cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Femtosecond optics for optical data storage and detection

In this paper, we show two optical storage and retrieval techniques: a technique to record/readout data in serial format with real time detection, and an orthogonal-code multiplexed recording/readout system with nonlinear gated detection. Both of these techniques are based on femtosecond optical short pulses. In the former storage and detection technique, a train of pulses is recorded via spectral holography into a photorefractive crystal at wavelength 460 nm and the recorded hologram is read at the wavelength 920 nm, allowing nonvolatile readout of information from the photorefractive crystal. For detection and demultiplexing of a femtosecond pulse sequence whose time duration is much longer than the pulse width, a new pulse correlation technique is developed that is capable of real-time conversion of a femtosecond pulse sequence into its spatial image. Our technique uses a grating at the entrance of the system, thus introducing a transverse time delay (TTD) into the transform-limited reference pulse. The shaped signal pulses and the TTD reference pulse are mixed in a nonlinear optical crystal, producing a second-harmonic field that carries the spatial image of the temporal shaped signal pulse. In the orthogonal-code multiplexed recording technique with spectral holography, a signal pulse that contains a 1-D spatial information is recorded with a unique spectral phase-coded reference pulse, and multiplexing is performed by orthogonal phase-coding of reference pulses. Information readout is performed employing a nonlinear time- grating technique with the use of wave mixing in nonlinear optical crystals. We present the basic principles and experimental results for those femtosecond optics systems.
Supersymmetric topological terms in D=3 nonlinear sigma models

Abstract We discuss generalized Wess-Zumino-Witten terms in supersymmetric nonlinear sigma models on three-dimensional spacetime, and give a natural N = 2 supersymmetric term for any Kahler manifold. We show that the coefficient is not quantized if isometries of the manifold are not gauged. The relation between generalized Wess-Zumino-Witten terms in different spacetime dimensions is discussed, and some useful superspace methods are introduced.
The Discriminative Stimulus Properties of the Atypical Antipsychotic Clozapine in C57BL/6 Mice

Serotonin and a1 adrenergic receptor antagonism may contribute to atypical antipsychotic drug effects. Clozapine (2.5 mglkg) drug discrimination in C57BL16 mice may selectively screen atypical antipsychotic drugs. Previous data show that the atypical antipsychotics olanzapine, risperidone, ziprasidone but not the typical antipsychotic haloperidol fully substitutes for clozapine. The present study demonstrated that the atypical antipsychotics quetiapine, sertindole, zotepine, iloperidone, melperone fully substituted for clozapine but aripiprazole did not. The typical antipsychotics fluphenazine and perphenazine failed to fully substitute for clozapine but chlorpromazine and thioridazine fully substituted for clozapine. This model does not differentiate between atypical and typical antipsychotic drugs but it may be useful in the detection of antipsychotics with potent serotonin and a1 adrenergic receptor antagonist actions.
Specificity of monosynaptic connections from thalamus to visual cortex

In cortical area 17 of the cat, simple receptive fields are arranged in elongated subregions that respond best to bright (on) or dark (off) oriented contours, whereas the receptive fields of their thalamic inputs have a concentric on and off organization. This dramatic transformation suggests that there are specific rules governing the connections made between thalamic and cortical neurons (see ref. 4). Here we report a study of these rules in which we recorded from thalamic (lateral geniculate nucleus; LGN) and cortical neurons simultaneously and related their receptive fields to their connectivity, as measured by cross-correlation analysis. The probability of finding a monosynaptic connection was high when a geniculate receptive field was superimposed anywhere over an elongated simple-cell subregion of the same signature (on or off). However, 'inappropriate' connections from geniculate cells of the opposite receptive field signature were extremely rare. Together, these findings imply that the outline of the elongated, simple receptive field, and thus of cortical orientation selectivity, is laid down at the level of the first synapse from the thalamic afferents.
β-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids and their coenzyme A derivatives by human skin fibroblasts

The beta-oxidation of lignoceric acid (C24:0), hexacosanoic acid (C26:0), and their coenzyme A derivatives was investigated in human skin fibroblast homogenates. The cofactor requirements for oxidation of lignoceric acid and hexacosanoic acid were identical but were different from their coenzyme A derivatives. For example, lignoceric acid and hexacosanoic acid oxidation was strictly ATP dependent whereas the oxidation of the corresponding coenzyme A derivatives was ATP independent. Also the rate of oxidation of coenzyme A derivatives of lignoceric acid or hexacosanoic acid was much higher compared to the free fatty acids. In patients with Zellweger's syndrome, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy and infantile Refsum's disease, the beta-oxidation of lignoceric and hexacosanoic acids was defective whereas the oxidation of their corresponding coenzyme A derivatives was nearly normal. The results presented in this communication suggest strongly that the beta-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids occurs exclusively in peroxisomes. However, the coenzyme A derivatives of very-long-chain fatty acids can be oxidized in mitochondria as well as in peroxisomes. The inability of the mitochondrial system to oxidize free fatty acids may be due to its inability to convert them to their corresponding coenzyme A derivatives. Our results suggest that a specific very-long-chain fatty acyl CoA synthetase may be required for the activation of the free fatty acids and that this synthetase may be deficient in patients with Zellweger's syndrome and possibly X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, as well. The results presented suggest that substrate specificity and the subcellular localization of the synthetase may regulate the beta-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids in the cell.
Reliability as a virtue

This paper explores what constitutes reliability in persons, particularly intellectual reliability. It considers global reliability, the overall reliability of persons, encompassing both the theoretical and practical realms; sectorial reliability, that of a person in a subject-matter (or behavioral) domain; and focal reliability, that of a particular element, such as a belief. The paper compares reliability with predictability of the kind most akin to it and distinguishes reliability as an intellectual virtue from reliability as an intellectual power. The paper also connects reliability with insight, reasoning, knowledge, and trust. It is argued that insofar as reliability is an intellectual virtue, it must meet both external standards of correctitude and internal standards of justification.
New perspectives in sleep research: Michael Chase reports on an Intra-Science sponsored meeting held in Los Angeles

Abstract Since the discovery that sleep is comprised of two distinct states, termed active (REM — rapid eye movement or paradoxical) sleep and quiet (NREM — non-rapid eye movement) sleep, basic sleep research has enjoyed a rich period of scientific productivity. In the last few years the study of sleep disorders has become increasingly prominent. Toward this objective, seven symposia, summarized below, were presented.
Clinical prediction of falls in the elderly.

Objective: To assess the ability of physical and occupational therapists engaged in rehabilitation of the elderly to predict posttreatment falls. Design: Prospective cohort study of 15 mo in duration at an urban academic medical center rehabilitation unit. A total of 165 consecutively admitted geriatric individuals were rated for fall risk by 14 physical and seven occupational therapists. Measurements included the Mini-Mental State Examination, Geriatric Depression Scale, FIM TM , and therapists' ratings of fall likelihood. Results: Both disciplines evidenced an ability to predict who would fall in the 3 mo after discharge. Clinical judgment regarding fall risk, however, added little value over two major predictors of future falls, fall history and the presence of a neurologic condition. Conclusion: Trying to predict an infrequent future event such as falls is inherently difficult. Education regarding known fall-risk factors and inclusion of standardized measurements of physical status are recommended to potentially improve rates of detection, along with adoption of a realistic attitude regarding our abilities to forecast infrequent events.
ADVANCES IN MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF ASTHMA, HEADACHES, AND FATIGUE

The 1990s in medicine have been characterized by the development of various clinical guidelines to assist in the diagnosis, classification, and management of common disorders. Among the most frequent presenting complaints of adolescent patients are asthma, headaches, and fatique. In an era of managed care and brief clinical encounters, application of standardized guidelines, modified appropriately for adolescents, is likely to improve clinical outcomes, including patient and parent satisfaction. In each of these disorders, engaging the adolescent patient as a partner in planning and implementing management is crucial to success.
Rotation-invariant photorefractive correlator

A rotation-invariant photorefractive correlation is reported in this paper. Matched filters synthesized with reference patterns at different rotational angles are stored in the photorefractive medium via angular and peristrophic multiplexing. During the recognition process, the input image is compared with all the reference patterns in parallel. The feasibility of the proposed correlator is demonstrated by experimental results.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Monte Carlo simulation of very large dilute random-field Ising models using multi-spin coding

Abstract We have developed an efficient algorithm for simulating with computers very large dilute Ising models in random external magnetic fields using logical bit-by-bit operations with a multi-spin coding technique. The algorithm is written in such a way that the same algorithm can also be used for simulating the standard Ising model, the dilute and the random-field Ising models. We present results for domain growth in the two-dimensional dilute random-field Ising model as an illustration of the algorithm.
Thermodilution measurement of the right ventricular ejection fraction.

This study addressed the clinical reproducibility and validity of the thermodilution (TD) measurement of the right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF). Forty-one patients underwent right heart catheterization, including TD RVEF, within 2 h of gated first pass (GFP) and gated blood pool (GBP) radionuclide ventriculography; 21 had single plane contrast right ventricular angiography (ANGIO) during the same catheterization. Analysis of variance showed no difference among three successive TD RVEF measurements. (table; see text) Stroke volume by RV ANGIO correlated with Fick (n = 10, r = .86) and thermodilution stroke volume (n = 21, r = .88). It is concluded that although the thermodilution method is an accurate way to measure flow, it is not an accurate way to measure right ventricular ejection fraction, and by inference, ventricular volumes. The most likely explanation for this finding is incomplete mixing as in previous studies of indicator methods of measuring left ventricular volumes.
Radioimmunoassay for human pancreatic lipase in acute pancreatitis.

We examined the utility of serum pancreatic lipase by radioimmunoassay as a diagnostic test for acute pancreatitis and its correlation with serum total amylase, pancreatic isoamylase, and lipase activity. Data were analyzed on 11 patients with documented acute pancreatitis, three groups of patients (N=104) with nongastrointestinal, gastrointestinal, and renal diseases, and 30 healthy controls. Patients with acute pancreatitis had significantly (P<0.01) higher mean serum lipase by radioimmunoassay than all other groups. Using a serum lipase of 112 ng/ml as a cutoff point in all patients, the test was 91% sensitive and 96% specific for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. The correlation coefficients of serum lipase by radioimmunoassay with respect to total amylase, pancreatic isoamylase, and lipase activity were 0.86, 0.98, and 0.79, respectively.
Precision environmental radiation monitoring system

A new precision low-level environmental radiation monitoring system has been developed and tested at Jefferson Lab. This system provides environmental radiation measurements with accuracy and stability of the order of 1 nGy/h in an hour, roughly corresponding to approximately 1% of the natural cosmic background at the sea level. Advanced electronic front-end has been designed and produced for use with the industry-standard High Pressure Ionization Chamber detector hardware. A new highly sensitive readout electronic circuit was designed to measure charge from the virtually suspended ionization chamber ion collecting electrode. New signal processing technique and dedicated data acquisition were tested together with the new readout. The designed system enabled data collection in a remote Linux-operated computer workstation, which was connected to the detectors using a standard telephone cable line. The data acquisition system algorithm is built around the continuously running 24-bit resolution 192 kHz data sampling analog to digital convertor. The major features of the design include: extremely low leakage current in the input circuit, true charge integrating mode operation, and relatively fast response to the intermediate radiation change. These features allow operating of the device as an environmental radiation monitor, at the perimeters of the radiation-generating installations in densely populated areas, like in other monitoring and security applications requiring high precision and long-term stability. Initial system evaluation results are presented.
7043 A new endoscopic strategy for the treatment of completely obstructing unresectable esophageal cancer.

OBJECTIVE:To determine the efficacy of photodynamic therapy as a treatment strategy in patients with unresectable esophageal cancer and completely obstructed esophagus.METHODS:The medical records of all patients treated with photodynamic therapy for unresectalble esophageal cancer at our institution were reviewed. Five patients with newly diagnosed, completely obstructive esophageal cancer were treated. None were candidates for surgical resection because of extensive or metastatic disease. Three patients had adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus, and 2 had squamous carcinoma of the proximal esophagus. One of the latter patients also had an esophago-cutaneous fistula arising in the esophagus proximal to the tumor and exiting in the neck. In all cases the tumor was completely obstructing the esophagus and could not be transversed utilizing endoscopic or fluoroscopic methods. All patients were treated with two sessions of photodynamic therapy commencing 48 hours after the injecion of 2 mg/Kg of Photofrin. In all cases the photodynamic therapy light probe was pushed into the tumor mass for the treatments. Within several weeks of the treatments, all 5 patients underwent a successful endoscopic placement of an expandable covered metallic esophageal stent (Ultraflex) with no difficulty in order to insure long-term patency. RESULTS:In all 5 patients treated the esophageal tumor responded to the photodynamic therapy and allowed for a safe dilatation of the previously obstructing strictures. There were no treatment related complications and no long-term serious stent related complications. The 2 patients who had proximal stents did have respiratory complications due to the extent of their disease. The esophago-cutaneous fistula healed after treatment, and then the patient tolerated external beam radiation therapy to the site. CONCLUSIONS:We have successfully applied photodynamic therapy to completely obstructive esophageal carcinoma, and then insured future patency with the placement of an expandable covered metallic stent. In all patients the esophagus remained patent after the stent placement. There were no perforations or stent migrations noted.We report this treatment strategy as a safe palliative endoscopic alternative for patients with obstructing, unresectable esophageal carcinoma who cannot be stented because of a complete obstruction. In this group placing a stent within a few weeks of photodynamic therapy appears to be safe.
The developer's problem, or how to divide a piece of land most profitably

Abstract How a developer chooses to subdivide his landholding depends on the distribution of potential buyers and their maximum offers for different sized plots. These offers depend, inter alia, upon factors outside the developer's control such as community tax rates and public services. The developer's optimal subdivision scheme for a continuum of buyers is derived, together with the implied prices of land on different sized plots. We also illustrate the effect of alternative tax regimes on the profit-maximizing density of development, when the landholding is subdivided into equal-sized plots, and exhibit the conflict of interest between developers and existing community residents.
FIR laser assignments in CHD2F

Abstract A sample of CHD2F was synthesized and its i.r. spectrum was measured in the 900–1200 cm−1 region at 0.03 cm−1 resolution. A portion of this sample was optically pumped with a 12C16O2 laser in another laboratory. A number of FIR laser lines were produced, including several cascade transitions. We discuss assignments of the pumped transitions and of the FIR emission in relationship to the i.r. spectrum. We show that one of these new FIR lines is the same as a line observed earlier in optical pumping of CD3F; it was thus due to a small amount of CHD2F present in the CD3F sample. We suggest further that several OODR signals reported in CD3F, but not assigned, were also due to some CHD2F impurity.
Effect of Sand Supply on Transport Rates in a Gravel-Bed Channel

In a series of flume experiments using constant discharge, flow depth, and gravel feed rate, sand feed rates were varied from 0.16 to 6.1 times that of gravel. The bed slope decreased with increasing sand supply, indicating that the gravel could be transported at the same rate, along with increasing amounts of sand, at smaller shear stresses. Prediction of river response to an increase in sediment supply requires prediction of mutual changes in bed composition and transport, and therefore a transport model defined in terms of the grain size of the bed surface. A recent model provides satisfactory prediction of the experimental observations and indicates the general response of gravel beds to increased sand supply. An increase in sand supply may increase the sand content of the river bed and the mobility of gravel fractions, which can lead to bed degradation and preferential evacuation of these sediments from the river.
Symptoms of anal incontinence and difficult defecation among women with prolapse and a matched control cohort.

Objective The purpose of this study was to quantify the risk for anal incontinence and difficult defecation among women with prolapse by comparing them with women without prolapse of similar age, body mass index, race, and hysterectomy status, and to determine whether there are characteristics or findings in women with prolapse that are associated with greater symptom severity. Study Design Women with primary pelvic organ prolapse (n = 151) were compared with women without prolapse (n = 135). All subjects underwent pelvic examination and completed symptom questionnaires regarding how frequently anal incontinence and difficult defecation were experienced. Incontinence of flatus was considered to be present if it occurred on "most" or "every" day; difficult defecation was considered to be present if it was experienced with "most" or "every" bowel movement. Symptoms that occurred "on occasion" or "never" were considered to be absent. Results Incontinence of flatus was reported by 23.1% of cases vs 8.3% of control subjects ( P = .006). Incontinence of liquid or solid stool was present in 4.7% and 3.5%, respectively, and was not reported by control subjects ( P P = .001). Cases that reported symptoms were compared with those that did not report symptoms. Among those reporting difficult defecation, the length of the perineal body length was greater when straining (4.0 vs 3.4 cm; P = .020). Among those reporting incontinence of flatus, mean parity was higher (3.3 vs 2.5; P = .012), and a positive standing cough stress test was more likely (39.3% vs 18.5%; P = .025). Symptoms of anal incontinence and/or difficult defecation were present in 35.3% of subjects (52/147). Conclusion Women with prolapse are more likely than control subjects to have symptoms of anal incontinence or difficult defecation; approximately one-third of these women will have symptoms.
Low Genetic Variation in the Heath Hen Prior to Extinction and Implications for the Conservation of Prairie-Chicken Populations

Low genetic variation is often considered to contribute to the extinction of species when they reach small population sizes. In this study we examined the mitochondrial control region from museum specimens of the Heath Hen (Tympanuchus cupido cupido), which went extinct in 1932. Today, the closest living relatives of the Heath Hen, the Greater (T. c. pinnatus), Attwater’s (T. c. attwateri) and Lesser (T. pallidicinctus) Prairie-chicken, are declining throughout most of their range in Midwestern North America, and loss of genetic variation is a likely contributor to their decline. Here we show that 30 years prior to their extinction, Heath Hens had low levels of mitochondrial genetic variation when compared with contemporary populations of prairie-chickens. Furthermore, some current populations of Greater Prairie-chickens are isolated and losing genetic variation due to drift. We estimate that these populations will reach the low levels of genetic variation found in Heath Hens within the next 40 years. Genetic variation and fitness can be restored with translocation of individuals from other populations; however, we also show that choosing an appropriate source population for translocation can be difficult without knowledge of historic population bottlenecks and their effect on genetic structure.
Recursive design of discontinuous controllers for uncertain driftless systems in power chained form

Investigates the problem of almost asymptotic stabilization for a class of uncertain driftless systems in power chained form. The main obstacles for the control of this new type of driftless systems are: i) nonexistence of any time-invariant smooth (or even continuous) state feedback control law; ii) lack of affineness in the control input; and iii) high-order nonlinearities that make most of the nonlinear design methods inapplicable. To overcome these difficulties we propose a constructive approach that combines a discontinuous change of coordinates and the recent adding a power integrator technique. Sufficient conditions are given under which discontinuous robust and adaptive controllers can be explicitly constructed, achieving almost stabilization and adaptive regulation. Solutions to the problems of global robust regulation and adaptive regulation are also obtained by using switching control schemes.
Joint network coding and power control for cellular radio networks

We investigate the problem of optimizing power consumption and bandwidth usage in cellular radio networks. In this paper we consider a wireless broadcast network, organized in cells, in which each transmitter wants to deliver the same amount of data to all receivers inside its cell. Traditionally, the transmitter in each cell radiates a fixed power at which the receiver at the border of the cell can receive, in theory, a signal whose energy is greater than its required threshold and satisfies condition of signal to noise and interference ratio (SIR). When a receiver in a cell receives an error packet, the transmitter in that cell will retransmit until the receiver receives it successfully. Instead in network coding approach, the transmitter will store index of the error packets, then it will consider combining them before sending out. The goal of this paper is to provide an analysis on the power consumption and bandwidth utilization of network coding techniques at the signal layer. Especially, we propose a novel technique in which network coding and adaptive power control are joined together to improve network performance. The simulation results show that our proposed technique substantially reduces power consumption while increases the network throughput compare with the traditional transmission technique, Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ).
Measurements of Wind and Turbulence Profiles With Scanning Doppler Lidar for Wind Energy Applications

High-quality profiles of mean and turbulent statistics of the wind field upstream of a wind farm can be produced using a scanning Doppler lidar. Careful corrections for the spatial filtering of the wind field by the lidar pulse produce turbulence estimates equivalent to point sensors but with the added advantage of a larger sampling volume to increase the statistical accuracy of the estimates. For a well-designed lidar system, this permits accurate estimates of the key turbulent statistics over various subdomains and with sufficiently short observation times to monitor rapid changes in conditions. These features may be ideally suited for optimal operation of wind farms and also for improved resource assessment of potential sites.
Ultrafast self-pulsation in a silicon microdisk

We demonstrate a novel scheme for the self-generation of ultrashot pulses inside a silicon microdisk. We report the generation of pulses as short as 96 ps, close to the cavity photon lifetime.
Mechanical properties of electrodeposited nanocrystalline copper using tensile and shear punch tests

Characterization of the mechanical properties of electrodeposited nanocrystalline Cu with an average grain size of 74 nm was carried out using two different testing techniques, shear punch tests and tensile tests. The grain size distribution was broad and the volume fraction of larger grains was appreciable. The electrodeposited Cu had a high yield strength combined with moderate ductility and strain hardening. Scatter in the ductility values was attributed to residual porosity and inhomogeneity in the microstructure. Measurements of the strain rate sensitivity showed a significant increase in the rate sensitivity and a decrease in the activation volume for the deformation of nanocrystalline Cu compared with similar tests on coarse-grained cold worked Cu.
Cooperation of the Dam1 and Ndc80 kinetochore complexes enhances microtubule coupling and is regulated by aurora B.

The coupling of kinetochores to dynamic spindle microtubules is crucial for chromosome positioning and segregation, error correction, and cell cycle progression. How these fundamental attachments are made and persist under tensile forces from the spindle remain important questions. As microtubule-binding elements, the budding yeast Ndc80 and Dam1 kinetochore complexes are essential and not redundant, but their distinct contributions are unknown. In this study, we show that the Dam1 complex is a processivity factor for the Ndc80 complex, enhancing the ability of the Ndc80 complex to form load-bearing attachments to and track with dynamic microtubule tips in vitro. Moreover, the interaction between the Ndc80 and Dam1 complexes is abolished when the Dam1 complex is phosphorylated by the yeast aurora B kinase Ipl1. This provides evidence for a mechanism by which aurora B resets aberrant kinetochore–microtubule attachments. We propose that the action of the Dam1 complex as a processivity factor in kinetochore–microtubule attachment is regulated by conserved signals for error correction.
A Dissipative Structure Model of Organization Transformation

Modern organizations must transform amidst the internal and external complexity and turbulence they face. Transformation processes are not understandable through the equilibrium models we most often use to describe system dynamics. More applicable system models, recently emerging within the physical sciences, incorporate disorder, uncertainty, and complexity and provide insight into the process of transformation, its characteristics and dynamics. One such model put forth by the Belgian physicist, Ilya Prigogine, is offered here as an explanatory theory of organization transformation. The model postulates that “inherent stabilities” make more probable a system's successful transition through highly unstable conditions. These same stabilities offer a point of convergence of current theories of organizational learning, of self-organizing systems, and of high performance teams. Summary propositions and some directions for future research are discussed.
The mTOR and canonical Wnt signaling pathways mediate the mnemonic effects of progesterone in the dorsal hippocampus.

Although much is known about the neural mechanisms responsible for the mnemonic effects of 17b-estradiol (E2), very little is understood about the mechanisms through which progesterone (P4) regu- lates memory. We previously showed that intrahippocampal infusion of P4 in ovariectomized female mice enhances object recognition (OR) memory consolidation in a manner dependent on activation of dorsal hippocampal ERK and mTOR signaling. However, the role of specific pro- gesterone receptors (PRs) in mediating the effects of progesterone on memory consolidation and hippocampal cell signaling are unknown. Therefore, the goals of this study were to investigate the roles of membrane-associated and intracellular PRs in mediating hippocampal memory consolidation, and identify downstream cell signaling pathways activated by PRs. Membrane-associated PRs were targeted using bovine serum albumin-conjugated progesterone (BSA-P), and intracellular PRs (PR-A, PR-B) were targeted using the intracellular PR agonist R5020. Immediately after OR training, ovariectomized mice received bilateral dorsal hippocampal infusion of vehicle, P4, BSA-P, or R5020. OR memory consolidation was enhanced by P4, BSA-P, and R5020. However, only P4 and BSA-P activated ERK and mTOR signaling. Furthermore, dorsal hip- pocampal infusion of the ERK inhibitor U0126 blocked the memory- enhancing effects of BSA-P, but not R5020. The intracellular PR antago- nist RU486 blocked the memory-enhancing effects of R5020, but not BSA-P. Interestingly, P4 robustly activated canonical Wnt signaling in the dorsal hippocampus, which is consistent with our recent findings that canonical Wnt signaling is necessary for OR memory consolidation. R5020, but not BSA-P, also elicited a modest increase in canonical Wnt signaling. Collectively, these data suggest that activation of ERK signaling is necessary for membrane-associated PRs to enhance OR, and indicate a role for canonical Wnt signaling in the memory-enhancing effects of intracellular PRs. This study provides the first evidence that membrane and intracellular PRs may employ different molecular mechanisms to enhance hippocampal memory. V C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The impact of contact on stigmatizing attitudes toward people with mental illness

Background: A growing body of research suggests that personal experience with people who have a mental illness can reduce stigmatizing attitudes towards mental illness. However, the generalizability of these findings has been restrained by their samples and operational definitions of contact and stigma. Aims: To test the contact-stigma link using a nationally representative sample and comprehensive measures of both contact and stigma. Method: Data were collected in a 1990 American telephone survey of attitudes towards homelessness and homeless people with mental illnesses. By telephone, 1507 respondents completed measures of the perceived dangerousness of people with mental illnesses and their contact experiences with mental illness. A subsample of 640 respondents was read a vignette of a character with mental illness and then completed measures of their desired social distance from the character and the perceived dangerousness of the character. All respondents completed measures of political conservatism, social desirability, and anomia as well. Results: As total contact increased, the perceived dangerousness and desired social distance from the vignette character decreased, as did the perceived dangerousness of people with mental illnesses in general. However, the contact types did not consistently predict the vignette stigma measures. Conclusion: While more research is needed to clarify and extend these findings, this study provides strong evidence for the importance of different contact types in reducing stigmatizing attitudes and the potential usefulness of incorporating contact into any stigma reduction intervention.
Characterization of Optical Microcavity Whispering-Gallery-Mode Resonators

In the past decade, optical microcavity whispering-gallery mode (WGM) resonators have received increasing attention for applications in optical communications and nanotechnology. In this paper, the theory for describing radiation transfer and heat transfer in the micro/nanoscale devices is presented first. Then the characteristics of waveguide-microdisk coupling WGM miniature resonators are numerically studied. Focus is placed on the parametric studies over a broad range of resonator configuration parameters including the microcavity size and the gap separating the microdisk and waveguide. The finite element method is used for solving Maxwell’s equations which govern the propagation of electromagnetic field and the radiation energy transport in the micro/nanoscale devices. The EM field and the radiation energy distributions are obtained and compared between the on-resonance and off-resonance cases. A very brilliant ring with strong EM field and high radiation intensity is found inward the periphery of the microdisk under resonances and high energy storage is achieved. The microdisk size affects significantly the resonant frequencies and their intervals. The scattering spectra for three different microcavity sizes are obtained. The gap obviously influences the qualify factor, the full width at half maximum, and the finesse of the resonant modes as well as the capability of energy storage.
Models and mechanisms of anxiety: evidence from startle studies

Rationale Preclinical data indicates that threat stimuli elicit two classes of defensive behaviors, those that are associated with imminent danger and are characterized by flight or fight (fear), and those that are associated with temporally uncertain danger and are characterized by sustained apprehension and hypervigilance (anxiety). Objective The objectives of the study are to (1) review evidence for a distinction between fear and anxiety in animal and human experimental models using the startle reflex as an operational measure of aversive states, (2) describe experimental models of anxiety, as opposed to fear, in humans, (3) examine the relevance of these models to clinical anxiety. Results The distinction between phasic fear to imminent threat and sustained anxiety to temporally uncertain danger is suggested by psychopharmacological and behavioral evidence from ethological studies and can be traced back to distinct neuroanatomical systems, the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Experimental models of anxiety, not fear, are relevant to non-phobic anxiety disorders. Conclusions Progress in our understanding of normal and abnormal anxiety is critically dependent on our ability to model sustainedaversivestates to temporallyuncertain threat.
What is tensor analysis? Part III — Applications

In two preceding parts of this article∗ the tensor was hunted to its lair and tortured until it revealed its innermost secrets. Here the author shows how some of those secrets have helped to solve difficult problems in theoretical physics and engineering. Tensor analysis is not propounded as the best method of attack for all speculative problems, but is shown to offer perhaps the simplest solution of many problems requiring broad, searching analysis.
The temporal relationship between early postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction in older patients: a prospective cohort study

Background Postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction are frequent phenomena in older patients; however, few studies have examined the temporal relationship between these two conditions in the early postoperative period. Therefore, this study aimed to determine if postoperative delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) coexist after major noncardiac surgery.
Improved Scene Reconstruction from Range Images

The modeling of real scenes is a complex and challenging task for which the use of laser rangefinders is one of the most promising approaches. Unfortunately, in many situations, it is not possible or practical to guarantee appropriate sampling of all surfaces in the scene. For example, occlusions and accessibility limitations to certain regions of the scene may cause some areas not to be visible by the scanner, resulting in incomplete or incorrectly reconstructed models. This paper describes a pipeline and a system implementation for improving model reconstruction from incomplete information available from range images.
Admission serum potassium in patients with acute myocardial infarction: its correlates and value as a determinant of in-hospital outcome.

Study objectives: Although controversial, hypokalemia (LK) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) is thought to predict increased in-hospital morbidity, particularly cardiac arrhythmias, and mortality. Also, the mechanism of low serum potassium in the setting of MI has not been delineated. We evaluated the frequency, attributes, and outcome, and speculated on the mechanism of LK in patients with MI. Design: This was a prospective cross-sectional study of 517 consecutive patients with MI admitted to the coronary care unit (CCU). Serum potassium was measured in the emergency department and repeatedly thereafter throughout hospitalization, and was used in the analysis, along with a large array of clinical and laboratory variables. Results: The patients were allocated to a LK and a normokalemic (NK) cohort, based on the emergency department serum potassium measurement. The 41 patients with LK (3.16 6 0.24 mEq/L; 7.9% of total) were comparable on admission in their baseline assessment to the 476 patients with normal serum potassium (4.28 6 0.56 mEq/L), except for lower emergency department magnesium (1.48 6 0.15 mg/dL vs 1.96 6 0.26 mg/dL; p 5 0.0005) and earlier presentation after onset of symptoms (3.0 6 4.1 h vs 4.4 6 6.2 h; p 5 0.05). There was a poor correlation between serum potassium and magnesium on admission (r 5 0.14). Peak creatine kinase (CK) and myocardial isomer of CK were higher in the LK patients (3,870 6 3,840 IU/L vs 2,359 6 2,653 IU/L [p 5 0.018] and 358 6 312 IU/L vs 228 6 258 IU/L [p 5 0.013], respectively). Management of the two cohorts was the same, except for a higher rate of use of magnesium (14.6% vs 4.6%; p 5 0.007), serum potassium supplements (90.2% vs 43.1%; p 5 0.000005), and antiarrhythmic drugs (78.0% vs 50.4%; p 5 0.0007) in the LK patients. No difference was detected between the LK and NK patients in total mortality (24.4% vs 18.3%; p 5 0.34), cardiac mortality (17.1% vs 15.3%; p 5 0.52), atrial fibrillation (14.6% vs 13.9%; p 5 0.89), and ventricular tachycardia (22.0% vs 16.0%; p 5 0.32), but ventricular fibrillation (VF) occurred more often (24.4% vs 13.0%; p 5 0.04) in the LK patients. However, proportions of VF occurring in the emergency department, CCU, or wards in the two cohorts were not different, but they were higher during the time interval prior to emergency department admission in LK patients (17.1% vs 2.1%; p 5 0.00001). Conclusions: LK is seen in approximately 8% of patients with MI in the emergency department; LK is associated with low emergency department magnesium, and low serum potassium levels in the CCU and throughout hospitalization. LK has no relationship to preadmission use of diuretics, it is associated with early presentation to the emergency department, and it is not a predictor of increased morbidity or mortality. (CHEST 2000; 118:904 ‐913)
The interdependent, overlapping, and differential roles of type I and II IFNs in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Type I IFNs (IFN-α and IFN-β) and type II IFN (IFN-γ) mediate both regulation and inflammation in multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the underlying mechanism for these Janus-like activities of type I and II IFNs in neuroinflammation remains unclear. Although endogenous type I IFN signaling provides a protective response in neuroinflammation, we find that when IFN-γ signaling is ablated, type I IFNs drive inflammation, resulting in exacerbated EAE. IFN-γ has a disease stage–specific opposing function in EAE. Treatment of mice with IFN-γ during the initiation phase of EAE leads to enhanced severity of disease. In contrast, IFN-γ treatment during the effector phase attenuated disease. This immunosuppressive activity of IFN-γ required functional type I IFN signaling. In IFN-α/β receptor–deficient mice, IFN-γ treatment during effector phase of EAE exacerbated disease. Using an adoptive transfer EAE model, we found that T cell–intrinsic type I and II IFN signals are simultaneously required to establish chronic EAE by encephalitogenic Th1 cells. However, in Th17 cells loss of either IFN signals leads to the development of a severe chronic disease. The data imply that type I and II IFN signals have independent but nonredundant roles in restraining encephalitogenic Th17 cells in vivo. Collectively, our data show that type I and II IFNs function in an integrated manner to regulate pathogenesis in EAE.
Enabling privacy-preserving first-person cameras using low-power sensors

Wearable smart devices such as smart-glasses, smart-watches and life-logging devices are becoming increasingly popular, and majority of them are being equipped with first-person cameras. Such first-person cameras on smart-glasses or lifeloggers capture photos/videos from user's point of view, allowing them to record and share user's everyday events. However, these wearable devices with first-person cameras raise serious privacy concerns because they can also capture extremely private moments and sensitive information of the user. Currently, such devices lack the intelligence to understand user's preferences about certain scenarios being sensitive/private. To address this problem, we present PriFir, a scheme that enables Privacy-preserving First-person cameras. PriFir is based on the idea that low-power sensors (e.g. accelerometer, light sensor, etc.) embedded in smartphones and smart-watches can be leveraged to identify sensitive scenarios. Learning from user's preferences, PriFir employs a cascade of classifiers that tags a scenario to be sensitive simply based on the characteristics of the low-power sensor data. We evaluate PriFir using real sensor traces spanning over multiple days and show that it performs highly accurate classification at a low energy cost.
Verification of Habanero Java Programs using Computation Graphs

The Habanero Java (HJ) programming model is designed to provide several correctness guarantees such as deadlock freedom and determinism in the absence of data races. Model checking tools like Java Pathfinder (JPF) can be used to detect data races in HJ programs. But, as the program size increases, data race detection becomes expensive because of the state space explosion. We present a new method of data race detection in HJ programs with the help of computation graphs. A computation graph represents the execution of a program in the form of a directed acyclic graph. For structurally deterministic programs, analyzing the graph on a single schedule is enough for data race detection.
Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes in Women with Insulin Resistance.

Objective This study aims to estimate the risks of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes in women with insulin resistance below the threshold of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of 5,983 women with singleton pregnancies undergoing universal GDM screening between 24 and 28 weeks gestation. Subjects were divided into those with a normal 1-hour glucose challenge test (GCT), those with an elevated GCT with all normal values on a 3-hour glucose tolerance test (GTT), and those with an elevated GCT with one abnormal value on GTT. Outcomes included macrosomia, pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), cesarean section and operative delivery, shoulder dystocia, indicated-preterm birth, and other neonatal outcomes. Logistic regression was performed to compare outcomes among groups. Results The risk of macrosomia was increased for those with an elevated GCT and all normal values on GTT (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.71; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12, 1.97), and for those with an elevated GCT and one abnormal value (aOR, 2.69; 95% CI: 1.49, 4.83). Risks of PIH, cesarean section, and indicated-preterm birth were also increased in those with an elevated 1-hour GCT and no GDM. Conclusion There are increased risks of macrosomia, PIH, indicated-preterm birth, and cesarean section among those with insulin resistance even in the absence of GDM.
Discourse on Chen Duxiu's view of Confucianism

In early 20th century,with the continuing introduction of the western thoughts,the conflict between Chinese and Western culture became heating up.Yuan Shikai's monarchy and Kang Youwei's the letter to the president and premier aroused the intense attack from the intellectuals with the guidance of the western thoughts.Chen Duxiu became the main representative of those who criticized Confucianism with continuously publishing articles to criticize restoration.Firstly,this article will make clear that the real objects that Chen Duxiu criticized were restoration activities under the name of Confucius,but not Confucius or Confucianism itself.Secondly,this article will clarify the attitude and proposition of Chen Duxiu to Confucianism.Finally,the criticism to Confucianism from Chen Duxiu is the epitome of New Culture Movement's counter-tradition.New Culture Movement was a necessary outcome of the development of Chinese society.It offered a way to save our nation,and in addition,how to realize the modernization of traditional Confucianism is worthy our thinking.