cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of leavening acids and dough temperature in wheat flour tortillas

ABSTRACT Functionality of four leavening acids (sodium aluminum phosphate [SALP], sodium aluminum sulfate [SAS], monocalcium phosphate [MCP] and sodium acid pyrophosphate [SAPP-28]) was evaluated during processing of wheat flour tortillas. Formulas were optimized to yield opaque, large-diameter tortillas with pH 5.9–6.1. Each leavening acid and sodium bicarbonate was first evaluated at 38°C and then evaluated in combination with fumaric acid at 34 and 38°C. Ionic and pH interactions of leavening salts adversely affected dough properties and resting time. Opacity and pH of tortillas prepared with MCP was lower than for other treatments. Higher dough temperature required more leavening acid and base to compensate for some of the loss of CO2 incurred during dough mixing and resting at 38°C. The addition of fumaric acid decreased the amount of leavening acid, the dough-resting time and tortilla pH, and improved storage stability. Combinations of MCP, SALP (or SAS), and fumaric acid produced dough and tortilla...
The asymptotic properties of nonparametric tests for comparing survival distributions

The asymptotic distribution under alternative hypotheses is derived for a class of statistics used to test the equality of two survival distributions in the presence of arbitrary, and possibly unequal, right censoring. The test statistics include equivalents to the log rank statistic, the modified Wilcoxon statistic and the class of rank invariant test procedures introduced by Peto & Peto. When there are equal censoring distributions and the hazard functions are proportional the sample size formula for the F test used to compare exponential samples is shown to be valid for the log rank test. In certain situations the power of the log rank test falls as the amount of censoring decreases.
Determination of critical concrete pavement fatigue damage locations using influence lines

In an attempt to better understand and predict rigid pavement behavior, the incorporation of material and climatic factors in mechanistic-empirical design methods are fast becoming standard in the United States. With the wide variety of climatic regions found in California, the inclusion of localized factors can have a profound effect on the critical distresses and life of the pavement. Permanent built-in curling from construction temperature gradients and differential shrinkage can have a considerable effect on the location and magnitude of concrete fatigue damage. A mechanistic analysis was developed employing an influence line approach in conjunction with Miner’s Hypothesis to calculate the fatigue damage at numerous locations in the concrete pavement slab for typical California rigid pavement sections. Concrete fatigue transfer functions which account for stress range or maximum stress, were used to predict the location and magnitude of critical damage. Results show that the critical cumulative damage...
Photometric probe for studying substrate-tether systems

Abstract An aromatic diazonium ion is considered as a reactive probe for determining the ability of a substrate-tether system to isolate adjacent, immobilized species. The immobilized probe molecule can either hydrolyze to the colorless phenol or couple to give a highly colored azo compound. The product distribution depends on whether the substrate-tether system permits interaction of adjacent species. The geometric form (cis vs. trans) of the azo compound which may form is affected by the nature of the substrate and the tether. The cis form is favored over the normally stable trans form when the substrate-tether system holds opposite ends of the doubly immobilized azo molecules together instead of stretching them apart.
Neutron irradiation induced amorphization of silicon carbide

Abstract This paper provides the properties of bulk stoichiometric silicon carbide which has been amorphized under neutron irradiation. Both high purity single crystal hcp and high purity, highly faulted (cubic) chemically vapor deposited (CVD) SiC were irradiated at approximately 60°C to a total fast neutron fluence of 2.6 × 10 25 n/m 2 . Amorphization was seen in both materials as evidenced by TEM, electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction techniques. Physical properties for the amorphized single crystal material are reported including large changes in density (−10.8%), elastic modulus as measured using a nanoindentation technique (−45%), hardness as measured by nanoindentation (−45%), and standard Vickers hardness (−24%). Similar property changes are observed for the amorphized CVD SiC. Using measured thermal conductivity data for the CVD SiC sample, the critical temperature for amorphization at this neutron dose and flux, above which amorphization is not possible, is estimated to be greater than ∼125°C.
Treatment of myocardial infarction in the United States (1990 to 1993). Observations from the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUNDMultiple clinical trials have provided guidelines for the treatment of myocardial infarction, but there is little documentation as to how consistently their recommendations are being impl...
An evaluation of three commercially prepared anion-exchange resin columns for separation of tetraiodothryonine in serum☆

Three different commercially prepared anion-exchange resin columns for thyroxine (T4) separation from serum for the "T4 by column" assay were evaluated using the protocol of the supplier. The claims by the suppliers for the distribution and recovery of T4 in the first and second thyroxine-containing eluates were experimentally evaluated by the addition of a tracer quantity of purified [125I]T4. The average experimentally determined elution ratios of recoverable T4 (sum of T4 in first and second eluates) with these commercial columns were: Bio-Rad, 92.2:7.8 (90:10 claimed); Oxford, 87.8:12.2 (94:6 claimed); and Curtis Nuclear, 88.7:11.3 (80:20 claimed). The percent recoveries of T4 in the first thyroxine-containing eluate were: Oxford, 82.3 + 9.70 (x +/- 1 S.D.); Bio-Rad, 91.75 +/- 2.09; and Curtis Nuclear, 74.20 +/- 6.14. Mean serum T4 values obtained by the column method with all commercial columns tested were lower than competitive protein binding radio-assay (CPBR) values if the former values were not corrected for recovery. When individual recovery correction factors were applied to column results, improved correlation and better correspondence of "T4 by column" mean values with the CPBR values were noted. It is concluded that the largest part of the total variability of the "T4 by column" assay is contributed by the chromatographic step when the colorimetric step is performed with an automated technique.
Identification of an active site histidine in urokinase

Abstract Two forms of urokinase (EC 3.4.99.26) with apparent molecular weights of 33 400 and 47 000 purified by affinity chromatography have been modified specifically with newly synthesized peptide chloroketones by affinity labeling. Rapid inactivation of the enzyme preparations was observed with Ac-Gly-Lys-CH 2 Cl and Nle-Gly-Lys-CH 2 Cl which might be associated with a change in which a histidine residue is lost. After performic acid oxidation, an equivalent amount of 3-carboxymethyl histidine could be recovered, indicating alkylation at the N-3 of a histidine residue. In the case of the norleucine derivative, nor-leucine was concomitantly incorporated into the protein. It is thus likely that urokinase belongs in the class of enzymes utilizing the Asp..His..Ser triad for their catalytic action. The two active site residues so far identified, serine and histidine, were located in the heavy chain (33 100 mol. wt) of the 47 000 molecular weight form and in the 33 400 molecular weight form, the molecular weight of which remained constant.
Corrosion protection of aluminum and aluminum alloys by polyanilines: A potentiodynamic and photoelectron spectroscopy study

AbstractCorrosion protection capabilities of polyaniline in the emeraldine base form and self-doped sulfonated polyaniline form have been studied for aluminum and Al 3003 and Al 2024-T3 alloys. The polyaniline is applied as a coating on the aluminum coupons which were exposed to a variety of corrosive environments, including 0.1 M NaCl. The oxide layers that formed were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profiling using argon sputtering. Potentiodynamic polarization studies were used to determine changes in corrosion current and corrosion potential as well as pitting potential. For Al and Al 3003 there were modest indications of potential corrosion protection capability of polyanilines. The coatings of emeraldine base (EB) and sulfonated polyaniline (SPAN) on Al 2024-T3 were effective at reducing the corrosion rate when these coated coupons were exposed to 0.1 M NaCl environment. The XPS study suggests a reduction in the copper concentration at the surface of the coated coupons. It is suggested that the EB and sulfonated polyaniline coatings facilitate the extraction of copper from the surface of the Al 2024-T3 thereby reducing the galvanic couple between aluminum and copper that usually leads to accelerated corrosion for the Al 2024-T3 alloys.
Photoautotrophic tobacco cells adapted to grow at high salinity.

Photoautotrophic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum var. Wisconsin 38) cell cultures were gradually adapted to grow in media containing the normally inhibitory concentration of 20 g l−1 NaCl. Both salt-adapted cultures maintained in 20 g l−1 NaCl (P20) and salt-unadapted (P0) cultures demonstrated similar chloroplast morphology and similar growth characteristics on a dry weight basis, but P20 cells showed reduced growth on a fresh weight basis compared to P0 cells. Compared to P0 cells, intracellular sucrose levels were significantly higher in P20 cells while starch levels in P0 cells were significantly higher than in P20 cells. Levels of intracellular and extracellular reducing sugars, and chlorophyll accumulated to the same degree in P20 and P0 cells, but accumulation was delayed by approximately 13 days in P20 cells. O2 evolution and14[CO2] fixation was more resistant to inhibition by NaCl in P20 cells than in P0 cells. However, significant changes in the abundance of thylakoid membrane proteins could not be demonstrated between P20 and P0 cells although higher levels of Rubisco on a per milligram chlorophyll basis were observed in P0 compared to P20 chloroplasts.
Cancer Caregivers' Quality of Life: Effects of Gender, Relationship, and Appraisal

The objective of this study was to examine caregivers' gender and relationship to the cancer survivor as plausible predictors of their appraisals of providing care, and to further examine the association of the caregivers' appraisal with their own quality of life. Of the 739 caregivers who participated in the American Cancer Society's Quality of Life Survey for Caregivers, 627 were either the spouse or the offspring of a cancer survivor. Of those, 448 who provided complete information on study variables were included in this study. Multivariate analyses revealed that male caregivers were more likely to appraise the caregiving experience as boosting their self-esteem (positive) than female caregivers, whereas adult daughters appraised the experience as stressful (negative), and sons appraised the experience as the least stressful. More importantly, caregivers' esteem and caregiving stress were strong predictors of the caregivers' quality of life. These effects were significant after controlling for potentially confounding variables. The findings suggest that cancer caregivers may benefit from programs designed to assist them in viewing their involvement in cancer care as meaningful and as a personal growth experience, as well as helping them to seek support to minimize their caregiving stress.
Trapping of deuterium during permeation through gold

Trapping of hydrogen during diffusion in ferrous alloys has been studied (i, 2) for a number of years. More recently, trapping has been proposed (3) to explain anomalies in transient permeation curves in several FCC metals. Interpretation of experimental data is complicated, however, by the presence of surface oxide films that may also cause deviations from the ideal behavior predicted (4-6) for a simple diffusion-controlled process. Differentiation between the effects of trapping and surface oxide film is extremely difficult for many metals, such as molybdenum, stainless steel, or titanium. The surface of gold, however, .is apparently free of oxide films that would restrict hydrogen permeation or require prolonged reaction for their removal (7). Trapping, therefore, may be studied in gold foils without the necessity of special attention to obviate surface effects. The deuterium permeation experiments reported here demonstrate the presence of trapping in gold and suggest that vacancies or vacancy clusters are active trapping sites.
Entrainment of gravel from naturally sorted riverbed material

The critical dimensionless shear stress, τ*ci, required to entrain a given size particle, di, was computed from extensive bedload-transport measurements in three self-formed rivers that have naturally sorted gravel and cobble bed material. The value of τ*ci was determined to be significantly affected by the size distribution of the riverbed material. For bed particles between 0.3 to 4.2 times the median diameter of the subsurface bed material, d50, the average critical dimensionless shear stress, τ*ci, is equal to τ*ci = 0.0834 (di/d50)-0.872 with a coefficient of determination of 0.980. For bed particles larger than 4.2 times d50, τ*ci appears to approach a constant value of approximately 0.020 in a noneroding channel. Thus, τ*ci varies from 0.25 to 0.020 for a given particle, depending on the ratio of di to d50. Previous investigations of the hydraulic conditions required to entrain coarse riverbed material have reported critical shear stress values ranging from 0.25 to 0.020 for a given particle size. This analysis indicates that virtually all of the variation is due to differences in the subsurface bed-material size distribution. This analysis shows that τ*ci varies almost inversely proportional to the particle diameter for a nonuniform bed material; therefore, bed particles between 0.3 to 4.2 times d50 are entrained at nearly the same discharge. An investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and bed-material mobility of 24 self-formed gravel-bed rivers in Colorado determined that particles as large as the median diameter of the bed surface were entrained by discharges equal to the bankfull stage or less. Particles as large as the 90th-percentile fraction were entrained by the bankfull discharge in nine of the rivers studied. Consequently, in these rivers, a significant fraction of the riverbed was entrained rather frequently over a period of years, although the transport rate was very small.
A spectrophotometric study of o,o'-dihydroxyazobenzene and its chelates with aluminum, gallium and indium

Abstract The composition of the chelates of aluminum, gallium and indium with o , o '-dihydroxyazobenzene has been established in acidic alcoholic -water mixtures to be pH dependent by means of spcctrophotometric measurements. Only chelates with a 1 : 1 and 2. : 1 ratio of o , o '-dlihydroxyazobenzene to metal are formed. The first acid dissociation constant of o , o '-dlihydroxyazobenzene and the formulas and stability constants for -the chelates were determined, The stability of the chelates increased in tle order indium, aluminum, gallium.
Gap junctions and ion channels: relevance to erectile dysfunction.

The corporal myocyte is a critical determinant of erectile capacity whose functional integrity, in the vast majority of impotent patients, is sufficient to guarantee its relevance as a therapeutic target. As with numerous other smooth muscle cell types, ion channels are important modulators of corporal smooth muscle tone/contractility. As such, the transmembrane flow of ions (ie Ca2+, K+ and Cl−) plays an important role in modulating membrane potential and contractile status in individual human corporal smooth muscle cells, while intercellular ion flow ensures the functionality of myocyte cellular networks. The integral membrane proteins that selectively regulate many aspects of these critical transmembrane (eg K+ and Ca2+ channels) and intercellular (eg gap junctions) ionic movements have been identified. To date, the large conductance calcium-sensitive K+ channel (ie KCa), the metabolically regulated K+ channel (ie KATP), and the L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel appear to be the most physiologically relevant nonjunctional ion channels. With respect to intercellular ionic/solute/second messenger movement, connexin43-derived gap junction channels are widely recognized as an obligatory component to normal integrative erectile biology. The presence of an intercellular pathway ensures that individual cellular alterations are carefully orchestrated in the rapid and syncytial fashion required for normal erectile function. This report reviews the known details concerning junctional and nonjunctional ion channels in human corporal tissue, and illustrates how one particular application of this knowledge, that is, preclinical studies utilizing low efficacy gene therapy (ie low transfection efficiency) with the KCa channel has further confirmed the physiological relevance and therapeutic potential of gap junctions and ion channels to erectile physiology/dysfunction.
Chemical Characterization and Disposition Studies with 1,2,7,8-Tetrabromodibenzofuran in the Rat

Polybrominated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans have been identified as potential environmental contaminants. The present studies were designed to characterize the chemical disposition of a tetrabrominated dibenzofuran. The isomer‐specific pattern of 1,2,7,8‐tetrabromodibenzofuran (TBDF) was chemically characterized using high‐pressure liquid chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, infrared absorption, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The absorption, distribution, and elimination of 1,2,7,8‐[4,6‐3H]‐TBDF were examined in the rat following a single oral, dermal, or intravenous dose of 1 nmol/kg. The 1,2,7,8‐TBDF was rapidly excreted in the bile (∼50% of the dose in 8 h). Likewise, over half of the administered dose was found in the feces and intestine contents 24 h after iv administration and in feces 72 h after oral administration. Thus, the half‐life of 1,2,7,8‐TBDF is approximately 1 d. Major tissue depots included the liver, adipose tissue, and skin. The decline in hep...
A Case for Integration of Interlibrary Loan and Reference

The ongoing debate of whether the Interlibrary Loan Department (ILL) should be autonomous or a function of other departments is revisited in this article. Though much of the literature on this topic advocates ILL merging with the Reference Department, early surveys show mixed findings. The authors reveal results of a recent survey from 324 participants that includes library personnel from public, academic, and special libraries throughout the United States. The outcome of the survey supports the literature that ILL personnel strongly believe that their work is more closely related to reference than that pertaining to circulation or technical services.
Plasticizers for Polar Synthetic Rubbers

Abstract Natural and synthetic rubbers may be grouped in two broad classes—polar and nonpolar. Dipole linkages are involved in the plasticization of the polar group; hence they possess certain resemblances to the polar thermoplastics in this respect. Plasticizers are employed with such polymers for two general purposes: increasing plasticity of the uncured rubber; and increasing flexibility or corresponding effects in the cured material. Plasticization of the polar rubbers is a complex problem because of structural variations inherent in diene polymers and copolymers; the vulcanization process; and effects of other additives—for example, carbon black. Available data are extremely confusing because of these factors and the fact that much of the information reported is meager. Many of the materials which have been employed may be grouped into a few broad chemical classes. The effects of these vary widely among a given class because of structural variations and differences in physical properties. It is possi...
Influence of dopamine agonists on plasma and brain levels of homovanillic acid.

The response of the plasma dopamine (DA) metabolite, homovanillic acid (HVA), to two DA agonists was investigated in the rat. Apomorphine administered i.p. (2 mg/kg) produced, within one hour, a significant decrease in plasma HVA. The response of plasma HVA to apomorphine was also investigated after pretreatment with debrisoquin, a drug which selectively blocks peripheral HVA production by inhibition of MAO. Pretreatment with debrisoquin did not significantly alter the decrement in plasma HVA produced by apomorphine indicating that a substantial portion of the plasma HVA response to apomorphine is due to the drug's action on brain. Bromocriptine (2 mg/kg) was also found to produce a significant decrease in plasma HVA. Since the response of brain HVA to DA agonists reflects the sensitivity of the DA receptor, the plasma HVA response to DA agonists might be a practical method of assessing brain DA receptor sensitivity in humans.
On the solution of large, structured linear complementarity problems: The tridiagonal case

This paper delineates the underlying theory of an efficient method for solving a class of specially-structured linear complementarity problems of potentially very large size. Problems of the type considered here arise in the process of making discrete approximations to differential equations in the presence of special side conditions. This problem source is exemplified by the free boundary problem for (infinite) journal bearings. Some of the authors' computational experience with the method is presented.
COMPONENTS OF Laser trilobum

Laser trilobum L. Borkh. is known to contain sesquiterpene lactones [1, 2]. The isolation of the sesquiterpene lactone lasolide, a coumarin derivative of hydroxypeucedanine, crocatone (latifolone), and an ester (laserine) from roots of L. trilobum collected in Khyzin Region of the Republic of Azerbaidzhan during fruiting was reported earlier [3, 4]. During separation of total extracted compounds of L. trilobum, we isolated a phenylpropanoid of formula C21H26O7 as an ester. Although the IR spectrum of the newly isolated aromatic ester coincided in details with that of an aromatic ester from Ferula oopoda [5], nevertheless the PMR spectrum of the studied compound in the methyl range (except for ester methyls) contained two doublets characteristic of two secondary methyls at 1.14 (J = 6.5 Hz) and 1.24 ppm (J = 6.5 Hz) with resonances having the same area. This suggested that we were probably dealing with a mixture of two epimeric compounds such as 2-epilaserine (1) and laserine (2). An analogous mixture in a 2:1 ratio was isolated earlier from Seseli vayredanum [6].
Genetics of selection-induced mutations: I. uvrA, uvrB, uvrC , and uvrD are selection-induced specific mutator loci

Selection-induced mutations, sometimes called “directed,” “adaptive,” or “Cairnsian” mutations, are spontaneous mutations that occur as specific responses to environmental challenges, usually during periods of prolonged stress, and that occur more often when they are selectively advantageous than when they are selectively neutral. In this study I show that lesions in uvrA, uvrB, uvrC, or uvrD increase the mutation rate from trpA46 to trpA + by 102− to 104−fold during tryptophan starvation, but those same lesions do not affect random mutation rates in growing cells when tryptophan is present. The increased selection-induced mutation rates remain specific to the gene that is under selection in that no increase in the mutation rate from trpA46 to trpA + is detected during proline starvation. Evidence is presented showing that proline starvation produces a state of cellular stress which results in a burst of mutations from trpA46 to trpA + when proline-starved cells are plated onto medium lacking tryptophan but containing proline. These results are consistent with the hypermutable state model for selection-induced mutagenesis.
Digital data acquisition system implementation at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory

A Digital Data Acquisition System (DDAS) composed of 16-channel FPGA-programmable modules running 12-bit 100 Mega-Samples Per Second (MSPS) ADCs has been implemented on three different experimental arrays at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) encompassing charged particle spectroscopy, high and low energy-resolution photon detection, and neutron time-of-flight measurements. DDAS has increased the experimental capabilities of each array by providing energy and time measurements with nearly zero dead-time, low energy thresholds, and large dynamic range. The performance of the DDAS Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC)s was characterized, and energy and time resolutions were compared with traditional analog systems. We have demonstrated a 14- to 15-bit peak-sensing equivalent resolution when applied to semiconductor detectors and 500 ps time resolution for LaBr3 detectors measuring coincident radiation with signal amplitudes of ≈13% of the input range of the ADC. Details regarding the operation of the system at NSCL including digital filtering, triggering, clock distribution, and event-building are discussed along with applications to selected detector systems.
Luminescence of Er3+ in Oxyfluoride Transparent Glass-Ceramics

Abstract Erbium doped silicate, germanate, and tellurium-germanate oxyfluoride glasses were prepared in a bulk form. Through appropriate heat treatment of the as-prepared glasses, transparent glass-ceramics (TGCs) were obtained with the formation of β-PbF 2 : Er 3+ nanocrystals in the glass matrix were confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Well-defined diffraction peaks were observed in the samples after heat-treatment. The average crystal diameter of these precipitated crystals from full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the diffraction peak was estimated to be between 8 and 13 nm. Optical absorption, photoluminescence, and upconversion luminescence were measured on as-prepared glass and glass-ceramics. Luminescence spectra in the TGC samples revealed well-resolved, sharp stark-splitting peaks, which indicates that a majority of Er 3+ ions has been incorporated into the crystalline phase of the nanocrystals. The intensity of the visible and near infrared luminescence mostly increases in TSG compared to that in the as-prepared glass. In 1.53 μm absorption and emission bands, the maximum absorption peak is blue-shifted from 1531 to 1507 nm, whereas the maximum emission peak is red-shifted from 1535 to 1543 nm in TGC, as compared with that in glass. The bandwidth at half-maximum (BWHM) of the emission band is significantly broader in TGC than in glass, which is beneficial to the erbium-doped fiber amplifier (ED-FA). Upconversion luminescence was measured using 800 nm near-infrared light excitation. Drastically increased upconversion luminescence was observed from the TGC as compared to that from their corresponding as-prepared glasses. In addition to a strong green emission centered at 545 nm because of 4 S 3/2 → 4 I 15/2 transition and a weaker red emission centered at 662 nm because of 4 F 9/2 → 4 I 15/2 transition, generally seen from the Er 3+ doped glasses, two violet emissions centered at 410 nm because of b H 9/2 → 4 I 15/2 transition and centered at 379 nm because of 4 G 11/2 → 4 I 15/2 transition were also observed from the TGC. The increased luminescence was attributed to the decreased effective phonon energy and the increased energy transfer between the excited ions when Er 3+ ions were incorporated into the precipitated β-PbF 2 nanocrystals. The results indicated two attractive spectroscopic properties of the Er 3+ doped TGC samples, compared to glass samples, namely a reduced multiphonon decay rate and a reduced inhomogeneous broadening. In addition, these oxyfluoride TGC materials were robust, easy and flexibile to process, and possible to be fabricated in the fiber form for device applications.
Friction Factor for Flow in Rectangular Ducts with One Side Rib-Roughened

Numerical simulations of incompressible turbulent flow through rectangular ducts with one side rib-roughened were performed to determine pressure drop. The "PHOENICS " software package was used for the computations, which required provision of a wall function for transverse rib-roughened surfaces. The present study was conducted in the range of 10(exp 5) less than or equal to Reynolds number less than or equal to 10(exp 7), 0.01 less than or equal to rib height to hydraulic diameter ratio less than or equal to 0.04, 10 less than or equal to pitch to rib height ratio less than or equal to 40. Using the numerical results, friction factor charts for various aspect ratios were generated. The numerical results agreed well with experimental data that was obtained for 10(exp 5) less than Reynolds less than 2 x 10(exp 5). In addition, a scheme for predicting friction factor using existing correlations for smooth and rough walls was developed.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ACORNS

SUMMARY Acorn varieties within twelve oak species were analyzed for chemical and physical attributes. The kernels were evaluated for moisture, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, crude protein, tannin, nitrogen-free extract (less tannins), texture and surface color. The acorns were evaluated for length, width, shape and percent kernel. Except for the crude fiber assay, all chemical and physical analyses at the varietal level were significantly different. Generally, all attributes varied significantly between species. Correlations between attributes were shown to exist at the varietal and species levels. All chemical attributes varied highly significantly at the subgenus level. Significant variation at the subgenus level was also shown for kernel Rd and b values.
Hydrogen peroxide generation from α- and β-pinene and toluene secondary organic aerosols

Abstract In-particle reactions and reactivity may play a role in aerosol aging as well as health effects associated with airborne particles. One of the main hypotheses for the species causing the observed health effects are reactive oxygen species including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Secondary organic aerosol (SOA), the focus of this study, comprises a major fraction of ambient fine mode particle mass. SOA were generated via dark ozonolysis of α-pinene and β-pinene, as well as photochemical oxidation of α-pinene, β-pinene, and toluene. SOA particles generate a considerable amount of H2O2 in the aqueous phase. For the same particle mass, α-pinene and β-pinene SOA have higher H2O2 generation ability than toluene SOA. H2O2 levels were sensitive to the pH of the particle extraction solutions, decreasing as the pH was increased. SOA samples aged for 20 h in room air lost a significant fraction of the H2O2 compared to fresh samples. The H2O2 is likely from decomposition or hydrolysis of hydroxyhydroperoxides, peroxic acids and related species for α- and β-pinene SOA, and from redox cycling of quinoid compounds for toluene SOA. This study provides the first quantitative measurement of H2O2 for a range of SOA particle types.
A Community Divided

This case is based in a small Midwestern school district. It was developed for use in a doctoral level course in Public Engagement and has been revised as a result of student feedback. As developed for this course, the concept of public engagement is not about convincing the public to do what the experts believe should be done. A desired consequence of said engagement is the restoration of the historical compact between the community and its public schools as one foundation for effecting school reform. The case deals with the impact of consolidation on the will of the community to support its schools.
Moral Injury: A Mechanism for War-Related Psychological Trauma in Military Family Members

Recent research has provided compelling evidence of mental health problems in military spouses and children, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), related to the war-zone deployments, combat exposures, and post-deployment mental health symptoms experienced by military service members in the family. One obstacle to further research and federal programs targeting the psychological health of military family members has been the lack of a clear, compelling, and testable model to explain how war-zone events can result in psychological trauma in military spouses and children. In this article, we propose a possible mechanism for deployment-related psychological trauma in military spouses and children based on the concept of moral injury, a model that has been developed to better understand how service members and veterans may develop PTSD and other serious mental and behavioral problems in the wake of war-zone events that inflict damage to moral belief systems rather by threatening personal life and safety. After describing means of adapting the moral injury model to family systems, we discuss the clinical implications of moral injury, and describe a model for its psychological treatment.
Use of the oral angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor(captopril) in childhood malignant hypertension

ANGIOTENSIN I C O N V E R T I N G ENZYME inhibitors have been used to deteci and measure the participatio n of the renin-angiotensin system in hyper t ens ion? ~ Recently, an orally active converting enzyme inhibitor has been developed ~ which has been effective in lowering b l o o d pressure in essential and renovascular hypertension as well as the hypertension associated with advanced renal disease? -'~ W e report herein the successful treatment of malignant hypertension in a child with SQ 14225 (captopril) in whom aggressive oral antihyperte~asive therapy with available drugs ?iad proved ineffective, To our knowledge, this is the first report on the long-term use of converting enzyme blockade for the treatment of malignant hypertension.
Helicon waves in a flaring magnetic field

Helicon wave (whistler waves bounded transversely by a magnetic field surface) propagation is investigated for a cylindrically symmetric curved (flaring) boundary using a finite-element method where the propagation region is divided into a sequence of truncated cones. In each conical segment, a local spherical coordinate system is used with the origin at the apex of the cone. A vector wave equation for the fields is formulated for a cold plasma and reduced, in spherical coordinates, to a pair of coupled partial differential equations (PDEs) for two scalar functions. The PDEs are separable for the azimuthal eigenvalue m = 0. The -dependence is a Legendre function, with non-integer eigenvalues determined by the cone angle. The dependence on the radial coordinate, x, satisfies a fourth-order ordinary differential equation (ODE). A straightforward numerical integration of the equation from to fails for large values of , because of the existence of an exponentially growing solution to the equation. Consequently, a different approach is needed. Four independent solutions, valid for , in the form of power series in x (PS) are obtained which are each asymptotically proportional to as . For x large, four asymptotic expansions (AE) are obtained in the form of series in 1/x times or . The problem then is to find four linear combinations of the four PSs, each of which approaches one of the AEs in the limit by first deriving a double-integral representation of each PS, valid for all x, and then using its limit to match each AE to a linear combination of the PSs. For special values of or 4N, N an integer) closed-form solutions (polynomials times exponentials) result that are exact representations of the solution for all x. Solutions are computed and illustrated for an outgoing wave using the closed-form solution for special values of , and as a function of and x using the PS and AE, which have a large range of overlap. The propagating solutions of the ODE are also obtained using a WKB method and are used to calculate the propagation in a slowly diverging parabola of revolution.
Function and distribution of circulating human PCSK9 expressed extrahepatically in transgenic mice

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is predominantly expressed in liver and regulates cholesterol metabolism by down regulating liver LDL receptor (LDLR) proteins. Here we report transgenic overexpression of human PCSK9 in kidney increased plasma levels of PCSK9 and subsequently led to a dramatic reduction in liver LDLR proteins. The regulation of LDLR by PCSK9 displayed tissue specificity, with liver being the most responsive tissue. Even though the PCSK9 transgene was highly expressed in kidney, LDLR proteins were suppressed to a lower extent in this tissue than in liver. Adrenal LDLR proteins were not regulated by elevated plasma PCSK9. hPCSK9 transgene expression and subsequent reduction of liver LDLR led to increases in plasma total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and ApoB, which were further increased by a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet. We also observed that the size distribution of hPCSK9 in transgenic mouse plasma was heterogeneous. In chow-fed mice, the majority of PCSK9 proteins were in free forms; however, feeding a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet resulted in a shift of hPCSK9 distribution toward larger complexes. PCSK9 distribution in human plasma also exhibited heterogeneity and individual variability in the percentage of PCSK9 in free form and in large complexes. We provide strong evidence to support that human PCSK9 proteins secreted from extrahepatic tissue are able to promote LDLR degradation in liver and increase plasma LDL. Our data also suggest that LDLR protein regulation by PCSK9 has tissue specificity, with liver being the most responsive tissue.
Solution-Processed, Antimony-Doped Tin Oxide Colloid Films Enable High-Performance TiO2 Photoanodes for Water Splitting

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting and solar fuels hold great promise for harvesting solar energy. TiO2-based photoelectrodes for water splitting have been intensively investigated since 1972. However, solar-to-fuel conversion efficiencies of TiO2 photoelectrodes are still far lower than theoretical values. This is partially due to the dilemma of a short minority carrier diffusion length, and long optical penetration depth, as well as inefficient electron collection. We report here the synthesis of TiO2 PEC electrodes by coating solution-processed antimony-doped tin oxide nanoparticle films (nanoATO) on FTO glass with TiO2 through atomic layer deposition. The conductive, porous nanoATO film-supported TiO2 electrodes, yielded a highest photocurrent density of 0.58 mA/cm2 under AM 1.5G simulated sunlight of 100 mW/cm2. This is approximately 3× the maximum photocurrent density of planar TiO2 PEC electrodes on FTO glass. The enhancement is ascribed to the conductive interconnected porous nanoATO film,...
Effects of hippocampal damage on reward threshold and response rate during self-stimulation of the ventral tegmental area in the rat.

Abstract The main purpose of this study was to explore the role of the hippocampus in motivated behavior. Rats with bilateral excitotoxic lesions of the hippocampus and controls were trained to lever press for electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area. Rate–intensity functions were generated from an ascending and descending series of current intensities. Lesion-induced changes in sensitivity to reward were distinguished from enhancements in motor output by calculating reward thresholds and maximal response rates from the rate–intensity functions. Rats with hippocampal damage showed lower reward thresholds and higher maximal response rates than controls. These results provide further evidence of hippocampal modulation of the nucleus accumbens, suggesting that lesions of this structure enhance sensitivity to reward and increase motor output.
The Influence of Crack Cocaine on the Likelihood of Incarceration for a Violent Offense: An Examination of a Prison Sample

One of the most heated debates surrounding the 1988 Anti-Drug Abuse Act has been about the “100 to 1” quantity ratio used for sentencing traffickers of the crack version of cocaine as compared to powder. This disparity primarily was based on the notion that crack cocaine users were more likely to engage in violence compared to their powder using counterparts (Everett, 1998; Sandy, 2003). However, there is still a paucity of empirical research that has examined the relationship between powder versus crack cocaine and violence. The purpose of this research was to investigate the following question: Do inmates who were under the influence of crack cocaine at the time of their offenses have a greater probability of being incarcerated for violent offenses compared to those offenders who were under the influence of powder cocaine? Clearly, the answer to this question is extremely relevant to policy regarding the 100 to 1 disparity in sentencing for crack offenders as mandated by the Act. Using race-specific mod...
Focal mesangiopathic glomerulonephritis: Prevalence and pathogenesis

The capacity of immune complex deposition to cause diffuse injury to the glomerular capillary loop walls has been recognized for some time [1]. Morphologically, the reaction to such injury varies from membranous glomerulopathy to proliferative glomerulonephritis [1, 2]. In the former, thickening of the loop walls by immune complex deposits and membranous transformation is typical. In the latter, proliferation of endothelial cells and, to a lesser degree, of epithelial and mesangial cells is seen. In the most severe lesions there is disruption of the basement membrane, exudation of fibrin into Bowman's space and crescent formation. The lesions are diffuse due to the uniform distribution of immune complexes in the capillary loop walls, as revealed by immunofluorescence [1] and electron microscopy [2]. Because of its prevalence in both human disease and the experimental models initially studied, it was generally accepted that this diffuse pattern of tissue response was characteristic of all immune complex-induced glomerulonephritis. However, recently a second pattern of response has been observed both in animals and in man [4]. This pattern (which we have previously termed mesangiopathic glomerulonephritis [4]) is characterized by the primary deposition of immune complexes in the mesangium, provoking a proliferation of mesangial cells and matrix. To the extent that the deposits are confined to the mesangial area, injury to the loop will be prevented. However, if complexes are laid down so rapidly that their mass exceeds the capacity of the mesangium to accommodate them, some will accumulate in the loop wall and produce local lesions. These may take the form of proliferative or necrotizing glomerulitis [5]. Characteristically, the degree of loop involvement varies from glomerulus to glomerulus as well as within different loops of the same glomerulus, so that the resulting picture is sometimes one of focal glomerulonephritis [5].
Comparison of two methods for heparin monitoring: A semi-automated heparin monitoring device and activated clotting time during extracorporeal circulation

Two methods of heparin monitoring, semi-automated in-vivo heparin protamine titration (HPT) and activated clotting time (ACT), were compared in each of sixteen adult patients undergoing extracorporeal circulation (ECC) for coronary artery bypass surgery. The HPT method determined the initial and maintenance level of heparin for ECC, as well as, the amount of protamine needed for neutralization of heparin. ACT determinations were made in parallel to calculate heparin levels, heparin sensitivity, and protamine requirements. ACT determinations increased from 502±31 seconds after heparinization to 739±49 seconds (p<0.05) five minutes after the start of ECC. The HPT method determined heparin sensitivity to be 153±17 secs/mg/kg and this did not change after the institution of ECC. The increase in ACT observed after the start of ECC resulted in an increase in heparin sensitivity from 151±13 secs/mg/kg initially, to 247±17 secs/mg/kg after the institution of ECC (p<0.01). During ECC, the HPT method reported heparin levels which remained near the initial value of 2.40±0.12 mg/kg. The ACT method's initial heparin level of 2.66±0.12 mg/kg rose after the start of ECC to 4.39±0.55 mg/kg (p<0.05). The HPT method adequately predicted protamine requirements, 2.66±0.15 mg/kg protamine vs. 3.47±0.14 mg/kg actual dose while the ACT method predicted excess: 5.02±0.34 mg/kg (p<0.01). In-vivo heparin-protamine titration method provided more consistent information during ECC and directed a significantly smaller dose of protamine for heparin neutralization.
Fetal death after normal biophysical profile score: An eighteen-year experience

Abstract Objective: It was our goal to determine the false-negative rate of the biophysical profile, characterize an 18-year variation in the false-negative rate, examine the relationship between the last normal biophysical profile score and death, and compare the false-negative rate of 2 disparate populations. Study Design: Biophysical profile scores of 86,955 patients at 2 medical centers were collected and recorded prospectively. All perinatal deaths occurring within 1 week of a normal score were similarly recorded. The annual false-negative rate, the cumulative false-negative rate, and the ratio of false-negative results in cases of subsequent fetal death to the perinatal mortality rate were calculated. Results: There were 65 fetal deaths among 86,955 fetuses. Over an 18-year study period at one institution, the false-negative rate varied but not significantly. The cumulative false-negative rate was 0.708 per 1000 at one medical center studied and 2.289 per 1000 at the other center. The average interval between last normal score and fetal death was 3.62 days and did not vary significantly between the medical centers. Conclusions: False-negative results in cases of subsequent fetal death reflect events that are subsequent to the last normal test result. Fetomaternal hemorrhage was the single most identifiable fetal cause of false-negative results in cases of subsequent fetal death. The ratio of the false-negative rate in cases of subsequent fetal death to the perinatal mortality rate should be used as a more objective approach to reporting this value, because the false-negative rate likely reflects the underlying perinatal mortality. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:1231-6.)
Chromatographic separation and quantitative determination of the metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from urine of laboratory animals

Abstract Free, glycine-conjugated, and glucuronide-conjugated metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate may be stripped from urine with XAD-2 resin, derivatized, and quantitatively analyzed by liquid chromatography on a nitrile column with UV and/or radioactivity monitors. One class of metabolites requires reversed-phase chromatography or gas—liquid chromatography for its resolution. Relative molar responses of the hydrogen flame-ionization detector to these metabolites have been determined. Packed gas chromatography columns (OV-3, OV-210, cyclohexanedimethyanol succinate) and fused-silica capillary columns (SP2100 and FFAP) are useful for quantitative analysis under appropriate conditions. The simplest gas chromatographic procedure permitting complete quantitative analysis requires hydrolysis of conjugates, formation of methyl esters of carboxyl groups, butyration of hydroxyl groups and chromatography on OV-3. Typical distributions of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites in urine from mice, hamsters and guinea pigs are presented.