cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observing requirements for geostationary satellites to enable ozone air quality prediction

Abstract. We conduct a variety of analyses to support mission planning for geostationary satellite measurements of atmospheric composition. We carry out a simplified observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) using a photochemical box model and its adjoint integrated with a Lagrangian 4-D-variational data assimilation system. Using this framework in conjunction with pseudo observational constraints we estimate surface emissions and assess the improvement in ozone air quality forecasting and prediction. We use an analytical model as our principle method of conducting uncertainty analyses, which is the primary focus of this work. We investigate the impacts of changing the observed species (e.g., ozone, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and formaldehyde (HCHO)), observation frequency and quality upon the ability to predict the magnitude of summertime peak ozone events, characterize the uncertainties of those predictions, and the performance of the assimilation system. We use three observed species scenarios: CO and NO2; ozone, CO, and NO2; and HCHO, CO and NO2. These scenarios are designed to test the effects of adding observations of either ozone or HCHO to an existing CO and NO2 observing system. The studies were conducted using the photochemical model setup to simulate a range of summertime polluted environments spanning NOx limited to volatile organic compound (VOC) limited conditions. As the photochemical regime changes the relative importance of trace gas observations to constrain emission estimates and subsequent ozone forecasts varies. For example, adding ozone observations to an NO2 and CO observing system is found to decrease ozone prediction error under NOx and VOC limited regimes, and complimenting the NO2 and CO system with HCHO observations would improve ozone prediction in the transitional regime and under VOC limited conditions.
A large-scale FPAA enabling adaptive floating-gate circuits

We present a large-scale Field Programmable Analog Array (FPAA) that enables floating-gate adaptive circuits using Floating-Gate(FG) based switch technology. We present a novel architecture technology that enables switch routing with FG elements for signals resulting from high voltage adapting FG elements. We present careful analysis and characterization of the FG structure, including programming ranges, electron tunneling paths, to show the indirect programming structure involving an nFET device can handle the resulting signals. We present experimental data for the basic adaptive structure and for a compiled AFGA.
Multivariate modelling of density, strength and stiffness from near infrared spectra for mature, juvenile and pith wood of longleaf pine ( Pinus palustris )

In manufacturing, monitoring the mechanical properties of wood with near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) is an attractive alternative to more conventional methods. However, no attention has been given to see if models differ between juvenile and mature wood. Additionally, it would be convenient if multiple linear regression (MLR) could perform well in the place of more complicated multivariate models. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to model the strength, stiffness and density of mature and juvenile longleaf pine to NIR spectra with MLR and principal component regression (PCR). MLR performed almost as well as PCR when predicting density, modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE). Choosing wavelengths associated with wood chemistry and developing principal components gave better predictive models (PCR2) than when all NIR wavelengths were used (PCR1). Models developed from mature wood did not predict wood properties from juvenile wood adequately, suggesting that separate models are neede...
Communication Architecture and Technologies for missions to Moon, Mars, and Beyond

This paper proposes communication architecture to support data and command communication for future space missions to moon, Mars and beyond. It postulates a set of satellites placed in halo orbits at Earth-Moon, Sun-Earth and Sun-Mars Lagrangian points and a couple of relay satellites in a heliocentric earth orbit as the base of this architecture. This arrangement is robust to loss of service problems because of the redundancy built into the system. Also, the system significantly reduces the distances over which communication has to be achieved and thus lessens the demands on the communication hardware to be employed. This also results in power saving. The architecture is scalable and can be extended to missions farther out into space. As in the development of any infrastructure, some initial investment has to be made which however will provide returns in the form of simplifying communication procedures and protocols for the many space missions to come.
CHANGES OF PEROXIDASE WITH AGE IN DROSOPHILA

The universal end product of aging is the intracellular accumulation of lipofuscin or “age pigment.” Free radical formation plays an important role in this process. Hydrogen peroxide is a focal point in the initiation of cytotoxic hydroxyl free radicals. We have, therefore, studied the role of the main enzymes responsible for the radicals generated from excess hydrogen peroxide. Peroxidase, catalase, and peroxide levels were measured in Drosophila melanogaster from eclosure up to 100 days. A decreasing curve was found for both enzymes while peroxide levels increased with age. This was true for both males and females. However, peroxidase showed a more pronounced decrease with age as compared with catalase. Total peroxidase activity was found to be 1.6 times greater than catalase. Increasing peroxide levels corresponded more with the declining peroxidase values than with catalase values. These data suggest for the first time, that many of the free radicals generated as a result of aging, can be accounted for by the decrease of enzymes, specifically peroxidase.
Accumulation of the Large and Small Subunits of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate-Carboxylase/Oxygenase during Greening in Euglena gracilis as Determined by Radioimmunoassay

Summary Electrophoretically-separated and purified large and small (L and S) subunits of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) from Euglena gracilis strain Z were used to generate polyclonal antibodies in rabbits. The monospecific antibodies (immunoglobulin G fractions from blood sera) were used in two different radioimmunoassays to show for the first time the patterns of accumulation of the two rubisco subunits during the greening of dark-grown Euglena exposed to white light. The subunits were detected in dark-grown cells. Following light-exposure, the nuclear-coded cytoplasmically-synthesized S subunit started to accumulate immediately whereas the chloroplastic-encoded and -synthesized L subunit began to accumulate only after 3 to 8 h. After its initial accumulation, S then remained at a constant concentration, while L continued to accumulate. During late greening, both subunits further accumulated. The differential accumulation of the two subunits, especially during early greening, correlates with the finding of a differential accumulation of cytoplasmic versus chloroplastic polysomes following light-stimulation of dark-grown Euglena ( Avadhani and Freyssinet, 1989 )
Heat and mass transfer in water‐laden sandstone: Convective heating

A theoretical model was developed to predict the heat and mass transfer phenomena in porous materials. A water-filled sandstone was heated in a convective oven and its water loss rates and temperature profiles were compared with theoretical results. In addition to local temperatures, moisture content, gas densities and pressure, this model also predicts the fluid flow pattern in the heated sample.
SU-D-18C-06: Initial Experience with Implementing MRI Safety Guidelines for Patients with Pacemakers - Medical Physicist Perspective

Purpose: Several institutions have developed MRI guidelines for patients with MR-unsafe or MR-conditional pacemakers. Here we highlight the role of a medical physicist in implementing these guidelines for non-pacemaker dependent patients. Guidelines: Implementing these guidelines requires involvement from several medical specialties and a strong collaboration with the site MRI supervisor to develop a structured workflow. A medical physicist is required to be present during the scan to supervise the MR scanning and to maintain a safety checklist that ensures: 1) uninterrupted patient communication with the technologist, 2) continuous patient physiologic monitoring (e.g. blood pressure and electrocardiography) by a trained nurse, 3) redundant patient vitals monitoring (e.g. pulse oximetry) due to the possibility of in vivo electrocardiography reading fluctuations during image acquisition. A radiologist is strongly recommended to be available to review the images before patients are discharged from the scanner. Pacemaker MRI should be restricted to 1.5T field strength. The MRI sequences should be optimized by the physicist with regards to: a) SAR: limited to <1.5 W/Kg for MR-unsafe pacemakers in normal operating mode, b) RF exposure time: <30 min, c) Coils: use T/R coils but not restricted to such, d) Artifacts: further optimization of sequences whenever image quality ismore » compromised due to the pacemaker. In particular, cardiac, breast and left-shoulder MRIs are most susceptible to these artifacts. Possible strategies to lower the SAR include: a) BW reduction, 2) echo-train-length reduction, 3) increase TR, 4) decrease number of averages, 5) decrease flip angle, 6) reduce slices and/or a combination of all the options. Conclusion: A medical physicist in collaboration with the MR supervisor plays an important role in the supervision/implementation of safe MR scanning of pacemaker patients. Developing and establishing a workflow has enabled our institution to scan over 30 patients with pacemakers without complications, including 3 cardiac MR exams.« less
Bioinspired Assembly of Colloidal Nanoplatelets by Electric Field

This paper reports a simple electrodeposition technology that enables rapid production of large-area polymer nanocomposites with layered structures that mimic the nacreous layer of mollusk shells. Uniform, electrostatically stabilized gibbsite nanoplatelets with high aspect ratio are preferentially oriented parallel to the electrode surface when an external direct current electric field is applied. The electroplated ceramic films have uniform thickness, and the thickness can be controlled by adjusting the nanoplatelet concentration of the electroplating baths. Homogeneous, optically transparent nanocomposites are obtained when the interstitials between the aligned nanosheets are infiltrated with polymer. The resulting ceramic−polymer nanocomposites exhibit four-times higher tensile strength and nearly 1 order of magnitude higher modulus than pure polymer films. The covalent linkage between the nanoplatelets and the polymer matrix plays an important role in determining the mechanical properties of these bi...
Negotiating the Binary: Identity and Social Justice for Bisexual and Transgender Individuals

The purpose of this qualitative study is to examine the experiences of identity and agency toward social justice of nine bisexual and transgender individuals through semistructured interviews. Results from Consensual Qualitative Research analysis (Hill et al., 2005; Hill, Thompson, & Williams, 1997) revealed domains of (a) the process of coming to understand identity; (b) participants’ understanding of themselves in relation to the male/female, heterosexual/homosexual binary; (c) agency; (d) human rights issues; and (e) resources. Participants typically experienced discrepancies between their inner and external realities; being invisible and invalidated by both the straight and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities; feelings of isolation; and a lack of access to rights on identity, representation, and family of choice. Although they typically advocated for themselves and educated others on their identities, participants experienced the conflicting roles played by family, friends, the ...
Fictional Truth and Make-Believe

The statement “Mr. Darcy proposes to Elizabeth” seems true in Jane Austin’s Pride and Prejudice (even though it may not actually appear in the text) while the statement “Mr. Darcy is a detective” seems false. One explanation for this intuition is that when we read or talk about fictional stories, we implicitly employ the fictional operator “It is fictional that” or “It is part of the story that.” “It is fictional that Mr. Darcy proposes to Elizabeth” expresses a true proposition while “It is fictional that Mr. Darcy is a detective” does not. Fictive statements can be abbreviated as “In F, P”. Determining what statements are fictionally true in a story requires providing truth conditions for statements of the form “In F, P.” This paper proposes an analysis of truth in fiction and examines the notion of make-believe.
The value‐added analysis: A Seventh pathway to marketing innovation

The desired result of all strategic marketing efforts is to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage for the business. To do so, many strategists now agree that the firm must continuously strive for both relative low cost position of products and services as well as a position of relative differentiation from the competition. To achieve those ends, firms must engage in both process and product innovation. Indeed, research indicates that leads obtained from product innovations are not sustainable for very long without accompanying process innovations. Process, then, is a key component of marketing innovation.
Elder Mistreatment: Risk, Vulnerability, and Early Mortality:

Elder mistreatment (EM) is a widespread and serious problem. Elders who are mistreated face negative consequences, including higher mortality risk when compared to nonmistreated peers. Factors such as childhood physical abuse or neglect, depression, and dependence on others for activity of daily living assistance make elders vulnerable to mistreatment. Geriatric syndromes, such as frailty, may also contribute to EM vulnerability, whereas chronic stress may be a mediator in early mortality. Research is needed to understand the role that geriatric syndromes and chronic stress play in EM mortality risk. In the meantime, psychiatric/mental health nurses can provide leadership for and contribute to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention efforts.
Introducing computer systems from a programmer's perspective

The course "Introduction to Computer Systems" at Carnegie Mellon University presents the underlying principles by which programs are executed on a computer. It provides broad coverage of processor operation, compilers, operating systems, and networking. Whereas most systems courses present material from the perspective of one who designs or implements part of the system, our course presents the view visible to application programmers. Students learn that, by understanding aspects of the underlying system, they can make their programs faster and more reliable. This approach provides immediate benefits for all computer science and engineering students and also prepares them for more advanced systems courses. We have taught our course for five semesters with enthusiastic responses by the students, the instructors, and the instructors of subsequent systems courses.
Dielectric Field Enhancer for Reconfiguring the Beam Pattern and Gain of an Antenna

We demonstrate the use of a dielectric rod, herein called a dielectric field enhancer (DFE), to reconfigure the radiation pattern and gain of an omni-directional antenna. To assess the DFE capability, we demonstrate an increase in gain of a preexisting antenna by near-field coupling with the DFE. The resulting field pattern is observed to be a hybrid of the DFE's directive beam pattern and that of the preexisting antenna. Measurements of a prototype DFE show a gain increase of at least 7.7 dB after the inclusion of the DFE, which compare well with simulations and therefore verify the capability of the DFE.
Changes in the Na+ - dependent binding of -aminobutyric acid to rat brain particles caused by maturation

Abstract Na+ - dependent binding of [3H]-GABA has been shown to occur to a greater extent in particulate fractions prepared from the brains of 11- or 15-day-old rats than in those prepared from younger or older rats. This phenomenon is most marked in “P2 pellets” which contain the majority of the nerve ending particles, but occurs also in “p1 pellets” in the presence of 40 m M Na. The even distribution of [14C]-sucrose among the fractions tested provided control for those observations.
Sample Preparation Techniques Prior to HPLC Analysis of Serum Nucleosides and Their Bases

Abstract Techniques for sample preparation and handling of serum prior to analysis for nucleoside and bases were evaluated. Efficiency data are reported for the trichloracetic acid (TCA), ammonium sulfate, ultrafiltration and pre-column concentration sample prep-atation techniques. Maximum recoveries for most of the compounds were obtained using the ultrafiltration, ammonium sulfate and pre-column concentration techniques. Poorer recovery was observed using the TCA/Freon-amine methods. Theophylline and tryptophan exhibited pH dependent recoveries using the ultrafiltration, ammonium sulfate and pre-column techniques.
Imposition of a Physiologic DC Electric Field Alters the Migratory Response of Human Keratinocytes on Extracellular Matrix Molecules

Outwardly directed ionic currents have been measured leaving skin wounds in vivo. These currents generate physiologic electric fields of approximately 100 mV/mm, which may function to direct keratinocyte migration toward the healing wound. We investigated whether the substrate on which the keratinocyte migrates modulates the galvanotactic response to an electric migratory signal. Cultured human keratinocytes were plated on different matrices; types I and IV collagen, fibronectin, laminin, and tissue culture plastic. The effect of an applied direct current (DC) electric field on directional migration was monitored by time-lapse video microscopy over a 2-h period. Directionality was quantitated by calculating the cosine of the angle of migration in relation to anodal-cathodal orientation. Migration toward the negative pole was observed on all matrices as compared with controls (no applied field), which displayed random migration. No significant increase in directional response occurred when the field strength was increased by 100 mV/mm (physiologic levels) to 400 mV/mm. The degree of directionality and the average net cell translocation however, varied significantly with the substrate. The greatest cathodal migration in response to a DC electric field was observed with keratinocytes plated on types I and IV collagens and plastic. The directional migratory response was least on a laminin substrate, whereas cells on fibronectin demonstrated a response that was intermediate between those of collagen and laminin. These results suggest that physiologic ionic currents in concert with underlying matrix may influence the rate of reepithelialization of skin wounds.
Redox Properties of Nanocrystalline Cu-Doped Cerium Oxide Studied by Isothermal Gravimetric Analysis and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Nanostructured CeO2-x and Cu0.15Ce0.85O2-x were synthesized by high-pressure magnetron sputtering. X-ray diffraction was used for phase analysis and grain size characterization. The structural analysis indicated that Cu was highly dispersed, which could be explained by surface segregation on cerium oxide nanocrystals. The reduction and oxidation of dispersed copper in nanostructured Cu0.15Ce0.85O2-x was investigated by isothermal gravimetric analysis (IGA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In IGA, the sample weight was measured at constant temperature during in situ reduction and oxidation in 2% CO/He or 5% H2/He and 15% O2/He, respectively. The weight changes of microcrystalline CeO2 and nanocrystalline CeO2-x and Cu0.15Ce0.85O2-x samples were measured at temperatures between 200 and 500 °C. The analysis revealed that more than one oxygen atom was extracted per Cu atom in Cu0.15Ce0.85O2-x during reduction, which was reversibly restored during oxidation. The Cu valence state in Cu0.15Ce0.85O2-x ...
Reaction of Azide Ion with 1-(2,3-Anhydrolyxofuranosyl)Uracil. Isolation of 1-(2-Amino-2-deoxy-β-D-Xylo-Furanosyl)uracil and 1-(3-Amino-3-deoxy-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)uracil

Abstract The reaction of the 2′,3′-lyxoepoxide (1) with ammonium azide gives two products; namely, the 3′-arabino azide (2a) and in low yield 2′-xylo azide (3a). After debenzoylation and reduction the resulting mixture of amines was resolved by chromatography on a weak cation exchanger, Amberlite IRC-50, and afforded crystalline 1-(3-amino-3-deoxy-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)uracil (2c) and 1-(2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-xylofuranosyl)uracil (3c) in the ratio of 4:1.
IS ACTIVE REGION CORE VARIABILITY AGE DEPENDENT

The presence of both steady and transient loops in active region cores has been reported from soft X-ray and extreme-ultraviolet observations of the solar corona. The relationship between the different loop populations, however, remains an open question. We present an investigation of the short-term variability of loops in the core of two active regions in the context of their long-term evolution. We take advantage of the nearly full Sun observations of STEREO and Solar Dynamics Observatory spacecraft to track these active regions as they rotate around the Sun multiple times. We then diagnose the variability of the active region cores at several instances of their lifetime using EIS/Hinode spectral capabilities. We inspect a broad range of temperatures, including for the first time spatially and temporally resolved images of Ca XIV and Ca XV lines. We find that the active region cores become fainter and steadier with time. The significant emission measure at high temperatures that is not correlated with a comparable increase at low temperatures suggests that high-frequency heating is viable. The presence, however, during the early stages, of an enhanced emission measure in the ''hot'' (3.0-4.5 MK) and ''cool'' (0.6-0.9 MK) components suggests that low-frequency heating also plays amore » significant role. Our results explain why there have been recent studies supporting both heating scenarios.« less
Pollen spectra from deep-sea sediments as indicators of climatic changes in southern South America

Abstract Quaternary climatic changes in southern South America are interpreted mainly on the basis of pollen spectra from deep-sea sediment cores in the southwest Atlantic and the southeast Pacific Oceans. In addition, data concerning carbonate content, diatom assemblages and the occurrence of ice-rafted material have been utilized. The combined evidence indicates that central and southern Chile and the Andean region of Argentina have experienced alternating “warm-dry” and “cool-moist” periods throughout the Quaternary and probably during the latest Tertiary as well; however, pollen spectra from that period suggest generally milder climatic conditions. During Quaternary time the region east of the Andes remained semi-arid, and this steppe area was particularly large during glacial ages when sea level was low.
Factors associated with adequate pain control in hospitalized postsurgical patients diagnosed with cancer.

The inadequate management of pain continues to be a significant problem for persons with cancer. Experts suggest that contributing factors include discrepancies in pain assessment, inadequate administration of opiate therapy, and insufficient documentation of the patient's pain experience. This stud
The permeability of poly(ethyl methacrylate) to gases and water vapor

The permeabilities, diffusivities and solubilities of He, Ne, A, O2, N2, Kr, CO2, H2S, and H2O in poly(ethyl methacrylate) have been measured above and below the glass temperature. Water showed a small increase in solubility when the polymer was heated above the glass temperature. Water also showed anomalous behavior in that the solubilities calculated from the permeability constants and the time-lag diffusion constants are much less than those measured by direct weighing. The behavior had been found previously with other polymers and has been interpreted in terms of the clustering of water molecules in the polymer. The Arrhenius plots of the permeability and diffusion constants for water showed the change in slope at the glass temperature reported to occur with many gases and vapors through other polymers. The gases, however, showed no change in slope even with large molecular size gases such as silicon tetrafluoride and sulfur hexafluoride. The results found with water are interpreted as due to the plasticizing effect of the penetrant when the polymer is above the glass temperature. In the case of the gases, the lack of a transition effect is interpreted in terms of the relative sizes of the gas molecule and the average hole she of the polymer. The energies of activation for diffusion were found to be proportional to the 1.6 power of the molecular diameter of the; penetrants, i.e., intermediate between that found for rubber and for both poly(vinyl acetate) and poly(ethylene terephthalate).
Novel aplanatic design method

Aplanatic designs have interested scientists since the days of Galileo, Newton and Descartes. It is remarkable that an onaxis condition which can be simply formulated ensures good off-axis performance. The condition is that rays parallel to the axis intersect rays converging to the focus on the surface of a sphere. In this paper the authors have extended aplanatic designs to refractive media in a non-trivial way, which yields highly compact and fast aplanatic singlets.
Flexible Visual Statistical Learning: Transfer across Space and Time.

The environment contains considerable information that is distributed across space and time, and the visual system is remarkably sensitive to such information via the operation of visual statistical learning (VSL). Previous VSL studies have focused on establishing what kinds of statistical relationships can be learned but have not fully explored how this knowledge is then represented in the mind. These representations could faithfully reflect the details of the learning context, but they could also be generalized in various ways. This was studied by testing how VSL transfers across changes between learning and test, and the results revealed a substantial degree of generalization. Learning of statistically defined temporal sequences was expressed in static spatial configurations, and learning of statistically defined spatial configurations facilitated detection performance in temporal streams. Learning of temporal sequences even transferred to reversed temporal orders during test when accurate performance did not depend on order, per se. These types of transfer imply that VSL can result in flexible representations, which may in turn allow VSL to function in ever-changing natural environments.
Decrease in fracture toughness of chert by heat treatment

The fracture toughness of Ocala chert, as measured with short rod specimens and with the microhardness indenter, decreases to 60% of its original value as a result of heat treatment to 500° C while the elastic modulus increases 22%. The change in fracture toughness is associated with a transition from crack propagation around particles in the porous boundaries of densely packed zones in the chert to propagation through the zones. The transition is related to an increase in particle/particle bonding within the porous boundaries. Consolidation of a silica gel in the boundary regions, which resulted in a loss of water of 1.12% by weight, is apparently responsible for the increased bonding.
SITE-SPECIFIC NEGATIVE ION FORMATION IN ADSORBED MOLECULES

Abstract Negative ion formation in O2 adsorbed on Pt(111) is investigated using a layer-KKR calculation in which the unoccupied electronic structure of the substrate is fully incorporated. A significant variation of the lifetime of the 4Σu− shape resonance is observed as the adsorption geometry of the molecule is altered. Maps of the resonance lifetime reveal sites of partial activation and quenching of the resonant state. The physical origin of the observed behavior is described by a tunneling theory of resonance formation at surfaces.
The sequential analysis of aggressive acts during hierarchy formation: an application of the ‘jigsaw puzzle’ approach

Abstract The ‘jigsaw puzzle’ approach is a general method for investigating how interactions among individuals cumulate to form the overall patterns of dominance behaviour in groups. Here, the model is used to discover how aggressive interactions between pairs of individuals modify subsequent interactions with bystanders or third parties. The model indicates that four sequences of successive, aggressive acts are possible in component triads of larger groups: two ensure transitive attack relationships and two can lead to either transitive or intransitive relationships. An application of the model to 14 groups of four hens demonstrates that the two sequences guaranteeing transitivity make up 77% of all sequences. More specifically, hens attacking one group member usually go on to attack a second member, and hens receiving one attack frequently receive a second attack from a bystander. In contrast, an attacked hen rarely ‘redirects’ an attack to a bystander, and a bystander rarely attacks a group member who has just attacked another individual. The application of the jigsaw puzzle approach to aggressive sequences in other species is discussed. Data available for several primate species corroborate the findings in hens and provide support for the method as a general tool for investigating the proximate mechanisms of hierarchy formation.
Diffractive optics and micro-optics: introduction to the feature issue

This issue of Applied Optics features 19 articles related to the fabrication and the design of diffractive and micro-optics as well as their applications. A companion feature in the Journal of the Optical Society of America A includes papers on the modeling of diffractive elements.
Chain rules for nonsmooth functions

Abstract A systematic method is presented for the derivation of chain rules for compositions of functions F ° f , where F is nondecreasing. This method is valid for directional derivatives and subgradients associated with any tangent cone having a short list of properties. Some major special cases are examined in detail; in particular, calculus rules are derived for Rockafellar's epi-derivatives and Clarke generalized gradients.
The AIDS-associated retrovirus is not sensitive to lysis or inactivation by human serum

Unheated human serum does not lyse the AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV), change the density of the virus, or suppress its ability to infect human peripheral mononuclear cells. The results indicate that ARV and the human oncovirus HTLV-I, unlike other animal retroviruses, are resistant to the effect of human serum. These two human viruses coming from different retrovirus subfamilies may be pathogenic because of this lack of sensitivity to human complement components.
Studies of the thermal conversion of 28 s RNA of Galleria mellonella (L.) to an 18 s product

Abstract The 28 s RNA from the silk gland of wax moth is converted to an 18 s component by heat treatment, or urea. The results suggest that the conversion consists of a dissociation of the molecule due to the presence of break(s) in primary structure rather than a change in conformation. It is likely that the break(s) is introduced into the polynucleotide chain during or after the process of 28 s ribosomal RNA formation from its precursor since a precursor is apparently resistant to the heat treatment. It appears that a single molecule of 28 s rRNA gives rise to two molecules of the 18 s product. The 18 s product and native 18 s RNA showed an identical mobility on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, whereas the former appeared to be a little heavier by sucrose gradient centrifugation analysis. The nucleotide composition of the 18 s product was nearly identical to that of the 28 s rRNA and was significantly higher in G + C content than that of 18 s rRNA. From sedimentation velocity analyses, 27.2 s, 17.7 s, and 18.2 s were obtained for the S020,w values of so-called 28 s, 18 s RNA's and the 18 s thermal product, respectively.
Dispersed-phase martensitic transformation controlled deformation behavior of two-phase metallic materials

Abstract A constitutive model which describes transformation plasticity accompanying stress-assisted martensitic transformation in two-phase material systems consisting of a stable matrix and a transforming dispersed phase is developed. The model consists of two parts: (a) a transformation thermodynamics/kinetics law describing the evolution of the transformed fraction of dispersed particles and (b) a constitutive law describing plastic flow resistance of the evolving three-phase (matrix phase, dispersed parent phase, dispersed product phase) composite material. The model is constructed in such a way that it can be readily implemented in a finite element program suitable for the analysis of boundary value problems. The model is used to analyze the uniaxial tensile behavior of the two-phase gamma Ti-A1 matrix/beta (Ti-A1-V-Fe) phase system in order to rationalize an experimentally observed nearly 100% increase in tensile ductility of the material due to the martensitic transformation in the beta phase. The model is also used to study the uniaxial tensile behavior of beta/alpha two phase Ti-10V-2Fe-3A1 (wt.%) alloy characterized by a sigmoidal stress-strain curve. A reasonably good agreement is obtained between the model predictions and the experimental data.
Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction for Recurrent Patellar Dislocation: A Systematic Review Including Rehabilitation and Return-to-Sports Efficacy

Purpose We systematically reviewed the evaluated efficacy of medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction, rehabilitation, and patient outcomes for safely returning patients to sports. Methods We performed a literature search using the Ovid Medline database from 1950 to present, as well as the SportDiscus and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) databases. Only English-language studies that described MPFL reconstruction or repair, rehabilitation, and patient outcome information were included. Search terms were combinations of "MPFL repair," "MPFL reconstruction," "patellofemoral ligament," "patellar dislocation," "patient outcome," and "rehabilitation." Coleman Methodology Scores were used to evaluate research quality. Results A total of 21 studies (11 prospective and 10 retrospective) met our inclusion criteria, with a total of 488 patients (184 male and 304 female patients) and 510 knees contributing to this review. Most patients were female (62.3%), and the mean age at surgery was 23.4 years (range, 6 to 52 years). Semitendinosus autografts were most commonly used (n = 145 [28.4%]). Of all reported complications at follow-up (n = 155), quadriceps dysfunction (n = 48 [31.0%]), positive apprehension (n = 32 [20.6%]), and decreased knee range of motion (n = 28 [18.1%]) were most common. Although inclusion criteria required rehabilitation information, the level of description was generally limited to acute care rehabilitation, with insufficient progressive exercise descriptions. Coleman Methodology Scores (58.76 ± 8.6) indicated generally poor study methodologies. Conclusions MPFL reconstruction and rehabilitation are likely to improve a patient's ability to perform activities of daily living. Poor study methodology including outcome surveys that lack either sensitivity or validity to measure the influence of patellofemoral joint dysfunction on sports participation, as well as limited exercise rehabilitation information, make it difficult to determine efficacy. Recommendations for improved outcome measurements and more comprehensive functional rehabilitation are provided. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review.
Narrow-resonance model with regge behavior for pi pi scattering

A model for $\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ scattering of the type recently proposed by Veneziano is discussed. It is a narrow-resonance model with exchange-degenerate, linearly rising trajectories, which obeys crossing symmetry and has the proper Regge behavior in all channels. The general form for the amplitude is discussed, and phase shifts, resonance widths, and high-energy diffraction are calculated, assuming the amplitude takes on the simplest of the possible forms. The condition that the partial widths be positive is extensively discussed. The model is also considered as a testing ground for other theories based on the same assumptions, such as finite-energy sum rules and the Schmid-circle hypothesis.
Flushing in the carcinoid syndrome and plasma kallikrein.

To examine the role of kallikrein in the etiology of flushing in the carcinoid syndrome, chromogenic substrates specific for kallikrein were used to measure two isoenzymes of this substance. The plasma and glandular kallikrein levels were determined in 20 carcinoid patients and in 17 controls. Kallikrein levels were not significantly different between these two groups. Twelve carcinoid patients and six controls were given alcohol and the kallikrein activity was measured before and at 2, 5, and 10 minutes after alcohol ingestion; kaliikrein activity did not change significantly. Kallikrein was absent from the primary tumors of seven patients with carcinoids. These studies, therefore, indicate that kallikrein with subsequent induction of bradykinin formation is not solely responsible for the flushing in the carcinoid syndrome.
Oxidation of glucosamine by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

When exposed to a phagocytic stimulus (opsonized zymosan), human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) produced14CO2 from [1-14C]glucosamine at a rate 10–25% of that produced from glucose under the same conditions. The production of CO2 from glucosamine by intact PMNs was inhibited by glucose and dependent upon activation of the hexosemonophosphate shunt (HMPS). However, the metabolic pathways for the oxidation of glucose and glucosamine by PMNs are not identical. This is suggested by the fact that glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the initiating enzyme for the HMPS, did not utilize glucosamine-6-phosphate as a substrate. In addition, glucosamine was not oxidized by sonically disrupted PMNs whereas oxidation of glucose by the same preparation was increased sevenfold over intact cells. Taken together, the data suggest that PMNs oxidize glucosamine by converting it to a compound compatible with the enzymes of the HMPS. This conversion requires intact PMNs and/or an as yet unidentified cofactor.
Osteochondral lesions of talus associated with ankle fractures.

Background: Residual ankle pain and stiffness is not uncommon after ankle fractures. Proposed etiologies include ligamentous instability, joint arthrosis and osteochondral injuries. We studied the incidence of osteochondral lesions of the talus (OCLT) with various ankle fracture patterns and assessed their impact on functional outcome. Materials and Methods: Preoperative MRI of 153 patients with ankle fractures who underwent operative fixation was studied. Ligamentous structures around the ankle and OCLT were assessed by MRI. The OCLT was graded as follows: 0, normal; 1, hyperintense but morphologically intact cartilage; 2, fibrillations or fissures not extending into the bone; 3, cartilage flap or bone exposed; 4, loose undisplaced fragment; 5, displaced fragments. Functional outcome was assessed using Foot and Ankle Outcome Scoring (FAOS) at a minimum of 6 months. Outcome between the OCLT and non OCLT group with similar fracture pattern was compared using Fischer's exact test. Results: There were 26 (17...
Integrating the Unified Theory and Stages of Change to Create Targeted Health Messages

This study investigates the effects of targeted health messages toward reducing fat consumption by applying the unified theory of behavior change (Fishbein et al., 2001) and the stages of change model. In Study 1, affect and outcome expectancies significantly discriminated individuals within each stage of change. In Study 2, affect was more effective in changing intention for precontemplative individuals, whereas outcome expectancies were more effective in changing intention for contemplative individuals. Gender was a higher-order moderator of this relationship: Precontemplative males were more influenced by an affective message, whereas contemplative males were more affected by a cognitive message. For females, a cognitive message was more effective for precontemplative individuals. There were no differences between the messages for contemplative females.
A smoothing spline based test of model adequacy in polynomial regression

For the regression model % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xHapdbiqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamyEamaaBa% aajeaWbaGaamyAaaWcbeaakiabeccaGiabg2da9iabeccaGiaabAga% caGGOaGaamiDamaaBaaajeaWbaGaamyAaaWcbeaakiaacMcacaqGGa% Gaey4kaSIaaeiiamaavababeqcbaCaaiaadMgaaSqab0qaaiabew7a% LbaakiaabccacaGGOaGaeqyTduMaai4jaiaadohacaqGGaGaamyAai% aadMgacaWGKbGaaeiiaiaad6eacaGGOaGaam4taiaacYcacaqGGaGa% eq4Wdm3aaWbaaSqabKqaGgaacaaIYaaaaOGaaiykaiaacMcaaaa!57B9!\[y_i = {\rm{f}}(t_i ){\rm{ }} + {\rm{ }}\mathop \varepsilon \nolimits_i {\rm{ }}(\varepsilon 's{\rm{ }}iid{\rm{ }}N(O,{\rm{ }}\sigma ^2 ))\], it is proposed to test the null hypothesis that f is a polynomial of degree less than some given value m. The alternative is that f is such a polynomial plus a scale factor b 1/2 times an (m−1)-fold integrated Wiener process. For this problem, it is shown that no uniformly (in b) most powerful test exists, but a locally (at b=0) most powerful test does exist. Derivation and calculation of the test statistic is based on smoothing spline theory. Some approximations of the null distribution of the test statistic for the locally most powerful test are described. An example using real data is shown along with a computing algorithm.
Activation of SIRT1 by Resveratrol Represses Transcription of the Gene for the Cytosolic Form of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (GTP) by Deacetylating Hepatic Nuclear Factor 4α

The SIRT1 activators isonicotinamide (IsoNAM), resveratrol, fisetin, and butein repressed transcription of the gene for the cytosolic form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP) (PEPCK-C). An evolutionarily conserved binding site for hepatic nuclear factor (HNF) 4α (−272/−252) was identified, which was required for transcriptional repression of the PEPCK-C gene promoter caused by these compounds. This site contains an overlapping AP-1 binding site and is adjacent to the C/EBP binding element (−248/−234); the latter is necessary for hepatic transcription of PEPCK-C. AP-1 competed with HNF4α for binding to this site and also decreased HNF4α stimulation of transcription from the PEPCK-C gene promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that HNF4α and AP-1, but not C/EBPβ, reciprocally bound to this site prior to and after treating HepG2 cells with IsoNAM. IsoNAM treatment resulted in deacetylation of HNF4α, which decreased its binding affinity to the PEPCK-C gene promoter. In HNF4α-null Chinese hamster ovary cells, IsoNAM and resveratrol failed to repress transcription from the PEPCK-C gene promoter; overexpression of HNF4α in Chinese hamster ovary cells re-established transcriptional inhibition. Exogenous SIRT1 expression repressed transcription, whereas knockdown of SIRT1 by RNA interference reversed this effect. IsoNAM decreased the level of mRNA for PEPCK-C but had no effect on mRNA for glucose-6-phosphatase in AML12 mouse hepatocytes. We conclude that SIRT1 activation inhibited transcription of the gene for PEPCK-C in part by deacetylation of HNF4α. However, SIRT1 deacetylation of other key regulatory proteins that control PEPCK-C gene transcription also likely contributed to the inhibitory effect.
The use of positive reinforcement training to reduce stereotypic behavior in rhesus macaques

Stereotypic behavior is a pervasive problem for captive monkeys and other animals. Once this behavior pattern has started, it can be difficult to alleviate. We tested whether or not using positive reinforcement training (PRT) can reduce this undesired behavior. Subjects for this study were 11 adult, female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with a history of locomotor stereotypy (e.g., pacing, bouncing, and somersaulting). We assessed baseline levels of stereotypic behavior and then utilized PRT to train six animals to touch a target and accept venipuncture. The other five monkeys served as controls. We assessed stereotypic behavior 1 week a month for 4 months, on days in which the monkey was not trained. Trained animals showed a significant reduction in stereotypic behavior after 1 month of training, compared to control monkeys (Mann Whitney U=28.00, P=0.02). These group differences did not persist after the first month (Month 2: Mann Whitney U=19.50, P=0.40, Month 3: Mann Whitney U=17.0, P=0.71, Month 4: Mann Whitney U=17.00, P=0.72). Still, the majority of the trained monkeys (n=4) engaged in less stereotypic behavior at the end of the study compared to baseline. Thus, training may be an effective way to reduce stereotypic behavior, at least for some individuals.
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Phenolic Acids of Vegetable Origin

Abstract This brief review describes recent findings on the liquid chromatographic determination of monocyclic phenolic acids that are endogenous to plant materials. A major portion of the review deals with the separation of phenolic acid mixtures by bonded phase chromatography. Sample preparation techniques, ultraviolet absorption detection, and electrochemical detection are also considered.
Numerical Investigation of Natural and Forced Convection of Ionic Liquids

The paper focused on the numerical simulation of natural and forced convection of N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis{trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl} imide ([C4mpyrr][NTf2]), ionic liquids (ILs). For natural convection heated from below in a square enclosure and forced convection flow through a pipe with uniform heat flux condition was considered. In numerical simulation the dimensions of the natural convection enclosure and forced convection tube are considered same as the experimental setup. Both constant and temperature dependent thermophysical properties of ILs are applied in forced convection and only temperature dependent properties are applied in natural convection simulation. The temperature dependent thermophysical properties such as density, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity of ILs are measured experimentally. Higher accuracy was observed for temperature dependent models. The numerical results were compared with the experimental data of natural and forced convection, reported reasonably good agreements between experimental and numerical results.Copyright © 2013 by ASME