cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Lectotype of Bruchus julianus

In a recent paper (Johnson 1968), I designated a specimen in the Academy of Natural Sciences (ANS), Philadelphia, Pa., as lectotype for Bruchus Julianas Horn, the type-species for the genus Merobruchus Bridwell. However, after publication of my paper, H. B. Leech of the California Academy of Sciences (CAS), San Francisco, Calif., informed me that 3 syntypes of B. julianus were deposited in the CAS collection and sent them to me for examination. Two have “San Ignacio” labels, while the third has a “San Julio” label attached. After his original description Horn (1894: 410) stated: “Occurs in Texas. San Julio and San Ignacio.” On p. 306, he indicated San Julio and San Ignacio were collection sites in Baja California, Mexico. The specimen in the ANS was designated as lectotype because it bears the label “Tex,” apparently a syntype according to Horn's statement just quoted. Mr. Leech pointed out a statement by Horn (1894: 360) which proves my earlier conclusion to be untrue. Horn wrote: “In every instance in which a species is described from the series in the collection of the Academy (CAS) the type is the specimen or specimens making part of that collection.” Although Horn apparently examined a specimen or specimens from Texas before describing this species, the statement just quoted leaves no doubt that the specimens he considered to be types are in the CAS and the “Tex” specimen in the ANS cannot be considered as a syntype. Therefore my designation (Johnson 1968:1269) is invalid according to Article 74 a, i, International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.
Collision efficiency distribution of a bacterial suspension flowing through porous media and implications for field-scale transport.

Abstract The collision efficiency (α) distribution of a bacterial population was determined using multiple packed-bed columns of varying lengths and analyzing the bacteria clean-bed breakthrough concentrations using a distributed colloid filtration theory. This technique allows the α distribution to be determined independently from other effects that can cause non-exponential deposition, including detachment and blocking. It was found that multiple probability density functions (PDF's) could accurately replicate the experimental data. Regardless of which PDF was used, a distributed α resulted in significantly greater predicted field-scale transport than when using a single α. However, there were wide variations in the predicted field-scale transport between the different distributions, suggesting that lab-scale experiments may not be readily utilized to determine the specific PDF that best represents α at the field scale. Finally, blocking was observed in the column effluent curves, underscoring the fact that if non-clean-bed processes occur then an approach such as that utilized in the current study may be used to separate the non-clean-bed and clean-bed processes when determining the collision efficiency distribution.
Communication and Gender Identity: A Retrospective Analysis

Gender identity constancy and change must be traversed over the life span. The participants in this study, age 67 to 97 years, described their femininity and masculinity and provided examples of same‐sexed and opposite‐sexed behaviors. Their narratives suggest that their interactions with others, circumstances, and life stage all affect their gender identity constancy and change. Gender identity constancy and change appear to result from multiple factors.
Reversion of human prostate tumorigenic growth by azatyrosine.

Abstract Objectives Azatyrosine, an antibiotic isolated from a Streptomyces species, has been previously shown to have antitumor activity against ras - and neu -transformed fibroblasts and human epithelial cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of azatyrosine on human prostate cancer cell growth and the reversion potential of this antibiotic on prostate tumorigenic cell lines. Methods Three androgen-independent human prostate cancer cell lines (TSU-Prl, DU-145, and PC-3) were cultured in the presence of azatyrosine and their growth rates were determined over a 7-day period. Following exhaustive treatment with azatyrosine for 5 weeks, three azatyrosine-resistant colonies were cloned from the PC-3 cell line and were subsequently established as stable cell lines. The growth characteristics of these azatyrosine-resistant clones were examined both in vitro and in vivo to establish their "potentially revertant" profiles. Results Incubation with azatyrosine (for 7 days) resulted in greater than 95% in vitro growth inhibition of the three parental prostate cancer cell lines. Analysis of the biologic properties of these azatyrosine-resistant cell lines revealed: (1) a significant reduction in in vitro growth rates; (2) a decreased rate of DNA synthesis as measured by thymidine uptake; and (3) a decreased ability for colony formation in soft agar. Moreover all three azatyrosine-resistant clones exhibited suppressed tumorigenicity in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice when compared with the parental cell line. An important observation was that one revertant clone demonstrated complete loss of tumorigenicity. On the basis of this biologic behavior, these cell lines were characterized as revertants. Cytogenetic analysis revealed gross chromosomal differences between the revertant clones and the parental cell line. Northern hybridization analysis demonstrated elevated expression of the K- rev -1 and bcl-2 but not the rrg mRNA transcripts in the revertant cell lines. Conclusions These results suggest that azatyrosine inhibits prostate tumorigenic growth; it has a high reversion efficiency on human prostate cancer cells; and the K- rev -1 suppressor gene and the bcl-2 proto-oncogene could be potentially involved in the reversion mechanism mediated by azatyrosine. This reversion of prostate cancer cells to an apparently nontumorigenic phenotype points to a potentially significant therapeutic role for azatyrosine in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
cAMP-dependent stabilization of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA in LLC-PK1-F+ kidney cells

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) catalyzes a rate-limiting step in hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis. In the kidney, PEPCK expression is enhanced during metabolic acidosis and in response ...
Dynamics of Cosponsorship

Electoral-connection theories of legislative politics view bill cosponsorship as low-cost position taking by rational legislators who communicate with target audiences (e.g., constituents) external to the legislature. Legislative signaling games suggest a view of bill cosponsorship in which early cosponsors attempt to communicate to target audiences (e.g., the median voter) within the legislature. Using data from the 103rd U.S. House of Representatives, we show that the timing of legislators' cosponsorship decisions are more supportive of cosponsorship as intralegislative signaling than as extralegislative position taking. First, policy extremists on both sides of the political spectrum are more likely than moderates to be initial endorsers of legislative initiatives. Second, extremist-moderate differences diminish over the course of bill histories.
On the complexity of recursive path orderings

Well-founded orderings on terms are useful in a variety of contexts in computer science, not only in simply proving the termination of equationally defined algorithms, but also in automated deduction, for example in restrictions of paramodulation [2,6] and in rewriting systems (for an excellent survey on orderings and their use in rewriting see [4]). In these settings, decision procedures for various orderings form a central component of the deduction system. Many different orderings have been defined, and for some of these, the complexity of the associated decision problem has been investigated: for example the recursive path ordering can be decided in O(n*) [9] and the ordering of [8] in O(n”) (see also Proposition 3.19 in [12]). The paper [ll] examines the complexity of the path of subterms ordering in detail. Yet in general there has been little work done on finding asymptotically fast algorithms for these decision problems compared with the amount of work done on defining new orderings and examining their order-theoretic properties (see for ex-
Hypernatremic hemorrhagic encephalopathy

A 12-year-old juvenile diabetic was inadvertently given 500 ml of hypertonic saline intravenously. He developed hypernatremia, hyperosmolality, metabolic acidosis, and hyperglycemia. Seizures and stupor ensued, followed by coma and death. Computerized cranial tomography revealed numerous small subcortical hemorrhages that were verified postmortem.
Developmental integration of preschool children

Abstract The present investigation examined the effects of integrating handicapped and non-handicapped preschool children and toddlers in three different classrooms. Each child was assessed in the Fall and Spring with norm-referenced (Bayler or McCarthy Scales) and criterion-referenced (Oregon Student Progress Record and Uniform Performance Assessment System) instruments. Additionally, an index of the educational significance of the progress made by the children in each classroom was calculated. The results indicated that statistically and educationally significant gains were made in all criterion referenced test scores and norm-referenced scores, except for the McCarthy GCI's in one preschool classroom. Developmental integration appears to be an effective means for the education of both handicapped and non-handicapped preschool children.
A preliminary model for comfortable approach distance based on environmental conditions and personal factors

This paper presents a model of “comfortable distance” that captures the factors and conditions known to affect personal space in human-human and human-robot interactions, as well as any identified relationships between them. In the first known human-robot interaction (HRI) survey on approach distance, 19 papers were reviewed and the “comfortable distance” model was synthesized with three distinct types of inputs: environmental conditions, personal factors, and agent factors. Five environmental conditions (lighting, ceiling height, indoor/outdoor, room size, and barrier height) and seven personal factors (gender, age, mood, personality, pet ownership, robot experience, and sitting/standing) structure the model, with four agent factors (angle of approach, height of agent, speed of approach, and gaze) used as tuning parameters to produce behaviors with appropriate distances. Currently, HRI researchers generally focus on one factor at a time (e.g., approach angle or approach speed), without considering the previous work in adjacent fields, such as psychology and other social sciences. This has resulted in environmental factors being ignored by the HRI community. The “comfortable distance” model is a new tool for HRI researchers and is expandable so that it can incorporate new factors as they are identified. This survey will inform researchers about factors which had been previously overlooked in the field of HRI and will allow future researchers to consider the impact of identified variables to create more complete experiments.
Growth and drawing of polyacrylonitrile crystals grown from solution

Polyacrylonitrile crystals were grown from dilute solutions of propylene carbonate by a technique similar to that described by Holland et al. Crystals were also grown on various substrates and sampled at various stages of growth after washing away the uncrystallized solution. The initial single lamellae rapidly develop into complex twinned structures with many overgrowths. The morphology of the full-grown crystal varied considerably with crystallization temperature. Small-angle x-ray and electron microscopy results indicate only a small change in lamellar thickness with crystallization temperature for our polymer. Electron and x-ray diffraction results indicate lateral order can be quite good in these crystals. Our x-ray results indicate that the previously reported a and b parameters should be doubled to give a = 21.18 A and b = 11.60 A. However, there was no evidence for chain-axis order. The crystals were stretched at various stages of growth on Mylar film. Multilamellar crystals having their long axis parallel to the draw direction formed large cracks perpendicular to the long axis. Fibers of large diameter (100–250 A) were observed across these cracks. When the long axis of these crystals was at an angle to the draw direction no large cracks or fibers were observed. Single lamellae generally cracked perpendicular to the draw direction, irrespective of their orientation to the draw direction. Definite fibers were not observable across cracks in single lamellae.
Charred Lullabies: Chapters in an Anthropography of Violence, by E. Valentine Daniel. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996); Signs of Recognition: Powers and Hazards of Representation in an Indonesian Society , by Webb Keane (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Metaphysical Community: The Interplay of the Senses and the Intellect , by Greg Urban (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996).

Questions of ontology are socially as consequential as gossip. In saying this, I do not mean to belittle them but, on the contrary, to emphasize their pervasive ubiquity and importance. Paradoxically, however, it is that ubiquity that all too often reduces them to a banal and unthinking obviousness: the relationship between experienced reality and the discourses that render it palpable have often--like gossip--escaped critical attention, filtered out of anthropologistsO awareness by the singularly unrewarding opposition between “symbolic” and “materialist” approaches to the study of culture and society.
Enhanced Pulmonary Expression of CXC Chemokines during Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Lung Injury in Mice

Background.Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury during both hepatic resection and transplantation may lead to local and systemic organ dysfunction. Proinflammatory mediators released by Kupffer cells during the initial phase of ischemia/reperfusion are thought to be involved in the development of neutrophil-mediated lung injury. However, the precise factors involved in lung recruitment of neutrophils are unclear. The objective of current study was to determine whether the CXC chemokines, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) and KC, contribute to pulmonary neutrophil recruitment and injury following hepatic ischemia/reperfusion. Methods.C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 90 min of partial hepatic ischemia and 3, 6, and 9 h of reperfusion. Neutrophil accumulation in lung was assessed by lung content of myeloperoxidase (MPO). MIP-2 and KC mRNA were measured using RT–PCR. Lung edema was quantified by wet to dry weight ratios. Results.Three hours after hepatic reperfusion, serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α were increased. Lung expression of both MIP-2 and KC mRNA was also increased at this time. Both MIP-2 and KC mRNA expression remained elevated 9 h after reperfusion, although levels of MIP-2 mRNA were significantly lower than at 3 h. Pulmonary recruitment of neutrophils was increased within 3 h after reperfusion, but returned to baseline levels by 9 h. Lung edema was increased 3 and 9 h after reperfusion. Neutralization of MIP-2 or KC with antibody significantly decreased lung edema 9 h after reperfusion. Conclusions.These data suggest that mediators released during hepatic ischemia/reperfusion induce the expression of MIP-2 and KC in the lung. In addition, it appears that MIP-2 and KC contribute to lung neutrophil accumulation and the associated pulmonary injury following hepatic ischemia/reperfusion.
A General Model for Two-Level Data with Responses Missing at Random.

A general model for two-level multivariate data, with responses possibly missing at random, is described. The model combines regressions on fixed explanatory variables with structured residual covariance matrices. The likelihood function is reduced to a form enabling computational methods for estimating the model to be devised.
Stochastic stability of decentralized systems

A class of stochastic decentralized systems is considered and sufficient conditions for exponential stability with probability one of such systems are derived.
Warm-Up Active Wound Therapy: A novel approach to the management of chronic venous stasis ulcers

This preliminary study investigates the use of a radiant-heat bandage, Warm-Up Active Wound Therapy, as a new approach to the treatment of patients with chronic venous ulcers. Thirteen patients were randomly assigned to either conventional therapy or Warm-Up Active Wound Therapy for inpatient treatment of chronic venous stasis ulcers. Our results indicated that Warm-Up Active Wound Therapy is more effective than conventional therapy in healing chronic venous ulcers, and patients reported a significant reduction in wound pain. Warm-Up Active Wound Therapy also was found to be a safe treatment modality with no adverse events occurring in any patient.
Comparison of Single-Dose Trimethoprim with a Five-day Course for the Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections in the Elderly

Ninety-six elderly patients (mean age 80 years) with acute urinary infections were treated in a single-blind trial, with either one 200 mg dose of trimethoprim or 200 mg b.d. for five days. After one week the initial pathogen was eliminated in 67% of patients who had received the single dose and in 94% who received the drug for five days. These differences were highly significant (P less than 0.01). After two weeks, the patients who had received trimethoprim for five days were significantly freer from infection than those who had received the single dose. The level of acquired resistance following trimethoprim was small. The single dose of trimethoprim was associated with less suppression of the faecal Enterobacteriaceae and the selection of less resistance in these organisms than the five-day course. Interrupted antibiotic courses may not be particularly prone to select resistance. Trimethoprim was well tolerated in the great majority of patients; only three patients suffered possible side-effects.
Counterattitudinal Advocacy as a Means of Enhancing Instructional Effectiveness: How to Teach Students What They Do Not Want to Know:

This study, was designed to determine the effectiveness of counterattitudinal advocacy in overcoming beginning students' erroneous beliefs about psychological phenomena. Introductory psychology stu...
Meeting universal human needs as the foundation of individual and social development and of social and global justice: comments upon receipt of the Justice Studies Association’s 2008 Noam Chomsky Award

David Gil was the recipient of the Justice Studies Association’s 2008 Noam Chomsky Award. In his acceptance comments at George Mason University on 6 June, Gil spoke about the experiential and conceptual bases of his commitment to social justice and non‐violence, which began when he fled Austria as a teenager following the German occupation in 1938. He also spoke about the importance of the concept of universal human needs when addressing any issue of social and restorative justice. Of course, in social situations in which these needs cannot be met, Gil noted, we are confronted with social‐structural violence.
Corporations, Cathedrals and the Crown: Local Dispute and Royal Interest in Early Stuart England

This article investigates the jurisdictional disputes between ecclesiastical officials and civic corporations in cathedral cities in the first half of the seventeenth century and the response of central government to them. While conflict between civic and cathedral government is ancient in origin, the crown's reaction to it changed substantially over time. In the first years of the century, the crown took little interest in such disputes, allowing the parties to settle jurisdictional differences on their own, often to the advantage of civic leaders. As royal priorities shifted, however, the crown took more active steps to regulate relations between corporate government and cathedral clergy. Civic officials saw their privileges curtailed and authority questioned as the policies of the ‘personal rule’ altered established patterns. By tracking the course of this change, the article illuminates critical relations between centre and locality and exposes the strains felt by at least some local governments in the face of Caroline policy.
A glowing future for lab on a chip testing standards

Testing standards are more fundamental from a metrological perspective and less controversial from an industrial perspective than product standards, representing a path of less resistance towards the standardization and commercialization of lab on a chip technology. In this Focus article, the development of a lab on a chip testing standard is considered in the context of autofluorescence. This material property of microfluidic and nanofluidic devices is of increasing importance due to the growing interest in sensitive fluorescence measurements performed in chips fabricated from plastics.
Assessing Parenting Skills Through Role-Play: Development and Reliability:

The development of a parenting role-play test is presented. The article briefly discusses the ad vantages of role-play tests over interviews, checklists, and direct observations. Item develop ment ...
Perceived side effects and benefits of coronary angioplasty in the early recovery period.

Abstract Objective: To examine patients’ perceptions of the side effects and the treatment benefit of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in the early postdischarge recovery period, and to determine whether selected demographic and clinical variables were associated with perceptions of side effects and treatment benefit. Design: Descriptive, correlational study. Sample: Convenience sample of 62 subjects, with a mean age of 62 years (SD 11 years), 77% of whom were men, who had undergone successful, elective PTCA. Results: Fifty-two percent of subjects reported side effects 2 weeks after PTCA. The most frequently reported side effect (22.5%) was discomfort in the groin site. Seventy-nine percent of subjects reported PTCA made things better, and 5% reported that PTCA made things worse. The most commonly reported benefit of PTCA was relief of chest pain. Age, sex, and a history of previous PTCA were not related to reported side effects or reported benefits. Subjects who experienced chest pain since the time of hospital discharge were less likely to report that PTCA was beneficial. Conclusion: More emphasis should be placed on helping patients who are candidates for a PTCA to predict and to manage treatment side effects and to have realistic expectations concerning the trajectory of recovery from PTCA. Further research is needed to examine the impact of patients’ uncertainty concerning treatment benefit or perceptions of no treatment benefit in the early recovery period on intermediate and long-term PTCA recovery outcomes. (Heart Lung ® 1998;27:308-14)
The relationship of cognitively induced anxiety and hand temperature reduction

Abstract The relationship between cognitively induced anxiety and hand temperature reduction in a nonclinical sample is explored. Forty female college students were randomly assigned to either an Anxiety Group or a Pleasant Group. Following a baseline period, individuals in the Anxiety Group discussed topics, in a time-controlled setting, which were anxiety-producing for them. Individuals in the Pleasant Group discussed topics of a pleasant nature. During these discussions, hand temperatures were recorded from the palmar surface of the third finger on the dominant hand. Data analysis indicated that hand temperature decreases were significant only in subjects discussing anxiety-producing topics.
Carbon nanotube effects on electroluminescence and photovoltaic response in conjugated polymers

This letter reports the experimental results of enhanced electroluminescence (EL) and photovoltaic (PV) response upon doping single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) into conjugated polymer poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-1, 4-phenylenevinylene] (MEHPPV) based on single-layer light-emitting diodes. We found that the dispersed SWNTs result in two processes: charge transport and exciton dissociation at the tube-chain interface in the SWNT/polymer composites. The detailed EL and PV studies indicate that low SWNT doping concentrations mainly improve the bipolar charge injection, leading to enhanced both reverse and forward EL with reduced threshold voltage. As the SWNT doping concentration continues to increase, the interfacial exciton dissociation becomes dominated, giving rise to an increased PV response. This SWNT concentration-dependent charge transport and exciton dissociation present a pathway to individually address the dual EL and PV functionalities of SWNT-doped polymer composites by controlling the ...
Strategy for Evaluation and Surgical Treatment of the Asymptomatic or Mildly Symptomatic Patient With Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract Although there is no debate concerning the role of operation in severely symptomatic patients with coronary artery disease, uncertainty concerning the indications for coronary bypass operation in the asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patient abounds. Preliminary results of the Veterans Administration Collaborative Study indicate that operation enhances survival only in patients with left main coronary artery disease. The debate this study engendered led to analyses questioning the validity of its conclusions. By utilization of nonrandomized data, it was argued that operation also increases survival in patients with significant narrowing of two or three coronary vessels. The survival data of the nonsurgically treated groups in such studies derived mainly from natural history data of populations studied 5 to 10 years ago and containing large numbers of severely symptomatic patients: The annual mortality rate in such populations has averaged about 7 and 11 percent in patients with two and three vessel disease, respectively. However, recent studies indicate that survival of asymptomatic or midly symptomatic patients with two or three vessel disease is considerably better: These patients have an average annual mortality rate of only about 2 percent. Thus, when survival data of surgically treated patients are compared with survival data of asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients not treated surgically, serious questions arise as to the wisdom of prophylactic operation in patients without left main coronary artery disease. Because a compelling argument can be made for operating on all symptomatic patients with left main coronary artery disease it might be justified to perform coronary angtography in all symptomatic patients with coronary disease to rule out the possibility of significant left main arterial narrowing. Alternatively, etectrocardiographic exercise stress testing may offer a reasonable alternative to determine which mildly symptomatic patients should undergo coronary angiography for detection of this disease. However, the profound economic implications of such screening studies must be considered before broad application of large scale screening is advocated.
Mitogen-induced rapid phosphorylation of serine 795 of the retinoblastoma gene product in vascular smooth muscle cells involves ERK activation.

Abstract We examined the relationship between mitogen-activated MEK (mitogen and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase kinase) and phosphorylation of the gene product encoded by retinoblastoma (hereafter referred to as Rb) in vascular smooth muscle cells. Brief treatment of the cells with 100 nm angiotensin II or 1 μm serotonin resulted in serine phosphorylation of Rb that was equal in magnitude to that induced by treating cells for 20 h with 10% fetal bovine serum (≈3 × basal). There was no detectable rapid phosphorylation of two close cousins of Rb, p107 and p130. Phosphorylation state-specific antisera demonstrated that the rapid phosphorylation occurred on Ser795, but not on Ser249, Thr252, Thr373, Ser780, Ser807, or Ser811. Phosphorylation of Rb Ser795 peaked at 10 min, lagging behind phosphorylation of MEK and ERK (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase). Rb Ser795 phosphorylation could be blocked by PD98059, a MEK inhibitor, and greatly attenuated by apigenin, an inhibitor of the Ras → Raf → MEK → ERK pathway. The effect also appears to be mediated by CDK4. Immunoprecipitation/immunoblot studies revealed that serotonin and angiotensin II induced complex formation between CDK4, cyclin D1, and phosphorylated ERK. These studies show a rapid, novel, and selective phosphorylation of Rb Ser795 by mitogens and demonstrate an unexpected rapid linkage between the actions of the Ras → Raf → MEK → ERK pathway and the phosphorylation state of Rb.
Poly(adenylic acid) polymerase: loss of enzyme from rat liver nuclei isolated under isotonic conditions.

Poly(A) polymerase (EC 2.7.7.19), the enzyme which appears to be responsible for the polyadenylation of mRNA, has been detected in several mammalian tissues and is present in nuclear [l-4] , mitochondrial [5-71, microsomal [8,9] and cytosol [ 10,111 fractions. We have recently purified this enzyme to homogeneity from nuclei of rat liver and a rat hepatoma [12] and from mitochondria of a rat hepatoma [ 131. Likewise, poly(A) polymerase has been purified from calf thymus tissue [ 14,151. Now that the in vitro characteristics of this enzyme have been defined, it is possible to study the response of poly(A) polymerase to various physiological parameters. Indeed, recent studies in our laboratory indicate that nuclear poly(A) polymerase levels appear to be altered in response to amino acid supply [ 161, glucocorticoid hormone [ 171 and neoplasia [12] In ordek to evaluate quantitatively the levels of enzyme in the nucleus, we determined the effect of different conditions of homogenization of liver tissue on the resultant levels of poly(A) polymerase obtained in the nuclear and cytosol fractions. In this report, we present evidence which indicates that homogenization of liver tissue with isotonic sucrose, a procedure usually employed to obtain the cytosol fraction, results in a loss of almost all the enzyme activity from nuclei. The release of the nuclear enzyme can be minimized by replacing isotonic sucrose with the hypertonic sucrose which is conventionally used for isolation of pure nuclei from mammalian tissues [18,19]. These studies demonstrate the need for the use of hypertonic sucrose in the isolation of nuclei in order to prevent loss of free nuclear enzymes.
Health Care Reform: What it Might Mean to Urban Public Hospitals

Health care reform proposals may affect public hospitals in a number of ways. To insure that such proposals benefit the underserved communities within which public hospitals operate, reform initiatives should be evaluated against 10 criteria that emphasize prevention and primary care, community health education, cost control, tort reform, and community values.
A model of natural selection that exhibits a dynamic phase transition

A simple, stochastic model is developed of an asexual biological population that is undergoing natural selection. It is then observed that the size of the population, like the temperature parameter in the simulated annealing algorithm, is a measure of the amount of randomness to be allowed in the system. Exploiting the formal analogy between the two processes, it is shown that the distribution of different types of organisms in the population model converges to a stationary distribution if the population is growing more slowly thanO(lnt) (“annealing”), but can fail to converge at all if the population is growing faster thanO(lnt) (“quenching”). The results may be related to the “historical accidents” that permeate biological structures.
An evolutionary formulation of person–situation interactions

This article proposes a novel evolutionary psychological formulation of person-situation interactions. Situations are defined by adaptive problems encountered and the corresponding evolved psychological mechanisms that render some clusters of cues psychologically salient and other information invisible. Developmental environments are defined by the distribution, salience, and sequencing of adaptive problems encountered over time. Person-situation interactions come in two main forms: (1) the ways in which person variables, through the processes of selection, evocation, and manipulation, lead to non-random exposure to different suites of adaptive problems, and (2) individual differences in the strategies deployed toward solving the adaptive problems that people non-randomly encounter.
The effect of geographic range position on demographic variability in annual plants

Summary 1. The abundant centre model predicts that species abundance will decline from the centre towards the periphery of the geographic range. Thus, we expect to find decreases from the centre towards the edge in variables related to population dynamics such as population density and reproductive output. However, evidence for this pattern is contradictory, suggesting that geographically peripheral sites may not be ecologically peripheral. Populations may thrive in pockets of suitable habitat at the edge of the range or may be locally adapted to peripheral conditions. 2. This study examines how the position of a site within geographic and climatic ranges of 13 species is related to the population dynamics at one common location, The Desert Laboratory at Tumamoc Hill, Tucson, AZ, USA. 3. We used data on survival, fecundity, germination fraction and population density from a 25-year long-term data set on winter annual plants to determine whether there was a relationship between distance to the centre of the range and population dynamics. Geographic distance was calculated by determining the distance from the Desert Laboratory to the centre of the observed range determined from locality records. Climatic distance was calculated using the niche modelling software, maxent, and subtracting the mean climatic profile for the species range from that of the Desert Laboratory. 4. There was no relationship between mean population metrics and distance metrics. We found significant relationships between some geographic distance metrics and variance in fecundity, survival and per-germinant fecundity, but not germination fraction or population density. We did not find a relationship with any metric of population dynamic variation and climatic distance. 5. Synthesis. Our results indicate that geographic distance from the centre of the range of 13 annual plant species more strongly predicts their population dynamics than climatic distance. This study reinforces the importance of examining vital rates and their variation in order to properly capture the effect of position within a range on population dynamics.
Contexts of Risk? Explaining the Link between Girls' Pubertal Development and Their Delinquency Involvement

Although early and more advanced pubertal development has been linked to adolescent girls' delinquency involvement, the social factors that mediate these relationships have not been established. This study incorporates parent and peer relationship measures from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to examine (1) whether parents treat more physically developed daughters differently than their less developed peers, and (2) whether more developed girls are located in friendship networks that are more conducive to delinquency than the networks of less developed girls. Earlier pubertal development and more advanced development are associated with three types of delinquency: "party" deviance, minor delinquency, and serious delinquency. The strength of the association is strongest for "party" deviance (e.g., drinking, smoking, truancy, disorderly conduct). Conflict with parents, trust and autonomy from parents, exposure to peer deviance, and involvement in romantic relationships mediate the puberty-delinquency association. However, the relative importance of each of these mechanisms varies by the context of delinquency and the indicators of pubertal development that are used.
Plasma cholesterol: an influencing factor in red blood cell oxygen release and cellular oxygen availability.

Abstract Background: A fairly immediate reduction in angina pectoris symptoms after cholesterol lowering has been described. Our previous findings in rabbits and in a four-patient human pilot study indicated the existence of an RBC membrane barrier to oxygen (O 2 ) transport in the presence of hypercholesterolemia. Our current objective was to determine whether, and to what extent, the plasma cholesterol concentration is an influencing factor in RBC O 2 release and cellular O 2 availability. Study Design: In an unique O 2 diffusion analysis system, blood samples from 100 patients referred for lipid modification were analyzed. After 1 to 2 minutes of mixing in our diffusion analysis system, the next 1 to 2 minutes of circulation is comparable with 1 to 2 seconds of myocardial capillary flow. RBC O 2 diffusion was defined by the depletion rate of total O 2 content in blood from full O 2 saturation (98%) to desaturation (approximately 60%). Relative tissue O 2 availability was defined as the percentage decrease in O 2 availability between the high-cholesterol group and the low-cholesterol group. Results: The 100 patients were divided almost equally into two groups on the basis of plasma cholesterol ranges of 175 to 229 mg/dL (n = 49) and 230 to 299 mg/dL (n = 51). The mean cholesterol concentrations and percentage increases in the high-cholesterol group over the low-cholesterol group were: for plasma, 206 ± 0.3 and 256 ± 0.4 mg/dL, 24.3% (p 2 diffusion curves were distinctly different between the high- and the low-cholesterol groups (p 2 diffusion, defined by the blood O 2 diffusion curves, was inversely proportional to the plasma, RBC, and RBC-membrane cholesterol concentrations. The relative tissue O 2 availability, after a circulation period of more than 3 minutes in the diffusion system, showed a decrease of 17.5% (p 2 availability of 35.8% (p Conclusions: The plasma cholesterol concentration may be an influencing factor in RBC-membrane cholesterol content, which, in turn, may regulate RBC-membrane O 2 transport, RBC O 2 release, and cellular O 2 availability. The implications of this work include the addition of angina pectoris control to the indications for appropriate lipid modification and the development of an in vitro blood stress test to replace patient cardiac stress testing.
Automated georeferencing and orthorectification of Amazon basin-wide SAR mosaics using SRTM DEM data

Frequently large synthetic aperture radar (SAR) mosaics are not precisely georeferenced because topographic distortions are not removed during the mosaicking process due to the lack of adequate digital elevation models (DEMs). The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) has recently provided high-resolution DEM data with nearly global coverage and makes it possible to rectify SAR mosaics. Though techniques are available for rectifying individual scenes of SAR imagery using DEM data, these methods encounter difficulties when rectifying SAR mosaics because abrupt geometric discontinuities occur in SAR mosaics at scene boundaries. This paper introduces an automated method to removing topographic distortions from SAR mosaics and producing orthorectified mosaics, without accessing original SAR images. The procedures include SAR image simulation from DEMs, two-staged image matching between SAR mosaics and the simulated image, automated tie-point derivation and screening, piecewise image rectification for localized adjustment, and production of orthorectified mosaics. The method is used to orthorectify both high-water and low-water Global Rain Forest Mapping project SAR mosaics covering the entire Amazon basin. Validation results show that one-pixel (i.e., 92 m) positioning accuracy (root mean square error) was achieved in both cases, compared to 14-16 pixel errors (i.e., 1288-1472 m) of the original mosaics.
Effect of Particle Size on Potassium Sorption by Potassium-Depleted Phlogopite*

Sorption of K from mixed KCl and CaCl2 solutions by K-depleted, Ca-saturated phlogopite was studied to determine the effect of particle size. The experiments were done at room temperature with 25 mg of K-depleted phlogopite samples in 50 ml solutions which were 0·002 N with respect to KCl and 0·02 N with respect to CaCl2.
One nutritional symbiosis begat another: Phylogenetic evidence that the ant tribe Camponotini acquired Blochmannia by tending sap-feeding insects

Bacterial endosymbiosis has a recurring significance in the evolution of insects. An estimated 10-20% of insect species depend on bacterial associates for their nutrition and reproductive viability. Members of the ant tribe Camponotini, the focus of this study, possess a stable, intracellular bacterial mutualist. The bacterium, Blochmannia, was first discovered in Camponotus and has since been documented in a distinct subgenus of Camponotus, Colobopsis, and in the related genus Polyrhachis. However, the distribution of Blochmannia throughout the Camponotini remains in question. Documenting the true host range of this bacterial mutualist is an important first step toward understanding the various ecological contexts in which it has evolved, and toward identifying its closest bacterial relatives. In this study, we performed a molecular screen, based on PCR amplification of 16S rDNA, to identify bacterial associates of diverse Camponotini species. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rDNA gave four important insights: (i) Blochmannia occurs in a broad range of Camponotini genera including Calomyrmex, Echinopla, and Opisthopsis, and did not occur in outgroups related to this tribe (e.g., Notostigma). This suggests that the mutualism originated in the ancestor of the tribe Camponotini. (ii) The known bacteriocyte-associated symbionts of ants, in Formica, Plagiolepis, and the Camponotini, arose independently. (iii) Blochmannia is nestled within a diverse clade of endosymbionts of sap-feeding hemipteran insects, such as mealybugs, aphids, and psyllids. In our analyses, a group of secondary symbionts of mealybugs are the closest relatives of Blochmannia. (iv) Blochmannia has cospeciated with its known hosts, although deep divergences at the genus level remain uncertain. The Blochmannia mutualism occurs in Calomyrmex, Echinopla, and Opisthopsis, in addition to Camponotus, and probably originated in the ancestral lineage leading to the Camponotini. This significant expansion of its known host range implies that the mutualism is more ancient and ecologically diverse than previously documented. Blochmannia is most closely related to endosymbionts of sap-feeding hemipterans, which ants tend for their carbohydrate-rich honeydew. Based on phylogenetic results, we propose Camponotini might have originally acquired this bacterial mutualist through a nutritional symbiosis with other insects.
Silicon technology tradeoffs for radio-frequency/mixed-signal "systems-on-a-chip"

Silicon technology has progressed over the last several years from a digitally oriented technology to one well suited for microwave and RF applications at a high level of integration. Technology scaling, both at the transistor and back-end metallization level, has driven this progress. CMOS technology is ideally suited for low-noise amplification and receiver applications, but the fundamental breakdown voltage is lower than that of equivalent Si/SiGe HBTs. High-quality passive devices are equally important, and improvements in metallization technology are resulting in higher quality inductors. This paper summarizes the silicon technology issues associated with RF "system-on-a-chip" applications.
Localization of coronary arteriovenous fistula by indicator-dilution curves

Abstract In 5 cases of coronary artery-right heart fistula, indicator-dilution curves were used to localize the arterial and venous ends of the fistula. It is suggested that this technique facilitates the selection of angiographic injection sites, thus reducing the radiation exposure to the patient, the number of angiographic studies and the amount of contrast material required. Four subjects were submitted to surgical correction of their lesion with good results.
Molecular modifications during nerve-muscle synapse formation.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of synaptic activity in nerve–muscle synapse formation. One of the more striking characteristics of the neuromuscular junction is its ability to accumulate acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in extremely high concentrations. The chapter describes the accumulation of synaptic AChRs and AChE. Numerous studies have suggested that the muscle cytoskeleton is involved in some way in AChR clustering; however, a direct proof is still lacking. Recently, it was observed that the chick cells transformed with temperature sensitive mutants of Rous sarcoma virus were unable to cluster AChRs even at the nonpermissive temperature for viral transformation. At this temperature, the cells were normal in most regards, having, for instance, normal levels of AChR and AChE, normal AChR channels, and the usual AChE forms. This defect was because of the presence of the viral tyrosine protein kinase, pp6O Src , because muscle cells infected with transformation-defective viral mutants, which lacked the gene for pp60 Src , were able to cluster their AChRs.
ACTS OF MERCY AS MIMESIS: A NEUROSCIENTIFIC CRITIQUE OF JOHN WESLEY’S MEANS OF GRACE IN SANCTIFICATION

Rapid advances in neuroscience during the past fifty years have dramatically altered our understanding of human nature. The recent case of a school teacher turned pedophile provides a vivid example of the intersection of neuroscience and human nature (Burns and Swerdlow, 2003). Those who knew the teacher described this person as a "good" family man; then he became obsessed with viewing pornographic materials. Eventually, he sexually molested children and adolescents. This man had no prior history of sexual deviance. He was arrested and convicted of child molestation and underwent therapy and group rehabilitation without success. However, the day before his final sentencing he went to the emergency room complaining of a severe headache. While at the hospital he was still unable to control himself, propositioning the nurses even as he awaited treatment. An MRI was done, revealing that a large tumor was impeding the function of the orbitofrontal cortex of his brain. Physiological abnormalities in this region have been associated with poor impulse control and altered sexual behavior. When the tumor was removed, the patient's obsession with pornography, his pedophilia and other sexually deviant behavior disappeared. A year later his impulse toward pedophilia returned. He visited doctors who discovered the tumor had begun to grow again. Once the tumor was removed, the impulses again disappeared. This account reveals how neuroscience has created a dilemma for Christians. An evangelical Christian worldview argues from Scripture that a pedophile, pornographer and a sexually promiscuous person will not enter the kingdom of heaven. The implication of this belief is that it is within that person's ability to change their behavior by God's grace, or that when the person becomes a Christian, God will supernaturally alter unacceptable behaviors. In the incident above, however, a surgery to remove a brain tumor altered this man's behavior. His sinful behavior was a symptom of a physical illness. This simply does not fit the Christian paradigm of human responsibility for sinful behavior. In fact,