cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minimax control in substate space of a system with process uncertainty

The control of a single input-single output plant with parameter uncertainty has been approached using a minimax technique. A linear time invariant controller results which requires only partial state feedback and is optimal in the sense that it minimizes a quadratic criterion involving tracking error, control, and parameter uncertainty. Bounded input-bounded output stability is guaranteed provided the transfer function has only left half plane zeros. If uncertainties are bounded, it is always possible to stabilize the system when sufficient control amplitude is available. The number of states required to generate the control is equal to the system order less the number of zeros.
Judgment of Facial Expression of Emotion in the Chimpanzee

Resume Apres un resume systematique et documente du grand nombre d'ecritures sur le jugement de l'expression faciale des emotions, l'auteur montre qu'a peu pres toute la grande quantite d'oeuvre experimentale dans ce champ s'est occupee du jugement humain de l'expression humaine. Le but de cette etude, cependant a ete l'investigation du jugement humain de l'expression faciale chez le chimpanze. On a employe six photographies qui representent les emotions de (1) quietude, (2) tristesse, (3) joie, (4) larmes, (5). colere, et (6) agitation, avec la permission speciale de N. Kohts, du Laboratoire de Zoopsychologie, Museum Darwinianum, Moscou, U. R. S. S. Les membres d'un groupe total de 127 etudiants (31 mǎles, 96 femelles) ont juge les photographies presentees en serie en choisissant l'emotion appropriee sur une liste mimeographiee de 16 emotions qu'on leur a donnee. Les resultats ont montre de grandes differences individuelles dans le jugement de chacune des six photographies, bien qu'on n'ait trouve nulles...
Sustained increase in ice discharge from the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica, from 1973 to 2013

We combine measurements of ice velocity from Landsat feature tracking and satellite radar interferometry, and ice thickness from existing compilations to document 41 years of mass flux from the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE) of West Antarctica. The total ice discharge has increased by 77% since 1973. Half of the increase occurred between 2003 and 2009. Grounding-line ice speeds of Pine Island Glacier stabilized between 2009 and 2013, following a decade of rapid acceleration, but that acceleration reached far inland and occurred at a rate faster than predicted by advective processes. Flow speeds across Thwaites Glacier increased rapidly after 2006, following a decade of near-stability, leading to a 33% increase in flux between 2006 and 2013. Haynes, Smith, Pope, and Kohler Glaciers all accelerated during the entire study period. The sustained increase in ice discharge is a possible indicator of the development of a marine ice sheet instability in this part of Antarctica. Key Points Sustained ASE mass flux increase: 77% since 1973 Thwaites accelerated by 33% during the last 6 years Speed changes are pervasive and rapid: major implications for ice flow modeling ©2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
Clergy views on evolution, creationism, science, and religion

Spurred by students who felt conflicted accepting evolution and the tenets of their faiths, yet knowing their faiths supported science and evolution, we began a study to determine the views clergy espouse on issues related to evolution, creationism, science, and religion. The resulting study included structured interviews with eight clergy and a religion professor, and a survey and questionnaire sent to each member of an organization made up of clergy. The data revealed a group who believed evolution and their religion to be compatible, that scripture was not meant to be understood literally, and who felt strongly that creationism did not belong in public school classrooms. The science education community may find in clergy an articulate ally in helping citizens to understand the contentious issues surrounding evolution and creationism. We share the insights that respondents provided on these issues and compared their views to those of teachers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 43: 419–442, 2006
In vitro effects of transcatheter injection on structure, cell viability, and cell metabolism in fibroblast-impregnated alginate microspheres.

PURPOSE: To determine if microsphere-encapsulated cell preparations can be delivered through a microcatheter without compromising microsphere structure, cell viability, or metabolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fibroblast-impregnated microspheres were fabricated by using 1.0% alginate and rabbit synovial fibroblasts. Fibroblast-impregnated alginate microspheres injected through microcatheters were analyzed in parallel with identical noninjected microspheres. The effects of transcatheter injection on structure and cell viability (percentage of viable cells per microsphere) were correlated with microsphere size. Structural effects were analyzed by using light microscopy, and 7-day percentage (ratio of live cells to dead cells) cell viability was assessed with confocal microscopy and fluorescent staining. In a second series of experiments, the metabolism of small microspheres was studied during a course of 7 days by using a spectrophotometric bioanalyzer. RESULTS: Transcatheter injection caused fracturing and/or...
Oclusión arterial aguda tras inyección de trombina ecoguiada de un pseudoaneurisma de cuello amplio en la arteria femoral común

La inyeccion de trombina guiada con ecografia (ITGE) ha irrumpido como la modalidad terapeutica de eleccion para los pseudoaneurismas que se desarrollan tras cateterismo de la arteria femoral. La ITGE es una tecnica que no entrana riesgos y proporciona resultados satisfactorios con pocas complicaciones. Entre los estudios publicados, rara vez se ha documentado trombosis de la arteria nativa despues de ITGE y, habitualmente, se ha atribuido a una inyeccion excesiva de trombina. Describimos un caso de trombosis de la arteria femoral que se produjo despues de ITGE de un pseudoaneurisma de 4 cm de diametro, con cuello corto y ancho, tratado satisfactoriamente mediante intervencion quirurgica. Es probable que el gran tamano del cuello de este pseudoaneurisma contribuyera al desarrollo de esta complicacion.
Development of the Cluster-size distribution in flowing suspensions

The work focuses on two objectives. First, it is to prove that the statistical model proposed by Cohen (1990, 1991), which is based on closed (or batch) systems, can be extended to open-flow systems, provided that the coagulation-breakup process is random. Second, it is to relate the theoretical predictions with the experimental data obtained from some open-flow experiments to demonstrate the co-existence of stochastic and orderly behaviors, as well as to quantitatively pinpoint and explore their regimes of manifestation
Comparing Simulated and Measured Soil Organic Carbon Content of Clay Soils for Time Periods Up to 60 Years

The Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator model (EPIC) was recently altered to include algorithms based upon concepts found in the Century model with the exception of a daily time step. We compared measured soil organic carbon (SOC) content values with simulated values to validate the new EPIC simulation model carbon sequestration routine. The simulations were based upon detailed soils data for three clay soils (Udic Haplusterts) and actual weather data recorded near the sample sites. Historical cropping systems for central Texas were simulated for a period of 120 years, the period from the original breaking of the native prairie sod to modern times. In addition, the effect of tilling the soil for 60 or more years and then returning the site to grass was simulated. Periods of restored grass were 6, 26, and 60 years. It was necessary to adjust a parameter, the fraction of humus in the passive pool, to make realistic simulations. Once adjusted, EPIC simulated the decline in SOC with agriculture well at all three sites in central Texas. EPIC also simulated the relative difference in SOC content occurring between continuously tilled sites and sites with restored grass well.
Analysis of insecticidal activity in transgenic plants carrying the ipt plant growth hormone gene

The expression of a bacterial cytokinin biosynthesis gene (PI-II-ipt) in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viviani plants has been correlated with enhanced resistance to Manduca sexta and Myzus persicae. We expressed the PI-II-ipt gene in N. tabacum and Lycopersicon esculentum and observed similar antifeedent effects with the transgenic tobacco but not tomato. A 30 to 50 % reduction in larval weight gain was observed with some of the tomato plants but these results could not be repeated consistently. Leaf surface extracts from transgenic N. plumbaginifolia leaves killed 100 % of M. sexta second instars at concentrations of 0.05 % (w/v) whereas the N. tabacum extracts were at least 20 times less active. Extract suspensions were stable for up to 2 days at ambient temperatures below 42 °C and for at least 3 months at 4 °C when stored in the dark. HPLC analysis of the N. plumbaginifolia extracts yielded an active fraction that reduced hatching of M. sexta eggs by 30 % and killed first, second and third instars within 24, 48 and 72 hours of exposure, respectively. The activity appears to be associated with oxygen-containing aliphatic compounds, possibly diterpenes, as analyzed by TLC, UV absorption and fragmentation with EIMS. Based on the partial characterization of this activity, the production, secretion or accumulation of secondary metabolites in leaves of cytokinin producing PI-II-ipt N. plumbagini-folia plants appears to be responsible for the observed insect resistance.
Contemporary outcomes after superficial femoral artery angioplasty and stenting: the influence of TASC classification and runoff score.

Objective A recent randomized trial suggested nitinol self-expanding stents (SES) were associated with reduced restenosis rates compared with simple percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). We evaluated our results with superficial femoral artery (SFA) SES to determine whether TransAtlantic InterSociety Consensus (TASC) classification, indication for intervention, patient risk factors, or Society of Vascular Surgery (SVS) runoff score correlated with patency and clinical outcome, and to evaluate if bare nitinol stents or expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) covered stent placement adversely impacts the tibial artery runoff. Methods A total of 109 consecutive SFA stenting procedures (95 patients) at two university-affiliated hospitals from 2003 to 2006 were identified. Medical records, angiographic, and noninvasive studies were reviewed in detail. Patient demographics and risk factors were recorded. Procedural angiograms were classified according to TASC Criteria (I-2000 and II-2007 versions) and SVS runoff scores were determined in every patient; primary, primary-assisted, secondary patency, and limb salvage rates were calculated. Cox proportional hazard model was used to determine if indication, TASC classification, runoff score, and comorbidities affected outcome. Results Seventy-one patients (65%) underwent SES for claudication and 38 patients (35%) for critical limb ischemia (CLI). Average treatment length was 15.7 cm, average runoff score was 4.6. Overall 36-month primary, primary-assisted, and secondary rates were 52%, 64%, and 59%, respectively. Limb salvage was 75% in CLI patients. No limbs were lost following interventions in claudicants (mean follow-up 16 months). In 24 patients with stent occlusion, 15 underwent endovascular revision, only five (33%) ultimately remained patent (15.8 months after reintervention). In contrast, all nine reinterventions for in-stent stenosis remained patent (17.8 months). Of 24 patients who underwent 37 endovascular revisions for either occlusion or stenosis, eight (35%) had worsening of their runoff score (4.1 to 6.4). By Cox proportional hazards analysis, hypertension (hazard ratio [HR] 0.35), TASC D lesions (HR 5.5), and runoff score > 5 (HR 2.6) significantly affected primary patency. Conclusions Self-expanding stents produce acceptable outcomes for treatment of SFA disease. Poorer patency rates are associated with TASC D lesions and poor initial runoff score; HTN was associated with improved patency rates. Stent occlusion and in-stent stenosis were not entirely benign; one-third of patients had deterioration of their tibial artery runoff. Future studies of SFA interventions need to stratify TASC classification and runoff score. Further evaluation of the long-term effects of SFA stenting on tibial runoff is needed.
Transformation of mammalian cells with genes from procaryotes and eucaryotes

Abstract We have stably transformed mammalian cells with precisely defined procaryotic and eucaryotic genes for which no selective criteria exist. The addition of a purified viral thymidine kinase (tk) gene to mouse cells lacking this enzyme results in the appearance of stable transformants which can be selected by their ability to grow in HAT. These biochemical transformants may represent a subpopulation of competent cells which are likely to integrate other unlinked genes at frequencies higher than the general population. Co-transformation experiments were therefore performed with the viral tk gene and bacteriophage ΦX174, plasmid pBR322 or the cloned chromosomal rabbit β-globin gene sequences. Tk + transformants were cloned and analyzed for co-transfer of additional DNA sequences by blot hybridization. In this manner, we have identified mouse cell lines which contain multiple copies of 4)X, pBR322 and the rabbit β-globin gene sequences. The ΦX co-transformants were studied in greatest detail. The frequency of co-transformation is high: 15 of 16 tk + transformants contain the ΦX sequences. Selective pressure was required to identify co-transformants. From one to more than fifty ΦX sequences are integrated into high molecular weight nuclear DNA isolated from independent clones. Analysis of subclones demonstrates that the ΦX genotype is stable through many generations in culture. This co-transformation system should allow the introduction and stable integration of virtually any defined gene into cultured cells. Ligation to either viral vectors or selectable biochemical markers is not required.
Prenatal ethanol exposure, generalized learning impairment, and medial prefrontal cortical deficits in rats.

Abstract Prenatal ethanol exposure may cause neurological damage and subsequent mental retardation in humans, with learning deficits similar to those following damage to the prefrontal cortex. This study examined cognitive dysfunction and cortical damage after prenatal exposure to ethanol using a chronic administration model. Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats received one of three diets during gestation: a liquid diet containing 35% ethanol-derived calories (ETOH), an isocaloric liquid diet (ISO), or standard chow (CHOW). Subjects were obtained from ETOH dams with blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) above 90 mg/dl and corresponding ISO and CHOW controls (one male pup/litter; n=6 pups/group). At approximately 90 days of age, subjects began training on a series of unique auditory discrimination problems using a successive go/no-go procedure. A criterion of 85% accuracy determined when a rat continued to the next problem. Subjects completed a varying number of problems within a 30-session limit, after which all rats were tested on a tone/click discrimination and reversal. Subjects were then sacrificed and neuronal number in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was estimated by the optical fractionator method. Prenatal ethanol exposure induced significant cell loss in the mPFC, which was associated with significantly impaired reversal learning. Poor performance by ETOH subjects on the tone/click reversal indicates a transfer of training deficit that may reflect failures of inhibitory control.
Long-term lumen depreciation behavior and failure modes of multi-die array LEDs

One of the main advantages of multi-die array light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is their high flux density. However, a challenge for using such a product in lighting fixture applications is the heat density and the need for thermal management to keep the junction temperatures of all the dies low for long-term reliable performance. Ten multi-die LED array samples for each product from four different manufacturers were subjected to lumen maintenance testing (as described in IES-LM-80-08), and their resulting lumen depreciation and failure modes were studied. The products were tested at the maximum case (or pin) temperature reported by the respective manufacturer by appropriately powering the LEDs. In addition, three samples for each product from two different manufacturers were subjected to rapid thermal cycling, and the resulting lumen depreciation and failure modes were studied. The results showed that the exponential lumen decay model using long-term lumen maintenance data as recommended in IES TM-21 does not fit for all package types. The failure of a string of dies and single die failure in a string were observed in some of the packages.
Surface-drag flow relations for zonal modeling

Abstract Zonal models, combining simple cell-to-cell viscous loss, jet momentum, and convective energy transport relations appear to model the larger features of room airflow and thermal distribution fairly well. The power-law viscous loss relations commonly used in these models, however, have little physical justification and fail, by orders of magnitude, to model the resistance offered to airflow in simple flow regimes. An alternative approach based on a surface-drag viscous loss mechanism is presented that mitigates the deficiencies of the power-law approach, provides a family of cell-to-cell flow relations that includes linear members, and appears to capture room airflow structure more faithfully near-surfaces.
Six-Gaussian representation of the angular-brightness distribution for solar radiation

Abstract The angular distribution of circumsolar radiation varies with changing atmosphere and influences the solar irradiance at the receiver of a concentrating system. In order to facilitate calculation of this irradiance, five typical sunshapes are chosen from the widest to the narrowest shape in the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory data and are approximated by a sum of 6 gaussian distributions. An effective sunshape can then be obtained by convolution with error-cone distributions that represent a statistical description of uncertainties encountered in an optical concentrating system. Convolution of circular-normal error cones first with the sum of gaussians and then with actual sunshape indicates good agreement whenever the error-cone dispersion is greater than 0.0012. Thus the analytic convolution can replace more costly (in time and computer storage) numerical calculation. A simple prescription indicates how each of the analytic representations may be transformed to approximate sunshapes appropriate for slightly different atmospheric conditions.
Ab initio study of diamond C(100) surfaces.

We use ab initio local-density-approximation methods to study the electronic and geometrical structure of the various C(100) surfaces. The calculated densities of states suggest that the surface states observed for the (2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) surface are attributable only to the clean C(100)(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1), not the C(100)(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1):H. The hypothetical C(100)(1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1):2H is found to be energetically unstable. The C(100)(3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1):1.33H is found to be favored over the C(100)(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1):H. H desorption energies are calculated.
Modulated-source Eötvös experiment at Little Goose Lock.

A Cu-Pb torsion balance placed next to a large lock on the Snake River permitted setting limits on the coupling constant for a possible intermediate-range material-dependent gravitational force. A 1.7 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{8}$-kg perturbing mass of water could be turned on or off within 12 min and had a well-known distribution. No evidence for a fifth force was observed. The experiment is primarily sensitive to isospin coupling, for which it yields limits on the intrinsic coupling coefficient ranging from ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}=(\ensuremath{-}2.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4.6)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ at $\ensuremath{\lambda}=10$ m to ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{0}=(\ensuremath{-}0.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ for $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\ge}200$ m.
An implementation of a Common Virtual Multipoint Interface in Linux

In highly dynamic airborne environments, per link information becomes crucial in effectively routing packets throughout the network. Point-to-point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) RFC4938/55781 describes an elegant way to standardize an interface to transmit per link information to the router to make educated routing decisions. These dynamically changing point-to-point links to the router pose an interesting challenge in defining interfaces in the router configuration and providing multicast/broadcast emulation. In this paper, we present an open-source, Linux implementation of a Common Virtual Multipoint Interface (CVMI). The CVMI aggregates multiple point-to-point interfaces into a virtual interface and provides multicast/broadcast emulation on these dynamically changing interfaces. We describe our implementation in detail and show how each link can be grouped to perform differently despite the homogeneous nature of PPP links and provide some basic performance evaluations to show functionality. 2
Biotypic Variation in a Worldwide Collection of Russian Wheat Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Eight isolates of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), from a worldwide collection were evaluated on resistant and susceptible barley, triticale, and wheat entries. Aphid population levels and damage ratings for leaf chlorosis, plant stunting, and leaf rolling were used to determine ifbiotypic variation occurs within this species. Overall, percentage leaf chlorosis was the best criterion for detecting biotypic variation in D. noxia on cereals; however, the differing mechanisms of resistance expressed by these cereals makes it important to consider other plant and insect factors. Each plant entry responded differently to the D. noxia isolates. Seven of the eight aphid isolates had unique virulence profiles across entries indicating a high degree ofbiotypic diversity. Moreover, isolates differed biotypically in countries where more than one isolate was collected (France and former USSR). An isolate from the former USSR was the most virulent, whereas an isolate from Turkey was the least virulent across all plant entries. Discriminant analysis showed that the U.S. isolate was most similar to a French isolate. The entries that performed best against the D. !loxia collection were the resistant triticales PI 386148 and PI 386156 and the resistant barley PI 366450. However, resistant plant germplasm will have geographical limits because of biotypic variation in D. noxia .
Water column structure during deposition of Middle Devonian–Lower Mississippian black and green/gray shales of the Illinois and Michigan Basins: a biomarker approach

Abstract The extractable organic matter of organic-rich black shales and associated organic-poor bioturbated green/gray shales of the Illinois and Michigan Basins of North America is analyzed to constrain the water column structure during their deposition. All black shale samples contain derivatives of the biomarker isorenieratene, a diaromatic carotenoid pigment produced exclusively by the brown strain of the green sulfur bacteria Chlorobiaceae. Chlorobiaceae are phototrophic organisms requiring euxinic (anoxic and sulfidic) conditions to survive, and the presence of isorenieratene derivatives indicates that the Middle Devonian–Early Mississippian epeiric seas of North America experienced bottom water euxinic conditions during black shale deposition. Analysis of green/gray shales also reveals the presence of isorenieratene derivatives, and in some cases isorenieratane. The highly bioturbated fabric of these sediments indicates the presence of oxygen in bottom waters during their deposition. Thus, we suggest that short-term shoaling of the oxycline across the basin slope may have occurred during their deposition, though they were deposited predominantly under an oxygenated water column (i.e. above the chemocline). Most green/gray shales contain three pseudohomologous series of branched alkanes with quaternary substituted carbon atoms (BAQCs), which are absent in black shale samples. Recent studies suggest that BAQCs are produced by benthic chemoautotrophs dwelling at the redox boundary separating anoxic sediments from moderately oxygenated waters. Comparison of the biomarker content (i.e. regular isoprenoid, BAQCs) between black and green/gray shales indicates different sources of organic matter, and suggests that phytoplanktonic productivity in the upper water column was enhanced during black shale deposition. The results of this study indicate that the alternation of green/gray and black shales in these basins results from the vertical fluctuations of the chemocline. These fluctuations seem to be driven by changes in phytoplanktonic productivity. Our data, when associated to previous studies of other black shales from Canada and Europe confirm that photic zone euxinia was a widespread feature of low-latitude epeiric seas during the Middle Devonian–Lower Mississippian.
Single crystal growth of YbRh2Si2 using Zn flux

Abstract Large single crystals of YbRh2Si2 have been successfully grown from a high-temperature solution technique, using Zn flux and followed by a decanting process. As opposed from the crystals growth from In flux, the crystals are flux-free and larger on average, suitable for neutron scattering experiments. Characterization of basic physical properties and comparison with crystals grown using In flux were performed.
Partial hydrogenation of soybean oil using metal-decorated integral-asymmetric polymer membranes: Effects of morphology and membrane properties

Abstract Three phase reaction schemes pose numerous challenges to reactor design due to the slow diffusional mass transfer of reactants from the gas phase through a liquid to the active sites of the catalyst. An example is partial hydrogenation of vegetable oil which is traditionally carried out in a batch autoclave by bubbling hydrogen gas though a slurry of oil and solid catalyst particles containing Ni. Unwanted trans fatty acids (TFAs) are formed during this process due to the scarcity of hydrogen at the active catalyst sites. Here we investigate the use of metal-decorated integral-asymmetric polymer membranes to enable the supply of dissolved hydrogen near the location where the liquid oil phase contacts the catalyst. Hydrogen gas is supplied to the porous substructure of the asymmetric membrane where it dissolves in the thin skin layer of the membrane and emerges as dissolved hydrogen on the metal-decorated side of the membrane where the oil is present. Temperature and pressure are compatible with existing facilities. All membranes produced low TFA (2.6–4.6 wt% at Iodine Value of 95) compared to the slurry process. A 1000 metric ton per day soybean oil hydrogenation facility would require 2–3000 m2 membrane area with a total of 90 g of Pt metal catalyst. This could be envisioned as metal sputtered hollow fibers packaged in conventional modules.
David Lloyd George's limehouse address

Lloyd George through a series of public discourses, foremost of which was the Limehouse Address (July, 1909), secured a radical change in English tax structures and forever forbade Lords from tampering with Commons’ money bills.
Some recurrence formulas for box splines and cone splines

A degree elevation formula for multivariate simplex splines was given by Micchelli[6] and extended to hold for multivariate Dirichlet splines in [8]. We report similar formulae for multivariate cone splines and box splines. To this end, we utilize a relation due to Dahmen and Micchelli[4] that connects box splines and cone splines and a degree reduction formula given by Cohen, Lyche, and Riesenfeld in [2].
Social preferences of mother and infant squirrel monkeys following different rearing experiences.

Mother and infant squirrel monkeys that were previously housed together in either a social or restricted environment were given the opportunity to select each other, an unfamiliar female, an unfamiliar infant, or an empty cage, in a free-choice situation. The time spent with the different choices was used as an index of the animal's preference. Five of the six socially reared infants clearly preferred their mother to the other choices, whereas only one (the youngest) of the six infants reared alone with its mother showed a preference for her. Most of the mothers in both groups did not show any preference among the four choices, although two mothers from the social group and two from the restricted group did spend considerably more time with their own infant. The differences between the two groups of infants is discussed in terms of differences in the environmental characteristics and mother-infant relationship of the two rearing environments.
Microcomputers and the Preparation of Secondary Science Teachers: An Eight Year Follow‐Up

Science teacher educators from 205 colleges/universities completed a questionnaire concerning the nature and extent of microcomputer offerings in their secondary science teacher preparation programs. These data are reported and compared to a similar sample surveyed in 1984. Seventy-seven percent of reporting institutions now require either a microcomputer course or completion of a microcomputer competency within their secondary science certification program. The most common applications in these courses are simulations, word processing, databases, and spreadsheet use. Chi-square analysis revealed that more institutions in 1992 were requiring a microcomputer course than in 1984. However, only 23.4% of the institutions offered a microcomputer course designed solely for secondary science majors, and 10.6% of the institutions offered such a course taught by a science teacher educator. Preservice science teachers were also more likely in 1992 than in 1984 to be using microcomputers in instruction during supervised field experiences in secondary schools. Finally, college/university science teacher educators perceived that microcomputer use in secondary science classrooms has increased during the past five years.
Identifying gene regulatory networks from experimental data

Abstract This paper studies a gene regulatory network model where a gene is activated or inhibited by other genes. To identify the complicated structure of these networks, we propose a methodology for analyzing large, multiple time-series data sets arising in expression analysis, and evaluate it both theoretically and through a case study. We first build a graph representing all putative activation/inhibition relationships between all pairs of genes, and then prune this graph by solving a combinatorial optimization problem to identify a small set of interesting candidate regulatory elements. We implemented this method and applied it into a real data set. For this particular model, we present several algorithmic and complexity results for the maximum gene regulation problem to identify the smallest set of genes that regulate all genes.
Right Ventricular Thrombus: An Unusual Manifestation of Behçet's Disease

Behcet's disease is a chronic multisystem illness in which cardiac involvement is a rare manifestation. In this unusual case a young man had symptoms that primarily related to recurrent right ventricular thrombi and pulmonary thromboemboli. Transesophageal echocardiography was useful in documenting the presence of intracardiac thrombus and establishing the diagnosis.
Family conflict, adherence, and glycaemic control in youth with short duration Type 1 diabetes

Aims Behavioural support around diabetes management tasks is linked to glycaemic outcomes. In this study we investigated the relationship between diabetes-related parental behaviours (conflict around and involvement in treatment tasks), adherence to blood glucose monitoring (BGM), and glycaemic control in youth with short duration Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods In a cross-sectional study, 104 youth (aged 8–17 years, duration of Type 1 DM 0.5–6 years) along with a parent, completed the Diabetes Conflict Scale. Parental involvement in management tasks was assessed with structured interviews and the Diabetes Family Responsibility Questionnaire. Adherence to BGM was evaluated by family report and by independent clinician rating. Glycaemic control was assessed with glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) (ref. range, 4–6%). Results Children (8–12 years; n = 69) and adolescents (13–17 years; n = 35), respectively, had similar durations of diabetes (x ± sd; 2.7 ± 1.69, 2.4 ± 1.32 years) and similar glycaemic control (8.3 ± 1.1%, 8.4 ± 1.1%). In both age groups, parental involvement was a significant predictor of adherence to BGM (P = 0.01). Multivariate analyses, controlling for age, sex, disease duration, and BGM adherence, revealed that higher diabetes conflict significantly related to poorer glycaemic control (HbA1c) (R2 = 0.17; P < 0.01). Conclusions These findings indicate that in this cohort, early in the course of diabetes, diabetes-specific conflict and adherence to BGM became strongly linked to the child's glycaemic control. This suggests that to insure optimal control, it may be beneficial to introduce targeted interventions to build positive family involvement and interaction around diabetes tasks early in the disease course, before negative behaviours become established. Diabet. Med. 19, 635–642 (2002)
Multifunctional superparamagnetic nanoparticles for enhanced drug transport in cystic fibrosis

Iron oxide colloidal nanoparticles (ferrofluids) are investigated for application in the treatment of cystic fibrosis lung infections, the leading cause of mortality in cystic fibrosis patients. We investigate the use of iron oxide nanoparticles to increase the effectiveness of administering antibiotics through aerosol inhalation using two mechanisms: directed particle movement in the presence of an inhomogeneous static external magnetic field and magnetic hyperthermia. Magnetic hyperthermia is an effective method for decreasing the viscosity of the mucus and biofilm, thereby enhancing drug, immune cell, and antibody penetration to the affected area. Iron oxide nanoparticles of various sizes and morphologies were synthesized and tested for specific losses (heating power). Nanoparticles in the superparamagnetic to ferromagnetic size range exhibited excellent heating power. Additionally, iron oxide / zinc selenide core/shell nanoparticles were prepared, in order to enable imaging of the iron oxide nanoparticles. We also report on synthesis and characterization of MnSe/ZnSeS alloyed quantum dots.
Effects of hypoxia on megakaryocytopoiesis and granulopoiesis

Previous studies have reported that exposure of mice to hypoxic conditions results in a decrease in blood platelets. To further explore the effect of hypoxia on megakaryocytopoiesis, megakaryocytes and their progenitor cells (CFU-M) were studied in hypoxic mice. Mice were exposed to hypoxia by enclosure in cages covered with dimethyl-silicone rubber membranes for up to 10 d. At various times during the hypoxic and ex-hypoxic periods the total megakaryocytes and CFU-M were determined in the humerus and spleen. CFU-M were assayed in the soft gel colony forming assay using pokeweed mitogen-stimulated spleen cell conditioned medium (PWCM) as a source of colony stimulating activity. After 10 d of hypoxia, packed red cell volume (PRCV) increased to 148% of control levels and blood platelets decreased to 40% of controls. Total megakaryocytes and CFU-M per humerus decreased to 18% and 50% of controls respectively. 4 d into the ex-hypoxic phase, PRCV was still increased at 128% of controls while marrow megakaryocytes and CFU-M increased to normal levels. Platelet recovery was somewhat slower, returning to normal by d 6. In contrast to the findings in the marrow, total spleen megakaryocytes and CFU-M increased to about 3- and 5-fold of control levels respectively by 6 d of hypoxia. During the exhypoxic phase, CFU-M decreased to normal on d 4, followed by a rebound of 3-fold control values on d 8. Spleen megakaryocytes decreased more slowly, returning to normal by d 10. A marked granulocytosis was observed during the hypoxic phase. Changes in granulocytes and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFU-GM) in marrow and spleen were similar to those observed for megakaryocytes and CFU-M. The results indicate that the thrombocytopenia of hypoxia is due to a decrease in production of marrow megakaryocytes and CFU-M and is not offset by a simultaneous increase in spleen megakaryocytopoiesis.
The Use of Decelerative Metal Cutting in the Design of Energy-Management Systems

This paper focuses on the design principles basic to the development of devices that can be used to absorb and manage energy during collisions. Design guidelines and a chart are developed for minimum-stroke energy-absorbing devices. It is shown that decelerative metal-cutting displays force–velocity characteristics that are highly efficient for the management of collision energy in the majority of practical design applications of interest. Examples of metal-cutting energy-management devices are developed.
Students with specific learning disabilities: a review of categorical assignments.

Psychometric data for 290 special education students with specific learning disabilities were reviewed at reevaluation as required by both state and federal regulations. A significant change in scores for 18% of the subjects led to their reclassification as nonhandicapped. Gains in reading and mathematics for those 52 whose classifications changed were significantly higher than gains of those 238 whose classifications were the same.
Thermosteric sea level rise, 1955–2003

[1] For the 1955–2003 period, the thermal expansion of the 0–700 m layer of the World Ocean contributed approximately 0.33 mm/year to global sea level rise. About half of this thermosteric trend is due to warming of the Atlantic Ocean. Approximately one third of the total thermosteric rise is due to the warming of the Pacific Ocean. For the period of available TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) satellite altimetry data (1993–2003), the linear trend of thermosteric sea level (0–700 m) is 1.23 mm/year, 60% of which is due to the trends in the Pacific Ocean. For the 0–3000 m layer of the entire World Ocean, the linear trend of thermosteric sea level is 0.40 mm/year for 1955–1959 through 1994–1998. For the 50°S–65°N region that we previously reported (Antonov et al., 2002) which was characterized by a 0.50 mm/year trend for 1955–1959 through 1992–1996, our new estimate is 0.47 mm/year for this same period.
Aspects of current correlators in holographic theories with hyperscaling violation

We study the low-energy and low-momentum behavior of current correlators in a class of holographic zero-temperature, finite-density critical theories which do not respect the hyperscaling relation. The dual holographic description is assumed to be given by probe D-branes embedded in background geometries characterized by a dynamical critical exponent $z$ and a hyperscaling violation exponent $\ensuremath{\theta}$. We show that a subset of these theories with $1\ensuremath{\le}zl2(1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\theta}/d)$ exhibit a stable, linearly dispersing mode in their low-energy spectrum of excitations. This mode, which appears as a pole in the retarded correlators of charge density and longitudinal currents, has some characteristics similar to that of the zero sound in Fermi liquids. Given some reasonable assumptions, we argue that the class of theories with $\ensuremath{\theta}=d\ensuremath{-}1$ that logarithmically violate the area law in the entanglement entropy in a manner reminiscent of theories with Fermi surfaces does not exhibit a zero-sound-like mode in the low-energy spectrum of the probe sector. Furthermore, utilizing the holographic Wilsonian approach, we explicitly show that such a mode has a natural interpretation as a Goldstone boson arising from the spontaneous breaking of a specific symmetry.
The integral Hellmann-Feynman theorem applied to hydrogen peroxide

The integral Hellmann-Feynman (IHF) theorem developed by Y ~ [ t -7] has raised hopes that the origin of barriers to internal rotation could be isolated by ab-initio calculations. The me~hod is practicable for any moIecule for which a wavefunetion of reasonable quality is available. In such instances, the rotational barriers eaieulated by the I H F theorem ought to be comparable to or better than those obtained by the standard method of subtracting total SCF energies of the different conformations. To date, the successful application based on PITZER and LIPsco~a~'s [8] ethane wavefunetions has provided an eneouraging confirmation of the usefulness of the I H F approach [5, 6]. Very recently three sets of molecular orbitM wavefnnctions for the H202 molecule have become available: the LCAO-~O-SCF-STO wave functions of KaJ~DOR and S~VlTT [9], the LC(Double-Zeta)AO-~O-SCF functions with scaled hydrogens of FINK and ALL]~Zg [10, t l ] and the LCAO-M0-SCF functions of t )~KE and PITZEg [t2] using exponents optimized for H~O. Working independently, various workers have applied the I H F theorem to these wave functions: the first set has been treated by M]~L~osE and P~a~a~ [13], the second by FI~K and ALLEN [14], and the third by the present authors. In each case the resutSs for t~he cis-trans b~rrier are somewhat discouraging. Within the framework of self-consistent-field theory and the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, the IHF theorem gives the eis-trans barrier to internal rotation (A WIEF) as the sum of a nuclear-nuelear (A Vnn) and an electronic (AEe~) barrier. In particular (r v o" v' .... r A W I H F = A V n . + 2 ~ I . , . , l
Early Adolescent Composing within a Generative-Evaluative Computerized Prompting Framework

Abstract A review of cognitive process research on writing suggests that a generative-evaluative model of composing could significantly alter instruction on higher level writing skills and strategies. To test the model, a total of 164 children in the sixth, seventh, and eighth grades were blocked according to low and high writing ability and then randomly assigned to one of two groups: (a) a control group or (b) an experimental group which received computer prompts, think sheet scaffolds, and expert modeling of prompts. Results from dimensional and holistic assessments of written products indicated that students did not improve their writing performance as a result of exposure to prompts over a 6-week period. Internalization of writing-control strategies as measured by the Index of Writing Awareness (IWA; Bonk, Middleton, Reynolds, & Stead, 1991), open-ended guidance questions in writing, and a prompt sort task all failed to favor the treatment group. In contrast, keystroke analyses revealed that students in the treatment group lowered the number of surface level changes they were making per 100 words of text when the prompts were available, while at the same time increasing their textual repositioning within text. No differences, however, were found in meaning changes as a result of these altered revisionary practices. As expected, though, students' holistic scores in writing were significantly correlated with their awareness of writing skills and strategies. Surface changes were negatively correlated with students' holistic scores, while repositioning within text correlated positively with holistic scores. A computer attitudes questionnaire indicated that the treatment group considered the computer helpful in creating a sense of audience and affording text evaluation opportunities. Various grade and ability differences provided evidence that procedural assistance was most appropriate at the sixth-grade level.
Direct and Dissociative Ionization Cross Sections for Electrons in N 2

Cross sections for single ionization and for combined dissociative and double ionization of N/sub 2/ by electron impact were measured using a crossed- beam technique. The data obtained are analyzed, and the dissociative ionization processes are discussed. It is concluded that dissociative ionization is not likely to result from a single interaction at electron energies less than about 45 ev. A probable explanation of the sizable N plus or minus currents found below 40 ev in mass spectrometers is given. (H.D.R.)
Does aversive behavior during toddlerhood matter? The effects of difficult temperament on maternal perceptions and behavior

Seventy-three mothers and their toddlers were observed when the children were 18 and 24 months of age in a series of laboratory procedures designed to assess relations among frustration distress, aggression/venting, and defiance, as indicators of aversive behavior, and their relations to maternal interactive style concurrently and over time. A second goal was to identify the predictors of aversive behavior at 24 months of age. Child aversive behavior as a predictor of increases in maternal negativity over time was also examined. Results indicated that distress, venting, and defiance were related to one another at 18 months of age. For boys, venting at 24 months of age, but not distress or defiance, was associated with greater maternal report of stress and higher incidence of behavior problems at 24 months of age. Venting behavior at 24 months of age was predicted by the interaction of early aversive behavior and low maternal positive guiding behavior. Increases in maternal negative behavior over the six-month period were predicted by the interaction of earlier negative maternal behavior and child sex, with negative mothers of boys displaying greater increases in negative behavior at the later age. These findings are discussed in terms of the significance of early aversive behavior, in the context of mother–child interaction, for later problematic behavior. ©2002 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance assignments and structural characterization of an intramolecular DNA triplex

Two-dimensional 1H n.m.r. spectroscopy has been used to study the 31-base DNA oligonucleotide 5′-dAGAGAGAACCCCTTCTCTCTTTTTCTCTCTT-3′, which folds to form a stable intramolecular triplex in solution at acidic pH. This structure is considerably more difficult to assign than short B-DNA duplexes and requires new assignment methods. The assignment strategy and assignments of almost all of the exchangeable and nonexchangeable resonances are presented. Seven base triplets and one Watson-Crick base-pair form the core of the structure and are connected by a four C and four T loop at either end. The second pyrimidine “strand” (bases 24 to 31) in this intramolecular pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine triplex binds via Hoogsteen base-pairs in the major groove and is parallel to the purine “strand” (bases 1 to 8). Analysis of the sugar puckers reveals that, contrary to widely accepted belief, the triplex sugars are not predominantly in the N-type (close to C3′-endo) conformation. Except for some of the C nucleotides, all sugars are predominantly S-type (close to C2′-endo). Thus, the duplex DNA does not assume N-type sugar conformations to accommodate a third strand in the major groove. A preliminary model of the triplex structure is presented.
Use of counselor-client contracts with natural parents of children in foster home care

Counselor-client contracts were employed to facilitate parental participation in decision making for their children who were in out-of-home care. The components of such contracts are described and an example is provided. A significant relationship was found between parental willingness to sign a written agreement and outcome.