cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic structure and total energy of diamond/BeO interfaces

Electronic structure calculations are used to study the bonding at diamond/BeO interfaces. The {110} interface between zinc blende BeO and diamond is used as a representative model for general reconstructed interfaces characterized by an equal amount of Be–C and O–C bonds. The interface energy is calculated to be 2 J/m2 and combined with the estimated free surface energies to obtain an estimate of the adhesion energy. It is found to be close to the adhesion of BeO to itself, but somewhat lower than that of diamond to itself. The effects of the 7% lattice mismatch on the total energy and the band structure for a biaxially strained pseudomorphic diamond film are investigated. The effect of misfit dislocations, expected to occur for thicker films, on the adhesion energy is estimated to be lower than 10%. The bulk properties, such as equilibrium lattice constant, bulk modulus, cohesive energy, and band gap of BeO are shown to be in good agreement with experimental values and previous calculations. The valence-band offset is calculated to be 3.9 eV and found to take up most of the large band gap discontinuity. The nature of the bonding is discussed in terms of the local densities of states near the interface. The interface localized features are identified in terms of Be–C and O–C bonding and antibonding states.
Comparison of two IQ conversion tables for the Vocabulary-Block Design short form.

This study compared Brooker and Cyr (1986) and Silverstein (1982) WAIS-R IQ conversion tables for the Vocabulary-Block Design combination. Subjects were 150 veterans unselected with respect to diagnosis. Means for Full Scale IQ, Brooker and Cyr IQ, and Silverstein IQ were 94.17 (SD = 15.05), 96.68 (SD = 15.35), and 96.87 (SD = 15.30), respectively. Correlations between Full Scale IQ and both IQ estimates were highly significant: Brooker and Cyr r(148) = .91, p less than .001; Silverstein r(148) = .92, p less than .001. Both short-form IQs overestimated Full Scale IQ; average difference of 1.51 points for Brooker and Cyr and 1.67 for Silverstein were found. Agreement between both short form IQ estimates and Full Scale in terms of Wechsler's seven category intelligence classification was 62%. Both conversion tables yield comparable Full Scale IQ estimates.
Anion radicals of mono- and bisfulleropyrrolidines: g tensors, spin density distribution and spin-lattice relaxation

The radical anions of two C60 Nteg-fulleropyrrolidine (teg = 3,6,9-trioxadecyl) adducts, the monoadduct and the trans1-bisadduct have been studied in liquid solution and glassy matrix of 2-MeTHF by...
Mir space station bacteria responses to modeled reduced gravity under starvation conditions

Abstract Isolates from the Mir space station identified as Pseudomonas sp. and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were subjected to clinorotation to model reduced gravity conditions in water in slow turning lateral vessels (STLVs). To examine cells in varying physiological states, bacteria were enumerated based on the Live/Dead Bac Light kit, DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and colony forming units (CFU). Both Pseudomonas sp. and S. maltophilia showed a slight increase in abundance over time but only cells of Pseudomonas sp. were affected by modeled reduced gravity. For Pseudomonas sp. numbers of DAPI stained cells were significantly higher under modeled reduced gravity compared to normal gravity. In addition, the abundance of cells attached to stainless steel disks, on one sampling date, was greater for the Pseudomonas isolate under modeled reduced gravity than normal gravity. The isolates examined did not appear to appreciably enter into a viable, but not culturable state during the experiments. In general, differences between treatments were not great, demonstrating that responses to reduced gravity are less apparent under starvation conditions, compared to earlier studies which used more rich nutrient sources.
Cell-specific adaptation of two flaviviruses following serial passage in mosquito cell culture

West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that was introduced into the U.S. in the New York City area in 1999. Despite its successful establishment and rapid spread in a naive environment, WNV has undergone limited evolution since its introduction. This evolutionary stability has been attributed to compromises made to permit alternating cycles of viral replication in vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. Outbreaks of a close relative of WNV, St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), occur in the U.S. periodically and are also characterized by limited genetic change overtime. We measured both phenotypic and genotypic changes in WNV and SLEV serially passaged in mosquito cell culture in order to clarify the role of an individual host cell type in flavivirus adaptation and evolution. Genetic changes in passaged WNV and SLEV were minimal but led to increased relative fitness and replicative ability of the virus in the homologous cell line C6/36 mosquito cells. Similar increases were not measured in the heterologous cell line DF-1 avian cells. These phenotypic changes are consistent with the concept of cell-specific adaptation in flaviviruses.
Suppressive Oligodeoxynucleotides Promote the Development of Th17 Cells

Synthetic oligonucleotides containing repetitive TTAGGG motifs mimic the immunosuppressive activity of telomeric DNA. These suppressive oligonucleotides (Sup ODN) are effective in the treatment/prevention of various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in mice. The therapeutic activity of Sup ODN was originally attributed to the inhibition of Th1 cell activation. Current results indicate that Sup ODN also promote the maturation of naive CD4+ T cells into Th17 effectors. The generation of Th17 cells is linked to the prolonged activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 mediated by suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) inhibition. In vivo studies show that treatment with Sup ODN promotes Th17 responsiveness under physiological conditions, increasing host resistance to Candida albicans infection. These findings support the development of Sup ODN to suppress pathological inflammatory conditions and improve host resistance to fungal pathogens.
Real-time constraints in a rapid prototyping language

Abstract This paper presents real-time constraints of a prototyping language and some mechanisms for handling these constraints in rapidly prototyping embedded systems. Rapid prototyping of embedded systems can be accomplished using a Computer Aided Prototyping System (CAPS) and its associated Prototyping Language (PSDL) to aid the designer in handling hard real-time constraints. The language models time critical operations with maximum execution times, maximum response times and minimum periods. The mechanisms for expressing timing constraints in PSDL are described along with their meanings relative to a series of hardware models which include multi-processor configurations. We also describe a language construct for specifying the policies governing real-time behavior under overload conditions.
Composite memory variables for viscoelastic synthetic seismograms

Summary By rearranging terms in the viscoelastic wave equations for the standard linear solid, new composite memory variables are defined. Instead of having one memory variable for compressional relaxation and one for each of the six independent components of quasi-shear stress relaxation, as in the standard relaxation mechanism formulation, the new grouping contains only one for each displacement response component. Thus, only two (rather than three) memory variables are required for 2-D computations, and only three (rather than seven) are required for 3-D computations. The amount of computation is not changed as the new formulation is equivalent to the standard one, but there is a significant saving in computer memory.
Short Reversal of the Palaeomagnetic Field about 280 000 Years Ago at Long Valley, California

A reversal of the palaeomagnetic field is recorded in exposed lake sediments at Long Valley and Mono Basin in east-central California. The reversal is estimated to be several thousand years long and 280 000 years old. The chronology is based on correlation of volcanic ash beds at Long Valley and Mono Basin with ones at Summer Lake, Oregon, and correlation of ash beds at Summer Lake with ash beds in a core at Tulelake, California, where age control is provided by tephrochronology and magnetostratigraphy.
Modeling of Land Movement due to Groundwater Pumping from an Aquifer System with Stress-Dependent Storage

Discharge of subsurface fluids (water, oil and gas) causes land subsidence and earth fissures. Numerical simulation of land movement due to groundwater withdrawal from an aquifer system has been conducted in this paper. A hyperbolic stress-strain relation has been introduced, which leads to a stress- dependent specific storage coefficient and further to a nonlinear flow equation. Three secondary physical laws and a bulk flow relation have been invoked to develop a new module that is incorporated into the parent code MODFLOW. A conceptual model for an aquifer system with a well has been established. Three-dimensional land movement due to discharge has been simulated using both linear and nonlinear models. The results indicate that land movement using a linear model can be likely overestimated when compared to that using a nonlinear model. This conclusion is consistent with the stress-dependent specific storage coefficient derived in this paper. The numerical simulation demonstrates that a hyperbolic model may provide better prediction than an exponential model, another nonlinear model previously applied. Sensitivity analysis of parameters indicates that the hydraulic diffusivity plays a significant role in response to land movement while pumping.
Amelanotic Melanoma in a New Zealand White Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

A 3.5-year-old intact male double-transgenic New Zealand white rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), apoA-I and LCAT (apolipoprotein and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase), was presented with a discrete, raised facial mass (0.5 × 1.0 × 1.0 cm). The mass was surgically excised, with reoccurrence to the same site 88 days later. A second surgical excision was performed, and the rabbit died 3 weeks later from respiratory distress. At necropsy, multiple varying-sized masses were observed in the ventral mandibular region and throughout the lungs, pleura, and diaphragm. On histopathology, the masses were composed of moderately anisocytotic and anisokaryotic polygonal to spindloid cells with moderate finely granular, lightly eosinophilic cytoplasm, having round to oval nuclei with one to several nucleoli and finely stippled chromatin. Mitotic figures were frequent. Lymphatic and venous invasion were noted with neoplastic cells metastasized to the submandibular lymph nodes, lungs, liver, and adventitial surface of th...
Sexual Harassment Isn't Always the Issue Appellate Courts and Other Factors That Contribute to a Hostile Work Environment

Discrimination has long been established by the United States Supreme Court to be unconstitutional and illegal. Although the term hostile work environment is not specifically mentioned in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (CRA), it has been most synonymous with claims of sexual harassment. Have the courts expanded the hostile work environment legal theory to include other protected classes in the CRA? This article analyzes and discusses recent appellate court cases with a claim of hostile work environment with the basis of some action other than sexual harassment. We explain why the courts, in the majority of cases, did not rule in favor of those who claimed hostile work environment, and then we summarize factors the courts used to determine their rulings. In addition, we provide suggestions to both employees and employers.
Chronic Dermatosis and Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Beagle Dog

Chronic dermatosis developed in sparsely-haired, lightly pigmented, ventral body skin in 397 of 1 680 beagle dogs by the time the dogs were 5'12 years old. Twenty-six of 55 other beagles had developed such lesions by 12 years of age. Squamous cell carcinomas developed in the sites of dermatosis in eight of the 397 younger and five of the 26 older beagles. The lesions resembled solar keratosis (solar dermatosis, actinic dermatosis or senile keratosis) in man. They developed under cir- cumstances suggesting that solar radiation is involved in the pathogenesis, as it is in man. Chronic dermatosis and keratosis occur in human skin inadequately protected from prolonged exposure to sunlight. The changes progress to invasive carcinoma often enough to be considered precancerous (7). Chronic inflammatory and prolif- erative lesions also occur in the skin of dogs, but with the exception of nasal solar dermatitis, neither location nor circumstances of development have implicated chronic solar radiation as a cause, and carcinoma is not a sequel (13). This report deals with the development of inflammatory and proliferative lesions in nonpig- mented and sparsely-haired abdominal, inguinal, preputial, and scrota1 skin of beagles. The circumstances suggest that solar radiation is involved in the pathologic processes. Further, invasive squamous cell carcinomas have developed frequently enough in the abdominal, inguinal, and preputial sites of chronic dermatosis to indicate that the preexisting changes are precancerous and that this change may be considered a canine counterpart of human actinic dermatosis and subsequent neoplasia.
Coronavirus replication and pathogenesis: Implications for the recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and the challenge for vaccine development

A novel coronavirus has been recently identified as the causative agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak that has accounted for more than 8000 infected people worldwide. This review will discuss current knowledge on coronavirus replication, pathogenesis, evolution, and vaccine strategies, as well as the most recent findings on SARS coronavirus.
Exercise Training Prevents Arterial Baroreflex Dysfunction in Rats Treated With Central Angiotensin II

Angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced arterial baroreflex dysfunction is associated with superoxide generation in the brain. Exercise training (EX) improves baroreflex function and decreases oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases linked to elevated central Ang II. The aim of this study was to determine whether previous EX prevents baroreflex impairment caused by central administration of exogenous Ang II via an Ang II-superoxide mechanism. Four groups of rats were used: non-EX artificial cerebrospinal fluid infused, non-EX Ang II infused, EX artificial cerebrospinal fluid infused, and EX Ang II infused. Rats were treadmill trained for 3 to 4 weeks and subjected to intracerebroventricular infusion of Ang II over the last 3 days of EX. Twenty-four hours after the end of EX, the arterial baroreflex was assessed in anesthetized rats. Compared with non-EX artificial cerebrospinal fluid-infused rats, Ang II significantly decreased baroreflex sensitivity (maximum gain: 3.0+/-0.2% of maximum per millimeter of mercury versus 1.6+/-0.1% of maximum per millimeter of mercury; P<0.01), which was abolished by acute intracerebroventricular infusion of the Ang II type 1 receptor antagonist losartan and the reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase inhibitor apocynin. EX prevented the decrease in baroreflex sensitivity and downregulated Ang II type 1 receptor and NADPH oxidase subunit protein expression in the paraventricular nucleus of Ang II-infused rats. Finally, EX decreased superoxide production in the paraventricular nucleus of Ang II-infused rats. These results indicate that EX improves arterial baroreflex function in conditions of high brain Ang II, which is mediated by the central Ang II type 1 receptor and associated with a reduction in central oxidative stress.
Athletic scholarships in intercollegiate football.

Despite the financial and cultural importance of intercollegiate athletics in the United States, there is a paucity of research into how athletic scholarships are awarded. In this article, the authors empirically examine the factors that universities use in their decision to offer athletic scholarships to high school football players. Using a Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial (ZINB) model, the authors find a player’s weight, height, body mass index (BMI), race, speed, on-the-field performance, and his high school team’s success often have large and significant impacts on the number of scholarship offers he receives. There is also evidence of a negative relationship between academic performance and scholarship offers. In addition, the authors find evidence of a scholarship premium for players from Florida and Texas. The results also show that running backs, wide receivers, and defensive backs appear to generate the most attention from college football coaches, other things equal.
Performance of FRAX in a cohort of community-dwelling, ambulatory older men: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study

We evaluated performance of FRAX in older men who participated in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. FRAX has been extensively studied in women, but there are few studies of its performance in men. FRAX estimates for 10-year hip fracture and major osteoporotic fracture (MOF; either hip, clinical spine, forearm, or shoulder) were calculated from data obtained from MrOS participants and compared to observed 10-year fracture cumulative incidence calculated using product limit estimate methods, accounting for competing mortality risk. Five thousand eight hundred ninety-one men were followed for an average of 8.4 years. Without bone mineral density (BMD) in the FRAX model, the mean 10-year predicted fracture probabilities for hip and MOF were 3.5 % and 8.9 %, respectively; addition of BMD to the calculations reduced these estimates to 2.3 % and 7.6 %. Using FRAX without BMD, predicted quintile probabilities closely estimated cumulative incidence of hip fracture (range of observed to predicted ratios 0.9–1.1). However, with BMD in the FRAX calculation, observed to predicted hip fracture probabilities were not close to unity and varied markedly across quintiles of predicted probability. For MOF, FRAX without BMD overestimated observed cumulative incidence (range of observed to predicted ratios 0.7–0.9) and addition of BMD did not improve this discrepancy (range of observed to predicted ratios 0.7–1.1). Addition of BMD to the calculation had mixed effects on the discriminatory performance of FRAX, depending on the analysis tool applied. Among this cohort of community-dwelling older men, the FRAX risk calculator without BMD was well calibrated to hip fracture but less well to MOF.
Development and birthdates of vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactive neurons in the chick proventriculus.

To gain insight into the mechanisms regulating expression of transmitter phenotypes in the enteric nervous system, we have studied the development and birthdate of vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactive (VIP-IR) myenteric neurons in the chicken proventriculus (secretory portion of the avian stomach) by a combination of immunocytochemistry and radioautography. The appearance and numbers of VIP-IR neurons in whole mounts of the myenteric plexus from chick embryos and chickens were examined. We found that VIP-IR neurons first appeared at embryonic day (E) 5.5–6.5 in the distal part of the proventriculus. At E7.5, VIP-IR neurons were found singly, in pairs, or in small groups, which together with unlabeled cells formed primitive myenteric ganglia. VIP-IR fibers were found within the developing fiber tracts which connected the ganglia. The number of VIP-IR neurons was found to be maximum in the E15.5 embryo and to decline to 68% of maximum in the 4 week old chicken. Birthdate studies were performed by application of either single pulses or cumulative doses of [3H]-thymidine to embryos between E3 and E14. Whole mounts of the myenteric plexus from the proventriculus of these embryos were immunostained for VIP at E10 or E17. The whole mounts were subsequently sectioned and processed for radioautography. We found that VIP-IR myenteric neurons were born between E3 and E10 with a peak at E7. Most cells underwent terminal division between E5 and E9. These data will be useful in determining the time and conditions when cells make decisions about transmitter phenotypes. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Commemoration Amid Criticism: The Mixed Legacy of Urban Renewal in Southwest Washington, D.C:

This case study of the postwar rebuilding of Southwest Washington, D.C., examines the long-term experience of one urban renewal project, from conception, planning, and design, through the construction and occupation of its new built environment. Southwest was one of the earliest, largest, and most comprehensive and varied Title I redevelopment projects in the country. A close look at its built environment demonstrates significant outcomes in terms of building and landscape design, overall neighborhood planning, and accompanying demographic changes. Existing work on Southwest and its postwar peers duly illustrates the racial injustice and physical and social loss that urban renewal produced. This article expands and supplements these narratives with parallel stories of enduring residential structures amid commercial failures, and new community formation where another had been torn apart. The result is a mixed physical and social legacy for urban renewal that has attracted both criticism and commemoration.
Differential energy distributions in nonthermal systems: Model calculations and applications to 18F‐for‐F nuclear recoil substitutions in CH3CF3

A general method has been developed for the determination of the differential energy distribution in nonthermally activated reacting systems. A series of known distributions and kinetic models has been used to test this method and to determine its efficacy. Application was then made to the kinetic data of energetic CH3CF218F formed by the substitution of F by 18F produced by nuclear recoil. The distribution obtained for this activated CH3CF218F is seen to be highly energetic with a median energy of 137.6 kcal mol−1 and with 33.1% of the molecules possessing energy in excess of 171 kcal mol−1. The shape of the calculated distribution suggests that there are two mechanisms for the formation of CH3CF218F from CH3CF3 and 18F, as well as that 62 kcal mol−1 is a lower limit to the kinetic energy needed by the 18F atom for this substitution to take place.
Throughput optimisation in sensor network-aided cognitive radio

One of the biggest challenges in cognitive radio CR network is to maximise the throughput of the secondary user while keeping the interference to the primary under the interference threshold. Efficient spectrum sensing along with transmit power control can achieve this conflicting goal. In this paper, we propose a sensor network aided cognitive radio system which will reduce the missed detection and reduce the interference. We investigate the performance of various sensing and power allocation schemes for an OFDM-based cognitive radio system. We formulate an optimisation problem to design the optimal sensing time and transmit power. Mathematical analysis shows that interference between primary and secondary in OFDM-based system depends on spectral distance. Results show that distance dependent modified water filling DDMWF scheme can achieve the highest data rate for the cognitive radio based secondary user and then the optimal sensing time can be designed to maximise the throughput.
Enhanced thermoelectric properties of p-type nanostructured PbTe–MTe (M = Cd, Hg) materials

We investigated the effect of Cd and Hg substitution on the thermoelectric properties of p-type PbTe–x% CdTe and PbTe–x% HgTe (1 ≤ x ≤ 5) doped with Na2Te. Both ingot samples and spark plasma sintered (SPS) samples were studied and the properties are compared. We present detailed structural, spectroscopic and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data, and transport properties of both cast ingot and SPS samples. The SPS processed samples with HgTe as the second phase show better thermoelectric properties than those with CdTe mainly because of more effective phonon scattering. The SPS process gives significantly lower lattice thermal conductivity for the p-type PbTe–HgTe system than the cast ingot. The same effect is not observed in the p-type PbTe–CdTe system. A maximum ZT of ∼1.64 at ∼770 K is achieved for the p-type PbTe–2% HgTe–1% Na2Te SPS sample. TEM studies reveal the formation of nanostructures whose number density generally increases with increasing concentrations of CdTe and HgTe as the second phase. Meso-scale grain boundaries along with nanostructured precipitates in the SPS samples play an important role in significantly reducing the lattice thermal conductivity compared to cast ingot in the case of p-type PbTe–HgTe.
In Situ Measurement of Variable Fluorescence Transients

Chlorophyll variable fluorescence provides considerable insight into the photosynthetic physiology of plants and algae, in particular the structure and function of Photosystem II (PSII). A longstanding method for measuring variable fluorescence relies on the addition of DCMU, an herbicide, which blocks electron flow through PSII and eliminates photochemistry as a quencher of fluorescence (Malkin and Kok 1966; Trebst 1980). When the photochemical pathway is blocked by DCMU a sample’s fluorescence yield F is greater than when it is not blocked, and this variable fluorescence difference between F measured before and after the addition of DCMU is a valuable indicator of photochemistry in photosynthetic organisms. Unfortunately the DCMU method is not well suited for use in the field. It is possible to measure variable fluorescence using DCMU on discrete or continuous samples of natural phytoplankton assemblages (e.g., Cullen and Renger 1979; Roy and Legendre 1979; Vincent 1981) but it is difficult to do so in situ under the ambient light and nutrient conditions that phytoplankton experience in the natural environment.
Magnitude of Finite‐Nucleus‐Size Effects in Relativistic Density Functional Computations of Indirect NMR Nuclear Spin–Spin Coupling Constants

A spherical Gaussian nuclear charge distribution model has been implemented for spin-free (scalar) and two-component (spin-orbit) relativistic density functional calculations of indirect NMR nuclear spin-spin coupling (J-coupling) constants. The finite nuclear volume effects on the hyperfine integrals are quite pronounced and as a consequence they noticeably alter coupling constants involving heavy NMR nuclei such as W, Pt, Hg, Tl, and Pb. Typically, the isotropic J-couplings are reduced in magnitude by about 10 to 15 % for couplings between one of the heaviest NMR nuclei and a light atomic ligand, and even more so for couplings between two heavy atoms. For a subset of the systems studied, viz. the Hg atom, Hg(2) (2+), and Tl--X where X=Br, I, the basis set convergence of the hyperfine integrals and the coupling constants was monitored. For the Hg atom, numerical and basis set calculations of the electron density and the 1s and 6s orbital hyperfine integrals are directly compared. The coupling anisotropies of TlBr and TlI increase by about 2 % due to finite-nucleus effects.
Phenothiazines: Equal concentrations in lipid bilayers do not induce equal response

Abstract Perturbation of the order-disorder transition in dipalmitoyl-lecithin bilayer by a series of phenothiazines is measured by differential scanning calorimetry. The membrane concentrations of the various phenothiazines required to induce equal response (i.e., broadening of the phase transition profile) vary over a one hundred-fold concentration range, and correlate well (r = 0.97 for 38 compounds) with the total drug concentration that induces equal response.
Quantitative model for TMR and spin-transfer torque in MTJ devices

We present a Non-Equilibrium Green's Function (NEGF)-based model for spin torque transfer (STT) devices which provides qualitative as well as quantitative agreement with experimentally measured (1) differential resistances, (2) Magnetoresistance (MR), (3) In-plane torque (τ ∥ ) and (4) out-of-plane torque (τ ⊥ ) over a range of bias voltages, using a single set of three adjustable parameters. We believe our model is able to cover this diverse range of experiments.
The Impact of Antitakeover Devices on the Valuation Consequences of Voluntary Corporate Selloffs

This study reveals that there are valuation differences in the announcement effects among firms engaged in interfirm asset sales. Even though, in the aggregate, these selloffs result in significant increases in share prices, there is a group of firms that experience no significant increases in shareholder wealth. These are firms that have adopted antitake-over devices prior to announcing corporate selloffs. For these firms, public perception about management's intention has been altered to the extent that the selloffs are interpreted as a way to consolidate the antitakeover position of the management.
An Integrated Multiport Power Converter With Small Capacitance Requirement for Switched Reluctance Motor Drive

This paper presents an integrated multiport converter with capacitance reduction for a switched reluctance machine (SRM). The conventional drive for the SRM is based on an asymmetrical H-bridge which needs large capacitor on the dc bus to absorb the transient energy caused by current commutation. The proposed topology consists of a multiport converter which introduces the dc bus capacitor as an extra port in addition to the input port and is integrated based on the switch multiplexing technique. With such a converter, the required capacitance can be reduced significantly by allowing an increase of the voltage ripple on the dc bus. In addition, the current commutation process can be accelerated with the high-voltage dc bus because the dc bus voltage is adjustable. The requirement of capacitance in an asymmetrical H-bridge and the proposed topology is analyzed in detail. The corresponding control method for the presented converter is introduced briefly as well. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink and experimental waveforms verified the feasibility of the proposed topology and its superior performance as compared with the asymmetrical H-bridge converter.
Dynamic impacts of income and the exchange rate on US tourism, 1960–2011

This paper examines the short-run and long-run impacts of income and exchange rates on US exports and imports of tourism to improve understanding of the dynamic determinants of the US tourism trade balance. Using the bounds testing to cointegration procedure and data for the period 1960–2011, the paper finds that in the long run both US exports and imports of tourism are highly responsive to changes in real income, implying that the relative growth of foreign to domestic income is the key determinant of the US tourism trade balance. The real exchange rate is found to be a significant long-run factor affecting that balance. This finding indicates that an appreciation (depreciation) of US dollars deteriorates (improves) the US tourism trade balance. In the short run, income tends to have a significant impact on US exports and imports of tourism.
Ontology, Recognition, and Politics: A Reply

Antonio V.zquez-Arroyo argues that, in treating recognition at the level of "ontology" rather than "epistemology," Bound by Recognition misses the opportunity to grasp the historically specific relations of power, privilege, and inequality that characterize the contemporary world. He sees promising possibilities in my treatment of the politics of Jewish emancipation; but, he says, I fail to extend that chapter's line of argument to such phenomena as the "management of politicized identities" by contemporary liberal states, especially the United States, in which the official recognition of difference takes place against the background of, and often serves to reinforce, racial, imperial, and capitalist orders. This is a surprising objection, since that is just the sort of analysis I took myself to be performing-though by no means completing-in the last full chapter of the book. There, in light of what I had learned about the state in studying German-Jewish politics in the nineteenth century, I argued that the discourse of liberal multiculturalism in contemporary North America and Europe leverages gains for excluded and marginalized groups by indulging the demands of states (and their normative citizens) for recognition of their sovereignty, now understood in terms of the capacity to observe, manage, and contain difference, rather than the capacity to secure cultural homogeneity; and that in so doing it
TFA and the magical thinking of the “best and the brightest”

This article draws on oral history testimonies to examine the experiences of participants in the inaugural 1990 cohort of Teach For America (TFA)—a group of young people dubbed the “best and brightest” of their generation and tasked with “saving” urban education. For 25 years, TFA has operated according to the principle of the “best and brightest,” in which it is assumed that participants’ personal qualities and prior academic achievement can stand in for deep professional knowledge and experience. Yet as our data show, the presumptions—that any “smart” person should be able to pick up teaching by doing it, that there is no specialized knowledge needed in order to teach, and that “outsiders” with little knowledge of a school community and its families can “swoop in” and “rescue” underserved students—ultimately set up and demoralized the participants with whom we spoke when they could not live up to such unrealistic expectations. Through participants’ words and experiences, framed in historical context, we raise questions about the myth of the “best and brightest,” the theory of action promoted by TFA, and what it takes to teach in urban classrooms.
Vortioxetine for major depressive disorder: An indirect comparison with duloxetine, escitalopram, levomilnacipran, sertraline, venlafaxine, and vilazodone, using number needed to treat, number needed to harm, and likelihood to be helped or harmed.

Abstract Background Vortioxetine is approved for the treatment of major depressive disorder and differs from other antidepressants in terms of its pharmacodynamic profile. Given the limited number of head-to-head studies comparing vortioxetine with other antidepressants, indirect comparisons using effect sizes observed in other trials can be helpful to discern potential differences in clinical outcomes. Methods Data sources were the clinical trial reports for the pivotal short-term double-blind trials for vortioxetine and from publicly available sources for the pivotal short-term double-blind trials for two commonly used generic serotonin specific reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (sertraline, escitalopram), two commonly used generic serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (venlafaxine, duloxetine), and two recently introduced branded antidepressants (vilazodone, levomilnacipran). Response was the efficacy outcome of interest, defined as a≥50% reduction from baseline on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale or Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. The tolerability outcome of interest was discontinuation because of an adverse event. Number needed to treat (NNT) and number needed to harm (NNH) for these outcomes vs. placebo were calculated, as well as likelihood to be helped or harmed (LHH) to contrast efficacy vs. tolerability. Results The analysis included 8 studies for duloxetine, 3 studies for escitalopram, 5 studies for levomilnacipran, 1 study for sertraline, 4 studies for venlafaxine, 2 studies for vilazodone, and 11 studies for vortioxetine. NNTs for response vs. placebo were 6 (95% CI 5–8), 7 (5–11), 10 (8–16), 6 (4-13), 6 (5-9), 8 (6–16), and 9 (7–11), respectively. NNHs for discontinuation because of an adverse event vs. placebo were 25 (17–51), 31 (19–92), 19 (14–27), 7 (5-12), 8 (7–11), 27 (15–104), and 43 (28–91), respectively. LHH values contrasting response vs. discontinuation because of an adverse event were 4.3, 4.6, 1.8, 1.2, 1.4, 3.3, and 5.1 respectively. Limitations: Subjects were all participants in carefully designed and executed clinical trials and may not necessarily reflect patients in clinical settings who may have complex psychiatric and non-psychiatric comorbidities. The measured outcomes come from different studies and thus comparisons are indirect. Conclusions Vortioxetine demonstrates similar efficacy to that observed for duloxetine, escitalopram, levomilnacipran, sertraline, venlafaxine, and vilazodone, however overall tolerability as measured by discontinuation because of an adverse event differs. Vortioxetine is 5.1 times more likely to be associated with response than discontinuation because of an adverse event when compared to placebo.
A dying child.

Dying children have special needs related to their age and stage of development. Family physicians are sometimes asked to care for children at home or in hospital in the final days of life. Working with families and other caregivers, family physicians are well placed to care for dying children.
How Does Law Rule? Plato on Habit, Political Education, and Legislation

Not only does Plato’s Laws present likely the most thorough defense of the rule of law in the annals of political thought, it also contains a comprehensive teaching on how the steady rule of law works. I strive to illuminate Plato’s important explanation of the functioning of law by interpreting his thoughts on the relationship between written law, on the one hand, and unwritten law—which includes primarily habits—on the other. My essay analyzes several related themes from Plato’s Laws, such as the reason why good habits are elemental to the rule of law; the role of habituation in and for political education; and the use of play and public entertainment in the process of habituation. Finally, the essay concludes by considering how Plato’s teaching in the Laws can strengthen our understanding of how law rules.
The Airy Transform

(1979). The Airy Transform. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 86, No. 4, pp. 271-277.
Roberto Adolfo Chodasiewicz: A Polish Soldier of Fortune in the Paraguayan War*

Well protected by fortifications of their famed cuadrilatero, Paraguayan soldiers surely exclaimed in wonder as they looked toward Brazilian lines on June 24, 1867. There, rising slowly in a hazy wintry sky, was a captive balloon held by two strong ascension ropes. An observer with a good spyglass could have seen in the basket two men who gazed intently at the Paraguayan positions. The aeronauts were James Allen of Rhode Island and Sergeant Major Roberto Adolfo Chodasiewicz, a Polish military engineer and cartographer. This first ascension by the smaller of two balloons proved that the brothers James and Ezra Allen, with the aid of Chodasiewicz, could succeed where a Frenchman, P. L. D. Doyen, had failed on December 14, 1866.
Analysis of Salmonella serotype among healthy population in Fuzhou City from 2009-2012

[Objective]To understand the serotype constitution and alteration of Salmonella among healthy population in Fuzhou City,provide the basis for the prevention of food poisoning caused by Salmonella. [Method] The bacteriological examination among healthy population were carried out,the serotypes of Salmonella isolated were detected and the constitution and alteration of bacterial type from 2009-2012 were analyzed. [Results]There were 4 serogroups and 26 serotypes of Salmonella from 2009-2012,B and C group were the main serogroups. The difference of constituent ratio of B and C group in different years were not statistically significant( P 0. 05),the major epidemic flora did not change form 2009-2012. Among 26 serotypes,S. braenderup,S. derby and S. enteritidis accounted for a larger proportion,which were 14. 08%,12. 68% and 8. 45% respectively. [Conclusion]The distribution of Salmonella serotypes of healthy population in Fuzhou City from 2009-2012 is wide,and the major epidemic flora are consistently B and C group each year except for slightly differences in serotypes. The distribution of Salmonella flora changes by years, which non-dominant flora can become dominant flora. The monitoring of salmonella flora changes should be strengthened,in order to prevent the outbreak of food poisoning caused by salmonella dominant flora.
Improved FCM algorithm based on PSO and SFLA

The traditional fuzzy clustering algorithm is sensitive to the initial point and easy to fall into local optimum.In order to overcome these flaws,an improved Fuzzy C-Mean(FCM) algorithm which combines the Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO) algorithm and Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm(SFLA) was proposed.Through designing a new search granularity factor,it could take advantage of the fast convergence speed,strong local search ability of PSO and strong global search capability,ability to jump of local optimum of SFLA,making the integration of PSO and SFLA better.At the same time,the update algorithm of SFLA was improved.The experimental results show that this method improves the search capability and the clustering performance of fuzzy clustering algorithm,and it has the advantages in the global search ability escaping from local optimum capacity,and convergence speed.
The Three Temporal Heads of the Chinese Dragon: Facing Past, Present and Future Simultaneously

This paper is an exploratory application of the Temporal Orientation Horizon Matrix (TOHM) as proposed by Lane and Kaufman (1993) to the current consumer situation in mainland China. The study is based on data gathered primarily from observation, discussions with native Chinese business people, visits to key geographic and museum sites and historical and current readings. Past, present and future orientations with their extended, intermediate and immediate components are used as the basis for analysis.
Estimating Trade Misinvoicing from Bilateral Trade Statistics: The Devil is in the Details

Trade misinvoicing, an important channel of illicit financial flows, is frequently estimated by the partner-country trade data comparison method. However, this method relies on a critical but incorrect assumption that the trade statistics in partner countries exhibit no misinvoicing. This study proves that the assumption of no misinvoicing in partner countries cannot be supported, raising serious doubts about the reliability of the method and a possibility that inappropriate policy decisions may be made based on the erroneous estimates of trade misinvoicing. We introduce an alternative method to estimate trade misinvoicing which does not rely on the trade statistics of partner countries.
How Did the U.S. Government Look at Islam after 9/11?

On February 23, 1998, Osama bin Laden and other leaders of the World Islamic Front issued a statement calling on “every Muslim who believes in Allah and wishes to be rewarded to comply with Allah’ s order to kill the Americans.”1 Drawing on shari’ a authorities and Koranic verses throughout this statement, bin Laden presented Islam as the foundation for the violent attacks to be carried out three years later on American soil.
Biochemical Mechanisms and Control of Cold-Induced Cellular Thermogenesis in Placental Mammals

The generation of heat is a crucial physiological function, and the internal factors that control this generation are modulated by the animal’s external environment and its genome. Although mammals have developed different tactics for coping with cold (e.g., hibernation, acclimatization, torpor), most — at some point in their life — respond to cold by increasing their heat production. This chapter will focus on current views as to the control and the mechanisms underlying such increases, with an emphasis on nonshivering pathways and recent studies. Additional details on specific aspects of this topic can be found in several recent publications (referenced in the text) and two books: Mammalian Thermogenesis (Girardier and Stock 1983) and Brown Adipose Tissue (Trayhurn and Nicholls 1986).
Inside Irredentism: A Global Empirical Analysis

Although many countries have ethnic kin on the “wrong side” of their borders, few seek to annex foreign territories on the basis of ethnicity. This article examines why some states pursue irredentism, whereas others exhibit restraint. It focuses on the triadic structure of the kin group in the irredentist state, its coethnic enclave, and the host state, and provides new data on all actual and potential irredentist cases from 1946 to 2014. The results indicate that irredentism is more likely when the kin group is near economic parity with other groups in its own state, which results in status inconsistency and engenders grievances. It is also more likely in more ethnically homogeneous countries with winner-take-all majoritarian systems where the kin group does not need to moderate its policy to win elections by attracting other groups. These conditions generate both the grievance and opportunity for kin groups to pursue irredentism.
Further insight into the role of KAN1 , a member of KANADI transcription factor family in rice

The rice EMS-derived mutant leaf adaxialized 1 (lad1) was isolated based on its upward rolling leaf phenotype. Besides the adaxially rolled leaf, many other agronomic traits were also compromised in lad1. The rolling trait was characterized by a noticeable alteration of bulliform cells in the adaxial side of the leaves. Map-based cloning showed a single nucleotide substitution in the promoter region of the KAN1 gene in lad1 mutant. Further, over-expressing and CRISPR/cas9-edited knockdown transgenic plants confirmed that KAN1 was responsible for the mutant phenotype of lad1. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay demonstrated that KAN1 can interact with the auxin response factors ARF3, ARF7 and ARF15. Physiologically, the contents of auxin (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA) and gibberellin (GA) were all significantly increased in the lad1 mutant. Moreover, the GA3 content dramatically decrease in wild-type, but increased in lad1 under IAA induction. Additionally, the expression levels of several IAA and GA biosynthesis and responsive-related genes and genes involved in leaf polarity determination were altered in lad1. Therefore, we hypothesized that KAN1/ARFs protein complexes act as auxin-dependent regulatory units that play a conserved role in leaf development.
RETENTION OF PROTONS BY GRAPHITE

An investigation of some of the interactions of the hydrogen–graphite system has been carried out. The results of previous investigators have been confirmed and extended. It has been found that it is possible to cause massive graphite to take up hydrogen if the graphite is made the cathode in a glow discharge. The amount of hydrogen taken up is a function of the temperature as is the rate of evolution of hydrogen from hydrogen impregnated graphite. The activation energy for the movement of hydrogen through graphite has been found to be 13 kcal. The proton bombardment associated with the discharge causes graphite to sputter. No systematic study of the sputtering has been undertaken, but it has been observed that the sputtered carbon readily combines with hydrogen to form simple hydrocarbons. Attempts have been made to ascertain if the hydrogen driven into the graphite forms a lamellar compound. No permanent change in the electrical properties of graphite has been detected and magnetic resonance studies indicate that the hydrogen is not present in its atomic state. However, these results are not conclusive evidence against the formation of a lamellar compound.
Deaf-Blindness and Communication: Practical Knowledge and Strategies:

This article reviews interventions for helping children who are deaf-blind acquire and use communication skills. It focuses on children whose hearing and vision loss are so great that traditional m...