cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advances in Low-Frequency Radio Navigation Methods

Advances in the analysis and design of low-frequency radio navigation systems are presented in four sections detailing system design, propagation, receivers and processors, and error analyses. Emphasis is on the short-baseline case where radial accuracies of 114 feet are possible for non-line-of-sight operation to ranges of 50 miles from transmitters. Possibel future applications for LF include an efficient solution for commercial ground transportation management, remotely piloted vehicle navigation, and cruise missile guidance. An error budget and experimental results are included plus a countermeasures analysis.
A fast, compact solution for low noise charge preamplifiers

Abstract A new structure for low noise charge sensitive preamplifiers, implemented using a transconductance gain stage plus a voltage gain stage, has been thoroughly investigated. Uniquely high values of open-loop gain have been demonstrated, together with good low noise performance and high load driving capability. Implementation of this scheme uses only a minimal number of commercial parts, resulting in a very compact and relatively low power circuit. A detailed theoretical analysis of the dynamic response and noise performance of the circuit is given. Several tests and measurements have been performed to validate the theory and the results are presented.
Imitation of intonation by infants

Children between 9 and 12 months of age were studied to determine if they would spontaneously imitate either the average fundamental frequency or the fundamental frequency contour of their speaking partners. In the first experiment, children were recorded at home as they interacted with their fathers and mothers. Acoustic analyses failed to reveal any tendency on the part of the infants to adjust vocal pitch, amplitude, or duration to those of their speaking partners. In a second experiment, children were recorded while interacting with their parents in a laboratory setting. Again, there were no indications that the children imitated the vocal patterns of their speaking partners.
Abstract LB-52: Increased incidence of cancer in the transgenic mice with 8-Lipoxygenase knocked out.

15-Lipoxygenase-2 (ALOX15B), an oxidoreductase in the metabolism of arachidonic acid, is a functional tumor suppressor whose expression is reduced in a variety of human cancers. To determine the roles of ALOX15B in carcinogenesis, we generated transgenic mice with ALOX8, the murine homolog of ALOX15B, knocked out. ALOX8 expression at mRNA level was abolished in homozygous knockout mice and reduced to half of wild type in heterozygous knockout mice. It9s observed that homozygous female ALOX8 knockout mice are infertile but male ALOX8 knockout mice are fertile. Increased incidence of tumor as uni or multimass was found in the lung, prostate and in the mesentery region of homozygous and heterozygous ALOX8 knockout mice, when compared with little mate wild type mice. Histological evaluations showed an increase in secondary tumors and inflammation in different tissues like lung and large intestine in mice with ALOX8 knocked out. The transgenic mice could be a good model to study the role of 8-lipoxygenase in carcinogenesis and may provide insights into the tumor suppressing activities of human ALOX15B. Citation Format: Rana Al-Fardan, Rabindra Karki, Changxiong Guo, Daotai Nie. Increased incidence of cancer in the transgenic mice with 8-Lipoxygenase knocked out. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-52. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-52
NVSleep: Using non-volatile memory to enable fast sleep/wakeup of idle cores

Spin-transfer torque random access memory (STTRAM) is an emerging memory technology with several attractive properties including non-volatility, high density, low leakage, and high endurance. These characteristics make it a potential candidate for replacing SRAM structures on processor chips. This paper presents NVSleep, a low-power microprocessor framework that leverages STT-RAM to implement fast checkpointing that enables near-instantaneous shutdown of cores without loss of the execution state. NVSleep stores almost all processor state in STT-RAM structures that do not lose content when power-gated. Memory structures that require low-latency access are implemented in SRAM and backed-up by “shadow” STT-RAM structures that are used to implement fast checkpointing. This enables rapid shutdown of cores and low-overhead resumption of execution, which allows cores to be turned off frequently and for short periods of time to take advantage of idle execution phases and save power. We present two implementations of NVSleep: NVSleepMiss which turns cores off when last level cache misses cause pipeline stalls and NVSleepBarrier which turns cores off when blocked on barriers. Evaluation of a simulated 64-core system shows average energy savings of 21% for NVSleepMiss for SPEC2000 benchmarks and 34% for NVSleepBarrier in high barrier count multi-threaded workloads from PARSEC and SPLASH2 benchmarks.
Preparation of a chelating poly(β-diketone) resin from poly(vinyl alcohol) and its use in the reversible complexing of metal ions

A water-insoluble poly (β-diketone) chelating resin has been prepared by the controlled oxidation of poly(vinyl alcohol) with chromic acid. The polymer forms stable complexes with divalent and trivalent cations, such as Co+2, Cu+2, Mn+2, Ni+2, Fe+3, Au+3, and UO2+2, and removes them completely from dilute aqueous solution. The ions may be recovered quantitatively from the resin complex by elution with dilute aqueous acid and the resin is reusable
A microcomputer-controlled system for measuring reactivity in small animals

A microcomputer-controlled system has been designed for measuring reactivity in small laboratory animals. This system uses a microcomputer to trigger an acoustic signal, which is fed to a loudspeaker through an audio power amplifier. An animal’s acoustic startle response is recorded using a moving-coil loudspeaker as a movement transducer. The transducer output is coupled to a peak-hold circuit that records the maximum voltage generated by the animal’s response. After conversion to digital form, the data for each stimulus presentation are stored and then printed when all trials have been completed.
A spatio-temporal analysis of recognition-related event-related brain potentials

Words correctly recognized as previously studied (i.e. old) elicit greater amounts of positive event-related brain potential (ERP) activity over posterior scalp between 400 and 800 ms than do previously unstudied (i.e. new) words. While investigators have reported that this old/new effect consists of more than one subcomponent, the spatio-temporal parameters of these possible subcomponents, as well as any other patterns of brain activity associated with recognition, remain incompletely specified. Thus, ERPs were recorded from 32 scalp sites while 13 subjects performed four repetitions of a study-test recognition paradigm. The subjects' task was to decide whether each word was old or new and press the appropriate button as quickly as possible. The timing and topography of the ERPs elicited by old and new words was assessed with topographic profile comparisons on the areas with a variety of temporal windows, and visualized with potential and CSD maps. The results revealed that seven patterns of ERP activity, dissociable on the basis of their topography, timing and response to experimental variables, were elicited between 300 and 2000 ms. Three of these appeared as subcomponents of the old/new effect (maximal over left medial frontal, left parietal-occipital and right central-frontal scalp), another was related to decision confidence and/or memory trace strength (maximal over left central scalp) and three others appeared to be related to more general aspects of recognition (maximal over the frontal poles, midline frontal scalp and right frontal scalp). Taken together, the seven distinct patterns of neural generator activity described here support the hypothesis that retrieval of information from episodic memory depends on a collection of different processes that occur in a temporally and spatially distributed neural circuit.
Synthetic levers enabling independent control of phase, size, and morphology in nickel phosphide nanoparticles.

Simultaneous control of phase, size, and morphology in nanoscale nickel phosphides is reported. Phase-pure samples of discrete nanoparticles of Ni12P5 and Ni2P in hollow and solid morphologies can be prepared in a range of sizes (10−32 nm) by tuning key interdependent synthetic levers (P:Ni precursor ratio, temperature, time, oleylamine quantity). Size and morphology are controlled by the P:Ni ratio in the synthesis of the precursor particles, with large, hollow particles formed at low P:Ni and small, solid particles formed at high P:Ni. The P:Ni ratio also impacts the phase at the crystallization temperature (300−350 °C), with metal-rich Ni12P5 generated at low P:Ni and Ni2P at high P:Ni. Moreover, the product phase formed can be decoupled from the initial precursor ratio by the addition of more “P” at the crystallization temperature. This enables formation of hollow particles (favored by low P:Ni) of Ni2P (favored by high P:Ni). Increasing temperature and time also favor formation of Ni2P, by generating...
σ,π Interaction in Halogen-Substituted Biadamantylidene Radical Cations

The order of E°‘ and vIP for 4-eq-halogenated-biadamantylidene is F > Cl Br, and the 5-F-substituted compound is harder to ozidize than the 4-eq-F-substituted one. The former result is most consistent with a detectable resonance contribution through the σ-framework, and the latter with σ-hyperconjugative destablilization proceeding through two pathways being more than double the same effect through one pathway (the Whiffen effect). AM1 calculations predict these results. The facial selectivity for epoxidation and diazetidine formation from 4-eq-halogenated 3 (4(X)) is in the order Cl > F > Br, and the 5-fluoro compound (8) is less selective than 4(F) for both reactions. Steric as well as electronic factors might well contribute to these results, neither of which was expected from consideration of σ,π interaction. Cation radical catalyzed chain dioxetane formation from 4(F) and 3(Cl) is significantly more face selective than epoxidation or diazetidine formation, as expected on electronic grounds; σ,π interaction should be larger in the radical cation.
DISSOCIATION IN THE RESPONSES OF TIDAL VOLUME AND RESPIRATORY FREQUENCY TO HYPOXIA IN PRETERM INFANTS. † 2020

DISSOCIATION IN THE RESPONSES OF TIDAL VOLUME AND RESPIRATORY FREQUENCY TO HYPOXIA IN PRETERM INFANTS. † 2020
Rhythmic extrusion of pheromone gland elevates pheromone release rate

In two arctiid species,Holomelina lamae andH. aurantiaca, which rhythmically extrude and retract their abdominal tips during pheromone emission, pheromone glands contain up to three orders of magnitude more of the major component than in most Lepidoptera examined to date. Using an effluent collection technique, relatively high rates of pheromone emission were obtained from freely calling females. In contrast, volatilization rates from forcibly extruded glands were about 25 times lower for both species, suggesting that pulsation of the gland functions to increase the release rate.
Mass spectrometry of modified nucleic acid bases and nucleosides: 1—3‐deazauracil and 3‐deazauridine

The mass spectral fragmentations of 3-deazauracil, 3-deazauridine and selected derivatives are described. Fragmnetations give rise to ions diagnostic of specific positions in the base and/or sugar moieties. Ion structure are rationalized based on isotopic labeling, metastable ion analysis and high resolution data. The spectrum of 3-deazauracil resembles that of cytosine more closely than uracil. The spectrum of 3-deazauridine is almost identical to that of 1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl cytosine, closely resembles that of cytidine and differs significantly from uridine. The formation of a strong b+41 ion in the spectrum of 3-deazauridine raises questions on the utility of the b+41 ions in assigning a cytidine structure to an unknown nucleoside based solely on this ion.
The cultural dimension of radiology residency.

Radiology residency might seem to be strictly a matter of science and technology. We might think that as long as trainees assimilate the required knowledge and develop the requisite skills, they will be prepared to practice radiology independently. In fact, however, radiology residency encompasses not only science and technology, but also a cultural dimension. Culture involves something deeper than knowledge and skill, which reaches down more deeply into our basic assumptions about the way things work. Though many of us rarely talk about this cultural dimension of our professional lives, it profoundly shapes the way we think and act. By enhancing our understanding of the cultural aspects of radiology education, we can perform more effectively as educators and help our trainees better prepare for careers as radiologists.
Survey of Follow‐up Systems in Emergency Medicine Residencies: Analysis and Proposal

Objective:For educational purposes, the Residency Review Committee for Emergency Medicine requires that emergency medicine residencies “provide a mechanism for each resident to obtain information on outcomes of patients the resident has evaluated in the emergency department.” The authors analyzed the current patient follow-up systems of emergency medicine residencies and, based upon survey results, propose a comprehensive organized system of follow-up. Methods:The 84 emergency medicine residency directors listed in the 1991 Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Handbook were polled regarding the current follow-up systems at all hospitals affiliated with their residencies. The survey contained 11 items, including two five-point Likert scales for rating system effectiveness and satisfaction. A description of each hospital's follow-up system was requested, and other comments were reviewed. Results:The 72 (86%) respondents represented residencies with a total of 138 affiliated hospitals, of which 89 (64.5%) had formal follow-up systems. Of those 89 hospitals, 39% (n= 80) residency directors reported that fewer than half of their residents used the systems, 63% (n= 87) had mandatory compliance policies; 53% had the capability for residents to obtain discharge summaries on admitted patients; and 66% (n= 83) had mechanisms for follow-up of patients released from the emergency department. Twenty-three percent of the systems were considered effective, with ratings of 4 or higher, and only 31% received satisfaction ratings of 4 or more. Conclusion:Most emergency medicine residency-affiliated hospitals in our survey had follow-up systems in place. Of existing systems, only a minority were rated by residency directors as effective or satisfactory. A model for a comprehensive system of patient follow-up is proposed.
Highly Lipophilic, Mono-ionizable Calix[4]arene-benzocrown-6 Extractants for Removal of Radiocesium from Nuclear Wastes

A series of lipophilic, proton-ionizable calix[4]arene-benzocrown-6 compounds with calixarene units locked in the 1,3-alternate conformation was prepared for evaluation of their potential as radiocesium ion extractants. Upon ionization of the pendant acidic function, the ligand provides the requisite anion for the formation of an electroneutral extraction complex, thereby markedly increasing Cs+ extraction efficiency. To enhance the lipophilicity, each proton-ionizable calix[4]arene-crown-6 ligand bears a (2-ethylhexyl)benzo unit and two octyl groups. By use of radiotracer techniques for Cs+ and Na+ and ICP spectrometry for K+, the ligands were evaluated in terms of the efficiency and selectivity with which they extract Cs+ from aqueous solutions into toluene. Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange to view the supplementary file.
Calcaneal donor bone grafts

Autogenous bone grafting is an important part of many foot and ankle surgical procedures. Although alternative bone graft materials such as allogeneic bone are available, autogenous bone continues to be the material of choice for many procedures. The calcaneus provides a source of small amounts of autogenous corticocancellous or cancellous bone. The author describes the surgical technique for procurement of calcaneal bone grafts. Twenty-five cases are reviewed. The morbidity associated with procuring calcaneal bone grafts is favorably compared with that associated with procuring bone from other donor sites.
Calmodulin inhibitors from the bitter mushroom Naematoloma fasciculare (Fr.) Karst. (Strophariaceae) and absolute configuration of fasciculols.

Calmodulin inhibitors were found in the bitter poisonous mushroom Naematoloma fasciculare (Fr.) KARST. (Strophariaceae). The active compounds, fasciculols B, C, and F, were isolated by droplet counter-current chromatography and identified on the basis of various physical and spectral data. Application of the dibenzoate chirality method to a p-bromobenzoate derivative of fasciculol C allowed the absolute configurations at the C-2 and C-3 positions to be determined as (R) and (S), respectively.
Abstract IA19: Multiplexing TGFβ in the tumor microenvironment

The dynamics of TGFβ biology is context dependent. TGFβ is controlled at many levels with a major mechanism in its production as a latent complex from which TGFβ is released extracellularly. TGFβ production and activity is greatly increased in many cancer cells. Tumor microenvironment can also be a significant TGFβ source, particularly bone marrow derived cells (BMDC). TGFβ regulates malignant behaviors and cell phenotype of tumor microenvironment constituents locally and the hematopoietic and immune systems at a distance. We investigated the contribution of TGFβ to the effects of radiotherapy in breast, brain and lung cancer murine models. Our studies show that radiation induces rapid TGFβ activation that can persist for days. Radiation induced TGFβ promotes rapid and effective DNA damage response, mediates tumor microenvironment composition, regulates BMDC recruitment and phenotype, and augments immune evasion. Inhibition of TGFβ during radiotherapy provides significant therapeutic benefit by molecular and microenvironmental mechanisms. TGFβ inhibition during radiotherapy impedes DNA damage recognition, which promotes tumor cell death and thus, tumor growth control. Continued TGFβ inhibition prevents vascular remodeling necessary for tumor regrowth, and blocks BMDC recruitment, which limits an exogenous TGFβ source. Multiplexing these actions with those on tumor immunity suggest potent therapeutic potential of TGFβ inhibition during radiotherapy to eliminate tumor cells and eradicate tumor promoting microenvironments. Citation Format: Mary Helen Barcellos-Hoff. Multiplexing TGFβ in the tumor microenvironment. [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on Cellular Heterogeneity in the Tumor Microenvironment; 2014 Feb 26-Mar 1; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(1 Suppl):Abstract nr IA19. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.CHTME14-IA19
Mixed Array of Compliant Interconnects to Balance Mechanical and Electrical Characteristics

Various designs of compliant interconnects are being pursued in universities and industry to accommodate the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between die and substrate or substrate and board. Although such interconnects are able to mechanically decouple the components, electrical parasitics of compliant interconnects are often high compared to the electrical parasitics of solder bump or solder ball interconnects. This increase in electrical parasitics is due to the fact that compliant interconnects typically having longer path lengths and smaller cross-sectional areas to provide compliance, which in turn, increases their electrical parasitics. In this paper, we present a mixed array of compliant interconnects as a tradeoff between mechanical compliance and electrical parasitics. In the proposed implementation, the die area is subdivided into three regions where high compliance, medium-compliance, and low-compliance interconnect variants are situated in the outer, middle, and inner regions of the die, respectively. By introducing the low-compliance variants into the assembly, interconnects with greatly reduced electrical parasitics can be used as power/ground interconnects, while the high-compliance interconnects, situated near the die edges, can be used as signal interconnects. This paper demonstrates the implementation of this configuration and also presents the experimental characterization of such heterogeneous array of interconnects.
Blind men and hieroglyphs: The collapse of mimesis

(1991). Blind men and hieroglyphs: The collapse of mimesis. European Romantic Review: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 61-80.
Irregular meiosis in a somatic hybrid between S. bulbocastanum and S. tuberosum detected by species-specific PCR markers and cytological analysis

A system of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers was developed to facilitate the transfer of S. bulbocastanum (blb) genes into the S. tuberosum (tbr) genome by hybridization and backcrossing. DNA from tbr, blb and the hexaploid hybrid was used as a template for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Polymorphic RAPD products, originating from 10-mer primers, specific for blb were cloned and sequenced at their ends to allow the synthesis of 18-mer primers. The 18-mer primers allowed a more reproducible assay than the corresponding RAPDs. Of eight 18-mer primer pairs, four amplified the expected products specific for blb. However, the stringency of the primer annealing conditions needed to be carefully optimized to avoid amplification of the homeologous tbr product, suggesting that the original RAPD polymorphisms were due to single base-pair changes rather than deletions or insertions. Two primers used for amplification of backcross 2 progeny segregated in a 1∶1 (presence:absence) ratio; the other two were unexpectedly absent. The most likely explanation for the loss of these markers is irregular meiosis in the original hexaploid hybrid and subsequent elimination of chromosomes. Cytological analysis of the meiosis in the hybrid demonstrated widespread irregular pairing and the presence of lagging univalents. In addition, the first backcross individual used as the parent for the second backcross had 54 chromosomes instead of the predicted 60. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that PCR technology can be used for the efficient isolation of taxon-specific markers in Solanum. Furthermore, by the use of these markers we detected the loss of chromosomes that was subsequently shown by cytological analysis to be caused by irregular meiosis of the somatic hybrid.
Efficiency of Ion Transport Mechanisms

IT has often been assumed, as in the theory of active transport of ions, that metabolic energy is required to transfer sodium ions from a low intracellular concentration to a higher concentration in blood serum or an external fluid1–3. On that assumption, the efficiency of any transport mechanism would be expressed as the ratio of output of work to input of energy. Theoretical calculations have been based on the following approximation, derived from the laws of ideal solutions:
Co-morbidity of lifetime psychiatric disorder among male alcoholic patients

The lifetime co-morbidity of major psychiatric disorders among male alcoholics was examined with the structured Psychiatric Diagnostic Interview (PDI), which was administered to 928 patients undergoing alcoholism treatment at six Veterans Administration Medical Centers. Thirty-eight percent were positive for alcoholism only; 62% fulfilled inclusive lifetime diagnostic criteria for at least one other additional psychiatric syndrome. Thirty percent satisfied criteria for one additional syndrome; 16% for two additional syndromes; 12% for three; and 4% for four or more disorders in addition to alcoholism. Depression and antisocial personality were the most frequently identified co-occurring syndromes (36% and 24%, respectively) followed by drug abuse and mania (17% each). The additional psychiatric syndromes in this sample were clearly not randomly distributed; instead, certain disorders tended to cluster together such as: drug abuse and antisocial personality; mania and depression; depression and anxiety disorder; and schizophrenia and affective disorder. Implications for classification and treatment are discussed.
Symbiotic mothers and infantilized only children: A subtype of single-parent family

One single-parent family pattern is the enmeshed mother/onlychild dyad. Women marry to have children, and then divorce, while mother and child live out the reciprocally gratifying symbiotic period. When these mothers hamper offspring moves toward separation-individuation, post-divorce difficulties bring them to treatment. These difficulties are distinct from those found in other single-parent families. Intervention can move mother and child from the prolonged symbiosis. Treatment stresses modification of low maternal selfesteem, and correction of pathogenic maternal behavior. Re-introduction of the father to the system can also free both mother and child for further growth.
Modeling the seismic source and tsunami generation of the December 12, 1992 Flores Island, Indonesia, earthquake

On December 12, 1992 a large earthquake (M s 7.5) occurred just north of Flores Island, Indonesia which, along with the tsunami it generated, killed more than 2,000 people. In this study, teleseismic P and SH waves, as well as PP waves from distances up to 123°, are inverted for the orientations and time histories of multiple point sources. By repeating the inversion for reasonable values of depth, time separation and spatial separation, a 2-fault model is developed. Next, the vertical deformation of the seafloor is estimated from this fault model. Using a detailed bathymetric model, linear and nonlinear tsunami propagation models are tested. The data consist of a single tide gauge record at Palopo (650 km to the north), as well as tsunami runup height measurements from Flores Island and nearby islands. Assuming a tsunami runup amplification factor of two, the two-fault model explains the tide gauge record and the tsunami runup heights on most of Flores Island. It cannot, however, explain the large tsunami runup heights observed near Leworahang (on Hading Bay) and Riangkroko (on the northeast peninsula). Massive coastal slumping was observed at both of these locations. A final model, which in addition to the two faults, includes point sources of large vertical displacement at these two locations explains the observations quite well.
Nucleation kinetics of continuously cooling Fe–17 at.%B droplets produced by controlled capillary jet breakup

Abstract A new method for the investigation of the nucleation kinetics of traveling droplets was applied to mono-size droplets of an Fe–17 at.%B alloy generated by a controlled capillary jet breakup process. The developed method determines the in-flight nucleation kinetics of droplets from metallographic data and simulated droplet-cooling schedules. An iterative procedure is used to cross-validate the metallographic data and the model predictions. With the cross-validated data and simulation models, nucleation temperatures of Fe–17 at.%B droplets were calculated for various diameters and cooling conditions and shown in the form of continuous-cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams. The critical cooling rate for the amorphous solidification of Fe–17 at.%B droplets was predicted as a function of droplet diameter and verified metallographically.
A new species of nectar-feeding bat, genus Lonchophylla, from western Colombia and western Ecuador (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

ABSTRACT The twelve recognized species of nectar-feeding bats of the genus Lonchophylla occur in low- and middle-elevation, humid, Neotropical forests. Morphological and morphometrical analyses of specimens formerly lumped with Lonchophylla mordax O. Thomas (1903) support recognition of Lonchophylla concava Goldman (1914) as a separate species and reveal a third species from the western Pacific lowlands of Colombia and Ecuador that I describe herein as Lonchophylla fornicata. This new species is morphologically similar to Lonchophylla concava but is distinctively larger than that species. Tests for sexual dimorphism within these and other species of Lonchophyllini suggest a tendency for females to have slightly longer, narrower skulls, higher coronoid processes of the mandible, and longer forearms than males.
Patterns of Fetal Lamb Regional Cerebral Blood Flow during and after Prolonged Hypoxia

Summary: In an effort to determine to what extent cerebral blood flow (CBF) varies in different parts of the brain during prolonged fetal hypoxia, we measured flow to 34 regions in 12 chronically catheterized fetal lambs 130 to 140 days gestation. Control values of Po2, PCO2 pH, heart rate, and blood pressure were obtained, and CBF was measured by use of radioactive labeled microspheres during a control period, during (15-, 30-, and 90-min) reduction of maternal inspired O2 concentration (fetal arterial Po2 was maintained at 12 to 15 torr), and 60 min after returning the ewe to room air. Control blood flow to cortical, subcortical, and brainstem structures equaled 134, 186, and 254 mlmin−1100 g−1, respectively. During hypoxia, CBF increased 92%, and 60 min after fetal oxygenation was restored, it remained 50% above control values. We noted a similar response in regional CBF to the cortex, subcortex, and brainstem during and after hypoxia. Blood flow to smaller areas within the three major regions were quite homogenous and had a similar pattern of response to hypoxia. We conclude that: (1) significant fetal regional CBF differences occurred in utero with brainstem and subcortical flows being substantially greater than flows to other regions of the brain; (2) during prolonged intrautcrine hypoxia, total regional CBF increased 92%; (3) 1 hr after fetal oxygenation was restored, CBF still remained 50% above control values; and finally, (4) there was no significant preferential shunting of regional CBF during prolonged hypoxia in utero. Speculation: In the fetal lamb during prolonged intrauterine hypoxia, total and regional cerebral blood flows increase to the same extent without evidence of preferential shunting to critical brainstem or subcortical areas. However, neuropathologic studies have indicated relative sparing of these areas during similar animal experimental or human neonatal conditions. This suggests that the pattern of hypoxic ischemic insult to the neonatal central nervous system associated with asphyxia may be due to regional metabolic derangements in cerebral tissue rather than to changes in local cerebral blood flow. Alternatively, during fetal hypotension associated with hypoxia, preferential shunting of regional blood flow might occur which could result in sparing of critical brain regions. In addition, during asphyxia, these pathologic changes may result primarily from hypotension and decreased regional cerebral blood flow.
Parallel algorithms for zero-one supply-demand problems

A technique that yields fast parallel algorithms for several zero-one supply-demand problems is presented. $NC$ algorithms are given for the following related problems: (1) Given a sequence of supplies $a_1 , \cdots ,a_n $ and demands $b_1 , \cdots ,b_m $, construct a zero-one flow pattern satisfying these constraints, where every supply vertex can send at most one unit of flow to each demand vertex. (2) Given a sequence of positive and negative integers summing to zero, representing supplies and demands, respectively, construct a zero-one flow pattern so that the net flow out of (into) each vertex is its supply (demand), where every vertex can send at most one unit of flow to every other vertex. (3) Construct a digraph without self-loops with specified in- and out-degrees. The results are extended to the case where the input represents upper bounds on supplies and lower bounds on demands.
A new kind of inequality for Bessel functions

Abstract We study a new type of inequality for Bessel functions. This is an analog of an inequality for Legendre polynomials, which plays an important role in studying the nonlinear Boltzmann equation. As an application of the Bessel case we treat the spherical functions associated with Minkowski space.
Ethics and the organizational person: Revisiting DeGeorge

In this paper I review the dispute over DeGeorge's analysis of the issue of the ethical responsibilities of engineers in large organizations. I argue that this issue is no different than the question of the ethical responsibilities of any other relevantly situated employee because engineers have no special duty to hold paramount the safety of the public distinct from that of others. I demonstrate how critics like Mankin, James, and Curd and May have misread and misinterpreted DeGeorge's position and his argument. I then identify a serious logical problem in DeGeorge, unnoticed by critics, but conclude by defending the spirit of DeGeorge's approach. That spirit recognizes the limitations of attempting to provide necessary and sufficient conditions in response to many questions in applied philosophy.
Social support provided by and strain experienced by African-American cancer caregivers

Background Cancer is the second most common condition among people over 50, behind only dementia, associated with caregiving. As treatments improve, the number of cancer caregivers will increase. However, there is limited research about African-American cancer caregivers (AACCs).
Surface micromachined electrostatically actuated micro peristaltic pump

An electrostatically actuated micro peristaltic pump is reported. The micro pump is entirely surface micromachined using a multilayer parylene technology. Taking advantage of the multilayer technology, the micro pump design enables the pumped fluid to be isolated from the electric field. Electrostatic actuation of the parylene membrane using both DC and AC voltages was demonstrated and applied to fluid pumping based on a 3-phase peristaltic sequence. A maximum flow rate of 1.7 nL min−1 and an estimated pumping pressure of 1.6 kPa were achieved at 20 Hz phase frequency. A dynamic analysis was also performed with a lumped-parameter model for the peristaltic pump. The analysis results allow a quantitative understanding of the peristaltic pumping operation, and correctly predict the trends exhibited by the experimental data. The small footprint of the micro pump is well suited for large-scale integration of microfluidics. Moreover, because the same platform technology has also been used to fabricate other devices (e.g. valves, electrospray ionization nozzles, filters and flow sensors), the integration of these different devices can potentially lead to versatile and functional micro total analysis systems (μTAS).
Physicians and the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Dysfunctional Relationship

The pharmaceutical industry is one of the largest and most profitable industries in the world, and in the United States, the industry has a particularly privileged economic position. Yet the cost of drugs in the United States is higher than anywhere else, due largely to the fact that the industry is focusing increasingly on marketing rather than on the development of meaningful new medications: available evidence does not support claims of great expense for the development of new drugs. Because of its vast resources, the pharmaceutical industry has assumed an increasing influence in medicine, which, given the differences in values and priorities between medicine and the drug companies, is a cause for concern. The pharmaceutical industry has acted to maximize its profits in ways that frequently conflict with medicine's need for truth and full disclosure. Indeed, the industry has arguably worked to compromise physicians' judgments, as well as academic standards. As a result, despite government regulation there have been unnecessary adverse effects from drugs. The experience with butorphanol (Stadol) exemplifies problems in the current system and the harm that can result. Changes are suggested to make the pharmaceutical industry more responsive to the needs of patients and physicians.
Identification of a non-linear internal combustion engine model for on-line indicated torque estimation

Abstract In recent years considerable interest has been placed on the estimation of internal combustion engine torque both for control and diagnostic applications. This paper discusses a method for the identification of a non-linear model of the dynamics relating combustion pressure to crankshaft angular velocity. Such a model can be useful in the implementation of control strategies that require an estimate of individual cylinder indicated torque or pressure--variables not easily measured directly with low-cost instrumentation, or in the development of advanced diagnostic strategies. The method demonstrated in this paper utilises a known model structure and employs non-linear programming for the identification of relevant model parameters. The technique is applied to a single cylinder research engine, and is successfully validated with experimental data. Finally, the model thus derived is used to design an input observer for the estimation of indicated torque.
Does the Inflow of FDI Stock Matter? Evidence from SAARC Countries

This paper examines the influence of foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in five SAARC member countries – Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Using time series data from 1990 to 2010, an empirical model is estimated in which growth of real GDP depends on FDI, investment, openness, tax policy and inflation. After establishing the stationarity of the data series, cointegration tests are performed, and an error correction model is developed and estimated. The empirical results indicate that, unlike investment and openness to international trade, FDI has not played a significant role in promoting economic growth in these countries. We conclude that the effectiveness of FDI may depend in part on the size of the inflows, as well as the level of economic development.
The amino terminal sequence of ATP-phosphoribosyltransferase, the first gene product of the histidine operon.

Abstract The amino terminal sequence of ATP-phosphoribosyltransferase of Salmonella typhimurium has been determined by automated Edman degradation. Since this protein is the first gene product of the histidine operon, comparison of its amino terminal sequence with the genetic code allows the deduction of a partial base sequence of its mRNA and the corresponding DNA. Five of the first nine residues of ATP-phosphoribosyltransferase align with the amino terminal sequence of histidinol dehydrogenase, the second gene product of the histidine operon.
Graphene-enhanced nanorefrigerants

Recent reports that a host liquid's thermal properties can be augmented by dispersal of small quantities of nanoparticles have stimulated intense interest as an intriguing avenue to produce advanced heat transfer fluids. But effects are challenging to exploit in practical settings because it is difficult to prepare refrigerant-based dispersions displaying sufficient long-term stability. Moreover, the most dramatic enhancements in thermal conductivity obtained using anisotropic nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes) are achieved at the expense of a severe viscosity increase. Here we overcome these limitations by introducing a robust surfactant-mediated dispersal method that enables stable suspensions containing a range of nanomaterials to be straightforwardly prepared as additives to ordinary commercial refrigerants. We apply this approach to formulate a new class of nanorefrigerants containing graphene nanosheets that uniquely match the superior thermal conductivity enhancements attained in carbon nanotube suspensions without their accompanying viscosity penalty. These suspensions can be directly substituted for conventional refrigerants to inexpensively achieve increased efficiency in many thermal management applications.
Characteristics of endothelin receptors in acutely rejecting transplanted lungs

Experiments were designed to characterize endothelin receptors in bronchi and parenchyma of transplanted lungs during acute rejection. Third-order bronchi from autografted or allografted lungs were either cut into rings and suspended in organ chambers for the measurement of isometric force or frozen for isolation of membrane proteins. Lung parenchyma was prepared for histology or isolation of membrane protein. The grade of rejection was 2.74±0.17 (n=19) in allotransplanted lungs; evidence of infection was present in 58% of the transplanted lungs. In organ chamber experiments, endothelin 1 (which stimulates endothelin A receptors) caused comparable contraction of bronchi from autotransplanted and allotransplanted rejecting lungs. Endothelin 3 (which stimulates endothelin A and B receptors) caused contractions of bronchi from autotransplanted lungs which were not different from those caused by endothelin 1. In contrast, contractions caused by endothelin 3 were reduced in bronchi from rejecting allotransplanted lungs. The magnitude of contractions caused by endothelin 3 was reduced further when infection was present with rejection. Competitive inhibition of 125 I-endothelin 1 by endothelin 3 was significant for a two-site binding model in membranes prepared from all bronchi and lung parenchyma. The total number of binding sites (B max ) was reduced significantly in bronchi and parenchyma from rejecting lungs with or without infection. The relative proportions of high-affinity and low-affinity binding sites did not change. Affinities of both high- and low-affinity receptors were not altered with rejection. These results indicate that at least two subtypes of endothelin receptors are present on canine bronchial smooth muscle and parenchyma. The number of endothelin receptors associated with bronchial contractions is reduced with rejection of lung allografts.
Cellular interactions among marrow stromal and normal/neoplastic pre-B- and B-lymphoblastic cells

The direct interaction between B-cells, both normal and neoplastic, and marrow stromal cells (MSC) or MSC-secreted extracellular matrix proteins is believed to play a decisive role in lymphopoiesis as well as in the sustained proliferation and homing of lymphoid malignancies. Although information has been accruing on possible obligatory cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion molecules, our current state of knowledge regarding B-cell interaction with the marrow microenvironment is rather limited. We discuss in this review what is currently known regarding adhesion molecules involved in the apposition between B-cells and MSC. In addition, we describe how the cellular interactions are modulated by cytokines present in the marrow microenvironment. Further, we present possible signal transduction pathways activated by B-cell/MSC apposition and attempt to integrate in vitro data with in vivo observations. We close this review by providing implications for novel clinical and therapeutic applications ba...
Eddy-Viscosity Distribution in Thick Axisymmetric Turbulent Boundary Layers

An eddy-viscosity formulation for thick axisymmetric turbulent boundary layers is presented. Calculations made with this formulation show good agreement with experiment for both incompressible and compressible flows.
Immune Function and Cytochrome P4501A Activity after Acute Exposure to 3,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) in Channel Catfish

Abstract Several commercial polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixtures reduce immune functions in fish. However, little is known about the effects of specific coplanar PCBs on immune functions in fish. We investigated the effects of a single, acute exposure to either corn oil as a carrier control or 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/kg body weight of 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) on both nonspecific cellular immune responses and antigen-specific humoral immune responses in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Fish were given PCB 126 intraperitoneally, and innate cellular immune responses were evaluated 3 and 7 d later. The humoral immune response against Edwardsiella ictaluri was evaluated 14 d after treatments. Immunological results were compared to cytochrome P4501A induction, ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity, allometric indices, and hematology as biomarkers of exposure and effects 3 and 7 d posttreatment. Cytochrome P4501A and EROD activity were induced by all three doses of PCB 126, whereas a...
Assessment of the contribution of the spleen to granulocytopoiesis and erythropoiesis of the mid-gestation human fetus

Abstract Several current textbooks of hematology describe the spleen of the mid-gestation human fetus as a granulocytopoietic and an erythropoietic organ. Although studies in fetal rodents support this view, a convincing demonstration of such in normal human fetuses is lacking. We tested the hypothesis that the human mid-gestation fetal spleen is normally (1) a site of active granulocytopoiesis and erythropoiesis, or (2) a site of production of specific granulocytopoietic or erythropoietic growth factors. This was accomplished using the spleens, livers, and long-bones of 18 human fetuses, 13–22 weeks gestation, immediately following elective, induced, pregnancy terminations. Organs of some of the abortuses were placed directly into formalin for histologic evaluation. Organs from others were subjected to RNA extraction for subsequent probing for specific hematopoietic growth factor mRNA. Cell suspensions were created from the organs of other abortuses for quantification of the absolute number of neutrophils and erythrocytes and their precursors and progenitors. Evidence of active hematopoiesis was present in marrow and liver but not spleen. Transcripts for granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) were detected in the marrow but not the spleen or liver, and transcripts for erythropoietin (Epo) were detected in the liver but not the spleen or marrow. The populations of hematopoietic progenitor cells and normoblasts in the fetal spleen cell were similar to those in fetal blood. Thus, it is likely that the hematopoietic progenitors recovered from fetal spleen cell suspensions are the result of blood within the spleen, rather than from hematopoiesis within the organ. The spleen of mid-gestation human fetuses, unlike the spleen of fetal rats, does not normally function as an active site of granulocytopoiesis or erythropoiesis, nor is it an active site for production of G-CSF or Epo.
Design and characterization of a high-power laser-induced acoustic desorption probe coupled with a fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer.

We report here the construction and characterization of a high-power laser-induced acoustic desorption (LIAD) probe designed for Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers to faci...
Redistribution of the electrical charge of the mitochondrial membrane during energy conservation.

Abstract The interaction of the fluorescent dyes 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS) and tetramethyldiamino-diphenyl-ketoimine hydrochloride (Auramine-0) with the membrane of intact and fragmented mitochondria has been studied. The fluorescence changes accompanying the energization of the membrane can be accounted for by binding changes of the dyes, induced by charge changes of the membrane.