cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Iodine isotope ratios and halide concentrations in fluids of the Satsuma-Iwojima volcano, Japan

Fumarolic condensates and acid spring waters from Satsuma-Iwojima were sampled between 1993 and 1998 and analyzed for 129I/I and 36Cl/Cl ratios and chloride, bromine, and iodine concentrations. Halogen concentrations suggest that the fumarolic condensates represent mostly magmatic fluids, but that the hot springs are a mixture between magmatic fluids and meteoric water with some presence of seawater. The magmatic component is best preserved in the high-temperature fumaroles collected in 1998 and has a 129I/I ratio of 756 ± 47 × 10−15. This 129I/I ratio yields an iodine age of 15.5 ± 1.5 Ma, which is compatible with derivation of iodine from subducted marine sediments in this region. Ratios of I/Cl, and Br/Cl in the fumaroles also indicate that halides in the magmatic component were mainly derived from marine sediments subducted in the Nankai Trough. These observations suggest that recycling of subducted sediments is an active source of halides in the Satsuma-Iwojima volcanic system. The comparison of 129I/I ratios obtained from fumaroles over the sampling period shows that a recent meteoric component was present in 1993, but not in 1998. This observation might reflect reorganization of the fumarolic system during this period, which expelled the more recent meteoric water from the fumarolic system after 1993. The acid hot springs on the flanks of the volcano maintain a 129I isotopic signature indicative of substantial dilution of magmatic waters by mixing with old meteoric water and seawater. Fumarolic gases and hot spring waters were also analyzed for 36Cl/Cl, but the measured ratios were at, or below, the detection limit of AMS, also indicating that recent contributions of Cl from meteoric water are small in the fumaroles and coastal hot springs.
Diffusion induced grain boundary migration

While grain boundaries and interphase boundaries provide high diffusivity paths in solids, little bulk composition change can occur at temperatures where lattice diffusion is frozen out unless the boundaries migrate. That the diffusion itself can induce boundary migration has been suspected for some time. This study reviews evidence that the effect is indeed common, and this conclusion is reinforced by additional observations on three systems. (GHT)
Axiomatic utility theories with the betweenness property

This paper focuses on the betweenness property of expected utility theory. We provide an axiomatization of the class of betweenness-conforming utility theories. Subclasses of betweenness-conforming preferences are axiomatized with ‘substitution’ axioms of intermediate generality. The latter axioms incorporate specifically the effects of replacing a certain outcome with a lottery that is indifferent to it. Our representation is applied to the second-price auction mechanism where we show that its demand-revelation property under expected utility is not robust with respect to the class of betweenness-conforming preferences.
Challenges in evaluating young developmentally disabled children

Abstract Psychologists find themselves increasingly responsible for the evaluation of young developmentally disabled children 0–6 years of age. The following paper explores the multiple dimensions of a psychological evaluation of the young DD child. These dimensions include assessment of intellectual abilities, adaptive behaviors, and social and environmental interactions, as well as the adaptation of existing tools to assess these areas. Application of these procedures to specific handicapping conditions and specific testing environments are discussed. In addition, alternative methods of reporting findings and writing functional assessments are presented.
Streptococcus viridians bacteraemia and colonic adenocarcinoma.

Even though Streptococcus bacteraemia is an infrequent presentation of colonic malignancies, there is a well-established link between Streptococcus bovis bacteraemia and colonic malignancies. Most of the physicians are well aware of this correlation and further workup is pursued in most of the cases. However, many physicians may not be aware that other species of Streptococcus viridians, other than S. bovis, can be associated with colonic malignancies. In this case report, we present a case of Streptococcus viridians (anginosus) bacteraemia as a complication of an undiagnosed sigmoid adenocarcinoma. While further evidence is needed to warrant a gastrointestinal (GI) workup in a patient with other species of Streptococcus viridians bacteraemia, we would like to increase the awareness in the physicians’ community regarding Streptococcus viridians, other than S. bovis bacteraemia. This would be especially relevant for patients who have no GI screening, as Streptococcus viridians bacteraemia can be an early sign of colonic neoplasm.
Infections Prevented by Increasing HIV Serostatus Awareness in the United States, 2001 to 2004

Increasing the proportion of persons living with HIV (PLWH) who are aware of their HIV-positive serostatus is a key objective of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) “serostatus approach to fighting the epidemic,” which was initiated in 2001.1 HIV-infected persons who are aware of their serostatus are less likely to engage in transmission risk behaviors than are HIV-infected persons who are unaware of their serostatus2 and, consequently, are less likely to infect at-risk sex partners.3 Moreover, infected persons who are aware of their HIV status can benefit from the availability of highly effective antiretroviral therapies and opportunistic infection prophylaxis, which can increase the length and quality of their lives.4 Effective antiretroviral therapy also decreases viral load, which, in turn, reduces the likelihood of HIV transmission.5 The CDC estimates indicate that the number of PLWH who were unaware of their serostatus decreased between 2001 and 2004 despite an overall increase in the number of PLWH in the United States.6,7 The proportion of PLWH who were aware of their HIV status increased from approximately 70.5% at the start of 20016 to approximately 74.2% at the start of 2004.7 According to CDC estimates, the number of incident infections remained constant at 40,000 new infections per year during this period.4 The failure of HIV prevention initiatives to reduce HIV incidence to lower than the 40,000 plateau is disappointing, but considering the counterfactual of increasing incidence as the number of PLWH increased, the steady incidence of recent years could instead be viewed as an indicator of successful prevention efforts.8 We demonstrate here that the increase in serostatus awareness between 2001 and 2004 can be credited, in part, with maintaining incidence at 40,000 new infections per year. The present analysis addresses the following questions. First, what would the incidence in 2004 have been had the proportion of PLWH who were aware of their HIV status remained constant at the 2001 level rather than increasing between 2001 and 2004? Second, how many incident infections were prevented from 2002 to 2004 as a consequence of the increase in serostatus awareness?
The effect of chronically administered delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol upon the polygraphically monitored sleep of normal volunteers

Abstract This study describes the effect of two weeks of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) administration upon normal sleep. The two subjects, two brothers in their 20s, slept in the laboratory for 27 consecutive nights and then, after four nights at home, for four additional nights. One subject, after an adaption night, received placebo for four baseline nights, 30 mg of THC for the next 14 nights, and placebo during four withdrawal nights. The other subject received placebo during this entire period. One year later the subjects alternated these conditions. The subjects had difficulty falling and staying asleep during the first two nights of placebo after 14 consecutive drug nights. This mild drug withdrawal insomnia was not accompanied by the increase of REM sleep which frequently accompanies withdrawal of other drugs. Starting after about a week of THC administration, and continuing for a week after drug discontinuance, there was a marked decrease in the type of sleep associated with slow waves in the electroencephalogram, nonREM sleep stages 3 and 4. The fact that prolonged, but not acute use, suppresses slow wave sleep indicates that this commonly used drug produces a poorly understood change in brain physiology.
Brain levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in mice after exposure to aggression and defeat.

Abstract Mice of C57BL/6J strain were exposed to trained fighters twice a day for 0 (not fought controls), 2, 4, 8 and 16 days. Twenty min after the last fight, the mice were killed, and the hypothalamus, amygdala and frontal cortex removed, frozen, weighed and kept frozen until analyzed fluorimetrically for the content of serotonin and norepinephrine. The maximum storage time at −30°C never exceeded 4 weeks. Results indicate that after an initial decline in hypothalamic and amygdaloid level of serotonin, there followed a significant rise in this amine during the remaining period of 16 days of exposure to aggression and defeat. However, the frontal cortical levels of serotonin exhibited a continual decline in serotonin from a control level of 0.64 to a level of 0.38 μg/g after 16 days of daily exposure to this treatment. The level of norepinephrine in the amygdala and hypothalamus exhibited an initial rise, but thereafter declined significantly. Thus, at 16 days, the norepinephrine level in the amygdala was 0.306 and in the hypothalamus, the level was 0.876 μg/g. The initial control values for these areas were 0.66 and 1.215 μg/g, respectively. The norepinephrine level in the frontal cortex exhibited a progressive increase to 0.662 at 16 days from a control level of 0.306 μg/g. Generally, a reciprocal relationship existed between serotonin and norepinephrine supporting the ergotropic-trophotropic role attributed to these biogenic amines.
Utility of a New Model to Diagnose an Alcohol Basis for Steatohepatitis

Background & Aims: Distinguishing an alcohol basis from a nonalcoholic basis for the clinical and histologic spectrum of steatohepatitic liver disease is difficult because of unreliability of alcohol consumption history. Unfortunately, various biomarkers have had limited utility in distinguishing alcoholic liver disease (ALD) from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Thus, the aim of our study was to create and validate a model to diagnose ALD in patients with steatohepatitis. Methods: A cross-sectional cohort study was performed at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, to create a model using multivariable logistic regression analysis. This model was validated in 3 independent data sets comprising patients of varying severity of steatohepatitis spanning over 10 years. Results: Logistic regression identified mean corpuscular volume, aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransfersase (ALT) ratio, body mass index, and gender as the most important variables that separated patients with ALD from NAFLD. These variables were used to generate the ALD/NAFLD Index (ANI), with ANI of greater than zero incrementally favoring ALD and ANI of less than zero incrementally favoring a diagnosis of NAFLD, thus making ALD unlikely. ANI had a c-statistic of 0.989 in the derivation sample, and 0.974, 0.989, 0.767 in the 3 validation samples. ANI performance characteristics were significantly better than several conventional and recently proposed biomarkers used to differentiate ALD from NAFLD, including the histopathologic marker protein tyrosine phosphatase 1b, AST/ALT ratio, γ-glutamyl transferase, and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin. Conclusions: ANI, derived from easily available objective variables, accurately differentiates ALD from NAFLD in hospitalized, ambulatory, and pretransplantation patients and compares favorably with other traditional and proposed biomarkers.
Hemorrhage from recanalized umbilical vein in a patient with cirrhosis

The formation of portosystemic collaterals occurs frequently in portal hypertension; however, the finding of a patent or recanalized umbilical vein has more often been incidental, with only six cases of recanalized umbilical veins or patent paraumbilical veins demonstrated with clinical significance. This is only the second documented case of an umbilical vein with external hemorrhage significant enough to cause hemodynamic instability. It raises important questions with regard to prognostic indices for rebleeding at the umbilicus as well as at other, more common, portosystemic collateral sites.
On the Unification of the Gravitational and Electronuclear Forces

Theories are constructed in which the action is invariant under local transformations of the spin and species indices of the fields and under general coordinate transformations of the spacetime coordinates. Such theories eventually might be used to unify gravity with the strong and electroweak forces. Some examples are given.
Foreign Language Teacher Attrition: A Look at Those Leaving Public Schools in Illinois

The intent of this investigation was to extend the teacher attrition knowledge base by analyzing data1 from a major state's teacher workforce data base that included a sub-population with an academic discipline and contained various characteristics of those foreign language teachers who left teaching. The main objective of the study was to account for the attrition of foreign language teachers in downstate Illinois. Descriptive statistics served as the basic technique for data presentation along with results of logistic regression. The article concludes with discussion and recommendations for future attrition data bases and analyses.
Platelet-activating factor affects cytosolic free calcium concentration and prolactin secretion in GH4C1 rat pituitary cells.

Abstract Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a naturally occurring pleiotropic mediator which acts via specific membrane receptors. In certain target cells, PAF causes elevations in cytosolic free Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ); however, little is known of the effects of PAF on endocrine cells. Therefore, we have investigated the actions of PAF on [Ca 2+ ] i in prolactin-secreting GH 4 C 1 cells and have compared the effects with the well documented actions on these cells of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). GH 4 C 1 cells were loaded with quin2/AM and fluorescence was measured in suspended populations. PAF induced a dose-dependent (10–100 μM) rise in [Ca 2+ ] i which was slower in onset than that caused by TRH, peaking (200 to 400% above basal [Ca 2+ ] i ) at about 12 sec, and decaying over about 3 min to basal [Ca 2+ ] i . Unlike TRH, PAF did not cause a secondary plateau phase of rise in [Ca 2+ ] i . The terpene PAF receptor antagonist BN52021 inhibited the action of PAF on [Ca 2+ ] i . Voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channel blocker, verapamil (200 μM), antagonized the action of PAF on [Ca 2+ ] i as did chelation of extracellular Ca 2+ . PAF also stimulated the secretion of prolactin in a dose-dependent manner (10 to 50 μM). The concentrations of PAF required to evoke responses in GH 4 C 1 cells were considerably higher than those required in several other known PAF target cell types. The high concentration requirement in GH 4 C 1 cells may be due to rapid degradation of PAF or the presence of low affinity receptors. We conclude that PAF can act, via cell surface receptors, on pituitary GH 4 C 1 cells to alter [Ca 2+ ] i by a pathway that enhances influx of extracellular Ca 2+ through voltage-gated channels and then to enhance the secretion of prolactin.
A scaling law approach to wireless relay networks

There has been significant recent progress in understanding approximately optimal relaying strategies for wireless networks, such as quantize-map-and-forward, noisy network coding, amplify-and-forward, etc. While one can construct specific instances of networks, with specific topology and channel configurations, where each one of these strategies can provide significant gains over simple strategies such as routing and direct transmission, it is not clear how much gain these more sophisticated strategies can provide in generic setups. In this paper, we follow a scaling law approach and assume that nodes are randomly distributed over the network area and the channels between them are governed by a path-loss model. This approach has been used to demonstrate the benefits of sophisticated cooperation in networks with multiple unicast flows both in the high and the low SNR regimes. However, for a single unicast flow, we show that more sophisticated relaying can not provide significant gain over simple multi-hop or direct transmission both in the high and the low-SNR regimes, if the nodes are uniformly distributed over the network area. More sophisticated relaying is needed in networks where nodes are clustered in the low to moderate SNR regimes. We propose a cluster decode-and-forward strategy that is scaling optimal.
Likelihood Ratio and Cumulative Sum Tests for a Change-Point in Linear Regression

Our concern in this paper is a detection of a change in regression coefficients of a linear model. First, we examine the null and alternative distributions of the likelihood ratio statistic and study its asymptotic behavior. We then propose analytic approximations for the p-value and power of the test and perform simulations to assess the accuracy of the analytic approximations. Also, the test based on the cusum of the recursive residuals is discussed and its power is compared with that of the likelihood ratio test. We conclude that the likelihood ratio yest is much more powerful than the cusum test of Brown et al. (1975, J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B37, 149-192) and propose a test based on the backward cusum to improve the power of the cusum test.
Asymmetry in Judgments of Personality: Others Are Less Differentiated Than the Self

Previous evidence suggests that judges rely more heavily on implicit personality theories when they rate relatively unfamiliar others. One further implication of this evidence is that correlations among traits should be stronger in other ratings than in self-ratings, particularly when (a) judges lack trait relevant information and/or (b) motivational accuracy is low. We tested these predictions by comparing self- versus other ratings on the Big Five in two studies. Study 1 used previously published data to demonstrate clear self/peer differences in the average relations between Big Five dimensions (excluding Extraversion). Study 2 was based on self- versus other ratings in 12 samples. Overall, the intercorrelations among Big Five traits (excluding Extraversion) tended to be significantly stronger in peer ratings than in self-ratings. The most consistent effect involved the relation between Neuroticism and Agreeableness (overall r=-.43 and -.29 in the peer ratings and self-ratings, respectively). In addition, as expected, the degree of relation among traits varied depending upon the type of target being rated (i.e., spouse vs. dating partner vs. friend vs. stranger). Implications of these findings are discussed.
High-capacity quantum key distribution via hyperentangled degrees of freedom

Quantum key distribution (QKD) has long been a promising area for the application of quantum effects in solving real-world problems. However, two major obstacles have stood in the way of its widespread application: low secure key generation rates and short achievable operating distances. In this paper, a new physical mechanism for dealing with the first of these problems is proposed: the interplay between different degrees of freedom in a hyperentangled system (parametric down-conversion) is used to increase the Hilbert space dimension available for key generation while maintaining security. Polarization-based Bell tests provide security checking, while orbital angular momentum (OAM) and total angular momentum (TAM) provide a higher key generation rate. Whether to measure TAM or OAM is decided randomly in each trial. The concurrent noncommutativity of TAM with OAM and polarization provides the physical basis for quantum security. TAM measurements link polarization to OAM, so that if the legitimate participants measure OAM while the eavesdropper measures TAM (or vice-versa), then polarization entanglement is lost, revealing the eavesdropper. In contrast to other OAM-based QKD methods, complex active switching between OAM bases is not required; instead, passive switching by beam splitters combined with much simpler active switching between polarization bases makes implementation at high OAM more practical.
Frequency-agile techniques in nanosecond-resolved ODMR, triplet-state benzophenone in dibromodiphenylether at 77 K

Abstract A varactor-tuned oscillator capable of being frequency-swept at rates in excess of 25 MHz per nanosecond has been used in the ODMR of triplet-state benzophenone in dibromodiphenylether at 77 K. Applications of frequency-agile techniques to nanosecond-resolved ODMR are discussed.
Substance use disorders: predictions for the 1990s.

AbstractNumerous factors will affect the course of alcohol-drug services over the next decade, including technological-scientific advances, legislation, professional training standards, case law, availability and cost of substances, and social policy toward users. Despite some apparent lessening of substance use, high levels of substance abuse are likely to continue due to fetal damage in high-risk offspring, younger onset of substance abuse, and solo-parent families. Care givers must be prepared to treat more youth, elderly, women, minority, and “dual disorder” patients. Federal and local statecraft against substance production and use remains crude and does not show signs of the increasing sophistication observed elsewhere in the world. Although these forces favor continued high levels of substance abuse problems, the funding mechanisms to provide care are under increasing assault by both the private and public sectors. Areas in which professional practice are apt to improve include clinical assessment-...
The Outcomes of Military Buildups: Minor States vs. Major Powers

Virtually all of the empirical work concerning the general impact of mutual military buildups on the escalation of militarized disputes to war addresses the impact of these buildups on major states. Given the fact that better data are available now than when many of the first studies were conducted, the empirical question of whether the escalation of disputes between major and minor states follows similar patterns is addressed here. This also avoids the problem of our assuming that major states reflect the whole system, without systematic evidence that indicates that such an assumption is valid. The study builds upon earlier work by looking at the consequences of military buildups for all Militarized Interstate Disputes, and examines the effects for different classes of disputes (those between major states, those between minor states, and mixed disputes). The findings indicate that we cannot simply generalize from major state experiences to minor state relations: there are clear patterns of escalation, and there are definite commonalities and distinct differences in these patterns. Mutual military buildups increase the chance of escalation for both major and minor state disputes, but not for mixed disputes. Territorial disputes are much more likely to escalate than other types of disputes under virtually all circumstances. And it appears that the period after World War II is truly different from previous eras. There is no pattern of escalation among major states, and the patterns of escalation in the two other classes of disputes are substantially altered after the war. The author argues that in order to explain both similarities and differences, it is necessary to refrain from placing theoretical approaches in direct opposition to each other. Rather, we must look at the interplay between objective threat, cognitive psychology, and the impact of constructivism on both our theory and practice in politics.
Robust stability of interval polynomials with respect to the left sector

It is known that a family of interval polynomials has all its roots lying within a left sector if and only if a subset of the vertex polynomials has all its roots lying within the left sector. A simple, easy-to-apply, graphical approach to determining the subset of the vertex polynomials is presented. The number of vertex polynomials to be checked depends not only on the damping margins defined by the left sector but also on the degree of interval polynomials. Improvements afforded by the proposed approach over previous methods are also noted. >
6,7-Dihydrocyclopenta-1,3-Dioxin-5(4H)-One

(R,R)-N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediamino manganese(III) chloride, a highly enantioselective epoxidation catalyst product: 6,7-Dihydrocyclopenta-1,3-Dioxin-5(4H)-One Keywords: acetal (and thioacetal) formation; addition, to CC; alkylation, C-alkylation; alkylation, O-alkylation; annulation, heterocyclic-[6]
Investigation of a new analytical method for numerical derivative evaluation

A recently proposed analytical approach to numerical derivative evaluation is discussed. The technique is shown to be both accurate and easy to apply, though certain indicated modifications are required. Its use should greatly facilitate the writing and debugging of programs requiring derivatives of highly complex functions.
Comparing the medians of dependent groups

Investigations of the characteristics of real data indicate that psychometric measures can have highly skewed distributions with heavy tails and outliers. In terms of power, the paired t test is known to be unsatisfactory when distributions have heavy tails, and there is the issue of whether some measure of location, other than the mean, might be more appropriate when distributions are skewed. This paper proposes a method for comparing the medians of two dependent groups. Simulations indicate that the proposed procedure controls the probability of a Type I error to a reasonable degree. In terms of power, the new procedure is much less affected by contamination than the paired t test or the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Brief consideration is also given to an extension of the proposed procedure to more than two groups.
Graduated licensing comes to the United States.

Objective —To describe the young driver problem and the emergence of graduated licensing as a way to address it. Methods —Literature review and commentary. Results —Twenty four states in the United States adopted versions of graduated licensing in 1996–98; initial results show positive effects. Conclusions —A major public health movement is under way that can be expected to produce significant reductions in crashes and injuries involving young drivers.
Pediatric burn injuries in South Africa: A 15-year analysis of hospital data

INTRODUCTION: Burns are a significant burden of pediatric injuries, particularly in low and middle-income countries, were more than 90% of burn-related pediatric deaths occur. This study explores pediatric burn-related injuries over a fifteen year time period in South Africa through an analysis of a pediatric trauma surveillance system. METHODS: This retrospective observational study used data collected by Childsafe South Africa from the Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital (RCH) trauma registry in Cape Town, South Africa between 1995 and 2009 for children less than 13 years of age who presented with burn injuries to the hospital's casualty department. Demographic data and Abbreviated Injury Scores (AISs) were first assessed, followed by an analysis of time trends using Poisson regression. Logistic regression models were used to analyse factors related to hospital admissions. RESULTS: Between 1995 and 2009, 9438 children with burn-related injuries presented to RCH, of which nearly three-quarters resulted from scalds (73%; n=7024). The mean age of the injured children was 3.1±2.9 years 58% were male. 11 deaths occurred in the hospital's casualty department. 39% of injuries were minor, 56% were moderate, and 5% were severe. During the 15-year study period, moderate burn injuries increased by 3%, while minor injuries decreased by 10% (p Language: en
Tax Progressivity and Income Inequality

This paper examines whether income inequality is affected by the structural progressivity of national income tax systems. Using detailed personal income tax schedules for a large panel of countries, we develop and estimate comprehensive, time-varying measures of structural progressivity of national income tax systems over the 1981–2005 period. We find that while progressivity reduces observed inequality in reported gross and net income, it has a significantly smaller impact on true inequality, approximated by consumption-based measures of Gini. We show theoretically and empirically that, under specific conditions, tax progressivity may increase actual inequality, especially in countries with weak law and order and a large informal nontaxable sector. The paper discusses implications of these results for increasingly popular flat tax policies. The Kuznets hypothesis is also supported by the estimates.
Nutrient limitation in a fire-derived, nitrogen-rich Hawaiian grassland.

Grasslands created by grass invasions into shrublands or woodlands followed by fire are now a dominant feature of many seasonally dry environments. In Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, introduced perennial grasses dominate grasslands created by fire in grass-invaded woodlands. In a previous study, we found that net primary production in these grasslands is substantially lower than in unburned woodlands. Yet, our estimates of annual net nitrogen (N) mineralization showed higher rates in these savannas than in the unburned woodlands, rates that appear to greatly exceed annual N demand by the vegetation. We therefore hypothesized that N should not be limited to the plants growing in these sites. We tested this hypothesis with a 2-yr fertilization experiment. At peak biomass, we found a 30 percent increase in live biomass in plots with N added and no increase in production with only phosphorus (P) added. N and P together were synergistic, suggesting that co-limitation or P limitation becomes important when N is more available. Plants responded to added N by increasing individual leaf area and shoot length by over 50 percent. Tissue N was higher with added N; hence, biomass N was substantially higher. Tissue P concentrations declined with N addition but were elevated by P addition despite lack of a growth response to P alone. Overall, N limitation exists despite high annual rates of net N mineralization, and co-limitation of production by P may occur when N is abundant. Here, asynchrony between plant nutrient demand and N availability may contribute to N limitation.
Chemical and Electrical Approaches to Sedation of Cobia: Induction, Recovery, and Physiological Responses to Sedation

Abstract To support the growing interest in marine fisheries research in areas such as biotelemetry, tagging, and tracking, we assessed the ability of various sedatives to facilitate this research in juvenile cobias Rachycentron canadum (∼300 g), namely, tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222; 150 mg/L), carbon dioxide (CO2; ∼750 mg/L), eugenol (60 mg/L), benzocaine (150 mg/L), and pulsed-DC electrosedation (100 V, 30 Hz, 25% duty cycle, 5-s exposure). Induction times (CO2 [z] > benzocaine [y] > eugenol [y] > MS-222 [y] > electrosedation [x]), recovery of equilibrium (CO2 [z] > eugenol [z] > MS-222 [y] > benzocaine [y] > electrosedation [x]), and responsiveness to tactile stimulus (eugenol [z] > MS-222 [y] > benzocaine [y] > CO2 [xy] > electrosedation [x]) differed significantly among the sedative treatments (treatments with the same letters are not significantly different). Total handling time from initial sedative exposure to recovery differed among the sedatives as well (CO2 [z] > eugenol [y] > benzocaine [...
Administrative Segregation From Within: A Corrections Perspective

The growth of the inmate population nationwide has given rise to supermax prisons over the past two decades. Among the controversial issues that supermax prisons face are concerns about the types of individuals placed in solitary confinement and the arbitrary nature of those placements. This study profiled inmates in administrative segregation, as supermax confinement is called in Colorado, and the process and reasons for their placement. Evidence of institutional misbehavior, more serious criminal histories, and preexisting mental health needs were found among segregated inmates.
Novel conjugate vaccine for the prevention of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis patients

The published literature evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of the polyvalent O-polysaccharide-toxin A conjugate vaccine is reviewed. Primary immunization followed by annual booster significantly reduced the incidence of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infections (particularly mucoid phenotype strains) and extended time to infection. The findings reflected lower frequency of P. aeruginosa in sputum/throat cultures and preservation of lung function. Additionally, studies indicated higher binding affinity of vaccine-induced anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) compared with infection-induced anti-LPS serum immunoglobulin G antibodies, suggesting protective capacity. P. aeruginosa prophylaxis with the conjugate vaccine in cystic fibrosis patients has proved safe and useful in preventing and delaying chronic lung infection. Drug Dev Res 68:512–521, 2007. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Exposure to Community Violence and Trajectories of Violent Offending

The present study uses longitudinal data from the Pathways to Desistance project to investigate the extent to which trajectories of violent youth offending are affected by exposure to community violence. Latent class growth analysis was used to identify groups that followed distinctive patterns of self-reported violent offending and exposure to violence over time. Multinominal regression was used to identify factors that distinguished membership in the trajectory subgroups. The results indicate that youth who had more chronic and direct exposure to community violence were more likely to remain mired in violent criminal behavior, independent of other known risk factors. Language: en
Electromyography Results of Exercise Overflow in Hemiplegic Patients

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of exercise overflow in hemiplegic patients. Eleven subjects with a diagnosis of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) performed active exercises with their uninvolved extremities while their involved extremities were monitored with EMG. The muscles monitored were the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and quadriceps femoris. Active exercise of the comparable uninvolved muscles was performed under three different weight lifting conditions: 1) maximal weight, 2) 50% of the maximal weight, and 3) no weight. Significant ( p < .05) overflow to the involved nonexercised extremities was found in all of the exercise conditions. Overflow was frequently found in all three muscle groups when only one muscle group was being exercised. Overflow always occurred in the contralateral homologous muscle. Exercise overflow appears to be an effective therapeutic technique to facilitate muscle activity in paretic muscles. This muscle activity may cause desired or undesired muscular effects during therapy in the rehabilitation of patients with CVAs.
Induced Perceptual Grouping

The term perceptual grouping is associated with classical principles such as similarity and proximity. This article reports induced perceptual grouping, a phenomenon that occurs when placement of a uniform set of items near a structured set induces grouping within the otherwise uniform set. For example, when items grouped pair-wise by similarity are placed near another set of unstructured items, an analogous pair-wise grouping links elements of the second set. Induced grouping affected reaction times in two different visual search tasks, with reaction times depending on whether the target properties were contained within a group or crossed group boundaries as defined by induced grouping due to similarity, proximity, or common fate. Induced grouping was reduced when grouping between the structured and unstructured sets was weakened by means of a common-region cue or decreased similarity. Induced grouping appears to reflect the computation of hierarchical structure in visual images.
Cardioprotection by Intermittent Fasting in Rats

Background— Intermittent fasting (IF), a dietary regimen in which food is available only every other day, increases the life span and reduces the incidence of age-associated diseases in rodents. We have reported neuroprotective effects of IF against ischemic injury of the brain. In this study, we examined the effects of IF on ischemic injury of the heart in rats. Methods and Results— After 3 months of IF or regular every-day feeding (control) diets started in 2-month-old rats, myocardial infarction (MI) was induced by coronary artery ligation. Twenty-four hours after MI, its size in the IF group was 2-fold smaller, the number of apoptotic myocytes in the area at risk was 4-fold less, and the inflammatory response was significantly reduced compared with the control diet group. Serial echocardiography revealed that during 10 weeks after MI (with continuation of the IF regimen), the left ventricular (LV) remodeling and MI expansion that were observed in the control diet group were absent in the IF group. In ...
Pediatric AIDS in New York City: Estimating the Distributions of Infection, Latency, and Reporting Delay and Projecting Future Incidence

Abstract Maternal-to-infant transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HI V) accounts for most cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in children. In New York City more than 500 cases of AIDS attributed to such transmission were reported before the end of 1989; this accounts for 80% of the cases of pediatric AIDS in the United States. In addition to surveillance of AIDS cases, the New York State Health Department instituted a program to screen the blood of newborns for presence of HIV antibodies in December 1987. Such antibodies imply that the mother, although not necessarily the child, is infected with HIV. The new methods we propose in this article allow us to combine the two types of information to estimate the risk of AIDS for the first 10 years of life. They also make it possible to estimate the number of children born to infected mothers since the start of the epidemic and to project the future number of cases of pediatric AIDS. From these projections it appears that the case loa...
A DFT study of furan hydrogenation and ring opening on Pd(111)

The reaction energies and the corresponding energy barriers of hydrogenation and ring opening of furan on Pd(111) for the formation of tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1-butanol and small hydrocarbons were studied using density functional theory (DFT). THF forms via sequential hydrogenation of carbon atoms of the furan ring in the order of α-carbon, adjacent β-carbon, second β-carbon, and the remaining α-carbon. Upon hydrogenation of the α-carbon of furan, ring opening becomes facile. Thus, hydrofuran (HF) is a reactive intermediate in both hydrogenation and ring opening. The fate of HF determines the selectivity of the overall reaction. A simple kinetic analysis indicates that coverage effects are important and the hydrogen partial pressure is a key factor in controlling selectivity. Dihydrofuran (DHF) was found to be a stable intermediate, consistent with experimental findings. Once DHF is formed, ring opening is not favored due to the high energy barriers of ring opening of DHF, trihydrofuran (TriHF) and THF. 1-Butanol is a thermodynamically favored product, while THF is kinetically preferred. Our theoretical work agrees well with experimental observations that 1-butanol is a major product at high temperatures whereas THF is a major product at low temperatures. Insights gained into selectivity toward ring hydrogenation and ring opening can assist future studies in catalyst selection.
Stretch regulates expression and binding of chymotrypsin-like elastase 1 in the postnatal lung

Lung stretch is critical for normal lung development and for compensatory lung growth after pneumonectomy (PNX), but the mechanisms by which strain induces matrix remodeling are unclear. Our prior work demonstrated an association of chymotrypsin-like elastase 1 (Cela1) with lung elastin remodeling, and that strain triggered a near-instantaneous elastin-remodeling response. We sought to determine whether stretch regulates Cela1 expression and Cela1 binding to lung elastin. In C57BL/6J mice, Cela1 protein increased 176-fold during lung morphogenesis. Cela1 was covalently bound to serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 1, resulting in a higher molecular mass in lung homogenate compared to pancreas homogenate. Post-PNX, Cela1 mRNA increased 6-fold, protein 3-fold, and Cela1-positive cells 2-fold. Cela1 was expressed predominantly in alveolar type II cells in the embryonic lung and predominantly in CD90-positive lung fibroblasts postnatally. During compensatory lung growth, Cela1 expression was induced in nonproliferative mesenchymal cells. In ex vivo mouse lung sections, stretch increased Cela1 binding to lung tissue by 46%. Competitive inhibition with soluble elastin completely abrogated this increase. Areas of stretch-induced elastase activity and Cela1 binding colocalized. The stretch-dependent expression and binding kinetics of Cela1 indicate an important role in stretch-dependent remodeling of the peripheral lung during development and regeneration.
The Effect of Taxonomic Corrections on Phanerozoic Generic Richness Trends in Marine Bivalves with a Discussion on the Clade's Overall History

This study uses a comprehensive, revised, and updated global bivalve dataset combining information from two major databases available to study temporal trends in Phanerozoic bivalve richness: the Sepkoski Compendium and the Paleobiology Database. This compilation results in greater taxonomic and stratigraphic coverage than possible with either of the two databases alone. However, there are challenges in directly comparing these two sources due to differences in their taxonomic designations and stratigraphic range information. Moreover, both of these datasets are fraught with a number of taxonomic errors, which can significantly bias the overall richness estimate. Additionally, a substantial number of taxonomic corrections were made before a new Phanerozoic bivalve richness curve was produced. The new generic taxonomic curve is comparable with the trajectory of the Sepkoski’s modern fauna and shows rapid and substantial diversification through the Ordovician, followed by a Paleozoic plateau, a Mesozoic high, and Cenozoic diversification after a small reduction in richness associated with the K/Pg extinction. The steep Cenozoic rise documented in the raw richness curve derived from the new dataset is likely real, and reflects the overall robustness and completeness of the bivalve fossil record.
Evaluation of Commercial Breath-Alcohol Simulators: Further Studies

Exemplars of current commercial breath-alcohol simulators were studied to ascertain their suitability for control tests and as calibrators in breath-alcohol analysis. Temperature, effluent volumes and pressures, effluent-alcohol concentration, and alcohol depletion were measured for simulators coupled with various current alcohol analyzers. Effluent recirculation was found to extend the number of acceptable control test cycles by 3.2 x over nonrecirculation. We found substantial improvements in current commercial simulators and in their performance over those evaluated in 1979.
Lagrange's Compound Pendulum

(1931). Lagrange's Compound Pendulum. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 1-8.
Determination of Lead in Gasoline by Oxygen Bomb and Alternating Current Polarographic Method

The way of determination of lead in commercial gasoline was established by the oxygen bomb method and the alternating current polarographic method.One or two drops of 1.2N nitric acid and 0.5-0.7g of gasoline were put in gelatin capsule and they were ignited in the oxygen bomb. After alkyl lead in gasoline was coverted to lead nitrate, the inside of the bomb was washed with hot 1.2N nitric acid and the wash solution was transferred into a 100ml volumetric flask. Dilute to the volume mark with 1.2N nitric acid solution.A portion of this solution was transferred into an electrolysis cell, and deoxygenated by passing nitrogen through it for five minutes. Under the experimental condition, the alternating current polarogram was recorded and the peak potential of the wave of lead appeared at -0.64Vvs. Hg-pool. So the content of lead could be determined from the wave form.Lead in commercial gasoline could be determined thoroughly and easily by this method, and it well agreed with the analytical results by JIS method and satisfactory results could be attained.
Experiencing Civil Procedure: Why (and How) I Teach a Simulation-Driven First Year Course

This work will appear as a chapter in a forthcoming book, Experiential Education in the Law School Curriculum, by Carolina Academic Press. The chapter outlines the ways in which a first year Civil Procedure course can be structured around a single simulation and explores some of the benefits of a course organized in this fashion. In particular, the benefits of a simulation-driven doctrinal course during the first year are assessed in the context of the holistic development of young lawyers.
Arteriovenous oxygen diffusion shunt is negligible in resting and working gracilis muscles

Distribution of O2 within and among arterioles and venules was determined in dog and rat gracilis muscles with a cryospectrophotometric method. Saturation in 40-microns arterioles was not demonstrably different from saturation in the aorta even when flow was abnormally low. Arterioles greater than 40 microns ran parallel to venules. Measurements and a mathematical model indicate that diffusive shunting is negligible for typical separation distances between arterioles and venules. Most separation distances were greater than 30 microns. In some venule segments less than 15 microns from an arteriole, saturation within 10 microns of the wall facing the arteriole was higher than at other locations within the venule. However, saturation in the population of venules did not increase with venule diameter, and mean venular saturation was not different from saturation in effluent blood. We make the following conclusions: 1) a small arteriovenous diffusive O2 flux exists in postural muscles; 2) contribution of this flux to O2 mass balance is negligible; 3) O2 diffusivity of the arteriolar wall and surrounding tissue in vivo cannot be much higher than O2 diffusivity determined in vitro; and 4) effluent PO2 closely approximates mean end-capillary PO2.
Adolescent Psychology Around the World

J. Jensen Arnett, Introduction. Part 1. Africa and the Middle East. T. Mungah Shalo Tchombe, J. Lo-oh, Cameroon. G. Tadele, W. Kifle, Ethiopia. R. Seginer, S. Shoyer, Israel. D. A. Davis, S. Shaefer Davis, Morocco. P. N. Ibeagha, Nigeria. A. Dafalla Ahmed, Sudan. Part 2. Asia. X. Chen, L. Chang, China. N. Chaudhary, N. Sharma, India. H. Lestari Mikarsa, Indonesia. Part 3. The Americas. A. Facio, S. Resett, Argentina. H. A. Sears, Canada. M. Loreto Martinez, P. Cumsille, Chile. R. Mejia-Arauz, R. Sheets, M. Villasenor, Mexico. J. Pinzas, Peru. A. DeDios, United States. Part 4. Europe. P. Macek, L. Lacinova, E. Polaskova, Czech Republic. L. Lannegrand-Willems, C. Sabatier, C. Brisset, France. E. Dreher, U. Sirsch, S. Strobl, Germany. S. Bonino, E. Cattelino, Italy. W. Meeus, Netherlands. W. Podolskij, Russia. K. Trost, Sweden. J. Coleman, D. Roker, United Kingdom.
Genetics of Degenerative Diseases

Chromosome studies of four neurodegenerative diseases are described in current literature: Huntington disease cases in Finland show linkage disequilibrium of chromosome 4rflp haplotypes