cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Dietary Lactose on Cecal Morphology, pH, Organic Acids, and Salmonella enteritidis Organ Invasion in Leghorn Chicks

The effect of 14 or 19 days of 10% dietary lactose administration on Salmonella enteritidis (SE) colonization and histological, morphometric, and organic acid changes of the ceca were investigated. At Day 13 or 18, chicks were challenged with 10(8) cfu of SE. Chicks were killed and cultured 24 h later. A reduction in the total number of positive SE organ invasions was observed following 14 days (P < .001) or 19 days (P < .005) of treatment in chicks fed with lactose. Histological examination revealed a marked reduction in lamina propria thickness of ceca, as well as subjective epithelial cell proliferation from chicks following either 14 or 19 days of lactose administration. Using morphometric analysis, a reduction in the mean lamina propria thickness in chickens fed with lactose during 14 or 19 days was observed as compared with controls (P < .05). Yet, an increase (P < .05) in the mean epithelial cell length in both lactose-treated groups was observed as compared with controls. Lactose decreased luminal pH (P < .05) and increased the concentration of acetic, propionic, butyric, and lactic acid (P < .05). These data indicate that lactose-induced resistance to SE organ invasion is associated not only with an increase in organic acid concentration but also with measurable morphological changes of the cecal mucosa.
Distribution, Abundance, and Survival of Age-0 Muskellunge in Upper St. Lawrence River Nursery Bays

Abstract Distribution, abundance, and survival of age-0 muskellunge Esox masquinongy were evaluated at 10 bays in the Thousand Islands section of the St. Lawrence River over a 7-year period, 1990–1996. Muskellunge fry (24 mm) identified with thermal or oxytetracycline otolith markers were stocked in 1990–1992, 1994, and 1996, and fin-clipped fingerlings (76 mm) were stocked in the bays in 1994 and 1996. Success of the stockings was evaluated to examine the feasibility of enhancing bays that have natural reproduction (natural) and establishing populations in unused bays (restoration). Most age-0 muskellunge were found in shallow habitats (<1.5 m), and success of capture by seining decreased with increasing water depth. Estimates of age-0 abundance by mark–recapture and catch–area were not significantly different. Population density ranged from 0 to 42 muskellunge/ha of nursery habitat, and no significant differences were observed between natural (18.8 fish/ha) and restoration bays (20.5 fish/ha). For all y...
Production of extracellular virulence factors by Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates obtained from tracheal, urinary tract, and wound infections.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of the local environment within the host on the ability of P. aeruginosa to produce different extracellular virulence factors (elastase, phospholipase C, toxin A, and exoenzyme S). A total of 105 P. aeruginosa isolates was obtained from patients with tracheal, urinary tract, and wound infections. Quantitative analysis of the virulence factors was done by growing the isolates in vitro in different defined media. Single colonies of each isolate were inoculated from the primary isolation plates into the defined medium. All four virulence factors were produced by most isolates. However, depending on the location of their isolation, the isolates varied in the level of virulence factors they produced. High levels of elastase and phospholipase C were produced by most isolates obtained from trachea, urinary tract, and wounds. A significantly higher level of toxin A was produced by wound isolates, while a significantly higher level of exoenzyme S was produced by wound and urinary tract isolates. Some P. aeruginosa strains were frequently isolated from the same site of infection (persistent infection isolates). Comparative analysis of virulence factors produced by these isolates showed that, regardless of the isolation site, subsequent isolates produced higher levels of exoenzyme S. These results suggest that: (1) elastase, phospholipase C, toxin A, and exoenzyme S are produced by P. aeruginosa isolates from different sites of infection; (2) the production of higher levels of elastase and phospholipase C is important in all types of infections, while the production of toxin A and exoenzyme S is important in wound infection; (3) persistent infection with P.aeruginosa may enhance exoenzyme S production.
Attachments by parasitic lampreys within the branchial cavities of their hosts

Silver Lamprey (Ichthyomyzon unicuspis) in the Wisconsin River attached within the branchial cavity of Paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) significantly more often (6.5% of 1,578 attachments) than would be expected by chance on the basis of its relative surface area (3.7%), with as many as four lampreys found together within the branchial cavity of the same Paddlefish. Similar behavior has occasionally been noted for lampreys in other systems, but the phenomenon may be underreported when the lampreys are concealed from view. As suggested previously for some parasitic trychomycterid catfishes, lampreys in the branchial cavity may benefit from accessing blood under pressure, especially in the ventral aorta. In addition, Silver Lamprey within the branchial cavities of Paddlefish may be relatively protected from any negative effects that might result from Paddlefish breaching.
Applying the proximity compatibility and the control-display compatibility principles to engineering design interfaces

The authors determine the utility of applying two display design principles toward the development of interfaces for engineering design. The first principle, called the Proximity Compatibility Principle, specifies that displays relevant to a common task or mental operation should be rendered close together in perceptual space. The second principle, called the Control-Display Compatibility Principle, stipulates that the spatial arrangement and manipulation of controls should be easily distinguishable. To examine the utility of both principles, the authors conducted an experiment comparing the ability of subjects to find effective designs using a separable versus a configural interface in a multi-objective engineering design task. Results suggest that the proximity compatibility principle is an effective indicator of task performance. Moreover, the control-display compatibility principle can be used as an indicator of performance efficiency. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 16: 61–81, 2006.
Methylation of euchromatic and heterochromatic DNA.

Abstract Synchronized Chinese hamster cells were incubated at various times throughout the S period with 14 C-methyl-methionine to label methylcytosine. Separate cultures from the same time intervals were labeled with 3 H-thymidine. The DNA from such paired samples was centrifuged in cesium chloride. These studies showed that there was a shift of the 14 C label away from the AT-rich portion of the gradient in late replicating DNA. Such a shift was absent or much less in DNA from unsynchronized cells or cells labeled during early S indicating that AT-richness per se could not explain the results. These findings suggest that late replicating DNA is relatively undermethylated. The possible significance of this finding in relation to the tendency for late replicating DNA to be AT-rich and in relation to the methylation of essential and non-essential genes, is discussed.
Fulvestrant in the treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer

Fulvestrant is a new type of estrogen receptor antagonist with no agonist effects, and represents a valuable addition to the range of endocrine treatments available to treat postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. Fulvestrant binds, blocks and degrades the estrogen receptor, thereby retarding growth and progression of hormone-sensitive tumors. Two Phase III trials have demonstrated that fulvestrant is at least as effective as the third-generation aromatase inhibitor anastrozole in the treatment of advanced breast cancer following progression on antiestrogen therapy. In addition, a Phase III trial comparing fulvestrant with tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer showed similar efficacy and tolerability. Clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate different endocrine sequence options for postmenopausal women with breast cancer, and to evaluate the efficacy of fulvestrant in combination with anticancer agents that target other signaling pathways.
Imaging of the urinary tract using multidetector computed tomography urography.

In the past few years, radiologists have begun to design a single imaging test to thoroughly evaluate the urinary tract. Multidetector computed tomography urography (MDCTU) is a novel imaging technique that provides high-resolution images of the entire renal collecting system in a single helical run. This technique lends itself to creating detailed 3-dimensional urograms. Combining the known strengths of CT axial data and the 3-dimensional urograms can provide a comprehensive evaluation of the genitourinary tract.
Low-temperature thermoelectrical power measurements using analogue subtraction

A simple, inexpensive analogue subtraction method for measuring thermoelectrical power from 4 to 300 K using two chromel (KP)/Au-7 at% Fe (Au:Fe) thermocouples is described. The average sample temperature is varied by lowering a small insert probe into a liquid-He-storage container or raising the probe. Details concerning the interface of the experiment to a personal computer are presented. Data collected on constantan, Bi2 Sr2 CaCu2 O7+ and carbon-nanotube samples show the utility of the method.
Brand Name and Generic Proton Pump Inhibitor Prescriptions in the United States: Insights from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (2006–2010)

Introduction. Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are one of the most commonly prescribed medication classes with similar efficacy between brand name and generic PPI formulations. Aims. We determined demographic, clinical, and practice characteristics associated with brand name PPI prescriptions at ambulatory care visits in the United States. Methods. Observational cross sectional analysis using the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) of all adult (18 yrs of age) ambulatory care visits from 2006 to 2010. PPI prescriptions were identified by using the drug entry code as brand name only or generic available formulations. Descriptive statistics were reported in terms of unweighted patient visits and proportions of encounters with brand name PPI prescriptions. Global chi-square tests were used to compare visits with brand name PPI prescriptions versus generic PPI prescriptions for each measure. Poisson regression was used to determine the incidence rate ratio (IRR) for generic versus brand PPI prescribing. Results. A PPI was prescribed at 269.7 million adult ambulatory visits, based on 9,677 unweighted visits, of which 53% were brand name only prescriptions. In 2006, 76.0% of all PPI prescriptions had a brand name only formulation compared to 31.6% of PPI prescriptions in 2010. Visits by patients aged 25–44 years had the greatest proportion of brand name PPI formulations (57.9%). Academic medical centers and physician-owned practices had the greatest proportion of visits with brand name PPI prescriptions (58.9% and 55.6% of visits with a PPI prescription, resp.). There were no significant differences in terms of median income, patient insurance type, or metropolitan status when comparing the proportion of visits with brand name versus generic PPI prescriptions. Poisson regression results showed that practice ownership type was most strongly associated with the likelihood of receiving a brand name PPI over the entire study period. Compared to HMO visits, patient visits at academic medical centers (IRR 4.2, 95% CI 2.2–8.0), physician-owned practices (IRR 3.9, 95% CI 2.1–7.1), and community health centers (IRR 3.6, 95% CI 1.9–6.6) were all more likely to have brand name PPIs. Conclusion. PPI prescriptions with brand name only formulations are most strongly associated with physician practice type.
Putting Inequality in Its Place: Rural Consciousness and the Power of Perspective

Why do people vote against their interests? Previous explanations miss something fundamental because they do not consider the work of group consciousness. Based on participant observation of conversations from May 2007 to May 2011 among 37 regularly occurring groups in 27 communities sampled across Wisconsin, this study shows that in some places, people have a class- and place-based identity that is intertwined with a perception of deprivation. The rural consciousness revealed here shows people attributing rural deprivation to the decision making of (urban) political elites, who disregard and disrespect rural residents and rural lifestyles. Thus these rural residents favor limited government, even though such a stance might seem contradictory to their economic self-interests. The results encourage us to consider the role of group consciousness-based perspectives rather than pitting interests against values as explanations for preferences. Also, the study suggests that public opinion research more seriously include listening to the public.
Building Engineered Strains

A critical step in engineering design is the ability to accurately construct something to directly translate a conceptual design to practice. Due to the relatively short history of molecular biology and the limitations in knowledge and technology, biological engineering has been hindered by a lack of ability to easily implement conceptual designs. Recent developments have attempted to standardize different aspects of biology to facilitate and expedite biological engineering. Standardization of genetic parts will not only ease the methodological hurdles for biological engineering, but it will also enable biological engineering to focus more exclusively on conceptual design of function rather than being constrained by practical limitations.
The Representation of Polysemous Words

Words that have a number of related senses are polysemous. For example, paper refers to both a substance and a publication printed on that substance. Five experiments investigated whether different senses are represented distinctly in the lexicon or if there is a common, core meaning. In all experiments, a polysemous word was used twice, in phrases that selected the same or different senses. Experiment 1 showed that sense consistency aided memory for the polysemous word. Experiment 2 extended this result to a timed sensicality judgment task. Experiment 3 demonstrated that the effects for polysemous words were very similar to those for homonyms. Experiment 4 ruled out the possibility of modifier‐modifier priming. Experiment 5 showed that sense consistency facilitates comprehension relative to a neutral baseline, while sense inconsistency inhibits comprehension. These experiments provide evidence that polysemous words have separate representations for each sense and that any core meaning is minimal. © 2001 Academic Press
If You’ve Ever Used Engineering Judgment, You Just Might Be a Bayesian

Chances are that you subscribe to a view of the world not taken by the stats book on your shelf. Further, chances are you don’t even know it. Consider the following simplified problem. The decision is important. Millions of dollars are at stake. You are confronted with a design decision. You must select either conventional equipment or new equipment. The conventional equipment has an established record of reliability. The new equipment, which is based on the latest technology, is much less tested. However, the new equipment is significantly less expensive. To weigh the decision more carefully, you feel you need to have a better idea of the failure rate of the new equipment, where the failure rate is defined as the number that fail out of the total installed. You obtain the available data on the performance of the conventional and new equipment. The conventional equipment had been installed at 10,000 plants and a failure rate of 1% was observed. In contrast, the new equipment has been installed only at 30 plants. No failure was observed for the first 29 plants but failure was observed in the 30th plant. This represents a failure rate of 1/30, or 3.3%. However, you question whether the observed failure rate of the new equipment, 3.3%, is indicative of the true failure rate that will be observed over a long period of time. In fact, when first having learned about the equipment, you came to the conclusion that it probably would be more reliable than the conventional equipment, i.e., have a failure rate less than 1%. The basis of your reasoning was that the technology underlying the new equipment was less sensitive to variations in the construction process, which was known to be the predominant cause of failure for the standard equipment. Further, the technology had been used successfully in other related applications for which it proved to be reliable. Therefore you wonder if the record of performance is simply too short to draw any meaningful conclusion as to the true failure
Infectious Disease and Bioterrorism

In the current political and social environment, patient safety and safety in general have become issues of grave concern. Although much attention has been focused on medication issues and errors, new and constantly evolving infectious agents put both patients and anesthesiologists at risk from external forces, in addition to the risk posted by iatrogenic causes. It is therefore very appropriate to devote an issue of the Anesthesiology Clinics of North America to this constantly evolving field, looking at it from multiple perspectives. We are very fortunate to have two distinguished authors from the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) as Guest Editors for this issue. Samuel C. Hughes, MD, is Professor of Clinical Anesthesia at UCSF and has held numerous positions at the University related to the care and management of patients who have AIDS and emerging infections. Dr. Hughes has lectured extensively on the subject of risk of infection and transmission of infectious diseases. James B. Marks, MD, PhD, is Professor of Anesthesia and Pharmaceutical Chemistry and is a member of the Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCSF. He has completed residencies in internal medicine, anesthesia, and holds a fellowship in critical care medicine. Dr. MarksT research is in the area of antibody engineering, which is used to dissect the molecular basis of infectious diseases and cancer and to develop novel antibody-based therapeutic approaches to disease. He has also served on numerous neurotoxin expert and diagnostic panels and national and international panels related to bioterrorism. Based on Anesthesiology Clin N Am
Asthma following household exposure to hydrofluoric acid.

Background Almost all reports of respiratory health effects of hydrofluoric acid are derived from industrial settings and usually involved massive and conspicuous exposures. Inthepresentreportwedescribeacaseofadult-onsetasthmaimmediatelyfollowinguseof a household rust stain remover that contained an 8‐9% aqueous solution of hydrofluoric acid (HF). Methods This is a case-report. A literature search of hydrogen fluoride, and reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS) was performed. Results A previously healthy 26-year-old woman developed asthma immediately following inhalation exposure to hydrofluoric acid from a household cleaner, consistent with reactive airways dysfunction syndrome. The circumstances of exposure and possible mechanism of disease are discussed. Conclusions It is likely that this patient’s use of the rust stain remover resulted in inhalation exposure to hydrofluoric acid well above any applicable standard, and hence constituted a ‘high level’ irritant exposure capable of inducing reactive airways dysfunction syndrome. In our opinion, the presence of this concentration hydrofluoric acid in a consumer product may be unduly hazardous. Am. J. Ind. Med. 44:321–324, 2003. 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Stabilization of an underactuated parallel system with a single input

A novel sliding mode control (SMC) strategy is presented in this paper for a class of parallel underactuated nonlinear systems, where a single scalar control input simultaneously affects multiple states. A key challenge in the control design for this class of systems is that standard backstepping-based approaches cannot be applied. This difficulty is mitigated through innovative selection of a sliding surface, along with a novel sequential control design procedure. The proposed control method is continuous, and it is designed to be computationally minimal, requiring no observers, function approximators, or online adaptive laws. The proposed control law achieves asymptotic regulation of multiple states using a scalar control input. A rigorous stability analysis is provided to prove the theoretical result, and numerical simulation results based on an inverted pendulum system are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm.
Anterior segment optical coherence tomography in the assessment of postoperative intraocular lens optic changes.

Purpose To evaluate the use of anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) to assess postoperative intraocular lens (IOL) optic changes. Setting John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Design Experimental study. Methods Intraocular lenses explanted because of various complications were used, including poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) IOLs with snowflake degeneration, hydrophilic acrylic IOLs with calcification, a silicone IOL with calcification from an eye with asteroid hyalosis, and hydrophobic acrylic IOLs explanted because of decentration, subluxation, or uveitis–glaucoma–hyphema syndrome. After gross and light microscopy, the IOLs were examined in the dry and hydrated states using AS-OCT. Selected hydrophilic acrylic IOLs were stained for calcium. In-the-bag IOLs in pseudophakic cadaver eyes were also evaluated by AS-OCT before and after explantation to confirm correspondence with the clinical situation. Results Intraoptic changes, such as snowflake lesions in PMMA IOLs, calcification in hydrophilic acrylic IOLs, and glistenings in hydrophobic acrylic IOLs, could be imaged by AS-OCT. The method was also helpful in analyzing the location and density. However, in cases of more superficial changes, unless the lesions/deposits were present on the optic surface with an extension to the optic substance of at least 0.1 mm, they could not be clearly differentiated from the overall outline of the IOL surface. Conclusions Anterior segment OCT may be helpful in assessing the presence, location, and density of intraoptic changes, avoiding a misdiagnosis of IOL opacification and the performance of unnecessary procedures, such as posterior capsulotomy or vitrectomy. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Vertical Restraints in a Model of Vertical Differentiation

We consider the case of a manufacturer who sells a homogeneous good to retailers who compete in prices and "cum-sales" or "post-sales" services. We show that the optimal linear-price contract is inefficient from the point of view of the vertical structure and that simple forms of vertical restraints, such as resale price maintenance and franchise fees, dominate the optimal linear-price contract, but do not restore vertical efficiency. Our analysis is concluded with the description of an efficient contract.
A comparison of inner-city and upper-middle class youths' exposure to violence.

Abstract Exposure to violence in healthy adolescents has not been explored. We questioned 838 youths (ages 11–24 years; 620 females) from two medical clinics. The Exposure to Violence Questionnaire was completed by 403 inner-city adolescents (inner-city group), and 435 middle-to-upper class youths (resort group). Inner-city participants were more often victims, knew of victims, and witnessed more assaults, rapes, knifings, life-threatening events, and murders than their resort group counterparts. In both groups, males were more likely to have been victims, witnesses, and to have known victims personally than were females, except for sexually related crimes. In both settings, youths often did not seek medical or psychological help after victimization. Adolescents are exposed to a startling amount of violence. Violence prevention should be targeted to the inner-city male population.
An Energy Efficient Communication Scheme with Potential Application to Consumer and Personal Wireless Networks

Applications requiring low power and quick turn on time (e.g., sensor networks) usually employ radios with only simple modulation techniques such as ASK, OOK and FSK [12]. We present in this paper a non-coherent detection based transceiver implementation for the RBNSiZeComm protocol proposed in [1], [2]. For a hybrid modulation scheme using FSK and ASK and assuming equal likelihood of all possible binary strings of a given length, we show that relative to binary FSK, there is a 41% savings in energy on an average at the transmitter, over additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) channels. Furthermore, our simulation results demonstrate that compared to binary FSK, for wireless application scenarios where longevity of power supply is a major concern (e.g., remote healthcare, streaming multimedia and agriculture wireless sensor networks) our proposed implementation can extend the battery life of devices from about 33% to 61% on an average, for the different communication data types used in these applications. Coupled with the low cost and low complexity of the transceiver, these savings demonstrate the usefulness of RBNSiZeComm for applications involving low power wireless networks.
Dynamic hydrologic model of the Örtülüakar Marsh in Turkey

A dynamic hydrologic model was developed for the Ortuluakar Marsh in Turkey to investigate the causes of water-level decreases observed since the 1990s and to explore potential remediation and sustainability options. Ortuluakar Marsh is a sub-system of the Sultan Marshes ecosystem, a large wetland complex consisting of freshwater marshes and salt-water lakes in the Develi Basin of south-central Turkey. The wetland has experienced significant seasonal and long-term waterlevel changes after the construction of an irrigation project in the catchment. The model uses a monthly time scale and solves the unsteady water-balance equation. Inputs from precipitation, overland flow, springs and ground water, and outputs due to evapotranspiration and surface flow are represented in the model. The model was calibrated to fit monthly water-level measurements from 1997 to 2003. Sensitivity analyses showed that the model is highly sensitive to evapotranspiration and ground-water inflow. Simulations of several water allocation options suggest that ground-water use should be reduced in the Develi Basin to halt the decline in water level in the Ortuluakar Marsh.
Interval between Births and Risk of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection

To examine the effect of the interval between maternal cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and conception on the risk of congenital CMV infection, the congenital CMV infection rate was evaluated relative to the intervals between deliveries in young women. Among mothers who seroconverted between deliveries, the rate of congenital CMV infection among their offspring was highest when the delivery interval was ≤24 months. However, the risk of transmission remained elevated for women with delivery intervals of 25-48 months and for those with delivery intervals >48 months apart.
Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein-1a Binds to cis Elements in the Promoter of the Rat High Density Lipoprotein Receptor SR-BI Gene

The high density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor, or scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), is critical for cholesterol transport and a potential target for hypercholesterolemic drugs. Thus, elucidation of the mechanism underlying regulation of the HDL receptor SR-BI gene is essential. It has been previously shown that there is a correlation between depletion in ovarian cholesteryl ester content and increased HDL receptor SR-BI expression in response to hormonal stimulation. We wanted to determine whether the levels of mature sterol response element-binding protein-1a (SREBP-1a), a key protein in the transcriptional regulation of several genes by sterols, are affected under these conditions. Thus, Western blot analysis was carried out. Consistent with the possibility that SREBP-1a may be involved in the regulation of the HDL receptor SR-BI gene, we found that mature SREBP-1a levels increased up to 11-fold in the ovary after treatment with 50 U hCG. This increase in mature SREBP-1a protein levels correlated with a 30% decrease in ovarian cholesterol levels. These changes in both SREBP-1a and cholesterol levels preceded a 2-fold induction of HDL receptor SR-BI protein levels. To determine whether SREBP-1a could directly regulate the expression of the rat HDL receptor SR-BI gene, approximately 2.2 kb of the receptor SR-BI promoter were cloned and sequenced, and deletion analysis and mobility shift assays were performed. The results of these studies demonstrate that the rat HDL receptor SR-BI promoter contains two sterol response elements (pSRE and dSRE) through which SREBP-1a can bind and activate transcription of this gene. These motifs are similar to known SRE motifs reported for sterol-sensitive genes, and the pSRE is located between two Sp1 sites, similar to the SRE-1 motif in the low density lipoprotein receptor. The cysteine protease inhibitor N-acetyl-leucyl-leucyl-norleucinal, which inhibits SREBP degradation, enhanced the effect of SREBP-1a on the regulation of the rat HDL receptor SR-BI gene. It has previously been shown that tropic hormones such as hCG can also influence gene expression by increasing cAMP levels. Consistent with this fact, we have recently shown that steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) mediates cAMP activation of the HDL receptor SR-BI gene. Thus, we decided to examine whether SREBP-1a could cooperate with SF-1 to enhance transcription this gene. The results confirm that indeed both SF-1 and SREBP-1a synergize to induce HDL receptor SR-BI gene expression.
'She gave it her best shot right away': patient experiences of biomedical and patient-centered communication.

Abstract Objective Medical educators and researchers recommend a patient-centered interviewing style, but little empirical data exists regarding what aspects of physician communication patients like and why. We investigated patient responses to videotaped doctor–patient vignettes to ascertain what they liked about patient-centered and biomedical communication. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with 230 adult medicine patients who viewed videotapes depicting both patient-centered and biomedical physician communication styles. We used a mixed methods approach to derive a “ground-up” framework of patient communication preferences. Results Respondents who preferred different communication styles articulated different sets of values, important physician behaviors, and physician–patient role expectations. Participants who preferred the patient-centered physician (69%) liked that she worked with and respected patients and explored what the patient wanted. Participants who preferred the biomedical physician (31%) liked that she prevented harm, demonstrated medical authority, and delivered information clearly. Conclusions Patients like (and dislike) patient-centered communication for thoughtful, considered reasons that appear grounded in their values and expectations about physicians, patients, and the clinical encounter. Practice implications Better understanding the diversity of patient communication preferences may lead to more effective and individualized care.
Political Resistance as Cure

This article addresses forms of political resistance, clinical and extra-clinical, that aim at types of knowledge and ways of being in the world that are life-enhancing, broadly speaking, and that may, at the same time, resist some contexts of intimacy. More particularly, positive and negative forms of political resistance are defences against and subversions of social, cultural, political, and economic ideas, laws, policies, programs, and institutions that (1) undermine subjective and intersubjective experience of being valued or worthwhile and (2) restrict certain individual's and group's public-political space. As defences, these negative and positive forms of political resistance are attempts to instantiate a type of knowledge and concomitant shared speech and action that embody mutual recognition of individuals as persons; valued, unique, inviolable, and responsive/agentic.
Rainwater as a source of Fe(II)-stabilizing ligands to seawater

Rainwater hydrophobic extractable dissolved organic matter (EDOM) contains ligand(s) that completely prevent Fe(II) oxidation for at least 4 h after rain is mixed with seawater. The EDOM Fe(II) complex is at least of comparable strength to the ferrozine complex, indicating that this rainwater Fe(II) ligand is among the strongest Fe(II) ligands ever observed in natural waters. In addition to the strong class of ligands that prevent oxidation, rainwater EDOM also contains weaker Fe(II) ligands that slow oxidation of Fe(II) in seawater. Rainwater EDOM is not a single molecule but rather a complex mixture of relatively hydrophobic compounds, even in marine rain with minimal continental influence. When EDOM from the nearby Cape Fear River was extracted using the same method as for rainwater, the river EDOM could not prevent or even slow the oxidation of Fe(II) on mixing with seawater. Therefore, rainwater EDOM is fundamentally different than surface-water EDOM with respect to the strength of Fe(II) ligands. The stability of EDOM complexed Fe(II) most likely affects the bioavailability of rainwater-derived Fe in the surface ocean because the length of time atmospherically deposited Fe remains dissolved in seawater is critical to its role as a phytoplankton nutrient.
The State of Charge Estimating Methods for Battery: A Review

An overview of new and current developments in state of charge (SOC) estimating methods for battery is given where the focus lies upon mathematical principles and practical implementations. As the battery SOC is an important parameter, which reflects the battery performance, so accurate estimation of SOC cannot only protect battery, prevent overcharge or discharge, and improve the battery life, but also let the application make rationally control strategies to achieve the purpose of saving energy. This paper gives a literature survey on the categories and mathematical methods of SOC estimation. Based on the assessment of SOC estimation methods, the future development direction of SOC estimation is proposed.
Long-term stability of adolescent versus adult surgery for treatment of mandibular deficiency

In mandibular deficient patients, mandibular growth is not expected after the adolescent growth spurt, so mandibular advancement surgery is often carried out at 13 years. To test if the long-term stability for younger patients is similar to that for adult patients, the authors compared cephalometric changes from 1-year postsurgery (when changes due to the surgery should be completed) to 5-year follow up. 32 patients who had early mandibular advancement with or without simultaneous maxillary surgery (aged up to 16 for girls and 18 for boys), and 52 patients with similar surgery at older ages were studied. Beyond 1-year postsurgery, the younger patients showed significantly greater change in the horizontal and vertical position of points B and pogonion, the horizontal (but not vertical) position of gonion, and mandibular plane angle. 50% of younger patients had 2-4mm backward movement of Pg and another 25% had >4mm. 15% of older patients had 2-4mm change and none had >4mm. Long-term changes in younger patients who had two-jaw surgery were greater than for mandibular advancement only. Changes in younger groups were greater than for adult groups. Satisfaction with treatment and perception of problems were similar for both groups.
Uncertainty quantification for laminar-turbulent transition prediction in RANS turbomachinery applications

The effect of physical variability and model uncertainty on laminar-turbulent transition in transonic gas turbine compressors is computed using Stochastic Collocation methods. Aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties are considered in an adiabatic flat plate validation and turbine guide vane simulations. The computational results show that the variability has significant impact on the transition location for the turbine guide vane simulations and, consequently, on the reliability of the model. The model uncertainty accounts to a large extent for the difference between the deterministic simulation and the experiments. The results from the Simplex Stochastic Collocation method show a more robust convergence than those of Stochastic Collocation based on Clenshaw–Curtis quadrature.
Rat testis and epididymis can transport [3H] 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, [3H] inositol and [3H] alpha-aminoisobutyric acid across its epithelia in vivo.

The in vivo movement of (3 HI 3-0-methyl-D’glucose ((3H) 30MG), (3 HI L-glucose, I 3H) inositol and (3HIa-aminoisobutyric acid ((3I-I)zAIB) into and across the rat testicular and epididymal epithelium was investigated. After systemic infusion of (3H) 30MG, both epididymal and testicular tissue concentrations of the isotope were approximately 50% lower than blood plasma levels, even 24 h after infusion. Similar results were observed for caput and seminiferous tubule fluid. There was a significant reduction of (3H1 30MG caput lumen to blood ratio when the blood glucose concentration was increased to 2-5 times that of normal. A similar reduction of (3 HI 30MG caput lumen to blood ratio was observed when 1000 umol of 2-methylaminoisobutyric acid (meAIB) was infused with the isotope. Caput luminal (3 HI L-glucose concentration never exceeded 10% of blood levels. The data suggest that ,glucose is transported across the testicular and epididymal epithelium via a facilitated diffusion mechanism (carrier mediated) and that the carrier is situated on the basolateral membrane. This study did not demonstrate either a glucose countertransport system or a glucose-inositol exchange system across the epithelium of the caput epididymidis. Epididymal tissue (except cauda) and caput luminal fluid concentrations of (3 H Jinositol exceeded that of blood plasma within 1 h after infusion of isotope. The proximal regions of the epididymis demonstrated significantly higher transporting activity than either cauda or testis. Systemic infusion of 100 Mmol myo-inositol significantly reduced the transport of 13H1inositol into caput luminal
El “pensamiento viril”: diálogos entre la ciencia y el género en "El Álbum de la Mujer"

El Album de la Mujer (1883-1890), una de las revistas literarias destinadas al publico-lector femenino en Mexico durante el siglo XIX tardio, ofrece una vision particular en cuanto al rol de la mujer de clase media en la sociedad. Entre las varias caracteristicas que distinguen esta publicacion de otras de la epoca –la duena y directora extranjera, la inclusion de las perspectivas hispana e hispanoamericana y de grandes obras y autores literarios– la que sirve como enfoque de la presente investigacion es el mercadeo del discurso cientifico a las mujeres decimononicas. Una investigacion detenida de la revista revela que la ciencia, lejos de sostener una unica vision coherente en cuanto al lugar de la mujer en la sociedad, funcionaba como un espacio de negociacion en el que coincidieron varias perspectivas inesperadas, tanto tradicionales como mas resistentes y nuevas.
Perianal mass and recurrent cellulitis due to Enterobius vermicularis.

Abstract A unique case of enterobiasis presenting as recurrent cellulitis and a perianal mass in a six-year-old girl is reported. Complicated perianal lesions due to Enterobius are unusual. Only 10 previous cases are known, with unclear pathogenesis in most of them, although mucosal breaches and perianal crypt or gland entry have been postulated. The association of the mass in this case with a deep crypt, and the histopathologic finding of squamous epithelium focally surrounding the granulomatous reaction to the Enterobius eggs suggest that the worm entered the perianal tissues via a crypt. Local secondary bacterial infection can cause significant morbidity. Surgical excision of such granulomatous mass lesions is necessary in symptomatic or complicated cases.
Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus subtilis Phage φ105

ABSTRACT A complete 39,318-bp genome sequence containing 52 coding sequences has been determined for the Bacillus subtilis temperate phage φ105. In a lysogen, B. subtilis strain 1L32, the φ105 prophage interrupts the radC locus, a part of the competence-induced ComK regulon.
EFFECT OF CERTAIN COMPOUNDS ON SOLUBILITY OF CHOLESTEROL IN COCONUT OIL.

SummaryA simple assay method has been developed for determining the effect of various compounds on the solubility of cholesterol in oils. The method depends on the counting of an aliquot of supernatant solution following the equilibration of oil, an excess of cholesterol-4-C14, and compound studied with respect to influence on the solubility of cholesterol. It was confirmed that the solubility of cholesterol in coconut oil is decreased by the presence of β-sitosterol. The effect is specific as far as a large number of sterols is concerned. The solubility of cholesterol in coconut oil is decreased by the presence of certain dicarboxylic acids and methyl substituted dicarboxylic acids, as well as by imidazole. Active acids thus far discovered in order of decreasing activity are the following: 5,5-dimethylazelaic acid; 4,4-dimethylpimelic acid; 2,2-dimethylglutaric acid; pimelic acid; methylmalonic acid; glutaric acid; 2;2′-dimethylsuccinic acid; 2-methylpimelic acid; 3,3-dimethylglutaric acid; 2,2-dimethyls...
An Attempt to Reinterpret Student Learning Outcomes: A Cross-National Comparative Study

Attracting significant attention from the media and policymakers, international student assessments are serving as pressures on and challenges for individual countries. Even so, paying attention only to publicly released rankings in international student assessments may lead to superficial interpretations of the assessment results. Simply equating the rankings with educational outcomes can be a questionable perspective because the assessment results can be interpreted differently. In this context, this article has explored student achievement in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) tests in comparison with civic knowledge achievement in the IEA Civic Education Study across 17 countries. This article has also evaluated efficiency in educational processes by assessing outputs (student performance in PISA) against inputs (educational spending and learning time) directly used in the education system. These two approaches clarify that publicly released rankings in PISA change to some exten...
Calcium Controls the P2-ATPase Mediated Homeostasis: Essential Role of NaAF

This chapter reveals a new unique story of Ca-signaling in upholding cellular homeostasis. The cytosolic activator (regulatory) protein, NaAF (of 170 kDa mass), for the ubiquitous P2-ATPase (and 80 kDa HAF solely for the gastric H/K-ATPase) is essential for P2-ATPase function. The NaAF and HAF function as the allosteric operator-cum gate-keeper of the dual channel P2-ATPase system (where mirror-image orientation of the two α-subunits serves as the membrane-embedded in-and-out gates) for simultaneous transport of two ions. The entire cyclic operation is in turn fine-tuned by local Ca (μM) as top (allosteric) controller of the P2-ATPase to maintain homeostasis. Thus at lower range Ca ( 2) Ca abruptly inhibits the HAF-stimulated H/K-ATPase abolishing it at 4 μM Ca. At this point the (K ± HAF)-independent basal (Mg-dependent) activity of the H/K-ATPase acts as a provisional Ca-ATPase pump in an altered state to remove excess Ca, thus resuming the initial Ca-activated HAF-regulated state of a new cycle. Identical Ca-signaling operations also control the universal NaAF-regulated Na/K-ATPase system.
Rapid communication: a novel DNA polymorphism of the bovine calpain gene detected by PCR-RFLP analysis.

1The authors wish to thank K. C. Maddock and B. M. Rickert for their technical assistance. This work was supported in part by Sire Power, Inc. and National Live Stock & Meat Board. Received December 27, 1995. Accepted March 22, 1996. Figure 1. Bovine calpain gene HhaI DNA polymorphism separated on 2% agarose gel after restriction enzyme digestion. Estimated bp sizes of the restriction fragments are shown on the right. U and M on the bottom of the figure represent uncut PCR product and the DNA size marker (HaeIII fx174), respectively. Rapid Communication: A Novel DNA Polymorphism of the Bovine Calpain Gene Detected by PCR-RFLP Analysis1
A Rare Case of a Large Intracavitary Cardiac Thrombus

Cardiac thrombi often present as a homogenous echodensity on cardiac imaging that may be incidentally discovered. A thrombus must be differentiated from vegetations, tumors and normal variant anatomy as their treatments are different. Cardiac thrombi are often located in cardiac chambers, most commonly the left atrium and left atrial appendage, where there is more stagnant blood flow. Thrombi may also form in structurally altered cardiac chambers as well as seen in dilated cardiomyopathy and in ventricular aneurysms. Symptoms, if present, may vary from dyspnea, angina and compressive symptoms. Currently, transthoracic echocardiography, transesophageal echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the accepted modalities to evaluate cardiac masses. MRI has been used with more frequency due to its ability to delineate mass borders, determine endocardial involvement and in its ability to detect blood flow. Few cases have been described of a large cardiac thrombus extending through the valves to include multiple chambers. In our case presentation, we describe a 91-year-old female with no significant cardiac history who presented with a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction where a transthoracic echocardiogram revealed a large intracavitary thrombus. J Med Cases. 2016;7(7):303-306 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jmc2553w
The Interaction of Turbulence and Chemical Kinetics

The interaction of turbulence and chemical kinetics is examined here with the emphasis on the influence of turbulence on chemical reactions. Both nonpremixed and premixed flames are considered. In particular, a nonpremixed methane turbulent jet flame is used to elucidate the complex nature of the interactions between turbulence and chemical kinetics. Furthermore, this example provides a useful evaluation of the mixing properties predicted by a probability density function (pdf) method.
The Importance of the Moon

If God meant us to explore space, He would have given us a Moon. – Krafft A. Ehricke (1917–1984), aerospace scientist from pre–World War II Germany to 1980s United States Krafft Ehricke not only helped pioneer some of the earliest modern, liquid-propellant rockets, but also lived to develop workhorse boosters for the space age and concepts for lunar mining and planetary exploration now in the works. He envisioned the Moon as a stepping-stone, a role it played in several ways throughout humanity’s development starting long ago. He had a clever way of stating the profoundly obvious. Ehricke’s life-span saw astounding human achievements: harnessing amazing new energy sources, traveling hundreds of times faster than ever before, probing scales millions of times larger and thousands of times smaller than imagined before, and transforming the Moon and planets from dreamlands to mapped worlds. We once ascribed romantic notions to the Moon; now we see how alien worlds differ from Earth and distant worlds of our imagination.