cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local cortical overexpression of human wild-type alpha-synuclein leads to increased dendritic spine density in mouse

Lewy body dementias are characterized by deposition of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) protein aggregates known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in cortical regions, in addition to brainstem. These aggregates are thought to cause the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and other vulnerable cell types in patients, leading to parkinsonism. There is evidence from mice that localized overexpression of wild-type α-syn leads to dopaminergic cell death in the substantia nigra. However, it is not known how cortical neurons are affected by α-syn. In this study, we used viral overexpression of α-syn to investigate whether localized overexpression within the cortex affects the density, length, and morphology of dendritic spines, which serve as a measure of synaptic connectivity. An AAV2/6 viral vector coding for wild-type human α-syn was used to target overexpression bilaterally to the medial prefrontal cortex within adult mice. After ten weeks the brain was stained using the Golgi-Cox method. Density of dendritic spines in the injected region was increased in layer V pyramidal neurons compared with animals injected with control virus. Immunohistochemistry in separate animals showed human α-syn expression throughout the region of interest, especially in presynaptic terminals. However, phosphorylated α-syn was seen in a discrete number of cells at the region of highest overexpression, localized mainly to the soma and nucleus. These findings demonstrate that at early timepoints, α-syn overexpression may alter connectivity in the cortex, which may be relevant to early stages of the disease. In addition, these findings contribute to the understanding of α-syn, which when overexpressed in the wildtype, non-aggregated state may promote spine formation. Loss of spines secondary to α-syn in cortex may require higher expression, longer incubation, cellular damage, concomitant dopaminergic dysfunction or other two-hit factors to lead to synaptic degeneration.
Inference of Deep Neural Networks with Analog Memory Devices

Acceleration of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) inference using non-volatile memory (NVM) arrays, such as PhaseChange Memory (PCM), shows promising advantages with respect to digital implementations, in terms of energy efficiency and speed. By exploiting closed-loop tuning techniques and weight encoding using multiple conductances with varying significance, we experimentally demonstrate, using up to 220 PCM devices, careful analog conductance tuning. Such programming techniques are implementable in a row-by-row scheme, enabling reliable weight encoding for future inference hardware.
Informational Social Influence, Belief Perseverance, and Conservatism Bias in Web Interface Design Evaluations

The ability to accurately measure the quality of a web interface design is critical if organizations hope to make effective decisions about their websites. Since websites are often the most publically visible face of an organization, website-related decisions can have profound impacts on the organization’s prospects for success. Prior research involving web interface quality assessments has typically considered those judging an interface to be independent actors who are making decisions in a situation that is free of social influence. In real-world settings, however, website designs are frequently evaluated by groups, rather than isolated individuals. To that end, this article seeks to provide insights into the effects that group-related cognitive biases may have on web interface design assessments. Specifically, by using a controlled, randomized experiment involving more than 500 research subjects, it is shown that judges’ web interface ratings can be easily manipulated by social influence phenomena, and that people assessing web interfaces in a social context are highly susceptible to informational social influence, belief perseverance, and conservatism bias. Given that these phenomena can all serve as significant sources of measurement error, and given the importance of being able to accurately measure the quality of a website design, the findings of the study suggest that organizational web interface design evaluations should be deliberately performed by individual judges in an environment that is free from social influence.
Burden and risk factors for inappropriate Clostridioides Difficile infection testing among hospitalized patients.

ABSTRACT Background The purpose of this study was to identify the burden and risk factors for inappropriate Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) testing. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study among adults hospitalized between 2010 and 2019. Inappropriate CDI testing was defined as a formed stool specimen, an order within 7 days of a previously negative test, or an order within 24 hours of laxative administration. Results A total of 51,302 CDI orders were placed for 29,840 unique patients. 59% were appropriate and 41% were inappropriate. An additional 24% of the appropriate orders never resulted. Risk factors for inappropriate testing included orders placed by a nurse practitioner, orders placed by high-ordering providers, specific hospital units, fever, and leukocytosis. Conclusions Nearly half of all CDI orders were inappropriate among hospitalized patients, and an additional 24% of test results never returned. Provider- and patient-level risk factors included type of provider, specific hospital units, and signs of sepsis.
Relationship between emotional intelligence and burnout: An empirical investigation of teacher educators

Intention of this investigation was to explore if a relationship exists or not between emotional intelligence and burnout by examine a sample of 200 teacher educators that were selected by a purposive stratified sampling method from among of all teacher educators in District Gaya, India. In this investigation, two instruments were used to collect data, such as Weisinger’s Emotional Intelligence Test and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). This research was correlation type so to analyze the data, were used Pearson correlation co-efficient and Analysis of Regression. Investigations found that teacher educator were not significantly different in emotional intelligence on the basis of gender, locality and teaching experience. Gender and teaching experience has nothing to play on burnout but locality has a significant difference on burnout score of teacher educators. Emotional intelligence and burnout syndrome have a strong negative association (r=-0.221), according to research results. Emotional intelligence had a significant contribution on burnout of teacher educators.
What role does professional noticing play? Examining connections with affect and mathematical knowledge for teaching among preservice teachers

This study examined the intersections of preservice elementary teachers’ (PSET) professional noticing (PN) of children’s mathematical thinking, two mathematical knowledge for teaching (MKT) domains: mathematics content knowledge (MCK) and mathematics pedagogical content knowledge (MPCK), and two affective domains: attitudes and dispositions toward teaching mathematics. An instructional module focused on PN of children’s early algebraic thinking, as defined by Jacobs et al. (J Res Math Educ 41: 169–202, 2010) to include three components: attending, interpreting, and deciding, was implemented with 170 PSETs. The PSETs, who participated in the instructional module, the implementation group, showed significant positive growth in attending, interpreting, and attitudes toward mathematics. There was no significant change in dispositions toward teaching mathematics and a decrease was observed in PSET deciding and MKT. A comparison group of 126 PSETs enrolled in mathematics methods courses did not participate in the instructional module. PSETs in the comparison group showed a decrease across all measures including attending, interpreting, deciding, attitudes, dispositions, and MKT. Results showed statistically significant connections within and between some of the constructs; however, the limitations of the study call for further investigation.
Relationships between drag and periodic vortex shedding

To the writer's knowledge, there are no published data that may be compared with Eq. (3), but the proportionality between the drag coefficient and the inverse of the Strouhal number is the trend that Hoerner presents for bluff bodies in Fig. 7 of Ref. (2). A similar result may be found from a slight modification of von Karman's classical vortex street analysis. To confine "the analogy to its proper limits, it should first of all be recalled that von Karman was occupied with a perfect fluid and that his vortices are completely independent of the generating body, whereas the vortices of this study are a -con-equence of a transition of the body's laminar boundary layer as it crosses the trailing edge. In the notation of Fig. 1, von Karman found the following:
Minimal Triangulation Algorithms for Perfect Phylogeny Problems

In this paper, we show that minimal triangulation techniques similar to those proposed by Bouchitte and Todinca can be applied to a variety of perfect phylogeny or character compatibility problems. These problems arise in the context of supertree construction, a critical step in estimating the Tree of Life.
From tertiary education to innovating at work: What is really important for hotel managers?

Abstract The goal of the present study was to examine the link between hotel managers’ post-secondary education and the extent to which they used knowledge acquired from such education to solve problems and innovate at work. One hundred and sixty-one hotel managers in Jamaica were surveyed. Stepwise regression analysis was performed. The study found that variety of academic specializations and recency of academic qualifications were more important to hotel managers’ use of knowledge from education to solve problems and innovate at work than years of post-secondary education and the relatedness of such education to their current jobs. Leaders in the lodging sector should take the findings into consideration when recruiting and developing hotel managers. One hundred and sixty-one hotel managers in Jamaica were surveyed and stepwise regression analysis performed. The study found that variety of academic specializations and recency of academic qualifications were more important to the hotel managers' use of knowledge from education to solve problems and innovate at work than their years of post-secondary education and the relatedness of such education to their current jobs. The study's findings could have implications for how hotel managers are selected and developed in the future.
Distributed Control for 3D Metamorphosis

In this paper, we define Proteo as a class of three-dimensional (3D) metamorphic robotic system capable of approximating arbitrary 3D shapes by utilizing repeated modules. Each Proteo module contains embedded sensors, actuators and a controller, and each resides in a 3D grid space. A module can move itself to one of its open neighbor sites under certain motion constraints. Distributed control for the self-reconfiguration of such robots is an interesting and challenging problem. We present a class of distributed control algorithms for the reconfiguration of Proteo robots based on the “goal-ordering” mechanism. Performance results are shown for experiments of these algorithms in a simulation environment, and the properties of these algorithms are analyzed.
Graft vs GIST

Physicians specializing in hematopoietic SCT (HSCT) occasionally encounter the difficult situation of deciding whether to proceed with an allogeneic HSCT for a high-risk hematologic malignancy in a patient who has a different concomitant incurable but treatable low-grade neoplasm. In such patients, the risk of the low-grade neoplasm demonstrating altered natural history and progressing more quickly to become life threatening in the setting of immunosuppression is theoretically increased, but the magnitude of this risk is unknown. With the increasing availability of targeted therapies with relatively favorable safety profiles prolonging survival in these patients, the unique possibility of entering into an allogeneic HSCT for a high-risk hematologic malignancy while planning post-transplant targeted therapy for the low-grade neoplasm emerges. However, the likelihood that a patient will be a suitable candidate for such effective, otherwise relatively non-toxic targeted therapy after what can be a very complicated course post transplant is impossible to determine a priori.
Multilingual query expansion for CLEF Adhoc-TEL

In this paper we will briefly describe the approaches taken by the Cheshire (Berkeley) Group for the CLEF Adhoc-TEL 2009 tasks (Mono and Bilingual retrieval). Recognizing that many potentially relevant documents in each of the TEL sub-collections are in other languages, we tried to use multiple translations of the topics for searching each subcollection, combined into a single query. Overall this strategy performed very poorly compared to the the basic monolingual approach used last year (and repeated for one run in each language this year). Once again this year we used probabilistic text retrieval based on logistic regression and incorporating blind relevance feedback for all of the runs. All translation for bilingual tasks was performed using the LEC Power Translator PC-based MT system. Our results this year, however, were surprising poor compared to last year's results. Additional analysis has shown that, for some cases, unexpected hyphenations in the machine translation and untranslated words were to blame.
Aground on the Ground of Values: Friedrich Nietzsche

The aim of this essay is to illuminate some of the difficulties inherent in what might be called “axiological foundationalism.” For this purpose I will analyze the account of values and the process of value formation which is found in the mature, published writings of Friedrich Nietzsche. Few philosophers have attached as much importance or devoted so much sustained attention to the problem of value as did Nietzsche. From his early quasi-Schopenhauerian concern with the “value of suffering and existence” to his interrupted final confrontation with the “self-devaluation of the highest value,” i.e., with modern nihilism, the central focus of Nietzsche’s work remained the problem of the function, foundation, genealogy, and justification of values — the problem, if you will, of the value of value. What makes Nietzsche an especially interesting case for anyone interested in examining axiological foundationalism is the transitional, even pivotal, position which his work occupies. On the one hand, Nietzsche is unquestionably one of the most pentrating critics of every sort of quest for “ultimate grounds” in philosophy and his writings have been a major influence on much of the anti- or post-foundationalist thought of our own unfortunate century. On the other, Nietzsche himself was by no means free from the traditional thrall to the foundationalist ideal. Indeed, one of the most distinctive features of his thought is precisely its passionate ambiguity on this question.
Emissions of greenhouse gases from a North American megacity

Atmospheric column abundances of carbon dioxide (CO_2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH_4) and nitrous oxide (N_2O) have been measured above the South Coast air basin (SCB), a densely populated urban region of Southern California, USA, which includes Los Angeles and the surrounding suburbs. Large diurnal variations in CO and CH_4 are observed which correlate well with those in CO_2. Weaker correlations are seen between N_2O and CO_2, with large uncertainties. We compute yearly SCB emissions of CO and CH_4 to be 1.4 ± 0.3 Tg CO and 0.6 ± 0.1 Tg CH_4. We compare our calculated emissions to the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) estimates. Our measurements confirm that urban emissions are a significant source of CH_4 and in fact may be substantially higher than currently estimated. If our emissions are typical of other urban centers, these findings suggest that urban emissions could contribute 7–15% to the global anthropogenic budget of methane.
Role of low-density lipoproteins in atherogenesis and development of coronary heart disease.

There is a strong association between increased blood concentrations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and severity of coronary atherosclerosis. Multiple mechanisms affect hypercholesterolemia, e.g., diet, aging, hormones, and genetics. LDL receptors apparently are also important--through down-regulation, defects in structure, or decreased numbers--as are changes in LDL binding characteristics caused by alterations in apolipoprotein B content or structure. Current concepts of LDL metabolism are extensively reviewed, including the role of modified or oxidized LDL in atherogenesis.
Flagellin Stimulates Protective Lung Mucosal Immunity: Role of Cathelicidin-Related Antimicrobial Peptide

TLRs are required for generation of protective lung mucosal immune responses against microbial pathogens. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the TLR5 ligand flagellin on stimulation of antibacterial mucosal immunity in a lethal murine Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia model. The intranasal pretreatment of mice with purified P. aeruginosa flagellin induced strong protection against intratracheal P. aeruginosa-induced lethality, which was attributable to markedly improved bacterial clearance, reduced dissemination, and decreased alveolar permeability. The protective effects of flagellin on survival required TLR5 and were observed even in the absence of neutrophils. Flagellin induced strong induction of innate genes, most notably the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide. Finally, flagellin-induced protection was partially abrogated in cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide-deficient mice. Our findings illustrate the profound stimulatory effect of flagellin on lung mucosal innate immunity, a response that might be exploited therapeutically to prevent the development of gram-negative bacterial infection of the respiratory tract.
Real-time monitoring of an adhesive lap shear test using piezospectroscopy

The stress distribution within an �-alumina filled adhesive was evaluated using piezospectroscopy. Using optically transparent fiberglass substrates, a single lap-shear loading test was configured and spectral characteristic surface maps of the adhesive were obtained at incremental loads. Corresponding contour plots were created to visually display the stresses within the material due to the applied external load, verifying the capability of a real-time stress monitoring application. Nomenclature � = alpha phase kN = kilonewton nm = nanometer MPa = megapascal R1 = leftmost (first) R-line curve R2 = rightmost (second) R-line curve �ij = piezospectroscopic stress tensor �ij = piezospectroscopic coefficients �� = frequency shift
Predicting Support for Eliminating the Dividend Tax: The Role of Framing and Attributions for Wealth

The proposed elimination of the dividend tax was among the most debated aspects of the Bush administration's economic stimulus package. Both the fairness of the initiative and who would benefit from it were questioned. Drawing on the political rhetoric of these debates, 86 respondents completed materials assessing the effects of framing and attributions for wealth on support for eliminating the dividend tax. The participants were less supportive of eliminating the dividend tax when it was framed as benefiting the wealthy than when the initiative was framed as benefiting the general public. Attributing wealth to personal initiative and "warm" feelings toward the wealthy emerged as the most powerful predictors of supporting the tax's elimination. Implications for social policy and economic justice are discussed.
Playroom toy preferences of fifteen masculine and fifteen feminine boys

This study explored the hypothesis that young boys described by parents as showing feminine behavior prefer the playthings of girls when given access to girls' and boy's toys. Fifteen boys, aged 4–10, described as frequently cross-dressing, preferring female playmates, showing feminine gestures, and playing a female in games were compared with 15 boys described as masculine. Boys were placed in a room with masculine and feminine toys and observed for 15 min through a one-way mirror. Masculine boys played more with masculine toys and feminine boys more with feminine toys. Toys which best separated the groups were a doll and a truck. Introduction of a parent did not significantly alter these patterns. This procedure may allow for manipulation of parental reaction to the child's toy selection in an effort to modify feminine preferences.
3-D imaging for ground penetrating radar using compressive sensing with block-toeplitz structures

Compressive sensing (CS) techniques have shown promise for sparse imaging applications such as ground penetrating radar (GPR). However, CS involves the enumeration of a dictionary which implies huge storage requirements when the problem is large and multidimensional. This paper shows that the underlying propagation model can have invariance properties that simplify the dictionary. Specifically, translational invariance in the GPR case leads to a block-Toeplitz structure that can be exploited to reduce both the storage, by a factor of N in each block-Toeplitz dimension, and the computational complexity. Exploiting this reduction in storage for the 3-dimensional GPR imaging problem makes the CS solution feasible for underground object detection.
Oriented Composites by Solidification of Off-Eutectic Mixtures

Mollard and Flemings [1] and Cline [2] produced lamellar and fibrous com posites of various lead-tin alloys by directional solidification under conditions in which free convection was suppressed. Experiments on mixtures containing a non-faceted material and a platelet-forming material showed that oriented com posites could be obtained from off-eutectic compositions by zone melting, even with convection present [3]. Pepper [4] produced irregular fibers of Be in Al by zone melting of off-eutectic mixtures. The purpose of the present work was to see just how drastic freezing conditions could be when one component was a strong fiber-former and still obtain an oriented composite. An organic system was chosen for the experiments to permit observation of the freezing interface under the microscope.
The perception of Seoul Korean fricatives by listeners from five different native dialect and language groups

Previous studies have investigated the acoustic properties of Korean sibilant fricatives, with some attention given to effects of native dialect and language on both their production and perception. The current study investigates the effects of native dialect and language on the perception of Seoul Korean fricatives by testing the identification of fricative-initial CVs by native Korean speakers from Seoul, Daegu, and Jeju, as well as native Mandarin and Japanese second language learners of Korean. The results show that although native Korean listeners are far more accurate than non-native listeners, there was no significant variation within the native and non-native groups themselves. The results also show an inverse relationship between identification accuracy and vowel height that was consistent across both native and non-native listeners. This finding is in line with previous studies showing that the cues to the contrast are stronger in low vowel contexts than in high vowel contexts.
Sequential determination of jet structure

We review the definition of pierce numbers, which are a generalization of the concept of thrust. These quantities provide a useful way to characterize the jet structure of high energy events. Geometrical and topological problems encountered in calculating the pierce numbers of an event are discussed. The degree of hierarchy in the jet structure influences both the calculational problems and the physics results. We have previously developed, and used in a number of simulation studies, a computer program which calculates approximate values of the pierce numbers. We describe here a modification of this program which is slower in operation but more accurate. Values of thrust, as obtained using these programs, are compared with the exact value and with other approximations. The influence of the approximations on the invariant masses of jet combinations is also examined.
The dawning of the autonomic computing era

This issue of the IBM Systems Journal explores a broad set of ideas and approaches to autonomic computing--some first steps in what we see as a journey to create more self-managing computing systems. Autonomic computing represents a collection and integration of technologies that enable the creation of an information technology computing infrastructure for IBM's agenda for the next era of computing--e-business on demand. This paper presents an overview of IBM's autonomic computing initiative. It examines the genesis of autonomic computing, the industry and marketplace drivers, the fundamental characteristics of autonomic systems, a framework for how systems will evolve to become more self-managing, and the key role for open industry standards needed to support autonomic behavior in heterogeneous system environments. Technologies explored in each of the papers presented in this issue are introduced for the reader.
The Effectiveness of Various Attitude Indicator Display Sizes and Extended Horizon Lines on Attitude Maintenance in a Part-Task Simulation

Spatial disorientation (SD) is a constant contributing factor to the rate of fatal aviation accidents. SD occurs as a result of perceptual errors that can be attributed in part to the inefficient presentation of synthetic orientation cues via the attitude indicator when external visual conditions are poor. Improvements in the design of the attitude indicator may help to eliminate instrumentation as a factor in the onset of SD. The goal of the present study was to explore several display concepts that may contribute to an improved attitude display. Specifically, the effectiveness of various display sizes, some that are used in current and some that are anticipated in future attitude displays that may incorporate Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) concepts, was assessed. In addition, a concept known as an extended horizon line or Malcolm Horizon (MH) was applied and evaluated. Paired with the MH, the novel concept of a fixed reference line representing the central horizontal plane of the aircraft was also tested. Subjects performance on an attitude control task and secondary math workload task was measured across the various display sizes and conditions. The results, with regard to display size, confirmed the bigger is better concept, yielding better performance with the larger display sizes. A clear and significant improvement in attitude task performance was found with the addition of the extended horizon line. The extended or MH seemed to equalize attitude performance across display sizes, even for a central or foveal display as small as three inches in width.
Clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer including FDG-PET Imaging: sites and time to recurrence.

Introduction Positron emission tomography (PET) has improved the accuracy of staging non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), although some early-stage patients will still relapse. The purpose of this study was to determine the sites and time to recurrence in patients with clinical stage I NSCLC whose initial staging evaluation included conventional imaging and fluorodeoxyglucose-PET. Methods This study was approved by our institutional review board and complies with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. We retrospectively searched our PET database and identified 231 patients (125 women, 106 men; ages 36–93 years) with primary NSCLC and clinical stage I disease. The sites and time to recurrence were recorded. The average follow-up time was 33 months. Results Of the 231 patients with clinical stage I tumors, 196 patients (85%) had pathological stage I disease. Two patients developed a second primary lung cancer, and 40 patients (20%) developed local or distant recurrence. Ninety-three percent of all patients remained disease free at 1 year, and 27% (11/40) of those who recur do so in the first year. The most common site of first recurrence was the thorax, followed by the brain, bone, and adrenal glands. Conclusions Twenty percent of stage I NSCLC patients staged with conventional imaging and PET will develop recurrent NSCLC. The sites of recurrence with the addition of PET are similar to those reported with staging by conventional imaging alone. Additional studies are needed to determine the optimal time for follow-up imaging if intervention for recurrent disease is shown to improve survival.
Conceptualizing and Measuring Prospect Wants: Understanding the Source of Brand Preference

Prospect wants originate upstream from the marketplace, in the context of everyday life and work. Researchers in marketing attempt to read wants by measuring and decomposing consumer preferences for marketplace offerings. In this paper, we show that consumer preference for offerings reflects an interaction between motivating conditions that prompt users to action, and capability of a brand’s attributes to address the source of the motivation. A hierarchical Bayes conjoint model is proposed for measuring motivating wants that exist upstream from the marketplace and instrumental wants that are expressed as reactions to marketplace offerings. The model is illustrated with data from a national survey of the concerns and interests that prompt prospects to brush their teeth and their preference for toothpaste attributes.
A radiation-genetic method to decide whether one or both of the DNA strands injected by a virus into its host transmit the hereditary information to the progeny.

Abstract An experimental method is devised to investigate whether only one or both of the DNA strands injected by an infecting virus into a cell transmit genetic information to other DNA strands. By the same procedure it is also possible to assess some of the functions of the two DNA strands. The method is based on a classification of the various types of function which are possible in the two cases: duplication of both or only one of the injected DNA strands. These two cases are referred to as “Duplex hypothesis” and “Simplex hypothesis,” respectively. The types of function possible in the two cases present differences which can be tested by appropriate experiments. In the case of the Simplex hypothesis, it is also possible to decide whether the strand transmitting the hereditary information is always the same (Simplex-D hypothesis) or whether it is randomly selected in each particular phage or each particular cell (Simplex-R hypothesis).
Searching for Information in 133 Years of California Snowfall Observations

AbstractMonthly snowfall totals from over 500 stations in California, some of which date back to 1878, are examined. Most data were accessed through the NOAA archive, but several thousand station months of data were separately keyed in from image files of original documents. Over 26 000 of these entries were new relative to the NOAA archive, generally providing data prior to 1920. The stations were then subdivided into 18 regions for the construction of representative time series of each area. There were problems with the basic data—the most difficult with which to deal was the increasing presence of “zero” totals that should have been recorded as “missing.” This and other issues reduce the confidence that the regional time series are representative of true variations and trends, especially for regions with few systematically reporting stations. Interpreting linear trends on time series with infrequent large anomalies of one sign (i.e., heavy snowfall years) and unresolved data issues should be done with ...
Factors associated with coliform count in unpasteurized bulk milk

The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with bulk milk coliform count (CC). Dairy farms (n=10) were visited once weekly on sequential weekdays over a period of 10 wk. During each visit, in-line drip samplers were used to collect 1 milk sample from 2 points of the milk line (between the receiver jar and milk filters, and after the plate cooler). During the same period that in-line milk samples were collected, university personnel observed milking performance and hygiene and collected liner (n=40) and teat skin swabs (n=40). Coliform counts were determined for milk samples and swabs using Petrifilm CC plates (3M, St. Paul, MN). A mixed model was used to assess the association between in-line milk CC (ILCC) and several potential predictor variables. The mean duration of each visit was 73 min and the time between start of milking and beginning of milk sampling was 154 min. The mean number of cows milked during each visit was 236. For all milk samples (n=181), geometric mean ILCC was 37 cfu/mL. In-line milk CC varied by farm, ranging from 5 to 1,198 cfu/mL. Rate of fall-offs, rate of cluster washes, outdoor and indoor temperature, indoor humidity, sampling duration, and parity group were unconditionally associated with ILCC but did not enter the final multivariate model. In-line milk CC was 4 times greater (115 cfu/mL) when milking machine wash failures occurred compared with ILCC after normal washes (26 cfu/mL). Pre-filter and post-cooler ILCC were not different when milk samples were collected at the beginning ( 67% of the herd milked). Geometric mean ILCC (cfu/mL) increased 6.3% for every 10% increase in in-line milk SCC (cells/mL). Geometric mean ILCC increased 2.3% for every 10% increase in liner CC (cfu/mL). Results of this study provide novel information about farm factors associated with CC, as estimated in milk before storage in tankers or bulk tanks, and highlight the importance of proper and consistent milking machine washes in minimizing bulk milk coliform contamination. The nature of the associations between liner CC, rate of cluster washes, rate of milking units fall-offs, and ILCC indicates that managing and monitoring such events has the potential for improving bacteriological quality of farm bulk milk.
Special Perforated Steel Plate Shear Walls with Reduced Beam Section Anchor Beams. II: Analysis and Design Recommendations

This paper presents a comparison of analytical and experimental results from an investigation of specially detailed ductile perforated steel plate shear walls (SPSWs). These SPSWs had low yield strength steel infill panels, anchor beams with reduced beam sections connections, and were specially detailed to accommodate utility passage through the wall while remaining ductile. Finite-element models of full SPSWs and subelement strips are developed using the finite element software package ABAQUS/Standard to facilitate a comparison with experimental results and to investigate the influence of localized distribution of panel stress and strain between perforations. Based on the analytical and experimental results, recommendations for the design of these special detailed perforated SPSWs are presented.
Structure and electronic factors in benzene coordination to Cr(CO)3 and to cluster models of Ni, Pt, and Ag (111) surfaces

Abstract Bonding of benzene to a chromium tricarbonyl fragment and to cluster models of silver, nickel, and platinum (111) surfaces is found by means of molecular orbital calculations to be dominated by a benzene donation bond involving its π (e 1g ) orbitals and metal d orbitals. Three-fold hollow sites on the clusters are calculated to be most stable for benzene coordination, a conclusion reached in a number of experimental studies of benzene on metal surfaces. On the Ag, Ni, and pt clusters, the benzene CH bonds are found to bend away from the surface by −2°, 8° and 19°, respectively, a result of carbon atom hybridization to maximize overlap with metal orbitals. For benzene chromium tricarbonyl, the CH bonds are calculated to bend 3° toward the metal, compared to a 1.7° bend reported in a diffraction study. The direction and magnitude of the CH bending are shown to depend on the metal d orbital occupancy (an electronic factor) and the proximity of metal atoms in the adsorption site (a structure factor). Small Kekule distortions are calculated for the chromium complex and for the C 3v sites on Pt(111). Finally, recent experimental studies showing a decrease in benzene adsorption energy when potassium is coadsorbed on Pt(111) may be understood to result from decreased π donation which accompanies the shift up of the metal d band with cathodic charging.
Mist1 expression is a common link among serous exocrine cells exhibiting regulated exocytosis

Mist1 is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that represses E-box-mediated transcription. Previous studies have suggested that the Mist1 gene is expressed in a wide range of tissues, although a complete characterization of Mist1 protein accumulation in the adult organism has not been described. In an effort to identify specific cell types that contain the Mist1 protein, antibodies specific for Mist1 were generated and used in Western blot and immunohistochemical assays. Our studies show that the Mist1 protein is present in many different tissues but that it is restricted to cell types that are exclusively secretory in nature. Pancreatic acinar cells, serous or seromucous cells of the salivary glands, chief cells of the stomach, and secretory cells of the prostate and seminal vesicle show high levels of Mist1 protein, whereas nonserous exocrine cells, including the mucus-producing cells of the salivary glands, remain Mist1 negative. These results identify Mist1 as the first transcription factor that exhibits this unique serous-specific expression pattern and suggest that Mist1 may have a key role in establishing and maintaining a pathway responsible for the exocytosis of serous secretions.
The Opening Snap of the Tricuspid Valve: A Physical Sign of Tricuspid Stenosis

In two patients with rheumatic heart disease a short, loud, high pitched, early diastolic, snapping sound was heard at or below and to the right of the xiphisternum. Except for the different area of audibility it was similar on auscultation to the opening snap of the mitral valve. Both patients showed clinical evidence of tricuspid as well as mitral and aortic valvular disease. There was hemodynamic evidence of tricuspid disease in one, and the other displayed tricuspid stenosis at necropsy. The abnormal sound was regarded as the opening snap of the tricuspid valve.
On the proper spinor genus of a quadratic form

The object of this paper is to exhibit a procedure and a setting in which lattices on a given quadratic space Vover a global field can be studied via lattices on another more tractable space. This will enable us to prescribe conditions under which the proper spinor genus of a lattice can be characterized without reference to the spinor norm. The method involves modification of Vby orthogonal adjunction and cancellation, and by suitable local changes. In effect this allows us to reap some of the benefits of isotropy in a situation that may be anisotropic. Other descriptions of the proper spinor genus can be found in Cassels [2],Kneser[7],O’Meara [8], and Watson [12]; and a related concept has been defined by Jones [6]. See O'Meara's survey article [9] for historical details. Our notation and terminology are those of [8].
The forkhead box F1 transcription factor is expressed in brain and head mesenchyme during mouse embryonic development.

Abstract The forkhead box f1 (Foxf1) transcription factor is expressed in septum transversum mesenchyme and splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm, which give rise to mesenchymal cells of gut-derived organs such as liver, gall bladder, lung, stomach, and intestine. Foxf1 −/− embryos die in utero and haploinsufficiency of the Foxf1 gene resulted in a variety of developmental abnormalities of the lung, gall bladder, esophagus, and trachea and caused defects in liver and lung repair. In this study, we used Foxf1 +/− mouse embryos containing the β-Galactosidase (β-Gal) gene knocked into the Foxf1 locus to examine whether Foxf1 is expressed in the developing brain and head region. In addition to previously reported Foxf1 expression patterns, β-Gal staining was also found in the mesenchyme of developing pituitary gland, eye, pancreas, heart, notochord, genital tubercle, Meckel's cartilage, and cartilage primordia of nasal septum and vertebral bodies. In adult Foxf1 +/− mice, β-Gal staining was detected in anterior and posterior pituitary gland, astrocytes of the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, lens and retina of the eye, tracheal cartilage, parathyroid, cortical layer of thymus, capsule of the spleen, coronary arteries, and pancreatic blood vessels.
A crossbridge too far.

Myosin V is a marvellous molecular motor that delivers various cargo to specific addresses in eukaryotic cells. Recent developments are leading to a detailed molecular understanding of how this enzyme transduces the chemical energy of ATP hydrolysis into mechanical movement along actin filaments.
Effects of flanking base sequences on 5-bromodeoxyuridine mutagenesis in mammalian cells

The molecular mechanisms of incorporation-dependent, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-induced mutagenesis were analyzed in murine A9 cells that possess a single copy of theEscherchia coli gpt gene integrated into the chromosomal DNA as part of a shuttle vector. Four independently derived GPT− mutants with single base changes within the integratedgpt gene were utilized in BrdU-induced reversion analyses to test the relative mutability of guanine residues in four different settings: the 5′ and 3′ guanine residues of a GG doublet, the 3′ guanine residue of a GGGG quartet, and the middle guanine residue of a GGG triplet. Two of the mutant lines possessed GG doublet sequences in which a GC→AT transition at either guanine residue of the doublet leads to restoration of GPT enzyme activity without restoring wild-type DNA sequence. Both lines were shown to be effectively reverted by BrdU incorporation-dependent mutagenesis, and sequencing of thegpt genes from numerous independently derived revertants of both lines demonstrated that greater than 90% of the revertants arose due to GC→AT transitions at the 3′ guanine residue of the doublet. BrdU-induced reversion of two additional GPT− mutant lines demonstrated that the 3′ guanine residue of a GGGG quartet is efficiently mutated, while the middle guanine residue of a GGG triplet sequence is at least 10-fold less mutable by BrdU incorporation-dependent mutagenesis than the 3′ guanine residue of a GG doublet or GGGG quartet. All four mutant lines tested were equally revertible by treatment with the alkylating agent ethyl methane sulfonate. The results from this study define a sequence-specific mechanism for BrdU-induced, incorporation-dependent mutagenesis and demonstrate the use of reversion analysis for the determination of sequence specific effects at precise sites within a gene.
Crystal structure of zeolite X nickel(II) exchanged at pH 4.3 and partially dehydrated, Ni2(NiOH)35(Ni4AlO4)2(H3O)46Si101Al91O384

Abstract Complete Ni2+ exchange of a single crystal of zeolite X of composition Na92Si100Al92O384 per unit cell was attempted at 73°C with flowing aqueous 0.05 M NiCl2 (pH=4.3 at 23°C). After partial dehydration at 23°C and ≈10−3 Torr for two days, its structure, now of composition Ni2(NiOH)35(Ni4AlO4)2(H3O)46Si101Al91O384 per unit cell, was determined by X-ray diffraction techniques at 23°C (space group Fd 3 , a0=24.788(5) A). It was refined using all intensities; R1=0.080 for the 236 reflections for which Fo>4σ(Fo), and wR2=0.187 using all 1138 unique reflections measured. At four crystallographic sites, 45 Ni2+ ions were found per unit cell. Thirty of these are at two different site III′ positions. Twenty of those are close to the sides of 12-rings near O–Si–O sequences, where each coordinates octahedrally to two framework oxygens, to three water molecules which hydrogen bond to the zeolite framework, and to an OH− ion. The remaining 10 are near O–Al–O sequences; only three members of a likely octahedral coordination sphere could be found. In addition, two Ni2+ ions are at site I, eight are at site I′, and five are at site II. Forty six H3O+ ions per unit cell, 24 at site II′ and 22 at site II, each hydrogen bond triply to six rings of the zeolite framework. Each of the 22 H3O+ ions also hydrogen bonds to a H2O molecule that coordinates to a site III′ Ni2+ ion. Six of the eight sodalite cages each contain four H3O+ ions at site II′; the remaining two each contains a tetrahedral orthoaluminate anion at its center. Each tetrahedral face of each orthoaluminate ion is centered by a site I′ Ni2+ ion to give two Ni4AlO4 clusters. The five site II Ni2+ ions each coordinate to a OH− ion. With 46 H3O+ ions per unit cell, the great tendency of hydrated Ni2+ to hydrolyze within zeolite X is demonstrated. With a relatively weak single-crystal diffraction pattern, with dealumination of the zeolite framework, and with an apparent decrease in long-range Si/Al ordering likely due to the formation of antidomains, this crystal like others treated with hydrolyzing cations appears to have been damaged by Ni2+ exchange and partial dehydration.
MENNINGER'S MOTIVES FOR SUICIDE IN SUICIDE NOTES FROM AMERICA AND GERMANY

Forty suicide notes obtained from Germany (Lester & Heim, 1992) were compared with 28 suicide notes from the United States (Leenaars, 1992) to see whether the suicide notes from these two nations differed in the frequency of Menninger's (1938) three motives for suicide: anger at others (to kill), anger at oneself (to be lulled), and escape from unbearable pain (to die). Each note was judged as to whether the motive was present or absent. Two criteria were used: strict (the motive had to be clearly present) and weak (the motive could be inferred from the content of the note). The notes from Germany had the "to die" motive present significantly more often than the notes from the USA: on the strict criterion (70.0% versus 46.4%; ~ , ? = 3 . 8 2 , p=.06) and on the weak criterion (85.0% versus 57.1%; ~ , ? = 6 . 5 7 , p=.01) . TO control for the confoundmg effects of age and sex, point-biserial correlation coefficients were calculated, and the partial correlation coefficients controlhg for age and sex were for the strict criterion partial r = .20 (p = . lo) and for the weak criterion partial r = .27 ( p = ,031. The two sets of notes dld not dlffer in the frequency of the other two motives. Thus, the present analysis indicates that these suicide notes from Germany more often contained Menninger's "to he" motive than did the Arnerican suicide notes.