cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On cubic polynomials I. Hua's estimate of exponential sums

Hua andChen gave estimates of sums\(\sum\limits_{x = 1}^q {e(\mathfrak{F}(x))} \) wheree(z)=e2πiz and\(\mathfrak{F}\) is a polynomial of the typef(x)/q wheref(x)=akxk+...+a1x with integer coefficients having gcd (q, ak,...,a1)=1 But no good estimates hold for these sums whenq is small in comparison tok. We therefore consider here a related but different class of polynomials. Special emphasis is given to the cubic case.
The effect of uniaxial stress on dislocation reactions at coherent twin boundaries in f.c.c. metals

Abstract Dislocations which react at coherent twin boundaries in f.c.c. metals can form a variety of products depending on the Burgers vectors of the reactants and the interactions between the leading partials. When reactants have longrange attractive forces, the reaction can lead to complete annihilation, to the formation of a single extended mixed dislocation or to the formation of twinning dislocations lying in the twin boundary. Reactants which have long-range repulsive forces can form stable products in two cases if the applied stress forces the reactants sufficiently close for reaction to occur. These products can be Shockley partials lying on the slip plane of a reactant screw dislocation, Frank partials lying in a twin and matrix separated by the twin boundary, or three-dislocation barriers consisting of a stair-rod dislocation and two Shockley partials from the original reactants. Suitable orientation of an applied stress can favor some cases over others. The propensity for reaction and the nature of the products formed for various orientations of a uniaxial stress are examined. Results are presented in terms of stereographic projections which illustrate orientations where various results can be obtained.
The Adjustment to U.S. Rural College Campuses for Bisexual Students in Comparison to Gay and Lesbian Students: An Exploratory Study

Previous research suggests that sexual minority (lesbian, gay, and bisexual [LGB]) university students face unique challenges during the adjustment to college that their heterosexual peers do not. Furthermore, sexual minority students, and particularly those identifying as bisexual, at rural campuses in the United States may experience additional struggles because of their environment. The authors undertook this study in an attempt to understand the challenges facing LGB students as they transition to college life on rural campuses. A small, exploratory sample of 56 sexual minority participants attending rural colleges in the United States provided data on measures of college adjustment. Using content analysis of qualitative data and correlational analysis of quantitative data, the following themes emerged: challenges making new friends, difficulty with roommates, and when or whether to disclose sexual orientation. Comparisons between sexual minorities (bisexual to homosexual) were also conducted to explo...
Determination of hemoglobin oxygen saturation in rat sciatic nerve by in vivo near infrared spectroscopy

The purpose of this study is to investigate the values of hemoglobin oxygen saturation in the sciatic nerve of the rat following spinal nerve ligation. An optical spectroscopic technique along with a fiber optic probe was used to test the hypothesis that demyelination and degeneration after nerve injury lead to a significant decrease in the percentage of hemoglobin oxygen saturation. A modified spinal nerve ligation method was used to induce the degeneration, and three types of ligation on left spinal nerve (L4, L4 and L5, L5) were performed in rats. The optical reflectance measurements were taken from the left and right sciatic nerves on postoperative days 1, 4, 7, and 14. No significant difference was found among the three types of ligation, nor was between left and right sciatic nerve at postoperative day 1. Significant decreases in oxygen saturation percentages were found between left and right sciatic nerves at postoperative days 4, 7, and 14. This study continues to show the effectiveness of optical methods in determining/differentiating tissue properties, providing an excellent and robust in vivo technique that can have a potential clinical application in detecting demyelination and degeneration of the nervous system.
The Role of Aldosterone Blockers in the Management of Chronic Heart Failure

The neurohormonal model of congestive heart failure (CHF) has replaced the previously accepted hemodynamic model. A shift in this paradigm has allowed alterations in therapy of CHF such that agents that target the neurohormonal axis and specifically the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, with drugs such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and beta-blockers, are utilized. Employment of these drugs markedly improves survival in patients with CHF. Recent animal and human data demonstrate that aldosterone is directly pathogenic in this disease process and is insufficiently suppressed by these agents. Furthermore, when aldosterone is directly antagonized, vascular and myocardial damage is greatly ameliorated in both experimental animals and humans. Significant mortality benefits of aldosterone antagonists in patients with CHF from systolic dysfunction have been subsequently witnessed. Herein, the pathophysiology of CHF, the beneficial role of aldosterone antagonists in this disease process, and potential adverse consequences of these agents are reviewed.
Synthesis and characterization of high surface area tin oxide/functionalized carbon nanotubes composite as anode materials

Abstract A novel nanosized SnO 2 /functionalized carbon nanotube composite as anodes materials in lithium ion batteries has been prepared by homogeneous precipitation. Materials were characterized by TGA, XRD, SEM, TEM and BET techniques. Compared with blank tin oxide nanoparticles, much finer tin oxide nanoparticles with higher surface area were observed with the presence of functionalized carbon nanotubes. It is proposed that functional carbon nanotubes play an important role for nanoparticles’ nucleation, growth, and coagulation processes.
Confirmation of EMIT cannabinoid assay results by bonded phase adsorption with thin layer chromatography.

Clinical urine specimens were screened for the presence of cannabinoids using the EMIT Cannabinoid Assay. Aliquots of these samples were also analyzed for 11-nor- Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxyl...
Relation between cross sections for elastic neutrino and antineutrino scattering by nuclei from algebra of charges

Abstract An interesting relation between the cross sections for elastic neutrino and antineutrino scattering by nuclei is derived using the closure approximation and the charge commutation relations conjectured by Gell-Mann.
Identification of Cl(Ca) channel distributions in olfactory cilia.

Identification of detailed features of neuronal systems is an important challenge in the biosciences today. Transduction of an odor into an electrical signal occurs in the membranes of the cilia. The Cl(Ca) channels that reside in the ciliary membrane are activated by calcium, allow a depolarizing efflux of Cl− and are thought to amplify the electrical signal to the brain. In this paper, a mathematical model consisting of partial differential equations is developed to study two different experiments; one involving the interaction of the cyclic-nucleotide-gated (CNG) and Cl(Ca) channels and the other, the diffusion of Ca2+ into cilia. This work builds on an earlier study (Mathematical modeling of the Cl(Ca) ion channels in frog olfactory cilia. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 2006; Math. Comput. Modelling 2006; 43:945–956; Biophys. J. 2006; 91:179–188), which suggested that the CNG channels are clustered at about 0.28 of the length of a cilium from its open end. Closed-form solutions are derived after certain reductions in the model are made. These special solutions provide estimates of the channel distributions. Scientific computation is also used. This preliminary study suggests that the Cl(Ca) ion channels are also clustered at about one-third of the length of a cilium from its open end. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
American Indian religion in the iron house: searching for ‘some accommodation’

Religious freedom claims by American Indian prisoners are disfavored in law and policy more than most prisoner civil rights claims. This disfavor reflects the continuing influence of the cultural distance between traditional Indians and Christianity – a distance with an unfortunate history from the Indian point of view. The salutary effects of Christian religion within prisons have been assumed for as long as prisons have existed; this assumption is based upon scant evidence. Treating Indian religious expression as inferior to Christian religious expression within prisons is often allowed by law, but it is insupportable in policy without reference to the historical power relationship between Indians and the dominant culture. Indian spirituality, like Christianity, can engage prisoners in the moral discourse demanded by the tenets of restorative justice. Accommodation of Indian spirituality is as much in the public interest as accommodation of religion within prisons at all.
Cytidine Deaminase. The 2·3 Å Crystal Structure of an Enzyme: Transition-state Analog Complex

We have solved the structure of Escherichia coli cytidine deaminase (CDA) complexed to the transition state analog, 5-fluoroprimidin-2-one riboside. The monomer of the alpha 2 CDA dimer is composed of a small N-terminal alpha-helical domain with no obvious connection to the active sites, and two, larger, core domains. The two core domains have nearly identical tertiary structures and are related by approximate 2-fold symmetry, but lack internal amino acid sequence homology. Comparison of the core domain structure with known structures by sequence homology and structural compatibility searches suggests that the CDA tertiary structure cannot be superimposed on any known protein structure. The two active sites per dimer are formed across the subunit interface. The N-terminal core domain provides a pyrimidine nucleoside and zinc-binding pocket and the structurally homologous C-terminal core domain in the other monomer covers this active-site cleft, completely sequestering the ligand from solvent. The deeply buried zinc-binding site is formed by a novel "topological switch point" at the amino termini of two alpha-helices in consecutive alpha-beta-alpha-beta segments. The transition state analog is bound as a covalent hydrate at C4. The inhibitor hydroxyl oxygen atom interacts both with the zinc atom and the Glu104 carboxylate group, affording high differential affinity for the hydroxyl group relative to a hydrogen atom, in a manner reminiscent of that observed in adenosine deaminase (ADA). Unlike the latter enzyme, the zinc atom is coordinated in a tetrahedral ligand field to two cysteine and one histidine ligands, plus the hydroxyl group. Moreover, the inhibitor stereochemistry is of the opposite hand from that of the corresponding ADA inhibitor at C4(R), but is the same at the hydroxyl group O4(S). A consequence of these stereochemical differences is that in CDA a single conserved carboxylate side-chain, Glu104, can provide all of the necessary proton transfer functions involved in generating the zinc hydroxide nucleophile, and protonating the pyrimidine ring nitrogen atom and leaving amino group. The differences in zinc ligands, ligand-binding stereochemistry, and tertiary structures of CDA and ADA strongly suggest that the common features of transition state stabilization arose by convergent evolution.
TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE GROWTH OF THE SPORANGIOPHORES OF PHYCOMYCES

1. With constant temperature and light intensity, the rate of elongation of a sporangiophore of Phycomyces is constant for many hours. 2. With constant light intensity, values of µ, the "critical thermal increment," have been computed for the elongation of different sporangiophores. These values group themselves closely about the modes 11,000, 16,000, 20,000, 26,000, and 33,000 calories. Sporangiophores from the same culture need not have similar increments. 3. The significance of these results for studies of growth is discussed.
A novel approach to ICF ignition

NIF's ignition campaign has attracted a great attention recently due to its significance to the future of fusion researches worldwide. Recent experiment results have demonstrated both hopes as well as challenges faced by the NIF team. One of the greatest challenges is to achieve desired areal density ρR for both fuel and hot-spot regions so that a self-sustained TN burn could be initiated and maintained. Unfortunately, the recent results from the NIF's ignition shots indicated that the desired equivalent areal density ρR has not been reached during the ignition time for a self-sustained thermonuclear burn. In this presentation, We will propose a novel approach to achieve a greater ρR in the fuel and especial hot-spot in additional to what the NIF can achieve by utilizing radiative cooling mechanism in the end of the implosion phase to give both the hot-spot and fuel an additional push so that a higher areal density ρR can be reached just before ignition. The proposal of radiative cooling is counter intuitive at the first sight. In the past, the radiative cooling caused by mixing of high Z material into the gas region was considered as a degradation factor to the performance of ICF capsule. However, in this presentation, we will demonstrate that with a proper implementation of radiative cooling during final implosion phase it will enhance the performance margin dramatically. The two immediate benefits of the radiation cooling are: (a) the cooling of the fuel in the final implosion phase reduces pressure of the fuel so that a better compression can be achieve; and (b) the radiation cooling reduces the ion temperature of the fuel and gas momentarily which in turn results in a delay of thermonuclear burn ignition such that additional few picoseconds are acquired to implode the capsule further. Moreover, another important feature of this approach is that all the previous researches and efforts of the NIF campaign can be fully utilized, for example, laser pulse shaping, holhraum physics, laser-plasma interaction, even capsule design [1,2,3], since the only difference this new approach is to add an additional doping in the gas region. Over 38% of improvement of gas (hot-spot) ρR and 50% increase of the yield rate compared to that of the NIF baseline point design (Rev. 5B) have been achieved using this approach with the identical drive conditions.
What Happened to the Latin Edition of Boyle's 'History of Cold?'

In his Bibliography of the Honourable Robert Boyle (ist ed. 1932, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 1961), Dr Fulton has stated: ‘ The History of Cold seems never to have been translated into Latin.’ This conclusion is based on the fact that no Enghsh, American or Canadian library canvassed by Dr Fulton contained a copy of the Latin version, nor had it appeared for sale in any book catalogue seen in his survey. Yet there is ample evidence that a Latin translation of New Experiments and Observations Touching Cold (London, 1665 and 1683) was in fact made; that it was at least partly printed off; and that a completed edition may have been sold entire to a bookseller in Holland. The evidence for the possible existence of such an edition is to be found in the extensive correspondence between Henry Oldenburg, ‘publisher’ of the Enghsh edition of Cold and Secretary of the Royal Society, and Robert Boyle, who was mainly living in Oxford in the years 1664-66. Oldenburg’s side of the correspondence was printed by Thomas Birch in The Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle (London, 5 vols., 1744, 6 vols., 1772); Boyle’s scantier extant letters are to be found in the letterbooks of the Royal Society (MS. Bi).
Simultaneous Vaccination of One-Day-Old Broiler Chickens with Tenosynovitis Virus and Turkey Herpesvirus,

An attenuated tenosynovitis virus vaccine and turkey herpesvirus (HVT) vaccine mixed prior to vaccination were injected subcutaneously into one-day-old chicks. In laboratory and field trials there did not appear to be any interference, because chickens vaccinated with both vaccines were effectively immunized against challenge with virulent Marek's disease virus or tenosynovitis virus when compared with unvaccinated chickens or chickens vaccinated with either HVT or tenosynovitis virus. The combined tenosynovitis and HVT vaccine had essentially the same virus titers when compared to the titers of each vaccine prior to mixing. Also, the HVT viremia levels and the serum neutralization titers of chickens vaccinated with both vaccines were essentially the same as those in chickens vaccinated with a single vaccine. In field trials, chickens vaccinated with the combined vaccines had fewer condemnations for parts and septicemia-toxemia and total condemnations when compared to chickens not vaccinated with tenosynovitis virus. There was less mortality in the majority of the flocks vaccinated with tenosynovitis virus vaccine and HVT when compared to flocks receiving only HVT vaccine.
Kautilya on Ethics and Economics

Sages and seers in ancient India specified dharma, artha, kama and moksha as the four ends of a moral and productive life and emphasised the attainment of a proper balance between the spiritual health and the material health. However, most of their intellectual energy was directed towards the attainment of moksha, the salvation from birth‐death‐rebirth cycle. Kautilya, on the other hand considered poverty as a living death and concentrated on devising economic policies to achieve salvation from poverty but without compromising with ethical values unless survival of the state was threatened. Kautilya's Arthashastra is unique in emphasising the imperative of economic growth and welfare of all. According to him, if there is no dharma, there is no society. He believed that ethical values pave the way to heaven as well as to prosperity on the earth, that is, have an intrinsic value as well as an instrumental value. He referred the reader to the Vedas and Philosophy for learning moral theory, which sheds light on the distinction between good and bad and moral and immoral actions. He extended the conceptual framework to deal with conflict of interest situations arising from the emerging capitalism. He dedicated his work to Om (symbol of spirituality, God) and Brihaspati and Sukra (political thinkers) implying, perhaps, that his goal was to integrate ethics and economics. It is argued that the level of integration between economics and ethics is significantly higher in Kautilya's Arthashastra than that in Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations or for that matter in the writings of Plato and Aristotle.
Charge carrier generation, transport and trapping in amorphous poly (N-vinylcarbazole) films

Abstract Studies on hole photoinjection in films of poly (N-vinylcarbazole) under space-charge-free conditions by the time-of-flight technique have revealed the presence of deep hole traps. The trap density is estimated to be 5–10 × 10 18 m −3 . The voltage and thickness dependence of the initial current in the space-charge-free photocurrent transient is explained in terms of the field dependence of the carrier generation and transport processes.
Generalized Shwartzman Reaction in the Pregnant Golden Hamster

A single intraperitoneal injection of colchicine regularly elicits the generalized Shwartzman phenomenon in the pregnant golden hamster. Non-pregnant hamsters are refractory both to colchicine and endotoxin. The superiority of colchicine, as opposed to foreign endotoxin, in the pregnant subject, may be attributed to the action of native endotoxin which is allowed parenteral access as a result of colchicine-induced injury to the intestinal mucosa.
An electron diffraction determination of the molecular structures of phosphoryl bromide and thiophosphoryl bromide

Abstract Gas-phase electron diffraction structures have been determined for phosphoryl bromide (OPBr3 thiophosphoryl bromide (SPBr3Normal coordinate analyses were carried out for the two molecules using a valence force field, and the resulting amplitude terms used for transformations between ra and rga. An unconstrained refinement of the OPBr3 intensities gives the parameters rg(PO) = 1.455(7) A and rg(PBr) = 2.175(3) A. The weighted average, geometrically-consistent valence angles derived from the four internuclear distances, rα, are θα(OPBr) = 114.4(2)° and θα(BrPBr) = 104.1(2)°. For SPBr3 a constrained fit to a self-consistent rα structure gives the parameters rg(PS) = 1.895(4) A, rg(PBr) = 2.193(3) A, θα(SPBr) = 116.2(2)°, and θα(BrPBr) = 101.9(2)°. Electron diffraction and spectroscopic vibrational amplitudes are reported for both molecules. The electron diffraction structures are compared with those predicted by simple models previously developed to describe main group V trihalides and trihalogen oxides and sulfides. Treatment of valence angles in four-coordinate molecules is found to be the least satisfactory feature of these models.
Managing soft errors in ASICs

Although the industry has long known about soft errors, customer awareness and concern about soft errors has recently increased. Advances in customer education, estimation techniques, and materials quality assist an ASIC designer in reducing soft-error system fails.
Predictors of recurrence in veteran patients with umbilical hernia: single center experience.

Abstract Background Different medical and social conditions have been associated with primary and recurrent hernias. Possible predictors of recurrence after elective umbilical hernia repair have not been defined clearly. The aim of this study was to determine factors that predict recurrence in patients after elective repair of umbilical hernias. Methods A 6-year retrospective review of patients with elective umbilical hernia repair at the Dallas VA Medical Center was performed. Clinical and pathologic data were evaluated by univariate analysis to identify predictive factors for recurrence. Results A total of 244 patients underwent elective hernia repair within the study period (male, 96%; mean age, 56 y; Caucasian, 74%; African American, 14%; Hispanic, 8%). Because 15 patients were not compliant with follow-up requirements, 229 were eligible for the study. Ninety-seven underwent suture repair (42.4%) and 132 underwent mesh repair (57.3%). Eleven recurrences were identified (4.8%): 7 in the suture repair group (7.7%) and 4 in the mesh repair group (3%). Univariate analysis showed that patients likely to develop recurrences were as follows: African American (15.6% vs. 3.5%; P = .017), type II diabetics (14.2% vs. 2.6%; P = .002), patients with hyperlipidemia (9.2% vs. 2.6%; P = .028), and human immunodeficiency virus–positive patients (66.6% vs. 3.9%; P = .000). Conclusions Smoking, obesity, size of hernia, type of repair, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease do not seem to predict recurrence of hernias in our VA population. African Americans, patients with type II diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and positive for human immunodeficiency virus, may have a higher risk for recurrence after elective umbilical hernia repair.
Evaluating the effect of generic advertising and food health information within a meat demand system

The objective of this article was to disentangle the effect on meat product consumption of generic advertising from that of nonadvertising-related food health information. Using quarterly data from 1976 to 2000, a linearized Almost Ideal Demand System was estimated for beef, pork, poultry, and fish. Simulation results indicate that the increased food health concerns for fat and cholesterol have resulted in a 6% reduction in the consumption of beef per capita per quarter since 1987, and an 18% increase in the poultry consumption. The results also indicate that there is a significant negative spill-over effect of beef advertising on pork consumption and vice versa. However, a positive spill-over effect of pork advertising on poultry consumption is also identified. lEconlit citations: D120, Q110, Q130r. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 19: 345-354, 2003.
Effects of time and temperature on the viability of Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts in enhanced pork loin.

Enhanced or pumped pork products represent a significant proportion (40 to 50%) of the commercially available pork cuts available to consumers at the retail level. In a previous study, pork loins containing viable Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts were pumped with solutions containing 2% sodium chloride or 1.4% or higher potassium or sodium lactate and stored at 4°C for 7 days. This treatment prevented transmission of T. gondii to cats. In the present study, enhanced pork loins were stored for 0, 8, 16, 24, 32, or 40 h at 4°C and then fed to T. gondii–seronegative cats to determine how quickly the loss of tissue cyst viability occurred. In a second experiment, pork loins collected from pigs experimentally infected with T. gondii were stored at temperatures found in retail meat cases and then fed to T. gondii–seronegative cats to determine the effect of typical meat case storage temperatures on tissue cyst viability. In both experiments, cat feces were examined for 14 days after the infected meat meal to asse...
The Millennial Consumer in the Texts of Our Times: Experience and Entertainment:

Two decades ago, (macro)marketing researchers awoke to the hedonic and experiential aspects of consumption—sometimes known as fantasies, feelings, and fun or the “three Fs.” More recent literature ...
A case for engineering edutainment in the 21st century

The economic future of the United States depends upon our continued leadership in the development of high technology products and services. Development of such products requires a robust engineering workforce. Unfortunately, current economic, market, employment, demographic, and education trends suggest erosion of America's global engineering leadership. A definition of engineering edutainment is developed. Reasons why some educators are dismayed by the concept of edutainment are discussed. A call is made for engineering edutainment that spans almost all U.S. demographic groups from cradle to grave. This holistic approach is offered as a critical underpinning for the foundation of the engineering workforce of the next century. It is put forth that the holistic approach is best accomplished through alliances including engineering faculty, K-12 educators, and practitioners from industry. Finally, guidelines to avoid the pitfalls of edutainment are provided.
Veto Players and Conditional Commitment to U.N. Human Rights Agreements

Why do states conditionally commit to human rights agreements though the use of reservations? Despite continued attention to this question, the current explanations that focus on cultural and normative motives remain unsatisfactory and incomplete. We propose and test a new systematic explanation of this behavior by turning to theories of veto players and policy change. As the number of veto players in a state increases, policy change becomes more difficult. But by attaching reservations to treaties, states are able to resolve policy disagreements between veto players and make policy change (i.e. ratification) more likely. To test this hypothesis, we use data from the U.N. Treaty Series on reservations attached to the 15 treaties that constitute the body of United Nations human rights agreements from 1965-2008. Employing two separate measures of political constraints we find that an increase in the number of veto players results in states attaching more reservations to human rights treaties. Additionally, we find little systematic support for competing hypotheses drawn from the international law literature that focus on normative, sociological, or cultural explanations. These results are robust across different modeling specifications.
On the effectiveness of the Dark Channel Prior for single image dehazing by approximating with minimum volume ellipsoids

There is an increasing number of methods for removing haze and fog from a single image. One of such methods is Dark Channel Prior (DCP). The goal of this paper is to develop a mathematical explanation on why DCP works well by using principal component analysis, and minimum volume ellipsoid approximations.
Extremal inversion of static earth displacements due to volume sources

Summary. The inverse problem of using static displacements observed at the surface to infer volume changes within the Earth is considered. This problem can be put in a form such that the method of ideal bodies and the method of positivity constraints may both be applied. Thus all of the techniques previously developed for the gravity inverse problem can be extended to the static displacement problem. Given bounds on the depth, the greatest lower bound on the fractional volume change can be estimated, or, given bounds on the fractional volume change, the least upper bound on the depth can be estimated. Methods of placing bounds on generalized moments of the perturbing body are also developed, and techniques of handling errors in the data are discussed. Examples are given for both two- and three-dimensional problems. The ideal body method is suited for both 2- and 3-D problems when only two data points are considered, but is unwieldy for more data points. The method of positivity constraints is more versatile and can be used when there are many data points in the case of 2-D problems, but it may lead to an excessive amount of computation in 3-D problems.
Myoglobin facilitated oxygen diffusion in the heart: a mathematical assessment

Previous theoretical assessments of myoglobin facilitation have failed to validate modeling results with a comparison to experimental data. In this study, myoglobin reaction kinetics is added to a proven cardiac tissue model in an effort to determine the extent of myoglobin facilitation. The mathematical model is compared to experimental pO/sub 2/ measurements taken from an isolated perfused cat heart preparation. The model is based upon the Krogh cylinder. In the tissue region there is axial diffusion, zero-order oxygen consumption, and myoglobin kinetics. Oxygen flux leaving the capillary is represented by a concentration difference times a mass transport coefficient, meaning that the tissue is considered "well mixed" radially. The tissue model is called the Radially-Averaged-Axially-Distributed (RAAD) model. Formulation of the mathematical problem describing the RAAD model yields a stiff, fourth-order, nonlinear, ordinary differential equation, boundary value problem. The equation set was solved numerically using a finite difference routine on a mainframe computer. The amount of diffusion facilitation by myoglobin was estimated by observing the inlet arteriolar pO/sub 2/ for the model with and without myoglobin. The computer simulations show that myoglobin does facilitate diffusion, but only to a small extent. The change in arteriolar pO/sub 2/ was less than 1% (0.76%). The facilitation is limited due to the low concentration and low diffusability of myoglobin in tissue. This suggests that facilitation of oxygen transport is not myoglobin's main physiological function.
Communication characteristics of instant messaging: effects and predictions of interpersonal relationships

Instant Messaging is a popular medium for both social and work-related communication. In this paper we report an investigation of the effect of interpersonal relationship on underlying basic communication characteristics (such as messaging rate and duration) using a large corpus of instant messages. Our results show that communication characteristics differ significantly for communications between users who are in a work relationship and between users who are in a social relationship. We used our findings to inform the creation of statistical models that predict the relationship between users without the use of message content -- achieving an accuracy of nearly 80% for one such model. We discuss the results of our analyses and potential uses of these models.
Predicting Shine–Dalgarno Sequence Locations Exposes Genome Annotation Errors

In prokaryotes, Shine–Dalgarno (SD) sequences, nucleotides upstream from start codons on messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that are complementary to ribosomal RNA (rRNA), facilitate the initiation of protein synthesis. The location of SD sequences relative to start codons and the stability of the hybridization between the mRNA and the rRNA correlate with the rate of synthesis. Thus, accurate characterization of SD sequences enhances our understanding of how an organism's transcriptome relates to its cellular proteome. We implemented the Individual Nearest Neighbor Hydrogen Bond model for oligo–oligo hybridization and created a new metric, relative spacing (RS), to identify both the location and the hybridization potential of SD sequences by simulating the binding between mRNAs and single-stranded 16S rRNA 3′ tails. In 18 prokaryote genomes, we identified 2,420 genes out of 58,550 where the strongest binding in the translation initiation region included the start codon, deviating from the expected location for the SD sequence of five to ten bases upstream. We designated these as RS+1 genes. Additional analysis uncovered an unusual bias of the start codon in that the majority of the RS+1 genes used GUG, not AUG. Furthermore, of the 624 RS+1 genes whose SD sequence was associated with a free energy release of less than −8.4 kcal/mol (strong RS+1 genes), 384 were within 12 nucleotides upstream of in-frame initiation codons. The most likely explanation for the unexpected location of the SD sequence for these 384 genes is mis-annotation of the start codon. In this way, the new RS metric provides an improved method for gene sequence annotation. The remaining strong RS+1 genes appear to have their SD sequences in an unexpected location that includes the start codon. Thus, our RS metric provides a new way to explore the role of rRNA–mRNA nucleotide hybridization in translation initiation.
Silver Nanodisk: Synthesis, Characterization and Self-Assembly

A new form of silver nanostructured materials, a silver nanodisk, is generated by a solution-phase approach. In this method, two main steps are applied: the first is the generation of the truncated triangular silver nanoplates, which are obtained by seed-mediated growth of silver particles using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as the soft templates. The second is the mild aging of the above triangular silver nanoplate solution at 40 °C to get the desired silver nanodisks. Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy studies show that the nanodisk has a thickness of the order of 20 – 30 nm, and a diameter around 60 nm. X-ray and electron diffraction analysis reveal that the nanodisk is single crystal and with its basal plane as (111) lattice plane. These nanodisks display a strong surface plasmon absorption band at 475 nm; this band can be continuously tuned within 420 nm to 560 nm through adjusting the aging time. The formation of self-assembled monolayer of CTAB on the basal plane is suggested to account for both the anisotropic growth from triangular nanoplates to nanodisks, and the formation of large-scale necklace-like structures.
Periodically regular chordal ring networks for massively parallel architectures

Chordal rings have been proposed in the past as networks that combine the simple routing framework of rings with the lower diameter, wider bisection, and higher resilience of other architectures. Virtually all proposed chordal ring networks are node-symmetric; i.e., all nodes have the same in/out degree and interconnection pattern. Unfortunately, such regular chordal rings are not scalable. The periodically regular chordal ring network is proposed as a compromise for combining low node degree with small diameter. Discussion is centered on the basic structure, derivation of topological properties, routing algorithms, optimization of parameters, and comparison to competing architectures such as meshes and PEC networks. >
A periscope for mobile discovery and narrative

Datascape is a periscope device that allows its operator to view invisible data about the surrounding city. As the user travels through geographic space, they simultaneously explore a 3D virtual topography built from invisible datasets, such as demographic marketing segmentation. As they explore the city, they control a dynamic soundtrack that is generated from local data including the "listening preferences" of the surrounding community. A typical commute or drive around town is turned into a sonic and visual exploration of hidden narratives that surround us and envelop the city.
Achieving Uniformly Accurate and Up-to-date Models in Large Interconnected Power Systems

As a general rule, each entity involved in owning, operating, or planning an interconnected power grid requires a computer model of the grid that overlaps heavily (in terms of data content) with the models required by the other grid entities. One of the objectives of the CIM standards community is to perfect a standard that allows utilities to share data in a manner that improves the efficiency, consistency and accuracy of these models. Initially, CIM groups proposed a standard based on exchanging whole power flow cases, leaving the rest of model sharing processes for the practitioners to work out. Actual practice has revealed shortcomings in this limited approach, and additions to the standards have recently been proposed and accepted. In order to take full advantage of these changes, entities in the interconnection need to adopt business practices that are consistent with the design of the standards. The purpose of this paper is to outline how the new standards can be put into effective use.
The Little Six Personality Dimensions From Early Childhood to Early Adulthood: Mean-Level Age and Gender Differences in Parents' Reports.

The present research pursues three major goals. First, we develop scales to measure the Little Six youth personality dimensions: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, Openness to Experience, and Activity. Second, we examine mean-level age and gender differences in the Little Six from early childhood into early adulthood. Third, we examine the development of more specific nuance traits. We analyze parent reports, made using the common-language California Child Q-Set (CCQ), for a cross-sectional sample of 16,000 target children ranging from 3 to 20 years old. We construct CCQ‐Little Six scales that reliably measure each Little Six dimension. Using these scales, we find (a) curvilinear, U-shaped age trends for Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness, with declines followed by subsequent inclines; (b) monotonic, negative age trends for Extraversion and Activity; (c) higher levels of Conscientiousness and Agreeableness among girls than boys, as well as higher levels of Activity among boys than girls; and (d) gender-specific age trends for Neuroticism, with girls scoring higher than boys by mid-adolescence. Finally, we find that several nuance traits show distinctive developmental trends that differ from their superordinate Little Six dimension. These results highlight childhood and adolescence as key periods of personality
Effects of Growth Temperature on Carbon Nanotube Array Thermal Interfaces

Due to their excellent compliance and high thermal conductivity, dry carbon nanotube (CNT) array interfaces are promising candidates to address the thermal management needs of power dense microelectronic components and devices. However, typical CNT growth temperatures 800°C limit the substrates available for direct CNT synthesis. A microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition and a shielded growth technique were used to synthesize CNT arrays at various temperatures on silicon wafers. Measured growth surface temperatures ranged from 500°C to 800°C. The room-temperature thermal resistances of interfaces created by placing the CNT covered wafers in contact with silver foil (silicon-CNT-silver) were measured using a photoacoustic technique to range from approximately 7 mm 2 °C/ Wt o 19 mm 2 °C/W at moderate pressures. Thermal resistances increased as CNT array growth temperature decreased primarily due to a reduction in the average diameter of CNTs in the arrays. DOI: 10.1115/1.2969758
Pupae of the Genus Culiseta Felt. II. Descriptions and a Key to the North American Species (Diptera: Culicidae)

Of the eight species of Culiseta in North America, the pupae of four have been previously described. The remaining four, impatiens (Walker), incidens (Thomson), particeps (Adams), and alaskaensis (Ludlow), are described and a key to the eight species is included.
Abstract LB-12: Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with aggressive prostate cancer among African Americans in the North Carolina-Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project (PCaP).

Background: Experimental and ecological studies support links between vitamin D and prostate cancer prevention and prognosis. Given the lower levels of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and higher prostate cancer incidence and mortality among African Americans compared to other racial/ethnic groups, the aim of this investigation was to examine the relationship between plasma 25(OH)D levels and prostate cancer aggressiveness among African and European Americans. Methods: Plasma 25(OH)D was measured using LC/MS/MS in 537 African Americans and 663 European Americans with newly-diagnosed prostate cancer from PCaP. Men were classified as cases (high aggressiveness) if Gleason sum ≥8, or PSA >20 ng/ml, or Gleason sum ≥7 AND clinical stage = T3c-T4c, or Gleason sum=7 with primary pattern 4. The comparison group (low aggressiveness) included men with Gleason sum Results: African Americans had significantly lower mean concentrations of 25(OH)D (17.7 ± 7.6 ng/ml) compared to European Americans (24.6 ± 9.6 ng/ml). The highest tertile (mean=25.79 ng/ml & median=24.29 ng/ml) and middle tertile (mean=16.09 ng/ml & median=15.83) of plasma 25(OH)D were positively associated with highly aggressive prostate cancer among African Americans after adjustment for age, season, education, physical activity, smoking status, and PSA screening history (OR=1.7, 95% CI=1.0, 2.8 and OR=1.8, 95%CI=1.1, 3.0, respectively). No significant associations were observed for European American men. Conclusions: Plasma 25(OH)D was positively associated with prostate cancer aggressiveness among African Americans but not European Americans, such that subjects with highly aggressive prostate cancer had increased odds of having higher plasma 25(OH)D levels. Research samples were collected after diagnosis, so effects of treatment, extent of disease or associated processes (e.g. weight loss) on plasma 25(OH)D may explain the findings. Ongoing studies include analysis of vitamin D binding protein (DBP) in the plasma and genotyping of DBP affinity variants in PCaP subjects. This approach may help explain the racial differences found, since DBP may modulate the impact of vitamin D status on prostate cancer. Citation Format: Anna Woloszynska-Read, Lenore Arab, John Adams, Jeannette T. Bensen, Elizabeth TH Fontham, James L. Mohler, Joseph Su, Fred Tabung, Hongmei Zhang, Donald L. Trump, Candace S. Johnson, Susan E. Steck. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with aggressive prostate cancer among African Americans in the North Carolina-Louisiana Prostate Cancer Project (PCaP). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-12. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-12
Scale-Dependent Linkages between Nitrate Isotopes and Denitrification in Surface Soils: Implications for Isotope Measurements and Models

Natural abundance nitrate (NO3 (-)) isotopes represent a powerful tool for assessing denitrification, yet the scale and context dependence of relationships between isotopes and denitrification have received little attention, especially in surface soils. We measured the NO3 (-) isotope compositions in soil extractions and lysimeter water from a semi-arid meadow and lawn during snowmelt, along with the denitrification potential, bulk O2, and a proxy for anaerobic microsites. Denitrification potential varied by three orders of magnitude and the slope of δ(18)O/δ(15)N in soil-extracted NO3 (-) from all samples measured 1.04 ± 0.12 (R (2) = 0.64, p < 0.0001), consistent with fractionation from denitrification. However, δ(15)N of extracted NO3 (-) was often lower than bulk soil δ(15)N (by up to 24 ‰), indicative of fractionation during nitrification that was partially overprinted by denitrification. Mean NO3 (-) isotopes in lysimeter water differed from soil extractions by up to 19 ‰ in δ(18)O and 12 ‰ in δ(15)N, indicating distinct biogeochemical processing in relatively mobile water versus soil microsites. This implies that NO3 (-) isotopes in streams, which are predominantly fed by mobile water, do not fully reflect terrestrial soil N cycling. Relationships between potential denitrification and δ(15)N of extracted NO3 (-) showed a strong threshold effect culminating in a null relationship at high denitrification rates. Our observations of (1) competing fractionation from nitrification and denitrification in redox-heterogeneous surface soils, (2) large NO3 (-) isotopic differences between relatively immobile and mobile water pools, (3) and the spatial dependence of δ(18)O/δ(15)N relationships suggest caution in using NO3 (-) isotopes to infer site or watershed-scale patterns in denitrification.
Investigation and analysis the adverse drug reaction of levofloxacin on domestic and foreign case report

Objective To analyse the adverse drug reaction(ADR) of levofloxacin from the domestic and foreign case report.Methods The case reports of levofloxacin adverse reaction were collected from CNKI database and Pubmed database.The data of patient nationality,gender,age,infection diseases,complications,route of administration,daily dose,and performance of adverse drug reactions were analyzed.Results In the total 175 cases,the rate of ADR were 86.3% in patients with 0.2-0.5 g levofloxacin daily.The earliest ADR happen time was within one minute after using levofloxacin.About three-quarter patients suffered from ADR within three days.The central and peripheral nervous system disorders,body as a whole-general disorders,muscular-skeletal system disorders,metabolic and nutritional disorders and psychiatric disorders.The incidence of these was 68.6%.Conclusion Central and peripheral nervous system disorders and other ADR performance of levoflaxacin should be concerned by clinical user.
IMPROVING DETECTION ACCURACY OF WATER QUALITY

To improve the detection accuracy of water quality,the detection data of different water,such as raw water,lake water,and sea water,are analyzed.In addition,multi-detections of same water sample are performed.Therefore,the factors affecting detection accuracy of water quality are described,and an approach for quality control of water detection is proposed.