cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revolucionários em tempos contrarrevolucionários: desenvolvendo a consciência nacional fanoniana no século XXI

Fanon nao apenas narra a efetividade de uma luta anticolonial no seu texto, mas tambem esboca os varios desafios, frequentemente dialeticos, para se reestruturar uma sociedade de baixo para cima. A caracteristica mais marcante e evidente neste ultimo aspecto e o desenvolvimento do que Fanon sugestivamente denominou de consciencia nacional, cujo significado e continua utilidade constituem o foco deste artigo. Apesar de muitas pessoas terem aceitado como realidade as posicoes ideologicas que serviram de esteio ao neoliberalismo, 2011 comecou com um turbilhao de insurreicoes, movendose contagiosamente pelas regioes do Norte da Africa onde o Fanon que estudamos pensou, viveu e escreveu. Tunisianos e egipcios chamaram seus esforcos de revolucionarios. O mais extraordinario e a aparente impossibilidade de combater as normas
Saltatory Forward Movement of a Poly(A) Polymerase during Poly(A) Tail Addition

Vaccinia poly(A) polymerase (VP55) interacts with > or = 33-nucleotide (nt) primers via uridylates at two sites (-27/-26 and -10). It adds approximately 30-nt poly(A) tails with a rapid, processive burst in which the first few nt are added without substantial primer movement, and addition of the remaining adenylates is dependent upon a six-uridylate tract at the extreme 3' end of the primer and accompanied by polymerase translocation. Interaction of VP55 with 2-aminopurine (2-AP)-containing primers was associated with a 3-fold enhancement in 2-AP fluorescence. In stopped-flow experiments, fluorescence intensity changed with time during the polyadenylation burst in a manner dependent upon the position of 2-AP, indicating a non-uniform isomerization of the polymerase-primer complex with time consistent with a discontinuous (saltatory) translocation mechanism. Three distinct translocatory phases could be discerned: a -10(U)-binding site forward movement, a -27/-26(UU)-binding site jump to -10, then a -27/-26(UU)-binding site movement further downstream. Poly(A) tail elongation showed no apparent pauses during these isomerizations. Fluorescence changes during polyadenylation of 2-AP-containing primers with short preformed oligo(A) tails reinforced the above observations. Primers composed entirely of oligo(U) (apart from the 2-AP sensor), in which the polymerase modules might be most able to "slide" uniformly, also showed the characteristic saltatory pattern of translocation. These data indicate, for the first time, a discontinuous mode of translocation for a non-templated polymerase.
Failure of selective termination and dexamethasone rescue therapy to arrest HELLP syndrome in a midtrimester triplet gestation with one triploid fetus

We present a case of a patient with a triplet pregnancy at 22 weeks with one triploid fetus (69XXX) who developed severe preeclampsia that did not reverse with dexamethasone rescue therapy and selective termination. With multiple gestations on the rise and the early diagnosis of abnormal pregnancies being accomplished through ultrasound, serum markers, and invasive procedures, the question remains if there is a point in gestation before which selective termination of an abnormal fetus would allow the pregnancy to continue without preeclampsia developing or progressing. Appropriate counseling as to the maternal risk in cases of trisomy 13 or triploidy is essential as early in pregnancy as possible.
The effects of notch size and material microstructure on the notch sensitivity factor for notched components

Abstract Nickel base superalloys are used in hot sections of gas turbine engines due to its high strength and good creep, fatigue, and corrosion resistance at high temperature. In this paper, a new probabilistic approach based on weakest-link theory that accounts for the effects of the microstructure, notch size and notch acuity is described and applied to nickel base superalloy to determine the fatigue notch factor, notch sensitivity index and the probability of forming microstructurally small crack from the notch root. The simulation results obtained from this framework are compared with experimental results and results obtained using existing classical methods for notched polycrystalline nickel base superalloys for the different notch root radii and acuities considered.
Synthesis of 5S ribosomal RNA in Escherichia coli after rifampicin treatment.

Experiments involving rifampicin show that 5S RNA is generated from a transcription unit carrying between thirteen and thirty times the amount of genetic information necessary for the production of one molecule.
Lepidocrocite iron mineralization in keratose sponge granules.

Reddish-brown granules embedded in the spongin fibers of some keratose sponges consist of very fine crystallites of poorly organized lepidocrocite, γ FeOOH. This is the first occurrence of crystalline iron mineralization in the phylum Porifera and the first indication of hard tissue formation among the Keratosa.
From Vavilov to the Present-a Review

The title of this seminar-"Centers of Plant Diversity and the Conservation of Crop Germ Plasm"-is a clear indication of the philosophical change underlying man's comprehension of his relationship with the Plant Kingdom. At no time in history has man's dependence upon plants been greater than today. It is true that man was inseparable from his environment during the many thousands of years of his emergence into agriculture, but population pressures during the period of hunting and gathering were easily relieved by moving into new territory. Thereafter, in spite of local famines, agricultural improvements largely paced the growth of population so that little thought had to be given to obtaining maximum production from plants. Within this century, we have become aware of the impending collision of the potentialities of plants to provide nutriment and the growth of the human population of the world. For Alphonse de Candolle, Origine des Plantes Cultivees (10) was more a mental exercise than a practical means of pinpointing areas in which plants might furnish a genic pool leading to an increase in food supplies, either through greater production or the reduction of losses due to pests and diseases. From de Candolle's work stems the idea of centers of origin of cultivated plants. N. I. Vavilov opened a whole new approach to the problem of locating pools of germ plasm and the practical application of this knowledge. While he continued to discuss "centers of origin," it is evident from his first two dicta for establishing centers of origin (66) that he was evolving an idea of areas of genic diversity. These dicta are: 1) establishment of area with greatest varietal diversity of a species; 2) elucidation of the system of varietal diversity of a species. Accordingly, during the early 1900's,
Mathematical assessment of properties of precursor-dependent indirect pharmacodynamic response models

Precursor-dependent indirect response (PDIDR) models may describe the tolerance and rebound phenomenon observed for many pharmacodynamic responses where these characteristics are manifested due to the depletion or accumulation of a physiological precursor or cofactor pool responsible for generating drug effects. The purpose of this report is to extend the concepts and applications of these models and to approximate responses and limiting conditions for very large doses of drugs. Asymptotic analysis was performed for qualitative determination of various parameters, such as maximum response (Rmax) and rebound (RBmax), time to maximum response and rebound (TRmax and TRBmax), and area under the effect and rebound curve (ABEC and ABRC) for large doses. Computer simulations were performed to assess the role of dose for both cases where drugs act either by depleting (Model V) or by blocking (Model VI) the endogenous precursor. Simulations showed that Rmax, RBmax, TRBmax, ABEC and ABRC increase with dose, eventually reaching a plateau when Dose/V is very large compared to the efficacy parameters (SC50 or IC50) of the drug. However, TRmax either increased or decreased with dose depending on various system and drug parameters. The limits for these parameters at large doses qualitatively determined by asymptotic analysis closely approximated the plateaus observed from the simulated curves. At large doses, the drug response could be approximated by a Bateman-like function for both Models V and VI. Qualitative analyses along with simulation studies provide a fundamental basis for understanding the temporal aspects of the PDIDR models especially at large doses to describe the tolerance and rebound phenomenon.
Quantification of distinct molecular species of platelet activating factor in ulcerative colitis

The aim of this study was to characterize the synthesis and metabolism of platelet activing factor (PAF, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) by colonic mucosa from patients with ulcerative colitis and healthy individuals. Tissue was obtained by endoscopic biopsy and by scraping the mucosa from surgical resections. Tissue was assayed for the various molecular species of PAF and its biologically inactive metabolite lyso-PAF using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Mucosa from surgical resections for ulcerative colitis contained C16:0 PAF (mean=156 ng/g of mucosa), but not C18:0 PAF. PAF was not identified in mucosa from normal surgical resections or in endoscopic biopsies from either patients with ulcerative colitis or normal individuals. Both C16:0 lyso-PAF and C18:0 lyso-PAF were found in mucosa from normal and ulcerative colitis surgical resections and in endoscopic biopsies from ulcerative colitis and normal tissue. Levels of lyso-PAF were similar in ulcerative colitis and normal mucosa. Incubation of mucosa from areas of active inflammation in ulcerative colitis with the calcium ionophore A23187 increased the levels of C16:0 PAF by 2–3 fold and also increased the levels of C16:0 lyso-PAF. Addition of3H-PAF to endoscopic biopsies from either normal individuals or patients with ulcerative colitis resulted in hydrolysis to3H-lyso-PAF. The data on colonic mucosal levels of PAF are consistent with the results of earlier studies measuring PAF in patients with ulcerative colitis by bioassay. This study examines the synthesis and metabolism of specific molecular species of PAF in ulcerative colitis for the first time.
Scheduling coupled photovoltaic, battery and conventional energy sources to maximize profit using linear programming

To address the increase of electricity demand, the need for reducing carbon dioxide, and the reduction of available fossil fuel resources, renewable energy sources are being recruited. Specifically energy generated by photovoltaic (PV) cells is becoming one of the most promising alternatives. In this context, this paper presents an optimization model for the scheduling problem where conventional and photovoltaic sources of energy are scheduled to be delivered to satisfy energy demand. The optimization model is formulated as a Linear Program (LP) with a bounded number of variables and constraints. The respective solution can be obtained in polynomial time and provides the optimal combination or schedule of energy generated from different sources (conventional, renewable and battery storage) such that the total demand is satisfied and the profit is maximized. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness and the generality of the scheme.
On the Variability of “Dynamic Seedability” as a Function of Time and Location over South Florida. Part II. Temporal Variability

Abstract Using the one-dimensional cumulus model developed by Cotton, predictions of the effects of seeding cumulus clouds were performed during the month of July 1973 as part of the Experimental Meteorology Laboratory's Florida Area Cumulus Experiment 1973 experiment. In Part I we compared seedability predictions with the Miami 1200 GMT soundings and soundings taken over the center of the experimental area (Central Site) at 1400 GMT. It was found that substantial differences between the two predictions occurred on a number of days in spite of the fact that the soundings are separated in time by only 2 h and in space by only 110 km. In this paper we compare seedability predictions with the MIA 1200 GMT soundings and the CS 1800 GMT soundings. The CS 1800 GMT soundings were assumed to be representative of conditions over the experimental area during the period of operation of the experiment. We found that the predictions with the MIA 1200 GMT soundings were, on the average, more representative of condition...
Clobazam: A Safe, Efficacious, and Newly Rediscovered Therapeutic for Epilepsy.

Summary Clobazam is an oral 1,5-benzodiazepine used worldwide for the treatment of many types of epilepsies, although it is currently only approved for Lennox–Gastaut syndrome in the USA. This anticonvulsant and anxiolytic therapeutic has repeatedly demonstrated great efficacy and a high safety profile in refractory epilepsy as well as in a few monotherapy trials in both children and adults. Clobazam allosterically activates the GABAA receptor, and it binds less to subunits that mediate sedative effects than other benzodiazepines. It acts quickly, maintaining a therapeutic effect for a long duration due to its active metabolite, N-desmethylclobazam. Dosage is between 5 mg and 40 mg a day, depending on patient weight, efficacy, and tolerability. Efficacy tolerance has not been a problem in the best studies. Clobazam has provided many benefits to epileptic patients. It should be used by clinicians early as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of refractory epilepsy and even considered as monotherapy in a broad spectrum of epilepsy syndromes.
Validating national kriging exposure estimation.

In their article Liao et al. (2006) argued that it is feasible to use national scale daily kriging to estimate ambient air pollution exposure, even in locations where monitoring data are limited. In addition, they argued that national scale kriging is preferable to regional kriging and that automated variogram estimation is preferable to manual. The advocated methodology seems appealing when compared with the more standard approach of estimating ambient exposure separately in individual metropolitan cities (Dockery et al. 1993; Jerrett et al. 2005; Miller et al. 2007; Pope et al. 1995) because it simplifies exposure assessment for multicity studies and allows inclusion of subjects far from monitoring sites. Liao et al. (2006) also suggested estimating daily variograms without accounting for day-today relationships and variations in data availability. This is a convenient simplification if it produces reliable results, but the evidence is not convincing.
Expression and regulation of excitation-contraction coupling proteins in aging skeletal muscle

Functional and structural decline of the neuromuscular system is a recognized cause of decreased strength, impaired performance of daily living activities, and loss of independence in the elderly. However, in mammals, including humans, age-related loss of strength is greater than loss of muscle mass, so the underlying mechanisms remain only partially understood. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying impaired skeletal muscle function with aging, including external calcium-dependent skeletal muscle contraction; increased voltage-sensitive calcium channel Cav1.1 β1asubunit and junctional face protein JP-45 and decreased Cav1.1 (α1) expression, and the potential role of these and other recently discovered molecules of the muscle T-tubule/sarcoplasmic reticulum junction in excitation-contraction uncoupling. We also examined neural influences and trophic factors, particularly insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1). Better insight into the triad proteins' involvement in muscle ECC and nerve/muscle interactions and regulation will lead to more rational interventions to delay or prevent muscle weakness with aging. The focus of this review is on the proteins mediating excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) and their expression and regulation in humans and rodent models of skeletal muscle functional decline with aging. Age-dependent changes in proteins other than those related to ECC, muscle composition, clinical assessment and interventions, have been extensively reviewed recently [1-3].
Reactive geochemical transport simulation to study mineral trapping for CO2 disposal in deep arenaceous formations

[1] A reactive fluid flow and geochemical transport numerical model for evaluating long-term CO2 disposal in deep geologic formations has been developed. The numerical model is needed because alteration of the predominant host rock aluminosilicate minerals is very slow and is not amenable to laboratory experiment under ambient deep-formation conditions. Using this model, we performed numerical simulations for a commonly encountered Gulf Coast sediment under natural and CO2 injection conditions in order to analyze the impact of CO2 immobilization through carbonate precipitation. Under conditions considered in our simulations, CO2 trapping by secondary carbonate minerals such as calcite (CaCO3), dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2), siderite (FeCO3), and dawsonite (NaAlCO3(OH)2) could occur in the presence of high pressure CO2. Variations in the precipitation of secondary carbonate minerals strongly depend on rock mineral composition and their kinetic reaction rates. Using the data presented in this paper, the CO2 mineral-trapping capability after 10,000 years is comparable to CO2 dissolution in pore waters (2–5 kg CO2 per cubic meter of formation). The addition of CO2 mass as secondary carbonates to the solid matrix decreases porosity. A small porosity decrease can result in a significant decrease in permeability. Despite simplifications in the current model, a comparison between initial model results and field observations for natural diagenesis of Gulf Coast sediments is instructive. Most of the simulated mineral alteration pattern is consistent with the observations. Some inconsistencies are noted, which can help identify issues, limitations, and areas where the conceptual model requires improvement. The numerical simulations described here provide useful insight into potential sequestration processes, and their controlling conditions and parameters.
Formation and annihilation of nanocavities during keV ion irradiation of Ge

Nanocavities in Ge(111) created by 5 keV Xe ion irradiation are characterized by ex situ transmission electron microscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. Nanocavities nucleate near the surface and then undergo thermal migration. Nanocavities with an average diameter of 10 nm and areal density of $5.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}{\mathrm{nm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ are observed at $500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C},$ while nanocavities with an average diameter of 2.9 nm and areal density of $3.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}{\mathrm{nm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ are observed at $400\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}.$ The estimated Xe gas pressure inside the nanocavities is 0.035 GPa at $500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C},$ much smaller than the estimated equilibrium pressure 0.38 GPa. This result suggests that the nanocavities grow beyond equilibrium size at $500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}.$ The nanocavities are annihilated at the surface to form surface pits by the interaction of displacement cascades of keV Xe ions with the nanocavities. These pits are characterized by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy. Pits are created on Ge(111) and Ge(001) at temperatures $\ensuremath{\sim}250--305\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ by keV Xe ions even when less than a bilayer (monolayer) of surface material is removed.
The potential of on-line optical flow measurement in the control and monitoring of pilot-scale oxy-coal flames

Digital image processing techniques offer a wide array of tools capable of extracting apparent displacement or velocity information from sequences of images of moving objects. Optical flow algorithms have been widely used in areas such as traffic monitoring and surveillance. The knowledge of instantaneous apparent flame velocities (however, they are defined) may prove to be valuable during the operation and control of industrial-scale burners. Optical diagnostics techniques, coupled with on-line image processing, have been applied in the optimization of coal-fired power plants; however, regardless of the available technology, the current methods do not apply optical flow measurement. Some optical flow algorithms have the potential of real-time applicability and are thus possible candidates for on-line apparent flame velocity extraction. In this paper, the potential of optical flow measurement in on-line flame monitoring and control is explored.
Mobile virtual laboratory for renewable energy

Lately, the renewable energy has become a very important part of the energy sources. For implementation or maintenance of renewable energy systems is necessary to have well trained engineers. To accomplish this, it is necessary to have good instruments and tools for conducting experiments in the field. This paper presents a solution developed by the authors for studying the solar cells and wind turbines as parts of the renewable energy sources. The solution is focused on students in the sense of using a mobile low-cost system outside the laboratory. The developments are made around the myDAQ device and the LabVIEW graphical programming language from National Instruments.
Reconstitution of photosynthetic electron transfer in cyanobacterial heterocyst membranes

Abstract Photosynthetic membranes have been isolated from heterocysts of the cyanobacterium Anabaena 7120. Electron transfer reactions associated with photosystem I have been investigated using single turnover flashes. Turnover rates, which were dependent on reconstitution with cytochrome c-553 or plastocyanin, were maximal when a suitable electron donor system was provided. Hydrogen (via an endogenous uptake hydrogenase), NADH (via a dehydrogenase) or the ascorbate/dichlorophenolindophenol couple were all effective donors. NADPH could also serve as a donor but this system was dependent on addition of ferredoxin and ferredoxin—NADP reductase. Turnovers of P700, soluble cytochrome c-553 and cytochrome b-563 could be demonstrated.
A comparison between amplitude sorting and phase-angle sorting using external respiratory measurement for 4D CT

Respiratory motion can cause significant dose delivery errors in conformal radiation therapy for thoracic and upper abdominal tumors. Four-dimensional computed tomography (4D CT) has been proposed to provide the image data necessary to model tumor motion and consequently reduce these errors. The purpose of this work was to compare 4D CT reconstruction methods using amplitude sorting and phase angle sorting. A 16-slice CT scanner was operated in cine mode to acquire 25 scans consecutively at each couch position through the thorax. The patient underwent synchronized external respiratory measurements. The scans were sorted into 12 phases based, respectively, on the amplitude and direction (inhalation or exhalation) or on the phase angle (0-360 degrees) of the external respiratory signal. With the assumption that lung motion is largely proportional to the measured respiratory amplitude, the variation in amplitude corresponds to the variation in motion for each phase. A smaller variation in amplitude would associate with an improved reconstructed image. Air content, defined as the amount of air within the lungs, bronchi, and trachea in a 16-slice CT segment and used by our group as a surrogate for internal motion, was correlated to the respiratory amplitude and phase angle throughout the lungs. For the 35 patients who underwent quiet breathing, images (similar to those used for treatment planning) and animations (used to display respiratory motion) generated using amplitude sorting displayed fewer reconstruction artifacts than those generated using phase angle sorting. The variations in respiratory amplitude were significantly smaller (P < 0.001) with amplitude sorting than those with phase angle sorting. The subdivision of the breathing cycle into more (finer) phases improved the consistency in respiratory amplitude for amplitude sorting, but not for phase angle sorting. For 33 of the 35 patients, the air content showed significantly improved (P < 0.001) correlation with the respiratory amplitude than with the phase angle, suggesting a stronger relationship between internal motion and amplitude. Overall, amplitude sorting performed better than phase angle sorting for 33 of the 35 patients and equally well for two patients who were immobilized with a stereotactic body frame and an abdominal compression plate.
A history of ACM SIGGRAPH

From a small group of like-minded scientists drawn to the dynamics of computer-generated images to a driving force in computer graphics bringing together thousands from around the world, SIGGRAPH continues to chart the course for this diverse and ever-changing field.
A wet chemistry approach to sub-micron, removable flip chip interconnects

Higher performance is the main driver in the integrated circuit (IC) market, but along with added function comes the cost of increased input/output connections and larger die sizes. Space saving approaches aimed at solving these challenges includes two technologies; 3D stacking (3D-ICs) and flip chip assemblies. Emerging ICs require sub-micron scale interconnects which include vias for 3D-ICs and bump bonds for flip chips. Photolithographic techniques are commonly used to prepare templates followed by metal vapor deposition to create flip chip bump bonds. Both the lithography step and the metal properties required for bump bonding contribute to limiting this approach to a minimum bump size of ~10 μm. Here, we present a wet chemistry approach to fabricating uniform bump bonds of tunable size and height down to the nanoscale. Nanosphere lithography (NSL), a "soft" lithographic technique, is used to create a bump bond template or mask for nanoscale bumps. Electrochemical deposition is also used through photoresist templates to create uniform bump bonds across large area wafers or dies. This template approach affords bumps with tunable diameters from 100s of nanometers to microns (allowing for tunable interconnect pitch and via diameters) while the use of constant current electoplating gives uniform bump height over large areas (>1 cm2).
The Cat and Mouse Game at the Mexico-U.S. Border: Gendered Patterns and Recent Shifts†

This paper provides new insights into the process of undocumented border crossing by examining both men and women in the process. We investigate differences in the ways in which men and women make their way across the well-guarded Mexico-U.S. border, and the extent to which men and women by the end of the 1990s were similar to, or different from, their counterparts who crossed before 1986 and the implementation of immigration policy designed to reduce undocumented migration. We find substantial differences in how men and women crossed the border without legal documents and in their chances of being apprehended. Our analysis makes clear that shifts in U.S. immigration policy after 1986 have led to women's greater reliance on the assistance of paid smugglers to cross without documents but men were more likely to cross alone. Moreover, immediately after 1986, women on first U.S. trips faced higher risks of being apprehended compared to women who migrated in the early 1980s, but men faced lower risks. After accumulating some U.S. experience, however, both women and men faced lower risks of being detected after 1986 compared to earlier in that decade.
Neighboring Stable Equilibrium Points in Spatially-Periodic Nonlinear Dynamical Systems: Theory and Applications

Stability is of fundamental importance to the design and application of control systems, in which stable equilibrium points and the neighboring points can have various interesting physical implications. In the paper, we derive a lower bound and an upper bound on the number of neighboring stable equilibrium points in the spatially-periodic nonlinear dynamical systems. It is shown that, in such an $n$ -dimensional system, there are at least $2n$ neighboring stable equilibrium points. Meanwhile, an upper bound on the number of neighboring stable equilibrium points is derived. Some applications of these analytical results are illustrated.
Do we need a technology policy

The authors suggest that a reexamination of the US government's role in assisting or stimulating delivery of competitive goods or services by sociotechnical systems is overdue and contribute to the reexamination of policy by identifying and defining the essential functions of a technology policy. The theories governing US technology policies in defense, medicine, and agriculture are reviewed, and the general circumstances and processes needed for effective innovation and competitiveness are discussed. Four functions, climate setting, surveying, coordinating, and gap filling, that the government needs to carry out to foster development of successful technologies are described in detail. Unavoidable policy decisions which together create a more (or less) favorable climate for innovations are also discussed. >
Tests for structural change in US oil consumption, 1967–1982

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to test US oil consumption for structural change over the period 1967–1982. A frequently used functional form is posited for total petroleum consumption as well as for gasoline, distillate, and residual fuel. Tests for abrupt change (Chow) and gradual or conservation-like change (Durbin, Brown, Evans and Farley, Hinnich, McGuire) are employed at special break points (1973 embargo, 1979 Iranian crisis, 1980 recession) to check for abrupt changes and across years in general to detect gradual shifts. Both abrupt and gradual changes are found, although the last five years may be the beginning of a new non-changing period.
Accuracy control of numerical simulations in high speed DWDM fiber optic communication systems modeling

We propose a simple adaptive step size method for band-limited signals based on analytic double commutator estimates. The proposed adaptive step size method efficiently suppresses numerical artifacts in high-speed DWDM systems and is several times more efficient than other common methods.
Amastatin and bestatin-Induced dipsogenicity in the fSprague-Dawley Rat

Abstract Intracerebroventricular application of the aminopeptidase inhibitor bestatin, but not amastatin, demonstrated a dose-dependent drinking response. Amastatin is a selective, but not totally specific aminopeptidase inhibitor that blocks aminopeptidase A, which cleaves acidic amino acids, while bestatin selectively blocks aminopeptidase B, which cleaves basic amino acids. Thus, amastatin's major action should be to inhibit angiotensin II (AII) to angiotensin III (AIII) conversion and bestatin's to block AIII degradation. Treatment with the angiotensin receptor antagonist, Sar 1 , Thr 8 -AII (sarthran), completely inhibited bestatin-induced drinking at two different doses. These results support a critical role for the brain-angiotensin system in the ongoing regulation of body fluid homeostasis and suggest an important role for angiotensin III in the brain.
Resonant satellites in photoemission and Auger spectra of d‐band metals (invited)

Photoemission and Auger electron spectroscopy are powerful tools in the study of the electronic and magnetic properties of d band metals. In certain instances experimental spectra can be directly interpreted as a measure of some one body density of states. In other cases one must consider the many body dynamics of the measurement process in detail. Striking examples of the latter are the resonant satellites in several filled d band materials which have been observed in photoemission near the photon energy threshold for core hole production. An elementary introduction to the physics of this satellite phenomenon will be presented. A model recently introduced by Davis and Feldkamp to explain resonant satellites in filled d band materials will be discussed in some detail and the predictions of this model will be used to illustrate some general properties of resonant photoemission satellites.
De Novo Asymmetric Synthesis of Milbemycin β3 via an Iterative Asymmetric Hydration Approach

The enantioselective synthesis of the spiroketal/macrolide natural product milbemycin β3 has been achieved in 22 steps and 2.8% overall yield from an achiral dienoate. The spiroketal ring system was installed by three sequential asymmetric hydrations followed by sprioketalization. Both the absolute and relative stereochemistry of milbemycin β3 was introduced by two Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylations, two π-allylpalladium-catalyzed reductions, and an iridium-catalyzed hydrogen migration/Claisen rearrangement to install the C-12 stereocenter.
Programmable materials and the nature of the DNA bond

For over half a century, the biological roles of nucleic acids as catalytic enzymes, intracellular regulatory molecules, and the carriers of genetic information have been studied extensively. More recently, the sequence-specific binding properties of DNA have been exploited to direct the assembly of materials at the nanoscale. Integral to any methodology focused on assembling matter from smaller pieces is the idea that final structures have well-defined spacings, orientations, and stereo-relationships. This requirement can be met by using DNA-based constructs that present oriented nanoscale bonding elements from rigid core units. Here, we draw analogy between such building blocks and the familiar chemical concepts of "bonds" and "valency" and review two distinct but related strategies that have used this design principle in constructing new configurations of matter.
Finishing and Properties of Fabrics Produced with Polyester Staple-Core/Cotton-Wrap Yams:

Plain and twill weave fabrics produced with unique 67/33 cotton covered, high tenacity polyester staple-core yams in the warp and filling directions were appropriately finished without difficulty. The greige fabrics were desized, heat set, bleached, union dyed, and treated with different levels of dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) resin finish to assess the effect on important properties, including durable press rating, wrinkle recovery angle, dimensional stability, Stoll flex abrasion resistance, pilling resistance, breaking strength, and tearing strength. The test results show that the staple-core-yam fabrics attain satisfactory durable press and dimensional stability after an ordinary process of heat setting at 190°C for 65 seconds. DMDHEU resin slightly improves the durable press rating and wrinkle recovery angles, but more resin does not necessarily improve the properties proportionally; resin as low as 1% in solution gives acceptable DP results and improves pilling resistance. The DMDHEU resi...
Nonlinear model predictive control using deterministic global optimization

Abstract This paper presents a Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) algorithm utilizing a deterministic global optimization method. Utilizing local techniques on nonlinear nonconvex problems leaves one susceptible to suboptimal solutions at each iteration. In complex problems, local solver reliability is difficult to predict and dependent upon the choice of initial guess. This paper demonstrates the application of a deterministic global solution technique to an example NMPC problem. A terminal state constraint is used in the example case study. In some cases the local solution method becomes infeasible, while the global solution correctly finds the feasible global solution. Increased computational burden is the most significant limitation for global optimization based online control techniques. This paper provides methods for improving the global optimization rates of convergence. This paper also shows that globally optimal NMPC methods can provide benefits over local techniques and can successfully be used for online control.
Geochemistry of North Shore Hypabyssal dikes and sills in the Midcontinent Rift of Minnesota: an example the 47th Avenue sill

This study presents geochemical data for several of the numerous small to large dikes and sills, including the 47th Avenue sill, exposed along the shore of Lake Superior in and north of Duluth, Minnesota. These intrusions are late magmatic features of the Proterozoic Midcontinent Rift System and together form the North Shore Hypabyssal Group. The dikes are geochemically distinct from the sills, and, when the two are exposed together, the younger dike intrudes the older sill. Dikes are primitive with Mg# up to 68, have positive eNd values, and are oriented approximately northsouth with steep westerly or near vertical dips. The older sills are more evolved, usually have eNd values near or below 0, and have the same gentle easterly dip as the thick sequence of North Shore Volcanic Group flows they intrude. Dike compositions correlate best with a mixture of widespread basalt compositions types 4 and 5, with primitive geochemistry and positive eNd values, whereas sill compositions are similar to widespread ba...
Cell and endophyte structure of the nitrogen-fixing root nodules ofCeanothus integerrimus H.and A.

The root nodules ofCeanothus integerrimus were perennial, and after one year they were tightly packed masses of small lobes. Each lobe was root-like in organization and was produced by an apical meristem. Nodule branches were pericyclic in origin. The youngest cells at the tip of the lobes were not infected, and the infection progressed towards the tip with the stage of heaviest infection at the widest part of the lobes. In the areas of uninfected and newly infected cells, there were extracellular actinomycetes which sent branches into young cells. As the actinomycete entered the cell, it induced the host cell to deposit cell wall around it, and this cell wall continued to be deposited as the filament grew within the cell. As the infection progressed, the host cell wall that had been deposited around the invading filament was degraded. At the most heavily infected stages little wall material remained. The plant cell plasmalemma preceded the actinomycete as it entered the cell, and it remained as the membrane separating the actinomycete from the host cell cytoplasm.
Design and peroormance of paddle wheel aerators

Abstract An apparatus was constructed for testing the influence of paddle shape and depth and paddle wheel speed and diameter on oxygen-transfer characteristics of paddle wheel aerators. Paddles triangular in crosssection were more efficient than other paddle shapes. Standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR) increased with increasing paddle depth and paddle wheel speed while standard aeration efficiency (SAE) declined. For a particular depth and speed, SOTR increased with increasing paddle wheel diameter. The greatest SAE (2·96 kg O2 kWh−1) was achieved with a 91 cm diameter paddle wheel with triangular paddles operated at 77 rev min−1 and 12·5 cm paddle depth. Three companies made floating, 7·5 kW electric paddle wheel aerators according to design specifications developed in this research. These commercial aerators had high values for SOTR (18·8–21·8 kg O2 h−1) and SAE (2·7–2·9 kg O2 kWh−1) and were much more efficient than other aerators used in channel catfish farming.
NITROGEN FIXATION IN CLEAR LAKE, CALIFORNIA. I. SEASONAL VARIATION AND THE ROLE OF HETEROCYSTS1

The annual contribution of N2 fixation to Clear Lake in 1970 was about 550 tonnes, 500 Mg (megagrams) or 18 kg ha−1, 43% of the lake’s yearly nitrogen inflow. Biological N2 fixation can provide the nitrogen for almost half the blue-green algal standing crop during blooms and is implicated as the main cause of large algal nuisance blooms on this lake. The large quantity of nitrogen fixed may be typical for large, shallow, cyanophyceandominated lakes. A sustained spring peak of fixation was associated with a simultaneous bloom of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae in all three basins, an autumn peak with an ephemeral bloom of Anabaena circinalis occurring at a different time in each basin. A stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that fluctuations in N2 fixation were best described by variations in heterocysts, quantities of blue-green algae, PO4-P, NO3-N, and temperature. Annual rates of N2 fixation were correlated with the proportion of heteroeysts to vegetative cells in Aphanizomenon and with total number of heterocysts in Anabaena. Previous nitrogen budgets for Clear Lake have shown a large excess of nitrogen in outflow over inflow, which is accounted for by the levels of N2 fixation measured.
Evaluation of arsenazo III as a contrast agent for photoacoustic detection of micromolar calcium transients

Elucidating the role of calcium fluctuations at the cellular level is essential to gain insight into more complex signaling and metabolic activity within tissues. Recent developments in optical monitoring of calcium transients suggest that cells integrate and transmit information through large networks. Thus, monitoring calcium transients in these populations is important for identifying normal and pathological states of a variety of systems. Though optical techniques can be used to image calcium fluxes using fluorescent probes, depth penetration limits the information that can be acquired from tissues in vivo. Alternatively, the calcium-sensitive dye arsenazo III is useful for optical techniques that rely on absorption of light rather than fluorescence for image contrast. We report on the use of arsenazo III for detection of calcium using photoacoustics, a deeply penetrating imaging technique in which an ultrasound signal is generated following localized absorption of light. The absorbance properties of the dye in the presence of calcium were measured directly using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. For photoacoustic studies, a phantom was constructed to monitor the change in absorbance of 25 μM arsenazo III at 680 nm in the presence of calcium. Subsequent results demonstrated a linear increase in photoacoustic signal as calcium in the range of 1 - 20 μM complexed with the dye, followed by saturation of the signal as increasing amounts of calcium were added. For delivery of the dye to tissue preparations, a liposomal carrier was fabricated and characterized. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using arsenazo III for photoacoustic monitoring of calcium transients in vivo.
Femtosecond pulsed laser ablation of metal alloy and semiconductor targets

Abstract The properties of metal alloy (CoPt and inconel) and semiconductor (GaAs and InP) nanoclusters formed via femtosecond laser pulses were investigated. Ablation of the target materials was carried out both in vacuum (10 −4 Pa) and at set pressures in a number of background gases. The results of this work indicate that short laser pulses (low picoseconds/femtoseconds) alone are not enough to guarantee the production of films with stoichiometries matching those of the target materials. The production of stoichiometric alloy films depends on the similarity of the vapor pressures of the target constituents, while the production of stoichiometric compound films requires ablation in the presence of a background gas and compound constituents of comparable mass.
Peroxynitrite generated in the rat spinal cord induces oxidation and nitration of proteins: Reduction by MN (III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin

To determine whether peroxynitrite at the concentration and duration present after spinal cord injury induces protein oxidation and nitration in vivo, the peroxynitrite donor 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) was administered into the gray matter of the rat spinal cord for 5 hr. The cords were removed at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr after SIN-1 exposure, immunohistochemically stained with antibodies to dinitrophenyl (DNP) and nitrotyrosine (Ntyr), markers of protein oxidation and nitration, respectively, and the immunostained neurons were counted. The percentages of DNP-positive (P = 0.023-0.002) and Ntyr-positive (P < 0.001 for all) neurons were significantly higher in the SIN-1-exposed groups than in the ACSF controls at each time, suggesting that peroxynitrite induced intracellular oxidation and nitration of proteins. The percentages of DNP- and Ntyr-positive neurons were not significantly different over time in either SIN-1- or ACSF-exposed groups (P = 0.20-1.00). The percentage of DNP-positive neurons was 7.6 +/- 3% to 12 +/- 4.2% at 6-24 hr, and it was 14 +/- 2% to 19 +/- 2% at 6-24 hr for Ntyr-positive neurons after SIN-1-exposure, whereas both ranged over 2-3% in ACSF controls. Mn (III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin (MnTBAP, a broad-spectrum scavenger of reactive species) significantly reduced the percentages of DNP- and Ntyr-positive neurons (P = 0.04 and 0.002, respectively) compared to a SIN-1-exposed, untreated group at 24 hr after SIN-1 exposure. There were no significant differences between MnTBAP-treated and ACSF controls (P = 0.7 for DNP and 0.2 for Ntyr). These results further demonstrate peroxynitrite-induced protein oxidation and nitration and the efficiency of MnTBAP in scavenging peroxynitrite.
Interception of moving organisms: influences of patch shape, size, and orientation on community structure

Island biogeographers have predicted that in oceanic systems, oblong islands oriented perpendicular to the dispersal paths of organisms should intercept more species and individuals than (1) circular islands of the same size, and (2) oblong islands of equal area oriented parallel to the direction of travel. Landscape ecologists expect similar relations with habitat patches in a terrestrial matrix. Yet in neither situation is there adequate empirical information to permit conclusions about the prevalence of such effects. To test the hypothesis that intercept-related patch variables influence community structure on the landscape scale, we studied relations between the richness and abundance of cavity-nesting birds and patch shape, size, and orientation relative to a northerly migration path. The influences of other patch features on nest abundances were removed analytically. Multiple regression indicated that the mean and total number of nesting species, and nest abundances for migrants were significantly associated with patch orientation or a patch area x orientation interaction, but not patch shape. Nest abundances for permanent residents were not associated with patch shape or orientation, although area effects, possibly reflecting dispersal interception, were evident. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that stochastic interception of migrating or dispersing organisms influences patch community structure. In addition to richness and abundance effects apparent in this analysis, the sex ratio, age structure, growth rate, social structure, and genetic features of patch populations may also be influenced. The interception of moving organisms by patches may thus be a key factor influencing population and community persistence in reserves. If so, landscape structure could be manipulated to maximize the interception of dispersing or migrating organisms, or minimize it if the effects are undesirable.
Structural Development in Ge-Rich Ge-S Glasses

The Raman spectra of Ge-S glasses in the Ge-rich re gion from Ge 33 to 46 % have been investigated in order to know the structural develo pment of the network glasses. From the detailed curve fits, we have found that there is an unassign ed peak at 410 cm -1 and it becomes larger with increasing Ge composition. To clarify the structura l origin of the peak, we virtually constructed the atomic arrangement of the glassy state starting from the crystalline state through the liquid state and changed the composition gradually depleti ng the medium in sulfur. From the consideration of the structural modeling and the at omic orbital theory, we suggest that single Ge-S chain is a probable structural origin of the peak.