cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Iron status of breastfed infants is improved equally by medicinal iron and iron-fortified cereal

Background: Although uncommon, iron deficiency (ID) occurs in breastfed infants. The regular provision of iron may prevent ID. Objective: The objective was to test the feasibility and effectiveness of 2 modalities of providing iron (medicinal iron or iron-fortified cereal) to breastfed infants. The study tested the hypothesis that regular provision of iron improves iron status of breastfed infants without adverse effects. Design: In this prospective, randomized, open-label trial, breastfed infants received on a regular basis either medicinal iron (n = 48) or an iron-fortified fruit-cereal combination (n = 45) from 4 to 9 mo or no intervention (control group; n = 59). The interventions provided 7.0–7.5 mg ferrous sulfate/d. Infants were enrolled at 1 mo and were followed to 2 y. Iron-status indicators were determined periodically, stool characteristics were recorded, and growth was monitored. Results: The regular provision of iron led to improved iron status during and for some months after the intervention. Both sources of iron were about equally effective. Iron affected stool color but had no effect on feeding-related behavior. However, medicinal iron was associated with a small but significant reduction in length gain and a trend toward reduced weight gain. ID anemia was observed in 4 infants (2.3%), most of whom had a low birth iron endowment. Mild ID was common in the second year of life. Conclusions: Regular provision of medicinal iron or iron-fortified cereal improves the iron status of breastfed infants and may prevent ID. Both modalities are equally effective, but medicinal iron leads to somewhat reduced growth. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00760890","term_id":"NCT00760890"}}NCT00760890.
Ion beam processing of optical materials

We have deposited thin films of optical materials using ion beam sputtering and ion assisted deposition techniques. It is possible to obtain good quality film material deposited on substrates at temperatures lower than normally required. Ion assisted deposition influences film stoichiometry and packing density, which in turn determine optical and mechanical properties of the film material. We discuss two general indicators which appear helpful in predicting the degree to which these occur.
Toward connectionist semantics

Much of the study of language has centered around the study of syntax, to the detriment of semantics and pragmatics. Part of the reason for this may be akin to the motivation of the besotted gentleman on his hands and knees beneath a streetlamp, who, when queried as to why he is looking on the sidewalk for the keys he lost in the alley, replies: "Because the light is better here!" I believe it is time to start mucking about in the alley; the keys are there. I also think we have a new flashlight: Parallel Distributed Processing 2. PDP mechanisms allow us to build machines whose fundamental operations include best fit search, constraint relaxation and automatic generalization. These are useful properties for processing language. I think the application of these models to NLP will change our view of what constitutes "semantics'. I will argue that in order to deal with meaning seriously, we have to move beyond the folkpsychological level of symbols, and represent the microstructure of symbols. This is more than a granularity issue. It also has to do with the grounding of meaning in perception. It is on the level of microfeatures that I believe this grounding occurs, and PDP gives us a way to express this interface between language and perception. My discussion of these issues will take the following course 3. First I describe my previous work on word sense disambiguation in a PDP framework as a springboard for the rest of the discussion, and to give a sense of how lexical semantics might fit into an overall parsing model. Next I motivate a new model of word meanings through an example. I try to show that PDP has a natural way of expressing these meanings, and I give a sketch of how connectionist semantics could be learned. Finally, I briefly discuss metaphor.
Networked control system co-simulation for co-design

We provide a general framework for networked control systems (NCSs) and review previous theoretical results for NCS co-design. We present experimental studies of control and feedback scheduling of NCSs, consisting of dynamic system simulations for the control agents and environment and packet-level network simulations for the communications. To this end, we have extended the ns-2 release in order to simulate the transmissions of plants and controllers that are modeled by ODEs (solved via a linked package). Our results show the overall control and network performances achieved while modeling the individual control and network components. Major co-design issues, such as scalability and network heterogeneity, are explored.
Uniqueness of initial-boundary value problems in nonlocal elasticity

Abstract In this study we have dealt with the uniqueness of the solutions of a class of initial-boundary value problems in linear, isotropic, homogeneous, nonlocal elasticity. The proof of uniqueness is based on the positive definiteness of total strain energy. After giving the sufficient conditions under which total strain energy is positive definite, it has been shown that the solutions of the initial-boundary value problems which are considered in this study are unique. Existence of the solutions of these problems is an a priori assumption.
SNDR: a new medium access control for multi-channel ad hoc networks

A new multi-channel, CDMA (code division multiple access) (or FDMA (frequency division multiple access)) and TDMA (time division multiple access) combined, contention free MAC (medium access control), termed the sequenced neighbor double reservation (SNDR), is presented for mobile ad hoc networks. The SNDR uses the receiver-based data transmission strategy, based on which two methods are proposed. One is contention-based and the other is contention-free. We put emphasis on the contention-free type (SNDR). On the other hand, the contention-based MAC, which needs further research, is also discussed. The SNDR does not need any handshake process (such as request to send/clear to send (RTS/CTS) handshake) or any carrier sensing technology. It uses the neighbor sequenced method to avoid contentions and the double reservation method to improve the total throughput of ad hoc networks. No hidden or exposed terminal problem will exist in the SNDR. No collision will occur and no time slot will be wasted in the SNDR MAC frame. The protocol can be efficiently applied to the multi-channel ad hoc networks. The performance of the SNDR is analyzed carefully. Some future work and applications are also discussed.
Low Cost HIV Testing System for Tele-Health Applications

We are presenting a low-cost HIV testing system that can provide very accurate blood testing. The system analyzed the images that appear on the quick HIV testing kits that become available in last few years. We have used a system-on-chip (SOC) reconfigurable technology that based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) in implementing the system's prototype. The system used a CMOS digital camera to capture the image and FPGA xilinx virtex chip to process the captured image and send the testing results to the display unit. The system can be used in small clinics and pharmacies and eliminates the need for trained technicians. The system can be supported with a communication channel to transfer results to medical centers and hospitals to provide patients screening and provide medical advices to patients. The system has been tested successfully and the testing results shows that the system accuracy reach 100%.
Peptide Sequence Analysis by Electron Transfer Dissociation Mass Spectrometry: A Web-Based Tutorial

We created a web-based tutorial designed to teach manual interpretation and identification of spectra acquired using electron transfer dissociation (ETD). The tutorial provides an explanation of the ETD fragmentation process with the goal of identifying all of the significant peaks in a spectrum. We discuss determination of the precursor mass and charge state, neutral losses, electron transfer without dissociation (ETnoD), and the mechanisms by which fragment ions are created. Our hope is to provide a tool that presents the information already taught in D.F.H.’s short courses in a way that is easy for any student or researcher in the mass spectrometry community to access. The tutorial may be found at http://www.huntlab.org.
Utilizing Small External Vibrational Sources to Increase Polishing Material Removal Rates

Although precision polishing of optical grade components using pitch based tools is still common practice, the process has not received the same level of scientific attention as other precision material removal processes. Building on previous research results, this paper demonstrates the relationship between low amplitude, broad spectrum vibrational power input and fused silica material removal rates obtained with different tool-polishing machine combinations. A low cost, easy to implement method of increasing vibrational power is presented and verified through polishing tests. The method uses small, off the shelf, high speed (>10 krpm), DC motors with eccentric masses (0.5 g and 4 g). Attachment of the battery driven motors to the underside of the platen and the workpiece holder increased the vibrational input from 0.7 W to 0.22 W resulting in an increase in the material removal rate from 0.96 mg/hr to 1.10 mg/hr. A method to attenuate process generated vibrations, and thus material removal rates, is also outlined. To achieve this the tool construction is modified by the addition of a cork layer between the substrate and the pitch layer. While this approach is not as flexible as that for increasing the vibrational power input, it successfully attenuated process vibrations (0.2 W to 0.14 W) and reduced the associated material removal rate (9.67 mg/hr to 6.13 mg/hr). The results outlined this paper demonstrate that recording and controlling process vibrations provides practitioners with viable process monitoring and optimization options.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Reply to "Viatorr TIPS Endoprosthesis Versus Generic Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene-Covered Stent-Grafts"

AJR 2015; 205:W1 0361–803X/14/2054–W1 © American Roentgen Ray Society Reply to “Viatorr TIPS Endoprosthesis Versus Generic Expanded ­Polytetrafluoroethylene–Covered Stent-Grafts” We agree with Dr. Tsauo and Dr. Li [1] that there is a lack of comparative data on the different types of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE)–covered stent-grafts available for use in transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedures. As they discussed, the Fluency Plus (Bard Peripheral Vascular) ePTFE-covered stent-graft has slightly flared and uncovered 37-mm ends on both sides of the stent-graft. In the United States, the stent-graft is indicated for use in stent-restenotic lesions in arteriovenous fistulas and grafts. In contrast, the Viatorr TIPS Endoprosthesis (W. L. Gore & Associates) has a direct indication for TIPS and contains a 2-cm uncovered bare metal portion that can be deployed along the portal aspect of the shunt. Both are self-expanding stent-grafts. The 1-year primary unassisted patency rate has been reported to be 81% versus 89% for the Fluency Plus and Viatorr TIPS Endoprosthesis stent-grafts, respectively. No statistically significant differences were found in the major encephalopathy or hemodynamic success rates of TIPS. Saad et al. [2] used a technique in which a bare metal stent was used along the portal end, in combination with a Fluency Plus stent-graft, instead of relying on the short bare metal flared end of the stent-graft. In comparison, the Viatorr TIPS Endoprosthesis is often deployed as a single stent-graft. Thus, future cost-effectiveness studies should address comparisons of technique, including the number of stents and stent-grafts used, and should not simply compare the two stent-grafts alone. Fluency Plus stent-grafts are likely effective for use in TIPS [3] and may have increased efficacy when compared with other polymer stent-grafts [4]. Fluency Plus stentgrafts may represent an alternative in areas where Viatorr TIPS stent-grafts are unavailable; however, the limitations of Fluency Plus, as used in the United States, include absence of an indication for TIPS, lack of comparative data, and uncertain cost-effectiveness. Zachary L. Bercu Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY Present address: Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA Aaron M. Fischman Robert A. Lookstein Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY DOI:10.2214/AJR.15.14822 WEB—This is a web exclusive article.
Response to Comment on Giacco et al. GLP-1 Cleavage Product Reverses Persistent ROS Generation After Transient Hyperglycemia by Disrupting an ROS-Generating Feedback Loop. Diabetes 2015;64:3273-3284.

In their brief but disappointing letter, Ceriello and Genovese (1) erroneously describe the novel mechanism identified in the recent article by myself and my coauthors as “descriptive” (2). In fact, the article’s novelty is that it is entirely mechanistic. This mechanism, which is the central point of the article, explains how hyperglycemic spikes too brief to affect the HbA1c value cause continued overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for days of subsequent …
Forwards and Futures

This technical note introduces the basics of forward and futures contracts. It covers the very simplest contract on financial assest with no income and expands the discussion to cover contracts on financial assets with dividends, contracts on foreign currency and commodities. There is a discussion on the difference between forward/futures prices and the expected spot rate.
Influence of Age Alone, and Age Combined With Pinprick, on Recovery of Walking Function in Motor Complete, Sensory Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Objective To determine if age, pinprick scores in the lower extremities, and neurologic severity of injury influence recovery of ambulation in persons with motor complete, sensory incomplete (American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale [AIS] grade B) spinal cord injury (SCI) 1 year after initial injury. Design This retrospective analysis examined subjects with AIS grade B from the Spinal Cord Injury Model System (SCIMS) database from 2006 to 2015. The baseline neurologic examination at rehabilitation admission (2–4wk postinjury) was used for comparison with 1-year outcome measures of locomotion. Setting Fifteen acute inpatient rehabilitation centers (participants in the SCIMS database). Participants Participants with AIS grade B SCI (N=249) were enrolled in the SCIMS database in 2 cycles (2006–2010 and 2011–2015). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Household ambulation at 1 year by FONE-FIM and by direct interview, as part of the annual neurologic exam; change in American Spinal Injury Association score 1 year postinjury. Results Findings demonstrate a statistically nonsignificant increase in likelihood of walking for those age P =.0023). Pinprick was significant for patients age P =.0090) but not for those age ≥50 years ( P =.15). Conclusions Compared with younger individuals, participants age ≥50 years with AIS grade B SCI are less likely to achieve walking function 1 year postinjury. Likewise, preservation of pinprick sensation postinjury in the majority of lower-extremity dermatomes L2-S1 increases the chances of walking in individuals age
Rotational spectra and gas phase structure of the maleimide – Formic acid doubly hydrogen bonded dimer

Abstract Rotational transitions were measured for the maleimide – formic acid doubly hydrogen bonded dimer using a Flygare–Balle type pulsed-beam Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. No splittings caused by possible concerted double proton tunneling motion were observed. Experimental rotational constants (MHz), quadrupole coupling constants (MHz), and centrifugal distortion constants (kHz) were determined for the parent and three deuterium substituted isotopologues. The values for the parent are A = 2415.0297(10), B = 784.37494(38), C = 592.44190(33), D J = 0.0616(64), D JK = −0.118(35), D K = −1.38(15), 1.5 χ aa = 2.083(14), and 0.25( χ bb – χ cc ) = 1.1565(29). The hydrogen bond lengths were determined using a nonlinear least squares structure fitting program. Rotational constants for this complex are consistent with a planar structure, with an inertial defect of Δ = −0.528 amu A 2 . The B3LYP calculation yielded rotational constants within 0.1% of the experimental values.
Abstract T P62: Safety Scans after Intravenous Thrombolytic Therapy Fail to Alter Course or Management

Introduction: The risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) following IV-rtPA is 20%, and symptomatic ICH is 6%. Due to this concern, many practitioners obtain a 24-hour safety image after administration of t-PA for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We sought to determine whether 24-hour safety imaging influenced clinical management or outcomes Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of suspected AIS patients treated with IV t-PA at our medical center between January 2012 and February 2014. Medical records were reviewed for clinical decision-making, neurologic deterioration, and ICH. All patients were examined on admission by NIHSS-certified neurologists. Baseline characteristics were captured from a department database. A stepwise linear regression was used to identify variables predicting change in management and discharge modified Rankin scores (mRS). Results: Our study included 172 patients who received IV t-PA. After exclusion for endovascular treatment, clinical research trials that required follow-up imaging, and missing demographics, 116 patients were included in the final analysis. Neurologic deterioration was seen in 20 (17.2%) patients, intracranial hemorrhage was seen in 19 (16.3%) patients, and clinical management changed in 11 (9.4%) patients. Clinical deterioration was the only variable that predicted a change in management (logistic regression p<0.05). After adjusting for deterioration, neither 24-hour imaging nor presence of ICH predicted a change in management. Using a linear regression model, baseline NIHSS and clinical deterioration predicted mRS at discharge, whereas 24-hour imaging and change in clinical management did not (r2=0.43, p<0.001). Conclusion: Our data suggests frequent examination for neurologic deterioration is superior to 24-hour imaging in guiding clinical decision making. These findings should be investigated prospectively.
Montmorillonite-mediated aggregation induces deformation of influenza virus particles

Abstract The interaction between influenza virus [subtype A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 H1N1, (PR8)] and montmorillonite (Mt) is investigated by transmission electron microscopy and biochemical methods to determine how PR8 morphology and viability is affected. The majority of the PR8 particles formed aggregates with the Mt. TEM analysis showed that the virus particles retained structural integrity after aggregation but exhibited changes in morphology when compared to isolated PR8 and Mt aggregated with bromelain-treated PR8 (surface glycoproteins removed). Virus deformation shows that the virions exhibit an attraction to the Mt faces, possibly through hydrophobic interaction. The mean projection area of the aggregated PR8 was (10.4 ± 6.1) × 10 3 nm 2 compared to (9.5 ± 3.3) × 10 3 nm 2 for PR8 missing the surface glycoproteins; and (8.0 ± 3.9) × 10 3 nm 2 for non-aggregated PR8 controls. The increase in projection area of the aggregated PR8 suggests that the viruses deformed to increase contact region with the Mt faces with a subsequent compression normal to the face. PR8 missing the surface protein also exhibited an increase in projection area, although to a lesser extent, indicating that both the surface glycoproteins and viral envelope are attracted to the Mt faces. Circularity calculations indicate that the aggregated PR8 (circularity: 0.69 ± 0.16) are less round, i.e. more distorted, than either control PR8 (0.78 ± 0.14) or aggregated PR8 without surface glycoproteins (0.76 ± 0.12). The pleomorphic nature of influenza virus may allow it to survive the deformation induced by the Mt platelets. High resolution TEM micrographs revealed that the otherwise-round viruses flattened when in contact with platelet faces, thus increasing contact area with the Mt. The PR8 was found to remain infectious after aggregation although at a lower rate than PR8 controls. The apparent reduced infectivity is likely a result of each aggregate (containing ~ 10 2 viral particles) acting as a single infectious unit.
Self-Determination and Meaningful Work: Exploring Socioeconomic Constraints

This study examined a model of meaningful work among a diverse sample of working adults. From the perspectives of Self-Determination Theory and the Psychology of Working Framework, we tested a structural model with social class and work volition predicting SDT motivation variables, which in turn predicted meaningful work. Partially supporting hypotheses, work volition was positively related to internal regulation and negatively related to amotivation, whereas social class was positively related to external regulation and amotivation. In turn, internal regulation was positively related to meaningful work, whereas external regulation and amotivation were negatively related to meaningful work. Indirect effects from work volition to meaningful work via internal regulation and amotivation were significant, and indirect effects from social class to meaningful work via external regulation and amotivation were significant. This study highlights the important relations between SDT motivation variables and meaningful work, especially the large positive relation between internal regulation and meaningful work. However, results also reveal that work volition and social class may play critical roles in predicting internal regulation, external regulation, and amotivation.
A general and robust high-order numerical framework for shock-capturing: entropy-bounding, shock detection and artificial viscosity

A high-order shock-capturing framework is presented, that includes three key components, namely entropybounding, shock detection and artificial viscosity. The discontinuous Galerkin scheme is used to provide the discretization foundation, although the entire methodology is applicable to any discontinuous scheme. In this framework, entropy-bounding guarantees the numerical robustness by completely avoiding the appearance of non-physical quantities. An entropy-residual based shock detector is developed, which is able to accurately locate discontinuities. Building on the first two components, artificial viscosity is introduced locally to reduce spurious oscillations. By conducting Fourier analysis, a algebraic relation for the artificial viscosity is derived, which is linked to the eigen-spetrum of the numerical discretization. The resulting numerical framework offers a good balance between shock-capturing and computational efficiency for explicit time integration. Several test cases are conducted to confirm the benefits of using this method.
Physiological Properties of the Reynals Testicular Diffusion Factor

ConclusionsThe experiments described indicate that testicular extracts have the property of increasing capillary permeability. No evidence was found that they could increase absorption from the skin, nor were pharmacological effects on smooth muscle or blood pressure demonstrable.
Study of Deep Levels in LT-GaAs Materials and SI-GaAs Wafers by an Improved Thermoelectric Effect Spectroscopy

We have developed a simpler and more reliable method of thermoelectric effect spectroscopy (TEES) by eliminating the second heater in the technique. We have applied this method to the deep level studies in semi-insulating(SI) GaAs epitaxial layers grown at a low temperature by molecular beam epitaxy (LT-GaAs) and SI-undoped GaAs, Cr-doped GaAs. We have found that the electrical contacts on front and back surfaces of the sample are more reliable for the TEES measurement than both contacts made on the same surface. In this contact arrangement, the temperature difference of about 1–2K between the back and front surfaces was enough to produce a clear and reliable TEES data, without the need for a second heater. The results obtained by TEES are consistent with the results obtained by photo-induced current transient spectroscopy (PICTS) and by thermally stimulated current (TSC) measurements. The TEES results clearly distinguish between the electron traps and the hole traps. We will discuss the results on the various semi-insulating GaAs samples and the advantages and limitations of the TEES technique.
Childhood, archaeology of

The archaeology of childhood is an area of interest within archaeology which focuses on childhood as a stage in the human lifecycle and on children as cultural actors in past social groups. This field of inquiry includes focusing on roles and definitions of childhood that fall outside traditional Euro-American conceptions of childhood, and on investigating the archaeological record in a manner that is inclusive of the particular cultural practices and spheres of knowledge held by children. These emphases have enabled archaeologists to focus on how different types of identity, such as gender, are learned, negotiated, and embodied at different stages of the human lifecycle. Keywords: childhood; children; life-stage; material culture; socialization
Dial Your Successful Small Business Marketer: The Classroom Telephone Interview

The classrooom telephone interview is an effective technique for bringing realism into the marketing class. Advantages of and suggestions for using the technique are given. The effectiveness of the classroom telephone interview is evaluated.
In Vitro Selection of Protein and Peptide Libraries Using mRNA Display

In vitro genetic approaches are powerful solutions to the protein design problem. mRNA display is an in vitro selection technique enabling the design of peptide and protein ligands ranging from one to over 100 amino acids. Libraries containing more than 10 trillion unique sequences can be synthesized and sieved with exquisite control over binding stringency and specificity.
A Commentary on Innovation and Emerging Scientific Careers Is Social Work Prepared to Compete in Today’s Scientific Marketplace?

The aim of this article is to address some of the questions Dr. Paula S. Nurius presents in her article, Innovation and Emerging Scientific Careers: Is Social Work Prepared to Compete in Today‖s Scientific Marketplace? Specifically, this article will focus on what we can do to better prepare our emerging research scholars to be successful innovators through trans-disciplinary training and educational activities. This article recommends two main ideas. The first main idea is that social work co-host meetings, lectures, roundtables and trainings with disciplines we do not tend to collaborate with, in order to build inter-disciplinary partnerships. The second suggestion is that students are socially integrated, via extensive interaction of outside disciplines, through customized semester-long rotation style trainings. By implementing these suggestions, we will be providing a space for our doctoral students to gain an understanding of how different disciplines‖ researchers, technologies, and/or methods can ad...
Separating oil from water: suspension-feeding goldfish ingest liquid vegetable oil

We show that goldfish (Carassius auratus) voluntarily ingest liquid canola oil at the surface of the water and can swallow significant quantities of oil. The ability of fish to separate floating oil from water has not been tested previously, and the mechanisms used to retain oil in the form of suspended droplets, globules, or a surface film are unknown. Chromatograms of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) prepared from gut samples confirmed that goldfish were able to obtain a substantial proportion of their daily lipid intake from canola oil at the surface of laboratory aquaria. Quantification of goldfish suspension-feeding, processing, and spitting behavior suggested that upper jaw protrusion with a closed mouth during processing was important for the handling of different food types, including oil. Crossflow filtration and the generation of vortices could be involved in oil retention by goldfish, as these processes are used industrially to separate oil from water. These results have implications for the up...
DNA methylation mediates genetic variation for adaptive transgenerational plasticity.

Environmental stresses experienced by individual parents can influence offspring phenotypes in ways that enhance survival under similar conditions. Although such adaptive transgenerational plasticity is well documented, its transmission mechanisms are generally unknown. One possible mechanism is environmentally induced DNA methylation changes. We tested this hypothesis in the annual plant Polygonum persicaria , a species known to express adaptive transgenerational plasticity in response to parental drought stress. Replicate plants of 12 genetic lines (sampled from natural populations) were grown in dry versus moist soil. Their offspring were exposed to the demethylating agent zebularine or to control conditions during germination and then grown in dry soil. Under control germination conditions, the offspring of drought-stressed parents grew longer root systems and attained greater biomass compared with offspring of well-watered parents of the same genetic lines. Demethylation removed these adaptive developmental effects of parental drought, but did not significantly alter phenotypic expression in offspring of well-watered parents. The effect of demethylation on the expression of the parental drought effect varied among genetic lines. Differential seed provisioning did not contribute to the effect of parental drought on offspring phenotypes. These results demonstrate that DNA methylation can mediate adaptive, genotype-specific effects of parental stress on offspring phenotypes.
A Fluorescence-based Assay of Phospholipid Scramblase Activity

Scramblases translocate phospholipids across the membrane bilayer bidirectionally in an ATP-independent manner. The first scramblase to be identified and biochemically verified was opsin, the apoprotein of the photoreceptor rhodopsin. Rhodopsin is a G protein-coupled receptor localized in rod photoreceptor disc membranes of the retina where it is responsible for the perception of light. Rhodopsin's scramblase activity does not depend on its ligand 11-cis-retinal, i.e., the apoprotein opsin is also active as a scramblase. Although constitutive and regulated phospholipid scrambling play an important role in cell physiology, only a few phospholipid scramblases have been identified so far besides opsin. Here we describe a fluorescence-based assay of opsin's scramblase activity. Opsin is reconstituted into large unilamellar liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and a trace quantity of fluorescent NBD-labeled PC (1-palmitoyl-2-{6-[7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazole-4-yl)amino]hexanoyl}-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine). Scramblase activity is determined by measuring the extent to which NBD-PC molecules located in the inner leaflet of the vesicle are able to access the outer leaflet where their fluorescence is chemically eliminated by a reducing agent that cannot cross the membrane. The methods we describe have general applicability and can be used to identify and characterize scramblase activities of other membrane proteins.
Prospective Clinical Trial of 18F-Fluciclovine PET/CT for Determining the Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy in Invasive Ductal and Invasive Lobular Breast Cancers

Fluorine-18-labeled 1-amino-3-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (18F-Fluciclovine) is a leucine analog radiotracer that depicts amino acid transport into cells. 18F-Fluciclovine PET/CT visualizes malignancy including prostate cancer, invasive ductal breast cancer (IDC) and invasive lobular breast cancers (ILC). It has not been shown whether changes in 18F-Fluciclovine avidity reflect changes in tumor burden resulting from treatment. This prospective clinical trial evaluates changes in 18F-Fluciclovine-avidity compared to breast cancer therapy response, as determined by residual tumor burden on pathology. Methods: Twenty-four women with a new diagnosis of locally advanced IDC (n = 18) or ILC (n = 6) underwent 18F-Fluciclovine PET/CT before and after the completion of neoadjuvant systemic therapy. SUVmax, SUVmean, metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion avidity (TLA) were obtained for the primary breast tumor, axillary lymph nodes, and extra-axillary lymph nodes on each exam, and corrected for background 18F-Fluciclovine avidity. The relationship between changes in 18F-Fluciclovine-avidity and percent reduction of tumor on pathology was assessed using Spearman’s Rank correlation. Results: The median decrease in18F-fluciclovine SUVmax corrected of the primary breast lesions was 99% (range 33-100%). The median reduction in tumor on pathology was 92% (range 10-100%). Changes in 18F-Fluciclovine-avidity were strongly correlated with percent reduction of tumor on pathology (Spearman’s rho 0.79, 95% CI: 0.56-0.90, p<0.001). Conclusion: Changes in 18F-Fluciclovine-avidity strongly correlate with tumor response on pathology in this pilot study.
Characterization of novel gold SERS substrates with multilayer enhancements

A detailed study of SERS enhancements from novel multilayer gold film over nanoparticle (GFON) substrates is presented. These multilayer GFON substrates were optimized in terms of the number of metal layers, and the amounts of gold and silver oxide deposited. These multilayer GFON substrates were also structurally characterized in terms of surface roughness. No significant changes in the surface roughness of these multilayer GFON substrates, even with different layers of gold, have been observed, suggesting there is no direct correlation between the multilayer SERS enhancements and the surface roughness. UV-Vis reflectance spectra of these substrates were also characterized, indicating that the significant multilayer enhancements require the presence of silver oxide layers separating the continuous gold film layers.
Laser-assisted Mechanical Micromachining

Mechanical micro-cutting methods such as micro-grooving, micro-turning, and micro-milling are emerging as viable alternatives to lithography based micromachining for applications in optics, semiconductors and micro moulding. However, certain factors limit the range of workpiece materials that can be processed using these methods. For difficult-to-machine materials such as mould and die steels and sintered ceramics, limited cutting tool and machine stiffness and/or strength pose significant barriers to the efficient use of mechanical micromachining methods. In addition, when cutting at the microscale, the effect of tool/machine deflection on the dimensional accuracy of the machined feature can be pronounced. This chapter describes a novel hybrid mechanical micromachining process called Laser-Assisted Mechanical Micromachining, or LAMM, that is designed to overcome the aforementioned limitations of mechanical micro-cutting methods. The chapter describes the basic idea behind LAMM and the development of a LAMM-based prototype system for micro-grooving, experimental characterisation and modelling of the laser assisted microgrooving process, and concludes with a discussion of future directions of this technology.
Physical and chemical properties of traditional and water-mixable oil paints assessed using single-sided NMR

Abstract Single-sided NMR and gas chromatography were used in tandem to investigate the physical and chemical differences between traditional linseed oil paint and water-mixable oil paint. Water-mixable oil paints contain an emulsifier that confers water miscibility, but it may also affect the curing process and the intermolecular network formed in a cured paint film. Comparisons of paint samples of different compositions and ages show that the emulsifier changes both the chemical and physical properties of the paint films, though at different curing times and to different extents depending on the paint formulation. This research highlights the utility of NMR relaxometry in cultural heritage analysis, and suggests further study into the effects of agents affecting the curing process and reactions within a paint film.
Etiology of epithelial barrier dysfunction in patients with type 2 inflammatory diseases

Epithelial barriers of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and airway serve common critical functions, such as maintaining a physical barrier against environmental insults and allergens and providing a tissue interface balancing the communication between the internal and external environments. We now understand that in patients with allergic disease, regardless of tissue location, the homeostatic balance of the epithelial barrier is skewed toward loss of differentiation, reduced junctional integrity, and impaired innate defense. Importantly, epithelial dysfunction characterized by these traits appears to pre-date atopy and development of allergic disease. Despite our growing appreciation of the centrality of barrier dysfunction in initiation of allergic disease, many important questions remain to be answered regarding mechanisms disrupting normal barrier function. Although our external environment (proteases, allergens, and injury) is classically thought of as a principal contributor to barrier disruption associated with allergic sensitization, there is a need to better understand contributions of the internal environment (hormones, diet, and circadian clock). Systemic drivers of disease, such as alterations of the endocrine system, metabolism, and aberrant control of developmental signaling, are emerging as new players in driving epithelial dysfunction and allergic predisposition at various barrier sites. Identifying such central mediators of epithelial dysfunction using both systems biology tools and causality-driven laboratory experimentation will be essential in building new strategic interventions to prevent or reverse the process of barrier loss in allergic patients.
Building-Wide, Adaptive Energy Management Systems for High-Performance Buildings: Final CRADA Report

Development and field demonstration of the minimum ratio policy for occupancy-driven, predictive control of outdoor air ventilation. Technology transfer of Argonne’s methods for occupancy estimation and forecasting and for M&V to BuildingIQ for their deployment. Selection of CO2 sensing as the currently best-available technology for occupancy-driven controls. Accelerated restart capability for the commercial BuildingIQ system using horizon shifting strategies applied to receding horizon optimal control problems. Empirical-based evidence of 30% chilled water energy savings and 22% total HVAC energy savings achievable with the BuildingIQ system operating in the APS Office Building on-site at Argonne.
How do physicians become medical experts? A test of three competing theories: distinct domains, independent influence and encapsulation models.

The distinction between basic sciences and clinical knowledge which has led to a theoretical debate on how medical expertise is developed has implications for medical school and lifelong medical education. This longitudinal, population based observational study was conducted to test the fit of three theories—knowledge encapsulation, independent influence, distinct domains—of the development of medical expertise employing structural equation modelling. Data were collected from 548 physicians (292 men—53.3%; 256 women—46.7%; mean age = 24.2 years on admission) who had graduated from medical school 2009–2014. They included (1) Admissions data of undergraduate grade point average and Medical College Admission Test sub-test scores, (2) Course performance data from years 1, 2, and 3 of medical school, and (3) Performance on the NBME exams (i.e., Step 1, Step 2 CK, and Step 3). Statistical fit indices (Goodness of Fit Index—GFI; standardized root mean squared residual—SRMR; root mean squared error of approximation—RSMEA) and comparative fit $$(X_{D}^{2} ,X^{2} )$$ of three theories of cognitive development of medical expertise were used to assess model fit. There is support for the knowledge encapsulation three factor model of clinical competency (GFI = 0.973, SRMR = 0.043, RSMEA = 0.063) which had superior fit indices to both the independent influence and distinct domains theories ( $$X_{29}^{2} = 88.11$$ vs $$X_{29}^{2} = 443.91$$ [ $$X_{D}^{2} = 355.80$$ ] vs $$X_{29}^{2} = 514.93$$ [ $$X_{D}^{2} = 426.82$$ ], respectively). The findings support a theory where basic sciences and medical aptitude are direct, correlated influences on clinical competency that encapsulates basic knowledge.
Cheese Making and Characterization

We will practice manufacturing cheese using benchtop equipment with rennin and testing the quality parameters of cheese.
The Effect of Parasite Infection on Phonotactic Response in the Mink Frog, Lithobates septentrionalis

Abstract The detrimental effects of parasite infection include modulation of behaviors important to host fitness. The Mink Frog, Lithobates septentrionalis, is the final host of the digenean flatworm, Halipegus eccentricus, which inhabits the eustachian tube. Extreme infection results in complete occlusion of the eustachian tubes and could adversely affect a frog's hearing. The tympanic membranes are coupled internally through the buccal cavity via open eustachian tubes, making them vulnerable to pressure changes induced by obstruction from the presence of H. eccentricus, accumulated necrotic tissue, and mucus resulting from the infection. We tested phonotactic response in male L. septentrionalis to determine whether acoustic response is affected by infection of H. eccentricus. We placed frogs, in turn, in a floating choice arena, gave them 10 min to acclimate and 10 min to respond to a conspecific advertisement call broadcast from a speaker. We tracked the frogs and recorded positive phonotaxis when the ...
The safe use of surgical energy devices by surgeons may be overestimated.

Surgical energy injuries are an underappreciated phenomenon. Improper use of surgical energy or poor attention to patient safety can result in operating room fires, tissue injuries, and interferences with other electronic devices, while rare complications can be devastatingly severe. Despite this, there is no current standard requirement for educating surgeons on the safe use of energy-based devices or evaluation of electrosurgery (ES) education in residency training, credentialing, or practice. The study aimed to assess the current baseline knowledge of surgeons and surgical trainees with regards to ES across varying experiences at a tertiary level care center. Surgeons and surgical trainees from seven surgical specialties (General Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Vascular Surgery, Obstetrics/Gynecology, Orthopedic Surgery, Urology, and Otorhinolaryngology) at a tertiary level care hospital were tested. Testing included an evaluation regarding their background training and experiences with ES-related adverse events and a 15 multiple-choice-question exam testing critical knowledge of ES. A total of 134 surveys were sent out with 72 responses (53.7%). The mean quiz score was 51.5 ± 15.5% (passing score was 80%). Of staff surgeons, 33/65 (50.8%) completed the survey with mean and median scores of 54.9 and 53.3%, respectively (range 33.3–86.7%). Of surgical trainees, 39/69 (56.5%) completed the survey with mean and median scores of 48.6 and 46.7%, respectively (range 13.3–80.0%). There were no statistically significant differences based on training status (p = 0.08), previous training (p = 0.24), number of cases (p = 0.06), or specialty (p = 0.689). Surgeons and surgical trainees both have a significant knowledge gap in the safe and effective use of surgical energy devices, regardless of surgical specialty and despite what they feel was adequate training. The knowledge gap is not improved with experience. A formal surgical energy education program should be a requirement for residency training or credentialing.
The Role of the Obesity Medicine Physician in the Management of the Bariatric Patient

As obesity rates rise worldwide and with improved understanding of the biological, genetic, social, and psychological underpinnings of obesity, weight loss programs are challenged to manage overweight patients through a multidisciplinary approach. The obesity medicine physician is a crucial component of a successful medical and surgical weight loss program. Such a specialist can discuss and recommend weight loss for a given patient in an individualized manner, using a variety of different tools depending on what may be deemed most successful in a given situation. The obesity medicine physician may incorporate dietary recommendations, exercise, digital technology, weight loss medications, and medical devices to assist patients with nonsurgical weight loss or to help manage weight regain after weight loss surgery. Collaboration between bariatric surgeons and obesity medicine specialists provides an improved approach to patients that will likely foster success.
Determinants of Brand Preference in Drip Irrigation System with Special Reference to Coconut Farmers

Agricultural sector is the largest water user of the country accounting 70 per cent in world water use, the growing challenge for agricultural development is how to produce more food for increasing population with less water. The estimated land area with irrigated potential in Tamil Nadu is 5.65 million hectares but only 3.19 million hectares of area are irrigated. Continuously, uncontrolled use of water resource leads to exploitation of ground water levels have gone down to uneconomic levels due to over extraction. There are different ways and means of advanced technologies to produce more food with less amount of water. One such technology is drip irrigation. The government also implemented subsidy schemes to encourage the farmers to adopt irrigation technologies. This gives a greater opportunity to drip irrigation companies to market their products by improving their brand image. Brand preference has become pivotal point of differentiation in the market. The present study would focus on determinants of brand preference in drip irrigation system among coconut farmers. Pollachi taluk of Coimbatore district was purposively selected because of coconut crop contributes two third of cultivated area. Data collected from 100 randomly selected farmers those exclusively growing coconut using pretested interview schedule. Percentage analysis, Factor analysis, Logit regression, Garrett ranking and likert scale analysis methods were used to analyze the data. The study revealed that water saving and labour cost were the most influencing factor for the adoption of drip irrigation system. Immediate response by sales executives, market promotion, peer group influence, quality of materials and price were the major determinants of brand preference of farmers. Awareness adoption ratio of subsurface drip and inline drip system was 1:0.50 and 1:0.72, respectively and none has adopted automation technology. The farmers were satisfied with the price, availability of spare parts and government subsidies but highly unsatisfied with after sales service provided by the marketers of drip system.