cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Helical, Spiral, Worm and Bevel Gears

Cut a paper into the shape of a parallelogram and wrap it around a cylinder. The edge of the paper makes an angle ψb called the base helix angle.When you unwrap the paper, keeping it tight, so that it is tangential to the cylinder, see Figure 7.1, you are generating several involute profiles placed side by side starting from a line inclined at the base helix angle ψb to the cylinder axis. The surface thus generated is an involute helicoid and forms the shape of a tooth on a helical gear. If the helix angle is clockwise, then we have a right-hand helical tooth, otherwise it is a left hand helical tooth. The plan view of a left-handed helical gear is shown in Figure 7.2.
TCT-236 Long-Term (8-13 Year) Clinical Outcomes after Drug-Eluting Stenting in Routine Clinical Practice

There are very limited data for more than 5 years after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation in routine practice to answer questions such as “how long do stents last?” and “what are the long term chances of stent thrombosis?” From a consecutively treated cohort of patients from pre-
Quitting Behaviors Among Dual Cigarette and E-Cigarette Users and Cigarette Smokers Enrolled in the Tobacco User Adult Cohort.

Purpose We examined quitting behaviors among a cohort of dual users (cigarettes and electronic cigarettes [e-cigarettes]) and exclusive cigarette smokers for: (1) cigarette smoking reduction, (2) quit attempts, (3) abstinence from cigarettes, and (4) abstinence from all tobacco products. Methods Participants enrolled in the Tobacco User Adult Cohort and categorized as "daily" user of cigarettes and "daily" or "some days per week" use of e-cigarettes (ie, dual users; n = 88) or "daily" user of cigarettes only (ie, cigarette smokers; n = 617) served as the analytic sample. Participants were interviewed face to face every 6 months, through 18 months. Data on self-reported current product(s) used, cessation interest, quit attempts and abstinence from cigarettes, and all tobacco products were collected. Results No difference in reduction of cigarette consumption over time was noted between groups. Rates of reporting an attempt to quit all tobacco products (≥ 24 hours of not using any tobacco in an attempt to quit) also did not differ by group. Compared to cigarette smokers, dual users were more likely to report abstinence from cigarettes at 6 months (OR = 2.54, p = .045) but not at 12 or 18 months. There was no significant difference in abstinence from all tobacco products by group at 6, 12, or 18 months. Conclusions Although dual use of e-cigarettes has been cited as a potential cessation tool for cigarette smokers, our findings indicated that this association was only observed in the short term. We also found no evidence of any association between dual use and eventual abstinence from all tobacco products. Implications Our study observed that, in the natural environment, dual users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes were more likely than cigarette smokers to quit cigarettes in the short term but no more likely to quit using cigarettes and all tobacco products over time.
Attending to Nonhuman Animals in Pedagogical Relationships and Encounters

This chapter examines existing literatures that describe nonhuman animals as educators or as pedagogical agents in non-formal and formal educational contexts. Agency and subjectivity have long been denied to nonhuman organisms, and this chapter explores the pedagogical possibilities and limitations of intersubjective encounters and relationships between humans and other animals. The author asks questions that draw on ethological research, educational philosophy, and critical pedagogies. What does it mean to suggest that animals are educators? To what extent do nonhuman animals enact the volition, tact, or intentionality that we might require of them in educational endeavors? This chapter addresses those questions by highlighting the interspecies, pedagogical relationship as the core unit of focus, outlining the importance of reflexivity and attunement to all actors within the educational context, including humans/nonhumans and teachers/students alike.
"Self-inactivating" rabies viruses are just first-generation, ΔG rabies viruses

A recent article in Cell reported a new form of modified rabies virus that was apparently capable of labeling neurons "without adverse effects on neuronal physiology and circuit function". These "self-inactivating" rabies ("SiR") viruses differed from the widely-used first-generation deletion-mutant (ΔG) rabies viruses only by the addition of a destabilization domain to the viral nucleoprotein. However, we observed that the transsynaptic tracing results from that article were inconsistent with the logic described in it, and we hypothesized that the viruses used were actually mutants that had lost the intended modification to the nucleoprotein. We obtained samples of two SiR viruses from the authors and show here that, in both "SiR-CRE" and "SiR-FLPo", the great majority of viral particles were indeed mutants that had lost the intended modification and were therefore just first-generation, ΔG rabies viruses. We also found that SiR-CRE killed 70% of infected neurons in vivo within two weeks. We have shown elsewhere that a ΔG rabies virus encoding Cre can leave a large percentage of labeled neurons alive; we presume that Ciabatti et al. found such remaining neurons at long survival times and mistakenly concluded that they had developed a nontoxic version of rabies virus. Here we have analyzed only the two samples that were sent to MIT by Ciabatti et al., and these may not be from the same batches that were used for their paper. However, 1) both of the two viruses that we analyzed had independently lost the intended modification, 2) the mutations in the two samples were genetically quite distinct from each other yet in both cases caused the same result: total or near-total loss of the C-terminal modification, and 3) the mutations that we found in these two virus samples perfectly explain the otherwise-paradoxical transsynaptic tracing results from Ciabatti et al.9s paper. We suggest that the SiR strategy, or any other such attempt to attenuate a virus by addition rather than deletion, is an inherently unstable approach that can easily be evaded by mutation, as it was in this case.
Sealing the Leaky Gut Represents a Beneficial Mechanism of Zinc Intervention for Alcoholic Liver Disease

Abstract Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is one of the major causes of liver-related mortality worldwide. However, FDA-approved therapies are currently not available. The major obstacle is the limited understanding of the pathogenesis of ALD. Zinc deficiency is one of the most consistent nutritional and biochemical observations in ALD, which plays an etiologic role in disease progression. Meanwhile, evidence suggests that endotoxemia because of gut leakiness critically mediates the development of ALD. Zinc deficiency disrupts the epithelial barrier function by disassembling tight junction proteins in addition to its direct detrimental effects on the liver, whereas dietary zinc supplementation protects against ALD. In this chapter, we review and discuss (1) the mechanisms of alcohol-induced gut barrier dysfunction to better understand the contribution of the gut-liver axis to the pathogenesis of ALD, (2) biological function and metabolism of zinc, (3) occurrence, mechanisms, and consequences of acquired zinc deficiency in ALD, which is mediated, in part, by impaired intake and absorption, increased excretion, and oxidative stress–induced mobilization, and (4) applications and mechanisms of zinc intervention for ALD. Importantly, the protection against ALD by dietary zinc supplementation involves multiple extrahepatic factors, including upregulated intestinal tight junction expressions, elevated aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, induced hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α function, and possibly modulated gut microbiota homeostasis. In summary, both human and animal studies suggest that zinc intervention might be an attractive therapy for ALD and that the protection by zinc against ALD includes both hepatic and extrahepatic actions.
Cattle Grazing Distribution in Shortgrass Steppe: Influences of Topography and Saline Soils

Abstract The distribution of livestock across heterogeneous landscapes is often uneven, which has important implications for vegetation dynamics and how rangeland managers achieve desired outcomes from these landscapes. Here, we use data from widely available digital elevation models to classify a landscape in the shortgrass steppe with subtle topographic variation using two different approaches: topographic wetness index (TWI) and topographic position classes (TPCs) derived from topographic position indices. We used global positioning system collars to track the grazing locations of cattle within replicate pastures and fit generalized linear mixed models to their locations to quantify the influence of topography on grazing distribution. In addition, we examine the influence of the presence of saline vegetation communities on cattle use of lowlands. The resulting models indicate that TPC more effectively predicts grazing distribution than TWI and that the patterns are strongest in the second half of the growing season (August − October). Model performance was improved with the inclusion of saline vegetation communities, although the magnitude of cattle grazing time in these communities was not consistent across multiple pastures. These models, in combination with local knowledge, can be used by managers to predict and manage livestock distribution even in landscapes with relatively subtle topographic variability.
Beyond Body Image: A Systematic Review of Classroom-Based Interventions Targeting Body Image of Adolescents

Body image is especially relevant to the developmental period of adolescence, given the various physical and social changes that take place during this time. Though body dissatisfaction tends to be normative, especially among females, universal prevention programs have been established to intervene prior to body image concerns becoming severe and established. However, prevention efforts vary in their impact on body image. The current project systematically reviewed the literature on body image to determine how universal, classroom-based efforts impact adolescent body image and what program and participant elements help make programs successful. Findings are promising, demonstrating that interactive universal prevention programs can improve adolescents’ body image. However, program effects are generally small and short in duration. The Developmental Theory of Embodiment, which emphasizes body relations that extend beyond body image, is used to evaluate current programs and to guide recommendations for future interventions in an attempt to make these programs more effective.
How Hydration Habits Influence Morning Balance and Blood Pressure (BP) of Institutionalized Older Adults (IOA)

Date Presented 04/05/19 Institutionalized older adults (IOA) have an elevated risk for dehydration, falling, and poor blood pressure (BP) regulation due to aging, comorbidities, medications, and a person’s beverage habits. Poor fluid habits can negatively affect health, participation, and performance. This study examines the PEO fit of beverage habits of IOA to identify influencers (plus or minus) of morning balance and BP and subsequently possible falls. The research findings provide evidence for use in a hydration program. Primary Author and Speaker: Carol Rice Contributing Authors: Noralyn Pickens
Solitary Pulmonary Nodule: A Diagnostic Dilemma.

This case describes a woman with a history of tobacco abuse who presented with a dry cough and was found to have an enlarging, 4 cm right upper lobe nodule without lymphadenopathy on CT imaging of the chest. Initial biopsies of the nodule suggested follicular lymphoma, but after obtaining more tissue, the pathology was negative for malignancy and instead showed necrotizing pneumonia. She proceeded to have negative infectious serology and cultures. She had negative rheumatological testing including MPO ANCA, PR-3 ANCA, and rheumatoid factor. She did not have renal failure, hemoptysis, weight loss, arthralgia, or upper airway inflammation. She ultimately underwent a right upper lobectomy, as the nodule was enlarging on repeat imaging. The pathology of the lung showed necrotizing granulomas with giant cells and fibrosis, but lacked active vasculitis or palisading histiocytes, further obscuring the diagnosis. She was conservatively managed with intranasal steroids, cough suppressants and antihistamines given her lack of severe symptoms. The diagnosis was most consistent with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) presenting as a solitary pulmonary nodule with pathology reflecting a mild degree of disease activity. The patient may manifest further signs of the disease while being monitored clinically.
Incentivizing Truthful Reporting from Strategic Sensors in Dynamical Systems.

Human agents are increasingly serving as data sources in the context of dynamical systems. Unlike traditional sensors, humans may manipulate or omit data for selfish reasons. Therefore, this paper studies the influence of effort-averse strategic sensors on discrete-time LTI systems. In our setting, sensors exert costly effort to collect data, and report their effort to the system operator. However, sensors do not directly benefit from the output of the system, so they will not exert much effort to ensure accuracy and may even falsify their reported effort to maximize their utility. We explore payment mechanisms that incentivize truthful reporting from strategic sensors. We demonstrate the influence of the true and reported effort on the expected operational cost. Then, we use the realizations of the system cost to construct a payment function. We show that payment functions typically used in static settings will not be able to elicit truthful reports in general, and present a modified payment function that elicits truthful reporting, which requires terms that compensate for the dynamic impact of reported efforts on the closed-loop performance of the system.
Gentzen Systems and Constructive Completeness Proofs

The method of proof just used is powerful and rather general in its applications. However, it does not give much detailed information about proofs in the system. Also, the system which we were using was specially tailored for the purpose of proving such metatheorems. This is inconvenient, however, if one is concerned with proving object language theorems or in analyzing the various connectives individually, and so in practice one introduces a number of defined expressions. Also, the system in its pure form treats only of theoremhood whereas in practice it is much easier to work with derivability from assumptions. [If you doubt this try proving (p ⊃ q) ⊃ ((q ⊃ r) ⊃ (p ⊃ r)) with and without the deduction theorem.]
Extended Lyman-alpha emission from interacting galaxies at high redshifts

Recent observations have discovered a population of extended Lya sources, dubbed Lyman-alpha blobs (LABs), at high redshift z ~ 3 - 6.6. These LABs typically have a luminosity of L ~ 10^42-10^44 erg/s, and a size of tens of kiloparsecs, with some giant ones reaching up to D ~ 100 kpc. However, the origin of these LABs is not well understood. In this paper, we investigate a merger model for the formation of LABs by studying Lya emission from interacting galaxies at high redshifts by means of a combination of hydrodynamics simulations with three dimensional radiative transfer calculations. Our galaxy simulations focus on a set of binary major mergers of galaxies with a mass range of 3-7 *10^12 Msun in the redshift range of z ~ 3 -7, and we use the newly improved ART^2 code to perform the radiative transfer calculations which couple multi-wavelength continuum, ionization of hydrogen, and Lya line emission. We find that intense star formation and enhanced cooling induced by gravitational interaction produce strong Lya emission from these merging galaxies. The Lya emission appears to be extended due to the extended distribution of sources and gas. During the close encounter of galaxy progenitors when the star formation rate peaks at ~ 10^3 Msun/yr, our model produces Lya blobs with luminosity of L ~ 10^42-10^44 erg/s, and size of D ~ 10-20 kpc at z>6 and D ~ 20-50 kpc at z ~ 3, in broad agreement with observations in the same redshift range. Our results suggest that merging galaxies may produce some typical LABs as observed, but the giant ones may be produced by mergers more massive than those in our model, or a combination of mergers and cold accretion from filaments on a large scale.
Online Appendix for 'Voluntary Climate Action and Credible Regulatory Threat: Evidence from the Carbon Disclosure Project'

This paper examines the role that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s introduction of the Clean Power Plan played in voluntary carbon disclosure by the Global 500 firms during 2011-2015. Results from difference-in-differences and difference-in-difference-in-differences estimators nested in a two-stage endogenous binary-variable model — which accounts for the correlation between a firm’s participation and intensity of participation — show that U.S.-based firms acted preemptively in anticipation of a more stringent regulatory environment. Regardless of country of origin, among firms making voluntary disclosures, the Clean Power Plan was associated with higher levels of carbon disclosure in firms with favorable management structures and practices involving the agency of corporate management, ceteris paribus. Empirical analysis includes controls for firm size, natural gas prices, sector-specific market pressures, and macro-economic and political economy dynamics. Results are robust to alternative specifications, including a trimmed matching sample, the Heckman selection model, and sector-specific regressions.
Synergistic effects of air content and supplementary cementitious materials in reducing damage caused by calcium oxychloride formation in concrete

Abstract Pavement damage occurs in cold-region concrete exposed to high concentrations of calcium chloride (CaCl2). The damage is caused by a combination of conventional freeze-thaw damage and the formation of a deleterious phase known as calcium oxychloride from a reaction between CaCl2 and calcium hydroxide in the concrete. Much research has focused on calcium oxychloride mitigation in cement pastes, but not on concrete damage due to calcium oxychloride. In this study, the synergistic roles of air and supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in reducing damage in concrete exposed to high concentrations of CaCl2 and freeze-thaw conditions is studied. Concrete mixtures were made with different SCM replacement levels and air contents and immersed in 25% CaCl2 solutions and subject to freeze-thaw cycles (−8 °C–25 °C) for 600 days. Bulk resistivity and visual assessment of damage were excellent descriptors of the damage progression. Damage was reduced as the SCM content and air content were increased. Mixtures which had 20% SCM and 8% air and mixtures which had 35% SCM and more than 4% air showed strong durability against calcium oxychloride damage.
By utilizing technology can nursing students gain more confidence and decrease anxiety when communicating with chronically ill patients about their sexual relationship

Abstract Introduction Effective communication is an essential part of nursing care. Nurses need to effectively communicate with patients, families, providers and staff. The purpose of this study was to show how the use of technology (i.e., video conferencing on an electronic device) could assist nursing students to gain more confidence and reduce anxiety when discussing difficult topics such as sexual intimacy. Methods Pre-licensure nursing students were recruited to participate as part of regular class activities. A pre- and post-survey asking about their confidence and anxiety in communicating with patients was completed; then subjects were randomly placed into groups of 4 to 5 utilizing an electronic device. Student groups were able to communicate with a patient diagnosed with a medical condition that affected their intimacy by video conferencing in a breakout session for 15-20 min. Results A total of 112 students participated. The majority of students stated that communicating about relationships and intimacy issues with chronically ill patients was not as difficult as they anticipated. About 82% of students liked using a video conferencing tool although about half (n = 62) reported they still preferred a face-to-face in-person interaction. Results demonstrated a significant increase in confidence and decrease in anxiety score (p = .001) before and after the intimacy communication activity. Conclusions In conclusion, the use of technology can be an effective learning tool to teach pre-licensure nursing students on how to communicate with patients effectively, especially for those difficult topics such as sexual intimacy.
Toward Rapid Detection of Trace Lead and Cadmium by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry in Complex Wastewater Streams

Heavy metals (HMs), such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), in municipal wastewater (MWW) limit its use as an alternative water resource. Therefore, monitoring HM concentrations in MWW is critical to e...
A Tale of Two QFDs

Quality function deployment (QFD) has become a widely used tool in the production development process. It helps design teams gather the wants and needs of the customer and organize and utilize these data so that a product that satisfies the customer wil..
Natural language processing and e-Government: crime information extraction from heterogeneous data sources

Much information that could help solve and prevent crimes is never gathered because the reporting methods available to citizens and law enforcement personnel are not optimal. Detectives do not have sufficient time to interview crime victims and witnesses. Moreover, many victims and witnesses are too scared or embarrassed to report incidents. We are developing an interviewing system that will help collect such information. We report here on one component, the crime information extraction module, which uses natural language processing to extract crime information from police reports, newspaper articles, and victims' and witnesses' crime narratives. We tested our approach with two types of document: police and witness narrative reports. Our algorithms extract crime-related information, namely weapons, vehicles, time, people, clothes, and locations. We achieved high precision (96%) and recall (83%) for police narrative reports and comparable precision (93%) but somewhat lower recall (77%) for witness narrative reports. The difference in recall was significant at p
Challenges of Sharing Online Information Through Traditional and Non-Traditional ILL

SUMMARY In response to the challenges with resource-sharing of electronic resources (ER), librarians have developed new strategies to resolve user needs and library information services. While emergent consumer technology radically changed the nature of libraries as places to seek information services, the transformation in resource-sharing has been shaped by librarians and interlibrary loan (ILL) specialists who create workflow procedures, in order to supply requested information, that recognize the exigencies of the transformed information landscape. New strategies include alternative sources and Web services; context sensitive workflow; new partnerships; education and training programs; and efforts to adopt new communication and other emergent technologies.
The Basics of NEPA and its Role and Influence in Combating Climate Change

This paper forms part of a collection of essays celebrating the 30th anniversary of the Brazilian NEPA. Since the enactment of NEPA in the United States, its influence has reverberated internationally. The Act’s basic design has aided in the crafting of environmental baselines throughout the world. More than 85 countries around the world have modeled their respective environmental impact assessment procedures after the United States’ NEPA model. Indeed, NEPA-like procedures have grown with such ubiquity that most any comprehensive study of international law must necessarily include a discussion of environmental impact assessment. Consequently, nearly all multilateral lending institutions -- most notably the International Monetary Fund (“IMF”) and the World Bank -- require environmental impact assessment as a prerequisite to financing agreements related to energy and infrastructure projects. More recently, NEPA, particularly the EIS process, has begun to be used a tool to mitigate the effects of climate change. Because the point of environmental assessment is to identify adverse environmental impacts before they occur, EISs are a natural tool for combating climate change drivers. Although significant obstacles continue to face the use of NEPA-based EIS statutes as a climate policy tool, their use is growing rapidly. This chapter is broken into two parts. Part I highlights NEPA’s influence on environmental law and discusses the main determinants of its EIS process. Part II analyzes NEPA’s use as a climate policy tool and the challenges impeding its effectiveness, as well as the role “little-NEPAs” are playing in combating climate change.
Wood Anatomy of the Dicotyledons Indigenous to New Zealand

Abstract Wood anatomy of Griselinia littoralis Raoul, G. lucida Forst. f., Corokla cotoneaster Raoul, C. buddleioides A. Cunn., and C. macrocarpa Kirk is described. These woods are diffuse-porous. The vessels are angular and have exclusively scalariform perforation plates with 7 to 31 bars. In Corokla, very fine spiral thickening is sometimes present in vessels and fibrous tissue. Axial parenchyma which is particularly sparse in Corokla is diffuse, diffusc-in-aggregatcs, and scanty paratracheal. Rays are mainly heterogeneous type II. In Griselinia rhom-boidal crystals are present in the ray parenchyma. Vessels pits to rays are fully bordered in Corokla, while in Griselinia these are part-bordered or without borders. The fibrous tissue which is sometimes septate, is mainly composed of fibre-tracheids. Anatomical differences between species are described. The confusion in the literature regarding the occurrence and the arrangement of axial parenchyma in Griselinia and Corokla is clarified.
7. Production of Rydberg Atoms

Rydberg atoms, those in states of high principal quantum number n, have an excited valence electron which is weakly bound in a large orbit. This chapter discusses commonly used methods of producing usable samples of neutral Rydberg atoms for further experiments. There are two general ways of producing Rydberg atoms: adding a loosely bound electron to an ion by charge exchange, and exciting one of the electrons from the ground state of an atom. Correspondingly, Rydberg atoms have been produced by charge exchange, electron impact, and photoexcitation, the processes. To produce Rydberg states of such atoms, a combination of collisional and optical excitation is quite effective. Downstream from electron excitation the atoms in the metastable state are excited to a Rydberg state by pulsed dye laser excitation. Metastable atoms have also been used as the starting point for laser excitation in cell experiments.
Microinjected oligonucleotides complementary to the alpha-sarcin loop of 28 S RNA abolish protein synthesis in Xenopus oocytes.

The integrity of the alpha-sarcin loop in 28 S ribosomal RNA is critical during protein synthesis. The toxins alpha-sarcin, ricin, Shiga toxin, and Shiga-like toxin inhibit protein synthesis in oocytes by attacking specific nucleotides within this loop (Ackerman, E.J., Saxena, S. K., and Ulbrich, N. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 17076-17083; Saxena, S.K., O'Brien, A.D., and Ackerman, E.J. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 596-601). We injected Xenopus oocytes with deoxyoligonucleotides complementary to the 17-nucleotide alpha-sarcin loop of Xenopus 28 S rRNA. Only injected oligonucleotides fully covering the alpha-sarcin loop or slightly beyond inhibited oocyte protein synthesis. Shorter alpha-sarcin domain deoxyoligonucleotides complementary to the alpha-sarcin and ricin sites but not spanning the entire loop were less effective inhibitors of protein synthesis. The alpha-sarcin domain oligonucleotides covering the entire loop were more effective inhibitors of protein synthesis than injected cycloheximide at equivalent concentrations. Control oligonucleotides complementary to nine other regions of Xenopus 28 S rRNA as well as universal M13 DNA sequencing primers had no effect on oocyte protein synthesis. Oligonucleotides complementary to the highly conserved alpha-sarcin domain therefore represent an alternative to catalytic toxins for causing cell death and may prove effective in immunotherapy.
Anvil Forecast Tool in the Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System, Phase II

Meteorologists from the 45th Weather Squadron (45 WS) and Spaceflight Meteorology Group have identified anvil forecasting as one of their most challenging tasks when predicting the probability of violations of the Lightning Launch Commit Criteria and Space Light Rules. As a result, the Applied Meteorology Unit (AMU) created a graphical overlay tool for the Meteorological Interactive Data Display Systems (MIDDS) to indicate the threat of thunderstorm anvil clouds, using either observed or model forecast winds as input.
Toward an Institutional Theory of Sovereignty

Scholarship in international law is preoccupied with the structural tension between state sovereignty and international obligation. This preoccupation presupposes that states incur sovereignty costs when entering binding international commitments. In our view, this presupposition requires substantial qualification. In this Article, we propose a sociological model of sovereignty that views states as organizational entities embedded in and reflecting a wider social environment. Such an approach, we maintain, illuminates the ways in which constraints empower actors (including states). Our claim is not simply that international law helps overcome collective action problems by facilitating cooperation and coordination. Rather, we maintain that the constitutive features of the contemporary nation-state - including its status as a legitimate, sovereign actor - derive from worldwide models constructed and propagated through global cultural and associational processes. In issue areas ranging from public education to environmental protection to the laws of war, these models: define and legitimate purposes of state action; and shape the organizational structure and policy choices of states. These processes (1) define the organizational form of the modern state; (2) delimit the legitimate purposes of the state; and (3) constitute states as the principal legitimate actors in the world polity. The institutionalization of world models also helps explain many characteristics of the contemporary state system, such as striking similarity in purposes and organizational structure despite diversity in local resources and cultural traditions, and structural decoupling between functional task demands and persistent state initiatives. We suggest that the insights generated by this approach recast debates about the utility and prospects of reconciling state sovereignty and international law.
CD2 Costimulation Reveals Defective Activity by Human CD4+CD25hi Regulatory Cells in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Studying the activity of homogeneous regulatory T cell (Treg) populations will advance our understanding of their mechanisms of action and their role in human disease. Although isolating human Tregs exhibiting low expression of CD127 markedly increases purity, the resulting Treg populations are still heterogeneous. To examine the complexity of the Tregs defined by the CD127 phenotype in comparison with the previously described CD4+CD25hi subpopulations, we subdivided the CD25hi population of memory Tregs into subsets based on expression of CD127 and HLA-DR. These subsets exhibited differences in suppressive capacity, ability to secrete IL-10 and IL-17, Foxp3 gene methylation, cellular senescence, and frequency in neonatal and adult blood. The mature, short telomere, effector CD127loHLA-DR+ cells most strongly suppressed effector T cells within 48 h, whereas the less mature CD127loHLA-DR− cells required 96 h to reach full suppressive capacity. In contrast, whereas the CD127+HLA-DR− cells also suppressed proliferation of effector cells, they could alternate between suppression or secretion of IL-17 depending upon the stimulation signals. When isolated from patients with multiple sclerosis, both the nonmature and the effector subsets of memory CD127lo Tregs exhibited kinetically distinct defects in suppression that were evident with CD2 costimulation. These data demonstrate that natural and not induced Tregs are less suppressive in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Of Love and Politics: Reassessing Manuela Sáenz and Simón Bolívar, 1822–1830

This article critically examines the relationship between Simon Bolivar (aka the “Liberator”) and Manuela Saenz, dispelling some of the romantic mist that long has surrounded it and that has obscured historical understanding of the famous couple. It also reassesses the relationship from Saenz's perspective. It shows not only how Saenz actively pursued an affair with her lover, but, how she integrated herself into his organization, becoming his informant and personal staff archivist and ultimately, one of his premier political allies. It, thus, seeks to shed light both on her remarkable career and on the nature of female citizenship in Spanish America in the early republican era.
The Use of Central Laboratories and Remote Electronic Data Capture to Risk-Adjust Therapy for Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Neuroblastoma

The Children's Oncology Group (COG) is a National Cancer Institute (NIH)-sponsored cooperative clinical trials group with the primary mission of conducting pediatric cancer clinical trials. COG has complex risk classification systems that are used to deliver risk-stratified therapy for many pediatric cancers, including clinical trials for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and neuroblastoma (NB). Classification of patients is based on biological, clinical, and genomic data obtained at initial diagnosis and during the initial phases of therapy. The COG Web-based remote data entry (RDE) system enables submission of data in real time from central laboratories and treating institutions. The data are then used in an automated fashion to determine the risk group and corresponding treatment assignment for individual patients enrolled in COG clinical trials.
Group-Based Resources and Political Participation among Asian Americans

Scholars of minority political participation have shown significant interest in unraveling the complex but crucial role of group-basedresources. Although there is an emerging scholarship on Latinos, much of the work on group consciousness, group identity, and ethnic organizations is based on research on Black Americans. Increasing diversity in the United States brings necessary attention to expanding the model to the politics and participation of other non-White, multiethnic, and immigrant majority communities. Using a new and unique dataset designed to tap the political opinion and behavior of Asian Americans, the authors find that the usefulness of group-based resources for this rapidly expanding and heterogeneous population is contingent on the specific form of the resources and the mode of political participation.
Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and N-acetyl-beta-endorphin immunoreactivities are localized in the human pituitary but are not restricted to the zona intermedia

The adult human pituitary lacks a well defined intermediate lobe, and it is uncertain whether the POMC cells that remain in the zona intermedia represent melanotropes or corticotropes. In the present study, we investigated whether the N-acetylated beta-endorphin- and alpha-MSH-related peptides that are characteristically produced by melanotropes in the rat and other species are localized in the human pituitary. Sequential gel filtration and ion exchange HPLC analysis revealed that small amounts of alpha-N-acetyl-beta-endorphin-(1-31), as well as beta-endorphin-(1-27) and beta-endorphin-(1-26), were detectable in human pituitary extracts, although beta-endorphin-(1-31) was clearly the major form. Consistent with this analysis, low levels of alpha-MSH, but not N,O-diacetyl-alpha-MSH, were identified by reverse-phase HPLC, although again, the desacetyl form of alpha-MSH predominated. Immunohistochemistry revealed that N-acetyl-beta-endorphin immunoreactivity was colocalized with ACTH and beta-endorphin in a subpopulation of zona intermedia cells. Unexpectedly, immunoreactive N-acetyl-beta-endorphin was also observed in a comparable proportion of corticotropes dispersed throughout the anterior lobe. alpha-MSH immunoreactivity was similarly distributed. These results indicate that N-acetylation is not restricted to the zona intermedia, suggesting that the strict dichotomy between corticotrope and melanotrope POMC processing observed in the rat and other species does not extend to the human pituitary.
Time-dependent reduction of glutamate current in retinal bipolar cells

Glutamate hyperpolarizes retinal depolarizing bipolar cells (DBCs) by decreasing a non-specific cation conductance. We have investigated this action of glutamate using whole-cell voltage clamp of DBCs in larval tiger salamander retinal slices and here report two observations: a wash-out of the glutamate response and a concomitant decrease in resting membrane conductance. The wash-out may be due to the loss of a second messenger-mediated mechanism linking the receptor to the response. The decrease in resting membrane conductance suggests that this second messenger may be required to maintain DBC glutamate channels in an open state in the absence of the receptor ligand.
A combined radioimmunoassay for the measurement of unconjugated and sulfoconjugated pregnenolone, 17 hydroxypregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and estrone applied to fetal and maternal ovine plasma.

Abstract This report describes a radioimmunoassay (RIA) method for the combined measurement of four steroid sulfoconjugates and their four unconjugated counterparts in maternal and fetal ovine plasma: pregnenolone (Δ 5 P), 17-hydroxypregnenolone (17Δ 5 P), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and estrone (E 1 ). In the procedure a preliminary ether extraction is utilized to isolate the unconjugated steroids followed by salting out, ethyl acetate extraction, and mineral acid solvolysis of the remaining sulfated steroids. The hydrolyzed sulfoconjugates are then separated chromatographically and measured in a manner identical to their unconjugated counterparts. The combined measurement of these eight steroids in single samples of fetal and maternal ovine plasma has not been reported previously, and plasma concentrations of these steroids were heretofore unknown. Since no previous data was available for comparison, rigorous specificity evaluation of this RIA system was required prior to its use for physiologic studies and the reporting of concentrations in this species.
Electrophysiologic studies in patients with bundle branch block

A total of 401 patients with chronic bundle branch block underwent electrophysiologic studies and were followed for a mean of approximately 30 months. Patients with an infranodal conduction time (H-Q) greater than or equal to 70 ms had a significantly higher incidence of progression to spontaneous second-degree or third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block (12%) compared with those with H-Q less than 70 ms (3.5%). The incidence of AV block was 25% for those with H-Q greater than or equal to 100 ms. Although the incidences of all deaths and cardiac deaths were higher for the H-Q greater than or equal to 70 ms group, there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of sudden deaths in the two groups. A subgroup of 77 patients underwent prophylactic pacemaker insertion based on the presence of transient neurologic symptoms and/or a prolonged H-Q interval. We found no significant difference in the incidence of relief of symptoms or incidence of cardiac or sudden deaths between paced and unpaced groups. A subgroup of 25 patients with syncope underwent ventricular stimulation studies and ventricular tachycardia was induced in 14. We conclude that a markedly prolonged H-Q interval (greater than or equal to 100 ms) may be of value in detection of spontaneous AV block. Prophylactic pacing is of no value in either relief of symptoms or prolongation of life. Complete electrophysiologic studies, including ventricular stimulation studies, are indicated for patients with bundle branch block and syncope.
CFD simulations of CAP-bubbly two-phase flows using two-group interfacial area transport equation

Knowledge of cap-bubbly flows is of great interest due to its role in understanding of flow regime transition from bubbly to slug or churn-turbulent flow. One of the key characteristics of such flows is the existence of bubbles in different sizes and shapes associated with their distinctive dynamic natures. This important feature is, however, generally not well captured by available two-phase flow models. In view of this, a modified two-fluid model, namely a three-field two-fluid model, is proposed. In this model, bubbles are categorized into two groups, i.e., spherical/distorted bubbles as Group-1 while cap/churn-turbulent bubbles as Group-2. A two-group interfacial area transport equation (IATE) is implemented to describe the dynamic changes of interfacial structure in each group, resulting from intra- and inter-group interactions and phase changes due to evaporation and condensation. Attention is also paid to the appropriate constitutive relations of the interfacial transfers due to mechanical and thermal non-equilibrium between different fields. The proposed three-field two-fluid model is used to predict the phase distributions of adiabatic air-water flows in a narrow rectangular duct. Good agreement between the simulation results from the proposed model and relevant experimental data indicates that the proposed model may be used as a reliable computational tool for two-phase flow simulations in narrow rectangular flow geometry.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Making Non-Citizens: Consequences of Administrative Centralization in Tocqueville's Old Regime

“Individualism” as a deliberate indifference to public life and to the responsibilities of active citizenship was first described in Tocqueville's Democracy in America. That discussion has often been taken to mean that this indifference is an inevitable consequence of modem democracy. Yet the mainly theoretical treatment of the problem in Democracy does not make such a strong claim, and should be read more as a warning of a possible danger than as a statement of a necessary result. The creation of an ethos of individualism as a substitute for citizenship is first fully described in Tocqueville's late work on the prerevolutionary regime in France. There he shows that incapacity for citizenship emerged less from the march toward equality than from the resort to highly centralized administrative methods as an instrument of modernizing reform. Tocqueville's argument in The Old Regime and the Revolution should be regarded as an essential component of his political science and, in particular, as a powerful study of the consequences for democracy of administrative centralization. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Is governance being shared

Chief nurse executives from acute care general hospitals selected the "most professional/innovative" nursing unit in their institutions and indicated which level in the nursing hierarchy was responsible for selected activities and decisions about the content and context of practice on that unit. Responses from 220 executives raise interesting issues regarding the sharing of governance between administrators and staff registered nurses.
International aspects of computer communications

Abstract The current and predictable trends in international computer communications are outlined. The opportunities that arise through the use of these services are then discussed. The opportunities will not be grasped unless the problems connected with international communications are solved. The author discusses the need for the development of international standards, the development of payment systems for multifaceted international systems, the need for security and privacy of information, the tendency for companies to slow down innovation as a result of their sunk investments in present systems, and the barriers to the free flow of information imposed by national interests.
Pre-management of Entanglement Sudden Death

We report a summary of our work on management of entanglement sudden death (ESD) through initial conditions. ESD phases are shown for a generic two-qubit system that undergoes local but unbalanced amplitude damping dissipations.
On the Importance of Public Opinion

© 2012 by the American Academy of Arts & Sciences LEE EPSTEIN, a Fellow of the American Academy since 2006, is the Provost Professor of Law & Political Science and the Rader Family Trustee Chair in Law at the University of Southern California. She is the author, coauthor, or editor of 1⁄2fteen books, including Constitutional Law for a Changing America, 7th ed. (with Thomas G. Walker, 2011) and Advice and Consent: The Politics of Judicial Appointments (with Jeffrey A. Segal, 2005). Her current book project, The Behavior of Federal Judges: A Theoretical and Empirical Study of Rational Choice (with William M. Landes and Richard A. Posner), will be published in late 2012. “The president’s job approval rating is up”; “50 percent of Americans believe that their taxes will increase in the next year”; “The incumbent senator is the projected winner by a 2-1 margin.” This is how most of us follow and understand public opinion: through survey and election results that seem to be everywhere. But there is much more to public opinion than a percentage or an outcome reported in a headline, posted on a website, or tweeted, emailed, or texted. The authors in this issue speak to the “much more.” How do we learn about public opinion, and what does it tell us? These are the questions considered in our 1⁄2rst four essays. D. James Greiner and Kevin Quinn begin the volume with a fascinating glimpse into the world of polling, especially exit polls. Greiner, an expert on voting rights, and Quinn, a political scientist with expertise in statistical methodology, are uniquely poised commentators. The two have conducted exit polls of their own–but that may be damning with faint praise. After the debacle in Florida with the 2000 presidential election, many of us are skeptical of exit polls. Greiner and Quinn share our skepticism, suggesting that exit polls “are most prone to fail when we most want them to work”–that is, in close elections. But this is not their only concern. In a day and age when conventional (telephone) and more au courant (Internet) polling techniques can provide vast amounts of information far more cheaply, Greiner and Quinn question whether exit polls will and should survive.
Gamma and alpha decay from the 2.1-msec isomer213mRa

The isomer213mRa was produced by the reaction209Bi(10B, 6n), as well as by bombardments of12C on Pb isotopes,14N on Bi, and16O on natural Hg, with projectile energies in the range 60–100 MeV. The isomer decays with a halflife of 2.1 ms both via gamma internal transitions and via alpha branching to levels in209Rn. A level scheme is proposed in which the isomeric state is assigned as either 17/2− or 13/2+ with shell-model configurations either of theh9/2 protons coupled to ap1/2 neutron hole, or of an uncoupledi13/2 neutron hole. On the basis of alpha decay rate predictions from the new Fliessbach theory, the 17/2− isomeric assignment is to be preferred.