cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanomorphism in Perception of Computer Communication Partners.

Abstract Computer bulletin board users' perceptions of communication partners with whom they communicated via the computer were compared to their perceptions of the computer itself. In the absence of personal information about the sender, it was proposed that perceptions of computer communication partners would be similar to perceptions of the computer. This process wherein perceptions of communication partners become computer-like is termed mechanomorphism. It was hypothesized that mechanomorphism would operate to encourage computer-like perceptions under two conditions: (a) when little personal information was exchanged in bulletin board messages, and (b) when small amounts of communication took place between computer communication partners. A computer bulletin board with a computerized questionnaire program was used to collect data. The results support the first hypothesis but not the second. Implications of these findings for implementation of computer communication networks are discussed.
Radical reactions in pyrolysis of triethylarsine and diethylarsine

Abstract Pyrolysis of triethylarsine (TEAs) and diethylarsine (DEAsH) has been studied at atmospheric pressure in a flow tube reactor using mass spectrometry. He and D 2 were selected as the carrier gases to determine the ambient effects and to isotopically label the pyrolysis products. For some experiments, supplemental C 2 H 5 radicals, produced from pyrolysis of a co-reactant azoethane ((C 2 H 5 ) 2 N 2 ), were added to investigate the role of C 2 H 5 in the pyrolysis reactions of the ethylarsines. A significant ambient effect was observed for pyrolysis of TEAs, but not for DEAsH. The pyrolysis of DEAsH was enhanced by adding C 2 H 5 radicals while the TEAs pyrolysis was nearly unaffected. DEAsD, rather than DEAsH, was a product for TEAs pyrolysis in D 2 ; however, the DEAsH pyrolysis produced TEAs in either ambient. This demonstrates that the β-elimination reaction is not a major step. Instead, radical reactions are more likely to dominate the pyrolysis process. Reaction mechanisms for pyrolysis of TEAs and DEAsH in both ambients have been proposed. The rate constants for the reactions involved were determined. In addition, consistency between the proposed reaction pathways and the experimental data has been examined using computer modelling.
Minipage locking support for object-oriented page-server DBMS

Many object-oriented database systems are implemented using a page-server architecture for its performance advantages. Since the applications envisioned for object-oriented DBMSes typically spend a great deal of time processing data already in memory, fast in-memory access is very important. A page-server architecture will permit an implementation where most routine reference following (i.e., where the referenced data is in memory and appropriately locked) is handled by virtual memory hardware to eliminate expensive software overhead. One of the major drawbacks of this approach is that locking and authorization must be handled on a per-page basis, causing unacceptable low concurrency for high-contention data pages and difficulties in supporting fine-grained authorization. With hardware support on the client side for locks on minipages (subdivisions of a page), however, it is possible to have good improvements in concurrency for high-contention areas of the database, along with the ability to do fine-grained authorization. This paper presents a callback-read locking scheme that makes use of hardware-assisted locking of minipages and compares its performance with one that uses page protection under four different workloads. Minipages are already available in several commonly used platforms, but only at the internal levels of the operating system. We conclude that minipages improve performance significantly in high-contention workloads, with minimal performance impact under low-contention workloads, and that minipage facilities should be made visible to client DBMS code. We also discuss the application of our locking algorithms to page servers that supporting object-level locking.
Rheology of suspensions of spherical particles in a Newtonian and a non-Newtonian fluid

Abstract Properties of suspensions of spherical glass beads (25–38 μm dia.) in a Newtonian fluid and a non-Newtonian (NBS Fluid 40) fluid were measured at volume fractions, φ, of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%. Measurements were made using a modified and computerized Weissenberg Rheogoniometer. Properties measured included steady shear viscosity, η( γ . ), first normal stress difference, N1( γ . ), linear viscoelastic properties, η′(ω) and G′(ω), shear stress relaxation, σ− ( γ . , t), and growth, σ+( γ . , t) and normal stress relaxation, N1−( γ . , t). For a the Newtonian fluid, increasing φ causes both η and η′ to increase, with η′ showing a slight frequency dependence. Both N1 and G′ are zero and stress relaxation and growth occur essentially instantaneously. For the NBS fluid, both η and η′ increse with φ at all γ . and ω, respectively, the increase being greater as γ . and ω approach zero. N1 and G′ are less affected by the presence of the particles than η and η′ with the effect on G′ being more pronounced than on N1. For fixed γ . , stress relaxation and growth exhibit greater non-linear effects as φ is increased. A model for predicting a priori the linear viscoelastic properties for suspensions was found to yeild reasonable estimates up to φ = 20%.
OMVPE growth of InGaAsP materials for long wavelength detectors and emitters

Abstract The epitaxial growth of InP/InGaAs PIN detectors and InGaAsP LEDs to be used for 1.3 μm fiber optic communication systems is described. These structures are grown by reduced pressure (100 Torr) OMVPE using ethyl alkyl sources. Carrier mobility for InGaAs as high as 79,000 cm2/V·s at 77 K has been achieved with background doping of 7.9×1014 cm−3. Top-illuminated mesa, as well as planar PIN detectors, have been fabricated using InP/InGaAs/InP structures grown by OMVPE. Mesa PINs have used both epitaxially grown and zinc diffused p-n junctions. The influence of the position of the p-n junction on device performance was investigated. The performance of planar PIN detectors is shown to be insensititive to lattice mismatch in the range −0.1% to + 0.1%. OMVPE grown double heterostructure LEDs emitting at 1.3 μm are reported for the first time.
1435 COMPARISON OF INTRA-ARTERIAL (IA) AND NON INVASIVE BLOOD PRESSURE (BP) MEASUREMENTS IN SICK NEWBORNS (NB)

1435 COMPARISON OF INTRA-ARTERIAL (IA) AND NON INVASIVE BLOOD PRESSURE (BP) MEASUREMENTS IN SICK NEWBORNS (NB)
Influence of blood glucose on convulsive seizures from hyperbaric oxygen

Previous evidence suggests a causal relationship between blood glucose levels and the development of generalized epileptiform seizures. In the present study rats were pretreated with glucose, alloxan, or insulin prior to exposure to 6 atmospheres absolute (ATA) oxygen in a hyperbaric chamber. The results showed that the administration of glucose prior to oxygen exposure increased the time-to-seizure by 90% and alloxan by 110%, whereas in contrast insulin decreased the time-to-seizure by 55%. Blood glucose levels were consistently elevated in rats following oxygen exposure. A trend towards reduced lung damage by glucose and alloxan pretreatment was suggested by the data, although no changes were significant. Our results showed that prior administration of glucose or alloxan offered partial protection from oxygen toxicity in rats, whereas insulin generally augmented the reaction.
Paracetamol Pharmacokinetics are Independent of Caloric Intake and Physical Activity

Regular physical activity provokes numerous adaptations in the gastrointestinal tract and liver. It has been suggested that these changes may alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs in humans. We addressed this suggestion by measuring paracetamol pharmacokinetics in a group of healthy young males chosen to represent the widest possible range of habitual physical activity and food intake. Daily caloric intake in the 19 men, obtained from 3-day dietary records, ranged from 1680 to 5110 kcal (21 to 66 kcal/kg). Each volunteer ingested paracetamol 1000mg in the fasted, resting state in the morning; antecubital venous blood samples were analysed for the parent compound and its glucuronide and sulfate conjugates by high-performance liquid chromatography for 6 subsequent hours. We found no evidence that paracetamol pharmacokinetics vary with physical activity or with caloric intake: (a) for the parent compound, there was no correlation in maximum blood concentrations, half-life, total clearance, or area under the curve with individual caloric intake, and (b) when volunteers were divided a priori into more active and less active groups, or a posteriori into higher and lower calorie consumers (a 70% difference in daily caloric intake), these groups had identical plasma disappearance curves for paracetamol itself and for both of its metabolites. We conclude that the enormous variation among humans in long term physical activity and food intake fails to alter any aspect of the appearance or disappearance of paracetamol from blood.
Cyclosporine inhibits endothelial cell prostacyclin production

Cyclosporine (CsA)-induced alterations in endothelial production of prostacyclin (PGI2) may be a contributing factor to the decreased renal blood flow and glomerular thromboses associated with CsA nephrotoxicity. This study was performed to determine the effects of clinically relevant doses of CsA on arachidonic acid-stimulated production of PGI2 by cultured human vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Confluent monolayers of HUVEC were incubated at 37°C under 5% CO2/95% air for 15 min in Hanks'/Hepes buffer containing 0.01–5.0 μM CsA in 0.01% absolute alcohol. PGI2 production was then stimulated by the addition of 20 μM arachidonic acid and further incubation for 15 min. Supernatants were assayed for 6-keto-PGF1α by radioimmunoassay. The results of this experiment indicate that CsA had a dose-dependent effect on arachidonic acid-stimulated PGI2 production by HUVEC which varied linearly with the log of the dose (r = −0.48, P = 0.003). Concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 μM were stimulatory and 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 μM were inhibitory. Separate experiments demonstrated that 0.1–5.0 μM CsA had no effect on cell viability (trypan blue exclusion) or growth. These results indicate that CsA inhibits arachidonic acid-stimulated production of PGI2 by HUVEC in a dose-dependent fashion beginning at concentrations comparable to the high end of the therapeutic range. This suggests that CsA-induced decreases in endothelial production of PGI2 may contribute to the development of CsA nephrotoxicity.
Amino acid composition and microbial contamination of Spirulina maxima, a blue-green alga, grown on the effluent of different fermented animal wastes.

The nutrient compositions of various fermented manures were compared. Large differences in the mineral concentration were observed. There were no important differences among the amino acid composition of S. spirulina grown on the different nutrient media. All were low in methionine, but were rich in glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine, and leucine. The crude protein content was 71.8-60.1%. Considerable contamination of the waste-grown algae with yeast, fungi, and sporogenous bacteria was experienced.
A general algorithm for moving mass problems

An algorithm is developed to solve the classical problem of the dynamic response of a finite elastic beam supporting a moving mass. An illustrative example is given. The results are shown to compare very well with experimental results.
Topological structural synthesis

Abstract While considerable attention has been given to the optimization of structures using sizing design variables, little consideration has been given to topological design variables. Topological design schemes can be divided into methods that remove members from a basic structure and methods that add members to a basic structure. Algorithms for both of these approaches are presented, and it is demonstrated with small examples thatthey will produce the minimum weight topology.
North Florida Dairy Farmer Perceptions Toward the Use of Seasonal Climate Forecast Technology

Evidence of increasing nitrogen levels in the Suwannee River Basin in North Florida demands a collaborative effort to find creative ways to reduce N pollution. This study explores the perspectives, perceptions, and attitudes of dairy farmers regarding adoption of climate forecasts as a potential way to mitigate the problem. These farmers are heavily scrutinized because of their nitrogen emissions. By contrasting scientists' pre-conceived attitudes about the usefulness of ENSO-based forecasts with dairy farmers' perceptions, gathered in a participatory and consensual manner, valuable lessons were learned. A deeper understanding of the day to day realities of dairy farming systems help researchers pinpoint management adaptations that are not only useful, but feasible, in light of improved seasonal climate forecasts. Furthermore, dairy farmers' perceptions regarding the use of seasonal climate information to mitigate the nitrate problem are critical for designing future dairy systems.
The effects of initial acetate concentration on CO2–brine-anorthite interactions under geologic CO2 sequestration conditions

Acetate is one of the most abundant organic compounds in many formation waters and is likely to be present in deep saline aquifers suitable for geologic CO2 sequestration (GCS). This work studied the effect of initially present acetate on the dissolution of anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) and on subsequent secondary mineral precipitation under GCS conditions (35 °C and 74.8 atm). Anorthite was chosen as a model mineral because of the abundance of feldspar in clayey sandstones and the possibility of metal carbonation. In this study, acetate was found to decrease the cumulative aqueous concentrations of Al, Si, and Ca upon CO2 injection by inhibiting anorthite dissolution and increasing the amount of secondary mineral precipitates. The extent of the effect of acetate on metal concentration changes was element-specific (Al > Si > Ca), and the effect was found to be more significant in systems with lower salinity and lower pH. For anorthite dissolution, acetic acid inhibited the proton-mediated decomposition of the Al/Si-containing feldspar framework, while acetate anions may have facilitated the ion-exchange between interstitial Ca and aqueous cations. For secondary mineral precipitation, stoichiometry analysis of aqueous metal concentrations suggested the formation of Al-containing mineral(s). The presence of kaolinite as a secondary mineral was confirmed using high resolution transmission electron microscopy's electron diffraction data. An increase in the relative amount of precipitation due to the initial presence of acetate was suggested by mass balancing and verified on the cleaved anorthite surfaces by atomic force microscopy analysis. These results provide new insights for understanding and predicting GCS system evolution upon scCO2 injection in the initial presence of acetate.
Awakened leadership in action: a comparison of three exceptional business leaders

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce a meta leadership style, awakened leadership (AL), as the most appropriate tool for leading organizations of every nature in the twenty‐first century.Design/methodology/approach – The paper chooses as its subject organizational leadership. The study presents results form verbal interviews carried out on the topic. It also presents: a literature review on existing leadership theories; an explanation and definition of AL; the elements that make up for AL, including a figure for illustration purposes; an overview of the performance of awakened leaders; and important issues for awakened leaders, including verbatim statements of the three interviewed leaders.Findings – The study finds that: AL enables a positive work environment; AL is primarily relationship oriented, and through that, goal oriented; and awakened leaders perceive profits as a logical consequence rather than an initial goal.Research limitations/implications – Limitations to the research are th...
Initial results from the deployment of an ultra-wide band scatterometer

An ultra-wide band scatterometer (Y-Scat) has been developed to support tower based studies of the air-sea interface. These studies are designed to improve the present understanding of the relationship between the normalized radar cross section (/spl sigma//sup 0/), local wind speed, wave height, and wave slope. The scatterometer utilizes an ultra-wide band design (2-18 GHz), which provides complete and essentially simultaneous coverage over this frequency band. The antenna system used on Y-Scat is designed to produce a frequency independent illumination pattern over this operating range. The positioning system allows the radar to rotate 360/spl deg/ in azimuth and from nadir to above horizontal in elevation. The system also includes an integral weather station which collects relevant environmental data. Preliminary analysis of results obtained from initial engineering deployments are used to study the dependence of the wind exponent on Bragg wavelength. >
Redemptioner Immigration to Pennsylvania: Evidence on Contract Choice and Profitability

The evolution from indentured to redemptioner servitude as a means of financing immigration to late eighteenth-century Pennsylvania is documented. The compensating differences between methods are used to explain contract choice. The rate of return to shipping redemptioners is estimated and compared with the default rate needed to make it a competitive return. The expected incidence of defaults and the implications for risk pooling among families and risk spreading across voyages are investigated.
Passivation and Annealing for Improved Stability of High Performance IGZO TFTs

The influence of annealing ambient conditions and deposited passivation materials on indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (IGZO) thin-film transistor (TFT) performance is investigated. Results from annealing experiments confirm that a nominal exposure to oxidizing ambient conditions is required, which is a function of temperature, time and gas environment. Nitrogen anneal with a controlled air ramp-down provided the best performance devices with a mobility (μsat) of 11-13 cm2/V-s and subthreshold slope (SS) of 135-200 mV/dec, with some hysteresis. Plasma-deposited passivation materials including sputtered quartz and PECVD SiO2demonstrated a significant increase in material conductivity, which was not significantly reversible by an oxidizing ambient anneal. E-beam evaporated Al2O3 passivated devices that were annealed in air at 400 °C demonstrated improved stability over time and suppressed hysteresis in comparison to unpassivated devices. Devices which were passivated with B-staged bisbenzocyclobutene-based (BCB) resins and annealed in air at 250 °C also exhibited suppressed hysteresis.
On detecting association-based clique outliers in heterogeneous information networks

In the real world, various systems can be modeled using heterogeneous networks which consist of entities of different types. People like to discover groups (or cliques) of entities linked to each other with rare and surprising associations from such networks. We define such anomalous cliques as Association-Based Clique Outliers (ABCOutliers) for heterogeneous information networks, and design effective approaches to detect them. The need to find such outlier cliques from networks can be formulated as a conjunctive select query consisting of a set of (type, predicate) pairs. Answering such conjunctive queries efficiently involves two main challenges: (1) computing all matching cliques which satisfy the query and (2) ranking such results based on the rarity and the interestingness of the associations among entities in the cliques. In this paper, we address these two challenges as follows. First, we introduce a new low-cost graph index to assist clique matching. Second, we define the outlierness of an association between two entities based on their attribute values and provide a methodology to efficiently compute such outliers given a conjunctive select query. Experimental results on several synthetic datasets and the Wikipedia dataset containing thousands of entities show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in computing interesting ABCOutliers.
Minimizing Ohmic Loss and Supply Voltage Variation Using a Novel Distributed Power Supply Network

IR and di/dt events may cause ohmic losses and large supply voltage variations due to system parasitics. Today, parallelism in the power delivery path is used to reduce ohmic loss while decoupling capacitance is used to minimize the supply voltage variation. Future integrated circuits, however, will exhibit large enough currents and current transients to mandate additional safeguards. A novel, distributed power delivery and decoupling network is introduced reducing the supply voltage variation magnitude by 67% and the future ohmic loss by 15.9W (compared to today’s power delivery and decoupling networks) using conventional processing and packaging techniques in a 130nm technology node.
The Economics of Foreign Language Media in the U.S: An Empirical Study of Radio Markets

In this preliminary paper, we primarily report descriptive data. We are currently completing regression analysis involving the amounts of foreign language programming available and we are in the process of obtaining and analyzing Arbitron radio listening data to correspond with the programming availability data we have collected.We begin in Section II below with a brief theoretical discussion of the expected relationship between the availability of specialized programming and the size of audience groups to which that programming is directed. We then discuss our database and methodology, followed by some tables of descriptive data.
Scalability simulations for nanomemory systems integrated on the molecular scale.

A BSTRACT : Simulations were performed to assess the prospective performance of a 16 Kbit nanowire-based electronic nanomemory system. Commercial off-the-shelf microcomputer system modeling software was applied to evaluate the operation of an ultra-dense storage array. This array consists of demonstrated experimental non-volatile nanowire diode switches, plus encoder‐decoder structures consisting of demonstrated experimental nanowirebased nanotransistors, with nanowire interconnects among all the switching devices. The results of these simulations suggest that a nanomemory of this type can be operated successfully at a density of 10 11 bits/cm 2 . Furthermore, modest device alterations and system design alternatives are suggested that might improve the performance and the scalability of the nanomemory array. These simulations represent early steps toward the development of a simulation-based methodology to guide nanoelectronic system design in a manner analogous to the way such methodologies are used to guide microelectronic system design in the silicon industry.
Rolling-Element Bearing Heat Transfer—Part III: Experimental Validation

This paper concludes a series of papers outlining a new rolling-element bearing heat transfer model. Part I provided the model framework, Part II presented the partial differential equation (PDE) solutions, and Part III, this paper, presents full-scale test results for ball, cylindrical, spherical, and tapered rolling-element bearings. The results validate the heat partitioning equation and the predicted solid temperatures for circulating oil lubrication. In addition, sump lubrication was studied using an acrylic assembly. The results quantify what fraction of the bearing periphery is cooled by oil, as well as the flow of oil through a bearing. Finally, substantiation of the modeling assumptions is discussed.
Interpersonal Conflict and Relational Models Theory: A Structural Approach to Injustice

Two experiments analyzed social conflicts based on A. P. Fiske's (1991, 1992) four relational models: communal sharing, authority ranking, equality matching, and market pricing. Because each model has a distinct logical structure, it was hypothesized that social conflicts in which participants used incommensurate models would lead to more extreme reactions than would conflicts in which both participants used the same model. Participants (N = 178 for Study 1, N = 132 for Study 2) in both experiments read 16 interpersonal scenarios in which an expectation based on one of the four models was contradicted by a negative outcome based on one of the four models. In neither experiment was the incommensurability interaction hypothesis supported. However, exploratory analyses indicated a significant main effect for equality matching and a significant interaction for communal sharing. The results are interpreted as providing qualified support for the role of relationship structures in conflict.
The Kallikrein-Kinin System in Essential Hypertension

The kallikrein-kinin system is a potent vasodilator system with components in plasma and in exocrine glands, including the kidney. Kinins function as local hormones and exert effects on blood vessels and on water and electrolyte balance. The most frequently studied component of this system, urinary kallikrein, has been shown to respond to changes in sodium-retaining steroid activity and in renal blood flow. Urinary kallikrein is subnormal in patients with either essential or renovascular hypertension and supranormal in patients with primary aldosteronism or Bartter's Syndrome. The changes in the kallikrein-kinin system appear to be secondary to changes in blood pressure or in other vasoactive systems: i.e., kinins appear to attenuate the vasoconstrictor effects of angiotensin and stimulate the vasodilator actions of the prostaglandins. The kallikrein-kinin system is altered in hypertension, however, its role in this disease remains unclear.
THE USE OF BETAMETHASONE TO MANAGE THE TRAPPED PENIS FOLLOWING NEONATAL CIRCUMCISION

ABSTRACTPurpose:: The trapped penis results from cicatricial scar formation over the glans after circumcision. Management of this problem has been surgical either by incision of the cicatrix or formal surgical reconstruction. We report a series of neonates with trapped penises which were effectively managed primarily with topical steroid cream with operative intervention reserved for failed cases.Materials and Methods:: A retrospective study of 14 neonates who presented with a trapped penis treated with topical betamethasone cream was performed. Each child underwent topical application of 0.05% betamethasone 3 times daily for 3 weeks in conjunction with manual retraction that continued after the steroid course. The need for surgical intervention was assessed during and after the treatment period.Results:: All 14 boys were evaluated by the pediatric urologist within 4 weeks of circumcision. Each child had a trapped penis with a dense cicatrix of the residual foreskin distal to the glans. All parents were c...
A communicative efficiency and effectiveness model for using metaphor and metonymy in financial news reporting

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a model to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of metaphor when used in financial news media reporting. Design/methodology/approach – Theory in Cognitive Linguistics, Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Frame Semantics are used to demonstrate metaphor’s central role shaping human thought and understanding, producing conceptual frameworks used to understand abstract concepts in not only financial news media but also all human discourse. The deontological principles of the major financial news sources are presented which demonstrate a commitment to common core principles, such as “balance” and “accuracy”, yet few consider the potential role of metaphor toward achieving them. This research presents a minimum source domain model for describing stock market phenomenon to increase “interpretation reliability” based on the concepts of communicative efficiency and effectiveness. Findings – This research presents a model for communicative efficiency and effectiven...
Bridging dermatologists with patient advocacy organizations through smartphones

Importance Patient advocacy organizations seek to increase their benefits for patients with skin disease; low awareness and patient referrals among dermatologists have presented an obstacle to this. Objective To determine whether the Skin Advocate iPhone App would increase awareness and referrals to patient advocacy organizations in the Coalition of Skin Diseases (CSD) among Texas dermatologists and dermatology residents and patient registrations among CSD member organizations. Design, Setting, and Participants We present results of an institutional review board–exempted investigation conducted among member organizations of the CSD and among dermatologists and dermatology residents in Texas from April 1, 2011, through March 31, 2013. Effects were measured in a blinded fashion subjectively through pre-intervention and post-intervention surveys and objectively through internal analytics that tracked downloads and use of the iPhone app, as well as pre-intervention and post-intervention numbers of registrations for CSD member organizations. Intervention The Skin Advocate iPhone App. Main Outcomes and Measures Awareness and referrals to patient advocacy organizations in the CSD among Texas dermatologists and dermatology residents and patient registrations among CSD member organizations. Results Throughout the study, mean app use ranged from 3.3 to 3.6 uses per user per month, maintaining the 3-fold improvement compared with self-reported referral for 90% of the study population and a 12-fold improvement for 64% of the study population. Our data revealed substantial improvement in self-reported physician awareness and referrals, and increased patient registrations for CSD organizations. Conclusions and Relevance The Skin Advocate iPhone App improved physician awareness and subsequent referrals to CSD member organizations.
Flow of energy in synchronous machines

The flow of energy is traced in a typical, somewhat idealized 3-phase alternator, using an adaptation of Poynting's vector together with a discussion of this procedure. Following the specification of the electromagnetic field, quantitative analysis of the flow of energy in the gap, at the surface of the rotor, and into and out of the stator conductors is presented under no load, at a unity-power-factor load and then for any power-factor load. Qualitative description of the flow of energy in the intermediate regions and to the output terminals of the machine is then given, together with a brief discussion of the extension of this analysis to other machines and to less idealized situations.
Altruistic Activity as Correctional Treatment

This article discusses activities by prisoners that assist underprivileged persons such as the elderly, children, and the disabled. Among benefits of such involvements for the offenders are a sense of accomplishment, grounded increments in self-esteem, meaningful purposiveness, and obvious restorative implications. Altruistic activity can contribute to cognitive restructuring, especially where opportunities to engage in such behavior are diversified and the experiences and feelings of participants are shared in supportive groups.
Left Ventricular Ejection Time in Atrial Fibrillation

Left ventricular ejection time (LVET; indirect carotid pulse) was studied in 48 patients with atrial fibrillation. In comparison with normal individuals in normal sinus rhythm, ejection times for similar cycle lengths were usually short in patients with atrial fibrillation. Patients without mitral valve disease usually show increasing ejection times following increasing cycle lengths until a certain cycle length is reached (usually around 0.85 sec). Further prolongation of cycle length will not further lengthen the LVET. By contrast, patients with significant mitral stenosis show a continuously sloping curve, i.e. continue to show prolongation of ejection times with progressive lengthening of cycles, eventually reaching ejection times (if cycles are sufficiently long) which exceed those of patients without mitral stenosis. Conversion to normal sinus rhythm (six patients) produced variable results, usually lengthening of ejection time for similar cycle length. Postconversion lengthening of LVET was most pr...
The solubility of cellulose in liquid ammonia/ammonium thiocyanate solutions: Thermoreversible gelation and a preliminary report on fiber formation

The melting temperatures of thermoreversible gels formed from solutions of cellulose in liquid ammonia/ammonium thiocyanate mixtures were measured over a volume fraction range of .01–.004. Three samples of cellulose with Mw ranging from 1 × 105 to 1.64 × 105 were used. The findings show that the structural makeup of the gels is strongly reflected in their time-dependent behavior. The reciprocal of their melting temperature is a nearly linear function of the logarithm of the cellulose concentration. The relation between the logarithm of Mw and the reciprocal temperature of gel melting was also nearly linear. Exothermic heats of reaction ranging from 150 to 460 kcal/mol were calculated from the Ferry-Eldridge relationship (∂ ln C/∂) = ΔHx/R for the formation of cross-links, assuming that they result from a binary association of chains. It is inferred that the cross-linking loci in the gel were crystallites that consisted of glucose units. In addition, an initial study is reported of the fiber-forming potential of the liquid ammonia/ammonium thiocyanate system. Rudimentary fiber extrusion from a modified syringe was readily demonstrated. Operable coagulation systems involved proton-donating agents as well as methanol. Tenacities of these unstretched, as spun fibers, ranged as high as 0.89 g/d.
Technical Note---Price Trends in a Dynamic Pricing Model with Heterogeneous Customers: A Martingale Perspective

This note describes probabilistic properties of optimal price sample paths in a dynamic pricing model with a finite horizon and limited stock. We assume that customer arrivals follow a nonhomogeneous Poisson process. We show that if customers' willingness-to-pay increases rapidly over time, then the optimal price process follows a submartingale, which implies an upward price trend. Alternatively, if customers' willingness-to-pay decreases rapidly over time, then the optimal price process follows a supermartingale, which implies a downward price trend.
Both The ‘Private Option’ And Traditional Medicaid Expansions Improved Access To Care For Low-Income Adults

Under the Affordable Care Act, thirty states and the District of Columbia have expanded eligibility for Medicaid, with several states using Medicaid funds to purchase private insurance (the “private option”). Despite vigorous debate over the use of private insurance versus traditional Medicaid to provide coverage to low-income adults, there is little evidence on the relative merits of the two approaches. We compared the first-year impacts of traditional Medicaid expansion in Kentucky, the private option in Arkansas, and nonexpansion in Texas by conducting a telephone survey of two distinct waves of low-income adults (5,665 altogether) in those three states in November–December 2013 and twelve months later. Using a difference-in-differences analysis, we found that the uninsurance rate declined by 14 percentage points in the two expansion states, compared to the nonexpansion state. In the expansion states, again compared to the nonexpansion state, skipping medications because of cost and trouble paying medi...
Future Public Debt Accumulation and Saving in the United States

The paper by Steindel examines the impact on saving decisions of the expected future debt growth in the USA arising from the increase in pension and health spending. After having considered the long-term outlook of the main social programmes, pointing to the expected strains, the paper evaluates the connections between consumer behaviour and entitlement programs. Steindel argues that the provision of public pensions does not seem to depress savings and capital formation. This may depend on the frequency of changes in the rules concerning public entitlements: people do not expect that social expenditure growth will continue unchecked and discount the effects of the likely future cuts in entitlements. This suggests that reform measures need not to be large in the short-term. Finally, the paper evaluates some alternative reform proposals for the US public pension and health care schemes.
Obtaining Enriched Compounds via a Tandem Enantioselective Reaction and Kinetic Resolution Polishing Sequence

Herein we describe a tandem method of coupling an enantioselective reaction with a nonenzymatic kinetic resolution to prepare highly enantioenriched compounds. The procedure employs a moderately selective enantioselective reaction on a ketone or aldehyde to form an enriched alcohol followed by a kinetic resolution of the alcohol to generate ee’s of >99% in yields greater than what is possible with a kinetic resolution. This method highlights an avenue to quickly acquire highly enriched compounds without developing and optimizing a new methodology.
Effect of anemic anoxia on absorption of isotonic magnesium sulfate from the small intestine.

SummaryThe rate of absorption of magnesium sulfate was studied in a series of barbitalized dogs each of which had suffered a hemorrhage equal to 3% of its body weight. The control animals absorbed 14% of the magnesium and 13% of the sulfate, whereas the experimental animals absorbed 17% and 16% respectively. The differences were not statistically significant. A fact not sufficiently appreciated is that the intestine is only relatively impermeable to this salt.
Structure building differences influence learning from educational text: Effects on encoding, retention, and metacognitive control

Abstract Structure building describes the process by which people mentally organize information while reading to comprehend and later recall text. We investigated how individual differences in structure building ability affect students' learning of complex, educational texts. College students studied a complex text with a mechanical theme, engaged in retrieval practice, made metamemory judgments, and then were given another study opportunity. Following a short delay, memory and comprehension of the text were assessed with a range of dependent measures, including performance on free recall, multiple-choice questions, and problem-solving questions. Participants with high structure building ability outperformed those with low structure building ability on information recalled, factual and inference multiple-choice questions, and problem solving questions. Although high and low structure builders demonstrated equivalent metamemory accuracy, high structure builders appear to better regulate their restudy time according to a discrepancy reduction strategy, which allowed them to acquire more new information that they were unable to retrieve initially during recitation. Our findings suggest that low structure builders may suffer from deficiencies at many levels of text representations as well as deficiencies in metacognitive control during restudy. Our study highlights structure building ability as an important individual difference for learning educational texts and furthers our understanding of exactly what aspects of learning are related to these differences.
Prediction of Recidivism by Sex and Number of Siblings

Recent research (Horton & Medley, 1977) has suggested a significant relationship may exist between the recidivism rates of criminal offenders and one type of family configuration variable, birth order. Family configuration variables have previously been found to be significantly related to intelligence (Zajonc, 1976) and a number of personality constructs (Surton-Smith & Rosenberg, 1970). The present study sought to determine if two other family configuration variables. sex and number of siblings, could be used as joint predictors of criminal recidivism. Subjects were 396 adult male offenders who completed a 10-item questionnaire during intake classification interviews. Four variables [number of older brothers (M = 1.03, a = 1.47), number of older sisters (M = 34, u = 1.27), number of younger brothers (M = 1.28, u = 1.42). number of younger sisters (M = 1.18, a = 1.36)] were formed to represent the joint effects of sex and number of siblings. Outcome criteria were number of prior incarcerations and number of months of incarceration. Standard multiple regression analyses were computed, using the set of family-configuration variables, for each outcome criterion variable in turn. The family-configuration variable of number of older sisters (M = .94, u = 1.27) was significantly related to both number of prior incarcerations (M = 1.60, a = .72; F1.m = 4.66, P < .05) and number of months of incarceration (M = 12.45, a = 28.75; FI,SII = 6.54, P < .01). While the practical significance of these findings is limited by the modest 4 values obtained, .Ol and .02, respectively, cross-validation of these results might yield potentially valuable insights into the personality structures of habitual criminal offenders.
Incidence and prognostic significance of MDM2 oncoprotein overexpression in relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

MDM2 overexpression by pediatric ALL cells at initial diagnosis has been linked to poor response to therapy. In the present study, we evaluated the incidence of MDM2 overexpression by ALL cells from pediatric patients at first relapse and compared MDM2 protein levels with in vitro response to adriamycin and with duration of initial complete remission (CR1). Since an important role of MDM2 in enhancing cell proliferation and survival appears to be inhibition of p53 activity, we also evaluated the status of p53 in these patients' leukemic cells. MDM2 protein levels were determined by Western blot analysis of leukemic bone marrow cells obtained from 42 patients with B cell precursor (BCP) ALL who relapsed during or following therapy on standard POG ALL protocols. Twelve of 42 (29%) cases have MDM2 levels >/=10-fold higher than those detected in normal bone marrow mononuclear (NMMC) cells, which express relatively low levels of protein. Thirty cases (71%) expressed MDM2 at levels /=10-fold) was significantly correlated with adriamycin resistance and decreased duration of CR1. Eight of 12 (75%) overexpressers showed high levels of in vitro resistance to adriamycin, compared to four of 30 (13%) non-overexpressers (P < 0.005). The median CR1 for MDM2 overexpressers was 20.5 months (range: 3-75 months) compared to 41 months (range: 8-98 months) for non-overexpressers (P < 0.01). Four of 42 patients failed to achieve CR following re-induction: leukemic cells from three of these patients either overexpressed MDM2 or contained a mutant p53. These results indicate that overexpression of MDM2 plays a significant role in refractory pediatric ALL and is associated with early relapse, adriamycin resistance, and failure to respond to re-induction therapy. Leukemia (2000) 14, 61-67.
The use of human gonadotropins for the induction of ovulation in women with polycystic ovarian disease

During the years 1974 to 1977, a total of 77 treatment cycles of human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG)-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were administered to 41 infertile patients with polycystic ovarian disease who failed to conceive on clomiphene. Twenty-seven patients (65.9%) conceived, two of them twice, making twenty-nine pregnancies. The abortion rate was 24.1% and the multiple pregnancy rate was 36.3%. Of the 77 treatment cycles, 7.8% were complicated by mild hyperstimulation and 3.9% by severe hyperstimulation. In six treatment cycles (7.8%), ovulation occurred spontaneously prior to the hCG injection. hMG-hCG is an additional safe and effective, nonsurgical treatment for women with polycystic ovarian disease who have failed to respond to clomiphene therapy. The reaction to exogenous gonadotropins is unpredictable and probably depends on the stage of follicular development prior to the stimulation. Therefore, daily estrogen determinations from the 1st day of treatment are mandatory in order to avoid hyperstimulation and/or multiple births.
Development of immunity to Ostertagia ostertagi (Trichostrongylidae: Nematoda) in pastured young cattle.

This experiment comprised 3 groups of calves, (+P2), (−P2) and (−P1), which all started their first grazing season as parasite-free calves. The (+P2)- and (−P2)-group grazed 2 seasons. In the first season the (−P2)-group of calves was grazing a pasture with no detectable trichostrongyles and treated with anthelmintics every second week. The untreated (+P2)-group grazed an Ostertagia ostertagi contaminated pasture. During the second grazing season these 2 original groups grazed together with a new group of first-year grazing calves (−P1) on paddocks infected with O.ostertagi. Parasitological analyses showed that (+P2)-group had negligible egg excretions in the second year in comparison with (−P2) and (−P1). This indicated, that the egg output may be regulated through acquired immunity. The difference in egg excretions was not reflected in the serum pepsinogen levels, which were only slightly elevated for all groups in the second year. Post mortem examination at the end of the experiment showed that only the (−P1)-group harboured relatively high numbers of worms in the abomasa at that time. Antibodies of 3 immunoglobulin classes were investigated: IgA, IgG1 and IgG2. The IgA and IgGl responses correlated with the presence of developing and adult worms in the abomasa and they remained elevated in the (+P2)-group throughout the experiment, perhaps indicating an involvement of these antibodies in a protective immune response. In the (−P2)-group the IgA and IgG1 showed fast and sharp rises during the second season that most likely were age-related and as such a result of maturation of the immune system. The role of IgG2 is unclear as the IgG2 response was weak in all groups of calves and difficult to relate to the parasitological data.
Feed intake pattern during lactation and subsequent reproductive performance of sows

Daily feed intake during lactation was recorded for 20,296 lactating sows on 30 commercial farms in the United States. Each lactation feed record was categorized into one of six patterns: RAPID, rapid increase in feed intake; MAJOR, major drop; MINOR, minor drop; LLL, low feed intake throughout lactation; LHH, low intake during the 1st wk then an increase in feed intake for the remainder of lactation; and GRADUAL, gradual increase. A database containing 24,340 farrowing records and 19,015 subsequent litter records were abstracted from the PigCHAMP data files of the farms enrolled in the study. Multiple regression analyses revealed that ADFI during lactation had nonlinear or linear associations with weaning-to-first service interval (WSI), weaning-to-conception interval (WCI), litter weight at weaning (WWT), and subsequent litter size (SLS). Sows having LLL and LHH had longer (P < .01) WSI and WCI than the other patterns. Sows with MAJOR had a longer WCI (P < .05) than females with RAPID. Further, sows having MAJOR had lighter (P < .01) WWT than those with RAPID, MINOR, and GRADUAL. Sows having MAJOR had a higher (P < .01) proportion of females culled for anestrus relative to RAPID. Furthermore, sows exhibiting a drop in feed intake in either wk 1 or 2 were more likely to be culled for anestrus than sows having no drop. These results suggest that both the amount and pattern of feed intake during lactation influence subsequent reproductive performance.