cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation of membranes from normal and thrombintreated gel-filtered platelets using a lectin marker

Abstract We report a technique for the isolation of plasma membranes from gel-filtered platelets exposed to thrombin, using 125I-labeled lentil lectin as an external marker. Labeled cells not exposed to thrombin could be lysed on a gradient of glycerol. Those cells incubated with thrombin (without external Ca2+) were made more susceptible to breakage on a gradient of glycerol-EDTA, and homogenized with a zero-clearance homogenizer. Lysates were spun on gradients of sodium diatrizoate. The membranes obtained from such gradients have been examined by electron microscopy and by assays for enzymes and 125I label. Membranes from platelets incubated without and with thrombin were found to be enriched as follows: lectin marker, 8- and 9-fold, respectively; phosphodiesterase, 9- and 12-fold; acid phosphatase, 2.5- and 2-fold. There is thus a particularly close correlation of lectin marker with phosphodiesterase, an enzyme characteristic of normal purified membranes. Monitoring for 125I-labeled lentil lectin appears to be a useful procedure for following platelet membranes during isolations from relatively small quantities of blood.
Effect of dietary cholesterol on apolipoprotein E synthesis in the rabbit

Abstract Female New Zealand White rabbits were fed either rabbit chow or rabbit chow plus 1% (w/w) cholesterol for 14 days. The chow-fed rabbits had normal plasma lipoprotein profiles on agarose gel electrophoresis, 59 ± 5 mg of cholesterol and 5.5 ± 0.4 mg of apolipoprotein E (apoE) per dl of serum. The cholesterol-fed rabbits had significant amounts of β-VLDL in their serum, 1870 ± 140 mg of cholesterol and 96 ± 12 mg of apoE per dl of serum. Relative rates of apoE synthesis were determined by incubating hepatocytes in culture medium containing [ 3 H]leucine for 15 min at 37°C and expressing the radioactivity incorporated into immunoprecipitable apoE as a percentage of the radioactivity incorporated into total protein. Hepatocytes from cholesterol-fed rabbits had twice the relative rate of apoE synthesis (1.05 ± 0.18%) of hepatocytes from chow-fed rabbits (0.55 ± 0.07%). This increase in synthesis could be a major contributor to the 17-fold increase in serum apoE levels in the cholesterol-fed rabbit.
Interplay between reversal asymmetry, training, and induced anisotropy in epitaxial exchange-biased bilayers

Interdiffused $\mathrm{Ni}\mathrm{Mn}∕\mathrm{Ni}$ (111) (antiferromagnet/ferromagnet) bilayers are shown to be a model system for the study of the effects of exchange-induced anisotropy on magnetization reversal asymmetry, training, and exchange bias. Interdiffusion at the interface between antiferromagnet and ferromagnet provides a unique opportunity to assess, in a single sample, the effect of uniaxial vs biaxial anisotropy on phenomena such as training and reversal asymmetry. As predicted by recent theory, we find that the existence of a strong training effect, and an accompanying reversal asymmetry, can be directly correlated with the presence of biaxial exchange-induced anisotropy.
LOCAL REGULARIZATION METHODS FOR THE STABILIZATION OF LINEAR ILL-POSED EQUATIONS OF VOLTERRA TYPE

Inverse problems based on first-kind Volterra integral equations appear naturally in the study of many applications, from geophysical problems to the inverse heat conduction problem. The ill-posedness of such problems means that a regularization technique is required, but classical regularization schemes like Tikhonov regularization destroy the causal nature of the underlying Volterra problem and, in general, can produce oversmoothed results. In this paper we investigate a class of local regularization methods in which the original (unstable) problem is approximated by a parameterized family of well-posed, second-kind Volterra equations. Being Volterra, these approximating second-kind equations retain the causality of the original problem and allow for quick sequential solution techniques. In addition, the regularizing method we develop is based on the use of a regularization parameter which is a function (rather than a single constant), allowing for more or less smoothing at localized points in the domai...
Primary mixed tumor of bone.

Mixed tumors occur most commonly in major salivary glands. They may rarely appear in other sites, such as skin, breast, and lung. There have been rare reports of similar tumors occurring in bone. We report on a patient with a primary mixed tumor of bone. No other primary site has become apparent on follow-up of 5 years. Although mixed tumors detected by bone biopsy are likely to be metastatic, they may rarely represent primary bone neo-plasms.
Distribution of light power and optical signals using embedded mirrors inside polymer optical fibers

Light and signal distributions through side-emitting ports along a polymer optical fiber are demonstrated using etched micro-mirrors. Low-cost serial and parallel mirror fabrication processes are described. Near uniform light distributions through as many as 200 such output ports along a single fiber was obtained. Back reflections of -19.4 dB and insertion loss of 0.7 dB were observed.
The effect of verbal organizations on the location of subjects’ errors in serial learning

The implementation of sentences to organize a 12-item serial list was found to have an effect on Ssf resulting error profiles. Under two methods of testing, namely serial anticipation and serial recall, profiles based respectively on serial-position errors and transitional errors were found to differ from those obtained when verbal organizations were not employed.
Response of dairy cows to high doses of a sustained-release bovine somatotropin administered during two lactations. 1. Production response.

This study evaluated the effect of sometribove (zinc methionyl bST) in a sustained-release formulation administered to lactating cows at concentrations up to 3.0 g every 14 d over two lactations. Eighty-two lactating Holstein cows in their first, second, or third lactation were assigned to the study. Cows received .6, 1.8, or 3.0 g of bST in one, three, or five intramuscular injections of a unit dose (.6 g) every 2 wk. Controls received five injections of the vehicle (equivalent volume to the 3.0-g treatment) every 2 wk. Injections were administered from 60 +/- 3 d postpartum until dry-off or necropsy. Thirty-eight animals were continued on treatment for a second consecutive lactation. During the 1st yr of treatment, bST increased mean 3.5% FCM by 7.2, 9.4, and 8.4 kg/d over control production (21.1 kg/d). During the 2nd yr, milk response to .6, 1.8, and 3.0 g of bST averaged 10.6, 3.6, and 4.9 kg/d over controls (24.8 kg/d). The incidence of clinical mastitis increased in the 3.0-g group relative to controls during the 2nd yr. Thus, salable FCM averaged 8.1, 9.1, and 6.2 kg/d above controls (yr 1) and 12.1, 4.7, and -2.8 kg/d (yr 2) for the .6-, 1.8-, and 3.0-g groups. Salable FCM was unaffected by mastitis at a proposed commercial dose (.6 g). Milk fat, protein, lactose, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, magnesium, and ash concentrations were unaffected by bST treatment. Calculated energy, calcium, phosphorus, and protein balances also were unaffected except for early decreases of up to 5 Mcal/d, and 40, 20, and 600 g/d, respectively, until feed intake increased. Milk serum bST concentrations greater than the assay limit of sensitivity (1 ng/ml) were routinely measurable only at doses of 1.8 and 3.0 g. Results confirmed that bST concentrations in milk serum are exceedingly small. Overall, supraphysiological doses of sometribove increased milk production with little effect on composition. No toxic effects of bST were observed.
APT characterization of high nickel RPV steels

Abstract The microstructures of three high nickel content pressure vessel steels have been characterized by atom probe tomography to investigate the influence of high nickel levels on the response to neutron irradiation of high and low copper pressure vessel steels. The high-nickel, low-manganese, low-copper VVER-1000 weld and forging exhibited lower than predicted levels of embrittlement during neutron irradiation. The Palisades weld exhibits a ΔT41 J of 102 °C which was significantly lower than the value of 154 °C predicted by Reg. Guide 1.99 Rev. 2. Atom probe tomography revealed nickel-, manganese-, and silicon-enriched precipitates in both the VVER-1000 base and weld materials after neutron irradiation. A high number density of copper-, nickel-, manganese-, silicon- and phosphorus-enriched precipitates were observed in the Palisades weld after neutron irradiation. Atom probe tomography also revealed high levels of phosphorus segregation to the dislocations in all three materials.
Predictive theory for hydrogen atom-hydrocarbon radical association kinetics.

Procedures for accurately predicting the kinetics of hydrogen atom associations with hydrocarbon radicals are described and applied to a series of reactions. The approach is based on CASPT2/cc-pvdz evaluations of the orientation-dependent interaction energies within variable reaction coordinate transition state theory. One-dimensional corrections to the interaction energies are estimated from CAS+1+2/aug-cc-pvtz evaluations for the H + CH3 reaction, and a dynamical correction factor of 0.9 is applied. This corrected CASPT2 approach yields results that are within 10% of those obtained with the full CAS+1+2/aug-cc-pvtz potential for the H + CH3, H + C2H5, H + C2H3, and H + C2H reactions. New predictions are made for the H + iso-C3H7, H + tert-C4H9, H + C6H5, and H + C10H7 reactions. For the H + CH3 and H + C2H3 reactions, where the experimental values appear to be the most well-determined, theory and experiment essentially agree to within their error bars. For the other reactions, the agreement is reasonabl...
Increased ceramide accumulation correlates with downregulation of the autophagy protein ATG-7 in MCF-7 cells sensitized to photodamage.

The purpose of this study was to determine the sphingolipid (SL) profile in cells defective in autophagy protein ATG-7 and overall cell death after photodynamic therapy (PDT) with the photosensitizer Pc 4. MCF-7 human breast cancer cells with downregulated ATG-7 and their scrambled controls (Scr) were used. Exposure of ATG-7 knockdown cells to PDT led to increased cell killing. PDT evoked an early (2 h) greater global increase in ceramides in ATG-7 defective cells compared to Scr cells. The total increases in dihydroceramide (DHceramide) were significant at 2 h and 24 h in both cell types post-PDT. The levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and sphingosine were decreased below resting levels at both time points irrespective of the cell type. The data imply that ceramide might be a marker of ATG-7 deficiency in cells sensitized to PDT.
Elimination of cocaine-induced hyperactivity and dopamine-mediated neurophysiological effects in dopamine D1 receptor mutant mice

The brain mesoaccumbens dopamine system is intricately involved in the psychomotor stimulant activities of cocaine. However, the extent to which different dopamine receptors mediate these effects has not yet been firmly established. The present study used dopamine D1 receptor mutant mice produced by gene targeting to investigate the role of this receptor in the effects induced by cocaine. In contrast with wild-type mice, which showed a dose-dependent increase in locomotion, D1 mutant mice exhibited a dose-dependent decrease. Electrophysiological studies of dopamine-sensitive nucleus accumbens neurons demonstrated a marked reduction in the inhibitory effects of cocaine on the generation of action potentials. In addition, the inhibitory effects of dopamine as well as D1 and D2 agonists were almost completely abolished, whereas those of serotonin were unaffected. D2-like dopamine receptor binding was also normal. These results demonstrate the essential role of the D1 receptor in the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine and in dopamine-mediated neurophysiological effects within the nucleus accumbens.
Synthesis and X-ray structures of manganese(I) and rhenium(I) formato complexes, fac-(CO)3(dppp)MOC(H)O

Abstract The mononuclear manganese(I) and rhenium(I) formato complexes, fac-(CO)3(dppp)MOC(H)O (M=Mn, 1; M=Re, 2), have been prepared from fac-(CO)3(dppp)MH and formic acid, and their X-ray structures determined. Compounds 1 and 2 are unusual in that the formato ligands are bound in a terminal, monodentate fashion. For Mn, only multinuclear complexes containing bridging formato ligands have been characterized previously by X-ray diffraction. The MO bond lengths and MOC bond angles are 2.043(2) A and 124.2(2)°, respectively for 1 and 2.167(3) A and 122.3(3)°, respectively for 2. Compounds 1 and 2 can also be decarboxylated at elevated temperatures with quantitative recovery of fac-(CO)3(dppp)MH.
Cigarette smoking stimulates lipoxygenase but not cyclooxygenase pathway in platelets

Summary Male rats were exposed to freshly generated cigarette smoke once daily for 4 to 8 weeks. Inhalation of smoke was verified by elevated level of carboxyhemoglobin. Arachidonate metabolism through lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways in platelets was determined. Cigarette smoking increased 12-lipoxygenase activity significantly without affecting the cyclooxygenase pathway. In view of platelet-leukocyte interactions and potent chemotactic activity of 12-HETE for aortic smooth muscle cell migration, increased 12-lipoxygenase activity may predispose individuals to atherosclerosis, thromboembolism and emphysema commonly found in smokers.
Stylistic Variation in French: Bridging the Gap Between Research and Textbooks

One fundamental aspect of all educated native speakers' language competence is stylistic variation, or the ability to adjust speech register to situational formality (Labov, 1972 ). In this article, we investigate how current introductory and intermediate college French textbooks develop students' sociolinguistic competence and particularly the use of stylistic variation. First, we present an overview of research on native-speaker use and second language acquisition of three variables ( on vs. nous, ne deletion vs. ne retention, and interrogative structures). Next, we explore the arguments for and against inclusion of stylistic variation in the foreign language curriculum. Then we examine its treatment in 22 textbooks. Our findings indicate that, in general, textbooks do not address stylistic variation consistently: Grammatical explanations and practice often misrepresent authentic uses of French in specific sociopragmatic situations. We recommend more explicit focus on stylistic variation in textbooks from the beginning of language study and offer a pedagogical norm for its treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Item characteristics of the hamilton rating scale for depression

The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression has become a popular instrument for quantifying clinical assessments of the severity of depression in psychiatric research, and data on its psychometric properties continue to accumulate. Data are presented on item interrater reliability, internal consistency, concurrent validity, and ability to differentiate depressed from non-depressed groups. Recommendation for a reduced scale and for anchoring point guidelines are made.
Ethics and Ethos: The Buffering and Amplifying Effects of Ethical Behavior and Virtuousness

Logical and moral arguments have been made for the organizational importance of ethos or virtuousness, in addition to ethics and responsibility. Research evidence is beginning to provide, empirical support for such normative claims. This paper considers the relationship between ethics and ethos in contemporary organizations by summarizing emerging findings that link virtuousness and performance. The effect of virtue in organizations derives from its buffering and amplifying effects, both of which are described.
Vaccination of influenza a virus decreases transmission rates in pigs

Limited information is available on the transmission and spread of influenza virus in pig populations with differing immune statuses. In this study we assessed differences in transmission patterns and quantified the spread of a triple reassortant H1N1 influenza virus in naive and vaccinated pig populations by estimating the reproduction ratio (R) of infection (i.e. the number of secondary infections caused by an infectious individual) using a deterministic Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) model, fitted on experimental data. One hundred and ten pigs were distributed in ten isolated rooms as follows: (i) non-vaccinated (NV), (ii) vaccinated with a heterologous vaccine (HE), and (iii) vaccinated with a homologous inactivated vaccine (HO). The study was run with multiple replicates and for each replicate, an infected non-vaccinated pig was placed with 10 contact pigs for two weeks and transmission of influenza evaluated daily by analyzing individual nasal swabs by RT-PCR. A statistically significant difference between R estimates was observed between vaccinated and non-vaccinated pigs (p < 0.05). A statistically significant reduction in transmission was observed in the vaccinated groups where R (95%CI) was 1 (0.39-2.09) and 0 for the HE and the HO groups respectively, compared to an Ro value of 10.66 (6.57-16.46) in NV pigs (p < 0.05). Transmission in the HE group was delayed and variable when compared to the NV group and transmission could not be detected in the HO group. Results from this study indicate that influenza vaccines can be used to decrease susceptibility to influenza infection and decrease influenza transmission.
On the minimal degree implying equality of the largest triangle-free and bipartite subgraphs

Erdos posed the problem of finding conditions on a graph G that imply t(G)=b(G), where t(G) is the largest number of edges in a triangle-free subgraph and b(G) is the largest number of edges in a bipartite subgraph. Let @d"c be the least number so that any graph G on n vertices with minimum degree @d"cn has t(G)=b(G). Extending results of Bondy, Shen, Thomasse and Thomassen we show that 0.75=<@d"c<0.791.
The preparation and rearrangement of bridgehead enones from sulfoxides under mild reaction conditions

Abstract The conversion of sulfoxide 2 into enone 5 proceeds via a regiospecific sulfoxide elimination followed by a bridgehead enone rearrangement.
Computational modeling of RBC and neutrophil transit through the pulmonary capillaries.

A computational model of the pulmonary microcirculation is developed and used to examine blood flow from arteriole to venule through a realistically complex alveolar capillary bed. Distributions of...
Improving oxygen barrier properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by incorporating isophthalate. II. Effect of crystallization

The present study examined poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and a series of statistical and blocky copolymers in which up to 30% of the terephthalate was replaced with isophthalate by copolymerization and melt blending, respectively. Some level of transesterification dur- ing processing of melt blends resulted in blocky copolymers, as confirmed by NMR. Random and blocky copolymers exhibited similar properties in the glassy state, including a single glass transition, due to miscibility of the blocks. How- ever, random copolymerization effectively retarded cold- crystallization from the glass whereas blocky copolymers readily cold-crystallized to a crystallinity level close to that of PET. The polymers were oriented at four temperatures in the vicinity of the Tg and characterized by oxygen transport, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. Orientation of all the copolymers resulted in property changes consistent with strain-induced crystallization. However, blocky copolymers oriented more easily than random copolymers of the same composition and after orientation exhibited slightly lower oxygen permeability, higher density, and higher fraction trans conformers. Analysis of oxygen solubility based on free volume concepts led to a two-phase model from which the amount of crystallinity and the amorphous phase density were extracted. Dedensification of the amorphous phase correlated with the draw temperature.© 2005 Wiley Periodi-
Adaptation of laser-Doppler flowmetry to measure cerebral blood flow in the fetal sheep.

The purpose of this study was to devise a means to use laser-Doppler flowmetry to measure cerebral perfusion before birth. The method has not been used previously, largely because of intrauterine m...
Sustained clinical benefits of glatiramer acetate in relapsing multiple sclerosis patients observed for 6 years

In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, glatiramer acetate (Copaxone®) reduced the relapse rate and slowed accumulation of disability for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Of the original 251 patients randomized to receive glatiramer acetate or placebo, 208 chose to continue in an open-label study with all patients receiving active drug. The majority of the original double-blind cohort continues to receive glatiramer acetate by daily subcutaneous injection and are evaluated at 6-month intervals and during suspected relapse. The data reported here are from approximately 6 years of organized evaluation, including the double-blind phase of up to 35 months and the open-label phase of over 36 months. Daily subcutaneous injections of 20 mg glatiramer acetate were well tolerated. The mean annual relapse rate of the patients who received glatiramer acetate since randomization and continued into the open-label study was 0.42 (95% confidence interval (CI), CI=0.34-0.51). The rat...
Unified Rotor Lifting Line Theory

A unified lifting line method for the design and analysis of axial flow propellers and turbines is presented. The method incorporates significant improvements to the classical lifting line methods for propeller design to extend the method to the design of turbines. In addition, lifting line analysis methods are developed to extend the usefulness of the lifting line model to allow generation of performance curves for off-design analysis. The result is a fast computational methodology for the design and analysis of propellers or turbines that can be used in preliminary design and parametric studies. Design and analysis validation cases are presented and compared with experimental data.
The Globalization of Human Development

By many measures, a revolution in living conditions is sweeping the world. Most people today are better fed, clothed, and housed than their predecessors two centuries ago. They are healthier, live longer, and can read and write. Women's lives are less centered on bearing and raising children, and political democracy has gained a foothold. Western Europe and its offshoots have been the leaders of this advance in the human condition. Most of the less developed world joined in the twentieth century, with the newly emerging nations of sub-Saharan Africa the latest to participate. Although the picture is not one of universal progress, it is the greatest advance in the condition of the world's population ever achieved in such a brief span of time.
Contribution of Invariant Residues to the Function of Rgg Family Transcription Regulators

The Rgg family of transcription regulators is widely distributed among gram-positive bacteria, yet how these proteins control transcription is poorly understood. Using Streptococcus pyogenes RopB as a model, we demonstrated that residues invariant among Rgg-like regulators are critical for function and obtained evidence for a mechanism involving protein complex formation.
Case‐studies of School‐focussed In‐Service Education for Teachers

(1984). Case‐studies of School‐focussed In‐Service Education for Teachers. British Journal of In-Service Education: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 39-44.
THE ALPHA AND BETA SUBUNITS OF THE NA,K-ATPASE CAN ASSEMBLE AT THE PLASMA MEMBRANE INTO FUNCTIONAL ENZYME

Synthesis and assembly of most oligomeric plasma membrane proteins occurs in the ER. However, the role the ER plays in oligomerization is unknown. We have previously demonstrated that unassociated alpha and beta subunits of the Na,K-ATPase are targeted to the plasma membrane when individually expressed in baculovirus-infected Sf-9 cells. This unique property allows us to determine if assembly of these two polypeptides is restricted to the ER, or if it can also occur at the plasma membrane. To investigate the assembly of the Na,K-ATPase we have taken advantage of the ability of baculovirus-infected cells to fuse. Lowering the extracellular pH of the infected cells triggers an endogenously expressed viral protein to initiate plasma membrane fusion. When individual Sf-9 cells expressing either the Na,K-ATPase alpha or beta subunits are plated together and subjected to a mild acidic shock, they form large syncytia. In the newly continuous plasma membrane the separate alpha and beta polypeptides associate and assemble into functional Na,K-ATPase molecules. However, a hybrid ATPase molecule consisting of a Na,K-ATPase alpha subunit and a H,K-ATPase beta subunit, which efficiently assembles in the ER of coinfected cells, does not assemble at the plasma membrane of fused cells. When cells expressing the Na,K-ATPase alpha subunit are fused to cells coexpressing the Na,K-ATPase beta subunit and the H,K-ATPase beta subunit, the Na,K-ATPase alpha subunit selectively assembles with the Na,K-ATPase beta subunit. However, when cells are coinfected and expressing all three polypeptides, the Na,K-ATPase alpha subunit assembles with both beta subunits in the ER, in what appears to be a random fashion. These experiments demonstrate that assembly between some polypeptides is restricted to the ER, and suggests that the ability of the Na,K-ATPase alpha and beta subunits to leave the ER and assemble at the plasma membrane may represent a novel mechanism of regulation of activity.
Temperature dependent properties of novel functionalized anthradithiophene and dicyanomethylenedihydrofuran derivatives

We present optical, fluorescent and photoconductive temperature dependent properties of novel high-performance solution-processable functionalized anthradithiophene and dicyanomethylenedihydrofuran derivatives. Changes in fluorescence lifetime, fluorescence quantum yield, and photoconductivity with temperature are discussed.
Grace: safe multithreaded programming for C/C++

The shift from single to multiple core architectures means that programmers must write concurrent, multithreaded programs in order to increase application performance. Unfortunately, multithreaded applications are susceptible to numerous errors, including deadlocks, race conditions, atomicity violations, and order violations. These errors are notoriously difficult for programmers to debug.This paper presents Grace, a software-only runtime system that eliminates concurrency errors for a class of multithreaded programs: those based on fork-join parallelism. By turning threads into processes, leveraging virtual memory protection, and imposing a sequential commit protocol, Grace provides programmers with the appearance of deterministic, sequential execution, while taking advantage of available processing cores to run code concurrently and efficiently. Experimental results demonstrate Grace's effectiveness: with modest code changes across a suite of computationally-intensive benchmarks (1-16 lines), Grace can achieve high scalability and performance while preventing concurrency errors.
Spectral diffusion of elastic wave energy

SUMMARY Elastic-wave propagation in strongly scattering media is described by an energy diffusion equation derived directly from the coupled mode equations. The physical model we assume consists of a stack of layers over a homogeneous, non-scattering half-space. The overlying stack contains the heterogeneities that cause the diffusion of energy by scattering and may have an arbitrary mixture of fluid and solid layers. The coupled mode equations provide a formally exact representation of the displacementstress field in 2-D heterogeneous media, so the resulting diffusion equation is physically based rather than phenomenological. By allowing the mode spacing to become very small, the diffusion equation is derived from a differential-difference coupled energy equation. All assumptions and approximations must be explicitly stated and implemented in the derivation of the energy diffusion equation. Strong forward scattering is assumed to dominate. The mean free path for multiple scattering must be large compared with the size of the medium fluctuations responsible for the scattering, and the spatial scale of the heterogeneities must be large compared with the wavelength. The energy diffusivity is a range- and frequency-dependent functional of the displacementstress field components and the horizontal gradients of the medium properties including anisotropy. The diffusivity functional is derived directly from the continuum limit of the mode-coupling matrix; it is essentially the spatial autospectrum of the coupling matrix weighted by a function describing the density of modes in spectral space. The approach presented in this paper is in contrast to energy diffusion equations derived from radiative transfer theory in which the diffusivity must be specified separately in an ad hoc manner. Although our energy diffusion equation is range-dependent, the computation of the diffusivity depends on local medium properties and field values for a plane-layered medium. An additional difference between the diffusion equation of this paper and previously published treatments of elastic-energy diffusion is that this paper describes energy diffusion in spectral space, for example slowness, as a function of range rather than diffusion in physical space as a function of time. The dimensions of the diffusivity in slowness space are [slowness2/length].
Ambient level volatile organic compound (VOC) monitoring using solid adsorbents—Recent US EPA studies

Ambient air spiked with 1–10 ppbv concentrations of 41 toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) listed in US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Compendium Method TO-14A was monitored using solid sorbents for sample collection and a Varian Saturn 2000 ion trap mass spectrometer for analysis. The adsorbent was a combination of graphitic carbon and a Carboxen-type carbon molecular sieve. The method detection limits (MDLs) for 1 l samples were typically 0.5 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) and lower except for bromomethane and chloromethane, both of which exhibited breakthrough. Thirty-day sample storage on the sorbents resulted in less than a 20% change for most compounds, and water management was required for humid samples to avoid major anomalous decreases in response during analyses. The adsorbent-based system, a system using canister-based monitoring, and a semi-continuous automated GC/MS (autoGC) monitoring system with a Tenax GR/Carbotrap B/Carbosieve S-III adsorbent preconcentrator were compared using spiked ozone concentrations as a variable. In this comparison, the target compounds included a number of n-aldehydes as well as those listed in TO-14A. The effects of ozone on the TO-14A compounds were relatively minor with the exception of negative artifacts noted for styrene and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. However, a small, systematic decrease in response was evident for a number of aromatic VOCs and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane when ozone was increased from 50 to 300 ppbv. Method averages for multiple runs under the same conditions were typically within ±0.25 ppbv of their mean for most compounds. For n-aldehydes, strong positive artifacts using the autoGC preconcentrator and strong negative artifacts for the canister-based and carbon sorbent approaches caused major disagreement among methods. These artifacts were mostly eliminated by using MnO2 ozone scrubbers, although loss of the n-aldehydes for all methods occurred after a single sample collection of 1 h duration, apparently due to the interaction of the n-aldehydes and products of the O3, MnO2 reaction on the scrubber.
Play and Communicative Processes within Long- and Short-Term Friendship Dyads

Twenty-four dyads of 4-year-old children participated in this study. Six of the dyads were long-term friends (children who had been friends for three years), 12 dyads were short-term friends (friendships formed within the previous 6 months) and six of the dyads were never-friends. Children's joint play and communications were coded from videotapes. Dyads who more often used communicative behaviors to extend and clarify play also more often played in more complex ways. Long-term friendship dyads were more likely to use communicative behaviors that extended play and to play in a more complex way than either of the other two dyad types.
Intestinal epithelial differentiation: new insights from chimeric and transgenic mice.

T H E mammalian intestinal epithelium represents a unique model system for studying cellular differentiation since it undergoes continuous and rapid renewal. Perpetual differentiation results in the generation of its four principal cell types, each with a unique phenotype. The processes of proliferation and cellular differentiation are topologically very well organized. Gradients in gene expression are established and maintained in several spatial dimensions within this epithelium. Recent experiments involving mouse aggregation chimeras and transgenic mice have provided insights about the origins of intestinal stem cells, the migration pathways followed during cellular differentiation as well as the molecular mechanisms which produce complex geographic differences in gut gene expression. The purpose of this mini-review is to emphasize the usefulness of these powerful methods for examining questions related to enteric epithelial biology.
Linear Associations between Clinically Assessed Upper Motor Neuron Disease and Diffusion Tensor Imaging Metrics in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Abstract Objective:To assess the relationship between clinically assessed Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) disease in AmyotrophicLateral Sclerosis (ALS) and local diffusion alterations measured in the brain corticospinal tract (CST) by a tractography-driventemplate-space region-of-interest (ROI) analysis of Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI).Methods:This cross-sectional study included 34 patients with ALS, on whom DTI was performed. Clinical measures wereseparately obtained including the Penn UMN Score, a summary metric based upon standard clinical methods. Afternormalizing all DTI data to a population-specific template, tractography was performed to determine a region-of-interest(ROI) outlining the CST, in which average Mean Diffusivity (MD) and Fractional Anisotropy (FA) were estimated. Linearregression analyses were used to investigate associations of DTI metrics (MD, FA) with clinical measures (Penn UMN Score,ALSFRS-R, duration-of-disease), along with age, sex, handedness, and El Escorial category as covariates.Results:For MD, the regression model was significant (p=0.02), and the only significant predictors were the Penn UMNScore (p=0.005) and age (p=0.03). The FA regression model was also significant (p=0.02); the only significant predictorwas the Penn UMN Score (p=0.003).Conclusions:Measured by the template-space ROI method, both MD and FA were linearly associated with the Penn UMNScore, supporting the hypothesis that DTI alterations reflect UMN pathology as assessed by the clinical examination.
Capillary Force Seeding of Hydrogels for Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Delivery in Wounds

Effective skin regeneration therapies require a successful interface between progenitor cells and biocompatible delivery systems. We previously demonstrated the efficiency of a biomimetic pullulan-collagen hydrogel scaffold for improving bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell survival within ischemic skin wounds by creating a “stem cell niche” that enhances regenerative cytokine secretion. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) represent an even more appealing source of stem cells because of their abundance and accessibility, and in this study we explored the utility of ASCs for hydrogel-based therapies. To optimize hydrogel cell seeding, a rapid, capillary force-based approach was developed and compared with previously established cell seeding methods. ASC viability and functionality following capillary hydrogel seeding were then analyzed in vitro and in vivo. In these experiments, ASCs were seeded more efficiently by capillary force than by traditional methods and remained viable and functional in this niche for up to 14 days. Additionally, hydrogel seeding of ASCs resulted in the enhanced expression of multiple stemness and angiogenesis-related genes, including Oct4, Vegf, Mcp-1, and Sdf-1. Moving in vivo, hydrogel delivery improved ASC survival, and application of both murine and human ASC-seeded hydrogels to splinted murine wounds resulted in accelerated wound closure and increased vascularity when compared with control wounds treated with unseeded hydrogels. In conclusion, capillary seeding of ASCs within a pullulan-collagen hydrogel bioscaffold provides a convenient and simple way to deliver therapeutic cells to wound environments. Moreover, ASC-seeded constructs display a significant potential to accelerate wound healing that can be easily translated to a clinical setting.
Fetal mortality in maternal rubella. Results of a prospective study from 1957 to 1964.

Abstract An increase in early fetal deaths and perinatal mortality was observed in a prospective study of 763 cases of maternal rubella in New York City from 1957 to 1964, inclusive. The increase appeared to be limited to cases with onset in the first trimester. Spontaneous fetal deaths accounted for 18.3 per cent of the total fetal loss following rubella. An additional 81.7 per cent were due to artificial termination of labor for therapeutic reasons. The combined fetal loss from spontaneous deaths and induced abortions was 73.6 per cent of cases reported in the first three months of gestation. There was no evidence of an increase in virulence of infection in the extensive epidemic of rubella in 1964 as measured by fetal mortality following maternal disease in recent years.
The Molecular Biology of Radiation Carcinogenesis

Major new insights into carcinogenesis have come from recent advances in cellular and molecular biology. The concept of oncogenes provides a simple explanation for how agents as diverse as radiation, chemicals or retroviruses can induce tumors that are indistinguishable one from another. Oncogenes may be activated by a point mutation, by a chromosome translocation, or by amplification. Ionizing radiations are efficient at the first two mechanisms. While oncogenes are frequently associated with leukemias and lymphomas, they are associated with only 10 to 15% of human solid cancers. The importance of the loss of suppressor genes was suggested first from studies with human-hamster hybrid cells, but has since been shown to be of importance in an increasing number of human solid tumors, from rare tumors such as retinoblastoma to more common tumors such as small cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer. The mechanism of somatic homozygosity clearly involves several steps, some of which, such as a deletion, could be readily produced by ionizing radiation.
Learning to segment a video to clips based on scene and camera motion

In this paper, we present a novel learning-based algorithm for temporal segmentation of a video into clips based on both camera and scene motion, in particular, based on combinations of static vs. dynamic camera and static vs. dynamic scene. Given a video, we first perform shot boundary detection to segment the video to shots. We enforce temporal continuity by constructing a Markov Random Field (MRF) over the frames of each video shot with edges between consecutive frames and cast the segmentation problem as a frame level discrete labeling problem. Using manually labeled data we learn classifiers exploiting cues from optical flow to provide evidence for the different labels, and infer the best labeling over the frames. We show the effectiveness of the approach using user videos and full-length movies. Using sixty full-length movies spanning 50 years, we show that the proposed algorithm of grouping frames purely based on motion cues can aid computational applications such as recovering depth from a video and also reveal interesting trends in movies, which finds itself interesting novel applications in video analysis (time-stamping archive movies) and film studies.
A two-stage microresistive pulse immunosensor for pathogen detection

We present a two-stage immunosensor for pathogen detection in a mixed population. In this approach, antibody-conjugated microparticles were used to functionalize the surface of the capture chamber via a convenient magnetic method and a two-stage resistive pulse sensor was used to detect and quantify pathogen cells. We firstly tested the capture efficiency of the functionalized capture chamber. The specific capture efficiency of S. cerevisiae is greater than 94.8%, while the non-specific capture efficiency is 3.4%. We showed that the device can accurately measure pure S. cerevisiae at concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 8.0 × 103 cells per μL. We performed S. cerevisiae measurements in a mixture with Chlorella. Both cells have similar sizes. For S. cerevisiae to Chlorella ratios ranging from 1.0 to 2.0, the measurement error was less than 7%, while the error became 20% to 32% for lower ratios ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 caused by nonspecific attachment. We demonstrated that this device is able to isolate target cells and quantitatively measure the cell population in a short time. This device can be potentially used for pathogen detection in the food industry, biological research and clinical applications.
Insights and Ironies: The American Bhopal Cases

This paper deals with the question whether an American court should have accepted jurisdiction over the Bhopal disaster case. On the usual presumption of the truth of the allegations concerning the American company's responsibility for the disaster, it is argued that failure to take jurisdiction was unwarranted, and predicted that the injured plaintiffs would not be afforded timely relief in India, a prediction that was tragically borne out during the decade that followed.
A rare case of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma in the setting of a newly diagnosed left atrial myxoma

We report a rare case of left atrial myxoma with concomitant classical Hodgkin9s lymphoma in a 36-year-old woman with a non-significant medical history and 4 months of progressively worsening palpitations, dyspnoea on exertion, chest discomfort and fatigue. Outpatient echocardiography revealed functional mitral valve stenosis as a result of a large left atrial cardiac mass. Preoperative thoracic imaging revealed an anterior mediastinal mass with associated lymphadenopathy. The patient underwent successful resection of the anterior mediastinal mass and left atrial mass. Surgical pathology revealed myxoma in the left atrium and classical Hodgkin9s lymphoma in the anterior mediastinum. Thus the patient was diagnosed with early-stage classical Hodgkin9s lymphoma. This clinical vignette emphasises the importance of a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation in the setting of a newly discovered atrial tumour.
Monte Carlo simulation of energy deposition by neutron reaction products in lithiated foam using dynamic path generation

Foam materials saturated with neutron sensitive compounds are of interest as a viable replacement for 3He-based neutron detectors. Previous studies have shown the feasibility of 6LiF-saturated foam detectors as a valid replacement both experimentally and theoretically. However, the random geometry of foam material has previously limited the effective theoretical considerations for such materials to generalized approximations of detector efficiency based on the effective amount of neutron-sensitive material and effective charged-particle ranges. Neutron transport and subsequent charged particle energy deposition have been simulated using novel Monte Carlo methods in order to develop reaction-product pulse-height spectra, to determine intrinsic thermal-neutron detection efficiency, and to optimize material properties for open-cell foam neutron detectors. The theoretical maximum intrinsic thermal-neutron detection efficiency of a 2-inch diameter, 27.5% 6LiF saturated, open-cell foam neutron detector was found to be 39.48% +/− 0.06% (assuming 100% charge extraction from the bulk foam) using observed material properties. The pulse-height spectra and intrinsic neutron detection efficiencies determined from Monte Carlo simulations have been confirmed by comparison to experimental pulse-height spectra. Intrinsic thermal-neutron detection efficiencies of up to 65.90% +/− 0.08% can be obtained for 2-inch diameter, 27.5% 6LiF saturated, open-cell foam by optimizing the foam strut dimensions.
Assessing the Validity of Enns and Koch’s Measure of State Policy Mood

Enns and Koch (hereafter E&K) use multilevel regression and poststratification (MRP) along with survey aggregation to measure state policy mood. As E&K rely on direct information about public opini...
Fabrication of Mechanical Microstructures Using Amorphous Silicon Films on Glass Substrates

A new process of surface micromachining has been developed, where amorphous silicon (a-Si) and oxynitride films are used as structural and sacrificial layers on the glass substrate, respectively. Due to glass as the substrate material, the temperatures for all process steps need to be lower than 600°C. Some generic mechanical microstructures such as cantilever beams, bridges, and membranes have been fabricated. The stress changes of a-Si films with annealing temperatures are studied. It is found that the residual stress can be minimized using thermal annealing at 430°C for a few hours. In addition, some process issues such as a-Si film bubbling, the film adhesion of a-Si to the glass substrate, and stiction during structure release are discussed.
A Gaussian explosion seismic energy source

A point seismic energy source, with spatial support given by a three-dimensional (3D) Dirac delta function, is commonly utilized in seismic wave propagation theory and numerical modeling. However, there is increasing interest in spatially-extended sources, perhaps because they constitute more realistic representations of physical seismic sources. Aldridge (2002) summarizes an extensive body of literature dating back to Jeffreys (1931) and Sharpe (1942) treating the classic “pressurized spherical cavity” source. More recently, Blair (2007, 2010) has re-examined and improved Heelan’s (1953) elastic radiation solution for a finite-length explosive column. A common aspect of these sources is that they are mathematically characterized as time-varying boundary conditions applied to the surface of a medium. In this investigation, we adopt the alternative point of view that a spatially-extended source may be considered a body source of seismic waves, and is thus represented by inhomogeneous terms in the governing system of partial differential equations. In effect, the source energy is instantaneously “deposited” within a portion of the medium supporting wave propagation. This may be a reasonable approximation in certain seismic source scenarios, as with large chemical or nuclear explosions.
An Analysis of Body Temperature in the Chimpanzee

An analysis of the daily temperature cycle in the chimpanzee ( Pan niger ) has been carried out based on a series of 194 rectal temperature measurements made in connection with tubercular thermal testing at the Philadelphia Zoological Garden. The cycles of increasing and decreasing body temperature were exponential and symmetrical, with an amplitude of 2.6–2.9°F (2–3 am → 2–3 pm) and a 24-hour mean of 99.0°F, or 98.7°F if the initial series on each individual was omitted. The S.D. of the 17 daily means was 0.53°F; and of the values at any single hour, 0.63°F.