cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Importance of a specialty clinic for individuals with fragile X syndrome.

Advances in human genetics have identified a significant number of genetic disorders associated with intellectual disability. As a result, appropriate clinical management of these affected individuals and their family members have become critical in addressing medical needs to improve quality of life. We examine the importance of a Fragile X Clinic for individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS) and their family members by conducting a retrospective chart review of 123 new patients with FXS evaluated at the Fragile X Clinic at Emory University. After the initial diagnosis of a proband with FXS with cascade testing, there were 345 family members identified with a mutation (70% with premutations; 30% with full mutations). In terms of the impact of the clinic visit, males had a substantial number of new diagnoses in all behavioral disorders (P < 0.001), with anxiety (62%) being the most common. For female probands, the most frequent diagnosis was also anxiety (87%). Prior to the clinic visit, very few patients were prescribed psychotropic medications. After the clinic visit, the most frequently prescribed psychotropic medications for males were stimulants (41%; P < 0.001) and SSRIs (40%; P < 0.001). For females, only stimulants (33%; P = 0.03) and SSRIs (44%; P = 0.008) were statistically significantly prescribed. Our results revealed that there is a gap in care to address the co-morbid behavioral issues, psychopharmacologic medication management, and genetic counseling needs regarding FXS. A multidisciplinary setting and approach, such as that offered by a Fragile X Clinic, is one method of treating the complex needs of patients with FXS. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bridging Climate Communication Divides: Beyond the Partisan Gap

Social divides on climate change are often attributed to political factors, but new psychological research points to a wide range of group influences beyond politics that shape public opinion on climate change. We highlight two commonly overlooked sources of influence that represent key underutilized leverage points for public outreach: (1) the roles of racial, ethnic, and cultural identities and (2) the power of social perceptions (i.e., meta-beliefs) in mobilizing public action. This research points to an urgent need to broaden how scientists, policymakers, and the media think about public engagement and consensus building in the domain of climate change.
ON THE EXISTENCE OF A BAYESIAN NASH EQUILIBRIUM

We provide a new proof (based on a Caratheodory-type selection theorem) of the existence of a Bayesian Nash equilibrium.
Conductive RFI noise reduction using Antenna ground isolation for mobile devices

RF Antennas in mobile devices are susceptible to platform noises. A significant amount of noise generated by noisy nets propagates through system ground plane conductively to RF antennas. By electrically separating antenna ground from system ground, antenna isolation from noisy nets can be improved. In this study, ferrite beads and a 10-mm physical gap were implemented to the conventional system and showed an 18-dB reduction in coupling coefficient between a WiFi antenna and aggressor.
An alternative proof of Pellet’s theorem for matrix polynomials

We propose an alternative proof of Pellet’s theorem for matrix polynomials that, unlike existing proofs, does not rely on Rouche’s theorem. A similar proof is provided for the generalization to matrix polynomials of a result by Cauchy that can be considered as a limit case of Pellet’s theorem.
Statistical analysis of multi-criteria inventory classification models in the presence of forecast upsides

AbstractCompanies may receive forecast upsides that can undermine their ability to support customer demand on time. Therefore, it is critical to include forecast upsides when performing comparative analysis of inventory classification models. This study focuses on this subject. The study includes statistical methods and sensitivity analysis to determine the performance of which MCIC model is statistically significant with respect to inventory and customer orders fill rate. Results show that the PBB-model outperforms other models when forecast upside is present and the result is statistically significant. On the other hand, when no forecast upside is present, the R-model, which does not use descending ranking criteria, outperforms other models, and the difference is statistically significant. We also find that adding descending ranking criteria to the R-model and ZF-model does not improve their Service-Cost Performance Index.
Photochemical Hexadehydro-Diels–Alder Reaction

We demonstrate that the hexadehydro-Diels–Alder (HDDA) cycloisomerization reaction to produce reactive benzyne derivatives can be initiated photochemically. As with the thermal variant of the HDDA process, the reactive intermediates are formed in the absence of reagents or the resulting byproducts required for the generation of benzynes by traditional methods. This photo-HDDA (or hν-HDDA) reaction occurs at much lower temperatures (including even at −70 °C) than the thermal HDDA, but the benzynes produced behave in the same fashion with respect to their trapping reactions, suggesting they are of the same electronic state.
Adherence to Latent Tuberculosis Infection Treatment in a Population with a High Number of Refugee Children

Background Refugee populations in the US have a higher reported prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). The objective of this study was to assess adherence to LTBI treatment in refugee and non-refugee children living in Rhode Island. Methods This was a retrospective review of LTBI patients seen in the Hasbro Pediatric Tuberculosis Clinic between August 2009 and September 2011. Results Of 120 patients with LTBI, 93% were foreign-born and 30% were refugees. Overall, 94 children (78.3%) completed therapy. Higher rates of treatment completion were seen among patients who were female, referred within the same hospital system, used an interpreter, and did not report side effects. Refugees attended more scheduled visits compared to non-refugees (p=0.019). Conclusions Overall rates of completion of LTBI treatment were high in this population. Better adherence to clinic visits, likely due to the increased support and care coordination provided to the refugee children, improved treatment completion rates. [Full article available at http://rimed.org/rimedicaljournal-2017-02.asp].
The Strange Story of Scientific Method

∗This paper is an updated version of ideas that I presented at the Ghent Congress on Discovery and Creativity in spring 1998. I have tried to retain the original flavor of the paper. An ancient ancestor with the same title was presented at the University of California, Davis, and a more recent version to the British Society for Philosophy of Science. I received valuable comments at these venues. Thanks to Gaye McCollum Nickles for much help and to Joke Meheus, both for organizing the congress and for her criticisms, which I have not yet fully addressed. Thanks also to Yoichi Ishida. The paper draws upon previous work supported by U.S. National Science Foundation grants. For companion essays that provide more detail and more justification at some points, see Nickles, 2003a, 2003b. The reader should keep in mind that, today, the ideas of evolutionary computation are more familiar to, and are taken more seriously by, philosophers than in 1998. 2Sources of the quotes: Peirce, 1877, §1. Perry, as attributed by Reitman, 1964, p. 308. Schelling-Hegel, from a fictional interview by Solomon, 1981, p. 56. Winston, 1992, p. xxiii.
Resistances and resiliencies in student-faculty pedagogical partnership

In this article, we explore forms of psychological resistance that 10 female students perceived in their faculty partners and in themselves in the context of a pedagogical partnership program in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Positioning these students as “holders and creators of knowledge” (Delgado-Bernal, 2002, p. 106), our analysis draws on literature in academic development and psychology and on student responses to research questions to discuss how these student partners built resiliencies through the approaches they took to engaging the resistances they perceived. We first present the resistances these student partners perceived in their faculty partners and what factors they think might have contributed to such resistances. Next, we describe the approaches the student partners took to working through the resistances they perceived and the resistances they experienced in themselves. Finally, we analyze the ways that student partners developed resiliencies through productively engaging these forms of resistance.
MANAGERIAL LEARNING THROUGH CUSTOMER–SUPPLIER LINKS

We provide empirical evidence that supplier firms’ managers learn new information from their customers’ stock prices when they make investment, long‐term financing, short‐term financing, and dividend decisions. Our findings provide novel empirical evidence that the stock market has real effects on the economy through customer–supplier links. Our results indicate that managerial learning is not confined to peers’ or firms’ own stock prices but is a more comprehensive process that includes cross‐industry learning. Furthermore, managerial learning is not limited to investment decisions but is also present in long‐term financing, short‐term financing, and dividend decisions.
Franchising and firm risk among restaurants

Abstract Franchising is a growth vehicle that helps firms scale their operations. Yet, the performance implications of franchising remain inconclusive. To solve this conundrum, we contend that firm-specific attributes lead to an optimal level of franchising and that the deviation from that optimal level has important firm-level consequences. Using a sample of 64 publicly listed restaurant firms that franchise in the United States, our study integrates the risk sharing perspective with resource scarcity and agency theories to show that a failure to adhere to these theoretical prescriptions can be a financially risky proposition. For restaurant firms that franchise, our results highlight the importance of maintaining an optimal mix of franchised and firm-owned outlets.
A Rare Presentation of Nocardia Pericarditis Leading to Cardiac Tamponade in an Immunocompetent Patient

Nocardia can cause isolated disease in many parts of the body including the brain, skin, and lungs. It is also capable of causing disseminated disease. In almost all cases, Nocardia infections occur in immunocompromised hosts with depressed cell-mediated functions. We present a case of disseminated Nocardia farcinica leading to pericardial effusion and tamponade in an immunocompetent host with the only risk factor being heavy alcohol intake. Treatment relies on an accurate diagnosis. This case presentation highlights the importance of considering Nocardia infections in an alcoholic patient with a worsening clinical picture.
Foregrounding the Family: An Ethnography of How Families Make Decisions About Hebrew School

Families play a critical role in shaping children’s orientation to Judaism, and decisions about Jewish education are made within the family unit. However, in most studies of Jewish education, individual students or parents serve as the unit of analysis, with families being omitted or relegated to the background. In this paper, I foreground the family through an ethnographic study to illustrate the complex negotiations that occur between family members about involvement in Hebrew school post b’nai mitzvah. By illustrating the dynamic interplay between family members, I show the internal and external struggles that family members experience as they negotiate their Jewish commitments, and the potential unintended consequences that might arise from such negotiations. I describe how negotiations about Jewish education can have potentially deleterious effects on family members’ relationships, and how parenting philosophy and parenting style may shape negotiations about Hebrew school. My central goal in this paper is to advance a methodological argument about the value of taking a family systems perspective and using an ethnographic approach to understand families’ decisions about Hebrew school and Jewish commitments more broadly.
Experimental glaucoma model with controllable intraocular pressure history

Glaucoma-like neuropathies can be experimentally induced by disturbing aqueous outflow from the eye, resulting in intraocular pressure (IOP) changes that are variable in magnitude and time course and permanent in duration. This study introduces a novel method of glaucoma induction that offers researchers round-the-clock measurement and reversible control of IOP for the first time. One eye of Brown-Norway rats was implanted with a cannula tethered to a pressure sensor and aqueous reservoir. IOP was raised 10 mmHg for weeks-to-months in treated animals and unaltered in control animals. Counts of Brn3a-expressing retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in implanted eyes were indistinguishable from non-implanted eyes in control animals and 15 ± 2%, 23 ± 4%, and 38 ± 4% lower in animals exposed to 2, 4, and 9 weeks of IOP elevation. RGC loss was greater in peripheral retina at 2 weeks and widespread at longer durations. Optic nerves also showed progressive degeneration with exposure duration, yet conventional outflow facility of implanted eyes was normal (24.1 ± 2.9 nl/min/mmHg) even after 9-weeks elevation. Hence, this infusion-based glaucoma model exhibits graded neural damage with unimpaired outflow pathways. The model further revealed a potentially-significant finding that outflow properties of rat eyes do not remodel in response to chronic ocular hypertension.
Patient-Centered, Guideline-Concordant Discussion and Management of Pulmonary Nodules

Providing guideline-concordant management of pulmonary nodules can present challenges when a patient's anxiety about cancer or fear of invasive procedures colors judgment. The way in which providers discuss and make decisions about how to evaluate a pulmonary nodule can affect patient satisfaction, distress, and adherence to evaluation. This article discusses the complexity of tailoring patient-provider communication, decision-making, and implementation of guidelines for pulmonary nodule evaluation to the individual patient, emphasizing the importance of how information is conveyed and the value of listening to and addressing patients' concerns. We summarize the relevant guideline recommendations and literature, and provide two case scenarios to illustrate a patient-centered approach to discussing and managing pulmonary nodules from our perspectives as a pulmonologist and thoracic surgeon.
A Military-Civilian Coalition for Disability Rights

War - all war - is disabling. It is designed to be. Fifteen years after Congress passed the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, a new wave of service-related disabilities from the present war in Iraq presents yet another reason and another occasion to reassess and reinvigorate efforts to achieve the ADA’s aspirations. One need not celebrate war to advocate equality of opportunity for veterans disabled by the war, and indeed for all Americans disabled by any cause.
Kinetic and mechanistic analysis of a synthetic reversible CO2/HCO2− electrocatalyst

[Pt(depe)2](PF6)2 electrocatalyzes the reversible conversion between CO2 and HCO2− with high selectivity and low overpotential but low rates. A comprehensive kinetic analysis indicates the rate determining step for CO2 reduction is the reactivity of a Pt hydride intermediate to produce HCO2−. To accelerate catalysis, the use of cationic and hydrogen-bond donor additives are explored.
Parental perceived child sleep problems: A concept analysis.

Purpose This paper aims to delineate a conceptual analysis of parental perceived child sleep problems. Design and methods Rodger's evolutionary approach to concept analysis was employed. A systematic literature search of PubMed, CINAHL, Medline, and PsycINFO was conducted from inception to June 2020. Peer-reviewed papers written in English focusing on parental perception of their children's sleep problems were included. Results A total of 47 papers were included for analysis. Parental perceived child sleep problems can be defined as parental reliance on their observations and beliefs, and perceived locus of control to appraise an array of children's sleep-related signs and behaviors, which may contain bias but still reflects certain aspects of children's sleep health status. A wide range of physiological, psychosocial, familial, environmental, and cultural factors may contribute to parental perceived child sleep problems, which may further contribute to parent-child dyads' physical and mental health as well as the whole family's general wellness. Practice implications Defining the concept of parental perceived child sleep problems facilitate health professionals a foundation for consistent use, understanding, and evaluation of parent-reported child sleep outcome. Future research on the standard conceptual and operational definition of parental perceived child sleep problem, and its potential antecedents and consequences is warranted. The characteristic of parental perceived sleep problems, together with child sleep history and objective sleep measures should be integrated to evaluate child sleep health.
Several new product identities in relation to Rogers–Ramanujan type sums and mock theta functions

Product identities in two variables x, q expand infinite products as infinite sums, which are linear combinations of theta functions; famous examples include Jacobi’s triple product identity, Watson’s quintuple identity, and Hirschhorn’s septuple identity. We view these series expansions as representations in canonical bases of certain vector spaces of quasiperiodic meromorphic functions (related to sections of line and vector bundles), and find new identities for two nonuple products, an undecuple product, and several two-variable Rogers–Ramanujan type sums. Our main theorem explains a correspondence between the septuple product identity and the two original Rogers–Ramanujan identities; this amounts to an unexpected proportionality of canonical basis vectors, two of which can be viewed as two-variable analogues of fifth-order mock theta functions. We also prove a similar correspondence between an octuple product identity of Ewell and two simpler variations of the Rogers–Ramanujan identities, related to third-order mock theta functions, and conjecture other occurrences of this phenomenon. As applications, we specialize our results to obtain identities for quotients of generalized eta functions and mock theta functions.
Immigrant Extremists and Domestic Xenophobes: How Migrants and Hosts Radicalize

Governments consistently justify reductions in and barriers to migration on national security grounds. Even pro-migrant authors such as Joseph Carens say that “public order” can be a factor in determining who is allowed to enter a sovereign nation. In the 21st century, the connection between migration and terrorism has been ballyhooed by the media due to concerns of radicalism in Europe brought by new immigrants. Yet radicals are rarely new migrants. Instead, as Marc Sageman has found, non-domestic terrorists in the West usually come from second- or third-generation immigrants who have become disenchanted with their new societies . Those who view migrants as terrorists tend to ignore the many incidences of domestic—both far-left and far-right—terrorism that occurs in democracies and adopt the blinkered view that only non-Christians can be terrorists. The chapter will: (1) show that the connection between migrants or refugees and terrorism is tenuous at best; (2) describe how radicalization, the greater threat, happens; and (3) describe how radicalization of migrants and hosts occurs.
Hand Call Practices and Satisfaction: Survey Results From Hand Surgeons in the United States.

Purpose To describe current hand call practices in the United States (US) and identify aspects of call practices that lead to surgeon satisfaction. Methods An anonymous survey was administered to practicing members of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, and responses were filtered to US surgeons taking hand call. Hand call was considered: (A) hand-specific call including replantation or microvascular services or (B) hand-specific call without replantation or microvascular responsibilities. Data were collected pertaining to practices, compensation, assistance, frequency, and satisfaction. Descriptive analyses were performed and regionally subdivided. Pearson correlations were used to determine aspects of a call that influenced surgeon satisfaction. Results A total of 662 US hand surgeons from 49 states responded. Among the respondents, 38% (251) participate in replantation or microvascular call, 34% (225) participate in hand-specific call excluding replantation, and 28% (186) do not participate in hand-specific call. Of those practicing hand call (476), 60% take 6 or fewer days of call per month, 62% have assistance with staffing consultations, 65% have assistance with surgical procedures, and 49% are financially incentivized to take call. More than half (51%) reported that they have a protected time for call aside from their elective practice, and 10% of the surgeons reported that they have a dedicated operating room (OR) time after a call to care for cases. Two percent reported that the day following call is free from clinical duties. Only 46% of the surgeons were satisfied with their call schedule, with the top concerns among unsatisfied respondents relating to pay, OR availability, and burnout. The factors correlating to surgeon satisfaction included less frequent call, assistance with performing consultations and surgery, pay for call, and OR availability. Conclusions The majority of US hand surgeons are not satisfied with their current call practices, with frequent concerns relating to pay, OR availability, and burnout. Clinical relevance These findings may promote awareness regarding aspects of hand call that correlate with surgeon satisfaction and highlight practice patterns that may reduce burnout.
Infestation of germplasm lines and cultivars of cotton in Arizona by whitefly nymphs (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae).

Seasonal abundance of whitefly nymphs, primarily sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and bandedwinged whitefly, Trialeurodes abutilonea (Haldeman), on leaves of germplasm lines and cu...
Clinical manifestations of Crohn's disease in children and adolescents.

Crohn9s disease (regional enteritis) is a chronic disorder which usually appears in adolescence or early adulthood.1-8 The average age of onset reported in the adult literature is 27 years.9 Although it has not been reported frequently in children, Van Patter et al., found that 14% of 600 patients observed at the Mayo Clinic had an onset of symptoms occurring before the age of 15.10 Rogers et al.,11 utilizing a computerized analysis of their files, found that 21% of 489 patients with the diagnosis of Crohn9s disease had the onset before age 15. In fact, the first patient that attracted Dr. Crohn9s attention to this entity was a 16-year-old boy.12 Among the patients in the 7 to 15-year-age range at the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York, the maximum incidence was at 10 to 14 years of age.5 The current communication summarizes the clinical features of 58 patients with Crohn9s disease of the small intestine and/or of the colon whose disease appeared before they were 15 years of age and emphasizes the prominence of the extra-intestinal manifestations. The mode of presentation of these younger patients was often such that the clinician9s attention was diverted from the gastrointestinal tract. PATIENTS STUDIED During a 20-year period (1952 to 1972) at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, 376 patients were discharged with the diagnosis of regional enteritis or Crohn9s disease. Forty-eight of them, or 12.7%, were under the age of 15. The diagnosis was based on pathological and/or roentgenographic cnteria. The study group included these 48 patients plus 10 others seen in the outpatient department or at other Baltimore hospitals (Sinai Hospital and the Greater Baltimore Medical Center).
Proposition 13 and Its Offspring: For Good or for Evil?

The answer to the question posed in the title depends on which model of local government behavior is operative. If it is the median-voter/benevolent-dictator model, then property tax limits can only be for evil. If it is the Leviathan/budget-maximizing- bureaucratic model, then property tax limits have the potential to improve the welfare of local resident voters. From this perspective, I reassess the empirical literature on state-imposed limits on local property taxes and conclude that the evidence can be interpreted as supportive of the notion that the Leviathan model may be operative and thus that property tax limits have the potential to improve welfare.
Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposites

The sections in this article are Introduction Photocatalysis by TiO2 Nanoparticles, Nanocomposites and Nanoconjugates for Chemical Degradation and Antimicrobial Activity Methods for Evaluating Photocatalysis Different Types of TiO2 Nanocomposites Modifying TiO2 with Charge-Transfer Catalysts Coating with Photosensitizing Dyes Noble Metal Deposition or Coupling Doping and Grafting Coupling with Semiconductors, Blending with Metal Oxides Modifying with Polymers or Clays Antimicrobial Uses of Nanocomposites Antimicrobial Nanocomposites with Noble Metal Deposition Antimicrobial Doped and Grafted Nanocomposites Modifying with Polymers Creation of Magnetic Nanocomposites Use of TiO2 Nanoparticles, Nanocomposites, and Nanoconjugates for Phosphopeptide Enrichment from Biological Materials In Vitro Uptake and Effects of Nanoscale TiO2 and Nanocomposites in Cells Uptake of TiO2 Nanomaterials Intracellular Localization of TiO2 Nanomaterials Intracellular Interactions of TiO2 Nanomaterials Photocatalytic Uses of TiO2 Nanomaterials to Induce DNA Cleavage and Cytotoxicity Use of Titania Oxide and Its Composites for Implants and Tissue Engineering Osseointegration Implantation Methods Osteoblast Adhesion Modification of Surface Chemistry Artificial Bone Substitute Materials Toxicology Studies of TiO2 Nanomaterials in Animals Inhalation and Intratracheal Instillation Intratracheal Instillation Inhalation Dermal Exposure Ingestion and Oral Lavage Intravenous Injection Intraperitoneal Injection Subcutaneous Administration Conclusions Keywords: titanium dioxide; nanoparticles; nanoconjugates; nanocomposites; anatase; rutile; titania
Photolytic reaction of chromium and molybdenum carbene complexes with imines: synthesis of cepham, oxapenam, and oxacepham derivatives

Abstract A variety of substituted β-lactams, including a cepham analog, were synthesized by the photochemical reaction of [(methoxy)(methyl)carbene]chromium complexes with substituted imines. Oxazines and oxazolines were inert towards chromium carbene complexes. Oxazines were converted to bicyclic β-lactams by the photolytic reaction of molybdenum carbene complexes. Oxazolines were considerably less reactive and produced only low yields of β-lactam product and an equivalent amount of the corresponding oxazinone, incorporating two (MeO)(Me)C(CO) groups.
INDEPENDENCE OF GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE AMPLITUDE AND SWEAT PRODUCTION.

Although the galvanic skin response (GSR) has at various times been thought to reflect muscular or vascular phenomena (1), experimental evidence has gradually established an almost overwhelming case in favor of the sweat gland as the site of the observed electrical changes (2). There are nonetheless several indications that the GSR in fact depends upon two components. For example, the dndosomatic GSR contains both positive and negative waves; either of these may appear separately, and the two react differentially to temperature change (3). Furthermore, the positive component can be attenuated by hypoxia, while the negative wave is unaffected (4). Other evidence for a two component system rests on the demonstration of independence between the exosomatic and endosomatic responses (4, 5) or between impedance responses and resistance responses (6).
Earthquakes: Friction or a plastic instability?

The mechanical friction hypothesis is widely accepted as the universal explanation for earthquakes in the earth's crust. However, there are a number of observations that are inconsistent with this hypothesis. In addition, it is generally accepted that the mechanical friction hypothesis is not applicable to deep earthquakes in the subducted lithosphere. However, earthquakes occur at all depths with no evidence for a change in mechanism between deep and shallow events. In this paper the applicability of the plastic instability responsible for shear bands in metals to earthquakes is examined. This instability combines work hardening with thermal softening. We numerically solve the applicable equations for this rupture instability and by adjusting two free parameters, we obtain results that are consistent with observations of both crustal and mantle earthquakes.
Near-infrared Variability among YSOs in the Star Formation Region Cygnus OB7

We present an analysis of near-infrared time-series photometry in J, H, and K bands for about 100 epochs of a 1 square degree region of the Lynds 1003/1004 dark cloud in the Cygnus OB7 region. Augmented by data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), we identify 96 candidate disk bearing young stellar objects (YSOs) in the region. Of these, 30 are clearly Class I or earlier. Using the Wide-Field imaging CAMera (WFCAM) on the United Kingdom InfraRed Telescope (UKIRT), we were able to obtain photometry over three observing seasons, with photometric uncertainty better than 0.05 mag down to J ~17. We study detailed light curves and color trajectories of ~50 of the YSOs in the monitored field. We investigate the variability and periodicity of the YSOs and find the data are consistent with all YSOs being variable in these wavelengths on time scales of a few years. We divide the variability into four observational classes: 1) stars with periodic variability stable over long timescales, 2) variables which exhibit short-lived cyclic behavior, 3) long duration variables, and 4) stochastic variables. Some YSO variability defies simple classification. We can explain much of the observed variability as being due to dynamic and rotational changes in the disk, including an asymmetric or changing blocking fraction, changes to the inner disk hole size, as well as changes to the accretion rate. Overall, we find that the Class I:Class II ratio of the cluster is consistent with an age of < 1Myr, with at least one individual, wildly varying, source ~ 100,000 yr old. We have also discovered a Class II eclipsing binary system with a period of 17.87 days.
The Mixing Transition in Free Shear Flows

The term “mixing transition” denotes an increase in molecular mixedness observed in a shear flow which has earlier experienced the conventional (momentum) transition from laminar flow. First defined by Konrad (1976), from measurements of concentration in a free shear layer, the transition has been described and measured by a number of other methods, in particular by flow visualiztion, by measurement of chemical reaction product and by hot-wire anemometry, in aqueous as well as gaseous flows. In this presentation we review some of the measurements and try to assess what insight they may give on several questions that occur. 1. What is the relation of the mixing transition to Reynolds number and to other events: the momentum transition; vortex pairing; development of streamwise vortex structure? 2. How much does interfacial area increase during the transition? 3. How fast does this occur? 4. Does chaotic advection play a role? The answers are tentative and incomplete.
GROUPIES AND SINGLETONS: STUDENT PREFERENCES IN CLASSROOM-BASED WRITING CONSULTING

1In the writing center, students have the opportunity to meet with writing tutors in an academic environment outside of the classroom. Some students come because their professors have requested that they workshop a paper or have offered special credit to those who make use of the writing center. Most students, however, come voluntarily, either for a weekly one-hour tutorial with a specific consultant or for a brief session with a consultant during the time designated for “walk-in” appointments. Both types of tutorials offered in the writing center are open to all students, regardless of the type of class they are taking. Within the classroom, writing consultants’ time is split between one-on-one consultations and group tutorials. Once each week, consultants work with students in the computer lab while they are engaged in the writing process. During the other class session, consultants meet with small groups of students to discuss their writing and coordinate peer response groups. As a result of the class structure, some writing students have the chance to work on their papers in both environments.
Ranked set sampling

Environmental monitoring and assessment typically requires observational data as opposed to data obtained from controlled experiments. Obtaining such data requires identification of sample units to represent the population of concern, followed by selection of particular units to quantify the characteristic(s) of interest. Sample units are generally the smallest possible units of measurement, such as plots, soil cores, and individuals, while typical characteristics of interest include biomass, chemical concentrations, or “head counts.” Typically the most expensive part of this process is laboratory analysis, while identification of potential sample units is comparatively simple. One can therefore achieve great observational economy if one can identify a large number of sample units to represent the population of interest, yet only have to quantify a carefully selected subsample. This potential for observational economy was recognized for estimating mean pasture and forage yields in the early 1950s when McIntyre proposed a method, later coined ranked set sampling (RSS) by Halls and Dell, and currently under active investigation in various quarters.
Predicting high-risk disease using tissue biomarkers.

Personalized medicine in the management of patients with prostate cancer is limited to the integration of patient attributes such as age, genetic risk, and comorbidities with specific clinical-pathological variables including serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA); imaging and features from the diagnostic prostate needle biopsy or prostatectomy specimen including tumor differentiation (i.e., Gleason); and volume and extent of disease (i.e., tumor length and/or percentage, number of positive cores at diagnosis, or pathological stage post surgery including margin status). Although the development of various clinical statistical instruments such as nomograms has provided a mechanism to interrogate such variables, most urologists rely on basic prognostic features of stage, grade, and PSA along with clinical judgment to define and understand individual risk and predict health outcomes. The reality is that the majority of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer today are in the lower, intermediate-risk category (biopsy Gleason score 6–7, PSA < 10 ng, ≤T2) where clinical variables are not able to sufficiently discriminate patients with respect to appropriate treatment and disease course (Adamy et al., J Urol 185:477–482, 2011; Yatani et al., Jpn J Clin Oncol 19:319–326, 1989; Abate-Shen et al., Differentiation 76:717–727, 2008). Furthermore, unlike other tumor types such as breast cancer, there are no routine ancillary diagnostic studies performed on the prostate needle biopsy or the prostatectomy specimen to support and refine the prognosis and treatment decision process for the individual patient.
Structures and Dynamic Solution Behavior of Cationic, Two-Coordinate Gold(I)–π-Allene Complexes

A family of seven cationic gold complexes that contain both an alkyl substituted π-allene ligand and an electron-rich, sterically hindered supporting ligand was isolated in >90% yield and characterized by spectroscopy and, in three cases, by X-ray crystallography. Solution-phase and solid-state analysis of these complexes established preferential binding of gold to the less substituted C=C bond of the allene and to the allene π face trans to the substituent on the uncomplexed allenyl C=C bond. Kinetic analysis of intermolecular allene exchange established two-term rate laws of the form rate=k(1)[complex]+k(2)[complex][allene] consistent with allene-independent and allene-dependent exchange pathways with energy barriers of ΔG(≠)(1)=17.4-18.8 and ΔG(≠)(2)=15.2-17.6 kcal mol(-1), respectively. Variable temperature (VT) NMR analysis revealed fluxional behavior consistent with facile (ΔG(≠)=8.9-11.4 kcal mol(-1)) intramolecular exchange of the allene π faces through η(1)-allene transition states and/or intermediates that retain a staggered arrangement of the allene substituents. VT NMR/spin saturation transfer analysis of [{P(tBu)(2)o-binaphthyl}Au(η(2)-4,5-nonadiene)](+)SbF(6)(-) (5), which contains elements of chirality in both the phosphine and allene ligands, revealed no epimerization of the allene ligand below the threshold for intermolecular allene exchange (ΔG(≠)(298K)=17.4 kcal mol(-1)), which ruled out the participation of a η(1)-allylic cation species in the low-energy π-face exchange process for this complex.
Ignitron Pulse Equipment for Particle Accelerators

I GNITRON TUBES have been successfully applied as switching elements to supply current pulses to the magnet coil of particle accelerator equipments. Applications involve current pulses having crest amplitudes of 5 to 30 kiloamperes, durations of 1/120 to 1/1,200 second, repetition rates of 6 to 60 per second, and supply voltages up to 20 kv.
Acetone photolysis: Kinetic studies in a flow reactor

The photodecomposition of acetone vapor was studied in a tubular flow, differential reactor at atmospheric pressure and from 82 to 112°C. The products included significant amounts of biacetyl along with carbon monoxide and ethane. A rate equation was developed from a sequence of elementary reactions believed to explain the photolysis of acetone. The effects of light intensity and acetone concentration, indicated in the derived rate equation, were confirmed by the data. The rate is less than first-order with respect to acetone, and this is believed to be due to reformation of stable acetone molecules by deactivation of CH3COCH3*.
Thermodynamically Constrained Averaging Theory Approach for Modeling Flow and Transport Phenomena in Porous Medium Systems: 8. Interface and Common Curve Dynamics.

This work is the eighth in a series that develops the fundamental aspects of the thermodynamically constrained averaging theory (TCAT) that allows for a systematic increase in the scale at which multiphase transport phenomena are modeled in porous medium systems. In these systems, the explicit locations of interfaces between phases and common curves, where three or more interfaces meet, are not considered at scales above the microscale. Rather, the densities of these quantities arise as areas per volume or length per volume. Modeling of the dynamics of these measures is an important challenge for robust models of flow and transport phenomena in porous medium systems, as the extent of these regions can have important implications for mass, momentum, and energy transport between and among phases, and formulation of a capillary pressure relation with minimal hysteresis. These densities do not exist at the microscale, where the interfaces and common curves correspond to particular locations. Therefore, it is necessary for a well-developed macroscale theory to provide evolution equations that describe the dynamics of interface and common curve densities. Here we point out the challenges and pitfalls in producing such evolution equations, develop a set of such equations based on averaging theorems, and identify the terms that require particular attention in experimental and computational efforts to parameterize the equations. We use the evolution equations developed to specify a closed two-fluid-phase flow model.
Metropolitan Decentralization and City-Suburb Wage Differentials:

DATA ON CENTRAL COUNTIES AND SUBURBAN COUNTIES OF 29 NON-SOUTHERN STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS FROM 1959 TO 1970 SHOW THAT, ON NET, THE RELATIVE CITY/SUBURBS WAGE DID NOT FALL, EVEN INCREASING SLIGHTLY FOR THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR. AT LEAST FOR MANUFACTURING, THE INCREASE IN THE CITY/SUBURB WAGE IN THE FACE OF SUBSTANTIAL FIRM DECENTRALIZATION APPEARED TO BE THE RESULT OF A LARGE POPULATION SUBURBANIZATION (ESPECIALLY THAT OF WHITES) WHICH PUT UPWARD PRESSURE ON THE CITY/ SUBURBS MANUFACTURING WAGE. THUS, THERE DOES NOT APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN ANY RELATIVE WORSENING IN CITY WAGES DURING THE 1960's.
The Effect of Overuse Activity on Achilles Tendon in an Animal Model: A Biomechanical Study

Musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries from athletic activities are common in the rotator cuff tendons, lateral epicondyle of the elbow, the patella tendon, and the Achilles tendon. Despite the fact that the Achilles tendon is the largest and strongest tendon in the human body, it is frequently injured in the athletic setting. To study the etiology and pathogenesis of Achilles tendon injuries, our goal was to develop a model of Achilles tendon overuse by evaluating the Achilles tendons from animals subjected to the exercise protocol previously described as overuse for the supraspinatus tendon. We hypothesized that the same exercise protocol would produce injuries to the Achilles tendon as demonstrated by changes in the cross-sectional area and biomechanical properties. While a significant injury was induced into the supraspinatus tendon, we found no changes in the Achilles tendons of these exercised animals based on gross observation, geometric measurements, and mechanical testing analyses. Although surprising, there are many possible explanations for these findings including differences in potential injury mechanisms, functional capabilities of the differing tendons, and other factors.
Role of SSB protein in RecA promoted branch migration reactions

The RecA protein of Escherichia coli is essential for genetic recombination and postreplicational repair of DNA. In vitro, RecA protein promotes strand transfer reactions between full length linear duplex and single stranded circular DNA of phi X174 to form heteroduplex replicative form II-like structures (Cox and Lehman 1981 a0. In a similar way, it transfers one strand of a short duplex restriction fragment to a single stranded circle. Both reactions require RecA and single strand binding protein (SSB) in amounts sufficient to saturate the ssDNA. The rate and extent of strand transfer is enhanced considerably when SSB is added after preincubation of the DNA with RecA protein. In contrast, SSB protein is not required for RecA protein catalysed reciprocal strand exchanges between regions of duplex DNA. These results indicate that while SSB is necessary for efficient transfer between linear duplex and ssDNA to form a single heteroduplex, it is not required for branch migration reactions between duplex molecules that form two heteroduplexes.
Extrapyramidal signs in the primary progressive aphasias.

Background: Extrapyramidal signs (EPS) may vary across 3 major subtypes of primary progressive aphasia (PPA): progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA), semantic dementia (SD), and progressive logopenic aphasia (PLA). Methods: We reviewed initial neurological examinations from a clinical PPA cohort (PNFA = 49, SD = 26, PLA = 28) to determine the prevalence of specific categories of EPS. Results: The presence of any EPS was more common in PNFA (38.8%) and PLA (35.7%) than in SD (3.8%). The PNFA group exhibited the highest prevalence of bradykinesia (PNFA: 22.4%, SD: 3.8%, PLA: 0.0%) and rigidity (PNFA: 30.6%, SD: 0.0%, PLA: 10.7%). Calculated positive likelihood ratios indicated bradykinesia (12.1) or rigidity (5.5) was more strongly associated with PNFA than other PPAs. Conclusion: These findings suggest that on initial presentation, specific EPS may help distinguish PPA subtypes when linguistic and/or neuroimaging profiles are indistinct. Moreover, EPS could represent a marker of underlying tauopathy, linking...
The role of radiotherapy in themanagement of locally advanced prostate cancer

Abstract Objective The article explores the contemporary use of radiation therapy in the management of locally advanced prostate cancer. Methods The three main radiotherapeutic strategies that have been utilized in current clinical trials to optimize radiotherapy in the management of locally advanced prostate cancers are reviewed. These are to (1) increase the relative integral dose; (2) decrease the volume of tumor present; (3) optimize the biology. Results Results from the brachytherapy literature demonstrate that high doses may sterilize tumors more effectively. This concept has been taken into trials using conformal external beam radiation therapy. The Phase III trials conducted through the RTOG and in Canada are reviewed. These trials have demonstrated disease-free survival advantages of cytoreduction over conventional therapy alone. Neutron radiation therapy has also been evaluated in multicenter randomized studies, and the results there have demonstrated a superiority for neutron therapy over conventional photon therapy alone. Conclusion Although conventional photon radiation therapy may not be optimal inbulky prostate cancer, new techniques of optimizing radiation therapy by reducing the volume of tumor present or using techniques that give a biologically optimized dose or a physically increased dose may be of advantage in the future.
Influence of Ice on Soil Elemental Characterization via Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

Field portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometry has become an increasingly popular technique for in-situ elemental characterization of soils. The technique is fast, portable, and accurate, requiring minimal sample preparation and no consumables. However, soil moisture > 20% has been known to cause fluorescence denudation and error in elemental reporting and few studies have evaluated the presence of soil moisture in solid form as ice. Gelisols (USDA Soil Taxonomy), permafrost-affected soils, cover a large amount of the land surface in the northern and southern hemispheres. Thus, the applicability of PXRF in those areas requires further investigation. PXRF was used to scan the elemental composition (Ba, Ca, Cr, Fe, K, Mn, Pb, Rb, Sr, Ti, Zn, and Zr) of 13 pedons in central and northern Alaska, USA. Four types of scans were completed: 1) in-situ frozen soil, 2) re-frozen soil in the laboratory, 3) melted soil/water mixture in the laboratory, and 4) moisture-corrected soil. All were then compared to oven dry soil scans. Results showed that the majority of PXRF readings from in-situ, re-frozen, and melted samples were significantly underestimated, compared to the readings on oven dry samples, owing to the interference expected by moisture. However, when the moisture contents were divided into > 40% and < 40% groups, the PXRF readings under different scanning conditions performed better in the group with < 40% moisture contents. Most elements of the scans on the melted samples with < 40% moisture contents acceptably compared to those of the dry samples, with R 2 values ranging from 0.446 (Mn) to 0.930 (Sr). However, underestimation of the melted samples was still quite apparent. Moisture-corrected sample PXRF readings provided the best correlation to those of the dry, ground samples as indicated by higher R2 values, lower root mean square errors (RMSEs), and slopes closer to 1 in linear regression equations. However, the in-situ (frozen) sample scans did not differ appreciably from the melted sample scans in their correlations to dry sample scans in terms of R 2 values (0.81 vs. 0.88), RMSEs (1.06 vs. 0.85), and slopes (0.88 vs. 0.92). Notably, all of those relationships improved for