cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A one hundred year review of the socioeconomic and ecological systems of Lake St. Clair, North America

Abstract There is a growing concern about continued impairment of aquatic ecosystems resulting from increasing population size, land use, climate change, and the feedbacks that may harm human well-being. We describe a 100 year multi-disciplinary overview of changes in Lake St. Clair, North America to identify knowledge gaps and needs to build the foundation for creating coupled human and natural system models. Our historical analysis indicates that the socioeconomic dynamics are inextricably linked to the urban dynamics of the Detroit metropolitan area. Environmental degradation and human health issues led to the adoption of relevant policies, including construction of wastewater treatment facilities by the 1960s. Climate trends during the 100-year period indicate a wetter region, which is influencing lake levels. Since the mid-1980s and 90s invasive zebra and quagga mussels (Dreissena polymorpha and Dreissena rostriformis bugenis) have significantly altered the ecological structure and function of the lake. Waterborne illnesses due to contaminated drinking water were once an issue but current human health risks have shifted to contaminated recreational waters and coastal pollution. Key research needs for building coupled models include geo-referencing socioeconomic and ecological data to accurately represent the processes occurring within the political and watershed boundaries; assessing ecosystem services for human well-being; and developing research hypotheses and management options regarding interactions among land use, people and the lake. Lake St. Clair has gone through extensive changes, both socioeconomically and ecologically over the last 100 years and we suggest that it serves as a useful case study for the larger Great Lakes region.
Lifelong Resiliency Learning: A Strength-Based Synergy for Gerontological Social Work

The significance of the synergy between promoting resiliency and the strengths-based perspective is well established in gerontological social work. This article reports on qualitative research that suggests another potentially productive synergy, one that can result from the interaction between the capacities for resiliency and lifelong learning. These findings emerged from a qualitative study involving 12 older women (ages 64–72) participating in the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at the University of Southern Maine. Lifelong learning is defined as a cognitive process by which individuals continue to develop their knowledge, skills and attitudes over their lifetime. The implications of the data are considered from a multidisciplinary perspective that includes gerontological social work, educational gerontology, and adult learning. Specific social work research and practice initiatives that could confirm and operationalize this synergy are suggested.
Meta-Analysis of the Placebo Response in Ulcerative Colitis

Purpose The placebo response rate in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in ulcerative colitis (UC) varies from 0 to 76%. The aims of this study were to quantify the pooled placebo response rate and identify the factors affecting it. Methods We performed a meta-analysis of 110 RCTs carried out between 1955 and 2005 and published in English. Regression analysis was used to identify factors significantly modifying placebo response. Results The pooled placebo remission rate was 23% (95%CI: 18.4–28%) and the pooled placebo improvement rate was 32.1% (95%CI: 28.1–36.3%). Multivariate analysis showed that the country where the study was performed (P = 0.025 for placebo remission and P = 0.0083 for placebo response rates) significantly influenced the placebo remission and response rates. Conclusion Placebo remission and response rates in RCTs of UC are highly variable and are significantly influenced by the country in which the RCT is performed.
Left atrial size: an underappreciated perioperative cardiac risk factor.

LEFT ATRIAL (LA) VOLUME MEASUREMENT has been shown to have a role in the prognosis of long-term cardiovascular mortality in the community setting as well as in the prediction of adverse perioperative events. Different clinical methods have been described for LA size measurement, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computerized tomography (CT), and echocardiography. In recent literature, the LA size has been shown to positively predict the risk of several pathologies (Table 1), including the recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF), cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), myocardial infarction (MI), and overall mortality. As a result, assessment of LA size recently has received significant clinical attention as a prognostic marker as well as a tool for following response to therapy. In this regard, the value of LA size as a prognostic marker also can be extrapolated to the perioperative assessment of diastolic function. Since the Doppler-derived variables for assessment of diastolic function are extremely load-dependent, LA size provides an alternative marker of the chronicity and significance of elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). Commonly termed as the “HbA1c” for assessment of diastolic dysfunction, the role of LA size in the recognition of long-standing diastolic dysfunction is well recognized. The presence of perioperative diastolic dysfunction has been shown to be an independent predictor of outcome in cardiac and noncardiac surgery. Therefore, knowledge of the LA size possibly can be used for perioperative risk stratification and has the potential to impact intraoperative decision-making. In this article, the authors review the physiologic importance of LA size and its impact on the assessment of diastolic dysfunction, the evidence for its use as a perioperative marker
Strong dihydrogen bonds ab initio and atoms in molecules study

Abstract Strong and medium dihydrogen bonds of complexes for which binding energies amount to 10–20 kcal/mol were investigated. The calculations have been performed up to MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ//MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory for model systems of NH4+⋯HBeH, NF3H+⋯HBeH and NH4+⋯HBeF. The results indicate that for the NF3H+⋯HBeH complex there is a very short H⋯H intermolecular contact, much shorter than the sum of corresponding van der Waals radii. The analysis of geometrical and energetic data indicates partly covalent nature of H⋯H interaction. The characteristics of the bond critical points – the electron densities and their Laplacians – also confirm this conclusion. Additionally, the extrapolations of the values of interaction energies to the complete basis sets (CBSs) were performed here.
High School Teachers' Use of Data to Inform Instruction

The expectation that teachers will use student achievement data to improve their instruction is a major feature of national and local reform agendas. The theory of action behind data-driven decision making is a mostly causal model of professional action, whereby teachers diagnose weaknesses and implement solutions. The purpose of this article is to examine how high school teachers, situated within their policy and work contexts, use data to inform instructional decisions. Using a framework that draws upon sense-making and co-construction theories on reform implementation, we analyze qualitative data gathered in 4 urban public high schools in the United States. Findings reveal that the process of data use by teachers is complex, multilayered, and influenced by teacher interpretations and social interactions. Teachers used a variety of forms of data to inform their decision making and struggled to reconcile policies promoting data-driven decision making with local beliefs and practices. Implications for res...
Clarity of instruction by type-A scoring college teachers.

In a study of 149 college teachers, their self-reported Type-A scores were significantly and positively correlated with their perceived clarity of classroom instruction
Case-Control Analyses of the Impact of Pharmacotherapy on Prospectively Observed Suicide Attempts and Completed Suicides in Bipolar Disorder: Findings From STEP-BD

OBJECTIVE Given high rates of suicide and suicide attempts in bipolar disorder and the data suggesting a suicide-protective effect of lithium, we evaluated the impact of pharmacotherapy on prospectively observed suicides and suicide attempts in subjects in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). METHOD The STEP-BD study enrolled 4360 participants with DSM-IV bipolar disorder diagnoses from September 1998 through November 2004. There were 270 suicide events in STEP-BD (8 completed suicides, 262 attempts). These occurred in 182 of STEP-BD participants (cases). Inclusion criteria required cases to be white or Caucasian, have at least 1 postbaseline visit, and have prescription information within 30 days of the suicide event. This reduced the available cohort to 106 cases. Matching included age, gender, history of previous suicide attempt, and a propensity score that considered bipolar subtype, marital status, age at onset, and history of psychosis, resulting in 93 matched pairs. A secondary analysis added mood state status within 30 days of the suicide event to the propensity score (N = 54 pairs). The association of drug prescriptions with suicide attempts/completions was assessed using a conditional logistic regression model. RESULTS The results do not indicate a relationship between lithium use and suicide attempts or completions (p = .41). Similar findings were found for exposure to valproate, carbamazepine, lamotrigine, and the atypical antipsychotic medications. An association between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) prescription and suicide events was observed (p < .0001). Findings were similar in a secondary analysis that controlled for mood state. CONCLUSIONS Our data are not consistent with a suicide-protective effect of lithium. The association between suicide events and SSRI prescriptions requires cautious interpretation due to complex relationships between treatment, severity, and suicidality. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00012558.
Extinction responding following ICS and food reinforcement

Rats were trained and extinguished under conditions that were comparable in all respects except for the reinforcement proc edures. Food 5s responded more frequently during ex­ tinction than IC5 animals, whether the training had been with CRF or FR-lO reinforcement schedules. In an attempt to ascertain if behavior reinforced with intracranial stimulation (ICS) differs from more tradi­ tionally reinforced behavior, such as food-reinforced behavior, a variety of comparison studies have been undertaken. One such area of research has been con­ cerned with the comparison of resistance to extinction of a response following ICS or food reinforcement. Initially, Olds & Milner (1954, p. 425) reported that stimulation of the brain " ... produces acquisition and extinction curves which compare favorably with those produced by a conventional reward." However, further observations of the persistence of ICS-reinforced re­ sponding led to the general impression (cf., Kimble, 1961: Morgan, 1965) that such Ss were less resistant to extinction than food-reinforced animals. One inter­ pretation of these differences in persistence emphasized the variations in the procedures utilized in delivering reinforcement in ICS and food experiments. For example, several studies have examined the effects of modifying the reinforcement contingencies in ICS situations (e.g., Gibson et aI, 1965; Pliskoff et aI, 1965). In general, these studies conclude that response persistence following ICS reinforcement is not necessarily inferior to that produced by food reinforcement. The present study was undertaken to determine if differences in free operant responding and subsequent resistance to extinction do in fact exist when food and ICS reinforcement contingencies are not manipulated, but rather, when several other sources of uncontrolled variation are held constant. Some variables which could distort comparisons of food and ICS reinforcement in the typical experiment are the long-term effects of pento­ barbital sodium anesthetic on the acquisition and reten­ tion of ICS animals (e.g., Stern, 1960): the restraining effects exerted by the electrode lead (Seward et aI, 1959): and the differential effectiveness of food-related cues for deprived and non-deprived animals (Campbell & Sheffield, 1953). The present study attempted to control the above variables in order to provide a direct comparison of the effects of food and ICS reinforcement procedures. Method
Analysis of the forgotten parts of the Ge K edge spectra: life before the EXAFS oscillations

The white line and X-ray absorption near edge spectros-copy (XANES) spectral regions of the Ge K edge, ∼11100 to 11112 eV, and between 11112 and 11180 eV and beyond, contain electronic structure information that complements near-neighbor bonding information in the single-scattering EXAFS regime. The multiple-scattering XANES features are not generally addressed in EXAFS studies that are targeted to obtain bonding information. There are systematic changes in the X-ray photon energy of the spectral peak of the white line for Ge-Sb-Te (GST) alloys, GeSb and GeTe model compounds, and other Ge alloys that scale directly with average bond ionicity. The spectral widths of these features correspond tp electronic transitions important in optical memory devices. There are other features in the XANES region associated with shake-off effects for shallow atomic core states that re-veal bonding information important in analysis of the oscillatory features in the EXAFS regime. These include bonding pairs that are addressed in the fit procedures; e.g., Ge-Te and Ge-Sb in GST 225. (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Remarks on the theory of aerodynamic noise

The accuracy of approximations employed in the Lighthill theory in current aerodynamic noise research is critically evaluated. Based on the method of matched asymptotic expansions, the full Navier-Stokes equations are expanded for small Mach numbers. To the first order, the near-field is generally nonisentropic. The pressure field (pseudo-sound) is generated by the incompressible Reynolds stresses in the turbulent flow and the velocity, pressure perturbation, and their derivatives on the boundaries. In the far-field, the first-order pressure (acoustic) field satisfying a linear wave equation is obtained by matching with the pseudo-sound field. A uniformly valid solution for the pressure field in a stationary or uniformly moving medium is obtained. The solution shows that the generation of the first-order aerodynamic noise does not depend on the viscous, thermal, or entropy effects in the adiabatic flow nor on the shear stress on a smooth rigid boundary.
New Elements in the Iconography of 9th–10th Century Ural-Siberian Silver

Abstract On the basis of its technological and stylistic features, a new find of oriental silverware from the Konda River is identified as a work of the Ural-Siberian circle and dated to the 9th–10th centuries. Its scene of gender violence is interpreted using the parallel text of the “Sabha Parva,” which describes the sufferings of Draupadi, Queen of Pandavas, and the actions of Duhshasana who won her in a game of dice. The urban culture of the pre-Arabian Sogd connects the Indian source with the Turkic environment of the Ural region. Here knowledge of the story from the “Sabha Parva” had not yet been recorded but nonetheless existed judging from scenes from the “Virata Parva” which appears among the monumental paintings of Penjikent.
Mid-Infrared Diffuse Reflection on Ultrafast Time Scales

This paper describes an instrument capable of studying diffuse reflection of mid-infrared (mid-IR) photons on ultrafast time scales. Femtosecond mid-IR pulses are generated by difference frequency mixing the output of an optical parametric amplifier that is pumped using a regeneratively amplified Ti:Sapphire laser. Time resolution is achieved by up-converting the diffusely reflected photons with pulses from the Ti:Sapphire oscillator. Experiments were performed on a series of powdered KBr samples containing varying amounts of carbon black. The results suggest that diffusely reflected mid-IR photons fall into two distinct categories. A small fraction of the photons travel relatively long effective path lengths (1.3-2.3 mm), while the majority traverse a much shorter distance (0.2-0.05 mm).
Protamine and protamine reactions.

First discovered in 1868, protamine is a polycationic, alkaline protein molecule, made up of two-thirds arginine residues and one-third other amino acids. Heads of the sperm of the salmonidae or clupeidae family as well as man are rich in protamine, and salmon milt is the commercial source of protamine. Clinical uses of protamine include the neutralization of heparin used during cardiac or vascular surgery, cardiac catheterization, dialysis and phoresis, and the retardation of insulin absorption in intermediateand long-acting insulin preparations. Because protamine is positively charged, it forms a stable complex with the negatively charged heparin, a heterogeneous compound with alternating residues of iduronic acid and glucosamine; iduronic acid contains 2 sulfate groups and is one of the strongest naturally occurring acids. The protamine–heparin complex is devoid of anticoagulant activities. Protamine-containing insulin preparations are neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin and protamine zinc insulin (PZI). Each unit of NPH insulin contains 3 to 6 μg of protamine, and each unit of PZI has 10 to 15 μg of protamine.
Localized Laser Transmission Bonding for Microsystem Fabrication and Packaging

This paper reports a method using localized laser heating to bond silicon and glass wafers directly. A pulsed Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm, 12 ns) is transmitted through the glass wafer and absorbed by the silicon wafer. Bonding is realized when the glass wafer is in immediate contact with the silicon wafer. A continuous wave He-Ne laser (633 nm, 20 mW) is used for probing the transient melting and resolidification of the silicon surface upon pulsed laser heating. This transmission bonding process is conducted locally while the entire wafer is maintained at a low temperature, which is especially useful in fabricating or packaging temperature-sensitive materials or devices. The bonded areas are studied in detail using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a chemical analysis is done to understand the bonding mechanism. Numerical simulation is also carried out using the finite element method to predict the local temperature change of both the glass wafer and the silicon wafer during laser heating.
Individual variability in location impacts orthographic selectivity in the "visual word form area".

Strong evidence exists for a key role of the human ventral occipitotemporal cortex (vOT) in reading, yet there have been conflicting reports about the specificity of this area in orthographic versus nonorthographic processing. We suggest that the inconsistencies in the literature can be explained by the method used to identify regions that respond to words. Here we provide evidence that the “visual word form area” (VWFA) shows word selectivity when identified at the individual subject level, but that intersubject variability in the location and size of the VWFA causes this selectivity to be washed out if defining the VWFA at the group level or based on coordinates from the literature. Our findings confirm the existence of a word-selective region in vOT while providing an explanation for why other studies have found a lack of word specificity in vOT.
Better for Whom? The Laborers Omitted in Goldschmidt's Industrial Agriculture Thesis

Walter Goldschmidt's seminal research in the 1940s on the social consequences of industrial agriculture has fostered a continuing critique of large-scale commodity agriculture. Goldschmidt concluded that larger farm size produced a lower quality of life in rural towns by increasing the proportion of low-wage workers and moving capital and profits elsewhere. I address Goldschmidt's counts of seasonal laborers employed at the large-farm town of Arvin and the small-farm town of Dinuba, noting that Dinuba's seasonal laborers were more numerous than Arvin's and less likely to reside locally. Goldschmidt excluded this data from his analysis and conclusions, a fact that has eluded all subsequent scholars. I argue that Goldschmidt's community study method neglected class relationships that made Dinuba a predominantly middle-class community within a broader class-based geography. Using more recent studies from rural California, I suggest that the relative strength and coherence of Dinuba's middle class may have pr...
DETERMINATION OF THE AGE OF THE ELEMENTS

Xenon from the chondritic meteorite Richardton was found to be heavily enriched in Xe/sup 129/. This isotope almost centainly was formed from the decay of I/sup 129/, extinct at present as a natural radioactivity. It was calculated that (0.35 plus or minus 0.06) x 10/sup 9/ years elapsed between the time of formation of the elements and the meteorite. From subsequent calculations the age of the elements is placed at close to 4.95 x 10/sup 9/ years. (B.O.G.)
Quo vadis, signal processing?

When light propagates through optical elements (such as lenses), it undergoes a transform. The input and the output data take the form of light and optical elements that perform different mathematical operations on light represent th linear transform. The transform is performed not on the discrete elements of the data but on the whole vector at once, and most significantly, at the speed of light. The great advantages offered by optical processing are that it offers enormous parallelism, operating on all data points simultaneously, very low latency, a high transform rate and low power dissipation. The outcome is enormously increased speed and a reduction in the amount of associated cooling required. The Optical Signal Processor (OSP) increases the speed of processing transforms by many orders of magnitude. The Signal Processor is also reconfigurable and can be dynamically tailored to the required transform type. One advantage of an optical processor is that it allows software designers to work at a much higher level of abstraction. This is because the device executes transforms instead of the ordinary MACs in the case of DSPs. Instead of handling algorithms at individual data points, algorithms for handling the entire vector could be processed, shortening the computational complexity and speeding the time-to-market for new products. An optical filter can be represented as a generic function, the most fundamental of the optical processor. The impulse response of this filter is defined with respect to frequency of light. Any transform on light can be represented as a combination of linear transforms. This is fundamentally the law of optical signal processing. The most important application of an OSP in Optical Networking is pattern recognition, and this can easily be done by the usual cross-correlation technique that is common in digital signal processing. The OSP can be programmed to autocorrelate against specific temporal reference waveforms, viz. Data. The decoding is done without electronic processing. And of course, the routing of optical signals is based on content. This paper provides insight to this efficient and novel method of computation and signal processing.
Reduced somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in cerebral cortex from cases of Alzheimer disease and Alzheimer senile dementa.

Both Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (AD/SDAT) are progressive dementias characterized neuropathologically by the presence in the cerebral cortex of numerous neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques1. We use the abbreviation AD/SDAT to denote all such cases, irrespective of age of onset2. Studies of neurotransmitter-related parameters in autopsied brain tissues from patients with AD/SDAT have, to date, been confined to five putative transmitter systems. Acetylcholine-releasing neurones seem to be most markedly and consistently affected, as judged by the extensive reductions in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase activities that have been reported3–5. Despite numerous studies, there is no consistent evidence for the involvement of neurones releasing dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin, or γ-aminobutyric acid in AD/SDAT6, nor for loss of muscarinic cholinergic receptors7. Thus, the involvement of cholinergic neurones in AD/SDAT seems to be specific. However, the possible involvement of neurones using other chemicals as transmitters has yet to be explored. The recent recognition of the existence of so-called ‘peptidergic neurones’ in the mammalian brain (for review see ref. 8) and the availability of radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques for studying these peptides, have led us to begin a systematic investigation of neuropeptides in autopsied brain tissue from cases of AD/SDAT, and from neurologically normal individuals. We report here results obtained with a RIA for somatostatin, showing that somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebral cortex is reduced in tissue from AD/SDAT patients.
An enzyme synthesizing fructose 2,6-bisphosphate occurs in leaves and is regulated by metabolite effectors

An enzyme catalyzing the ATP and fructose 6-phosphate-dependent synthesis of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, a regulator of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, has been identified and partially purified from plants, specifically the cytoplasmic fraction of spinach leaf parenchyma cells. The enzyme, designated fructose 6-phosphate, 2-kinase, showed no response to a protein phosphorylation system known to inhibit the corresponding enzyme in mammalian cells, but it responded strikingly to metabolite effectors (Pi, an activator/PGA, an inhibitor) through changes in substrate affinity and maximal velocity. The observed pattern of regulation suggests a role for chloroplasts in controlling cytoplasmic carbon processing.
Acute alcohol administration to mice induces hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cell dysfunction

Abstract Ethanol administration to mice (4.4 g kg−1 body wt., i.p.) induced a marked increase (125%) in plasma hyaluronan (HA) concentration associated with a significant decrease (46%) in HA uptake by the isolated, perfused liver. Similar changes were obtained after i.v. administration ofEscherichia coli lipopolysaccaharide (1 mg kg−1 body wt.), a strong activator of Kupffer cells. Since: (a) hepatic HA uptake is predominantly a function of the sinusoidal endothelial cells, reflecting their functional state, and (b) liver is a major site of HA clearance from the blood, we conclude that alcohol alters sinusoidal endothelial cell functions, including HA endocytosis. Changes in Kupffer cell functional state may be a primary event underlying the effects of both ethanol and LPS on sinusoidal endothelial cells.
A letter from the executive editor

Colleagues, One of the attractions of the position of Executive Editor is the opportunity to consider creative and experimental approaches to publishing findings from research on the frontiers of insect science. In future issues of Archives, we will be more active in publishing special issues. On one hand, we will continue working to publish special issues emerging from symposia presentations at scientific meetings. With cooperation from reviewers and from the publisher, we can arrange expedited reviews and rapid publication of issues that will appear in a timely manner relative to symposia presentations. On the other hand, we are also experimenting with Special Topics Issues, to appear no more than once each year. For these issues, papers from previous volumes of Archives will be published as a set of articles devoted to a single topic. The topics will emphasize research opportunities that are emerging or perhaps re-emerging on the horizons of our field. For this first Special Topics Issue, we have collected several papers devoted to insect cell culture. Studies of insect cell culture enjoy a lengthy history, dating back to the 1930’s when the practical goal of culturing insect cells related to research on insect-borne viruses. In the years since this early work, we have seen marvelous progress in cell culture techniques and in the use of cell cultures to forge important advances in basic and applied research. The papers in this Special Topics Issue highlight some of the contemporary research with insect cell cultures, including analysis of an ion transport peptide, studies of glandular secretion, interactions of hormones and cells, the influence of an insect growth regulator on insect cells and activation of cellular immunity. We see, also, that basic work on cellular nutrition continues to yield important insights. It is hoped that Special Topics Issues will help facilitate further research. We welcome your suggestions for future Special Topics Issues. In another innovative experiment in publishing, we have an opportunity to help bolster the careers of our colleagues in postdoctoral positions. As we all know, the postdoctoral phase of careers in insect science is growing in length and in the numbers of postdoctoral scientists. We invite nominations from mentors of active postdoctoral scientists (who have not yet accepted a permanent professional position), who may benefit from the experience of developing a sole-authored mini-review centered around their current research investigations. We are now developing guidelines for mini-reviews, which will undergo the standard scrutiny of anonymous peer review. As always, your comments, and certainly your manuscripts are welcome. We look forward to working with you on these new initiatives.
Two-level discretizations of nonlinear closure models for proper orthogonal decomposition

Proper orthogonal decomposition has been successfully used in the reduced-order modeling of complex systems. Its original promise of computationally efficient, yet accurate approximation of coherent structures in high Reynolds number turbulent flows, however, still remains to be fulfilled. To balance the low computational cost required by reduced-order modeling and the complexity of the targeted flows, appropriate closure modeling strategies need to be employed. Since modern closure models for turbulent flows are generally nonlinear, their efficient numerical discretization within a proper orthogonal decomposition framework is challenging. This paper proposes a two-level method for an efficient and accurate numerical discretization of general nonlinear closure models for proper orthogonal decomposition reduced-order models. The two-level method computes the nonlinear terms of the reduced-order model on a coarse mesh. Compared with a brute force computational approach in which the nonlinear terms are evaluated on the fine mesh at each time step, the two-level method attains the same level of accuracy while dramatically reducing the computational cost. We numerically illustrate these improvements in the two-level method by using it in three settings: the one-dimensional Burgers equation with a small diffusion parameter @n=10^-^3, the two-dimensional flow past a cylinder at Reynolds number Re=200, and the three-dimensional flow past a cylinder at Reynolds number Re=1000.
Crack-tip stress fields for dynamic fracture in functionally gradient materials

Abstract An asymptotic expansion of the stress field around a crack propagating at constant velocity in a Functionally Gradient Material (FGM) is developed. All the three modes of crack propagation are analyzed for FGMs having two different types of property variations in the direction of crack propagation. The assumed property variations are (1) exponential variation of shear modulus and mass density and (2) linear variation of the shear modulus with constant mass density. The Poisson's ratio is assumed to be constant throughout the analysis. The analysis reveals that the crack-tip stress fields retains the inverse square root singularity and only the higher order terms in the expansion are influenced by the material nonhomogeneity. Expression for stresses and strains in the form of a series, in powers of the radial distance from the crack tip, is obtained for the tearing mode of fracture. For the opening and shear modes of fracture, an expression for the first stress invariant under plane stress conditions is obtained in a series form in which the coefficient of the first term is proportional to the dynamic stress intensity factor. Contours of constant out of plane displacement, which is of interest in experimental techniques such as the coherent gradient sensing, are also given for different levels of nonhomogeneity. The stress fields are developed for large scale property variation where transient effects can be neglected.
Body Image and Cultural Background

First place winner of the 2004 Alpha Kappa Delta Graduate Student Paper Competition Poor body image affects women of all races, ethnicities, socioeconomic statuses, and cultural backgrounds. Researchers have found that body image can influence a woman's self-confidence, her assertiveness, and her attitudes regarding eating and exercise habits. Much research has examined White women's body image perceptions, but less research has examined this issue among women of diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds. The goal of this study is to examine and explore the factors that influence university women's perceptions of their bodies. Semistructured interviews were conducted in the spring of 2004 (N=11). Results indicate that participants have struggled to achieve positive perceptions of their bodies as adults, tend to feel that women of all races and ethnicities are increasingly held to a similar standard of beauty (i.e., thin and White), and believe that images of the female body depicted in the media have significant effects on the way women perceive their own bodies.
STUDIES ON THE ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES OF COMPLEMENT I. DEMONSTRATION OF AGGLUTINATING ANTIBODIES AGAINST GUINEA PIG COMPLEMENT FIXED ON SENSITIZED SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES

Evidence is presented to show that guinea pig complement fixed on sensitized sheep red cells acts as a specific agglutinogen. Agglutinating antibodies that react with cell-fixed complement can be produced by immunizing rabbits with a complex of stromata-amboceptor-complement or with guinea pig serum globulin. These agglutinins can be removed by precipitation with guinea pig serum. They are, therefore, distinct from immunoconglutinins.
An elementary proposition on technical progress and non-traded goods

Abstract We explore the effect of technical progress on the endogenously determined range of non-traded goods by using a Ricardian model with continuum of goods. By defining technical progress on the basis of proportional changes in the relative productivity across sectors, we show that the range of non-traded goods decreases if technical progress is unbiased or if it is biased toward the goods that a country has more comparative advantage.
Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibition in Chronic Heart Failure and Pulmonary Hypertension

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is highly prevalent in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and is among the most distressing symptoms in this patient population. Although the safety and efficacy of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors in the management of ED have been evaluated in many cardiovascular disease populations, scant data are available in patients with CHF. In published studies, the short-term safety and efficacy of sildenafil in patients with stable mild-to-moderate CHF with ED appears to be comparable to that observed in other populations with cardiovascular disease. Evidence is not available on the effects of vardenafil or tadalafil in CHF. In addition to their benefits in the treatment of ED, preliminary studies suggest that PDE5 inhibitors enhance endothelial function in patients with CHF and have beneficial effects on pulmonary hemodynamics and exercise capacity in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Additional studies are needed to determine the therapeutic potential of this class of agents in these disease states.
Tidal Dissipation in Oceans on Titan

Titan's large free eccentricity results in significant tidal dissipation. This can be used to constrain the existence and depth of hydrocarbon oceans. A hydrodynamical-numerical 2 deg ocean tide model has been constructed to investigate this connection. The model allows some simple land configurations. The results indicate that existence of such an ocean over the age of the solar system is hard to explain, as is the existence of the large eccentricity itself. If such an ocean exists, it is likely to be more than 500 m deep, ignoring the influence of land masses.
HOW CONSCIOUSNESS SHAPES LANGUAGE

I begin by distinguishing constant properties of consciousness (a focus and periphery, constant movement, a point of view, and the need for background orientation) from variable properties (the different sources of conscious experience, immediacy vs. displacement, factuality vs. fictionality, degrees of interestingness, and verbality vs. nonverbality). Foci of active consciousness are seen as reflected in language in intonation units. Within them, ideas are expressed differently depending on their activation cost, characterizable in terms of given, accessible, or new information. By hypothesizing that each focus of consciousness is limited to one new idea, it is possible to achieve a clearer understanding of lexicalization and related phenomena. Coherent chunks of semiactive information are reflected in language as discourse topics, within which decisions regarding intermediate levels of coherence lead to sentences. Immediate and displaced consciousness have distinct properties, which are sometimes exploited by fiction writers with the pretense of displaced immediacy, a style of language that highlights a basic distinction between spatiotemporal adverbs and tense. It is concluded that we need to take consciousness seriously if we are to understand more fully a variety of linguistic phenomena, including pronouns, adverbs, conjunctions, tense, person, sentences, paragraphs, and prosody.
Convergence of strikes in variance and volatility swaps

In this work we study the convergence of strikes in variance and volatility swaps with frequency of sampling and determine the convergence rate of discrete time strikes to continuous time strikes. In our work, we study three different models of underlying evolution Black Scholes, Heston Stochastic Volatility model and Affine Jump diffusion processes to calculate the strike of the swap. First we determine the analytical value of the strike of variance swap in all these three models and then using convexity adjustment formula we calculate the approximate fair strike of volatility swap. For studying the convergence rate of strikes we compute the strikes for different sampling frequency using Monte Carlo Simulation. We found that convergence rate is linear which is also supported from the theoretical results we have proved.
Simultaneous dual integral equations with trigonometric and Bessel kernels

Systems of simultaneous dual integral equations having trigonometric and Bessel kernels are solved by reducing them to simultaneous singular integral equations. The peculiar oscillating nature of the singularity of the solutions is discussed and it is pointed out that by using a direct method to solve the dual integral equations the oscillation character of the solution may not be recovered. Es werden Systeme von gekoppelten dualen Integralgleichungen mit trigonometrischen oder Besselschen Kernen durch Zuruckfuhrung auf gekoppelte singulare Integralgleichungen gelost. Der eigentumliche Schwingungscharakter der Losungen wird diskutiert, und es wird darauf hingewiesen, daβ der Schwingungscharakter der Losung, wenn man direkte Methoden zur Losung der dualen Integralgleichungen verwendet, nicht aufgedeckt werden kann.
Functional analysis of fenestellid bryozoan colonies

True colonies are more than aggregated individuals, they are integrated operational units which can be explained in functional terms. At the same time each constituent individual is fully functional. Paleobiological hypotheses about colonies must withstand testing on both individual and colonial levels. We illustrate our argument by analysis of fenestellid bryozoans. We propose that ciliary feeding currents swept through the fenestrules from frontal side to reverse, with the fenestrules as operational filtering units manned by co-operating zooids. We reconstruct viable current systems applicable to most fenestellids. For the amazing spiral structure of Archimedes we suggest a downward current spiralling about the central axis, since at each ‘deck’ the fenestrules filtered water downwards.
Settler common sense

Settler colonialism has been characterized as a structure, a system, and a logic. However, how do varied administrative projects of settlement and accompanying legal categories, geographies, and subjectivities become part of the everyday life of non-Natives? How do they come to shape settler self-understandings in ways that are not experienced as falsifiable philosophical propositions or as an integrated public policy program? Affective networks need to be explored as part of understanding how settler colonial governmentality comes to be lived as the self-evident conditions of possibility for (settler) being. This essay addresses that feeling of givenness and the kinds of social trajectories from which it emerges and which it engenders – a set of dynamics that can be described as settler common sense. Instead of suggesting that quotidian forms of settler sensation, self-hood, and possession follow axiomatically from policy formulations and official legal geography, it argues that the (shifting) parameters...
THE AGENCIES METHOD FOR MODELING COALITIONS AND COOPERATION IN GAMES

The idea leading to this study originated some time ago when I talked at a gathering of high school graduates at a summer science camp. I spoke about the theme of "the evolution of cooperation" (in Nature) and about how that topic was amenable to studies involving Game Theory (which, more frequently, has been used in research in economics). After that event I was stimulated to think of the possibility of modeling cooperation in games through actions of acceptance in which one player could simply accept the "agency" of another player or of an existing coalition of players. The action of acceptance would have the form of being entirely cooperative, as if "altruistic", and not at all competitive, but there was also the idea that the game would be studied under circumstances of repetition and that every player would have the possibility of reacting in a non-cooperative fashion to any undesirable pattern of behavior of any another player. Thus the game studied would be analogous to the repeated games of "Prisoner's Dilemma" variety that have been studied in theoretical biology. These studies of "PD" (or "Prisoner's Dilemma") games have revealed the paradoxical possibility of the natural evolution of cooperative behavior when the interacting organisms or species are presumed only to be endowed with self-interested motivations, thus motivations of a non-cooperative type.
A Three-Dimensional Home Range Model

Although the movements of many animals are in three spatial dimensions, a three-dimensional home range model has not been developed. We present a three-dimensional home range model based on an ellipsoid of a particular size (volume of the 95 percent confidence ellipsoid), shape (eigenvalues expressed as percent of trace), and orientation (position of orthogonal axes) in space. Equations to determine Cartesian coordinates for points on the confidence ellipsoid of the trivariate mean and cloud of points are developed, and a formula for determining the standardized distance for use in conjunction with behavioral data is presented. Because our model depends on trivariate normality of the data, it may be best applied in the analysis of locational data of animals which move through relatively homogeneous media, concentrating their activities in a central place. The model may also be applied to locational data partitioned according to spatial, behavioral, or chronological criteria, as a way of examining separate components of home range.
Lipid Synthesis In Chick Epidermis

Lipid synthesis in newborn chick epidermis was studied by electron microscopic autoradiography after injection of tritiated palmitate. The labeled lipid product in the tissue was identified as mostly triglyceride. At the earliest time after injection (6 hr), the radioactive precursor was taken up by all viable cells of the epidermis. Grain density was heaviest over basal cells, moderate over spinous cells, and slight over granular cells; thus lipid incorporation is highest in the basal and spinous regions of the chick epidermis. As time after injection progressed, the increasing amounts of grains over the granular and horny cells and decreasing amounts over the basal and spinous cells reflected the continuous upward displacement of cells from one layer into the next. From the distribution of silver grains within the epidermal cells, it has been concluded that, with the passage of time, triglycerides synthesized by the epidermal cells were mainly located in lipid droplets. The numerous grains associated with the elements of the endoplasmic reticulum indicated that this organelle is involved in aggregating triglyceride molecules into lipid droplets. The fact that grains were seen within the horny cells indicated that part of the horny cell consists of lipid probably derived from the lipid droplets' retained by the cells during keratinization.
16 PF CORRELATES OF PERCEPTUAL REACTANCE

College students (n = 24 males, 36 females) volunteered to take the kinesthetic figural aftereffect task and the 16 PF in a survey of state versus trait personality correlates of perceptual reactance. A reliable emergence of the trait component of perceptual reactance over trials was noted. Perceptual reducers were outgoing, affected by feelings, happy-go-lucky, practical, and undisciplined, while augmenters were reserved, stable, sober, imaginative, and controlled. Findings tend to support the trait model of perceptual reactance, with interference from a state component.
A quick‐test procedure for soil and plant tissue nitrates using test strips and a hand‐held reflectometer

Abstract Development of a nitrate quick‐test for use by fanners or field consultants would likely encourage the use of plant tissue and soil nitrate tests as a means to improve nitrogen management. To evaluate a quick‐test method, nitrate concentrations in plant tissue and soils were measured using commercially available nitrate test strips and a hand‐held reflectometer. The results were compared with those obtained with standard laboratory methods. Test strip accuracy and precision and reflectometer precision were determined over a 10 day period using standard KNO3solutions and colored paper strips. Coefficients of variation ranged from 22.4 to 9.5 percent for the test strips and from 3.5 to 1.6 percent for the reflectometer. Quick‐test results were highly correlated with laboratory results for both plant tissue nitrate (r=0.87) and soil nitrate (r=0.98) concentrations. Results indicated that test strips provide a rapid, reasonably accurate and precise method to determine nitrate concentrations in both s...