cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A walsh series direct method for solving variational problems

Abstract This paper establishes a clear procedure for the variational problem solution via the Walsh functions.technique. First the Walsh functions are introduced and their properties briefly summarized. Then an operational matrix is derived for integration use. The variational problems are solved by means of the direct method using the Walsh series. An illustrative example and a practical application to a heat conduction problem are included.
The pathologic spectrum of small cell carcinoma of the cervix.

Small cell carcinoma of the cervix is a term used to describe several entities including cervical carcinoid, "oat cell" carcinoma, reserve cell carcinoma, and poorly differentiated nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma. The light microscopic, ultrastructural, and clinical features of seven small cell cervical carcinomas are presented in this report. Five tumors in our report were diagnosed as small cell anaplastic or oat cell carcinoma by light microscopy. This diagnosis was associated with a poor prognosis, and four of these patients were dead of disease within 24 months. The ultrastructural features of these tumors were similar, but neurosecretory granules were demonstrable in only three of the five cases. Evidence of glandular differentiation was present in one of the five cases, and dual differentiation, i.e., neuroendocrine and squamous, was noted in another. The similarities between pulmonary small cell carcinoma and these cervical lesions are discussed and the literature is reviewed. Also included in the study is a well-differentiated neuroendocrine lesion, a carcinoid that behaved in an aggressive fashion. The final case was a carcinoma putatively derived from reserve cells. The features that help make the diagnosis of reserve cell carcinoma and that distinguish this lesion from other small cell carcinomas are presented.
Thermal Rate Constant and Branching Ratio for CN + HD → HCN/DCN + D/H from T = 293 to 375 K

The reaction rate constant for the cyano (CN) radical with deuterium hydride (HD) has been determined over the temperature range from 293 to 375 K. As well, the branching ratio for the partitioning into HCN + D or DCN + H has also been measured. The CN radical was detected by time-resolved near-infrared absorption spectroscopy using the CN (A{sup 2}{Pi} {l_arrow} X{sup 2}{Sigma}) (2,0) band near 789.5 nm while the HCN molecule was monitored by time-resolved infrared absorption spectroscopy using the HCN(001) {l_arrow} (000) {upsilon}{sub 3} fundamental band near 3.0 {micro}m. Both species were monitored following the same photolysis laser pulse used to generate the CN radical. The measurements were carried out in low pressures of Ar or He as carrier gas. The frequencies and structure of the transition states for all four isotopomers for CN + H{sub 2} were calculated using ab initio quantum chemistry methods and a normal-mode analysis. Reasonable agreement was found between the experimental results and the rate constants predicted by conventional transition state theory using the theoretical transition state properties. These measurements should provide for an interesting test for theoretical predictions of thermal rate constants for this prototypical four-atom reaction system.
Phase transitions and dielectric properties in Bi(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3-ABO3 perovskite solid solutions

A group of (1?x)Bi(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3-?ABO3 (ABO3=BaTiO3, NaNbO3, BiScO3 and Bi1/2K1/2TiO3) polycrystalline ceramics were prepared by solid-state processing techniques. Based on x-ray diffraction results, the presence of Bi(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3 in the solid solution decreases the structure stability of perovskite phase. The dielectric characterization revealed that the trends of transition temperature Tm as a function of composition of Bi(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3-ABO3 could be described into two groups. The first one is Tm decreased until second phase appeared and the second one is Tm decreased and then increased as Bi(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3 content increased. In addition, with substitution of Li for Na of NaNbO3-Bi(Zn1/2Ti1/2)O3 the diffuseness of the transition peak decreased and transition temperature increased.
Tensile fracture of fiber-reinforced composites: Influence of thermal residual effect

Abstract The inclusion model is used to analyze the tensile fracture of fiber-reinforced brittle-matrix composites containing many unidirectionally aligned continuous fibers with uniform strength. During the debonding of fiber-matrix interfaces, the fibers slide against the friction which is caused by Poisson's effect and thermal expansion mismatch. In general, three fracture mechanisms including interfacial debonding, matrix cracking and fiber failure may occur in some sequence. The sequences are strongly influenced by the thermal residual effect due to the temperature change Δ T . The analysis provides an explicit crack length/applied stress relationship for each mechanism. Fracture maps are constructed to analyze the influence of thermal residual effects on the fracture sequences and final composite strength. Two categories of fracture transitions are defined analytically for the large-crack limit.
International trade policies, industrialization, and economic development

During the 1950s and 1960s, most developing nations, particularly the larger ones, strongly opted for a policy of import substitution industrialization (ISI). This was based on heavy protection and generally led to very inefficient industries. Since the early 1970s, an increasing number of developing countries deregulated their economies and liberalized trade, and this stimulated efficiency and growth. Some developing nations also tried strategic trade policies and to endogenize growth (as postulated by endogenous growth theory), but with only limited success. It seems impossible and inconsistent under the new international trade rules, however, for other developing countries to duplicate the East Asia “miracle,” which was based on strong government support for domestic industry while stimulating competition and efficiency among domestic firms. The successful completion of the Uruguay Round is expected to greatly benefit developing countries through continued deregulation and increased access to developed...
PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON TRANSFORMING DNA.

Bacillus subtilis transforming DNA prepared by the method described, has an average molecular weight of 11·6 million. The DNA is heterogeneous, as judged by chemical composition, thermo-spectral and pycnographic properties. These properties have been used to fractionate some of the biologically active molecules which show higher specific activities in transforming respective auxotrophs.
Misplaced marketing Training book for the new store clerk: “Go and be charming!”

Notes that even large organizations report reductions in time or budgets allocated to employee training. Points out that, as a result, customer‐contact people do not acquire a marketing perspective of satisfying different groups of customers and are often only able to serve effectively the smaller group of people just like themselves. Considers various situations where differences in race can lead to unsatisfactory customer service and concludes that charm does not compensate for insensitive actions.
A Theoretical Investigation of Excited-State Acidity of Phenol and Cyanophenols

We present an ab initio study of the first few singlets of the acid/base couples phenol/phenolate and cyanophenols/cyanophenolates in both gas and solution phases. In contrast to the traditional vi...
Detection of mammalian and avian hepadnaviruses by the polymerase chain reaction

The hepadnavirus family contains a number of related viruses able to infect a variety of animal species. In the present study, we have used the polymerase chain reaction and oligonucleotide primers to a conserved region of the viral replicase gene of hepadnaviruses to identify viral sequences in de novo tissues in three well-characterized hepadnavirus systems: the woodchuck, ground squirrel and Pekin duck. We did not detect related hepadnavirus sequences in liver specimens from tree squirrels putatively infected with the tree squirrel hepatitis virus, or in liver specimens from horses with hepatitis (serum sickness), or from dogs with chronic active hepatitis or hepatocellular carcinoma.
Topical tapestry: Weaving threads of parallel programming, computer graphics, and artificial intelligence into undergraduate CS courses

Traditionally, topics such as parallel computing, computer graphics, and artificial intelligence have been taught as stand-alone courses in the computing curriculum. Often these are elective courses, limiting the material to the subset of students choosing to take the course. Recently there has been movement to distribute topics across the curriculum in order to ensure that all graduates have been exposed to concepts such as parallel computing. This work describes one approach to threading topics from AI, graphics, and parallel processing into coursework starting early in a student's program without substantially altering the basic course objectives. This, in turn, allows the student to sample topics early enough to make informed decisions when selecting electives.
Implementing student ideas in CS2: a simple IDE

It is very hard for faculty members to create programming assignments that are simultaneously challenging, accessible, and practical for students year after year. In some advanced undergraduate courses, most notably software engineering courses, students may specify their own programming projects. We demonstrate here that it is also possible for beginning undergraduate students to have good ideas for realistic programming projects, specifically a simple IDE (Integrated Development Environment) program which lets the user generate a basic GUI. The program then produces as output a Java source file, with some event-handling code, which can reproduce the GUI. Of course, we can't and don't expect the program to have all the features of a professional IDE, but it could be useful for CS1/CS2 students.A freshman CS2 student conceived and implemented this assignment in the Spring 2001 semester as part of an honors contract. Honors students elect to do extra work in courses for credit toward graduation with honors. Such a student designs a contract, to be approved by the instructor, indicating the extra work and its effect on the final grade. Although an honors student developed this project, this project is suitable in general for CS2 students.We now describe the features of the project. A settings frame and a drawing frame appear first. The settings frame allows the user to name the Java output file. It also has a Save button, a text field to control the arrow keys, and checkboxes that allow the user to choose if a main method will appear in the output file, if the resulting application frame will be centered on the screen, and if window listener code will be generated for the application frame. The right mouse button is used to add a component. When the mouse is released, the user chooses the component's type and then the desired variable name and caption. Components appear as black unfilled rectangles. The component declarations (alphabetically by variable name) and skeleton code for handling button clicks will appear in the output file. Clicking the left mouse button in a rectangle turns the rectangle red. The shift key and the left mouse button move such a component. The arrow keys resize the component. Component sizes will be preserved in the output file. The component's properties are updated with the C key. The delete key removes the component.We believe that this project is a challenging (but not impossible) and useful application of CS2 concepts.
Fuzzy geometry via the spinor bundle, with applications to holographic space-time and matrix theory

We present a new framework for defining fuzzy approximations to geometry in terms of a cutoff on the spectrum of the Dirac operator, and a generalization of it that we call the Dirac-flux operator. This framework does not require a symplectic form on the manifold, and is completely rotation invariant on an arbitrary $n$-sphere. The framework is motivated by the formalism of holographic space-time, whose fundamental variables are sections of the spinor bundle over a compact Euclidean manifold. The strong holographic principle requires the space of these sections to be finite dimensional. We discuss applications of fuzzy spinor geometry to holographic space-time and to matrix theory.
Thermally driven squeezed-film cooling with carbon nanotube-coated gadolinium shuttles

Abstract This paper provides thermal characterization of a thermo-magnetically actuated shuttle. The mechanism derives from a method of converting excess heat to mechanical motion that provides convective and conductive cooling of the heat source. Ferromagnetic foils transitioning between paramagnetic and ferromagnetic states drive a metallic shuttle that generates a squeezed-film cooling effect during oscillation. As a means of improving performance, carbon nanotubes are grown on the gadolinium foils for the purpose of decreasing thermal interface resistance. Experimental details of the carbon nanotube growth process and the device development are presented. Results indicate a range of interface resistances for the carbon nanotube-coated gadolinium samples (140–780 mm 2 K/W) based on growth parameters, though all are reduced relative to a bare gadolinium sample (1230 mm 2 K/W). Characterization of the different foil types during shuttle actuation is described by the shuttle frequency and an effective heat transfer coefficient. Reduced interface resistance from the carbon nanotube arrays enables increased shuttle frequency and overall heat transfer.
Development of two biomass control strategies for extended, stable operation of highly efficient biofilters with high toluene loadings

For stable long-term continuous operation of highly loaded trickle bed air biofilters, the prevention of plugging due to accumulating biomass is essential for avoiding biofilter failure. Two biomass control strategies were evaluated to maintain high VOC removal efficiencies at high toluene loadings for over 200 days. A sustained toluene removal efficiency of over 99% was achieved. Backwashing with medium fluidization was found to be very effective in preventing accumulation of excess biomass. A specific flow rate of 190 m/h (for a bed expansion of 40%) for 1 h twice per week was found to be adequate. The use of nitrate (NO3-N) instead of ammonia (NH3-N) as the sole source of nutrient-nitrogen (N) was very effective in reducing the observed biomass yield. A pilot-scale evaluation was made of the performance of two similarly operated, backwashed biofilters receiving influent air with 250 ppmv toluene and varying only the VOC loadings and the form of nutrient-N. The biofilter receiving NO3-N performed signif...
Distributed optimal contention window control for elastic traffic in single-cell wireless LANs

This paper presents a theoretical study on distributed contention window control algorithms for achieving arbitrary bandwidth allocation policies and efficient channel utilization. By modeling different bandwidth allocation policies as an optimal contention window assignment problem, the authors design a general and fully distributed contention window control algorithm, called general contention window adaptation (GCA), and prove that it converges to the solution of the contention window assignment problem. By examining the stability of GCA, we identify the optimal stable point that maximizes channel utilization and provide solutions to control the stable point near the optimal point. Due to the generality of GCA, this work provides a theoretical foundation to analyze existing and design new contention window control algorithms.
A Presentation for the Unipotent Group over Rings with Identity

For a ring R with identity, define Unipn(R) to be the group of upper-triangular matrices over R all of whose diagonal entries are 1. For i = 1, 2,…,n − 1, let Si denote the matrix whose only nonzero off-diagonal entry is a 1 in the ith row and (i + 1)st column. Then for any integer m (including m = 0), it is easy to see that the Si generate Unipn(Z/mZ). Reiner gave relations among the Si which he conjectured gave a presentation for Unipn(Z/2Z). This conjecture was proven by Biss [Comm. Algebra26 (1998), 2971–2975] and an analogous conjecture was made for Unipn(Z/mZ) in general. We prove this conjecture, as well as a generalization of the conjecture to unipotent groups over arbitrary rings.
Taste discrimination between NaCl and KCl is disrupted by amiloride in inbred mice with amiloride-insensitive chorda tympani nerves.

The amiloride-sensitive salt transduction pathway is thought to be critical for the discrimination between sodium and nonsodium salts in rodents. In rats, lingual application of amiloride appears t...
Ion Transport by Canine Tracheal Mucosa: Effect of Elevation of Cellular Calcium

Calcium is considered to be modulator of paracellular shunt pathway as well as several cell functions such as ion transport. We used calcium ionophore A23187 to study effect of mobilization of calcium on chloride and sodium transport in canine tracheal epithelium. This epithelium secretes Cl and absorbs Na under short-circuit conditions. Sheets of canine tracheal mucosa were mounted in chambers, perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution at 37d`C and oxygenated. Unidirectional fluxes of 22Na and 36Cl were measured in matched paired mucosae under short-circuit conditions. Net flux of each ion was calculated from these unidirectional fluxes, before and after addition of A23187 (10-6M) to submucosal bath. Short-circuit current and potential difference were measured. From these values conductance was calculated. Initially, short-circuit current, potential difference, and conductance were 31 ± 8 μA/cm2, 26 ± 4 mV, and 1.2 ± 0.2 mS/cm2, respectively, and increased significantly after A23187 to 76 ± 20 μA/cm2, 41 ± ...
Causes of assortative mating in arthropods

Abstract Assortative mating by size, one of the most common mating patterns in natural populations, may be explained by three hypotheses: (1) mate choice, whereby large males, large females or large individuals of both sexes choose large mates because they benefit reproductively and are differentially capable of exercising choice; (2) mate availability, whereby large females or large individuals of both sexes are differentially available for mating because of size-differential variation in mating probability or timing that is unrelated to mate choice; and (3) mating constraints, whereby relative size differences between males and females cause physical or energetic difficulties with courtship, pairing or mating. Analysis of the causes of assortative mating in well-studied arthropod species provides some support for each hypothesis in one or more species. However, comparative analysis of many species indicates that assortative mating is most closely associated with the pattern of large size of paired males and females relative to unpaired males and females and the occurrence of long pairing durations and male fighting. These comparative data therefore implicate two hypotheses for the causes of assortative mating in most arthropods: male choice of large females combined with male-male competition, and increased availability of large females combined with male-male competition. The female availability hypothesis may be more plausible because male choice and male-male competition are apparently antagonistic processes whose effects usually do not coincide. Distinguishing between hypotheses based on mate choice, mate availability and mating constraints is crucial to understanding the roles of natural selection and sexual selection in causing assortative mating.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a case involving four third molar extraction sites.

M alignant lymphomas are neoplasms of the lymphopoietic portion of the reticuloendothelial system.’ Lymphomas are the third most common malignant lesions of the oral region, fillowing squamous cell carcinoma and salivary gland neoplasms.2-4 NonHodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL) encompass a separate group of diseases that differ from Hodgkin’s lymphomas in cytologic characteristics, natural history, response to therapy, and prognosis.5 NHL can occur in all age groups and can affect either gender. While the initial lesion usually presents in the lymph nodes, extranodal presentations of NHL are common, with occurrence in the central nervous system, the gastrointestinal tract, the kidneys, the testes, the bone, and the skin6 The incidence of extranodal NHL in the oral region, however, is less common. A study of 1467 cases of extranodal NHL by Freeman and coworkers7 reported 417 of these cases as having been initially seen in the head and neck region; of those, 9.5% involved the oral cavity. NHL has occurred in almost every soft and hard tissue of the oral region, but no predominant site in the mouth has been determined.’ A case of extranodal NHL involving four third molar extraction sites is presented. A review of the literature failed to reveal any other such case.
A finite plate technique for the determination of piezoelectric material constants

An improved resonator method is presented for the determination of piezoelectric material constants. The improved method addresses a fundamental limitation of the measurement methods recommended in the current IEEE Standard on Piezoelectricity: the relations between vibrator response and material constants presented in this Standard are based upon the 1-D approximation of an essentially infinite flat plate with a uniform distribution of vibratory motion. The calculation or measurement of the effects due to the nonuniform vibrational amplitude distribution in a laterally bounded plate is a nontrivial task. The practical result is that the current IEEE 176-1987 resonator method recommendations are of limited usefulness in the determination of "intrinsic" piezoelectric material constants. This limitation can, however, readily be overcome using an improved measurement technique based on measurands unaffected by the vibrational amplitude distribution. In the improved technique, the measurands of choice are the zero-mass-loading, fundamental mode, thickness-field excitation (TE) antiresonance, or lateral-field excitation (LE) resonance frequencies. A recommended experimental procedure, using the preferred measurands, is presented.
Estimation of front surface temperature and heat flux of a locally heated plate from distributed sensor data on the back surface

Abstract We present a new method of solving the three-dimensional inverse heat conduction (3D IHC) problem with the special geometry of a thin sheet. The 3D heat equation is first simplified to a 1D equation through modal expansions. Through a Laplace transform, algebraic relationships are obtained that express the front surface temperature and heat flux in terms of those same thermal quantities on the back surface. We expand the transfer functions as infinite products of simple polynomials using the Hadamard Factorization Theorem. The straightforward inverse Laplace transforms of these simple polynomials lead to relationships for each mode in the time domain. The time domain operations are implemented through iterative procedures to calculate the front surface quantities from the data on the back surface. The iterative procedures require numerical differentiation of noisy sensor data, which is accomplished by the Savitzky–Golay method. To handle the case when part of the back surface is not accessible to sensors, we used the least squares fit to obtain the modal temperature from the sensor data. The results from the proposed method are compared with an analytical solution and with the numerical solution of a 3D heat conduction problem with a constant net heat flux distribution on the front surface.
G1 arrest and the division/conjugation decision in Tetrahymena.

Abstract The transformation from the asexual proliferative stage of Tetrahymena to the sexual stage, during which cells of complementary mating types pair and nuclear fertilization occurs, provides an opportunity to study the relationship between the division cycle and differentiation. Conjugation is induced in cells starved for at least 2 hr by mixing complementary mating types. To determine the effect of starvation on the cell cycle, dividing cells were selected from a log growth culture and stepped down to non-nutrient conditions. The G1 stage is operationally divisible into two sectors, A and B. In the A stage, cells arrest in nutrient-free medium. In the B stage, they proceed through the division cycle. Arrested G1A cells may conjugate directly when challenged with similar cells of a complementary mating type. It is thereby demonstrated that Tetrahymena cells in G1A can be directed to divide (nutrient conditions) or can be directed to differentiate (non-nutrient conditions plus complementary mating type) without an intervening division cycle. This rules out a requirement for reprogramming via chromosomal replication or cell division and suggests that G1A is a stage during which the division/differentiation decision is made in direct response to ambient conditions.
Design and performance of a microstrip flat reflect‐array antenna

A simple method was used to design a microstrip flat reflect-array antenna. An X-band, 12-element array of rectangular microstrip patches was demonstrated for the first time to reflect the main beam 20 degrees off broadside. A redirection efficiency of 65.8% was observed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Development of Ka-band frequency translators for high data rate communications

As future communications in space require increasing data rates, Ka-band technology is needed to enable wider bandwidths and higher data rates. Linear frequency translation is essential in enabling higher order modulation schemes for high data rates, which in turn enhances flexibility and software defined capability. This paper summarizes the key design features and data results of Ka-band forward and reverse link frequency translators compatible with the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) bands (26 GHz); future work could expand operation to the Deep Space Network Ka-band. The technology developed was a set of Ka-band transmit and receive multi-chip module (MCM) frequency translators with associated low phase noise local oscillator (LO) synthesizer boards. This set of hardware converts between S-band and Ka-band. The translators are designed for a 1 GHz bandwidth and for a center frequency that is re-tunable in this 1 GHz range. The MCMs offer a versatile design that can be used for both exciter and receiver translators and provide areas for future expansion. Furthermore, the MCM and LO synthesizer form a low power system with 1.6W of power consumption for the exciter hardware and 1.8W for the receiver portion. Finally, the LO synthesizer has low phase noise under 2.5 degrees rms from 100 Hz to 40 MHz which enables high data rates and high order modulation schemes. 1 2
Dynamic mechanism design

Abstract This paper provides a brief survey of developments in the study of mechanisms for dynamic settings. It interprets the literature as identifying conditions under which simple index policies are optimal.
Stem cell biology in thyroid cancer: Insights for novel therapies

Currently, thyroid cancer is one of the most common endocrine cancer in the United States. A recent involvement of sub-population of stem cells, cancer stem cells, has been proposed in different histological types of thyroid cancer. Because of their ability of self-renewal and differentiation into various specialized cells in the body, these putative cells drive tumor genesis, metastatic activity and are responsible to provide chemo- and radioresistant nature to the cancer cells in the thyroid gland. Our Review was conducted from previously published literature to provide latest apprises to investigate the role of embryonic, somatic and cancer stem cells, and discusses the hypothesis of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Different methods for their identification and isolation through stemness markers using various in vivo and in vitro methods such as flow cytometry, thyrosphere formation assay, aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 efflux-pump mediated Hoechst 33342 dye exclusion have been discussed. The review also outlines various setbacks that still remain to target these tumor initiating cells. Future perspectives of therapeutic strategies and their potential to treat advanced stages of thyroid cancer are also disclosed in this review.
A model of the human as a suboptimal smoother

Estimation theory is used to develop a model of a human decision maker in a self-paced, visual data smoothing task. The model is basically a noisy fixed-point smoother combined with a weighting function that discounts data in relation to its distance (in time) from the point being smoothed. Experimental data is used to estimate the parameters of the model. Applications of the model to the design of information displays and man-computer interactive decision making systems are considered.
Rationales and mechanisms for revitalizing US manufacturing R&D strategies

The race to economic superiority is increasingly occurring on a global scale. Competitors from different countries are employing new types of growth strategies in attempts to win that race. The United States cannot, therefore, continue to rely on outdated economic growth strategies, which include an inability to understand the complexity of the typical industrial technology and the synergies among tiers in high-tech supply chains. In this context, a detailed rationale is provided for maintaining a viable domestic technology-based manufacturing capability. In the United States, the still dominant neoclassical economic philosophy is at best ambivalent on the issue of whether a technology-based economy should attempt to remain competitive in manufacturing or let this sector continue to offshore in response to trends in comparative advantage, as revealed through shifts in relative prices. The paper argues that the neoclassical view is inaccurate and that a new innovation model is required to guide economic growth policy. Specifically, the paper provides (1) a rationale for why an advanced economy such as the United States needs a manufacturing sector; (2) examples of the process of deterioration of competitive positions for individual industries and, more important, entire high-tech supply chains; (3) an explanation of the inadequacy of current economic models for rationalizing needed new policy strategies; and (4) a new economic framework for determining both policy mechanisms and targets for those mechanisms, with emphasis on the systems nature of modern technologies and the consequent requirement for public–private innovation ecosystems to develop and deliver these technologies. Several targets are suggested for major policy mechanisms.
Growth and physiological responses of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations.

The atmospheric carbon dioxide level has increased and is predicted to continue increasing, which may affect various aspects of plant growth. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of doubling the carbon dioxide level on the growth and physiological activities of a widely utilized cool-season turfgrass species, creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L. ‘Penncross’). ‘Penncross’ plants were established in fritted clay medium and maintained under well-irrigated and well-fertilized conditions in growth chambers. The plants were exposed to either ambient carbon dioxide concentrations (400±10 µmol L−1) or elevated carbon dioxide concentrations (800±10 µmol L−1) for 12 weeks. Plants grown under elevated carbon dioxide displayed a significantly faster growth rate of their lateral stems (stolons) and increased shoot and root dry weight but a reduced specific leaf area compared to those plants at ambient carbon dioxide levels. Fast stolon growth is a highly desirable trait for turfgrass establishment and recovery from physical damage. The root length and surface area were also increased due to the elevated CO2, which may facilitate water uptake and serve critical drought-avoidance roles when irrigation water is limited. Elevated carbon dioxide caused an increase in the leaf net photosynthetic rate but a reduction in the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate, contributing to improved water use efficiency in creeping bentgrass. Efficient water use is especially important for turfgrass plant survival when irrigation water is limited. Our results suggested that cool-season turfgrass species may greatly benefit from increasingly elevated carbon dioxide concentrations via growth promotion and increasing water use efficiency. Doubling the current level of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) increases the growth and water-use efficiency of a cool-season turf grass. Both traits are critical for effective management of the more than 35, 000 km2 of turfgrass in the USA alone. Similar findings have been reported for other plants but this study by Patrick Burgess and Bingru Huang of Rutgers University in the USA is the first on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), a perennial grass. Faster growth of the lateral stems (stolons) and increased photosynthesis under conditions of elevated CO2 would promote both the establishment of field-grown creeping bentgrass and its recovery from physical damage. The associated reductions in water loss and leaf area would reduce the needs for irrigation and frequent mowing, respectively. Increased root length and surface area would facilitate water uptake.
Drug Courts and Contingency Management

Drug courts have become an increasingly popular response to the increased burden placed on the criminal justice system by substance abuse. However, evaluation findings have been less than consistent with respect to the ability of drug courts to have the desired impact on drug use and criminal behavior. This paper reviews the literature describing the growth, operations, and evaluations of drug courts. It concludes that, contrary to most “models,” drug courts emphasize punishment (e.g., graduated sanctions) and make limited positive, or at least inconsistent, use of reinforcement to promote behavior change and abstinence from drug use. Contingency management techniques that involve the systematic application of reinforcement based on the performance of specified behaviors are presented and reviewed. The success of this model in promoting pro-social behavior and abstinence from illicit drug use suggests that drug courts could benefit substantially from the integration of contingency management-based interve...
Constant gravitational fields and redshift of light

Abstract The solutions of Einsteins's equations in a constant energy-momentum tensor field are Ricci curvature homogeneous. Convenient perturbations of a Lorentz solvmanifold yield such curvature homogeneous metrics, prescribing redshift of light and singularities.
Polyglot nationalism. Alternative perspectives on language in 19th century Hungary

Resume Bien qu’hegemonique en Europe au XXe siecle, le nationalisme monolingue etait un developpement relativement recent. Au cours du XIXe siecle, certaines ideologies nationalistes n’accordaient pas de centralite a la « langue maternelle » et encourageaient les « echanges d’enfants » afin de rendre ces derniers multilingues. L’emploi de plusieurs langues dans la Hongrie du XIXe siecle etait compatible avec la loyaute envers l’Etat national hongrois ; en effet, certaines categories identitaires etaient meme indexees sur le multilinguisme. De plus, le multilinguisme du XIXe n’etait pas toujours lie a l’ideologie standardisante basee sur l’opposition entre authenticite et instrumentalite, dans laquelle est ancre aussi bien le monolinguisme du XXe siecle que l’ideologie multilingue propagee actuellement dans l’Union europeenne. Cet article expose les differents approches et debats ideologiques d’ou a emerge l’hegemonie du monolinguisme. La conclusion suggere que les chercheurs devraient non pas se focaliser sur les phenomenes du monolinguisme ou du multilinguisme en tant que tels, mais sur les axes ideologiques de differentiation, changeants, autour desquels ils sont organises.
Population dynamics of food‐limited rotifers in two‐stage chemostat culture1,2

The population dynamics of Bruchionus calyc$orus were studied in two-stage chemostat cultures. Chlorelln pyrenoidosu was supplied continuously from a steady state culture growing with constant illumination on limiting nitrate. Rotifer growth in the second stage (in the dark) was limited by the rate of supply of algae. The algal supply rate and rotifer specific growth rate, p, were determined by the second-stage dilution rate, D (p = D in the steady state). Population densities and size-age structures were determined with an electronic particle counter. Small body size and obligate amictic females apparently were selected in these chemostats. The growth rates observed were the highest yet recorded for any species of Brachionus. The chemostat system facilitated unambiguous determinations of rotifer growth and fecundity, since food was supplied and wastes were removed at continuous, controlled rates. Specific ingestion and loss rates, yield (net rotifers produced/algae ingested), production (rotifers producedah-I), and rotifer standing crop increased directly with CL. Although most observations arc qualitatively similar to data from heterotrophic microbial chemostat studies, a close fit to the rotifer steady state observations was obtained only when K was assumed to be variable (an inverse function of p) rather than constant. Numerical simulations of the same model only approximately reproduced transient data. Microbial growth models may be useful to represent rotifer growth at or near steady state but are inadequate to explain moderate to large transient fluctuations of populations.
Use of an upwind finite volume method to solve the air bearing problem of hard disk drives

In this paper we present an upwind higher order finite volume numerical scheme over unstructured triangular mesh to solve the slider air bearing problem of hard disk drives. The scheme is nodal based, which uses the median dual as the control volume. The convection part of the generalized Reynolds equation is modeled by the flux difference splitting technique. Higher order accuracy in space is achieved by a linear reconstruction technique with a flux limiting technique incorporated to prevent oscillation in the high-pressure gradient regions. A linear Galerkin method is used to discretize the diffusion terms. In addition, a non-nested multi-grid iteration technique is used to increase the convergence rate. Finally, the steady state flying attitude of a slider subject to pre-applied suspension force and torques is obtained by a Quasi–Newton iteration method, and the results of this scheme are compared with two other schemes.
Chemotherapy of Chronic Progressive Arthritis of Mice. I. Rôle of Sulfur in Gold-Containing Compounds

ConclusionsArthritis of mice, caused by pleuropneumonia-like microorganisms has been treated with gold sodium thiomalate, sodium thiomalate, the disulphicle form of sodium thiomalate and sodium succinimido-aurate. The compounds containing gold, gold sodium thiomalate and sodium succinimido-aurate, were effective in curing this disease, the others had no therapeutic effect. Sulfur alone or in sulfhydryl linkage is not necessary in order that gold-containing compounds have a therapeutic effect.
Diffusion of Nb with Cr, Fe, Ni, Mo, and stainless steel

Diffusion couples were prepared at about 1100 deg C from pure Nb and several compositions of stainless steel and also with each of the components of the steel, namely, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Mo. Using the electron probe microanalyzer to measure the composition across these diffusion zones, intermediate phases of stoichiometric composition were found for each of the binaries. In Nb-Cr diffusion the phases NbCr/sub 2/ and NbCr/sub 7/ were always present, and after long heating times NbCr plus excess Nb in solid solution was observed as well. In Nb-Fe diffusion the intermediate phase was NbFe/sub 2/ plus excess Fe in solid solution, but there were isolated Nb-rich compounds far out into the iron, pending on the impurity composition of the iron. Nb-Ni couples often melted near 1100 deg C, although the eutectic composition is given as 1175 deg C in some of the literatare. Below 1095 deg C NbNi plus excess Nb in solid solution was observed and Nb/sub 2/Ni precipitated in the NbNi matrix on cooling. Above 1195 deg C, at near melting, rapid diffusion led to zones as long as 1400 microns with NbNn precipitating in an NbNi matrix on cooling. Nb and Mo were miscible atmore » all compositions, and the diffusion coefficient ranged from 3 to 8 x 10/sup -11/ cm/ sup 2//sec. Diffusing Nb with stainless steel showed a main zone of about 40% Nb, 40% Fe, 8% Cr, and 6% Ni (all as weight per cent) and was speculated to contain a mixture of NbFe/sub 2/, NbCr/sub 2/, and NbNi. A small region near the Nb side of the diffusion zone was speculated to contain a mixture of NbFe/sub 2/, NbCr, and Nb/sub 2/Ni. (auth)« less
Substrate reduction intervention by L-cycloserine in twitcher mice (globoid cell leukodystrophy) on a B6;CAST/Ei background.

Abstract Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GCL) is usually a fatal demyelinating disease caused by mutations in galactosylceramidase, which normally recycles galactosylceramide, a predominant glycolipid of myelin, and psychosine. The initial pathology is thought to be due to the accumulation of psychosine in myelin-forming cells leading to their death. In this study, substrate reduction therapy using l -cycloserine, an inhibitor of 3-ketodihydrosphingosine synthase, was examined in twitcher mice on a C57BL/6×CAST/Ei (B6;CAST/Ei) background, which mimics a late onset variant of GCL. A graded dose regimen of l -cycloserine initiated before the onset of symptoms increased the lifespan by ∼45% and delayed the onset of weight loss while the administration of l -cycloserine beginning after the onset of symptoms had no effect. Despite the pronounced effect for the early treatment regimen, B6;CAST/Ei twitcher mice still displayed a progressive disease leading to an early death.
Prolonged General Anesthesia for Experimental Craniofacial Surgery in Fetal Swine

A protocol utilizing high preoperative doses of altrenogest (Regu-Mate) and a “balanced” general anesthesia regimen consisting of isoflurane at subanesthetic doses supplemented with intravenous doses of sodium thiopental was developed to prevent preterm labor, minimize intracranial fetal cerebral edema, and decrease post-partum mortality of fetal swine after undergoing complex in utero craniofacial procedures. A total of 20 fetal piglets at 75% gestation were exposed to prolonged (>3 h) anesthesia conditions of which 7 piglets were randomly selected to undergo experimental craniofacial procedures consisting of periosteal stripping of frontal and parietal bone segments with/without extensive coronal suture fusion procedures. Neither sows nor piglets were lost to anesthetic complications during the initial laparotomy or subsequent cesarean delivery. None of the sows experienced uterine sepsis or underwent preterm labor. The overall survival rate for all piglets exposed to prolonged anesthesia conditions was...
Effects of total plasma concentration and age on tolbutamide plasma protein binding

Tolbutamide plasma protein binding at different total tolbutamide concentrations was determined in 44 healthy, nonsmoking, drug-free men from 23 to 87 yr old. The data showed that unbound drug increased with increased total tolbutamide plasma concentration and with age, but that neither the binding equilibrium constant nor the number of binding sites correlated with age. The increase in unbound fraction with age could be partially explained by the decrease in albumin concentration in elderly subjects. Results of multiple linear regression analysis indicated that, although age had a considerably greater influence than albumin concentration, total tolbutamide concentration was the most important determinant of the unbound fraction. Thus, both age and total plasma concentration may affect tolbutamide kinetics. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 31, 488–493; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.65
Molecular Pathogenesis of Breast Cancer and the Role of MicroRNAs

Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-associated death in women worldwide. The therapy usually involves mastectomy or lumpectomy, followed by chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy in addition to hormonal therapy when indicated. While the area of research on the identification and potential use of microRNAs (miRNAs) as either a diagnostic, prognostic, or predictive biomarker is still in its early stages, there is increasing evidence that miRNAs are involved in tumor progression, chemoresistance, and survival. The miRNAs have enormous prospective in clinical research since they are detected in the serum, plasma, fresh tissues, and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples. Hence, it may be possible to develop novel therapeutic regimens of specific miRNAs as targets to prevent or treat breast cancer (BC). The miRNA expression profiling is now used extensively by many investigators to demonstrate specific miRNA signatures in both the body fluids and in the tumor tissue, indicating that miRNAs may likely be useful as diagnostic and prognostic tools in all cancers including BC. Numerous investigators, including our laboratory, have used strategies to deregulate miRNAs with either anti- and pre-miRNA molecular drugs or even natural compounds to prevent or control tumor progression, which will be discussed in this chapter. Moreover, the role of several natural and synthetic compounds as anticancer agents will also be discussed in this chapter. Finally, the role of several miRNAs as targets will be discussed especially because miRNA-based therapies are currently being exploited for cancer therapy.
Forward and inverse parameter estimation algorithms of interdigital dielectrometry sensors

In this paper we extend the continuum model for interdigital dielectrometry sensors and propose a new, direct technique for estimating material electrical properties from measurements. Interdigital sensors consist of alternating pairs of long, thin electrodes on a plane. An ideal model assumes that the periodic structure extends to infinity and the electrodes have no thickness. We extend this ideal analysis to account for the physical thickness of the electrodes. We also present the model in a matrix form which is amenable to linear algebraic analysis techniques. In particular, the 'inverse problem' of estimating material properties is formulated as a generalized Eigenvalue problem, which avoids the convergence problems of previous iterative algorithms.
Competition Dynamics in a Virtual Fund Management System: The Tour de Finance

This research explores the development of a virtual fund management system to benchmark investment controllers as algorithmic decision processes on live market data. While similar paper-trading competitions exist, the Tour de Finance system is unique in its use of a particular class of dynamical systems as a dynamic rating mechanism to help ensure that the system is fair and rewards real intelligence over dumb luck. A link is provided for those wishing to participate in the Tour by designing controllers to interact with the system as autonomous agents, each managing its own virtual fund.