cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Standardization of the definition and measurement of the line length and fan angle of laser line generators

Three different commonly used methods of measuring the length and fan angle of a light line or a light fan produced by a laser line generator were analyzed, tested, and compared. One measurement method is proposed as the standard method, and the resultant 1/e2 intensity fan angle is proposed as the standard parameter to describe the line generator.
RECENT PROGRESS AND INDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCES WITH NONLINEAR MODEL IDENTIFICATION FOR MPC APPLICATIONS IN POLYMER MANUFACTURING

Abstract One of the most important areas for industrial Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) applications has been polymer manufacturing. This brief paper presents recent progress and some of experiences in NMPC applications from industrial practitioners. Several aspects leading to a successful project are covered. Issues and a wish list are also provided for discussion and future research.
Anomalous Susceptibility Due to Paramagnetic Impurities

Thermodynamic properties of a ferromagnet at $Tg{T}_{C}$ containing a small amount of paramagnetic ions (with spin \textonehalf{}) are studied theoretically. The exact form of the static susceptibility of this system just above the Curie point is given under the following assumptions: (1) The interaction between a paramagnetic impurity and the magnetic carriers of the ferromagnet is described by the usual $s\ensuremath{-}d$ type interaction. (2) Lorentzian decay of the fluctuating component of the magnetization of the host ferromagnet is valid at least for long time behavior of this component. (3) The interaction between impurities is neglected. (4) $k{T}_{C}\ensuremath{\gg}\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{q}}$, where ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{q}$ is the relaxation time of Lorenzian decay of the magnetization oscillating in space with wave vector $q$ ($q$ being limited to the first Brillouin zone). It is concluded that as $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{T}_{C}$ the impurities always decrease the total susceptibility regardless of the sign of the exchange integral between an impurity electron and the magnetic carriers. Thus, the naive picture based on the first-order effect of the $s\ensuremath{-}d$ exchange interaction is subject to a crucial modification at the critical spin fluctuation of the host ferromagnet.
Silage production and quality of pearl millet, sorghum, and corn hybrids grown from seed exposed to low doses of gamma rays

Just before planting, seeds of pearl millet, Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum., (formerly P. typhoides ) hybrid, “Tift 23 × li”, and corn, Zea mays L., hybrids “Coker 71”, “DeKalb 1214”, and “Pioneer 3030” were exposed to gamma ray dosages of 0, 0·15, 0·3, 0·6, 1·2, 2·4, 4·8, 9·6, and 19·2 kR. “FS26” hybrid sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench., seeds were exposed to gamma ray dosages of 0, 0·2, 0·4, 0·8, 1·6, 3·2, 6·4, 12·8, and 25·6 kR. In one 2-yr. experiment, pearl millet, sorghum, and Coker 71 corn gave respective dry matter yields of 12, 166, 6, 993, and 6,306 kg/ha and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) percentages of 45·7, 52·8, and 59·9. The heaviest exposures of gamma rays generally reduced yields of all species, and lighter exposures failed to increase yield significantly. Seed irradiation did not affect the quality (IVDMD) of the forage. In a 2-yr. corn hybrid experiment, DeKalb 1214 yielded 24% more dry matter and tolerated the heavy exposures of gamma rays better than Pioneer 3030 and Coker 71. None of the lower exposures increased yield significantly.
Health Practices of Statewide Wellness Conference Participants

Abstract Statewide wellness conferences modeled after Oregon's Seaside Health Education Conference are held in at least 25 states. The Great Potato Health Conference has been held in Idaho for 15 years. The primary purpose of this study was to assess the personal health practices of Great Potato Health Conference participants. The revised Martin's Index of Health Behavior, a 25 item instrument which assessed general health practices, was completed by 85 school district personnel prior to attending the conference and again three months and six months following the conference. A repeated measures one-way factorial analysis of variance was conducted to determine changes in health practice scores over time for conference attendees who were first time attendees and those who had attended one or more previous conferences. The results indicated that there was a main effect for previous conference attendance. Those subjects who had attended one or more previous conferences had significantly higher health practice...
Temporal distribution of strain in the active Banda orogen: a reconciliation of rival hypotheses

Abstract Integration of geological and geophysical data from the active Banda orogen reveals important variations in structural style with time that reconcile rival hypotheses for the tectonic evolution of the Banda arc. These variations indicate the temporal distribution of strain in the collision zone by vertical and horizontal structural restorations of the collision through time. In the western part of the collision (Sumba and Savu Islands) most plate convergence occurs at a very high strain rate within 20–40 km of the deformation front. This narrow zone of frontal accretion expands eastward toward Savu where it is part of a submarine accretionary pile over 150 km wide. In West Timor the accretionary wedge is internally shortened and emergent. Uplift of the forearc upper plate during this deformational phase causes its leading edge to detach and form nappes. The remainder of the forearc is overridden along backthrusts by the orogenic wedge. Various sites of intra-wedge shortening and some strike-slip motion may account for as much as 70% of plate convergence in West Timor. The distribution of plate convergence away from the deformation front into more internal parts of the collision zone is interpreted as a function of increasing frictional resistance at the base of the orogenic wedge. Resistance to orogenic wedge advance is attributed to an abrupt increase in basal decollement slope, decrease in pore-fluid pressures and increase in strength of incoming material. The combination of continued plate convergence and increased coupling in East Timor cause the wedge to move almost entirely with the lower plate along arc-directed backthrusts and backarc thrusts. Backthrusting eventually closes the Banda forearc basin entirely. These lateral variations in structural style along the strike of the Banda orogen are attributed to the kinematics of oblique collision, and structural and stratigraphic discontinuities of the Australian lower plate. Possible relationships between different structural styles and the temporal distribution of strain in the organic zone is constrained by structural restorations of the collision. The restorations demonstrate that each of the three different models (imbricate, overthrust and upthrust) used to characterize the structure of the western Banda orogen may be applied at various times during the arc-continent collision.
Effects of salt concentration on analyte response using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

The effect of salt concentration on analyte response using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was measured and compared to that predicted by Enke’s equilibrium partitioning model. The model predicts that analyte response will be proportional to concentration and that the response factor will decrease with increasing electrolyte concentration. The measured analyte response is proportional to concentration over four orders of magnitude when the electrolyte concentration is below 10−3 M, as the model predicts. The concentration of excess charge ([Q]) generated by the ESI process increases significantly at 10−3 M ionic concentration, but the response factor decreases at this concentration. Changes in shape of the spray that cause a loss of ion transmission efficiency may be the basis for the decrease in response. An increase in the analyte response factor with increasing electrolyte concentration is observed for electrolyte concentrations below 10−3 M. An explanation for this based on the electrical double layer is proposed.
Hearing and Believing

Speech-language pathology relies on auditory-perceptual judgment as a central tool for classifying and measuring a variety of disorders of communication. Over the history of the field, a great deal...
Bionomics of Conoderus rudis (Coleoptera: Elateridae): Newly Reported Pest of Sweet Potato

Conoderus rudis (Brown), was found in sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lamarck, fields in Tifton, GA. Adults were most active from September through October. Larvae were most abundant in August in ‘Jewel’ and ‘Red Jewel’ and in July in ‘Georgia Jet’ sweet potatoes. Larval populations decreased as the sweet potato growing season progressed. Few larvae were collected in nonbaited soil samples. Most larvae were collected from the upper zone (0 to 10 cm) of soil cores baited with wheat and corn seed. Diagnostic characters for identifying this wireworm species are reported.
New water-soluble phosphines as reductants of peptide and protein disulfide bonds: reactivity and membrane permeability.

Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) is a widely used substitute for dithiothreitol (DTT) in the reduction of disulfide bonds in biochemical systems. Although TCEP has been recently shown to be a substrate of the flavin-dependent sulfhydryl oxidases, there is little quantitative information concerning the rate by which TCEP reduces other peptidic disulfide bonds. In this study, mono-, di-, and trimethyl ester analogues of TCEP were synthesized to evaluate the role of carboxylate anions in the reduction mechanism, and to expand the range of phosphine reductants. The effectiveness of all four phosphines relative to DTT has been determined using model disulfides, including a fluorescent disulfide-containing peptide (H3N+-VTWCGACKM-NH2), and with protein disulfide bonds in thioredoxin and sulfhydryl oxidase. Mono-, di-, and trimethyl esters exhibit phosphorus pK values of 6.8, 5.8, and 4.7, respectively, extending their reactivity with the model peptide to correspondingly lower pH values relative to that of T...
Rivalry in Both Upstream and Downstream Markets: A Multimarket Competition Approach

In this study, we develop theory and examine empirical evidence regarding the implications of multisupplier contact (MSC) – a concept parallel to that of multimarket contact (MMC) but in reference to factor markets wherein two or more firms purchase input resources from more than one of the same suppliers. We predict that MSC can give rise to mutual forbearance in upstream (factor) markets, but only when the resources involved are relatively mobile. Further, we develop theory to predict that MMC in downstream markets has important implications for mutual forbearance in factor markets (upstream markets) as well as its more familiar implications in downstream markets. We test our theory with a sample of public electricity-generating companies competing in both downstream wholesale electricity markets and upstream coal supply markets and report strong support for most of our hypotheses.
The effects of culture conditions on prolactin and growth hormone production by rat anterior pituitary cells.

The production of PRL and GH by rat pituitary cell cultures was evaluated over a 9-day period in 20 commercially available media supplemented with 5% horse serum (HS) or 5% calf serum. The quantity of PRL produced by cells maintained in a-modified Eagle medium (α-MEM) containing 5% HS was consistently greater than that in all other combinations of media and sera examined. PRL production in α-MEM was increased from 4.7 to 8.1 μg PRL/25,000 pituitary cells during a 9-day culture (72% ↑) as HS concentrations were increased from 1.25% to 20% however, the rate at which PRL was released into the medium during culture was unaffected by HS concentrations above 2.5%. Maximum hormone production was achieved when pituitary cells were cultured at 37 C in CO2-NaHCO3-buffered α-MEM at a pH of 7.8. Changes in medium osmolality from 250 to 350 mosm/kg H2O did not significantly affect PRL secretion. Under the conditions employed in this study, rat somatotrophs did not significantly increase their original GH content durin...
Thermal stability of Candida antarctica lipase B immobilized on macroporous acrylic resin particles in organic media

Abstract Lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) has been exploited by many researchers for synthesis of a variety of organic compounds through esterification or transesterification reactions. Among the various immobilization media reported in the literature, the porous acrylic resin utilized in Novozym-435 has been widely studied. However, the thermal stability of free CALB and immobilized CALB (Novozym-435) in organic media at elevated temperatures for prolonged periods of time is largely unexplored. Here, we present the thermal stability and swelling of the Novozyme-435 in organic solvents (toluene and diphenyl ether) where the enzyme activity was quantified using an octyl laurate assay.
Comparative studies on the melanization response of male and female mosquitoes against microfilariae

Abstract The melanization response of adult male and female Aedes trivittatus and the black-eyed Liverpool strain of Aedes aegypti against intrathoracically inoculated Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae (mff) was assessed at 1, 3, and 5 days postinoculation (PI). The melanization reaction of males is significantly less effective than the response elicited by female mosquitoes. No mff in male A. aegypti and only 17% of mff recovered from A. trivittatus were fully melanized by day 5 PI compared with 80% and 100% complete melanization of recovered mff from A. aegypti and A. trivittatus females, respectively. A significantly greater percentage of mff retained their viability in males, and inoculation of heat-killed mff did not significantly increase the melanization response as compared with female mosquitoes. Males have significantly lower total hemocyte populations and hemolymph volumes than females, and the possible relationship of hemocyte numbers and reduced melanization capabilities in males is discussed.
An empirical investigation of the appropriateness of the product life cycle to municipal library services

A set of longitudinal data for each of 25 major U.S. cities was extracted from the U.S. Bureau of the Census publicationCity Government Finances. This was used to compute municipal libraries' market share of total city expenditures. The data were graphed and exhibited the characteristics of a product life cycle curve. The findings of the study suggest that the product life cycle concept can be usefully applied to non-profit public sector organizations. Specifically the findings indicate that library administrators should give serious attention to market stretching or recognize that decline in their market share in the next few years appears likely. It is also suggested that recognition of the product life cycle concept has implications for managerial strategy and skills in the library service, particularly in the field of personnel selection.
A New Monolithic Electrokinetic Pump With Bubble-Less Design

An electrokinetic micro-pump fabricated by a sol-gel process has been designed which can be used as a robust fluid-driving unit on a chip-scale analytical system. An overall monolithic silica matrix with morphology of micron-scaled through pores was formed within 100-μm inner diameter fused silica capillary. This pump utilizes electroosmotic flow to propel liquid solution with no moving parts. The Nafion® house design in the cathode chamber separates the electrolytic bubble interference from flow channels. The maximum flow rate and maximum pressure generated by the pump are 3.0 μL/min and 3.5 atm, respectively, at 6 kV. The flow rate can be controlled in the range 200 nL-3.0 μL/min by adjusting applied electric filed. As the monolith is silica-based, this pump can be used for a variety of fluids, especially for organic solvents such as acetonitrile and methanol, without swelling and shrinking problems. These results indicate that the pump can provide sufficient pressure and flow for micro-total-analysis systems (μTAS).Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Metal semiconductor (MES) TSVs in 3D ICs: Electrical modeling and design

TSVs are are separated with a thin dielectric liner from the lossy Silicon substrate, hence they behave as metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structures. They support slow-wave and dielectric quasi-TEM modes, which are characteristic for MIS transmission lines. This paper presents the electrical design and modeling of a new TSV type, called metal semiconductor (MES) TSV. In MES TSV, there is no dielectric liner between the metal and Silicon. We investigate the advantage of MES TSV, compared to standard MIS TSV, in terms of its capability to carry high frequency signals and reduce cross talk. We propose to use MES TSVs especially for ground TSVs.
Effect of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of a deformation processed Cu-20% Nb composite

The influence of H on the mechanical properties of a deformation processed Cu-20% Nb composite was analysed and compared with the results on similarly processed pure Cu and pure Nb. In this composite the matrix phase (Cu) is relatively resistant to H while the filamentary phase (Nb) is highly susceptible to H embrittlement. The results show that H, in an amount equivalent to that which causes embrittlement of pure Nb, causes no significant deleterious influence on the mechanical properties of Cu-20% Nb. Apparently the ductile Cu matrix creates a favourable stress state for the hydrogenated Nb filaments so that they are constrained from fracturing and continue to deform in a ductile manner.
Predictors of mental and physical health: individual and neighborhood levels of education, social well-being, and ethnicity.

Abstract This study examines how education benefits health through social well-being in Hawaii where the centrality of community life is underscored. The 2007 Hawaii Health Survey with linked zip-code information was used to investigate the effects of education at both individual and neighborhood levels using mixed-effects models. Geographic Information System was applied to map the geographical distributions of education, social well-being, and health. It was found that individual-level education benefits mental health and its effects are largely mediated by respondents’ employment status and their social well-being (social integration, social contribution, social actualization, and social coherence). Both individual and neighborhood-level education promotes physical health and their effects are partially mediated by economic well-being and two indicators of social well-being (social integration and social coherence). Results of this study suggest the independent effects of two levels of education on physical health and the importance of education and social well-being to both mental and physical health in the State of Hawaii.
Phenotypic differences in hiPSC NPCs derived from patients with schizophrenia

Consistent with recent reports indicating that neurons differentiated in vitro from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are immature relative to those in the human brain, gene expression comparisons of our hiPSC-derived neurons to the Allen BrainSpan Atlas indicate that they most resemble fetal brain tissue. This finding suggests that, rather than modeling the late features of schizophrenia (SZ), hiPSC-based models may be better suited for the study of disease predisposition. We now report that a significant fraction of the gene signature of SZ hiPSC-derived neurons is conserved in SZ hiPSC neural progenitor cells (NPCs). We used two independent discovery-based approaches—microarray gene expression and stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) quantitative proteomic mass spectrometry analyses—to identify cellular phenotypes in SZ hiPSC NPCs from four SZ patients. From our findings that SZ hiPSC NPCs show abnormal gene expression and protein levels related to cytoskeletal remodeling and oxidative stress, we predicted, and subsequently observed, aberrant migration and increased oxidative stress in SZ hiPSC NPCs. These reproducible NPC phenotypes were identified through scalable assays that can be applied to expanded cohorts of SZ patients, making them a potentially valuable tool with which to study the developmental mechanisms contributing to SZ.
Interrelationships between Rorschach and MMPI Scores for Female College Students

Incremental validity may be defined as an augmented predictive efficiency provided by additional data. Studies investigating the incremental validity of personality data as interpreted by judges have found that little additional information is generated subsequent to the initial data source. This phenomenon occurs regardless of the particular assessment techniques used. Since these studies have not separated test data from clinical judgment, an absence of incremental validity may be an artifact of clinical judgment. Only one study has directly compared Rorschach and MMPI scores from college students. Blanton and Landsman (1952) used a group Rorschach, found positive but uniformly low correlations with the MMPI, and concluded that the Rorschach and MMPI had different functions. Approximately 50 studies have examined selected RorschachMMPI relationships but are not included here due to heterogeneity of samples and differences among Rorschach scoring systems. The purpose of the present study was to examine the interrelationships betweeq Rorschach scores/ratios and MMPI scales. Rorschach and MMPI were individually administered to 95 female college students. Klopfer scoring was done for Rorschach location categories ( W, D, Dd, S), major deter
Dynamics of spin-correlated radical pairs in non-ionic surfactant solutions

Time-resolved (CW) electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (TREPR) has been used to investigate the diffusional dynamics of radical pairs created in micelles made from nonionic, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based surfactants (Brij-35, Triton X-100, and Cremophor EL). Photoexcitation of solubilized perdeuterated benzophenone (BP) at 308 nm leads to hydrogen atom abstraction by triplet BP from the surfactant chains. Spectral simulation and comparison to other PEG radicals shows that H-atom abstraction is taking place in the PEG outer shell of Brij-35 and Triton X-100 micelles rather than in the alkyl chain core. The TREPR spectra exhibit a temperature-dependent superposition of chemically induced electron spin polarization (CIDEP) patterns. In Brij-35 solutions, radical pair mechanism (RPM) multiplet polarization is predominant at room temperature, but strong spin-correlated radical pair (SCRP) polarization is observed at temperatures above 40 °C. In Triton X-100, the triplet mechanism (TM) dominates at all temperatures and delay times, with some evidence of S-T - SCRP polarization at longer delay times. The results are discussed qualitatively in terms of a spectral exchange model that uses spin product operators. Using known micellar dimensions, the diffusion coefficient of the radicals in the micelle interior and their escape rates can be estimated. Radicals of identical structure produced from pure PEG and aqueous PEG solutions show ordinary RPM polarization at all temperatures, and these spectra are used to confirm the photochemical mechanism and to provide characterization data (hyperfine couplings) for the radicals. The BP/Cremophor EL system was TREPR silent most likely because of triplet quenching impurities.
Perioperative blood transfusion and cancer recurrence: meta-analysis for explanation

BACKGROUND: Meta-analysis was used to explain disagreements across observational studies in regard to the association between perioperative transfusion and cancer recurrence. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Observational studies published in English from 1982 through 1994 were retrieved. Five or more articles published in complete form were identified for each of six cancer sites: colorectum, breast, head and neck, lung, prostate, and stomach. Necessary information for building a 2 × 2 contingency table could be extracted from 60 studies. Summary relative risks (RR) reflecting the “average” adverse transfusion effect were computed for each cancer site by the random- effects method. Seven study characteristics were examined as potential explanations for the disagreements among the published studies. RESULTS: Before any adjustment for the effect of confounding, computed crude summary RRs suggested a significant (p < 0.05) deleterious transfusion effect in all cancer sites, except for breast. The RR of an adverse outcome was 1.49 in colorectal cancer (95% CI, 1.23-1.79) and ranged from 1.06 in breast cancers to 3.62 in head and neck cancers. The disagreements among published studies were most marked in the case of colorectal and gastric cancers. These discrepancies could be explained, in part, by study design, because prospective investigations had not produced a significant unadjusted transfusion effect (RR = 1.18; 95% CI, 0.93-1.51 in the case of colorectal cancer). CONCLUSION: A reduction in the size of the computed unadjusted transfusion effect (of an appropriate magnitude to adjust for the effect of confounding) might eliminate the significance of the average adverse effect in most studied cancer sites. Whether the entire unadjusted transfusion effect should be ascribed to the effect of confounding or whether a true, deleterious transfusion effect also exists can be resolved only by randomized controlled trials.
Allatostatin-C reversibly blocks the transport of citrate out of the mitochondria and inhibits juvenile hormone synthesis in mosquitoes.

Aedes aegypti allatostatin-C (AeaAST-C or PISCF-AST) is a strong and fast reversible inhibitor of juvenile hormone III (JH III) synthesis by the corpora allata (CA) of mosquitoes; however, its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. AeaAST-C showed no inhibitory activity in the presence of any of the intermediate precursors of JH III indicating that the AeaAST-C target is located before the entry of acetyl-CoA in the pathway. Stimulation experiments using different sources of carbon (glucose, pyruvate, acetate and citrate) suggest that AST-C acts after pyruvate is transformed to citrate in the mitochondria. In vitro inhibition of the citrate mitochondrial carrier (CIC) mimicked the effect of AeaAST-C, and was overridden by addition of citrate or acetate. Our results provide compelling evidence that AeaAST-C inhibits JH III synthesis by blocking the CIC carrier that transports citrate from the mitochondria to the cytosol, obstructing the production of cytoplasmic acetyl-CoA that sustains JH III synthesis in the CA of mosquitoes.
DNA Methylation as a Mechanism of Nutritional Plasticity: Limited Support From Horned Beetles

Epigenetic changes to DNA, potentially heritable alterations above the sequence level, such as DNA methylation, are thought to underlie many instances of adaptive phenotypic plasticity. Our understanding of the links between epigenetic variation and adaptive phenotypic plasticity in natural populations is limited. If DNA methylation underlies adaptive responses to different nutritional environments, methylation patterns should be correlated with differences in performance across nutritional environments, and respond to changes in the environment. Additionally, genotypes that can cope with a broader range of nutritional environments are expected to have greater flexibility in methylation patterns. We tested these predictions using horned beetles (genus Onthophagus), which can cope with a wide range of variation in larval nutrition. We surveyed levels of methylation across several methylated loci in lab-reared beetles originating from natural populations using a methylation-specific amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. For less than half the of the loci investigated, methylation level was correlated with performance, measured as adult body size attained on a given diet, in different nutritional environments, with an overall greater effect in males (the more nutritionally plastic sex) than females. Methylation levels at most sites were influenced more by genotype (iso-female line) than by environment (dung type). Only 1 site (of 12) showed a significant genotype-by-environment interaction. Taken together, our results provide modest support for the hypothesis that DNA methylation underlies nutritional plasticity, as only 8-16% of methylated sites conformed to all of our predictions.
Sources of firearm acquisition among a sample of inner-city youths: Research results and policy implications

Results are presented from a survey of two samples of inner-city youths, male high school students and juveniles incarcerated for serious felony offenses, regarding their reported means of acquiring firearms. Both samples, especially the inmate group, report high levels of gun possession and gun carrying. The primary means of acquisition are reported as
Identification of srv, a PrfA-Like Regulator of Group A Streptococcus That Influences Virulence

We have identified a Crp/Fnr-like transcriptional regulator of Streptococcus pyogenes that when inactivated attenuates virulence. The gene, named srv for streptococcal regulator of virulence, encodes a 240-amino-acid protein with 53% amino acid similarity to PrfA, a transcriptional activator of virulence in Listeria monocytogenes.
Structure, sharing and preservation of scientific experiment data

In mesoscale meteorology, the quantity of information has increased significantly due to sophisticated data distribution schemes combined with developments in sensors and instruments capable of monitoring the lower several kilometers of the atmosphere at higher levels of resolution. This paper introduces myLEAD, a personalized information management tool for geoscience users. MyLEAD eases the data and information overload on the scientist by providing explicit solutions to the problems of structure, sharing, and preservation. This paper describes strategies within the myLEAD system to personalize data product and representation which ultimately leads to personalized workspaces and collaborative environments. We also include experimental results from some of the experiments that we conducted.
Introducing the Immunovirology Section of Journal of Translational Medicine

A new section of the Journal of Translational Medicine has been launched, devoted to promoting the field of Immunovirology.
Simple Sleep-Related Movement Disorders of Childhood Including Benign Sleep Myoclonus of Infancy, Rhythmic Movement Disorder, and Childhood Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep

The simple sleep-related movement disorders of childhood must be distinguished from childhood parasomnias. The simple sleep-related movement disorders are usually monophasic and do not seem to be goal directed. The parasomnias are often complex and seem to be goal directed, but the behavior is inappropriate and outside the conscious awareness of the individual. The simple sleep-related movement disorders of childhood include benign sleep myoclonus of infancy, rhythmic movement disorder, and childhood restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in sleep.
Functionally Different Agonists Induce Distinct Conformations in the G Protein Coupling Domain of the β2Adrenergic Receptor

G protein-coupled receptors represent the largest class of drug discovery targets. Drugs that activate G protein-coupled receptors are classified as either agonists or partial agonists. To study the mechanism whereby these different classes of activating ligands modulate receptor function, we directly monitored ligand-induced conformational changes in the G protein-coupling domain of the beta(2) adrenergic receptor. Fluorescence lifetime analysis of a reporter fluorophore covalently attached to this domain revealed that, in the absence of ligands, this domain oscillates around a single detectable conformation. Binding to an antagonist does not change this conformation but does reduce the flexibility of the domain. However, when the beta(2) adrenergic receptor is bound to a full agonist, the G protein coupling domain exists in two distinct conformations. Moreover, the conformations induced by a full agonist can be distinguished from those induced by partial agonists. These results provide new insight into the structural consequence of antagonist binding and the basis of agonism and partial agonism.
Modelling of stream fishes in the Great Plains, USA

Predicting species distributions has important implications for the conservation and management of freshwater fishes, particularly in areas such as the Great Plains, USA where human impacts have resulted in extirpations and declines for numerous native species. There are a number of statistical approaches for constructing distributional models; the accuracy of each is likely dependent on the nature of the environmental gradients, species responses to those gradients and the spatial extent of the modelling. Thus, it is important to compare multiple approaches across species and habitats to identify the most effective modelling approach. Using geographical information system (GIS) derived characteristics of stream segments as predictors, we tested the model performance of three methodologies - linear discriminant function analysis, classification trees and artificial neural networks (ANN) - for predicting the occurrence of 38 fish species in a Great Plains river basin. Results showed that all approaches predicted species occurrences with relatively high success. ANN generally were the best models, in that they generated the most significant models (35 of 38 species) and most accurately predicted species presence for the greatest number of species (average correct classification ¼ 81.1%). The importance of GIS variables for predicting stream fish occurrences varied among species and modelling techniques, but were generally strong predictors of species distributions, including the federally endangered Topeka shiner Notropis topeka. In summary, predictive models should be viewed as both competitive and complementary methodologies for establishing quantitative linkages between fish species and their environment. Our study demonstrates the potential utility of such an approach for guiding conservation efforts for stream fishes of the Great Plains, USA.
Validation of the Juhnke-Balkin Life Balance Inventory.

Life balance is an important construct within the counseling profession. A validation study utilizing exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression was conducted on the Juhnke–Balkin Life Bal...
Technical Note-Undiscounted Markov Renewal Programming Via Modified Successive Approximations

This note describes an efficient class of procedures for finding a solution to the functional equations \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} $$v^{*}_{i}=\max_{k} \biggl[q^{k}_{i}-g^{*}T^{k}_{i}+ \sum^{j=n}_{j=1}P^{k}_{ij}v_{j}^{*}\biggr],\quad 1\leq i \leq N,$$ \end{document} of undiscounted Markov renewal programming. First, for the special case of a single possible policy, the problem is proved equivalent to solving two related ordinary Markov chain problems, which leads to an algorithm for the general problem whose exact form depends on the specification of a decision rule for alternation of two types of iterations. At one extreme, the technique is exactly "policy iteration," with iterative techniques replacing solution of N equations for each improved policy; at the other extreme, the algorithm becomes essentially "value iteration," generalizing the method of successive approximations proposed by D. J. White for Markovian decision processes. The latter version of the technique is related to another generalization being currently proposed by Paul J. Schweitzer; the methods being proposed here, however, do not deteriorate when the minimum transition time between states becomes very small.
Formation of gap junctions by expression of connexins in Xenopus oocyte pairs

RNAs coding for connexins 32, 43, and the putative lens gap junction protein MP26 were tested for their ability to induce cell-cell coupling in Xenopus oocyte pairs. Large, voltage-insensitive conductances developed when connexin32 and 43 RNA-injected oocytes were paired both with themselves and with each other. Oocyte pairs injected with water manifested small conductances, which were symmetrically voltage-dependent. MP26 RNA-injected pairs displayed no conductances above control values. Unexpectedly, connexin43/water oocyte pairs developed high, asymmetrically voltage-dependent conductances, a property not displayed by the connexin32/water pairs. In single oocytes, these proteins remained intracellular until pairing, at which time the connexins, but not MP26, concentrated at the appositional areas.
Outcome and toxicity in relapsed hairy cell leukemia patients treated with rituximab.

Hairy cell leukemia is an indolent but progressive B-cell chronic lymphoproliferative disease. Purine analogs induce excellent responses as first-line treatment [1]. However, a considerable percent...
Induction of Multiscale Temporal Structure

Learning structure in temporally-extended sequences is a difficult computational problem because only a fraction of the relevant information is available at any instant. Although variants of back propagation can in principle be used to find structure in sequences, in practice they are not sufficiently powerful to discover arbitrary contingencies, especially those spanning long temporal intervals or involving high order statistics. For example, in designing a connectionist network for music composition, we have encountered the problem that the net is able to learn musical structure that occurs locally in time--e.g., relations among notes within a musical phrase--but not structure that occurs over longer time periods--e.g., relations among phrases. To address this problem, we require a means of constructing a reduced description of the sequence that makes global aspects more explicit or more readily detectable. I propose to achieve this using hidden units that operate with different time constants. Simulation experiments indicate that slower time-scale hidden units are able to pick up global structure, structure that simply can not be learned by standard back propagation.
REFLECTIONS ON LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE LEARNING: IN HONOR OF ARTHUR VAN ESSEN. Marcel Bax and Jan-Wouter Zwart (Eds.) . Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2001. Pp xxxiv+366. $110.00 cloth.

This heterogeneous collection is dedicated to the extensive contributions of van Essen to language pedagogy, among them nearly a half century of publications listed in the book's dedication. The volume comprises 25 contributions by 31 colleagues who collaborated with van Essen during the span of his career, and they are divided into four parts: the history of linguistics, essays (position papers), studies, and reports.
Effect of enteral nutrition on human pancreatic secretions.

The influence on pancreatic secretion of four enteral feeding products was evaluated in a unique patient with an isolated duodenal fistula for whom enteral feeding access was obtained via a gastrostomy with a small Silastic catheter passed through the gastrostomy and through a surgically created gastrojejunostomy. The patient was totally supported by intravenous nutrition during the study. Each enteral feeding solution was administered at full strength at 50 ml/hr for 2 days with a 24-hr collection of pancreatic secretions by the duodenal cutaneous fistula taken on the second day Infusion of the enteral feeding solutions did not alter volume of fistula drainage. All solutions decreased bicarbonate and amylase secretion but increased lipase and total nitrogen excretion. From this study, it would appear reasonable to administer Vivonex HN and Criticare HN via the jejunum in patients with pancreatic disease, whereas Osmolite would appear less satisfactory, due to its much stronger stimulation of lipase secre...
HAS MOBILE PHONE TECHNOLOGY HAD AN IMPACT ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD

Mobile phone technology has become increasingly pervasive in our modern world. Although it is something of a convenience in the developed world, it has the potential to serve as a means to improvement in quality of life in the developing world due to the scarcity of land lines and the prohibitive cost involved in the acquisition of this form of communication. This study will examine the possible effect of mobile phone technology in areas of Latin America, Asia, and Africa to determine a possible correlation between mobile phone usage, density and other secondary factors with quality of life as measured by the Human Development Index.
PS1-47: Primary Care Residents Highly Rate Simulated Diabetes Training

Purpose Simulation training is prevalent in aviation and engineering industries, but acceptance by medical providers is unknown. Our objective was to design and evaluate resident physician satisfaction with simulated diabetes training.
Tubulin superfamily genes in Tribolium castaneum and the use of a Tubulin promoter to drive transgene expression.

The use of native promoters to drive transgene expression has facilitated overexpression studies in Drosophila and other insects. We identified 12 Tubulin family members from the genome sequence of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, and used the promoter from one of these to drive constitutive expression of a transgene. The activity of the T. castaneum α-Tubulin1 (TcαTub1) putative promoter was pre-tested in conjunction with an eye-color gene, T. castaneum vermilion (Tcv), by transient expression in Tcv-deficient embryos. Such embryos showed complete rescue of larval eyespot pigmentation. We also examined the TcαTub1 expression pattern in germline transformants using the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter. Beetles transformed with this piggyBac-based reporter ubiquitously expressed EGFP at all stages.
Spatial and Resource Factors Influencing High Microbial Diversity in Soil

To begin defining the key determinants that drive microbial community structure in soil, we examined 29 soil samples from four geographically distinct locations taken from the surface, vadose zone, and saturated subsurface using a small-subunit rRNA-based cloning approach. While microbial communities in low-carbon, saturated, subsurface soils showed dominance, microbial communities in low-carbon surface soils showed remarkably uniform distributions, and all species were equally abundant. Two diversity indices, the reciprocal of Simpson's index (1/D) and the log series index, effectively distinguished between the dominant and uniform diversity patterns. For example, the uniform profiles characteristic of the surface communities had diversity index values that were 2 to 3 orders of magnitude greater than those for the high-dominance, saturated, subsurface communities. In a site richer in organic carbon, microbial communities consistently exhibited the uniform distribution pattern regardless of soil water content and depth. The uniform distribution implies that competition does not shape the structure of these microbial communities. Theoretical studies based on mathematical modeling suggested that spatial isolation could limit competition in surface soils, thereby supporting the high diversity and a uniform community structure. Carbon resource heterogeneity may explain the uniform diversity patterns observed in the high-carbon samples even in the saturated zone. Very high levels of chromium contamination (e.g., >20%) in the high-organic-matter soils did not greatly reduce the diversity. Understanding mechanisms that may control community structure, such as spatial isolation, has important implications for preservation of biodiversity, management of microbial communities for bioremediation, biocontrol of root diseases, and improved soil fertility.
Genetically engineered mouse models of mammary intraepithelial neoplasia.

Foci of atypical mammary epithelium have been associated with breast cancer in many species including mouse and man. The advent of targeted genomics has led to the creation of numerous genetically engineered mice (GEM)5 which display focal atypical lesions associated with mammary cancer. Some early lesions in GEM have a remarkable morphological similarity to pre-cancers in humans. While the malignant potential of atypical foci have been thoroughly documented in the non-GEM by tissue transplantation, a review of the literature reveals that precursor lesions in GEM remain incompletely described and only partially documented. Their validation as appropriate models of human breast preneoplasia awaits classical transplantation studies. Here, we review the literature characterizing early lesions of GEM models of mammary cancer, discuss the principles of the Focality, Atypia, and Association and present an introduction of mammary transplantation for model Validation.
Dehydrogenative Dimerization of Tin Hydrides Catalyzed by Ruthenium-Allenylidene Complexes.

Conjuring with conjugation: catalysis by ruthenium-allenylidene complexes has been observed for the conversion of tin hydrides into distannanes and dihydrogen. Alkyne or alkene groups (R) in conjugation with an aromatic ring are required for catalytic activity, providing an unusual example of control of metal-centered reactivity by a remote substituent.
Desert and Justice in Rawls

Rawls's theory of desert has been largely ignored by scholars. The present article considers certain of the theory's implications with, I believe, significant consequences. Specifically, the burden of the article is threefold: first, to show that, contrary to Rawls's own apparent understanding, the theory of desert must have implications for distributive shares; second, to show that these implications contradict those of the theory of justice itself, especially the difference principle; and third, to argue that this contradiction presents Rawls with an irresolvable conundrum.
Ellipses of constant eccentricity

A square of side length 2a, a > 0 is selected in the Euclidean plane. For each a > 0, two types of hexagons are constructed using the selected square. They are labelled type-1 hexagon and type-2 hexagon. For each a > 0, there are two type-1 hexagons and two type-2 hexagons. In relation to the selected square, they appear to be horizontal and vertical. The VKS ellipses circumscribe type-1 hexagons and type-2 hexagons. The construction of these two types of hexagons and the determination of the Cartesian equations of the circumscribing VKS type-1 and VKS type-2 ellipses form the main themes for this paper. The eccentricities of these VKS type-1 ellipses and VKS type-2 ellipses are also discussed. The author hopes that the construction of the hexagons and the ellipses will be useful to students in high schools and colleges.
BROADBAND INFRARED SENSOR FOR ACTIVE CONTROL OF HIGH PRESSURE COMBUSTORS

A sensor approach for monitoring water mole fraction and temperature uniformity in the exit plane of a high pressure gas turbine combustor is presented. The sensor, intended for use in an active control system, is based on infrared line-of-sight absorption measurements of water with a relatively broadband light source. Performance of the sensor was simulated using a computer model based on the HrTRAN/fflTEMP database for the infrared absorption of water. Specific regions of interest near 2.5 um were identified, based on their relative sensitivity to temperature. One region is relatively insensitive to temperature and permits monitoring of integrated water mole fraction across the exhaust. Two wavelengths, one with positive slope sensitivity and the other negative, are used to monitor the uniformity of the exhaust temperature profile. The linearity and sensitivity of the approach to uncertainties in the spectral shape and width, and the wavelength of the filtered light source are also presented.