cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of wheat forage maturity and preservation method on forage chemical composition and performance of growing calves fed mixed diets.

Three 2.4-ha wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fields were used to test the effects of maturity at harvest (boot vs. dough) and preservation method (hay vs. silage) on forage yield, chemical composition, and animal performance when fed in mixed diets. Forages were incorporated into 4 diets in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with hominy feed, soybean hulls, and cottonseed meal as the primary concentrate ingredients. In Exp. 1 diets contained 20% wheat forage (DM basis) and were fed to 96 beef calves (n = 48 steers and 48 heifers; initial BW 229 +/- 6.0 kg) in 12 mixed-sex pens. In Exp. 2 diets contained 40% wheat forage (DM basis) and were fed to beef steers (n = 48; initial BW 198 +/- 6.8 kg) in 12 pens. These diets were also individually fed to 32 calves (Exp. 1, n = 16, BW = 187 +/- 9.4 kg; Exp. 2, n = 16 calves, BW = 160 +/- 8.2 kg) to determine DM and NDF digestibility and gastrointestinal tract passage kinetics. Advanced maturity increased (P or= 0.22) NDF, ADF, or TDN concentrations. Maturity at harvest, preservation method, or their interaction did not affect (P >or= 0.15) ADG when wheat forage was fed as 20 or 40% of the diet. When calves were fed the 40% wheat forage diets, maturity at harvest did not affect (P >or= 0.27) DMI or G:F. Calves fed 40% hay diets consumed more (P = 0.04) feed DM as a percentage of BW than calves fed silage diets, but tended (P = 0.09) to be less efficient. With 20 or 40% wheat forage diets, there were no differences (P >or= 0.13) in passage rate, ruminal retention time, or fecal output due to maturity or preservation method. Digestibility of DM tended (P = 0.07) to be greater for silage than hay diets when fed in 20% wheat forage diets. Dry matter and NDF digestibility of 40% boot-stage wheat forage diets were greater (P < 0.01) than diets containing forage harvested in dough stage. Forty percent hay diets also tended (P = 0.07) to have greater DM digestibility, and NDF digestibility was greater (P < 0.01) compared with silage diets. Although differences in performance were not noted in the present experiments, increased maturity at harvest and preservation as silage can cause differences in DMI and digestibility of DM and NDF in diets containing 40% wheat forage.
Oxygen desorption and structure in CaBaLaCu3Ox

The thermodynamics and kinetics of oxygen desorption in the tetragonal superconductor CaBaLaCu 3 O x are examined. Equilibrium oxygen contents are determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for temperatures from 50 to 900°C. The results demonstrate that CaBaLaCu 3 O x ( x ≤6.85) loses oxygen more slowly than YBa 2 Cu 3 O x ( x ≤7) in flowing O 2 as the temperature is increased. The resistance to oxygen loss is linked to a higher enthaply for oxygen desorption in CaBaLaCu 3 O x of Δ H =1.74 eV/atom O (compared to Δ H ∼ 1.1 eV/atom O in YBa 2 Cu 3 O x ), as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). If the superconductor is sufficiently depleted of oxygen, the half-order reflections observed in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) diffraction patterns disappear. This result confirms that oxygen ordering is responsible for unit cell doubling. Finally, upon reducing CaBaLaCu 3 O x completely — to metallic Cu and elemental oxides — a two step reduction reaction occurs. It appears that the oxidation states of Cu and Ba are first reduced; then this reaction is followed by the conversion of Ba (OH) 2 to BaO.
Developing Sensor-Driven Robots For Hazardous Environments

Advancements in robotic technology are sought to provide enhanced personel safety and reduced costs of operation associated with nuclear power plant manufacture, construction, maintenance, operation, and decommissioning. We describe main characteristics of advanced robotic systems for such applications and suggest utilization of sensor-driven robots. Research efforts described in the paper are directed towards developing robotic systems for automatic inspection and manipulation of various tasks associated with a test panel mounted with a variety of switches, controls, displays, meters, and valves.
Measurement of small-signal absorption coefficient and absorption cross section of collagen for 193-nm excimer laser light and the role of collagen in tissue ablation.

A 193-nm ArF excimer laser transmission was measured at subablative fluence through varying strength solutions of dissolved collagen, yielding an absorption cross section of 1.14 × 10-17 cm2 for the peptide bond, which accounts for 96% of the total collagen attenuation that is based on additional transmission measurements through solutions of isolated constituent amino acids. The measured absorption cross sections, in combination with typical corneal tissue composition, yield a predicted corneal tissue absorption coefficient of 16,000 cm-1. In addition, dry collagen films were prepared and ablation-rate data were recorded as a function of laser fluence. Ablation rates were modeled by use of a Beer-Lambert blow-off model, incorporating a measured ablation threshold and an absorption coefficient that are based on the measured collagen absorption cross section and the film bond density. The measured ablation rates and those predicted by the model were in very good agreement. The experiments suggest that collagen-based absorption coefficients are consistent with predicted corneal tissue ablation rates and previously observed dynamic changes in tissue properties under ablative conditions.
Comparative Genomic Analysis of slc39a12/ZIP12: Insight into a Zinc Transporter Required for Vertebrate Nervous System Development

The zinc transporter ZIP12, which is encoded by the gene slc39a12, has previously been shown to be important for neuronal differentiation in mouse Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells and primary mouse neurons and necessary for neurulation during Xenopus tropicalis embryogenesis. However, relatively little is known about the biochemical properties, cellular regulation, or the physiological role of this gene. The hypothesis that ZIP12 is a zinc transporter important for nervous system function and development guided a comparative genetics approach to uncover the presence of ZIP12 in various genomes and identify conserved sequences and expression patterns associated with ZIP12. Ortholog detection of slc39a12 was conducted with reciprocal BLAST hits with the amino acid sequence of human ZIP12 in comparison to the human paralog ZIP4 and conserved local synteny between genomes. ZIP12 is present in the genomes of almost all vertebrates examined, from humans and other mammals to most teleost fish. However, ZIP12 appears to be absent from the zebrafish genome. The discrimination of ZIP12 compared to ZIP4 was unsuccessful or inconclusive in other invertebrate chordates and deuterostomes. Splice variation, due to the inclusion or exclusion of a conserved exon, is present in humans, rats, and cows and likely has biological significance. ZIP12 also possesses many putative di-leucine and tyrosine motifs often associated with intracellular trafficking, which may control cellular zinc uptake activity through the localization of ZIP12 within the cell. These findings highlight multiple aspects of ZIP12 at the biochemical, cellular, and physiological levels with likely biological significance. ZIP12 appears to have conserved function as a zinc uptake transporter in vertebrate nervous system development. Consequently, the role of ZIP12 may be an important link to reported congenital malformations in numerous animal models and humans that are caused by zinc deficiency.
The influence of radiogenic 4He on cosmogenic 3He determinations in volcanic olivine and pyroxene

Accurate determination of cosmogenic 3He concentrations in olivine and pyroxene phenocrysts requires knowledge of the amount of magmatic 3He also in the sample. The magmatic 3He component is commonly estimated by measuring the magmatic 3He/4He ratio and assuming that all 4He is magmatic. However, this approach yields incorrect results if 4He produced by U and Th decay is also present. Here we propose several strategies to account for the presence of radiogenic 4He. The optimal approach depends on whether the helium closure age (Tc) is similar to the exposure age (Te) of the analyzed phenocrysts. (i) When Tc = Te, which applies to uneroded lava flows, the ratio of cosmogenic 3He to radiogenic 4He is constant and the correction for radiogenic helium is independent of time. We provide a simple expression for a correction factor (R) that can be applied in this case. (ii) In the more common case that Tc > Te, it is necessary to obtain an independent constraint on the closure age to estimate the radiogenic correction. In either case a quantitative estimate of the radiogenic 4He production rate is required. Because of the long stopping distance of α-particles, this production rate depends on the U and Th concentrations of both phenocryst and host, and also on phenocryst grain size. To illustrate the magnitude and uncertainty of the necessary corrections, we compiled U and Th measurements on phenocrysts and whole rock samples of basalts and andesites, supplemented by new measurements on Hawaiian basalts and Altiplano andesites. Our data and models suggest that some published cosmogenic 3He production rate determinations may have underestimated the true production rate by up to 5% because the presence of radiogenic 4He was not recognized. Similarly, a recent study presenting cosmogenic 3He derived erosion rates in > 4 Ma Hawaiian olivines probably overestimates true erosion rates by an order of magnitude or more.
Solvability of a Multi-Point Boundary Value Problem at Resonance

Let f: [0, 1] × R2 → R be a function satisfying Caratheodory’s conditions and e(t) ∈ L1[0, 1]. Let ηi ∈ (0, 1), i = 1, …, k, with 0 s< η1 < … < ηk < 1, be given. This paper is concerned with the problem of existence of a solution for the multi-point boundary value problem Open image in new window.
Assessing Instruction Modes for Master of Business Administration (MBA) Courses

In this article, the author presents empirical results concerning the effectiveness of campus, online, and hybrid (i.e., a mix of campus and online) instruction in business education. The sample is derived from graduate students enrolled in economics, computer information systems, and finance courses at a regional university. The author investigates assessment of enrollment, attrition, grade distribution, faculty evaluation, course evaluation, and explicit achievement of learning objectives across the various instruction modes. Results show student performance on class assignments to be equivalent across the three instruction modes. Holding ability, effort, and demographic considerations constant, students enrolled in online courses scored over 4% lower on the final exam than campus or hybrid students.
Ulisprisal acetate: a novel molecule and 5-day emergency contraceptive.

This article focuses on ulipristal acetate a new emergency contraceptive marketed as Ella which was approved in August 2010 for use up to five days after unprotected intercourse. It describes the compound and the mechanism of action of ulipristal acetate in addition to discussing the effectiveness and the availability of the new emergency contraceptive.
Electron Microscopic Evidence of Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis Markers and Virus-Like Particles in Immunocompromised Humans

Characteristic pathological alterations of the liver in chimpanzees inoculated with non-A, non-B hepatitis sera have been described, but no corresponding findings have been reported in humans. Electron microscopic studies of the liver biopsy specimens of two homosexual patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, one without hepatitis (Patient 1) and one with chronic active hepatitis in remission (Patient 2), revealed the cytoplasmic tubular structures which are characteristic of chimpanzee non-A, non-B hepatitis. A cluster of 23 nm double-shelled particles was also seen in the cytoplasm of a hepatocyte in patient 1 who had received a blood transfusion 8 days before the biopsy. These particles were smaller than the Dane particles, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus or herpes simplex virus, and different from hepatitis A virus particles; the antibodies to all of which are found in high concentration in acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients. These observations may reflect the morphologic findings for non-A, non-B hepatitis infection in humans.
COUPLED 3D WAVE EQUATIONS WITH IRREGULAR FLUID-ELASTIC INTERFACE: THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT

A coupled three-dimensional fluid-elastic wave propagation mathematical model has been developed to handle environmental interactions in the ocean between a fluid medium and an elastic bottom. The existing model combines three-dimensional fluid and elastic wave propagation models with the incorporation of a set of horizontal fluid-elastic interface conditions. This paper extends the above model to consider an irregular fluid-elastic interface. The theoretical development of the irregular fluid-elastic interface equations is presented. Comparison of the fluid-elastic irregular interface to the horizontal case is one of the major objectives of this paper. Another major objective of this paper is the construction of a complete set of three-dimensional fluid-elastic wave equations, including the irregular interface, in a form suitable for stable numerical solution.
Data mining in functional test content optimization

This paper reviews the data mining methodologies [1]–[4] proposed for functional test content optimization where tests are sequences of instructions or transactions. Basic machine learning concepts and the key ideas of these methodologies are explained. Challenges for implementing these methodologies in practice are illustrated. Promises are demonstrated through experimental results based on industrial verification settings.
Carcinoid tumor in a presacral teratoma associated with an anterior sacral meningocele: case report and review of the literature.

We report a case of a presacral teratoma containing a malignant carcinoid component associated with an anterior sacral meningocele that presented in a 35-year-old woman. The clinical, radiographic, and pathological features of these rare tumors, of presacral meningoceles, and of the hereditary presa
Completeness and timeliness of tuberculosis case reporting: A multistate study

Abstract Background: Tuberculosis (TB) control activities are contingent on the timely identification and reporting of cases to public health authorities to ensure complete assessment and appropriate treatment of contacts and identification of secondary cases. We report the results of a multistate evaluation of completeness and timeliness of reporting of TB cases in the United States during 1993 and 1994. Methods: To determine completeness of TB reporting, laboratory log books, death certificates, hospital discharge, Medicaid databases, and pharmacy databases were reviewed in seven states to identify possible unreported cases. Timeliness of TB reporting was calculated using the number of days between date of TB diagnosis and date of report to the local or state health department. Cases reported >7 days after diagnosis were considered to have delayed reporting. Results: Of 2711 cases identified through review of secondary data sources, 14 (0.5%) were previously unreported to public health. The largest yield of unreported cases was identified through review of laboratory records; 13 of the 14 unreported cases were identified, of which eight were found only through this method. Timeliness of reporting varied between sites from a median of 7 days to a median of 38 days. The number of cases with delayed reporting varied from 5% to 53% between sites. Factors associated with delayed reporting included infectiousness, type of provider, diagnosing provider, and reporting source. Conclusions: Through a review of several different secondary data sources, few unreported TB cases were detected; however, timeliness of reporting was poor among the reported cases.
Effects of short-term denervation on avian muscle spindle structure.

The role of the nerve in maintaining the ultrastructural integrity of avian muscle spindles was investigated by denervating the pigcon's extensor digitorum communis for periods of 10, 19, and 28 days. The equatorial region of control intrafusal fibers had a reduced density of myofilaments. Sensory endings contained mitochondria and structures resembling synaptic vesicles, and were associated with satellite cells. In the polar region, fibers had a high concentration of myofilaments; small motor endings, unlike sensory endings, lay outside of the fiber's basal lamina. The outer capsule consisted of thin, tightly layered cells which gradually became reduced in number distal to the equatorial region. In both equatorial and polar regions the capsule became more disrupted with longer denervation periods, and lysosomes and phagocytes became more abundant. The equatorial region of denervated fibers contained many myofibrils and some had peripherally-located nuclei, unlike the controls; sensory terminals were absent. The polar region of some fibers had disorganized myofilaments and others had a reduced myofilament density. Fiber diameters increased significantly in both regions. Thus, denervated intrafusal fibers lost some characteristics which distinguish them from extrafusal fibers.
One-dimensional two-phase generalized Forchheimer flows of incompressible fluids

Abstract We derive a nonlinear system of parabolic equations to describe the one-dimensional two-phase generalized Forchheimer flows of incompressible, immiscible fluids in porous media, with the presence of capillary forces. Under relevant constraints on relative permeabilities and capillary pressure, non-constant steady state solutions are found and classified into sixteen types according to their monotonicity and asymptotic behavior. For a steady state whose saturation can never attain either value 0 or 1, we prove that it is stable with respect to a certain weight. This weight is a function comprised of the steady state, relative permeabilities and capillary pressure. The proof is based on specific properties of the steady state, weighted maximum principle and Bernstein’s estimate.
FAWNA: a high-speed mobile communication network architecture

The concept of a fiber aided wireless network architecture (FAWNA) is introduced in [Ray et al., Allerton 2005], which allows high-speed mobile connectivity by leveraging the speed of optical networks. In this paper, we consider a single-input, multiple-output (SIMO) FAWNA, which consists of a SIMO wireless channel interfaced to an optical fiber channel, through wireless-optical interfaces. We propose a scheme where the received wireless signal at each interface is quantized and sent over the fiber. The capacity of our scheme approaches the capacity of the architecture, exponentially with fiber capacity. We show that for a given fiber capacity, there is an optimal operating wireless bandwidth and an optimal number of wireless-optical interfaces. We also address the question of how fiber capacity should be divided between the interfaces. We show that an optimal allocation is one which ensures that each interface gets at least that fraction of the fiber capacity which ensures that its noise is dominated by front end noise rather than by quantizer distortion. After this requirement is met, SIMO-FAWNA capacity is almost invariant to allocation of left over fiber capacity. The wireless-optical interfaces of our scheme have low complexity and do not require knowledge of the transmitter code book. They are also extendable to FAWNAs with large number of transmitters and interfaces and, offer adaptability to variable rates, changing channel conditions and node positions.
Fast time-resolution spectroscopy of BW Vulpeculae

An experimental Fairchild CCD-211 was placed in the 2. 1-m coude spectrograph at the Kitt Peak National Observatory and used to record an 87 A spectral band centered on Ha. On the night of 1979 July 11 UT date, this system was used to observe continuously the extreme β Cephei variable BW Vulpeculae throughout one of its 4h 49m cycles with an average exposure of 13 minutes per observation. A total of 18 observations was secured. The results show dramatic profile variations of Hα, including features not previously reported, and extreme variations of the C II λλ6578, 6582 lines, including variations of equivalent width. The fast time-resolution capability and the photometric linearity of the CCD have permitted the detection of subtle effects that have been missed by photographic observations and has led directly to important new interpretations of the complex atmospheric pulsations in this star, including effects of altered opacity on the formation of spectral lines and the suggestion of a helium-ionization heat engine as a mechanism for driving atmospheric pulsations.
Britain and the Jews of Europe 1939–1945

(1990). Britain and the Jews of Europe 1939–1945. History of European Ideas: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 144-145.
Hemodynamic response to orthostatic stress in the elderly with systolic systemic hypertension before and after long-term thiazide therapy

Abstract The hemodynamic effects of orthostatic stress in elderly subjects with systolic hypertension were studied before and after long-term hydrochlorothiazide therapy (50 mg daily). Sixteen nondiabetic men aged 70 ± 1 (SE) years participated in the study initially, and 12 completed 1 year of therapy. Patients underwent 45 ° head-up incline on a tilt table before, after 1 month and after 1 year of therapy. Hemodynamic variables were measured in the following situations: (1) the supine position, (2) immediately after completion of passive 45 ° head-up position at 0 minute, (3) at 15 minutes in the tilted state while patients performed intermittent foot movements to minimize gravitational pooling and simulate the standing position outside the laboratory, and (4) after returning to the supine position. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) decreased significantly after 1 month of therapy, and this reduction was maintained up to 1 year in all aforementioned body positions, with the exception of diastolic BP at 0 minute of tilt, which was significant at 1 year only. Before therapy was begun, there was a significant reduction in systolic BP immediately after completion of fitting; however, this was statistically insignificant both at 1 month and 1 year of therapy. Thus, the data may help dispel the concern of exacerbating the hypotensive response to orthostatic stress in patients with systolic hypertension after long-term thiazide diuretic therapy.
Organic geochemistry of silicified wood, Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona

Abstract Lignin derivatives have been isolated for the first time from carbonaceous sections of the silicified (~90% SiO 2 ) conifer Araucarioxylon arizonicum . The products released by sequential high vacuum pyrolysis and identified by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) include a wide variety of alkyl-substituted, phenolic and condensed aromatic compounds. Brauns spruce lignin was pyrolized and analyzed by GC-MS as a comparison for the fossil wood data. The primary pyrolyzates at the 300°C step were CO 2 , H 2 O, ethanol and propanol. The main product at 450°C was 4-methyl-2-methoxyphenol (methyl guaiacol), but at 600°C the pyrolyzates were similar both in product composition and in relative abundance to those from silicified wood. The results suggest that the fossil wood experienced a mild thermal event during which the ether bonds were ruptured and loss of oxygen occurred along with the rearrangement of the original wood into a highly stable polymer.
Teacher Thinking about Curriculum and Instruction: A Case Study of a Secondary Social Studies Teacher

Abstract This study investigated the personal practical theories of an experienced secondary social studies teacher and the impact of her personal theorizing upon curricular and instructional decision making. Data were collected through classroom observations and from formal and informal interviews with the teacher participant. This data collection and the ongoing data analysis followed the canons of naturalistic research. The findings include: (a) the teacher had five basic personal practical theories (PPTs) which were related to her view of herself as a professional, and two sub-theories which were related to her view of the subject matter; (b) these PPTs guided her curricular and instructional decision making; (c) these PPTs were arrayed in conflicting theoretical frameworks; (d) the participant had no explicit knowledge of these PPTs and the frameworks prior to the study; and (e) the participant viewed the curriculum as units taught and curriculum development as a formal task which was externally impo...
Environmental impact of population growth

Earth's population currently numbers 5.4 billion; even given optimistic assumptions for reduction in growth rates, the number will double by the middle of the next century with most of the increase in the developing countries. Rapid population growth in the developing world raises the fundamental dilemma of how to alleviate chronic hunger and poverty in the short run while preserving the atmosphere and ecosystem services required for long-term human and biospheric sustenance. This dilemma, and the compromises required to solve it, were discussed by twenty-five researchers from five countries at the Aspen Global Change Institute 1992 Summer Science Session III, Food, Conservation, and Global Environmental Change: Is Compromise Possible?, held from August 16 to 28, in Aspen, Colo.
Tunable luminescence and white light emission of novel multiphase sodium calcium silicate nanophosphors doped with Ce3+, Tb3+, and Mn2+ ions

Abstract This study reports the sol–gel synthesis of sodium calcium multiphase silicate (SCMS) nanophosphors. X-ray powder diffraction indicated the crystallization of devitrite (Na2Ca3Si6O16), wollastonite-2M (CaSiO3), and cristobalite (SiO2) phases that consistently occurred together upon repeated syntheses. The multiphase silicate system was used as a host matrix for varied concentrations of Ce3+, Tb3+, and Mn2+ dopant ions which resulted in tunable photoluminescence. A broad violet/UV emission band of Ce3+ (350–425 nm) combined with blue-green emissions of Tb3+ (488 and 545 nm) and a yellow-orange emission of Mn2+ (560 nm) resulted in the observance of white light (x=0.31, y=0.32, TC=6624 K) under midwave UV excitation (300–340 nm). Energy transfer from Ce3+→Tb3+ and Ce3+→Mn2+ was confirmed by steady state and time-resolved emission spectra, lifetime, and quantum yield measurements. The structural properties, morphology, and elemental composition of the nanophosphors were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).
Slk19p is necessary to prevent separation of sister chromatids in meiosis I

Abstract Background: A fundamental difference between meiotic and mitotic chromosome segregation is that in meiosis I, sister chromatids remain joined, moving as a unit to one pole of the spindle rather than separating as they do in mitosis. It has long been known that the sustained linkage of sister chromatids through meiotic anaphase I is accomplished by association of the chromatids at the centromere region. The localization of the cohesin Rec8p to the centromeres is essential for maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion through meiosis I, but the molecular basis for the regulation of Rec8p and sister kinetochores in meiosis remains a mystery. Results: We show that the SLK19 gene product from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is essential for proper chromosome segregation during meiosis I. When slk19 mutants were induced to sporulate they completed events characteristic of meiotic prophase I, but at the first meiotic division they segregated their sister chromatids to opposite poles at high frequencies. The vast majority of these cells did not perform a second meiotic division and proceeded to form dyads (asci containing two spores). Slk19p was found to localize to centromere regions of chromosomes during meiotic prophase where it remained until anaphase I. In the absence of Slk19p, Rec8p was not maintained at the centromere region through anaphase I as it is in wild-type cells. Finally, we demonstrate that Slk19p appears to function downstream of the meiosis-specific protein Spo13p in control of sister chromatid behavior during meiosis I. Conclusions: Our results suggest that Slk19p is essential at the centromere of meiotic chromosomes to prevent the premature separation of sister chromatids at meiosis I.
Evidence suggesting the existence of a hypothalamic-parotid gland endocrine axis.

Evidence for the existence of a hypothalamic-parotid endocrine axis was demonstrated with a fluorescent dye technique. The intraperitoneal injection of the dye, acriflavine hydrochloride, provided a simple method to study the movement of fluid through the odontoblastic tubules in the dentine of rat molars. Hypothalamic extract (HE) injected iv into intact rats stimulated the movement of fluid through the odontoblastic tubules in the dentine. Extracts of other tissues and antidiuretic hormone failed to duplicate the effect observed with HE. Fluid movement was not obtained in sialoadenectomized rats. Fluid movement was obtained only when the HE was administered to rats with intact parotid glands or when parotid tissue extract was given iv to parotidectomized rats. These results suggest that the hormonal stimulation of fluid movement through the odontoblastic tubules is directly dependent upon the parotid. Fluid movement was obtained in hypophysectomized rats, which indicated that the hypothalamic factor act...
Post-conditioning propranolol disrupts cocaine sensitization

Antagonists of β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) have previously been demonstrated to impair long-term memory in a variety of animal behavioral paradigms. Surprisingly little is known about the ability of β-ARs to modulate initial memory formation in drug conditioning paradigms. The current study examined whether the post-training administration of the β-AR antagonist, propranolol, would disrupt single-trial cocaine-induced sensitization. Rats received 10 mg/kg propranolol immediately following a 30-min cocaine or vehicle exposure in a conditioning context and were later tested for their locomotor response to a cocaine challenge. Rats that received propranolol following cocaine conditioning showed an impairment of locomotor sensitization during testing. However, this effect was only seen in animals with an initial sensitivity to the locomotor effects of cocaine. Rats that failed to show a locomotor response to cocaine during conditioning were not affected by propranolol. We discuss the implications of these findings as they relate to drug conditioning and memory consolidation studies.
Introduction to the Special Issue on The Legacy of Rob Kling: Social Informatics as a Research Discipline

The late Professor Rob Kling was an influential scholar in the field of social informatics (SI). Not only was he a visionary promoting the conceptualization of this new area (Kling, 1999; Kling & Allen, 1996), but a lead researcher as well. As a tribute to this profound, eclectic professor, we present this special issue of The Information Society to honor his contributions to the social informatics community. Unlike a festschrift, where papers are focused on research topics related to a professor’s previous work, this special issue is dedicated to Rob’s impact on the past, current, and future state of the field of SI. The articles in this special issue are a subset of 24 papers presented at the Social Informatics Workshop, held at the University of California, Irvine, March 11–12, 2005 (cf. http://www.crito.uci.edu/si), to honor the contributions of Rob Kling as founder of SI. The workshop was focused on papers and presentations related to SI generally, and to extending his research on computerization movements (CM) in particular. The workshop papers related to CMs are being published in a book (Elliott & Kraemer, in press), whereas the papers in this special issue deal specifically with Rob Kling’s contribution to the genesis of the SI research community in the United States and Europe. We both worked closely with Rob Kling during his tenure at the University of California, Irvine, as did Jonathan Grudin, Suzanne Iacano, and John King who are authors in this issue. Several other authors worked with Rob when he went to Indiana University, including Blaise Cronin, Debora Shaw, Alice Robbins, and Steve Sawyer. As coeditors of this special issue, we wish to enlighten researchers about the richness of SI research and further Rob’s vision
Coderivatives in parametric optimization

We consider parametric families of constrained problems in mathematical programming and conduct a local sensitivity analysis for multivalued solution maps. Coderivatives of set-valued mappings are our basic tool to analyze the parametric sensitivity of either stationary points or stationary point-multiplier pairs associated with parameterized optimization problems. An implicit mapping theorem for coderivatives is one key to this analysis for either of these objects, and in addition, a partial coderivative rule is essential for the analysis of stationary points. We develop general results along both of these lines and apply them to study the parametric sensitivity of stationary points alone, as well as stationary point-multiplier pairs. Estimates are computed for the coderivative of the stationary point multifunction associated with a general parametric optimization model, and these estimates are refined and augmented by estimates for the coderivative of the stationary point-multiplier multifunction in the case when the constraints are representable in a special composite form. When combined with existing coderivative formulas, our estimates are entirely computable in terms of the original data of the problem.
Theory and models of material erosion and lifetime during plasma instabilities in a tokamak environment.

Surface and structural damage to plasma-facing components (PFCs) due to the frequent loss of plasma confinement remains a serious problem for the tokamak reactor concept. The deposited plasma energy causes significant surface erosion, possible structural failure and frequent plasma contamination. Surface damage consists of vaporization, spallation, and liquid splatter of metallic materials. Structural damage includes large temperature increases in structural materials and at the interfaces between surface coatings and structural members. To evaluate the lifetimes of plasma-facing materials and nearby components and to predict the various forms of damage that they experience, comprehensive models (contained in the HEIGHTS computer simulation package) are developed, integrated self-consistently and enhanced. Splashing mechanisms, such as bubble boiling and various liquid magnetohydrodynamic instabilities and brittle destruction mechanisms of non-melting materials, are being examined. The design requirements and implications of plasma-facing and nearby components are discussed, along with recommendations to mitigate and reduce the effects of plasma instabilities on reactor components.
Trade, tariffs and terrorism

Insurgencies and terrorist activities are often dependent on foreign sources of funding. When this is the case, trade barriers such as import tariffs can prove to be an effective means of combating violence and enhancing social welfare. In this article, we identify the optimal tariff for a country facing an externally financed insurgency.
Gastroscopic findings and fecal blood loss following aspirin administration

A study of 19 healthy young male subjects (Group 1) was made in which a correlation of aspirin ingestion, fecal blood loss, blood salicylate levels, prothrombin concentrations, and ABO blood groups was sought. An initial 4-day control period was followed by a 4-day test period during which subjects ingested 650 mg aspirin with each meal and at bedtime. Gastroscopy with photography was done on Day 1 and Day 7. Daily fecal blood loss was quantitated using the 51-chromium tagged erythrocyte method. Sixteen patients (Group 2) with a variety of upper gastrointestinal disorders underwent gastroscopy and photography before and after the acute ingestion of aspirin. Results reveal: (1) Aspirin produced petechiae in 4 of 18 subjects and a hemorrhagic gastritis in 1 of 18 in Group 1, (2) aspirin produced no visible lesions in the 16 subjects in Group 2, (3) the mean fecal blood loss during the control period was 0.38±0.35 g/24 hr and rose to 1.54±1.42 g/24 hr (P<0.01) during aspirin ingestion, (4) no correlation between normal or abnormal gastroscopic findings and fecal blood loss was apparent, and (5) no correlation between blood salicylate levels, prothrombin concentrations, and gastroscopic findings or fecal blood loss was detected.
The Potential Role for Cardiac Catheterization in the Pre-Mortem Diagnosis of Alveolar Capillary Dysplasia 1668

The Potential Role for Cardiac Catheterization in the Pre-Mortem Diagnosis of Alveolar Capillary Dysplasia 1668
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Ice Sheet Indentation: Limit Analysis Solutions

A method is presented for determining the collapse pressures of an ice sheet subjected to a uniformly distributed edge load by applying the upper-bound theorem of limit analysis. The ice sheet is idealized as a semi-infinite layer of elastic-perfectly plastic material. A quadratic anisotropic yield criterion is used to calculate the indentation pressures. The ice sheet consists of columnar ice and is assumed isotropic in the plane of the ice sheet. Upper-bound solutions are found by optimizing a three-dimensional discontinuous velocity field representing an assumed collapse pattern of the ice sheet. Solutions are based on various ratios of indentor width to ice thickness, thereby providing an envelope of indentation pressures over a range of aspect ratios, from conditions of plane strain to plane stress. Solutions are then compared with corresponding two and three-dimensional lower-bound analyses.
Phase transitions in asymmetric Potts models: Breakdown of the classical mean-field picture.

It is shown that mean-field theory fails to give a correct qualitative picture of the thermodynamic behavior of the q-state Potts model when the exchange interaction is anisotropic in spin space. The correct picture is recovered either by introducing a single-particle anisotropy or by taking correlations into account via a Bethe-Peierls approximation. This analysis helps the interpretation of previous renormalization-group results for asymmetric Potts models.
Perceptions of public relations education

Abstract A survey of 258 public relations educators and practitioners examined the state of public relations education across five dimensions: general perceptions of public relations, education, desired educational outcomes for both students and practitioners, assessment of student outcomes and learning, elements of public relations curricula, and teaching practices. Results indicate educators and practitioners agree that public relations education is on track and that systematic assessment is an important feature of public relations education. They also agreed on how public relations education should be structured and demonstrated a high degree of similarity in their preferences for teaching methods and techniques.
Flexible, sandwich-like Ag-nanowire/PEDOT:PSS-nanopillar/MnO2 high performance supercapacitors

We demonstrate the design and fabrication of a Ag/PEDOT:PSS/MnO2 layer by layer structure for high performance flexible supercapacitors (SCs). This is a unique design combining Ag-nanowires and PEDOT:PSS-nanopillars as current collectors in SCs. In this sandwich-like structure, electrons can be easily transferred through a networked structure of Ag-nanowires to PEDOT:PSS-nanopillars and finally to the MnO2 layer and vice versa. This scheme provides excellent specific capacitances of 862 F g−1 (based on MnO2) at a current density of 2.5 A g−1 and robust long-term cycling stability. Moreover, SCs fabricated based on this structure exhibit exceptional flexibility and bendability (less than 2% loss in specific capacitance even after 100 bends) and high energy and power densities. All wet processing methods of fabrication along with superior performance make these SCs very attractive for the next generation flexible energy storage systems.
Introduction to the special issue on place cells.

In 1971, John O’Keefe and Jonathan Dostrovsky discovered place cells, and the hippocampal world has not been the same since. In the nearly 30 years since that discovery, hundreds of studies have been published, and thousands of words have been written, yet full understanding of the function of these cells and the role they collectively play in the hippocampus, remains somewhat elusive. The collection of papers in this special issue of Hippocampus provides a sense of current thinking about place cells, and amply demonstrates the absence of complete consensus. This is not surprising, given there is no generally accepted view of the function of the hippocampus containing these cells. However, much progress has been made over the years, and there is broad agreement on a framework for understanding the hippocampus and its collaborating neighbors. Within this broadly agreed-upon framework, differences of opinion remain. As usual, the devil is in the details. Perhaps the most important detail concerns the essential ‘‘spatial’’ nature of these cells. Are they always and only about space? If so, why do they sometimes appear to fire in non-spatial situations? Are they about space in all species, or is there something specially spatial about rats that distinguishes them from primates, especially humans? What do collections of these cells do? Form maps, generate routes, integrate paths, establish relations that could be non-spatial as well as spatial, store episodes? In this Introduction, we seek, in separate comments, to address some of these concerns in the context of the articles comprising this issue. While we have rather different views, we are in complete agreement on the virtues of bringing a range of disparate approaches together in Hippocampus. We trust that our readership will find the ensuing ideas enlightening.
The quest for the next information processing technology

Fundamental physical considerations indicate that the scaling of devices that use electron charge as the information carrier will limit within the next one to two decades. The Nanoelectronics Research Initiative (NRI), a joint industry-government program, has been developed to fund university research seeking devices that utilize alternative physical information carriers or non-equilibrium switching mechanisms to continue the historical cost and performance trends of information technology. Three research centers have been established to pursue five research vectors that have been identified as critical to the effort to replace the electronic switch. A brief history and rationale for NRI is given and the projects currently underway are described in the context of the five research vectors.
Simulations of Mesoflap Control for Ramp-Generated Oblique Shock/Boundary-Layer Interactions

A novel e ow-control method called mesoe aps for aeroelastic recirculation transpiration was computationally investigated for ramp-generated oblique shock/boundary-layer interactions (SBLIs). The numerical approach was e rst validated for three different ramp SBLI e ows with a solid wall, in terms of both pressure distributions and velocity proe les. For the mesoe ap e ow-control method, a series of dee ected e aps is placed over a cavity centered beneath the inception point of an oblique shock. The e ow-control performance was investigated by measuring total pressure recovery and integral boundary-layer displacement thickness for a variety of preset e ap dee ection magnitudes and incoming Mach numbers. The control of an SBLI for a 16-deg compression corner with mesoe aps and incoming Mach numbers of 2.35‐ 2.85 revealed signie cant improvement in total pressure recovery (as compared to the solid-wall case), especially as the dee ections of the e aps increased. The lowest incoming Mach number investigated yielded the highest recovery of total pressure downstream of the shock. Although the e ap cases yielded some increases in the displacement thickness and momentum thickness of the outgoing boundary layer as compared to the solid wall, the shape factor was maintained at approximately the same level as found for the solid-wall cases.
Repetition Priming Influences Distinct Brain Systems: Evidence From Task-Evoked Data and Resting-State Correlations

Behavioral dissociations suggest that a single experience can separately influence multiple processing components. Here we used a repetition priming functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm that directly contrasted the effects of stimulus and decision changes to identify the underlying brain systems. Direct repetition of stimulus features caused marked reductions in posterior regions of the inferior temporal lobe that were insensitive to whether the decision was held constant or changed between study and test. By contrast, prefrontal cortex showed repetition effects that were sensitive to the exact stimulus-to-decision mapping. Analysis of resting-state functional connectivity revealed that the dissociated repetition effects are embedded within distinct brain systems. Regions that were sensitive to changes in the stimulus correlated with perceptual cortices, whereas the decision changes attenuated activity in regions correlated with middle-temporal regions and a frontoparietal control system. These results thus explain the long-known dissociation between perceptual and conceptual components of priming by revealing how a single experience can separately influence distinct, concurrently active brain systems.
Hemophilia: a practical approach to genetic testing

Hemophilia and von Willebrand disease together account for the large majority of congenital bleeding disorders. Contemporary management, including development of safer clotting factor concentrates and increased emphasis on long-term follow-up in comprehensive hemophilia centers, has improved both quality of life and longevity for patients with congenital bleeding disorders. In addition to facilitating development of recombinant clotting factor concentrates, isolation and characterization of the respective genes have led to increasing availability of a repertoire of genetic tests that, although expensive, are critical for appropriate genetic counseling of affected patients and their family members. This article provides a practical approach to using genetic testing for hemophilia A and B.