cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robustly Passivated, Gold Nanoaperture Arrays for Single- Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy

The optical confinement generated by metal-based nanoapertures fabricated on a silica substrate has recently enabled single-molecule fluorescence measurements to be performed at physiologically relevant background concentrations of fluorophore-labeled biomolecules. Nonspecific adsorption of fluorophore-labeled biomolecules to the metallic cladding and silica bottoms of nanoapertures, however, remains a critical limitation. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a selective functionalization chemistry whereby the metallic cladding of gold nanoaperture arrays is passivated with methoxy-terminated, thiol-derivatized polyethylene glycol (PEG), and the silica bottoms of those arrays are functionalized with a binary mixture of methoxy- and biotin-terminated, silane-derivatized PEG. This functionalization scheme enables biotinylated target biomolecules to be selectively tethered to the silica nanoaperture bottoms via biotin-streptavidin interactions and reduces the nonspecific adsorption of fluorophore-labeled ligand biomolecules. This, in turn, enables the observation of ligand biomolecules binding to their target biomolecules even under greater than 1 μM background concentrations of ligand biomolecules, thereby rendering previously impracticable biological systems accessible to single-molecule fluorescence investigations.
On the spectral efficiency of wideband CDMA systems

The reverse-link spectral efficiency is evaluated for a direct-sequence (DS) code division multiple access (CDMA) cellular communication system that employs rapid closed-loop power control and coding with interleaving on channels that exhibit doubly selective Rician fading. The focus of the paper is the effect of the chip rate of the DS spread-spectrum signal on the spectral efficiency of the system. Performance is considered for systems with different numbers of demodulators in the RAKE receiver and for systems both with and without antenna diversity. Channels with different delay spectra and Doppler spreads are used to examine the performance of the system in various operating conditions. The implications of the results for the design of wideband CDMA are discussed.
Spinal Osteotomies for Rigid Deformities

Abstract Various osteotomies are useful in making a rigid deformity flexible enough for realignment in coronal and sagittal plane. This article defines the osteotomies and their usefulness in treatment of specific rigid deformities. The pedicle subtraction osteotomy and vertebral column resection used in treating rigid deformities are described in detail.
What Tahrir Square Has Done for Social Media: A 2012 Snapshot in the Struggle for Political Power in Egypt

While the debate rages on the role of social media technologies in the initial days of the Egyptian revolution of 2011, a more relevant research question today is the role of social media within an increasingly contested and turbulent political sphere. This article identifies three key modes by which social media is being exploited to impact political power, and uncovers the salience of each of these through 2 years of multisited ethnographies and interviews. First, I argue that political actors across the political spectrum, from liberals to Muslim Brotherhood Ikhwan, are using technologies to build wider ranging, heterogeneous, and diverse networks of supporters, expanding their base from a more historically homogeneous core support group. Second, I argue that actors are working to build bridges between older and newer media platforms, recognizing that each platform is increasingly being shaped by the other. Finally, I describe some of the ways that technology is being used by activists to subvert their competition, promoting campaigns of misinformation and hacking at the expense of others.
Is the hepatitis virus absent from Yellow-Bellied Marmots?

Hepatitis virus has been found in some populations of Woodchucks (Marmota monax), but not in others, of eastern United States. This patchy distribution raised the question of whether the virus occurs in other species of North American marmots. Therefore, blood samples from 51 yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) from the Upper East River Valley, Colorado, USA, were tested for the presence of the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV). The marmot sera were tested for woodchuck hepatitis surface antigen, antibody to woodchuck hepatitis virus core antigen, and virus-specific DNA polymerase at the Laboratory of Infectious Diseases of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the Department of Health and Human Services in Bethesda, Maryland, USA. These tests would have detected a virus identical with or serologically related to WHV and would have detected a serologically distinct member of the hepadna viruses. All tests were negative for all 51 yellow-bellied marmots. These results indicate that yellow-bellied marmots do not harbor a detectable hepadna virus. However, the patchy distribution of this virus in woodchuck populations indicates that additional populations of yellow-bellied marmots and other species of North American marmots should be tested in order to further understand the distribution of animal hepadna viruses.
Commercial Trucks and Buses in Automated Highway Systems

As indicated throughout this volume, research and development on Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS) for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and Automated Highway Systems (AHS) to date has been primarily focused on passenger vehicles,(1–3) while commercial heavy vehicles (CHVs) such as heavy-duty freight trucks (including tractor—trailer combinations) and commuter buses have been largely ignored. The obvious justification is that there are many more passenger vehicles on the road, and thus their automation will have the largest possible impact on the desired increase of highway traffic flow.
Heterobimetallic Zeolite, InV-ZSM-5, Enables Efficient Conversion of Biomass Derived Ethanol to Renewable Hydrocarbons

Direct catalytic conversion of ethanol to hydrocarbon blend-stock can increase biofuels use in current vehicles beyond the ethanol blend-wall of 10-15%. Literature reports describe quantitative conversion of ethanol over zeolite catalysts but high C2 hydrocarbon formation renders this approach unsuitable for commercialization. Furthermore, the prior mechanistic studies suggested that ethanol conversion involves endothermic dehydration step. Here, we report the complete conversion of ethanol to hydrocarbons over InV-ZSM-5 without added hydrogen and which produces lower C2 (<13%) as compared to that over H-ZSM-5. Experiments with C2H5OD and in situ DRIFT suggest that most of the products come from the hydrocarbon pool type mechanism and dehydration step is not necessary. Thus, our method of direct conversion of ethanol offers a pathway to produce suitable hydrocarbon blend-stock that may be blended at a refinery to produce fuels such as gasoline, diesel, JP-8, and jet fuel, or produce commodity chemicals such as BTX.
Selective endothelial dysfunction in conscious dogs after cardiopulmonary bypass

Zanaboni, Paul, Paul A. Murray, Brett A. Simon, Kenton Zehr, Kirk Fleischer, Elaine Tseng, and Daniel P. Nyhan. Selective endothelial dysfunction in conscious dogs after cardiopulmonary bypass.J. A...
Diligent typist

"Diligent Typist" has a simple but powerful narrative by masking a MacBook backlit keyboard image. In a small office where there is a MacBook, a laptop desk, a chair, 4-channel speakers and a projected screen, the screen loops a simple keys' march on a MacBook keyboard from left to right. The computer commands viewers to press a letter on the keyboard in alphabetical order. When they press the same key that the computer commands, viewers contribute to making the big letter image with busy typing sounds. Each key sacrifices its own entity to show a big letter like Mass Performance.
Prevalence and molecular characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in bulk tank milk and fecal samples from cull cows: a 12-month survey of dairy farms in east Tennessee.

A study on the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 was conducted on 30 dairy farms in east Tennessee between May 2000 and April 2001. This pathogen was isolated from 8 of 30 (26.7%) dairy farms at various sampling times. A total of 415 fecal samples from cull dairy cows and 268 bulk tank milk samples were analyzed. Overall, 10 of 683 (1.46%) samples (2 of 268 [0.75%] milk samples and 8 of 415 [1.93%] fecal samples) tested positive for E. coli O157:H7. Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual protocols were used for the conventional isolation and confirmation of E. coli O157:H7. Samples were shake cultured (150 rpm) at 42°C for 24 h in tryptic soy broth containing 2 mg of novobiocin per liter. White colonies isolated on cefixime-tellurite sorbitol MacConkey agar plates were evaluated for fluorescence on sorbitol MacConkey agar supplemented with 0.025 g of methylumbelliferyl-β-d-glucuronide per liter. Nonfluorescing white colonies were biochemically typed and serologically confirmed...
Synergistic induction of ornithine decarboxylase by asparagine and gut peptides in intestinal crypt cells

The objective of this study was to determine whether the amino acid asparagine stimulated the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) synergistically with epidermal growth factor (EGF) or gastrin...
Stereochemical Considerations in the Binding of Nonsteroidal Estrogens to the Estrogen Receptor

Derivatives of nonsteroidal estrogens, such as hexestrol, can interact with the estrogen receptor in four possible binding modes—two per enantiomer. Several side chain-functionalized hexestrol and norhexestrol derivatives have been synthesized and resolved into pure enantiomers. The absolute configuration of these enantiomers has been determined in order to assess which of the four binding modes is preferred. Binding studies with lamb uterine estrogen receptor have indicated that there is no appreciable difference in binding between enantiomers in the hexestrol series. Enantiomers in the norhexestrol series, on the other hand, do show significant differences in binding. The (—)-(2 R ,3 S )-pentyl ester 26 binds to receptor with twice the affinity of racemic material and 14 times the affinity of the (+)-(2 S ,3 R )-antipode. Similar though less dramatic differences are observed with methyl esters 18-20 and alcohols 30-32 . It is concluded that the norhexestrols prefer one of the four possible binding modes while the hexestrols can adopt two of the four modes equally. Furthermore, comparisons between the binding affinities of corresponding hexestrol and norhexestrol derivatives suggest that the source of chiral recognition is a specific interaction between the carbonyl group in the 2 R , 3 S enantiomer of the norhexestrol derivatives that elevates affinity, this interaction not being attainable in the other enantiomer and in the derivatives in the hexestrol series.
Remittances and Poverty during an Economic Crisis: Honduras and El Salvador

Remittance flows to Latin America showed an increasing trend before the global economic crisis. A number of factors contributed to this upward trend: a decline in the cost of transferring money, increased availability of entities facilitating the transfer of money, and an increase in the stock of migrants (World Bank 2005). Remittances to the region grew by an average 17 percent annually between 2000 and 2008, but the rate of growth slowed in 2007 and further decreased in 2008, as the crisis hit migrant employment and income levels in host countries such as the United States, Spain, and Japan (IDB 2010). As the crisis continued, remittances to the region dropped significantly in 2009, the first time this had happened since 2000. Remittances to countries such as Honduras and El Salvador were especially hard hit, with flows to both countries decreasing dramatically in 2009 from the previous year by approximately 7 percent in El Salvador and 11 percent in Honduras (figure 5.1).
Raman-like stimulated Brillouin scattering in SiN waveguides

We present stimulated Brillouin (SBS) scattering in SiN based on combining optical waveguides with pillar-based phononic crystals. We utilize breathing modes inside the phononic crystals that strongly interact with optical modes, enabling low-threshold GHz SBS.
Covariant Fields and Invariants

The introduction of the covariant form for the electric and magnetic fields completes the development of covariant electromagnetic (EM) theory. We show how the EM-fields can be obtained from the 4-vector potential. The six EM-field components are shown not to be elements of an antisymmetric \(4\times 4\) matrix, which on account of the prescribed Lorentz coordinate transformation condition is called a ‘tensor’. This defines the Lorentz coordinate transformed fields and also allows us to construct the two Lorentz invariants of EM fields both in covariant and non-covariant notation. The covariant format of the fields allows the presentation of the Lorentz force in a covariant form that relies on the field tensor. An integral representation of the field-based covariant Lorentz force allows us to obtain solutions for the 4-velocity in an iterative fashion in powers of the proper time \(\tau\) of the accelerated particle. We show in this approach, as well as for the exactly soluble constant field problem, how an effective Poynting-vector directional force appears.
Oxidation of Ti−14Al−21Nb in air and oxygen from 700 to 1000°C

The oxidation behavior of Ti−14Al−21Nb in air and in oxygen was determined over the temperature range 700 to 1000°C. Weight gains in both atmospheres were measured using thermogravimetric analysis. The resulting oxidation products were identified using X-ray diffraction, and oxide morphology was evaluated using electron microscopy and wavelength-dispersive X-ray analysis. Total weight gains in oxygen were up to four times higher than in air, and a higher percentage of the weight gain in oxygen was due to oxygen dissolution into the metal. Based on metallurgical examination of the oxidized specimens, it was concluded that the lower oxidation weight gains in air are due to the formation of a thin layer of TiN and TiAl at the oxide-metal interface which inhibits the diffusion of oxygen into the metal.
Most Marketplace Plans Included At Least 25 Percent Of Local-Area Physicians, But Enrollment Disparities Remained

The Affordable Care Act allows commercial insurers participating in the Marketplaces to vary the size of their provider networks as long as the providers are “sufficient” in numbers and types. Concerns have been growing over the increasing use of restricted-provider or narrow networks in Marketplace plans because of their implications for reduced access to care, but little is known about the breadth and stability of these networks over time or what types of enrollees choose such plans. Using national data, we found that in 2016, 60 percent of provider networks in plans offered in the federally facilitated Marketplaces included at least one-quarter of local-area physicians, and that consumers’ access to broad-network plans remained stable between 2015 and 2016. Hispanic and low-income people made up a disproportionate share of enrollees in smaller-network plans (those with fewer than one-quarter of local-area physicians). It will be important to monitor the impact of narrow networks on access to and qualit...
Gaze Following Is Related to the Broader Autism Phenotype in a Sex-Specific Way: Building the Case for Distinct Male and Female Autism Phenotypes:

The search for a female autism phenotype is difficult, given the low diagnostic rates in females. Here, we studied potential sex differences in a core feature of autism, difficulty with eye gaze processing, among typically developing individuals who vary in the broad autism phenotype, which includes autistic-like traits that are common, continuously distributed, and similarly heritable in males and females. Participants viewed complex images of an actor in a naturalistic scene looking at one of many possible objects and had to identify the target gazed-at object. Among males, those high in autistic-like traits exhibited worse eye gaze following performance than did those low in these traits. Among females, eye gaze following behavior did not vary with autistic-like traits. These results suggest that deficient eye gaze following behavior is part of the broader autism phenotype for males, but may not be a part of the female autism phenotype.
The Leser-Trélat sign.

An 85-year-old woman presented with night sweats, dry cough, and an unintended 30-pound weight loss over the preceding 6 months. She also reported the sudden onset of “itchy moles” on her back. Physical examination revealed multiple brown papules with a “stuck-on” appearance on her upper
Endovascular thoracic aortic repair in confirmed or suspected genetically triggered thoracic aortic dissection

Abstract Objective Endovascular repair in patients with connective tissues disorders is not recommended because of concern for repair failure. The aim of this study was to investigate thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) outcomes in patients with confirmed or suspected syndromic and nonsyndromic genetically triggered thoracic aortic dissection. Methods We analyzed data for patients with descending thoracic aorta (DTA) dissection treated with TEVAR from the National Registry of Genetically Triggered Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Cardiovascular Conditions (GenTAC). Enrolled patients had confirmed (syndromic or familial) or suspected genetically triggered thoracic aortic disease. The latter group includes patients with sporadic aortic dissection presenting at 50 years of age or younger in the absence of a family history or syndromic features. Results Between 2006 and 2014, there were 371 patients with DTA dissection enrolled in GenTAC. TEVAR was performed in 31 cases (58.1% male; median age, 47 years; range, 21.3-65.6 years). Genetically triggered aortic dissection was confirmed in 18 cases, and an additional 13 cases had suspected genetically triggered dissection because of early onset of presentation. TEVAR was performed in nine patients with type A aortic dissection: five in conjunction with acute type A dissection repair and four in the chronic phase to treat aneurysmal degeneration of the residual dissected DTA (median interval to TEVAR, 2.1 years). TEVAR was also performed in 22 cases of type B aortic dissection (TBAD), 12 acute and 10 chronic (median interval to TEVAR, 1.6 years). There were no perioperative deaths. Median follow-up for all cases was 2 years (range, 0.4 month-7 years). Reinterventions after TEVAR were performed in 13 cases (41.9%). This included urgent repair of three retrograde ascending aorta dissections occurring after TEVAR for acute TBAD (25%) and seven thoracoabdominal repairs with stent graft explantation (22.6%) at a median of 7 months after TEVAR (range, 1-16.6 months). Conclusions TEVAR in patients with genetically triggered aortic dissections can be lifesaving in the acute setting though associated with high risk of retrograde aortic dissection in acute TBAD. For chronic dissection-related DTA aneurysmal degeneration, TEVAR could potentially be lifesaving in patients deemed too high risk for open surgical repair. Close postoperative surveillance is required, given the risk of subsequent device failure and need for reintervention. Because these circumstances are rare, multicenter prospective enrollment of patients with genetically triggered aortic disease is essential to delineate the indications for and risks of TEVAR in this heterogeneous population.
Eisenstadt, Shmuel N. (1923–2010)

Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt was a major figure of macro- and comparative-historical sociology. His work connected the comparative study of institutions, a Weberian interest in world religions, and Martin Buber's lead on human creativity, intertwining structural differentiation and institutional analysis with a cultural-interpretative approach to the dynamics of continuity and change in historical and modern societies. He connected the study of power and institutions with the search for trust and meaning. Among his contributions are studies stressing the role of agency, structure, and culture in processes of change; a critical assessment of modernization studies; institutional and civilizational analyses, among them of Japan and Jewish civilization; and the approach of multiple modernities.
Human Male Genital Tract Immunity

The male genital tract has characteristics of the mucosal immune system as well as systemic immunity. Most regions are capable of local innate and acquired immunity; in addition, systemic immunoglobulins and cells also participate in male genital immune defense. The penile urethra and prostate are active regions with a capacity for local immunoglobulin production and transport, whereas the testis is an immunoprivileged site with a dampened immune response. Limited vaccination data indicate that systemic and local immunization approaches are both effective.
Semiconductor Nanowires: What's Next?

In this perspective, we take a critical look at the research progress within the nanowire community for the past decade. We discuss issues on the discovery of fundamentally new phenomena versus performance benchmarking for many of the nanowire applications. We also notice that both the bottom-up and top-down approaches have played important roles in advancing our fundamental understanding of this new class of nanostructures. Finally we attempt to look into the future and offer our personal opinions on what the future trends will be in nanowire research.
Holly (Ilex spp.)

The hollies are members of the family Aquifoliaceae, and belong to the genus Ilex. There are well over 500 species in this genus. Plants in this group are deciduous or evergreen trees or shrubs. They are widely scattered throughout the world, occurring in the temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres.
Organization of a Research Paper: The IMRAD Format

Most scientific papers are prepared according to a format called IMRAD. The term represents the first letters of the words Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, And, Discussion. It indicates a pattern or format rather than a complete list of headings or components of research papers; the missing parts of a paper are: Title, Authors, Keywords, Abstract, Conclusions, and References. Additionally, some papers include Acknowledgments and Appendices. The Introduction explains the scope and objective of the study in the light of current knowledge on the subject; the Materials and Methods describes how the study was conducted; the Results section reports what was found in the study; and the Discussion section explains meaning and significance of the results and provides suggestions for future directions of research. The manuscript must be prepared according to the Journal’s instructions to authors.
Ultrasound wave excitation in thermal NDE for defect detection

Abstract Sonic Infrared Imaging is a novel non-destructive evaluation method that has received attention in the NDE community. It uses ultrasound excitation and infrared imaging to detect defects in different materials, including metals, metal alloys, and composites. When a high-frequency ultrasonic pulse injects into the test object, the sound wave will cause the opposing surfaces of the crack to rub each other resulting in a noticeable temperature change. This thermal signal can be captured by an IR camera and used to locate the defect within the target. The probability of detection is significantly improved when nonlinearity is observed. Nonlinearity in the coupling between the ultrasound transducer and the target need to be studied to enhance the repeatability and reliability of this technology. In this paper, we present our study including the experimental as well as the FEA modelling of a sonic IR system with an emphasis on the vibration characteristics in the crack vicinity.
Making Firms Liable for Consumers Mistaken Beliefs: Applications to the U.S. Mortgage and Credit Card Markets

In theory, an introduction of a liability on firms, related to the difference between consumers’ beliefs and the effective terms of purchase/contract, can improve both social welfare and consumer surplus, depending on the relative magnitudes of: (1) decrease in the gap between the beliefs and the effective terms of the contract due to the introduction of the liability, (2) output decrease or price increase, and (3) efficiency of administering the liability (and the amount transferred). I do not find statistically significant evidence of (2) in two examples of instituting a similar liability: when several large U.S. credit card issuers dropped mandatory arbitration clauses (that effectively precluded class action lawsuits) and when U.S. residential mortgage creditors became liable for failing to consider a borrower's future ability to repay the mortgage, suggesting that these events improved consumer surplus and might have improved social welfare.
Surrogate model uncertainty quantification for reliability-based design optimization

Abstract Surrogate models have been widely employed as approximations of expensive physics-based simulations to alleviate the computational burden in reliability-based design optimization. Ignoring the surrogate model uncertainty due to the lack of training samples will lead to untrustworthy designs in product development. This paper addresses the surrogate model uncertainty in reliability analysis using the equivalent reliability index (ERI) and further develops a new smooth sensitivity analysis approach to facilitate the surrogate model-based product design process. By using the Gaussian process (GP) modeling technique, a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is constructed for reliability analysis using Monte Carlo simulations. To propagate both input variations and surrogate model uncertainty, the probability of failure is approximated by calculating the equivalent reliability index using the first and second statistical moments of the GMM. The sensitivity of ERI with respect to design variables is analytically derived based on the GP predictions. Three case studies are used to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach.
Prospective Cohort Study of Caffeinated Beverage Intake as a Potential Trigger of Headaches among Migraineurs

Abstract Purpose We aimed to evaluate the role of caffeinated beverage intake as a potential trigger of migraine headaches on that day or on the following day. Methods In this prospective cohort study, 101 adults with episodic migraine completed electronic diaries every morning and evening. Ninety-eight participants completed at least 6 weeks of diaries in March 2016-October 2017. Every day, participants reported caffeinated beverage intake, other lifestyle factors, and the timing and characteristics of each migraine headache. We compared a participant's incidence of migraines on days with caffeinated beverage intake to the incidence of migraines among the same individual on days with no intake, accounting for day of week. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals. Results Among 98 participants (86 women, 12 men) with mean age 35.1 years, 83% white, and 10% Hispanic or Latino, the average age when headaches started was 16.3 years. In total, the participants reported 825 migraines during 4467 days of observation. There was a statistically significant nonlinear association between the number of caffeinated beverages and the odds of migraine headache occurrence on that day (P-quadratic trend=.024), though estimates for each level of intake were not statistically significant. The associations varied according to habitual intake and oral contraceptive use. Conclusions There was a nonlinear association between caffeinated beverage intake and the odds of migraine headache occurrence on that day. This suggests that high levels of caffeinated beverage intake may be a trigger of migraine headaches on that day.
Cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Purpose of review Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare cholestatic liver disease characterized by progressive fibroinflammatory destruction of the intrahepatic and/or extrahepatic bile ducts. It is associated with a significantly increased risk of malignancy, particularly cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). In this review, we discuss what is currently known about the epidemiology of and risk factors for CCA in PSC as well as recent advances in its prevention, diagnosis, and surveillance. Recent findings An area of major focus has been finding novel biomarkers (in serum, bile, and urine) for CCA. With the advancement of computing power, metabolomic and proteomic approaches, among other methods, may provide enhanced capability for differentiating between benign and malignant bile duct disease. Another area of focus has been the approach to CCA surveillance in PSC; a recent study has found that CCA surveillance in patients with PSC is associated with improved outcomes, including increased survival, thus advocating for its importance. Summary Despite ongoing advancements in the study of PSC-associated CCA, early diagnosis of CCA remains difficult, treatment options are limited, and prognosis is often consequently poor. Continued research in the development of high-accuracy diagnostic tools, novel biomarkers, and surveillance techniques may help to increase the likelihood of diagnosing CCA at earlier stages, when therapeutic options have the highest likelihood of resulting in cure.
Animals Deserve Moral Consideration

Timothy Hsiao asks a good question: Why believe animals deserve moral consideration? His answer is that we should not. He considers various other answers and finds them wanting. In this paper I consider an answer Hsiao has not yet discussed: We should accept a conservative view about how to form beliefs. And such a view will instruct us to believe that animals deserve moral consideration. I think conservatives like Hsiao do best to answer his question in a way that upholds the moral status of animals. Since my answer is one Hsiao has not yet addressed, it is compatible with the main points he makes against various other motivations in his many papers on this topic. So my paper should be understood as an invitation to Hsiao to consider another answer.
Chapter 15 – Academic Intervention

Poor academic achievement is common among juvenile sex offenders (JSOs), who display significant deficits in basic skill areas relative to their non-delinquent peers, making it very difficult to foster positive attachments to school. This chapter describes a functional approach to academic intervention, one which emphasizes increasing academic engagement and identifying functional reasons for academic skills deficits as a basis for choosing interventions. A model of assessment and intervention is presented as a multistep sequence for the selection and delivery of instructional and motivational interventions. The model encompasses various assessment strategies (establishing repeated measures of target behaviors, identifying potential reinforcers, and determining whether the problem is a skill or a performance deficit), and intervention strategies that are both empirically supported and can be derived from the assessment results.
Risk of stroke and myocardial infarction after influenza-like illness in New York State

Influenza may be associated with increased stroke and myocardial infarction (MI) risk. We hypothesized that risk of stroke and MI after influenza-like illness (ILI) would be higher in patients in New York State. We additionally assessed whether this relationship differed across a series of sociodemographic factors. A case-crossover analysis of the 2012–2014 New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) was used to estimate odds of ischemic stroke and MI after ILI. Each patient’s case window (the time period preceding event) was compared to their control windows (same dates from the previous 2 years) in conditional logistic regression models used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (OR, 95% CI). We varied the case windows from 15 to 365 days preceding event as compared to control windows constructed using the same dates from the previous 2 years. Analyses were stratified by sex, race, and urban-rural status based on residential zip code. A total of 33,742 patients were identified as having ischemic stroke and 53,094 had MI. ILI events in the 15 days prior were associated with a 39% increase in odds of ischemic stroke (95% CI 1.09–1.77), increasing to an almost 70% increase in odds when looking at ILI events over the last year (95% CI 1.56, 1.83). In contrast, the effect of ILI hospitalization on MI was strongest in the 15 days prior (OR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.06–1.44). The risk of ischemic stroke after ILI was higher among individuals living in rural areas in the 90 days prior to stroke and among men in the year prior to event. In contrast, the association between ILI and MI varied only across race with whites having significantly higher ILI associated MI. This study highlights risk period differences for acute cardiovascular events after ILI, indicating possible differences in mechanism behind the risk of stroke after ILI compared to the risk of MI. High risk populations for stroke after ILI include men and people living in rural areas, while whites are at high risk for MI after ILI. Future studies are needed to identify ways to mitigate these risks.
Legal involvement and substance use treatment engagement and outcomes

Legally mandated substance use treatment is prevalent but controversial and further research aimed at understanding this relationship is important for developing and informing social policy, social...
Inverse Engineering Handbook

SEQUENTIAL METHODS IN PARAMETER ESTIMATION James V. Beck, Professor Emeritus, Michigan State University, USA Abstract Introduction Parameter vs. Function Estimation Common Research Paradigms in Heat Transfer Sequential Estimation over Experiments for Linear Problems Ill-Posed Problems: Tikhonov Regularization Matrix Form of Taylor Series Expansion Gauss Method of Minimization for Nonlinear Estimation Problems Confidence Regions Optimal Experiments Summary References SEQUENTIAL FUNCTION SPECIFICATION METHOD USING FUTURE TIMES FOR FUNCTION ESTIMATION Keith A. Woodbury, The University of Alabama, USA Abstract Nomenclature Introduction Linear Problems Nonlinear Problems Summary References THE ADJOINT METHOD TO COMPUTE THE NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF INVERSE PROBLEMS Yvon Jarny, Ecole Polytechnique de L'Universite de Nantes, France Introduction Modelling Equations Least Squares and Gradient Algorithms Lagrange Multipliers The Adjoint Method The Adjoint Method to Minimize the LS-Criterion with Algebraic Modelling Equations The Adjoint Method to Minimize the LS-Criterion with Integral Modelling Equation Adjoint Method to Minimize LS-Criteria with Ordinary Differential Equations as Constraints Adjoint Method to Minimize LS-Criteria with Partial Differential Equations as Constraints Conclusion and Summary References MOLLIFICATION AND SPACE MARCHING Diego A. Murio, University of Cincinnati, USA Mollification In R1 Data Smoothing Identification of Parameters in 1-D IHCP Discrete Mollification in R2 References INVERSE HEAT CONDUCTION USING MONTE CARLO METHOD A. Haji-Sheikh, University of Texas at Arlington, USA Introduction Introduction to Monte Carlo Method Random Walks in Direct Monte Carlo Simulation Monte Carlo Method for Inverse Heat Conduction Conclusion Nomenclature References CORRELATED DATA AND STOCHASTIC PROCESSES Ashley Emery, University of Washington, USA Introduction Correlation and Its Effect on Precision Least Squares Estimation and Linearization Determination of Ergodic and Stationary Processes Uncertain Parameters Bayesian Probabilities, Prior Information, and Uncertain Parameters Conclusions OPTIMAL EXPERIMENT DESIGN Aleksey V. Nenarokomov, Moscow State Aviation Institute, Russia Introduction Brief Historical Analysis of Background and Survey Experiment Design Problem Statement Iterative Method of Optimal Design of Thermosensors Installation and Time of Signals Readings Experiment Design for Lumped Parameter Systems Conclusions References BOUNDARY ELEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR INVERSE PROBLEMS Thomas J. Martin, Pratt & Whitney Engine Company and George S. Dulikravich, University of Texas at Arlington, USA Introduction Inverse Heat Conduction Ill-Posed Boundary Conditions in Fluid Flow Ill-Posed Surface Tractions and Deformations in Elastostatics Inverse Detection of Sources Transient Problems References
Transnational Teacher Education: Towards Theory and Practice

Transnational students experience living and schooling in two countries that are closely tied economically and politically. As the number of U.S.-Mexico transnational students increase, so does the need for teachers who can respond to their academic needs. This study explicates a theoretical stance towards teacher education called Transnational Teacher Education, and examines how a Transnational Teacher Education program (TTE) contributed to the development of bilingual teacher candidates. Using data from two cohorts of teacher candidates who studied in Mexico and Guatemala for part of their bilingual teacher preparation program, the authors analyzed the responses to a questionnaire regarding the candidates’ personal and professional growth as bilingual teachers. Results showed that the most prevalent growth areas were Critical Global Interconnectedness and Cultural Proficiency. Though none of the protocol prompts directly addressed these areas, teacher candidates independently generated them as important understandings stemming from their TTE program.
Dobutamine versus milrinone after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE Neurogenic stunned myocardium is a well-recognized complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Dobutamine and milrinone are both used for neurogenic stunned myocardium, but there are few data comparing them after subarachnoid hemorrhage. METHODS We compared the physiological dose response of dobutamine and milrinone in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage requiring a pulmonary artery catheter. We located 11 patients who received either inotrope. Physiological data were fitted to a mixed model accounting for drug, dose, and between-patient variation. RESULTS There were 11 patients who had 152 pulmonary artery catheter measurements. Two received both inotropes (but not within 4 h of each other), 2 only milrinone, and 7 only dobutamine. The groups had similar clinical and physiological characteristics. After adjustment for vasopressin, milrinone was significantly more potent in increasing cardiac output (P <0.0001) and stroke volume (P=0.03), while decreasing vascular resistance (P <0.0001) and systolic blood pressure (P=0.008), than dobutamine. CONCLUSION These data suggest that milrinone and dobutamine should be used in different clinical situations. Milrinone may be more effective in patients with severely depressed systolic function but who have at least normal vascular resistance and blood pressure and in whom raising cardiac output is the primary goal. Dobutamine may be superior when vascular resistance or blood pressure is low.
I. Suppression by compound 48/80 of bacterial endotoxin-inducible monocytic tissue factor activity: direct blockade of factor VII binding to THP-1 monocytes.

Abstract Hypercoagulation with upregulated monocytic tissue factor (TF) activity often occurs under a variety of inflammatory conditions including endotoxemia. The antagonism to bacterial endotoxin (LPS) signaling often results in the depression in TF upregulation. We herein report that compound 48/80 (48/80) significantly depressed LPS-induced TF activity in human and cebus monkey peripheral blood monocytes. Employing a model monocyte-like cell line (THP-1), we explored the regulatory mechanism to identify the inhibitory site(s) of 48/80. We determine whether the inhibition results from the blockade of LPS signaling. 48/80 dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced TF activity. Chase of LPS-challenged cells with 48/80 also significantly offset TF upregulation. In immunofluorescent approaches, FACScan analysis revealed that 48/80 had no effect on either LPS recognition or the expression of its receptors (CD14 and CD11b). Moreover, LPS-induced TF expression as well as synthesis remained unaffected in the presence of 48/80. Consistent with the independence of LPS action, 48/80 was also able to inhibit TF activity induced by A23187, ionomycin, or Quin-2 AM. Interestingly, 48/80 significantly decreased the FVII binding to either resting or LPS-challenged cells. In conclusion, our results elucidate that the inhibitory action of 48/80 was independent of LPS signaling including recognition, receptor expression, and the induced TF expression/synthesis. However, 48/80 was able to directly block FVII binding to monocytic TF, thereby resulting in such antagonism to LPS-induced TF-initiated extrinsic coagulation.
Nodular Pattern of Melanoma

The nodular subtype of melanoma was defi ned by Clark as a dome-shaped or roundish neoplasm, without a superfi cial or horizontal growth pattern. The lesion has its neoplastic cells largely in the dermis; if an intraepidermal component is present, it does not extend beyond the dermal one. Although no signifi cant prognostic signifi cance is attributed to this form of melanoma, as opposed to the superfi cial spreading pattern, nodular melanoma deserves a separate mention because of the possible confusion with other cutaneous neoplasms that have similar silhouettes (Scolyer et al. 2011). Moreover, the clinical features and genomic setting of nodular melanoma may deserve a separate comment (Rose et al. 2011). B-raf mutation is less frequently found in nodular melanoma than in superfi cial spreading melanoma. On the other hand, n-ras mutation was evident in many nodular melanomas (Lee et al. 2011). Whether this distinction will hold up in future studies is questionable.
The Birth of a Cell Type

This month’s selected paper for Pillars of Immunology is the 1973 description by Ralph M. Steinman and Zanvil A. Cohn of a novel cell type, found in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice, that the authors named “dendritic cells” (DC) ([1][1]). This paper was the first of a series of five to be
I-MINDS: An Agent-Oriented Information System for Applications in Education

In this paper, we describe an Intelligent Multiagent Infrastructure for Distributed Systems in Education (or I-MINDS) framework that applies an agent-oriented information system for education purposes. Our design employs distributed computing principles (i.e., Java Object Passing Interface and the Distributed Shared Object model) to facilitate cooperation among agents, data gathering and information dissemination, making the infrastructure portable, expandable and secure. Our motivations are to help teachers teach better and students learn better. A teacher, with the help of a teacher agent, is able to address important questions and survey the profile of each student (that is automatically maintained by the teacher agent). A student, with the help of a student agent, is able to collaborate with other students without having to form a buddies group him or herself. Thus, with the agents and a collaborative multiagent system, the I-MINDS framework is able to manage, process and share information intelligently.
Managing long-lived information assets...emerging standards and tools can $ave big $

The digital revolution has enabled rapid advances in product/systems capability and functionality that can only be described as astounding. Corresponding advances in the complexity of systems and even individual components is equally astounding, and occasionally confounding. Add to this the ability to fundamentally change the behavior of software-driven products and/or systems in near real time, and you have rapidly compounding growth in the amount of information that is needed to support today's products and systems over their long lifespans. Effective management, distribution, and use of this continually growing stockpile of information is becoming a significant effort, and a plethora of tools have been introduced to address various aspects of the information management challenge. While the individual tools may streamline the variety of information creation, storage, change, management, production, and distribution processes, they also have the potential to compound the overall problem...especially in the support of complex, long life cycle products. Major enterprise-level inefficiencies can be introduced if individual information handling systems cannot communicate perfectly with each other. And major disruptions can occur over the life of a product when information handling systems are replaced or upgraded...and legacy data is found to be incompatible with the new system.
Robohound/spl trade/ remote explosives detection

With continued terrorist activities worldwide and the concern that explosive devices need to be detected in a variety of configurations while protecting individuals, there is a need to remotely detect potential explosive devices. Current handheld trace explosives detection sensors require the operator to stand within a few inches of a potential explosive device to ensure an adequate sample is collected. Because of the low vapor pressure of some explosives and the low vapor concentrations in airborne plumes emanating from a bulk explosive source, the sample collection method is critical when using an ion mobility spectrometer-based explosive detection sensor. The RoboHound/spl trade/, a prototype remote trace explosive detection system, is under development at Sandia National Laboratories to address this issue. The RoboHound/spl trade/ was designed for primary use in emergency response situations and could also be used for some checkpoint screening applications. The prototype uses a wheeled robotic platform with a manipulator arm and custom software for robotic controls; a chemical sample collector and preconcentrator; and a commercial explosives detector. The integrated system allows an operator to maneuver the system into position while remaining up to 100 feet away from a suspect vehicle, package, or other object, and take a sample for analysis.
Tool demonstration: CHET: checking specifications in Java systems

One of today's challenges is understanding the behavior of complex software. A major challenge here is that libraries, classes, and other components are often not well understood and can easily be used incorrectly. Our system, CHET, lets developers define specifications that describe how a component should be used and checks these specifications statically in real Java systems. Unlike previous systems, CHET is able to check a wide range of complex conditions in large software systems without programmer intervention. CHET comes with an interactive front end that makes both defining specifications and understanding the results of the checks intuitive and easy.