cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
University of Colorado at boulder WiLDNet testbed

A wireless local area network (WLAN) was first implemented at the University of Colorado at Boulder (UCB) in April of 2017. Only four 5.8 GHz band transceivers were present at the time. Now, there are eight different radios in place with the purpose of evaluating their performance. A long distance link was recently installed, as well as a medium distance link utilizing different radios. This network serves as a testbed for future installations to be made in the developing world as a part of the IEEE Smart Village program. Each radio is accompanied by a self-sustaining solar micro-grid. This micro-grid uses Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) charge controllers to ensure maximum longevity of the LiFePO4 cells that are present at each station. An Arduino and a Raspberry Pi help monitor the hardware and try to mitigate as many failures as possible without requiring human intervention. The stations are also equipped with multiple radios that are used to relay information to a central server. The testbed is currently running two LigoWave LigoDLB Propeller 5s, two LigoWave LigoDLB 5-90-17 PROs, two LigoWave LigoPTP 5–23 PROs, and two MikroTik mANT 30 PA paired with MikroTik BaseBox 5s. The central server is located on the Engineering Tower at CU Boulder, behaving as a central node that can collect data and monitor all parts of the network. This data includes the energy production of the renewable energy sources (RESs), the consumption of the energy storage systems (ESSs), and the consumption of the loads attached to these. The server is consistently analyzing this data and has the ability to raise alerts when a station behaves erroneously. Additionally, continuous ping and network throughput tests are run, in order to compare the behavior of different radios at different distances. The availability of this data allows for close analysis regarding the suitability of certain components and communication methods in remote areas of the world.
Introduction: The Basics of Optical Communications

In this chapter, the motivation for the study of semiconductor lasers (optical communications) is introduced, and the outline of the book is described.
Deleterious Effects of Higher Body Mass Index on Subjective and Objective Measures of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Cancer Survivors.

Abstract Context Recent, albeit, limited evidence suggests that body mass index (BMI) may be a modifiable risk factor to reduce the deleterious effects of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) in cancer survivors. Objectives To evaluate for differences in demographic, clinical, pain, sensation, and balance characteristics among three BMI groups. We hypothesized that as BMI increased, survivors would report higher pain intensity scores and have significant decrements in measures of sensation and balance. Methods A total of 416 survivors with CIPN were evaluated using subjective and objective measures of CIPN. Survivors were divided into three BMI groups (i.e., normal weight, overweight, and obese). Differences among the BMI groups were evaluated using parametric and nonparametric statistics. Results Of the 416 survivors, 45.4% were normal weight, 32.5% were overweight, and 22.1% were obese. Compared with the normal-weight group, survivors in the other two groups had lower functional status scores, a higher comorbidity burden, higher pain intensity scores, and higher interference scores. In addition, compared with the normal-weight group, survivors in the other two BMI groups had significantly worse balance scores. Conclusion Our findings support the hypothesis that as BMI increased, pain sensation and balance characteristics worsened. Our findings suggest that nutritional counseling as well as exercise and weight management programs in survivors with CIPN may improve these clinically important problems.
Role of climatic factors in the incidence of dengue in Port Sudan City, Sudan.

Background Dengue fever outbreaks have occurred in Port Sudan City, Sudan, during the last 2 decades. Climatic factors may play a role in dengue incidence. Aims This study aimed at discribing the relationship between climatic factors and dengue fever incidence in Port Sudan during 2008-2013. Methods This ecological study entailed secondary data analysis of dengue fever cases and climate information to explore which climatic factors predict the incidence of dengue fever. The Wilcoxon rank sum test and multiple linear regression examined the association between number of dengue fever cases and climatic factors during lag times of 1-6 months. Results Relative humidity and maximum and minimum temperatures were correlated with dengue incidence in Port Sudan at different time intervals during 2008-2010. Precipitation and relative humidity were correlated with dengue fever during 2011-2013. However, 3-5-month lagged relative humidity was the strongest explanatory variable for the incidence of dengue. Conclusion Dengue transmission appears sensitive to climatic variability. Elucidating the role of climatic factors in dengue fever helps in risk assessment and prevention of epidemics.
Oncologic Principles for Breast Reconstruction: Indications and Limits

Multidisciplinary management of breast cancer requires the integration of therapeutic or prophylactic surgery with plastic surgery to reconstruct the breast, and interplays with other possible adjuvant treatments. Mastectomy options, such as skin- or nipple-sparing mastectomy, are dependent on several oncologic factors, such as tumor extent and location, and cancer stage. The requirement for systemic therapy or radiotherapy is also dependent on these variables and can influence patient selection for breast reconstruction. These oncologic and treatment factors should be considered when making decisions about the timing and type of breast reconstruction.
Beyond the Dictionary: Why SUA Sponte Judicial Use of Corpus Linguistics Is Not Appropriate for Statutory Interpretation

In interpreting statutory language, judges have often turned to the “ordinary meaning” canon, which calls for statutory terms to be given their obvious meaning where the text is clear and unambiguous. To solve any perceived ambiguities in language, judges have historically turned to dictionaries. Because of the lack of consistency of this approach, in both results and methodologies, many legal scholars and judges have looked to other methods of arriving at the elusive “ordinary meaning” of statutory terms. One of these emerging methods, which has been endorsed by many legal scholars and a few judges, is corpus linguistics. Corpus linguistics is the analysis of language through analysis of a database (corpus) of real-world text. By analyzing statutory terms in databases of naturally-occurring context (across multiple genres), many legal scholars and judges believe a term’s ordinary meaning can be objectively and empirically shown. This article will argue that, while corpus linguistics may have its place in the legal field, judges should not raise corpus data sua sponte in judicial opinions. To make this argument, the article will describe the many inconsistent methodologies that come about when legal scholars and judges have utilized and analyzed corpus data, in order to illustrate how the deceptively empirical data generated by the corpus is a uniquely dangerous tool for statutory interpretation. The article will also lay out some procedural objections, grounded in judicial notice and the adversarial process.
Pregnancy-related events associated with subclinical cardiovascular disease burden in late midlife: SWAN.

Abstract Background and aims Reproductive factors are associated with later life CVD in women (e.g., age at first birth, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes), but studies have focused largely on premenopausal women. We examined the relationship of reproductive factors with subclinical CVD burden in late midlife women. Methods We included 964 parous women from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), who completed a reproductive history questionnaire at the 13th SWAN visit (2011–2012), and a carotid ultrasound and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) assessment. The primary outcomes were carotid intima-media thickness, plaque, and baPWV; our secondary outcome was a composite subclinical CVD index created using these measures. Linear and logistic regression was performed to examine associations with individual subclinical CVD measures, and multinomial logistic regression was used in analyses of the composite index. Models adjusted for socio-demographics and cardiovascular risk factors. Results Mean age at subclinical CVD assessment was 60.2 years (SD ± 2.7). History of gestational hypertension/preeclampsia was associated with greater carotid IMT (β: 0.038, p = 0.004). Earlier age at first birth was associated with subclinical CVD, but not when accounting for CVD risk factors. History of gestational diabetes was associated with greater baPWV, but not related to our composite index. Conclusions Pregnancy history is an important marker of subclinical CVD in late midlife and may impact the vasculature through distinct pathways. Future studies are necessary to evaluate racial/ethnic differences in the observed associations and to assess the benefit of a composite subclinical CVD index for earlier CVD risk modification in midlife women.
Does L2 writing proficiency influence noun phrase complexity? A case analysis of argumentative essays written by Chinese students in a first-year composition course

Abstract This corpus-based study investigated the association between noun phrase complexity and L2 writing proficiency based on the 11 noun modifiers in Biber, Gray, and Poonpon's (2011) index of complexity features. A corpus was built based on 100 argumentative papers written by first-year Chinese students, including 50 papers from high-proficiency students (TOEFL writing score > 23) and 50 papers from low-proficiency students (18
"Si este no es el pueblo..." Herramientas para estudiar las puebladas

Acerca de Insurgent ldentities. Class, Community, and Protest in Paris from 1848 to the Commune, por Roger Gould, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1995.
A Single Channel Bandpass SAR ADC with Digitally Assisted NTF Re-configuration

A single channel band-pass (BP) SAR ADC has been presented in this work. The proposed ADC uses a maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) to estimate the SAR residue similar to a two-stage architecture. The ADC output is obtained by subtracting a delayed version of the MLE estimate from the SAR output thus generating a noise transfer function (NTF) which can be re-configured by changing the delay. A 65nm BP ADC prototype achieves a 67.8dB SNDR when clocked at 2MS/s over a 79kHz bandwidth. The ADC consumes 13µW from a 1V supply leading to a 166dB schreier FoM.
Regenerative Endodontic Treatment in Immature Noninfected Ferret Teeth Using Blood Clot or SynOss Putty as Scaffolds

Abstract Introduction SynOss Putty (Collagen Matrix, Oakland, NJ) has shown the formation of mineralized tissues when used as a scaffold in regenerative endodontic treatment (RET) in immature human teeth. The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of RET in immature ferret teeth using 2 scaffolds: a blood clot and SynOss Putty. Methods Thirty-two immature canine teeth in 8 ferrets (95–105 days old) were divided into 4 groups: group 1, no treatment (positive control, n = 8); group 2, full pulpectomy with no further treatment (negative control, n = 8); group 3, revascularization using a blood clot (n = 8); and group 4, revascularization using a SynOss Putty scaffold (n = 8). After 3 months, the animals were euthanized, and the newly formed tissues were examined histologically. The data were statistically analyzed using chi-square and Fisher exact tests. Results Normal pulps were found in group 1. No pulp tissue was found in teeth in group 2. In group 3, the pulp tissue and the odontoblastic layer were absent, and the root canal spaces were filled with a hard tissue characterized as bonelike and cementumlike tissues. All teeth except 1 in group 4 showed no hard tissue formation and intracanal/periapical inflammation. SynOss Putty was significantly associated with a lack of tissue formation and intracanal/periapical inflammation (P Conclusions Intracanal hard tissue formation was observed in immature teeth after RET using a blood clot. No tissue regeneration was found in the majority of samples using SynOss Putty as a scaffold.
Interventions Supporting Mental Health and Positive Behavior in Children Ages Birth-5 Yr: A Systematic Review.

Importance: It is critical for providers to use evidence-based interventions to address mental health and behavioral barriers to occupational performance during early childhood. Objective: To identify evidence-based interventions within the scope of occupational therapy practice to improve mental health and positive behavior for children ages 0–5 yr and their families. Data Sources: PsycINFO, Cochrane, ERIC, MEDLINE, and OTseeker databases were searched for publications from 2010 through March 2017. Study Selection and Data Collection: This review was completed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines. Risk of bias was assessed for each article using either A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) or the Cochrane method. Articles meeting inclusion criteria were critically appraised. Findings: Forty-six articles met inclusion criteria and were organized into three themes: touch-based interventions (n = 9), parent–child interaction therapy (PCIT; n = 4), and instruction-based interventions (n = 33). Statistically significant findings and overall risk of bias supported the use of touch-based interventions, PCIT, and parent training. Conclusions and Relevance: The evidence indicates that touch-based interventions can improve infant self-regulation (strong), social behavior, and attachment (moderate) and reduce maternal stress, anxiety, and depression (low). Moderate-strength evidence supports PCIT to improve child behavior. The evidence indicates that parent training can improve parent behavior, maternal–infant attachment (strong), and parent mental health (moderate). Teacher training can improve mental health and behavior (moderate). Group-based parent training and sleep training have insufficient support (low). What This Article Adds: Occupational therapy professionals working with children younger than age 5 yr can use the results of this systematic review to guide clinical decision making related to mental health and behavioral outcomes.
3. – NUCLEATION ALGORITMS

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on nucleation algorithms. The chapter assumes that two diffusing reagents [A] and [B], typically ions in a solution, come together to form a sparingly soluble compound [AB], which constitutes the precipitate. Whenever [A], [B], and [AB] co-exist in equilibrium, there must be A(X).B(X) = KS, where KS is called the solubility product. This fact follows quite simply from the Law of Mass Action; however, the law states nothing about how fast or slowly that equilibrium would be approached. As long as A(X).B(X) =KSP, where KSP is called the precipitation product. The chapter shows that the speed of precipitation when A(X).B(X)>=KSP depends, amongst other things, on stoichiometric considerations. The chapter shows why supersaturated solutions can sometimes exist for a long time, even though they are not in equilibrium. While A(X).B(X) > = KSP is a necessary condition for nucleation, the chapter shows that it is not actually a sufficient one. The term “precipitation” is deemed to refer to the composite phenomenon of nucleation and subsequent growth. Growth can take place at concentrations lower than those needed for nucleation, as long as A(X).B(X)>KS. The chapter assumes for the sake of simplicity that when nucleation takes place, identical nuclei of critical size would be formed at any location X. Their number would depend on the size of the critical nucleus and the degree of supersaturation.
Assessing the impact of faculty research profile videos on students' perceptions towards research at a school of pharmacy.

Abstract Background and purpose Innovative delivery of research education and training in pharmacy education improves student perception of, and involvement in, professional pharmacy research. The purpose of this project was to utilize a flipped-classroom video technology approach to introduce our Capstone research experience and to assess the impact of the video technology on student's perceptions of pharmacy research. Educational activity and setting Faculty recorded one-min videos that provided an overview of current research. Each video included a research introduction, explanation of student incorporation into research, and impact of research on the field of expertise. Students were assigned to review faculty videos. To assess impact of the videos on students' perceptions of research, t-tests compared five variables before and after students watched the videos. These variables included research curiosity, research interest, research inspiration, research motivation, and pharmacy research interest. Findings Across all students, no differences were detected. A statistically significant interaction emerged that suggested prior pharmacy experience may impact research curiosity, interest, and inspiration. Summary: Findings demonstrated that the impact of research videos on pharmacy students' attitudes and perceptions towards research may depend on students' past experiences in a pharmacy setting. Further research is needed to identify factors that impact students' perceptions of pharmacy research. The information from this study provided our faculty members with valuable insights that can be used to better prepare students in the laboratory, classroom, and beyond.
Achieving over million-fold fluorescence enhancement for biosensing applications

We have demonstrated that AC electric fields can be used to amplify the intensity of fluorophore molecules. AC electric fields enhance the metal-fluorophore-light interactions, which produce significant enhancements of fluorescence intensities. This concept can be applied to developing sensitive biosensors for clinical applications.
Evaluating prosocial COVID-19 messaging frames: Evidence from a field study on Facebook

The rapid spread of COVID-19 has emphasized the need for effective health communications to coordinate individual behavior and mitigate disease transmission Facing a pandemic, individuals may be driven to adopt public health recommendations based on both self-interested desires to protect oneself and prosocial desires to protect others Although messages can be framed around either, existing research from the social sciences has offered mixed evidence regarding their relative efficacy Informing this dialogue, in the current study we report on the findings of a field experiment (N = 25,580) conducted March 21-22 on Facebook during the critical initial weeks of the COVID-19 outbreak in the United States We observed that ad messages using a distant prosocial frame ("protect your community") were in fact significantly less effective than those using a self-focused frame ("protect yourself") in eliciting clickthroughs to official CDC recommendations However, ad messages with a close prosocial frame ("protect your loved ones") were equally effective as the self-focused frame These findings catalog the differential efficacy of ad messaging strategies during the early stages of the coronavirus pandemic
Supportive Maternal and Paternal Caregiving and the Children’s Emerging Effortful Control Abilities

Supportive maternal and paternal caregiving have been found to be associated with children’s effortful control abilities. However, many studies did not assess both maternal and paternal parenting in the same analytic model, making it difficult to parse out the unique contributions of mothers versus fathers. Thus, we aimed to simultaneously assess the role of parent gender in associations between observations of supportive caregiving in the preschool years and observations of children’s effortful control abilities in the early school-age years. At approximately age 3 years, children (N = 113) participated in videotaped father–child and mother–child interactions, as well as a battery of effortful control tasks. At approximately age 6 years, children participated in another battery of effortful control tasks. Covariates included parental education, child age, child preschool-age effortful control, and child gender. Structural equation modeling revealed that maternal and paternal supportive caregiving behaviors in the preschool years were independently associated with children’s school-age effortful control abilities. In sum, we found that supportive caregiving in the preschool years was associated with children’s early school-age effortful control abilities, regardless of parent gender. Findings have implications for the development of interventions aimed at improving children’s effortful control abilities through improvements in both paternal and maternal parenting.
Licensed Master of Social Workers' Engagement in the Process of Evidence-Based Practice: Barriers and Facilitators.

Purpose:This article describes the qualitative responses from licensed masters-level social workers (LMSWs) regarding what they perceive as barriers and facilitators to consistently engaging in the...
Feminism and Firearms: Gun Ownership, Gun Carrying, and Women’s Empowerment:

In this article, I use the 2018 Guns in American Life Survey (GALS) to investigate the relationship between feminist identity, gun ownership, gun carrying, and women’s empowerment. Notably, while i...
Renal cell carcinoma, part 3.

ABSTRACT Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for most renal malignancies. This article, the last in a three-part series, presents treatment options for RCC using the American Joint Committee on Cancer Tumor, Node, and Metastasis staging system as a framework, as well as nursing-care options for patients undergoing partial or radical nephrectomy.
Effect of Radiotherapy (RT) on Outcomes in Patients (Pts) With Borderline Resectable and Locally Advanced Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (BRPC, LAPC).

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) The role of RT remains controversial in treating BRPC and LAPC following Alliance A021501 and LAP07. These studies shifted our institutional practice to more selective use of RT, whereas in the past, we most often consolidated with RT after chemotherapy (chemo). We reviewed our experience using modern multi-agent chemo with or without RT. MATERIALS/METHODS We utilized a retrospective registry to analyze 454 pts (240 M, 214 F, median age 65 [28 - 89]) who were diagnosed with BRPC (n = 172) or LAPC (n = 282) between 2011 to 2019 and who underwent chemo alone (n = 167) or chemo then RT (n = 287). For those pts who received RT, the median dose and fractionation was 50 Gy (30 - 98 Gy) and 15 fractions (4 - 28). Median biological effective dose was 60 Gy (33 - 132 Gy). All pts received FOLFIRINOX (n = 274) or gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel (GnP, n = 180). Associations between chemo regimen (FOLFIRINOX vs. GnP), resection (surgery vs. no surgery), CA19-9 response (normalized vs. not vs. not applicable [N/A]), and other demographic characteristics were tested using the likelihood-ratio. CA19-9 normalizers were defined by the minimum CA19-9 value between the start of chemo and 6 mos post-chemo start that was < 40 U/mL. Pts were classified as N/A if the pt either had an abnormal bilirubin level or a CA19-9 < 40 U/mL at baseline, or were missing CA19-9 data. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards tests were used for survival analyses. RESULTS For all pts, median overall survival (OS) was 17.5 mos and median distant metastasis free survival (DMFS) was 11.5 mos. The chemo then RT group had a greater proportion of pts who received FOLFIRINOX than the chemo only group (64% vs 54%, P = 0.03). The chemo then RT group also had a greater percentage of pts who went to surgery than the chemo alone group (33% vs 16%, P < 0.0001). Pts with BRPC were more likely to receive surgery than pts with LAPC (48% vs. 14%, P < 0.0001). Univariate analyses showed that baseline stage (BRPC vs LAPC), surgery, CA19-9 response, and receipt of chemo then RT were associated with both OS and DMFS. Chemo regimen was associated with OS but not DMFS on univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis identified that surgery, CA19-9 response, and receipt of chemo then RT were independent prognostic factors for both OS and DMFS (Table). Multivariate analysis of only LAPC showed the same associations with OS and DMFS as with all pts. CONCLUSION RT following chemo was associated with better OS and DMFS compared with chemo alone in a modern retrospective BRPC and LAPC cohort. Additional studies are needed to clarify the role of RT.
Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) Enhances Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cell (PASMC) Migration and Proliferation Via Regulation of β-Catenin

PASMC proliferation and migration are key components in the vascular remodeling that occurs during development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. We previously showed that hypoxia increased expression of AQP1, a water channel, and that AQP1 regulates PASMC proliferation and migration via a mechanism that requires the C-terminal tail but is independent of water transport. β-catenin is an important regulator of cell migration and proliferation, and may interact with AQP1 in certain cell types. In this study, we wanted to elucidate the mechanism by which AQP1 regulates PASMC proliferation and migration by exploring whether AQP1 and β-catenin interact in PASMCs, and if so, determine whether the AQP1 C-terminal tail was required. Rat PASMCs were harvested from distal pulmonary arteries, plated onto culture dishes and infected with adenoviral constructs expressing green fluorescent protein (AdGFP), as a control for infection, wild-type AQP1 (AdWT) or AQP1 lacking the C-terminal tail (AdCT). Compared to AdGFP ce...
A Review of “The Indian Ocean Tsunami: The Global Response to a Natural Disaster”

The Indian Ocean Tsunami is an outstanding contribution to the field of natural hazards and disaster management. Karan states: “The focus of this book is on the environmental impact of the tsunami ...
A generalized Trade Restrictiveness Index

With their Trade Restrictiveness Index (TRI), Anderson and Neary (1994) introduced the first theoretically satisfying measure of a country's tariff structure, since it aptly overcomes the problem of ad hoc specification of indexing weights. In this short note, I make two points: (1) the TRI is either not defined or ambiguous when countries are large and (2) a more general measure of protection, which explicitly distinguishes among the various motives behind tariffs, namely the need for revenue collection, the potential of improving the terms-of-trade, and the protection of select industries, may resolve this problem.
Selection, caching, and consumption of hardwood seeds by forest rodents: implications for restoration of American chestnut

Recent field trials on blight-resistant hybrids (BC3F3) of American chestnut (Castanea dentata) and Chinese chestnut (C. mollissima) have intensified planning for widespread restoration of Castanea to eastern U.S. forests. Restoration will likely rely on natural seed dispersal from sites planted with chestnut; however, we do not know how dispersal agents such as granivorous rodents will respond to hybrid chestnuts. At one extreme, excessive seed consumption may impede restoration. Alternatively, scatter-hoarding rodents might facilitate the spread of chestnut by dispersal of seeds from restoration plantings. We conducted trials with five rodent species to quantify foraging preferences and to evaluate the potential role of granivores in chestnut restoration. Specifically, we presented seeds from American and hybrid chestnuts (BC3F2) with other common mast species and recorded the proportion of seeds removed and the fates of tagged seeds. Mice, chipmunks, and flying squirrels harvested both chestnut types preferentially over larger, tougher black walnut, hickory, and red oak seeds, but fox squirrels and eastern gray squirrels preferred larger seeds to chestnuts. All rodents consumed a greater proportion of the chestnuts than other seed types. American and hybrid chestnut also differed in important ways: except for fox squirrels, rodents preferentially removed American chestnuts over hybrid chestnuts, but we estimated that fox squirrels carried a greater proportion of hybrid chestnuts beyond our tag search area, suggesting that hybrids may be dispersed farther and cached more often than American chestnut. These differences indicate that hybrid chestnut may not be functionally equivalent to American chestnut with regard to seed–granivore interactions.
Electroproduction of K* mesons at CLAS

Abstract The electroproduction of K ∗ 0 mesons using the CLAS detector is described. Data for two electron beam energies, 4.056 and 4.247 GeV, were measured and the normalized yields are compared.
On the influence of erasure correction on the probability of undetected error of Reed-Solomon codes

This paper analyzes several aspects of erasure correction in the decoding of Reed-Solomon (RS) codes over the q-ary Erasure Channel. It is shown that by limiting the maximum number of erasures the decoder is allowed to correct, a significant improvement in the probability of undetected error is obtained, at relatively high channel erasure and low channel transition probabilities. Of particular interest is the errata pattern with the maximum number of erasures the RS code can correct and at least one error, which always causes an undetected error in an incomplete decoder. This "limited erasures" approach is compared with the "readable erasures" method. This approach is also analyzed for concatenated codes using an RS code as the outer code.
Climate Change, State Public Trust Doctrines, and PPL Montana

The world, including in the United States, is already feeling the impacts of climate change, necessitating investment in adaptation measures. In no context is this fact more true than in water resources management. State and local governments will and should be using a variety of legal techniques to facilitate adaptation to these climate change impacts. Especially in the initial stages of adaptation, however, one particularly valuable legal tool available is the common law. in general, the common law provides states with a mechanism for adjusting legal doctrines to fit emerging social, cultural, and ecological realities, such as the changes that climate change is already bringing. This is equally, and perhaps especially, true with regard to property rights. Despite trends in property law scholarship and constitutional “takings” jurisprudence that increasingly figure private property rights as absolute, they have never been so. Indeed, even the U.S. Supreme Court has recognized that private real property rights are subject to a variety of pre-existing, and generally public-minded, common-law doctrines, including public nuisance law, the federal navigation servitude, and the doctrine of public necessity. Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council, 505 U.S. 1003, 1029 & n. 16 (1992).States’ abilities to adjust private property rights — both real property rights and water rights — are likely to become increasingly important as they progressively cope with the weather, water, ecological, and public health realities of climate change. The public trust doctrine, this article argues, is a state common-law doctrine that can inject needed flexibility into the law of water resource management and climate change adaptation more generally. Over the course of the United States’ history, state public trust doctrines have already demonstrated considerable flexibility and adaptability, adjusting themselves from English common law to both the different geographic realities of the United States and the public resource management needs of individual states. Indeed, many states explicitly describe their public trust doctrines as evolutionary, and many have broadened the scope of the public concerns that their doctrines protect — including recent decisions that extend state public trust doctrines explicitly to the atmosphere and to climate change’s impacts.
THE COMBINED RETROSPECTIVE INDEX TO JOURNALS IN SOCIOLOGY, 1895-1974:

The Combined Retrospective Index to Journals in Sociology, 1895-1974, is a six volume author and keyword-in-category index to the backfiles of 123 sociological journals which affords unprecedented coverage in one file. In tests of its completeness of coverage, however, omissions in author and keyword files of articles were detected. Further difficulties of retrieval arose in a keyword search for articles in a sample bibliography on "status inconsistency." Whatever the causes these deficiencies in comprehensiveness and in indexing result in low rates of recall, and caution is urged concerning decisions to purchase or use the set.
The Streptococcus pyogenes orphan protein tyrosine phosphatase, SP‐PTP, possesses dual specificity and essential virulence regulatory functions

Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a human pathogen that causes high morbidity and mortality. GAS lacks a gene encoding tyrosine kinase but contains one encoding tyrosine phosphatase (SP-PTP). Thus, GAS is thought to lack tyrosine phosphorylation, and the physiological significance of SP-PTP is, therefore, questionable. Here, we demonstrate that SP-PTP possesses dual phosphatase specificity for Tyr- and Ser/Thr-phosphorylated GAS proteins, such as Ser/Thr kinase (SP-STK) and the SP-STK-phosphorylated CovR and WalR proteins. Phenotypic analysis of GAS mutants lacking SP-PTP revealed that the phosphatase activity per se positively regulates growth, cell division and the ability to adhere to and invade host cells. Furthermore, A549 human lung cells infected with GAS mutants lacking SP-PTP displayed increased Ser-/Thr-/Tyr-phosphorylation. SP-PTP also differentially regulates the expression of ∼50% of the total GAS genes, including several virulence genes potentially through the two-component regulators, CovR, WalR and PTS/HPr regulation of Mga. Although these mutants exhibit attenuated virulence, a GAS mutant overexpressing SP-PTP is hypervirulent. Our study provides the first definitive evidence for the presence and importance of Tyr-phosphorylation in GAS and the relevance of SP-PTP as an important therapeutic target.
The effects of experimental denervation and reinnervation on skeletal muscle fiber type and intramuscular innervation.

Porcine muscle has a unique grouped arrangement with 3–70 Type I fibers occurring in clusters surrounded by Type II fibers. The deep medial portion of the porcine semitendinosus exhibits a regular pattern of extensive Type I grouping whereas the superficial or lateral portion of the muscle exhibits Type II predominance. Mean values for terminal innervation ratios were 1.00 ± 0.01 and 1.02 ± 0.01 in normal superficial and deep semitendinosus respectively. Subterminal axons, therefore, do not branch intramuscularly and innervate only one muscle fiber in normal porcine muscle. Following nerve crush and subsequent reinnervation, fiber type conversion occurred which resulted in a fiber type grouping pattern dissimilar to the normal grouped arrangement. Significantly (P < 0.01) elevated terminal innervation ratios (1.45–2.15) were measured in reinnervated muscle as a result of extensive branching of subterminal axons, but the percentage of Type I and Type II muscle fibers was unchanged. It was concluded that: (1) nerve crush causes distal nerve degeneration, loss of the normal fiber type pattern, and extensive collateral ramification of subterminal axons; (2) collateral reinnervation imposes a neuronal influence on muscle fibers which dictates transformation of all muscle fibers innervated by a single subterminal axon to a uniform histochemical profile; and (3) the type grouping observed in normal porcine muscle is not a result of neuronal influence mediated by collateral branching of subterminal axons.
A Modified Chi‐squared Approach for Fitting WEIBULL Models to Synthetic Life Tables1

WEIBULL models are fitted to synthetic life table data by applying weighted least squares analysis to log log functions which are constructed from appropriate underlying contingency tables. As such, the resulting estimates and test statistics are based on the linearized minimum modified X21-criterion and thus have satisfactory properties in moderately large samples. The basic methodology is illustrated in terms of an example which is bivariate in the sense of involving two simultaneous, but non-competing, vital events. For this situation, the estimation of WEIBULL model parameters is described for both marginal as well as certain conditional distributions either individually or jointly.
The effect of hydrogen and carbon monoxide on the interface state density in MOS gas sensors with ultra-thin palladium gates

Abstract The admittance of 25 A palladium-gate MOS capacitors with 125 A of silicon dioxide has been studied as a function of hydrogen gas concentration and carbon monoxide gas concentration. The ultra-thin gate is a porous film, consisting of an array of partially connected islands. This MOS capacitor is sensitive to hydrogen (3 ppm to 1%) at room and elevated temperatures and to carbon monoxide (100 ppm to 10 000 ppm) at 150 °C. Using a bias scan conductance method at a fixed frequency, the interface state density (Nit) is determined at the surface potential corresponding to the peak in the conductance curve. It is shown that at the corresponding location in the bandgap, Nit increases with increasing concentrations of hydrogen, while Nit decreases with increasing concentrations of carbon monoxide.
Interactions between inorganic nitrogen nutrition and root development

Root development responds not only to the quantity of inorganic nitrogen in the rhizosphere, but to its form, NH4+ or NO3−. Root growth of tomato showed a hyperbolic response to soil levels of inorganic nitrogen: very few roots were found in soil blocks depleted in inorganic nitrogen, roots proliferated as soils increased to 2 μg NH4+-N g−1 soil or 6 μg NO3−-N g−1 soil, and root growth declined in soils with the higher levels of inorganic nitrogen. High NH4+ concentrations inhibited root growth, but low concentrations promoted the development of an extensive, fine root system. Supply with NO3− as the sole nitrogen source led to a more compact root system. These differences in root morphology under NH4+ and NO3− nutrition may be mediated through pH. Rice and maize roots absorbed NH4+ most rapidly right at the apex and appeared to assimilate this NH4+ in the zone of elongation. During NH4+ assimilation, root cells must release protons, and the resulting acidification around the walls of cells in this region should stimulate root extension. By contrast, NO3− absorption reached a maximum in the maturation zone of rice and maize roots, and this NO3− was probably assimilated in more basal regions. Absorption of NO3− requires proton efflux, whereas NO3− assimilation requires proton influx. The net result under NO3− nutrition was only subtle shifts in rhizosphere pH that probably would not influence root elongation. The signal through which roots detect changes in rhizosphere NH4+ and NO3− levels is still obscure. It is proposed that a product of nitrogen metabolism such as nitric oxide serves as a signal.
Immunodominant antigens of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans serotypes a and c in high-responder patients.

This study was undertaken to examine the characteristics of the immunodominant antigens of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans serotypes a and c. The top responders for A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes a and c were selected (19 for serotype a and 21 for serotype c) from 150 clinically characterized patients. Competition assays revealed that 9 of 19 of these patients were reacting specifically to serotype a and 12 of 21 for serotype c. Limiting dilution analysis on Western blots revealed that most antigen bands apparent at low dilution disappeared as the patient's serum was diluted. The antigen band(s) remaining at the endpoint or the dilution corresponding to the antibody liter were defined as immunodominant. For serotype a there were several different Immunodominant antigens but none was present in more than half of the subjects. For serotype c the immunodominant antigens included a number of discrete bands and a diffuse smeared polysaccharide band. Only 2 of these antigens were present in the majority of the high-responders: 92% had the smeared antigen and 67% had a 15 kDa antigen. The 15 kDa band was a protein common to all A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes. The smeared antigen was unaffected by protease K treatment and gave a reaction of identity with the serotype c specific rabbit antiserum. This rabbit antiserum is specific for a mannan carbohydrate and does not react with LPS (23). Therefore, the smeared immunodominant antigen appears to be a polysaccharide containing mannan.
Financial Stress Predictors and the Emotional and Physical Health of Chronic Pain Patients

This study sought to examine the effects of weekly changes in financial stressors on physical and mental health of arthritis patients. Weekly telephone interviews provided data on health symptoms, financial stressors, interpersonal stress, negative affect, and average pain for arthritis patients and healthy individuals. Multilevel analyses revealed that fluctuations in financial stress were associated with greater health complaints and negative affect, but not more pain for arthritis patients. An interaction between interpersonal stress and financial stress was observed such that weeks of increased interpersonal stress, with increased financial stress, were associated with more health symptoms especially during weeks of increased pain. These findings suggest that financial stress contributes to both physical and mental health and appears important for arthritis patients.
Exact unconditional testing procedures for comparing two independent Poisson rates

We consider seven exact unconditional testing procedures for comparing adjusted incidence rates between two groups from a Poisson process. Exact tests are always preferable due to the guarantee of test size in small to medium sample settings. Han [Comparing two independent incidence rates using conditional and unconditional exact tests. Pharm Stat. 2008;7(3):195–201] compared the performance of partial maximization p-values based on the Wald test statistic, the likelihood ratio test statistic, the score test statistic, and the conditional p-value. These four testing procedures do not perform consistently, as the results depend on the choice of test statistics for general alternatives. We consider the approach based on estimation and partial maximization, and compare these to the ones studied by Han (2008) for testing superiority. The procedures are compared with regard to the actual type I error rate and power under various conditions. An example from a biomedical research study is provided to illustrate ...
INFLUENCE OF NICHE OVERLAP AND TERRITORIALITY ON HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN HERMIT WARBLERS AND TOWNSEND'S WARBLERS

Abstract Hybrid zones between Townsend's Warblers (Dendroica townsendi) and Hermit Warblers (D. occidentalis) in the Pacific Northwest are narrow relative to estimated dispersal distances and appear to be moving, with Townsend's replacing Hermits. We examined whether the habitat-transition and parental-fitness asymmetry models can explain why these zones are narrow and moving by comparing habitat variables associated with warbler territories in the Washington Cascades hybrid zone. Habitat variables did not differ among phenotypes, suggesting that the habitat-transition model cannot explain the narrow and dynamic nature of this hybrid zone. Habitat characteristics of Hermit Warbler territories did not differ inside versus outside the hybrid zone, also suggesting that this zone is not associated with a region of habitat transition. The lack of difference in habitat use could be the result of comparing variables that are not important to pairing success. However, warblers tended to select territories on west...
Distribution of papovavirus, myelin-associated glycoprotein, and myelin basic protein in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy lesions

To study how viruses interact with oligodendroglia and produce demyelination, we immunostained paraffin and epon sections of lesions from patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) with antisera to papovaviruses, oligodendroglial myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), and myelin basic protein (MBP) according to the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. In paraffin sections from a rapidly progressive case of PML, hyperimmune JC virus antiserum stained single oligodendroglia which were located in white matter that appeared normal histologically and stained normally with MAG and MBP antisera. In zones surrounding areas of demyelination, virus containing oligodendroglia were most numerous and MAG staining of periaxonal regions was decreased, but there was little change in MBP staining. In demyelinated regions, both MAG and MBP staining were severely altered; also there was much less JC virus staining. In tissue from three other chronic cases, viral antiserum stained fewer oligodendrocytes and the differences in MAG and MBP staining were much less striking. In epon sections from two biopsies of central nervous system tissue, we studied the electron microscopic appearance of oligodendroglia that also had been stained by JC virus antiserum. Virions were present in all nuclei and in some cytoplasmic regions. The results suggest that changes in MAG distribution are useful indicators of early oligodendroglial abnormalities which can cause myelin breakdown.
The ionization energies of the isomers of CN2

Abstract The geometries and harmonic vibrational frequencies for the structural isomers of CN 2 and the corresponding cations are calculated at the B3LYP/6-311+g(2df) level. Adiabatic ionization energies are calculated at the G1, G2(MP2) and G2 levels for each of the isomers. Of the cations, the linear C ∞v molecule CNN + is found to have the lowest energy. NCN + ( D ∞ h ) lies 0.2 eV higher in energy than CNN + . The CN 2 + isomer has a cyclic structure with C 2v symmetry. The adiabatic ionization energies of the radicals determined at the G2 level are IP ( NCN , X 3 Σ g − )=12.52±0.07 eV , IP ( CNN , X 3 Σ − )=11.01±0.07 eV and IP (cyc -CN 2 , X 1 A 1 )=11.94±0.07 eV .
Computational study of the surface properties of aluminum nanoparticles

Abstract We calculate the surface energy, surface stress, and lattice contraction of Al nanoparticles using ab initio density functional and empirical computational techniques. Ab initio calculations are carried out using the siesta pseudopotential method combined with the generalized gradient approximation. Empirical calculations are conducted using the embedded atom method. The ab initio density functional approach predicts the surface energies of Al nanoclusters to be in the range of 0.9–2.0 J/m2. These values are consistent with the surface energy of bulk aluminum and are close to the surface energies of silver nanoparticles calculated in our previous study. In contrast to our previous results for Ag nanoparticles, we found a significant discrepancy between the theoretical values of surface energy and stress for Al nanoclusters. This result could be explained by a greater degree of surface reconstruction in Al clusters than in Ag clusters.