cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen-induced phase separation in PdRh alloys

The principal result of this research is the demonstration that phase separation takes place in RdRh alloys at moderate to elevated temperatures in the presence of H2: it occurs to a much lesser extent under similar conditions but in the absence of hydrogen. The main technique employed for determining whether or not lattice changes have occurred are ‘diagnostic’ isotherms measured before and after exposure to hydrogen. These isotherms are measured at a much lower temperature than those employed for the hydrogen heat treatment (HHT). This diagnostic technique has the advantage that it is more sensitive than other methods to lattice changes in alloys: however, it has the disadvantage that the nature of the changes must be inferred. Direct evidence for segregation following HHT in these alloys has been obtained from electron microprobe analysis via a wavelength-dispersive spectrometer. X-ray diffraction revealed that the original f.c.c. reflections of the XRh = 0.20 alloy were broadened after HHT so as to suggest the presence of two sets of f.c.c. reflections. It is suggested that the segregation corresponds to phase separation according to the PdRh binary phase diagram, at least in the elevated temperature range employed for HHT. 673 to 873 K, where the hydrogen solubility is small and where consequently the binary phase equilibrium should not be perturbed by the small amounts of dissolved hydrogen. The lattice changes were more marked in the presence of hydrogen than in its absence in all of the experiments which were carried out. This research demonstrates the potential utility of employing H-induced changes for phase diagram determination of Pd alloys and possibly for other alloy systems, e.g. Ni-based alloys.
Influence of carrier mobility and design parameters on field effect transistor characteristics

The operation of a field effect transistor (FET) having a plane circular geometry is analyzed. By taking limits, the solution for a plane rectangular geometry is obtained. The carrier mobility is assumed to vary as E(-1/n) , where E is the drift field and n an experimentally determined number depending on the drift field. Assuming the gradual approximation to hold, the device characteristics are established analytically and graphically. Operation in the hypercritical range decreases the device sensitivity to geometric factors and certain material constants. It concentrates the channel resistance toward the drain. The dynamic conductance is shown to be a strong function of the drift-field range and of the drain voltage, particularly in the high field ranges and for low drain voltages. The optimum drift-field range giving the highest slope and frequency limit depends on the geometry. The slope, maximum for zero bias for all ranges, is a strong function of the bias. The operational frequency limit is shown to be proportional to P(n-1/3n-1) , where P is the power handling capacity per unit length. For practical devices, this limit is 10 to 15 times less than the highest limit obtainable based on circuit considerations alone. The present work has confirmed the findings of previous investigations and has extended the results to cover new geometrical configurations and wider operating ranges. It provides data for device optimization and may, therefore, be of use to designers.
The solution of a generalized master equation and its long-time asymptotic limit for a simple Friedrichs model

A generalized master equation is obtained, using projection-operator techniques, for the probability of occupation of the discrete state in the Friedrichs model. The collision and destruction operators appearing in this equation are expressed in terms of the solutions of two integral equations. The explicit solutions of these equations are found for the special case in which the interaction is assumed to be lorentzian and the spectrum of the unperturbed hamiltonian taken to be unbounded below. The analytic properties of the collision operator and the form of the exact solution for the spontaneous-emission initial condition are discussed in terms of the parameter g2 which is the height-to-width ratio for the lorentzian interaction. When g2 1 is also considered.
THE POSTULATED MECHANISMS FOR STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 1980-1989

Abstract The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of aluminum alloys is a well-documented phenomenon, but there is considerable disagreement in the scientific literature as to what mechanism causes it. This paper reviews the past 10 years of publications and describes the experimental methods and the proposed SCC mechanisms of about 90 selected papers. Different SCC mechanisms have been proposed for the different aluminum alloy systems: for example, anodic dissolution is generally favored in the 2xxx series aluminum alloys, while hydrogen-induced cracking is favored in the 7xxx series. However, considering the conflicting reports in the literature, it is still possible that other mechanisms are operational.
Spontaneous heterotopic triplets: a case report.

Objective To present a case report of a spontaneous, heterotopic, triplet conception of a patient without any risk factors. Design Case report. Setting Community hospital in Park Ridge, Illinois. Patient(s) One patient, 30-year-old multigravida, sent to the emergency room for evaluation of right lower quadrant pain after confirmed identification of an early, intrauterine pregnancy by an office ultrasound. The patient was taken to the operating room for suspected appendicitis and found to have a right ruptured ectopic pregnancy with a normal appendix. Intervention(s) The patient underwent a laparoscopic right salpingostomy with hydrodissection of the ectopic pregnancy. Main Outcome Measure(s) Follow-up pelvic ultrasounds confirmed a viable, spontaneous twin intrauterine pregnancy. Result(s) The twin pregnancy continued without complications until 34 weeks' gestation, when the patient began preterm labor and delivered healthy twins. Conclusion(s) Even in the absence of infertility treatments and/or risk factors, heterotopic pregnancy should be included in the differential diagnosis for lower quadrant abdominal or pelvic pain.
Land—The Far Horizon

The theme of this session is "Increasing Conflicts over Land Use." Perhaps that title is a bit myopic. There have always been intense conflicts over land use-Romans versus barbarians, Indians versus settlers, fences versus range, sheep versus cattle, to name a few. Indeed, conflict over land use is more basic and is found in nature in the form of "territory" and "niche." While man overwhelms the territorial claims of other species, within human societies conflict also arises over territorial rights. In the United States our institutions are strong enough to regulate simple territorial claims without great conflict; thus, the law determines rights where like users seek to displace one another. But conflict also comes from a different source-from the pressures of increased use and from incompatible types of use. Greater intensity of use, whether with fixed or changing technology, implies more active competition for land, and some competing uses may be excluded for economic or technical reasons. The effects of land use change are rarely confined to the plot concerned, so nonowners have a stake in the outcome. That is what is happening in our society. Whether this means that the conflict has grown more acute in our time is problematical, but at least its changing character makes us think so, and our legal and economic institutions ensure that the conflict will be extended, litigious, and inconclusive. Now, as before, the problem is how to accommodate changing demands on the land. If new demands have sufficient economic or
Combinatorial dimension in fractional Cartesian products

The combinatorial dimension relative to an arbitrary fractional Cartesian product is defined. Relations between dimensions in certain archetypal instances are derived. Random sets with arbitrarily prescribed dimensions are produced; in particular, scales of combinatorial dimension are shown to be continuously and independently calibrated. A combinatorial concept of cylindricity is key. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2005
Graphene: Conductivity measurements pick up

The conductivity of a single graphene nanoribbon can be measured by lifting the nanoribbon off a surface with the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope.
Gene transfer into the intestinal epithelium

Abstract The intestinal epithelium is an attractive target organ for somatic gene therapy. Conditions that could be treated include both genetic and acquired disorders of the epithelium itself as well as various metabolic and circulatory disorders. We have explored the feasibility of using retroviral vectors to achieve gene transfer into this tissue. Such vectors have been shown to transduce intestinal epithelial cells efficiently in vitro. When administered in vivo via the intestinal lumen, successful gene transfer has been demonstrated. Moreover, based on the persistence and pattern of expression of reporter genes in both rat and mouse models, it appears that intestinal stem cells can be transduced. Despite these encouraging findings, the overall efficiency of gene transfer is quite low. We have systematically studied various factors that may have contributed to this low efficiency. The vector preparations have been successfully concentrated and shown to yield high efficiencies of gene transfer in vitro. On the assumption that the mucus lining of the intestinal tract acts as a barrier, in vivo methods for mucus removal have been explored. Finally, expression of the mRNA for the ecotropic retroviral receptor has been studied along the length of the rat small intestine and in differentiated as compared with proliferating cells in an in vitro model. The pattern of receptor expression also has been studied throughout development of the small intestine. Based on these studies, future efforts using retroviral vectors, particularly in the fetal period, may yield high-efficiency gene transfer to the intestinal epithelium.
Emerging Targets for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT): Genetic Disorders of Hematopoiesis and Immunity

Abstract This review highlights the potential benefits and challenges of the application of Hematopoietic Cell Therapy (HCT) to the treatment of three rare genetic conditions affecting immunohematopoiesis early in life: IPEX (Immune dysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, X-linked), ALPS (Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative s.), and Dyskeratosis Congenita (DC). Each of these conditions can result from several distinct genetic defects with somewhat distinct clinical prognoses. Severe, life-threatening, autoimmune complications are seen with IPEX and ALPS. In the DC disorders, marrow failure is a common abnormality. ALPS and DC are associated with increased risk of hematopoietic malignancy. Early experience with HCT in these disorders predict that most of the life-threatening complications of these conditions are reversible and/or preventable by HCT. In the current era, it is advised that affected patients undergo definitive genetic diagnosis, and be considered for reduced intensity HCT when young and relatively healthy.
Sedimentation and carbon burial on the northern California continental shelf: the signatures of land-use change

Abstract The burial of organic carbon (OC) on continental margins is strongly coupled to the supply and accumulation of inorganic mineral particles. It follows that carbon burial on the margins should be impacted by changes in riverine sediment delivery, yet these impacts have not been well documented. In this study, an ∼2000-year record of sedimentation and carbon burial on the continental shelf offshore from the Eel River in northern California was examined. The record reveals a 6–11-fold increase in the rate of sediment accumulation on the mid-shelf beginning about 1955, and a concomitant decrease in grain size and increase in flood-layer preservation. At the same time, the age of buried wood fragments abruptly decreased and their stable carbon isotopic composition became enriched in 13C. We argue that these changes can be explained largely as the result of altered land use in the Eel watershed during the past century and its impacts on shelf sediment dispersal processes. Sedimentary OC on the Eel shelf consists primarily of discrete wood fragments associated with coarse-silt- and sand-sized particles, and of organic matter strongly bound to clay-sized mineral grains. The clay fraction is a particularly sensitive recorder of environmental change in the Eel system. Above the 1955 horizon, the clay fraction shows an abrupt decrease in OC concentration and loading (OC content normalized to particle surface area) attendant with the increased accumulation rate. Kerogen carbon constitutes a relatively constant proportion of the clay-associated OC throughout the ∼2000-year record. Increases in mass wasting and input of bedrock material following the onset of intensive industrial logging in the Eel watershed may have resulted in a lower loading of terrestrial plant OC in the clay fraction deposited after 1955 as suggested by isotopic mass balance calculations. The Eel River is representative of small mountainous watersheds worldwide that deliver a major portion of the sediment and carbon flux to the margins and that have been strongly impacted by land-use change during the past century. Our results suggest that such changes leave a distinctive mark in both the sedimentological and geochemical records preserved offshore.
The impact of nutrient loading from Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) on water quality, a mesocosm approach

A mesocosm experiment determined the impact of Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) feces on water chemistry. After 30 days of fecal additions (treatments of 1.209, 2.419 g, and 12.090 g every 3 d to 0.811 m3 size mescosms), no significant changes in water column total phosphorus, nitrate, N:P ratios, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, chlorophyll-a, or phycocyanin were observed among treatment groups. Soluble reactive phosphorus showed a marginally significant increase in the high treatment group. A settling experiment suggested that goose feces and associated nutrients settled quickly to the sediment. Since fecal material settles quickly to the sediment, the impact of additional fecal material would not become evident in a lake until a wind event mixes the sediment into the water column or through alteration of the productivity or community structure of the benthos.
Mechanisms of Myocardial Regeneration

The plasticity of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells (BMPCs) and their ability to acquire the myocyte lineage and regenerate dead myocardium after infarction has been challenged. Similarly, although several laboratories have identified cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), the controversy concerning myocyte regeneration in the adult heart has not been resolved. The therapeutic efficacy of these 2 classes of progenitor cells depends on their ability to (1)survive in the hostile milieu of the damaged heart, (2)engraft within the myocardium and (3)grow and differentiate. BMPCs may have a growth potential that is superior to that of CPCs, but transdifferentiation could affect this characteristic and CPCs may constitute a more powerful form of therapy for cardiac repair. The process of transdifferentiation may alter the growth behavior of BMPCs, which may result in losing part of their capability of dividing through alterations of the telomere-telomerase system, premature cellular senescence and apoptosis. Moreover, myocytes derived from BMPCs may possess inherent limitations in the acquisition of the adult phenotype. The opposite may also be true and BMPCs may retain a stronger regenerative capacity than CPCs, representing the most appropriate cells for the damaged heart even after transdifferentiation. Ultimately, the question to be addressed is whether BMPCs are superior, equal or inferior to CPCs for the regeneration of cardiomyocytes and coronary vessels in acute and chronic ischemic heart failure. (Circ J 2010; 74: 13 - 17).
An Experimental Investigation of Frictionally-Excited Thermoelastic Instability in Automotive Disk Brakes Under a Drag Brake Application

Thermoelastic instability in an automotive disk brake system is investigated exper­ imentally under drag braking conditions. The onset of instability is clearly identifiable through the observation of nonuniformities in temperature measured using embed­ ded thermocouples. A stability boundary is established in temperature/speed space, the critical temperature being attributable to temperature-dependence of the brake pad material properties. It is also found that the form of the resulting unstable perturbations or eigenfunctions changes depending upon the sliding speed and tem­ perature.
Towards quorum sensing based distributed control for networks of mobile sensors

Control and communication for a distributed network of robotic agents is a difficult problem to solve at the microscale. In nature, bacteria utilize chemical signaling to execute controlled movement, communication, and collaborative task completion. Chemotactic response (i.e. biased random walk of bacteria towards a chemo-attractant source) enables effective sensing and creates a biased distribution of bacteria in a field. Quorum sensing allows a robust collective response to be achieved at specific bacteria number densities. In this work, we present a computational model for bio-inspired sensing, communication, and control that is based on the combination of chemotaxis and quorum sensing. We have computationally demonstrated that these bio-inspired strategies can be implemented in synthetic mobile sensor network. Robustness and response time of such systems are also examined.
Risk Analysis of Fatigue-Induced Sequential Failures by Branch-and-Bound Method Employing System Reliability Bounds

Various types of structural systems are often subjected to the risk of fatigue-induced failures. If a structure does not have an adequate level of structural redundancy, local failures may initiate sequential failures and cause exceedingly large damage. For the risk-informed design and maintenance of such structural systems, it is thus essential to quantify the risk of fatigue-induced sequential failure. However, such risk analysis is often computationally intractable because one needs to explore innumerable failure sequences, each of which demands component and system reliability analyses in conjunction with structural analyses to account for various uncertainties and the effect of load redistributions. To overcome this computational challenge, many research efforts have been made to identify critical failure sequences with the highest likelihood and to quantify the overall risk by system reliability analysis based on the identified sequences. One of the most widely used approaches is the so-called “bran...
Metabolism of 14C-sulphadimethoxane in swine

1. 14C-sulphadimethoxine (4-amino-N-(2,6-dimethoxy-4-pyrimidinyl)benzene-[U-14C]-sulphonamide; 14C-SDM) was given orally (60 mg/kg body weight) to eight swine (weight 27-32 kg). Urine and faeces were collected from 0 to 72 h after dosing and tissue samples were collected from animals exsanguinated at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after dosing. The concentration of total 14C-labelled residues (14C-SDM equivalents) in tissues other than the gastrointestinal tract ranged from 99-1 ppm (plasma) to 13.8 ppm (adipose tissue) 12 h after dosing. Seventy-two hours after dosing tissue concentrations ranged from 5.4 ppm (plasma) to 0.5 ppm (skeletal muscle). The concentration in the large intestine was substantially higher (10.4 ppm) than in the stomach (2.8 ppm) and small intestine (1.4 ppm) 72 h after dosing. 2. Of the 14C, 77% was excreted in the urine from 0 to 72 h after dosing with 14C-SDM, mostly in the 0-24-h collection. Fifteen percent was excreted in the faeces from 0 to 72 h after dosing, with most of this occurring 36-72 h post-dosing. 3. 14C-SDM accounted for 24% (liver) to 66% (adipose tissue) and the N4-acetyl derivative of SDM (N4-Ac-SDM) accounted for 10% (skeletal muscle) to 35% (kidney) of the total 14C in the tissues 12 h after dosing. The N4-glucose conjugate of SDM (G-SDM) was a major 14C-labelled compound in skeletal muscle (21% of total) and liver (28%) but it was not detected in adipose tissue or kidney. The N4-glucuronic acid conjugate of SDM (GA-SDM) was a minor metabolite in kidney, but was not detected in other tissues collected 12 h after dosing. Desamino SDM was a minor metabolite in the kidney. A minor metabolite in plasma was identified as the sulphate ester of 3-hydroxysulphadimethoxine. 4. 14C-labelled fractions isolated from 0 to 6-h urine included N4-Ac-SDM (82%), SDM (3%) and GA-SDM (6%).
Development and testing of the Inventory of Functional Status—Chronic Pain

Gender differences have been identified in daily activities and the importance of specific activities. Functional status instruments do not reflect these differences and may provide a biased measurement. The purpose of this 3-phase study was to develop a reliable and valid instrument for measuring functional status in women with chronic pain. The Inventory of Functional Status--Chronic Pain (IFS-CP) measures activities primarily engaged in by women and omits from scoring those activities in which the individual does not usually participate. Content validity was established at 91.5%. Reliability and further validity testing in a sample of 204 women with chronic pain found that internal consistency ranged from 0.61 to 0.94 for item to subscale, and from 0.71 to 0.89 for subscale to total scores. Test-retest reliability was 0.93. Testing of construct validity resulted in significant correlations between functional status and pain severity, pain interference [Multiphasic Pain Inventory (MPI)], perception of pain disability [Pain and Impairment Relationship Scale (PAIRS)], and quality of life (QOL, Survey). The IFS-CP provides a means of comprehensively assessing the effects of pain on the functional status of women.
Afterword: Political values and production values

This afterword to this issue suggests that our deep knowledge of the patterns of news content that are consistent across organizations and over time now should be followed by a greater awareness of how news organizations and newspersons come up with that content. In particular, while the preceding studies, as well as a wealth of others, conclude that the news is “indexed” to elite opinion, they also display considerable individual discretion for journalists. I suggest that news norms are not closely connected to news content and that journalistic routines cannot explain the consensual pictures presented in the news. If it is the case that newspersons are less preoccupied with reflecting a legitimized elite than with generating a predictable stream of nonfiction stories about the world, we may comprehend their work better by thinking of them as not so much “following the trail of power” as seeking to find ways to craft a continuing and compelling saga.
New Composite (Quadrant) Standard Films for Classifying Radiographs of Pneumoconioses

120 chest radiographs of dust exposed persons were classified twice by each of 39 physicians, and three times by 37 of them. All film readers used both the 22 standard films accompanying the current International Labour Office's (1980) Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses, and a modified set that reproduced selected parts from some of them as quadrants of full-size films. Variability within and between readers in small opacity profusion classifications was high, but similar when using the two sets of standards. Some readers recognised irregularly shaped small opacities more frequently, in low profusion categories, when using the quadrant standards. Small rounded opacities were classified more frequently higher on the scale when using the current standards. The effects found were small although the test films included a high proportion with some small opacities. It is concluded that use of the new quadrant standards is unlikely to introduce any important bias into results from occupational health surveys.
Measuring clinical response and remission in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Purpose of review The increasing availability of new medications for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis has made the accurate assessment of treatment outcomes critically important. The purpose of this review is to describe recent investigations focused on the development of new outcome measures in the domains of disease activity and joint damage, and to summarize recently published data within the area of health-related quality of life. Recent findings Since the development of the preliminary definition of disease improvement in 1997, the American College of Rheumatology pediatric response criteria have become the primary outcome measures in therapeutic trials in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Additional definitions, including preliminary definitions of flare and remission have subsequently been added. Investigations have also sought to determine whether measures currently in use in adult rheumatoid arthritis might have utility in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. As the pathogenesis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis becomes better understood, biomarkers have significant potential as outcome measures. Lastly, recent reports regarding the health-related quality of life in large cohorts of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis are important in guiding investigators towards areas most in need of improved treatment. Summary Significant progress has been made in the measurement of outcomes in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Outcome measures will continue to be designed and tested to keep pace with the development of new therapies and the improved understanding of the disease pathogenesis.
Performance of Chicks Fed Different Levels of Potato Waste Silages

Abstract Dried potato waste silages were fed to chicks in two experiments to determine whether residues or metabolites toxic to chicks were present. Silages were made from equal parts (v/v) “filter cake” and “dry peel” with chopped alfalfa hay (Experiment 1) or chopped barley straw (Experiment 2) added to 15% of the total to absorb excess moisture from the potato waste. Day-old broiler chicks were fed a corn-soybean meal (SBM) basal ration for 5 days in each experiment, sorted by weight, and experimental groups were equalized to within 1 g/chick. Chicks were then fed the basal ration or a ration containing silage at 5, 10, or 15% of the ration. All rations were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Experimental rations were fed for 21 days in Experiment 1 and 14 days in Experiment 2. Chicks were group weighed at the start, at the termination, and at weekly intervals during each experiment. One-half the chicks from each ration were killed for examination of internal organs at the end of each experiment. After 2 weeks all silage fed groups weighed significantly (P
Design and characterization of an infrared Alvarez lens

While Alvarez lens prototypes have recently been manufactured and tested for visible wavelengths, there is little discussion of these types of components for infrared applications in the published literature. We present and characterize a germanium Alvarez lens for infrared imaging. Mathematical analysis for determining the required cubic surfaces is presented, and ray-based and wave-based optical simulations are performed to confirm and refine the expected variable-focus behavior. As part of the design study, we examine the effects of effective f-number of the Alvarez lens and gap between the freeform surfaces on image quality, modulation transfer function, and Strehl ratio. The germanium Alvarez lens pair is fabricated through freeform diamond micro-milling, and characterized using a custom-built imaging test station in the mid-infrared. The variable-focus and imaging capabilities of this lens are demonstrated experimentally and compared to predicted results with good agreement.
Adaptive delay and synchronization control for Wi-Fi based AV conferencing

The prevalence of the IEEE 802.11b technology leads to the emergence of Wi-Fi based AV conferencing applications. However, due to the "best-effort" transport service and other unpredictable factors such as user mobility, location and background traffic, the transport channel behavior often fluctuates drastically. It thus becomes rather difficult to configure an appropriate de-jitter buffer to maintain the temporal fidelity of the AV presentation. We propose in this paper an adaptive delay and synchronization control scheme for AV conferencing applications over campus-wide WLANs. Making use of a distributed timing mechanism, the scheme monitors the synchronization errors and estimates the delay jitters among adjacent MDUs in real-time. It piece-wisely controls the equalization delay to compensate for the delay jitters experienced by MDUs in a closed-loop manner. We investigate the performance of the proposed scheme through trace-driven simulations. Simulation results show that the scheme is capable of dynamically balancing between synchronization requirements and latency requirements in all scenarios. In particular, compared with solutions using a static setting, the proposed scheme is able to achieve a gain of around 100 ms in end-to-end delay with the same amount of MDU losses under some media-unfriendly situations.
Dynamics of sliding geometrically-exact beams: large angle maneuver and parametric resonance

Abstract We present the dynamic formulations for sliding beams that are deployed or retrieved through prismatic joints. The beams can undergo large deformation, large overall motion, with shear deformation accounted for. Until recently, the sliding beam problem has been tackled mostly under small deformation assumptions, or under quasi-static motion. Here we employ geometrically-exact beam theory. Two theoretically-equivalent formulations are proposed: A full Lagrangian version, and an Eulerian-Lagrangian version. A salient feature of the problem is that the equations of motion in both formulations are defined on time-varying spatial domain. This feature raises some complications in the computational formulation and computer implementation. We discuss in detail the transformation of the equations in the full Lagrangian formulation from a time-varying spatial domain to a constant spatial domain via the introduction of a stretched coordinate. A Galerkin projection is then applied to discretize the resulting governing partial differential equations. Even though the system does not have any rotating motion as in gyroscopic systems, the inertia operator has a weak form that can be decomposed exactly into a symmetric part and an anti-symmetric part. The distinction between the full Lagrangian formulation and the Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation from the computer implementation viewpoint is indicated. Several numerical examples — ‘spaghetti/reverse spaghetti problem,’ beam under combined sliding motion and large angle maneuver, parametric resonance — are given to illustrate the versatility of the proposed approach. The results reveal a rich dynamical behavior to be explored further in the future.
Travelling ionospheric disturbance over California mid 2000

Abstract. In this paper, the GPS data collected by more than 130 permanent GPS stations that belong to the Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN) around the launch of a Minuteman-II missile on 8 July 2000 (UTC) is processed to reveal traveling ionospheric disturbance (TID) all over the network on average 15 min after the launch. This TID was initially perceived to be excited by the launch itself, but this conclusion is challenged by the propagation direction. This is because this TID seems to travel towards the air force base from where the launch took place, not far away from it. This challenge is based on the assumption that TID is occurring at one single ionospheric altitude. While the nature of ionosphere supports such horizontally-guided propagation, multi-altitude ionospheric pierce points are hypothesized, which would support the suggestion that detected TID is excited by the missile launch itself, despite the apparent reverse direction of propagation. The overall analysis rules out any extra-terrestrial sources like solar flares, or seismic sources like earthquakes, which confirms the conclusion of TID excitation by the launch. There is apparent coherence of the TID for about 45 min and the propagation speed of TID within the layer of ionosphere is calculated to be approximately equal to 1230 m/s. While the usual assumption for TID is that they occur around an altitude of 350 km, such sound speed can only occur at much higher altitudes. Further research is recommended to accurately pinpoint the ionospheric pierce points and develop an algorithm to locate the source of TID in case it is totally unknown.
The importance of friends among foster youth aging out of care: Cluster profiles of deviant peer affiliations.

Abstract The importance of friends during the developmental periods of childhood and adolescence is widely accepted and there is reason to believe that deviant peers play an important role in influencing the experiences and outcomes of young people aging out of foster care. This article uses Latent Class Analysis to explore the role that deviant peers play in the lives of these young people by empirically examining the heterogeneity of deviant peer affiliations in a sample of youth aging out of care. A three class solution exhibited the best fit and the classes consisted of youth with low, medium, and high levels of deviant peer affiliations. Using a range of covariates to validate the classes, we found that youth exhibiting high levels of deviant peer affiliations were more likely to be fired from a job, to possess a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder, to report higher levels of substance use, and to report being arrested than youth in the other two classes. Youth in the low deviant peer affiliation class exhibited higher levels of family support and lower levels of neighborhood disorder than youth in the other two classes. The research, policy, and practice implications of these findings are discussed.
Helium Migration in TiO2‐SiO2 Glasses

Helium permeability, diffusivity, and solubility were measured for a series of TiO2-SiO2 glasses containing up to 10.3 mol% TiO2. The activation energies for helium permeation and diffusion decrease with increasing TiO2 concentration. The enthalpy of solution is independent of composition, as are the infinite-temperature values for the permeability, diffusivity, and solubility. It is concluded that the observed changes in activation energies result from changes in the strain energy necessary to distort the R-O-R’bond. The average diffusional jump distance appears to be essentially independent of composition, as would be expected from the small changes observed in the molar volume as TiO2 replaces SiO2 in these glasses.
The Experimental Imperative

You hear about a new drug, and you learn first about its risks, then about its benefits. You weigh them and decide that the drug is in your best interests. Now you learn about another drug, first finding out about its benefits, then its risks. You’re not so keen to take this one. It doesn’t feel like it is in your best interests. Would you be surprised to find out that these pills are the same drug? Decisions require information. But providing information in a neutral manner is difficult. In the case above, the problem is a decision bias called the recency effect—the most recent piece of information people received played a disproportionate role in their judgment. In his provocative essay, Peter Schwartz raises important questions about what information should be provided to whom. He criticizes what he calls the quantitative imperative—the belief that patients should be informed, in nu merical terms, about the risks and benefits of their treatment alternatives. I am not going to join Schwartz in debating whether numerical information should be mandatory. Instead, I want to lobby to make something else mandatory— experiments! Those of us who care about patient autonomy and informed consent should work to find out what kind and manner of information will be most useful and least biasing to the largest number of people. Call it the experimental imperative—a mandate for more and better experiments. Imagine you are a woman who, due to medical history, faces a 3 percent chance of being diagnosed with breast cancer in the next five years. You are deciding whether to take tamoxifen over that five-year period to cut your risk to 1.5 percent. Your doctor presents you with a state-of-the-art decision aid. It turns out—as shown in a series of studies that my colleagues and I have conducted—that whether the de cision aid improves your decision depends on how it is put together. We started off by tackling the numeracy problem that Schwartz describes so eloquently. Over time, we determined that pictographs overcome many comprehension problems. The vast majority of people can interpret pictographs quickly and accurately, figuring out the basic gist of the information. Based on this research, we designed our decision aid to represent each piece of numerical information with a pictograph. Second, we determined that side-by-side risk graphs often confuse people. Suppose a decision aid shows people the likelihood that a medication will cause heart attacks. One pictograph could illustrate the baseline risk of 10 percent by showing ten out of one hundred squares shaded differently, and a second could illustrate the risk if one takes the pill by showing twelve out of one hundred shaded. Many people have trouble figuring out from this that the drug causes heart attacks in 2 percent of people. Incremental pictographs work better: the first showing, say, ten blue squares, and the next still showing ten blue squares but also two orange squares, with text explaining that the orange squares represent the added chance of heart attacks.
Avian Cholera on North Coast California

: Between 1945 and 2001, avian cholera (Pasteurella multocida infection) was confirmed at 27 epizootics in 18 different years on northcoastal California. Estimated mortality ranged from 1 to 6750 birds per site, with a median total mortality of about 1000 birds per year. Eight epizootics involved 50% of total wildfowl mortality in 16 of 17 epizootics. Overall, coots comprised 82% of known avian cholera mortality, but only 34% of the live wildfowl present; ducks and swans died much less frequently. Wildfowl at one site consistently died in a sequential pattern; there was no sequential mortality at other sites.
Introducing DInaMo: A Package for Calculating Protein Circular Dichroism Using Classical Electromagnetic Theory

The dipole interaction model is a classical electromagnetic theory for calculating circular dichroism (CD) resulting from the π-π* transitions of amides. The theoretical model, pioneered by J. Applequist, is assembled into a package, DInaMo, written in Fortran allowing for treatment of proteins. DInaMo reads Protein Data Bank formatted files of structures generated by molecular mechanics or reconstructed secondary structures. Crystal structures cannot be used directly with DInaMo; they either need to be rebuilt with idealized bond angles and lengths, or they need to be energy minimized to adjust bond lengths and bond angles because it is common for crystal structure geometries to have slightly short bond lengths, and DInaMo is sensitive to this. DInaMo reduces all the amide chromophores to points with anisotropic polarizability and all nonchromophoric aliphatic atoms including hydrogens to points with isotropic polarizability; all other atoms are ignored. By determining the interactions among the chromophoric and nonchromophoric parts of the molecule using empirically derived polarizabilities, the rotational and dipole strengths are determined leading to the calculation of CD. Furthermore, ignoring hydrogens bound to methyl groups is initially explored and proves to be a good approximation. Theoretical calculations on 24 proteins agree with experiment showing bands with similar morphology and maxima.
Membrane proteomic analysis of pancreatic cancer cells

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive human tumors due to its high potential of local invasion and metastasis. The aim of this study was to characterize the membrane proteomes of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells of primary and metastatic origins, and to identify potential target proteins related to metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Membrane/membrane-associated proteins were isolated from AsPC-1 and BxPC-3 cells and identified with a proteomic approach based on SDS-PAGE, in-gel tryptic digestion and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). X! Tandem was used for database searching against the SwissProt human protein database. We identified 221 & 208 proteins from AsPC-1 and BxPC-3 cells, respectively, most of which are membrane or membrane-associated proteins. A hundred and nine proteins were found in both cell lines while the others were present in either AsPC-1 or BxPC-3 cells. Differentially expressed proteins between two cell lines include modulators of cell adhesion, cell motility or tumor invasion as well as metabolic enzymes involved in glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, or nucleotide/lipid metabolism. Membrane proteomes of AsPC-1 (metastatic) and BxPC-3 (primary) cells are remarkably different. The differentially expressed membrane proteins may serve as potential targets for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Health Status and Depression Remission in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure: Patient-Reported Outcomes from the SADHART-CHF Trial

Background —Depression is a common comorbidity in heart failure (HF) and is strongly associated with increased mortality, morbidity, and reduced health status. Whether depression treatment may result in improvement of health status in HF patients with comorbid depression remains unknown. Methods and Results —The SADHART-CHF study randomized 469 participants with chronic HF (LVEF 45% and NYHA class II) and major depressive disorder (MDD) DSM-IV criteria) to sertraline or placebo for 12 weeks. The Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ), Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), and 6-minute walk test (6MWT) were used to assess health status. Health status changes between treatment arms and remission status were evaluated adjusting for baseline variables and treatment assignment. The final HDRS scores were 3.50±2.08 and 12.97±4.33 in the remission and non-remission groups, respectively (p-value = 0.0001). Of 469 total participants, 378 (80.6%) completed the 6MWT and 285 (70.1%) completed KCCQ and SF-36, at baseline and at week-12. Depression remission was significantly associated with higher improvements in KCCQ subscale scores (p < 0.001) except on the Self-Efficacy (p=0.18) and Symptom Stability (p=0.91). On the SF-36, depression remission was associated with significant improvement in subscales of the Physical and Mental Component Summary except the Pain Index (p=0.34). The 6MWT improved more in depression remission compared to non-remission group (difference from baseline: 63.51±238.78 vs. 16.24±115.70 meters, p=0.03). Conclusions —HF patients whose depressive symptoms remitted had significantly greater improvement in physical function, social function, and quality of life. Clinical Trial Registration —URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: [NCT00078286][1]. [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT00078286&atom=%2Fcirchf%2Fearly%2F2012%2F10%2F12%2FCIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.967620.atom
Statistical Bandwidth Sharing in End-to-End Connectivity Management over Bandwidth-provisioned Networks

The paper describes a policy-based model for cost-effective 'data connectivity' provisioning between session-level end-points. The connectivity provider (SP) may employ an architecture for end-to-end QoS control between data aggregation points. It involves: (i) maintaining multiple diffserv-type connections between end-points with parameterizable QoS differentiation between them, and (ii) admission control at end-points with intserv-type bandwidth management over connections, (ii) aggregates data flows with closely-similar QoS needs over a single end-to-end connection, (i) apportions the available infrastructure bandwidth between various end-to-end connections that carry (aggregated) data flows with distinct QoS levels. Flow aggregation over a connection allows reaping the statistical multiplexing gains in bandwidth, i.e., meets the SP's revenue incentives. Whereas, connection-level bandwidth allocation allows meeting the QoS needs of data flows, i.e., guarantees the end-user's utility. The management functions of SP monitor the changes and/or outages in network bandwidth in a dynamic setting, and maps them onto the connectivity costs incurred for Qos control. Our model allows installing policy functions at end-points that can make the connectivity provisioning cost-optimal.
The development of ambulatory anesthesia and future challenges

It is difficult to predict the future but foolish to ignore the past. The history of ambulatory anesthesia is one of many trends and societal or economic forces that have provided the impetus for the growth of the specialty. By understanding the events of the past one can have a greater understanding of the present and some insight into the possible trends of the future. Financial and societal forces will continue to drive the growth of ambulatory anesthesia. New technology, surgical techniques, and progress in anesthesiology will be financed and supported by society so long as ambulatory surgery continues to decrease the costs of health care. Although new technology may increase the direct costs of providing care in the operating room, the overall costs to society should be reduced by a decrease in lost productivity and individual suffering on the part of the patients. Regardless of future changes, the anesthesiologist must remain dedicated to the safety and comfort of the patient first and foremost. If that happens, then the future of ambulatory anesthesiology and surgery will continue to be bright.
Optimal javelin trajectories

Abstract A companion paper has treated computer simulation of javelin flight using measured lift, drag and pitching moments. In the present paper we present, categorize and discuss the relative significance of varicus initial conditions in such a simulation. Since the differential equations describing flight are autonomous, the eventual javelin range and entry angle are unique functions of the initial conditions. A series of successively less constrained optimum solutions is defined, the last of which is the global optimum javelin trajectory. Sensitivities of these trajectories to perturbations from the optima and their implications for throwers are discussed. Finally, we investigate the effects of some design and environmental parameters on optimal initial conditions and trajectories.
Modeling epidemic spread with awareness and heterogeneous transmission rates in networks

During an epidemic outbreak in a human population, susceptibility to infection can be reduced by raising awareness of the disease. In this paper, we investigate the effects of three forms of awareness (i.e., contact, local, and global) on the spread of a disease in a random network. Connectivity-correlated transmission rates are assumed. By using the mean-field theory and numerical simulation, we show that both local and contact awareness can raise the epidemic thresholds while the global awareness cannot, which mirrors the recent results of Wu et al. The obtained results point out that individual behaviors in the presence of an infectious disease has a great influence on the epidemic dynamics. Our method enriches mean-field analysis in epidemic models.