cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tbx5 is essential for heart development

Mutations in the Tbx5 transcription factor cause heart septal defects found in human Holt-Oram Syndrome. The complete extent to which Tbx5 functions in heart development, however, has not been established. Here we show that, in Xenopus embryos, Tbx5 is expressed in the early heart field, posterior to the cardiac homeobox transcription factor, Nkx2.5. During morphogenesis, Tbx5 is expressed throughout the heart tube except the anterior portion, the bulbus cordis. When Tbx5 activity is antagonized with a hormone-inducible, dominant negative version of the protein, the heart fails to develop. These results suggest that, in addition to its function in heart septation, Tbx5 has a more global role in cardiac specification and heart development in vertebrate embryos.
Cyclin D1 overexpression increases susceptibility to 4‐nitroquinoline‐1‐oxide‐induced dysplasia and neoplasia in murine squamous oral epithelium

The cyclin D1 oncogene is frequently amplified/overexpressed in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Mice with overexpression of cyclin D1 targeted to the stratified squamous epithelia of the tongue, esophagus, and forestomach develop a phenotype of epithelial dysplasia at these sites. In this study, we examined the effect of cyclin D1 overexpression on susceptibility of mice to carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis, using 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO), an established potent oral carcinogen in mice. Cyclin D1 overexpressing mice and nontransgenic littermates were administered 4NQO (20 or 50 parts per million (ppm) in the drinking water) for 8 wk and monitored for an additional 16 wk. Histopathological analyses of the tongue revealed significantly higher severity of dysplasia in the cyclin D1 overexpression mice, compared with nontransgenic controls and with untreated controls. Moreover, only the cyclin D1 overexpression mice developed neoplastic lesions in the oro-esophageal epithelia. Examination of the dysplastic and neoplastic lesions revealed abnormal proliferation. Our findings suggest that cyclin D1 overexpression enhances susceptibility to carcinogen-induced oral tumorigenesis. These results underscore the importance of cyclin D1 in the process of oral neoplastic development. Further, they emphasize the value of this transgenic model to study the pathogenesis of oral precancer and cancer and establish it as a model system to test candidate agents for chemoprevention of upper aero-digestive cancer.
Electromechanical analogs of human reflexes

The conclusion to be drawn from our modeling is that the combined stretch and tendon reflexes alone can endow artificial muscle with a springlike feel as well as give it a baseline tone. In response to questions that motor physiologists often ask as to what variables the system controls, the answer here is clear: the stretch and tendon reflexes act together to maintain both a tension set-point and a length set-point, but in so doing they also give the system a springlike feel because of the existence of a servo error. The main goal of our studies is to understand the integration of reflexes, and thus far we have only begun to explore the two lowest-level spinal reflexes. We are in the process of expanding this work by developing a much more refined arm explicitly modeled after the human arm. This new arm is to be activated by a minimum of 10 muscles, each of which is reflexively driven, and it will allow us to explore the integration of higher-level reflex action such as automatic inhibition of antagonists and facilitation of synergists.
Lessons from a behavioral economics success story: Comment on theory and experiment: What are the questions?

Among the many challenges that Smith (forthcoming) details, one that stands out is that theory and experiments face an incompatibility in the following sense. Theorists propose models which implicitly assume that the situation being modeled is divorced from everything else the individual might encounter, either in the past or in the future. In essence, when they describe the game they preclude consideration of anything outside of the rules. Experimentalists, on the other hand, cannot make this implicit assumption.While they have taken great pains to construct experiments that reflect as closely as possible the games described by theorists, and often these experimental procedures are exceedingly clever, they cannot remove subjects’ pasts or futures. Consequently, economic experiments can never test only the theory they are designed to test; instead, they must test the theory in conjunction with all of the social, cultural, and historical baggage that subjects bring with them. Smith, of course, is right, and his paper provides a call for new research to address this problem. There are several directions that this researchmight go. One is for experimental economists to somehow refine their procedures to isolate the laboratory from the outside world. This, after all, is the technique used in the natural sciences, but one can questionwhether this can ever be achieved for the social sciences. An alternative direction is for theorists to write models that do not isolate rational actors from the rest of the world. Where the first direction lets theorists hold fast and expect experimentalists to adjust, the second direction does the opposite. Something between these two is probably the right answer, and indeed such a coordinated approach, in which theorists address newmodeling questions and experimentalists change their approach to testing theoretical models, was successful in a different part of economics, the study of behavior toward risk. My purpose here is to drawon the lessons from this successful research agenda and use them to develop a newdirection for experimental work on games.
Saturation Transfer EPR Studies of Microsecond Rotational Motions in Biological Membranes

In order to elucidate the molecular details of dynamic processes in biological membranes, it is necessary to make direct measurements of molecular motions and to correlate these motions with biological function. It has been largely in response to this need that nitroxide spin-labels and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques have been developed. It was precisely in the study of membranes, however, that a crucial shortcoming of EPR became evident. The conventional EPR experiment on a nitroxide radical is sensitive to rotational motion only if it occurs in the nsec time range or faster. This time range is appropriate for the rapid rotational motions of fluid lipid hydrocarbon chains and protein side chains, and for the rapid tumbling of small proteins in aqueous solution. However, the relatively high effective viscosity of membranes (usually at least 100 times that of water) results in many motions in the μsec range or slower, particularly those of integral membrane proteins and gel-phase lipids. Partly as a result of this limitation of conventional EPR to the detection of nsec motions, an unbalanced description of membrane dynamics emerged, weighted heavily toward the lipids, despite the primary importance of proteins in determining membrane function.
Staying open to surprise…a necessary Responsibility

“Let your students surprise you,” I tell my preservice student teachers as we begin a new semester in EDC G 689, the teacher research class connected to their student teaching. “In order to build a classroom that is truly intellectual everyone learns something new, including the teacher.”
On Free Boundary Problems and Amoeboid Motion

The actin cytoskeleton of amoeboid cells can be regarded as a composite material composed of an aqueous solvent and a network of filamentous polymers. Accordingly, a family of models of the cytoskeletal motility of amoeboid cells can be formulated using continuum mixture theory as a basic language. Our aim is to elucidate the structure of such models and to give some examples of applications to representative problems of cytoskeletal dynamics and amoeboid motion.
Sarcosine Catabolism in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Is Transcriptionally Regulated by SouR.

ABSTRACT Sarcosine ( N -methylglycine) is present in many environments inhabited by pseudomonads and is likely most often encountered as an intermediate in the metabolism of choline, carnitine, creatine, and glyphosate. While the enzymology of sarcosine metabolism has been relatively well studied in bacteria, the regulatory mechanisms governing catabolism have remained largely unknown. We previously determined that the sarcosine-catabolic ( sox ) operon of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is induced by the AraC family regulator GbdR in response to glycine betaine and dimethylglycine. However, induction of these genes was still observed in response to sarcosine in a gbdR deletion mutant, indicating that an independent sarcosine-responsive transcription factor also acted at this locus. Our goal in this study was to identify and characterize this regulator. Using a transposon-based genetic screen, we identified PA4184, or SouR (sarcosine oxidation and utilization regulator), as the sarcosine-responsive regulator of the sox operon, with tight induction specificity for sarcosine. The souR gene is required for appreciable growth on sarcosine as a carbon and nitrogen source. We also characterized the transcriptome response to sarcosine governed by SouR using microarray analyses and performed electrophoretic mobility shift assays to identify promoters directly regulated by the transcription factor. Finally, we characterized PA3630, or GfnR (glutathione-dependent formaldehyde neutralization regulator), as the regulator of the glutathione-dependent formaldehyde detoxification system in P. aeruginosa that is expressed in response to formaldehyde released during the catabolism of sarcosine. This study expands our understanding of sarcosine metabolic regulation in bacteria through the identification and characterization of the first known sarcosine-responsive transcriptional regulator. IMPORTANCE The Pseudomonas aeruginosa genome encodes many diverse metabolic pathways, yet the specific transcription regulators controlling their expression remain mostly unknown. Here, we used a genetic screen to identify the sarcosine-specific regulator of the sarcosine oxidase operon, which we have named SouR. SouR is the first bacterial regulator shown to respond to sarcosine, and it is required for growth on sarcosine. Sarcosine is found in its free form and is also an intermediate in the catabolic pathways of glycine betaine, carnitine, creatine, and glyphosate. The similarity of SouR to the regulators of carnitine and glycine betaine catabolism suggests evolutionary diversification within this regulatory family to allow response to structurally similar but physiologically distinct ligands.
Incidence of Field Spread of Internal Cork of Sweet Potato in Insecticide-Treated Plots

Field plots of originally internal cork-free sweet potato plants were treated with insecticides in 1955-59 in Louisiana to reduce spread of internal cork by controlling the principal vector, Aphis gossypii Glover. Amounts of disease spread during the season from adjacent cork-affected sources were proportional to vector activity. Reduction of the disease ranged from 0% to 50%.
Propagation of a relativistic electron wave packet in the Dirac equation

Solving the Dirac equation is a formidable task due to the high frequency and the degrees of freedom involved. However, this high frequency allows one to obtain an approximation to the equation. Here, we directly solve the Dirac equation using an envelope method and derive analytical solutions of Dirac wave packets to first order for the small momentum spread. We apply the insight gained from this solution to the Zitterbewegung behavior in a Dirac-like system, where we show that it is crucial to include the first-order term in our solution to correctly describe a Dirac packet.
Sb bonding in GeSbTe compounds by NMR Measurements

We have measured the 121Sb NMR spectra, which are highly sensitive to the electric field gradients at the nuclear site, for crystalline Sb2Te3, Ge1Sb2Te4, Ge2Sb2Te4, and Ge2Sb2Te5. Estimates of the coupling constants, which are a measure of the field gradient, based on these spectra compare well with compounds containing Sb sites that are approximately 6-fold coordinated. The coupling constants of amorphous phase counterparts are roughly an order of magnitude larger and compare favorably with compounds where the Sb sites are 3-fold coordinated. We argue that the difference in the coupling constants arises primarily from a change in the local coordination, as opposed to the slight differences in the Sb-Te bond lengths and bond angles. The NMR data agree best with a structural model of amorphous phase based upon the “8-N” rule.
Progress on Proteins Related to Cross-species Transmission and Pathogenicity of Influenza A Viruses

Influenza A viruses are important human and animal pathogens.They cause seasonal epidemics and occasional global pandemics,so they pose a serious public health threat.Multiple proteins of influenza A viruses are implicated in the cross-species transmission of these viruses,of which the virus hemagglutinin is the major limiting factor in host range,however,the polymerase protein and the non-structural protein 1 also play an important role.In each year,there are a various of new strains with unknown pathogenicity by constantly adapting to various hosts and long-term evolution,the pathogenicity of influenza A viruses are mainly affected by certain specific amino acid substitutions of polymerase protein,hemagglutinin and non-structural protein 1.In this paper,the research progress on the molecular mechanism of cross-species transmission and pathogenicity of influenza A viruses were reviewed.
The Last of the Summer Holidays — Twentieth Century Travel

Just as an apparent German militarism did limit the enjoyment of some British visitors, those travelling to Germany at the turn of the twentieth century were not immune to the barbs of the German press directed against Britain and its policy in South Africa (indeed it was partially the reports of travellers to the Continent which alerted the domestic British press and society in general to the virulence of such attacks).1 However for the most part it would seem that the undeniable bitterness of these years did not inhibit the British enjoyment of Germany and what it had to offer the vacationer (even Chamberlain’s concern over Treitschke’s teachings disappeared quite quickly, resurfacing only in the 1900s).2 Some apprehension no doubt existed among those considering an excursion in the Fatherland in the Boer War period, and it was noted by Thomas Beck Foreman in his account that ‘the unfriendly comments’ of some German journalists ‘at the expense of our countrymen had led us to expect more or less coolness from our German fellow-travellers’.3 Foreman was pleased to discover and report that all those Germans whom he and his party encountered on their journey ‘were polite and even friendly’ to them, and even in the larger urban centres such as Mainz and Koblenz, they ‘did not experience the slightest discomfort on account of [their] nationality’.4 The fact that ‘nothing transpired … to verify [his] apprehensions’ Foreman put down to the racialist notion that ‘the Teuton equally with the Anglo-Saxon’ was subject to that profound sense of ‘“Wander-lust” [sic]’ which had inspired their journey in the first place, and that despite the petty squabbling of the material world, there were deeper connections between German and Briton.5
The costs of fall-related injuries among older adults: annual per-faller, service component, and patient out-of-pocket costs

OBJECTIVE: To estimate expenditures for fall-related injuries (FRIs) among older Medicare beneficiaries. DATA SOURCES: The 2007-2009 Medicare claims and 2008 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) data for 5,497 (228 FRI and 5,269 non-FRI) beneficiaries. STUDY DESIGN: FRIs were indicated by inpatient/outpatient ICD-9 diagnostic codes for fractures, trauma, dislocations, and by e-codes. A pre-post comparison group design was used to estimate the differential change in pre-post expenditures for the FRI relative to the non-FRI cohort (FRI expenditures). Out-of-pocket (OOP) costs, service category total annual FRI-related Medicare expenditures, expenditures related to the type of initial FRI treatment (inpatient, ED, outpatient), and the risk of persistently high expenditures (4th quartile for each post-FRI quarter) were estimated. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Estimated FRI expenditures were $9,389 (95 percent CI: $5,969-$12,808). Inpatient, physician/outpatient, skilled nursing facility, and home health comprised 31, 18, 39, and 12 percent of the total. OOP costs were $1,363.0 (95 percent CI: $889-$1,837). Expenditures for FRIs initially treated in inpatient/ED/outpatient settings were $21,424/$6,142/$8,622. The FRI cohort had a 64 percent increased risk of persistently high expenditures. Total Medicare expenditures were $13 billion (95 percent CI: $9-$18 billion). CONCLUSIONS: FRIs are associated with substantial, persistent Medicare expenditures. Cost-effectiveness of multifactorial falls prevention programs should be assessed using these expenditure estimates.© Health Research and Educational Trust. Language: en
Vitreous Disease in Retinoblastoma: Clinical Findings and Treatment.

Retinoblastoma is the most common primary cancer to occur in the eyes of children. It has a frequency of 1 per 15,000 births, and this rate is relatively equal and stable worldwide. Retinoblastoma can either be unilateral or bilateral, and in this latter case is typically hereditary and associated with a germline mutation in the RB1 gene though most children who have bilateral disease are the first in the family to be affected. Hereditary cases typical present at the age of one year, and non-hereditary cases present at two years of age. Diagnosis occurs most commonly after the caretaker notices a “white glint” in the pupil of the eye. The ophthalmologist confirms the presence of white tumor(s) on dilated fundus examination. The tumors derive from the cone precursor cells and as such, tumors grow out from the retina towards the vitreous cavity. On occasions, these retinal tumors can generate little pieces of tumor that break off and float in the vitreous cavity, so called “vitreous seeds”. Five years ago, active vitreous disease would have been an ominous sign. Due to a lack of adequate treatment, vitreous disease would likely commit the eye to a destiny of enucleation. I In recent years, however, due to developments in treatment, eyes with vitreous seeds can be saved. From these advancements, our understanding of vitreous disease and its treatment has also deepened immensely. This article will outline these latest advances.
Magnetic Anisotropy from Main-Group Elements: Halides versus Group 14 Elements.

Precise modulation of the magnetic anisotropy of a transition-metal center would affect physical properties ranging from photoluminescence to magnetism. Over the past decade, exerting nuanced control over ligand fields enabled the incorporation of significant magnetic anisotropy in a number of mononuclear transition-metal complexes. An alternate approach to increasing spin–orbit coupling relies upon using heavy diamagnetic main-group elements as sources of magnetic anisotropy. Interacting first-row transition metals with main-group elements enables the transfer of magnetic anisotropy to the paramagnetic metal center without restricting coordination geometry. We sought to study the effect of covalency on this anisotropy transfer by probing the effect of halides in comparison to early main-group elements. Toward that end, we synthesized a series of four isostructural heterobimetallic complexes, with germanium or tin covalently bound to a triplet spin Fe(II) center. These complexes are ligated by a halide (B...
Analysis of variance of a balanced incomplete block design with missing observations

In experimental work the results of one or more observations may be missing. An agricultural plot may be trampled, an animal may die, a test tube may be dropped, or a machine may break down. When missing values occur, the usual method of computing the various sums of squares cannot be used unless the missing values are first estimated from the existing data. Cornish' obtained a specific formula for a single missing value and an iterative procedure for several missing values by minimising the error sum of squares. He also showed that the resulting treatment sum of squares had a positive bias and how to eliminate it. Wilkinson3 obtained a general procedure for estimating missing values which involves the solutions of matrix equations. The method of Glenn and Kramer2 may also be used by considering that a balanced incomplete block design is a randomised block design with missing observations, but this procedure would require the estimation of a large number of missing values. This paper will deal with the estimation of several missing values in a balanced incomplete block design by minimising the error sum of squares. Explicit formulae for each value missing will be derived for many special cases and a completely general solution will be given. These formulae may prove to be less tedious in application than the ones now available. A direct method of analysis of the augmented data, not requiring a correction for bias in the treatment sum of squares, will be given. It should be noted that, by estimating missing values, the symmetry in the design is restored, but the estimates serve only to expedite analysis of the data; they do not by any means restore the information lost in the missing observations.
Unexpected Survivors: Children With Life-Limiting Conditions of Uncertain Prognosis.

Objective:Prognostication of survival is difficult in children with life-limiting illnesses because of the rarity of these conditions and technological advances improving survival. The objective of this article is to describe the characteristics of children with life-limiting illnesses who survived longer than the expectations of health-care providers.Study Design:This is a retrospective cohort study conducted in a tertiary-care children’s hospital in North Carolina. “Unexpected survivors,” defined as children who survived despite a prognosis of imminent death or significantly longer than prognosticated by health-care providers, were identified from among 349 children enrolled in a pediatric palliative care program between March 2008 and October 2012. Children’s clinical courses were followed until September 2015 or their death.Results:Eighteen (5%) children were identified as unexpected survivors; 17 (10 girls and 7 boys) were included. Congenital anomalies were the most common diagnoses. Neonatal intens...
The A/Ā Distinction as an Epiphenomenon

This article demonstrates that the A/Ā distinction is an epiphenomenon that emerges from independently necessary properties of Merge and the interpretive components. A true explanation of the A/Ā d...
Risk Factors for Cervical Spine Injury in Patients With Mandibular Fractures.

Purpose Patients with mandibular fractures are known to be at risk of concomitant cervical spine injuries (CSIs). The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of and risk factors for CSIs in these patients. Patients and Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult trauma patients with mandibular fractures from June 1, 2007, through June 30, 2017. Patients were identified through the Massachusetts General Hospital trauma registry and were included as study patients if they had a mandibular fracture and computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine. The primary predictor variable was the site of the mandibular fracture; the primary outcome variables were the presence of CSIs and death. The other variables were demographic characteristics (age, gender, alcohol use, and drug use), Injury Severity Score, Glasgow Coma Scale, presence of midface and extra-craniofacial injuries, and etiology. Data analysis consisted of univariate correlations and construction of a multivariate model to determine independent risk factors for CSIs. Results Of 23,394 patients in the trauma registry, 3,950 (17%) had craniomaxillofacial fractures and 1,822 (7.7%) had CSIs. The frequency of CSIs in the overall cohort of mandibular fracture patients (n = 1,147) was 4.4%, and for admitted patients (n = 495), it was 10%. The mean age of patients with mandibular fractures plus CSIs was 40 years (range, 19 to 93 years); 84% were men. Patients with a ramus-condyle unit fracture, mandibular fracture plus any midface fracture, non–craniomaxillofacial injury, and motor vehicle crash etiology had the highest frequency of CSIs. Ramus-condyle unit fractures and chest injuries were independent risk factors for CSIs in the multivariate model (P = .0334 and P = .0013, respectively). The mortality rate was 4-fold higher in patients with CSIs versus those without CSIs. Conclusions The presence of ramus-condyle unit fractures and the presence of chest injuries were independent risk factors for CSIs. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons should be diligent in ruling out CSIs in mandibular fracture patients.
Amphiphile-Based Complex Fluids: The Self-Assembly Ensemble as Protagonist.

Multimodal characterization and multiscale simulation reveal new insights into hierarchical self-assembly that challenges simplified interpretations of structured fluids.
Intersectional hermanas : LDS Latinas navigate faith, leadership and sisterhood

Latinas in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (LDS) engage their faith and lived realities through a complicated intersection of religion, race, gender, ethnicity, immigration status, aging, and class. Utilizing oral history, ethnographic interviews, and participant observation, the following analysis explores how LDS Latinas reflected on their experiences in faith, gained leadership skills, and benefited from a gendered ethno-religious social network. These narratives explore secular skills and emotional bonds (hermandad) through an intersectional framework. Additionally, this piece brings attention to the aging process for LDS Latinas and how female church-based networks improved their quality of life. This piece speaks to the resiliency of LDS Latinas, marginalized by multiple intersections of power within their church and society, as they seek solace, deep friendship, and strength, and gain tremendous skills in their network of hermandad (sisterhood).
Racial Differences in Smoking-related Disease Risk Perceptions Among Adults Completing Lung Cancer Screening: Follow-up Results from the ACRIN/NLST Ancillary Study

Previous work suggests that, compared to white adults, black adults have lower perceived risk for smoking-related diseases (SRDs), which may influence cessation behavior and health outcomes; however, racial differences in SRD risk perceptions among high-risk patients (i.e., a group that exhibits elevated risk for SRDs) following lung screening remain unknown. This paper thus examined differences in risk perceptions for lung cancer and other SRDs among black and white National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) participants. We administered a 10-item measure of perceived lifetime risk of lung cancer and other SRD (Smoking Risk Perceptions Scale; SRPS) to NLST participants at 1 year following lung screening to (1) establish the internal consistency of the SRPS for both black and white participants, (2) compare smoking-related disease risk perceptions between black and white participants, and (3) identify predictors of risk perceptions for black and white participants using multivariable linear regression models. We determined the SRPS items loaded onto two factors (personal and comparative risks; Cronbach’s alpha = 0.93 and 0.95 for 1743 white and 194 black participants, respectively), thus demonstrating high internal consistency for both black and white adults. Compared to white participants, black adults demonstrated lower SRD risk perceptions (SRPS range = 10–50, mean difference = 2.55, SE = 0.50, p < 0.001), even after adjusting for smoking status and sociodemographics. Younger age, female gender, higher education, white race, and current smoking status were independently associated with high risk perceptions. Sociodemographic factors associated with lower risk perceptions resemble factors related to continued smoking. Findings suggest current and former black smokers are at risk of having lower risk perceptions for lung cancer and SRDs than white adults following lung cancer screening; these differences may explain observed racial differences in cessation outcomes. Although similar factors influence black and white adults’ beliefs, risk perceptions may differentially impact smoking behavior among these groups. Behavior change models that guide tobacco treatment approaches, particularly for high-risk black smokers, should consider the influence of cultural factors on risk perceptions and cessation efforts.
Moderate-Intensity Insulin Therapy Is Associated With Reduced Length of Stay in Critically Ill Patients With Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State.

Objectives:Insulin infusion therapy is commonly used in the hospital setting to manage diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. Clinical evidence suggests both hypoglycemia and glycemic variability negatively impact patient outcomes. The hypothesis of this study was that moderate-
Idioms, collocations, and structure

Phrasal idioms have been used as evidence in syntactic theorizing for decades. A common assumption, occasionally made explicit (e.g., Larson 2017), is that non-literal phrasal idioms differ significantly from completely literal collocations in the kinds of syntactic structures they can be built from. I show with a detailed empirical study that this is false. In fact, the syntactic constraints on idioms and collocations are identical. In particular, patterns that are missing from one are missing from the other, most strikingly ditransitives with a fixed first object and open second object (*throw the wolves X). Idioms and collocations should therefore be treated the same, as a broad class of conventionalized expressions. I propose a new analysis of the syntactic forms that conventionalized expressions can take. Unlike most previous analyses, I take the open slots to be part of the expression, and the task then becomes to explain the distribution of the open slots. A structural constraint on open slots accounts for the missing ditransitive pattern. It also explains why expressions with a fixed subject but open object are rare, but also why certain examples of this pattern do exist in English and in other languages.
Social Work Practice in Political Campaigns

mous controversy regarding the need for social welfare programs. Not to participate in political activities is tantamount to acceding to the drastic cuts in funding and to the practice of narrowing the eligibility criteria to such an extent that only restricted groups, such as the very poor, re ceive assistance. Alexander, who pro vides a rationale for political partici pation by asserting that political re sponsibility is a major component of professional practice, wrote,
Don't Make Me Look Bad: How the Audit Market Penalizes Auditors for Doing Their Job

We examine the reputational impact of an audit office issuing adverse internal control opinions (adverse ICOs). While prior research has examined how clients that receive an adverse ICO respond, we focus on clients that did not receive an adverse ICO. We find that audit offices that issue more adverse ICOs experience lower growth and that this effect is stronger when the adverse ICO is associated with a more visible client or refers to an entity-level control weakness. Finally, we find that clients are less likely to select auditors with a history of issuing adverse ICOs and that auditors are able to recoup some of their lost growth when they issue fewer adverse ICOs. Our results indicate that the market for audit services penalizes auditors for disclosing information critical of management, which undermines the value of direct-to-investor auditor communications and provides insight into potential longer-term implications of the expanded auditor’s report.
Endotracheal Tube Position Assessment on Chest Radiographs Using Deep Learning.

Deep learning predicts endotracheal tube position on chest radiographs with accuracy similar to that of radiologists.
Accuracy of predicted effective orifice area in determining incidence of patient-prosthesis mismatch after transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

Objective Patient-prosthesis mismatch (PPM) is associated with poor outcomes after aortic valve replacement. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of indexed effective orifice area (EOAi) charts in predicting PPM after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Methods A retrospective review of 346 TAVR patients from January 2017 to November 2018 was performed. EOAi was predicted for patients based on published predictive tables using valve type, annulus diameter, and body surface area. Actual EOAi was calculated based on intraoperative transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) measurements. PPM was defined by EOAi ≤ 0.85 cm2 /m2 . The accuracy of predicted PPM was assessed. Differences in clinical outcomes, including mean gradient, length of stay, mortality, complications, and change in Kansas City cardiomyopathy questionnaire score as an indicator of quality of life, were evaluated based on actual PPM. Results Of the 346 patients analyzed, 44 (12.7%) of patients had PPM on intraoperative TEE. Of the 182 patients who received Sapien 3 valves, 42 (23.1%) were predicted to have PPM while 25 (13.7%) had actual PPM. Of the 164 patients who received Evolut valves, 3 (1.8%) were predicted to have PPM while 19 (11.6%) had actual PPM. EOAi charts had poor sensitivity (40.0% for Sapien 3; 5.25% for Evolut) and positive predictive value (23.8% for Sapien 3; 33.3% for Evolut) for both valve types. Conclusion Preoperative prediction of PPM in TAVR patients using tables of expected EOA demonstrates significant variation from actual PPM. The utility of EOAi charts to predict PPM in patients undergoing TAVR may be limited.
Do Envious CEOs Cause Merger Waves

We develop a theory which shows that merger waves can arise even when the shocks that precipitated the initial mergers in the wave are idiosyncratic. The analysis predicts that the earlier acquisitions produce higher bidder returns, involve smaller targets, and result in higher compensation gains for the acquirer’s top management team than the later acquisitions in the wave. We find strong empirical support for these predictions. The model also generates additional predictions, some of which remain to be tested. (JEL G34)
Interactive anesthesiology educational program improves wellness for anesthesiologists and their children.

Abstract Study objective Anesthesiologists have a high prevalence of burnout with adverse effects on professionalism and safety. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of an interactive anesthesiology educational program on the wellness of anesthesia providers and their children, as assessed by a modified Professional Fulfillment Index. Design Prospective observational study. Setting Perioperative area. Patients Thirty clinicians participated in the program. Twenty respondents, representing 67% of participants and each corresponding to a parent and their child or children, completed the post-event survey. Interventions An interactive anesthesiology educational program incorporating children, between the ages of five and eighteen years old, of anesthesia providers was held in the perioperative area. The program was held over four hours and was comprised of four sessions including pediatric anesthesia, neuroanesthesia, airway, and ultrasound stations. Measurements Anesthesia providers and their children were administered a post-event assessment, including a modified Professional Fulfillment Index and satisfaction survey. Main results All twenty (100%) of respondents indicated it was “very true” or “completely true” that their child was happy with the program, and that it was worthwhile and satisfying to both the anesthesia provider and their child. Nineteen (95%) of reporting participants indicated it was “very true” or “completely true” that it was meaningful to have the department host such a program and 17 (85%) respondents felt their child now better understands the anesthesia work of the parent. All clinician volunteers indicated it was “very true” or “completely true” that they were contributing professionally during the program in ways that they valued most. Conclusion An interactive educational wellness initiative provides an effective and feasible method for increasing professional fulfillment and satisfaction among anesthesia providers while educating our youngest generation of learners. Implementation of such a program may also occur with modifications such as televideo to maintain COVID-19 precautions.
Duality of Humans: The Wish to Learn and Not to Learn

The segregated nature of education for the Hungarian Roma has been well-documented. Solutions to overcoming this segregation are often focusing on adding education interventions tailored to Roma youth. We argue that although education can be empowering, it can also be used as a tool to maintain the status quo. Education is dualistic and paradoxical in that it can both empower and enslave. In this chapter we use a philosophical lens to examine how the dualistic nature of education and humans can cause impediments to equal access to quality education for the Hungarian Roma. We identify some of the real obstacles to providing education to Hungarian Roma and disadvantaged youth, outline the philosophical underpinnings of these obstacles, and propose potential solutions. We use a school that has had success in providing educational tools for Roma and disadvantaged youth, MAV School in Budapest, as a model to explain both the paradoxes and the solutions to overcome these paradoxes. Our goal is to provide insight into the educational situation for the Hungarian Roma and to make space for the reader to implement different attitudes and strategies to succeed in creating a sustainable model of education for Roma and other marginalized youth.
On Duration and Dopamine Modulation of Sustained Activity in Prefrontal Cortex Using Large, Conductance-Based Networks Models

We investigate cellular mechanisms underlying the generation, duration, and dopaminergic modulation of working-memory sustained activity in prefrontal cortex by means of computational modeling. We use conductance-based, two-population network models endowed with all relevant PFC conductances and AMPA-, NMDA-, and GABA-like synapses. We implement DA modulation via a dynamic loop in which DA locally modulates activity (via static and dynamic changes in maximal conductances, thresholds, and synaptic strengths), while being itself modulated by local neuronal activity and afferent and external inputs. We address issues ranging from NMDA/AMPA domination to cellular mechanisms for time duration of the effect. Simulations are carried out on large networks on parallel clusters, adding verisimilitude to results.
Treatment of fecal incontinence in children with spina bifida: comparison of biofeedback and behavior modification.

Abstract Two experiments compared the effects of biofeedback training to behavior modification in the treatment of 33 children aged 5 to 16 who had fecal incontinence secondary to myelomeningocele. Biofeedback involved (a) providing visual feedback and rewards for successively stronger sphincter contractions during training sessions and (b) requiring 50 sphincter contraction exercises daily. Behavior modification involved (a) attempting to defecate immediately after the evening meal each day, (b) receiving a reward for defecting in the toilet without an enema or suppository, and (c) receiving an enema if unsuccessful for two consecutive days. In experiment I, eight children were offered biofeedback alone in an attempt to replicate previous studies. Biofeedback alone was found insufficient; addition of behavior modification was necessary. Experiment II systematically investigated the relative contribution of these two treatments. Overall, patients who received only behavior modification for three months showed as much clinical improvement as patients who received behavior modification plus biofeedback. This suggests that previous reports, because they have not controlled for nonspecific treatment effects, have overestimated the value of biofeedback in this population. However, a subgroup of patients (27%) were identified for whom biofeedback provided additional, specific benefit. These were children who had spinal cord lesions below L-2 and who initially had two or more bowel movements daily. The combination of behavior modification and biofeedback resulted in a greater than 50% reduction in the frequency of incontinence for 64% of patients, and results were well maintained at follow-up one year later.
The value of the case report in the age of evidence-based medicine.

As we consider the relationship between evidence and clinical practice, the question we must answer is what do we, as clinicians, require to change the way we practice? A definite trend exists to alter aspects of practice only when evidenced-based research supports this change; however, an important case report can also serve as the basis for a change in practice. The case report in this issue by Dr. Cometa and colleagues [1] is an excellent example of this. This case report addresses three issues: 1) the importance of a case report; 2) the importance of a pain management team, as well as its incorporation into the health care team; and 3) that the performance of a regional analgesic block does not obscure or delay the diagnosis of compartment syndrome. In 2007, the Institute of Medicine introduced the concept of evidence-based medicine. Evidence-based medicine is defined as the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. The practice of evidence-based medicine means integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research [2]. It was established “to help transform the way evidence on clinical effectiveness is generated and used to improve health and health care”[3]. The key concept is to provide better evidence about the risks and benefits of interventions, and to support better application of that knowledge to clinical practice [4]. Evidence categories are divided into three levels: Level A1 (likely reliable). Evidence representing the most valid reports addressing patient-oriented outcomes. Examples include randomized trials and systematic reviews of level 1 evidence reports.Level B2 (mid-level). Evidence representing reports addressing patient-oriented outcomes and using some method of scientific investigation yet not meeting the quality criteria to achieve level 1 evidence labeling. Examples …
An energy-efficient reconfigurable FFT/IFFT processor based on a multi-processor ring

We have designed and built a single-chip reconfigurable FFT/IFFT processor that employs a ring-structured multiprocessor architecture. Multi-level reconfigurability is realized by dynamically allocating computation resources required by specific applications. The processor IC has been fabricated in TSMC 0.25-µm CMOS. It performs 8-point to 4096-point FFT/IFFT with power-scalable features and provides useful trade-offs between algorithm flexibility, implementation complexity and energy efficiency.
Strategies And Initiatives That Revitalize Wesley College STEM Programs

Church-related small private liberal arts baccalaureate minority-serving institutions like Wesley College have modest endowments, are heavily tuition-dependent, and have large numbers of financially-challenged students. In order to sustain the level of academic excellence and to continue to build student demographic diversity in its accessible robust Science and Mathematics (STEM) programs, the faculty sought federal and state funds to implement a coordinated program of curriculum enhancements and student support programs that will increase the number of students choosing STEM majors, increase their academic success, and improve retention.
Social Semantic Rule Sharing and Querying in Wellness Communities

In this paper we describe the Web 3.0 case study WellnessRules, where ontology-structured rules (including facts) about wellness opportunities are created by participants in rule languages such as Prolog and N3, and translated for interchange within a wellness community using RuleML/XML. The wellness rules are centered around participants, as profiles, encoding knowledge about their activities, nutrition, etc. conditional on the season, the time-of-day, the weather, etc. This distributed knowledge base extends fact-only FOAF profiles with a vocabulary and rules about wellness group networking. The communication between participants is organized through Rule Responder, permitting translator-based reuse of wellness profiles and their distributed querying across engines. WellnessRules interoperates between rules and queries in the relational (Datalog) paradigm of the pure-Prolog subset of POSL and in the frame (F-logic) paradigm of N3. These derivation rule languages are implemented in the engines OO jDREW and Euler, and connected via Rule Responder to support wellness communities. An evaluation of Rule Responder instantiated for WellnessRules found acceptable Web response times.
Critique of the Determination of Proteins in Cerebrospinal Fluid Evaluation of the Biuret Method of Goa and the TCA-turbidimetric Method of Meulemans

Cerebrospinal fluid protein values obtained by the biuret procedure of Goa or the TCA-turbidimetric method of Meulemans are shown to be comparable to those obtained by the more involved tyrosine-equivalence "reference" method of Johnston and Gibson. Both of the former methods are recommended for routine use because of their accuracy and simplicity.
Energetic efficiency of vocalization by the frog Physalaemus pustulosus

1.Male Physalaemus pustulosus consume, on average, 1.2 μl of oxygen in the production of a single call, which is equivalent to an energy input per call of 0.024 J. 2.The total power of complex calls, which can have a varying number of components, ranged from 0.36 to 0.46 mW. The total acoustic energy contained in these complex calls ranged from 0.12 to 0.30mJ. 3.The energetic efficiency of the vocalization ranged from 0.5 to 1.2% which is similar to the range estimated for some other animals. 4.The low energetic efficiency of vocalization by these frogs is due, in part, to the fact that the wavelengths of the call are too long, relative to the size of the frog, to be radiated efficiently. 5.Although shorter wavelengths (higher frequencies) are radiated by the frog at relatively greater intensities, longer wavelengths (lower frequencies) attenuate less rapidly in the environment. It is suggested that selection generated by the acoustics of the environment favours calls with lower frequencies, but the morphology of the animal sets a lower limit to which frequencies can evolve.
A Comprehensive Approach to the Profiling of the Cooked Meat Carcinogens 2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline, 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine and their Metabolites in Human Urine

A targeted liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry-based metabolomics type approach, employing a triple stage quadrupole mass spectrometer in the product ion scan and selected reaction monitoring modes, was established to profile 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), and their principal metabolites in the urine of omnivores. A mixed-mode reverse phase cation exchange resin enrichment procedure was employed to isolate MeIQx and its oxidized metabolites, 2-amino-8-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (8-CH2OH-IQx) and 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline-8-carboxylic acid (IQx-8-COOH), which are produced by cytochrome P450 1A2 (P450 1A2). The phase II conjugates N2-(β-1-glucosiduronyl)-2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline and N2-(3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxalin-2-yl)-sulfamic acid were measured indirectly, following acid hydrolysis to form MeIQx. The enrichment procedure permitted the simultaneous...