cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An intelligent alternator control strategy for automotive applications

Intelligent peripheral control provides an opportunity for increased fuel efficiency and reduced emissions. Maximum benefit is achieved when combined with a hybrid vehicle architecture. A control strategy and related hardware are described that operate the 12-V alternator and accessories more efficiently than voltage regulator strategies that are currently employed by utilizing the energy storage of the 12-V battery in a mode that expands its functionality. This feature complements the energy savings in the high-voltage hybrid components of the vehicle. The results show that gains in fuel economy can be obtained through reduced high load accessory drag and lower idle losses.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation from human embryonic stem cells.

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are characterized by two fundamental properties: self-renewal and multipotency that allows a stem cell to differentiate into virtually any cell type 1 . The progression stem cell to differentiated cell is characterized by loss of multipotency, structural and morphological changes and the hierarchic activity of transcription factors and signaling molecules, whose activities establish and maintain cell-type specific gene expression patterns. At the molecular level, cell differentiation involves dynamic changes of the structure and composition of chromatin and the detection of those dynamic changes can provide valuable insights into the functional features of stem cells and the cell differentiation process 2,3 . Chromatin is a highly compacted DNA-protein complex that forms when cells package chromosomal DNA with proteins, mainly histones 4 . Stemcellness and cell differentiation has been correlated with the presence of specific arrays of regulatory proteins such as epigenetic factors, histone variants, and transcription factors 2,3,5 . Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) provides a valuable method to monitor the presence of RNA, proteins, and protein modifications in chromatin 6,7 . The comparison of chromatin from different cell types can elucidate dynamic changes in protein-chromatin associations that occur during cell differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation involves the purification of in vivo cross-linked chromatin. The isolated chromatin is reduced to smaller fragments by enzymatic digestion or mechanical force. Chromatin fragments are precipitated using specific antibodies to target proteins or protein and DNA modifications. The precipitated DNA or RNA is purified and used as a template for PCR or DNA microarray based assays. Prerequisites for a successful ChIP are high quality antibodies to the desired antigen and the availability of chromatin from control cells that do not express the target molecule. ChIP can correlate the presence of proteins, protein and RNA modifications, and RNA with specific target DNA, and depending on the choice of outread tool, detects the association of target molecules at specific target genes or in the context of an entire genome. The comparison of the distribution of proteins in the chromatin of differentiating cells can elucidate the dynamic changes of chromatin composition that coincide with the progression of cells along a cell lineage.
Free boundary problems arising in the freezing of soils in a bounded region. II. Analytical treatment of the nonlinear parabolic free boundary problem

Abstract This paper treats the parabolic free boundary problem which was stated in Part I and referred to as Problem I. Based upon potential theoretic arguments, we prove existence, uniqueness, and continuous dependence on the initial and boundary data of solutions to the problem. Along with these results, explicit expressions for the densities, the specific heats, and the thermal conductivities as functions of time and local coordinates in their respective phases, which fit our analysis, are also obtained.
Quantification and cellular localization of ovine placental lactogen messenger ribonucleic acid expression during mid- and late gestation.

Ovine placental lactogen (oPL) is structurally similar to PRL, is a product of the chorionic epithelium, and has been implicated in playing a supportive role in fetal growth. This study examined the concentration and cellular location of oPL mRNA at five stages of pregnancy (days 60, 90, 105, 120, and 135) in 21 cross-bred ewes, and results were compared to maternal and fetal serum oPL concentrations, cotyledonary DNA and actin mRNA concentrations, and total fetal weight. The concentration of oPL mRNA in fetal cotyledonary tissue increased (P < or = 0.05) from day 60 (15.4 pg/micrograms total cellular RNA) to day 120 (73.7 pg/micrograms total cellular RNA) of gestation and then plateaued, whereas no significant changes occurred in the concentration of actin mRNA over the gestational ages examined. The concentration of DNA in cotyledonary tissue (micrograms per mg wet tissue) increased (P < or = 0.05) from days 60 through 120 and remained constant through day 135, such that when oPL mRNA was expressed on a...
Green chemistry for organic solar cells

Essentially all methods of energy production—e.g., fracking, damming, drilling, nuclear fission, and excavation of rare elements for photovoltaics—are associated with some degree of environmental degradation. Organic solar cells (OSCs) are regarded as low-cost and potentially environmentally benign sources of power. π-Conjugated (semiconducting) polymers—the components of OSCs responsible for absorbing light and transporting charge—are not typically synthesized in laboratories in ways that are amenable to manufacturing with low environmental impact. This article discusses strategies for producing conjugated polymers using green chemistry. That is, reaction methodology with low energy intensity, with minimal production of toxic waste, and at low cost. This article briefly reviews the major findings in the literature on the energy intensity and carbon emissions associated with fabricating OSCs on the laboratory scale, and identifies several strategies and materials invented by the community to lower the cost and environmental impact of the components of the devices. The principles of green chemistry, applied to the synthesis of conjugated polymers, are identified as important guidelines for the multi-tonne manufacturing of these materials. A general theme in both green chemistry and process research is that low cost can be correlated to environmental benignity when the costs of disposing wastes are high. This Perspective then highlights five synthetic strategies that satisfy several of the criteria of green chemistry: (1) polymerization using metal-mediated cross-coupling reactions that reduce or eliminate stoichiometric organotin waste; (2) the use of heterogeneously catalyzed polymerizations; (3) polymerization involving activation of C–H bonds; (4) use of biofeedstock-derived starting materials; and (5) polycondensation reactions that evolve water as a byproduct.
Causes of worker burnout

Abstract This research reports on a survey conducted with 183 protective service workers in the state of Michigan. These practitioners listed 166 separate statements representing primary dissatisfactions or frustrations with being a child protective caseworker. Such dissatisfaction was assumed to underly the various dimensions of burnout. The statements were collated and synthesized through a version of the constant comparative method which resulted in three basic categories reflecting perceived causes of burnout: (a) overloaded responsibility, (b) lack of recognition, and (c) poor communication. The three categories are interrelated and together they point to workers' dissatisfaction with their supervisors as one of the major sources of burnout. The paper also includes a brief discussion of four ways to reduce or prevent worker burnout: reduce the client-to-staff ratio, shorten the number of work hours, change the function of staff meeting, and provide in-service training.
Distributed linear estimation of dynamic random fields

In this paper we address the distributed estimation of a dynamic (time varying) random field. The dynamic field is globally observable (by the entire sensor network), but not locally observable (at each sensor). We present a distributed Kalman-type estimator such that the estimate at each sensor is unbiased with bounded mean-squared estimation error. The challenges with distributed estimation by a network of sensors lie in the estimation of fields with unstable dynamics. Our distributed Kalman filter type estimator, which includes a consensus step on the pseudo-innovations, a modified version of the filter innovations, is able to track arbitrary unstable dynamics, as long as the sensor network connectivity is above a threshold determined by the degree of instability of the field dynamics, regardless of the specifics of the local observations.
Toward improved anti-cryptococcal drugs: novel molecules and repurposed drugs.

Cryptococcosis is one of the most important fungal infections of humans. It primarily, but not exclusively, afflicts people with compromised immune function. Cryptococcosis is most commonly caused by Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii with C. neoformans var. neoformans and C. gatti also contributing to the disease. Cryptococcosis is primarily manifested as meningoencephalitis although pneumonia occurs frequently as well. Globally, the burden of disease is highest among those living with HIV/AIDS and is one of the most common causes of death in this patient population. Cryptococcal meningitisis almost invariably fatal if untreated. The current gold standard therapy is amphotericin B combined with 5-flucytosine. Unfortunately, this therapy has significant toxicity and is not widely available in resource-limited regions. Fluconazole, which is associated with poorer outcomes, is frequently as an alternative. Here, I present the characteristics of an ideal anti-cryptococcal agent and review recent progress toward identifying both novel and repurposed drugs as potential new therapies.
Stimulation of statural growth by recombinant insulin-like growth factor I in a child with growth hormone insensitivity syndrome (Laron type)

We studied the effects of 9 months of treatment with twice-daily subcutaneous injections of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), 120 μg/kg per dose, in a 9.7-year-old child with growth hormone insensitivity syndrome, in whom short-term studies had suggested that IGF-I might promote linear growth. Height velocity increased from 6.5 cm/yr (+1.7 SD score) to 11.4 cm/yr (+8.8 SD score). Serum concentrations of IGF-I increased from pretreatment values of 9±2 μg/L to a peak of 347±26 μg/L after 2 hours. Serum concentrations of IGF-II were unchanged. Basal but not stimulated growth hormone concentrations were decreased. During the first 12 days of treatment, serum concentrations and the 24-hour urinary excretion of urea nitrogen were decreased by 28% and 10%, respectively ( p p p
Detection of the complete electric field of femtosecond four-wave mixing signals

A novel optimized heterodyne method which recovers the complete electric field of any four-wave mixing signal at its point of origin is demonstrated. A tracer pulse is sent along the signal path and characterized at the sample by frequency-resolved optical gating. Spectral interferometry is used to determine the phase difference between the tracer and a reference pulse, the absorptive change in tracer phase in the sample, and the reference-signal phase difference. Together, these measurements allow calculation of the signal phase at the sample. The phase of three pulse scattering signals from solutions of the dye IR144 in methanol determines the absolute signal emission time within 0.5 fs.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Talbot effect reinterpreted: reply to comment.

This Technical Note is a reply to the comment concerning our paper on the Talbot effect reinterpreted by P. Szwaykowski [ Appl. Opt.32, 3466– 3467 ( 1993)].
THE DISPERSAL OF MUSA IN CENTRAL AMERICA: THE DOMESTICATION PROCESS IN ACTION

Subsistence farmers among the Central American Indians try to grow the maximum number of different varieties of plantains and bananas as a form of in- surance against possible disaster. They initially secure most of the vegetative shoots used to reproduce these Musas from their parents and relatives. However, shoots are given willingly and freely to anyone who asks for them, and new forms disperse readily within a cultural group. By the time an Indian is thirty years old he has usually ob- tained a normal diversity of forms. Some variables in observations on the processes involved in crop improvement are obviated when the subjects of the studies are ba- nanas and plantains. The processes that are made more easy to investigate include perception, selection, maintenance, and dispersal of the varieties. OBSERVATIONS of the dispersal of plants reproducible by vegetative means allow some insights into the domestication process that are more clearly identifiable than is the case with species reproduced by seed. Bananas and plantains are morphologically stable and clearly recognizable, and thus the confusion resulting from genetic variation of the dis- semules is reduced during the developmental stages of this amplification of the theory of domestication. In broadest outline it is possible to consider that domestication is an ongoing process of plant and animal change under human control toward some preconceived set of character- istics.2 For example, people frequently want larger and sweeter fruit or more of whatever is perceived as useful in the plant, and they search continually, even when they have little success in improvement. The component parts
Mucormycosis resulting in a pseudoaneurysm in the spleen

Mucormycosis is an uncommon and frequently fatal fungal infection. It characteristically affects patients with diabetes mellitus or patients with severe immunosuppression. The hallmark of mucormycosis infection is tissue infarction and vascular invasion. We present clinical data and imaging studies of a 16 year-old child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia complicated by disseminated mucormycosis resulting in a pseudoaneurysm of the spleen. This was successfully managed by a combination of systemic antifungal therapy (Amphotericin B) and surgery (splenectomy). This entity has not been described in the literature.
Estimating the size of data mart projects

In order to better manage software projects, we need to estimate adequately the effort of its development, independently of their peculiarities. This paper presents an adaptation of Function Point Analysis (FPA) approach for estimating the size of Data Mart (DM) systems. We validate the proposed approach using real data from finished DM projects and we also show that our approach could offer better results compared with the original FPA.
Reasonableness in ethics

consider the sentence "D(R,Y)" which he transcribes "Red is different from yellow." This terminology is slightly confusing since, if "R" and "Y" are different predicates, the sentence "D(R,Y)" is analytically true; and if not, contradictory. Therefore, I must suppose he is using "different from" to mean what has commonly been called "incompatible with." Let me, then, suggest that we consider the sentence:
Another extremal problem for Turan graphs

Abstract We consider only finite, undirected graphs without loops or multiple edges. A clique of a graph G is a maximal complete subgraph of G . The clique number w ( G ) is the number of vertices in the largest clique of G . This note addresses the following question: Which graphs G on n vertices with w ( G ) = r have the maximum number of cliques?
Engineering Plastics from Lignin XIV. Characterization of Chain-Extended Hydroxypropyl Lignins

Abstract Three series of chain-extended hydroxypropyl lignins (CEEQLs), prepared fran oqanosolv and kraft lignin, were examined regarding their chemical, molecular weight and them1 characteristics. Results showed that the molar substitution (MS) of propylene oxide, which was defined as the number of propoxy repeat units which comprise the chain attached to a single reactive site on lignin, varied and affected copolymer properties. As the MS increased from 1 to 7.2, the number average molecular weight (Mg) increased while the glass transition temperature (Tg) decreased. The actual Mg observed by GPC exceeded however that expected on the basis of mass gain by derivatization. This was attributed to changes in the apparent hydrodynamic volume in relation to MS. The change in Tg with increasing MS followed the Gordon-Taylor relationship. Differences in the chemical composition of the original lignin (organosolv or Kraft) were not obvious as the lignin content of the copolymer decreased below 50%.
Factors Affecting First‐Year Growth of Fishes in Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin

Abstract First-year growth of walleye Stizostedion vitreum, sauger S. canadense, yellow perch Perca flavescens, white bass Morone chrysops, freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens, and troutperch Percopsis omiscomaycus, in Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin, between 1962 and 1984 was summarized, based on the catch in experimental bottom trawls. Fall lengths predicted from a von Bertalanffy growth curve were taken as an index of first-year growth and compared to population abundance of various species, air temperatures, and water levels with multiple regression. Temperature was the most significant influence on growth. All species showed a positive relationship between growth and summer temperatures. Spawning date, as reflected in spring temperatures and water levels, was also an important predictor of growth for all species. There was strong evidence for intra- and interspecific competition among the most abundant species.
Endoscopic repair of a congenital intranasal encephalocele in a 23 months old infant

A congenital intranasal encephalocele is repaired at 23 months of age via a transnasal endoscopic approach. To the best of our knowledge, this is the youngest patient reported in the literature to be treated successfully with this approach. The technique and methods are described. This case highlights the importance of endoscopic approaches to encephaloceles resulting in less morbidity than a traditional craniotomy. Continued advances in technology and skill will increase the feasibility of transnasal endoscopic skull base surgery in younger patients.
Abstract 1860: Metabolomics for the identification of prognostic biomarkers of pancreatic cancer.

Introduction: Although the survival outcomes of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) continue to be poor, clinical and basic research in this field is disproportionately under-represented as compared to other cancer sites. Currently, there is no blood or fluid test for diagnosis or prognosis of PDAC. Sensitive and specific biomarkers are thus critical for improving clinical outcomes of PDAC. Our goal in this study was to identify molecular features that could be used for disease stratification. The underlying hypothesis was that targeted, quantitative evaluation of molecular fingerprints of PDAC in serum, calculated originally via matched tissue metabolomic profiles using an untargeted approach may have direct clinical applicability. Approach: We have used mass spectrometry based metabolomics, an emerging field that provides new information on biological perturbations based on changes in multiple endogenous metabolites. These metabolites represent the endpoint of cellular processes and are hence a direct readout of the phenotype or the physiological status. Detection of PDAC using a metabolomics approach is based on the establishment of specific key metabolite signatures in pancreatic tumor tissue derived from patients diagnosed with PDAC. A shortlisted panel of these putative markers was tested for their pre-clinical performance using serum samples from the same patients. This combinatorial approach allowed us to interrogate the PDAC tissue metabolome in a global and unbiased fashion and subsequently test the clinical applicability using a targeted approach in serum samples. Results: The untargeted metabolomics profiling resulted in the identification of a panel of key metabolites which could help discriminate PDAC tissue profiles from pancreatitis and colo-rectal tumor tissue. Validation of these metabolites in serum is ongoing. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the power of metabolomics for developing clinical assays for diagnosis and prognosis of PDAC. Identification of cellular target molecules, associated with pancreas cancer oncogenesis, progression and metastasis is critical for designing new treatment options for advanced stage disease. Developing a specific and sensitive panel of bio-markers offers a pragmatic approach towards increasing overall survival rates; identify molecular targets for therapeutic development, improving treatment strategies and thus clinical outcomes Supported by American Cancer Society Citation Format: Keith Unger, Prabhjit Kaur, Amrita K. Cheema. Metabolomics for the identification of prognostic biomarkers of pancreatic cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1860. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1860
Numerical analysis of rarefied gas flow through two-dimensional nozzles

A kinetic-theory analysis is made of the flow of a rarefied gas from one reservoir to another through twodimensional nozzles with arbitrary contour. The Boltzmann equation, simplified by the Bhatnagar, Gross, and Krook model for the collision integral, is solved by means of finite difference approximations with the discrete ordinate method. The physical space is transformed by a general grid-generation technique, and the velocity space is transformed to a polar coordinate system. A numerical code is developed that can be applied to any two-dimensional passage of complicated geometry for the flow regimes from free-molecular to slip. Numerical values of flow quantities can be calculated for the entire physical space, including both inside the nozzle and in the outside plume. Predictions are made for the case of parallel slots and compared with existing literature data. Also, results for the cases of convergent or divergent slots and two-dimensional nozzles with arbitrary contour at arbitrary Knudsen number are presented.
Selection of Standard Sizes for Metallic Electrical Conductors for Insulated Wires and Cables

This paper discusses factors which should be considered in developing standard sizes for metallic electrical conductors to be used in insulated wires and cables. Standards for solid and stranded conductors in both the United States and International systems are analyzed and compared. In response to a growing interest in the forthcoming metrication of the U.S., guidelines for a rational and distinctive approach to standardizing metric-dimensioned conductors are offered.
Importance of circulating antibodies in protection against meningococcal disease

Neisseria meningitidis infection results in life-threatening illnesses, including bacteremia, sepsis and meningitis. Early diagnosis and treatment are a challenge due to rapid disease progression, ...
Seasonal changes of sensitivities to sterol demethylation inhibitors in Venturia inaequalis populations

During three seasons and at three different orchard sites, the sensitivities of V. inaequalis populations to sterol demethylation inhibitors were reduced over the course of the summer and in the absence of exposure to these fungicides. A seasonal fluctuation was not observed for dodine with a mode of action unrelated to inhibition of sterol demethylation. Seasonal fluctuations of population sensitivities to sterol demethylation inhibitors are of theoretical and practical importance. They not only reflect a rarely reported population response to changing environmental conditions over a growing season, but also have implications regarding the development of anti-resistance strategies for the control of apple scab with sterol demethylation inhibitors. As the frequency of the least sensitive population segment increases in late summer, the performance of these fungicides is most likely decreased. The resulting effect on disease incidence and selection of a resistant subpopulation can be expected to accelerate the speed of resistance development.
The Effects of Oral Motor Stimulation on Feeding Behaviors of Infants Born With Univentricle Anatomy

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the effects of oral motor stimulation on infants born with complex univentricle anatomy who required surgery shortly after birth. A quasi-experimental group design was used to compare 18 infants receiving an oral motor stimulation program with 10 infants who did not receive any oral motor intervention. Infants in the treatment group received the oral motor treatment prior to cardiac surgery and immediately following surgery, one time a day, 6 days a week. Outcomes data were collected for length of time to reach full bottle-feeds and length of hospital stay. A statistically significant difference was seen in the overall length of hospital stay between the two groups (p = .04). Infants in the experimental group were hospitalized for a mean of 28.6 days and infants in the comparison group for a mean of 35.3 days. Infants in the treatment group achieved full bottle-feeds 2 days earlier than infants in the comparison group, although this was not statistically significant. There is positive support for the use of oral motor stimulation for infants born with univentricle anatomy, but further study is needed to determine the long-lasting effects of this intervention.
The biology of the common native Lespedezas in Southern Indiana

treated intensively in this paper are Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem., L. intermedia (S. Wats.) Britt., and their hybrid, L. X nuttallii Darl. Lespedeza hirta has villous stems (in Indiana), ovate leaflets, and long peduncles bearing many flowers with white corollas and calyxes as long as the mature pod. Lespedeza intermedia has appressed-pubeseent stems, elliptical leaflets, and short peduncles bearing few flowers with purple corollas and calyxes half as long as the mature pods. Lespedeza X nuttallii exhibits various combinations of the characters of its parental species. If this hybrid should continue to have a binominal name it should be written as L. X nutttallii Darl. (pro sp), Fl. Cestr., ed. 2, 420. 1837.
Double resonance 1-D photonic crystal cavities for single-molecule mid-infrared photothermal spectroscopy: theory and design

We propose and theoretically examine a novel mid-infrared (mid-IR) photothermal spectroscopic sensing technique capable of detecting a single small molecule. Our conceptual design attains such high sensitivity by leveraging dramatically amplified photothermal effects in an optical nanocavity doubly resonant at both mid-IR pump and near-IR probe wavelengths. Unlike conventional mid-IR spectroscopy, the technique eliminates the need for cryogenically cooled mid-IR photodetectors, as optical detection is performed solely at the near-IR probe wavelength. A device design based on nested one-dimensional nanobeam photonic crystal cavities is numerically analyzed to demonstrate the technique's potential for single small gas molecule detection.
Proton Beam Study in a Fixed-Frequency Cyclotron

Operational and theoretical experience with the ORNL 44-inch and 63-inch cyclotrons is used in estimating the time variation of proton beam current passing through the rf field between the dees of the ORNL 44-inch cyclotron. The proton current appears to have a significant reactive component. This result is probably typical of most fixed frequency cyclotrons whose ions make 30-100 orbits in being accelerated to maximum radius. The study is briefly related to problems which may be encountered in the design of a fixed-frequency rf system capable of accelerating hundreds of kilowatts of ions to be used for a purpose such as the production of radioisotopes.
American Education in the Twentieth Century: Progressive Legacies∗

(2003). American Education in the Twentieth Century: Progressive Legacies. Paedagogica Historica: Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 415-416.
Cooling to heat of fusion (HOF), followed by rapid rewarming, does not reduce the integrity of microvascular corrosion casts.

Abstract This study utilized microvascular corrosion casting techniques to evaluate changes in the microvascular patency of rat hindpaws cooled to four different subzero temperatures. Left hindpaws of anesthetized rats in group 1 were cooled to −5 °C, in group 2 to −15 °C, in group 3 to heat of fusion (HOF), and in group 4 to HOF and then to −15 °C. Although freezing did not take place in the hindpaws of groups 1 and 2, initiation of freezing in the tissues, as indicated by HOF, did occur in groups 3 and 4. Cooled hindpaws were rapidly rewarmed. Right hindpaws served as controls. Microvascular corrosion casts were made from the left and right hindpaws of all animals. There was no significant difference when the mean cast weights of cooled hindpaws from groups 1, 2, and 3 were compared to the mean cast weights of their respective control hindpaws. In group 4, there was a significant difference (P
Rate acceleration in olefin metathesis through a fluorine-ruthenium interaction.

The synthesis, structure, and performance of new ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalysts, featuring fluorinated NHC ligands are presented. The introduction of halogen atoms into the N-heterocyclic carbene ligand profoundly alters the catalytic activity and can afford a more efficient catalyst. Structural investigations suggest that a fluorine−ruthenium interaction is responsible for this increased activity.
Age differences in the duration of mating periods of female rhesus monkeys

Examination of the patterns of mating behavior exhibited by 27 sexually-mature female rhesus monkeys housed in a social group in an outdoor compound revealed that younger animals (3.5-4.5 years) exhibited significantly longer periods of sexual activity than did older animals (5.5 years and older). Observed sexual activity in all age groups was largely confined to discrete periods associated with an ovulatory cycle and typically resulted in pregnancy. Related findings suggest that differences in patterns of sexual behavior may be related to variations in estrogen secretion or sensitivity to estrogen, both of which show age-related changes. Additionally, these findings underscore the importance of documenting behavioral and endocrine changes in reproductive function across the full life span of the mature subject.
Homing of Long‐Term and Short‐Term Engrafting Cells In Vivoa

Long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells can be separated from cells which provided radioprotection (short-term repopulating cells) on the basis of size. This might be a result of the quiescent nature of long-term repopulating cells. To define the activity of these populations we utilized a dye, PKH26, which incorporates into the membrane of cells and is equally distributed to daughter cells when they divide. We were able to retrieve PKH26(+)-labeled cells posttransplant in the hematopoietic tissues of the recipients. We could also assess their cell cycle status and their ability, short- and long-term, to reconstitute secondary lethally irradiated hosts in limiting dilution. The results suggest that long-term repopulating cells remain quiescent in the bone marrow shortly after engraftment, whereas cells which radioprotect are more rapidly dividing. We could not detect labeled cells in the peripheral blood posttransplant, and even though cells homed to both the spleen and bone marrow the cells in the bone marrow were significantly more competent at reconstituting lethally irradiated secondary hosts.
Extra dimensions to globins

Haemoglobin & Myoglobin. Atlas of Molecular Structures in Biology, Volume 2. By G. Fermi and M.F. Perutz. Oxford University Press: 1982. Pp.104. £22.50, $49.50.
Inflammatory bowel disease related osteonecrosis: report of a large series with a review of the literature.

Summary Background : Osteonecrosis is a major complication of inflammatory bowel disease usually associated with steroid use. There are few large series available detailing the specifics of affected patients. Aim : To identify any specific characteristics of osteonecrosis in this cohort. A major focus was placed on steroid dose, the average time between diagnosis of IBD and appearance of osteonecrosis and the frequency of multiple joint involvement. Methods : Our study identified 23 patients in the practices of five gastroenterologists at the Mount Sinai Medical Center. We retrospectively reviewed their clinical history, as well as imaging studies. We classified osteonecrosis according to the Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) staging system. Results : Although our prednisone dosing data could not be used as an accurate predictor of onset or joint distribution, there was a tendency for correlation between the average daily dosing and the ARCO score. The ARCO scoring system was consistent for patients with bilateral hip involvement. The distribution of affected joints in IBD is similar to other conditions associated with osteonecrosis, with hips being the most frequently involved joints. Data showed bilateral involvement in most hips, but usually unilateral disease in the shoulders and knees. Treatment options include core decompression for early stages, whereas joint replacement surgery is required for stages 3 and 4. Conclusion : IBD predisposes patients to corticosteroid induced osteonecrosis. An exact threshold dose has not been determined. The data suggests that either long term therapy or short term high dose treatment increases the risk of osteonecrosis. Even if symptoms are limited to one joint, multiple joints are often involved and comprehensive testing with MRI is indicated in all cases.
Scopolamine attenuates the motor disruptions but not the attentional disturbances induced by haloperidol in a sustained attention task in the rat

Rats were trained to perform a sustained attention task that required the subject to insert its head into a cylindrical “observation tunnel” and wait for the presentation of one of three spatially separated visual stimuli located on the upper portion of the tunnel circumference. Detection of a briefly (0.125 s) presented “correct” stimulus, followed by the rats' forward nose poke, resulted in access to a reinforcement dipper lifted through the orifice in the floor of the tunnel. Nose pokes to the two incorrect stimuli resulted in a 5-s time-out period. The task maximized attention and minimized movement requirements. Performance was characterized in terms of accuracy (i.e. errors of omission, and errors of commission), time on task, and latency to respond to the stimuli (i.e., reaction time). Haloperidol (0.04, 0.08, and 0.16 mg/kg) increased errors of omission and reaction time. However, lack of significant correlations between these two measures suggested that attentional accuracy may be independent of motor slowing produced by this neuroleptic. Scopolamine (0.2 mg/kg) alone increased both errors of omission and commission, but did not affect reaction time to correct stimuli. The sustained attention task as implemented here may be useful in the simultaneous study of classical neuroleptics desirable and undesirable CNS effects.
Cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: characterization and immunological comparisons.

Experiments were undertaken to characterize the cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and to compare immunologically several cytoplasmic r-proteins with those of chloroplast ribosomes of this alga, Escherichia coli, and yeast. The large and small subunits of the C. reinhardtii cytoplasmic ribosomes were shown to contain, respectively, 48 and 45 r-proteins, with apparent molecular weights of 12,000–59,000. No cross-reactivity was seen between antisera made against cytoplasmic r-proteins of Chlamydomonas and chloroplast r-proteins, except in one case where an antiserum made against a large subunit r-protein cross-reacted with an r-protein of the small subunit of the chloroplast ribosome. Antisera made against one out of five small subunit r-proteins and three large subunit r-proteins recognized r-proteins from the yeast large subunit. Each of the yeast r-proteins has been previously identified as an rRNA binding protein. The antiserum to one large subunit r-protein cross-reacted with specific large subunit r-proteins from yeast and E. coli.
Source identification of ambient PM2.5 for inhalation exposure studies in Steubenville, Ohio using highly time-resolved measurements

Abstract Recent epidemiological and toxicological studies have suggested that short-term elevations of ambient fine particle mass concentrations (aerodynamic diameter The average ambient PM2.5 filter-based mass concentration during the 8-hour summer exposure study period was 26 ± 11 μg m−3. Results from PMF indicated that six major factors contributed to the ambient PM2.5 mass during this time: coal combustion/secondary (39 ± 46%), mobile sources (12 ± 14%), metal coating/processing (10 ± 11%), iron and steel manufacturing (5 ± 5%), Pb factor (5 ± 8%), and incineration/smelting (1 ± 3%). The objectives of this paper are (1) to present chemical composition of ambient PM2.5 and its potential emission sources in Steubenville; and (2) to evaluate the PMF modeling results using observed meteorological data. These semi-continuous sampling approaches to determine potential emission sources have significant advantages over similar analyses using samples averaged over 8–24 h, and are being utilized by our group to determine associations of PM with acute CV responses from animal inhalation toxicology field studies.
Theoretical Fraunhofer light diffraction patterns calculated from three-dimensional sarcomere arrays imaged from isolated cardiac cells at rest

Sarcomere striation positions have been obtained throughout the volumes of calcium-tolerant resting heart cells by direct computer interfaced high-resolution optical imaging. Each sarcomere position is stored in a three-dimensional (3-D) matrix array from which Fraunhofer light diffraction patterns have been calculated using numerical methods based on Fourier transforms. Diffraction patterns have been calculated from heart cell data arrays oriented normal to a theoretical laser beam. Twelve characteristic features have been identified and described from these diffraction patterns that correlate to diffraction phenomena observed from both cardiac and skeletal muscle. This numerical approach provides the means to directly assess diffraction pattern formulation, the precision of layer line angular separation, layer-line intensity and angular asymmetries, line widths and fine structures in terms of the known diffracting source structures. These results confirm that theoretical calculations can predict real muscle diffraction patterns and their asymmetries.
Multidetector-row computed tomography angiography for planning intra-arterial chemotherapy pump placement in patients with colorectal metastases to the liver.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in the preoperative arterial evaluation of patients scheduled to undergo intra-arterial chemotherapy pump placement. Methods: Computed tomography scans of 30 patients with hepatic malignancies who were imaged with multiphase MDCT angiography for intra-arterial chemotherapy pump placement were retrospectively analyzed. Dual-phase helical CT was performed, and the arterial phase images were processed to depict the arterial anatomy and to identify pertinent anomalies. All findings were compared and correlated with surgical findings or catheter angiography if surgery was contraindicated. Results: Arterial anomalies identified on CT angiography in 20 of 30 patients included a replaced right hepatic artery (RHA; n = 6) or left hepatic artery (LHA; n = 8), a replaced common hepatic artery (n = 1), an accessory RHA (n = 2) or LHA (n = 6), a replaced gastroduodenal artery (GDA; n = 2), an extrahepatic connection between the accessory RHA and the replaced RHA (n = 1 ), and a common origin composed of the GDA and RHA and LHA (n = 2). There were no additional arteries or anomalies identified by catheter angiography, when available, or during surgery. Only 1 variant, an accessory hepatic artery, was not located during surgery. In 2 patients, the surgical team decided that pump placement was not feasible because of overly complex anatomy as determined by CT angiography. Computed tomography angiography showed an overall sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 97%. Conclusions: Multidetector computed tomography angiography is accurate for the preoperative evaluation of normal and aberrant hepatic vasculature in patients under consideration for intra-arterial chemotherapy pump placement. Axial images alone permit recognition of vascular anomalies, including complex anatomy. Nevertheless, 3-dimensional rendering is useful to evaluate complex vascular anatomy and does not require catheter angiographic confirmation. In addition to aiding in selecting patients ideal for pump placement, MDCT permits noninvasive planning of their surgical approach.
Implementation of EFPI-based optical-fiber sensor instrumentation for the NDE of concrete structures

Abstract This paper reports on the design and implementation of an optical-fiber sensor based on the extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer (EFPI) for the non-destructive quantitative evaluation of advanced concrete-based civil structures. The performance of the EFPI sensor is demonstrated in two different applications. In the first implementation, performed with researchers in the Civil Engineering Department at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, optical-fiber sensors were used to obtain quantitative strain information from reinforced concrete interior and exterior column-to-beam connections. The second implementation, performed in co-operation with researchers at the Turner Fairbanks Federal Highway Administration Center in McLean, Virginia, used optical-fiber sensors, attached to composite prestressing strands used for reinforcing concrete, to obtain absolute strain information. The paper is concluded with a discussion of practical considerations that need to be taken into account when implementing optical-fiber sensors in a concrete civil structure environment.
Channelling Obama: YouTube, Flickr, and the Social Media President

His use of new communication technologies has associated Obama with youth, progress, volunteerism, and user-generated content. Unlike Republican online flops like ‘McCain Space’ and the Facebook application ‘Pork Invaders’, Obama seemed a master of social media and digital text. However, since taking office Obama’s use of YouTube and Flickr shows a more troubled relationship with the participatory culture he once championed. As this article explains, Obama’s abandonment of YouTube public diplomacy efforts and White House online town halls can be viewed as an effort to imitate pre-digital presidents like Kennedy and Reagan by resorting to traditional rhetorical strategies in times of conflict.
Strategic use of a community database for planning and practice

ABSTRACT The recent interest in community-based practice calls for intervention strategies that are based on careful planning and thorough assessment of the ecological conditions in today's urban neighborhoods. Having access to accurate and updated community data is an essential tool. This article discusses principles for the development and strategic use of a community database created in a northern industrial city. It is argued that such a community database system must go beyond a technological focus and should assist in building a community infrastructure. Applications of the system for planning and practice at the local level are presented.
ING4 Mediates Crosstalk between Histone H3 K4 Trimethylation and H3 Acetylation to Attenuate Cellular Transformation

Aberrations in chromatin dynamics play a fundamental role in tumorigenesis, yet relatively little is known of the molecular mechanisms linking histone lysine methylation to neoplastic disease. ING4 (Inhibitor of Growth 4) is a native subunit of an HBO1 histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complex and a tumor suppressor protein. Here we show a critical role for specific recognition of histone H3 trimethylated at lysine 4 (H3K4me3) by the ING4 PHD finger in mediating ING4 gene expression and tumor suppressor functions. The interaction between ING4 and H3K4me3 augments HBO1 acetylation activity on H3 tails and drives H3 acetylation at ING4 target promoters. Further, ING4 facilitates apoptosis in response to genotoxic stress and inhibits anchorage-independent cell growth, and these functions depend on ING4 interactions with H3K4me3. Together, our results demonstrate a mechanism for brokering crosstalk between H3K4 methylation and H3 acetylation and reveal a molecular link between chromatin modulation and tumor suppressor mechanisms.
Assortative mating genes selected along a gradient

A population genetics model of a gene locus that is pleiotropic in the sense that it causes assortative mating and also affects fitness on an environmental gradient shows that assortative mating substantially alters the adaptive response of the population. Assortative mating loci are not likely to be polymorphic at a given locale because the genotypes of the minority allele are less likely to find mates. As an assortative mating type such as an early flowering plant colonises along a selection gradient, minority disadvantage inhibits the adaptive response of the population. If selection is not intense, the population will not adapt. Once the colonial population reaches a locale where selection overcomes monority disadvantage, divergence occurs. Once initiated, divergence is accelerated by assortative mating. The combined effects of selection and assortative mating can result in rapid speciation (elimination of heterozygotes) or in the formation of a stable hybrid zone between mating types.
Ricap-07: Summary comments

Abstract The Roma International Conference on Astroparticle Physics covered gamma-ray astronomy, air-shower experiments and neutrino astronomy on three successive days. I organize my brief summary comments into four topics that cut across these three techniques. They are detector calibration, galactic sources, extra-galactic sources and cosmology.
Optical reflectance spectroscopy for detection of renal cell carcinoma using model-driven analysis

We have developed an effective new methodology using short-separation, optical reflectance spectroscopy to differentiate between normal tissue and renal cell carcinoma and also between benign and malignant carcinoma using reflectance model-driven analysis.