cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction and the Legal Profession

The Great War has brought every country of Europe face to face with vast and critical problems of Reconstruction-political, economic, social. Our own country also, in its political, economic and social institutions, feels the tremors of the great European convulsion. Despite the immunity of our land from devastation and our comparative freedom from the burdens of the conflict, our participation in the war has brought us problems of critical importance to the continuance of our political and social structure. What are to be our international relations of the future? What is to be our domestic polity with respect to the division of powers between the national government and the states? Under the pressure of war emergencies the national government has vastly extended its control over the activities of the individual. It has regulated the prices at which we could buy our bread and our coal; it has built houses for certain of its employees; it has taken over the control and management of various public utilities. People are asking whether such governmental activities should be abandoned in time of peace; whether vital necessities such as transportation systems, telegraphs, coal mines, should be returned to private ownership and operation just as before the war. The cost of creating vast armies, of enlarging our navy, and of developing a merchant marine has raised new problems of government finance. Lastly, and more important than all in my judgment, are the problems relating to the relations of capital and labor, and to the preservation of our institutions against the menace of unrest and extreme radicalism called Bolshevism. These are some of the problems which face the legal profession as a result of the war. They face not only the lawyers, they face every citizen, every member of every community in the country. They are questions of public policy depending for their answer upon the will of the majority of the people. Only by the creation of an enlightened and intelligent public opinion by free discussion can they be solved correctly.
28. AN APPROACH TO DIFFICULT CONVERSATIONS FOR PEDIATRIC RESIDENTS: CHILD MALTREATMENT

Background Identifying and managing suspected child maltreatment is an unfortunate part of every pediatrician's job. Many pediatric trainees feel uncomfortable with multiple aspects of suspected child maltreatment cases including introducing concerns with caregivers, asking follow-up questions, documentation, requirements for mandated reporters, and available resources. Just like medical knowledge, communicating with patients and families in difficult situations is a skill that can be taught but may be lacking in the formal medical curriculum. Objectives: To teach a skill set that will increase resident comfort level in the setting of suspected child maltreatment, specifically: introducing the concern with caregivers, follow up questions, reviewing requirements as mandated reporters, and practical skills regarding physical examination and documentation. Methods A three-hour multi-modal workshop was developed for pediatric trainees at the beginning of their intern year to teach a skill set that would increase resident comfort level in the setting of suspected child maltreatment cases. Interns experienced a didactic session covering an approach to difficult conversations (SPIKES and HARD protocols) as well as practical knowledge regarding their role as mandated reporter, history taking, physical exam, and documentation. After the didactic session, residents experienced a role play session where they could practice the skills they just learned. Pre- and post- workshop surveys were obtained from trainees to evaluate both prior experience with child maltreatment cases as well as their comfort level with future child maltreatment scenarios before and after the workshop. Results A total of 28 Pediatric and Medicine/Pediatrics interns completed this workshop over the course of 3 academic years. Compared to pre-workshop data, interns felt more comfortable discussing concerns for child maltreatment with parents or caregivers (p Conclusions A three-hour multi-modal workshop improved interns’ comfort level regarding suspected child maltreatment cases including raising concerns with caregivers, communication with other team members, and documentation related to these cases. References “Practical Plans for Difficult Conversations in Medicine: Strategies That Work to Break Bad News.” Robert Buckman, MD PhD.
O problema do populismo: teoria, política e mobilização

O livro resenhado possui como objetivo analisar a amplitude do conceito de populismo, sobretudo o modelo emergido no final dos anos 90 e inicio dos anos 2000. Visando construir distincao, os autores do livro, Morelock e Narita, buscam especialmente fugir de explicacoes reificadas de autores dos anos 40 e 50 do seculo XX, que baseavam argumentos calcados em explicacoes desenvolvimentistas e na teoria da dependencia. Nesta perspectiva inovadora proposta, metodologicamente se aproximam do modelo de constelacao dialetica adorniana, apresentando varios autores que discorrem acerca do tema, sem que necessariamente haja uma sintese unica. Finalizando, como resultado apresentam que o populismo constroi uma oposicao conflitiva intencionada entre o “povo” versus elite, especialmente com vista a justificarem a assuncao de lideres com perfis populistas.
Endocrine control of mucosal immunity in the human female reproductive tract: Bridging implantation with pathogen protection

Abstract The human female reproductive tract (FRT) is a unique mucosal surface with two competing functions: creating an immunological environment conducive to successful reproduction while maintaining protection against pathogens from the external environment that lead to increased reproductive dysfunction, morbidity, and mortality in women. Key to this unique balancing act are the sex hormones estradiol and progesterone whose concentrations undergo cyclical changes in premenopausal women and regulate multiple aspects of innate and adaptive immunity thus leading to changes in immune protection across the menstrual cycle. Defining the composition and regulation of the FRT immune system are essential in understanding how this unique mucosal surface accommodates both reproduction and immune protection.
To Understand You, I Need to Know Me: Approximating the Study Abroad Experience Utilizing Assessment as Learning in a Glocal Classroom

Due to Covid-19 and the inaccessibility of study abroad for some students, we successfully tested an alternative for building intercultural effectiveness -- a glocal classroom (GC) pedagogy highlighting assessment as learning. Over a 15-week course, the GC replicated the work context and job demands of expert global leaders and developed global skills via activities and simulations. Pre-posttest measures of the Intercultural Effectiveness Scale (IES) found significant improvement in all dimensions. Students with prior international experience had higher pre-test results in the world orientation and relationship development dimensions; however, students without study abroad experience approximated those results in their post-test assessment, apparently as a result of the GC. Quantitative and qualitative findings suggest that assessment, self-awareness, self-directed PDPs, well-designed simulations, receiving and giving extensive feedback, and reflection can be effective methods for moving the needle on intercultural competencies without a physical international experience.
Assessing Predictive Capabilities for Nonlinear Dynamic Structural Responses

Complex assemblies subject to engineering environments often contain material, interfacial, or geometric features that produce nonlinear responses. One specific interfacial feature of interest is contact under vibrational loads. Our project expands upon previous work by developing both linear and nonlinear finite element (FE) models of a four degree-of-freedom benchmark testbed, configured for variable states of intermittent contact, using Abaqus/Explicit. The goal of our study is to explore the effects of available contact interaction models on quantitative validation metrics. A better understanding of contact algorithms in FE software would help increase confidence in FE models of complex, nonlinear dynamic systems. The validation metrics of interest include features of the acceleration time series such as basic statistics (peak amplitude, mean, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, normal probability plot) – as well as features of the frequency domain including natural frequencies, mode shapes, power spectral density, and frequency response function plots. First, the linear FE model is used for baseline verification and validation purposes. Once it is validated against experimental data to within an acceptable margin of error, the linear model is used as the base for the nonlinear model. The nonlinear simulation explores Abaqus contact algorithms and their effects upon the dynamic response of the structure. In particular, the contact interactions we focus on are “hard” contact and the various types of “softened” contact. Finally, the nonlinear model is validated against data collected from experiments with the physical structure and the effects of the various contact interactions are analyzed.
Loss of p14ARF in tumor cells facilitates replication of the adenovirus mutant dl1520 (ONYX-015)

The adenovirus mutant dl1520 (ONYX-015) does not express the E1B-55K protein that binds and inactivates p53. This virus replicates in tumor cells with mutant p53, but not in normal cells with functional p53. Although intra-tumoral injection of dl1520 shows promising responses in patients with solid tumors, previous in vitro studies have not established a close correlation between p53 status and dl1520 replication. Here we identify loss of p14ARF as a mechanism that allows dl1520 replication in tumor cells retaining wild-type p53. We demonstrate that the re-introduction of p14ARF into tumor cells with wild-type p53 suppresses replication of dl1520 in a p53-dependent manner. Our study supports the therapeutic use of dl1520 in tumors with lesions within the p53 pathway other than mutation of p53.
A Last GASP for GPCRs

Once activated by their ligands, many G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are internalized into endocytic compartments within the cell. Here, they are sorted to either a recycling or a degradative pathway. In their Perspective, [Gray and Roth][1] discuss new work ([ Whistler et al. ][2]) that identifies a protein called GASP that is important for the lysosomal targeting of certain GPCRs. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/297/5581/615 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/297/5581/529
PRIVACY ON THE INTERNET:AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

This paper seeks to address the sharp increase in public debate about privacy issues, particularly on the issues of Internet privacy and the value of personal information. The research questions we are addressing here are – How should an Internet Service Provider (ISP) price its service given that the consumers vary in their valuation for privacy and also vary in terms of the value of their personal information to a third party? Should the ISP have a blanket policy of never collecting, or a policy of always collecting and revealing information? We calculate the separating and pooling strategies for the ISP under asymmetric information and compare them with the full information benchmarks. We find that in some cases the ISP may be no worse off than in the full information case while in other cases it may have to restrict the set of contracts so that they are incentive compatible and individually rational.
Suprasellar mixed malignant germ cell tumor: Case report and review of the literature

A 14-year-old girl with a suprasellar mixed malignant germ cell tumor was treated with complete surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. We performed a literature search to explore the current treatment options and prognosis of such a diagnosis. In reviewing the literature on mixed germ cell tumors, it appears that platinum-based chemotherapy regimens combined with radiation therapy provide the best outcome in terms of survival rates. Although controversial and debated, initial therapy should include surgical resection or a stereotactic biopsy when resection is not possible. By obtaining tissue for histopathology, one can tailor treatment plans accordingly and provide greater prognostic accuracy. In this case report, all three therapeutic modalities were used in the treatment of a mixed malignant germ cell tumor. Thus far, 20 months posttreatment, the patient is doing well and is neurologically intact, but diagnosis and treatment were relatively recent. Only time will tell the efficacy of this treatment plan.
RAR AND RXR SELECTIVE LIGANDS COOPERATIVELY INDUCE APOPTOSIS AND NEURONAL DIFFERENTIATION IN P19 EMBRYONAL CARCINOMA CELLS

Retinoids cause differentiation in embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, thus mimicking events in mammalian development. Here, we show that retinoids also cause apoptosis in P19 EC cells. Characteristic DNA fragmentation was observed within 36 h after addition of retinoic acid (RA). Synthetic retinoids that are selective for RA receptors (RAR) were also effective in inducing apoptosis, whereas RXR selective ligands were without effect. The combination of RAR and RXR ligands resulted in a synergistic increase in apoptotic cell death. As with apoptosis, neuronal differentiation of P19 cells was synergistically induced by the combination of RAR and RXR ligands. Data obtained with an RAR antagonist and with P19 cells carrying a dominant negative RXR indicate that the two processes are receptor mediated. Together, our results indicate that retinoid-induced apoptosis and neuronal differentiation are closely coupled, and that both RAR and RXR play a role in these processes as active receptors for their respective ligands.
The Salvage/Turnover/Repair (STOR) Model for Uniparental Inheritance in Chlamydomonas: DNA as a Source of Sustenance

The non-Mendelian inheritance of chloroplast genes in Chlamydomonas has engaged researchers for decades and has prompted numerous debates regarding molecular mechanisms and evolutionary significance. The hallmarks of chloroplast inheritance in Chlamydomonas are reviewed here, including observations on vegetative haploid cells, somatic hybrids, meiotic zygospores, and vegetative zygotes resulting from sexual reproduction. Models invoked to explain the typical uniparental maternal inheritance of chloroplast genes, and which center upon the presumed existence of sex-specific protectors and destroyers of chloroplast genomes, are briefly discussed. In an effort to bring together the diverse observations on chloroplast gene inheritance in somatic as well as sexual cells, a model is proposed that focuses on organelle DNA turnover as a source of sustenance for the cell during periods of starvation. The salvage/turnover/repair (STOR) model for chloroplast inheritance in Chlamydomonas proposes that as a consequence of the high ploidy of the chloroplast genome, many copies are dispensable; their degradation would provide nucleotides for recombination, repair, RNA synthesis and cell metabolism. The STOR model offers an alternative view of uniparental inheritance as a phenomenon of direct selective benefit to the organism rather than simply being of selfish benefit to the chloroplast genome. These concepts may also have application to other lower eukaryotes that have sexual reproduction coupled with an extended dormancy.
Genetic and phenotypic analyses of the rdx locus of Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1.

Previously, we reported that rdxB, encoding a likely membrane-bound two [4Fe-4S]-containing center, is involved in the aerobic regulation of photosystem gene expression in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1. To further investigate the role of rdxB as well as other genes of the rdxBHIS operon on photosystem gene expression, we constructed a series of nonpolar, in-frame deletion mutations in each of the rdx genes. Using both puc and puf operon lacZ fusions to monitor photosystem gene expression, under aerobic conditions, in each of the mutant strains revealed significant increased photosynthesis gene expression. In the case of mutations in either rdxH, rdxI, or rdxS, the aerobic induction of photosystem gene expression is believed to be indirect by virtue of a posttranscriptional effect on cbb3 cytochrome oxidase structure and integrity. For RdxB, we suggest that this redox protein has a more direct effect on photosystem gene expression by virtue of its interaction with the cbb3 oxidase. An associated phenotype, involving the enhanced conversion of the carotenoid spheroidene to spheroidenone, is also observed in the RdxB, -H, -I, and -S mutant strains. This phenotype is also suggested to be the result of the role of the rdxBHIS locus in cbb3 oxidase activity and/or structure. RdxI is suggested to be a new class of metal transporter of the CPx-type ATPases.
Symmetry rules for nonconcerte reactions

Abstract Collision theory is used to study nonconcerted reaction and symmetry rules. A nonconcerted process is defined as one in which the electronic states of the reactants and products are not directly coupled in the transition matrix of the reactive collision. As an example we show that reactions occurring through resonant state (single or multiple, such as in a statistical complex) are generally nonconcerted. Our definition is shown to encompass those proposed previously and to predict new cases of nonconcerted reactions. For the simple but common case of reactants and products each in a single quasiadiabatic electronic state coupled by a third quasiadiabatic state (closed channel), we show that a nonconcerted process consists of two successive electronic transitions, and for each of these symmetry rules apply. For practical purposes the theory can be simplified, and the construction of a qualitative molecular orbital model is discussed in detail for one case. Applications are made to some simple examples.
Minimal cones on hypercubes

It is shown that in dimension greater than four, the minimal area hypersurface separating the faces of a hypercube is the cone over the edges of the hypercube. This constrasts with the cases of two and three dimensions, where the cone is not minimal. For example, a soap film on a cubical frame has a small rounded square in the center. In dimensions over 6, the cone is minimal even if the area separating opposite faces is given zero weight. The proof uses the maximal flow problem that is dual to the minimal surface problem.
Misunderstanding and the negotiation of meaning using abduction

The approach described in the paper treats misunderstanding and repair as intrinsic to conversants' core language abilities, accountable by the same processing mechanisms that underlie normal speech. A unified theory has been developed by using default reasoning to generate utterances, and using abduction to characterize interpretation and repair. The model combines intentional and social accounts of discourse to capture the expectations that help constrain discourse, without requiring extended inference about participants' motivations when it is not needed. In intentional accounts, speakers use their beliefs, goals, and expectations to decide what to say; when they interpret an utterance, they identify goals and actions that might account for it. In sociological accounts provided by ethnomethodology, discourse interactions and the resolution of misunderstandings are normal activities guided by social conventions. The approach extends intentional accounts by using expectations deriving from social conventions in order to guide interpretation. This paper considers previous work on misunderstanding, provides an overview of the architecture of a new model, and examines how it accounts for an example repair.
Usefulness of Intra-operative Epicardial Three-dimensional Echocardiography to guide Aortic Valve Repair in Children

The aim of this study was to determine the additional important information obtained on prebypass epicardial 3-dimensional imaging (E-3D) compared with transesophageal 2-dimensional echocardiography (TEE-2D) in young patients who undergoing aortic valve repair. From January 2004 to May 2007, all patients who underwent reconstructive surgery of the native aortic valve and intraoperative TEE-2D and E-3D were retrospectively reviewed. Thirteen structural anatomic variables of the aortic valve for TEE-2D and E-3D were evaluated, scored, and compared (by a blinded observer) with intraoperative surgical findings. Nineteen patients underwent valve repair. The median age at surgery was 10 years (range 1 day to 24 years). The primary aortic valve disease was regurgitation (n = 19), and 2 patients had additional valvar stenosis. TEE-2D and E-3D were able to detect 82% (n = 204) and 91% (n = 225), respectively, of the intraoperative findings (n = 247) (p = 0.006). Individual evaluation scores were higher for E-3D (median 12, interquartile range 11 to 13) than for TEE-2D (median 11, interquartile range 10 to 12) (p = 0.01) compared with surgical findings (score 13). Differences in detection sensitivity occurred for commissural fusion (n = 7), leaflet perforation or deficiency (n = 5), and leaflet prolapse (n = 2). TEE-2D was more likely to have false-negative findings than E-3D (36 vs 16 findings, p = 0.001). In conclusion, intraoperative E-3D provides additional important information over TEE-2D for aortic valve repair in young patients. Such 3-dimensional echocardiographic imaging has become an important intraoperative modality for valve repair at the investigators' institution.
Assessing the accuracy of interindustry econometric simulations

The value of input-output has been debated since the development of interindustry analysis four decades ago.While most critics do not question the value of" input-output tables as a means of organizing and classifying statistical data or doubt the catalytic role interindustry analysis has played in stimulating improvement in the quantity and quality of economic data, controversy has arisen over the validity of input-output analysis as an economic forecasting device. Despite the large volume of input-output and related research conducted since Leontief's work in the 1930's, 1 the question ,,Can alternate and less costly methods yield predictions of industry outputs which are as good as or superior to those derived through inter industrytechniques?,)st i l l remains unanswered.
Alongshore advection and marine reserves: consequences for modeling and management

The appropriate configuration of marine reserves for maximizing harvests or ensuring species persistence when there is uncertainty or variability in larval dispersal patterns is not com- pletely understood. This is particularly true in environments with large alongshore advection rates, as the success of a system of marine reserves depends on connectivity through larval and/or adult dis- persal between adjacent marine reserves. In this paper, the consequences of alongshore advection in the presence of marine reserves for a fish species with sedentary adults and widely dispersing larvae are examined. First, a uniform configuration of reserves with constant alongshore advection rate is considered. The highest overall catch and recruitment rates occur when the spacing between reserves is precisely tuned to the advection distance. When the alongshore advection distance is allowed to vary in time, catch and recruitment are considerably less sensitive to alongshore advec- tion. At small diffusion distances, catch values differ from what would be predicted from the time- averaged larval dispersal pattern due to density-dependent post-settlement effects. It is important to include short time scale settlement variability in marine reserve models under these conditions. When the spacing between reserves is allowed to vary, the tuning of the system to particular advec- tion distances is less precise. Configurations of marine reserves with a variety of spacings between reserves exhibited more uniform catch levels as a function of advection distance. This suggests that variability in the spacing between reserves is desirable for protecting a diverse group of species with different dispersal patterns.
Molecular cloning and complete cDNA sequences of the ribosomal proteins rpL34 and rpL44 from Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes.

We present the complete cDNA and deduced amino acid sequences of the 60S ribosomal subunit proteins, rpL34 and rpL44, from Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes. The rpL34 cDNA is 554 nucleotides in length and encodes a 139 amino acid protein with a calculated molecular mass of 15 732 daltons. The putative protein displays strong sequence similarity to rpL34 of Aedes albopictus mosquitoes (92%), humans (60%) and rats (58%). The protein is highly basic and contains a C-terminal repetitive-alanine domain and four putative nucleolar localization signals. The rpL44 cDNA consists of 450 nucleotides and encodes a 104 amino acid protein with a calculated molecular mass of 12 544 daltons. The putative protein displays strong sequence similarity to rpL44 of Brugia malayi (87%), Caenorhabditis elegans (86%) and humans (85%). The protein is highly basic and contains a putative nucleolar localization signal. The mRNAs for both rpL34 and rpL44 were detected in biosynthetically active (embryonating) and dormant (diapausing) Ae....
The tabatière anatomique.

There is scant detailed information regarding the tabatiere anatomique (anatomical snuff box) in the literature. The authors dissected this area in 15 adult cadavers (30 sides) and made measurements and observations of this region. We found that the average mean width and length of this geometric area was 4 cm and 6 cm, respectively. Although the dimensions of the tabatiere anatomique tended to be larger among male specimens this trend did not reach statistical significance (P > 0.05). There was no statistical difference between left and right sides. The majority (70%) of specimens was noted to have connections between the cephalic vein and the vena comitantes of the radial artery within the tabatiere anatomique. Five specimens were noted to have a muscular branch to the abductor pollicis brevis muscle arising from the dorsalis pollicis artery in the tabatiere anatomique. The dorsalis pollicis artery was found to originate in the tabatiere anatomique in all specimens. One right-sided specimen was noted to have an intraosseous branch of the radial artery that entered the styloid process of the radius. A well-formed collection of fat was noted between the styloid process and base of the first metacarpal in all specimens. This fat pad completely covered the radial artery in the majority of specimens and had loose connections to both the first and second dorsal compartments. The branches of the superficial branch of the radial nerve always originated distal to the tendon of the EPB muscle. These data may prove useful to the surgeon or clinician who operates or examines this interesting anatomical area.
Clinical Diagnoses Exacerbate Stigma and Improve Self-Discovery According to People With Autism

Social workers should become knowledgeable not only of the specific diagnostic changes in DSM-5, but how the diagnoses impact clients. Research primarily confirms that clinical diagnoses exacerbate stigma, while scant research suggests that people with autism have felt that their diagnoses have fostered an understanding of their life circumstances. This phenomenological study aimed to understand how people with Autistic Disorder (AD) and Asperger’s Syndrome (AS) felt about their clinical diagnoses. This study analyzed discussion forum data among people with AD and AS (N = 76) using inductive content analyses. There were more males (n = 42; 55.3%) than females (n = 34; 44.7%) in the sample. Of the 40 participants who provided demographic information, participants’ ages ranged from 17 to 61 (M = 31.95; SD = 12.56); participants were from the United States (n = 13), Canada (n = 7), United Kingdom (n = 6), South Africa (n = 2), and one from each of the following countries: China, New Zealand, and Spain. Most ...
Photoactivated perylenequinone toxins in fungal pathogenesis of plants

Several genera of plant pathogenic fungi produce photoactivated perylenequinone toxins involved in pathogenesis of their hosts. These toxins are photosensitizers, absorbing light energy and generating reactive oxygen species that damage the membranes of the host cells. Studies with toxin-deficient mutants and on the involvement of light in symptom development have documented the importance of these toxins in successful pathogenesis of plants. This review focuses on the well studied perylenequinone toxin, cercosporin, produced by species in the genus Cercospora. Significant progress has been made recently on the biosynthetic pathway of cercosporin, with the characterization of genes encoding a polyketide synthase and a major facilitator superfamily transporter, representing the first and last steps of the biosynthetic pathway, as well as important regulatory genes. In addition, the resistance of Cercospora fungi to cercosporin and to the singlet oxygen that it generates has led to the use of these fungi as models for understanding cellular resistance to photosensitizers and singlet oxygen. These studies have shown that resistance is complex, and have documented a role for transporters, transient reductive detoxification, and quenchers in cercosporin resistance. 2005 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A 750 bp sensory integration region directs global control of the Escherichia coli GadE acid resistance regulator

Escherichia coli survives pH 2 environments through an acid resistance (AR) system regulated by the transcriptional activator GadE. Numerous proteins control gadE at an upstream, conserved, 798 bp intergenic region. We show this region produces three transcripts starting at -124 (T1), -324/-317 (T2) and -566 (T3) bp from the gadE start codon. Transcriptional lacZ fusions to gadE promoter regions revealed P1 and P3 were active while P2 alone was not. However, pairing P3 with P2 activated P2 and increased expression 20-fold above P3 alone. The fusions were transferred to Salmonella, which lacks this AR system, and plasmid-borne E. coli-specific regulators EvgA, YdeO, GadE and GadX were introduced. Data revealed that YdeO and GadX activate P3, P2 and P3P2, while GadE autoactivates P1 and represses P3 and P3P2. The developing model indicates that different signals activate YdeO, GadX, or an MnmE-dependent regulator, which stimulate gadE transcription from the P3 and P2 promoters. Once made, GadE activates P1 and represses P3 and P2. The P1 region also enables efficient downstream transcription and translation of the P3 or P2 transcripts. Evidence indicates the entire 750 bp sensory integration locus is necessary for a versatile response.
Contributions of a poetry writing group to the treatment of severely disturbed psychiatric inpatients

A poetry writing group in a Veterans Administration Hospital had unexpected advantages for the treatment of patients. As an elective group that de-emphasized the discussion of emotions and concentrated instead on technique and writing of poems, it attracted a variety of patients. Some were initially too disorganized to participate effectively in other treatment groups on the ward, but were able to behave in a more organized way in this group. Their writing allowed staff to see treatment possibilities that were otherwise obscured by the patient's withdrawn or confused presentation on the unit.
Vaccines and vaccinations. The strategic issues.

The rapid proliferation of companion animal vaccines, advances in diagnostic and vaccine technology, and concerns over vaccine safety are clearly among the most important issues practicing. veterinarians face as we enter the 21st century. Although many would argue that these are already issues, the future promises to be especially challenging as the vaccines we currently use and the protocols we recommend undergo unprecedented review.
Attenuation of morphine analgesia by lesions of the preoptic forebrain region in the rat

Abstract Latency to tail withdrawal from hot water was measured as a pain response before and after morphine injection in female rats. Morphine increased the withdrawal latency. Lesions in the preoptic forebrain region attenuated morphine analgesia.
Biophysical studies on fragments of the α-factor receptor protein

The receptor for the α-factor mating pheromone of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae consists of 431 amino acid residues and is a member of a family of membrane proteins predicted to have seven transmembrane helices. Fragments of the receptor corresponding to two of the transmembrane helices [residues 246–269 (M6) and 273–302 (M7)], two of the interhelical loops [residues 107–125 (E2) and 191–206 (E3)], and to a portion of the carboxyl terminus [residues 350–372 (CT)] were synthesized using solid-phase methodologies and purified to near homogeneity. CD was used to characterize the secondary structure of these peptides in trifluoroethanol (TFE), in TFE/water mixtures, in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and in the presence of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) liposomes. In TFE, M6 and M7 exhibited CD spectra consistent with highly helical peptides, whereas CT was partially helical. In contrast, E2 and E3 were either disordered or aggregated in this solvent. M6 did not partition well into DMPC vesicles whereas M7 remained helical. Both M6 and M7 assumed helical conformations in 25 mM SDS. The loop neptides and the carboxyl terminus peptide were either in a β-structure or disordered in the presence of lipid. These findings represent the first biophysical evidence for conformations assumed by specific segments of the STE2 receptor protein. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Isolation, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Transmission, and Control of Avian Bornavirus and Proventricular Dilatation Disease

Proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) is a common infectious neurologic disease of birds comprising a dilatation of the proventriculus by ingested food as a result of defects in intestinal motility, which affects more than 50 species of psittacines, and is also known as Macaw wasting disease, neuropathic ganglioneuritis, or lymphoplasmacytic ganglioneuritis. Definitive diagnosis of PDD has been problematic due to the inconsistent distribution of lesions. Since its discovery, avian bornavirus (ABV) has been successfully cultured from the brains of psittacines diagnosed with PDD, providing a source of antigen for serologic assays and nucleic acid for molecular assays. This article provides evidence that ABV is the etiologic agent of PDD. Recent findings on the transmission, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and control of ABV infection and PDD are also reviewed.
Effect of sesamex upon dieldrin resistance in the German cockroach.

Evidence has been produced to show that the degrees of dieldrin resistance in various German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), strains can be reduced (either partially or completely) by the use of sesamex, a pyrethrin synergist. Sesamex at this concentration (10 μ g per male cockroach) was without synergistic effect against the susceptible insects.
Neutron scattering studies of magnetic thin films and multilayers

Abstract The basic principles of the elastic scattering of polarized neutrons from magnetic films and thin film superlattices, both kinematically as well as dynamically in the continuum limit, are summarized first. The quantitative accuracy presently attainable in practice is discussed along with other relevant issues regarding experimental technique and data analysis. Investigations of interlayer coupling and the effects of strain and finite thickness in single crystalline, epitaxially grown superlattices are reviewed, focussing on specular neutron diffraction and reflectivity measurements. These superlattices include rare earth and semiconductor systems in addition to those that exhibit “giant” magnetoresistive effects and which are of particular current technological interest. A survey of some of the more recent studies of the enhancement/reduction of ferromagnetic moments at an interface with a nonmagnetic material is then presented. Finally, several future research directions, for example, magnetic nonspecular scattering and studies of the magnetic state of the materials which form the intervening layers between coherently coupled ferromagnetic layers in superlattices, are discussed.
Unsteady MHD Flow and Heat Transfer of Dusty Fluid Between Two Cylinders With Variable Physical Properties

A mathematical model for unsteady heat transfer and flow of an electrically conducting, viscous, incompressible dusty fluid in a channel formed between two concentric cylinders is developed. In the model, the fluid is driven along the channel by a constant pressure gradient, and an external magnetic field is applied in the direction perpendicular to the channel flow. The two cylinders are considered electrically insulated, and the surfaces maintained at constant but different temperatures with the outer cylinder being at a higher temperature. The viscosity and electrical conductivity of the fluid are considered varying with temperature. The equations governing flow and temperature distribution of both the fluid and the dust particles are a set of coupled momentum and energy equations. The derived system of non-linear partial differential equations is solved numerically on a two-dimensional computation grid using the Galerkin finite element method. The paper ends with discussions of the effect of the applied magnetic field and the variations in viscosity and electrical conductivity with temperature on the time development of the velocity and temperature distributions for both the fluid and dust particles.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Characteristics of the 2f1-f2 distortion product otoacoustic emission in a normal hearing population

Distortion-product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) fine structure and component characteristics are reported between 0.75 and 16 kHz in 356 clinically normal hearing human subjects ages 10 to 65 yr. Stimulus tones at 55/40, 65/55, and 75/75 dB SPL were delivered using custom designed drivers and a calibration method that compensated for the depth of insertion of the otoacoustic emission (OAE) probe in the ear canal. DPOAE fine structure depth and spacing were found to be consistent with previous reports with depth varying between 3 and 7 dB and average spacing ratios (f/Δf) between 15 and 25 depending on stimulus level and frequency. In general, fine structure depth increased with increasing frequency, likely due to a diminishing difference between DPOAE component levels. Fine structure spacing became wider with increasing age above 8 kHz. DPOAE components were extracted using the inverse fast Fourier transform method, adhering to a strict signal to noise ratio criterion for clearer interpretation. Component data from four age groups between 18 and 55 yr old were available for the stimulus levels of 75/75 dB SPL. The age groups could be differentiated with greater than 90% accuracy when using the level of the component presumed to originate from the DPOAE characteristic frequency place. This accuracy held even for frequencies at and below 4 kHz where the age groups exhibited similar average hearing thresholds.
The effect of doping on the combustion and reaction kinetics of silicon reactives

Abstract The influence of low levels of lattice doping in silicon on the combustion and reaction kinetics of silicon based reactives was investigated. Doped silicon powders were produced by ball milling intrinsic, As-, and B-doped silicon wafers. After morphological and physical characterization of the doped silicon powders, energetic composites consisting of silicon and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) powder were produced and characterized by thermal analysis and combustion rate measurements. The apparent activation energy decreased from 283 ± 3 to 243 ± 25 kJ/mol as dopant concentration was increased, and burning rates increased from 1.94 ± 0.05 mm/s to 3.04 ± 0.10 mm/s. This appears to be caused by inclusion of the dopant atoms in the Si lattice as no burning rate change was observed for Si reactive mixtures with the same dopant element added as a bulk powder at the same atomic proportions. The ability to modify combustion behavior through low levels of doping is an intriguing observation, with implications in general burning rate modification and tuning, and the emerging study of silicon based integrated nanoenergetics.
University Work—life Benefits and Same-Sex Couples

The problem and the solution . Lesbian and gay (LG) employees experience work—life challenges due to exclusionary language and social norms that ignore the existence of their families; denial of medical, retirement, and leave benefits; and sexual orientation discrimination that can raise legitimate fears about job loss and family survival.A supportive and inclusive work culture is needed for employers to build loyalty, increase retention, and enable employees to perform at their peak.This article examines work—life benefits at 10 public universities.Work—life benefits are often taken for granted by the vast majority of employees within an organization because the inequitable application of these benefits across all kinds of employees remains invisible.Thus,work—life benefits inequitably applied have the potential to significantly damage the performance, psyche, financial status, and well-being of LG employees and their families. Recommendations for changes in organizational practices, policies, and langua...
Key Personnel and “Long Distance” Settings: Determining Who Must Report Financial Conflict of Interest

Conflicts of interest (COIs) can impact the integrity of scientific research. While public imagination has focused on scientists, regulatory discourse recognizes a broader range of individuals who might have financial COIs. This essay asks, for personnel who enroll subjects at a physical and organizational remove from the primary research team, whether reporting COI to an institutional review board or COI committee protects research integrity. After examining definitions of COI, regulations on COI, and rubrics for evaluating COI policies, we argue that requiring recruitment personnel who work at a distance from the primary research team to report potential COI protects neither research integrity nor human subjects.
Galanin Activates an Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Conductance and Inhibits a Voltage-Dependent Calcium Conductance in Mudpuppy Parasympathetic Neurons a

Galanin-induced activation of an inwardly rectifying membrane potassium (K+) current and inhibition of barium current (IBa) were studied using whole cell voltage clamp recording techniques in parasympathetic neurons dissociated from the mudpuppy cardiac ganglion. Both activation of the K+ current and inhibition of IBa were concentration-dependent with an EC50 (or IC50) of approximately 35 nM and approximately 0.4 nM, respectively. Both actions of galanin were eliminated by pretreatment with pertussis toxin, which suggested involvement of Gi/Go protein activation. Galantide antagonized the galanin-induced activation of K+ current with an IC50 equal to 4 nM. By contrast, galantide, by itself, inhibited IBa with an EC50 equal to 16 nM. Another galanin analog, M40, primarily antagonized the galanin-induced activation of K+ current, but in some cells, M40 also acted as a weak agonist. M40, like galantide, inhibited IBa. The NH2-terminal fragment galanin-(1-16) activated the K+ current and inhibited IBa, indicating that the first 16 amino acids of the galanin peptide were sufficient for both actions. In summary, it is postulated that the effects of galanin on mudpuppy parasympathetic neurons might be mediated by activation of two different subtypes of galanin receptor, one that regulates membrane K+ conductance and a second that modulates calcium conductance.
The pineal complex and melatonin affect the expression of the daily rhythm of behavioral thermoregulation in the green iguana.

Daily variation in the body temperature of the green iguana (Iguana iguana) was studied by telemetry in laboratory photo-thermal enclosures under a 12Light∶12Dark (L∶D) photoperiod. The lizards showed robust daily rhythms of thermoregulation maintaining their body temperatures (Tb) at higher levels during the day than during the night. Some animals maintained rhythmicity when kept in constant darkness. On light∶dark cycles parietalectomy produced only a transient increase of median Tb in the first or second night following the operation. Pinealectomized lizards on the other hand maintained their body temperatures at significantly lower levels during the day and at significantly higher levels during the night than did sham-operated or intact lizards. This effect was apparently permanent, since one month after pinealectomy lizards still displayed the altered pattern. Plasma melatonin levels in intact animals were high during the night and low during the day and were unaffected by parietalectomy. Pinealectomized lizards showed low levels of plasma melatonin during both the day and the night. A daily intraperitoneal injection of melatonin in pinealectomized animals given a few minutes after the light to dark transition decreased the body temperatures selected by the lizards during the night and increased the body temperatures selected during the following day. Control injections of saline solution had no effect. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the role of the pineal complex and melatonin in the mediation of thermoregulatory behavior.
Preparation and crystallization of a complex between human adenovirus serotype 2 proteinase and its 11-amino-acid cofactor pVIc.

Abstract Crystals have been obtained of the recombinant human adenovirus serotype 2 proteinase (AVP) in a complex with its 11-amino-acid cofactor pVIc. AVP–pVIc complexes were formed by the incubation of AVP with a 1.2-fold molar excess of pVIc prior to the crystallization trials. Diffraction-quality crystals were obtained at 18°C by the vapor-diffusion method with 5.6 mg/ml AVP–pVIc in 1.4 M sodium acetate and 0.1 M Hepes, pH 7.5. Diffraction data (99% complete to 2.6 A resolution with R merge of 0.077) were collected from native crystals at room temperature at beamline X12-C at the National Synchrotron Light Source. The crystals belong to space group P6 1 with unit cell dimensions a = b = 114.2 A, c = 50.1 A; α = β = 90°, γ = 120°. The unit cell dimensions and likely mass of the molecular species in the crystals were consistent with there being one 25 000-Da complex (1:1) per asymmetric unit. Additionally, one heavy-atom derivative, obtained by the soaking of preformed crystals, was isomorphous to the native crystal. Diffraction data obtained on these crystals were 95% complete to 3.0 A resolution with an R merge of 0.076. Difference-Patterson analysis indicates three heavy atom sites in the derivative asymmetric unit.
The present status of low-energy electron diffraction

Abstract A brief review is given of the status of low-energy electron diffraction, emphasizing the present problems and the advances that are likely to occur in three major areas: equilibrium atom position determinations, surface defect studies, and studies of the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of overlayers.
Characterizations of the plurality function

Abstract Suppose each of a group of ‘experts’ or ‘voters’, human or artificial, gives his or her first choice from among a set of alternatives A . A consensus function assigns to each such set of choices a subset of A called the group's consensus. The plurality function chooses for the consensus all alternatives that receive the largest number of first choices. We give several sets of axioms on a consensus function that characterize the plurality function and also investigate axioms for related consensus functions.