cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Screening Adults for Depression in Primary Care

The burden of depression in the United States is substantial. Evidence supports the benefits of screening for depression in all adults, including older patients and pregnant and postpartum women, when coupled with appropriate resources for management of disease. Developing, implementing, and sustaining a high-fidelity screening process is an important first step for improving the care of patients with depression in primary care. Initial treatment for depression should include psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, or a combination of both. Collaborative care models are evidence-based approaches to depression treatment and follow-up that can be feasibly initiated in the primary care setting.
An optical hemoglobinometer for whole blood.

To overcome the disadvantages of the presently available hemoglobinometers, we have developed an optical instrument that measures the total hemoglobin (Hb) concentration in whole, undiluted blood. ...
Surrogate for oropharyngeal cancer HPV status in cancer database studies.

Background The utility of cancer databases for oropharyngeal cancer studies is limited by lack of information on human papillomavirus (HPV) status. The purpose of this study was to develop a surrogate that can be used to adjust for the effect of HPV status on survival. Methods The study cohort included 6419 patients diagnosed with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma between 2004 and 2012, identified in the National Cancer Database (NCDB). The HPV surrogate score was developed using a logistic regression model predicting HPV-positive status. Results The HPV surrogate score was predictive of HPV status (area under the curve [AUC] 0.73; accuracy of 70.4%). Similar to HPV-positive tumors, HPV surrogate positive tumors were associated with improved overall survival (OS; hazard ratio [HR] 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.59-0.91; P = .005), after adjusting for important covariates. Conclusion The HPV surrogate score is useful for adjusting for the effect of HPV status on survival in studies utilizing cancer databases.
Cdc42 regulates the cellular localization of Cdc42ep1 in controlling neural crest cell migration

The member of Rho family of small GTPases Cdc42 plays important and conserved roles in cell polarity and motility. The Cdc42ep family proteins have been identified to bind to Cdc42, yet how they interact with Cdc42 to regulate cell migration remains to be elucidated. In this study, we focus on Cdc42ep1, which is expressed predominantly in the highly migratory neural crest cells in frog embryos. Through morpholino-mediated knockdown, we show that Cdc42ep1 is required for the migration of cranial neural crest cells. Loss of Cdc42ep1 leads to rounder cell shapes and the formation of membrane blebs, consistent with the observed disruption in actin organization and focal adhesion alignment. As a result, Cdc42ep1 is critical for neural crest cells to apply traction forces at the correct place to migrate efficiently. We further show that Cdc42ep1 is localized to two areas in neural crest cells: in membrane protrusions together with Cdc42 and in perinuclear patches where Cdc42 is absent. Cdc42 directly interacts with Cdc42ep1 (through the CRIB domain) and changes in Cdc42 level shift the distribution of Cdc42ep1 between these two subcellular locations, controlling the formation of membrane protrusions and directionality of migration as a consequence. These results suggest that Cdc42ep1 elaborates Cdc42 activity in neural crest cells to promote their efficient migration.
Ensemble and single-molecule FRET studies of protein synthesis.

Protein synthesis is a complex, multi-step process that involves large conformational changes of the ribosome and protein factors of translation. Over the last decade, Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) has become instrumental for studying structural rearrangements of the translational apparatus. Here, we discuss the design of ensemble and single-molecule (sm) FRET assays of translation. We describe a number of experimental strategies that can be used to introduce fluorophores into the ribosome, tRNA, mRNA and protein factors of translation. Alternative approaches to tethering of translation components to the microscope slide in smFRET experiments are also reviewed. Finally, we discuss possible challenges in the interpretation of FRET data and ways to address these challenges.
Rebalancing the Caries Microbiome Dysbiosis: Targeted Treatment and Sugar Alcohols

Dental caries is a disease that results from microbiome dysbiosis with the involvement of multiple cariogenic species, including mutans streptococci (MS), lactobacilli, Scardovia wiggsiae, and several Actinomyces species that have the cariogenic traits of acid production and acid tolerance. Sugar consumption also plays an important role interacting with microbiome dysbiosis, determining the fate of caries development. In addition, the MS transmission that encompasses multiple sources can have long-term impacts on the oral microbiome and caries development in children. Intervention in MS transmission in early childhood may promote effective long-term caries prevention. Anticaries regimens aimed against the above mechanisms will be important for successful caries management. Xylitol and erythritol may serve as good components of anticaries regimens as oral microbiome modifiers, sugar substitutes, and agents to prevent MS transmission in early childhood with both oral and systemic benefits. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of the anticaries effects of xylitol and erythritol with consideration of their impacts on the microbiome and bacterial virulence, in addition to cariogenic bacteria levels as well as their benefits for overall health. On the other hand, the anticaries agent C16G2, specifically targeting Streptococcus mutans, the most common cariogenic bacterial species, has shown good safety for short-term oral topical use and promising effects in reducing S. mutans in vitro and in vivo with the promotion of oral commensal bacteria. Future study on its anticaries effect will need to include its long-term impact on the oral microbiome and effects on other important cariogenic bacteria.
Verbrennungsmodelle für Dieselmotoren

In diesem Kapitel werden sog. phanomenologische Verbrennungsmodelle beschrieben, die sich fur die Simulation der dieselmotorischen, diffusionsgesteuerten Verbrennung mit Selbstzundung etabliert haben. Die phanomenologischen Modellansatze verfolgen dabei das Ziel, einerseits die charakteristischen physikalischen und chemischen Ablaufe zu beschreiben, andererseits aber zugunsten einer kurzen Rechenzeit bewusst auf eine Losung des dreidimensionalen turbulenten Stromungsfeldes zu verzichten (Stiesch 2003). Weitere Informationen zur Klassifizierung dieser Verbrennungsmodelle sind in Kap. 43, Abb. 43.1 und 43.2 dargestellt.
Transport and Dispersion of Potential Contaminants

During the first three years of the Buccaneer Gas and Oil Field Study (1976–1979) dye studies, moored and profiling current meters, anemometers, wave measurements, and drifting buoys were employed to determine the dynamic characteristics and energetics of the waters in and around this region of the continental shelf off Galveston, Texas. This variety of observations has afforded an opportunity to define the transport mechanics and to develop models for describing the spread and movement of potential contaminants that may have entered the water from petroleum operations in the Field.
Variability of temperature and currents measured near Pipe Organ hydrothermal vent site

Temperature and currents were measured ∼100 m south of the Pipe Organ vent site on the Juan de Fuca Ridge during a 5-day interval in September 1997 to examine the temporal variability of hydrothermal heat signals close to a source. Temperatures were sampled at three depths every 15 s while current speed and direction were sampled at a single depth hourly. Results show that rapid potential temperature (θ) changes of as much as 0.02 °C occurred at all three depths, partly caused by changes in current speed and direction. Spectra of θ showed no prominent spectral peaks, however. An analytic model of heat transport under variable currents was used to help put observed θ temporal variability into context and to point out problems with estimating hydrothermal heat fluxes from mooring data. Model θ distributions, when contoured on a horizontal plane and animated, demonstrate the pooling of effluent over vents at various times, the streaming of effluent as a very narrow plume away from vents at times of large current speed, and the spawning of boluses of heated fluid and their transport away from venting regions when a pooling period is followed by a streaming period. Model results also show that estimated heat flux based on mooring data is strongly dependent on analysis assumptions and suggest that vents are capable of causing measurable θ anomalies as far as several kilometers downstream.
Experimental Investigation of the Tractive Performance of Pneumatic Tires on Ice

ABSTRACT This investigation was motivated by the need for performance improvement of pneumatic tires in icy conditions. Under normal operation, the pneumatic tire is the only force-transmitting com...
On the Accuracy of Network Localization and Synchronization

Network localization and synchronization (NLS) is a paradigm that considers joint inference of positions and clock parameters in a network consisting of completely asynchronous nodes. NLS has the potential to achieve significant performance gains in terms of localization and synchronization accuracy. In this paper, we derive fundamental performance limits of NLS by considering a problem formulation in the non-Bayesian inference framework, in which the waveforms received by different nodes in the network are considered as measurements. We perform equivalent Fisher information analysis to obtain bounds on the accuracy of NLS, and our results reveal how physical parameters and signal departure times affect the inference performance. The analytical results are verified by simulations based on a realistic channel model that takes spatial consistency into consideration.
Deceptive Affection Across Relational Contexts: A Group Comparison of Romantic Relationships, Cross-Sex Friendships, and Friends With Benefits Relationships:

Communicating affection is important for developing and maintaining relationships; yet, it can be risky when it is used deceptively. Grounded in affection exchange theory (AET), the purpose of the ...
New insights into acute pancreatitis

The incidence of acute pancreatitis continues to increase worldwide, and it is one of the most common gastrointestinal causes for hospital admission in the USA. In the past decade, substantial advancements have been made in our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of acute pancreatitis. Studies have elucidated mechanisms of calcium-mediated acinar cell injury and death and the importance of store-operated calcium entry channels and mitochondrial permeability transition pores. The cytoprotective role of the unfolded protein response and autophagy in preventing sustained endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis and necrosis has also been characterized, as has the central role of unsaturated fatty acids in causing pancreatic organ failure. Characterization of these pathways has led to the identification of potential molecular targets for future therapeutic trials. At the patient level, two classification systems have been developed to classify the severity of acute pancreatitis into prognostically meaningful groups, and several landmark clinical trials have informed management strategies in areas of nutritional support and interventions for infected pancreatic necrosis that have resulted in important changes to acute pancreatitis management paradigms. In this Review, we provide a summary of recent advances in acute pancreatitis with a special emphasis on pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical management of the disorder.
Women’s Experience with a Mindful Eating Course on a University Campus: A Pilot Study

Background: Weight and eating are sources of distress for many women and most weight-loss diets fail to sustain their effects over time. Mindful eating focuses on the processes involved in eating (e.g., hunger, satiety, emotion) rather than on the regulation of weight, and is grounded in mindfulness meditation practices. Purpose: The purpose of this mixed-methods pilot study was to understand the experiences (attitudes, feelings, behaviors) of participants taking a course in mindful eating, and to know in what respects this approach showed promise for women in general. Methods: Seven university staff and faculty women (ages 37 - 59, BMI 21.76 – 40.42) participated in mindful eating classes taught over an 8- week period. Qualitative data were analyzed using intrinsic case study design, supported by pre- and postmeasures of mindful eating and disordered eating. Results: Three major themes were derived: Increased Awareness, New Behaviors in Eating, and Barriers to Practice, with notable experiences in limiting food intake. According to the MEQ, there was a significant increase in the Awareness domain (p = .045). Conclusion: Mindful eating can be incorporated into daily life and offer a way for women to regulate and enjoy their eating. Although there are challenges in making time for the practices, the study supports further exploration of mindful eating as both preventative and health-enhancing for women.
Designing, Together and Apart

Designing is a conversational activity. This chapter draws on second-order cybernetic concepts, particularly Pask’s Conversation Theory and subsequent work inspired and derived from it, to propose a conceptual basis for articulating various modalities of designing-with-others. This approach unifies different ways in which people and artifacts are linked in processes of designing, from the simple designer-client relationship to people’s interactions with designed things, to the ripples of effects of these things, beyond the control and intentions of the designer, once they are out into the world at large. After introducing the concept of conversation as applied to the processes of design, the chapter explores the detailed anatomy of such conversations with reference to a model of conversations by Dubberly and Pangaro, drawing on Pask’s concept of the conversation. Other cybernetic scholars, notably Krippendorff, are cited to demonstrate that the “statements” exchanged in the course of design conversations consist of both verbal and written utterances and the diverse range of artifacts produced in the course of the design process. The chapter then applies these concepts and perspectives to discuss different levels of design conversations, from those that take place within teams of designers working on a project, to those that occur in the wider communities formed by various designers and non-designers who cooperate in the realization of designed things, to those that permeate broad societies of people affected in one way or another by designed things. Implications are proposed for the role of designers in society, in light of this cybernetic framing of design processes. The chapter concludes by synthesizing these insights to demonstrate the potential of cybernetic perspectives in articulating the intrinsically political nature of design.
Optimal technology refresh strategies for strategic DMSMS management using ranking and selection

The effects of Diminishing Manufacturing Sources and Material Shortages (DMSMS) can be excessively costly if not addressed in a timely manner. A strategic DMSMS management method that seeks to minimize the overall life-cycle cost of a system, e.g. an aircraft or ship, is presented. The goal is to select an optimal scheduling of technology refreshes over a fixed lifetime, using lifetime buys as the mitigation option. A DMSMS specific cost model is constructed that accounts for costs of multiple, diverse parts in a system and multiple technology refreshes. This study shows the efficacy of using a ranking and selection method to identify the optimal technology refresh strategy for a complex and stochastic cost function dependent upon varying refresh costs. A visual model is presented which provides the ability to quickly compare other feasible strategies.
An exploration of higher-level language comprehension deficits and factors influencing them following blast TBI in US veterans

Primary Objective. The objective of this study was to investigate the factors that might have a negative influence on auditory processing and higher-level language processing in the US veterans of ...
Water as a Human Right

Over the last few decades, the international community has made significant progress in expanding the human right to water and sanitation. Most notably, on July 28, 2010, the UN General Assembly pa...
Murabitat al-Aqsa: the new virgins of Palestinian resistance

In the fall of 2015, Israel outlawed the Murabitat, a group of Palestinian Muslim women using their voices and bodies to protect al-Aqsa Mosque from right-wing Jewish incursions into the sacred site. Israel placed blame on the Islamic Movement of Israel, but this explanation lacks substantially. I argue, instead, that the better way to interpret the Murabitat is by focusing on the Murabitat themselves—how they understood their actions and how those actions related to broader social, political, and religious currents within Palestinian society and the Israel-Palestine conflict. The Murabitat demonstrated both continuity and innovation within the field of Palestinian women’s political participation in resistance toward the Israeli occupation. They framed their resistance in well-established, domestic and non-violent terms. But they also innovated by mobilizing these themes for the specific purpose of protecting the Haram al-Sharif. Drawing together the latent, symbolic resonance of ribat language within the discursive tradition of Islam, articulating their attachment to the sacred space through domestic metaphors, and using the phrase “Allahu Akbar” as a ritual of protest, the Murabitat forged new possibilities for women’s participation in political struggle in Palestine. In short, they became the new virgins of the Palestinian resistance.
ConCodeIt! A Comparison of Concurrency Interfaces in Block-Based Visual Robot Programming

Concurrency makes robot programming challenging even for professional programmers, yet it is essential for rich, interactive social robot behaviors. Visual programming aims to lower the barrier for robot programming but does not support rich concurrent behavior for meaningful robotics applications. In this paper, we explore extensions to block-based visual languages to enable programming of concurrent behavior with (1) asynchronous procedure calls, which encourage imperative programming, (2) callbacks, which encourage event-driven programming, and (3) promise, which also encourages imperative programming by providing event synchronization utilities. We compare these approaches through a systematic analysis of social robot programs with representative concurrency patterns, as well as a user study (N=23) in which participants authored such programs. Our work identifies characteristic differences between these approaches and demonstrates that the promise-based concurrency interface enables more concise programs with fewer errors.
Emergent Spin Dynamics Enabled by Lattice Interactions in a Bicomponent Artificial Spin Ice.

Artificial spin ice (ASI) networks are arrays of nanoscaled magnets that can serve both as models for frustration in atomic spin ice as well as for exploring new spin-wave-based strategies to trans...
Review of David Cole. Engines of Liberty: The Power of Citizen Activists to Make Constitutional Law.

In Engines of Liberty: The Power of Citizen Activists to Make Constitutional Law, David Cole presents a fascinating perspective on constitutional law by recounting three engaging stories of enormous constitutional change and of the organizations and individuals, whose efforts achieved such change. Cole’s accounts are well supported with citations to documents and personal interviews, all written in an accessible, engaging, and clear style. The Author highly recommends this first-rate work to law, general academic, and public libraries.
A Review on Soil Remediation by Fenton Process

As the development and population of a country grow, its industrialization and other modern techniques also increase to meet the growing demand of the people. These technologies, as progress, directly and indirectly, are affecting our environment in many ways. These effects include the vitiating the ambient air quality due to the emission of the harmful gases from various industrial and human activities; water is being polluted by so many toxic matters and contamination of the soil by various degradable and non-degradable matter is also becoming very common. The contaminated soil may have so many adverse effects on our environment like polluting the groundwater, harmful for vegetation, other lives, etc. However, many methods are being adopted by researchers and engineers for the making such soil free of contamination but among all methods of treatment advanced oxidation process(AOP) is one of a favorable method for the soil that is contaminated with highly and non-easily removing pollutants. There are many methods of AOP itself that are used for this purpose like photocatalysis (TiO2), Fenton processes, ozonation and plasma oxidation, etc. that have their characteristics and effectiveness. The present study only focuses on the Fenton process and its mechanism for the treatment of the soil. Also, this paper reviews the performance of modified Fenton processes for removal of highly stabilize pollutants from the soil.
A strategy for professional preparation--textbook evaluation.

(1977). A Strategy for Professional Preparation— Textbook Evaluation. Health Education: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 43-43.
DECREASE OF BOUND SIALIC ACID AND INHIBITOR IN CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANES INFECTED WITH INFLUENZA VIRUS.

Tess, Bernard R. (University of Illinois at the Medical Center, Chicago) and J. Emerson Kempf. Decrease of bound sialic acid and inhibitor in chorioallantoic membranes infected with influenza virus. J. Bacteriol. 86:239–245. 1963.—During the adsorption period after the inoculation of chick embryos with the PR8 strain of influenza A virus, bound sialic acid (BSiA) in the chorioallantoic membranes decreased, presumably as a result of cleavage of surface glycoprotein by the viral neuraminidase. A further decrease occurred between 1 and 6 hr after infection, indicating that cleavage of the surface glycoprotein was continuing, and that the enzyme may have begun to act upon intracellular glycoprotein. Decreased levels of BSiA continued until 48 hr after infection, possibly as a result of continued intracellular enzyme activity plus destruction of glycoprotein as virus was released from the surface of the cells. BSiA began to increase 48 hr after infection, presumably because of regeneration of glycoprotein and its decreased destruction by the viral enzyme, since the process of infection was largely completed. Heat-stable hemagglutination inhibitor did not begin to decrease until 8 hr after infection; thereafter, the levels of BSiA and inhibitor appeared to be related.
Integer Factorization and RSA

The Diffie–Hellman key exchange method and the Elgamal public key cryptosystem studied in Sects. 2.3 and 2.4 rely on the fact that it is easy to compute powers \(a^{n}\bmod p\), but difficult to recover the exponent n if you know only the values of a and \(a^{n}\bmod p\). An essential result that we used to analyze the security of Diffie–Hellman and Elgamal is Fermat’s little theorem (Theorem 1.24), $$\displaystyle{a^{p-1} \equiv 1\ (\mathrm{mod}\ p)\qquad \mbox{ for all $a\not\equiv 0(\mathrm{mod}p)$.}}$$
Spatial and temporal variability of corn grain yield: site-specific relationships of biotic and abiotic factors.

Inadequate information on factors affecting crop yield variability has contributed to the slow adoption of site-specific farming (SSF). This study was conducted to determine the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the spatial and temporal variability of irrigated corn grain yields and to derive information useful for SSF. The effects of water (80% evapotranspiration (ET) and 50% ET), hybrid (drought-tolerant and -susceptible), elevation, soil index (SI)(texture), soil NO3–N, arthropods, and diseases on corn grain yield were investigated at Halfway, TX on geo-referenced locations. Grain yields were influenced by interrelationships among biotic and abiotic factors. Grain yields were consistently high under high water treatment, at higher elevations, and on soils with high SI (high clay and silt). Soil NO3–N increased grain yields when water was adequate. Management zones for variable rate fertilizer and water application should, therefore, be based on information on elevation, SI, and soil NO3–N. The effects of arthropods, diseases, and crop stress (due to drought and N) on corn grain yield were unpredictable. Spider mite (Oligonychus pratensis) and common smut (Ustilago zeae) damage occurred under hot and dry conditions in 1998. Spider mite infestations were high in areas with high soil NO3–N. Moderate air temperatures and high relative humidity in 1999 favored southwestern corn borer (Diatraea grandiosella) and common rust (Puccinia maydis) incidences. Knowledge of conditions that favor arthropods and diseases outbreak and crop stress can improve the efficiency of scouting and in-season management of SSF. Management of SSF can be improved when effects of biotic and abiotic factors on grain yield are integrated and evaluated as a system.
Leveraged Super-Senior Tranche

A leveraged super-senior (LSS) note is a structure that allows investors to take a leveraged exposure to the super-senior (SS) part of a collateralized debt obligation (CDO). This provides an enhanced level of return while typically maintaining a AAA rating. Leverage is achieved by posting an initial collateral amount that is less than the notional of the underlying SS tranche. All credit losses to the investor are capped at the collateral amount, but the coupon is paid on the full notional. Early unwind clauses are typically included in the trade to mitigate the risk to the issuer that losses exceed the collateral amount. Compared to a standard SS tranche the investor is exposed to mark-to-market (MTM) risk as well as credit risk, that is, for certain market moves his/her principal could be reduced even if no credit losses have occurred owing to a forced unwind. The issuer faces a so-called gap risk, the risk that the MTM of the tranche will fall below the initially posted collateral amount before a trade unwind can take place. Keywords: leveraged super-senior (LSS); collateralized debt obligation (CDO); gap risk; loss trigger; spread trigger; mark-to-market (MTM) trigger
HPC in phase change: towards a new execution model

HPC is entering a new phase in system structure and operation driven by a combination of technology and architecture trends. Perhaps foremost are the constraints of power and complexity that as a result of the at-lining of clock rates relies on multicore as the primary means by which performance gain is being achieved with Moore's Law. Indeed, for all intense and purposes, "multicore" is the new "Moore's Law" with steady increases in the number of cores per socket. Added to this are the highly multithreaded GPU components moving HPC into the heterogeneous modality for additional performance gain. These dramatic changes in system architecture are forcing new methods of use including programming and system management. Historically HPC has experienced five previous phase changes involving technology, architecture, and programming models. The current phase of two decades is exemplified by the communicating sequential model of computation replacing previous vector and SIMD models. HPC is now faced with the need for new effective means of sustaining performance growth with technology through rapid expansion of multicore with anticipated structures of hundreds of millions of cores by the end of this decade delivering Exaflops performance. This presentation will discuss the driving trends and issues of the new phase change in HPC and will discuss the ParalleX execution model that is serving as a pathfinding framework for exploring an innovative synthesis of semantic constructs and mechanisms that may serve as a foundation for computational systems and techniques in the Exascale era. This talk is being given just as DARPA is initiating its UHPC program and DOE is launching additional programs such as their X-stack all aimed at catalyzing research in to the challenging area.
Calculation of amino acid racemization ages based on apparent parabolic kinetics

Abstract Amino acid racemization and epimerization reactions in carbonate fossils are non-linear and follow reversible first-order kinetics only to a d l -amino acid value of about 0.3 to 0.5. Although relative age relationships are not affected by non-linearity of the reaction rate, deviation from reversible first-order kinetics prevents simple linear extrapolation of the kinetic expression in order to estimate ages of fossils with high ratios. Instead of applying reversible first-order kinetics, the racemization and epimerization reactions can be modeled in terms of apparent parabolic kinetics, a procedure that generates a linear relationship between square root of age of samples and d l values. Data from a variety of speciments show that the relationship between square root of age and d l -amino acid is linear to a d l value of about 1.0. This approach provides a simple expression for calculating ages of fossils over a greater portion of the racemization and epimerization reaction range.
Basic Principles of Inhalation Exposure

The focus of this symposium is the technology of nose exposure to rodents and the various kinds of measurements one can make before, during, and after exposure to obtain information about the dose and effects relative to the exposure. However, certain principles of inhalation exposure are common to all inhalation techniques. This introduction provides some historical perspectives in the development of both inhalation chambers and nose exposure techniques. It discusses the major advances in chamber design and nose exposure technology. The accumulation in and removal of test agents from the system is described. Two critical issues in inhalation studies, aerosol and vapor generation and techniques to measure the concentration of the test agents, are beyond the scope of this symposium and are not covered.
Eventration of the diaphragm.

Abstract Eventration of the diaphragm was noted in 69 children over a 20-yr period. The origin of the eventration was congenital in 48, acquired in 21. Nonoperative treatment was successful in most patients with symptomatic congenital eventration. Fourteen children with congenital eventration had operative plication. Three patients with gastric volvulus and total eventration of the left diaphragm were among those operated upon. There was one mortality in the medically treated group and two deaths in those treated surgically. All symptomatic patients with acquired eventration were managed non-operatively. The elevated, paralyzed diaphragm resulted from either birth or intraoperative trauma in all cases. There was one death among the 21 children with acquired eventration.
The Proposed IEEE 855 Microprocessor Operating Systems Interface Standard

By providing a set of virtual machine interfaces to the applications programmer, MOSI takes an important step in the direction of portable application software.
System configuration for microcomputer-controlled, low-temperature differential thermal analysis

Abstract A microcomputer-based differential thermal analysis system is described. It consists of a 16-bit, 48-channel data acquisition unit, relay output device, and signal-processing software. With this system, several aluminum block heat sinks, each containing five samples and a temperature reference, can be programmed independently to produce different, highly accurate freezing rates. Temperature deviation is ± 0.1°C at any given temperature along the ramp. Drift (> 1°C) from any temperature setpoint during a prolonged hold (up to 10 h) was not observed. The system is sensitive enough to detect exotherms from both floral buds and xylem tissue. Output is acquired from each sample as a millivolt differential in comparison to a reference sample and the signal is displayed using signal processing software. Acquisition of signal noise during any run of samples was negligible, relative to the millivolt output obtained from the exothermic events occurring during the freezing of water within a given sample of tissue. The latter software can be used to interactively analyze and compare collected data and also obtain hard-copy plots of the thermograms.
Interventions to improve care during withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments

Withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies is a common occurrence in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting and also occurs in other hospital settings, long-term care facilities, and even at home. Many studies have documented dramatic geographic variations in the prevalence of withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies, and some evidence suggests this variation may be driven more by physician attitudes and biases than by factors such as patient preferences or cultural differences. A number of studies of interventions in the ICU setting have provided some evidence that withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies is a process of care that can be improved. The interventions have included routine ethics or palliative care consultations, routine family conferences, and standardized order protocol for withdrawal of life support. For some of the interventions, for example, ethics consultations or palliative care consultations, the precise mechanisms by which the process of care is improved are not clear. Furthermore, many of these studies have used surrogate outcomes for quality, such as ICU length of stay. Emerging research suggests more direct outcome measures may be useful, including family satisfaction with care and assessments of the quality of dying. Despite these relative limitations, these studies provide convincing evidence that withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy is a process of care that presents opportunities for quality improvement and that interventions are successful at improving this care. Further research is needed to identify and test the most appropriate and responsive outcome measures and to identify the most effective and cost-effective interventions.
Possibility of Saturnian synchrotron radiation

Synchrotron spectra were computed for a hypothetical Saturn radiation belt. A monoenergetic distribution of relativistic electrons was assumed to exist in a toroidal volume in a dipole magnetic field aligned with the rotation axis. When synchrotron emission is added to the thermal component implied by observations at wavelengths shorter than 50 cm, the upturn in the total emission spectrum may be gradual to sharp, depending on the critical wavelength and the number density of radiating electrons. With the constraint of the pressure balance equation, the ranges of magnetic field intensity, and electron energy, and density were tabulated and nomographically illustrated. For several estimates of the magnetic field loading factor, the minimum surface magnetic field intensity and minimum electron number density were computed.
2nd Ishihara Lecture: SPT- and CPT-based relationships for the residual shear strength of liquefied soils

Abstract An evaluation of post-earthquake stability of earth embankments or slopes that contain, or are founded on, soils that may liquefy requires estimating the liquefied soil׳s residual shear strength, Sr. Decisions regarding the need for expensive mitigation efforts, including ground improvement work, often hinge on the selected Sr values. This paper presents recommended SPT- and CPT-based relationships for estimating the residual shear strength ratio, Sr/ σ ′ v o , of liquefied nonplastic soils in the field based on a review of prior case history studies, laboratory testing studies, and recent findings regarding void redistribution mechanisms. The recommended relationships provide guidance regarding the unavoidable task in practice of having to extrapolate beyond the available case history data. Limitations in the state of knowledge are discussed.
Formation and regeneration of Halobacterium spheroplasts

Spheroplasts ofHalobacterium cutirubrum were formed upon suspension of cell pellets in 0.1M MES buffer, pH 7.0, containing 0.5M sucrose, 0.25M NaCl, and 0.01M MgCl2. The spheroplasts regenerated into rod-shaped bacteria when plated on a complex medium containing 15% (wt/vol) sucrose, undergoing several divisions as spherical bodies before the rod shape developed. The frequency of regeneration was approximately 5% of the total spheroplasts plated. The yield of regenerants was increased significantly (to approximately 35%) when bovine serum albumin was present in the spheroplasting buffer and dilution media. The conditions for spheroplast formation and regeneration inH. cutirubrum were also found effective forHalobacterium salinarium but not forHalobacterium halobium.
Pulling an all-nighter.

Research indicates that sleep influences learning, but little is known about the mechanisms involved. A recent article suggests that sleep modifies the firing patterns of sensorimotor neurons before there is improvement in performance.
Stereodefined synthesis of O3′-labeled uracil nucleosides. 3′-[17O]-2′-azido-2′-deoxyuridine 5′-diphosphate as a probe for the mechanism of inactivation of ribonucleotide reductases

Thermolysis of a 2‘-[16O]-O-benzoyl-[17O]-5‘-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-O2,3‘-cyclouridine derivative gave the more stable 3‘-[17O]-O-benzoyl-[16O]- 5‘-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-O2,2‘-cyclouridine isomer, which was converted into 3‘-[17O]-2‘-azido-2‘-deoxyuridine by deprotection and nucleophilic ring opening at C2‘ with lithium azide. The 5‘-diphosphate was prepared by nucleophilic displacement of the 5‘-O-tosyl group with tris(tetrabutylammonium) hydrogen pyrophosphate. Model reactions gave 16O and 18O isotopomers, and base-promoted hydrolysis of an O2,2‘-cyclonucleoside gave stereodefined access to 3‘-[18O]-1-(β-d-arabinofuranosyl)uracil. Inactivation of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase with 2‘-azido-2‘-deoxynucleotides results in appearance of EPR signals for a nitrogen-centered radical derived from azide, and 3‘-[17O]-2‘-azido-2‘-deoxyuridine 5‘-diphosphate provides an isotopomer to perturb EPR spectra in a predictable manner.
Effects of prednisolone and butyrate on agglutinability of HeLa cells by concanavalin A

Agglutinability by concanavalin A was measured with HeLa65 cells grown with prednisolone or sodium butyrate, 2 compounds that increase the activity of the carcinoplacental form of alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme localized in membranes. Prednisolone enhanced concanavalin A agglutination approximately 3-fold while sodium butyrate had no effect.
High precision position control by Cartesian trajectory feedback and connectionist inverse dynamics feedforward

An optimal Cartesian trajectory determination coupled with a connectionist approach to perform the dynamics inversion is presented. This method uses a recurrent calculation of the optimal Cartesian trajectory function in order to drive the arm to the desired position and velocity in the desired time. Using this principle of dynamic optimality it is shown that it is possible to achieve the goal with an arbitrary precision even though the inverse dynamics transformation is only an approximation obtained by a neural network. The analysis of simulated control strategy shows that the relative position error for a start-stop movement follows a high inverse power law with respect to the number of feedback control steps. This result indicates that it is practical to control a manipulator to an arbitrary degree of precision by using a neural network whose transformation has a relatively low precision. >
Functional diversity in the dynamin family

The function of the GTPase dynamin has been discussed for several years. It clearly plays a role in vesicle budding, but, despite recent insights, precisely how it functions in this process is still a matter of debate. In addition, it is now clear that dynamin is a member of a large protein family, present in a variety of cellular locations where members apparently perform a range of functions. This article describes current understanding of the structure and function of the various dynamin family members.
Web 2.0 Integration in Information Literacy Instruction: An Overview

Survey and semi-structured interviews were conducted in this study to examine the adoption of the Web 2.0 technology in information literacy instruction. Findings suggest that librarians use Web 2.0 tools in three different levels, and overall it has a positive impact on teaching and learning.
The evolution of chromosomal sex determination and dosage compensation

In many species, sex is determined by a system based on X and Y chromosomes, the latter having lost much of their genetic activity. Y chromosomes have evolved independently many times, and the associated change in gene dosage in the heterogametic (XY) sex is often compensated for by regulatory mechanisms which ensure equal amounts of gene products of X-linked loci in males and females. There have recently been substantial advances in our knowledge of the molecular biology and genetics of sex chromosomes and dosage compensation, and in our understanding of the population genetic processes which are involved in their evolution.
Use of portfolios in otolaryngology graduate medical education.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Learning portfolios, as defined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), are professional development tools for resident education. Moreover, the scope of portfolio use is expanding to become a component of the accreditation system, with likely mandatory implementation by 2016. The objective of this study is to describe the extent of portfolio use in otolaryngology training programs and resident attitudes toward portfolios. Study Design: Cross-sectional survey. Methods: All residents in ACGME-accredited otolaryngology programs were contacted via email linked to an online survey. One follow-up email was sent after initial notification. Results: Three hundred eighteen (22%) of the 1,431 invited residents responded to the survey, representing 65 of 103 ACGME-accredited otolaryngology training programs. Fifty-eight percent of the programs represented had residents who maintained a portfolio. When asked to what extent portfolios enhanced education, 39% of residents who kept a portfolio found them helpful, 27% were neutral, and 35% did not find them helpful, although 60% plan to use their portfolio after residency. For those residents who did not maintain a portfolio, 70% cited they did not maintain a portfolio because it is not a requirement in their program. Twenty-one percent of all respondents felt that portfolios should be mandatory, whereas 61% felt that portfolios should be encouraged, but not required. Conclusions: Although portfolios are encouraged by the ACGME, and will ultimately become mandatory, they are not yet fully integrated in otolaryngology training programs. Only a minority of residents in this study thought portfolios enhanced education.
Correlated Responses in Ear and Plant Traits in Maize Synthetics Selected for R-nj Color Expression

Maize (Zea mays L.) cobs contain vascular tissue that supports grain yield. We wanted to learn if rate of grain filling or carbohydrate source (leaf area) are related to early ear and cob development. We studied substrains (known to differ in grain-filling rates) derived from two early- (NDSF, NDSM), two intermediate- (NDSC, NDSD), and one late-maturing (NDSE) synthetics. These five synthetics were each mass selected for four cycles for high (HC), random (RC), and low (LC) R-nj color expression. Plants of each of the 15 substrains were grown in the field at 58 000 plants ha -1 in Fargo and Casselton, ND, in 1993 and 1994. We measured leaf lengths, widths, and numbers to estimate leaf areas per plant. We monitored early ear development for two maturity groups within each substrain by measuring ear lengths, widths, and wet weights at 7 and 14 d after silking. Maturity differences among synthetics explained more than 80% of the variation in leaf length and width, leaf area per plant, and ear length at 7 d. The HC, compared with LC, selections produced 3% longer and 6% heavier ears at 7 d, had 5% more and 3% wider leaves, and had 4% larger leaf areas per plant. The earlier ear development of HC strains may contribute to higher kernel growth rates. Due to larger leaf areas per plant, HC strains also may produce more photosynthate for translocation into the developing kernels. Selecting for improved vascular systems may be useful.
The linkage between oil price shocks and economic growth with inflation in the presence of technological advances: a CGE model

Abstract This study examines whether oil price shocks are inflationary in the US. We increase the price of oil in the year 2000 in a manner consistent with the oil price shock of 1973–74 and let the economy experience a Hicksian technological change. Then using a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, we conduct our analyses under two separate cases: (1) regular economic growth, and (2) low economic growth. We also run three technological scenarios: (1) no technology change, (2) technological advances in the manufacturing and refining sectors, and (3) technological advances in the manufacturing, refining, chemical, and service sectors. The effects of these changes are analyzed over the next 20 years until the year 2020. Our results suggest that while a shock of the magnitude experienced in the 1970s will have a fairly severe effect on such things as gasoline and refinery prices, the aggregate price changes will be largely dissipated over time at the aggregate level. Furthermore, the aggregate level of prices (CPI and PPI) will fall over time as the level of technological advances rise under both growth scenarios. There are several reasons why we would obtain such results. First of all, the structure of the US economy has changed remarkably since the early 1970s. Rather than being a manufacturing based economy, the US is largely a service based economy today and hence it is more protected form raw materials shortages. Second, the economy has had a steady history of strong growth and the faster an economy grows the quicker disruptions to that economy are dissipated. Finally, our economy is experiencing rapid technological advances in information systems which have served to reduce costs and maintain output in a wide number of economic sectors.