cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ABSOLUTE RADIOMETRIC CALIBRATION OF THE EUNIS-06 170-205 Å CHANNEL AND CALIBRATION UPDATE FOR CORONAL DIAGNOSTIC SPECTROMETER/NORMAL-INCIDENCE SPECTROMETER

The Extreme-Ultraviolet Normal-Incidence Spectrograph sounding-rocket payload was flown on 2006 April 12 (EUNIS-06), carrying two independent imaging spectrographs covering wavebands of 300-370 A in first order and 170-205 A in second order, respectively. The absolute radiometric response of the EUNIS-06 long-wavelength (LW) channel was directly measured in the same facility used to calibrate Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS) prior to the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) launch. Because the absolute calibration of the short-wavelength (SW) channel could not be obtained from the same lab configuration, we here present a technique to derive it using a combination of solar LW spectra and density- and temperature-insensitive line intensity ratios. The first step in this procedure is to use the coordinated, cospatial EUNIS and SOHO/CDS spectra to carry out an intensity calibration update for the CDS NIS-1 waveband, which shows that its efficiency has decreased by a factor about 1.7 compared to that of the previously implemented calibration. Then, theoretical insensitive line ratios obtained from CHIANTI allow us to determine absolute intensities of emission lines within the EUNIS SW bandpass from those of cospatial CDS/NIS-1 spectra after the EUNIS LW calibration correction. A total of 12 ratios derived from intensities of 5 CDS and 12 SW emission lines from Fe X to Fe XIII yield an instrumental response curve for the EUNIS-06 SW channel that matches well to a relative calibration which relied on combining measurements of individual optical components. Taking into account all potential sources of error, we estimate that the EUNIS-06 SW absolute calibration is accurate to ±20%.
Missed Opportunities: Louisiana’s Version of the Rules of Professional Conduct

We are entering a period of potentially significant changes in the rules that govern the conduct of lawyers. The American Law Institute has just published its new Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers. It contains a number of provisions that significantly depart from conventional codes of lawyer conduct. An American Bar Association commission, called the Ethics 2000 Commission, has just completed an extensive review of one of the ABA’s own products - the Model Rules of Professional Conduct. The Commission’s report calls for significant changes in the rules. Other efforts are underway that could result in changes to existing ethics rules. These developments at the national level will eventually encourage Louisiana and other states to re-evaluate their own rules on lawyer conduct. They will create a climate for change.Something like this happened not too long ago. In 1983, the American Bar Association promulgated the Model Rules of Professional Conduct. Those rules were substantially different from the Model Code of Professional Responsibility, which Louisiana, and most other states, had used as a model for their own rules on lawyer conduct. Most states eventually followed the lead of the American Bar Association, and patterned their lawyer codes on the Model Rules. Louisiana was no exception. It adopted the new Rules of Professional Conduct in 1986. But Louisiana did not entirely follow the ABA’s lead. While it adopted most of the ABA’s black-letter rules, it did not adopt some significant elements in the ABA’s model. In particular, Louisiana did not adopt the Preamble, Scope, and Terminology sections that appeared at the front of the ABA’s Model Rules of Professional Conduct. Nor did Louisiana adopt the comments that followed each of the ABA-drafted rules. In omitting these materials, Louisiana missed some opportunities.
Aggressive Jaw Tumors in Children

SUMMARY The pediatric jaw tumors discussed in this paper are aggressive, locally destructive lesions with a high recurrence rate if inadequately treated. The primary nonodontogenic mesenchymal tumors (CGCL, myxoma, fibro-osseous lesions) are managed on the basis of assessment of histologic appearance and biologic/clinical behavior. The latter takes precedence when deciding on a treatment plan. Eosinophilic granuloma may be treated by local low-dose radiation (60 to 100 Gy) or enucleation. Generalized histiocytosis is treated by chemotherapy. Patients with neurofibromatoses or isolated central neurofibromas require careful longitudinal observation. When lesions increase in size and paresthesia develops, malignant transformation must be considered. Finally, primary mesenchymal malignancies (osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma) are rare. They are managed by a combination of resection, chemotherapy, and radiation, depending on the lesion.
Digital inequality in online reciprocity between generations: A preliminary exploration of ability to use communication technology as a mediator

Abstract The current study provides preliminary insights into the disparity between older and younger adults in reciprocity in online social interaction. It also offers a synthesized conceptualization of different levels of online reciprocity that have been varyingly adopted in past research (e.g., presence of communicative response, matching of message length and quality). ANOVA and regression analyses of survey and behavioral data from 502 participants (304 college students and 198 older adults) revealed that, compared to the college student sample, the older adult sample self-reported their online reciprocity as lower and was less likely to reciprocate a stimulus email. Ability to use communication technology predicted all types and measures of online reciprocity and mediated the relationship between age group and online reciprocity. Implications of the findings are discussed in connection to the phenomenon of digital inequality.
Service Quality Dimensions in Hotel Service Delivery Options: Comparison between Human Interaction Service and Self-Service Technology

The purpose of this study was to examine the similarities and differences of customers’ service quality evaluations between human interaction service (HIS) and self-service technology (SST). This s...
“My Life Isn’t Defined by Substance Use”: Recovery Perspectives Among Young Adults with Substance Use Disorder

While substance use disorder remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for young adults, low rates of treatment engagement and retention persist. One explanation is that substance use disorder treatment approaches do not match young adults’ expectations for recovery. While the concept of recovery has been explored among adult populations, less is known about how young adults think about recovery. To describe perspectives of recovery among young adults with substance use disorder. Qualitative, in-depth interviews exploring young adults’ definitions of recovery. Twenty English-speaking young adults (7 women; 21–29 years old) diagnosed with substance use disorder recruited from an urban safety net hospital in Massachusetts. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. An iterative categorization analytic approach was used to identify and interpret themes. Four themes related to recovery were identified. First, young adults described recovery as a way to grow up and live a normal life not defined by the substance use. A second theme was recovery had to include multiple components, such as mental health treatment, to be successful. Third, young adults described recovery as a self-motivated process, and it was important that young adults had agency in recovery decision-making. Fourth, recovery was described as a lifelong pursuit that required vigilance and commitment. In this qualitative study of young adults with substance use disorder, participants identified themes that have implications for treatment models. Participants recognized recovery as a complex and individually motivated process that includes multiple components such as mental health treatment and re-engagement in regular daily activities. Models of care for young adults should consider incorporating these treatment elements to improve engagement and retention.
The Growing Importance of Algorithmic Literacy

Using data on employers’ job listings, this study demonstrates that employers are seeking algorithmic literacy from workers in a broad class of occupations. The empirical evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that there are significant productivity gains to having algorithmic literacy and occupation-specific human capital embodied in the same “generalist” jobs than divided across more specialized jobs. These results stand in contrast to data collection, storage, and management technologies, for which most of the relevant human capital is embodied in IT specialists. Implications for job design and workforce training are discussed.
Is Staple Line Reinforcement Necessary in Conversion From Laparoscopic Adjustable Band to Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy

Once a common bariatric procedure, laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB) is more frequently the subject of conversion procedures, particularly to laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), due to failure of weight loss, weight regain, and band intolerance. Staple line reinforcement (SLR) in primary LSG has been studied extensively, but has not been evaluated in revision procedures. The aim of this study is to investigate commonly used SLR techniques and their effects on morbidity and mortality in single-stage bands converted to sleeves. The Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation Quality and Improvement Program (MBSAQIP) Participant Use Data Files (PUF) for 2015–2016 were utilized to assess data for single-stage bands converted to sleeves based on CPT codes, and records were stratified by technique of staple line reinforcement. The database contained all the defined variables utilized for analysis with the exception of leak rate and overall morbidity, which had to be derived. Thirty-day outcomes were analyzed using multiple bivariate analyses and Bonferroni corrections were applied. Of the 6,286 patients who underwent single-stage bands converted to sleeves for whom SLR data is available, 56.9% of surgeons utilized SLR only, 21.3% chose no reinforcement technique (No SLR), 13.4% chose SLR plus over-sewing of the staple line (SLR+OSL), and 8.4% chose OSL alone. There were no statistically significant differences in rates of death, reoperation, readmission, reintervention, number of bleeding events, and staple line leaks across groups. Choice of SLR does not affect number of bleeding events or staple line leak rate.
O8 Translation of the National Diabetes Prevention Program into Cooperative Extension: Barriers and Facilitators

Background Translation of the Center for Disease Control's National Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) from clinics to communities can reduce diabetes burden in the U.S. if more organizations adopt and maintain the intervention. Cooperative Extension offers a potentially powerful context for DPP implementation, with a capacity to reach large and diverse populations. There is a critical need to understand the impact of the DPP when implemented with fidelity in Extension, as well as implementation barriers and facilitators. Objective The objective of the present study was to evaluate barriers and facilitators of DPP implementation in Extension in Georgia. Study Design, Setting, Participants The present study was part of a 12-month, multi-site, hybrid type 2 effectiveness-implementation trial. The implementation evaluation utilized 3 qualitative semi-structured interviews (post-recruitment and mid- and post-implementation) with 12 Extension professionals implementing the DPP in 13 counties across all regions of Georgia. Measurable Outcome/Analysis The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) was used to identify barriers and facilitators of DPP implementation in Extension. Interviews were coded deductively by 2 independent analysts based on CFIR constructs. Constructs were then rated (-2 to +2) to indicate their influence on implementation. Constructs with a strong influence on implementation were then evaluated for their influence on RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) framework domains. Results Preliminary analyses suggest that program length (Time [-2]) and the Intervention's Source (+2) from CDC had strong influences on Reach of the program; the DPP's Evidence Strength and Quality (+2) and the Tension for Change (+2) for more evidence-based Extension programming had strong positive influences on Adoption; and Networks and Communications (+2) had a strong positive influence on Implementation, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion Extension's infrastructure, culture, and need for evidence-based programming make it well-suited for DPP implementation. Results of this study can inform implementation strategies to improve the public health impact of DPP implementation in Extension in the future.
Neuronal Metabolic Basis of the Conditioning Lesion Effect

The cell body response to axonal interruption is a fundamental reaction of the neuron. This activates the “growth mode” of neuronal metabolism, a genomic induction that leads to the accelerated turnover of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in association with the production of new messenger RNA and additional nucleolar DNA (Torvik and Skjorten 1974; Watson 1974; Grafstein and McQuarrie 1978; Hoffman et al. 1987). The “growth mode” gives first priority to the synthesis and axonal transport of structural and regulatory proteins that are used to assemble microtubules and microfilaments: tubulin, actin, microtubule associated proteins (MAPs), and calmodulin (Grafstein and McQuarrie 1978; McQuarrie 1983, 1988; Tetzlaff et al. 1986; Hoffman et al. 1987). Increases in transport are also seen for a trace protein, GAP-43, that appears to catalyze membrane assembly (Skene and Willard 1981 a; Jacobson et al. 1986; Perry et al. 1987). There is a concurrent reduction in metabolic activities that support the production of neurotransmitter molecules and neurofilaments (Grafstein and McQuarrie 1978; Hoffman and Lasek 1980; Tetzlaff et al. 1986; Hoffman et al. 1987; Wong and Oblinger 1987). The reduction in neurofilament transport causes a thinning of parent axons; radial regrowth does not occur until reconnection of the daughter axon with a functionally matched target organ (Cragg and Thomas 1961; Zalewski 1970; Hoffman et al. 1985, 1987; Wong and Oblinger 1987).
Premature Rupture of Membranes and Oxidative Stress

Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is rupture of the chorioamniotic membranes before the onset of labor. The chorioamniotic sac requires a balance between collagen formation and enzymatic collagenolytic activity expressed in the fetal membrane. The amniotic membrane is a complex tissue in which collagen is fundamental for mechanical integrity and stress tolerance. Membrane rupture is associated with biochemical disturbances between collagen produced by fibroblasts and fetal membranes. An association exists between PROM and oxidative stress (OS) in pregnancy. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are unstable molecules produced in the body, may be the reason for the collagen damage. OS produced by augmented ROS production debilitates the collagen’s elasticity and strength, leading to PROM. Although antioxidants act as defense agents against oxidation, they have not been found to be protective against ROS and subsequent OS damage in PROM.
Clinical and Neuropsychiatric profiles of patients with Psychogenic Non-epileptic Seizures (PNES) and Epilepsy (P5.092)

BACKGROUND The lifetime experiences of patients with epilepsy are similar to those of patients with PNES, but the etiology of their seizures and psychological and psychiatric make-up are different. PNES often lead to substantial and repetitive utilization of emergency medical services, iatrogenic harm, and overall increased cost of healthcare. We sought to conduct a comparison of neuropsychiatric profiles of patients diagnosed with PNES and epilepsy patients to better understand the differences between the groups. DESIGN/METHODS In addition to collecting demographic and clinical data, 192 patients prospectively filled out 8 self-paced questionnaires: Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS), SOM-7, Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI), Childhood trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Quality of Life in Epilepsy (QOLIE-89) and BDI-II. Independent-samples t-tests (or Chi-square) were conducted to compare these groups. RESULTS 62 patients were diagnosed with PNES and 69 with epilepsy. Patients with PNES tended to have less full-time employment (p=0.057), are more likely to carry a psychiatric diagnosis (p=0.001), and are more likely to have a psychiatrist or therapist (both p<0.05). Neuropsychiatric measures revealed higher SOM-7 (p<0.001), lower QOL scores (p=0.045) and higher scores on PAI somatic complaints scale (p=0.004) in patients with PNES. CONCLUSIONS Although patients with PNES tend to be similar to patients with epilepsy in their clinical symptomatology, they have a higher number and severity of somatic complaints and lower quality of life. Further investigations into the reasons for these differences are warranted in order to develop better treatment strategies for patients with PNES. Disclosure: Dr. Arora has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rawal has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dworetzky has nothing to disclose. Dr. Szaflarski has nothing to disclose.
Design of a 32 by 32 bit read head device for page-oriented optical memory

In this paper, the concept of page-oriented reading for the next generation optical storage devices is introduced. The design of a read head device that is capable of simultaneously reading a page of 32 by 32 bit optical data is conceived. The feasibility of the design is analyzed, presented along with the current progress in implementing the entire system.
Natural convection through rectangular openings in partitions—1: Vertical partitions

The simple basic theory of natural convection across openings in vertical partitions has been generalized to include both heat and mass transfer. Experiments were carried out in a large heat-flow apparatus with openings from 3 to 12 in high and with air as the convecting fluid. Because of the high thermal resistance of the partition, the test results for the Nusselt number as a function of the Grashof number based on opening height in the range 106 < Gr < 108 would also be expected to be directly applicable to mass transfer.
The Level or Center of a Batch

As we saw in Chapter 1, the numbers in a batch often bunch together. If we compare two related batches of numbers, the principal bunch in one batch may well have higher numbers in general than the principal bunch in the other batch. We say that such batches have different levels or centers. It is convenient to use a numerical index of the level for such comparisons. The several such indexes in common use are traditionally referred to as measures of central tendency.
White blood cell recovery after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation predicts clinical outcome

To determine whether outcome after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) could be estimated by using peripheral white blood cell count (WBC) as a metric that integrates several aspects of HCT recovery, we conducted a retrospective study of 1,109 adult patients who underwent first allogeneic HCT from 2003 through 2009. WBC at 1-3 months after HCT was categorized as low ( 10 × 10(9) cells/L). Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were lower for patients with low or high WBC at 1-3 months after HCT (P < 0.0001). We developed a predictive three-group risk model based on the pattern of WBC recovery early after HCT. Five-year OS was 47, 30, and 15% (P < 0.0001) and 5-year PFS was 39, 22, and 14% for patients in the three different risk groups (P < 0.0001). The pattern of WBC recovery early after HCT provides prognostic information for relapse, nonrelapse mortality, progression-free survival, and overall survival. A scoring system based on the trajectory of the WBC in the first 3 months after HCT can effectively stratify patients into three groups with different PFS and OS. If validated, this system could be useful in the clinical management of patients after HCT, and to stratify patients enrolled on HCT clinical trials.
Hedonism: Gratification is Value

Marketers use many ways to sum up the reasons why people buy and consume. A very simple approach contrasts hedonic value and utilitarian value. Hedonism reflects the immediate gratification derived from consumption. In this sense, hedonism may be thought of as an additional effect. However, hedonic value is by no means sufficient to understand how marketers create successful outcomes for customers. Keywords: value; hedonic value; hedonism; utilitarian value; loyalty; consumer emotion; experiential consumption; gratification
The value of intravenous pyelography prior to elective gynecologic operations.

Abstract A high incidence of unsuspected pathology has been demonstrated by the routine use of intravenous pyelography in preparing patients for elective major gynecologic operations. In this series, in addition to disclosing a large number of unsuspected instances of genitourinary tract abnormalities, the screening technique was more productive in terms of disclosing unsuspected pathologic conditions, exclusive of urinary tract abnormality, than the coincidentally performed chest radiographs. It is not our purpose to detract from the importance of routine chest screening, to which the statistics included in this paper can only attest. It is our desire, however, to point out the advantages gained through routine intravenous pyelographic study to both the gynecologic patient and her physician.
Hadronic structure in τ− → π− π− π+ ντ decays

A model-dependent analysis of the hadronic substructure in τ− ar π− π− π+ ττ decay is reported. The decay is dominated by the process τ− → a1− (1260)ντ, in which al− (1260) → p0π− in an S-wave decay. Amplitudes involving aa1(1260) decays into isoscalars, especially a1(1260)− → f0(600)π−, are large. τ− → π− π− π+ ττ decays via the pseudoscalar π−(1300) are small. These results support the resonant substructure reported in the previously reported analysis of τ− ar π0 π0 π− ττ decay mode from the same CLEO II data sample.
Asymptotic State Regulator Design

Extremum seeking is realized via a state regulator that drives the state along a convergent set point sequence generated by a numerical optimization algorithm. In this chapter, we propose an asymptotic state regulator design for state feedback linearizable systems, where we trade off finite time state regulation to obtain flexibility in designing a robust extremum seeking controller. Existing techniques such as nonlinear damping and nonlinear adaptive control are then used to deal with input disturbance and unmodeled plant dynamics. Simulation examples illustrate the effectiveness of the basic and robust extremum seeking schemes, and design guidelines are provided for engineering applications. We also show that the NOESC scheme allows a large design flexibility for general nonlinear systems and performance functions, where the key is having the ability to design a robust regulator.
Mutation of the bovine papillomavirus E5 oncoprotein at amino acid 17 generates both high- and low-transforming variants.

Abstract The E5 transforming protein of bovine papillomavirus type 1 is a 44-amino-acid, hydrophobic protein which localizes predominantly to Golgi membranes. The E5 transmembrane domain contains a highly conserved glutamine residue at position 17 which, from previous limited mutagenic analysis, appeared essential for transforming activity. In order to determine the specific amino acid requirements at this position, we constructed a series of substitution mutants, representing all classes of amino acids, employing a vector which expressed E5 independently of other bovine papillomavirus gene products. All of the expressed E5 mutant proteins were stable, dimerized normally, and localized to the Golgi. Our results obtained with C127 mouse cells demonstrated that acidic amino acids (and serine) increased E5 transforming activity, whereas basic amino acids greatly inhibited E5 activity. Nonpolar amino acid substitutions were also defective. Interestingly, the relative transforming activities of these E5 mutant proteins changed dramatically when assayed with NIH 3T3 cells, suggesting that an auxiliary cellular protein(s) may modulate E5 transformation or that there are additional or different mechanisms of E5 transformation which are utilized in these two cell lines.
LHRH neurons in the female C57BL/6J mouse brain during reproductive aging: No loss up to middle age

The numbers of neurons containing luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) were examined with specific immunocytochemical techniques in C57BL/6J mice at 5-6 months and 15-16 months of age, the latter being the time of transition to the loss of estrous cycles. No changes were found in the organization, morphology, or numbers of LHRH neurons.
Asymmetric competition in plant populations

Recently there has been much interest in the hypothesis that competition between individual plants is asymmetric or onesided: larger individuals obtain a disproportionate share of the resources (for their relative size) and suppress the growth of smaller individuals. This has important implications for population structure, for the analysis of competition between plants at the individual, population and community levels, and for our understanding of competition as a selective force in the evolution of plant populations.
The Optimum Use of Needle Aspiration in the Bacteriologic Diagnosis of Cellulitis in Adults

• Twenty-five adult inpatients with cellulitis were prospectively studied to determine if distinctive predisposing factors, characteristic clinical findings, or specific laboratory features were predictive of isolating a pathogen from needle aspiration cultures of the leading edges of their lesions. In the univariate analysis, age, underlying disease, temperature, and white blood cell count at admission to the hospital correlated with a positive needle aspiration culture. A series of logistic regressions were performed to determine if each of these variables was independently associated with a positive needle aspiration culture. The final model demonstrated that underlying disease and body temperature were independent predictors of obtaining a positive needle aspiration culture. Consequently, the addition of white blood cell count and age failed to enhance the model's predictability. For most patients this procedure will not be not helpful in establishing a bacteriologic diagnosis. On the basis of these results, the needle aspiration technique will most likely yield pathogens in patients with underlying disease that predisposes to the acquisition of cellulitis. These patients may also fail to mount a febrile response to infection. (Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:1907-1912)
Statisches Mischen. Eine neuartige Mischmethode

Static Mixing. A New Mixing Method.As an introduction, the term of static mixing as well as differences between static and dynamic mixing are explained. Construction and function of a typical static mixer, the Sulzer-mixer, are illustrated. This is especially elucidated by means of sectional view pictures which were taken during the mixing process. Examples are given for the numerous possibilities of application with brief mentioning of their respective limits.
Pre-Measured Artificial Chordae for Mitral Valve Repair

There is growing interest in the application of artificial chordae to correct mitral valve regurgitation caused by prolapse. Application of pre-measured artificial chordae facilitates creation of chordae of appropriate length. Herein we illustrate the technique for creation of pre-measured artificial chordae, documenting neo-chordal length and number in 50 patients with anterior leaflet prolapse, highlighting the need for chordae of more than one length in 14% of patients.
Correlates of physical activity among U.S. young adults, 18 to 30 years of age, from NHANES III.

Young adults are often in periods of transition, and lifestyle changes such as a decline in physical activity can occur during this period. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between demographic, biologic, lifestyle, social support index, environmental factors, and physical activity in young adults. The participants were 4,152 young adults from 18 to 30 years of age enrolled in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). A moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) score was calculated from responses to nine activities and up to four activities not previously listed. Multiple regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between MVPA and independent variables separately for men and women. Non-Hispanic Blacks were more active than non-Hispanic White or Mexican American men, whereas, among women, non-Hispanic Whites were more active. Education, social support index, and trying to lose weight were positively associated with MVPA, whereas being married was inversely related in both men and women. Among women, those who were unemployed, in better health, had smaller families, had lower body mass indexes (BMIs), and were not from the South had higher MVPA. Men who were in school during the past 12 months were more active than those who were not in school. The results from this study suggest that demographic and social factors are important determinants of physical activity in young adults and should be considered when planning interventions.
Evaluation of microstructure and phase relations in a powder processed Ti-44AI-12Nb alloy

Titanium aluminides based on the ordered face-centered tetragonal γTiAI phase possess attractive properties, such as low density, high melting point, good elevated temperature strength, modulus retention, and oxidation resistance, making these alloys potential high-temperature structural materials. These alloys can be processed by both ingot metallurgy and powder metallurgy routes. In the present study, three variations of the powder metallurgy route were studied to process a Ti-44Al-12Nb (at. %) alloy: (a) cold pressing followed by reaction sintering (CPprocess); (b) cold pressing, vacuum hot pressing, and then sintering (HP process); and (c) arc melting, hydride-dehydride process to make the alloy powder, cold isostatic pressing, and then sintering (AM process). Microstructural and phase relations were studied by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The phases identified were Ti3AI and TiAl; an additional Nb2AI phase was observed in the HPsample. The microstructures of CPand HP processed samples are porous and chemically inhomogeneous whereas the AM processed sample revealed fine equiaxed microstructure. This refinement of the microstructure is attributed to the fine, homogeneous powder produced by the hydride-dehydride process and the high compaction pressures.
Granular phenoloxidase involved in cuticular melanization in the tobacco hornworm: regulation of its synthesis in the epidermis by juvenile hormone.

Abstract The granular phenoloxidase (PO) that is responsible for cuticular melanization in Manduca sexta larva was purified and an antibody was prepared. This granular PO was found to consist of four isozymes of 90 kDa with isoelectric points ranging from 5.7 to 5.85. The enzyme was immunologically and electrophoretically distinct from the cuticular wound PO, a second cuticular PO common to all larval cuticle, and the hemolymph PO. Both [14C]mannose and [14C]sialic acid were incorporated into the granular PO, showing that this granular PO was a glycoprotein whose sugar moiety was a complex oligosaccharide. When no juvenile hormone (JH) was present at the head capsule slippage (HCS) stage, the epidermis began synthesizing PO 6 hr later. This epidermal synthesis was maximal 12 hr after HCS at which time the PO appeared in the cuticle, and then synthesis declined. When synthesis ceased about 23 hr after HCS, no further incorporation into the cuticle was observed. As melanization proceeded, immunologically detectable cuticular PO decreased. Application of 0.1 μg JH I at the time of HCS inhibited synthesis of PO by the epidermis and thus prevented melanization. JH application after PO synthesis had begun (8 hr after HCS) prevented its subsequent synthesis, causing partial melanization. Thus, the absence of JH is necessary during the period of epidermal synthesis of the granular PO to allow complete melanization.
Clinical Instruments to Evaluate and Guide Treatment in Schizophrenia

Treatment research in schizophrenia is focused on the development of pharmacological agents that are effective for improving community functioning and decreasing disability. As a result of this recent focus, there has been substantial activity for developing instruments that can measure functioning as well as the psychopathological domains that are related to functioning. Issues in selecting measures of real-world functioning include ensuring that the instrument measures the full range of possible outcomes and differentiating symptoms from functioning. For many treatment studies it is unrealistic to expect a change in actual functioning. Most treatment trials are too brief to permit subjects to change their level of vocational or social functioning. In addition, real-world functioning is influenced by factors such as an individual’s financial status or the availability of community services. This has led to the use of functional capacity measures which monitor an individual’s ability to perform functionally meaningful tasks even if they do not complete these tasks. Attention has also focused on interview-based measures of cognition and negative symptoms. Both of these psychopathological domains are related to functioning and both are the focus of drug development.
WISP-1/CCN4 regulates osteogenesis by enhancing BMP-2 activity.

Wnt-induced secreted protein 1 (WISP-1/CCN4) is a member of the CCN family that is highly expressed in skeletal tissue and in osteoprogenitor cells induced to differentiate in vitro. To determine the function of WISP-1 during osteogeneis, osteogenic bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were transduced with WISP-1 adenovirus (adWISP-1) in the presence or absence of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) adenovirus (adBMP-2). WISP-1 overexpression enhanced the ability of BMP-2 to direct BMSCs toward osteogenic differentiation and appeared to work by stimulating Smad-1/5/8 phosphorylation and activation. The ability of WISP-1 to enhance BMP-2 activity also was shown in vivo using an ectopic osteogenesis assay with BMSCs transduced with WISP-1, BMP-2, or both. When BMSCs were infected with lentivirus containing human WISP1 shRNA, they formed less bone in vivo and were less responsive to BMP-2, confirming that WISP-1 and BMP-2 have a functional interaction. Immunoprecipitation (IP) and Western blot analysis showed that WISP-1 bound directly to BMP-2 and showed that WISP-1 increased BMP-2 binding to hBMSCs in a dose-dependent fashion. To understand how WISP-1 enhanced BMP-2 signaling, the influence of WISP-1 on integrin expression was analyzed. WISP-1 induced the mRNA and protein levels of α5 -integrin and, further, was found to bind to it. Antibody-blocking experiments showed that the BMP-2 binding to BMSCs that was enhanced by WISP-1 was completely neutralized by treatment with anti-integrin α5 β1 antibody. Pilot studies and the use of transgenic mice that overexpressed human WISP-1 in preosteoblasts had increased bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular thickness, and bone volume (BV/TV) over wild-type controls, supporting observations using human osteoprogenitors that WISP-1 has a positive influence on osteogenesis in vivo. In conclusion, these studies show, for the first time, that WISP-1 has a positive influence on bone cell differentiation and function and may work by enhancing the effects of BMP-2 to increase osteogenesis through a mechanism potentially involving binding to integrin α5 β1 . © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Alternating current polarography of metal carbonyl complexes in nonaqueous solvents

Abstract Using commercially available instrumentation, a supporting electrolyte and electrode system was devised which permits ac polarography of organometallic compounds, transition metal complexes, and other substances in nonaqueous solvents such as methanol, N,N -dimethylformamide, or acetonitrile. The first two solvents mentioned were found to be far superior to the latter. Tetrabutylammonium perchlorate electrolyte (0.1 M or less) in methanol, for example, affords a fairly flat baseline in the applied dc potential range of 0 to −3 V with well-shaped voltammetric peaks for most reducible substances. A unique feature of the method, which permits one to easily obtain replicable polarograms and peak potentials, is the use of a mercury pool auxiliary electrode rather than the usual platinum or tungsten electrodes.
Head-orientation for a sidewinding snake robot using modal decomposition

Biological snakes exhibit a natural ability to decouple locomotion from the perceptual task of aligning their heads in a particular direction. This same multi-tasking problem is nontrivial for snake robots. A snake robot can mimic the locomotion of their biological counterparts through use of analytic gait expressions, but to orient its head the robot must solve an inverse kinematics problem at every time step. In this work we use modal decomposition to modify a snake robot’s sidewinding gait to orient the head while locomoting. This avoids the problem of determining online inverse kinematic solutions which can be computationally costly. We use knowledge of the robot’s ground contact points to vary the number of joints used for head reorientation to minimally impact locomotion stability. We further show that the resulting expression can be used as a controller to improve real-time target tracking.
A generalized choice problem

This paper deals with a generalization of a class of optimal stopping problems often referred to as the secretary problem. In the secretary problem, a decision maker views a group ofN candidates sequentially, each of which can be ranked according to some quality, although he does not know any distribution for the quality being measured. Generalizations pursued in this paper include randomN and a more elaborate payoff structure. Conditions on the payoff structure are given which result in a special subclass of stopping rules.
Activation of follicle cell surface phospholipase by tyrosine kinase dependent pathway is an essential event in Ascidian fertilization.

Eggs of Ascidia ceratodes and Phallusia mammillata block polyspermy by releasing a phosphatidylinositol-linked glycosidase from the follicle cell and egg surface that binds to and blocks all unoccupied sperm binding sites on the vitelline coat. Release of this glycosidase is thought to be under the control of a membrane-bound phospholipase. To elucidate the mechanism of phospholipase activation, intact eggs and isolated follicle cells are activated by either sperm or the tyrosine kinase activator 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA). Both treatments caused release of comparable quantities of glycosidase activity, the earliest event following fertilization. A corresponding increase in phospholipase activity accompanied this glycosidase release. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein blocked release by DMBA at concentrations as low as 1 μM, but had no effect on sperm-induced release even when used up to 100 μM. Tyrphostin A23, another tyrosine kinase inhibitor, when used at 200 μM blocked glycosidase release and decreased phospholipase activity following both DMBA activation and fertilization. Western blot analysis probing for phosphotyrosine content of disrupted intact eggs with their follicle cells revealed the absence of a band in tyrphostin-treated eggs corresponding to a 40 kDa protein that was present in both unfertilized and fertilized egg samples. Based on these results, we propose that phosphorylation of specific tyrosine residues is necessary for phospholipase activation and is sufficient to trigger subsequent glycosidase release. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 54:69–75, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Unexpected binding mode of tick anticoagulant peptide complexed to bovine factor Xa.

The structure of recombinant tick anticoagulant peptide (rTAP) complexed to bovine factor Xa at 3.0 A resolution reveals the structural basis for the specificity and the high affinity of rTAP. Three N-terminal residues, Tyr501, Asn502 and Arg503, play a critical role in the complex formation as suggested by earlier mutagenic studies and the ornithodorin-thrombin complex. Unexpectedly, the side-chain of Tyr501 is located in the S1 pocket, although factor Xa favors arginine as a P1 residue. Arg503 is located at the aryl binding pocket and forms a salt-bridge with Glu97 of factor Xa. The autolysis loop, which is disordered in the uninhibited factor Xa structure, is involved in the formation of the complex as a part of the secondary binding site. The C-terminal helix of rTAP interacts with factor Xa as a secondary binding determinant. The N-terminal residues of rTAP reorganize during the formation of the factor Xa-rTAP complex from the conformation found in the solution into an extended conformation. The presence of the secondary binding site confirms the proposed two-step kinetic mechanism based on the results of a mutagenesis study.
Perinatal depression influences on infant negative affectivity: Timing, severity, and co-morbid anxiety

Accumulating evidence suggests that antenatal depression predicts infants' negative affectivity, albeit with variable effect sizes. With a prospective longitudinal design, we sought to explain that variability by addressing questions about timing of the depression across pregnancy and the early postpartum, the role of high symptom levels relative to diagnosed depression, comorbidity with anxiety, and the potential mediating role of neuroendocrine functioning. Primiparous women (n=77) with histories of depression prior to pregnancy were assessed for cortisol levels monthly beginning by mid-pregnancy. Depression symptom levels and diagnostic status were similarly assessed monthly in pregnancy and also until infants reached three months of age, when mothers completed the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised to measure infant negative affectivity. Antenatal depression symptoms and infant negative affectivity were positively associated (r=.39). Controlling for depression symptom levels in other trimesters, only second trimester depression symptoms predicted higher infant negative affectivity (β=.44). With postpartum depression symptom levels in the model, only antenatal depression symptoms predicted infant negative affectivity (β=.45). In the context of depression, neither antenatal anxiety symptoms nor anxiety disorder diagnosis were associated with infant NA scores. The hypothesized role of elevated maternal cortisol as a mechanism for the association between antenatal depression and infant NA was not supported. Our findings contribute to efforts to more precisely identify infants of perinatally depressed mothers who are at greater risk for elevated negative affectivity, suggesting a window of vulnerability in mid pregnancy and the need for further study of potential mechanisms.
Nobel prize winners in physics from 1901 to 1990: simple statistics for physics teachers

A demographic database for the 139 Nobel prize winners in physics from 1901 to 1990 has been created from a variety of sources. The results of our statistical study are discussed in the light of the implications for physics teaching.
Intervention of the Courts in School Finance.

Walter G. Hack Faculty of Educational Administration The Ohio State University Only a short time ago many knowledgeable educators as well as some reputable academics, researchers and education advocates saw the public school finance system on the verge of a dramatic revolution.1 A judicial assault was being mobilized on the conventional school finance system. If Rodriguez v. San Antonio Independent School District, 337 F. Supp.280 (WD Tex. 1971) would have been upheld by the United States Supreme Court, nearly all individual state school finance systems would fall like dominoes. But alas, the Supreme Court in a 5-4 decision (Rodriguez v. San Antonio Independent School District, 411 U.S. 1 (1973) reversed the federal district court and ruled that the Texas school finance scheme did not deprive the plaintiffs of equal protection under the law as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. So, the frontal attack on conventional state school finance failed, the revolution was aborted, and the single solution was denied. Although the decision did not provide relief for the plaintiffs on denial of rights guaranteed under the United States Constitution, the opinion stated:
American Headache Society members' assessment of headache diagnostic criteria.

Objective.—We assessed the views of physicians interested in headache as to the diagnosis of the most commonly occurring and currently controversial headaches. Background.—The International Headache Society (IHS) classification system has received wide professional endorsement and considerable empirical support, but in the United States, their adoption by clinicians may be proceeding more slowly. Questions remain, including what diagnostic criteria for migraine and tension-type headache clinicians may continue to favor over those outlined by the IHS, to what extent is the “transformed migraine” diagnosis used in clinical practice, and how is analgesic rebound headache diagnosed with regard to the various quantitative measures of analgesic use. Methods.—Members of the American Headache Society rated the importance of IHS and non-IHS diagnostic criteria for migraine and tension-type headache and for analgesic rebound headache. Respondents also described their use of the proposed transformed migraine diagnosis. Results.—Two-thirds (67.3%) of the respondents reported use of the IHS criteria or the IHS criteria in conjunction with clinical judgment. For migraine and tension-type headache, IHS criteria were rated with high importance, but some respondents reported using additional non-IHS diagnostic criteria and de-emphasizing certain IHS criteria. For chronic headache, almost two-thirds (63%) of respondents reported using the transformed migraine diagnosis. For analgesic rebound headache, respondents preferred to make the diagnosis based on medication consumption that is lower than amounts stipulated in the IHS classification system. Conclusions.—There remains a number of physicians interested in headache who do not use the IHS classification system, who modify the IHS criteria in practice, and who use the “transformed migraine” diagnosis for patients with chronic daily headache.
Neurological complications of hemolytic-uremic syndrome.

Of 78 children identified with hemolytic-uremic syndrome at the Children's Hospital, Boston, from 1976 to 1986, 16 patients (20.5%) had neurological manifestations during their hospitalization. The...