cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calculation of atrioventricular compliance from the mitral flow profile: analytic and in vitro study

Abstract The quantitative assessment of ventricular diastolic function is an important goal of Doppler echocardiography. Hydrodynamic analysis predicts that the net compliance (C n ) or the left atrium and ventricle can be quantitatively predicted from the deceleration rate (dvdt) of the mitral velocity profile by the simple expression: C n = − Aϱdt where A is effective mitral valve area and ϱ is blood density. This formula was validated using an in vitro model of transmitral filling where mitral valve area ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 cm 2 and net compliance from 0.012 to 0.023 cm 3 /(dynes/cm 2 ) (15 to 30 cm 3 /mm Hg). In 34 experiments in which compliance was held constant throughout the filling period, net atrioventricular compliance was accurately calculated from the E wave downslope and mitral valve area (r = 0.95, p In a second group of experiments, chamber compliance was allowed to vary as a function of chamber pressure. When net compliance decreased during diastole (as when the ventricle moved to a steeper portion of its pressure-volume curve), the transorifice velocity profile was concave downward, whereas when net compliance increased, the velocity profile was concave upward. Application of the preceding formula to these curved profiles allowed instantaneous compliance to be calculated throughout the filling period (r = 0.93, p It is concluded that 1) net compliance can be calculated noninvasively and quantitatively from mitral valve area and E wave downslope, and 2) the time course of net compliance determines the shape of the downslope: concave downward profiles indicate decreasing compliance whereas concave upward profiles indicate increasing compliance.
A Comparison of the Performance of Online versus Traditional On-Campus Earth Science Students on Identical Exams.

In this paper I compare the performance of online versus traditional on-campus students on identical exams in an earth science class. The number of college level distance learning classes offered o...
Crystallographic distinction between "contact" and "separated" ion pairs: structural effects on electronic/ESR spectra of alkali-metal nitrobenzenides.

The classic nitrobenzene anion-radical (NB-• or nitrobenzenide) is isolated for the first time as pure crystalline alkali-metal salts. The deliberate use of the supporting ligands 18-crown-6 and [2.2.2]cryptand allows the selective formation of contact ion pairs designated as (crown)M+NB-•, where M+ = K+, Rb+, and Cs+, as well as the separated ion pair K(cryptand)+NB-•both series of which are structurally characterized by precise low-temperature X-ray crystallography, ESR analysis, and UV−vis spectroscopy. The unusually delocalized structure of NB-• in the separated ion pair follows from the drastically shortened N−C bond and marked quinonoidal distortion of the benzenoid ring to signify complete (95%) electronic conjugation with the nitro substituent. On the other hand, the formation of contact ion pairs results in the substantial decrease of electronic conjugation in inverse order with cation size (K+ > Rb+) owing to increased localization of negative charge from partial (NO2) bonding to the alkali-meta...
Strings in the Sun

If light superconducting strings were formed in the early Universe, then it is very likely that now they exist in abundance in the interstellar plasma and in stars. The dynamics of such strings can be dominated by friction, so that they are "frozen" into the plasma. Turbulence of the plasma twists and stretches the strings, forming a stochastic string network. Such networks must generate particles and magnetic fields, and may play an important role in the physics of stars and of the Galaxy.
Analysis and optimization of a reverse osmosis water purification system—part II. Optimization

Abstract A mathematical model of a reverse osmosis water purification system that can be used in process optimization studies and cost equations that relate the capital and operating costs to the design variables is developed in Part I of this work. In this part, the model is used to determine design and operating variables of the system, which minimize the cost of water production. Several three multistage reverse osmosis systems are considered. They are a multistage operation without the use of a flow-work exchanger and with a variable membrane area at each stage (System 1), that with equal membrane area at each stage (System 2), and a multistage operation with the use of a flow-work exchanger and with variable membrane area at each stage (System 3). In the optimization study, the recirculation rate in each stage, the brine composition leaving each stage, the ratio of membrane area to feed at each stage, and the operating pressure in each stage are controlled to arrive at a minimum water production cost.
Ovarian surface epithelium during ovulatory and anovulatory ovine estrous cycles.

Background: Ovarian surface epithelial cells have been implicated in the mechanisms of ovulation and development of common ovarian cancers. An early indication of predisposition to neoplasia is the formation of ovarian epithelial inclusion cysts. It was unclear whether morphological alterations along the ovarian surface are related directly to ovulation per se or associated endocrine parameters of reproductive cyclicity. Methods: Light microscopic disturbances in ovarian surface epithelium were monitored during synchronous ovulatory and anovulatory estrous cycles of sheep. Ovulation blockade accompanied by normal luteal phases was induced by administration of indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthase inhibitor. Results: Degenerative cells were sloughed from the apical dome of periovulatory follicles. The resultant stigma of luteinizing follicles was void of surface epithelium. Repair of the ovulatory wound by epithelium did not occur until complete involution of the corpus luteum during the subsequent estrous cycle. In a few cases inclusions containing entrapped ovarian surface epithelium were noted within adjacent stroma. Epithelia covering luteinized unruptured follicles remained intact and was not incorporated into the ovary during luteal resorption. Conclusion: Localized damage to and subsequent remodelling of the ovarian surface occurs in a cyclic fashion conjoined with the physical process of follicular rupture. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
SALINITY EFFECTS ON ROOTS AND TOPS OF BERMUDA GRASS

Bermuda-grass varieties, cut at weekly intervals, differed in salt tolerance when grown in 20 m. eq./l. Hoagland's Solution No. 1 plus 0, 80, 160, 240, and 320. m. eq./l. sodium and calcium chlorides. Weights of above-ground parts decreased while root weight to top weight ratios increased with increased salinity. Highest root weights were obtained at the intermediate to high salt levels. Explanations proposed for the root-growth stimulation are: maintenance of a high photosynthetic rate despite retardation of top growth, reduced percentage defoliation resulting from top growth retardation or a differential response of tops and roots to growth hormones.
The labeling debate in the United States

The mandatory labeling of genetically modified (GM) food has become the predominant policy issue concerning biotechnology in the United States. The controversy over GM labeling is being debated at several different levels and branches of government. At the federal level, the Food and Drug Administration, which has primary jurisdiction over food safety and labeling, has steadfastly refused to require labeling of GM foods since 1992 based on its conclusion that GM foods as a category present no unique or higher risks than other foods. Proposed legislation has been repeatedly introduced in the US. Congress over the years to mandate GM labeling, but has made very little progress. With federal labeling requirements apparently stalled, the main activity has switched to the state level, where numerous individual states are considering mandatory GM labeling, either through legislation or proposition. The debate over GM labeling, at both the federal and state levels, has focused on five issues: (1) public opinion; (2) the legality of labeling requirements; (3) the risks and benefits of GM foods; (4) the costs and burdens of GM labeling; and (5) consumer choice. While the pro-labeling forces argue that all of these factors weigh in favor of mandatory GM labeling, a more careful evaluation of the evidence finds that all five factors weigh decisively against mandatory GM labeling requirements.
Risky Altruism as a Predictor of Criminal Victimization

This research tested the hypothesis that risky altruism is a significant predictor of criminal victimization. Two hundred sixty-eight respondents filled out a questionnaire measuring their experien...
Parabens inhibit human skin estrogen sulfotransferase activity: possible link to paraben estrogenic effects.

Abstract Parabens ( p -hydroxybenzoate esters) are a group of widely used preservatives in topically applied cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. Parabens display weak associations with the estrogen receptors in vitro or in cell based models, but do exhibit estrogenic effects in animal models. It is our hypothesis that parabens exert their estrogenic effects, in part, by elevating levels of estrogens through inhibition of estrogen sulfotransferases (SULTs) in skin. We report here the results of a structure-activity-relationship of parabens as inhibitors of estrogen sulfation in human skin cytosolic fractions and normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Similar to reports of paraben estrogenicity and estrogen receptor affinity, the potency of SULT inhibition increased as the paraben ester chain length increased. Butylparaben was found to be the most potent of the parabens in skin cytosol, yielding an IC 50 value of 37 ± 5 μM. Butylparaben blocked the skin cytosol sulfation of estradiol and estrone, but not the androgen dehydroepiandrosterone. The parabens were also tested as inhibitors of SULT activity in a cellular system, with normal human epidermal keratinocytes. The potency of butylparaben increased three-fold in these cells relative to the IC 50 value from skin cytosol. Overall, these results suggest chronic topical application of parabens may lead to prolonged estrogenic effects in skin as a result of inhibition of estrogen sulfotransferase activity. Accordingly, the skin anti-aging benefits of many topical cosmetics and pharmaceuticals could be derived, in part, from the estrogenicity of parabens.
A Review of Ministering to Older Adults: The Building Blocks

Book reviewed in this article: Donald R. Koepke, Ed. (2005). Ministering to Older Adults: The Building Blocks.
ARRHENIUS MODEL FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE GLASS VISCOSITY WITH A CONSTANT PRE-EXPONENTIAL FACTOR

Abstract A simplified form of the Arrhenius equation, ln η = A + B ( x )/ T , where η is the viscosity, T the temperature, x the composition vector, and A and B the Arrhenius coefficients, was fitted to glass-viscosity data for the processing temperature range (the range at which the viscosity is within 1–10 3 Pa s) while setting A = constant and treating B ( x ) as a linear function of mass fractions of major components. Fitting the Arrhenius equation to over 550 viscosity data of commercial silicate glasses and approximately 1000 viscosity data of glasses for nuclear-waste glasses resulted in the A values of −11.35 and −11.48, respectively. The fraction of the variability ( R 2 ) value ranged from 0.92 to 0.99 for commercial glasses and was 0.98 for waste glasses. The Arrhenius models estimate viscosities for melts of commercial glasses containing 42–84 mass% SiO 2 within the temperature range of 1100–1550 °C and viscosity range of 5–400 Pa s and for waste glasses containing 32–60 mass% SiO 2 within the temperature range of 850–1450 °C and viscosity range of 0.4–250 Pa s.
On the combinatorics of cumulants

We study cumulants by Umbral Calculus. Various formulae expressing cumulants by umbral functions are established. Links to invariant theory, symmetric functions, and binomial sequences are made.
An initial value formulation of the CSDT method of solving partial differential equations

Numerical methods of solving partial differential equations (PDEs) using analog or hybrid computers fall into three broad categories. Assuming, for concreteness, that one of the independent variables is time and the rest are spatial, the continuous-space and discrete-time (or CSDT) methods envisage to keep the space-like variable continuous and discretize the time-like variable. Similarly, the terms discrete-space and continuous time (DSCT) and discrete-space and discrete-time (DSDT) approximations are self-explanatory. For a one-space dimensional PDE, for instance, both the CSDT and DSCT approximations yield a set of ordinary differential equations while the DSDT approximations lead to a set of algebraic equations. Because of the inherent need to handle a continuous variable, both CSDT and DSCT approximations lend themselves well for computation on analog or hybrid computers. Indeed, several analog and hybrid computer implementations of all these three methods are currently in vogue each method claiming to be superior in some respect to the others. However, it was the CSDT method that showed great promise and produced little results. The purpose of this paper is to present another alternative to this problem.
THE PHOTOREDUCTION OF METHYLENE BLUE BY AMINES—I. A FLASH PHOTOLYSIS STUDY OF THE REACTION BETWEEN TRIPLET METHYLENE BLUE AND AMINES

— Flash photolysis was used to study the reduction of the triplet state of methylene blue by both alkyl- and aryl-amines. The extent of the formation of the semireduced form of the dye yielded rate constants of interaction between the triplet state and the amine (k5). A correlation between log k5 and ionization potentials for alkylamines (slope = -1.75 eV-1) was interpreted as evidence for the formation of a partial charge-transfer intermediate. The rate constants (k5) calculated for aryl-amines approached the rate of diffusion in many cases. A Hammett plot for a series of N, N-dimethyl-anilines yielded a moderately large p value (– 3.28) consistent with the formation of a charge-transfer intermediate. It was concluded that reaction of amines with triplet methylene blue leads to the formation of a partial charge-transfer intermediate which may undergo complete electron transfer to yield radicals, or undergo spin inversion and return to the ground state.
Transient Entrainment and Interruption of Ventricular Tachycardia

The effects on spontaneously occurring ventricular tachycardia of rapidly pacing the right ventricle at rates faster than the rate of the ventricular tachycardia were studied during 10 episodes in seven patients. In three episodes, ventricular pacing interrupted the ventricular tachycardia at the initial pacing rate (111%, 114%, and 119% of the ventricular tachycardia rate, respectively). In seven episodes, the initial pacing rate failed to interrupt the ventricular tachycardia. In six of those seven episodes, the ventricular tachycardia was transiently entrained to the faster pacing rates. In one of those seven episodes, transient entrainment of the ventricular tachycardia could not be distinguished from over-drive suppression. In all seven episodes, the tachycardia was later interrupted by pacing at more rapid rates. The successful pacing rate ranged from 111-141% (mean 125%) of the spontaneous ventricular tachycardia rate. It is concluded that when utilizing rapid ventricular pacing to interrupt ventricular tachycardia, a critical pacing rate may be required before interruption is achieved. Pacing at rates slower than the critical rate but faster than the spontaneous ventricular tachycardia rate may only transiently entrain the ventricular tachycardia to the pacing rate without interrupting it. During the period of transient entrainment, fusion QRS complexes are likely to be present.
Giving Back and Getting Something Back: The Role of Mutual-Aid Groups for Individuals in Recovery From Incarceration, Addiction, and Mental Illness

Mutual-aid groups for people in recovery from mental illness, addictions, and former incarceration are virtually nonexistent. This article provides a review of the literature on mutual-aid groups for people who have previous incarceration histories and a review of groups for people with mental illness and multiple concerns (i.e., co-occurring diagnoses). Next, we present the “What's Up?” group, a component of the Citizenship Community Enhancement Project, as an example of a mutual-aid group that was developed to better address these multiple concerns. The “What's Up?” group was designed as a mutual-aid component for individuals living with mental illness and/or co-occurring substance abuse concerns who also have a history of previous involvement with the criminal justice system. Experiences of participants highlight ways in which the “What's Up?” group provided opportunities for its members to not only “give back” but to “get something back” from the sharing of experiences and feedback offered from their ...
Laboratory simulation of the photoprocessing and warm-up of cometary and pre-cometary ices: production and analysis of complex organic molecules.

The recent missions to Comet Halley detected large quantities of organic material on grains as well as organic molecules in the gas phase. A possible origin of these materials is the energetic processing of ice mantles on the grains prior to comet formation, either in the pre-solar nebula or the interstellar medium. This process was simulated in the laboratory by depositing interstellar ice analogs (H2O/CH3OH/CO/NH3) on a cold (10 K) substrate with simultaneous UV irradiation. The material evaporating during warm-up of the photolyzed ice as well as the residue remaining at room temperature was analyzed by a number of techniques. It was found that a large number of organic molecules of various complexity are synthesized during the simulation process, stressing the possible significance of UV photolysis for producing the organic Comet material.
Technology adoption and labor training under uncertainty

Abstract Technology adoption must be accompanied by firm-specific employee training. The reliability of the effect of this training is uncertain. A model of the firm is developed incorporating training and uncertainty. The training effect on labor productivity is captured by an augmenter. The uncertainty is captured by a two-state probability function. Both of these are joint functions of the firm’s investment in training. The first-order conditions for profit maximization give an ex post equation showing the training cost intensity (investment per total wage bill) as the sum of two elasticities: the investment elasticity of augmentation and the investment elasticity of probability. From previous empirical studies, estimates of the training cost ratio range from 4–10%, so the elasticities are relatively small (in the range 0.02–0.05), yet they are significant.
Real-time detection of undersea mines: a complete screening and acoustic fusion processing system

A complete mine detection/classification (D/C) system has been specified and implemented, which runs in real-time, and has been exercised on the latest available dual-frequency side-scan sonar acoustic image sets. The compete DC system is comprised of a collection of algorithms that has been developed and evolved at Draper Laboratory over the past decade. The detection process consists of image normalization, enhancement, segmentation, and feature extraction algorithms. The enhancement algorithm is a variant of a Markov Random Field based anomaly screener developed in FY-94. The feature that were extracted were those derived in FY-93. A distance constrained matching algorithm, which was developed in FY-95, is used to generate a list of high and low frequency fused tokens. The classification process involves the evaluation of a hierarchy of three multi-layer perceptron neural networks: HF, LF, and HF/LF fused. Research performed in FY-95 also concentrated on the development of several variants of information fusion with hierarchical neural networks. The 'discriminant-combining' variant of fusion was selected as part of this DC system. In addition, a classification post- processing and decision node statistic modification step, which was developed in FY-96, was included. This paper will describe the algorithm that were implemented. However, the emphasis will be on the performance results of processing the latest available side-scan imagery, comparison of single sensor vs dual-frequency sensor results, and the issues that were encountered while exercising the DC system on the new data set.
Morbid obesity and endometrial cancer: surgical, clinical, and pathologic outcomes in surgically managed patients.

Abstract Objective To evaluate surgical, clinical, and pathologic outcomes of patients with endometrial cancer managed with primary surgery when stratified by body mass index (BMI). Methods A review of 356 consecutive patients undergoing primary surgical management of endometrial carcinoma by a single gynecologic oncology service from 1997 to 2003 was undertaken. Patients were divided into three groups based on preoperative BMI. Data regarding surgical and pathologic outcomes were compared. Results Twenty-two percent of patients had a BMI >40, 38% were 30–40, and 40% were 40, respectively. In fully staged patients, a median 23 lymph nodes were removed in all groups, without a significant difference in the number of aortic nodes recovered between the heaviest and lightest groups. Aortic lymphadenectomy was performed in 48% patients with BMI >40 compared with 74% of patients with BMI 40 were more commonly diagnosed with grade 1 tumor than patients with BMI 40, extrauterine disease was encountered in 12% of patients. Conclusions While surgical staging of morbidly obese patients is difficult, adequate lymphadenectomy can be performed safely; although aortic nodes are less commonly resected in this population. Staging remains important in obese women, as the risk of extrauterine disease, including lymph node metastasis, is similar to that in women with ideal body weight.
Intuition in Using Nominal Variables for Prediction

Summary The notion of independence between two nominal variables is typically introduced through the use of chi-square analysis of contingency tables, while the topic of prediction of one nominal variable from a second nominal variable using optimal prediction to the mode is often omitted. Through the use of a questionnaire, this article indicates that there is considerable confusion among students on the difference between the concepts of independence and prediction, and remedies are suggested.
Transport properties of permionTM membranes in concentrated alkaline solutions. II. Potassium permanganate—potassium hydroxide solution

Abstract An expression to define the ratio of mobilities of two anions in a ternary system consisting of potassium permanganate, potassium hydroxide and water is derived. The transport properties of two Permion membranes are experimentally determined, at 298 K, in concentrated mixtures of potassium permanganate, potassium hydroxide and water. Because of its small value, the transport number of the manganate ion is practically impossible to obtain using a Hittorf-type experiment. Instead, a new electrochemical cell is designed and a new procedure is followed on the basis that the flux of a species is the sum of a diffusion flux and a migration flux. The results suggest that Permion 2291 40/100 rejects the manganate ion more effectively than Permion 2291 40/20. It is also found that at high alkalinity, the mobility of the manganate ion drops faster than that of the hydroxyl ion. The selectivity of both membranes is affected as a result of chemical exposure, and, for the less crosslinked Permion 2291 40/20, it is enhanced at KOH concentrations below 8 M .
Effect of transverse cracking on stiffness reduction of cross-ply laminates

An analytical model based on the principle of minimum potential energy is developed and applied to study the effect of multiple cracks in cross-plies on the stiffness of a laminated composite. The transverse cracks are assumed to span the thickness of the cross-ply group only partially unlike in the previous studies in which they were assumed to span the entire thickness of the cross-ply group. This arrangement facilitates the study of competition between the self-similar extension of an inherent flaw within the cross-plies and the multiple parallel cracking. The numerical results for the axial stiffness as a function of both the crack density and the crack length are presented for three different composite material systems (glass/epoxy, graphite/epoxy and ceramic/ceramic) or which experimental results are available so as to validate the model.
Gas-propelled aerosols and micronized dusts for control of insects in aircraft. 4. Potential for controlling stored-product insects.

Based on their effectiveness against 3 species of stored-product insects, 12 dust and 3 aerosol formulations showed promise for replacing the 42.5% DDT + 42.5% carbaryl dust, and the 2.25% pyrethrins + 2.7% Tropital® (piperonal bis[2-(2-butoxyethoxy) ethyl] acetal) aerosol standards for the treatment of aircraft to destroy quarantined species of insects. Formulations that were tested both in truck vans (to simulate aircraft space) and in aircraft were about equally effective in each vehicle against exposed insects. A dust formulation containing 40% chlorpyrifos and a dust mixture containing 13.3% chlorpyrifos + 8.5% resmethrin + 21.3% propoxur were the only formulations tested that killed all of the exposed insects. However, by using acute mammalian toxicity as an additional index for selection, the most promising dust formulations for practical use included 44.8% bromophos, 80% Gardona® (2-chloro-l-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), and a mixture of 7% d-trans -allethrin + 40% Gardona. The most promising aerosol was 7.5% resmethrin.
Hereditary Angioedema: The Clinical Syndrome and its Management in the United States

There have been important breakthroughs in the understanding and treatment of hereditary angioedema (HAE). An associated abnormality of the serum protein C1 inhibitor led to purified protein use to end attacks. Consideration of the endocrine functions led to rediscovery of impeded androgen use in disease prophylaxis. Considerations of pathophysiology led to introduction of epsilon aminocaproic and tranexemic acids in prophylaxis and to a resurgence in trials of new therapeutic agents. We have gone from a situation where it was not uncommon for patients to have a severe attack sometime in their lives that led to airway compromise and possible death to a situation where death from disease is highly unusual. Thus HAE is in many ways a success story of modern medicine.
“Detached” deep earthquakes: are they really?

Abstract We use primarily the generation of acoustic T waves into the ocean by deep seismic sources to investigate the propagation of high-frequency seismic energy from the bottom of subduction zones to the shoreline at the earth’s surface. Conversion from shear waves to oceanic acoustic waves can be used as a proxy for the existence of a continuous slab featuring low anelastic attenuation. With the help of other techniques, such as the estimation of Q from S -to- P spectral amplitude ratios, we examine systematically a number of regions where earthquakes have been described as “detached”. We establish the mechanical continuity of the slab to the hypocenters of the 1990 Sakhalin and 1982 Bonin events, which occurred several hundred kilometers in front of the mainstream seismic zone. The study of the 1989 Paraguay shock is inconclusive, probably due to its much smaller size. The vertical continuity of the South American slab through its aseismic depth range is verified, and a similar situation probably exists in Java. Attenuation data suggests that the deep Spanish earthquakes occur within a vertically large segment of colder material, and a similar situation may exist in Colombia. The only clearly detached deep events with no mechanical connection to the surface make up the Vityaz cluster, under the North Fiji Basin. Based on a variety of geophysical evidence, the small deep earthquakes under New Zealand are likely to take place in a detached blob at least 350 km below the termination of mainstream seismicity. These results support a model integrating buoyancy forces over a long continuous slab as the source of the down-dip compressional stresses observed in large earthquakes at the bottom of the transition zone.
Development of the Farm Stress Survey: Factorial Structure, Reliability, and Validity:

The purpose of the study was to develop and test a psychometrically sound measure of farm stress. The responses of 362 farmers were used to investigate the factorial structure, reliability, and validity of the Farm Stress Survey (FSS). A factor analysis of the survey's 28 items resulted in six interpretable, reliable factors. These factors were utilized in regression analyses to predict life satisfaction, emotional strain, and illness frequency. Personal finances and time pressures were the most significant predictors of the criterion variables.
delta-Aminolevulinate dehydratase: induced expression and regional assignment of the human gene to chromosome 9q13----qter.

The structural gene encoding human δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase has been assigned to the long arm of chromosome 9 by somatic cell hybridization techniques using murine erythroleukemia-human fibroblast somatic cell hybrids. Dimethyl sulfoxide induction of erythroid differentiation in these hybrid cells resulted in a 3 to 12-fold increase in the levels of total δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase. Human δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase was detected by an immunodiscrimination assay using polyclonal mouse anti-human δaminolevulinate dehydratase antibodies. Of four primary hybrid clones, each from an independent fusion, one hybrid line, XX-8, was positive for human δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase. Examination of 23 secondary, tertiary, and quaternary XX-8 subclones revealed that the expression of the human isozyme segregated with human chromosome 9q, confirming the provisional regional assignment made by classical linkage studies. One positive quaternary clone, XX-8-H21-H7-2, expressed human δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase activity and contained only human 9q13»qter. In addition, studies of tetiary and quaternary subclones from two series, XX-8-A31 and XX-8-H21-H7, indicated that murine regulatory factors increased the human as well as the murine enzymatic activity following induction of erythroid differentiation.
Further evidence for tunneling anisotropy in Nb crystals

Anisotropy of tunneling into single-crystal niobium is revealed by comparison of d/sup 2/V/dI/sup 2/ phonon spectra and ..cap alpha../sup 2F/(..omega..) of (100) and (110) faces. This observation extends the recent report of Durbin, Buchanan, Cunningham, and Ginsberg of anisotropy between phonon spectra observed on (110) and (111) faces of Nb single-crystal films grown by molecular beam epitaxy.
The structure of “techni” jets

Abstract The properties of jets associated with quarks carrying a non-abelian gauge interaction which becomes strong at a momentum scale, ΛTC, which is taken to be much larger than that appropriate for QCD, ΛQCD, are studied. Such jets are shown to produce a unique experimental signal for new interactions.
Culture and Stereotyping Processes: Integration and New Directions

Stereotyping is one of the largest and most enduring research areas in social and personality psychology; many of the processes by which stereotypes are formed, maintained, and applied are now well understood. Yet, little is known about the degree to which stereotyping processes apply outside of North American and Western European contexts. This theoretical paper aims to serve as a starting point for researchers interested in the intersection of culture and stereotyping. We review the nascent literature documenting similarities and differences in intergroup perception across cultural groups and note areas in which the cross-cultural and stereotyping literatures have explored common mechanisms that could be profitably integrated. Finally, we offer suggestions for future research that will greatly improve our understanding of how culturally influenced cognitive tendencies influence the perception of social groups and their members.
Power-aware base station positioning for sensor networks

We consider the problem of positioning data collecting base stations in a sensor network. We show that in general, the choice of positions has a marked influence on the data rate, or equivalently, the power efficiency, of the network. In our model, which is partly motivated by an experimental environmental monitoring system, the optimum data rate for a fixed layout of base stations can be found by a maximum flow algorithm. Finding the optimum layout of base stations, however, turns out to be an NP-complete problem, even in the special case of homogeneous networks. Our analysis of the optimum layout for the special case of the regular grid shows that all layouts that meet certain constraints are equally good. We also consider two classes of random graphs, chosen to model networks that might be realistically encountered, and empirically evaluate the performance of several base station positioning algorithms on instances of these classes. In comparison to manually choosing positions along the periphery of the network or randomly choosing them within the network, the algorithms tested find positions, which significantly improve the data rate and power efficiency of the network.
Applying Digital Analysis Using Benford's Law to Detect Fraud: The Dangers of Type I Errors

At first glance the application of digital analysis using Benford's Law holds great promise as a fraud detection process. However, a closer look at the underlying statistical assumptions reveals that auditors seeking to use Benford's Law must be aware of the costs of the potential Type I errors that can occur during the analysis stage. For example, statistical considerations indicate that there is a far greater chance of making a Type I error if the Benford's Law analysis is completed on a “digit‐by‐digit” basis, as compared to the “test‐by‐test” basis typically employed by statisticians. In this paper, we explain the merits of each choice in terms of statistical concepts and practical audit process considerations.
Differentiating Children Who Are At Risk for Referral from Others on Critical Classroom Factors

The purpose of this study was twofold: to differentiate children at risk for special education referral from other low achievers, and to differentiate all low achievers from mainstreamed special education students and from average achievers on several classroom factors. These factors included attentiveness, the child's level of involvement in instructional activities, and the type of feedback the child received from the teacher. Results indicated that children in urban classrooms who were at risk for referral were not called on as frequently and did not receive as much corrective feedback from teachers as did other low achievers. In a suburban setting, low achievers were called on more often than average achievers. Implications for classroom practice are discussed.
Mechanical strengthening, stiffening, and oxidation behavior of pentatwinned Cu nanowires at near ambient temperatures

The complex effects of near ambient temperature exposure, i.e. 20?150 ?C, on the oxidation and the mechanical properties of thermal solution grown faceted Cu nanowires were investigated. The mechanical behavior was quantified with experiments on individual Cu nanowires using a MEMS-based method for nanoscale mechanical property studies. The elastic modulus of pristine Cu nanowires with diameters 300?550 nm was 117???1.2 GPa which agreed very well with polycrystalline bulk Cu, while the ultimate tensile strength was more than three times higher than bulk Cu, averaging 683???55 MPa. Annealing at just 50 ?C resulted in marked strengthening by almost 100% while the elastic modulus remained unchanged. Heat treatment in ambient air distinguished three different regimes of oxidation, namely the (a) formation of a thin passivation oxide at temperatures up to 50 ?C, (b) formation of thermal oxide obeying an Arrhenius type process for Cu+ migration at temperatures higher than 70 ?C, which was accelerated by grain boundary diffusion resulting in activation energies of 0.17?0.23 eV, and (c) complete oxidation following the Kirkendall effect at temperatures higher than 150 ?C and for prolonged exposure times, which did not obey an Arrhenius law. Notably, the formation of a weaker and more compliant thermal Cu2O did not compromise the effective strength and elastic modulus of oxidized Cu nanowires: experiments in Ar at temperatures higher than 70 ?C showed mechanical strengthening by ?50% and ultimate stiffening to ?190 GPa, which is near the upper limit for the elastic modulus of single crystal Cu in the direction.
CO2 and H2SO4 consumption in weathering and material transport to the ocean, and their role in the global carbon balance

Abstract Consumption of CO2 in mineral weathering reactions is one of the major fluxes in the global carbon cycle that drives the weathering and transport of its products by surface water from land to the ocean. In the weathering cycle, carbon dioxide, as an acid derived directly from the atmosphere and(or) remineralization of organic matter in soil, is supplemented by small, but perhaps regionally important, amounts of sulfuric acid forming in the oxidation of pyrite (FeS2). Reactions of dissolved CO2 and H2SO4 with carbonate and silicate minerals in continental sediments and crystalline crust produce the bicarbonate ion HCO3− and release metal cations, such as the four major cationic components of river water, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+, and dissolved silica to solution. Depending on the reactions that may either only consume CO2 or uncommonly also produce it, a general relationship describing the CO2 consumption by weathering reactions with carbonate and silicate minerals is a weathering potential ψ = (net CO2 consumed) / (HCO3− produced). The lower values of this ratio, about 0.54, are for carbonate rocks and evaporites, about 0.75 for shales and sandstones, and 1 for the crystalline igneous continental crust. In an average world river (of which there is more than one estimate of chemical composition), the mass proportions of the main cations and anions differ from those in the weathering source that consists of the sediments and part of the continental crust because of the differences in mineral solubilities and dissolution rates. A dissolution model of a weathering source that consists of 63 wt% average sediment and 37 wt% upper continental crust gives the concentrations of the major dissolved constituents in an average river that agree very well with the range of composition given by other investigators. This dissolution model also provides an average CO2 consumption potential of ψ = 0.72 and a sequence of relative stability or order of persistence in the weathering of the mineral constituents of the sedimentary carbonate, silicate, and evaporitic rocks, and the crustal silicates. The CO2 consumption rate translates into a weathering flux of about 22 × 1012 mol C/yr, derived mainly from soil–atmosphere CO2 that forms by decomposition of organic matter in soils. Anthropogenic emissions of SO2 to the atmosphere, as projected for the future and at the upper bound of the projection, may provide H2SO4 to the continental surface that is 3 to 5 times greater than the natural H2SO4 production by the oxidation of pyrite in sediments. The higher input rates of H2SO4 may increase the dissolved ionic solid concentrations in river waters by about 13%, without significantly affecting the CO2 consumption in weathering. In the global carbon cycle, the CO2 uptake in weathering is comparable to other interreservoir fluxes in the atmosphere–land–ocean system.
ACCESS: Smart scheduling for asymmetric cache CMPs

In current Chip-multiprocessors (CMPs), a significant portion of the die is consumed by the last-level cache. Until recently, the balance of cache and core space has been primarily guided by the needs of single applications. However, as multiple applications or virtual machines (VMs) are consolidated on such a platform, researchers have observed that not all VMs or applications require significant amount of cache space. In order to take advantage of this phenomenon, we explore the use of asymmetric last-level caches in a CMP platform. While asymmetric cache CMPs provide the benefit of reduced power and area, it is important to build in hardware/software support to appropriately schedule applications on to cores with suitable cache capacity. In this paper, we address this problem with our ACCESS architecture comprising of: (a) asymmetric caches across a group of cores, (b) hardware support that enables prediction of cache performance on the different sized caches and (c) OS scheduler support to make use of the prediction capability and appropriately schedule applications on to core with suitable cache capacity. Measurements on a working prototype using SPEC2006 benchmarks show that our ACCESS architecture can effectively schedule jobs in an asymmetric cache CMP and provide 23% performance improvement compared to a naive scheduler, and is 97% close to an oracle scheduler in making schedules.
Characterization of Plasma-coated Wool Fabrics

(Si : Ox : Cy : Hz) thin films were deposited on knitted wool fabrics by plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition using hexamethyldisiloxane as a monomer and argon and oxygen as feed gases in low-pressure equipment. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses confirmed the presence of the siloxane coating. The pilling tendency of treated samples was investigated for different deposition powers, ranging from 30 to 50 W. A reduction on pill formation was observed for all treated samples. A silicone-based wet chemical treatment was taken as the reference method for pilling reduction and plasma treatments were compared with it. The pilling grade of treated fabrics was also tested after washing and the results confirmed a good pilling behavior of plasma-treated fabrics. Changes were observed in the bursting resistance of plasma-treated wool samples compared with untreated ones, while no significant differences were found in the whiteness index.
Screening and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Part 1: Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and bacterial vaginosis.

Despite increased public awareness sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) remain a major cause of morbidity and an important public health issue for adolescents. Each year more than 2.5 million teenagers are diagnosed with STDs and many more are infected subclinically. Whereas effective treatment regimens exist for many STDs others can only be treated symptomatically and patients must be counseled regarding transmission. The scope of this guideline includes evaluation of sexually active adolescents and treatment of common STDs other than human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and syphilis. Sexually active adolescents may benefit from scheduled medical visits every 6 to 12 months (or more frequently if they are at higher risk or symptomatic). Serologic testing for syphilis and HIV is offered and is recommended for high-risk adolescents. If not previously administered the hepatitis B immunization series should be started and in male homosexual patients administering the hepatitis A vaccine should also be considered. Counseling about STDs and pregnancy as well as abstinence should take place at every visit. (excerpt)
A Review of Arthroscopic Bone Marrow Stimulation Techniques of the Talus: The Good, the Bad, and the Causes for Concern

Osteochondral lesions of the talus are common injuries following acute and chronic ankle sprains. Numerous surgical treatment strategies have been employed for treating these lesions; arthroscopic bone marrow stimulation is recognized as the first-line technique to provide fibrocartilage infill of the defect site. While the short- and medium-term outcomes of this technique are good, the long-term outcomes are not yet known. An increasing number of studies, however, show a cause for concern in employing this technique, including declining outcome scores over time. The current authors have therefore developed a treatment strategy based on previously established guidelines in addition to morphological cartilage-sensitive fast spin echo techniques and quantitative T2 mapping magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Accordingly, the authors advocate arthroscopic bone marrow stimulation in lesion sizes up to 8 mm in diameter and osteochondral autograft transplant (OATS) in lesion sizes greater than 8 mm in diameter. In the absence of long-term studies, confining the use of arthroscopic bone marrow stimulation to smaller lesions may support prolonged joint life by decreasing the rate at which the fibrocartilage ultimately degenerates over time. Employing the OATS procedure in larger lesions has the advantage of replacing “like with like.” The current review examines the role of arthroscopic bone marrow stimulation techniques of the talus.
Correlations between levels of mite and cat allergens in settled and airborne dust.

Abstract Thirty homes in Rochester, Minn., 20 of which housed cats, were studied to compare cat and mite allergen concentrations in airborne and settled dust. With Air Sentinels in the bedroom and living room for airborne collections, and a Sample Vac for collections from living room carpet and bedroom mattress, immunochemical quantifications of each were made with various radiometric assays with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. The most significant correlations were found between airborne mite in the bedroom and living room ( p p Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae , but D. farinae was present in greater amounts. In seven houses we found >10 μg of group I mite allergen per gram of settled dust, indicating that some houses in Minnesota have concentrations of mite allergens high enough to cause allergic disease, even in the winter. Clinical interpretation of these data on air levels is hampered by uncertainty as to whether symptoms are more closely related to average steady-state exposure, which we measured, or to brief heavy concentrations. Further epidemiologic studies are needed to define the concentration of mite and cat allergens in the air that are risk factors for allergic disease. The concentration of cat allergen correlated with mite allergen in the air, but not in settled dust, presumably reflecting the fact that both are influenced by ventilation rate.
Professional Reasoning and Occupational Therapist's Use of a Multi-Sensory Environment for Clients with Dementia

ABSTRACTAims: To examine the professional reasoning process of occupational therapists using multi-sensory environments (MSEs) to treat clients with dementia. Methods: This was a qualitative study design which used interviews to uncover the multi-faceted professional reasoning process used by occupational therapists when implementing MSE interventions for individuals with dementia. Results: Qualitative data analysis yielded three themes regarding the professional reasoning process of occupational therapists that use MSEs to treat clients with dementia. Clinicians use MSEs because the intervention emphasizes client-centered care; facilitates neural changes; and promotes emotional connections. Conclusions: Current evidence does not support the professional reasoning process which occupational therapists use when integrating the MSE into the occupational therapy plan of care. Further qualitative research is indicated to explore why occupational therapists continue to use interventions that are not evidence-b...