cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Production of translationally cold barium monohalide ions

We have produced sympathetically cooled barium monohalide ions Ba${X}^{+}$ ($X=\text{F}$, Cl, Br) by reacting trapped, laser-cooled Ba${}^{+}$ ions with room-temperature gas-phase neutral halogen-containing molecules. Reaction rates for two of these (SF${}_{6}$ and CH${}_{3}$Cl) have been measured and were found to be in agreement with classical models. Ba${X}^{+}$ ions are promising candidates for cooling to the rovibrational ground state, and our method presents a straightforward way to produce these polar molecular ions.
Aligned carbon nanotube-polymer composites: investigating their electrical and physical characteristics

Single wall carbon nanotube (SWNT)-polymer composites aligned by an AC electric field were characterized using Raman spectroscopy and electrical conductivity measurements to assess the resulting alignment. The Polarized Raman spectra was recorded at several angles between the SWNT axis and the incident polarization ranging from 0° to 180°. Inspection of the spectra revealed that maximum intensity is obtained when the polarization of incident radiation is parallel to the SWNT axis (0° and 180°), while the smallest intensity is obtained when the polarization of incident radiation is perpendicular to the SWNT axis (90°). The electrical measurements were made in three directions; parallel to the aligned SWNTs and perpendicular to the aligned SWNTs. Based on the electrical conductivity and polarized Raman spectroscopy measurements, it can be concluded that the SWNTs in the polymer matrix were preferentially aligned by applying an AC electric field of 43.5 V/mm at a frequency of 1 Hz, 10 Hz, 10 KHz and 100 KHz.
Combination of Solutions of the Torsion Problem by Means of a Connection Function

A method is presented whereby known solutions to the torsion problem may be combined to form new solutions provided that the bar cross section can be broken down into sections for which the solution of the torsion problem is already known. It is shown that the correction function required is one which satisfies the Laplace equation for the combined cross section.
Trabectedin: The evidence for its place in therapy in the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma

Introduction: Soft tissue sarcoma accounts for less than 1% of all malignant neoplasms and is comprised of a very heterogeneous group of tumors with over 50 different subtypes. Due to its diversity and rarity, developing new therapeutics has been difficult, at best. The standard of care in the treatment of advanced and metastatic disease over the last 30 years has been doxorubicin and ifosfamide, either alone or in combination. There has been significant focus on developing new therapeutics to treat primary and metastatic disease. Trabectedin (ecteinascidin-743) is a tetrahydroiso-quinoline alkaloid which has been evaluated in the treatment of metastatic soft tissue sarcoma.
Genitourinary complications of sickle cell disease.

Purpose: In the last half century the molecular biology, pathophysiology and natural history of sickle cell disease have been well defined. Sickle cell disease causes microvascular occlusion, which is manifested in most organ systems. The genitourinary tract is most commonly affected by hematuria, urinary tract infection and priapism but other more serious sequelae have been identified.Materials and Methods: We performed a computerized MEDLINE search from 1965 to the present and a bibliographic review of cross references. These references were analyzed for meaningful findings and case reports.Results: The diagnosis and management of sickle cell disease have advanced rapidly with a significant increase in the life expectancy of affected patients and recognition of a greater number of genitourinary complications. Renal function may be mildly altered or lost completely. Patients with sickle cell disease are at increased risk for urinary tract infection. Priapism is a painful complication of sickle cell disea...
A novel fuzzy entropy approach to image enhancement and thresholding

Abstract Image processing has to deal with many ambiguous situations. Fuzzy set theory is a useful mathematical tool for handling the ambiguity or uncertainty. In order to apply the fuzzy theory, selecting the fuzzy region of membership function is a fundamental and important task. Most researchers use a predetermined window approach which has inherent problems. There are several formulas for computing the entropy of a fuzzy set. In order to overcome the weakness of the existing entropy formulas, this paper defines a new approach to fuzzy entropy and uses it to automatically select the fuzzy region of membership function so that an image is able to be transformed into fuzzy domain with maximum fuzzy entropy. The procedure for finding the optimal combination of a, b and c is implemented by a genetic algorithm. The proposed method selects the fuzzy region according to the nature of the input image, determines the fuzzy region of membership function automatically, and the post-processes are based on the fuzzy region and membership function. We have employed the newly proposed approach to perform image enhancement and thresholding, and obtained satisfactory results.
A Pilot Program of Improved Methods for Community-Based Screening for Dementia

The authors examined the effectiveness of a voluntary memory impairment-screening program for community-dwelling older persons, assessing three factors: appropriateness of screening instrument, reliability of complaints of cognitive difficulties, and adherence to screening recommendations. Two cognitive screening instruments, the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) and the Seven-Minute Screen (7MS) were compared in 59 participants. Twenty-nine percent showed signs of impairment on the 7MS. Results suggested that the 7MS and the MMSE may have different sensitivities and specificities for the detection of early dementia. Failure on the 7MS was not predicted by cognitive or functional complaints. The study identified and addressed factors affecting compliance with screening recommendations.
Modern surgical treatment of breast cancer

Since the 1950's the treatment of breast cancer has changed substantially. This related surgery has become less disfiguring without either impairing survival or increasing recurrences. Adjuvant chemotherapy has also contributed.
Guest Editor's Prologue: Special Section on Communications Over Nonlinear Channels

If power is abundant and components are ideal, communication using all linear components may be achievable. However, in most practical communication systems, power is severely limited and the inefficiencies associated with actual linear power amplifier stages are intolerable. For these reasons, most communication systems employ highly nonlinear power amplifiers. Whether the resulting channel is linear or non-linear depends on ones definition of the channel. If the channel is defined as being from the input of the transmitter to the output of the demodulator at the receiver, the channel is clearly nonlinear, even through the electromagnetic channel may be completely linear.
Rayleigh waves excited by the discontinuous advance of a rupture front

Analytical results are presented for Rayleigh waves excited by a sudden change in the rate of growth of a subsurface zone of rupture. The curved rupture front advances across an inclined plane. The rupture can be brittle or cohesive tractions can act at its front. The analysis consists of two parts: First, ray theory is used to calculate wavefront approximations to the waves emitted when the rupture front speed suddenly changes. Secondly, a representation integral for the Rayleigh wave, where the integration is performed over a surface enclosing the rupture front, is constructed by using the emitted waves in combination with art appropriate Green's tensor. This integral is evaluated asymptotically. Synthetic accelerographs are constructed which illustrate how the rupture process, and the geometry of the rupture front and the fault plane affect the excitation of Rayleigh waves.
A genetic algorithm for predicting pore geometry based on air permeability measurements

Pore size distributions of porous media are of interest to soil scientists, geologists, and engineers with a variety of backgrounds. If known, pore size distributions can be used to determine fluid retention and permeability relationships. In this study, we propose a methodology to predict pore size distributions from air permeability measurements combined with a numerical model representing a porous medium. The model is an extension of the capillary model, which was modified so that the capillaries are composed of sections with different diameters. An optimization scheme that makes use of the measured air permeability values was developed to predict the best possible pore size distribution and pore arrangement. A genetic algorithm, a popular evolutionary computational methodology, was chosen for the optimization process. During our numerical study, we observed that it is not only the pore size distribution that is important, but also how the pores are distributed, in other words, the pore geometry.
PROBING NUCLEAR DYNAMICS IN REAL-PHOTON EXPERIMENTS

Experimental results on the reactions γd → π0d, γd → pn, γ3He → ppn, and γ3He → pd obtained in Hall B at Jefferson Lab at photon energies between 0.3 and 3.0 GeV are discussed. The goal of the measurements is to study the transition between long- and short-range nuclear dynamics, as well as more specific dynamical effects, such as manifestations of three-body mechanisms. Conventional nuclear models can describe the data up to a momentum transfer of ~ 1 (GeV/c)2. All the studied reactions on deuterium clearly show scaling properties consistent with the predictions of the Constituent Counting Rules. The data on 3He suggest that the favorable energy range for the study of three-body mechanisms is 0.6 - 0.8 GeV.
Anterior Thigh Compartment Syndrome and Local Myonecrosis After Posterior Spine Surgery on a Jackson Table

Background Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) after posterior spinal surgery is very uncommon. Most of the reported cases have ACS in the legs related to positioning in the knee-chest position; postoperative ACS in the thighs is exceedingly rare, with only one reported case (17). Case Description This study reports two patients who had local muscle necrosis/ACS after spine surgery in the prone position and discusses preventive measures. Both of our complications were probably related to reversing the position of the iliac crest and hip pads on a Jackson operating table, which was done to achieve better lumbar lordosis. Conclusions Our cases indicate the need for a high index of suspicion of ACS in patients who have persistent unresolved pain and local swelling. Tissue pressure monitoring is an option in suspected cases. Iliac crest and thigh pads should not be reversed during positioning on a Jackson table.
Triphosphopyridine Nucleotide-linked Glyceraldehyde Phosphate Dehydrogenase in a Non-Photosynthetic Plant Tissue

IT has been established that, whereas the usual diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN)-linked glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase is found generally distributed in higher plant tissues, a separate enzyme, specifically requiring triphosphopyridine nucleotide (TPN) as coenzyme, is restricted to leaves1–4. The distinctive association of the TPN-glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase with the photosynthetic apparatus and the specificity for TPN shown in some types of photosynthetic phosphorylation have encouraged the view that the reductive step in hexose synthesis in leaves is mediated by this enzyme.
Effects of advanced aging on plasma catecholamine responses to the cold pressor test

Increased basal norepinephrine (NE) concentrations have been demonstrated repeatedly in human aging, but these studies have included almost exclusively "early aging" subjects younger than age 75. We asked if "advanced aging" (over age 80) enhanced the effects of early aging on plasma NE and epinephrine (EPI) concentrations at rest and in response to the cold pressor test (CPT). Eight medically well, cognitively intact advanced aging subjects (84.4+/-0.9 years), 28 medically well cognitively intact early aging subjects (70.3+/-1.3 years), and 19 medically well young subjects (25.4+/-0.9 years) were studied. Both basal NE and the acute NE increase after CPT were significantly higher in advanced aging than in either early aging or young subjects. Plasma EPI concentrations were higher in the advanced aging group than in the other groups and an acute plasma EPI increase after CPT occurred only in the advanced aging group. These results suggest specific effects of advanced aging on both the sympathoneural and sympathoadrenomedullary components of the sympathetic nervous system.
Proposed ligand binding site of the transmembrane receptor for neurotensin(8-13).

We report here the first proposed ligand binding site of the transmembrane receptor for neurotensin(8–13) in human and rat, the corresponding bound conformation of the peptide ligand, and site-directed mutagenesis studies that support the binding site model. These three-dimensional structures were generated by using a heuristic approach in conjunction with experimental data. The proposed neurotensin(8–13) binding site is primarily composed of eight residues (i.e., Phe326, Ile329, Trp334, Phe337, Tyr339, Phe341, Tyr342, and Tyr344 in the human receptor; Phe331, Ile334, Trp339, Phe342, Phe344, Phe346, Tyr347, and Tyr349 in the rat receptor) located in the third extracellular loop. The seven aromatic residues form an aromatic pocket on the extracellular surface of the neurotensin receptor to accommodate its ligands apparently by cation-pi, pi-pi, and hydrogen bonding interactions. The neurotensin(8–13) ligand adopts a compact conformation at the proposed binding site. In the bound conformation of neurotensin(8–13), the backbone of Arg9-Pro10-Tyr11-Ile12 forms the proline type I turn, and the hydroxy group of Tyr11 interacts with the two guanidinium groups of Arg8 and Arg9. These guanidinium groups are curled toward the hydroxy group so that they interact electrostatically with the hydroxy group, and that the guanidinium group of Arg9 forms an intra-hydrogen bond with the hydroxy group. The proposed three-dimensional structure may not only provide a basis for rationalizing mutations of the neurotensin receptor gene but also offer insights into understanding the binding of many neurotensin analogs, biological functions of the neurotensin receptors, and structural elements for species specificity of the neurotensin receptors, and may expedite developing nonpeptidic neurotensin mimetics for the potential treatment of the neuropsychiatric diseases.
Interconnect implications of growth-based structural models for VLSI circuits

Power-law scaling phenomena that govern VLSI circuits have for several decades formed the foundation of VLSI interconnect estimation. This research investigates possible alternative power-law phenomena in VLSI circuits. In particular, we develop newrandom growthmodels and assess their implications for VLSI interconnect structure. We assess our models' predictions forfanout,crossing edge, andterminalscaling using test data from 21 industry standard-cell designs with up to 283K cells. Our work demonstrates the possibility of non-Rent based, yet equally plausible and well-fitting, structural models for VLSI circuits and their interconnections.
X́-ray spectroscopic measurements of a high-temperature plasma☆

Abstract The X-ray spectrum emitted from the deuterium plasma in the Scylla fast magnetic compression experiment has been studied with a beryl, single-crystal, X-ray diffraction spectrometer. Prominent lines are identified from the HeI-like spectra of Na X, Mg XI, A1 XII and Si XIII wall impurity ions as well as the H-like Lyman series of O VIII. The shape and absolute magnitude of the continuum spectrum indicate that the plasma electron temperature is 345±40 eV and that the soft x-radiation arises primarily from electron recombination with small amounts of highly stripped impurity ions. Broadening measurements of the spectral lines in the X-ray region show that the Doppler temperature of impurity ions is considerably greater than the corresponding deuterium ion temperature.
Glomerular permselection: Shape and flow

Abstract The selective permeability of the glomerular basement membrane to macromolecules is a function of the size and charge of the macromolecule. Evidence suggests that shape may also be a factor. The orientation of macromolecules in solution is dependent on their size, shape, and frictional interactions with moving solvent molecules. The spaces between the glomerular visceral epithelial cells (slit pores) may produce a non-uniform distribution of fluid flow within the basement membrane, and this non-uniformity may increase during disease. This report is of a model that relates the filtration of rigid prolate ellipsoidal (cigar) shaped macromolecules to the size and shape of the filter and to the velocity of solvent flow. The calculations, using published macromolecular and glomerular parameters correspond well to published data. The glomerular visceral epithelial cell, by altering the number, size and distribution of the intercellular spaces, may regulate the passage of ellipsoidal shaped macromolecules, such as albumin and IgG, into and through glomerular structures.
Observation of High Momentum η ′ Production in B Decays

We report the first observation of B{r_arrow}{eta}{sup {prime}}X transitions with high momentum {eta}{sup {prime}} mesons. We observe 39.0{plus_minus}11.6 B decay events with 2.0{lt}p{sub {eta}{sup {prime}}}{lt}2.7 GeV/c , the high momentum region where background from b{r_arrow}c processes is suppressed. We discuss the physical interpretation of the signal, including the possibility that it is due to b{r_arrow}sg{sup {asterisk}} transitions. Given that interpretation, we find B(B{r_arrow}{eta}{sup {prime}}X{sub s} )=[6.2{plus_minus}1.6(stat){plus_minus} 1.3(syst){sup +0.0}{sub {minus}1.5} (bkg)]{times}10{sup {minus}4} for 2.0{lt}p{sub {eta}{sup {prime}}}{lt}2.7 GeV/c . {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society }
Pierre Janet and Félida Artificielle: multiple personality in a nineteenth-century guise.

In the wake of the recent epidemic of multiple personality phenomena, it is important to get a clear idea of what similar phenomena looked like in previous centuries. Pierre Janet's detailed description of his discovery, made during the 1880s, that he could cure hysteria by creating a healthy second personality offers a close look at a form of multiple personalities very different from what has recently been described. His description of the factors that influenced his discovery allow one to see his work in a historical context and to appreciate his confrontation with the paradoxes that this discovery revealed.
On Kleene algebras and closed semirings

Kleene algebras are an important class of algebraic structures that arise in diverse areas of computer science: program logic and semantics, relational algebra, automata theory, and the design and analysis of algorithms. The literature contains at several inequivalent definitions of Kleene algebras and related algebraic structures [2,13,14,5,6,1,9,7].
Decentralized formation control and obstacle avoidance for multiple robots with nonholonomic constraints

This paper proposes a formation control scheme for a group of mobile robots based on a multi-objective potential force. The angle of the potential force, with respect to the global coordinate system, is used to generate trajectories for the navigation of a group of nonholonomic mobile robots. A smooth and continuous control law, based on translational force input and rotational torque input, is designed to reduce the global orientation error asymptotically to zero while maintaining proper formation for a target configuration. Lyapunov stability theorem is applied to construct the proposed control with smooth continuous feedback, in which stability is proved for the control of multiple mobile robots. The formation regulation, flocking, and obstacle avoidance of the proposed control are validated through numerical simulation.
A Randomized Controlled Behavioral Trial of a New Adult Asthma Self-management Program:

Aims: The purpose of the present research was to design and implement an adult asthma self-management program using a randomized control design.Methods: A total of 24 participants served in the control group while 21 participants served in the intervention group. Those in the intervention group participated in 7 weekly meetings which consisted of interactive discussions, problem-solving, social support and a behavior modification procedure. The behavior modification procedure consisted of homework assignments in which participants were asked to self-monitor and record asthma specific behaviors (including peak expiratory flow, avoidance/removal of asthma triggers, and controller medication adherence) and general lifestyle behaviors (including drinking water, practicing relaxation, washing hands and exercising).Results: A series of two factor mixed design analysis of variance computations indicated statistically significant interactions. When compared to participants in the control condition, those individu...
Magnetization transfer NMR study of nitrogen inversion in 2,2‐dimethylaziridine

The slow inversion at pyramidal nitrogen in 2,2-dimethylaziridine was investigated by NMR spectroscopy at 304 K using one-dimensional spin locking methods and two-dimensional exchange spectroscopy. The activation free energy was found to be 17.5 kcal mol−1 (73.2 kJ mol−1) at this temperature. This value represents a lower limit for the unimolecular inversion barrier height as autocatalytic and water-catalyzed inversion pathways can in principle also contribute to the observed rate. The spin locking experiments described employ non-selective pulses and are particularly useful for the quantitative study of slow chemical exchange between nuclei of similar resonance frequency where selective magnetization transfer experiments are difficult or impossible.
Female Veterans in Jail Diversion Programs: Differences From and Similarities to Their Male Peers.

Objective:This study compared the demographic, behavioral health, criminal justice, and military characteristics and experiences of female and male veterans participating in criminal justice diversion programs funded under the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Jail Diversion and Trauma Recovery program.Methods:Data on program participants were collected as part of a national cross-site evaluation. Baseline interview data from 1,025 program participants were analyzed.Results:For the most part, there were few statistically significant differences between female and male veterans with criminal justice involvement. However, females reported significantly more sexual trauma, more females had PTSD, and females had more severe PTSD symptoms. In contrast, males reported earlier criminal justice involvement, more males served in military combat, and males had higher rates of substance use.Conclusions:Although male and female veterans involved in jail diversion programs share many characteri...
Recapping the accidental needlestick problem

A funnel-shaped shield of 1 to 2 cm diameter at the mouth of a needle cap is shown to be effective at decreasing the number of accidental misses occurring in a recapping trial. An argument is made for recapping needles and incorporating new needle cap designs in a revision of the CDC guideline on needle disposal.
Prophylaxis for Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism in the Surgical Patient

G uidelines for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention in the surgical patient have been published by the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP), the American College of Physicians, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgery, and the International Society of Angiology [1–3]. The ongoing challenge is to balance the risk of bleeding versus the benefit of VTE prevention because studies have suggested that there is an increased bleeding risk associated with more effective pharmacologic prophylaxis. The purpose of this article is to review the cause and risk factors for VTE as well as to discuss the methods of prophylaxis for various procedures as recommended by the guidelines. The article concludes with a more detailed overview of the pharmacology and clinical trial results of the new oral anticoagulants that have already been approved in Europe and Canada for VTE prevention in the orthopedic patient population.
Christian Resurrection and Jewish Immortality during the First Crusade

Various studies on Jewish martyrdom (kiddush ha-Shem) during the First Crusade have shown how the Christian environment influenced the religious thinking and behavior of late-eleventh- and twelfth-century German (Ashkenazic) Jews. This observation has been shown to ring true also with respect to the martyrs' postmortem rewards, which are described in three early-twelfth-century interrelated Hebrew chronicles pertaining to crusaders' violence against Jews during the First Crusade. Twelfth-century Jewish and Christian reports on the First Crusade delineate analogous images of heavenly rewards for their heroes. This shared heavenly imagery provides another case of Ashkenazic Jews integrating into their own tradition popular concepts from their Christian milieu to meet new social and theological challenges.
Fine-sediment mineralogy of source rocks and suspended sediment, rother catchment, West Sussex

The clay and silt mineralogy of the Cretaceous bedrocks of the Rother drainage basin is restricted to seven minerals. The mineralogy of soils and alluvium is similar to the bedrock upon which they are developed although minor variations can be found. The mineralogy of bedrock, soils and alluvium is reflected to some extent in the suspended sediment of rivers draining over them, and three different mineral assemblage zones are identified. Subtle controls of mineralogical variation in suspended sediment may include the ratio of groundwater/surface runoff contribution to river flow, rate of reaction of soil and bedrock to precipitation, preferential settling of non-platy grains in quieter stretches of water, and the precipitation of material from solution as waters equilibriate with the atmosphere.
Breast-feeding and child health in the United States

This paper evaluates the influence of breast-feeding on infectious and allergic diseases in infants and children through an analysis of data from a large national sample of US children. It controls for a large number of maternal and child health, demographic, and socioeconomic variables which have been shown to affect feeding patterns, and it includes several aspects of the feeding pattern in addition to breast-feeding. The results suggest that breast-feeding provides some protection against pneumonia and otitis media in the United States while early introduction of formula may have a separate and negative effect.
Aircraft Landing Scheduling Optimization for Single Runway Noncontrolled Airports: Static Case

ai = time aircraft i lands after the preferred landing time Pi (i 1; . . . ; N) bi = time aircraft i lands before the preferred landing time Pi (i 1; . . . ; N) C = cost coefficient vector defined in the linear programming problem Ei = earliest landing time for aircraft i (i 1; . . . ; N) fi = penalty cost per unit of time if aircraft i lands before the preferred landing time Pi (i 1; . . . ; N) gi = penalty cost per unit of time if aircraft i lands after the preferred landing time Pi (i 1; . . . ; N) Li = latest landing time for aircraft i (i 1; . . . ; N) N = number of aircraft Pi = preferred landing time for aircraft i (i 1; . . . ; N) Sij = separation time requirement between aircraft i and j, where aircraft i lands before j (i 1; . . . ; N, j 1; . . . ; N, i ≠ j) xi = landing time for aircraft i X = decision variable vector defined in the linear programming problem Z = objective function defined in the linear programming problem ij = 1 if aircraft i lands before aircraft j and 0 otherwise (i 1; . . . ; N, j 1; . . . ; N, i ≠ j)
Inch by Inch: Gender Equity Since the Civil Rights Act of 1964

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was influential in leveling the playing field for women. More than the actual protections afforded by the act itself, it triggered subsequent laws that collectively have lessened the pay gap, provided protections from harassment, and increased opportunities for women to participate in education, sports, and workplace opportunities that were previously reserved for men. However, the pace at which these changes have occurred has extended over generations and the goal of parity has yet to be reached. This paper traces legislation that has helped women advance in the workplace and concludes by arguing for the expansion of how gender is conceptualized. Rather than the dichotomous male/female view, gender equity should embrace fairness for all, wherever they fall on the continuum from masculine to feminine.
Validation of interannual simulations from the 1/8° global Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM)

Abstract A 1/8° global version of the Navy Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) is used for simulation of upper-ocean quantities on interannual time scales. The model spans the global ocean from 80°S to a complete Arctic cap, and includes 19 terrain-following σ- and 21 fixed z-levels. The global NCOM assimilates three-dimensional (3D) temperature and salinity fields produced by the Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System (MODAS) which generates synthetic temperature and salinity profiles based on ocean surface observations. Model-data intercomparisons are performed to measure the effectiveness of NCOM in predicting upper-ocean quantities such as sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS) and mixed layer depth (MLD). Subsurface temperature and salinity are evaluated as well. An extensive set of buoy observations is used for this validation. Where possible, the model validation is performed between year-long time series obtained from the model and time series from the buoys. The statistical analyses include the calculation of dimensionless skill scores (SS), which are positive if statistical skill is shown and equal to one for perfect SST simulations. Model SST comparisons with year-long SST time series from all 83 buoys give a median SS value of 0.82. Model subsurface temperature comparisons with the year-long subsurface temperature time series from 24 buoys showed that the model is able to predict temperatures down to 500 m reasonably well, with positive SS values ranging from 0.18 to 0.97. Intercomparisons of MLD reveal that the model MLD is usually shallower than the buoy MLD by an average of about 15 m. Annual mean SSS and subsurface salinity biases between the model and buoy values are small. A comparison of SST between NCOM and a satellite-based Pathfinder data set demonstrates that the model has a root-mean-square (RMS) SST difference of 0.61 °C over the global ocean. Spatial variations of kinetic energy fields from NCOM show agree with historical observations. Based on these results, it is concluded that the global NCOM presented in this paper is able to predict upper-ocean quantities with reasonable accuracy for both coastal and open ocean locations.
Cystoscopy and Other Urogynecologic Procedures

Female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery (FPMRS) is a rapidly expanding surgical specialty that focuses on the evaluation and treatment of pelvic floor disorders in women. Evaluation and treatment of several pelvic floor disorders can be accomplished with office-based procedures, yielding significant advantages to the patient, physician, and health system. This article describes the common and more useful office-based procedures for the FPMRS physician, covering 4 major categories: cystourethroscopy, procedures for stress urinary incontinence, procedures for urge urinary incontinence, and management of surgical complications.
Design of evolvable computer languages

We investigate common design decisions for constructing a computational genetic language in an autoadaptive system. Such languages must support self-replication and are typically Turing-complete so as not to limit the types of computations they can perform. We examine the importance of using templates to denote locations in the genome, the methods by which those templates are located (direct-matching versus complement-matching), methods used in the calculation of genome length and the size and complexity of the language. For each test, we examine the effects on the rate of evolution of the populations and isolate those factors that contribute to it, most notably the organisms' ability to withstand mutations.
Simulations of fluidization of cylindrical multiparticles in a three-dimensional space

Abstract The simulations of sedimentation of cylindrical particles falling against gravity are performed using a lattice Boltzmann method. The calculations of three-dimensional translation and rotation of cylinders are carried out. Cylindrical particle behavior is dominated by inertia effects associated with wakes. One cylindrical particle may be sucked in a strong wake behind other cylinder to form an inverted ‘T’ cluster. The long bodies of the cylinders turn horizontal dominantly due to a force couple generated by a high pressure at a stagnation point. These simulation results are well consistent with the experimental results of three-dimensional cylindrical and disk particles. It is demonstrated that the lattice Boltzmann method can handle cylindrical particles in a three-dimensional space correctly.
Careful with Composition: Limitations of Indifferentiability and Universal Composability

We exhibit a hash-based storage auditing scheme which is provably secure in the random-oracle model (ROM), but easily broken when one instead uses typical indifferentiable hash constructions. This contradicts the widely accepted belief that the indifferentiability composition theorem applies to any cryptosystem. We characterize the uncovered limitation of the indifferentiability framework by showing that the formalizations used thus far implicitly exclude security notions captured by experiments that have multiple, disjoint adversarial stages. Examples include deterministic public-key encryption (PKE), password-based cryptography, hash function nonmalleability, key-dependent message security, and more. We formalize a stronger notion, reset indifferentiability, that enables an indifferentiabilitystyle composition theorem covering such multi-stage security notions, but then show that practical hash constructions cannot be reset indifferentiable. We discuss how these limitations also affect the universal composability framework. We finish by showing the chosen-distribution attack security (which requires a multi-stage game) of some important public-key encryption schemes built using a hash construction paradigm introduced by Dodis, Ristenpart, and Shrimpton.
Floating tones and contour tones in Kenyang

Tonal alternations in the Bantu language Kenyang appear on first consideration to be rather complicated but yield to analysis into a small number of rules, which reveal interesting properties of floating tones, contour tones, and the tone-bearing unit in the language. This study focuses on the following problems. First, there is a phonetic contrast, found only at the end of the utterance, between the downgliding L of eket and the unreleased L of basemo. Unreleased L will be shown to derive from rising tone. Second, I argue that syllable final consonants may be tone-bearing, a claim supported by analysis of tone alternations resulting from postlexical resyllabification. Third, Kenyang uses floating L prefixes to form morphological verb tense distinctions. There is a behavioral contrast between the free L tone marking the progressive, which triggers downstep and blocks a spreading rule, versus the free L used in the recent past, which docks to the first root vowel, thereby causing the root tone to shift rightward. The analytic problem is to find a way to represent these two types of floating L. The distinction can be handled by assigning them to different levels of the lexical phonology, so that the shift-inducing L is added when verb roots are inserted, but the float-only L is added at a later stratum-. Finally, I show that the interaction between the two rules H Spreading and Fall Simplification provides evidence for the cyclic application of postlexical rules.
Monodisperse polyethylene glycol diacrylate hydrogel microsphere formation by oxygen-controlled photopolymerization in a microfluidic device

PEG-based hydrogels have become widely used as drug delivery and tissue scaffolding materials. Common among PEG hydrogel-forming polymers are photopolymerizable acrylates such as polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA). Microfluidics and microfabrication technologies have recently enabled the miniaturization of PEGDA structures, thus enabling many possible applications for nano- and micro- structured hydrogels. The presence of oxygen, however, dramatically inhibits the photopolymerization of PEGDA, which in turn frustrates hydrogel formation in environments of persistently high oxygen concentration. Using PEGDA that has been emulsified in fluorocarbon oil via microfluidic flow focusing within polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) devices, we show that polymerization is completely inhibited below critical droplet diameters. By developing an integrated model incorporating reaction kinetics and oxygen diffusion, we demonstrate that the critical droplet diameter is largely determined by the oxygen transport rate, which is dictated by the oxygen saturation concentration of the continuous oil phase. To overcome this fundamental limitation, we present a nitrogen micro-jacketed microfluidic device to reduce oxygen within the droplet, enabling the continuous on-chip photopolymerization of microscale PEGDA particles.
An observational study of type, timing, and severity of childhood maltreatment and preterm birth

Background Childhood maltreatment has been linked to preterm birth ( Methods We examined these associations in a cross-sectional analysis of the Nurses’ Health Study II cohort of female nurses. Women completed a questionnaire about experiences of sexual abuse, physical abuse or harsh parenting, along with pregnancy outcomes. Logistic regression models adjusted for relevant covariates including age, race, alcohol and cigarette use during pregnancy, age at menarche, marital status, adult income, body mass index (kg/m 2 ) at age 18, physical abuse in pregnancy, and childhood socioeconomic position. Results Among 51 434 first births, 4110 were preterm (8% of births). Forced sexual activity in childhood or adolescence was associated with a 22% increased odds of preterm birth (OR=1.22, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.35). Maltreatment involving sexual touch, physical abuse or harsh parenting was not associated with preterm birth in this sample. Conclusions Women who experience forced sexual activity in childhood or adolescence may have an increased likelihood of delivering preterm in adulthood.
On the history of European mammalogy

*Corresponding authors: Jonathan L. Dunnum , Division of Mammals, Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico Albuquerque, CERIA bldg 83, MSC 03-2020, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA, e-mail: jldunnum@unm.edu Boris Krystufek: Science and Research Centre, University of Primorska, Garibaldijeva 1, Koper 6000, Slovenia; and Vertebrate Department, Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Presernova 20, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia, e-mail: boris.krystufek@zrs.upr.si
Providing Surgical Training and Assistance in a Developing Country During Military Assistance

During the deployment of western nation militaries, medical assets are frequently called upon to provide assistance to the host nation military teams. The utilization of these medical assets, however, is not always optimized due to numerous causes. A case study of challenges that face such medical and surgical teams provide details are listed here and are likely to become issues in future endeavors: Memorandum of Understanding, the sustainable results of Medical Civilian Action Programs (MEDCAPs), donations of near-expiration medical supplies, & religious-affiliated medical programs.
Intracellular survival and multiplication of El Tor biotype V. cholerae inside Acanthamoeba

Objective To investigate the survival and multiplication of El Tor biotype V. cholerae co-cultured with the Acanthamoeba polyphaga,to determine whether Acanthamoeba could affect the survival of El Tor biotype V. cholerae. Methods Survival and replication of El Tor biotype V. cholerae which was co-cultured with A. polyphaga were observed with inverted microscope,electron microscopic section and viable count in passage cultures in the presence or absence of amoebae. Results El Tor biotype V. cholerae was found present in the trophozoites and grew within the vacuoles after 8-hour coculture together with A. polyphaga. The germs could be re-isolated from the excystmen of A. polyphaga. The V. cholerae could maintain in a high concentration co-cultured with amooebae according to the survival count of them,but it decreased from 1.02×106 CFU/mL to 1.60×103 CFU/mL in the absence of amoeba after two-day incubation. Conclusions El Tor biotype V. cholerae can survive and multiply within A. polyphaga and it can maintain in a high concentration in the presence of amooebae. These results suggest that Acanthamoebae might provide one of environmental reservoirs of El Tor biotype V. cholerae.
Wikis and their adoption: factors influencing user behaviour

Wikis can provide unique business advantages at tactical as well as strategic levels, including harnessing collective intelligence, group collaboration, and improved business processes. The adoption rate is low but increasing. As wiki is believed to be a bottom-up phenomenon, this paper empirically examines the benefits of the wiki technology as perceived by the new generation. An exploratory factor analysis reveals four factors that may influence wiki adoption: business improvement, day-to-day collaboration, innovation, and personal use. Business benefits such as collective intelligence, collaboration, and cost reduction find strong recognition. This research is important for academicians as there are few studies that examine what motivates the modern workforce to adopt the wiki technology. A better understanding of the end user perceptions can help organisations shape their wiki-related initiatives and improve successful adoption. Wiki technology providers can focus their attention on improving performance on aspects important for business users.
TUBERCULOUS BRONCHOBILIARY FISTULA. REPORT OF AN UNUSUAL CASE WITH DEMONSTRATION OF THE FISTULOUS TRACT BY PERCUTANEOUS TRANSHEPATIC CHOLANGIOGRAPHY.

SUMMARY With the advent of emetine and better recognition and treatment of choledocholithiasis, amebic hepatic abscess and common duct obstruction will not be as prevalent as the major causes of bronchobiliary fistula. The more unusual causes, such as trauma, syphilis, cancer, ascariasis and tuberculosis, will demand more attention. A case of primary hepatic cavitary tuberculosis with rupture through the diaphragm and formation of a bronchobiliary fistula has been presented. The fistulous tract was demonstrated preoperatively by the technique of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography.
Structural health monitoring: technological advances to practical implementations [scanning the issue]

This special issue provides readers with a picture of the current state of the art in the structural health monitoring field while highlighting the new research avenues that are being aggressively explored.
Climate change unlikely to increase malaria burden in West Africa

The importance of climate change for malaria transmission has been hotly debated. Research based on ten years of field observations and a model that simulates village-scale transmission for West Africa suggests that we should not be overly concerned. The impact of climate change on malaria transmission has been hotly debated. Recent conclusions have been drawn using relatively simple biological models1,2 and statistical approaches3,4,5, with inconsistent predictions. Consequently, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC AR5) echoes this uncertainty, with no clear guidance for the impacts of climate change on malaria transmission, yet recognizing a strong association between local climate and malaria6,7. Here, we present results from a decade-long study involving field observations and a sophisticated model simulating village-scale transmission. We drive the malaria model using select climate models that correctly reproduce historical West African climate, and project reduced malaria burden in a western sub-region and insignificant impact in an eastern sub-region. Projected impacts of climate change on malaria transmission in this region are not of serious concern.
The emerging role of angiogenesis inhibitors in hematologic malignancies.

Angiogenesis is an important component of the pathogenesis of hematologic malignancies. A negative prognostic implication of increased angiogenesis has been established for acute and chronic myeloid and lymphocytic leukemias, myeloproliferative diseases, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), and hairy cell leukemia. An association between the return of increased marrow vascularity to normal levels and durability of response has been established in some of these diseases.
Educational Decision Making With Visual Data and Graphical Interpretation: Assessing the Effects of User Preference and Accuracy

In this study, we used a paper–pencil questionnaire to investigate whether teachers, administrators, and parents differed in their preferences and accuracy when interpreting visual data displays fo...
Bayesian stereo: 3D vision designed for sensor fusion

Classical stereo algorithms attempt to reconstruct 3D models of a scene by matching points between two images. Finding points that match is an important part of this process, and point matches are most commonly chosen as the minimum of an error function based on color or local texture. Here we motivate a probabilistic approach to this point matching problem, and provide an experimental design for the empirical measurement of the color matching error for corresponding points. We use this prior in a Bayesian scene reconstruction example, and show that we get better 3D reconstruction by not committing to a specific pixel match early in the visual processing. This allows a calibrated stereo camera to be considered as a probabilistic volume sensor -- which allows it to be more easily integrated with scene structure measurements from other kinds of sensors.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Enhanced Binding Affinity for an i-Motif DNA Substrate Exhibited by a Protein Containing Nucleobase Amino Acids

Several variants of a nucleic acid binding motif (RRM1) of putative transcription factor hnRNP LL containing nucleobase amino acids at specific positions have been prepared and used to study binding affinity for the BCL2 i-motif DNA. Molecular modeling suggested a number of amino acids in RRM1 likely to be involved in interaction with the i-motif DNA, and His24 and Arg26 were chosen for modification based on their potential ability to interact with G14 of the i-motif DNA. Four nucleobase amino acids were introduced into RRM1 at one or both of positions 24 and 26. The introduction of cytosine nucleobase 2 into position 24 of RRM1 increased the affinity of the modified protein for the i-motif DNA, consistent with the possible Watson–Crick interaction of 2 and G14. In comparison, the introduction of uracil nucleobase 3 had a minimal effect on DNA affinity. Two structurally simplified nucleobase analogues (1 and 4) lacking both the N-1 and the 2-oxo substituents were also introduced in lieu of His24. Again, t...