cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delivery by Design (DbD): A Standardized Approach to the Development of Efficacious Nanoparticle‐ and Microparticle‐Based Delivery Systems

The design and development of nanoparticle- and microparticle-based delivery systems for the encapsulation, protection, and controlled release of active agents has grown considerably in the agrochemical, cosmetic, food, personal care, and pharmaceutical industries. These colloidal delivery systems can be utilized to overcome problems such as poor solubility, low activity, and chemical instability of active agents, as well as to create novel functional attributes such as controlled or targeted delivery. The purpose of this article is to develop a systematic approach, referred to as "delivery-by-design" (DbD), to make the design and fabrication process more efficient and effective. Initially, a brief review of some of the challenges associated with incorporating active agents into commercial products is given, and then an overview of different kinds of simple and complex colloidal delivery systems is given. The DbD approach is then presented as a series of stages: (1) definition of the molecular and physicochemical properties of the active agent; (2) definition of the required physicochemical, sensory, and functional attributes of the end-product; (3) specification of the required attributes of the colloidal delivery system; (4) specification of particle properties and delivery system selection; (5) optimization of delivery system manufacturing process; (6) establishment and implementation of delivery system testing protocol; and (7) optimization of delivery system performance. Utilization of the DbD approach may lead to more rapid design of efficacious and economically viable colloidal delivery systems for commercial applications.
Clinical Impact of Intrapulmonary Vascular Dilatation in Candidates for Liver Transplant

Background Intrapulmonary vascular dilatations (IPVD) frequently are detected in patients with liver disease by the delayed appearance of microbubbles at contrast-enhanced echocardiography. IPVD with an elevated alveolar-arterial (A-a) gradient define hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS); however, the importance of IPVD in the absence of abnormal gas exchange is unknown. We aimed to determine the clinical impact of IPVD in patients with liver disease. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study within the Pulmonary Vascular Complications of Liver Disease 2 Study, a multicenter, prospective cohort study of patients being evaluated for liver transplant. We excluded patients with obstructive or restrictive lung disease, HPS, or intracardiac shunting. We compared patients with and those without IPVD. Results Forty-six patients with IPVD and 81 patients without IPVD were included. Patients with IPVD were more likely to have autoimmune hepatitis and less likely to have cryptogenic cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Patients with IPVD had higher Child-Pugh scores (6 [interquartile range (IQR), 5-7] vs 5 [IQR, 4-7]; P = .04), possibly higher Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores (14.5 [IQR, 11.6-15.8] vs 12.2 [IQR, 9.4-15.5]; P = .06), higher PaO2 levels (97.9 [IQR, 92.0-103.0] vs 89.0 [IQR, 82.0-96.9] mm Hg; P Conclusions Autoimmune hepatitis and increased liver disease severity were associated with the presence of IPVD, which was characterized by higher PaO2 levels. Future studies to better characterize IPVD pathogenesis and the relationship of IPVD to HPS are warranted.
A distributed data management scheme for industrial IoT environments

Industrial IoT networks are typically used for monitoring systems and supporting control loops, as well as for movement detection systems, process control and factory automation. To this end, data generated by monitoring IoT devices are collected, elaborated and sent to controllers and actuators. The routing of data from IoT sensors to actuators is an integral part of any large-scale industrial network for maintaining critical delay requirements. Centralised schemes are typically used, whereby data are transferred to a central network controller, from where they are accessed by any other node requiring them. This may result in significant overheads and suboptimal resource consumption. In this paper, we propose a distributed, cooperative Data Management Layer (DML), whereby nodes cooperate to store data within the network. The DML is decoupled yet interacts with the underlying Network Plane. Specifically, given a set of data, the sets of nodes generating and requesting them, and a maximum access delay that requesting nodes can tolerate, the DML efficiently identifies a limited set of proxies in the network where data are stored. Given the mentioned constraints, we investigate the (computationally difficult) problem of finding which network nodes to select as proxies and we propose a simple method to address it. We demonstrate that the proposed method (i) guarantees that access delay stays below the given threshold, and (ii) significantly outperforms centralised and even distributed approaches, both in terms of access latency and in terms of maximum latency guarantees.
From State-Sanctioned Power to Sexual Power: The Soldier and the Dominatrix

In this chapter Taylor Porter argues that the more cultural power a woman achieves through the use of force, the fiercer the resistance against her. Cultural resistance to women using state-sanctioned force in the military is especially prevalent in this hypermasculinized arena. Three war plays show how women are punished for their invasion into the military’s bastion of manhood: Shirley Lauro’s A Piece of My Heart (1991), based on female medics in the Vietnam War; Helen Benedict’s The Lonely Soldier Monologues (2009), which gives voice to actual women who served in the Iraq war; and Judith Thompson’s Palace of the End (2008), which includes a monologue by a character based on Lynndie England. At the other end of the spectrum, David Ives’s Venus in Fur (2011) explores the theatrical nature of BDSM play. Not surprisingly, women’s adoption of sexually exciting force as a dominatrix in the bedroom faces little opposition. Yet when similar techniques were used in the presumably state-sanctioned, global setting of Abu Ghraib, public opinion exploded. Violent women are often judged by the degree to which they violate the boundaries of masculinity and femininity in their assumption of power.
The Family as a System of Mutual Influences: Parental Beliefs, Distancing Behaviors, and Children’s Representational Thinking

Two major research approaches have been used in investigations of the relationship between family environment and the development of cognitive ability in children. One line of research has related family constellation variables, such as spacing and number of children, to intellectual outcomes, while the second line of research has related measurements of the family environment to intellectual outcomes. An instance of the former type of research is the confluence model (Zajonc & Markus, 1975). Within this model, each additional child in the family is viewed as “diluting” the intellectual environment of the home to a degree depending on the spacing between siblings. The focus of this approach is to predict differences in patterns of family configuration effects found for large samples, rather than to explicate specific interaction patterns in the home environment that could produce such findings.
High-Throughput Lossless Compression on Tightly Coupled CPU-FPGA Platforms: (Abstract Only)

Data compression techniques have been widely used to reduce the data storage and movement overhead, especially in the big data era. Recent studies demonstrate the great promise of FPGAs to improve the throughput of lossless compression algorithms that are very computation-intensive. However, when such FPGA-based compression accelerators are integrated with the processors, the overall system throughput is typically limited by the communication between a CPU and an FPGA. This study proposes a novel scheme to achieve high-throughput lossless compression on modern Intel-Altera HARPv2 platforms, where a Xeon CPU and an Altera FPGA are tightly coupled to improve the CPU-FPGA communication. First, it implements a multi-way parallel and fully pipelined compression accelerator based on Deflate algorithm. The accelerator itself can achieve a maximum throughput of 12.8 GB/s and a compression ratio of 2.03 over standard benchmarks. In addition, various trade-offs among compression throughput, compression ratio, FPGA resource utilization and scalability are explored to optimize the accelerator design based on different application requirements. Moreover, this study exploits the high CPU-FPGA communication bandwidth of HARPv2 platforms to improve the compression throughput of the overall system, which can achieve an average practical end-to-end throughput of 10.0 GB/s (up to 12 GB/s for larger input files) on HARPv2.
Computer games in the classroom: a practical guide

Computer Games are a great way to motivate students, and, incidentally, teach them a lot about Computer Science. Your students will never work harder to perfect an algorithm, nor think more deeply about the choice of a data structure, then when the failure of the same causes the heroine of their epic adventure to flail hopelessly about. Computer Games also provide excellent opportunities for students to enhance their team skills as they collaborate on a large project.
Education by Corporation: The Merits and Perils of For-Profit Higher Education for a Democratic Citizenry

For-profit colleges have elicited wildly divergent reactions, with critics vilifying them and their executives, and supporters seeing in the institutions a necessary and laudable complement to public and non-profit institutions. As I propose to argue in this chapter, the truth likely likes somewhere between these extremes. The for-profit educational sector has become an increasingly prominent and powerful presence within higher education. For-profit (FP) colleges have seen an average
Questions 21–30

This chapter illustrates a variety of different scenarios of rheumatic disease in succinct question and answer format. It contains ten complex cases with potentially unusual diagnoses designed to stimulate thought and further reading in this rapidly evolving specialty.
In Silico Model of Vitamin D 3 Dependent NADPH Oxidase Complex Activation During Mycobacterium Infection

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a highly infectious aerosolizable bacterium, which causes upward of 1.5 million deaths per year. Alveolar macrophages, the primary defense cell of the lung, are the preferred host cell of this intracellular bacterium. Vitamin D 3 is a known transcription factor, modulating the transcription of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and immunologically relevant proteins. In a vitamin D 3 deficient host, the immune systems response to infection is greatly impaired. We used a quantitative systems biology approach to model the impact of long-term vitamin D 3 deficiency on macrophage effector response. We then compared our simulation output to our in vitro model of mycobacterium infection of macrophages from vitamin D 3 supplemented hosts. Our in silico model results agreed with in vitro levels of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) production, an antimicrobial effector molecule produced by the host’s macrophage, known to be modulated indirectly by vitamin D 3 . The current model will provide a foundation for further studies into the effects of micronutrient deficiency on immune response.
Repeatability of regional pulmonary functional metrics of Hyperpolarized 129 Xe dissolved-phase MRI.

Background MRI of hyperpolarized 129 Xenon (HP 129 Xe) is increasingly utilized for investigating pulmonary function. The solubility of HP 129 Xe in lung tissue, blood plasma (Barrier), and red blood cells (RBC), with unique chemical shifts, enables spectroscopic imaging of potential imaging biomarkers of gas exchange and microstructural pulmonary physiology. Purpose To quantify global average and regional repeatability of Barrier:gas, RBC:gas, and RBC:Barrier ratios derived from dissolved-phase 129 Xe imaging and their dependence on intervisit changes in lung inflation volume. Study type Prospective. Population Fourteen healthy volunteers. One subject was unable to complete the study resulting in 13 subjects for analysis (eight female, five male, ages 24-69, 53.8 ± 13.9). Field strength 1.5T. Assessment Subjects were imaged using a 3D radial 1-point Dixon method to separate Barrier and RBC component signals, at two different timepoints, with ~1 month between visits. RBC:Gas, Barrier:Gas, and RBC:Barrier measures were compared across time and with pulmonary function tests (PFTs). Statistical tests Repeatablilty was quantified using Bland-Altman plots, coefficient of repeatability, coefficient of variation (CV), and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Dependence of imaging measures on PFTs and lung volume was evaluated using Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients, respectively. Statistical significance was determined by F-test for intraclass correlations, and t-test for Spearman correlations and regression. Results Mean RBC:Gas, Barrier:Gas, and RBC:Barrier had CVs of 19.2%, 20.0%, and 11.5%, respectively, and had significant ICCs, equal to 0.78, 0.79, and 0.92, respectively. Intervisit differences in RBC:Barrier were significantly correlated with intervisit differences in DLCO (r = 0.93, P = 0.007). Significant correlations with intervisit lung volume differences and intervisit differences in mean RBC:Gas (r = -0.73, P = 0.005) and Barrier:Gas (r = -0.69, P = 0.009) were found. Data conclusion Three commonly used 129 Xe MRI-based measures of gas-exchange show good repeatability, particularly the Barrier:RBC ratio, which did not depend on lung inflation volume and was strongly associated with intervisit changes in DLCO . Level of evidence 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:1182-1190.
Scoping a Vocabulary for Spatial Relations Properties

Abstract. Spatial relations are essential for knowledge representation, yet the scope of a corpus of geospatial terms, such as exists for RDF or OWL, is not yet recognized. A vocabulary of geospatial relations may align with several existing models within RDF and OWL; among which are relation primitives as defined in upper ontology; regional topological relations such as those expressed by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) GeoSPARQL standard; and mereotopologic relations as are researched in related semantic literature. One semantic area that is theorized among linguists, but not well defined within formal logic are verb-preposition combinations. The objective of this study in-progress is to 1. Define a corpus of spatial relation terms, 2. Place such relation classes within a framework of existing semantic axioms, and 3. To identify the types of spatial relation terms that need more research. To understand and enrich the vocabulary of geospatial feature properties for semantic technology, English language spatial relation predicates were analysed in three standard topographic feature glossaries. Five major classes of spatial relation predicates were identified from the analysis. First, part-whole relations are modelled throughout semantic and linked-data networks. The remaining classes are spatially descriptive and geometric relations; physical processes happening in space; human use of geographic space, such as land use; and spatial preposition spatial relations. These categories are commonly found in the ‘real world’ and support environmental science based on digital topographical mapping. The hypothesis is that a broad set of spatial relation expressions, form the basis for expanding the range of possible queries for topographical data and mapping applications.
Some Considerations on Creativity Support for VR Audio

As the consumer interest in VR grows, the community of content creators working in this domain expands accordingly. Given the intrinsic role of audio in VR experiences, this growth necessitates authoring tools for immersive audio that can cater to a wide range of designers regardless of their expertise in spatial audio. In this article, we discuss some of the modern considerations on designing interactive tools for creativity support in VR audio. We provide examples from existing spatial audio design software, and discuss areas in which new tools can facilitate, for expert and novice users alike, the use of immersive audio in compelling new VR experiences.
Influence of hospital characteristics on immediate breast reconstruction following mastectomy.

6118 Background: Immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) following mastectomy is underutilized in the U.S. Racial, economic and geographic factors are associated with lower rates of IBR. Prior resear...
Impact of Size and Location of Wetlands on Watershed-Scale Flood Control

This paper presents a case study on the impact of the size and location of wetlands on watershed-scale flood control utilizing the Cypress Creek Watershed in Houston, Texas as the study area. Wetlands of different sizes were implemented at different locations (upstream, midstream, and downstream) of the watershed and corresponding hydrologic and hydraulic simulations were performed to investigate the impact that wetland size and location parameters have on downstream flood conditions. This study used HEC-HMS as the hydrologic model for the watershed, and HEC-RAS as the hydraulic model for rivers within the watershed. Wetlands were implemented in the HEC-HMS model as reservoirs. Simulation results indicate the more upstream wetlands are located within the watershed, the smaller the flood area, the shallower the flood depth, and the shorter the flood duration at the downstream region of the watershed. In addition, the downstream flood area, flood depth, and flood duration decrease as the size (storage capacity) of wetlands increases.
Business responses to climate policy uncertainty: Theoretical analysis of a twin deferral strategy and the risk-adjusted price of carbon

Abstract Climate policies are currently insufficient to meet stabilization goals and remain uncertain. This paper develops a conceptual model to illustrate investment decisions of a risk-neutral firm faced with uncertain climate policy requirements. The firm trades off lost profits from abating too much (being “long”) versus too little (being “short”). Despite risk neutrality, profits are nonlinear such that uncertainty encourages a twin deferral strategy of deferring investment in deploying abatement technology as well as in buying and holding (banking) emissions allowances. This strategy avoids risks of stranded abatement investments but suppresses carbon prices such that prices are projected to evolve through a sequence of stepwise jumps as policies mature. Prices may spike dramatically during an abatement “short squeeze” if firms must rapidly abate in tandem. To mitigate such risk, firms may engineer payoffs from abatement strategies if they have access to suitable hedging tools. These potentially include call options (the right but not obligation to purchase at a fixed price) on avoided emissions from tropical deforestation, as well as investments in R&D and price guarantees (put options) on abatement. Policy makers should support development of hedging tools while enhancing certainty over future policies.
High plasma levels of pro-NT are associated with increased colon cancer risk

Emerging data supports a potential role of neurotensin (NT) in the development of obesity, obesity-associated comorbidities, and certain cancers. The association of NT with colon cancer risk has not been explicitly explored. We determined plasma levels of pro-NT, a stable NT precursor fragment, in 223 incident colon cancer patients and 223 age-, gender-, BMI-matched population controls participating in a population-based case-control study of colon cancer. On average, the cases have significantly higher levels of pro-NT than the controls (median = 205.6 pmol/L vs 183.1 pmol/L, respectively; P = 0.02). Multivariate logistic regression models, adjusted for age, gender, BMI, family history of colorectal cancer, smoking, diabetes mellitus, alcohol, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use, show statistically significant risk associations: for continuous measure of pro-NT, the OR estimate was 1.30 (95% CI =1.03-1.64; P = 0.026) for each increment of 175 pmol/L; for dichotomized measure of pro-NT, the OR estimate was 1.75 (95% CI = 1.12-2.74; P = 0.025) for those in the top quartile comparing to the other participants. Our results support circulating levels of pro-NT as a novel risk biomarker for colon cancer.
Programming of postnatal phenotype caused by exposure of cultured embryos from Brahman cattle to colony-stimulating factor 2 and serum

Alterations in the environment of the preimplantation embryo can affect competence to establish pregnancy and phenotype of resultant calves. In this study, the bovine embryo produced in vitro was used to evaluate postnatal programming actions of the embryokine colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2) and serum, which is a common additive of culture media. Oocytes were collected by ovum pick up from Brahman donors and fertilized with semen from Brahman bulls. Embryos were randomly assigned to one of the three treatments: vehicle, CSF2 10 ng/mL, or 1% (v/v) serum. Treatments were added to the culture medium from day 5 to 7 after fertilization. Blastocysts were harvested on day 7 and transferred into crossbred recipients. Postnatal body growth and Longissimus dorsi muscle characteristics of the resultant calves were measured. The percent of cleaved embryos becoming blastocysts was increased by serum and, to a lesser extent, CSF2. Treatment did not affect survival after embryo transfer but gestation length was shortest for pregnancies established with serum-treated embryos. Treatment did not significantly affect postnatal body weight or growth. At 3 mo of age, CSF2 calves had lower fat content in the Longissimus dorsi muscle and less subcutaneous fat over the muscle than vehicle calves. There was a tendency for cross-sectional area of the muscle to be smaller for serum calves than vehicle calves. Results confirm the importance of the preimplantation period as a window to modulate postnatal phenotype of resultant calves. In particular, CSF2 exerted actions during the preimplantation period to program characteristics of accumulation of intramuscular and subcutaneous fat of resultant calves. The use of a low serum concentration in culture medium from day 5 to 7 of development can increase the yield of transferrable embryos without causing serious negative consequences for the offspring.
Role of inner mitochondrial protein OPA1 in mitochondrial dysfunction by tobacco smoking and in the pathogenesis of COPD

Abstract Background Chronic lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) are linked to several mitochondrial alterations. Cigarette smoke (CS) alters the structure and function of mitochondria. OPA1 is the main inner mitochondrial GTPase responsible for the fusion events. OPA1 undergoes proteolytic cleavage from long to short forms during acute stress and mitophagy. However, the exact role of OPA1 isoforms and related proteins during CS-induced mitophagy and COPD is not clear. Methods Lung tissues from non-smokers, smokers, COPD and IPF were used to determine the relative expression of OPA1 and related proteins. Additionally, we used mouse lungs from chronic (6 months) CS exposure to evaluate the status of OPA1. Primary lung fibroblasts from normal and COPD patients and naked mole rat (NMR) lung fibroblasts, human fetal lung fibroblast (HFL1), mouse embryonic fibroblast from wild type (WT), OPA1−/−, MFN1 and MFN2−/− were used to determine the effect of CS on OPA1 isoforms. Various mitochondrial fusion promoters/activators (BGP-15, leflunomide, M1) and fission inhibitor (DRP1) were used to determine their effect on OPA1 status and cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced lung epithelial (BEAS2B) cell damage, respectively. Seahorse flux analyzer was used to determine the effect of these compounds in BEAS2B cells with and without CSE exposure. Findings Short OPA1 isoforms were predominantly detected and significantly increased in COPD subjects. Acute CSE treatment in various cell lines except NMR was found to increase the conversion of long to short OPA1 isoforms. CSE treatment significantly increased mitochondrial stress-related protein SLP2 in all the cells used. OPA1 interacting partners like prohibitins (PHB1 and 2) were also altered depending on the CS exposure. Finally, BGP-15 and leflunomide treatment were able to preserve the long OPA1 isoform in cells treated with CSE. Interpretation/conclusion The long OPA1 isoform along with SLP2 and prohibitins play a crucial role in CS-induced lung damage, causing mitophagy/mitochondrial dysfunction in COPD, which may be used as a novel therapeutic target in COPD.
Assessing library instruction: A study of the relationship between attendance, retention, and student success

Abstract Libraries must find ways to collaborate with university-wide assessment efforts to demonstrate how library resources and services support student-centered outcomes. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between attending library instruction, first-time, full-time freshman retention, and grade point average (GPA). This study also tests the feasibility of collecting personally identifiable library use data and integrating these data with the university's data warehouse. Results of Chi-square and binomial logistic regression predicting retention indicate that students who attend library instruction are more likely to be retained. Results of multiple linear regression prediction GPA indicate that students who attend library instruction are more likely to have a higher GPA. However, results indicate that attending more than one library instruction session did not have any additional effect on retention. Result of binomial logistic regression predicting retention indicate that students with a higher GPA are more likely to be retained.
Transcriptomic profiling of sex-specific olfactory neurons reveals subset-specific receptor expression in C. elegans

SUMMARY The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans utilizes chemosensation to navigate an ever-changing environment for its survival. A class of secreted small-molecule pheromones, termed ascarosides, play an important role in olfactory perception by affecting a host of biological function ranging from development to behavior. The ascaroside ascr#8 mediates sex-specific behaviors, driving avoidance in hermaphrodites and attraction in males. Males sense ascr#8 via the ciliated male-specific cephalic sensory (CEM) neurons, which exhibit radial symmetry along dorsal-ventral and left-right axes. Calcium imaging studies suggest a complex neural coding mechanism that translates stochastic physiological responses in these neurons to reliable behavioral outputs. To test the hypothesis that the neurophysiological complexity arises from differential expression of genes within subsets of these neurons, we performed cell-specific transcriptomic profiling of these sensory neurons. Expression profiling revealed between 20 and 639 genes enriched at least two-fold per CEM neuron and identified multiple G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) candidates enriched in non-overlapping subsets of CEM neurons. GFP reporter analysis confirmed that RNA expression of two of the GPCR genes, srw-97 and dmsr-12, is enriched in specific subsets of the CEM neurons. Single CRISPR-Cas9 knockouts of either srw-97 or dmsr-12 resulted in partial defects, while a double knockout of both srw-97 and dmsr-12 completely abolished the attractive response to ascr#8, suggesting that each receptor acts in a non-redundant manner in discrete olfactory neurons. Together, our results suggest that the evolutionarily distinct GPCRs SRW-97 and DMSR-12 act to facilitate male-specific sensation of ascr#8 through discrete subsets of CEM neurons.
Half Century of USBR Arch Dam Construction

The Bureau of Reclamation has been designing and constructing arch dams since its inception in 1902. The designs have evolved from the fairly massive structures to the thin double-curvature structures of today. This in turn has stimulated advances in construction procedures such as concrete manufacture, transportation, and placement. Important developments in concrete technology were made during this time. Several dams that typify Bureau progress in the last 50 yr are also reviewed.
“HEROISM ON AN EMPTY STOMACH”: Weil and Hillesum on Love and Happiness Amid the Holocaust1

I do four things in this essay: (1) briefly rehearse the biographies of Simone Weil and Etty Hillesum, (2) outline and compare some of the key themes in their lives and works, noting interesting (and also troubling) similarities between them, as well as salient differences, (3) use their examples as lenses through which to look at contemporary attitudes toward altruism vs. self-interest, freedom vs. necessity, eating vs. fasting, and acting vs. writing, and (4) highlight both their strengths and their weaknesses as religious witnesses to the truth. An overarching issue throughout the essay is the relation between the soul and the body, but I am especially concerned with the relation between self-sacrifice and self-love—also known as agape and temporal happiness—when confronted by radical evil. When allowed to correct one another, Weil and Hillesum show us, I believe, how Christian agapism can refuse both hatred and false security, even in an era of terrorism and torture.
John Henry Newman, Infallibility, and the Development of Christian Doctrine

This essay charts the parallel growth of Newman's theory of doctrinal development, and infallibility within that doctrinal development, with its author's movement from a via media in Anglicanism to recognition of the truth in the Roman Church. This essay analyzes the theological need for a theory of doctrinal development, the failure of Newman's via media project, and his role as a creative theologian. Then this essay examines in detailed Newman's 1845 Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, looking specifically at the second section of the second chapter, ‘On the Probability of a Developing Authority in Christianity.’ The main body of the paper treats the expansion of the scope and feasibility of infallibility in Newman's 1845 Essay.
Cognitive Style and Theoretical Orientation: Factors Affecting Intervention Style Interest and Use

Developmental Counseling and Therapy (DCT). an integrative model for assessing client cognitive style and selecting interventions, has been presented as a meta-theory for increasing intentionality in mental health treatment planning.. To examine the usefulness of DCT for training and practice, student and professional counselors (N = 203) completed the Preferred Helping Styles Inventory. the Theoretical Orientation Profile Scale-Revised. and the Intervention Strategies Questionnaire. Intervention styles were related to both cognitive styles and theoretical orientations: intervention style use was predicted by cognitive style and intervention sale interests, Implications for mental health counselor training and practice are discussed.
Fracture of molecular glasses under tension and increasing their fracture resistance with polymer additives

Abstract The fracture of single-component molecular glasses has been characterized under tension. In-plane tension is created by cooling a liquid film below its glass transition temperature constrained on a substrate that is less thermally expansive. The fracture produces a network structure whose cell size is comparable to film thickness. For each system studied (indomethacin, o-terphenyl, and sucrose benzoate), the condition of fracture is well described by the fracture models for supported films and a characteristic energy release rate Gc. Agreement is found for a wide range of film thickness (10–250 μm) in both open and sandwich geometries. For the molecular glasses studied, Gc ≈ 1 J/m2. o-Terphenyl glasses become significantly more resistant to fracture with the addition of polystyrene; at 10 wt.%, Gc increases with the molecular weight of polystyrene, by a factor of 5 at 1 million g/mol. The molecular-weight dependence is consistent with an increase of fracture surface area as the crack tip goes around the pervaded volume of each polymer chain encountered (sphere defined by the radius of gyration).
What is the brightest source for dilepton emissions at ultrarelativistic energies

We calculate the dilepton emissions as the decay product of the charm and bottom quarks produced in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC energy. We take into account the next-to-leading-order radiative corrections in perturbative QCD to the heavy quark production from an initial hard parton-parton scattering. We find that the thermal charm decay dominates the dilepton production in the low dilepton mass region ({lt}2 GeV), while the heavy quark production from the initial scattering takes over the intermediate and high mass regions ({gt}2 GeV). Our result also indicates the importance of the bottom quark in the high mass region ({gt}4 GeV) due to its large mass and cascade decay. If the initial scattering produced charm suffers a significant energy loss due to the secondary interaction, the bottom decay constitutes the major background for the thermal dileptons. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Fine‐ and coarse‐filter conservation strategies in a time of climate change

As species adapt to a changing climate, so too must humans adapt to a new conservation landscape. Classical frameworks have distinguished between fine- and coarse-filter conservation strategies, focusing on conserving either the species or the landscapes, respectively, that together define extant biodiversity. Adapting this framework for climate change, conservationists are using fine-filter strategies to assess species vulnerability and prioritize the most vulnerable species for conservation actions. Coarse-filter strategies seek to conserve either key sites as determined by natural elements unaffected by climate change, or sites with low climate velocity that are expected to be refugia for climate-displaced species. Novel approaches combine coarse- and fine-scale approaches--for example, prioritizing species within pretargeted landscapes--and accommodate the difficult reality of multiple interacting stressors. By taking a diversified approach to conservation actions and decisions, conservationists can hedge against uncertainty, take advantage of new methods and information, and tailor actions to the unique needs and limitations of places, thereby ensuring that the biodiversity show will go on.
Fast food and obesity in China.

As Dr. DeMaria stated in his recent Editor’s Page [(1)][1], the introduction of fast food in America undoubtedly contributed to the increase in obesity. He also suggested that “the introduction of fast food overseas has been accompanied by a similar increase in obesity in these countries” [(1
Fabrication and characterization of miniaturized photo-electro-chemical solar cells

This work presents implementation and characterization of a micro-fabricated electrolyte-based photo-electro-chemical (PEC) solar cell. The cell consists of a thin p-type silicon membrane acting as the photo-cathode that houses a micro-cavity filled with zinc chloride electrolyte. The cavity is sealed by a sheet of zinc acting as the anode. The cell utilizes a semiconductor-electrolyte junction as opposed to the solid-state P-N junction used in conventional photovoltaic cells. The thin silicon membrane is formed by controlled etching of the micro-cavity and allows photons or their resulting electron-hole pairs to penetrate and reach the silicon-electrolyte junction inside the cavity to generate a photo-current. For an assembled PEC cell with silicon electrode area of 3.87mm2, a maximum power of 0.044mW was achieved under 1 sun illumination translating into 1.1% efficiency.
Effect of carbon nanotube addition on morphology of SHS synthesized materials

During the past few years, a considerable amount of research has been focused on the addition of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to various matrix materials including polymers, ceramics, metals, and intermetallics. However, the processing methodologies for ceramics, metals, and intermetallics have been primarily those used in traditional power technology. In this paper combustion synthesis (CS), also known as self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) or volume combustion synthesis (VCS) was explored as a route for the formation of carbon nanotube reinforced composites. The effect of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) addition on the product morphology is presented for the following reactive systems: (i) Ni-Al and (ii) 3Ti-B4C. It was determined that the SWCNTs survive a short exposure to the high temperatures associated with the combustion synthesis of NiAl (1911 K) and TiB2-TiC (3200 K) and effectively act as a diluent which results in grain refinement of the resulting product. The results also show that effective dispersion of the SWCNTs is achieved; however, the SWCNTs are not well embedded in the matrix. Based on the survival of the SWCNTs in the above reactive systems it was shown that metal coated nanotubes may be a very promising reinforcement material for combustion synthesized materials and could effectively solve the issue of CNT to matrix adhesion.
Effects of alcohol on group formation among male social drinkers.

Objective: Social factors affect alcohol use and misuse, yet researchers rarely study the acute effects of alcohol in groups. This study used systematic observation techniques to measure the effects of alcohol on behavioral responses during an initial group interaction. Method: Fifty-four male social drinkers were assembled into three-person groups of strangers, and all members of each group were administered either a 0.82 g/kg dose of alcohol or a placebo to be consumed during a 30-minute period. This social interaction was video recorded, and the duration and sequence of selected smiling and speech behaviors were coded on a 1-second time base. Results: Alcohol consumption increased individual- and group-level coordination of smiling and speech behaviors over time and improved self-reported bonding. Conclusions: These data suggest that alcohol may facilitate social bonding during initial group formation. Measuring behavioral responses in a social context provides new directions for studying the acute eff...
Inhibition of enzymic hydrolysis of plasma albumin by detergents.

Digestion of bovine plasma albumin by either trypsin or chymotrypsin is markedly diminished by sodium octyl sulfate, yet enzymic hydrolysis of simple substances is hardly affected by this detergent. Tryptic digestion of bovine albumin is similarly inhibited by sodium decyl and dodecyl sulfates, while digestion of α-globulin is nearly unaffected. Implications of the inhibition are discussed.
Dexmedetomidine for pediatric MRI sedation: a review of a series of cases.

Background The aim of this review was to determine whether dexmedetomidine alone provided satisfactory conditions for children undergoing magnetice resonance imaging (MRI). Methods A retrospective review of 21 patients was undertaken, (age range: 1-8 years, weight 10-27 kg) who received dexmedetomidine to provide deep sedation for an MRI procedure. Results In the initial eight patients who received dexmedetomidine (bolus 0.5-1.5 mg.kg(-1) and infusion rate 1-1.5 mg.kg(-1).h(-1)) by itself, movement occurred in five of them, even when the maximum suggested dose was used (1 microg.kg(-1).h(-1)). Midazolam (0.1 mg.kg(-1)) i.v. was given as an adjunct to the following 13 patients (dexemdetomidine doses were lower: bolus 1 mg.kg(-1), infusion 0.5-1 mg.kg(-1).h(-1)). Only one patient moved within this group. The mean time to discharge postprocedure was 90 min. There were no differences with respect to recovery or discharge times between those who did or did not receive midazolam. No cardiac or respiratory complications were noted. Conclusions The use of dexmedetomidine for MRI sedation by itself was more unpredictable than anticipated from the published case reports of its use.
Evaluating Local Crop Residue Biomass Supply: Economic and Environmental Impacts

The increasing interest in energy production from biomass requires a better understanding of potential local production and environmental impacts. This information is needed by local producers, biomass industry, and other stakeholders, and for larger scale analyses. This study models biomass production decisions at the field level using a case example of a biomass gasification facility constructed at the University of Minnesota—Morris (UMM). This institutional-scale application has an anticipated feedstock demand of about 8,000 Mg year−1. The model includes spatial impacts due to sub-field variation in soil characteristics and transportation costs. Results show that the amount of biomass producers could profitably supply within a 32.2-km radius of UMM increases as plant-gate biomass price increases from $59 to $84 Mg−1, with 588,000 Mg annual biomass supply at $84 Mg−1. Results also show that the most profitable tillage and crop rotation practices shift in response to increasing biomass price with producers shifting from a corn-soybean rotation toward continuous corn. While biomass harvest is conducive to increased soil erosion rates and reduced soil organic carbon levels, changes in crop production practices are shown to at least partially offset these impacts. Transportation costs tend to concentrate and intensify biomass production near the biomass facility, which also tends to concentrate environmental impacts near the facility.
Asymptotically fast triangularization of matrices over rings

This paper considers the problems of triangularizing and diagonalizing matrices over rings, with particular emphasis on the integral case. It begins with a description of fast algorithms for the computation of Hermite and Smith normal forms of integer matrices. Then it shows how to apply fast matrix multiplication techniques to the problem of triangularizing a matrix over a ring using elementary column operations. These general results lead to an algorithm for triangularizing integer matrices that has a faster running time than the known Hermite normal form algorithms. The triangular matrix that is computed has small entries like the Hermite normal form, and will suffice for many applications.
Response of chondrocytes to shear stress: antagonistic effects of the binding partners Toll-like receptor 4 and caveolin-1

Osteoarthritis (OA) is often a consequence of excessive mechanical loading of cartilage, which produces hydrostatic stress, tensile strain, and fluid flow. Application of high fluid shear to chondrocytes recapitulates the earmarks of OA, as evidenced by the induction of cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandins (PGs), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Here, we delineated the signaling pathway by which high fluid shear mediates the temporal regulation of IL-6 synthesis in human chondrocytes. We determined that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and caveolin-1 are binding partners in chondrocytes. Their expression is temporally regulated by fluid shear via the sequential up-regulation of microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and L-PGDS. High shear stress rapidly induces an 8-fold up-regulation of TLR4 expression via an mPGES-1-dependent pathway, whereas prolonged shear exposure concurrently down-regulates TLR4 by >4-fold and up-regulates caveolin-1 expression by > 2.5-fold in an L-PGDS-dependent manner. TLR4 and caveolin-1 exert opposing effects on the activation of ERK1/2, PI3-K and PKA signaling pathways, which, in turn, regulate the NF-κB-dependent IL-6 synthesis in a time-dependent fashion. Reconstructing the signaling network regulating shear-induced IL-6 expression in chondrocytes may provide insights for developing therapeutic strategies to combat osteoarthritis.—Wang, P., Zhu, F., Tong, Z., Konstantopoulos, K. Response of chondrocytes to shear stress: antagonistic effects of the binding partners Toll-like receptor 4 and caveolin-1.
Neutron irradiation of some crystalline salts of phosphoric, phosphorous, and hypophosphorous acids in vacuum

The radioactive products obtained by the neutron plus gamma irradiation of phosphorus compounds depend upon the conditions of the irradiation and upon the nature of the compounds irradiated. In vacuum, where easily oxidized, neutron activation products such as elemental phosphorus or phosphine should be recoverable, the principal radioactive irradiation product of anhydrous Na2HPO4 was phosphate, which was accompanied by traces of phosphorus and several unidentified products. The principal radioactive irradiation products of anhydrous Na2HPO3 and NaH2PO2 were phosphite and hypophosphite accompanied by a little phosphate and phosphorus. Neither phosphine nor diphosphine was detected as an irradiation product of these salts. The principal neutron irradiation products of PH3 were H2 and radioactive PH3 and P. As shown by analysis, most of the radioactive products were formed in chemically detectable quantities, but the specific activity of these products was greater than that of the irradiated substances themselves. In vacuum, gamma rays alone scarcely altered Na2HPO4, but they converted Na2HPO3, NaH2PO2 and PH3 into the same products formed by neutrons plus gamma rays. In the reactor where the gamma rays accompanying the neutrons are very intense, the final neutron irradiation products of Na2HPO4, Na2HPO3, and NaH2PO2 in vacuum were the primary neutron activation products, the gamma-ray alteration products of these primary activation products, and the neutron activation products of the gamma-ray modifications of the original salts. Slight alteration of the phosphate by neutrons plus gamma rays indicates that the dissipation of the nuclear energy after the absorption of a neutron does not disrupt the chemical bonds of the recoiling atoms in nearly all instances. The formation of similar products by gamma irradiation and by neutron plus gamma irradiation of phosphite and hypophosphite indicates that the gamma-induced reactions and the neutron-induced reactions have similar but not necessarily identical mechanisms.