cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energetics (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) of Mycobacterium lepraemurium in diffusion chambers incubated in vitro and in mice.

Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) measurements and the processing of samples have been refined to a point where the energetics and growth potential of microscopic samples of unwashed host-grown, host-dependent microbes can be investigated. Mycobacterium lepraemurium, the noncultivated agent of murine leprosy, was employed to examine three reports of the slow microscopic growth of this organism in the absence of host cells. A few million bacterial cells were enclosed in Rightsel- and Ito-type diffusion chambers, which were incubated in vitro and in the peritoneal cavities of mice. In the in vitro experiments, a complex medium containing bovine serum and mouse brain extracts, renewed three times a week, did not sustain the energetics of the bacilli. The microscopic counts declined to 72% and the ATP per culture to 9% of the original values. Very different results were obtained from chambers incubated in the peritoneal cavities of mice. The bacterial biomass increased 2.7-fold and the ATP per culture increased 2.5-fold. Because the ATP per cell was 93% of the original, this system is regarded as the first to permit the extracellular growth of a so-called “obligate intracellular microbe.” The results obtained with only 1 × 106 host-grown cells per assay demonstrate a significant biochemical tool for investigating the growth potential of host-grown microbes during the progression, regression, and therapy of disease.
Acoustic double layers in multispecies plasma

Particle simulation in a one-dimensional bounded system is used to examine the formation of acoustic double layers in the presence of two ion species. Double-layer formation depends critically on the details of the distribution functions of the supporting ion populations, and their relative drifts with respect to the electrons. The effect of having two ion components, an H/sup +/ and an O/sup +/ beam, on double-layer evolution from ion acoustic turbulence driven by an electron drift relative to the H/sup +/ beam of approximately=0.5u/sub e/, where uu/sub e/ is the electron thermal speed, is examined. The ratio of ion drifts is taken to be consistent with acceleration by a quasi-static auroral potential drop (i.e. V/sub H//V/sub O/= square root M/sub O//M/sub H/=4.0). Acoustic double layers form in either ion species on the time scale tau approximately=100 omega /sub ps//sup -1/, where omega /sub ps/ is the ion plasma frequency for species 's' and s=H or O, and for drifts relative to the electrons lower than that required for double layer formation in simulations of single ion component plasma. >
Transportation, automation, and societal structure

Only when we learn to understand much better the dynamic interaction between new transportation systems and the structure of our communities can we take full advantage of transportation's potential as a really effective tool in our quest for a finer quality of life for our citizens. The opportunity to do so is much enhanced by the recent rapid evolution in transportation from its centuries-old pattern of unconstrained growth paced by key advances in propulsion and new rights of way to a new age of finesse in which automation will bring, from existing rights of way, higher capacity, greater safety, and far better service at lower cost through automated system and total-trip management. In parallel, the discipline that has helped us predict well the dynamic behavior of such mostly physical systems as air-traffic control may add some helpful insight into such critical questions as the long-range effects of transportation on urban structure, where nontechnological factors dominate. Leadership belongs to the communities; the federal role is to provide support in generic ways. It is hoped that new Department of Transportation programs in technology-and-planning-tool sharing and in university support will be helpful.
Estimating Potential Economic Net Carbon Flux from U.S. Agriculture Using a High Resolution Integrated Socioeconomic-Biogeophysical Model.

Abstract Accurate estimation of the carbon abatement potential of a national carbon market upon U.S agricultural lands is needed by climate analysts, policy makers and carbon market organizers. A high resolution integrated socioeconomic-biogeophysical model is created by overlaying soils data and satellite land use data using GIS. The economic component of the model has been disaggregated to the county level, where, in each county, cropping activities have been expanded to include conventional tillage, reduced tillage and no-tillage operations. The model is used to test changes in net carbon flux induced by conservation tillage incentives on existing U.S. cropland in the eight major crops. The maximum technical potential reduction in net carbon flux is estimated to be 34 million metric tons carbon (MMT C) below baseline. The economic potential reduction in net carbon flux at incentives below $500 per ton carbon is estimated to be 20 MMT C below baseline, and 14.6 MMT C at an offered incentive of $125 per metric ton carbon. These estimates are considerably less than previous estimations of carbon abatment in U.S. agricultural lands. High resolution data indicate that the northern corn belt, Red River Valley and Mississippi Delta have the greatest economic potential for carbon abatement. Application of incentives based on gross soil sequestration potential leads to leakage in regions where land is reallocated from low input production to higher input carbon sequestering practices.
Complications of Ablative and Nonablative Lasers and Light Sources

Complications of cutaneous laser surgery can be understood by reviewing the evolution of laser technology over the past several decades. Lasers initially were designed to operate in a continuous-wave (CW) mode, which produced a continuous beam of radiation that subsequently was absorbed by a tissue chromophore. Although particular skin structures could be destroyed using these early lasers, their use was limited because the energy emitted not only altered the target, but also conducted heat into adjacent nonirradiated tissue. The nonselective thermal injury produced in adjacent tissue resulted in significant side effects and complications; specifically, dyspigmentation, and scarring.1, 2, 3
A One-Pot Synthesis of a Triblock Copolymer from Propylene Oxide/Carbon Dioxide and Lactide: Intermediacy of Polyol Initiators

Just add water: The copolymerization of propylene oxide and CO2 catalyzed by a cobalt complex is tolerant to the addition of water as chain-transfer reagent to afford polyols (HO-(PPC)-OH) with narrow molecular weight distributions (see picture; PPC=poly(propylene carbonate); PLA=polylactide). The addition of an organocatalyst to these polyols in the presence of lactides produces well-defined triblock copolymers (PLA-b-PPC-b-PLA).
Adaptive transfer functions (backpropagation neural nets)

The author details the approach and methodology used to build adaptive transfer functions in a feedforward backpropagation neural network and provides insight into the structure-dependent properties of using nonscaled analog inputs. The results of using adaptive transfer functions are shown to outperform conventional architectures in the implementation of a mechanical power transmission gearbox design expert system knowledge base. >
Near term deployment, long term impact: Uranium price over the lifetime of new capacity

While reasonable short-term resource price projections can be obtained by taking a bottom-up approach — constructing a supply curve based upon current production capacities and costs — this approach breaks down as the time horizon of the analysis lengthens. One approach to long-term price forecasting is to calibrate a simple model of a commodity market against past data. To that end, an analogy was drawn between the behavior of the uranium market and that of some three dozen materials for which the United States Geologic Survey (USGS) maintains data. This work adds to previously published results showing that the USGS-reported prices of minerals similar to uranium have consistently declined over the past century. In this paper, the extent to which uranium geology and extraction technologies are indeed analogous to other minerals is quantitatively addressed. A study of crustal abundances, ore grades being economically mined, concentration factors, market share of extraction techniques, years of proven reserve and other factors indicates that uranium is not at all exceptional with respect to the average of the USGS minerals. This suggests that, on the supply side, the analogy between the USGS minerals and uranium may indeed offer valuable insights into medium and long term uranium price behavior.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Availability of physical activity resources in the environment for adults with intellectual disabilities.

Background Adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) have high rates of physical inactivity, yet little is known about the prevalence of facilitators and barriers in the built environment contributing to these high rates.
Pronouncing and Persevering: Gender and the Discourses of Disputing in an African Islamic Court

Pronouncing and Persevering: Gender and the Discourses of Disputing in an African Islamic Court Susan F. Hirsch (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1998).
Case Studies of Ergonomic Interventions in Automotive Parts Distribution Operations

Ergonomic job analysis, intervention design, and intervention implementation are essential components of an ergonomics program designed to reduce worker exposure to risk factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders. As part of a 4-year study to reduce overexertion injuries in the service parts division of a major automaker, intervention case studies were identified that could be used at multiple facilities across the division. Interventions were developed and implemented. The three case studies include 1) self-elevating powered vehicle for transporting parts throughout the facility and for reaching to high bin locations; 2) lift and tilt pallet jacks for packing small parts into large bin-like containers; and 3) single-level telescoping conveyor used for delivering hand-held totes for subsequent sorting operations. Several analysis methods were used to assess worker exposure before and after intervention implementation (biomechanical analysis, posture analysis, worker interviews, and activity analysis). Following implementation, a decrease in exposure to risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders was documented. Worker interviews revealed acceptance and agreement that risk factors associated with the targeted tasks were reduced. Each case study includes a description of the implementation hurdles and can serve as both primary and secondary prevention of musculoskeletal disorders. Future work should document worker health and/or symptom changes as well as changes in risk factor exposure.
On Spatial Scales and Lifetimes of SST Anomalies beneath a Diffusive Atmosphere

Abstract The authors identify spatial and temporal scales in a one-dimensional linear, diffusive atmospheric energy balance model coupled everywhere to a slab mixed layer of fixed depth. Mathematically, the model is identical to a heat conducting rod, which over its entire length both radiates and is in contact with a large but finite“reservoir.” Three characteristic timescales mark, respectively, the atmosphere’s adjustment to a sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly, the decay of a pointwise SST anomaly, and the radiative decay of a large-scale SST anomaly. The first and the third of these timescales are associated with diffusive length scales characterizing, respectively, the distance over which heat is diffused in the atmosphere before being lost to the ocean beneath, and the distance over which heat is diffused in the coupled system before being radiated to space. For spatial scales between the two diffusive lengths, the SST anomaly does not decay exponentially but with the square root of time; this r...
Robust reconfigurable electromagnetic pathways within a photonic topological insulator

The discovery of topological photonic states has revolutionized our understanding of electromagnetic propagation and scattering. Endowed with topological robustness, photonic edge modes are not reflected from structural imperfections and disordered regions. Here we demonstrate robust propagation along reconfigurable pathways defined by synthetic gauge fields within a topological photonic metacrystal. The flow of microwave radiation in helical edge modes following arbitrary contours of the synthetic gauge field between bianisotropic metacrystal domains is unimpeded. This is demonstrated in measurements of the spectrum of transmission and time delay along the topological domain walls. These results provide a framework for freely steering electromagnetic radiation within photonic structures.
Pan-cancer analysis of intratumor heterogeneity as a prognostic determinant of survival

As tumors accumulate genetic alterations, an evolutionary process occurs in which genetically distinct subclonal populations of cells co-exist, resulting in intratumor genetic heterogeneity (ITH). The clinical implications of ITH remain poorly defined. Data are limited with respect to whether ITH is an independent determinant of patient survival outcomes, across different cancer types. Here, we report the results of a pan-cancer analysis of over 3300 tumors, showing a varied landscape of ITH across 9 cancer types. While some gene mutations are subclonal, the majority of driver gene mutations are clonal events, present in nearly all cancer cells. Strikingly, high levels of ITH are associated with poorer survival across diverse types of cancer. The adverse impact of high ITH is independent of other clinical, pathologic and molecular factors. High ITH tends to be associated with lower levels of tumor-infiltrating immune cells, but this association is not able to explain the observed survival differences. Together, these data show that ITH is a prognostic marker in multiple cancers. These results illuminate the natural history of cancer evolution, indicating that tumor heterogeneity represents a significant obstacle to cancer control.
OBSERVATIONS ON ENDOCARPON PUSILLUM: THE ROLE OF RHIZOMORPHS IN ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Endocarpon pusillum Hedw. is a common crustose-squamulose lichen occurring on soil and rock in the United States (Fink, 1935). Rhizines, previously reported in this group (Smith, 1921; Bertsch and Butin, 1967; Ahmadjian and Heikkila, 1970), generally are thought to function as a means of anchoring a thallus to a substrate, while there has also been some general discussion of their possible function in water and nutrient uptake (Smith, 1921; Jahns, 1973). While the fungal extensions on the undersurface of these specimens of E. pusillum could be called "rhizines," because of their extensive development the term "rhizomorph" is more appropriate and will be used. As a result of the observations on E. pusillum reported here, the possible involvement of rhizomorphs in asexual reproduction will be discussed. Endocarpon pusillum was observed growing on soil around the bases of prairie grasses at several sites on loess bluffs along the Missouri River in western Iowa. The small lobed thalli were numerous, along with other species of soil-inhabiting lichens, and some areas contained four to five E. pusillum thalli per cm2. Thalli were collected by removing pieces of soil approximately 2 X 5 X 1-2 cm thick. Since whole thalli were to be imbedded for microscopic examination, it was judged expedient for microtomy to remove as much soil as possible. Large pieces of soil with many thalli on them were immersed in water and the soil gently brushed away with small camel-hair brushes. It became apparent that what were superficially separate thalli on the same piece of soil were actually clusters of thalli interconnected by a network of subterranean rhizomorphs (FIG. 1). Some of the rhizomorphs extended laterally outward from the thalli while others traveled vertically into the soil under the thalli. Both lateral and vertical rhizomorphs branched ex-
Gas-propelled aerosols and micronized dusts for control of insects in aircraft. 2. Pesticide formulations.

The criteria used in the selection of the test insecticides and formulations for trials against insects in aircraft were chemical, physical, pharmacological, and olfactory. Insecticides were tested both as aerosols and as micronized dusts.
Stereotactic Bony Trajectory Preservation for Responsive Neurostimulator Lead Placement Following Depth EEG Recording

Responsive neurostimulation (RNS) is rapidly gaining traction as a therapy for medically refractory epilepsy. Depth electrode placement for stimulation of a deep seizure focus may be indicated after the focus has been electrophysiologically localized using depth electroencephalography (depth EEG). We describe a simple technique whereby the bony trajectories created during initial stereotactic placement of depth EEG electrodes are preserved and reused for RNS with depth electrodes. This technique may help to improve targeting and maximize surgical efficiency.
AVC Strategies and Realization for Zhexi Hydropower Plant

The main target of automatic voltage control(AVC) for hydropower plants is to stabilize voltage with safe and effective method in accordance with operation restriction condition of the units and the power plant.With generators of Zhexi Hydropower Plant,Hunan as an example,the policies of AVC,such as function restrictions,boundary condition and protection locking strategy for AVC are expatiated.And implementation of PQ curve restriction and high accuracy of voltage control are analyzed in detail.The test results illustrated in this paper will benefit to the future test and operation for Hydropower Plants' AVC.
MANAGEMENT OF ANGER IN A THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY FOR DRUG ADDICTS

The major focus of this paper is on the problems, solutions and benefits we found in implementing Novaco’s (1977) systematic program for anger management in an inpatient therapeutic community for drug addicts. We became interested in implementing such a program in our community because anger and angry transactions are emotional and behavioral patterns frequently encountered among our patient population. In general, it seems that among this population conflict and frustration are handled predominately in one of two ways: either the individual is passive, experiences little or no anger and totally withdraws from conflict, or becomes provoked very easily, experiences intense anger and behaves aggressively. Novaco’s program is designed particularly for the latter response pattern while assertion training and fair fight techniques (Moffett, 1976) are interventions designed for individuals on the passive end of the anger continuum.
Control of febrile shivering during amphotericin B therapy.

"Rigors" of febrile shivering often complicate therapy with amphotericin B (AmB) in immunosuppressed patients with cancer. Violent muscle contractions cause physical and emotional distress as well as dread of future therapy. This experimental study tested the effectiveness of a nursing measure in 20 hospitalized adult patients with cancer. In addition, the effects of shivering on myocardial oxygen consumption were studied. Based on Abbey's Model of Nursing Action, wraps of terry cloth toweling were applied to extremities to protect dominant skin sensors against heat loss. Patients with wrapped extremities had shorter, less severe shivering episodes than controls (p = 0.04) and required less meperidine for shivering suppression (p = 0.04). Shivering significantly elevated myocardial oxygen consumption, reflected in the rate pressure product (RPP), above pre- or post-shivering levels (p less than 0.0001). The study reflects first-year findings of a federally funded project.
Single-Site Resolution Detection of Methylation in DNA with Graphene Nanopores

Epigenetic modification of DNA where methyl groups are added at the 5-carbon position of cytosine is known as DNA methylation. It is associated with carcinogenesis, thus capable of serving as markers for detection of cancer. Nanopore analytics provides an easier and quicker route to detect methylated sites by avoiding complicated bisulfite treatment and polymerase chain reaction amplification. Graphene has a thickness of a single atom, thereby holding the potential to detect the methylation at single-site resolution. In this work, we use a self-consistent Poisson-Boltzmann formalism to simulate the translocation of methyl-CpG (MBD) proteins bound to a DNA molecule in a graphene nanopore, and detect the methylated sites along the DNA strand by computing both ionic current using molecular dynamics simulations and transverse sheet current via tight binding Hamiltonian based none-equilibrium Green's function approach.1 Evident dips are recorded in the ionic current trace through the nanopore for each methylation site, as expected, suggesting a single-site resolution. The graphene membrane with added quantum point contacts, by means of transverse sheet currents, can also detect the methylated site through local jumps in the variance of the measured transverse current. The proposed measurement strategy allows for real time, fast and high resolution DNA methylation detection.21. Girdhar, A., Sathe, C., Schulten, K., & Leburton, J. P. (2013). Graphene quantum point contact transistor for DNA sensing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(42), 16748-16753.2. Sarathy, A., Qiu, H., Schulten, K., & Leburton, J. P. Single-site detection of methylation in DNA with graphene nanopores. To be published.
HNO as an Oxygen Substitute in Enzymes

Abstract Dioxygenase enzymes catalyze the degradation of substrates by incorporating both atoms of dioxygen. HNO, nitroxyl or azanone, is isoelectronic with 1O2 and it is efficiently trapped by O2-binding proteins like myoglobin and hemoglobins. Indeed, HNO may act as a substrate for enzymes in the place of O2 or its congeners, as has been seen in the nitroxygenase activity of a Mn dioxygenase, quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase, Mn-QDO. The observed nitroxygenase reactivity results in the incorporation of both N and O into the product; a similar noncatalytic reaction producing the same product is observed at high pH in the absence of enzyme. In this work, we report kinetic analysis of both enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactivities with a series of flavonols (Hflas). The possible involvement of a quinone methide tautomer of the Hfla substrates rationalizes the site of nitroxyl N-atom incorporation into the product.
Some Exploratory Studies of the Art of Preschool Children

Very little work has been done toward understanding the art work of preschool children. This is rather surprising when one realizes that any nursery school program devotes a great deal of time to art. Probably one reason for this lack of attention to children's prerepresentational work is that their markings or "scribblings" are often regarded as void of meaning. The word "scribbling," in fact, has negative connotations, and it must be admitted that nursery school teachers are somewhat hard pressed when asked to discuss such random markings. During the past couple of years a study has been underway at Cornell University which attempts to bring into focus some of the problems of preschool art. The study has been greatly assisted by the Cornell Nursery School, the National Laboratory of Early Childhood Education, and some graduate assistants. Several different attempts were made to understand what some of the marks meant to the children who produced them. These studies started with the observation of children engaged in art activities and then extended in several related directions.
Castro, Che Guevara, and Their Western Admirers

As Fidel spoke, I allowed myself to listen closely and feel that peculiar sensation I experience in his presence, as if meeting with a force of nature, a man so filled with the energy of the historical mission that he is almost a different species. Power radiates from him. Saul Landau [Y]ou gave all of us who are alone in this country … some sense that there were heroes in the world … It was as if the ghost of Cortez had appeared in our century riding Zapata's white horse. You were the first and greatest hero to appear in the world since the Second War … you gave a bit of life to the best and most passionate men and women all over the earth, you are the answer to the argument … that revolutions cannot last, that they turn corrupt or total or they eat their own. Norman Mailer [Che Guevara] presided over the Cuban Revolution's first firing squads … [and] founded Cuba's labor camp system … The present day cult of Che … has succeeded in obscuring this dreadful reality … Che was an enemy of freedom and yet he has been erected into a symbol of freedom. He helped establish an unjust social system in Cuba and has been erected into a symbol of social justice. Paul Berman CASTRO'S CHARISMA AND CULT The admiration of Fidel Castro by intellectuals and non-intellectuals alike stands out as one of the purest instances of political hero worship in our times. Castro was exceptionally well suited for this role: he was young (when his worship began and was most intense), handsome, dynamic, articulate, a powerful speaker, a genuine revolutionary and guerilla fighter who overthrew an oppressive government. He was, in all probability, the most charismatic of all the dictators considered in this study. Georgie Anne Geyer noted his “unusual physical and psychological, propensities – the frenzied and ceaseless talking … the manic energy that seemed almost superhuman as he often went days without sleeping.” He often met visitors from abroad late night or early morning (like Stalin), impressing them with his stamina.
Expression of Transcription Factors NFAT1, c-Jun, c-Fos, and Bach2 in Umbilical Cord Blood and Adult Blood T-Cells.

Background: Nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT1 or NFATc2) is proposed to plays a role in Graft versus host disease (GVHD) because it regulates the transcription of many cytokines and surface regulatory proteins including: cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), IL-13, IFN-γ, CD40L, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and TNF-α. NFAT1 regulates the expression of these genes through direct interaction with the leucine zipper region of AP-1 (Fos/Jun) and through cooperative binding to a 15-bp DNA sequence that contains both NFAT1 and AP-1 sites. The highly conserved basic regions of AP-1 (Fos/Jun heterodimer) bind to the TGTTTCA consensus sequence in DNA. Human Bach2 is also a basic-leucine zipper (bZip) protein. The amino acid residues in contact with the DNA in the basic regions of c-Jun and c-Fos are also identical in Bach2 (human and mouse). The high conservation of DNA-contacting amino acid residues between Bach2 and AP-1 strongly suggests that Bach2 (homodimers) and AP-1 (Fos/Jun heterodimers) can bind to the same DNA site, which may block the formation of NFAT1/AP-1/DNA complex and the subsequent expression of cytokine genes. Clinical studies have determined that umbilical cord blood (UCB) elicits reduced incidence and severity of GVHD, compared to Bone Marrow (BM), due in part to reduced donor T-cell cytokine production. Methods: We compared the RNA and protein levels of NFAT1, c-Jun, c-Fos, and Bach2 in human UCB CD4 + T-cells with Adult Blood (AB) CD4 + T-cells by Quantitative RT-PCR analyses and Western blots. This comparison was done in both stimulated and non-stimulated conditions. Our ongoing interest is to test whether Bach2 binds the same DNA site as AP-1, and to test the potential of Bach2 and AP-1 competing for the same DNA site using Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) with purified Protein of Bach2, c-Jun, and c-Fos from E. coli. Results: Our data showed a high expression of Bach2 RNA in both non-stimulated and stimulated UCB CD4 + T-cells. In both the non-stimulated comparison and stimulated comparison samples, we detected no significant changes in RNA levels of NFAT1, c-Jun, or c-Fos. Conclusions: Our data support the hypothesis that Bach2 acts as a transcriptional repressor of cytokine genes due to the fact that highly expressed Bach2 in UCB competes with AP-1 for same DNA binding site.
HoloMuse: Enhancing Engagement with Archaeological Artifacts through Gesture-Based Interaction with Holograms

We present HoloMuse, an AR application for the HoloLens wearable device, which allows users to actively engage with archaeological artifacts from a museum collection in ways that are otherwise not possible. We designed HoloLens to facilitate learning and engagement with museum collections without taking away from the experience of viewing an original artifact within the context of an exhibit. HoloMuse can be used inside the gallery or in the classroom. It enables users to pick up, rotate, scale, and alter a hologram of an original archeological artifact using in-air gestures. Users can also curate their own exhibit or customize an existing one by selecting artifacts from a virtual gallery and placing them within the physical world so that they are viewable only using the device. We intend to study the impact of HoloMuse on learning and engagement with college-level art history and archeology students.
Graphical Resource-Based Object-Oriented Simulation for Construction Process Planning

Simulation is a powerful tool for construction process design and optimization. The results of a simulation provide detailed process information, such as resource utilization and idleness, operation bottlenecks, production rates and costs. To model and simulate construction operations, the attributes and characteristics of resources play a vital role in creating realistic simulation models. Many of the resource-dependent strategies and characteristics, however, are difficult, if not impossible, to model using existing simulation systems. COOPS-R is a new discrete-event simulation system for construction process modeling that focuses on resource flows of construction operations. Resources are modeled as objects (software entities that mimic the behavior of their real world counterparts) that flow through sub-tasks and interact with each other. This modeling paradigm provides the flexibility of modeling resource-dependent processing strategies. Due to the object-oriented modeling concept, COOPS-R is designed to provide an animated environment where the resource flows are explicitly and graphically represented.
Allocating Redundancy Between Erasure Coding and Channel Coding When Fading Channel Diversity Grows With Codeword Length

A transmitter sends a packetized message over a fading channel using packet-level erasure coding and physical-layer channel coding of each resultant packet. Given an overall code rate, this paper finds the optimal rates of the erasure code and the channel code to minimize the transmit power required for a certain message error probability. This paper considers a practically important fading model in which the number of block fades in a transmitted channel codeword increases with the codeword length. Such a model applies, for example, in a time-varying channel with a fixed coherence time. The rate at which diversity grows with codeword length plays an important role in the optimization problem. If the diversity growth factor is large enough, then the erasure code plays a minor role, having an optimal rate that is essentially nondecreasing with decreasing overall rate. We prove analytically that, on a channel with linear growth in diversity, as overall rate decreases, the optimal erasure code rate eventually increases to its maximum possible value (e.g., a rate of 1 for an erasure code with no overhead). Additionally, we also consider the optimization problem of minimizing the message error probability given a transmit power. Numerical results again show that erasure coding is not necessary when overall code rates are sufficiently low.
Religious coping in patients with severe substance use disorders receiving acute inpatient detoxification

Background and Objectives Religious coping, one of the most widely studied components of spirituality among psychiatric populations, has rarely been addressed in patients with severe substance use disorders (SUD). The aim of our study was to elucidate whether religious coping is related to symptom expression and mutual-help participation. Methods Self-reported religious coping was assessed in individuals sequentially admitted to a private psychiatric hospital for inpatient detoxification. Target symptoms of SUD included severity of substance use prior to admission and craving during detoxification. Three hundred thirty-one patients (68.6% male) participated in the survey; mean age was 38.0 years, and primary presenting diagnosis was most commonly alcohol use disorder (n = 202; 61%), followed by opioid use disorder (n = 119; 36%). Results Positive religious coping was associated with significantly greater mutual-help participation, fewer days of drug use prior to admission, and was modestly, yet significantly associated with lower drug craving. Negative religious coping was associated with lower confidence in the ability to remain abstinent post-discharge and higher drug craving. Conclusions Consistent with hypotheses, greater positive religious coping was associated with greater mutual-help participation, lower severity of pre-admission drug use, and lower substance craving during detoxification. Use of positive religious coping may modify the course of SUD recovery by promoting engagement in mutual-help activities. Scientific Significance The findings of this study suggest that positive and negative religious coping are linked with several key SUD recovery variables. Further research to replicate this finding and to assess mechanisms within this potential association is warranted. (Am J Addict 2017;XX:1–7)
Lesion oxygenation associates with clinical outcomes in premalignant and early stage head and neck tumors treated on a phase 1 trial of photodynamic therapy.

Abstract Background We report on a Phase 1 trial of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for superficial head and neck (H&N) lesions. Due to known oxygen dependencies of PDT, translational measurements of lesion hemoglobin oxygen saturation (StO2) and blood volume (tHb) were studied for associations with patient outcomes. Methods PDT with aminolevulinc acid (ALA) and escalating light doses was evaluated for high-grade dysplasia, carcinoma-in-situ, and microinvasive carcinomas of the H&N. Among 29 evaluable patients, most (18) had lesions of the tongue or floor of mouth (FOM). Disease was intact in 18 patients and present at surgical margins in 11 patients. In 26 patients, lesion StO2 and tHb was measured. Results Local control (LC) at 24 months was 57.5% among all patients. In patients with tongue/FOM lesions LC was 42.7%, and it was 50.1% for those with intact lesions. Lesion tHb was not associated with 3-month complete response (CR), but StO2 was higher in patients with CR. In tongue/FOM lesions, baseline StO2 [mean(SE)] was 54(4)% in patients (n = 12) with CR versus 23(8)% in patients (n = 6) with local recurrence/persistence (p = 0.01). Similarly, for intact disease, baseline StO2 was 54(3)% in patients (n = 10) with CR versus 28(8)% in patients (n = 5) without CR (p = 0.03). In patients with intact disease, higher baseline StO2 associated with 24-month local control (p = 0.02). Conclusions Measurement of the physiologic properties of target lesions may allow for identification of patients with the highest probability of benefiting from PDT. This provides opportunity for optimizing light delivery based on lesion characteristics and/or informing ongoing clinical decision-making in patients who would most benefit from PDT.
What's at Stake: Characterizing Risk Perceptions of Emerging Technologies

One contributing factor to how people choose to use technology is their perceptions of associated risk. In order to explore this influence, we adapted a survey instrument from risk perception literature to assess mental models of users and technologists around risks of emerging, data-driven technologies (e.g., identity theft, personalized filter bubbles). We surveyed 175 individuals for comparative and individual assessments of risk, including characterizations using psychological factors. We report our observations around group differences (e.g., expert versus non-expert) in how people assess risk, and what factors may structure their conceptions of technological harm. Our findings suggest that technologists see these risks as posing a bigger threat to society than do non-experts. Moreover, across groups, participants did not see technological risks as voluntarily assumed. Differences in how people characterize risk have implications for the future of design, decision-making, and public communications, which we discuss through a lens we call risk-sensitive design.
A novel 3-dimensional (3D) microfluidics device to model the tumor microenvironment (TME).

704Background: In vitro models of cancer have led to significant therapeutic advances. Despite the widespread use of in vitro tissue culture, the ability to directly evaluate human biology is limit...
Effects of Carbohydrate on Perceptual and Affective Responses to Exercise

Carbohydrate is arguably the most important dietary component that has the potential to improve endurance exercise performance. A diet high in carbohydrate that is consumed prior to endurance exercise increases glycogen storage in skeletal muscle and the liver, subsequently producing an ergogenic effect. In addition, carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged exercise maintains blood glucose and carbohydrate oxidation rates such that muscle and liver glycogen are spared. The improved carbohydrate availability during exercise has been shown to attenuate perceived exertion responses, especially near the end of high intensity exercise performance. Carbohydrate ingestion during exercise has also been shown to improve short-term exercise performance of 1 h or less. Carbohydrate ingested during such exercise could not reach the bloodstream in amounts needed to significantly improve carbohydrate availability. The potential mechanism of such a seemingly contradictory effect may be that the stimulation of glucose receptors in the mouth has central nervous system responses such as the activation of reward centers and an increase in central drive/motivation. Studies employing carbohydrate ingestion or mouth rinses during short-term exercise performance have reported mixed results. Nevertheless, blunted RPE and improved AR have accompanied an increased performance in some of these investigations. This chapter presents recent evidence for the ergogenic effects of carbohydrate ingestion during exercise as they pertain to perceptual and affective responses. In addition, selected laboratory applications of the perceptual methodologies presented in previous chapters are again used to study the ergogenic effects of carbohydrate ingestion during exercise.
Provider Perspectives on Outcome Goals for Children's Day Treatment

I describe service provider perspectives regarding outcome goals of children's day treatment and their ideas for how to make day treatment programs successful in achieving stated outcomes. Respondents were direct service staff from ten day treatment programs in one county in Washington state. Data were obtained through nominal group process methods. The primary outcome goals of day treatment reported were: community re-integration, improved adaptive functioning skills, psychological growth, and improved family functioning. Aspects of day treatment that may help achieve outcome targets included: team quality; comprehensive programming; a consistent, safe, accepting program environment; an individualized, developmental approach; linkages with other services; family involvement, and a low staff-to-client ratio. Outcome goals are discussed relative to those described within the research literature on children's mental health services. Implications for the use of outcome goals for quality improvement are described.
Impact and Penetration of SiC: The Role of Rod Strength in the Transition from Dwell to Penetration

Abstract The phenomenon of dwell during projectile impact on ceramics has been an active area of research for several decades. Dwell in confined ceramics has received much attention, particularly the role of cover plates and their influence over the dwell to penetration transition. Dwell during long rod impact on unconfined ceramics has received relatively less attention. The present work will compare and contrast the results of two series of long rod impacts on hot pressed silicon carbide targets. One series utilized gold wire rods. The other series utilized rods fabricated from tungsten carbide with 10% cobalt matrix. A novel ten-flash X-ray system captured spatially resolved images of the penetration events. The experimental results are compared with simulations and predictions from the Alekseevskii-Tate equation to explore the role of shock pressure, the effects of the strength of the rod material in dwell to penetration transition behavior, and the behavior of defects within silicon carbide.
A Survey Study Measuring People's Preferences Towards Automated and Non-Automated Ridesplitting

Ridesplitting is both common and important as it facilitates daily transportation needs. Alongside an increase in ridesplitting is the introduction of automated driving systems, which together, bring out the possibility of automated ridesplitting. However, previous studies have identified resistance in the acceptance of automated driving systems. In light of past research on automated driving systems, we used a survey to compare people’s preferences of automated ridesplitting to non-automated ridesplitting. Statistical and text mining techniques were leveraged to analyze the results. We found similarities in the numeric responses of important factors concerning automated and non-automated ridesplitting whereas there were large differences between automated and nonautomated ridesplitting in the text responses. Additionally, people prioritized cost and time in both automated and non-automated ridesplitting. These results can be used in the design of future ridesplitting services, especially with respect to increasing acceptance of and trust in automated ridesplitting services.
Stereotactic Body Radiation and Interleukin-12 Combination Therapy Eradicates Pancreatic Tumors by Repolarizing the Immune Microenvironment

Over 80% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) patients are diagnosed with non-resectable late-stage disease that lacks effective neoadjuvant therapies. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has shown promise as an emerging neoadjuvant approach for treating PDA, and here, we report that its combination with local interleukin-12 (IL-12) microsphere (MS) immunotherapy results in marked tumor reduction and cures in multiple preclinical mouse models of PDA. Our findings demonstrate an increase of intratumoral interferon gamma (IFNγ) production following SBRT/IL-12 MS administration that initiates suppressor cell reprogramming and a subsequent increase in CD8 T cell activation. Furthermore, SBRT/IL-12 MS therapy results in the generation of systemic tumor immunity that is capable of eliminating established liver metastases, providing a rationale for follow-up studies in advanced metastatic disease.
Mental Health Status Does Not Affect Patient Satisfaction After Knee Replacement

Aim: To determine whether peri-operative mental health scores are associated with patient satisfaction after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of 205 primary TKAs to determine whether the Short Form-12 Mental Component Score (SF-12 MCS) is associated with Press Ganey satisfaction. Univariate logistic regression was used to test for an association between MCS and the likelihood of a 5-star rating for each question. Results: Patients with low preoperative and postoperative MCS were less likely to give a 5-star rating for provider and staff communication, friendliness, and courteousness but had no association with satisfaction with overall care. A change in MCS in patients with a low preoperative MCS was associated with 5-star satisfaction with appointment scheduling. Conclusion: Patient mental health status is minimally associated with patient satisfaction. Thus, poor preoperative mental health status should not be a relative contraindication to TKA.
Situating Programs of Study within Current and Historical Career and Technical Educational Reform Efforts.

This article provides a broad overview of the history of career-focused education in the United States and the reauthorization of the federal Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Improvem...
Clinicopathologic characteristics, pathology, and prognosis of 77 dogs with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

Background Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a common cause of nonimmune complex glomerulopathy and the prognosis and clinicopathologic findings associated with this condition have not been described in dogs. Objective To characterize the presentation and identify clinical factors associated with the survival of dogs with FSGS. Animals Seventy-seven dogs diagnosed with FSGS based on evaluation of renal biopsy samples submitted to the International Veterinary Renal Pathology Service. Methods Retrospective review of medical records of dogs biopsied for evaluation of proteinuria between January 2015 and May 2017. Results The incidence of FSGS among all dogs biopsied for proteinuria was 26%. Significantly more females (48; 62.3%) than males (29; 37.7%) were affected (P = .04). At the time of biopsy, median serum creatinine concentration (SCr) was 1.2 mg/dL (range, 0.3-8.7), median serum albumin concentration (Alb) was 2.8 g/dL (range, 1.1-4.6), median systolic blood pressure was 153.5 mm Hg (range, 95-260), and median urine protein : creatinine ratio was 5.9 (range, 1.4-22). Median survival time after biopsy was 258 days (range, 26-1003) for dogs that died from all causes (n = 32). Factors that were associated with a shorter survival time included SCr ≥ 2.1 mg/dL (P Conclusions and clinical importance Most dogs with FSGS were female, and although commonly hypertensive, azotemia, severe hypoalbuminemia and ascites or edema were observed infrequently. Variables significantly associated with survival time were SCr and Alb.
Multiscale crack band model for eigenstrain based reduced order homogenization

A multiscale crack band model is proposed to alleviate spurious mesh size dependence in the solution for a strain softening constitutive model. A continuum damage mechanics-based material model for the constituent phases of a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) based composite material is applied to the Eigenstrain based Reduced-order Homogenization framework for multiscale modeling. This paper presents the formulation and demonstrates dissipated energy regularization within the multiscale modeling framework. A key contribution is computationally efficient implementation of multiscale crack band model as user defined subroutine for the commercial software Abaqus. The accuracy of the multiscale crack band model is demonstrated by critical evaluation of the numerical results for CFRP laminates.
Secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death

The prevention and treatment of sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains a significant public health challenge. For patients with a history of sudden death attributable to ventricular arrhythmia, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy is a mainstay of treatment, although these patients remain at high risk for recurrent ventricular arrhythmia and defibrillator therapies. In this review, we summarize landmark clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of ICD therapy in secondary prevention patients, review clinical outcomes including mode of death in survivors of SCD, and highlight the role for systematic diagnostic evaluation. We additionally discuss the invasive electrophysiological management of these patients, including ICD selection and programming as well as the role and timing of antiarrhythmic drug therapy and catheter ablation. Finally, we frame future challenges and needs to advance the care for secondary prevention patients.