cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurements of the Unsteady Flow Field Within the Stator Row of a Transonic Axial-Flow Fan II-Results and Discussion

Unsteady velocity field measurements made within the stator row of a transonic axial-flow fan are presented. Measurements were obtained at midspan for two different stator blade rows using a laser anemometer. The first stator row consists of double circular-arc airfoils with a solidity of 1.68. The second features controlled-diffusion airfoils with a solidity of 0.85. Both were tested at design-speed peak efficiency conditions. In addition, the controlled-diffusion stator was also tested at near stall conditions. The procedures developed here are used to identify the rotor wake generated and unresolved unsteadiness from the velocity measurements (rotor wake generated unsteadiness refers to the unsteadiness generated by the rotor wake velocity deficit and unresolved unsteadiness refers to all remaining unsteadiness which contributes to the spread in the distribution of velocities such as vortex shedding, turbulence, etc.). Auto and cross correlations of these unsteady velocity fluctuations are presented to show their relative magnitude and spatial distributions. Amplification and attenuation of both rotor wake generated and unresolved unsteadiness are shown to occur within the stator blade passage.
Influence of layer charge on swelling of smectites

Six separate processes control the swelling of smectites saturated with alkali and alkaline earth cations in aqueous systems. The basic mechanism and forces controlling each of the processes are different. Crystalline swelling occurs between smectite layers within quasicrystals and involves the intercalation of zero to four discrete layers of water molecules. A balance between strong electrostatic-attraction and hydration-repulsion forces controls crystalline swelling. The extent of crystalline swelling decreases with increasing layer charge. Double-layer swelling occurs between quasicrystals. An electrostatic repulsion force develops when the positively charged diffuse portions of double layers from two quasicrystals overlap in an aqueous suspension. Layer charge has little or no direct effect on double-layer swelling. The break up and formation of quasicrystals is a dynamic process that controls the average size of quasicrystals in an aqueous smectite suspension. As layer charge increases, quasicrystals tend to become larger and more stable. In smectite suspensions with more than one type of exchangeable cation, the cations can demix (e.g., Na and Ca may be segregated in different interlayer regions) due to a complex feed-back between cation exchange selectivity and crystalline swelling. Demixing influences the breakup and formation of quasicrystals because quasicrystals preferentially cleave along interlayers dominated by alkali cations. Increasing layer charge increases selectivity for alkaline earth cations relative to Na or Li, and hence reduces the breakup of quasicrystals. Co-volume swelling is an entropy driven process caused by restrictions on the rotational freedom of suspended quasicrystals. Brownian swelling is also an entropy driven process resulting from random thermal motion of suspended colloids. There is no reason to believe that layer charge directly influences either co-volume or Brownian swelling. Macroscopic measures of swelling (e.g., change in total volume or water content) necessarily measure the combined effect of all swelling processes occurring within the system.
Guidance and counseling program development in Botswana

In this article the procedures utilized in developing recommendations for guidance and counseling programming in Botswana are discussed. Initially, the status of guidance and counseling was determined through numerous interviews with individuals in many locations in the country. In addition to the information gained from these interviews, a needs assessment was conducted through reviewing national documents and surveying primary and secondary teachers and secondary students. Questionnaires administered to 106 primary school teachers, 89 secondary school teachers and 405 secondary school students were analyzed. Data from these sources comprised the foundation for recommendations for a sequence of developmental tasks for Guidance and Counseling Program Development in the Botswana Educational System. Six primary counselor roles including 1) Counseling Service, 2) Consulting Service, 3) Information Service, 4) Referral Service, 5) Placement and Follow-up Service and 6) Evaluation and Research Service serve as the basis for these recommendations.
Cortical Neurons Sensitive to Combinations of Information-Bearing Elements of Biosonar Signals in the Mustache Bat

The auditory cortex of the mustache bat, Pteronotus parnellii rubiginosus, is composed of functional divisions which are differently organized to be suited for processing the elements of its biosonar signal according to their biological significance. Unlike the Doppler-shifted-CF (constant frequency) processing area, the area processing the frequency-modulated components does not show clear tonotopic and amplitopic representations, but consists of several clusters of neurons, each of which is sensitive to a particular combination (or combinations) of information-bearing elements of the biosonar signal and echoes. The response properties of neurons in the major clusters indicate that processing of information carried by the frequency-modulated components of echoes is facilitated by the first harmonic of the emitted biosonar signal. The properties of some of these neurons suggest that they are tuned to a target which has a particular cross-sectional area and which is located at a particular distance.
Recombinant Escherichia coli biotin synthase is a [2Fe–2S]2+ protein in whole cells

EPR and Mossbauer spectroscopies have been used to determine the type and properties of the iron–sulfur clusters present in homologously expressed recombinant Escherichia coli BioB in whole cells prior to purification. Difference EPR spectra of samples of whole cells from a strain over-expressing E. coli BioB and a strain containing the same plasmid but without the bioB insertion showed an axial S=1/2 resonance that was attributed to the [2Fe–2S]+ cluster of the E. coli iron–sulfur cluster assembly 2Fe ferredoxin, based on principal g-values, linewidths and relaxation behavior. Comparison of the Mossbauer spectra of whole cells with and without the bioB insertion revealed that the E. coli cells with over-expressed BioB contain an additional species that exhibits a spectrum identical to that of the [2Fe–2S]2+ cluster in purified recombinant BioB. The concentration of this [2Fe–2S]2+ species in the whole cell sample was quantified using a Mossbauer standard and found to be approximately 260 μM, which was comparable to the BioB protein concentration estimated for the cell paste. The results demonstrate that the [2Fe–2S]2+ cluster found in purified samples of recombinant BioB is not an artifact of the protein purification procedure, and indicate that recombinant BioB is over-expressed in an inactive form during aerobic growth.
Controlling an epidemic: the problem of overweight in children and adolescents.

Soz.Praventivmed. 48 (2003) 145–146 0303-8408/03/030145–02 DOI 10.1007/s00038-003-3060-0 © Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, 2003 Does an epidemic of childhood overweight exist? An epidemic is defined as the occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy (Last 2001). Based on this definition, an epidemic of overweight in children and adolescents exists. Ritchie and colleagues, in this issue of Social and Preventive Medicine, document a two-fold increase in the prevalence of overweight among older children and adolescents in the United States between periods 1963–1970 and 1988–1994 (Ritchie et al. 2003). Additional information, not published at the time of Ritchie’s review, indicates that this prevalence has continued to rise. Between the periods 1988–94 and 1999–2000, the prevalence of overweight increased 5 percentage points for adolescents, 4 percentage points for children aged 6–11 years, 3 percentage points for children aged 2–5 years, and 3 percentage points for children aged 6–23 months (Ogden et al. 2002). Furthermore, the epidemic does not appear to be limited to the United States. Increases in the prevalence of overweight have occurred among preschool children in urban areas in China (Luo & Hu 2002), preschool children in Germany (Kalies et al. 2002), children 7–13 years of age in Canada (Tremblay et al. 2002), and adolescents in Finland (Kautiainen et al. 2002).
Evaluation of the role of boll weevil aliesterases in noncatalytic detoxication of four organophosphorus insecticides

Abstract Noncatalytic detoxication of the oxons of four phosphorothionate insecticides (parathion, methyl parathion, chlorpyrifos, and chlorpyrifos methyl) by boll weevil aliesterase was determined. All the oxons except methyl paraoxon were potent inhibitors of aliesterase ( I 50 s in 1–100 n M range). Paraoxon and chlorpyrifosoxon were more potent inhibitors of aliesterase than of acetylcholinesterase, while the reverse was true for methyl paraoxon and chlorpyrifos-methyl-oxon. Boll weevil homogenates (containing EDTA and no Triton X-100, to eliminate possible interference by A-esterase and acetylcholinesterase) significantly increased I 50 s of four oxons to bovine brain acetylcholinesterase, indicating detoxication of the oxons by the homogenates. The degree of detoxication (% detoxication/mgweevil/ml) for the oxons was chlorpyrifos-oxon > chlorpyrifos-methyl-oxon > paraoxon > methyl paraoxon, which correlated with weevil aliesterase sensitivity to inhibition by these oxons. In vivo treatments of weevils with any one of three aliesterase inhibitors, DEF ( S,S,S -tributyl phosphorotrithioate), DAPDT ( S,S -diamyl phenylphosphonodithioate), or BPNxn ( n -butyl 4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonate), all caused an appreciable reduction of the in vitro detoxication. Using chlorpyrifos-oxon as a representative insecticide, the detoxication by homogenates of DEF-treated weevils was a function of residual aliesterase activity. In vivo studies indicated a trend of an inverse relationship between in vivo toxicities and antialiesterase activities of the four phosphorothionate insecticides. Substrate specificity of aliesterase for four esters was α-naphthyl propionate > α-naphthyl acetate > α-naphthyl butyrate > nitrophenyl butyrate. The more toxic insecticides, chlorpyrifos methyl and methyl parathion, showed little or no inhibition of any of the substrate hydrolases while the less toxic chlorpyrifos and parathion and the two aliesterase inhibitors (DEF, BPNxn) all selectively and strongly inhibited aliesterase activities toward nitrophenyl butyrate and α-naphthyl butyrate. Theses results suggest that low toxicities of the insecticides may have resulted from higher affinity for specific aliesterases, and their greater synergism by aliesterase inhibitors demonstrated previously is because of selective blocking of the specific aliesterase activities by the synergists. Therefore, in vitro and in vivo studies both demonstrated that aliesterase played an important role in noncatalytic detoxication of organophosphorus insecticides in boll weevils. Acting as an alternative phosphorylation site, aliesterase reduces the concentration of organophosphorus insecticides reaching acetylcholinesterase and, thus, provides a protection to this target. The level of this detoxication depends on relative sensitivities or affinities of the oxons for aliesterase and acetylcholinesterase.
The Effect of Feed Deprivation on Tissue Invasion by Salmonella enteritidis

Abstract A tissue culture procedure was utilized to compare tissue cell invasion by Salmonella enteritidis from molted and full feed hens. Three identical trials were performed in which 80-wk-old active laying hens were divided into 2 groups of 6 birds each. The molted hen group was subjected to a 14-d feed withdrawal, and the full-fed hen group was administered a standard layer ration. After feed treatment, crop, ileum, cecum, and ovary (small and large yellow follicles removed) were collected, rinsed in PBS, and placed into 50 mL of RPMI medium. The ends of intestine and crop tissues were tied to allow attachment of Salmonella only to the lumen surface. The RPMI medium containing 107 to 108 cfu of novobiocin and nalidixic acid-resistant phage type 13 Salmonella enteritidis was injected into the lumen of the intestine and crop tissues. Additionally, ovaries were incubated in 50 mL of RPMI medium containing 106 to 107 cfu of the Salmonella enteritidis. Tissues were incubated with Salmonella at 37°C for 2 h, after which tissues were placed in 50 mL of fresh RPMI medium containing 500 μg/mL of gentamicin and incubated for 5 h at 37°C to remove any Salmonella that had not penetrated tissues. Tissues were rinsed, stomached in 10 mL of PBS, serially diluted, and plated onto brilliant green agar containing novobiocin and nalidixic acid for Salmonella enumeration. Salmonella invasion of ovaries was reduced in tissues from molted hens in trials 1 and 2 as compared with full-fed controls (>1.2 log reduction) but not in trial 3. Salmonella invasion of ceca from molted hens was numerically increased in trials 1 and 2 and significantly increased in trial 3 as compared with controls (>0.8 log increase). No significant differences in Salmonella invasion were detected for crops and ileum. These data suggest that molting may affect invasion of tissues by Salmonella enteritidis.
Atomic beam study of a superconductor`s magnetic vortex lattice

We have developed an atomic beam technique for studying magnetic vortices and vortex lattices of superconductors. Atoms moving near a superconductor`s surface see a fluctuating magnetic field as they pass vortices. This field may drive magnetic resonance transitions between hyperfine states. Measuring the magnetic resonance transition probability as a function of atom velocity probes the vortex lattice autocorrelation function. We demonstrate this technique by studying the vortex lattice of a niobium film sample and measuring the sample`s penetration depth. We also identify a systematic problem that we think thwarted an earlier attempt to experimentally realize this technique. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Factors Affecting Subjective Weil-Being for Rural Elderly Individuals

A cross-sectional survey design was used to examine the relationships between spirituality, religiousness, social support, and the subjective well-being in a sample of 215 elderly individuals in the rural counties of West Virginia and North Carolina. The Brief Multidimensional Measures of Religiousness/Spirituality (BMMRS) was used to measure various domains of religiousness/spirituality, including daily spiritual experiences, values/beliefs, forgiveness, private religious practice, religious/spiritual coping, and religious support. Multivariate analyses found social support was positively related to life satisfaction and spirituality/religiousness was inversely related to depression. These findings provide health/mental health care providers and social workers with information that can increase their awareness of and sensitivity to services or programs that are congruent with religious/spiritual values and beliefs in order to enhance quality of life among rural elderly individuals.
Hand Asymmetry in Heterosexual and Homosexual Men and Women: Relationship to 2D:4D Digit Ratios and Other Sexually Dimorphic Anatomical Traits

Sexual differentiation leads to the development of distinctive anatomical structures (e.g., gonads and genitalia); it also produces less obvious anatomical shifts in brain, bones, muscles, etc. This study is a retrospective analysis of growth patterns in the hands in relation to sex and sexual orientation. Using data from three published studies, we analyzed four hand traits in adults: hand width, hand length, second digit length, and fourth digit length. Using these measurements, we derived estimates of trait laterality (directional asymmetry or DA) and developmental instability (fluctuating asymmetry or FA). High FA is a putative indicator of interference with the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating development. We focused on how these derived variables were related to sex, sexual orientation, and putative markers of early sex steroid exposure (e.g., the second to fourth digit ratio or 2D:4D). Our data point to three principal conclusions. First, individual differences in DA appeared to be a major source of variation in the 2D:4D ratio. The 2D:4D ratios of heterosexual men differed depending on whether they had leftward or rightward DA in their digits. Homosexual women showed the same pattern. Individuals with leftward DA in both digits had lower 2D:4D ratios than those with rightward DA. This effect was absent in heterosexual women and homosexual men. This led to sex differences in 2D:4D and sexual orientation differences in 2D:4D in the leftward DA group, but not in the rightward DA group. The second conclusion was that DA in digit length and hand width varied with sex; women were more likely to have rightward asymmetry than men. Homosexual men and women were generally sex typical in DA. The third conclusion was that homosexuality is unlikely to be a result of increased developmental instability. Although limited in scope, the present evidence actually suggests that homosexuals have lower FA than heterosexuals, raising the question of whether the positive fitness components associated with low FA may contribute to selection that maintains homosexuality in a population.
Headaches due to vascular disorders

The association between stroke and headache is complex, ranging from highly nonspecific, wherein headache is largely irrelevant to diagnosis and therapeutic management, to highly specific and even causative. In short, acute headache may accompany the acute stroke process, chronically complicate stroke, or, in rare instances, serve as the primary cause of stroke. With the first instance, the incidence of acute headache is highly dependent on the stroke sub-type and etiology. In this article, the headaches accompanying or causing acute stroke are addressed in some detail.
Attitudes toward colon cancer gene testing: factors predicting test uptake.

Objectives. Genetic discoveries in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) have made possible genetic testing to determine susceptibility to this form of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study measured the uptake of genetic testing for HNPCC among first-degree relatives of CRC patients and conducted a preliminary analysis of the predictors of test uptake. Materials and Methods. We compared 77 test acceptors and 181 decliners on demographic, medical history, and psychological characteristics, controlling for distance from the testing center. The psychological factors studied were risk perception for CRC, frequency of cancer thoughts, and perceived ability to cope with unfavorable genetic information. Results. In the final regression model, after accounting for all variables, the significant predictors of test uptake were increased risk perception, greater perceived confidence in ability to cope with unfavorable genetic information, more frequent cancer thoughts, and having had at least one colonoscopy. The association between risk perception and uptake was dependent on frequency of cancer thoughts. Among those who thought about getting CRC more often, the probability of testing increased as perceived risk increased to ≈50% likelihood of getting CRC and then leveled off. In contrast, among those who never or rarely thought about getting CRC, risk perception was unrelated to testing decision. Conclusions. Our findings are consistent with the associations reported between psychological factors and other cancer screening behaviors.
A new regime for operating capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers

We report on a new operation regime for capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (cMUTs). Traditionally, cMUTs are operated at a bias voltage lower than the collapse voltage of their membranes. In the new proposed operation regime, first the cMUT is biased past the collapse voltage. Second, the bias voltage applied to the collapsed membrane is reduced without releasing the membrane. Third, the cMUT is excited with an ac signal at the bias point, keeping the total applied voltage between the collapse and snapback voltages. In this operation regime, the center of the membrane is always in contact with the substrate. Our finite element methods (FEM) calculations reveal that a cMUT operating in this new regime, between collapse and snapback voltages, possesses a coupling efficiency (k/sub T//sup 2/) higher than a cMUT operating in the conventional regime below its collapse voltage. This paper compares the simulation results of the coupling efficiencies of cMUTs operating in conventional and new operation regimes.
Just health: replies and further thoughts

This paper responds to discussion and criticism contained in a mini-symposium on Just health: meeting health needs fairly. The replies clarify existing positions and modify or develop others, specifically in response to the following: Thomas Schramme criticises the claim that health is of special importance because of its impact on opportunity, and James Wilson argues that healthcare is not of special importance if social determinants of health have a major causal impact on population health. Annette Rid is concerned that the relevance condition in accountability for reasonableness is unclear and does little work. Harald Schmidt aims to flesh out where an account of responsibility for health should go since one is under-developed in Just health. Michael Schefczyk and Susanne Brauer challenge aspects of the prudential lifespan account. Samia Hurst asks what impact a population view should have on clinician obligations.
Correlation and image compression for limited-bandwidth CCD.

As radars move to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles with limited-bandwidth data downlinks, the amount of data stored and transmitted with each image becomes more significant. This document gives the results of a study to determine the effect of lossy compression in the image magnitude and phase on Coherent Change Detection (CCD). We examine 44 lossy compression types, plus lossless zlib compression, and test each compression method with over 600 CCD image pairs. We also derive theoretical predictions for the correlation for most of these compression schemes, which compare favorably with the experimental results. We recommend image transmission formats for limited-bandwidth programs having various requirements for CCD, including programs which cannot allow performance degradation and those which have stricter bandwidth requirements at the expense of CCD performance.
Valuing animal genetic resources: lessons from plant genetic resources

Abstract A growing body of theoretical and empirical studies has examined issues relating to the valuation, utilization, and management of plant genetic resources (PGRs). This paper attempts to summarize relevant lessons from this literature for animal genetic resources. Conceptually and methodologically, there are strong similarities between plant and animal genetic resources. However, the literature on PGRs makes it clear that most of the important policy questions require empirical information—about costs of collection and storage; about the “uniqueness” of desirable traits; about the technologies for in situ and ex situ conservation, etc. In these respects, there are big differences between plant and animal genetic resources. Improving the empirical understanding of animal genetic resource conservation should be a focus of future research.
The Effect of Type-Specific Polysaccharide Capsule on the Clearance of Group B Streptococci from the Lungs of Infant and Adult Rats

To study the importance of the type-specific polysaccharide capsule of group B streptococci (GBS) in the pathogenesis of lung infections, bacterial clearance rates and lung cellular responses to encapsulated and unencapsulated variants of types III and Ia GBS strains were investigated in rats. Bacteria were instilled by direct intratracheal inoculation to simulate aspiration during parturition. Neonates failed to eliminate encapsulated or unencapsulated GBS strains within 6 h of inoculation, whereas adults cleared greater than 90% of each strain within 6 h. Neutrophils accumulated rapidly in the lungs of neonates and adults in response to all GBS strains. Immediately after inoculation, neonatal alveolar macrophages contained fewer encapsulated GBS than did adult alveolar macrophages and fewer encapsulated than unencapsulated GBS, suggesting that the capsule impairs the initial phagocytosis of GBS in the lungs of neonates. Animal age was a more important determinant of bacterial elimination from the lung than the type-specific GBS capsule. However, both age and the bacterial capsule were important determinants of systemic dissemination.
Bilirubin, intraventricular hemorrhage, and phenobarbital.

In a recent issue of Pediatrics(1988;82:674-676), there was discussion about information concerning acetaminophen poisoning that appeared in the first two printings of The Harriet Lane Handbook, ed 11. We want your readers to be aware that replacements for pages 247 and 248 containing information about acetaminophen poisoning are available directly from Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc (write to 200 North LaSalle St, Chicago, IL 60601-1080 or phone, toll free, 800-622-5410). The replacement pages are printed on gummed labels that can be affixed directly to individual copies of the handbook.
Next generation Intel® micro-architecture (Nehalem) clocking architecture

This paper describes the next generation Intelreg micro-architecture (Nehalem) 45 nm IA processorpsilas core and I/O clocking architecture. Among the highlights are: configurable clocking, fastlock low-skew PLLs, high reference clock frequencies, analog supply tracking system, adaptive frequency clocking, low jitter Intelreg QuickPath interconnect and Intelreg QuickPath memory controller clock generation, and jitter-attenuating DLLs.
Spatial Resolution of Cortical Cerebral Blood Flow and Brain Intracellular pH as Measured by In Vivo Fluorescence Imaging

The anatomic distribution of cerebral blood flow has been investigated extensively over the past several decades and has been found to be homogenetic or heterogenetic depending upon the methodology used. Blood flow, as determined by autoradiography, has shown a heterogenous distribution in various animal studies. This technique is limited to only one measurement per study since the brain tissue has to be sampled, sliced, mounted on a microscope slide, and exposed to photographic film. Blood flow studies utilizing 133Xe and 85Kr with multiple probes and/or Anger-type cameras have demonstrated both linear and nonlinear distributions. PET scanning techniques have demonstrated heterogeneous distributions in normal brain in humans. If the volume as seen by the scintillation detector is decreased in size, then the flow distribution tends to be less homogeneous and more heterogeneous. This is probably due to the fact that large field probes will yield an average value within the field of view of the measurement.
Feedback FET: A novel transistor exhibiting steep switching behavior at low bias voltages

A novel transistor design which utilizes positive feedback to achieve steep switching behavior is proposed and demonstrated. The feedback (FB) FET exhibits very low subthreshold swing (~2 mV/dec) and high ION/IOFF ratio (~108) to allow for significant reductions in gate voltage swing (to below 0.5V). It is a new candidate to replace the MOSFET for future low-power electronic devices.
Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor Cytoplasmic and Transmembrane Domains Are Not Essential for Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Infection

Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) from which the cytoplasmic domain had been deleted and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored CAR lacking both transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains were both capable of facilitating adenovirus 5-mediated gene delivery and infection by coxsackievirus B3. These results indicate that the CAR extracellular domain is sufficient to permit virus attachment and entry and that the presence of a GPI anchor does not prevent infection.
Electronic cigarette marketers manipulate antitobacco advertisements to promote vaping

A device commonly used by public health advocates is the alteration of cigarette advertisements to convey an antismoking message.1 ,2 Well-known examples include ‘Joe Chemo’ for Joe Camel and ‘Fool’ for Kool.3 Our group has assembled an online collection of some 162 cigarette advertising ‘knock offs’ (unauthorised modifications) encompassing 35 brands created by enterprising antitobacco advocates.4 Recently, a new genre of adapted advertisements has appeared in which the electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) industry or its supporters have modified antismoking advertisements for the purposes of promoting vaping. These advertisements, which were originally intended to communicate the adverse health consequences of smoking, were altered to promote the supposed healthfulness of e-cigarettes. We have identified 12 educational advertisements that were altered either by e-cigarette brands or vaping advocacy groups. Four advertisements in our sample modify the Australian Government's “Stop Smoking Start Repairing” advertisements to read “Stop Smoking Start Vaping” (figure 1). The original antismoking campaign was intended to raise awareness of the health benefits of quitting traditional cigarettes, a promotional tactic also widely used by e-cigarette brands.5 While we could not identify the original maker of these altered advertisements, variations of them pervade the …
Khadi Curtains and Swadeshi Bed Covers: Textiles and the changing possibilities of home in western India, 1900–1960

In examining the remarkable expansion of India's textile production in the late colonial period, many scholars have identified consumption trends as shaping the relative success of mills as opposed to handlooms. That scholarship, however, has focused on only one component of consumption: clothing. This article explores another important area of cloth consumption in western India: non-clothing textiles. Across classes, urban dwellers used curtains and furnishing fabrics to try to improve comfort and create privacy—two qualities in short supply in cities like Bombay and Ahmedabad, where the pressures of rapidly growing populations came into conflict with new sanitary demands to open up houses to light and air. More broadly, non-clothing textiles helped to negotiate the novel conditions of urban life, where people moved regularly, homes were increasingly open to non-kin visitors, men and women shared space in new ways, and elite women were aesthetic arbiters of domestic space. While clothing choices in the late colonial period have often been studied in the context of nationalism, this article argues that nationalism was only one factor among many that shaped the use of household furnishing fabrics; equally, or more importantly, new ideas of ‘home’ led to and were expressed in expanded fabric use in urban western India.
Rhythmic Premature Ventricular Contractions

Scenario: This is a bedside ECG strip of lead I and the accompanying arterial waveform in a 24-year-old female trauma patient. She presented 24 hours earlier to the emergency department after an all-terrain vehicle accident in which she sustained multiple injuries to her head, neck, torso, abdomen, and limbs. ECG PUZZLER A regular feature of the American Journal of Critical Care, the ECG Puzzler addresses ECG interpretation for clinical practice. We welcome letters to the Editors regarding this feature.
Spatially dependent properties in a laser additive manufactured Ti–6Al–4V component

Abstract Automotive and aerospace sectors have provided a strong product pull for advancing powder bed fusion technologies. However, as these technologies mature towards large-scale production, issues of build consistency and surface finish are of concern. In order to study these issues, a Ti–6Al–4V mini impeller was fabricated using laser additive manufacturing. The primary objective of this work was to quantify and correlate the variation in mechanical properties and microstructure across and along different locations in the component. Hardness measured at various build locations revealed a stronger hub (highest value: 428 HV) with lower spatial variations in comparison to the blade (highest value: 415 HV). Additional examinations to assess anisotropy showed an average hardness of 397±11 and 385±8 HV along the blade build (Z) and longitudinal (X) directions respectively. Region and direction specific uniaxial tensile testing of the samples indicated a strong hub bottom with yield strength (YS) of 1193 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1310 MPa, and a total elongation of 5.5% in the longitudinal direction. Although the low elongation value correlates well with previous studies, strength is significantly higher and is attributed to having a complete martensitic structure induced by the high cooling rates experienced at the build–substrate interface. On the other hand, YS, UTS and total elongation in the blade were recorded as 978 MPa, 1096 MPa and 9.12%, respectively, along the build direction. Microstructure in the blade region consisted of α′ and α+β. When compared to the polished specimen in the blade, its unpolished counterpart yielded at 896 MPa, had UTS of 1018 MPa, and elongation of 6.24%. An understanding of the reduction in performance of the unfinished blade would help in deciding the need for surface finishing operations after fabrication.
Generation of immunoglobulin/c-myc recombinations in murine Peyer's patch follicles.

Plasmacytoma can be induced by the intraperitoneal injection of pristane in susceptible BALB/c mice. Most inbred strains of mice, however, are resistant to this type of plasmacytoma induction (Potter & Wiener, 1992).
Review of Current Legislation, Codes, and Certifications Increasing the Sustainability Standards for Construction Operations

The desire to create construction operations that have a minimal negative energy and environmental impacts are of great importance for the domestic and global construction community. Despite the fact that are several codes, specifications, and certifications that have been established to address energy and environmental sustainability with regards to site location, materials selection and architecture/engineering design issues, there has been minimal investigation regarding the sustainability of the construction operations which address their impacts on energy consumptions and environmental protections. This paper describes the author’s efforts to understand the current legislation, codes, and certifications increasing the sustainability standards for construction operations. First, the researchers conducted a thorough literature review on the current codes, regulations, and certifications with focus on ensuring the design of a proposed facility meets sustainability measures as well as the codes and regulations in place that influence that project development approval process. Second, this paper summarizes the current best management practices used in the construction industry today with regards to energy and environmental sustainability.
Characterization of Localized Arc Filament Plasma Actuators Used for High-speed Flow Control 1

The paper discusses development and characterization of localized arc filament plasma actuators and their use to control high-speed and high Reynolds number jet flows. Multiple plasma actuators (up to 8) are controlled using a custom-built 8-channel high-voltage pulsed plasma generator. The plasma generator independently controls pulse repetition rate (0 to 200 kHz), duty cycle, and phase for each individual actuator. Current and voltage measurements demonstrated the power consumption of each actuator to be quite low (20 W at 20% duty cycle). Plasma power budget for 8 actuators is approximately 0.6% of the flow power. Emission spectroscopy temperature measurements in the pulsed arc filament showed rapid temperature increase over the first 10-20 µsec of arc operation, from below 1000 0 C to up to about 2000 0 C. At longer discharge pulse durations, 20-100 µsec, the plasma temperature levels off at approximately 2000 0 C. The pulsed plasma temperature measurements provide key input data for ongoing and future CFD modeling of a high-speed flow forcing by the actuators. Preliminary modeling calculations using an unsteady, quasi-one-dimensional arc filament model showed that rapid localized heating in the arc filament on a microsecond time scale generates strong compression waves. The results of calculations also suggest that flow forcing is most efficient at low actuator duty cycles, with short heating periods and sufficiently long delays between the pulses to allow for convective cooling of high-temperature filaments. The model predictions are consistent with laser sheet scattering flow visualization results and particle imaging velocimetry measurements. These measurements show large-scale coherent structure formation and considerable mixing enhancement in an ideally expanded Mach 1.3 jet forced by eight repetitively pulsed plasma actuators. The effects of forcing are most significant near the jet preferred mode frequency (ν=5 kHz). The results also show a substantial reduction in the jet potential core length and a significant increase in the jet Mach number decay rate beyond the end of potential core, especially at low actuator duty cycles.
A longitudinal subspecialty experience for internal medicine residents.

Objective: Market and technology innovations have greatly changed the teaching and practice of medicine in the past 10 years. This report describes an innovation in the ambulatory education of internal medicine residents: a subspecialty continuity clinic. Methods: A subspecialty continuity clinic was developed to improve the training of internal medicine residents in caring for complex ambulatory patients. The clinic structure is discussed from the perspective of patients, residents, and subspecialists. Logistical challenges and solutions are described. Results: Two and one-half years into the program, feedback from residents and subspecialists has been positive. In-training examination scores are relatively higher in the involved specialties, and residents are managing illnesses they rarely saw in an outpatient setting before this program. Conclusion: This experience suggests that a subspecialty continuity clinic is worthwhile and practical in educating primary care residents.
The diagnostic discrimination of cutaneous α-synuclein deposition in Parkinson disease

Objective: To determine the diagnostic discrimination of cutaneous α-synuclein deposition in individuals with Parkinson disease (PD) with and without autonomic dysfunction on autonomic testing, in early and late stages of the disease, and of short and long duration. Methods: Twenty-eight participants with PD and 23 control participants were studied by skin biopsies at multiple sites, autonomic function testing, and disease-specific scales. Results: Skin biopsies provide >90% sensitivity and >90% specificity to distinguish PD from control participants across all biopsies sites with quantification of either pilomotor or sudomotor α-synuclein deposition. All individuals with PD have significantly higher cutaneous α-synuclein deposition than control participants, even those individuals with PD and no evidence of autonomic dysfunction. Deposition of α-synuclein is most prominent in sympathetic adrenergic nerve fibers innervating the arrector pili muscles, but is also present in sudomotor (sympathetic cholinergic) nerve fibers. α-Synuclein is present even in the early stages of disease and disease of short duration. α-Synuclein ratios were higher in individuals with autonomic failure, with more advanced stages of disease and disease of longer duration. Conclusions: The α-synuclein ratio provides a sensitive and specific diagnostic biomarker of PD even in patients without autonomic failure. Classification of evidence: This study provides Class III evidence that cutaneous α-synuclein deposition accurately identifies patients with PD.
Intracellular co-localization of the Escherichia coli enterobactin biosynthetic enzymes EntA, EntB, and EntE

Abstract Bacteria utilize small-molecule iron chelators called siderophores to support growth in low-iron environments. The Escherichia coli catecholate siderophore enterobactin is synthesized in the cytoplasm upon iron starvation. Seven enzymes are required for enterobactin biosynthesis: EntA-F, H. Given that EntB-EntE and EntA-EntE interactions have been reported, we investigated a possible EntA-EntB-EntE interaction in E. coli cells. We subcloned the E. coli entA and entB genes into bacterial adenylate cylase two-hybrid (BACTH) vectors allowing for co-expression of EntA and EntB with N-terminal fusions to the adenylate cyclase fragments T18 or T25. BACTH constructs were functionally validated using the CAS assay and growth studies. Co-transformants expressing T18/T25-EntA and T25/T18-EntB exhibited positive two-hybrid signals indicative of an intracellular EntA-EntB interaction. To gain further insights into the interaction interface, we performed computational docking in which an experimentally validated EntA-EntE model was docked to the EntB crystal structure. The resulting model of the EntA-EntB-EntE ternary complex predicted that the IC domain of EntB forms direct contacts with both EntA and EntE. BACTH constructs that expressed the isolated EntB IC domain fused to T18/T25 were prepared in order to investigate interactions with T25/T18-EntA and T25/T18-EntE. CAS assays and growth studies demonstrated that T25-IC co-expressed with the EntB ArCP domain could complement the E. coli entB− phenotype. In agreement with the ternary complex model, BACTH assays demonstrated that the EntB IC domain interacts with both EntA and EntE.
Bufferless all-optical networking with erasure codes

Summary form only given. The lack of viable designs for an optical buffer makes all-optical packet switched networking a challenging problem. One systems level idea to deal with this issue is to use erasure codes at the packet level, together with deflection routing whenever packets contend for a destination. There is an important trade-off in the use of such codes: low rate coding allows for session level recovery from more packet losses, but also involves higher packet rates, which causes more erasures on competing streams. Some novel information theoretic problem formulations motivated by this trade-off are discussed.
Studies in displacement structure theory

The first part of the dissertation describes a generalized Schur-type algorithm for the simultaneous triangular factorization of a structured matrix and its inverse. The algorithm takes the displacement generator of a strongly regular Hermitian matrix R as an input and recursively computes the displacement generator of the inverse matrix ${\bf R}\sp{-1}$ as an output. The algorithm also provides an $LDL\sp*$ (lower-diagonal-upper) decomposition for R, and a $UDU\sp*$ (upper-diagonal-lower) decomposition for ${\bf R}\sp{-1}.$ Specific examples concerning generalized Toeplitz and generalized Pick matrices are discussed in detail. Connections to the classical Schur and Levinson algorithms are clarified. The presented method is especially suited for parallel (systolic array) implementations. Such results can be readily applied in statistical signal processing to obtain modeling and whitening filters for non-stationary stochastic processes. The second part of the dissertation describes a computationally oriented recursive approach to constrained and unconstrained rational interpolation problems. The new method relies on the triangular factorization of a non-Hermitian structured matrix that is implicitly defined via the interpolation data. The rational interpolants admit physical interpretations in terms of discretized transmission lines or discrete-time lattice filters. The classical Lagrange, Taylor and Hermite matrix interpolation problems are studied in detail. A recursive solution for the minimal McMillan degree interpolation problem is proposed. Last, but not least, in the third part of the dissertation, new algorithms are derived for the solution of Vandermonde, Chebyshev-Vandermonde and Cauchy linear systems. In a wide set of experiments these algorithms show numerical superiority over standard Gaussian elimination with complete pivoting and demonstrate the possibility of computing an extremely accurate solution even if the coefficient matrix is ill-conditioned. In particular, very good results are obtained for solving linear systems with a Hilbert coefficient matrix. A broad range of computed examples indicate that the new algorithms are numerically attractive alternatives to the well-known Bjorck-Pereyra and Higham algorithms for Vandermonde and Chebyshev-Vandermonde linear systems. A new predictive partial pivoting scheme is proposed to improve the numerical accuracy of Cauchy equation solvers.
QCT measurement of cortical bone repair in osteopenic ovariectomized rats treated with PTH

A longitudinal QCT model was developed to quantify the osteogenic efficacy of parathyroid hormone (PTH) to enhance fracture repair in rats. Holes were drilled into both femora of aged, osteopenic, ovariectomized (OVX) rats. hPTH-(l-38) was administered subcutaneously, and longitudinal QCT scans were taken weekly from baseline for five weeks. 3D volumes of each midshaft were realigned using a rigid body registration method, and oblique sections were analyzed parallel to the cortical bone surfaces. Image intensities were measured in the defect areas along cortical surfaces to ascertain the rate and extent of cortical bone regeneration with PTH. PTH significantly enhanced cortical bone repair relative to vehicle controls and displayed a unique bone regeneration pattern.
Co-Transcriptional Ribosome Assembly in Real-Time

The bacterial ribosome is a large macromolecular machine composed of three large RNA molecules and more than 50 proteins, which are co-transcriptionally assembled in a living cell within 1-2 minutes.The molecular mechanism of assembly has extensively been studied with pre-transcribed ribosomal RNA (rRNA) mainly using ensemble methods, in which binding of each ribosomal protein (r-protein) is detected as the average state of all populations in which it is present. Because active transcription at the correct speed is essential for ribosome assembly at physiological conditions, the molecular mechanism of ribosome assembly has to be understood co-transcriptionally.Here we present a novel single-molecule fluorescence based approach in which transcription and folding of single rRNA molecules and the binding of r-proteins to them can be visualized simultaneously in real-time.Using zero-mode waveguide instrumentation, we could monitor transcription progression of single RNA molecules of several hundred nucleotides.Studying the co-transcriptional binding of the primary r-protein S15 to the central domain shows that besides short lived binding events (few seconds lifetime), specific S15 binding (>30 seconds lifetime) can occur shortly after transcription of its binding site. In contrast, co-transcriptional binding of primary protein S7 to the entire 3’-domain is much more dynamic with some RNA molecules being unable to stably bind S7 (seconds lifetime) while others can eventually bind S7 specifically, yet can do so only minutes after transcription at 20 degrees Celsius.Overall, using a novel approach to observe in real-time binding of single r-proteins to transcribing r-RNA, we see that co-transcriptional folding of the central 16S rRNA domain is efficient allowing immediate protein binding, while 3’-domain folding is inefficient, indicating that other r-proteins or assembly factors such as RNA helicases must increase folding efficiency in the cell (at least at low temperature).