cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Left Displacement of Abomasum Corrected by Toggle-Pin Suture on Lactation, Reproduction, and Health of Holstein Dairy Cows

Our objectives were to evaluate the effect of left displacement of abomasum (LDA) after correction by toggle-pin suture (TPS) on lactation performance, reproduction and health in Holstein dairy cows in a commercial dairy farm. Cows diagnosed with LDA and corrected by the TPS procedure (188 cows) during the first 70 d postpartum were matched with control herd-mates (186 controls) according to lactation number, calving date, and previous lactation 305-d mature equivalent milk yield. Cows were grouped according to parity and days in milk and fed the same total mixed ration throughout a 321-d lactation. Data collected included yields of milk and 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM), concentration and yields of milk fat, somatic cell count, incidence of mastitis, abortion, death and culling, in addition to reproductive measures. Cows affected with LDA corrected by the TPS procedure produced less milk and tended to produce less 3.5% FCM than control cows, but the decrease in production occurred only during the first 4 mo of lactation. Left displacement of abomasum did not affect the interval from calving to conception and conception rates, but it extended the period from calving to first postpartum artificial insemination. Incidences of abortions and mastitis were not influenced by LDA. Cows affected with LDA remained in the study for a shorter period than their control herdmates, and higher proportions of cows with LDA were sold or died. Death and culling were more pronounced immediately after the diagnosis of LDA and the TPS procedure.
Characterization of core-shell GaAs/AlGaAs nanowire heterostructures using advanced electron microscopy

To explore the unique properties of the nanoscale, advanced fabrication and characterization techniques are required. Specifically analyses in two orthogonal directions, plan-view and cross-section, were used to prove the core-shell morphology of GaAs/AlGaAs nanowires and determine their cross-section to be hexagonal. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy confirmed the core-shell interface to be defect-free, coherent, and sharp (<1nm). Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy determined the shell composition to be Al0.9Ga0.1As uniformly along the length of the nanowire. These results demonstrate the power of electron microscopy to aid the development of semiconductor nanotechnology.
Micropallet arrays for the separation of single, adherent cells.

The selection and collection of single cells from within a heterogeneous population is required to produce genetically engineered cell lines, to develop new stem cell lines, and for single-cell studies. We describe a new platform for the positive selection of single live mammalian cells while the cells remain adherent to their growth surface. Cells were grown on arrays of microfabricated, releasable elements composed of SU-8 polymer termed “cell pallets”. The presence of air between the elements restricted the cells to the top surfaces of the pallets. Single pallets situated within large arrays of pallets were released on demand using a single, focused, laser pulse. The laser pulses were low in energy (2−5 μJ) and did not detach nearby, nontargeted pallets. Since the SU-8 pallets and the underlying glass substrate were optically transparent, the cells on the pallets could be visualized by microscopy before and after release. Over 90% of cells remained attached to the pallet during laser-based release. The...
Development of optical monitor for control of thin-film deposition.

The design of a multichannel optical monitor for transmittance measurements of thin-film coatings during deposition is described. The system comprises a light source and one or more spectrum analyzers each incorporating a prism monochromator and a 256-element photodiode array detector. This multiple-channel design, in conjunction with an HP 1000 computer and data acquisition period of 100 ms, enables the coating uniformity to be precisely monitored and controlled. High-system throughput has been achieved with a large numerical aperture (f/1.5), while retaining excellent spectral resolution over the 350–1100-nm wavelength range. Experimental measurements indicate a practical resolution equal to the detector-limited resolution, a wavelength reproducibility of 0.1 nm at 400 nm and 0.6 nm at 700 nm, and a photometric accuracy and precision of ~1 and ±0.3%, respectively. The problem of unequal energy distribution across the spectrum is handled by optical rather than the usual electronic compensation.
An enzymatic kinetic method for the determination of 2′-deoxycoformycin in biological fluids

Abstract An analytical method for determination of 2′-deoxycoformycin (2′-DCF) concentrations in plasma and urine was developed based upon a modification of adenosine deaminase (ADA) inhibition assays described in the literature. The method involves the spectrophotometric monitoring of the rate of deamination of adenosine by the enzyme in the presence of various concentrations of the inhibitor 2′-DCF, and relating the deamination rate to the 2′-DCF concentration. In the course of developing the method, it was found that adenosine deaminase appears to lose activity after dilution with phosphate buffer (pH 7.2). Enzyme inactivation was found to occur mono-exponentially with time and, in order to accommodate for this inactivation, a method was developed for quantitating 2′-DCF which takes into consideration the relative activity of the enzyme in the incubation mixtures. The results obtained from the analysis of samples containing known concentrations of 2′-DCF were fitted to a three-dimensional standard surface by means of a nonlinear least-squares regression computer program. Quantitation of 2′-DCF in patient samples is accomplished by an ADA inhibition titration technique in which the spectrophotometrically determined absorbance change is related to the two independent variables, the concentration of 2′-DCF in the standards and the relative time of the analysis. As little as 1 ng/ml of 2′-DCF in plasma can be quantitated with the assay.
Kinetic studies of the deactivation of O2(1Σg+) and O(1D)

The kinetics of the deactivation of O 2 ( 1 Σ g + ) is studied in real time. O 2 ( 1 Σ g + ) is generated in this system by the O( 1 D)+O 2 reaction following O 3 laser flash photolysis in the presence of excess O 2 , and it is monitored by its characteristic emission band at 762 nm. Quenching rate constants were obtained for O 2 , O 3 , N 2 , CO 2 , H 2 O, CF 4 and the rare gases. Since O( 1 D) is the precursor for the formation of O 2 ( 1 Σ g + ), the addition of an O( 1 D) quencher effectively lowers the initial concentration of O 2 ( 1 Σ g + ). By measuring the initial intensity of the 762 nm fluorescence signal, the relative quenching efficiencies were determined for O( 1 D) quenching by N 2 , CO 2 , Xe, and Kr with respect to O 2 ; the results are in good agreement with literature values
The influence of ambient temperature, seed composition and body size on water balance and seed selection in coexisting heteromyid rodents

The water balance of three different sized coexisting species of heteromyid rodents (Dipodomys merriami ca. 39 g;Perognathus fallax ca. 23 g;Perognathus longimembris ca. 9 g) was assessed while consuming two different diets (either wheat or hulled sunflower) at ambient temperatures of 15–30°C. The metabolism of wheat as the sole food source was calculated to provide a greater metabolic water production (MWP) than the consumption of sunflower seed because of their different composition. The state of water balance was assessed by measuring urine concentrations and body weight maintenance on each diet at each temperature. Both measures showed that (i) all species were able to maintain a more positive water on the higher MWP seed, (ii) for all species there was an ambient temperature above which water balance could no longer be maintained, (iii) that this temperature was higher with the higher MWP food source and (iv) water regulatory efficiency was negatively correlated with body mass.Dipodomys showed a reduced digestive efficiency compared toPerognathus. When presented with both seedsDipodomys showed no preference for either seed irrespective of the state of water balance whilst thePerognathus species showed a tendency for an increased preference for the high MWP food source at the higher ambient temperatures. The ecological implications of these findings are discussed.
Sustainable manufacturing and the role of the International Journal of Production Research

This paper reviews the broad range of literature related to sustainable manufacturing published in the International Journal of Production Research (IJPR) over the past 50 years. It establishes research frontiers and contributions in the topic of sustainable manufacturing and the related impact to environmental sustainability. With the growing concern of the environmental impact of factors such as pollution and waste, the research areas of sustainable manufacturing and efficient resource utilisation have become significantly more important over the last decade. Whereas early papers focused on safety, workplace, design, and process improvements, research today focuses on ergonomics, intelligence, global manufacturing, environmental challenges, design for sustainability, product life cycle management, and green supply chain management. The paper also briefly surveys existing approaches and identifies commonly used analytical tools and methodologies.
Rapid freeze-drying cycle optimization using computer programs developed based on heat and mass transfer models and facilitated by tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS)

Computer programs in FORTRAN were developed to rapidly determine the optimal shelf temperature, Tf, and chamber pressure, Pc, to achieve the shortest primary drying time. The constraint for the optimization is to ensure that the product temperature profile, Tb, is below the target temperature, Ttarget. Five percent mannitol was chosen as the model formulation. After obtaining the optimal sets of Tf and Pc, each cycle was assigned with a cycle rank number in terms of the length of drying time. Further optimization was achieved by dividing the drying time into a series of ramping steps for Tf, in a cascading manner (termed the cascading Tf cycle), to further shorten the cycle time. For the purpose of demonstrating the validity of the optimized Tf and Pc, four cycles with different predicted lengths of drying time, along with the cascading Tf cycle, were chosen for experimental cycle runs. Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) was used to continuously measure the sublimation rate. As predicted, maximum product temperatures were controlled slightly below the target temperature of −25°C, and the cascading Tf-ramping cycle is the most efficient cycle design. In addition, the experimental cycle rank order closely matches with that determined by modeling. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:3469–3482, 2009
Patient preferences for outcomes associated with surgical management of prostate cancer.

Purpose: We used utility assessment to evaluate patient preferences for current urinary and sexual function after radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: We measured preferences in 209 community volunteers enrolled in a prostate cancer screening study who underwent radical prostatectomy between 1994 and 1998. We compared preferences in 3 outcome groups, namely men bothered by current urinary and sexual functioning, only bothered by current sexual functioning and not bothered by current sexual or urinary functioning. Preferences were assessed via a computer based interview using time trade-off and standard gamble methods. Current functioning was assessed via a standardized questionnaire.Results: Median time trade-off and standard gamble utilities were high at 0.9 across outcome groups, indicating that men were not willing to give up many remaining life years (10% of remaining life expectancy) with current functioning to achieve ideal functioning. However, mean time trade-off and standard gamble scores...
On Childcare as a Support for Maternal Employment Wages and Hours

Data from the National Institute for Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, a stratified random sample of 1,364 children and their families from birth through first grade, were used to examine whether mothers' use of early childcare for their children predicted later maternal employment. Children's total number of hours in childcare was associated with higher maternal wages and more hours of employment when children were in first grade. The association between maternal hourly wages and hours in childcare was greater for mothers who were more educated. In addition, the effect of hours in childcare on employment hours was greater for non-poor mothers.
The Technology-Energy-Environment-Health (TEEH) Chain in China: A Case Study in Cokemaking, edited by Karen R. Polenske

Book Review: The Technology-Energy-Environment-Health (TEEH) Chain in China: A Case Study of Cokemaking
A blue light-reversible reaction in an animal system (Daphnia pulex)

A photoreversible reaction, previously found only in plants and fungi, has now been found in an animal system. Activation of development in diapausing embryos ofDaphnia pulex, induced with white light, was suppressed with subsequent exposure to narrow-band (470 nm) or wide-band (410–525 nm) blue light. Pulses of wide-band blue light repeatedly reversed white light activation.
EVENTS THAT INCREASE UNCERTAINTY IN PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS SALLY PLANALP

Although communication and uncertainty reduction are almost thought to go hand-in-hand, it is possible for communication to increase uncertainty if new information is inconsistent with prior knowledge and undermines it. As an initial step toward understanding the neglected side of uncertainty, reports were gathered on types of events that increase uncertainty in interpersonal relationships, their emotional and cognitive impact, the uses of communication in dealing with them, and their effects on the relationship. Results indicated that almost everyone could remember experiencing such an event, that there were six major types, and that the impact on emotions, beliefs about the other person and the relationship were very strong. The majority of relationships were terminated or became less close as a result of the event but many were unaffected or became closer, depending on communicative, cognitive, and emotional variables. The findings have important implications for studying communication in relational dissolution and the accommodation of social knowledge to inconsistent information.
Aspects of jets at 100 TeV

We present three case studies at a 100 TeV proton collider for how jet analyses can be improved using new jet (sub)structure techniques. First, we use the winner-take-all recombination scheme to define a recoil-free jet axis that is robust against pileup. Second, we show that soft drop declustering is an effective jet grooming procedure that respects the approximate scale invariance of QCD. Finally, we highlight a potential standard candle for jet calibration using the soft-dropped energy loss. This latter observable is remarkably insensitive to the scale and flavor of the jet, a feature that arises because it is infrared/collinear unsafe, but Sudakov safe.
DEA with streaming data

Abstract DEA can be interpreted as a tool for the identification of “frontier outliers” among data points. These are points that are potentially interesting because they exhibit extreme properties in that the values of their attributes, either alone or combined, are at the upper or lower limits of the data set to which they belong. A real challenge for this type of frontier analysis arises when data stream in at high rates and the DEA analysis needs to be performed quickly. This paper extends DEA into this dynamic data environment. The purpose is to propose a formal theoretical framework to handle streaming data and to answer the question of how fast data can be processed using this new framework. Potential applications involving large data sets include auditing, appraisals, fraud detection, and security. In such settings the situation is likely to be dynamic with the data domain constantly changing as new entities arrive in the course of time. New specialized tools to adapt DEA to deal with streaming data will be explored.
Chloroplast biogenesis: determination of the molar extinction coefficients of divinyl chlorophyll a and b and their pheophytins.

Molar extinction coefficients of divinyl chlorophyll a, divinyl chlorophyll b, and their pheophytins in ether and 80% acetone are reported.
The chloride channel/transporter Slc26a9 regulates the systemic arterial pressure and renal chloride excretion

Apical chloride secretory pathways in the kidney medullary collecting duct are thought to play an important role in the modulation of final urine composition and regulation of systemic vascular volume and/or blood pressure. However, the molecular identity of these molecules has largely remained unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Slc26a9, an electrogenic chloride channel/transporter, is localized on the apical membrane of principal cells in the kidney medullary collecting duct and mediates chloride secretion. Mice with the genetic deletion of Slc26a9 show significant reduction in renal chloride excretion when fed a diet high in salt or subjected to water deprivation. Arterial pressure measurements indicated that Slc26a9 knockout (Slc26a9(-/-)) mice are hypertensive under baseline conditions and increase their blood pressure further within 48 h of switching to a high-salt diet. These results suggest that Slc26a9 plays an important role in renal chloride/fluid excretion and arterial pressure regulation. We propose that impaired SLC26A9 activity in humans may interfere with the excretion of excess salt and result in hypertension.
Corneal tissue ablation depth and the Munnerlyn formula.

Abstract Purpose To determine whether the error in ablation depth produced by approximations inherent in the Munnerlyn formula are clinically significant when estimating residual corneal stromal depth for the evaluation before refractive surgery. Setting Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA. Methods Using identical geometric assumptions, the exact ablation depth was calculated and compared to the approximate ablation depth predicted by the Munnerlyn formula. An adjustment factor was then derived for large optical zones and corrections. Results The exact ablation depth is always larger than the ablation depth predicted by Munnerlyn’s formula. Analysis found the error in ablation depth varied as the fourth power of the optical zone and linearly with correction. The initial corneal radius had little effect on the difference. The ablation depth could be reasonably approximated by adding an adjustment factor for large optical zones and refractive corrections. Conclusions In patients with large optical zones, it may be preferable to calculate tissue ablation depth using the exact formula. Alternately, the Munnerlyn formula can be used to calculate ablation depth and then an adjustment factor can be added.
The membrane action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on toad urinary bladder.

Radioactive tracer and electrical techniques were used to study the transport of nonelectrolytes and sodium, respectively, across toad urinary bladders in the presence and absence of ADH. The permeability of lipophilic molecules was roughly proportional to bulk phase oil/water partition coefficients both in the presence and absence of hormone; i.e., ADH elicited a general nonselective increase in the permeation of all nine solutes tested. The branched nonelectrolyte, isobutyramide, was less permeable than its straight-chain isomer,n-butyramide, in control tissues. ADH reduced the discrimination between these structural isomers. Hydrophilic solutes permeated more rapidly than expected. In the presence of hormone, there was no change in the permeation of large hydrophilic solutes considered to move via an extracellular pathway, but there was a marked increase in the permeability of water and other small hydrophilic solutes. Collectively, these results suggest that ADH acts to increase the motional freedom or fluidity of lipids in the cell membrane which is considered to be the preferred pathway for the permeation of lipophilic and small hydrophilic molecules. At concentrations of cAMP and ADH which elicit equivalent increments in the shortcircuit current, the effects of these agents on nonelectrolyte transport and membrane electrical conductance are divergent. Such observations suggest that some membrane effects of ADH may not be directly dependent upon cAMP. ADH in the mucosal solution increased the permeability of the toad bladder when the surface charge on the outer surface of the apical membrane was screened with the polyvalent cation, La3+. These experiments emphasize that interaction of ADH with membranes of toad urinary bladder may account for at least some effects of this hormone.
Twenty-four-hour cortisol secretion patterns in prepubertal children with anxiety or depressive disorders.

Abstract Background Previous studies found few abnormalities in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function in prepubertal children with anxiety or depressive disorders. In this study, we combined data from two independent, consecutive studies to achieve a larger sample size. Our goal was to identify potential alterations in the circadian pattern of cortisol secretion in anxious or depressed children. Methods A total of 124 prepubertal subjects from two independent samples (76 with major depressive disorder, 31 with anxiety disorders, and 17 healthy control subjects) were studied. Blood samples collected for cortisol at hourly intervals over a 24-hour period were examined. Analyses were performed aligning cortisol samples by clock-time. Additional analyses aligning samples by sleep-onset time were performed with a subsample of subjects. Results In the combined sample, significant findings emerged that were previously undetected. Anxious children exhibited significantly lower nighttime cortisol levels and an initially sluggish rise in cortisol during the nighttime when compared with depressed and healthy control children. In contrast, depressed children did not show a clear-cut pattern of differences compared with healthy control children. Conclusions Anxious children seem to exhibit an altered pattern of nighttime cortisol secretion, with an initially sluggish or delayed nocturnal rise before reaching similar peak levels of cortisol near the time of awakening. These findings suggest subtle alterations in HPA axis function in prepubertal children with anxiety disorders.
An integrated theory of aging.

An integrated theory of aging is proposed which consists of an interrelated grouping of other current theories. Each of these has had some success in explaining various separate phenomena of aging, but none has provided an explanation of all the phenomena associated with aging and death. The theories considered are: 1) cross-linkage, 2) free-radical, 3) collagen, 4) waste-product, 5) rate-of-living, 6) stress, 7) diffusion, 8) mutation, 9) immunologic, and 10) cybernetic. The cybernetic theory is used as the framework within which the other theories serve as functional blocks, the key functional block being the cross-linkage theory. Within the cybernetic framework, the various theories are aligned in two modes—the non-genetic, and the genetic. The non-genetic mode governs the organism's level of molecular efficiency, whereas the genetic mode governs the minimal level of molecular efficiency required for survival of the organism. The integrated theory of aging appears to answer satisfactorily the objections to the individual theories, and to offer a basis for fairly accurate theoretical prediction of the experimentally observed mortality curve.
Recovery from punishment as a function of deprivation level

Rats lived in an operant conditioning chamber where maintenance water was continuously available as a consequence of leverpressing. Under these conditions of very low deprivation, a 1-day period of shock punishment severely suppressed responding. To observe the influence of increased motivation on recovery from punishment, Ss were deprived of water outside the chamber for 0, 24, or 72 h and then returned for a 3-day observation period with the punishment contingency removed. Ss that were not water-deprived at the start of recovery had relatively long recovery latencies, requiring about 28 h on the average to resume responding. By comparison, Ss that were either 24 or 72 h water-deprived required less than half that time to recover. The results were interpreted as supporting a conflict analysis of the effects of deprivation on recovery from punishment.
Effects of hunger on aggression, approach, and avoidance by juncos (Junco hyemalis).

The aggressive tendencies of male dark-eyed juncos Junco hyemalis did not differ significantly following deprivation from food for 20 and 60 min. Tendencies to approach opponents at food, in contrast, increased with longer deprivation. Acute hunger and aggression are thus not competing behavioral systems. Nor do differences in rates of approach by subordinates affect aggressive tendencies of dominant birds. Zusammenfassung Aggressionsverhalten, Annaherung und Ausweichen gegenuber Artgenos-sen beim Winter-Junco (Scharr-Ammer) wurden an zwei 15 cm voneinander entfernten Futterplatzen untersucht. Die Tiere hatten jeweils entweder 20 oder 60 min nichts gefressen. In der aggressiven Tendenz zeigten sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen beiden Bedingungen. Langere Hungerzeit forderte die Annaherung an fressende Artgenossen, lies aber die individuelle Entscheidung, Rangtiefere zu verdrangen, unbeeinflust. Kurzzeitiger Hunger wirkt der Aggression nicht entgegen.
Efficient interpretation of synchronizable series expressions

The benefits of programming in a functional style are well known. For example, algorithms which are expressed as compositions of functions operating on series/vectors/streams of data elements are much easier to understand and modify than equivalent algorithms expressed as loops. Unfortunately, many programmers hesitate to use series expressions because they are typically implemented very inefficiently-the prime source of inefficiency being the creation of intermediate series objects.A restricted class of series expressions, obviously synchronizable series expressions, is defined which can be evaluated very efficiently because they do not require the creation of any intermediate series objects. A Common Lisp macro package has been implemented which supports obviously synchronizable series expressions. Using this macro package, programmers can obtain the advantages of expressing computations as series expressions without incurring any runtime overhead. Obviously synchronizable series expressions could be straightforwardly supported in any programming language.
Composition of gangliosides in ovine testis

1. 1. Gangliosides were identified as constituents of ovine testis and compared with ganglioside content of bovine, porcine and rat testicular tissue. 2. 2. Eight chromatographically distinguishable gangliosides were found and the structures of seven of these gangliosides were determined. 3. 3. Gangliosides GM3, GD3, GM1 and GD1a were most abundant in ovine testicular tissue. 4. 4. All even carbon fatty acids from 14:0 to 26:0 were contained in ganglioside fractions while the only odd carbon acids found in any quantity were 23:0 and 25:0. The only unsaturated fatty acids observed were 16:1 and 18:1.
Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia

Disturbances in potassium homoeostasis presenting as low or high serum potassium are common, especially among hospitalised patients. Given the fact that untreated hypokalaemia or hyperkalaemia is associated with high morbidity and mortality, it is critical to recognise and treat these disorders promptly. In this article, normal potassium homoeostasis is reviewed initially and then a pathophysiological approach to work-up and management of hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia is presented. Recent advances with respect to the role of kidney in handling of the potassium, the regulation of renal ion transporters in hypokalaemia, and treatment of hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia will be discussed.
Woman can walk on water: Island, myth, and community in Kate Chopin's the awakening and Paule Marshall's praisesong for the widow

(1993). Woman can walk on water: Island, myth, and community in Kate Chopin's the awakening and Paule Marshall's praisesong for the widow. Women's Studies: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 197-216.
Characteristic distributions of intracerebral hemorrhage-associated diffusion-weighted lesions.

Objectives: To determine whether small diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesions occur beyond the acute posthemorrhage time window in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and to characterize their spatial distribution in patients with lobar and deep cerebral hemorrhages. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we retrospectively analyzed 458 MRI scans obtained in the acute (≤7 days after ICH) or nonacute (>14 days after ICH) phases from 392 subjects with strictly lobar (n = 276) and deep (n = 116) ICH (48.7% women; mean age 72.8 ± 11.7 years). DWI, apparent diffusion coefficient maps, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, and T2* MRIs were reviewed for the presence and location of DWI lesions. Results: We identified 103 DWI hyperintense lesions on scans from 62 subjects, located mostly in lobar brain regions (90 of 103, 87.4%). The lesions were not uniformly distributed throughout the brain lobes; patients with strictly lobar ICH had relative overrepresentation of lesions in frontal lobe, and patients with deep ICH in parietal lobe ( p = 0.002). Although the frequency of DWI lesions tended to be greater on scans performed within 7 days after ICH (39 of 214, 18.2%), they continued at high frequency in the nonacute period as well (23 of 178, 12.9%, odds ratio 1.5, 95% confidence interval 0.86–2.6 for acute vs nonacute). There was also no difference in frequency of lesions on acute and nonacute scans among 66 subjects with MRIs in both time periods (8 of 66 acute, 10 of 66 nonacute, odds ratio 0.77, 95% confidence interval 0.25–2.4). Conclusions: The high frequency of DWI lesions beyond the acute post-ICH period and their characteristic distributions suggest that they are products of the small vessel diseases that underlie ICH.
Cycloaddition Chemistry on Silicon(001) Surfaces: The Adsorption of Azo-tert-butane

The adsorption of azo-tert-butane on the Si(001) surface at 300 K has been investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and ab initio computational chemistry methods. Although some cleavage of C−H bonds that prevents the formation of a completely ordered layer occurs at room temperature, adsorption onto a 130 K surface occurs molecularly with no bond cleavage. All of the experimental evidence shows that adsorption occurs through the interaction of the NN azo bond with a single SiSi dimer bond, in a manner similar to a [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. These results show that the use of [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions to link organic substituents to the Si(001) surface is not limited to alkenes but can be extended to link compounds which have other types of unsaturated bonds to the Si(001) surface.
What can we believe in

When I was about nine years old, I was playing softball one day with boys my own age in the lower part of the public school playground. In the regular playing field the big boys were playing what we called "hard" ball. I said to one of my chums, 'Til bet you a cartwheel [a large ginger cookie that sold for one cent each or six for a nickel] that when Willie comes to bat he will let me bat in his place." Willie was one of the big boys who had a crush on my sister. We stopped playing and ran over to the place where the big boys were seated. I said to Willie, "When your turn comes to bat, let me take your place." "Sure, Howard." The time came and I stood in the batter's box, trying to hold the bat that was too heavy, and frightened within an inch of my life. The pitcher
Nucleoprotein Interactions Governing Cell Type-dependent Repression of the Mouse Smooth Muscle α-Actin Promoter by Single-stranded DNA-binding Proteins Purα and Purβ

Purα and Purβ are structurally related single-stranded DNA/RNA-binding proteins implicated in the control of cell growth and differentiation. The goal of this study was to determine whether Purα and Purβ function in a redundant, distinct, or collaborative manner to suppress smooth muscleα-actin gene expression in cell types relevant to wound repair and vascular remodeling. RNA interference-mediated loss-of-function analyses revealed that, although Purβ was the dominant repressor, the combined action of endogenous Purα and Purβ was necessary to fully repress the full-length smooth muscle α-actin promoter in cultured fibroblasts but to a lesser extent in vascular smooth muscle cells. The activity of a minimal core enhancer containing a truncated 5′ Pur repressor binding site was unaffected by knockdown of Purα and/or Purβ in fibroblasts. Conversely, gain-of-function studies indicated that Purα or Purβ could each independently repress core smooth muscle α-actin enhancer activity albeit in a cell type-dependent fashion. Biochemical analyses indicated that purified recombinant Purα and Purβ were essentially identical in terms of their binding affinity and specificity for GGN repeat-containing strands of several cis-elements comprising the core enhancer. However, Purα and Purβ exhibited more distinctive protein interaction profiles when evaluated for binding to enhancer-associated transcription factors in extracts from fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells. These findings support the hypothesis that Purα and Purβ repress smooth muscle α-actin gene transcription by means of DNA strand-selective cis-element binding and cell type-dependent protein-protein interactions.
Angiocardiography: Its Development, Technic, and Findings, and Role in Surgical Heart Disease

The development of surgical procedures to correct or ameliorate certain cardiovascular anomalies has created a need for precise diagnosis and exact delineation of the defects present. To satisfy this need, all of the diagnostic tools at our command, including the newer methods, such as catheterization and angiocardiography, are employed. The angiocardiographic method aids in the recognition of the defect and may occasionally supply precise delineation of the exact abnormality present. It has thus contributed immeasurably to the understanding of the pathologic physiology involved. It is not a substitute for the older, simpler and more basic diagnostic approaches, but rather supplements them. My colleagues on this panel will discuss the diagnostic problems in this field and I will confine myself to a general discussion of the role of angiocardiography in these problems, with specific examples of the findings in certain types of anomalies, and a review of the development of the method and technic. Angiocardiography or cardio-pulmonary angiography is the roentgen study of the internal structures of the heart and great vessels, and of the vessels of the lesser circulation, by means of a radio-opaque medium injected into the circulation, usually intravenously. The first satisfactory studies were made in 1931 by Moniz, Carvaiho and Lima1, using catheters, and by Castellanos2 using direct injection into the antecubital vein. The agent used in both instances was concentrated sodium iodide solution, which produced severe reactions, and after a few attempts, this approach was abandoned. As suitable Grganic iodine compounds became available, Castellanos and his co-workers devised an intravenous technic for angiocardiography, also coining the term. Robb and Steinberg14 after a great deal of fundamental physiological and clinical investigation, evolved the present technic.5 This method consists of the rapid intravenous injection of approximately 50 cc. of an appropriate contrast agent, using a large bore needle and syringe, and making a suitable number of films of the heart, great vessels and lungs during the course of their opacifications. In the past decade and a half, this method has been modified and perfected to permit its use as a diagnostic procedure which is almost routine. This has been a significant achievement, yielding much fundamental information about the anatomy of the heart, lungs and mediastinum, and alter
Maximization of Loading and Stability of ssDNA:Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Complexes Formed through Electrostatic Interaction

The use of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) as vectors for the delivery of oligonucleotides for in vitro and in vivo applications is rapidly gaining momentum. Some of the reasons making them especially good candidates for this purpose are their ease of synthesis in a range of sizes and surface coatings, their propensity to penetrate cell membranes, their stability and biocompatibility, and their unique size-dependent physical properties that impart additional diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Notwithstanding these notable attributes, a major obstacle to their practical use is given by the typically low oligonucleotide loading levels attainable through conventional bioconjugation procedures. This shortcoming is especially worrisome as toxicity concerns have been associated with codelivery of NPs. In this paper we are analytically analyzing the formation of electrostatic complexes between negatively charged ssDNA and positively charged iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO-NP) with the purpose of identifying the opti...
Cultural Immersion as a Learning Method for Expanding Intercultural Competencies

This article presents an overview of the development and utilization of a cultural immersion experience assignment in courses that focus on expanding the knowledge and skill set of counselors and other counseling professionals for working with culturally diverse client populations. The utility of this method and specific suggestions for its use in three instructional formats: traditional on-campus courses, study-abroad program courses, and 100% Internet-based courses are examined.
Induction Motor Multi-Fault Analysis Based on Intrinsic Mode Functions in Hilbert-Huang Transform

This paper reports experimental studies to detect two faults in a 3-phase 1.5hp induction motor using intrinsic mode functions from Hilbert-Huang transform. The faults studied are the eccentricity of the air-gap between the rotor and stator and damage to the outer race of bearings. The experiments are conducted under four conditions: the normal no-fault condition, two single fault conditions and the multiple faults condition. Two microphones, one vibration sensor and one current sensor are used to collect sound, vibration and current data respectively. The data is analyzed using the Hilbert-Huang transform and Fast Fourier Transform. Features are extracted from the spectrum of intrinsic mode functions and the average value of their envelope. Three simple classifiers are used to classify these four experimental conditions. The results demonstrate that the multiple sensors do improve the classification rate and that the Intrinsic Mode Functions obtained by the Hilbert-Huang transform are more effective than FFT in classifying multiple faults.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A Beneficial Side Effect of the Medicare Drug Benefit

Dr. Richard Platt and Alexander Ommaya write that an unintended effect of the Medicare Part D benefit could be the creation of the world's most valuable resource for understanding how drugs are used, especially by the elderly and the chronically ill, and their risks and benefits.
Exploring Race Differences in a Multidimensional Battery of Prayer Measures among Older Adults

The purpose of this study was to test for race differences in 17 different measures of prayer. These indicators assess five dimensions of prayer: The social context of prayer, the substantive content of prayer, the length of prayer, interpersonal aspects of prayer, and beliefs about how prayer operates. Pervasive race differences emerged in the data. More specifically, data provided by a nationwide sample of older whites and older African Americans suggest that older blacks are more deeply involved than older whites in 16 of the 17 prayer measures. The length of prayer was the only measure where significant race differences failed to emerge.
Variational principles for relativistic transport coefficients

Abstract Variational expressions for the transport coefficients of a one-component, relativistic gas are derived from the linearized relativistic Boltzmann equation for both quantum and classical gases. These expressions depend on functions χ of the energy of the particles comprising the gas in such a way that: a) if χ differs from a solution of the linearized Boltzmann equation by e, then the value of the variational expression calculated with this χ differs from the true value of the corresponding transport coefficient by e2; and b) the value of the variational expression is always less than this true value. It is shown that values of the transport coefficients obtained by expanding χ in a particular set of orthogonal polynomials and keeping only the first nontrivial term in the expansion are equivalent to those obtained using the Grad method of moments. It follows therefore that values obtained using this later method represent lower bounds on the true values. We also show that one can obtain simple, closed-form expressions for the various transport coefficients corresponding to an arbitrary number of terms in an expansion of the trial function χ in the above-mentioned set of orthogonal polynomials. Finally we point out that all of our results can be carried over to the nonrelativistic case by taking the limit c → ∞.
Spot-welded wire hooks as seating guides for resin-bonded castings.

Abstract A technique is described to assist in accurate positioning of cast metal, resinbonded prostheses. The method is particularly useful for the recementation of castings but can also be used with new restorations. A piece of rectangular chrome alloy arch wire is annealed and spot-welded to the retainer. The wire is then adapted to lie over the incisal edge of the abutment tooth and forms a locating device during trying in and cementing of the restoration. The wire hook assists in the handling of the casting at chairside and is easily snapped off after cementation, leaving little finishing to be completed. The technique permits access to all of the marginal surfaces at cementation and offers certain advantages over existing alternative techniques.
Soil mineralogy trends in California landscapes.

California's diverse environmental gradients serve as natural experiments for examining controls on soil mineral distribution in landscapes. In this paper we use example soilscapes from throughout California to examine how lithology, climate, topography, and duration of pedogenesis interact to produce distinctive weathering environments and characteristic suites of soil minerals. Seven soil-geomorphic sequences were assembled from the literature to illustrate major soil mineralogical trends: 1) granitic terrain of the Peninsular Ranges, 2) granitic terrain of the central Sierra Nevada, 3) andesitic terrain of the northern Sierra Nevada, 4) fluvial terraces on the east side of the Great Valley, 5) marine terraces of the central coast, 6) ultramafic terrain of the Klamath Mountains, and 7) an alluvial fan in the Mojave Desert. Results of this analysis show that kaolin is present in virtually all pedons, irrespective of climate, parent material, age, or topographic position. Kaolin does not form in ultramafic soils due to insufficient aluminum. Many secondary clay minerals reflect the state's strong climatic influence, with palygorskite, smectite, and vermiculite in the dry, hot environments; hydroxy-interlayered minerals, gibbsite, and short range-ordered minerals in the cool, moist environments. In arid and semi-arid regions, the distribution of calcite, gypsum, and soluble salts is strongly related to patterns of eolian dust deposition and water infiltration and leaching.
Application of correlation analysis tools for the classification of mental workloads in functional near-infrared spectroscopy

We discuss some ideas for improving the discrimination of mental workloads by using correlation analysis tools and machine learning algorithms that eventually can be used with real time acquisition and processing.
Further studies on the RNA component distribution among the nucleoproteins of cucumber mosaic virus

Abstract Several attempts to obtain a more reliable definition of the RNA component distribution among the nucleoproteins of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) are described. Preparative isopycnic centrifugation of formaldehyde-stabilized CMV could not be applied because CMV component cross-linking precluded its further dissociation by SDS or Pronase for RNA component analysis. However, in salt stability tests, preparations of CMV-D were found to be incompletely degraded in 2 M RbCl, and the undegraded virus had the same RNA component ratio as untreated CMV-D. The undegraded CMV-D was fractionated following isopycnic centrifugation in RbCl on a preparative scale. RNA 1 (1.07 million daltons) was found predominantly in the heavy nucleoprotein fractions, and RNA 2 (0.95 million daltons) in the light ones. RNA 3 (0.69 million daltons) and RNA 4 (0.33 million daltons) were found in slightly larger proportions in the middle density fractions. RNA 5 (about 0.1 million daltons) was almost evenly distributed among all nucleoprotein fractions. It was concluded that in CMV-D, with its RNA components basically distributed like brome mosaic virus, there are probably other types of nucleoproteins which have RNA 2 and RNA 3 combined with RNA 5, or RNA 5 molecules without the other components.
Interactions between the α2-Adrenergic and the Prostaglandin Response in the Regulation of Macrophage-Derived Tumor Necrosis Factor

Mediators such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and norepinephrine (NE) regulate macrophage (Mφ) responsiveness. Activation of α2-adrenergic receptors on Mφ potentiates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) production. PGE2 inhibits LPS-stimulated TNFα production and gene expression, a response that can be desensitized by pretreatment of Mφ with PGE2. We have determined that concomitant pretreatment of Mφ with PGE2 and the α2-adrenergic agonist UK-14304 (UK) can prevent the PGE2-induced desensitization. PGE2 concentration–effect curves have been determined for the inhibition of LPS-stimulated TNFα production by murine peritoneal Mφ. The addition of 10 nM UK to Mφ in culture significantly shifts the PGE2 concentration–effect curve to the right; pretreatment of Mφ with UK significantly shifts the PGE2 concentration–effect curve to the left; and pretreatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, increases the maximum response of PGE2. Preincubation of Mφ with PGE2 (0.5 h) followed by washing significantly shifts the subsequent PGE2 concentration–effect curve to the right. Concomitant preincubation of Mφ with PGE2 and UK prevents this rightward shift, an effect that is blocked by the α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist yohimbine. Northern blot analysis demonstrates that UK increases LPS-induced TNFα mRNA accumulation, and this is blocked by yohimbine, while PGE2 decreases TNFα mRNA accumulation. Preincubation of Mφ with PGE2 prevents PGE2 regulation of TNFα mRNA, and concomitant preincubation of Mφ with PGE2 and UK reverses this effect. These investigations support the role of NE as a regulator of Mφ TNFα production, a response that has functional interactions with Mφ sensitivity to PGE2.