cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of terpyridine-functionalized poly(phenylenevinylene)s: The role of meta-phenylene linkage on the Cu2+ and Zn2+ chemosensors

Abstract A meta -phenylene-containing poly(phenylenevinylene) (PPV) with pendant terdentate terpyridine ligand 2b was synthesized and its fluorescence properties were compared with its isomeric PPV. The meta -phenylene bridge interrupts the resonance connection between the PPV backbone and the metal-chelation sites, while jointing the structurally defined chromophores together. The fluorescence of the polymer, with emission λ em = 460 nm and ϕ fl ≈ 0.45, is found to be selectively quenched by Cu 2+ ion with interference from Co 2+ and Ni 2+ ions. The nature of the quenching process in 2b is probed by using Stern–Volmer analysis, revealing that the quenching results from both dynamic collision and metal chelation. Addition of Zn 2+ and Cd 2+ ions only induces partial fluorescence quenching, accompanied with a broad new emission band occurring at ∼560 nm. With the aid of a model compound study, the new emission band at 560 nm is attributed to the complex formation with terpyridine to Zn ratio of 1:1. The study finds that the polymer has the potential for Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ sensors.
A numerical model of fluid-flow in deformable naturally fractured rock masses

Abstract A hybrid boundary element—finite-difference program, FFFLOW, has been developed for the modelling of fluid flow in deformable, jointed rock. The model has been used to simulate reservoirs with variable joint orientations, injection rates, joint dilation angles and variable far-field stresses. The formulation and example results are presented.
The structural parameters of β1-PtCd

The precise lattice parameters of β1PtCd (Ll0 structure) were determined by X-ray examination at 21°C of alloys quenched from 800 °C. At the stoichiometric composition, the lattice parameters have the following values: afct = 4.1840 A; cfct = 3.8160 A. An evaluation of the lattice parameters in terms of the partial molar volumes of platinum and cadmium yields the following values for the composition range xCd < 0.50: VPt = 8.98 cm3 (g atom)−1; VCd = 11.13 cm3 (g atom)−1. While the values of VPt in the Ll0 phase and in pure platinum (VPt0 = 9.10 cm3 (g atom)−1 are approximately the same, the value of VCd in the Ll0 phase is nearly 15% smaller than in pure cadmium (VCd0 = 13.00 cm3 (g atom)−1). It is suggested that this decrease of VCd on forming the intermetallic phase is due to an electron transfer from cadmium to platinum. The variation of the atomic volume of β1-PtCd with composition in the stoichiometric region indicates a substitutional defect mechanism. A possible relation between the ratio of the partial molar volumes of the components and the tetragonal distortion of the Ll0 structures is discussed.
Severity of illness classification for infection control departments: A study in nosocomial pneumonia

Abstract Background: A subjective severity of illness classification was evaluated in a study of nosocomial pneumonia. This is a 5-category system based on the determination of the control of underlying illness and the risk of death during current hospital admission. Methods: A case-control study was performed with 128 cases of nosocomial pneumonia and 252 control patients. An additional 60 case and 90 control patients were used to compare this classification with APACHE II scoring in intensive care unit patients. Results: In univariate analysis, the severity illness classification was significantly associated with nosocomial pneumonia risk (p Conclusions: The role of the severity of illness classification for risk stratification in nosocomial pneumonia is valid. Its roles in the evaluation of surgical wound infection, nosocomial bacteremia, and quality of care remain to be determined in subsequent studies.
Noise limitations in millimeter-wave detection via optical-upconversion

Typical radio frequency style millimeter-wave detectors for passive millimeter-wave imaging are limited by the thermal noise floor inherent in microwave and millimeter-wave circuits. This thermal noise, or Johnson noise, can be derived from Rayleigh-Jeans approximation of Planck's blackbody radiation law and is a fundamental limit to the noise levels in such systems. For this reason low-noise amplifiers are typically used at the front end of such high sensitivity receivers to improve their noise equivalent difference temperature. However, such approaches are undesirable in high-noise environments where high signal levels could damage such amplifiers or in large pixel count arrays where the cost of amplification of each pixel becomes prohibitive. Herein, we present an alternate approach to achieving low difference temperatures, which involves upconversion to optical frequencies with subsequent filtering and square-law detection. Through this process the normal thermal noise floor limitations are not relevant as, at such high frequencies, the Rayleigh-Jean’s approximation is no longer valid. In fact, the thermal noise present in the optical regime is diminished to negligible levels at room temperatures and quantum noise becomes the fundamental limit to system performance. In this paper, we present the theoretical and practical limits to reduction of noise equivalent power using optical amplifiers and relate the noise contributions of such amplifiers to the quantum noise limit.
Heptameric Targeting Ligands against EGFR and HER2 with High Stability and Avidity

Multivalency of targeting ligands provides significantly increased binding strength towards their molecular targets. Here, we report the development of a novel heptameric targeting system, with general applications, constructed by fusing a target-binding domain with the heptamerization domain of the Archaeal RNA binding protein Sm1 through a flexible hinge peptide. The previously reported affibody molecules against EGFR and HER2, ZEGFR and ZHER2, were used as target binding moieties. The fusion molecules were highly expressed in E. coli as soluble proteins and efficiently self-assembled into multimeric targeting ligands with the heptamer as the predominant form. We demonstrated that the heptameric molecules were resistant to protease-mediated digestion or heat- and SDS-induced denaturation. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis showed that both heptameric ZEGFR and ZHER2 ligands have a significantly enhanced binding strength to their target receptors with a nearly 100 to 1000 fold increase relative to the monomeric ligands. Cellular binding assays showed that heptameric ligands maintained their target-binding specificities similar to the monomeric forms towards their respective receptor. The non-toxic property of each heptameric ligand was demonstrated by the cell proliferation assay. In general,, the heptamerization strategy we describe here could be applied to the facile and efficient engineering of other protein domain- or short peptide-based affinity molecules to acquire significantly improved target-binding strengths with potential applications in the targeted delivery of various imaging or therapeutic agents..
Isotopic composition of strontium in volcanic rocks from oahu.

Analysis of several well-documented specimens from each of the three volcanic series on Oahu gives the following mean ratios of Sr87 to Sr86: the Waianae series, 0.7030 ± 0.00010 (σ); the Koolau series, 0.70385± 0.00009 (σ); and the Honolulu series, 0.7029 +± 0.00006 ( σ). The mean ratio of Sr87 to Sr86 of the Koolau series specimens is significantly higher than the means of the other two series. With one exception, significant differences in Sr87/ Sr86 within a series were not found, even though some large compositional differences existed.
Student access and the collegiate function in community colleges

An analysis is presented of the position of American community colleges in the nation's educational system. First, background is provided on the historical development of the community colleges. This section examines: (1) the forces contributing to the rise of higher education and the emergence of junior colleges; (2) the expansion of the two-year college role to include community services and remedial education, as well as transfer, occupational, and postsecondary terminal programs; and (3) influences on community college growth over the past four decades, including increased educational access, the student consumerism movement, the increasing enrollment of part-time students, and the absorption by community colleges of the educational functions of other agencies. The next section provides information on community college faculty, focusing on their educational background and professional involvement in contrast to that of their four-year college counterparts; the faculty union movement; and factors, such as long working hours and underprepared students, which erode faculty job satisfaction. Curriculum and instruction in the community college are discussed next, with particular focus on transfer, occupational, and community service curricula. The article concludes with an examination of the dilemma faced by college leaders attempting to maintain their institution's place in graded education, while providing a variety of educative services to their constituents on an open-door basis.
Design optimization with parallel sensitivity analysis on the CRAY X-MP

This paper presents an approach for parallel computation of structural optimization problems on the CRAY X-MP by using parallel sensitivity analysis calculation. In this approach, a main processor is chosen to perform all the optimization calculations except the constraint gradient evaluations. When a sensitivity analysis is needed the main processor decomposes it into several computation tasks, then assigns the computation tasks to the other available associate processors and manages the communication. Due to uncoupled characteristics of the constraint gradient calculations, the associate processors perform the computation tasks in parallel. The algorithm for the structural optimization process with parallel design sensitivity is presented along with some numerical test cases to demonstrate the efficiency of this approach.
The associations among improvement and alliance expectations, alliance during treatment, and treatment outcome for major depressive disorder

AbstractObjective: To examine the associations between treatment/outcome expectations, alliance before and during treatment, and the impact of alliance on symptomatic improvement. Methods: One hundred and fifty-three depressed patients randomized to dynamic supportive-expressive psychotherapy (SET), antidepressant medication (ADM) or placebo (PBO) + clinical management completed ratings of treatment expectations, therapeutic alliance (CALPAS, WAI-S), and depressive symptoms (HAM-D). Results: Pretreatment expectations of the therapeutic alliance were significantly related to alliance later in therapy but did not differ across treatments and did not predict outcome. Alliance development over time differed between treatments; it increased more in SET than in PBO. After controlling for prior symptom improvement, early alliance predicted subsequent depression change. Conclusions: Expectations of alliance and of treatment outcome/improvement, measured prior to treatment onset, predicted subsequent alliance.
Distribution of body mass index and the prevalence changes of overweight and obesity among adolescents in Shandong, China from 1985 to 2005.

Background: There is strong evidence of a positive secular trend in physical growth and body mass index (BMI) in most of the world over the last 20 years. However, no studies on this trend have been reported in Shandong Province, China.Aim: The present study assessed the secular trend in BMI in Shandong Province during the past 20 years and the prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents.Subjects and methods: The BMI of adolescents aged 7–18 was calculated using data from three national surveys on students’ constitution and health carried out by the government in 1985, 1995 and 2005 in Shandong Province, China. The distribution of BMI was reported, and the prevalence of overweight and obesity were obtained according to the screening criteria of overweight and obesity for Chinese students using BMI.Results: In the past 20 years, the P50 (percentile 50) of BMI increased rapidly. The average increments of BMI were 2.05 kg m−2 (Urban male), 1.08 kg m−2 (Urban female), 1.11 kg m−2 (Rural male) and 0...
INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN OPTIMIZATION: MODELING ECONOMIC AND HYDROLOGIC INTERDEPENDENCE'

This paper presents an integrated optimal control model that optimizes economic performance of reservoir manage- ment in watersheds in which there are significant economic and hydrologic interdependencies. The model is solved using the Gener- al Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS). Results show that applica- tion of this model to New Mexico's Rio Chama basin can increase total system benefits over historical benefits by exploiting comple- mentarities between hydroelectricity production, instream recre- ation, and downstream lake recreation. (KEY TERMS: economics; modeling/statistics; recreation manage- ment; simulation water management; water policy/regulation/ decision making; water resources planning; watershed manage- ment/wildland hydrology.)
Deficient Amino Acids in a 22% Protein Corn-Soybean Meal Diet for Young Turkeys

Abstract Three similar poult experiments were conducted to determine which amino acids are most deficient in a 22% protein corn-soybean meal diet supplemented with .3% DL-methionine. Diets were formulated to contain 1) 30% protein, 2) 22% protein, and 3) 22% protein plus all essential amino acids. Nine additional diets consisted of the latter diet excluding at least one added essential amino acid. All diets were fed to poults from 8 to 18 or 20 days of age. Removing either valine, lysine, threonine, or isoleucine from the amino acid mixture significantly reduced (P
Jumps in cross‐sectional rank and expected returns: a mixture model

We propose a new nonlinear time series model of expected returns based on the dynamics of the cross-sectional rank of realized returns. We model the joint dynamics of a sharp jump in the cross-sectional rank and the asset return by analyzing (1) the marginal probability distribution of a jump in the cross-sectional rank within the context of a duration model, and (2) the probability distribution of the asset return conditional on a jump, for which we specify different dynamics depending upon whether or not a jump has taken place. As a result, the expected returns are generated by a mixture of normal distributions weighted by the probability of jumping. The model is estimated for the weekly returns of the constituents of the SP500 index from 1990 to 2000, and its performance is assessed in an out-of-sample exercise from 2001 to 2005. Based on the one-step-ahead forecast of the mixture model we propose a trading rule, which is evaluated according to several forecast evaluation criteria and compared to 18 alternative trading rules. We find that the proposed trading strategy is the dominant rule by providing superior risk-adjusted mean trading returns and accurate value-at-risk forecasts. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE FUNCTION OF THE SPLEEN IN THE EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF ALBINO MICE WITH BACILLUS TUBERCULOSIS : SECOND PAPER.

The resistance to an infection with the tubercle bacillus which can be given to mice by the removal of the spleen is lost when fresh spleen, either of mouse or sheep, is added to the diet. The logical conclusion that splenic function in its relation to the specific infection is restored by feeding spleen cannot, however, be drawn; because, in the first place, the character of the disease in the splenectomized spleen-fed animals differs somewhat from that in intact animals; and, secondly, because fresh spleen when fed to splenectomized animals apparently gives rise to an acute intoxication. This intoxication occurs quite regularly in mice. It is manifested in the infected animals and in those not inoculated. It has been seen in one of two splenectomized dogs experimented upon. Up to the present it can hardly be definitely characterized, but it seems to be best marked out by the specific anorexia associated with it.
Use of Artificial Structure to Enhance Angler Benefits in Lakes, Ponds, and Reservoirs: A Literature Review

Artificial structure has been used in the United States since the 1930s to modify benthic habitats in freshwater systems in attempts to enhance both sport and commercial fisheries. Since then, the use of artificial structure has become widespread throughout the country in a variety of waters and fish communities. Proposed advantages of installing artificial structure include increasing angler catch per effort, providing cover to increase survival of juvenile fish, and providing spawning habitat to increase natural production. Structure materials vary from brush piles and evergreen trees, to tires, hay bales, and manufactured plastic forms. The most effective types of artificial structure resemble natural structure with varied complexity and interstitial spaces. The success of structure projects is dependent upon the type of fish community present, the slope and depth at which the structure is placed, the amount and size of structure installed, and the type of structure that will best meet the goals of the...
Surfactant-free dielectrophoretic deposition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with tunable deposition density

The effects of AC field strength and AC frequency on the density of dielectrophoretically deposited multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were investigated and explained in terms of existing theory. We show that while both parameters can be used to control deposition density, the experimentally observed frequency trend can not be explained by the theoretical Clausius–Mossotti factors. We demonstrate the ability to make surfactant-free dispersions of long, difficult to disperse MWCNTs and use them with dielectrophoresis to make clean, single and few connections between electrodes.
Hybrid symbolic and numerical simulation studies of time-fractional order wave-diffusion systems

Boundary control of time-fractional order diffusion-wave systems is becoming an active research area. However, there is no readily available simulation tool till now for researchers to analyze and design controllers. In this paper, a simulation method for some typical boundary control problems, combining symbolic mathematics and numerical method, is presented with two application examples. In the intermediate steps of the simulation, an important by-product, the transfer function of the controlled system, can be obtained, which makes the design of more advanced boundary controllers possible and much easier.
Effects of bile acids on dog pancreatic duct epithelial cell secretion and monolayer resistance.

Pancreatic duct epithelial cells (PDEC) mediate the secretion of fluid and electrolytes and are exposed to refluxed bile. In nontransformed cultured dog PDEC, which express many ion transport pathw...
Extracorporeal adsorbent-based strategies in sepsis

Gram-negative bacterial sepsis remains a challenging diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma to the practicing clinician. Bacterial-derived products (eg, gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide or endotoxin) and host inflammatory mediators (eg, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1) are believed to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of sepsis and septic shock. Despite the many advances in the treatment of sepsis, mortality rates in septic patients remain high. Indeed, numerous clinical trials using biologically engineered immunotherapies targeting specific inflammatory mediators have proven unsuccessful. This lack of success has led to a renewed interest in blood purification techniques using extracorporeal therapies. During sepsis, circulating bacterial-derived products as well as inflammatory mediators can be reduced and/or eliminated by various extracorporeal adjunctive therapies such as plasma exchange, continuous renal replacement, and adsorbent-based therapies. Adsorbents have commonly been used orally for gastrointestinal removal of toxins or drugs. However, their potential use in sepsis has received little attention. The incorporation of adsorbents in hemoperfusion columns has allowed their use for the removal of toxic compounds from the circulatory system. Adsorbents developed for use in sepsis can bind toxins in a nonselective (eg, charcoal), selective (eg, polymyxin B-immobilized polystyrene-derivative fiber), or specific (eg, antibody-coated microsphere-based detoxification system) way. However, despite an explosive development in the experimental use of these promising therapies, randomized clinical trials are currently lacking. In summary, a multi-disciplinary complex therapeutic approach remains a prerequisite to the successful treatment of sepsis.
Regulatory network of acid resistance genes in Escherichia coli

Overexpression of the response regulator EvgA confers an acid-resistant phenotype to exponentially growing Escherichia coli. This acid resistance is partially abolished by deletion of ydeP, yhiE or ydeO, genes induced by EvgA overexpression. Microarray analysis identified two classes of operons (genes). The first class contains seven operons induced by EvgA overexpression in the absence of ydeO, an AraC/XylS regulator gene. The second class contains 12 operons induced by YdeO overexpression. Operons in the second class were induced by EvgA overexpression only in the presence of ydeO. EvgA is likely to directly upregulate operons in the first class, and indirectly upregulate operons in the second class via YdeO. Analysis using the motif-finding program alignace identified an 18 bp inverted repeat motif in six upstream regions of all seven operons directly regulated by EvgA. Gel mobility shift assays showed the specific binding of EvgA to the six sequences. Introduction of mutations into the inverted repeats upstream of ydeP and b1500-ydeO resulted in reduction in EvgA-induced ydeP and ydeO expression and acid resistance. These results suggest that EvgA binds to the inverted repeats and upregulates the downstream genes. Overexpression of YdeP, YdeO and YhiE conferred acid resistance to exponentially growing cells, whereas GadX overexpression did not. Microarray analysis also identified several GadX-activated genes. Several genes induced by overexpression of YdeO and GadX overlapped; however, yhiE was induced only by YdeO. The acid resistance induced by YdeO overexpression was abolished by deletion of yhiE, gadC, slp-yhiF, hdeA or hdeD, genes induced by YdeO overexpression, suggesting that several genes orchestrate YdeO-induced acid resistance. We propose a model of the regulatory network of the acid resistance genes.
A subsurface acoustic imaging system

In this study, we demonstrate an acoustic system for high-resolution imaging of objects buried in soil. Our goal is to image cultural artifacts in order to assess, in a rapid, highly sampled manner, the historical significance of a potential construction site. In a preliminary study conducted at the Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, the acoustic propagation properties of six types of soil were evaluated. The current study will describe the imaging system and present preliminary images produced from data collected from a soil phantom. We have built the imaging system, which incorporates a single element source transducer and a receiver array, both obtained from the Applied Research Laboratory at Pennsylvania State University. The source and receiver array are moved together along a linear path to collect data to form a B-mode image. The source is well approximated as a point source. The transmitted signal is a cosine weighted pulse of 6 cycles at a center frequency of 6 kHz. A 52-element sonar array (8/spl times/8, 3.56 cm/sup 2/ close-packed elements with 3 elements missing from each corner) acts as the receiver and allows for beamforming on receive, which is accomplished off-line using delay-and-sum beamforming. This system is in operation at the U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL) in Champaign, IL, where the data are collected in a controlled volume (120/spl times/120/spl times/60 cm) of dry sand. Using this system, we have obtained B-mode images of several targets buried up to 13 cm deep.
Students Who Self-Injure: School Counselor Ethical and Legal Considerations

This article explores ethical considerations that school counselors may need to address when providing counseling services to self-injurious students. Ethical issues related to student confidential...
Predictors of sense of coherence in typically developing adolescent siblings of individuals with autism spectrum disorder.

Background Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be a stressor for family members yet there is little published research on the impact of having a child with ASD on their typically developing (TD) adolescent siblings. According to Antonovsky's salutogenic model, a strong sense of coherence leads to the view that the stressor is a manageable challenge rather than a burden and promotes healthier adaptation. This study examines the relationship between stress, TD sibling resources and the sense of coherence in TD siblings. Method This quantitative mail-based study uses a survey methodology, analysing the responses of TD adolescent siblings (n = 96) of individuals with autism, Asperger's syndrome, or pervasive developmental disorder – not otherwise specified to several rating scales. Adolescent siblings, ages 11 to 18 years, completed the Adolescent Coping Orientation for Problem Experience (ACOPE), Network of Relationship Inventory – Social Provision Version (NRI-SPV), Youth Self Report (YSR), and Sense of Coherence (SOC) instruments; parents completed the Child Autism Rating Scale – 2nd Edition (CARS-2). Results The salutogenesis model was used to guide and inform this research. Findings suggested the following: (a) the stress of ASD severity and resource of adjustment are related in TD adolescent siblings; (b) TD sibling adjustment has a strong relationship with sense of coherence levels; and (c) a greater number of positive coping strategies buffer TD sibling coherence levels when ASD severity scores are high. Conclusions ASD severity and TD adolescent sibling resources influence sense of coherence in adolescent TD siblings of individuals with ASD.
Microsample tensile testing of nanocrystalline metals

Abstract A novel non-contact strain measurement technique has been employed to measure the tensile properties of extremely small ‘microsamples’ of pure high-density ultrafine-grained Al (ufg-Al) nanocrystalline Cu (n-Cu) and nanocrystalline Ni (n-Ni). These microsample tests confirmed the absence of Young's modulus variations for metals with grain sizes approaching 25 nm. Significant strength enhancements were associated with the nanocrystalline specimens; the tensile stresses achieved in these microsample tests were measured to be an appreciable fraction of the theoretical shear strength for these metals. The ufg-Al samples (diameter, 250 nm) exhibited extensive plasticity while deformation in the n-Ni (diameter, 28 nm) remained almost entirely elastic up to failure at 1500MPa. The n-Cu samples were found to have a multiscale grain structure that produced an attractive balance of strength and ductility. Transmission electron microscopy investigations of deformed n-Ni failed to produce any evidence of dis...
The ‘God Gap’ in International Humanitarian Law: Lessons Learned from Islamic Jurisprudence

This essay bridges security and legal studies to show how contemporary debate over humanitarian legal norms today in both Islamic and international law traditions is a response to tectonic shifts in global conflict patterns now occurring in the post-9/11 security environment. If these shifts have helped raise these legal norms and their gaps to new heights of global discussion, this reflexive moment is overwhelmingly positive — provided that such attention, particularly in the Islamic context, is framed in ways adequate to the complexity of our changing international security environment. While it may sound facile to point out the obvious, that we are no longer living in a post-World War or even post-Cold War world, the fact of the matter is that both legal regimes are playing a role, albeit for different audiences, in reframing international security questions today — with implications for national and international security policies. This transnational role, as legal historian Wael Hallaq notes, is and has always been a distinctive feature of law in the Islamic tradition. The result is not only a commonality, but a symmetry to the challenges these legal regimes embody today: heightened interest in humanitarian law is, at bottom, a means to bring into discussion new and changing ethical standards to bear on new species of armed conflict.
Development and Piloting of an Instrument That Measures Company Support for Breastfeeding

Background: Maternal employment has been cited as a barrier to continued breastfeeding, yet there have been few studies identifying company breastfeeding support.Objectives: The study objectives we...
Prophylactic Efficacy of Graded Levels of Ipronidazole Against Different Levels of Exposure to Histomoniasis in Turkeys 5 and 12 Weeks Old

Abstract Two experiments were conducted with Large White turkeys 5 to 9 and 12 to 17 weeks of age. Birds were fed 0.000, 0.00156, 0.00312 or 0.00625 percent of ipronidazole and given different exposures to histomoniasis. The exposures consisted of graded doses of embryonated Heterakis gallinae ova (containing Histomonas meleagridis) administered orally. Histomoniasis mortality was recorded during post-exposure periods of 28 or 35 days; dead birds were examined for hepatic and cecal lesions typical for histomoniasis. Birds which survived the post-exposure period were sacrificed and examined for hepatic and cecal lesions. Mortality and morbidity results varied according to the graded doses of infective material given with either the unmedicated diet or 0.00156 percent of ipronidazole. The 0.00625 percent level of ipronidazole in feed was highly effective in preventing histomoniasis mortality and morbidity in both experiments. Lower levels of drug (0.00156 and 0.00312%) were clearly more effective against histomoniasis in younger (5 to 9 weeks) than in older (12 to 17 weeks) turkeys. Mortality was 25.0 and 4.2 percent, respectively, among the younger turkeys receiving 0.00156 and 0.00312 percent of ipronidazole. The same levels of drug allowed 60.7 and 25.0 percent mortality, respectively, among turkeys 12 to 17 weeks old. It would appear that the level of ipronidazole for prevention of histomoniasis should not be decreased, but should perhaps be increased in the diet of growing-finishing turkeys.
Recognition and prediction of petroleum reservoirs in the fluvial/tidal transition

Abstract Although they form important resources in many basins, exploitation of petroleum reservoirs that were deposited in the fluvial/tidal transition is challenging because tidal influence during deposition results in pervasive lithologic heterogeneity and compartmentalization. Recognition of tidal influence on deposition from subsurface data (primarily cores, although well logs and seismic data may support interpretation) is the first challenge. Sedimentologic records of Earth–Solar–Lunar orbital cycles, such as tidal rhythmites, are definitive, but rarely preserved. More common are apparent paleocurrent bidirectionality and an abundance of mud drapes, which are indicative of tide influence, but not definitively diagnostic. Reservoirs deposited in the fluvial/tidal transition occur in two broad stratigraphic settings: (1) incised valley fills (IVFs) that include updip tidally-influenced point bars, bay-head deltas, mid-estuarine tidal bars, and tidal flat/channel fills and (2) tidal deltas that have a wide range of potential reservoirs including distributary channel fills, mouth bars, and delta front deposits, which may be reworked into tidal bars. Predictive models for the occurrence of tidal facies are much generalized at present, although some broad trends in reservoir presence, stratal geometry, and quality can be gleaned from a comparison of modern and subsurface case studies, and viewing the tidal facies within the context of their sequence stratigraphic architecture. Preliminary analysis from the Niger Delta suggests that the coastal lowstand sequence sets are far more likely to have tidally-influenced reservoirs than the highstand sequence sets. The lowstand reservoirs include both IVFs and shelf edge deltas.
Novel Dopamine Therapeutics for Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is characterized by profound cognitive deficits that are not alleviated by currently available medications. Many of these cognitive deficits involve dysfunction of the newly evolved, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). The brains of patients with schizophrenia show evidence of dlPFC pyramidal cell dendritic atrophy, likely reductions in cortical dopamine, and possible changes in dopamine D1 receptors (D1R). It has been appreciated for decades that optimal levels of dopamine are essential for dlPFC working memory function, with many beneficial actions arising from D1R stimulation. D1R are concentrated on dendritic spines in the primate dlPFC, where their stimulation produces an inverted-U dose response on dlPFC neuronal firing and cognitive performance during working memory tasks. Research in both academia and the pharmaceutical industry has led to the development of selective D1 agonists, e.g., the first full D1 agonist, dihydrexidine, which at low doses improved working memory in monkeys. Dihydrexidine has begun to be tested in patients with schizophrenia or schizotypal disorder. Initial results are encouraging, but studies are limited by the pharmacokinetics of the drug. These data, however, have spurred efforts toward the discovery and development of improved or novel new compounds, including D1 agonists with better pharmacokinetics, functionally selective D1 ligands, and D1R positive allosteric modulators. One or several of these approaches should allow optimization of the beneficial effects of D1R stimulation in the dlPFC that can be translated into clinical practice.
Political Cycles in Financial Regulatory Enforcement

While there is extensive research on financial regulatory policies, there is relatively little known about differences in bank regulatory enforcement across countries. This is one of the first attempts to explore how banking supervision activities vary in practice and whether they are influenced by political election cycles. It fits within a larger literature on bureaucratic politics and the influence of crises and politics on bureaucratic behavior. The results indicate that after the global financial crisis of 2007-2008, bank supervision increased during election years only when the supervisory institution was separate from the central bank.
Learning In Spike Trains: Estimating Within-Session Changes In Firing Rate Using Weighted Interpolation

The electrophysiological study of learning is hampered by modern procedures for estimating firing rates: Such procedures usually require large datasets, and also require that included trials be functionally identical. Unless a method can track the real-time dynamics of how firing rates evolve, learning can only be examined in the past tense. We propose a quantitative procedure, called ARRIS, that can uncover trial-by-trial firing dynamics. ARRIS provides reliable estimates of firing rates based on small samples using the reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. Using weighted interpolation, ARRIS can also provide estimates that evolve over time. As a result, both real-time estimates of changing activity, and of task-dependent tuning, can be obtained during the initial stages of learning.
Measurement of Small-Strain Shear Moduli of Partially Saturated Sand During Infiltration in a Geotechnical Centrifuge

This paper describes the use of bender elements to measure changes in small strain shear modulus, Gmax, of sand layers due to the change in degree of saturation during centrifuge tests. The goal of the measurements is to verify that steady-state infiltration is an appropriate technique to control the effective stress in centrifuge physical modeling of partially saturated sands. Specifically, the suitability of infiltration is assessed by checking if the measured values of Gmax of partially saturated sand layers follow a similar trend to dry and saturated sand layers when the effective stress is defined from the suction and degree of saturation profiles during steady-state infiltration. Three pairs of bender elements were installed at different depths in a container of Ottawa sand, and the shear wave velocities of the sand were measured during steady-state infiltration into the sand layer. The applied infiltration rate was varied to obtain different uniform distributions of degrees of saturation with depth. Consistent with results from suction-controlled resonant column tests performed on the same sand, the values of Gmax measured from the bender element tests varied nonlinearly with degree of saturation with a peak value at a degree of saturation between 0.3 and 0.4. When interpreted in terms of mean effective stress, the values of Gmax from the bender element tests on partially saturated sands followed a unique trend consistent with measurements for dry and saturated sands.
Editorial: Myocardial sarcomeres and the functioning mammalian heart.

Previously the length-tension properties of the isolated papillary muscle have been related to myocardial sarcomere lengths. Though past studies have relied upon fixed material, recently, living muscles have been used. Sarcomere lengths have now been measured on the same specimens in both living and fixed material and the sarcomere length at optimum muscle length established. These lengths are extremely uniform. Studies on the sarcomere lengths through the wall of the left ventricle have also been carried out. Surprisingly sarcomere lengths were relatively uniform from endocardium to epicardium over a wide range of intraventricular pressures. Furthermore, enddiastolic sarcomere lengths were 91% to 94% of optimum sarcomere length over a physiologic pressure range. Since the papillary muscle in function has been shown to shorten by 23% (to 70% of optimum sarcomere length), these results suggest that the papillary muscle uses the entire ascending limb of the length-tension curve during function.
Characters of the Age

It is impossible to overstate the influence of La Bruyere’s Characters on British Enlightenment views of Theophrastan character writing, and on the development of the periodical essay. Though rarely cited in studies of eighteenth-century English literature, this French collection of portraits, maxims and satiric reflections defined for British critics across the century the character sketch as a literary genre. Samuel Johnson, as noted earlier, saw a clear line running from the courtly conduct books of Casa and Castiglione, through La Bruyere’s Characters, and into the Tatler and Spectator. Though he drew this connection roughly 70 years after the Tatler began publishing, Johnson had good reason to see it: Eustace Budgell, who contributed more essays to the Spectator than any of Addison’s and Steele’s other collaborators, had produced a successful English translation of the Characters in 1699, as well as a 1715 translation of Theophrastus, whose Characters La Bruyere had originally included (in French translation) with his own book. Johnson saw more to the connection than Budgell’s involvement, however. He notes how the first English essay serials keep the future in mind even as they write for present readers, something they share with the French author’s work. ‘The Tatler and Spectator adjusted, like Casa, the unsettled practice of daily intercourse by propriety and politeness,’ Johnson declares; ‘and, like La Bruyere, exhibited the “Characters and Manners of the Age”.’1
Japanoise: music at the edge of circulation

Japanoise, David Novak’s ethnography of Japanese ‘Noise’ music, doubles as a contribution to theories of cultural space. The title suggests a genre study, and the book delivers as much, but the sub...
Management of Undifferentiated Solitary Mucinous Cystic Lesion of the Pancreas: A Clinical Dilemma

Background Management of solitary mucinous cystic lesions of the pancreas (MCLs) relies on correct differentiation between branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (BD-IPMN) and mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN). Current international consensus guidelines recommend resection for MCN, and unifocal BD-IPMN can be followed in the absence of worrisome features/high-risk stigmata. We hypothesized that preoperative differentiation of solitary MCLs is suboptimal, and that all solitary MCLs should be treated similarly. Study Design A retrospective review of an institutional database (2003 to 2016) identified 711 patients who underwent resection for pancreatic cyst. Only lesions that met cytologic or biochemical criteria for diagnosis of MCLs were included. Mucinous cystic neoplasms were defined by presence of ovarian stroma on pathology. Patients with formal preoperative diagnosis of BD-IPMN (multifocality, GNAS mutation) were excluded. Results One hundred and eighty solitary MCLs were identified on preoperative imaging (mean age 54 years, 24% men). On surgical pathology, 108 were MCNs and 72 BD-IPMNs. There was no difference in invasive rate (7 of 108 [6.5%] MCNs vs 4 of 72 [5.6%] BD-IPMN; p ≈ 1). Pancreatic ductal connectivity was reported on imaging/endoscopy in 10 of 108 (9%) MCNs and 22 of 72 (31%) BD-IPMNs, representing 67% accuracy in differentiating MCNs from BD-IPMNs. On multivariate analysis, typical risk factors failed to predict invasiveness in either MCNs or BD-IPMNs. When all undifferentiated solitary MCLs were analyzed together, older age (p = 0.03) and cyst size (p = 0.04) were associated with increased invasive rate in multivariate analysis. Conclusions Unreliable differentiation and limited ability to predict invasiveness make solitary MCLs clinically challenging. With similar invasive rates, MCN and unifocal BD-IPMNs should be merged into one new entity for management, the undifferentiated solitary MCL.
Comparison of Risk Models for Patients with Lower Risk Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Accurate prognostication is essential for patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) to facilitate optimal patient management. Several systems for predicting the outcome of patients with MDS are commonly used in clinics, including the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS), revised IPSS, and a low risk MDS model developed by The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDA). We designed this study to evaluate and compare these three models in lower risk MDS patients in order to accurately identify patients with a poor prognosis who may need early therapeutic intervention. A total of 733 adult patients, median age 69 years (range, 24-91), who were diagnosed as lower risk MDS (IPSS low or intermediate-1) with complete cytogenetic evaluations at MDA were included in this study. Both IPSS and revised IPSS systems stratified the study cohort into groups with significantly different overall survival (OS) (P Because both IPSS models are heavily weighted toward cytogenetic features, but over half of MDS patients present with normal (diploid) cytogenetics, we compared the effectiveness of these models in risk stratification among diploid MDS patients. Without the effects of cytogenetics, all 3 models still stratified OS significantly (P Molecular markers hold promise for further risk stratification in diploid MDS patients. We assessed the prognostic significance of common gene mutations, such as NPM1, FLT3, DNMT3A, NRAS and KIT. We also identified a signature of plasma microRNAs of which expression levels can predict survival of diploid MDS patients more accurately than all three models. In summary, the revised IPSS system has improved the stratification of patients in the IPSS low and INT-1 categories. The MDA model improves the OS stratification in IPSS low and INT-1 groups, as well as the revised IPSS low group. All three systems effectively predict survivals in diploid MDS patients. Development of novel molecular markers will enable further risk stratification of MDS patients, especially in the diploid MDS group. Disclosures Kantarjian: ARIAD, Pfizer, Amgen: Research Funding. Cooper: InCellerate: Equity Ownership; Sangamo: Patents & Royalties; Targazyme: Consultancy; GE Healthcare: Consultancy; Ferring Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Fate Therapeutics: Consultancy; Janssen Pharma: Consultancy; BMS: Consultancy; Miltenyi: Honoraria.
Piezoelectric interfaces enabled energy harvesting and tailored damping in fiber composites

Fiber reinforced polymer composites are becoming ubiquitous in modern structures, due to their light weight, high specific strength, and ability to be tailored for a specific application. The increase in the commercial adoption and feasible applications of composite materials has motivated researchers to develop the next generation of composites. These next generation composites aim to integrate more structural and nonstructural properties into the structure with the goal of increasing the efficiency of the system as a whole. There have been many efforts in modifying or replacing structural fiber and matrix phases with active materials. However, this methodology usually affects the structural properties of the composite and limits their practical applications. Here, we present a new approach for the development of multifunctional fiber reinforced polymer composites. In this method, piezoelectric nanostructures (ZnO nanowires and barium titanate textured films) are integrated at the interface between structural fibers and matrix phase. Since the load transfer between reinforcement phase and polymer matrix happens at the interfacial region, the active phase at the interface results in a composite with unique properties. In this study we examined the vibration damping and energy harvesting of the fabricated composites. The nanostructured interface showed a great potential as a damping mechanism and energy harvesting constituent in these composites. The large amount of stress concentration in this region resulted in increased damping properties and sustainable energy harvesting performance. This research introduces a route for integrating responsive properties into structural composites by utilizing functional nanostructured interfaces.