cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reasoning with doubly uncertain soft constraints

We describe the basic ideas of the theory of approximate reasoning and indicate how it provides a framework for representing human sourced soft information. We discuss how to translate linguistic knowledge into formal representations using generalized constraints. We consider the inference process within the theory of approximate reasoning and introduce the entailment principle and describe its centrality to this inference process. Next we introduce the idea of doubly uncertain statements such as John's friend is young. In these statements there exists uncertainty both with respect to value of the age, young, and the object associated with the age, John's friend. We suggest a method for representing these complex statements and investigate the problem of making inferences about specific objects.
Neurological Deficits after Epidural Steroid Injection: Time Course, Differential Diagnoses, Management, and Prognosis Suggested by Review of Case Reports

Background. Neurological deficits after epidural steroid injection (ESI) are rare but occur despite meticulous technique. Some neurologic deficits reverse spontaneously, others reverse only with timely interventions, and some are permanent. Etiologies vary. Objectives. Assess the immediate diagnostic and treatment steps to undertake when a patient experiences a severe neurologic deficit so that the best neurologic recovery can be obtained. Design. The literature was systematically reviewed for case reports and case series describing neurologic deficit after ESI. Outcome Measures. From these reports, the mechanism, temporal onset, permanence or reversibility of the deficit, and assessment and management were recorded and analyzed. Results. Thirty-three cases of neurological deficits were identified: 19 permanent deficits and 14 reversible. Infarction was significantly associated with permanent deficits (P ≤ 0.008) and presented just after injection (P ≤ 0.03), compared with “noninfarct” groups. Temporal onset of differential diagnoses (subdural and intrathecal injection, hematoma, and vascular punctures) overlap. When deficits did not resolve consistent with inadvertent subdural/intrathecal injection, timely initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should be carried out to diagnose mass lesions, which have an optimal 8-hour window for effective surgical intervention. Mass lesions have an excellent prognosis for recovery (83%) compared with infarctions (9%) (P ≤ 0.005). Conclusions. Faced with deficits after ESI that do not resolve, the physician will need access to MRI, or similar radiographic studies, and subsequent neurosurgical consultation and facilities if MRI results indicate a decompressible lesion. Respiratory insufficiency with quadriplegia and loss of consciousness can occur, and in the worst of scenarios, the physician would also need the capability to ventilate the patient.
Beyond the urban gradient: barriers and opportunities for timely studies of urbanization effects on aquatic ecosystems

Many studies have shown that streams degrade in response to urbanization in the watershed. These studies often are based on use of biotic and abiotic variables to measure stream health across a gradient of land cover/land use. The results of these studies can be applied to other urban systems, but often fail to provide a mechanistic understanding of the urban impact, in part, because of the nature of the experimental design. We analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of using environmental gradient studies to further understanding of urban stream systems. We also evaluated alternative experimental design approaches, including best management practice monitoring, long-term watershed studies, paired- watershed studies, and before-after control-impact studies, which could be used to complement the gradient approach. We illustrate these theoretical discussions with an urban paired-watershed case study in the Etowah watershed in northern Georgia. Our goal is to move experimental designs in a direction that will further our mechanistic understanding of the effects of existing urbanization on aquatic ecosystems and will provide opportunities to evaluate stream responses to environmentally sensitive urban land cover.
On the fidelity of shell-derived δ18Oseawater estimates

article i nfo 18 Oseawater,a robustproxyforsurfacesalinity.We assessthe fidelity of shell-derived δ 18 Oseawater estimates for the surface-dwelling foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber (white) using an Atlantic meridional coretop transect spanning basin-scale temperature and salinity gradients. Shell-derived and observed δ 18 Oseawater values are well correlated (r 2 =0.77), but a large systematic bias is observed. Shell Mg/Ca ratios are significantly elevated above values expected from observed and isotopic calcification temperatures in the saline subtropical gyres of both hemispheres. This temperature-independent shell Mg/Ca ratio variability, termed "excess Mg/Ca" ,i s highly correlated with surface salinity (r 2 =0.77), and the observed salinity dependence (27±4%) is much higher than indicated by culture studies (6±2%). Our coretop data are used to develop new Atlantic Basin temperature and salinity calibration equations that are accurate (±1.1 °C and ±0.20, respectively), precise (r 2 =0.82 and 0.81, respectively), and verifiable using previously published data. These results are valid for the relatively high salinities of the subtropical Atlantic (35.5-37.3). We discover that inclusion of other published data from lower salinity regions (b35) indicates little or no excess Mg/Ca. Taken together, these results point to a strongly non-linear, positive salinity effect on shell Mg/Ca ratios that significantly affects the accuracy of SST and δ 18
Plasma Peak and Trough Gentamicin Concentrations in Hospitalized Horses Receiving Intravenously Administered Gentamicin

Background Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antimicrobial commonly used in horses at 6.6 mg/kg IV once daily. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) can confirm desired peak concentration is reached for common bacterial isolates, and detect toxicosis associated with high trough values. Objectives Determine the relationship between gentamicin dose and plasma concentration in hospitalized horses, and identify a starting dose range to achieve peaks > 32 μg/mL. Animals Sixty-five horses (2002–2010) receiving once-daily gentamicin with TDM performed (N = 99 sets). Methods Retrospective study. Data from hospitalized horses including weight, dose, plasma peak, and trough gentamicin concentration, creatinine concentrations and presence of focal or systemic disease were collected from medical records. Peak concentrations measured 25–35 minutes after administration were included (N = 77). Data were divided into low ( 9.7 mg/kg) dose groups, and were grouped by the horse having focal or systemic disease. Results Peak concentrations resulting from doses ≥7.7 mg/kg were 5.74 μg/mL (SE 2.1 μg/mL) greater than peaks from doses 32 μg/mL if dose was ≥7.7 mg/kg (P = .04). There were no significant effects of dose on trough or creatinine concentration. At a given dose, horses with focal disease had higher peaks than those with systemic disease (P = .039). Conclusions and Clinical Importance These data suggest gentamicin dosage should be individually determined in horses using TDM, but support an initial once-daily dose of 7.7–9.7 mg/kg IV to achieve peaks >32 μg/mL and trough concentrations 6.6 mg/kg are required.
Using ACM DL paper metadata as an auxiliary source for building educational collections

Some digital libraries harvest metadata records from multiple content providers to build their collections. However, the quality and quantity of such metadata records are limited by what is harvested. To ensure collection growth, and to expand the scope beyond just what can be harvested, additional content acquisition methods are needed. Accordingly, we discuss how the Ensemble project (a pathway effort in the NSDL) is broadening its collection with the help of machine learning. Since Ensemble aims to aid computing education, we make use of ACM Digital Library records as a resource to help with transfer learning. We have built classifiers that can identify if a potential additional resource is about computing education. We approached this as a cross-domain text classification problem and developed suitable methods for feature extraction and bootstrapping for classifier training. Our experiments on three datasets of computing education metadata records show our approach can enhance the quality and quantity of records being added to Ensemble.
Practical approaches for validating a construction simulation

This paper presents three methods implemented in the activity-based construction modeling and simulation (ABC) system for validating a construction simulation. The first method reports a simulation experiment in the chronological order so that the user can examine the operating sequence of the model. The second method provides the summary information of total operating counts and mean durations of all activities in the model so that the user can evaluate whether all activities have been correctly executed during simulation. The third method produces the cyclic report of a selected resource entity so that the user can examine whether the entity is moving in the correct logical and chronological order during simulation. The three methods can effectively assist the user in debugging a simulation model so as to assure that the simulation is correctly conducted. A road paving process is employed to illustrate these methods.
Cognitive architectures: Research issues and challenges

In this paper, we examine the motivations for research on cognitive architectures and review some candidates that have been explored in the literature. After this, we consider the capabilities that a cognitive architecture should support, some properties that it should exhibit related to representation, organization, performance, and learning, and some criteria for evaluating such architectures at the systems level. In closing, we discuss some open issues that should drive future research in this important area.
Feasibility of reirradiation of recurrent sinonasal carcinoma in the periorbital region using hypofractionated image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy.

Background. Recurrent periorbital tumors pose management challenges because they are often unresectable and chemorefractory. Proximity to critical structures renders reirradiation difficult. With image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IG-IMRT), real-time corrections to patient setup are possible, enabling significant shrinkage of planning target volume margins and safe dose escalation with hypofrac- tionation. Here, we present our experience with hypofractio- nated IG-IMRT in a patient with multiply recurrent sinonasal carcinomas in the periorbital region. Methods. The patient is a 67-year-old woman with sino- nasal carcinoma, treated with surgery and 2 prior courses of high-dose radiotherapy. She developed a second tumor recur- rence in the right lateral orbit, which was reirradiated using hypofractionated IG-IMRT (24 Gy in 3 fractions). Results. Near-complete resolution of her ocular symptoms was observed at 4 months. Progress scans demonstrated a decrease in size of the orbital lesion. Conclusion. Preliminary results of reirradiation using hypofractionated IG-IMRT suggest that it is safe and effective. V
Feedback Combustion Control using Chemi-ionization Current 1

The present work demonstrates feasibility of feedback combustion control using a chemiionization current sensor placed in the combustion product flow. The experiments have been conducted in a small-scale combustor followed by a M=3 nozzle. Two electrodes placed in a supersonic flow downstream of the combustor, with a voltage bias applied to them, have been used to measure chemi-ionization current in the flow. Results of previous chemi-ionization current and flame emission measurements demonstrated that the current can be used as a flame indicator. The present experiments show that in lean fuel-oxidizer mixtures, the current is nearly proportional to the equivalence ratio. Chemi-ionization current signal from the combustion product flow have been used for feedback combustion control, to maintain the equivalence ratio in the combustor at the desired level and adjust it, if necessary. In particular, chemi-ionization current was used to control an actuator valve in the fuel delivery line and to vary the fuel mass flow rate. This approach has also been used to counter external perturbations used to deliberately change the equivalence ratio in the combustor. The results suggest that the present method can be used to operate a combustor at fuel lean conditions and to prevent flame extinction by increasing the fuel flow rate before the blow-off occurs. This approach can be used to develop a simple and straightforward combustion control technique.
DAVID: Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery

The distributed nature of biological knowledge poses a major challenge to the interpretation of genome-scale datasets, including those derived from microarray and proteomic studies. This report describes DAVID, a web-accessible program that integrates functional genomic annotations with intuitive graphical summaries. Lists of gene or protein identifiers are rapidly annotated and summarized according to shared categorical data for Gene Ontology, protein domain, and biochemical pathway membership. DAVID assists in the interpretation of genome-scale datasets by facilitating the transition from data collection to biological meaning.
Intracellular acidosis: Can it delay the inevitable?

The relationships between extracellular pH (pHo), intracellular pH (pHi), and loss of cell viability were evaluated in cultured rat hepatocytes after ATP depletion by metabolic inhibition with KCN and iodoacetate (chemical hypoxia). pHi was measured in single cells by ratio imaging of 2′, 7′ -biscarboxy-ethyl-5, 6-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) fluorescence using multiparameter digitized video microscopy. During chemical hypoxia at pHo of 7.4, pHi decreased from 7.36 to 6.33 within 10 min. pHi remained at 6.1–6.5 for 30–40 min. (plateau phase). Thereafter, pHi began to rise and cell death ensued within minutes, as evidenced by nuclear staining with propidium iodide and coincident leakage of BCECF from the cytoplasm. An acidic pHo produced a slightly greater drop in pHf, prolonged the plateau phase of intracellular acidosis, and delayed the onset of cell death. Inhibition of Na+/H+ exchange also prolonged the plateau phase and delayed cell death. In contrast, monensin or substitution of gluconate for Cl− in buffer containing HCO3− abolished the pH gradient across the plasma membrane and shortened cell survival. The results indicate that intracellular acidosis after ATP depletion delays the onset of cell death, whereas reduction of the degree of acidosis accelerates cell killing. We conclude that intracellular acidosis protects against hepatocellular death from ATP depletion, a phenomenon that may represent a protective adaptation against hypoxic and ischemic stress.
The Constraining Power of International Treaties: Theory and Methods

Serious researchers in political science are finally beginning to take international legal agreements as worthy of sustained and rigorous analysis. Within the last several years, a growing group of scholars is making progress toward understanding the extent to which international law—‐and most specifically, the highly public and legal form of commitment represented in treaties—‐can actually shape the decisions governments make as well as broader outcomes of normative concern. The theory these studies draw on is becoming more refined: increasingly scholars are willing to analyze international legal agreements as a specific kind of commitment device. Treaties are the mostformal“language”governmentshavetofocusthe expectations of individuals, firms, and other states that they seriously intend to keep their word in a particular policy area. Treaties enhance the reputational effects thatmayinhereingeneralpolicydeclarations,precisely because they link performance to a broader principle that underlies the entire edifice of international law: pacta sunt servanda—‐treaties are to be observed. By choosing to become a treaty party, governments ante up a greater reputational stake than would otherwise be the case. Estimatingtreatyeffectsisnosimplething,however. Despite terrific progress in supplementing case studies with quantitative models that test the generality of the claim that legal commitments matter, the evidentiary hurdles and methodological issues are highly contested. The most common worry is that treaty effects are merely reflections of underlying state preferences
CLE genes may act in a variety of tissues/cells and involve other signaling cascades in addition to CLV3-WUS-like pathways

CLE, which is the term for the CLV3/ESR-related gene family, is thought to participate in CLAVATA3-WUSCHEL (CLV3-WUS) and CLV3-WUS-like signaling pathways to regulate meristem activity in plant. Although some CLE genes are expressed in meristems, many CLE genes appear to express in a variety of tissues/cells. Here we report that CLE14 and CLE20 express in various specific tissues/cells outside the shoot/root apical meristem (SAM/RAM), including in highly differentiated cells, and at different developmental stages. Over-expressing CLE14 or CLE20 also causes multiple phenotypes, which is consistent with its expression pattern in Arabidopsis. These results suggest that CLE genes may play multiple roles and involve other signaling cascades in addition to the CLV3-WUS and CLV3-WUS-like pathways.
Regulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 expression and activity by microRNA 491-3p.

The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A enzymes are involved in the phase II metabolism of many important endogenous and exogenous compounds. The nine UGT1A isoforms exhibit high interindividual differences in expression, but their epigenetic regulation is not well understood. The purpose of the present study was to examine microRNA (miRNA) regulation of hepatic UGT1A enzymes and determine whether or not that regulation impacts enzymatic activity. In silico analysis identified miRNA 491-3p (miR-491-3p) as a potential regulator of the UGT1A gene family via binding to the shared UGT1A 3′-untranslated region common to all UGT1A enzymes. Transfection of miR-491-3p mimic into HuH-7 cells significantly repressed UGT1A1 ( P < 0.001), UGT1A3 ( P < 0.05), and UGT1A6 ( P < 0.05) mRNA levels. For UGT1A1, this repression correlated with significantly reduced metabolism of raloxifene into raloxifene-6-glucuronide (ral-6-gluc; P < 0.01) and raloxifene-4′-glucuronide (ral-4′-gluc; P < 0.01). In HuH-7 cells with repressed miR-491-3p expression, there was a significant increase (∼80%; P < 0.01) in UGT1A1 mRNA and a corresponding increase in glucuronidation of raloxifene into ral-6-gluc (50%; P < 0.05) and ral-4′-gluc (22%; P < 0.01). Knockdown of endogenous miR-491-3p in HepG2 cells did not significantly alter UGT1A1 mRNA levels but did increase the formation of ral-6-gluc (50%; P < 0.05) and ral-4′-gluc (34%; P < 0.001). A significant inverse correlation between miR-491-3p expression and both UGT1A3 ( P < 0.05) and UGT1A6 ( P < 0.01) mRNA levels was observed in a panel of normal human liver specimens, with a significant ( P < 0.05) increase in UGT1A3 and UGT1A6 mRNA levels observed in miR-491-3p nonexpressing versus expressing liver specimens. These results suggest that miR-491-3p is an important factor in regulating the expression of UGT1A enzymes in vivo.
Value-Driven Health Care: Proceed With Caution

Given the context of continually increasing health care expenditures, value-driven health care is a concept that is gaining attention. Optimizing quality and efficiency provides greatest value, and aligning financial incentives through, for example, pay-for-performance programs, is a strategy growing in popularity. Such programs lack evidence of effectiveness for improving health outcomes and may have the potential limitations of opportunity costs and further disenfranchisement of vulnerable populations. However our current health care system is unsustainable, and fundamental reform is indicated. Financial incentives may prove to be an effective strategy for improving quality and efficiency and deserve exploration, but pay-for-performance programs warrant further evaluation, with attention directed to identify and respond to any adverse unintended effects of these programs.
Fifty Years of Tobacco Control: Is the Glass Half Full or Half Empty?

While there is a great deal to celebrate, there is still a great amount of death, disability, and cost associated with the ongoing tobacco epidemic in our nation and throughout the world.
The effects of land-use characteristics and acid sensitivity on the ecological status of Maryland coastal plain streams

A 2-year study was conducted to evaluate the ecological status of 12 acid-sensitive and 12 non-acid-sensitive Maryland coastal plain streams during the spring, summer, and fall of 1992 to 1993. An index of biotic integrity (IBI) for fish, chemical parameters, and physical habitat conditions were evaluated in these streams. Correlations of land-use activities (forested streams vs agricultural dominated streams) and watershed size were identified in the coastal plain streams with biological, chemical, and physical conditions. These data were also used to determine if a poor IBI for coastal plain stream fish can be related to stream sensitivity from acidic inputs. Physical habitat was more important than water quality in determining IBI values for the 2-year period. Acid sensitivity was also important in influencing the IBI but the influence of acid sensitivity was overshadowed by physical habitat. When variation in physical habitat was accounted for among sites, the IBI in nonacid-sensitive streams was higher than in acid-sensitive streams. Initial results demonstrated that IBI values were higher in agricultural dominated streams when compared to forested streams. Consideration of only two dominant land-use types caused oversimplification of these results because urban land use (often associated with negative effects) was positively correlated with forestedmore » streams and negatively correlated with agricultural streams.« less
NITROGEN CYCLING IN A FOREST STREAM DETERMINED BY A 15N TRACER ADDITION

Nitrogen uptake and cycling was examined using a six-week tracer addition of 15N-labeled ammonium in early spring in Walker Branch, a first-order deciduous forest stream in eastern Tennessee. Prior to the 15N addition, standing stocks of N were determined for the major biomass compartments. During and after the addition, 15N was measured in water and in dominant biomass compartments upstream and at several locations downstream. Residence time of ammonium in stream water (5–6 min) and ammonium uptake lengths (23–27 m) were short and relatively constant during the addition. Uptake rates of NH4 were more variable, ranging from 22 to 37 μg N·m−2·min−1 and varying directly with changes in streamwater ammonium concentration (2.7–6.7 μg/L). The highest rates of ammonium uptake per unit area were by the liverwort Porella pinnata, decomposing leaves, and fine benthic organic matter (FBOM), although epilithon had the highest N uptake per unit biomass N. Nitrification rates and nitrate uptake lengths and rates were ...
Fluidically Tunable Frequency Selective/Phase Shifting Surfaces for High-Power Microwave Applications

We examine fluidically tunable periodic structures acting as highly-selective frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) or spatial phase shifters (SPSs) capable of providing phase shifts in the range of 0°-360°. These devices are multi-layer periodic structures composed of non-rePsonant unit cells. The tuning mechanism is based on integrating small, movable liquid metal droplets with the unit cells of the periodic structure. By moving these liquid metal droplets by small distances within the unit cell, the structure's frequency response can be tuned continuously. Using this technique, a fluidically tunable FSS with a fifth-order bandpass response is designed and its tuning performance is examined for various incidence angles and polarizations of the incident EM wave. Additionally, electronically tunable counterparts of the same structure are also designed and their tuning performances are examined under short-duration high-power excitation conditions. It is demonstrated that such electronically tunable FSSs/PSSs demonstrate extremely nonlinear responses. Since the fluidically tunable structure examined in this work does not use any nonlinear devices, its response is expected to remain linear for such short-duration high-power excitation conditions. The tuning performances of these fluidically tunable periodic structures are also experimentally demonstrated by fabricating three prototypes and characterizing their responses in a waveguide environment.
Purification and Properties of Xylitol Dehydrogenase from the Xylose-Fermenting Yeast Candida shehatae

Xylitol dehydrogenase (EC1.1.1.9) from xylose-grown cells ofCandida shehatae was purified 215-fold by sequential chromatography on NAD-C8 affinity, Superose-12, and Cibacron blue columns, and a single band was observed by SDS gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme had a native molecular weight of 82 kDa and a denatured molecular weight of 40 kDa following SDS gel electrophoresis, indicating that it was composed of two subunits. Alcohol dehydrogenase copurified on the NAD-C8 but was substantially removed by Superose-12 and was not detected following Cibacron blue chromatography. The kinetic properties of the C.shehatae xylitol dehydrogenase differed considerably from those described previously for thePachysolen tannophilus enzyme. The Km of the C.shehatae enzyme for xylitol was 3.8 times smaller, whereas the Km for xylulose was 1.7-fold bigger. These factors could account for the lower xylitol production by C.shehatae.
Certifying, Optimizing Compilation

In practice it is well-known that it is usually easier to check a proof than to generate one. Together with George Necula, I have made use of this idea to develop a mechanism that allows a host computer system to safely execute programs that are provided by an untrusted source. There are many examples of systems where a desire such a capability arises, including extensible operating systems, web servers, and run-time systems. In our approach, called Proof-Carrying Code, or simply PCC, the designer of the host system first makes a formal definition of a safety policy. Then, a programmer who wants to execute a program on the host system must provide the program in a special form that contains, addition to the native code, a formal proof of that the code adheres to the safety policy. The host can easily validate the proof using standard proof-checking techniques. If the validation succeeds, the code is guaranteed to respect the safety policy.
An endocrine hypothesis of brain aging and studies on brain-endocrine correlations and monosynaptic neurophysiology during aging.

As many papers in this symposium indicate, there is rapidly growing evidence that alterations in the neural regulation of endocrine functions may play a major role in mammalian aging. In particular, there seems to be a somewhat selective age-dependent deterioration of dopaminergic transmitter systems in rodents (Finch, 1973; Simpkins, Mueller, Huang and Meites, 1977) and in humans (Carlsson, this volume). Additionally, there is now some evidence that reduced dopaminergic presynaptic function is associated with reduced postsynaptic dopamine receptors in at least some systems (Severinson and Finch, unpublished; Finch, this volume). The major role which dopamine seems to play in certain well-established age-dependent syndromes, such as parkinsonism in humans (Carlsson, this volume; Barbeau, this volume) or cessation of ovarian cycling in rats (Clemens, this volume; Clemens and Bennett, 1977), as well as the apparent significance of hypothalamic dopaminergic mechanisms in endocrine regulation (reviewed in Reichlin, 1974; Schally, Arimura and Kastin, 1973; Blackwell and Guillemin, 1973), lends significant support to the view that neuroendocrine deregulation could be a critical factor in the mammalian aging process.
Carrie Smith and Lisa Stead, eds. The Boundaries of the Literary Archive: Reclamation and Representation. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2013. xv, 210 p. ISBN 978-1409443223. $104.95

In the past 15 years, literary and textual scholars have been pushing the boundaries of literary and personal paper archives to find new modes of scholarship, whether it be reclaiming authors previously considered “unworthy” of scholarly study or using textual criticism and the materiality of the book/manuscript to discuss how a scholar pieces together different types of material and information to formulate their argument. These new assertions highlight that the literary archive is neither neatly defined nor should it be a fixed form of study. Instead, the contributors to this wonderfully articulated collection argue for flexibility both in the archive . . .
Copyright Exceptions and Statutory Diversity: The WIPO Study of Exceptions for Libraries and Archives

The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) set in motion in 2004 an examination of limitations and exceptions to the rights of copyright owners. The effort came to a transition point in November of 2008, at a meeting of the WIPO Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights, with formal presentations of four studies that had been commissioned by WIPO. One of those studies, conducted and presented by the author of this paper, was a survey of statutory exceptions applicable to libraries and archives in the copyright acts from countries throughout the world. The principal objective of the study was to provide an overview of the nature and diversity of statutory provisions in the copyright laws of the 184 countries that are members of the World Intellectual Property Organization. The library exceptions also offer a meaningful example for understanding the important role that exceptions play in the structure of copyright law. They further exemplify the difficulty of crafting exceptions in a legal environment that is greatly influenced by competing interests and historical and cultural forces.This paper is revised from that report and was prepared for publication in the Proceedings of the Annual Congress of the International Association for the Advancement of Teaching and Research in Intellectual Property. The conference was held in Munich, Germany in July 2008.
Confounding and effect modification: distribution and measure

This paper revisits the properties of and relationships between confounding and effect modification. The topic has of course received attention in the past (Miettinen, 1974; Greenland and Morgenstern, 1989; Geng and Li, 2002; Sturmer et al., 2006; Rothman et al., 2008). Here, I would like to revisit it in light of insights that can be drawn from the causal inference literature and also with an eye towards a further distinction that can be drawn concerning how these two epidemiologic concepts relate both to overall distributions and to specific measures. The paper describes how both confounding and effect modification may be defined so as to make reference to an entire distribution of potential outcomes or so as to reference a specific measure. The paper then also considers (i) the conditionality of both concepts, (ii) the relation of both concepts to study design, (iii) that both concepts are properties of the population, (iv) that both concepts are relative with respect to exposure and the outcome, (v) implications that hold between confounding and effect modification and (vi) the relation of both concepts to statistical models. The paper concludes by discussing a few points concerning how relations between confounding and effect modification, as they relate to both distribution and measure, are relevant for data analysis and interpretation.
Parotid Gland Secretion Rate as Method for Measuring Response to Gustatory Stimuli in Humans.

SummaryParotid gland secretion rate was employed for measuring human response to gustatory stimuli. Flow rate had a linear relationship to logarithm of frequency of stimulation (swabs/min). Increasing concentration of gustatory stimuli resulted in increased rates of secretion. The response was linear throughout for sucrose and quinine, but with citric acid and sodium chloride it was linear only with lower concentrations. Mathematical expression of relationship between glandular secretion rate and frequency of stimulation permitted calculation of maximal response and reflex equilibrium constants for the various stimuli employed. Results indicated that at least 3 different gustato-salivary reflex pathways were involved.
Sensitivity analyses for parametric causal mediation effect estimation

Causal mediation analysis uses a potential outcomes framework to estimate the direct effect of an exposure on an outcome and its indirect effect through an intermediate variable (or mediator). Causal interpretations of these effects typically rely on sequential ignorability. Because this assumption is not empirically testable, it is important to conduct sensitivity analyses. Sensitivity analyses so far offered for this situation have either focused on the case where the outcome follows a linear model or involve nonparametric or semiparametric models. We propose alternative approaches that are suitable for responses following generalized linear models. The first approach uses a Gaussian copula model involving latent versions of the mediator and the final outcome. The second approach uses a so-called hybrid causal-observational model that extends the association model for the final outcome, providing a novel sensitivity parameter. These models, while still assuming a randomized exposure, allow for unobserved (as well as observed) mediator-outcome confounders that are not affected by exposure. The methods are applied to data from a study of the effect of mother education on dental caries in adolescence.
AB0737 The resting state and task based functional magnetic resonance imaging study in non-neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus

Objectives To find evidence for occult cerebral functional damage resides prior to clinical symptoms by using resting state and task based functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) in systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) patients without neuropsychological symptoms. Methods 41 non-neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus(non-NPSLE) patients and 28 similar control participants were enrolled, performed paced visual serial addition test (PVSAT), and performed both resting state and PVSAT task based fMRI scanning. Data were processed and analysed by SPM8 software package, resting state data were post processed with method called regional homogeneity (ReHo). Difference of ReHo values between patients and controls were compared by independent t test. The activated brain areas of PVASAT tasks were compared in SPM8, and functional connectivity of these areas were tested in resting state data. Results During resting state, compared to the controls, non-NPSLE subjects displayed significantly decreased ReHo values in multiple areas including the bilateral posterior lobes of the cerebellum (predominantly in crus I and II of the neocerebellum), the vermis, left inferior frontal gyrus, left precuneus, right limbic lobe and cingulate gyrus; ReHo was increased in bilateral cuneus and in the calcarine gyrus Both groups had no significant difference in PVSAT test. In PVSAT task based fMRI, in control subjects, the activations were situated in left superior and inferior parietal lobe, and left inferior frontal gyrus. While for non-NPSLE patients, significantly extended activations were found in left hemisphere in superior and inferior parietal lobe, superior, middle and inferior frontal gyrus. Brain areas activated in healthy controls were selected as regions of interest (ROIs) to test for the functional connectivity strength between patients and controls. Compared with controls, non-NPSLE patients exhibited a significantly higher magnitude of connectivity strength between areas activated during working memory task. Conclusions During resting state, non-NPSLE patients exhibited alteration of major areas of default mode network; while significantly expanded areas of activation in task based fMRI, both resutls demonstrated that cerebral damage existed prior to the presentation of any neuropsychological symptoms. Disclosure of Interest None Declared
HO + CO reaction rates and H/D kinetic isotope effects: master equation models with ab initio SCTST rate constants.

Ab initio microcanonical rate constants were computed using Semi-Classical Transition State Theory (SCTST) and used in two master equation formulations (1D, depending on active energy with centrifugal corrections, and 2D, depending on total energy and angular momentum) to compute temperature-dependent rate constants for the title reactions using a potential energy surface obtained by sophisticated ab initio calculations. The 2D master equation was used at the P = 0 and P = ∞ limits, while the 1D master equation with centrifugal corrections and an empirical energy transfer parameter could be used over the entire pressure range. Rate constants were computed for 75 K ≤ T ≤ 2500 K and 0 ≤ [He] ≤ 1023 cm–3. For all temperatures and pressures important for combustion and for the terrestrial atmosphere, the agreement with the experimental rate constants is very good, but at very high pressures and T ≤ 200 K, the theoretical rate constants are significantly smaller than the experimental values. This effect is pos...
Seismic Processing and the Computer Revolution(s)

Computers have played an essential and ever growing roll in seismic processing since the 1950s (Roth, 2004). In the last twenty five years we’ve seen the shift from main frames to massively parallel machines(Biondi and Moorhead, 1992) to shared memory systems(Smith, 1997) to clusters (Mosher et al., 1996) to GPUs (Liu et al., 2009; Micikevicius, 2009). There has also been experiments along the way with FPGAs (Nemeth et al., 2008; Fu et al., 2009), Xeon Phis (Zhebel et al., 2013), and even gaming devices (Bednar and Bednar, 2007). While we’ve been successful in taking advantage of ever increasing compute power in imaging, other areas of seismic processing have not been as successful in taking advantage of the changing architecture.
Feasibility of application of bispectral index to titrate Sevoflurane anesthesia in intracranial operations

[Objective] To assess the feasibility of using bispectral index (BIS) to guide Sevoflurane anesthesia in intracranial operations. [Methods] Forty ASA Ⅰ~Ⅱpatients were randomly assigned to two groups. After an induction of midazolam 0.1 mg/kg, propofol 2 mg/kg and fentanyl 4 μg/kg, laryngoscopy and intubation were facilitated within travenous vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg, and anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane. In control groups, the anesthesiologists were blinded to BIS value, and the volatile anesthetics were administered according to physicians' clinical experience. In BIS-titrated groups, the volatile anesthetics were titrated to maintain the BIS value at about (55±5). [Results] During the maintenance period, the MAP in BIS-titrated groups was higher than that in control groups, while MAP fluctuation was greater in control groups than that in BIS-titrated groups. The requirements of volatile anesthetics were lower in BIS-titrated groups than those in control group. [Conclusions] BIS can not only predict the sedative effect of Sevoflurane, but also titrate Sevoflurane anesthesia.
Underwater Networks with Limited Mobility: Algorithms, Systems, and Experiments

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Related Work Decentralized Control Algorithm General System Architecture and Design Application-Specific Architecture and Design Experiments and Results Conclusions References
Synthesis, Characterization, and Low Temperature Transport Properties of Eu11-xYbxCd6Sb12 Solid-Solution Zintl Phases.

Eu11–xYbxCd6Sb12 Zintl solid solutions have been prepared by tin flux reaction by employing the elements Eu/Yb/Cd/Sb/Sn in the ratio 11 – xp:xp:6:12:30, where xp is an integer less than 11 representing the preparative amount of Eu (11 – xp) and Yb (xp). Efforts to make the Yb compositions for x exceeding ∼3 resulted in structures other than the Sr11Cd6Sb12 structure type. The crystal structures and compositions were determined by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction and wavelength-dispersive X-ray analysis measurements. The title solid-solution Zintl compounds crystallize in the centrosymmetric monoclinic space group C2/m (no. 12, Z = 2) as the Sr11Cd6Sb12 structure type (Pearson symbol mC58), and the lattice parameters decrease with increasing ytterbium content. Single crystal X-ray diffraction shows that Yb atoms are not randomly distributed in the Eu sites but have a site preference which can be attributed to size effects. The influence of the rare earth (RE) metal sites on thermal and electroni...
Hydride & dihydrogen complexes of earth abundant metals: structure, reactivity, and applications to catalysis

Recent developments in the chemistry of hydride and dihydrogen complexes of iron, cobalt, and nickel are summarized. Applications in homogeneous catalysis are emphasized.
Targeted Sentiment to Understand Student Comments

We address the task of targeted sentiment as a means of understanding the sentiment that students hold toward courses and instructors, as expressed by students in their comments. We introduce a new dataset consisting of student comments annotated for targeted sentiment and describe a system that can both identify the courses and instructors mentioned in student comments, as well as label the students’ sentiment toward those entities. Through several comparative evaluations, we show that our system outperforms previous work on a similar task.
Nanosecond electric pulses modulate skeletal muscle calcium dynamics and contraction

Irreversible electroporation therapy is utilized to remove cancerous tissues thru the delivery of rapid (250Hz) and high voltage (V) (1,500V/cm) electric pulses across microsecond durations. Clinical research demonstrated that bipolar (BP) high voltage microsecond pulses opposed to monophasic waveforms relieve muscle contraction during electroporation treatment. Our group along with others discovered that nanosecond electric pulses (nsEP) can activate second messenger cascades, induce cytoskeletal rearrangement, and depending on the nsEP duration and frequency, initiate apoptotic pathways. Of high interest across in vivo and in vitro applications, is how nsEP affects muscle physiology, and if nuances exist in comparison to longer duration electroporation applications. To this end, we exposed mature skeletal muscle cells to monopolar (MP) and BP nsEP stimulation across a wide range of electric field amplitudes (1-20 kV/cm). From live confocal microscopy, we simultaneously monitored intracellular calcium dynamics along with nsEP-induced muscle movement on a single cell level. In addition, we also evaluated membrane permeability with Yo-PRO-1 and Propidium Iodide (PI) across various nsEP parameters. The results from our findings suggest that skeletal muscle calcium dynamics, and nsEP-induced contraction exhibit exclusive responses to both MP and BP nsEP exposure. Overall the results suggest in vivo nsEP application may elicit unique physiology and field applications compared to longer pulse duration electroporation.
Association of Sarcoidosis With Increased Risk of VTE: A Population-Based Study, 1976 to 2013

Objective The goal of this study was to investigate the risk of VTE among patients with sarcoidosis. Methods A cohort of 345 incident cases of sarcoidosis and 345 sex- and age-matched comparator subjects in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1976 to 2013 were identified from the comprehensive medical record linkage system. Medical records were reviewed for DVT and pulmonary embolism (PE). The cumulative incidence was estimated, adjusted for the competing risk of death. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare the rate of development of these events between patients with sarcoidosis and the nonsarcoidosis comparison cohort. Results The prevalence of VTE, DVT, and PE prior to the index date was not significantly different between case and comparator subjects. The risk of incident VTE adjusted for age, sex, and calendar year was significantly higher among patients with sarcoidosis (hazard ratio [HR], 3.04 [95% CI, 1.47-6.29]). Significantly elevated risk was observed in both subtypes of VTE, with an HR of 3.14 (95% CI, 1.32-7.48) for DVT and an HR of 4.29 (95% CI, 1.21-15.23) for PE. A sensitivity analysis including only VTE events that occurred at least 6 months after the index date adjusted for age, sex, and calendar year revealed somewhat lower HRs: VTE, 2.73 (95% CI, 1.30-5.72); DVT, 3.00 (95% CI, 1.25-7.20); and PE, 3.58 (95% CI, 0.98-13.03). Conclusions An increased risk of VTE among patients with sarcoidosis was observed in this population-based cohort.
Carbon dioxide trends in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere

We investigated trends of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the upper atmosphere, using data from the Atmosphere Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer and from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry. Recent analyses of these measurements had indicated that CO2 above approximately 90 km appeared to be increasing about twice as fast as it was in the lower atmosphere. Models could not reproduce this differential CO2 trend, calculating instead that the proportional CO2 increase is approximately constant with altitude. We found three issues with the methodologies used to derive trends from CO2 profiles: the way that seasonal changes and sampling are accounted for in the analysis, referred to as deseasonalizing; the registration of profiles in pressure versus altitude coordinates; and data quality indicators. Each of these can have significant effects on the derivation of trends. We applied several deseasonalizing procedures, using both pressure and altitude coordinates, also used a time series fit without deseasonalizing, and applied data quality filters. The derived trends were approximately constant with pressure or altitude, about 5.5% per decade, consistent with lower atmosphere CO2 trends, and consistent with model calculations. We conclude that the difference between the trend of CO2 above the CO2 homopause and the trend in the lower, well-mixed atmosphere is not statistically significant.
Repressed Memories: True and False

The author establishes via literature review that recovered repressed memories of abuse can be accurate. Skeptics have provided important data and cogent arguments, yet the more extreme skeptical assertions, that repression itself may not exist, and that corroborated cases of recovered repressed memory do not exist, are not justified. Although the author maintains that recovered repressed memories can be valid, false memories can also occur. The author questions whether uncorroborated repressed memory evidence should be considered sufficiently reliable for use in litigation and criminal matters.