cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive control of linear modal systems using Residual Mode Filters and a simple disturbance estimator

Flexible structures containing a large number of modes can benefit from adaptive control techniques which are well suited to applications that have unknown modeling parameters and poorly known operating conditions. In this paper, we focus on a direct adaptive control approach that has been extended to handle adaptive rejection of persistent disturbances. We extend our adaptive control theory to accommodate troublesome modal subsystems of a plant that might inhibit the adaptive controller. In some cases the plant does not satisfy the requirements of Almost Strict Positive Realness. Instead, there maybe be a modal subsystem that inhibits this property. This section will present new results for our adaptive control theory. We will modify the adaptive controller with a Residual Mode Filter (RMF) to compensate for the troublesome modal subsystem, or the Q modes. Here we present the theory for adaptive controllers modified by RMFs, with attention to the issue of disturbances propagating through the Q modes. We apply the theoretical results to a flexible structure example to illustrate the behavior with and without the residual mode filter.
Multiple-Plant Firms, Cartels, and Imperfect Competition

I. Perfect monopoly: the short-run marginal cost curve, 174; the long-run cost curve, 179; intraplant vs. interplant economies and diseconomies, 181; the problem of optimum size, 184 — II. Mathematical analysis: geometric proof, 185; algebraic proof, 187. — III. Oligopoly: non-economic considerations, 192; the short-run marginal cost curve, 194; the long-run curve, 196; total cost, 196; long-run equilibrium, 197; elements of instability, 199. — IV. American experience: mixture of types, 200; decline of dominant firms, 202; the milk distributing industry, 203. — V. Conclusions, 205.
Potential influence of the Pacific Ocean on the Indian summer monsoon and Harappan decline

Abstract Harappan agriculture and urban water usage were likely sensitive to variations in Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) rainfall. The strength of the ISM displays negative correlations with sea surface temperatures (SST's) in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific Ocean and with El Nino events and is positively correlated with temperatures in the western equatorial Pacific. The development, decline and disappearance of Harappan civilization between ∼9000 and 3000 cal BP occurred against an environmental backdrop of decreasing northern hemisphere insolation, decreasing western equatorial Pacific SST's and increasing frequency and amplitude of ENSO events. Macro-regional paleohydrological records sensitive to the strength of the Indian Monsoon generally show increasing aridity and variability over this period consistent with the changes in insolation and the Pacific Ocean. Evidence also exists for a pronounced increase in aridity in the late Holocene and a particularly steep drought at ∼4200 cal BP. However, the initiation of transition to the deurbanized Late Harappan Phase may have commenced some 300 years prior to that event and the persistence of the Late Harappan Phase until 3000 cal BP suggests a more complex story than societal collapse and disappearance induced by one discrete environmental event. The continued long-term trend towards greater aridity and interannual variability during the Late Harappan Phase would have continued to present water resource challenges beyond the 4200 cal BP event and could have been a contributing factor to Harappan decline and ultimate disappearance.
Prophylactic intravenous administration of caffeine and recovery after ambulatory surgical procedures.

Objective To determine whether prophylactic intravenous administration of caffeine, to daily caffeine users, decreases the frequency of postoperative headache and shortens recovery time. Design The study was a prospective, randomized, double-blind investigation with predetermined sample size and statistical power. Material and Methods After Mayo Institutional Review Board approval and informed consent were obtained, 300 adult ambulatory surgical patients were enrolled in this study, which included randomization to receive either placebo or caffeine (200 mg intravenously) in the postanesthesia care unit. While recuperating, patients were allowed their choice of postoperative beverages. Before dismissal, patients completed a questionnaire providing details about intake of caffeine and tobacco, history of headache, and demographic data. Patients were considered "at risk" for symptoms of caffeine withdrawal if they did not drink a caffeinated beverage after the surgical procedure. Results Completed questionnaires were obtained from 234 patients. Patients at risk for symptoms of caffeine withdrawal were less likely to have a postoperative headache if they received caffeine intravenously rather than placebo—10% versus 23% ( P Conclusion We conclude that prophylactic intravenous administration of caffeine was beneficial for those patients at risk for symptoms of caffeine withdrawal. For patients who consume caffeinated beverages on a daily basis, we recommend prophylactic administration of caffeine on the day of an ambulatory surgical procedure and anesthesia.
Telemetric left ventricular monitoring using wireless telemetry in the rabbit model

Heart failure is a critical condition that affects many people and often results from left ventricular dysfunction. Numerous studies investigating this condition have been performed using various model systems. To do so, investigators must be able to accurately measure myocardial performance in order to determine the degree of left ventricular function. In this model development study, we employ a wireless telemetry system purchased from Data Sciences International to continuously assess left ventricular function in the rabbit model. We surgically implanted pressure-sensitive catheters fitted to wireless radio-transmitters into the left ventricle of Dutch-belted rabbits. Following recovery of the animals, we continuously recorded indices of cardiac contractility and ventricular relaxation at baseline for a given time period. The telemetry system allowed us to continuously record baseline left ventricular parameters for the entire recording period. During this time, the animals were unrestrained and fully conscious. The values we recorded are similar to those obtained using other reported methods. The wireless telemetry system can continuously measure left ventricular pressure, cardiac contractility, and cardiac relaxation in the rabbit model. These results, which were obtained just as baseline levels, substantiate the need for further validation in this model system of left ventricular assessment.
Secreted respiratory syncytial virus G glycoprotein induces interleukin-5 (IL-5), IL-13, and eosinophilia by an IL-4-independent mechanism.

The attachment glycoprotein G of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is produced as both membrane-anchored and secreted forms by infected cells. Immunization with secreted RSV G (Gs) or formalin-inactivated alumprecipitated RSV (FI-RSV) predisposes mice to immune responses involving a Th2 cell phenotype which results in more severe illness and pathology, decreased viral clearance, and increased pulmonary eosinophilia upon subsequent RSV challenge. These responses are associated with increased interleukin-4 (IL-4) production in FI-RSV-primed mice, and the responses are IL-4 dependent. RNase protection assays demonstrated that similar levels of IL-4 mRNA were induced after RSV challenge in mice primed with vaccinia virus expressing Gs (vvGs) or a construct expressing only membrane-anchored G (vvGr). However, upon RSV challenge, vvGs-primed mice produced significantly greater levels of IL-5 and IL-13 mRNA and protein than vvGr-primed mice. Administration of neutralizing anti-IL-4 antibody 11.B11 during vaccinia virus priming did not alter the levels of vvGs-induced IL-5, IL-13, pulmonary eosinophilia, illness, or RSV titers upon RSV challenge, although immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype profiles revealed that more IgG2a was produced. vvGs-priming of IL-4-deficient mice demonstrated that G-induced airway eosinophilia was not dependent on IL-4. In contrast, airway eosinophilia induced by FI-RSV priming was significantly reduced in IL-4-deficient mice. Thus we conclude that, in contrast to FI-RSV, the secreted form of RSV G can directly induce IL-5 and IL-13, producing pulmonary eosinophilia and enhanced illness in RSV-challenged mice by an IL-4-independent mechanism.
Outcomes After Total Ankle Replacement in Association With Ipsilateral Hindfoot Arthrodesis.

Background: Ipsilateral hindfoot arthrodesis in combination with total ankle replacement (TAR) may diminish functional outcome and prosthesis survivorship compared to isolated TAR. We compared the outcome of isolated TAR to outcomes of TAR with ipsilateral hindfoot arthrodesis. Methods: In a consecutive series of 404 primary TARs in 396 patients, 70 patients (17.3%) had a hindfoot fusion before, after, or at the time of TAR; the majority had either an isolated subtalar arthrodesis (n = 43, 62%) or triple arthrodesis (n = 15, 21%). The remaining 334 isolated TARs served as the control group. Mean patient follow-up was 3.2 years (range, 24-72 months). Results: The SF-36 total, AOFAS Hindfoot-Ankle pain subscale, Foot and Ankle Disability Index, and Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment scores were significantly improved from preoperative measures, with no significant differences between the hindfoot arthrodesis and control groups. The AOFAS Hindfoot-Ankle total, function, and alignment scores were significantly improved for both groups, albeit the control group demonstrated significantly higher scores in all 3 scales. Furthermore, the control group demonstrated a significantly greater improvement in VAS pain score compared to the hindfoot arthrodesis group. Walking speed, sit-to-stand time, and 4-square step test time were significantly improved for both groups at each postoperative time point; however, the hindfoot arthrodesis group completed these tests significantly slower than the control group. There was no significant difference in terms of talar component subsidence between the fusion (2.6 mm) and control groups (2.0 mm). The failure rate in the hindfoot fusion group (10.0%) was significantly higher than that in the control group (2.4%; p < 0.05). Conclusion: To our knowledge, this study represents the first series evaluating the clinical outcome of TARs performed with and without hindfoot fusion using implants available in the United States. At follow-up of 3.2 years, TAR performed with ipsilateral hindfoot arthrodesis resulted in significant improvements in pain and functional outcome; in contrast to prior studies, however, overall outcome was inferior to that of isolated TAR. Level of Evidence: Level II, prospective comparative series.
Electrochemical Performance of Graphene as Effected by Electrode Porosity and Graphene Functionalization

Graphene-based electrodes have recently gained popularity due to their superior electrochemical properties. However, the exact mechanisms of electrochemical activity are not yet understood. Here, we present data from NADH oxidation and ferri/ferrocyanide redox probe experiments to demonstrate that both (i) the porosity of the graphene electrodes, as effected by the packing morphology, and (ii) the functional group and the lattice defect concentration play a significant role on their electrochemical performance.
Immunoreactivity of p53 and Ki-67 for dysplastic changes in children with eosinophilic esophagitis.

ABSTRACT Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) has been recognized as a chronic disease of the esophagus with significant involvement of the mucosal immune system. Similar conditions in other gastrointestinal diseases have led to a malignant transformation (ie, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, etc). MIB-1 (Ki-67) and p53 are monoclonal antibodies that are used to detect early markers for dysplastic changes, possibly leading to cancer development in adult patients with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, and/or the adenocarcinoma sequence of the esophagus. Only limited studies of these cell markers have been published in children with EoE. The aim of this study is to examine p53 and Ki-67 cell markers in children with EoE before and after medical therapy. The immunohistochemical staining of cell markers p53 and Ki-67 was examined in esophageal biopsies of children diagnosed with EoE, GERD, and normal esophagus. In addition, biopsies from adults with EoE and adenocarcino...
A STATISTICALLY BASED NUMERICAL MODEL FOR HEAT CONDUCTION IN FRACTURED ROCK MASSES

A computational procedure for simulating heat conduction in fractured rock masses is proposed and illustrated within the context of the finite element method. The procedure makes use of simple local models for conduction in the vicinity of a single open fracture. The local models allow effective thermal properties for fractured rock to be expressed in terms of fracture characteristics such as spacing, orientation and aperture. The distributions of fractures and fracture properties within the finite element model are derived from a statistical representation of geological field data. The procedure is demonstrated to satisfactorily reproduce heat transfer results across single fractures and provide an efficient means of representing conduction in formations with multiple fractures. (Author/TRRL)
STOP: an early intervention program for problem drinkers.

Abstract “Commercial Hair Analysis: Science or Scam?,” STEPHEN BARRETT. Hair samples from two healthy teenagers were sent under assumed names to 13 commercial laboratories performing multimineral hair analysis. The reported levels of most minerals varied considerably between identical samples sent to the same laboratory and from laboratory to laboratory. The laboratories also disagreed about what was “normal” or “usual” for many of the minerals. Most reports contained computerized interpretations that were voluminous, bizarre, and potentially frightening to patients. Six laboratories recommended food supplements, but the types and amounts varied widely from report to report and from laboratory to laboratory. Literature from most of the laboratories suggested that their reports were useful in managing a wide variety of diseases and supposed nutrient imbalances. However, commercial use of hair analysis in this manner is unscientific, economically wasteful, and probably illegal. (Journal of the American Medi...
Small Fragment Locking Plate as Provisional Internal Fixation in Severe Open Both-Bone Forearm Fractures

A technique using a locking small fragment plate as a temporary internal external fixator for severe open both-bone forearm fractures is described, along with case examples.
Classical Cepheids -- a Review

We briefly review the evolutionary status of the classical Cepheid variables, their structure, and the properties of the linear modes. Then we discuss the current status of the nonlinear hydrodynamical modelling, including modern adaptive mesh techniques, and the sensitivity to opacity. We stress the importance of resonances among the normal modes of pulsation because they can be used to impose severe constraints on the models and on the input physics. We show that recent hydrodynamics computations provide an explanation for the hitherto unexplained dip in the histogram of Galactic Cepheids around 8--10 days. The EROS and MACHO observations of classical Cepheids in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds have opened up a new exciting perspective on these variable stars. This new observational basis is very important, not only because of the sheer number of new Cepheids, but especially because the composition of the MCs is known to differ from our Galaxy's, thus extending the range of astrophysical parameters. These new data have been found not to be fully compatible with our current Cepheid modelling and are forcing a review of our assumptions and input physics.
Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor, endothelial mitogenic activity, and angiotensin II type-1 receptors in the ovine placenta during the third trimester of pregnancy.

To evaluate expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF), endothelial mitogenic activity, and angiotensin II type-1 receptors (AT1r), as well as the role of angiotensin II (ANG II) in regulating basic FGF production/secretion, placentae were obtained from ewes on Days 110, 120, 130, and 142 of pregnancy and were separated into fetal cotyledonary (COT) and intercotyledonary (ICOT), as well as maternal caruncular (CAR) and intercaruncular (ICAR) components. Using immunohistochemistry, basic FGF and ATir were found for the most part to be colocalized in all placental components, primarily in epithelium, stroma, endothelium, and vascular smooth muscle. Changes in basic FGF levels in placental explant-conditioned media were observed in fetal, but not maternal, components. In COT, basic FGF levels increased 2.4-fold (ra = 0.48, p CAR > ICOT = ICAR (p < 0.05). Endothelial mitogenic activity of conditioned media was observed in COT from Day 130 pregnant ewes (232.5 + 38.7% of control; p < 0.05) but not in other components, and it was neutralized by a basic FGF antibody. ANG II did not alter basic FGF levels in any placental component. Thus, throughout the third trimester, 1) basic FGF and ATIr are present in placentae, 2) both basic FGF levels and endothelial mitogenic activity in COT increase, 3) basic FGF levels are associated with endothelial mitogenic activity of COT, and 4) ANG II has no effect on production/secretion of basic FGF by the placenta.
Healing of retinal photocoagulation lesions.

RESULTS. At all pulse durations, the width of the retinal lesions decreased over time. At clinical grades of light and more severe (pulse durations, 10 –100 ms), retinal scarring stabilized at 1 month at approximately 35% of the initial lesion diameter. Lesions clinically categorized as barely visible and invisible (pulse durations of 7 and 5 ms) exhibited coagulation of the photoreceptor layer but did not result in permanent scarring. In these lesions, photoreceptors completely filled in the damaged areas by 4 months. CONCLUSIONS. The decreasing width of the retinal damage zone suggests that photoreceptors migrating from unaffected areas fill in the gap in the photoreceptor layer. Laser photocoagulation parameters can be specified to avoid not only the inner retinal damage, but also permanent disorganization and scarring in the photoreceptor layer. These data may facilitate studies to determine those aspects of laser treatment necessary for beneficial clinical response and those that result in extraneous retinal damage. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49: 5540 –5545) DOI:10.1167/iovs.08-1928
The Multifarious Consequences of a Desperation Revolution

The main preoccupations of the physicists in and around the Copenhagen Institute were no doubt with the structure of atoms and the analysis of atomic spectra. Kramers’ study of x rays veered in a slightly different direction. It necessarily involved the nature of the interaction of radiation and matter. This subject was customarily treated in a rather gingerly fashion. Since no exact laws or precise description was available, a detailed analysis of that interaction was usually avoided; alternatively, the results of the interaction of matter and radiation were summarized in terms of probability laws. In such interactions, the dichotomy between the discrete character of stationary states of atoms and the continuous character of the emitted classical radiation became especially pronounced. In the Bohr theory, the discontinuous transition, in principle, could not be described; it was only possible to describe the physical results of such transitions. The electromagnetic radiation once produced was believed to be completely and totally classical. That left the highly nontrivial problem of providing a framework that contained the discrete and continuous features in one harmonious whole. This problem was especially urgent in view of the Einstein photoelectric effect in which the free electromagnetic field—light—exhibited (or seemed to exhibit) quantum features.
Final Exam on the First Day of Class and Throughout the Course

I grab my law students’ attention on the opening day of Criminal Law by distributing the first part of the final examination and informing them that they are about to embark on a semester-long project in professional skill development and academic statutory construction.I explain that the exam has a twofold purpose. First, it is designed to impress on them the importance of essential lawyering skills, such as active listening, interviewing, counseling, facilitation, brainstorming, mediation, negotiation, public deliberation, and community advocacy. To satisfy this objective, I assign the 125 first-year students to legislative committees of no more than nine each, supplying them with materials and questions that require them to compare their respective critique of a current penal code treating such controversial subjects as stalking or spouse abuse. Their shared task is to develop a model penal code section that represents their best understanding of criminal law and each other’s critique of the current statute.Secondly, the exam tests academic grasp of criminal law doctrine and materials throughout the semester. Instead of briefing assigned course readings only for a particular class discussion, students plumb the cases and penal code sections in earnest for their applicability to their legislative committee's working draft of a model statute.
Roots of Response

AbstractResponse to literature involves a transaction between reader and author where meaning is constructed by the reader, using the blueprints, or signs, provided by the author. According to Fish (1980a), readers and authors implicitly know the conventions of response by virtue of being members of the same interpretive community. This socially acquired knowledge enables readers and authors to conjointly create, identify, and respond to literature. Currently, increased re-search into the teaching and learning of literature has led to a renewed examina-tion of classroom techniques directed toward "teaching" response. This article presents data which suggests that many young children begin formal schooling with a predisposition, or readiness, for literary response. Evidence for this comes from a study of preliterate kindergarten children who were asked to "pretend to read" to a pretend child (doll) from a wordless picture book (Purcell-Gates, 1988). Cast in the authorial role, these children used language which proved to enhance and constrain imaging for reader response. This communicative compe-tence is interpreted through Fish's notion of an interpretive community within which literary conventions are implicitly learned. Knowledge of both the product and process of acquisition of this knowledge held by entering school children should inform discussions of instructional methodology regarding reader re-sponse. (Literacy Education)
Suboptimization of developmental enhancers

Transcriptional enhancers direct precise on-off patterns of gene expression during development. To explore the basis for this precision, we conducted a high-throughput analysis of the Otx-a enhancer, which mediates expression in the neural plate of Ciona embryos in response to fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling and a localized GATA determinant. We provide evidence that enhancer specificity depends on submaximal recognition motifs having reduced binding affinities (“suboptimization”). Native GATA and ETS (FGF) binding sites contain imperfect matches to consensus motifs. Perfect matches mediate robust but ectopic patterns of gene expression. The native sites are not arranged at optimal intervals, and subtle changes in their spacing alter enhancer activity. Multiple tiers of enhancer suboptimization produce specific, but weak, patterns of expression, and we suggest that clusters of weak enhancers, including certain “superenhancers,” circumvent this trade-off in specificity and activity.
Cost Efficiency of Pruning Black Hills Ponderosa Pine

Trees pruned in stands of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) man- aged at several growing stock levels were used to-determine the number of years for pruning wounds to heal. The mean time for pruning wounds to heal was 11 years. Costs and returns from pruning the butt log of trees to be retained to final harvest were analyzed. Pruning to a height of 8.5 ft cost $0.58 per tree: pruning to a height of 17.5 ft cost $1.78 per tree. Trees pruned to 17.5 ft for production of clear grades of lumber in 16-ft lengths would earn real internal rates of return ranging from 7.8 to 14.0% for several stand conditions and management re- gimes. Trees pruned to a height of 8.5 ft, to produce 8-ft lumber, earned IRRs some- what higher, 8.6 to 16.1 %. Outcomes are best on productive sites if pruning costs are kept low and if high-valued products are anticipated.
Febrile neutropenic patients with solid neoplasms have few P. aeruginosa infections and higher antibacterial doses showed no benefit over lower doses

Background: Many febrile neutropenic patients (FNP) with solid tumors receive high dose antibacterial therapy adequate forP. aeruginosa infections. This study was designed to determine the frequency of P. aeruginosa infections in FNP with solidneoplasms and detect any differences in duration of fever, length of stay (LOS) and deaths of patients receiving low (LD) vs. highdose (HD) antibacterial therapy. Methods: Electronic medical record databases were searched to identify patients with drug-induced neutropenia and fever. Theresulting data was searched manually for patients with solid neoplasms and these charts were selected consecutively for manualreview for additional inclusion criteria, comparison characteristics, such as type of neoplasm, comorbidities, potential risk factorssuch as duration of neutropenia, documented infections, and outcomes: duration of temperature to < 37.5℃ and < 38℃ , lengthof stay (LOS), and cause of death. Components of the Multinational Association for Supportive Care of Cancer risk index(MASCCRI) were extracted and the index was calculated for each episode. Results: The respective outcomes of LD vs. HD were: mean duration of temperature to < 38℃, 3 vs. 3 days, and to < 37.5℃, 4vs. 4 days, mean LOS 6.3 vs. 6.6 days (p = .56, TT; but p < .01, WRST), and LOS 10 days , 90% vs. 89%, Zero vs. 2 developedP. aeruginosa infections. Conclusions: LD antibacterials for FNP with solid neoplasms did not prolong the time to afebrile or the LOS, and only 2 P.aeruginosa infections occurred. High dose antibacterial therapy may not be necessary for FNP with solid neoplasms.
Experimentally Determined Structural Load Paths in a 1/3-Scale Model of Light-Framed Wood, Rectangular Building

It has been speculated that much of the losses from hurricane damage to single-family wood-framed residential structures is due to design based on faulty understanding of the structural load paths in these buildings. This NSF-supported research presents a new approach to understanding load paths in wood-frame residential structures and establishes a relationship between spatially varying wind loads and structural load paths. A 1/3-scale wood frame gable roof building was constructed with geometrically scaled wood members, sheathing, and nails. The model scaled the flexural stiffness ( EI ) of the roof sheathing for wind loads applied normal to the surface. A dense grid of point loads were used to develop the influence coefficients (and surfaces) for 20 vertical reactions located at roof-to-wall and wall-to-foundation connections. The linear elastic structural response for roof-to-wall connections was limited on the roof surface to within two trusses of the applied load location. As expected there was a greater spread of load effect at the foundation level (6–8 trusses) because the exterior wood stud walls acted as stiff, vertical diaphragms. The influence functions were combined with wind tunnel pressure data for a similar shaped model from which the dynamic wind loads were estimated using a database-assisted design methodology. There was reasonable agreement between the dynamic reaction load traces with design loads obtained by components and cladding (C&C) design approach of ASCE7. Results also suggest the main wind force resisting system (MWFRS) method underestimates the design wind loads at roof-to-wall connections.
Influence of Carbohydrate Deprivation and Tethered Flight on Stored Lipid, Fecundity, and Survivorship of the Soybean Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The influence of tethered flight and carbohydrate deprivation on soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), whole-body lipids, oviposition rate, and survivorship was examined using a factorial experimental design. Carbohydrate deprivation had a greater effect than flight on all three variables, although flight decreased fecundity. Moths that were subjected to only one stress (2 h of daily flight or provided water as their only food source) were significantly different from the no-stress group (nonflown and fed) and those that were starved and flown. The general trend apparent for all parameters was nonflown-fed ≥ flown-fed ∼ nonflown-starved ≥ flown-starved, except for stored lipids that showed no statistical difference between flown-starved and nonflown-starved moths. Average longevity ranged from 9 d for nonflown-fed moths to 6 d for flown-starved moths. These data demonstrated that the availability of a nectar source may be an important factor in the success of long-distance soybean looper dispersal and subsequent reproduction.
Exceptional Gas Adsorption Properties by Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbons Derived from Benzimidazole-Linked Polymers

Heteroatom-doped porous carbons are emerging as platforms for use in a wide range of applications including catalysis, energy storage, and gas separation or storage, among others. The use of high activation temperatures and heteroatom multiple-source precursors remain great challenges, and this study aims to addresses both issues. A series of highly porous N-doped carbon (CPC) materials was successfully synthesized by chemical activation of benzimidazole-linked polymers (BILPs) followed by thermolysis under argon. The high temperature synthesized CPC-700 reaches surface area and pore volume as high as 3240 m2 g–1 and 1.51 cm3 g–1, respectively, while low temperature activated CPC-550 exhibits the highest ultramicropore volume of 0.35 cm3 g–1. The controlled activation process endows CPCs with diverse textural properties, adjustable nitrogen content (1–8 wt %), and remarkable gas sorption properties. In particular, exceptionally high CO2 uptake capacities of 5.8 mmol g–1 (1.0 bar) and 2.1 mmol g–1 (0.15 ba...
E-Mental Health and models of care: The evidence base and feasibility of picking one vs. another?

The patient-centered care features quality, affordable, and timely care in a variety of settings – technology is a key part of that – particularly among younger generations and child and adolescent patients. The consumer movement related to new technologies is nearly passing clinicians by, as new ways of communicating with others (text, email, Twitter, Facebook) revolutionizes how we experience life and access healthcare. This paper explores a continuum with healthy, innovative behavior on one end (e.g., social media) and pathological Internet use on the other end–and the range of self-help and e-mental healthcare options being used. Specifically, it focuses on how social media adds to, yet may complicate healthcare delivery, such that clinicians may need to adjust our approach to maintain therapeutic relationships, interpersonal/clinical boundaries, and privacy/confidentiality. We suggest planning ahead to discuss expectations about online communication between doctors and patients as part of the informed consent process, offer other do's and don’ts for patients and clinicians, and review applicable guidelines. More research is needed on consumer and patient use of technology related to healthcare, as is an approach to basic and advanced measurement of outcomes.
A new species of fresh water crab infected with metacercariae of Paragonimus:the genus Huananpotamon tangi sp. nov

This paper reports a new species of fresh water crab of the infecting metacercariea of Paragonimus.All specimes are deposited in the Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Fuzhou 350001 China.Huananpotamon tangi sp.nov(fig.1) Holotype :♂,Carapace length 20mm.leadth 23mm;allotype;♀,length 18mm,breadth 20mm,paratepes 10♂12♀collected from yanping and sangyuan counties of Fujian(26o40'N,118o10'E and 26o10'N,117o 36'S,September 2000 and Decmber 2002,metres above sea level,breadth of the stream is about 400-800 metre. In this paper,a new species of fresh water crab infected with metacercariae of Para-gonimus,the genus Huananpotamon tangi sp.nov,is reported with its detail morphological descriptions.Holotype:carapace length:male 20 mm;leadth 23 mm;Allotype:female;length18 mm,breadth:20 mm;Paratepes 10 male and 12 female.Carapace slightly convex.Cerivical gervical groove comparatively distinct and the epibranchial tooth produced.The first male pleoped is beyond the protuberace of the fourth sternum,reaching to the suture bet-ween the 3 rd and 4 th sternum.Ultimate segment is 19 times as long as the distal segment.Its distal end shows as scalene triangle shaped.The H.tangi sp nov found in Yanping and Sangyuan counties was proved to be naturally infected with metacercariae of P.westermani driploid and triploid types and P.skrjanbini respectively,with the infection rates of crabs in 20.0%(2/10)and 33.33%(7/21)and with an infectivities of crabs by 3.6 and 4.3 metacercariae per crab respectively.This new species is very closed to H.changzhium,Li and Chen,2000,but the distal end of the first pleopod of the latter is more obtuse on both inner and outer aistal angle,but the new species appears to be scalenel triangle-shaped.
Stereotactic Uses in the Treatment of Deep “Inaccessible” AVMs and a Comparison with Radiosurgery

We have had significant but limited experience in the use of stereotactic-guided craniotomy for AVMs that are sub-surface and otherwise difficult to locate. Our experience and technique utilizing arteriographic and CT data is these cases is reviewed. In addition a comparison of the results of stereotactic radiosurgery which we perform with a linear accelerator and microsurgery for these deep otherwise approachable AVMs that are under 3 cms is reviewed.
Alterations of transforming growth factor-beta 1 receptor type II occur in ulcerative colitis-associated carcinomas, sporadic colorectal neoplasms, and esophageal carcinomas, but not in gastric neoplasms.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Gastric cancers, sporadic colorectal cancers, and ulcerative colitis (UC)-associated colorectal carcinomas and dysplasias manifest microsatellite instability (MI); however, esophageal carcinomas rarely exhibit MI. Recently, a transforming growth factor-beta 1 type II receptor (TGF-beta 1RII) mutation in a coding microsatellite was described in primary colorectal carcinomas demonstrating MI. No previous studies of TGF-beta 1RII have addressed mechanisms of inactivation other than MI in human tumors; furthermore, MI-negative tumors have not been examined for TGF-beta 1RII mutation. We evaluated 138 primary human neoplasms for mutation in the poly-A microsatellite tract of TGF-beta 1RII. Additionally, a group of esophageal tumors was evaluated for the expression of TGF-beta 1RII messenger RNA (mRNA). METHODS First, we determined whether MI was present at other chromosomal loci in these lesions. The poly-deoxyadenine (poly-A) microsatellite tract within the TGF-beta 1RII coding region was then PCR-amplified. In a group of MI-negative esophageal tumors, RT-PCR was performed to determine the expression of TGF-beta 1RII mRNA. RESULTS Among 17 MI+ UC specimens, 3 (18%) demonstrated TGF-beta 1RII poly-A tract mutation (2 cancers and 1 dysplasia), while 2 (4%) of 44 MI-negative UC specimens (1 dysplasia and 1 tumor), and 13 (81%) of 16 MI+ sporadic colorectal cancers, contained TGF-beta 1RII poly-A mutation. No gastric or esophageal tumors contained TGF-beta 1RII mutation. Among 21 MI-negative esophageal carcinomas. 6 cases (28.5%) had TGF-beta 1RII transcripts that were low or undetectable by RT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS Mutation within the poly-A microsatellite tract of TGF-beta 1RII occurs early in a subset of UC-neoplasms and commonly in sporadic colorectal cancers, but may be rare in MI+ gastric tumors. Diminished expression of TGF-beta 1RII mRNA in esophageal tumors suggests that mechanisms of inactivation in this gene other than MI play a role in esophageal carcinogenesis.
The Delta-Sigma Modulator [A Circuit for All Seasons]

Delta-Sigma modulators (DSMs) are a class of oversampling analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) that perform "quantization noise shaping," thus achieving a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). An efficient solution for resolutions above approximately 12 b, DSMs are extensively used in analog and RF applications. In this article, we study the fundamentals of this vast field.
A qualitative approach to intersectional microaggressions: Understanding influences of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, and religion.

Microaggressions are subtle forms of discrimination, often unintentional and unconscious, which send negative and denigrating messages to various individuals and groups. Previous literature has focused on microaggressions of singular identities, with little attention to the impacts of intersectional microaggressions (i.e., subtle forms of discrimination that may be influenced by more than 1 identity). The current study utilized a unique qualitative technique to address 2 central goals: (a) to explore whether qualitative analysis is an effective way to examine intersectional microaggressions and (b) to examine whether people with multiple identities could identify intersectional microaggressions in their everyday lives. Utilizing Qualitative Secondary Analysis (QSA) and Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) methods, the researchers analyzed data from 6 previous qualitative studies with self-identified lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people, women, Filipino Americans, multiracial people, and Muslims (N = 80). Sample themes include (a) Exoticization of Women of Color, (b) Disapproval of LGBT Identity by Racial, Ethnic, and Religious Groups, (c) Assumptions of Inferiority or Criminality of Men of Color, and (d) Gender-Based Stereotypes of Muslim Men and Women. Implications for psychology (particularly for research and practice) are discussed. Finally, the authors advocate for the use of secondary analysis of qualitative data, to understand concepts that would not have been studied or reported through a singular qualitative analysis.
Single-Particle Tracking of HIV-1 Virions Bearing an Extra-Viral Fluorescent pH Sensor Reveals Viral Entry occurs after Trafficking to an Acidic Cellular Compartment

The HIV-1 infectious cycle begins with viral glycoprotein mediated fusion with the host cell membrane and subsequent entry of the viral capsid to the host cytosol. It has been proposed that HIV-1 fusion and productive entry occur at the plasma membrane (PM) because functionality of the HIV-1 fusion glycoprotein (Env) is pH-independent. Further supporting this hypothesis are the observations that HIV-1 mediates fusion between adjacent cells and that cell-cell fusion occurs between Env- and receptor/co-receptor-bearing cells. However, it was recently demonstrated that, after Env engagement of receptor/co-receptor at the cell surface, the virus traffics via an endocytic pathway before fusing with the endosomal membrane. Though convincing in its conclusion, this study was unable to reliably detect viral fusion at the PM. Here, we implement a virus labeling strategy that biases towards detection of virus fusion that occurs in a pH-neutral environment, at the PM or, possibly, in early pH-neutral vesicles. Virus particles are co-labeled with an intra-viral content-marker released upon viral fusion and an extra-viral pH sensor that fully quenches upon trafficking to a mildly acidic compartment, precluding subsequent detection of viral content release. In imaging viruses bound to living cells, we found that HIV-1 content release in neutral-pH environment was a rare event with efficiency not significantly greater than the background content-loss that occurs due to non-specific increases in viral membrane permeability. Our finding implies that the majority of HIV-1 entry events occur after the virus particle traffics to an acidic cellular compartment. Interestingly, this labeling strategy also reveals that HIV-1 particles occasionally shuttle between neutral and acidic compartments, suggesting that the viral particles interact with a cellular recycling pathway. This work supported by NIH R01 GM054787.
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors may exacerbate stiff-person syndrome

Stiff-person syndrome (SPS) is a neuroimmunologic disorder characterized by painful spasms and muscle rigidity attributed to impaired inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) descending pathways.1 The immunopathogenesis remains unknown and the pathogenic significance of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is controversial. Herein, we report 4 cases of anti-GAD65-positive patients with SPS (table e-1 at [Neurology.org/nn][1]) who had significant worsening of symptoms and disability with the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) duloxetine (table e-2). While causation cannot be proven, these observations suggest the importance of investigating the relationship between SNRI use and SPS clinical exacerbations (figure, A). [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000281
Ultra-fast high-resolution agarose electrophoresis of DNA and RNA using low-molarity conductive media.

Current DNA electrophoretic solutions employ high ionic concentrations and require long electrophoretic run times. Here we demonstrate that high and low molecular weight doublestranded DNA, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), and RNA can be separated rapidly in agarosebased low-molarity conductive media. Separation of small DNA fragments was optimized by substituting 1-mM solutions of alkali metals or a nonbiological amine that distributed voltage with a minute current. These ultra-dilute solutions can separate DNA at least 15-fold faster. Low-molarity media at 5–10 mM adequately separated RNA and larger DNA fragments as well. These novel media reduce the Joule heating of the electrophoretic system and allow for easy-to-use, ultra-fast separation of DNA fragments.
Importance of Red Oak Mother Tree to Nursery Productivity

Abstract Acorns from 19 red oak (Quercus rubra L.) trees were collected in fall 1988. Whips were produced in 1989 and field planted in 1990. Mother tree identity was maintained throughout the study. Growth during the whip production phase was rapid; the average height growth for the 19 families was 122 cm (approximately 4 ft). The best family averaged 167 cm (5.5 ft), the worst 73 cm (2.5 ft) with average individual whip values of $11.20 and $2.80, respectively. When transplanted to nursery fields, the whips had high survival and rapid growth rates. Average individual tree value at the end of three growing seasons ranged from $38.60 to $11.20 for families 6 and 12, respectively. All the traits measured in this study: height, caliper, % acceptable and individual tree value, have relatively high heritability estimates, indicating that traits are under genetic control and thus subject to manipulation by nursery mangers and breeders. The family that produced the highest value whips, did not produce the highes...
A "Patch" to the NYU Emergency Department Visit Algorithm.

Objective To document erosion in the New York University Emergency Department (ED) visit algorithm's capability to classify ED visits and to provide a “patch” to the algorithm. Data Sources The Nationwide Emergency Department Sample. Study Design We used bivariate models to assess whether the percentage of visits unclassifiable by the algorithm increased due to annual changes to ICD-9 diagnosis codes. We updated the algorithm with ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes added since 2001. Principal Findings The percentage of unclassifiable visits increased from 11.2 percent in 2006 to 15.5 percent in 2012 (p < .01), because of new diagnosis codes. Our update improves the classification rate by 43 percent in 2012 (p < .01). Conclusions Our patch significantly improves the precision and usefulness of the most commonly used ED visit classification system in health services research.
Ultra-low Loss Silica Core Fiber

We review recent advances in optical fiber technologies that realize ultra-low losses as low as 0.142 dB/km including pure-silica core and reduction of microscopic density fluctuation.
Location-based social networks data for mobile crowdsensing

Participatory Sensing (PS) can be seen as a computational task that requires crowds of people in order to have success. This task relies on the willingness of mobile users to participate in the collection and reporting of data using a variety of sensors either embedded or integrated into their cellular phones. Several mobility models have been proposed to model the participant's mobility patterns, however, recent research shows that peoples movement behaviors may be affected by social interaction. In this preliminary work, we compare the performance of a system that uses real location data from Brightkite a real Location Base Social Network (LBSN), and a system that uses random walk as a mobility model. A Reverse Auction based Dynamic Price (RADP) mechanism is used as incentive mechanism for participatory sensing. Through extensive simulations, we evaluate the performance of both systems in terms of area coverage, and the active number of participants, both important metric in the evaluation of PS systems.
Web-Based Primer Design Software for Genome-Scale Genotyping by Pyrosequencing®

Design of locus-specific primers for use during genetic analysis requires combining information from multiple sources and can be a time-consuming process when validating large numbers of assays. Data warehousing of genomic DNA sequences and genetic variations when coupled with software applications for optimizing the generation of locus-specific primers can increase the efficiency of assay development. Selection of oligonucleotide primers for PCR and Pyrosequencing (SOP3) software allows user-directed queries of warehoused data collected from the human and mouse genome sequencing projects. The software automates collection of DNA sequence flanking single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as well as the incorporation of locus-associated functional information, such as whether the SNP occurs in an exon, intron, or untranslated region. SOP3 software accepts three types of user-directed input consisting of gene locus symbols, SNP reference sequence numbers, or chromosomal physical location. For human polymorphisms, SOP3 incorporates haplotype, ethnicity, and SNP validation attributes. The output is a list of oligonucleotide primers recommended for Pyrosequencing-based typing of genetic variations. SOP3 is available at the Division of Immunogenetics computational server found at http://imgen.ccbb.pitt.edu.