cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanical characterization of functionally graded materials produced by the fused filament fabrication process

Abstract In this research study, the design and fabrication workflow of functionally graded materials (FGMs) were introduced using fused filament fabrication (FFF) process. Rigid polymers were mechanically characterized in three printing directions. Tensile strength and modulus of elasticity values for YZ and XY printing orientation specimens indicated similar results. Printing in the XZ direction showed poor strength values in comparison with other printing directions. Interface analysis with different transition patterns was accomplished and the advantage of gradient transition was achieved. Micrography of specimens was analyzed to investigate the internal structure and was used to validate the test results. Statistical methods were applied to investigate the relationship between microstructural descriptors (volume fractions) and process-related parameters (printing temperatures). The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) have confirmed that printing temperature and concentration have a significant impact on tensile test results. The data-driven approach was employed to construct a linear regression models in order to formulate input data for finite element analysis (FEA). As a result of FEA simulation, effective Young’s modulus was calculated using a MATLAB code. FEA-predicted Young’s moduli were validated through experimental test results. The comparison of the numerical method and experimental values showed less than 5% error for FGM specimens printed in 250, 260 and 270 °C temperatures. FFF process with FGM could have potential applications in medical, structural, and automotive industries by locally varying material properties. This study presents a unique method of fabricating FGM structures with low-cost manufacturing process.
The Interaction between Hb A1C and Selected Genetic Factors in the African American Population in the USA.

Background The global prevalence of diabetes mellitus has been growing in recent decades and the complications of longstanding type 2 diabetes continue to place a burden on healthcare systems. The hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c) content of the blood is used to assess an individual's degree of glycemic control averaged over 2 to 3 months. In the USA, diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death. Black, indigenous, people of color (BIPOC) are disproportionately affected by diabetes compared to non-Hispanic whites. There are many reports of interaction of Hb A1c and hematologic conditions that have a high prevalence in the Black population; some of these effects are contradictory and not easily explained. This review attempts to document and categorize these apparently disparate effects and to assess any clinical impact. Methods Hb A1C can be determined by a variety of techniques including cation-exchange chromatography, electrophoresis, immunoassays, and affinity chromatography. The amount of Hb A1c present in a patient specimen depends not only on blood glucose but is strongly influenced by erythrocyte survival and by structural variations in the globin chains. Sickling hemoglobinopathies are well-represented in the USA in African Americans and the effects of these hemoglobin disorders as well as G6PD deficiency is examined. Conclusion Hb A1c measurement should always be performed with a cautious approach. The laboratory scientist should be aware of possible pitfalls in unquestioningly determining Hb A1c without a consideration of hematologic factors, both inherited and acquired. This presents a challenge as often times, the laboratory is not aware of the patient's race.
Heparan Sulfated Glypican-4 is Released from Astrocytes Predominantly by Proteolytic Shedding

Astrocytes provide neurons with diffusible factors that promote synapse formation and maturation. In particular, glypican-4/GPC4 released from astrocytes promotes the maturation of excitatory synapses. Unlike other secreted factors, GPC4 contains the C-terminal GPI-anchorage signal. However, the mechanism by which membrane-tethered GPC4 is released from astrocytes is unknown. Using primary astrocyte cultures and a quantitative luciferase-based release assay, we show that GPC4 is expressed on the astrocyte surface exclusively via a GPI-anchorage. Soluble GPC4 is robustly released from the astrocytes predominantly by proteolytic shedding and, to a lesser extent, by GPI-anchor cleavage, but not by vesicular release. Pharmacological, overexpression, and loss of function screens showed that ADAM9 in part mediates the release of GPC4 from astrocytes. The released GPC4 contains the heparan sulfate side chain, suggesting that these release mechanisms provide the active form that promotes synapse maturation and function. Overall, our studies identified the release mechanisms and the major releasing enzyme of GPC4 in astrocytes and will provide insights into understanding how astrocytes regulate the synapse formation and maturation.
CNS-Draining Meningeal Lymphatic Vasculature: Roles, Conundrums and Future Challenges.

A genuine and functional lymphatic vascular system is found in the meninges that sheath the central nervous system (CNS). This unexpected (re)discovery led to a reevaluation of CNS fluid and solute drainage mechanisms, neuroimmune interactions and the involvement of meningeal lymphatics in the initiation and progression of neurological disorders. In this manuscript, we provide an overview of the development, morphology and unique functional features of meningeal lymphatics. An outline of the different factors that affect meningeal lymphatic function, such as growth factor signaling and aging, and their impact on the continuous drainage of brain-derived molecules and meningeal immune cells into the cervical lymph nodes is also provided. We also highlight the most recent discoveries about the roles of the CNS-draining lymphatic vasculature in different pathologies that have a strong neuroinflammatory component, including brain trauma, tumors, and aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Lastly, we provide a critical appraisal of the conundrums, challenges and exciting questions involving the meningeal lymphatic system that ought to be investigated in years to come.
Simulation of angiogenesis in three dimensions: Application to cerebral cortex

The vasculature is a dynamic structure, growing and regressing in response to embryonic development, growth, changing physiological demands, wound healing, tumor growth and other stimuli. At the microvascular level, network geometry is not predetermined, but emerges as a result of biological responses of each vessel to the stimuli that it receives. These responses may be summarized as angiogenesis, remodeling and pruning. Previous theoretical simulations have shown how two-dimensional vascular patterns generated by these processes in the mesentery are consistent with experimental observations. During early development of the brain, a mesh-like network of vessels is formed on the surface of the cerebral cortex. This network then forms branches into the cortex, forming a three-dimensional network throughout its thickness. Here, a theoretical model is presented for this process, based on known or hypothesized vascular response mechanisms together with experimentally obtained information on the structure and hemodynamics of the mouse cerebral cortex. According to this model, essential components of the system include sensing of oxygen levels in the midrange of partial pressures and conducted responses in vessel walls that propagate information about metabolic needs of the tissue to upstream segments of the network. The model provides insights into the effects of deficits in vascular response mechanisms, and can be used to generate physiologically realistic microvascular network structures.
Timothy Morton, Humankind: Solidarity with Nonhuman People. London and New York: Verso, 2019, 224 pp., ISBN 9781788731003 : Reviewed by Xiaoli Yang

Abstract: What makes humans and nonhumans ecological beings in the wake of the Anthropocene? Timothy Morton’s Humankind invites us to consider this philosophical issue as intrinsically aesthetic, ethical, and political. Through his illuminating terminology, Morton argues that becoming human is to understand that we are in fact embedded in the network of solidarity and kindness with nonhumans. Being ecological, for Morton, means being spectral and capable of appreciating the spectrality, pleasure, and beauty of nonhuman beings. In our relationship with nonhuman beings, we are the actants who should overcome our troubled anthropocentrism and mull over what makes us humans, physically and experientially. By putting Marxism, object-oriented ontology, and political ecology into dialogue, Morton revisits the implicit inclusion of nonhuman beings in Marxism, revealing that Marxism can still serve as a critical resource of thinking through a kind of communist existence shared by all ecological beings.
Bruised, not broken: scholarly personal narratives of Black women in the academy

With growing research on our experiences, this paper explores the academic lives of four doctorate-holding Black women. Using Scholarly Personal Narrative as a methodology, monologues and reflectio...
Prevalence and Morphology of the Coracoclavicular Joint: An Osteological Study of 2,724 Subjects Using Univariable and Multivariable Logistic Regression Analyses.

Abstract Background: The coracoclavicular joint (CCJ) is an anomalous articulation between the surfaces of the inferior clavicle and superior coracoid and its etiology is controversial. Reportedly, symptomatic patients demonstrate significant functional limitations including shoulder abduction loss and potential for brachial plexus compression and impingement. Purpose: To determine the prevalence of CCJ across age, gender and ethnicity, and to identify clinically useful morphological characteristics. Methods: 2724 subjects with intact clavicles and scapulae from the Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection were evaluated for the presence of CCJ. Logistic regression was used to determine the effect of age, height, gender, and race on prevalence of CCJ. 354 clavicles with CCJ were measured for size and location of the CCJ facet. Results: CCJ was observed in 9% of subjects. CCJ was more prevalent in African-Americans (12%) than Caucasian-Americans (6%) (p<0.001) and more prevalent in females (11%) than males (8%) (p=0.055). Facet location along clavicle length was consistent (average 25%, range 15-35%). But, facet location along clavicle width varied (average 60%, range 10-90%), with males having a more posterior location. For every 10-year increase in age, facet elevation (p=0.001) and surface area (p<0.001) increased. Conclusions: CCJ prevalence was 9% in our large osseous population, found more commonly in African-Americans and females. Facet location is predictable with respect to clavicle length, but less so along clavicle width. The clavicular facet may develop at some point in life and continue to grow in size after its appearance. Clinical Relevance: Presence of a CCJ represents a potential overlooked source of anterior shoulder pain and supracoracoid impingement. Epidemiologic and morphological characteristics presented in our study can aid in the identification, clinical understanding, and surgical excision of a symptomatic CCJ. Level of Evidence: Level IV Keywords: Coracoclavicular joint, shoulder impingement, clavicle, scapula, osteological, musculoskeletal abnormalities, population variation, shoulder
The relation of life to electricity

1. The electromotive force of the system + saline ¦ cuticula ¦ parenchyma ¦ saline —does not depend on differential stainability of these two structures. The cuticula stains more than the parenchyma with both acidic and basic dyes. 2. The same is true for the system + saline ¦ phenol ¦ ether ¦ saline — and numerous other systems, not merely for “oil” systems. 3. These tinctorial and electrical actions have nothing to do with acid base combination, as the previously described effects, but, are due to differences of coefficients of partition and other constants.
Anaerobes in clean orthopedic surgery? Is it a problem?

Scheduled orthopedic interventions are considered as “clean surgery”, unless the intervention follows open fracture injury-related conditions or in the presence of spontaneous soft tissue infection.
Balseros, Boteros, and El Bombo: Post-1994 Cuban Immigration to the United States and the Persistence of Special Treatment

Special treatment of Cuban immigrants to the United States since 1959 seemed to end abruptly in May 1995 as a result of migration accords between the US and Cuba following the rafter crisis of 1994. Cubans picked up at sea would now be sent home like other “illegal” immigrants. This paper argues that changes in US immigration policy toward Cuba were neither sudden nor complete. Rafters intercepted at sea are now repatriated to Cuba by the US Coast Guard (USCG) but few are deported to Cuba if they reach US soil. While dramatic landings and contested repatriations have drawn media attention over the decade, a more significant result has been the more than 200,000 Cubans legally admitted to the US since 1995. These numbers dwarf the 10,000 arriving as illegal rafters. The paper also explains how Cuban migrants, aware of their continued special status if they reach US soil, have abandoned rafts (balsas) in favor of hiring smugglers with fast speedboats (botes or lanchas). Finally, the paper argues that the Cuban rafter crisis is actually a Caribbean, and even global phenomenon, with regional participation from Haitians and Dominicans. This calls into question the appropriateness of special treatment for Cubans
Constitutional Existence Conditions and Judicial Review

Critics of Marbury v. Madison have long complained that judicial review frustrates majoritarian democracy. In addition, critics sometimes complain that the Constitution's text does not entail judicial review of federal legislation. In Marbury, Chief Justice John Marshall invokes the judicial oath of office in support of judicial review, but the oath does not distinguish judges from other ublic officials who also swear fealty to the Constitution. Nor do Marshall's other arguments, such as the possibility of clear constitutional violation by the legislature, justify privileging judicial interpretation. The opinion, for all its majesty, never squarely addresses the fundamental question of whose interpretation of the Constitution should prevail in cases of conflict. Both sorts of criticism-that a sound democratic constitution should not establish judicial review and that the American Constitution is best read not to establish judicial review-can lead ultimately to calls for the complete abolition of judicial review, for "[t]aking the Constitution [a]way from the [c]ourts."Ingredient in most forms of judicial review skepticism is the implicit claim that it would be possible for courts to accept the word of Congress as final on matters of constitutional interpretation. Once one acknowledges that courts have the duty to apply statutes and other nonconstitutional sources of law, however, it becomes difficult to understand how they could not exercise at least some version of the Marbury power. In short, it may be impossible to take the entire Constitution away from the courts.
Transepiphyseal replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament in skeletally immature patients: a preliminary report.

To The Editor: The article “Transepiphyseal Replacement of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament in Skeletally Immature Patients: A Preliminary Report” (2003:85;1255-63) by Anderson, describing the preliminary results of transepiphyseal anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in skeletally immature patients, has been a great contribution. However, there are two issues that could be clarified by the author regarding the use of this technique in younger patients. These issues are even more relevant now, as the rate of midsubstance ACL tear in prepubescent children is increasing1. The author describes the use of biologic age (including Tanner stage) as an indication for surgery. In his report of twelve …
Democracy Without Competition in Japan: Clientelism and Its Determinants

Clientelism refers to the exchange of benefits (by the government, parties, and/or politicians) for voter or organization support. Clientelist benefits are those awarded to people who support a specific party or candidate and withheld from those who do not (Chapter 1). Clientelism plays front and center in the Japanese political system, and clientelism lies at the core of Japanese opposition failure . In Japan, clientelist mechanisms work through organizations and (especially local) politicians who are able to deliver a substantial number of votes to the ruling LDP. This “organized vote” is achieved by the party monitoring and enforcing a number of exchange practices that are often attributed to the electoral system. Japan's long-used and derided single nontransferable vote in multimember district electoral system is utilized by a very small number of polities. Nevertheless, it has received a large amount of attention, in part because of its perceived effect on clientelism. In Japan, SNTV/MMD certainly played an important role in reinforcing clientelist linkages, but, as I explain in this chapter, clientelism was originally a result of other factors, especially the internal mobilization of the country's first parties and the organization of (especially rural) landholding. In the postwar era, SNTV/MMD contributed substantially to new political arrangements that held clientelism at their core, but electoral system arguments are not sufficient to explain Japanese clientelism. The electoral system was utilized throughout the country, but the levels of clientelism varied widely, according to social structure, local financial dependence on the central government, and political economy.
Hyperbilirubinemia in Infants of Diabetic Mothers

Large for gestational age (LGA) infants of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers (IDM), appropriate for gestational age (AGA) IDM, and infants of nondiabetic mothers were compared for the incidence of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and related etiologic factors. At 60 hours of age, LGA IDM had significantly higher serum bilirubin concentrations (12.3 +/- 2.1 mg/100 ml) than AGA IDM (7.6 +/- 3.9 mg/100 ml) or control infants (7.8 +/- 2.8 mg/100 ml) (P < .001). Peak serum bilirubin concentrations were also significantly higher in LGA IDM (14.4 +/- 2.1 mg/100 ml) than in AGA IDM (8.4 +/- 3.7 mg/100ml) or control infants (8.6 +/- 3.3 mg/100 ml) (P < .001). Mean percent of carboxyhemoglobin was used as an indicator of hemolysis and showed a significant elevation in LGA IDM (1.51 +/- 0.19) when compared to AGA IDM (1.10 +/- 0.27) and control infants (1.19 +/- 0.33) (P < .05). No significant differences were found among the three groups with respect to mode of delivery, frequency of pitocin administration, 5-minute Apgar scores, incidence of isoimmunization, incidence of enclosed hemorrhage, hemoglobin concentration, bilirubin concentrations at 12 hours, and percent of weight loss. Our data suggest that only LGA IDM are at increased risk for hyperbilirubinemia and that increased heme turnover is a significant factor in the pathogenesis.
Biosynthesis of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Yeast: Regulation of Synthesis of the Enzymes of Isoleucine and Valine Biosynthesis

Regulation of the levels of the five enzymes required for the biosynthesis of isoleucine and valine was studied in a Saccharomyces sp. When a mixture of isoleucine, valine, and leucine was added to the medium, the enzymes in the wild-type strain were repressed from about 30% (transaminase B) to about 90% (acetohydroxy acid synthetase) relative to the level in minimal medium-grown cells. Repression was also observed when threonine replaced isoleucine in the mixture but not when it replaced the other two amino acids. Significant derepression relative to the level in minimal-grown cells was not obtained by growing suitably blocked auxotrophs on medium containing limiting amounts of valine, isoleucine, or leucine.
Depositional environments of marine-dominated bedded halite, Permian San Andres Formation, Texas

The interpretation of the depositional environments in which bedded halite is formed is a frontier of evaporite sedimentology. Facies studies, supplemented by geochemical data, define an evaporite shelf depositional environment for the halite of the San Andres Formation of the Palo Duro Basin, Texas Panhandle, that is significantly different from modern and previously described ancient halite-precipitating environments such as playas, salinas, sabkhas, and barred basins. A coastal palaeoenvironmental setting for the San Andres halite is defined by its facies position between normal marine-shelf carbonates and aeolian deposits. The San Andres brine pool extended over more than 10 000 km2 but was very shallow. Perennial brine-pool conditions (thick sequences of halite) alternated with ephemeral brine-pool conditions (halite, haloturbated mudstone-halite, mudstone interbeds, and microkarst). The depositional sequence in the perennial brine pool includes (1) flooding and minor dissolution of previously deposited halite, (2) precipitation of a thin lamina of gypsum, and (3) evaporation and precipitation of halite. Bottom-growth forms of halite, including chevrons and vertically elongated crystals, are well preserved. Cumulates of foundered, floating crystals and rafts were probably abundant but have been almost completely recrystallized. Mudstone interbeds in halite and microkarst features cut into bedded halite record the episodic interruption of brine-pool deposition and the establishment of subaerial conditions. Vertically elongated karst pits originate at the palaeosurfaces, cross-cut primary brine-pool fabrics, and are filled with geopetal sediment and coarse halite cement. Mudstone interbeds and mixtures of mudstone and halite have been haloturbated by the alternating growth and dissolution of halite reflecting conditions of fluctuating salinity. The geochemistry of halite from both ephemeral and perennial brine-pool environments reflects the frequent influx of marine brine, indicating that communication with the marine environments to the south was ‘good’ considering that restriction was sufficient to precipitate halite.
Magnetoelastic tetragonal-to-orthorhombic distortion in ErNi 2 B 2 C

We have performed synchrotron x-ray scattering experiments on single crystals of ErNi{sub 2}B{sub 2}C. Below 6.3 K, the (2,0,0) Bragg peak splits, indicating a tetragonal-to-orthorhombic distortion. The mismatch between the a and b lattice parameters appears coincident with the onset of long-range antiferromagnetic order and increases continuously with decreasing temperature, reaching a value of a/b{minus}1{approx}0.2{percent} at 3.7 K. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Dispersion relations and higher symmetries

Abstract A dispersion approach is employed to obtain a covariant formulation of higher symmetry groups. This is done by studying the commutation relations of the 144 generators of compact U (12) in the framework of a quark model. The generators (or generalized charges) are classified in a covariant manner and the problem of the convergence of the sum rules obtained from the commutators is analyzed. It is found that only some of the charges may be viewed as approximate constants of the motion, that is to say their off-diagonal matrix elements have a gentle high energy behavior and the corresponding dispersion sum rules converge. The above mentioned “good” charges coincide with those of the collinear SU (6) group. In this way we have a covariant derivation of SU(6)W ; inserting in the sum rules the baryon 1 2 + octet and 3 2 + decuplet, we reproduce some of the consequences of SU(6)W symmetry. The matrix elements of our “good” charges can be related to scattering amplitudes of pseudoscalar and vector particles and thereby we obtain an estimate of the limits of validity of the group symmetry.
Distribution of surface phonon branches in RbF and RbCl

Abstract Predictions based on a realistic (shell) model are presented for the surface phonon branches of (001) surfaces of RbF and RbCl, RbF being the rocksalt-structure alkali halide having the largest gap between optical and acoustical frequencies in the bulk. The gap structure within the bulk bands is clarified, and new branches of LO and TO surface modes are found. Some caution is urged in the inference of details of surface mode existence based on the surface excess distribution of frequencies.
Sex and the single fern

Unlike animals, plants have two alternating generations: a diploid sporophyte and a haploid gametophyte. Through meiosis, the sporophyte produces haploid spores, which then give rise to gametophytes, a multicellular haploid structure that produces gametes for sexual reproduction. All seed plants and some non-seed plants are heterosporous, producing spores of different sizes: large female spores and small male spores. Most ferns, on the other hand, are homosporous; they produce a single type of spore. After germination, each fern spore has the potential to develop into a male, female, or hermaphrodite gametophyte. The developmental decision that determines the sex of a particular gametophyte depends on an interplant communication system mediated by chemical signals, termed antheridiogens ( 1 , 2 ). On page 469 of this issue, Tanaka et al. ( 3 ) show that an antheridiogen in the Japanese climbing fern ( Lygodium japonicum ) functions as more than a simple chemical signal. Covalent modification of the antheridiogen is required to trigger the fern's response to form male gametophytes. Temporal and spatial separation of the biosynthetic pathway between the early- and late-maturing gametophytes ensures the production of the antheridiogen, and the active male-inducing chemically modified form, at just the right time and place.
Isolation and characterization of dendritic cells and macrophages from the mouse intestine.

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and food antigens while concomitantly remaining poised to mount inflammatory responses toward invasive pathogens1,2. Antigen presenting cells, particularly DCs and macrophages, play critical roles in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis via their ability to sense and appropriately respond to the microbiota3-14. Efficient isolation of intestinal DCs and macrophages is a critical step in characterizing the phenotype and function of these cells. While many effective methods of isolating intestinal immune cells, including DCs and macrophages, have been described6,10,15-24, many rely upon long digestions times that may negatively influence cell surface antigen expression, cell viability, and/or cell yield. Here, we detail a methodology for the rapid isolation of large numbers of viable, intestinal DCs and macrophages. Phenotypic characterization of intestinal DCs and macrophages is carried out by directly staining isolated intestinal cells with specific fluorescence-labeled monoclonal antibodies for multi-color flow cytometric analysis. Furthermore, highly pure DC and macrophage populations are isolated for functional studies utilizing CD11c and CD11b magnetic-activated cell sorting beads followed by cell sorting.
Emergency Endodontic Therapy: Report of Case

In emergency situations relief of a patient’s discomfort, caused by a diseased pulp, may be obtained with use of a deep pulpotomy procedure. A 23-year-old woman was seen late at night because of pain in the region of the right mandibular first molar. A diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis was made. After anesthesia had been obtained, the roof of the pulpal chamber was removed completely. The chamber was debrided and the canals were instrumented to a depth of 16 mm. A medicated pellet was placed in the chamber and the access opening was closed with a temporary cement restoration. The patient was instructed to see her dentist for complete endodontic therapy.
Application of the Ricardian Technique to Estimate the Impact of Climate Change on Smallholder Farming in Sri Lanka

This study applies the Ricardian technique to estimate the effect of climate change on the smallholder agriculture sector in Sri Lanka. The main contribution of the paper is the use of household-level data to analyze long-term climate impacts on farm profitability. Household-level data allows us to control for a host of factors such as human and physical capital available to farmers as well as adaptation mechanisms at the farm level. We find that non-climate variables explain about half the variation in net revenues. However, our results suggest that climate change will have a significant impact on smallholder profitability. In particular, reductions in precipitation during key agricultural months can be devastating. At the national level, a change in net revenues of between −23% and +22% is likely depending on the climate change scenario simulated. These impacts will vary considerably across geographic areas from losses of 67% to gains that more than double current net revenues. The largest adverse impacts are anticipated in the dry zones of the North Central region and the dry zones of the South Eastern regions of Sri Lanka. On the other hand, the intermediate and wet zones are likely to benefit, mostly due to the predicted increase in rainfall.
A pose‐invariant approach for hypothesis support

This article presents a tractable and empirically accurate algorithm realizing a midlevel visual process for pattern recognition. The algorithm takes advantage of hypotheses provided by a high-level visual process, thereby, attempting to extract a region in an image based on these hypotheses. The main focus is to recognize quadrilateral as well as arbitrarily shaped objects from synthetic and real-world images. The novel approach is based on a study of the Hough Transform and its generalized version. To show overall usefulness of the algorithm, an extensive series of experiments was performed. In particular, occlusion and multiple object-instances were tested, indicating the effectiveness of this work's approach.© 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 13, 201–207;2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10056
Determinants of attachment and mastery motivation in infants born to adolescent mothers

Thirty mothers aged 14–19 and their approximately one-year-old babies participated in this study of the influence of the social support network and stress on infant-mother attachment and on mastery motivation. During the home visit the mothers completed a demographic questionnaire, the Psychosocial Kinship Inventory and the Life Events Stress Scale. In the laboratory the infants' mastery motivation and infant-mother attachment were assessed. A discriminant function analysis indicated that infant-mother attachment was predicted best by the social support network. Multiple regression analyses showed that infant persistence was significantly related to the social network, living with the infant's grandmother and financial aid. The results stress the importance of contextual influences on infant socio-emotional development.
Defect-induced fatigue microcrack formation in cement mantle.

Acoustic emission (AE) was used to monitor the progress of the fatigue damage process in the cement mantles of two cemented femur stem constructs that contained naturally occurring defects. After the fatigue tests, morphological features of the defects were investigated using an environmental scanning electron microscope. It showed that the regions with no visible defects were mainly microcrack free, whereas the defect regions were the main sources generating microcracks. Two types of microcracks were identified: type I and type II. Signal energies associated with type I microcracks were about an order of magnitude higher than that of type II. The microstructural investigations of the defects and the areas in the vicinity of the defects suggested their categorization into stable and unstable. The accumulative energy–time relationships revealed that stable and unstable microcrack curves had convex , and concave shapes, respectively. The progress of fatigue microcrack formation occurred over three distinct phases: initiation, transition, and stableness. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Laser excited fluorescence in the cesium-xenon excimer and the cesium dimer

Argon ion laser lines are used to excite fluorescence in a mixture of cesium and xenon. Excimer band fluorescence is observed at higher pressures (about 1 atm) while at lower pressures (several torr) a diffuse fluorescence due to the cesium dimer is observed whose character changes with exciting wavelength. The excimer fluorescence is shown to be directly related to the location of the exciting wavelength within previously measured Cs/Xe line shapes. This fact suggests that the excimer systems may be efficiently pumped through these line shapes. Qualitative energy-level schemes are proposed to explain the observations in both the excimer and dimer systems.
Preverbal no-negation in Gullah

Modern Sea Island Gullah is unusual among Atlantic English-based creoles in reportedly not having no as a preverbal negator, ẽ or ɛ ‘ain’t’ being used instead, and doubts have been expressed about any earlier extensive use of no. However, important authentic evidence of its earlier use is provided by the 1838–39 journal of Fanny Kemble (1863) and by letters written during Northern occupation in the Civil War. Among literary writers, Simms (1839/1845) used no 22% of the time vs. 8% for ain’t, while no is near-categorical in Harris (1881), though rare in Jones (1888), and absent in Christensen (1892) and Gonzales (1922). Turner (1949) recorded preverbal no co-occurring with another signature creole marker, Subject me, suggesting code-switching to a basilectal grammar. Hancock (1987) also found no in Gullah. The dominant use of preverbal no in Texas Afro-Seminole (Hancock 2006) could reflect its earlier greater prevalence in the Sea Islands. The evidence raises the possibility that Gullah speakers’ practice of avoiding basilectal use with outside interlocutors (the ‘observer’s paradox’) may have obscured recognition of its modern survival.
On Generation of 1-Detect TDF Pattern Set with Significantly Increased SDD Coverage

Small-delay defect (SDD) testing is expected to become mandatory for high quality products as technology scales and design frequency increases. Traditional timing-unaware transition-delay fault (TDF) ATPGs are not effective for detecting SDDs. Commercial timing-aware ATPGs suffer from huge pattern count and high CPU runtime. A small pattern set with high SDD coverage is desired by industry. In this paper, a comprehensive pattern grading and selection procedure is proposed to meet the requirement. During pattern evaluation, a new SDD-TDF aware metric is proposed to facilitate the trade-off between SDD detection, gross TDF detection and pattern count. By adjusting the relative weight for SDDs and gross TDFs, the final pattern set with high SDD detection efficiency and sufficient TDF coverage could be framed in 1-detect volume. The quality of the final pattern set is measured considering both the number of detected SDDs and the detectable SDD size. Experimental results on both IWLS and ISCAS89 benchmarks demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed SDD screening scheme.
First-principles calculations of the Zn–Zr system

Abstract First-principles calculations of the free energy of the intermetallic phases of the Zn–Zr system have been performed. The likely structures of the two allotropes of Zn3Zr are proposed and the structure of Zn2Zr3 is determined. The 0 K phase diagram for this system is calculated using the convex hull construction. Two compounds, ZnZr2 and Zn2Zr3, that previously were not considered to form part of the equilibrium phase diagram have been shown to become stable at high temperatures thanks to calculations of their vibrational free energy via the supercell approach within the harmonic approximation. The results from this work will later be used to develop a fully consistent thermodynamic model for this binary.
Electrons Arising from the Disintegration of Cosmic-Ray Mesotrons

A simple theoretical expression is deduced for the ionization produced by the electrons arising from the disintegration of cosmic-ray mesotrons.
SU‐GG‐I‐05: Distinguish Pulmonary Nodules by Quantitative Measurement of Dynamic Contrast Enhancement From CT and 18F‐FDG Uptake From PET: A Feasibility Study

Purpose: To develop and demonstrate a novel technique in differentiating the malignant pulmonary nodule from benignity by quantitative measurements of dynamic contrast enhancement from CT and 18 F ‐FDG update from PET.Method and Materials: Three patients with pulmonary nodules (one benignity, two Malignancies) were examined in this study by a hybrid scanning protocol which integrated a DCE‐CT and PET scans. The diagnostic truth was obtained by CT‐guided biopsy. The dynamic CTimages were acquired at 22 time points: baseline plus 21 post‐contrast scans with high sampling rate within first blood circulation. The PET exam was performed after the CT dynamic scans. In 4DCT image data, both local feeding vessels and nodule were contoured by radiologists for all images on in‐house analysis workstation. The Arterial Input Function (AIF) and the Time Attenuation Curve (TAC) were generated for each nodule based on mean ROI density. The dynamic CT protocol with high sampling rate provides the feasibility to quantify the perfusion parameters (wash‐in & wash‐out enhancement). The 18 F ‐ FDG SUV was also quantified from PETimages. Both CT and PET quantitative measurements were analyzed for further pulmonary nodule characterization. Results: Good enhancement studies were observed in two malignant case, in which the malignant nodules showed higher wash‐in and wash‐out compared with benign nodule densitometry. The 18 F ‐ FDG uptake extracted from PET also showed higher activities in two malignant cases than benign case. Conclusion: A feasible technique, combining both DCE‐CT and 18 F ‐ FDG PET scan, to quantify the nodule perfusion and PET activity features in the clinical setting has been achieved. The increased perfusion and activity related to tumor angiogenesis demonstrated the expected pattern for malignancy. With further study and more patients, these techniques might be applicable in lung nodule characterization and evaluation of lungcancer response after treatment.
Aspects of the adhesion and corrosion resistance of polyelectrolyte-chemisorbed zinc phosphate conversion coatings

The ability of polyelectrolyte macromolecules to suppress the crystal growth of zinc phosphate (Zn · Ph) conversion coatings depends primarily on the functional pendant groups. The extent of segmental chemisorption of macromolecules having carboxylic and sulphonic acid groups on the embryonic crystal faces was found to be considerably higher than that of macromolecules containing amine groups. The reaction products formed by intermolecular reactions between amide groups in polyurethane coatings and carboxylic acid groups on the outermost surface of polyelectrolyte-modified Zn · Ph in Zn · Ph-to-polymer adhesive joint systems played an essential role in developing interfacial adhesive forces. A highly dense precipitation of Zn · Ph derived from a zinc orthophosphate dihydrate-based phosphating solution contributed significantly to reducing the corrosion rate of cold-rolled steel. It also was determined that the presence of an internally diffused polyelectrolyte in the Zn · Ph layers further enhances the resistance to corrosion of Zn · Ph itself.
Kinetic analysis of interactions between kainate and AMPA : evidence for activation of a single receptor in mouse hippocampal neurons

Abstract AMPA but not kainate produces a rapidly desensitizing response in mouse hippocampal neurons. The characteristic action of these agonists appears to arise from activation of a single receptor with active and desensitized states, for which AMPA and kainate have different relative affinity. The equilibrium potency of a series of five agonists that produce rapidly desensitizing responses at non-NMDA receptors (EC 50 1 μM to 4 mM) was similar to their equilibrium potency for block of kainate responses. Increasing the concentration of kainate overcame such block, but in the presence of AMPA the rate of activation of responses to kainate was slowed. Conversely, in the presence of kainate the amplitude of rapidly desensitizing responses evoked by AMPA was reduced, and the rate of onset of desensitization was slowed.
In Situ Investigation of the Silver-CTAB System

Recent research has shown that biologically inspired approaches to materials synthesis and self-assembly, hold promise of unprecedented atomic level control of structure and interfaces. In particular, the use of organic molecules to control the production of inorganic technological materials has the potential for controlling grain structure to enhance material strength; controlling facet expression for enhanced catalytic activity; and controlling the shape of nanostructured materials to optimize optical, electrical and magnetic properties. In this work, we use organic molecules to modify silver crystal shapes towards understanding the metal-organic interactions that lead to nanoparticle shape control. Using in situ electrochemical AFM (EC-AFM) as an in situ probe, we study the influence of a cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylamminobromide (CTAB) on Ag growth during electrochemical deposition on Ag(100). The results show that the organic surfactant promotes the growth of steps on the (100) surface and changes the surface evolution from island nucleation to step flow growth. Overall, this leads to a smoother, faster growing (100) surface, which may promote plate-formation.
Differential Antagonism of Cocaine Self-Administration and Cocaine-Induced Disruptions of Learning by Haloperidol in Rhesus Monkeys

Six rhesus monkeys responding under a three-component multiple schedule were administered haloperidol to determine its effects on cocaine self-administration and on cocaine's disruptive effects on the repeated acquisition and performance of response chains. In the absence of haloperidol, 0.0032-0.032 mg/kg/infusion of cocaine increased response rate and the number of infusions in the self-administration component when compared to saline administration, whereas 0.1-0.32 mg/kg/infusion decreased response rate and the number of infusions. When compared to saline administration, the two lowest infusion doses of cocaine had little or no effect on responding in the acquisition and performance components; however, higher infusion doses of cocaine dose-dependently decreased response rate in these components. In addition, the higher doses of cocaine also increased the percentage of errors in the acquisition and performance components. Pretreatment with haloperidol (0.0032 or 0.01 mg/kg, i.m.) antagonized the effects of low doses of cocaine on the number of infusions in the self-administration component, whereas only the 0.01-mg/kg dose antagonized the effects of high doses of cocaine on the number of infusions. Neither dose of haloperidol antagonized the rate-decreasing effects of cocaine on responding in the acquisition and performance components significantly; the highest dose of haloperidol alone decreased rates of responding in each component. Antagonism of cocaine's error-increasing effects by haloperidol was only evident at one dose of cocaine (0.032 mg/kg/infusion), and was more complete in the performance components than in the acquisition components. Together, these data show the limited suitability of haloperidol for selectively antagonizing cocaine self-administration in the context of a multiple schedule involving transition behavior, and show the lack of uniform antagonism across operant behaviors.
Phase-shift perfluorocarbon agents enhance high intensity focused ultrasound thermal delivery with reduced near-field heating.

Ultrasound contrast agents are known to enhance high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation, but these perfluorocarbon microbubbles are limited to the vasculature, have a short half-life in vivo, and may result in unintended heating away from the target site. Herein, a nano-sized (100–300 nm), dual perfluorocarbon (decafluorobutane/dodecafluoropentane) droplet that is stable, is sufficiently small to extravasate, and is convertible to micron-sized bubbles upon acoustic activation was investigated. Microbubbles and nanodroplets were incorporated into tissue-mimicking acrylamide-albumin phantoms. Microbubbles or nanodroplets at 0.1 × 106 per cm3 resulted in mean lesion volumes of 80.4 ± 33.1 mm3 and 52.8 ± 14.2 mm3 (mean ± s.e.), respectively, after 20 s of continuous 1 MHz HIFU at a peak negative pressure of 4 MPa, compared to a lesion volume of 1.0 ± 0.8 mm3 in agent-free control phantoms. Magnetic resonance thermometry mapping during HIFU confirmed undesired surface heating in phantoms containing microbubbles, whereas heating occurred at the acoustic focus of phantoms containing the nanodroplets. Maximal change in temperature at the target site was enhanced by 16.9% and 37.0% by microbubbles and nanodroplets, respectively. This perfluorocarbon nanodroplet has the potential to reduce the time to ablate tumors by one-third during focused ultrasound surgery while also safely enhancing thermal deposition at the target site.
Exploring the Nature of the H2 Bond. 1. Using Spreadsheet Calculations To Examine the Valence Bond and Molecular Orbital Methods

A three-part project for students in physical chemistry, computational chemistry, or independent study is described in which they explore applications of valence bond (VB) and molecular orbital–configuration interaction (MO–CI) treatments of H2. Using a scientific spreadsheet, students construct potential-energy (PE) curves for several states of H2 from the kinetic and potential energies, calculated from closed-form analytical expressions of the ten unique integrals arising from the Born–Oppenheimer Hamiltonian. For this project students use hydrogen 1s basis functions that include a screening parameter. From the calculated PE curves, they find the dissociation energy, De, and equilibrium internuclear distance, Re. In part I students use the Heitler–London (VB) form of the wave function to obtain the PE curves. In part II they optimize the value of the screening parameter to improve the results, and in part III they explore the treatment of H2, using both the simple MO wave function and the application of CI, with and without screening parameter optimization, to obtain the PE curves. Students compare their De and Re results with the experimental values. A set of questions, exercises, and a sample spreadsheet are provided as Supporting Information.
Elimination of non-uniform, extra-device flow effects in membrane adsorbers

Abstract Commercial use of membrane adsorbers in the biotechnology industry is increasing. Here the system time lag created by membrane adsorber peripherals and the membrane adsorber flow distribution headers has been modeled using an anion exchange membrane and bovine serum albumin (BSA). The system time lag was modeled as a zero order and first order time lag. The zero and first order time lags have been removed from the breakthrough curve. The method used does not involve fitting a mathematical expression to the breakthrough curve. Further no assumptions are made regarding the shape of the breakthrough curve in the absence of the time lag. The method has been used to calculate the Langmuir isotherm parameters. The membrane capacity was found to be twice as large as the capacity determined after removal of the time lag. The Langmuir constant was five times as large for the system without accounting for the time lag. Errors in fitting isotherm parameters can significantly impact frontal analysis and membrane adsorber scale-up. The Langmuir isotherm calculated under dynamic conditions with the system time lag removed, was in agreement with the static adsorption isotherm.