cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transient Ceiling Jet Temperature and Velocity Profiles in the Presence of an Upper Layer: Comparison with Predictions by LAVENT and JET Computer Fire Models

Results of a scaled experimental study are compared with the predictions produced by the LAVENT and JET computer fire models. As in most large-scale fire testing, characterization of heat release rate (HRR) and accuracy of its measurement creates a lot of uncertainty for validation of these codes. Sensitivity of LAVENT results to the assumed radiative loss of 35% is examined by varying the total HRR which corresponds to varying the convective HRR. Comparisons show that LAVENT uses the wall-jet theory at its core for prediction of the ceiling jet flow and thus does not capture the ceiling jet profile well and overpredicts the upper layer temperature during the development of the layer. The velocity is generally overpredicted since the retardation of the jet momentum by the upper layer does not seem to be modeled accurately. JET has a better user interface and slightly different parameters, but does not provide ceiling jet profiles. The major difference between JET and LAVENT include the ceiling jet temperature and velocity algorithms, the fusible link algorithms, and the use of a variable radiative fraction as a function of fire size and type. Language: en
Bootstrapping in miniature language acquisition

Given the difficulties in learning meanings of words by observing the referent, it has been suggested that children use the syntactic context of the word to predict part of its meaning, a hypothesis known as syntactic bootstrapping. Semantic bootstrapping is the opposite theory that the knowledge of semantics helps in acquiring syntax. While there is evidence that children can apply their knowledge of correlations between syntax and semantics to perform bootstrapping, it is not clear how they come to know about these correlations in the first place. Here, a connectionist network is presented that learns to comprehend a miniature language by associating sentences with the corresponding scenes. In doing so, it learns the syntactic/semantic correlations and exhibits bootstrapping behavior. It is argued that such specialized phenomena can emerge when general mechanisms are applied to a specific task, and it is not always necessary to endow the learner with pre-existing specialized mechanisms.
Brightness of paired photic pulses with pulse duration and separation varied

The brightness of pairs of photic pulses, differing in pulse duration and pulse separation. was measured. The data were in general agreement with the neurophysiological model of Bishop and Clare. Pulse duration appeared to have little systematic influence on the shape of the curves. Time between onset of the first and second pulse appeared to be a prime factor determining the receptivity of the cortex to the second pulse. The two pulses were seen as single below about .03 sec separation. The second pulse was always judged brighter than the first.
Atmospheric aerosol backscatter measurements using a tunable coherent CO2 lidar

Measurements of atmospheric aerosol backscatter coefficients, using a coherent CO2 lidar at 9.25- and 10.6-micron wavelengths, are described. Vertical profiles of the volume backscatter coefficient beta have been measured to a 10-km altitude over the Pasadena, CA, region. These measurements indicate a wide range of variability in beta both in and above the local boundary layer. Certain profiles also indicate a significant enhancement in beta at the 9.25-micron wavelength compared with beta at the 10.6-micron wavelength, which possibly indicates a major contribution to the volume backscatter from ammonium sulfate aerosol particles.
Chronic disease control in public health practice: looking back and moving forward.

230 Public Health Reports / May–June 2004 / Volume 119 The origins of modern public health can be traced back to infectious disease epidemics of now uncommon diseases such as cholera, plague, and leprosy.1 As these diseases were controlled through a combination of improved sanitation and hygiene, the discovery of antibiotics, and vaccination programs, chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes became increasingly prevalent over the 20th century. In 1900, the three leading causes of death were pneumonia and influenza; tuberculosis; and gastritis, enteritis, and colitis. These diseases accounted for nearly one-third of all deaths. Today, heart disease, cancer, and stroke are the three leading causes of death, accounting for almost two-thirds of all deaths. These and other chronic diseases are characterized by a complex interaction of risk factors, a non-contagious origin, a long latent period between risk factor exposure and clinical occurrence of disease, a long period of illness, and multiple risk factor etiology.2 Among the 10 greatest public health achievements of the 20th century, five relate directly to the prevention of chronic diseases:3
An icy stare.

Polar latitudes have among the harshest of climates on earth, and those ill prepared for these extremes sometimes pay with their lives. Witness those who were bent on finding the northwest passage in the early 1800s. Explorers such as Parry and Franklin, among others, lost ships, supplies, men, and in some cases their own lives in their quest for a route to the orient. They simply weren’t well enough prepared. Surprisingly, some vertebrates prepare for such extreme conditions in a manner many would consider wholly inconsistent with life. These creatures allow up to 65% of their body water, including their eyes, to freeze over winter! Rana sylvatica , the North American wood frog, pictured on the front cover, is found across most of the northern tier of North America. While the range of this frog does extend south of Canada into the northeast United States and even further south into northern Georgia, its stronghold is the Canadian shield, extending northwest to include Alaska. It is the only frog found north of the Arctic Circle. This ectothermic anuran survives there—a feat that …
The changing institutions.

Public and professional interest in community-based care for persons with handicapping conditions seems to have reached equilibrium, and the new problems faced by those who provide institutional dental care should be scrutinized.
On the asymptotic behavior of large radial data for a focusing non-linear Schrödinger equation

We study the asymptotic behavior of large data radial solutions to the focusing Schrodinger equation iut+�u = −|u| 2 u in R 3 , assuming globally bounded H 1 (R 3 ) norm (i.e. no blowup in the energy space). We show that as t → ±∞, these solutions split into the sum of three terms: a radiation term that evolves according to the linear Schrodinger equation, a smooth function localized near the origin, and an error that goes to zero in the u H 1 (R 3 ) norm. Furthermore, the smooth function near the origin is either zero (in which case one has scattering to a free solution), or has mass and energy bounded strictly away from zero, and obeys an asymptotic Pohozaev identity. These results are consistent with the conjecture of soliton resolution.
Molecular interactions between cell penetrating peptide Pep-1 and model cell membranes.

We investigated the molecular interactions of a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) Pep-1 with model cell membranes using sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy, supplemented by attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Hydrogenated and deuterated 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (DPPG and dDPPG) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol) (POPG) were used in the experiments to represent gel-phase and fluid-phase lipid bilayers, respectively. Our SFG results indicated that Pep-1 molecules adopted a β-sheet conformation when adsorbed to the surface of gel-phase DPPG lipid bilayers. When interacting with fluid-phase POPG lipid bilayers, Pep-1 adopted a mix of α-helical and β-sheet structures over a broad range of peptide concentrations. The orientation distribution of the α-helical Pep-1 segment associated with the fluid-phase bilayers was found to depend on the peptide concentration. SFG orientation analysis showed that Pep-...
Liquid crystals at high dimensionality

At high spatial dimensionality, a hard-rod fluid undergoes a first-order phase transition from isotropic to nematic phase at relatively low density. The orientational distribution function in the anisotropic phase takes the form exp({minus}{alpha}(1{minus}{gamma}{sup 2}cos{sup 2}{theta}){sup 1/2}).
Tomatoes, lysophosphatidic acid, and the small intestine: new pieces in the puzzle of apolipoprotein mimetic peptides?

In this issue of the Journal of Lipid Research, M. Navab and colleagues describe their latest findings on the mechanism of action for apolipoprotein mimetic peptides. Besides having important implications in the design of future therapeutic peptides for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, this paper also adds to the growing evidence for the role of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in the pathogenesis of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis (1).
Statistical enhancement of gauge invariance

It is suggested that theories may acquire apparent gauge invariance from statistical effects.
Docking Motif Interactions in MAP Kinases Revealed by Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry

Protein interactions between MAP kinases and substrates, activators, and scaffolding proteins are regulated by docking site motifs, one containing basic residues proximal to Leu-X-Leu (DEJL) and a second containing Phe-X-Phe (DEF). Hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry was used to identify regions in MAP kinases protected from solvent by docking motif interactions. Protection by DEJL peptide binding was observed in loops spanning beta7-beta8 and alphaD-alphaE in p38alpha and ERK2. In contrast, protection by DEF binding to ERK2 revealed a distinct hydrophobic pocket for Phe-X-Phe binding formed between the P+1 site, alphaF helix, and the MAP kinase insert. In inactive ERK2, this pocket is occluded by intramolecular interactions with residues in the activation lip. In vitro assays confirm the dependence of Elk1 and nucleoporin binding on ERK2 phosphorylation, and provide a structural basis for preferential involvement of active ERK in substrate binding and nuclear pore protein interactions.
Primary electron influx to dayside auroral oval

Properties of higher latitude region of structured low energy electron precipitation in noon hemisphere, relating radiation with optical emissions in dayside auroral oval
Reviving “Muscular Christianity”: Gil Dodds and the Institutionalization of Sport Evangelism

About a century after its British origins, muscular Christianity was revived by American Protestant fundamentalists as they recovered from the religious depression of the 1920s-1930s. The muscular ...
EFFECTS OF INCREASED TRANSMURAL PRESSURES UPON ATRIAL AND VENTRICULAR RHYTHMS IN THE DOG HEART-LUNG PREPARATION.

The effects of increased transmural pressures upon atrial and ventricular rhythms have been studied in the heart-lung preparation of the dog. Increases in right-heart pressure resulted in increased sinus rates when the SA node was intact. When the SA node was crushed and an A-V nodal rhythm revealed, increased right-heart pressure resulted in more rapid A-V nodal rhythms in some preparations while shifts to more rapid pacemakers, adjacent to the SA node, were detected in others. Independent ventricular pacemakers emerged during periods of elevated pressure in every preparation in which the sinus node had been crushed. Left-heart pressure was increased by augmenting the systemic resistance, the minute volume, or both. In A-V dissociated hearts, epinephrine or metaraminol were administered to enable the generation of higher aortic pressures (above 150 mm Hg). During the periods of elevated pressure, new or increased pacemaker activity was seen in the independently beating ventricle. These results and others...
Nutrient retention and transformation in relation to hydraulic flushing rate in a small impoundment

SUMMARY. The fluxes of water, chloride, silicale and various forms of nitrogen and phosphorus into and out of a 3925 ha impoundment (Lake Taiquin) in north Florida were examined over a 3 year period. Annual hydraulic flushing rates for the lake varied by a factor of more than 2 during the study period and provided an opportunity to examine the effect of flushing rate on nutrient cycling within the lake. The results support the hypothesis that nutrient retention and transformation in lakes and impoundments with high flushing rates (> 1 year-1) are appreciably influenced by annual variations in flushing rates. Higher fractions of input silicate and total phosphorus were retained by Lake Taiquin during the years with average flushing rates (8 year-1) than during a year with abnormally high flushing rate (16 year-1). Nitrogen was not appreciably retained during any of the three study years, and thus N: P ratios in the lake outflow were higher than in the inflow. Phytoplankton productivity was appreciably higher (70%) during the year with the higher flushing rate, apparently in response to higher reactive phosphorus concentrations in the lake and perhaps to a higher standing crop of phytoplankton during that year. Reactive phosphorus and dissolved inorganic nitrogen inputs could account for only about 30% and 25%, respectively, of the phosphorus and nitrogen required to support observed photosynthetic rates in all three study years. Recycling of nutrients apparently accounted for most of the remainder, although nitrogen fixation could not be ruled out as a factor in the nitrogen budget.
A Hot-Melt Extruded Intravaginal Ring for the Sustained Delivery of the Antiretroviral Microbicide UC781

Microbicide intravaginal rings (IVRs) are a promising woman-controlled strategy for preventing sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). An IVR was prepared and developed from polyether urethane (PU) elastomers for the sustained delivery of UC781, a highly potent nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor of HIV-1. PU IVRs containing UC781 were fabricated using a hot-melt extrusion process. In vitro release studies of UC781 demonstrated that UC781 release profiles are loading dependent and resemble matrix-type, diffusion-limited kinetics. The in vitro release methods employed over predicted the in vivo release rates of UC781 in rabbits. Accelerated stability studies showed good chemical stability of UC781 in prototype formulations, but surface crystallization of UC781 was observed following long-term storage at higher UC781 loadings, unless formulated with a polyvinylpyrrolidone/glycerol surface coating. Mechanical stability testing of prototype rings showed moderate stiffening upon storage. The PU and UC781 had minimal to no impact on viability, tissue integrity, barrier function, or cytokine expression in the tissue irritation model, and UC781 was shown to be delivered to and permeate through this tissue construct in vitro. Overall, UC781 was formulated in a stable PU IVR and provided controlled release of UC781 both in vitro and in vivo.
Psychotherapy as intervention.

Intervening or intruding into the life of an individual is the implied agreement in the therapeutic process. The question is not whether to intervene but when, how, and when not to. Our conception and philosophy of mental disorder will determine the frequence and nature of our interventions. If our goal is therapy, we must determine where and how our interventions will accelerate and enhance the process of insight and change. We should not be restrained by preconceptions of theory unless the applications of these theories enable us to achieve our therapeutic goals. Recent developments in psychoanalytic theory encourage the use of more frequent and more active interventions in the therapeutic process. Rather than routinely waiting for an impasse or obstacle to be resolved by the patient, there is a greater tendency to move in with a variety of maneuvers to overcome these hurdles. The abandonment of the fiction of anonymity and the tendency to become more actively involved in the relationship as a participant observer, rather than simply as an observer, has necessitated a more detailed analysis of the role of intervention and its counter-indications. The teaching of psychotherapy would be accelerated if the therapeutic process were viewed in terms of a series of intermediate goals. Interventions are devices through which we achieve these goals.
Design and Experimental Study of Hydrocyclone in Series and in Bridge of Downhole Oil/Water Separation System

Hydrocyclone, as the core part of the downhole oil/water separation (DOWS) system, has been used for a long time. But some issues restricted it from extensive and long term utilization in terms of reinjection in the same oil well, offshore oil production and so on. The design in this paper solved the puzzle how to arrange the main devices and their flow channels in the comparatively narrow well bore. Some special ideas were designed to accomplish the function to get more handling capacity by connecting hydrocyclones in bridge and to obtain thicker rude oil by connecting hydrocyclones in series. Experimental study has been carried on which shows the hydrocyclones connecting both in series and in bridge can satisfy the corresponding application in DOWS. This study can arouse new efforts to separate more water in well bore than ever which can greatly decrease the burden of water treatment and gain more economic efficiency.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Water contact behavior and schistosomiasis in an upper Egyptian village.

Abstract Preliminary findings of a study of the role of microspatial behavior and local ecological circumstances in the persistence of Schistosoma haematobium infection in El Ayaisha village, Upper Egypt, are presented. Twelve types of water contact activities were studied in three cohorts of 274, 324 and 392 male students aged 5–16 during a 2-year period. Swimming and playing resulted in more frequent and intensive contact with potentially infective water and in more pollution of snail habitats with schistosome eggs than any other type of activity. Irrigation was probably not a major cause of S. haematobium infection in schoolboys and drinking water and fishing carried the smallest risk for this age group. Mapping and discriminate analysis of infection and transmission indicators revealed spatial associations between water contact, schistosome transmission and infection among the various age groups. The highest egg excretion rates in individuals and the highest prevalence rates were noted in the neighborhoods nearest to the canals. Water contact and contamination of water by the heavily infected school age boys is seasonally concentrated during the summer, when intermediate host snails and infective cercariae are also most common in the water. Frequency, type and duration of water contact change with age together with types of water bodies used, causing corresponding changes in exposure risk. Nevertheless, other factors, including acquired immunity, preexisting infections, chemotherapy and the effect of the study on the normal water contact behavior of the study population must also be evaluated. Contact with the Nile and the canals by the general nonschool population of El Ayaisha was studied to verify the observations among the schoolboys and to study socially linked activities and the transmission potential of the various transmission sites. Results are evaluated in regard to the feasibility of various schistosomiasis control measures in El Ayaisha.
Thrust sheet rotation and out-of-plane strains associated with oblique ramps: An example from the Wyoming salient U.S.A.

Abstract Movement over oblique thrust ramps results in local thrust sheet rotation and principal strains which deviate from the transport plane. Resulting folds, faults and deformation fabrics are superposed on those associated with displacement on frontal ramps. The South Fork thrust, a hangingwall imbricate of the Absaroka thrust sheet, SW Wyoming, has a steeply-dipping (~70 °). small-displacement (~300 m), oblique ramp in the hangingwall and footwall, which makes an angle of 25 ° to the regional transport direction. Two penetrative deformation events are recorded by folding, stylolitic cleavage, and calcite twinning strains in the deformed hangingwall and footwall. The first is E- to SE-directed layer-parallel shortening prior to or during motion of the Absaroka thrust sheet. The second event indicates NE-directed shortening unique to the oblique ramp, at a high angle to ramp strike. At the trailing frontal ramp-oblique ramp intersection, folds in the footwall and normal faults in the hangingwall reflect local strike-parallel shortening and extension, due to out-of-plane deflection of the wallrock during displacement. The out-of-plane strains arc consistent with those predicted by kinematic and mechanical models. In the hangingwall of the oblique ramp, cross-strike fractures and bedding are rotated ~30° counterclockwise about a vertical axis with respect to structural domains to the north and south due to differential displacement on the South Fork thrust. Stylolitic cleavage and caleite strains unique to the oblique ramp show a similar change in attitude indicating the rotation was the latest recorded stage of deformation. In general, if an oblique ramp is shallowly-dipping, the hangingwall may move from the lower flat, up the ramp, and onto the upper Hat. If an oblique ramp has a steep dip, as in the case of the South Fork thrust, relatively greater sliding and bending resistance may impede displacement up the ramp and upper flat. Further transport of the thrust sheet is then accommodated by footwall deformation and hangingwall rotation.
Plant species richness and species-area relations in a shortgrass steppe in Colorado

Plant species richness and species-area relations were examined for three landscapes (toposequences), each with a summit or upland, a midslope and a toeslope or lowland, in a shortgrass steppe in Colorado. The number of plant species in the largest plot size (0.16 ha) varied from 38 to 53. Neither the exponential relationship: s = a + b log A, nor the power function: S = cAz fit the data equally well in all situations. The processes acting upon species diversity here seem to operate at two spatial scales. The number of species in plots smaller than 3 m 2 was independent of the total number of species in the 0.16-ha plots and was constrained by the presence of the dominant bunchgrasses. Beyond 3 m 2 , species number in each plot size was a function of the total number of species in the 0.16-ha plot.
African American and Latino Perceptions of Cohesion in a Multiethnic Neighborhood

Although cohesive neighborhoods are associated with a wide variety of positive outcomes for residents, little research on neighborhood cohesion has been done in multiethnic neighborhoods. This exploratory study combines the administration of Buckner’s Neighborhood Cohesion Index to 50 Latinos and 50 African Americans, with semistructured qualitative interviews with 14 Latino and African American residents. Results from the quantitative cohesion measure indicate a moderate level of cohesion in the neighborhood, with Latinos having a significantly higher degree of attraction to the neighborhood as well as neighborly contact. An analysis of the qualitative interviews indicates differences between the two groups, although both groups agree that mutual aid and respect are keys to cohesion. Even with the social distance between ethnic groups, both groups are willing to work together to improve their neighborhood.
Blood Pressure Measurements in the Nursing Home: Are They Accurate?

To examine the accuracy of blood pressure (BP) measurements in the nursing home, a trained observer (physician) and nursing home staff (NHS) measured BP for 146 nursing home residents on two separate occasions. Using the physician as the reference standard for measuring BP, the NHS: 1) significantly underestimated systolic BP; 2) significantly overestimated diastolic BP; and 3) had a high frequency of terminal digit preference for zero. These errors resulted in the NHS misclassifying hypertension in 21% of patients.
Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation—A Novel Analgesic Therapy For Diabetic Neuropathic Pain

OBJECTIVE—To evaluate the use of percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (PENS) in the management of patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 50 adult patients with type 2 diabetes and peripheral neuropathic pain openface> 6 months duration involving the lower extremities were randomly assigned to receive active PENS (needles with electrical stimulation at an alternating frequency of 15 and 30 nz) and sham (needles only) treatments for 3 weeks. Each series of treatments was administered for 30 min three times a week according to a standardized protocol. After a 1-week washout period, all patients were subsequently switched to the other modality. A 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS) was used to assess pain, physical activity and quality of sleep before each session. The changes in VAS scores and daily requirements for oral analgesic medication were determined during each 3-week treatment period. Patients completed the MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) before and after completion of each treatment modality. At the end of the crossover study, a patient preference questionnaire was used to compare the effectiveness of the two modalities. RESULTS—Compared with the pain VAS scores before active (6.2 +/− 1.0) and sham (6.4 +/− 0.9) treatments, pain scores after treatment were reduced to 2.5 +/− 0.8 and 6.3 +/− 1.1, respectively. With active PENS treatment, the VAS activity and sleep scores were significantly improved from 5.2 +/− 1.0 and 5.8 +/− 1.3 to 7.9 +/− 1.0 and 8.3 +/− 0.7, respectively. The VAS scores for pain, activity, and sleep were unchanged from baseline values after the sham treatments. Patient's daily oral nonopioid analgesic requirements de-creased by 49 and 14% after active and sham PENS treatments, respectively. The post-treatment physical and mental components of the SF-36, the BDI, and the POMS all showed a significantly greater improvement with active versus sham treatments. Active PENS treatment improved the neuropathic pain symptoms in all patients. CONCLUSIONS—PENS is a useful nonpharmacological therapeutic modality for treating diabetic neuropathic pain. In addition to decreasing extremity pain, PENS therapy improved physical activity, sense of well-being, and quality of sleep while reducing the need for oral nonopioid analgesic medication.
Correlation and the Pension Protection Fund

In this paper, I use a stochastic approach to model the effect that correlations between pension scheme assets and firm values should have on the premiums chargeable by the Pension Protection Fund. In particular, I look at the effect on the aggregate premium that should be charged considering a representative universe of companies and their pension schemes. I find that ignoring the correlations, even if the volatility of pension scheme assets is allowed for, leads to potentially serious underestimation of the aggregate premium due.
Some methodological cautions in the use of the tolerance questionnaire

Both factor analysis and internal consistency analyses indicate that the items of the Tolerance Questionnaire do not form a unidimensional measure of an underlying construct. Implications of these findings are discussed. The importance of considering smoking rate, one of the scales' eight items, when interpreting validity correlations is emphasized.
Increasing visualization and interaction in the automata theory course

In this paper we describe how to increase the visualization and interaction in the automata theory course through the use of the tools JFLAP and Pâte. We also describe new features in these tools that allow additional visualization and interaction. New features in JFLAP include the addition of regular expressions and exploring their conversion from and to nondeterministic finite automata (NFA), and increasing the interaction in the conversion of automata to grammars. New features in Pâte include the display of a parse tree while parsing unrestricted grammars, and improved interaction with parsing and the transformation of grammars.
Trait Expressiveness and Marital Satisfaction: The Role of Idealization Processes

This study examined the processes that underlie the association between trait expressiveness and marital satisfaction. A total of 168 newlywed couples participated in a four-wave, 13-year longitudinal study of marriage. Cross-sectional and longitudinal path analyses suggested that expressiveness promotes satisfaction by leading spouses to engage in affectionate behavior and by leading them to idealize their partner. Expressive people formed idealized images of their partner because they brought out the best in their partner's behavior and because they interpreted their partner's behavior in a favorable light. The study extends previous research by showing that the benefits of trait expressiveness extend into the second decade of marriage and by providing a plausible explanation of the connections between trait expressiveness and marital satisfaction.
Integrated simulation of plasma surface interaction during edge localized modes and disruptions: Self-consistent approach

Abstract Edge-localized modes (ELMs) and disruptions remain a major concern to divertor plasma-facing components (PFCs) during normal and abnormal operation of future tokamaks. Of particular concern are the pulses of energy and particles that are transported during ELMs to the divertor surface. ELMs, therefore, can result in excessive divertor erosion and plasma contamination. A two-fluid model is enhanced to include detail atomic physics data for tungsten, lithium, and neon in multidimensional geometry to integrate core, SOL parameters, and divertor surface evolution (melting, vaporization, vapor cloud dynamics, etc.) using the HEIGHTS numerical simulation package. ELM mitigation using liquid Li surface and neon gas puffing are also simulated. Initial results indicate that a thin layer of Li ( 10 17 cm −2 ) is needed to prevent tungsten surface from melting during giant ELMs. Vapor impurity diffusion through the private flux region can be major source of plasma contamination during ELMs and could terminate the plasma in a disruption.
Effect of carbon nanotubes on phase transitions of nematic liquid crystals

Phase diagrams of multi‐wall carbon nanotube (MWNT)/nematic liquid crystal (E7) and buckminsterfullerene (C60‐I h)/nematic liquid crystal (E7) binary systems have been investigated by means of polarizing optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that the isotropic–nematic phase transition temperature (T NI) of the liquid crystal component was enhanced by the incorporation of MWNT within a small composition gap. A chimney‐type phase diagram can be identified in the MWNT/E7 mixture over a narrow range of ∼0.1–0.2% MWNT concentration. Upon substituting the nanotubes with isotropic fillers such as fullerene, the (C60‐I h)/E7 blend showed no discernible change of T NI in the same concentration range of the chimney of the MWNT/E7 mixture, suggesting a significant contribution of anisotropy (or the aspect ratio) of the nanotubes to the entropy of the system containing liquid crystal molecules. This enhanced T NI phenomenon may be attributed to anisotropic alignment of liquid crystal ...
Differences Between Teachers' Grading Practices in Elementary and Middle Schools

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in the grading practices of elementary and middle school teachers by measuring their responses to 53 scenarios that the authors designed to describe various student characteristics that may influence the grades that teachers assigned. A secondary purpose was to demonstrate a method based on Rasch's many-faceted measurement model for comparing grading practices and exploring differential item functioning across grade levels that teachers taught (J. Linacre, 1994). The authors used a clustered and stratified random sample of 234 public school teachers for the analysis. Results indicated that, in general, elementary school teachers assigned higher grades than did their middle school counterparts. However, item-level analysis revealed variation trends across the groups of teachers. The authors concluded that grade-level differences in grading practices may be linked to student behavior and effort.
Closing the engineering Gap

Narrowing the gap between our rapidly advancing knowledge and current practice is essential, but will take years. Perhaps the quickest and most effective way of achieving this goal is to embark on a formal program of updating and reorienting the skills of the most promising men now active in the fields of industry and education
Venous Malformations of the Temporal Bone: A common feature in CHARGE

• Retrospective review of medical and radiology records from databases of patients with CHARGE from three tertiary care academic medical centers. • Temporal bone CT of 20 patients with CHARGE were reviewed specifically to assess for venous malformations of the temporal bone. MRI was also viewed when available. Associated temporal bone abnormalities and clinical features were also noted. • Venous malformations of the temporal bone are a common feature in CHARGE that have not previously been appreciated. • While several case series have reported isolated venous anomalies in CHARGE patients, none have previously focused on defining the spectrum of these specific abnormalities and its implications in otologic surgery which these patients undergo. • In particular, collateral emissary veins of the temporal bone including posterior condylar veins, mastoid emissary veins connecting occipital or post auricular veins with the sigmoid sinus and petrosquamosal emissary veins of the temporal bone have been previously noted.6 • One report of patients with petrosquamosal sinuses included a 6-year old female with CHARGE. CT revealed inner ear anomalies and a hypoplastic jugular foramen noted on ipsilateral side of a transmastoid venous canal which joined the internal jugular vein.7 Others noted abnormalities in sigmoid sinus development and jugular bulb diverticulum.3,8 • Reports of skull base anomalies in CHARGE including abnormal basiocciput development and hypoplastic jugular foramen may suggest preceding developmental bony malformations leading to venous malformation, possibly as a compensatory response for required venous drainage.9,10 • Collateral emissary veins should be evaluated as part of the pre-operative assessment for cochlear implant surgery. CT of the temporal bone may reveal venous malformations that require pre-operative identification and possibly an altered surgical approach to mastoidectomy and/or cochleostomy as encountered in this series. • Such abnormalities may not be mentioned in the official radiologic report, so otologic surgeons must look specifically for these findings. Venous Malformations of the Temporal Bone: A common feature in CHARGE David R Friedmann, MD1 Lawrence R Lustig, MD3, John A Germiller MD, PhD5, Misha Amoils3 Christine M Glastonbury4, Bidyut K Pramanik MD2, Anil K Lalwani, MD1 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery and 2Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 3Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery and 4Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 5Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
INTRINSIC MAGNETIC MOMENT OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES OF SPIN 3/2

Fierz-Pauli's theory of spin-$\frac{3}{2}$ particles has been reformulated in a manner somewhat resembling the usual formulation of Dirac's equation for the electron. The discussion is simplified by complete reduction of the representation of the spatial rotation and reflection group by the field. The dependent variables can then be expressed in terms of the spin-$\frac{3}{2}$ field. The magnetic moment and the gyromagnetic ratio of "bare" spin-$\frac{3}{2}$ particles of charge $q$ and mass $m$ are found to be ($\frac{q\ensuremath{\hbar}}{2mc}$) and ($\frac{q}{3mc}$), respectively.
Leiomyosarcomas of the Extremities

Leiomyosarcomas are uncommon malignant neoplasms that rarely arise in the extremities. We report on the clinical characteristics of 17 cases seen at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center over a 32 year period. Most neoplasms occurred in the lower extremities, and most of the tumors recurred after surgery alone, with several late recurrences. The overall prognosis was grim, with a median survival of 24 months. More aggressive multidisciplinary approaches to this disease are warranted.
Synthesis and pharmacology of 1-deoxy analogs of CP-47,497 and CP-55,940

A series of 1-deoxy analogs of CP-47,497 (8 and 13, n = 0 to 7) and 1-deoxy analogs of CP-55,940 (9, n = 0 to 7) have been synthesized and their affinities for the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors have been determined. Although the majority of these compounds exhibit selectivity for the CB2 receptor none have greater than modest affinity for either receptor. The interactions of these 1-deoxy nontraditional cannabinoids with the CB2 receptor are discussed.
Many paths to methyltransfer: a chronicle of convergence

S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet) dependent methyltransferases (MTases) are involved in biosynthesis, signal transduction, protein repair, chromatin regulation and gene silencing. Five different structural folds (I–V) have been described that bind AdoMet and catalyze methyltransfer to diverse substrates, although the great majority of known MTases have the Class I fold. Even within a particular MTase class the amino-acid sequence similarity can be as low as 10%. Thus, the structural and catalytic requirements for methyltransfer from AdoMet appear to be remarkably flexible.
Compiler Support for Reducing Leakage Energy Consumption

Current trends indicate that leakage energy consumption will be an important concern in upcoming process technologies. In this paper, we propose a compiler-based leakage energy optimization strategy. Our strategy is built upon a data-flow analysis that identifies basic blocks that do not use a given functional unit. Based on this information, the compiler then inserts activate/deactivate instructions in the code to set/reset a sleep signal which controls leakage current for functional units. Our experimental results show that the proposed compiler-based strategy is very effective in reducing leakage energy of functional units.
Density-dependent habitat selection by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) in tallgrass prairie

Local distributions of avian brood parasites among their host habitats may depend upon conspecific parasite density. We used isodar analysis to test for density-dependent habitat selection in brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) among tallgrass prairie adjacent to wooded edges, and prairie interior habitat (>100 m from wooded edges) with and without experimental perches. Eight study sites containing these three habitat treatments were established along a geographical gradient in cowbird abundance within the Flint Hills region of Eastern Kansas and Oklahoma, USA. The focal host species of our study, the dickcissel (Spiza americana), is the most abundant and preferred cowbird host in the prairie of this region. Cowbird relative abundance and cowbird:host abundance ratios were used as estimates of female cowbird density, whereas cowbird egg density was measured as parasitism frequency (percent of dickcissel nests parasitized), and parasitism intensity (number of cowbird eggs per parasitized nest). Geographical variation in cowbird abundance was independent of host abundance. Within study sites, host abundance was highest in wooded edge plots, intermediate in the experimental perch plots, and lowest in prairie interior. Cowbirds exhibited a pattern of density-dependent selection of prairie edge versus experimental perch and interior habitats. On sites where measures of cowbird density were lowest, all cowbird density estimates (female cowbirds and their eggs) were highest near (≤100 m) wooded edges, where host and perch availability are highest. However, as overall cowbird density increased geographically, these density estimates increased more rapidly in experimental perch plots and prairie interiors. Variation in cowbird abundance and cowbird:host ratios suggested density-dependent cowbird selection of experimental perch over prairie interior habitat, but parasitism levels on dickcissel nests were similar among these two habitats at all levels of local cowbird parasitism. The density-dependent pattern of cowbird distribution among prairie edge and interior suggested that density effects on perceived cowbird fitness are greatest at wooded edges. A positive relationship between daily nest mortality rates of parasitized nests during the nestling period with parasitism intensity levels per nest suggested a density-dependent effect on cowbird reproductive success. However, this relationship was similar among habitats, such that all habitats should have been perceived as being equally suitable to cowbirds at all densities. Other unmeasured effects on cowbird habitat suitability (e.g., reduced cowbird success in edge-dwelling host nests, cowbird despotism at edges) might have affected cowbird habitat selection. Managers attempting to minimize cowbird parasitism on sensitive cowbird hosts should consider that hosts in otherwise less-preferred cowbird habitats (e.g., habitat interiors) are at greater risk of being parasitized where cowbirds become particularly abundant.
Testing for unit roots in autoregressive-moving average models of unknown order

SUMMARY Recently, methods for detecting unit roots in autoregressive and autoregressivemoving average time series have been proposed. The presence of a unit root indicates that the time series is not stationary but that differencing will reduce it to stationarity. The tests proposed to date require specification of the number of autoregressive and moving average coefficients in the model. In this paper we develop a test for unit roots which is based on an approximation of an autoregressive-moving average model by an autoregression. The test statistic is standard output from most regression programs and has a limit distribution whose percentiles have been tabulated. An example is provided.
A Performance Model of Direct Numerical Simulation for Analyzing Large-Scale Systems

In this work we develop, validate and use a performance model of the combustion code DNS3D that uses Direct Numerical Simulation to model turbulence in fluid motion. This is an important application area and is expected to use large fractions of future large-scale systems. From a thorough analysis of the code, its key computational characteristics are coupled with the performance characteristics of a parallel system using an analytical performance model that is parameterized in terms of key application and system aspects. The performance model is validated on two current systems, a multi-core AMD Opteron system with an Infiniband interconnect, and an IBM Power5+ system with an HPS interconnect. High prediction accuracies are demonstrated on these two systems. The model can be used to explore changes in the performance characteristics of either the application or of the systems, and in particular to examine the processing possibilities for DNS3D on future systems. We illustrate here how the model can be used to explore the impact of changes in the characteristics of either the system or of the application.
Chronic Ingestion Techniques for the Production of Physical Dependence on Ethanol

The study of ethyl alcohol abuse by man would be aided if animals could be induced to abuse alcohol in a like fashion. The history of attempts over the last few decades to produce a set of conditions which results in the oral overindulgence of alcohol has been rather disappointing. Transient large or sustained moderate intake increases have been demonstrated. However, no chronic, oral overindulgence model has emerged in which animals maintain high blood ethanol levels leading to physical dependence indices unequivocally attributable to the elevated ethanol intake.
Chemoprevention of tobacco smoke-induced lung tumors in A/J strain mice with dietary myo-inositol and dexamethasone.

Male A/J strain mice were fed AIN-76A diet supplemented with myo-inositol/dexamethasone (10 g and 0.5 mg/kg diet) or acetylsalicylic acid (300 mg/kg) and exposed for 5 months to a mixture of sidestream and mainstream cigarette smoke at a concentration of 132 mg total suspended particulates/ m 3 . After tobacco smoke exposure, they were allowed to recover for another 4 months in filtered air. In the animals fed AIN-75A diet alone or acetylsalicylic acid, the average number of tumors/lung was 2.1, whereas in the animals given the myo-inositol/dexamethasone diet, the average lung tumor multiplicity was 1.0 (P < 0.05). In animals exposed to filtered air, lung tumor multiplicities were 0.6 for animals fed AIN-76A or myo-inositol/dexamethasone and 1.2 for animals fed acetylsalicylic acid. It was concluded that the combination of myo-inositol and dexamethasone constitutes an effective chemopreventive regimen against tobacco smoke-induced lung tumorigenesis. Identification of chemicals that might prove useful in the prevention of lung cancer, particularly tobacco smoke-induced lung cancer, continues to be an area of intense research (1,2). Most putative chemopreventive agents are evaluated in animal models of lung tumorigenesis. During the last few years, the strain A mouse lung tumor assay has become the preferred tool for the evaluation of the effects of a large variety of agents. They include isothiocyanates (3), selenium compounds (4), steroid hormones (5), polyphenols (6) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (7). Lung tumors are usually produced by specific chemical carcinogens that are thought to play a crucial role in tobacco carcinogenesis, such as 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) or benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). A test agent is judged to be a potentially useful chemopreventive agent if treatment of the animals before, during or after carcinogen exposure significantly reduces the number of lung tumors (6). However, no animal model of tobacco smoke carcinogenesis has been used in such screening experiments. One reason might be that it is difficult to produce tobacco smoke-induced lung tumors in laboratory animals with high incidence, even in long-term experiments involving exposure to high levels of tobacco smoke (8,9). The lack of screening experiments involving tobacco smoke may have been partially responsible for some unanticipated results in
Disulfiram reactivates latent HIV-1 in a Bcl-2-transduced primary CD4+ T cell model without inducing global T cell activation

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can reduce plasma HIV-1 levels to below the detection limit. However, due to the latent reservoir in resting CD4(+) cells, HAART is not curative. Elimination of this reservoir is critical to curing HIV-1 infection. Agents that reactivate latent HIV-1 through nonspecific T cell activation are toxic. Here we demonstrate in a primary CD4(+) T cell model that the FDA-approved drug disulfiram reactivates latent HIV-1 without global T cell activation. The extent to which disulfiram reactivates latent HIV-1 in patient cells is unclear, but the drug alone or in combination may be useful in future eradication strategies.