cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 5362: Mechanisms involved in hormone promoted growth of preneoplastic mammary lesions

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Carcinogenesis is a complex process, which involves initiation, promotion and progression. Copenhagen strain of rat is a well known animal model which is resistant to carcinogen-induced mammary carcinogenesis. In our laboratory, we were able to induce a very high incidence of mammary cancers in these rats using combination of carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), followed by estradiol and progesterone treatment. We have demonstrated that the resistance to mammary carcinogenesis in these rats is not due to inhibition of initiation but due to reduced hormone promotional environment and we further extend our research to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved behind this hormone-induced promotion. We used both in vivo and in vitro experimental system to understand the mechanisms involved in mammary cancer promotion and progression. Seven week old female Copenhagen rats were administered a single dose of MNU at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally. Four weeks post carcinogen administration, the rats were killed and preneoplastic lesions were excised and used for further in vitro experiments. The preneoplastic lesions were cultured and were treated with estradiol, progesterone or a combination of both hormones. Changes in survival and cell death pathways in the cultured preneoplastic lesions in response to different hormone treatments were analyzed using different molecular techniques. Our result indicates that hormone treatment induces alterations in cell survival and cell death pathways of the preneoplastic lesions demonstrating the significance of hormones in promotion and progression of breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5362.
Sooting Limits of Counterflow Nonpremixed Flames: Pressure Effects

Counterflow nonpremixed ethylene-air flame experiments have been performed to better understand the pressure effects on sooting behavior. An absolute irradiance calibrated two-color time resolved Laser Induced Incandescence (LII) technique was utilized to collect quantitative soot incandescence data for determination of primary particle size, temperature, and soot volume fraction using a comprehensive LII heat transfer model. Results show that the counterflow configuration can provide an ideal flow field for investigation of soot particle nucleation, growth, and oxidation over a wide range of pressures, flow residence times, and fuel-air compositions.
Wettability of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide/Water/Quartz Systems: Simultaneous Measurement of Contact Angle and Interfacial Tension at Reservoir Conditions

Injection of carbon dioxide in deep saline aquifers is considered as a method of carbon sequestration. The efficiency of this process is dependent on the fluid-fluid and rock-fluid interactions inside the porous media. For instance, the final storage capacity and total amount of capillary-trapped CO2 inside an aquifer are affected by the interfacial tension between the fluids and the contact angle between the fluids and the rock mineral surface. A thorough study of these parameters and their variations with temperature and pressure will provide a better understanding of the carbon sequestration process and thus improve predictions of the sequestration efficiency. In this study, the controversial concept of wettability alteration of quartz surfaces in the presence of supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) was investigated. A novel apparatus for measuring interfacial tension and contact angle at high temperatures and pressures based on Axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis with no-Apex (ADSA-NA) method was developed and validated with a simple system. Densities, interfacial tensions, and dynamic contact angles of CO2/water/quartz systems were determined for a wide range of pressures and temperatures relevant to geological sequestration of CO2 in the subcritical and supercritical states. Image analysis was performed with ADSA-NA method that allows the determination of both interfacial tensions and contact angles with high accuracy. The results show that supercritical CO2 alters the wettability of quartz surface toward less water-wet conditions compared to subcritical CO2. Also we observed an increase in the water advancing contact angles with increasing temperature indicating less water-wet quartz surfaces at higher temperatures.
Abstract ES9-1: Long-Term Management of Pain Due to, and after, Primary Treatment of Breast Cancer

As more women are living longer after treatment for breast cancer, survivorship issues take on even greater importance. As a result of effective breast cancer treatment, approximately one-half of survivors experience chronic pain due to the lasting sequelae of surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and/or endocrine treatment. Research also suggests that these pain symptoms are under-reported and under-treated. The sources of chronic pain after breast cancer surgical treatment include nerve injury, scarring, lymphedema, and post-breast cancer treatment syndrome. After radiation, scarring, neuropathy, and lymphedema are possible. Multiple cytotoxic chemotherapy agents, including Paclitaxel, can cause a chronic painful peripheral neuropathy. Endocrine treatments, including Aromatase Inhibitors and bisphosphonates, are associated with bone, muscle and joint pain. Treatment for these pain syndromes should be guided by basic principles of analgesia and directed by an understanding of the type of pain involved (nociceptive or neuropathic). Evidence-based treatment modalities include pharmacologic agents, including NSAIDS, acetaminophen, opioids and co-analgesics including neuropathic agents and antispasm medications. Non-pharmacologic treatments include exercise, physical therapy, heat, and cold. Integrative practices may be effective as well, including acupuncture, guided imagery, and massage. Diet and weight loss also have a role. Finally, emotional support for patients facing chronic pain, as will as the attendant concerns about the meaning of that pain, is key in helping ameliorate the distressing experience and disability of chronic pain. Support groups, cognitive behavioral therapy, and psychodynamic therapy all may be helpful to the survivor facing chronic pain after breast cancer treatment. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr ES9-1.
The Natural History of Patients Less than 40 Years Old with Bladder Tumors

AbstractWe treated 19 men and 6 women less than 40 years old with bladder tumors. The average patient age at diagnosis was 30.6 years and the mean followup was 65 months. Gross hematuria was present in 84 per cent and excretory urography showed a mass in the bladder in 44 per cent of the patients.Of 8 patients less than 30 years old 6 had papilloma and 2 had grade II to III, stage O transitional cell carcinoma. All patients with papillomas were free of disease. The pathological reports of the patients more than 30 years old revealed papilloma or grade I, stage O transitional cell carcinoma in 9, grade II to III, stage O to A papillary transitional cell carcinoma in 6 and invasive disease in 2, 1 of whom died. Of the 9 patients with papilloma or grade I, stage O disease 77 per cent are currently free of disease. Of those with grade II to III, stage O to B papillary transitional cell carcinoma only 1 is free of disease, while 6 have had resectable recurrences. One patient with grade II to III disease was lo...
Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure in Humans

This chapter examines physical activity and energy expenditure in humans. It provides a summary of the difficulties in measuring and comparing physical activity and energy expenditure across studies. Next, what is known about energy expenditure and physical activity in humans and other primates is briefly summarized. Overall, humans exhibit a wide range of physical activity levels (PALs) across different ecologies and modes of resource acquisition. This diversity supports the prediction that a flexible system has evolved that responds to the energetic demands of varying environments. A clear, predictable pattern does not emerge when comparing PAL across these dimensions and populations, even within similar modes of subsistence. Men are sometimes, but not always more active than women. Many agricultural populations exhibit seasonal variation in physical activity levels that unsurprisingly correlate with workload. Differences in physical activity are even observed within the same mode of food production. This variation suggests that there is not simply one level of physical activity that humans have evolved to perform. Instead, it suggests that humans flexibly respond to competing energetic demands across environments, across seasons, and across the life span to selectively exert energy when the adaptive benefits to doing so outweigh the costs, and otherwise conserve and/or redirect energy.
Comparing the Reliability of Related Populations With the Probability of Agreement

ABSTRACTCombining information from different populations to improve precision, simplify future predictions, or improve underlying understanding of relationships can be advantageous when considering the reliability of several related sets of systems. Using the probability of agreement to help quantify the similarities of populations can help to give a realistic assessment of whether the systems have reliability that are sufficiently similar for practical purposes to be treated as a homogeneous population. The new method is described and illustrated with an example involving two generations of a complex system, where the reliability is modeled using either a logistic or probit regression model. Note that supplementary materials including code, datasets, and added discussion are available online.
Are School Nurses Victims of Bullying

A quick search of The Journal of School Nursing website listed 96 manuscripts addressing student bullying and not 1 manuscript addressed school nurse bullying. The manuscripts illuminate factors associated with bullying, such as special education placement and sexual identify differences. The manuscripts also report the outcomes of bullying such as depression, anxiety, poor academic performance, and absenteeism. The violence reduction researchers also recommended a role for school nurses to prevent bullying and to ameliorate the consequences of bullying. Bullying in schools is characterized by the National Association of School Nurses (NASN) position statement as intentional aggression or attack for the purpose of causing harm that is physical, verbal, or emotional (https://www.nasn.org/PolicyAdvocacy/PositionPapersandReports/NASNPositionStatementsFullView/tabid/462/smid/824/ArticleID/638/Default.aspx). Bullying is associated with an imbalance of power between the perpetrator and the victim. Bullying is repeated over time (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009, 2011). Bullying at the NASN site refers to bullying among students, not school nurses. A Nursing Outlook publication calls our attention to the prevalence and related issues to hospital-based nurse bullying. Costs to the … Language: en
Two-Sided Learning and the Ratchet Principle

I study a class of continuous-time games of learning and imperfect monitoring. A long-run player and a market share a common prior about the initial value of a Gaussian hidden state, and learn about its subsequent values by observing a noisy public signal. The long-run player can nevertheless control the evolution of this signal, and thus affect the market’s belief. The public signal has an additive structure, and noise is Brownian. I derive conditions for an ordinary differential equation to characterize equilibrium behavior in which the long-run player’s actions depend on the history of the game only through the market’s correct belief. Using these conditions, I demonstrate the existence of pure-strategy equilibria in Markov strategies for settings in which the long-run player’s flow utility is nonlinear. The central finding is a learning-driven ratchet principle affecting incentives. I illustrate the economic implications of this principle in applications to monetary policy, earnings management, and career concerns.
Reproductive rights as human rights: stories from advocates in Brazil, India and South Africa

Stories are central to building and upholding the concept of human rights across cultures. This project uses an advocacy-oriented perspective and original interviews to examine the story-building w...
Ecology and the Environment

Ecology is the study of the interactions of organisms and their environments. The methods of ecology fall roughly into three categories: descriptive surveys of patterns of species and resource distribution and abundance, theoretical modeling, and experimental manipulations. Ecological systems are “open” systems, and patterns and processes are products of a huge number of interacting forces. Ecology and the environmental sciences have made enormous advances since the mid-twentieth century in the understanding of ecological systems, as well as in the human impact on the environment. Theory in ecology usually centers on the development of models. Environmental outcomes are uncertain and when making decisions under uncertainty, there are a variety of options available. One option is to carry out a cost benefit analysis based upon expected utilities and other is to adopt the precautionary principle. Uncertainty and under determination of theory by evidence is a fact of life in science.
Liposome-Mediated Delivery of Gallium to Macrophage-Like Cells in Vitro : Demonstration of a Transferrin-Independent Route for Intracellular Delivery of Metal Ions

Gallium (Ga) prevents the activation of macrophages and might be useful as an immunosuppressive agent. It is taken up by the malignant cells through the transferrin (Tf) receptor pathway, but this pathway may be insufficient in the case of non-malignant cells. We studied the Tf-independent, liposome-mediated delivery of Ga to macrophage-like cells in vitro by a growth inhibition assay. The growth inhibitory properties of Ga for other types of cells was also evaluated. Ga complexed with nitrilotriacetate (GaNTA) and encapsulated in DSPG-liposomes was 16 and 48 times more potent for RAW 264 cells than free GaNTA and Ga-nitrate, respectively. CV1-P cells were also somewhat sensitive to liposomal Ga, but other cell lines with lower endocytotic capacity were insensitive. The inhibition of RAW 264 cell growth induced by liposomal or free GaNTA was partially reversed with iron-loading of the cells, indicating that this form of Ga causes an intracellular iron deficiency similar to that produced by Tf-bound Ga. Our results indicate that encapsulation of Ga in negatively charged liposomes provides a transferrin independent route for intracellular delivery of the compound to macrophages, which is of special interest in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Election Inversions by the U.S. Electoral College

An election inversion occurs when the candidate (or party) that wins the most votes from an electorate fails to win the most electoral votes (or parliamentary seats) and therefore loses the election. Public commentary commonly uses terms such as “reversal of winners,” “wrong winner,” “divided verdict,” and “misfire” to describe this phenomenon; the academic social choice literature adds such terms as “repre- sentative inconsistency,” “compound majority paradox,” “referendum paradox,” and “majority deficit.” Election inversions can occur under any two-tier electoral system, including the U.S. Electoral College. As is well known, the Electoral College actually produced a “wrong winner” in the 2000 Presidential election, and it has done so twice before.
‘Reflections on Little Rock’ and Reflective Judgment

Reflections on Little Rock (RLR) is one of Hannah Arendt’s most controversial writings. Read from the perspective of the political philosopher, it appears even more contentious than her famous rema...
Next Generation ERP Systems: Scalable and Decentralized Paradigms

The Internet has opened new venues for companies to create flexible systems (or “supply webs”) by offering high-speed communication and tight connectivity. This presents a tremendous potential to change the way companies distribute goods, communicate with suppliers and customers, and collaborate both within their company and with their business partners. Hence, businesses increasingly look for ways to use these new tools to achieve “collaboration” and “coordination” between entities within their company, as well as between entities within their supply chain.
Ready and Waiting: How Cambodian Primary Students’ Self-perceived Skills and Aspirations are Primed for the Field of Engineering

A project-based engineering education unit was implemented in a primary school in Cambodia. An effectiveness study was conducted to investigate students’ attitudes and expectations of engineering as a profession and students’ self-perceived 21 st century skills. The findings revealed that prior to the curriculum implementation both male and female students had positive attitudes toward engineering, positive beliefs toward the role of engineering in their lives, and highly favorable perceptions about their perceived 21 st century skills. Results indicated no significant increase in overall students’ attitudes and expectations of engineering, or self-perceived 21 st century skills. Yet, students who had an average mean score of less positive feelings on the pre-assessment showed significant increases in their attitudes and expectations toward engineering, as well as their self-perceived 21 st century skills. These findings indicate that students at the primary level in Cambodia are either already enthusiastic about engineering or are significantly more so once exposed to an engineering curriculum. The importance of incorporating engineering principles into the Cambodian curriculum are discussed.
Left Transsylvian Transcisternal and Transinferior Insular Sulcus Approach for Resection of Uncohippocampal Tumor: 3-Dimensional Operative Video

The medial temporal lobe can be divided in anterior, middle, and posterior segments. The anterior segment is formed by the uncus and hippocampal head, and it has extra and intraventricular structures. There are 2 main approaches to the uncohippocampal region, the anteromedial temporal lobectomy (Spencer's technique) and the transsylvian selective amygdalohippocampectomy (Yasargil's technique).In this video, we present the case of a 29-yr-old man with new onset of generalized seizures and a contrast-enhancing lesion in the left anterior segment of the medial temporal lobe compatible with high-grade glioma. He had a medical history of cervical astrocytoma at age 8 requiring craniospinal radiation therapy and ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement.The tumor was approached using a combined transsylvian transcisternal and transinferior insular sulcus approach to the extra and intraventricular aspects of the uncohippocampal region. It was resected completely, and the patient was neurologically intact after resection with no further seizures at 6-mo follow-up. The diagnosis was glioblastoma IDH-wild type, for which he underwent adjuvant therapy.Surgical anatomy and technical nuances of this approach are illustrated using a 3-dimensional video and anatomic dissections. The selective approach, when compared to an anteromedial temporal lobectomy, has the advantage of preserving the anterolateral temporal cortex, which is particularly relevant in dominant-hemisphere lesions, and the related fiber tracts, including the inferior fronto-occipital and inferior longitudinal fascicles, and most of the optic radiation fibers. The transsylvian approach, however, is technically and anatomically more challenging and potentially carries a higher risk of vascular injury and vasospasm.Page 1 and figures from Fernandez-Miranda JC et al, Microvascular Anatomy of the Medial Temporal Region: Part 1: Its Application to Arteriovenous Malformation Surgery, Operative Neurosurgery, 2010, Volume 67, issue 3, ons237-ons276, by permission of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (1:26-1:37 in video).Page 1 from Fernandez-Miranda JC et al, Three-Dimensio-nal Microsurgical and Tractographic Anatomy of the White Matter of the Human Brain, Neurosurgery, 2008, Volume 62, issue suppl_3, SHC989-SHC1028, by permission of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (1:54-1:56 in video).
Introduction to Surface Chemistry and Physics of Polymers

The surface properties of synthetic polymers are important in many industrially significant processes and applications. Because of the critical importance of polymer surface properties in many major industries and in technology in general, good textbooks and monographs are readily available, including several focusing on biomedical problems (Table 1).
In vivo determination of the anisotropic diffusion of water and the T1 and T2 times in the rabbit lens by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging.

PURPOSE: Several magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) "tools" for ophthalmologic research have recently been developed in this laboratory, including improved gradient and radiofrequency coils and pulse sequences for high-resolution and diffusion imaging (100-microns resolution). METHODS: These tools have been applied to the in vivo measurement of the relaxation parameters (T1 and T2) and the water diffusion coefficients (Dx and Dy) in the rabbit eye lens, both normal and cataractous. Maps of these parameters in the lens have been computer generated. RESULTS: In the normal lens, water diffusion is highly anisotropic and tends to be parallel to the surface. In the trauma-induced cataractous lens, an increase in spin-spin relaxation times (T2) consistent with edema and alteration of diffusion patterns was observed in a study conducted 2 weeks postsurgery. A partial reversal was observed 6 weeks postsurgery. The histologic data on the enucleated lens at 6 weeks showed a loss of normal lens architecture. Images are shown that display other small structures of the anterior segment with great clarity. CONCLUSIONS: An extension of this work, now underway, is the study of the formation of various types of cataract in animal models. It is hypothesized that these methods can be extended to humans as a quantitative alternative for the assessment of cataracts.
Birth and Death(?) of the Anti-Fracking Movement: Inferences from Quantity of Coverage Theory

Public opposition to fracking is one of numerous movements expressing concern about health or environmental risks of a (usually) new technology. These have at their core an esoteric dispute between technical experts, but laypeople also become actively involved, usually as volunteers. They may live close to pertinent sites, motivated by fears for their families and property, or they may be people living farther away, attracted to the opposition for ideological reasons. (Opposition to fracking is a politically liberal position.) Activism is increasingly motivated when the issue is “hot” and diminishes when it cools down. According to Quantity of Coverage Theory (QCT), the “hotness” of an issue – therefore the degree of activism -- largely depends on its presence in the mass media. The American anti-fracking movement arose fairly quickly around 2010–11. News coverage peaked during 2012–14 and is now diminishing. Similar peaks and declines are observed in British and German news media, consistent with the power of central American media to influence news coverage in other industrial nations. Inferentially, from declining news coverage, the anti-fracking movement is waning, perhaps dying. Lacking direct measures of activism, QCT provides a lens through which to see the rise and fall of the movement.
Abstract P097: Sociodemographic Differences in the Dietary Quality of Food Purchases Among Participants in the Nationally-Representative Food Acquisition and Purchase Study (FoodAPS)

Background: Self-reported dietary data may not accurately represent usual dietary intake. Grocery purchase records provide an objective measure of diet, but little research has explored whether the...
Incentivizing Distributive Fairness for Crowdsourcing Workers

In a crowd market such as Amazon Mechanical Turk, the remuneration of Human Intelligence Tasks is determined by the requester, for which they are not given many cues to ascertain how to "fairly'' pay their workers. Furthermore, the current methods for setting a price are mostly binary -- in that, the worker either gets paid or not -- as opposed to paying workers a "fair'' wage based on the quality and utility of work completed. Instead, the price should better reflect the historical performance of the market and the requirements of the task. In this paper, we introduce a game theoretical model that takes into account a more balanced set of market parameters, and propose a pricing policy and a rating policy to incentivize requesters to offer "fair'' compensation for crowdsourcing workers. We present our findings from applying and developing this model on real data gathered from workers on Amazon Mechanical Turk and simulations that we ran to validate our assumptions. Our simulation results also demonstrate that our policies motivate requesters to pay their workers more "fairly'' compared with the payment set by the current market.
A Classroom Accessibility Analysis App for Deaf Students

Deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) individuals do not have equal access to audio information in most educational settings, even with visual translation accommodations such as sign language interpreters or captioners. As a result, their learning and retention rates lag behind in comparison with their hearing peers. Research shows DHH individuals lose lecture information due to two main factors largely unaddressed by the traditional accommodations: 1) increased cognitive load associated with processing the visual translation of audio simultaneously with other visual information sources, and 2) visual attention limits associated with viewing layouts that have widely dispersed visuals that may be far away or at awkward viewing angles. We discuss the impact of architectural visuals on the DHH student, accommodation team and discuss an automatic measure of a simple accessibility app and scale using face and body identification from a 360-degree video snapshot.
Strategies for Defusing Contemporary Weapons in the Ongoing War Against Xicanx Children and Youth

The historical mistreatment of Xicanx (pronounced CHEE or SHE-canx) communities is rooted in nativism and white supremacist ideology that is inextricably linked to the conquest of the Americas and the creation of the United States. The subsequent multiple demonizing forces and ideology emanating from these origins have resulted in quantifiable educational casualties of Xicanx children and youth. In the wake of these forces, Xicanx experiences derived from qualitative studies give voice to how they attempt to fulfill their parents’ aspirations while navigating hostile projections upon their communities, their culture, and their identity. Left unchecked, adverse explicit and implicit intentions turn their school campuses into psychological battle grounds. School psychologists possess unique skills and are situated to establish trust with Xicanx communities, and advocate for Xicanx students (by employing strategies that buffer the impact of debilitating forces), rallying other school faculty and administrators to intercede, and ultimately promoting successful outcomes in the face of entrenched forces of nativism and white supremacy. This article will provide a historical context that explains the embeddedness of violence against the Xicanx community but builds upon the hope and promise of children and families who seek to make the US their home and refuge.
Mifepristone Decreases Chronic Voluntary Ethanol Consumption in Rhesus Macaques

The efficacy of short-term treatment with mifepristone (MIFE), a high-affinity, nonselective glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, to reduce ethanol drinking was tested in a rhesus macaque model. Stable individual daily ethanol intakes were established, ranging from 1.6 to 4.0 g/kg per day (n = 9 monkeys). After establishment of chronic ethanol intake, a MIFE dosing regimen that modeled a study of rodent drinking and human alcohol craving was evaluated. Three doses of MIFE (17, 30, and 56 mg/kg per day) were each administered for four consecutive days. Both 30 and 56 mg/kg decreased ethanol intake compared with baseline drinking levels without a change in water intake. The dose of 56 mg/kg per day of MIFE produced the largest reduction in ethanol self-administration, with the average intake at 57% of baseline intakes. Cortisol was elevated during MIFE dosing, and a mediation analysis revealed that the effect on ethanol drinking was fully mediated through cortisol. During a forced abstinence phase, access to 1.5 g/kg ethanol resulted in relapse in all drinkers and was not altered by treatment with 56 mg/kg MIFE. Overall, these results show that during active drinking MIFE is efficacious in reducing heavy alcohol intake in a monkey model, an effect that was related to MIFE-induced increase in cortisol. However, MIFE treatment did not eliminate ethanol drinking. Further, cessation of MIFE treatment resulted in a rapid return to baseline intakes, and MIFE was not effective in preventing a relapse during early abstinence. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Mifepristone reliably decreases average daily ethanol self-administration in a nonhuman primate model. This effect was mediated by cortisol, was most effective during open-access conditions, and did not prevent or reduce relapse drinking.
Differential Leukocyte and Platelet Profiles in Distinct Models of Traumatic Brain Injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects over 3 million individuals every year in the U.S. There is growing appreciation that TBI can produce systemic modifications, which are in part propagated through blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and blood–brain cell interactions. As such, platelets and leukocytes contribute to mechanisms of thromboinflammation after TBI. While these mechanisms have been investigated in experimental models of contusion brain injury, less is known regarding acute alterations following mild closed head injury. To investigate the role of platelet dynamics and bioenergetics after TBI, we employed two distinct, well-established models of TBI in mice: the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of contusion brain injury and the closed head injury (CHI) model of mild diffuse brain injury. Hematology parameters, platelet-neutrophil aggregation, and platelet respirometry were assessed acutely after injury. CCI resulted in an early drop in blood leukocyte counts, while CHI increased blood leukocyte counts early after injury. Platelet-neutrophil aggregation was altered acutely after CCI compared to sham. Furthermore, platelet bioenergetic coupling efficiency was transiently reduced at 6 h and increased at 24 h post-CCI. After CHI, oxidative phosphorylation in intact platelets was reduced at 6 h and increased at 24 h compared to sham. Taken together, these data demonstrate that brain trauma initiates alterations in platelet-leukocyte dynamics and platelet metabolism, which may be time- and injury-dependent, providing evidence that platelets carry a peripheral signature of brain injury. The unique trend of platelet bioenergetics after two distinct types of TBI suggests the potential for utilization in prognosis.
Ukrainian Legal Framework for Interim Measures in International Commercial Arbitration

The article covers three dimensions of interim measures in the Ukrainian jurisdiction: (1) recently incorporated court-ordered interim measures in aid of arbitration; (2) enforcement of interim measures ordered by an arbitral tribunal; (3) interim measures under the new arbitration rules of the ICAC (the main arbitral institution in Ukraine). The Ukrainian legislation for a long time did not prescribe court-ordered interim measures in aid of international arbitration. However, with the new edition of the Civil Procedure Code having come into force, it has become reality. At the same time, a recent practice of the Ukrainian courts inclines towards the enforcement of interim measures granted by arbitral tribunals under the New York Convention. The new arbitration rules of the ICAC entered into force on January 1, 2018, which contain an updated framework of interim measures. All of it makes a complex analysis of the Ukrainian regime for interim measures in international arbitration hot and happening.
TQAM: Temporal Attention for Cycle-wise Queue Length Estimation using High-Resolution Loop Detector Data

Queue Length Estimation along urban arterials is vital to city traffic planners for calculating ‘Level of Service’ measures and optimizing signal plans to alleviate congestion. While several data sources such as GPS, Video, Bluetooth, DSRC etc. are now available, we focus exclusively on high-resolution loop detector data, which is widely available to traffic authorities in North America and elsewhere. Analytical methods for queue length estimation rely on counting input-output vehicle flows over advance and stop-bar detectors or identifying breakpoints in the detector actuation waveforms. However, these methods are limited, as they are sensitive to assumed traffic parameters, detector placement and do not take into account driving behaviors and the effect of left-turn buffers. More recently, Machine Learning models have been developed which learn queue lengths from traffic state data. These are usually trained on localized datasets at coarse time resolutions. In this work, we show that Deep Neural Networks are capable of directly learning an abstract representation of the queuing process, from detector actuation waveforms along an intersection approach with an exclusive left-turn buffer. Using a microscopic traffic simulator, we generate a large dataset by approximately replicating traffic arrival patterns from a realworld loop detector dataset. We then feed multi-cycle data to compute maximum and residual queue lengths across a range of traffic conditions, at the cycle-level. We explore the use of lightweight Encoder-Decoder architectures with Temporal Attention, trained using teacher-forcing strategy, and show their superior performance over regular Feed-Forward Neural Networks.
Foundations of Mechanics

Now that we have become familiar with the content and applications of mechanics, we are prepared to examine its conceptual foundations systematically. This calls for an explicit formulation and analysis of all presuppositions of the theory. It goes beyond a mere statement of Newton’s laws to an analysis of the status of laws in a theory and nature of scientific theories in general. This kind of study belongs to the philosophy of science, but it is no mere academic exercise. The profound revolutions in physics due to Newton and Einstein were changes in the conceptual foundations resulting from careful analysis. So it takes a study of foundations to fully understand the evolution of physics, or, if the facts demand, to instigate a new revolution. Improvements in the foundations are truly revolutionary, because they are so rare and their repercussions are so extensive, bearing on every application of the theory.
Case Reports Guidelines

In the previous article, I defined Case Reports and their clinical utility. In this second article, I will take into account the Care tools that support the writing of Case Reports. The tools are available at www.care-statement.org/index, the website of Case Reports.
N-Version Genetic Programming via Fault Masking

We introduce a new method, N-Version Genetic Programming (NVGP), for building fault tolerant software by building an ensemble of automatically generated modules in such a way as to maximize their collective fault masking ability. The ensemble itself is an example of n-version modular redundancy for fault tolerance, where the output of the ensemble is the most frequent output of n independent modules. By maximizing collective fault masking, NVGP approaches the fault tolerance expected from n version modular redundancy with independent faults in component modules. The ensemble comprises individual modules from a large pool generated with genetic programming, using operators that increase the diversity of the population. Our experimental test problem classified promoter regions in Escherichia coli DNA sequences. For this problem, NVGP reduced the number and variance of errors over single modules produced by GP, with statistical significance.
Studies on Myosin from Red and White Skeletal Muscles of the Rabbit I. ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY

Abstract Myosin obtained from red skeletal muscle of rabbit has a lower adenosine triphosphatase activity than myosin from white skeletal muscle. Structural differences between the two types of myosin are suggested by the higher apparent activation energy of the calcium-activated adenosine triphosphatase reaction catalyzed by red muscle myosin, by the higher rate of inactivation at pH 7.5 to 9.5, and by the previously reported slower rate of tryptic digestion of myosin from red muscle. No evidence has been found for the presence in red muscle, or in myosin prepared from red muscle, of inhibitors or inactivators of myosin adenosine triphosphatase. The two types of myosin also differ with respect to the pattern of activation of adenosine triphosphatase by sulfhydryl reagents. At low ionic strength myosin from red muscles is activated by N-ethylmaleimide and myosin from white muscles is unaffected, whereas at high ionic strength both myosins are activated. Four moles of p-chloromercuribenzoate per 105 g of myosin are needed for maximal activation of fresh myosin from red muscles, but only 2 moles are required per 105 g of myosin from white muscles. This difference disappears in a few days, suggesting a change in the availability of sulfhydryl groups.
The adaptable lin-39.

Comparative studies of nematode development provide a powerful framework for investigating the evolution of developmental mechanisms. A recent report also demonstrates how comparative work can inform our understanding of basic developmental signaling pathways. In particular, investigation of the differences in vulva development between Caenorhabditis elegans and Pristionchus pacificus has clarified the molecular relationship between an epidermal growth factor–Ras–MAP kinase signaling pathway and downstream Hox transcription factor activity.
Incidence of acute kidney injury following cardiac catheterization prior to cardiopulmonary bypass in children

Objectives To determine whether contrast administration was a risk factor for development of acute kidney injury (AKI) in cyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD) patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Background AKI following CPB or contrast administration is well described. In previous studies, administration of contrast prior to CPB has been shown to increase the risk of AKI. Chronic cyanosis leads to glomerular damage and dysfunction, thus potentially placing this population at increased risk of developing AKI following contrast administration prior to CPB. Methods One hundred twenty-two patients with cyanotic CHD undergoing preoperative cardiac catheterization (PCC) and subsequent CPB at Children's Medical Center of Dallas from January 1, 2007 until November 30, 2010 were identified, looking specifically at bi-directional Glenn (BDG) anastomoses and Fontan procedures. One hundred thirteen patients undergoing PCC ≤ 48 hr prior to and > 5 days prior to CPB were included. Occurrence of AKI following CPB was the primary outcome variable. Results Logistic regression analysis revealed pre-catheterization serum creatinine was a risk factor for post-CPB AKI (P < 0.001) in both Fontan and BDG patients. All other variables were not significantly associated with the development of AKI in either BDG or Fontan patients. Length of stay (hospital or ICU) was not different among the groups regardless of the occurrence of AKI. Conclusions In this study of cyanotic CHD patients, contrast administration within 48 hr prior to CPB was not an additional risk factor for the development of AKI. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mutagenesis and variant selection in Salmonella.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes methods for mutagenesis of the Salmonella typhimurium genome and potential methods for screening a bank of mutants and genetic analysis of interesting variants. The chapter focuses on frequently used systems for transposon mutagenesis and variant selection. Variant selection describes in vitro cell culture assays designed to enrich a pool of mutants for those with defects in genes related to pathogenesis. Although the chapter focuses on methods developed in S. typhimurium , many of these are also applicable to other Salmonella serovars. Variants that have alterations in a defined region of the genome have been created in two independent ways: plasmid curing and construction of hybrids between different Salmonella strains. The breakthrough in creating large numbers of defined mutants that are easy to analyze came with the introduction of transposon mutagenesis. These mobile genetic elements insert more or less randomly in the genome, thus disrupting the function of the gene into which they have inserted. Transposons that are used for mutagenesis contain selectable markers. This important feature allows transfer of the mutation into a clean background, ensuring that an observed phenotype can be attributed to a single mutation.
Femtosecond coherent spectroscopy at 800 nm: measuring high-field ionization rates in gases with MI-FROG

Previous studies of ultrafast ionization have relied on spectral power density measurements using 100-ps pulses. As the detailed structure of the ionization-front blue-shifted spectra depends on a complicated interplay of the input pulse structure (i.e., its phase) and the ionisation dynamics, the conclusions made from these experiments have been at best well thought out and limited inferences. To surpass these limitations and achieve a quantitative measure of the ionization rate independent of probe structure, we have utilized an experiment configuration which, by utilizing three power-spectra channels and one optically gated frequency-resolved channel per each of four CCD images (pumped and unpumped cases with one or two probe pulses), provides simultaneous and self-consistent dual-channel power spectra and frequency domain interferograms, MI-FROG6 and FROG7 data.
Hedging rule for reservoir operations: 1. A theoretical analysis

[1] Hedging rule policies for reservoir operations accept small deficits in current supply to reduce the probability of a severe water shortage later. This paper expands a theoretical analysis and develops a conceptual two-period model for reservoir operation with hedging that includes uncertain future reservoir inflow explicitly. Extended analysis of the model properties and influencing factors is presented with a general utility function, addressing (1) the starting and ending water availability for hedging, (2) the range of hedging that is related to water demand levels, (3) inflow uncertainty, and (4) evaporation loss. Some intuitive knowledge on reservoir operation is proved or reconfirmed analytically; and new knowledge is derived. This theoretical analysis provides an updated basis for further theoretical study, and the theoretical findings can be used to improve numerical modeling for reservoir operation.
Asthma and dental caries

Medline, government reports and conference proceedings were searched. Case-control, cohort or cross sectional studies were included if they provided relevant and applicable quantitative information on the relation between asthma and caries, had an independent study population and adequate definitions of asthma and caries and appropriate measurement of caries. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers and quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Fixed- and random-effects models were used for the analyses. Heterogeneity and publication bias were evaluated. Eighteen articles were included; 11 provided information on primary dentition and 15 on permanent dentition. Random-effects models showed a significant association between asthma and caries for both primary and permanent dentition, the odds ratios being 2.73 (95% CI: 1.61, 4.64) and 2.04 (95% CI: 1.44, 2.89), respectively. Evidence from this analysis suggests that asthma doubles the risk of caries in both primary and permanent dentition. Publication bias diagnostics and simulation suggested possible overestimation of the summary odds ratio for permanent dentition but not for primary dentition. Physicians and dentists should recommend preventive measures against caries for people with asthma.
Selective association learning in the rat: Generality of response system ☆

Abstract Three experiments with rats examined the possibility that the cue-consequence specificity effect is not mediated by the conditioning of selective associations, but instead reflects the selective behavioral expression of taste-illness and exteroceptive-shock conditioning. Experiment 1 showed that the selective aversion performance could be obtained despite the use of locomotor withdrawal from the CS as the index of conditioning. Experiment 2 compared the response profiles of animals conditioned with footshock or illness to presentation of a saccharin or noise CS. During the test with the noise CS, lithium-conditioned subjects did not differ from control rats on any of several behavioral categories, but shock-conditioned rats showed high levels of freezing in response to the noise cue. During the saccharin test, lithium-treated rats engaged in behaviors such as chin wiping, head shaking, and gaping; these behaviors were rarely or never seen in shock-conditioned rats or controls, whose behavioral profiles during the saccharin test were almost identical. Experiment 3, using a blocking design, found that a noise-lithium pairing did not attenuate subsequent conditioning of a saline-lithium association, nor did a saccharin-shock pairing interfere with conditioning of a noise-shock association. These results confirm that the cue-consequence specificity effect is mediated by the selective associability of taste with illness and of exteroceptive cues with footshock.
The Satellite Cell Builds Its Nest under Notch’s Guidance

Recently in Developmental Cell, Brohl et al. (2012) reported that Notch regulates muscle stem cell homing to its niche. Notch is required when myogenic cells cease producing new fibers and become sequestered between a newly forming basement membrane and the muscle fiber surface: the position that defines them as satellite cells.
Principal Hessian Directions Revisited

Abstract Li has suggested the method of principal Hessian directions for estimating plotting directions that capture curvature in regression functions. This article revisits Li's proposal, offering a number of suggestions for improved application.
Commentary on Vollmeyer and Rheinberg: Putting the Teacher in Research on Self-Regulated Learning.

In this commentary, Corno discusses Vollmeyer and Rheinberg’s evidence from the perspective of related work in educational psychology. Relevant new terms provide background for understanding connections between the language used by Vollmeyer and Rheinberg and that of educational psychologists. The author uses results from research on teaching for self-regulated learning to suggest a new direction for Vollmeyer and Rheinberg—investigation of instructional events that promote processes in their model.
Compassionate Listening: A Framework for Listening to the Seriously Ill

Present conceptions of listening, such as empathic or therapeutic listening, do not provide a way of alleviating the sense of being alone felt by individuals who are seriously ill or suffering in some other way. Compassionate listening, a kind of dialogic listening, provides a framework for approaching these significant listening situations that emphasizes our interconnectedness and our shared humanity and that seeks to overcome the isolation so commonly felt during serious illness.