cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of interstellar PN - The first phosphorus-bearing species observed in molecular clouds

Phosphorus nitride (PN) has been detected in the interstellar medium. The J = 2-1, 3-2, 5-4, and 6-5 rotational lines of this species have been observed toward Orion-KL, and the J = 2-1 transition in Sgr B2 and W51. The PN line profiles in Orion indicate that the molecule's emission arises from the 'plateau' or 'doughnut' region associated with the outflow from IRc2. The species is thus primarily present in hot, dense gas. Column densities derived for PN toward Orion-KL are (3-4) x 10 to the 13th/sq cm, but may be as high as 10 to the 14th/sq cm, if the species is located in a 10-arcsec region. These column densities imply a fractional abundance for PN in the Orion 'plateau' of (1-4) x 10 to the -10th. Such a large abundance for PN is not predicted by quiescent cloud ion-molecule chemistry and suggests that high-temperature processes are responsible for the synthesis of PN in the KL outflow.
Data-driven prediction of stem cell expansion cultures

Stem cell expansion culture aims to generate sufficient number of clinical-grade cells for cell-based therapies. One challenge for ex vivo expansion is to decide the appropriate time to perform subculture. Traditionally, this decision has been reliant on human estimation of cell confluency and predicting when confluency will approach a desired threshold. However, the use of human operators results in highly subjective decision-making and is prone to inter- and intra-operator variability. Using a real-time cell image analysis system, we propose a data-driven approach to model the cell growth process and predict the cell confluency levels, signaling times to subculture. This approach has great potential as a tool for adaptive real-time control of subculturing, and it can be integrated with robotic cell culture systems to achieve complete automation.
Free Shear Flows: Organized Structures and Effects of Excitation

Recent studies of free shear flows are reviewed. Included are experimental studies of: excited and unexcited circular and elliptic jets, plane wake and mixing layers, and effects of excitation on augmentation and reduction of jet turbulence and jet noise. It is shown that proper excitation can produce both large increases and large decreases in turbulence and Reynolds stress level, mixing and noise generation, suggesting promising technological applications of self-excited jets such as whistler jets. It is also argued that 'ribs' or longitudinal vortices play an important role in production and mixing in free, and perhaps all, turbulent shear flows. The 'cut-and-connect' interaction of vortical structures is proposed as a key mechanism for coherent structure breakdown, mixing, turbulence production, and aerodynamic noise generation. A simple analysis of the viscous vorticity equation using symmetry of configurations of vortical structures before and after the interaction gives realistic predictions.
MCM-69, a novel layered analogue of EU-19

Abstract A new form of crystalline silica has been prepared and is designated MCM-69. The material has a crystalline layered structure which can be delaminated and which contains a regular array of reactive, surface silanols. Specifically, one out of every three Si atoms in the MCM-69 structure contains a silanol group. To maintain layer separation, considerable care must be taken in the preparation of MCM-69 to avoid dehydration of these silanols and inadvertent crosslinking of the silica layers, which would prevent subsequent delamination. Stoichiometrically, MCM-69 has the idealized formula, H 2 O·6SiO 2 , and is derived from MCM-69(P), a piperazine (pipz) silicate precursor. MCM-69(P) appears to have the same topology as EU-19. MCM-69(P) differs from EU-19 in its behavior, most notably in the removal of its pipz to yield MCM-69, and its subsequent dispersability. MCM-69 can be swollen and dispersed in aqueous solution by reacting the silanol groups with amines, such as pyrrolidine, n -propylamine, or n -octylamine. The resultant products all show crystallinity as characterized by a strong X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak below 10.5° 2 θ . The exact position of the low-angle peak indicates the size of the amine controls the interlayer separation. The larger the amine, the lower the angle of the XRD peak, and the larger the separation between the silica hydrate layers. The silanol groups react with hydroxide ion and with surface functionalizing agents such as hexamethyldisilazane.
Wall relaxation of spin polarized 129Xe nuclei

Abstract The wall relaxation of spin polarized 129 Xe nuclei is much longer in silicone coated pyrex cells than in uncoated cells. In contrast to uncoated glass cells where the wall relaxation times are unpredictable and usually only a few tens of seconds, the relaxation time of 129 Xe in silicone-coated cells is usually 20 minutes or longer.
Morphologic changes in the aortic wall media after support with a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device.

Background Continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) provide durable, reliable, energy-efficient long-term support. However, the biologic effects of continuous flow are not completely known. Therefore, we examined aortic wall morphology in patients with heart failure before and after prolonged circulatory support with a continuous-flow LVAD. Methods After applying a partial aortic occlusion vascular clamp in the lower half of the ascending aorta, we removed samples of aortic wall tissue and then attached the outflow graft of the pump. Samples were obtained from 11 patients (9 men and 2 women, mean age 65 ± 7 years) with severe heart failure at the time of LVAD implantation. We obtained matched specimens at explantation after heart transplantation ( n = 5) or autopsy ( n = 6). These specimens were removed from the distal ascending aorta, remote from the aortic anastomotic site. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Movat's pentachrome and Masson's trichrome. Smooth muscle actin immunohistochemistry was performed on all sections. To evaluate the morphology of the aortic wall media, we quantitatively graded tissue sections for medial thickness, medial degenerative changes, smooth muscle cell (SMC) disorientation and depletion, elastic fiber fragmentation and depletion, medial fibrosis and atherosclerotic changes. Results The mean duration of support was 140 ± 136 days (range 87 to 580 days). The histologic evaluation and comparison of specimens obtained before and after LVAD support showed significantly increased foci of medial degeneration, SMC depletion, elastic fiber fragmentation, medial fibrosis and atherosclerotic changes after LVAD support. Mean medial thickness was not significantly different after LVAD support. We observed similar changes between samples obtained at transplantation and those obtained at autopsy. Conclusions After continuous-flow LVAD support, the morphology of the aortic wall media was altered in all of our patients. The clinical relevance of these findings is unknown.
A comparative evaluation of substance abuse treatment III. Examining mechanisms underlying patient-treatment matching hypotheses for 12-step and cognitive-behavioral treatments for substance abuse.

This study examined several hypotheses for matching patients to 12-Step and cognitive-behavioral (CB) treatments in a multisite evaluation of VA inpatient substance abuse programs. A total of 804 male patients in five 12-Step programs, and 1069 male patients in five CB programs completed an intake, discharge, and 1-year follow-up questionnaire. The findings did not support the notion that certain patient characteristics would differentially predict better outcomes after 12-Step and CB treatment. This conclusion held when the purest 12-Step and CB programs were used, and when patients who received the full dose of treatment (i.e., treatment completers) were examined separately. Process analyses of the hypothesized mechanisms underlying the patient-treatment matching effects did not yield the expected links among patient characteristics, proximal outcomes, and 1-year outcomes. Our conclusion is that there is no advantage to matching men with substance abuse problems to 12-Step or CB treatments based on the patient attributes measured here.
Review article: urease, gastric ammonium/ammonia, and Helicobacter pylori--the past, the present, and recommendations for future research.

SUMMARY The presence of ammonium in gastric contents was described in 1852; urease activity in the stomach was identified 70 years later. The discovery of gastric urease resulted in intense research activity to discover its origin, function, and relation to the gastric levels of ammonium and urea. Interest in urease waned in the 1960s as most pertinent questions appeared to have been addressed and there was strong evidence that gastric urease was not a property of the stomach but was of microbial origin. Identification of Helicobacter pylori as the source of urease in the stomach in the last decade has resulted in a rebirth of interest in gastric urease and its products.1–15 There is little actual evidence to support a role for toxicity of ammonia in relation to H. pylori and the bulk of the evidence suggests that the products of urease activity are not toxic and may even be beneficial. The purpose of this review is to examine the older literature and to examine- new findings in the perspective of what is already known and to suggest areas remaining to be examined. We ask, ‘What is old, what is new, and what needs to be done?’
Prediction of aircraft dynamics with shape changing wings

This paper will present the effect of the vehicle dynamics of an aircraft with shape changing wings. The aerodynamic forces will be calculated using a 3D aerodynamic model developed that utilizes a modern adaptation of Prandtl's lifting-line method which can be used for wings of arbitrary camber, sweep and dihedral. The method will be applied to analyze the dynamics of different out-of-plane wing configuration of interest for morphing aircraft application. One particular wing configuration of interest is the wing configuration that has two sections, an out-of-plane dihedral section and a horizontal configuration, like a V shape wing configuration. An investigation as to how the partial dihedral will affect the dynamics of the vehicle, in turning is performed. A Comparison for symmetric and asymmetric wing configurations is performed.
Tests of Dynamical Flux Emergence as a Mechanism for Coronal Mass Ejection Initiation

Current coronal mass ejection (CME) models set their lower boundary to be in the lower corona. They do not calculate accurately the transfer of free magnetic energy from the convection zone to the magnetically dominated corona because they model the effects of flux emergence using kinematic boundary conditions or simply assume the appearance of flux at these heights. We test the importance of including dynamical flux emergence in CME modeling by simulating, in 2.5D, the emergence of sub-surface flux tubes into different coronal magnetic field configurations. We investigate how much free magnetic energy, in the form of shear magnetic field, is transported from the convection zone to the corona, and whether dynamical flux emergence can drive CMEs. We find that multiple coronal flux ropes can be formed during flux emergence, and although they carry some shear field into the corona, the majority of shear field is confined to the lower atmosphere. Less than 10% of the magnetic energy in the corona is in the shear field, and this, combined with the fact that the coronal flux ropes bring up significant dense material, means that they do not erupt. Our results have significant implications for all CME models which rely on the transfer of free magnetic energy from the lower atmosphere into the corona but which do not explicitly model this transfer. Such studies of flux emergence and CMEs are timely, as we have new capabilities to observe this with Hinode and the Solar Dynamics Observatory, and therefore to test the models against observations.
The Race for Regeneration: Pluripotent-Stem-Cell-Derived 3D Kidney Structures

The kidney's complex spatial organization and poorly defined lineage specification programs have impeded derivation of kidney progenitors from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Now in Cell Stem Cell, Taguchi et al. (2014) redefine the identity of embryonic kidney progenitors in vivo to obtain PSC-derived kidney progenitors that can form nephrons in vivo.
Molecular Cloning, Expression and Characterization of an Endogenous Human Cytochrome P450 Arachidonic Acid Epoxygenase Isoform

A cDNA containing an open reading frame coding for a human cytochrome P450 arachidonic acid epoxygenase was isolated from a male human kidney cDNA library. Sequence analysis showed that, with few exceptions, this cDNA was nearly identical to the published sequence for human liver Cyp 2C8 (S. T. Okino et al., 1987, J. Biol. Chem. 262, 16072-16079) and encoded a polypeptide of 490 amino acids. Nucleic acid hybridization indicated that: (a) Cyp 2C8 and 2C10 were expressed at comparable levels in the human liver and (b) compared to Cyp 2C10, the steady state concentrations of Cyp 2C8 transcripts in the human kidney were substantially lower. The kidney 2C8 cDNA was cloned into a pBlue BacIII vector, expressed using a baculovirus/Sf9 insect cell system, and the recombinant Cyp 2C8 protein was purified by a combination of hydrophobic and hydroxylapatite chromatography. Purified recombinant Cyp 2C8 and 2C10 were reconstituted in the presence of NADPH and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and shown to metabolize arachidonic via olefin epoxidation with both proteins generating, almost exclusively, epoxygenase-derived products (94 and 90% of total products, respectively). Catalytic turnover (1.05 and 0.75 nmol of product/nmol of hemoprotein/min at 30°C for Cyp 2C8 and 2C10, respectively) was inhibited by the addition of purified cytochrome b5. Metabolism by recombinant 2C8 was both regio- and enantioselective for 11(R), 12(S)- and 14(R), 15(S)-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (82% optical purity, each). Compared to Cyp 2C8, arachidonic acid epoxidation by Cyp 2C10 was less regio- and stereoselective and generated mixtures of 8(S), 9(R)-, 11(S), 12(R)-, and 14(R), 15(S)-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (with optical purities of 66, 69, 63%, respectively). Importantly, recombinant Cyp 2C8 and 2C10 epoxidized the arachidonic acid 11, 12-olefin with opposite enantiofacial selectivities. Only for Cyp 2C8 did the chirality of the products match that of the enantiomers present, in vivo in human kidney cortex (A. Karara et al. 1990, FEBS Lett. 268, 227-230). Hence, we propose that Cyp 2C8 is one of the human cytochrome P450 isoforms responsible for the metabolism of endogenous arachidonic acid pools.
Performance of the upgraded laser system for the Fermilab-NIU photoinjector

The laser system for the Fermilab-NIU photoinjector [1] has been recently upgraded in order to improve reliability and to reduce amplitude fluctuations. Major modifications included the replacement of the oscillator by a diode-pumped passively mode locked Nd:YLF commercial laser [2]. The oscillator delivers 5 ps long pulses at 81.25 MHz at an average power of 450 mW. The number of round trips in the multi-pass amplifier was reduced by half and image relaying was introduced throughout the optical system. The frequency of the IR ({lambda} = 1053 nm) pulse was quadrupled to UV ({lambda} = 263.5 nm) by two BBO crystals. The overall efficiency for frequency quadrupling was of order 20%. The shot to shot fluctuations in the UV are {approx} 5%. The UV energy on the cathode is 5 {micro}J/pulse (10{micro}J/pulse without the pulse stacker), yielding charge of 10 nC/pulse.
Poly-ticks: Blue State versus Red State for Lyme disease

Lyme disease, caused by the spirochaete Borrelia burgdorferi, is the most common vector-borne disease in the USA. In 2002, 23 763 cases were reported, with patients diagnosed in every state except Montana, Hawaii, and Oklahoma. Most cases were concentrated in the northeastern, middle Atlantic, north central, and Pacific states, a pattern remarkably similar to the distribution of Blue States (Kerry) in the Presidential election in 2004 (figure). Interestingly, the 19 states won by Kerry accounted for over 95% of the total number of cases of Lyme disease. The inauguration on Jan 20 of the victor, from Texas, the Lone Star State, turned our minds to the cause of Lyme disease. Besides a different voting behaviour, most of the Red States (Bush) also have a different kind of “Lyme disease”. B burgdorferi does not appear to be the cause of indigenous cases of Lyme disease in any southern state, besides, possibly, Virginia. Although patients with suspected Lyme disease in the south often have a skin lesion regarded as indistinguishable from erythema migrans, such rashes are frequently preceded by the bite of an Amblyomma americanum tick (the Lone Star tick), which is not a competent vector for B burgdorferi. Therefore, although fulfilling the surveillance case-definition and tabulated as Lyme disease, this rash is more appropriately named southerntick-associated rash illness (STARI). An alternative name is Master’s disease, in recognition of a key investigator, Edwin Masters. The cause of STARI, although sometimes attributed to a Borrelia species other than B burgdorferi, remains unclear, as does its management. It is important to recognise that the range of A americanum extends well beyond the Red States and as far north along the eastern seaboard as Maine. “Lyme disease” cases have followed the bite of this tick in both New Jersey and Maryland, suggesting that cases of erythema migrans in some Blue States are not exclusively due to B burgdorferi infection. A strong recommendation can be made for further study of STARI and of Presidential elections.
Towards more rationalized approach to autologous fat grafting

Summary Background Even though fat grafting has become widely used by plastic surgeons, most surgeons choose their method of fat grafting based almost entirely on anecdotal evidence. As more and more scientific studies appear in the literature, we now may have more objective, scientific evidence to support the use of specific techniques. Methods The author critically reviewed all studies related to fat grafting research in the last 20 years in the English literature. To better summarize the findings of the studies, the fat grafting procedure was arbitrarily divided into 4 essential parts to determine the best donor sites and how the fat grafts should be harvested, processed, and placed. Results While most studies show no difference in the viability of fat grafts harvested from different donor sites, one study shows that more adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are found within the fat grafts harvested from the lower abdomen or inner thigh. Fat grafts harvested with syringe aspiration and processed with centrifugation at 1200 g for 3 min clearly have better viability. In addition, viable adipocytes and ADSCs as well as growth factors can be concentrated within the fat grafts after proper centrifugation. The studies also reinforce the principle that fat grafts, once placed, should have a maximal amount of contact with the vascularized tissue in the recipient site for better survival. Conclusions Most scientific studies in fat grafting research support a more rationalized technique that should be selected by surgeons for fat grafting. The technique includes proper selection of donor sites, proper harvest and process of fat grafts, and proper placement of fat grafts.
IS THERE MORE TO UNCERTAINTY THAN SOME PROBABILITY THEORISTS MIGHT HAVE US BELIEVE

Abstract The aim of the paper is to challenge the claims (as described by Lindley38). “that probability is the only sensible description of uncertainty and is adequate for all problems involving uncertainty. All other methods are inadequate”. The paper concentrates primarily on the codification of the concept of uncertainty and the discussion of adequate principles of maximum and minimum uncertainty.
Growth Factor Receptor-bound Protein 2 SH2/SH3 Domain Binding to CD28 and Its Role in Co-signaling

The co-stimulatory antigen CD28 has been shown to bind to several intracellular proteins including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2), and ITK. Paradoxically, Grb2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase binding has been mapped to a similar pYMNM motif within the CD28 cytoplasmic tail. Given the importance of CD28 co-signaling to T cell function, questions exist regarding the mechanism by which Grb2 binds to CD28, and whether the interaction plays a role in co-stimulation. To biochemically characterize Grb2/CD28 binding, we initially utilized glutathioneS-transferase-Grb2 fusion proteins carrying inactivating mutations within the SH2 and SH3 domains of Grb2, and assessed their ability to bind to CD28. In vitro binding experiments indicated that the Grb2 SH2 domain is critical for the association, while the SH3 domain plays an additional role in facilitating optimal binding. Enhanced binding via the SH3 domains was not observed when the C-terminal PXXP motif within CD28 was disrupted, thereby indicating that both SH2 and SH3 domains contribute to CD28 binding. Mutations that alter Grb2 binding were found to block the CD28-dependent interleukin-2 production. Further, tyrosine phosphorylation of Vav and the costimulation-dependent activation of Jun N-terminal kinase was blocked in cells defective in CD28/Grb2 binding. These results provide evidence for an alternate CD28-mediated signaling process involving Grb2 binding to the co-receptor.
Supercritical fluid chromatography with sulfur chemiluminescence detection

Abstract The newly commercialized sulfur chemiluminescence detector, originally designed for gas chromatography, has been successfully interfaced to a capillary-column supercritical fluid chromatograph used with carbon dioxide as the mobile phase. Interfacing was accomplished by inserting the capillary column through a heated (100–125°C) interface tube, and carefully positioning the integral restrictor end of the column within the chemiluminescence reaction chamber. This coupling resulted in direct transfer of the column effluent into the chamber, which minimized the dead volume and provided acceptable sensitivity and peak shape. Example chromatograms are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of this new separation—detection scheme, in which sulfur compounds are detected by the chemiluminescence emitted upon reaction with molecular fluorine. Some observed detection limits and linearity of response are also presented.
The mode of vasoinhibitory action of a pyridazione derivative (MCI-154), a new cardiotonic agent, on contractile responses induced by α-adrenoceptor agonists and 45Ca influx in isolated vascular smooth muscles

The vasoinhibitory effects of MCI-154 (MCI), a new pyridazione derivative, on contractile responses to alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists were examined in isolated rabbit aorta. MCI (10(-8)-10(-5) M) inhibited the maximum contractile responses to clonidine and BHT-920 (BHT) in a concentration-dependent manner, but only inhibited responses to lower concentrations of methoxamine. In aortas pretreated with phenoxybenzamine however, MCI (10(-5) M) readily inhibited responses to methoxamine. MCI (10(-5) M) had no significant effect on responses to potassium or added Ca2+ in a Ca2+ free, K+-depolarizing medium. In aortas incubated in a Ca2+-free medium with EGTA, the addition of methoxamine (10(-5) M), clonidine (10(-5) M) or BHT (3 X 10(-4) M) induced a phasic contraction. The inhibitory effect of MCI (10(-9)-10(-5) M) on these phasic responses was much greater for clonidine or BHT than for methoxamine. In rabbit iliac artery caffeine (10 mM) induced a rapid phasic contraction in a Ca2+-free medium, which was inhibited by MCI (10(-7)-10(-5) M) in a concentration-dependent manner. In aortas incubated in a Ca2+-free medium with low EGTA and nifedipine (10(-6) M) in the presence of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists (methoxamine, clonidine or BHT), the addition of Ca2+ (2 mM) induced a tonic contraction. MCI (10(-8)-10(-5) M) inhibited these Ca2+-dependent, agonists-mediated responses in a concentration-dependent manner. MCI had no effect on unstimulated La3+ resistant Ca2+ binding or methoxamine-induced Ca2+ influx.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Lipid-lipase interactions. 2. A new method for the assay of lipase activity

A simplified procedure for the measurement of activity was developed for lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) fromChromobacterium viscosum, Candida rugosa, Aspergillus niger andRhizopus arrhizus. It differs from existing procedures in that olive oil, refined with a bleaching clay, was used as the substrate, periodic sonication was applied to promote efficient emulsification, the hydrolysis time was extended to 1 hr, and no additive such as protective colloids and surfactants were used. The activity was determined arbitrarily for that amount of lipase required to bring about 24% hydrolysis/hr at room temperature Unlike currently used assay procedures, the present method gives results which are highly reproducible with a maximum standard deviation of 2.5% and, more commonly, less than 1.00%.
Correlation between the backbone and side chain conformations in 5′-nucleotides. The concept of a ‘rigid’ nucleotide conformation

Conformational energies of the 5'-adenosine monophosphate have been computed as a function of χ and ψ , of the torsion angles about the side-chain glycosyl C(1')-N(9) and of the main-chain exocyclic C(4')-C(5') bonds by considering nonbonded, torsion, and electrostatic interactions. The two primary modes of sugar puckering, namely, C(2')-endo and C(3')-endo have been considered. The results indicate that there is a striking correlation between the conformations about the side-chain glyocsyl bond and the backbone C(4')-C(5') bond of the nucleotide unit. It is found that the anti and the Gauche-Gauche (gg), conformations about the glycosyl and the C(4')-C(5') bonds, respectively, are energetically the most favored conformations for 5'-adenine nucleotide irrespective of whether the puckering of the ribose is C(2')-endo or C(3')-endo. Calculations have also shown that the other common 5'-pyrimidine nucleotides will show similar preferences for the glycosyl and C(4')-C(5') bond conformations. These results are in remarkable agreement with the concept of the "rigid" nucleotide unit that has been developed from available data on mononucleotides and dinucleoside monophosphates. It is found that the conformational 'rigidity' in 5'-nucleotides compared with that of nucleosides is a consequence of, predominantly, the coulombic interactions between the negatively charged phosphate group and the base. The above result permits one to consider polynucleotide conformations in terms of a "rigid" C(2')-endo or C(3')-endo nucleotide unit with the major conformational changes being brought about by rotations about the P-O bonds linking the internucleotide phosphorus atom. IT is predicted that the anti and the gg conformations about the glycosyl and the C(4')-C(5') bonds would be strongly preferred in the mononucleotide components of different purine and pyrimidine coenzymes and also in the nucleotide phosphates like adenodine di- and triphosphates.
Persistent lipolytic effect of exogenous growth hormone during caloric restriction

Purpose In previous studies in which obese volunteers were calorically restricted to 24, 18, or 12 kcal/kg of ideal body weight (IBW) per day, we observed that the growth-hormone-induced acceleration of body fat loss was variable and that the severity of caloric restriction modulated the magnitude of fat loss and the anabolic response to growth hormone. The present study was undertaken to characterize the effects of caloric restriction to 15 kcal/kg IBW per day on the metabolic responses to growth hormone and to determine whether acceleration of body fat loss by growth hormone could be reproduced under conditions predicted to be optimal. Patients and methods Eleven obese subjects were studied during two 38-day periods of caloric restriction. During one of these periods they received injections of growth hormone, 0.05 mg/kg IBW, for 28 days. Measurements of nitrogen balance, body fat content, insulin like growth factor I (IGF-I), free fatty acids, and glycerol concentrations were performed. Results Growth hormone injections caused an approximate 2.5-fold increase in IGF-I concentrations so that the mean IGF-I concentration was significantly greater during the injections than during diet alone (growth hormone 69.3 ± 29.3 nmol/L; diet alone 26.6 ± 7.6 nmol/L; P P P Conclusion We conclude that growth hormone exerts anabolic effects that attenuate over time during caloric restriction but maintains its lipolytic effect despite hyperinsulinism and results in accelerated fat loss.
Creation and repair of specific DNA double-strand breaks in vivo following infection with adenovirus vectors expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae HO endonuclease.

To study DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair in mammalian cells, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae HO endonuclease gene, or its recognition site, was cloned into the adenovirus E3 or E1 regions. Analysis of DNA from human A549 cells coinfected with the E3::HO gene and site viruses showed that HO endonuclease was active and that broken viral genomes were detectable 12 h postinfection, increasing with time up to approximately 30% of the available HO site genomes. Leftward fragments of approximately 30 kbp, which contain the packaging signal, but not rightward fragments of approximately 6 kbp, were incorporated into virions, suggesting that broken genomes were not held together tightly after cleavage. There was no evidence for DSB repair in E3::HO virus coinfections. In contrast, such evidence was obtained in E1::HO virus coinfections of nonpermissive cells, suggesting that adenovirus proteins expressed in the permissive E3::HO coinfection can inhibit mammalian DSB repair. To test the inhibitory role of E4 proteins, known to suppress genome concatemer formation late in infection (Weiden and Ginsberg, 1994), A549 cells were coinfected with E3::HO viruses lacking the E4 region. The results strongly suggest that the E4 protein(s) inhibits DSB repair.
Changes in phosphoadenylate concentrations and adenylate energy charge as an integrated biochemical measure of stress in invertebrates: The effects of cadmium on the freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea

Concentrations of phosphadenylates ATP, ADP and AMP were measured in foot muscle tissue of the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea Muller, by the luciferin‐luciferase bioluminescence technique. Total adenylate concentration μM · g‐ 1, dry weight and adenylate energy charge [AEC = (ATP+1/2ADP)/(ATP + ADP + AMP] were calculated. The effects of laboratory acclimation, starvation and exposure to 0.005, 0.05, 0.5 and 5.0mgCd · l‐1 were investigated. We observed no significant difference between the AEC of clams collected from the Savannah River Channel below Augusta, Georgia and those collected from Clark Hill reservoir on the Savannah River above Augusta. When C. fluminea, collected from the Savannah River were taken to the laboratory and fed and maintained in aerated water at 21°C, the AEC increased from 0.76±0.06 to 0.95±0.01 (x±95% CI, n = 8). This indicates that C. fluminea in the Savannah River were living under sub‐optimal conditions. Starvation for 10 and 20 days did not significantly decrease the AEC. Howe...
Heat capacity of hydration in zeolites

Dehydration of zeolites is a critical factor in their stability, effectiveness as storage media for thermal energy, and influence on the thermal evolution of radioactive waste repositories. Prediction of the hydration states of zeolites as a function of temperature, pressure, and water activity is often hampered by limited data on the heat capacity changes associated with (de)hydration reactions. This property is often assumed to be temperature invariant based on statistical-mechanical reasoning. To test this assumption, heat capacities of homologous hydrated and dehydrated zeolites (analcime, natrolite, wairakite) were measured by differential scanning calorimetry from 130 to 600 K that were subsequently used to calculate the heat capacity of hydration. Simultaneous monitoring of sample mass was used to discard data for hydrated phases affected by thermal effects associated with dehydration at elevated temperature. All three phases exhibited marked variations in the heat capacity of hydration with temperature. This behavior appears to be related to second-order phase transitions involving the water molecules. In wairakite, a second-order phase transition associated with a change in framework symmetry from monoclinic to tetragonal only occurs in the hydrated form, and leads to a prominent peak in the temperature dependence of the heat capacity of hydration. Above the transition temperature, the heat capacity of hydration becomes negligible. Neglecting the temperature dependence of the heat capacity of hydration in zeolites can have a significant effect on thermodynamic properties of dehydration reactions regressed from equilibrium observations at elevated temperatures.
Estimation of diamagnetic limitations to the fusion rate in a Migmacell

We describe a two-dimensional analytic calculation of the equilibrium diamagnetic field strength and shape, applicable in the regime of high magnetization to the high-energy low-angular-momentum ion orbits which characterize the distribution in a Migma fusion device.
Inhibition of gastrin gene expression by somatostatin.

Abstract Previous studies performed in this laboratory have demonstrated somatostatin-containing cells in close proximity to gastrin cells in antral mucosa and have shown that somatostatin exerts a local regulatory effect on gastrin release. The present studies were directed to determine whether the effects of somatostatin on the antral gastrin cell involve pretranslational events. The effects of somatostatin on gastrin mRNA were determined by dot blot hybridization using a gastrin antisense RNA probe derived from human gastrin cDNA. Inclusion of somatostatin in the incubation medium caused a dose-dependent inhibition of steady-state gastrin mRNA. Conversely, when antral somatostatin was neutralized by the addition of specific somatostatin antibodies to the incubation medium, gastrin mRNA levels increased by 116 +/- 31% over control values (P less than 0.01). Northern blot hybridization of total antral RNA demonstrated a single major band with a molecular size of approximately 620 nucleotides, closely matching the predicted size of gastrin mRNA. The effect of somatostatin on the rate of gastrin gene transcription was examined using nuclear run-off transcription assays. Inclusion of antibodies to somatostatin in the incubation medium resulted in a 33.8 +/- 3.3% increase in gastrin gene transcriptional activity (P less than 0.01). These studies indicate that, in addition to its established effect on peptide release, somatostatin exerts inhibitory effects on antral gastrin cells at the pretranslational level. Although this inhibition appears to occur in part at the gene transcriptional level, the results also indicate that somatostatin may affect posttranscriptional processing of gastrin mRNA.
Negative Word-of-Mouth by Dissatisfied Consumers: A Pilot Study:

While marketing scholars have emphasized the importance of customer satisfaction, few studies have examined in detail consumers’ responses to dissatisfaction. This study examines correlates of one ...
Do male and female suicides jump from different heights

Analysis of data from a small sample of suicides in India indicated no sex difference in the heights from which men and women jumped.
On the origin of hypersthene chondrites: Ages and shock effects of black chondrites

Hypersthene chondrite origin and history studied using noble gas content and shock and reheating by X-ray diffraction
Cellular localization of α-ketoglutarate: Glyoxylate carboligase in rat tissues

Abstract α-Ketoglutarate : glyoxylate carboligase activity has been reported by other laboratories to be present in mitochondria and in the cytosol of mammalian tissues; the mitochondrial activity is associated with the α-ketoglutarate decarboxylase moiety of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. The cellular distribution of the carboligase has been re-examined here using marker enzymes of known localization in order to monitor the composition of subcellular fractions prepared by differential centrifugation. Carboligase activity paralleled the activity of the mitochondrial matrix enzyme citrate synthase in subcellular fractions prepared from rat liver, heart and brain as well as from rabbit liver. Whole rat liver mitochondria upon lysis released both carboligase and citrate synthase. The activity patterns of several other extramitochondrial marker enzymes differed significantly from that of carboligase in rat liver. In addition, the distribution pattern of carboligase was similar to that of α-ketoglutarate decarboxylase and of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. The data indicate that α-ketoglutarate : gloxylate carboligase activity is located exclusively within the mitochondria of the rat and rabbit tissues investigated. There is no evidence for a cytosolic form of the enzyme. Thus the report from another laboratory that the molecular etiology of the human genetic disorder hyperoxaluria type I is a deficiency of cytosolic carboligase must be questioned.
Quantification of great earthquakes

The surface-wave magnitude, M_s, is widely used to represent the "size" of an earthquake. However, the wavelength of seismic waves used for the determination of M_s is about 50 km so that it is unclear whether M_s can adequately quantify great earthquakes whose fault dimension is much larger than the wavelength. Such great earthquakes, though they are relatively infrequent, contribute most to the total seismic energy budget. It is desirable to implement a parameter which represents better the overall "size" of such great earthquakes.
Crossbands of Caulobacter crescentus Stalks serve as Indicators of Cell Age

BACTERIA in the genus Caulobacter have a life cycle with two distinct cell types1: a non-motile mother cell with a stalk extending from one cell pole, and a polarly flagellated swarmer cell which has no stalk. During the life cycle the mother cell elongates and divides to produce a swarmer at its non-stalked pole. The swarmer forms a holdfast at the base of its flagellum and, before division, produces a stalk from the same site. The synthesis of the stalk occurs at the cell-stalk junction2.
Synthesis and 5-HT-3 Receptor Binding of 2- and 3-(Halo)alkoxyl Substituted (S)-N-(1-Azabicyclo [2.2.2]oct-3-yl)-5-chlorobenzamides as Potential Radioligands

Abstract In an effort to develop selective, high-affinity radioligands for the 5-HT-3 receptor, a series of homologues of 5-chloro-2,3-dimethoxy- N -(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl)benzamide (2b) was prepared in which individual methoxy groups were replaced by ethoxyl, (2-fluoroethoxyl), allyloxyl, propargyloxyl, or (3-iodoallyl)oxyl groups. Affinities for the 5-HT-3 receptor were determined by displacement of the binding of [ 125 I]MIZAC (2a), a selective 5-HT-3 receptor antagonist radioligand, in rat brain homogenates. The 3-substituted homologues were more potent than the lead compound, 2b. The homologue having the largest 3-substituent, i.e., E-(S)- N -(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl)-5-chloro-3-(3-iodo-2-propenyl)oxy-2-methoxybenzamide (3b, THIZAC), had one of the highest affinities, K i 0.08 nM. The 2-substituted homologues were equipotent with 2b, having K i 0.2–0.3 nM, regardless of the size of the substituent. The corresponding iodoallyl derivative, E-(S)- N -(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl)-5-chloro-2-(3-iodo-2-propenyl)oxy-3-methoxybenzamide (4, LIZAC), displayed a K i of 0.29 nM. Saturation binding of [ 125 I]-4 gave a K D of 0.31 ± 0.04 nM and a B max of 2.36 ± 0.10 fmol/mg of entorhinal cortex. In vivo biodistribution of [ 125 I]-4 in the rat brain showed increased accumulation in hippocampus relative to that in cerebellum. Both the high-affinity ligands [ 125 I]-3b and [ 125 I]-4 are potentially useful radioligands for studying the 5-HT-3 receptor.
A simple, efficient, and high-order accurate curved sliding-mesh interface approach to spectral difference method on coupled rotating and stationary domains

This paper presents a simple, efficient, and high-order accurate sliding-mesh interface approach to the spectral difference (SD) method. We demonstrate the approach by solving the two-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equations on quadrilateral grids. This approach is an extension of the straight mortar method originally designed for stationary domains 7,8]. Our sliding method creates curved dynamic mortars on sliding-mesh interfaces to couple rotating and stationary domains. On the nonconforming sliding-mesh interfaces, the related variables are first projected from cell faces to mortars to compute common fluxes, and then the common fluxes are projected back from the mortars to the cell faces to ensure conservation. To verify the spatial order of accuracy of the sliding-mesh spectral difference (SSD) method, both inviscid and viscous flow cases are tested. It is shown that the SSD method preserves the high-order accuracy of the SD method. Meanwhile, the SSD method is found to be very efficient in terms of computational cost. This novel sliding-mesh interface method is very suitable for parallel processing with domain decomposition. It can be applied to a wide range of problems, such as the hydrodynamics of marine propellers, the aerodynamics of rotorcraft, wind turbines, and oscillating wing power generators, etc.
Contingency-constrained congestion management with a minimum number of adjustments in preferred schedules

Transmission network plays a major role in the open access deregulated power market. In this environment, transmission congestion is a major problem that requires further consideration especially when inter-zonal/intra-zonal scheme is implemented. A congestion problem formulation should take into consideration interactions between intra-zonal and inter-zonal flows and their effects on power systems. It is perceived that phase-shifters and tap transformers play vital preventive and corrective roles in congestion management. These control devices help the ISO mitigate congestion without re-dispatching generation away from preferred schedules. In this paper, we introduce a procedure for minimizing the number of adjustments of preferred schedules to alleviate congestion and apply control schemes to minimize interactions between zones while taking contingency-constrained limits into consideration. The paper shows the stage where the ISO performs contingency analysis during congestion management, and shows the effect of contingency limits on congestion management. The proposed formulation will save computation time, increase the system security and apply control variables efficiently in the transmission system management to keep power system operation close to preferred schedules.
Autonomic Nervous Dysfunction in Hamsters Infected with West Nile Virus

Clinical studies and case reports clearly document that West Nile virus (WNV) can cause respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) complications. Other functions controlled by the autonomic nervous system may also be directly affected by WNV, such as bladder and cardiac functions. To investigate how WNV can cause autonomic dysfunctions, we focused on the cardiac and GI dysfunctions of rodents infected with WNV. Infected hamsters had distension of the stomach and intestines at day 9 after viral challenge. GI motility was detected by a dye retention assay; phenol red dye was retained more in the stomachs of infected hamsters as compared to sham-infected hamsters. The amplitudes of electromygraphs (EMGs) of intestinal muscles were significantly reduced. Myenteric neurons that innervate the intestines, in addition to neurons in the brain stem, were identified to be infected with WNV. These data suggest that infected neurons controlling autonomic function were the cause of GI dysfunction in WNV-infected hamsters. Using radiotelemetry to record electrocardiograms and to measure heart rate variability (HRV), a well-accepted readout for autonomic function, we determined that HRV and autonomic function were suppressed in WNV-infected hamsters. Cardiac histopathology was observed at day 9 only in the right atrium, which was coincident with WNV staining. A subset of WNV infected cells was identified among cells with hyperplarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated potassium channel 4 (HCN4) as a marker for cells in the sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV) nodes. The unique contribution of this study is the discovery that WNV infection of hamsters can lead to autonomic dysfunction as determined by reduced HRV and reduced EMG amplitudes of the GI tract. These data may model autonomic dysfunction of the human West Nile neurological disease.
Intestinal obstruction due to peritoneal adhesions as a complication of peritoneal dialysis for neonatal hyperammonemia.

A male infant with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency developed massive neonatal hyperammonemia and was treated with peritoneal dialysis. He later developed intestinal obstruction due to peritoneal bands which originated at the site of the previous peritoneal catheter. In this infant the blood concentration of ammonia could not be lowcred below 1000 μg/dl using peritoneal dialysis, while treatment with sodium benzoate led to control within 24 h. In view of the possibility of this and other complications of peritoneal dialysis, pharmacologic therapy of neonatal hyperammonemia should be considered as an initial modality of treatment.
Cancer: negative feedback for B cells.

The discovery of a protein that regulates the production of antibody-generating B cells has implications for our understanding of how cancers of the immune system develop — and how they might be treated.
Conformational Equilibria of Ethanolamine and Its Hydrochloride in Solution

The conformational preferences of ethanolamine and its hydrochloride in solution were estimated by comparing experimental NMR vicinal proton−proton coupling constants to semiemprical coupling constants for each staggered rotamer, derived by the Haasnoot−Altona method. Strong gauche preferences are observed for both ethanolamine and its hydrochloride over a wide range of solvent polarities. Concentration was not observed to significantly affect the position of the conformer equilibria.
Comparing Rectangular Data Matrices

A procedure is discussed for comparing two rectangular n × m data matrices. The two matrices would typically represent data on the same n objects (for example, cities or subjects) and the same m attributes (for example, crime rates or attitudinal variables). An index that measures the degree to which both matrices are similar is presented along with a significance testing strategy that takes into account the possible dependency among the m attributes. To illustrate the strategy, a numerical example is given that compares the seven index crime rates for a set of twenty standard metropolitan statistical areas for the years 1976 and 1977. In addition to giving several possible generalizations of the basic comparison method, including a natural procedure for comparing three or more data matrices, we show in some detail how the matrix comparison strategy encompasses and extends the work of Tjotheim on measuring association for spatially related variables.