cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coulomb Effects in Inner Bremsstrahlen

The Coulomb correction to the photon spectrum accompanying beta decay is calculated, treating the Coulomb field as a perturbation. It is shown that for allowed and unique first forbidden transitions, the result differs from that of Knipp-Uhlenbeck-Bloch only by the appearance of an extra factor, related to the Sommerfeld factor in ordinary bremsstrahlen. Analytic formulas are presented for these two selection rules, and a comparison made with recent experiments.
Superresolution and Single Molecule Imaging of Transcription by Reflected Light Sheet Microscopy

Understanding gene expression in mammalian cells requires techniques that allow to probe abundance, dynamics and distribution of the key molecular players such as transcription factors, RNA Polymerase and RNA inside the nucleus. To circumvent ensemble averaging of biomolecular dynamics, single molecule sensitivity inside the cell is essential, while superresolution imaging beyond the diffraction limit is needed to resolve the structural architecture of macromolecular assemblies involved in transcription.We achieve both high temporal and spatial resolution in single cells using a new variant of light sheet microscopy. This new technique, Reflected Light Sheet Microscopy, employs a small mirror near the cell to project a light sheet into the nucleus. This optical sectioning reduces out-of-focus background and allows video-rate detection of individual fluorescent proteins and superresolved STORM imaging in mammalian nuclei.In live cells, tracking of single transcription factors labeled with a fluorescent protein reveals the kinetics of free diffusion as well as non specific and specific binding to DNA. Furthermore, STORM imaging in fixed cells using fluorescently labeled antibodies against different phosphorylated forms of RNA polymerase II reveals a homogenous distribution of transcription throughout the nucleus. This superresolution view of mammalian transcription provides no evidence for transcription factories.
Stability of Tocopherol in Frozen and Rethawed Liver Tissue

Abstract A LOSS of tocopherol upon storage of tissue at −20°C. was reported in two studies. Dju et al. (1958) showed that a loss of 20% occurred in human liver tissue which was stored in a plastic bag for 8 weeks and a 34% loss after 109 weeks. The other study (Pollard and Bieri, 1959) showed that there was approximately a 32% loss of tocopherol in bovine heart muscle which was stored for 25 days. In contrast, Diplock et al. (1960) reported that no loss was evident either in a prepartion of rabbit liver stored for 6 weeks or horse heart muscle stored for 28 weeks at −20°. The possible loss of tocopherol upon storage at this temperature caused some apprehension in this laboratory, since the assumption had been made in previous studies that no loss occurred upon storage at −20°. Prior to further tocopherol experimentation, it was essential to know . . .
An iterative finite element-integral technique for predicting sound radiation from turbofan inlets

A new iterative solution technique for predicting the sound field radiated from a turbofan inlet is presented. The sound field is divided into two regions; the sound field within the inlet which is computed using the finite element method and the radiation field outside the inlet which is calculated using an integral solution technique. A 'unified' solution is obtained by matching the finite element and integral solutions at the interface between the interior and exterior regions. The applicability of the iterative technique is demonstrated by considering several simple cases for which exact or 'classical' solutions for the sound field are available. These examples show that the proper solution is obtained within five iterations. The overall accuracy of the method is demonstrated by comparison with experimental data.
Triplet annihlation in pyrene-d10 doped fluorene

Abstract Triplet exciton concentration inferred from delayed fluorescence measurements of pyrene-d10 doped fluorene crystals has been examined as a function of temperature in order to study the correlation between exciton density and electronic triplet spin lattice relaxation (Tie). The results have indicated a poor correlation between the delayed fluorescence intensity and the electronic relaxation rate although a qualitative correlation exists between the growth of trap phosphorescence and relaxation rate.
Some Factors Affecting the Heating and Cooling Lags of Processed Cheese in Thermal Death Time Cans

Summary The lag correction, factor, the time that must be subtracted from the gross heating time to give the net time at heating medium temperature, varies with the fill-weight and the position of the can for conduction heating of cheese spreads. Results of this study indicate that: (a) The lag correction factor increases with increases in the fill weight, (b) The lag correction factor was larger when the can was heated in the flat position as compared to the edge position.
The temperature dependence of some kinetic and conductance properties of acetylcholine receptor channels.

Abstract We examined the temperature dependence of single-channel properties of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel from clonal BC3H-1 cells over a range of 10–40°C. We found temperature sensitivities ( Q 10 values) of 2–4 for the mean channel open time. The Q 10 did not depend strongly on voltage and the voltage dependence of the mean open time was temperature-independent. The Q 10 of closing rate of the long-lived open state was 3–4 but the Q 10 of closing rate of the brief open state was independent of temperature. The duration of brief closures could be measured only between 10 and 25°C. Since this approached the limit of the experimental time resolution, an accurate determination of the Q 10 could not be made. The current decay due to desensitization after rapid application of high concentrations of agonist varied with a Q 10 of about 2. The conductance of single channels (the inverse of the ion translocation rate) had a Q 10 of 1.3–1.5. We found no obvious nonlinearities in the Arrhenius curves for any of the measured properties.
Study on interfacial structures in slug flows using a miniaturized four-sensor conductivity probe

A miniaturized four-sensor conductivity probe is designed to effectively minimize the reported limitations of the previous designs. The new probe is capable of measuring both large and small bubbles. The signal processing scheme is constructed for the probe in such a way that the two-phase parameters of different types of bubbles can be identified and categorized. Image analysis is employed to benchmark the new probe. A good agreement between the experimental data and the theoretical calculation is obtained, which assesses both the measurement principle and the capability of the signal processing scheme. The experimental data are obtained in a 5.08-cm ID vertical co-current air/water loop at two different axial locations of L/D=32 and 64 in slug flow conditions. The local time-averaged two-phase parameters obtained by the probe include the interfacial area concentration, void fraction, interface velocity, chord length, and Sauter mean diameter for various types of bubbles. The measured parameters are categorized in two groups in view of the development of a two-group interfacial transport equation. The development of geometric two-phase flow parameters of each group along the axial direction of the flow duct is well demonstrated.
Effect of Salts on the Water Holding Capacity of Poultry Meat

Abstract The effect of various salts on the water holding capacity of thigh and drumstick meat was studied. Seven different salts (NH4 Cl, MgCl2, NaCl, KCl, LiCl, NaCNS, CaCl2 and NaBr), at an ionic strength of 0.256 were added to the meat. It was found that for drumstick meat the salts had the following effect on water holding capacity: MgCl2 >NH4Cl>LiCl>NaBr>KCl>CaCl2 >NaCNS. For thigh meat the effect was: NaBr>LiCl>MgCl2>KCl>CaCl2>NaCNS>NH4Cl. It was found that when graded levels of ionic strength 0.256 NaCl solution were added to breast meat, thigh meat and drumstick meat, the breast meat had a poorer water holding capacity than either the thigh meat or drumstick meat.
Intraluminal chemotherapy (HN2 or 5-FU) adjuvant to operation for cancer of the colon and rectum. II. Follow-up report of 97 cases.

This is a five-year progress report of a method of intraluminal chemotherapy adjuvant to operation for cancer of the colon and rectum. The technique involves sequestering the diseased segment between tape ligatures. A cancericidal drug is then injected into the lumen within the taped area. The clamping of the pedicle vessels is designedly delayed 30 minutes to allow maximum dosage absorption. In the 5-FU group, the agent is repeated intravenously on postoperative days 1 and 2. A total of 97 patients were followed up to five years in the treated series and 268 patients were followed in the control series. HN2 and 5-FU were used. There was no significant rise in morbidity or mortality associated with the technique. Survival follow-up studies of the HN2-treated group at the end of five years shows no improvement over the controls. However, in the 5-FU-treated group of patients the increased trend in survival noted at three years continues to be sustained at four years.
Radical Democratic Thought and Contemporaryamerican Public Administration A Substantive Perspective

This article argues that radical democratic thought, although to a large extent theoretically ignored in public administration, has an important role to play in raising critical issues that are int...
Durability and tests of the permanent income hypothesis using partially disaggregated consumption data

Since goods classified as non-durable may, in fact, have a durable component, random-walk tests of the permanent income hypothesis using non-durable data series may yield incorrect results. This paper investigates this problem by first simulating a model of consumption to show the effects of durability on statistical tests of non-durable consumption models, and then by applying these tests to various disaggregated consumption series to determine the effect in practice. The paper finds that there are significant differences in the behaviour of the series within the non-durables and services catagories, and that these differences may be related to durability. The effect of this on standard tests of consumption is discussed.
Electron microscopy of siliceous spicules from the freshwater sponge Heteromyenia.

Siliceous spicules from the freshwater sponge Heteromyenia were studied using three-dimensional carbon replicas. Precise images of spicule structure were obtained. After silica removal with 5% HF, organic axial threads remained within the spicule replicas. Negative staining of isolated threads revealed little or no internal organization. The relationships between the axial threads and spongin, and between polysaccharide surfaces and the biogenesis of siliceous structures are discussed.
Electrical activity of the brain measured in the frequency range above 200 cycles per second

Abstract A special amplifier with high speed recording equipment makes possible the detection of electroencephalographic potentials in the frequency range between 200 and 14,000 c./sec. Potentials of up to 70 μV. (peak to peak) were found in the range between 200 and 1400 c./sec. on human subjects. Signals with correspondingly shorter rise time were observed from the exposed brain of a cat. The recorded potentials are probably of cortical origin.
Quantification of gadolinium in fresh skin and serum samples from patients with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis

Background Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a rare, potentially fatal fibrosing disorder associated with renal insufficiency and gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast exposure. The cause remains unknown. To date, all efforts to investigate skin Gd concentrations in patients with NSF have been performed on paraffin-embedded samples, and Gd deposition has not been correlated with disease activity by a statistically significant analysis. Objective We sought to: (1) quantify Gd concentration in fresh tissue skin biopsy specimens; (2) quantify and compare synchronous Gd concentration of affected skin and unaffected skin in patients with NSF (n = 13) with a control group (n = 13); and (3) quantify serum Gd. Methods We used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results In patients with NSF, the mean ratio of paired Gd concentrations of affected skin to unaffected skin was 23.1, ranging from 1.2 to 88.9. Mean serum Gd concentrations in patients with NSF were 4.8 ng/mL, which is more than 10 times the level in control patients. A statistically significant correlation existed between serum and affected skin Gd concentrations ( r 2 = .74, P Limitations Because of the feasibility of this study, the main limitation was the small sample size (n = 13 affected and 13 control). Conclusions Determination of Gd concentrations in fresh skin samples and serum using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry demonstrates significant differences in the amounts of Gd in involved versus nonlesional skin of patients with NSF. This supports the role of differential free Gd deposition from Gd-based contrast in the pathogenesis of NSF.
Comprehensive workflow mining

Workflow Management Systems (WFMS) assist with the execution, monitoring and management of a process. These systems, as they are executing, keep a record of who does what and when (e.g. a workflow event log). The activity of using computer software to examine these records to produce useful knowledge about a process is called workflow mining. Currently, workflow mining research is narrowly focused on the rediscovery of control flow models. In this position paper, we present comprehensive workflow mining to broaden the scope of workflow mining. We present the concepts of comprehensive workflow mining using the Information Control Net (ICN) workflow modeling language.
Osteoid osteoma of the lunate.

Osteoid osteoma is a rare lesion in the carpus. This article records the case of an osteoid osteoma occurring in the lunate.
Preparing information literate teachers: A metasynthesis

Abstract This metasynthesis of empirical and nonempirical literature analyzed 39 journal articles and book chapters that examined issues related to the preparation of information literate teachers in the U.S., Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Taiwan, and the U.K. All 39 items were published after March 1998 (when the Association of College and Research Libraries reported that teacher education programs had made no real progress in modifying course requirements and performance expectations to address information literacy concerns). The literature indicates that teacher education programs have made significant progress in addressing information literacy concerns during these last 10 years; however, much work remains to be done. Increased opportunities for collaboration between educators and librarians at the preschool–Grade 12 (P-12) and postsecondary levels are needed to prepare information literate teachers who can effectively teach information literacy skills and research strategies to their P-12 students.
Computing the zeros, maxima and inflection points of Chebyshev, Legendre and Fourier series: solving transcendental equations by spectral interpolation and polynomial rootfinding

Recently, both companion-matrix methods and subdivision algorithms have been developed for finding the zeros of a truncated spectral series. Since the Chebyshev or Legendre coefficients of deriv- atives of a function f (x) can be computed by trivial recurrences from those of the function itself, it follows that finding the maxima, minima and inflection points of a truncated Chebyshev or Fourier series fN(x) is also a problem of finding the zeros of a polynomial when written in truncated Chebyshev series form, or computing the roots of a trigonometric polynomial. Widely scattered results are reviewed and a few previously unpublished ideas sprinkled in. There are now robust zerofinders for all species of spectral series. A transcendental function f (x) can be approximated arbitrarily well on a real interval by a truncated Chebyshev series fN(x) of sufficiently high degree N. It follows that through Chebyshev interpolation and Chebyshev rootfinders, it is now possible to easily find all the real roots on an interval for any smooth transcendental function.
Mitigation of resource competition in synthetic genetic circuits through feedback regulation

A recurring challenge in the design of genetic circuits is context dependence, the fact that the behavior of a functional module is influenced by the state of the wider cellular milieu with which it interacts. One key player in context dependence is the scarcity of shared cellular resources, especially those required for transcription and translation during gene expression. Because of competition for these limited resources, the behavior of modules becomes coupled in subtle ways, preventing circuits from working as expected. This paper proposes a classical feedback control approach to mitigate the steady state effects of the competition for resources necessary for gene expression. In particular, we analyze and compare the ability of several inhibitory feedback regulation architectures to reduce the interdependence between different gene expression processes due to resource limitations.
Several advanced microwave scanning radiometer for EOS (AMSR-E) environmental results

The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) is a conically scanning, dual-polarization, total power microwave radiometer flying on NASA's Aqua satellite. It has been taking global observations for more than four years. The instrument was provided by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, JAXA, and it was built by Mitsubishi Electric Company. AMSR-E data provide information on the state of various hydrologic parameters in the atmosphere and on the Earth's surface. AMSR-E measures dual linearly polarized radiation (horizontal and vertical polarizations) at frequencies of 6.9, 10.7, 18.7, 36.5, and 89 GHz. These frequencies have diverse amounts of influence from a wide variety of lower atmospheric and surface variables. Examples of environmental results obtained from AMSR-E data are included. One of the most important new capabilities is global SST observations through clouds, including observations of the cold wakes behind hurricanes. The cold wake behind hurricane Katrina will be shown. A monthly, global soil moisture percentage map was developed from the AMSR-E retrievals, and as an additional benefit maps showing large RFI sources have been compiled. Maps of the snow water equivalent (SWE) and detailed maps of the Arctic sea ice will be shown.
Innovative pupil topographies for sparse aperture telescopes and SNR

ABSTRACT Since the first application of the telescope to astronomy in 1610, most new astronomical discoveries require larger and larger radiation collecting areas. Today, the twin 10-meter Keck telescopes are operational and several 30-meter-aperture class telescopes are being planned. Optical interferometers and sparse aperture ground telescopes for astronomy have been proposed and built. Fienup showed the dependence betw een exposure time and the dilution factor of the aperture needed to maintain image quality. 1 Carpenter suggests a sparse aperture telescope system for the purpose of imaging across the surfaces of stars. 2 This paper demonstrates that the ability to reconstruct images from white-light extended sources with different contrast levels also depends on the specific pupil topography that is applied to the telescope system. Signal-to-noise ratios for recorded images are calculated for scene contrast, pupil shape, detector full-well, detected photons, and exposure times. Keywords: telescopes, sparse apertures, image quality , signal-to-noise ratio, image processing
On the Structural Space of Protein-Protein Interfaces

All major cellular processes in living cells are dependent on protein-protein interactions. At the heart of protein-protein interactions are protein-protein interfaces where the direct physical interactions occur. One may view the collection of all possible protein interface structures as a structural space. Understanding the nature of this space not only advances our fundamental knowledge about proteins but has profound implications for protein-protein interaction prediction and design. Can one explain the observed space of structures just by the principles of physics or does evolution need to be invoked as well? Here, we focus on interface structures of dimers, i.e., a complex formed by two protein monomers. By developing and applying an efficient structural alignment method, iAlign, we study the structural similarity of >1000 representative protein-protein interfaces. We present results of comparing experimental (native) interface structures formed by proteins whose monomers adopt different structures and show that most native interfaces have a close structural neighbor with similar backbone C geometry and interfacial contact pattern. To understand the possible origin of this interface similarity, we build artificial complexes from a library of randomly generated, compact homopolymeric structures and compare the structure of their interfaces to native interfaces. We show that most of native complexes can find an artificial counterpart, and vice versa. Moreover, from protein-like sequences further designed to be thermodynamically compatible with the artificial structures, native-like artificial protein complexes with strong favorable interactions emerge, albeit at a small probability.
Minocycline hyperpigmentation: model for in situ phagocytic activity of factor XIIIa positive dermal dendrocytes.

Pigmentary disorders resulting from the prolonged use of the semisynthetic tetracycline derivative antibiotic, minocycline, are rare but well recognized sequelae of ingestion of this drug. We present two eases of women with billions pemphigoid who developed blue-black pigmentation in areas of scarring on the legs after oral minocycline therapy. On histologic examination, the deposited pigment was localized within dendritic cells limited to the upper dermis. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed these cells to be factor XIIIa positive dermal dendrocytes which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. We believe these cases demonstrate, in-situ, the phagocytic capabilities of this recently described cell population.
Origin of localized surface plasmon resonances in thin silver film over nanosphere patterns

Film over nanosphere (FON) patterns are formed by depositing a silver film on top of a close-packed polystyrene (PS) sphere template. Multiple localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peaks are experimentally measured in the three-dimensional FON pattern for thin silver films. Increasing the sphere size in the close-packed template or the deposited silver film thickness red shifts the LSPR peaks to varying degrees. A finite difference time domain analysis reveals that the main LSPR peaks originate from a quadrupole and a dipole coupling mode near the triangle gap surrounded by three adjacent PS spheres. The physical location and the electromagnetic enhancement of the two resonant modes are determined for different thicknesses of deposited silver films.
Race × class stereotypes of women

Forty-four undergraduates assigned traditional stereotyping adjectives to middle-class black, middle-class white, lower-class black, and lower-class white female stimulus persons. A multivariate analysis of variance revealed that these Race × Class stereotypes of women differed significantly by race and by social class, but there was no Race × Class interaction. The stereotype of white women was rated significantly higher than that of black women on dependent, passive, and emotional. The stereotype of lower-class women was rated significantly higher than that of middle-class women on confused, dirty, hostile, inconsiderate, and irresponsible. Although the stereotypes of women differed significantly by race and social class, all were stereotypically feminine. In addition, the stereotypes of white women, and of middle-class women were most similar to traditional stereotypes of women. Thus, it was concluded that both race and social class are implicit variables in sex-role stereotypes.
J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 225–232 (May/June 2008) AFM capabilities in characterization of particles and surfaces: from angstroms to microns*

Synopsis Scanning probe microscopy (SPM), invented 25 years ago, is now routinely employed as a surface characterization technique. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is the most widely used form of SPM, since AFM can be used in ambient conditions with minimal sample preparation. Examples of applications relevant to cosmetics include, but are not limited to, hair and skin roughness measurements and powder particle and nano-emulsion characterization. AFM is well suited for individual particle characterization, especially for measurements of volume, height, size, shape, aspect ratio, and particle surface morphology. Statistical distributions for a large set of particles can be generated through single-particle analysis techniques (i.e. ensemble-like information). AFM is better capable of resolving complex particle-size distributions than dynamic light-scattering (DLS). Single-particle analysis techniques with AFM can be more cost-and time-effective than analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). However, AFM offers resolution that is comparable to or greater than SEM or transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and routinely allows direct measurements of the particle height and volume and produces images easily displayed in a quantified 3D format.
Adenovirus type 12 tumor antigen I. Separation from DNA polymerase α and immunoprecipitation of tumor-antigen polypeptides

Abstract Adenovirus type 12 (Ad12) tumor (T) antigen, extracted from Ad12-transformed hamster cells and partially purified (>500-fold) by chromatography on double-stranded DNA-cellulose, contains DNA polymerase α activity which is partially inhibited by antibodies reacting with T antigen. The DNA polymerase and T antigen can be completely separated by chromatography on single-stranded DNA-cellulose to which T antigen does not bind. Antibodies reacting with T antigen have no inhibitory effect on the isolated DNA polymerase. The fraction eluting in the void volume of a single-stranded DNA-cellulose column containing >1200-fold purified T antigen stimulates markedly the activity of DNA polymerase α with “native” DNA template; with the “activated” DNA template the stimulation is less prominent. This stimulation is not significantly affected by T antigen-reactive antibodies. An analogous fraction of control BHK21 cells has similar stimulatory effects on the isolated DNA polymerase α, indicating that the stimulatory activity is probably not attributable to T antigen. The T-antigen polypeptides were immunoprecipitated from >1200-fold-purified preparations by antibodies from tumor-bearing hamsters and were identified as a major peptide of molecular weight 50,000 and a minor species of molecular weight 11,000.
Modern Technical Approaches in Resectional Hepatic Surgery

Techniques in liver surgery have improved considerably during the last decades, allowing for liver resections with low morbidity and mortality. Preoperative patient selection, perioperative management, and intraoperative blood-sparing techniques are the cornerstones of modern liver surgery. Multimodal treatment of colorectal liver metastases has expanded the group of patients who are potential candidates for liver resection. Adjunctive techniques, including preoperative portal vein embolization and staged hepatectomy, have facilitated the safe performance of extensive liver resection. This article provides an overview of indications for liver resection and a systematic description of the technical approach to the most commonly performed resections.
Summary of Regional Evidence for Right-Lateral Displacement in the Western Great Basin

Right-lateral displacement of 80 to 120 miles across the western Great Basin is indicated by the consistent disruption of sedimentary facies and thickness trends of formations ranging in age from late Precambrian to Mesozoic. Some of this displacement occurs as fault slip and some as a more pervasive large-scale drag (oroflexural bending).
A Generalized Upper Bounding Method for Doubly Coupled Linear Programs

Abstract : The algorithm proposed is an extension of the generalized upper bounding method for problems without coupling columns. It produces the same sequence of extreme point solutions as the primal simplex method, and hence has the desirable convergence properties of that algorithm. However, the operations within each simplex iteration are organized to take maximal advantage of problem structure.
Core algebra revisited

Reynolds's work in parametric polymorphism when specialized to a particular example gives rise to the notion of the core of a category and its associated equational theory of core algebras.
Nanoscale optical features via hot-stamping of As 2 Se 3 glass

Here we show our ability to fabricate two-dimensional (2D) gratings on chalcogenide glasses with peak-to-valley amplitude of ~200 nm. The fabrication method relies on the thermal nano-imprinting of the glass substrate or film in direct contact with a patterned stamp. Stamping experiments are carried out using a bench-top precision glass-molding machine, both on As2Se3 optically-polished bulk samples and thermally-evaporated thin films. The stamps consist of silicon wafers patterned with sub-micron lithographically defined features. We demonstrate that the fabrication method described here enables precise control of the glass’ viscosity, mitigates risks associated with internal structural damages such as dewetting, or parasitic crystallization. The stamping fidelity as a function of the Time-Force-Temperature regime is discussed, and further developments and potential applications are presented.
A prospective study of cavernous sinus surgery for meningiomas and resultant common ophthalmic complications (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis).

Results: Five of 20 patients (25%) with preoperative optic nerve dysfunction improved, but vision worsened in 6 (30%), including 4 (20%) whose vision deteriorated to no light perception. Four (11%) of 37 patients developed newly acquired optic neuropathy. No patients with preoperative third nerve palsies (19) cleared, although one improved. All 57 patients had evidence of some cranial nerve dysfunction (III, IV, V, or VI) immediately after surgery. Eight patients with long-term follow-up had complete sixth nerve palsies (7 preoperatively), and 4 had complete third nerve dysfunction (none in patients normal preoperatively). Nine (16%) had evidence of aberrant regeneration of the third nerve, and 12 (21%) developed neurotrophic keratitis. Conclusions: Cavernous sinus surgery results in transient worsening of third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cranial nerve function. Cavernous sinus surgery carries a high risk of worsening ocular motor disorders and producing new ones. Preexisting cranial nerve dysfunction (other than optic nerve) rarely improves. Patients and physicians should be aware of the potential for ophthalmic complications in addition to the more generalized risks of neurosurgery (eg, cerebrospinal fluid leak, infection, stroke).
Decay of the El Chichon perturbation to the stratospheric aerosol layer: Multispectral ground‐based radiometric observations

A 9-year time series of multispectral radiometric observations taken at Rattlesnake Mountain Observatory (46.4 N, 119.6 W) is analyzed to determine the long-term behavior of the El Chichon-induced perturbation to the stratospheric aerosol layer. A technique for determining the volcanic enhancement is described. Time series data for the volcanic enhancement in stratospheric optical depth at wavelengths of 1010, 785, 535, 486, and 428 nm are presented. The main features of the results, slight wavelength dependence and a seasonal oscillation superimposed on the expected exponential decay at all wavelengths, are discussed.
Highly effective treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphoma with dose-adjusted EPOCH: impact of antiretroviral therapy suspension and tumor biology

The outcome of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome–related lymphomas (ARLs) has improved since the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, but median survival remains low. We studied dose-adjusted EPOCH (etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin) with suspension of antiretroviral therapy in 39 newly diagnosed ARLs and examined protein expression profiles associated with drug resistance and histogenesis, patient immunity, and HIV dynamics and mutations. The expression profiles from a subset of ARL cases were also compared with a matched group of similarly treated HIV-negative cases. Complete remission was achieved in 74% of patients, and at 53 months median follow-up, disease-free and overall survival are 92% and 60%, respectively. Following reinstitution of antiretroviral therapy after chemotherapy, the CD4+ cells recovered by 12 months and the viral loads decreased below baseline by 3 months. Compared with HIV-negative cases, the ARL cases had lower bcl-2 and higher CD10 expression, consistent with a germinal center origin and good prognosis, but were more likely to be highly proliferative and to express p53, adverse features with standard chemotherapy. Unlike HIV-negative cases, p53 overexpression was not associated with a poor outcome, suggesting different pathogenesis. High tumor proliferation did not correlate with poor outcome and may partially explain the high activity of dose-adjusted EPOCH. The results suggest that the improved immune function associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) may have led to a shift in pathogenesis away from lymphomas of post–germinal center origin, which have a poor prognosis. These results suggest that tumor pathogenesis is responsible for the improved outcome of ARLs in the era of HAART.
Fluid-Structure Transient Gust Sensitivity using Least-Squares Continuous Sensitivity Analysis

A least-squares continuous sensitivity analysis method is developed for flui d-structure interacti on transient gust res ponse problems to support computationally efficient analysis and opti mization of aeroelastic design problems. In continuous sensitivity methods, one computes design or shape parameter gradients from the continuous system of parti al di fferential equati ons instead of the discretized system. The continuous sensitivity equati ons are a linear boundary-val ue problem which render computationally efficient design parameter gradients without needi ng to deri ve and code the problematic mesh sensitivities of discrete sensitivity methods. The coupled flui d-structure physics and conti nuous sensitivity system equations for a representati ve nonlinear gust response problem are posed in first-order form. The boundary condi tions for the sensitivity system are deri ved from a least-squares formulation of the underlying flui d-structure problem. The conti nuous sensitivity boundary val ue problem is then solved using a high-order pol ynomial leastsquares finite element model. An i mportant distincti on is made between l ocal and total deri vati ves at materi al points of the structure and a method for c onverting the local sensitivities to material deri vati ves is developed. Continuous sensitivity results for both the local and total material deri vati ves are presented and compared to gradients obtai ned by finite-di fference methods.
Interconnection agreements between competing Internet service providers

The wide area networks which make up the infrastructure of the Internet, connect at peering points that are either publicly or privately owned. Public peering points have become increasingly congested and offer poor connectivity and availability. Consequently, private agreements for increased interconnection capacity between network firms have become common. These agreements affect the quality of service and profits of the networks in different ways. To examine these issues, we construct a model of the economy in which two networks with different numbers of hosts are serving the same region and customers pick the network that offers them the most net benefit. We find that the network that hosts the greater content prefers a lower interconnection capacity than the other network. Consumers on that network see an increase in the congestion of their home network as a larger number of users from the other network gain easier access with an increase in interconnection capacity. On the other hand, consumers on the network with fewer hosts benefit greatly from increases in peering point capacity from private agreements.
On elastic wave calculations in a sphere using moment tensor sources

Summary. Propagator matrix solutions to the elastic equations of motion in spherically symmetric, inhomogeneous media with moment tensor sources are recast into a simple and intuitively satisfying form which is applicable to both exact and approximate calculations. The transformed expression benefits from the analogous equations of normal mode excitation, while clearly distinguishing the finer partitions of the displacement field and the more flexible boundary conditions that body wave formulations protide. I believe that this new representation, because of its many advantages, should be favoured as the foundation for elastic wave calculations in a sphere.
Evaluation of Image Noise in Respiratory Gated PET

The aim of this study was to quantify image noise and signal recovery in respiratory gated PET. A Jaszczak phantom filled with 18F was placed on a custom built motion platform. Different source to background activity ratios were used. An Anzai belt, a surface tension monitoring device, was strapped around the phantom to track the motion and to trigger the gated PET cycle. Data were acquired into 12 bins throughout one gating cycle. The binned data were also summed to produce image sets representing acquisitions with different numbers of gates, including a non-gated image set. The image noise was estimated using the bootstrap method. Images were generated from 100 sinogram replicates and reconstructed using ordered subsets-expectation maximization (OSEM), 4 iterations and 8 subsets. From the reconstructed image replicates, mean and standard deviation images were created, from which the average image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of each sphere were calculated. The SNR and CNR were evaluated as a function of the number of gates. The SNR and CNR result in the expected Poisson limited correlation with the number of gates for the larger lesions. Because of the motion, the CNR calculated from the images produced with no or few gates is nearly a factor of 2 less than the expected value for the 3 smallest spheres. As the number of gates increases, the CNR correlates with the expected values. Beyond 6 gates, image noise dominates over any signal improvement, which is reflected in the low CNR values of the smallest spheres. The results of this study show that gating can provide improvement in signal recovery with minimal loss of CNR for small, moving lesions
Extending OpenSHMEM for GPU Computing

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) are becoming an integral part of modern supercomputer architectures due to their high compute density and performance per watt. In order to maximize utilization, it is imperative that applications running on these clusters have low synchronization and communication overheads. Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) models provide an attractive approach for developing parallel scientific applications. Such models simplify programming through the abstraction of a shared memory address space while their one-sided communication primitives allow for efficient implementation of applications with minimum synchronization. OpenSHMEM is a library-based programming model that is gaining popularity. However, the current OpenSHMEM standard does not support direct communication from GPU device buffers. It requires data to be copied to the host memory before OpenSHMEM calls can be made. Similarly, data has to moved to the GPU explicitly by remote processes. This severely limits the programmability and performance of GPU applications. In this paper we provide extensions to the OpenSHMEM model which allow communication calls to be made directly on the GPU memory. The proposed extensions are interoperable with the two most popular GPU programming frameworks: CUDA and OpenCL. We present designs for an efficient OpenSHMEM runtime which transparently provide high-performance communication between GPUs in different inter-node and intra-node configurations. To the best of our knowledge this is the first work that enables GPU-GPU communication using the OpenSHMEM model for both CUDA and OpenCL computing frameworks. The proposed extensions to OpenSHMEM, coupled with the high-performance runtime, improve the latency of GPU-GPU shmem getmem operation by 90%, 40% and 17%, for intra-IOH (I/O Hub), inter-IOH and inter-node configurations. It improves the performance of OpenSHMEM atomics by up to 55% and 52%, for intra-IOH and inter-node GPU configurations respectively. The proposed enhancements improve the performance of Stencil2D kernel by 65% on a cluster of 192 GPUs and the performance of BFS kernel by 12% on a cluster of 96 GPUs.
Issues in Cross-cultural Quality-of-Life Research

Purpose: To examine cross-cultural measurement of quality of life (QOL) and issues to consider in adapting quality-of-life instruments. Organizing Construct: Health-related quality of life. Methods: Review of the literature on cross-cultural QOL using the Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), 1982 to February 2000, and Medline, 1966 to May 2000, databases. Findings: Use of research instruments beyond the samples with which they were initially tested, particularly if the new samples are cross-cultural, presents considerable challenges. The findings indicate consideration of these problems: phenomenon of interest, cross-cultural versus cross-national, salience, conceptual equivalence, cultural hegemony versus cultural validity, cultural equivalence versus verbal equivalence, fidelity versus appropriateness, privacy versus disclosure, appropriateness of format, and resource utilization for translation. Although the literature indicates increased discussion of theoretical, conceptual, and operational approaches to measuring cross-cultural QOL, problems continue in adapting instruments from one culture to another. Conclusions: Many issues about cross-cultural QOL were identified. By addressing these issues, researchers can develop appropriately translated and validated quality-of-life instruments to advance knowledge about cross-cultural QOL.
Packet loss and jitter control for real-time MPEG video communications

Real-time video communication over a packet switching network is subject to packet loss and random delay variation called jitter. For compressed video, packet loss can cause significant performance degradation, and for continuous video regeneration, packet jitter can cause discontinuity and additional packet loss. Therefore, for good reception quality of video, a low jitter and a low loss are required. In this paper, a real-time video transport protocol on top of the UNIX UDP/IP is proposed. To reduce the delay jitter and packet loss effects, the protocol uses new mechanisms of such as selective packet discard, buffering, and constant rate playback for compressed MPEG (Moving Pictures Experts Group) video. Test results over Ethernet and under heavy traffic conditions show satisfactory performance which is unnoticeable from the ideal case.
Oxygen Consumption in Gamma Irradiated Mouse Testes

An elevation in respiration accompanies the irradiation of mouse testes at 600 rad following a delay of two weeks. The high metabolic activity is maintained for several weeks after the initial exposure and is most probably associated with the recovery phase of the testes when spermatogonia A are repopulating the germinal epithelium. The correlation between these two events is indicative of the proliferation of cells which, while escaping death from irradiation, have sustained considerable and perhaps permanent injury which is subsequently expressed as the aberrant metabolism observed. Using the metabolic inhibitor DNP reveals little that is directly ascribable to the effects of gamma irradiation since the pattern of inhibition for each is essentially similar in control and irradiated samples. The use of ATP, on the other hand, suggests that metabolic control in regenerating testes may be highly modified. Alternative hypotheses are also discussed.
Learning Emotion Indicators from Tweets: Hashtags, Hashtag Patterns, and Phrases

We present a weakly supervised approach for learning hashtags, hashtag patterns, and phrases associated with five emotions: AFFECTION, ANGER/RAGE, FEAR/ANXIETY, JOY, and SADNESS/DISAPPOINTMENT. Starting with seed hashtags to label an initial set of tweets, we train emotion classifiers and use them to learn new emotion hashtags and hashtag patterns. This process then repeats in a bootstrapping framework. Emotion phrases are also extracted from the learned hashtags and used to create phrase-based emotion classifiers. We show that the learned set of emotion indicators yields a substantial improvement in F-scores, ranging from +%5 to +%18 over baseline classifiers.
European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn’s disease

When is a consensus not a consensus? Eduard Stange and Simon Travis1 are to be congratulated on their magnum opus encompassing 234 statements and 727 references pertaining to the diagnosis and management of Crohn’s disease. The aim of the consensus was not to “supersede guidelines of different countries”, but to “promote a European perspective on the management of Crohn’s disease” under the auspices of the European Crohn’s and Colitis Organization (ECCO). ECCO is a forum established in 2000 for specialists interested in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to promote European views, clinical trials and specialist training in IBD. We agree with many, if not most, of the statements and recommendations, and note that the European consensus with regard to diagnosis and management of Crohn’s disease is substantially aligned with practice guidelines from the US.2,3 The methods (strategy) of the Consensus entailed five steps. Fourteen separate topics were assigned to 13 working parties whose chairmen developed questions that were distributed to the working parties. The working parties dealt with the questions on the basis of their experience and evidence from the literature (gained from a systematic literature search). An evidence level was graded (1–5) according to the guidelines of the Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine (Oxford, UK). Provisional guideline statements were then written by the chairmen and circulated among the working parties, which met, first, in Prague at the 2004 United European Gastroenterology Week Conference, where 61 participants from 20 countries gathered to agree on the final versions of each guideline statement. The participants continued to discuss the individual statements until a consensus (>80% agreement) was reached. Each statement was then given a recommendation grade (A–D) on the basis of the level of evidence, and a final document for each topic was written by the chairmen in conjunction …