cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quick compilers using peephole optimization

Abstract machine modelling is a popular technique for developing portable compilers. A compiler can be quickly realized by translating the abstract machine operations to target machine operations. The problem with these compilers is that they trade execution efficiency for portability. Typically, the code emitted by these compilers runs two to three times slower than the code generated by compilers that employ sophisticated code generators. This paper describes a C compiler that uses abstract machine modelling to achieve portability. The emitted target machine code is improved by a simple, classical rule-directed peephole optimizer. Our experiments with this compiler on four machines show that a small number of very general handwritten patterns (under 40) yields code that is comparable to the code from compilers that use more sophisticated code generators. As an added bonus, compilation time on some machines is reduced by 10 to 20 per cent.
Long-term haematological changes in cats experimentally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)

Haematological changes of experimental feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in six inoculated and six control cats were studied over a 98 week period. Acute infection was characterised by moderate to severe leucopenia, neutropenia, and eosinopenia between weeks 5 and 13 post-inoculation (PI). Normal myeloid activity or mild myeloid hyperplasia with a left shift to promyelocytes accompanied neutropenia. Chronic infection was characterised by intermittent neutropenia in three of six cats beginning after week 50 Pl and lymphopenia in two cats starting on week 66 Pl. The severity and duration of neutropenia and lymphopenia varied in individual cats. In contrast to natural FIV infections, anaemia and thrombocytopenia did not develop in either acute or chronic experimental infection. Age-related haematological changes such as increasing packed cell volume and plasma protein concentration as well as decreasing neutrophil and total leucocyte counts were noted as both control and inoculated cats reached maturity.
Application of the normalized surface magnetic charge model to UXO discrimination in cases with overlapping signals

Abstract This paper presents an application of the normalized surface magnetic charge (NSMC) model to discriminate objects of interest, such as unexploded ordnance (UXO), from innocuous items in cases when UXO electromagnetic induction (EMI) responses are contaminated by signals from other objects. Over the entire EMI spectrum considered here (tens of Hertz up to several hundreds of kHz), the scattered magnetic field outside the object can be produced mathematically by equivalent magnetic charges. The amplitudes of these charges are determined from measurement data and normalized by the excitation field. The model takes into account the scatterer's heterogeneity and near- and far-field effects. For classification algorithms, the frequency spectrum of the total NSMC is proposed and investigated as a discriminant. The NSMC is combined with the differential evolution (DE) algorithm in a two-step inversion procedure. To illustrate the applicability of the DE–NSMC algorithm, blind test data are processed and analyzed for cases in which signals from nearby objects frequently overlap. The method was highly successful in distinguishing UXO from accompanying clutter.
Effects of endogenous and tobacco-related amines and nitrosamines on cell growth and morphology of a cell line derived from a human neuroendocrine lung cancer.

Abstract This report is part of a comprehensive research programme to elucidate the role of physiological functions and pathways of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in the cascade of events that lead to the development of neuroendocrine lung cancer. In this study, a well differentiated neuroendocrine cell line (NCI-H727) derived from a human lung carcinoid was used to investigate the ability of endogenous and tobacco-related amines to stimulate cell proliferation in neuroendocrine tumour cells. Cell line NCI-H727 was exposed in vitro to the endogenous amine serotonin and its precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), to the tobacco-related amine nicotine, and the tobacco-related nitrosamines N -nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). The experiments were conducted in both 8% CO 2 -92% air and in 5% CO 2 -95% air. The effect on growth kinetics and ultrastructure of these conditions were studied. All amines had a dose-dependent stimulating effect on cell growth when tested in 8% CO 2 -92% air with nicotine exerting the strongest effect. No such effect was observed in 5% CO 2 -95% air and the control cells did not grow under these conditions. DEN, 5-HTP, serotonin and NNK all caused dedifferentiation of cytoplasmic organelles. Nicotine caused a change in size and ultrastructure of dense-cored granules suggestive of a change in the nature of stored neuroendocrine material.
New Rydberg bands in the visible region and identification of the lowest 1Σg+ Rydberg state of the N2 molecule

Abstract A new Rydberg series of bands has been found in the visible region in absorption in flash discharges through nitrogen. They have been identified as transitions from a lower 1 Σ g + state to the n = 4, 5, and 6 levels of the c n 1 Π u upper states of the Worley-Jenkins series. The new lower 1 Σ g + state has a term value of 98 840.30 ± 0.07 cm −1 and is identified as the lowest 1 Σ g + Rydberg state predicted by Mulliken. This state corresponds to the electron configuration ( σ g 2 p ) (3 sσ g ). The rotational constants of this state were found to be B 0 = 1.9133 ± 0.0008 cm −1 and D 0 = 6.2 ± 2.9 × 10 −6 cm −1 .
Monte Carlo simulation of anomalous transit-time dispersion of amorphous solids

Simple Monte Carlo multiple-trapping model simulations of the observed anomalous transit-time dispersion have been made. The model employs multiple trapping from an exponential distribution. Our results simulate the features of the experimental observations as well as provide a rational explanation for the transition from nondispersive to dispersive transients as a function of temperature. Comparisons with recent results in $a\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Se}$ show excellent agreement.
Intuitionism and Logical Syntax

In Logical Syntax of Language, Rudolf Carnap became a chief proponent of the doctrine that the statements of intuitionism carry nonstandard intuitionistic meanings. This doctrine is linked to Carnap's ‘Principle of Tolerance’ and claims he made on behalf of his notion of pure syntax. From premises independent of intuitionism, we argue that the doctrine, the Principle, and the attendant claims are mistaken, especially Carnap's repeated insistence that, in defining languages, logicians are free of commitment to mathematical statements intuitionists would reject.
American Airlines’ Data Reduction Experience With Electronic Maintenance Recorders

This paper describes American Airlines’ data reduction experience in a program in which electronic engine maintenance recorders were installed in 15 BAC 1-11 aircraft. The maintenance recorder system is briefly outlined. Elements of the data and its reduction through software programs leading to computer fault analysis are portrayed. Significant electronic maintenance recorder experience is summarized and some economic projections on the Jumbo Jets are made, based on this experience.Copyright © 1970 by ASME
In situ high-pressure X-ray diffraction study of densification of a molecular chalcogenide glass

Abstract Structural mechanisms of densification of a molecular chalcogenide glass of composition Ge 2.5 As 51.25 S 46.25 have been studied in situ at pressures ranging from 1 atm to 11 GPa at ambient temperature as well as ex situ on a sample quenched from 12 GPa and ambient temperature using high-energy X-ray diffraction. The X-ray structure factors display a reduction in height of the first sharp diffraction peak and a growth of the principal diffraction peak with a concomitant shift to higher Q -values with increasing pressure. At low pressures of at least up to 5 GPa the densification of the structure primarily involves an increase in the packing of the As 4 S 3 molecules. At higher pressures the As 4 S 3 molecules break up and reconnect to form a high-density network with increased extended-range ordering at the highest pressure of 11 GPa indicating a structural transition. This high-density network structure relaxes only slightly on decompression indicating that the pressure-induced structural changes are quenchable.
Impact of repeated measures and sample selection on genome-wide association studies of fasting glucose

Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed in longitudinal studies, most used only a single trait measure. GWAS of fasting glucose have generally included only normoglycemic individuals. We examined the impact of both repeated measures and sample selection on GWAS in Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC), a study which obtained four longitudinal measures of fasting glucose and included both individuals with and without prevalent diabetes. The sample included Caucasians and the Affymetrix 6.0 chip was used for genotyping. Sample sizes for GWAS analyses ranged from 8,372 (first study visit) to 5,782 (average fasting glucose). Candidate SNP analyses with SNPs identified through fasting glucose or diabetes GWAS were conducted in 9,133 individuals, including 761 with prevalent diabetes. For a constant sample size, smaller P-values were obtained for the average measure of fasting glucose compared to values at any single visit, and two additional significant GWAS signals were detected. For four candidate SNPs (rs780094, rs10830963, rs7903146, and rs4607517), the strength of association between genotype and glucose was significantly (P-interaction<0.05) different in those with and without prevalent diabetes, and for all five fasting glucose candidate SNPs (rs780094, rs10830963, rs560887, rs4607517, and rs13266634) the association with measured fasting glucose was more significant in the smaller sample without prevalent diabetes than in the larger combined sample of those with and without diabetes. This analysis demonstrates the potential utility of averaging trait values in GWAS studies and explores the advantage of using only individuals without prevalent diabetes in GWAS of fasting glucose.
EPR characterization of alcohol complexes of ferric myoglobin and hemoglobin.

Abstract Frozen solution electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of the aquo, methanol, and ethanol complexes of ferric myoglobin and hemoglobin are quantitatively analyzed in terms of the rhombic to tetragonal symmetry ratio and the admixture of quartet states, both with regard to central values of these parameters and the widths of their distributions. In both the methanol and ethanol complexes of ferric myoglobin the main change from the aquo complex is a narrowing of the spread in the rhombic to tetragonal symmetry ratio (reduction in structural variation). The alcohol complexes of both the α- and β-chains within the tetramer of ferric hemoglobin are characterized by a lowering of symmetry (as compared with the aquo complex). Qualitative differences in distribution widths among the complexes are consistent with an origin in molecular structure and dynamics rather than in ice matrix-induced strain.
Issues in the Selection of Growth Goals for Social Work

cracies and in the professions; and social work is frequently accused of welfare colo nialism. 1 "Professionalization" is used here in accordance with the Vollmer-Mills definition as representing "the dynamic process whereby many occupations can be observed to change certain crucial characteristics in the direction of a 'profes sion' "—which, in turn, is defined as "an 'ideal type* of occupational organization which does not exist in reality, but which provides the model of the form of occupational organization that would result if any occupational group became completely professionalized." Vollmer, H. M. and D. L. Mills (eds.), Professionalization (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965), pp. vii-viii. 2 H. M. Bartlett, The Common Base of Social Work Practice (New York: NASW, 1970), p. 16. 3 National Federation of Student Social Workers, policy statement adopted at its National Conference, Chicago, March 1970.
In the absence of IL-12, CD4(+) T cell responses to intracellular pathogens fail to default to a Th2 pattern and are host protective in an IL-10(-/-) setting.

Abstract IL-12-deficient mice exposed to nonlethal infections with intracellular pathogens or repeatedly immunized with a pathogen extract developed lowered but nevertheless substantial numbers of IFN-γ + CD4 + T cells compared to those observed in wild-type animals. Moreover, the CD4 + responses in these knockout animals failed to default to a Th2 pattern. The protective efficacy of the Th1 cells developing in an IL-12-deficient setting was found to be limited by IL-10 since mice doubly deficient in IL-10 and IL-12 survived, while animals deficient in IL-12 alone succumbed to pathogen challenge. In contrast to IL-12 knockout mice, MyD88-deficient animals exposed to a Th1 microbial stimulus developed a pure Th2 response, arguing that this signaling element plays a more critical function than IL-12 in determining pathogen-induced CD4 polarization.
The effect of play type and collision closing distance on head impact biomechanics

Football accounts for 55% of concussions to collegiate athletes. In the National Football League, players are at a greater risk for concussion during kickoffs and punts compared to rushing and passing plays. The two primary purposes of this study were to determine if game-related special teams head impacts were greater in magnitude than head impacts sustained during offensive and defensive plays, and to better understand the effect closing distance between players (short vs. long) had on head impact magnitude. Collegiate football players were enrolled in a prospective cohort study assessing head impact biomechanics during special teams, offensive, and defensive collisions; long closing distance (≥10 yards) and short closing distance (<10 yards) impacts were also studied. Data were analyzed using random intercepts general linear mixed models. Long closing distance collisions generated more severe head impacts than short closing distances. Collisions occurring on special teams plays over long closing distances were most severe while collisions occurring on special teams and defensive plays over short closing distances resulted in the least severe impacts. Decreasing the impact severity of collisions in collegiate football may be accomplished by reducing the closing distance prior to impact.
SU‐FF‐T‐97: A Generalized MLC Segmentation Algorithm for Step‐And‐Shoot IMRT with No Tongue‐And‐Groove Error

Purpose: To develop an MLC segmentation algorithm for step‐and‐shoot IMRT that can segment intensity maps with large maximum intensity levels (e.g., ranging from 10 to 100) into the minimum number of MLC‐segments in a fast computation time. Method and Materials: We improved a previous MLC segmentation algorithm, called SLSNOTG, for step‐and‐shoot IMRT by Luan et al in AAPM'2004. Our new segmentation algorithm, called GSLSNOTG, has two improvements. (1) It can segment intensity maps with large maximum intensity levels into the minimum number of MLC‐segments without tongue‐and‐groove error. The key to this improvement is a new level reduction technique that can partition an intensity map into an optimal set of sub‐intensity‐maps without introducing any additional tongue‐and‐groove error. In contrast, the previous SLSNOTG algorithm was mainly designed to segment intensity maps with small maximum intensity levels, and may introduce more tongue‐and‐groove error when segmenting intensity maps of large maximum intensity levels (due to the level reduction schemes that it uses). (2) Our new segmentation algorithm runs much faster than the previous SLSNOTG algorithm by pruning the sizes of the graphs used to model the intensity maps. This avoids using the slower k‐link shortest path routine as in the SLSNOTG algorithm, and thus significantly reduces the computation time. Results: Comparisons of our GSLSNOTG algorithm with the previous SLSNOTG algorithm and CORVUS 5.0 planning system demonstrated the advantages of the GSLSNOTG algorithm/software. For example, for an intensity map set of maximum intensity level 20, the GSLSNOTG algorithm computes 176 segments in less than 1.5 minutes. In comparison, CORVUS needs 382 segments, and the SLSNOTG algorithm runs in 10 minutes to compute a plan with the same number of segments with 2% tongue‐and‐groove error. Conclusion: The new MLC segmentation algorithm GSLSNOTG can segment intensity maps of large maximum intensity levels in a fast computation time.
HIGHLY-SENSITIVE RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY AT METAL/SOLUTION INTERFACES

Attenuated total reflection (ATR) and Raman spectroscopy was studied to characterize the interfaces between Ag and liquid. When the incident angle of the laser beam coincides with the ATR dip, the surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) of the silver film was excited resonantly and the Raman scattering intensity of the methanol showed a maximum.
Does the T & V system reach female-headed families? Some evidence from Tanzania

Abstract The T & V system of agricultural extension was introduced by the government and a donor agency into one region of Tanzania in 1980/81, in a pilot program to improve the existing system. Did T & V reach female-headed families (widows and single women with no male support) which now constitute 20 per cent of smallholder families in the region? This study indicates that T & V did not perform much better than the traditional system for these households but there were some trickle-down effects. Female-headed families had significantly fewer extension visits, fewer adoptions of recommended innovations, and lower yields than contact and non-contact joint-headed families in the T & V area. Female-headed households were smaller, farmed fewer acres, had significantly less production for consumption and/or sale and were poorer than joint smallholders in the same area. Extension policies must change if these families are to be targeted and their levels of living improved.
Isolation and characterization of five cytosolic di- and tripeptidases from the skipjack tuna (Katsuwonis pelamis)

1. 1. Five cytosolic di- and tripeptidases of the tuna, Katsuwonis pelamis, were isolated and characterized. 2. 2. Biochemical and electrophoretic properties were compared and used to unify the genetic (PEP A, B, D and S) and enzymatic (EC 3.4.14.11; EC 3.4.11.4; EC 3.4.13.9, and EC 3.4.11.1) nomenclatures. 3. 3. The enzymes studied are a heterogenous group and do not appear to be closely related, with the possible exception of PEP A and C. 4. 4. Properties of homologous pairs of enzymes in fishes and mammals were generally similar.
Coloring Face-Hypergraphs of Graphs on Surfaces

The face-hypergraph, H(G), of a graph G embedded in a surface has vertex set V(G), and every face of G corresponds to an edge of H(G) consisting of the vertices incident to the face. We study coloring parameters of these embedded hypergraphs. A hypergraph is k-colorable (k-choosable) if there is a coloring of its vertices from a set of k colors (from every assignment of lists of size k to its vertices) such that no edge is monochromatic. Thus a proper coloring of a face-hypergraph corresponds to a vertex coloring of the underlying graph such that no face is monochromatic. We show that hypergraphs can be extended to face-hypergraphs in a natural way and use tools from topological graph theory, the theory of hypergraphs, and design theory to obtain general bounds for the coloring and choosability problems. To show the sharpness of several bounds, we construct for every even n an n-vertex pseudo-triangulation of a surface such that every triple is a face exactly once. We provide supporting evidence for our conjecture that every plane face-hypergraph is 2-choosable and we pose several open questions, most notably: Can the vertices of a planar graph always be properly colored from lists of size 4, with the restriction on the lists that the colors come in pairs and a color is in a list if and only if its twin color is? An affirmative answer to this question would imply our conjecture, as well as the Four Color Theorem and several open problems.
A nuclear magnetic resonance probe for in situ studies of adsorbed species on catalysts

The use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study adsorbed species on catalyst surfaces has grown rapidly in the last 10 years. To date, most investigators have prepared their samples ex situ in a sealed tube that can be placed in the coil of the NMR probe. While simple, this technique is inconvenient for studying the effects of adsorbate pressure and adsorption temperature. A more flexible arrangement involves sample cells that can be attached to a volumetric adsorption apparatus, or gas feed system. Using this approach, it is possible to alternate static adsorption and NMR measurements, or to do batch reactions. In the present paper the authors describe a double resonance NMR probe with a built-in microreactor that can be heated or cooled. This design permits investigations of steady-state catalytic reactions, as well as static adsorption experiments.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF SILVER BY CYANEX 272, CYANEX 302 AND CYANEX 30

ABSTRACT The solvent extraction of silver from nitrate media by the extractants Cyanex 272 (bis)2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid), Cyanex 302 ( bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)thiophosphinic acid) and Cyanex 301 ( bis( 2,4,4-trimethyl-pentyl)dithiophosphinic acid) is characterized. Extraction shifts to lower pH with increasing sulfur substitution in the phosphinic acid, in accordance with the increased extractant acidity imparted by the soft nature of the sulfur donor atoms. The effects of extractant concentration, aqueous-phase ionic strength and organic-phase diluent on the extraction behavior are examined. The stoichiometry of the extraction reactions and the geometry of the extracted complexes are postulated based on slope analysis and spectroscopic measurements. All three extractants behave as bidentate ligands and combine in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio with silver. The sulfur-containing ligands form multi-nuclear oligomeric complexes in which the ligands bridge between metal centers.
Enteric carriage of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in patients tested for Clostridium difficile.

Objective To identify independent risk factors for enteric carriage of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) in hospitalized patients tested for Clostridium difficile toxin. Design Retrospective case-cohort study. Setting Tertiary-care teaching hospital. Patients Convenience sample of 215 adult inpatients who had stool tested for C difficile between January 29 and February 25, 1996. Results 41 (19%) of 215 patients had enteric carriage of VREE Five independent risk factors for enteric VREF were identified: history of prior C difficile (odds ratio [OR], 15.21; 95% confidence interval [CI95], 3.30-70.10; P or = 5 days (OR, 4.06; CI95, 1.54-10.73; P = .005), treatment with antimicrobials effective against gram-negative organisms (OR, 3.44; CI95, 1.20-9.87; P = .021), admission from another institution (OR, 2.95; CI95, 1.21-7.18; P =.017), and age > 60 years (OR 2.57; CI95, 1.13-5.82; P = .024). These risk factors for enteric VREF were independent of the patient's current C difficile status. Conclusions Antimicrobial exposures are the most important modifiable independent risk factors for enteric carriage of VREF in hospitalized patients tested for C difficile.
The Role of State University Systems in Providing Educational Opportunities for Senior Citizens.

The 1971 White House Conference on Aging defined four categories of needs of the aged: coping needs, expressive needs, contributive needs, and influence needs. Several state university programs are described, with reference to the manner in which they are attempting to meet these needs. Many institutions of higher education have refocused their thinking about education as a youth‐oriented enterprise, where the emphasis is on preparation for life, and have begun to see education as helping people continue to grow throughout their lives. Colleges and universities offer prime locations and mechanisms for drawing people together and providing information and guidance for the organization of educational programs. State universities in the next decade have the responsibility, the opportunity, and the challenge to provide programs for older adults.
Industrial Hygiene Applications of Microcomputers II. Calculations, Statistics, Communications, Word Processing

Microcomputers can be efficient and low-cost tools for performing a variety of industrial hygiene tasks such as calculating time-weighted average exposures, doing statistical analyses and storing and retrieving sampling data. They can save substantial amounts of time and significantly reduce the likelihood of computational error. Choosing the proper hardware and software is important because poor choices can severely limit the number of potential applications.
The clinical utility of viral quantitation using molecular methods

Abstract Background: The quantitation of viral nucleic acids in biological fluids has become increasingly desirable over the past several years. To this end, a number of quantitative molecular procedures have been developed. Objectives: The objective was to review the current literature on the molecular techniques used in the quantitation of viral nucleic acids and to assess the appropriateness of these methods for clinical use. Results: Assays involving both target and signal amplification are now available for the accurate and precise quantitation of viral burden in infected patients. These methods include quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), branched chain signal amplification (bDNA), nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) and the SHARP signal and hybrid capture systems. Our understanding of the natural history and pathogenesis of viruses such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) may be greatly facilitated by accurate determinations of viral and infected cell burden. Quantitation of viral load in infected individuals may also be useful to assess disease progression, monitor the efficacy of therapy and to predict treatment failure and the emergence of drug-resistant viruses. Conclusion: Precise, accurate and reproducible quantitation of viral load is now feasible. Molecular assays for viral quantitation should have a considerable impact on medical research and clinical care.
Demand economics and experimental psychology

Connections can be made between economics and experimental psychology by viewing food pellets, water, drugs, and other such rewards for instrumental responding as economic goods or commodities. Several parallels are demonstrated between consumption in the marketplace and consumption in the laboratory by individual animals and humans. Many of the parallels appear in the context of two basic concepts from microeconomics: the demand law and elasticity of demand. The demand law refers to a decrease in total consumption of a commodity as the price of that commodity increases. Elasticity of demand refers to the responsiveness of consumption to a change in price. The abundant similarities between marketplace and laboratory suggest that closer relations between economists and experimental psychologists would be mutually beneficial.
Mutagenesis rescues spermine and Zn2+ potentiation of recombinant NMDA receptors

Abstract Alternative splicing generates distinct forms of the NMDA receptor subunit NR1. NR1 subunits with an N-terminal insert (termed N 1) form receptors in Xenopus oocytes with greatly reduced potentiation by spermine and Zn 2+ . Oocytes expressing NR1 receptors with N1 exhibited larger NMDA currents than oocytes expressing corresponding receptors without N 1. In the present study, we used mutational analysis to investigate structural features of the N 1 insert that control current amplitude and spermineandZn2+ potentiation. Neutralization of positive charges in N1 rescued spermine and Zn 2+ potentiation. Positive charges in N 1 did not affect spermine or Zn 2+ affinity. Neutralization of positive charges in N 1 diminished the responses to the level of NR 1 receptors lacking N 1. The positively charged N 1 may increase NMDA currents by causing a conformational change similar to that produced by spermine and Zn 2+ in NR1 receptors lacking N1.
Learning to Compete in a Transition Economy: Experience, Environment, and Performance

Does organizational learning as measured by experience in a host country affect international expansion performance? If so, does such a relationship between experience and performance hold over time? How do the environmental forces in the host country affect such a relationship? Focusing on organizational learning by multinational enterprises (MNEs) operating in a transition economy, this study answers these three critical questions by exploring the relationships among experience, environment, and performance at the subsidiary level. Based on a recent survey of 108 MNE subunits operating in China, we find that the intensity and diversity of host country experience is an important predictor of subunit performance. While the positive effect of the intensity of experience on performance diminishes over time, the impact of the diversity of experience on performance remains unchanged. Moreover, for MNEs experiencing greater environmental dynamism, complexity, and hostility, there is a stronger positive relationship between experience and performance.
Interfaces in Polycrystals

Grain boundaries are internal interfaces and behave much like external surfaces; but now we have to be concerned with two crystal orientations, not one. Just as for surfaces, we have a pressure difference associated with the GB curvature and a driving force that tends to lead to an overall increase in grain size whenever possible. Grain morphology and GB topology are two aspects of the same topic. It is instructive to think of the model of soap foams: A soap film is flat when in equilibrium, and it has a finite thickness. Three soap films meet along a line—a triple junction. If you blow on a soap film (apply a pressure) it bows out until the “surface tension” balances the applied pressure.
Chromosomal rearrangements which affect the chromosomal integration of the ribosomal genes in drosophila melanogaster

Sucrose gradient analysis of DNA from detergent-pronase lysates of whole adult flies has been used to examine a variety of genotypes for the presence of ribosomal genes not integrated into the DNA of the chromosome. Such genes were found in females in which one X chromosome carries an inversion, having one of its breakpoints between the nucleolus organizer and the centromere. These inversions move the nucleolus organizer to the distal end of the X chromosome. Other inversions which do not move the nucleolus organizer, as well as a series of bobbed deficiencies, did not induce unintegrated genes. The same inversions which induce unintegrated genes in adults also produce them in the diploid brain and imaginal discs of larvae. On the other hand, in the polytene salivary glands, unintegrated genes were found in every genotype examined.
Unisexual Fish: Laboratory Synthesis of a "Species"

By hybridizing bisexual (gonochoristic) fishes, all-female clones have been produced that are comparable to those of a wild unisexual "species," Poeciliopsis monacha-lucida, living in northwestern Mexico. The laboratory unisexuals have consistently given birth only to female progeny for six generations.
School Stratification in New and Established Latino Destinations

The growth and geographic diversification of the school-age Latino population suggest that schools in areas that previously had very few Latinos now serve many of these students. This study uses the 1999–2000 Schools and Staffing Survey and the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 to compare public high schools in new and established Latino destinations. We examine school composition, school quality indicators, instructional resources and access to advanced math courses. We find that schools in new destinations display more favorable educational contexts according to a number of measures, but offer fewer linguistic support services than schools in established destinations. We also find evidence of a within-school Latino-white gap in advanced math course taking in new destinations, suggesting greater educational stratification within schools in those areas.
Behavioral Queries for Service Selection: An Agile Approach to SOC

Automatic service discovery and selection is the key aspect for composing Web services dynamically in service-oriented computing (SOC). Current approaches to automating discovery and selection make use of only structural and functional aspects of the Web services. We believe that behavioral selection of Web services should be used to provide more precise results. Service behavior is difficult to specify prior to service execution and instead is better described based on experience with the service execution. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to service selection and maintenance-inspired by agile software development techniques-that is based on behavioral queries specified as test cases. Behavior is evaluated through the analysis of execution values of functional and non-functional parameters.
Simulation of worst case switching noise on a DDR2 interface

This paper describes a new technique to simulate worst case simultaneous switching noise on a DDR2 interface. The paper focuses on how the impedance response of the power distribution network can be used in determining an excitation pattern that results in the worst case switching noise on the interface.
Science Literacy in School and Home Contexts: Kindergarteners’ Science Achievement and Motivation

We examined science learning and motivation outcomes as a function of children's participation in the classroom and classroom-plus-home components of the Scientific Literacy Project (SLP). The sample was comprised of kindergarten children in 4 low income, neighboring schools. Children in Schools 1 and 2 (n = 120) participated in the SLP science activities. Of these children, 79 participated in the classroom component of the SLP whereas 41 participated in both the classroom and home components. A comparison group of children in schools 3 and 4 (n = 74) participated in regular science activities. We identified science learning, achievement, and motivational benefits for the SLP groups. Additional benefits for children who participated in both the classroom and home components of the SLP were greater gains in general science knowledge, higher levels of positive self-competence beliefs for science, perceived family support for learning science, and independence for learning science.
Consistent left-right reversals for visual path integration in virtual reality: More than a failure to update one's heading?

Even in state-of-the-art virtual reality (VR) setups, participants often feel lost when navigating through virtual environments. In VR applications and psychological experiments, such disorientation is often compensated for by extensive training. Here, two experimental series investigated participants' sense of direction by means of a rapid point-to-origin paradigm without any performance feedback or training. This paradigm allowed us to study participants' intuitive spatial orientation in VR while minimizing the influence of higher cognitive abilities and compensatory strategies. After visually displayed passive excursions along one-or two-segment trajectories, participants were asked to point back to the origin of locomotion as accurately and quickly as possible. Despite using an immersive, high-quality video projection with a 84 63 field of view, participants' overall performance was rather poor. Moreover, about 40 of the participants exhibited striking qualitative errors, namely left-right reversalsdespite not misinterpreting the visually simulated turning direction. Even when turning angles were announced in advance to obviate encoding errors due to misperceived turning angles, many participants still produced surprisingly large systematic and random errors, and perceived task difficulty and response times were unexpectedly high. Careful analysis suggests that some, but not all, of the left-right inversions can be explained by a failure to update visually displayed heading changes. Taken together, this study shows that even an immersive, high-quality video projection system is not necessarily sufficient for enabling natural and intuitive spatial orientation or automatic spatial updating in VR, even when advance information about turning angles was provided. We posit that investigating qualitative errors for basic spatial orientation tasks using, for example, rapid point-to-origin paradigms can be a powerful tool for evaluating and improving the effectiveness of VR setups in terms of enabling natural and unencumbered spatial orientation and performance. We provide some guidelines for VR system designers.
ΔRR vaccination protects from KA-induced seizures and neuronal loss through ICP10PK-mediated modulation of the neuronal-microglial axis

Ischemic brain injury and epilepsy are common neurodegenerative diseases caused by excitotoxicity. Their pathogenesis includes microglial production of inflammatory cytokines. Our studies were designed to examine whether a growth compromised HSV-2 mutant (ΔRR) prevents excitotoxic injury through modulation of microglial responses by the anti-apoptotic HSV-2 protein ICP10PK. EOC2 and EOC20 microglial cells, which are differentially activated, were infected with ΔRR or the ICP10PK deleted virus (ΔPK) and examined for virus-induced neuroprotective activity. Both cell lines were non-permissive for virus growth, but expressed ICP10PK (ΔRR) or the PK deleted ICP10 protein p95 (ΔPK). Conditioned medium (CM) from ΔRR-, but not ΔPK-infected cells prevented N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced apoptosis of primary hippocampal cultures, as determined by TUNEL and caspase-3 activation (76.9 ± 5.3% neuroprotection). Neuroprotection was associated with inhibition of TNF-α and RANTES and production of IL-10. The CM from ΔPK-infected EOC2 and EOC20 cells did not contain IL-10, but it contained TNF-α and RANTES. IL-10 neutralization significantly (p < 0.01) decreased, but did not abrogate, the neuroprotective activity of the CM from ΔRR-infected microglial cultures indicating that ICP10PK modulates the neuronal-microglial axis, also through induction of various microglial neuroprotective factors. Rats given ΔRR (but not ΔPK) by intranasal inoculation were protected from kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures and neuronal loss in the CA1 hippocampal fields. Protection was associated with a significant (p < 0.001) increase in the numbers of IL-10+ microglia (CD11b+) as compared to ΔPK-treated animals. ΔRR is a promising vaccination/therapy platform for neurodegeneration through its pro-survival functions in neurons as well as microglia modulation.
A teenager with mixed connective tissue disease presenting with an acute coronary syndrome

Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) manifests as a number of cardiovascular diseases; however, myocardial infarction secondary to coronary artery disease has not been well documented. We present a case of a teenager with MCTD and known cardiac risk factors who developed an acute coronary syndrome.
Cyanobacterial Blooms and the Occurrence of the neurotoxin beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) in South Florida Aquatic Food Webs

Recent studies demonstrate that most cyanobacteria produce the neurotoxin beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and that it can biomagnify in at least one terrestrial food chain. BMAA has been implicated as a significant environmental risk in the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). We examined several blooms of cyanobacteria in South Florida, and the BMAA content of resident animals, including species used as human food. A wide range of BMAA concentrations were found, ranging from below assay detection limits to approximately 7000 μg/g, a concentration associated with a potential long-term human health hazard.
A rapid and efficient extraction method for onion DNA

Four DNA extraction protocols were investigated to identify a protocol that optimizes extraction of DNA from onion. Allium cepa, for ampli| fication of DNA by polymerase chain reaction. The protocol selected was a simple procedure which used fresh leaf tissue, resulted in high UNA yields and low DNA degradation, low RNA contamination. was the least costly and required only 45 min. When RNAase T1 rather than RNAase A was used, more RNA was eliminated.
Objective eye-gaze behaviour during face-to-face communication with proficient alaryngeal speakers: a preliminary study.

Background: There is a large body of research demonstrating the impact of visual information on speaker intelligibility in both normal and disordered speaker populations. However, there is minimal information on which specific visual features listeners find salient during conversational discourse. Aims: To investigate listeners’ eye-gaze behaviour during face-to-face conversation with normal, laryngeal and proficient alaryngeal speakers. Methods & Procedures: Sixty participants individually participated in a 10-min conversation with one of four speakers (typical laryngeal, tracheoesophageal, oesophageal, electrolaryngeal; 15 participants randomly assigned to one mode of speech). All speakers were > 85% intelligible and were judged to be ‘proficient’ by two certified speech–language pathologists. Participants were fitted with a head-mounted eye-gaze tracking device (Mobile Eye, ASL) that calculated the region of interest and mean duration of eye-gaze. Self-reported gaze behaviour was also obtained following the conversation using a 10 cm visual analogue scale. Outcomes & Results: While listening, participants viewed the lower facial region of the oesophageal speaker more than the normal or tracheoesophageal speaker. Results of non-hierarchical cluster analyses showed that while listening, the pattern of eye-gaze was predominantly directed at the lower face of the oesophageal and electrolaryngeal speaker and more evenly dispersed among the background, lower face, and eyes of the normal and tracheoesophageal speakers. Finally, results show a low correlation between self-reported eye-gaze behaviour and objective regions of interest data. Conclusions & Implications: Overall, results suggest similar eye-gaze behaviour when healthy controls converse with normal and tracheoesophageal speakers and that participants had significantly different eye-gaze patterns when conversing with an oesophageal speaker. Results are discussed in terms of existing eye-gaze data and its potential implications on auditory–visual speech perception.
Model-carrying code: a practical approach for safe execution of untrusted applications

This paper presents a new approach called model-carrying code (MCC) for safe execution of untrusted code. At the heart of MCC is the idea that untrusted code comes equipped with a concise high-level model of its security-relevant behavior. This model helps bridge the gap between high-level security policies and low-level binary code, thereby enabling analyses which would otherwise be impractical. For instance, users can use a fully automated verification procedure to determine if the code satisfies their security policies. Alternatively, an automated procedure can sift through a catalog of acceptable policies to identify one that is compatible with the model. Once a suitable policy is selected, MCC guarantees that the policy will not be violated by the code. Unlike previous approaches, the MCC framework enables code producers and consumers to collaborate in order to achieve safety. Moreover, it provides support for policy selection as well as enforcement. Finally, MCC makes no assumptions regarding the inherent risks associated with untrusted code. It simply provides the tools that enable a consumer to make informed decisions about the risk that he/she is willing to tolerate so as to benefit from the functionality offered by an untrusted application.
Selective Breeding, Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis, and Gene Arrays Identify Candidate Genes for Complex Drug-Related Behaviors

Acute functional tolerance to ethanol develops during a single exposure to ethanol; it has been suggested to be a predisposing factor for the development of ethanol dependence. Genetic determinants of acute functional tolerance, as well as of ethanol dependence, have been clearly demonstrated. We describe a novel approach that uses a combination of selective breeding (to segregate genes contributing to the phenotype of interest, i.e., acute functional tolerance to the incoordinating effect of ethanol), quantitative trait locus analysis (to define chromosomal regions associated with acute functional tolerance), and DNA microarray technology (to identify differentially expressed genes in the brains of the selected lines of mice) to identify candidate genes for the complex phenotype of ethanol tolerance. The results indicate the importance of a signal transduction cascade that involves the glutamate receptor δ2 protein, the Ephrin B3 ligand, and the NMDA receptor, as well as a transcriptional regulatory protein that may be induced by activation of the NMDA receptor (zinc finger protein 179) and a protein that can modulate downstream responses to NMDA receptor activation (peroxiredoxin), in mediating acute tolerance to the incoordinating effect of ethanol.
Modelling mammalian cellular quiescence

Cellular quiescence is a reversible non-proliferating state. The reactivation of ‘sleep-like’ quiescent cells (e.g. fibroblasts, lymphocytes and stem cells) into proliferation is crucial for tissue repair and regeneration and a key to the growth, development and health of higher multicellular organisms, such as mammals. Quiescence has been a primarily phenotypic description (i.e. non-permanent cell cycle arrest) and poorly studied. However, contrary to the earlier thinking that quiescence is simply a passive and dormant state lacking proliferating activities, recent studies have revealed that cellular quiescence is actively maintained in the cell and that it corresponds to a collection of heterogeneous states. Recent modelling and experimental work have suggested that an Rb-E2F bistable switch plays a pivotal role in controlling the quiescence–proliferation balance and the heterogeneous quiescent states. Other quiescence regulatory activities may crosstalk with and impinge upon the Rb-E2F bistable switch, forming a gene network that controls the cells’ quiescent states and their dynamic transitions to proliferation in response to noisy environmental signals. Elucidating the dynamic control mechanisms underlying quiescence may lead to novel therapeutic strategies that re-establish normal quiescent states, in a variety of hyper- and hypo-proliferative diseases, including cancer and ageing.