cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preliminary design of a US ITER model poloidal coil

A preliminary design of a central solenoid model coil for ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) has been made. The preliminary conductor and coil design described should achieve the model coil performance requirements with minimum cost and maximum reliability. The design is based on a Nb/sub 3/Sn cable-in-conduit conductor incorporating a conduit made from the new superalloy Incoloy 908. This alloy has excellent mechanical properties and a COE (cost of electricity) well matched to the COE of the superconducting wire. Major advantages in coil performance result, due to reduction of the thermal strain-induced degradation of the critical properties of the Nb/sub 3/Sn superconductor. The principal performance advantages include higher critical current density and higher critical temperature, particularly at high fields, which results in increased operating margins of critical current and stability. A prediction of enhanced operating performance is made relative to conductor designs by other ITER parties which rely on conduits made from austenitic stainless steels with relatively high coefficients of thermal expansion. >
Altered spinal processing in animal models of radicular and neuropathic pain.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews certain models of neuropathic and radicular pain and critically examines some of the mismatches between behavioral symptoms of pain and neurophysiological changes in the spinal cord that occur following the peripheral nerve or dorsal root injury. A variety of mechanisms might contribute to altered spinal nociceptive processing following nerve injury. For example, central sensitization or upregulation of NK-1 receptors might be involved in fairly early changes underlying the rapid onset of hyperalgesi and allodynia. Other mechanisms such as transsynaptic degeneration or synaptic remodeling within the dorsal horn, may underlie long-lasting, pathophysiological changes associated with persistent pain. A more complete understanding of the various neuroplastic changes underlying radicular and neuropathic pain will aid in further developing rational strategies to prevent or reverse these processes, thereby providing more choices in dealing with the difficult problem of chronic pain.
Multi-resolution image representation using Markov random fields

This paper presents a new method for representing the spatial information present in digital grey-tone images. The method is based on using multi-resolution decompositions (MRDs) and Markov random fields (MRFs) concurrently. A given image is represented by a MRD of it, along with an optimally estimated set of Gaussian MRF (GMRF) parameters. Since the GMRF parameters are very small in number, this addition to the usual MRD results in only a small increase in the number of bits in the representation. It is shown, however, that such a minor addition helps when reconstructing the (given) original image from its MRD. Experimental results are presented to illustrate the usefulness of this new method. >
Case 8: An Important Lesson

In 1975 we had collected the largest prospective series in the world (over 40 cases) of the anesthetic management of stabbed hearts. We had successfully anesthetized over 40 cases of stabbed hearts in Durban, South Africa. All patients were stabbed within 30 min to 2 h prior to admission.
Face recognition from a moving platform via sparse representation

A video-based surveillance system for passengers includes face detection, face tracking and face recognition. In general, the final recognition result of the video-based surveillance system is usually determined by the cumulative recognition results. Under this strategy, the correctness of face tracking plays an important role for the system recognition rate. For face tracking, the challenges of face tracking on a moving platform are that the space and time information used for conventional face tracking algorithms may be lost. Consequently, conventional face tracking algorithms can barely handle the face tracking on a moving platform. In this paper, we have verified the state-of-the-art technologies for face detection, face tracking and face recognition on a moving platform. In the mean time, we also proposed a new strategy for face tracking on a moving platform or face tracking under very low frame rate. The steps of the new strategy for face detection are: (1) classification the detected faces over a certain period instead of every frame (2) Tracking of each passenger is equivalent to reconstruct the time order of certain period for each passenger. If the cumulative recognition results are the only part needed for the surveillance system, step 2 can be skipped. In addition, if the additional information from the passengers is required, such as path tracking, lip read, gesture recognition, etc, time order reconstruction in step 2 can offer the information required.
Reduction of diepoxybutane-induced sister chromatid exchanges by glutathione peroxidase and erythrocytes in transgenic Big Blue mouse and rat fibroblasts.

Abstract We have investigated the effect of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and mammalian erythrocytes (RBCs) on spontaneous and diepoxybutane (DEB)-induced sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in primary Big Blue® mouse (BBM1) and Big Blue® rat (BBR1) fibroblasts. DEB is the putative carcinogenic metabolite of 1,3-butadiene (BD) for which inhalation exposure yields a high rate of malignancies in mice but not in rats. BD is metabolized differently in mice and rats, producing much higher levels of DEB in mice than in rats, which may partly explain the different carcinogenic responses. However, other factors may contribute to the observed differences in the rodent carcinogenic response to BD. DEB is a highly reactive compound. Upon epoxide hydrolysis, DEB can covalently bind to DNA bases. Likewise, DEB generates reactive oxygen species that, in turn, can either damage DNA or produce H 2 O 2 . Reduced glutathione (GSH) is known to play a role in the metabolism and detoxification of DEB; and GSH is reduced by GSH-Px in the presence of H 2 O 2 . GSH-Px is a constitutive enzyme that is found at high concentrations in mammalian RBCs. Therefore, we were interested in examining the role of RBCs and GSH-Px on DEB-induced SCE in rat and mouse cells for detection of possible differences in the species response. Transgenic BBM1 and BBR1 fibroblasts were treated with either 0, 2 or 4 μM DEB plus 0, 2 or 20 units of GSH-Px with and without 2×10 8 species-specific RBCs. DEB effectively induced SCEs in both rat and mouse cells. The relative induction of SCEs in both cell types was comparable. Both GSH-Px and RBCs alone and in combination were effective in significantly reducing DEB-induced SCEs in both mouse and rat fibroblasts, although there was more variability in the SCE response in rat cells. The present study suggests that GSH-Px may be important in the detoxification of DEB-induced DNA damage that results in the formation of SCEs.
A Computer Program for the Computation of Interpersonal Compatibility

This program calculates the total interpersonal compatibility measure and subcompatibility measures (inclusion, control, affection, reciprocal, originator, and interchange) from the scale scores fo...
Diagnostic approach and role of MRI in the assessment of acute myocarditis.

Abstract:The diagnosis of acute myocarditis can be challenging, primarily because of the clinical diversity at presentation, the nonspecificity of traditional noninvasive tests, as well as the poor diagnostic yield and potential complications inherent with endomyocardial biopsy. Contrast-enhanced an
Reflections on the type of question as a determinant of the form of interaction in decision‐making and problem‐solving discussions

This essay advances the thesis that scholars interested in communication in decision‐making and problem‐solving groups have focused in their research on questions of policy at considerable neglect of questions of fact, conjecture, and value. One should not presume that the process involved in discussions of questions of policy is similar to those involved in discussions of the other three types. In fact, there is good reason to believe that because the decision frame presumably is different for each type of question, the pattern of interaction characteristic of discussions involving each type of question will be distinct. Such distinctiveness is suggested and better explained by viewing each type of question from a unique theoretical perspective. Accordingly, this essay explores discussions of questions of fact from a narrative perspective, questions of conjecture from a cognitive perspective, questions of value from a deontological perspective, and questions of policy from a social‐influence perspective ...
Stage III adenocarcinoma of the endometrium: Two prognostic groups

Abstract Between July 1968 and December 1976, 26 patients with surgical-pathologic Stage III adenocarcinoma of the endometrium were treated at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. In 15 patients, extrauterine disease was confined to the ovary and/or fallopian tube (Group A). In 11 patients, disease extended beyond these organs to the vagina or other pelvic structures (Group B). Treatment included a combination of radiation therapy and surgery in all but one patient, who was treated by radiation therapy alone. The median follow-up was 65 months and the median time to relapse 9 months. The actuarial relapse-free 5-year survival for all Stage III patients was 54%; it was significantly different ( P = 0.01) for Group A (80%) and Group B (15%). The nature of extrauterine involvement in surgical-pathologic Stage III adenocarcinoma of the endometrium is of major prognostic significance.
WattApp: an application aware power meter for shared data centers

The increasing heterogeneity between applications in emerging virtualized data centers like clouds introduce significant challenges in estimating the power drawn by the data center. In this work, we presentWattApp: an application-aware power meter for shared data centers that addresses this challenge. In order to deal with heterogeneous applications, WattApp introduces application parameters (e.g, throughput) in the power modeling framework. WattApp is based on a carefully designed set of experiments on a mix of diverse applications: power benchmarks, web-transaction workloads, HPC workloads and I/O-intensive workloads. Given a set of N applications and M server types, WattApp runs in O(N) time, uses O(NxM) calibration runs, and predicts the power drawn by any arbitrary placement within 5%of the real power for the applications studied.
Assessment of vascular smooth-muscle mechanisms using isolated segments of the vessel wall.

Isolated segments of the blood vessel wall in the form of strips or rings offer advantages for the assessment of vascular smooth-muscle contractile function and its contribution to the properties of blood vessels. Several criteria must be met to obtain these advantages. These requirements are outlined in the context of an analytical framework based on the sliding filament/crossbridge model. The applicability of this model to smooth muscle is discussed, and the concept of a “functional unit” in the vascular wall is introduced. A functional unit is defined as all the smooth-muscle cells that are mechanically linked in series and bear equal stress. Several factors contribute to heterogeneity among functional units. The constraints imposed on the estimation of the static and dynamic mechanical properties of the smooth muscle are discussed. Various experimental strategies to minimize the effects of inhomogeneities in functional units can enhance the value of mechanical measurements.
Spectroscopy of Hydrothermal Reactions. 1. The CO2−H2O System and Kinetics of Urea Decomposition in an FTIR Spectroscopy Flow Reactor Cell Operable to 725 K and 335 bar

A combined microflow reactor and short-path-length spectroscopy cell along with the accompanying process controls are described to obtain real-time, in situ transmission IR spectra of reaction components of aqueous solutions up to 725 K and 335 bar. Quantitation of the spectra was required to obtain kinetics and equilibrium constants. The extinction coefficient of CO2 in H2O at 275 bar was found to increase monotonically from 1.52 × 106 at 298 K to 2.26 × 106 cm2 mol-1 at 573 K. Also, CO2 dissolved in H2O was rotationally quenched on the IR time scale below 375 K but progressed into rotational diffusion around 625 K and finally essentially free rotation above 700 K. The kinetics and pathway of hydrothermolysis of urea to CO2 and NH3 were determined directly from spectral data at 473−573 K. Good agreement was obtained between experimental and calculated concentration−time data by using a reaction model consisting of (NH2)2CO → NH4+ + OCN- and NH4+ + OCN- + H2O → CO2 + 2NH3. The Arrhenius parameters for the...
Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopic Investigation of Reaction of Rubidium and Tellurium in Liquid Ammonia Solution

ABSTRACT The sequential reaction of tellurium with rubidium in liquid ammonia solution has been monitored by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Reaction times for rubidium with tellurium in liquid ammonia were markedly slower than those of sodium and potassium, and the “yellow phase” intermediate was long lived and exhibited a peak at approximately 330 nm with a broad shoulder at about 440 nm. Species formed agree with those previously reported: Rb2Te, Rb2Te2, and Rb2Te3. Rb2Te2 solution was a violet-blue with absorbance peaks at 285.8, 324.3, 358.0, and 560.0 nm. No evidence of disproportionation reactions for rubidium polytellurides in liquid ammonia was observed.
The connection between the orientation of adsorbed water and the differential cross section of elastic electron scattering

We present calculations of the differential cross section for elastic scattering of electrons by adsorbed water, aimed at finding correlations between the angular distribution of the scattered electrons and the orientation of the adsorbed molecule. Our results suggest that such angular distributions can be used to determine molecular orientation.
Effect of Iodide-Deficiency on Thyrocalcitonin Secretion.∗:

SummaryCalcium chloride was infused intravenously in iodide-deficient, in I131-ir-radiated, and in thiouracil-treated rats. Serum calcium values were determined prior to and 30 minutes and 60 minutes after the infusion. Greater responses to calcium loading and retardations of return to the preinfusion levels were observed in iodide-deficient and iodide-deficient I131-irradiated animals. Thiouracil-treated animals showed normal response. It was concluded that normal content of iodide in diet may be necessary for activation of thyrocalcitonin, the thyroid hypocal-cemic principle.
Evaluation of intraperitoneal and subcutaneous lidocaine and bupivacaine for analgesia following ovariohysterectomy in the dog.

Many dogs in private practice undergo ovariohysterectomy (OHE) without analgesics. The purpose of this study was to determine if intraperitoneal (IP) and subcutaneous (SQ) lidocaine or bupivacaine provide analgesia following OHE. Thirty dogs presenting to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital for elective OHE were included in the study. All dogs were pre-medicated with acepromazine and butorphanol IM, induced with thiopental, and maintained with isoflurane. Dogs were randomly assigned to three groups: 10 received 8.8 mg kg−1 2% lidocaine with epinephrine IP (LID), 10 received 2.2 mg kg−1 0.75% bupivacaine IP (BUP), and 10 received 0.9% saline IP (SAL) upon completion of OHE. All IP doses were standardized to 0.88 mL kg−1 with saline. An additional 2 mL of the assigned solution was placed SC as a splash block prior to incisional closure. Dogs were scored at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, and 18 hours post-extubation by one observer blinded to treatment status. Dogs were evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain and sedation, and a scoring system that included physiologic and behavioral variables. Dogs were given supplemental analgesia with 0.22 mg kg−1 butorphanol ± acepromazine if their VAS (pain) score was >50. Parametric variables were analyzed using Student's t-test or Repeated Measures anova as appropriate. Nonparametric variables were analyzed by χ2-test. There were no significant differences in age, weight, incision length, surgery time, anesthesia time, or total thiopental dose between groups. Peak pain scores for all groups occurred at 0.5 hour and returned to baseline by 18 hours. Dogs in the BUP group had significantly lower pain scores at 0.5 hour than did dogs in the SAL group. Seven out of 10 dogs in the SAL group, 4 out of 10 dogs in the LID group, and 2 out of 10 dogs in the BUP group were given supplemental analgesia. No adverse side-effects were observed. Our findings supported the use of IP and SC bupivacaine for post-operative analgesia following OHE in the dog.
The set of all nondominated solutions in linear cases and a multicriteria simplex method

Abstract In this note we are interested in the properties of, and methods for locating the set of all nondominated solutions of multiple linear criteria defined over a polyhedron. We first show that the set of all dominated solutions is convex and that the set of all nondominated solutions is a subset of the convex hull of the nondominated extreme points. When the domination cone is polyhedral, we derive a necessary and sufficient condition for a point to be nondominated. The condition is stronger than that of Ref. [1] and enables us to give a simple proof that the set of all nondominated extreme points indeed is connected. In order to locate the entire set of all nondominated extreme points, we derive a generalized version of simplex method—multicriteria simplex method. In addition to some useful results, a necessary and sufficient condition for an extreme point to be nondominated is derived. Examples and computer experience are also given. Finally, we focus on how to generate the entire set of all nondominated solutions through the set of all nondominated extreme points. A decomposition theorem and some necessary and sufficient conditions for a face to be nondominated are derived. We then describe a systematic way to identify the entire set of all nondominated solutions. Through examples, we show that in fact our procedure is quite efficient.
Angiogenic activity of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: Implications in tobacco-related vascular diseases

Abstract Cigarette smoking bears a strong etiological association with many neovascularization-related diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease and macular degeneration. Although cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of many compounds, nicotine is the major active and addictive component of tobacco. Recent studies have shown that nicotine can enhance angiogenesis and arteriogenesis in several experimental systems and animal models. The pro-angiogenic activity of nicotine is mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which have been found to be expressed on several types of cells in the vasculature like endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and immune cells. The present review summarizes the pro-angiogenic activity of nicotine in neoplastic and non-neoplastic disease. The present article focuses on the role of nAChRs, particularly α7-nAChR in mediating the pro-angiogenic effects of nicotine. The expression patterns of nAChRs on various components of the vasculature are discussed. The complex signaling pathways underlying the angiogenic effect of nAChRs are described. The review also takes a look at the therapeutic potential of nAChR agonists and antagonists in angiogenesis-related diseases. More basic research as well as patient-oriented clinical studies is needed to firmly establish the clinical potential of nAChR ligands in angiogenesis-based therapies. Also the side effects of targeting nAChRs remain to be established in patients. The development of selective nAChR agonists and antagonists with improved specificity may represent novel therapeutic regimens in the treatment of angiogenesis-related diseases.
Hedonic and utilitarian shopping goals: The online experience

Abstract Marketers offering Web-based shopping typically try to provide a convenient, safe, and pleasant online environment, appropriate to addressing shoppers' functional goals. They might also try to create an experience that encourages more escapist elements of “flow”, a sense of deep involvement that is intrinsically enjoyable, because they assume that this enhanced experience leads to more online buying. The present research suggests that utilitarian flow elements that facilitate shopping may indeed increase purchasing. However, hedonic elements of flow are found to be unrelated to online buying, although they are positively related to outcomes associated with pathological Internet use.
Influence of Lactic Acid Starter Bacteria on Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in Ultrafiltration Prepared Camembert Cheese

Abstract A combination of Streptococcus cremoris and Lactobacillus helveticus or Lactobacillus bulgaricus lactic cultures was more effective as starter than single species cultures or S. cremoris and Streptococcus diacetylactis in combination in repressing growth and eliminating survival of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli serotype 0124 in Camembert cheese manufactured from directly ultrafiltrated skim milk concentrate. The essentiality of highly active lactic starter cultures for repressing and eliminating enteropathogenic E. coli during ultrafiltration of retentates and later in precheese was demonstrated.
Echocardiographic estimation of mean left atrial pressure in a canine model of acute mitral valve insufficiency.

High mean left atrial pressure (MLAP) due to canine degenerative mitral valve disease is associated with clinically relevant morbidity and mortality. The ability to noninvasively measure MLAP would assist in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Doppler echocardiography allows measurement of early transmitral blood flow (E) and the velocity of the mitral valve annulus (Ea). The ratio of early mitral inflow velocity to early mitral annular velocity (E: Ea) correlates well with MLAP in human subjects. We sought to determine the ability of E: Ea to predict MLAP in dogs with experimentally induced mitral regurgitation. Nine anesthetized purpose-bred dogs underwent placement of a Swan-Ganz catheter into the left atrium and recording of MLAP. Simultaneous transthoracic echocardiographic and hemodynamic studies were performed after acute chordae tendineae rupture and during IV infusion with nitroprusside (2.5-5.0 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)) or hydralazine (1-1.5 mg/kg). Mitral regurgitant fraction, measured by single-plane angiography and thermodilution, ranged from 17% to 81%. MLAP increased from 5.4 +/- 2.5 mm Hg to 17.4 +/- 9.4 mm Hg after creation of mitral valve regurgitation (MR; P = .018). Forty sets of echocardiographic measurements were obtained from 7 dogs, and E, as well as E: Ea, were linearly related to MLAP. The R2 value for the linear regression equation containing E: Ea as the dependent variable (0.83) was greater than that for E (0.73). The 95% confidence intervals were calculated for predicting MLAP = 20 mm Hg from E:Ea, and E:Ea >9.1 or 20 mm Hg or <20 mm Hg, respectively. Echocardiography can be used to predict MLAP in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs with experimentally induced acute mitral valve insufficiency.
A-site Deficiency, Phase Purity and Crystal Structure in Lanthanum Strontium Ferrite Powders

Abstract Lanthanum strontium ferrite (LSF) powders of average composition of (La1−x′ Srx′) y′FeO3+δ, were fabricated over a range of average strontium composition between 0.2 ≤ x′ ≤ 0.5 and average A-site occupancy between 0.8 ≤ y′ ≤ 1.0. Samples that were originally determined to be perovskite phase pure using X-ray diffraction with CuKα radiation were found to have significant amounts of non-perovskite phases when evaluated using high-energy synchrotron radiation. As-fabricated samples with nominal A-site deficiency, y′
Supramolecular assemblies involving organometallic free acids

Reactions between W(η2-Ph2C2)Cl4 and salicylic acid derivatives generate analytically pure free acids of formula W(η2-Ph2C2)Cl3(Hsal-R) (1) in high yields (Hsal = a salicylate monoanion). The produ...
Unilateral altruism may be beneficial: A game-theoretic illustration

Abstract This paper examines when unilateral altruism may be beneficial. The example of two-person, 2 × 2 noncooperative games is used to develop an intuitive criterion, namely that a ‘role reversal’ would result in the two persons' behavior changing in a similar direction.
Adult Undergraduate Academic Participation.

The purpose of the present study was to explore the relationship between 10 independent variables and undergraduate academic participation within a weekend college environment. The four demographic variables were age, educational attainment, job type and work setting. The six variables contained in Cross' Chain of Response Model (self‐evaluation of ability, attitudes towards education, goals and expectancy, life transitions, opportunities and barriers, and information) were also investigated. Three levels of participation were identified low, medium, and high. An ex post facto design was employed in the present study. Data were gathered through the administration of a survey instrument to 220 adult students enrolled in a weekend‐degree program. Cronbach's alpha was used to assess instrument sub‐test internal consistency. Internal consistency coefficients ranged between .63 to .88. A statistically significant relationship was found under discriminant function analysis with alpha = .05 between participation...
A strategy-proofness characterization of majority rule

A feasible alternative x is a strong Condorcet winner if for every other feasible alternative y there is some majority coalition that prefers x to y. Let \({\cal L}_{C}\) (resp., \(\wp_{C})\) denote the set of all profiles of linear (resp., merely asymmetric) individual preference relations for which a strong Condorcet winner exists. Majority rule is the only non-dictatorial and strategy-proof social choice rule with domain \({\cal L}_{C}\), and majority rule is the only strategy-proof rule with domain \(\wp_{C}\).
Adsorption of Thermomonospora fusca E5 and Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I cellulases on synthetic surfaces.

The interfacial behavior of Thermomonospora fusca E5 and Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI) cellulases were studied at synthetic surfaces. For this purpose, colloidal silica and polystyrene particles were used to prepare cellulase-particle suspensions that could be analyzed by solution-phase techniques. Circular dichroism spectroscopy of each cellulase, alone as well as in suspension with silica, was used to determine whether structural changes occurred on adsorption. Changes in spectra were observed for CBHI, but not for E5. Gel-permeation chromatography of the cellulase-particle suspensions showed that neither cellulase binds to silica, suggesting that changes in spectra for CBHI were a result of solution-phase phenomena. Microfiltration of cellulase-polystyrene suspensions showed that both cellulases bind to polystyrene. However, circular dichroism experiments with polysterene proved unworkable, owing to excessive light absorption by the polystyrene. Adsorption kinetics of each cellulase were recorded, in situ, at hydrophilic and silanized, hydrophobic silica surfaces using ellipsometry. Ellipsometric data recorded for each cellulase at hydrophilic silica showed insignificant adsorption. Binding did occur between each cellulase and silanized silica, most likely mediated through hydrophobic associations. Adsorption in this case was irreversible to dilution.
Automatic synthesis of mass-exchange networks with single-component targets

This paper addresses the problem of automatically synthesizing mass-exchange networks in which the mass of a single (key) component is exchanged between a set of rich streams and a set of lean streams. In the first part of this paper we present a two-stage synthesis procedure that employs one minimum allowable composition difference for all possible rich-lean stream pairs. In the first stage, a linear programming problem is solved to determine the minimum cost of mass-separating agents and to locate thermodynamic bottlenecks (pinch points) which restrict the exchange of mass between the rich and the lean streams. This formulation can also preclude (preassign) any specified forbidden (compulsory) matches between streams. In the second stage, a mixed-integer linear program is solved to yield minimum-utility cost networks in which the number of mass-exchanger units is minimized. In the second part of this paper we present a more general, yet computationally intensive, procedure that employs one minimum allowable composition difference for each possible rich-lean stream pair. These degrees of freedom are then used to minimize the annualized total cost of the network. An additional merit of the latter methodology is its potential as an improved approach for the synthesis of optimal heat-exchange networks. Several examples with industrial relevance are solved to demonstrate the usefulness of the notion of synthesizing mass-exchange networks and to illustrate the computational effectiveness of the proposed synthesis strategy.
Effect of Medicare coverage on use of invasive colorectal cancer screening tests.

Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of ambulatory claims data for Washington State Medicare beneficiaries in 1994, 1995, and 1998. We determined the proportion of patients undergoing diagnostic and screening flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, or double-contrast barium enema in 1994, 1995, and 1998 and the proportion receiving fecal occult blood testing in 1998. Results: Use of diagnostic and screening colon tests was low in all years. Fewer than 6% of beneficiaries received any colon test, and fewer than 4% received a screening test. Although more patients underwent diagnostic testing after Medicare coverage began, use of screening tests did not significantly change (odds ratio, 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.97-1.01 comparing 1994 and 1998 [P=.33]). Women, individuals older than 80 years, and nonwhite patients were statistically significantly less likely to be screened in all 3 years (P.001). In 1998, fewer than 7% of patients underwent fecal occult blood testing, with men and nonwhites statistically significantly less likely to have this test (P.001). Conclusions: Colorectal cancer screening tests are underused in the Washington State Medicare population, and insurance coverage for these tests did not substantially affect utilization rates in the period studied. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2581-2586
A preliminary report on an empirical analysis of drainage network adjustment to precipitation input

In an analysis of the effect of precipitation on drainage network adjustment and on cumulative stream discharge, seven 4th-order drainage basins in each of two areas were investigated. Both areas are covered by glacial till and have similar precipitation intensities and thunderstorm frequencies, but one area receives approximately 30 percent greater average annual precipitation than the other. Values of certain geomorphic parameters were determined for each basin, and these values were compared statistically. As might be expected from considerations based on Horton's law, the number of segments per order per unit area of a 4th-order basin in the wetter area is systematically related to that in the drier area. The analysis indicates that a basin of a given order in the drier area contains more segments of every order than does a basin of the same order in the wetter area. But on a unit area basis more segments per order per unit area of 4th-order basins occur in the wetter area. Runoff data indicate that cumulative stream discharge per segment per order per unit area should be appreciably greater in the wetter area than in the drier area. On the basis of data collected from the two areas it appears that some variable other than precipitation, materials, evapotranspiration, and precipitation intensity is operative in the adjustment process. This variable may be initial relief.
Six-locus high resolution HLA haplotype frequencies derived from mixed-resolution DNA typing for the entire US donor registry.

Abstract We have calculated six-locus high resolution HLA A∼C∼B∼DRB3/4/5∼DRB1∼DQB1 haplotype frequencies using all Be The Match® Registry volunteer donors typed by DNA methods at recruitment. Mixed resolution HLA typing data was inputted to a modified expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm in the form of genotype lists generated by interpretation of primary genomic typing data to the IMGT/HLA v3.4.0 allele list. The full cohort consists of 6.59 million subjects categorized at a broad race level. Overall 25.8% of the individuals were typed at the C locus, and 5.2% typed at the DQB1 locus, while all individuals were typed for A, B, DRB1. We also present a subset of 2.90 million subjects with detailed race/ethnic information mapped to 21 population subgroups, 64.1% of which have primary DNA typing data across at least A, B, and DRB1 loci. Sample sizes at the detailed race level range from 1,242,890 for European Caucasian to 1,376 Alaskan Native or Aleut. Genetic distance measurements show high levels of HLA genetic divergence among the 21 detailed race categories, especially among the eight Asian–American populations. These haplotype frequencies will be used to improve match predictions for donor selection algorithms for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and improve the accuracy in modeling registry match rates.
Supramolecular Precursors for the Synthesis of Anisotropic Cu2S Nanocrystals

Copper alkanethiolates are organometallic precursors that have been used to form Cu2S nanodisks upon thermal decomposition. Here, we demonstrate that molecular assembly of Cu alkanethiolates into an ordered liquid crystalline mesophase plays an essential role in templating the disk morphology of the solid-state product. To examine this templating effect, we synthesize Cu alkanethiolate precursors with alkane tails of varying chain length and sterics. We demonstrate that short chain precursors produce two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets of Cu2S, while longer-chained variants produce Cu2S nanodisks exclusively. This work provides new insights into the use of liquid crystalline phases as templates for nanocrystal synthesis and as a potential route for achieving highly anisotropic inorganic nanostructures.
Evaluation of cadaveric pericardium in the rat for the surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease.

Abstract Objectives. To evaluate the intermediate-term efficacy of cadaveric pericardium (Tutoplast) as a grafting material in the surgical correction of Peyronie’s disease using a rat model. Peyronie’s disease is a connective tissue disorder of the tunica albuginea. When less invasive modalities fail to correct the penile deformity, surgical excision of the plaque and coverage with various grafting materials has been advocated. Methods. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats (300 to 325 g) constituted the study population. The animals were divided into two groups: group 1, control rats (n = 10) and group 2, rats that underwent wedge excision of the tunica albuginea and replacement with cadaveric pericardial grafts (n = 10). All rats underwent electrical stimulation of the cavernosal nerve to assess erectile function after 4 months. Tissues obtained after death were stained with trichrome and Verhoff’s van Giesen for collagen and elastic fibers. Results. Erectile function as studied by cavernosal nerve stimulation was not significantly different in either group ( P >0.05), and histologic studies of penile cross sections of the pericardial graft group revealed a mild to moderate degree of fibrosis surrounding the patch at 4 months. Conclusions. We found that pericardial cadaveric grafts in a rat model are a suitable tunica albuginea substitute. They allow for penile expansion after cavernosal nerve stimulation and are strong enough to withstand normal intracorporeal pressures. Our early experimental data in the rat support the use of pericardial cadaveric material for coverage of excised Peyronie’s plaques. However, long-term follow-up in humans is mandatory.
Quenching of Triplet Excitons in Anthracene Crystals by Internal Beta-Irradiation

Abstract We wish to report effects of bulk irradiation of anthracene by low energy electrons, tritium β-particles, on triplet exciton lifetime in anthracene crystals doped with small concentrations of randomly tritiated carbazole.
Leading strand specific spontaneous mutation corrects a quasipalindrome by an intermolecular strand switch mechanism.

Abstract Imperfect inverted repeats or quasipalindromes can undergo spontaneous, often complex mutational events that correct them to perfect palindromes. Two models that depend on the quasipalindrome providing a template for a specific mutational event have been described to explain this mutation: an intramolecular and an intermolecular strand switch model. A 17 bp quasipalindrome containing a −1 deletion within the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene in plasmid pJT7 undergoes a spontaneous +1 frameshift mutation that creates a perfect inverted repeat and a Cmr phenotype. By analyzing this mutation frequency in two plasmids that contain the CAT gene in either orientation with respect to the origin of replication, we show that the specific frameshift occurs preferentially in the leading strand during DNA replication. Due to the availability and proximity of the lagging strand template as a single strand during replication of the quasipalindrome in the leading but not lagging strand, we suggest that the specificity for the leading strand correction is due to a leading strand specific intermolecular strand switch rather than an intramolecular strand switch. To test this hypothesis, we have designed a genetic selection to detect a leading strand intermolecular strand switch. This selection utilizes asymmetric quasipalindromes, one of which contains two central stop codons. When cloned into the CAT gene in pJT7, reversion to Cmr requires inversion of the stop codons and addition of a +1 frameshift to correct the reading frame. The inversion of the central stop codons, which is predicted by an intermolecular but not an intramolecular strand switch, occurs concomitant with the specific correction of the original 17 bp quasipalindrome. Inversion of an asymmetric center can also be demonstrated when not under selective pressure using a quasipalindrome lacking central stop codons. These results are consistent with the correction of a quasipalindrome occurring predominantly by an intermolecular strand switch during replication of the leading strand.
Electrical characterization of CVD diamond thin films grown on silicon substrates

Abstract Diamond thin films grown on high resistivity, 〈100〉 oriented silicon substrates by the hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) method have been characterized by four-point probe and current-voltage (through film) techniques. The resistivities of the as-grown, chemically etched and annealed samples lie in the range of 102 Ω cm to 108 Ω cm. The Raman measurements on these samples indicate sp3 bonding with a sharp peak at 1332 cm−1. The surface morphology as determined by scanning electron microscope shows polycrystalline films with (100) or (111) faceted structures with average grain size of ≈2.5 μm. The through film current-voltage characteristics obtained via indium contacts on these diamond films showed either rectifying or ohmic behavior. The difference in Schottky and ohmic behavior is explained on the basis of the high or low sheet resistivities measured by four-point probe technique. 5% methane to hydrogen concentration during film growth resulted in poor surface morphology, absence of sp3 bonds, and low resistivity.
Do we understand coronal mass ejections yet

Though many more coronal mass ejections (CMEs) were observed, and though much more has been learned about them during the Solar Maximum Analysis period, they are not yet fully understood. A few recent observational results are reviewed; conclusions and implications drawn from these observations are presented. An emerging picture of the magnetic character of CMEs is sketched; the variations of CMEs' frequency and latitudes over most of a solar cycle are shown. A strong caution about the present lack of concensus on the definition of CMEs is illustrated with examples of the consequences of using different definitions. Finally, some remaining questions about coronal mass ejections are posed.
Spectroscopy of quasi-2D D- ions in the presence of excess electrons

Abstract Far infrared magneto-spectroscopic studies of quasi-2D D− ions have been carried out in several GaAs Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 As MQW samples with a wide range of controlled doping in the barrier with constant sheet doping in the well. Temperature, carrier density dependence, and polarization studies of a new confinement-related feature on the low frequency side of cyclotron resonance indicate that this feature is likely due to a D− triplet transition. The temperature dependence of the relative absorption strength of D−, D0 and CR were also studied and found to be in qualitative agreement with a calculation that includes the probability of both single and double occupancy (the D− states) of a particular donor site in thermal equilibrium in high magnetic field.
Evolution of sleep quantity, sleep deprivation, mood disturbances, empathy, and burnout among interns.

AbstractPurposeTo explore the relationships between sleep deprivation and the evolution of mood disturbances, empathy, and burnout among a cohort of interns.MethodIn 2002–03, 47 interns in the internal medicine resident program at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine completed the follo
Statistical Traffic Anomaly Detection in Time-Varying Communication Networks

We propose two methods for traffic anomaly detection in communication networks where properties of normal traffic evolve dynamically. We formulate the anomaly detection problem as a binary composite hypothesis testing problem and develop a model-free and a model-based method, leveraging techniques from the theory of large deviations. Both methods first extract a family of probability laws (PLs) that represent normal traffic patterns during different time-periods, and then detect anomalies by assessing deviations of traffic from these laws. We establish the asymptotic Newman-Pearson optimality of both methods and develop an optimization-based approach for selecting the family of PLs from past traffic data. We validate our methods on networks with two representative time-varying traffic patterns and one common anomaly related to data exfiltration. Simulation results show that our methods perform better than their vanilla counterparts, which assume that normal traffic is stationary.
On the interaction of internal gravity waves with a magnetic field – II. Convective forcing

We present results from numerical simulations of the interaction of internal gravity waves (IGW) with magnetic fields in the radiative interior of the Sun. In this second paper, the waves are forced self-consistently by an overlying convection zone and a toroidal magnetic field is imposed in the stably stratified layer just underneath the convection zone. Consistent with the results of previous analytic and simple numerical calculations, we find a strong wave-field interaction, in which waves are reflected in the field region. The wave-field interaction and wave reflection depend on the field strength as well as on the adopted values of the diffusivities. In some cases, wave reflection leads to an increased mean flow in the field region. In addition to reproducing some of the features of our simpler models, we find additional complex behaviours in these more complete and realistic calculations. First, we find that the spectrum of wave generation, both in magnetized and in unmagnetized models, is not generally well described by available analytic models, although some overlap does exist. Similarly, we find that the dissipation of waves is only partially described by the results of linear theory. We find that the distortion of the field by waves and convective overshoot leads to rapid decay and entrainment of the magnetic field which subsequently changes the wave-field interaction. In addition, the field alters the amount of wave energy propagating into the deep radiative interior, at times increasing the wave energy there and at others decreasing it. Because of the complexity of the problem and because the durations of these simulations are shorter than the anticipated time-scale for dynamical adjustment of the deep solar interior, we are unable to draw a definitive conclusion regarding the efficiency of angular momentum transport in the deep radiative interior by IGW in the presence of a magnetic field.
Solid-state 93Nb MAS NMR studies of single crystal Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3, (PMN) and Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3, (PZN) and related lead titanate solid-solution relaxor ferroelectrics

Solid-state 93Nb MAS NMR spectra measured at 14.1 Tesla of single crystal Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3 (PMN), Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PZN), 0.93 PMN/0.07 PT, and 0.92 PZN/0.08 PT, and polycrystalline PMN and 0.90 PMN/0.10 PT materials have two major resonances due to the central transition (+l/2↔-l/2), a sharp peak at ≈-900 ppm, and a broad resonance centered near -980 ppm. The sharp 93Nb signal has a small CQ (≤1 MHz) consistent with high symmetry Nb(V) ion B-sites as a consequence of local Mg/Nb (and Zn/Nb) ordering, and is tentatively assigned to near-cubic Nb(V) B-sites of Nb(OMg)6 (and Nb(OZn)6) configurations. The broad Nb signal near -980 ppm consists of two or more overlapping powder patterns with large CQ values, and are tentatively assigned to lower symmetry Nb(ONb)6-x(OMg)x and Nb(ONb)6-x(OZn)x configurations (where x=0 to 5).The 93Nb NMR spectra of single crystal 0.93 PMN/0.07 PT, 0.65 PMN/0.35 PT, and 0.92 PZN/0.08 PT, and polycrystalline 0.90 PMN/0.10 PT and 0.66 PMN/0.34 PT compared to PMN and PZN are correlate...
Characteristics of the synthetic heulandite-clinoptilolite family of zeolites

Heulandite-clinoptilolite zeolites can be synthesized over the complete range of Si/Al ratio (2.5 to 6) found for the natural minerals. The unit cell parameters, framework infrared vibrational characteristics and thermal properties are similar to those of their natural counterparts. Results of environmental studies involving the removal of toxic metal ions such as lead, strontium and cesium from solution show that though natural clinoptilolite efficiently removes these ions from solution, the higher aluminum content of heulandite results in an improvement in the capacity of this topology for divalent cations. The ability to readily prepare synthetic heulandite and clinoptilolite using environmentally benign methods is expected to lead to improvements in the use of this family of zeolites for similar environmental applications.
Multiscale fourier descriptors for classifying semivowels in spectrograms

Abstract Fourier descriptors (FDs) have been used successfully to characterize the boundary of objects in images. It is demonstrated that FDs are appropriate for characterizing objects in speech spectrograms consisting of 40 sounds representing 10 speaker-dependent words containing the English semivowels /w y l r/. With 10 FDs, a 97.5% recognition rate is attained. Different sounds are misclassified by wide- and narrow-band methods, suggesting that multiscaling and FD changes (differences) may be appropriate features. With a FD difference approach, recognition rates equaled or exceeded those obtained with a conventional linear predictive coding (LPC) classifier as well as those obtained with wide- and narrow-band FD methods alone.