cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Economics And Importance of Speed

The economics and importance of speed underlies most transportation improvements, because many of the resulting benefits are measured by the time saved. The economic value of travel time has been the subject of many studies and is basic to transport system evaluation. Both intraurban and interurban mobility have increased as a result of air travel advances and extended highway construction. Speeds also influence the choice of travel mode both within and between cities. As the nation's economy expands, people will place a higher value on time. Simultaneously, they will have greater ability to support capital transport improvements.
Of Fruit Flies and Men: Rethinking Immutability in Equal Protection Analysis - with a View Toward a Constitutional Moral Imperative

Today, the debate over gay rights dominates our social, legal, and political discourse. This article takes a new and different look at equal protection claims by gays and lesbians, predominantly arguing for a general rethinking of proper equal protection analysis. Specifically, I argue that the relatively recent focus on trait immutability in equal protection jurisprudence is improperly restrictive of the Constitution's moral vision. As an alternative, I argue that a moral-centered equal protection analysis should take precedence. I reason that trait immutability is completely irrelevant to an essentialist equal protection norm, which ought properly to prohibit the marginalization of a citizen or group of citizens when that marginalization is based only on the merely descriptive moral disapproval of an identity trait - immutable or otherwise - by the larger society. Consequently, I shift equal protection analysis to focus on state action, omission, and complicity in the perpetuation and perpetration of irrational class-based prejudice. With regard to gays, of course, this is the irrational prejudice of homophobia.
Chapter 10 Defects in Metal/III/V Heterostructures

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a work in which the Fermi level position at gallium arsenide (GaAs) interfaces was changed to provide a possible atomic-level model as to what produces these changes. It is not difficult to see the importance of Fermi level motion for device applications. If some degree of control can be obtained in the Fermi level at the interface, E fi , this can be applied to ohmic contacts and Schottky barriers. For nonmetallic interfaces, it could also lead to reduced surface recombination and even metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) devices. These are just some examples; there are many more. Ohmic contacts would be improved by moving E fi to near the appropriate band edge. For Schottky barrier gates, the height of the barrier is important. If some degree of control of this height can be developed, devices and ICs can be made more optimally. For such applications, stability and predictability are also essential. This will be most easily obtained if the interactions at the interface that cause Fermi level motion are understood. Another area of importance is the semiconductor/insulator interface. At the lowest level of sophistication, surface recombination where such interfaces form boundaries of active areas of devices may be worried about.
Mechanisms of Fibrinolysis-Associated Hemorrhagic Transformation

Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage is an often-feared companion of acute cerebral ischemia treated with plasminogen activators. The pathophysiology of parenchymal hemorrhage is poorly understood and has been the subject of previous treatises in this series [1,2]. Clinical studies of this disorder suggest a spectrum of clinical severity from asymptomatic episodes diagnosed by computed tomographic (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to catastrophic events with debilitating or fatal issue [3–13]. The importance of understanding the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic events, particularly in the setting of fibrinolytic intervention, is emphasized by the dilemma that can arise in judging whether a particular hemorrhage may be reasonably attributable to the plasminogen activator the patient has received.
Estimation of Anatomical Connectivity by Anisotropic Front Propagation and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DT-MRI) allows one to capture the restricted diffusion of water molecules in fibrous tissues which can be used to infer their structural organization. In this paper, we propose a novel wavefront propagation method for estimating the connectivity in the white matter of the brain using DT-MRI. First, an anisotropic version of the static Hamilton-Jacobi equation is solved by a sweeping method in order to obtain accurate front arrival times and determine connectivity. Our wavefront then propagates using the diffusion tensor rather than its principal eigenvector, which is prone to misclassification in oblate tensor regions. Furthermore, we show that our method is robust to noise and can estimate connectivity pathways across regions where singularities, such as fiber crossings, are present. Preliminary connectivity results on synthetic data and on a normal human brain are illustrated and discussed.
Incidence of hemolytic disease of the newborn due to A or B incompatibility.

Abstract A and B incompatibilities commonly cause hemolytic disease of the newborn. The incidence in this study was 0.86 per cent of 2,672 newborn infants. The chief clinical features is the early onset of icterus. The chief therapeutic problem is prevention of kernicterus. Criteria for diagnosis and treatment by exchange transfusion are discussed. Case finding is the joint problem of the obstetrician, the pediatrician, and the nurse.
Space Solar Cells and Arrays

In the mid 1950s, the development of single-crystal photovoltaic (PV) solar cells based on Si, as well as GaAs, had reached solar conversion efficiencies as high as 6% [1, 2]. By 1958, small-area silicon solar cells had reached an efficiency of 14% under terrestrial sunlight. These accomplishments opened the door to the possibility of utilizing solar power on board a spacecraft. On March 17, 1958 the world’s first solar-powered satellite was launched, Vanguard I [3]. It carried two separate radio transmitters to transmit scientific and engineering data concerning, among other things, performance and lifetime of the 48 p/n silicon solar cells on its exterior. The battery powered transmitter operated for only 20 days, but the solar cell powered transmitter operated until 1964, at which time it is believed that the transmitter circuitry failed. Setting a record for satellite longevity, Vanguard I proved the merit of space solar cell power. The solar cells used on Vanguard I were fabricated by Hoffman Electronics for the US Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory at Fort Monmouth. In 1961, many of the staff from the silicon cell program at Fort Monmouth transferred to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Lewis Research Center (now Glenn Research Center) in Cleveland, Ohio. From that time to the present, the Photovoltaic Branch at Glenn has served as the research and development base for NASA’s solar power needs. Impressed by the light weight and the reliability of photovoltaics, almost all communication satellites, military satellites, and scientific space probes have been solar-powered. It should be noted that the history presented here focuses on the United States space program. NASA was created in 1958; the Institute of Space and Astronautical Sciences (ISAS) and the National Space Development Agency (NASDA) in Japan were created in 1965 and 1969, respectively;
Revised deformation history of the central Andes: Inferences from Cenozoic foredeep and intermontane basins of the Eastern Cordillera, Bolivia

[1] Investigation of Cenozoic deformation, sediment accumulation, and provenance in the Eastern Cordillera of Bolivia at 17–21°S indicates major shortening (60–140 km) and foredeep development followed by limited internal shortening and intermontane basin development. Contrasting histories of shortening, deposition, sediment dispersal, and detrital composition distinguish a formerly extensive Paleogene foredeep exposed along an eastern belt of synclines from a zone of principally Neogene intermontane basins in the central Eastern Cordillera. New 40Ar/39Ar ages of 25–17 Ma for interbedded tuffs reveal latest Oligocene–early Miocene accumulation in intermontane basins at rates <80 m/Myr, several times lower than Andean foredeeps. Although poorly dated, foredeep evolution probably coincided with middle Eocene–Oligocene deformation and denudation in adjoining regions to the west. A mid-Cenozoic transition from foredeep to intermontane conditions may be attributable to emplacement of a basement-involved tectonic wedge beneath the Eastern Cordillera. In this interpretation, wedge emplacement drove flexural foredeep subsidence from roughly 40 to 25 Ma, whereas subsequent accumulation occurred in localized internally drained basins in elevated intermontane areas. Regardless of the regional subsurface structural geometry, 40Ar/39Ar ages define a 25–21 Ma onset of intermontane sedimentation that signifies the termination of major upper crustal shortening over large parts of the Eastern Cordillera and possibly the age of initial shortening in the Interandean and Subandean zones to the east. In contrast to several popular models, the revised tectonic history presented here suggests significant pre-Neogene shortening in the Eastern Cordillera and underscores the large uncertainties in estimates of long-term shortening rates in the Andes.
Social Movements and Collective Memory

This article summarizes key findings and provides suggestions for further research in the literature that combines social movements and collective memory. Existing reviews of the collective memory literature highlight the macro and micro levels of analysis; studying movements and memory adds a meso level of analysis. This review covers all three levels and for each level discusses research methods, the social consequences of memory activism, recurring patterns, and explanations. Suggestions for future research emphasize the concept of repertoire and its relation to memory. Tactical repertoires and cultural repertoires provide the resources needed to construct collective memories, and repertoires empower memory activists to engage the political sphere, create change, and nurture solidarity within movement organizations. Because the idea of a repertoire uncovers a process of remembering and is already a widely used term in social movement studies, it provides a resonant tool for future movement and memory research.
NGF, cyclic AMP, and phorbol esters regulate oxytocin receptor gene transcription in SK-N-SH and MCF7 cells

Oxytocin receptor (OTR) gene transcription has predominantly been thought to be regulated by estrogen. However, the continuous presence of receptors in certain brain regions after gonadectomy suggests the existence of alternate mechanisms of regulation. We have cloned and sequenced 4 kb of 5'-flanking DNA of the rat OTR gene and identified an internal segment which was absent in the initial publication of this promoter sequence. Sequence analysis of this segment, as well as of a novel upstream region, revealed the presence of a CRE as well as several other potential regulatory elements, including AP-1, AP-2, AP-3, AP-4 sites, an ERE, and a half-SRE (SRE/2). The effects of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), forskolin, and NGF treatment on this promoter were tested in transfection experiments in MCF7 and SK-N-SH cells. Transcription of the full-length OTR promoter was induced by forskolin and by the phorbol ester PMA, and a synergistic (17-fold) effect was observed in MCF7 cells treated with both agents. Receptor binding studies using the OTR antagonist 125I-labeled ornithine vasotocin, and Western blot analyses of OTRs in MCF7 cells, showed that PMA and forskolin also increased the density of endogenous human oxytocin receptors. Mutational analyses of the CRE and half-SRE sites in this promoter indicated that these elements function as enhancers and support forskolin and NGF effects, respectively, on transcription. These studies have identified a novel region of the rat OTR promoter containing elements which impart cAMP and/or phorbol ester inducibility of OTR gene transcription. A potential role of the PKA and/or PKC pathways in OTR gene regulation is suggested.
AUDITORY POTENTIALS DURING ACOUSTIC HABITUATION: COCHLEAR NUCLEUS, CEREBELLUM AND AUDITORY CORTEX.

Abstract 1. 1. Amplitude changes of auditory EPs and of cortical background activity were studied during acoustic habituation in 5 cats with chronically implanted electrodes. Click stimuli were delivered to the unrestrained animals through earphones in order to hold acoustic input constant. 2. 2. Data were collected in both non-alerted (sleeping) and alerted conditions after 2, 4 and 6 h of click repetition. 3. 3. At the cochlear nucleus, no consistent amplitude change in EPs was observed. There was no amplitude difference between the non-alerted and alerted conditions. 4. 4. At the auditory cortex, a consistent and progressive loss of amplitude of EPs over time occurred for the alerted but not for the non-alerted condition. 5. 5. At the auditory cortex, the amplitude of EPs was larger in sleep than in the alerted condition. 6. 6. At the auditory cortex, the amplitude of EPs covaried with the amplitude of background activity across the non-alerted and alerted conditions, and also within each condition. It is suggested that amplitude of cortical EPs is a function of the state of cortical synchrony, regardless of how this state of synchrony is produced. 7. 7. Large auditory EPs were recorded from the flocculus and adjacent cerebellum. Despite great variability, these showed a significant loss of amplitude during acoustic habituation for the alerted, but not for the non-alerted condition. In addition, they were larger in the sleep than in the alerted condition.
Post-concussion cognitive declines and symptomatology are not related to concussion biomechanics in high school football players

Abstract Concussion is a major public health concern with nearly 4 million injuries occurring each year in the United States. In the acute post-injury stage, concussed individuals demonstrate cognitive function and motor control declines as well as reporting increased symptoms. Researchers have hypothesized that the severity of these impairments is related to impact magnitude. Using the Head Impact Telemetry System (HITS) to record head impact biomechanics, we sought to correlate pre- and post-concussive impact characteristics with declines in cognitive performance and increases in concussion-related symptoms. Over four seasons, 19 high school football athletes wearing instrumented helmets sustained 20 diagnosed concussions. Each athlete completed a baseline computer-based symptom and cognitive assessment during the pre-season and a post-injury assessment within 24 h of injury. Correlational analyses identified no significant relationships between symptoms and cognitive performance change scores and impac...
Adaptive antenna shape control using piezoelectric actuators

Abstract This paper presents improved techniques for the shape control of composite material plates using piezoelectric actuators. The application of this work is for the shape control of spacecraft antenna to correct surface errors introduced by manufacturing, in-orbit thermal distortion, and moisture. A finite element model has been developed for a composite plate with distributed piezoelectric actuators and sensors. To improve the accuracy of the prediction of plate deformation, a simple higher-order deformation theory is used. The electric potential is treated as a generalized coordinate, allowing it to vary over the element. The applied voltages to the actuators are optimized to minimize the error between the desired shape and the deformed shape. Based on these techniques, two computer programs were developed on finite element modeling and optimization. The analytical results demonstrate the use of piezo-electric actuators for the active shape control of spacecraft antennas.
Intermittent Ventricular Parasystole Due to Entrance Block Failure

An interaction between three pacemakers (one artificial) has made possible a number of observations on the nature of intermittent parasystole. Evidence shows that the intermittency is due to temporary failure of entrance block. The fixed coupling of the first beat of an intermittent series is observed to be a consequence of temporary entrance block failure rather than a manifestation of a more complex mechanism. The records also demonstrate that the reason for failure of the entrance block may be due to preferential penetration of the parasystolic focus early in its diastole.
Phonon engineered quantum cascade terahertz emission

Abstract The observation of terahertz (THz) intersubband emission from GaAs/AlGaAs quantum cascade structures employing higher energy interface and barrier confined AlAs-like phonons for depopulation is reported. Emission is observed at 12.0 meV (2.9 THz ) and 17.5 meV (4.2 THz ) with full-width at half-maximum of 0.7 and 1.6 meV , respectively, at T=10 K from two different structures. The structures consisted of 40 periods of the quantum cascade module and relied on spatially diagonal (interwell) transition for the terahertz emission. The possibility of tuning the emission frequency using quantum confined Stark effect is also demonstrated.
Quantification of the Layer of Hydration of a Supported Lipid Bilayer

Dual polarization interferometry (DPI) and quartz-crystal microgravimetry (QCM-D) were used to investigate the adsorption of DOPC vesicles to a solid hydrophilic surface. The layer of hydration for...
Telescopic guided intubation

Otolaryngologists often share the airway with the anesthesiologist. On rare occasions, the otolaryngology service must establish the airway. Because an emergent tracheotomy in a young child has a higher risk of morbidity, one should ideally intubate the airway first. This article describes a useful technique to intubate the difficult airway.
Cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of cutaneous infections.

A multicenter clinical trial was conducted in 125 out-patients with skin and skin structure infections due to bacteria in order to compare the safety and efficacy of cefuroxime axetil and cefaclor. Patients with a median age of 32 years were randomly allocated to treatment for 10 days with one of three treatments: cefuroxime axetil 250 mg b.i.d., cefuroxime axetil 500 mg b.i.d., or cefaclor 250 mg t.i.d. Clinical evaluations of each patient were done pre-treatment, 2 to 4 days intra-treatment, and within 3 days post-treatment. One patient discontinued cefuroxime axetil due to severe urticaria and one patient discontinued cefaclor due to a persistent headache and vomiting. Cefuroxime axetil was an effective antibacterial agent for treatment of common skin infections. Clinically beneficial outcome was achieved for 92% (cefuroxime axetil 250 mg b.i.d.), 95% (cefuroxime axetil 500 mg b.i.d.), and 97% (cefaclor 250 mg t.i.d.) of patients. Since the study failed to demonstrate a significant advantage of higher dosage, cefuroxime axetil should be prescribed in a regimen of 250 mg twice a day for patients with skin infections.
Long‐term hippocampal slices: A model system for investigating synaptic mechanisms and pathologic processes

Organotypic cultures provide a unique strategy with which to examine many aspects of brain physiology and pathology. Long-term slice cultures from the hippocampus, a region involved in memory encoding and one that exhibits early degeneration in Alzheimer's disease and ischemia, are particularly valuable in this regard due to their expression of synaptic plasticity mechanisms (e.g., long-term potentiation) and responsiveness to pathological insults (e.g., excitotoxicity). Long-term slices can be prepared from hippocampi at the second or third postnatal week of development and thus incorporate a number of relatively mature features; further signs of maturation and the preservation of adult-like characteristics occur over succeeding weeks. The stability of the cultured slice renders it an appropriate model for studying (1) prolonged regulation/stabilization events linked to synaptogenesis and certain forms of plasticity, (2) temporal patterns of cellular atrophy associated with pathogenic conditions such as ischemia and epilepsia, and (3) slow processes associated with aging and agerelated pathologies. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sex, Status, and Authority in Egalitarian Society

Disagreement exists concerning the nature of relations between the sexes in foraging societies. The crucial issue concerns the quality of interactions across rather than within sexual boundaries. Approaching the problem in terms of a political analysis allows cross-cultural comparisons utilizing behavioral data. While all foraging societies are egalitarian within sexual boundaries, not all are egalitarian across sexual boundaries. The analytic usefulness of two subtypes of egalitarian society, the “pure-egalitarian” and the “semi-egalitarian,” is suggested. [sexual politics, egalitarian societies, status of women, hunters and gatherers]
Role of participate organic matter in decreasing accumulation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons byDaphnia magna

Accumulation of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and anthracene (A) byDaphnia magna in the presence of suspended yeast cells was analyzed using multicompartment models. The rate coefficient for uptake of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) due to ingestion of yeast cells laden with sorbed chemical was only 3 to 15% of the rate coefficient for uptake of dissolved PAH. Uptake and accumulation of BaP was reduced 97% due to sorption of PAH to naturally occurring organic matter (humic acids). Accumulation of hydrophobic chemicals in aqueous systems appears to depend on the amount of chemical in solution and on the amount of chemical sorbed to particles entering the food chain. Chemicals sorbed to suspended organic matter, including dissolved or colloidal organic matter, have greatly reduced availability.
Urban decay and the premature obsolescence of housing: A cross‐country examination of the basic economic determinants

Urban decay and the premature obsolescence of housing remain important problems in even the wealthiest countries. Many analysts maintain that the market allocation of housing and the attendant spatial class segregation in the housing market are strongly related to both phenomena. The analysis carried out in this paper, however, suggests that socio‐economic segregation in housing is a minor explanation at best. Substandard housing seems overwhelmingly a manifestation of the failure by governments to sufficiently subsidize the production of, and support the demand for, housing of a good standard. Countries such as Sweden that have effected the requisite resource transfers have enjoyed considerable success in eliminating substandard housing. Neither urban decay nor the premature obsolescence of housing seem caused in any meaningful sense by market failure.
Adding Green Performance Metrics to a Transportation Data Archive

Transportation sustainability is of increasing concern to professionals and the public. This paper describes the modeling and calculation of sustainability performance measures in a transportation data archive. The purpose of these measures is to assess the sustainability of the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan freeway system. The measures were developed to be part of, and to use the data from, the Portland Oregon Regional Transportation Archive Listing (PORTAL) at Portland State University. These performance measures estimate vehicle emissions (carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide), fuel consumption, cost of time delay, and person mobility (travel in person hours and person miles and delay in person hours). Methods for modeling and necessary data are described. Future plans call for integrating these measures into the PORTAL web interface to expand the types of performance measures used for regional transportation planning and operations.
Powerlessness and the Use of Indirect Aggression in Friendships

Aggression in girls, especially indirect aggression perpetrated by girls toward other girls, has received increasing attention in the popular press. Various explanations have been offered to explain why girls might use indirect methods more so than boys, including both biological and social explanations. We tested a social contextual explanation; that is, that powerlessness is associated with the use of indirect aggression strategies. Power was conceptualized as both an individual difference variable and as an interpersonal variable. In two studies, we found that for both men and women, lack of power in same gender friendships (defined as anxiety about one’s status in friendships) was associated with greater use of indirect aggression strategies. Further, individual differences in deferent personality characteristics and lack of relational control in a friendship were unrelated to the use of indirect aggression.
Interspecific hybrids in Zimbabwe: status review and future challenges

Synopsis Several F1 eucalypt and pine interspecific hybrids have been tested in Zimbabwe. The first hybrids tests were of pine species, and these were established in 1973. The results from these early tests were not spectacular and interest in hybrids was lost until the 1990's when impressive eucalypt and pine hybrid performances were reported in South Mrica and Australia, respectively. During the period 1990-1993pine hybrids were imported fromAustralia and eucalypt hybrids fromSouth Africa,and tested on various sites around Zimbabwe. Detailed analyses in 1999/2000 showed that many ofthe tested hybrids outperformed the pure species on specificsites. The reports based on these analyses highlighted the need to test local hybrids, the need to determine woodqualities and the need to determine cost-effective methods to massproduce the most promising hybrids. Currently, local pine and eucalypt hybrids are being developed for field-testing. These developments and further research needed to realise the full econo...
Toward ‘Omic Scale Metabolite Profiling: A Dual Separation–Mass Spectrometry Approach for Coverage of Lipid and Central Carbon Metabolism

Although the objective of any ‘omic science is broad measurement of its constituents, such coverage has been challenging in metabolomics because the metabolome is comprised of a chemically diverse set of small molecules with variable physical properties. While extensive studies have been performed to identify metabolite isolation and separation methods, these strategies introduce bias toward lipophilic or water-soluble metabolites depending on whether reversed-phase (RP) or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) is used, respectively. Here we extend our consideration of metabolome isolation and separation procedures to integrate RPLC/MS and HILIC/MS profiling. An aminopropyl-based HILIC/MS method was optimized on the basis of mobile-phase additives and pH, followed by evaluation of reproducibility. When applied to the untargeted study of perturbed bacterial metabolomes, the HILIC method enabled the accurate assessment of key, dysregulated metabolites in central carbon pathways (e.g., amino ...
The affective aspect of subjective well-being among Chinese people with and without spinal cord injuries.

Purpose. The purpose of this study was two-fold: (a) To examine differences in affective aspects of subjective well-being between people with and without spinal cord injuries (SCI), and (b) to explore relationships among perceived health, social support, self-efficacy beliefs, and the affective aspect of subjective well-being in these groups.Method. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in China. A total of 119 out-patients with SCI and 109 college students without a disability participated in the study. Main outcome measures included: (a) The Index of Psychological Well-Being, (b) the Self-Rated Health Status Scale, (c) the Self-Efficacy Scale, and (d) the Social Support Scale.Results. A multiple analysis of the variance indicated that participants with SCI had lower affective subjective well-being, social support, social self-efficacy beliefs, and poor health compared to participants without SCI [F (5, 211) = 22.37, p < 0.001]. A hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis was conducted separately...
Scanning tunneling microscope combined with a scanning electron microscope

We have developed a small scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to be incorporated into a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Vibration isolation and damping is achieved solely with Viton dampers. As a stand-alone unit, a tunnel-gap stability of about 1 A is reached at atmospheric air pressure without additional sound protection. Stability improves by at least an order of magnitude when incorporated into a SEM.
Soft x-ray gain in the alkali earths.

An unsuccessful attempt was made to observe gain in low pressure sodium vapor at 372 A at an x-ray pumping power level of 0.1 GW/cm2. As a result we suggest that high density alkali-earth vapors be used instead. With a system of tunable dye lasers of moderate power, it should be possible to reduce substantially the lower laser level population and achieve gains on the order of 1–3 cm−1. The calculations reported verify this. The additional outer electron in the alkali-earths is necessary to use the dye laser scheme. The tradeoff is that the upper laser level can Auger decay. Our calculations indicate that this is not too severe a limitation in Ca. Since the calculations may be in error, we further suggest that the dye laser scheme is applicable to alkali-earths which have been preexcited to levels for which Auger decay is forbidden in LS coupling.
Bounding the constituent quark mass

Abstract The constituent quark mass M can be defined by the large distance behavior of the quark propagator, in some chosen gauge. I prove that the constituent mass, so defined, is bounded from below by one half of the mass of the pseudoscalar bound state: m π ⩽2 M q . The bound itself is independent of the choice of gauge. An example from strong-coupling lattice gauge theory is discussed, as well as the extension of the inequality to finite temperature.
Direct boundary integral procedure for a Boltzmann viscoelastic plane with circular holes and elastic inclusions

A direct boundary integral method in the time domain is presented to solve the problem of an infinite, isotropic Boltzmann viscoelastic plane containing a large number of randomly distributed, non-overlapping circular holes and perfectly bonded elastic inclusions. The holes and inclusions are of arbitrary size and the elastic properties of all of the inclusions can, in general, be different. The method is based on a direct boundary integral approach for the problem of an infinite elastic plane containing multiple circular holes and elastic inclusions described by Crouch and Mogilevskaya [1], and a time marching strategy for viscoelastic analysis described by Mesquita and Coda [2–8]. Benchmark problems and numerical examples are included to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the method.
Patients Enrolled in Randomized Controlled Trials Do Not Represent the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patient Population

Background & Aims Multiple randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been conducted to determine therapeutic efficacy of the biological agents for the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, the external validity of findings from RCTs might be compromised by their stringent selection criteria. We investigated the proportion of patients encountered during routine clinical practice who would qualify for enrollment into a pivotal RCT of biological agents for IBD. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of adult patients with moderate–severe IBD who presented to a tertiary referral center. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were extracted from published RCTs of biologics approved by the Food and Drug Administration and applied to the study population. Results Only 31.1% of 206 patients with IBD (34% with Crohn's disease [CD], 26% with ulcerative colitis) would have been eligible to participate in any of the selected RCTs. Patients would have been excluded because they had stricturing or penetrating CD, took high doses of steroids, had comorbidities or prior exposure to biologics, or received topical therapies. Of the trial-ineligible patients with ulcerative colitis, 23.3% had colectomies, and 31.7% received infliximab, with a 63.2% response rate. Approximately half (49.4%) of the 82 trial-ineligible patients with CD received biological therapies, with lower response rates (60%) than trial-eligible patients (89%; P = .03). Conclusions Most patients with moderate–severe IBD evaluated in an outpatient practice would not qualify for enrollment in a pivotal RCT of biological reagents; this finding raises important questions about their therapeutic efficacy beyond the clinical trial populations. Additional evaluation of the transparency of RCT design and selection criteria is needed to determine whether trial results can be generalized to the population.
Vectors for transposon mutagenesis of non-enteric bacteria.

We have constructed a series of transposon delivery vectors derived from pRK2013. Since pRK2013 has a broad host range transfer system and a ColE1 replicon, it can be transferred to, but not replicated in, many nonenteric gram-negative bacteria. Thus pRK2013 provides an effective mechanism for the transient introduction of a transposon. Delivery vectors containing Tn7 (tmp str), Tn10 (tet), Tn10 HH104 (tet), or Tn5-132 (tet) have been constructed. When transposition in Caulobacter crescentus was examined, both Tn7 and Tn5-132 were found to transpose efficiently. In contrast, although the antibiotic resistances of Tn10 and Tn501 (mer) were expressed in C. crescentus, no transposition was observed with either transposon. However, transposition of Tn10 from the Tn10 vectors did occur in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, and transposition of Tn501 from pMD100 has been demonstrated in Rhizobium japonicum (Bullerjahn and Benzinger 1984). Thus, transposon-host interactions play an important role in the determination of whether a particular transposon can transpose in a given host. Futhermore, the results with C. crescentus indicate that there must be different requirements for host interactions for Tn10 and Tn501 than for Tn5 and Tn7.
ANALYSIS OF THE CD14 RECEPTOR ASSOCIATED WITH BOVINE ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES

Previous studies have suggested the existence of a bovine homolog of the membrane-associated CD14 receptor (mCD14) on macrophages, and functional similarity of bovine mCD14 receptor activity to that reported for other species. Bovine alveolar macrophages (bAM) reportedly possess two mRNA transcripts of 1.5 and 3.1 kb for CD14, rather than a single 1.5 kb transcript as reported for other species. The purpose of this study was to determine the molecular mass of the bovine CD14 receptor, and to determine if the two mRNA transcripts for bovine CD14 yield either a single or two different gene products. Culture supernatant from125I-surface-labeled bAM was examined for the existence of bovine CD14 using SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. A single protein band of 49 kD was immunoprecipitated from the supernatant using anti-CD14 monoclonal antibodies (MAb). Macrophage-derived mRNA was subjected to hybrid-selection using a human CD14 cDNA probe immobilized on a nitrocellulose filter. The resultant, selected bovine mRNA was then utilized for in vitro translation, and protein of 38–40 kD was synthesized. This size is consistent with an unglycosylated CD14 receptor protein. Protein was also synthesized from total RNA by in vitro translation, and was immunoprecipitated with anti-CD14 monoclonal antibodies. A doublet-band of protein was seen at 38 kD using SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. Anti-CD14 antibodies were also used to inhibit serum-and LPS-dependent bovine macrophage activation as measured by tissue factor expression, which is compatible with the presence and function of CD14 receptors on macrophages. These results collectively demonstrate that a receptor consistent with CD14 is present on bovine macrophages, the form of the receptor released into supernatants is 49 kD, and that it functions as an LPS receptor on these cells.
Differences between transfer RNA molecules

Computer-assisted comparisons of 67 tRNA sequences that function in Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium were used to identify single and multiple nucleotide positions that maximally distinguish the 20 amino acid acceptor groups. Positions in the anticodon were identified most frequently, as expected from the decoding function of this region of the tRNA. The biological function, if any, of positions outside the anticodon may include specificity for aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes.
Analysis of fire ant pesticides in water by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry or high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry

Abstract The analysis of four widely used fire ant pesticides (chlorpyrifos, fenoxycarb, avermectin, and hydramethylnon) in water was accomplished by combining solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with either gas chromatography/quadruple ion trap mass spectrometry (GC/MS) or high-performance liquid chromatography/quadruple ion trap MS (HPLC/MS). Solid-phase microextraction is a fast, selective, and solvent-free extraction technique that accomplishes both extraction and pre-concentration events in a single step. These features allowed the methods developed to be sensitive, with calculated LOD of 10 ng/l for chlorpyrifos, 80 ng/l for fenoxycarb, 100 ng/l for avermectin, and 1 μg/l for hydramethylnon, each obtained from only 10 min extractions from standards in water. These values represent an improvement of an order of magnitude in detection limits for avermectin and hydramethylnon compared to those reported previously. The methods were shown to be linear in the range of 100 ng/l–100 μg/l for chlorpyrifos and fenoxycarb, 1 μg/l–1 mg/l for avermectin, and 10 μg/l–1 mg/l for hydramethylnon. These methods were applied to the analysis of water samples to which commercial fire ant bait preparations had been added and to runoff water collected from a lawn. Quantitative analyses were performed for chlorpyrifos, fenoxycarb, and avermectin, as the pesticides in the water samples were monitored for ∼9 days to almost 2 months. However, due to poor precision of the method for hydramethylnon, only qualitative data were obtained.
Pyrophosphate-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, a new glycolytic enzyme in pineapple leaves.

Abstract Pineapple leaves contain a pyrophosphate-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase which has been partially purified and characterized. In crude extracts the pyrophosphate-dependent activity is 10 to 20-fold higher than the ATP-dependent activity. The partially purified activity is near 2.5 μmol Fru-1,6- P 2 formed/min/mg protein. In the reaction 1 Fru-1,6- P 2 is formed per 1 pyrophosphate consumed. The enzyme exhibits a pH optimum of 8.0 and the activity is stimulated by Mg ++ . The discovery of a pyrophosphate-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase in pineapple leaves indicates pyrophosphate can serve as an energy source for synthetic reactions in pineapple and perhaps in other plants as well.
Effects of molybdena on the catalytic properties of vanadia domains supported on alumina for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

The oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of propane was investigated on vanadia dispersed on alumina containing a nominal polymolybdate monolayer (4.8 Mo/nm2). Dehydrogenation rates and selectivities on these catalysts were compared with those on vanadia domains dispersed on alumina. At a given vanadia surface density, ODH reaction rates per gram of catalyst were about 1.5–2 times greater on MoOx-coated Al2O3 than on pure Al2O3 supports. The higher activity of vanadia dispersed on MoOx-coated Al2O3 reflects the greater reducibility of VOx species as a result of the replacement of VOAl with VOMo bonds. The MoOx interlayer also increased the alkene selectivity by inhibiting propane and propene combustion rates relative to ODH rates. This appears to reflect a smaller number of unselective V2O5 clusters when alkoxide precursors are used to disperse vanadia on MoOx/Al2O3 as compared to the use of metavanadate precursor to disperse vanadia on pure Al2O3. At 613 K, the ratio of rate coefficients for propane combustion and propane ODH was three times smaller on MoOx/Al2O3 than on Al2O3 supports. The ratio of rate constants for propene combustion and propane ODH decreased by a similar factor.
Observed Structure and Propagation Characteristics of Tropical Summertime Synoptic Scale Disturbances

Abstract The three-dimensional structure and propagation characteristics of tropical synoptic scale transients during the northern summer we studied with twice daily ECMWF global gridded analyses for the 1980–1987 period. Regions of enhanced variability in relative vorticity at 850 mb are identified in the western Pacific, eastern Pacific, Bay of Bengal/northern India and eastern Atlantic/western Africa sectors. Dominant spectral peaks with time scales ranging from 3 to 8 days are noted in the power spectra for these locations. The lag-correlation and regression statistics of tropical fluctuations with synoptic time scales are examined. Strong teleconnectivity and temporal coherence are found over all of the active sites with enhanced vorticity variance, as well as over the western Atlantic/Caribbean and the Indochinese Peninsula. These results indicate that a substantial amount of synoptic scale variability in the tropics is associated with propagating wavelike disturbances that remain coherent over seve...
A Method for Evaluating the Dynamic Mechanical Properties of a Polymer Fiber or Film Immersed in a Liquid Environment

By a simple modification, the rheovibron can be used to measure the dynamic mechanical properties of polymeric samples in equilibrium with liquids. Recent studies have shown that liquids capable of specific strong interaction with polymers can cause crystallization to occur. To demonstrate the utility of the modified rheovibron, it has been used to investigate the effect of liquid-induced crystallization on the glass-transition temperature and the dynamic mechanical properties of polyethylene terephthalate film in the presence of various solvents.
What's new is older

Distinct populations of active cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus may facilitate the unique encoding of changes in the environment.
Western Donor Assistance and Gender Empowerment in the Palestinian Territories and Beyond

AbstractSince the end of the Cold War, the quest to spread democracy has become the rallying call of many Western donor agencies. Reflecting this new agenda, new program priorities prevailed that placed greater emphasis on civil society development, civic engagement and gender empowerment. Contrary to expectations, however, many of these programs have often adversely affected existing social movements. Most scholars attempting to explain these unintended outcomes have focused on the impact of NGO professionalization. Examining the Palestinian women's movement, this article addresses the inadequacy of this explanation and focuses on the political dimension of this discussion by illustrating how Western donors' lack of understanding of the Palestinian women's movement and its “embeddedness” in the broader political context served to weaken and undermine this movement. The influx of Western donor assistance in the post-Madrid, post-Oslo era, along with the greater emphasis on Western promoted gender empowerm...
Wide-gap II-VI heterostructures

Abstract New advances in epitaxial growth techniques have contributed to an improved understanding of the properties of II–VI materials and their alloys. The creation of novel heterojunctions, quantum well structures, and strained-layer superlattices, composed of II–VI/III–V and II–VI/II–VI multilayers, can be attributed to their successful epitaxial growth by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The objective of this paper is to discuss some recent advances in the growth of II–VI/III–V and II–VI/II–VI heterostructures, with emphasis on two particular topics. In the first, pseudomorphic epilayer/epilayer heterojunctions consisting of ZnTe on AlSb, a configuration with potential for the development of injection light emitting devices, have been grown by MBE. Microstructural and optical evaluation has indicated a high structural quality. The second topic describes the use of MBE for the growth of novel structures incorporating a previously hypothetical magnetic semiconductor, the zincblende phase of MnTe. Characterization using TEM and X-ray diffraction reveals only the zincblende phases of MnTe. Whereas bulk crystals of MnTe having a NiAs structure with a bandgap of 1.3 eV, the zincblende phase exhibits a bandgap of 3.2 eV. Single quantum well structures incorporating zincblende MnTe exhibit 2D electron and hole confinement in both CdTe and ZnTe quantum wells, and serve to confirm the zincblende MnTe bandgap at 3.2 eV.
Measurement Error, Multidimensionality, and Scale Shrinkage: A Reply to Yen and Burket

Yen and Burket (1997) provided a critical analysis of the work by Camilli (1988) regarding scale shrinkage, and suggested that shrinkage in vertical equating cannot be understood apart front multidimensionality. In this response, select research on reliability, multidimensionality and scale shrinkage are reviewed. These perspectives are then integrated with issues of practical importance to educators.
A behavioral analysis of problem solving in distressed and nondistressed married and stranger dyads.

The present study compared the problem solving behavior of distressed andnondistressed married couples, and explored the “state” vs. “trait” nature of problem solving behavior through comparison of married and stranger dyads. Behavioral codings obtained from spouse and stranger interactions around a standard conflict eliciting task provided the measure of problem solving behavior. Distressed married couples, relative to nondistressed married couples, emitted a significantly greater proportion of negative problem solving behavior, and a significantly smaller proportion of positive problem solving behavior. As compared with stranger dyads, the problem solving behavior of nondistressed marital dyads tended to be more negative and more positive, whereas distressed marital dyads were more negative and less positive. The implications of these finding for marital therapy and research were discussed.
Stop-neutralino coannihilation in the light of the LHC

We employ the ATLAS search results for events containing jets and large missing transverse momentum, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1 fb, to investigate the constrained minimal supersymmetric model (CMSSM) with b− τ Yukawa coupling unification. In this scenario, one of the stops is the next-to-lightest supersymmetric particle (NLSP), which co-annihilates with the lightest (LSP) neutralino to yield the desired dark matter relic abundance. The NLSP stop, here taken to be lighter than the top quark, is slightly (∼ 20% − 30%) heavier than the LSP neutralino, and it primarily decays into the LSP and a charm quark. We find that the multi-jets and monojet ATLAS searches are sensitive to this scenario if the stop pair production is accompanied by a hard QCD jet. The excluded limit for the NLSP stop mass from the ATLAS data can reach 160 GeV in the coannihilation region, with mass below 140 GeV essentially excluded. A significant region of the parameter space corresponding to large m0 values, 8 TeV ∼ m0 ∼ 16 TeV, is excluded by our analysis. For LSP neutralino mass ∼ 100 GeV, the LHC constraints in some cases on the spin-dependent (spin-independent) neutralino-nucleon cross section are significantly more stringent than the current and expected bounds from Xenon, CDMS and IceCube.