cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conflicting Approaches to the Study of Worker-Manager Relations

creates highly rational forms of action that depend on a series of repressions and renunciations of impulsive satisfactions. In this delicate state of affairs, "the slightest irrational disturbance can have the most far-reaching effects." May this historical generalization be transposed and applied to the "inner life" of formal organizations? Executive positions, where power and responsibility for decision remain, would appear to hold greater dangers to the smooth operation of organizations than "informal groups" among subordinates, even in an age of interlocking control over leadership itself in industry, labor, government and war. It is obvious that further historical and experimental research is required in this field. The synthesis presented here is intended to show various approaches that may guide investigations into the impact of personality upon formal organizations. Ideally, the closest collaboration would be necessary between the psychology of personality and leadership and the study of formal social structure. It appears likely that such an endeavor would be rewarding for both. A clue for the sociological detective engaged in this research may very well appear in Weber's claim "that irrational behavior [is] more predictable in its course than rational."
Satisfaction With Medication Therapy Management Services at a University Ambulatory Care Clinic

A survey was issued to patients enrolled in the Medication Therapy Management Clinic (MTMC) at University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences (June 2011-January 2012) in order to assess satisfaction with pharmacy services provided by pharmacists. A 23-item survey was offered to 65 patients in the MTMC program before or after clinic visits. Since there is a paucity of data indicating the level of satisfaction with MTM services provided by pharmacists, this survey may contribute to the process of building a greater collaboration between the pharmacist and patient. Sixty-two of 65 patients completed the survey; satisfaction with MTMC pharmacists was demonstrated to be significantly positively correlated with overall satisfaction with the MTMC. Patient satisfaction is not significantly different according to age, gender, ethnicity, or number of disease states. Satisfaction with the pillbox service is not significantly different between younger and older patients. It was also noted that patients taking a greater number of medications had higher levels of satisfaction. Most patients indicated that they were satisfied with the MTMC pharmacists and services; further study linking patient satisfaction with MTM services to improved patient outcomes may allow our MTMC to serve as a model for other pharmacist-managed MTMCs serving similar patient populations.
A comparison of an intermittent versus continuous CS in classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of the rabbit

Thirty four Ss were randomly assigned to two groups conditioned to either an 1100 msec. continuous CS tone (N = 17) or an intermittent, 50 msec, on and 50 msec, off, CS tone of 1100 msec, duration (N = 17). Higher levels of conditioning were obtained in the pulsed CS group and the relevance of this finding to the stimulus trace hypothesis was discussed.
ConfChem Conference on Flipped Classroom: Just-in-Time Teaching in Chemistry Courses with Moodle

In the Just-in-Time Teaching approach, a faculty member assigns readings to students before every class. After the students have done the daily reading, they access a short reading quiz using a course management system (e.g., Moodle). The faculty member uses student responses to the quiz in the preparation of the day’s class material and is able to tailor his or her explanations to target specific student questions or confusion. This paper describes the use of this approach to engage students in chemistry classes at Centre College. This communication summarizes one of the invited papers to the ConfChem online conference Flipped Classroom, held from May 9 to June 12, 2014, and hosted by the ACS DivCHED Committee on Computers in Chemical Education (CCCE).
Lost Soldiers: Re-searching the Army in the American West

This essay argues for the continued relevance of military topics to western history. It suggests ways scholars can incorporate insights from ethnohistory, social history, and the New Western History to elicit a nuanced understanding of the power dynamics that accompanied conquest in the West.
Using Visual Lane Detection to Control Steering in a Self-driving Vehicle

An effective lane detection algorithm employing the Hough transform and inverse perspective mapping to estimate distances in real space is utilized to send steering control commands to a self-driving vehicle. The vehicle is capable of autonomously traversing long stretches of straight road in a wide variety of conditions with the same set of algorithm design parameters. Better performance is hampered by slowly updating inputs to the steering control system. The 5 frames per second (FPS) using a Raspberry Pi 2 for image capture and processing can be improved to 23 FPS with an Odroid XU3. Even at 5 FPS, the vehicle is capable of navigating structured and unstructured roads at slow speed.
Low Dielectric Constant Glasses and Glass-Ceramics for Electronic Packaging Applications

Publisher Summary Advances in device technology and integrated circuit design have made it extremely necessary for the substrates to possess properties suitable for fast signal propagation. The fundamental principle of low-dielectric-constant materials is the polarization mechanisms due to the interaction of the non-bonded electrons with the applied field. The applied field is normally an electrical field. In the case of electronic packaging, the dominant electric field is generated by the device conditions, unlike in an optical material, where the field is the electrical component of the incident optical radiation. Thus, the need for substrate and interlayer insulator materials with low dielectric constants is extremely crucial. This chapter describes oxide and nonoxide glasses and glass-ceramics composed of low atomic weight elements, which have emerged as popular candidate materials. Modification of the chemical composition and understanding the material's thermochemistry and kinetics has led to significant progress in materials design and fabrication. A number of exciting systems, processes, and technologies of fabrication have evolved over the years. At the same time, progress in chemical synthesis techniques has led to the emergence of a new class of porous materials that can be optimized to display the desired physical, mechanical, and electrical properties. The chapter explores the different low-dielectric-constant glasses and glass-ceramic systems and their characteristics for microelectronic packaging. The applicability of the modified oxide sol-gel methods is described for the synthesis of glasses and glass-ceramics in the B203–P205–Si02 system. The versatility of this technique for synthesizing pure and nitrided borosilicate glasses is also demonstrated.
Microcavity and Microchannel Plasmas: General Characteristics and Emerging Applications

Confining low temperature plasma in cavities or channels having mesoscopic dimensions (1–1000 \(\upmu \)m) has opened a new avenue for plasma science and its applications. This chapter provides a brief overview of the current understanding of microplasma physics, and discusses the distinctives of microcavity plasmas with respect to conventional (macroscopic) plasmas. Notable properties of microcavity plasmas include their peak and time-averaged electron densities as well as power dissipated per unit volume. Applications of arrays of microcavity and microchannel plasmas described here include plasma printing, plasmachemical generation of commercially-valuable products such as ozone, and UHF receiving antennas comprising parallel microchannel plasmas.
Integrated Urban Water Systems

Urban water systems are platforms to foster integration in cities by coordinating water systems and services to align urban development toward sustainability goals. Integration can harmonize joint decision-making with other sectors, such as land use planning, economic development, energy, and transport, as well as to promote community goodwill. Integration begins when water and wastewater are operated as one utility, which can facilitate recycling of wastewater. Another facet is created when utilities draw from and return water to the natural water environment. The extent of integration can be measured with scores in goal areas such as governance and management, resource use, service delivery, natural systems, and social equity. Attempts to integrate urban water systems may encounter institutional resistance due to entrenched practices and interests.
A real-time rear obstacle detection system based on a fish-eye camera

This paper proposes a rear vision camera-based vehicle detection system which could detect if any rear vehicle exists in ego lane and if any vehicles in adjacent lanes are overtaking. The source image is firstly applied with distortion calibration which helps the following Hough transform to detect the existence of lane lines. The rear vehicle in ego lane is detected by a combination of feature-based approach and appearance-based approach. When a vehicle in adjacent lane is overtaking, the vanishing of its symmetry makes itself very difficult to be detected. Therefore, we propose a new detection algorithm applying corner detection and motion vector whose calculation are based on Local Binary Pattern (LBP) to find if any vehicles in adjacent lanes are overtaking. Our proposed algorithm achieves high detecting rate and low computing power and is successfully implemented in ADI-BF561 600MHz dual core DSP.
A FAIR-Based Approach to Enhancing the Discovery and Re-Use of Transcriptomic Data Assets for Nuclear Receptor Signaling Pathways

Public transcriptomic assets in the nuclear receptor (NR) signaling field hold considerable collective potential for exposing underappreciated aspects of NR regulation of gene expression. This potential is undermined however by a series of enduring informatic pain points that retard the routine re-use of these datasets. Here we describe a coordinated biocuration and web development approach to redress this situation that is closely aligned with ideals articulated in the FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, re-usable) principles on data stewardship. To improve findability, biocurators engage authors of studies in collaborating journals to secure datasets for deposition in public archives. Annotated derivatives of the archived datasets are assigned digital object identifiers and regulatory molecule identifiers that support persistent linkages between datasets and their associated research articles, integration in relevant records in gene and small molecule knowledgebases, and indexing by dataset search engines. To enhance their accessibility and interoperability, datasets are visualizable in responsively designed web pages, retrievable in machine-readable spreadsheets, or through an application programming interface. Re-use of the datasets is supported by their interrogation as a universe of data points through the Transcriptomine search engine, highlighting transcriptional intersections between NR signaling pathways, physiological processes and disease states. We illustrate the value of our approach in connecting disparate research communities using a use case of persistent interoperability between the Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas and the Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase. Our FAIR-aligned model demonstrates the enduring value of discovery-scale datasets that accrues from their systematic compilation, biocuration and distribution across the digital biomedical research enterprise.
When one’s group is beneficial: The effect of group-affirmation and subjective group identification on prejudice:

In three experiments, we examined whether group-affirmation reduces prejudice against outgroups. In Experiments 1 and 2, White participants completed a test of abilities then were assigned to one o...
Laser-Induced Acoustic Desorption/Electron Ionization of Amino Acids and Small Peptides

Laser-induced acoustic desorption (LIAD) allows for desorption of neutral nonvolatile compounds independent of their volatility or thermal stability. Many different ionization methods have been coupled with LIAD. Hence, this setup provides a better control over the types of ions formed than other mass spectrometry evaporation/ionization methods commonly used to characterize biomolecules, such as ESI or MALDI. In this study, the utility of LIAD coupled with electron ionization (EI) was tested for the analysis of common amino acids with no derivatization. The results compared favorably with previously reported EI mass spectra obtained using thermal desorption/EI. Further, LIAD/EI mass spectra collected for hydrochloride salts of two amino acids were found to be similar to those measured for the neutral amino acids with the exception of the appearance of an HCl+● ion. However, the hydrochloride salt of arginine showed a distinctly different LIAD/EI mass spectrum than the previously published literature EI mass spectrum, likely due to its highly basic side chain that makes a specific zwitterionic form particularly favorable. Finally, EI mass spectra were measured for seven small peptides, including di-, tri-, and tetrapeptides. These mass spectra show a variety of ion types. However, an type ions are prevalent. Also, electron-induced dissociation (EID) of protonated peptides has been reported to form primarily an type ions. In addition, the loss of small neutral molecules and side-chain cleavages were observed that are reminiscent of other high-energy fragmentation methods, such as EID. Finally, the isomeric dipeptides LG and IG were found to produce drastically different EI mass spectra, thus allowing differentiation of the leucine and isoleucine amino acids in these dipeptides.
Characterization of Antiferromagnetic/Ferromagnetic Perovskite Oxide Superlattices

Interfacial phenomena in perovskite oxide superlattices have the potential to provide unique functional properties for a diverse range of applications, including sensing, energy conversion, and information technology. The example of antiferromagnetic/ferromagnetic superlattices composed of La0.7Sr0.3FeO3 (LSFO) and La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) sublayers is discussed in detail. In this system, the antiferromagnetic order parameter in LSFO and the ferromagnetic order parameter in LSMO display dissimilar dependences on sublayer thickness and temperature due to the competition between different magnetic interactions. For a small range of sublayer thicknesses, a robust spin-flop coupling is observed such that the alignment of the LSMO magnetization with a magnetic field leads to the reorientation of the Fe moments in the LSFO layer to maintain a perpendicular orientation between the Fe and Mn moments.
Adenovirus and the Myocardium

As described in previous chapters of this book, there has been increasing interest in the use of adenoviruses as a vector for delivering specific genes to the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems in vivo, and the functioning of some of these genes has been demonstrated[1–4]. The purpose of this chapter is to outline the effect adenoviruses have on the heart and lung, and the potential detrimental influences that components of the adenoviral genome could have on the myocardium and lung, thus limiting its usefulness in human gene therapy. This recognition suggests a thorough evaluation of these effects in planning trials directed to the cardiovascular system.
Deep Learning for Quantification of Epicardial and Thoracic Adipose Tissue From Non-Contrast CT

Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a visceral fat deposit related to coronary artery disease. Fully automated quantification of EAT volume in clinical routine could be a timesaving and reliable tool for cardiovascular risk assessment. We propose a new fully automated deep learning framework for EAT and thoracic adipose tissue (TAT) quantification from non-contrast coronary artery calcium computed tomography (CT) scans. The first multi-task convolutional neural network (ConvNet) is used to determine heart limits and perform segmentation of heart and adipose tissues. The second ConvNet, combined with a statistical shape model, allows for pericardium detection. EAT and TAT segmentations are then obtained from outputs of both ConvNets. We evaluate the performance of the method on CT data sets from 250 asymptomatic individuals. Strong agreement between automatic and expert manual quantification is obtained for both EAT and TAT with median Dice score coefficients of 0.823 (inter-quartile range (IQR): 0.779–0.860) and 0.905 (IQR: 0.862–0.928), respectively; with excellent correlations of 0.924 and 0.945 for EAT and TAT volumes. Computations are performed in <26 s on a standard personal computer for one CT scan. Therefore, the proposed method represents a tool for rapid fully automated quantification of adipose tissue and may improve cardiovascular risk stratification in patients referred for routine CT calcium scans.
Is It Time to Move Beyond Visual Inspection With Acetic Acid for Cervical Cancer Screening

Newly emerging low-cost molecular assays and improved visual tests for cervical cancer screening call into question the role of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA). VIA-based screening continues to offer a low-cost, single-visit approach for screening. However, VIA is highly rater-dependent and has problematic accuracy. RNA, DNA, and protein tests are now available. They offer greater accuracy and the option for self-sampling, but the testing kits are expensive. As these new options continue to improve, the time to move beyond VIA is fast approaching.
A Formulation of L-Isothermic Surfaces in Three-Dimensional Minkowski Space

The Cartan structure equations are used to study space-like and time-like isothermic surfaces in three-dimensional Minkowski space in a unified framework. When the lines of curvature of a surface constitute an isothermal system, the surface is called isothermic. This condition serves to define a system of one-forms such that, by means of the structure equations, the Gauss-Codazzi equations for the surface are determined explicitly. A Lax pair can also be obtained from these one-forms for both cases, and, moreover, a nonhomogeneous Schrodinger equation can be associated with the set of space-like surfaces.
Automated and Optimized Sensor Deployment using Building Models and Electromagnetic Simulation

With the advent of wireless sensing technology and interest in tracking resources, researchers have developed advanced tracking algorithms by using one or more sensor systems for improved accuracy and reliability of tracking. The objective of this research lies in another aspect−deployment−of tracking that has received only little attention until now. The research explores a method for sensor deployment particularly designed for the building in which the sensors are used. To tailor our solution to a specific building, we integrate a building information model with an electromagnetic energy analysis. By using such a model, the system extracts the properties of building materials, which are used as parameters of sensor deployment optimization. Then, we find a method of optimizing the deployment of a Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI)-based tracking sensors for reducing wireless energy dissipation during the operation of the tracking system. For the numerical validation of the proposed method, the High-Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSS) runs an electromagnetic simulation to generate comparison data of electromagnetic energy flow from optimized sensor deployment and random sensor deployment. The results indicate that the proposed method could produce results that are correlated to the HFSS results. In addition, the method shows clear evidence of a reduction in signal power loss. Finally, optimized sensor deployment through the proposed framework can use signals of electromagnetic energy more effectively and potentially improve the efficiency of the RSSI-based tracking system.
Thermal and radiation chemistry of butyltin oxo hydroxo: A model inorganic photoresist

Abstract We have investigated the thermal and radiation chemistry of an organotin-based model photoresist to elucidate patterning mechanisms related to extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. Butyltin oxide hydroxide (BuSnOOH) was dissolved in organic solvents and spin-coated to form uniform thin films. The thermal stability and radiation sensitivity of the thin films were characterized by temperature programmed desorption (TPD), electron stimulated desorption (ESD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). From the TPD studies, we determined that decomposition of BuSnOOH occurs at ~653 K through cleavage of the butyl-tin bond. Low kinetic energy electron (Ekin = 80 eV) and X-ray (1486.6 eV) exposure also resulted in cleavage of the butyl-tin bond with the resulting desorption of butyl ligands from the film. From the ESD data, we estimated that the butyl ligand desorption cross section was ~4.3 × 10−14 cm2 for electrons with 80 eV kinetic energy. From the XPS results, we found a significant reduction in C 1s intensity for extended X-ray exposures, which corresponds to butyl ligand loss. There were also changes in the O 1s spectra indicating loss of hydroxyl groups and tin oxide network formation during radiation exposure. These results indicate the preferential dissociation and desorption of butyl ligands that can occur through either thermal or radiation induced processes, and that butyl ligand loss leads to the solubility contrast.
The Levi-Civita Connection

On each Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian manifold, there is a unique connection determined by the metric, called the Levi-Civita connection. After defining it, we investigate the exponential map, which conveniently encodes the collective behavior of geodesics and allows us to study the way they change as the initial point and initial velocity vary.
Atomic Structure and Properties of the (310) Symmetrical Tilt Grain Boundary (STGB) in SrTiO3 Part II: Comparison with Experimental Studies

The atomistic simulation results presented in Part I for SrTiO3 (310) symmetrical tilt grain boundary (STGB, the so-called Σ = 5 GB with 36.8° symmetrical misorientation about [001]) are analyzed in the context of available experimental studies. In particular, atomic imaging studies of SrTiO3 GBs via high resolution TEM and incoherent Z-contrast STEM imaging; and determination of oxygen positions by combining electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and bond-valence-sum rules, are compared with simulation results. The atomistic simulation data on the GB energies are compared with relative experimental estimates obtained via a novel approach of faceting of focused ion beam (FIB) induced microvoids. While there are considerable differences in details of simulation and experimental results, some basic trends seem to emerge about the core structural framework of GBs in SrTiO3. The paper highlights the limitations of both, experimental and simulation techniques, and argues in favor of synergistic use of diverse experimental and simulation approach to determine the atomic structure and properties of GBs.
COORDINATISING PLANES OF PRIME POWER ORDER USING FINITE FIELDS

We revisit the coordinatisation method for projective planes by considering the consequences of using finite fields to coordinatise projective planes of prime power order. This leads to some general restrictions on the form of the resulting planar ternary ring (PTR) when viewed as a trivariate polynomial over the field. We also consider how the Lenz–Barlotti type of the plane being coordinatised impacts the form of the PTR polynomial, thereby deriving further restrictions.
Punishment and disagreement in the state of nature

Hobbes believed that the state of nature would be a war of all against all. Locke denied this, but acknowledged that in the absence of government, peace is insecure. In this paper, I analyse both accounts of the state of nature through the lens of classical and experimental game theory, drawing especially on evidence concerning the effects of punishment in public goods games. My analysis suggests that we need government not to keep wicked or relentlessly self-interested individuals in line, but rather to maintain peace among those who disagree about morality.
Medication versus trauma-focused psychotherapy for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The goal of this study was to summarize evidence from head-to-head randomized trials for treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults comparing trauma-focused psychotherapies and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) in a systematic review and meta-analysis. We conducted a search of multiple databases to identify trials comparing a trauma-focused psychotherapy (cognitive behavioral therapy, prolonged exposure, cognitive therapy, cognitive processing therapy or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) to an SSRI or SNRI. Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 was used to assess risk of bias; high risk of bias trials were included only in sensitivity analyses. PTSD symptom reduction was the primary outcome. Four trials met inclusion criteria. Random effects meta-analysis of the two trials that were not high risk of bias showed no difference in PTSD symptom reduction, but a wide confidence interval, including effects favoring psychotherapy and effects favoring medication. Heterogeneity was high. Inclusion of the two high risk of bias trials did not change substantive conclusions. There is insufficient evidence to determine whether SSRIs or trauma-focused psychotherapies are more effective for PTSD symptom reduction among adults with PTSD.
The Aitken counter: Revisiting its design and performance characteristics

Advances in aerosol science have often been driven by innovations in aerosol instrumentation. Our ability to make real-time, multi-dimensional measurements of particle properties can be attributed ...
Synonymous Mutation in DKC1 Causes Telomerase RNA Insufficiency Manifesting as Familial Pulmonary Fibrosis

Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common of short telomere phenotypes. Familial clustering of IPF is common, but the genetic basis remains unknown in more than one-half of cases. We identified a 65-year-old man with familial IPF, short telomere length, and low telomerase RNA levels. He was diagnosed with a short telomere syndrome after developing hematologic complications post-lung transplantation, but no mutations were identified in a clinical testing pipeline. Research Question What is the molecular basis underlying the familial IPF and low telomerase RNA levels in this patient? Study Design and Methods We analyzed whole-genome sequence data and performed functional molecular studies on cells derived from the patient and his family. Results We identified a previously unreported synonymous variant c.942G>A p.K314K in DKC1, the gene encoding the dyskerin ribonucleoprotein, which is required for telomerase RNA biogenesis. The mutation created a competing de novo exonic splicing enhancer, and the misspliced product was degraded by nonsense-mediated decay causing an overall dyskerin deficiency in mutation carriers. In silico tools identified other rare silent DKC1 variants that warrant functional evaluation if found in patients with short telomere-mediated disease. Interpretation Our data point to silent mutation in telomere maintenance genes as a mechanism of familial pulmonary fibrosis. In contrast to DKC1 missense mutations, which primarily manifest in children as dyskeratosis congenita, hypomorphic mutations affecting dyskerin levels likely have a predilection to presenting in adults as pulmonary fibrosis.
Exclusion of RNA bacteriophages and interference with their RNA replication by bacteriophage T4.

After infection of Escherichia coli with an RNA phage, the ensuing replication of infectious RNA is temporarily interrupted when the culture is superinfected 20 minutes later with a strain of phage T4. Production of 28s viral RNA is likewise inhibited during this interruption. Most of the infectious RNA present at the time of T4 superinfection subsequently loses its infectivity. Since synthesis of double-stranded RNA is not inhibited, the lost RNA may be used as template for this synthesis. The average sedimentation coefficient of this double-stranded RNA is smaller than that of normal replicative intermediate. Addition of actinomycin D or chloramphenicol before T4 superinfection prevents the interruption. On the other band, maturation of RNA-phage particles continues for almost 10 minutes after T4 superinfection and this maturation requires continued protein synthesis. Simultaneous mixed infection with T4 and RNA phage inhibits incorporation of the parental RNA of the latter into double-stranded replicative form and completely excludes the production of RNA-phage progeny in more than 95% of the T4-infected bacteria. Both viable T4 and T4 mutants that give abortive infection interfere with RNA phages. The possible connections between the effects reported here and the interference by T4 with bacterial nucleic acid metabolism are discussed.
The tobacco industry, 2020: a snapshot.

Tobacco Control as a journal has long been focused not only on addressing the negative disease-promoting impacts of tobacco products but on the industry that produced them. From its inception, the journal has had a normative aim. Tobacco Control is focused primarily on research and analysis that advance understanding of how best to develop, defend and extend public policy measures to protect the public from an industry that promotes products that harm and kill people. Tobacco Control’s very first issue in 1992 featured an analysis by now-Editor Emeritus Simon Chapman on the Australian tobacco industry’s massive media campaign to derail an advertising ban. Many of the arguments in use then have a strangely familiar smell to them.1 This special e-issue features a wide range of papers about the tobacco industry. Taken together, they provide an updated, partial snapshot of multiple aspects of this industry and the ways in which it continues to aggressively promote use of both old and new harmful, addictive products, thwart and undermine public health policy measures, engage in neocolonialist exploitation and disseminate deceptive messages about itself, its products and about policies it regards as threats to its profits. Unfortunately, some within (or formerly within) the tobacco control movement have convinced themselves that the tobacco industry is now creating the solution to the tobacco disease pandemic. Yet the shiny veneer of faux sincerity cannot effectively cover over the many industry activities that increase harm to so many around the world. However, the tobacco industry has indeed changed since 1992. In addition to considerable consolidation among the major multinational cigarette companies, the development of e-cigarettes and multiple other nicotine and tobacco products has created acquisition opportunities, as Levy and colleagues discuss in their analysis of why Altria bought JUUL.2 Public health work at all levels increasingly …
'Proxies' and the Public: Testing the Statist Bias in Public Support for Military Aid

Under what conditions do mass publics support military aid abroad? Specifically, does the American public support extending or ending military aid to a state’s military differently from extending or ending military aid to a non-state armed group? I propose that a statist bias underpins the American public’s attitudes on military aid. I argue that the public prefers the US government develop and maintain ties to state militaries over non-state armed groups and posit a number of instrumental assumptions about these actors that could drive this preference. Namely, because the public considers states more responsible, accountable, and capable actors than non-state armed groups, individuals are more likely to support providing state militaries than non-state armed groups with military aid, but also are more likely to oppose the removal of that aid from states while seeing aid to non-state armed actors as more expendable. I find support for this statist bias in two survey experiments on samples of the American public run in December 2019 and June 2020. A statist bias matters for a variety of dynamics in international security, from secrecy in foreign policy, to audience costs, to ways rival states might be constrained by their publics in competing with one another on the world stage.
Mid-wave to near-IR optoelectronic properties and epsilon-near-zero behavior in indium-doped cadmium oxide

Indium-doped cadmium oxide (In:CdO) thin films exhibit tunable epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) modal frequencies across a wide spectral range, bridging the mid-wave and near-infrared (IR). In:CdO thin films are prepared by reactive cosputtering from metallic Cd and In targets using high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) and radio frequency sputtering, respectively. Using this approach, CdO thin films with carrier concentrations ranging from $2.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{19}$ to $4.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{20}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{\text{--}3}$ and mobilities ranging from 300 to $400\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{V}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{s}$ are readily achieved. UV-VIS absorption spectra are used to measure optical bandgap, revealing a Burstein-Moss shift of 0.58 eV across the doping range investigated. Optical measurements demonstrate the tunability of near-perfect plasmonic ENZ absorption across the mid-wave and into the near-IR spectral ranges by controlling the carrier concentration through doping, while tuning the film thickness for impedance matching. In comparison to other dopants that can be introduced to HiPIMS-deposited CdO, In offers the largest range of carrier concentrations while maintaining high mobility, thus allowing for the widest accessibility of the IR spectrum of a single plasmonic material grown by sputtering.
Lin28 paralogs regulate lung branching morphogenesis

The molecular mechanisms that govern the choreographed timing of organ development remain poorly understood. Our investigation of the role of the Lin28a and Lin28b paralogs during the developmental process of branching morphogenesis establishes that dysregulation of Lin28a/b leads to abnormal branching morphogenesis in the lung and other tissues. Additionally, we find that the Lin28 paralogs, which regulate post-transcriptional processing of both mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs), predominantly control mRNAs during the initial phases of lung organogenesis. Target mRNAs include Sox2, Sox9, and Etv5, which coordinate lung development and differentiation. Moreover, we find that functional interactions between Lin28a and Sox9 are capable of bypassing branching defects in Lin28a/b mutant lungs. Here, we identify Lin28a and Lin28b as regulators of early embryonic lung development, highlighting the importance of the timing of post-transcriptional regulation of both miRNAs and mRNAs at distinct stages of organogenesis.
Platelets amplify endotheliopathy in COVID-19.

Author(s): Barrett, Tessa J; Cornwell, MacIntosh; Myndzar, Khrystyna; Rolling, Christina C; Xia, Yuhe; Drenkova, Kamelia; Biebuyck, Antoine; Fields, Alexander T; Tawil, Michael; Luttrell-Williams, Elliot; Yuriditsky, Eugene; Smith, Grace; Cotzia, Paolo; Neal, Matthew D; Kornblith, Lucy Z; Pittaluga, Stefania; Rapkiewicz, Amy V; Burgess, Hannah M; Mohr, Ian; Stapleford, Kenneth A; Voora, Deepak; Ruggles, Kelly; Hochman, Judith; Berger, Jeffrey S | Abstract: [Figure: see text].
The Holocene Naiad Record at Rodgers Shelter in the Western Ozark Highland of Missouri

Freshwater mussels from Rodgers Shelter in the western Ozark Highland of Missouri have been identified and their place in the prehistoric subsistence economy assessed. Recent collections indicate t...
Small Radio Telescopes

Single antenna small radio telescopes, 30-m diameter and smaller, are often overshadowed by the few large dishes and multiple antennae arrays. Contemporary emphasis in radio astronomy is the construction of large antennae and multiple antennae arrays. Of course, the obvious reasons include greater flux sensitivity and improvement of spatial resolution. However, the relative youth of radio astronomy suggests that the usefulness of small radio telescopes have not yet been fully explored.
Tricycloquinazoline-based organometallic compounds for optical switching

The nonlinear absorption was studied for compounds linking tricycloquinazoline to a number of iridium groups. It was determined that the excited-state cross section was highest for the compound with a single iridium group.
Mechanisms of neuronal conditioning

Publisher Summary Frank Morrell was a pioneer in the study of brain substrates of learning and memory, beginning with his classical studies with Naquet and Jasper on conditioning of cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) activity. A key aspect of his approach was to attempt to define the circuitry essential for this cortical conditioning. Various subcortical lesions (not including visual and auditory projection systems) did not abolish the CR but neocortical lesions between the auditory and visual areas did. Therefore, transcortical corrections were essential for this form of cortical plasticity. The conditioning studies by Frank and Leyla and associates were very contemporary in spirit. This chapter reviews the evidence that demonstrates that the cerebellum and its associated circuitry form an essential system for basic classical conditioning of eyeblink and other discrete responses learned with an aversive U.S. The evidence strongly supports the hypothesis that the memory traces are formed and stored in the cerebellum, in both the cerebellar cortex and the interpositus nucleus. Learning-induced alterations in the patterns of responses of Purkinje neurons and interpositus neurons are generally consistent with this view, although much remains to be learned.
The current status of late time phase transition models

The current status of late time phase transitions (LTPT) for cosmic structure formation is presented. It is shown that LTPT have been seriously constrained by the recent data but that viable models do remain which provide more power on the 100 – 200 Mpc scales than do more traditional primordial Gaussian density fluctuation models. Thus LTPT are one option that can be added to cure the well known problems of the standard structure formation models. The combination that works best is LTPT plus hot dark matter (HDM). In fact, LTPT provides a mechanism to make HDM viable. (Pure LTPT without primordial large scale fluctuations is no longer viable.) Tests for such models are presented, including possible anisotropies on angular scales < 8 arcminutes and characteristic nongaussian behavior.
Modelling and scheduling of computer programs for parallel processing systems

Computer programs which involve large amounts of computation time are targets for analysis to determine two factors; (1)the portions of the program which are most time-consuming, and (2) the effect upon solution time of multiprocessor systems [1].In our automatic modelling system, analysis begins with a working source program written in a language such as FORTRAN. From this source program a graphical representation is prepared. The initial graph represents the program just as it might be processed on a single processor. In this model the flow of control, as explicitly stated by the programmer, is separated from the flow implicit in the language. Data-dependency is also recorded.
Indicators of anxiety and depression in women with the fragile X premutation: assessment of a clinical sample.

Background Current research suggests that depression and anxiety may be common problems in women with the fragile X (FMRI) premutation. Methods To learn more about this in a clinical setting, we asked 33 women with the FMRI premutation and 20 women without the FMRI premutation to complete the Brief Carroll Depression Scale (Brief CDS) and the Multidimensional Anxiety Questionnaire (MAQ) and to provide information about mental health medication use. Questionnaire findings were compared between groups and with normative samples. Trinucleotide (CGG) repeat counts were also correlated to checklist findings. Results Both women with the FMRI premutation and the comparison group had high current mental health medication use ( 33 % vs. 35 %). Approximately 1 / 3 of the women from both groups had high Brief CDS Total T-scores ( 33 % vs. 30 %). More women with the FMRI premutation had at least one elevated MAQ Total or sub-scale T-score than the comparison group ( 39 % vs. I0%, P = 0.03). Twenty-one per cent of women with the FMRI premutation had all three of the indicators of distress targeted in this study vs. none of the women in the comparison samples (P I00 CGG repeats (5 7 %) had an elevated Brief CDS Total T-score than women with ≤I00 CGG repeats ( 1 6%) (P= 0 . 02 ). More women with >I00 CGG repeats also had all three indicators of anxiety and depression (P = 0.03). Conclusions Women with the FMRI premutation appear to have a high incidence of depression and increased symptoms of anxiety. Screening tools like the Brief CDS and the MAQ may be useful to identify these women in the clinic setting. Positive identification could lead to increased mental health care and treatment.
Addressing Racial Inequities in Health Care: Civil Rights Monitoring and Report Cards

Large racial inequities in health care use continue to be reported, raising concerns about discrimination. Historically, the health system, with its professionally dominated, autonomous, voluntary organizational structure, has presented special challenges to civil rights efforts. De jure racial segregation in the United States gave way to a period of aggressive litigation and enforcement from 1954 until 1968 and then to the current period of relative inactivity. A combination of factors--declining federal resources and organizational capacity to address more subtle forms of discriminatory practices in health care settings, increasingly restrictive interpretations by the courts, and the lack of any systematic mechanisms for the statistical monitoring of providers--offers little assurance that discrimination does not continue to play a role in accounting for discrepancies in use. The current rapid transformation of health care into integrated delivery systems driven by risk-based financing presents both new opportunities and new threats. Adequate regulation, markets, and management for such systems impose new requirements for comparative systematic statistical assessment of performance. My conclusion illustrates ways that current "report card" approaches to monitoring performance of such systems could be used to monitor, correct, and build trust in equitable treatment.
Clinical Spectrum of Measles

Acute measles, an exceptionally contagious viral infection, is a severe disease with a substantial degree of morbidity and a significant mortality (Robbins 1962; Krugman et al. 1985). Before we had an effective vaccine, measles was an inevitable step in human development. Except for certain isolated areas of the world, all those who reached adulthood had been infected.
Experimental Limit on ν μ +e - -->ν μ +e - and the Existence of Weakly Coupled Neutral Lepton Currents

A recent analysis by Steiner of the CERN neutrino spark-chamber experiment is employed to derive an upper limit on the elastic cross section for ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{-}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ scattering. The limit obtained is just at a level consistent with the theoretical cross section predicted for neutral lepton currents coupled to form a weak isospin-invariant Hamiltonian.
Graduated Compression Stocking and Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Device Length Selection

Purpose The purpose of this project was to incorporate current evidence into length selection for graduated compression stockings (GCS) and intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) devices in order to evaluate and modify current practice. Rationale Staff nurses relate concerns regarding the fit and complications related to poorly fitting thigh length GCS and IPC devices. Current evidence supports using knee length over thigh length. Description of the project With the use of Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt's model of evidence-based practice and Norwood's consultation model, current practice was evaluated and practice changes were implemented based on results of a literature review. Outcome Knee length will be selected instead of thigh length in general and urology surgery patients. The department of obstetrics and gynecology has taken the practice change under consideration. Conclusion Knee-length GCS and IPC devices are as effective as thigh-length GCS and IPC devices, are more comfortable for patients, are easier for staff and patients to use, pose less risk of injury to patients, and are less expensive. Knee-length GCS and IPC devices may safely be used for general, gynecology, and urology surgery patients and are preferable to thigh-length GCS and IPC devices. Implications Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis is an important component of surgical care; proper length selection of GCS and IPC devices should be based on current evidence. This project outlines a method to change practice regarding length selection of GCS and IPC devices.
Excess Gibbs energy of mixing and refractive index of binary solutions of acetonitrile and of dimethylsulfoxide with several aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract Total intensity Rayleigh scattering and depolarization were measured from the six binary solutions of acetonitrile and of dimethylsulfoxide with benzene, 1,4-dimethylbenzene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene at 546 nm and 303 K. Values of the refractive index gradient Δ n /Δ x were also determined. The scattering and gradient results were used to calculate activity coefficients, excess Gibbs energies of mixing and refractive indices of the solutions.
Chinese symposium: Some current directions in China's preschool programming

An international symposium organized and conducted in the People's Republic of China provided an opportunity for participants to understand some of the current trends in Chinese preschool curriculum. Symposium presentations by scholars from the Peoples Republic of China indicated that the traditional curriculum, which is centrally designed and administrated, is gradually being impacted by the more developmental perspective of contemporary Chinese scholars and teacher trainers. Site visits to model programs in rural areas and in a school for the hearing impaired are described. The need for more collaborative and cross‐cultural research in order to understand some of the issues raised concerning children's learning and development in divergent cultures is discussed.
Polymer relaxations determined by use of a temporally and thermally stable interferometer.

We describe a phase-controlled, highly stable interferometer that is ideal for use in long-time and high-temperature studies. We recorded output intensity variations of <0.2% for over 6 h at temperatures up to 150 °C.?The setup was used to study in situ the temperature and frequency characteristics of a thin polymer film composed of 4-dimethylamino-4?-nitrostilbene doped into poly(methyl methacrylate). The mobility of the dopant molecules, which governed the electro-optic property of the film, was used to probe the dye-doped polymer’s rheology. We demonstrate one application of the interferometer in probing both the ? and the ? relaxations of the polymer.