cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DIURNAL AND LONG-TERM VARIATIONS OF THE KINETIC ENERGY GENERATION AND DISSIPATION FOR A FIVE-YEAR PERIOD

Abstract The diurnal variation and long-term variation of the kinetic energy generation and dissipation are investigated with the wind and geopotential data observed twice a day at 00 and 12 gmt over North America during a 5-yr. period. The generation from the work done by the horizontal pressure force and the dissipation are significantly and consistently greater at 00 gmt than at 12 gmt. The diurnal variation is especially pronounced during the summer. The annual march of the seasons and the year-to-year variation of the kinetic energy parameters are also significant. By the use of twice-a-day observations for an extended period, the study over North America is increased in generality as an approximation to hemispherical features. However, some uncertainty remains in this respect because of the possible effects of the semidiurnal variations and unconfirmed radiation errors in the radiosonde observations. The previously reported double maxima of the generation and dissipation in the planetary boundary la...
Performance of ThinPrep liquid-based cervical cytology in comparison with conventionally prepared Papanicolaou smears: a quantitative survey.

Abstract Objective The goal of this study was to evaluate the performance of ThinPrep, a liquid-based cytology preparation technique, in comparison with conventionally prepared Papanicolaou smears in detecting cervical pathology. Methods Forty-seven English-language articles published between January 1990 and September 2002 were identified through Medline and manual searches. After elimination of 5 nonprimary articles, 10 unpaired studies, 5 descriptive articles with insufficient or no data, and 3 articles with data that could not be recast into a consistent format, there remained 24 usable articles. Seventeen articles contained data comparing ThinPrep with conventional cytology for 35,172 patients; and 10 articles compared cytology with histology or other gold standard diagnoses for 21,752 patients. Three of these articles contained both types of comparisons. The standard cytology classification into negative, atypical, low-grade (LGSIL) and high-grade (HGSIL) squamous intraepithelial lesions, and carcinoma was applied; other categorization schemes were recoded as necessary. Concordance estimates, based on five-way and dichotomous (normal/abnormal) classifications, were obtained from the 17 studies containing paired cytology data. Sensitivity and specificity rates were obtained from the 10 studies with paired cytology and histology data. Results The two methods tend to agree in 89 and 92% of cases based on the five-level and dichotomous classifications, respectively. ThinPrep was reported as normal in 93.5% of cases of normal conventional smears. The remaining 6.5% of ThinPrep slides were classified as follows: atypical, 4.55%; LGSIL, 1.56%; HGSIL, 0.36%; invasive cancer, 0.007%. Sensitivity rates, relative to histology, were 68% (conventional) and 76% (ThinPrep), and specificity rates were 79% (conventional) and 86% (ThinPrep). Conclusion ThinPrep tends to be more sensitive and specific than conventional smears in detecting cervical dysplasia. The increased sensitivity of ThinPrep results in increased cytologic diagnosis of cervical atypia, LGSIL, HGSIL, and invasive cervical carcinoma.
COMPLEXITY OF HIERARCHICALLY ORGANIZED SYSTEMS AND THE STRUCTURE OF MUSICAL EXPERIENCES

Many systems can be described much more simply with a hierarchical organization than without: if an identifiable subsystem occurs several times, it is easier to name it and then refer to its instances by name, rather than to repeat their description. This means appropriate measures of hierarchical complexity will have smaller values than corresponding linear measures. A key point for music, as well as many other applications, is to use a measure of complexity—that is, of information—in the general style of Kolmogorov, rather than the more restrictive type of statistical measure in the style of Shannon; this permits a more successful account of musical form and regularity. However, we find it more convenient to use general systems (here hierarchically structured) as a basis, than to use Turing machines as Kolmogorov did, or some other automata “Hearing” a piece of music is a cognitive as well as a physiological process, and what is.“heard.” depends on the conceptual systems which the listener brings to bea...
Sampling issues in generating rules from databases

There have been a number of studies concerning inductive rule generation from databases. All inductive rules are based on instances of the databases, and such instances can be regarded as the sample of the population in the real world. Therefore, the validity, unbiasedness and correctness of these instances cannot be overemphasized in the rule induction environment. While many researchers have focused on the methods of generating rules from databases, the author discusses some sampling issues that occur in rule generation from databases. The author tries to bridge the gap between sampling in statistics and rule generation in databases. Two sampling problems-small sample size and biased sample-which occur mostly in rule induction were studied. The author investigates how these problems affect the validity of rule induction and provides a set of criteria for a rule induction system to generate feasible rules.
“It's One of Those Things That You Do to Help the Family”: Language Brokering and the Development of Immigrant Adolescents

This article examines how immigrant adolescent development is shaped by the cultural and linguistic practice of language brokering. Framed by theories on interdependent/independent developmental scripts, the changing experiences and views of 12 Latino/a children of U.S. immigrants over 5 years were analyzed. It was found that translating is a relational, interdependent activity in which adolescents both help and receive help from family members. As adolescents, they extend this helping orientation beyond their household, but in these public spaces, they sometimes meet up with other developmental scripts. This article's examination of brokering's effects on immigrant adolescence leads to the discussion that one must consider the manner in which all adolescents and parents are negotiating independent and interdependent worlds.
Unawareness of the Effects of Soy Intake on the Management of Congenital Hypothyroidism

It has been established that soy products can interfere with thyroid hormone absorption resulting in continued hypothyroidism in individuals receiving recommended levothyroxine replacement. It has also been reported that achievement of euthyroidism in hypothyroid patients using soy products requires increased doses of levothyroxine. We have observed 2 patients with congenital hypothyroidism who continued to manifest clinical hypothyroidism while receiving recommended doses of hormone and ingesting soy products. The first patient was diagnosed by newborn screening (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH] =169 µIU/mL) and treated with 50 µg of levothyroxine since 6 days of age while simultaneously starting soy formula. At 3 weeks of age, she was clinically and biochemically hypothyroid (thyroxine = 4.0 µg/dL, TSH = 216 µIU/mL). We stopped her soy formula and decreased her levothyroxine dose. Three weeks later signs of hypothyroidism were resolving, and, by 10 weeks of age, she was clinically and biochemically euthyroid. Another patient was diagnosed by newborn screening, received levothyroxine, and did well. She was lost to us for 2 years. During this interval she began consuming soy milk and became profoundly hypothyroid (free thyroxine <0.4 ng/dL, TSH = 248 µIU/mL), even though the primary care physician had increased her levothyroxine dose to 112 µg/day. She was switched to cow milk, and her thyroid function slowly normalized with decreasing doses of levothyroxine. These 2 patients reinforce the importance of remembering that soy products interfere with levothyroxine absorption and can endanger infants and young children with congenital hypothyroidism who are at risk for developmental and growth delay.
Who's to blame? Perceived responsibility for spousal death and psychological distress among older widowed persons.

I examine the ways that bereaved older adults attribute responsibility for their late spouses' deaths, and the consequences of such attributions for psychological adjustment to loss. Data are from ...
On logarithmic integrals and performance bounds for MIMO systems. I. Sensitivity integral inequalities

We extend the classical Bode integral relations to multi-input multi-output systems. Our main contributions include Bode and Poisson type integral inequalities for the sensitivity and complementary sensitivity functions, together with bounds on the sensitivity and complementary sensitivity magnitudes, which are obtained for both continuous-time and discrete-time systems. Part I presents Bode type integral inequalities. These inequalities may be viewed as some variants to the previously available results, but are also significantly different. The main difference is two fold. First, while the previous integral equalities are valid only under a restrictive assumption, the results herein hold in general. Secondly, in spite of the fact that the present results are based upon techniques and assumptions similar to those used in deriving Bode type integral inequalities, the in-depth study carried out here leads to more explicable expressions particularly indicative of the adverse effects of open loop unstable poles. As a direct outcome, the new results confirm that in a multivariable system design limitation and tradeoff depends on both the locations and directions of open loop unstable poles, and in particular, in how such directions may be aligned. The latter is characterized by angles measuring the mutual orientation between the pole directions.
PUBLIC HEALTH ROLE OF THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION IN DRINKING AND FOOD-PROCESSING WATER

Some topics discussed are as follows: FDA regulations relating to fluorine in municipal drinking supplies; definition of food additive and animal experiments to determine carcinogenicity of food additives; health significance of environmental pollutants; authority of EPA and FDA to certify water supplies; regulatory control by the FDA over foods and beverages served aboard interstate carriers; proliferation of water treatment units for home and commercial use; and research on chemical composition and toxicity of chemical additives used in water treatment. (HLW)
Understanding multitasking through parallelized strategy exploration and individualized cognitive modeling

Human multitasking often involves complex task interactions and subtle tradeoffs which might be best understood through detailed computational cognitive modeling, yet traditional cognitive modeling approaches may not explore a sufficient range of task strategies to reveal the true complexity of multitasking behavior. This study proposes a systematic approach for exploring a large number of strategies using a computer-cluster-based parallelized modeling system. The paper demonstrates the efficacy of the approach for investigating and revealing the effects of different microstrategies on human performance, both within and across individuals, for a time-pressured multimodal dual task. The modeling results suggest that multitasking performance is not simply a matter of interleaving cognitive and sensorimotor processing but is instead heavily influenced by the selection of subtask microstrategies.
The role of microhabitat in predation on females with alternative dorsal patterns in a small Costa Rican anole (Squamata: Dactyloidae)

Predation is one of the major selective agents influencing evolution of color patterns. Cryptic color patterns decrease detection probability by predators, but their concealing function depends on the background against which patterns are seen; therefore, habitat use and color patterns are tightly linked. In many anole species, females exhibit variation in dorsal color patterns; the drab and perhaps cryptic colors of the patterns suggest a predator avoidance function behind this polymorphism. We tested whether these different color patterns experience different predation rates depending on their microhabitat. We expected each pattern to form at least one optimal combination with a typically used micro-habitat that would result in lower predation compared to other morphs in the same micro-habitat. We tested this hypothesis for anoles at La Selva, Costa Rica, using clay models resembling a common species at this site: Norops humilis. The first experiment tested for variation in predation on various substrates. We included leaf litter, live leaves, and two size classes of woody stems, using 44 models for each pattern substrate combination. A second experiment tested effects of perch height (10 and 60cm) and diameter ( 5cm), with 50 models for each pattern perch combination. We found differences in predation rates between the morphs depending on their micro-habitat. Specifically, the striped morph had a significant advantage over the others on green leaves. In the second experiment, striped morphs showed significantly lower predation on low than on high perches, irrespective of perch diameter. Reticulated models had an advantage over other morphs on thin stems for the first experiment, where models were placed about 60cm high. Diameter did not have a significant effect on predation for reticulated morphs when height classes were combined. Dotted models did not experience an advantage over the other morphs in any of the treatments. In leaf litter and on thick perches no morph had any advantage over another, and leaf litter predation rates were generally low. These results support a role for predation in maintaining multiple female morphs within small Costa Rican anoles, such as N. humilis.
528: Evidence of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Associated with Airway Remodeling after Experimental and Clinical Lung Transplantation

Evidence of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition Associated with Airway Remodeling after Experimental and Clinical Lung Transplantation P.O. Mitchell, P.M. Naik, D.C. Neujahr, S.D. Force, A.M. Ramirez, A.A. Gal, E.C. Lawrence, D.M. Guidot, A. Pelaez, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA; Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; McKelvey Center for Lung Transplantation & Pulmonary Vascular Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
Evaluation of Features and Normalization Techniques for Signature Verification Using Dynamic Timewarping

This paper examines the use of different feature sets and normalization techniques for a signature and password verifier. The verifier made use of the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm. Features that incorporated the pen velocity were found to be the strongest performers in tests against informed forgeries. Overall, password verification did not perform as well as signature verification. On average, the equal error rate for passwords was 2.7% higher than for signatures. Most signature and password features achieved their best performance when they were power-normalized, although normalization in both time and power was sometimes beneficial as well.
Optical OOK-CDMA and PPM-CDMA systems with turbo product codes

The application of turbo product codes (TPC) in intensity-modulated direct-detection optical code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems with ON-OFF keying or binary pulse-position modulation is proposed in this study. Optical multiple-access interference caused by other users is the main source of noise that degrades system performance and limits the total number of active users in an optical CDMA system. In this work, the original turbo product decoding algorithm is modified according to the binary memoryless channel model. It is shown that the implementation of TPCs in an optical CDMA system provides significant improvement of the bit-error rate, hence, permitting a higher number of active users with optical orthogonal codes (OOC) of less weight. The proposed TPC has about 20% overhead, but the reduction in the weight of the OOC reduces the system bandwidth to less than half to that of the comparable uncoded system.
Nuclear pumping of the iodine laser revisited

The O 2 -I 2 transfer laser is gaining interest as a high-power laser for a variety of applications. There remains an interest in alternate pumping techniques for some situations, however. Here we review earlier work on the potential use of nuclear pumping, either for direct pumping of O 2 or for pumping of an excimer flashlamp in a photolytic iodine laser system.
Progenitor Cell-Based Myelination as a Model for Cell-Based Therapy of the Central Nervous System

Diseases of the brain and spinal cord are especially daunting challenges for cell-based strategies of repair, given the multiplicity of cell types within the adult central nervous system, and the precision with which they must interact in both space and time. Nonetheless, a number of diseases are especially appropriate for cell-based therapy, in particular those in which single phenotypes are lost. Foremost among these are the disorders of myelin, in which oligodendrocytes are the specific and often sole victims of the underlying disease process. These include not only the vascular, traumatic, and inflammatory demyelinations of adulthood, but also the congenital and childhood dysmyelinating syndromes of the pediatric leukodystrophies. These congenital disorders of myelin formation and maintenance may present especially compelling targets for cell-based neurological therapy.
Nanofluidic tuning of photonic crystal circuitry

Utilizing soft-lithography based nanofluidics and silicon nanophotonics we demonstrate ultracompact tunable spectral filtering. Liquid based addressing and high refractive index modulation of a single row of holes within a planar photonic crystal is demonstrated.
Morphologically constrained GRFs: applications to texture synthesis and analysis

A new class of Gibbs random fields (GRFs) is proposed capable of modeling geometrical constraints in images by means of mathematical morphology. The proposed approach, known as morphologically constrained GRFs, models images by means of their size density. Since the size density is a multiresolution statistical summary, morphologically constrained GRFs explicitly incorporate multiresolution information into image modeling. Important properties are studied and their implication to texture synthesis and analysis is discussed. Statistical inference can be easily implemented by means of mathematical morphology. This allows the design of a computationally simple morphological Bayes classifier which produces excellent results in classifying natural textures.
Iterative sparse channel estimation and decoding for underwater MIMO-OFDM

In this paper we propose a block-by-block iterative receiver for underwater MIMO-OFDM that couples channel estimation with MIMO detection and channel decoding. In particular, the channel estimator is based on a compressive sensing technique to exploit the channel sparsity, the MIMO detector consists of a hybrid use of successive interference cancellation and soft MMSE equalization, and the channel codes used are nonbinary LDPC codes. Various feedback strategies such as hard, soft, and thresholded symbol feedback are studied. We test the receiver performance using simulation and experimental data collected from the RACE08 and SPACE08 experiments. All iterative receivers show impressive gains over a non-iterative receiver.
Influence of leaf surface micromorphology, wax content, and surfactant on primisulfuron droplet spread on barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli ) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis)

Abstract Laboratory studies were conducted to examine the leaf surface, epicuticular wax content, and spread area of primisulfuron spray droplet with and without surfactant on leaf surface of barnyardgrass and green foxtail. Adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy and leaf wax was extracted and quantified. The spread of 1-μl droplets of distilled water, primisulfuron solution (without surfactant), primisulfuron solution with a nonionic low foam wetter/spreader adjuvant (0.25% v/v), and with an organosilicone wetting agent (0.1% v/v) was determined on the adaxial leaf surfaces of each of the weed species. Stomata and trichomes were present on adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces in both species. Green foxtail had more stomata per unit area on the adaxial as compared to the abaxial leaf surface. Barnyardgrass had more stomata on the abaxial than on the adaxial leaf surface. There was no significant variation in the number of trichomes per unit leaf area of green foxta...
Background from General Group Theory

We discuss the background in group theory used in this book and present the notation and conventions in force. Unless explicitly stated otherwise, rings are assumed to be associative with unit and modules are assumed unital. There is a summery of group theoretic notation on p.???
EFFECT OF ETHANOL ON BRAIN GAMMA-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID CONCENTRATION

An acute dose of ethanol (4 g/kg body Wt) has been found to decrease endogenous gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) concentration only in rat striatum, an area which is rich in GHB content. Future studies should address the possibility of a GHB-mediated ethanol effect on striatal dopaminergic neurons.
Time to "Get" Religion? An Analysis of Religious Literacy Among Journalism Students

A survey (N = 503) tested religious knowledge for journalism students and nonjournalism students. Journalism students scored poorly on basic religious knowledge and fared no better than nonjournalism students. When advertising and public relations majors were added to the journalism majors to create a new mass communication major variable, that group scored higher than students studying something else. Within the mass communication major, there were differences by chosen field, with photojournalism, print journalism, and public relations students scoring highest. The results indicate that while journalism students and nonjournalism students agree on the need for journalists to have religious literacy, journalism schools are falling short of making sure journalistic training is resulting in proper levels of religious literacy.
Improved procedure for hypophysectomy of the mouse.

SummaryA practical procedure for mouse hypophysectomy by the parapharyngeal approach has been developed. Innovations include tracheal cannulation, resuscitation in an 02 atmosphere, and hydrocortis...
The Changing Farm Market

How does our farm market fit into a dynamic economy made up of 172,700,000 people, plus the resources, social organization, skills—and the urge—to improve their living conditions continuously?Why i...
Thiamin Requirement of Albino Mice

SummaryThe amount of thiamin required for growth of albino mice has been determined. Five micrograms per mouse per day was found to maintain body weight attained at the time of weaning. Ten micrograms per mouse per day is the minimal level for normal growth. Less than 5 μg per mouse per day results in loss of weight and eventual death.
Studies of Introitai, Colonization in Women with Recurrent Urinary Infections. X. Adhesive Properties of Escherichia Coli and Proteus Mirabilis: Lack of Correlation with Urinary Pathogenicity

AbstractThe ability of a bacterial strain to adhere to the vaginal mucosa and the mucosa of the urinary conduits seems to be important in the pathogenesis of urinary infection. Bacterial adherence to vaginal epithelial cells was measured in vitro for 37 strains of Escherichia coli and 18 strains of Proteus mirabilis isolated from the anus, bladder and renal pelvis. No correlation could be demonstrated between the adhesive properties of a bacterial strain and its clinical pathogenicity, suggesting that host factors determining bacterial adherence are more important than bacterial adhesive factors in determining susceptibility to urinary infections.
Continuous on-line hydrogen ion monitoring to study flow dynamics of perifusion systems and cellular metabolism

Time-dependent concentration profiles of input signals and feedback of metabolic products can strongly influence cellular responsiveness. To study these parameters, we developed a perifusion system...
Selection into worst forms of child labor

Little is known about why children participate in activities that are labeled worst forms of child labor (WFCL). Case–control approaches common in medicine are adapted to consider the correlates of participation in worst forms in the context of two WFCL in Nepal: portering and ragpicking. Paternal disability is a strong predictor of entry into each of the worst forms, and the presence of productive assets within the child's home reduces the risk a child is observed in a worst form. We argue that our findings are consistent with a model where there are negative amenities associated with these jobs that induce the poor and those with the fewest alternative earnings options to select into these WFCL in Nepal.
The phase equilibrium, transport and local liquid structure of the methanol/water/ethylene ternary system: A molecular simulation study

Abstract Gas-expanded liquids have received significant interest as catalytic reaction media. While most GXL studies involve CO2 as the expansion gas, there is growing interest in non-CO2 based GXLs, especially when the expansion gas is also a reactant. In this work, we focus on ethylene as an expansion gas, motivated by recent experimental studies on the catalytic epoxidation of ethylene using ethylene-expanded methanol/H2O2/water mixtures within metal doped silica mesopores. Reported simulation studies on GXLs, even for bulk properties, have been primarily limited to single-component or binary systems. Here we extend the use of simulation to the study of a bulk ternary GXL system - namely, ethylene-expanded mixtures of methanol and water mixtures. We investigate the phase behavior and transport properties in the liquid phase with respect to temperature, pressure and water content. The model force fields are validated by comparing compositions and transport properties to existing experiments. In addition, we study local liquid solvation structure as a function of composition.
Quantitative structure—activity relationships (QSAR)

Abstract Dunn III, W.J., 1989. Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems , 6: 181–190. Drug design has been influenced considerably since the first quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study was published by Hansch and his coworkers in 1962. These workers used mathematical models developed from multivariable data analysis methods to correlate changes in biological activity with changes in chemical structure for series of drugs. Since the publication of this pioneering work of Hansch, QSAR has become extensively used in drug design. There are a number of unique, but practical, problems involved in the development of QSARs. These aspects of QSAR research are discussed.
Small mammal utilization by Middle Stone Age humans at Die Kelders Cave 1 and Pinnacle Point Site 5-6, Western Cape Province, South Africa.

Reported here are the results of a taphonomic analysis of the small mammals (between 0.75 kg and 4.5 kg adult body weight) and size 1 bovids (≤20 kg adult body weight) from the Middle Stone Age (MSA) sites of Die Kelders Cave 1 (DK1) and Pinnacle Point Site 5-6 (PP5-6), Western Cape Province, South Africa. This study provides a comprehensive taphonomic analysis of MSA small mammals with a focus on discerning the role of humans in their accumulation and the implications for human behavioral adaptations. Based on comparisons with control assemblages of known accumulation, it is evident that humans accumulated many of the Cape dune mole-rats, hares, and size 1 bovids at DK1. The patterning of cut-marked and burned mole-rat remains at DK1 provides evidence in the MSA for the systematic utilization of small mammals for their skins and as a protein source. Unlike DK1, small mammals and size 1 bovids constitute only a small portion of the PP5-6 mammals and they exhibit little evidence of human accumulation. Nocturnal and diurnal raptors accumulated most of the small fauna at PP5-6. The nominal presence of small mammals in the PP5-6 fauna is atypical of MSA sites in the Cape Floristic Region, where they are abundant and often constitute large portions of MSA archaeofaunas. DK1 humans maximized the environmental yield by exploiting low-quality resources, a strategy employed possibly in response to localized environmental conditions and to greater human population densities. In comparison, the MIS5-4 humans at PP5-6 did not exploit small mammals and instead focused on higher-quality resources like shellfish and large ungulates. Humans and predators accumulated few small mammals at PP5-6, suggesting that these taxa may have been less abundant near the site and/or that humans could afford to concentrate on high-quality resources, perhaps because of a higher-yield local environment. This study suggests that an adaptive response to the environmental conditions of MIS4 was to maximize the resource yield of local habitats to include lower-quality resources when necessary. The incorporation of these resources in the face of changing environmental and perhaps population pressures is a subsistence adaptation that played a crucial role in the population stability and expansion evidenced by the number of sites in the Cape dating to MIS4.
The effects of blood and blood products on the arachnoid cell

After traumatic brain injury (TBI), large amounts of red blood cells and hemolytic products are deposited intracranially creating debris in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This debris, which includes heme and bilirubin, is cleared via the arachnoid granulations and lymphatic systems. However, the mechanisms by which erythrocytes and their breakdown products interfere with normal CSF dynamics remain poorly defined. The purpose of this study was to model in vitro how blood breakdown products affect arachnoid cells at the CSF-blood barrier, and the extent to which the resorption of CSF into the venous drainage system is mechanically impaired following TBI. Arachnoid cells were grown to confluency on permeable membranes. Rates of growth and apoptosis were measured in the presence of blood and lysed blood, changes in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured in the presence of blood and hemoglobin, and small molecule permeability was determined in the presence of blood, lysed blood, bilirubin, and biliverdin. These results were directly compared with an established rat brain endothelial cell line (RBEC4) co-cultured with rat brain astrocytes. We found that arachnoid cells grown in the presence of whole or lysed erythrocytes had significantly slower growth rates than controls. Bilirubin and biliverdin, despite their low solubilities, altered the paracellular transport of arachnoid cells more than the acute blood breakdown components of whole and lysed blood. Mannitol permeability was up to four times higher in biliverdin treatments than controls, and arachnoid membranes demonstrated significantly decreased small molecule permeabilities in the presence of whole and lysed blood. We conclude that short-term ( 5 days) arachnoid cell viability are affected by blood and blood breakdown products, with important consequences for CSF flow and blood clearance after TBI.
Role of non-traditional locations for seasonal flu vaccination: Empirical evidence and evaluation.

Abstract This study investigated the role of non-traditional locations in the decision to vaccinate for seasonal flu. We measured individuals’ preferred location for seasonal flu vaccination by examining the National H1N1 Flu Survey (NHFS) conducted from late 2009 to early 2010. Our econometric model estimated the probabilities of possible choices by varying individual characteristics, and predicted the way in which the probabilities are expected to change given the specific covariates of interest. From this estimation, we observed that non-traditional locations significantly influenced the vaccination of certain individuals, such as those who are high-income, educated, White, employed, and living in a metropolitan statistical area (MSA), by increasing the coverage. Thus, based on the empirical evidence, our study suggested that supporting non-traditional locations for vaccination could be effective in increasing vaccination coverage.
Reunification Is Not Enough: Assessing the Needs of Unaccompanied Migrant Youth

Unaccompanied migrant youth enter the United States daily to escape violence, political oppression, extreme poverty, and chronic instability in their native countries, or as victims of human traffi...
Relative Contributions of Intracranial Pressure and Intraocular Pressure on Lamina Cribrosa Behavior

Purpose. To characterize the relative contributions of intraocular pressure (IOP) and intracranial pressure (ICP) on lamina cribrosa (LC) behavior, specifically LC depth (LCD) and LC peak strain. Methods. An axially symmetric finite element model of the posterior eye was constructed with an elongated optic nerve and retro-orbital subarachnoid space ensheathed by pia and dura mater. The mechanical environment in LC was evaluated with ICP ranging from 5 to 15 mmHg and IOP from 10 to 45 mmHg. LCD and LC peak strains at various ICP and IOP levels were estimated using full factorial experiments. Multiple linear regression analyses were then applied to estimate LCD and LC peak strain using ICP and IOP as independent variables. Results. Both increased ICP and decreased IOP led to a smaller LCD and LC peak strain. The regression correlation coefficient for LCD was −1.047 for ICP and 1.049 for IOP, and the ratio of the two regression coefficients was −1.0. The regression correlation coefficient for LC peak strain was −0.025 for ICP and 0.106 for IOP, and the ratio of the two regression coefficients was −0.24. A stiffer sclera increased LCD but decreased LC peak strain; besides, it increased the relative contribution of ICP on the LCD but decreased that on the LC peak strain. Conclusions. ICP and IOP have opposing effects on LCD and LC peak strain. While their effects on LCD are equivalent, the effect of IOP on LC peak strain is 3 times larger than that of ICP. The influences of these pressure are dependent on sclera material properties, which might explain the pathogenesis of ocular hypertension and normal-tension glaucoma.
Asian Adolescents with Excess Weight are at Higher Risk for Insulin Resistance than Non-Asian Peers.

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether Asian American adolescents have higher metabolic risk from excess weight than non-Asians. Methods Seven hundred thirty-three students, aged 14 to 19 years old, completed a school-based health screening. The 427 Asian and 306 non-Asian students were overall equivalent on age, sex, and family income. Height, weight, waist circumference, percent body fat, and blood pressure were measured. Fasting triglycerides, high- and low-density lipoproteins, glucose, and insulin levels were measured. Asian and non-Asians in lean or overweight/obesity groups were contrasted on the five factors that make up the metabolic syndrome. Results Asian adolescents carrying excess weight had significantly higher insulin resistance (IR), triglyceride levels, and waist-height ratios (W/H), despite a significantly lower overall BMI than corresponding non-Asians. Similarly, Asians had a stronger relationship between W/H and the degree of IR than non-Asian counterparts; 35% and 18% of the variances were explained (R2 = 0.35, R2 = 0.18) respectively, resulting in a significant W/H by racial group interaction (Fchange[1,236] = 11.56, P < 0.01). Conclusions Despite lower overall BMI, Asians have higher IR and triglyceride levels from excess weight than their non-Asian counterparts. One-size-fits-all public health policies targeting youth should be reconsidered and attention paid to Asian adolescents, including those with mild degrees of excess weight.
Regional Powers, Great Power Allies, and International Institutions: The Case of Ethiopia

What role do international institutions play in the character and conduct of Ethiopian foreign policy? Like most states in the international system, international institutions, at the global and regional levels, have been critical arenas through which the Ethiopian state and its ruling Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) have sought to pursue their interests.
Structural Organization and Properties of Membrane Lipids

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the classification of membrane lipids and the molecular structure of a representative lipid species within each class. The chapter also describes several organized assemblies of membrane lipids in excess water; with special emphasis on the different forms of lipid bilayers are described. The chapter also focuses on the thermally induced polymorphism of the lipid bilayer composed of a single type of phospholipid molecule. The changes in the thermodynamic and conformational properties of the lipid bilayer as it undergoes the gel-to-liquid-crystalline phase transition are illustrated. Finally, in the last part of the chapter, the mixing behavior of two different phospholipids in the bilayer at various temperatures is considered in terms of the temperature-composition phase diagram. Basic thermodynamic equations that are applied for simulating the phase diagram for a binary lipid system in excess water are presented specifically. Based on these equations, the simulated and experimentally determined phase diagrams can be compared and matched to determine the nonideality parameters of mixing for the two lipid species; thus, leading to a quantitative estimation of the energetics involved in the lipid–lipid interactions in the two-dimensional plane of the lipid bilayer. The amphipathic lipid molecules can be broadly divided into three large groups—glycerophospholipids, also called phospholipids, sphingolipids, and sterols. Phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerols, and phosphatidylserine are discussed under glycerophospholipids. Structural organizations of membrane lipids are discussed in detail, including planar lipid bilayer, liposomes, multilameilar vesicles (MLV) and others. The thermodynamic and conformational properties of bilayers include phase transition behavior, “Trans to Gauche” isomerizations about the C-C bonds in lipid acyl chains, factors affecting the gel-to-liquid-crystalline phase transition temperature. The section of binary phospholipid mixtures includes gel-phase miscibility and liquid-crystalline phase miscibility, gel-phase immiscibility and liquid-crystalline-phase miscibility.
NDA Approval Under FDCA Section 505(b)(1) Based on Effectiveness Data from One Clinical Trial

For new drug approval, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) generally requires two or more clinical trials that demonstrate effectiveness. Notwithstanding, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) expressly authorizes FDA to approve drugs based on one trial with “confirmatory” evidence, and the Agency has issued guidance describing when only one trial is sufficient. To evaluate the frequency with which FDA approves new drugs based on only one trial, we researched the relevant statutory background and FDA guidance, and also reviewed new drug and biological product approvals since 1997. Our findings suggest that approval based on one study is rare, does not necessarily correspond to orphan status, and is primarily limited to products for cancer, hereditary deficiencies, or metabolic disorders. One-study approvals have occurred for other types of products, but generally only where trial results were exceptionally robust. This includes situations where a single trial was very large, demonstrated a significant advantage over existing treatment options, and/or generated statistically very strong results. Drug developers considering a one-study strategy should therefore consider carefully whether their approach effectively asks FDA to break new ground in forgiving the lack of a second full-blown trial.
RADIATION REACTION IN NONRELATIVISTIC QUANTUM THEORY

I would like to describe some calculationstl(1,2) which E. J. Moniz and I carried out for the purpose of understanding more clearly the relationship between classical and quantum electrodynamics, particularly in regard to their treatment of radiation reaction. Let us begin by reviewing some of the questions of interest here.
Joint Probability Distributions in Quantum Mechanics

The notion and methods of calculating probabilities in quantum mechanics is strikingly different from classical mechanics and standard probability theory. Quantum mechanics manipulates mysteriously, from a classical probabilistic point of view, complex functions and operators to nevertheless end up with observable quantities which are interpreted as if they were derived from a standard type of probability theory. Whether the strange methods of obtaining the predictions of the theory are essential, in the sense that given the type of results quantum mechanics predicts implies a quantum mechanical type of mathematical formalism, is not totally clear. Certainly many of the paradoxes seem to be based on the mode of calculating probabilities. For example, the paradox of the double slit experiment arises from the fact that the probability of the particle being at a certain point on the screen is not the same probability that it went through one slit or the other. Since standard probability theory arose out of simplistic considerations it may be that it is restricted and that its future development will generalize it to a degree where quantum mechanics will fit in naturally. Weiner (1963) made some attempts along these lines by showing some examples from ordinary probability theory that yield results similar in mathematical form as in quantum mechanics. Another approach to the understanding of the probabilistic methods is to attempt to formulate quantum mechanics as a traditional probability theory. We shall describe this attempt, and although we shall show that this is strictly speaking impossible, the impossibility will illuminate certain aspects of the theory. In particular we will emphasize the question of joint distributions of non-commuting variables and show the one-to-one relationship between so-called correspondence rules and the distribution functions. As we shall see, the question as to whether there can exist a consistent rule for obtaining quantum mechanical operators (a correspondence rule) from their classical counterpart and the question whether there exists a legitimate joint distribution function are one and the same.
Diagnostic Evaluation of a Breast Mass

Increased awareness and education of the patients has led to improved detection of lumps or masses in the breast. They come to clinical attention in three common ways: (1) patient feels something during breast self-examination, (2) the primary care physician or gynecologist feels a lump during routine physical examination, or (3) screening mammography identifies a mass (Fig. 3.1). All these methods of finding a breast mass bring a lot of anxiety to the patient. A breast examination by a trained physician can often distinguish between benign versus worrisome lumps. Sometimes the changes associated with a breast mass, such as change in the size and appearance of the breast, skin dimpling, nipple retraction, nipple discharge, or skin color and tone, as compared to the other breast brings the problem to the attention of patient or their physician. A breast mass appears as density or distortion on the screening mammogram and the Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) can classify the finding into benign, indeterminate, suspicious, or highly suspicious for malignancy.
Infectious Gastroenteritis and Colitis

In this chapter, we discuss the epidemiology, etiology, presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diarrhea in immunocompetent persons. The features of small intestinal and ileocolonic disease as related to possible causative agents are presented. Additionally, there is an emphasis on specific pathogens, with a comprehensive review of viral, bacterial, and parasitic causes of diarrhea. We then discuss the intricacies of the clinical and diagnostic evaluation, as well as treatment. Specifically, we evaluate the severity of illness, historical clues to etiology, the appropriateness of diagnostic testing in various clinical situations, and which diagnostic tests are clinically relevant. Rehydration therapy is discussed along with nutrition and electrolyte support. The appropriate use of antidiarrheal and antimicrobial medications is reviewed, along with a brief discussion of empiric therapy and the individual and public health consequences associated with infection and treatment.
Interventions for Adolescents in Community Settings

Although in the United States the largest number of reported cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have involved white men who engaged in same-gender sexual activities, a confluence of evidence suggests that inner-city African-American adolescents are at risk for infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It may be possible to reduce the risk of AIDS among inner-city African-American adolescents by identifying the key HIV risk-associated behaviors in this population, the intervention-sensitive conceptual variables that determine those behaviors, and the most effective behavior-change intervention strategies. In this chapter, we will summarize and review critically the literature on interventions to reduce the risk of HIV infection among adolescents in community settings.
Ethical Research Design

As Punch noted (1994, p. 84), ethnographic research is “potentially volatile, even hazardous, requiring careful consideration and preparation before someone should be allowed to enter the field.” This is especially true in research with marginalized, stigmatized, and often criminalized groups of sex workers on deeply private, sensitive, and sexual issues and behaviors. In which case, researchers are faced with a plethora of moral and ethical dilemmas, such as confidentiality concerns, informed consent, and representative samples.
On “The Flight 93 Election”: Enemies and Apocalypticism in American Political Culture

“The Flight 93 Election” was an essay published in the Claremont Review of Books in September 2016, barely two months before the 2016 election. The essay’s pseudonymous author invoked the heroic effort by the passengers of United Flight 93 to retake their hijacked plane on September 11, 2001, in a symbolic maneuver to characterize the stakes of the election according to apocalypticism, that is, in a binary logic that posited the opponent as a malevolent enemy whose accession to power would mean the end of the American republic. Commentators on the left and the right strongly criticized the essay. But much of the criticism failed to seriously grapple with substantive bases of the argument and used the same symbolic binary language of apocalypticism to attack it. This chapter examines what “The Flight 93 essay” and its reception in the public sphere indicate about the state of cultural and political debate and conflict in the contemporary United States.