cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for cellular but not serologic cross-reactivity between keyhole limpet hemocyanin and sperm-whale myoglobin.

Abstract The addition of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) to cultures of rabbit lymph node cells (LNC) primed with KLH and sperm-whale myoglobin (Mb) induced the synthesis of antibody to Mb as well as to KLH. Several mechanisms for this heterologous induction were considered. It was established that KLH does not nonspecifically activate rabbit T or B lymphocytes. It was also shown that KLH and Mb do not cross-react serologically by several sensitive and specific criteria. Therefore, it was surmised that heterologous induction of Mb antibody synthesis by KLH was due to cellular cross-reactivity between these proteins. Rabbits were primed by the injection of Mb-complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), alum-Mb, or alum-KLH, and their LNC challenged with KLH, Mb, and synthetic antigenic sites of Mb. These experiments yielded much and diverse evidence for cellular cross-reactivity between KLH and Mb, and especially between KLH and the Mb peptides: KLH plus Mb-primed LNC evoked enhanced anti-KLH and anti-Mb syntheses. KLH plus KLH-sensitized LNC resulted in a lowered anti-Mb antibody response. Mb added to Mb-educated LNC either enhanced or inhibited the anti-KLH antibody response, depending on whether the priming adjuvant was CFA or alum. The addition of Mb to KLH-primed cells enhanced or inhibited the ensuing anti-Mb antibody synthesis; KLH did not affect or inhibit anti-KLH antibody synthesis. Addition of synthetic Mb antigenic sites to Mb-sensitized LNC elevated or suppressed anti-KLH antibody production, depending on the length of time between priming and in vitro challenge. A mixture of KLH and Mb peptide lowered the anti-Mb antibody response of Mb-educated LNC compared to KLH alone. A combination of KLH and Mb peptide also reduced the anti-KLH antibody synthesis of KLH-primed cells compared to KLH per se. The addition of KLH to Mb-sensitized LNC enhanced their uptake of tritiated thymidine, and their transport of tritiated cyclic AMP and protein synthesis. Added Mb induced the synthesis of protein and nonspecific IgG by KLH-primed LNC; Mb peptides evoked protein synthesis by these cells. It is postulated that cross-reactivity at the T-cell level is responsible for the induction of Mb antibody synthesis by adding KLH to either Mb-primed or KLH/Mb-primed LNC. The implications of these findings with respect to cellular and humoral immunity are discussed.
Characterization and modeling of mechanical behavior of polymer/clay nanocomposites

Abstract Polymer/clay nanocomposites consisting of epoxy matrix filled with silicate clay particles were investigated. These particles consist of 1 nm thick platelets or layers with an aspect ratio in the range of 100–1000. Recent and ongoing research has shown that dramatic enhancements can be achieved in stiffness and thermal properties in these nanocomposites with small amounts of particle concentration. The resulting nanocomposite properties are intimately related to the microstructure achieved in processing these materials. The ideal situation of full exfoliation, dispersion and orientation is not usually achieved. A more common case is partial exfoliation and intercalation. The latter is a process whereby the polymer penetrates the interlayer spaces of the clay particles, causing an increase in layer spacing (d-spacing). A three-phase model, including the epoxy matrix, the exfoliated clay nanolayers and the nanolayer clusters was developed. The region consisting of matrix with exfoliated clay nanolayers or platelets was analyzed by assuming near uniform dispersion and random orientation. The properties of intercalated clusters of clay platelets were calculated by a rule of mixtures based on a parallel platelet system. The Mori–Tanaka method was applied to calculate the modulus of the nanocomposite as a function of various parameters, including the exfoliation ratio, clay layer and cluster aspect ratios, d-spacing, intragallery modulus, matrix modulus and matrix Poisson's ratio. With appropriate parameters obtained from experiments, model predictions were in good agreement with experimental results.
Effects of altered platelet number on pulmonary hypertension and platelet sequestration in monocrotaline pyrrole-treated rats.

Abstract To study the role of platelets in monocrotaline pyrrole (MCTP)-induced pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary sequestration of 111 In-labeled platelets in rats treated with MCTP and anti-rat platelet serum (PAS) was examined. Lung injury from a single, intravenous injection of MCTP (3.5 mg/kg) at Day 8 was evident as elevated lung weight and lavage fluid protein and lactate dehydrogenase activity. Additionally, right ventricular hypertrophy and elevated pulmonary arterial pressures (PAP) occurred. Treatment with PAS on Days 6–8 did not affect the lung injury but resulted in an attenuation of the pulmonary hypertensive response. Pulmonary platelet sequestration was also decreased in PAS-treated rats, yet the sequestration in the lungs of MCTP-treated rats that received PAS was significantly higher than that in the lungs of N,N -dimethylformamide (DMF) controls. MCTP-treated rats receiving control serum (CS) tended to sequester more 111 In-labeled platelets than respective DMF controls, but this was not statistically significant. Blood platelet half-life was unaltered in rats receiving CS. When rats were treated similarly with MCTP and PAS and were killed at 18 days, the attenuation of the pulmonary hypertensive response previously described was not observed, and lung injury was more extensive than when CS was given. Apparently, platelet depletion delayed the development of the pulmonary hypertensive response. Supranormal platelet numbers produced by splenectomy did not affect MCTP-induced lung injury or the elevation in PAP. These results support the hypothesis that the development of MCTP-induced pulmonary hypertension is mediated in part by platelets.
Dose modeling of noninvasive image-guided breast brachytherapy in comparison to electron beam boost and three-dimensional conformal accelerated partial breast irradiation.

Purpose To perform dose modeling of a noninvasive image-guided breast brachytherapy (NIIGBB) for comparison to electrons and 3DCRT. Methods and Materials The novel technology used in this study is a mammography-based, noninvasive breast brachytherapy system whereby the treatment applicators are centered on the planning target volume (PTV) to direct 192 Ir emissions along orthogonal axes. To date, three-dimensional dose modeling of NIIGBB has not been possible because of the limitations of conventional treatment planning systems (TPS) to model variable tissue deformation associated with breast compression. In this study, the TPS was adapted such that the NIIGBB dose distributions were modeled as a virtual point source. This dose calculation technique was applied to CT data from 8 patients imaged with the breast compressed between parallel plates in the cranial–caudal and medial–lateral axes. A dose–volume comparison was performed to simulated electron boost and 3DCRT APBI. Results The NIIGBB PTV was significantly reduced as compared with both electrons and 3DCRT. Electron boost plans had a lower D min than the NIIGBB technique but higher V 100 , D 90 , and D 50 . With regard to PTV coverage for APBI, the only significant differences were minimally higher D 90 , D 100 , V 80 , and V 90 , with 3DCRT and D max with NIIGBB. The NIIGBB technique, as compared with electrons and 3D-CRT, achieved a lower maximum dose to skin (60% and 10%, respectively) and chest wall/lung (70–90%). Conclusions NIIGBB achieves a PTV that is smaller than electron beam and 3DCRT techniques. This results in significant normal tissue sparing while maintaining dosimetric benchmarks to the target tissue.
Occurrence of the Myxosporidan Parasite Myxidium minteri in Salmonid Fish1

SYNOPSIS. The myxosporidan Myxidium minteri was found in 3 recognized hosts, chinook and coho salmon and rainbow trout and 2 new hosts, cutthroat trout and mountain whitefish. Spores in all species examined were found primarily in the gall bladder. Fish infected with this parasite were obtained from both Oregon coastal rivers and Columbia River basin locations. In general the prevalence of infection was higher in the fish in coastal rivers.
Estimation of residual urine in bladder: use of vesical "thrill" test.

Abstract A simple method to determine amount of residual urine without instrumentation of the bladder is described.
Impacts of cloud immersion on microclimate, photosynthesis and water relations of Abies fraseri (Pursh.) Poiret in a temperate mountain cloud forest

The red spruce-Fraser fir ecosystem [Picea rubens Sarg.-Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] of the southern Appalachian mountains, USA, is a temperate zone cloud forest immersed in clouds for 30–40% of a typical summer day, and experiencing immersion on about 65% of all days annually. We compared the microclimate, photosynthetic gas exchange, and water relations of Fraser fir trees in open areas during cloud-immersed, low-cloud, or sunny periods. In contrast to sunny periods, cloud immersion reduced instantaneous sunlight irradiance by 10–50%, and midday atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was 85% lower. Needle surfaces were wet for up to 16 h per day during cloud-immersed days compared to <1 h for clear days. Shoot-level light-saturated photosynthesis (A sat) on both cloud-immersed (16.0 μmol m−2 s−1) and low-cloud (17.9 μmol m−2 s−1) days was greater than A sat on sunny days (14.4 μmol m−2 s−1). Daily mean A was lowest on cloud-immersed days due to reduced sunlight levels, while leaf conductance (g) was significantly higher, with a mean value of 0.30 mol m−2 s−1. These g values were greater than commonly reported for conifer tree species with needle-like leaves, and declined exponentially with increasing leaf-to-air VPD. Daily mean transpiration (E) on immersed days was 43 and 20% lower compared to sunny and low-cloud days, respectively. As a result, daily mean water use efficiency (A/E) was lowest on cloud-immersed days due to light limitation of A, and high humidity resulted in greater uncoupling of A from g. Thus, substantial differences in photosynthetic CO2 uptake, and corresponding water relations, were strongly associated with cloud conditions that occur over substantial periods of the summer growth season.
Complexation of the Carbonate, Nitrate, and Acetate Anions with the Uranyl Dication: Density Functional Studies with Relativistic Effective Core Potentials †

The structures and vibrational frequencies of uranyl carbonates, [UO2(CO3)n](2-2n) and [(UO2)3(CO3)6],6- uranyl nitrates, [UO2(NO3)n](2-n), and uranyl acetates, [UO2(CH3COO)n](2-n) (n = 1,2,3) have been calculated by using local density functional theory (LDFT). Only bidentate ligand coordination modes to the uranyl dication have been modeled. The calculated structures and frequencies are compared to available experimental data, including IR, Raman, X-ray diffraction, and EXAFS solution and crystal structure data. The energetics of ligand binding have been calculated using the B3LYP hybrid functional. In general, the structural and vibrational results at the LDFT level are in good agreement with experimental results and provide realistic pictures of solution phase and solid-state behavior. For the [UO2(CO3)3]6- anion, calculations suggest that complexity in the CO32- stretching signature upon complexation is due to the formation of CO and C−O domains, the latter of which can split by as much as 300 cm-1. ...
Response of aluminum alloys to erosive particle impacts

Erosive particle impacts can result in the high strain rate deposition of an appreciable amount of energy into the deformed volume of the target material. This energy likely causes local heating; softening or even melting has been observed in many materials. Hardening caused by the high-strain-rate deformation has also been reported for strain-hardenable materials. The effect of individual impacts on the surface of selected aluminum alloys was determined both analytically using theoretical considerations and experimentally using 343 Μm diameter tungsten carbide balls impacting at about 30 m/s and 30 deg incidence angle. After impact a mechanical properties microprobe was used to measure the hardness of both the crater bottom and material just below the original surface. Strain hardening, but no evidence of softening, was observed for two aluminum alloys.
IRM: Perspectives, issues and implications

This paper addresses the different perspectives of IRM as they relate to the contracting out of services, privacy and supervision, security and data pollution, and E-mail and the disintegration of the work group. It looks at the meaning of decisions about the centralization or decentralization of decision making and how multimedia and re-engineering can influence productivity.
Benefits and Barriers to Healthful Eating: What Are the Consequences of Decreased Food Preparation Ability?

A lack of cooking skills and reduced food preparation knowledge are significant barriers to the production of home cooked meals in the United States. The benefits and barriers to healthful eating in relationship to decreased food preparation ability are summarized in this review. In particular, home food preparation barriers, the consequences that result from eating out frequently, and the benefits of home-produced meals are presented. Strategies for preparing meals at home and specific recommendations for health care professionals are presented in this article.
Resolving National Energy Crisis through Energy Efficient Appliances: Use of Ground Water Heat Pump for Air Conditioning Systems

Energy crisis are deepening with every year passing by in a country like Pakistan. One of the major contributors of energy consumption in the domestic as well as in some commercial sector is the environment air conditioning (during summers) and heating systems (during winters). One possible solution to this national energy crisis is available in the form of tapping the available renewable natural resources of energy, specifically the Ground Water Heat Pumps (GWHP). Despite its wider applications in the advanced countries, the confidence in this technology is much feeble in less advanced countries, like Pakistan, mainly due to lack of awareness about the technology among the public and lack of subsoil temperature data for the scientific / engineering community. Thus, the aim of this study is to collect subsoil water temperature data of at least one particular location for over a year, and demonstrate the usefulness of sub soil ground water in improving the performance of conventional air-conditioning system both in cooling as well as in heating modes. This study shows significant improvement in the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of the Air Conditioner both in Cooling as well as in heating modes and thus reducing the expensive electricity consumption.
Anonymity and specificity in the chemical communication signals of social insects

The chemical communication signals of social insects, like many other insect semiochemicals, are complex mixtures that exhibit considerable variation in molecular composition and in the relative proportions of components. We propose that this variation is often functional, identifying individuals and groups on a variety of organizational levels and making possible a variety of adaptive discriminatory behaviors. Signals may be characterized as anonymous which are uniform throughout a group or organizational level, identifying the signaller as a member of the group but not distinguishing it from other members. Specific signals vary, and identify the signaller as an individual or member of a particular subgroup. These terms are relative; a given semiochemical may be anonymous in one context and specific in another. Specificity may be derived from the biosynthetic ‘noise’ in an anonymous signal by a process of chemical ritualization. Mechanisms for recognizing both anonymous and specific signals depend on their predictability; recognition of predictable signals may be encoded in a closed developmental program, while those that are unpredictable must be learned. These categories may be usefully applied to a broad range of interactions among social insects, including sexual communication, community structure, and nestmate and kin recognition.
Immune Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common complication of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The pathogenetic mechanisms potentially responsible for HCC during chronic HBV infection are not well defined. This study demonstrates that chronic immune-mediated liver cell injury triggers the development of HCC in the absence of viral transactivation, insertional mutagenesis, and genotoxic chemicals. These results strongly suggest that the immune response to HBV is both necessary and sufficient to cause liver cancer during chronic HBV infection, and that all other procarcinogenic events associated with HCC are probably dependent on this process.
The role of JAK pathway dysregulation in the pathogenesis and treatment of acute myeloid leukemia

The discovery of the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) V617F mutation has improved our understanding of the pathophysiology of myeloproliferative neoplasms such as polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis. Before discovery of the JAK2 V617F mutation, there were no specific targeted therapies for patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. More recently, several small-molecule inhibitors have been developed that have shown therapeutic potential in the clinical setting. There is evidence that the JAK2 pathway is dysregulated in some acute myeloid leukemias and may also represent a novel therapeutic target in this disease. In this review, we describe the preclinical, clinical, and pathophysiologic evidence for using JAK inhibitors in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemias.
Solvable spin systems with random interactions

Abstract It is shown that if the bonds connecting spins on a lattice are separable functions of random variables, the thermodynamic and magnetic parameters may be obtained using the known properties of a spin system with non-random bonds.
Lupus erythematosus panniculitis

Abstract Kaposi (Kohn) first described the histologic features of subcutaneous nodules in lupus erythematosus in 1883, although he did not use the term "profundus" in his description. 1 He described the histopathology of these subcutaneous nodules as an inflammatory reaction in the superficial dermis, as well as the deeper dermis and subcutaneous fat. He had presumably described the clinical features of these subcutaneous nodules earlier (when his name was Kohn), as pea to walnut-sized edematous nodules—tough and doughy to touch; not sharply demarcated; developing on the back, fingers, and face of a young girl, with rheumatic pains—which initially appeared over normal-appearing skin, but which became erythematous in a few days, and shortly thereafter resolved. 2 The next 50 to 75 years were characterized by a confusing array of clinical reports describing subcutaneous nodules and plaques associated with lupus erythematosus. In Europe, Kren 3 and Oppenheim 4 each separately reported a case of "lupus erythematosus with nodular onset" and "lupus erythematosus profundus" in 1912 and 1913, respectively. Although Oppenheim was the first dermatologist to use the term "lupus erythematosus profundus," Arnold, in his 1956 review of this subject, felt that Oppenheim probably described a case of lupus erythematosus hypertrophicus (et profundus). 5
The impact of in-situ rapid thermal gate dielectric processes on deep submicron MOSFETs

Abstract High performance MOSFETs having effective channel lengths of 0.18 ± 0.06 μm were individually optimized and fabricated with four different gate dielectrics, including Furnace, rapid thermal oxides (RTO), rapid thermal chemical vapor deposited (RTCVD) and remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited (RPECVD). The advantages of the shallower channel profiles offered by the low-thermal budget gate dielectric processes were identified through the design of channel doping profiles for the different gate dielectrics. Excellent device electrical characteristics were achieved for all four cases: Isat ∼ 410 μA μm−1; Ioff
In-Cylinder Equivalence Ratio Measurements in a EGR Equipped Engine

A single-cylinder natural gas fueled engine equipped with a Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system was ignited using a laser. The broadband emission from the spark kernel was spectrally resolved and the peaks corresponding to Hα , N and O atoms were measured for a range of conditions with global equivalence ratios ranging between 0.6 and 1.0, and for Exhaust Gas Recirculation fractions up to 29%. The (Hα /O) and (Hα /N) peak intensity ratios from the spectral scans correlated extremely well (R2 > 0.97) with local oxygen based equivalence ratios. Appropriate relations were developed to relate such values to global equivalence ratios and the EGR rate. For homogenous intake charge, the present LIBS diagnostic enables estimation of one of the two values, global equivalence ratio or EGR rate, with the knowledge of the other.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The interrater reliability of Elizur's hostility systems and Holt's aggression variables: a meta-analytical review

We provide a meta-analytic review of interrater reliability for scoring the 2 most commonly studied Rorschach (2003) aggression measures: (a) The Elizur (1949) Hostility Scale and its main derivative scoring systems (Holtzman, Thorpe, Swartz, & Herron, 1961; Murstein, 1956) and (b) Holt's (1977, 2005) aggression variables. Substantial reliability was observed for both Elizur's hostility score (e.g., weighted mean summary score correlation = .91, N = 1,279) and Holt's aggression variables (e.g., weighted mean summary score correlation = .84, N = 226). These meta-analytic data suggest that like the contemporary variables included in Exner's Comprehensive System or Gacono and Meloy's (1994) extended aggression scores, the historically important Elizur scoring systems and Holt aggression variables can be scored reliably. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of the Journal of Personality Assessment for the following free supplemental resources: a documen...
Fixed Angle Scattering in Quantum Field Theory

We have examined the high-energy, fixed-angle behavior of exclusive scattering amplitudes in the context of renormalizable field theories. We find that renormalization-group techniques, asymptotic conformal invariance, and reasonable conjectures about the existence of the zero-mass limit of such theories allow one to understand simple power laws for fixed-angle scattering of the type proposed by Brodsky and Farrar and Matveev et al. Since our techniques rely on the existence of a smooth infrared limit of the underlying quantum field theory, they are unfortunately not powerful enough to discuss theories with vector mesons. Consequently, it remains moot whether the classical examples of asymptotically free theories really manifest simple fixed-angle scaling.
Eimeria acervulina Infection and the Zinc-Copper Interrelationship in the Chick

An experiment was conducted with young chicks to investigate the effect of duodenal coccidiosis caused by Eimeria acervulina infection on the interrelationship between dietary copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). A corn-soybean meal diet (devoid of Zn fortification) was supplemented with Zn (50 mg/kg) or Cu (250 mg/kg), or both; these diets were fed to control or coccidiosis-infected chicks. The coccidial infection depressed rate and efficiency of weight gain. Excess dietary Cu had no effect on performance of control or infected chicks. Zinc supplementation did not affect performance of control chicks, but it improved both rate and efficiency of weight gain in E. acervulina-infected chicks. Liver Zn concentration was decreased by coccidiosis, increased by Zn supplementation, but unaffected by excess dietary Cu. Liver Cu concentration was increased by excess dietary Cu and by coccidiosis but decreased by Zn supplementation of the diet. These data indicate that coccidiosis impaired Zn utilization and precipitated Zn deficiency in the chick.
Atomic Arrangement in Vitreous Selenium

X-ray diffraction data at 25 and - 196\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C have been used to obtain radial distribution functions for amorphous and hexagonal selenium. The amorphous selenium exhibited strong correlation peaks at 2.34, 3.75, 5.8, 7.2, and 9.3 \AA{}, with minor peaks at 4.3, 4.7, 5.1, 7.7, 10.0, and 10.5 \AA{}. The first two distances are observed in both the hexagonal form, which consists of spiral chains, and the monoclinic forms, which consist of eight-membered puckered rings. The remaining major peaks do not correspond to intramolecular distances in any of the crystalline forms. Attempts were made to match the experimental amorphous distribution function with models which involved perturbations of the atom positions in the hexagonal and in the two monoclinic crystalline forms. A computer array consisting of 100 atom positions was used, and perturbations were chosen by a Monte Carlo procedure which allowed only those perturbations which improved the fit to the experimental distribution function. It was shown that relatively small rms static displacements, of the order of 0.20 \AA{}, were sufficient to convert the monoclinic ring structures to the observed vitreous form, whereas much larger perturbations, of the order of 0.7 \AA{}, were required to convert the hexagonal chain structure into a form which would give a suitable amorphous radial distribution function. The atomic configurations in the perturbed monoclinic structures consisted mainly of slightly distorted rings. There were a few locations where the rings had been opened sufficiently so that the atoms in the vicinity of the opening appeared to have the nearest-neighbor trigonal symmetry of the chain rather than of the eight-membered ring. The optical and Raman spectra provide strong evidence for the presence of ${\mathrm{Se}}_{8}$ rings and a weaker indication of near-neighbor trigonal symmetry. We conclude that the structure of vitreous selenium consists mainly of slightly distorted ${\mathrm{Se}}_{8}$ rings, along with an occasional ring which is opened sufficiently to develop a weak localized trigonal symmetry or a few greatly deformed chains.
The occurrence and behavior of radium in saline formation water of the U.S. Gulf Coast region

Abstract Radium has been measured in deep saline formation waters produced from a variety of U.S. Gulf Coast subsurface environments, including oil reservoirs, gas reservoirs and water-producing geopressured aquifers. A strong positive correlation has been found between formation-water salinity and Ra activity, resulting from the interaction of formation water with aquifer matrix. Ra isotopes enter the fluid phase after being produced by the decay of parent elements U and Th, which are located at sites on and within the solid matrix. Processes that are belived to be primarily responsible for transferring Ra from matrix to formation water are chemical leaching and alpha-particle recoil. Factors controlling the observed salinity—Ra relationship may be one or a combination of the following factors: (a) ion exchange; (b) increased solubility of matrix silica surrounding Ra atoms, coupled with a salinity-controlled rate of reequilibration of silica between solution and quartz grains; and (c) the equilibration of Ra in solution with detrial barite within the aquifer. No difference was found in the brine-Ra relation in water produced from oil or gas wells and water produced from wells penetrating only water-bearing aquifers, although the relation was more highly correlated for water-bearing aquifers than hydrocarbon-containing reservoirs.
Structure of Hydrides of Palladium

THE recent determinations of activation energies for slow processes in palladium hydride1,2 confirm new results obtained in this laboratory.
Informatics in Uruguay: Evolution and Implications

As the world economy becomes more interdependent and informatics costs decline, studies of informatics in developing countries have become increasingly important for reasons other than curiosity. This paper reports on a field study of informatics conducted in Uruguay. In addition to public and private sector analysis of interview and questionnaire data, we examine three infrastructure elements: telecommunications, education, and the legal system with respect to software copyright protection.
Accurate mass measurement of DNA oligonucleotide ions using high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) play an essential role in the analysis of biological molecules, not only peptides and proteins, but also DNA and RNA. Tandem mass spectrometry used for sequence analysis has been a major focus of technological developments in mass spectrometry, but accurate mass measurements by high-resolution TOFMS are equally important. This paper describes the role that high mass measurement accuracy can play in DNA composition assignment and discusses the influence of several parameters on mass measurement accuracy in both MALDI and ESI mass spectra. Five oligonucleotides (5-13mers) were used to test the resolving power and mass measurement accuracy obtained with MALDI and ESI instruments with reflectron TOF mass analyzers. The results from the experimental studies and additional theoretical calculations provide a basis to predict the practical utility of high-resolution TOFMS for the analysis of larger oligonucleotides.
Low-frequency wind fluctuations within an irregular forest

A three-dimensional array of five Gill propeller anemometers was placed in an irregular forest setting consisting mostly of birch and aspen ∼10–15 m tall interspersed among several oak trees ∼25 m in height. Each propeller was sampled at 5-s intervals for a period of 150 min during each of six trials when the mean wind speed was <1 s−1 in the array. Analysis of the data indicates that a secondary re-circulation, analogous to that observed in cavities in laboratory experiments, develops below the tops of the birch and aspen during gusts. This circulation drifts with speeds less than the mean wind speed with a component opposite to the mean wind. Fluctuations in both the magnitude of the curl and the divergence lag fluctuations in wind speed and the divergence lags the curl. Phase velocities show dispersion, increasing linearly to 60 cycles h−1 with a possible maximum near 150 cycles h−1. In addition, the wind gusts are reflected from the ground or trees with velocities somewhat smaller than the mean wind speed. These reflections produce a ripple in the power spectrum of the wind speed. These results and related data are used to describe the structure of the three-dimensional flow within the forest.
Chinese Alchemy: Confluence and Transformation

The study of China's alchemical tradition can provide considerable insight into early Chinese medical theory, pharmaco-therapeutic practice and psychosomatic concepts. Chinese alchemy is a complex blending of philosophical, cosmological, physiological and natural scientific thought. This article presents a historical survey and analysis of some important aspects of Chinese alchemical research and theory.
Hydrogenation catalysts: A synthetic hydrogenase model

Abstract A series of complexes of Group VIII metals with square-planar chelating ligands has been prepared. Nickel(II) and palladium(II) complexes can easily be isolated in a pure state. Some of these complexes, especially PdII-SALEN, activate molecular hydrogen thus catalyzing HD exchange and the hydrogenation of olefins. A kinetic analysis shows a very close analogy in behaviour with that of hydrogenase. A mechanism for exchange and hydrogenation is suggested. Possible consequences for other transition-metal-containing enzymes are discussed.
Student Motives for Communicating with Instructors as a Function of Perceived Instructor Misbehaviors

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which student motives for communicating with an instructor (i.e., relational, functional, participatory, excuse-making, and sycophancy) were associated with perceived instructor misbehaviors (i.e., incompetence, indolence, and offensiveness). Participants were 265 students who completed a questionnaire consisting of the Student Communication Motives Scale and the Teacher Misbehaviors Scale in reference to a class they had attended prior to data collection. Results of canonical correlation analysis revealed that (a) students who perceived their instructors as offensive, indolent, and, to a lesser extent, incompetent, were unmotivated to communicate for the functional motive; and (b) students who perceived their instructors as incompetent were unmotivated to communicate for the relational, participatory, and sycophancy motives, and, to a lesser extent, the functional and excuse-making motives.
Direct Determination of Potassium Ion Accumulation in Guard Cells in Relation to Stomatal Opening in Light

Understanding the mechanism of stomatal opening in leaves is important because stomata are the avenues for CO, and H.,O diffusion. Stomata in most species open in the light when the guard cells that encompass the pores take up water and increase in turgor relative to adjacent epidermal cells (1). Thus stomatal opening is likely an osmotic phenomenon that depends upon the accumulation of solute in the guard cells, and during opening tllis accumulation has been reported to range from 0.: M to 0.5 M in various experiments (2). For over 100 years botanists have believed that the primlary solute accumulating in the light was soluble carbohydrate produced during photosynthesis, because guard cells possess chloroplasts and other epidermal cells do not. However careful quantitative work [reviewed in (3)] failed to provide strong support for this view.
Retinopathy of prematurity care: patterns of care and workforce analysis.

Purpose To describe the workforce that provides retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) care. Methods We surveyed a random sample of ophthalmologists' offices by telephone (n = 1504) and then sent a mail survey to those who were reported to provide care to infants (n = 486). Workforce estimates were based on the total number of ophthalmologists in the United States. Results Thirty percent of ophthalmologists were reported to care for children younger than 1 year of age; 11% of all ophthalmologists examine for (1815; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1340-2379) and 6% treat ROP (983, 95% CI 649-1421). ROP examinations are provided by an equal number who have completed fellowship training in pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus (254, 95% CI 182-327) as have not completed any fellowship training (236, 95% CI 163-345). Ophthalmologists with fellowship training in any subspecialty provide 86% of the ROP examinations, with those trained in pediatric ophthalmology providing 50% overall. Some (9%) of the ophthalmologists who examine for ROP, regardless of whether or not they completed a fellowship ( p = 0.22), report that their training did not adequately prepare them to do so. In contrast to examinations, most treatment is provided by ophthalmologists who are fellowship trained in retina and vitreous diseases. Conclusions ROP care is offered by ophthalmologists with different training backgrounds. Future work is needed to understand the relationship between the availability of ophthalmologists and ROP care delivery and the role of new modes of care delivery such as telemedicine.
Prolactin in the cat: I. Pseudopregnancy, pregnancy and lactation.

Prolactin (PrI) secretion patterns were investigated during pregnancy, parturition, lactation and the weaning period of 8 cats by means of a heterologous radioimmunoassay (RIA) using canine PrI antisera and canine reference standards (NIAMDD). Prl concnetrations began to increase during the sixth week of pregnancy (gestation period, 9.5 weeks) and were significantly higher from the seventh week through the last week of pregnancy (�-31.2 ± 5.1 ng/ml) compared to the first 5 weeks (X.7.0 ± 0.3 ng/ml). PrI values averaged 43.5 ± 4.5 ng/ml for the last 3 days of gestation. In the 5 animals that lactated for 6 weeks postpartum, PrI levels remained high (40.6 ± 7.2 ng/ml) for the first 4 weeks postpartum. Pri concentrations averaged 27.8 ± 3.1 ng/ml during the last 2 weeks of lactation, a significant decline from the previous 4 weeks (P<0.05). Following weaning, Prl concentrations decreased to approximately 15 ng/ml during the first week with basal levels obtained by the end of the second week. In the 3 nonlactating animals, basal levels of PrI were achieved by 1, 3, and 10 days postpartum. During pseudopregnancy (the period of luteal production of progesterone, nonpregnant state) there were no significant changes in Pr! concentrations observed with a blood sampling regimen of one daily morning sample (X-7.3 ± 0.6 ug/mI). From this study, the following conclusions were drawn: 1) It is possible to measure PrI levels in the cat with the canine Prl system. 2) Prl levels are elevated in the last one-third of pregnancy, presumably for the induction of mammary gland growth and lactogenesis. 3) With the suckling stimulus, PrI levels are elevated during the 6-week lactation period; however, during the last 2 weeks of lactation, PrI levels decline significantly to about one-half of the immediate postpartum levels. Following weaning, PrI concentrations return to basal levels within 1 to 2 weeks. 4) Coitusinduced pseudopregnancy (without lactation) has no significant effect on PrI levels.
Technical note: Contribution of ammonia emitted from livestock to atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the United States

Ammonia emitted from animal feeding operations is an air pollutant contributing to the formation of fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)), considered a major environmental risk to human health. In the United States, farm animals are the greatest contributor to gaseous ammonia emissions. Ammonia reacts with atmospheric nitric and sulfuric acids to form PM(2.5) (nitrate and sulfate), but the proportion of PM(2.5) attributable to ammonia emitted from animal farming operations has not been quantified. Thus, the objective of this analysis was to estimate the contribution of ammonia emitted from farm animals to PM(2.5) in the United States. The following approach was used: (1) the amount of ammonium in sulfate and nitrate PM(2.5) was calculated based on chemically speciated measurements published by the United States Environmental Protection Agency; and (2) the amount of ammonium in sulfate and nitrate PM(2.5) originating from livestock was assumed equal to the fraction of the total ammonia emissions attributable to livestock. Across different regions of the United States and under different weather conditions, PM(2.5) formed from ammonia emitted from livestock operations were estimated to contribute on average from 5 to 11% of the total PM(2.5) concentrations. In certain areas (North Central, for example) and in cool weather, farm animal contribution to atmospheric PM(2.5) concentration may be as much as 20%.
Analysis of Target-Speed Determination with Doppler Radar

The response of the Doppler radar speed meter was analyzed when there were two or more targets in a radar beam. When there are two targets of equal size and equal speed there is a fading condition and under a special condition, the radar becomes inoperative. When many targets with various speeds and sizes appear in a radar beam, the speed-meter output will fluctuate and the output represents either the speed of one of the targets or the average speed of all of them or something else. The speed meter is not likely to register the speed of the target with the highest speed as commonly believed. There is no theoretical assurance that the speed meter is registering the wanted target's speed. The fading condition, the fading period, the speed-meter fluctuation frequency, and the speed-meter response to the actual target speeds were theoretically analyzed. Traffic-police radar was mainly used for examples.
Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Facilitates Antigen-stimulated Ca2+ Influx in RBL-2H3 Mast Cells via a Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-Trisphosphate-sensitive Ca2+Entry Mechanism

This study presents evidence that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) plays a concerted role with phospholipase Cgamma in initiating antigen-mediated Ca(2+) signaling in mast cells via a phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P(3))-sensitive Ca(2+) entry pathway. Exogenous PI(3,4,5)P(3) at concentrations close to its physiological level induces instantaneous Ca(2+) influx into RBL-2H3 cells. This PI(3,4,5)P(3)-induced intracellular Ca(2+) increase is independent of phospholipase C activity or the depletion of internal stores. Moreover, inhibition of PI3K by LY294002 or by overexpression of the dominant negative inhibitor Deltap85 suppresses the Ca(2+) response to the cross-linking of the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcepsilonRI). Concomitant treatment of RBL-2H3 cells with LY294002 or Deltap85 and 2-aminoethyl diphenylborate, a cell-permeant antagonist of D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors, abrogates antigen-induced Ca(2+) signals, whereas either treatment alone gives rise to partial inhibition. Conceivably, PI(3,4,5)P(3)-sensitive Ca(2+) entry and capacitative Ca(2+) entry represent major Ca(2+) influx pathways that sustain elevated [Ca(2+)]i to achieve optimal physiological responses. This study also refutes the second messenger role of D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate in regulating FcepsilonRI-mediated Ca(2+) response. Considering the underlying mechanism, our data suggest that PI(3,4,5)P(3) directly stimulates a Ca(2+) transport system in plasma membranes. Together, these data provide a molecular basis to account for the role of PI3K in the regulation of FcepsilonRI-mediated degranulation in mast cells.
Gender Differences in Negative Reinforcement Smoking Expectancies

Author(s): Pang, Raina D; Zvolensky, Michael J; Schmidt, Norman B; Leventhal, Adam M | Abstract: BackgroundPrevious research suggests that females may be more motivated to smoke for negative reinforcement (NR) than males. However, it remains unclear whether gender differences in smoking outcome expectancies for negative smoking reinforcement-an important theoretical and clinical target defined as beliefs that smoking alleviates negative affect-exist above and beyond gender differences in depression and/or other outcome expectancies.MethodsRelations between gender and negative smoking reinforcement expectancies were examined in two independent samples. Sample 1 consisted of non-treatment seeking daily smokers (Male n = 188; Female n = 91) recruited from Southern California (49.5% Black, 32.2% Caucasian, and 18.3% other race/ethnicity). Sample 2 consisted of treatment seeking daily smokers (Male n = 257; Female n = 237) in Northern Florida and Vermont (10.7% Black, 82.9% Caucasian, and 6.4% other).ResultsFemales (vs. males) reported stronger NR smoking expectancies with and without statistically controlling for nicotine dependence, other smoking expectancies, and anxiety and depression in both samples (βs = .06 to .14, ps = .06 to l .001).ConclusionsBeliefs that smoking alleviates negative affect may reflect a gender-specific etiological process disproportionately prominent in women. Enhancing ability to cope with negative affect without smoking or challenge NR expectancies may be particularly important for cessation treatment in women.
Influence of caecectomy on digestibility of amino acids by roosters fed distillers’ dried grains with solubles

Several laboratories are currently using the rapid excreta collection assay desoribed by Sibbald (1979), or a modification thereof, to measure digestibility of amino acids (AA) in feedingstuffs for poultry. The use of faecal or excreta collection assays to measure utilization of dietary AA has been frequently questioned because of the unknown effects of gut micro-organisms on AA excretion. These effects may be large with swine (Holmes et al. 1974) and thus many researchers have used ileal digesta collection to measure AA digestibility with pigs (Zebrowska, 1978). The question on significance of microbial effects is less clear with poultry. Some studies with germ-free chicks suggested that influence of the hindgut microflora on digestibility of protein and AA was significant (Salter & Coates, 1971; Elwell & Soares, 1975), whereas others indicated that these effects were small and probably negligible (Salter, Coates & Hewitt, 1974; Salter & Fulford, 1974). More recently, Parsons, Potter, Brown, Wilkins & Bliss (1982) concluded that microbial fermentation in the hindgut may have a significant effect on AA excretion by poultry, but to a much lesser extent than swine.
Pistol Grip Power Tool Handle and Trigger Size Effects on Grip Exertions and Operator Preference

Finger and palmar forces were measured during actual pneumatic nutrunner operation using a strain gauge dynamometer. Eighteen student subjects were assigned to one of three categories based on hand length. Two triggers and four handle spans were presented randomly. Handle span affected maximal and submaximal grip force. As span increased from 4 cm to 7 cm, average peak finger force increased 24%, peak palmar force increased 22%, and average finger and palmar tool-holding forces increased 20%. When an extended trigger was used, average peak finger force decreased 9%, peak palmar force decreased 8%, finger tool-holding force decreased 65%, and palmar tool-holding force decreased 48%. Hand size affected grip strength (MVC), grip force, and exertion level (force/MVC). Holding exertion level was maximum for large-handed subjects using a 4-cm handle and for small-handed subjects using a 7-cm handle. Subjective handle span preference increased as hand size increased. A similar experiment was performed using 11 factory workers.
Aerodynamic Response Quantification of Complex Hypersonic Configurations using Variable Fidelity Surrogate Modeling

At hypersonic speeds, the design of a flight-worthy air vehicle to sustain endo-atmospheric flight remains to be a challenge to the designer at the conceptual and preliminary stages. The complex and extreme environment in which such vehicles fly presents physical phenomena and engineering challenges which are very difficult to simulate in such a way that model approximation errors do not compromise vehicle integrity and function in flight. This paper seeks to capture the aerodynamic response, more commonly known to the engineering community as aero-database generation, of complex hypersonic vehicles using variable-fidelity (VF) kriging surrogate models. This approach merges the response of different flow prediction simulations, varying in flow approximation accuracy, into a single surrogate model. This model can be built for different vehicle aerodynamic responses such as lift, drag, and pitching moment. The VF kriging approach interpolates the simulation responses of the highest fidelity level while being guided by the trends of any number of lower fidelity responses. This can accelerate the database generation process dramatically by taking advantage of the lower computational cost of the lower fidelity simulations. Example simulations are performed on a generic hypersonic configuration using Euler simulations as a high-fidelity approximation and the Modified Newtonian method as a low-fidelity approximation. Performance and error of the VF kriging approach is assessed to show its advantages for the use in conceptual and preliminary design of hypersonic configurations.