cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Angiogenic Factor Cysteine-Rich 61 (CYR61, CCN1) Supports Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Adhesion and Stimulates Chemotaxis through Integrin α6β1 and Cell Surface Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans

Cysteine-rich 61 (CYR61, CCN1) is a heparin-binding, extracellular, matrix-associated protein of the cysteine-rich 61/nephroblastoma family, which also includes connective tissue growth factor, nephroblastoma overexpressed, Wnt-induced secreted protein-1 (WISP-1), WISP-2, and WISP-3. CYR61 induces angiogenesis in vivo and supports cell adhesion, promotes cell migration, and enhances growth factor-stimulated mitogenesis in fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Although the expression of CYR61 has been observed in arterial walls, its function in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) has not been examined to date. Here we show that purified CYR61 supports VSMC adhesion in a dose-dependent, saturable manner through integrin α6β1 with an absolute requirement of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. In addition, CYR61 induces VSMC chemotaxis, but not chemokinesis, through integrin α6β1 and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Heparin-binding defective CYR61 mutants are unable to support VSMC adhesion but can still ...
Coaching from the coaches’ perspective: a process-oriented focus

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the practice of new principal coaching in schools from the coaches’ perspective. Design/methodology/approach – Six coaches of new principals were interviewed over a one-year period. Through the use of a qualitative, constant-comparative approach, the participants’ voices were used to discover their views. Data analysis employed emergent coding (Creswell, 2008; Denzin, 2005; Glaser and Strauss, 1998; Spradley, 1979). The study took place in the San Francisco Bay Area, a linguistically and ethnically diverse area, in the state of California, USA. Findings – Thematic analysis of interview data from principal coaches revealed a process-oriented focus within principal coaching as a primary finding. Process-oriented coaching, rather than specific, skill-focussed content, was the main mechanism coaches used to support new principals. Research limitations/implications – Findings are limited to the sample of principal coaches used for this analysis, although there ...
Public perception of technological risk

Abstract A public opinion survey of three California cities assessed the extent of public concern over risks associated with modern technologies. A substantial majority of respondents were concerned with each of ten areas, with concern being more widespread among women and less widespread among the more educated. Respondents relied heavily on television news and newspapers for information and varied in rating the reliability of different information sources, with university scientists being the most highly regarded. Decisions on public safety regarding these risks were influenced mainly by federal and state officials, the news media, and business. People believed that they were largely ignored in the process. Despite this feeling, political participation rates were not associated with the extent of concern over the dangers of technological risk. Low participation and high regard for authority raise the issue of the role of the expert in society.
Employing Markov Networks on Curriculum Graphs to Predict Student Performance

Colleges and universities are increasingly interested in tracking student progress as they monitor and work to improve their retention and graduation rates. Ideally, early indicators of student progress, or lack thereof, can be used to provide appropriate interventions that increase the likelihood of student success. In this paper we present a framework that uses data mining and machine learning techniques, and in particular, linear regression and a Markov network (MN), to predict the performance of students early in their academic careers. The results obtained show that the proposed framework can predict student progress, specifically student grade point average (GPA) within the intended major, with minimal error after observing a single semester of performance. Furthermore, as additional performance is observed, the predicted GPA in subsequent semesters becomes increasingly accurate, providing the ability to advise students regarding likely success outcomes early in their academic careers.
Antigen-specific responses in autoimmunity and tolerance.

Autoantibodies to the hormone insulin arise spontaneously in the insulin autoimmune syndrome and in the prodrome of type I diabetes. Further, administration of insulin to individuals without autoimmune disease routinely results in, antibodies that bind autologoushormone. These observations suggest that physiological levels of hormones, such as insulin, are below critical thresholds for signaling tolerance induction, a state termed clonal ignorance. In contrast, studies from our laboratory on the genetic origins and structure of V genes used by insulin antibodies suggest that the anti-insulin repertoire is tightly regulated. We have shown that B cells in mice harboring an insulin antibody transgene are functionally silenced. These findings verify that tolerance is active for small molecules, even when they are present at low concentrations. Despite, active tolerance, insulin antibodies are sustained in the repertoire of normal animals by several mechanisms, including activation by TI antigen signals, unique display of conformational epitopes, and the recruitment of B cells previously selected by responses to other antigens. This essay reviews our current understanding of escape pathways for anti-insulin B cells.
Aortobronchial Fistula: Keys to Successful Management:

Aortobronchial fistula is a rare but highly lethal condition. If diagnosed, its survival rates are greater than 80%; if not, the condition is uniformly fatal with death most commonly due to massive hemoptysis. A review of the world's literature and an illustrated case are presented. A total of 30 cases have been described, but the published incidence may be low. Of the cases presented to sufficient detail for analysis, 92% (23 of 25) were associated with an aneurysm of the thoracic aorta. The most consistent symptom was hemoptysis (22 of 23, 96%), especially massive hemoptysis (15 of 19, 79%). Plain chest radiographs demonstrated an aneurysm in 46% (6 of 13 evaluable cases). Either an aneurysm on the chest x-ray or massive hemoptysis, or both were seen in 94% of cases (16 of 17). The most rewarding test (in 5 of 7, 71%) was the thoracic aortogram. Surgical correction was followed by an 82% survival rate (9 of 11). Untreated, the eventual mortality was 100%, although one patient died as late as 6 months after the initial presentation with massive hemoptysis.
Education for Social Transformation: Chicana/o and Latin American Studies and Community Struggles

The classroom is an inherently political arena. It may be either a place that reproduces dominant thought and prevailing hierarchies or an area of liberatory praxis where power and exclusionary ideologies can be challenged (Freire, 1970). Radical educators have long acknowledged that liberatory education involves interactive classes in which the learning process is negotiated, one "learns by doing," and there is an emphasis on relating personal lives to public issues (Freire, 1970; Shor, 1992; hooks, 1994; Darder, 2002). In these student-centered classes, a "power-sharing arrangement" enables participants to explore issues and themes of interest to them and to relate academic materials to their lives and worlds (Freire, 1970; Shor, 1996). Ideally, an engaged pedagogy includes a critical analysis of power, domination, and knowledge and an opportunity to devise strategies and engage in activities that foster change (Freire, 1970; Solorzano, 1997). For the past decade, the political climate has been ripe for building an engaged pedagogy that is linked to community struggles. The neoliberal phase of capitalism has ravaged social spending while capital accumulates at an ever-increasing rate. The result has been growing disparities of wealth, accompanied by overt xenophobia, anti-immigrant campaigns, and a general entrenchment of racism in the world's wealthiest countries. At the same time, imperial powers such as the United States have aggressively sought to expand their domination. Grassroots and popular movements throughout the world have challenged these trends. This has resulted in international mobilizations against corporate globalization and most recently has spawned a
The reduction of the solar velocity field into its oscillatory and slowly-varying components

Spectroheliogram movies of the solar velocity field have been made in the λ4924 line of Feii with a time resolution of 20 sec/frame and a spatial resolution in the range 1–2 sec of arc. A conventional doppler movie has been used to generate two additional movies which show the slowly-varying and oscillatory components of the velocity field separately. A basic result is the simplicity of the field patterns into which the relatively complex velocity field can be decomposed.
Patton: death of a soldier

General George S. Patton Jr. died as the result of quadriplegia sustained in a car crash in Germany in 1945. His x-ray films revealed a fractured C-3 vertebra and a posterior dislocation of C-4 on C-5. The likely cause of death was a pulmonary embolus. Details of his medical treatment are reviewed and compared with therapies that a patient with a similar injury would receive today.
Damage Control in Trauma: Laparotomy Wound Management Acute to Chronic

Damage control surgery is fundamental to operative trauma care. Prophylactic application of open abdomen techniques has led to avoidance of a great deal of the organ dysfunction associated with abdominal compartment syndrome. Surgeons are learning about management of large open abdominal wounds. There seems to be a general consensus regarding acute management of these wounds. Institutions are using staged techniques of management. Getting open wounds closed as soon as possible leads to fewer complications. The acute use of vacuum wound may provide for early secondary closure. There is less study focused on optimal definitive reconstructive techniques. Further study in all of these areas will lead to improved outcomes.
II THE NEW APPROACH TO CATECHETICS

(1962). II THE NEW APPROACH TO CATECHETICS. Religious Education: Vol. 57, No. 5, pp. 334-339.
High quality thick epitaxial films for power semiconductor devices

Abstract High quality epitaxial layers with low defect levels are the key to fabrication of high voltage power devices. Growth of 100 μm thick epitaxial layers has been performed using a thermally driven chemical vapor deposition process. Three important parameters that have significant influence on epitaxy quality have been identified: substrate surface condition, reactor system cleanliness, and deposition process. The prerequisite p - n - p structure of a 6 kV thyristor was fabricated using 100 μm thick epitaxial layers to form the p -base. Defect density (hillocks and dislocations) in epitaxial layers has been correlated with the breakdown voltage of the p - n - p structure. It was found that an order of magnitude improvement of the defect level was obtained using well polished substrates instead of poorly polished substrates. Further improvement was achieved with the use of an etched reactor system before epitaxial growth, resulting in the reduction of defect density by another order of magnitude. A new cycled process, consisting of successive H 2 purges and deposition steps, is proposed that effectively reduces the defect level by an additional factor of 4, as compared with the conventional continuous deposition process. Specular epitaxial layers without spikes were obtained. Experimental results showed that for thick epitaxial films (100 μm), a susceptor with round-bottomed depressions provides higher dislocation density than one with flat-bottomed depressions, leading to a lower breakdown voltage of test devices.
Electrodischarge compaction of nickel powders

Abstract The electrodischarge compaction (EDC) experiment by Davies and Al-Hassani for nickel powders has been re-analyzed, and additional EDC experiments were carried out using deliberately oxidized nickel powders to understand the mechanism of the oxide disruption and neck formation during passage of a high voltage and high density current. Detailed analysis of power-discharge time curves obtained by Davies and Al-Hassani and also by the present authors was performed together with microstructural observation of the neck interface. It is proposed that the EDC process consists of four stages: stage I, electronic breakdown of oxide films and heat accumulation at the metal- oxide interface; stage II, physical breakdown of oxide film due to sublimation of the metal under the oxide film; stage III, neck formation; stage IV, neck growth and dissipation of energy through the conductive mass.
DNS of moderate-temperature gaseous mixing layers laden with multicomponent-fuel drops

A formulation representing multicomponent-fuel (MC-fuel) composition as a Probability Distribution Function (PDF) depending on the molar weight is used to construct a model of a large number of MC-fuel drops evaporating in a gas flow, so as to assess the extent of fuel specificity on the vapor composition.
Demonstration that ethanol inhibits bone matrix synthesis and mineralization in the rat

The effects of ethanol on bone and mineral metabolism were investigated in 3 groups of male rats. The first group received ethanol administered as 36% of caloric content in a liquid diet for 3 weeks. A second group of pair-fed animals was given the same liquid diet, except that sucrose was substituted isocalorically for ethanol. A third group of rats was fed standard laboratory chow. The ethanol-treated rats gained significantly less weight than laboratory chow-fed controls but gained the same weight as the pair-fed animals. Ethanol-treated rats had a modest but significant decrease in mean serum calcium compared to pair-fed controls (10.3 ± 0.1 vs. 10.6 ± 0.1 mg/dl, p < .001). Mean serum phosphate, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and immunoreactive parathyroid hormone were the same in the 3 groups. The ethanol-treated animals showed significant decreases in mean tibial length (1.88 ± 0.01 vs. 1.98 ± 0.02 cm, p < .01), mean endosteal bone formation rate (0.0006 ± 0.0001 vs. 0.0026 ± 0.0003 mm3/day, p < .001) and mean periosteal bone formation rate (0.022 ± 0.001 vs. 0.026 ± 0.001 mm3/day, p < .01) compared to the pair-fed controls. The ethanol-treated rats demonstrated significant decreases in mean periosteal mineralization rate (7.5 ± 0.3 vs. 10.3 ± 0.6 μm/day, p < .01) and mean periosteal apposition rate (8.5 ± 0.5 vs. 11.0 ± 0.8 μm/day, p < .05) and a significant increase in mean periosteal osteoid thickness (15.5 ± 1.4 vs. 10.4 ± 0.8 μm, p < .01) compared to pair-fed controls. The laboratory chow-fed controls had higher mean endosteal bone formation rate (0.0040 ± 0.0004 mm3/day, p < .01), mean periosteal bone formation rate (0.034 ± 0.001 mm3/day, p < .01), mean periosteal mineralization rate (12.5 ± 0.7 μm/day, p < .01) and mean periosteal apposition rate (13.0 ± 0.7 μm/day, p < .01) than the pair-fed control animals. The results are interpreted to mean that in the rat ethanol alters mineral homeostasis and diminishes formation of bone matrix and mineralization of osseous tissue. These effects cannot be accounted for by alterations in the metabolism of vitamin D. Further, caloric restriction and inhibition of growth themselves diminish formation of bone matrix and mineralization of osseous tissue.
Recall, Recognition, and the Measurement of Memory for Print Advertisements

The recall and recognition of people for 95 print ads were examined with an aim toward investigating memory structure and decay processes. It was found that recall and recognition do not, by themselves, measure a single underlying memory state. Rather, memory is multidimensional, and recall and recognition capture only a portion of memory, while at the same time reflecting other mental states. When interest in the ads was held constant, however, recall and recognition did measure memory as a unidimensional construct. Further, an examination of memory over three points in time showed considerable stability. The findings are interpreted from the perspective of recent research in cognitive psychology as well as current thinking in consumer behavior and advertising research. Managerial implications are considered as well.
Universal factors affecting emergency department crowding.

Dear Editor, I read with great interest the article entitled “Application of Queuing Analytic Theory to Decrease Waiting Times in Emergency Department: Does it Make Sense?” in the autumn issue of Archives of Trauma Research (1). As an emergency physician in the United States, I can share the frustration of the authors that throughput of patients in the emergency department can often be hindered by numerous medical and logistical factors. In the United States, unlike most countries, emergency department care is not reserved to patients with acute severe conditions alone. Rather, under US law, emergency departments regularly provide care to patients who often do not have access to health care in other settings (2). I believe most emergency physicians in the United States would presume that the lack of such legal mandates would result in less crowding and difficulties in patient flow in emergency departments outside of the US. As this article clearly shows, unfortunately, there are common factors that emergency departments worldwide share in the challenge to improve patient waiting times. Similar to the US, the Iranian emergency department analyzed in this article faces obstacles in the form of personnel, lab processing and results and critical care bed availability. The authors chose a very appropriate simulation method to analyze how their emergency department staffing and procedures could be improved. I would be very curious to see in a follow-up article from the authors whether the implementation of potential solutions to the challenges identified was successful in reducing their emergency department waiting and patient holding times. Such solutions would be of great interest not only in Iranian emergency departments but also in emergency departments worldwide.
Initial experience with post Lariat left atrial appendage leak closure with Amplatzer septal occluder device and repeat Lariat application

Background Left atrial appendage (LAA) ligation with the Lariat device is a therapeutic option to prevent thromboembolic stoke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) at high risk for systemic thromboembolization and bleeding related to use of anticoagulation. In rare cases, this procedure could leave the LAA incompletely ligated with continued risk of stroke. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence and characteristics of LAA leak following ligation using the Lariat device and the feasibility of leak closure with the Amplatzer septal occluder device or a repeat Lariat application. Methods Seventy-one consecutive patients who underwent LAA ligation by the Lariat device were followed-up with transesophageal echocardiography to evaluate for the presence of appendage leaks, characterization of the leaks, and the presence of any thrombus. Patients with LAA leaks underwent definite closure of the leak. Results Six patients had LAA leaks with a mean leak size of 4.3 ± 0.6 mm. All leaks were concentric in nature. None of the patients had LAA thrombus. Leaks in 5 of these patients were successfully closed using an Amplatzer septal occluder device (St. Jude Medical); the leak in the sixth patient was closed using a repeat Lariat procedure. Conclusion LAA leaks from incomplete ligation of the LAA following the Lariat procedure are not uncommon and could be successfully closed with an Amplatzer septal occluder device or a repeat Lariat procedure.
The Worker, the Union and the Democratic Workplace

. Much attention has been devoted to the potential gains in work satisfaction and productivity that can result from more democratic work organization. In the U.S. the willingness of management to share power is a key factor in the transfer from authoritarianism, as is widely recognized. Less widely recognized are the worker and the union as impediments to change. Various characteristics and interests of both, many related to the long history of the authoritarian workplace, make transition difficult. A particular set of conditions, not generally prevailing in the U.S., would be necessary for a pervasive joint union, management, worker thrust toward more participatory work organization.
Stochastic gravitational fluctuations in a self-consistent mean field theory

Abstract A fully stochastic theory is formulated for the dynamical evolution of a gravitationally interacting stellar system. A given test star is assumed to experience a self-consistent mean field potential, and in addition to be subjected to random fluctuations. The general theory of random (Markoff) processes is briefly summarised, with emphasis upon the connections among the various fundamental equations: Kolmogorov-Feller, master, and Fokker-Planck. In a first approximation, fluctuations may be viewed as a sum of random binary encounters in the spirit of the Boltzmann H-theorem. The advantages and difficulties of such a viewpoint are discussed. The full stochastic picture is then addressed. The nature of the stochastic force acting upon a test star is examined in detail, and an heuristic interpretation is discussed. A calculation is presented of the relative contribution to the total force resulting from field stars separated by a distance R from some origin. The effects of fluctuations are then discussed in a diffusion approximation as an application of the theory of the Brownian motion. The question of the actual validity of this self-consistent mean field picture is then discussed, and several of the more significant unresolved problems are stated.
Venous system of the myocardium with special reference to the conduction system.

Myocardial veins and sinusoids of the right atrioventricular junction of the heart were studied in serial section, and their relations to the common conduction bundle and nodal tissues were anatomically demonstrated by wax model reconstructions. It is suggested these venous channels may well explain the complete, but transient, bundle block of children observed in certain toxic diseases. On the other hand, the same sinusoids functioning as capillaries may nourish the bundle tissues in older decades, thus explaining the low incidence of bundle block in cases of gradual coronary occlusion. The possible role of these vessels to the intercoronary circulation is discussed.
Thiophosphorylated Substrate Analogs Are Potent Active Site-Directed Inhibitors of Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatases

Thiophosphotyrosyl protein and peptide substrate analogs were found to be potent and specific protein-tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors with IC50s in the range of 0.2-30 microM. The analogs were based on highly reactive substrates and included thiophosphotyrosyl forms of reduced carboxamidomethylated and maleylated lysozyme and peptides based on tyrosine phosphorylation sites of lysozyme, alpha s2-casein, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor. These analogs inhibited protein-tyrosine phosphatases from both the intracellular and transmembrane classes and from a variety of species ranging from a prokaryote (Yersinia enterolitica) to man. The extent of inhibition of phosphatase activity by a given analog varied with the phosphatase species. In contrast, protein kinases and protein-serine/threonine phosphatases were not significantly affected by these analogs. The mechanism of inhibition was investigated using rat brain protein-tyrosine phosphatase-1 as a prototype. These studies indicated that the inhibition was rapid and reversible and was competitive in nature. The Ki for inhibition by various thiophosphotyrosyl analogs was generally proportional to the apparent Km for the corresponding phosphorylated substrates. Unphosphorylated substrate molecules were generally much weaker inhibitors than the corresponding thiophosphotyrosyl substrate analogs. Taken together these results point to an active site-directed mechanism for inhibition. These specific inhibitory probes could be used to study substrate binding mechanisms as well as physiological roles of various protein-tyrosine phosphatases.
Structure-Based Design of Conformationally Constrained, Cell-Permeable STAT3 Inhibitors.

We report herein the structure-based design of a class of conformationally constrained, potent, cell-permeable small-molecule inhibitors to target the SH2 domain in STAT3. Compound 11 (CJ-1383) binds to STAT3 with a Ki value of 0.95 μM, dose-dependently inhibits cellular STAT3 signaling and cancer cell growth, and induces apoptosis in the MDA-MB-468 cancer cell line with constitutively activated STAT3.
The frustrated benevolence of “Dr. Anonymous”

Shortly after William Heberden published his original description of the clinical features of angina pectoris in 1772, he received an intriguing letter from an unnamed physician who suffered from the disease. The case of "Dr. Anonymous" is significant as the earliest account of ischemic heart disease clearly associated with ventricular arrhythmias. This astute observer not only predicted his own sudden death, but also offered his body in the benevolent hope that autopsy correlation would contribute to the understanding of the cause of angina pectoris.
Functional analysis of tumor cell growth and clearance in living animals

Evaluation of antineoplastic therapies would be enhanced by sensitive methods that noninvasively asses both tumor location and neoplastic growth kinetics in living animals. Since light is transmitted through mammalian tissues, it was possible to externally monitor growth and regression of luciferase labeled murine tumor cells engrafted into immunodeficient mice. External quantification of tumor burden revealed the biological impact of the chemotherapeutic agent cyclophosphamide on the kinetics of tumor growth in living animals. Therapeutic activity was apparent but this drug did not eliminate the NIH 3T3 cell signal over the 28 d time course. This novel, noninvasive system allowed sensitive, real time spatiotemporal analyses of neoplastic cell growth and may facilitate rapid optimization of effective therapeutic treatment regimes.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dynamics of the Periotest method of diagnosing the dental implant-bone interface

The physical basis of the Periotest method has been investigated on the basis of lumped parameter system models. Theoretical values of the force to which an implant is subjected by tapping have been favourably compared with experimental results from the literature.
Differential blockade of early and late components of acoustic startle following intrathecal infusion of 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) ord,l-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP-5)

The present study investigated the individual contributions of spinal cord N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors to the acoustic startle reflex in rats. The first experiment measured whole body acoustic startle before and after intrathecal infusion of various doses of either the NMDA receptor antagonist,d,l-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP-5), or the non-NMDA antagonist, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). Both compounds depressed startle in a dose-dependent fashion with similar potencies. A second experiment measured startle electromyographically (EMG) in the quadriceps femoris muscle complex in the hindlimbs during auditory stimulation to characterize the effects of these two compounds on the early (∼ 8ms) or late (∼ 15ms) EMG components of the startle response. CNQX preferentially blocked the early EMG component of startle, whereas AP-5 preferentially blocked the late component. These results suggest that the acoustic startle reflex involves an early EMG component mediated by spinal non-NMDA receptors, and a late EMG component mediated by spinal NMDA receptors.
Disparities in child abuse mortality are not explained by injury severity

BACKGROUND: Unadjusted abuse-related mortality has been demonstrated to be nearly 4-fold higher for African American (AA) children. Little is known about the etiology of this disparity. This study examines the importance of injury severity and initial presentation in explaining the observed disparity. METHOD: Our trauma database was reviewed to identify all abused patients admitted over a 10-year period. Outcomes among white and AA children were compared with specific attention to injury severity scores and initial presentation. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of race on outcome. RESULTS: There were 443 abused children identified. Thirty-eight percent of the group was AA. The overall mortality was 7.7%; however, the AA mortality was significantly higher than white children (14.8% vs 3.3%; P Language: en
Quality of day care and home-reared infants' interaction patterns with mothers and day care providers.

Recently, infant day care has received considerable attention among researchers and public-policy advocates. This interest has focused mainly on the growing body of research on the effects of infant day care in terms of mother/child attachment. Relatively little work has examined differences in specific features of caregiving experienced by day care and home-reared infants. In the present study, adult/child interaction patterns were studied in a sample of 54 infants (36 home-reared, 18 day care) at 12 months of age. Differences between the groups were also assessed using outcome measures for cognitive and motivational competence. When mother/child interaction was compared in the home-reared and day care samples, very little difference was found in quality of interaction with the difference favoring the mothers of the day care infants. However, mothers in the day care sample had significantly higher quality interaction patterns with their infants than the day care providers with those same infants. Regarding child outcome, no differences were found between the home-reared and day care groups in exploratory competence, problem-solving ability, or mastery motivation. Several potential explanations for these findings are discussed.
Nonlinear viscoelastic analysis of asphalt cement and asphalt mastics

The nonlinear viscoelastic (NLVE) behaviour of asphalt cement and asphalt mastic are studied using temperature and frequency sweep tests and repeated stress sweep cyclic load tests. These experiments show that the response functions of these materials are strain-level dependent. The experiments also show that NLVE occurs simultaneously with other mechanisms, which complicates isolation and subsequent characterisation. For the asphalt mastics studied, the NLVE is found to relate to only the influences of the asphalt cement. Based on these experiments and analyses, a thermodynamics-based constitutive equation is proposed. The proposed model is chosen based on the hypothesis that the observed NLVE is strain related, which is different from other similar models and agrees with existing frameworks for evaluating damage. The resulting model is found to capably predict the stress–strain behaviour of asphalt cement and asphalt mastics at different volumetric concentrations of filler under cyclic and constant rate...
Changes in verbal child-mother interactions with increasing language skills of the child.

Protocols of language interactions between mothers and children are analyzed. The children ranged in age from 2,2 years to 5,0 years. Systematic changes in the interactions were found with the increasing level of language skills of the child. Mothers generally proved to be very sensitive measuring instruments of the language capacities of their children and they adapted their verbal utterances to these capacities. The syntactical forms as well as the communicated contents of the message were changing with increasing language skill. Nonhuman environmental influences on the language behaviors were studied in part and changes in the use of these situational resources by the mothers were observed. Individual differences in the teaching methods of the mothers as well as in the reactions of the children are discussed.
Depression and Aggression in Family interaction

Contents: D. Reiss, J. Schulterbrandt, The Family Research Consortium: At the Crest of a Major Wave? S.G. Kellam, Developmental Epidemiological Framework for Family Research on Depression and Aggression. R.J. Gelles, Methodological Issues in the Study of Family Violence. J.M. Gottman, How Marriages Change. A. Biglan, L. Lewin, H. Hops, A Contextual Approach to the Problem of Aversive Practices in Families. W.A. Griffin, J.M. Gottman, Statistical Methods for Analyzing Family Interaction. M.R. Yarrow, Family Environments of Depressed and Well Parents and Their Children: Issues of Research Methods. H. Hops, L. Sherman, A. Biglan, Maternal Depression, Marital Discord, and Children's Behavior: A Developmental Perspective. G.R. Patterson, M.S. Forgatch, Initiation and Maintenance of Process Disrupting Single-Mother Families. L. Bank, T. Dishion, M. Skinner, G.R. Patterson, Method Variance in Structural Equation Modeling: Living with "Glop." I.E. Sigel, E. Blechman, Reflections: A Conceptual Analysis and Synthesis.
Sepsis and septic shock—A review of laboratory models and a proposal

Abstract Study of the pathophysiology of infection requires the use of animal models in order to separate the many variables. Meaningful controlled studies of septic patients are difficult because of the diversity of diseases, different organisms, and multiplicity of variables encountered in the clinical setting. Endotoxin animal models, although reproducible, do not adequately simulate many of the circulatory and metabolic alterations produced by sepsis. Numerous sepsis models utilizing bacterial infection have been developed without any standardization of approach and there are often problems of reproducibility. When we began to study sepsis, we found that many of the proposed and reported small animal models of sepsis could not be reproduced in our laboratory. This led us through a long period of trial and error in order to develop a reproducible and satisfactory small animal sepsis model. Because of this, and the need for review and standardization, previously used models of sepsis such as the administration of endotoxin, intravenous infusion of live organisms, the administration of fecal material into the peritoneal cavity, the placement of infected foreign material into the soft tissues of the extremity, and surgical operations that partially destroy the normal barriers of the gastrointestinal tract are reviewed. Modifications of an existing sepsis model in the rat are also presented, and criteria for future models for the study of sepsis such as reproducibility of the model, clinical signs of sepsis, positive blood cultures, and alterations of vital signs are proposed.
Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: prevention of perforation.

Abstract During a 24-mo period, 23 infants were treated for neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Diagnosis was established either at operation or by the triad of abdominal distention, gastrointestinal bleeding, and radiographic findings of pneumatosis intestinals. Fourteen of the 23 infants were admitted to the hospital before intestinal perforation had developed. They were treated with a therapeutic regimen which included nasogastric suction, intravenous fluids and blood, and both parenteral and topical antibiotics by gavage. None of the 14 babies developed free intestinal perforation. Our experience suggests that this method of treatment may improve the survival rate of infants with necrotizing enterocolitis, and merits further clinical trial.
Risk factors for osteomyelitis

An approach that is useful in classifying the risk factors for the development of acute osteomyelitis is the same as one commonly employed to discuss the mechanisms responsible for pathogenesis: hematogenous dissemination, direct inoculation, and contiguous spread from an adjacent area of soft tissue infection. Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis is predominantly a disease of children. Factors that favor the development of acute bone infection are those that predispose to bacteremia. These include indwelling intravascular catheters, distant foci of infection, and intravenous drug abuse. The distant sites of focal infection that are most commonly associated with acute osteomyelitis include the skin as well as urinary and respiratory tracts. Two patient groups with an usual susceptibility to acute skeletal infections are those with sickle cell anemia and chronic granulomatous disease. The second major mechanism for the development of acute osteomyelitis is by direct inoculation. Injuries due to penetrating bites and puncture wounds of the food may serve to infect bone directly. Diagnostic procedures (lumbar puncture, fetal monitoring electrodes, suprapubic aspiration, and heel sticks) may result inadvertently in the inoculation of a neighboring osseous structure. Surgical procedures such as internal fixation of long bone fractures and skeletal traction may cause an infection of the bone. Osteomyelitis may develop as a consequence of contiguous spread of infection from adjacent soft tissue, particularly if vascular insufficiency complicates the clinical picture. Infection of the mandible, maxilla, and frontal or mastoid bones may result from persistent or neglected infection of the teeth, paranasal sinuses, or middle ear cavity, respectively. The major risk factor for chronic infection of bone is inadequate or delayed management of acute osteomyelitis or completely unrecognized bone infection.
The 2002 Ocean Color Anomaly in the Florida Bight: a Cause of Local Coral Reef Decline?

[1] The status of coral reef communities has been monitored annually since 1996 at two sites north of Key West, Florida, [Smith Shoal (24.72°N, 81.92°W) and Content Keys (24.82°N, 81.49°W)]. Percent cover of selected benthic community categories and stony (hermatypic) coral species number at these sites were relatively stable from 1996 to 2001, but decreased by >70% and >40%, respectively, from 2001 to 2002. Clionid sponges ranged from 12–16 colonies in 2001, but none were observed in 2002. Satellite ocean color imagery showed the transit of water with abnormally low water-leaving radiance values between March and May 2002 over these sites. Field observations showed that this “black” water contained the red tide organism Karenia brevis and high diatom concentrations. The observations from satellite ocean color data suggested that the decline in the benthic communities was related to the passage of the water patch over the reef sites.
THE FLOW OF CERAMIC BODIES AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES

A study is made of the flow characteristics of a porcelain over a considerable range of stress and temperature. In the range of these tests, where the rate varied by a million to one, no lower limit was found to the flow. The flow always reached a steady rate, but this look as much as 400 hours in some cases. The relation of plastic flow-to other types is discussed as well as the application of the flow diagram to the load test and the fusion point.
AC-DC comparators for audio-frequency current and voltage measurements of high accuracy

This paper surveys recent developments in high-accuracy ac-dc comparators, the basic standards for ac current and voltage measurements at audio and higher frequencies. These instruments compare the unknown ac quantity with a dc reference. The ac-dc transfer characteristics of thermal converters, the most widely used comparators, can be evaluated to about 10 ppm at audio frequencies in national metrology laboratories. With recent developments even better accuracies, and greater convenience with automatic comparisons, are feasible.
Draft Genomes of Two Sordariomycete Fungi That Produce Novel Secondary Metabolites

The genomes of two fungi isolated from soil (MEA-2) and sediment (SUP5-1) were sequenced. Both were members of the order Hypocreales, closely related to Tolypocladium inflatum, and capable of producing novel secondary metabolites. The draft genomes enabled the characterization of key biosynthetic pathways.
The uses of knowledge in neighbourhood revitalization

Abstract This paper focuses attention on the ways in which knowledge operatesto structure and limit what can possibly be done in community-buildinginitiatives. Specifically, we devote attention to the forms of knowledgeeither categorized as ‘local’ or ‘expert’. This paper draws out a theor-etical basis to understand how community-building as a process, and pro-fessional community-building practitioners themselves, often create,maintain, and police these epistemological boundaries, and through casestudies illustrate how this impacts people’s access to putting knowledgeinto action. Introduction Current scholarly work on neighbourhood revitalization and community-building initiatives often occurs with little critical attention to the role ofdifferent actors engaged in these efforts or the ways in which knowledge(s)is used within these experiences (Evans, 1994; Talen, 2000). 1 In this paper,we contend that building community without sensitivity to these concernsfails to notice how these initiatives function with productive force to demar-cate the horizon of potential processes, actions, and outcomes stemmingfrom these neighbourhood revitalization efforts. This paper focuses atten-tion on the ways in which knowledge operates to structure and limit whatcan possibly be done in community-building initiatives. Specifically, wedevote attention to the forms of knowledge either categorized as ‘local’ or‘expert’. This paper draws out a theoretical basis to understand how com-munity-building as a process, and professional community-building prac-titioners themselves, often create, maintain and police these epistemologicalboundaries, and through case studies illustrate how this impacts people’saccess to putting knowledge into action.
Radioimmunolocalization of murine mammary tumor virus proteins in gels.

Abstract A procedure for the immunological detection of antigens on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels using iodinated antibodies combined with an immunoconcentration step to enrich for the desired antigen(s) is described. This selective enrichment is achieved by separation of the antigen-antibody complexes with formalin-treated cells of Staphylococcus aureus and is followed by radioimmunolocalization on gels. This method is particularly useful for the characterization of antigens present at low concentrations in complex biological fluids. Its usefulness is exemplified here by the successful identification of mouse mammary tumor virus antigens in extracts of murine mammary tumors and in plasmas of tumor-bearing animals. In particular, the procedure permits the ready determination that the gp52 protein detected in the plasmas of tumor-bearing animals is in fact present as a 52,000-dalton species and not as a higher molecular weight precursor.
State discourses, minority policies, and the politics of identity in the Lijiang Naxi people's autonomous county

Invoking a panethnicity theory approach to understanding identity formation processes among PRC minorities, this article examines how individual members of the Naxi ‘minority nationality’ of the Lijiang basin in southwest China's Yunnan Province construct their identities in the context of the contemporary post‐Mao era. In particular, the article traces out the variable ways in which Lijiang‐basin Naxi of a variety of statuses position themselves ‐ within their own society, with respect to the several other ‘nationalities’ (minzu) with whom they co‐reside, and with respect to Han Chinese culture in both the Yunnan context and in the context of the larger PRC society.
Endoscopic resection of hypothalamic hamartoma using a novel variable aspiration tissue resector.

OBJECTIVE: We present a novel variable aspiration tissue resector for use with neuroendoscopy. METHODS: Two patients, 4 and 14 years old, respectively, presented with intractable gelastic seizures refractory to maximal medical therapies. Magnetic resonance imaging showed mass lesions of the third ventricle consistent with hypothalamic hamartoma. RESULTS: The patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging wand-guided endoscopic resection of the tumor with the Suros novel variable aspiration tissue resector. There were no device-associated complications or adverse events. The hamartoma was disconnected in one patient, and gross total resection was achieved in the other. CONCLUSION: Endoscopy for tumor resection is still frustrated by the lack of surgical tools, such as ultrasonic aspirators, comparable with those available for use during open procedures. The variable-aspiration tissue resector reported here can be used to resect tumor tissue safely. These two cases demonstrate that gross total resection of small hypothalamic hamartomas is feasible with minimal morbidity through an endoscopic approach.
Glutamate up-regulates α1 and α2 subunits of the sodium pump in astrocytes of mixed telencephalic cultures but not in pure astrocyte cultures

Abstract Prior work employing an in vitro model of the cerebral cortex has shown that sodium pump activity is a critical determinant for neuronal survival of glutamate stimulation. We have hypothesized that up-regulation of total brain sodium pump activity will protect against potential excitotoxins. Increased sodium pump activity could theoretically occur by changes in the reaction rate (short-term) and/or by increased levels of sodium pump protein (long-term) and is potentially complex since the three catalytic (a) subunit isoforms of the sodium pump are distributed in a highly variable, cell-specific pattern in the brain. Short-term regulation (seconds to minutes) has been well studied: brain sodium pump exhibits a large dynamic range. In contrast, the possibility of long-term modulation of sodium pump activity has not been extensively explored. We used isoform specific antibodies and [3H]ouabain binding to determine whether prolonged stimulation of sodium pump activity in rodent telencephalic cultures increased total sodium pump enzyme. Exposure of mixed neuronal-glial cultures to high levels of glutamate (10 mM) for 18 h, which is highly toxic to neurons, was associated with an≈ 80% increase in α1 and α2 subunit expression by glia. Induction of α2 subunit immunoreactivity was also associated with comparable changes in [3H]ouabain binding, suggesting that the up-regulation corresponded to functional α2 protein. Shorter (30 min) glutamate treatments, which also killed neurons, did not produce similar changes in sodium pump expression. In contrast to mixed cultures, pure astrocyte cultures had undetectable α2 and α3 and moderate levels of α1 protein, as confirmed by low levels of [3H]ouabain binding. Glutamate treatment using this protocol was associated with a decrease in α1 sodium pump expression. We conclude that long-term regulation of the sodium pump can be demonstrated in glia which have developed in the presence of neurons. Both α1 and α2 isoforms of the sodium pump are involved in this response to glutamate.
Osmotic and activity coefficients for mixtures of lithium chloride with barium chloride and cesium chloride with barium chloride in water at 298.15 K

Abstract Isopiestic vapor pressure measurements at 298.15 K are used to calculate osmotic and activity coefficients for H 2 O + LiCl + BaCl 2 and H 2 O + CsCl + BaCl 2 . Activity coefficients for the latter system, obtained by two different methods, the Scatchard treatment and that of McKay and Perring, are compared and, at high molalities, differences between the two treatments are found which are greater than the experimental error. No explanation is readily apparent for these differences.