cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional MRI at 3T using intermolecular double-quantum coherence (iDQC) with spin-echo (SE) acquisitions

Object To reinvestigate the dependence of the signal and contrast on sequence parameters and tissue relaxation times for intermolecular double-quantum coherence (iDQC) signals, and to explore the possibility to use a spin-echo (SE)-iDQC sequence for detecting activation signals at 3T.
Executive Succession in the Corporate Organization: A Current Integration

This inquiry focuses on the corporate president. Variables are integrated that juxtapose such successor attributes as promotional origin (successor type), leadership behavior of key administrators (successor style), and degree of need satisfaction received on the job (successor needs). These characteristics are viewed in relationship to time in office (tenure) of predecessors and successors and to composition, size and changes in board of directors and executive staff of the president. Studies pertaining to the predecessor explore processes before succession, whereas research concerning the successor uncovers processes after leadership transfer. Patterns and rates of multiple successions are investigated. Several optimizing techniques are suggested for modeling administrative succession.
Computer-controlled direct scanning gel chromatography system

Abstract We have developed a system for direct scanning gel chromatography which is under direct control of a SYM-1 microprocessor which is in turn under control of a PDP 1104. Each scan consisting of ∼200 data points of a 20-cm column may be obtained in as little as 3.5 s. Up to 100 scans may be obtained automatically without operator attention. A series of data manipulation programs have been written to allow determination of centroid migration rates, time difference chromatography calculations, etc. In conjunction with a mass transport simulation program it is possible to rapidly fit observed chromatography profiles. Use of the system to determine dispersion coefficients is described.
Preferences for aggressive care in underserved populations with advanced-stage lung cancer: looking beyond race and resuscitation

Purpose This paper examines the relationship between race, religiousness, spiritual well-being, antitumor treatment and preference for aggressive care among Black and White patients with advanced stage lung cancer receiving ambulatory cancer care in an urban setting.
Oxygen plasma modification of polyimide webs: effect of ion bombardment on metal adhesion

Webs of Kapton 200-H and Upilex-S polyimide films were treated using oxygen plasma prior to sequential sputter deposition of chromium and copper in a roll metallization system. Two plasma system configurations were employed for treatment. In one configuration, the sample traveled downstream from a microwave plasma; in the other, the web moved through a DC-generated glow discharge. For the DC-glow treatment, the potential difference between the plasma and the web, Φf, and relative ion densities, n+, were measured at various values of chamber pressure and DC power using a Langmuir probe. Although samples treated downstream from the microwave plasma were not subjected to bombardment by energetic ions, Φf for the DC-glow operating conditions was between 5 and 13 eV. For both films, advancing DI water contact angles of less than 20° were achieved using both modes of treatment. Contact angles for untreated films were greater than 60°. However, 90° peel tests yielded values of 15 to 20 g/mm for microwave plasma ...
ZBP-89 Regulates Expression of Tryptophan Hydroxylase I and Mucosal Defense Against Salmonella Typhimurium in Mice

Background & Aims ZBP-89 (also ZNF148 or Zfp148) is a butyrate-inducible zinc finger transcription factor that binds to GC-rich DNA elements. Deletion of the N-terminal domain is sufficient to increase mucosal susceptibility to chemical injury and inflammation. We investigated whether conditional deletion of ZBP-89 from the intestinal and colonic epithelium of mice increases their susceptibility to pathogens such as Salmonella typhimurium . Methods We generated mice with a conditional null allele of Zfp148 (ZBP-89 FL/FL ) using homologous recombination to flank Zfp148 with LoxP sites (ZBP-89 FL/FL ), and then bred the resulting mice with those that express VillinCre. We used microarray analysis to compare gene expression patterns in colonic mucosa between ZBP-89 ΔInt and C57BL/6 wild-type mice (controls). Mice were gavaged with 2 isogenic strains of S typhimurium after administration of streptomycin. Results Microarray analysis revealed that the colonic mucosa of ZBP-89 ΔInt mice had reduced levels of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1) messenger RNA, encoding the rate-limiting enzyme in enterochromaffin cell serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5HT]) biosynthesis. DNA affinity precipitation demonstrated direct binding of ZBP-89 to the mouse Tph1 promoter, which was required for its basal and butyrate-inducible expression. ZBP-89 ΔInt mice did not increase mucosal levels of 5HT in response to S typhimurium infection, and succumbed to the infection 2 days before control mice. The ΔhilA isogenic mutant of S typhimurium lacks this butyrate-regulated locus and stimulated, rather than suppressed, expression of Tph1 approximately 50-fold in control, but not ZBP-89 ΔInt , mice, correlating with fecal levels of butyrate. Conclusions ZBP-89 is required for butyrate-induced expression of the Tph1 gene and subsequent production of 5HT in response to bacterial infection in mice. Reductions in epithelial ZBP-89 increase susceptibility to colitis and sepsis after infection with S typhimurium , partly because of reduced induction of 5HT production in response to butyrate and decreased secretion of antimicrobial peptides.
MSH2 missense mutations alter cisplatin cytotoxicity and promote cisplatin-induced genome instability

Defects in the mismatch repair protein MSH2 cause tolerance to DNA damage. We report how cancer-derived and polymorphic MSH2 missense mutations affect cisplatin cytotoxicity. The chemotolerance phenotype was compared with the mutator phenotype in a yeast model system. MSH2 missense mutations display a strikingly different effect on cell death and genome instability. A mutator phenotype does not predict chemotolerance or vice versa. MSH2 mutations that were identified in tumors (Y109C) or as genetic variations (L402F) promote tolerance to cisplatin, but leave the initial mutation rate of cells unaltered. A secondary increase in the mutation rate is observed after cisplatin exposure in these strains. The mutation spectrum of cisplatin-resistant mutators identifies persistent cisplatin adduction as the cause for this acquired genome instability. Our results demonstrate that MSH2 missense mutations that were identified in tumors or as polymorphic variations can cause increased cisplatin tolerance independent of an initial mutator phenotype. Cisplatin exposure promotes drug-induced genome instability. From a mechanistical standpoint, these data demonstrate functional separation between MSH2-dependent cisplatin cytotoxicity and repair. From a clinical standpoint, these data provide valuable information on the consequences of point mutations for the success of chemotherapy and the risk for secondary carcinogenesis.
How to survive a nerve-wracking journey

When the axons that carry signals to muscles are growing, they rely on help from Frizzled3—a protein that is known to perform a number of other important functions in cells—to reach their final destination.
Identification of inhibitors of ovarian cancer stem-like cells by high-throughput screening

Ovarian cancer stem cells are characterized by self-renewal capacity, ability to differentiate into distinct lineages, as well as higher invasiveness and resistance to many anticancer agents. Since they may be responsible for the recurrence of ovarian cancer after initial response to chemotherapy, development of new therapies targeting this special cellular subpopulation embedded within bulk ovarian cancers is warranted. A high-throughput screening (HTS) campaign was performed with 825 compounds from the Mechanistic Set chemical library [Developmental Therapeutics Program (DTP)/National Cancer Institute (NCI)] against ovarian cancer stem-like cells (CSC) using a resazurin-based cell cytotoxicity assay. Identified sets of active compounds were projected onto self-organizing maps to identify their putative cellular response groups. From 793 screening compounds with evaluable data, 158 were found to have significant inhibitory effects on ovarian CSC. Computational analysis indicates that the majority of these compounds are associated with mitotic cellular responses. Our HTS has uncovered a number of candidate compounds that may, after further testing, prove effective in targeting both ovarian CSC and their more differentiated progeny.
Effect of Navy chaff release on aluminum levels in an area of the Chesapeake Bay.

The U.S. Navy uses aluminized glass chaff as a passive countermeasure for radar-guided threats to aircraft and surface ships. Over the last 25 years, several hundred thousand pounds of aluminized chaff have been released during flight operations over a training area on the Chesapeake Bay. There is concern that these releases have resulted in the accumulation of significant amounts of aluminum in the soil and sediment of this training area. This study compares the exchangeable and monomeric aluminum content of sediment within the affected area with that of samples taken from outside the training area. We found a less than twofold increase in the content of organic monomeric aluminum in samples taken from the affected area versus background samples, whereas inorganic monomeric aluminum concentrations within the affected area were significantly lower than background. These results suggest that chaff releases have not resulted in a significant accumulation of aluminum in this training area.
Oblique particle–wall collisions in a liquid

This paper presents experimental measurements of the approach and rebound of a particle colliding obliquely with a wall in a viscous fluid. Steel and glass particles 12.7 mm in diameter were used. The experiments were performed using a thick Zerodur wall (a glass-like material) with various mixtures of glycerol and water. Normal and tangential coefficients of restitution were defined from the ratios of the respective velocity components at the point of contact just prior to and after impact. These coefficients account for losses due to lubrication effects and inelasticity. A third parameter, a coefficient of sliding friction, provides a measure of the tangential force acting on the particle as it slides during a collision. Oblique collisions in a fluid are qualitatively similar to oblique collisions in a dry system, with a lowered friction coefficient dependent on surface roughness. For smooth surfaces the friction coefficient is drastically reduced due to lubrication effects. A theoretical model that takes into account the dependence of viscosity on pressure is proposed to explain the observed tangential force acting on a smooth sphere during an oblique collision. The model relies on an inferred uniform temperature increase within the lubrication layer, a consequence of viscous heating during impact. The tangential force felt by the particle is expressed as a friction coefficient dependent on the viscosity within the lubrication layer. The viscosity increases owing to pressure effects and decreases owing to thermal effects. For rough surfaces the friction coefficient is comparable to that measured in dry systems, since the surface asperities may interact with each other through the lubrication layer.
A portable device to measure soil erosion/deposition in quarter-drains

Assessment of soil loss/deposition from quarter-drains (drainage ditches perpendicular to furrows) at specific locations or determining sediment transport within ditch systems following a rainfall event is difficult and time consuming. Automatic samplers are stationary and usually located at the end of plots to assess total sediment loss from a whole area. However, to quantify changes to cross-sectional areas at specific points within a ditch system, a portable measuring tool is required. To precisely assess soil erosion along the length of a quarter-drain, a portable device was designed and tested under typical field conditions. One person can effectively operate the device and because of its low cost, it is ideal for cases where budget constraints exist. The tool can measure depths up to 500 mm and easily be modified for usage with large ditches. The device was successfully employed in the spring and summer of 2003 and 2004 where it was utilized after rainfall events to assess soil erosion/deposition from quarter-drains on sugarcane fields in southern Louisiana.
Transparent heat mirrors for solar-energy applications.

Transparent heat-mirror films, which transmit solar radiation but reflect ir thermal radiation, have potentially important applications in solar/thermal/electric conversion, solar heating, solar photovoltaic conversion, and window insulation. We have used rf sputtering to prepare two types of films: TiO2/Ag/TiO2 and Sn-doped In2O3. To characterize the properties of heat-mirror films for solar-energy collection, we define the parameters αeff, the effective solar absorptivity, and ∊eff, the effective ir emissivity. For our Sn-doped In2O3 films, αeff/∊eff is comparable to the values of α/∊ reported for the leading selective absorbers. Even higher values of αeff/∊eff are obtained for the TiO2/Ag/TiO2 films.
Imaging spectroscopy measures desertification in United States and Argentina

Much international environmental research and policy development now focuses on desertification in arid and semi-arid ecosystems of the world. These “dryland” regions, which include most of the world's shrublands grasslands, and savannas, cover nearly 45% of the Earth's land surface and support a large fraction of the world's food production. The U.S. Senate, along with 173 other countries, recently ratified the United Nations (U.N.) Convention to Combat Desertification [UNEP, 1992], a multinational effort to address this pressing human and environmental problem [Showstack, 2001].
Should We Focus on Novel Risk Markers and Screening Tests to Better Predict and Prevent Cardiovascular Disease? Or Are We Putting the Cart Before the Horse?

ur American Society for Preventive Cardio-logy–sponsored debate at the recent March2010 meeting of the American Heart Associa-tion Council on Epidemiology and Preventionand Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity andMetabolism was titled ‘‘Should We Focus onNovel Risk Markers and Screening Tests to BetterPredict and Prevent Cardiovascular Disease?’’ DrJames DeLemos took the pro side, titled ‘‘NovelRisk Markers and Screening Tests Will Improvethe Prediction and Prevention of CardiovascularDisease,’’ and Dr. Donald Lloyd-Jones took thecon side, titled ‘‘Better Implementation of Exist-ing Knowledge Will Save More Lives Than All ofthe Novel Biomarkers in the World.’’Since the development of the original Framing-ham Risk Scores approximately 20 years ago, therehas been increasing interest in the concept of assess-ing total coronary heart disease (CHD) risk on thebasis of simple-to-use and inexpensive ofﬁce-basedmeasures including total and high-density lipopro-tein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and knowl-edge of the patient’s smoking and diabetes status,age, and sex.
Modeling structural deformations of DNA molecules using identification techniques

Dynamics of long-length-scale structural deformations of DNA molecules play a central role in many biological processes including gene expression. The elastic rod model, which uses a continuum approximation, has emerged as an efficient tool to model the deformations of DNA molecules. Although the general form of the elastic rod model can be derived from first principles, it is impractical to derive the constitutive law representing the material properties from first principles. However, the accuracy of elastic rod predictions depend strongly on the constitutive law, which follows from the atomistic structure of the DNA molecule and is known to be nonlinear and vary along the length according to the base-pair sequence of the DNA. Identification of the nonlinear sequence-dependent constitutive law from experimental data and feasible molecular dynamics simulations remains a significant challenge. In this paper, we develop techniques to use elastic rod model equations in combination with limited dynamic experimental measurements or high-fidelity molecular dynamics simulation data to estimate the nonlinear sequence-dependent constitutive law governing DNA molecules. We first cast the elastic rod model equations in state-space form and express the effect of the unknown constitutive law as an unknown input to the system. We then develop a two-step technique to estimate the unknown constitutive law. We illustrate these ideas through a simple example.
Optimal controller synthesis with multiple objectives

We present a methodology to address the general multiobjective control problem involving the /sub 1/ norm, /spl Hscr//sub 2/ norm, /spl Hscr//sub /spl infin// norm and time-domain constraint. We show that the problem resulting from imposing a regularizing condition always admits an optimal solution, and suboptimal solutions with performance arbitrarily close to the optimal cost can be obtained by constructing two sequences of finite dimensional convex optimization problems whose objective values converge to the optimum from below and above. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
A 3-D nonlinear recursive digital filter for video image processing

The authors introduce a recursive 3-D nonlinear digital filter that is capable of performing noise suppression without degrading important image information such as edges in space or time. It also has the property of unnoticeable bandwidth reduction immediately after a scene change, which makes the filter an attractive preprocessor to many interframe compression algorithms. The filter consists of a nonlinear 2-D spatial subfilter and a 1-D temporal filter. In order to achieve the required computational speed and increase the flexibility of the filter, all of the linear shift-invariant filter modules are of the infinite impulse response (IIR) type. >
Categorizing Risks for Risk Ranking

Any practical process of risk ranking must group hazards into a manageable number of categories. Defining such categories requires value choices that can have important implications for the rankings that result. Most risk-management organizations will find it useful to begin defining categories in terms of environmental loadings or initiating events. However, the resulting categories typically need to be modified in light of other considerations. Risk-ranking projects can benefit from considering several alternative categorization strategies and drawing upon elements of each in developing their final categorization of risks. In principle, conducting multiple ranking exercises by using different categorizations could be interesting and useful. In practice, agencies are unlikely to have either the resources or patience to do this, but other groups in society might. Done well, such additional independent rankings could add valuable inputs to democratic risk-management decision making.
Vitamin D receptor genotype and risk of osteoporotic hip fracture in elderly women of Utah: an effect modified by parity.

The associations between vitamin D receptor (VDR) Bsm I and Fok I genotypes, parity, and risk of osteoporotic hip fracture were evaluated in a statewide population-based case-control study in Utah. Women age 50–89 years with hip fracture (n=882) were ascertained via surveillance of 18 Utah hospitals from 1997 to 2001. Age-matched controls were randomly selected (n=897). Participants were interviewed in their homes, and blood samples were collected for genotyping. In logistic regression analyses that controlled for multiple confounders, Bsm I VDR genotype but not Fok I genotype was associated with risk of osteoporotic hip fracture (OR bb vs. BB genotype: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.50, 0.95). In similar analyses, no overall association was observed between parity status and risk of osteoporotic hip fracture. However, the effect of VDR genotype was modified by parity status. Among nulliparous women (n=140), Bsm I genotype was not associated with risk of hip fracture (OR bb vs. BB: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.28, 2.4); among primiparous women (n=133), bb genotype was associated with increased risk of hip fracture (OR bb vs. BB: 3.30; 95% CI: 0.96, 11.29); among multiparous women (n=1,400), bb genotype was associated with decreased risk of hip fracture (OR bb vs. BB: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.84). VDR Bsm I genotype was associated with risk of hip fracture in Utah women, and this effect was modified by parity status. Hormonal or lifestyle factors related to parity may underlie this interaction.
VEGF 165b in the developing vasculatures of the fetal human eye

VEGF(165) b is an anti-angiogenic form of VEGF(165) produced by alternative splicing. The localization of pro-angiogenic VEGF(165) and anti-angiogenic VEGF(165) b was investigated during development of the vasculatures in fetal human eyes from 7 to 21 weeks gestation (WG). The fetal vasculature of vitreous, which includes tunica vasculosa lentis (TVL), had moderate VEGF(165) immunoreactivity at 7WG and very little VEGF(165) b. Both forms were elevated at 12WG. VEGF(165) then decreased around 17WG when the TVL regresses but VEGF(165) b remained elevated. In choroid, VEGF(165) was present in forming choriocapillaris (CC) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) at 7WG while VEGF165b was present in CC and mesenchymal precursors within the choroidal stroma. By 21WG, both forms were elevated in RPE and choroidal blood vessels but VEGF(165) b was apical and VEGF(165) basal in RPE. Diffuse VEGF(165) immunoreactivity was prominent in 12WG innermost retina where blood vessels will form while VEGF(165) b was present in most CXCR4(+) progenitors in the inner neuroblastic layer and migrating angioblasts in the putative nerve fiber layer. By 21WG, VEGF(165) was present in nerve fibers and VEGF(165) b in the inner Muller cell process. The localization of VEGF(165) b was distinctly different from VEGF(165) both spatially and temporally and it was often associated with nucleus in progenitors.
The Role of Hypoxia in Vascular Injury and Repair

Although the terms ischemia and hypoxia are often used interchangeably, they represent distinct processes that result in different modulatory effects at the cellular level. Hypoxia is a reduction in oxygen delivery below tissue demand, whereas ischemia is a lack of perfusion, characterized not only by hypoxia but also by insufficient nutrient supply. Hypoxia can be either acute or chronic, and both are centrally regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor, a transcription factor that governs the expression of key response genes such as vascular endothelial growth factor and erythropoietin. Whereas severe chronic hypoxia can cause cell death, less-severe hypoxia can protect against subsequent damage, a phenomenon known as hypoxic conditioning. Several important processes are characterized by hypoxia, including ischemia-reperfusion, tumor growth and progression, inflammation, myocardial ischemia, and a number of ocular pathologies.
A test of geographic assignment using isotope tracers in feathers of known origin

We used feathers of known origin collected from across the breeding range of a migratory shorebird to test the use of isotope tracers for assigning breeding origins. We analyzed δD, δ13C, and δ15N in feathers from 75 mountain plover (Charadrius montanus) chicks sampled in 2001 and from 119 chicks sampled in 2002. We estimated parameters for continuous-response inverse regression models and for discrete-response Bayesian probability models from data for each year independently. We evaluated model predictions with both the training data and by using the alternate year as an independent test dataset. Our results provide weak support for modeling latitude and isotope values as monotonic functions of one another, especially when data are pooled over known sources of variation such as sample year or location. We were unable to make even qualitative statements, such as north versus south, about the likely origin of birds using both δD and δ13C in inverse regression models; results were no better than random assignment. Probability models provided better results and a more natural framework for the problem. Correct assignment rates were highest when considering all three isotopes in the probability framework, but the use of even a single isotope was better than random assignment. The method appears relatively robust to temporal effects and is most sensitive to the isotope discrimination gradients over which samples are taken. We offer that the problem of using isotope tracers to infer geographic origin is best framed as one of assignment, rather than prediction.
A Drosophila melanogaster model of spinal muscular atrophy reveals a function for SMN in striated muscle

Mutations in human survival motor neurons 1 (SMN1) cause spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and are associated with defects in assembly of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) in vitro. However, the etiological link between snRNPs and SMA is unclear. We have developed a Drosophila melanogaster system to model SMA in vivo. Larval-lethal Smn-null mutations show no detectable snRNP reduction, making it unlikely that these animals die from global snRNP deprivation. Hypomorphic mutations in Smn reduce dSMN protein levels in the adult thorax, causing flightlessness and acute muscular atrophy. Mutant flight muscle motoneurons display pronounced axon routing and arborization defects. Moreover, Smn mutant myofibers fail to form thin filaments and phenocopy null mutations in Act88F, which is the flight muscle–specific actin isoform. In wild-type muscles, dSMN colocalizes with sarcomeric actin and forms a complex with α-actinin, the thin filament crosslinker. The sarcomeric localization of Smn is conserved in mouse myofibrils. These observations suggest a muscle-specific function for SMN and underline the importance of this tissue in modulating SMA severity.
Alcohol and lipid traffic don't mix.

Ethanol abuse and chronic ethanol consumption are major causes of liver disease and represent a significant health problem in the United States and worldwide. An early manifestation of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is the presence of fatty liver (hepatic steatosis) that, with continued insult, can progress to alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis1. A hepatocellular organelle central to the progression of these disease states is the lipid droplet (LD), a sphere of triglycerides encased in a phospholipid monolayer (for reviews see2,3). The excessive formation and accumulation of LDs within the hepatocyte is a defining feature of steatosis. Despite the fact that LDs are central to hepatic steatosis, the mechanisms that support the formation and metabolism of these organelles are only partially understood. As most patients that abuse alcohol display some degree of hepatic steatosis, it seems essential that we define how LD metabolism is altered by both acute or chronic alcohol exposure and how this leads to hepatocellular damage. As fat accumulation can influence the liver’s sensitivity to important triggers such as oxidative and ER stress, as well as the production and accumulation of endotoxins4,5, the aberrant accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes could easily act as the “first hit” in the progression of ALD1 and might therefore provide a prime target for therapeutic intervention. In this short essay we discuss the concept that LDs in hepatocytes are complex and dynamic organelles that appear to reside in a state of flux between formation and fusion or, conversely, metabolism and vesiculation. This equilibrium is mediated by a variety of different membrane-associated proteins, some of which may be unique to LDs while others appear to be components of the secretory and endocytic membrane trafficking machinery. We propose that these proteins act to vesiculate LDs in a regulated fashion to facilitate lipid metabolism, and that alcohol exposure appears to attenuate this process, leading to the accumulation of LDs that potentiates hepatic steatosis.
Orientation of orthocones in the English Lake District based on field observations and experimental work in a flume

ABSTRACT Experiments, using model orthocones, were undertaken in a flume to determine their orientation behaviour in the face of a uni-directional current. A general theoretical explanation of the results is attempted. Orthocone orientations in the Wenlockian Brathay Flags near Coniston, in the English Lake District, are compared with the experiments. A source direction for these sediments, which are believed to be distal turbidites, is suggested. Doubt is cast on some previously published views of current directions determined from the interpretation of fossil orientation.
Cp*Co(IPr): synthesis and reactivity of an unsaturated Co(I) complex

Synthesis of coordinatively unsaturated Cp*Co(IPr) (2), is accomplished by addition of free N-heterocyclic carbene IPr to [(Cp*Co)2-μ-(η4:η4-toluene)] (1). Stoichiometric reactivity is consistent with a 16 electron species, as 2 undergoes ligand addition/NHC displacement and reversible reaction with dihydrogen. Cp*Co(IPr) represents an elusive example of a stable Cp*CoL fragment.
Examining Management History Through The Lens Of Critical Biography

This paper builds a case for using the qualitative methodology of critical biography to illuminate the life, times, and contributions of pioneers in the field of management history. First the importance of management history is discussed and the critical biography methodology is described. Then, the methodology is applied to management history through examining several articles using the methodology including articles about Mary Parker Follett and Rhona Rapaport. Pros and cons of using the methodology are discussed including approachability and high interest level as pros and necessity to make inferences and the close interplay between researcher and research as cons. Implications for future research are presented.
Forensic Examination of Fingerprints: Past, Present, and Future

Fingerprints have been a valuable method of personal identification for more than 100 years due to the considerable variability in fingerprint patterns among individuals. Fingerprints were initiall...
Processing and Storage Effects on the Ellagitannin Composition of Processed Blackberry Products

Changes in blackberry ellagitannin composition in response to juicing (clarified and nonclarified), pureeing, canning (in water or syrup), and freezing as well as changes in processed products during 6 months of storage were investigated. Canning, pureeing, and freezing had little effect on ellagitannins, but processing berries into nonclarified and clarified juices resulted in total ellagitannin losses of 70 and 82%, respectively, due to removal of ellagitannin-rich seeds in the presscake. Minimal changes in total ellagitannin content were observed during storage of thermally processed products, but compositional changes indicative of ellagitannin depolymerization were apparent. The ellagitannin content and composition of frozen berries remained stable over 6 months of storage. Ellagitannins are well retained in canned, pureed, and frozen blackberries, but methods are needed to prevent losses during juice processing and/or exploit the ellagitannin-rich coproducts.
Bacterial genetic factors controlling the suppression of T4 phage Amber mutants

Recombinant bacteria issuing from crosses between Hfr and F − E. coli strains which differ in their amber and “non-amber-suppressor sensitive” phage mutant suppression patterns exhibit the two parental phage suppression patterns and five other patterns. Analysis of the suppression patterns and comparisons of the chromosomal marker frequencies among the seven different recombinant classes permit identification of five distinct chromosomal regions which are sites of suppressor genes for which the parental strains carry different alleles: 1. the str region of the Hfr chromosome, 2. the (λ)-gal region of the F − chromosome, 3. the met-xyl region of the F − chromosome, 4. the thr region of the Hfr chromosome, and 5. the his-try region of the Hfr chromosome. The suppressor in the str region is probably coincident with the gene(s) determining the str phenotype of the parental Hfr strains. The suppressor residing in the (λ)-gal region of the F − chromosome appears to be the su II glutamine-inserting suppressor. The quantitative expression of su II appears to be reduced by the presence of the Strr mutation carried by the F − parent, and this reduced efficiency of suppression can be counteracted progressively by the presence of the suppressor residing in the met-xyl region of the F − chromosome and of the two suppressors residing in the thr and his-try regions of the Hfr chromosome.
Subdirectly irreducible rings–some pathology

Every ring is isomorphic to a subdirect sum of subdirectly irreducible rings. Unfortunately, however, as is shown, the property of being subdirectly irreducible is not preserved under homomorphisms. An example is given of a finite non-commutative subdirectly irreducible ring R with heart (= the intersection of all non-zero ideals) H , such that R / E is isomorphic with GF(2) + GF(2). (GF(2) is the two element Galois Field.) Some additional properties of the ring R are listed and contrasts are made with results for commutative subdirectly irreducible rings; for example, the zero divisors of R do not form an ideal.
Surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis in Yulin,Guangxi,2008-2013

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of acute flaccid paralysis(AFP) in Yulin,Guangxi zhuang autonomous region,from 2000 to 2013 and provide evidence to maintain polio-free status in Yulin.Methods Virus isolation and identification were conducted for all the AFP cases reported in Yulin from 2000 to 2013 according to the requirements of WHO.Results Among 451 AFP cases reported during this period,13 strains of polio virus(2.88%) and 39 strains of non-polio enteroviruses(8.65%) were isolated.Intratypic differentiation was conducted for 13 polio virus strains,and 1 strains of vaccine derived polio virus(VDPV) was detected,the others were vaccine related viruses,including 7 type Ⅱ strains,no wild polio virus was detected.Polio virus and non-polio enteroviruses could be detected all the year round,but the isolation rate of polio virus was high in December.The polio positive cases were distributed in all the counties,except Luchuan,and Xingye.The polio virus detection rate was highest in age group 1 year(11.90%),followed by age groups 1-4 years(9.60%) and 4 years(4.27%).The polio virus detection rate in AFP cases receiving all the doses of oral polio vaccine(OPV) was lower than those receiving incomplete OPV immunization.Conclusion No wild polio virus circulation was found in Yulin during 2000-2013,the polio free status was maintained.It is still necessary to strengthen local AFP surveillance to contribute to global polio eradication.
The relationship between stress and pressure sore formation

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between serum cortisol and pressure sore formation among persons over age 65 who recently relocated to a nursing home. Twenty-six subjects who exhibited risk for pressure sore formation and were free of pressure sores and diagnoses or medications known to affect cortisol were recruited from consecutive admissions to a nursing home. Morning and evening cortisol levels were assayed the first and second weeks following admission, and subject's skin and risk status were assessed twice weekly for five weeks. Subjects who developed pressure sores had significantly higher cortisol levels than those who did not (p < 0.02), with the greatest differences occurring in the second week (p < 0.002). The cortisol levels observed in subjects who developed pressure sores may be due to the stress of relocation, but other explanations are also possible. Furthermore, a causal relationship between cortisol and pressure sore development cannot be inferred.
Preclinical Testing of Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Prior to definitive human trials, considerable effort was expended in the laboratory perfecting thrombolytic therapy. The essential literature that provided the experimental impetus for proceeding to human trials is summarized in this chapter. From this experience, two important lessons emerged. First, thorough exploration of drug risks and benefits should be performed in relevant animal models prior to human trials. Second, animal models can predict human results accurately, but only if the correct models are chosen, and the results handled rigorously. For example, the experimental data clearly predicted the efficacy, and the side effects, of thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA). Furthermore, the excessive risk associated with streptokinase (SK) was predicted by the animal models. These data serve to illuminate an approach to studying putative stroke therapies in the future.
The Value of Exercise in the Control of Posture

(1938). The Value of Exercise in the Control of Posture. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 9, No. 9, pp. 556-581.
ON GENERATING NON-ORTHOCOMPACT SPACES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses generating of non-orthocompact spaces. A space is orthocompact provided that every open cover has a refinement that is a Q-cover. All linearly ordered spaces, metacompact spaces, the Niemytski plane, and most regular quasi-metric spaces are orthocompact. Orthocompactness has played an important role in the study of quasi-uniform spaces. The orthocompactness is known to be a sufficient condition in order that a Moore space is quasimetrizable. While several non-orthocompact spaces have currently been constructed, finding non-orthocompact spaces that have various additional properties remains a difficult task. The simplest construction takes a metaLindelof nonmetacompact space X0 and obtains a non-orthocompact space that contains X0 as a closed subspace. Every nonmetacompact Moore space with a point countable base is a closed subspace of a Moore space that has a point countable base and is not orthocompact.
Direct Path Superfacets: An Intermediate Representation for Motion Planning

This paper presents an approach that combines geometry processing with motion planning to enable a robot to efficiently navigate in unstructured environments. The proposed approach relies on a novel oversegmentation method to produce a decomposition of the free space into a set of connected regions. This provides a general and simplified planning layer with navigational routes along which sampling-based motion planning expands a tree of collision-free and dynamically feasible motions to reach the goal. Experiments using robot models with nonlinear dynamics operating in complex environments show significant speedups over related work.
Brachiobasilic Arteriovenous Fistula

Brachiobasilic AVF should be considered in patients with unsuitable cephalic vein or after failed radiocephalic and brachiocephalic AVFs and prior to the use of a synthetic graft. This chapter focuses on the brachiobasilic arteriovenous fistula creation techniques, patency, and outcomes.
Differential Fertility and Human Evolution

Human biological evolution, like evolution in any other species, is ultimately dependent on two phenomena, namely, changes in the gene pool of the species due to genetically based differences in the survival of individuals, and changes due to genetically based differences in reproductive performance. The higher the early mortality rates in a population, and the greater the spread in number of children reared to maturity by those reaching maturity, then the greater the rate at which genetic change can occur, given that there is some genetic basis for either of these phenomena. The truism was more elegantly and more mathematically stated by Fisher (1930) as follows: “The rate of increase in fitness of any organism at any time is equal to its genetic variance in fitness at that time.” This Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection, as he termed it, measures fitness in terms of reproductive value, that is, as the intrinsic rate of increase associated with a given genotype. This intrinsic rate of increase he has called the Malthusian parameter.
Degradation of Alkali-Based Photocathodes from Exposure to Residual Gases: A First-Principles Study

Photocathodes are a key component in the production of electron beams in systems such as X-ray free-electron lasers and X-ray energy-recovery linacs. Alkali-based materials display high quantum efficiency (QE), however, their QE undergoes degradation faster than metal photocathodes even in the high vacuum conditions where they operate. The high reactivity of alkali-based surfaces points to surface reactions with residual gases as one of the most important factors for the degradation of QE. To advance the understanding on the degradation of the QE, we investigated the surface reactivity of common residual gas molecules (e.g., O2, CO2, CO, H2O, N2, and H2) on one of the best-known alkali-based photocathode materials, cesium antimonide (Cs3Sb), using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. The reaction sites, adsorption energy, and effect in the local electronic structure upon reaction of these molecules on (001), (110), and (111) surfaces of Cs3Sb were computed and analyzed. The ad...
Cerebellar Lesions and Effects on Posture, Locomotion and Limb Movement

The cerebellum is a subcortical structure important for controlling and adapting movements. Damage to the cerebellum results in ataxia (i.e., incoordination) but not loss of movement or paralysis. There are many distinct signs of limb, balance, and gait ataxia, which are exacerbated by moving multiple joints together and by moving quickly. Some cerebellar deficits seem to result from a failure of motor commands to account for mechanical interactions between segments. Others appear to be more related to timing control or generating predictive motor commands. Optimal cerebellar control is maintained through adaptive learning processes, which are important for keeping movements appropriately adjusted for varying environmental demands.
NRC Microwave Refractive Index Gas Thermometry Implementation Between 24.5 K and 84 K

The implementation of microwave refractive index gas thermometry at the National Research Council between 24.5 K and 84 K is reported. A new gas-handling system for accurate control and measurement of experimental gas pressure has been constructed, and primary thermometry measurements have been taken using a quasi-spherical copper resonator and helium gas at temperatures corresponding to three defining fixed points of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). These measurements indicate differences between the thermodynamic temperature T and ITS-90 temperature $$T_{90}$$ of $$\left( T - T_{90} \right) = -0.60 \pm 0.56$$ mK at $$T_{90} = 24.5561$$ K, $$\left( T - T_{90} \right) = -2.0 \pm 1.3$$ mK at $$T_{90} = 54.3584$$ K, and $$\left( T - T_{90} \right) = -4.0 \pm 2.9$$ mK at $$T_{90} = 83.8058$$ K. The present results at $$T_{90} = 24.5561$$ K and $$T_{90} = 83.8058$$ K agree with previously reported measurements from other primary thermometry techniques of acoustic gas thermometry and dielectric constant gas thermometry, and the result at $$T_{90} = 54.3584$$ K provides new information in a temperature region where there is a gap in other recent data sets.
Paramagnetism and reentrant behavior in quasi-one-dimensional superconductors at high magnetic fields

The thermodynamics of quasi-one-dimensional superconductors in the presence of large magnetic fields is studied. When the quantum effects of the magnetic field are taken into account, several reentrant superconducting phases persist at very high fields. In the last reentrant phase the free energy change, the specific heat jump and the excess magnetization are estimated near the critical temperature. In particular, the excess magnetization is found to be paramagnetic as opposed to diamagnetic in weak fields and its sign is controlled by the slope of H{sub c{sub 2}} (T). The authors further generalize this result to the entire phase diagram (including all quantum phases) and to different physical systems using general thermodynamic relations which show that the sign of the excess magnetization {Delta}M of the superconducting state near H{sub c{sub 2}}(T) follows dH{sub c{sub 2}}(T)/dT. These relations provide a scenario for the evolution of the sign of {Delta}M from weak fields to strong fields.
Emergence of modern marine ecosystems.

Summary The structure and function of marine ecosystems are not fixed. Instead, major innovations — from the origin of oxygenic photosynthesis, to the evolution of reefs or of deep bioturbation, to the rise of pelagic calcifiers — have changed biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem dynamics. As a result, modern marine ecosystems are fundamentally different from those in the distant past.
Between the One and the Nine: Counting and Telling in Hamlet and The Winter’s Tale

As is suggested by the ambiguity in certain key terms (tell, tale, count, account, recount, and so on), counting and narrative are intimately associated, especially in Shakespeare. This essay considers this association in the opening of Hamlet and in a couple of scenes in The Winter’s Tale . Gaps in dramatic mimesis are often filled diegetically, an operation that is sometimes numerically inflected. Scholars have suggested that Shakespeare’s dramaturgy works by a combination of the mimetic and diegetic that points inferentially towards a wider fictional world (fabula). I argue that this operation may be understood numerically, as sometimes additive and sometimes multiplicative. Where telling gives way to showing in Hamlet 1.1, it does so as if in an attempt to start counting , initiate a movement forward that is both mimetic and diegetic. The Winter’s Tale , I propose, shows us linear and logarithmic counting set in contrast to one another, raising the possibility that these may be associated with diegesis and mimesis respectively.
Genetic Analysis of Heat Shock Protein Functions in Yeast

My laboratory has investigated the function of heat-shock proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by cloning the genes encoding these proteins, creating mutations in the cloned genes by in vitro disruption mutagenesis, and replacingwild-typegeneswith the mutated versions by gene conversion in vivo (Rothstein, 1983). Here I will briefly review the results obtained with three genes, those encoding HSP26, HSP82, and HSP 104 (Fig. 1).
Identification of One Pair of Domain-Locking, Redox-Sensitive Cysteine Residues in Maize Chloroplast Malate Dehydrogenase

The NADP-linked malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.82) in the chloroplasts of higher plants is reductively activated in the light (1). We (2) predicted, on the basis of the orientation and separation of the residues in the modeled enzyme, that Cys-325 in the carbon substrate-binding domain forms an inhibitory, redox-sensitive disulfide with Cys-132 or Cys-139 in the nucleotide-binding domain. (Numbering throughout is according to the model enzyme used in those experiments, porcine cytosolic malate dehydrogenase, Protein Data Bank entry 4MDH. See Fig. 1.) We suggested that formation of the inter-domain disulfide bond would interfere with movement necessary for catalysis. Later experiments with the Escherichia coil enzyme (3) made it unlikely that Cys-139 is involved. Cys-325 had already been identified as a regulatory Cys (4), in site-directed mutagenesis experiments. Although the chloroplast enzyme is activated by DTT, it is not activated by the monothiol mercaptoethanol (5). Consistent with (6), we find that replacement of Cys-325 in the maize chloroplast malate dehydrogenase with an alanine results in an enzyme equally sensitive to mercaptoethanol and to DTT. Surprisingly, we find that mutation of Cys-132 renders the enzyme less sensitive to mercaptoethanol than to DTT.