cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management and Reconstruction in the Breast Cancer Patient With a Fungating T4b Tumor.

Locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) is the presenting form of breast cancer in 5% to 10% of cases in economically developed countries and 20% to 25% of cases worldwide.1-3 The term “LABC” encompasses a heterogeneous group of diseases including all T3-T4 cancers. A subpopulation of patients with LABC is patients with local growth of the tumor resulting in erosion and infiltration of breast skin (T4b breast cancers). T4b tumors may grow to become fungating masses, extending above the skin surface with a fungus or cauliflower-like appearance.4 Chronic pain, frequent infection, foul smell, social isolation, and general debilitation are persistent therapeutic challenges contributing to a profound impact on quality of life and femininity in this patient population.5,6 For this subset of patients, a definitive cure is unlikely and palliation is difficult. The optimal surgical management of LABC continues to be a source of controversy.1,7-9 In patients with skin involvement that has progressed to frank T4b disease, neoadjuvant chemotherapy is frequently utilized to allow for the conversion of mastectomy to breast-conserving surgery.7 However, there is only limited data regarding breast-conserving therapy in T4b breast cancer. Of note, a higher T-status according to the TNM system is not an absolute contraindication for breast-conserving therapy as long as surgical margins are properly maintained and postoperative radiation is utilized.10 Studies on breast reconstruction following the extirpation of LABC are limited but are generally in favor of immediate reconstruction regardless of cancer stage.9 The objective of breast reconstruction, irrespective of the mastectomy procedure preceding it, is to improve the remaining quality of life for the patient.11 In the past, good locoregional control has been achieved using immediate autologous tissue breast construction in stage III/IV breast cancer.12 Immediate breast reconstruction following neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with LABC does not result in increased complication rates, nor does it delay the start of adjuvant treatment, and can therefore be performed safely within this patient population; in addition, the effects of postmastectomy radiation on the reconstructed breast are now known to be less significant than previously reported.9,13,14 The surgical and reconstructive management of fungating T4b tumors has never been examined. We use experience gained through a series of cases treated at our institution to develop recommendations for the optimal treatment of patients presenting with these debilitating lesions. The purpose of this study was to offer the first specific algorithm for the assessment and reconstructive management of the fungating T4b breast.
In Situ Neutron Scattering Study of Nanostructured PbTe-PbS Bulk Thermoelectric Material

Nanostructures play an important role in thermoelectric materials. Their thermal stability, such as phase change and evolution at elevated temperatures, is thus of great interest to the thermoelectric community. In this study, in situ neutron diffraction was used to examine the phase evolution of nanostructured bulk PbTe-PbS materials fabricated using hot pressing and pulsed electrical current sintering (PECS). The PbS second phase was observed in all samples in the as-pressed condition. The temperature dependent lattice parameter and phase composition data show an initial formation of PbS precipitates followed by a redissolution during heating. The redissolution process started around 570–600 K, and completed at approximately 780 K. During cooling, the PECS sample followed a reversible curve while the heating/cooling behavior of the hot pressed sample was irreversible.
2.3.6 Specific Sources of Extraterrestrial Particles

Sampling of magnetic particles in the 5 to 20 µm diameter size range on the earth’s surface at different latitudes was used to detect meteor streams composed of particles of masses too small to be detected by other means. Magnetic spheroid concentration peaks appeared simultaneously at different latitudes in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, proving that the majority of spheroids is of extraterrestrial origin. Extraterrestrial particles consist of two major classes: (1) magnetic particles containing a high concentration of iron oxide in the form of magnetite; and (2) glassy particles containing a low concentration of iron and a large concentration of Si and Al; they contain Ni, Mn, Cr and Ti; the concentration of Ti is approximately one hundred times larger in glassy particles than in magnetic spheroids. Comparison of chemical composition of particles collected from different meteor streams must be very carefully evaluated; chemical composition of surfaces and interiors of magnetic particles is different due to selective fractionation of different chemical compounds between molten and solid phases and due to evaporation during entry of meteoritic particles into the atmosphere. The presence of H 2 O, CO 2 and C n H 2n+2 in internal cavities of a few spheroids was found to be difficult to explain; those gases were associated with meteoritic particles and consequently they existed in space. The yearly earth flux of extraterrestrial particles can only be determined by the summation of daily fluxes obtained at different latitudes; the daily flux changes from year to year. Fluxes of particles present in January and October were calculated. Particles collected in January seem to originate from sources present between November 6 and January 15; during this period of time S. and N. Taurid, Geminid, Ursid and Quadrantid meteor streams are active. Particles collected in October seem to originate from the unknown meteor stream or from the Giacobini-Zinner meteor stream providing it is preceded by micrometeoritic particles approximately two weeks prior to the visual display.
Reputation in an open source software community

A developer's reputation in the OSS community is determined by all the evaluations received from his or her peers. While a large body of studies focuses on the importance of developers' reputations in their participation motivations, there is still lack of understanding for two issues. First, which factors can lead to a high developer's reputation? Second, how does the overall reputation of the developers' in a project impact project success? In this study, we develop a theoretical model and conduct an empirical analysis in a large online open source community. The results show that a developer's reputation level is determined by his or her 1) coding quality, 2) the deviation of the commitment behavior, 3) community experience, and 4) collaboration experience. In addition, we find that the group with an overall higher level of reputation would achieve a better performance, while the individual reputation level deviation within the group would impair its technical success. The implications of our findings and the future research directions are then discussed. Coding performance and interaction experience affect an OSS developers reputation.Group aggregated reputation level shows a positive impact on OSS project performance.A group with a lower individual reputation deviation has greater technical success.
John Dewey: His Role in Public Scholarship to Educate for Peace

As 2016 is the centennial of Dewey's most famous work, Democracy and Education (2016), it is important to consider Dewey's role in public scholarship to educate for peace. Critical to an in-depth understanding of Dewey is recognition that the early twentieth century marked a transformation period in his views about war and peace. This paper addressed Dewey's less known political and social ideas during the rise of the "modern" American peace movement. In addition, Dewey's views of the role of education in a globalizing world are discussed. The research presented directly reflects global conflicts following World War 1, while highlighting the interplay of social analysis as welll as disparity between war and peace.
Change of coagulation after NovoSeven® use for bleeding during cardiac surgery.

ObjectivesRecombinant activated factor VII has been used for the treatment of hemophilia, factor VII deficiency, and Glanzmann’s thrombasthenia. Off-label uses have recently been increasing, and there are reports that recombinant activated factor VII is effective for the treatment of excessive bleeding during or after cardiovascular surgery. We retrospectively reviewed the effectiveness of recombinant activated factor VII and its influence on the coagulation system as a treatment for uncontrollable bleeding during cardiovascular surgery.MethodsBetween April 2009 and May 2015, recombinant activated factor VII was used to treat uncontrollable bleeding during cardiovascular surgery in 17 patients at our hospital. The indications for recombinant activated factor VII administration were critical uncontrollable bleeding during surgery and normal platelet and fibrinogen levels.ResultsBlood loss significantly decreased in every case after recombinant activated factor VII administration (p < 0.05). No adverse thro...
Provisioning the High Country: A Distributional Analysis of Ground Stone Tools from the Colorado Front Range

Prehistoric foragers living in the high elevations of the Colorado Front Range (CFR) transported ground stone tools at least 20 km from the CFR foothills to around 40 percent of sites in the subalp...
Crisis of Legitimacy and Political Violence Under the Obote II Regime, 1980–1985

Chapter 3 examines why and how the severe crisis of legitimacy and political violence intensified in Buganda and West Nile under the Obote regime. During this period, political violence ravaged the West Nile region and the Luwero Triangle. The genocides in Buganda and West Nile, which were concealed under the cover of counterinsurgency, effectively led to the defeat of the insurgents in 1984. The war also provided the opportunity for the political incumbent to gradually become the state, the institutions of the state and the ruling political party. However, the state began to falter due to internal fragmentation, and the regime finally collapsed in 1985.
Assessing the outcomes, risks, and costs of local versus general anesthesia: A review with implications for cutaneous surgery

Background There is a paucity of data providing direct comparison of outcomes, complications, and costs between general and local anesthesia in cutaneous surgery. Objective Analyze the literature from dermatologic and other specialties to compare outcomes, risks, and costs of general and local anesthesia. Methods A retrospective analysis of case comparison studies from other specialties comparing outcomes, risks, and/or costs in local versus general anesthesia was performed. A review of the literature from dermatology and other specialties was included. Results A total of 51 studies were selected; 41 of them directly examined outcomes in procedures performed under local and general anesthesia, and none found a significant difference in outcomes. A total of 41 studies measured adverse effects. Of these, 15 studies (36.6%) report significantly better outcomes between the 2 techniques. Only 2 studies (4.9%) report significantly improved outcomes with use of general anesthesia; 15 of 36 studies (41.7%) report fewer adverse events in local anesthesia. Of the 13 studies that examined costs, all (100%) found significantly decreased costs with use of local anesthesia. Limitations These data cannot be seamlessly applied to all cases of cutaneous surgery. Conclusion Local anesthesia techniques provide outcomes equal to or better than general anesthesia and with significantly lower costs.
A THREE-RECEPTOR MODEL FOR THE INTERACTION OF THE K88 FIMBRIAL ADHESIN VARIANTS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI WITH PORCINE INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS

Four phenotypes of pigs distinguished by the variant(s) of K88 fimbrial adhesin (K88ab, K88ac, K88ad) that bind to their intestinal epithelial cells (I-none of the variants, II-K88ad, III-K88ab and K88ac, and IV-all three variants) have been identified. We hypothesize that the differences between the phenotypes are defined by the presence or absence of K88 adhesin receptors. We propose a three-receptor model to account for the observed phenotypes: 1) Receptor bcd which binds all three variants and is found in phenotype IV, 2) Receptor bc which binds K88ab and K88ac and is found in phenotype III and IV, and 3) Receptor d which binds K88ad and is found in phenotype II. We have identified the bc receptor activity as a pair of mucin-type sialoglycoproteins (210 and 240 kDa). Although neither the bcd nor d receptor has been identified biochemically, their presence has been established using both blocking and receptor localization studies. Blocking studies using phenotype IV brush borders demonstrated that K88ab and K88ac fimbriae block the binding of E. coli expressing any of the K88 variants, but K88ad fimbriae block only K88ad E. coli binding. These results indicate that two receptors (bcd and bc) exist in the phenotype IV animals. Receptor localization studies on intestinal sections from phenotype IV animals showed that K88ab and K88ac adhesin binding is continuous from the crypt to the tip of the villus. The binding of the K88ad adhesin binding is multi-focal in phenotype IV pigs, but continuous from crypt to tip of the villus in sections of phenotype II pigs. These studies verify the presence of two receptors (bcd and bc) in phenotype IV animals, and indicate that the K88ad receptor in phenotype IV animals (bcd) is different than in phenotype II animals (d).
Emotional Disorders of Childhood

The nature and acceptance of the sense of “self” as a psychological concept and mental construct have gone through many metamorphoses. Cohen1 observed that from Aristotle’s de Anima through the metapsychology of Descartes, “the self was the locus of feelings, initiatives, and passions.” He then commented that “after falling into disrepute in certain circles, the concept of the self has recently been resurrected in psychoanalysis, invigorated by the new type of observations which clinical inquiry provides.”
Some old and new Runge-Kutta formulas with stepsize control and their error coefficients

The author derives a variant of his earlier 5(6)-th and 7(8)-th order Runge-Kutta formulas. The new formulas are also applicable to quadrature problems. Their error coefficients are of about the same magnitude as those of the earlier formulas, but considerably smaller than those of corresponding formulas of J. H. Vermen.
Seed Source Lifting Windows Improve Plantation Establishment of Pacific Slope Douglas-Fir

Located on California’s north coast, the Humboldt Nursery grows bareroot seedlings of Douglas-fir for spring planting in coastal and interior regions of Oregon and California. Both survival and growth of the plantings strongly depend on when the seedlings are lifted from the nursery beds and put in cold storage. Appropriate times to lift were determined from the field performances of 33,000 seedlings of 51 seed sources, lifted on different dates and stored for varying periods. Depending on seed source, the lifting window ranged from 7 to 18 weeks in early November to late March. The window tended to widen as source latitude and elevation increased, but not for all regions. Differences among sources from the same region were common. Repeated tests of diverse sources have shown the windows are stable. Seven of 10 sources have windows of 3 to 4 months, enabling the nursery to confine lifting to times when soil and weather conditions are optimum and to schedule lifting around sources with narrow windows. Performances for seedlings lifted outside their windows are mostly poor and often preclude successful plantation establishment.
Chapter 35 International trade and business cycles

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the salient features of international trade and business cycles and summarizes the contributions of a particular branch of the literature on open economy macroeconomics. Becasue many macroeconomic time series are nonstationary, the computation of moments requires that the data be transformed to remove the nonstationarity. A commonly used transformation is the linear filter advocated by Hodrick and Prescott. The important properties of this filter are the following: (1) the filter will render stationary any time series that is integrated of order four or less and (2) when applied to quarterly data, the filter acts as a reasonable approximation to a high-pass filter that passes the cycles of frequency eight years or less with the customary value of λ = 1600 for the smoothing parameter. Recently, Baxter and King (1994) proposed a method for measuring business cycle components of models and data through the application of an approximate band-pass filter. The chapter also analyzes the effects of shocks to government spending and tax rates and reviews the literature on multi-good models of international business cycle.
Non-target effects of herbicides on Tetranychus urticae and its predator, Phytoseiulus persimilis: implications for biological control.

BACKGROUND A key element of conservation biocontrol is identifying and limiting the use of pesticides that have substantial non-target effects on natural enemies to prevent biocontrol disruption. The Phytoseiidae (predatory mites) are one of the most studied natural enemy groups in the field of pesticide non-target effects. Although there is substantial research on the non-target effects of insecticides on arthropod natural enemies, research on herbicide impacts is limited. Natural enemies, including phytoseiids, associate with weeds due to the presence of alternative prey, shelter, or floral resources. Therefore, a whole-systems approach to integrated pest management should integrate weed management with biocontrol. We conducted a study to examine the non-target effects of vegetable herbicides on Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot, and the primary pest that it controls, Tetranychus urticae Koch. Two assays were used to assess the effects of direct application and walking on residues. RESULTS In both assays, S-metolachlor was highly toxic to P. persimilis (80-90% mortality) and had minimal effect on T. urticae. Dicamba, oxyfluorfen, and napropamide also caused moderate levels of P. persimilis mortality (21-74%). Check mortality of P. persimilis was higher in the direct contact assay (19%) than the residue assay (3%). CONCLUSIONS Halosulfuron-methyl, flumioxazin, and mesotrione were the most compatible herbicides with biocontrol by P. persimilis, whereas S-metolachlor and napropamide were the least compatible. We also determined that the residue assay may be more useful than direct contact slide-dips for future assessment of herbicide non-target effects. Future efforts should continue to examine the impacts of weed management on natural enemies to better integrate pest management practices. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
Small Molecules Target the Interaction between Tissue Transglutaminase and Fibronectin

Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a multifunctional protein with enzymatic, GTP-ase, and scaffold properties. TG2 interacts with fibronectin (FN) through its N-terminus domain, stabilizing integrin complexes, which regulate cell adhesion to the matrix. Through this mechanism, TG2 participates in key steps involved in metastasis in ovarian and other cancers. High-throughput screening identified several small molecule inhibitors (SMI) for the TG2/FN complex. Rational medicinal chemistry optimization of the hit compound (TG53) led to second-generation analogues (MT1-6). ELISA demonstrated that these analogues blocked TG2/FN interaction, and bio-layer interferometry (BLI) showed that the SMIs bound to TG2. The compounds also potently inhibited cancer cell adhesion to FN and decreased outside-in signaling mediated through the focal adhesion kinase. Blockade of TG2/FN interaction by the small molecules caused membrane ruffling, delaying the formation of stable focal contacts and mature adhesions points and disrupted organization of the actin cytoskeleton. In an in vivo model measuring intraperitoneal dissemination, MT4 and MT6 inhibited the adhesion of ovarian cancer cells to the peritoneum. Pretreatment with MT4 also sensitized ovarian cancer cells to paclitaxel. The data support continued optimization of the new class of SMIs that block the TG2/FN complex at the interface between cancer cells and the tumor niche.
When is the first spurious variable selected by sequential regression procedures

SummaryApplied statisticians use sequential regression procedures to rank explanatory variables and, in settings of low correlations between variables and strong true effect sizes, expect that variables at the top of this ranking are truly relevant to the response. In a regime of certain sparsity levels, however, we show that the lasso, forward stepwise regression, and least angle regression include the first spurious variable unexpectedly early. We derive a sharp prediction of the rank of the first spurious variable for these three procedures, demonstrating that it occurs earlier and earlier as the regression coefficients become denser. This phenomenon persists for statistically independent Gaussian random designs and arbitrarily large true effects. We gain insight by identifying the underlying cause and then introduce a simple visualization tool termed the double-ranking diagram to improve on these methods. We obtain the first result establishing the exact equivalence between the lasso and least angle regression in the early stages of solution paths beyond orthogonal designs. This equivalence implies that many important model selection results concerning the lasso can be carried over to least angle regression.
An Emerging Crisis: Vaping-Associated Pulmonary Injury

In the context of the emergence of vaping-associated pulmonary injury (VAPI), this commentary discusses what we know about the health effects of vaping and, more important, what we need to learn. R...
Detection of circulating anti‐keratinocyte autoantibodies in feline pemphigus foliaceus

BACKGROUND Circulating anti-keratinocyte immunoglobulin (Ig)G targeting desmosomal proteins have been identified in people and dogs with pemphigus foliaceus (PF). By contrast, detection attempts in PF-affected cats have been largely unsuccessful. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To detect circulating anti-keratinocyte autoantibodies in PF-affected cats and determine their titres and tissue-staining patterns. ANIMALS Thirty PF-affected cats were compared to 11 specific-pathogen free, 15 healthy and 31 allergic cats. METHODS AND MATERIALS Sera were tested by indirect immunofluorescence on canine footpad and buccal mucosal substrates. RESULTS Circulating, anti-keratinocyte IgG with a suprabasilar, web-like (intercellular) pattern were detected in the majority of PF-affected cats (23 of 30, 77%), some allergic cats (six of 31, 19%) and one healthy cat (7%). Both footpad epidermis and buccal mucosa were positive in the majority of seropositive PF-affected cats (21 of 23, 91%), and in only one of six (17%) seropositive allergic cats. Staining was limited to the footpad in the remaining seropositive PF-affected and allergic cats and one seropositive healthy cat. Reciprocal IgG titres were significantly higher in PF-affected cats compared to controls (Dunn's post-test, P < 0.0001). Anti-keratinocyte IgM, IgA or IgE were not detected in any sera. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE These results confirm the presence of circulating anti-keratinocyte IgG in a majority of PF-affected cats and in a small percentage of healthy and allergic cats. Although the molecular target and pathogenic nature of the antibodies remains unknown, the detection of positive immunostaining on buccal mucosal tissue, in addition to the footpad, suggests that the major target antigen of feline PF differs from that reported in dogs.
165 – Cosine Method*

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates about cosine method applicable to second-order linear autonomous equations of a special form, a finite difference scheme from which a numerical approximation to the solution might be obtained. An exact representation of the solution is found. This exact representation is discretized to obtain an approximate numerical scheme. The approximation scheme is based on the use of a rational function to approximate the cosine term. To use the cosine method, the cosine function is required to be approximated. This method has been extended to apply to non-homogeneous problems, equations with time dependent coefficients, and second-order hyperbolic equations.
Associations between calf, thigh, and arm circumference and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in NHANES 1999–2004

Abstract Background and aims Prior studies have described an association between calf circumference and cardiovascular disorders. We evaluated the associations between calf, thigh, and arm circumference and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Methods and results We performed a retrospective cohort study of 11,871 patients in the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to determine the association between calf circumference and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards. We additionally examined the association between thigh and arm circumference and mortality. In the multivariable Cox regression for the female stratum, each centimeter increase in calf circumference was associated with a hazard ratio of 0.88 (95% CI 0.84–0.92), and a hazard ratio of 0.90 (95% CI 0.85–0.95) for cardiovascular death. In the model with males, the hazard ratio for higher calf circumference was 0.92 (95% CI 0.88–0.96) for all-cause mortality and 0.94 (95% CI 0.89–0.99) for cardiovascular death. There was a statistically significant association between higher thigh circumference and lower risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Arm circumference was not similarly associated with mortality in the multivariate model. Conclusion Calf and thigh circumference may provide important prognostic information regarding cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Future prospective studies should examine the role of extremity circumference and cardiovascular events.
Ergonomic Evaluation of Orchard Ladders with Shorter Rung Spacing

Falls from ladders continue to be a concern in orchard work. Standard ladder design per the American National Standards Institute utilizes 30.5 cm (12-inch) rung spacing, which is the distance betw...
Putting the “geo” into geopolitics: a heuristic framework and the example of Australian foreign policy

This paper aims to contribute to the understanding of geopolitics by offering a heuristic framework to understand the “geo” in geopolitics. The approach integrates economic and strategic processes with transformations of physical geography by emphasizing the role of context and the mutual construction of geography and politics. Understanding foreign policy choices requires a theorized contextualization that sees all geopolitical decisions being limited by the interaction of economic, strategic, and physical contexts. Geopolitics is situated within the structures and imperatives of the capitalist world-economy and defined as the process of controlling geographic entities; specifically, regions, networks, and places. Geopolitical activity occurs within three related contexts; specifically, geostructural, geostrategic, and geophysical. The geographic entities and contexts are constructed by geopolitical activity, and frame such activity, in a non-deterministic and mutually constitutive fashion. The framework is illustrated by a brief discussion of Australia’s foreign policy orientations in the Indo-Pacific region.
67553 Exoskeleton dynamics alter upper-limb coordination in a virtual reality reaching task

ABSTRACT IMPACT: This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that systematically altering limb dynamics with two exoskeleton devices alters ingrained, bilateral upper-limb coordination with the potential to rehabilitate functional reaching in chronic stroke survivors OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Advances in virtual reality and exoskeleton technologies have allowed researchers to alter upper limb coordination with more precision than ever before. The goal of this study was to systematically enhance the use of the nondominant limb during a bimanual reaching task, with an eye towards improving rehabilitative strategies post stroke. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Healthy, right-handed volunteers performed a bimanual reaching task in virtual reality (VR) space while simultaneously moving under the influence of two exoskeleton devices. The VR task had participants move a shared cursor, displayed at the midpoint between the hands, to targets arranged at shoulder and eye levels and located at 70% of full arm extension. Two exoskeleton devices applied either resistive torque to the dominant limb or assistive torque to the non-dominant limb. Three-dimensional hand position data were recorded at 50 Hz and analyzed offline. The primary outcome measure was relative contribution, calculated as the ratio of dominant/non-dominant displacement. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Preliminary results from 3 participants showed that during baseline trials, when no torque was applied by the exoskeletons, relative contribution was 50.6% in favor of the dominant hand, with the dominant hand reaching on average 1.1cm farther than the left. When the exoskeletons resisted movement in the dominant limb while simultaneously assisting movement in the non-dominant limb, relative contribution was 49.7% indicating an increase in non-dominant limb usage. Further analysis showed that this effect was driven by one participant who reached 3.7cm farther with her non-dominant hand compared to baseline. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: These pilot data suggest our testing platform is capable of altering normal coordination patterns and is likely the result of participants adopting an optimal control strategy imposed by the shared cursor. These findings will form the basis for a rehabilitation intervention to promote the use of the paretic limb in chronic stroke survivors.
Distributed Symbolic Execution using Test-Depth Partitioning.

Symbolic execution is a classic technique for systematic bug finding, which has seen many applications in recent years but remains hard to scale. Recent work introduced ranged symbolic execution to distribute the symbolic execution task among different workers with minimal communication overhead using test inputs. However, each worker was restricted to perform only a depth-first search. This paper introduces a new approach to ranging, called test-depth partitioning, that allows the workers to employ different search strategies without compromising the completeness of the overall search. Experimental results show that the proposed approach provides a more flexible ranging solution for distributed symbolic execution. The core idea behind test-depth partitioning is to use a test-depth pair to define a region in the execution space. Such a pair represents a partial path or a prefix, and it obviates the need for complete tests to determine boundaries as was the case in the previous ranging scheme. Moreover, different workers have the freedom to select the search strategy of choice without affecting the functioning of the overall system. Test-depth partitioning is implemented using KLEE, a well-known symbolic execution tool. The preliminary results show that the proposed scheme can prove to be an efficient tool to speed up symbolic execution.
The Economics of IBD: Is There a Future for a Medical Home?

The cost of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment has been sparsely investigated, and drivers of cost in patients with IBD include pharmacotherapy, hospital admissions, emergency department visits, and surgical treatment. The high economic burden of IBD is thought to be tied to the complex and chronic nature of the disease, especially as Crohn’s disease, and ulcerative colitis patients often require a combination of medical and surgical therapy. Patients with IBD commonly receive lifelong care from a limited number of providers, with potentially high costs of treatment. This makes IBD a candidate for a specialty medical home that aims to provide patients with accessible, inclusive, and well-coordinated patient-centered care. This IBD specialty medical home (IBD SMH) functions as a smaller team of providers with one provider, acting as the patients’ main point of contact, who takes the role of coordinating patients’ acute and chronic care. This chapter will focus on the role of the IBD SMH and its role in the care of patients with IBD.
The role of IL-11+ monocytes in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) (4715)

Objective: To study the role of IL-11-secreting monocytes in the pathogenesis of RRMS. Background: We have previously shown that IL-11 is highly upregulated in the CSF of untreated patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), suggestive of its role in the inflammatory response in MS. In this study, we examined the role of monocytes in the IL-11-induced inflammatory response in RR MS. Design/Methods: CD14+ monocytes from 23 untreated RRMS patients and 14 age-, sex- and race-matched HCs were examined by flow cytometry. Anti-IL11 mAb was used in RREAE to determine its therapeutic potential. Results: The frequency of IL-11-secreting CD14+ cells was significantly increased in PBMCs from 14 RRMS patients in comparison to matched HCs (p=0.04). In RRMS patients, CD14+IL-11+ cells are enriched in the CSF as compared to the paired blood samples (p=0.02). In RRMS patients the co-expression of pro-inflammatory IL-23 was significantly higher than the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in IL-11+CD14+ cells. IL-23+IL-11+CD14+ cells from RRMS patients had a higher CCR2 expression in comparison to HC (p=0.03), suggestive of their potential to migrate to the CNS. In-vitro studies with purified CD14+ cells from RRMS patients showed that IL-11 increases the expression of IL-23 (p=0.01). RREAE experiments showed that anti-IL-11 mAb treatment at the onset of disease (5 mg/kg, i.p, daily for 10 days) decreased the clinical scores in comparison to the isotype control group (n=12/group, p Conclusions: IL-11-secreting monocytes contribute to the inflammatory response in early RRMS. Anti-IL-11 mAb treatment of RREAE ameliorated the clinical disease, in part by inducing regulatory monocyte expansion. Disclosure: Maryamsadat Seyedsadr has nothing to disclose. Soohwa Jang has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Jefferson University . Daniel Hwang has nothing to disclose. Jian Li has nothing to disclose. Mrs. McGuire has nothing to disclose. Dr. Miskin has nothing to disclose. Silva Markovic-Plese, MD, FAAN has nothing to disclose.
A quantitative study of the motivations of runners in a cause-based marathon-training program

A QUALTITATIVE STUDY OF THE MOTIVATIONS OF RUNNERS IN A CAUSE-BASED MARATHON-TRAINING PROGRAM by Karin A. Jeffery In the late 1980s, the nonprofit sector within the United States introduced a new philanthropic paradigm, the cause-based fundraising endurance-training program. Participants in such programs raise funds for a charitable cause and, in return, are coached to complete a marathon or other endurance event. Cause-based training programs frequently use recruitment messages implying that the cause provides a guaranteed motivation to exercise. However, little research has examined this assumption. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to qualitatively research the motivations of runners in a charitable cause-based marathon-training program, particularly the relationship between the cause and the participants’ motivations to train consistently. Results suggested that for most study participants, the cause became increasingly significant and meaningful as the program progressed, even for those who joined with no initial connection. These results may be significant both for cause-based training programs and for interventions to help increase general levels of physical
Micromachined cellular filters

Bulk wave acoustic resonators using thin piezoelectric films have the potential to become useful filters for telecommunication markets. These devices has been variously referred to as a thin film resonator (TFR) or a film bulk acoustic wave resonator (FBAR). Typically, the piezoelectric material is a sputter-deposited film of aluminum nitride or zinc oxide. Processing techniques such as the use of KOH or ethylene diamine pyrocatechol (EDP) to etch silicon or the use of sacrificial materials to form "air gap" structures (3) are needed to isolate the acoustic cavity from the underlying substrate. These same techniques are also part of the micromachinists "tools-of-the-trade" and are becoming better understood as well as becoming a part of an accepted processing infrastructure.
Bioactivation of N-arylhydroxamic acids by rat hepatic N-acetyltransferase: Detection of multiple enzyme forms by mechanism-based inactivation

Abstract Enzymatic N,O-acyltransfer of carcinogenic N-arylhydroxamic acids such as N-droxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF) results in the production of reactive electrophiles that can bond covalently with nucleophiles and also can cause inactivation of acyltransferase activity in a mechanismbased manner. Incubation of partially purified rat hepatic N-acetyltransferases (NAT) with N-OH-AAF resulted in extensive inactivation of N-OH-AAF/4-aminoazobenzene (AAB) N, N-acetyltransferase and acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA)/procainamide (PA) N-acetyltransferase activities, whereas AcCoA/p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) N-acetyltransferase activity was inhibited only slightly. Affinity chromatography with Sepharose 6B 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) resulted in the separation of two NAT activities. NAT I primarily catalyzed the AcCoA-dependent acetylation of PABA; NAT II catalyzed, N, N-acetyltransfer(N-OH-AAF/AAB), AcCoA/PA N-acetyltransfer and N-OH-AAF N,O-acyltransfer (AHAT) activities. Most of the AcCoA/2-AF N-acetyltransferase activity eluted in the NAT II fraction. Results of inactivation experiments with N-OH-AAF and the NAT II fractions suggested that one NAT isozyme was responsible for catalyzing the N-OH-AAF/AAB, AcCoA/PA and N,O-acyltransfer reactions and that inactivation of NAT II correlated with the extent of covalent binding to protein. Further purification of the NAT II fractions by chromatofocusing resulted in a 1300-fold purification of the N-OH-AAF/AAB activity and the coelution of N-OH-AAF/AAB, AcCoA/PA and N, O-acyltransferase activities. These studies indicate that N,O-acyltransfer, arylhydroxamic acid-dependent N-acetylation of arylamines (N,N-acetyltransfer), and AcCoA-dependent N-acetylation of PA may be catalyzed by a common enzyme in rat liver, whereas a second enzyme is responsible for the AcCoAdependent N-acetylation of PABA.
E2--M1 ADMIXTURES OF TRANSITIONS IN $sup 68$Zn.

Directional correlations were carried out with a NaI-Ge(Li) detector arrangement on three ${2}^{+}$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow} ${2}^{+}$ cascades in $^{68}\mathrm{Zn}$. The data yield the following $\ensuremath{\delta}$ values: -1.46(14), -0.14(4), and +0.29(5) for the 806-, 1261-, and 1745-keV transitions to the first excited ${2}^{+}$ level. The first two results confirm recent values from ($n,\ensuremath{\gamma}$) work but not the earlier ones from radioactivity studies. A new 2822-keV transition was observed from a level at that energy.
Unusual 1/T3 temperature dependence of the Hall conductivity in YBa2Cu3O7- delta.

Measurements of the Hall coefficient {ital R}{sub {ital H}} and resistivity {rho}{sub {ital a}} of YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} disclose anomalies in their temperature ({ital T}) dependences. The 1/{ital R}{sub {ital H}} vs {ital T} curve has a negative curvature, while {ital d}{rho}{sub {ital a}}/{ital dT} displays a previously unreported step near 290 K. The Hall conductivity {sigma}{sub {ital H}} follows an unusual 1/{ital T}{sup 3} dependence from 100 to 360 K. We contrast the results with predictions of conventional Bloch theory, and compare them with recent calculations based on large-{ital U} models. Implications for cyclotron damping at low {ital T} are discussed.
Construction of recurrent mixture models for time series classification

We present a new hierarchical network architecture that integrates the outputs of recurrent ANN. The purpose of this architecture is to apply decomposition of time-series learning tasks (using self-organization on multi-channel input). Our approach yields the variance-reducing benefits of techniques such as stacked generalization, but exploits the ability of abstract targets to be factored based upon preprocessing, feature extraction, or multimodal sensor constraints. This research demonstrates how prior information can be applied to learn factorial structure from time series, to build a mixture of recurrent ANN.
Thrombin‐promoted release of UDP‐glucose from human astrocytoma cells

Background and purpose: The P2Y14 receptor is activated by UDP-sugars, most potently by UDP-glucose, but not by free nucleotides, suggesting that UDP-glucose is the cognate agonist for this receptor. However, evidence for regulated release of UDP-glucose is scarce. In the present study, the occurrence of receptor-promoted release of UDP-glucose was investigated, using 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells. Experimental approach: UDP-glucose release and hydrolysis were measured using HPLC-based techniques. Phospholipase C activation and actin cytoskeleton reorganization were assessed by measuring inositol phosphate formation and fluorescence confocal microscopy, respectively. Key results: Thrombin and the protease-activating receptor-1 (PAR1) peptide TFLLRNPNDK (PAR1-AP) evoked the release of UDP-glucose and ATP, which was accompanied by enhanced inositol phosphate formation. Although carbachol promoted fourfold greater inositol phosphate formation than thrombin, it failed to promote nucleotide release. Thrombin-promoted nucleotide release was inhibited by BAPTA-AM, brefeldin A and cytochalasin D, and was insensitive to Pertussis toxin and PI3-kinase inhibitors. Thrombin, but not carbachol, induced actin cytoskeleton reorganization, a hallmark of Rho activation in 1321N1 cells. However, PAR-promoted UDP-glucose release was not affected by Rho kinase inhibition. Conclusions and implications: PAR1-evoked UDP-glucose release reflected a Ca2+-dependent mechanism, engaging additional signalling independently of Gi and Rho kinase activation and requiring a functional actin cytoskeleton and Golgi structures. Our study demonstrates the occurrence of Ca2+-dependent release of UDP-glucose from astrocytoma cells in response to a physiologically relevant stimulus, that is, a G-protein-coupled receptor agonist. Given the presence of P2Y14 receptors in astrocytes, UDP-glucose may have important autocrine/paracrine functions in the brain. British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 1528–1537; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707692; published online 21 January 2008
Soviet Policy toward Japan during World War II

AbstractThis paper argues that Soviet policy during World War II in Europe was from the very beginning integrally connected with its policy toward the Far East. At the Yalta Conference, Stalin agreed to join the war three months after Germany surrendered in return for the war trophies promised by Franklin D. Roosevelt. In April, the Soviet government notified the Japanese government that it had no intention to renew the Neutrality Pact, but assured the Japanese that the pact would be in force until it expired in April 1946. Hiding behind the cloak of neutrality, the Soviet Union transported troops and equipment to the Far East in preparation for the war against Japan. In July, the Japanese government sought Moscow’s mediation to terminate the war. Stalin took advantage of the Japanese request to prolong the war. Despite his expectations, however, Stalin was excluded from the Potsdam Declaration at the Potsdam Conference. The race began between Harry S. Truman, who wanted to force Japan to surrender with the atomic bomb, and Stalin, who intended to enter the war before Japan’s surrender.
Resonance Raman Intensity Analysis of the Carbazole/Tetracyanoethylene Charge-Transfer Complex: Mode-Specific Reorganization Energies for a Hole-Transport Molecule†

A resonance Raman intensity analysis is presented for the carbazole/tetracyanoethylene donor−acceptor charge-transfer complex in dichloromethane solution. The intent is to determine the nuclear reorganization contributions to the rates of charge hopping in carbazole polymers used as hole-transport agents in the xerographic (electrophotographic) process. Resonance Raman cross sections have been measured at seven excitation wavelengths spanning the broad visible charge-transfer absorption known to consist of two strongly overlapping charge-transfer electronic transitions. Interference between the Raman amplitudes from these two transitions manifests itself in the Raman excitation profiles for a number of resonantly enhanced modes. Simultaneous modeling of the absorption spectrum and the Raman cross sections shows that explicit consideration of the signs as well as the magnitudes of the normal mode displacements is required to reproduce the experimental data. The signs of the mode displacements obtained from...
Interpolymer from starch xanthate and polyamide–polyamine–epichlorohydrin resin: Structure and papermaking application

The efficacy of oxidatively crosslinked starch xanthate for improving wet- and dry-strength properties of paper prompted the present study of an alternative, interpolymeric crosslinking procedure. Sodium starch xanthate of degrees of substitution 0.05–0.25 was reacted with a commercial paper additive (a polyamide–polyamine–epichlorohydrin wet-strength resin) which was found to contain 3-hydroxyazetidinium chloride, epoxy-propyl, and chlorohydrin groups (3:1:1) to give an interpolymer crosslinked by both ionic and covalent bonds. Model systems, in conjunction with nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, and ultraviolet spectral data, served to elucidate reaction mechanisms and structures of the interpolymer and the commercial resin. Reaction conditions that favored formation of either ionic (polysalt) or covalent (xanthate ester) crosslinks were investigated. In preliminary evaluations, incorporation of the interpolymer into paper handsheets resulted in excellent wet- and dry-strength improvements.
Lipotropic activity of vitamins B12 and B13 concentrates.

Abstract Crude liver extract has been shown consistently to protect rats completely against fatty infiltration of the liver for periods up to 203 days. A single vitamin B12 concentrate prepared from liver investigated previously also demonstrated marked lipotropic activity in a 66-day period. In the current experiments the lipotropic activity of a larger number of vitamin B12 concentrates from liver was investigated; it was found to vary greatly among concentrates. Fatty infiltration of the liver was either completely prevented, partially prevented, or not prevented at all. In order to evaluate the importance of the source of a concentrate on lipotropic activity, a vitamin B12 concentrate from a source other than liver was studied. Unfortunately the vitamin B12 concentrate from Streptomyces broth administered in arbitrarily chosen dosages of 10 mg and 150 mg was too toxic to the experimental animals to permit of collecting any satisfactory data. A vitamin B13 concentrate was investigated for its possible effect on lipid metabolism in rats. Although the larger dose of this material was capable of preventing fatty infiltration of the liver, the data were rather inconclusive because of the small number of animals in the experiment. Further studies should be done to obtain conclusive evidence of a role in lipid metabolism ascribable to vitamin B13.