cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital Organisms and Its Relation to Antibiotic Use

Organisms causing nosocomial infection are frequently resistant to antimicrobial agents. Studies of the reasons for this have been hindered by difficulties in defining terms, by selection biases, by artifacts produced by study methods, and by failure to control for confounding variables. Major factors leading to increased prevalence of resistant organisms in hospitals are changes in organisms causing nosocomial infection (due in part to changes in characteristics of hospital populations and in procedures and instruments used in patient care), increasing prevalence of resistance in bacteria causing community-acquired infection, and use of antimicrobial agents. A causal relationship between antibiotic usage and resistance of hospital organisms is supported by consistent association and concurrent variation in several populations, presence of a dose-response pattern, and existence of a reasonable biologic model to explain the relationship. Major influences on emergence of resistant hospital bacteria include antimicrobial effects in treated individuals, mechanisms for transfer of resistance between bacteria, and routes of transmission within the hospital for bacteria or their resistance factors. Barrier isolation techniques can help control resistant hospital bacteria. However, virtually all reports agree that careful, discriminating use of antimicrobial agents remains the keystone for minimizing this problem. This need must be communicated more effectively to prescribers.
Preservice Preparation of School Psychologists for Providing Related Services in Early Childhood Intervention: A University-Preschool Partnership

This article describes a model program for preparing school psychologists in the area of early childhood intervention. The implications of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990 and the Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986 (P.L. 99–457, amendment to P.L. 94–142) for school psychologists are briefly discussed. The need for formalized training of school psychologists in the area of early childhood education and intervention is reviewed. A training model and preservice training grant to prepare school psychologists to work with culturally diverse preschool children are presented. Finally, challenges faced during the first 2 years of the program, as well as trainees' satisfaction, will be discussed.
Ventricular Tachycardia Associated with High-Dose Chronic Loperamide Use

Loperamide is an antidiarrheal medication deemed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as safe enough to be sold as an over-the-counter medicine. Unlike other μ-opioid receptor agonists, loperamide acts specifically in the myenteric plexus in the gastrointestinal tract, making the potential for abuse low and reports of toxicity extremely rare. We present a case of a patient previously in good health who developed episodes of cardiac pauses, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, and eventually runs of sustained ventricular tachycardia with hemodynamic instability. She required cardiopulmonary resuscitation, multiple cardioversions, and placement of a pacemaker. Her medical history was remarkable only for type 2 diabetes and chronic postcholecystectomy diarrhea. Metformin was the only prescription medication she was taking at the time of presentation. However, she reported that she had been taking an entire bottle of Equate brand loperamide (144 mg) daily for ~2 years. Loperamide overdoses associated with ventricular arrhythmias have been reported, but this is the first case to describe a serious ventricular arrhythmia associated with long-term use of a high dose of loperamide. Chronic overtreatment with loperamide may induce life-threatening arrhythmias.
Detection of polyadenylation signals in human DNA sequences

We present polyadq, a program for detection of human polyadenylation signals. To avoid training on possibly flawed data, the development of polyadq began with a de novo characterization of human mRNA 3' processing signals. This information was used in training two quadratic discriminant functions that polyadq uses to evaluate potential polyA signals. In our tests, polyadq predicts polyA signals with a correlation coefficient of 0.413 on whole genes and 0.512 in the last two exons of genes, substantially outperforming other published programs on the same data set. polyadq is also the only program that is able to consistently detect the ATTAAA variant of the polyA signal.
Wine and the effect of body weight on Ethyl carbamate‐induced tumorigenesis in mice

Ethyl carbamate (EC; urethane), a known carcinogen, can be naturally present in small amounts within fermented foods, including wine. Growing male, C3H mice fed EC in wine for 41 weeks showed a lower frequency of EC‐induced tumours in their livers and lungs than mice receiving the same level of EC in water. From comparable tumour development in mice fed restricted amounts of ethanol or water, it appeared that the ethanol in wine as well as lowered food intake with lowered body weights in the wine‐treated animals were responsible for reducing EC‐induced tumour frequency.
On multipoint control units for videoconferencing

This paper examines the issues involved in the design of conference servers that support multiparty, multimedia conferences. These servers, called multipoint control units (MCUs) in the telephony world, coordinate the distribution of audio, video, and data streams amongst the multiple participants in a videoconference. The MCU is responsible for the processing of video and audio so that a conference participant can hear and see one or more of the other participants in the conference. It is also responsible for handling and forwarding the data streams from the participants. This paper presents different approaches to the design of an MCU to implement these functions. It also describes the design of a related device-a transcoding gateway that enables conferencing between participants using different video/audio equipment. >
Upsurge in T-Wave Alternans and Nonalternating Repolarization Instability Precedes Spontaneous Initiation of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in Humans

Background— Analysis of repolarization instability, manifested by T-wave alternans (TWA), has proved useful for arrhythmia risk assessment. However, temporal relations between TWA and the spontaneous initiation of ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTA) in humans are unknown. We examined continuous dynamics of repolarization in Holter electrocardiograms with spontaneous sustained (>30 seconds) VTA. Methods and Results— Ambulatory electrocardiograms from 42 patients (79% with ischemic heart disease; left ventricular ejection fraction, 37±15%) were digitized, and the lead with the highest magnitude of the T wave was selected for analysis. TWA was examined by the modified moving average and intrabeat average analyses. To examine non-TWA (longer-period) oscillations in the repolarization segment, spectral energy of oscillations of consecutive T-wave amplitudes was calculated with the use of the short-time Fourier transform. Heart rate variability was assessed with the Fourier transform as well. TWA increased befor...
The Structure of Fibril-forming Collagens

Although collagen molecules are designed primarily to serve as constituents of supporting aggregates in various tissues, they are present as a relatively large family of proteins that exhibit a wide diversity in structural and chemical features. Molecular diversity is, of course, specified primarily by the different genes for synthesis of the various collagen chains. However, intracellular post-translational modifications of the nascent chains as well as extracellular processing of newly assembled molecules contribute to, and considerably amplify, the diversity specified by the genome. Moreover, the nature of the aggregates derived from various molecular species of collagen reflects this diversity. In this fashion, a great deal of chemical and biological variation is created in otherwise highly similar molecules such as those classified here as belonging to group 1. It is anticipated that further developments regarding these and other molecular species of collagen will considerably refine our understanding of the spectrum of structure and function associated with this unique family of proteins.
Assessing depression in cancer patients - a longitudinal comparison of three questionnaires.

The article by Johns et al . (1) compares the Hopkins Symptom Checklist 20-item depression scale (HSCL-20) (2), the Short-Form 36 Mental Health Inventory five-item distress scale (MHI-5) (3), and the Patient Health Questionnaire nine-item depression scale (PHQ-9) (4) in 309 adults with cancer in a longitudinal study.
It May Be More Than Age and Experience

This is a very interesting study of the outcomes of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery that compared young surgeons with veteran surgeons. The authors chose five years of experience as the threshold. Many surgeons voice that it takes about five years to become a mature surgeon, so I presume this is why the authors chose this threshold, which seems reasonable. Candidate membership in the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) lasts five years1. Regarding the number of cases, the two surgeon groups were unbalanced, with many more cases being performed by the veteran surgeons than by the young surgeons. This could be a problem if most of the surgical procedures in the smaller group were performed by one surgeon2. The authors did a very good job of following the patients and studying the appropriate radiographic and clinical parameters. They found several statistical differences between the two groups. The operative values that differed most significantly were duration of surgery and mean estimated blood loss. Among postoperative SRS results, scores for function differed the most. It is of interest that there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of satisfaction. The radiographic correction was the same in both groups. The results raise a number of questions. Why was the estimated blood loss higher and …
Multistatic optical imaging system compatible with AUV platforms

Conventional optical imaging systems have limited performance in Degraded Visual Environments (DVE) such as dust, fog, sand, and turbid water due to multiple scattering of the light on the path from the source to the target. Their large platform size also makes them unfavorable for compact, autonomous systems. In recent years, researchers at NAVAIR in Patuxent River, MD have developed a compact submersible laser imaging system based on a multistatic system architecture, allowing the source and multiple receivers to reside on separate, smaller, independent platforms. The system geometry can be better optimized for the environment, allowing it to obtain high quality imagery through much higher attenuation lengths (between the target and receiver) when compared to conventional imaging systems. The smaller source also lends itself to integration into an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). A compact, multistatic imaging system designed for integration into a REMUS 600 AUV has been developed and is currently being tested in a laboratory environment. System design and laboratory test plans will be presented.
The Oxidation of Methanol to Formaldehyde on TiO2(110)-Supported Vanadia Films

The reaction of methanol on TiO2(110)-supported vanadium oxide was studied using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). TPD results show that methanol is oxidized to formaldehyde on monolayer and submonolayer vanadia films on TiO2(110), whereas both clean TiO2(110) and multilayer vanadia films supported on TiO2(110) are relatively inactive for this reaction. HREELS results demonstrate that methoxides are the primary surface intermediates in the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde on the supported vanadium layers. The reactivity trends obtained for the model catalysts used in this study are similar to those observed for high surface area analogues. This suggests that vanadia films supported on single-crystal metal oxide substrates are excellent model systems for studying the relationships between the structure and reactivity of supported oxide catalysts.
Tooth eruption in black-tailed prairie dogs from North Dakota

L'ordre d'apparition des dents a ete etudie chez les chiens de prairie C. ludovicianus depuis la sortie du terrier natal jusqu'a l'acquisition de la dentition complete definitive
Inquiry and Analysis of the Effect of Implementing Undergraduates’ Voluntary Service in Western Provinces

The paper,based on an insightful interview and questionnaire on volunteers’ service satisfaction self-evaluation and prizes winning,analyzes factors in implementing the program of "Graduates’ Voluntary Service in Western Provinces" in terms of motivations,attitudes,social support,program organization and management.It displays that most volunteers are fairly satisfied or practically content with their service with major motivation consciousness of enhancing quality and experience,and that volunteers’ genders,political status,birthplaces,motivation and arrangement of positions are significant factors in practical implementation of the project of Graduates’ Voluntary Service in Western Provinces.
Validity and reliability of a video questionnaire to assess physical function in older adults.

BACKGROUND: Self-report questionnaires are widely used to assess physical function in older adults. However, they often lack a clear frame of reference and hence interpreting and rating task difficulty levels can be problematic for the responder. Consequently, the usefulness of traditional self-report questionnaires for assessing higher-level functioning is limited. Video-based questionnaires can overcome some of these limitations by offering a clear and objective visual reference for the performance level against which the subject is to compare his or her perceived capacity. Hence the purpose of the study was to develop and validate a novel, video-based questionnaire to assess physical function in older adults independently living in the community. METHODS: A total of 61 community-living adults, 60years or older, were recruited. To examine validity, 35 of the subjects completed the video questionnaire, two types of physical performance tests: a test of instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) included in the Short Physical Functional Performance battery (PFP-10), and a composite of 3 performance tests (30s chair stand, single-leg balance and usual gait speed). To ascertain reliability, two-week test-retest reliability was assessed in the remaining 26 subjects who did not participate in validity testing. RESULTS: The video questionnaire showed a moderate correlation with the IADLs (Spearman rho=0.64, p$_amp_$lt;0.001; 95% CI (0.4, 0.8)), and a lower correlation with the composite score of physical performance tests (Spearman rho=0.49, p$_amp_$lt;0.01; 95% CI (0.18, 0.7)). The test-retest assessment yielded an intra-class correlation (ICC) of 0.87 (p$_amp_$lt;0.001; 95% CI (0.70, 0.94)) and a Cronbach's alpha of 0.89 demonstrating good reliability and internal consistency. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that the video questionnaire developed to evaluate physical function in community-living older adults is a valid and reliable assessment tool; however, further validation is needed for definitive conclusions.Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Inc. Language: en
An emergency medical bag set for long-range aeromedical transportation

The global war on terror has created the need for urgent long-range aeromedical transport of severely wounded service members over distances of several thousand miles from Afghanistan or Iraq to the United States. This need is met by specialized medical transport teams such as US Air Force Critical Care Air Transport Teams (CCATT) or by the US Army Burn Flight Team (BFT). Both teams travel with multiple bags or cases of emergency equipment, which are comprehensive but cumbersome. To avoid the need to search multiple bags for equipment or drugs when an in-flight emergency occurs, many CCATT and BFT physicians also carry a personal bag of emergency supplies for rapid access. Over the last year, we have evolved and standardized an emergency equipment bag designed to provide the supplies necessary for initial management of emergencies that occur during flight and ground transport. This or a similar emergency kit would be useful for inter or intrahospital transport of critically ill or injured civilian patients, or for physicians who respond to civil emergencies, such as members of Disaster Medical Assistance Teams.
Verification of Recovered Digital Evidence on the Amazon Kindle

The Amazon Kindle is a popular e-book reader. This popularity will lead criminals to use the Kindle as an accessory to their crime. Very few Kindle publications in the digital forensics domain exist at the time of this writing. Various blogs on the Internet currently provide some of the foundation for Kindle forensics. For this research each fifth generation Kindle was populated with various types of files a typical user may introduce using one method, the USB interface. The Kindle was forensically imaged with AccessData’s Forensic Toolkit Imager before and after each Kindle was populated. Each file was deleted through the USB interface. Files were retrieved and recovered through the USB interface before and after file deletion. These two sets of files were compared to the original set of files. All files retrieved before deletion matched their original counterpart. Not all files recovered after deletion matched their original counterpart. These steps and procedures followed a similar adaptation of the NIST General Test Methodology for Computer Forensic Tools developed by Leshney (2008) for virtual machines.
Paralogs are revealed by proportion of heterozygotes and deviations in read ratios in genotyping-by-sequencing data from natural populations.

Whole genome duplications have occurred in the recent ancestors of many plants, fish, and amphibians, resulting in a pervasiveness of paralogous loci and the potential for both disomic and tetrasomic inheritance in the same genome. Paralogs can be difficult to reliably genotype and are often excluded from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) analyses; however, removal requires paralogs to be identified which is difficult without a reference genome. We present a method for identifying paralogs in natural populations by combining two properties of duplicated loci: 1) the expected frequency of heterozygotes exceeds that for singleton loci, and 2) within heterozygotes, observed read ratios for each allele in GBS data will deviate from the 1:1 expected for singleton (diploid) loci. These deviations are often not apparent within individuals, particularly when sequence coverage is low; but, we postulated that summing allele reads for each locus over all heterozygous individuals in a population would provide sufficient power to detect deviations at those loci. We identified paralogous loci in three species: Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) which retains regions with ongoing residual tetrasomy on eight chromosome arms following a recent whole genome duplication, mountain barberry (Berberis alpina) which has a large proportion of paralogs that arose through an unknown mechanism, and dusky parrotfish (Scarus niger) which has largely re-diploidized following an ancient whole genome duplication. Importantly, this approach only requires the genotype and allele-specific read counts for each individual, information which is readily obtained from most GBS analysis pipelines. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Failures of foreseeability: Risk management considerations in reducing allegations of sexual violence in psychiatric units

This article begins with a brief discussion of findings on causal factors leading to allegations of sexual violence in health care facilities and then offers the author's account of 4 such cases that he reviewed, 3 of which occurred in psychiatric units. These cases show remarkably similar variables, especially involving decisions to allow male and female patients to commingle, the inadequate physical layout of the units, poor or absent video surveillance, and staff unacquainted with institutional policies on patient safety or refusing to enforce relevant rules. These variables arguably amount to "failures of foreseeability" that reasonably cautious health care personnel should recognize as facilitating or enabling sexual violence. As such, the proactive message of this article for health care risk management urges critical and robust attention paid to a unit's environmental/physical design as well as to performance factors among personnel so as to prevent sexual attacks and diminish the probability of malpractice actions.
Just Doin' My Job

Two recent films, The Chamber (1996), and Dead Man Walking (1996), each contribute unique insights into bureaucratic socialization as they traverse the work world of prison personnel charged with the implementation of society's ultimate punishment.
Practical Framework for Downlink MU-MIMO for LTE Systems

The performance of multi-user multiple input multiple output (MU-MIMO) LTE systems critically depends on how the interference is estimated and managed. In this letter, we propose a practical framework for interference estimation for LTE networks. Moreover, we present a practical suboptimal non-iterative method for managing the interference through utilizing the interference knowledge. Furthermore, we consider the non-ideality of MU-MIMO precoding resulting from limited channel knowledge. Finally, we evaluate the proposed framework benefits through comparisons with other techniques.
Quantitative Microstructure Characterization of a NMC Electrode

Performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is strongly influenced by the porous microstructure of their electrodes. In this work, 3D microstructures of calendared and un-calendared positive electrode LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC) have been investigated in order to extract relevant properties useful for battery modeling. Transport (volume fraction, connectivity, particle size and tortuosity) and electrochemical (specific surface area) properties have been calculated for the pore and the active material. Special attention has been paid to determine the size of the so-called representative volume element (RVE) required to be statistically representative of the heterogeneous medium. Several parameters have been calculated using a panel of different numerical methods in order to compare their results. Besides, the image level of detail has been evaluated (using original criteria based upon edge detection) to assess the overall data quality available for the study.
Design and evaluation of a reconfigurable stacked active bridge dc/dc converter for efficient wide load-range operation

This paper presents the design and implementation of a large-step-down soft-switched dc-dc converter based on the active bridge technique which overcomes some of the limitations of the conventional Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converter. The topology comprises a double stacked-bridge inverter coupled to a reconfigurable rectifier through a special three-winding leakage transformer. This particular combination of stages enable the converter to run in an additional low-power mode that greatly increases light-load efficiency by reducing core loss and extending the zero-voltage switching (ZVS) range. The converter is implemented with a single compact magnetic component, providing power combining, voltage transformation, isolation, and energy transfer inductance. A 175 kHz, 300 W, 380 V to 12 V GaN-based prototype converter achieves 95.9% efficiency at full load, a peak efficiency of 97.0%, an efficiency above 92.7% down to 10% load and an efficiency above 79.8% down to 3.3% load.
A state-aware persistence strategy for multiple access protocols with carrier sensing

All channel-access protocols designed to date based on carrier sensing (namely CSMA, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA) and the standards based on them (e.g., IEEE 802.11 DCF) have used transmission strategies that are independent of the state of the protocol. In particular, most protocols assume a non-persistent transmission strategy in which a node with a packet to send that detects a busy channel simply backs off. We introduce the first state-aware persistence strategy for carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA) protocols. A node with a packet to send that detects a busy channel decides to transmit once the channel is free depending on whether the ongoing busy period is successful and how early its local packet is ready relative to the start of the ongoing busy period. We provide a simple unifying analysis for CSMA operating in a wireless network with non-persistence and state-aware persistence. Our analysis considers the use of acknowledgments (ACK) and takes into account the effect that receive-to-transmit turnaround times have on performance. The results show that state-based persistence can provide better throughput values relative to a non-persistent strategy, and that new persistence strategies are needed that tailor the amount of persistence to the channel traffic load.
Joint Optimization of Latency Monitoring and Traffic Scheduling in Software Defined Heterogeneous Networks

Since the current Internet is only able to provide best-effort services, the quality of service (QoS) for many emerging businesses cannot be well guaranteed. Meanwhile, due to the privatization of networks management, multi-vendor heterogeneous networks are difficult to provide end-to-end QoS assurance on demand. Therefore, heterogeneous devices from different vendors also bring new challenges to the flexible control of network equipment. Software defined network (SDN) is an emerging paradigm which separates the network’s control logic from the underlying routers and switches. In this paper, we design a monitoring loop of link latency by using both LLDP and Echo probing modules. Then, a dynamic routing algorithm is proposed to select optimized transmission path based on the information of link latency. In addition, we develop a routing application assorted with the monitoring mechanism by extending the RYU controller. We implement our solution in a semi-practical SDN testbed. Finally, the overall feasibility and efficiency of the proposed solution are experimentally verified and evaluated.
Atrial GIRK Channels Mediate the Effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Heart Rate Dynamics and Arrhythmogenesis

Diminished parasympathetic influence is central to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure and hypertension. Stimulation of the vagus nerve has shown promise in treating cardiovascular disease, prompting renewed interest in understanding the signaling pathway(s) that mediate the vagal influence on cardiac physiology. Here, we evaluated the contribution of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK/Kir3) channels to the effect of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) on heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV), and arrhythmogenesis in anesthetized mice. As parasympathetic fibers innervate both atria and ventricle, and GIRK channels contribute to the cholinergic impact on atrial and ventricular myocytes, we collected in vivo electrocardiogram recordings from mice lacking either atrial or ventricular GIRK channels, during VNS. VNS decreased HR and increased HRV in control mice, in a muscarinic receptor-dependent manner. This effect was preserved in mice lacking ventricular GIRK channels, but was nearly completely absent in mice lacking GIRK channels in the atria. In addition, atrial-specific ablation of GIRK channels conferred resistance to arrhythmic episodes induced by VNS. These data indicate that atrial GIRK channels are the primary mediators of the impact of VNS on HR, HRV, and arrhythmogenesis in the anesthetized mouse.
The surgical management of stones in patients with urinary diversions.

Purpose of reviewStones in patients with urinary diversions present unique challenges. Anatomical knowledge of the type of diversion is essential to adequately and safely treat the patient. We will review the anatomical differences between the forms of diversion and helpful maneuvers for successful
An Overview of NFL Revenues and Costs

To an economist, a firm is a collection of resources that produces a good or service that is then sold to consumers. A firm provides value to consumers by producing something cheaper than people could do at home. Sometimes it is as a result of the use of economies of scale on the part of the firm and sometimes it is simply impossible for a person to produce the good, like the music of a symphony orchestra. Firms then sell their products to consumers and use the revenue they acquire to pay the resources, including the firm’s owners themselves via profits, and to invest in the future of the firm.
Fazit und Handlungsempfehlungen

Der Mangel an qualifizierten Fach- und Fuhrungskraften stellt ein evidentes Problem fur die Bundesrepublik Deutschland dar:
Regional Social Systems: Linking Quantitative Analysis and Field Work

Publisher Summary This chapter presents linking quantitative analysis and field work of regional social systems. Regional analysis, simply stated, is an attempt to understand social and cultural organization in terms of spatial differentiation and organization. It bears strong relations to geography and in part owes its existence to the vigor of recent developments in human geography. Regional analysis of social systems follows upon previous attempts within sociology, anthropology, and rural sociology to examine the organization of society in spatial terms. In particular, several overlapping but distinct traditions of research and thought about communities form a backdrop for current efforts in regional analysis. A distinction between regional analysis as, on the one hand, the attempt to specify parsimoniously the variables underlying spatial variation and to shift attention to the abstract processes involved therein, and, on the other hand, the more synthetic approach that argues that spatial localization of a complex of factors is an important social structural phenomenon and not simply a geographic fact.
WHEAT AND WHEAT FOODS IN THE TROPICS

Wheat, rice and maize are the three largest food crops in the world. Generally, wheat is produced in the cool temperate zones and rice and maize in the warm tropical zones. For the purposes of this paper, however, the tropics are defined geographically as the area between the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere.
Workshop: The Role of Energy in Ion-Molecule Processes

A summary of the workshop on the role of energy in ion-molecule processes is given. Contributions cover the dependence of simple bimolecular reactions on kinetic and internal energy. Examples of kinetic energy release in unimolecular dissociation and internal excitation in charge transfer reactions are also discussed.
A History of Neuroanesthesia

Many countries practiced trephination from 10,000 BCE. Cocaine spat in the wound may have minimized pain in Peru. Alcohol, laudanum, henbane, opium or lettuces may have been used in other countries. The 1,700 BCE Edwin Smith Papyrus described the effects of central nervous system trauma.
Knittable Stitch Meshes

We introduce knittable stitch meshes for modeling complex 3D knit structures that can be fabricated via knitting. We extend the concept of stitch mesh modeling, which provides a powerful 3D design interface for knit structures but lacks the ability to produce actually knittable models. Knittable stitch meshes ensure that the final model can be knitted. Moreover, they include novel representations for handling important shaping techniques that allow modeling more complex knit structures than prior methods. In particular, we introduce shift paths that connect the yarn for neighboring rows, general solutions for properly connecting pieces of knit fabric with mismatched knitting directions without introducing seams, and a new structure for representing short rows, a shaping technique for knitting that is crucial for creating various 3D forms, within the stitch mesh modeling framework. Our new 3D modeling interface allows for designing knittable structures with complex surface shapes and topologies, and our knittable stitch mesh structure contains all information needed for fabricating these shapes via knitting. Furthermore, we present a scheduling algorithm for providing step-by-step hand knitting instructions to a knitter, so that anyone who knows how to knit can reproduce the complex models that can be designed using our approach. We show a variety of 3D knit shapes and garment examples designed and knitted using our system.
A nanobody-based molecular toolkit provides new mechanistic insight into clathrin-coat initiation

Besides AP-2 and clathrin triskelia, clathrin coat inception depends on a group of early-arriving proteins including Fcho1/2 and Eps15/R. Using genome-edited cells, we described the role of the unstructured Fcho linker in stable AP-2 membrane deposition. Here, expanding this strategy in combination with a new set of llama nanobodies against EPS15 shows an FCHO1/2-EPS15/R partnership plays a decisive role in coat initiation. A nanobody containing an Asn-Pro-Phe peptide within the complementarity-determining region 3 loop is a function-blocking pseudoligand for tandem EPS15/R EH domains. Yet, in living cells, EH domains gathered at clathrin-coated structures are poorly accessible, indicating residence by endogenous NPF-bearing partners. Forcibly sequestering cytosolic EPS15 in genome-edited cells with nanobodies tethered to early endosomes or mitochondria changes the subcellular location and availability of EPS15. This combined approach has strong effects on clathrin coat structure and function by dictating the stability of AP-2 assemblies at the plasma membrane.
A conceptual framework for understanding iatrophobia.

Abstract Objective Iatrophobia – fear of doctors, medical care, or the medical care system – is common among patients and can negatively impact their health-seeking behaviors and relationships with health care professionals. Despite this, academic literature on iatrophobia often fails to explore its nuanced causes. Methods We establish a conceptual framework of iatrophobia, categorizing sources of fear that may create barriers to accessing medical care, and recommend a research agenda to address this phenomenon and understand its role in medical care. Results The framework includes three categories of determinants of iatrophobia: patient fear of illness and the medical exam, patient fear of physician reaction, and patient fear related to barriers to care. These categories represent influences from individual to more system-related factors associated with the physician-patient relationship. Research examining iatrophobia should focus on understanding its prevalence, how patients cope with their fear, discussing iatrophobia in the physician-patient encounter, the sociopolitical contribution to iatrophobia, and how iatrophobia can be reduced. Conclusions Iatrophobia can be categorized into three primary domains, but it remains poorly understood. Practice Implications A more thorough understanding of iatrophobia will help to contextualize its role amid other barriers to care and patient health outcomes.
Abstract 1050: Characterization of human cancer cell line xenografts in humanized mice

Studying immune-oncology (IO) agents that target the human immune system in mice have posed challenges for oncology researchers. Since the commercial introduction of humanized mice, antitumor efficacy studies can now be performed with human cancer cells within mice bearing the components of a human immune system. However, development and characterization of these models is necessary to understand which model may be best for different agents. To this end, we characterized A375, A549, Caki-1, H1299, H1975, HCC827, HCT116, KU19-19, MDA-MB-231, and RKO human cancer cell lines in CD34+ humanized NSG mice for tumor growth rate and immune cell profiling in tumor and spleen compartments. We found that CD4+ T cell composition in both the spleen and tumor varied among the models, with A375, Caki-1, and RKO expressing higher levels of CD4+ T cells compared to the other models. Many of the models had moderate levels of CD8+ T cells in the tumor. Spleen analysis revealed higher NK cell populations in mice bearing Caki-1 tumors, while A549 tumor samples had a higher percentage of NK cells relative to the other models. Surprisingly, many of the tumor models showed an abundance of myeloid cells in the spleen and tumor compartments, although these were mostly comprised of B cells and dendritic cells and lower levels of macrophages and MDSCs. The expression level and percentage of cells expressing PD-1, and PD-L1 in the models were also determined. Furthermore, the antitumor response of select models to PD-1 and PD-L1 antibodies will be presented. In summary, these data demonstrate that there are tumor-intrinsic factors that influence the immune cell repertoire within tumors and spleen. These data may also aid in selection of tumor models to test antitumor activity of novel IO agents. Citation Format: Christina Stevens, Christopher Maddage, Kerri Lasky, Jonathan Rios-Doria, Holly Koblish. Characterization of human cancer cell line xenografts in humanized mice [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1050.
Abstract PR05: Autophagy facilitates immune evasion of pancreatic cancer through downregulation of MHC class I molecules

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a deadly malignancy refractory to most therapies, including immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Autophagy is a highly conserved self-degradation process that recycles cellular components. PDAC requires high levels of autophagy/lysosome function to meet their metabolic demand under nutrient-deprived conditions; however, little is known about substrates that are preferentially targeted and subsequent biologic impacts of their loss on PDAC pathogenesis. Here we found that cell surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules, a critical component of antigen-presentation to CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), is downregulated in PDAC cells though an autophagy-dependent pathway. Autophagy inhibition in PDAC cells restored surface MHC-I levels and improved antigen presentation, leading to enhanced antitumor T-cell response in syngeneic mouse models of PDAC, which was further enhanced by combination with ICB. Our findings indicate that elevated autophagy/lysosome function facilitates immune evasion of PDAC cells through selective targeting of MHC-I molecules and provide a rationale for the combination of autophagy inhibition and ICB as a therapeutic strategy against PDAC. This abstract is also being presented as Poster B61. Citation Format: Keisuke Yamamoto, Anthony Venida, Doug E. Biancur, Miwako Yamamoto-Kakiuchi, Albert P. Sohn, Rushika M. Perera, Alec C Kimmelman. Autophagy facilitates immune evasion of pancreatic cancer through downregulation of MHC class I molecules [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Advances in Science and Clinical Care; 2019 Sept 6-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(24 Suppl):Abstract nr PR05.
SU(3)$_F$ Analysis for Beauty Baryon Decays

We perform a general SU(3)$_F$ analysis of $b\rightarrow c\bar{c}s(d)$ decays of members of the beauty baryon antitriplet to a member of the light baryon octet and a singlet. Under several reasonable assumptions we found $\left\vert \mathcal{A}(\Xi_b^0\rightarrow \Lambda S)/ \mathcal{A}(\Xi_b^0\rightarrow \Xi^0 S)\right\vert\approx 1/\sqrt{6}\, \left\vert V_{cb}^* V_{cd} / (V_{cb}^* V_{cs})\right\vert$ and $\left\vert\mathcal{A}(\Lambda_b\rightarrow \Sigma^0 S)/\mathcal{A}(\Lambda_b\rightarrow \Lambda S)\right\vert \sim 0.02$. These two relations have been recently probed by LHCb for the case of $S=J/\psi$. The former agrees with the measurement, while for the latter our prediction lies close to the upper bound set by LHCb.
The Power of Community in the Business Professional to Academic Transition.

Recent trends have made the transition from business professional to academic increasingly popular as a move to a second career. This article offers a personal perspective on a critical component o...
Chapter 26 – Infrared Thermometers

This chapter describes the use of infrared thermometers to measure canopy temperature. They are used to monitor drought stress, because plant temperature and water use are related. If plants are water stressed, transpiration is reduced and the canopy temperature increases, and the increase can be measured with an infrared thermometer. The temperature measured with an infrared thermometer gives the black-body temperature of the canopy; thus, principles of black bodies are reviewed. The instruments are called infrared thermometers, because they measure radiation in the infrared region. Calibration of an infrared thermometer is illustrated. Portable, commercially available, hand-held infrared thermometers were developed in the 1970s. The pioneering work using them, done by Ray Jackson and colleagues at the U.S. Water Conservation Laboratory in Phoenix, Arizona, is described. The advantages of infrared thermometers are listed, including their ease of use and ability to take rapid measurements. An appendix gives the biography of Jackson.
Nano-Optical Tweezers: Methods and Applications for Trapping Single Molecules and Nanoparticles

Optical tweezers were developed in 1970 by Arthur Ashkin as a tool for the manipulation of micron-sized particles. Ashkin's original design was then adapted for a variety of purposes, such as trapping and manipulation of biological materials[1] and the laser cooling of atoms.[2,3] More recent development has led to nano-optical tweezers, for trapping particles on the scale of only a few nanometers, and holographic tweezers, which allow for dynamic control of multiple traps in real-time. These alternatives to conventional optical tweezers have made it possible to trap single molecules and to perform a variety of studies on them. Presented here is a review of recent developments in nano-optical tweezers and their current and future applications.
Improving translational relevance: The need for combined exposure models for studying prenatal adversity.

Abstract Prenatal environmental adversity is a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), with the neuroimmune environment proposed to play a role in this risk. Adverse maternal exposures are associated with cognitive consequences in the offspring that are characteristics of NDDs and simultaneous neuroimmune changes that may underlie NDD risk. In both animal models and human studies the association between prenatal environmental exposure and NDD risk has been shown to be complex. Maternal overnutrition/obesity and opioid use are two different examples of complex exposure epidemics, each with their own unique comorbidities. This review will examine maternal obesity and maternal opioid use separately, illustrating the pervasive comorbidities with each exposure to argue a need for animal models of compound prenatal exposures. Many of these comorbidities can impact neuroimmune function, warranting systematic investigation of combined exposures to begin to understand this complexity. While traditional approaches in animal models have focused on modeling a single prenatal exposure or second exposure later in life, a translational approach would begin to incorporate the most prevalent co-occurring prenatal exposures. Long term follow-up in humans is extremely challenging, so animal models can provide timely insight into neurodevelopmental consequences of complex prenatal exposures. Animal models that represent this translational context of comorbid exposures behind maternal obesity or comorbid exposures behind maternal opioid use may reveal potential synergistic neuroimmune interactions that contribute to cognitive consequences and NDD risk. Finally, translational co-exposure models can identify concerning exposure combinations to guide treatment in complex cases, and identify high risk children starting in the prenatal period where early interventions improve prognosis.
The electron-transfer intermediates of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) as polarons by in situ spectroscopy.

The conversion of diffusive forms of energy (electrical and light) into short, compact chemical bonds by catalytic reactions regularly involves moving a carrier from an environment that favors delocalization to one that favors localization. While delocalization lowers the energy of the carrier through its kinetic energy, localization creates a polarization around the carrier that traps it in a potential energy minimum. The trapped carrier and its local distortion—termed a polaron in solids—can play a role as a highly reactive intermediate within energy-storing catalytic reactions but is rarely discussed as such. Here, we present this perspective of the polaron as a catalytic intermediate through recent in situ and time-resolved spectroscopic investigations of photo-triggered electrochemical reactions at material surfaces. The focus is on hole-trapping at metal–oxygen bonds, denoted M–OH*, in the context of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) from water. The potential energy surface for the hole-polaron defines the structural distortions from the periodic lattice and the resulting “active” site of catalysis. This perspective will highlight how current and future time-resolved, multi-modal probes can use spectroscopic signatures of M–OH* polarons to obtain kinetic and structural information on the individual reaction steps of OER. A particular motivation is to provide the background needed for eventually relating this information to relevant catalytic descriptors by free energies. Finally, the formation of the O–O chemical bond from the consumption of M–OH*, required to release O2 and store energy in H2, will be discussed as the next target for experimental investigations.
Politische Bildung im Zeichen von Anthropozän und Klimakrise

Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird der Frage nachgegangen, auf welche Weise politische Bildung im Anthropozan eine Reflexion uber die okologisch-materiellen Grundlagen unseres Zusammenlebens in die Wissensbestande uber das politische Gemeinwesen integrieren kann. Denn mit den offen zutage tretenden Defiziten der Ressourcen(-uber-)nutzung sowie der Notwendigkeit, die Gesellschaft zu dekarbonisieren, um den Klimawandel aufzuhalten, bedarf die Gesellschaft einer Selbstvergewisserung in der grundsatzlich politischen Frage des Wie wollen wir zusammenleben?. Der Beitrag leistet den Versuch, vor diesem komplexen Hintergrund, die Frage nach einer Erweiterung der Wissensbestande einer politischen Bildung im Anthropozan zu klaren, die den veranderten gesellschaftlichen Naturverhaltnissen gerecht wird.
The enzymic synthesis of ganglioside: IV. UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine:(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosyl ceramide N-acetylgalactosaminyl-transferase in rat brain☆

Abstract This paper describes the subcellular distribution and general characteristics of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine:(N-acetylneuraminyl)galactosylglucosyl ceramide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine: GM3N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase) in the rat brain. 1. 1. The subcellular distribution of the enzyme in 7 day-old rat brain found 44% of the activity in the microsomal and 36% in the mitochondrial particles. Subfractionation of the mitochondrial particles showed the enzyme to be primarily associated with the synaptic membranes within this fraction. 2. 2. The enzyme had greatest specificity for Gm3 (N-acetylneuraminyl) and required Mn2+ for optimal activity. This Mn2+ requirement could not be satisfied by Mg2+, K+, Cu2+, Ni2+, or Al3+. A broad pH optimum was observed between pH 6.8 and 7.2, and the Km values were 16.6 μM for GM3 and for UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, 57 μM. 3. 3. The enzyme showed highest activity in brain tissue and the specific activity of the enzyme decreased with increasing age of the rats.