cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systolic Ejection Time is an Independent Predictor of Incident Heart Failure in a Community Based Cohort Free of Heart Failure

Introduction: Cardiac time intervals are sensitive markers of cardiac dysfunction. The usefulness of the systolic ejection time (SET) to predict incident heart failure (HF), however, is unknown. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that SET is a strong predictor of incident HF in a community based cohort free of HF. Methods: We studied middle-aged African-Americans from the Jackson cohort of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study (n52,077) who underwent echocardiography between 1993 and 1995 and were free of heart failure. SET was measured by pulsed-wave Doppler. Results: The mean age of the participants was 59 years, 37% were men, 58% had hypertension, 22% diabetes and 4% prevalent coronary heart disease (CHD). SET ranged from 194 to 778 ms (mean 341 6 35 ms)(Figure 1). During median follow-up of 16.7 years, 394 (19%) had incident HF. In unadjusted analyses, the risk of incident HF increased with decreasing SET below the mean of the population (Figure 1); HF risk was approximately 40% higher for participants with a SET below the mean vs. above the mean (Hazard Ratio (HR) 1.41 [1.16; 1.73], p50.001). Lower SET was also significantly associated with higher age, male gender, higher blood pressure (BP) and heart rate, lower fractional shortening (FS) and lower E/A-ratio (p for trend ! 0.001 for all). The SETwas similarly prognostic of FS and left atrium diameter (LAD) when assessed by c-statistics (0.58 for SET, 0.57 for FS and 0.59 for LAD). SET remained an independent predictor of incident HF after adjustment for age, gender, heart rate, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, CHD, systolic and diastolic BP and conventional measures of systolic and diastolic function (FS, LAD and E/A-ratio)(HR 1.06 [1.01; 1.11], p50.013, per 10 ms decrease). Conclusion: SET is an independent predictor of incident HF in a community based cohort and provides similar prognostic information on the risk of future HF when compared to conventional measures of systolic and diastolic function.
Milieu-based neurorehabilitation in patients with traumatic brain injury: Outcome at up to 11 years postdischarge

Abstract Klonoff PS, Lamb DG, Henderson SW. Milieu-based neurorehabilitation in patients with traumatic brain injury at up to 11 years postdischarge. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:1535-7. Objective: To examine the rate of productivity and competitive activity in participants with traumatic brain injury (TBI) at a milieu-based day treatment neurorehabilitation program. Design: Follow-up data in a cross-sectional design sought from all admissions from May 1986 to May 1998 at 3 months and at year 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11. Setting: Outpatient milieu-based interdisciplinary day treatment program. Patients: One hundred twelve participants with TBI, representing 78.9% of TBI patients successfully discharged from the program. Interventions: Milieu-based interdisciplinary neurorehabilitation (mean length of treatment, 6.2mo). Main Outcome Measures: Productivity, defined as gainful employment, school, and/or volunteer work, and competitive activity, defined as work for pay or enrollment in school. Results: 88.4% of patients were productive up to 11 years after discharge, with 76.8% engaged in competitive activity and with no decline in productivity seen over time from discharge. Conclusions: A large majority of patients suffering from TBI are able to return to work or a productive life situation after milieu-based neurorehabilitation. Level of outcome did not significantly decline over an 11-year follow-up interval. © 2000 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Silicon in synthesis: stabase adducts - a new primary amine protecting group: alkylation of ethyl glycinate

Abstract A new silicon-based protecting group for primary amines has been developed. Its usefulness is illustrated in a simple synthesis of an alkylated amino acid derivative.
MO‐EE‐A4‐01: Quantification of Starting Angle Dose Biasing in Helical Computed Tomography

Purpose: In helical computed tomography, the x‐ray tube's starting angle determines the phase of sinusoidal‐varying dose profile. By tailoring the periodic dose profile's troughs to radiosensitive anatomy, 60% dose reductions have been achieved in computational studies. This range of doses due to different starting positions is characterized by measuring starting angle dose bias (SADB). SADB is an issue for precision in both physical and computational organ dose measurements. A novel methodology is introduced which provides direct measurement of SADB for different organ positions, organ lengths and beam collimation.Method and Materials: Expanding upon a mathematical derivation by Dixon et al, helical dose profiles were decomposed into axial and longitudinal dose profiles. Dose profiles were measured using a real‐time dosimetry system optically‐coupled to a water‐equivalent, point, scintillator positioned within a cylindrical soft‐tissue‐equivalent phantom and scanned with a Siemens Somatom Sensation 16. Results: SADB quantifies dose range from variable starting angle as minimum dose possible divided by maximum dose observed over an axial rotation. SADB ranged from 0.1755 for a 2 mm point detector located at the surface; to 1.000 for nearly any detector length located at isocenter. Increasingly isocentric positioning and longer detector length converged SADB to 1.000. Eye‐lens dose performed on a tissue‐equivalent phantom measurements agree within 2% to Monte Carlo‐predicted dose biasing calculated by Zhang et al. Conclusion: Dose reductions to specific organs can be achieved by manipulating the x‐ray tube starting position in helical CT. Current scanners from GE, Philips, Toshiba, and Siemens use a random starting angle without the ability to predict starting position, which limits available dose reductions and creates uncertainties. SADB quantification represents previously unaddressed uncertainty for measurements of organdosimetry, clinical exposure logs, and Monte Carlo simulations. This paper presents the first physical measurement of dose bias due to x‐ray tube starting angle.
On the relationship between the gas phase, condensed phase and theoretical spectra of alternant hydrocarbon anions

Abstract Using electron affinities determined by electron transmission spectroscopy, electronic transition energies are derived for the anions of styrene and naphthalene. Because these anions are unstable against autoionization, transition energies in the gas phase have not been previously determined. These values are compared with those found by optical absorption on the stabilized anions in solution and hydrocarbon glasses as well as theoretical predictions and the results from cation spectra. The low lying transition energies are in excellent agreement in all methods. The higher transition energies derived from the gas phase measurements are in poorer agreement. The role of the anion lifetime in determining the degree of electronic reorganization in these short-lived states is discussed. Finally, the implications of our results for the pairing theorem in alternant hydrocarbons is also discussed.
Radioautographic localization of the increased synthesis of phosphatidylinositol in response to pancreozymin or acetylcholine in guinea pig pancreas slices.

A technique is described for measuring the incorporation of myo-inositol-2-3H into the lipid of various regions of the guinea pig pancreatic acinar cell by radioautography. Stimulation of enzyme secretion with either pancreozymin or acetylcholine was associated with increased graining in both the basophilic cytoplasm and the nonbasophilic cytoplasm. Kinetic studies suggested that the incorporation of myo-inositol-2-3H was stimulated independently in the two regions. Most of the increment in graining due to stimulation with pancreozymin or acetylcholine plus eserine was abolished if the tissue was extracted with 2:1 chloroform-methanol before radioautography. On chromatography of lipid extracts of pancreas, the only lipid showing a detectable increment in radioactivity on stimulation with pancreozymin was phosphatidylinositol. Thus, essentially all of the increment in graining is likely to be due to increased incorporation of tritium into phosphatidylinositol. These studies, coupled with earlier studies employing differential centrifugation, indicate that on stimulation of enzyme secretion there is increased synthesis of phosphatidylinositol in the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and in the smooth-surfaced Golgi membranes. The significance of these observations is discussed in connection with membrane circulation presumed to occur in the pancreatic acinar cell on stimulation of protein secretion. It is suggested that the increased synthesis of phosphatidylinositol may be concerned with the formation of new endoplasmic reticulum and possibly Golgi membrane to replace that which is presumably converted to membrane of the zymogen granules during intracellular protein transport.
Can the ten-dimensional phase prior to Calabi-Yau splitting of the super-string phase generate the primordial entropy of the universe?

It is shown that the primordial entropy of the universe can be generated in the residual phase prior to Calabi-Yau splitting and following the passing to the field theory limit of the heterotic super-string in ten space-time dimensions, wherein matter is represented by either a radiative equation of state or the equation of state for stiff matter. Im feldtheoretischen Limes der 10-dimensionalen heterotischen Superstringtheorie last sich die Materie durch eine strahlungstheoretische Zustandsgleichung oder durch eine Zustandsgleichung fur starre Materie darstellen. Es wird gezeigt, das sich die ursprungliche Entropie des Weltalls in der Phase zwischen dem feldtheoretischen Limes und der Calabi-Yau-Spaltung erzeugen last.
Meaning and Practice of Palliative Care for Hospitalized Older Adults with Life Limiting Illnesses

Objective. To illustrate distinctions and intersections of palliative care (PC) and end-of-life (EOL) services through examples from case-centered data of older adults cared for during a four-year ethnographic study of an acute care hospital palliative care consultation service. Methods. Qualitative narrative and thematic analysis. Results. Description of four practice paradigms (EOL transitions, prognostic uncertainty, discharge planning, and patient/family values and preferences) and identification of the underlying structure and communication patterns of PC consultation services common to them. Conclusions. Consistent with reports by other researchers, study data support the need to move beyond equating PC with hospice or EOL care and the notion that EOL is a well-demarcated period of time before death. If professional health care providers assume that PC services are limited to assisting with and helping patients and families prepare for dying, they miss opportunities to provide care considered important to older individuals confronting life-limiting illnesses.
Resonant two-color detachment of H − with excitation of H( n =2)

The cross sections for resonant two-color, two-photon detachment of H[sup [minus]] with excitation of the degenerate H(2[ital s]) and H(2[ital p]) levels are calculated within a semiempirical adiabatic hyperspherical representation. The first photon, with energy [omega][sub 1]=0.4017 a.u., is resonant with the well-known Feshback [sup 1][ital P[ital o]] resonance below the H([ital n]=2) threshold. The second photon, with energy [omega][sub 2][ge]0.126 05 a.u., scans the energy region above the H([ital n]=2) threshold over which long-range dipole-field-induced cross-section oscillations are predicted to occur. Such Gailitis-Damburg oscillations have not yet been observed experimentally. Results for various pairs of light polarization for the two photons are presented. Our resonant two-color, two-photon detachment cross sections are 8--9 orders of magnitude greater than the corresponding nonresonant, single-color, two-photon detachment cross sections obtained by Liu, Du, and Starace [Phys. Rev. A 43, 5891 (1991)]. Unmistakable evidence of long-range dipole-field effects is presented over the 5-meV energy range above the H([ital n]=2) threshold. Furthermore, the differential cross sections for right- and left-circularly polarized, copropagating photons and especially the circular dichroism differential cross sections are shown to have nearly a full cycle of a greatly enhanced dipole-field-induced oscillation extending over the region from threshold to [approx]34 meV above.
Inductive power transfer by means of multiple frequencies in the magnetic link

In this paper we explore the concept of transmitting and receiving power wirelessly at multiple frequencies. This proposed frequency multiplex is achieved by using multi-resonant tanks at the transmitter and receiver to amplify and extract power at multiple frequencies. Frequency multiplexed IPT system is a new concept that has numerous advantages over the state of the art: (1) low switching frequency converters can be used to drive high-frequency IPT systems, (2) emission standards may become easier to meet by spreading the power transfer over a spectrum of frequencies, (3) single-frequency receivers tuned to different frequencies can be charged simultaneously even though their coils are at close proximity and mutually coupled, etc. In this paper we develop the theory of source and receiver resonant tank design, and present the complete methodology for determining the system quality factor, effective resistance and power transfer at each frequency. We present a case study of a system that transfers equal amounts of power at 25 kHz and 75 kHz through simulations and experiments.
Motivating Salespeople to Sell New Products: The Relative Influence of Attitudes, Subjective Norms, and Self-Efficacy

Abstract This research explores the relative influence of salespeople's attitudes toward selling a new product, perceptions of subjective norms, and self-efficacy on the development of selling intentions and, ultimately, the success of a new product launch. The longitudinal study employs a nonlinear growth curve model that leverages survey data from industrial salespeople and objective performance records of their daily sales during the first several months in the market of two new products: a new-to-market product and a line extension. By examining salesperson-level variance on new product performance, the authors suggest that managers should focus on increasing salesperson self-efficacy and positive attitudes toward selling the product to build selling intentions and quickly grow new product performance. They also suggest that sales managers should resist the temptation to rely on normative pressure during a new product introduction. Not only are subjective norms less effective in building selling inten...
Are acidic polysaccharides involved in collagen fibril formation or stabilization

Abstract 1. 1. Fresh, unextracted, body-wall connective tissue from the sea anemone Metridium dianthus was proteolyzed and the total carbohydrate fraction quantitatively recovered after filtration on Bio-Gel P-2. The carbohydrate fraction, which contained 0.1% ribose, 1.1% fucose, 1.3% mannose, 9.5% galactose, 12% glucose, and 1.5% glucosamine, was examined chemically for the presence of the acidic components, sialic acid, hexuronic acid, sulfate, and phosphate. All of these acidic residues were analytically undetectable. 2. 2. No portion of the polysaccharide could be precipitated from solution by addition of cationic detergents, and the connective tissue stained orthochromatically with toluidine blue. 3. 3. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first reported example of a collagen-containing mesenchymal tissue that does not contain acidic polysaccharide. It is concluded that acidic polysaccharides play no crucial role in the process of collagen fibril formation or fibril stabilization in Metridium connective tissue.
Bacterial colonization and infection studies in the premature baboon with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Microbial colonization and infection patterns were prospectively evaluated in premature baboons with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) to assess if prolonged hyperoxia would predispose to a different pattern of microbial colonization and/or a higher risk of respiratory infection. Forty baboons were delivered by hysterotomy at 75%of gestation and randomized into two groups. Group I (control or PRN) animals were placed immediately on high-frequency oscillation at 15 Hz; I:E ratio 1:2, and changed to positive-pressure ventilation at 48 to 72 h. They were maintained on clinically appropriate oxygen at minimal ventilator settings for the remainder of the 21-day experimental period. Group II (oxygen-treated or BPD) animals were ventilated with PPV and FiO2 1.0 for 7 days followed by FiO2 0.8 for 14 days. All animals were treated with antibiotics during some portion of the 21-day course. Specimens from nose, oropharynx, trachea, and rectum were cultured for both aerobes and anaerobes throughout the ne...
Clinical Evaluation of the Relative Effectiveness of Multidose Crystalloid and Cold Blood Potassium Cardioplegia in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A Nonrandomized Matched-Pair Analysis

Abstract Controversy exists concerning the most effective method of myocardial protection during coronary artery bypass graft operations. Accordingly, we performed a matched-pair analysis between 25 patients receiving multidose hypothermic potassium crystalloid cardioplegia and 25 other patients receiving cold blood potassium cardioplegia. Patients were matched on the basis of preoperative ejection fraction (EF) and the number of anatomically similar stenotic coronary arteries. The adequacy of myocardial protection was assessed by serial perioperative determinations of radionuclide ventriculography, hemodynamic measurements, analyses of electrocardiograms, and serum levels of MB-CK. We found that the level of myocardial protection was similar between unstratified groups. However, when subgroups were selected on the basis of prolonged aortic cross-clamp time (> ninety minutes) or impaired preoperative left ventricular function (EF
In the Beginning: The Founding of Journal of Public Policy & Marketing

Thomas C. Kinnear is Eugene Applebaum Professor of Entrepreneurial Studies, Executive Director of the Samuel Zell and Robert H. Lurie Institute for Entrepreneurial Studies, and Professor of Marketing, Ross School of Business, University of Michigan (e-mail: tckinnea@ umich.edu). This essay contains personal reflections regarding the founding and first six years of Journal of Public Policy & Marketing (JPP&M). As such, it is subject to all sorts of errors in memory. I should have kept notes, but it never occurred to me that, 30 years later, I would be asked to reconstruct the beginning. In doing so, I will mention several key people. Unfortunately, space limitations prevent me from naming them all. I apologize to those not mentioned. I hope I have not made too many errors of omission and commission. What follows is my best recollection of the beginning.
Strain energy density criteria for dynamic fracture and dynamic crack branching

Abstract Dynamic extension of Sih's fracture criterion based on strain energy density factor, r c ( d W/ d V) , is used to analyze dynamic crack propagation and branching. Influence of the nonsingular components, which are known as the higher order terms (HOT) in the crack tip stress field, on the strain energy density distribution at a critical distance surrounding the crack tip moving at constant crack velocity is examined. This r c ( d W/ d V) fracture criterion is then used to analyze available dynamic photoelastic results of crack branching and of engineering materials.
Controlling chemistry with tailored, strong field laser pulses

Control of chemical photoionization, dissociation and rearrangement using tailored intense laser pulses.
A comparison of properties of trans-permethrin hydrolase and leucine aminopeptidase from the midgut of Pseudoplusia includens (Walker)☆

Abstract The potential involvement of the proteolytic enzyme leucine aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.1) (as indicated by the hydrolysis of leucine β-naphthylamide) from the midgut of the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), in the hydrolysis of trans -permethrin was investigated. Gel electrophoresis indicated that leucine aminopeptidase activity was correlated with trans -permethrin hydrolytic activity. However, the gel filtration profile of the enzyme responsible for hydrolysis of trans -permethrin overlapped with, but did not exactly match, that of leucine aminopeptidase. The activity of selected irreversible and competitive inhibitors, excluding the organophosphorus compounds, on trans -permethrin hydrolysis was very similar to that obtained in the present study and other studies on leucine aminopeptidase activity in other insects and mammals. These results suggest that while the enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of trans -permethrin and leucine β-naphthylamide are probably different, they have many properties that are similar.
Scalable Recommender Systems: Where Machine Learning Meets Search

This tutorial provides an overview of how search engines and machine learning techniques can be tightly coupled to address the need for building scalable recommender or other prediction-based systems. In particular, we will review ML-Scoring, an open source framework, created by the authors that tightly integrates machine-learning models into Elasticsearch, a popular search engine that is distributed, scalable, highly available with real-time search and analytic functionalities. The fundamentals and basic methods in information retrieval and machine learning will be explained. Accompanying the theory, practical examples will illustrate their applications with a series of hands-on exercises. These will demonstrate how to load a dataset into Elasticsearch, how to train a model in an external software framework such as Spark, Weka, or R, and finally how to load the trained models as a ML-Scoring plugins created for Elasticsearch.
Selective recognition of protein tetraserine motifs with a cell-permeable, pro-fluorescent bis-boronic acid.

There is considerable interest in novel cell imaging tools that avoid the use of fluorescent proteins. One widely used class of such reagents are “pro-fluorescent” biarsenical dyes such as FlAsH, ReAsH, CrAsH, and Cy3As. Despite their utility, biarsenicals are plagued by high background labeling and cytotoxicity and are challenging to apply in oxidizing cellular locale. Here we demonstrate that [(3-oxospiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),9′-[9H]xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl)bis(iminomethylene-2,1-phenylene)]bis-(9CI), a rhodamine-derived bisboronic acid (RhoBo) described initially as a monosaccharide sensor, functions as a cell-permeable, turn-on fluorescent sensor for tetraserine motifs in recombinant proteins. RhoBo binds peptides or proteins containing Ser-Ser-Pro-Gly-Ser-Ser with affinities in the nanomolar concentration range and prefers this sequence to simple monosaccharides by >10 000-fold. RhoBo fails to form fluorescent complexes with constituents of the mammalian cell surface, as judged by epifluorescent, confocal...
The Ability of “Low G + C Gram-Positive” Ruminal Bacteria to Resist Monensin and Counteract Potassium Depletion

Gram-negative ruminal bacteria with an outer membrane are generally more resistant to the feed additive, monensin, than Gram-positive species, but some bacteria can adapt and increase their resistance. 16S rRNA sequencing indicates that a variety of ruminal bacteria are found in the "low G + C Gram-positive group," but some of these bacteria are monensin resistant and were previously described as Gram-negative species (e.g., Selenomonas ruminantium and Megasphaera elsdenii). The activity of monensin can be assayed by its ability to cause potassium loss, and results indicated that the amount of monensin needed to catalyze half maximal potassium depletion (K(d)) from low G + C gram-positive ruminal bacteria varied by as much as 130-fold. The K(d) values for Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens 49, Streptococcus bovis JB1, Clostridium aminophilum F, S. ruminantium HD4, and M. elsdenii B159 were 10, 65, 100, 1020, and 1330 nM monensin, respectively. B. fibrisolvens was very sensitive to monensin, and it did not adapt. S. bovis and C. aminophilum cultures that were transferred repeatedly with sub-lethal doses of monensin had higher K(d) values than unadapted cultures, but the K(d) was always less than 800 nM. S. ruminantium and M. elsdenii cells were highly resistant (K(d) > 1000 nM), and this resistance could be explained by the ability of these low G + C Gram-positive bacteria to synthesize outer membranes.
Physical particles of the massive Schwinger model

Abstract The massive Schwinger model is considered in the infinite momentum frame. By assuming its physical particles consist of two fermion bound states, we compute a spectrum. For fermions with large bare masses, the method is reliable. For low-mass fermions, we find we must include states of higher fermion number to adequately describe excited states of the fundamental boson of the theory. We do this for the scalar state in the limit of small bare fermion mass. This representation of the theory provides a unified treatment of both the weak and strong coupling limits, remaining in the fermion representation throughout. We have checked our numerical results with exact calculations wherever possible, and find good agreement.
Photodisintegration of calcium to 62 MeV

Abstract The photoneutron cross section of calcium has been measured from threshold to 62 MeV using least structure analysis of the photon activation curve. The yield from the one-second activities, mainly due to the reactions 40Ca(γ, n)39Ca, 40Ca(γ, pn)38K∗ and 40Ca(γ, 2n)38Ca, was separated from the yield due to longer-lived activities. Six maxima in the cross section were evident above 26 MeV. The energies of the peaks were 28.3+−0.3 MeV, 34.7+−0.4 MeV, 43.1+−0.6 MeV, 48.2+−0.3 MeV, 54.6+−0.4 MeV and 60.0+−0.6 MeV. The cross section integrated to 62 MeV was 114+−15 MeV · mb with a contribution of 12+−7 MeV · mb due to the 40Ca(γ, 2n)38Ca reaction.
Early handling and maternal behavior: effect on d-amphetamine responsiveness in rats.

Abstract This study determined whether early handling and maternal behavior could influence the behavioral changes associated with chronic amphetamine administration. In Experiment 1, seven litters received early handling (rat pups were removed from the nest for 3 min daily during the first week following parturition) and 7 litters were undisturbed. At 105 days of age, male animals from non-handled litters showed a decline in rearings induced by 2.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine across 12 test days in a Y-maze but handled animals showed no such pattern. Handling had no effect on entries. In Experiment 2, four litters were handled and returned to a mother-present nest (H), 4 litters were handled and returned to a mother-absent nest 1 hr prior to reunion with the rat mother (HMS), 4 litters were separated from mothers for 1 hr (MS), and 4 litters were undisturbed (C). At 55 days of age, a handling (Groups H and HMS) effect on open-field activity was observed. At 75 days of age, male animals were injected with 0.0, 2.5 or 10.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine and tested in a Y-maze. At 2.5 mg/kg handled animals, whether maternally separated or not (H and HMS) showed no decline in drug-induced rearings; maternally separated animals whether handled or not (MS and HMS) showed fewer entries and increased body weight. However, only animals at 2.5 mg/kg from handled, mother-present litters (H) showed a retarded increase in stereotypy across 8 test days. These results indicated that behavioral manipulations early in life may influence responsiveness to d-amphetamine in adulthood, either directly or through associated changes in maternal behavior.
Capacitance Change in the Arterial System of Swine Induced by Starvation and Refeeding

Summary and conclusionsIn this experiment, hypertension was produced by a series of starvation-refeeding periods. Capacitance of the arterial system of swine, in vivo, was investigated by a pulse wave analysis. Changes in capacitance of the arterial system of swine were determined by a comparison of swine which had undergone a series of starvation-refeeding periods with animals on a normal, uninterrupted diet. A decreased capacitance (p < 0.001) was found in the arterial system of swine which had undergone a series of starvation-refeeding periods.Arterial blood velocity estimates were made for all swine and an increased arterial blood velocity was found in starved-refed swine which had decreased capacitance. Cardiac output was determined simultaneously with arterial pressure recordings. Results from this work indicate that decreased capacitance of the arterial system in swine is the factor responsible for diastolic hypertension in starved-refed swine.
The initiation of melanogenesis in the chick retinal pigment epithelium

Abstract Observations have been made on chick pigment retinal epithelium between 2 and 5 days of development. 2-Thiouracil has been demonstrated to be an effective agent for measuring the rate of melanin synthesis. Using [3H]thymidine and colcimid, we have found that the cells undergo a marked withdrawal from the cell cycle between 3 and 3.5 days of incubation in ovo, indicating that a majority of the population is synchronized. This withdrawal is followed, approximately 24 hr later, by a rapid rise in melanin synthesis from the basal level which first appears at approximately 3 days. 5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) has been used to determine the time at which melanin synthesis is initiated. When BUdR is administered as early as 2 days in ovo, it is incapable of blocking the appearance of basal levels of melanin even though the cells divide at least three times in the presence of this thymidine analog. However, BUdR is capable of delaying the rapid rise in the rate of melanin synthesis first observed at 4.5 days. This delay has been found to correlate, using [3H]BUdR, with a delay in the withdrawal of the cells from the division cycle. In pursuing the idea of a correlation between withdrawal and the rapid increase of melanin formation, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) was used. Histological and biochemical evidence suggests that those cells which have been prevented from dividing by FUdR increase their rate of melanin synthesis to the high level of the postmitotic control cells described above. Therefore, it seems that (1), in light of work done by others, the initial decision to make melanin is made prior to 2 days in ovo, and (2) the mechanism by which cells shift their synthetic capabilities to high levels of melanin production is withdrawal mediated.
Death and the Child: An Anterospective Test of the Childhood Bereavement and Later Behavior Disorder Hypothesis

Does parental loss through death in childhood have a long-term effect on a person, or is the experience generally normalized in a relatively short period of time? Our anterospective identification ...
Some field and laboratory studies on colloid-producing red algae in central California

Abstract Field studies were conducted in central California into various red algae which are potential colloid producers. From an original list of 19 species, 11 were collected seasonally and the colloids extracted. From these, only three had κ-carrageenan of quality suitable for media preparation and one species showed good quality agar for the same purpose. Field observations showed that in many species of carrageenophytes, gametophytes were more common than sporophytes, and that young plants were present throughout the year, though total biomass per unit area of each individual species did not fluctuate significantly with season. The abundance of gametophytes the κ-carrageenan phase) of Rhodoglossum affine (Harv.) Kylin and Gigartina leptorhynchos J. Ag. compared with the sporophytes was noteworthy. All life phases of two species of Gracilaria and Gymnogongrus linearis (C. Ag.) J. Ag. were harvested together. κ-carrageenan was identified in eight species in the family Gigartinaceae, iota carrageenan in Gymnogongrus linearis (Phyllophoraceae) and agar in Gracilaria sjoestedtii Kylin and G. verrucosa (Huds.) Papenf. (Gracilariaceae).
Rates of internal blackspot bruise development in potato tubers under conditions of elevated temperatures and gas pressures

Internal blackspot bruising was produced in Russet Burbank tubers by dropping a 150 g weight 40 cm through a slotted guide tube and incubating the tubers for varying time periods at temperatures ranging from 10 to 80 C. When potatoes were bruised following 1 to 5 months storage, those tubers incubated at 10 C required 48 hr for maximum blackspot development. Increasing the incubation temperature accelerated blackspot formation with an optimum response at 36 to 40 C. At 40 C tubers reached maximum discoloration within 6 hr. Bruised tubers were also exposed to combinations of varied temperatures and varied gas pressures of 0.3 to 2.1 kg/cm2 using air, O2, CO2, and N2. Pressurized air slightly enhanced the temperature effect at 40 C; pressurized O2 had no significant effect upon blackspot development, while CO2 and N2 inhibited blackspot formation. Blackspot bruises incurred in the field during harvest required a longer incubation period at a lower temperature than did bruises inflicted on tubers held in storage for 1 to 5 months.
A pilot study to modify the SF-36V physical functioning scale for use with veterans with spinal cord injury.

Abstract Luther SL, Kromrey J, Powell-Cope G, Rosenberg D, Nelson A, Ahmed S, Quigley P. A pilot study to modify the SF-36V physical functioning scale for use with veterans with spinal cord injury. Objective To develop a valid and reliable spinal cord injury (SCI) specific physical functioning (PF) scale for the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) version of the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey. Design A mixed qualitative and quantitative research design was used. In phase 1, a pool of SCI-specific PF items was generated based on focus groups with patients and health care providers. In phase 2, the psychometric properties of the SCI-specific PF scale were established. Setting A VHA SCI center. Participants The sample consisted of valid responses from 359 veterans with traumatic SCI who were seen at a VHA SCI center during the prior year (2002). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure Physical functioning in people with SCI. Results Exploratory factor analysis was conducted separately on respondents with lower neurologic-level injuries (paraplegia, 53% [n=190]) and those with higher neurologic-level injuries (tetraplegia, 45% [n=163]) and identified 9 items loading on 1 factor in both groups. These 9 items were included in separate item response theory (IRT) model analyses for each subgroup. Based on the IRT analysis, 1 item was eliminated, resulting in an 8-item, SCI-specific PF scale. Conclusions Although several of the items in the SCI-specific PF scale showed floor effects, particularly in people with tetraplegia, we found excellent reliability and strong support of convergent and divergent validity of the scale.
Noble-Gas Binary Mixtures for Closed-Brayton-Cycle Space Reactor Power Systems

The advantages and limitations of pure helium and noble-gas binary mixtures as working fluids for space nuclear reactor power systems with closed Brayton cycles are examined. Helium has the best transport properties, but its small molecular weight increases the aerodynamic loading of the impeller blades. The binary mixture of He-Xe with a molecular weight of 40 g/mol is the recommended working fluid because it has the same heat transfer coefficient as helium, but results in a significant reduction in the aerodynamic loading (10% of that with helium) and hence, in the size and mass of the turbomachines and the power system. The performance parameters of a power system with no single-point failure in reactor cooling, three independent closed-Brayton-cycle loops, and He-Xe binary-mixture working fluid (40 g/mol) are presented and compared with those reported for similar systems.
Schedule-induced polydipsia in desalivate rats as a function of percent free-feeding weight☆

Abstract Desalivate and control rats maintained at 80% of free-feeding weight were delivered 45 mg pellets on a fixed-time 1-min schedule for 14 sessions of polydipsia testing. Desalivate rats showed polydipsia immediately, but had lower asymptotic intakes than controls. Over the 14 polydipsia sessions postpellet bout size and frequency increased gradually in controls but remained stable in desalivates. Body weight increases to 105% of free-feeding weight over 21 additional sessions resulted in decreased intakes which were similar for desalivates and controls. In controls both bout size and frequency decreased as a function of body weight increases, while in desalivates only bout size decreased. The immediate acquisition of polydipsia in the desalivates was attributed to the prandial drinking pattern learned during postoperative recovery, whereas the attenuated levels of polydipsia were attributed to overhydration and consequent precise control of drinking bout size.
The Quality of Mercy: Social Health Insurance in the Charitable Liberal State

This paper has two, mutually supportive purposes: (1) to show that the modern economic rationale for universal social health insurance is consistent with the classical liberal understanding of property rights; (2) to show that the writings of the leading liberal sages—Locke, Smith, Mill, and Hayek—are congenial to programs economically similar to universal social health insurance, and, in Hayek’s cases, were specifically approving. It is hoped that these facts and reasonings, which are unlikely to be known in toto to those who do not normally study across the intersection of philosophy and economics, will encourage a dialogue that reasserts in a non-ideological way the neglected role of property rights in the health economic assessment of social health insurance alternatives.
GAP-43 augmentation of G protein-mediated signal transduction is regulated by both phosphorylation and palmitoylation.

Abstract: The neuronal protein GAP-43 is concentrated at the growth cone membrane, where it is thought to amplify the signal transduction process. As a model for its neuronal effects, GAP-43 protein injection into Xenopus laevis oocytes strongly augments the calcium-sensitive chloride current evoked by the G protein-coupled receptor stimulation. We have now examined a series of GAP-43 mutants in this system and determined those regions of GAP-43 required for this increase in current flux. As expected, palmitoylation inhibits signal amplification in oocytes by blocking G protein activation. Unexpectedly, a second domain of GAP-43 (residues 35–50) containing a protein kinase C phosphorylation site at residue 41 is also necessary for augmentation of G protein-coupled signals in oocytes. This region is not required for activation of isolated Go but is necessary for GAP-43 binding to isolated calmodulin and to isolated protein kinase C. Substitution of Asp for Ser41 inactivates GAP-43 as a signal facilitator in oocytes. This mutation blocks GAP-43 binding to both protein kinase C and calmodulin. Thus, GAP-43 regulates an oocyte signaling cascade via coordinated, simultaneous G protein activation and interaction with either calmodulin or protein kinase C.
Coupling the user interfaces of a multiuser program

We have developed a new model for coupling the user interfaces of a multiuser program. It is based on an interaction model and a user interface framework that allow users and programmers, respectively, to view applications as editors of data. It consists of a semantics model, a specification model, and an implementation model for coupling. The semantics model determines (1) which properties of interaction entities created for a user are shared with corresponding interaction entities created for other users and (2) when changes made by a user to a property of an interaction entity are communicated to other users sharing it. It divides the properties of an interaction entity into multiple coupling sets and allows users to share different coupling sets independently. It supports several criteria for choosing when a change made by a user to a shared property is communicated to other users. These criteria include how structurally complete the change is, how correct it is, and the time at which it was made. The specification model determines how users specify the desired semantics of coupling. It associates interaction entities with inheritable coupling attributes, allows multiple users to specify values of these attributes, and does a runtime matching of the coupling attributes specified by different users to derive the coupling among their user interfaces. The implementation model determines how multiuser programs implement user-customizable coupling. It divides the task of implementing the coupling between system-provided modules and application programs. The modules support automatically a predefined semantics and specification model that can be extended by the programs. We have implemented the coupling model as part of a system called Suite. This paper describes and motivates the model using the concrete example of Suite, discusses how aspects of it can be implemented in other systems, compares it with related work, discusses its shortcomings, and suggests directions for future work.
Thromboxane synthase expression co-localizes with infiltrating macrophages in renal allograft biopsies

Thromboxane synthase (TS) catalyzes the formation of the eicosanoid thromboxane (TxA 2 ), which is a potent vasoconstrictor and activator of platelet aggregation. It has a widespread distribution, including hemopoietic cells (platelets, macrophages, monocytes) and many tissues, such as lung, liver, kidney, and spleen [1]. Cultured renal cells including mesangial cells, tubular epithelia, and medullary interstitial cells have also been found to produce TxA 2 [2]. TxA 2 has been proposed as a potential mediator of cyclosporine nephrotoxicity in renal allografts. In this light, the TS inhibitor, CGS 13080, has been used to attenuate the decrease in renal function caused by cyclosporine, but with mixed results [4, 5]. In human renal allografts undergoing acute or chronic rejection, we found thromboxane synthase expression in cells which appear to be infiltrating macrophages or monocytes by morphology [3]. This study describes an immunohistochemical technique utilized to confirm whether parenchymal renal cells or macrophages account for this TS enzyme expression. This method is based in histochemical double-labeling technique utilizing the immunoperoxidase avidin/biotin system and two monoclonal antibodies: Kon 7 and KP1. Kon 7 is a mouse monoclonal antibody directed against TS [2]. KP1 is a mouse anti-human monoclonal antibody directed against the CD68 antigen present in a lysosomal fraction of human lung macrophages and identifies macrophages and other phagocytic mononuclear cells [6].
Modeling available 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in a tissue culture medium containing activated carbon

Clonal propagation of high-value forest trees by somatic embryogenesis can help meet industry needs for uniform and high quality raw materials. Low embryogenic tissue initiation frequencies for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) pose a limitation in work towards commercialization of this technology. At the time our research began most work on somatic embryo culture initiation in loblolly pine reported success in the range of 1–5%. Activated carbon (AC) has been reported to improve many tissue culture systems including embryogenic tissue initiation in Douglas-fir. To improve initiation frequencies in loblolly pine, the development of an AC-containing system was explored. In order to better understand the availability of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in initiation medium, we tracked media surface concentrations of free or available 2,4-D. Media containing 1/2 modified P6 salts, 1.5% maltose, 2% myo-inositol, case amino acids, glutamine, vitamins, and 0.4% Gelrite were modified to include 0.625 – 2.5 g l−1 of activated carbon (Sigma C-9157, acid washed) and 110 –440 mg l−1 2,4-D. Adsorption and availability of 2,4-D in AC-containing medium was tracked by C14 labeled 2,4-D present in surface moisture absorbed into filter paper. High correlations were found between
Ontogenetic changes in behavioural and histological measures of visual acuity in three species of fish

Vision plays an important role in the early life history of fishes. We investigated the ontogenetic changes in visual acuity of early life history stages of alewife,Alosa pseudoharengus, yellow perch,Perca flavescens and bloater,Coregonus hoyi, across a range of sizes. Acuities were determined through histological examination of the retinae of larvae. Reactive distances of larvae to prey were estimated through videophotography of their response to prey and were then converted to measurements of visual angle. Both measures of visual ability improved with size (age) for all species. When behavioural and anatomical measures of ability were compared as a function of size, the data indicate that fish are anatomically more capable of seeing objects than the behavioural response suggests. In two of the three species, the relationship between histological acuity and visual angle was not constant. These results may indicate that while vision may limit initial rates of encounter and feeding, increases in visual acuity mean that in older stages limitations on encounter and feeding are more likely to be behavioural. Furthermore, these results indicate that encounter rates based upon histological estimates of visual acuity will be greater than comparable estimates based upon reactive distances. We recommend calculation of encounter rates based upon reactive distances.
Method to budget and optimize total device overlay

We combine lithographic simulation, experimental data and statistical modeling to build a predictive estimator of total device overlay. To generate accurate predictions of total overlay, we include error estimates on lens image placement, CD control, reticle and exposure tool alignment. Instead of combining these errors in ad hoc root sum square fashion to make overlay estimates, we construct a physical model of the device and metrology marker edge placement processes. The model comprehends the differential placement of metrology structures and device features due to lens and illumination system asymmetries and is therefore applicable to the evaluation of arbitrary illumination and pattern geometry conditions. Since we attempt to model the relative placement distribution of specific device features, the model produces overlay estimates that are directly relevant for device performance. The comparison of our total overlay estimate to device overlay sensitivity data allows a projection of the overlay related yield loss for a given device, process and tools et. Finally, our model allows the process engineer to made informative choices on the optimum error sources to pursue for improving overlay.
The linear acceleration time integration method revisited

Abstract An unconditionally stable “two-node” finite element in time is proposed that can be used to integrate numerically the semidiscretized equations of motion of a continuous body. In analogy to the popular “linear acceleration” scheme [1,2], the proposed procedure may be termed a “linear displacement” algorithm for it is based on linear approximations of the displacement vector, x, within each time interval. On the basis of a rigorous mathematical analysis, it is shown that the algorithmic characteristics (i.e., accuracy, computational effort, etc.) are identical with those of the linear acceleration procedure. The advantages of the proposed technique over the assumed acceleration method [3] become evident in the case of higher order one-step time integration algorithms.