cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
stories, background knowledge and themes: problems in the analysis of life history narrative

Life history data as discourse are examined, and recent perspectives from psychology, linguistics and anthropology are applied to the narrative. Each perspective illuminates some portion of the text, including its overall structure, the background knowledge necessary to understand it, and the narrator who produced it. Attention to complex ethnographic data promises to facilitate the integration of theory. [cognitive anthropology, discourse, life history, methodology, urban America]
Review: quality improvement interventions reduce unnecessary prescription of antibiotics for outpatients.

S R Ranji Dr S R Ranji, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; sumantr@medicine.ucsf.edu Do quality improvement interventions reduce unnecessary prescribing of antibiotics for outpatients with acute illnesses? Studies selected evaluated 1 of 6 strategies (clinician education, patient education, delayed prescriptions, audit and feedback, clinician reminders and decision support systems, and financial and regulatory incentives and disincentives) intended to reduce unnecessary prescribing of antibiotics for outpatients with acute non-bacterial illnesses, and reported data on antibiotic prescribing or use before and after the intervention. Outcomes included proportion of patient visits with a prescription for antibiotics and clinical outcomes (eg, symptom resolution). Cochrane Collaboration Effective Practice and Organisation of Care database (1966 to Aug 2005), Medline (Jun 2005 to Mar 2007), and reference lists were …
Application-Level Recovery Mechanisms for Context-Aware Pervasive Computing

We identify here various kinds of failure conditions and robustness issues that arise in context-aware pervasive computing applications. Such conditions are related to failures in an application's interactions with ambient services, failures in resource discovery and binding, and invalidation of context conditions during the execution of an application task. In this paper we present an exception handling model for integrating forward error recovery mechanisms in the designs of such applications. This model is integrated in a role-based framework and supported by a programming environment for construction of such applications.
Polyradiculopathy and Gastroparesis due to Cytomegalovirus Infection in AIDS: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has been well described as an opportunistic infection of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of a patient with AIDS and lumbosacral polyradiculopathy, associated with gastroparesis resulting from CMV infection. Case report A 46-year-old Hispanic woman with a history of HIV for 10 years was admitted to our hospital for nausea, vomiting, urinary retention, and generalized weakness. Bilateral lower extremity examination revealed flaccid paraplegia, decreased sensations from the groin downwards, bilateral lower extremity areflexia, and absent plantar reflexes, with enlarged urinary bladder. CMV was detected in CSF by PCR, and cervical and lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed intense nodular leptomeningeal enhancement from the lower thoracic cord and extending along the conus medullaris/filum terminalis and nerve roots. Gastric emptying scintigraphy revealed severe delayed gastric emptying time. Ganciclovir was initiated and her neurological symptoms and gastrological symptoms gradually improved. Over 8 weeks, nausea and vomiting resolved and the patient was able to walk before being discharged from the hospital. Conclusions Polyradiculopathy and gastroparesis can result from CMV infection in AIDS patients. Whether the mechanism is secondary to viral infection or immune systems remains unclear. It is important for physicians to be aware of this uncommon presentation in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. CMV treatment should be initiated immediately once diagnosis is confirmed.
Implementing critical success factors in software reuse

Software reuse is one of several technologies that can improve quality and effectiveness of software development. The introduction of a reuse infrastructure within an existing organization and the associated modification of employee behavior and processes is a complex interdisciplinary task. The structuring and monitoring of several coordinated activities is required in order to be successful This paper describes a practical application of the Critical Success Factors method on reuse technology insertion into the software development process. The Critical Success Factors method has proved to be a useful means for the introduction of software reuse concepts. Application of the method and results are discussed in detail, concluding with lessons learned and recommendations for similar efforts.
Applying statistical control techniques to air traffic simulations

While the literature contains several adaptive sampling techniques for statistical comparison of competing simulated system configurations and for embedded statistical computations during simulation run-time, these techniques are often difficult to apply to air traffic simulations because of the complexity of air traffic scenarios and because of the variety of model and data types needed to fully describe air traffic. Adaptive sampling techniques can be beneficial to the study of air traffic; for example, adaptive techniques can use ranking and selection methods to compare the relative worth of the competing configurations and calculate the number of observations required for rigorous statistical comparison, often dramatically reducing the run-time duration of simulations. In this paper, we will describe the implementation of such procedures in the Reconfigurable Flight Simulator for air traffic simulations. We also discuss implications for the coordination of simulation, analysis, and design activities.
Auditory Model of Intensity Discrimination and Vowel Formant Discrimination: Effect of Signal Frequency

An auditory model, excitation-pattern model, was used in the present study to interpret the effects of signal frequency on intensity discrimination of tonal signals and vowel formant frequency discrimination. Excitation patterns were computed for standard and intensity-changed tones and for standard and formant-shifted vowels. Simulation models based on these excitation patterns were used to predict thresholds of intensity discrimination and thresholds of vowel formant discrimination for F1 and F2 frequency of four American English vowels. Predicted thresholds showed high correlations and low root-mean-square errors with thresholds measured from human listeners for an auditory metric calculating the excitation level near the target formant. Results indicated that normal-hearing listeners needed a relatively constant change in the internal representation of signals, e.g. excitation patterns, near the signal/formant frequency to discriminate changes in tonal intensity and vowel formant frequency, independent of signal frequency. In addition, the excitation-pattern model may be used more broadly to explain discrimination of acoustic signals in a variety of listening conditions.
Desigualdad ambiental y desigualdad comunicacional: Las portadas de El Mercurio de Valparaíso sobre el derrame de petróleo en la bahía de Quintero

El derrame de petroleo en septiembre de 2014 en la bahia de Quintero (Valparaiso, Chile) atrajo la atencion de los medios nacionales y locales por la gran cantidad de crudo disperso y porque se produjo en una localidad altamente contaminada, escenario de varios episodios medioambientales catastroficos. Se analizo las portadas del periodico local El Mercurio de Valparaiso y se confirmo la tendencia de los medios chilenos por atender la cuestion ambiental en la perspectiva del conflicto, desplazando los contenidos ambientales por los judiciales. Al omitir el marco del conflicto ambiental en relacion con el derrame, enfoque que corresponde a la condicion de desigualdad socioambiental de Quintero-Puchuncavi, el medio impreso lo deja fuera de la esfera publica local, constituyendose asi en un factor de desigualdad comunicacional.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TEMPORALITY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY

This article introduces The Sociological Quarterly's feature on temporality and sociological inquiry. It sets the context of this feature as one of sociological neglect of temporality and of an increasing univocality in sociological work, and it suggests some of the consequences of that neglect and univocality. It is argued that the incorporation of up-to-date conceptions of temporality into sociological work will contribute to improved theory and better understanding of human social life.
New technology for the 21st century

Summary form only given, as follows. The coming decade is expected to be a period of extensive advances in technology. This will have a profound impact on society as a whole but, in particular, on the electrical and electronics industries. The author provides an overview of some of the more interesting developments likely to reach the marketplace in some form before the end of the decade. Global subjects such as high-speed rail will be addressed along with more specialized subjects such as liquid crystal polymers and ferroelectrics. >
Distinct steady–state nuclear receptor coregulator complexes exist in vivo

Transcriptional regulation by members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily is a modular process requiring the mediation of distinct subclasses of coregulators. These subclasses include members of the steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) coactivator family, p300/CBP and their associated proteins, such as p300/CBP-associated factor, human homologs of SWI/SNF proteins such as BRG-1, and the less well-characterized E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases E6 papillomavirus protein-associated protein and receptor-potentiating factor-1. Because functional studies indicate that these coregulators may form higher order complexes, we analyzed steady–state complexes of different coregulator subclasses in vivo. T47D and HeLa cell lysates were subjected to biochemical fractionation and screened by immunoblotting using coregulator-specific antibodies. We show that different subclasses of nuclear receptor coregulators exhibit distinct fractionation profiles. Furthermore, evidence is provided that SRC-1 family members may exist in vivo in heteromultimeric forms with each other. In addition, we demonstrate that liganded PR is present in stable complexes containing SRC-1 and transcription intermediary factor 2 (TIF2) in vivo. Our results suggest that the assembly of large, modular transcriptional complexes by recruitment of distinct subclasses of preformed coregulator subcomplexes may be involved in transcriptional regulation by activated nuclear receptors.
Diffraction tomography with Fourier ptychography

This paper presents a technique to image the complex index of refraction of a sample across three dimensions. The only required hardware is a standard microscope and an array of LEDs. The method, termed Fourier ptychographic tomography (FPT), first captures a sequence of intensity-only images of a sample under angularly varying illumination. Then, using principles from ptychography and diffraction tomography, it computationally solves for the sample structure in three dimensions. The experimental microscope demonstrates a lateral spatial resolution of 0.39 μm and an axial resolution of 3.7 μm at the Nyquist–Shannon sampling limit (0.54 and 5.0 μm at the Sparrow limit, respectively) across a total imaging depth of 110 μm. Unlike competing methods, this technique quantitatively measures the volumetric refractive index of primarily transparent and contiguous sample features without the need for interferometry or any moving parts. Wide field-of-view reconstructions of thick biological specimens suggest potential applications in pathology and developmental biology.
Psychoanalysis on the beat : Children, police, and urban trauma

Anna Freud's legacy to child psychoanalysis was her understanding and description of the complexities of development and her ability to apply her findings to the care of children both within and outside of the consulting room. In addition to her approach to consultation with nonanalytic professionals concerned with children's development and well-being, she established a model for generations of child analysts and other analytically oriented clinicians. Both of Ms. Freud's concepts of development and collaboration with other professionals have served as a basis for the implementation of the Child Development-Community Policing Program in New Haven, Connecticut. This collaboration between mental health and police professionals will be described in this paper, with particular emphasis on the application of Ms. Freud's work to attempts to intervene on the behalf of children and families exposed to urban violence.
The epidermal growth factor receptor from prostate cells is dephosphorylated by a prostate-specific phosphotyrosyl phosphatase.

Abstract Human prostatic acid phosphatase (PAcP) has been found to have phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase activity (H. C. Li, J. Chernoff, L. B. Chen, and A. Kirschonbaun, Eur. J. Biochem. 138:45-51, 1984; M.-F. Lin and G. M. Clinton, Biochem. J. 235:351-357, 1986) and has been suggested to negatively regulate phosphotyrosine levels, at least in part, by inhibition of tyrosine protein kinase activity (M.-F. Lin and G. M. Clinton, Adv. Protein Phosphatases 4:199-228, 1987; M.-F. Lin, C. L. Lee, and G. M. Clinton, Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:4753-4757, 1986). We investigated the molecular interaction of PAcP with a specific tyrosine kinase, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, from prostate carcinoma cells. Of several proteins phosphorylated in membrane vesicles from prostate carcinoma cells, PAcP selectively dephosphorylated the EGF receptor. The prostate EGF receptor was more efficiently dephosphorylated by PAcP than by another phosphotyrosyl phosphatase, potato acid phosphatase. Further characterization of the interaction of PAcP with the EGF receptor revealed that the optimal rate of dephosphorylation occurred at neutral rather than at acid pH. Thus, the enzyme that we formerly referred to as PAcP we now call prostatic phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase. Hydrolysis of phosphate from tyrosine residues in the immunoprecipitated EGF receptor catalyzed by purified prostatic phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase caused a 40 to 50% decrease in the receptor tyrosine kinase activity with angiotensin as the substrate. In contrast, autophosphorylation of the receptor was associated with an increase in tyrosine kinase activity.
Nematode Attraction By An Extract Of A Predaceous Fungus

Bonner (1947) reported that acrasin caused the aggregation of Dictyostelium discoideum Raper amoebae. The primary purpose of our study was to determine the nematode attraction ability of a predaceous fungus extract. The nematode-trapping fungus, Arthrobotrys musiformis Drechs. (NH45), used in this study was obtained from Dr. Roderick C. Cooke. Department of Botany, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England. The fungus-feeding nematode, Aphelenchus avenae Bastian and its nonpredaceous fungal host Pyrenochaeta terrestris (Hansen) Gorenz., Walker and Larsen, was obtained from Dr. Donald Taylor, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Illinois, Urbana. Stock cultures of both the predaceous fungus and the mycophagous nematode were maintained on agar media at room temperature according to the procedure described by Monoson (1968). Arthrobotrys musiformis grew saprophyticly in petri dishes that contained 2 per cent Difco corn-meal agar (20 g Difco corn-meal agar in 1,000 ml of water) at 27 C in the absence of nematodes. However, the addition of either living nematodes or the body fluids of nematodes caused the formation of adhesive-network traps that are characteristic of the fungus. The morphogenetic change of A. musiformis was similar to that reported by Pramer and Stoll (1959) for A. conoides Drechs. Nematodes were observed to move around and through the traps of A. musiformis. Nematode movements did not appear random and suggested that these animals were attracted to the fungus, predaceous structures. A series of experiments were conducted to determine whether or not liquid extracts of the fungus contained a nematode attraction substance(s). ouse, B. B. 1947. A survey of the dis omycete flora of the Olympic Naal Park and adjacent reas. Mycologia 39: 635-689. a , C. G. 1958. Host fungus index for the Pacific Northwest II. Fungi. ash. Agr. Expt. Sta. Circ. 336. 237 p. 628
Low-Valent Iron Carbonyl Complexes with a Tripodal Carbene Ligand

A bulky tris(carbene)borate ligand allows several low-valent iron carbonyl complexes to be isolated. One-electron reduction of the cationic iron(II) complex [PhB(MesIm)3Fe(CO)3][B(C6F5)4] (1) ([PhB(MesIm3)]− = phenyltris(1-mesitylimidazol-2-ylidene)borate) yields the low-spin (S = 1/2) iron(I) complex PhB(MesIm)3Fe(CO)2 (2), as determined by structural and spectroscopic methods. This complex can in turn be reduced to provide the anionic dicarbonyl complex [K][PhB(MesIm)3Fe(CO)2] (3), which crystallizes as a dimer in which the potassium cation coordinates in a side-on fashion to one CO ligand. Protonation of 3 yields the weakly acidic iron hydride PhB(MesIm)3Fe(CO)2H (4), which can also be isolated by treating the κ3-coordinated alkylborohydrido complex PhB(MesIm)3Fe(κ3-BH(CH2CH3)3) (5) with CO. The strong donor ability of the tris(carbene)borate ligand results in significant reduction of the CO bonds, as measured by IR spectroscopy.
Amar sólo por vencer : la “picaresca” de María de Zayas

This article explores the short novel Amar solo por vencer by Maria de Zayas (included in her book Desenganos amorosos , 1647), through the literary topic of the unequal wedding: a rogue, pretending to be a nobleman, seduces a noblewoman with the promise of marriage. In this piece, Zayas recreates a typical picaresque episode within a protofeminist discourse, depicting a young woman as a victim of a familiar vengeance. This picaresque influence in Zayas’ writing is probably due to her contact with Alonso de Castillo Solorzano, whose picaresque narratives Zayas is apparently recalling in several passages of Amar solo por vencer . As a result, this is an original “picaresque” story crafted by Maria de Zayas.
Feedlot Performance of Hysterectomized and Ovariectomized Heifers

Seventy-five crossbred heifers (mean weight 304 kg) were stratified by weight and source and placed in eight pens. Four duplicate treatments were randomly assigned to pens as follows: (1) intact-control (n = 19), (2) intact + melengestrol acetate (MGA, n = 20), (3) hysterectomy (n = 17) and (4) ovariectomy (OVX, n = 19). All heifers were preconditioned for 2 mo before beginning the finishing study. Surgery was performed through a high lumbar incision approximately 3 wk before the finishing study began. Group 2 heifers were fed .4 mg X head-1 X d-1 MGA. Blood samples were collected at 28-d intervals throughout the 112-d finishing phase. Ovaries were collected at slaughter and carcass data were obtained 24 h after slaughter. On d 112, progesterone was higher (P less than .05) in hysterectomized heifers than in other treatment groups. Serum progesterone concentration was nondetectable (less than .35 ng/ml) in OVX and MGA heifers. There were no differences (P greater than .05) in feed efficiency or carcass characteristics among the four treatments. Hysterectomized and MGA heifers had similar (P greater than .05) average daily gains, which were higher (P less than .15) than control and OVX heifers. These data suggest that the elevated levels of progesterone from the maintained corpora lutea and the subsequent absence of estrous activity in the hysterectomized heifers are advantageous for promoting growth in feedlot heifers.
Next generation sequencing technology and genomewide data analysis: Perspectives for retinal research

The advent of high throughput next generation sequencing (NGS) has accelerated the pace of discovery of disease-associated genetic variants and genomewide profiling of expressed sequences and epigenetic marks, thereby permitting systems-based analyses of ocular development and disease. Rapid evolution of NGS and associated methodologies presents significant challenges in acquisition, management, and analysis of large data sets and for extracting biologically or clinically relevant information. Here we illustrate the basic design of commonly used NGS-based methods, specifically whole exome sequencing, transcriptome, and epigenome profiling, and provide recommendations for data analyses. We briefly discuss systems biology approaches for integrating multiple data sets to elucidate gene regulatory or disease networks. While we provide examples from the retina, the NGS guidelines reviewed here are applicable to other tissues/cell types as well.
About Cloud Security

This chapter starts by discussing how cloud computing security is different from classical network security. The chapter mentions some threats and attacks that apply specifically to cloud computing. The chapter elaborates on most recent real-life attacks to cloud computing in the past few years. The chapter also explains the history of Denial of Service attacks along with other attacks.
Elites, Ideologies and Ghosts

Local elites join everyone else in the community in popular religious performances. Elite styles of intepretation, however, differ systematically from non-elite styles. I have so far distinguished only two main styles of interpretation — the more piecemeal, contextualized, pragmatic interpretations of the popular tradition, and the more explicit, universalized ideologies of Buddhism or Taoism. Analysis of the elite calls for further refinement: the modern elite often reinterprets the active spirits of the popular tradition as passive models that inspire good behavior. This style of interpretation grows out of the traditional state cult, an ideologized religious system that the elite generally interpreted passively, and that they used as a form of ideological control. This chapter discusses the modern elite pantheon and traditional elite uses of the state cult, especially as the elite sometimes used the cult to promote religious unities that would serve its political interests. The chapter concludes with a return to the Universal Salvation festival. It examines state attempts to repress and to manipulate the ceremony over the last century, singling out especially the effects of varying styles of interpretation (pragmatic/systematized, active/passive) on the successes and failures of the state’s attempt to control a unified religion that would serve its own interests.
Ujamaa: Julius Nyerere on the meaning of human existence

L'A. etudie les analyses de Nyerere, ex-president de la Tanzanie, sur la notion de «famille» en laquelle il voit le paradigme d'une ethique sociale du respect, de la liberte et de l'union. L'A. developpe l'application par Nyerere de ce principe a la politique (la democratie contre l'uni-partisme), a l'economie (communisme, capitalisme), a l'education et a la religion
mRNA encoding a new lipolytic enzyme expressed in rabbit lacrimal glands.

PURPOSE. In previous work, lacrimal glands of female mice were shown to express an mRNA encoding pancreatic lipase-related protein 1 (PLRP1), a member of the triacylglycerol lipase family. To investigate the hypothesis that lacrimal glands express mRNAs encoding other lipolytic enzymes, the present study was conducted to look for triacylglycerol lipase-related mRNAs in the lacrimal glands of rabbits. METHODS. Degenerate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were designed based on two conserved amino acid motifs, RITGLD, and DI/(F)Y/(F)PNGG, in the triacylglycerol lipase family. Lacrimal gland cDNAs were amplified, and the expected 200-bp products were subcloned and sequenced. One product encoded a new lipase-related sequence, which was termed lacrimal lipase (LL). The complete cDNA sequence of rabbit LL was determined, and labeled LL cDNA was used to probe RNA blots of several rabbit tissues and a genomic DNA blot. RESULTS. BLAST database searches indicated that the predicted amino acid sequence of LL is related to phosphatidylserine phospholipase A 1 (PS-PLA1) and to members of the triacylglycerol lipase family. Labeled LL cDNA hybridized to a 2.1-kb message in RNA blots of rabbit lacrimal gland, harderian gland, heart, liver, and pancreas. These blots demonstrated no gender-based differential expression in rabbit lacrimal or harderian glands. Hybridization of labeled LL cDNA to a genomic DNA blot suggested that LL was a single-copy gene. CONCLUSIONS. Male and female rabbit lacrimal glands expressed an mRNA encoding LL, a new predicted member of the triacylglycerol lipase family.
Accounting for Correlated Observation Error in a Dual-Formulation 4D Variational Data Assimilation System

AbstractAppropriate specification of the error statistics for both observational data and short-term forecasts is necessary to produce an optimal analysis. Observation error stems from instrument error, forward model error, and error of representation. All sources of observation error, particularly error of representation, can lead to nonzero correlations. While correlated forecast error has been accounted for since the early days of atmospheric data assimilation, observation error has typically been treated as uncorrelated until relatively recently. Thinning, averaging, and/or inflation of the assigned observation error variance have been employed to compensate for unaccounted error correlations, especially for high-resolution satellite data.In this study, the benefits of accounting for nonzero vertical (interchannel) correlation for both the Advanced Technology Microwave Satellite (ATMS) and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) in the NRL Atmospheric Variational Data Assimilation System-A...
The Impact of Making a Video Cancer Narrative in an Adolescent Male: A Case Study

Abstract Illness narratives, including video narratives, created by young people allow expressiion of one’s story about their struggles. It has been shown that creating these narratives can improve health outcomes and overall quality of life. This article provides a theoretical background as to why adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer patients may benefit from creating video illness narratives and presents an exemplary case of this approach with a young man receiving treatment for T-Cell Leukemia. Thematic aspects of his narrative are identified and explored. Qualitative information about his experience filming as well as his responses to a questionnaire regarding the impact of making his video narrative with respect to his emotional health, medical plans, relationships with others (including medical providers) are also reported.
Tunable Phase-Changing Metasurface for Near-Infrared Sensing and Imaging

Modulation of metamaterials in the near-infrared regime is limited by the availability of efficient reconfigurable materials at high frequencies. Here we demonstrate a metasurface that minimizes power requirements and enhances switching speed by placing thin nanodisks of vanadium dioxide (VO2) phase-change material in the feed gaps of an array of bow-tie field antennas. The device is tunableover 360 nm in the near infrared and exhibits a modulation depth of 33% at the resonant wavelength. The metasurface employs integrated local heating to drive the insulator-to-metal transition of VO2 leading to faster switching and more precise spatial control compared to devices based on phase change thin films. The characteristics of this device foreshadow new opportunities for signal processing, memory, security and holography at optical frequencies.
Kinematic Inversion of the 2004 M 6.0 Parkfield Earthquake Including an Approximation to Site Effects

The 2004 M 6.0 Parkfield earthquake yielded one of the largest amounts of near-source strong ground motion seismic data ever. We invert strong-motion seismograms to obtain a model for the space-time distribution of coseismic slip on the fault. To reduce noise in the inversion, we take into account local amplifications that affect each station by using records of the 1983 M 6.5 Coalinga earthquake. Site amplification correlates well with large peak ground velocities registered during the 2004 Parkfield mainshock. The inversion for a kinematic rupture model yields a nonunique solution; we therefore analyze various rupture models that explain the data equally well. Our preferred rupture model identifies a primary zone of high slip surrounding the hypocenter, where the maximum slip is 57 cm. A secondary slip area, over which contours are not well resolved, is located northwest of the hypo- center. The rupture speed is highly heterogeneous. We infer an average rupture ve- locity of 2.8 km/sec close to the hypocenter, and of 3.3 km/sec in the secondary region of large slip to the northwest of the hypocenter. By correlation of our rupture model with both microseismicity and velocity structure, we identify six patches on the fault plane that behave in seismically distinct ways. Online material: Kinematic rupture model parameters.
Significant and Inevitable End-of-Twenty-First-Century Advances in Surface Runoff Timing in California’s Sierra Nevada

AbstractUsing hybrid dynamical–statistical downscaling, 3-km-resolution end-of-twenty-first-century runoff timing changes over California’s Sierra Nevada for all available global climate models (GCMs) from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) are projected. All four representative concentration pathways (RCPs) adopted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Fifth Assessment Report are examined. These multimodel, multiscenario projections allow for quantification of ensemble-mean runoff timing changes and an associated range of possible outcomes due to both intermodel variability and choice of forcing scenario. Under a “business as usual” forcing scenario (RCP8.5), warming leads to a shift toward much earlier snowmelt-driven surface runoff in 2091–2100 compared to 1991–2000, with advances of as much as 80 days projected in the 35-model ensemble mean. For a realistic “mitigation” scenario (RCP4.5), the ensemble-mean change is smaller but still large (up to 30 days). For al...
Do we know enough to find an adjunctive therapy for cerebral malaria in African children

Cerebral malaria is the deadliest complication of malaria, a febrile infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasite. Any of the five human Plasmodium species can cause disease, but, for unknown reasons, in approximately 2 million cases each year P. falciparum progresses to severe disease, ultimately resulting in half a million deaths. The majority of these deaths are in children under the age of five. Currently, there is no way to predict which child will progress to severe disease and there are no adjunctive therapies to halt the symptoms after onset. Herein, we discuss what is known about the disease mechanism of one form of severe malaria, cerebral malaria, and how we might exploit this understanding to rescue children in the throes of cerebral disease.
“Better off, as judged by themselves” : Bounded rationality and nudging

Many nudges are designed to make people better off, as judged by themselves. This criterion, meant to ensure that nudges will increase people’s welfare, contains some ambiguity. It is useful to distinguish among three categories of cases: (1) those in which choosers have clear antecedent preferences, and nudges help them to satisfy those preferences (often by increasing “navigability”); (2) those in which choosers face a self-control problem, and nudges help them to overcome that problem; and (3) those in which choosers would be content with the outcomes produced by two or more nudges, or in which ex post preferences are endogenous to nudges, so that without additional clarification or work, the “as judged by themselves” criterion does identify a unique solution for choice architects. Category (1) is self-evidently large. Because many people agree that they suffer self-control problems, category (2) is large as well. Cases that fall in category (3) create special challenges, which may lead us to make direct inquiries into welfare or to explore what informed, active choosers typically select.
Instructor Notes for Topic Four: Life Issues and Anxiety

This chapter contains the instructor notes for Topic Four, which addresses the interface between life issues and anxiety. It invites labeling “pros and cons” of decreasing anxiety, including openly acknowledging challenges that “being less anxious” might bring—and possible solutions. The presentation covers changing “I can’t” to “I don’t want to,” the normalcy of ambivalence, and how assertiveness interfaces with anxiety management. Because people sometimes forget that life always includes challenges, the class invites reflection about areas where one already has healthy, appropriate caution. Participants are encouraged to recognize how “normal” anxiety (not “no anxiety”) supports courage, coping, appropriate caution, and choice.
Thermal Stress in Pin-Grid Arrays: Interaction Between Module and Circuit Card

In the previous chapter we performed thermal stress analysis of a single pin in the pin-grid array (PGA) structure; the analysis was based on the contention that the confining surfaces of the pins, the module above and printed circuit card below, were rigid, i.e., had an infinite modulus of elasticity. In reality, however, these delimiting surfaces act rather like plates and can deform under the moments and forces anchoring the thermally stressed pin.
Municipal Police Power in Washington State

Local governments in Washington State have enjoyed strong regulatory powers since the state's constitution was adopted in 1889. Those "police powers" initially focused on the protection of public health and safety, but broadened in the early twentieth century to encompass the protection of consumers and employees and the promotion of the general welfare. The Supreme Court of Washington sparingly applied "substantive due process" as a brake on the police power and promptly dropped that doctrine when the U.S. Supreme Court ceased its use in the 1930s. However, the vocabulary of substantive due process lived on in state court opinions defining the inherent nature and scope of the police power. Furthermore, substantive due process has been resurrected as a constitutional doctrine in a narrow group of land use cases-an unnecessary revival given the built-in limits on local regulatory activities.
Drug Treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease

The economic burden of caring for patients with Alzheimer’s disease may shift as a result of drug therapies. Drug therapies might affect the economic burden of care by permitting a delay in institutionalisation or by changing the quality of life of the patient and caregiver as informal care needs change. The adverse effects of drug therapy may also affect costs. Two drugs are approved for Alzheimer’s disease in the US at present, and several others are used in Europe. These therapies improve cognition and slow the decline of the disease, but their effect on life expectancy is as yet unclear. Evidence suggests that in the short term these therapies may permit patients to live at home longer and require fewer hours of informal care. This shifts the burden of care from the state and private insurers, who pay for institutional care, to the family and physicians who care for patients at home. Whether this shift results in a reduction or merely a postponement of costs depends on how the therapy affects life expectancy and quality of life. Empirical evidence is at present inadequate to address this issue. Delaying institutionalisation reduces formal costs, at least in the short term, but informal care costs are increased in the long term as patients remain in their homes for longer. Furthermore, there is little evidence that drug therapies are effective for severely demented patients, who incur the highest costs.
Abstract 4852: Induction of HRD by targeting G9a and MTDH in DNA repair proficient endometrial cancer cells

The homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway is required for high-fidelity repair of double-strand DNA breaks. Cancer cells with HRR deficiency due to somatic BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations are sensitive to platinum agents and targeted therapy with PARP inhibitors. Endometrial cancer is the most common cancer of the female reproductive system. DNA damage agents are commonly used in treatment but tumors often develop resistance. Metadherin (MTDH) has been shown to be amplified in a wide range of solid tumors as well as in leukemia and lymphoma. Overexpression of MTDH is correlated with angiogenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Histone lysine N-methyl-transferase G9a catalyzes the demethylation of histone H3 at lysine residue 9 (H3K9) resulting in a repressive histone modification. The objective of this study is to validate the function of MTDH and G9a in HRR and test the potential to target MTDH or G9a to increase drug sensitivity. p21 expression was induced when G9a was depleted. DNA damage induced MTDH expression at 4 hours after 8Gy γ-irradiation in the well validated endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line Ishikawa H. However, induction of MTDH protein expression by the same radiation dosage was reduced when G9a was depleted. The G9a inhibitor UNC0642 itself can also induce the expression of MTDH after 24 hours treatment. Ishikawa parental cells and two Ishikawa sub-cell lines in which G9a was depleted by CRISPR were tested for the DNA damage biomarker γH2Ax and Rad51 foci formation at 4 hours following 8Gy irradiation. G9a depletion was shown to decrease Rad51 foci formation and to increase the formation of γH2Ax foci. Two natural products, Celastrol and Pristimerim were found to inhibit MTDH, FANCD2 and FANCI protein levels, which may be used to induce BRCA-ness in homologous recombination repair proficient cancer cells. G9a depletion results in the reduction of irradiation-induced Rad51 foci formation and an increase of irradiation-induced γH2Ax foci formation. We suggest that G9a depletion can increase cancer cell sensitivity to DNA damage agents. MTDH is induced by DNA damage and is a G9a inhibitor. MTDH depletion causes reduction of irradiation-induced Rad51 foci. This study is supported by the University of Iowa Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research Development Fund, NIH grant R01CA99908 and R01CA184101. Citation Format: Xiangbing Meng, Shujie Yang, Jianling Bi, Yiyang Li, Yuping Zhang, Sudartip Areecheewaku, Mary Li, Zihan Wang, Aliasger K. Salem, Kimberly K. Leslie. Induction of HRD by targeting G9a and MTDH in DNA repair proficient endometrial cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4852.
Learning From Chuck Goodwin

11 Charles (Chuck) Goodwin (1944–2018) completed his dissertation at the University of Pennsylvania in 1997. He joined the faculty at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1996, where he con...
The Importance of Resistance Exercise Training to Combat Neuromuscular Aging

Older adults undergoing age-related decrements in muscle health can benefit substantially from resistance exercise training, a potent stimulus for whole muscle and myofiber hypertrophy, neuromuscular performance gains, and improved functional mobility. With the use of advancing technologies, research continues to elucidate the mechanisms of and heterogeneity in adaptations to resistance exercise training beyond differences in exercise prescription. This review highlights the current knowledge in these areas and emphasizes knowledge gaps that require future attention of the field.
What does radiation biology tell us about potential health effects at low dose and low dose rates

The health risks to humans exposed to low dose and low dose rate ionising radiation remain ambiguous and are the subject of debate. The need to establish risk assessment standards based on the mechanisms underlying low dose/low fluence radiation exposures has been recognised by scholarly and regulatory bodies as critical for reducing the uncertainty in predicting adverse health risks of human exposure to low doses of radiation. Here, a brief review of laboratory-based evidence of molecular and biochemical changes induced by low doses and low dose rates of radiation is presented. In particular, two phenomena, namely bystander effects and adaptive responses that may impact low-level radiation health risks, are discussed together with the need for further studies. The expansion of this knowledge by considering the important variables that affect the radiation response (e.g. genetic susceptibility, time after exposure), and using the latest advances in experimental models and bioinformatics tools, may guide epidemiological studies towards reducing the uncertainty in predicting the potential health hazards of exposure to low-dose radiation.
When Did It Start? Origin of the Foresight Field:

While foresight continues to develop as a field, it is arguably still relatively unknown and underappreciated by potential clients and the public. Futurists are still explaining themselves and what...
Chapter 4 – SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on simultaneous linear equations. The systems of simultaneous equations appear frequently in engineering and scientific problems. A system of simultaneous linear equations is consistent if it possesses at least one solution. If no solution exists, the system is inconsistent. The chapter discusses the method of Gaussian elimination and reviews the concepts of linearly independent vectors and rank of a matrix. It discusses a few important theorems on linear independence and dependence. A set of vectors is linearly dependent if one of the vectors is a linear combination of the others. Any set of vectors that contains the zero vector is linearly dependent. If a set of vectors is linearly independent, any subset of these vectors is also linearly independent. If a set of vectors is linearly dependent, then any larger set, containing this set, is also linearly dependent. The rank of a matrix A, designated r(A), is the order of the largest nonzero minor of A. The row rank of a matrix is the maximum number of linearly independent rows. Analogously, the column rank of a matrix is the maximum number of linearly independent columns.
Colposcopic endocervical brushing cytology appears to be more sensitive than histologic endocervical curettage for detecting endocervical adenocarcinoma.

Introduction Colposcopic endocervical brushing cytology (CEB) is more sensitive than endocervical curettage (ECC) for detecting squamous intraepithelial lesions. There are no data on performance of CEB for detecting endocervical adenocarcinoma. Materials and methods A total of 151 patients were identified in a word search for “endocervical adenocarcinoma” in surgical pathology reports from January 2007 to June 2019. To measure sensitivity, reports of CEB or ECC samples within 1 year preceding the first surgical pathology diagnosis of at least endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS+) were examined. Specificity was measured in a cohort in which at least atypical glandular cells (AGC+) was reported in CEB or ECC. Results Seven CEB preceding diagnosis of AIS were identified: 6 of 7 were positive or suspicious for AIS+. One of 7 was negative and it was negative on re-review. Three of 6 positive CEB cases used cell blocks with immunohistochemistry. Seventy ECC samples preceding diagnosis of AIS were identified: 40 of 70 were diagnosed as AGC+. The sensitivities of CEB and ECC for detecting AIS+ at a threshold of AGC+ are 86% and 57% (too few patients for statistics), respectively. For specificity, 12 of 18 CEB and 9 of 25 ECC reports with AGC+ were false positive by follow-up surgical pathology. The specificities of CEB and ECC are 99.4% and 99.9%, respectively. Conclusion Sensitivity of CEB for detecting AIS+ (86%) is at least as high as ECC (57%). Specificity of CEB is similar to ECC. Addition of a cell block to CEB may be useful. CEB appears to be an appropriate test for follow-up of atypical glandular cells reported on Papanicolaou tests.
Analyzing interspeaker variation in Maay

This paper advocates an approach to interspeaker linguistic variation that aligns with the ‘I-language’ view (Chomsky, 1986). On this view, the object of study in linguistics is mental grammar; language is understood as being internal to the individual, in contrast to the ‘E-language’ approach, where language is external to individual speakers. This paper considers a case study from Maay (a Cushitic language spoken in southern Somalia) in which interspeaker variation in a refugee community defies analysis in E-language terms. An I-language approach allows for a straightforward analysis of the observed variation, specifically in the domains of plural noun formation and vowel length alternations.
Does university prestige lead to discrimination in the labor market? Evidence from a labor market field experiment in three countries

Do employers prioritize university prestige above an applicant’s skills in the hiring process? To distinguish between the effect of human capital in the hiring process from the effect of the name o...
On Drugs: Preemption, Presumption, & Remedy

This essay explores the role of litigation in drug safety regulation and the role of drug safety regulation in litigation, exemplified by the 2017 National Health Law Moot Court Problem. Using the example of failure-to-update claims against generic drug manufacturers, this essay argues that pharmaceutical preemption doctrine would benefit from a tailored application of the presumption against preemption. It proposes a presumption that Congress does not intend to displace historic state remedies for injury without clearly saying so, focusing on the role of remedy to account for the evolving overlap in federal and state police powers over health and to more precisely calibrate the federalism values inherent in the remedy-regulation relationship.
LOOKING AFTER COUNTRY: INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR INDIGENOUS LANDS MANAGEMENT IN AUSTRALIA

This paper reports on research conducted for the Indigenous Land Corporation, an Australian government agency concerned with the acquisition and management of lands for indigenous peoples. The paper seeks to identify and analyze the kinds of institutional arrangements that might be deployed to support indigenous communities in the management of indigenous-owned land. It is concerned with a particular planning context in which the role of state agencies is focused on supporting and facilitating the work of indigenous landowners. This paper considers how best to arrange the institutional systems and processes of the nation state to support the management of indigenous lands management by their indigenous owners. To this end, the paper interrogates the utility of three models of planning: (1) institutional-regulatory, (2) community-based planning, and (3) reticulist, or facilitated process, approaches. The paper identifies the advantages and disadvantages of each of these approaches and argues for the development of a hybrid approach that integrates the positive features of all three models. The paper concludes that this hybrid model offers a set of institutional arrangements that enable collaborative planning between indigenous peoples and institutions of the state.