cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pion-Nucleon Scattering with Veneziano Terms

A crossing-symmetric pion-nucleon scattering amplitude with Regge behavior is constructed using suitable combinations of beta-function terms. Observed spins, isospins, and widths of resonances in a limited low-energy region are enforced, and the Regge residue functions for high-energy scattering are obtained in terms of these resonance parameters. Forward charge exchange and backward elastic differential cross sections are compared with experiment, and a version of $\ensuremath{\rho}$ universality is checked.
ON TOLMAN'S MASS-ENERGY RELATION AND A NEW TOLMAN-TYPE RELATION

Tolman derived the mass-energy relation using a particular choice of coordinates, viz. the Schwarzschild solution for the metric tensor in isotropic coordinates for a body of mass m at rest at the origin. Here we show that this relation retains the same form for the case of a very general coordinate system. The latter includes the Schwarzschild and harmonic coordinates as special cases. In addition, we give a new Tolman-type relation . The quantities and are the energy-momentum densities for matter and the gravitational field, respectively.
Fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a common disorder that affects 3% of the general population. Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is less common, with about 1% of adults in the US meeting the current CDC criteria for case definition. Both conditions are controversial because they do not fit either a strictly physical or psychological concept of disease. Their symptoms overlap and they share many clinical features with irritable bowel syndrome, atypical migraine and muscle tension headaches, multiple chemical sensitivities, interstitial cystitis and multiple allergies syndrome, all poorly understood entities. This review provides an historical perspective on both disorders and presents the clinical features and differential diagnoses. The relative success of current classification criteria is discussed. Pathogenic mechanisms are presented, including the relationship of FM and CFS to depression and other psychiatric diseases and the possibility that they may be ‘diseases constructs’ called ‘memes’ that are invented by physicians. A cognitive-behavioral approach to treatment is presented that emphasizes the roles of education, stress reduction, improvement of sleep, exercise and the effective use of analgesics, antidepressants and other psychoactive medications.
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and calcium regulate the calcium channel function of the hepatic inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor.

Abstract The regulation of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor in liver was analyzed using a novel superfusion method. Hepatic microsomes were loaded with 45Ca2+, and superfused at high flow rates to provide precise control over IP3 and Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]) and to isolate 45Ca2+ release from reuptake. 45Ca2+ release was dependent on both [Ca2+] and IP3. The initial rate of 45Ca2+ release was a biphasic function of [Ca2+], increasing as [Ca2+] approached 3 μM but decreasing at higher concentrations, suggesting that the hepatic IP3 receptor is regulated by [Ca2+] at two sites, a high affinity potentiation site and a low affinity inhibitory site. The relationship between initial rates and IP3 concentration was steep (Hill coefficient of 3.4), suggesting that activation of the calcium channel requires binding of at least 3 IP3 molecules. IP3 concentrations above 10 μM produced rapid decay of release rates, suggesting receptor inactivation. Superfusion with 10 μM IP3 under conditions that minimize calcium release ([Ca2+] < 1 nM) inhibited 45Ca2+ release in response to subsequent stimulation (400 nM Ca2+). These data suggest sequential positive and negative regulation of the hepatic IP3 receptor by cytosolic calcium and by IP3, which may underlie hepatocellular propagation of regenerative, oscillatory calcium signals.
The Production of Regime Culture and Instrumentalized Art in a Globalizing State

The argument of this paper is that, in the age of globalization, culture, in the generic/anthropological sense, is produced, and varies by group, subject, and time. In the United States today the leaders of the state produce a specific kind of culture, here called regime culture, which reinforces the power of the existing regime. It features patriotism, values financial success, espouses a narrow definition of family values, promotes a culture of fear limiting civil liberties, reinterprets the past, legitimates the status quo, and tolerates racism. The handling of the International Freedom Center at the World Trade Center site is a striking example. Culture, in the humanist/arts sense, has been increasingly used to press culture in a specific direction, here called instrumentalized culture. It is promoted as a contributor to economic development, as fostering the growth of an economically productive creative class. In the process, its critical and transcendent potential has been eviscerated. While such in...
Fluvial features on Titan: Insights from morphology and modeling

Fluvial features on Titan have been identified in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data taken during spacecraft flybys by the Cassini Titan Radar Mapper (RADAR) and in Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer (DISR) images taken during descent of the Huygens probe to the surface. Interpretations using terrestrial analogs and process mechanics extend our perspective on fluvial geomorphology to another world and offer insight into their formative processes. At the landscape scale, the varied morphologies of Titan’s fluvial networks imply a variety of mechanical controls, including structural influence, on channelized flows. At the reach scale, the various morphologies of individual fluvial features, implying a broad range of fluvial processes, suggest that (paleo-)flows did not occupy the entire observed width of the features. DISR images provide a spatially limited view of uplands dissected by valley networks, also likely formed by overland flows, which are not visible in lower-resolution SAR data. This high-resolution snapshot suggests that some fluvial features observed in SAR data may be river valleys rather than channels, and that uplands elsewhere on Titan may also have fine-scale fluvial dissection that is not resolved in SAR data. Radar-bright terrain with crenulated bright and dark bands is hypothesized here to be a signature of fine-scale fluvial dissection. Fluvial deposition is inferred to occur in braided channels, in (paleo)lake basins, and on SAR-dark plains, and DISR images at the surface indicate the presence of fluvial sediment. Flow sufficient to move sediment is inferred from observations and modeling of atmospheric processes, which support the inference from surface morphology of precipitation-fed fluvial processes. With material properties appropriate for Titan, terrestrial hydraulic equations are applicable to flow on Titan for fully turbulent flow and rough boundaries. For low-Reynolds-number flow over smooth boundaries, however, knowledge of fluid kinematic viscosity is necessary. Sediment movement and bed form development should occur at lower bed shear stress on Titan than on Earth. Scaling bedrock erosion, however, is hampered by uncertainties regarding Titan material properties. Overall, observations of Titan point to a world pervasively influenced by fluvial processes, for which appropriate terrestrial analogs and formulations may provide insight.
Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy of Conducting Polymers III. Polyparaphenylene and its Derivatives

Fourier Transform Infrared Photoacoustic (FT-IR/PA) spectroscopy provides a means to obtain high quality spectra of polyparaphenylene (PPP), an organic semiconductor. Spectra of PPP prepared by two different methods, heavily n-doped PPP, and a new organometallic derivative, PPP(Mo(CO)3)0.25 are presented. Spectral acquisition times for these polymers can be as low as one minute.
A Study of Variable Features on Mars During the Viking Primary Mission

The Viking coverage revealed numerous wind streaks on the surface of Mars. The Viking images have provided the first good examples of very distinctive mixed tone streaks which appear to consist of a tapered light streak bordered by two dark side lobes. Attention is given to a general lack of eolian activity, eolian activity on the slopes of the Tharsis volcanos, spectacular albedo changes since 1972, more subtle albedo changes, surface detail and wind flow patterns in Hellas, wind flow in the vicinity of Olympus Mons, and a comparison of the 1972 and 1976 wind streak patterns.
The dimensional effects of missing information on choice processing

This paper demonstrates that choice processing may be different in missing information situations than in full information situations depending on whether inferences are used to fill in missing values and the overlap of the missing information itself. It is shown that when individuals do not form inferences to fill in missing values, fewer full attribute-based processes and more processes which accommodate for missing attribute values, alternative-based or given-dimension attribute-based, are used. It is also shown that when a processing shift due to missing information does occur, the overlap of the missing values will affect the type of shift that takes place. If overlap is high, a shift to given-dimension attribute-based processing is more likely, and when overlap is low, a shift to alternative-based processing is more likely. When individuals do form inferences to fill in missing values, processing is more similar to that in full information situations. Finally, it is shown that individuals will often partially fill in missing information, thus moderating the proposed effects.
Plasma Epstein-Barr virus immunoglobulin A and DNA for nasopharyngeal carcinoma screening in the United States.

ObjectiveTo examine the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) IgA and DNA assays as a screening tool for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in a nonendemic US population.Study Design and SettingProspective study pe...
Topically applied verapamil hydrochloride inhibits tuberculin-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in human skin

Calcium channel antagonists have been reported to possess inhibitory effects on lymphocyte migration and activation in vitro, and on cell-mediated immune reactions in the skin of experimental animals. We have therefore studied the effects of topically applied 8% (w/v) verapamil hydrochloride in propylene glycol on tuberculin-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in the skin of normal human volunteers. There was significant inhibition of the tuberculin reactions by the verapamil preparation compared to vehicle controls, as determined by forearm skin fold thickness measurement and assessment of the density of mononuclear cell infiltrates in skin biopsies. The precise mechanism of action of verapamil hydrochloride remains unclear, but could include effects on T-cell migration and activation, on antigen-presenting cells, and/or on other cells. The potential for the use of topical calcium channel antagonist preparations in inflammatory skin diseases warrants further study.
Lead optimization of 2-(piperidin-3-yl)-1H-benzimidazoles: Identification of 2-morpholin- and 2-thiomorpholin-2-yl-1H-benzimidazoles as selective and CNS penetrating H1-antihistamines for insomnia

Abstract The structure–activity relationships of 2-(piperidin-3-yl)-1H-benzimidazoles, 2-morpholine and 2-thiomorpholin-2-yl-1H-benzimidazoles are described. In the lead optimization process, the pKa and/or log P of benzimidazole analogs were reduced either by attachment of polar substituents to the piperidine nitrogen or incorporation of heteroatoms into the piperidine heterocycle. Compounds 9a and 9b in the morpholine series and 10g in the thiomorpholine series demonstrated improved selectivity and CNS profiles compared to lead compound 2 and these are potential candidates for evaluation as sedative hypnotics.
Liposome characterization with fluorescence cumulant analysis

ABSTRACT Liposomes are self-assembled spherical vesicles comprised of a lipid bilayer membrane that segregates an internal aqueous environment from an external aq ueous environment. These nanometer-scale structures have demonstrated potential for targeted drug delivery applications. For liposomes to be useful in vivo , the liposome size and dosage of molecules contained within them needs to be controlled. We present here a fluorescence-based technique for characterizing the re lative encapsulation efficiency, leakage rate, and shelf life of liposome formulations. We report results from three different liposome solutions over a period of two months that show the liposome brightness remains stable while the background dye concentration increases. These parameters may prove useful for op timizing the liposome formation process. Keywords: nanotechnology, biosystems and health, liposomes, microfluidics, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, fluorescence cumulant analysis 1. INTRODUCTION
Nonadiabatic phase-matrix method for vibrational excitation and dissociative attachment in electron-molecule scattering.

The {ital R}-matrix theory of vibronic processes in electron-molecule scattering is developed from a generalized variational formalism, valid for any enclosed system of interacting particles with different mass parameters. The question of choice of variational basis functions is discussed, examining practical reasons for using basis functions that do not have specified boundary values or normal gradients on the boundary surface of the enclosed volume. A nonadiabatic theory is derived in which the vibronic {ital R} matrix, including channels describing dissociation processes, is deduced from the fixed-nuclei electronic {ital R} matrix, given as a function of electronic energy and internuclear distance. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: The use of different definitions of the metabolic syndrome has led to inconsistent results on the association between the metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease. We examined the association between the metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease. METHODS: A MEDLINE search (1966-April 2005) was conducted to identify prospective studies that examined the association between the metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease. Information on sample size, participant characteristics, metabolic syndrome definition, follow-up duration, and endpoint assessment was abstracted. RESULTS: Data from 21 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included. Individuals with the metabolic syndrome, compared to those without, had an increased mortality from all causes (relative risk [RR] 1.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17-1.56) and cardiovascular disease (RR 1.74; 95% CI, 1.29-2.35); as well as an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease (RR 1.53; 95% CI, 1.26-1.87), coronary heart disease (RR 1.52; 95% CI, 1.37-1.69) and stroke (RR 1.76; 95% CI, 1.37-2.25). The relative risk of cardiovascular disease associated with the metabolic syndrome was higher in women compared with men and higher in studies that used the World Health Organization definition compared with studies that used the Adult Treatment Panel III definition. CONCLUSION: This analysis strongly suggests that the metabolic syndrome is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality, as well as all-cause mortality. The detection, prevention, and treatment of the underlying risk factors of the metabolic syndrome should become an important approach for the reduction of the cardiovascular disease burden in the general population.
Precision and accuracy of computed tomography foot measurements

Abstract Smith KE, Commean PK, Robertson DD, Pilgram T, Mueller MJ. Precision and accuracy of computed tomography foot measurements. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:925-9. Objective: To test the accuracy and precision of computed tomography (CT) imaging for describing the 3-dimensional structure of the foot in patients with diabetes mellitus and peripheral neuropathy. Design: Experimental, test-retest. Setting: Clinical CT scanner at a local hospital. Specimens: Two tissue-equivalent phantoms and 6 cadaver feet. Main Outcome Measures: Measurements taken from CT data of phantoms and cadaver feet were compared with physical (caliper) measurements. The feasibility of creating a computer-aided design/rapid prototyping 3-dimensional model from CT data was assessed by using 1 cadaver foot. Results: No bias was found for phantom or cadaver CT measurements compared with caliper measurements. The mean difference between repeat scans of cadaver feet (1 observer) was 0.1 ± 0.8mm and between observers, 0.4 ± 0.8mm. Comparing caliper measurements of the rapid prototype model and actual foot measurements revealed an error of 0.3 ± 0.4mm. Conclusion: CT-based 3-dimensional imaging produced accurate and precise foot measurements, enabling description of internal and external structures. This capability will be coupled with plantar pressure measurements to improve our understanding and treatment of foot ulcers in people with diabetes. © 2001 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
An alternative to Chomsky's radical nativism

Abstract In recent years, a number of prominent psychologists such as Jerome Bruner and Jean Piaget have expressed opposition to Chomskyan nativism as an explanation of how human beings learn languages. On close examination, it is found that Chomsky's argumentation that led him to formulate his peculiar version of the nativistic hypothesis is deficient at a number of points: (1) his argumentation from the syntax of natural languages is incorrect, (2) his argument from the ‘degenerate’ data available to the child learning a language is based on insufficient data, and (3) his argument requires belief in the largely unsupportable hypothesis of Lamarckian evolution. As a result, an alternative is suggested based on the works of Piagetian and neo-Piagetian scholars and the two-stage hypothesis of Gallagher.
Influence over observers of structural power : An experimental investigation

Research in network exchange theory and status characteristics theory that distinguishes power from influence has proven productive, but leaves open the question of whether a causal relationship exists between these two central, sociological concepts. Past research has found that structural power in exchange increases expectations for competent performance of the power user on a subsequent cooperative task. However, once the power advantage has been removed, previous research has failed to find increased influence of power users, perhaps because those subjected to power use react negatively to perceptions of the high-power actor as selfish or greedy. In society, the results of power used on relatively few people can be observed by many who may not react negatively to the power use because they are not directly exploited. Thus we predicted that observers of power processes would form high expectations for the competence of, and be influenced by, power users. An experimental study supported the predictions: A partner who had been in a high-power position had more influence over observers than did a partner who had been in a low-power position. An interaction was found such that the high-power partner had more influence over observers of power in strong-power networks, but not in weak-power networks.
Terms of Trade, Tariffs, and Labor Market Adjustment in Developing Countries

A three-goods model (importables, exportables, and nontradables) is used to analyze labor market adjustment to changes in the terms of trade and import tariffs for a small, open economy. First, a three-goods, four-factor model (labor, and capital specific to each sector) is developed and used to investigate how an exogenously generated change in a country's terms of trade affects labor allocation and wages in the short run. Next, a more traditional three-goods, two-factor model is used to examine the effects in the long run. The analysis is carried out under alternative assumptions regarding wage flexibility : full flexibility, economy-wide real wage rigidity, and sector-specific real wage rigidity.
Canonical Pattern Ramsey Numbers

A color pattern is a graph whose edges have been partitioned into color classes. A family [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.] of color patterns is a Ramsey family provided there is some sufficiently large integer N such that in any edge coloring of the complete graph K N there is an (isomorphic) copy of at least one of the patterns from [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.]. The smallest such N is the Ramsey number of the family [InlineMediaObject not available: see fulltext.]. The classical Canonical Ramsey theorem of Erd?s and Rado asserts that the family of color patterns is a Ramsey family if it consists of monochromatic, rainbow (totally multicolored) and lexically colored complete graphs. In this paper we treat the asymmetric case by studying the Ramsey number of families containing a rainbow triangle, a lexically colored complete graph and a fixed arbitrary monochromatic graph. In particular we give asymptotically tight bounds for the Ramsey number of a family consisting of rainbow and monochromatic triangle and a lexically colored K N . Among others, we prove some canonical Ramsey results for cycles.
Activation of transcription factor SAF involves its phosphorylation by protein kinase C

The transcription factor serum amyloid A (SAA)-activating factor (SAF), a family of zinc finger proteins, plays a significant role in the induced expression of the SAA gene. Activity of SAF is regulated by a phosphorylation event involving serine/threonine protein kinase (Ray, A., Schatten, H., and Ray, B. K. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 4300-4308; Ray, A., and Ray, B. K. (1998) Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 7327-7335). However, the identity of the protein kinase has so far remained unknown. Induction of SAA by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, a known agonist of protein kinase C (PKC), suggested a potential role of the PKC signaling pathway in the activation process. The DNA binding activity of endogenous SAF was increased by agonists of PKC. In vitro phosphorylation of SAF-1 by PKC-beta markedly increased its DNA binding ability. Consistent with these findings, treatment of cells with activators of PKC or overexpression of PKC-betaII in transfected cells increased expression of an SAF-regulated promoter. Further analysis with a GAL4 reporter system indicated that PKC-mediated phosphorylation mostly increases the DNA binding activity of SAF-1. Together these data indicated that the PKC signaling pathway plays a major role in controlling expression of SAF-regulated genes by increasing the interaction between promoter DNA and phosphorylated SAF.
Stress analysis and failure prediction in the proximal femur before and after total hip replacement.

An investigation was performed to determine the effects of the presence of two lengths of proximal Muller prosthesis on predicted failure loads, as compared to those for an intact femur. Three-dimensional stresses in a bone/cement/prosthesis system were determined using finite element methods, with both isotropic and transversely isotropic material properties used for the diaphyseal cortex. Significant increases in prosthesis stem stresses were found when the transversely isotropic material properties were employed in the diaphyseal cortex. This leads to the conclusion that accurate anisotropic material properties for bone are essential for precise stress determination and optimum design in prosthetic implants. Failure loads were also predicted for vertical compression and axial torque, similar to available experimental conditions, and were within the range of the experimental failure data found in the literature. The technique developed herein can be used to systematically assess existing as well as future implant designs, taking into account the complex three-dimensional interaction effects of the overall bone/cement/prosthesis system.
Using Student Task Groups to Teach Group Process and Development

This article discusses an experiential assignment used in a group work course. Student groups meet throughout the semester with the task of developing a major group presentation. The assignment has the dual purpose of increasing student knowledge of diverse group approaches and providing opportunities to experience, identify, and apply group work concepts to their small-group experiences. The article uses excerpts from students' discussions about their group experiences to demonstrate the effectiveness of the assignment. Three primary themes are explored: (1) group development and emerging norms and roles, (2) issues of leadership, and (3) the role of conflict in the groups.
Predation of Mansonia (Diptera : Culicidae) by native mosquitofish in Southern Florida

In experimental tanks and wading pools, the mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki reduced densities of Mansonia larvae which, because of their attachment to the roots of aquatic plants, have been regarded previously as relatively impervious to predation. Exoskeletal remains of larval Mansonia were recovered from 43.5% of stomachs dissected from G. holbrooki , but not from Heterandria formosa (least killifish) collected from two undisturbed ponds covered with water lettuce ( Pistia stratiotes L.). After 24 h in aquaria exposed to ambient light, predation by G. holbrooki reduced densities of Mansonia on water lettuce to one-third that of controls but in the dark, no significant differences were observed. In reduced light, densities of second- and fourth-instar Mansonia were reduced significantly after 1 wk of exposure to G. holbrooki . Video recordings of predation in aquaria revealed that G. holbrooki glean water lettuce roots to locate attached Mansonia and also capture free-swimming, dislodged larvae.
A Model for Some Class of Operators

In this paper, a model for the class \({\fancyscript{F}}\) of pure operators A on a Hilbert space \({\mathcal{H}}\) satisfying $$(A^mx, A^ny)=0\quad \text{for}\, x, y \in[A^*,A]\mathcal{H}, m \neq n, m, n=0, 1, 2, \ldots$$ is established. A formula for the Pincus principal function of the semi-normal operators in \({\fancyscript{F}}\) is given. Especially, the model for the pure hyponormal operators with rank one self-commutators and with rotational invariant Pincus principal functions is studied.
Study on the Effects of Femoral Muscle Forces on Performance of Internal Fixation Devices Utilizing a Simulation Based Approach

Fractures of the distal femur are severe traumatic injuries that are treated with the utilization of internal fixation devices. Current preclinical device designs have primarily been investigated without observance of femoral muscle group effects — in addition to joint hip reaction forces — and irregular geometry of the human femora. This has led to a need to optimize the performance and fit of internal fixation devices to produce maximal reliability and structural integrity. The present study utilizes a systematic design approach that employs computer-aided modeling, robust design methodology, finite element methods, and optimization processes for a femoral locking plate system. In doing so, a computer-aided model was constructed to illustrate a distal femoral fracture fixation system. Femoral muscle force directions and magnitudes associated with a normal walking gait cycle were inputted into the system to simulate realistic loading conditions. In conjunction with finite element methods, the model was used to assess stress and strain distributions along the femur, femoral plate, and screws. Subsequently, optimization processes were then employed to assess the effects of varying device geometric parameters and bone topology on the bone-implant stress distributions and overall device design. The proposed simulation-based optimization process was able to yield a more accurate representation of the biomechanics within the bone-implant interaction by taking into consideration the substantial effects of femoral muscle groups. In doing so, a robust device design is developed which improves overall performance via minimizing weight and maximizing overall factor of safety.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Sources of Output Change in the U.S. Economy

Output changes in the U.S. economy from 1972 to 1977 are analyzed using a 477-sector input-output framework. The empirical model is based on benchmark data from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Commodity output changes are attributed to technical change, import substitution, changes in domestic final demand, and changes in export demand. Special attention is given to the importance of international trade and the patterns of change observed in rapidly growing and declining sectors. The results indicate that 71 percent of the sectors lost domestic market share to imports, but on balance international trade contributed to positive output change through increased exports. Technology changes became increasingly important in sectors of the economy experiencing either rapid growth or decline. Conversely, final demand, exports, and import substitution generally appeared to be most important in the slowly changing sectors. These findings confirm and expand on earlier work that indicated a dominant role for technology changes in explaining output changes in emerging and declining industries.
Cortical polarization effects on consolidation of avoidance learning in rats

Anodal and cathodal cortical polarization, previously hypothesized to be effective in influencing learning consolidation, was s given to 18 rats following a learning task. Results showed significant difference in, performance as a function of the direction of current flow.
Fc receptors specific for IgE on subpopulations of human lymphocytes and monocytes.

Abstract Fc receptors for IgE (Fcϵ) were detected on human lymphocytes and monocytes by rosette assays employing ox (E0) or chicken (Ec) erythrocytes coated with human myeloma IgE. Peripheral blood from normal donors contained 1.2 ± 0.6% Fc ϵ + lymphocytes and 23 ± 8% Fc ϵ + monocytes. Over 90% of the Fc ϵ + lymphocytes were B cells that did not have Fc receptors for IgG (Fcγ). Patients with severe atopic disease and highly elevated IgE levels had significantly higher percentages (7.0 ± 2.0%) of Fc ϵ + lymphocytes. Cells from 18 of 28 established human B lymphoblastoid cell lines were Fc ϵ + ; 16 of these were Fc γ − and only two were Fc ϵ + and Fc γ + . The affinity of monomeric IgE for Fcϵ receptors on cultured lymphoblastoid cells was relatively low (106–107 L/M), and the IgE rapidly washed off the cells. Monocytes specifically phagocytosed and lysed IgE-coated 51Cr-labeled Ec. These data provide evidence that Fc receptors for IgE are found not only on mast cells and basophilic granulocytes but also on lymphocytes and monocytes. The affinity of monomeric IgE to the Fc receptors of these cell types is much lower than that to mast cells and basophilic granulocytes. The function of Fcϵ receptors on monocytes is most likely promotion of phagocytosis and lysis of IgE-coated target cells. Fc receptors for IgE on lymphocytes may play a role in the regulation of IgE synthesis.
Synthesis and evaluation of lead telluride/bismuth antimony telluride nanocomposites for thermoelectric applications

Abstract Heterogeneous nanocomposites of p-type bismuth antimony telluride (Bi2−xSbxTe3) with lead telluride (PbTe) nanoinclusions have been prepared by an incipient wetness impregnation approach. The Seebeck coefficient, electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity and Hall coefficient were measured from 80 to 380 K in order to investigate the influence of PbTe nanoparticles on the thermoelectric performance of nanocomposites. The Seebeck coefficients and electrical resistivities of nanocomposites decrease with increasing PbTe nanoparticle concentration due to an increased hole concentration. The lattice thermal conductivity decreases with the addition of PbTe nanoparticles but the total thermal conductivity increases due to the increased electronic thermal conductivity. We conclude that the presence of nanosized PbTe in the bulk Bi2−xSbxTe3 matrix results in a collateral doping effect, which dominates transport properties. This study underscores the need for immiscible systems to achieve the decreased thermal transport properties possible from nanostructuring without compromising the electronic properties.
Electronic Spectrum of the Gallium Dimer

A study of the electronic spectrum of the gallium dimer in the 33 600-36 800 cm - 1 spectral range is presented. The dimer was prepared in a pulsed, free-jet supersonic beam and detected by laser fluorescence excitation and depletion spectroscopy. All observed excited vibronic levels predissociate, and the transitions were detected by observation of Ga 5s → 4p atomic emission. Four excited-state progressions were observed, and it was possible to assign the excited-state vibrational quantum numbers on the basis of observed isotope shifts for two of the four progressions. Through comparison of the results with available quantum chemical calculations, these two progressions were assigned as electronic transitions to the 3 3 Πg and 2 1 Πg states from the ground X 3 Π u state. A Franck-Condon analysis was performed to determine the equilibrium internuclear separation of the 3 3 Π g state. An upper limit for the Ga 2 dissociation energy, D e " < 8891 cm - 1 , was derived. This bound is consistent with previous experimental and computational estimates of the dissociation energy.
UNDERSTANDING THE CIVIC ACTIVITIES OF THE RESIDENTS OF INNER-CITY NEIGHBORHOODS: TWO CASE STUDIES

A survey of 102 residents of two inner-city areas in New Jersey that are stressed by crime, blight, and other serious problems measured residents' values and activities in support of their neighborhoods. Strong values were associated with older female respondents who had strong religious convictions and who did not trust science and experts. Multiple neighborhood actions were prevalent among older respondents who did not trust science and experts, were optimistic, had a strong internal sense of control, had taken actions to protect their personal health, and were troubled by abandoned houses in the neighborhood. Thirteen of the 102 respondents had taken many actions, had strong values, and shared similar personality and demographic attributes. The characteristics of this multiple activity group are compared to conventional assertions about the characteristics of Americans engaged in civic activities.
Changse in protein and ribonucleic acid during the formation of chloroplasts in Euglena gracilis

Abstract Etiolated Euglena gracilis cells can form chloroplasts in the absence of growth and without the net synthesis of protein and ribonucleic acid. During this process, approximately 17% of the cellular proteins appear in the chlorplasts fraction. Only the supernatant fraction shows a significant decrease, and it is tentatively concluded that the chloroplastic proteins originate in the latter fraction. The ribonucleic acid distribution in the cell is little changed. The development of chloroplasts appears to be linked with a stimulation of the uptake of adenine by the ribonucleic acid and of leucine by the protein. These stimulations are apparent in all fractions of the cells. It is concluded that no preferential synthesis of protein and RNA occurs in the chloroplasts during their final development. The formation of specific ribonucleic acid molecules during the process is indicated.
Serglycin Proteoglycan Synthesis in the Murine Uterine Decidua and Early Embryo

This study has explored the localization and synthesis of the serglycin proteoglycan in the murine embryo and uterine decidua during midgestation. Embryos in deciduae were subjected to in situ hybridization with cRNA probes and to immunohistochemical detection with a specific antibody against murine serglycin. Adherent decidual cell cultures were prepared from freshly isolated deciduae. Proteoglycan biosynthesis was investigated by labeling intact deciduae and decidual cultures with (35)S-sulfate. Serglycin mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization throughout the mesometrial portion and at the periphery of the antimesometrial portion of the decidua at Embryonic Day (E) 8.5, and in the parietal endoderm surrounding the embryo. Serglycin mRNA was detected in fetal liver at E11.5-E14.5. Serglycin was detected by immunohistochemistry in decidua and parietal endoderm at E8.5 and in liver at E13.5. Most of the proteoglycans synthesized by cultured intact deciduae (78%) and adherent decidual cultures (91%) were secreted into the medium. Serglycin proteoglycan may play an important role in uterine decidual function during early postimplantation development.
THE INTERNAL DRAIN AND BANK CREDIT EXPANSION

ONE OF THE MOST MENTIONED and least analyzed monetary forces in recent years has been the internal drain-sometimes called the cash drain-which is the loss of bank reserves arising from increases of currency and coin in circulation outside the Treasury and Federal Reserve Banks. During the war years, both the absolute volume of currency in circulation and its proportion to demand deposits reached record levels for this century, attracting notice in the business press as well as in Federal Reserve publications, and even eliciting a sentence or two in postwar money and banking texts. Indeed, the wartime reduction of the minimum ratio of gold certificates to Federal Reserve notes and deposits was necessitated, according to the Board of Governors, by the extraordinary drain of currency into circulation.' Despite these facts, the discussion of the internal drain seems to have been-and to be-restricted to enumeration of probable reasons why it became so large during World War II. The present writer has been unable to find a single analysis conducted for the purpose of explaining the significance of the internal drain for bank credit expansion during and since the war, hence its significance for monetary policy in the period. This paper, then, is an attempt to attract attention to the need for such analy-
A-dependence of nuclear transparency in quasielastic A(e, ef'p) at high Q2

The A-dependence of the quasielastic A(e,e'p) reaction has been studied at SLAC with ^2H, C, Fe, and Au nuclei at momentum transfers Q^2 = 1, 3, 5, and 6.8 (GeV/c)2. We extract the nuclear transparency T(A,Q^2), a measure of the average probability that the struck proton escapes from the nucleus A without interaction. Several calculations predict a significant increase in T with momentum transfer, a phenomenon known as Color Transparency. Within the measurement uncertainty, no increase is seen for any of the nuclei studied.
Multilevel Performance Indicators for Multisectoral Networks and Management

Assessing public network performance is conceptually and methodologically challenging, because it is difficult to account for a public network’s multidimensional characteristics. This is one of the...
Resistance to extinction following shifts in reward magnitude

Three groups of 12 rats each were trained to run a straight alley for four trials per day for 12 days with reward being three food pellets, followed by 10 additional days of training (4 trials/day). During the latter period, Ss in Group 3 — 3 continued to receive three pellets as reward on each trial. For the remaining Ss three of the four daily training trials were also followed by three pellets reward, but for Group 3 — 9 one daily trial was reinforced with nine pellets while for Group 3 — 1 one daily trial was reinforced with a single pellet. During a final single day of 20 extinction trials, Ss in Group 3 — 1 performed at a higher level than Ss in either Group 3 — 9 or 3 — 3, while no significant difference in resistance to extinction was observed for the latter groups. These results were interpreted as consistent with the frustration theory of extinction and partial reinforcement.
Approximate Solutions for Partially Observable Stochastic Games with Common Payoffs

Partially observable decentralized decision making in robot teams is fundamentally different from decision making in fully observable problems. Team members cannot simply apply single-agent solution techniques in parallel. Instead, we must turn to game theoretic frameworks to correctly model the problem. While partially observable stochastic games (POSGs) provide a solution model for decentralized robot teams, this model quickly becomes intractable. We propose an algorithm that approximates POSGs as a series of smaller, related Bayesian games, using heuristics such as QMDP to provide the future discounted value of actions. This algorithm trades off limited look-ahead in uncertainty for computational feasibility, and results in policies that are locally optimal with respect to the selected heuristic. Empirical results are provided for both a simple problem for which the full POSG can also be constructed, as well as more complex, robot-inspired, problems.
Min-Entropy leakage of channels in cascade

Theories of quantitative information flow offer an attractive framework for analyzing confidentiality in practical systems, which often cannot avoid "small" leaks of confidential information. Recently there has been growing interest in the theory of min-entropy leakage, which measures uncertainty based on a random variable's vulnerability to being guessed in one try by an adversary. Here we contribute to this theory by studying the min-entropy leakage of systems formed by cascading two channels together, using the output of the first channel as the input to the second channel. After considering the semantics of cascading carefully and exposing some technical subtleties, we prove that the min-entropy leakage of a cascade of two channels cannot exceed the leakage of the first channel; this result is a min-entropy analogue of the classic data-processing inequality. We show however that a comparable bound does not hold for the second channel. We then consider the min-capacity, or maximum leakage over all a priori distributions, showing that the min-capacity of a cascade of two channels cannot exceed the min-capacity of either channel.
Divergent Paths: Economic Mobility in the New American Labor Market . By Annette Bernhardt, Martina Morris, Mark S. Handcock, and Marc A. Scott. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001. Pp. x, 267. $32.50.

Little mentioned in the huge literature on rising wage inequality in the United States is the distinction between permanent and transitory differences across individuals. Transitory differences can perhaps be cushioned by borrowing and saving, but permanent differences cannot, so we should care whether the large increase in measured inequality represents transitory or permanent components. Unfortunately, permanent and transitory components of wages cannot be separated using the cross-sectional data employed by most researchers.
Liquid crystal composites with a high percentage of gold nanoparticles

We have reported in our previous work that doping low concentrations (up to 10% by weight) of gold nanoparticles (GNP) in a polar nematic 4’-hexyl-4-biphenylcarbonitrile (HBPCN) increases the dielectric anisotropy, while the switching voltage and times, and the nematic–isotropic liquid (IL) transition point of the mixtures are not affected by doped nanoparticles. In the current work we extend our study of the behaviour of HBPCN doped with higher than 10% GNP. We show that at certain gold concentrations – 35% and 45% – the nematic–IL phase transition point increases by 15°C in comparison with the pure nematic value. At the same concentrations the dielectric anisotropy increases from its value for the pure nematic by about 2.2 times for 35% and twice for 45%. Also, the threshold voltage increases by 0.2 V for 35% and decreases by 0.15 V for 45%. However, the switching-off times decrease for both concentrations: 7 ms for 35% and 12 ms for 45%. We propose that the described effects of doped GNP on the propert...
Management and production of the brown algae Ascophyllum nodosum in the Canadian maritimes

Commercial exploitation of Ascophyllum nodosum (rockweed) along the coast of Nova Scotia began in the late 1950s when it was used as a raw material for manufacturing alginate and “kelp” meal. Today, this resource is used as a biostimulant extract for crops and animal feed supplements and is the main economic resource of the seaweed industry in the Maritime Provinces and Canada. The management of rockweed, by dividing the resource into many sectors, permitted the assessment of yield per unit area of bed. In Nova Scotia, mechanical harvesting of A. nodosum operated on a pulse of 2- to 3-year schedule providing yields of 21.9 to 47.7 wet t ha−1 averaging 35.3 ± 7.6 wet t ha−1. Acadian Seaplants Limited (ASL) has become the dominant player in the region since 1995 with more than 75% of the total biomass under its leases and more than 90% of the total landing of rockweed in the last 13 years. Sustained harvests at ASL leases and under an annual harvest schedule using hand cutting methods have averaged 17.4 ± 2.6 t ha−1. Exploitation rates above 35% of the harvestable crop lead to a pulse harvest strategy and the need to move infrastructure year after year. In New Brunswick, a new approach to management began in 1995 with a regulated 17% exploitation rate. Thus, the yield in that province is 14.3 wet t ha−1. The current summer standing crop for this region has been calculated at 352,723 wet t, covering an area of 4,960 ha, with an average biomass of 71.3 t ha−1. The harvest in the region reached peak landings in 2010 with just over 40,100 t. The consistent yield per hectare of A. nodosum beds is proof of good management practices and an ecologically sustainable harvest in the Canadian Maritimes.
Effects of Ligand Exchange Reactions on the Composition of Cd1-yZnyTe Grown by Metalorganic Vapor-Phase Epitaxy

The metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE) of cadmium zinc telluride (Cd1-yZnyTe) from dimethylcadmium (DMCd), dimethylzinc (DMZn), diethylzinc (DEZn), and diisopropyltelluride (DIPTe) was studied using on-line infrared spectroscopy to monitor the feed and effluent gases. The film composition was measured by X-ray diffraction. No zinc was incorporated into the film when DMCd and DMZn were used due to the very low reactivity of the latter compound. When DMCd and DEZn are tried, the films were nonuniform with Cd-rich films deposited at the reactor inlet and Zn-rich films deposited near the reactor outlet. This film profile was due to alkyl ligand exchange reactions between the group II precursors in the feed, producing DMZn, methylethylzinc (MEZn), methylethylcadmium (MECd), and diethylcadmium (DECd). The decomposition rates of these precursors vary over a wide range with DECd reacting at a 250 K lower temperature than DMZn. Since the organocadmium compounds were consumed at a much faster rate, CdTe was d...