cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multilevel Interconnect Structures

My intent is to review multilevel interconnect for I.C. fabrication; to look at why multilevel is essential; to assess the current status of multilevel interconnect with regard to density, number of levels, and processing problems; to estimate future needs for multilevel interconnect and consider some possible new ways to achieve these goals. First, to establish some assumptions, Figure 1 shows an interesting relationship with regard to capacitance. CL is the line to line capacitance and CS is the line to substrate capacitance on interconnect for integrated circuits. As the metal pitch or center to center spacing goes down, the lines get narrower and therefore, the line to substrate capacitance is reduced. But at the same time, the spacing between lines is reduced and the line-to-line capacitance goes up. The result is a minimum in these two capacitances at around a 2 μm pitch. That would mean 1 μm spaces between 1 μm wide conductors which might be 1 μm thick. The other factor not shown here is that as the pitch goes down, the resistance is starting to go up due to conductor narrowing, and the RC time constant increases. One of the factors in multilevel interconnect is that usage of silicon by active devices on the substrate, ranges from 4%-8% depending on the type of circuit and the densities. The speed of the devices are no longer the limiting factor at all. The RC time constant of the interconnect governs the total system speed. This means that the devices have to be put closer together, interconnect needs to be made denser, and at the same time reduce the RC time constant as much as possible. Therefore, I am assuming that a 2 μm metal pitch will be the reasonable expectation to be met in the future.
Posthemorrhagic and Postinflammatory Complications

Although the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) in preterm infants is decreasing, these conditions are still associated with poor neurodevelopmental and functional outcomes. Additionally, with the growing viability of infants born at younger estimated gestational ages (EGAs), these conditions remain significant burdens as IVH severity increases with prematurity. Despite improvements in neonatal care, there still lacks a uniform paradigm for the treatment and management of PHH. Patients with PHH typically are initially treated with a temporizing device that allows for these infants to develop more favorable immunologic and nutritional statuses; a permanent ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt is later inserted in cases of persistent ventricular dilation and symptomatic hydrocephalus. This patient population is at high risk for temporizing device and shunt complications, especially shunt obstruction and infection, slit-ventricle syndrome, and the development of loculated hydrocephalus. The impact of these complications on long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes is unclear; however, there are few alternative methods to avoid prolonged shunt dependence in these patients.
Smart Maintenance Decision Support Systems (SMDSS)

Computerized information systems are used in all contemporary industries and have been applied to track maintenance information and history. To a lesser extent, such information systems have also been used to predict or simulate maintenance decisions and actions. This work details two models, a population data analysis, and a system infrastructure, to aid operations and maintenance managers with the difficult resource allocation decisions they face in the field. The first model addresses the consideration of component dependency for series network connections using a Markov Decision Process model and solution algorithm. The second model addresses the prioritization of maintenance activities for a fleet of equipment using an Analytical Hierarchy Process and solution algorithm. A recurrent event data analysis is performed for a population data set. The final element is the information system architecture linking these two models to a marketing information system in order to provide quotations for maintenance services. The specific industry of interest is the electrical power equipment industry with a focus on circuit breaker maintenance decision actions and priorities and the development of quotations for repair and replacement services. This dissertation is arranged in a three paper format in which each topic is self contained to one chapter of this document.
Revised Global Kinetic Measurements of Ammonia Oxidation in Supercritical Water

New data are presented for ammonia oxidation rates in supercritical water to correct earlier measurements taken in our laboratory. A revised global rate expression is reported and used to estimate a temperature correction for the earlier data set.
War Powers of the President and Congress: Who Holds the Arrows and Olive Branch, by W.T. Reveley

This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Political Science at Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Political Science Faculty Works by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@lmu.edu. Repository Citation Genovese, Michael A., "War Powers of the President and Congress: Who Holds the Arrows and Olive Branch, by W.T. Reveley" (1982). Political Science Faculty Works. Paper 6. http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/poli_fac/6
Immunofluorescent antibody studies of a murine leukemia virus.

Brown, Eric R. (Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill.), Peter Buinauskas, and Steven O. Schwartz. Immunofluorescent antibody studies of a murine leukemia virus. J. Bacteriol. 92:978–982. 1966.—Correlation was close between in vitro complement fixation, immunodiffusion, and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests with the S-63 and GC murine leukemia viruses and immunofluorescence reactions with these viruses. When fluorescein-isothiocyanate-conjugated convalescent sera obtained from mice initially infected with S-63 leukemia virus were used, the reactive site was within the cytoplasm of the infected cell. By electron microscopic examination, virus particles were demonstrated in the same areas within the cells that exhibited specific fluorescence with the conjugates. Spleen and mesenteric nodes contained the most virus, whereas kidney tissues contained the least amount. Fluorescence was not observed within the nuclei of infected cells.
Statistics Curriculum Revisited: Sequencing Presentation of Independent Groups and Repeated-Measures Designs as to Reflect Both the Effect Size and Statistical Significance

Eigenstructure of the variance-covariance matrix associatedwith the repeated-measures t-test is used to conceptualizestandard components of variance within the sequentialpresentation of independent-measures and repeated-measuresexperimental designs.
A study of atherosclerosis regression in Macaca mulatta. I. Design of experiment and lesion induction.

Abstract Rhesus monkeys were fed an atherogenic diet containing 40% of calories from lard and 1.0 mg/Cal cholesterol for either 19 months (Colony I) or 38 months (Colony II). At the end of the induction period the animals from each colony were divided into three groups (A, B, C) on the basis of total plasma cholesterol concentration during the induction period. Group A animals were killed at the end of the induction period for baseline observation of the extent and severity of atherosclerosis. Group B from each colony was fed a diet which maintained total mean plasma cholesterol concentrations between 280 to 320 mg/dl comparable to human beings with modest hyperlipoproteinemia. Group C from each colony was fed a diet which maintained total mean plasma cholesterol concentrations between 180 to 220 mg/dl, comparable to people who had modest hyperlipoproteinemia but were able to reduce plasma cholesterol concentrations by approximately 100 mg/dl using diet or drugs. Each group was further divided into two subgroups (B1, B2, and C1, C2). Animals from subgroup 1 were fed these diets for 24 months and animals from subgroup 2 were fed the same diet for 48 months. This report describes the clinical history, chemical analyses of arteries and the morphological extent and severity of atherosclerosis in arteries from animals of both colonies at the end of the induction period.
Versos de lince

Luis Carlos Lopez. German Espinosa. Coleccion Clasicos Colombianos, Procultura. Bogota, 1989.
Elements of signal detection and estimation

Written by a highly respected authority and researcher, this volume provides an introduction to signal-detection theory, a subject fundamental to the design of detectors of weak signals in the presence of random noise, and, in particular, to the design of optimal and near-optimal receivers of communication, radar, sonar and optical signals.
A Multi‐Stage Approach for Predicting Fatigue Damage in Friction Stir Spot Welded Joints of Mg AZ31 Alloy

In this work, we propose a model for predicting fatigue damage in friction stir spot welded (FSSW) joints made of Mg AZ31 alloy. In this modeling approach, an attempt is made to capture failure mechanisms due to the influence of variation in welding parameters including tool plunge depth, tool rotation speed, and tool pin diameter. As such, the fatigue model presented here is a deterministic approach, where fatigue lifetimes are estimated based on specific geometrical and micro structural information. In particular, the model addresses the observed variation in failure mechanisms commonly observed in Mg FSSW coupons under a range of applied loading. Further, a distinction is made between fatigue crack incubation, micro structural small and physically small fatigue crack growth, and finally long crack growth of the coupon. The fatigue model presented here showed good correlation for fatigue lifetimes for variation in welding conditions.
PHOBEA/ITCT 2002 airborne observations of transpacific transport of ozone, CO, volatile organic compounds, and aerosols to the northeast Pacific: Impacts of Asian anthropogenic and Siberian boreal fire emissions

[1] During the spring of 2002, vertical profiles of O3, CO, nonmethane volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and total aerosol scattering were collected over the northwestern coast of Washington State as part of the University of Washington's Photochemical Ozone Budget of the Eastern North Pacific Atmosphere (PHOBEA) research campaign. These observations coincided with NOAA's Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation 2002 (NOAA-ITCT 2K2) project. Thirteen research flights were conducted from 29 March through 23 May and several well-defined polluted layers of varying thickness (∼0.2 to >3 km) were observed at altitudes between 0 and 6 km. These layers were characterized by correlated enhancements of O3, CO, VOCs, and particles. We observed rapid transpacific transport of polluted air masses on 15 April and 14, 17, and 23 May 2002, with ΔO3 and ΔCO (where Δ refers to the enhancement over background) exceeding 30 and 60 ppbv, respectively, and total aerosol scattering of green light (“σsp (550 nm)”) exceeding 65 Mm−1. These episodes were efficient in transporting O3 to the northeast (NE) Pacific troposphere, with ΔO3/ΔCO ratios in the pollution layers varying from 0.22 to 0.42 mol mol−1. In contrast, the average Δσsp (550 nm)/ΔCO ratio of the mid-May events (0.66 ± 0.21 (1σ)) was more than twice that of the 15 April event (0.32 ± 0.05). The correlation between O3, CO, aerosols, and VOCs coupled with back-trajectory analyses, satellite data, and the GEOS-CHEM global chemical transport model indicate that the primary source of pollution observed on 15 April originated from a mixture of Asian anthropogenic and biomass-burning emissions. For the May events, our analyses indicate that the early onset of the 2002 Siberian fire season was a significant source of the pollution episodes observed in May.
Vitamin B-12 status in a macrobiotic community

Vitamin B-12 status was assessed in a group of 110 adults and 42 children from a macrobiotic community in New England. Dietary and anthropometric information also was obtained. Fifty-one percent of the adults had low concentrations of serum vitamin B-12, which inversely correlated with duration of macrobiotic diet practice. Urinary methylmalonic acid (MMA) excretion was inversely correlated with serum vitamin B-12, and 30% of adults sampled had high urinary MMA. Fifty-five percent of children had high urinary MMA, and MMA was higher in the group that consumed a macrobiotic diet during their entire lifetime. Children were relatively short in stature and weight, and decreased stature was associated with high urinary MMA. In both adults and children vitamin B-12 status was better with more consumption of dairy products or with higher tertile of reported frequencies of vitamin B-12 consumption of various animal products. Vitamin B-12 status appeared to be unrelated to consumption of several vegetarian foods.
Development of an Equine Herpesvirus in Two Cell Culture Systems: Light and Electron Microscopy

Abstract Development of equine herpesvirus strain 82A was studied in cells from primary horse kidney (HOK) cultures and an equine dermis (ED) cell strain. HOK and ED cells are equally susceptible to the 82A virus infection and yield about the same amount of infectious virus. Intranuclear inclusions were present in both cell systems, but a ring-shaped syncytial formation was observed only in infected ED cells. Ultrastructural studies revealed the presence of dense granules 30 nm in diameter and characteristic star-like clusters of granules in the infected HOK cells, but these granules were rarely seen in the infected ED cells. Viral nucleocapsids were associated with homogenous nuclear matrices, with moderate electron density in both cell systems. Viral nucleocapsids acquired envelopes by budding into the nuclear vacuoles in both HOK and ED cells. Budding from inner nuclear membranes into perinuclear cisterna or into cytoplasmic vacuoles also was observed frequently in HOK cells but was not seen often in infected ED cells. Multiple, membrane-bound intranuclear inclusions of fibrillar material which may be associated with virus envelopes were seen only in infected ED cells. Enveloped virus particles seen in nuclear vacuoles or perinuclear cisterna were more regular in shape and had a 130-nm diameter, whereas the enveloped virus particles seen in the cytoplasm and extracellular space were more irregular in shape and had a 130- to 160-nm diameter.
Purification of ATP-binding Cassette Transporter A1 and Associated Binding Proteins Reveals the Importance of β1-Syntrophin in Cholesterol Efflux

ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) plays a critical role in HDL cholesterol metabolism, but the mechanism by which it transports lipid across membranes is poorly understood. Because growing evidence implicates accessory proteins in this process, we developed a method by which proteins interacting with the intact transporter could be identified. cDNAs encoding wild-type ABCA1 and a mutant lacking the C-terminal PDZ binding motif of ABCA1 were transfected into 293 cells, and the expressed proteins were solubilized using detergent conditions (0.75% CHAPS, 1 mg/ml phosphatidylcholine) predicted to retain high affinity protein-protein interactions. Proteins that co-purified with ABCA1 on an antibody affinity column were identified by liquid chromatographymass spectrometric analysis. A novel interaction with the PDZ protein β1-syntrophin was identified using this approach, and this interaction was confirmed in human THP-1 macrophages and in mouse liver. Small interference RNA inhibition of β1-syntrophin expression reduced cholesterol efflux from primary skin fibroblasts by 50% while decreasing efflux 30% in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Inhibition of β1-syntrophin decreased ABCA1 protein levels, whereas overexpression of β1-syntrophin increased ABCA1 cell-surface expression and stimulated efflux to apolipoprotein A-I. These findings indicate that β1-syntrophin acts through a class-I PDZ interaction with the C terminus of ABCA1 to regulate the cellular distribution and activity of the transporter. The approach used to identify β1-syntrophin as an ABCA1-binding protein should prove useful in elucidating other protein interactions upon which ABCA1 function depends.
Liver Transplant for Cholestatic Liver Diseases

Cholestatic liver diseases include a group of diverse disorders with different epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical course, and prognosis. Despite significant advances in the clinical care of patients with cholestatic liver diseases, liver transplant (LT) remains the only definitive therapy for end-stage liver disease, regardless of the underlying cause. As per the United Network for Organ Sharing database, the rate of cadaveric LT for cholestatic liver disease was 18% in 1991, 10% in 2000, and 7.8% in 2008. This review summarizes the available evidence on various common and rare cholestatic liver diseases, disease-specific issues, and pertinent aspects of LT.
The effects of direct marketing techniques on performance: An application to arts organizations

Abstract Prior research has affirmed the importance of direct marketing in various nonprofit industries, yet little guidance has been offered as to selection of those direct marketing methods that have significant effects on actual performance. This research investigates the effects of direct marketing on multiple measures of performance in the nonprofit arts industry. The results suggest that direct marketing techniques perceived as newer to the industry are likely to have differential effects on sales and fundraising performance depending on the communication program in which they are employed, and that the use of interactive direct marketing is positively related to both sales and fundraising performance. Generalized guidance is offered for arts organizations.
Chef, Cook, or Bottle Washer? [Career Consultation]

You have studied hard, working long hours to conquer mathematics, physics, electronics, and all the other courses required, and now you are an engineer. Congratulations, you have worked hard to reach this new plateau, but the question now is, will you be a chef, cook, or bottle washer? Perhaps the analogy is not too clear, so some additional comments may help you decide on your future path.
Plasmodium falciparum: physiological interactions with the human sickle cell.

Abstract The malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, enhances the rate and extent of sickling of infected hemoglobin S heterozygous human erythrocytes. Upon sickling of the host cell, the parasite is killed. Parasite-free lysates of highly infected cells were analyzed to determine the mechanism by which sickling is enhanced. The intraerythrocytic pH of the infected cell was estimated to be 0.4 units below that of the uninfected cell, a difference which could result in a 20-fold increase in the extent of sickling under physiological conditions. Sickle-cell hemoglobin (HbS) heterozygous (AS) erythrocytes had decreased intracellular potassium after 24 hr of culture under conditions which cause sickling and parasite death. When infected AS cells were cultured in high-potassium medium under these conditions the parasites were protected. The medium did not prevent sickling but did maintain normal intracellular potassium levels. It is suggested that sequestration of trophozoite-infected AS cells in the venules leads to the sickling of the host cell, loss of erythrocytic potassium, and parasite death. The resulting attenuation of parasite multiplication would favor the survival of the HbS heterozygote and maintain the HbS gene at high frequencies in areas endemic for falciparum malaria.
Medicare Private Practice for SLPs

Abstract In July 2008, the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act (MIPPA) of 2008 (2008) was passed. This Act included a provision that will allow speech-language pathologists (SLPs) ...
Water in SNC meteorites: evidence for a martian hydrosphere

The Shergotty-Nakhla-Chassigny (SNC) meteorites, purportedly of martian origin, contain 0.04 to 0.4 percent water by weight. Oxygen isotopic analysis can be used to determine whether this water is extraterrestrial or terrestrial. Such analysis reveals that a portion of the water is extraterrestrial and furthermore was not in oxygen isotopic equilibrium with the host rock. Lack of equilibrium between water and host rock implies that the lithosphere and hydrosphere of the SNC parent body formed two distinct oxygen isotopic reservoirs. If Mars was the parent body, the maintenance of two distinct reservoirs may result from the absence of plate tectonics on the planet.
Phospholipase D Plays a Role in Ischemic Preconditioning in Rabbit Heart

Background Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) is thought to be a critical step in ischemic preconditioning. Many receptor agonists activate PKC via stimulation of phospholipase C (PLC), which degrades membrane phospholipids to diacylglycerol (DAG), an important PKC cofactor. However, adenosine receptors, critical components of the prototypical preconditioning pathway, are not thought to couple to PLC in the cardiomyocyte. We therefore tested whether ischemic preconditioning or adenosine might instead activate phospholipase D (PLD) to produce DAG. Methods and Results PLD activity was measured in isolated rabbit hearts. Ischemic injury was evaluated in either isolated rabbit hearts or dispersed myocytes. PLD activity doubled from a control level of 74.8±10.0 to 140.0±11.5 μmol·min −1 ·g −1 ( P N 6 -(2-phenylisopropyl)-adenosine [(R)-PIA] for 20 minutes. When sodium oleate, which activates PLD, was administered to isolated hearts before a 30-minute coronary occlusion, infarct size (15.6±2.0% of the risk zone) was significantly smaller than in untreated hearts (30.4±2.2%; P Conclusions We conclude that PLD stimulation is involved in the protection of ischemic preconditioning in the rabbit heart.
Effects of Combined Shearing and Stretching in Viscoelastic Lubrication

It is argued theoretically that in normal bearing and squeeze film geometries, when using a nonlinear Maxwell constitutive relation, that elongation and normal stress effects are of minor importance.
Photoreduction of manganese oxides in seawater

Experiments were conducted on the photoreductive dissolution of 54Mn-labeled synthetic oxides, prepared from MnO42− oxidation of 54Mn(II), and natural labeled oxides formed in seawater from microbial oxidation of 54Mn(II). Sunlight increased the dissolution rate of synthetic oxides in seawater, an effect that increased with the duration of light exposure. The photodissolution of these oxides was found to result primarily from Mn reduction by H2O2, produced in seawater from the photoreduction of O2 by dissolved organic matter. This conclusion was based on the previously observed marked stimulation of photodissolution by added humic compounds, the observed reductive dissolution of the oxides by added H2O2 and on the almost complete reversal of photodissolution by enzymatic (catalase) removal of H2O2. Sunlight had an even larger stimulatory effect on the reductive dissolution of 54Mn-labeled natural oxides. It increased specific dissolution rates to values of 6–13% h−1, 6–70 times higher than rates in the dark. In contrast to synthetic oxides, rates for natural oxides did not increase measurably with the duration of light exposure, were not appreciably altered by humic acid addition or by photolytic removal of natural organic matter, and were not substantially reduced by catalase addition. Furthermore, rates for reductive dissolution of natural oxides by H2O2 were only about 1/6th of those for synthetic oxides. These results indicate that the photoreductive dissolution of natural oxides in seawater is not primarily related to the photoproduction of H2O2, although such production appears to account for a small portion (ca. 10–20%) of the overall effect. Instead, both the chromophore and the reductant(s) involved in the reaction appear to reside with the bacterial/Mn oxide aggregates themselves. Although several possibilities can be postulated, the exact mechanism of the photochemical reaction remains obscure.
Unscheduled Presidential Transitions: Lessons From the Truman, Johnson, and Ford Administrations

Studies of presidential transitions have emphasized tasks which presidents-elect must perform before taking office. However, three of the last ten presidents have succeeded to office from the vice presidency upon the death or resignation of their predecessors. The immediacy of these transitions produces difficulties which typical presidents- elect need not confront. An examination of the transitions of the Truman, Johnson, and Ford presidencies indicates that it is vital that the vice president be a full participant in the administration and that the succeeding president move quickly to provide continuity in policy. At the same time, the new president must establish his own administration and carefully assess his own strengths and weaknesses. I am Vice President. In this I am nothing, but 1 may be everything. John Adams, Vice President, 1789-1797
Effect of Effort on Measurement of Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second

The American Thoracic Society recommends that the largest FEV1 be reported from a set of forced expiratory vital capacity maneuvers performed with maximal expiratory effort. However, increased expiratory effort can decrease the FEV1. When we evaluated the peek expiratory flow rate (PEFR) in 5 normal subjects, measured from flow-volume curves, as a noninvasive index of expiratory effort, it was positively correlated with indices of effort obtained by using an esophageal balloon.We then measured the difference (dFEV1) between the largest FEV1 and the FEV1 from the maneuver with the highest PEFR during 10 test sessions in 10 normal subjects. Thus, dFEV1 was always ⩾ 0. The mean dFEV1 was 110 ml for all sessions but decreased to 80 ml when maneuvers with poorly reproducible PEFR or forced expiratory vital capacity values were discarded. We also reviewed 9,471 spirometry sessions from outpatients and found dFEV1 to be greater than 50 ml in 28% of this population and greater than 151 ml in 7%.We concluded that ...
Underpotential deposition on alloys

Results from underdeposition experiments on alloy surfaces offer the exciting possibility of providing information on site-specific chemical interactions between an adsorbate and one of the constituents in the alloy. Eventually, this information may be useful in developing a quantitative understanding of how site-specific chemical interactions influence such phenomena as electroeatalysis or dealloying. Herein, we report the first such set of results. We examined the underpotential deposition of copper on polyerystalline Au p Ag I-p , alloys. Copper is known to underpotentially deposit on elemental Au electrodes, but not on Ag electrodes. We found that the charge associated with the adsorption process decreased with increasing Ag atomic fraction in the alloy, No measurable amount of copper adsorption was detected for p < 0.28 The peak potential of the copper stripping waves shifted toward the Cu 21 /Cu metai/metal ion equilibrium electrode potential with inereasing Ag atomic fraction in the alloy. A percolation cluster model was used to explain the underpotential deposition of copper in the system investigated. According to the model each Ag atom blocks three adsorption sites in the Au-rich composition range. In Ag-rich alloys an adsorption site must he formed by at least three Au atoms. A theoretical dependence for the copper coverage as a function of alloy composition was derived and compared to the experimental results.
Modeling communication and estimation processes of automated crash avoidance systems

We present a novel approach to modeling the combined estimation and networking processes of automated crash/collision avoidance systems (ACAS). The estimation and networking processes are two necessary components of the real-time situation awareness component of the system. The existing models for these two components are mostly based on stochastic modeling methods, describing each component separately and in abstract probabilistic terms. Such modeling methods lead to the loss of useful details. In our recent work we presented extended stochastic models using discrete-time Markov chains for the networking component and empirical statistical models for the estimation process. Although these models led to significantly improved designs for the situation awareness component of ACAS, it was observed that the extent of the improvement was limited. The limitation is due the fact that stochastic models are limited in describing the system which inherently has many deterministic features. In this paper we attempt to advance the approach to modeling the ACAS systems (and other similar systems) through developing a method to model the communication component based on Probabilistic Timed automata and also a Hybrid automata to combine and model the entire system (both estimation and communication/networking processes). This paper presents the new model and verifies it using simulations.
The effects of cocaine in combination with other drugs of abuse on schedule-controlled behavior in the pigeon

The present experiment sought to provide information regarding the consequences of combining cocaine with other drugs of abuse. The effects of cocaine alone and in combination with d-amphetamine, caffeine, morphine or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol were determined in five male white Carneaux pigeons responding under a multiple fixed-ratio 30, fixed-interval 600 schedule (mult FR FI). Drug interactions were studied by redetermining the cocaine dose-response curve in the presence of various fixed doses of the other drugs. Under the mult FR FI schedule, when cocaine (1 to 10 mg/kg) was combined with inactive doses of d-amphetamine (0.1, 0.3, 1.0, and 1.8 mg/kg), caffeine (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg), morphine (0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg), and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (0.1 mg/kg), the FR and FI response rate dose-response curves were not shifted relative to the cocaine-alone curves. When cocaine was combined with an active dose of a drug which decreased response rate when given alone (0.3 mg/kg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 3 mg/kg morphine), the position of the response rate dose-response curves shifted compared to the cocaine-alone curves. The most frequent and consistent outcome of these interactions can be described as less than or approximately equal to an effect-additive interaction. Thus, these data indicate that the potential consequences of coabusing cocaine with the drugs tested in the present experiment can most often be predicted from the effects of each drug when taken alone.
Glyoxalase II from A. thaliana requires Zn(II) for catalytic activity

Abstract Cytosolic glyoxalase II from Arabidopsis thaliana, GLX2-2, was overexpressed and purified to homogeneity using Q-sepharose chromatography. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry studies indicated a molecular weight of 28 767 Da. Using steady-state kinetics studies, the purified enzyme exhibited a Km of 660±100 μM and a kcat of 484±92 s−1 at 37°C. Metal analyses demonstrated that the enzyme binds 2.1±0.5 moles of Zn(II) per monomer; the binding of Zn(II) is essential for enzyme viability and activity. Sequence comparison of glyoxalase II enzymes from human, A. thaliana, and yeast and the metallo-β-lactamases reveal that all metal binding ligands of the metallo-β-lactamases are conserved in glyoxalase II enzymes, suggesting that all glyoxalase II enzymes are Zn(II) metalloenzymes. These results and their implications are discussed in light of previous studies on glyoxalase II, and an active site for the glyoxalase II enzymes is proposed.
Surgically Treated Unsuspected Pulmonary Infarction

Abstract At the Mayo Clinic during a thirty-year period, 31 patients (25 men and 6 women) underwent exploratory thoracotomy and pulmonary resection for unsuspected pulmonary infarction. Cough, hemoptysis, or pleuritic pain was present in approximately half the patients. Most patients underwent exploration for a suspected neoplastic process. Pathologically, there were 14 hemorrhagic infarcts, 4 fibrotic infarcts, and 13 infarcts that had characteristics of both. All patients underwent conservative surgical resection, either wedge resection or lobectomy. There were 3 operative deaths, and 25 of the 28 patients followed up had no further episodes of infarction. Subsequently, 6 died from other causes.
Salivary cortisol and social status among Dominican men.

Studies of nonhuman primates indicate that social subordinance associates with chronic elevated cortisol, but this finding has not been replicated among humans. This topic was examined in a study of 31 healthy adult male Dominican villagers ages 17 to 49 years. Each subject's mean cortisol level was calculated using multiple time-standardized salivary cortisol samples (minimum = 6, mean = 14.8 samples per subject) determined by radioimmunoassay. Semistructured ethnographic interviews were used to collect several measures of social status. Data were analyzed with a backward stepwise multivariate linear regression model. Partial regression statistics revealed four significant associations with cortisol: (i) men with reputations for illicit social behavior had higher cortisol; (ii) men who reported more frequent distressed mood had higher cortisol; (iii) men rated as less trustworthy, agreeable, influential, and helpful by their peers had higher cortisol; and (iv) men whose fathers were absent as a childhood caretaker had higher cortisol. No associations were found between cortisol and (a) a composite of educational attainment, income, and material wealth; (b) frequency of tobacco consumption; (c) frequency of perceived social stressors; or (d) a composite of number of children and dependents.
The ‘feel like’ construction in Russian and its kin: Implications for the structure of the lexicon

Russian has a family of reflexive constructions that have non-canonical syntax and express a variety of meanings that range from disposition (‘I feel like working’) to ability (‘I cannot work here’) and generic assessment of quality (‘I work well here’). Previous analyses assume that these constructions are derived by a regular syntactic rule and postulate a null modal in the structure to account for their semantics (Benedicto 1995, Franks 1995, Rivero & Arregui 2012). Focusing on the ‘feel like’ construction, I show that derivational analyses have difficulty explaining its idiosyncratic properties, including non-canonical agreement (independent of the structural subject), as well as the interpretation of aspect. Moreover, derivational analyses overgeneralize, since only a subset of predicates occur in the ‘feel like’ construction in Russian, as the data from the Russian National Corpus indicate. In order to account for their idiosyncratic properties and semi-productivity, I propose that the ‘feel like’ construction and its kin are stored in the lexicon as constructions (Goldberg 1995; Jackendoff 1997, 2008). The proposed analysis clarifies the status of reflexive constructions in Russian and establishes the scope of cross-linguistic semantic variation by comparing reflexives in Russian to that in other Slavic languages.
New angle on intersecting branes in infinite extra dimensions

I construct solutions to Einstein's equations in 6 dimensions with a bulk cosmological constant and intersecting 4-branes. Solutions exist for a continuous range of 4-brane tension, with long distance gravity localized to a (3+1)-dimensional Minkowski intersection, provided that the additional tension of the intersection satisfies one condition.
Liquid chromatographic analysis of catecholamines routine assay for regional brain mapping

Abstract A thoroughly tested and highly reliable catecholamine assay is described which routinely determines 20–100 picograms of norepinephrine and dopamine in small punches of brain tissue weighing 0.50 to 50 mg. The assay was designed for regional brain mapping. It employs liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection and involves a minimum of sample pretreatment. Its realistic performance is illustrated by typical experimental data. Modifications for larger or whole brain samples as well as details of construction and operation of this system are given.
TCGD: A Time-Constrained Approximate Guided Depth-First Search Algorithm

In this paper, we develop TCGD, a problem-independent, time-constrained, approximate guided depth-first search (GDFS) algorithm. The algorithm is designed to achieve the best ascertained approximation degree under a fixed time constraint. We consider only searches with finite search space and admissible heuristic functions. We study NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems with polynomial-time computable feasible solutions. For the problems studied, we observe that the execution time increases exponentially as approximation degree decreases, although anomalies may happen. The algorithms we study are evaluated by simulations using the symmetric traveling-salesperson problem.
Histopathologic findings of HPV and p16 positive HNSCC.

Objective: Human papilloma virus (HPV) and p16INKa (p16) positivity in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) is currently thought to be an encouraging prognostic indicator. However, the histopathologic changes responsible for this behavior are poorly understood. It is our objective to elucidate these histopathologic characteristics to help define the clinical utility of these markers. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: 71 HNSCC tumors between July 1, 2008 and August 30, 2009 were examined for HPV, p16, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Specified pathologic features were examined: perivascular invasion (PVI), perineural invasion (PNI), grade of squamous differentiation, basaloid classification. Results: HPV and p16 had no direct impact on perineural or perivascular invasion. However, HPV and p16 were strongly predictive of poorly differentiated tumors, as well as basaloid squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA) (P < .001). Additionally, upon multivariate analysis, HPV(+) and p16(+) tumors had an increased risk of nodal metastasis (HPV: odds ratio [OR] = 23.9 (2.2, 265.1) p = .01; p16: OR = 6.5 (1.4, 31.2) p = .02; PVI: OR = 6.0 (1.6, 22.8) p < .01). The area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves demonstrated improved predictive value for lymph node metastasis above standard H&E histopathologic features (76.7%) for both HPV (83.2%) and p16 (81.3%) individually. Conclusions: HPV(+) and p16(+) are highly predictive for poorly differentiated tumors and basaloid SCCA. Additionally, HPV and p16 positivity demonstrate superior predictive value for lymph node metastasis above standard H&E histopathologic features. Although exact recommendations should be tempered by considerations of primary tumor subsite, T-stage, and depth of invasion, head and neck multidisciplinary teams should strongly consider aggressive lymph node treatment for any HPV(+) or p16(+) tumor. Laryngoscope, 2010
The natural history of streptococcal skin infection: Prevention with topical antibiotics

An investigation on the natural history of streptococcal skin infection was done in fifty-nine children in a rural day care setting. A double-blind study for prevention of streptococcal pyoderma was done during the peak season for skin infection. Triple antibiotic ointment, containing bacitracin, polysporin, and neomycin, was compared to placebo ointment. Ointments were applied thrice daily for minor skin trauma; mosquito bites and abrasions were predominant. Cultures of normal skin surfaces were taken for group A streptococci each week of the 15-week study period. Skin lesions were cultured whenever present. Eighty-one percent of the fifty-nine patients had positive normal skin cultures on one or more occasions. Nineteen children (32%) developed streptococcal pyoderma. Infection occurred significantly more often in children using placebo ointment than in those using topical antibiotic (47% vs 15%; p=0.01). The infecting strain was first recovered from normal skin surfaces in 67% of placebo patients and in two of the four patients using antibiotic ointment. This study further confirms the importance of skin carriage of group A streptococci as a precursor to pyoderma and demonstrates the importance of minor skin trauma as a predisposing factor. Topical antibiotics may be useful in preventing streptococcal pyoderma, especially in children known to be at increased risk for such infection.
Aging and sex differences in striatal dopaminergic function.

Abstract In this report the potassium- (30 mM) and amphetamine- (10 μM) stimulated responses of dopamine (DA) and 3,4-dihydroxy phenylacetic acid (DOPAC) from superfused striatal tissue of female and male mice as sampled at 2, 6, 18 and 24 months of age were compared. When assessed relative to responses obtained from 2-month-old female mice, potassium-stimulated DA output of female mice was significantly decreased at 18 months of age and significantly increased at 24 months of age. In male mice, the only statistically significant change was an increase in potassium-stimulated DA in the 24 versus 2-month-old mice. In response to amphetamine-stimulation, DA responses from striatal tissue of 18-month-old females were significantly decreased and that of 24-month-old mice significantly increased relative to that of the 2-month-old females. In the case of male mice, amphetamine-stimulated DA responses of 6- and 18-month-old mice were significantly decreased compared with responses observed in the 2-month-old males. In addition, amphetamine-stimulated DA responses of the 24-month-old females were significantly greater than the 24-month-old males. In general, the response profiles for DOPAC to potassium and amphetamine stimulation were similar to that of DA for male, but not female, mice. These results demonstrate that sex differences in striatal dopaminergic function are differentially affected by age. Overall, striatal DA responsiveness of female mice shows more extreme age-related changes, particularly between the 2- and 6-month versus the 18- and 24-month-old mice and a discord between DA and DOPAC responses. Such extreme changes may be related to the presence (at 2 and 6 months) versus absence (at 18 and 24 months) of estrous cycles/gonadal steroid hormonal functions in female mice.
Numerical Investigation of Radiation Effects in Catalytic Combustion

In modeling catalytic combustion in a monolithic catalytic converter, it is generally assumed that the gas within the individual monolith channels does not interfere with thermal radiation. To date, no quantitative study has been undertaken to validate this assumption. Past studies for carbon monoxide combustion also appear to indicate that the emissivity of the washcoat has little effect on the thermal radiation field. In order to investigate these two issues, methane-air combustion on platinum is modeled inside a single channel of a monolith using a detailed surface reaction mechanism comprised of 24 reactions between 19 species. Radiation transport is modeled using the Discrete Ordinates Method and a gray formulation. Planck-mean absorption coefficients of the gases, calculated from the HITEMP and HITRAN databases, are used to investigate participating medium effects. All calculations were performed using the commercial CFD code, CFD-ACE+™, supplemented by user-subroutines for calculating the absorption coefficient of the gas mixture. Results show that the conversion percentages and temperature distributions are unaltered by the inclusion of participating medium radiation effects, verifying the commonly held belief, stated earlier. However, in strong contrast with carbon monoxide combustion, the emissivity of the washcoat was found to significantly affect flammability limits in the case of methane combustion—the flame being hotter and more stable for smaller values of emissivity.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Finite element analysis of drug electrostatic diffusion: inhibition rate studies in N1 neuraminidase.

This article describes the numerical solution of the steady-state Poisson-BoltzmannSmoluchowski (PBS) and Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) equations to study diffusion in biomolecular systems. Specically, nite element methods have been developed to calculate electrostatic interactions and ligand binding rate constants for large biomolecules. The resulting software has been validated and applied to the wild-type and several mutated avian inuenza neurominidase crystal structures. The calculated rates show very good agreement with recent experimental studies. Furthermore, these nite element methods require signicantly fewer computational resources than existing particle-based Brownian dynamics methods and are robust for complicated geometries. The key nding of biological importance is that the electrostatic steering plays the important role in the drug binding process of the neurominidase.
Orientation and its consequences for Copiapoa (Cactaceae) in the Atacama Desert

Three species of the barrel cactus Copiapoa (C. cinerea, C. columna-alba, C. haseltoniana) were investigated in their native habitats along the cool, arid coastal regions of the Atacama Desert in northern Chile. All species orient towards the north with a high degree of precision. Two consequences of adaptive value result from this northerly orientation. First, tissue temperatures of the meristematic and floral regions on the tip of the cactus receive high solar radiation loads which result in high temperatures (30°-40°C) relative to air temperatures (15°-20°) during winter and spring months when adequate soil moisture for growth is available. Second, absorption of solar radiation by the sides of the cactus is minimized, which reduces both the potential detrimental effects of light and heat load on the cactus and probably balances daily quanta absorbed for photosynthesis with nighttime CO2 uptake rates during drought stress periods.
Nearest-neighbor distances of Cu+, Ag+, and halogen impurities in silver and copper halides.

An interpolation scheme gives nearest-neighbor distances of copper, silver, and halogen impurity ions in silver and copper halides from the lattice spacing of the pure crystals. Systematic deviations from the additivity rule of ionic radii provide the necessary lattice spacing of hypothetical silver and copper halide crystals. A test of the underlying assumptions about the interatomic forces should become possible in a comparison of the predicted impurity neighbor distances with future extended x-ray-absorption fine structure experiments.
Aircraft parameter estimation

The aircraft parameter estimation problem is used to illustrate the utility of parameter estimation, which applies to many engineering and scientific fields. Maximum likelihood estimation has been used to extract stability and control derivatives from flight data for many years. This paper presents some of the basic concepts of aircraft parameter estimation and briefly surveys the literature in the field. The maximum likelihood estimator is discussed, and the basic concepts of minimization and estimation are examined for a simple simulated aircraft example. The cost functions that are to be minimized during estimation are defined and discussed. Graphic representations of the cost functions are given to illustrate the minimization process. Finally, the basic concepts are generalized, and estimation from flight data is discussed. Some of the major conclusions for the simulated example are also developed for the analysis of flight data from the F-14, highly maneuverable aircraft technology (HiMAT), and space shuttle vehicles.