cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Provide a Regenerative Medicine Platform for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Heart Failure

Mutations in the dystrophin gene cause Duchenne muscular dystrophy, a hereditary condition that leads to degeneration of both skeletal and cardiac muscle. All DMD patients inevitably develop heart disease (cardiomyopathy), and 30 % of them succumb to congestive heart failure. The mechanism of DMD heart failure is still elusive, partly due to the hard-to-access heart cells from patients. Because no effective treatment exists for DMD heart disease, patients with DMD represent an unmet medical need. To address this need, we modeled heart disease in DMD using a regenerative medicine technology called cellular reprogramming. Reprogramming involves converting an adult somatic cell into a pluripotent stem cell, called induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC). IPSCs are further transformed or differentiated into heart cells for study. Reprogramming technology provides vast amounts of heart cells, offering an unprecedented opportunity to study genetic heart diseases like DMD heart failure. Establishing this regenerative medicine platform will not only facilitate exploration of disease etiology, but also provide unlimited personalized material to screen therapeutic compounds for individual patients.
Stochastic hybrid systems models for performance and reliability analysis of power electronic systems

Stochastic hybrid systems (SHS) are a class of stochastic processes with a state space composed of a discrete state and a continuous state. The transitions of the discrete state are random, and the rates at which these transitions occur are, in general, a function of the value of the continuous state. For each value that the discrete state takes - referred to subsequently as modes of the system - the evolution of the continuous state is described by a stochastic differential equation. The vector fields that govern the evolution of the continuous state in each mode depend on the operational characteristics of the system in that mode. Reset maps associated with mode transitions define how the discrete and continuous states map into posttransition discrete and continuous states.
Emilie Altenloh (1888 – 1985)

»Meine ganzen Entwicklungen bauen sich auf Erlebnissen auf, auf pragmatischen Dingen, die ich gesehen habe und die ich dann in Angriff genommen habe, […] und so tauchte dann der Film auf« (Emilie Altenloh, zit. nach Haller 2012: *78). Emilie Altenloh sah sich, wie dieses Zitat verdeutlicht, weder als Soziologin noch als Filmwissenschaftlerin, zumal sie nach der Veroffentlichung ihrer Dissertation Zur Soziologie des Kino im Jahr 1914 auf keinem dieser beiden Gebiete weiter gearbeitet hat.
Assessing the economic impact of a cultural heritage site using social accounting matrices: The case of the Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba

Heritage sites attract cultural tourists and represent a major source of revenue and employment for the destination’s economy. This article assesses a cultural heritage site’s economic impact on its environment via linear models based on regionalized social accounting matrices. The proposed methodology is applied to data gathered on the Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba in the year 2013 to determine the heritage site’s contribution to the host economy in terms of production and employment
NMR assignments of sparsely labeled proteins using a genetic algorithm

Sparse isotopic labeling of proteins for NMR studies using single types of amino acid (15N or 13C enriched) has several advantages. Resolution is enhanced by reducing numbers of resonances for large proteins, and isotopic labeling becomes economically feasible for glycoproteins that must be expressed in mammalian cells. However, without access to the traditional triple resonance strategies that require uniform isotopic labeling, NMR assignment of crosspeaks in heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) spectra is challenging. We present an alternative strategy which combines readily accessible NMR data with known protein domain structures. Based on the structures, chemical shifts are predicted, NOE cross-peak lists are generated, and residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) are calculated for each labeled site. Simulated data are then compared to measured values for a trial set of assignments and scored. A genetic algorithm uses the scores to search for an optimal pairing of HSQC crosspeaks with labeled sites. While none of the individual data types can give a definitive assignment for a particular site, their combination can in most cases. Four test proteins previously assigned using triple resonance methods and a sparsely labeled glycosylated protein, Robo1, previously assigned by manual analysis, are used to validate the method and develop a criterion for identifying sites assigned with high confidence.
Connecting the dots: An exploration of how pre-service special education teachers make sense of disability and diversity

Abstract Although teacher education standards address preparing candidates to serve diverse learners, minimal guidance is available concerning specific program components and their influence on candidates' growth and development. Through constant comparative analysis of end-of-semester reflections, this exploratory, qualitative study investigated preservice special educators’ developing perceptions about disability and cultural and linguistic diversity following field experiences aligned with courses. Participants reported a growing awareness of themselves, students they encountered, and the intersectionality between diversity and disability. Further, their insights reflected recognition of the combined influence of coursework, fieldwork, and opportunities for supported reflection. Implications for research and program development are offered.
GTE Sylvania and Interbrand Competition as the Primary Concern of Antitrust Law

Footnote 19 of the landmark U.S. antitrust decision in Continental T.V. v. GTE Sylvania, Inc. 433 U.S. 36 (1977) declares that “Interbrand competition … is the primary concern of antitrust law.” We trace the antecedents and influence of this declaration, argue that it is inappropriate, and conclude that it should be abandoned.
ADA Title I allegations and the Mining, Quarrying, and Oil/Gas Extraction industry.

Background The majority of research about employment discrimination in the U.S. Mining, Quarrying, and Oil/Gas (MQOGE) industries has concentrated on gender and race, while little attention has focused on disability. Objective To explore allegations of Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Title I discrimination made to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) by individuals with disabilities against MQOGE employers. Methods Key data available to this study included demographic characteristics of charging parties, size of employers, types of allegations, and case outcomes. Using descriptive analysis, allegation profiles were developed for MQOGE's three main sectors (i.e., Oil/Gas Extraction, Mining except Oil/Gas, and Support Activities). These three profiles where then comparatively analyzed. Lastly, regression analysis explored whether some of the available data could partially predict MQOGE case outcomes. Results The predominant characteristics of MQOGE allegations were found to be quite similar to the allegation profile of U.S. private-sector industry as a whole, and fairly representative of MQOGE's workforce demographics. Significant differences between MQOGE's three main sector profiles were noted on some important characteristics. Lastly, it was found that MQOGE case outcomes could be partially predicted via some of the available variables. Conclusions The study's limitations were presented and recommendations were offered for further research.
Functional outcomes of thoracic injuries in pediatric and adult occupants.

Objective: To develop a disability metric for motor vehicle crash (MVC) thoracic injuries and compare functional outcomes between pediatric and adult populations.Methods: Disability risk (DR) was q...
Worker and queen honey bee behavior during foreign queen introduction

Introductions of foreign queen honey bees (Apis mellifera) to observation colonies containing individually marked workers resulted in three distinct, simultaneously occurring responses: 1) complete passivity; 2) nonaggressive balling behavior; and 3) aggressive balling behavior. Balling persisted for 9.2 h (N=12) and involved approximately 15–20% of the colonies' populations. Participation in a ball was age-dependent, with 91.2% of the balling workers 12 days old or older. Only a small fraction (0.5–2%) of the colonies' workers behaved aggressively, while the remainder displayed nonaggressive balling behavior. Aggressive workers spent significantly more time in a ball than did nonaggressive workers, but there was no difference in age between the two subgroups. Foreign queens were not killed immediately upon introduction and were not continuously attacked throughout the balling period. Balling workers gradually became conditioned to some foreign queens beginning 3–5 h after introduction; the incidence of worker aggression steaily decreased while queen activity increased. Observations of queen behavior during balling do not support the “stress pheromone hypothesis” (Yadava andSmith, 1971).
Minutes-fast Heterostructure Prototyping via 2D Material Printing: Electrical 2D-LED and Tunnel Junctions

Here, we demonstrate precise and cross-contamination free transfer of atomically thin layered materials by using 2D printer method. Our novel transfer technique shows immense opportunities in many diverse fields including integrated photonics.
Widespread gene transfer to malignant gliomas with In vitro-to-In vivo correlation.

Abstract Gene therapy of malignant gliomas has shown a lack of clinical success to date due in part to inability of conventional gene vectors to achieve widespread gene transfer throughout highly disseminated tumor areas within the brain. Here, we demonstrate that newly engineered polymer-based DNA-loaded nanoparticles (DNA-NP) possessing small particle diameters (~50 nm) and non-adhesive surface polyethylene glycol (PEG) coatings efficiently penetrate brain tumor tissue as well as healthy brain parenchyma. Specifically, this brain-penetrating nanoparticle (BPN), following intracranial administration via convection enhanced delivery (CED), provides widespread transgene expression in heathy rodent striatum and an aggressive brain tumor tissue established orthotopically in rats. The ability of BPN to efficiently traverse both tissues is of great importance as the highly invasive glioma cells infiltrated into normal brain tissue are responsible for tumor recurrence. Of note, the transgene expression within the orthotopic tumor tissue occurred preferentially in glioma cells over microglial cells. We also show that three-dimensional (3D) multicellular spheroids established with malignant glioma cells, unlike conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures, serve as an excellent in vitro model reliably predicting gene vector behaviors in vivo. Briefly, DNA-NP possessing greater surface PEG coverage exhibited more uniform and higher-level transgene expression both in the 3D model and in vivo, whereas the trend was opposite in 2D culture. The finding here alerts that gene transfer studies based primarily on 2D cultures should be interpreted with caution and underscores the relevance of 3D models for screening newly engineered gene vectors prior to their in vivo evaluation.
An assessment of models for flow-enhanced nucleation in an n-alkane melt by molecular simulation

Flow-enhanced nucleation of the crystal phase under shear and uniaxial extension for a monodisperse melt of n-pentacontahectane (C150H302 or C150) chains was studied by nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation. The resulting acceleration in the crystal nucleation rate was correlated with macroscopically measurable properties of the flow field and with microscopic conformational statistics. Based on the fidelity of the observed correlations, several empirical models reported in the literature were evaluated for their abilities to account for the observed enhancement of the nucleation rate due to flow, and new models are proposed for data that do not comport with existing models. In agreement with prior reports, the nucleation rate was found to correlate well with first-normal stress difference, the second invariant of the deviatoric conformation tensor, and the stretch ratio, albeit with some differences from the existing models. New models based on conformational invariants for Kuhn segments are proposed and shown to describe the simulation data more accurately than those based on conformational behavior of entire chains. Within the applicability of the stress-optical rule, related models are proposed based on invariants of the extra stress tensor.Flow-enhanced nucleation of the crystal phase under shear and uniaxial extension for a monodisperse melt of n-pentacontahectane (C150H302 or C150) chains was studied by nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation. The resulting acceleration in the crystal nucleation rate was correlated with macroscopically measurable properties of the flow field and with microscopic conformational statistics. Based on the fidelity of the observed correlations, several empirical models reported in the literature were evaluated for their abilities to account for the observed enhancement of the nucleation rate due to flow, and new models are proposed for data that do not comport with existing models. In agreement with prior reports, the nucleation rate was found to correlate well with first-normal stress difference, the second invariant of the deviatoric conformation tensor, and the stretch ratio, albeit with some differences from the existing models. New models based on conformational invariants for Kuhn segments are propo...
Evidence against Ryskin's model of cosmic acceleration

Abstract In this paper I examine how well Ryskin’s model of emergent cosmic acceleration fits several sets of cosmological observations. I find that while Ryskin’s model is somewhat compatible with the standard model of cosmic acceleration (ΛCDM) for low redshift (z ≲ 1) measurements, its predictions diverge considerably from those of the standard model for measurements made at high redshift (for which z ≳ 1), and it is therefore not a compelling substitute for the standard model.
Beyond soil health: the trophic effects of cover crops shape predator communities

Maintaining habitat throughout the season in annual cropping systems provides resource stability for arthropod communities. Stabilizing resource availability should lead to diverse predatory communities and their associated ecosystem services such as biological control. There is a need for studies to test change in predator communities due to habitat provisioning and estimate associated food web responses. Here we quantified predator community structure and used molecular gut-content analysis to reconstruct predator food webs in response to winter cover crops (i.e. cereal and legume based) in a cotton agroecosystem. Predators were collected from experimental field plots during each major crop development stage in 2017 and 2018, and PCR was used to estimate predator roles and responses to cover crop treatments. Cotton planted into a rye cover crop residue promoted unique predator communities in the early and mid-season as compared to no-cover fields. Correspondingly, we observed dissimilar prey consumption among cover crop treatments. While predators consumed incidental pests at high frequencies (e.g. aphids), predation on key pests by natural enemies in this system was lacking. The use of winter cover crops and reduced tillage practices increased the consumption of alternative prey by natural enemies on seedling cotton, encouraging high predator diversity that aligns temporally with potential early season pest outbreaks. Therefore, cover crops should be further integrated into integrated pest management strategies.
Parameters of Aggressive Behavior in a Treatment-Seeking Sample of Military Personnel: A Secondary Analysis of Three Randomized Controlled Trials of Evidence-Based PTSD Treatments.

Aggressive behavior is prevalent among veterans of post-9/11 conflicts who have posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, little is known about whether PTSD treatments reduce aggression or the direction of the association between changes in PTSD symptoms and aggression in the context of PTSD treatment. We combined data from three clinical trials of evidence-based PTSD treatment in service members (N = 592) to: (1) examine whether PTSD treatment reduces psychological (e.g., verbal behavior) and physical aggression, and; (2) explore temporal associations between aggressive behavior and PTSD. Both psychological (Estimate = -2.20, SE = 0.07) and physical aggression (Estimate = -0.36, SE = 0.05) were significantly reduced from baseline to posttreatment follow-up. Lagged PTSD symptom reduction was not associated with reduced reports of aggression; however, higher baseline PTSD scores were significantly associated with greater reductions in psychological aggression (exclusively; s = -0.67, 95% CI = -1.05, -0.30, SE = -3.49). Findings reveal that service members receiving PTSD treatment report substantial collateral changes in psychological aggression over time, particularly for participants with greater PTSD symptom severity. Clinicians should consider cotherapies or alternative ways of targeting physical aggression among service members with PTSD and alternative approaches to reduce psychological aggression among service members with relatively low PTSD symptom severity when considering evidence-based PTSD treatments.
Parker Solar Probe: Mission Operations Challenges during Commissioning and Beyond

NASA's Parker Solar Probe (PSP) will be the first mission to “touch” the Sun. PSP will travel directly into the Sun's atmosphere about 4 million miles from the surface, much closer than any other spacecraft. About the size of a small car, the spacecraft will complete its scientific objectives by exploring the inner region of the heliosphere, performing in-situ and remote sensing observations of the magnetic field, plasma, and accelerated particles. Parker Solar Probe is designed to complete 24 solar encounters over its seven-year mission, using seven Venus gravity assists that reduce the size of its heliocentric orbit, enabling the spacecraft to get progressively closer to the Sun. The mission trajectory coupled with the extreme solar environment and resulting spacecraft complexity pose some unique challenges for mission operations. This paper describes the operational challenges associated with commissioning Parker Solar Probe, executing its first Venus Flyby and completing its first solar encounter in less than only three months' time after launch. Anomalies that occurred during commissioning, subsequent recovery operations and operational lessons learned are also discussed. Finally, the operational processes and software tools used to manage the mission's unique operational constraints to support orbit planning, command sequencing and real-time operations are discussed.
Hydrolysis of Triglycerides in Cream Using Porcine Pancreatic Lipase

The development of an enzyme-mediated reaction for the first-year general, organic, and biological chemistry (GOB) teaching laboratory is of significant importance so that the factors that affect enzyme-mediated reactions can be adequately demonstrated, reinforcing the lecture portion of the GOB course. Some of the factors that affect these types of reactions include, but are not limited to, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and temperature. The experiment reported herein utilizes porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) to catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides within cream. The amount of time required to afford triglyceride hydrolysis was probed by altering the concentration of PPL and the temperature at which the reaction was performed. In addition, to provide the students with a hands-on demonstration of how bile salts aid in the digestion of triglycerides, various trials were performed to explore the effect of altering bile salt concentration. Finally, the data obtained from the enzyme concentration trials, the temperature trials, and the bile salt concentration trials were graphed to provide a visual representation of how triglyceride hydrolysis, mediated by PPL, is affected by these various factors.
Long tracks of homozygosity predict the severity of alcohol use disorders in an American Indian population.

Runs of homozygosity (ROH) arise when an individual inherits two copies of the same haplotype segment. While ROH are ubiquitous across human populations, Native populations-with shared parental ancestry arising from isolation and endogamy-can carry a substantial enrichment for ROH. We have been investigating genetic and environmental risk factors for alcohol use disorders (AUD) in a group of American Indians (AI) who have higher rates of AUD than the general U. S. population. Here we explore whether ROH might be associated with incidence and severity of AUD in this admixed AI population (n = 742) that live on geographically contiguous reservations, using low-coverage whole genome sequences. We have found that the genomic regions in the ROH that were identified in this population had significantly elevated American Indian heritage compared with the rest of the genome. Increased ROH abundance and ROH burden are likely risk factors for AUD severity in this AI population, especially in those diagnosed with severe and moderate AUD. The association between ROH and AUD was mostly driven by ROH of moderate lengths between 1 and 2 Mb. An ROH island on chromosome 1p32.3 and a rare ROH pool on chromosome 3p12.3 were found to be significantly associated with AUD severity. They contain genes involved in lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammatory responses; and OSBPL9 was found to reside on the consensus part of the ROH island. These data demonstrate that ROH are associated with risk for AUD severity in this AI population.
Startup and implementation costs of a colorectal cancer screening tailored navigation research study.

Abstract Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Despite improvements in screening, testing for CRC is underutilized in some populations, suggesting a need to identify efficient test promotion strategies. Methods Our intervention guided individuals from low-income, underserved communities into primary care clinics to receive CRC screening referrals. Community sites were randomized to education or education plus navigation. The Phase I community-to-clinic navigation outcome was clinic attendance; the Phase II clinic-to-screening navigation outcome was screening completion. We used micro-costing to determine costs necessary to replicate our project in a similar, non-research setting. Results Over the 4-year project, startup costs tended to decrease as implementation costs increased. The largest component of startup costs (32 % of total) was community site recruitment. Implementation costs per class attendee were higher in the navigation group ($1084) than control ($798). But costs per participant who made a clinic appointment ($3573 versus $6292) and per participant who completed screening ($4083 versus $7640) were lower in the navigation group. Conclusions Our description of startup and implementation costs for this intervention provides decision makers with information needed to plan and budget for a similar project to guide individuals from community into clinics.
Up quark mass in lattice QCD with three light dynamical quarks and implications for strong CP invariance.

A standing mystery in the standard model is the unnatural smallness of the strong $CP$ violating phase. A massless up quark has long been proposed as one potential solution. A lattice calculation of the constants of the chiral Lagrangian essential for the determination of the up quark mass, $2{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{8}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{5}$, is presented. We find $2{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{8}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{5}=0.29\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.18$, which corresponds to ${m}_{u}/{m}_{d}=0.410\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.036$. This is the first such calculation using a physical number of dynamical light quarks, ${N}_{f}=3$.
Efficient charge carrier control on single walled carbon nanotube thin film transistors using water soluble polymer coatings

SWCNT-based thin-film transistors (TFTs) typically display unipolar p-type electrical characteristics in ambient condition due to the O2/H2O redox couple. However, complementary circuits that combine both p and n channels are preferred due to lower power requirements. Typical approaches with small molecule or polymeric dopants often yield ambipolar devices, or unstable n-type devices while concomitantly suppressing the on-current and mobility. Herein, we demonstrate a charge carrier control strategy using aqueous-based polymeric coatings that enable n-type devices with comparable performance to p-type devices. Specifically, we used a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coating layer containing a minority fraction of polyethyleneimine (PEI) (0.06–1.1 % w/w) to effectively switch the transfer characteristics from p-type to n-type, while maintaining decent electrical characteristics. Moreover, we demonstrate the ability to fine-tune the n branch threshold voltage via the annealing temperature. A similar strategy provides a balanced p branch on-current by incorporating PVA as a minor component (0.1-6 % w/w) into a polyacrylic acid (PAA) matrix. Through effective n-type conversion and p-type balancing, we demonstrate a simple SWCNT-based inverter. Considering the low-cost, environmentally friendly compositions and aqueous processability, this approach is attractive for large scale complementary printable circuits.
Cyclic AMP modulates electrical signaling in a weakly electric fish

Many species of electric fish show diurnal or socially elicited variation in electric organ discharge amplitude. In Sternopygus macrurus, activation of protein kinase A by 8-bromo-cAMP increases electrocyte sodium current magnitude. To determine whether the behavioral plasticity in electric organ discharge amplitude is controlled by electrocyte biophysical properties, we examined whether the effects of phosphorylation on ion currents in the electric organ translate directly into electric organ discharge changes. We injected the electric organ of restrained fish with 8-bromo-cAMP and monitored the electric organ discharge. The effect of protein kinase A activation on electrocyte action potentials was examined in isolated electric organ using two-electrode current clamp. Electric organ discharge and action potential amplitude and pulse duration increased in response to 8-bromo-cAMP. Pulse and action potential duration both increased by about 25%. However, the increase in electric organ discharge amplitude (~400%) was several-fold greater than the action potential amplitude increase (~40%). Resting membrane resistance decreased in electrocytes exposed to 8-bromo-cAMP. We propose that in the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the electric organ a moderate increase in action potential amplitude combined with a decrease in internal resistance produces a greater voltage drop across the external resistance (the water around the fish), accounting for the large increase in the externally recorded electric organ discharge.
Linear Logical Algorithms

Bottom-up logic programming can be used to declaratively specify many algorithms in a succinct and natural way, and McAllester and Ganzinger have shown that it is possible to define a cost semantics that enables reasoning about the running time of algorithms written as inference rules. Previous work with the programming language Lollimon demonstrates the expressive power of logic programming with linear logic in describing algorithms that have imperative elements or that must repeatedly make mutually exclusive choices. In this paper, we identify a bottom-up logic programming language based on linear logic that is amenable to efficient execution and describe a novel cost semantics that can be used for complexity analysis of algorithms expressed in linear logic.
Combined immunotherapy in malignant melanoma: Regression of metastatic lesions in two patients concordant in timing with systemic administration of transfer factor and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin

Transfer factor from selected donors was administered to ten patients with malignant melanoma. Four patients had widely disseminated disease; immunotherapy had no clinical effect on these patients, either beneficial or adverse, and there were no changes in any tests of cellular immunity that could be attributed to transfer factor. Six patients had disseminated malignant melanoma that was not widespread. These patients were given combined immunotherapy with transfer factor and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin administered by escarification. Two of these six had complete regression of all tumor nodules coincident with combined immunotherapy. One had recurrence of tumor; in spite of continued therapy, she developed cerebral metastases and died. The second patient remains completely free of demonstrable disease 3 years later. Lymphocyte stimulation by melanoma antigens was useful for evaluation in that the only patients whose stimulation increased after transfer factor were the two whose lesions regressed. Spontanous regressions do occur in patients with malignant melanoma. It is possible that we saw two such spontaneous regressions; however, they did coincide in timing with the administration of combined immunotherapy. The results of this study are sufficiently encouraging to warrant a controlled double-blind study of the effects of combined immunotherapy in disseminated malignant melanoma and the use of in vitro tests, especially lymphocyte stimulation by melanoma antigens, in evaluation of recipients.
EINSTEIN, THE HOLE ARGUMENT AND THE REALITY OF SPACE

In November 1915, Einstein put the finishing touches to his general theory of relativity. Then he proclaimed that the theory, through its general covariance, “robbed time and space of the last trace of objective reality” (Einstein, 1915, p. 831). This triumphant proclamation was repeated early in 1916 in a review of the theory. The requirement of general covariance “takes away from space and time the last remnant of physical objectivity.” (Einstein, 1916, p. 117).
Hard-cored continents

Each continent contains pockets of ancient crust that appear to have been unaffected by tectonic forces since they formed billions of years ago. Why? There's now a fresh twist on the usual explanation.
Gravitational collision efficiency of nonspherical aerosols I: definitions of shape factors

Nonspherical aerosols can be encountered in postulated severe core damage accidents in nuclear reactors. Aerosol behavior equations are thus modified to account for the departure from spherical shapes by the introduction of a range of ''shape factors,'' which are defined in terms of a specified characteristic dimension or property of the particles, and by modifying the normalized collision kernel. When gravitational effects alone are considered, the kernel is reduced to the gravitational collision kernel, and shape factors for individual particles are typically defined in terms of the dynamic shape factor, which is the ratio of the Stokes settling velocity to the aerodynamic settling velocity, and the collision shape factor (the ratio of the collision diameter to the volume equivalent diameter). Due to the inconsistencies and ambiguities of current usage, separate effects information on the collision shape factor is unavailable. A new shape factor, US , is introduced to clarify the definitions and relationships between the collision efficiencies of nonspherical and ''equivalent'' spherical particles. The shape factor, US , can be obtained from mechanistic considerations.
Isolation, properties, and the complete amino acid sequence of a second form of 60-kDa glycoprotein esterase. Orientation of the 60-kDa proteins in the microsomal membrane.

Abstract A second form (form 2) of glycosylated esterase was isolated from liver microsomal membranes and characterized. The subunit molecular weight of form 2 is identical to that of the 60-kDa protein previously reported (Ozols, J. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 15316-15321). The NH2 terminus of the form 2 enzyme is blocked. Digestion of form 2 with pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase, followed by electroblotting and sequence analysis of the blotted protein, indicated that a pyroglutamyl residue was located at the NH2 terminus. Sequence analysis of the deblocked protein as well as characterization of the peptides obtained from enzymatic and chemical cleavages of the intact protein led to the elucidation of its complete amino acid sequence. The protein is a single polypeptide consisting of 532 residues. Carbohydrate is attached at asparaginyl residue 249. The sequence of form 2 esterase is 50% identical to the sequence of form 1 enzyme. The amino acid sequence of the first 26 residues of form 1 enzyme from human liver microsomes shows that 23 residues are identical to that of rabbit form 1, but only 8 residues that are identical to form 2. Treatment of the forms 1 and 2 isozymes with N-glycosidase F or endo-N-acetylglucosaminidase H resulted in a decrease of their subunit molecular weights, indicating that the carbohydrate attached is of the high mannose type. To determine whether the 60-kDa proteins are located on the cytoplasmic or luminal side of the endoplasmic membrane, microsomes were treated with proteolytic enzymes and the two 60-kDa isozymes were isolated and characterized. Sequence analysis of both proteins indicated that their NH2 termini were unaffected by proteolysis. Form 1 isozyme isolated from trypsin-treated microsomes, however, lacked the COOH-terminal heptapeptide (residues 533-539). These results, in addition to the finding of an N-linked carbohydrate, suggest that the two 60-kDa proteins are oriented on the luminal side of the endoplasmic membrane.
Effect of Prolonged Administration of Parietal Cell Antibodies from Patients with Atrophic Gastritis and Pernicious Anemia on the Parietal Cell Mass and Hydrochloric Acid Output in Rats

Mild atrophic lesions were produced in gastric mucosa of rats injected for 6 to 8 weeks with immunoglobulin G processed from sera of patients with atrophic gastritis and pernicious anemia, containing circulating parietal cell antibody. These changes consisted of thinning of the mucosa, decrease of the mucosal volume, and significant reduction of parietal cell mass, but without signs of inflammation and delayed hypersensitivity reaction. No similar lesions were observed in control animals. The parallel between the reduction of the parietal cell mass and decrease of the mucosal volume, as well as decrease in the intrinsic factor activity of the gastric juice of rats treated for 8 weeks with parietal cell antibodies containing immunoglobulin G, suggests concomitant reduction of peptic cell mass under these circumstances. Rats treated with parietal cell antibodies also demonstrated a profound decrease of the hydrochloric acid output, which was more pronounced than was warranted by the coexisting reduction of the parietal cell mass. This was not seen in control animals. The possible implications and limitations of this study in regard to the problem of gastric atrophy and gastric anacidity in man are discussed.
Where to search for martian biota

Martian Salt. Terrestrial halite containing negative crystals which entrapped drops of viscous fluid yielded viable bacteria. The fluid has a Br/Mg ratio which chemist W.T. Holser characterized as a `Permian bittern.' All relevant salt on Mars should be inspected for negative crystals and possible ancient bacterial tenants. Martian Water. Moist soil in the regolith, cooled hydrothermal fluids, sediments of recurrent oceanic water, and related to inferred strand lines, even limited water in future SNC-type meteorites, upper atmosphere liquid water or water vapor, and North Polar liquid water or ice--all liquid water in any form, wherever, should be collected for microbiological analysis. Vent Fauna. Living or fossil thermophiles as trace fossils, or fauna metallicized in relation to sulphide ores. Iron Bacteria. Limonitized magnetite ore (USSR) in thin section showed structures attributed to iron bacteria. Biogenic magnetite, produced by both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and its significance. Carbonaceous chondrites (non martian) (Ivuna and Orgueil) yielded apparent life forms that could not be attributed to contamination during the given study. Are they extraterrestrial?
Orbits of spin+(3,1), wave packets and asymptotic Lepton symmetries

Abstract The Dirac equation is most easily formulated in terms of functions from space-time to the Clifford algebra R3,1 and the gradient operator. In this setting we may construct wave packet solutions for all leptons by introducing a single operator which transforms a real valued function on the group Spin+(3,1) to a wave function by using integration on the group itself. Applying the operator to a certain space of real valued functions on the group, we produce Spin+(3,1)-invariant solution spaces which may then be classified. The results are one space each for electrons and positrons and two parameter families of spaces for neutrinos and antineutrinos. The electron and neutrino spaces display an asymptotic symmetry at high energies, as do the positron and antineutrino spaces. If we also insist that the solution spaces be translation invariant, then we get the familiar two-component neutrino theory and the asymptotic symmetry between leptons of the same handedness used in the theory of weak interactions. This symmetry is purely a result of the Dirac theory in the Clifford algebra setting.
Use of animal fats in rations for beef cattle

Choice yearling Hereford steers were fed pellets containing 5.53% edible beef tallow, 68.14% ground corn cobs, 14.73% soybean oil meal, 9.20% blackstrap molasses, 1.31% urea, and 1.08% feeding bonemeal. In addition to the pellets, the steers received ground ear corn, brome hay, vitamin A supplement, and trace minerals. The steers receiving this ration gained 300 pounds in a total feeding period of 150 days for an average daily gain of 2.0 pounds. Comparable steers on a standard ration consisting of ground shelled corn, soybean oil meal, brome hay, vitamin A supplement, and trace minerals gained 317 pounds with an average daily gain of 2.11 pounds. Another group of steers were fed corn oil pellets. These steers gained 261 pounds per head or an average daily gain of 1.74 pounds.
Réflexions sur la conjuration des Égaux

Chacun sait que l'epopee de la Conjuration des Egaux recele de multiples possibilites d'interpretation et sujets de debats historiques : la dynamique interne de la Revolution parisienne et la charniere de 1793-an II ; le role de la reaction thermidorienne en tant que catalyseur dans la mutation de la conscience revolutionnaire en l'an IV ; le prophetisme de Gracchus Babeuf et les origines du socialisme revolutionnaire ; la posterite complexe, et si galvaudee, des Egaux… Cette proliferation thematique n'aurait nullement deplu aux genies fondateurs de la legende epique de la Conjuration, car Babeuf et Buonarroti hantent toujours l'etude de ce drame si tenebreux ainsi que la sensibilite de la plupart de ses historiens.
Architectural competitions as discursive events

During the 1970s and 1980s, the number of persons who reported their occupation as architects grew at an impressive rate in the United States; the number of design competitions paralleled this rapid growth. At first glance, the volume of construction appears to be a common underlying link between the two developments. In particular areas, the number of architectural firms, and therefore of architects in their employ, is closely related to the volume of construction; more construction projects also imply a greater possibility that some of them will be commissioned by competition.1 However, design competitions will continue attracting architects even in recessionary times, if their professional ambition and their numbers push them into this chancy and onerous method of looking for work. The relationship therefore depends at least partially on something other than the economy.
Incidence of Contralateral Pulmonary Atelectasis After Thoracotomy; An Evaluation of Preventive Aftercare

A comparative investigation of the incidence of contralateral roentgenographic pulmonary atelectasis was made in three groups of post-thoracotomy cases. The first 84 cases received adequate aftercare with good tracheobronchial toilet without emphasis on mucolysis. The second 84 cases received acetylcysteine administered by direct intratracheal instillations in 10 per cent concentration in addition to accepted aftercare. The third group of 30 cases received the mucolytic agent administered by intermittent positive pressure breathing apparatus. The incidence of contralateral pulmonary atelectasis for the total series of cases was 14 per cent and did not vary significanty between the groups studied. The incidence of atelectasis is recognizably related to moment by moment supervision of tracheobronchial toilet after thoracotomy, rather than a specific technique or therapeutic agent. However, the addition of acetylcysteine may be a valuable adjunctive agent to promote easier and more rapid elimination of undesirable secretions.
Are all caregivers created equal? Stress in caregivers to adults with and without dementia.

Objectives: Caregiving for older adults is stressful; however, by treating caregivers as a homogenous group, it is possible that stress-related factors are misrepresented for some. This study of 349 elderly caregivers explored mediators of the caregiving/ stress relationship for caregivers to adults with (n = 106), and without (n = 243) dementia. Methods: The sample was from the Caregiver Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (CG-SOF), ancillary to SOF, a four-site cohort of 9,704 women. Results:Stress was higher (p < .001) in dementia than nondementia caregivers (m= 19.85; 16.45). For caregivers overall, intensity and recipient problems were associated with stress but mediated through role captivity. However, relationships differed when stratified by recipient dementia status. Only recipient problems among nondementia caregivers was mediated through captivity. Discussion: Results confirm previous findings of lower stress among nondementia caregivers and suggest that different factors influence caregivers' appr...
POLY-L-ORNITHINE ENHANCES THE UPTAKE OF HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE

Abstract Poly- l -ornithine (ORN) in concentrations of 0.1–0.5% when added to 10–25% concentrations of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) improves significantly the ease of detection of labeled cells with the light microscope. Increased uptake of the HRP marker is demonstrated first by the 3–4-fold elevation in the number of retrogradely labeled cells, and second, by the fact that labeled somata are readily detected as early as 5 h and as late as 75–100 h postinjection with ORN-HRP. ORN-HRP similarly increases the number of presumed axon terminals labeled by anterograde transport. The enhanced uptake of HRP induced by ORN facilities light microscopic analysis of HRP labeled cell bodies and terminals in 4 ways: (1) revealing connections refractory to HRP alone, (2) potentially allowing contemporal visualization of both short and long fiber paths, (3) permitting reduction in injection volume for more refined studies and (4) increasing the reliability of labeling.
Robber Baron: The Life of Charles Tyson Yerkes, by John Franch Chicago's Progressive Alliance: Labor and the Bid for Public Streetcars, by Georg Leidenberger

Robber Baron: The Life of Charles Tyson Yerkes, by John Franch, Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 2006, vii+374 pp., $24.95 (paper), ISBN 9780252075179 Chicago's Progressive Alliance: Labor and...
Leaching of Chalcopyrite with Sodium Hypochlorite

A laboratory study was conducted on the leaching of chalcopyrite with NaOCl (sodium hypochlorite). Experiments were carried out in the following two stages: (1) Chalcopyrite was converted to CuO (cupric oxide) with a sodium hypochlorite solution, and (2) cupric oxide was dissolved to cupric ions with 1 normal sulfuric acid at room temperature. In the first-stage leaching, the initial pH varied from 12.5 to 13.7, the temperature from 35 °C to 75 °C, the sodium hypochlorite concentration from 0.2 to 0.85 molar, and the chalcopyrite dosage from 1 to 10 g/500 ml. The leaching conversion showed a maximum (68.3 pct) around a pH of 13.2 at 0.5 molar OCl– (hypochlorite) concentration and at 65 °C in 1 hour. The reagent consumption ratio—defined as the number of moles of hypochlorite consumed to leach 1 mole of chalcopyrite—was much higher than its stoichiometric ratio of 8.5. It reached 57.6 when the solid dosage was 1 g/500 ml and decreased to 12.9 when the solid dosage was increased to 10 g/500 ml. The leaching rate of chalcopyrite in the first stage was controlled by a chemical reaction with the activation energy of 50.2 kJ/mol (12.0 kcal/mol). A leaching scheme was identified in which 98 pct of the chalcopyrite was leached by adding hypochlorite stock solution stepwise in less than 3 hours.
The contexts of phenomenology as theory

meaning of words and not on things as they actually appear." If this particular mistake were made by a group of Husserl scholars, especially after seriously attending to Husserl's text, then the fact that the same conclusion was reached by several interpreters would incline them to take this coincidence as supportive of their seemingly phenomenologically acquired insight, especially where additional weight is given by some deductive "evidences." Yet these phenomenologists might really be reading only a selective portion of Husserl's words in certain ways and mistaking their meanings for the essences of which Husserl is in fact speaking, essences which are the desired end point of phenomenological attending and the required source for evidential verification. Sokolowski (p. 16) would respond, "Such a wayward procedure"! The abstractum Husserl's words, their meanings, the concepts making do for the essences them? selves, the matters (Sache) that are at issue. And it is a procedure that overlooks the goal of doing phenomenology: the understanding of human existence as constituted out of the richness of transcendental consciousness or perhaps this should be put, the transcen? dental understanding of the richness of human existence and of conscious life. It is a procedure that errantly takes the separate reading of this text and of that text from the Husserlian corpus as giving clarification once the reader provides a consistent conceptual analysis. But if the nature of phenomenology as theory is recognized, it becomes obvious that no one reading of a text, nor even a "satisfactorily" consistent reading of thousands of texts, can yield up that theory. And reading texts together with the usual accompanying linguistic understanding of words does not alone show us that theory. We read Husserl, and then we must do phenomenology, that is, we must in fact reactivate the theory or create it anew in its complexity and contextuality as much as we can in order to achieve Husserl's vision of human existence. Only then can we move beyond the words of Husserl to undertake further concrete analyses that Husserl himself had insufficient time to accomplish, or perhaps insufficient self-awareness to see as neces? sitated. There are many "mistakes" possible for the individual phenomenologist and the communal ones as well, mistakes that need to be avoided and which might be best understood if phenomenologists continually take aim at the contextuality of their enterprise.10 Consequently, an ongoing and thorough This content downloaded from 207.46.13.51 on Tue, 21 Jun 2016 06:43:39 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms