cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perennial Arachis spp. as a Multipurpose Living Mulch, Ground Cover and Forage

ABSTRACT From 1997 to 1999, 16 cultivars/accessions of perennial forage Arachis sp. were evaluated at the Tropical Research and Education Center. IFAS, Homestead, FL. Evaluation focused on adaptability to soil and climatic conditions of south Florida and included criteria deemed desirable for a multipurpose cover crop that might be used as a living mulch in no-till vegetable production fields and orchards, forage for animal feeding, and ornamental ground cover along highway ramps and sidewalks. Four cultivars/accessions of Pinto's peanut, A. pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Gregory, plus IRFL 6968 grew well in the low-fertility calcareous soils with minimal fertilizer, minimal irrigation and no pesticide. They were compared with ‘Florigraze’ rhizoma peanut (A. glabrata Benth.) in all the evaluation criteria used. The stands had become well established 31 months after planting. Biomass yields for the selected accessions at 31 months ranged from 12.0 to 21.5 mt ha−1. Nitrogen content in the dry biomass of plant parts ...
Modulation of Presynaptic Store Calcium Induces Release of Glutamate and Postsynaptic Firing

Action potential-independent transmitter release is random and produces small depolarizations in the postsynaptic neuron. This process is, therefore, not thought to play a significant role in impulse propagation across synapses. Here we show that calcium flux through presynaptic neuronal nicotinic receptors leads to mobilization of store calcium by calcium-induced calcium release. Recruitment of store calcium induces vesicular release of glutamate in a manner consistent with synchronization across multiple active zones in the CA3 region of the rat hippocampus. This modulation of action potential-independent release of glutamate is sufficient to drive the postsynaptic pyramidal cell above its firing threshold, thus providing a mechanism for impulse propagation.
Cell wall extension behavior of Phycomyces sporangiophores during the pressure response

The cylindrical, single-celled sporangiophore of Phycomyces blakesleeanus grows (enlarges) predominantly in the longitudinal direction during two stages of development; stage I and stage IVb. Cell enlargement (cell wall extension) occurs in a distinct region termed the "growing zone." It was previously reported that a large step-up or pulse-up in turgor pressure, greater than approximately 0.02 MPa, will elicit a transient decrease in longitudinal growth rate of the stage I and stage IVb sporangiophore. This transient decrease in longitudinal growth rate is termed the "pressure response." Both the magnitude and duration of the pressure response depend on the magnitude of the turgor pressure step-up or pulse-up. Qualitatively, the pressure response is similar to the stretch response, which is produced with the application of a longitudinal force (load) on the sporangiophore. In this investigation, the growth (extension) behavior of the cell wall in the growing zone is studied during the pressure response. It is found that both the extension rate of the cell wall in the growing zone and the length of the growing zone decrease during the pressure response, and that together they account for the observed decrease in longitudinal growth rate.
Hormone Receptor-Negative Breast Cancer: Undertreatment of Patients Over 80

Purpose Patients older than 80 years represent a significant breast cancer population but are underrepresented in clinical trials. It is established that estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PR)-negative status confers a worse prognosis in patients under 70, but this is not well studied in those over 80. We examined the prognosis of patients over 80 with ER/PR-negative disease to determine whether these patients are more likely to die of breast cancer than cardiovascular disease and to study treatment patterns.
Factors in the Etiology of Constrictive Pericarditis

Because of uncertainty existing in respect to the etiologic factors in certain cases of constrictive pericarditis, an analysis of 25 proven cases and of additional series from the literature was conducted. It was evident that a fairly consistent clinical syndrome developed, but the factor of myocardial insufficiency deserves as much consideration as actual constriction by the pericardium. The survey supports the belief that the clinical picture of chronic constrictive pericarditis may result from tuberculosis in most cases, at times only by implication. In addition, cases can result from trauma to the chest, rheumatic heart disease and purulent pericarditis.
Genetic and Ecological Divergence Defines Population Structure of Sockeye Salmon Populations Returning to Bristol Bay, Alaska, and Provides a Tool for Admixture Analysis

Abstract We examined the population genetic diversity and structure of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka spawning in tributaries of Bristol Bay, Alaska, a region that supports the largest commercial fisheries for sockeye salmon in the world. Genetic variation among the sockeye salmon populations, as revealed by microsatellite data, was shallower than that found in other areas of comparable size around the Pacific Rim. This finding was driven by similarity among populations rearing in the four largest lake systems located on the southeastern side of the bay (upper and lower Ugashik, Becharof, Naknek–Grosvenor–Coville, and Iliamna lakes). Sockeye salmon in lakes located above known obstacles to migration on the southeastern side and in tributaries on the northwestern side showed variation and structure that were more typical of the species. Management of these important fisheries assumes knowledge of the composition of stock mixtures captured in each fishery. We investigated the potential of microsatellite ...
Low‐Temperature Equilibria Among ZrO2, Tho2, and UO2

Studies made on low-hafnium-content ZrO2, show that the monoclinic-tetragonal inversion temperature is 1170°C., and it is raised to approximately 1190°C. in the “natural” ZrO2, which contains approximately 2% HfO2. No explanation could be found for the knownmarked hysteresis during cooling, when the reverse polymorphic transformation takes dace at 1040°C. In the system ZrO2-ThO2 the monoclinic-tetragonal ZrO2, inversion temperature is lowered to 1000°C., although the maximum solid solution extent of ZrO2, in Thon and vice versa is approximately only 2% at this temperature. Below about 400°C. under hydrothermal conditions it was possible to prepare a continuous, although metastable series of solid solutions with the fluorite structurewith compositions varying from ThO2, to nearly pure ZrO2. Contrary to earlier work only 8 mole ZrO2, dissolves in UO2 and less than 4 mole of UO, in ZrO2 at temperatures up to 13OO0C. A continuous series of solid solutions could be made between Th2 and UO2 at 13OO°C., and extensive defect fluorite solid solutions could be prepared between Tho2 and U3O8; there is some evidence for exsolution into uranium-rich and thorium-rich members at low temperatures.
Understanding the “Russian Mortality Paradox” in Central Asia: Evidence from Kyrgyzstan

In the former Soviet republics of central Asia, ethnic Russians have exhibited higher adult mortality than native ethnic groups (e.g., Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek) in spite of the higher socioeconomic status of ethnic Russians. The mortality disadvantage of ethnic Russians at adult ages appears to have even increased since the breakup of the Soviet Union. The most common explanation for this “Russian mortality paradox,” is that deaths are better reported among ethnic Russians. In this study, we use detailed mortality data from Kyrgyzstan between 1959 and 1999 to evaluate various explanations for the Russian mortality paradox: data artifacts, migration effects, and cultural effects. We find that the most plausible explanation is the cultural hypothesis because the personal behaviors that appear to generate a large part of the observed mortality differences (alcohol consumption, in particular) seem to be closely tied to cultural practices. We examine the implications of this finding for understanding the health crisis in post-Soviet states.
Gender and Peacebuilding

Gender, Peacebuilding, and Reconstruction—edited by Caroline Sweetman—is a collection of nine articles on gender and conflict, including the need to promote gender-based advocacy and policy during ...
The Association of Nocturia With Cardiac Disease, Diabetes, Body Mass Index, Age and Diuretic Use: Results From the BACH Survey

Purpose: We examined the association of nocturia with age, race/ethnicity, gender, cardiac disease, diabetes, body mass index and diuretic use.Materials and Methods: Data were obtained from the Boston Area Community Health study, which used a multistage, stratified, cluster random sample design to recruit 5,506 adults at ages 30 to 79 years from Boston. Nocturia was defined as fairly often or more frequently arising up to urinate more than once nightly in the last month and/or going to the bathroom more than once nightly in the last week. Observations were weighted inversely proportional to their probability of selection into the study. Analyses were performed using SUDAAN®.Results: Nocturia was present in 1,872 respondents (28.4%). In a multivariate model the odds of nocturia increased with age (p <0.001), were higher for minority vs white respondents (black and Hispanic respondents OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.53, 2.32 and OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.26, 2.04, respectively), were lower for men (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.65, 0.97), ...
A flame sensor with uniform sensitivity over a large field of view

The sensor is a gas-filled tube of the Geiger-Mueller type, in which an electron emitted from a photocathode is accelerated by an applied electric field to cause ionization of the fill gas. Although the operating principle is not new, this tube differs from others in that the cathode consists of a semitransparent layer of metal on the inside of the cylindrical tube envelope, which is applied by sputtering after filling and sealing. Used as a cathode during sputtering, the anode consists of a pin along the axis of the tube, providing the cylindrical symmetry for uniform wide-angle viewing. The performance of the tube is compared with that of a tube of the same external dimensions, but with more conventional parallel wire electrodes. The counting rate for the sputtered tube was a factor of 10 higher than the conventional tube, due to the larger sensitive cathode area, and uniform over 360° in a plane perpendicular to the tube axis, due to cylindrical symmetry. The counting rate for the sputtered tube was 2000/min in response to a flame 7 ft away burning natural gas at the rate of 138 cm3/min.
An Onsite Education Program for Software Quality

A software engineering education program consisting of three intensive courses was developed by Northeastern University in cooperation with a local company, and taught at the company's facility. The courses cover advanced C programming, software engineering, and peer code reviews. We describe the contents of the courses, the process of developing them, and our experiences in presenting them.
Glenoid Bone Loss Measurement in Recurrent Shoulder Dislocation: Assessment of Measurement Agreement Between CT and MRI.

Background:Shoulder instability can cause both soft tissue injury and bone defects, requiring both computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for a thorough workup, which results...
In pursuit of moderation: nine common errors and teir solutions

One result of the increasing sophistication and complexity of MIS theory and research is the number of studies hypothesizing and testing for moderation effects. A review of the MIS and broader management literatures suggests researchers investigating moderated relationships often commit one or more errors falling into three broad categories: inappropriate use or interpretation of statistics, misalignment of research design with phenomena of interest, and measurement or scaling issues. Examples of nine common errors are presented. Commission of these errors is expected to yield literatures characterized by mixed results at best, and thoroughly erroneous results at worse. Procedures representing examples of best practice and reporting guidelines are provided to help MIS investigators avoid or minimize these errors.
Set-based Bayesianism

Problems for strict and convex Bayesianism are discussed. A set-based Bayesianism generalizing convex Bayesianism and intervalism is proposed. This approach abandons not only the strict Bayesian requirement of a unique real-valued probability function in any decision-making context but also the requirement of convexity for a set-based representation of uncertainty. Levi's E-admissibility decision criterion is retained and is shown to be applicable in the nonconvex case.
Lesions of the periaqueductal gray and rostral ventromedial medulla disrupt antinociceptive but not cardiovascular aversive conditional responses

The presentation of an auditory stimulus that signals a noxious event such as foot shock results in the simultaneous expression of multiple aversive conditional responses (CRs), which include a transient elevation of arterial blood pressure (ABP) and an opioid-mediated form of hypoalgesia. Recent evidence suggests that the neural circuits responsible for the expression of these two aversive responses may overlap. In the present study, rats were trained using a Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm in which white noise was repeatedly paired with shock. After training, groups of animals received electrolytic lesions centered in the dorsal or ventral periaqueductal gray (PAG) or in the medial or lateral rostral medulla. In sham-lesioned animals that were given paired presentations of noise and shock, subsequent presentation of the auditory stimulus caused a significant transient elevation of ABP and time-dependent inhibition of the tail flick reflex evoked by radiant heat. Lesions of either the dorsal or the ventral PAG blocked the antinociceptive CR but did not significantly affect ABP responses. Lesions of the ventromedial, but not the lateral, rostral medulla blocked hypoalgesia. Rostral medullary lesions did not reliably affect stimulus-evoked cardiovascular responses or baseline ABP. These results indicate that antinociceptive and cardiovascular conditional responses are anatomically dissociable and support our proposal that conditional hypoalgesia is mediated by a serial neural circuit that includes the amygdala, PAG, and rostral ventromedial medulla.
A simple device for controlling transients in auditory stimuli

Abstract Description of a simple, inexpensive method by which click transient can be eliminated. The method consist of inserting a resistor type photocell in series with the output of an audiogenerator.
Superdatabases for composition of heterogeneous databases

Superdatabases, which are designed to compose and extend databases, are discussed. In particular, superdatabases allow consistent update across heterogeneous databases. The general architecture of superdatabases is summarized, and some sufficient conditions to make the element databases composable are given. The design of a superdatabase capable of gluing the element databases together is described, and an implementation plan is sketched. Related work on many different aspects of heterogeneous databases is summarized and compared with the author's study. >
Misregulation of 2μm Circle Copy Number in a SUMO Pathway Mutant

Attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein SUMO to other proteins is an essential process in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, yeast mutants lacking the SUMO ligases Siz1 and Siz2/Nfi1 are viable, even though they show dramatically reduced levels of SUMO conjugation. This siz1Δ siz2Δ double mutant is cold sensitive and has an unusual phenotype in that it forms irregularly shaped colonies that contain sectors of wild-type-appearing cells as well as sectors of enlarged cells that are arrested in G2/M. We have found that these phenotypes result from misregulation of the copy number of the endogenous yeast plasmid, the 2μm circle. siz1Δ siz2Δ mutants have up to 40-fold-higher levels of 2μm than do wild-type strains. Furthermore, 2μm is responsible for the siz1Δ siz2Δ mutant's obvious growth defects, as siz1Δ siz2Δ [cir0] strains, which lack 2μm, are no longer heterogeneous and show growth characteristics similar to those of the wild type. Possible mechanisms for SUMO's effect on 2μm are suggested by the finding that both Flp1 recombinase and Rep2, two of the four proteins encoded by 2μm, are covalently modified by SUMO. Our data suggest that SUMO attachment negatively regulates Flp1 levels, which may partially account for the increased 2μm copy number in the siz1Δ siz2Δ strain.
Sleep complaints and psychiatric symptoms in children evaluated at a pediatric mental health clinic.

Study objectives To examine the association of sleep problems with psychiatric symptoms in children evaluated at a university-based outpatient child psychiatry clinic. Methods Parents of 174 children attending psychiatric services completed a 47-item Childhood Sleep Questionnaire and the Behavioral Assessment System for Children. Psychiatric diagnosis was obtained through retrospective chart review. Sleep characteristics were compared among 4 diagnostic subcategories: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) alone (n=29), ADHD with comorbid mood and anxiety disorders (ADHD+; n=50), mood and anxiety disorders alone (n=67), and other psychiatric disorders (n= 28). Data from sleep habits survey of 174 community children without reported psychiatric history served as controls. Results Children with psychiatric disorders had a significantly higher prevalence of sleep complaints compared with nonpsychiatric controls. Children with ADHD had frequent nocturnal awakenings, bad dreams, and bedtime struggles. In addition, the presence of leg jerks during sleep was particularly frequent in patients with ADHD compared with any other psychiatric disorder. More frequent nighttime awakenings were present in children with mood and anxiety disorders. Sleep duration and sleep latency strongly correlated with aggression, hyperactivity, and depression. Restless sleep scores highly correlated with all psychiatric symptoms. Conclusions Sleep problems are highly prevalent among children with psychiatric disorders. Children with ADHD and comorbid anxiety or mood disorders are more likely to report sleep disturbances. Restless sleep, long sleep latency, short sleep duration, and frequent nocturnal awakenings correlate with the severity of psychiatric symptoms.
Strange bedfellows: A Russian prince, A Scottish Economist, and the role of empathy in early theories for the evolution of cooperation

From 1888 to his death in 1921, Russian Prince Peter Kropotkin forced biologists to ask themselves whether natural selection inevitably led to a dog-eat-dog world, or whether pro-social behavior could also be a product of the evolutionary process. In this historical vignette, I focus on Kropotkin's theory of "mutual aid," with emphasis on the role that empathy played in that theory, and the unexpected source--economist Adam Smith's 1759 book, The Theory of Moral Sentiments--of Kropotkin's ideas on empathy in animals.
Microarchitecture-level leakage reduction with data retention

In this paper, we study microarchitecture-level leakage energy reduction by power gating. We consider the virtual power/ground rails clamp (VRC) and multithreshold CMOS (MTCMOS) techniques and apply VRC to memory-based units for data retention and MTCMOS to the other units. We propose a systematic methodology for leakage reduction at the microarchitecture level, in which profiling of idle period distribution and ideal power gating analysis are used to select a target component for realistic power gating. We show that the ideal leakage energy reduction can be up to 30% of the total energy for the modern high-performance very long instruction word processors we study and that the secondary level (L2) cache contributes most to the reduction. We further improve the existing adaptive cache decay method for leakage reduction by using VRC for data retention and name it VRC decay . Applied to L2 cache, the VRC decay, on average, increases performance by 5.6% and reduces system energy by 24.1%, compared to the adaptive cache decay without data retention.
Discovering topics from dark websites

Analysis of dark websites is important for developing effective combating strategies against terrorism or extremists when more and more scattered terrorist cells use the ubiquity of the Internet to form communities in virtual space with fairly low costs. Terrorists or extremists anonymously set up various web sites embedded in the public Internet, exchanging ideology, spreading propaganda, and recruiting new members. In this paper, we propose a framework to discover latent topics via analyzing contents of dark websites. The content and data from dark websites are gathered and extracted by crawlers and exported to documents. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) algorithm is used to analyze the extracted documents so as to discover latent topics from web sites of terrorists or extremists. In contrast to the traditional Information Retrieval (IR) schemes, LDA-based analysis assigns a probability to a document and captures exchangeability of both words and documents. Our work helps to gain insights into the structure and communities of terrorists and extremists.
Uninformed response bias in telephone surveys

Abstract This research examines the uninformed responses consumers offer to telephone surveys. Consumers in a random sample of 946 households freely offered opinions about fictitious government agencies and consumer brands for which they were uninformed. Pressuring consumers to respond through verbal introductory statements to the survey and not offering a Don't Know (DK) option led to significantly higher uninformed response rates. Further, increased pressure to respond resulted in more negative responses, and fewer positive responses. If consumers are willing to offer opinions on fictitious issues or brands, they are likely to offer opinions on actual issues or brands about which they are uninformed or unfamiliar.
Do Street Fairs Boost Local Businesses? A Quasi-Experimental Analysis

Local businesses and retail stores are a crucial part of local economy. Local governments design policies for facilitating the growth of these businesses that can consequently have positive externalities on the local community. However, many times these policies have completely opposite from the expected results (e.g., free curb parking instead of helping businesses has been illustrated to actually hurt them due to the small turnover per spot). Hence, it is important to evaluate the outcome of such policies in order to provide educated decisions for the future. In the era of social and ubiquitous computing, mobile social media, such as Foursquare, form a platform that can help towards this goal. Data from these platforms capture semantic information of human mobility from which we can distill the potential economic activities taking place. In this paper we focus on street fairs (e.g., arts festivals) and evaluate their ability to boost economic activities in their vicinity. In particular, we collected data from Foursquare for the three month period between June 2015 and August 2015 from the city of Pittsburgh. During this period several street fairs took place. Using these events as our case study we analyzed the data utilizing propensity score matching and a quasi- experimental technique inspired by the difference-in-differences method. Our results indicate that street fairs provide positive externalities to nearby businesses. We further analyzed the spatial reach of this impact and we find that it can extend up to 0.6 miles from the epicenter of the event.
A Comparison of the First-Guess Dependence of Precipitable Water Estimates from Three Techniques Using GOES Data

Abstract This paper evaluates and intercompares three existing algorithms for calculating precipitable water (PW) using infrared radiances from the GOES-7 VISSR (Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer) Atmospheric Sounder (VAS). The study exclusively uses simulated, rather than observed, VAS radiances in all retrievals. The National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service simultaneous physical algorithm utilizes data from all 12 VAS channels and produces a vertical profile of temperature and dewpoint from which PW can be calculated. The Chesters technique and Jedlovec’s physical split-window technique retrieve PW from radiances in the two split window channels without first computing a dewpoint profile. All three algorithms also can be used with GOES-8 and GOES-9 data. These algorithms have not been intercompared previously. Each is applied on case days having wide variations in temperature and moisture. The algorithms are supplied with first-guess information of varying accuracy to asse...
Single-file diffusion in a dusty plasma

Single-file diffusion (sfd) refers to diffusion in a one-dimensional (1D) system. Even though the particles cannot pass each other, their mean-squared displacements (msd) from the initial positions will increase with time t. For diffusion in higher-dimensions, Fick's law predicts that the msd increases linearly with t. However, single-file diffusion is predicted to be sub-Fickean, where the msd increases as t1/2. To test this prediction, a 1D dusty plasma ring has been created in the Dusty ONU experimenT (DONUT). The ring consisted of 29 melamine microspheres, had a radius of 10.2 mm and an average lattice constant of 2.2 mm. The neutral Ar pressure was 8.0 mtorr, giving a damping rate of 0.4 s−1. As shown in the figure, for short times t &#60; 1 s, we find the msd is proportional to the t, indicating ballistic behavior, while for t > 1 s, the msd increases approximately as t1/2, confirming the theoretical prediction.
Many lncRNAs, 5’UTRs, and pseudogenes are translated and some are likely to express functional proteins

Using a new bioinformatic method to analyze ribosome profiling data, we show that 40% of lncRNAs and pseudogene RNAs expressed in human cells are translated. In addition, ~35% of mRNA coding genes are translated upstream of the primary protein-coding region (uORFs) and 4% are translated downstream (dORFs). Translated lncRNAs preferentially localize in the cytoplasm, whereas untranslated lncRNAs preferentially localize in the nucleus. The translation efficiency of cytoplasmic lncRNAs is nearly comparable to that of mRNAs, suggesting that cytoplasmic lncRNAs are engaged by the ribosome and translated. While most peptides generated from lncRNAs may be highly unstable byproducts without function, ~9% of the peptides are conserved in ORFs in mouse transcripts, as are 74% of pseudogene peptides, 24% of uORF peptides and 32% of dORF peptides. Analyses of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution rates of these conserved peptides show that some are under stabilizing selection, suggesting potential functional importance.
Alice Munro: The Stories of Runaway

This essay will analyze and explicate the stories in Munro’s latest collection, Runaway , in order to present the reader with a description of her artistic interests, motifs and techniques in this work. The author finds remarkable similarities among the stories, even as they explore very different female characters and situations. The author notes the delicacy and precision with which Munro tracks the progress of her characters’ thoughts and feelings, often in a kind of interior dialogue with themselves. Love, or its absence, is the usual subject matter in the stories – most often between a woman and a man, but sometimes between parent and child – and the author shows how Munro’s characters deal with the “old confusions or obligations” engendered by this emotion. Finally, the author cites several examples in describing Munro’s style of presenting her characters, one typified by colloquial and self-deprecating dialogue, but punctuated at times by language of great poetic and emotional power.
Professional ecological knowledge: an unrecognized knowledge domain within natural resource management

Successful natural resource management is dependent on effective knowledge exchange and utilization. Local/traditional/ indigenous knowledge derived from place-based experience and scientific knowledge generated by systematic inquiry are the most commonly recognized knowledge domains. However, we propose that many natural resource decisions are not based on local or scientific knowledge, but rather on a little recognized domain that we term professional ecological knowledge (PEK). Professional ecological knowledge is founded upon codification of broad ecological principles, but not necessarily scientific evidence, to legitimize agency programs, support operational efficiency, and encourage user compliance. However, in spite of these benefits, PEK may reduce program effectiveness by inhibiting the exchange of local and scientific knowledge and minimizing the development of evidence-based conservation. We describe what we consider to be common facets of PEK through case studies examining the sources of knowledge utilized by forestry agencies in India and by rangeland conservation programs of the USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service. Three propositions are presented regarding the origins and continued existence of PEK: (1) minimal information feedbacks regarding the efficacy of agency programs contributes to development of PEK; (2) a narrow scientific agenda and a perception that most scientific knowledge is not relevant to management decisions encourages a divide between scientists and managers; and (3) political interests often benefit from existing applications of PEK. By calling attention to the existence of PEK as a distinctive knowledge domain, we aim to encourage more explicit and critical consideration of the origins of knowledge used in environmental decision making. Explicit recognition of PEK may provide greater understanding of the dynamics of knowledge exchange and decision making in natural resource management.
On the comparative analysis of marketing features of fast moving consumer goods

Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) is facing a strongly competitive pressure. This paper compares the FMCG and durable consumer goods to analyze about the marketing features of FMCG.
Urodynamics and management of the neuropathic bladder in spinal cord injury patients.

(1985). Urodynamics and Management of the Neuropathic Bladder in Spinal Cord Injury Patients. The Journal of The American Paraplegia Society: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 28-32.
Shifting the Development Discourse: A Narrative of a Civil Society Network in Ecuador

This article provides a narrative of the emergence and formalization of a civil society network in Ecuador. The narrative provides a backdrop to explain how organized civil society produces an alternative discourse by shifting key descriptors related to civil society and development. While civil society–state relations still unfold in Ecuador, an alternative development discourse with shifted descriptors has helped to consolidate the civil society network. This shifting of development discourse may provide an avenue for organized civil society to continue to better argue and demonstrate its contributions to social development. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A General Theory of Optimal Plastic Design — Optimal Division into Elements of Prescribed Shape

Since most problems treated in Part II concern plastic design, it will be useful to review a general theory of optimal plastic design, which was initiated by Marcal and Prager30, and Prager and Shield31, and extended by Charrett and Rozvany32, and Save33.
Standard enthalpies of formation of some refractory borides of 4d and 5d elements from high-temperature direct synthesis calorimetry

Les enthalpies standard de formation de YB 2 , TaB 2 et W 2 B 5 ont ete determinees par calonmetrie de synthese directe a 1473±2 K. Les resultats suivants sont obtenus: ΔH f 0 (YB 2 )=-35.7±2.6 kJ/mole d'atomes, ΔH f 0 (TaB 2 )=-53.3±2 kJ/mole d'atomes, ΔH f 0 (W 2 B 5 )=-17.5±1.1 kJ/mole d'atomes. Deux nouvelles techniques qui facilitent l'obtention de reactions completes a la temperature du calorimetre sont discutees
Review of Pharmacotherapy in the Treatment of the Catatonic Syndrome: First-Line, Adjunctive/Combination and Novel Options

Catatonia is a clinical syndrome characterized by a range of psychomotor abnormalities that occur in the context of a wide variety of both psychiatric and medical conditions. It occurs in affective, psychotic, autistic, developmental and medical disorders. Catatonia may present with unusual stereotypies and medical comorbidities. Despite these various etiologies, treatment has been convergent on the gamma aminobutyric acid agonists (i.e., benzodiazepines), and glutamate antagonists, corresponding with the known pathophysiology on this syndrome. Treatment refractory and emergent cases are often referred to electroconvulsive therapy. The focus of this manuscript will be to review these known treatments in montherapy, adjunctive, combined, and potential novel pharmacotherapy.
Light Absorption by Brown Carbon in the Southeastern United States is pH-dependent.

Light-absorbing organic material, or “brown carbon” (BrC), can significantly influence the effect that aerosols have on climate. Here, we investigate how changing pH affects the absorption spectra of water-soluble BrC from ambient particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm collected in Athens, Georgia, in the spring and fall of 2016, including samples from nearby wildfires. We find that absorption increases 10% per pH unit from pH 2 to pH 12 with a broad, featureless tail at visible wavelengths, where the largest fractional increase is also observed. The resulting change in the spectral shape causes the absorption Angstrom exponent to decrease by 0.18 per unit increase in pH. Similar behavior with humic substances suggests that they and BrC share a common link between pH and absorption, which we propose could be a consequence of conformational changes in supramolecular assemblies thought to exist in humic substances. Specifically, we hypothesize that a wider variety and larger number of absorbing charge trans...
Boosting efferocytosis in alveolar space using BCG vaccine to protect host against influenza pneumonia

Efferocytosis by alveolar phagocytes (APs) is pivotal in maintenance of lung homeostasis. Increased efferocytosis by APs results in protection against lethal acute lung injury due to pulmonary infections whereas defective efferocytosis by APs results in chronic lung inflammation. In this report, we show that pulmonary delivery of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) significantly enhances efferocytosis by APs. Increased efferocytosis by APs maintains lung homeostasis and protects mice against lethal influenza pneumonia. Intranasally treated wild type C57Bl/6 (WT) mice with BCG showed significant increase in APs efferocytosis in vivo compared to their PBS-treated counterparts. All BCG-treated WT mice survived lethal influenza A virus (IAV) infection whereas all PBS-treated mice succumbed. BCG-induced resistance was abrogated by depleting AP prior to IAV infection. BCG treatment increased uptake, and digestion/removal of apoptotic cells by APs. BCG significantly increased the expression of TIM4 on APs and increased expression of Rab5 and Rab7. We demonstrated that increased efferocytosis by APs through pulmonary delivery of BCG initiated rapid clearance of apoptotic cells from the alveolar space, maintained lung homeostasis, reduced inflammation and protected host against lethal IAV pneumonia.
179 Biomarkers of atherosclerosis in sle improve after treatment with mycophenolate mofetil

Background and aims Women with SLE have an increased risk of atherosclerosis that is not adequately explained by traditional risk factors. We previously discovered that a “high risk” score on a panel of biomarkers, PREDICTS, confers 28-fold increased odds for carotid plaque in SLE women, and is also associated with IMT progression. The biomarkers included are pro-inflammatory HDL, sTWEAK ≥373 pg/mL, homocysteine ≥12 mmol/L, leptin ≥34 ng/dL, age ≥48 years, and DMII. It is unknown, however, whether these biomarkers are modifiable by SLE disease modifying agents. Methods This prospective observational study included UCLA cohort patients started on new immunosuppressive agents. Plasma samples were taken at baseline and 12 weeks. HDL antioxidant function was measured by changes in fluorescence intensity of a substrate incubated with LDL and patient HDL. Plasma leptin and sTWEAK were measured using ELISA. Homocysteine was measured in the UCLA clinical labs. Results 16 subjects started mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), 18 azathioprine (AZA), and 25 hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). In MMF treated subjects, HDL function (p=0.009, paired t-test) and sTWEAK (p=0.05) significantly improved after 12 weeks, while leptin and homocysteine did not significantly change. In HCQ treated subjects, HDL function improved (p=0.05). In the AZA group there were no significant changes in any of the biomarkers. Overall, the mean number of PREDICTS biomarkers at week 12 significantly decreased in the MMF group (p=0.03). Conclusions The mean number of “high-risk” cardiac biomarkers significantly improved after initiation of MMF. Further longitudinal studies will determine whether changes in biomarkers reflect decreased cardiovascular events.
Silence Please!: siRNA approaches to tighten the intestinal barrier in vivo.

This Commentary highlights the article by Al-Sadi et al which reports on the molecular mechanisms and intracellular pathways involved in increased intestinal tight junction permeability mediated by TNF-α. © 2013 American Society for Investigative Pathology.
La vertebración del régimen español de la mediación de consumo en el marco del Derecho europeo

La resolucio de litigis mitjancant de la mediacio es una practica molt estesa entre les entitats espanyoles de resolucio alternativa de litigis de consum, tant publiques com privades. Malgrat la seva notable implantacio, el nostre sistema amb prou feines compta amb disposicions que en sustentin el regim. El present estudi preten contribuir al debat sobre la vertebracio del regim de la mediacio de consum en el sistema espanyol, un debat que resulta peremptori per orientar l'activitat legislativa que ha de tenir lloc amb mires, entre altres objectius, a realitzar la transposicio de la Directiva 2013/11/UE, de resolucio alternativa de litigis de consum. Juntament amb les referencies del Dret europeu, es proposa la necessitat d'orientar la futura legislacio partint de l'analisi dels interessos en presencia i de les exigencies de politica legislativa interna relacionades amb la proteccio del consumidor. L'estudi considera la practica de mediacio de consum que actualment duen a terme les entitats de resolucio alternativa de litigis de consum.
Making Bertha Cooperate–Team AnnieWAY’s Entry to the 2016 Grand Cooperative Driving Challenge

This paper presents the concepts and methods utilized by Team AnnieWAY for the 2016 Grand Cooperative Driving Challenge. The paper introduces the automated vehicle BerthaOne . The vehicle, even though being based on the Bertha platform, distinguishes itself from its siblings by its software modules and algorithms. We, therefore, describe its system architecture and algorithms for perception, cooperation and motion planning. In Particular, we present a motion planner that plans different maneuvers flexibly by augmenting the cost function with situation specific cost terms. We subsequently describe the requirements of the 2016 GCDC and evaluate our performance during the competition.
Mapping Metabolic Networks in 3D spheroids using Stable Isotope-Resolved Metabolomics

Conventional 2D cell cultures are grown on rigid plastic substrates with unrealistic concentration gradients of O2, nutrients, and treatment agents. More importantly, 2D cultures lack cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, which are critical for regulating cell behavior and functions. There are several 3D cell culture systems such as Matrigel, hydrogels, hanging drop, and micropatterned plates that overcome these drawbacks but they suffer from technical challenges including long spheroid formation times with variable efficiency and difficult handling for high throughput assays, especially for SIRM studies. Magnetic 3D bioprinting (M3DB) can circumvent these issues by utilizing cells magnetized with magnetic nanoparticles that enable spheroid formation. M3DB spheroids have been shown to emulate tissue and tumor microenvironments while exhibiting higher resistance to toxic agents than their 2D counterparts (1). It is, however, unclear if and how such 3D systems impact cellular metabolic networks, which may determine toxic responses in cells. We employed a Stable Isotope-Resolved Metabolomics (SIRM) approach with 13C6-glucose as tracer to map central metabolic networks both in 2D cells and M3DB spheroids formed from lung (A549) and pancreatic (PANC1) adenocarcinoma cells without or with an anti-cancer agent (sodium selenite). We found that the extent of 13C label incorporation into metabolites of glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, and purine/pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis was largely similar between 2D and M3DB culture systems for both cell lines. The exceptions were the higher 13C-ribose incorporation into uracil nucleotides in 2D than M3DB cultures of A549 cells and the presence of gluconeogenic activity in M3DB spheroids of PANC1 cells but not in the 2D counterpart. Selenite induced insignificant perturbations in these pathways in the spheroids relative to the 2D counterparts in both cell lines, which is consistent with the corresponding changes in morphology and growth. Thus, the increased resistance of cancer cell spheroids to selenite may be linked to the reduced capacity of selenite to perturb these metabolic pathways necessary for growth and survival. Tseng, H., Gage, J.A., Shen, T., Haisler, W.L., Neeley, S.K., Shiao, S., Chen, J., Desai, P.K., Liao, A., Hebel, C. et al. (2015) A spheroid toxicity assay using magnetic 3D bioprinting and real-time mobile device-based imaging. Scientific reports, 5, 13987.
Incentivizing High Quality User Contributions: New Arm Generation in Bandit Learning.

We study the problem of incentivizing high quality contributions in user generated content platforms, in which users arrive sequentially with unknown quality. We are interested in designing a content displaying strategy which decides which content should be chosen to show to users, with the goal of maximizing user experience (i.e., the likelihood of users liking the content).This goal naturally leads to a joint problem of incentivizing high quality contributions and learning the unknown content quality. To address the incentive issue, we consider a model in which users are strategic in deciding whether to contribute and are motivated by exposure, i.e., they aim to maximize the number of times their contributions are viewed. For the learning perspective, we model the content quality as the probability of obtaining positive feedback (e.g., like or upvote) from a random user. Naturally, the platform needs to resolve the classical trade-off between exploration (collecting feedback for all content) and exploitation (displaying the best content). We formulate this problem as a multi-arm bandit problem, where the number of arms (i.e., contributions) is increasing over time and depends on the strategic choices of arriving users. We first show that applying standard bandit algorithms incentivizes a flood of low cost contributions, which in turn leads to linear regret. We then propose Rand_UCB which adds an additional layer of randomization on top of the UCB algorithm to address the issue of flooding contributions. We show that Rand_UCB helps eliminate the incentives for low quality contributions, provides incentives for high quality contributions (due to bounded number of explorations for the low quality ones), and achieves sub-linear regrets with respect to displaying the current best arms.
Thermodynamics of Alkanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayer Assembly on Pd Surfaces.

We investigate the structure and binding energy of alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Pd (111), Pd (100), and Pd (110) facets at different coverages. Dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations are used to correlate the binding energy of alkanethiolates with alkyl chain length and coverage. The equilibrium coverage of thiolate layers strongly prefers 1/3 monolayer (ML) on the Pd (111) surface. The coverage of thiolates varies with chemical potential on Pd (100) and Pd (110), increasing from 1/3 to 1/2 ML on (100) and from 1/4 to 1/2 ML on (110) as the thiol chemical potential is increased. Higher coverages are driven by attractive dispersion interactions between the extended alkyl chains, such that transitions to higher coverages occur at lower thiol chemical potentials for longer chain thiolates. Stronger adsorption to the Pd (100) surface causes the equilibrium Wulff construction of Pd particles to take on a cubic shape upon saturation with thiols. The binding of H, O, an...
Anatomic Feasibility of Distal Fibula Bicortical Screw Fixation With Lateral Neutralization Plating for Rotational Ankle Fractures.

Abstract A common technique for fixation of rotational fibular fractures is to use an interfragmentary compression screw with a laterally positioned neutralization plate. The objective of the present investigation was to examine the anatomic feasibility of distal fibula bicortical fixation within this plating technique. A specific screw insertion technique was performed through a laterally positioned one-third tubular plate on a consecutive series of 81 intact cadaveric ankle mortises. The most distal plate hole was drilled, aimed 10° posterior to the midline of the fibula. The second-most distal plate hole was drilled, aimed 25° superiorly. The specimens were then dissected, and the screw termini were physically examined for whether they had penetrated the articular cartilage of the ankle mortise. The length of the most distal bicortical screw measured a mean ± standard deviation of 20.44 ± 2.49 (range 14 to 26) mm, with an extra-articular terminus in 95.06% of specimens. The length of the second-most distal bicortical screw measured a mean ± standard deviation of 19.68 ± 3.02 (range 12 to 28) mm, with an extra-articular terminus in 100% of the specimens. The results of the present study provide evidence that bicortical distal fibular fixation in accordance with basic fixation principles is anatomically possible and feasible with a one-third tubular plate. This could potentially obviate the need for more expensive fixation options (i.e., locked plates or anatomically contoured plates) and fixation options that are biomechanically stable but potentially anatomically impeding (i.e., posterior antiglide plating).