cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential role for oxidative stress in 2,2′-dichlorobiphenyl-induced inhibition of uterine contractions but not myometrial gap junctions

Previously, we reported that 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl (2,2'-DCB)-induced decreases of amplitude and synchronization of uterine contractions are dependent on MAPK-induced phosphorylation of Connexin43 (Cx43) and inhibition of myometrial gap junctions. Recent studies show that oxidative stress inhibits uterine contractions and myometrial gap junctions also. The present study examines the hypothesis that 2,2'-DCB-induced modification of uterine contraction is dependent on oxidative stress-mediated inhibition of myometrial gap junctions via activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphorylation of Cx43. In uterine strips treated with alpha-tocopherol (100 microM), deferoxamine mesylate (Def, 50 microM), or superoxide dismutase (SOD, 1000 U) after a 1-h exposure to 100 microM 2,2'-DCB, modification of uterine contractions reversed 1 h after initiating antioxidant treatment. Treatment of uterine strips with 100 microM 2,2'-DCB for 1 h lowered total SOD activity and also induced a surge of superoxide generation after 5 min of exposure. However, myometrial cells exposed in culture to 100 microM 2,2'-DCB did not produce reactive oxygen species as determined by the lack of superoxide anion generation measured by the cytochrome c reduction assay, reactive species by the formazan assay, hydrogen peroxide by the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein assay, and lipid peroxidation by the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance assay. Furthermore, cotreatment with SOD or Def was unable to prevent 2,2'-DCB-induced phosphorylation of Cx43, activation of MAPK, and inhibition of myometrial gap junctions. Although antioxidants reversed 2,2'-DCB-induced inhibition of uterine contraction force and synchronization, the myometrial cell culture experiments failed to support oxidative stress as a mechanistic link between 2,2'-DCB-induced inhibition of myometrial gap junctions and modification of uterine contraction.
Benchmarking mutation effect prediction algorithms using functionally validated cancer-related missense mutations

Massively parallel sequencing studies have led to the identification of a large number of mutations present in a minority of cancers of a given site. Hence, methods to identify the likely pathogenic mutations that are worth exploring experimentally and clinically are required. We sought to compare the performance of 15 mutation effect prediction algorithms and their agreement. As a hypothesis-generating aim, we sought to define whether combinations of prediction algorithms would improve the functional effect predictions of specific mutations. Literature and database mining of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) affecting 15 cancer genes was performed to identify mutations supported by functional evidence or hereditary disease association to be classified either as non-neutral (n = 849) or neutral (n = 140) with respect to their impact on protein function. These SNVs were employed to test the performance of 15 mutation effect prediction algorithms. The accuracy of the prediction algorithms varies considerably. Although all algorithms perform consistently well in terms of positive predictive value, their negative predictive value varies substantially. Cancer-specific mutation effect predictors display no-to-almost perfect agreement in their predictions of these SNVs, whereas the non-cancer-specific predictors showed no-to-moderate agreement. Combinations of predictors modestly improve accuracy and significantly improve negative predictive values. The information provided by mutation effect predictors is not equivalent. No algorithm is able to predict sufficiently accurately SNVs that should be taken forward for experimental or clinical testing. Combining algorithms aggregates orthogonal information and may result in improvements in the negative predictive value of mutation effect predictions.
A Multiphase Level Set Framework for Image Segmentation Using the Mumford and Shah Model

We propose a new multiphase level set framework for image segmentation using the Mumford and Shah model, for piecewise constant and piecewise smooth optimal approximations. The proposed method is also a generalization of an active contour model without edges based 2-phase segmentation, developed by the authors earlier in T. Chan and L. Vese (1999. In Scale-Space'99, M. Nilsen et al. (Eds.), LNCS, vol. 1682, pp. 141–151) and T. Chan and L. Vese (2001. IEEE-IP, 10(2):266–277). The multiphase level set formulation is new and of interest on its own: by construction, it automatically avoids the problems of vacuum and overlaps it needs only log n level set functions for n phases in the piecewise constant cases it can represent boundaries with complex topologies, including triple junctionss in the piecewise smooth case, only two level set functions formally suffice to represent any partition, based on The Four-Color Theorem. Finally, we validate the proposed models by numerical results for signal and image denoising and segmentation, implemented using the Osher and Sethian level set method.
Rehabilitation of an Elite Gymnast With a Type II Manubriosternal Dislocation

Background and Purpose This case report describes the rehabilitation of an elite, 15-year-old gymnast after a nonreduced type II manubriosternal dislocation. The rehabilitation took place in a gymnastics venue but was guided by a physician and a licensed physical therapist. Case Description The gymnast participated in a 13-week rehabilitation program for range of motion and strengthening that was based on a biomechanical hierarchy. Rehabilitation began at week 2 after injury for the lower extremities and at week 4 for the upper extremities. Outcomes By week 4, the patient began upper-extremity strengthening, and by week 6, the patient had no pain with palpation and tolerated light sternal loading. At week 9, a plain-film radiograph revealed a stable manubriosternal joint, and by week 13, the patient returned to gymnastics pain-free. Discussion This case report shows that, after a 13-week regimen of progressive and repetitive, cyclical tensile and compressive loading, the manubriosternal joint was stable, and the elite gymnast was able to return to the sport, successfully competing in a regional competition.
Current Development of Neuroimaging Using PET Techniques

Positron emission imaging was developed more than 50 yrs ago, when Dr. Gordon Brownell did the first clinical brain imaging with his scanner in1951 on 8-year old girl to detect a brain tumor. Detection and localization of brain tumors was the main application area of the positron emission imaging for the following 20 years. The isotopes like 72As, 64Cu and 68Ga were used as imaging agents. When the cyclotrons came available in the hospital environment in 1970s, 15O and 11C labeled gases replaced the long-lived isotopes. These studies were based on blood flow and oxygen metabolism and are still used in a variety of neurological applications. New area of neuroimaging started, when radiolabeling techniques developed to produce compounds to investigate metabolic and specific biochemical (receptor and/or enzyme) functions in the brain. This development established in vivo neurochemistry, which is presently one of the most active research areas in neuroimaging. Presently the mostly used radiolabels in PET imaging are 11C and 18F, which can be detached to the imaging ligand through radiosyntheses. The main application areas of PET imaging for diagnosis and research include neurodegeneration, stroke, drug addiction, brain activation, epilepsy, inflammation, cancer, and drug development. The application area is continuously increasing based on radiopharmaceutical development. The first significant breakthrough in in vivo neuroimaging happened after introducing of radioligands to image dopamine transporters. Even these ligands are not generally approved for clinical diagnosis; they are used world wide as research tools in neurodegenerative disorders, especially in Parkinson’s diseases (PD) as well as drug abuse. Presently world wide interest is to develop specific ligands for diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and several imaging ligands are in clinical trials. Other active radiopharmaceutical developments include ligands for serotonergic and metabotropic glutamate receptor systems.
Mothers and Daughters

As women, we carry our mothers with us in every breath, in every decision, in every success, and in every failure. There is no escaping that often tender, but many times painful, bond that holds us captive to our death. As our first mirror of life and the world, mother serves as protector, guide, and interpreter through the maze of womanhood and our culture. Our first sense of self is as an extension of mother, and the struggle for independence lies in the eternal conflict of this symbiotic bond and the will toward oneness. Through this, mother stands as a lasting model and a touchstone in our lives.
Utilizaçao de tecnicas fotometricas para estudo do branqueamento e da quantidade de algas simbiontes em colonias coralinas

Corais marinhos do mundo inteiro estao ameacados pelas alteracoes climaticas que vem acontecendo nas duas ultimas decadas. O aquecimento da superficie terrestre associado a intensificacao do fenomeno El Nino tem causado prejuizos a saude dos corais marinhos com intensidade, extensao e escala temporal sem precedentes. Quando expostos a situacoes de estresse ambiental, corais podem sofrer branqueamento, perdendo suas algas simbiontes, as zooxantelas, e morrer se nao as recuperarem. Desta forma, metodos de avaliacao da saude dos corais tornam-se necessarios. Dois metodos fotometricos foram desenvolvidos neste trabalho. No primeiro, utilizou-se a tecnica de reflectância difusa para estudo do historico de branqueamento de fatias de nucleos de esqueletos coralinos atraves da analise da cor do nucleo na direcao do crescimento do coral. Esse metodo mostrou-se sensivel a variacao de cor ao longo da amostra e foi capaz de evidenciar o historico conhecido de branqueamento de 2 entre 3 amostras analisadas. O metodo e promissor para o estudo de esqueletos, mas depende sensivelmente do tratamento previo das amostras. No segundo, fotografaram-se amostras de Mussismilia hispida em seu ambiente natural na Laje de Santos. Foram colhidas amostras dos corais fotografados e foi determinada a densidade de zooxantelas em cada amostra. Utilizando o software MatLab e uma rotina especifica de analise multivariada, estabeleceu-se uma correlacao entre aspectos da imagem digital e a densidade de zooxantelas. A correlacao obtida e boa, com erros menores que 35 % na estimativa da densidade de zooxantelas a partir das imagens digitais. O metodo e bastante promissor e tem a vantagem de ser nao destrutivo. Abstract
Is It Wrong to Do Right When Others Do Wrong

In recent years, American tort law has been the beneficiary of a growing effort by sophisticated legal theorists to advance a theory that both descriptively and normatively accounts for its doctrines on non-utilitarian grounds. Yet despite the formidable challenges that this literature has posed for the economic analyses that have dominated tort law theorizing in recent decades, central tort doctrines persist in defying efforts to describe and defend them as vehicles for redressing rights violations. In saying this, I do not mean to refer to such obvious things as the fact that the Hand Formula appears to allow rights violations in the name of utility or wealth maximization (although corrective justice theorists must admit that the fact that the Hand Formula dominates contemporary characterizations of negligence is a painful theoretical thorn in their sides. Rather, I have in mind the more subtle but more significant fact that myriad tort doctrines reflect the fundamental thesis that persons have obligations to (re-)structure their conduct so as to mitigate the harms caused by others’ foreseeable wrongdoing — obligations which, when violated, properly serve as a basis for declaring such persons negligent.
Conductivity and Spectroscopic Investigation of Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Solution in Ionic Liquid 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide

Protic ionic liquids (PILs) are promising alternatives to water for swelling Nafion as a fuel cell proton exchange membrane (PEM). PILs can significantly improve the high-temperature performance of a PEM. The proton dissociation and solvation mechanisms in a PIL, which are keys to understanding the proton transportation and conductivity, have not been fully explored. In this paper, we used FTIR, Raman, and electronic spectroscopy with computational simulation techniques to explore the spectroscopic properties of bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (HTFSI) solutions in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (BMITFSI) ionic liquid at concentrations from ∼0.1 to as high as ∼1.0 M. Solution conductivities were measured at room temperature and elevated temperatures up to ∼65 °C. The solution structure and properties depend on the concentration of HTFSI. At lower concentration, around 0.1 M, the HTFSI solution has higher conductivity than pure BMITFSI. However, the conductivity decreases ...
The Edge Delamination Test: Measuring the Critical Adhesion Energy of Thin-Film Coatings, Part II: Mode Mixity & Application

The edge delamination test (EDT) is being developed to measure the critical energy required to cause a thin film, under biaxial tensile stress, to debond from a rigid substrate [1]. The test uses circular features etched through biaxially stressed films adhered to a rigid substrate. If the stress is large enough, a stable debond ring grows radially about the feature. We use a finite element analysis to model the test, solving for the applied strain energy release rate as a function of crack length, feature hole radius and other geometrical parameters. The model identifies both mode I and mode II components of the strain energy release rate, and agrees with previous analytical solutions for the total debond energy. However, the model predicts, with a very refined mesh at the crack tip, the fracture process is pure mode I. To explore this result, critical strain energy release rates from the EDT and the island blister test (IBT) are compared. This agreement supports the model prediction that the failure process in the EDT is mode I peeling.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

1. Maria Trent, MD, MPH* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. * CDC: : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CPP: : chronic pelvic pain CT: : computed tomography IM: : intramuscular IUD: : intrauterine device IV: : intravenous KOH: : potassium hydroxide NAAT: : nucleic acid amplification testing PEACH: : Pelvic Inflammatory Evaluation and Clinical Health PID: : pelvic inflammatory disease STI: : sexually transmitted infection 1. The U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides evidence-based, expert-driven guidelines for effective management of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID); however, clinician adherence to the guidelines has been problematic. 2. PID practice guideline adherence is an international problem, as evidenced by a 2012 audit in the United Kingdom demonstrating that 55.5% of patients with PID did not receive care according to the British Association of Sexual Health and HIV treatment recommendations. Clinician behavior can be enhanced with the use of institutionally driven protocols, especially those that include onsite dispensing of a full course of medications. 3. Women seeking infertility services who report a history of unexplained and untreated abdominal pain are significantly more likely to have tubal infertility than women without such history; therefore caution should be used in dismissing mild symptoms (mild non-specific abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, bleeding or dyspareunia) among sexually active patients who may be at risk for PID. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the epidemiology and pathogenesis of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). 2. Recognize the clinical features of PID. 3. Develop a management strategy for adolescent patients who have PID. 4. Carefully weigh the options for the disposition of patients who have PID. Justine is a 17-year-old girl who presents for evaluation of lower abdominal pain that has been increasing over the past few days. Earlier today she was eating and drinking, but has developed some nausea in the past couple of hours without vomiting. She has had soft, regular bowel movements that are free of blood and mucus. She denies dysuria, but has had some light vaginal discharge that started about 1 week ago. Justine continues to …
Herbert Hoover, the Commerce Secretariat, and the Vision of an “Associative State,” 1921–1928

IN recent years, the traditional image of American governmental activity in the 1920s has been substantially altered. Delving beneath the older stereotypes of "normalcy" and "retrenchment," scholars have found unsuspected survivals of progressivism, a growing federal bureaucracy that tried to use as well as serve business groups, and an incipient form of "indicative planning" based on corporatist rather than classical economics. In many respects, they have concluded, the period should be viewed as the beginnings of the "modern era," not as a reversion to past patterns or as a frivolous and wasted interlude between progressivism and the New Deal.' And for some, the 1920s has more current relevance than the decades that followed, particularly in efforts to balance technological needs with America's individualistic heritage, build an international community without policing the world, and work out bureaucratic arrangements that would nourish individual, community, and private effort rather than supplant them.2
Steroid-dependent Crohn's disease

Placebo controlled trials have demonstrated that a tapering course of corticosteroids is an effective therapy for active Crohn's disease. A population-based study of 109 patients with Crohn's disease undergoing their first course of corticosteroids showed that, at the end of one year, 44% of patients were steroid responsive, 36% were steroid dependent and 20% were steroid refractory. Side effects occur frequently during a four-month tapering course of corticosteroids, including moon face, acne, infection, ecchymoses, hypertension, hirsutism, petechial bleeding and striae. More serious side effects occur with long term use, including hypertension, diabetes, infection, osteonecrosis, osteoporosis, myopathy, cataracts, glaucoma and psychosis. Low dose corticosteroids, alternate-day corticosteroids and mesalamine (5-aminosalicylate) are not effective steroid-sparing agents in patients with Crohn's disease. Controlled ileal release budesonide, 6 mg/day, is an effective steroid-sparing agent, but it does result in some decrease in adrenal function. Azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate are all effective steroid-sparing agents, as is the humanized, anti-tumour necrosis factor monoclonal antibody, CDP571. A preliminary, uncontrolled study has suggested that the mouse/human chimeric monoclonal antibody infliximab may also be steroid sparing. Surgical resection is an effective strategy to reduce steroid use in the short to intermediate term, but postoperative reoccurrence of Crohn's disease occurs frequently. Given the morbidity associated with prolonged corticosteroid use, medical and surgical treatment strategies to reduce steroid use should be employed routinely.
Children and emotions history

AbstractThis paper explores two major sets of changes in American approaches to children and emotion, around 1800 and again in the 1920s; and then examines more specific shifts in emotions such as grief, happiness and shame, exploring causation and impact. The text sketches several key historical findings about emotional standards and childhood, particularly in the USA, while indicating as well some characteristic challenges and opportunities for further work. The presentation also interweaves two other issues: the complexities around discussing changes and continuities in the actual emotions of children, and links – existing and potential – between historical and psychological work in the field.
Compassion and Pity, Sympathy, and Empathy

This chapter underlines features of emotions similar to compassion in order to understand their connections and differences. Some variability exists in the use of the terms pity, sympathy, empathy, and compassion in theoretical discourses. The examination by theorists such as Young-Mason, Nussbaum, Whitebrook, Porter, and Switankowsky will be considered. This chapter clarifies that unlike other examinations of compassion, the present work is centering on the political and social ramifications that emotional partaking in others’ suffering may suggest, rather than on underscoring the concentration of the pain or the perspective of perception.
LURU: global-scope FPGA technology mapping with content-addressable memories

The paper proposes a technique for area-optimized FPGA technology mapping. The LURU algorithm maps a combinational circuit to a network of K-input lookup tables (LUTs). The LURU algorithm uses content addressable memory (CAM) to enable parallel pattern matching in a Boolean network. As a result, it is possible to perform global searches quickly within an entire Boolean network, thus increasing the quality of results compared to algorithms of local scope. To utilize CAM for the LURU algorithm, a circuit is described as a set of one dimensional text strings, each of which independently represents the topology of a portion of the circuit. The LURU algorithm was tested with specially partitioned circuits from the ISCAS'85 set of combinational benchmarks. These results are compared with results obtained from the mapping algorithms FlowMap and CutMap. It is demonstrated that using LURU leads to an average of 25% area improvement over both FlowMap and CutMap.
New Opportunities on Phase Transitions of Correlated Electron Nanostructures

Correlated Electron Materials (CEMs) typically exhibit complex domain structures at the micro- to nanometer scales which greatly affect their physical behavior. Nanoscale specimens can be made smaller or comparable to their characteristic domain sizes, thus enabling detailed investigation into their intrinsic properties. VO2 is a representative CEM that exhibits coupled electronic and structural phase transitions. The phase transition in VO2 bulk and thin films features percolative, random domain structures, which result in averaged physical behavior in measurements. This chapter focuses on recent reports of nanostructured VO2 that has led to new discoveries and helps resolve many outstanding questions from bulk and thin film studies. The chapter specifically focuses on the following topics (1) origin of the phase inhomogeneity in VO2; (2) domain organization and manipulation; (3) driving mechanism of the phase transition; (4) superelasticity and mechanical properties; (5) new phase stabilization under stress; and (6) thermoelectric effects of the domain walls. The general nanostructures approach suggests a new pathway for investigating many complicated effects in a broad range of CEMs.
Environmental Factors Influencing Reproduction in a Temperate Marine Reef Goby, Rhinogobiops nicholsii, and Associated Behaviors

Abstract The blackeye goby is a protogynous reef fish common to the northeastern Pacific Ocean. While this ubiquitous species has been the focus of numerous studies, there are several aspects of its reproductive ecology that are unknown. By directly quantifying reproduction from digital photographs of blackeye goby nests in the field, this study aimed to determine whether reproductive patterns were linked to 1) lunar phase or 2) ambient water temperature; and 3) whether the behavior of gobies changed when a nearby conspecific had eggs in his nest. At Santa Catalina Island, California, twenty 2.25-m2 artificial reefs were established and stocked with similar numbers and size-distributions of blackeye gobies during the summers of 2012 and 2013. Photographs of nests were taken weekly for ∼3 months each summer. Through analysis of photographs, incubation time was found to be more than 7 days but less than 14 days. Nests, each guarded by one male, contained an average of 8664 eggs, in an area of 43.8 cm2, with...
Dog attachment and perceived social support in overweight/obese and healthy weight children.

Abstract The development of effective and sustainable interventions to treat childhood obesity remains both a priority and a challenge. Previous studies support that dogs provide social support in overweight adults in obesity interventions, but the child-dog relationship is not as well understood. The goal of the study was to examine the child-dog relationship among children to inform novel childhood obesity interventions including dogs. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Living Laboratory® at the Museum of Science, Boston in 2015. Children aged 8–13, with a dog in the household, answered surveys on pet attachment (Pet Relationship Scale), perceived social support from parents and close friends (Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale), and had a height and weight measurement taken for calculation of body mass index percentile. Overweight and obese children (≥ 85th body mass index percentile) had greater mean attachment score to their dog and less mean perceived social support from their parents and friends combined compared to healthy weight children (73.1 ± 5.6 vs. 68.5 ± 7.2, p = 0.037; 110.5 ± 13.5 vs. 122.9 ± 14.8, p = 0.015, respectively; n = 43). In conclusions, children who are overweight/obese report greater mean dog attachment and lower mean perceived social support, supporting the concept that pet dogs are considered part of overweight/obese children's social support networks. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the impact of including pet dogs as additional health support in child obesity interventions.
Geriatric Pain: Pain Perceptions in the Old

Pain is a universal part of human existence, is the most frequent reason for unscheduled clinic visits, and is critical in diagnosis. If perception (quality, quantity, location, duration, and suffering) of pain changes in old age, recognition of this is important for accuracy of diagnoses, treatment, and humanitarian care of the old. This review summarizes the literature concerning age differences in pain perception and suggests strategies, based on a psychophysiologic perspective, for further research. It is noted that adults at greatest risk for under treatment of both acute and chronic pain are those who are most dependent: the frail old-old and persons with communication problems due to age-related cognitive impairments.
Ecological Model for Seral Stage Classification and Monitoring within a Greasewood/Western Wheatgrass-Blue Grama Ecological Type

A multivariate statistical model was developed to classify seral stages and to monitor vegetation within a greasewood-western wheatgrass-blue grama (Sarcobatus vermiculatus/Pascopyrum smithii-Bouteloua gracilis) ecological type. Two key plant species, greasewood and western wheatgrass, provide the required information for the model to classify seral stages and monitor trends based on index values of both plants (canopy cover (%) and frequency of occurrence (%)). Three seral stages were quantitatively identified. Classification had an overall accuracy of 94% and all seral stages were significantly different (P < 0.05). Three seral stages (late, intermediate and early) provide resource managers quantitative options to evaluate alternatives and objectives associated with steady states and transitions between and among seral stages. Application of this model within the greasewood ecological type is simple to apply, repeatable, accurate and cost effective for field applications.
Understanding and projecting the restaurantscape: The influence of neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics on restaurant location

Abstract To better understand the location patterns of different types of restaurants across the United States, we investigate the relationship between neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics and restaurant location using a unique data set from 2013 covering 30,772 U.S. zip codes. The estimation results from negative binomial regression models confirm the significant impacts of various sociodemographic factors (e.g., population density, median age, median household income, average household size, educational attainment, gender distribution, housing tenure, neighborhood urbanization) on restaurant location. We also project future restaurant growth potential based on model estimates and projected changes in sociodemographic characteristics by 2020. The results are analyzed, and several metropolitan areas in Texas and Florida are identified as having high potential for growth. Lastly, implications are provided for restaurant real estate practitioners.
Arginyltransferase ATE1 is targeted to the neuronal growth cones and regulates neurite outgrowth during brain development

Arginylation is an emerging protein modification mediated by arginyltransferase ATE1, shown to regulate embryogenesis and actin cytoskeleton, however its functions in different physiological systems are not well understood. Here we analyzed the role of ATE1 in brain development and neuronal growth by producing a conditional mouse knockout with Ate1 deletion in the nervous system driven by Nestin promoter (Nes-Ate1 mice). These mice were weaker than wild type, resulting in low postnatal survival rates, and had abnormalities in the brain that suggested defects in neuronal migration. Cultured Ate1 knockout neurons showed a reduction in the neurite outgrowth and the levels of doublecortin and F-actin in the growth cones. In wild type, ATE1 prominently localized to the growth cones, in addition to the cell bodies. Examination of the Ate1 mRNA sequence reveals the existence of putative zipcode-binding sequences involved in mRNA targeting to the cell periphery and local translation at the growth cones. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that Ate1 mRNA localized to the tips of the growth cones, likely due to zipcode-mediated targeting, and this localization coincided with spots of localization of arginylated β-actin, which disappeared in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors. We propose that zipcode-mediated co-targeting of Ate1 and β-actin mRNA leads to localized co-translational arginylation of β-actin that drives the growth cone migration and neurite outgrowth.
Causal evidence for learning-dependent frontal-lobe contributions to cognitive control

The lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) plays a central role in the prioritization of sensory input based on task relevance. Such top-down control of perception is of fundamental importance in goal-directed behavior, but can also be costly when deployed excessively, necessitating a mechanism that regulates control engagement to align it with changing environmental demands. We have recently introduced the "flexible control model" (FCM), which explains this regulation as resulting from a self-adjusting reinforcement-learning mechanism that infers latent statistical structure in dynamic task environments to predict forthcoming states. From this perspective, LPFC-based control is engaged as a function of anticipated cognitive demand, a notion for which we previously obtained correlative neuroimaging evidence. Here, we put this hypothesis to a rigorous, causal test by combining the FCM with a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) intervention that transiently perturbed the LPFC. Human participants (male and female) completed a nonstationary version of the Stroop task with dynamically changing probabilities of conflict between task-relevant and task-irrelevant stimulus features. TMS was given on each trial before stimulus onset either over the LPFC or over a control site. In the control condition, we observed adaptive performance fluctuations consistent with demand predictions that were inferred from recent and remote trial history and effectively captured by our model. Critically, TMS over the LPFC eliminated these fluctuations while leaving basic cognitive and motor functions intact. These results provide causal evidence for a learning-based account of cognitive control and delineate the nature of the signals that regulate top-down biases over stimulus processing.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A core function of the human prefrontal cortex is to control the signal flow in sensory brain regions to prioritize processing of task-relevant information. Abundant work suggests that such control is flexibly recruited to accommodate dynamically changing environmental demands, yet the nature of the signals that serve to engage control remains unknown. Here, we combined computational modeling with noninvasive brain stimulation to show that changes in control engagement are captured by a self-adjusting reinforcement-learning mechanism that tracks changing environmental statistics to predict forthcoming processing demands and that transient perturbation of the prefrontal cortex abolishes these adjustments. These findings delineate the learning signals that underpin adaptive engagement of prefrontal control functions and provide causal evidence for their relevance in behavioral control.
Quasielastic electron scattering from 40 Ca

Differential cross sections for quasielastic electron scattering on ${}^{40}$Ca have been measured at laboratory scattering angles of 45.5$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, 90$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, and 140$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ with bombarding energies ranging from 130 to 840 MeV. Transverse and longitudinal response functions have been extracted for momentum transfers from 300 to 500 MeV/$c$. Contrary to some previously reported results, the total observed longitudinal strength agrees with the relativistic Fermi gas prediction to within $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$18%.
Cooperative data access in multi-cloud environments

In this paper, we discuss the problem of enabling cooperative query execution in a multi-cloud environment where the data is owned and managed by multiple enterprises. We assume that each enterprise defines a set of allow rules to facilitate access to its data, which is assumed to be stored as relational tables. We propose an efficient algorithm using join properties to decide whether a given query will be allowed. We also allow enterprises to explicitly forbid access to certain data via deny rules and propose an efficient algorithm to check for conflicts between allow and deny rules.
Development of activity rates in fledgling songbirds: when do young birds begin to behave like adults?

Logistical and technological limitations have constrained the characterization of behavioural development in songbirds, particularly during the post-fledging period. Recently, advances in radio-telemetry technology — automated radio-telemetry systems (ARTS) capable of recording continuous, high-resolution spatial-temporal data on radio-tagged birds — have opened the door to more comprehensive examinations of fledgling behaviour. We examined development of activity rates (number of times a bird was determined to have moved per number of detections, per hour) in fledgling Dickcissels using ARTS established at two grassland sites in east-central Illinois, USA. Specifically, we described general patterns of fledgling activity rates and determined the age at which fledglings began exhibiting activity rates like adults. We found that juveniles decreased activity rates immediately following fledging, likely to avoid detection by snakes and other predators, but increased activity levels throughout the rest of the post-fledging period. Peak hours of fledgling activity occurred around 0700 and 1800 h for all ages, with consistently low activity rates at night. On average, fledglings began exhibiting adult-like activity rates approximately 22 days after fledging, around roughly the same time they stopped being fed by adults. While our study provides important insights into development of fledgling behaviour in the Dickcissel, it remains unclear how patterns of behavioural development vary within and among species.
Gender Differences in Personality and Social Behavior

Over a wide range of personality and social variables, there is much evidence of gender similarities. For the Big Five personality dimensions, there is no gender difference in openness to experience (d=.03) and small differences in conscientiousness (−.13), extraversion or gregariousness (−.14), and neuroticism (−.25); there is, however, a large difference in one aspect of agreeableness, termed tendermindedness or nurturance (−.97). The gender difference in self-esteem is small (.21). Likewise, there are many gender similarities in the realm of social behavior. The direction of the gender difference in helping behavior depends largely on the situation. In small groups, men and women are similar in their instrumental and expressive behaviors. The gender difference in democratic vs. autocratic leadership style is small (−.22 for democratic style). The research evidence does not support popular media claims about enormous gender differences in language use. The gender difference in self-disclosure is small (−.18). There are several exceptions to this pattern of gender similarities. Gender differences are moderately large for aggression (.50), smiling (−.63), and sensitivity to nonverbal cues (−.52).
Smoking cessation, weight gain, and risk of stroke among postmenopausal women.

Abstract The relationship between smoking cessation, concurrent weight gain, and stroke events is not yet understood. Thus, we examined the association between smoking cessation and subsequent stroke risk and whether the association was modified by concurrent weight gain. In 2017, we analyzed data from 109,498 postmenopausal US women enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative from 1993 to 1998. Women with a history of cancer or cardiovascular disease events were excluded. The median length of follow-up time was 14.01 years. Variables of primary focus were smoking cessation, weight change, and clinically confirmed incident cases of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke. Hazard ratios were estimated for stroke incidences (all, ischemic, and hemorrhagic) associated with smoking cessation using Cox regression. The exposure-outcome relationship of smoking cessation and risk of stroke was evaluated for effect modification by weight change. Recent quitters between baseline and year 3 had a significantly lower risk for all stroke and ischemic stroke, but not hemorrhagic stroke, when compared to the reference group of continuing smokers. In the multivariable-adjusted model for ischemic stroke, the hazard ratio for recent quitters was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.46, 0.95). In the model for hemorrhagic stroke, the hazard ratio for recent quitters was 0.76 (95% CI: 0.36, 1.61). The association between recent quitting and stroke risk was not significantly modified by weight change. Smoking cessation was associated with a significant reduction in stroke risk. The benefit of smoking cessation on the risk of stroke was not attenuated by concurrent weight gain.
EARLY LEARNINGS FROM A LARGE PALLIATIVE CARE COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS TRIAL

AbstractAlthough early studies of home-based palliative care (HBPC) demonstrate strong evidence of improved patient outcomes and reduced costs, this model of care has experienced limited transfer outside of managed care environments. Under a contract from Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute, we are conducting a pragmatic comparative effectiveness trial of HBPC versus enhanced usual care across 10 medical groups in California, enrolling more than 1,000 patients and their caregivers. In this session we present lessons learned in engaging a myriad of stakeholders: patients and caregivers, primary care physicians, medical group administrators, and HBPC providers. Additionally, we describe challenges to participant enrollment and mechanisms undertaken to overcome obstacles to patient and caregiver enrollment. We also discuss the role of patient and caregiver stakeholders in our study and in overcoming our barriers to engagement.
Abstract WMP56: Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in Black versus White Medicare Beneficiaries With Implanted Cardiac Devices

Introduction: Black individuals in the U.S. have a higher risk of ischemic stroke than whites but a lower risk of clinically apparent atrial fibrillation (AF), a strong stroke risk factor. It is un...
Cap-fitted endoscopic mucosal resection of ≥ 20 mm colon flat lesions followed by argon plasma coagulation results in a low adenoma recurrence rate

Background and study aims Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is increasingly used for the treatment of large colonic polyps (≥ 20 mm). A drawback of EMR is local adenoma recurrence. Therefore, we studied the impact of argon plasma coagulation (APC) of the EMR edge on local adenoma recurrence. Patients and methods This was a retrospective study of patients with laterally spreading tumors (LST) ≥ 20 mm, who underwent EMR from January 2009 to August 2018 and follow-up endoscopic assessment. A cap-fitted endoscope was used to assess completeness of resection by systematically inspecting the EMR defect for any macroscopic disease. This was followed by forced APC of the resection edge followed by clip closure of the defect. Surveillance colonoscopy was performed at 6 months after resection to detect recurrence. Results Two hundred forty-six patients met the inclusion criteria. Most were female (53 %) and white (80 %), with a Median age of 64 years. Median polyp size was 35 mm (interquartile range, 30–45 mm). Most polyps were located in the right colon (77 %) and were removed by piecemeal EMR (70 %). Eleven patients (5 %) had residual tumor at the resection site. Conclusions We observed low adenoma recurrence after argon plasma coagulation of the EMR edge with a cap fitted colonoscope in patients with LST ≥ 20 mm of the colon, which requires further validation in a randomized controlled study.
APICAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY IN TRANSPLANTED HEART: A CASE REPORT

Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a form of HCM that typically has a non-obstructive physiology and benign prognosis. It rarely occurs in transplanted hearts. 68-year-old female with past history of heart transplant in 2000 due to idiopathic cardiomyopathy, hypertension, and liver
Work adaptations insufficient to address growing heat risk for U.S. agricultural workers

The over one million agricultural workers in the United States (U.S.) are amongst the populations most vulnerable to the health impacts of extreme heat. Climate change will further increase this vulnerability. Here we estimate the magnitude and spatial patterns of the growing heat exposure and health risk faced by U.S. crop workers and assess the effect of workplace adaptations on mitigating that risk. We find that the average number of days spent working in unsafe conditions will double by mid-century, and, without mitigation, triple by the end of it. Increases in rest time and the availability of climate-controlled recovery areas can eliminate this risk but could affect farm productivity, farm worker earnings, and/or labor costs much more than alternative measures. Safeguarding the health and well-being of U.S. crop workers will therefore require systemic change beyond the worker and workplace level.
Interventions to improve adherence to antenatal and postnatal care regimens among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review.

Pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa tend to have low adherence to antenatal and postnatal care regimens, contributing to high infant and child mortality rates. Despite low adherence figures and the high returns from attending antenatal and postnatal care visits, research on interventions to improve adherence is in its infancy. Our aim was to determine the effectiveness of existing interventions to improve adherence to antenatal and postnatal care regimens among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. Full text, peer-reviewed articles, published in English and listed in PubMed or PsycINFO through January 2018 were identified in a systematic review. Studies were restricted to randomized controlled trials only and had to assess intervention impact on antenatal and postnatal care adherence, operationalized as the frequency of visits attended. Two reviewers independently screened papers for inclusion and evaluated the risk of systematic error in each study using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Any discrepancies were reconciled by a third independent reviewer. The initial search generated 186 articles, of which, five met our inclusion criteria. Due to the small sample size and methodological variation across studies, a pooled effect size estimate could not be obtained. Therefore, effects on antenatal and postnatal care adherence were examined and reported at the individual study level. None of the interventions were directly aimed at improving adherence, but two of the five, both behavioral interventions, demonstrated effectiveness in increasing antenatal care (rate ratio 5.86, 95% CI 2.6-13.0, p<0.0001) and postnatal care adherence (31.3%, 95% CI 15.4-47.2, p=0.0009), respectively. Three home visit interventions had no effect on antenatal care adherence. Although the risk of bias was unclear or high in some cases, it remained low in most categories across studies. Results point to a large gap in the literature on interventions to address antenatal and postnatal care adherence in sub-Saharan Africa. Interventions drawing upon the executive function literature and the promising results of the behavioral interventions reviewed here are urgently needed to address these gaps. The review was prospectively registered with PROSPERO, id number https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=88152, on February 7, 2018.
Grateful and Existential Meaning across Cultures

The current study defined two types of thinking about meaning in life and explored their cultural variations. Grateful meaning indicates thinking about meaning when people are satisfied with their ...