cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tactile Identification of Letters: A Comparison of Deaf and Hearing Childrens' Performances.

Abstract The letters of the alphabet were tactually presented to 293 deaf and hearing children and adolescents. Ss identified the letters by matching from memory or with visual letters present. Errors decreased significantly with age in both groups, and were significantly influenced by matching method. The deaf/hearing factor was not significant. The pattern of errors paralleled that found with letters presented visually to prereading children, older children, and adults. Tactual errors were predicted, for the most part, by E. J. Gibson's visual feature list for letters. Latencies were not strongly related to variables other than letter identification difficulty. Findings were discussed in the context of amodal or cognitive feature processing strategies.
Trends in the Rehabilitation Therapist Workforce in Underserved Areas: 1980-2000

ABSTRACT: Context: There is little information about how increases in the rehabilitation therapist workforce have been distributed over the nation. There is evidence that rural areas continue to face a shortage of trained rehabilitation providers. There has also been little attention to therapist distribution in non-rural settings where health professionals are in short supply. Purpose: To assess the change in the distribution of rehabilitation therapists in 1980, 1990, and 2000 across counties with different levels of health professional shortages and the difference between metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties. Methods: A trend analysis of cross-sectional data of employment of physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech-language pathologists from 1980 to 2000 by county, relative to population, was done. The groups were stratified by shortage area, partial shortage area, and non-shortage counties and metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties. Findings: There is a maldistribution of rehabilitation therapists in the United States. Although the absolute differences have remained the same or, in most instances, have increased, the relative change was greatest in the shortage areas and non-metropolitan areas. If the trends in the relative changes continue, the absolute differences may begin to narrow. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that there are maldistributions of rehabilitation therapists in traditionally underserved areas. It is unclear if these maldistributions represent a shortage of rehabilitation therapists. Continued monitoring of the rehabilitation therapist workforce and the determination of the optimal supply should be undertaken in the future.
Psychological Care of Patients: Psycho-Oncology’s Contribution

The centuries-old stigma attached to cancer precluded patients' being told their diagnoses, and thus, delayed any exploration of how they dealt with their illness. This situation changed in the United States in the 1970s when patients began to be told their cancer diagnosis, permitting the first formal study of the psychological impact of cancer. However, a second and equally long-held stigma attached to mental illness has been another barrier and this has kept patients from being willing to acknowledge their psychological problems and to seek counseling. This "double stigma" has slowed the development of psycho-oncology. However, we began to see rapid changes occurring in the last quarter of the 20th century. Valid assessment instruments were developed which were used in well-designed studies. Data from these studies and clinical observations led to increased recognition that psychosocial services are needed by many patients and provide significant assistance in coping with illness. Psycho-oncology has two dimensions: first, the study of the psychological reaction of patients at all stages of the disease, as well as of the family and oncology staff; second, exploring the psychological, social, and behavioral factors that impact on cancer risk and survival. Psycho-oncology now has a recognized role within the oncologic community through clinical care, research, and training as it relates to prevention of cancer through lifestyle changes, evaluation of quality of life, symptom control, palliative care and survivorship. Presently, there are sufficient research studies from which standards of care have been established. Both evidence and consensus-based clinical practice guidelines have been promulgated. It now possible to monitor the quality of existing psychosocial services by using these benchmarks of quality that have evolved in recent years.
Cross-Sectional Associations of Asthma, Hay Fever, and Other Allergies with Major Depression and Low-Back Pain among Adults Aged 20–39 Years in the United States

Although low-back pain and depression are common comorbidities, the mechanisms responsible for their association remain unclear. The effects of proinflammatory cytokines on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis lead to the hypothesis that allergic reactions, as markers for inflammation-associated activation of the HPA axis, result in aberrant responses to subsequent stressors. Data from 6,836 US adults 20-39 years old from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994) were used. Subjects responded to questions regarding low-back pain in the past 12 months and history of asthma, hay fever, and other allergies. The history and onset of major depression were obtained from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Logistic regression modeling was used to estimate the associations between allergies and depression and low-back pain. Subjects with a history of any allergy were more likely to report low-back pain (odds ratio = 1.51; 95% confidence interval: 1.16, 1.96), to be diagnosed with major depression (odds ratio = 1.58; 95% confidence interval: 1.13, 2.21), and much more likely to have both major depression and low-back pain (odds ratio = 3.03; 95% confidence interval: 1.32, 6.92). Hypersensitivity reactions may prime the HPA axis to respond aberrantly to stressors, resulting in physical and behavioral consequences.
Diffusion-Limited Size-Selective Ion Sensing Based on SAM-Supported Peptide Nanotubes

An approach for the construction of diffusion-limited size-selective sensors is described based on the self-assembly of cyclic peptides into tubular channels in organosulfur self-assembled monolayers on gold films. An eight-residue cyclic peptide of alternating units of d-Leu and l-Trp amino acid residues was incorporated into monolayers of dodecanethiol and octadecyl sulfide and shown to adopt highly oriented tubular structures under specified adsorption conditions. The structural properties of monolayer-supported peptide nanotubes have been analyzed by grazing angle FTIR spectroscopy and their selective ion transport activities by cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy.
Summary and findings of the EPA and CDC symposium on air pollution exposure and health

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) co-organized a symposium on “Air Pollution Exposure and Health” at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina on September 19–20, 2006. The symposium brought together health and environmental scientists to discuss the state of the science and the cross-jurisdictional and methodological challenges in conducting air pollution epidemiology, environmental public health tracking and accountability research. The symposium was held over 2 days and consisted of technical presentations and breakout group discussions on each of the three principal themes of this meeting: (1) monitoring and exposure modeling information, (2) health effects data and (3) linkage of air quality and health data for research, tracking and accountability. This paper summarizes the symposium presentations and the conclusions and recommendations developed during the meeting. The accompanying two papers, which appear in this issue of the Journal, provide more in-depth discussion of issues pertinent to obtaining and analyzing air pollution exposure and health information. The symposium succeeded in identifying areas where there are critical gaps of knowledge in existing air pollution exposure and health information and in discovering institutional or programmatic barriers, which impede accessing and linking disparate data sets. Several suggestions and recommendations emerged from this meeting, directed toward (1) improving the utility of air monitoring data for exposure quantification, (2) improving access to and the quality of health data, (3) studying emerging air quality and health issues, (4) exploring improved or novel methods for linking data and (5) developing partnerships, building capacity and facilitating interdisciplinary communication. The meeting was successful in promoting an interdisciplinary dialogue around these issues and in formulating strategies to support these recommended activities. Finally, this symposium subsequently led to strengthening and initiating new partnerships or interactions between the EPA, CDC, States, academia and the research community at large.
Observations of Low-Frequency Variability in Great South Bay and Relations to Atmospheric Forcing

Abstract Sea level and current data collected around Great South Bay, New York during December 1979 are examined in conjunction with atmospheric data for evidence of wind-forced, low frequency variability in the Bay and on the adjacent shelf. The subtidal sea level along the coast was found to be highly coherent from Sandy Hook to Montauk Point, with a single empirical mode accounted for more than 97% of the total variance. These coherent fluctuations were forced primarily by longshore winds (along 250–070°T) through the coastal Ekman effect. The sea level within the Bay exhibited large and spatially coherent subtidal fluctuations as a result of a strong coupling with the adjacent shelf. The characteristic volume exchange associated with this Bay-shelf coupling was an active simultaneous inflow or outflow through both ends of the Bay (with fluctuations in excess of 20 cm s−1) in response to the rise or fall of coastal sea level induced by longshore winds.
Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Males: The State of the Science

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an extremely prevalent sexually transmitted infection that is typically acquired soon after onset of sexual activity. The burden of HPV-related malignant and nonmalignant disease is high in men and women. High-risk or oncogenic types of HPV cause cervical, vaginal, and vulvar cancer in women. These types have also been shown to cause penile cancer in men and a substantial proportion of oropharyngeal and anal malignancy in men and women. Low-risk types of HPV cause anogenital warts. Prevention of penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers and anogenital warts represents potential benefits of the HPV vaccine in men. This review focuses on HPV disease in men, existing data on HPV vaccination in men, and various factors associated with the decision to vaccinate boys and young men, as well as the timing of vaccination.
Facial expression and pain in the critically ill non-communicative patient: State of science review

The aim of this review is to analyse the evidence related to the relationship between facial expression and pain assessment tools in the critically ill non-communicative patients. Pain assessment is a significant challenge in critically ill adults, especially those who are unable to communicate their pain level. During critical illness, many factors alter verbal communication with patients including tracheal intubation, reduced level of consciousness and administration of sedation and analgesia. The first step in providing adequate pain relief is using a systematic, consistent assessment and documentation of pain. However, no single tool is universally accepted for use in these patients. A common component of behavioural pain tools is evaluation of facial behaviours. Although use of facial expression is an important behavioural measure of pain intensity, there are inconsistencies in defining descriptors of facial behaviour. Therefore, it is important to understand facial expression in non-communicative critically ill patients experiencing pain to assist in the development of concise descriptors to enhance pain evaluation and management. This paper will provide a comprehensive review of the current state of science in the study of facial expression and its application in pain assessment tools.
Effects of Bovine Growth Hormone, Human Placental Lactogen and Ovine Prolactin on Intestinal Fluid and Ion Transport in the Rat

The influence of bovine growth hormone and human placenta] lactogen on intestinal absorption was compared with that of ovine prolac-tin. Administration of each of these hormones in vivo daily for 2 days, resulted in increased fluid and electrolyte transport by the rat intestine, as measured in vitro. Hypophysectomy causes a fall in fluid and ion absorption in the rat jejunum but these changes are prevented by growth hormone treatment. Bovine growth hormone and ovine prolactin produce essentially similar effects in intact rats: significant increases in fluid, sodium and calcium transport in the duodenum; in fluid, sodium and potassium transport in the jejunum; in sodium, chloride, potassium and calcium transport in the ileum. Growth hormone also significantly increased fluid, sodium and chloride transport in the colon. Treatment of hypophysectomized rats with human placental lactogen enhanced fluid and ion transport i n the jejunum; however, it failed to restore normal potassium transport in the ileum and ...
Cyclosporin upregulates IL-6 by activating NADPH oxidase and c-src

plished by the nestin-positive cell selection method using multiple culture media. ESC-derived insulin-stained cell clusters not only expressed insulin mRNA and pancreas-related transcription factors, but also showed immunoreactivity for C-peptide. Insulin was stored in the cytoplasm and released into the culture medium in a glucosedependent manner. When the differentiated cells were transplanted into diabetic mice, they reversed the hyperglycemic state for approximately three weeks but the rescue failed due to immature teratoma formation.
The Roots of the Presbyterian Church of Kenya: The Merger of the Gospel Missionary Society and the Church of Scotland Mission Revisited

The Presbyterian Church of Kenya is the product of the merger of the missionary work of the American Gospel Missionary Society (GMS) and the Scottish Church of Scotland Mission (CSM) in 1946. The two missions had been working independently of each other in central Kenya since 1898. However, there is hardly any scholarly work that has analysed the merger. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to examine why the GMS-CSM merger became necessary from a GMS perspective. The paper argues that the merger became inevitable and unavoidable because the GMS was unable to solve the problems that plagued it - some of its own making and others beyond its control. The paper concludes by showing that the CSM emerged as the beneficiary of the merger because it eventually assimilated the GMS work.
Disparate visceral neuronal pools subserve spinal cord and ciliary ganglion in the monkey: a double labeling approach☆

Abstract The fluorescent dyes Nuclear yellow, a nuclear marker, and Fast blue, a cytoplasmic marker, were utilized in a double-labeling procedure. One or the other of these dyes was injected sequentially into the cervical spinal cords and ciliary ganglia of 6 cynomolgus monkeys. No double labeling of cells was noted in the anterior median nucleus. Edinger-Westphal nucleus, or nucleus of Perlia in the midbrain.
Partial tetra-allel crosses.

The construction of partical tetra-allel crosses (PTAC) is considered using BIB and PBIB designs with blocks of size four. It is shown how this can lead to certain types of balanced designs. An explicit procedure is given for constructing circulant PTAC's. The analysis of PTAC's — estimation of general effects of the lines involved and analysis of variance — is illustrated in terms of an example.
Design of Singlets with Continuously Varying Indices of Refraction

The use of a continuously varying index of refraction provides new degrees of freedom in the design of lens systems. By use of the third-order aberration theory developed by Sands, the effectiveness of these new degrees of freedom in correcting third-order aberrations is determined. After the theory is cast into a form suitable for a computer, two major designs are done. The first is a singlet with an axial gradient that is corrected for third-order spherical and chromatic aberrations and has no third-order distortion. A radial gradient is used in a singlet to correct all third-order monochromatic aberrations except Petzval curvature of field. The results of the study indicate that axial gradients have the same effect as aspheric surfaces for third-order aberrations. The study also shows that radial gradients are more effective in aberration correction than axial gradients and have a greater potential in lens design.
DevClear: An information-sharing platform for rural development

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) around the world are engaged in community development activities to improve access to basic human services, such as water supply and sanitation (WASAN). In spite of their efforts to address critical human needs, a lack of communication between NGOs, the communities they serve, and the agencies that fund them has inhibited widespread efforts or sustained progress. Because the most severely affected communities lack reliable access to the Internet, they cannot use available web-based systems to connect to agents and resources that can help them. Additionally, an effective accountability system that evaluates the performance of NGOs delivering services to communities-in-need does not exist. This capstone project develops a system called DevClear that allows communities-in-need, NGOs, funding agents (FAs), and external service providers (ESPs) to share information about the need for and acquisition of access to WASAN services. DevClear is an SMS-enabled web-based tool that facilitates information sharing between these four major stakeholders. DevClear also includes a simple rating system of NGOs and their respective projects that may serve as an informal accountability system for NGOs. The project's success is measured by; the extent of reach of information, the speed in disseminating the information, the accessibility to the information sharing service by stakeholders, the flexibility in changing and updating the information, and the cost. This paper outlines the approach used to design and develop the system, and describes the frontend design, backend design, SMS functionality, and integration of subsystems into a prototype.
A mass spectral study of stable neutral enols

The high-resolution mass spectra of two stable enol tautomers, 4,6-diethanoyl-1-methyl-5-phenyl-3-cyclohex-ene-1,3-diol (2) and 4-ethanoyl-5-hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyethylidene)-5-methyl-3-phenylcyclohexanone (3), and the corresponding diketone tautomer, 2,4-diethanoyl-5-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-phenylcyclohexanone (1), are reported. Collisional activation of the molecular ions and major ionic fragments is used to assign decomposition pathways and to compare ion structures. Ionized 1 and 2 do not interconvert by a keto-enol tautomerism, but isomerize to a common intermediate. This isomerization probably involves opening of the cyclohexanone ring and transfer of the enolizable hydrogen, and is followed by elimination of water. The radical cation of 3 does not interconvert with [1]+˙ and [2]+˙ Instead, [3]+˙ dissociates by loss of an acetyl radical and eliminates water via a higher-energy pathway. As a result, the mass spectra of 1 and 2 are similar, whereas the mass spectrum of 3 is unique.
Lights on for aminopeptidases in cystic kidney disease

While erudite cell biologists have for many decades described singular immotile appendages known as primary cilia to be present on most cells in our bodies, cilial function(s) long remained an enigma. Driven largely by an ever increasing number of discoveries of genetic defects in primary cilia during the past decade, cilia were catapulted from a long lasting existence in obscurity into the bright spotlight in cell biology and medicine. The study by O'Toole et al. in this issue of the JCI adds a novel "enzymatic" facet to the rapidly growing information about these little cellular tails, by demonstrating that defects in the XPNPEP3 gene, which encodes mitochondrial and cytosolic splice variants of X-prolyl aminopeptidase 3, can cause nephronophthisis-like ciliopathy. Future studies are in order now to elucidate the cystogenic pathways affected by disrupted enzymatic function of XPNPEP3 in cilia-related cystogenic diseases.
Treatment of scapholunate dissociation with a bioresorbable polymer plate: a biomechanical study.

Purpose Untreated scapholunate dissociation can lead to pain and eventually arthritis. There has been minimal limited success of soft tissue surgical procedures to repair or functionally replicate the torn structures. In this study, we evaluated a new surgical repair for scapholunate dissociation using a bioresorbable polymer approved for human applications. Methods Eight cadaver wrists were tested in a wrist joint motion simulator. Each wrist was moved in continuous cycles of flexion-extension and radioulnar deviation. Kinematic data for the scaphoid and lunate were recorded for each wrist in the intact state; after the scapholunate interosseous, dorsal radiocarpal, and dorsal intercarpal ligaments were sectioned; after repair using a 4-hole bioresorbable plate; and after 1,000 cycles of wrist motion to mimic continued use after surgery. Results Sectioning of these 3 wrist ligaments resulted in static scapholunate dissociation. Application of the polymer plate statistically restored the scaphoid and lunate kinematics to that of the intact specimen. Scapholunate instability and any gap between the bones was eliminated. After 1,000 cycles of motion, the plate maintained intact kinematics in 5 of 8 arms. During cyclic motion, either the plate failed or the screws pulled out in the remaining 3 arms. This occurred in the smallest and most osteoporotic cadavers in which positioning a sensor post and the 2 screws for the plate in the small lunate compromised the pullout strength of the screws. Conclusions Use of a resorbable polymer plate in restoring normal kinematics in patients with scapholunate dissociation is supported by this study.
Congruence properties of the m-ary partition function

If b(m;n) denotes the number of partitions of n into powers of m, then b(m; mr+1n) ≡ b(m; mrn) (mod μr) where μ = m if m is odd and μ = m2 if m is even. The existence of such a congruence was conjectured by R. F. Churchhouse and its truth for m a prime was proved by O. Rodseth.
first trimester abortion using intramuscular (15 S) 15 methyl prostaglandin F2α

Abstract The efficacy of intramuscular (15 S) 15 methyl prostaglandin F 2α (15-Me-PGF 2α ) as an abortifacient was evaluated in forty women between six and twelve weeks of gestation. 250 μg of 15-Me-PGF 2α was given intramuscularly at two-hour intervals to these patients. All the patients aborted within twenty-four hours and the abortion was complete in 82.5 percent of the cases. The injection-abortion interval was significantly lower in the twenty patients who had intracervical laminaria insertion prior to treatment with 15-Me-PGF 2α than in the twenty women without laminaria insertions. The frequency and type of side effects are discussed in both groups. The use of intramuscular 15-Me-PGF 2α is also compared with suction curettage for first trimester abortion. This study demonstrates the availability of the intramuscular route as a simple, safe, and reliable means of terminating first trimester pregnancies.
A Comparison of Nicotine Biomarkers and Smoking Patterns in Daily and Nondaily Smokers

Background: Nondaily or intermittent smokers (ITS) are increasingly common, but how much nicotine, if any, ITS take in and how quickly they metabolize it has not yet been studied. Methods: We compared carbon monoxide (CO), urinary cotinine, and nicotine metabolism [nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR): 3-hydroxycotinine:cotinine] in 224 ITS and 222 daily smokers (DS). Effects of gender and ethnicity were examined. Results: DS had higher cotinine concentrations than ITS (1,396 ± 69 vs. 478 ± 44 ng/mL), attributable to higher cigarettes per day (CPD). In both groups, cotinine rose more slowly as CPD increased. There were no differences in cotinine between White (WH) and African American (AA) DS; among ITS, AA cotinine was over twice that of WH. Among DS, CO was significantly higher among WH than AA smokers, but significantly lower among WH ITS than AA ITS. Although AA ITS smoked more than WH ITS (CPD: 4.13 ± 0.55 vs. 3.31 ± 0.41), this did not account for the observed cotinine nor CO differences. There were no differences in NMR by group or race, nor any gender effects. Conclusions: At comparable CPD, DS' and ITS' intake of nicotine per cigarette was similar, as were their rates of nicotine metabolism. Among ITS, AA smokers smoke more and take in more nicotine per cigarette than WH ITS, consistent with the view of ITS as a heterogeneous group. Impact: Differences in nicotine intake per cigarette and metabolism likely cannot account for differences in DS and ITS smoking. Future studies should explore ethnic differences in ITS smoking. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(7); 1264–72. ©2014 AACR .
Hydrophobic pharmaceuticals mediated self-assembly of β-cyclodextrin containing hydrophilic copolymers: Novel chemical responsive nano-vehicles for drug delivery

Abstract Double hydrophilic copolymers with one polyethylene glycol (PEG) block and one β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) flanking block (PEG-b-PCDs) were synthesized through the post-modification of macromolecules. The self-assembly of PEG-b-PCDs in aqueous solutions was initially studied by a fluorescence technique. This measurement together with AFM and TEM characterizations demonstrated the formation of nanoparticles in the presence of lipophilic small molecules. The host–guest interaction between the β-CD unit of a host copolymer and the hydrophobic group of a guest molecule was found to be the driving force for the observed self-assembly. This spontaneous assembly upon loading of guest molecules was also observed for hydrophobic drugs with various chemical structures. Relatively high drug loading was achieved by this approach. Desirable encapsulation was also achieved for the hydrophobic drugs that cannot efficiently interact with free β-CD. In vitro release studies suggested that the payload in nano-assemblies could be released in a sustained manner. In addition, both the fluorescence measurement and the in vitro drug release studies suggested that these nano-assemblies mediated by the inclusion complexation exhibited a chemical sensitivity. The release of payload can be accelerated upon the triggering by hydrophobic guest molecules or free β-CD molecules. These results support the potential applications of the synthesized copolymers for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs.
Prostaglandin Stimulation of Renin Release: Independence of β-Adrenergic Receptor Activity and Possible Mechanism of Action

Using a continuous superfusion system of rat kidney cortical slices, we investigated the renin-releasing effect of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and its possible mechanism of action. PGE2 caused significant stimulation of renin release in a dosedependent fashion at concentrations of 3 × 10-6 to 10-4 m. Isoproterenol (8 × 10-7 m) stimulated renin release significantly, and its effect was completely abolished by propranolol (2 × 10-5 m). PGE2-stimulated renin release was not blocked by the same dose of propranolol. Dibutyryl cAMP caused a dose-dependent increase in renin release at concentrations of 10-5 to 5 × 10-3 m. Theophylline (4 × 10-3 m) had no effect on renin release, but when added to subthreshold doses of PGE2 (10-6 m), it stimulated renin release significantly. The simultaneous addition of maximal stimulating doses of PGE2 and dibutyryl cAMP had no additive or synergistic effects. These experiments show that PGE2 causes stimulation of renin release by a direct effect on the JG cell. The renin-releasing...
Produced water treatment by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes

Produced water, water that is co-produced during oil and gas manufacturing, represents the largest source of oily wastewaters. Given high oil and gas prices, oil and gas production from non-conventional sources such as tar sands, oil shale and coal bed methane will continue to expand resulting in large quantities of impaired produced water. Treatment of this produced water could improve the economic viability of these oil and gas fields and lead to a new source of water for beneficial use. Two nanofiltration and one low-pressure reverse osmosis membrane have been tested using three produced waters from Colorado, USA. The membranes were analyzed before and after produced water filtration using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, membrane–water contact angles have been measured. XPS data indicate adsorption of organic and inorganic species during filtration. FESEM and ATR-FTIR data support theses findings. Water contact angles indicate the effect of membrane hydrophilicity on fouling. Our results highlight the value of using multiple surface characterization methods with different depths of penetration in order to determine membrane fouling. Depending on the quality of the produced water and the water quality requirements for the beneficial uses being considered, nanofiltration may be a viable process for produced water treatment. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Gain measurements of the Ca‐Xe charge exchange system

Charge-exchange-pumped Ca(+) was studied for possible positive laser gain at 370.6 and 315.9 nm using an Xe MPD arc as the Xe(+) source. The present paper describes the MPD arc, the calcium injection system, the diagnostics for gain, and spontaneous emission measurements and results. No positive gain measurements were observed. A small Xe-Ca charge exchange cross section compared to He-metal laser systems charge exchange cross sections is the most probable reason why the result was negative.
Patterning and Composition Arrays of Supported Lipid Bilayers by Microcontact Printing

Fluid-supported lipid bilayers self-assemble on glass and SiO2 surfaces. We have found that it is also possible to assemble fluid bilayers on plasma-oxidized polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) surfaces. Furthermore, it is possible to transfer or print the supported bilayer from raised PDMS surfaces, such as are typically used for microcontact printing, to fresh glass surfaces creating a supported bilayer membrane replica of the patterned PDMS surface on glass. These patterned islands of bilayer are fully fluid and indefinitely stable under water. The pattern is erased upon addition of more vesicles leaving a continuous bilayer surface. By printing membrane islands of various sizes onto a glass surface that is prepatterned with a material that forms permanent barriers to lateral diffusion and then backfilling the open region with vesicles, it is possible to create arbitrary concentration or composition arrays of membrane-associated components. These arrays may be useful for studies of membrane biophysics, for hi...
Generating properties of fuzzy algebraic structures

Abstract An axiomatic approach is taken to the concept of fuzzy generators for fuzzy subspaces, fuzzy field extensions, and fuzzy subgroups. The fundamental generating properties necessary to yield fuzzy bases and uniqueness of their cardinalities for these structures are given.
Bronchiolitis in adults. A reversible cause of airway obstruction associated with airway neutrophils and neutrophil products.

In the past 4 yr, 16 adult patients were identified who had accelerated onset of a severe respiratory disorder (usually obstructive in nature) that was clinically distinct from the more commonly encountered chronic obstructive disorders (e.g., chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency). These patients, termed patients with "bronchiolitis," underwent pulmonary function testing, bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and open lung biopsy. Although lung biopsy findings varied somewhat among the patients, each biopsy contained a prominent component of bronchiolitis. Pulmonary function testing and BAL were also repeated after 3 months of treatment with oral prednisone (1 mg/kg/day). Initial BAL neutrophil percentages were significantly higher in the bronchiolitis group (54 +/- 10%) than in smokers with chronic bronchitis (3.9 +/- 1.0%) or in normal nonsmoking volunteers (0.8 +/- 0.5%) (p less than 0.01, both comparisons). Eleven of 15 patients with bronchiolitis had significant improvement (greater than or equal to 15% increase in FEV1) in their lung function after prednisone treatment. Furthermore, this "responder" subgroup had a significant reduction in BAL neutrophil percentages after treatment with prednisone (46 +/- 15% to 6 +/- 3%, p less than 0.05). Finally, the neutrophil products collagenase and myeloperoxidase were detected in the BAL fluid of patients with bronchiolitis. These findings suggest a central role for the neutrophil in the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis and emphasize the utility of BAL in the identification of these patients.
Use of sewage sludge as a greenhouse soil amendment. II. Influence on plant growth and constituents

Abstract A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effect of soils amended with sludge applications on the early growth of tomato seedlings ( Lycopersicon esculentum var. Homestead). Sewage sludge was mixed with the soil at rates of 0, 10, and 25% by volume. Prior to the sewage sludge additions, inorganic fertilizers were added to ensure adequate concentrations of all essential elements. Apical chlorosis appeared on tomato plants grown on soil treated with both 10 and 25% sewage sludge treatments within 4 weeks after transplanting. Plant height, green plant weight, dry weight, and dry weight per 1 cm in height were greatest on check treatments and equal for the 10 and 25% sludge treatments. Soil type had little effect on plant growth and the percentage of dry weight was not affected by sewage sludge rate or soil type. The cause of inhibited growth and chlorosis was probably due to excess Zn concentrations in the soil and plant tissue as a result of sewage sludge applications. The Zn concentration in the plants grown on the 10 and 25% sewage sludge treatments was approximately 25 times higher than the Zn concentration in the plants grown on the check treatment. It is also possible that the interaction of other heavy metals such as Mn, Cu, Cd, Cr, and Pb could have contributed to the inhibited growth and chlorosis.
Body composition comparison in two elite female wheelchair athletes

It was the purpose of this study to determine body composition by two methods in two excellent female athletes. One sportswoman (SRH) was national wheelchair marathon champion in 1977 in 3 hours, 40 minutes on the Boston course. She still competes internationally and has won three gold medals and set three world records in the last Olympiad for the handicapped in 1980. The second woman athlete (LSJ) competes in wheelchair basketball and track on a national level. Body density was determined by the standard underwater weighing procedure and residual volume determination. A second method to calculate cellular body mass was the measure of potassium 40 (40K) activity by whole body scintillation counter. The characteristics of these athletes are listed as follows: (formula; see text) The results show that both methods of determining adiposity produce results differing by only one percentage point. It is important to determine body composition in these wheelchair athletes since their cellular body mass is decreased because of their disability.
Use and Helpfulness of Interventions 5 and 10 Years after Heart Transplantation

Purpose There is a paucity of information regarding the impact of transplant team interventions on outcomes long-term after heart transplantation (HT). The purpose of this study was to examine the use and effectiveness of interventions and their relationships with health outcomes 5 and 10 years (yrs) after HT. Methods and Materials Data were collected from 212 patients (pts) (78% male, 88% white, mean age=53.8yrs) at 5 yrs and 110 pts at 10 yrs post HT at 4 sites using these instruments: HT Intervention Tool (subscales = self-care, information provision, family, work/school, emotional/supportive), Sickness Impact Profile, Quality of Life Index, HT Stressor Scale, and the Jalowiec Coping Scale. Statistical analyses included t-tests, correlations, and multivariable regression. Results The most used and helpful interventions at 5 yrs were informational (20%), emotional-supportive (18%), and self care (16%) and at 10 yrs, emotional-supportive (11%), self-care (9%), and informational (8%). There were no differences in use or helpfulness of interventions by demographic characteristics at 5 and 10 yrs; however, non-working pts used more self-care and information provision interventions at 5yrs (Mean [M]=6.25, p=0.000; M=3.34, p=0.015) and 10 yrs (M=3.38, p = 0.02; M= 0.41, p = 0.02) post HT. Pts with higher stress and more disability used more interventions in all 5 subscales. At 5 yrs, higher perceived helpfulness of interventions in all subscales predicted better health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and only helpfulness of family interventions predicted survival. At 10 yrs, higher perceived helpfulness of information, work, and emotional interventions predicted better HRQOL; interventions did not predict survival. Conclusions Informational, emotional/supportive, and self-care interventions are related to pt outcomes long-term after HT. These findings provide direction for clinicians to target specific cohorts of pts who may benefit from focused interventions and researchers to design future studies to test interventions to improve outcomes after HT.
Inactivation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Abstract Enzymatic activity and physical chemical properties have been determined for yeast glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) exposed to low and high pH. Inactivation of the enzyme is rapid below pH 4.5 and above pH 11, and is accompanied by a decrease in sedimentation constant resulting in large part from dissociation into its constituent subunits. Both the sedimentation and optical rotation dispersion behavior of inactivated GPD indicates that a drastic unfolding of the subunit has probably occurred. The ORD parameters of native yeast GPD are comparable to those previously reported for the apo-muscle enzyme and suggest a similarity in their secondary and tertiary structures. The relative magnitude of these parameters suggests that GPD contains ordered structural elements other than helix and random chain. The drastic changes for a0 and b0 observed in the regions of inactivation of yeast GPD appear to be due largely to “melting out” of these nonhelical regions. Acid inactivation appears to give as disordered a structure as is observed on urea denaturation, while the process at high pH appears to be less complete.
Trigeminal orosensory deafferentation disrupts feeding and drinking mechanisms in the rat

Abstract Trigeminal orosensory deafferentation produces a reduction in intake whose magnitude is a joint function of the extent of the deafferentation and the sensory properties of the diet. Intake deficits are attributed to depressed oromotor reflexes, disrupted ingestive response sequences, decreased responsiveness to food and water, and a reduced level of long-term body weight regulation.
IDENTIFICATION OF A MODEL CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE RECEPTOR : COMPARISONS WITH NA+, K+-ATPASE

The availability of high-affinity anti-digoxin monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) offers the potential for their use as models for the characterization of the relationship between receptor structure and cardiac glycoside binding. We have characterized the binding of anthroylouabain (AO), a fluorescent derivative of the cardiac glycoside ouabain, to mAbs 26-10, 45-20, and 40-50 [Mudgett-Hunter, M., et al. (1995) Mol. Immunol. 22, 477] and lamb kidney Na+,K+-ATPase by monitoring the resultant AO fluorescence emission spectra, anisotropy, lifetime values, and Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from protein tryptophan(s) (Trp) to AO. These data suggest that the structural environment in the vicinity of the AO-binding site of Na+,K+-ATPase is similar to that of mAb 26-10 but not mAbs 45-20 and 40-50. A model of AO complexed to the antigen binding fragment (Fab) of mAb 26-10 which was generated using known X-ray crystal structural data [Jeffrey, P. D., et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 10310] show...
The Role of Light in the Interrelated Processes of Morphogenesis and Photosynthesis in the Fern Gametophyte

The interrelationship of photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis in the gametophyte of the fern Pteridium aquilinum was examined in detail. High energy red light produces filamentous gametophytes composed of greatly elongated cells. Blue light of equal energy produces normal cordate gametophytes composed of isodiametric cells. The assimilative rates of the two forms are identical during the initial stages of development. However, the filamentous gametophytes eventually exhibit a decline in assimilation not matched by their normal counterparts. Although this decrease in assimilation of gametophytes exposed to red light may be traced to a decrease in the photo-synthetic rate due to a decrease in chlorophyll synthesis, these events occur subsequent to the establishment of the filamentous mode of growth and are therefore a result, not a cause, of filamentous development. Gametophyte assimilation is also impeded under low energy blue light, due to a reduction in the photosynthetic rate at this low energy; and the initial filamentous stage, in which the cells remain normally isodiametric, is not exceeded. The addition of extra exogenous sucrose restores the capacity for growth and normal cordate prothalli result. It may therefore be concluded that the ultimate form of the gametophyte is under the control of a photoreceptor that is sensitive to blue light, and activated at a relatively low energy level. Red light at any level is ineffective in promoting normal cordate development, but is effective in supporting growth through vigorous photosynthesis, yielding a filament composed of greatly elongated cells. The eventual photosynthetic decline of the filamentous form is due directly to this particular growth mode. Low energy blue light is sufficient to effect form (the cells remain isodiametric), but insufficient to provide the necessary energy for growth through vigorous photosynthesis. Therefore, in order for the gametophyte to reach maturity it must be supplied with light energy that not only satisfies the requirement for form but the requirement for growth as well. The implications of these requirements are discussed in the text.
Basal signaling activity of human dopamine D2L receptor demonstrated with an ecdysone-inducible mammalian expression system.

Abstract Basal signaling activity of the dopamine D2L (long isoform) receptor was investigated using an ecdysone-inducible mammalian expression system. Whereas basal signaling activity had been demonstrated for the D1, D2S (short isoform), D3, and D5 receptor subtypes, this issue has yet to be clearly resolved for the D2L receptors. An ecdysone-inducible mammalian expression system was used to express the dopamine D2L receptor in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293). The two ecdysone analogs, muristerone A and ponasterone A, induced D2L receptor expression dose-dependently from 120 (non-induced) to 2000 fmol/mg protein which is similar to physiological D2 receptor density in dopaminergic brain regions. With this approach, we demonstrate significant basal D2L receptor activity. Basal and agonist-stimulated signaling activity, determined with assays of cAMP levels and [ 35 S]GTPγS binding to assess G protein coupling, correlated with the level of receptor expression. Furthermore, among several antagonists tested, only fluphenazine and trifluoperazine exhibited clearly detectable inverse agonist activity. This differs from the D2S receptors, where most antagonists were reported to display full inverse agonism. Differences between inverse agonist effects of D2L and D2S antagonists may be relevant to the treatment of diseases involving dopamine D2 receptors.
Utility of ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the axilla in the assessment of invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast

Abstract Background The unique growth pattern of invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) poses a challenge for preoperative assessment of disease extent within the breast. Whether it similarly limits lymph node staging by ultrasound (US) and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy was the subject of the current study. Methods A total of 217 patients with ILC who underwent axillary US were reviewed. FNA biopsy was performed when US findings were suspicious or indeterminate. Findings were compared to literature reports of US in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) patients. Results Axillary US was negative in 137 patients (63%) and suspicious or indeterminate in 80 patients (37%). FNA biopsy was positive in 62% (47/76 patients). Preoperative US and FNA biopsy identified 43 of 111 (39%) node-positive patients. Sensitivity of US with FNA biopsy correlated with primary tumor and nodal metastasis size. Similar results were seen in IDC populations. Conclusion US with FNA biopsy appears to be similarly useful in axillary staging of ILC and IDC patients.
Evaporative water loss in isolated populations of the coastal side-blotched lizard Uta stansburiana hesperis

Abstract 1. 1. Rates of evaporative water loss were obtained for two ecologically distinct populations of the coastal side-blotched lizard, Uta stansburiana hesperis , under controlled laboratory conditions. 2. 2. Regression equations for the two populations describing evaporative water loss were derived to test: (a) response patterns of evaporative water loss to air temperature, relative humidity, and convection, three variables that contribute to evaporative water loss and (b) habitat correlation of evaporative water loss. 3. 3. The rate of water loss in the two lizard populations did not differ significantly. 4. 4. A correlation could not be demonstrated between the initial body weights of the lizards and their evaporative water loss.
The pure calculus of entailment

The “implicational paradoxes” are treated by most contemporary logicians somewhat as follows:“The two-valued prepositional calculus sanctions as valid many of the obvious and satisfactory inferences which we recognize intuitively as valid, such as(A→.B→C)→.A→B→.A→C,2andA→B→.B→C→.A→C;it consequently suggests itself as a candidate for a formal analysis of implication.
A convergent synthesis of trisaccharides with α-Neu5Ac-(2→3)-β-d-Gal-(1→4)-β-d-GlcNAc and α-Neu5Ac-(2→3)-β-d-Gal-(1→3)-α-d-GalNAc sequences

Abstract The syntheses of three trisaccharides: α-Neu5Ac-(2→3)-β- d -Gal-(1→4)-β- d -GlcNAc→OMe, α-Neu5Ac-(2→3)-β- d -Gal6SO 3 Na-(1→4)-β- d -GlcNAc→OMe, and α-Neu5Ac-(2→3)-β- d -Gal-(1→3)-α- d -GalNAc→OBn were accomplished by using either methyl (phenyl 5-acetamido-4,7,8,9-tetra- O -acetyl-3,5-dideoxy-2-thio-β- d - glycero - d - galacto -2-nonulopyranoside)onate or methyl (phenyl N -acetyl-5-acetamido-4,7,8,9-tetra- O -acetyl-3,5-dideoxy-2-thio-β- d - glycero - d - galacto -2-nonulopyranoside)onate as the sialyl donor. The N , N -diacetylamino sialyl donor appears to be more reactive than its parent acetamido sugar when allowed to react with an disaccharide acceptor under the same glycosylation conditions. The trisaccharides, as well as the intermediate products, were fully characterized by 2D DQF 1 H– 1 H COSY and 2D ROESY spectroscopy.