cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN RED CELL DISTRIBUTION WIDTH (RDW), INFLAMMATORY MARKERS AND CARDIOVASCULAR FITNESS IN HEALTHY ADULTS: DATA FROM NATIONAL HEALTH AND NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY 1999-2004

Cardiovascular fitness (CVF) is an important predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Both red cell distribution width (RDW) and inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein (CRP) have been shown to predict adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure, stable coronary artery disease,
Unraveling the mysteries of classical preconditioning.

Abstract Nearly two decades have passed since the first report about ischemic preconditioning. Although we do not yet know unequivocally what the final effector is, we have learned a lot about the signal transduction pathways that result in protection, and have some good prospects for the final step that results in survival or necrosis of the ischemic myocardium. Many investigators have contributed to our current knowledge. We were heartened to learn that four of our JMCC publications are included in the 20 top-cited papers in the journal’s history. It is gratifying that our prior publications have generated some interest and stimulated important debate as documented by the high number of citations by scientists in the bibliographies of their own papers. In this document, we have been asked to reflect on those four papers and comment on where they have led us.
Studies on Popcorn Aroma and Flavor Volatiles

Capillary GC−MS qualitative studies, with some determination of amounts present, were carried out on flavor and aroma volatiles isolated from microwave oven-produced popcorn. The presence of most previously reported compounds was confirmed, and some additional compounds were identified in popcorn for the first time. These newly identified compounds include dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl di- and trisulfides, 3-methylindole (skatole), α- and β-ionones, 2-methyl-3-hydroxypyran-4-one (maltol), 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one, 5-methyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (norfuraneol), geranyl acetone, and others. Hydrogen sulfide was found as a major component of the volatiles emitted during popping. Two main methods for isolating the volatiles were used. One involved isolation of the volatiles from the freshly popped dry popcorn including volatiles emitted during popping. The other involved isolating the volatiles from the fresh popcorn blended with water saturated with salt and made moderately basic with...
Aerodynamic properties of partial canopies

Abstract Roughness lengths ( z o ) and displacement heights ( d ) are often assumed to be simple functions of canopy height. This study was designed to evaluate these canopy aerodynamic properties for cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) having partial ground cover. Both z o and d were calculated from wind profile measurements for neutral conditions as defined with a Richardson number over irrigated and rainfed cotton in 1984 and 1985. Throughout the season z o started at 0.01 m and increased to a maximum of 0.20 m then declined to a value of 0.06 m when the canopy reached 70% ground cover. This change throughout the season was caused by the individual rows first acting as discrete bluff-bodies and then as a more uniform surface as the foliage elements overlapped as the canopy developed. Displacement heights increased linearly throughout the season as the canopy increased in height and leaf area.
Robust Mechanosensing and Tension Generation by Myosin VI

Abstract Myosin VI is a molecular motor that is thought to function both as a transporter and as a cytoskeletal anchor in vivo . Here we use optical tweezers to examine force generation by single molecules of myosin VI under physiological nucleotide concentrations. We find that myosin VI is an efficient transporter at loads of up to ∼ 2 pN but acts as a cytoskeletal anchor at higher loads. Our data and the resulting model are consistent with an indirect coupling of global structural motions to nucleotide binding and release. The model provides a mechanism by which load may regulate the dual functions of myosin VI in vivo . Our results suggest that myosin VI kinetics are tuned such that the motor maintains a consistent level of mechanical tension within the cell, a property potentially shared by other mechanosensitive proteins.
Retrieval problems in successive short-term retention trials

Subjects in each of four experiments were tested for short-term retention of different triads of month names on four successive trials. The major results were: (a) though apparently encoded on each trial, words become decreasingly recallable across trials; (b) this decrement in recall is much smaller with 20-sec than with 4-sec periods for recall, and a shift from 4-sec to 20-sec recall periods produces an abrupt improvement in recall performance; (c) response latency for correctly recalled words increases across trials. These results were interpreted as support for the hypothesis that proactive interference in this task is primarily due to retrieval, as opposed to encoding or storage, processes.
Effect of temperature on uptake and metabolism of toluene and naphthalene by Dolly Varden Char, Salvelinus malma

1. Tissue concentrations and metabolism of [14C]toluene and [14C]naphthalene were measured in Dolly Varden char at exposure temperatures of 4 and 12°C after oral administration of the hydrocrbons. 2. Tissue concentrations of toluene and toluene metabolites were slightly less at 12 than 4°C. 3. Metabolism of toluene was significantly greater at 12 than 4°C. 4. Tissue concentrations of naphthalene and naphthalene metabolites were less at 12 than 4°C after 48 hr exposure. 5. Naphthalene metabolism was not consistently different between fish exposed at 4 and 12°C. 6. Failure to adequately metabolize toluene at reduced temperatures appears to contribute to the increased sensitivity of fish to toluene when exposed at low temperatures. 7. Lack of temperature effect on naphthalene metabolism correlates with lack of temperature-induced changes in the toxicity of naphthalene to fish.
The levonorgestrel intrauterine system for use in peri- and postmenopausal women.

The intrauterine system (IUS) delivering levonorgestrel (LNG; Mirena®), initially developed as a long-acting method of contraception, has demonstrated its efficacy and safety in a large number of users all over the world. The local delivery of a small dose of a highly effective progestin in the uterine cavity maintains the endometrium in a nonproliferative state and reduces the number of bleeding days, thus preventing anemia, an important medical benefit, especially in developing countries. In addition, the intrauterine delivery of a progestin allows the treatment of other medical conditions and prevention of endometrial hyperplasia, in postmenopausal women receiving estrogen therapy. During the perimenopausal years, the IUS provides an effective contraception as occasional ovulations occur. In addition, by its direct effect on the endometrium, it prevents the occurrence of menorrhagia, a frequent condition in the premenopause. After cessation of the ovarian function, when estrogen therapy may be initiated, the IUS would ensure endometrial protection as a transition to the menopause and as long as hormone therapy is needed. Although the circulating levels of LNG are very low, minor side effects related to the androgenic properties of LNG have been reported. In addition, the insertion of the system needs a skilled health provider and may be difficult or painful when the uterus is small or atrophic. The development of smaller devices is warranted for these specific situations.
Behavioral Treatment of Obesity

This review has shown that behavioral treatment is effective in inducing a 10% weight loss, which is sufficient to significantly improve health. Weight loss maintenance is challenging for most patients. Long-term outcomes have the potential to be improved through various methods including prolonging contact between patients and providers (either in the clinic or via Internet or telephone), facilitating high amounts of physical activity, or combining lifestyle modification with pharmacotherapy. Innovative programs also are being developed to disseminate behavioral approaches beyond traditional academic settings.
Comparison of nitrogen mineralized under anaerobic and aerobic conditions for some agricultural and forest soils of washington

Abstract Seven agricultural soils and eight forest soils from Washington state were tested for mineralizable nitrogen using both anaerobic and aerobic incubation procedures. Each procedure had been used previously to. develop nitrogen indices for agricultural and forested ecosystems. Forest soils mineralized less nitrogen under anaerobic than aerobic conditions, while the opposite was true for agricultural soils. There were statistically significant correlations between the two methods for each of the time periods tested. Experimental variations were consistently lower than previously reported.
Oak growth, development and carbon metabolism in response to water stress

Le genre Quercus (Fagaceae) comporte a la fois des especes decidues et des especes sempervirentes adaptees a une large gamme de stations presentant des disponibilites en eau tres diverses. Les chenes ont developpe des adaptations morphologiques et physiologiques pour survivre et pousser dans ces stations. Des adaptations morphologiques dans les feuilles, les tiges et les racines permettent a la fois la tolerance et l'evitement de la secheresse. Les adaptations physiologiques impliquent a la fois le controle et la conductance stomatique du potentiel hydrique foliaire, du degre d'ajustement osmotique, et de la fixation photosynthetique de carbone. L'assimilation de carbone est controlee par des facteurs lies aux stomates ou d'origine non stomatique. La reponse des stomates est sans doute la plus importante reponse de limitation de la fixation photosynthetique de carbone. Les especes les plus tolerantes a la secheresse limitent la fermeture des stomates de maniere a permettre une assimilation substantielle de carbone en situation de contrainte, ce qui leur permet d'ameliorer leur efficience d'utilisation de l'eau; ou alors, elles les rouvrent tres rapidement, des que les reserves hydriques ont ete reconstituees, meme partiellement. Les processus non stomatiques de la photosynthese, tels que la conversion photochimique et les reactions biochimiques des cycles de carboxylation centres sur la Rubisco, semblent particulierement peu sensibles a la secheresse, meme s'il s'avere que des resistances localisees dans le mesophylle et s'opposant a l'influx de CO 2 vers les chloroplastes puissent augmenter. Le rapport sucres solubles/amidon augmente en cours de secheresse, l'expansion foliaire est ralentie, voire bloquee, et le carbone destine initialement au developpement des feuilles est detourne vers la base de la tige et vers les racines, ou il sert a maintenir une croissance minimale, ou au stockage de reserves. De nombreux genotypes de chenes (especes, hybrides, provenances) sont disponibles et peuvent s'adapter a des stations mediocres. L'utilisation de tels genotypes pourrait significativement ameliorer la sylviculture du chene et les plantations d'ornement.
Client incentives versus contracting and staff incentives: how care continuity interventions in substance abuse treatment can improve residential to outpatient transition.

Abstract Interventions for improving transition from short-term residential to outpatient treatment were examined. Usual care (UC; n =114) was referral to a preferred outpatient program with advance appointment optional. Client incentive (CI; n =97) offered up to $100 in gift cards for intake and attendance during the first 30days of treatment. Contracting with staff incentives (CSI; n =49) consisted of meeting with an outpatient counselor prior to residential discharge, signing an attendance contract, receiving an appointment and payment to staff if clients attended. CSI significantly improved rates of successful transition (84%) and admission (74%) compared to UC (64% contact; 49% admitted). CI did not result in significantly improved outcomes (74%; 60%). CSI was likely mediated by the reliability (92 versus 52% in UC) and immediacy (1.0 versus 3.9days) of appointment scheduling. This study supports use of CSI for improving rates of transition between residential and outpatient continuing care treatment.
The Specific Heat of Methane

Two different forms have been suggested for the methane molecule by various authors. They are the symmetrical tetrahedron and the symmetrical pyramid. Calculations have been made for the values of the specific heat at constant volume for the two types of structure. It is found that neither type gives values in agreement with experiment. The curve obtained on the basis of a tetrahedral structure however gives much better agreement than the resulting curve for the pyramidal structure.
Modulation of Interferon Action by Retinoids INDUCTION OF MURINE STAT1 GENE EXPRESSION BY RETINOIC ACID

We have previously demonstrated that up-regulation of STAT1 protein by all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) in interferon (IFN)-unresponsive cells permits growth inhibition by IFNs. Here, we show that the promoter of STAT1 directly responds to retinoic acid treatment. Sequence and functional analysis of the murine STAT1 promoter have identified a direct repeat motif that serves as a retinoic acid response element. Mutagenesis of this element resulted in a loss of response to RA. This element is activated by RA receptors alpha, beta, and gamma. In vivo, RA receptor beta and retinoid X receptor alpha preferentially interacted with this element. Thus, these data define a molecular basis for the synergy between IFNs and retinoids in tumor growth inhibition.
Introduction of soluble protein into the class I pathway of antigen processing and presentation

In order to investigate how peptides associate with class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) glycoproteins intracellularly, we generated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for a readily available soluble protein in association with class I. C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice immunized against a syngeneic tumor cell transfected with chicken ovalbumin (OVA) cDNA gave rise to H-2Kb-restricted CTL specific for the OVA258-276 peptide. This synthetic peptide and CNBr fragments of OVA (242-285 and 242-273) were able to target H-2b cells for lysis by the CTL in a 3 hr assay. Cells incubated with native OVA for up to 24 hr did not become sensitized for recognition and lysis. However, when OVA was introduced directly into the cytoplasm of cells by the osmotic lysis of pinosomes, the Kb restricted determinant formed readily.
Idiopathic painful sensory neuropathy.

Abstract Unexplained painful burning feet are common complaints among the elderly. Conventional elettrodiagnostic testing may be normal or only minimally abnormal and the lack of a universally accepted diagnostic test for small fiber dysfunction has posed a significant impediment to evaluation of these patients. The increasing application of newer diagnostic techniques, including quantitative sensory testing, tests of sudomotor function, and skin biopsy for intrnepidermal nerve fiber quantification, has permitted recognition and characterization of the idiopathic painful sensory neuropathies This article reviews the clinical features, evaluation, and management of this syndrome.
Effects of liming on forage availability and nutrient content in a forest impacted by acid rain

Acidic deposition and subsequent forest soil acidification and nutrient depletion can affect negatively the growth, health and nutrient content of vegetation, potentially limiting the availability and nutrient content of forage for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and other forest herbivores. Liming is a mitigation technique that can be used to restore forest health in acidified areas, but little is known about how it affects the growth or nutrient content of deer forage. We examined the effects of dolomitic limestone application on the growth and chemical composition of understory plants in an acidified forest in central Pennsylvania, with a focus on vegetative groups included as white-tailed deer forage. We used a Before-After-Control-Impact study design with observations 1 year before liming and up to 5 years post-liming on 2 treated and 2 untreated 100-ha sites. Before liming, forage availability and several nutrients were below levels considered optimal for white-tailed deer, and many vegetative characteristics were related to soil chemistry. We observed a positive effect of liming on forb biomass, with a 2.7 fold increase on limed sites, but no biomass response in other vegetation groups. We observed positive effects of liming on calcium and magnesium content and negative effects on aluminum and manganese content of several plant groups. Responses to liming by forbs and plant nutrients show promise for improving vegetation health and forage quality and quantity for deer.
January 30, 1997 eruptive event on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, as monitored by continuous GPS

A continuous Global Positioning System (GPS) network on Kilauea Volcano captured the most recent fissure eruption in Kilauea's East Rift Zone (ERZ) in unprecedented spatial and temporal detail. The short eruption drained the lava pond at Pueu Oeo, leading to a two month long pause in its on-going eruption. Models of the GPS data indicate that the intrusion's bottom edge extended to only 2.4 km. Continuous GPS data reveal rift opening 8 hours prior to the eruption. Absence of precursory summit inflation rules out magma storage overpressurization as the eruption's cause. We infer that stresses in the shallow rift created by the continued deep rift dilation and slip on the south flank decollement caused the rift intrusion.
Tamarix and Diorhabda Leaf Beetle Interactions: Implications for Tamarix Water Use and Riparian Habitat

Tamarix leaf beetles (Diorhabda carinulata) have been widely released on western United States rivers to control introduced shrubs in the genus Tamarix, with the goals of saving water through removal of an assumed high water-use plant, and of improving habitat value by removing a competitor of native riparian trees. We review recent studies addressing three questions: (1) to what extent are Tamarix weakened or killed by recurrent cycles of defoliation; (2) can significant water salvage be expected from defoliation; and (3) what are the effects of defoliation on riparian ecology, particularly on avian habit? Defoliation has been patchy at many sites, and shrubs at some sites recover each year even after multiple years of defoliation. Tamarix evapotranspiration (ET) is much lower than originally assumed in estimates of potential water savings, and are the same or lower than possible replacement plants. There is concern that the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax trailli extimus) will be negatively affected by defoliation because the birds build nests early in the season when Tamarix is still green, but are still on their nests during the period of summer defoliation. Affected river systems will require continued monitoring and development of adaptive management practices to maintain or enhance riparian habitat values. Multiplatform remote sensing methods are playing an essential role in monitoring defoliation and rates of ET on affected river systems.
Remaking the Arthur Andersen Brand

Arthur Andersen is a multidisciplinary global professional services firm with nearly 80,000 employees in 84 countries. On January 24, 2000 the company announced a new strategic business focus that would enable it to capture better the growth potential afforded by the new economy. Along with a new strategy, Arthur Andersen also unveiled a drastically different visual identity and brand positioning, as well as a new brand architecture, representative of the firm's new vision to become ‘the partner for success in the new economy’. Examined here are some of the factors that impelled the firm to make these changes.
A Heat Transfer Model Based on Finite Difference Method for Grinding

A heat transfer model for grinding has been developed based on the finite difference method (FDM). The proposed model can solve transient heat transfer problems in grinding, and has the flexibility to deal with different boundary conditions. The model is first validated by comparing it with the traditional heat transfer model for grinding which assumes the semiinfinite workpiece size and adiabatic boundary conditions. Then it was used to investigate the effects of workpiece size, feed rate, and cooling boundary conditions. Simulation results show that when the workpiece is short or the feed rate is low, transient heat transfer becomes more dominant during grinding. Results also show that cooling in the grinding contact zone has much more significant impact on the reduction of workpiece temperature than that in the leading edge or trailing edge. The model is further applied to investigate the convection heat transfer at the workpiece surface in wet and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) grinding. Based on the assumption of linearly varying convection heat transfer coefficient in the grinding contact zone, FDM model is able to calculate convection coefficient from the experimentally measured grinding temperature profile. The average convection heat transfer coefficient in the grinding contact zone was estimated as 4.2 × 105 W/m2 -K for wet grinding and 2.5 × 104 W/m2 -K for MQL grinding using vitrified bond CBN wheels.
Changes in west Antarctic ice stream velocities: Observation and analysis

[1] We have produced a map of velocity covering much of the Siple Coast ice streams. The map confirms earlier estimates of deceleration on Whillans Ice Stream. Comparison with bed elevation data indicates that subglacial topography and the location of consolidated sediment play a strong role in determining the location of the tributaries feeding the ice streams. Force balance estimates based on these data indicate that the tributaries have beds nearly an order of magnitude stronger than those beneath many of the ice streams. We have used a theoretical analysis to examine the controls on fast flow. This analysis suggests that ice plains (very wide ice streams) are inherently unstable. This instability may be responsible for the current deceleration on the Ice Plain of Whillans Ice Stream and the shutdown of Ice Stream C 150 years ago. Thinning-induced reductions in driving stress may also explain some of the observed deceleration, particularly in upstream areas. The active portions of Ice Stream C coincide well with the areas where we estimate that melt should be taking place. Current topography and inferences of large thickening following a shutdown suggest the upstream migration of a stagnation front that initiated at the ice plain. Uncertainty remains about the basal conditions on Ice Stream D, while the basal resistance on Ice Stream E is large enough to ensure basal melting.
Observations upon the mast cells of rat foetal tissues.

Dans les etudes physiologiques recentes, il est dit que l'histamine foetale se montre plusieurs jours avant l'apparition des mastocytes dans les tissus foetaux. Le present travail demontre que les mastocytes apparaissent plus tot et sont plus repandus qu'on ne le supposait. Ces constatations confirment d'anciennes observations apparemment oubliees.
Syndrome of acute dyspnea related to combined mitomycin plus vinca alkaloid chemotherapy.

We report the incidence, clinical features, and course of acute dyspnea following combination chemotherapy using mitomycin and vindesine or vinblastine. The courses of 387 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer receiving combined mitomycin and vinca alkaloid chemotherapy were analyzed. Of these patients, 25 experienced acute respiratory distress. Factors contributing to the dyspnea are reported. The syndrome is characterized by the sudden onset of dyspnea without other respiratory symptoms. Acute shortness of breath always occurred on a day when a vinca alkaloid was administered. The median number of previous doses of vinca alkaloid at the time of the event was 10 and the median number of prior mitomycin doses was 3. Rechallenge with the drug in two cases led to recurrence. The incidence was 4% in a group of 378 patients on four protocols for non-small cell lung cancer. Radiographs of 87% of patients showed new focal or diffuse interstitial infiltrates. Arterial blood gases demonstrated low Po 2 and increase in A-a gradient. Pulmonary function tests revealed severely impaired diffusing capacity. Substantial improvement occurred over 24 hours. Approximately 60% of the patients experienced chronic respiratory impairment that only partially responded to corticosteroid therapy. No other causes for this syndrome were identified. A syndrome of acute dyspnea occurred in 4% of patients treated with mitomycin and vinca alkaloid therapy. The syndrome has a distinctive presentation, which can lead to chronic pulmonary insufficiency. Clinicians caring for patients receiving combined therapy with mitomycin and a vinca alkaloid should be aware of this type of acute pulmonary toxicity. Further studies are necessary to clarify its etiology
Mutation of model checker specifications for test generation and evaluation

Mutation analysis on model checking specifications is a recent development. This approach mutates a specification, then applies a model checker to compare the mutants with the original specification to automatically generate tests or evaluate coverage. The properties of specification mutation operators have not been explored in depth. We report our work on theoretical and empirical comparison of these operators. Our future plans include studying how the form of a specification influences the results, finding relations between different operators, and validating the method against independent metrics.
IMPROVING THE STATISTICAL ASPECTS OF E‐RATER®: EXPLORING ALTERNATIVE FEATURE REDUCTION AND COMBINATION RULES

This study explores alternative ways of reducing the number of variables/features and additional ways of combining information across features to produce more stable and accurate e-rater® scores. Following an explanation of the statistical aspects of the process is a description of alternatives to the process. Our explorations resulted in certain conclusions and directions for future research. We have examined enough e-rater data to conclude that stepwise regression seems to be effective as a feature reduction procedure. However, this may be attributed to the consistently strong relationship with essay score that is observed for the content vector analysis (CVA) variables and the two variables used to approximate word length (number of auxiliary verbs and the ratio of the number of auxiliary verbs to the number of words). To yield better validation results, we also suggest that the hold-out method for evaluating validity should replace the current two-stage approach of first developing a model in a quasi-uniform training sample and then validating these results in a target cross-validation sample. More research is needed in several areas. First, explicit modeling of the part of essay scores that is unrelated to word length is warranted. The POM (Proportional Odds Model) approach should be investigated in greater depth. Also needed is a statistical justification for using essay scores to score CVA variables. Algorithmic approaches to prediction/classification problem, such as boosting, may prove fruitful. Further investigation of quantile regression and ridge regression should be conducted.
Early Clinical Responsibility for Medical Students

Trends in medical education point to accelerated training in medical schools and postgraduate medical education. In a shortened curriculum, opportunities for major clinical responsibility may decrease, though it is generally acknowledged that medical students learn most effectively when given such responsibility. This paper presents the results of a questionnaire evaluating the experience of third- and fourth-year medical students who assumed major clinical responsibility on a short-term psychiatric inpatient service in a general hospital. An open-ended questionnaire was sent to the twenty-seven medical students who were on the service during the 1968–69 academic year. All but one student in each year described a positive experience in assuming major clinical responsibility. An important finding was that much anxiety and depression were present in both years, particularly in the third year. One of the implications of this study is the possibility that major patient responsibility for medical students can ...
COMPARATIVE PARENTERAL THYROXINE-LIKE ACTIVITY OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC THYROPROTEINS STUDIED WITH THE GOITER PREVENTION METHOD1

introduction Many investigators have observed that the activity of natural thyroid proteins is greater than an equivalent amount of thyroxine.2 The large disagreement in relative oral potencies between thyroid preparations and thyroxine has been explained on the basis of poor absorption of the relatively insoluble thyroxine comparison standard. The smaller but significant differences in parenteral activity have led some workers to attempt to correlate activity with the total iodine content of natural thyroid proteins (Gaddum, 1929-30; Means, Lerman and Salter, 1933; Lerman and Salter, 1934; Salter, 1935). Others have claimed agreement with the thyroxine content when it is assumed that the L-thyroxine contained possesses twice the activity of DL-thyroxine (Palmer and Leland, 1935; Foster et al., 1936, Parkes, 1947). Still others have reported that thyroxine-like activity could not be correlated with either total iodine content or thyroxine content of natural thyroid proteins (Meyer and Wertz, 1939). It has...
Fatty Acid Requirements of the Kazan 5 and Reiter Strains of Treponema pallidum.

The fatty acid requirements of two avirulent treponemes were investigated by using a “lipid-poor” albumin-thioglycolate medium. The Kazan 5 and the Reiter stains of Treponema pallidum required a pair of fatty acids for growth. One member of the pair was saturated and the other was unsaturated. The saturated fatty acids could contain either an odd or even number of carbon atoms, but a chain length of at least 14 carbon atoms was necessary. Unsaturated fatty acids with one, two, or three double bonds were satisfactory if they contained 15 or more carbon atoms. The pair of fatty acids could be replaced with a single 18-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid if it was in the trans configuration rather than the naturally occurring cis form.
Nutritional Management of Transition Dairy Cows: Strategies to Optimize Metabolic Health

Abstract During the transition period, dairy cows undergo large metabolic adaptations in glucose, fatty acid, and mineral metabolism to support lactation and avoid metabolic dysfunction. The practical goal of nutritional management during this timeframe is to support these metabolic adaptations. The National Research Council addressed nutritional management of transition cows for the first time in 2001; however, a substantial amount of research has been reported since this publication was released. Results support 2-group nutritional strategies for dry cows to minimize overfeeding of nutrients during the early dry period but increase nutrient supply to facilitate metabolic adaptation to lactation during the late dry period. Increasing the amount of energy supplied through dietary carbohydrate during the prepartum period results in generally positive effects on metabolism and performance of transition cows. Recent research, however, suggests that the form of that carbohydrate (i.e., starch vs. highly digestible neutral detergent fiber) may be of lesser importance. Attempts to increase energy supply by feeding dietary fat sources or decrease energy expenditure by supplying specific fatty acids such as trans -10, cis -12 conjugated linoleic acid to decrease milk fat output during early lactation do not decrease the release of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) from adipose tissue. Although the view that nutritional means have limited ability to enhance hepatic export of NEFA as triglycerides in lipoproteins in ruminants has become dogma, recent evidence suggests that nutrients such as choline or specific fatty acids may enhance this process in transition cows. Adaptation of calcium metabolism to lactation is facilitated by nutritional strategies to decrease the cation-anion difference (DCAD) of the diet fed prepartum, although the degree to which the DCAD must be decreased to sufficiently prevent hypocalcemia remains controversial. Recent research also has provided possible physiological links between the associations of primary infectious disease with the occurrence of secondary metabolic disorders, thereby enabling investigation of factors affecting variation in response to nutritional management programs for transition cows on dairy farms.
Effects of component optical activity on reflectivities for three-parameter ellipsometry

Corrections for component optical activity in rotating-analyzer ellipsometers are extended to include the relative reflectivities RR used in three-parameter (3P) ellipsometry. Both the polarizer-compensator-surface-analyzer (PCSA) and polarizer-surface-analyzer (PSA) configurations are discussed. Errors in RR of the order of 0.1% to 1.0% are predicted when optical activity corrections are neglected.
Facebook Influence among Incoming College Freshmen: Sticky Cues and Alcohol

Alcohol displays on Facebook are ever-present and can be socially desirable for college students. As problematic drinking is a concern for college students, this research sought to understand how different types of information on a Facebook page influence likelihood to drink. Telephone interviews were conducted with 338 incoming college freshmen from two large national universities. Data were obtained from a vignette prompt which presented a scenario in which a senior college student's Facebook profile displayed wall-posts, pictures, and status updates that were drinking-related or pro-social in nature. Participants were asked to report intention to drink alcohol with that student if together at a party. Findings supported the hypotheses: wall-posts were most influential (the stickiest), followed by pictures, followed by status updates. Findings provide additional empirical support for established online impression formation patterns, and additionally provide evidence that virtual cues are being ingrained as schema in interpersonal communication. These results are discussed in relation to the conception of "sticky cues" in impression formation.
Youth Social Justice Engagement in the Face of Anti-Latina/o Immigrant Illegitimacy

Drawing from a larger ethnographic study, in this research I examine how a group of newcomer Mexican immigrant high school students counteracted a hostile school climate, educational practices and adverse relationships with mainstream peers and adults. The purpose of this study is to help educators and policy makers understand how engaging in social justice movements in the educational context has helped immigrant students to counteract and reconstruct their adverse schooling experiences into positive contributions to their success. This study suggests that Mexican immigrant youth demonstrate agency through civic engagement and intra-tactical strategies that strengthen their linguistic, cultural, and learner identities. The article concludes with recommendations on how educators and policy makers can facilitate engagement in order to support and improve education for immigrant and Latina/o students.
Decreased expression of the c-kit receptor is associated with increased apoptosis in subfertile human testes

Abstract Objective: To examine the expression of the c-kit receptor and its ligand, stem cell factor, and their possible relation with apoptosis in infertile men. Design: Prospective laboratory study. Setting: Urology laboratory in a university hospital. Patient(s): Men undergoing testicular biopsy during an investigation of subfertility. Intervention(s): None. Main Outcome Measure(s): Expression of the c-kit receptor protein, stem cell factor, and apoptosis in the testes. Result(s): The c-kit receptor was strongly present in Leydig cells and type A spermatogonia of normal testes, with decreased staining in Leydig cells and type A spermatogonia of testes with maturational arrest, and staining in only Leydig cells of Sertoli cell–only specimens. Stem cell factor was demonstrated in Leydig cells and Sertoli cells in all specimens. Western blotting demonstrated the 150-kd c-kit protein in the normal testes and the testes with maturational arrest, but not in the testes with the Sertoli cell–only pattern. Stem cell factor was expressed in all specimens, with a protein size of 45 kd. Increased apoptosis was demonstrated in type A spermatogonia and spermatocytes of tissue with maturational arrest compared with normal testicular tissue. Conclusion(s): C-kit receptor expression is decreased in subfertile testicular tissue compared with normal testicular tissue. Stem cell factor expression is present in Leydig cells and Sertoli cells. Increased apoptosis is seen in tissue with maturational arrest compared with normal tissue.
Data collection in a flat world: the strengths and weaknesses of mechanical turk samples

Mechanical Turk (MTurk), an online labor system run by Amazon.com, provides quick, easy, and inexpensive access to online research participants. As use of MTurk has grown, so have questions from behavioral researchers about its participants, reliability, and low compensation. In this article, we review recent research about MTurk and compare MTurk participants with community and student samples on a set of personality dimensions and classic decision-making biases. Across two studies, we find many similarities between MTurk participants and traditional samples, but we also find important differences. For instance, MTurk participants are less likely to pay attention to experimental materials, reducing statistical power. They are more likely to use the Internet to find answers, even with no incentive for correct responses. MTurk participants have attitudes about money that are different from a community sample’s attitudes but similar to students’ attitudes. Finally, MTurk participants are less extraverted and have lower self-esteem than other participants, presenting challenges for some research domains. Despite these differences, MTurk participants produce reliable results consistent with standard decision-making biases: they are present biased, risk-averse for gains, risk-seeking for losses, show delay/expedite asymmetries, and show the certainty effect—with almost no significant differences in effect sizes from other samples. We conclude that MTurk offers a highly valuable opportunity for data collection and recommend that researchers using MTurk (1) include screening questions that gauge attention and language comprehension; (2) avoid questions with factual answers; and (3) consider how individual differences in financial and social domains may influence results. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maintenance of imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster in chemically defined media.

A phosphate-buffered saline and a chemically defined synthetic medium for in vitro maintenance of imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster were developed. The composition of the chemically defined medium was varied in order to optimize the incorporation of tritiated uridine into RNA and tritiated amino acids into acid-insoluble protein. The optimal ranges obtained were: pH, 6.75–7.35; osmolarity, 285–345 milliosmoles/liter; sodium concentration, 40–60 mM/liter; potassium concentration, 40–60 mM/liter; magnesium concentration, 0.5–3.5 mM/liter; calcium concentration, 0.3–1.5 mM/liter; and inorganic phosphate concentration, 1.5–4.0 mM/liter. The phosphate-buffered saline is superior to a commonly used insect Ringer solution in maintaining total RNA and acid-insoluble protein synthesis in culture. The chemically defined synthetic medium permits linear total RNA and acid-insoluble protein synthesis for more than 48 hr, DNA synthesis for several hours, normal differentiation to occur after 74 hr in vitro, and trypsinization of imaginal discs into single cell suspensions without developmental damage.
Using JavaTM to Design Forensically Resistant Applications

Over the years, JavaTM has become a popular language for standalone as well as web based applications. Portability and security are the major reasons for JavaTM’s success and increased level of adoption in various application domains. When evaluating security, Forensics is another area with continuous increasing interest. With research progress of the previous years efficient tools for reconstructing data from improperly deleted documents are available and opened the door for a whole new set of concerns to look at to insure security. In this paper we are describing our work in progress that is related to establishing a JavaTM framework that evaluates the traces left by JavaTM applications in order to then be able to design forensics resistant JavaTM applications.
Rigidity, Connectivity, and Glass-Forming Ability

Following the ideas of Zachariasen and of Cooper, it is argued that the glass-forming ability of a system can be rationalized in terms of the degrees of freedom available to form an infinitely large topologically disordered network composed of rigid structural units connected at vertices, edges, or faces. Expressions are derived for the degrees of freedom for regular and irregular networks composed of regular or distorted polytopes sharing vertices, edges, or faces. The condition that degrees of freedom must be non-negative for such a disordered network to exist is in agreement with the empirical results on glass-forming abilities of a variety of covalent, ionic, and metallic systems. The present approach can be used to screen the proposed models of structure of a glass and to predict the boundaries of glass-forming regions in composition spaces
THE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF UNILATERAL NEPHRECTOMY ON OPEN GLOMERULI AND URINE OUTPUT

1. Renal shock with oliguria or anuria after unilateral kidney operation has not been produced in seventeen rabbits. 2. For a period of 2 hours after unilateral nephrectomy the one kidney carries on a proportionate part of the work of the previous two kidneys, and there is no evidence of functional compensation. 3. There is a general correlation between open glomeruli and urine output.
In-Ground Radiation Detection

Vertically oriented radiation detectors may not provide sufficient screening in rail or aviation applications. Railcars can be heavily shielded on the sides, reducing the sensitivity of vertically mounted monitors. For aviation, the distance required for wingspan clearance reduces a vertical detector's coverage of the fuselage. To surmount these, and other, challenging operational and sensitivity issues, we have investigated the use of in-ground radiation detectors.
Space&#8211;charge conditions in a reflected flow of electrons

Some characteristic features of a reflected flow of electrons are described, in particular variations of the virtual cathode and transit time with respect to current. This has been accomplished by finding new solutions to well-known basic equations treated earlier by Fay, Samuel, Shockley, Salzberg, Haeff and others. The results are applicable to problems where the current is varied while earlier solutions were considering the potential as variable. The theoretical results are found to be in agreement with experimental results obtained on reflex klystrons and space-charge deflection tubes.
A HISTORY OF HERPETOLOGY AT THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Abstract Those who use and care for collections are subtly hindered if they lack understanding of the history of their collections. The present work provides a frame of reference for the American Museum's accumulations of Recent amphibians and reptiles and for the department established to curate and use them. The herpetological holdings began in 1869 with purchase of the collection of Maximilian, Prince of Wied-Neuwied, and additional specimens began accumulating from other sources. But the signature and scope of the collection were most importantly determined by the explosion of expeditionary fever at the American Museum in the early 20th century and by establishment of a department with curators charged with organizing and studying the incoming collections. A Department of Ichthyology and Herpetology was formalized in 1909 and later split in 1920. The original department had three ichthyologists and one herpetologist—Mary Cynthia Dickerson, who also served as editor of the American Museum Journal (= Na...
The Role of Government in Enhancing Opportunity for the Poor: Economic Mobility, Public Attitudes, and Public Policy

Escaping poverty depends critically on the availability and type of opportunities accessible to the poor. Much of this book assesses the role of the private sector in providing opportunities for the poor. This chapter addresses the role of government in enhancing the ability of individuals, and in particular poor individuals, to take up such opportunities. There is much philosophical debate about the appropriate role of government in this arena. Many believe that the role of government is to make the playing field as level as possible or, more minimally, to ensure that access to opportunity is not restricted because of discriminatory factors. Others believe that access to opportunities should be tilted in favor of the poor and/or disadvantaged. Still others believe that government intervention serves as a disincentive to the poor’s own efforts to get ahead.
Providing a digital logic lab experience in a computer architecture course: nifty assignment

The laboratory exercises discussed in this presentation are intended to supplement a traditional computer architecture course. Digital logic labs provide additional opportunities for students with varying learning styles to master Boolean algebra as well as experiment with the building blocks required for any digital computer. However, the cost and procurement of the necessary equipment combined with the fact that faculty may be reluctant to require an extra text that may be necessary to facilitate these labs can act as obstacles in offering these types of laboratory exercises. The author describes how he addressed these concerns by incorporating digital logic labs within a computer architecture course using inexpensive commodity components along with a supplementary text that was released under the Creative Commons Attribution License.
Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalomyopathy (MNGIE)

Abstract Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) is a clinical syndrome that has been exclusively associated with autosomal recessive mutations in TYMP , the gene encoding thymidine phosphorylase (TP). The clinical hallmarks of MNGIE are ptosis, ophthalmoparesis, cachexia, gastrointestinal dysmotility, peripheral neuropathy, and leukoencephalopathy evident on brain MRI scans. Skeletal muscle and other affected tissues show depletion, multiple deletions, and point mutations of mtDNA; hence, MNGIE is a disorder of mtDNA maintenance. In MNGIE, TP deficiency causes dramatic elevations of plasma nucleosides (thymidine and deoxyuridine), which cause nucleotide pool imbalances that lead to mtDNA instability. Bone marrow transplantation to restore TP activity and reduce levels of the toxic nucleosides has shown promise; however, mortality has been unacceptably high, so safety of this procedure must be improved before this therapy can be widely implemented. MNGIE-like presentations (lacking the characteristic diffuse leukoencephalopathy of MNGIE) have been associated with mutations in mtDNA or nuclear genes (other than TYMP ) required for mtDNA maintenance.