cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The oxidation of zircaloy-4 at 900 and 1100°c in high pressure steam☆

Abstract Oxidation experiments on zircaloy-4 PWR tube specimens were conducted at 905 and 1101°C in flowing steam at piessures up to 10.34 MPa (1500 psi). Maximum exposure times were about 45 min at 905°C and 10 min at 1101°C. The growth characteristics of the oxide and oxygen-stabilized alpha layers after these exposures were examined and compared to those observed earlier for oxidation in steam at atmospheric pressure. At 1101°C, no differences in the growth rates of the layers were evident. However, the trend of the data at the lower oxidation temperature indicated that an increase in the rate of oxide layer growth does occur with increasing pressure. The magnitude of the observed effect on the oxide layer growth at 905°C was small for the reaction times studied and for pressures up to 6.9 MPa (1000 psi). For example, the maximum increase in oxide thickness observed at 6.9 MPa was less than 50% for times up to 30 min, and the kinetics continued to show negative deviations from ideal parabolic growth behavior. However, the few experiments at the highest pressure yielded oxide layer thicknesses approximately twice as thick as those anticipated for oxidation at atmospheric pressure. While a detailed mechanism is not apparent, metallographic examination of these oxide layers revealed that part of each layer was different structurally compared to that found for oxidation at atmospheric pressure. It is suggested that this difference is responsible for the increased growth rate of the oxide layer.
The impact of chemotherapy on survival in uterine clear cell carcinoma patients

Objectives: Universal screening for Lynch syndrome (LS) using immunohistochemistry (IHC) is recommended for patients with new colon cancer. While the sentinel malignancy in women with Lynch syndrome is equally as likely to be endometrial cancer compared to colon cancer, universal screening in endometrial cancer has not been implemented on such a large scale. Our study aims to determine any associations between loss of MMR expression and tumor clinico-pathologic characteristics, as well as the number of germ line mutations identified using IHC at our institution. Methods: A retrospective review of patients who underwent hysterectomy for grade 1 or 2 endometrioid endometrial cancer between August 2012 and January 2014 was performed. Only patients who underwent IHC for deficiencies of MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2 were included in this cohort. Patient charts were reviewed and patient demographics, tumor size, grade, invasion, and stainingwere abstracted from electronic medical records. Results: 180 patients underwent hysterectomy for low grade EEC during the study period. Of these, 102 (56.6%) had IHC to evaluate for MMR protein deficiencies. Twenty six (25.5%) tumors had MMR loss detected via IHC, with 19 (18.6%) having deficiencies in MLH1/ PMS2 and 3 (2.9%) in MSH2/MSH6. Loss of single protein expression was observed in 4 patients, with loss of MSH6 expression noted in 2 (2.0%) and loss of MLH1 and PMS2 in 1 (1%) each. MLH1 promoter methylation analysis was performed in 7 (35.0%) of the 20 tumors, showing methylation in 6 (85.7%). One patient with MSH2 and MSH6 loss by IHC was found to have a germline mutation in MSH6. Grade 2 tumors were significantly associated with MLH1 loss on multivariate analysis (OR 5.3, p = 0.012, 95% CI 1.4–19.8). Increasing age was associated with MLH1 and PMS2 loss (OR 1.2, p = 0.021, 95% CI 1.0– 1.3). Younger age was significantly associated with MSH6 loss (OR 0.79, p = 0.025, 95% CI .64–.97). Conclusions: The most common deficiency detected via IHC involves MLH1 and PMS2 loss and is significantly associated with age. Loss of MSH6 is significantly associated with younger age. Large studies with cost-effectiveness analyses must be performed to determine if implementation of a standardized screening regimen is necessary.
A Novel Trust Computing System for Social Networks

Trust is a phenomenon that is exclusively possessed by human beings. Due to its human-related properties, trust is difficult to be uniformly defined or even be precisely described. As a research field, trust has been intensively focused on exploring propagations and usefulness in social networks. Little research work has been found on simulating trust itself. In this paper, we present a trust computing system to tackle the problem of trust simulation. The system is capable of simulating trust between two directly connected individuals on social networks. By integrating the trust values computed through three trust computing components, the system eventually returns a trust score representing the actual trust magnitude from one particular individual to the other. To our best knowledge, this is the first effort that such a trust computing system is proposed.
The use of business graphics

Business graphics are any form of graphics used by individual knowledge workers to support their activities. The classification system presented in this paper can be used to identify graphics needs and classify graphic system features. The classification system has six dimensions: form, media, quality, speed, ease of learninglease of use, and flexibility. In a study at Queen's University, most of the business graphics produced with micro-computers were text charts used to support oral presentations. Most end users preferred easy-to-use microcomputer-based tools to more flexible mainframe tools. Surprisingly, users with little prior computer experience were as likely to use computer generated computer graphics (and use the microcomputer tools themselves to create business graphics), as their more experienced counterparts. This pattern differs sharply from that on the university's central mainframe, where experienced users prepare mostly graphs.
Dark habitats and bright birds illustrate the role of the environment in species divergence

ANIMALS exhibit a diversity of colour patterns that are commonly used in interspecific and intraspecific communication1–3. Factors influencing the evolution of signals used in communication include the properties of the physical environment in which the signal is generated2–10, the perceptual systems of individuals (such as potential mates or predators) receiving the signal2,3,11–16, and the nature of the information signalled. In warblers of the genus Phylloscopus, species differences in colour patterns are correlated with light intensity of the habitat: brighter species live in darker habitats. I report here two observations that colour patterns function to increase conspicuousness, and are used in intraspecific communication. First, individuals make themselves temporarily more conspicuous by flashing the bright colour patterns in display, and are less conspicuous when not displaying. Second, experimentally increasing conspicuousness of males within a given habitat increases territory size, whereas experimentally reducing conspicuousness results in either a smaller territory or its total loss. Traits used in intraspecific communication are often thought to diverge as a result of variation in perceptual systems2,3,13,15–17. This study shows that variation in the physical environment can cause species divergence, and this will occur whether perceptual systems are variable or relatively constant.
Is Bayesian analysis ready for use in phase III randomized clinical trials? Beware the sound of the sirens.

Bayesian analysis is attractive (primarily) because it uses available data from other studies to potentially reduce study sample size.1 Bayesian approaches begin by mathematically assuming a “prior distribution” for the treatment effect, then adjusts this distribution using the results of the Phase III study to produce a “posterior distribution.” With even modest information available, this approach will result in substantial improvements in efficacy and reduced sample size. On the surface, ignoring information seems at the least foolish, and at the most unethical. There are numerous technical aspects of trial design (such as “adaptive trial” methods) for study monitoring available using the Bayesian approach.2 However, alternatives to these approaches are available in the frequentist approach.3–6⇓⇓⇓ We consider these issues to be tangential to the primary “reduction in sample size” argument for using the Bayesian approach. Although Bayesian approaches have become more acceptable for statistical analyses in general over the past few decades, the …
Acute thoracic distress in childhood due to spontaneous rupture of a large mediastinal teratoma

Abstract We have presented what we believe to be the first report of a mediastinal teratoma which ruptured into the pleural cavity of a child. The patient presented as an acute thoracic catastrophy with respiratory distress and severe chest pain. Despite extensive diagnostic procedures, the true nature of the lesion was not determined until a thoracotomy was performed. A review of the English literature pertinent to mediastinal tumors disclosed 120 teratomas in children, 23 per cent of which were malignant. Complications of mediastinal teratomas, including rupture into the pleural space, pericardium, tracheobronchial tree, great vessels, and esophagus, are discussed and diagnostic procedures are reviewed.
Evaluation of Pathologists (Histopathology) and Radiologists (Cone Beam Computed Tomography) Differentiating Radicular Cysts from Granulomas

Abstract Introduction This study investigated the differentiation of radicular cysts from granulomas. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging was compared with the existing standard, biopsy and histopathology. Methods Forty-five patients scheduled for an apicoectomy received a CBCT scan of the involved arch. Two oral and maxillofacial radiologists, working independently and using the same criteria, categorized the CBCT images as one of the following: cyst, likely cyst, likely granuloma, granuloma, or other. After apicoectomies, two oral pathologists, working independently and using the same criteria, diagnosed the surgical specimens as one of the following: radicular cyst, granuloma, or other. We examined the following: (1) interrater agreement between pathologists as to the biopsy diagnosis, (2) interrater agreement between radiologists as to the CBCT diagnosis, and (3) accuracy of radiologists' diagnostic assessments using histopathology as the standard. Results Findings showed strong interrater reliability between pathologists (κ = 0.79, z=5.46, p p = not significant). Accuracy (true-positives plus true-negatives) for the two radiologists was 51% and 63%. Conclusion Under the conditions of this study, based on the inconsistency of the radiologists' reports as evidenced by statistical analyses, it was concluded that CBCT imaging is not a reliable diagnostic method for differentiating radicular cysts from granulomas. Surgical biopsy and histopathological evaluation remain the standard procedure for differentiating radicular cysts from granulomas.
Incorporating new words into the lexicon: preliminary evidence for language hierarchies in two-year-old children.

In 4 experiments, we examined how young children incorporate new word meanings into their lexicons. 2-year-olds were each taught a new noun for an object that already had a known label (e.g., a "fep" for a dog). Children's interpretations of the new nouns were assessed by asking subjects to select the named toy from an array of 4 toys (e.g., "Point to a fep"). The experiments were designed to determine which of several possible semantic relations between novel and familiar words was most consistent with children's performance. It was found that children often seemed to interpret the new word as referring to a subordinate of the known category. This tendency was reduced when the named object could sensibly receive a proper name (e.g., when the named object was a stuffed animal), particularly when children had to consider both the familiar and the novel label for the object in the same session. Although not all alternative explanations have been ruled out, these results suggest that, from a very young age, children may spontaneously form language hierarchies when they hear a novel work for an object that already has a familiar name.
Conjugate duality and the curse of dimensionality

Abstract If the functional equations of dynamic programming (DP) are viewed as convolutions, then conjugate duality can be applied to computational advantage. In particular, the ‘curse of dimensionality’ resulting from the number of state variables can be virtually eliminated by solving the additive conjugate dual of the recursive DP primal. The method is applied to discrete resource allocation problems as a relaxation technique and a numerical example is given.
Some Fundamentals in Liquidity Theory

Preliminary definitions, 405. — Liquidity and the monetary concept, 406. — Liquidity preference, 410. — Definition of money, 411. — The utility of money, 414. — Answers to objections, 414. — The specifications of monetary neutrality, 418. — Three model sequences, 420. — Conclusions for policy, 425.
Individual differences in distraction by motion predicted by neural activity in MT/V5

Individuals differ substantially in their susceptibility to distraction by irrelevant visual information. Previous research has uncovered how individual variability in the goal-driven component of attentional control influences distraction, yet it remains unknown whether other sources of variability between individuals also predict distraction. In this fMRI study, we showed that an individual's inherent sensitivity to passively viewed visual motion predicts his/her susceptibility to distraction by motion. Bilateral MT/V5 was localized in participants during passive viewing of moving stimuli, affording a baseline measure of motion sensitivity. Next, participants performed a visual search task with an irrelevant motion singleton distractor, and both behavioral and neural indices of distraction were recorded. Results revealed that both of these indices were predicted by the independent index of motion sensitivity. An additional analysis of moment-to-moment fluctuations in distraction within individuals revealed that distraction could be predicted by pretrial fMRI activity in several brain regions, including MT+, which likely reflected the observer's momentary propensity to process motion. Together, these results shed light on how variability in factors other than goal-driven processing, both within and between individuals, affects attentional control and one's perception of the visual world.
A Brief Description of Functional Assessment Procedures Reported in JASH (1983–1999):

The seminal article by Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, and Richman (1994/1982; Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 27, 197–209. Reprinted from Analysis and Intervention in Developmental Disabiliti...
Information Processing and Attentional Functioning in the Developmental Course of Schizophrenic Disorders

This article examines the evidence that certain deficits in information processing and attentional functioning are present across populations at risk for schizophrenic disorder, with active schizophrenic psychotic symptomatology, and in relative remission after a schizophrenic psychosis. In addition, the evidence that some deficits in processing information occur only in the actively psychotic period is inspected. Deficits in vigilance tasks with high-processing loads, in forced-choice span of apprehension for large arrays, and in serial recall for items that involve active rehearsal occur across risk populations, actively symptomatic schizophrenic patients, and relatively remitted schizophrenic patients. These deficits may reflect vulnerability factors for schizophrenic disorders. Reaction time crossover, dichotic listening, backward masking, and referential communication deficits might also be vulnerability indicators. These deficits may be related to a reduction in the processing capacity that is available for task-relevant cognitive operations in persons vulnerable to schizophrenic disorder, which could, in turn, be caused by several different underlying cognitive anomalies. Cognitive deficits that have been found only during actively psychotic periods or in chronic schizophrenic patients, such as poorer recognition of briefly presented, single, familiar letters or numbers, are characterized by low demands on processing capacity. These deficiencies may be caused by further reduction in available processing capacity or a temporary disruption of automatic as well as attention-demanding processes; they could also reflect a stable, more severe cognitive deficit in a subtype of schizophrenic disorder.
Importance of size in defining binge eating episodes in bulimia nervosa.

Objective This study sought to determine if amount of food consumed is important in defining binge eating episodes in individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN). Method Women (N = 30) with DSM-IV BN (OBN) and women (N = 25) who would have met DSM-IV criteria for BN except that their binge episodes were not objectively large (SBN) were recruited from the community. Subjects completed telephone interviews and questionnaires. Results Results demonstrated no significant differences between women with OBN and SBN in levels of dietary restraint, disinhibition, or hunger; no significant differences in general psychopathology; and significant differences in frequency of binge/purge episodes and impulsiveness. Differences in impulsiveness remained after controlling for frequency of binge/purge episodes. Discussion These results partially validate current diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa and elucidate one factor, impulsiveness, that may be important in understanding objective binge episodes in bulimia nervosa. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 294–301, 2001.
Weighted Parzen windows for radial basis function network design

This paper shows how the weighted Parzen window (WPW) technique can be used for radial basis function network (RBFN) design. The WPW training algorithm uses an agglomerative hierarchical clustering procedure to find the RBFN centers and weights. This approach reduces storage requirements as it selects the centers and weights. It is shown that RBFNs can be designed using the WPW technique so that they are functionally equivalent to some statistical techniques. Experimental results are reported for two practical applications, laser-weld classification and handwritten character recognition. The results show that WPW designed RBFNs outperform some neural techniques in these applications. >
Comparison of Six Methods for Isolating Mycobacteria from Swine Lymph Nodes

Six laboratory methods were compared for isolating acid-fast bacteria. Tuberculous lymph nodes from each of 48 swine as identified by federal meat inspectors were processed by each of the methods. Treated tissue suspensions were inoculated onto each of eight media which were observed at 7-day intervals for 9 weeks. There were no statistically significant differences between the number of Mycobacterium avium complex bacteria isolated by each of the six methods. Rapid tissue preparation methods involving treatment with 2% sodium hydroxide or treatment with 0.2% zephiran required only one-third to one-fourth the processing time as a standard method. There were small differences in the amount of contamination among the six methods, but no detectable differences in the time of first appearance of M. avium complex colonies.
An Antidumping Law Can Be procompetitive

Home and foreign duopolists collude in the absence of an antidumping (AD) law because competition law makes renegotiation of collusion more costly than imposition of punishment for defection. Introduction of an AD law with a weak injury standard can undermine collusion by providing a low-cost mechanism for renegotiation. This induces dumping by the foreign firm and defection by the home firm. An AD law can be procompetitive, in contrast to recent literature suggesting that an AD law can facilitate collusion. The law is asymmetric, providing a greater incentive for home-firm than foreign-firm deviation.
A Personal Scientific Odyssey

When I was just a little kid growing up in Philadelphia, I had heroes just like any other kid. But my real hero was old Albert Einstein himself. I liked him even more than my basketball heroes on the Philadelphia Warriors Paul Arizin, Tom Gola and of course Wilt Chamberlin. I had taken up basketball in Elementary School mainly to avoid having to pay the tough neighborhood guys bribes to take the trolley. After I somehow got accepted to the all-academic Central High and left the tough kids behind, I amazingly became really good at it. My afternoons and weekends were spent in fierce pickup games at the local playground. In winter, we actually used to shovel the snow off the ground to play ball. I developed a shot known around the neighborhood as the “Pretzel Shot” and somehow made the Central High Varsity team. The high point in my career (and my life!) came when the Philadelphia Inquirer for some reason took a picture of one of my unsuccessful pretzel shots in a game against GermantownHigh and put it on the front page of the local section (Supplementary Fig. S1). It was all downhill after that for my basketball career. But I never lost my hero worship of Albert Einstein and early on decided to become a scientist. And when I read George Gamow’s fantastic book, “One, Two, Three Infinity”, I was hooked for life. I did not knowwhat field of science; I just knew that it had to be a field where I learned the meaning of everything. But alas, reality intruded and, after having a great Biology teacher at Central, Dr. Sam Lepow (Supplementary Fig. S2), I realized that even I could do Biology and that it was really interesting. Central
Quasi-One-Dimensional Phase Transitions in Nanopores: Pore-Pore Correlation Effects

For adsorbates confined within a single, sufficiently narrow cylindrical pore, no phase transitions occur because the system is too close to the one-dimensional limit. We study the influence of intermolecular correlations between adsorbed molecules in neighboring cylindrical pores, using molecular simulation. For a simple model of methane in the molecular sieve $\mathrm{ALPO}{}_{4}\ensuremath{-}5$, we find that a phase transition between two fluid states (``gas'' and ``liquid'') occurs below a critical temperature that is depressed relative to the bulk value.
Intraventricular Taenia solium Cysts Presenting with Bruns Syndrome and Indications for Emergent Neurosurgery

Bruns syndrome is an unusual phenomenon, characterized by attacks of sudden and severe headache, vomiting, and vertigo, triggered by abrupt movement of the head. The presumptive cause of Bruns syndrome is a mobile deformable intraventricular mass leading to an episodic obstructive hydrocephalus. Intraventricular tumors have been associated with Bruns syndrome; however, few cases of intraventricular neurocysticercosis have been reported to present with Bruns syndrome. We report the first series of fourth ventricular neurocysticercosis presenting with Bruns syndrome in the United States and review the other published cases where surgery was indicated.
Residues within the C-Terminal Arm of the Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Glycoprotein B Ectodomain Contribute to Its Refolding during the Fusion Step of Virus Entry

Herpesvirus entry into cells requires coordinated interactions among several viral glycoproteins. Thefinal membrane fusion step of entry is executed by glycoprotein B (gB), a class III viral fusion protein that is conserved across all herpesviruses. Fusion proteins are metastable proteins that mediate fusion by inserting into a target membrane and refolding from a prefusion to postfusion conformation to bring the viral and cell membranes together. Although the structure of gB has been solved in a conformation that likely represents its postfusion form, its prefusion structure and the details of how it refolds to execute fusion are unknown. The postfusion gB structure contains a trimeric coiled-coil at its core and a long C-terminal arm within the ectodomain packs against this coil in an antiparallel manner. This coil-arm complex is reminiscent of the six-helix bundle that provides the energy for fusion in class I fusogens. To determine the role of the coil-arm complex, we individually mutated residues in the herpes simplex virus 1 gB coil-arm complex to alanine and assessed the contribution of each residue to cell-cell and virus-cell fusion. Several coil mutations resulted in a loss of cell surface expression, indicating that the coil residues are important for proper processing of gB. Three mutations in the arm region (I671A, H681A, and F683A) reduced fusion without affecting expression. Combining these three arm mutations drastically reduced the ability of gB to execute fusion; however, fusion function could be restored by adding known hyperfusogenic mutations to the arm mutant. We propose that the formation of the coil-arm complex drives the gB transition to a postfusion conformation and the coil-arm complex performs a function similar to that of the six-helix bundle in class I fusion. Furthermore, we suggest that these specific mutations in the arm may energetically favor the prefusion state of gB.
Necrotizing scleritis as a complication of cosmetic eye whitening procedure

We report necrotizing scleritis as a serious complication of a cosmetic eye whitening procedure that involves the use of intraoperative and postoperative topical mitomycin C. This is a single case report. A 59-year-old Caucasian male with a history of blepharitis status post uncomplicated LASIK refractive surgery reported chronic conjunctival hyperemia for 15 years prior to undergoing a cosmetic eye whitening procedure. He presented to our clinic 12 months after the cosmetic eye whitening procedure with progressive bilateral necrotizing scleritis and scleral calcification. Chronic conjunctival hyperemia may prompt patients to seek surgical correction with cosmetic eye whitening procedures. However, conjunctival hyperemia secondary to tear deficiency and evaporative dry eye may predispose to poor wound healing. Serious complications including necrotizing scleritis may result from cosmetic eye whitening procedures and the use of topical mitomycin C.
Lymphocytotoxic antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus patients and their relatives

Lymphocytotoxic activity of sera from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and their families was inhibited by 50% or more by preincubation of target cells with Fab2 fragments of xenoantisera against beta 2 microglobulin or the heavy chain of the HLA-A,B,C antigenic molecular complex. An antiHLA-DR xenoantiserum had less blocking effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cells but was effective at blocking reactivity of these sera against cultured B lymphoid cell lines. The repertoire of specificities in family members' sera differed from each other and their respective proband with respect to their reactions with cultured lymphoid cell lines. These data indicate that lymphocytotoxic antibodies (LCA) found in most patients with SLE and some of their relatives include a subpopulation with specificity for determinants present on major histocompatibility gene products. They also suggest that LCA in relatives represent a defect in immune regulation which allows expression of existing autoimmune potentials rather than immunization with a single "lupus" antigen.
Adipocytes from women with polycystic ovary syndrome demonstrate altered phosphorylation and activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3

Objective To test the hypothesis that an abnormality in glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) is a pathogenic factor in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Design Prospective experimental study (adipocytes). Setting Tertiary-care academic medical center and teaching hospital. Patient(s) Twenty patients with PCOS and 21 healthy control women. Intervention(s) Blood sampling, physical exam, biopsy of SC lower abdominal fat. Main Outcome Measure(s) Glucose transport and protein levels and phosphorylation state of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3α and GSK3β in adipocytes; assessment of GSK3β activity. Result(s) Basal protein levels of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3α and GSK3β) did not differ between control women and women with PCOS, nor did basal or insulin-stimulated levels of serine phosphorylated GSK3α. However, in adipocytes of women with PCOS, insulin stimulation was not associated with increased serine phosphorylation of GSK3β, in contrast to the case of control women. Tyrosine phosphorylation of GSK3β also was higher in women with PCOS, compared with in control women. Consistent with the phosphorylation data, GSK3β activity was elevated in PCOS adipocytes. Conclusion(s) These data suggest that GSK3β is hyperactivated and resistant to down-regulation by insulin in PCOS. By using physiologic approaches, we demonstrated that abnormal GSK3β regulation is a potential mechanism for the insulin resistance that is seen in some women with PCOS, which may contribute to their development of the syndrome.
Characterizing Link Importance in Multi-Channel, Multi-Radio, Multi-Rate Wireless Mesh Networks

Modern day wireless networks are increasingly supporting various civilian applications that require high bandwidth for successful operation. In such cases, it is important to ensure proper maintenance of links that contribute the most to achieving the required level of service. In this paper, we devise a method to analytically characterize the importance of each link in a multichannel, multi-radio, multi-rate wireless mesh network in satisfying quality-of-service (QoS) requirements of active flows. We propose link importance metrics that can guide network/traffic engineers in properly provisioning the network to handle failures of critical links that contribute significantly to the achievability of flow demands. We consider single-commodity flows and perform simulations to evaluate the quality of our metrics.
Oceanography of the U.S. Pacific Northwest coastal ocean and estuaries with application to coastal ecology

Ocean processes are generally large scale on the U.S. Pacific Northwest coast; this is true of both seasonal variations and event-scale upwelling-downwelling fluctuations., which are highly energetic. Coastal upwelling supplies most of the macronutrients available for production, although the intensity of upwelling-favorable wind forcing increases southward while primary production and chlorophyll are higher in the north, off the Washington coast. This discrepancy could be related to several mesoscale features: the wider, more gently sloping shelf to the north, the existence of numerous submarine canyons to the north, the availability of Columbia River plume water and sediment north of the river mouth, and the existence of a semi-permanent eddy offshore of the Strait of Juan de Fuca. We suggest that these features have important effects on the magnitude and timing of macronutrient or micronutrient delivery to the plankton. These features are potentially important as well to transport pathways and residence times of planktonic larvae and to the development of harmful algal blooms. The coastal plain estuaries, with the exception of the Columbia River, are relatively small, with large tidal forcing and highly seasonal direct river inputs that are low to negligible during the growing season. Primary production in these estuaries is likely controlled not by river-driven stratification but by coastal upwelling and exchange with the ocean. Both baroclinic mechanisms (the gravitational circulation) and barotropic ones (lateral stirring by tide and, possibly, wind) contribute to this exchange. Because estuarine hydrography and ecology are so dominated by ocean signals, the coastal estuaries, like the coastal ocean, are largely synchronous on seasonal and event time scales, though, intrusions of the Columbia River plume can cause strong asymmetries between Washington and Oregon estuaries especially during spring downwelling conditions. Water property correlation increases between spring and summer as wind forcing becomes more spatially coherent along the coast. Estuarine habitat is structure not only, by large scale forcing but also by fine scale processes in the extensive intertidal zone, such as by solar heating or differential advection by tidal, curents.
Ventilator-associated pneumonia in the ICU

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is defined as pneumonia that occurs 48–72 hours or thereafter following endotracheal intubation, characterized by the presence of a new or progressive infiltrate, signs of systemic infection (fever, altered white blood cell count), changes in sputum characteristics, and detection of a causative agent [1]. VAP contributes to approximately half of all cases of hospital-acquired pneumonia [1, 2]. VAP is estimated to occur in 9–27 % of all mechanically ventilated patients, with the highest risk being early in the course of hospitalization [1, 3]. It is the second most common nosocomial infection in the intensive care unit (ICU) and the most common in mechanically ventilated patients [4, 5]. VAP rates range from 1.2 to 8.5 per 1,000 ventilator days and are reliant on the definition used for diagnosis [6]. Risk for VAP is greatest during the first 5 days of mechanical ventilation (3 %) with the mean duration between intubation and development of VAP being 3.3 days [1, 7]. This risk declines to 2 %/day between days 5 to 10 of ventilation, and 1 %/day thereafter [1, 8]. Earlier studies placed the attributable mortality for VAP at between 33–50 %, but this rate is variable and relies heavily on the underlying medical illness [1]. Over the years, the attributable risk of death has decreased and is more recently estimated at 9–13 % [9, 10], largely because of implementation of preventive strategies. Approximately 50 % of all antibiotics administered in ICUs are for treatment of VAP [2, 4]. Early onset VAP is defined as pneumonia that occurs within 4 days and this is usually attributed to antibiotic sensitive pathogens whereas late onset VAP is more likely caused by multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria and emerges after 4 days of intubation [1, 4]. Thus, VAP poses grave implications in endotracheally intubated adult patients in ICUs worldwide and leads to increased adverse outcomes and healthcare costs. Independent risk factors for development of VAP are male sex, admission for trauma and intermediate underlying disease severity, with odds ratios (OR) of 1.58, 1.75 and 1.47–1.70, respectively [7].
Flow Quality Measurements in the Klebanoff-Saric Wind Tunnel

The Klebanoff-Saric Wind Tunnel is a low-speed, closed-return facility with lowdisturbance flow capabilities suitable for boundary-layer stability and transition studies. Previously known as the Arizona State University (ASU) Transition Facility or the ASU Unsteady Wind Tunnel, the tunnel was relocated to Texas A&M University in 2005. During its subsequent reconstruction, several component modifications were introduced, including more advanced acoustic treatments, pneumatic isolation, duct reshaping, and motor-drive alterations, to further enhance flow quality and experimental control. Details regarding the tunnel capabilities, flow quality improvements and tunnel calibration are provided. Freestream turbulence and acoustic measurements are given.
Penicillamine: pharmacokinetics and differential effects on zinc and copper status in chicks.

The pharmacokinetics of D(-)- penicillamine (PA) and the effects of PA on the nutri tional status of Cu and Zn in chicks were studied. When administered by subcutaneous or intravenous injection, PA was eliminated from the plasma with biphasic ki netics: i.e., a fast (halftime: 6-7 min) and a slow (hal- ftime: 52-55 min) component. The elimination of PA from the liver or pancreas showed only the slow (hal ftime: 42-46 min) component. When PA was adminis tered orally, plasma PA concentrations responded over time in a bimodal pattern, but the maximal level was only one-fifth that achieved by injection. The subcutaneous injection of PA elicited differential, transient changes in the concentrations of Zn and Cu in the plasma: plasma Zn concentration was decreased, and plasma Cu con centration was increased. Analyses of urine collected from ureter-cannulated chicks showed that PA was rapidly excreted via that route, and that urinaryPA ex cretion was associated with increased urinaryexcretion of both Zn and Cu. These results show that PA treatment can alter tissue distributions particularlyof Zn and, to a lesser extent, of Cu. J. Nutr. 122: 355-362,
Attention Deficits In Alcoholic Brain Syndrome

An intensive study of alcoholic organic syndrome patients has been carried on using the 0 wave components of the event-related potential as an electrophysiological measure. from auditory passive and discriminate tasks and a visual discriminate task on normal, Korsakoff, and alcoholic dementia patients. The frontal negative 0 wave was observed to be greatly enlarged in alcoholic organic brain syndrome patients. enlargement is believed to be an indication of an attention failure, specifically a failure to regulate the orienting response, and this failure may reflect a frontal lobe dysfunction. Data was measured
Three forms of rat basic fibroblast growth factor are made from a single mRNA and localize to the nucleus.

The molecular weight of rat basic fibroblast growth factor is predicted to be 18 kDa when the amino acid sequence is read from the single AUG initiation codon found in the cDNA. DNA sequencing upstream of this AUG codon indicated, however, that there was an extended open reading frame. In vitro translation of the rat cDNA for basic F-GF gave three proteins of 18.0, 21.5, and 22.0 kDa in equal abundance. The same proteins were produced in vivo by COS cells transfected with the rat cDNA. Deletion of 81 base pairs from the reading frame upstream of the AUG codon resulted in the expression of only one protein observed at 18.0 kDa. These results indicated that the 22.0 and 21.5 kDa forms of rat basic FGF were formed when translation initiates at the alternative upstream non-AUG codons. Rat cell lines and tissues were found to express all three forms of basic FGF protein. The cDNA was used to analyze the subcellular distribution of the different forms of rat basic FGF. Sub cellular fractionation and immunoflu-orescence of transfected COS cells showed that all three forms of the protein localized preferentially in the nucleus. Expression of a truncated cDNA from which 81 base pairs (27 amino acids) of the upstream reading frame had been deleted, showed localization of the smaller form of bFGF alone in the nucleus. These results demonstrated that although the amino acids that were deleted from the N-terminus of rat basic fibroblast growth factor have a sequence characteristic of nuclear localization motifs, they are not obligatory for the transport of the growth factor into the nucleus. Nuclear extracts taken from transfected cells also contained two smaller proteins of 16 and 12 kDa that were detected by Western blot analysis. It is possible that these are proteolytic products of bFGF.
A Glossary of Modern Health Care Economics: Platitudes and Principles Gleaned From the First Year's Education of a New Academic Health Care Delivery Center Department Head

I made the difficult decision to become the leader of a department of dermatology approximately 1 year ago. At that point, it immediately became incumbent upon me to begin my education in the financial aspects of managing a clinical department in an academic health care delivery center (AHDC), a job of increasing complexity and challenge due to the financial constraints imposed on such institutions by the managed care (managed cost) revolution in medicine. This was an especially daunting process because until that time, I had actively avoided involvement in the murky swamp of departmental finances and personnel management. Even as a vice chairman of a clinical department for 9 years, I was for the most part spared from such swamp lurking by the benevolence of a highly supportive chairman (Paul R. Bergstresser, MD, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas).
DNA repair and chromosome aberrations: the effect of cytosine arabinoside on the frequency of chromosome aberrations induced by radiation and chemicals.

The frequency of x-ray-induced chromosome aberrations in G0 human lymphocytes was greatly increased when cells were incubated with cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) after irradiation. The frequency of dicentrics increased with increasing ara-C incubation times (one, two, and three hours). Lymphocytes from Down syndrome individuals were more sensitive to aberration induction by x-rays in G0, and the increase in dicentric frequency with ara-C incubation was much more rapid than with normal cells. When G2 normal lymphocytes were x-irradiated and incubated for two or three hours with ara-C until fixation, there was a large increase in deletion frequency compared to cells x-irradiated and incubated in the absence of ara-C. However, no exchanges were observed in the presence of ara-C, compared to 0.29 per cell as when x-rays alone were given. These results form the basis for a discussion of the mechanism of aberration induction by x-rays. Experiments with two chemicals, 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide and methyl methanesulfonate, show that chromosome-type aberrations can be induced in G1 treated lymphocytes incubated with ara-C. However, these chemicals, in the absence of ara-C incubation, induced no aberrations in G1 at the concentrations used. The mechanism of aberration induction is discussed, particularly in terms of whether or not chemicals can bemore » defined as S-phase dependent.« less
Estimates of Little Ice Age Climate Inferred through Historical Rephotography, Northern Uinta Mountains, U.S.A

Abstract I replicated and analyzed six photographs taken in A.D. 1870 near the subalpine forest-alpine tundra ecotone in the northern Uinta Mountains to quantify changes in the distribution of vegetation. Three dramatic differences were noted. First, the historical photographs document a treeline 60 to 180 m (mean of ∼100 m) lower than at present, with greater depression on west-facing slopes. Given the modern lapse rate for mean July temperature (6.9°C km−1), this difference corresponds to a temperature depression in A.D. 1870 of 0.4 to 1.2°C (mean of 0.7°C). Second, timberline forests in A.D. 1870 were significantly (P < 0.01) less dense, with tree densities approximately half those measured in the modern photographs. Third, the area of floodplain meadows decreased ∼75% from A.D. 1870 to the present. Because the original photographs were taken within a few decades of the end of the Little Ice Age, ca. A.D. 1850, I assumed that differences in vegetation distribution documented in the repeat photographs r...
State Estimation and Visualization

One obvious application of GPS-synchronized measurements is the dynamic monitoring of the operating conditions of the system or the dynamic state estimation of the system. Since GPS-synchronized measurements can directly measure magnitude and phase of an electrical quantity (voltage and current) and since the state of the system often is defined as the voltage phasors at all buses of the system, some researchers have declared that GPS-synchronized measurements provide for the direct measurement of the system state and therefore there is no need for state estimation. This is not quite right since GPS-synchronized measurements are always tainted with measurement errors, and procedures for filtering the errors are necessary. These procedures are enabled by state estimators. Another important reason for using state estimators is that they provide the mathematical framework for validating the measurements against the model of the components of the system. This is the only practical approach to validate measurements. GPS-synchronized measurements enable new, better, accurate, and faster procedures for state estimation. In other words, GPS-synchronized measurements are the enabling technology to achieve system visibility and awareness at speeds not imagined before.
Getting Rich(er) in Office? Corruption and Wealth Accumulation in Congress

How corrupt is Congress? We provide an indirect test by comparing wealth accumulation among U.S. House members and the public. Using wealth data from representatives’ Personal Financial Disclosure forms and from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we examine whether representatives accumulate wealth faster than expected. To do so, we first use difference-in-differences, least squares regression, and median regression estimators, conditioning on variables such as the value of households’ stock, cash, business, and land assets, their debts, and demographic variables. These estimators find representatives accumulating wealth about 50 percent faster than expected. Next, we employ matching. Unlike these estimators, matching finds an almost identical rate of wealth accumulation in both groups. Matching may yield such a different finding because it reduces bias from modeling errors. Since the distribution of wealth has a complex shape that is difficult to parameterize, such errors are likely. We thus conclude that representatives report accumulating wealth at a rate consistent with similar non-representatives, potentially suggesting that corruption in Congress is not widespread.
Abstract WP78: Identifying Aneurysm Growth Based on Imaging: A Size Increase of 0.8-0.9 mm is the Optimal Threshold to Classify Growth

Introduction: Documenting aneurysm growth is the key to monitoring the risk of aneurysm rupture. While aneurysm size changes can be found through imaging, the threshold which defines significant gr...
Synthesis and Structures of 1′,2′,3′,4′,5′-Pentamethylazaferrocene Complexes with Lewis Acidic Boranes

The syntheses, X-ray crystal structures, and electrochemistry of BH3 (2) and BF3 (3) adducts of 1′,2′,3′,4′,5′-pentamethylazaferrocene (1) are reported, together with an improved synthesis, an X-ray crystal structure and the electrochemistry of the known compound, 1. 13C NMR data reveal a similiar dependence of chemical shift on nitrogen lone-pair coordination to that seen for heteroarene analogs. X-ray structural data for 1−3 reveal subtle changes in the binding of the pyrrolyl ring to iron in the Lewis Acid adducts, and intersting short intermolecular contacts in the case of 1 and 3. In cyclic voltammetry studies, 1 displays a reversible metal-based oxidation allowing estimation of the effect of N for −CH− substitution in the oxidation potential of azaferrocenes as compared to ferrocenes. 2 and 3 do not show reversible electrochemistry.
Diagnosis and Control of Pasteurellosis Bovum in Cattle

From the beginning of May unclear reason death appeared the one after another in the newborn calf.The symptom was animal heat and hoist,breath difficulty,quick pulse,sever appetite and so on primarily.After dissection and laboratory examination,it was diagnosed as pasteurellosis bovum.With the amikacin,enrofloxacin and so on the medicine treatment result was good.Qualified immunization and management improvement are effective measures to prevent and control the disease.
Application of Internal Controlling in the Building of Materials and Supplies' Data Flow in SAP System

Scientific,effective internal controlling system is powerful guarantee for modern companies to achieve the management aims.Internal controlling refers to a series of formula,rules and program that the authorities build to perform management aims,which is tightly connected with companies' management tightly.
First description of the male and additional data on the female morphology of Aprostocetus rubi Graham (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae)

The previously unknown male of Aprostocetus rubi Graham (Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae) was reared, together with females, from galls of the raspberry gall midge Lasioptera rubi (Schrank) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) collected in Central Poland. The male is described and illustrated for the first time, and additional information provided on the morphology of the female.