cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic consistency of Raoult’s Law and Henry’s Law approaches for multiphase organic aerosol partitioning

Partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds between gas, organic aerosol, and aqueous aerosol phases has been described in atmospheric models using Raoult’s Law and/or Henry’s Law, with activity coefficients accounting for nonideal behavior in the aerosol solutions. Raoult’s Law and Henry’s Law are thermodynamically consistent with each other as long as the parameters defining their different reference states are accurately known. Unfortunately, saturation vapor pressures, Henry’s law constants, and activity coefficients for organic aerosol compounds must typically be estimated. As a result, thermodynamic inconsistencies can arise when using Raoult’s and Henry’s Law approaches together due to errors in estimation methods. A test of predicted partitioning parameters for representative semivolatile organics suggests overall errors of at least an order of magnitude. Box model simulations with a simplified partitioning scenario demonstrate that these estimation errors can significantly alter partitioning for many compounds and, more importantly, that thermodynamic inconsistencies will lead to even greater errors than those due solely to uncertain parameters. To avoid these errors, a common reference state should be used to define equilibrium among all phases, improved estimation methods and measurements should continue to be pursued, and alternative reference states that better represent typical organic aerosol mixtures should be explored.
Deformation of Hierarchically Twinned Martensite

Abstract Shape-memory alloys deform via the reorganization of a hierarchically twinned microstructure. Twin boundaries themselves present obstacles for twin boundary motion. In spite of a high density of obstacles, twinning stresses of Ni–Mn–Ga Heusler alloys are very low. Neither atomistic nor dislocation-based models account for such low yield stresses. Twinning mechanisms are studied here on a mesoscopic length scale making use of the disclination theory. In a first approach, a strictly periodic twin pattern containing periodic disclination walls with optimally screened stress fields is considered. Strict periodicity implies that the twin microstructure reorganizes homogeneously. In a second approach, a discontinuity of the fraction of secondary twins is introduced and modeled as a disclination dipole. The stress required for nucleation of this discontinuity is larger than the stress required for homogeneous reorganization. However, once the dipole is formed, it can move under a much smaller stress in agreement with experimental findings.
Cell death of barley aleurone protoplasts is mediated by reactive oxygen species.

The barley aleurone layer is a terminally differentiated secretory tissue whose activity is hormonally controlled. The plant hormone gibberellic acid (GA) stimulates the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes and triggers the onset of programmed cell death (PCD). Abscisic acid (ABA) antagonizes the effects of GA and inhibits enzyme secretion and PCD. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key players in many types of PCD, and data presented here implicate ROS in hormonally regulated death of barley aleurone cells. Incubation of aleurone layers or protoplasts in H 2 O 2 -containing media results in death of GA-treated but not ABA-treated aleurone cells. Cells that are programmed to die are therefore less able to withstand ROS than cells that are programmed to remain alive. Illumination of barley aleurone protoplasts with blue or UV-A light results in a rapid increase in intracellular H 2 O 2 production. GA-treated protoplasts die rapidly in response to this increase in intracellular H 2 O 2 production, but ABA-treated protoplasts do not die. The rate of light-induced death could be slowed by antioxidants, and incubating protoplasts in the dark with the antioxidant butylated hydroxy toluene reduces the rate of hormonally induced death. Taken together, these data demonstrate that GA-treated aleurone protoplasts are less able than ABA-treated protoplasts to tolerate internally generated or exogenously applied H 2 O 2 , and strongly suggest that ROS are components of the hormonally regulated cell death pathway in barley aleurone cells.
Forecasting with an Index of Leading Series

Abstract This article examines two aspects of the forecasting record of the Index of 12 Leading Series (ILS). First, its record as an indicator of major cyclical turns is analyzed and compared with the first difference of the Federal Reserve's Index of Production. Subsequently, the ILS is used as a quantitative predictor of the Index of Production. The results indicate that the ILS is a better indicator than a quantitative predictor.
Lactic dehydrogenase and citric synthetase in muscle of the neonate chick.

Abstract 1. 1. An investigation of the differentiation of lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) and citrate synthetase (CS) in red and white muscles from chicks was made. The differentiations were compared with the ontogeny of thermoregulation. 2. 2. Significant correlations were found between (a) age and CS activities in both muscle types, LDH activity in white muscle and LDH/CS activity ratio in white muscle and (b) weight and CS activity in red muscle, LDH activities in both types and LDH/CS activity ratios in both types. 3. 3. A close parallel was found between changes in enzyme activities and the development of thermoregulation.
Liberals and Pluralists: Charles Taylor vs John Gray

Charles Taylor and John Gray offer competing liberal responses to the contemporary challenge of pluralism. Gray's morally minimal ‘modus vivendi liberalism’ aims at peaceful coexistence between plural ways of life. It is, in Judith Shklar's phrase, a ‘liberalism of fear’ that is skeptical of attempts to harmonize clashing values. In contrast, Taylor's ‘hermeneutic liberalism’ is based on dialogical engagement with difference and holds out the possibility that incompatible values and traditions can be reconciled without oppression or distortion. Although Taylor's theory is superior to Gray's because it recognizes that dialogue is crucial for respecting pluralism, both theories fail to fully articulate the ethical ideal of citizenship that they imply. Citizens who are able to dialogically engage with pluralism must be cultivated through liberal education to possess certain ethical traits, and this requirement inevitably limits the range of pluralism liberal societies can accommodate. The theoretical overemphasis on pluralism in recent liberal theory serves to obscure this point.
Preliminary results suggest tranexamic acid is safe and effective in arthroplasty patients with severe comorbidities.

Background Tranexamic acid (TXA) reduces blood loss and transfusion after total joint arthroplasty (TJA) but concerns remain that patients with severe medical comorbidities might be at increased risk for thromboembolic complications.
Unsteady Wake Effects on Boundary Layer Transition and Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Turbine Blade

Effect of unsteady wakes on aerodynamic and heat transfer characteristics of a turbine blade in a cascade were analyzed both experimentally and theoretically. Comprehensive aerodynamic data were collected for different wake passing frequencies that are typical of turbomachinery. Hot-wire probes were used for collection of boundary layer data on suction and pressure surfaces of the turbine blade. Heat transfer measurements were made using steady liquid crystal techniques. Boundary layer data were analyzed through intermittency function to get insight into the transition process under unsteady wake flow conditions. The experimental and theoretical results presented in this paper confirm the general validity of the unsteady boundary layer transition model developed by Chakka and Schobeiri (1997). This model is based on a relative intermittency function, which accounts for the effects of periodic unsteady wake flow on the boundary layer transition. Three distinct quantities are identified as primarily responsible for the transition of an unsteady boundary layer. These quantities, which exhibit the basis of the transition analysis presented in this paper, are: (1) relative intermittency, (2) maximum intermittency, and (3) minimum intermittency. To validate the developed transition model, it is implemented in an existing boundary layer code, and the resulting heat transfer coefficients are compared with the experimental data.Copyright © 1998 by ASME
MLCT-dd energy gap in pyridyl-pyrimidine and bis(pyridine) complexes of ruthenium(II)

The photophysical and photochemical properties of a series of 2-(2[prime]-pyridyl)pyrimidine and bis(pyridine) polypyridyl complexes of ruthenium(II) are described. The temperature dependences of the emission decay were fit to the equation I/[tau](T) = k[sub 1] + k[sub 2] exp([minus][Delta]E[sub 2]/RT). The values of k[sub 1] ranged from 7.1 [times] 10[sup 5] to 8.7 [times] 10[sup 6] s[sup [minus]1], k[sub 2] ranged from 9 [times] 10[sup 6] to 3 [times] 10[sup 17] s[sup [minus]1], and [Delta]E[sub 2] ranged from 428 to 4,776 cm[sup [minus]1]. A plot of ln k[sub 2] vs [Delta]E[sub 2], known as a Barclay-Butler plot, was linear with a slope of 2.9 [times] 10[sup [minus]3] cm and a y intercept of 5.9. The study demonstrates the usefulness of excited-state parameters for assessing the photolability and/or stability of ruthenium(II) pyridyl complexes. It has also led to the design of the photostable core [Ru(bpy)(bpz)][sup 2+] which may be of value in the design of molecular assemblies.
Response of the melon fly parasitoid Pysttalia fletcheri (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to host-habitat stimuli

Cohorts of mass-reared adult female Pysttalia fletcheri, parasitoids of the melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae), were exposed to host-plant stimuli in a laminar airflow wind tunnel to analyze the cues used in host-habitat finding. Parasitoids hovered twice as frequently around plastic zucchini models emitting fresh cucumber odor as around models emitting clean air. The odor of decaying pumpkin was even more attractive, resulting in over a 10-fold increase in hovering, a 50-fold increase in landing, and a 150-fold increase in host-searching and probing behaviors compared to clean air. Fresh cucumber leaf odors were not attractive to the parasitoids, but decomposing leaves elicited a strong increase in hovering, landing, and searching behaviors. Plastic leaves which visually simulated cucurbit foliage did not in themselves significantly alter orientation behaviors, but the combination of leaf visual stimuli plus decaying leaf odors caused strong increases in hovering, landing, and searching. Fresh pumpkin odor and the odor of yeast-inoculated pumpkin were not as attractive to parasitoids as decaying leaf odors. Yeast isolated from decaying pumpkin and cultured on various sterile media were not substantially more attractive than clean air.
Data Extraction Techniques for Spreadsheet Records

Many accounting applications use spreadsheets as repositories of accounting records, and a common requirement is the need to extract specific information from them. This paper describes a number of techniques that accountants can use to perform such tasks directly using common spreadsheet tools. These techniques include (1) simple and advanced filtering techniques, (2) database functions, (3) methods for both simple and stratified sampling, and, (4) tools for finding duplicate or unmatched records.
Voices of multi-ethnic providers in NYC: health care for viral hepatitis to prevent hepatocellular carcinoma.

Worldwide, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths and the ninth in the US. Hepatitis B and C make up almost 80 % of HCC cases. Based on our Hepatitis Outreach Network screening program data, approximately 40 % of at-risk foreign-born community members who tested positive for viral hepatitis B and/or C did not follow up for additional care. Our aim was to use theory-driven qualitative research to identify barriers and facilitators to follow-up after viral hepatitis diagnosis among these community members from the viewpoint of primary care providers (PCPs). As viral hepatitis is a precursor of liver cancer, timely treatment of the virus has the potential to reduce the incidence and burden of liver cancer. We performed semi-structured key informant interviews with 20 primary care physicians who predominantly serve Korean, Chinese, Egyptian, and Russian communities. Barriers detected included cultural factors commonly seen amongst immigrant populations such as busy work schedules and non-English language. Common facilitators include increased primary care physician involvement and linkages to care within communities in which patients reside. Providers perceived that they are gatekeepers to specialty care for their patients and therefore key persons to engage in viral hepatitis evaluation and management by specialists. This initial study suggests that re-focusing energy into primary care physicians might offer promise for improved care for individuals from immigrant communities who have viral hepatitis to help them engage in care and thereby reduce the burden of liver cancer.
Micropropagation of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) from seedlings

A method for regenerating whole plants from nodal (axillary bud) cultures of seedlings was developed for flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.). The seed source significantly influenced the rate of proliferation, although cultures initiated from each of the seven mother trees produced some shoots. Woody plant medium (WPM) was superior to either Murashige and Skoog or Schenk and Hildebrandt basal medium. 6-Benzyladenine (BA) at 2.2 or 4.4 μm stimulated the generation of significantly more useable shoots (≥1 cm) compared to all other concentrations (0.5–22.5 μm tested. Thidiazuron (TDZ) at 0.6 and 1.1 μm supported proliferation, but strongly inhibited shoot elongation. TDZ initiated cultures transferred to medium containing 4.4 μm BA produced usable shoots after five additional subcultures. Shoots generated adventitious roots when exposed to either a 12-h pulse of relatively high concentrations (246–1230 μm or continuous lower concentrations (0.5–49.0 μm of indolebutyric acid (IBA) for longer periods. Microshoots produced the significantly greatest number of roots when subjected to 4.9 μm IBA in WPM over a 4-week period. Whole plants were acclimatized to the laboratory conditions and subsequently to the greenhouse. The methodology described here should be useful in a breeding program by supplying multiple copies of unique, recombinant genotypes.
Domestic wastewater treatment using multi-electrode continuous flow MFCs with a separator electrode assembly design.

Treatment of domestic wastewater using microbial fuel cells (MFCs) will require reactors with multiple electrodes, but this presents unique challenges under continuous flow conditions due to large changes in the chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration within the reactor. Domestic wastewater treatment was examined using a single-chamber MFC (130 mL) with multiple graphite fiber brush anodes wired together and a single air cathode (cathode specific area of 27 m2/m3). In fed-batch operation, where the COD concentration was spatially uniform in the reactor but changed over time, the maximum current density was 148 ± 8 mA/m2 (1,000 Ω), the maximum power density was 120 mW/m2, and the overall COD removal was >90 %. However, in continuous flow operation (8 h hydraulic retention time, HRT), there was a 57 % change in the COD concentration across the reactor (influent versus effluent) and the current density was only 20 ± 13 mA/m2. Two approaches were used to increase performance under continuous flow conditions. First, the anodes were separately wired to the cathode, which increased the current density to 55 ± 15 mA/m2. Second, two MFCs were hydraulically connected in series (each with half the original HRT) to avoid large changes in COD among the anodes in the same reactor. The second approach improved current density to 73 ± 13 mA/m2. These results show that current generation from wastewaters in MFCs with multiple anodes, under continuous flow conditions, can be improved using multiple reactors in series, as this minimizes changes in COD in each reactor.
Instruction in the Responsible Conduct of Research: An Inventory of Programs and Materials within CTSAs

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) require instruction in the responsible conduct of research (RCR) as a component of any Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA). The Educational Materials Group of the NIH CTSA Consortium's Clinical Research Ethics Key Function Committee (CRE-KFC) conducted a survey of the 38 institutions that held CTSA funding as of January 2009 to determine how they satisfy RCR training requirements. An 8-item questionnaire was sent by email to directors of the Clinical Research Ethics, the Educational and Career Development, and the Regulatory Knowledge cores. We received 78 completed surveys from 38 CTSAs (100%). We found that there is no unified approach to RCR training across CTSAs, many programs lack a coherent plan for RCR instruction, and most CTSAs have not developed unique instructional materials tailored to the needs of clinical and translational scientists. We recommend collaboration among CTSAs and across CTSA key function committees to address these weaknesses. We also requested that institutions send electronic copies of original RCR training materials to share among CTSAs via the CTSpedia website. Twenty institutions submitted at least one educational product. The CTSpedia now contains more than 90 RCR resources.
Effect of a magnetic field on the melting curve of 3 He—Addendum

An additional analysis of our low-temperature and high magnetic field measurements of the3He melting curve is presented, based on the assumption that the highest field (63.6 kG) theoretical melting curve is correct rather than the lowest field curve as assumed in the original paper. Between31.8 and63.6 kG there is reasonable agreement between experiment and theory, although a discrepancy remains at low fields that we assume is to be attributed to inaccuracies in the reduction of γ-ray anisotropies to temperatures. It is also shown that the measurements are not sufficiently precise to observe the effect seen in the(∂P/∂T) V,H measurements on solid3He by Kirk and Adams.
Effect in the rat of the interaction of dichloromaleic acid and carbon tetrachloride on renal and hepatic function.

Water purification generates a variety of chlorinated contaminants, one of which is dichloromaleic acid (DCMA). Exposure to this compound is likely to occur in combination with other drinking water pollutants, some of which are hepatotoxic. This study was designed to examine the interactive effects of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), a known hepatotoxin, with DCMA on liver and kidney function in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Administration of a single dose of DCMA (200–400 mg/kg, ip) caused modest dose-dependent increases in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and plasma urea nitrogen, as well as a marked depletion of nonprotein sulfhydryls (NPSH) in the liver, but not the kidney, by 24 hr. Pretreatment with inducers (phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene) or an inhibitor (SKF 525A) of cytochrome P-450 activity failed to alter the response observed with DCMA alone. Alterations in 24-hr urine volume, osmolality, and water consumption also were observed. DCMA-mediated changes in plasma urea nitrogen and NPSH were reduced in magnitude with coadministration of CCl4 (1 ml/kg, ip), while anticipated CCl4-induced increases in ALT and AST were reduced with coexposure to DCMA. Renal slice experiments indicated that DCMA-treated rats were less able to accumulate the organic anion p-aminohippurate (PAH), whereas DCMA had no effect on accumulation of the organic cation tetraethylammonium (TEA). The combination of CCl4 and DCMA produced only additive effects on organic ion accumulation. These results suggest hepatic interaction possibly related to the metabolism of CCl4 and DCMA, resulting in renal and hepatic toxicity diminished from that observed with exposure to either agent alone.
What Do the Spiritual and Religious Traditions Offer the Practicing Psychologist

There has been a remarkable amount of interest in the relationship among spirituality, religion, psychology, and health of late. Contemporary interest in spirituality and religion is hot among not only the general population but among professionals in the mental and physical health disciplines. While most people believe in God and consider themselves to be spiritual, religious, or both, most mental health professionals have little if any training in this area. Psychologists can use spiritual and religious principles and tools to better serve their clients even if they do not share the same religious interests. The purpose of this article is to offer thirteen spiritual and religious tools common among all of the major religious traditions that can be used by contemporary professional psychologists in clinical practice to enhance the already high quality professional services that they provide. Examples of spiritually and religiously integrated treatment along with several ethical precautions are noted as well.
Corruption: Democracy, autocracy, and political stability

The recent empirical literature on corruption has identified a long list of variables that correlate significantly with corruption but only five were distinguished by Leamer's Extreme Bounds Analysis as robust to various samples, measures of corruption, and regression specifications. Among these five factors that were found to reduce corruption are decades-long tradition of democracy and political stability. In today's world, however, there are many countries that combine one of these two robust determinants of corruption with the opposite of the other: politically stable autocracies or newly formed and unstable democracies. The central question raised in this paper is: Is it worth, in terms of corruption, for a country to trade stability with autocratic rule for political freedoms but with transitional instability? We find that the answer to this question is in the affirmative - the level of corruption is indeed lower in unstable democracies than in stable dictatorships. Our results are robust to various measures of corruption, alternative regressor indices, and regression specifications. "Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Great men are almost always bad men…" (Sir John Acton, 1887 2 )
Inhibition of bone resorption by difluoromethylene diphosphonate in organ culture

Abstract A newly synthesized diphosphonate, difluoromethylene diphosphonate (F 2 MDP), was studied for its effects on bone resorption, as measured by the release of previously incorporated 45 Ca. F 2 MDP (10 μM to 1000 μM) effectively inhibited both unstimulated and parathyroid hormonestimulated resorption, and the amount of 45 Ca release decreased with time. Dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl 2 MDP) and ethane- 1-hydroxyl-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) inhibited resorption to similar extents with two exceptions: At concentrations of 10 μM and 100 μM F 2 MDP was more effective than EHDP and less effective than Cl 2 MDP. No greater inhibition was observed when bones had been stimulated with PTH prior to the addition of F 2 MDP In addition, bones treated with F 2 MDP only during the first half of the incubation period exhibited reductions in tha amount of 45 Ca released during the second half similar to that observed when F2MDP was continuously in the medium, indicating a prolonged effect. Morphologic alterations of osteoclasts suggestive of cell degeneration were observed in F 2 MDP-treated bones, which were similar to those observed in bones treated with Cl 2 MDP and EHDP. Due to the presence of fluorine, F 2 MDP may be useful as an experimental tool to investigate the mode of action of all diphosphonates, in addition to its possible use as a therapeutic agent for diseases of increased bone resorption.
The effect of morphine on pituitary-thyroid function in the rat.

Abstract The administration of morphine (Mo) to adult male rats resulted in a decrease in body weight, thyroid weight and pituitary-thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) content and in increase in pituitary and adrenal weight. Serum TSH and goiter growth on propylthiouracil (PTU) challenge was normal. Stalk-median eminence (SME) TSH content was increased and net TSH synthesis as measured over 24 hr was augmented in Mo-treated rats. It is suggested that these endocrine changes may be mediated by Mo acting at a hypothalamic level to enhance TSH synthesis under certain experimental conditions.
Casimir interactions for anisotropic magnetodielectric metamaterials

We extend our previous work [Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 183602 (2008)] on the generalization of the Casimir-Lifshitz theory to treat anisotropic magnetodielectric media, focusing on the forces between metals and magnetodielectric metamaterials and on the possibility of inferring magnetic effects by measurements of these forces. We present results for metamaterials including structures with uniaxial and biaxial magnetodielectric anisotropies, as well as for structures with isolated metallic or dielectric properties that we describe in terms of filling factors and a Maxwell Garnett approximation. The elimination or reduction of Casimir ``stiction'' by appropriate engineering of metallic-based metamaterials, or the indirect detection of magnetic contributions, appear from the examples considered to be very challenging, as small background Drude contributions to the permittivity act to enhance attraction over repulsion, as does magnetic dissipation. In dielectric-based metamaterials the magnetic properties of polaritonic crystals, for instance, appear to be too weak for repulsion to overcome attraction. We also discuss Casimir-Polder experiments, that might provide another possibility for the detection of magnetic effects.
Hematic and fluid barriers of the retina and vitreous body

A method employing non-toxic doses of diaminoacridines combined with ultrafreezing and drying techniques, fluorescent microscopy, and fluorometry has been used in this study of hematic and fluid barriers in the vitreal chamber and surrounding tissues. These studies have demonstrated: that diaminoacridine concentrations of 3.38 × 10−6 M in the circulating blood failed to penetrate into the retina, vitreous body, and optic nerve head; that there are hematic barriers preventing the penetration of diaminoacridines into these tissues and fluids; that the barriers are located in the pigment epithelium, inner layer of ciliary epithelium, iridial retina, and vascular endothelium of retinal and optic nerve vessels; and that the precise anatomical sites of these barriers are given by (a) the part of the cell membrane of ciliary epithelium and iridial retina facing the posterior eye chamber, (b) the part of the cell membrane of pigment epithelium facing the retina, and (c) the part of the endothelial cell membrane of retinal and optic nerve head vessels facing the vascular lumen. Injections in the vitreal or aqueous chambers to produce 3.38 × 10−6 M diaminoacridine concentrations inside either chamber have demonstrated that the hematic barriers which prevent the penetration of diaminoacridines from the blood into the retina and vitreous permit their passage in the opposite direction. The diaminoacridine solutions follow special patterns in their elimination from the vitreous of different species according to the type of retinal vascularization.
The geomorphological dimensions of natural disasters

Abstract The International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) was designed to focus the attention of scientists, engineers and economists on the increasing losses and deaths occurring globally as a result of natural hazards. Geomorphologists have considerable expertise in process studies and the mapping of precursors and antecedent conditions of surficial phenomena, and important understanding of “magnitude and frequency” concepts applied to the earth sciences. This paper examines several projects where geomorphologists provide significant contributions to interdisciplinary research, and suggests a framework for a comprehensive approach to natural hazards studies.
LISTENERS' PERCEIVED VERBAL AND NONVERBAL BEHAVIORS ASSOCIATED WITH COMMUNICATORS' PERCEIVED UNDERSTANDING AND MISUNDERSTANDING

Data from 245 respondents yielded 3 listeners' specific perceived nonverbal behaviors that were positively associated with communicators' perceived understanding and 5 verbal and 8 nonverbal perceived behaviors with perceived misunderstanding.
The clustering of disease

Abstract Formulas which are useful in studying disease epidemicity are presented, and the combinatorial and asymptotic rationales of the underlying model are explored. The Ederer-Meyer-Mantel cluster test can be used to see if clustering of a disease exists in time and space; if clustering exists, then our cluster model may be used to advantage on the same data in order to characterize key epidemiologic features of the disease. Applying the model to type-A hepatitis, we describe a new epidemic pattern of this disease. We introduce a new mathematical rationale for epidemic processes, and we provide a convenient framework for describing disease clusters.
What Is the Cause of Apparent Preference for Sources with Chromaticity below the Blackbody Locus

ABSTRACTTwo recent articles reported that light stimuli with chromaticity below the blackbody locus were preferred to those on or above the blackbody locus. Neither article offered an explanation for why that occurred. In this article we suggest that chromaticity may not be the sole cause of preference. The preference to the light stimuli reported in these two articles may be due to the combined effects of color rendition and chromaticity. Through simulation, we show that illuminants with chromaticity below the blackbody locus (that is, negative Duv) are more likely to have higher scores for relative gamut (for example, Qg) than illuminants on or above the blackbody locus, while maintaining high scores for fidelity (for example, Qf). Future psychophysical studies that separate the effects of chromaticity and color rendition will be necessary to more fully understand preference for light stimuli.
CARDIAC ARREST TEMPERATURE: THE EFFECT OF ETHYL ALCOHOL AND CARBON DIOXIDE ON RATS, GUINEA-PIGS AND ISOLATED RAT HEARTS

SUMMARY 1. Previous clinical and experimental reports have suggested that the systemic administration of ethyl alcohol permits lower body temperatures before the onset of hypothermic cardiac arrest. 2. In the investigations described here, the effect of ethyl alcohol on the temperature at which cardiac arrest occurred in rats, guinea-pigs and isolated rat hearts was studied. Comparison was also made of the difference between pulmonary ventilation with air and with 5% carbon dioxide in oxygen. 3. The results demonstrated that both the administration of ethyl alcohol and ventilation with 5% carbogen reduced the cardiac arrest temperature of rats. Ethyl alcohol did not influence the cardiac arrest temperature of guinea-pigs nor of isolated rat hearts.
On shrinking arcs in metric spaces

By a sin (1/x)-curve is meant a metric continuum that is a 1-1 continuous image of the disjoint union of an arc and a semi-open interval that has the image of the arc as continuum of convergence. It is shown that ifM is a compact metric space,A ⊂M an arc, whileM/A is an arc havingA/A as an end-point, thenM is an arc, a triod, some sin (1/x)-curve, or some sin (1/x)-curve with an arc attached at one point, or some sin (1/x)-curve with two arcs attached. The case of shrinking finitely many arcs is also considered in an attaching theorem.
Parameter Identification of Hysteresis Friction for Coated Ball Bearings Based on Three-Dimensional FEM Analysis

Using a three-dimensional finite element model, the hysteresis friction behavior of coated ball bearings is investigated. Ninety-six distinct operating conditions were examined by the finite element model that include normal loads of 81.6, 133.5, and 185.4 N per ball, ball diameters of.0127 m and .0191 m, ball materials of Si 3 N 4 and steel, substrate materials of Si 3 N 4 and steel, and coating materials of MoS 2 , NbSe 2 , Si 3 N 4 , and steel. From the finite element results, general trends for the two parameters of Dahl's friction model, the rest slope, σ, and the steady friction torque, T s , are established for coated surfaces. By performing a regression analysis of the data points, empirical expressions for σ and T s are derived for coated bearing surfaces. These expressions are authenticated by comparisons to laboratory experimental results.
The effect of a radial rotational velocity gradient on p-mode eigenfrequencies

The splitting of p-mode eigenfrequencies due to a depth-dependent solar rotation rate is considered. It is shown that to a first approximation this splitting can be treated as resulting from the translation of the wave pattern across the field of view with a velocity equal the actual velocity at a depth called the effective depth. The effective depths for a model solar envelope with l/H = 3 are presented as a function of position on the (kh, omega)-plane. The combination of omega near 0.025/s and kh near 0 yields the deepest probe of the solar envelope. For this same combination of kh and omega it is possible to resolve individual groups of eigenmodes in frequency but not in spatial wavenumber. Achievement of this resolution observationally may permit a determination of the lifetime of these particular modes.
Investigation of iron oxide-chromia-alumina aerogels for the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide by ammonia

The selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide by ammonia over iron oxide-chromia-alumina aerogels was studied over the temperature range of 423 to 750 K. The highest activities were observed for Fe/Cr/Al materials with a 60% conversion at 720 K for a reactor flow velocity of 1008 m3/h-kg. Oxygen significantly enhanced the reaction rate as explained by a redox mechanism. Infrared characterization showed weak adsorption of nitric oxide on the preoxidized materials and quite strong adsorption on the reduced material; ammonia adsorption was strong on both oxidized and reduced materials. Observation of interaction between adsorbed nitric oxide and ammonia (when ammonia was added to reduced catalysts which held preadsorbed nitric oxide) provided insight into the reaction mechanism.
Acid resistance of enamel exposed to fluoride-containing orthodontic cements.

Abstract In a previous study enamel fluoride uptake from fluoride-containing orthodontic cements was evaluated after a 21-day period. The enamel fluoride uptake from a zinc phosphate cement (A), a zinc phosphate cement containing 5 per cent stannous fluoride by weight (B), and a silicophosphate cement (C) was compared. The results indicated that there was a net loss of fluoride from enamel beneath the orthodontic bands cemented with A while the enamel beneath B and C acquired significant amounts of fluoride. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate enamel fluoride uptake after 12 weeks and the effect of the fluoride uptake or loss by the enamel on acid resistance. Five teeth each had bands cemented with cements A, B, and C, respectively, and were individually suspended in synthetic saliva for 12 weeks at 37 ° C. Following this period the bands were removed, the cements were carefully cleaned off the teeth, and the crowns of the teeth were individually suspended in a lactic acid buffer at pH 4 for 4 weeks. Each tooth crown was then sectioned longitudinally and examined microradiographically to study the degree of enamel demineralization. Characteristic subsurface enamel carieslike lesions were noted on all the specimens studied. The carieslike lesions in the enamel exposed to the fluoride-containing cements were considerably reduced. The enamel which had acquired fluoride from the fluoride-containing cements was apparently more resistant to artificial caries attack.
Discrete-time quantum mechanics. III. Spin systems

A program is underway to obtain numerical solutions to quantum field theories by formulating them in terms of operator difference equations on a Minkowski space-time lattice. The most crucial unsolved problem is implementing non-Abelian gauge invariance. This paper initiates the study of this difficult problem by treating spin systems. The central problem here is to preserve exactly the (q-number) non-Abelian commutation relations at each lattice site. The solution we propose requires that the spin variables be expressed in terms of more fundamental oscillator variables which satisfy the Heisenberg algebra.
Sources of Corporate Profits in India - Business Dynamism or Advantages of Entrenchment?

Some see India’s corporate sector as the fundamental driver of recent and future prosperity. Others see it as a source of excessive market power, personal enrichment, and influence over the State, with an ultimately distorting influence. To inform this debate, this paper analyses the correlates of profitability of firms listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange, covering a dynamic period-in terms of firm entry and growth-from the early 1990s to the late 2000s. Overall, the results do not provide support for the systematic exercise of market power via the product market. At least for this period, the story is more consistent with a competitive and dynamic business sector, despite the continued dominance of business houses and public sector firms in terms of sales and assets. Those with opposing views can, with justification, argue that our analysis does not cover influences, such as corporate governance and state-corporate relations, which may paint a less flattering picture of the corporate sector’s role. Those broader themes deserve further attention.
Synthesis and Spectroscopic Studies of Group 6 Metal Carbonyl Complexes With a Novel Cyclotriphosphazane Ligand

The syntheses and spectroscopic properties of Cr(0) and Mo(0) carbonyl complexes involving the novel cyclotriphosphazane (C6H4N2)(PPh)3C6H4(NH)2 (1) are reported. The cyclotriphosphazane 1 is an interesting cyclic ligand that contains two unique types of phosphorus coordination environments as well as potential N‐H reactivity. Reactions of 1 with one, two and excess molar equivalents of M(CO)5(THF) (M=Cr, Mo and W) were studied, leading to two new cyclophosphazane metal complexes (C6H4N2)(PPh)3C6H4(NH)2·2M(CO)5 (M=Cr, Mo), where metal coordination is observed only to the phosphorus atoms that have their lone pair of electrons oriented exodentate to the phosphazane ring. The structures for the two new metal complexes are supported by 1H, 13C{1H} and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy. The reaction of 1 with W(CO)5(THF) yields a mixture of ring opened and decomposition phosphazane products. We thank the Camille and Henry Dreyfus foundation, Research Corporation (DS0332) and Fort Lewis College for funding that support...
Spatial complexity due to bulk electronic nematicity in a superconducting underdoped cuprate

Surface probes such as scanning tunnelling microscopy have detected complex electronic patterns at the nanoscale in many high-temperature superconductors. In cuprates, the pattern formation is associated with the pseudogap phase, a precursor to the high-temperature superconducting state. Rotational symmetry breaking of the host crystal in the form of electronic nematicity has recently been proposed as a unifying theme of the pseudogap phase. However, the fundamental physics governing the nanoscale pattern formation has not yet been identifed. Here we introduce a new set of methods for analysing strongly correlated electronic systems, including the effects of both disorder and broken symmetry. We use universal cluster properties extracted from scanning tunnelling microscopy studies of cuprate superconductors to identify the fundamental physics controlling the complex pattern formation. Because of a delicate balance between disorder, interactions, and material anisotropy, we find that the electron nematic is fractal in nature, and that it extends throughout the bulk of the material.
Molds: Hyalohyphomycosis, Phaeohyphomycosis, and Zygomycosis

Emerging fungi previously thought to be nonpathogenic are now recognized as playing a significant role in the increased incidence of invasive fungal disease. This change in the epidemiology of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) has occurred in the era of aggressive new therapies for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and other malignancies that lead to profound immunosuppression for longer durations and has extended the survival of these critically ill patients. The significant morbidity and mortality associated with these infections is not only related to the host populations but to delayed recognition and diagnosis and high rates of resistance in some of these emerging pathogens to standard antifungal therapies.
Results of radical radiation therapy in clinical stage I, technically operable non-small cell lung cancer

Abstract From 1970 to 1983, 1,646 lung cancer patients were referred for treatment to the Hunter Radiation Therapy Center, Yale-New Haven Hospital. Forty-three patients had clinical Stage I non-small cell lung cancer felt to be surgically resectable but were treated with radical radiation therapy either for medical reasons (37 patients) or because the patient refused surgery (six patients). This group of clinical Stage I lung cancer patients is understaged by modern criteria since the majority of patients did not have thoracic CT scans and staging was based on fairly limited clinical and radiographic studies. The histological diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma in 53% of the Stage I patients, adenocarcinoma in 25%, and other non-small cell histologies in 22%. All patients were treated with megavoltage irradiation and the mediastinum was treated in 88% of the patients. Eleven patients were treated with a continuous course (CC) and 32 patients received split course (SC) therapy based on physician preference. The CC consisted of a median fraction size of 200 cGy to a total median dose of 5900 cGy in 6–7 weeks. The SC used a median fraction site of 275 cGy to a total median dose of 5400 cGy over a 6-week period with a 2-week rest in the middle of treatment. The actuarial survival rate of the 43 clinical Stage I patients was 36% at 3 years and 21% at 5 years. Intrathoracic failures occurred in 39% of the patients. Despite the fact that the CC group was similar to the SC group in terms of age, histology, and tumor extent, the CC patients had a lower thoracic failure rate (211) versus 1532), a longer median survival (51.6 months versus 27 months), and a better actuarial 5-year survival rate (45% versus 12%) when compared to the SC patients. Using Cox regression analysis to compare survival curves, the CC group had a significantly better survival compared to the SC group ( p = .04).
Direct use of carbohydrates during sustained flight in the moth, Spodoptera frugiperda

Abstract The hypothesis that Lepidoptera use carbohydrates for flight energy without previous conversion to fat was investigated in Spodoptera frugiperda. Moths were fed on a single meal of 10 mg. [U14C] glucose and flown in a sealed flight mill. About 25 per cent of the fed glucose was converted in 4 hours to trehalose and glycogen, at rest as well as in flight. When moths were flown immediately after feeding, the specific activity of the expired CO2 was several times that of any of the lipid fractions. This suggests the direct use of carbohydrates in flight. However, carbohydrates did not constitute the only flight substrate, since the specific activity of expired CO2 remained considerably below that of the fed sugar. Twenty-four hours after feeding, elevated carbohydrate levels persisted, but no glucose remained. When these postabsorptive moths were flown, trehalose and glycogen levels dropped. Since flight did not increase the specific activity of any lipid fraction, these carbohydrates were used without conversion to fat. In the postabsorptive moths the total amount of lipids did not decrease, but the specific activity of triglycerides diminished 40 per cent during 6 hours of flight. This suggests that utilization of these lipids during flight was compensated by resynthesis, not from the high specific activity carbohydrates but from material with a low specific activity.
A simple integrated system for electrophysiologic recordings in animals

This technical note describes a modification to a fundus camera that permits simultaneous recording of pattern electroretinograms (pERGs) and pattern visual evoked potentials (pVEPs). The modification consists of placing an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) in the split-viewer pathway of a fundus camera, in a plane conjugate to the subject’s pupil. In this way, a focused image of the OLED can be delivered to a precisely known location on the retina. The advantage of using an OLED is that it can achieve high luminance while maintaining high contrast, and with minimal degradation over time. This system is particularly useful for animal studies, especially when precise retinal positioning is required.
Mass wasting, ephemeral fluid flow, and barite deposition on the California continental margin

An area of active fluid discharge characterized by authigenic barite formation and populated by vestimentiferan tubeworms has been discovered by remotely operated vehicle exploration in Monterey Canyon. Slumping and mass wasting, presumably triggered by seismic activity, have exposed barium-rich pore fluids to sulfate-rich bottom water, leading to barite precipitation on the sea floor. Age estimates based on 210Pb/226Ra dating of the barite samples and growth rates of vestimentiferan tubeworms indicate that the seep site might be as young as 100 yr. Systematic variations in sulfur and strontium isotope ratios, the lack of visible fluid flow, and the abundance of dead tubeworms indicate decreasing flow rates. This newly discovered site shows many similarities to a previously described barite deposit in the California Borderland, possibly misinterpreted as a hydrothermal vent site. The discovery of a cold seep associated with barite deposits on the seismically active, transpressional California margin raises the possibility that numerous unexplored areas along the continental margins might have similar low-temperature deposits.
Kinetics of Cleavage of Thiophosphates and Phosphonothioates by Micellar Iodosocarboxylates and Copper Metallomicelles

o-Iodosobenzoate (1, IBA) and 2,3-iodosonaphthoate (2, INA) in aqueous cetyltrimethylammonium chloride ((CTA)Cl) micelles, as well as copper metallomicelles 14, all at pH 8, cleave phosphonothioates (11 and 12), the thiophosphate parathion (10), phosphonate 13, and phosphate 4 (paraoxon). The factors for the kinetic advantages in the cleavages of 12 and parathion range from 103 to 104. Although catalytic turnover of the iodoso reagents is not observed with the thio substrates and is slow with paraoxon, excess IBA/(CTA)Cl destroys paraoxon and parathion with reaction half-lives of 3.0 and 7.7 min, respectively, at pH 8.0 and 25 °C. The cleavages of 12 and parathion by IBA or INA involve an initial hydrolytic step followed by oxidation of the sulfur-containing fragment. Cleavages of 12 and parathion by o-iodoxybenzoate (1X, IBX) in (CTA)Cl micelles are much slower than the comparable reactions mediated by IBA, INA, and 14.