cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatially discordant alternans (SDAs) in intracellular calcium in paced quasi-1D cardiac tissue

We characterize the development of calcium alternans in a long thin strip of cardiac tissue (cell monolayer). Our findings are compared to predictions of theoretical models about parameter profiles over space and nodal locations. We find that fine discordant regions emerge before macroscale propagation is visibly disturbed. SDA regions as small as 1-2 pixels are found and transitions between regions seem instantaneous in some cases, i.e. within the spatial resolution of the system (44 mm). These fine SDA regions (fSDA) differ from our findings when synchronized large-scale SDA regions emerge (ISDA), where transition/nodal lines tend to be in the mm-range and the regions are at least a couple of millimeters in size. On the other hand, these results are in accord with theoretical predictions about the ability of intracellular calcium to alternate at a very fine scale. Our data show that fSDAs and ISDA differ in magnitude, spatial scale and level of spatial coherence; same samples can exhibit f SDA and ISDA at a higher pacing frequency. We discuss differences in the spatial distribution of major parameters of SDA between experiments and theory.
A systematic construction of irregular low-density parity-check codes from combinatorial designs

In this paper, we propose an algorithm to design an irregular low-density parity-check (LDPC) code, with a given degree distribution pair, from a combinatorially constructed regular LDPC code. Richardson et al., (2001) showed that long LDPC codes from irregular bipartite graphs with carefully chosen degree distribution pair performed very close to the Shannon capacity limit. It is known that the cyclic or quasicyclic property of regular LDPC codes, constructed from combinatorial designs Colbourn, J et al., (1996), helps to simplify their encoding procedure and also facilitates a memory-efficient storage of the codes. The proposed algorithm involves splitting columns and rows of a regular LDPC code systematically in order to achieve an irregular code with a given distribution pair. Also, this algorithm is a useful alternative to random generation of irregular codes because it enables to exploit the structural properties of the regular code in efficiently storing the resultant irregular code.
Effect of growth rate and CO2 concentration on carbon isotopic fractionation by the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum

The carbon isotopic composition (δ 13 C) of the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum was measured over a series of growth rates (μ) in a chemostat system in which both the δ 13 C and the concentration of aqueous CO 2 [CP 2 (aq)] were measured. CO 2 (aq) ranged from 0.64 to 35 μmol kg -1 and growth rates from 0.5 to 1.4 d-'. e p , the biological fractionation factor associated with carbon fixation, was found to be a nonlinear function of μ/CO 2 (aq), contrary to the predictions of a model that assumes that CO 2 enters the cell by passive diffusion. The experimental results suggest that active uptake of bicarbonate does not account for the nonlinearity of the relationship and that inorganic carbon enters the cell as CO 2 . The data are very well described by a theoretical model that assumes that P. tricornutum regulates the CO 2 concentration in its cytoplasm so as to minimize the energy required to concentrate CO 2 at the site of carboxylation. This is probably achieved by active uptake of CO 2 or by conversion of bicarbonate to CO 2 by an external carbonic anhydrase followed by transport of the CO 2 into the cell via either active transport or passive diffusion. Based on the model and data, p/CO 2 (aq) = 0.225 X [(26.8 - e P )/(e P - 5.5)] kg d -1 μmol -1 . This equation accounts for 92% of the variance in the μ/CO 2 (aq) data. The model has potential utility for estimating phytoplankton growth rates in field studies without incubations and has important implications for the estimation of ancient CO 2 (aq) from the δ 13 C of preserved organic compounds.
Electron beam characteristics of a laser-driven plasma wakefield accelerator

The properties of an electron beam trapped and accelerated in a laser wake"eld have been investigated. Plastic scintillating "bers were employed together with position sensitive photomultiplier tubes (PMT) and a series of dipole electro-magnets to study the beam. The measured momentum spectrum peaks around 7 MeV/c with an exponential fall-o! at high momenta up to (70.3$19.9) MeV/c. The number of electrons detected per bunch is determined to be (2.6$0.3)]1011. ( 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
50-nm fully depleted SOI CMOS technology with HfO/sub 2/ gate dielectric and TiN gate

In this paper, we demonstrate for the first time CMOS thin-film metal gate FDSOI devices using HfO/sub 2/ gate dielectric at the 50-nm physical gate length. Symmetric V/sub T/ is achieved for long-channel nMOS and pMOS devices using midgap TiN single metal gate with undoped channel and high-k dielectric. The devices show excellent performance with a I/sub on/=500 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m and I/sub off/=10 nA//spl mu/m at V/sub DD/=1.2 V for nMOSFET and I/sub on/=212 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m and I/sub off/=44 pA//spl mu/m at V/sub DD/=-1.2 V for pMOSFET, with a CET=30 /spl Aring/ and a gate length of 50 nm. DIBL and SS values as low as 70 mV/V nand 77 mV/dec, respectively, are obtained with a silicon film thickness of 14 nm. Ring oscillators with 15 ps stage delay at V/sub DD/=1.2 V are also realized.
p27Kip1 and p21Cip1 Are Not Required for the Formation of Active D Cyclin-cdk4 Complexes

Our studies address questions pertaining to the regulation of D cyclin-cdk4 activity, and the following results were obtained. Conditions that increased the abundance of the D cyclins also increased the abundance of enzymatically active D cyclin-cdk4 complexes in mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking both p27Kip1 and p21Cip1 (p27/p21−/−). Such conditions included ectopic expression of cyclin D1 and inhibition of D cyclin degradation by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. However, as determined by treatment of wild-type MEFs with MG132, maximal accumulation of D cyclin-cdk4 complexes required p27Kip1 and p21Cip1 and coincided with the formation of inactive D cyclin-cdk4-p27Kip1 or -p21Cip1 complexes. p27Kip1 or p21Cip1 also increased the abundance of D cyclin-cdk4 complexes and reduced amounts of cdk4 activity when ectopically expressed in p27/p21−/− MEFs. Lastly, increases in the stability of the D cyclins accounted for their greater abundance in wild-type MEFs than in p27/p21−/− MEFs. We conclude that (i) D cyclin-cdk4 complexes are formed and become active in the absence of p27Kip1 and p21Cip1 and (ii) p27Kip1 and p21Cip1 maximize the accumulation but inhibit the activity of D cyclin-cdk4 complexes. We suggest that D cyclin-cdk4 complexes are more stable when bound to p27Kip1 or p21Cip1 and that formation of ternary complexes also stabilizes the D cyclins.
Origin of disturbances in cocurrent gas‐liquid packed bed flows

Visual, video, pressure, and conductance techniques were used to study time-varying disturbances in cocurrent flow in packed beds with vertical and horizontal columns. It is found that the trickle-pulse transition, as defined in previous studies, corresponds to conditions where traveling disturbances finaly become measurable, not the conditions at which infinitesimal disturbances begin to grow. Observations demonstrate that even if the liquid and gas are uniformly distributed initially, segregated, vertical flowing regions with higher or lower than average liquid holdup form after a short distance. Horizontal packed bed experiments, designed to study how regions of differing liquid holdup interact, indicate that the first type of disturbance is infiltration of gas into the liquid region. A simple model suggests that infiltration occurs if the pressure drop exceeds a value necessary to push gas through liquid-filled pores. Once infiltration is significant enough to form a third “bubbly” phase, traveling wave instabilities form and grow into pulses if sufficient column length is available. A three-layer Kelving-Helmholtz stability model is used to interpret the growth of disturbances in horizontal flows. Video obeservations of small-scale events in the bed failed to detect significant correlations between different regions. Thus it should be possible to describe flow behaviour in these systems with volum-averaged equations, as long as the presence of segregated regions is considered. Column diameter or thickness significantly affects the frequency of disturbances.
Selection of an automated library system for the University of Wisconsin cluster

Description de la procedure de selection d'un systeme automatise pour la gestion de bibliotheque, par le groupe des bibliotheques de l'universite du Wisconsin
Phosphaturic effect of L-NMMA in the presence of parathyroid hormone

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) on phosphate excretion in the presence and absence of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Renal clearances were obtained before and during infusion of L-NMMA (15 mg/kg bolus and 500 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 infusion) in Sprague-Dawley rats with intact parathyroid glands (n = 6), in thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats receiving a constant infusion of PTH-(1-34) (0.01-0.03 U.kg-1.min-1) (n = 11) throughout the experiment, or in TPTX rats, that received an acute infusion of PTH-(1-34) (33 U/kg bolus and 1 U.kg-1.min-1 infusion) after L-NMMA infusion alone (n = 7). In rats with intact parathyroid glands, L-NMMA increased the fractional excretions of phosphate (FEPi) and sodium (FENa) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) (delta 8.6 +/- 1.5%, delta 0.62 +/- 0.1%, and delta 26.7 +/- 4.9 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.05). In TPTX rats receiving a constant infusion of PTH, L-NMMA again increased FEPi, FENa, and MAP (delta 9.5 +/- 3.6%, delta 1.1 +/- 0.4%, and delta 28.4 +/- 4.5 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.05). However, in TPTX rats, L-NMMA alone did not increase FEPi (delta 0.9 +/- 0.3%), whereas the subsequent infusion of PTH with L-NMMA increased FEPi (delta 15.6 +/- 3.1%; P < 0.05). In an additional group of intact and TPTX rats, the fractional excretion of lithium (FELi) was measured as an index of proximal reabsorption. L-NMMA increased FELi in intact rats (delta 13.2 +/- 2.6%; P < 0.05), but not in TPTX rats (delta 4.2 +/- 3.3%). In conclusion, L-NMMA increases phosphate excretion in association with increases in MAP and FENa, and this phosphaturic effect is dependent on the presence of PTH.
Towards ECU-Executable Control-Oriented Models of a Three-Way Catalytic Converter

The nonlinear dynamics of an automotive three-way catalyst (TWC) present a challenge to developing simple control-oriented models that are both useful for control and/or diagnostics and real-time executable within a vehicle engine-control unit (ECU). As such, we begin by developing a first-principles control-oriented TWC model and then proceed to apply simplifications. The TWC models are spatially discretized along the catalyst length to better understand and exploit the oxygen-storage dynamics. The TWC models also include the oxidation reaction of ceria by H2O, which is considered important since it represents the production of H2 within the catalyst. We present automated optimization routines to calibrate the TWC model along with a heated exhaust-gas oxygen (HEGO) sensor model using measured vehicle and emissions data. Finally, we demonstrate the combined models’ ability to accurately reproduce the measured HEGO voltage using engine feedgas constituent inputs, which is necessary for designing a robust model-based feedback controller.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Graduate Training in Entomology: Opportunities for Women

In this survey, information was obtained by means of three separate questionnaires sent to department heads, women currently engaged in graduate studies, and women who have received graduate degrees in the past five years. Much of the straightforward, numerical information extracted from the questionnaire returns is presented without elaboration, at the end of this report, as a numbered list of assorted items.
Taxonomy of Corticium Chrysocreas and Phlebia Livida

A fungus causing heartrot in hardwoods, long misidentified by U.S.D.A. forest pathologists as Corticium lividum, has been identified as C. chrysocreas. Basidiocarps and cultures of C. chrysocreas a...
Carboxamides of 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine as Repellents for the German Cockroach, Blattella Germanica [Orthoptera (Dictyoptera): Blattellidae]

Sixty-two carboxamides of 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine were tested as repellents for the German cockroach, Blattella germanica. The acid moieties were derived from saturated, unsaturated, chlorinated, alicyclic, and benzoic acids. Five aliphatic or alicyclic carboxamides provided 100% repellency for a minimum of 17 days. Nine others provided 10–14 days of 100% repellency. None of the aromatic carboxamides tested were effective.
Computer-aided quantification of scalp hair.

The authors describe a statistical model that, when applied in conjunction with existing image analysis technology, allows for a precise quantification of two-component visual fields. Application of this method to the quantification of hair density in patients with hair loss disorders yields excellent results. The complete absence of subjective bias in the application of this method makes it an extremely attractive alternative to existing procedures. Limitations to the use of this method are detailed, and an alternative approach is suggested.
The Relationship Among Ethnicity-Related Experiences, Minority Mental Health, and Ethnic Awareness in Social Interactions

ABSTRACTInterethnic interactions are often characterized by anxiety, discomfort, and increased awareness of both the self and the interaction partner, which may compound the likelihood of these interactions resulting in negative outcomes. This necessitates further examination of the psychological experience of interethnic interactions. One such piece of the psychological experience is awareness of one’s own ethnicity during interethnic interactions. In the current study, 449 adults of all ethnic identifications completed measures assessing ethnic awareness during interethnic interactions, ethnicity-related experiences, and mental health. African-Americans reported the greatest amount of ethnic awareness, and also endorsed significantly more ethnic awareness during social interactions than Whites. Ethnic awareness was also found to correlate well with measures of ethnic identity, racial microaggressions, perceived stress, depression, and hostility. Future research may wish to construct and validate a psych...
Hydrogen limitation and syntrophic growth among natural assemblages of thermophilic methanogens at deep-sea hydrothermal vents

Thermophilic methanogens are common autotrophs at hydrothermal vents, but their growth constraints and dependence on H2 syntrophy in situ are poorly understood. Between 2012 and 2015, methanogens and H2-producing heterotrophs were detected by growth at 80°C and 55°C at most diffuse (7-40°C) hydrothermal vent sites at Axial Seamount. Microcosm incubations of diffuse hydrothermal fluids at 80°C and 55°C demonstrated that growth of thermophilic and hyperthermophilic methanogens is primarily limited by H2 availability. Amendment of microcosms with NH4+ generally had no effect on CH4 production. However, annual variations in abundance and CH4 production were observed in relation to the eruption cycle of the seamount. Microcosm incubations of hydrothermal fluids at 80°C and 55°C supplemented with tryptone and no added H2 showed CH4 production indicating the capacity in situ for methanogenic H2 syntrophy. 16S rRNA genes were found in 80°C microcosms from H2-producing archaea and H2-consuming methanogens, but not for any bacteria. In 55°C microcosms, sequences were found from the H2-producing bacteria and H2-consuming methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria. A co-culture of representative organisms showed that Thermococcus paralvinellae supported the syntrophic growth of Methanocaldococcus bathoardescens at 82°C and Methanothermococcus sp. strain BW11 at 60°C. The results demonstrate that modeling of subseafloor methanogenesis should focus primarily on H2 availability and temperature, and that thermophilic H2 syntrophy can support methanogenesis within natural microbial assemblages and may be an important energy source for thermophilic autotrophs in marine geothermal environments.
Shock tube/laser absorption measurements of the pyrolysis of a bimodal test fuel

Abstract A novel three-color, three-species laser absorption sensor for measurement of small (C2–C4) alkenes is introduced. This scheme, combined with an existing two-color CH 4 ICL laser sensor and an existing one-color HeNe laser fuel sensor, was applied to the study of the decomposition of a bio-derived, highly-branched alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) test fuel in a shock tube, yielding multiple species (methane, ethylene, propene, and iso-butene) time-history measurements for temperatures between 1070 K and 1320 K and pressures between 1.3 atm and 1.5 atm. Simulations of the decomposition product yields for this fuel using a recent detailed reaction mechanism for highly-branched alkanes from Oehlschlaeger et al . (2009) compare favorably with these results.
The Way Ahead: Critical Directions for Future Research in Cross-Cultural Management

The other chapters in this book have presented a variety of perspectives and advice across topics including global leadership, cultural competencies, conflict, peace, and the unique context of the military. However, despite the advances in research and practice described, it is clear that there is still ample room for future exploration. Therefore, this concluding chapter describes a set of eight critical directions for future research that represent what we perceive as some of the most pressing needs for today’s global organizations.
Harm and Parental Permission: A Response to Our Critics

We worried that our article (Navin and Wasserman 2017) would be uninteresting. We thought our task was perhaps too small: complementing (and complimenting) recent AAP guidelines (Katz, Webb, and AA...
Speak along without the song: what promotes fluency in people with aphasia?

Background: Melodic intonation therapy (MIT) is a widely used treatment for nonfluent aphasia that builds upon a number of musical elements in order to ultimately improve generative language. These...
Elementary Coordination Dynamics

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses elementary coordination dynamics that contain no coordination, absolute coordination, and relative coordination. For coordination to be functional, it must adapt and change over time according to external or internal conditions. Basic laws of coordination are not structure specific or dependent on physicochemical processes per se. The theoretical strategy is to map empirically stable patterns of coordination on to attractors of the collective variable dynamics. Transitions between regimes add rich behavioral complexity and are an expression of the principle of self-organization. The existence of a small set of bifurcation structures argues strongly for cooperative effects that simplify the control problem in multidegree-of-freedom systems. The collective dynamics can be derived from the component level where the various coordination patterns arise as self-organized states because of nonlinear coupling among the components involved.
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia of Burkitt’s Type (L3 ALL) with 8;22 and 14; 18 Translocations and Absent Surface Immunoglobulins

A 57-year-old woman presented with L3 acute lymphoblastic leukemia demonstrating typical Burkitt's type morphology. Cytogenetic analysis revealed one of the variant translocations seen in Burkitt's lymphoma [t(8;22)] and a 14;18 translocation. Surface marker data at presentation and at autopsy demonstrated several B-cell markers, but absent surface immunoglobulins. The case presented here reveals a possible cytogenetic link between Burkitt's lymphoma and follicular center-cell lymphoma, and illustrates a variant surface marker profile for Burkitt's lymphoma.
Spermatogenesis in C. elegans

In most animals, spermatogenesis involves multiple cell types, which makes it challenging to focus study on how the gamete develops. In contrast, spermatogenesis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is straightforward because much of gamete development occurs without input from other cell types. Furthermore, C. elegans hermaphrodite biology provides a unique way to recover mutants that specifically affect sperm development. To date, ∼60 genes have been identified that are required for proper sperm development and many of these genes have orthologs in mammals and other animals.
Circadian Biology and Sleep in Monogenic Neurological Disorders and Its Potential Application in Drug Discovery

Sleep disturbances are common in people with monogenic neurological disorders and they dramatically affect the life of individuals with the disorders and their families. The associated sleep problems are probably caused by multiple factors that have not been elucidated. Study of the underlying molecular cause, behavioral phenotypes, and reciprocal interactions in several single-gene disorders (Angelman Syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome, Rett Syndrome, and Huntington's Disease) leads to the suggestion that sleep disruption and other symptoms may directly result from abnormal operation of circadian systems due to genetic alteration and/or conflicting environmental cues for clock entrainment. Therefore, because circadian patterns modify the symptoms of neurological disorders, treatments that modulate our daily rhythms may identify heretofore unappreciated therapies for the underlying disorders.
Impacts of shale gas production wastewater on disinfection byproduct formation: An investigation from a non-bromide perspective

The rapid rise of shale gas development has triggered environmental and human health concerns due to its impacts on water resources, especially on disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation upon chlorination. Despite the recently reported results on bromide, the effects of non-bromide ions in production wastewater at extremely high levels are vaguely defined. In this study, we investigated the effects of production wastewater, with bromide and non-bromide species, on the formation of DBPs when production wastewater was spiked into surface waters at various percentages. Results showed that the introduction of debrominated production wastewater led to increased formation of some chlorinated DBP species in selected surface water and wastewater. As the spiking percentage of debrominated production wastewater increased, the chlorinated DBP species increased. The contributions of individual cations to DBP formation followed a sequence of magnesium > calcium > barium at 0.10% spiking percentage due to the different catalytic effects of their chelates with organic precursors. The study of anions suggested that the discharge of treated production wastewater containing elevated sulfate may further enhance DBP formation. The significance of this study lies in the fact that in addition to bromide concerns from production wastewater, non-bromide species also contributed to DBP formation. The gas production wastewater management decision should consider the negative impacts from both bromide and non-bromide species to better protect the receiving water resources.
Vacuum Ultraviolet Photoionization Study on the Decomposition of JP-10 (exo-Tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene) in a High-Temperature Chemical Reactor: Product Identification and Branching Ratios

Exploiting a high-temperature chemical reactor, we explored the pyrolysis of helium-seeded tricyclo[this http URL,6]decane (exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene) as the principal constituent of Jet Propellant-10 (JP-10) over a temperature range of 1,100 K to 1,600 K at a pressure of 600 Torr. The nascent products were identified in situ in a supersonic molecular beam via single-photon vacuum ultraviolet photoionization coupled with a mass spectroscopic analysis of the ions in a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ReTOF).
WorldShare Collection Evaluation: A Case Study

In 2016, the University of Kansas (KU) Libraries began a yearlong subscription to OCLC’s WorldShare Collection Evaluation (CE), similar to a project undertaken 8 years earlier using the OCLC Collec...
Fault Arc Resistance Impact on Fault Location in High Voltage Transmission line

Tow proposed methods are used to localize the fault in high voltage transmission line. The proposed methods use digital set of short circuit current and voltage measurements for estimating fault location for different fault types. In this paper, we stud the impact of the arc resistance on the fault location using these methods A practical case study is presented in this work to evaluate the proposed methods with results comparison and to evaluate the best mean to locate the fault. We will study the impact of the fault arc resistance on the error of the fault location, as well as the influence of the location on the error.
CMS-PDX: A 20-gene genomic panel to predict consensus molecular subtypes in patient-derived xenografts (PDX) of colorectal cancer.

598Background: The consensus molecular subtypes (CMS1-4) partition colorectal cancer (CRC) into subgroups with varying prognoses and treatment responses. We previously reported the ColotypeR-CMS ge...
Creating repeatable, reusable experimentation pipelines with popper: tutorial

Popper is an experimentation protocol for conducting scientific explorations and writing academic articles following a DevOps approach. The Popper CLI tool helps researchers automate the execution and validation of an experimentation pipeline. In this tutorial we give an introduction to the concepts and CLI tool, and go over hands-on exercises that help.
Step Length Asymmetry and Its Associations With Mechanical Energy Exchange, Function, and Fatigue After Total Hip Replacement

Abnormalities in gait remain after total hip replacement (THR). The purpose of this study was to evaluate step length asymmetry and its links to other aspects of gait and physical function after THR and to investigate links with mechanical energy exchange. The rationale is that step length asymmetry may influence gait efficiency, which could adversely influence fatigue and physical function. We evaluated 18 participants (6 males and 12 females) 1-5 years post-THR. Step length symmetry and mechanical energy exchange were assessed by instrumented gait analysis. Fatigue was assessed using a PROMIS Fatigue Short Form. We assessed physical function using a 6-minute walk test (6MWT). We used a one sample T test to determine whether the symmetry index (SI) was significantly different from 0 and Pearson's correlations to explore associations among the variables. The step length SI was statistically significantly different from zero (p=0.01). A more symmetric step length was associated with better 6MWT (R=-0.57, p=0.03). Higher (better) mechanical energy exchange was associated with more fatigue (R=0.50, p=0.04). Mechanical energy exchange was not associated with step length SI or 6MWT. Better 6MWT was associated with less fatigue (R=-0.61, P=0.01). This suggests that the association between step length symmetry and function is not directly governed by its effect on the energy exchange. Additionally, after a relatively long period of postsurgery, participants may have adapted their gait by increasing mechanical energy exchange to minimize fatigue. Statement of Clinical Significance: A gait retraining intervention targeting step length symmetry could improve function without adversely affecting walking energetics in THR patients. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1563-1570, 2019.
The sternocleidomastoid flap

The sternocleidomastoid muscle has long been used for local reconstruction in the head and neck. It remains an incredibly versatile flap by providing bulk, an area of hairless skin with excellent color match for the face, and opportunity to transpose periosteum or bone for correcting head and neck defects. In this paper, we discuss the anatomy of designing a sternocleidomastoid flap, highlight operative techniques to ensure success and minimize complications, and briefly review its commonly described uses.
Two Sensors for One Variable

In some cases, it may happen that one sensor has adequate low-frequency resolution, but cannot follow fast variations of the variable x while another sensor is fast enough, but has poor low-frequency resolution. The solution then is to combine the outputs of the two sensors as shown in Fig. 10.1 below. This is another special case of MIMO, called MISO (Multi-Input-Single-Output) which can be handled without having to call upon full-fledged MIMO formalism.
Myeloarchitecture of the murine neocortex visualized by intrinsic third-harmonic generation

Myelination in the brain has been typically associated with the white matter. Recently, however, cortical myelination has gained much interest not only as a possible lesion of multiple sclerosis (MS) but also for its significance in the plasticity of the central nervous system (CNS). It is urgent to understand the functional role of cortical myelination and its involvement in the MS pathogenesis. Here we demonstrate a novel nonlinear optical contrast, namely third-harmonic generation (THG), as a basis of label-free imaging of cortical myelin in living animals. Using the fixed brain slices of fluorescently labeled transgenic mice, we examined the distribution of myelin in the normal brain. We measured the spatial organization of cortical myelin. Finally, the capability of THG microscopy was tested for visualizing cortical myelin in living, unlabeled animals.
Compilation of phenomenological optical-model parameters 1969–1970

A pilot compilation, with bibliography, of optical-model parameters determined by fitting elastic-scattering angular distributions for various incident particles including heavy ions was made.
Super Foods With Medicinal Properties

Food as medicine is as old as the beginning of time but somehow as we moved into the modern era, foods were no longer looked upon as healing elements until the resurgence in natural healing took hold several decades ago. Here we examine three foods that suggest potential medicinal properties validated by immerging research.
Building Information Modeling im Fabriklebenszyklus

Kurzfassung Unternehmen sind in einem zunehmend dynamischen Marktumfeld mit kaum vorhersehbaren Veranderungen konfrontiert. Aus diesem Grund spielt die Reaktionszeit auf neue Randbedingungen eine e...
The E. Donnall Thomas Lecture: Manipulating and Visualizing T-Cell Alloresponses

Dr. Bruce R. Blazar was this year’s honored E. onnall Thomas lecturer at the Tandem BMT Meetngs, held on February 12, 2005, in Keystone, Colorado. r. Blazar is a Professor in the Department of Pediatrics nd Chief of the Pediatric Blood and Marrow Translantation Program at the University of Minnesota. He as been at the forefront of the identification of immune echanisms underlying graft-versus-host disease GVHD) and marrow rejection. Using these observaions, Dr. Blazar has developed several strategies to block lloresponses and to facilitate immune recovery after ransplantation. Some of the most promising strategies re now being translated clinically. The following text is modified transcribed version of the presentation made y Dr. Blazar.
A Comprehensive Physically Based Approach to Modeling in Bioengineering and Life Sciences,1st ed,

When this reviewer opted to receive and review this text, it was hoped that it would present as a complementary text to those of Drs. Carson and Cobelli [ Modelling Methodology for Physiology and Medicine (2013) and Introduction to Modeling in Physiology and Medicine, 2nd ed. (2019)]. This was not to be the case.
Effects of Trace Water on Self-Assembly of Sulfonated Block Copolymers During Solution Processing

Solution-cast films of sulfonated block copolymers are investigated for applications in water purification, gas separations, and fuel cells. It is well known that solvent composition influences the...
Single-Isocenter Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) Radiosurgery for Multiple Brain Metastases: Potential Loss of Target(s) Coverage Due to Isocenter Misalignment.

Purpose A single-isocenter volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) treatment to multiple brain metastatic patients is an efficient stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) option. However, the current clinical practice of single-isocenter SRS does not account for patient setup uncertainty, which degrades treatment delivery accuracy. This study quantifies the loss of target coverage and potential collateral dose to normal tissue due to clinically observable isocenter misalignment. Methods and materials Nine patients with 61 total tumors (2-16 tumors/patient) who underwent Gamma Knife® SRS were replanned in Eclipse™ using 10 megavoltages (MV) flattening-filter-free (FFF) bream (2400 MU/min), using a single-isocenter VMAT plan, similar to HyperArc™ VMAT plan. Isocenter was placed in the geometric center of the tumors. The prescription was 20 Gy to each tumor. Average gross tumor volume (GTV) and planning target volume (PTV) were 1.1 cc (0.02-11.5 cc) and 1.9 cc (0.11-18.8 cc), respectively, derived from MRI images. The average isocenter to tumor distance was 5.5 cm (1.6-10.1 cm). Six-degrees of freedom (6DoF) random and systematic residual set up errors within [±2 mm, ±2o] were generated using an in-house script in Eclipse based on our pre-treatment daily cone-beam CT imaging shifts and recomputed for the simulated VMAT plan. Relative loss of target coverage as a function of tumor size and distance to isocenter were evaluated as well as collateral dose to organs-at risk (OAR). Results The average beam-on time was less than six minutes. However, loss of target coverage for clinically observable setup errors were, on average, 7.9% (up to 73.1%) for the GTV (p < 0.001) and 21.5% for the PTV (up to 93.7%; p < 0.001). The correlation was found for both random and systematic residual setup errors with tumor sizes; there was a greater loss of target coverage for small tumors. Due to isocenter misalignment, OAR doses fluctuated and potentially receive higher doses than the original plan. Conclusion A single-isocenter VMAT SRS treatment (similar to HyperArc™ VMAT) to multiple brain metastases was fast with < 6 min of beam-on time. However, due to small residual set up errors, single-isocenter VMAT, in its current use, is not an accurate SRS treatment modality for multiple brain metastases. Loss of target coverage was statistically significant, especially for smaller lesions, and may not be clinically acceptable if left uncorrected. Further investigation of correction strategies is underway.
Modified ball-type automatic balancer for rotating shafts: Analysis and experiment

Abstract The automatic balancer is a passive device with masses that are free to move in a shaft-concentric race. At supercritical shaft speeds, the masses automatically re-align to counteract imbalance and reduce vibration. This phenomenon is caused by the phase shift of the shaft bending response that occurs through resonance. The conventional automatic balancer (dual-ball, single race) reduces or eliminates vibration at supercritical speeds given a frictionless race, but increases vibration at subcritical and critical speed transitions. In this work, a fully passive, partitioned-track, automatic balancer with centrifugal clamps is proposed to improve performance during suboptimal operation. Both analysis and experiment are presented to support the novel design. Experimentally, a partitioned-race balancer reduced vibration by 7% during spin up, 83% at supercritical steadystate, and 65% during spin down – a complete improvement over conventional balancers. Model predictions are within 14% of experimental data at steadystate. Additionally, the use of centrifugal clamps reduced vibrations by up to 95% during critical speed transitions in analysis. The vibration reduction capability presented in this research outside of supercritical steadystate operation is a necessary advancement for the practical application of passive balancing devices.
Adaptable and Automated Rodent Behavior Maze System

Mazes are a fundamental and widespread tool in behavior and systems neuroscience research in rodents. However, their form and inflexibility often restrict potential experimental paradigms that involve multiple or adaptive maze designs. Unique layouts often cost substantial engineering and time investments from trainee scientists. To alleviate these issues, we have developed an automated modular maze system that is flexible and scalable. This system will allow for experiments with multiple track configurations in rapid succession. Additionally, the flexibility can expedite prototyping of behaviors. Finally, the standardized componentry enhances experimental reproducibility and repeatability. This maze system presents advantages over current maze options and can facilitate novel behavior and systems neuroscience research.
Anisotropic Scatterer Models for Representing RCS of Complex Objects

The need to simulate complex electromagnetic (EM) wave interactions by multiple radar targets, transmitters, and receivers to better study the performance of radar systems, antenna designs, and/or stealth technologies has grown over time. High performance computing (HPC) based emulators can be used to model the scattering from multiple stationary and moving targets for radar applications. These emulators rely on the Radar Cross Section (RCS) of the targets being available in complex scenarios. Representing the RCS using tables generated from EM simulations is often times cumbersome leading to large storage requirement. An alternative approach is to represent the targets as a collection of isotropic or anisotropic scatterers. In this paper we present a method to represent the RCS of complex targets using a 3D anisotropic scatterer model, where we use the analytical RCS representation of a large ellipsoid as the basis function to determine the angular dependency of the RCS from each scatterer. The scatterer model that best represents the RCS data is obtained by solving a least square inverse problem. To improve the correlation with EM solvers, we further break down the optimization problem by considering shadowing effect and use multiple models, each representing a subset of the RCS data. The results show that the scatterer model can effectively represent the RCS data of complex targets.
Origin and Evolution of Triatominae

Triatominae, the kissing bugs, are one of the smaller subfamilies of the otherwise predatory hemipteran family Reduviidae, the assassin bugs. Substantial progress has been made during the past decades to resolve phylogenetic relationships between Triatominae and other reduviid subfamilies as well as relationships among the ~150 species currently classified as kissing bugs. Nevertheless, many open questions remain. While Triatominae are now shown to be part of an assassin bug clade that also comprises Stenopodainae and part of Reduviinae, it is still not conclusively established if Triatominae are monophyletic or paraphyletic, and there are uncertainties with regard to relationships between and within tribes of Triatominae. This chapter summarizes available information on the evolution of Triatominae, highlighting strengths and shortcomings of currently published phylogenetic hypotheses. It stresses the importance of densely sampled, data-rich, robust phylogenies to inform the classification of Triatominae and to severe as a framework for evolutionary investigations across the group.
The Role of Law in Legal Disputes

This article uses Oliver Wendell Holmes's famous definition of the law as “prophecies of what the courts will do in fact” rather than rules expressed in statutes, case law etc. It discusses two aspects of law. First, it compares perspectives about law in litigation, mediation, and collaborative practice. Then it provides a typology of ways that practitioners can discuss the law in any of these processes. These include being a critical standard in assessing possible agreements, one standard of fairness, society’s default standard of fairness, presumptive standard for decision, decisive standard, and no standard. It concludes with suggestions about how lawyers and mediators can use the law to help their clients.
Dynamic Shape Modeling for Shape Changes

Probing the dynamic evolution of material structures, in response to physical or chemical stimuli, is of great interest to material scientists for the purpose of studying and designing novel materials. Studies of the dynamic evolutions are enabled through analyzing a sequence of microscopic images taken at different times or different stages of the evolutions. The time-resolved imaging can be acquired using in situ material imaging techniques, reviewed in Sect. 2.1, or using ex situ material imaging when in situ imaging is not available. Here, ex situ imaging implies that a small quantity of sample material is taken for each intended measurement time and an offline imaging technique is subsequently applied. It provides an inexpensive and simpler alternative to in situ imaging, but in situ imaging does require a significant amount of time and efforts to manually take and prepare the samples for imaging. These in situ or ex situ images can be analyzed using different approaches, through either distribution tracking or object tracking. As explained in Chap. 7, distribution tracking is concerned with discerning how a population of material objects collectively change over time, while object tracking is interested in knowing how material objects evolve individually or through mutual interactions. Chapter 7 presents the distribution tracking methods but for size change only. This chapter extends the discussion of distribution tracking for modeling shape changes or for both size and shape changes. The content of this chapter is based on the mathematical concept of shapes introduced in Chap. 4, so reading this chapter requires a certain degree of understanding of Chap. 4.
Sudden Onset of a Unilateral Erythematous Preauricular Mass in a Preterm Infant.

A 71-day-old 24 5/7-week gestation female infant in the NICU presents with right periauricular induration and erythema. ### Prenatal and Birth Histories ### Initial Hospital Course The infant was given endotracheal surfactant and placed on high-frequency jet ventilation. Blood and respiratory culture specimens were obtained and empiric antibiotics initiated. Respiratory culture was positive for Eikenella corrodens and placental pathology demonstrated necrotizing funisitis and chorioamnionitis. Antibiotics were switched to cefepime after sensitivities became available. At 8 days of age, she had an acute cardiopulmonary arrest in the setting of cardiac tamponade because of a hemorrhagic pericardial effusion. A pericardial pigtail catheter was placed and removed on day 12 with echocardiography demonstrating resolution of the effusion. Echocardiography also revealed a small ventricular septal defect and large patent ductus arteriosus, which was treated with 2 courses of indomethacin followed by acetaminophen. Respiratory support was weaned and the infant underwent extubation to continuous positive airway pressure on day 34. Central lines were removed on day 16 following advancement of enteral fortified breast milk feedings. Cranial ultrasonography …
Treatment Options Related to Cement Contamination and Repair of Lesions

Periodic evaluation of the implant and restoration should be made to monitor overall health. The examination should include mobility (restoration as well as implant), probing (depth and especially bleeding on probing), plaque score, radiographic and visual tissue examination (color, texture, tissue dimension changes), recession, and suppuration. The ability for the patient to adequately clean and maintain the implant site is also vitally important, and this too should be assessed regularly. The level of therapy required to restore implant health will be determined by the severity of the issue, which can often be determined during these examinations. Sequential information and how this changes between examinations will also give an indication of progression, although it must be remembered that peri-implant disease may have a unique pattern of onset time and progression, very different from periodontal disease.
Periodic Neighboring Optimum Regulator Applied to a Hypersonic Scramjet Cruiser

For a reasonable model of a hypersonic scramjet cruiser, the optimum fuel cruise trajectories are determined. Two local minimums are obtained which give nearly the same fuel consumption. One local minimum is periodic which has amplitude variations of about 25,000 feet and a mean of about 100,000 feet. The other local minimum is a static path where the maximum thrust is just equal to the aerodynamic drag. This static path seems to be unobtainable except possibly asymptotically. However, for the periodic path which is realizable, a periodic neighboring optimum regulator is derived. This regulator includes variations in the control variables of lift coefficient and thrust switch times. Furthermore, the mass change of the vehicle which is tacitly assumed negligible in producing the nominal path is included explicitly in this regulator. The performance of this regualtor due to variations both in initial conditions and mass of the vehicle is very impressive.
A Closer Look at the Output Hypothesis: The Effect of Pushed Output on Noticing and Inductive Learning of the Spanish Future Tense

This study empirically tested the noticing function of the output hypothesis (Swain, 1993, 1995, 1998) and explored the relationship between noticing and learning by comparing the effects of the production of output to exposure to textually enhanced input. The present study is a conceptual replication of Izumi (2002); however, Izumi examined a complex grammatical form (relativization in English) while the present study investigated a more salient form (the Spanish future tense) among 55 first-semester students of Spanish. The results supported the noticing function of the output hypothesis and revealed that pushed output followed by exposure to future tense forms in subsequent input enabled students to learn the targeted form inductively. However, exposure to textual enhancement did not produce similar learning gains. These findings have implications for the instruction of second language grammar.
Academic Engagement: Current Perspectives on Research and Practice

Classroom behaviors that enable academic learning are the focus of this article. A brief perspective is offered on the development and validation of one enabler—engagement in academic responding—an...
Advanced Si and SiGe strained channel NMOS and PMOS transistors with high-k/metal-gate stack

Sustaining Moore's Law of scaling Si CMOS transistors requires not only shrinking the transistor dimensions, but also the introduction of new materials and structures. In the future, advanced high performance CMOS transistors are likely to incorporate highly strained Si and SiGe channels for enhanced carrier transport and high-k/metal-gate stacks for low gate leakage. This work describes the recent advances made in integrating strained Si and SiGe channel transistors with high-k/metal-gate stacks for future high performance, low power logic applications.
Surface plasmon lifetime in metal nanoshells

The lifetime of localized surface plasmon plays an important role in many aspects of plasmonics and its applications. In small metal nanostructures, the dominant mechanism of plasmon decay is size-dependent Landau damping. We performed quantum-mechanical calculations of Landau damping for the bright surface plasmon mode in a metal nanoshell with dielectric core. In contrast to the conventional model based on the electron surface scattering, we found that the damping rate decreases as the nanoshell thickness is reduced. The origin of this behavior is traced to the spatial distribution of plasmon local field in the metal shell. We also found that, due to the interference of electron scattering amplitudes from the two nanoshell metal surfaces, the damping rate exhibits pronounced quantum beats with changing shell thickness.