cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipid vesicles as model membranes in photocatalytic disinfection studies

Abstract The potential use of solar-powered photocatalytic disinfection water systems is an attractive concept and has generated much research over the last two decades. Photocatalytic inactivation of a wide range of water pathogens has shown promise to provide an effective alternative to traditional disinfection methods. However, in order for photocatalysis to be effectively used as a water disinfection process, its inactivation kinetics must be well established. Recent literature points to the peroxidation of phospholipid membranes as the main mechanism for photocatalytic inactivation of bacteria. To test the peroxidation hypothesis, researchers utilized free lipids, particularly lipids with the ethanolamine polar group which is dominant in the cell membrane of Escherichia coli . Although these experiments yielded useful information about byproducts, they did not provide information on the kinetics of lipid peroxidation in cells exposed to photocatalytic treatment. In this work, lipid vesicles were prepared with a mixture of natural E. coli phospholipids and appropriately sized to be comparable to real cells. The vesicles and E. coli cells were photocatalytically treated in a test tube batch reactor using TiO 2 (Degussa P25) and UVA lamps. The rate of phospholipid membrane degradation was determined by measuring the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH), byproducts of lipid peroxidation. Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Species (TBARS) and Ferrous Oxidation of Xylenol (FOX) assays were used to assess each byproduct respectively. The fatty acid content of E. coli cells was also modified by adding oleic (C18:1 n-9) and α-linolenic (C18:3 n-3) acids to the growth media. Byproduct formation and oxidation kinetics were compared for all experiments. The results show that the oxidation kinetics of lipid vesicles closely matched the oxidation of E. coli cells in photocatalytic systems proving that the vesicles are useful model systems to study the interaction of cell membranes with TiO 2 . However, differences in monosaturated fatty acids in E. coli did not appear to affect the overall disinfection kinetics. While these findings further validate membrane peroxidation as an important process in the mechanism of photocatalytic disinfection, they suggest that overall inactivation results from a far more complex collection of processes.
Organometallic vapor phase epitaxy of relaxed InPAs/InP as multiplication layers for avalanche photodiodes

Abstract InP 1− y As y epitaxial layers grown lattice-mismatched (LMM) on InP substrates were investigated as a new materials system for multiplication layers in Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (GM APDs) for detection of photons in the range 1.6–2.5 μm. LMM InP 1− y As y epilayers were grown on semi-insulating (1 0 0) InP substrates misoriented 0.2° and 2°→[1 1 0] by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy at a growth temperature of 580 °C. The growth scheme used for the InP 1− y As y buffer layer was optimized based on surface step structure and X-ray diffraction. It was found that step-flow growth is a minimum criterion for obtaining good material quality. A narrower XRD full-width at half-maximum values were measured for 2°-miscut substrates compared to 0.2°-miscut substrates. A high-quality buffer was obtained by step-grading the InP 1− y As y composition in increments of y =0.05 over a layer thickness of 0.5 μm to a final y =0.25. The device performance of LMM GM APDs was compared to that of measured more traditional lattice-matched GaSb-based devices. At 77 K, dark count rates of LMM devices are ∼50 kHz at 5 V overbias, and are comparable to GaSb-based p–i–n diodes operated in Geiger mode, while reset times of 0.02 ms are approximately 3 orders of magnitude lower than GaSb-based GM APDs.
Reversed apparent movement and erratic motion with many refreshes per update

Image quality in refresh computer graphics is degraded when the image is in motion but not being moved across the screen once with each refresh. Multiple images, reversed apparent movement, jerky motion, and erratic motion can be the result.These problems were faced during the construction of GRIP-75, a vector graphics molecular modeling system.
Periplasmic carbonic anhydrase structural gene (Cah1) mutant in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

To survive in various conditions of CO 2 availability, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii shows adaptive changes, such as induction of a CO 2 -concentrating mechanism, changes in cell organization, and induction of several genes, including a periplasmic carbonic anhydrase (pCA1) encoded by Cah1 . Among a collection of insertionally generated mutants, a mutant has been isolated that showed no pCA1 protein and no Cah1 mRNA. This mutant strain, designated cah1 - 1 , has been confirmed to have a disruption in the Cah1 gene caused by a single Arg7 insert. The most interesting feature of cah1 - 1 is its lack of any significant growth phenotype. There is no major difference in growth or photosynthesis between the wild type and cah1 - 1 over a pH range from 5.0 to 9.0 even though this mutant apparently lacks Cah1 expression in air. Although the presence of pCA1 apparently gives some minor benefit at very low CO 2 concentrations, the characteristics of this Cah1 null mutant demonstrate that pCA1 is not essential for function of the CO 2 -concentrating mechanism or for growth of C. reinhardtii at limiting CO 2 concentrations.
Nuclear MRP genes and mitochondrial disease

The ancestral mitochondrial ribosome (70S) underwent major structural remodeling during the evolution of mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes (55S). Despite the loss of nearly half their RNA, 55S ribosomes are actually larger than bacterial ribosomes because of all the extra proteins they contain. Typical of mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes, the human mitochondrial ribosome is one of the most protein-rich ribosomes, containing several new proteins. One of the new proteins is a novel GTP binding protein, DAP3, that has been implicated in apoptosis. Except for DAP3, the locations of the individual new proteins in the ribosome are unknown. All of the MRPs are encoded by nuclear genes. Mutations or deficiencies of ribosome assembly proteins or other essential proteins are candidates for mitochondrial disease, since the mitochondrial ribosome translates mRNAs for the 13 essential components of the oxidative phosphorylation system. Several of the MRP genes map to loci associated with disorders consistent with impaired oxidative phosphorylation, such as Leigh Syndrome, multiple mitochondrial dysfunctions, and non-syndromic hearing loss. This manuscript reviews the distinctive properties of human mitochondrial ribosomes and ribosomal proteins, and the correlation of MRP3 gene locations with loci associated with disorders of energy metabolism, and provides localization information for one of the unusual proteins contained in human mitochondrial ribosomes, MRPS29.
Lexical storage and retrieval in language-impaired children

We tested 20 language-impaired children, 20 age-matched normal children, and 20 language-matched normal children. In free recall, children simply remembered as many words possible; in cued recall, the experimenter provided the category names as retrieval cues; in repeated free recall, children recalled the list three times in succession. The principal results were that (1) language-impaired children recalled fewer words than their agemates in both free and cued recall, and (2) the pattern of repeated free recall suggested that language-impaired children were less likely than their agemates to store a word when presented, and were less consistent in their retrieval of words. Our discussion concerns the roles of lexical acquisition and lexical retrieval in language-impaired children's word-finding problems.
The Developmental Neuroscience of Moral Sensitivity

Though traditional accounts of moral development focus on the development of rational and deliberate thinking, recent work in developmental affective neuroscience suggests that moral cognition is tightly related to affective and emotional processing. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies show age-related changes in response to empathy-eliciting stimuli, with a gradual shift from the monitoring of somatovisceral responses in young children mediated by the amygdala, insula and medial aspect of the orbitofrontal cortex, to the executive control and evaluation of emotion processing implemented by the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in older participants. These data indicate that the development of moral reasoning involves the increasing integration of empathic emotion-related somatovisceral responses with more complex social-reasoning abilities.
PROPERTIES OF THE TYPE SPECIFIC PROTEINS OF ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERA : I. THE MOUSE PROTECTIVE VALUE OF TYPE I SERA WITH REFERENCE TO THE PRECIPITIN CONTENT.

The ability to carry out with some measure of precision mouse protection tests for the estimation of potency of antipneumococcus sera has made possible the correlation of the protective potency with the amount of specifically precipitable protein. With antipneumococcus rabbit sera these protective ratios are relatively constant and higher than those with immune horse serum. Type I antipneumococcus horse sera, on the other hand, show no such constancy but fall into two groups; and there is as yet no simple method for determining to which group a serum belongs.
Kinetic Analyses of Calcium Movements in Cell Cultures: III. Effects of calcium and parathyroid hormone in kidney cells

Calcium compartments and fluxes were measured by kinetic analyses in kidney cell suspensions in a three-compartment closed system. The fast phase influx and compartment size increase linearly with the medium calcium and the half-time of exchange is only 1.3 min which suggests that the fast component is extracellular. The slow phase compartment rises linearly from 0.1 to 0.5 mmole calcium/kg cell water when the medium calcium is raised from 0.02 to 2.5 mM. The slow phase calcium influx exhibits the pattern of saturation kinetics with a Vmax of 0.065 µµmole cm-2 sec-1 and a Km of 0.3 mM indicating that it is a carrier-mediated transport process. PTH has no effect on the fast phase of calcium influx, but increases both calcium influx and the calcium pool size of the slow component. The maximum effect is obtained at medium calcium concentration of 1.3 mM. Below 0.3 mM extracellular calcium, the effects of the hormone cannot be demonstrated. PTH increases the Vmax of calcium influx from 0.065 to 0.128 µµmole cm-2 sec-1 while the Km rises from 0.3 to 1.15 mM. These findings suggest that PTH increases the translocation of the calcium-carrier complex across the membrane and not the carrier concentration or its binding affinity for calcium.
Modeling heart rate variability by stochastic feedback

We consider the question of how the cardiac rhythm spontaneously self-regulates and propose a new mechanism as a possible answer. We model the neuroautonomic regulation of the heart rate as a stochastic feedback system and find that the model successfully accounts for key characteristics of cardiac variability, including the 1/f power spectrum, the functional form and scaling of the distribution of variations of the interbeat intervals, and the correlations in the Fourier phases which indicate nonlinear dynamics.
CXCL12 activation of CXCR4 regulates mucosal host defense through stimulation of epithelial cell migration and promotion of intestinal barrier integrity

Intestinal epithelial cell migration plays a key role in gastrointestinal mucosal barrier formation, enterocyte development, differentiation, turnover, wound healing, and adenocarcinoma metastasis....
A practical approach for low-cost Hermetic lid sealing.

Hermetic sealing of lids in ceramic microelectronic chip carriers is typically performed with eutectic solder in relatively large belt-style reflow furnaces. This process is characterized by 30 to 45-minute cycle times at temperatures above 350 C. An experimental study was undertaken with the goal of establishing a low-cost lid sealing method marked by a compact belt furnace with lower reflow temperature and lesser cycle time. This is particularly advantageous for GaAs devices which are limited to packaging process temperatures below 300 C. A series of instrumented test samples consisting of a representative die packaged in a HTCC leadless chip carrier (LCC) was prepared. Package lids were installed and sealed in a nitrogen environment with 80–20 Au-Sn lead-free solder under various cycle time and temperature conditions. Gross and fine leak testing confirmed hermeticity. Results indicate that practical sealing can be realized in the compact furnace apparatus with measurable reductions in temperature and cycle time. Seal performance is dependent upon package orientation, which suggests the process must be calibrated for unique package designs. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Letter to the Editor---Comment on the “Reliability of Aircraft Structures in Resisting Chance Failure”

The purpose of this brief paper is to point out an objection to the assumptions made in a recently published formula on the reliability of an aircraft in resisting chance failure, and to indicate how, with first passage time probabilities, it is possible to derive a more realistic expression for this formula.
Equivalence of Geometric and Combinatorial Dehn Functions

In this paper it is proved that if a finitely presented group acts properly discontinuously, cocompactly and by isometries on a simply connected Riemannian manifold, then the two Dehn functions, of the group and the manifold, respectively, are equivalent.
Monitoring needs to transform Amazonian forest maintenance into a global warming-mitigation option

Two approaches are frequently mentioned in proposals to use tropical forest maintenance as a carbon offset. One is to set up, specific reserves, funding the establishment, demarcation, and guarding of these units. Monitoring, in this case, consists of the relatively straightforward process of confirming that the forest stands in question continue to exist. In Amazonia, where large expanses of tropical forest still exist, the reserve approach has the logical weakness of being completely open to “leakage”: with the implantation of any given reserve, the people who would have been deforesting in the reserve area will probably continue to clear the same amount of forest somewhere else in the region. The second approach is through policy changes aimed at reducing the rate of clearing, but not limited to specific reserves or areas of forest. This second approach addresses more fundamental aspects of the tropical deforestation problem, but has the disadvantages of not assuring the permance of forest and of not resulting in a visible product that can be convincingly credited, to the existence of the project. In order for credit to be assigned to policy change projects, functioning models of the deforestation process must be developed that are capable of producing seenarios with and without different policy changes. This requires understanding the process of deforestation, which depends on monitoring in order to have information as a time series. Information is needed both from satellite imagery and from on-the-ground observations on who occupies the land and why the observed changes occur. Monitoring must be done by individual property if causal factors are to be identified reliably; this is best achieved using a database in a Geographical, Information System (GIS) that includes property boundaries. Once policy changes are made in practice, not only deforestation but also the policies themselves must be monitored. Deerees and laws are not the same as changes in practice; the initiation and continued application of changes must therefore be confirmed regularly. The value of carbon benefits from Amazonia depends directly on the credibility and transparency of monitoring. The great potential value of carbon maintenance in Amazonia should provide ample reason for Amazonian countries to strengthen and increase the transparency of their monitoring efforts.
Pruning Analysis for the Position Specific Posterior Lattices for Spoken Document Search

The paper presents the Position Specific Posterior Lattice (PSPL), a novel lossy representation of automatic speech recognition lattices that naturally lends itself to efficient indexing and subsequent relevance ranking of spoken documents. Two pruning techniques for generating word lattices are explored in this framework, where experiments performed on a collection of lecture recordings - MIT iCampus database - show that the spoken document ranking accuracy was improved by 20% - in the mean average precision sense - relative over the commonly used baseline of indexing the 1-best output from an automatic speech recognizer (ASR).
A zTurbulent Conjugate Heat-transfer Model for Freezing of Food Products

: A 3-dimensional conjugate heat-transfer model for the analysis of freezing food products has been developed. The food-freezing process is a multi-medium, multi-phase, and transient heat-exchange phenomenon in connection with the cooling flow around the food items. The developed numerical model couples the energy equation with the Navier-Stokes equations outside the food items to simulate the velocity distribution around the food items and the heat flux across the food surfaces. The conjugate heat-transfer methodology and enthalpy method was used to solve the energy equation across the fluid-solid interface into the food item. The heat convection in the fluid and conduction in the foods are implicitly coupled to predict the heat-transfer rate and the enthalpy change during its freezing process. The conjugate heat-transfer model presented here is applicable to perform various heat-transfer calculations involved in the design of storage and refrigeration equipment and to estimate the process time required for freezing of foods. The article presents the mathematical model used, the outline of the numerical scheme, and the results of computations. The model-predicted results are compared with the experimental data available in the literature. Overall good agreement was obtained.
Thyroid Bethesda reporting category, 'suspicious for papillary thyroid carcinoma', pitfalls and clues to optimize the use of this category.

A. Mahajan, X. Lin and R. Nayar Thyroid Bethesda reporting category, ‘suspicious for papillary thyroid carcinoma’, pitfalls and clues to optimize the use of this category Objective: The Bethesda System of Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology classifies the indeterminate categories based on their differing risks of malignancy, as atypia of undetermined significance (AUS), follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm (FLUS) and suspicious for malignancy. The vast majority of cases of the last category are suspicious for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The aim of the present study was to identify the pitfalls and clues to improve the usage of the suspicious category as well as improve its outcome of malignancy. Methods: We reviewed the cytological features on air dried Diff-Quik® and alcohol-fixed Papanicolaou smears from 54 thyroid fine needle aspirates (FNAs) with surgical follow-up that were originally diagnosed as suspicious. Procedure data/specimen adequacy was correlated and follow-up histology reports were reviewed after our cytological review was completed. Incidental PTC that was not the target of the FNA was excluded from the calculations for correlation. Results: In our cytological review, we retained a diagnosis of suspicious in 18 of the 54 cases and the remaining 36 were re-categorized as follows: 6 malignant, 10 neoplasm (which is used in our centre instead of FLUS) and 20 AUS. The reasons for overcall of suspicious cases included pseudopapillae, syncytial sheets, nuclear grooves and pinpoint nucleoli in chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and Hurthle cell neoplasms, and intranuclear inclusions in parathyroid adenoma, hyalinizing trabecular adenoma and mesenchymal repair. The primary reasons for undercall of PTC as suspicious included cystic aspirates with minor features of PTC such as histiocytoid cells, bubblegum colloid, syncytial sheets and cellular swirls. Cases with cytoplasm similar to Hurthle cells were also noted to cause difficulty in accurate classification. Conclusions: Recognition of these pitfalls and clues can help improve diagnosis, patient treatment and consequently reduce the number of unnecessary thyroidectomies.
Engineering bone-implant integration with photofunctionalized titanium microfibers.

There are significant challenges in regenerating large volumes of bone tissue, and titanium implant therapy is extremely difficult or contraindicated when there is no supporting bone. Surface conditioning of titanium implants with UV light immediately prior to use, or photofunctionalization, improves the speed and degree of bone-implant integration. Here, we hypothesized that photofunctionalized titanium microfibers are capable of promoting bone ingrowth into the microfiber scaffold to improve bone-implant integration in bone defects. Titanium implants (1 mm in diameter, 2 mm in length) enfolded with 0.7 mm-thick titanium microfibers were placed into 2.4-mm diameter osteotomy in rat femurs. Titanium microfibers and implants were photofunctionalized by treatment with UV light for 12 min using a photo device immediately prior to surgery. Photofunctionalized microfibers and implants were hydrophilic, while as-made microfiber-enfolded implants were hydrophobic. Implant anchorage strength was 2.5 times and 2.2 times greater for photofunctionalized microfiber-enfolded implants than as-made ones at weeks 2 and 4 of healing, respectively. Robust bone formation was only seen at the implant surface of photofunctionalized microfiber-enfolded implants. Bone formation as measured by the Ca/Ti ratio was 5 to over 20 times greater for photofunctionalized than as-made microfiber scaffolds. The Ca/P ratio was 1.55-1.65 in the tissue produced in photofunctionalized microfibers and 1.1-1.3 in tissue in as-made microfibers. In vitro, the number of attached osteoblasts and their alkaline phosphatase activity, both near zero on as-received microfibers, were significantly increased on photofunctionalized microfibers. In conclusion, bone ingrowth occurred in photofunctionalized titanium microfiber scaffolds, enabling successful bone-implant integration when the microfiber-enfolded implants were placed in a site without primary bone support. The combined use of titanium microfibers and photofunctionalization may provide a novel and effective strategy to regenerate and integrate bone in a wider range of applications.
Applying Problem-Oriented and Project-Based Learning in a Transportation Engineering Course

AbstractA growing consensus in the literature on how to improve the quality of learning suggests that adaptions to problem-based learning (PBL) methods could firstly improve learning experiences, problem solving, skill acquisition and a reasonable level of skill transfer from a student perspective, and secondly develop better professional competence and preparation in these needed highway capacity analysis skills. This paper describes the educational basis of problem-oriented and project-based learning (POPBL) approaches that have been developed as an integral part of a four-year undergraduate engineering degree program at the University of Delaware and incorporated into the transportation curriculum, using real world cases to teach students how to think like expert practitioners. A seven-phase POPBL conceptual framework and the experiences of employing POPBL are presented to demonstrate how it operates in transportation engineering education.
On the Genus Oncophanes Foerster, with Descriptions of Two New Related Genera (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Among material from various sources recently received for identification have been four apparently undescribed species of Rogadinae, two of which could be referred definitely to Epirhyssalus Ashmead while the others, although obiviously related to that genus, exhibited differences which seemed to exclude them. In an attempt to place these a study of Epirhyssalus and its nearest relatives was undertaken. This has resulted in the conclusion that Epirhyssalus is clearly identical with Oncophanes Foerster and must fall as a synonym of that name, and that a new generic name must be proposed for each of two of the four species mentioned above.
Shakespeare’s Blush, or “the Animal” in Othello

This essay examines how the rhetoric of animalization in Shakespeare’s Othello compels us to think early modern categories of race in connection with early modern discourses of “human” versus “animal.” Beginning with Shakespeare’s representation of Iago, I suggest that it is the potential for sameness conditioned by Iago’s counterfactual statement (“Were I the Moor, I would not be Iago”) that is most significant about his relation to Othello. From there I consider the overlap between the play’s representations of animality and black skin. Read in the context of Jacques Derrida’s reflections on animals, I consider the deconstructive value of linking the play’s animalizing language to the affect of shame. With its focus on the blush, Shakespeare’s Othello shows that the affect of shame cannot be countered with a simple return to the “human,” since it is precisely the category of the human that the play’s animal and racial bodies deconstruct. Read so, this essay examines not only the negative side of animali...
Biology of the Extracellular Ca2+-Sensing Receptor

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the biology of extracellular Ca 2+ -sensing receptor (CaR). Complex, free-living terrestrial organisms, such as humans, maintain their level of extracellular ionized calcium (Ca 0 2+ ) within a narrow range of about 1.1–1.3 mM. This near constancy of Ca 2+ ensures that Ca 0 2+ ions are available for their extracellular roles, including serving as a cofactor for clotting factors, adhesion molecules, and other proteins and controlling neuronal excitability. The level of Cao2 + is maintained by a homeostatic mechanism in mammals that comprises the parathyroid glands, calcitonin (CT)-secreting C cells, kidney, bone, and intestine. A key element of this system are cells that are capable of sensing small deviations in Ca 0 2+ from its usual level and responding in ways that normalize it. Ca 2+ -sensing receptor (CaR) binds not only Ca 2+ , but also additional ligands, including amino acids. The CaR resides on the cell surface primarily in the form of a dimer, and disulfide bonds within their ECDs that involve the cysteines at amino acid positions 129 and 131 link CaR monomers within the dimeric receptor. Activation of the CaR by its agonists stimulates the activities of phospholipases C, A 2 (PLA 2 ), and D (PLD) in bovine parathyroid cells and in HEK293 cells stably transfected with the human CaR. In most cells, CaR-evoked activation of PLC involves the participation of the pertussis toxin-insensitive G protein(s), G q/ll. The CaR, directly or indirectly, tonically inhibits the proliferation of parathyroid cells, as persons homozygous for inactivating mutations of the CaR, or mice homozygous for “knockout” of the CaR gene exhibit marked parathyroid cellular hyperplasia.
Lorazepam-Induced Memory Deficits

The effects of low doses of lorazepam (Ativan), 0.03 mg/kg IV, on episodic versus long-term memory, attention, and somatic and affective symptoms were investigated in a group of 16 children aged 2.8 to 14.2 years at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, and the Center for Pediatric Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutics, Departments of Clinical Pharmacy and Pediatrics, University of Tennessee, Memphis.
Febrile Seizure V. Meningitis

Among 309 children with a first seizure and fever seen in 2 ERs in Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 23 (7%) had meningitis.
Household Income and Trajectories of Marital Satisfaction in Early Marriage

Are the marriages of lower-income couples less satisfying than the marriages of more affluent couples? To address this question, we compared trajectories of marital satisfaction among couples with a wide range of household incomes. The marital satisfaction of 862 Black, White, and Latino newlywed spouses (N=431 couples) was assessed five times, each nine months apart, over the first four years of marriage. Lower-income couples did not have less satisfying marriages on average, nor did their satisfaction decline more steeply on average. However, they did experience (1) significantly greater fluctuations in marital satisfaction across assessments, and (2) significantly more variability between husbands and wives. If efforts to support the marriages of low-income couples are to address the unique characteristics of their marital development, these findings suggest that efforts to stabilize their marriages may be more effective than efforts to improve their satisfaction alone.
Modification of Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) to simulate the tillage effects on subsurface drain flows and NO3-N movement

5 Introduction 6 Part A. Characterization of Tillage Systems 8 Methodology 9 Ksat determinations 9 Bulk density (BD) determinations 10 Macroporosity (MP) estimation 10 Results and Discussion 11 Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) 11 Bulk density (BD) 12 Macroporosity (MP) 13 Part B. Simulating Tillage Effects on the Subsurface Movement of Water and NO3-N 14 A Brief Overview of RZWQM 15 Physical processes 15 Plant growth processes 16 Soil chemical processes 16 Nutrient processes 16 Management processes 17
Improving surface finish and wear resistance of additive manufactured nickel-titanium by ultrasonic nano-crystal surface modification

Abstract Nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloys have great potential to be used as biomedical implants or devices due to their unique functional properties (i.e., shape memory properties and superelastic behavior). The machining difficulty associated with NiTi alloys is impeding their wide application. Additive manufacturing (AM), however, provides an alternative method to manufacture NiTi structures. One major concern associated with NiTi devices fabricated in this route is the potential for the release of toxic Ni ions due to the poor surface finish as well as high surface porosity. In this study, NiTi samples were produced using selective laser melting, the most common AM techniques. Then, an innovative surface processing technique, ultrasonic nano-crystal surface modification (UNSM), was used to mitigate the potential for the Ni ions release. By simultaneous ultrasonic striking and burnishing, UNSM can significantly improve surface finish and decrease surface porosity. In addition, UNSM induces plastic strain which in turn hardens the surface layer. The synergistic effect of better surface finish, lower subsurface porosity, and a hardened surface layer resulted in higher wear and corrosion resistance. It is therefore expected that UNSM can be potentially used to treat biomedical devices.
Interaction of 17β-estradiol and dietary fatty acids on energy and glucose homeostasis in female mice.

Fatty acid-induced hypothalamic inflammation (HI) is a potential cause of the obesity epidemic. It is unclear whether saturated or n-6 polyunsaturated fat is the primary driver of these effects. Premenopausal women are protected, in part, from obesity and associated comorbidities by circulating 17β-estradiol (E2). It is unknown how HI interacts with E2, because most studies of HI do not examine females despite the involvement of E2 in hypothalamic energy homeostasis. Our objective is to determine the effects of high-fat diets with varying levels of linoleic acid (LA) and saturated fat on the energy and glucose homeostasis in female mice with and without E2. Female C57BL/6J mice were fed either a control diet or a 45% kilocalories from fat diet with varying levels of LA (1, 15, or 22.5% kilocalories from LA) with or without E2 (300 μg/kg/day orally). After 8 weeks, the oil-treated high-fat groups gained more weight than control groups regardless of fat type. E2 reduced body fat accumulation in all high-fat...
Introducing a Frame for Creativity: Transdisciplinary Thinking and the Seven Skills in This Book

At its foundation, this is a book about creativity, but it is also broader than that. It is a constellation of interconnected ideas for thinking, learning, and teaching in the twenty-first century. This constellation of ideas is grounded in timeless ways of knowing, predicated on a set of thinking skills that are rooted in historical exemplars of creativity across disciplines. This book focuses on the construct of transdisciplinary creativity, which is the idea that creativity not only spans the disciplines, but that there are a set of core cognitive skills which span across disciplines, from art to science or music to math, and beyond. This set of thinking skills first intrigued us as we began to explore the idea that though creativity may look different across fields, there are still common ways of knowing that cut across disciplinary boundaries. In some of our earlier works around creativity (Henriksen, 2011; Henriksen & Mishra, 2015; Mishra, Koehler, & Henriksen, 2011), we explored and developed a set of seven cognitive-creative skills for creative thinking across disciplines, which were derived from a larger framework of creative thinking skills developed by Robert and Michele Root-Bernstein. Those seven skills are each covered thematically in chapters in this book (note that the skill of embodied thinking is covered over two chapters, to give space for discussion of empathy), but we owe a great intellectual debt to the Root-Bernsteins, for building out a set of concepts that has helped us explain and explore creative thinking.
A 40Gb/s PAM4 optical DAC silicon microring resonator modulator transmitter

PAM4 modulation is currently being implemented in high-speed wireline communication standards in order to increase bandwidth density. This paper presents a transmitter which utilizes a low-area silicon microring resonator modulator with two separate phase shifter segments to realize high-speed PAM4 modulation with an optical DAC approach. The optical DAC is designed with an optimized MSB/LSB segment size ratio of 1.9:1 to generate a uniform four level output with independent MSB/LSB two-level NRZ drivers. Two differential high-swing segmented pulsed-cascode output stages drive the MSB/LSB segments with independent edge-rate and level controls that compensate for output level spacing and eye skew. The hybrid integrated prototype, with the optical DAC microring modulator fabricated in a 130nm silicon photonic process and the transmitter circuitry fabricated in a GP 65nm CMOS process, achieves 40Gb/s operation at 4.38mW/Gb/s when driving each differential terminal of the segmented depletion-mode microring modulator with 4.4Vppd swing.
Molecular Dynamics Study of High Symmetry Planar Defect Evolution during Growth of CdTe/CdS Films

The growth dynamics and evolution of intrinsic stacking faults, lamellar, and double positioning twin grain boundaries were explored using molecular dynamics simulations during the growth of CdTe homoepitaxy and CdTe/CdS heteroepitaxy. Initial substrate structures were created containing either stacking fault or one type of twin grain boundary, and films were subsequently deposited to study the evolution of the underlying defect. Results show that during homoepitaxy the film growth was epitaxial and the substrate’s defects propagated into the epilayer, except for the stacking fault case where the defect disappeared after the film thickness increased. In contrast, films grown on heteroepitaxy conditions formed misfit dislocations and grew with a small angle tilt (within ∼5°) of the underlying substrate’s orientation to alleviate the lattice mismatch. Grain boundary proliferation was observed in the lamellar and double positioning twin cases. Our study indicates that it is possible to influence the propagat...
Comorbidity amplifies the effects of post-9/11 posttraumatic stress disorder trajectories on health-related quality of life

The present study aims to examine the impact of physical and mental health comorbidities on the association between post-9/11 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) trajectories over 10 years and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among 9/11-exposed persons. 30,002 responding adult World Trade Center Health Registry enrollees reporting no pre-9/11 PTSD were studied. PTSD trajectories (chronic, delayed, remitted, no PTSD) were defined based on a 17-item PTSD Checklist-Specific to 9/11 across three waves of survey data. Three indicators of poor HRQOL were defined based on CDC HRQOL-4 measures. We computed age-adjusted prevalence of physical and mental health comorbidity (depression/anxiety) by PTSD trajectory and used modified Poisson regression to assess the effect of PTSD trajectory on poor HRQOL prevalence, accounting for comorbidity. Age-adjusted prevalence of overall comorbid conditions was 95.8 and 61.4% among the chronic and no-PTSD groups, respectively. Associations between 9/11-related PTSD trajectories and poor HRQOL were significant and became greater when comorbidity was included. Adjusted prevalence ratios were elevated for fair/poor health status (APR 7.3, 95% CI 6.5, 8.2), ≥ 14 unhealthy days (4.7; 95% CI 4.4, 5.1), and ≥ 14 activity limitation days during the last 30 days (9.6; 95% CI 8.1, 11.4) in the chronic PTSD group with physical and mental health comorbidity compared to those without PTSD and comorbidity; similar associations were observed for delayed PTSD. Ten years post-9/11 physical and mental health comorbidities have a substantial impact on the PTSD trajectories and HRQOL association. The need for early identification and treatment of PTSD and comorbidity should be emphasized to potentially improve HRQOL.
Phosphorothioate-modified DNA oligonucleotides inactivate CRISPR-Cpf1 mediated genome editing

CRISPR-Cpf1, a microbial adaptive immune system discovered from Prevotella and Francisella 1, employs a single-stranded CRISPR RNA (crRNA) to induce double stranded DNA breaks1. To modulate genome editing activity of Cpf1 in human cells, we designed a series of crRNA variants including DNA-crRNA and RNA-crRNA duplexes, and identified that phosphorothioate (PS)-modified DNA-crRNA duplex completely blocked the function of Cpf1 mediated gene editing. More importantly, without prehybridization, this PS-modified DNA was able to regulate Cpf1 activity in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Mechanistic studies indicate that PS-modified DNA oligonucleotides hinder the binding between Cpf1-crRNA complex and target DNA substrate. Consequently, phosphorothioate-modified DNA oligonucleotides provide a tunable platform to inactivate Cpf1 mediated genome editing.
Mutual-Information-Private Online Gradient Descent Algorithm

A user implemented privacy preservation mechanism is proposed for the online gradient descent (OGD) algorithm. Privacy is measured through the information leakage as quantified by the mutual information between the users outputs and learners inputs. The input perturbation mechanism proposed can be implemented by individual users with a space and time complexity that is independent of the horizon T. For the proposed mechanism, the information leakage is shown to be bounded by the Gaussian channel capacity in the full information setting. The regret bound of the privacy preserving learning mechanism is identical to the non private OGD with only differing in constant factors.
Depression in late life: an update.

No monograph, much less a review, can do justice to the advances in the clinical investigation of the affective disorders. Well-designed empirical community and clinical studies have changed the clinical perspective on late-life depression, not just complemented the extant studies of 10 years ago. In this review, I will concentrate upon those recent studies that have direct clinical relevance to the care of the depressed older adult.
The Distributional Impacts of Nonprofits and Philanthropy

Who benefits from nonprofits and philanthropy, that is, the third sector? The answer in general terms is that we all benefit directly or indirectly, tangibly and intangibly, from nonprofit hospitals, museums, universities, religious institutions, and social services. We also benefit from the public interest advocacy by nonprofits, from their contributions to our civic society, and from our own voluntary participation in their efforts.
Changes in the total knee joint moment in patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis over 5 years.

Progression of medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA) has been associated with repetitive mechanical loading during walking, often characterized by the peak knee adduction (KAM) and knee flexion moments (KFM). However, the relative contributions of these components to the knee total joint moment (TJM) can change as the disease progresses since KAM and KFM are influenced by different factors that change over time. This study tested the hypothesis that the relative contributions of KAM, KFM, and the rotational moment (KRM) to the TJM change over time in subjects with medial compartment knee OA. Patients with medial compartment knee OA (n = 19) were tested walking at their self-selected speed at baseline and a 5-year follow-up. For each frame during stance, the TJM was calculated using the KAM, KFM, and KRM. The peaks of the TJM and the relative contributions of the moment components at the time of the peaks of the TJM were tested for changes between baseline and follow-up. The percent contribution of KFM to the first peak of the TJM (TJM1) significantly decreased (p < 0.001) and the percent contribution of KAM to TJM1 significantly increased (p < 0.001), while the magnitude of the TJM1 did not significantly change over the 5-year follow-up. These gait changes with disease progression appear to maintain a constant TJM1, but the transition from a KFM to a KAM dominance appears to reflect gait changes associated with progressing OA and pain. Thus, the TJM and its component analysis captures a comprehensive metric for total loading on the knee over time. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. 36:2373-2379, 2018.
Newspaper indexing: using an IBM mainframe computer and a text-formatting program

Cet article presente l'utilisation a la bibliotheque universitaire d'etat de Murray (bibliotheque de recherche de taille moyenne) d'un ordinateur IBM et d'un logiciel de formatage de textes (SCRIPT) pour indexer deux journaux locaux. Cette procedure peut etre adaptee a un microordinateur avec un logiciel de traitement de texte
Are There Gender Differences in Sustaining Dating Violence? An Examination of Frequency, Severity, and Relationship Satisfaction

One topic of debate within the field of intimate violence involves the equivalence, or lack thereof, of male-perpetrated versus female-perpetrated violence. To inform this debate, we examined potential gender-related differences in the frequency of sustaining violence, the severity of violence sustained, and effects of violence on relationship satisfaction. Data were collected from 2 samples of heterosexual undergraduates in dating relationships. In both studies, men and women experienced violence at comparable frequencies, although men experienced more frequent moderate violence. Rates of severe violence were extremely low for both sexes across studies. In both investigations, only women experienced lower relationship satisfaction as a function of partner violence. In Study 1, relationship status moderated this effect, such that women in serious dating relationships were less satisfied than either women in less serious relationships or than men as a function of partner violence. In Study 2, women were less satisfied with violent relationships than men regardless of relationship status. We contend that gender-sensitive approaches to relationship violence are important to better understand and prevent both male- and female-perpetrated violence. Directions for future research efforts are outlined.
Academic Detailing to Reduce Sedative-Hypnotic Prescribing in Older Veterans.

Background:Sedative-hypnotics, including benzodiazepines (BZDs) and benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZD-RA), are considered potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in older adults. Academic ...
Emotion Detection in Videos Using Non Sequential Deep Convolutional Neural Network

Emotions are fundamental for humans. They affect perception and everyday activities such as communication, learning and decision-making. Facial expression and body language are the main sources of this information. The goal is to classify these emotions to improve human-computer interaction. In proposed method, a non-sequential deep convolutional neural network is presented. It consists of multiple networks which run in parallel. These parallel networks are then merged together followed by relu, max-pool, drop-out, dense and soft-max layers. In proposed model, we have used multiple networks to cover local and global feature. The evaluation of proposed method is done by using Surrey Audio-Visual Expressed Emotion (SAVEE) dataset containing four persons' covering seven emotions' in their videos. The results show the validity of proposed system.
‘New’ Novel, New Names, New Dimensions: On the Growth of ‘Experimental’ Swahili Prose in Kenya

The emergence of the ‘new’ or ‘experimental’ novel may be considered as one of the most notable developments in modern Swahili literature. In an earlier published article, I tried to outline the ph...
Loss of Osteopontin Expression Reduces HSV-1-Induced Corneal Opacity.

Purpose Corneal opacity and neovascularization (NV) are often described as outcomes of severe herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. The current study investigated the role of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R)+ cells and soluble factors in the progression of HSV-1-induced corneal NV and opacity. Methods MaFIA mice were infected with 500 plaque-forming units of HSV-1 in the cornea following scarification. From day 10 to day 13 post-infection (pi), mice were treated with 40 µg/day of AP20187 (macrophage ablation) or vehicle intraperitoneally. For osteopontin (OPN) neutralization experiments, C57BL/6 mice were infected as above and treated with 2 µg of goat anti-mouse OPN or isotypic control IgG subconjunctivally every 2 days from day 4 to day 12 pi. Mice were euthanized on day 14 pi, and tissue was processed for immunohistochemistry to quantify NV and opacity by confocal microscopy and absorbance or detection of pro- and anti-angiogenic and inflammatory factors and cells by suspension array analysis and flow cytometry, respectively. Results In the absence of CSF1R+ cells, HSV-1-induced blood and lymphatic vessel growth was muted. These results correlated with a loss in fibroblast growth factor type 2 (FGF-2) and an increase in OPN expression in the infected cornea. However, a reduction in OPN expression in mice did not alter corneal NV but significantly reduced opacity. Conclusions Our data suggest that CSF1R+ cell depletion results in a significant reduction in HSV-1-induced corneal NV that correlates with the loss of FGF-2 expression. A reduction in OPN expression was aligned with a significant drop in opacity associated with reduced corneal collagen disruption.