cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1 – Computer Architecture

This chapter provides an overview of microprogramming, which is usually located in read-only memory (ROM), directly controls physical devices, and provides a cleaner interface to the machine language. It is actually an interpreter, fetching the machine language instruction, such as ADD, MOVE, and JUMP, and carrying the instruction out as a series of little steps. Microprogramming designs the control as a program that implements the machine instructions in terms of simpler microinstructions. Each microinstruction defines the set of data path control signals that must be asserted in a given state. The microprogram is a symbolic representation of the control that is translated by a program to control logic. This chapter further describes memory hierarchy in computer systems, bus, and interface. Bus is a set of conductors (wires, PCB tracks, or connections in an integrated circuit) connecting various functional units in a computer.
A Study in Cooperative Failure: Lessons from the Rice Growers Association of California

This case study on the former Rice Growers Association (RGA) analyzes the effects of a variety of business decisions and market changes, relative to the ongoing Farmers’ Rice Cooperative (FRC). Interview and survey findings reveal that many respondents felt RGA’s Board of Directors was passive and, despite its large size, lacked the necessary expertise to direct management and represent the best interest of the broader cooperative membership. In the midst of challenging market conditions, RGA’s management teams were accused of making a number of poor business decisions that led to significant financial stress and the eventual dissolution of the firm.
A class I (Schiff base) fructose diphosphate aldolase of prokaryotic origin. Purification and properties of Micrococcus aerogenes aldolase.

Abstract In contrast to all prokaryotic organisms previously studied, the fructose-P2 cleavage activity of crude Micrococcus aerogenes extracts was found to be insensitive to high levels of EDTA and o-phenanthroline. This observation suggested that M. aerogenes contained a Class I (Schiff base) fructose-P2 aldolase instead of the metallo (Class II)-aldolase typically found in other prokaryotes. The enzyme was purified about 1000-fold with 70% recovery. The purified aldolase, which appears essentially homogeneous by electrophoretic and gel filtration criteria, was completely active in the presence of 0.01 m EDTA and o-phenanthroline. In addition, direct Zn++ analysis on a "metal-free" preparation showed that a fully active enzyme sample contained only 0.01 g atom of Zn++ per mole. In contrast to Class II aldolases, the M. aerogenes enzyme lost activity on incubation with the substrate dihydroxyacetone-P in the presence of NaBH4. The degree of enzyme inactivation was directly correlated with the amount of [3H]dihydroxyacetone-P covalently bound to enzyme after treatment with NaBH4 and a stoichiometry of one dihydroxyacetone-P binding site per enzyme subunit was calculated. Identification of the substrate binding site as a lysyl residue by amino acid analysis establishes that this fructose-P2 aldolase is a Class I enzyme. The general catalytic features of the M. aerogenes enzyme resemble those of other Class I aldolases. (a) Its activity is not enhanced by the presence of K+. (b) It cleaves fructose-1-P at a significant rate (fructose-P2 to fructose-1-P activity ratio = 3.3). (c) It has a broad pH optima for fructose-P2 cleavage and a narrow optima for fructose-1-P cleavage; both pH profiles are similar to those of rabbit aldolases A and C. (d) The kinetic parameters Km and Vmax for the two substrates are very similar to those of rabbit aldolases. Km (fructose-P2) = 1 x 10-6 m; Km (fructose-1-P) = 1 x 10-2 m; Vmax (fructose-P2) = 8.2 units per mg; Vmax (fructose-1-P) = 2.4 units per mg. The enzyme, however, differs from other Class I aldolases in that its fructose-P2 cleavage activity is completely insensitive to digestion with carboxypeptidase A and its activity is unaffected by treatment with sulfhydryl reagents. M. aerogenes aldolase is distinct from all aldolases previously studied in that it is composed of a single polypeptide chain. The detection of only Class II aldolase activity in other micrococcus strains (Micrococcus lactilyticus, Micrococcus lysodeikticus, and Acidaminococcus fermentans) as well as all previous studies on the fructose-P2 aldolases of prokaryotic cells, suggest that the Class I aldolase described here has a very restricted distribution among the bacteria.
Effects of Entrance Loss on Harbor Oscillations

By assuming a head loss across the harbor entrance the wave-induced response in a rectangular model harbor is studied theoretically. The loss is assumed to be quadratic in local velocity with a constant friction coefficient. Bottom and side-wall dissipation are not considered. It is shown that odd higher harmonics are present. The resonance characteristics of the fundamental harmonic response in the harbor are significantly influenced by the additional damping due to friction, especially for the lowest peaks. While in the perfect fluid theory these peaks heighten with diminishing entrance width, in the presence of friction the opposite is true for sufficiently narrow mouth.
Approximated consistency for Knapsack Constraints

While global constraints give a broader view on the entire problem and therefore allow more effective constraint propagation, the development of efficient generalized arc-consistency (GAC) algorithms for global constraints is frequently prevented by the fact that the associated decision problems are NP-hard. A prominent example for this is the Knapsack Constraint. On the other hand, there exist approximation algorithms for many NP-hard problems. By introducing the concept of approximated consistency for a special class of global constraints, so-called optimization constraints, we show how existing approximation algorithms can be exploited for the development of efficient filtering algorithms for Knapsack Constraints. As our main result, we show how e-GAC for Knapsack and Bounded Knapsack Constraints can be achieved in time O(nlogn+n/∊2) or O(nlogn+n/∊3), respectively.
Design analysis of a passive weight-support lower-extremity-exoskeleton with compliant knee-joint

This paper presents the design concept of a weight-support lower-extremity-exoskeleton (LEE) with a compliant joint to relieve compressive load in the knee. Along with a leg dynamic model and a knee bio-joint model, a compliant exoskeleton knee-joint has been designed using topology optimization and experimentally evaluated. Results suggest that the gait-based design of a LEE can be divided into two parts in terms of knee angles; compliant coupling and body-weight support. The concept feasibility and dynamic models of the passive LEE design have been experimentally validated with measured plantar forces. Both simulation and experimental results agree with data in-vivo confirming the effectiveness of the LEE in supporting human body-weight during walking, and also provide a basis for computing the internal knee forces as a percentage of bodyweight.
Studies on the Action of Tetracycline and Puromycin

Abstract By means of a convenient method for separating phenylalanyl puromycin from diphenylalanyl puromycin, it was found that, upon reaction with puromycin, phenylalanyl transfer RNA bound to ribosomes at 5 to 6 mm Mg++ yields phenylalanyl puromycin exclusively while phenylalanyltRNA bound at 13 mm Mg++ yields diphenylalanyl puromycin as well as phenylalanyl puromycin. Tetracycline inhibited mostly the binding of phenylalanyl-tRNA to the acceptor site, but the binding to the donor site may be inhibited at 13 mm Mg++. Puromycin reaction of phenylalanyl-tRNA bound to the donor site was inhibited by the presence of N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA at the acceptor site.
A Delicate Balance: Service-Learning in Teacher Education.

A consortium of teacher education professors worked together in a 3 year project to infuse service-learning into their courses. Although they had participated in the same preparatory workshops, they largely integrated it in ways that appeared to eclipse S-L orthodoxy. To understand their variances we examined the choices and contexts that shaped their “hybrid” projects. Our findings suggest a schema for emergent service-learning in teacher education.
The Scramjet Engine: Processes and Characteristics

1. Introduction 2. Theoretical background 3. High temperature gas dynamics and hypersonic effects 4. Cycle analyses and energy management 5. Inlets and nozzles 6. Supersonic combustion processes and characteristics 7. Testing methods and wind-tunnels 8. Computational fluid dynamics methods and solutions for high speed reacting flows.
Clouded Picture of a Big Bang

Krakatoa The Day the World Exploded: August 27, 1883. Simon Winchester. HarperCollins, New York, 2003. 432 pp. $25.95, C$39.95. ISBN 0-06-621285-5. Viking, London, £16.99. ISBN 0-670-91126-7. Writing for a popular audience, Winchester offers an engaging, anecdotal account of the 1883 eruption of Krakatau and its effects.
Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurological disorder caused by degeneration of the motor neurons in cortex, brainstem and spinal cord. Two experimental models of ALS are described in this unit: organotypic cultures of spinal cord, and transgenic mice expressing a human mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene. Appropriate animal and cell culture models of ALS can be used to help unravel the sequence of events in motor neuronal degeneration and test potential therapies.
Gender Inequality: African Women’s Cultural Battle for Education and Success

A review of literature addressing the continued plight of woman internationally shows that inequality in the culture as well as practice. This review is an attempt to make a stronger awareness of the cultural battle facing woman for educational opportunities. Supporting this effort for gender opportunity equality is the organization GREAT which has attempt to take a strong stance on this issue. The investigation reports that inequality remains in both elementary and secondary education.
Effect of Exercise Intensity on Fat Utilization in Males and Females

This study was conducted to assess fat utilization across different exercise intensities and between males and females. Eleven males and 11 females completed a maximal test and four submaximal trials at 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70% VO(2) peak. The VO(2) peak and ventilatory threshold (VT) were assessed during the maximal test. Caloric expenditure (Cal), carbohydrate (COX), and fat oxidation (FOX) were measured during each submaximal trial. Maximal fat oxidation (Fmax) was determined as the intensity where the highest FOX was observed. There was no main effect of intensity on FOX. FOX was higher in (p < 0.05) in women than in men at 40% VO(2)peak. The Fmax occurred most frequently at 60% VO(2)peak and correlated with VT (r = 0.62) and VO(2) peak (r = 0.64). In conclusion, despite the fact that Fmax is most frequently observed at 60% VO(2) peak, rates of fat oxidation remained statistically similar across intensities from 40% to 70% VO(2)peak. Women oxidized more fat than men at 40% VO(2)peak, but this gender difference did not occur at higher intensities. It appears that exercising within the moderate intensity domain will produce similar rates of fat utilization.
Robust and data-driven approaches to call centers

We propose both robust and data-driven approaches to a fluid model of call centers that incorporates random arrival rates with abandonment to determine staff levels and dynamic routing policies. We test the resulting models with real data obtained from the call center of a US bank. Computational results show that the robust fluid model is significantly more tractable as compared to the data-driven one and produces overall better solutions to call centers in most experiments.
Asymptotics for weighted minimal spanning trees on random points

For all p⩾1 let Mp(X1,…,Xn) denote the length of the minimal spanning tree through random variables X1,…,Xn, where the cost of an edge (Xi,Xj) is given by ||Xi−Xj||p. If the Xi,i⩾1, are i.i.d. with values in [0,1]d,d⩾2, and have a density f which is bounded away from zero and which has support [0,1]d, then for all p⩾1, including p in the critical range p⩾d, we have limn→∞Mp(X1,…,Xn)/n(d−p)/d=C(p,d)∫[0,1]df(x)(d−p)/ddxc.c. Here C(p,d) denotes a positive constant depending only on p and d and c.c. denotes complete convergence. Extensions to related optimization problems are indicated and rates of convergence are also found.
Determination of the activation energy and rate constants for the chair-to-chair interconversion of cis-inositol by n.m.r. spectroscopy

The solution dynamics of carbohydrates and their chelation of metal ions have been of interest to scientists for a number of years’.‘. Solution dynamics may affect the structures of complex oligosaccharides (e.g., antigen epitopes) and carbohydrate-metal ion interactions may influence events occurring at cell surfaces3,4. As a beginning to the investigation of carbohydrate solution dynamics as well as interactions with metal ions we decided to focus on a simple carbohydrate analogue. The model system we chose is cis-inositol (1). In this symmetrical compound hydroxyl groups can be found in alternate axial and equatorial arrangements, and the two chair forms are energetically equivalent. Furthermore, its axial-equatorial-axial “trihydroxyl” pockets provide chelation sites for metals having certain ionic radii’. Using n.m.r. line-shape analysis we obtained rate constants for the chair-to-chair interconversion of cis-inositol as well as the activation parameters for this process. The effect of Ca*’ on the interconversion of 1 was also investigated.
A Microwave Digestion Method for Total Decomposition of Lead and Other Metals in Paint, Soil and Dust

A simple, total decomposition method for lead and other metals in paint has been developed. Complete decomposition is achieved through a combination of reagents over several digestive steps in a microwave oven. Results of analysis of several NIST paint SRMs show excellent recoveries ranging from 85.5 to 111%. Additionally, recoveries of a number of trace elements for two soil and one dust NIST SRM were also excellent.
A Mutational and Computational Study of Water and Ion Movement through the S6 Bundle-Crossing of CaV1.2 Channel

How exactly voltage-gated calcium and sodium channels open their physical gate formed by the S6 TM segments is not clear yet. To study this, we modeled the pore-forming region of CaV1.2 channel using a combination of homology-based modeling and abinitio Rosetta algorithm. The obtained fold was stable during 100-200 ns long molecular dynamics runs with implicit membrane and solvent. In explicit membrane/water systems, it remained stable during multiple 40-50 ns runs. When tested with the ZDOCK protein-docking algorithm, the fold binds toxin Calcicludine at a site that incorporates residues, which previously were shown to be involved in binding of the toxin. Molecular dynamics with SWM4-NDP water and polarizable ions reveals the presence of novel water-filled cavities on the intracellular side of the channel. We mutated the principal residues that form them and show their critical role in channel gating.According to molecular dynamics calculations, water polarizability appears to be important for the filling of channel. We observe that water molecules form stable structures (an enthalpy stabilized ice-like phase) inside the channel. We mutated the principal residues that are predicted to alter water structures in the pore and confirm their role in channel gating. Overall, our findings further elaborate previously proposed involvement of water in channel gating and uncover a novel molecular view on the final steps of channel opening. Supported by NIH R01 MH079406.
Modularity of computer languages

Accepting the coexistence of a variety of computer languages as a fact of life, this paper seeks to make a virtue of necessity by proposing a modular framework within which these languages can be used. Examples of the types of languages considered are command languages, programming languages, data manipulation and definition languages, data communication languages and text editor languages. Aspects of syntactic modularity and semantic modularity are distinguished, and some answers to difficult questions are suggested, leading to a proposal for specific RUN and EXECUTE constructs that should be made widely available. Discussion is mainly at the level of the visible and conceptual concerns of the end user and the system architect, but the actual implementation of interconnection mechanisms is not totally ignored. A tutorial outline is offered as an indication of how the underlying ideas might be introduced to non-specialists, and might even become a part of elementary education.
The Hypnotic Induction Profile and Absorption

This study examined the relationship between scores on the Hypnotic Induction Profile (HIP) and the trait of absorption in three different clinical groups: Smokers (n = 226), Phobics (n = 95), and patients with Chronic Pain (n = 65). Two hypotheses were investigated. The first predicted that both the Eye-Roll sign (ERS) and Induction Score (IND) of the HIP would correlate similarly (r = .30) with scores on the Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS), as has been previously reported with other measures of hypnotic responsivity in student samples. The second was that using a combination of both ERS and IND scores to predict TAS scores would result in a significant increase in forecasting accuracy over using either HIP measure alone. Both hypotheses were supported in all three clinical groups. Correlations between HIP and Absorption scores ranged from .33 to .53. Clinical and theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.
Mechanism of DNA Binding Enhancement by Hepatitis B Virus Protein pX

At least three hundred million people worldwide are infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV), and epidemiological studies show a clear correlation between chronic HBV infection and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV encodes a protein, pX, which abducts the cellular transcriptional machinery in several ways including direct interactions with bZIP transcription factors. These interactions increase the DNA affinities of target bZIP proteins in a DNA sequence-dependent manner. Here we use a series of bZIP peptide models to explore the mechanism by which pX interacts with bZIP proteins. Our results suggest that pX increases bZIP.DNA stability by increasing the stability of the bZIP dimer as well as the affinity of the dimer for DNA. Additional experiments provide evidence for a mechanism in which pX recognizes the composite structure of the peptide.DNA complex, not simply the primary peptide sequence. These experiments provide a framework for understanding how pX alters the patterns of transcription within the nucleus. The similarities between the mechanism proposed for pX and the mechanism previously proposed for the human T-cell leukemia virus protein Tax are discussed.
Intracellular pH based controlled cultivation of yeast cells: I. Measurement methodology

A method has been developed to continuously measure the intracellular pH (pH(i)) of cells cultivated in a bioreactor in an on-line fashion over extend time periods. The methods is attractive in its simplicity and involves the use of a fluorescent pH(i) indicator 9-aminoacridine (9A A) which is a week base. An expression has been derived to calculate changes in pH(i) from measured 9AA-fluorescence changes. The indicator 9AA was found t be nontoxic to yeast cells at concentrations used to measure pH(i) (7 microM). The fluorescence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) molecules did not interfere significantly with the measurement of 9AA-fluorescence. The pH(i) change in yeast cell following the addition of a proton ionophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) measured by 9AA compared favorably with that measured by the well-established pH(i), indicator (which is however unsuitable for on-line applications in a bioreactor) bis-carboxyethyl carboxy fluorescein (BCECF). The pH(i) of yeast under substrate starved conditions was 6.4 units. The responses of pH(i) of yeast cells to induced metabolic transitions were studied. Under aerobic condition, pH(i) increased by 0.12 unit following a 100-ppm glucose pulse addition and by 0.25 unit following a 300-ppm ethanol pulse addition. Under anaerobic condition, pH(i) increased by 0.1 unit following a 500-ppm glucose pulse addition. Comparison of pH(i) with other indicators of cellular metabolic state suggests that pH(i) is a cellular metabolic state indicator.
Noncomplex methods in real Banach algebras

The principal result is a new proof, independent of complex function theory, that the spectrum of any element of a real Banach algebra is nonempty (Theorem III). The methods used include elementary properties of plane convex sets, and the existence in a commutative algebra, of a continuous square root on any convex set of invertible elements which contains a square —this square root being uniquely determined by its value at one point. The proof (Theorem II) of the existence of a continuous square root (or of a continuous nth root for n ⩾ 2) is derived from a more general result (Theorem I) and depends heavily on commutativity, invertibility, and convexity. Theorem I deals with a function whose values lie in a locally convex linear topological space, and gives conditions which guarantee when several local continuous right inverses of this function may be combined to form a continuous right inverse with “large” domain. The “large” domain may be any convex subset of the range of the function, provided certain local conditions (Definition 3) are satisfied by the local inverses.
Two- and three-dimensional gravity modeling along western continental margin and intraplate Narmada-Tapti rifts: Its relevance to Deccan flood basalt volcanism

The western continental margin and the intraplate Narmada-Tapti rifts are primarily covered by Deccan flood basalts. Three-dimensional gravity modeling of +70mgal Bouguer gravity highs extending in the north-south direction along the western continental margin rift indicates the presence of a subsurface high density, mafic-ultramafic type, elongated, roughly ellipsoidal body. It is approximately 12.0 ±1.2 km thick with its upper surface at an approximate depth of 6.0 ±0.6 km, and its average density is {dy2935} kg/m3. Calculated dimension of the high density body in the upper crust is 300 ±30 km in length and 25 ±2.5 to 40 ±4 km in width. Three-dimensional gravity modeling of +10mgal to -30mgal Bouguer gravity highs along the intraplate Narmada-Tapti rift indicates the presence of eight small isolated high density mafic bodies with an average density of {dy2961} kg/m3. These mafic bodies are convex upward and their top surface is estimated at an average depth of 6.5 ±0.6 (between 6 and 8km). These isolated mafic bodies have an average length of 23.8 ±2.4km and width of 15.9 ±1.5km. Estimated average thickness of these mafic bodies is 12.4±1.2km. The difference in shape, length and width of these high density mafic bodies along the western continental margin and the intraplate Narmada-Tapti rifts suggests that the migration and concentration of high density magma in the upper lithosphere was much more dominant along the western continental margin rift. Based on the three-dimensional gravity modeling, it is conjectured that the emplacement of large, ellipsoidal high density mafic bodies along the western continental margin and small, isolated mafic bodies along the Narmada-Tapti rift are related to lineament-reactivation and subsequent rifting due to interaction of hot mantle plume with the lithospheric weaknesses (lineaments) along the path of Indian plate motion over the Reunion hotspot. Mafic bodies formed in the upper lithosphere as magma chambers along the western continental margin and the intraplate Narmada-Tapti rifts at estimated depths between 6 and 8 km from the surface (consistent with geological, petrological and geochemical models) appear to be the major reservoirs for Deccan flood basalt volcanism at approximately 65 Ma.
Exit with incomplete information about cost

Abstract This paper presents a model of output decisions by competitive firms which have incomplete information about costs. Unlike other work on this topic, our model incorporates the possibility of exit from the market after a firm has observed its unit cost. At the equilibrium expected aggregate output and the likelihood of exit depend upon the opportunity cost of staying in the market, the number of informed firms, and the intensity of competition. Uninformed firms may be better off than informed firms if exit is feasible. As a result, even if all firms face the same cost of acquiring information, informed firms may coexist with uninformed firms.
Current-sheet formation near a hyperbolic magnetic neutral line in the presence of a plasma flow with a uniform shear-strain rate: An exact solution

Abstract An exact solution for the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations for a time-dependent, two-dimensional flow of an incompressible plasma with a uniform shear-strain rate in hyperbolic magnetic field is given. This solution predicts that the presence of a shear-strain in the plasma-flow tends to impede the current-sheet formation near the hyperbolic magnetic neutral line.
Comparison of Three-Dimensional Imaging Configurations for High Resolution Microscopy Measurements

In recent years, a class of fluorescence microscopy imaging techniques has emerged which enables the imaging of single fluorophores at high resolution by reducing the problem of resolution to one of localization. The photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) technique, for example, constructs finely resolved images by way of accurately localizing closely spaced fluorophores that are detected separately in time by successively photoactivating small and stochastically different subsets of fluorophores.Due to the optical microscope's poor depth discrimination capability, the resolution of three-dimensional (3D) versions of techniques like PALM is limited by the z-localization accuracy of a single fluorophore, which can be especially poor when a fluorophore is near-focus. An imaging technique that overcomes the near-focus problem is multifocal plane microscopy (MUM) (Prabhat, P. et. al., IEEE Trans. Nanobiosci., 2004), which allows the simultaneous imaging of a fluorophore from distinct focal planes. Images from multiple focal planes enable MUM to accurately localize a near-focus fluorophore (Ram, S. et. al., Proc. SPIE, 64430D1, 2007) and to support high accuracy 3D localization over a wide depth range.Here we compare 3D fluorescence imaging configurations which employ different combinations of conventional excitation, PALM excitation, conventional emission, and MUM emission. Using a Cramer-Rao lower bound-based 3D resolution measure (Chao, J. et. al., Opt. Commun., 2009), comparisons are made in terms of the accuracy with which the distance separating two closely spaced fluorophores can be estimated. Such distance information can be important as it can help to characterize the interaction between two biomolecules. Our results show that configurations incorporating PALM excitation provide superior distance estimation accuracies for fluorophore pairs characterized by small distances of separation and orientations near parallel to the optical axis. Meanwhile, configurations incorporating MUM emission provide the best accuracies for near-focus fluorophore pairs.
Young researchers' views on the current and future state of HRI

This paper presents the results of a panel discussion titled "The Future of HRI," held during an NSF workshop for graduate students on human-robot interaction in August 2006. The panel divided the workshop into groups tasked with inventing models of the field, and then asked these groups their opinions on the future of the field. In general, the workshop participants shared the belief that HRI can and should be seen as a single scientific discipline, despite the fact that it encompasses a variety of beliefs, methods, and philosophies drawn from several "core" disciplines in traditional areas of study. HRI researchers share many interrelated goals, participants felt, and enhancing the lines of communication between different areas would help speed up progress in the field. Common concerns included the unavailability of common robust platforms, the emphasis on human perception over robot perception, and the paucity of longitudinal real-world studies. The authors point to the current lack of consensus on research paradigms and platforms to argue that the field is not yet in the phase that philosopher Thomas Kuhn would call "normal science," but believe the field shows signs of approaching that phase.
Basal Drainage System Response to Increasing Surface Melt on the Greenland Ice Sheet

Surface meltwater reaching the bed of the Greenland ice sheet imparts a fundamental control on basal motion. Sliding speed depends on ice/bed coupling, dictated by the configuration and pressure of the hydrologic drainage system. In situ observations in a four-site transect containing 23 boreholes drilled to Greenland’s bed reveal basal water pressures unfavorable to water-draining conduit development extending inland beneath deep ice. This finding is supported by numerical analysis based on realistic ice sheet geometry. Slow meltback of ice walls limits conduit growth, inhibiting their capacity to transport increased discharge. Key aspects of current conceptual models for Greenland basal hydrology, derived primarily from the study of mountain glaciers, appear to be limited to a portion of the ablation zone near the ice sheet margin.
On the astrometric detection of neighboring planetary systems, II

Abstract Extensive testing suggests that astrometric techniques can be employed to detect and study virtually any planetary system that may exist within 40 light years (12.5 parsec) of the Sun. Following the conclusion of Paper I [G. Gatewood, Icarus 27 (1976), 1–12], the astrometric group at the Allegheny Observatory began an intensive survey of 20 nearby stars to detect the nonlinear variations in their motion that planetary systems would induce. Several tests conducted to further our understanding of the limitations of this survey indicated that the photographic detector itself is responsible for the majority of the random error. A new photoelectric detector has been designed and a simplified prototype of it successfully tested. The new detector is expected to be able to utilize virtually all of the astrometric information transmitted through the Earth's atmosphere. This is sufficient to determine relative positions to within an accuracy of approximately 1 milliarcsec/hr. Such precisions exceed the design capabilities of the best existing astrometric telescopes, thus a feasibility study has been conducted for the design of an improved instrument. The study concludes that a new ground-based telescope and the new detector combined should be able to study stars as faint as the 17th magnitude with an annual accuracy of a few tenths of a milliarcsecond. However, to obtain the ultimate accuracy possible from current technology, we must place an astrometric system above the Earth's atmosphere. A space-borne instrument utilizing the new detector would in theory have sufficient accuracy to detect any Earth-like planet orbiting any of the several hundred stars nearest the Sun.
Deficits in Synaptic Transmission and Learning in Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) Transgenic Mice Require C-Terminal Cleavage of APP

Synaptic dysfunction has been shown to be one of the earliest correlates of disease progression in animal models of Alzheimer's disease. Amyloid-beta protein (Abeta) is thought to play an important role in disease-related synaptic dysfunction, but the mechanism by which Abeta leads to synaptic dysfunction is not understood. Here we describe evidence that cleavage of APP in the C terminus may be necessary for the deficits present in APP transgenic mice. In APP transgenic mice with a mutated cleavage site at amino acid 664, normal synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity, and learning were maintained despite the presence of elevated levels of APP, Abeta42, and even plaque accumulation. These results indicate that cleavage of APP may play a critical role in the development of synaptic and behavioral dysfunction in APP transgenic mice.
Resistivity structure of the Olympic Mountains and Puget Lowlands

Magnetotellurics has been used to study of the geo-electric structure of the Olympic Mountains and Puget Lowland. Data were collected along an west-east line extending from the Pacific Ocean to the Cascade Mountains. The smoothest resistivity model consistent with the data suggests that subduction of the Olympic Mountains accretionary complex (Core rocks) has been prevented by a 30+km thick sequence of volcanic rocks. This may effectively couple the Juan de Fuca and North American Plates and may explain the concentration of crustal earthquakes beneath the Puget Lowland.
Solubility and sorption by soils of 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol in water and cosolvent systems.

The solubility and sorption by five soils of 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH) were measured from water and cosolvent/water solutions. Aqueous solubility and soil−water distribution coefficients (Kd,w, L kg-1) were extrapolated from cosolvent data using a log−linear cosolvency model and compared to direct aqueous measurements. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization was employed to analyze the 8:2 FTOH in solutions and soil extracts. The cosolvent-extrapolated water solubility is 0.224 mg L-1, in good agreement with the measured value of 0.194 mg L-1. All sorption isotherms were generally linear regardless of cosolvent composition or soil organic carbon (OC) content. Kd,w values extrapolated from cosolvent data were similar but consistently higher than those measured in aqueous solutions. The latter was hypothesized to be due to dissolved OC (DOC) in the aqueous slurries. An average log KDOC of 5.30 was estimated and supported by DOC and Kd,w measurements at two soil−wat...
A sociotonetic analysis of Sui dialect contact

Sui clan exogamy can serve as a laboratory for investigation of dialect contact and immigration. The Sui people, an indigenous minority of southwest China, have marriage customs requiring that a wife and husband have different clan origins, and the wife permanently immigrates to the husband's village at the time of marriage. Due to subtle interclan dialect variation, a married woman may have different dialect features than her husband and other local villagers. This study presents an acoustic analysis of such clan-level variation in lexical tone, a sociotonetic analysis. Results show that the immigrant women maintain the tone variants of their home clan dialects to a high degree despite spending a decade or more in the husband's village, thus illustrating a case where linguistic identity is maintained in the face of close, long-term contact.
DNA Display I. Sequence-Encoded Routing of DNA Populations

Recently reported technologies for DNA-directed organic synthesis and for DNA computing rely on routing DNA populations through complex networks. The reduction of these ideas to practice has been limited by a lack of practical experimental tools. Here we describe a modular design for DNA routing genes, and routing machinery made from oligonucleotides and commercially available chromatography resins. The routing machinery partitions nanomole quantities of DNA into physically distinct subpools based on sequence. Partitioning steps can be iterated indefinitely, with worst-case yields of 85% per step. These techniques facilitate DNA-programmed chemical synthesis, and thus enable a materials biology that could revolutionize drug discovery.
Induction case hardening of steel

It is shown that if one measures the coil current, Ic, during induction case hardening of steel a distinct break in the slope of the Ic vs. time curve is found. Experimental and theoretical results are presented which show that the break occurs at the ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transition. It is also demonstrated that in AISI 1045 steel this transition is caused wholly or in part by the crystallographic a/γ transformation. The development of the shape and depth of the case is determined experimentally and related to the Ic vs. time data. It is suggested that the sharp break in the Ic vs. time data may be utilized as a feedback signal for process control of case depths in single shot induction hardening operations.
Paragonimiasis in a cystic breast mass: Case report and implications for examination of aspirated cyst fluids

We report a case of paragonimiasis diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration of a breast mass in a middle-aged Korean female with a history of breast silicone injections. Although parasitoses have been discovered by aspiration of cyst fluid in otherwise sterile sites (i.e., liver and lung), the cystic presentation in the breast of a middle-aged female complicated the diagnosis in this case. Some authors have argued against the routine cytologic examination of nonbloody cyst fluids in premenopausal women, but this protocol may lead to a false negative diagnosis in the rare instance of a parasitic cyst. While microscopic examination of breast cyst fluid is probably not warranted in every patient, it may be useful in patients at risk for unusual cystic lesions, especially if clinical and mammographic signs of fibrocystic change are absent.
Structural optimization of a CXCR2-directed antagonist that indirectly inhibits γ-secretase and reduces Aβ

Abstract Amyloid β (Aβ), a key molecule in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by sequential proteolysis via β- and γ-secretases. Because of their role in generation of Aβ, these enzymes have emerged as important therapeutic targets for AD. In the case of γ-secretase, progress has been made towards designing potent inhibitors with suitable pharmacological profiles. Direct γ-secretase inhibitors are being evaluated in clinical trials and new strategies are being explored to block γ-secretase activity indirectly as well. In this regard, we have previously reported an indirect regulation of γ-secretase through antagonism of CXCR2, a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR). We demonstrated that N -(2-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl)- N ′-(2-bromophenyl)urea ( SB225002 ), a selective inhibitor of CXCR2 also plays a role in an indirect inhibition of γ-secretase. Furthermore, we reported a ∼5-fold difference in the selective inhibition of APP versus Notch processing via γ-secretase following treatment with SB225002 . Herein we describe the synthesis and optimization of SB225002 . By determination of the structure–activity relationship (SAR), we derived small molecules that inhibit Aβ40 production with IC 50 values in the sub-micromolar range in a cell-based assay and also validated the potential of CXCR2 as a new target for therapeutic intervention in AD.
Synthesis and biochemical studies of estrone sulfatase inhibitors.

The synthesis and biochemical evaluation of estrone sulfatase inhibitors are described. Inhibitors were designed through modifications of the substrate estrone sulfate. An in vitro assay using the microsomal fraction isolated from human term placenta was used to evaluate sulfatase inhibitory activity. All the inhibitors (except sulfonyl chloride analog) exhibited low inhibitory activities in the screening assay. Sulfonyl chloride analog is a strong inhibitor, which caused 91.5% inhibition of the enzymatic activity at 300 μM. (Steroids 58: 106–111, 1993)
A Positivist Account of the Rule of Law

Despite extensive debate, accounts of the Rule of Law remain strikingly vague and imprecise. This paper begins the task of remedying this situation through the development of an analytically rigorous theory of the Rule of Law. First, it offers a preliminary sketch of a concept of law; second, it shows how the principles traditionally associated with the Rule of Law can be intrinsically connected with this concept of law; and third, it shows how these principles place meaningful restrictions on what states can and cannot do. Further components of the overall project are gestured toward in the paper's conclusion. Apart from advancing the broader goal of developing a complete theory of the Rule of Law, a paper of even this limited scope will be helpful in imposing some much-needed conceptual discipline over the Rule of Law debate.
Prostaglandin E2 administered by subcutaneous pellets causes local inflammation and systemic bone loss: A model for inflammation-induced bone disease

The effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) given in controlled-release pellets or by daily sc injection for 21 days on mineral homeostasis and bone histomorphometry were compared in 7-week-old female rats. Sham operation and ovariectomy were performed at the beginning of the studies. In experiment 1, 7.5 mg PGE2 or drug-free, controlled-release pellets were implanted sc at the back of the neck on day 7. In experiment 2, 3 mg/kg body weight of PGE2 or vehicle was injected sc daily beginning on day 7. The animals were sacrificed on day 28 of the two experiments, and the tibiae were removed for histomorphometric analysis of the diaphysis and metaphysis. When administered by pellets in experiment 1, PGE2 lowered serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and did not influence weight gain, serum calcium, phosphorus, or magnesium, cross-sectional or medullary areas, periosteal bone formation and apposition rates, endosteal bone formation and apposition rates, or endosteal tetracycline-labeled perimeter. PGE2 lowered cancellous bone area and cancellous bone perimeter in both the sham-operated and ovariectomized rats. In contrast, when administered by sc injection in experiment 2, PGE2 reduced weight gain, increased serum magnesium, increased cortical area, and reduced medullary area without changing cross-sectional area, increased periosteal bone formation and apposition rates and endosteal bone and apposition rates, did not alter endosteal tetracycline-labeled perimeter, and increased cancellous bone area and cancellous bone perimeter in both sham-operated and ovariectomized animals. PGE2 produced local inflammation when given by pellets, and the serum concentration of 13,14-dihydro-15-ketoprostaglandin E2, the major metabolite of PGE2, increased when PGE2 was given by sc injection but not when administered by pellets. Thus, PGE2 given sc by controlled-release pellets (1) produces local inflammation and systemic bone loss without increasing PGE2 systemically and (2) provides a model for inflammation-induced loss of cancellous bone. The results also indicate that the pellet is not a valid means for the delivery of PGE2 to the general circulation.
Focusing revisited: a renormalization/bifurcation approach

The nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation is a ubiquitous example of an envelope wave equation for conservative, dispersive systems. We revisit here the problem of self-similar focusing of waves in the case of the focusing NLS equation through the prism of a template-based dynamic renormalization technique that factors out self-similarity and yields a bifurcation view of the onset of focusing. As a result, identifying the focusing self-similar solution becomes a steady-state problem. The steady states are subsequently obtained and their linear stability is numerically examined. The calculations are performed in the setting of variable index of refraction, in which the onset of focusing appears as a supercritical bifurcation of a novel type of mixed Hamiltonian-dissipative dynamical system (reminiscent, to some extent, of a pitchfork bifurcation).
Recent developments in peptide drug delivery to the brain.

Peptide-based therapeutics are highly water-soluble compounds that do not readily enter brain from blood owing to poor transport through the brain capillary endothelial wall, i.e., the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Strategies available for peptide drug delivery to brain include: (a) neurosurgical-based (intraventricular drug infusion, hyperosmotic opening of the BBB); (b) pharmacological-based (peptide lipidization, liposomes); and (c) physiological-based (biochemical opening of the BBB, chimeric peptides). Chimeric peptides are formed by the covalent coupling of a pharmaceutical peptide (that is normally not transported through the BBB) to a brain transport vector that undergoes absorptive-mediated or receptor-mediated transcytosis through the BBB. The most efficient brain transport vector known to date is a monoclonal antibody to the transferrin receptor, and this vector achieves a brain volume of distribution approximately 18-fold greater than the plasma space by 5 hr after a single intravenous injection of antibody. The chimeric peptides are formed generally with chemical-based linkers. However, avidin/biotin-based linkers allow for high yield coupling of drug to vector, and for the release of biologically-active peptide following cleavage of the chimeric peptide linker. These strategies may also be used for the delivery of antisense oligonucleotide-based therapeutics to brain. In conclusion, the development of efficacious neuropharmaceuticals in the future will require the development of both drug delivery and drug discovery strategies that operate in parallel.
Proteose-Peptone Fraction of Bovine Milk: Lacteum Serum Component 3—A Whey Glycprotein

Abstract Lacteal serum Component 3 was isolated from both heated and unheated skimmilk. Unlike lacteal serum Components 5 and 8 which exist both in whey and in association with the casein components, Component 3 is found only in the whey protein fraction of skimmilk. Component 3 is characterized by a high content of carbohydrates (≈17.3%) and a low content of aromatic and sulfur-containing amino acids. In veronal buffer, the following physical parameters were determined: D° 20,w = 1.8, S° 20,w = 3.9, and M ¯ ° W = 163,000 . In veronal-GU · HCl, they were D° 20,w = 1.1, S° 20,w = 1.6, and M ¯ ° W = 40,800 , respectively. A minimum molecular weight, calculated from the limiting amino acid residues, was estimated at 22,000. An isoelectric pH of —3.7 and a partial specific volume of 0.73 were reported for Component 3.
Cellulose Acetate Membranes: Electron Microscopy of Structure

Electron photomicrographs of cellulose acetate membranes used in the reverse osmosis processof water desalination reveal a dense surface layer with a porous substructure. The high rate oftransmission for water can be correlated with the thickness of the dense layer on the air-driedsurface of the membrane.
A wireless, fully-passive neurosensing system for brain signal monitoring

Brain implant technology has the potential for understanding and improving human conditions, e.g. physical control restoration, early seizure detection, prosthetics control, and so on. However, development of such technology has yet to be adopted because conventional wired techniques restrict patient mobility and endanger safety, and due to excessive heating caused by the employed implant electronics. In the latter case, it is necessary to employ batteryless circuitry to suppress possible interference with neurological signals.