cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Demise of the Rent-controlled Public Housing Programmes of Ghana: The Story of the Tema Development Corporation

In 1952, a new town called Tema was created in Ghana. The master plan for Tema made provision for 19 planned communities, each having roughly 1500—2000 homes. About 6355 housing units are government-owned rental housing. The rental housing stock is the subject of this study. This paper reports an empirical study that shows that rent controls coupled with public management have caused investment values in the rental housing stock to disappear. For example, this study finds that the nominal rate of return on total investment for these rentals based on replacement value has a mean value of only 3 per cent. With inflation rates around 15 per cent during the study period, this implies a negative real rate of return. The findings provide empirical support and justification for recent attempts to privatise all rental public housing in Ghana. The study concludes with public policy recommendations.
Systemic chemotherapy for the treatment of mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome.

: The treatment of mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome is unique. The treatments of choice are highly stage-and practitioner-dependent. For early stage patients, treatment with palliative topical therapies is often adequate to yield excellent, high-quality and durable responses. For the more advanced stages, systemic approaches are more appropriate, either alone or in combination, to palliate patients. There is still little convincing evidence from randomized trials that any single approach is favorable for improving survival. Many practitioners believe the disease can be controlled with the host immune system, but there again is little scientific support for this conclusion. It has been hypothesized that some of our therapies work through this mechanism, such as photopheresis and perhaps even psoralen and ultraviolet A. Unfortunately, even the use of biologic response modifiers, such as interferon and the interleukins, is not absolutely supportive of an active role for immune surveillance since these agents have been shown to have cytotoxic and differentiating effects. Because of the above, many practitioners have actively discouraged the use of chemotherapy because it may impair the host immune system; certainly, the purine analogs would fall into this category. However, there is little evidence supporting significant immune effects for other chemotherapeutics, and clearly, the responses seen would support their use in appropriate patients. As the present authors will detail in this paper, the advances in understanding cancer biology and mechanisms of resistance should, in the future, lead to optimal selection of agents that are predicted to be optimally active, limiting the toxicity and waste associated with ineffective drug usage.
Is Humility a Virtue in the Context of Sport

I define humility as a virtue that includes both proper self-assessment and a self-lowering other-centeredness. I then argue that humility, so understood, is a virtue in the context of sport, for several reasons. Humility is a component of sportspersonship, deters egoism in sport, fuels athletic aspiration and risk-taking, fosters athletic forms of self-knowledge, decreases the likelihood of an athlete seeking to strongly humiliate her opponents or be weakly humiliated by them, and can motivate an athlete to achieve greater levels of excellence in her sport. In the context of team sports, humility can contribute to an athlete being a better teammate, foster unity amidst diversity within a team, and contribute to the overall moral and athletic excellence of a team. I also argue that an individual who is truly the world's greatest athlete can know and communicate this truth, while remaining humble.
The Common-Carrier Services

In this chapter the result of a phenomenon that can only occur in a free enterprise society is examined. This is the growth of an industry—the interconnect industry—whose revenues increased from zero to multimillion dollar figures within a decade. Prospects are bright that this trend will continue. Attendent to this remarkable growth was the development of the specialized common carriers and the domestic satellite carriers. These industries grew because of the coincidental occurrence of three favorable factors.
Overview of HIV/AIDS, 1999

La epidemia del HIV-I esta dada por tres distintas familias de virus con mecanismos de transmision y caracteristicas propias. El estado actual de la epidemia, de acuerdo al Programa de Naciones Unidas para el SIDA, estima que hay 33.4 millones de personas que viven con el complejo HIV/SIDA y cada dia ocurren alrededor de 16,000 nuevas infecciones (la mitad en personas menores de 25 anos). Se estima que en 1998 la enfermedad afecto alrededor de 590,000 ninos. En el presente trabajo se hace una revision de la patogenesis de la enfermedad, su historia natural, asi como de las principales caracteristicas que tiene la terapia antirretroviral, revisando aspectos como adherencia, toxicidad, alteraciones en pacientes con dislipidemia y disglicemia hasta pacientes con lipodistrofia.
Amino Acid Requirement of Lactobacillus casei.

SummaryThe amino acid requirement of Lucfnbacillus casei was determined on a medium containing glucose, sodium acetate, salts, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, nicotinic acid, biotin, pyridoxine, adenine, and concentrates of the eluate factor (folic acid). The simplest amino acid mixture that would yield maximum growth on repeated subculture was: leucine, serine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, valine, aspartic acid, cystine, arginine, tryptophane. tyrosine threonine, methionine, alanine, isoleucine, lysine, and histidine.
Theoretical Holism in the Sociology of Development: Foreign Investment, Private Markets and Earnings Inequality during Postsocialism

In this article, I apply Alderson and Nielsen9s (1999) holistic approach to the sociology of development by revisiting the consequences of private markets and foreign direct investment (FDI) for earnings inequality during postsocialist transition. I begin by arguing that FDI increases the pace of private market expansion and thereby affects inequality through an indirect causal pathway unrecognized in the literature. The total effect of FDI thus depends in part on how private markets drive distributional change. I then introduce a maturation thesis to reconcile debates over the distributional consequences of private markets, where private markets first reduce and then increase inequality. If FDI increases the pace of private market expansion and if the distributional consequences of private markets increase as they expand, then FDI9s total effect on inequality should grow with the expansion of private markets. Evidence drawn from a time-series crosssection regression analysis of earnings inequality among 18 transition countries supports this intervention. FDI increases the pace of private market expansion, and the effect of private markets changes from negative to positive as private markets expand. Thus the total effect of FDI increases with the size of the private market. I conclude by implicating these findings in debates about postsocialist transition and the sociology of development more generally.
A two-phase algorithm for the multiparametric linear complementarity problem

Abstract A new two-phase method for solving the multi-parametric linear complementarity problem (mpLCP) with sufficient matrices is presented. In the first phase an initial feasible solution to mpLCP which satisfies certain criteria is determined. In the second phase the set of feasible parameters is partitioned into polyhedral regions such that the solution of the mpLCP, as a function of the parameters, is invariant over each region. The worst-case complexity of the presented algorithms matches that of current methods for nondegenerate problems and is lower than that of current methods for degenerate problems.
Light Adjoint Quarks in the Instanton-Dyon Liquid Model IV

We discuss the instanton-dyon liquid model with ${N}_{f}$ Majorana quark flavors in the adjoint representation of color $S{U}_{c}(2)$ at finite temperature. We briefly recall the index theorem on ${S}^{1}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{R}^{3}$ for twisted adjoint fermions in a Bogomolny-Prasad-Sommerfeld (BPS) dyon background of arbitrary holonomy and use the Atiyah-Drinfeld-Hitchin-Manin (ADHM) construction to derive the adjoint antiperiodic zero modes. We use these results to derive the partition function of an interacting instanton-dyon ensemble with ${N}_{f}$ light and antiperiodic adjoint quarks. We develop the model in details by mapping the theory on a three-dimensional quantum effective theory with adjoint quarks with manifest $SU({N}_{f})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{Z}_{4{N}_{f}}$ symmetry. Using a mean-field analysis at weak coupling and strong screening, we show that center symmetry requires the spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry, which is shown to only take place for ${N}_{f}=1$. For a sufficiently dense liquid, we find that the ground state is center symmetric and breaks spontaneously flavor symmetry through $SU({N}_{f})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{Z}_{4{N}_{f}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}O({N}_{f})$. As the liquid dilutes with increasing temperature, center symmetry and chiral symmetry are restored. We present numerical and analytical estimates for the transition temperatures.
Socioeconomic status and health outcomes: cystic fibrosis as a model

Introduction: Socioeconomic status (SES), which indicates one’s access to financial, educational, and social resources, is a powerful determinant of health outcomes in multiple chronic diseases. Cy...
Plagiochasma rupestre, a New Thallose Liverwort Record for the Appalachian Region and Eastern North America

Abstract. A disjunct occurrence of Plagiochasma rupestre is reported for the first time from the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia. The occasion of its discovery is recounted, and the habitat is described. The occurrence is discussed in relation to other long-range disjunctions known from the Appalachians.
Schoolyard Politics: Measuring and Explaining Variation in State Antibullying Policy Comprehensiveness

Bullying is a vexing social and policy problem in the United States. Education scholars consistently advocate for comprehensive antibullying policies; however, the forty-nine states that have adopt...
PET/MRI of Hypoxic Atherosclerosis Using 64Cu-ATSM in a Rabbit Model.

The macrophage-rich core of advanced human atheroma has been demonstrated to be hypoxic, which may have implications in plaque stability. The goal of this study was to determine the feasibility of the hypoxia positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent 64Cu-ATSM to detect hypoxia in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis imaged on a simultaneous positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance (PET/MR) scanner, using MR for both attenuation correction and depiction of lesion location Methods: New Zealand White rabbits fed a Western diet for 4-6 wk underwent endothelial denudation of the right femoral artery by air desiccation to induce an atherosclerotic-like lesion, and underwent a sham operation on the left femoral artery. Four and 8 wk after injury, a 0-60 min dynamic whole-body PET/MR exam was performed post-injection of ~111 MBq 64Cu-ATSM. After 24 h, a 0-75 min dynamic PET/MR exam post-injection of ~111 MBq 18F-FDG was performed. The rabbits were euthanized and the injured femoral artery (IF) and sham-operated femoral artery (SF) were collected for immunohistochemistry assessment of hypoxic macrophages (hypoxia marker pimonidazole, macrophage marker RAM-11, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha subunit HIF-1α). Regions of interests of IF, SF and background muscle (BM) were drawn on fused PET/MR images and IF/BM and SF/BM standardized uptake values ratios were compared using Student’s t test. Results: Elevated uptake of 64Cu-ATSM was found in the rabbits’ IF compared to the SF. 64Cu-ATSM imaging demonstrated IF/SF mean standardized uptake value (SUVmean) ratios (± standard deviation) of 1.75 ± 0.21 and 2.30 ± 0.26 4 and 8 wk after injury, respectively. 18F-FDG imaging demonstrated IF/SF SUVmean ratios of 1.84 ± 0.12 8 wk after injury. IF/BM SUVmean ratios were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than SF/BM SUVmean ratios both 4 and 8 wk after injury for 64Cu-ATSM and 8 wk after injury for 18F-FDG (P < 0.05). Pimonidazole immunohistochemistry at 8 wk co-localized to RAM-11 and HIF-1α. Conclusion: The results show that hypoxia is present in this rabbit model of atherosclerosis and suggest that 64Cu-ATSM PET/MR is a potentially promising method for the detection of hypoxic and potentially vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque in human subjects.
Molecular basis of cooperativity in pH-triggered supramolecular self-assembly

Supramolecular self-assembly offers a powerful strategy to produce high-performance, stimuli-responsive nanomaterials. However, lack of molecular understanding of stimulated responses frequently hampers our ability to rationally design nanomaterials with sharp responses. Here we elucidated the molecular pathway of pH-triggered supramolecular self-assembly of a series of ultra-pH sensitive (UPS) block copolymers. Hydrophobic micellization drove divergent proton distribution in either highly protonated unimer or neutral micelle states along the majority of the titration coordinate unlike conventional small molecular or polymeric bases. This all-or-nothing two-state solution is a hallmark of positive cooperativity. Integrated modelling and experimental validation yielded a Hill coefficient of 51 in pH cooperativity for a representative UPS block copolymer, by far the largest reported in the literature. These data suggest hydrophobic micellization and resulting positive cooperativity offer a versatile strategy to convert responsive nanomaterials into binary on/off switchable systems for chemical and biological sensing, as demonstrated in an additional anion sensing model.
Genomic Applications for Transfusion Support

Red blood cell (RBC) and platelet antigen determination by DNA methods (genotyping) has become an important part of the practice of transfusion medicine over the past decade.The results are reliable and highly correlated with serologic phenotyping results, and are superior in some situations. Application of RBC genotyping to provide more precise transfusion therapy for various patient populations will be discussed, with a particular emphasis on those requiring chronic RBC therapy or with complex serologic reactivity. Current DNA arrays can test for a large number of blood group antigens, but routine typing of the ABO and Rh systems is not currently feasible due to the large number of genetic mutations. Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) are one of the most challenging populations to safely transfuse, in part due to high rates of alloimmunization against Rh antigens despite prophylactic matching for D, C, and E antigens. Genotyping of the RH loci has revealed that RHD and RHCE variants are prevalent in African Blacks. Nearly 90% of patients with SCD have at least one altered RH gene and contributes to Rh alloimmunization in patients with SCD. The role of RH variation and alloimmunization in SCD will be reviewed, and the feasibility and approach to genetic RBC matching of patients and donors will be discussed. The use of targeted DNA arrays, whole exome sequencing, or whole genome sequencing to identify common and variant RH alleles will be addressed, including limitations of each method. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Decrease of d -wave pairing strength in spite of the persistence of magnetic excitations in the overdoped Hubbard model

Evidence for the presence of high-energy magnetic excitations in overdoped ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ (LSCO) has raised questions regarding the role of spin fluctuations in the pairing mechanism. If they remain present in overdoped LSCO, why does ${T}_{c}$ decrease in this doping regime? Here, using results for the dynamic spin susceptibility $\mathrm{Im}\ensuremath{\chi}(\mathbit{q},\ensuremath{\omega})$ obtained from a determinantal quantum Monte Carlo calculation for the Hubbard model, we address this question. We find that while high-energy magnetic excitations persist in the overdoped regime, they lack the momentum to scatter pairs between the antinodal regions. It is the decrease in the spectral weight at large momentum transfer, not observed by resonant inelastic x-ray scattering, which leads to a reduction in the $d$-wave spin-fluctuation pairing strength.
AIDS and the neurosurgeon--an update.

Over the past decade, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become the leading public health crisis in the United States, Western Europe, and Africa. Despite improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of AIDS-related disorders, the number of people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) continues to grow, requiring a greater proportion of limited financial, medical, and human resources. Since nearly one half of symptomatic AIDS patients have neuropathologie disease, clinicians must be aware of the myriad neurologic manifestations of AIDS and use the most effective methods to diagnose and treat them. The work-up of the AIDS patient with neurologic symptoms includes a careful history and physical examination, laboratory studies, and radiographic imagine Gadoliniumenhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has become the radiographic screening study of choice, MR imaging can be used to predict which patients should undergo stereotactic biopsy before an empirical trial of anti-toxoplasmosis therapy. Any patient with a mass lesion that does not respond to empirical therapy for toxopiasmosis should also undergo biopsy to exclude another treatable disorder. While the number of patients wish neurological complications can be expected to increase in the near future, better imaging techniques may obviate the need for biopsy in many of these. patients. The increasing threat of HIV- 1 infection in the workplace requires meticulous care both in and out of the opeiaiing room to minimize accidental exposure of healhe-care workes.
La subjetividad humana en la era digital. “Dime cómo lees y te diré quién eres ”

?En que clase de seres humanos nos estamos convirtiendo con la lectura de textos que ya no se imprimen en paginas encuadernadas en libros, sino que se almacenan en la web y que se nos presenta en las pantallas electronicas? En este articulo se compara la transicion de la lectio divina a la lectura escolar en la Edad Media, con la revolucion digital del siglo xxi. El proposito no es juzgar, sino desarrollar algunos conceptos y categorias que pueden ayudar a entender como la lectura de textos digitales esta dando forma a una nueva subjetividad humana
Non-urgent use of emergency departments: populations most likely to overestimate illness severity

Patients’ overestimation of their illness severity appears to contribute to the national epidemic of emergency department (ED) overcrowding. This study aims to elucidate which patient populations are more likely to have a higher estimation of illness severity (EIS). The investigator surveyed demographic factors of all non-urgent patients at an academic ED. The patients and physicians were asked to estimate the patients’ illness severity using a 1–10 scale with anchors. The difference of these values was taken and compared across patient demographic subgroups using a 2-sample t-test. One hundred and seventeen patients were surveyed. The mean patient EIS was 5.22 (IQR 4), while the mean physician EIS was less severe at 7.57 (IQR 3), a difference of 2.35 (p < 0.0001). Patient subgroups with the highest EIS compared to the physicians’ EIS include those who were self-referred (difference of 2.65, p = 0.042), with income ≤ $25,000 (difference of 2.96, p = 0.004), with less than a college education (difference of 2.83, p = 0.018), and with acute-on-chronic musculoskeletal pain (difference of 4.17, p = 0.001). If we assume the physicians’ EIS is closer to the true illness severity, patients with lower socioeconomic status, lower education status, who were self-referred, and who suffered from acute-on-chronic musculoskeletal pain are more likely to overestimate their illness severity and may contribute to non-urgent use of the ED. They may benefit from further education or resources for care to prevent ED misuse. The large difference of acute-on-chronic musculoskeletal pain may reflect a physician’s bias to underestimate the severity of a patients’ illness in this particular population.
Salinity tolerance of germinating alternative oilseeds

Abstract Integrating oilseed crops into rotations can improve soil health benefits, nutrient retention, and pollinator provisions. Field margins represent areas where incorporation of oilseeds is feasible. However in the northern Great Plains, field margins can oftentimes be areas of saline soil, which can impact seed germination and seedling establishment. Therefore, a replicated growth chamber experiment was used to determine winter camelina (Camelina sativa), winter pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.), echium (Echium plantogineum), cuphea (Cuphea viscosissima X Cuphea lanceolata), and calendula (Calendula officinalis) tolerance to germinating under saline conditions. A total of 50 seeds, replicated 3 times were germinated in petri dishes saturated with NaCl, CaCl, and Na2SO4 solution at 0, 0.2, 2, 4, 8, and 16 dS m−1 in an incubator at constant 20 °C. Fully germinated seeds were counted and removed daily for 7 days, followed by every other day for a total of 21 days. Final germination percent, corrected germination rate index, and germination velocity were calculated. Germination percent, corrected germination rate index and germination velocity were negatively affected by increases in salinity for camelina, pennycress, cuphea, and calendula. Echium germination was not impacted by salt or salinity level. Sodium based salts were more detrimental for camelina, pennycress, and calendula. Camelina and cuphea germination was tolerant to salinity, with average salinity thresholds of 8.0 and 3.1 dS m−1 and a 25% germination decline at 35.3 and 11.0 dS m−1, respectively. Pennycress and calendula germination was moderately tolerant to salinity with average salinity thresholds of 5.9 and 2.7 dS m−1 and a 25% germination decline at 9.4 and 7.7 dS m−1, respectively. These oilseeds show potential for adoption in saline soils.
Anterior Spinal Fusion and Posterior Spinal Fusion Both Effectively Treat Lenke Type 5 Curves in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Multicenter Study.

Retrospective cohort study. Retrospective comparison of radiographic and clinical outcomes between anterior spinal fusion (ASF) and posterior spinal fusion (PSF) in surgical treatment of Lenke 5 curves. ASF and PSF are used for treatment of Lenke 5 curves in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Currently, no consensus exists for optimal surgical treatment of Lenke 5 curves. Patients with Lenke 5 curves treated with either ASF or PSF were prospectively enrolled in a multicenter database and then retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data, perioperative measures, radiographic data, and SRS-22R scores were collected and compared for statistical significance. A total of 149 patients were included in the study; 51 underwent PSF and 98 underwent ASF. There was no difference in demographics between groups. The PSF group was fused one level longer than the ASF group (5.9 levels PSF, 4.6 levels ASF, p < .0001). The PSF group had shorter operative times (223 minutes PSF, 297 minutes ASF; p < .0001) and a higher proportion of patients who received a postoperative blood transfusion (45% vs. 5%, p < .0001). PSF patients had longer hospital stays (6.1d PSF vs. 5d ASF, p = .031). The ASF group had larger preoperative major curve (48.2° ASF, 44.2° PSF; p < .01). Coronal balance, thoracolumbar/lumbar Cobb angle, shoulder height, trunk shift, and overall sagittal balance were not different between groups at two-year follow-up. Curve correction at two-year follow-up was similar between groups (66% ASF vs. 62% PSF). There were no significant differences in clinical outcomes or complication rates between groups. There is no difference in radiographic or clinical outcomes in patients treated with ASF or PSF for Lenke 5 curves. ASF may save a fusion level, but has longer operative time than PSF. Ultimately, the risks and benefits of each approach merit consideration by surgeon and patient. Level II.
Organismal Biology, Molecular Systematics, and Phylogenetic Reconstruction

DNA sequence data enjoys the singular position of being the arbiter of phylogenetic relationships; yet the justifications for this endeavor—the notions of continual molecular change, and that the degree of overall similarity reflects recency of divergence from a common, constantly changing ancestral sequence—was based on studies of bacteria not multicellular organisms. This is important because ca. 98% of a bacterial genome codes for metabolically active proteins, while a similar proportion in the metazoan genome is dedicated to the regulation of development. Consequently, random mutation in the metazoan genome would likely lead to organismal failure, not survival, which suggests that sequence similarity in this region reflects primitive retention (= nonchange). Further, since metazoan mtDNA and the ca. 2% coding region are involved in metabolic processes, demonstration of taxic similarity in these nucleotide sequences is likely to reflect similar physiological adaptation, not evolutionary history.
The contribution of orexins to sex differences in the stress response

Women are twice as likely as men to suffer from stress-related psychiatric disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), however, the biological basis of these sex differences is not fully understood. Interestingly, orexins are known to be dysregulated in these disorders. This review first discusses the important role of orexins regulating the response to stress. Next, we review the evidence for sex differences in the orexin system, in which the majority of both preclinical and clinical studies have reported higher orexin system expression in females. Finally, we discuss the functional consequences of these sex differences in orexin expression. Most importantly, the preclinical literature reveals that higher orexin system activity in females contributes to exaggerated neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to stress. In sum, the available data suggests that orexins may be important in the etiology of stress-related psychiatric disorders that present differently in men and women. Thus, targeting orexins could potentially ameliorate many phenotypes of stress-related illness in a sex-specific way.
A randomized controlled trial of different levels of coach support in an online intervention for relationship distress

Abstract Recently-developed online interventions for relationship distress show promising results; however, the degree to which paraprofessionals need to be involved with web-based interventions for relationship distress remains unclear. The present study sought to determine if varying levels of coach contact moderated gains during the online OurRelationship program, which was previously shown to be effective by Doss and colleagues (2016). Three hundred fifty-six heterosexual couples (712 individuals) enrolled in the OurRelationship program and were randomized to a Low or High coach support condition. Couples in both conditions experienced significant improvements in relationship satisfaction as well as depressive and anxious symptoms (within-group d = 0.43–0.71). Using intent-to-treat analyses, there were no significant differences over the intervention between groups in improvements in relationship satisfaction or depressive symptoms. However, couples in the high-support condition reported significantly greater decreases in anxious symptoms. Furthermore, couples in the low-support group were significantly more likely to drop out prematurely. Overall, results indicated that minimal coach support may be a viable option to facilitate dissemination of online interventions for relationship distress. This study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03332875).
Global Divergence and Economic Change

An explosion in wealth occurred in Western countries in the second half of the second millennium. Meanwhile, the economies of the rest of the world remained relatively stagnant. Understanding the causes of this divergence is one of the great tasks of economic history. This chapter discusses how warfare, institutions, and culture play pivotal roles in recent theories of global divergence.
CHAPTER 289 – Transcriptional Control through Regulated Nuclear Transport

A defining characteristic of eukaryotic cells is the compartmentalization of the genome into the nucleus, a membrane-bound subcellular organelle that is essentially impermeable to the passive diffusion of macromolecules. This spatial segregation of genomic DNA within the cell provides a means to control the expression of genome information that takes place during cell growth and differentiation through the regulated localization of transcriptional control proteins to the nucleus. The regulation of nuclear transport has thus been widely utilized in a variety of biological contexts to regulate transcription in a signal-dependent manner. The regulated nuclear transport of DNA-binding transcription factors as well as non-DNA-binding transcriptional regulatory proteins represents an important means of regulating transcription in response to receptor-mediated signaling events. Both nuclear import and export can be regulated by either direct modification of transport signals, masking or unmasking of transport signals through intramolecular or intermolecular protein interactions, or by interaction and co-transport with a carrier protein that contains a transport signal. The coordinated regulation of both nuclear import and export by various combinations of these mechanisms provides a rapid, sensitive, and highly responsive means to dynamically translate intracellular signaling events into transcriptional responses in the nucleus.
Limitations of Helicopter Training Within 14 CFR Part 147

According to the 2018 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) aircraft registration database, 10,500 of the 210,000 general aviation aircraft are helicopters (FAA, 2018). While making up only 5% of aircraft, helicopter are found in niche markets that are highly specialized such as aerial tourism, news reporting, rescue operations, and medical transport. In order to maintain airworthiness, these aircraft are inspected and maintained by Airframe and Powerplant (A&P) mechanics. Due to an increasing number of retirements, there is a need to train new mechanics. In order to earn an A&P certificate, a student must undergo 1,900 hour of training. The current curriculum used to train prospective mechanics is monitored and regulated by the Federal Aviation Administration under 14 CFR Part 147-Aviation Maintenance Technician Schools. However, within Part 147, helicopter training is only taught at a level 1 which requires only lecture instruction with no hands-on requirements. Furthermore, of the 1,900 hours of training required, only 1 hour is required for helicopter specific training. This lack of training creates a possible gap in knowledge. When the maintenance on helicopters is performed to subpar levels there are catastrophic results. To demonstrate this, case studies of three specific accidents were used. All three accidents were caused by improper helicopter maintenance and resulted in fatalities. Major helicopter companies have attempted to mitigate this gap by creating additional training for A&P technicians after graduation from a Part 147 school. However, this additional training is costly and requires more time investment from students before they can enter the workforce.
Effects of ketamine on EEG in baboons with genetic generalized epilepsy.

Abstract Ketamine, a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, used as an anesthetic has been reported to induce seizures both in humans and baboons predisposed to epilepsy. In this study, we aimed to characterize the acute effects of ketamine on scalp (sc-EEG) and intracranial EEG (ic-EEG) in the baboon, which offers a natural model of genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE). We evaluated the electroclinical response to ketamine in three epileptic baboons. The raw EEG data were analyzed within 10 min of intramuscular ketamine (5–6 mg/kg) administration. Earliest EEG changes occurred after 30 s in sc-EEG and after 15 s in ic-EEG of ketamine administration. These initial changes involved increased paroxysmal fast activity (PFA) followed by slowing, the latter emerging first occipitally, and then spreading more anteriorly. Generalized spike-and-wave discharges (GSWDs) were evident on both sc-EEG and ic-EEG within two minutes, but focal occipital discharges were already increased on ic-EEG after 15 s. Occipital slowing emerged on ic-EEG after 30 s, before spreading fronto-centrally and orbito-frontally. By 60–120 seconds post-injection, ic-EEG demonstrated a parieto-occipital burst suppression (BS), which was not noted on sc-EEG. Ketamine waves and seizures, especially if the latter were subclinical, also appeared earlier on ic-EEG. This study highlights the anesthetic and proconvulsant effects of ketamine originate in the occipital lobes before fronto-central regions. We speculate that NMDAR concentration difference in cortical regions, such as the occipital and frontal cortices, are mainly involved in the expression of ketamine’s EEG effects, both physiological and epileptic.
Failed Policy? The Effects of Kenya's Education Reform: Use of Natural Experiment and Regression Discontinuity Design

Objective Kenya's 1985 education reform implemented curriculum changes to prepare children for the job market and changed the instructional language from English to local ethnic languages during the first three years of primary education. This article examines the reform's impact on (i) level of education completed, (ii) income level, and (iii) preference for national versus ethnic interests. Methods Using survey data collected from randomly selected Kenyan citizens in Nairobi, this article uses a regression discontinuity (RD) design comparing the first cohort exposed to the reform to those who were not. Results The education and income levels of those beginning their education under the reform were higher. The reform did not influence preference for national or ethnic interests. Conclusions The reform partially increased children's job market preparation but was unsuccessful in addressing unemployment. Teaching children in local languages exhibited no negative effects on ethnic as opposed to national interests.
Profiling-UD: a Tool for Linguistic Profiling of Texts

In this paper, we introduce Profiling–UD, a new text analysis tool inspired to the principles of linguistic profiling that can support language variation research from different perspectives. It allows the extraction of more than 130 features, spanning across different levels of linguistic description. Beyond the large number of features that can be monitored, a main novelty of Profiling–UD is that it has been specifically devised to be multilingual since it is based on the Universal Dependencies framework. In the second part of the paper, we demonstrate the effectiveness of these features in a number of theoretical and applicative studies in which they were successfully used for text and author profiling.
121-OR: Immunosuppressant-Related Quality of Life and Lifestyle of Insulin Independent T1D Pancreas Transplant Recipients

Background: Pancreas Transplantation (PT) provides insulin independence and improves quality of life in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, PT recipients require lifelong immunosuppression resulting in immunosuppression related side-effects. Methods: After IRB approval, we prospectively studied 15 PT recipients at least 1 year after PT. Subjects completed DEXA for body composition, actigraph for 1 week, the modified Transplant symptom occurrence and distress scale (MTSOSD) and VioFFQ - VIOCARE Food Frequency questionnaires. Results: PT recipient were 53.1 ± 10.6 years old, 12F, BMI (Kg/m2) 30.8 ± 6, 33 ± 12.3 years of T1D and 6 ± 5 years (1-17years) time interval from PT. Lab values were HbA1c 5.4 ± 0.6 %, fructosamine 233 ± 27 µmol/L, fasting glucose 94.3 ± 17.5 mg/dl, C-peptide 2.5 ± 0.9 ng/ml and eGFR 56.3 ± 25.5 ml/min. DEXA revealed 41.1 ± 8.3 % total fat with 41.2 ± 10.2 % in Arms, 39.0 ± 9.8 % Legs and 43.7 ± 10.3 % Trunk. Actigraph revealed 1.6 ± 0.3 MET rate, 13428.7 ± 4649.0 average steps/day and 58.1 ± 12.9 % in Sedentary, 26.3 ± 7.3 % in Light and 15.6 ± 6.2 % in moderate grade physical activity respectively . Viocare revealed 81.9% calories of Estimated Energy Requirement with 44.9 ± 7.1 % CHO, 36.7 ± 5.6 % total Fat, 13.5 ± 3.2 % saturated fat and 17.9 ± 3.1 % protein calories with Omega-3 and dietary fiber intake 0.1 ± 0.11 g and 23.1 ± 9.1 g respectively. On MTSOSD, at least one side effect (SE) was reported by every subject with range varying from 1 to 53 SE out of 59 in the questionnaire. Four (33%) subjects reported at least one grade 4 symptom (high distress); 1 reported grade 4 for 24 items out of 59 in questionnaire and the other 3 grade 4 for 1.7 ± 1.2 symptoms. For grade of symptoms ranging from 0 to 3, 30 ± 14 SE were reported by the 12 subjects. Conclusions: PT recipients that are insulin independent for long periods of time have suboptimal body composition and some immunosuppression related SE but perform better than average physical activity. Disclosure R. Kaur: None. C. Reid: None. S. Rizvi: None. S. Batthula: None. S.K. McCrady-Spitzer: None. B.H. Smith: None. W.K. Kremers: Research Support; Self; AstraZeneca. P. Dean: None. A. Kukla: None. M.D. Stegall: None. Y.C. Kudva: Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Roche Diabetes Care. Other Relationship; Self; Abbott.
Highly efficient thermo-electrochemical energy harvesting from graphene–carbon nanotube ‘hybrid’ aerogels

Three-dimensional scaffold assemblies consisting of thermally reduced graphene oxide nanosheets and small-diameter carbon nanotubes were synthesized as potential ‘all carbon’ thermo-electrochemical energy harvesters. The facile hydrothermal–solvothermal synthesis route in which organic wet chemistry used was to inter crosslink the well-dispersed graphene oxide nanosheets with carbon nanotubes followed by freeze-drying to produce monolithic aerogel networks with ultralow densities, tunable mesoscopic pore sizes, tailorable functionality and morphology. They exhibited high electrical conductivity due to multiplex topologies owing to the integration with carbon nanotubes, which has high density of states at van Hove singularities, accompanied by expected larger surface area and sufficient edge plane sites, which in-turn enhance surface adsorption and rapid ion transportation. We conducted thermoelectric and thermo-electrochemical power generation from these ‘hybrid’ aerogel materials and using two different designs of galvanic thermo-cells. Consequently, higher Seebeck (electronic; Se as well as ionic; Sion) coefficients and thermopower generation was measured that confirmed low thermal responsiveness attributed to smaller domain size generated by hierarchical mesoporosity and open network. These multiple features demonstrate significant potential of these novel electrodes in galvanic thermocells for low-grade thermal energy harvester with higher relative conversion efficiency.
RNA-helix-destabilizing proteins.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a discussion on ribonucleic acid (RNA)-helix-destabilizing proteins. The chapter outlines some aspects of RNA metabolism where the need for helix-destabilizing proteins appears to be evident. The chapter focuses on ribosomal protein S1 from E. coli and protein HD40 from the brine shrimp Artemia salina , a major component of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) particles. In both cases, the in vitro unwinding activity of these proteins can be correlated with their respective functions. The chapter describes the nucleic acid binding and helix-destabilizing properties of protein S1 and HD40. While comparative investigations of analogous proteins from other eukaryotes are needed, HD40 may prove to be a good model for in vitro studies on the structure and function of hnRNP; its physical properties appear to be representative of the glycine-rich core proteins, and it can be purified in relatively large amounts. In contrast to helix-destabilizing proteins participating in dynamic processes that appear to exercise a transient effect on the conformation of the nucleic acid, HD40 is a component of an isolatable nucleoprotein in which the single-stranded RNA is maintained in an unfolded state owing to its interaction with the protein. The chapter recommends the need for in vitro investigations involving purified individual hnRNP proteins and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) precursors along with the development of specific methods for the isolation of native hnRNP.
Understanding patient perspectives on window of opportunity clinical trials.

181Background: In “window of opportunity” (WOO) clinical trials, people with newly diagnosed early-stage cancer are exposed to an experimental drug during the period of time between diagnosis and d...
Innovative Approach to Repair Corroded Steel Piles using Ultra-High Performance Concrete:

Steel H-piles are a common structural system in existing bridges. Many steel H-piles have been corroded as a result of severe weather and acid/alkaline salt exposures, causing a reduction in the ax...
Cognitive and Attentional Function in Children with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: A Pilot Study

While survival for children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) has improved, compromised cardiac output and oxygen delivery persist, and children show cognitive deficits. Most research has assessed young children on broad cognitive indices; less is known about specific indices in older youth. In this pilot study, cognitive function and attention in youth ages 8 to 16 years with HLHS (n = 20) was assessed with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fifth Edition (WISC-V) and NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NTCB); parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist. Children scored significantly lower than normative means on the WISC-V Full Scale IQ, Verbal Comprehension, Visual Spatial, Working Memory, and Processing Speed indices, and the NTCB Fluid Cognition Composite; effect sizes ranged from medium to large. Attention problems had a large significant effect. Child age corresponded to lower visual spatial scores. Findings highlight the importance of assessing multiple cognitive indices for targeted intervention and investigating age and disease factors as potential correlates in larger samples.
Dosimetric Comparisons of Simulation Techniques for Left-Sided Breast Cancer in the COVID-19 Era: Techniques to Reduce Viral Transmission and Respect the Therapeutic Ratio

Background The COVID-19 pandemic challenges our ability to safely treat breast cancer patients and requires revisiting current techniques to evaluate optimal strategies. Potential long-term sequelae of breast radiation have been addressed by deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH), prone positioning, and four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) average intensity projection (AveIP)-based planning techniques. Dosimetric comparisons to determine the optimal technique to minimize the normal tissue dose for left-sided breast cancers have not been performed. Methods Ten patients with left-sided, early-stage breast cancer undergoing whole breast radiation were simulated in the prone position, supine with DIBH, and with a free-breathing 4DCT scan. The target and organs at risk (OAR) contours were delineated in all scans. Target volume coverage and OAR doses were assessed. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA were used to detect differences in dosimetric parameters among the different treatment plans. Significance was set as p < 0.05. Results We demonstrate differences in heart and lung dose by the simulation technique. The mean heart doses in the prone, DIBH, and AveIP plans were 129 cGy, 154 cGy, and 262 cGy, respectively (p=0.02). The lung V20 in the prone, DIBH, and AveIP groups was 0.5%, 10.3% and 9.5%, respectively (p <0.001). Regardless of technique, lumpectomy planning target volume (PTV) coverage did not differ between the three plans with 95% of the lumpectomy PTV volume covered by 100.4% in prone plans, 98.5% in AveIP plans, and 99.3% in DIBH plans (p=0.7). Conclusions Prone positioning provides dosimetric advantages as compared to DIBH. When infection risks are considered as in the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, prone plans have advantages in reducing the risk of disease transmission. In instances where prone positioning is not feasible, obtaining an AveIP simulation may be useful in more accurately assessing heart and lung toxicity and informing a risk/benefit discussion of DIBH vs free breath-hold techniques.
The Tiny (g-2) Muon Wobble from Small-$\mu$ Supersymmetry

A new measurement of the muon anomalous magnetic moment has been recently reported by the Fermilab Muon g-2 collaboration and shows a $4.2\,\sigma$ departure from the most precise and reliable calculation of this quantity in the Standard Model. Assuming that this discrepancy is due to new physics, we consider its relation with other potential anomalies, especially in the muon sector, as well as clues from the early universe. We comment on new physics solutions discussed extensively in the literature in the past decades, to finally concentrate on a simple supersymmetric model that also provides a dark matter explanation. We show results for an interesting region of supersymmetric parameter space that can be probed at the high luminosity LHC and future colliders, while leading to values of ($g_\mu-2$) consistent with the Fermilab and Brookhaven ($g_\mu-2$) measurements. Such a parameter region can simultaneously realize a Bino-like dark matter candidate compatible with direct detection constraints for small to moderate values of the Higgsino mass parameter $|\mu|$.
Structure–Assembly–Property Relationships of Simple Ditopic Hydrogen-Bonding-Capable π-Conjugated Oligomers

A series of simple ditopic hydrogen-bonding-capable molecules functionalized with 2,4-diamino-1,3,5-triazine (DAT), barbiturate (B), and phthalhydrazide (PH) on both termini of a 2,2′-bithiophene linker were designed and synthesized. The intrinsic electronic structures of the ditopic DAT, PH, and B molecules were investigated with ground-state density functional theory calculations. Their solution absorbance was investigated with UV-vis, where it was found that increasing size of R group substituents on the bithiophene linker resulted in a general blue-shift in solution absorbance maximum. The solid-state optical properties of ditopic DAT and B thin films were evaluated by UV-vis, and it was found that the solid-state absorbance was red-shifted with respect to solution absorbance in all cases. The three DAT molecules were vacuum-thermal-deposited onto Au(111) substrates and the morphologies were examined using scanning tunneling microscopy. (DAT-T)2 was observed to organize into six-membered rosettes on the surface, whereas (DAT-TMe)2 formed linear assemblies before and after thermal annealing. For (DAT-Toct)2 , an irregular arrangement was observed, while (B-TMe)2 showed several co-existent assembly patterns. The work presented here provides fundamental molecular–supramolecular relationships useful for semiconductive materials design based on ditopic hydrogen-bonding-capable building blocks.