cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health Care Utilization after NICU Discharge and Neurodevelopmental Outcome in the First 2 Years of Life in Preterm Infants.

Objective The objective of this study was to determine predictors of health care utilization and its association with neurodevelopmental outcome in a recent cohort of preterm infants. Study Design A total of 405 infants (born 2008–2011) seen in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) follow-up were compared for use of hospitalizations (hosps), emergency room (ER), subspecialties (SS), and results of the Bayley-III. High rate of use was defined as having >1 hosp, ER, or SS. Multiple regression adjusted for the effect of risk factors on high health care use. Results High hosp rate was associated with public health insurance (PHI; p = 0.021), severely abnormal head ultrasound (SAHUS; p = 0.04) at 1 year, and PHI (p = 0.011), younger gestational age (GA) (p = 0.029) at 2 years. High ER use was associated with PHI, younger GA at 1 year (p = 0.007 and 0.012) and 2 years (p = 0.010 and 0.005). High SS was associated with NICU morbidities including small for GA (p = 0.005), retinopathy of prematurity (p = 0.001), necrotizing enterocolitis (p = 0.03), and SAHUS (p = 0.045). At 20 months, infants with high hosp and SS had higher rates of cerebral palsy and significantly lower mean cognitive, language, and motor scores. Conclusion Health care utilization is high among preterm infants in recent years and significantly associated with worse neurodevelopmental outcome. Further research is needed to determine if health care utilization after NICU discharge is an independent predictor of poor outcome.
Input from the external environment and input from within the body

Behaviour responds to both input from the external environment and input from within the organism's body. Input from the external environment has mainly the function to regulate the execution of the organism's activities while input from the body is used to decide which activity to execute. We evolve artificial organisms which to survive and reproduce have to both eat food and drink water in equivalent quantities and therefore at any given time they have to decide whether to look for food or water.We show that in some environments the appropriate behaviour can evolve with no need for the organism's brain to know the current level of energy and water in the body while in other environments the brain needs this information from the body in the form of hunger and thirst.We discuss how the body and the body's interactions with the brain are part of the overall adaptive pattern of an organism and must co-evolve with brain and behaviour.
Marta Dillon y Joaquín Hurtado: crónicas de la enfermedad crónica. / Marta Dillon and Joaquín Hurtado: chronicles of a chronic disease

Resumen: A traves de la lectura de las cronicas sobre el VIH/sida de Marta Dillon y Joaquin Hurtado, analizo como estos autores narran la convivencia cronica con el VIH que les impone el aprendizaje de nuevas formas de gestionar la vida y de autorrepresentarse. Estudio las cronicas no solo como estrategias terapeuticas para lidiar con los profundos cambios corporales y emocionales que trae consigo el diagnostico, sino tambien como estrategias politicas para incidir en la normalizacion y percepcion social de la enfermedad como entidad cronica. La reescritura del cuerpo, consustancial al devenir cronico de la enfermedad, enfrenta a los autores a cuestionar la improductividad o incapacidad de los sujetos afectados por el VIH, y los limites entre el yo y el otro (virus); la salud y la enfermedad, todo ello en el contexto de la medicalizacion contemporanea de los cuerpos y las subjetividades. Palabras Clave: VIH/sida, representacion, cronicas, enfermedad cronica, cuerpo, subjetividad Abstract: Through the reading of the chronicles on HIV / AIDS by Marta Dillon and Joaquin Hurtado, I analyze how these authors narrate the chronic coexistence with the HIV that imposes on them the learning of new ways of managing life and self-representation. I study the texts by Dillon and Hurtado not only as therapeutic strategies to deal with the impacts on bodies and emotions that the diagnosis brings but also as political strategies in order to change the social perception of the disease as a chronic condition. Through the rewriting of the body, inherent to the chronic evolution of the disease, the authors question the unproductivity or incapacity of the subjects affected by HIV and the limits between the self and the other (virus), health and illness, all in the context of the contemporary medicalization of bodies and subjectivities. Key words: HIV/AIDS, representation, chronic disease, chronicle, body, subjectivity
Developing a national snapshot of pesticide use practices in childcare centers using three different communication venues

Children spend as much as ten hours per day, five days a week in childcare centers and preschools. In providing healthy environments, these facilities deal with a variety of pest and pesticide issues influenced by their geographic location, local environment, and pesticide regulations. Some rely extensively on pesticides while others use integrated practices to address pest problems. Reducing the unnecessary exposure of children to pests and pesticides can be an important public health measure. Surveys, webinars, and an outreach project were used to demonstrate the dependence of childcare centers on pesticides. Webinars and on-site visits were effective in inform child care administrators and staff about an integrated approach to pest management that reduces the unnecessary exposure of children to pests and pesticides.
IBM research cloud evolution & efficiencies

The rapid growth and demand to promptly provision, scale and delete resources from a self-service cloud portal or an Application Programming Interface (API), has drastically changed how IBM and our industry have brought agility to information technology resources. In this paper, we will discuss the development and evolution of the IBM Research Cloud Integration Solution and provide our analysis and history of cloud deployment and automation readiness.
Henry Clay: America's Greatest Statesman. By Harlow Giles Unger. (Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press, 2015. Pp. xvii, 318. $25.99.)

As if Henry Clay lacked cheerleaders among his legion of biographers, yet another has entered the echo chamber of admirers. Harlow Giles Unger, a prolific profiler of American political leaders, po...
ANALYTICAL METHODS | Sampling

The importance of correctly taking and caring for a sample from a product lot cannot be overstressed. The sample will represent the entire lot of product only if correctly collected. After collection, a sample must be handled and stored in such a way that its composition is not altered. If these basic tenets are not followed, the results from subsequent analysis will be erroneous and misleading.
Harmonic Univalent Mappings and Minimal Graphs

We survey results and open problems in harmonic maps and minimal surface theory at a level appropriate for graduate students and others interested in contributing to the existing research. After covering some basic results, several topics are covered in more detail, including the shearing technique, inner mapping radius, convolutions, the Weierstrass Representation, determining minimal surfaces via change of variables, curvature bounds, and conjugate minimal surfaces. A variety of new and standing conjectures is included throughout. Examples are worked in detail and presented visually using ComplexTool, Mathematica, and other software packages.
Organic Solar Cells : Materials, Devices, Interfaces, and Modeling

Current energy consumption mainly depends on fossil fuels that are limited and can cause environmental issues such as greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. These factors have stimulated the search for alternate, clean, and renewable energy sources. Solar cells are some of the most promising clean and readily available energy sources. Plus, the successful utilization of solar energy can help reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. Recently, organic solar cells have gained extensive attention as a next-generation photovoltaic technology due to their light weight, mechanical flexibility, and solution-based cost-effective processing. Organic Solar Cells: Materials, Devices, Interfaces, and Modeling provides an in-depth understanding of the current state of the art of organic solar cell technology. Encompassing the full spectrum of organic solar cell materials, modeling and simulation, and device physics and engineering, this comprehensive text: Discusses active layer, interfacial, and transparent electrode materials Explains how to relate synthesis parameters to morphology of the photoactive layer using molecular dynamics simulations Offers insight into coupling morphology and interfaces with charge transport in organic solar cells Explores photoexcited carrier dynamics, defect states, interface engineering, and nanophase separation Covers inorganic–organic hybrids, tandem structure, and graphene-based polymer solar cells Organic Solar Cells: Materials, Devices, Interfaces, and Modeling makes an ideal reference for scientists and engineers as well as researchers and students entering the field from broad disciplines including chemistry, material science and engineering, physics, nanotechnology, nanoscience, and electrical engineering.
A reflection on South Korea’s broadband success:

Drawing on the extant literature on information and communication technologies (ICTs) in Korea, this essay identifies and discusses three factors that have contributed to Korea’s broadband achievem...
Purple-leaved Japanese Barberry (var. atropurpurea) Genotypes Become Visually Indistinguishable from Greenleaved Genotypes (Berberis thunbergii DC.) at Low Light Levels

Abstract Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii DC.) is a popular nursery plant that has escaped from cultivation to establish invasive populations across the United States. Previous studies demonstrate that green-leaved feral plants adapt successfully to low light levels. The leaf color phenotype of purple-leaved Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii var. atropurpurea) seedlings grown under shaded conditions was studied to determine their appearance under low light conditions typical of wooded areas often invaded by barberry. Seedlings from B. thunbergii var. atropurpurea were grown in full sunlight and under three shade treatments (36, 50 and 72%). Seedlings were also grown in full sunlight and under two higher shade treatments (85 and 95%) in a second study. The hue angle of purple seedlings increased from a mean of 22.3 in full sun to 86.9 at 72% shade, reflecting a color change from violet-purple to green-umber. Foliage color also became more vivid and lighter as shading increased. All purple genoty...
Developmental and cell-specific expression ofCacna1dsplice variants

ABSTRACT CaV1.3 is an L-type voltage-gated calcium channel implicated in several functions including gene expression, pacemaking activity, and neurotransmitter release. The gene that encodes the CaVα1-pore forming subunit of CaV1.3 (Cacna1d) is a multi-exon gene that undergoes extensive alternative splicing, which provides functional versatility to this gene across tissues and cell-types. The function and expression of several Cacna1d splice variants within the C-terminus have been previously characterized. These splice variants differ in their voltage-dependence of activation, Ca2+-dependent inactivation, and their sensitivity to dihydropyridines. However, less is known about alternatively spliced exons in Cacna1d located downstream of domain I and upstream of the C-terminus (e11, e22a/e22, e31a/e31b/e32). Here, we performed a systematic study to determine the developmental and cell-specific expression of several Cacna1d splice variants. We found that the cassette e11 is upregulated during brain development, and in adult cortical tissue is more abundant in excitatory neurons relative to inhibitory interneurons. This exon is also upregulated upon nerve growth factor (NGF) induced differentiation of pheochromocytoma cells, PC12. At the functional level, the splice variants resulting from e11 alternative splicing (+e11-Cacna1d and Δe11-Cacna1d) form functional CaV1.3 channels with similar biophysical properties in expression mammalian systems. Of the pair of mutually exclusive exons, e22a and e22, the later dominates at all stages. However, we observed a slight upregulation of e22 from embryonic to adult human brain. A second pair of mutually exclusive exons, e31a and e31b, was also studied. We found that e31a increases during brain development. Finally, the cassette exon 32 is repressed in adult brain tissue.
Mandarin tone recognition in English speakers with normal hearing and with cochlear implants.

AbstractObjective: Mandarin-speaking cochlear implant users have difficulty perceiving tonal changes in speech with current signal processing strategies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate w...
Integrated Behavioral Health in Rural Settings: A Course Design

Rurality is a vital component of cultural diversity, making it essential to train future counselors on comprehensive mental health counseling practice with rural populations. In this article, we de...
Effect of diabetes type on long-term outcome of epidermal axon regeneration

Objective To assess the effect of diabetes type on the long-term rate and extent of epidermal nerve regeneration. Methods Subjects with well controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus (n = 11) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 36), with normal nerve conduction studies and baseline intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD), and healthy controls (n = 10) underwent chemical axotomy of the intraepidermal nerves at the thigh using topical capsaicin. Skin biopsies were performed at 30, 90, 150, and 180 days post-axotomy. Results After 180 days, IENFD in diabetic subjects remained significantly below baseline levels, while healthy controls returned to normal. At each time point, regeneration rates were significantly slower among diabetic subjects, although type 1 subjects regenerated significantly faster and achieved higher percentages of baseline IENFD compared with type 2. Interpretation Among diabetic patients, nerve injury recovery is likely to take significantly longer than in healthy individuals, and remains incomplete, particularly among type 2 patients. This may partially explain the progression of neuropathy among diabetic patients: damage accumulates because nerve recovery is slowed and incomplete. Furthermore, these findings support caution when recommending certain procedures, such as carpal tunnel repair, to patients with progressed diabetic disease.
Differential contribution of p300 and CBP to regulatory elements in mESCs

Abstract The transcription coactivators CREB binding protein (CBP) and p300 are highly homologous acetyltransferases that mediate histone 3 lysine 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) at regulatory elements such as enhancers and promoters. Although in most cases, CBP and p300 are considered to be functionally identical, both proteins are indispensable for development and there is evidence of tissue-specific nonredundancy. However, characterization of chromatin and transcription states regulated by each protein is lacking. In this study we analyze the individual contribution of p300 and CBP to the H3K27ac landscape, chromatin accessibility, and transcription in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC). We demonstrate that p300 is responsible for the majority of H3K27ac in mESCs and that loss of acetylation in p300-depleted mESCs is more pronounced at enhancers compared to promoters. While loss of either CBP or p300 has little effect on the open state of chromatin, we observe that distinct gene sets are transcriptionally dysregulated upon depletion of p300 or CBP. Transcriptional dysregulation is generally correlated with dysregulation of promoter acetylation upon depletion of p300 (but not CBP) and appears to be relatively independent of dysregulated enhancer acetylation. Interestingly, both our transcriptional and genomic analyses demonstrate that targets of the p53 pathway are stabilized upon deletion of p300, suggesting that this pathway is highly prioritized when p300 levels are limited.
A Model of Explosive Vapor Concentration II

A theoretical model which predicts the expected concentration of explosive vapor which might be available for detection in various scenarios was reported at a previous conference (Mannheim 1989). The results of this model have now been refined and the model extended to apply to other situations. A comparison has been made of the predictions of this model with experimental results obtained in a controlled experiment in a room-sized environment. The experimental results are found to be in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
The source-path-goal image schema in gestures for thinking and teaching

Abstract This article examines source-path-goal image-schematic structure in gestures used to solve counting problems (gesture for thinking) and to teach children how to read a clock (gesture for teaching). The analyses illustrate how path schemas inherent in idealized cognitive models are exhibited in gesture forms and in gesture sequences and combinations, manifesting conceptual content beyond that articulated in speech. While at times the path structure is incidental, enacting part of a cognitive model that is not the focus of discourse, at other times the path structure is essential, in that listeners must perceive the source-path-goal structure in the gesture in order to construct the proper understanding. The examples support the view that image schemas at the heart of cognitive models partly motivate and structure gestures for cognitive and communicative purposes, and that listener attunement to this structure contributes to intersubjective understanding and the perpetuation of cultural practices for distributed cognition.
Increased MxA protein expression and dendritic cells in spongiotic dermatitis differentiates dermatomyositis from eczema in a single-center case-control study.

Background Dermatomyositis (DM) is conventionally characterized by interface dermatitis (ID) on skin histopathology. A subset of DM patients have skin biopsies showing spongiotic dermatitis (SD), a histopathology more commonly seen in eczema. In this study we aimed to 1) identify the percentage of clinically diagnosed DM patients with SD skin biopsies, 2) identify cytokine and cell markers that can help determine if a SD skin biopsy is consistent with DM. Methods In this case-control study, biopsies from ten DM patients with SD (DM-SD) were compared to biopsies from ten healthy controls, ten patients with eczema, and 12 patients with DM with ID (DM-ID). Biopsies were stained by immunohistochemistry for MxA, IFN-β, CD11c, and BDCA2. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's multiple comparison test was used to compare protein expression between groups. Results 11 of 164 (6.7%) patients with a clinical diagnosis of DM at our tertiary care center were identified as having SD. MxA, IFN-β, CD11c, and BDCA2 protein expression is significantly higher in DM-SD compared to eczema and healthy controls. Expressions of MxA, IFN-β and BDCA2 were not significantly different between DM-SD and DM-ID. Conclusion Increased MxA, IFN-β, CD11c, and BDCA2 protein expression may aid in distinguishing between DM-SD and eczema and warrants further investigation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Two Recent Decisions on Disclaimers Highlight Potential Pitfalls for the Unwary Practitioner

Two recent decisions that considered the consequences of disclaimers highlight the need for estate practitioners to exercise care their use in estate administration. In Estate of Monroe, disclaimers that complied with all relevant technical requirements were, nevertheless, held invalid by the Tax Court. In Estate of DePauli, disclaimers that did not satisfy the relevant technical requirements were, nevertheless, deemed qualified. In DePauli, in addition the question of whether the disclaimer was qualified, the 10th circuit had to decide to whom the disclaimed interest would pass as a result of the disclaimer. This article review the two decisions and highlights the particular issues that practitioners should address when determining whether to recommend the use of disclaimers in estate administration.
Medical Nuclear Supply Chain Design: A Tractable Network Model and Computational Approach

In this paper, we develop a tractable network model and computational approach for the design and redesign of medical nuclear supply chains. Our focus is on the supply chain of the most commonly used radioisotope for medical imaging utilized in cardiac and cancer diagnostics. This topic is of special relevance to healthcare given the medical nuclear product's widespread use as well as the aging of the nuclear reactors where it is produced. The generalized network model, for which we derive formula for the arc and path multipliers that capture the underlying physics of radioisotope decay, is a multiple criteria system-optimization model that includes total cost minimization, the minimization of cost associated with nuclear waste discarding, and also risk management, coupled with investment (or disinvestment) costs. Its solution yields the optimal link investments as well as the optimal product flows so that demand at the medical facilities is satisfied. The framework provides the foundation for further empirical research and the basis for the modeling and analysis of supply chain networks for other very time-sensitive medical products.
Renal cell carcinoma presenting as vaginal bleeding

Abstract A case is presented of a patient who manifested vaginal bleeding due to metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Although the lungs are the primary focus of metastatic renal cell carcinoma, nearly any organ system can be a site for metastases giving bizarre symptoms. The mechanism of dissemination of tumor emboli is discussed.
AcidoCEST MRI Evaluates the Bone Microenvironment in Multiple Myeloma.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable disease of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM). Adaptive responses to hypoxia may be an essential element in MM progression and drug resistance. This metabolic adaptation involves a decrease in extracellular pH (pHe), and it depends on the upregulation of glucose transporters (GLUTs) that is common in hypoxia and in cancer cells. CEST MRI is an imaging technique that assesses pHe indirectly by the exchange rate of magnetic saturation transfer between labile protons on a solute and water. Thus, this study aimed to determine the feasibility of acidoCEST MRI for pHe measurement using an orthotopic mouse model of MM compared with GLUT1 immunofluorescence staining as a reference. Orthotopic BM engrafted MM xenografts were established in NSG/NOD mice using the human RPMI8226 myeloma cell line. AcidoCEST MRI was performed approximately 6 weeks after intravenous challenge, before and after intravenous administration of iopamidol. BM pHe values were generated via fitting the CEST spectrum with the Bloch-McConnell equations. Samples were decalcified, sectioned, and immunostained for GLUT1 expression. Pearson’s correlation was used to assess the relationship between pHe and [H3O+] versus GLUT1 expression. Ten mice underwent acidoCEST MRI followed by immunofluorescent histologic analysis. A strong negative correlation was seen between pHe versus GLUT1 expression (r = − 0.75, p < 0.001). After transformation of pH to [H3O+], a strong positive correlation between [H3O+] and GLUT1 expression was observed (r = 0.8, p < 0.001). AcidoCEST MRI can measure the extracellular pH of bone marrow affected by multiple myeloma. In this MM orthotopic mouse model, pHe measured by acidoCEST MRI showed strong correlations with the metabolic phenotype of BM tumor assessed by immunofluorescent histological assessment of GLUT1 overexpression.
Initiation and Growth of the Secondary Electron Avalanche along High-Gradient Insulators in Vacuum

High-gradient insulators (HGIs) are materials created by alternating layers of insulating and conducting materials, which can result in a higher holdoff voltage than a monolithic insulator of the same length. We model the HGIs periodic electric field and use both a particle-in-cell direct simulation Monte Carlo code and a test particle approach to parameterize the growth of the secondary electron emission avalanches (SEEAs). To determine the effect of various HGI design parameters on secondary electron trajectories and SEEA growth, the following factors are investigated: layer width, edge layer materials, secondary electron yield, cell coupling, and surface defects as an electron source. We propose an alternative mechanism for initiating surface flashover, which considers surface defects on the downstream side of insulating layers, which differs from the current theory of cell coupling between adjacent insulating layers. Our results indicate surface conditioning is necessary because surface defects are a significant electron source in many cases. Our results reinforce the theory that thin layer widths are better at minimizing the growth of a surface avalanche, even though they will be more susceptible to cell coupling. If an HGI will not be conditioned prior to use, then thin layers are essential because of the significant avalanche growth capable along thicker layers. Finally, a metal layer adjacent to the cathode and an insulating layer adjacent the anode seems the optimal configuration to minimize the probability of flashover.
Relativistic Traveling Wave Amplifier Based on Two Electron Beams

In general, HPM systems currently being developed use oscillators as their RF source. These systems operate at a fixed frequency and are not readily tunable. In contrast to oscillators, a broadband amplifier has the frequency agility necessary to maximize electromagnetic (EM) coupling into targeted electronics. The multiple beams traveling wave tube amplifier (TWTA) technology can enhance the bandwidth of the TWTA and lead to superexponential growth. 1 , 2 In coupled cavity TWTs, several tens of klystron-like cavities are used as the slow wave structure, which are coupled for RF signal propagation. 3 The coupled cavity approach with shallow corrugations results in a wider bandwidth. However, its bandwidth is still a fraction of the bandwidth of the helix- TWT which is a relatively low power amplifier. In this work, two-stream technology is incorporated with a smooth-wall interaction region in order to enhance the bandwidth at the relativistic regime of operation. Input/output microwave coupling is an important factor for an efficient operation. The first stage of the study is to design an input coupler that is compatible with the two electron beams diode. This design is studied using MAGIC PIC simulations.
Myelopoietic Modulation by Lithium: in vitro Experiments on its Mechanisms of Action in Man

Various reports have described consistent elevation of granulocytes accompanying lithium administratioin in psychiatric patients (Mayfield and Brown, 1966; O’Connell, 1970; Shopsin et al., 1971). in 1975 Gupta et al. reported that lithium increased the leukocyte count in patients with Felty’s syndrome. They also documented increase in colony stimulating activity (CSA) active against murine bone marrow cells in the urine of these patients (Gupta et al., 1976). Recently, several authors have reported that lithium, when administered to patients with various malignancies, may ameliorate chemotherapy induced myelosuppression (Catane et al., 1976; Greco et al., 1976; Stein et al., 1977; Tisman, 1974; Tisman and Wu, 1977) and reduce the duration of granulocytopenia induced by chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia (Charron et al., 1977). Lithium has also been used to elevate leukocytes, platelets and hemoglobin levels in aplastic anemia with some success (Barrett et al., 1977).
CHAPTER 8 – Transmission (Absorption)

Transmission through, and reflection from, a medium both depend on the refractive (n) and absorptive (k) properties of the medium. Consequently, it is not always straightforward to classify interactions into the separate categories of transmission, reflection, and absorption spectroscopies. Transmission clearly monitors absorption in gases (except for the reflection from the chamber windows). In probing solids, however, transmission depends on the reflections at the ambient/material interfaces as well as on absorption in the material. Absorption and excitation laser-induced fluorescence in gases and excitation photoluminescence in solids probe the same properties of a system. Each has its strengths and weaknesses. When nonradiative relaxation processes are very fast relative to radiative decay, fluorescence is very weak and LIF (and PL) cannot be used; rapid relaxation has only a minor effect on absorption. This is particularly significant in the infrared because spontaneous emission rates are very slow in the IR. Because absorption measures the difference in the incident and transmitted beams, laser- and detector-related noise must be small in absorption measurements when the absorbed fraction is small; LIF is usually measured relative to a zero background and is therefore more sensitive.
Truth and Context in the 2012 Presidential Debates

Today’s modern age has led to a plethora of information available at the fingertips of all voters. During the 2012 presidential election cycle and specifically, during the three presidential debates that occurred in the fall, candidates Barack Obama and Mitt Romney spewed facts and political rhetoric, often seemingly with little regard for the truth or context of those facts. An overabundance of information available to today’s voters could not help them to separate the truth from the lies told by the candidates, especially as they seemed far more interested by buzz-worthy moments and personal digs than actual facts. Through media analysis of three presidential debates and three surveys, this study found out that presidential debates are tools to reinforce old messages rather than convey new ones.
Crystallin synthesis by chick lens. II. Changes in synthetic activities of epithelial and fiber cells during embryonic development.

Crystallin synthesis by epithelial and fiber cells from 7- to 18-day-old chicken embryo lenses was investigated by cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis. Epithelial cells of 7- to 12-day-old embryo lenses synthesize mainly δ crystallin and a small amount of α- and β-crystallins; these are all sensitive to actinomycin D (30 μg/ml). As the lens develops from 12 to 18 days, epithelial cells become insensitive to actinomycin D in respect to the synthesis of α- and β-crystallins. At the same time, the synthesis of δ-crystallin ceases. On the other hand, the fiber cell synthesizes primarily δ-crystallin with additional small amounts of α- and β-crystallins; these are all insensitive to actinomycin D during all stages of the development of the lens from 7 to 18 days.
Chapter 11 Using knowledge trees for semantic web querying

Abstract The capability for intelligent human like question answering is a fundamental goal of the semantic web. This capability requires a semantically enhanced, human like representation of various types of knowledge. It also requires a framework for providing a global plan for mobilizing the available knowledge to address the question posed. This should also direct us in seeking additional knowledge to help in the task. It also needs rules for making deductions from subsets of the knowledge base, performing local reasoning. We describe how the semantically rich fuzzy set based theory of approximate reasoning and the related paradigm of precisiated natural language can aid in the process of representing knowledge. The idea of a knowledge tree is introduced to provide a global framework for mobilizing the knowledge base in response to a query. We discuss how protoforms can be used to aid in deduction and local manipulation of knowledge. In addition to considering ordinary categorical knowledge we look at some types commonsense and default knowledge. These additional types of knowledge requires us to address the complexity of the non-monotonicity that these types of knowledge often display.
Absorptive breakup of N 14 projectiles

The $^{14}\mathrm{N}$ + $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$ reaction of 62 MeV shows a surprisingly strong yield of breakup particles. These fragments, whose spectra peak at approximately the beam velocity, represent a total cross section of about 150 mb. A Serber-type projectile breakup model with no adjustable parameters reproduces the shapes of the experimental spectra and angular distributions reasonably well and indicates that the mechanism producing these fast particles involves the breakup of the projectile combined with the absorption of the remainder of the projectile by the target.
Gender Differences in Strains Associated with Suicidal Behavior among Adolescents.

Scholars such as Durkheim and Chodorow have argued that the social strains contributing to suicide vary by sex. Specifically, it has been asserted that women relative to men either do not respond to social strain with suicide, or respond to relational but not status strains. Conversely, others assert that process differences never existed, or at the least have dissipated with increasing equality between the subgroups. Neither side has offered convincing empirical evidence for their position. This study examines social strains contributing to suicidal behavior among adolescents, by sex, to address this debate. Results clearly support the presence of process differences and delineate the specific nature of these differences. Generally, males and females are responsive to both status and relational strains. However, theoretical models suggesting males are more status oriented whereas females are more relationally dependent are supported. Results hold theoretical and interventionist implications for the contextual nature of suicide among adolescents.
12 What native and non-native speakers' images for idioms tell us about figurative language

Abstract In a series of experiments, native and non-native English speakers were asked to form mental images of familiar American English idioms. Even when given explicit instructions to base their images on the phrases' literal meanings, both groups of speakers reported images that reflected fusions of the phrases' literal and figurative meanings. In a subsequent rating task, non-native speakers were judged to have produced more natural sounding sentences using the target idioms after the imaging task than they did before the task. In a second experiment, non-native English speakers were asked to form images of unfamiliar American English idioms both before and after being told the phrases' figurative meanings. Non-native speakers' images did not noticeably change between the first and the second imaging session, indicating that their images were not dependent on explicit knowledge of the phrases' figurative meanings. Emergent properties of metaphorical language are discussed.
Interleukin-12: A Cytokine at the Interface of Inflammation and Immunity

Publisher Summary Although interleukin-12 (IL-12) has been discovered only relatively recently, a remarkable level of knowledge has been obtained for this cytokine, and many possible therapeutic applications are being tested or have been proposed. It performs the dual function as a proinflammatory cytokine and as an immunomodulatory molecule. This chapter describes the structure, genetics, induction, and biological functions of IL-12. Being produced at the early times of inflammation in response to infection or other stimuli, IL-12 contributes via the production of IFN-γ and other cytokines to the inflammatory process itself and particularly to the activation of macrophages. IL-12 represents a bridge between innate resistance and adaptive immunity, with a central role in the regulation of the response to infection and tumor cells, as well as in autoimmunity and allergy. Because of these activities, its clinical use has been proposed in infections, both as an immunopotentiating agent or as an adjuvant in vaccination, against tumors, and for the prevention of severe allergic syndromes. The study of IL-12 has revealed much about the physiology of innate and adaptive immunity; however, harnessing its potent biological activities for efficient therapeutical applications is a challenge.
The Duke Religion Index: A Psychometric Investigation

This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Duke Religion Index (DRI) in two separate samples (n 1=628, n 2=243) of college students enrolled in randomly selected courses. An exploratory factor analysis of the DRI in the first sample supported a one-factor structure. A subsequent confirmatory factor analysis in the second sample confirmed this model. The internal consistency was excellent in both samples. A significant, positive correlation was found between the DRI and a measure of religious beliefs, supporting the convergent validity of the DRI. These findings provide further support for the reliability and construct validity of the DRI.
Water resources systems

There is probably no precedent in the field of water resources for the manner in which researchers have seized upon and applied the techniques of systems analysis to water resources problems. The realization that there were now available recently developed mathematical techniques that might be applied to “optimally allocate limited resources among competing activities,” resulted in an almost frantic drive on the part of researchers to apply these techniques. Universities, government agencies, and professional societies all shared in this drive [Dracup et al., 1970].’
The GATA Transcription Factor egl-27 Delays Aging by Promoting Stress Resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans

Stress is a fundamental aspect of aging, as accumulated damage from a lifetime of stress can limit lifespan and protective responses to stress can extend lifespan. In this study, we identify a conserved Caenorhabditis elegans GATA transcription factor, egl-27, that is involved in several stress responses and aging. We found that overexpression of egl-27 extends the lifespan of wild-type animals. Furthermore, egl-27 is required for the pro-longevity effects from impaired insulin/IGF-1 like signaling (IIS), as reduced egl-27 activity fully suppresses the longevity of worms that are mutant for the IIS receptor, daf-2. egl-27 expression is inhibited by daf-2 and activated by pro-longevity factors daf-16/FOXO and elt-3/GATA, suggesting that egl-27 acts at the intersection of IIS and GATA pathways to extend lifespan. Consistent with its role in IIS signaling, we found that egl-27 is involved in stress response pathways. egl-27 expression is induced in the presence of multiple stresses, its targets are significantly enriched for many types of stress genes, and altering levels of egl-27 itself affects survival to heat and oxidative stress. Finally, we found that egl-27 expression increases between young and old animals, suggesting that increased levels of egl-27 in aged animals may act to promote stress resistance. These results identify egl-27 as a novel factor that links stress and aging pathways.
My Trip to New Hampshire The Nature of Vocation

The distance between my back door and the car is only five or six steps. That Friday morning I stepped out the door at 7:45, the customary hour, but as I reached for the car door I heard a voice. It would be more precise to say a voice spoke to me. This voice is not the most important element in my story, but it is one about which I need to be clear. I am not given to aural halluci nations or mystical experiences of any sort. However, the commandment I heard was not preceded by any process of delib eration on my part, nor even by a day dream. There is no time in the morning for daydreams anyway. I had been experienc ing no fantasies of escape; there were no unsettling dreams the night before. My breakfast, while rapidly consumed, was wholesome and moderate. As I reached for the handle of the car door I was not thinking of much of anything, certainly nothing other than my commute and the three classes I was scheduled to teach that day. I have no doubt that the voice came from inside me, and yet I would not say
Archaeomagnetic research in the Andean highlands

Abstract Eleven archaeomagnetic samples were collected from several sites near Porco, Bolivia as part of the Proyecto Arqueologico Porco-Potosi. These samples were collected in order to 1) explore the availability of appropriate sample materials in the Bolivian Andes, and 2) assess the feasibility of pursuing reference curve research for this region. In addition, this research explored the archaeomagnetic dating application of reference curves constructed from the global geomagnetic field model gufm1 ( Jackson et al., 2000 ), which covers the period from AD 1590–1990. This model is particularly applicable to our project, since many of the project sites are late prehispanic (pre-AD 1532) and early historic (ca. AD 1532–1825) in age. Of the 11 samples, three appeared to contain an insufficient amount of ferromagnetic minerals to provide reliable results, while eight samples produced acceptable-to-good results. The data from the eight good samples were compared to a reference curve for the period of AD 1600–2000 that was calculated for this project from the global field model, gufm1. The archaeomagnetic dates obtained for two of the samples agreed with archaeological expectations, while those for four other samples marginally or greatly postdated the archaeological age expectations. Two additional samples produced significantly different directions and could not be dated against the reference curve. It is likely that the age discrepancies for four of the samples stem from inaccuracies in the archaeomagnetic data, the archaeological age expectations, the calculated reference curve, or some combination of these factors.
Socializing Democracy: Jane Addams and John Dewey

The author argues that the contributions of Jane Addams and the women of the Hull House Settlement to pragmatist theory, particularly as formulated by John Dewey, are largely responsible for its emancipatory emphasis. By recovering Addams’s own pragmatist theory, a version of pragmatist feminism is developed that speaks to such contemporary feminist issues as the manner of inclusion in society of diverse persons, marginalized by gender, ethnicity, race, and sexual orientation; the strengths and limitations of standpoint theory; and the need for feminist ethics to embrace the social nature of morality. The model of social democracy that informs the pragmatist shift from a detached theory of knowing to an engaged theory of understanding differentiates it from both liberal individualism and communitarianism. Dewey’s repeated attacks on the incoherence of the model of classical liberal individualism, for example, are even more persuasive when seen in the context of the model of the intersubjective constitutio...
Reduced cell switching in a mobile computing environment

With the huge growth and the market for laptop and palmtop computer purchases, a rapid increase of mobile usage in the Internet is expected. As mobile nodes move in a wireless computer network, a mobile node must determine when to switch its link-level point of attachment to the wired network. In this paper, we present six cell switching techniques and discuss their attributes. Specifically, we present the Late, Early, and Strong cell switching techniques and three variations of them. We then investigate the performance of these six techniques to discover the best method a mobile node should use to determine when to perform its re-attachment to the wired network.
Heart Size on Chest X-Ray as a Predictor of Cardiac Enlargement by Echocardiography in Children

To determine the usefulness of heart size on chest radiograph (CXR) in predicting cardiac enlargement (CE) in children, we prospectively evaluated 95 consecutive outpatients, who had both a CXR and echocardiography performed. Their median age was 5.0 years (2 days to 19.9 years). All patients underwent CXR assessment by a pediatric radiologist, with classification of cardiac silhouette as normal, borderline, or enlarged. Echocardiographic assessment of CE was performed by a pediatric echocardiographer. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the pediatric radiologist's interpretation of heart size on CXR were estimated. The presence of CE by echocardiography was used as the gold standard. Seventy-nine patients (83.2%) had no CE on CXR, and 16 patients (16.8%) had CE. Sensitivity of the CXR to identify CE was 58.8%, 95% confidence interval (CI) [32.9, 81.6], with a positive predictive value of 62.5% [35.4, 84.8]. Specificity was 92.3% [84.0, 97.1], with a negative predictive value of 91.1% [82.6, 96.4]. These data suggest that the assessment of CE on CXR to predict CE by echocardiography has a relatively high specificity and negative predictive value, but a low sensitivity and positive predictive value. The limitations of CXR as a diagnostic test should be understood by clinicians using the test when screening children for cardiac disease.
Inelastic x-ray scattering from TiC and Ti single crystals

Inelastic x-ray scattering spectra were measured with incident x rays having an energy near 8 keV for a range of momentum transfers q extending from 0.70 to 2.0 \AA{} $^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. We find spectral features corresponding to valence electron excitations, as well as Raman scattering corresponding to excitation from the 3p core states to the 3d valence states of Ti. The spectral features corresponding to valence electron excitations lie in the regime conventionally interpreted as a bulk plasmon together with intraband and interband transitions. We compare our data for TiC at q=1.05 \AA{} $^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ with calculations for the dynamical dielectric constant \ensuremath{\varepsilon}(q,\ensuremath{\omega}) based on local-density theory. The agreement between the data and calculations permits us to interpret certain features in the spectra as arising from band transitions out of the strongly hybridized C 2p--Ti 3d band. The energy loss position of the Raman scattering peak is independent of momentum transfer for both TiC and Ti and lies at 48 eV for Ti. This value is above the highest-lying x-ray ultraviolet absorption resonance for atomic Ti at 43.5 eV. This shift in the data to higher energy transfer is consistent with electron energy loss spectra and photoemission results reported in the literature and indicates that important physical processes are not encompassed within existing theoretical approaches to x-ray Raman scattering. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Inclusion and ordering: The compounding effects of two distinct but related structural power conditions

A focal activity of network exchange theories is to discover structural conditions of power in exchange and, when more than one is present, to find their joint effect. In the 30 years since its inception, however, research in exchange networks has focused mostly on power conditions that are “connection types” and hence, until recently, only conditions of connection and their joint effects have been experimentally investigated. Here the compounding effects of a connection type (inclusion) and its “variant” (ordering) are investigated. A network position is “inclusively connected” when it must exchange with two or more others for benefits to come from any one. By contrast, ordering occurs when a series of exchanges must be completed in a given sequence. Resistance theory asserts that ordering is a variant (has similar but distinct effects) of inclusion and, when found together, the joint effect of the two is greater than when either is found separately. Predictions of the combined effects of the two structural power conditions of exchange are offered and investigated. Results suggest stronger effects than anticipated.