cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Restorative Justice: Principles, Practices, and Possibilities

This chapter will feature an overview of the core concepts that define restorative justice, a number of case studies where restorative justice, principles, and practices have been implemented to varying degrees as well as the evidence that has emerged about impacts on the mental health of individuals and communities. In particular, I will analyze and report on a local Restorative Justice Program in Fort Collins, Colorado. In addition, I will offer case studies and examples from various international contexts—Northern Ireland, Burundi (East Africa), South Africa, South Korea, Israel and Palestine, the Ukraine, and Russia—where conflicts have erupted and where restorative principles have supported openness, responsibility, accountability, ethical decision-making, self-reflection, learning, healing, peacebuilding, and reconciliation.
Facilitators and barriers for parental consent to pediatric emergency research

Background Obtaining informed consent for clinical research in the pediatric emergency department (ED) is challenging. Our objective was to understand the factors that influence parental consent for ED studies. Methods This was a cross-sectional survey assessing parents' willingness to enroll their children into an ED research study. Parents reporting a willingness to enroll in ED studies were presented with two hypothetical scenarios, a low-risk and a high-risk study, and then asked about decision influencers affecting consent. Parents expressing a lack of willingness to enroll were asked which decision influencers impacted their consent decision. Results Among 118 parents, 90 (76%) stated they would be willing to enroll their child into an ED study; of these, 86 (96%) would consent for a low-risk study and 54 (60%) would consent for a high-risk study. Caucasian parents, and those with previous research exposure, were more likely to report willingness to participate. Those who would consent to the high-risk study cited "benefits that research would provide to future children" most strongly influenced their decision to agree. Conclusions ED investigators should highlight the benefits for future children and inquire about parents' previous exposure to research to enhance ED research enrollment. Barriers to consent in non-Caucasian families should be further investigated. Impact Obtaining consent for pediatric emergency research is challenging and this study identified factors influencing parental consent for research in EDs. Benefits for future children and parents' previous research experience were two of the most influential factors in parents' willingness to consent to ED research studies. These findings will help to improve enrollment in ED research studies and better our understanding of how to promote the health and well-being of pediatric patients.
Omniscience and ignorance

God’s omniscience generates certain puzzles, not least regarding how such omniscience is compatible with human free will. One option in this regard is to impose limitations on the scope of God’s knowledge, but that then poses the further question of how such limitations can be compatible with God’s nature as a perfect being. I offer a novel way of approaching these questions, which appeals to what I claim is an independently motivated distinction between lacking knowledge and being ignorant. In particular, it is contended that God’s omniscience is best understood not as a complete knowledge of all truths, but rather as a kind of deliberate non-knowing (such that the non-knowing does not indicate any cognitive lack on God’s part) that excludes ignorance. God might not know all truths, but that’s not because of any cognitive lack, and there is certainly no truth about which he is ignorant.
Our Fraud Problem

We think of frauds and scams as primarily a problem for older adults. In the past few years, states and the federal government have passed a range of statutes designed to prevent seniors, as distinct from other adults, from scams—from more harshly punishing scams directed towards older adults to authorizing financial institutions to more closely monitor and rapidly freeze the accounts of older clients. This successful, popular, and bipartisan law reform movement has taken place without a thorough empirical understanding of whether in fact seniors are scammed more frequently than other age groups. This study analyzed whether older adults fell victim to scams more frequently than younger adults during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. A group of Americans older than 65 (n=364) and a group age 25–35 (n=388) were recruited online and asked to complete a short survey about their experiences with frauds and scams during the pandemic. The results were statistically analyzed to assess whether the two groups expressed that they were solicited by, engaged with, and were aware of consequences from four specific common scams of the pandemic and a catch-all final question. The results were striking. The younger group engaged with scams three times more frequently than the older group, and this disparity was statistically significant (12% to 4%; χ2 = 16.41; p = .000051). Moreover, more younger adults engaged with scams than older adults as a percentage of those who had been solicited—that is, younger adults were more susceptible to scams. Therefore, in crafting our legal response to the challenge of frauds and scams, we must acknowledge that the problem is not limited to—and may not even be most prevalent among—seniors.
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a low platelet count in the absence of an otherwise recognizable cause for the condition. Primarily a disorder of increased peripheral platelet destruction, it is also known as immune thrombocytopenic purpura.
Identifying the Body of Knowledge

(1971). Identifying the Body of Knowledge. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 23-24.
Carbohydrate Content of Bovine Plasma Amine Oxidase and Isolation of a Carbohydrate-containing Fragment Attached to Asparagine

Abstract A number of carbohydrate-containing fragments were separated from a Pronase digest of bovine plasma amine oxidase-phenylhydrazone derivative by chromatography on Dowex 50-X2 and DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on Sephadex G-25. The sequence of the carbohydrate moiety and the type of the linkage between amino acid and carbohydrate residue of the major component (GP-I-b) were studied by sequential hydrolysis of the carbohydrate with glycosidases and by hydrolysis with amidase. The rest of the glycopeptide components were isolated in low yields and have been difficult to purify. The composition of the major component indicated the presence of 1 residue of asparagine, 2 residues of N-acetylglucosamine, and 5 residues of mannose. A glycosylamine type linkage between asparagine and N-acetylglucosamine was proved by the hydrolysis of the major component (GP-I-b) with amidase. Three residues of mannose, 1 residue of N-acetylglucosamine, and 2 additional residues of mannose were released in that order when the major component (GP-I-b) was treated successively with jack bean α-mannosidase, jack bean β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and α-mannosidase. Based on these results, a tentative structure of the major component (GP-I-b) has been proposed.
Implications of VISIDEPtm For Artificial Intelligence Applications

VISIDF is a system for generating true three-dimensional displays on flat-screened devices. Hodges and McAllister, in their article, state clearly that this system is the autostereoscopic alternative to PLZT shutter systems for computer-generated graphic appli-cations. This opens the door to consideration of the system as a component of vision for artificial intelligence applications. In order to understand the potentials of VISIDEP one must, in fact, accept several fundamental assumptions. These are: 1. Perception is an intelligent activity rather than purely stimulus/response. 2. Binocular depth cues are of greater importance to accurate depth interpretation than monocular cues. 3. Depth perception does not require object identification. Each of these assumptions is essential to the application of VISIDEP research in practical operations requiring depth interpretation. The relationships between human vision and perception and the parallax induction generated by VISIDEP technology offer depth in real time to artificial intelligence. Through machine operations on incoming data, the perception of depth is generated in much the same way as the stereoptic data enter the human being, thus providing rapidly quantifiable depth interpretation which is very accurate, perhaps more accurate that human perception of depth. The analysis of a mechanical system in relationship to human approaches to depth perceptions offers the potential of many applications of visually competent artificial intelligence. An additional factor is that the system under discussion is user friendly for human operators as well as requiring minimal reconfiguration of existing equipment and relatively simple software.
Copper absorption and copper balance during consecutive periods for rats fed varying levels of dietary copper

Copper (Cu) balance and absorption were studied to determine the extent to which absorption is dependent on dietary Cu. Over 12 consecutive 5-d metabolic periods, Cu balance was determined for four groups of young growing rats (n = 8) fed modified AIN-76 diets having different levels of added Cu (2.5, 5.0, 10 or 20 micrograms/g). Among groups, mean body weights did not differ over time (P greater than 0.05). There were no significant differences among groups for liver, heart or plasma Cu. Rats in all groups were in positive Cu balance throughout the study. After consuming the experimental diets for 10 d, rats eating 10 or 20 micrograms Cu/g diet showed a more positive Cu balance than did rats in the other groups. This trend continued until d 60. For rats eating 20 micrograms Cu/g diet, balance varied significantly over time. Three test meals labeled with stable 65Cu were fed at d 10, 40 and 50, respectively. Apparent Cu absorption, as determined by fecal monitoring of 65Cu, did not change appreciably over time for rats eating 2.5 or 5.0 micrograms Cu/g diet. A test meal labeled with radioactive 67Cu was fed at d 40. For rats eating 2.5 micrograms Cu/gmore » diet, apparent absorption was higher (31%) than that for all other groups (5.0, 23%; 10, 19%; 20, 16%; P less than 0.05). Absorption values determined by whole-body retention of 67Cu were similar to those determined by fecal monitoring of 65Cu.« less
Double integral transforms for soft limiter modeling

The use of certain multidimensional transform techniques is useful in representing symmetric bandpass soft limiters whose transfer functions cannot be handled by the classical one-dimensional Fourier sine transform techniques of Rice, Bennett, and others. Limiter models analyzed are S(t))/(1+ mod S(t) mod ) and S(t)/(1+S/sup 2/(t)/sup 1/2/, where S(t) is a narrowband bandpass AM/PM limiter input signal. >
On the inference and prediction of DDoS campaigns

This work proposes a distributed denial-of-service DDoS inference and forecasting model that aims at providing insights to organizations, security operators, and emergency response teams during and after a DDoS attack. Specifically, our work strives to predict, within minutes, the attacks' features, namely intensity/rate packets/second and size estimated number of used compromised machines/bots. The goal is to understand the future short-term trend of the ongoing DDoS attack in terms of those features and thus provide the capability to recognize the current as well as future similar situations and hence appropriately respond to the threat. Further, our work aims at investigating DDoS campaigns by proposing a clustering approach to infer various victims targeted by the same campaign and predicting related features. Our analysis employs real darknet data to explore the feasibility of applying the inference and forecasting models on DDoS attacks and evaluate the accuracy of the predictions. To achieve our goal, our proposed approach leverages a number of time series and fluctuation analysis techniques, statistical methods, and forecasting approaches. The extracted inferences from various DDoS case studies exhibit a promising accuracy reaching at some points less than 1% error rate. Further, our approach could lead to a better understanding of the scale, speed, and size of DDoS attacks and generates inferences that could be adopted for immediate response and mitigation. Moreover, the accumulated insights could be used for the purpose of long-term large-scale DDoS analysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response of intracellular pH to acute anoxia in individual neurons from chemosensitive and nonchemosensitive regions of the medulla.

The effect of acute (10 minutes) exposure to anoxia on intracellular pH (pHi) in individual brainstem neurons, in slices from neonatal (P7 to Pll) rats, was studied using a fluorescence microscopy imaging technique. Neurons from 4 regions of the medulla were studied, two of which contained chemosensitive neurons (nucleus tractus solitarius, NTS, and ventrolateral medulla, VLM) and two regions which did not contain chemosensitive neurons (hypoglossal, Hyp, and inferior olivary, IO). Acute anoxia caused a rapid and maintained acidification of 0.1-0.3 pH unit that was not different in neurons from chemosensitive vs. nonchemosensitive regions. Blocking the contribution of Na+/H+ exchange (NHE) to pH, regulation by exposing neurons to acute anoxia in the presence of the exchange inhibitor amiloride (1 mM) did not affect the degree of acidification seen in neurons from the NTS and VLM region, but significantly increased acidification (to about 0.35 pH unit) in Hyp and IO neurons. In summary, anoxia-induced intracellular acidification is not different between neurons from chemosensitive and nonchemosensitive regions, but NHE activity blunts acidification in neurons from the latter regions. These data suggest that neurons from chemosensitive areas might have a smaller acid load in response to anoxia than neurons from non-chemosensitive regions of the brainstem.
Sagittarius A* in Context: Daily Flares as a Probe of the Fundamental X-Ray Emission Process in Accreting Black Holes

Our central Galactic supermassive black hole, Sgr A*, exists mostly in a very stable, extremely low luminosity (~10-9LEdd), thermal quiescent state, which is interrupted roughly daily by a brief, nonthermal X-ray flare. Because they are not accompanied by significant changes in the radio wavelengths, the flares make Sgr A* unusual in the context of black holes accreting at slightly higher rates. Those sources display a radio/X-ray luminosity correlation whose normalization scales with central mass and that holds over orders of magnitude in accretion power. There is significant scatter in this correlation, due in part to measurement uncertainties and intrinsic variability. By studying the correlation in sources bracketing Sgr A* in radio luminosity and whose physical parameters are well measured, we can derive a statistical measure of this local scatter. We find that Sgr A* in quiescence and the lower intensity flares fall well below the correlation in X-ray luminosity. The brightest flares are consistent within the scatter, which may indicate an upper bound on the X-ray luminosity. This trend is suggestive of a state transition at the extreme low end of accretion activity, only above which the radio/X-ray correlation is tracked. This scenario is easily testable because it must fulfill three unique observational predictions: (1) as long as Sgr A* remains at its current radio luminosity, no X-ray flare will be seen that statistically exceeds the prediction of the correlation; (2) no source already on the correlation will be seen to flare in the X-rays similar to Sgr A* (i.e., without corresponding increases in the radio luminosity), and (3) sources below a critical accretion rate or luminosity will show similar flares as Sgr A*, on timescales appropriate to their masses.
Misplaced marketing “Dumbth” adventures in retailing

Discusses the growing problem of poor customer service due to the unskilled personnel that are employed. Provides anecdotal evidence of service encounters where the experiences of the customers were unsatisfactory. Expresses the concern that the orientation has shifted from the customer to the employees.
Carbenoid insertions into the siliconhydrogen bond catalyzed by chiral copper (I) schiff base complexes

Abstract An asymmetric insertion reaction of α-diazoesters derived from methyl arylacetates into the silicon-hydrogen bond of silanes was achieved using a copper (I) catalyst associated with a chiral, C 2 symmetric Schiff base. Addition of the diazoesters 1 (1 equiv) to the Cu·Lig complex (R,R) - 3 (0.1 equiv) in the presence of the silane reagent (1.5 equiv) at −40° C yielded the corresponding insertion products 2 or 4 in good yields with varying levels of selectivity (up to 84% ee).
Normative values for exhaled breath condensate pH and its relationship to exhaled nitric oxide in healthy African Americans.

Background Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) pH and exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) have been proposed as markers of asthma severity. EBC pH values below 6.5 have been associated with asthma exacerbations. Protonation of airway nitrite occurs at low pH and may contribute to FeNO. Objective To establish normative EBC pH values and to determine the contribution of EBC pH to FeNO in healthy African Americans. Methods Two hundred seventy healthy African American subjects without asthma between 18 and 40 years old were evaluated. Subjects had simultaneous measurement of EBC pH, EBC nitrite, nitrate, and FeNO. Results The median EBC pH was 8.14 (interquartile range, 7.83-8.28). Of subjects, 11.9% had an EBC pH ≤6.5. In subjects with EBC pH values below 6.5, there was an inverse correlation between EBC pH and FeNO ( r 2 = 0.158; P = .0245; n=32). In the entire cohort, there was a direct correlation between EBC pH and EBC nitrite ( r 2 = 0.163; P Conclusion There was an increased prevalence (11.9%) of low EBC pH (less than 6.5) in healthy African American subjects compared with white subjects (
AMPA-Induced suppression of oligodendroglial gene expression in neonatal rat brain

Abstract Oligodendroglia are susceptible to α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-mediated excitotoxicity. We hypothesized that analysis of oligodendroglial gene expression would provide a sensitive indicator of acute excitotoxic oligodendroglial injury in the immature brain. AMPA (2 nmol) was injected intracerebroventricularly in 7-day-old rats. Proteolipid protein and myelin basic protein encoding mRNAs were evaluated 24–48 h later by semi-quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction assays. AMPA markedly suppressed brain tissue content of oligodendroglial mRNAs.
Cell-mediated hyperacute rejection. VI. Prolonged survival of heterotopic mouse heart transplants☆

The survival of heterotopically transplanted mouse hearts was enhanced in recipients who were sensitized intraperitoneally to give rise to cell-mediated hyperacute rejection, a T-cell-mediated response characterized by very rapid sensitization and rejection of allogeneic skin grafts.
“Pie Sharing” in Complex Collaboration Contexts

Abstract Recently, there has been a growing interest in the development of collaborative relationships between organizations. Much attention has been given to how organizations “expand the pie” of benefits between them; however, there is little that addresses the ensuing issue: how organizations divide the expanded pie. The author examines the relational impact of pie sharing in complex collaboration contexts marked by uncertainty in resources and output, information asymmetries, intangible aspects, and noncomparable factors and processes. The author develops a conceptual framework that examines how the use of equity and equality sharing principles in conjunction with various resource and organizational conditions can be used to affect relational outcomes systematically. Survey results of 300 research and development managers, scientists, and engineers indicate that sharing principles can have a positive or negative effect on the relationship depending on the type of sharing principle used and the charact...
Needs for radioactivity standards and measurements

Abstract At the summer school held in Herceg Novi in 1972, a paper was given on the then contemporary needs in the field of radionuclide metrology. In the intervening years many of the measurements needs have been met and, moreover, the interest in nuclear power in some countries and in its by-products, has waned. Some of the chief interests now lie in the development of the more sensitive methods of measurement such as atom counting to the same level of accuracy as activity measurements, and also in the acquisition of needed and consistent decay data.
Color-neutral superconducting quark matter

We investigate the consequences of enforcing local color neutrality on the color superconducting phases of quark matter by utilizing the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model supplemented by diquark and the 't Hooft six-fermion interactions. In neutrino free matter at zero temperature, color neutrality guarantees that the number densities of u, d, and s quarks in the color-flavor-locked (CFL) phase will be equal even with physical current quark masses. Electric charge neutrality follows as a consequence and without the presence of electrons. In contrast, electric charge neutrality in the less symmetric 2-flavor superconducting (2SC) phase with $\mathrm{ud}$ pairing requires more electrons than the normal quark phase. The free energy density cost of enforcing color and electric charge neutrality in the CFL phase is lower than that in the 2SC phase, which favors the formation of the CFL phase. With increasing temperature and neutrino content, an unlocking transition occurs from the CFL phase to the 2SC phase with the order of the transition depending on the temperature, the quark and lepton number chemical potentials. The astrophysical implications of this rich structure in the phase diagram, including estimates of the effects from Goldstone bosons in the CFL phase, are discussed.
Life- and death-promoting factors from the suboesophageal ganglion of the American cockroach.

Abstract Suboesophageal ganglion transplants were performed between groups of animals entrained to light-dark schedules in-phase and 180 degrees out-of-phase. Previously reported midgut tumours following out-of-phase transplants were not found. Particular in-phase controls did yield some heavier than expected mortality rates. Pre-transplant stress of donor animals dramatically reduced the observed heavy mortality in one group and increased mortality in a reciprocal group. Results allow the hypothesis that there are two factors normally secreted rhythmically from the suboesophageal ganglion: the presence of an excess of one factor promotes death whereas the absence of the other promotes death. The data also allow the possibility that these factors are involved in the mediation of the active and inactive periods of the cockroach.
Development of a Short-Form Version of the Physical Education Classroom Instrument: Measuring Secondary Pupils' Disruptive Behaviours.

Background: Effective classroom management is the cornerstone of successful teaching. Behavioural issues affect the classroom climate as well as the time available for learning. Pupil misbehaviours can also contribute to teacher stress and burn out resulting in teachers leaving the profession. It is important for us to understand more about pupil misbehaviours from teachers' and pupils' perspectives in order to help teachers and schools create effective learning environments. Purpose: This study was designed to shorten an existing survey instrument that addresses pupil misbehaviour patterns. The original instrument was created for pupils, teachers and researchers to describe the spectrum of pupil disruptive behaviours in physical education class settings that impact classroom management. The resulting more parsimonious instrument can be used by teachers to gain insight into pupils' perspectives of pupil misbehaviours and may lead to developing appropriate strategies to minimize disruptions to pupil learni...
Regulation of eye growth in the African cichlid fish Haplochromis burtoni

Fish were reared in 6 conditions: broad spectrum white light, total darkness, scotopic illumination, and 3 monochromatic colors matched to the absorption spectra of the three cone types to study the influence of the light regime on the regulation of eye growth in the African cichlid fish Haplochromis burtoni. Fish reared in total darkness showed high variability in naso-temporal diameter and axial length of the eye. Animals reared in darkness and in scotopic illumination had significantly larger eyes relative to lens size in comparison to fish reared in white light. Eye size and shape was nearly identical in fish reared in monochromatic and in white light. Because of overlap in the absorption spectra of the three cone types of H. burtoni it could not be resolved whether the regulatory mechanism receives input from all three cone types or only from the green (523 nm) sensitive cones. It is clear from our results, however, that neither the blue (455 nm) nor the yellow sensitive (562 nm) cones alone are responsible for eye size regulation. It seems equally unlikely that all three cone types have to act in concert for normal growth of the eye.
A Wave-equation Migration Velocity Analysis Approach Based On the Finite-frequency Sensitivity Kernel

Based on the finite-frequency sensitivity theory, we present a migration velocity analysis method. The finite-frequency sensitivity kernel is used to link the observed residual moveout and the velocity perturbations in the migration velocity model. The new approach is a wave-equation based method which naturally incorporates the wave phenomena and is best teamed with the wave-equation based migration for velocity analysis. This paper is targeted to solve some important issues in using this approach in velocity updating process, e.g., the calculation and storage of huge amount of sensitivity kernels, the partition and interpolation of velocity model and the iteration process. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate the updating process.
Dietary Phosphorus Modifications in Practical Feeds Do Not Affect Waterborne Phosphorus Concentrations and Phytoplankton Abundance in Channel Catfish Ponds

Abstract We measured concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll a in 0.04-ha ponds containing channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus during three feeding trials to evaluate the effect of dietary phosphorus modifications on water quality and the potential discharge of phosphorus and organic matter in pond effluents. In experiment 1, a basal diet with 0.20% available phosphorus was compared with diets supplemented with 0.5% or 1.0% dicalcium phosphate to provide 0.27% or 0.35% available phosphorus. In experiment 2, fish were fed diets supplemented with either dicalcium phosphate or defluorinated rock phosphate to contain 0.40% available phosphorus. In experiment 3, fish were fed one of three diets containing 250 or 500 phytase units of phytase per kilogram (0.27% available phosphorus) or 0.75% dicalcium phosphate (0.39% available phosphorus). Husbandry practices in all three experiments were typical of commercial culture conditions. Quantitative and qualitative modificatio...
Aqueous organic chemistry. 9. Reactivity of 1,5-, 1,6-, 1,7- and 2,6-dihydroxynaphthalenes, dibenzofuran, 2-hydroxydibenzofuran, carbazole, 2-hydroxycarbazole, acridine and 4-hydroxyacridine

Dihydroxynaphthalenes with the hydroxyl groups on the same or different rings and polycyclic hydroxyaromatics as present in low-rank coals, or generated during coal conversion, undergo hydrogenation via their keto tautomers under aqueous-CO conditions. The hydrogen donor moieties formed can then transfer hydrogen to radicals generated during the process or in a subsequent liquefaction step.
Light emission from silicon: Some perspectives and applications

Research on efficient light emission from silicon devices is moving toward leading-edge advances in components for nano-optoelectronics and related areas. A silicon laser is being eagerly sought and may be at hand soon. A key advantage is in the use of silicon-based materials and processing, thereby using high yield and low-cost fabrication techniques. Anticipated applications include an optical emitter for integrated optical circuits, logic, memory, and interconnects; electro-optic isolators; massively parallel optical interconnects and cross connects for integrated circuit chips; lightwave components; high-power discrete and array emitters; and optoelectronic nanocell arrays for detecting biological and chemical agents. The new technical approaches resolve a basic issue with native interband electro-optical emission from bulk Si, which competes with nonradiative phonon- and defect-mediated pathways for electron-hole recombination. Some of the new ways to enhance optical emission efficiency in Si diode devices rely on carrier confinement, including defect and strain engineering in the bulk material. Others use Si nanocrystallites, nanowires, and alloying with Ge and crystal strain methods to achieve the carrier confinement required to boost radiative recombination efficiency. Another approach draws on the considerable progress that has been made in high-efficiency, solar-cell design and uses the reciprocity between photo- and light-emitting diodes. Important advances are also being made with silicon-oxide materials containing optically active rare-earth impurities.
Cancer chemotherapy for practicing physicians

Abstract This paper has attempted to summarize briefly certain practical features of cancer chemotherapy, including the selection of patients as candidates for chemotherapy, general principles of drug administration, and choice and dosage of selected agents. No attempt has been made to present a comprehensive review of the many drugs available for therapy nor to review the current theories regarding mode of action. It is believed that proper attention to the principles outlined and a healthy respect for the cytotoxicity of these compounds will enable the medical practitioner, either alone or in consultation with a chemotherapist, to employ these drugs effectively in the management of a wide variety of malignant conditions. Patients who pose special problems of management or of research interest, such as those with acute and chronic leukemias, multiple myeloma, malignant carcinoid and choriocarcinoma should, we believe, continue to be referred to specialists in the field of chemotherapy.
Implicational Complexity in Intuitionistic Arithmetic

For the two conjuncts on the r.h.s. (1) may be successively applied, since y = 0 is decidable. We shall readily verify that there is no way of similarly going around (1) or (2). This fact calls for counting implication (though not conjunction or disjunction) in measuring in IA the complexity of arithmetic relations. The natural implicational measure for our purpose is the depth of negative nestings of implication, defined as follows. I(F) 0 if F is atomic; I(F A G) = I(F V G): = max[I(F), I(G)]; I(VxF) = I(3xF) = I(F); I(F -G) : = max[I(F) + 1, I(G)]. This measure is also the minimal one satisfying the following properties. (1) One can define I, as above, for functional types. Then, for each type z, if n = J(r), then z is canonically embedded in the nth pure type. An explicit connection between implicational complexity and functional complexity is provided by Godel's (so-called "Dialectica") interpretation. To isolate the role of implication, consider a propositional schema F in 20 sentences. The interpretation of F is of the form 3xVy, F0, where F0 is quantifier-free, I(z) = I(F) and I(a) < I(F). (2) Let IA, stand for IA with
Comparison of neural precursor cell fate in second trimester human brain and spinal cord.

AbstractNeural transplantation holds promise for the treatment of traumatic brain and spinal cord injury by replacing lost cellular elements as well as repairing neural damage. Fetal human stem cells derived from central nervous system (CNS) tissue are potential transplantable sources for all cell types found in the mature human nervous system including neurons, astrocytes and oligodendroglia. Although nearly all areas of the fetal human neuraxis contain undifferentiated neural precursor cells, the phenotypic fate of the daughter cells might vary from one region to another during a specific developmental period. The purpose of this study was to compare the various cell types derived from neural precursors cultured from second trimester fetal human brain and spinal cord. To this end, brains (n = 8) and spinal cords (n = 8) of 15-24 week fetuses were dissociated and grown in culture medium supplemented with epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and leukemia inhibitory factor (L...
Frequency and tuning characteristics of passively modelocked semiconductor lasers operated at 77 K

The authors examined experimentally and theoretically the frequency stability and tunability of passively modelocked monolithic-cavity semiconductor lasers operating at cryogenic temperatures. Compared with their characteristics at room temperature, these lasers show an increase in the parameter range for modelocking to occur, as well as an order-of-magnitude improvement in the tuning range when operated at 77 K.
Transmitter-Size and Focus Effects on Scintillations*

We present generalized numerical predictions of the effects of transmitter-aperture size and divergence on the on-axis scintillations of a laser beam propagating through a turbulent stmosphere, utilizing analytical results obtained from the literature. The sharp reduction of scintillation that has been predicted for a large, focused beam is shown to depend very critically upon the focus adjustment; small misadjustments result in increases by orders of magnitude. This also implies that diffraction-limited optics may be required. This requirement, together with the implications of turbulent beam-wander and spreading effects, suggest that the predicted reduction is of little practical significance. We also present the conditions necessary for obtaining point-source results in scintillation experiments.
Does training change the brain

Since the days of Broca and Wernicke, neurologists have attempted to localize cognitive functions to specific brain regions. However, until recently the evidence for such localization was almost entirely indirect, deriving from clinical observations and postmortem examination of the brains of patients with observable functional deficits during life. Modern neuroimaging techniques—CT, MRI, PET, functional MRI, MRS, and magnetoencephalography (MEG)—have enabled researchers to study brain structure and function in vivo to an extent only dreamed of just a generation ago. In addition, these technologies have greatly facilitated the study of developmental disorders, for which autopsy material is frequently not available until many years after diagnosis. An important insight of the early localizationists was that certain basic cognitive functions, language chief among them, are asymmetrically …
On the Effect of the Nature of Ion Pairs as Nucleophiles in a Metal-Catalyzed Substitution Reaction

Two mechanistic features of the palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation reaction of dienyl acetatesvinyl (π-allyl)palladium intermediate equilibration and palladium-catalyzed ionization of the bisallylic malonate productsaccount for the observed product ratios and nucleophile counterion effects. Three hexadienyl acetate substrates, isomeric with respect to the location of the leaving group to the dienyl system, were studied. The sodium, cesium, tetramethylammonium, and tetrahexylammonium salts of dimethyl malonate and dimethyl benzylmalonate were employed as nucleophiles, and both triphenylphosphine and tributylphosphine ligands were tested. The observed alkylation product ratios varied in a consistent way with the identity of the nucleophile counterion. The palladium-catalyzed ionization of bisallyl malonate products (i.e., the nucleophile serves as a leaving group for palladium ionization) was found to alter the observed product distribution only under certain circumstances such as extended reaction time...
MO-E-211-02: Breast MRI: Image Quality, Artifacts & Quality Control

The quality of clinical breast MR images is influenced by the design and performance of the MR system, the breast coil, the breast MRI protocol, proper patient positioning, as well as patient‐specific factors. MR system and coil quality control, protocol optimization, and technologist training are important to ensure high quality breast MR images. Common image quality issues encountered in clinical breast MR image include signal non‐uniformity and inadequate breast tissue coverage, both of which can be influenced by the coil design. Inadequate fat or silicone saturation, wrap‐around artifacts, and parallel imaging artifacts can often be minimized through technologist training. Breast MR protocol modification may be necessary to achieve improvements in signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), high contrast spatial resolution, or artifact reduction. Low SNR or non‐ uniform breast MR images may be coil performance related. Therefore it is important that breast coils be tested annually and whenever coil performance issues are suspected, as part of a comprehensive MR system quality control program. Educational objectives: 1. Describe common artifacts and image quality issues encountered in clinical breast MR images. 2. Discuss methods for addressing breast MR image quality problems. 3. Describe quality control procedures and accreditation programs specific to breast MRI.
Hyperoncotic enhancement of pulmonary growth after fetal tracheal occlusion: a comparison between dextran and albumin.

Abstract Background/purpose This study was aimed at comparing albumin and dextran as intrapulmonary hyperoncotic enhancers of fetal lung growth after tracheal occlusion. Methods Fetal lambs (n = 27) were divided proportionally into 5 groups: group I consisted of sham-operated controls; group II underwent tracheal occlusion (TO); groups III, IV, and V underwent TO and intratracheal infusion of 60 mL of either saline, 6% dextran-70, or 25% albumin, respectively. Multiple fetal lung analyses were performed near term. Statistical analysis was by 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc analyses by the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons ( P Results The lung volume-to-body weight ratio was significantly higher in groups IV and V than in all other groups with no differences between groups II and III, nor between groups IV and V. Airspace fraction was not significantly different among the groups, nor was there any evidence of alveolar cellular damage. Type-II pneumocyte density was higher in group I than in groups II, IV, and V, with no differences among the latter 3 groups. Lung liquid biochemical profile was normal in all groups. Conclusions Albumin is as effective as dextran as an intrapulmonary hyperoncotic booster of lung growth acceleration after fetal tracheal occlusion, with no lasting effects on its fetal lung liquid levels. As a naturally occurring oncotic agent, albumin may be a safer option in the clinical application of this therapeutic concept.
Measuring arterial strain induced by endovascular stents

Endovascular stents are expandable, fenestrated tubes that are threaded in their collapsed state through an artery to a site of occlusion, plastically enlarged and left as permanent implants to scaffold the artery open. The stent induces largescale vascular strains that are difficult to measure in vivo and yet can be critical determinants of stent-vessel biology. A method is developed to measure the strain tensor developed on the surface of an artery as a stent is expanded in vivo. Arterial sections are marked with reference points and imaged as the stent is expanded. An axially symmetric parametric model of the artery is determined for each expansion timepoint, and these reference points are backprojected onto this surface. The backprojected reference points are grouped and analysed to determine the circum-ferential, axial and torsional strain tensor components in each arterial subsection. The method is characterised in vitro using bovine artery segments and a latex phantom, and is then tested on rabbits to demonstrate its feasibility in vivo. In vitro experiments on stented bovine arteries show typical post-stenting strains of 0.60, −0.26, and 0.08 mm mm−1 in the circumferential, axial and torsional directions, respectively, sampled every 1 mm along the length of the stented region. Phantom experiments characterise the RMS error of system measurements as 0.1 mm mm−1. The system is shown capable of measuring strains of straight, accessible vessels in the presence of respiratory/cardiac motion and visual glare in vivo.
Explosive volcanism in the Tharsis region: Global evidence in the Martian geologic record

[1] A global equatorial set of layered deposits on Mars has been reexamined with Mars Global Surveyor data. The stratigraphy, morphology, and erosional characteristics of units separated by thousands of kilometers are remarkably similar to each other and consistent with a widespread, episodic, subaerial source of fine-grained material. This study is the first to propose a genetic link between many units that have traditionally been considered on a local or regional level, including the Medusae Fossae Formation, Valles Marineris interior deposits, chaotic terrain, Terra Meridiani, and Arabia materials. Mapping relationships suggest that all of these units are post-Noachian in age and formation may have continued until the recent past. Thinning of deposits with increasing distance from the Tharsis rise suggests that much of these materials may be volcanic ash flows and air fall from explosive eruptions in the Tharsis region, analogous to those produced by terrestrial plinian eruptions. Contemporary Martian winds would preferentially transport ash from an eruption plume near Tharsis east or west along the equator depending on the season. Erosion has removed much of the original volcanic ash, and only isolated layered stacks remain, sometimes in topographic depressions that inhibit erosion. Modeling indicates that widespread dispersion of ash after an eruption is easily attainable in present or past atmospheric conditions, consistent with the hypothesis that the far-reaching deposits may be composed of ash from past explosive eruptions in the vicinity of Tharsis.
Accuracy in the Identification of Scholarly and Peer-Reviewed Journals and the Peer-Review Process Across Disciplines

Abstract The first section of this paper examines the accuracy of the two major periodical directories, Ulrich's (UL) and Serials Directory (SD), in identifying scholarly and peer-reviewed journals. There were significant discrepancies found between SD and UL. A similar difference was also found between SD and journal-provided information, while UL closely reflected journal-provided information. The second section looks at the differences and similarities in the peer-review process across 18 disciplines. Seventy-four percent of the journals used editors and outside experts as reviewers. Single-blind peer review was used by 37% of the journals, 58% employed double-blind, and 5% made use of open reviews.
Light-induced drift of quantum-confined electrons in semiconductor heterostructures.

The effect of light-induced drift of quantum-confined electrons in semiconductor heterostructures is predicted. The effect manifests itself as the electric current in the heterostructure plane in response to optical excitation with the frequency close, but not exactly equal, to a transition frequency between levels in the heterostructure. The current reverses its direction with a change in the detuning sign, and vanishes if the radiation polarization is normal to the heterostructure plane.
A survey of psychotropic use in terminal cancer patients.

Abstract Using data derived from the National Hospice Study, we review utilization patterns for psychotropics in the last weeks of life of terminal cancer patients served in home-based and hospital-based hospice programs, and in conventional oncologic care settings. Drug utilization was also compared by patient demographic and medical characteristics. Three percent of the patients consumed antidepressants; 2%, antihistamines; 7%, barbiturates; 16%, benzodiazepines; and 7%, neuroleptics that are not primarily antiemetic. No difference in psychotropic consumption patterns was noted across treatment settings or by sex, presence of metastatic disease, physician specialty, or physical performance level. Younger patients were significantly (P
Effect of environmental temperature and dietary fat on growth and physiological responses of newborn calves.

Abstract Effects of cold environmental temperature and supplemental dietary fat (energy) on growth rate and physiological responses of young dairy calves fed a milk replacer diet were studied. Thirty-six Holstein bull calves were randomly assigned to one of six treatments allotted in a 2(−4°C or 10°C) × 3(10, 17.5, or 25% dietary fat) factorial arrangement of treatments Calves began the experiment at an average of 6 d of age and received .6 kg dry milk replacer in 4 L of water daily for 3 wk. Average daily gains (kg/d) over the 3-wk trial for calves fed 10, 17.5, and 25% fat diets were −.04, .02, and .09 at −4°C and .15, .22, and .20 at 10°C. Gains were significantly lower for calves housed at −4°C. Rectal temperatures were lower for calves at −4°C than at 10°C and for calves fed 10% versus 25% fat diet. Respiratory rates and water intakes were lower for calves housed at −4°C but were not affected by diet. Concentrations of plasma glucose and prolactin were lower for calves housed at −4°C while concentrations of plasma free fatty acids and growth hormone were not affected by temperature. Plasma free fatty acids were increased by dietary fat, and plasma growth hormone was reduced as dietary fat increased. Calves housed at −4°C had higher maintenance energy requirements (.133 Mcal metabolizable energy/kg·75) than calves housed at 10°C (.101 Mcal metabolizable energy/kg·75). Consequently, calves housed at −4°C require 32% more energy for maintenance than calves housed at a temperature within their thermoneutral zone.
Translation reinitiation and development are compromised in similar ways by mutations in translation initiation factor eIF3h and the ribosomal protein RPL24

Within the scanning model of translation initiation, reinitiation is a non-canonical mechanism that operates on mRNAs harboring upstream open reading frames. The h subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3) boosts translation reinitiation on the uORF-containing mRNA coding for the Arabidopsis bZip transcription factor, AtbZip11, among others. The RPL24B protein of the large ribosomal subunit, which is encoded by SHORT VALVE1, likewise fosters translation of uORF-containing mRNAs, for example mRNAs for auxin response transcription factors (ARFs). Here we tested the hypothesis that RPL24B and eIF3h affect translation reinitiation in a similar fashion. First, like eif3h mutants, rpl24b mutants under-translate the AtbZip11 mRNA, and the detailed spectrum of translational defects in rpl24b is remarkably similar to that of eif3h. Second, eif3h mutants display defects in auxin mediated organogenesis and gene expression, similar to rpl24b. Like AtbZip11, the uORF-containing ARF mRNAs are indeed undertranslated in eif3h mutant seedlings. We conclude that, similar to eIF3h, RPL24B bolsters the reinitiation competence of uORF-translating ribosomes. Coordination between eIF3 and the large ribosomal subunit helps to fine-tune translation of uORF-containing mRNAs and, in turn, to orchestrate plant development.