cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BODY BALANCE ACTIVITY AND PERCEPTION.

Thirty-five Ss were tested on a specially constructed force platform for body balance activity resulting from visual perceptions of 10 simple line drawings. No relationship was found between direction of movement on the platform and the direction depicted by the line drawings. There was no difference between body balance activity resulting from perceiving a stimulus as being in active motion and body balance activity present during a control period. There was significantly less body balance activity present when a stimulus figure was perceived as not moving than during the non-stimulus control period. When a stimulus figure was perceived as being in a postural position, there was a significant difference between body balance activity present during that perception and body balance activity present during the non-stimulus control period.
Reducing GHG mitigation costs in the shipping industry using the clean development mechanism

Purpose – The Greehouse Gas (GHG) in the shipping industry has attracted increasing attention. One potential method to reduce the GHG mitigation cost is the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The purpose of this paper is to identify factors that may increase or hinder the CDM in the shipping industry and provide policy implications.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is an extension and application of the methodology first published by Wang and Firestone in Energy for Sustainable Development. The gravity model in international trade theory is used. The econometric model is employed for the analysis.Findings – Larger project endowment, higher government efficiency, high‐quality expertise and infrastructure may play roles in increasing CDM in the shipping industry. The promotion of small‐scale projects, upgrade of the infrastructure, assistance of technologies and knowledge overseas can help the shipping industry and small countries to attract more CDM.Originality/value – The paper is among the first wo...
Calibration of Piezoresistive Cantilever Force Sensors Using the NIST Electrostatic Force Balance

The characterization of material properties and mechanical performance of micro-electromechanical devices often hinges on the accurate measurement of small forces. Calibrated load cells of appropriate size and range are used, but are often not calibrated in a fashion traceable to the International System of Units (SI). Recently, we calibrated a piezoresistive cantilever in terms of SI force sensitivity. Here, we employ this device as a secondary force standard to calibrate another, optical lever based sensor in a force probe instrument, demonstrating an unbroken tracability chain to appropriate national standards.© 2003 ASME
Risk of side branch occlusion during coronary angioplasty.

To assess the risk of side branch occlusion during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), 600 consecutive procedures were analyzed. On the basis of pre-PTCA angiograms of 557 patients in whom the balloon was actually inflated, 365 side branches in 302 patients (54% of patients) were deemed in jeopardy. A total of 122 side branches in 102 patients (18%) originated from the lesion segment itself, i.e., their take-off was narrowed (Group I, 33% of side branches at risk), whereas 243 side branches in 214 patients (38%) originated from the immediate vicinity of the stenosis in a way that they were subjected to temporary occlusion during balloon dilatation (Group II, 67% of side branches at risk). Patency of side branches was determined by consensus of 2 observers. Criteria for occlusion were disappearance, filling by collaterals, or stagnation of flow. After PTCA, 20 of 365 side branches (5%) were occluded and associated with chest pain in 5 patients, creatine kinase increase in 6, left anterior hemiblock, septal Q waves and transient atrial fibrillation in 1 and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia in 1 of the 20 patients. Exercise tolerance did not decrease. No local predilection for side branch occlusion was evident. Seventeen of 122 side branches (14%) occluded in Group I, compared with 3 of 243 (1%) in Group II (p less than 0.001). Thus, more than half of the patients who underwent PTCA had side branches at risk for iatrogenic occlusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Novel Modular Multiple-Input Bidirectional DC–DC Power Converter (MIPC) for HEV/FCV Application

This paper proposes a novel multiple-input bidirectional dc–dc power converter to interface more than two dc sources of different voltage levels. This finds applications in hybrid electric/fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), where different dc sources of unequal voltage levels need to be connected with bidirectional power flow capability. The converter can be used to operate in both the buck and boost modes with bidirectional power control. It is also possible to independently control power flow between any two sources when more than two sources are actively transferring power in either directions. The operation, analysis, and design of the converter are presented with different modes of power transfer. The proposed converter is demonstrated for FCV application using real-time hardware-in-the-loop system. Experimental results for a 5-kW system are presented, validating the theoretical analysis.
Keratoconus in an adult with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome

22q11.2 Deletion syndrome is one of the most common microdeletional syndromes, with an incidence of 1:4000 live-births, and potentially affects every organ in the body. More than 180 associated clinical features have been reported and not one phenotypic feature is present in 100% of cases. Ocular manifestations reported based on early childhood examinations include eyelid hooding, strabismus, posterior embryotoxon, retinal vessel tortuosity and refractive errors. Keratoconus has been reported once before in association with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome in a young adult. We report the second case of keratoconus in association with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
Chromosome distribution and catenation in Rhoeo spathacea var. concolor

The twelve chromosomes of Rhoeo spathacea variety concolor are arranged in a definite sequence in a ring at meiosis. Identification of all the 12 chromosomes was possible in 119 diakinesis and metaphase I cells. — Pollen viability was measured to be 36.54% by cotton blue staining procedure. Forty five of 56 metaphase I cells (80.36%) had adjacent distribution. Each of the 12 chromosomes was equally likely to be involved in adjacent distribution regardless of their sizes and heterobrachialness. Adjacent distribution occurred randomly at each arm-position in the ring regardless of the lengths of the arm-pairs. — The most frequent chromosome configuration at diakinesis and metaphase I was a chain-of-12 chromosomes (41.18%). Cells with 1 to 4 chains of chromosomes were observed. The observed frequencies of various configurations were in good agreement with the calculated frequencies. The mean number of chiasmata was 10.90 per cell and 0.908 per pair of chromosome arms. The 131 chiasma failures were distributed at random among the 12 arm-positions. Since the lengths of arm-pairs in the ring vary, the randomness may mean that chiasma formation was limited to short terminal segments on all chromosomes.
DNA sequence analysis of spontaneous and gamma-radiation (anoxic)-induced lacId mutations in Escherichia coli umuC122::Tn5: differential requirement for umuC at G.C vs. A.T sites and for the production of transversions vs. transitions.

Abstract Escherihica coli umC122 ::Tn 5 cells were γ-radiated ( 137 Cs, 750 Gy, under N 2 ), and lac -constitutive mutants were produced at 36% of the wild-type level (the umC strain was not deficient in spontaneous mutagenesis, and the mutational spectrum determined by sequencing 263 spontaneous lacI d mutations was very similar to that for the wild-type strain). The specific nature of the umC strain's partial radiation was determined by sequencing 325 radiation-induced lacI d mutations. The yields of radiation-induced mutation classes in the umC strain (as a percentage of the wild-type yield) were: 80% for A · T → G · C transitions, 70% for multi-base additions, 60% for single-base deletions, 53% for A · T → C · G transversions, 36% for G · C → A · T transitions, 25% for multi-base deletions, 21% for A · T → T · A transversions, 11% for G · C → C · G transversions, 9% for G · C → T · A transversions and 0% for multiple mutations. Based on these deficiencies and other factors, it is concluded that the umC strain is near-normal for A · T → G · C transitions, single-base deletions and possibly A · T → C · G transversions; is generally deficient for mutagenesis at G · C sites fro transversions, and is grossly deficient in multiple mutations. Damage at G · C sites seems more difficult for translesion DNA synthesis to bypass than damage at A · T sites, and especially when trying to produced a transversion. The yield of G · C → A · T transitions in the umC strain *36% of the wild-type level) argues that a basic sites are involved in no more than 64% of γ-radiation-induced base substitutions in the wild-type strain. Altogether, these data suggest that the UmuC and UmuD′ proteins facilitate , rather than being absolutely required for, translesion DNA synthesis; with the degree of facilitation being dependent both on the nature of the noncoding DNA damage, i.e., at G · C vs A · T sites, and on the nature of the misincorporated base, i.e., whether it induces transversions or transitions.
Traveling Salesperson Problems for a Double Integrator

This technical note studies the following version of the Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP) for a double integrator with bounded velocity and bounded control inputs: given a set of points in Ropfd, find the fastest tour over the point set. We first give asymptotic bounds on the time taken to complete such a tour in the worst case. Then, we study a stochastic version of the TSP for a double integrator in Ropf2 and Ropf3, where we propose novel algorithms that asymptotically perform within a constant factor of the optimal strategy with probability one. Lastly, we study a dynamic TSP in Ropf2 and Ropf3 , where we propose novel stabilizing algorithms whose performances are within a constant factor from the optimum.
Implementation of adaptive feedforward cancellation algorithms for pre-embossed rigid magnetic (PERM) disks

Pre-embossed rigid magnetic (PERM) disks provide the potential to improve storage capacity, simplify the manufacturing process, and reduce overall manufacturing costs. Since the tracks including servo sectors are pre-embossed and assembled into the drive, there is runout mainly due to the inherent eccentricity. In order to compensate repeatable runout, an adaptive feedforward cancellation (AFC) scheme is implemented. It is shown through experiments that the AFC is effective in selectively canceling the desired frequency. Cancellation of the first three harmonic components is demonstrated, and experimental results are presented. Without track following servo, the AFC is able to reduce the position error signal (PES) by 83% of the track pitch.
The Nature of Deformation Lamellae in Silicates

High voltage electron petrography of olivine crystals from a peridotite deformed experimentally at high temperature and confining pressure shows that the deformation lamellae visible optically in petrographic thin sections consist of narrow zones of closely spaced edge dislocations. The peridotite specimen was deformed in the regime where pencil glide parallel to [100] dominates flow in olivine, and areas selected from the petrographic section were thinned to electron transparency by low-angle ion bombardment. Planar arrays of parallel edge dislocations with Burgers' vector [100] on the planes normal to [010] and [011] were found. These arrays appear identical in all important respects to slip bands in metals and to the dislocation model for photoelastic deformation lamellae proposed originally to explain such features in quartz.
Formation of highly reactive A-ring and J-ring isoprostane-like compounds (A4/J4-neuroprostanes) in vivo from docosahexaenoic acid.

Free radical-initiated oxidant injury and lipid peroxidation have been implicated in a number of neural disorders. Docosahexaenoic acid is the most abundant unsaturated fatty acid in the central nervous system. We have shown previously that this 22-carbon fatty acid can yield, upon oxidation, isoprostane-like compounds termed neuroprostanes, with E/D-type prostane rings (E4/D4-neuroprostanes). Eicosanoids with E/D-type prostane rings are unstable and dehydrate to cyclopentenone-containing compounds possessing A-type and J-type prostane rings, respectively. We thus explored whether cyclopentenone neuroprostanes (A4/J4-neuroprostanes) are formed from the dehydration of E4/D4-neuroprostanes. Indeed, oxidation of docosahexaenoic acid in vitro increased levels of putative A4/J4-neuroprostanes 64-fold from 88 ± 43 to 5463 ± 2579 ng/mg docosahexaenoic acid. Chemical approaches and liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry definitively identified them as A4/J4-neuroprostanes. We subsequently showed these compounds are formed in significant amounts from a biological source, rat brain synaptosomes. A4/J4-neuroprostanes increased 13-fold, from a basal level of 89 ± 72 ng/mg protein to 1187 ± 217 ng/mg (n = 4), upon oxidation. We also detected these compounds in very large amounts in fresh brain tissue from rats at levels of 97 ± 25 ng/g brain tissue (n = 3) and from humans at levels of 98 ± 26 ng/g brain tissue (n = 5), quantities that are nearly an order of magnitude higher than other classes of neuroprostanes. Because of the fact that A4/J4-neuroprostanes contain highly reactive cyclopentenone ring structures, it would be predicted that they readily undergo Michael addition with glutathione and adduct covalently to proteins. Indeed, incubation of A4/J4-neuroprostanes in vitro with excess glutathione resulted in the formation of large amounts of adducts. Thus, these studies have identified novel, highly reactive A/J-ring isoprostane-like compounds that are derived from docosahexaenoic acid in vivo.
Biocomposites synthesized from chemically modified soy oil and biofibers

Composites with good mechanical properties were prepared from chemically modified soy oils and biofibers without additional petroleum-based polymers. These composites were prepared from maleic anhydride and epoxide functionalized soybean oils that were cured in the presence of various biofibers (e.g., kenaf, kayocell, protein grits, and solka-floc) by a flexible amine catalyst. Rigid thermosets characterized by a high-crosslink-density network and a high gel fraction were obtained. Fourier transform infrared was used to follow the cure reaction via the disappearance of the characteristic anhydride adsorptions. Composites with high tensile strength and low elongation were obtained when kenaf fibers were treated with (2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane and then added to the epoxidized/maleated soy matrix and cured with hexamethylenediamine. These biobased composites could provide inexpensive epoxy resin alternatives for a wide variety of industrial applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 69–75, 2006
Ultrawideband Aperiodic Antenna Arrays Based on Optimized Raised Power Series Representations

Past research has shown that application of mathematical and geometrical concepts such as fractals, aperiodic tilings, and special polynomials can provide elegant solutions to difficult antenna array design problems. For example, design issues such as beam shaping and control, sidelobe levels, bandwidth and many others have been addressed with such concepts. In this paper, mathematical constructs based on the raised power series (RPS) are utilized to provide easily controlled aperiodicity to a linear array of antenna elements in order to achieve wideband performance. In addition, recursive application of raised power series subarrays and implementation of an optimization technique based on the genetic algorithm is demonstrated to realize impressive ultrawideband performance. The technique introduced here is shown to offer bandwidths of many octaves with excellent sidelobe suppression and no grating lobes. Moreover, the ultrawideband performance for one of the optimized RPS array examples is verified through full-wave simulations which take into account the coupling environment experienced by realistic radiating elements (in this case half-wave dipole antennas for three different operating frequencies).
Fiber-optic microcatheter trabeculotomy combined with anterior segment surgery in children: Report of three cases

Pediatric glaucoma may coexist with other anterior segment disorders, and when 2 surgeries are indicated in children, they are generally performed on separate days. We present 3 cases, documented with video, that illustrate the combination of anterior segment surgery (including cataract extraction and papillary membrane removal) with fiber-optic microcatheter trabeculotomy in infants. In one case, the microcatheter procedure could not be completed, and a trabeculotome was used to complete the trabeculotomy. One patient developed a mild hyphema after microcatheter trabeculotomy, which resolved. All cases were performed without other complications and with satisfactory results.
Gigantic Coronary Sinus Associated with Concurrent Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava and Right Ventricular Volume Overload

Case Presentation A 76-year-old woman with known atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure presented with increasing shortness of breath. A 2-dimensional (2-D) transthoracic echocardiogram was performed to assess left ventricular function. An incidental finding of a very large coronary sinus with a diameter of 4.8 cm was seen, raising a suspicion for the possibility of a persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) (Figure 1). Additional pertinent positive findings included a massively dilated right atrium (estimated volume: 538 mL), dilated tricuspid annulus with poor leaflet coaptation, severe tricuspid regurgitation, and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) of 50 mmHg with an estimated mean right atrial pressure (RAP) of 25 mmHg. After agitated saline administration into the left brachial vein, there was immediate and sequential opacification of the dilated coronary sinus, right atrium, and right ventricle, confirming the presence of a PLSVC (Figure 2). CT angiography provided detailed anatomical and morphological characterization demonstrating drainage of the PLSVC into the gigantic coronary sinus and right-sided cardiac chambers and absence of other vascular or congenital anomaly (Figures 3 and 4).
Spatially Broad Observations of Internal Waves in the Upper Ocean at the Hawaiian Ridge

Abstract The density and current structure at the Hawaiian Ridge was observed using SeaSoar and Doppler sonar during a survey extending from Oahu to Brooks Banks. Across- and along-ridge changes in internal wave statistics in the upper ocean within 200 km of the ridge are investigated. Internal waves with trough-to-crest amplitude as large as 60 m and horizontal wavelength of about 50 km are observed repeatedly in across-ridge sections of potential density. Within 150 km of the ridge, kinetic and potential energy density exceed open-ocean values with maxima about 10 times Garrett–Munk levels. In the Kauai Channel (KC), the kinetic energy density is largest along an M2 internal tide ray. The ray originates at the northern edge of the ridge peak at a large across-ridge change in topographic slope and terminates at the ocean surface about 30–40 km south of the ridge peak. Kinetic and potential energy density are larger on the south side of the ridge at KC, the side with larger topographic slope. Energy densi...
Structure and Dynamics of Squalane Films on Solid Surfaces

Interfaces between liquids and solids or gases play important roles in a number of different technologies and have thus been the main focus of many theoretical and experimental studies. The discontinuous nature of physical properties at interfaces makes it demanding to develop a general theory, and most existing theories are therefore based on macroscopic continuum equations. Now, for the first time, simulations are opening up the field of interfacial problems. Starting from models which have been developed and validated for bulk polymers it is now possible to treat interfaces at the atomistic or molecular level. In the present study, molecular dynamics simulations based on the all-atom optimized parameter for liquid simulation (OPLS) model are used to investigate the equilibrium structure and dynamics of squalane films near hydroxylated-crystalline or amorphous silicon dioxide surface. Results for the structure and dynamics of monolayer, bilayer, and multilayer films of liquid squalane adsorbed on the two SiO2 surfaces are presented and discussed.
Relation of prefrontal cortex dysfunction to working memory and symptoms in schizophrenia.

Objective: The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been implicated in both working memory and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. A relationship among dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity, working memory dysfunction, and symptoms in schizophrenia has not been firmly established, partly because of generalized cognitive impairments in patients and task complexity. Using tasks that parametrically manipulated working memory load, the authors tested three hypotheses: 1) patients with schizophrenia differ in prefrontal activity only when behavioral performance differentiates them from healthy comparison subjects, 2) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex dysfunction is associated with poorer task performance, and 3) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex dysfunction is associated with cognitive disorganization but not negative or positive symptoms. Method: Seventeen conventionally medicated patients with schizophrenia and 16 healthy comparison subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing multiple levels of the “n-back” sequential-letter working memory task. Results: Patients with schizophrenia showed a deficit in physiological activation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann’s area 46/9) in the context of normal task-dependent activity in other regions, but only under the condition that distinguished them from comparison subjects on task performance. Patients with greater dorsolateral prefrontal cortex dysfunction performed more poorly. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex dysfunction was selectively associated with disorganization symptoms. Conclusions: These results are consistent with the hypotheses that working memory dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia is caused by a disturbance of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and that this disturbance is selectively associated with cognitive disorganization. Further, the pattern of behavioral performance suggests that dorsolateral prefrontal cortex dysfunction does not reflect a deficit in the maintenance of stimulus representations per se but points to deficits in more associative components of working memory.
730: Doppler velocimetry: A comparison of the intrafetal to extrafetal segments of the umbilical artery(UA)

SEGMENTS OF THE UMBILICAL ARTERY(UA) ANDREW ELIMIAN, MANDY WINFREY, ERIC KNUDTSON, JEAN GOODMAN, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma OBJECTIVE: Insonation of the UA in the amniotic cavity can be challenging in multiple gestations and can be influenced by the adjacent umbilical arterial and venous pulsations. Our objectives were to provide normal data for Doppler volicimetry in the intrafetal paravesical segment of the UA and compare doppler indices between the intrafetal paravesical segment with the extrafetal amniotic segment of the UA. STUDY DESIGN: Consecutive consenting women between 18 and 42 weeks of gestation were enrolled. Systolic/diastolic (S/D), resistive index (RI), pulsatility index (PI) were determined by sonographers insonating the UA at the two locations. The segment insonated first was alternated. RESULTS: The median, (10th,90th percentile) of the S/D of the intrafetal segment were significantly higher than the extrafetal segment [3.2(2.31,4.85) vs 2.7(2.10,3.93), P .0001]. The S/Ds in the intrafetal segment were higher than the extrafetal segment in 80.6% of instances. Similar results were obtained for RI and PI.
Retinotopy versus face selectivity in macaque visual cortex

Retinotopic organization is a ubiquitous property of lower-tier visual cortical areas in human and nonhuman primates. In macaque visual cortex, the retinotopic maps extend to higher-order areas in the ventral visual pathway, including area TEO in the inferior temporal (IT) cortex. Distinct regions within IT cortex are also selective to specific object categories such as faces. Here we tested the topographic relationship between retinotopic maps and face-selective patches in macaque visual cortex using high-resolution fMRI and retinotopic face stimuli. Distinct subregions within face-selective patches showed either (1) a coarse retinotopic map of eccentricity and polar angle, (2) a retinotopic bias to a specific location of visual field, or (3) nonretinotopic selectivity. In general, regions along the lateral convexity of IT cortex showed more overlap between retinotopic maps and face selectivity, compared with regions within the STS. Thus, face patches in macaques can be subdivided into smaller patches with distinguishable retinotopic properties.
Marine benthic communities in the Upper Devonian of New York

Four distinctive benthic communities occur in the mid-shelf deltaic deposits of the Upper Devonian Sonyea Group: the Bellerophon Community, dominated by herbivorous gastropods and deposit-feeding bivalves; the Prodrtctella Community, dominated by brachiopods with adaptations for life on muddy substrata; the Cypricardella Community, dominated by bivalves and brachiopods with a variety of adaptations; and the Rhipidomella Community, dominated by brachiopods adapted for life on sandy substrata. The geographic and stratigraphic occurrence of the communities suggest that their distribution was controlled by two principal sets of environmental variables: (1) onshore to offshore gradients in salinity, dissolved oxygen concentrations, and sedimentary substrata, and (2) rate of delta progradation. A change in the rate of delta build-out during mid-Sonyea time led to a dramatic change in onshore to offshore community patterns. The change suggests that great care must be used in constructing generalized community models for longer intervals of Paleozoic time.
Metabolism at the Max: How Vertebrate Organisms Respond to Physical Activity

Activity metabolism is supported by phosphorylated reserves (adenosine triphosphate, creatine phosphate), glycolytic, and aerobic metabolism. Because there is no apparent variation between vertebrate groups in phosphorylated reserves or glycolytic potential of skeletal muscle, variation in maximal metabolic rate between major vertebrate groups represents selection operating on aerobic mechanisms. Maximal rates of oxygen consumption in vertebrates are supported by increased conductive and diffusive fluxes of oxygen from the environment to the mitochondria. Maximal CO2 efflux from the mitochondria to the environment must be matched to oxygen flux, or imbalances in pH will occur. Among vertebrates, there are a variety of modes of locomotion and vastly different rates of metabolism supported by a variety of cardiorespiratory architectures. However, interclass comparisons strongly implicate systemic oxygen transport as the rate-limiting step to maximal oxygen consumption for all vertebrate groups. The key evolutionary step that accounts for the approximately 10-fold increase in maximal oxygen flux in endotherms versus ectotherms appears to be maximal heart rate. Other variables such as ventilation, pulmonary/gill, and tissue diffusing capacity, have excess capacity and thus are not limiting to maximal oxygen consumption. During maximal activity, the ratio of ventilation to respiratory system blood flow is remarkably similar among vertebrates, and CO2 extraction efficiency increases while oxygen extraction efficiency decreases, suggesting that the respiratory system provides the largest resistance to maximal CO2 flux. Despite the large variation in modes of activity and rates of metabolism, maximal rates of oxygen and CO2 flux appear to be limited by the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, respectively.
Exploring the Domestic Ideology of the Postwar Era through Cookbooks

Cookbooks were increasingly published and marketed to overwhelmingly female audiences during the aftermath of the Second World War, when tensions with the Soviet Union escalated and the new consumer culture of the 50s materialized. Upon first glance, these instructional guides may have seemed a frivolous and unnecessary part of history, not unlike commonly held attitudes about women’s roles themselves. These books did more than merely show readers how to prepare the perfect Baked Alaska, however, because they also provided evidence of a burgeoning anxiety toward gender roles in postwar America. Cookbooks, which were carefully constructed by primarily male editors, utilized gendered language in their recipes that aimed not only to help women help themselves but also to simultaneously oppress them by reminding them of their proper place in the home. In sharing time-saving, cost-efficient recipes that often stressed the necessity of convenience foods, cookbooks affirmed, consciously or otherwise, that expectations on women to maintain the home were not only burdensome but unavoidable. Postwar cookbooks were fraught with contradictory language that revealed concerns about the gender hierarchy in1950s and 1960s America thinly veiled by encouraging, often complimentary language that damaged rather than fortified women’s standing in society. Exploring the Domestic Ideology of the Postwar Era Through Cookbooks by Lauren Fabrizio is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License .
Massive Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage as an Initial Presentation of a Rare and Aggressive Form of Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma, a plasma cell neoplasm, presents most commonly with anemia, hypercalcemia, renal failure, and bone pain. Only few cases of clinical aggressive presentation associated with bleeding were reported in the medical literature. The reported cases included gastrointestinal bleeding and cardiac tamponade. Spontaneous retroperitoneal haemorrhage as initial presentation has not been so far reported. We hereby report a case of a 64-year-old female who was found to have catastrophic hemorrhage in the retroperitoneal region that extended into intrathecal space causing cord compression. The case posed a significant diagnostic and management dilemma. This case emphasizes the need to think broadly and include multiple myeloma in the diagnosis of unexplained massive retroperitoneal bleeding.
Visualisation of future task performance improves naturalistic prospective memory for some younger adults living with HIV disease

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease is commonly associated with deficits in prospective memory (PM), which increase the risk of suboptimal health behaviours, like medication non-adherence. This study examined the potential benefits of a brief future visualisation exercise during the encoding stage of a naturalistic PM task in 60 young adults (aged 19-24 years) with HIV disease. Participants were administered a brief clinical neuropsychological assessment, which included a standardised performance-based measure of time- and event-based PM. All participants were also given a naturalistic PM task in which they were asked to complete a mock medication management task when the examiner showed them the Grooved Pegboard Test during their neuropsychological evaluation. Participants were randomised into: (1) a visualisation condition in which they spent 30 sec imagining successfully completing the naturalistic PM task; or (2) a control condition in which they repeated the task instructions. Logistic regression analyses revealed significant interactions between clinical neurocognitive functions and visualisation. HIV positive (HIV+) participants with intact retrospective learning and/or low time-based PM demonstrated observable gains from the visualisation technique, while HIV+ participants with impaired learning and/or intact time-based PM did not evidence gains. Findings indicate that individual differences in neurocognitive ability moderate the response to visualisation in HIV+ young adults. The extent to which such cognitive supports improve health-related PM outcomes (e.g., medication adherence) remains to be determined.
Three Dimensional Imaging of Rayleigh Nanoparticle Ensemble Trapped by Cylindrical Vector Beam

We report the first direct 3D optical imaging of Rayleigh nanoparticles with size down to 48 nm trapped by cylindrical vector beams. Our experiment shows excellent consistency with numerical simulations.
Life-course blood pressure in relation to brain volumes.

Abstract Introduction The impact of blood pressure on brain volumes may be time-dependent or pattern-dependent. Methods Of 1678 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study, we quantified the association between measures and patterns of blood pressure over three time points (∼24 or ∼15 years prior and concurrent with neuroimaging) with late life brain volumes. Results Higher diastolic blood pressure ∼24 years prior, higher systolic and pulse pressure ∼15 years prior, and consistently elevated or rising systolic blood pressure from ∼15 years prior to concurrent with neuroimaging, but not blood pressures measured concurrent with neuroimaging, were associated with smaller volumes. The pattern of hypertension ∼15 years prior and hypotension concurrent with neuroimaging was associated with smaller volumes in regions preferentially affected by Alzheimer's disease (e.g., hippocampus: −0.27 standard units, 95% CI: −0.51, −0.03). Discussion Hypertension 15 to 24 years prior is relevant to current brain volumes. Hypertension followed by hypotension appears particularly detrimental.
Serum epidemiological investigation on Anaplasma phagocytophila in population of the north forest area in Fujian province

The aim of this study is to understand the present situation of Anaplasma phogocytophila infection and the co-infection with Borrelia burgdorferi and Orientia tsutsugamushi in populations of the Wuyishan forest area of Fujian province,so as to provide scientific basis for the strategy of treatment and prevention..Indirect fluorescence assay(IFA) was used to detect the presence of IgG antibodies against A.phagocytophila,B.burgdorferi and O.tsutsugamushi in sera of workers,peasants and cadres at the basis in the forest area.All together,a total of 269 samples of serum were collected and tested.The establishment of database and statistical analysis were performed by SPSS 14.0 with a significance level of χ2test at α=0.05.It was found that among these 269 serum samples taken,46 serum samples appeared to be positive for IgG antibody against A.phagocytophila,with a positive rate of 17.10% and in these 46 positive samples for A.phagocytophila,one sample and 9 samples were positive for antibodies against B.burgdorferi and O.tsutsugamushi respectively.In the positive serum samples,no satistic difference existed in area,gender and occupation except age.It is concluded that endemic A.phagocytophila infection exists in the north forest area of Fujian province and co-infected with B.burgdorferi and O.tsutsugamushi.So the works of prevention and treatment of anaplasmosis,Lyme's disease and scrub typhus should be undertaken simultaneously.
Effects of vaccination on 124 case with grade III rabies exposure

Objective To study the effectiveness and adverse reactions of three vaccination schemes for prevention ofrabies exposure at grade III,so as to look for scientific and effective control method. Methods Totally 124 cases with rabiesexposure at grade III were divided into three groups according to the different vaccination procedures.The first groupcomprised of 42 cases received 7 injections of rabies vaccine and HRIG; The second group comprised of 43 cases received 5injections of rabies vaccine and HRIG;The third group comprised of 39 cases received 5 injections of rabies vaccine. Adversereactions in the cases were observed 72 h after vaccination and the Ig G antibodyin the cases were detected by ELISA.Results There were significantly statistical differences of antibody positive rate of 14 d and 45 d after vaccination among the 3groups(χ2=6.35,χ2=6.70,P0.05); The second group produced its antitoxins more quickly with higher positive rate. Theincidence of local reaction among the three groups were 21.43%,4.65%and 23.08%,respectively,with significant differences(χ2=6.45,P0.05), being lower in second group than that in other groups. Conclusion Procedure of 5 injections of rabiesvaccine + HRIG can result in production of neutralization antibody with high probility and safety.
Genetics and Physiology of Starch Development

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews nonmutant starch granule composition and development, and focuses on genetic mutants and how they have been useful in understanding the complexity of polysaccharide biosynthesis and development. Plant species, which are important sources of commercial starch production are focused on, especially maize, because of the many known endosperm mutants of maize, which affect polysaccharide biosynthesis. The information gained applies to other species, and these effects are illustrated in the chapter. General trends in the genetics and physiology of starch development have been illustrated with examples. Starch is a common constituent of higher plants and a source of carbohydrates. Starch in chloroplasts is transitory and accumulates during the light period and is utilized during the dark. Storage starch accumulates in reserve organs during one phase of the plant's lifecycle and is utilized at another time. Starches from reserve organs of many plants are important in commerce. Although considerable effort has been directed at characterizing the enzymes involved in starch synthesis, the role of these enzymes and other factors in determining subtle variations in starch granule structure and starch fine structure remain largely unknown. Variations in granule structure can be associated with plant species, cultivars of a species, the environment in which a cultivar is grown, and genetic mutations.
Laser-aided direct metal deposition of metals and alloys

Abstract Breinan and Kear first reported fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) metallic components via layer-by-layer laser cladding in 1978, and a patent was subsequently issued to Brown et al. in 1982. Various groups worldwide have been working on different types of layered manufacturing techniques to fabricate near-net-shape metallic components for more than two decades. The common name “additive manufacturing” is adapted for group processes where 3D components are made layer by layer, pixel by pixel. Economist magazine recently identified additive manufacturing as the “third industrial revolution” in the 2012 April issue. Integration of lasers with multiaxis presently available computer numerical control machines, computer-aided design (CAD)/computer-aided manufacturing, sensors, and powder metal delivery through coaxial nozzles, along with the laser beam, are the main innovations for the fabrication of 3D components. Continuous corrective measures during the manufacturing process are necessary to fabricate net-shape functional parts with close tolerances and acceptable residual stress. The closed-loop direct metal deposition system, using an optical feedback loop along with a computer numerical control working under the instructions from a CAD/computer-aided manufacturing software, can produce 3D components directly from the CAD data, thus eliminating intermediate machining and considerably reducing final machining. Sophisticated science-based in situ diagnostic techniques are being developed to produce defect-free parts with acceptable properties.
Concentration and Density Changes at an Electrode Surface and the Principle of Unchanging Total Concentration

In this study, the principle of unchanging total concentration as described by Oldham and Feldberg [J. Phys. Chem. B, 103, 1699 (1999)] is invoked to analyze systems comprising a redox pair (Xz11 and Xz22) plus one or more non-electroactive species (Xz33,Xz44...Xzjmaxjmax) where Xzjj is the jth species with charge zj and concentration; cj. The principle states that if the diffusion coefficients for all species are identical and mass transport is governed by the Nernst-Planck expression, the total concentration does not change during any electrochemical perturbation, i.e.: Σjmaxj=1[Xzjj]=Σjmaxj=1 cj = SP With this principle we deduce the electrochemically induced difference between the surface and bulk concentrations for each species. Those concentration differences are translated into density differences which are a function of the density of the solvent and of the concentration differences, molecular masses and the standard partial molar volumes of all species. Those density differences in turn can induce convection that will ultimately modify the observed current. However, we did not attempt to quantify details of the natural convection and current modification produced by those density differences.
Cell chirality: emergence of asymmetry from cell culture

Increasing evidence suggests that intrinsic cell chirality significantly contributes to the left-right (LR) asymmetry in embryonic development, which is a well-conserved characteristic of living organisms. With animal embryos, several theories have been established, but there are still controversies regarding mechanisms associated with embryonic LR symmetry breaking and the formation of asymmetric internal organs. Recently, in vitro systems have been developed to determine cell chirality and to recapitulate multicellular chiral morphogenesis on a chip. These studies demonstrate that chirality is indeed a universal property of the cell that can be observed with well-controlled experiments such as micropatterning. In this paper, we discuss the possible benefits of these in vitro systems to research in LR asymmetry, categorize available platforms for single-cell chirality and multicellular chiral morphogenesis, and review mathematical models used for in vitro cell chirality and its applications in in vivo embryonic development. These recent developments enable the interrogation of the intracellular machinery in LR axis establishment and accelerate research in birth defects in laterality.This article is part of the themed issue 'Provocative questions in left-right asymmetry'.
Can Appealing to Patient Altruism Reduce Overuse of Health Care Services? An Experimental Survey.

A challenge to reducing overuse of health services is communicating recommendations against unnecessary health services to patients. The predominant approach has been to highlight the limited benefit and potential harm of such services for that patient, but the prudent use of health resources can also benefit others. Whether appealing to patient altruism can reduce overuse is unknown. To determine whether altruistic appeals reduce hypothetical requests for overused services and affect physician ratings. Experimental survey using hypothetical vignettes describing three overused health services (antibiotics for acute sinusitis, imaging for acute low back pain, and annual exams for healthy adults). U.S. adults recruited from Research Now, an online panel of individuals compensated for performing academic and marketing research surveys. In the control version of the vignettes, the physician’s rationale for recommending against the service was the minimal benefit and potential for harm. In the altruism version, the rationale additionally included potential benefit to others by forgoing that service. Differences in requests for overused services and physician ratings between participants randomized to the control and altruism versions of the vignettes. A total of 1001 participants were included in the final analyses. There were no significant differences in requests for overused services for any of the clinical scenarios (P values ranged from 0.183 to 0.547). Physician ratings were lower in the altruism version for the acute sinusitis (6.68 vs. 7.03, P = 0.012) and back pain scenarios (6.14 vs. 6.83, P < 0.001), and marginally lower for the healthy adult scenario (5.27 vs. 5.57, P = 0.084). In this experimental survey, altruistic appeals delivered by physicians did not reduce requests for overused services, and resulted in more negative physician ratings. Further studies are warranted to determine whether alternative methods of appealing to patient altruism can reduce overuse.
Synthetic analogs of rhamnolipids modulate structured biofilms formed by rhamnolipid-nonproducing mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Abstract Rhamnolipids secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa are required for the bacteria to form biofilm efficiently and form biofilm with internal structures including pores and channels. In this work, we explore the effect of a class of synthetic analogs of rhamnolipids at controlling (promoting and inhibiting) the biofilm formation activities of a non-rhamnolipid-producing strain – rhlA – of P. aeruginosa. This class of rhamnolipid analogs is known to modulate the swarming motilities of wild-type PAO1 and rhlA mutant, but its effect on biofilm formation of rhlA mutant is unknown. We show that small structural details of these molecules are important for the bioactivities, but do not affect the general physical properties of the molecules. The bioactive synthetic analogs of rhamnolipids promote biofilm formation by rhlA mutant at low concentrations, but inhibit the biofilm formation at high concentrations. To explore the internal structures formed by the biofilms, we first demonstrate that wild-type biofilms are formed with substantial topography (hills and valleys) when the sample is under shaking conditions. Using this observation as a comparison, we found that synthetic analogs of rhamnolipids promoted structured (porous) biofilm of rhlA mutant, at intermediate concentrations between the low ones that promoted biofilm formation and the high ones that inhibited biofilm formation. This study suggests a potential chemical signaling approach to control multiple bacterial activities.
An Algorithm for Forward Reduction in Sequence-Based Software Specification

Sequence-based software specification is a rigorous method for deriving a formal system model based on informal requirements, through a systematic process called sequence enumeration. Under this pr...
preparation of Estuary and Marine Model Equations by Generalized Filtering Methods

Abstract Higher order averaging procedures which circumvent the limitations of traditional Reynolds averaging are presented and applied to the three-dimensional equations used for marine and estuary models. These averages or filters can either be analog or digital, and a review of the classes of such filters and their characterization is presented first. Low pass filters in both single and cascaded form are then applied to the governing equations, and closures via traditional and high pass filter expansions are identified. Finally, the relationship between analog filters, digital filters and commonly used higher order numerical schemes is explored, and it is shown that certain numerical schemes are indeed digital filter forms of the analog filters.