cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence that bile salts are important for iron absorption

The role of bile salts in intestinal Fe absorption has not previously been defined. We have recently shown that bile salts having cholanic ring 7 alpha-OH and/or 12 alpha-OH groups bind Fe2+ with high affinity at premicellar concentrations and also produce a two-to threefold enhancement in Fe2+ uptake from perfused intestinal segments in vivo. However, the physiological relevance of these observations for Fe2+ absorption was not known. To study this, we examined the effects of a single dose of taurocholate (TC) administered with 59Fe-FeSO4 in reversing iron malabsorption induced by bile duct ligation. Fe absorption from three 0.5-mg doses of 59Fe-FeSO4 was measured from five groups of six adult Sprague-Dawley rats each: group 1, before and after bile duct ligation and subsequent administration of 59Fe-FeSO4 + TC test dose; group 2, before and after bile duct ligation followed by a third dose of Fe alone; group 3, before and after bile duct ligation followed by a third dose of Fe+taurodehydrocholate (TDHC); group 4, sham laparotomy; and group 5, nonoperated controls where Fe absorption was measured from three doses of 59Fe-FeSO4 at the same time intervals as group 1. Absorption was measured, using whole body counting, after achievement of steady-state counts after each Fe dose. Mean percentage absorption from dose 1 (baseline) was 35.33 +/- 4.6% (SE). No significant differences between any groups were noted. In nonoperated controls (group 4), Fe absorption was virtually identical after all three doses. Also, hematocrit did not change in any of the 30 animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Lung as a transplant site for malignant tumors in rodents

Rodent lungs have been inoculated with tumor cell suspensions from various sources by a previously described “intra-oral” technique. The technique is simple and rapid and has yielded a high incidence of bronchogenic and alveogenic pulmonary tumors. The reproducibility of this technique would allow its use in providing a model for evaluating the effects of chemotherapy on malignant neoplasms of the air passages of the lung.
Ruthenium catalyzed regioselective step-growth copolymerization of 4′-methoxyacetophenone, or 4′-phenoxyacetophenone and α, ω-dienes

Ruthenium catalyzed step growth copolymerization of 4′-methoxyacetophenone or 4′-phenoxyacetophenone and α,ω-dienes such as 1,3-divinyltetramethyldisiloxane or 3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-3,6-disila-1,7-octadiene give copolymers which have respectable molecular weights. The synthesis and characterization of these copolymers is reported. Higher molecular weight copolymers are quite thermally stable.
Asymptomatic p16-Positive Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Emerging Trend

Importance The rapid increase of human papillomavirus–associated oropharyngeal cancer has demonstrated a need for new strategies in prevention, diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. Because there are currently no available screening technologies to detect early disease, a trend of purely incidentally identified asymptomatic p16-positive squamous cell carcinoma has been observed. We identify and describe a case series of these patients. Observations A total of 134 patients with p16-positive oropharyngeal cancer were identified. Of these patients, 5 (3.7%) were identified as having completely asymptomatic primary site p16-positive tumors found during workup for other nonrelated medical problems. Four patients were found with early T-stage disease without nodal metastasis, and underwent surgical treatment as a single modality. One patient had advanced-stage disease and underwent chemoradiation. At a mean follow-up of 12.6 months, all patients remained disease free. Conclusions and Relevance With the rise of p16-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and lack of screening technologies for early-stage disease, purely incidentally diagnosed disease might increase in incidence. These findings underscore the importance of a comprehensive physical examination on all patients. Although follow-up is too limited for definitive conclusions, early experience suggests that these patients can be treated with unimodality therapy when presenting with stage I or II disease.
The cation radical vinylcyclobutane rearrangement

The cation radical vinylcyclobutane (VCB) rearrangement is found to be a reaction of substantial scope, synthetic utility, and exceptional kinetic facility. In conjuction with cation radical cyclobutanation, it constitutes an effective method for net (indirect) Diels–Alder addition to electron rich dienophiles. Reactions can be carried out with either aminium salt or photosensitized electron transfer (PET) initiation and are powerfully facilitated by ionizable substituents such as p-anisyl, phenylthio, and phenoxy at the 2-position of the vinylcyclobutane. The intramolecularity of the reaction is clearly established and in four discrete systems preferred sr (suprafacial/retention) stereochemistry is observed. A theoretical basis for sr stereochemistry in the cation radical VCB rearrangement is advanced. The transition state for the reaction is considered to be similar to that for the direct cation radical Diels–Alder cycloaddition, another cation radical pericyclic reaction which converges on the same product. This model of the VCB rearrangement transition state is used to rationalize the strong rate-retarding effect of a Z-methyl substituent attached to the vinyl group and of a methyl substituent at the 4-position of the vinylcyclobutane ring cis to the vinyl substituent.
Modulation of human erythrocyte Ca2+/Mg2+ ATPase activity by phospholipase A2 and proteases. A comparison with calmodulin.

Abstract The human erythrocyte membrane Ca 2+ Mg 2+ ATPase responded to the presence of an acidic phospholipase A2 and to low levels of trypsin (and chymotrypsin) in much the same way as it did to calmodulin isolated from human erythrocytes. The increased concentration of ATP hydrolyzed in 1 hour was similar to that observed when calmodulin had been added to a suspension of membranes during the assay. The observations reported here strongly suggest that activation of the Ca 2+ M 2+ ATPase can proceed by introducing apparently distinct perturbations either to the protein or to phospholipid domains of the erythrocyte membrane.
Method for determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography

An improved method utilizing reverse-phase liquid chromatography on a styrene-divinylbenzene column (PRP-1) and ultraviolet detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) senecionine, seneciphylline, and retrorsine and their major metabolites produced during in vitro transformation of PAs by microsomal enzyme systems. The procedure employs direct injection of the 46,000g supernatant of the microsomal reaction mixture directly onto the column, and elution with a 0.1 M NH4OH-acetonitrile gradient. The method is very gentle, simple, and fast with excellent precision since no prior extraction, preconcentration, or derivatization steps are required. Using this procedure 6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine and the corresponding PA N-oxides were shown to be the major microsomal metabolites of the PAs examined. The detection limit of these metabolites was approximately 1 microM.
Short-term oral ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) reduces malondialdehyde levels in washed platelets of type 2 diabetic subjects

We have recently reported that ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) (a) significantly reduced collagen-induced platelet aggregation and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) production in both non-diabetic individuals as well as those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), (b) significantly reduced platelet malondialdehyde (MDA), an index of lipid peroxidation, in non-diabetic subjects. In the present study we report that ingestion of EGb 761 (120 mg daily for 3 months), significantly decreased platelet MDA-thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) (41 +/- 9 pmol/10(7) platelets versus 30 +/- 11 pmol/10(7) platelets) (p < 0.005) in T2DM subjects with normal cholesterol levels (total cholesterol, 164 +/- 22 mg/dl; age, 54 +/- 9 years; BMI, 35.0 +/- 8.8 kg/m2, n = 12). In T2DM subjects with high cholesterol (total cholesterol, 218 +/- 15 mg/dl; age, 52 +/- 5 years; BMI, 36.2 +/- 6.6 kg/m2, n = 7), EGb 761 ingestion reduced the platelet TBARS from 29 +/- 9 to 22 +/- 9 pmol/10(7) platelets (p < 0.04). Because ingestion of EGb 761 did not alter platelet counts it is concluded that EGb 761, probably due to the flavonoid fraction, reduced the TBARS by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX)-1-mediated arachidonic acid oxygenation or by reducing the arachidonic acid pool. This is likely to lead to a reduction of platelet hyperactivity, a significant contributor to the development of cardiovascular disease in T2DM patients. Because of other reported beneficial properties of EGb 761, such as stimulation of pancreatic beta-cell function in T2DM subjects with pancreatic exhaustion, it appears that T2DM subjects might benefit from ingesting EGb 761 as a dietary supplement.
An in Vitro Model for Investigation of Chemotherapeutic Agents in Leishmaniasis

Clinically achievable concentrations of the three major antileishmanial drugs in use--pentavalent antimony, pentamidine, and amphotericin B--eliminated 90%--100% of the mammalian forms (amastigotes) of Leishmania tropica and Leishmania donovani from in vitro infected human monocyte-derived macrophages. This is apparently the first report of in vitro susceptibility of Leishmania to pentavalent antimony or to pentamidine. The insensitivity of insect forms (promastigotes) multiplying in cell-free media to thee drugs suggests that amastigotes are more sensitive than promastigotes to these antileishmanial agents. Alternatively, macrophages may concentrate or metabolize the drugs to increase their toxicity. In contrast, amphotericin B was toxic to both amastigotes and promastigotes. The sensitivities of Leishmania within human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro to clinically achievable concentration of antileishmanial agents suggests that this model may be useful for investigation of mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance of antimicrobial agents against Leishmania.
Highly sensitive detection of DNA phosphorylation by counting single nanoparticles.

DNA phosphorylation is a vital process in the repair, replication, and recombination of nucleic acids. Traditionally, it is assayed by denaturing gel electrophoresis and autoradiography, which are tedious and not sensitive. We report on the development of a sensitive, simple, and economical method for DNA phosphorylation detection and T4 polynucleotide kinase (T4 PNK) activity assay based on marking DNA phosphorylation/biotinylation events by the attachment of fluorescent nanoparticles. Enzyme activity of T4 PNK is measured down to a limit of 5 × 10−6 U/ml, which is 400 times lower than previous reports. We also studied DNA phosphorylation specificity with different DNA substrates. Furthermore, T4 PNK inhibition by the inhibitor ADP and activation by the activator spermine are shown, demonstrating the potential for high-throughput screening for inhibitors and activators.
Convection and retro-convection enhanced delivery: some theoretical considerations related to drug targeting.

Delivery of drugs and macromolecules into the brain is a challenging problem, due in part to the blood–brain barrier. In this article, we focus on the possibilities and limitations of two infusion techniques devised to bypass the blood–brain barrier: convection enhanced delivery (CED) and retro-convection enhanced delivery (R-CED). CED infuses fluid directly into the interstitial space of brain or tumor, whereas R-CED removes fluid from the interstitial space, which results in the transfer of drugs from the vascular compartment into the brain or tumor. Both techniques have shown promising results for the delivery of drugs into large volumes of tissue. Theoretical approaches of varying complexity have been developed to better understand and predict brain interstitial pressures and drug distribution for these techniques. These theoretical models of flow and diffusion can only be solved explicitly in simple geometries, and spherical symmetry is usually assumed for CED, while axial symmetry has been assumed for R-CED. This perspective summarizes features of these models and provides physical arguments and numerical simulations to support the notion that spherical symmetry is a reasonable approximation for modeling CED and R-CED. We also explore the potential of multi-catheter arrays for delivering and compartmentalizing drugs using CED and R-CED.
Intelligent SDN based Traffic (de)Aggregation and Measurement Paradigm (iSTAMP)

Fine-grained traffic flow measurement, which provides useful information for network management tasks and security analysis, can be challenging to obtain due to monitoring resource constraints. The alternate approach of inferring flow statistics from partial measurement data has to be robust against dynamic temporal/spatial fluctuations of network traffic. In this paper, we propose an intelligent Traffic (de)Aggregation and Measurement Paradigm (iSTAMP), which partitions TCAM entries of switches/routers into two parts to: 1) optimally aggregate part of incoming flows for aggregate measurements, and 2) de-aggregate and directly measure the most informative flows for per-flow measurements. iSTAMP then processes these aggregate and per-flow measurements to effectively estimate network flows using a variety of optimization techniques. With the advent of Software-Defined-Networking (SDN), such real-time rule (re)configuration can be achieved via OpenFlow or other similar SDN APIs. We first show how to design the optimal aggregation matrix for minimizing the flow-size estimation error. Moreover, we propose a method for designing an efficient-compressive flow aggregation matrix under hard resource constraints of limited TCAM sizes. In addition, we propose an intelligent Multi-Armed Bandit based algorithm to adaptively sample the most 'rewarding' flows, whose accurate measurements have the highest impact on the overall flow measurement and estimation performance. We evaluate the performance of iSTAMP using real traffic traces from a variety of network environments and by considering two applications: traffic matrix estimation and heavy hitter detection. Also, we have implemented a prototype of iSTAMP and demonstrated its feasibility and effectiveness in Mininet environment. © 2014 IEEE.
Differences in torsional joint stiffness of the knee between genders: a human cadaveric study.

BackgroundIn many sports, female athletes have a higher incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury than do male athletes. Among many risk factors, the lower rotatory joint stiffness of female k...
Observed changes in extreme wet and dry spells during the South Asian summer monsoon season

The South Asian summer monsoon has an impact on over one billion people. This study applies statistical techniques to precipitation observations (over the period 1951–2011) and finds significant increases in daily precipitation variability, the frequency of dry spells and the intensity of wet spells, whereas dry spell intensity decreases. The South Asian summer monsoon directly affects the lives of more than 1/6th of the world’s population. There is substantial variability within the monsoon season, including fluctuations between periods of heavy rainfall (wet spells) and low rainfall (dry spells)1. These fluctuations can cause extreme wet and dry regional conditions that adversely impact agricultural yields, water resources, infrastructure and human systems2,3. Through a comprehensive statistical analysis of precipitation observations (1951–2011), we show that statistically significant decreases in peak-season precipitation over the core-monsoon region have co-occurred with statistically significant increases in daily-scale precipitation variability. Further, we find statistically significant increases in the frequency of dry spells and intensity of wet spells, and statistically significant decreases in the intensity of dry spells. These changes in extreme wet and dry spell characteristics are supported by increases in convective available potential energy and low-level moisture convergence, along with changes to the large-scale circulation aloft in the atmosphere. The observed changes in wet and dry extremes during the monsoon season are relevant for managing climate-related risks, with particular relevance for water resources, agriculture, disaster preparedness and infrastructure planning.
Deformation extrapolation and initial predictors in large-deformation finite element analysis

In implicit Lagrangian finite element formulations, it is generally necessary to extrapolate to time tk+1the motion in the converged time step tk−1→tk, in order to provide an initial predictor for the solution at time tk+1. This extrapolation is typically carried out by assuming a constant material velocity field in [tk−1, tk+1]. However, this practice can lead to a poor initial estimate of the equilibrium solution at tk+1, particularly when moderate or large rotation increments are involved. In some cases, the constant-material-velocity-field extrapolation is so inaccurate that convergence of the subsequent equilibrium iteration is precluded. The proposed technique involves extrapolation of the stretch and rotation fields rather than the displacement field. The extrapolated stretch and rotation are used to recompose a local deformation gradient which is, in general, incompatible. However, a compatible deformation field is recovered by minimization of a suitably-defined quadratic functional. This constrained minimization problem determines the displacement field that is closest, in a certain sense, to the extrapolated stretch and rotation. In this manner, an initial predictor is determined that is much more accurate, in many situations, than that given by the simple constant-nodal-velocity assumption. Three numerical examples are presented that illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed extrapolation method.
Influence of several irreversible losses on the performance of a ferroelectric Stirling refrigeration-cycle

Abstract An irreversible cycle model of the Stirling refrigeration-cycle, using a ferroelectric material as the working substance, is established. Several irreversibilities due to thermal resistances between the working substance and the heat reservoirs, regenerative losses in two regenerative processes, and heat-leak loss between the heat reservoirs are taken into account. The influence of these irreversible losses on the performance of the ferroelectric Stirling refrigeration-cycle is analyzed, based on a general expression of the polarization of ferroelectric materials and a linear heat-transfer law. The cooling rate is optimized for a given power input. Some fundamental optimal relations and general performance characteristic curves of the cycle are obtained. The maximum cooling rate and other relevant performance parameters are determined. Some special cases are discussed in detail. When the regenerative losses are neglected, the results obtained may be directly used to describe the optimal performance of a ferroelectric Carnot refrigeration-cycle. Moreover, it is expounded that the calculated results are very general and also suitable for the ferroelectric Stirling and Carnot refrigeration cycles whose working substances obey the Curie–Weiss law and Curie law.
Choroidal Vascular Changes in Toxemia of Pregnancy

Twenty-seven patients with toxemia of pregnancy were examined during a postpartum period of two days to eight months. Five of these manifested abnormal photographic and angiographic findings including disk and retinal edema, retinal striae, deep retinal yellow-white focal lesions, choroidal nonfilling, leakage of dye from the optic disk and deep retinal lesions, and retinal pigment epithelial window defects. The location and configuration of the leakage correlated with the defects seen on color photography. The normal retinal, and predominantly abnormal choroidal vascular patterns provide evidence implicating choroidal vascular insufficiency as the primary basis for secondary retinal detachments seen in toxemia of pregnancy.
Negative entropy and information in quantum mechanics

A framework for a quantum mechanical information theory is introduced that is based entirely on density operators, and gives rise to a unified description of classical correlation and quantum entanglement. Unlike in classical (Shannon) information theory, quantum (von Neumann) conditional entropies can be negative when considering quantum entangled systems, a fact related to quantum nonseparability. The possibility that negative (virtual) information can be carried by entangled particles suggests a consistent interpretation of quantum informational processes.
Determination of All Additive Sum Form Information Measures of k Positive Discrete Probability Distributions

Abstract This paper concerns an axiomatic characterization of information measures of dimension k. The Shannon entropy is an information measure of dimension one. Directed divergence and information improvement are examples of 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional information measures. From these k-dimensional information measures, one can obtain all dimensions (including 1, 2, and 3, which have already proven useful) at once. We determine all the information measures that depend upon several discrete probability distributions, have the sum property, and satisfy the additivity property. It is shown that the additive k-dimensional information measures along with the sum property are essentially the linear combination of the Shannon entropies and Kerridge inaccuracies.
Zinc requirement studies with practical rations.

Abstract STUDIES on the zinc requirement of chicks by Young, Edwards and Gillis (1958) using a purified diet has shown that not more than 55 ppm. zinc was required for maximum rate of growth. Mehring, Brumbaugh and Titus (1956) studied the effect of supplementing a practical corn-soybean meal type diet with zinc. Their basal diet contained 36 ppm. zinc, and the drinking water supplied additional zinc to give a total zinc intake of 42–45 ppm. for chicks fed the basal diet. Further increases to approximately 820 ppm. failed to stimulate or depress growth. Since simple practical type corn-soybean meal diets contain approximately 40 ppm. of zinc it seemed possible that under certain conditions zinc supplementation may be necessary for maximum rate of growth. Therefore the following studies were carried out to obtain more information on the need for zinc supplementation in practical diets. EXPERIMENTAL Day old White Rock chicks were used …
The lost geography of the American century

Abstract The rise of the American empire in the twentieth century was accompanied by the loss of a certain geographical parallax on world events. The roots of this ‘end of geography’ ideology can be traced to the defeat of the spatial turn of 1898–1919, a period in which the relationship between economic and geographical expansion was dramatically restructured. Recovering the geography of a supposedly aspatial American globalism is of historical importance as well as contemporary political interest.
MAKING SENSE OUT OF DEGREE COMPLETION RATES

It has been more than a decade since the U.S. Congress enacted the Student Right-to-Know and Campus Security Act, which requires colleges and universities to make public their six-year degree completion rates. Like several more recent state “assessment” initiatives, the reasoning behind this federal law was presumably to make higher education institutions more “accountable” by requiring them to collect and disseminate data reflecting institutional “quality” or “performance.” As someone who has made a good part of his living from assessment activities and who has regularly encouraged college officials to carry out more and better assessments of their students, in recent years I’ve found myself in the rather peculiar position of cautioning administrators and policy makers about the hazards of assessment. Although an institution’s degree completion rate is just one of several potentially misleading assessment indicators in widespread use today, its limitations illustrate a basic weakness inherent in several other popular assessment activities (Astin & Lee, 2003).
DOCUMENTATION OF SEA OTTERS AND BIRDS AS PREY FOR KILLER WHALES

An adult male killer whale (Orcinus orca) from the transient AT1 population was found dead on 19 April 2003 in southwest Prince William Sound (PWS) floating in LaTouche Passage, near the village of Chenega Bay (60.05◦N, 147.93◦W). It was examined by BAM, Brad Smith (NMFS), Dr. Kathy Burek (Alaska Veterinary Pathology Services), and Andy McLaughlin (a local resident) on 23 April 2003. Stomach contents were collected and later placed in 1.00-mm mesh screens and rinsed. Prey items were sorted macroscopically into major taxonomic groups, identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible, and weighed to the nearest 0.1 g. Mammal parts were identified by LTQ by comparison with known reference material at Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Bird parts were identified using University of Alaska Museum specimens and the assistance of Daniel Gibson. The octopus beak was identified by William Walker at NOAA’s National Marine Mammal Laboratory (NMML), and its estimated mantle length was calculated using Clarke (1986). The weight of an octopus of comparable size was estimated using the NMML reference collection. Other invertebrates were identified by Chris Stark at the Biological Oceanography Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science at the University of Alaska. The minimum age of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) was determined using foreclaw annuli (McLaren 1958). The killer whale’s age was estimated by counting growth layer groups (GLGs) of a longitudinal midsection of an etched, unstained section of tooth, with one GLG considered to represent an annual increment. Genetic analysis confirmed this was a killer whale from the AT1 population1 and that it could be one of two individuals: AT14, traveling alone since his former traveling partner AT1 was found dead at Orca Inlet in 2000; or AT13 that has not
Concepts in causality: chemically induced human urinary bladder cancer

A significant portion of the incidence of human urinary bladder cancer can be attributed to occupational and cultural (tobacco smoking) situations associated with exposures to various arylamines, many of which represent established human carcinogens. A brief historical overview of research in bladder cancer causality indicates that the identification of causal agents and causal mechanism has been approached and rests upon information gathered at the organismal (geographical/historical), cellular, and molecular levels of biologic organization. This viewpoint speaks of a natural evolution within the biomedical sciences; a natural evolution from descriptive approaches to mechanistic approaches; and a natural evolution from more or less independent discipline-oriented approaches to hierarchically organized multidisciplinary approaches. Available information relevant to bladder cancer causality can be readily integrated into general conceptual frameworks to yield a hierarchial view of the natural history of urinary bladder cancer, a view consistent with contemporary natural systems and information theory and perhaps relevant also to other chemically induced epithelial cancers. Such frameworks are useful in appreciating the spatial and temporal boundaries and interrelationships in causality and the conceptual interrelationships within the biomedical sciences. Recent approaches in molecular epidemiology and the assessment of relative individual susceptibility to bladder cancer indicate that such frameworks are useful in forming hypotheses.
Effect of neonatal thyroid hormone alterations on CNS ethanol sensitivity in adult LS and SS mice

Abstract LS and SS mice develop their differential sensitivity to the motor-incoordinating and hypothermic effects of ethanol at 10–16 days after birth, when thyroid hormones (T 4 ) show a transient peak. This rise in thyroid hormones is an important element in the normal development of monoaminergic systems and thyroid hormones reach a significantly higher level in the less ethanol-sensitive SS mice than in the more ethanol-sensitive LS mice. Previous investigations have suggested the differential ethanol response of brain monoaminergic neuronal systems in adult LS and SS mice may be related to this development difference in thyroid status. To test the hypothesis that neonatal thyroid status can influence adult. CNS ethanol sensitivity, LS and SS mice were treated neonatally with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and propylthiouracil (PTU) to enhance of diminish, respectively, thyroid status at this critical developmental period. The subsequent effect on adult CNS ethanol sensitivity was then determined. Contrary to expectations, both PTU and TRH administration attenuated the transient rise in plasma T 4 levels at postnatal days 10–16 in LS mice and in both instances this was associated with decreased CNS ethanol sensitivity (sleep time and hypothermia) in adults. In SS mice, PTU treatment attenuated the postnatal rise in T 4 levels as expected, whereas TRH treatment had no significant effect. However, neither neonatal treatment altered CNS ethanol sensitivity in adult SS mice. The decrease in ethanol-induced sleep times and hypothermia of neonatally treated LS mice was associated with an attenuation of ethanol-induced decreases in in vivo tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylase activity that was not seen in the SS mice. These findings are consistent with the notion that the response of monoaminergic neuronal systems to ethanol is an important determinant of behavioral intoxication. However, the observation that neonatal administration of both TRH and PTU blunted the postnatal rise in thyroid levels in LS mice, yet both treatments resulted in a decrease in adult ethanol sensitivity in LS mice, that the relationship between postnatal thyroid development and CNS ethanol sensitivity is more complex than originally hypothesized.
p-Siletanylbenzylidene acetal: oxidizable protecting group for diols.

Hydrogen peroxide oxidation of benzylidene acetals (and derivative benzyl ethers) that incorporate a siletane ring at the para position creates a deprotection pathway without affecting other important chemical properties of the benzylidene acetal, such as regioselective reductive ring opening.
Empirical Bayes Estimation of Reliability in a Positive Exponential Family

We study empirical Bayes estimation of reliability in a lifetime distribution having probability density f(y|θ) = αyαν−1 exp(−yα/θ)/[Γ(ν)θν], where 0 1 and ν* = max(1, ν) cases), where n is the number of past data available when the estimation problem is considered.
Immunopathology of atopic dermatitis.

In summary, AD is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with increased IgE production, eosinophilia, increased mast cell number and increased expression of the CD23 low-affinity IgE receptor on mononuclear cells. The basis of these immunologic defects appear to be the result of increased numbers of IL-4-, IL-5-producing Th2 cells. This results in an overstimulation of their IL-4-IL-4 receptor pathway that is accompanied by a relative deficiency of IFN-γ production. The acute manifestations of AD occur as the result of mast cell degranulation that can be triggered by a variety of stimuli including allergens, bacterial toxins or histamine-releasing factors secreted by activated T cells and macrophages. Mast cells release not only histamine which contributes to the acute sensation of pruritus but also cytokines and chemotactic factors which induce leukocyte adhesion molecules and attract inflammatory cells into the local tissue sites [3, 8, 26, 34]. The chronic manifestations of AD are probably the result of sustained cellular activation. The cellular infiltrate in the chronic lesion of AD consists primarily of T cells and macrophages [29]. T lymphocytes play two important roles in allergic responses: First, as already discussed they play a critical role in the regulation of IgE responses. Second, there is increasing evidence that they may play an important role in the control of the inflammatory response. This is orchestrated through organization of the cellular composition of the inflammatory cell infiltrate by the release of various cytokines. The release of IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF have pronounced effects on the differentiation and activation of eosinophils [52]. IL-3 promotes the growth of mucosal mast cells and stimulates basophil and mast cell histamine release. IL-4 promotes the growth of murine mast cells [18] and induces the expression of CD23 on macrophages [71]. The release of cytokines may, thus, account for the observation of increased mast cell number in chronic eczematoid lesions. Taken together, these observations suggest that the AD skin lesion is characterized by the infiltration of inflammatory cells which differ from those infiltrating into a type IV contact-sensitivity reaction. The sustained immune activation, which results in chronic AD, may be the result of an underlying T cell defect, e.g., decreased IFN-γ production following the activation of lymphocytes with a variety of stimuli. Treatment of patients withh rIFN-γ down-regulates the IL-4-IL-4 receptor pathway which is overstimulated in this disease. It is important to note, however, that although many immunopathologic features of AD have recently been elucidated, the fundamental etiology of these abnormalities remains to be unraveled.
New paradigms for active and passive 3D remote object sensing, visualization, and recognition

Three dimensional imaging is a powerful tool for object detection, identification, and classification. 3D imaging allows removal of partial obscurations in front of the imaged object. Traditional 3D image sensing has been Laser Radar (LADAR) based. Active imaging has benefits; however, its disadvantages are costs, detector array complexity, power, weight, and size. In this keynote address paper, we present an overview of 3D sensing approaches based on passive sensing using commercially available detector technology. 3D passive sensing will provide many benefits, including advantages at shorter ranges. For small, inexpensive UAVs, it is likely that 3D passive imaging will be preferable to active 3D imaging.
A Re-Evaluation of the Average Annual Global Water Balance

Legates and Mather (1992) used the Thornthwaite/Mather water balance and mean monthly air temperature and precipitation data on a 0.5° of latitude by 0.5° of longitude grid to refine spatial estimates of annual evapotranspiration and runoff on a global scale. Because Legates and Mather used the Thornthwaite potential evapotranspiration equation, they were unable to apply bias-adjustments to their precipitation estimates because, as Legates and Mather discovered, the Thornthwaite equation implicitly accounts for gage measurement biases by underestimating potential evapotranspiration. Here, we re-evaluate the results of Legates and Mather using bias-adjusted precipitation estimates and an alternative method of estimating potential evapotranspiration (i.e., the Hamon, 1963, method). These new results are compared with those from previous studies and are considered to be an improvement over the Legates and Mather values, as they are based on bias-adjusted precipitation estimates.
Tracer Test Analysis of Anisotropy in Hydraulic Conductivity of Granular Aquifers

A simple method of determining the anisotropy ratio of hydraulic conductivity in near-surface granular aquifers using tracer test and piezometer measurements is presented. Depending on the length of time allowed, the test will yield anisotropy ratios that are representative of the distance traversed by the tracer during the test, up to tens of feet from the injection point for some systems. This method is illustrated with an application to a ground water flow system in northern Wisconsin.
The Yugoslav Family in the Modern World: Adaptation To Change:

The analysis of family systems has four essential aspects: organiza tional, terminological, expectational, and behavioral. The family systems of Yugoslavia show, over their history and territory, a range of variation in all these equivalent almost to all we know of the range of Indo-European systems. Yet the variations are no evidence for linear development nor are they the simple reflex of macro-level environmental change. They are best understood as surface adapta tions, selective responses out of a consistent body of cultural knowledge. Behav ioral accommodations to social and economic change seem readiest to change, then organizational shifts. Expectations of behavior change more slowly. The cognitive structure inferable from native terminology changes most slowly, and within it the affinal terminology, then group terminology, and, finally, con sanguineal terminology reflect alterations in social environment.
Early steps in T cell development are affected by aging.

Abstract Involution of the thymus accompanies aging, a process in which the organ diminishes in size and cellularity and becomes disorganized. The rate of T cell emigration from the thymus is markedly reduced with age, and phenotypic analyses have identified alterations in the relative proportions of the major thymocyte subpopulations. The present studies made use of the capacity of the thymus to regenerate following irradiation from an intrathymic radio-resistant precursor population. By analysis of the differentiation of this “wave” of thymocytes, it was determined that aging most severely affects the earliest developmental transitions. While the overall rate of differentiation does not appear to be affected in older mice, fewer thymic progenitors initiate differentiation. The reduced expansion of late pre-T cells in the middle-aged is due to the smaller pool size of these cells.
DOUBLE HIGGS BOSON PRODUCTION VIA WW FUSION IN TeV e+e− COLLISIONS

The production of two standard model Higgs bosons via the WW fusion process e+e− → would test the predicted HHH, HWW and HHWW couplings. At TeV energies this fusion cross section dominates over that from e+e− →ZHH and would give significant event rates for mH ≲ 1/2 MZ at high luminosity e+e− colliders. We evaluate the rates and present the dynamical distributions.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Anti-Semitism

The article reports the numbers and types of anti-Semitic incidents, attacks, media reports, and public opinion against Jews in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Western and Eastern European countries, the Middle East, and Australia. It also reports responses to these actions by police and local and national government officials. The period for which the data are reported is from 2000 to mid2007. For each country, the size of the Jewish community is reported. What is manifestly clear from the data presented is that anti-Semitism is on the rise in most countries of the world. The data show a dramatic increase in anti-Semitism in Western Europe notably, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, and The Netherlands. Of those countries, France has the worse record.
A note on covariance structure analysis methods for testing invariance of reliability and stability in multi-wave, multi-indicator models

Covariance structure analysis methods for testing invariance in reliability and stability coefficients in multi-wave, multi-indicator models are discussed. Alternative approaches are outlined, which are straightforward and simpler than the reparameterization recently proposed by Alanen, Leskinen and Kuusinen.
Who's Responsible?: Exploring the Complexity of Unintended Pregnancy

“Who's Responsible?” is an educational experience designed to help participants explore a chain of events that can lead to a teen pregnancy. In this activity, participants read a scenario in which the main character has a boyfriend who would like to have sex with her without using a condom. After attempting to talk about sex and contraception with several adults and peers, she gets little information or support. Shortly thereafter, she has unprotected sex with her boyfriend and gets pregnant. After sharing their individual reactions to the scenario, participants work in groups to discuss several questions about the actions of all of the characters, who is responsible for the outcome, and what the characters could have done differently to prevent the unintended pregnancy. This activity is intended to give participants practice in using critical thinking skills that can be applied to their own sexual decision making process. In addition, this activity can enhance participants’ communication skills and incre...
Sustained Effects of the PATHS Curriculum on the Social and Psychological Adjustment of Children in Special Education

In this study, the authors examined the long-term effectiveness of the PATHS (Promoting Alternative THinking Strategies) curriculum on the adjustment of school-age children with special needs. The PATHS curriculum focuses on promoting children's emotional development, self-regulation, and social problem—solving skills. Eighteen special education classrooms were randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions in this controlled trial. Teachers received both training and ongoing consultation and provided PATHS to students in Grades 1 through 3. Data were collected before the intervention and for 3 successive years. Growth curve analysis indicated that the intervention reduced the rate of growth of teacher-reported internalizing and externalizing behaviors 2 years after the intervention and produced a sustained reduction in depressive symptoms reported by the children. Discussion focuses on the need for social—emotional learning (SEL) programs in special education and factors that can promote SEL among...
An interactive class oriented dynamic graphic display system using a hybrid computer

The current state of engineering education is such that it is often difficult for students to gain insight into the many subjects they must master. To aid the professor or teacher in "getting the point" across, the following system is being tried.
Combined Tests for the Homogeneity of Weibull (or Extreme Value) Populations With Censored Data

A method of combining two independent test statistics to test the homogeneity of several Weibull (or extreme value) populations under censoring is considered. The procedures developed in this paper are based on Fisher's method of combining two likelihood ratio statistics and two score statistics. The performance of these procedures are examined, through simulations, in terms of empirical size and power of the test statistics. We also develop two other statistics to test the equality of several Weibull scale parameters and shape parameters (or extreme value location and scale parameters) simultaneously. Simulation results show that the Fisher's method of combining two independent statistics performs reasonably well under censoring.
Meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, use multiple sources of scent for sex recognition

Abstract Although many sources of sexually specific chemical signals have been identified, few attempts have been made to identify all the sources of sex-specific information in any species or to determine whether the various cues that provide this information have the same communicative functions. Sources of sex-specific odour information were identified using a preference task in meadow voles. An examination was made of the amount of time that long-photoperiod male and female voles investigated different scents from opposite- and same-sex conspecifics. The data indicate that there was a highly localized pattern of sexual information on the bodies of meadow voles. Three scents were preferentially investigated by opposite-sex subjects: both male and female voles investigated scents from urine, faeces and the anogenital area of the opposite sex more than those of the same sex. Two additional scents resulted in sexual preferences, but not in a symmetrical fashion. Males investigated scents from the mouth of females over the mouth scent of males, but females showed no preference. Both males and females investigated scent from the posterolateral region of males more than those of females. Mouth and posterolateral area may provide different information and/or have different functions compared to the sex-specific scents from urine, faeces and the anogenital area.
Geography matters: Teacher beliefs about geography in today׳s schools

Abstract This article describes findings from a survey of 173 preschool through 12th grade teachers in which they express their thoughts about what children should learn about geography. Results indicate that despite geography׳s lack of attention in the curriculum, teachers are unhappy with the state of geography in schools. Their reflections reveal a strong sense of need, even urgency, for students to learn geography. Four trends were identified in their thoughts about geography education: expanding horizons paradigm of curriculum; connections that geography allows for in the curriculum; maps, continents, countries, and states; and Americans׳ appalling lack of geographic knowledge. Framing their thoughts in the context of the current state of geography, the article also describes the importance of geography in creating effective citizens, the ambiguity of the discipline itself, its unique role in the curriculum, and insights about integrating geography across the curriculum. The article concludes with hope for reviving geography in schools.
Rabbit intestinal glucose-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase and inorganic pyrophosphate glucose phosphotransferase: inhibition by phlorizin

Abstract The inhibition by phlorizin of rabbit intestinal d -glucose-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase (EC 3.1.3.9) and of PPi-glucose phosphotransferase activity also catalyzed by this enzyme was investigated. studies were carried out with freshly prepared, unsupplemented microsomes and with microsomal suspensions to which various concentrations (0.05–0.30%, w/v) of the cationic detergent cetylhexadecylammonium bromide (“cetrimide”) had been added prior to assay. Inhibitions of both activities were found to rise progressively with increasing concentrations of phlorizin. Kinetic studies indicated that inhibitions were noncompetitive with respect to all substrates tested, including glucose 6 phosphate, PPi and glucose. Pretreatment of microsomes with cetrimide accentuated the extent of inhibition by phlorizin of phosphotransferase activity but significantly ameliorated phlorizin-effected inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase activity. Consistent with these observations, K i values for phlorizin determined with the former activity decreased from a value of 5.5 mM, noted in the absence of detergent, to 1.3 mM following pretreatment of microsomes with 0.10% (w/v) cetrimide, while similar treatment caused an increase in K i values determined with the phosphohydrolase activity from 1.5 mM (no detergent) to 5.0 mM with 0.10% (w/v) cetrimide. These observations are interpreted as indicating the presence on the enzyme molecule of two effective, activity-specific inhibitor-binding sites with varying affinities for phlorizin and differing with respect to modification by cetrimide. Bound inhibitor molecules are postulated to prevent the formation of phosphoryl- enzyme intermediates from binary enzyme-glucose 6-phosphate and enzyme-PPi complexes.
Weaving Together Science and English: An Interconnected Model of Language Development for Emergent Bilinguals.

This research explores third-grade science and language instruction for emergent bilinguals designed through a framework of planning, lessons, and assessment in an interconnected model including content, linguistic features, and functions. Participants were a team of language specialist, classroom teacher, and researcher who designed interconnected science/ELD for 33 Spanish/English emergent bilinguals (14 English learners and 19 English proficient). Methods included functional linguistic and discourse analyses of observation transcripts and statistical analysis of pre and post assessments. Findings show gains in language and content from pre to post tests and increased engagement with targeted language, word choice, scientific vocabulary, and number of words.