cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple agent chemotherapy (POACH) in previously treated and untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia

A multiple agent chemotherapy protocol utilizing cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, cytosine-arabinoside, vincristine, and prednisone (POACH) was administered to 65 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Nineteen (56%) of the 34 previously untreated patients responded, with (21%) of the patients obtaining a complete remission. The response rate for the 31 previously treated patients was significantly lower, with 2 complete remissions and 6 partial remissions. The median survival of the untreated patients was 58 months, compared with 15 months for the previously treated group (p less than 0.01). In both groups, patients who achieved a complete or partial remission had a significantly longer survival than did patients who did not respond. The response rates for all sites of involvement were similar. Sixteen (47%) of 34 previously untreated patients and 9 of 31 (29%) previously treated patients returned to Rai stage 0. The survival of patients who returned to stage 0 was significantly superior to that of others in both groups. The overall mortality during the study was significantly higher for previously treated patients. Pretreatment Rai stage was strongly predictive of death on study. Rai and Binet stages were not strongly predictive of response or length of survival in untreated patients but stages were predictive for survival and in treated patients. The regimen was well tolerated, with infectious complications being the major morbidity. Patients who responded to POACH had a significantly longer survival than did those who did not, and further attempts to improve the complete and partial remission rates in chronic lymphocytic leukemia will be undertaken.
Towards a Model of DNS Client Behavior

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a critical component of the Internet infrastructure as it maps human-readable hostnames into the IP addresses the network uses to route traffic. Yet, the DNS behavior of individual clients is not well understood. In this paper, we present a characterization of DNS clients with an eye towards developing an analytical model of client interaction with the larger DNS ecosystem. While this is initial work and we do not arrive at a DNS workload model, we highlight a variety of behaviors and characteristics that enhance our mental models of how DNS operates and move us towards an analytical model of client-side DNS operation.
ADEOS-II/GLIの生物光学アルゴリズム

Empirical bio-optical algorithms developed for GLI are described. These algorithms can be used to retrieve in-water properties from GLI normalized water leaving radiances in temperate Case + waters. The OC. Chl-a algorithm uses the maximum band ratio switching procedure for bands that do not saturate over the ocean. GLI is the only ocean color sensor that has ultra-violet (UV) bands and we developed an experimental red tide UV index for the early detection of dinoflagellate blooms. The red tide index uses the increased absorption of UV light by mycosporine-like amino-acids (MAAs). A special version of the Chl-a algorithm was developed for the Southern Ocean Case + waters. The standard algorithms cannot be applied to turbid near-shore waters, e.g. o# Korea and Hong Kong where bio-optical characteristics deviate drastically from Case + characteristics. Developing new and improved algorithms for Case , waters is a major challenge in bio-optical oceanography.
Brucellosis Prostatitis: A Neglected Diagnosis for a Tropical Disease

Fevers of unknown origin (FUO) remain a diagnostic challenge despite recent advances in diagnostic modalities including serological testing and imaging techniques. We report a case of FUO subsequently found to be acute prostatitis secondary to brucellosis in an immigrant from Mexico. A 74-year-old Mexican man who had immigrated to the USA 2 months prior presented to the emergency room with fever, dysuria, watery diarrhea, and tender prostate. Blood cultures collected during a febrile episode grew Brucella melitensis 9 days after collection. The Brucella IgM antibody was also positive. He was started on treatment with intravenous gentamicin, oral rifampin, and oral doxycycline. The patient’s fever, abdominal symptoms, and dysuria resolved. His case highlights the importance of including brucellosis in the differential diagnosis in patients presenting with FUO with the appropriate risk factors.
Pediatric Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

Some particular aspects of performing CMR in children with CHD are discussed in the chapter. Paediatric setting for CMR include availability of anaesthesia, with an experienced team taking care of the high risk patients, as well as CMR compatible ventilatory and monitoring equipment. Changes in the acquisition parameters are required for adapting spatial resolution to the small patient’s size and temporal resolution to the fast heart rate. Indication for CMR in newborn and infants consists mainly in completing anatomical assessment after echocardiography in complex CHD, such as complex conotruncal malformations and heterotaxy syndrome. By combining 2D or 3D SSFP sequences and CEMRA for anatomical evaluation and cine SSFP and PC sequences for functional quantification, all the required information except pulmonary arterial pressure and resistance can be achieved non-invasively and safely. Invasive examinations, such as cardiac catheterisation are restricted to few selected indications and to interventions for treatment.
Endoscopic Appearance of Oropharyngeal and Upper GI Kaposi's Sarcoma in an Immunocompromised Patient.

Introduction. Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) usually manifests as a cutaneous disease but GI manifestation is often rare. It is associated with human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) and seen in immunocompromised patients. In the USA, use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has drastically reduced incidence of KS in HIV patients. Case Presentation. A 65-year-old male with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with cardiopulmonary arrest secondary to hyperkalemia of 7.5 meq/L. Following placement of orogastric and endotracheal tube (ETT), a significant amount of blood was noticed in the ETT. Hemoglobin trended down from 9.6 mg/dL to 6.7 mg/dL over five days. Stool guaiac was positive. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) was performed and revealed multiple large hypervascularized violaceous submucosal nodular lesions with stigmata of bleeding seen on the soft palate and pharynx and within the cricopharyngeal area close to the vocal cords. Biopsy of the soft palate lesions showed proliferation of neoplastic spindle shaped cells arranged in bundles with slit-like capillary spaces containing erythrocytes consistent with Kaposi’s sarcoma. Biopsy was positive for HHV-8. Colonoscopy was unremarkable. There were no cutaneous manifestations of the disease. Conclusion. GI involvement of Kaposi’s sarcoma must be considered in immunocompromised patients and can be confirmed by endoscopic methods.
Concurrent and prognostic utility of subtyping anorexia nervosa along dietary and negative affect dimensions.

Bulimia nervosa can be reliably classified into subtypes based on dimensions of dietary restraint and negative affect. Community and clinical studies have shown that dietary-negative affect subtypes have greater test-retest reliability and concurrent and predictive validity compared to subtypes based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Although dietary-negative affect subtypes have shown utility for characterizing eating disorders that involve binge eating, this framework may have broader implications for understanding restrictive eating disorders. Objective The purpose of this study was to test the concurrent and predictive validity of dietary-negative affect subtypes among patients with anorexia nervosa (AN; N = 194). Method Latent profile analysis was used to identify subtypes of AN based on dimensions of dietary restraint and negative affect. Chi-square and multivariate analysis of variance were used to characterize baseline differences between identified subtypes. Structural equation modeling was used to test whether dietary-negative affect subtypes would outperform DSM categories in predicting clinically relevant outcomes. Results Results supported a 2-profile model that replicated dietary-negative affect subtypes: Latent Profile 1 (n = 68) had clinically elevated scores on restraint only; Latent Profile 2 (n = 126) had elevated scores on both restraint and negative affect. Validation analyses showed that membership in the dietary-negative affect profile was associated with greater lifetime psychiatric comorbidity and psychosocial impairment compared to the dietary class. Dietary-negative affect subtypes only outperformed DSM categories in predicting quality-of-life impairment at 1-year follow-up. Conclusions Findings highlight the clinical utility of subtyping AN based on dietary restraint and negative affect for informing future treatment-matching or personalized medicine strategies. (PsycINFO Database Record
Vitamin C Prevents Offspring DNA Methylation Changes Associated with Maternal Smoking in Pregnancy

Rationale: Infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy demonstrate lifelong decreases in pulmonary function. DNA methylation changes associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy have been described in placenta and cord blood at delivery, in fetal lung, and in buccal epithelium and blood during childhood. We demonstrated in a randomized clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT00632476) that vitamin C supplementation to pregnant smokers can lessen the impact of maternal smoking on offspring pulmonary function and decrease the incidence of wheeze at 1 year of age.Objectives: To determine whether vitamin C supplementation reduces changes in offspring methylation in response to maternal smoking and whether methylation at specific CpGs is also associated with respiratory outcomes.Methods: Targeted bisulfite sequencing was performed with a subset of placentas, cord blood samples, and buccal samples collected during the NCT00632476 trial followed by independent validation of selected cord blood d...
Borderline Patients: 25 to 50 Years Later: With Commentary on Outcome Factors.

The current study concerns the long-term follow-up of 40 patients with borderline personality disorder. Sixteen were patients from the PI-500 study, formerly hospitalized at the New York State Psychiatric Institute. Twenty-four had been from the author's private practice 25 to 50 years ago. Twenty-one of the combined group had first been in treatment 50 years ago. This is believed to be the longest follow-up period recorded for borderline patients. The main results are that two-thirds of the patients eventually reached the level of either clinical remission or clinical recovery. Reaching recovery, in the patients now in their 60s and 70s, was associated with having life-long personality traits, as described in the Five-Factor Model, of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. These traits conduced to better outcome in forming lasting relationships and in workplace success. In some of the patients, genetic vulnerability to mood disorder (recurrent unipolar depression; bipolar disorder) was associated with slow...
“Birtherism” and Anti-Blackness: The Anti-Islamic Ante-Life of Africanized Slavery

The first black President of the United States, Barack Obama, entered office on a wave of racial optimism. But rather than transcending the United States’ racialized history, Obama's presidency has in a sense “outed” it, exposing this history's anti-Islamic origins. This article establishes a link between anti-blackness and the Islamophobic reaction to his election: late medieval and early modern European Christians could classify newly Africanized peoples as uniquely and ontologically enslaveable only because they previously had imagined Muslims as such.
Enhancement of overcurrent protection in active medium voltage distribution networks

Using renewable sources to meet the load demand in the distribution level has become more economical and prevalent. The integration of these sources has impact on the load flow direction and magnitude. These changes can affect the operation of overcurrent (OC) relays as the main protective device in medium voltage (MV) distribution networks. In other words, the changes in the current magnitude and direction will result in misoperation of the OC relays during normal conditions of the network. In addition, the variation of the output generation of renewable sources due to weather condition changes, makes it difficult to define appropriate settings for OC relays. In this paper, a novel idea for improvement of OC relay operation in MV distribution networks in the presence of photovoltaic (PV) sources is presented. The proposed protection system is based on the augmentation of current and the reduction in voltage during the fault. Therefore, a combination of directional OC and undervoltage (UV) protection can distinguish between faulty and normal conditions. The proposed method is simulated using EMTDC/PSCAD software. The results show that the proposed method can effectively protect the MV distribution network containing PV sources.
The Application of Fluid Dynamics to Probability States in Superfluid Spacetime

The possibility that spacetime has the characteristics of a superfluid suggests that the relationship between velocity and time may be modeled in terms of percolation theory, where time dilation corresponds to increasing fluid viscosity. By equating superfluid percolation through a porous medium to conductance in a random resistor network, it was previously shown that the Lorentz factor corresponds to a probability function describing a phase transition to normal fluid. The current paper discusses how this novel linkage of momentum, time, and probability may provide a means of resolving conflicts between quantum mechanics and relativity theory.
Comparative Effectiveness of Adaptive Treatment Strategies

In this chapter, we describe secondary analyses of electronic health record (EHR) data from a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) study of the effect of four adaptive treatment strategies on a time-to-event outcome. More specifically, we describe a TMLE and compare its practical performance to that of three IPW estimators of the same causal estimands defined based on the same nonparametric dynamic marginal structural model. In addition, we evaluate the practical impact of parametric versus data-adaptive estimation of the nuisance parameters on causal inferences from the four estimators considered. Note that the work presented here is a summary of prior results described across several published articles (Neugebauer et al. 2012, 2013, 2014a,b, 2016).
The Dark (Patterns) Side of UX Design

Interest in critical scholarship that engages with the complexity of user experience (UX) practice is rapidly expanding, yet the vocabulary for describing and assessing criticality in practice is currently lacking. In this paper, we outline and explore the limits of a specific ethical phenomenon known as "dark patterns," where user value is supplanted in favor of shareholder value. We assembled a corpus of examples of practitioner-identified dark patterns and performed a content analysis to determine the ethical concerns contained in these examples. This analysis revealed a wide range of ethical issues raised by practitioners that were frequently conflated under the umbrella term of dark patterns, while also underscoring a shared concern that UX designers could easily become complicit in manipulative or unreasonably persuasive practices. We conclude with implications for the education and practice of UX designers, and a proposal for broadening research on the ethics of user experience.
Poor hygiene and bullying victimization in Pakistan

Abstract This study examined the association between hygiene and bullying victimization among a representative sample of 4997 students in Pakistan from the Global School Health Survey. Sample characteristics based on population estimates and adjusted and unadjusted prevalence ratios were computed using Poisson regressions. Results indicate that after accounting for demographic and confounding factors, students with good hygiene were less likely to experience bullying victimization when compared to students with poor hygiene. This is because, we theorize, poor hygiene elicits disgust for two reasons: the fear of infectious diseases and class differences. The study findings highlight that poor hygiene is not only directly related to poor health due to higher exposure to infectious diseases as demonstrated by extant research, but it is related to higher risk of experiencing bullying victimization, highlighting a link between two structurally produced social problems, poor hygiene and bullying, that are often seen as individual and interpersonal ones.
An Emergent Framework For Self-Motivation In Developmental Robotics

This paper explores a philosophy and connectionist algorithm for creating a long-term, self-motivated developmental robot control system. Self-motivation is viewed as an emergent property arising from two competing pressures: the need to accurately predict the environment while simultaneously wanting to seek out novelty in the environment. These competing internal pressures are designed to drive the system in a manner reminiscent of a co-evolutionary
Real Measurement Under Virtual Topology

Revere provides a service for disseminating security updates at Internet scale. To understand how effective Revere is in providing this service, the characteristics of the dissemination must be evaluated. This is a critical step before widely deploying Revere over the Internet.
The Dermatologist and Social Media: The Challenges of Friending and Tweeting

The Internet allows student doctors and physicians to rapidly communicate and share information with millions of people. Those who participate in social networking must be aware of the professional pitfalls and legal challenges of social networks on the Internet, and how to honor the moral obligations of the patient-doctor relationship when using these sites. The authors discuss two ethical scenarios that could arise when a dermatologist uses Web 2.0 online social networking websites such as Facebook and Twitter. The authors provide firm recommendations about what is considered professional and unprofessional online content and how to monitor and maintain a professional online presence.
Primates, Social Behavior of

With one exception, the orang utan, all diurnal primates live in social groups. However, there are a great variety of types of social group among different primate taxa and even among populations of the same species. Because primate groups are so variable in structure and organization, it is important first to define a number of terms used in primate socioecology. Even a ‘social group’ is often difficult to describe. Thus, such terms as social group, social structure, and social organization are defined, as are terms used for inter- and intragroup interactions. The adaptive significance of group living in primates remains a question. Furthermore, the relationships that exist between ecology and group structure are also not clear. Currently, the theories in vogue are quite controversial and have not led to a satisfactory understanding of these phenomena.
Biologically Controlled Mineralization of Magnetic Iron Minerals by Magnetotactic Bacteria

This chapter examines and reviews features of biologically induced mineralization (BIM)- and biologically controlled mineralization (BCM)-type magnetic particles. It describes microorganisms that produce magnetic minerals (focusing mainly on the magnetotactic bacteria) and also describes the biomineralization processes involved in the synthesis of magnetic minerals. The chapter also reviews the physics and function of magnetotaxis in light of recent findings. In the microbial world, the most widely recognized example of BCM is magnetosome production by the magnetotactic bacteria. Although all freshwater magnetotactic bacteria synthesize magnetite as the mineral phase of their magnetsomes, many marine, estuarine, and salt marsh species produce an iron sulfide-type magnetosome which consists primarily of the magnetic iron sulfide greigite. The chapter discusses stoichiometry changes and specifically whether iron can be replaced with other transition metal ions and whether sulfur and oxygen can replace each other as the nonmetal component in the magnetosome mineral phase. The fact that many higher creatures biomineralize single-magnetic-domain magnetite crystals of similar morphologies suggests the intriguing idea that all these organisms have the same or a similar set of genes responsible for magnetite biomineralization that would probably have originated in the magnetotactic bacteria. Thus, studying how magnetotactic bacteria biomineralize magnetite might have a scientific impact far beyond the studies of microbiology and geology.
Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury With Concurrent Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Traumatic spinal cord injuries are significant contributors to the morbidity and mortality burden of trauma patients worldwide, and consume significant resources in both their acute and rehabilitative care. Another cause of mortality and morbidity is hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, which can cause syncope or sudden cardiac death in patients with no known prior cardiac disease. This case report describes a unique combination of these two high-risk pathologies in a scene trauma patient, and provides an overview of the pathophysiology and treatment of these high-risk disease processes.
Asbestos Carcinogenicity: A Mutational Hypothesis

One approach to understanding the carcinogenic process is to define the molecular alterations involved in the evolution of a malignant cell and to elucidate the mechanisms by which carcinogenic substances can affect these alterations in target cells. With the identification of the genes involved in carcinogenesis, this approach is becoming increasingly useful. This can be illustrated with asbestos-induced neoplasms, mesotheliomas and lung cancers.
Using Voluntary Approaches to Reduce Environmental Damages: Evidence from a Survey of New York Dairy Farms

This paper presents the results from a survey of New York dairy farms that links manure management practices and farmer willingness to participate in voluntary environmental programs, focusing on those operations that are not automatically designated as Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. A wide divergence is found between actual and recommended manure management practices on individual dairy farms, the apparent ability of farms to divert financial resources to environmental practices, and the willingness to participate in voluntary programs at various annual costs per cow. These findings have policy implications for the USDA-USEPA [30] National Strategy for Animal Feeding Operations. The findings also may help foster comparisons and enhance understanding of environmental management issues in Japan and the United States.
3D imaging in two-channel stereo sound: Portrayal of elevation

Abstract Among the variety of audio configurations in use—from basic monophonic to complex multi-channel surround-sound systems—two-channel stereophonic (stereo) systems have dominated sound reproduction for the purpose of music. Unbeknownst to most of the consumer public, stereo systems in the high end of audio performance can approach the illusion of a live performance, with realistic instrumental timbres and 3D spatialization. Among the three dimensions of the recreated soundstage, the portrayal of elevation remains controversial. In this work, an audio system was assembled that had sufficient fidelity to achieve 3D spatialization, and it was proven through psychoacoustic testing that elevation differentiation of instrumental images can indeed be perceived. The relationship between auditory mechanisms involved in natural-sound localization and stereo-sound imaging is discussed.
Elevated CO2 reduces a common soybean leaf endophyte

Abstract Free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments have elucidated how climate change affects plant physiology and production. However, we lack a predictive understanding of how climate change alters interactions between plants and endophytes, critical microbial mediators of plant physiology and ecology. We leveraged the SoyFACE facility to examine how elevated [CO2] affected soybean (Glycine max) leaf endophyte communities in the field. Endophyte community composition changed under elevated [CO2], including a decrease in the abundance of a common endophyte, Methylobacterium sp. Moreover, Methylobacterium abundance was negatively correlated with co-occurring fungal endophytes. We then assessed how Methylobacterium affected the growth of co-occurring endophytic fungi in vitro. Methylobacterium antagonized most co-occurring fungal endophytes in vitro, particularly when it was more established in culture before fungal introduction. Variation in fungal response to Methylobacterium within a single fungal operational taxonomic unit (OTU) was comparable to inter-OTU variation. Finally, fungi isolated from elevated vs. ambient [CO2] plots differed in colony growth and response to Methylobacterium, suggesting that increasing [CO2] may affect fungal traits and interactions within the microbiome. By combining in situ and in vitro studies, we show that elevated [CO2] decreases the abundance of a common bacterial endophyte that interacts strongly with co-occurring fungal endophytes. We suggest that endophyte responses to global climate change will have important but largely unexplored implications for both agricultural and natural systems.
Microbes in Bone and Joint Infections

Infections of the joints are most commonly caused by bacteria or viruses. Native bacterial (septic) arthritis is most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Septic arthritis is a medical emergency due to its rapidly destructive nature. Prosthetic joint infections are caused by bacteria and affect about 1–2% of prosthetic joints. Arthrocentesis with synovial fluid analysis is the main way of diagnosis of joint infections. Therapy of native septic arthritis consists of antibiotics and joint drainage. The treatment of prosthetic joint infections requires a multidisciplinary approach but generally the highest success rates are seen with a two-step joint revision plus antibiotics. Infections of the bones are caused usually by bacteria and can be acquired hematogenously, through direct inoculation or through a contiguous source of infection. Osteomyelitis can be acute or chronic and can affect a number of different bones, including long bones, vertebral bodies, and bones of the feet. Diagnosis is generally made by bone biopsy, which ideally should be done before antibiotics are started. Treatment consists of antibiotics and surgical debridement, except for acute osteomyelitis and vertebral osteomyelitis where antibiotics alone may be sufficient. Patients with osteomyelitis involving hardware may need chronic suppressive antibiotics.
Deprenyl Reduces Inflammation During Acute SIV Infection

In the era of antiretroviral therapy, inflammation is currently a central factor in a growing number of HIV-associated comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, and neuropsychiatric disorders. This highlights the value of developing therapeutics that both reduce HIV-associated inflammation and treat associated co-morbidities. Previous research on monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) suggests that this class of drugs has anti-inflammatory properties in addition to neuropsychiatric effects. Therefore, we examined the impact of the deprenyl, an MAOI, on SIV-associated inflammation during acute SIV infection using the rhesus macaque model of HIV infection. Our results show that deprenyl decreased both peripheral and CNS inflammation but had no effect on viral load in either the periphery or CNS. These data show that the MAOI deprenyl has broad anti-inflammatory effects when given during the acute stage of SIV infection, suggesting that repurposing this drug could provide a beneficial adjuvant for antiretroviral therapy.
Physiological Bases of Male Olfactory Cues and Mate Preferences in Prairie Voles

We investigated the roles of testosterone and nutritional history in the attractiveness of male odors to females and female association and mate preferences in the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster). Young anestrous females significantly preferred the odors from intact males over the odors from castrated males, but did not nest preferentially with odors from intact males. Older anestrous females did not show a significant preference for either type of male odor; however, older estrous females preferred the odors from intact males over the odors from castrated males. The odors from males bora to mothers food-deprived during pregnancy were more attractive to females than the odors from males born to mothers fed ad libitum. Maternal food deprivation was also associated with increased plasma testosterone level of male offspring. Odors from males deprived of food post-weaning were less attractive to females, despite the higher levels of testosterone in food-deprived males, compared with odors from males fed ad libitum. Non-gonadal influences associated with food deprivation, therefore, affected the positive relationship between testosterone level and the attractiveness of male odors. The attractiveness of male odors was not a reliable indicator of either the selection of males as mates by females or male mating success. Thus, the significance of male odors in female mate selection in the prairie vole remains unclear.
Follicular Carcinoma of the Thyroid

Ionizing radiation is the only certain cause of thyroid cancer, although iodine deficiency, hormonal aberrations, and benign thyroid abnormalities have also been linked to thyroid cancer in some circumstances. Follicular thyroid cancer occurs twice as often in women as men, and at about the same rate in Los Angeles County as in other regions of the country. Incidence begins to increase in very early adulthood, indeed among female teenagers, and all racial/ethnic groups appear to be at about equal risk. Among men, but not women, the malignancy has occurred more commonly among those of a higher social class. No systematic pattern of occurrence is apparent, and therefore no local source of causation is proposed.
Simulation-based Optimization Approach to Clinical Trial Supply Chain Management

The development activities required to bring a new drug to market involve considerable expense ($1+ Billion) and can take in excess of ten years. Clinical trials constitute a critically important and very expensive part of this development process as it encompasses producing, distributing and administering the candidate therapy to volunteer patients located in different geographic zones. A number of different approaches are being pursued to reduce clinical trial costs, including innovations in trial organization and patient pool selection. In this work, we focus our attention on improved management of the supply chain which provides the dosage required by the clinical sites. A simulation-based optimization approach is presented, which includes patient demand forecasting, mathematical programming based planning, and discrete event simulation. The objective is to enhance the robustness of the supply chain under different sources of uncertainties. A case study is reported which demonstrates the application of the proposed approach.
Effects of distributed amplifiers on quantum coherence

The propagation of coherent states using a network of distributed amplifiers is analyzed. This technique can be used to calculate the coherence of other quantum states such as Schrodinger cats.
The Influence of Economic Conditions on Aspects of Stigmatization

Realistic group conflict theory (LeVine & Campbell, 1972) posits that people resist policies that advance the relative standing of out-group members, especially during periods of threat. To test the viability of realistic conflict in a meaningful social context, an experimental method was used to explore the influence of economic threat on stigmatization in White individuals’ personnel decisions and resistance to diversity policies. As expected, compared to participants in a control condition, participants who were exposed to an economic threat evaluated a minority female job candidate more negatively than a White male candidate. In addition, willingness to support programs related to diversity was reduced among participants who endorsed zero-sum ideologies. This study highlights the role of economic threat on stigmatization and indicates that vigilance in addressing discrimination may be particularly important in the context of the current turmoil of the world economy.
Advances in Supportive and Palliative Care for Lung Cancer Patients

As advancements are continuing to be made in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer, the number of symptoms that patients present to their managing physicians with, also increases. The most significant of these; dyspnea, cough, and hemoptysis can be very difficult to treat. The goal of this chapter is to offer clinicians a greater awareness to the variety of possible etiologies and the possible therapeutic interventions available to them and their patients
Mechanism of head assembly and DNA encapsulation in Salmonella phage P22: I. Genes, proteins, structures and DNA maturation

Abstract The functions of ten known late genes are required for the intracellular assembly of infectious particles of the temperate Salmonella phage P22. The defective phenotypes of mutants in these genes have been characterized with respect to DNA metabolism and the appearance of phage-related structures in lysates of infected cells. In addition, proteins specified by eight of the ten late genes were identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; all but two are found in the mature phage particle. We do not find cleavage of these proteins during morphogenesis. The mutants fall into two classes with respect to DNA maturation; cells infected with mutants of genes 5, 8, 1, 2 and 3 accumulate DNA as a rapidly sedimenting complex containing strands longer than mature phage length. 5− and 8− lysates contain few phage-related structures. Gene 5 specifies the major head structural protein; gene 8 specifies the major protein found in infected lysates but not in mature particles. 1−, 2− and 3− lysates accumulate a single distinctive class of particle (“proheads”), which are spherical and not full of DNA, but which contain some internal material. Gene 1 protein is in the mature particle, gene 2 protein is not. Cells infected with mutants of the remaining five genes (10, 26, 16, 20 and 9) accumulate mature length DNA. 10− and 26− lysates accumulate empty phage heads, but examination of freshly lysed cells shows that many were initially full heads. These heads can be converted to viable phage by in vitro complementation in concentrated extracts. 16− and 20− lysates accumulate phage particles that appear normal but are non-infectious, and which cannot be rescued in vitro. From the mutant phenotypes we conclude that an intact prohead structure is required to mature the virus DNA (i.e. to cut the overlength DNA concatemer to the mature length). Apparently this cutting occurs as part of the encapsulation event.
Physical implementations for quantum communication in quantum networks

A quantum network where the data stored, processed, and communicated consists of quantum bits, would offer exciting possibilities including teleportation, dense coding, quantum money, secured quantum key distribution, and perhaps distributed quantum computing. But how to implement such a network? In this contribution we describe a concrete physical implementation consisting of atoms placed inside high-Q optical cavities, connected by optical fibers, that allow the atoms to communicate with each other using a cavity photon as the information carrier.
Verifiable shuffle of large size ciphertexts

A shuffle is a permutation and rerandomization of a set of ciphertexts. Among other things, it can be used to construct mix-nets that are used in anonymization protocols and voting schemes. While shuffling is easy, it is hard for an outsider to verify that a shuffle has been performed correctly. We suggest two efficient honest verifier zero-knowledge (HVZK) arguments for correctness of a shuffle. Our goal is to minimize round-complexity and at the same time have low communicational and computational complexity. The two schemes we suggest are both 3-move HVZK arguments for correctness of a shuffle. We first suggest a HVZK argument based on homomorphic integer commitments, and improve both on round complexity, communication complexity and computational complexity in comparison with state of the art. The second HVZK argument is based on homomorphic commitments over finite fields. Here we improve on the computational complexity and communication complexity when shuffling large ciphertexts.
Case Report: Successful Living Donor Kidney Transplantation in a Highly Human Leukocyte Antigen-Sensitized Recipient With a Positive Cytotoxic Crossmatch Using Bortezomib-Based Desensitization Without Intravenous Immunoglobulin

Abstract Background Highly sensitized patients, who produce antibodies against multiple anti-human leukocyte antigens, have significantly reduced chances for renal transplantation. Traditionally, desensitization protocols to reduce the levels of antibodies have relied on the use of intravenous immunoglobulin and plasmapheresis. Results Here we report the case of a patient with a calculated panel-reactive antibody level of 100% who was desensitized using multiple courses of bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, in an intravenous immunoglobulin-free regimen. The patient underwent a successful transplantation with an allograft from a living donor and has continued to do well post-transplantation. Conclusions The expression of anti-human leukocyte antigen antibodies decreases the likelihood of transplantation for patients by restricting the available donor pool. New protocols that reduce antibody expression in these patients and allow for renal transplantation are needed. Bortezomib, as used in the patient reported here, represents a promising new medication for successful desensitization and transplantation.
Iron Requirements for Infants with Cow Milk Protein Allergy

H istorically, cow milk has been used as a major source of protein and balanced nutrition for infants and children in resource-rich and resource-constrained countries. It is a rich source of energy, protein, and calcium. It is also an important source of fat; many of its fatty acids are readily metabolized to essential omega-3 fatty acids. Regular consumption of milk during childhood has been shown to enhance bone density later in life. However, reliance upon whole pasteurized cow milk as the sole or major source of nutrition for infants during the first year of life can increase the risk for iron deficiency and, in extreme cases, iron-deficient anemia (IDA) for a number of reasons. In 1972, Woodruff et al showed that 7 of 12 infants (ages 7-17 months) with IDA who ingested between 720 and 1920 mL whole milk daily had higher albumin turnover rates than a group of 5 normal infants. Parenteral iron had no effect on albumin turnover, but replacing whole milk with reconstituted evaporated milk or soy formula decreased the high albumin turnover rates to normal levels, suggesting that large amounts of cow milk protein could result in iron and protein loss in the gastrointestinal tract. Cow milk contains low levels of ascorbic acid, a factor that increases iron absorption, and certain proteins that negatively impact iron absorption. Cow milk contains about 4 times more calcium than human milk, and calcium negatively impacts iron absorption. Furthermore, cow milk has a higher protein concentration than human milk, and ingestion of large amounts can lead to metabolic and fluid imbalances, particularly in children with febrile illnesses. Thus, several entities have recommended against whole cow milk ingestion until 9-12 months and then, only when given in moderate amounts in conjunction with appropriate complementary foods.
The production of congenital defects in rats using antisera.

Pregnant Long-Evans rats were injected intravenously with antisera to adult kidney, placenta, lung, heart, fetal kidney and fetal thymus on various days of gestation in doses from 1 to 3 ml/100 gm of rat. Control animals showed a resorption rate of 6.6% with a malformation rate of 2.6%. Antisera to adult kidney and placenta given on the ninth, tenth and eleventh gestational days decreased fetal weights, increased resorption rates to greater than 50% and resulted in a malformation rate of 75% or greater. Malformations were observed in most organ systems depending on the day the antiserum was injected. Antisera to fetal kidney and adult lung produced similar responses but larger doses were required while antisera to adult heart and fetal thymus tissues demonstrated little effect. Purified antisera (gamma G) and pepsin digested gamma G evoked a teratogenic response. Antiserum to glomerular basement membrane was also teratogenic. These results support the concept that the mechanism of action of teratogenic antisera is an interference with yolk sac transport by adversely affecting the basement membrane of the yolk sac primarily and indirectly producing malformations.
A Kinase Chaperones Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Assembly and Captures Capsid Dynamics in vitro

The C-terminal domain (CTD) of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein is involved in regulating multiple stages of the HBV lifecycle. CTD phosphorylation correlates with pregenomic-RNA encapsidation during capsid assembly, reverse transcription, and viral transport, although the mechanisms remain unknown. In vitro, purified HBV core protein (Cp183) binds any RNA and assembles aggressively, independent of phosphorylation, to form empty and RNA-filled capsids. We hypothesize that there must be a chaperone that binds the CTD to prevent self-assembly and nonspecific RNA packaging. Here, we show that HBV capsid assembly is stalled by the Serine Arginine protein kinase (SRPK) binding to the CTD, and reactivated by subsequent phosphorylation. Using the SRPK to probe capsids, solution and structural studies showed that SRPK bound to capsid, though the CTD is sequestered on the capsid interior. This result indicates transient CTD externalization and suggests that capsid dynamics could be crucial for directing HBV intracellular trafficking. Our studies illustrate the stochastic nature of virus capsids and demonstrate the appropriation of a host protein by a virus for a non-canonical function.
Financial innovation, depository-institution deregulation, and the demand for money☆

Abstract Our hypothesis is that financial innovation and depository-institution deregulation explain much of the seeming instability in the post-1973 money demand. Following a procedure similar to that employed by Hafer and Hein (1982) and Hafer (1982) , we conclude that money demand experiences three periods of gradual intercept drift—two down and one up—rather than several one-time shifts. The gradual intercept drift is consistent with our hypothesis of financial innovation and depository-institution deregulation. Furthermore, after accounting for the gradual drift, the resulting full-sample regression are well-behaved.
Widowhood and Social Participation in Later Life Isolation or Compensation

This article is a review and theoretical analysis of widowhood and social participation in later life. Two conceptual models, one focusing on decrements and the other on compensations in social participation, are considered in reviewing the literature. After a brief critique of the methodological characteristics of the research, several different types of social participation are examined. The vast majority of research indicates that, although some decrements in social participation may occur, very few, if any, take place immediately after the death of spouse. In fact, the loss of spouse is more likely to immediately intensify social relationships than attenuate them. Of special interest is the recurrent finding that certain types of social participation are likely to increase a few years after the death of spouse. The results are interpreted as favoring a compensation model of role loss and social participation.
The role of hydrologic information in reservoir operation – Learning from historical releases

Abstract Closing the gap between theoretical reservoir operation and the real-world implementation remains a challenge in contemporary reservoir operations. Past research has focused on optimization algorithms and establishing optimal policies for reservoir operations. In this study, we attempt to understand operators’ release decisions by investigating historical release data from 79 reservoirs in California and the Great Plains, using a data-mining approach. The 79 reservoirs are classified by hydrological regions, intra-annual seasons, average annual precipitation (climate), ratio of maximum reservoir capacity to average annual inflow (size ratio), hydrologic uncertainty associated with inflows, and reservoirs’ main usage. We use information theory – specifically, mutual information – to measure the quality of inference between a set of classic indicators and observed releases at the monthly and weekly timescales. Several general trends are found to explain which sources of hydrologic information dictate reservoir release decisions under different conditions. Current inflow is the most important indicator during wet seasons, while previous releases are more relevant during dry seasons and in weekly data (as compared with monthly data). Inflow forecasting is the least important indicator in release decision making, but its importance increases linearly with hydrologic uncertainty and decreases logarithmically with reservoir size. No single hydrologic indicator is dominant across all reservoirs in either of the two regions.
Reactivity of recently deposited organic matter: Degradation of lipid compounds near the sediment-water interface

The usefulness of biomarker compounds buried in marine sediments depends upon a quantita tive understanding of the effects of early diagenesis on their distribution. To address this, a new experimental approach was utilized to determine rates of degradation in a coastal sediment. Rates of degradation for solvent-extractable lipid components were quantified in four sediment horizons composed of newly accumulated organic matter (31–144 days since deposition). Sediment accumulation rate data derived from changes in the inventory of Be-7 (t1/2 = 53.3 days) were combined with concentration data for lipid biomarker compounds, enabling us to evaluate the reactivity of organic matter in the upper 8 cm of the rapidly accumulating sediments of Cape Lookout Bight, North Carolina, USA (CLB). Net rates of loss and rate constants were calculated for individual compounds belonging to three classes of lipids: fatty acids, sterols, and n-alkanes. Individual components showed a range in reactivity, in some cases (fatty acids), attributable to differences in their biological sources. Rates and rate constants were consistently highest in the surficial sediments (0–2.5 cm), indicating that the reactivity of a given molecule(s) decreases over time, and beginning soon after deposition. Comparison with apparent rate constants (k′) calculated over longer timescales (one and ten years) shows that steady-state diagenetic models underestimate rates of degradation at or near the sediment-water interface by an order of magnitude.