cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asymptomatic individuals can increase the final epidemic size under adaptive human behavior.

Infections produced by non-symptomatic (pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic) individuals have been identified as major drivers of COVID-19 transmission. Non-symptomatic individuals, unaware of the infection risk they pose to others, may perceive themselves—and be perceived by others—as not presenting a risk of infection. Yet, many epidemiological models currently in use do not include a behavioral component, and do not address the potential consequences of risk misperception. To study the impact of behavioral adaptations to the perceived infection risk, we use a mathematical model that incorporates the behavioral decisions of individuals, based on a projection of the system’s future state over a finite planning horizon. We found that individuals’ risk misperception in the presence of non-symptomatic individuals may increase or reduce the final epidemic size. Moreover, under behavioral response the impact of non-symptomatic infections is modulated by symptomatic individuals’ behavior. Finally, we found that there is an optimal planning horizon that minimizes the final epidemic size.
Singularities of Script N = 1 supersymmetric gauge theory and matrix models

In = 1 supersymmetric U(N) gauge theory with adjoint matter Φ and polynomial tree-level superpotential W(Φ), the massless fluctuations about each quantum vacuum are generically described by U(1)n gauge theory for some n. However, by tuning the parameters of W(Φ) to non-generic values, we can reach singular vacua where additional fields become massless. Using both the matrix model prescription and the strong-coupling approach, we study in detail three examples of such singularities: the singularities of the n = 1 branch, intersections of n = 1 and n = 2 branches, and a class of = 1 Argyres-Douglas points. In all three examples, we find that the matrix model description of the low-energy physics breaks down in some way at the singularity.
Real-time Inverse Kinematics of (2n + 1) DOF hyper-redundant manipulator arm via a combined numerical and analytical approach

Abstract The task of solving Inverse Kinematics (IK) for redundant serial chain manipulators has been and still continues to be quite challenging in the field of robotics. Researchers from different fields have succeeded in solving the IK of different robot configurations for various applications. However, the challenge of computational efficiency still remains, in particular for complex robot configurations, to be used for real-time applications. This paper presents a novel, computationally efficient method of performing IK for general 2n + 1 (n is the number of joints) DOF manipulators with a spherical joint at the wrist. It uses the simplicity of analytical solutions to enhance the speed of numerical solvers that operate on each joint location individually. The problem of IK is approached as a constrained optimization, where obstacle avoidance and limit avoidance at joints are used as illustrations. The joint limitations are handled implicitly as boundary conditions for the numerical algorithm. The algorithm was executed and implemented on various paths for a 9 DOF arm and also simulated for a 13 DOF arm for generalization purposes.
170 Safety of nebulised hypertonic saline via Pari eFlow with Pari positive expiratory pressure (PEP) device in circuit for paediatric cystic fibrosis patients

Introduction Airway clearance techniques (ACT) are an important part of cystic fibrosis (CF) management. Nebulised hypertonic saline (HS) is recommended in CF patients to aid the clearance of secretions. Combination therapy of ACT and nebulised HS has been research in adult CF patients, demonstrating its safety. Aim To review the safety of performing ACT with nebulised HS in paediatric patients during an inpatient admission Method CF patients that were admitted to the ward that use positive expiratory pressure (PEP) for ACT and use HS as part of their daily routine were asked to participate. HS was administered using a Pari eFlow device with the Pari PEP in circuit. Combination therapy sessions were supervised by a qualified physiotherapist. Outcomes The primary outcomes being measured were significant adverse events, and changes to clinical observations pre and post sessions. The secondary outcome was a change to forced lung function tests at admission to discharge. Results Seven participtants were included ranging from 2 to 16 years old. Only one adverse event was recorded out of 60 observed sessions of combination therapy (0.016%). There was no statistically significant difference between pre and post session observations (p = 1.0). Lung function improved in all patients that were able to perform a standard force expiratory technique (n = 5) but was not statistically significant (p = 0.5). Conclusion Combination therapy is safe in paediatric CF patients. Some patients demonstrated an improvement of up to 30% in forced expiratory lung function tests. Due to low numbers of participants it was difficult to demonstrate a statistical significance.
What Is Critical Pedagogy

From multiple perspectives by numerous theorists, critical pedagogy is defined in this chapter. Critical pedagogy is a lifelong journey relative to class, ethnicity, power, gender, sexual orientation, and nationality. But how do the definitions translate to classroom practice? This chapter offers descriptions about how to rethink assumptions and classroom practices based on what we know about critical pedagogy. Prospective teachers through veteran educators are encouraged to reflect on teaching and learning practices and to expand their worldview. Also addressed is the vocabulary used in critical pedagogy. Definitions of terms conclude this chapter.
Multiple-Component Systems

This chapter moves from a set of simplifying assumptions to a fuller analysis including the density changes with solute concentration. It introduces more computing methods and moves seamlessly from analytical solutions to numerical ones to compare the results from increasingly complex cases. It focuses on some new ways of looking at the idea of mixing. It defines the holding time and uses this to construct a general non-dimensionalized solution for the tracer injection problem. After moving away from single component systems, there is the real possibility that the components will partition themselves in different parts of the vessel due to different densities, solubilities, or miscibilities. Partitioned systems are also referred to as “distributed.” That means that the properties are not everywhere the same over macroscopic length scales. To handle distributed systems, one typically has to choose a differential control volume, that is, an infinitesimal volume within the macroscopic system. Although partitioning is often encountered, and even though it may be advantageous in many cases, it is also true that many systems are either naturally homogeneous or are forced to be so by the action of vigorous mixing. When a system is homogeneous, it means that the density and concentration are the same throughout the control volume. This is referred to as the condition of being “well-mixed.” From the purely mathematical vantage, it refers to any system that can be described solely in terms of time as the independent variable.
Exchange rate pass through

Abstract This paper contributes to the debate over the extent to which changes in exchange rates are passed through to changes in import prices. A model of imperfect competition is presented and is used to estimate the impact of changes in the yen/dollar exchange rate and other factors on US and Japanese steel prices. A 10% change in the yen/dollar exchange rate is estimated to result in a 7.3% change in the prices of Japanese steel imported into the USA but to only a 1.9% change in US producer proces for steel. The small share of the Japanese imports in the US steel market can provide an explanation for that latter result. Both US and Japanese steel prices are influenced significantly by industrial activity in the USA as represented by the US index of industrial production, while US steel prices are also seen to be affected by changes in the costs of production.
A footprint-constrained efficiency roadmap for on-chip switched-capacitor DC-DC converters

This paper introduces a modeling framework to predict the efficiency scaling of switched-capacitor (SC) dc-dc converters under power density constraints. A reference power density metric is introduced under which SC converters are integrated directly on silicon using the available decoupling capacitance without increasing the chip footprint. An analytical model is then employed to predict the scaled SC converter efficiency, where it is found that the efficiency scales inversely with the product of the chip clock frequency and the MOSFET intrinsic delay. Through a derived numerical model of the SC power density, it is shown that a ∼ 0.5 W/mm2 SC density is sufficient to satisfy portable SoC power management needs with over 80% SC efficiency across the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors. This is at minimal area penalty by utilizing the nominally required 0.5 nF/mm2 decoupling capacitance for supply integrity.
CRSX - Combinatory Reduction Systems with Extensions

Combinatory Reduction Systems with Extensions (CRSX) is a system available from http://crsx.sourceforge.net and characterized by the following properties: - Higher-order rewriting engine based on pure Combinatory Reduction Systems with full strong reduction (but no specified reduction strategy). - Rule and term syntax based on lambda-calculus and term rewriting conventions including Unicode support. - Strict checking and declaration requirements to avoid idiosyncratic errors in rewrite rules. - Interpreter is implemented in Java 5 and usable stand-alone as well as from an Eclipse plugin (under development). - Includes a custom parser generator (front-end to JavaCC parser generator) designed to ease parsing directly into higher-order abstract syntax (as well as permitting the use of custom syntax in rules files). - Experimental (and evolving) sort system to help rule management. - Compiler from (well-sorted deterministic subset of) CRSX to stand-alone C code.
A wide input range active multi-pulse three-phase rectifier for utility interface of power electronic converters

In this paper, a wide input range active multipulse rectifier for utility interface of power electronic converters is proposed. The scheme combines a multi-pulse method using a Y-/spl Delta/ transformer and boost rectifier modules. A current control scheme for the rectifier modules is proposed to achieve sinusoidal line currents in the utility input over a wide input range of input voltage and output load conditions. A design example is included for a 208 V to 460 V input, 750 V/sub dc/, 10 kW output rectifier system. Input current THD is less than 5% for almost no load to full load conditions. Simulation results are shown.
The World Wide Web

Abstract This article provides a high-level overview of the World Wide Web in the context of a wide range of other Internet information access and delivery services. This overview will include client-side, server-side and “user-side” perspectives. Underlying Web technologies as well as current technology extensions to the Web will also be covered. Social implications of Web technology will also be addressed.
Carbon doping of In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As by MOCVD using CCl/sub 4/

The use of CCl/sub 4/ as a carbon doping source for In/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As grown by LP-MOCVD (low-pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition) has been investigated for In concentrations as high as x=0.53. P-type conduction was obtained over the entire composition range studied, with hole concentrations above 1*10/sup 20/ cm/sup -3/ for x >
Progressive Presentation of Large Hierarchies Using Treemaps

The presentation of large hierarchies is still an open research question. Especially, the time-consuming calculation of the visualization and the cluttered display lead to serious usability issues on the viewer side. Existing solutions mainly address appropriate visual representation and usually neglect considering system resources. We propose a holistic approach for the presentation of large hierarchies using treemaps and progressive refinement . The key feature of the approach is the mature use of multiple incremental previews of the data. These previews are well-designed and lead to reduced visual clutter and a causal flow in terms of a tour-through-the-hierarchy . The inherent scalability of the data thereby allows for a reduction in the consumed resources and short response times . These characteristics are substantiated by the results we achieved from a first implementation. Due to its many beneficial properties, we conclude that there is much potential for the use of progressive refinement in visualization.
Finding forms of flocking: evolutionary search in ABM parameter-spaces

While agent-based models (ABMs) are becoming increasingly popular for simulating complex and emergent phenomena in many fields, understanding and analyzing ABMs poses considerable challenges. ABM behavior often depends on many model parameters, and the task of exploring a model's parameter space and discovering the impact of different parameter settings can be difficult and time-consuming. Exhaustively running the model with all combinations of parameter settings is generally infeasible, but judging behavior by varying one parameter at a time risks overlooking complex nonlinear interactions between parameters. Alternatively, we present a case study in computer-aided model exploration, demonstrating how evolutionary search algorithms can be used to probe for several qualitative behaviors (convergence, non-convergence, volatility, and the formation of vee shapes) in two different flocking models. We also introduce a new software tool (BehaviorSearch) for performing parameter search on ABMs created in the NetLogo modeling environment.
Community Career Services--23 Years outside the Box.

The Community Career Services (CCS) program at the University of Missouri-Columbia provides one-on-one career counseling using graduate level counselors-in-training and has been in place since the fall of 1978. Community members, faculty/staff, students and alumni have access to Career Center resources such as career planning and job search strategies, graduate practice exams, mock interviews, resume/cover letter critiques and a wealth of printed resources and information through access to the Center's web site. This article discusses the original concept behind development of the program and provides a brief programmatic history. It also provides a demographic overview of the clients participating in the program over the last eight years as well as the benefits of CCS in terms of the community, university, Career Center and counselors-in-training. In addition, it discusses what marketing tools seemed to have been most successful and concludes with possible areas of growth for the program in its future.
Propagation of Hybrid Devils Hole Pupfish × Ash Meadows Amargosa Pupfish

AbstractRecent censuses of Devils Hole Pupfish Cyprinodon diabolis revealed that fewer than 100 individuals currently remain in the wild. Captive propagation is among actions being considered to prevent their extinction, but no pure-strain Devils Hole Pupfish were available for broodstock. To help provide emergency information, we investigated techniques to propagate their most closely related relative, hybrid Devils Hole Pupfish C. diabolis × Ash Meadows Amargosa Pupfish C. nevadensis mionectes. We tested various temperatures and larval feeds with respect to egg production, larval survival, and growth. Larval survival and growth were similar from 24°C to 32°C and egg production peaked at static 28°C; however, reducing water temperatures to 23°C and then raising them to 28°C resulted in even higher production. Larvae fed infusoria, Rio Grande Silvery Minnow Chow (RGSM), or Zeigler larval diet (ZLD) had the highest survival (79.4, 71.6, and 73.4%, respectively), and those fed Otohime (OTO) had the lowest s...
Anger, Exposure to Violence, and Intragroup Conflict: A “Lab in the Field” Experiment in Southern Israel

I examine how anger stemming from violence in the Israel-Palestine conflict influences intragroup retaliation. In July 2010 I conducted a series of experiments in two cities in the Southern District of Israel affected to varying degrees (high and low) by rocket fire from the Gaza Strip. For each experiment, subjects were partnered anonymously with a member of their community. They were then exposed to one of two emotional manipulations: one that induced anger or one that did not. Finally, each subject was given an opportunity to keep an endowment or allocate it towards destroying a portion, or all, of their partner's income (“pay to punish”) in retaliation for their partner having taken money from them previously. This decision to “pay to punish” was designed to closely mimic the costly nature of conflict. The findings suggest that anger has a conditional effect on decisions to pay to punish: in Sderot (most affected by rocket fire), anger decreases punishment, while in Ofakim (less affected), it increases punishment. Additionally, higher exposure to violence made subjects more likely to engage in negative reciprocity.
Inferring Unmet Demand from Taxi Probe Data

Matching taxi supply with demand is one of the biggest challenges faced by taxi fleet operators today. One of the reasons why this problem is so hard to solve is because there are no readily available methods to infer unmet taxi demand from data. An algorithm that reliably does so would be of enormous value to fleet operators because it could be used to dispatch available taxis to areas where passenger demand greatly exceeds supply. In this paper, we formally define unmet taxi demand and develop a heuristic algorithm to quantify it. We explain how our method improves on traditional approaches and present the theoretical details which underpin our algorithm. Finally, we develop a smartphone application that uses our algorithm together with a live taxi data feed to provide real time recommendations to participating drivers and efficiently route taxis to where they are needed most.
Cortical EEG frequency composition and the quality of apparent motion in man.

Human subjects were asked to rate the quality of apparent motion (beta motion) in trial-wise presentations of stimuli. The interstimulus interval (ISI) between presentation of two adjacent light patches was varied between 10 and 90 msec. EEG activity during stimulus presentation was assessed with a frequency spectral analysis technique. Results with 10 subjects showed that high quality apparent motion was associated with faster EEG activity at short ISI, and lower frequency EEG activity at longer ISI. The results were significant at a midline occipital electrode, with a tendency in the right direction over the right occipital cortex, but not at other occipital and parietal sites. Changes were within the 8-12 Hz frequency band. Results are interpreted in terms of a mechanism associated with components of the spontaneous EEG which serves to pace information processing within the primary visual cortex.
Echo planar spectroscopic imaging

Echo planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) allows for mapping one spatial dimension and the spectroscopic dimension in a single readout. Modern clinical magnetic resonance imaging scanners are becoming widely equipped with echo planar imaging gradient capabilities. Thus there exists an enormous potential for EPSI to facilitate clinical magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Here, a pedagogical analysis of how the spectral and spatial encoding occur within EPSI is provided along with demonstrations of the technique and a discussion of the inherent signal-to-noise limitations. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 13: 213–237, 2001
Gate-self-aligned p-channel germanium MISFETs

The authors have fabricated the first gate-self-aligned germanium MISFETs and have obtained record transconductance for germanium FETs. The devices fabricated are p-channel, inversion-mode germanium MISFETs. A germanium-oxynitride gate dielectric is used and aluminum gates, serve as the mask for self-aligned source and drain implants. A maximum room-temperature transconductance of 104 mS/mm was measured for a 0.6- mu m gate length. A hole inversion channel mobility of 640 cm/sup 2//V-s was calculated using transconductance and capacitance data from long-channel devices. This large hole channel mobility suggests that germanium may be an attractive candidate for CMOS technology. >
Phase transitions and iron-ordered moment form factor in LaFeAsO

Elastic neutron-scattering studies of single-crystal LaFeAsO reveal that upon cooling, an onset of the tetragonal (T)-to-orthorhombic (O) structural transition occurs at ${T}_{\text{S}}\ensuremath{\approx}156\text{ }\text{K}$, and it exhibits a sharp transition at ${T}_{\text{P}}\ensuremath{\approx}148\text{ }\text{K}$. We argue that in the temperature range ${T}_{\text{S}}$ to ${T}_{\text{P}}$, T and O structures may dynamically coexist possibly due to nematic spin correlations recently proposed for the iron pnictides, and we attribute ${T}_{\text{P}}$ to the formation of long-range O domains from the finite local precursors. The antiferromagnetic structure emerges at ${T}_{\text{N}}\ensuremath{\approx}140\text{ }\text{K}$, with the iron moment direction along the O $a$ axis. We extract the iron magnetic form factor and use the tabulated $⟨{j}_{0}⟩$ of Fe, ${\text{Fe}}^{2+}$, and ${\text{Fe}}^{3+}$ to obtain a magnetic moment size of $\ensuremath{\sim}0.8\text{ }{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\text{B}}$ at 9.5 K.
Effect of Environmental Stress on the Ascorbic Acid Requirement of Laying Hens

An experiment with a factorial arrangement of treatment (3 by 2 by 2 by 2) was conducted to determine the effect of ascorbic-acid supplementation (0, 100, and 200 ppm) on the performance of two commercial layer strains housed at a density of either 3 or 4 birds per cage and relative humidities (RH) of 40% or 60%. The hens were subjected to a continuous heat stress of 31.1 degrees C for the 3-mo experimental period. As a comparison with an unstressed control group, an additional group of hens was housed at 23.9 degrees C and 40% RH and was fed the diet without ascorbic-acid supplementation. Mortality was reduced by ascorbic-acid supplementation. Shell weight per unit surface area showed a small increase with the added ascorbic acid. Values (in Haugh units) were increased by ascorbic-acid supplementation at the 200 ppm level and by the lower relative humidity. The higher RH reduced egg production by 4.16% and changed feed efficiency from 2.29 to 2.45 g of feed intake per gram of egg mass. There were differences in blood pH, blood CO2, blood HCO3-, and blood and adrenal ascorbic-acid levels due to the housing temperature. The higher RH produced blood-chemistry changes that were typical of respiratory alkalosis, which has been shown to occur in layers at high temperatures. Higher cage density, on the other hand, showed no change in the HCO3 level; but blood pCO2 was increased while blood pH was decreased. These results demonstrate that ascorbic-acid supplementation can be effective in reducing laying-hen mortality due to environmental stress and has small influences on egg quality.
Strategic communications in opinion diffusion

We propose a strategic communication model, in which social agents play a central role in determining how much effort and time they want to invest in interacting with others. The starting point for this paper is the so called bounded confidence model in which agents update their opinions only when they are like-minded (i.e., their opinion distance is smaller than a threshold). In our model, in addition to the existence of trust between interacting agents, the agents also individually determine the expected time and effort in interacting with their neighboring agents. The strategic communication thus refers to the process that allows individuals to select neighbors, with whom interaction produces a maximization of the local utility functions. Our goal is to analyze the dynamics of opinion formation under the proposed communication strategy, with a focus on understanding how and under what conditions clustering patterns emerge in opinion space.
Sources of Productivity Change in American Colonial Shipping, 1675‐1775

NE of the most notable features of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was the rapid growth of trade and the emergence of a trading Atlantic community. The underlying importance of this growth of trade was the increased specialization and division of labour according to the comparative advantages in production among regions in the Western world. One significant impetus to this improvement came from changes taking place in the primary means of transportation-namely, ocean shipping. This essay gives evidence on sources of changing productivity of shipping in colonial waters for the hundred-year period preceding the American Revolution. The findings reveal that most of the improvement which occurred is attributable to gains in economic organization and reduced uncertainties associated with pirates, privateering, and similar hazards. On the other hand, technological change, which typically is a main source of advancing productivity, appears to have been of minor importance to this industry at that time. The ideal measure of productivity change would require a quantitative measure of output changes per units of input, but unfortunately the data do not lend themselves to this approach. An alternative to this procedure, assuming a competitive industry, is to estimate productivity change by using freight-rate indices for a number of commodity routes.' For this period, the reciprocal of the freightrate indices provides a fairly direct measure of productivity change, because the major input costs of seamen's wages and shipbuilding costs remain almost constant throughout the entire period.2 The data clearly indicate that this industry was undergoing significant changes which had a favourable impact on the growth and development of a trading Atlantic community. The decline in rates varies among commodity routes, but
Purine nucleosides XXVIII. The synthesis of 7-(2′-deoxy-α- and β-d-ribofuranosyl)purines from 2′-deoxyribofuranosylimidazoles. Preparation of the 2′-deoxy derivative of the nucleoside from pseudovitamin B12 factor G

The synthesis of 1-(2′-deoxyribofuranosyl)imidazoles have been achieved for the first time via the fusion method of glycosidation. 4-Amino-5-carboxamido-1-(2′-deoxy-α-D-ribofuranosyl)-imidazole (8) and 4-amino-5-carboxamido-1-(2′-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazole (10) have been obtained and their structures established by spectroscopic methods. The first examples of 7-(2′-deoxyglycosyl)purines [7-(2′-deoxy-α-D-ribofuranosyl)hypoxanthine (6) and 7-(2′-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl)hypoxanthine (11)] have been obtained from the requisite 2′-deoxyribofuranosylimidazoles. The preparation of 6 has furnished the 2′-deoxy derivative (α-configuration) of the nucleoside from pseudovitamin B12 Factor G, which constitutes the first 2′-deoxy derivative of any nucleoside isolated from the various naturally occurring pseudovitamin B12 factors.
QUANTIZATION OF COULOMB WAVE VECTORS AND ITS APPLICATION TO IONIZATION OF ATOMS.

Abstract A Coulomb wave vector is quantized by confining the wave in a paraboloidal box. The result is then applied to explain the observed threshold behavior of ionization coefficient of helium atoms by electron impact.
Suppression of uPAR Retards Radiation-Induced Invasion and Migration Mediated by Integrin β1/FAK Signaling in Medulloblastoma

Background Despite effective radiotherapy for the initial stages of cancer, several studies have reported the recurrence of various cancers, including medulloblastoma. Here, we attempt to capitalize on the radiation-induced aggressive behavior of medulloblastoma cells by comparing the extracellular protease activity and the expression pattern of molecules, known to be involved in cell adhesion, migration and invasion, between non-irradiated and irradiated cells.
Electrophoretic deposition of diffusion barrier titanium oxide coatings for nuclear reactor cladding applications

Abstract Development of TiO 2 diffusion barrier coating by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) has been studied to mitigate fuel-cladding chemical interactions (FCCI). Important EPD deposition parameters, including solvent, additives, particle size and crystal structure, current, and voltage were optimized for coating deposition on flat T91 ferritic steel substrates. Post-deposition sintering in the range of 850–1050 °C was investigated. Diffusion characteristics of the coatings were evaluated by diffusion couple experiments at 575 °C for 100 h using cerium as one of the fission products responsible for FCCI. Results showed that the coated steel exhibited up to 83% reduction in solid state inter-diffusion with cerium. Heat transfer calculations showed that the fuel center-line temperature would increase slightly due to the addition of the TiO 2 diffusion barrier coating; however, the maximum temperature still remains well below the melting point of uranium and is even lower than eutectic temperature between Fe 2 U and Fe 2 U 6 at cladding centerline and cladding/fuel interface, respectively.
Efficient gene targeting in Drosophila with zinc-finger nucleases

This report describes high-frequency germline gene targeting at two genomic loci in Drosophila melanogaster, y and ry. In the best case, nearly all induced parents produced mutant progeny; 25% of their offspring were new mutants and most of these were targeted gene replacements resulting from homologous recombination (HR) with a marked donor DNA. The procedure that generates these high frequencies relies on cleavage of the target by designed zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and production of a linear donor in situ. Increased induction of ZFN expression led to higher frequencies of gene targeting, demonstrating the beneficial effect of activating the target. In the absence of a homologous donor DNA, ZFN cleavage led to the recovery of new mutants at three loci—y, ry and bw—through nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) after cleavage. Because zinc fingers can be directed to a broad range of DNA sequences and targeting is very efficient, this approach promises to allow genetic manipulation of many different genes, even in cases where the mutant phenotype cannot be predicted.
Scotomas of age-related macular degeneration detected and characterized by means of a novel three-dimensional computer-automated visual field test

Purpose:We used the recently devised three-dimensional computer-based threshold Amsler grid test to acquire and identify typical patterns of visual field defects (scotomas) caused by age-related macular degeneration (AMD).Methods:Patients with AMD traced on a computer touch screen the borders of tho
Flow simulation and drag anatomy for antitank projectile configurations

Introduction S projectile configurations (Fig. 1) are fired against armored targets so that the spike acts as a stand-off distance between the armor and the shaped-charge warhead. The conenosed configurations, also shown in Fig. 1, may provide a windshield for reducing the drag, and provide a standoff distance as well. The lower drag for this cone-nosed class should extend the range for these projectiles, if launched at the same speed. In prior studies,' computational results for spiked configurations with increasing geometrical complexity were presented. In Ref. 1, configurations of spikes with no vortex rings and bodies with no base-flow simulations were considered. In Ref. 2, the vortex generator ring was added and the body base flow was computed. The present work adds another degree of complexity, represented by an aftbody with steep boattail and tail fin boom. It thereby lays the foundation for the final step, which is the inclusion of fins on the tail boom. The computations were made using the axisymmetric flow simulation code, using the zonal overlapping topology of Ref. 3. It uses the explicit, time-dependent McCormack numerical scheme. The purpose of this work is to provide the drag anatomy of each geometrical component of the projectile body, for both the spikeand the cone-nosed projectiles, at high supersonic speeds and zero angle of attack.
The environmental impact of tourism in Jamaica

From the tourist point of view the chief purpose of travel is that the destination should be different from home and better in some ways. In Jamaica, the environment, both natural and man‐made, remains the backbone of the tourism product. The maintenance and protection of the environment is therefore crucial to the continuing growth of the island's tourist industry.
Functional and anatomic imaging of tumor vasculature: High-resolution MR spectroscopic imaging combined with a superparamagnetic contrast agent

The advantages of incorporating spectroscopic information into magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data sets were demonstrated by Dixon (1) and later by others (2,3). This early work focused on imaging water and fat signals with low spectral resolution combined with high spatial resolution. More recently, improvements in MR instrumentation have encouraged detection of water and fat with both high spatial and spectral resolution (HiSS) MR to improve anatomic detail and contrast (4–8) in tissues with broad and complex water proton resonances. This is particularly important in tumors but may also be applicable to imaging regions in the brain that have been damaged by stroke and other conditions associated with hemorrhage and necrosis. HiSS can improve imaging of the effects of endogenous and injected contrast agents. For example, in this laboratory, HiSS has been used to image changes in deoxyhemoglobin levels in tumors caused by tumor-oxygenating agents and hemodynamic challenges (6,7,9). HiSS is also useful for imaging effects of synthetic contrast agents. The data presented here illustrate the use of HiSS to detect superparamagnetic contrast agents. Superparamagnetic MR contrast agents provide a unique opportunity to detect tumors, define tumor anatomy, delineate tumor boundaries, and evaluate vascular structure and function of tumors. The complexity of the effects of these agents provides new mechanisms for contrast in MR images but also poses a challenge for MRI. Iron oxide particles with small diameters have very large Rl and R2* (longitudinal and transverse relaxivities), and both effects may be spectrally inhomogeneous (ie, different components of the water resonance in each voxel are affected differently). The results presented here suggest that to measure these effects independently, accurately, and with a high signal-to-noise ratio, it is advantageous to acquire spectroscopic images with high spectral and spatial resolution.
Biology of the Immature Stages of the Clear Lake Gnat (Diptera, Culicidae)

The Clear Lake gnat, Chaoborus astictopus D. and S., is a nonbiting gnat of the family Culicidae. The species is known as the Clear Lake gnat because these insects breed in large numbers in the environs of Clear Lake, Calif. Studies from 1939 to 1941 on the life history and morphology of the immature stages of this gnat are reported herein.
Weak Dependence of Mobility of Membrane Protein Aggregates on Aggregate Size Supports a Viscous Model of Retardation of Diffusion

Proteins in plasma membranes diffuse more slowly than proteins inserted into artificial lipid bilayers. On a long-range scale (>250 nm), submembrane barriers, or skeleton fences that hinder long-range diffusion and create confinement zones, have been described. Even within such confinement zones, however, diffusion of proteins is much slower than predicted by the viscosity of the lipid. The cause of this slowing of diffusion on the micro scale has not been determined and is the focus of this paper. One way to approach this question is to determine the dependence of particle motion on particle size. Some current models predict that the diffusion coefficient of a membrane protein aggregate will depend strongly on its size, while others do not. We have measured the diffusion coefficients of membrane glycoprotein aggregates linked together by concanavalin A molecules bound to beads of various sizes, and also the diffusion coefficients of individual concanavalin A binding proteins. The measurements demonstrate at most a weak dependence of diffusion coefficient on aggregate size. This finding supports retardation by viscous effects, and is not consistent with models involving direct interaction of diffusing proteins with cytoskeletal elements.
FLUID SECRETION BY SUBMUCOSAL GLANDS OF THE TRACHEOBRONCHIAL AIRWAYS

Submucosal glands of the tracheobronchial airways provide the important functions of secreting mucins, antimicrobial substances, and fluid. This review focuses on the ionic mechanism and regulation of gland fluid secretion and examines the possible role of gland dysfunction in the lethal disease cystic fibrosis (CF). The fluid component of gland secretion is driven by the active transepithelial secretion of both Cl− and HCO3− by serous cells. Gland fluid secretion is neurally regulated with acetylcholine, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) playing prominent roles. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is present in the apical membrane of gland serous cells and mediates the VIP-induced component of liquid secretion whereas the muscarinic component of liquid secretion appears to be at least partially CFTR-independent. Loss of CFTR function, which occurs in CF disease, reduces the capacity of glands to secrete fluid but not mucins. The possible links between the loss of fluid secretion capability and the complex airway pathology of CF are discussed.
On the biology of Hamadryas februa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Hamadryas februa is found in lowland tropical forests in many parts of Central America. It is of particular interest for future studies on the applied entomology of neotropical regions. This paper presents new data on the natural history of this butterfly in a small patch of semi-deciduous lowland forest in the Guanacaste Province of Costa Rica. Studies included the examination of life cycle, larval host plant, adult behavior, and behavior of caterpillars. Some preliminary observations were also made on the spatial distribution of the single larval host plant species and the location of trees used for resting by adults relative to the host plant. The development time is 33–34 days when individuals of H. februa are reared on Dalechampia heteromorpha (Euphorbiaceae) in closed plastic bags. This host plant, also used for oviposition, is a small herbaceous vine that grows in shady places primarily along forest edge, and vegetative structures attract a variety of herbivorous insects in addition to caterpillars of H. februa. But the plant occurs as small patches of one or two vines and there are considerable distances between patches. Despite an advancing dry season, the larval host plant remains lush and thus provides a resource to maintain a breeding population of H. februa throughout the year in Guanacaste. Zusammenfassung Zur Biologie von Hamadryas februa (Lepid.: Nymphalidae) in Guanacaste, Costa Rica Hamadryas februa lebt in den Tieflandwaldern vieler Teile Zentralamerikas. Seine nahere Betrachtung ist insofern fur die angewandte Entomologie von Interesse, als diese Wissen-schaft in der neotropischen Region noch ganz am Anfang steht und man daher in wirt-schaftlich wichtigen Gebieten dieser Region Grundlagen-Untersuchungen uber die Lebens-weise aller haufiger auftretenden phytophagen Insektenarten durchfuhren sollte. Die vorliegende Veroffentlichung enthalt die Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen uber den Lebenszyklus, die Fraspflanze sowie die Lebens- und Verhaltensweise der Raupen und Falter dieses Schmetterlings in den halb-laubabwerfenden Waldern der Provinz Guana-caste in Costa Rica. Auch die Verteilung der Fraspflanze und der als Rastplatze der Falter dienenden Baume wurden naher betrachtet. Die Entwicklung von H. februa (im Labor) an der Euphorbiazee Dalechampia heteromorpha betrug 33–34 Tage. Die Eiablage und Fraspflanze ist ein rankendes Unkraut, das bevorzugt in schattigen Lagen an Waldrandern wachst. Es dient weiteren zahlreichen phytophagen Insektenarten als Nahrung und hat eine fleckenweise Verbreitung, so das zwischen den Teilpopulationen von H. februa meist erhebliche Zwischenraume bestehen. Auch in der Trockenzeit bleibt die Fraspflanze frisch und ermoglicht daher der Schmetterlingsart, das ganze Jahr uber mehrere Generationen zu bilden.
Direct object localization and characterization from diffuse photon-density wave data

In this paper we consider new methods for localizing and characterizing the structure of an anomalous areas embedded in an overall region of interest given sparse observations of diffuse photon density wavefields. Unlike traditional techniques which use the scattered field measurements first to form an image of the full region and then post-process the resulting reconstruction to localize areas of interest, our approach finds anomalies directly from the data. To accomplish this, we model the unknowns as a superposition of a slowly varying perturbation on a background of unknown structure. We assume that the perturbation is delineated from the background by a smooth perimeter which is modeled as a spline curve of unknown knot sequence. A greedy-type approach is employed to deform the curve in a manner which optimizes a cost function enforcing both consistency with the data along with a regularization term designed to reflect prior information we have concerning the likely structure of anomalies. As the algorithm progresses, we adaptively determine the optimal weighting coefficients describing both the texture of the anomaly as well as that of the background. Examples of this approach are provided for a diffuse photon density wave problem arising in a bio-imaging application.
Young Man's Companion of 1737: America's First Book on Accounting?

This paper introduces the first accounting writing published in America: ‘Merchant's-Accompts’ in Bradford's Young Man's Cornpanion (Philadelphia, 1737). The earliest American publications previously recognized were Hutton (1788) and Mitchell (1796). There were fifteen eighteenth century American printings of the Young Man's Companion. American accounting historians have overlooked the work, probably because of H. C. Bentley's restrictive bibliography. ‘Merchant's-Accompts’ presents a short, but fairly sophisticated, double-entry instruction. Research reveals a tangled bibliographical history involving an incorrect attribution and a double plagiarism. The republication in 1748 by Benjamin Franklin gave credit to the proper author, George Fisher, who was once thought to be a woman. Knowledge of the Young Man's Companion adds an important dimension to our understanding of the development of accounting in America.
Decyl nitrite: an aldehyde analog in the bacterial bioluminescence reaction.

Decyl nitrite was found to be an effective substitute for aliphatic aldehydes in the light producing reactions of bacterial luciferase. Two other aldehyde analogs, decyl formate and decyl formamide, were inactive. A kinetic isotope effect of 1.7 was found for 1- 2 H-dodecanal in comparison to dodecanal. These results support a Baeyer-Villiger type mechanism for bioluminescence proposed previously. Alkyl nitrites may be useful in the study of other enzymic reactions involving aldehyde substrates.
Expert Witness: Notes toward Revisiting the Politics of Listening

Through an exploration of what it means to conduct fieldwork in a large European prison, this article explores both the promises and the limitations of the form of anthropological engagement some have called “witnessing.” I call attention to the ways anthropological witnessing is written about within the discipline and argue that the notion of “witnessing” is largely an attempt to establish the authority of the ethnographer, without ever having to enter into that long-standing debate. Finally, I attempt to grapple with the necessity—despite the growing silence in the discipline—for an anthropology that is steadfast in its commitment to what some have called “activist anthropology” and that recognizes the complex ways in which ethnographic experience is rendered.
A hierarchical method for multi-class support vector machines

We introduce a framework, which we call Divide-by-2 (DB2), for extending support vector machines (SVM) to multi-class problems. DB2 offers an alternative to the standard one-against-one and one-against-rest algorithms. For an N class problem, DB2 produces an N − 1 node binary decision tree where nodes represent decision boundaries formed by N − 1 SVM binary classifiers. This tree structure allows us to present a generalization and a time complexity analysis of DB2. Our analysis and related experiments show that, DB2 is faster than one-against-one and one-against-rest algorithms in terms of testing time, significantly faster than one-against-rest in terms of training time, and that the cross-validation accuracy of DB2 is comparable to these two methods.
Hydrogen derived from ammonia: Small-scale costs

Abstract A systems study was made to assess the economic prospects for using purchased industrial ammonia as a hydrogen distribution and storage medium for users requiring 0.93–9.34 million std m 3 y −1 of hydrogen (33–330 million std ft 3 y −1 ). Projected costs to the end user were determined for: the product of dissociated ammonia (N 2 +H 2 )/NH 3 , and the 99.999% pure H 2 obtained by separation of the nitrogen (H 2 /NH 3 ); hydrogen produced by the steam reforming of natural gas (H 2 /NG); electrolytic hydrogen (EH 2 ); purchased (merchant) liquid hydrogen (LH 2 ); OTEC (ocean thermal energy conversion) LH 2 ; as well as OTEC NH 3 and the H 2 products derived from it. Future costs are projected as $ GJ −1 and as $ MBTU −1 (1980$ in 1990) using two sets of forecast energy prices. The results show that merchant LH 2 was substantially higher in cost than the other options, and that until EH 2 is available at the projected costs, H 2 /NH 3 would be the preferred option for the smallest plant sizes where it is projected to be competitive with H 2 /NG of comparable purity. Thus, via state-of-the-art technology, industrial NH 3 can now serve as a viable H 2 carrier for some small-scale users. The availability of OTEC NH 3 at the projected costs would substantially increase the competitive position of H 2 /NH 3 . Consideration of safety and environmental factors are among the important items listed in recommendations for future work.
CORR Insights ®: Bariatric orthopaedics: total knee arthroplasty in super-obese patients (BMI > 50 kg/m2). Survivorship and complications.

This CORR Insights® is a commentary on the article “Bariatric Orthopaedics: Total Knee Arthroplasty in Super-obese Patients (BMI > 50 kg/m2). Survivorship and Complications” by Mont and colleagues available at: DOI: 10.1007/s11999-013-3154-9. The author certifies that he, or a member of his immediate family, has no funding or commercial associations (eg, consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request. The opinions expressed are those of the writers, and do not reflect the opinion or policy of CORR ® or the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons®. This CORR Insights® comment refers to the article available at DOI: 10.1007/s11999-013-3154-9.