the onset of pathological events including neurodegeneration and heart disease. We find that DNA binding by HSF1 is controlled by lysine deacetylases with HDAC7, HDAC9, and SIRT1 distinctly increasing the magnitude and length of a heat shock response (HSR). In contrast, HDAC1 inhibits HSF1 in a deacetylase-independent manner. In aging cells, the levels of HDAC1 are elevated and the HSR is impaired, yet reduction of HDAC1 in aged cells restores the HSR. Our results provide a mechanistic basis for the age-associated regulation of the HSR. Besides HSF1, the deacetylases differentially modulate the activities of unrelated DNA binding proteins. Taken together, our data further support the model that lysine deacetylases are selective regulators of DNA binding proteins.
Silk moth eclosion: hormonal triggering of a centrally programmed pattern of behavior.

The emergence of the adult cecropia silk moth from the pupal skin involves a stereotyped series of abdominal movements—the pre-eclosion behavior. This behavior, triggered by a neurosecretory hormone, consists of three phases that are characterized by the relative frequency and pattern of movements. Electrical recordings from a nerve cord with severed peripheral nerves demonstrate that the pre-eclosion behavior is prepatterned in the abdominal ganglia. In response to the hormone, the entire 1.25-hour behavioral program can be activated and "read off" in the absence of sensory feedback.
Recovery of chlorine-exposed Escherichia coli in estuarine microcosms.

Laboratory microcosm experiments were performed to determine whether chlorine-exposed Escherichia coli are capable of recovery (i.e., increase in numbers of culturable cells) in estuarine waters and if so what water-quality parameters are responsible for this recovery. Suspensions of E. coli were exposed to 0.5 mg L-1 of chlorine for 5 min followed by dechlorination with sodium thiosulfate. The chlorine-exposed bacteria were introduced into 2-L microcosms containing estuarine water collected from the Seacoast region of New Hampshire. Culturable cells in the microcosms were enumerated at 0, 10, 24, 48, and 74 h. In all estuarine microcosms the number of culturable cells increased by factors ranging from 2.8 to 50 over the 74-h incubation period. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that ammonium and salinity were most significantly correlated with the recovery of E. coli over the 74-h incubation period; however, ammonium concentrations were strongly correlated with dissolved organic carbon and tot...
Use of biota-sediment accumulation factors to assess similarity of nonionic organic chemical exposure to benthically-coupled organisms of differing trophic mode

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is in the process of developing Sediment Quality Criteria (SQC) to specify the acceptable degree of risk from sediment-mediated chemical exposure for the protection of benthically-coupled organisms. In this study, potential differences in chemical exposure for benthic organisms of differing habitats or feeding types were evaluated through the use of Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factors (BSAFs). It was hypothesized that If species of different habitats have similar exposures, then the BSAF values should not be different. The BSAFs are calculated using the concentrations of chemicals in an organism (μg/g lipid) divided by the concentrations of the same chemicals in sediment (μg/goc). Data from both freshwater and saltwater studies that met specified criteria for data quality were obtained from published papers or reports. These included three laboratory and five field studies containing 27 species and 4054 BSAF values. The BSAFs were intercompared for similarity of central tendency as grouped by chemical class (PCBs, PAHs, pesticides), individual species, and species grouped by habitat (infaunal deposit feeder, scavenger, filter feeder, and benthically-coupled fish). Plots of BSAFs grouped by class and Kow revealed that the BSAFs for the PAHs were uniformly lower (mean 0.34) than the PCB (1.03) or pesticide (1.36) classes. For the PCBs, the BSAFs for all species exhibited a Kow dependency with decreased bioaccumulation evident above and below the range of 5.99–7.27 log10 Kow. In order to optimize the detection of species/habitat differences in the BSAFs, further analyses were segregated by chemical class and excluded PCB data outside the above Kow range. These analyses revealed similar BSAF values for various species both within and among habitat groups, and indicated that the sum total of exposures from all routes is similar across species. This similarity of chemical exposure across benthic species, and the similarity of sensitivities between benthic species and species used to derive WQC FCVs supports the applicability of SQC for all benthic organisms as a group.
Signal-Processing Strategy for Restoration of Cross-Channel Suppression in Hearing-Impaired Listeners

Because frequency components interact nonlinearly with each other inside the cochlea, the loudness growth of tones is relatively simple in comparison to the loudness growth of complex sounds. The term suppression refers to a reduction in the response growth of one tone in the presence of a second tone. Suppression is a salient feature of normal cochlear processing and contributes to psychophysical masking. Suppression is evident in many measurements of cochlear function in subjects with normal hearing, including distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs). Suppression is also evident, to a lesser extent, in subjects with mild-to-moderate hearing loss. This paper describes a hearing-aid signal-processing strategy that aims to restore both loudness growth and two-tone suppression in hearing-impaired listeners. The prescription of gain for this strategy is based on measurements of loudness by a method known as categorical loudness scaling. The proposed signal-processing strategy reproduces measured DPOAE suppression tuning curves and generalizes to any number of frequency components. The restoration of both normal suppression and normal loudness has the potential to improve hearing-aid performance and user satisfaction.
A Generalization of the Kuhn-Tucker Sufficiency Conditions

Abstract It is shown that the Kuhn-Tucker sufficiency conditions lack invariance in that the applicability of the conditions for any given problem depends on the nature of the analytical formulation of the problem; they may be applicable in one formulation but not in a different, though equivalent, formulation. The Kuhn-Tucker conditions are generalized to deal with this.