cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quenching heat transfer analysis of accident tolerant coated fuel cladding

Abstract Transient boiling heat transfer during quenching of the candidate Accident tolerant fuel (ATF) claddings on vertical rodlets is studied experimentally. The candidate ATF material (Chromium, FeCrAl, and Molybdenum) are applied on Zircaloy-4 rodlets. The vertical solid rodlets are heated to 600 and 1000 °C and are quenched in a saturated pool of water. The temperature variation during the quenching of rodlets was recorded online with synchronized visualization of boiling regimes over the test specimen using a high-speed video camera. The quench performance of the ATF coatings is analyzed based on the examination of various surface parameters supported by microscopic images analysis and contact surface profilometry. In order to obtain a more realistic picture of the candidate performance during the emergency cooling reflood phase in a nuclear reactor, the coated rodlets are also oxidized in an autoclave before quenching. The performance of the candidate claddings after oxidation is also analyzed along with their surface characterization. It was observed from the analysis that the surface characteristics and oxidation had a significant impact on the quench performance of ATF coatings which varied between different coating materials.
Intratumoral CD56bright natural killer cells are associated with improved survival in bladder cancer.

// Neelam Mukherjee 1 , Niannian Ji 1 , Vincent Hurez 2 , Tyler J. Curiel 2 , Maureen O. Montgomery 1 , Andrew J. Braun 1 , Marlo Nicolas 3 , Marcela Aguilera 5 , Dharam Kaushik 1 , Qianqian Liu 4 , Jianhua Ruan 5 , Kerri A. Kendrick 1 and Robert S. Svatek 1 1 Department of Urology, University of Texas Health San Antonio (UTHSA), San Antonio, United States 2 Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio (UTHSA), San Antonio, United States 3 Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health San Antonio (UTHSA), San Antonio, United States 4 Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Texas Health San Antonio (UTHSA), San Antonio, United States 5 Department of Computer Science, University of Texas San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, United States Correspondence to: Robert S. Svatek email: svatek@uthscsa.edu Keywords: bladder cancer; NK cells; tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; CD56; survival Received: September 26, 2018 Accepted: November 01, 2018 Published: November 23, 2018 ABSTRACT Background: Natural killer (NK) cells are effective at killing tumors in a non-MHC restricted manner and are emerging targets for cancer therapy but their importance in bladder cancer (BC) is poorly defined. NK cells are commonly subdivided into populations based on relative surface expression of CD56. Two major subsets are CD56 bright and CD56 dim NK cells. Methods: The prevalence of intratumoral lymphocytes was examined via flow cytometric analysis of bladder tissue from a local cohort of patients with non-invasive and invasive BC (n=28). The association of NK cell subsets with cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) was examined in 50 patients with BC using Cox regression. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of intratumoral lymphocytes isolated CD56 NK cell subsets were used for examination of function, including cytokine production and in vitro cytotoxicity. Results: NK cells predominated among bladder intratumoral lymphocytes. Intratumoral CD56 bright NK cells showed increased cytokine production and cytotoxicity compared to their CD56 dim counterparts and were associated with improved CSS and OS independent of pathologic tumor stage. On the other hand, CD56 dim NK cells were not associated with improved outcomes but were associated with higher pathologic stage. Conclusions: NK cells are frequent among intratumoral lymphocytes in BC. Bladder intratumoral CD56 bright NK cells are functional and prognostically relevant whereas CD56 dim NK cells are dysfunctional and prevalent in higher stage tumors. Thus, CD56 bright NK cells are promising targets in BC.
A Framework for Navigation with LTE Time-Correlated Pseudorange Errors in Multipath Environments

A navigation framework based on a multi-state constraint Kalman filter (MSCKF) is proposed to reduce the effect of time-correlated pseudorange measurement noise of cellular long-term evolution (LTE) signals. The proposed MSCKF framework captures the position of the antenna over a window of measurements to impose constraints on the position estimate. Simulation results are presented showing a reduction of 57% and 51% in the two- dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) position root mean squared-error (RMSE), respectively, using the proposed framework compared to an extended Kalman filter (EKF). Experimental results on a ground vehicle navigating in an urban environment are presented showing a reduction of 29% and 64.7% in the 2D and 3D position RMSE, respectively, and a reduction of 19.6% and 86.7% in the 2D and 3D maximum error, respectively, using the proposed framework compared to an EKF.
Productivity Differences between the Most Important Varieties of Wheat Crop in its Production Governorates

Vertical agricultural expansion is one of the important pillars in the development of the agricultural sector to develop modern high-productivity varieties that achieve both the productive and economic viability of the use of available agricultural resources.
Fundamental Limitations in Sequential Prediction and Recursive Algorithms: $\mathcal{L}_{p}$ Bounds via an Entropic Analysis

In this paper, we obtain fundamental $\mathcal{L}_{p}$ bounds in sequential prediction and recursive algorithms via an entropic analysis. Both classes of problems are examined by investigating the underlying entropic relationships of the data and/or noises involved, and the derived lower bounds may all be quantified in a conditional entropy characterization. We also study the conditions to achieve the generic bounds from an innovations' viewpoint.
Mixed olfactory neuroblastoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma: An unusual case report and literature review.

Background The aim of the study was to present a case of mixed olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) and carcinoma, an extremely rare tumor with only a few cases in the published literature. Case description An otherwise healthy 27-year-old male presented with sinus complaints, headache, and unilateral eye discharge. Imaging and endoscopy revealed a mass presumed to represent a juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. Unexpectedly, the final pathology report revealed high grade mixed ONB and carcinoma. This tumor is the sixth and youngest documented patient with mixed ONB and carcinoma. Conclusion Physicians should remain vigilant for the possibility of malignancy in their approach to nasal cavity masses, even in young otherwise healthy patients. Careful review of the immunohistopathology should also be taken, as mixed olfactory tumors such as these are aggressive, rare entities that require multidisciplinary oncologic care.
Is There a Functional Relation Between Set Shifting and Hyperactivity in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?

Objective: Replicated evidence indicates that children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show disproportionate increases in hyperactivity/physical movement when their underdeveloped executive functions are taxed. However, our understanding of hyperactivity’s relation with set shifting is limited, which is surprising given set shifting’s importance as the third core executive function alongside working memory and inhibition. The aim of this study was to experimentally examine the effect of imposing set shifting and inhibition demands on objectively measured activity level in children with and without ADHD. Method: The current study used a validated experimental manipulation to differentially evoke set shifting, inhibition, and general cognitive demands in a carefully phenotyped sample of children aged 8–13 years with ADHD (n = 43) and without ADHD (n = 34). Activity level was sampled during each task using multiple, high-precision actigraphs; total hyperactivity scores (THS) were calculated. Results: Results of the 2 × 5 Bayesian ANOVA for hyperactivity revealed strong support for a main effect of task (BF10 = 1.79 × 1018, p < .001, ω2 = .20), such that children upregulated their physical movement in response to general cognitive demands and set shifting demands specifically, but not in response to increased inhibition demands. Importantly, however, this manipulation did not disproportionally increase hyperactivity in ADHD as demonstrated by significant evidence against the task × group interaction (BF01 = 18.21, p = .48, ω2 = .002). Conclusions: Inhibition demands do not cause children to upregulate their physical activity. Set shifting produces reliable increases in children’s physical movement/hyperactivity over and above the effects of general cognitive demands but cannot specifically explain hyperactivity in children with ADHD.
Barriers to Addressing the Spiritual and Religious Needs of Patients and Families in the Intensive Care Unit: A Qualitative Study of Critical Care Physicians:

Objectives:Though critical care physicians feel responsible to address spiritual and religious needs with patients and families, and feel comfortable in doing so, they rarely address these needs in...
Empirically Modeling the Energy Implications of Cool Roof Retrofits

The energy effects of roofs have primarily been studied using theoretical models. However, empirical methods are needed for validation or when not all drivers of energy change can be observed. This study used mixed empirical techniques to estimate the impact of whitening existing roofs. Two years of hourly site cooling energy use were collected for 114 homes in Austin, TX. Seven properties selected to have their roofs coated white at no charge, imitating incentive policies. The empirical results are mixed, primarily limited by the small treated sample size. Individual household comparisons generally demonstrate statistically significant impacts of whitening, ranging from 14% to 49.2% reductions in daytime site cooling energy use and a 9.7% increase to a 40.3% decrease in nighttime site cooling energy use. Ordinary least squares regression estimates statistically significant mean daytime reductions of 9.7% but no significant nighttime effects. However, clustering the standard errors by household substantially reduces the significance level. Tweedie regression, which better accommodates slightly inflated zeros in the sample, demonstrates significant daytime and nighttime reductions of 14.3% and 5.5%, respectively. A life-cycle costs analysis using a mix of primary and secondary data explored the secondary benefit of delaying roof replacement resulting from the added protection of the coating material. Absent this delay, whitening would pay for itself in only 41% of simulations with a median net cost of $310 and simple payback of 22 years. Including a benefit to delay roof replacement, the median payback period is 1 year and the median net benefit is $310 across a range of assumptions. However, the benefits of whitening are only robust for older roofs and longer service lives for the coating. For roofs older than 10 years of age, most simulations reflect net benefits if the coating lasts at least 5 years.
Emo: how fans defined a subculture: by Fathallah, J. M., University of Iowa Press, 2020, 214 pages, $29.95 (Paperback) ISBN-10 : 1609387244, Iowa City

The music genre emo – short for “emotional” – began in the 1980s as an offshoot of the hardcore punk scene in Washington D.C. In the 1990s, the music associated with emo became softer and more lyri...
Modeling Federal Funds Rates: A Comparison of Four Methodologies

The celebrated Taylor Rule methodology has established that the decisions made by the Federal Open Market Committee concerning possible changes in short term interest rates reflected in Fed Funds are influenced by deviations from a desired level of inflation and from potential output. The Taylor Rule determines the future interest rate and is one among several methodologies than can be used to predict future Federal Funds. In this study we use four competing methodologies that model the behavior of Fed Fund interest rates. These methodologies are: time series, Taylor, econometric and neural network. Using monthly data from 1958 to the end of 2005 we distinguish between sample and out-of-sample sets to train, evaluate, and compare the models' effectiveness. Our results indicate that the econometric modeling performs better than the other approaches when the data are divided into two sets of pre-Greenspan and Greenspan periods. However, when the data sample is divided into three groups of low, medium and high Federal Funds, the neural network approach does best.
Functional polymorphisms in Nrf2: implications for human disease

Nuclear factor (erythroid derived)-2 like 2 (NFE2L2), also known as nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2), is a ubiquitous transcription factor essential for protecting cells and tissues from oxidative stress-induced injury. Positional cloning and studies with Nrf2 knockout mice have identified important roles for this transcription factor in disease phenotypes for many organ systems. Studies have also characterized the means through which human Nrf2 is regulated and the mechanisms of interaction with antioxidant response elements (ARE) in promoters of effector genes. Moreover, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Nrf2 have been identified and evaluated for effects on gene expression and function, and translational investigations have sought to determine whether loss of function SNPs associate with disease progression. In this review, we present 1) an overview of the human Nrf2 gene and protein domain, 2) identification of genetic mutations in Nrf2 and associations of the mutations with multiple diseases, and 3) the role of somatic mutations in Nrf2 in diseases, primarily various cancers.
The Thermodynamics of Chemical Equilibrium

The principles of thermodynamics determine the state of chemical equilibrium for any system. The equilibrium constant expression of elementary chemistry is equal to a constant at constant temperature and pressure, when modified to include activity coefficients. The equilibrium constant is a quick indication of the equilibrium state of the system. If the equilibrium constant is greater than unity the equilibrium activities of the products will be greater than those of the reactants, and if the equilibrium constant is smaller than unity the equilibrium activities of the reactants will be larger. The principle of Le Châtelier can predict how a chemical system at equilibrium responds to changes in temperature, pressure, or amounts of substances. It asserts that in general a system will react to lessen the effect of a stress on an intensive variable, if it can do so. This effect has been illustrated by considering the shift in equilibrium by changing the temperature or the pressure on a system and by adding a reactant or product to the system.
Domestic violence intervention in an urban Indian health center.

This report describes a domestic violence program in an urban Indian health center. The failure of office-based interventions and the importance of developing interventions that are sensitive to the needs of this population is discussed. Successful interventions including home visits and a domestic violence group that incorporated American Indian traditions and values are presented.
A summary of Reynolds number effects on some recent tests in the Langley 0.3-meter transonic cryogenic tunnel

Reynolds number effects noted from selected test programs conducted in the Langley 0.3-Meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel (0.3-m TCT) are discussed. The tests, which cover a unit Reynolds number range from about 2.0 to 80.0 million per foot, summarize effects of Reynolds number on: (1) aerodynamic data from a supercritical airfoil, (2) results from several wall interference correction techniques, and (3) results obtained from advanced, cryogenic tests techniques. The test techniques include: (1) use of a cryogenic sidewall boundary layer removal system, (2) detailed pressure and hot wire measurements to determine test section flow quality, and (3) use of a new hot film system suitable for transition detection in a cryogenic wind tunnel. The results indicate that Reynolds number effects appear most significant when boundary layer transition effects are present and at high lift conditions when boundary layer separation exists on both the model and the tunnel sidewall.
Metabolic Basis for the Isoleucine, Pantothenate or Methionine Requirement of ilvG Strains of Salmonella typhimurium

Salmonella typhimurium strain DU501, which was found to be deficient in acetohydroxy acid synthase II (AHAS II) and to possess elevated levels of transaminase B and biosynthetic threonine deaminase, required isoleucine, methionine, or pantothenate for growth. This strain accumulated α-ketobutyrate and, to a lesser extent, α-aminobutyrate. We found that α-ketobutyrate was a competitive substrate for ketopantoate hydroxymethyltransferase, the first enzyme in pantothenate biosynthesis. This competition with the normal substrate, α-ketoisovalerate, limited the supply of pantothenate, which resulted in a requirement for methionine. Evidence is presented to support the conclusion that the ambivalent requirement for either pantothenate or methionine is related to a decrease in succinyl coenzyme A, which is produced from pantothenate and which is an obligatory precursor of methionine biosynthesis. The autointoxification by endogenously produced α-ketobutyrate could be mimicked in wild-type S. typhimurium by exogenously supplied α-ketobutyrate or salicylate, a known inhibitor of pantothenate biosynthesis. The accumulation of α-ketobutyrate was initiated by the inability of the residual AHAS activity provided by AHAS I to efficiently remove the α-ketobutyrate produced by biosynthetic threonine deaminase. The accumulation of α-ketobutyrate was amplified by the action of transaminase B, which decreased the isoleucine pool by catalyzing the formation of α-keto-β-methylvalerate and aminobutyrate from isoleucine and α-ketobutyrate; this resulted in release of threonine deaminase from end product inhibition and unbridled production of α-ketobutyrate. Isoleucine satisfied the auxotrophic requirement of the AHAS II-deficient strain by curtailing the activity of threonine deaminase. Additional lines of evidence based on genetic and physiological experiments are presented to support the basis for the autointoxification of strain DU501 as well as other nonpolarigenic ilvG mutant strains.
Weierstrass points on cyclic covers of the projective line

We are interested in cyclic covers of the projective line which are totally ramified at all of their branch points. We begin with curves given by an equation of the form yn = f(x), where f is a polynomial of degree d. Under a mild hypothesis, it is easy to see that all of the branch points must be Weierstrass points. Our main problem is to find the total Weierstrass weight of these points, BW. We obtain a lower bound for BW, which we show is exact if n and d are relatively prime. As a fraction of the total Weierstrass weight of all points on the curve, we get the following particularly nice asymptotic formula (as well as an interesting exact formula): BW n n+1 d _oo g3 g 3(n 1)2' where g is the genus of the curve. In the case that n = 3 (cyclic trigonal curves), we are able to show in most cases that for sufficiently large primes p, the branch points and the non-branch Weierstrass points remain distinct modulo p. INTRODUCTION A Weierstrass point is a point on a curve such that there exists a non-constant function which has a low order pole at the point and no other poles. By low order we mean that the pole has order less than or equal to the genus g of the curve. The Riemann-Roch theorem shows that every point on a curve has a (non-constant) function associated to it which has a pole of order less than or equal to g + 1 and no other poles, so Weierstrass points are somewhat special. In fact, it is a classical result due to Hurwitz [H] that all Weierstrass points on a given curve are zeros of a certain (higher order) differential form. The Weierstrass weight of a point is the order of the zero of this form at the point. Since this differential form has degree 93 g, there are only finitely many Weierstrass points on any curve-exactly g3 9 of them counted with weight. Additionally, these points are all algebraic over the field of definition of the curve. A fundamental problem is, given a curve, to find some (eventually all) of the Weierstrass points on that curve. Once found, we would like to find the weight, or an estimate for the weight, of each Weierstrass point. Lewittes [L] showed that if the curve has an automorphism with five or more fixed points, then all of the fixed points must be Weierstrass points. For example, a hyperelliptic curve comes with an involution which fixes at least five points. It is well known that these branch Received by the editors September 27, 1994 and, in revised form, October 16, 1995. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 14H55, 11G30.
Public preferences for endangered species recovery: an examination of geospatial scale and non-market values

Non-market valuation allows society to express their preferences for goods and services whose economic value is not reflected in traditional markets. One issue that arises in applying non-market values in policy settings is defining the extent of the economic jurisdiction – the area that includes all people who hold values – for a good or service. In this paper we estimate non-market values for recovering eight threatened and endangered marine species in the US for two geographically embedded samples: households on the west coast of the US and households throughout the nation. We statistically compare species values between the two samples to help determine the extent of and variation in the economic jurisdiction for endangered species recovery. Our findings offer support to the tenet that the summation of non-market values across the country is appropriate when evaluating alternative policies for endangered species recovery.
Planar Conformal Mappings of Piecewise Flat Surfaces

There is a rich literature in the theory of circle packings on geometric surfaces that from the beginning has exposed intimate connections to the approximation of conformal mappings. Indeed, one of the first publications in the subject, Rodin and Sullivan’s 1987 paper [10], provides a proof of the convergence of a circle packing scheme proposed by Bill Thurston for approximating the Riemann mapping of an arbitrary proper simply-connected domain in ℂ to the unit disk. Bowers and Stephenson’s work in [4], which explains how to apply the Thurston scheme on nonplanar surfaces, may be viewed as a far reaching generalization of his scheme to the setting of arbitrary equilateral surfaces. Further, in [4] Bowers and Stephenson propose a method for uniformizing more general piecewise flat surfaces that necessitates a truly new ingredient, namely, that of inversive distance packings. This inversive distance scheme was introduced in a very preliminary way in [4] with some comments on the difficulty involved in proving that it produces convergence to a conformal map. Even with these difficulties, the scheme has been encoded in Stephenson’s packing software CirclePack and, though all the theoretical ingredients for proving convergence are not in place, it seems to work well in practice. This paper may be viewed as a commentary on and expansion of the discussion of [4]. Our purposes are threefold. First, we carefully describe the inversive distance scheme, which is given only cursory explanation in [4]; second, we give a careful analysis of the theoretical difficulties that require resolution before conformal convergence can be proved; third, we give a gallery of examples illustrating the power of the scheme. We should note here that there are special cases (e.g., tangency or overlapping packings) where the convergence is verified, and our discussion will give a proof of convergence in those cases.
Absolute immature platelet count dynamics in diagnosing and monitoring the clinical course of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Background Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a life-threatening diagnosis requiring prompt initiation of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). Measurement of immature platelet (PLT) fraction (%-IPF) differentiates PLT consumption or destruction from hypoproduction. Study Design and Method Our study evaluated %-IPF changes over the course of TTP treated with TPE and as a measure of treatment efficacy. Eleven idiopathic TTP patients, two human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated TTP patients, and five non-TTP patients with thrombocytopenia were enrolled into our study. All patients were treated with TPE and had ADAMTS13 activity measured. Results All idiopathic TTP patients had a significantly increased %-IPF and decreased absolute immature PLT count (A-IPC) and PLT count at presentation. An A-IPC value of less than 5 × 109/L at presentation has 84.6% sensitivity, 80% specificity, and 91.7% positive predictive value for diagnosing TTP. A concurrent steady decline in %-IPF and increased PLT counts toward normal was observed in TTP patients undergoing TPE. The A-IPC, however, showed an increase and decrease curve that was not seen in the two HIV-associated TTP patients with no response to TPE and the five non-TTP patients. More importantly, reaching an A-IPC ratio of 3 compared to baseline value during TPE can readily differentiate idiopathic TTP from the other two groups and is correlated with good clinical responses to TPE. An abrupt increase of A-IPC during TPE was also noted in a TTP patient who relapsed 3 days before PLT count decrease. A-IPC is positively correlated with ADAMTS13 activity at presentation but negatively correlated with ADAMTS13 activity during recovery. Conclusion A-IPC should be routinely analyzed for diagnosing and monitoring TTP patients.
Hospital Readmissions After Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation: Incidence, Causes, and Cost Analysis

Background We investigated the incidence and causes of unplanned hospital readmissions after continuous-flow (CF) left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. We also analyzed the impact of unplanned readmissions on post–CF-LVAD survival and the costs associated with each cause of readmission. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 126 patients who underwent implantation with a CF-LVAD from January 2007 to December 2013. The timing of readmissions, hospital length of stay, and total length of device support were evaluated. Patients were followed up while receiving support, until transplantation, or until death. Direct hospital costs associated with each readmission were analyzed. Results In all, 103 patients underwent implantation for bridge to transplantation and 19 patients for destination therapy; 68 patients were readmitted 156 times (2.2 times/patient) as of the end of follow-up. The median follow-up period was 11 months. While receiving device support, patients spent 93% of their time out of the hospital. The causes of readmission included gastrointestinal bleeding (19%), driveline infection (13%), and stroke (8%). The median time to first readmission was 35 days. Thirty (44%) patients were readmitted within 30 days after discharge. The median direct hospital cost of a single readmission was $7,546. Device malfunction and arrhythmias were the most costly causes of readmission. There was no significant difference in long-term survival between readmitted patients and those who were not readmitted. Conclusions Gastrointestinal bleeding and CF-LVAD–related infections were the leading causes of readmission. Patients with a CF-LVAD spent 93% of their time out of hospital after implantation, and readmissions did not have a negative impact on long-term survival. New approaches to minimize these adverse events will continue to improve the efficacy and decrease the cost of CF-LVAD therapy.
Real-time collaboration in heterogeneous computing environments

The recent proliferation of computing devices and the contexts in which they are used demand diversity in collaborative applications as well. The objective of our research is to enable conferees to share applications that are adapted to their (heterogeneous) computing environments. This is achieved by using eXtensible Markup Language (XML) for the communication medium. The conferees share the same data or a subset of that data represented in XML, but they may see it displayed in different ways as needed or desired. The framework adapts to the computing and network environment and transforms information so that it matches the client's local capabilities and resources.
Antecedents and Correlates of the Popular-Aggressive Phenomenon in Elementary School

This study identified correlates and developmental antecedents that distinguish popular-aggressive elementary school children from other youth. Drawing on the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N = 1022), popular-aggressive children were identified through teacher ratings over Grades 3-6. Potential correlates included social competence as rated by observers, mothers, and teachers. Potential developmental antecedents included cognitive functioning, maternal sensitivity, and participation in child care through age 4.5. Multinomial regressions allowed for the determination of group differences net of covariates such as gender, ethnicity, maternal education, and income-to-needs. Results showed that popular-aggressive elementary school children were distinguished from other youth as having had an extensive child-care history. Discussion focuses on developmental associations between child-care quantity and aggression.
Design of survey systems using nonlinear programming methods

This paper discusses theory and results of an attempt to use non-linear programming methods to arrive at an optimal, in the sense of least cost, solution to the design of a survey system to meet specified accuracy. In other words, the method determines the combination of various types of observations which will yield the required accuracy of control points for a minimum cost. The theoretical background of the procedure is discussed, and methods of extension to photo-grammetry and other sciences are presented. Much of the paper is concerned with discussing results of numerical solutions for the optimal design of several small, but typical, mapping problems.
13C-Coupled Relaxation Studies of a Leucine Zipper Peptide Using Polarization-Transfer Pulse Sequences

Abstract Three new pulse sequences are described for perturbing magnetization modes in 13 C-coupled relaxation experiments via polarization-transfer techniques, Relative to non-polarization transfer pulse sequences, these new pulse sequences result in carbon NMR spectra with significantly improved signal-to-noise ratios, a condition required for coupled relaxation studies of larger biomolecules, These pulse sequences are used to study molecular tumbling of a 13 C-labeled leucine zipper peptide, GCN4-p1, in aqueous solution. Experimental data obtained for the AX 2 spin system associated with the 13 CH 2 moiety of the peptide are fitted to the Favro diffusion model via nonlinear least-squares minimization. The least-squares fits provide values for rotational diffusion coefficients, Diffusion coefficients from relaxation studies performed at different temperatures yield enthalpies for the diffusional motion. Deficiencies in the fits of the relaxation data suggest the need for expanded relaxation models that account for proximate protons in the vicinity of the 13 CH 2 moiety.
Collective modes of an anyon gas on a lattice.

We study a tight-binding model for anyons on a square lattice using a self-consistent mean-field theory, where the anyon gauge field is approximated by its expectation value. For any anyon density per site {rho}{sub 0}={ital p}/{ital q} and statistics {nu}=1{minus}1/{ital n}, the anyon system has a linear collective mode if and only if {ital q} is greater than twice the largest common factor of {ital p} and {ital n}. The collective mode dispersion, {omega}({bold k}), is calculated numerically for {ital n}=1 (hard-core bosons) and {ital n}=2 (semions) at certain densities.
A PILOT STUDY OF CROSS-BORDER SHOPPING: IMPLICATIONS FOR MEDIUM AND SMALL SIZE RETAILERS

ABSTRACT A cross-border shopping survey was mailed to 750 randomly selected Canadians, both Francophone and Anglophone, living in the Greater Montreal area. The survey sought to examine why Canadian consumers cross-border shop in the United States and to determine if the amount of money spent in the US differs according to the language spoken at home. Significant differences were found between Canadian cross-border and non- cross-border shoppers regarding spouse's age, education, and language. Those who did not shop in the US had younger spouses, fewer children under the age of 18, and more often spoke French at home. Bilingual Canadians spend more than either Anglophones and Francophones who shop in the US. Respondents indicated that cross-border shoppers learn about US shopping through Canadian newspapers, television and radio, and US television. Canadians who cross-border shop in the US indicated making an average of 4.87 annual trips to the US and spending an average of approximately $235.93 (Canadian...
Immediate vs. delayed treatment of psychogenic movement disorders with short term psychodynamic psychotherapy: randomized clinical trial.

Abstract Objective In subjects with psychogenic movement disorders (PMDs), we conducted a 6 month randomized, cross-over design study to assess the effect of 3 months of psychodynamic psychotherapy followed by observation by the neurologist vs. observation by the neurologist, then 3 months of psychiatric intervention. Background PMDs are often disabling but no uniformly successful treatment strategies have been identified. Short term, open label psychodynamic psychotherapy has been successful in improving PMDs but whether PMDs improve equally well with neurological observation and support has not been tested. Design Fifteen patients with PMDs were randomized to immediate vs. delayed (after 3 months) weekly psychodynamic psychotherapy for 12 weeks. During the phase without psychiatric intervention, they were monitored by the treating neurologist. Patients were assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Change in their movement disorder was assessed using a clinical global impression scale change (CGI-c), depression and anxiety using the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck-A). Results Fourteen women and one man, age 42.3 ± 11, disease duration 63.2 ± 73 months, were randomized to immediate (7 patients) or delayed (8 patients) treatment. Over the six month study, PMDs, depression and anxiety were significantly improved but time was the determinant factor without an independent effect of treatment assignment. Conclusion In this group of PMD patients, where patients were kept within the medical system and involved in a research program, PMDs as well as depression and anxiety improved, but without specific benefit time-linked to psychotherapy as opposed to neurological observation and support.
Variable region genes for the immunoglobulin framework are assembled from small segments of DNA—A hypothesis

Sequences of each of the four framework segments FR1, FR2, FR3, and FR4 of the variable regions (V-regions) of light and heavy chains of immunoglobulins were grouped into sets with identical sequences. Sets contained from 1 to 18 members. When each V-region was traced from one FR to the next, it was seen that members of the same set in FR1 could be associated with different sets in FR2, FR3, and FR4. This suggests that the framework for the light and heavy chain V-regions is assembled during embryonic development from sets of minigenes for each FR segment. FR4 from three sets of human V(k)I chains also contained members of V(k)II, V(k)III, and V(k)IV subgroups; one FR2 set contained eight rabbit V(k), one human V(k)IV, and four mouse V(k) and an FR4 set contained two human V(H)III and one mouse V(H)III, indicating substantial evolutionary preservation of these sequences and suggesting that the sets of minigenes are highly conserved in the germ line. The clone of Tonegawa et al. [Tonegawa, S., Maxam, A. M., Tizard, R., Bernard, O. & Gilbert, W. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 1485-1489] could be a hybrid FR1 and FR3 coming from minigenes of MOPC 315 (a V(lambda)II) whereas FR2 would come from MOPC 104E (a V(lambda)I). That FR4 is not joined to the rest of the V-region in 12-day-old mouse embryo DNA is also in accord with this hypothesis. Mouse sperm DNA should be examined to establish whether the hypothesized minigenes are separated by intervening sequences and whether the complementarity-determining (hypervariable) regions or segments of the V-region are separated from the framework in genomic DNA. Sperm DNA from rabbits or other species could be used to search for minigene segments whose sequences are identical in several species.
RNA repair for haemophilia A

The mainstay of gene transfer studies is the use of wild-type cDNAs to effect phenotypic correction of diseases. However, this strategy is not feasible for genetic diseases caused either by mutations of large genes or by dominant-negative mutations, or where the regulation of the gene is critical. In this review, we will discuss a novel RNA reprogramming strategy - spliceosome-mediated RNA trans-splicing - where the pre-messenger RNA is modified by the splicing of two independent RNA species. The use of trans-splicing to effect phenotypic change in the hereditary bleeding disorder haemophilia A will be discussed.
On a Stochastic Plate Equation

In this paper we discuss an initial—boundary value problem for an elastic plate driven by a space-time white noise. The existence and uniqueness of a weak solution is established. We use a specialized PDE method based upon the results for the deterministic equation.
Bacterial ice nucleation and its potential application in the food industry

Extensive investigations of bacterial ice nucleation by strains of Pseudomonas, Erwinia and Xanthomonas have indicated that highly homologous proteins, each encoded by a single gene, are involved in the ice-nucleation active sites of either intact bacterial cells and/or cell-free ice nucleators. The application of these bacterial ice nucleators to the freezing of some model food systems and real foods, such as salmon, egg white protein and cornstarch gels, elevates nucleation temperatures, reduces freezing times and improves the quality (e.g. the flavor and textural properties) of frozen foods; this suggests that there may be profound potential for energy savings and quality improvement in the food industry. The use of bacterial ice nucleators is a unique application of biotechnology, as it directly improves freezing processes. Further research is needed to gain a better understanding of the basic mechanisms, the practical applications and the safety of this particular material in the commercial freezing of food products.
Military Aggression and Risk Predicted by Explanatory Style

The explanatory style scores of George Bush and Saddam Hussein were derived using the content analysis of verbatim explanations technique for periods preceding military actions or political conflict These leaders' actions were rated on scales of aggression-passivity and risk-caution Regression and correlational analyses show that increased levels of optimism before conflict predicted heightened aggression and risk taking, whereas increased levels of pessimism prior to an event predicted passivity and caution
Nanoscale silicon field effect transistors fabricated using imprint lithography

We report the fabrication and characterization of nanoscale silicon field effect transistors using nanoimprint lithography. With this lithographic technique and dry etching, we have patterned a variety of nanoscale transistor features in silicon, including 100 nm wire channels, 250-nm-diam quantum dots, and ring structures with 100 nm ring width, over a 2×2 cm lithography field with good uniformity. Compared with devices fabricated by the conventional electron-beam lithography, we did not observe any degradation in the device characteristics. The successful fabrication of the semiconductor nanodevices represents a step forward to make nanoimprint lithography a viable technique for the mass production of semiconductor devices.
Rats (Rattus norvegicus) selectively bred to differ in avoidance behavior also differ in response to novelty stress, in glycemic conditioning, and in reward contrast.

The behavior of the Syracuse high avoidance (SHA) and Syracuse low avoidance (SLA) rats, selectively bred by Brush (F. R. Brush, J. C. Froehlich, & P. Sakellaris, 1979, Behavior Genetics, 9, 309–316) to differ in avoidance behavior, was examined in several different tasks. The SLA rats showed a greater elevation in plasma glucose when exposed to a novel environment; after 7 days of exposure to this environment there was evidence of habituation in the SHA rats but not in the SLA rats; the SHA rats showed a hyperglycemic conditioned response in a glycemic conditioning procedure, the SLA rats showed no evidence of conditioning but had higher overall levels of plasma glucose; both strains showed reliable successive negative contrast effects in consummatory behavior when shifted from 32 to 4% sucrose, but the contrast was larger in the SLA rats; the administration of chlordiazepoxide eliminated negative contrast in the SLA rats but had no effect on contrast in the SHA rats; and the SLA rats were reliably heavier than the SHA rats. The behavioral differences were considered in the context of differences in emotional reactivity between the two strains.
Convivo communicator: An interface‐adaptive VoIP system for poor quality networks

Convivo is a VoIP system designed to provide reliable voice communication for poor quality networks, especially those found in rural areas of the developing world. Convivo introduces an original approach to maintain voice communication interaction in the presence of poor network performance: an Interface‐ Adaptation mechanism that adjusts the user interface to reduce the impact of high latency and low bandwidth networks. Interface modes facilitate turn taking for high latency connections, and help to sustain voice communication even with extremely low bandwidth or high error rates. An evaluation of the system, conducted in a rural community in the Dominican Republic, found that Interface‐Adaptation helped users to maintain voice communication interaction as network performance degrades. Transitions from full duplex to voice messaging were found particularly valuable. Initial results suggest that as users get more experience with the application they would like to manually control transitions based on feedback provided by the application and their own perceived voice quality.
How many food additives are rodent carcinogens

One generally assumes that chemical agents added to foods are reasonably free of risks to human health, and practically everyone consumes some additives in his or her food daily throughout life. In the United States, the 1958 Food Additives Amendment to the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 requires food manufacturers to demonstrate the safety of food additives to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The Amendment contains a provision that prohibits approval of an additive if it is found to cause cancer in humans or animals. In the present study, data from the National Toxicology Program rodent bioassay (NTPRB) were used to identify a sample of approximately 50 rodent-tested additives and other chemicals added to food that had been evaluated independently of the FDA/food industry. Surprisingly, the sample shows more than 40% of these food chemicals to be carcinogenic in one or more rodent groups. If this percentage is extrapolated to all substances added to food in the United States, it would imply that more than 1000 of such substances are potential rodent carcinogens. The NTP and FDA test guidelines use similar, though not necessarily identical, rodent test procedures, including near lifetime exposures to the maximum tolerated dose. The FDA specifies that test chemicals should be administered by the oral route. However, the oral route includes three methods of delivering chemicals, that is, mixed in the food or water or delivered by stomach tube (gavage). The NTP data show only 1 of 18 food chemicals mixed in the food are rodent carcinogens, but 16 of 23 gavage-administered food chemicals are carcinogenic to rodents. The distribution suggests that among orally delivered chemicals, those administered in the feed will more likely prove to be noncarcinogens than chemicals given by gavage. The rodent data also reveal that effects may vary according to dose and genotype, as well as by route of administration, to further complicate extrapolation to humans. Human experience with known carcinogens such as tobacco, asbestos, and benzidine convinces us that environmental carcinogens constitute a real threat to human health, although predicting human carcinogens from rodent tests involves a number of uncertainties. These uncertainties do not mean that we should simply ignore the presence of carcinogens. Rather, in the interests of public safety, a serious effort should be made to resolve the questions surrounding the presence of chemicals identified as rodent carcinogens in our food. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:69-80, 2002 Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Computers-Work in progress.

The history of computers, particularly digital ones, dates from the first quarter of the 17th century (see ref. 1 for review). The first known machine was built by Wilhelm Schickard, a professor at Tubingen and a friend of Kepler's. Interestingly, this occurred at the same time that Napier invented logarithms. The device was built, but it, as well as the copy for Kepler, and the inventor himself were destroyed by the fires and plagues of the Thirty Years' War. The next machine, copies of which still exist, was built by Pascal and was described in Diderot's Encylopedie. This device became an important part of a desk calculator designed and constructed by Leibniz who said: "Also the astronomers surely will not have to continue to exercise the patience which is required for computation. It is this that deters them from computing or correcting tables, from the construction of Ephemerides, from working on hypotheses, and from discussions of observations with each other. For it is unworthy of excellent men to lose hours like slaves in the labor of calculation which could safely be relegated to anyone else if machines were used." This enunciation by Leibniz of a purpose for automatic computing is a memorable one. Science, or at least mathematical astronomy, had advanced sufficiently by his time so that calculation was a real burden and it was recognized to some extent how this burden could be lightened. Certainly Kepler, using tables of logarithms he himself calculated based on Napier's schema, did extensive calculations in order to produce his Rudolphine Tables. The time for the digital principle, however, had still not come, and even by the early part of the 19th century the Nautical Almanac was being calculated by groups of humans all busy making separate and independent calculations with attendant errors. The situation was so bad by 1823 that Charles Babbage, one of the founders of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1820, set out to create a digital device to construct tables by a method, certainly well-known to Newton, called subtabulation. In this method, one first calculates a comparatively few entries in a table by hand a priori, and then the entries lying between them are filled in by systematic interpolation using essentially only additions and subtractions. For various reasons this was a propitious time in English history to attempt to automate computation. Trevelyan (2) tells