cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The withdrawal of the U.N. Force from the Congo: a note for the historical record

Much of the literature, scholarly and journalistic, about certain aspects of the United Nations operation in the Congo has been marked by the twin short. comings of a lack of authentic information on the one hand and the ignoring of such information, even where it is readily available, on the other. There is not much that can be done for the time being about the lack of information, especially in view of the confidential relationship of the United Nations Secretariat with Member States, which inevitably means that the Secretary-General's position often to some extent goes by default before public opinion. This is a pity, but the Secretariat obviously could not operate if governments could not rely on its discretion, which they are entitled to take for granted.
Evidence of Concealed Atrioventricular Conduction in Man

The occurrence of 2:1 A-V block during right atrial pacing in man provided the opportunity to compare A-V conduction time with and without an intervening atrial depolarization at similar ventricular rates. The presence of the interposed atrial depolarization produced prolongation of the subsequent A-V conduction by 0.03 to 0.13 sec, and thus provided evidence of concealed conduction in the normal human heart.
NO+CO+O2 Reaction Kinetics on Rh(111): A Molecular Beam Study

Abstract Steady-state rates for the chemical conversion of NO+CO+O2 mixtures on Rh(111) surfaces have been measured by using a molecular beam setup with mass spectrometry detection. The changes in the partial pressure of reactants (NO, CO, O2) and products (N2 and CO2) have been used as a measure of the reaction rates for temperatures between 435 and 766 K and varying beam compositions around those observed in automobile exhausts. The addition of oxygen was found to inhibit the activity of the rhodium catalyst toward NO reduction in most cases, as expected. The reason for this behavior, however, was determined not to be the consumption of some of the CO in the mixture by the added O2, but rather a poisoning of the adsorption of CO by adsorbed atomic oxygen. In fact, oxygen addition to the NO+CO mixtures reduces not only the rates of N2 production, but also those of CO2 formation. Moreover, NO was proven to always compete favorably against O2 for the consumption of CO. Optimum reaction rates for the production of both N2 and CO2 are reached at temperatures around 500–600 K and under conditions leading to stoichiometric coverages of all reactants. An interesting consequence of this is the fact that with CO-rich mixtures the addition of oxygen sometimes actually facilitates, not poisons, NO reduction, presumably because it helps in the removal of the excess CO from the surface. A synergy was observed in terms of reaction rate maxima between temperature and beam composition, CO-richer mixtures requiring higher temperatures to reach comparable reaction rates. This is explained by a decrease in CO surface coverage because of the increase in desorption rate with temperature, a trend that also explains the gradual increase in poisoning of the NO reduction activity of Rh by molecular oxygen with increasing temperature. Studies on the reaction between CO and O2 were also carried out in order to isolate and identify the contributions of the surface oxygen deposited by dissociation of molecular oxygen and by NO to the production of CO2, and alternations between oxygen-rich and oxygen-lean beams were used to test cyclic processes as a way to better manage NO reduction under net oxidizing atmospheres.
Dynamic Modeling of Powder Delivery Systems in Gravity-Fed Powder Feeders

This paper presents an approach for modeling powder delivery system dynamics in low flow rate applications. Discrete particle modeling (DPM) is utilized to analyze the motion of individual powder particles. In DPM, an irregular bouncing model is employed to represent the powder dispersion in the powder delivery system induced by non-spherical particle-wall collisions. A three-dimensional friction collision model is utilized to simulate the interactions between particles and the powder delivery system walls. The modeling approach is experimentally verified and simulation studies are conducted to explore the effect of powder delivery system mechanical design parameters (i.e., tube length, diameter, and angle, number of tubes and meshes, and mesh orientation and size) on the powder flow dynamics. The simulation studies demonstrate that the powder delivery system dynamics can be modeled by a pure transport delay coupled with a first order system.
The development of flux-split algorithms for flows with non-equilibrium thermodynamics and chemical reactions

A finite-volume method for the numerical computation of flows with nonequilibrium thermodynamics and chemistry is presented. A thermodynamic model is described which simplifies the coupling between the chemistry and thermodynamics and also results in the retention of the homogeneity property of the Euler equations (including all the species continuity and vibrational energy conservation equations). Flux-splitting procedures are developed for the fully coupled equations involving fluid dynamics, chemical production and thermodynamic relaxation processes. New forms of flux-vector split and flux-difference split algorithms are embodied in a fully coupled, implicit, large-block structure, including all the species conservation and energy production equations. Several numerical examples are presented, including high-temperature shock tube and nozzle flows. The methodology is compared to other existing techniques, including spectral and central-differenced procedures, and favorable comparisons are shown regarding accuracy, shock-capturing and convergence rates.
Behaviors observed during S- in a simple discrimination learning task

Key pecking of pigeons was reinforced with food in the presence of a horizontal line and never reinforced in the presence of a vertical line. Highly stereotyped behaviors, as well as key pecking, were observed and recorded in the presence of both stimuli. Results showed that a high proportion of time spent in the presence of the horizontal line was occupied by key pecking, a high proportion of time in the presence of the vertical line was occupied by stereotyped nonkey-pecking behaviors, and intermediate proportions of time spent in the presence of intermediate stimuli were occupied by each class of behavior during generalization tests. Similar running rates (number of key pecks divided by observed key-pecking time) were obtained in the presence of all stimuli, indicating that changes in time rather than tempo accounted for the changes in overall rates of key pecking. An exception occurred in responding to the horizontal line as differential performance was developing. In addition to an increase in time spent key pecking, increased running rates occurred in seven of eight birds, suggesting that both time allocation and tempo play a role in behavioral contrast of overall rates of key pecking.
Labourers are Revolting: Penalising the Poor and a Political Reaction in the Brixworth Union, Northamptonshire, 1875–1885

Throughout the nineteenth century one of the main issues that preoccupied central government policy-makers was how poverty should be dealt with, in order to reduce poor relief expenditure. The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834, as Karel Williams argues, aimed to introduce a general rule against out-door relief by substituting instead a workhouse test that sought to deter paupers with its axiom of ‘less eligibility’. In practice, as Williams explains, regulations only stipulated that a workhouse test was to be strictly applied in the case of able-bodied male applicants and this gave unions the discretion to award out-door relief to other types of pauper. For example a number of unions continued to grant small out-door relief allowances to the aged, widows and infirm on medical out-door relief orders. Others found that it was not possible to follow poor relief guide-lines because they did not have the workhouse capacity to relieve all pauper applicants before the 1860s. This was because a comprehensive administrative infrastructure was not put in place in most unions until after the passing of the Union Chargeability Act of 1865. Once workhouse capacity had been improved with the creation of dispensaries and new medical wards, central government expected out-door poor relief expenditure to decrease. Consequently, in 1870 concern was expressed when they calculated that only 15 per cent of paupers were relieved within workhouses. A new discourse on the causes of poverty, as outlined by organisations such as the Charity Organisation Society, demanded that stricter poor relief regulations should be implemented.
Superiorly oriented electrocardiographic axis in infants with the rubella syndrome

Abstract An unusual superiorly oriented mean electrical axis has been described in 12 of a series of 23 infants with congenital heart disease associated with the rubella syndrome. The majority of infants had a patent ductus arteriosus or peripheral pulmonic stenosis. The electrical axis did not correlate with the anatomic diagnosis of ventricular hypertrophy, and the possibility that this axis may represent a conduction disturbance is discussed.
Observations on protein digestion in vivo. II. Dietary factors affecting the rate of disappearance of casein from the gastrointestinal tract.

The effects of various dietary changes on the emptying of solids and nitrogen from the stomach and on the disappearance of nitrogen from the gastrointestinal tract of rats trained to consume a single meal daily are described. When the animals were fed 5 g of food the presence of casein in the diet caused a general deceleration of stomach-emptying and altered the shape of the stomach-emptying curve. The presence of 50% of casein in the diet did not result in an accumulation of nitrogen in the intestine much above the amount found when a protein-free diet was fed. When dextrin was the dietary carbohydrate the diet emptied from the stomach as a homogeneous mixture, whereas when sucrose was the dietary carbohydrate the casein emptied from the stomach more slowly than did the other components of the diet. Raising the dietary level of fat to 50% caused a general deceleration of emptying and abolished the above-mentioned carbohydrate effect. No delay in stomach-emptying due to the presence of casein in the diet ...
Rhetorical Crossings of 1989: Communist Space, Arguments by Definition, and Discourse of National Identity Twenty-Five Years Later

The Romanian political scene at the end of 1989 calls for a critical rhetorical perspective to understand how totalitarian politics clash with revolutionary changes and how communist space, so ambitiously crafted to cover an entire country’s public sphere, influences, if at all, a free(d) discourse on national unity. Examining official discourse on the cusp of revolutionary changes in Romania, in December 1989, this study argues that the concept of rhetorical space along with the enthymematic argument by definition of “we the nation” capture rhetoric in action, showing complex discursive crossings that legitimize the relationship between rhetoric and history at such times. Thus, the relationship between rhetorical space and the “we the nation” political argument, when applied to Romanian political discourse of 1989, reveals challenges that continue to feature the unsettledness of postcommunist discourse twenty-five years later.
Multi-section model of an N + -P-v-N + high voltage power switching transistor

An improved model is introduced to represent NN+-P-v-N+ high-voltage power switching transistors. This model differs from the conventional Ebers-Moll model in three major respects: (1) a non-linear collector resistance is included to account for conductivity modulation in the collector region; (2) the forward current gain is made to depend on VCE as well as Ic so as to account for the Early effect; (3) a multisection network representation of the ambipolar diffusion equation is used to account for the effects of stored charge in the collector region particularly when the device operates in the quasi-saturation condition. The correlation of this model with observed D.C. and switching behavior is notably better than that of the Ebers-Moll model.
Uptake and accumulation of naphthalene by the oyster Ostrea edulis , in a flow-through system

A flow-through system was used to follow naphthalene and naphthalene metabolite accumulation in the seawater and in the tissue of the oyster Ostrea edulis. After 72 h, 82.5% of the naphthalene carbon was recovered from the system. Glucose was added to seawater to stimulate the pathways of glucose metabolism in the oysters. Streptomycin (100 ppm) reduced microbial oxidation of naphthalene and glucose, and reduced bacterial growth. However, even in the presence of streptomycin, microbial oxidation of naphthalene was considerable. The main oxidation product recovered from seawater was 14CO2. Radioactivity was also associated with compounds which separated by TLC with 2- and 1- naphthol. The pattern of naphthalene uptake and accumulation in oyster tissues was relatively constant after only a few hours of exposure to naphthalene. The potential of tissues to accumulate naphthalene was shown to be a function of multiple variables such as nutritional state, lipid concentration, length of exposure to naphthalene, and the external naphthalene concentration. Carbon-14-labeled metabolites derived from 14C-naphthalene were consistently recovered from digests of the oyster tissues. Non-CO2 alkaline-soluble substances were the primary metabolites. Hexane-extractable substances, which separated by TLC with known standards of 2- and 1- naphthol, were consistently recovered from seawater and tissue digests. It was not possible to conclude that these metabolites were a result of naphthalene metabolism by oyster enzyme systems.
Does Pediatric ICU (PICU) Residency Curriculum Match General Pediatric Practice (GP) Needs

Does Pediatric ICU (PICU) Residency Curriculum Match General Pediatric Practice (GP) Needs?
Partial nucleotide sequence of a novel bovine major histocompatibility complex class II β-chain gene, BoLA-DIB.

A bovine genomic clone that hybridized to HLA-DQ beta cDNA was isolated and fragments containing the beta 1, beta 2 and transmembrane (TM) exons subcloned. The nucleotide sequences of the exons and flanking intron regions were determined. Comparisons of these exon nucleotide sequences and derived amino acid sequences to human class II beta-chain sequences showed that this gene is only 77% identical to HLA-DQ beta and about 75% identical to bovine DQ beta-like genes. The exon sequences were more divergent from other class II beta-chain genes. However, structural features such as conserved cysteines and regions of amino acids strongly suggest this to be a class II beta-chain gene. When exon-containing fragments were used as hybridization probes on Southern blots of bovine genomic DNA digested with Eco RI or Pvu II, each exon hybridized to a single band. Based on these results we have referred to this gene as a novel bovine class II beta-chain gene, BoLA-DIB.
The Fifth Column: Using Operations Research to Model a Way to (Successfully!) Teach Humanities to Engineers and Scientists in Such a Way as to Inspire Cultural Breadth and Lifelong Learning

One of the more difficult problems in teaching is inspiring engineering students to relish taking humanities courses. ABET, the organization that accredits engineering programs, requires students to take 19 semester hours of courses in humanities and social sciences to obtain an undergraduate engineering degree. It has been well and often said at engineering schools that “Humanities at this engineering school is [sic] in a state of siege.” One immediately sees a picture in one’s head of the Conestoga wagons of humanists being surrounded by attacking Indians— the engineering students, faculty, and department heads. Given a choice between preparing an essay on Chaucer for a humanities class or studying for a statics exam, the hard facts are that the typical [Colorado School of Mines] Mines (or engineering) student will choose the engineering exam first virtually every time. The Chaucer essay will get whatever time is left over. The reason is simple; the student sees clearly that statics will be useful in getting a job and Chaucer won’t. In other words, statics will solve an immediate problem and Chaucer can be deferred until later. Machine shops call this the “scheduling by the earliest due date” (EDD) rule. The good news about using EDD is that nothing is very late; the bad news is that everything is late. A few years ago in the Mines monthly open faculty meeting, I had a vehement exchange of opinions on this matter with a humanities department head. It seemed to me that his invariable monthly custom was to rise to his feet and discuss the sad state of affairs for his division. He felt that students would do almost anything to get out of the humanities requirement; when they couldn’t, they would do a poor job of participating and writing in the courses. He would also point out that the students were not treating his faculty with sufficient respect and care—and the school administration was remiss in terms of giving promotions and raises. His polemic became a regular part of the meeting; he was always respectfully allowed his few minutes of wanting to know why things were as they were with humanities at Mines. Finally, after hearing this diatribe at some nontrivial number of meetings, I had had enough. I asked him if he really wanted to know why things were as they were. He said he did; so I gave him the following facts (which I stated as my opinion only). 1. The students don’t want to take humanities courses because they have not been convinced that these courses will have any utility in their careers, ever! 2. The students and administrators might appear to have little respect for humanities professors because if they (the professors) were any good they would be in the humanities department at some other better (i.e., nonengineering) school. In short, the administration, other faculty, and students might feel that these professors are here because they have no better place to go.
Electron Beam Generation by an Electron Cyclotron Resonance Plasma

Electron guns based on a plasma, instead of a thermionic material cathode, are gaining more attention due to their ability to generate beams of a variety of sizes for both pulsed and steady state operation. These guns have a major advantage in that they have no material cathode, can drive current densities larger than their thermionic counterparts, and can operate reliably at relatively high pressures (for example, fore vacuum gas pressures). This paper presents initial results on the characterization of a plasma cathode electron source driven by a microwave electron cyclotron resonance plasma discharge. A negatively biased plasma chamber is electrically isolated from the downstream system, and electrons from the discharge are extracted through a small aperture. These electrons then interact with background gas in the main chamber. Electron beams of greater than 80 A have been calculated based on measurements in this configuration.
A semianalytic radio frequency sheath model integrated into a two-dimensional hybrid model for plasma processing reactors

In high plasma density ([e]>1011–1012 cm−3) reactors for materials processing, the sheath thickness is often <100 s μm while the reactor dimensions are 10 s cm. Resolving the sheath in computer models of these devices using reasonable grid resolution is therefore problematic. If the sheath is not resolved, the plasma potential and stochastic electron heating produced by the substrate bias may not be well represented. In this article, we describe a semianalytic model for radio frequency (rf) biased sheaths which has been integrated into a two-dimensional model for plasma etching reactors. The basis of the sheath model is to track the charging and discharging of the sheath in time, and use a one-dimensional analytical model to obtain the instantaneous sheath voltage drop based on the sheath charge and the plasma conditions at the sheath edge. Results from the integrated model for an inductively coupled plasma etching reactor with powers of 200–800 W and rf bias powers from 50 to 400 W in Ar and Ar/Cl2 will ...
Climate physics, feedbacks, and reductionism (and when does reductionism go too far?)

We review the basic physics of the greenhouse effect, the concept of climate sensitivity, a variety of ways of evaluating climate sensitivity and the limitations of the concept of climate sensitivity.
Designing autonomous robot missions with performance guarantees

This paper describes the need and methods required to construct an integrated software verification and mission specification system for use in robotic missions intended for counter-weapons of mass destruction (c-WMD) operations, as part of a 3-year effort for the Defense Threat Reduction Agency. The overall system architecture is described. The principal tool for verification is a process algebra, PARS, based on port automata theory. PARS is introduced, emphasizing its ability to represent probabilistic programs and uncertain and dynamic environments, followed by the analysis of mission properties for an example robotic mission.
The Identity of Religious Minorities in Non-secular States: Jews in Tunisia and Morocco and Arabs in Israel

Drawing in part on findings from public opinion surveys in Tunisia, Morocco, and Israel, this chapter considers the way that Jews in the first two countries and Arabs in the latter understand their respective sociocultural identities. More specifically, the chapter investigates the extent to which the identities of these minority groups resemble, or at least incorporate elements from, those of the countries of which they are citizens. The discussion devotes attention to the primacy and influence of Islam in Tunisia and Morocco and of Judaism in Israel, making clear that while none of the three countries is a theocracy, neither is any a secular state, as the notion of “secularism” is introduced and discussed in the introductory chapter. The discussion also considers the many significant differences between the three countries with respect to politics and society more generally; and the significance of this lies in the opportunity it provides both to assess the generalizability of insights about religious minorities in non-secular states and to the extent that patterns of identity differ across the three groups to highlight relevant scope conditions. Findings about the identities of Jews in Tunisia and Morocco and Arabs in Israel are broadly similar in important respects. All three minority groups appeared at the time of the research to constitute recognizable ethnic units, incorporating values of their host societies but also maintaining a distinctive blend of original and borrowed traditions and possessing a clear sense of community. There were also differences in the identities of Jews in Tunisia, Jews in Morocco, and Arabs in Israel, which suggests that patterns of identity toward which their status as religious minorities in non-secular states pushes is itself shaped by the distinctive attributes of each minority and its host society.
Metamorphs: Deformable Shape and Appearance Models

This paper presents a new deformable modeling strategy that is aimed at integrating shape and appearance in a unified space. If we think of traditional deformable models as "active contours" or "evolving curve fronts," the new deformable shape and appearance models that we propose are "deforming disks or volumes." Each model not only has boundary shape but also interior appearance. The model shape is implicitly embedded in a higher dimensional space of distance transforms and is thus represented by a distance map "image." This way, both the shape and the appearance of the model are defined in the pixel space. A common deformation scheme, that is, the free-form deformations (FFDs), parameterizes warping deformations of the volumetric space in which the model is embedded, hence simultaneously deforming both model boundary and interior. When applied to segmentation, a metamorphs model can be initialized by covering a seed region far from the object boundary, and then the model efficiently evolves and converges to an optimal solution. The model dynamics are derived in a unified variational framework that consists of edge-based and region-based energy terms, both of which are differentiable with respect to the common set of FFD parameters. As the model deforms, its interior appearance statistics are adaptively learned and, then, toward the next-step deformation, the model examines not only edge information but also its exterior region statistics to ensure that it only expands to new territory with consistent appearance statistics. The Metamorphs formulation also allows natural merging and competition of multiple models. We demonstrate the robustness of metamorphs by using both natural and medical images that have high noise levels, intensity inhomogeneity, and complex texture.
Generalizing the derivation of the schwarz information criterion

The Schwarz information criterion (SIC, BTC, SBC) is one of the most widely known and used tools in statistical model selection. The criterion was derived by Schwarz (1978) to serve as an asymptotic approximation to a transformation of the Bayesian posterior probability of a candidate model. Although the original derivation assumes that the observed data is independent, identically distributed, and arising from a probability distribution in the regular exponential family, SIC has traditionally been used in a much larger scope of model selection problems. To better justify the widespread applicability of SIC, we derive the criterion in a very general framework: one which does not assume any specific form for the likelihood function, but only requires that it satisfies certain non-restrictive regularity conditions.
Résultats des angioplasties digestives mono et bitronculaires avec stents pour ischémie intestinale chronique

Objectifs Decrire les resultats des angioplasties digestives mono et bitronculaires avec stenting chez les patients ayant une ischemie intestinale chronique (IIC). Methodes Nous avons revu 101 patients (41 hommes et 60 femmes ; âge moyen, 73 ± 13 ans) traites par angioplastie avec stenting des arteres digestives pour une IIC d’origine atherosclereuse entre 1998 et 2008. Les donnees cliniques et les resultats ont ete revus chez les patients traites par un stenting isole de l’artere mesenterique superieure (AMS) (groupe A) ou un stenting bitronculaire sur le tronc coeliaque (TC) et l’AMS (groupe B). Les stentings isoles du TC ont ete analyses dans un groupe separe (groupe C). L’analyse a porte sur les differences de morbidite, de mortalite et sur l’indemnite de recidive symptomatique et de reintervention. Resultats Il y avait 61 patients dans le groupe A, 24 patients dans le groupe B et 16 dans le groupe C. Les trois groupes presentaient des caracteristiques demographiques, des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire et des presentations cliniques identiques. Il n’y a eu aucune difference concernant la mortalite precoce (2%, 4% et 0%), la morbidite (18%, 26% et 12%) et la sedation des symptomes (95%, 78% et 100%) entre les groupes A, B et C (la valeur de p n’a pas ete significative). Le suivi moyen etait de 41 ± 17 mois. L’indemnite de reintervention a un et trois ans a ete identique chez les patients des groupes A (86 ± 5% et 50 ± 9%), B (67 ± 11% et 67 ± 11%) et C (63 ± 13% et 63 ± 13%) (valeur de p non significative). Il n’y a pas eu de difference significative concernant l’indemnite de restenose a un et trois ans entre les patients des groupes A (54 ± 7% et 44 ± 9%), B (47 ± 12% et 39 ± 12%) et C (43 ± 13% et 34 ± 13%). Les taux de permeabilite primaire et secondaire a trois ans etaient de 57% et 96% pour le stenting de l’AMS et de 61% et 87% pour les stentings du TC, respectivement (valeur de p non significative). Les stentings isoles du TC ont ete associes a une recidive symptomatique chez 6 parmi 16 patients (38%), compares a un taux de recidive de 18% (11 sur 61) chez les patients ayant un stenting isole de l’AMS (p = 0,06). Conclusion Le stenting bitronculaire du TC et de l’AMS ne reduit pas significativement l’incidence de recidive des symptomes ou de reintervention compare au stenting isole de l’AMS chez les patients presentant une IIC. Le stenting isole du TC s’accompagne d’un taux eleve de recidive.
Hyperstructures and the Biology of Interpersonal Dependence: Rethinking Reciprocity and Altruism*:

Fluctuations in endogenous opioid activity in the brain, controlled under ordinary conditions by attachment, are capable of producing patterns of dependence in social behavior resembling those appearing in substance abusers. Withdrawal symptoms arising in relation to these fluctuations, short of producing dependence, ordinarily fuel everyday social interaction, and interaction then serves to modulate opioid activity within a range associated with comfort. Comfort-constraints in this sense operate in all settings of social interaction, part of an innate caregiving mechanism conserved by evolution in human behavior. In this paper we present a formal model of the neurosociological mechanism embodying these comfort constraints. Conceptualized as a hyperstructure, the mechanism grounds thinking about social interaction in recent biological discoveries about the brain, and enables sociologists to study how activity in core brain systems constrains deep patterns in social life, including the human tendencies to ...
Kinetics of heme binding to semi-alpha-hemoglobin☆

Abstract The binding of carbonmonoxyheme to semi-alpha-hemoglobin and to an apohemoglobin control was investigated using stopped-flow techniques in 0.025 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7 and 10°C. The resultant second order kinetic data were analyzed by the classical model which assumes the existence of an intermediate complex which either redissociates to reactants or undergoes an irreversible conversion to form hemoglobin. The rate constants for the latter unimolecular process were apparently not experimentally different for semi-alpha-hemoglobin and apohemoglobin (360 ( ± 100) s −1 and 480 ( ± 60) s −1 , respectively). However, the equilibrium dissociation constant for the intermediate of semi-alpha-hemoglobin ( K d = 9.3 ( ± 2.6) micromolar) was approximately two fold greater than that of apohemoglobin ( K d = 4.1 ( ± 0.5) micromolar). The reduced stability of the semi-alpha-hemoglobin complex was postulated to be due to the lower affinity of the beta pocket for heme. The studies reported here address the possible role of semi-alpha-hemoglobin as an intermediate in the assembly of hemoglobin in vivo .
Combination of bright light and caffeine as a countermeasure for impaired alertness and performance during extended sleep deprivation.

Effects of four conditions (Dim Light-Placebo, Dim Light-Caffeine, Bright Light-Placebo and Bright Light-Caffeine) on alertness, and performance were studied during the night-time hours across 45.5 h of sleep deprivation. Caffeine (200 mg) was administered at 20.00 and 02.00 hours and bright-light exposure (> 2000 lux) was from 20.00 to 08.00 hours each night. The three treatment conditions, compared to the Dim Light-Placebo condition, enhanced night-time performance. Further, the combined treatment of caffeine and all-night bright light (Bright Light-Caffeine) enhanced performance to a larger degree than either the Dim Light-Caffeine or the Bright Light-Placebo condition. Beneficial effects of the treatments on performance were largest during the early morning hours (e.g. after 02.00 hours) when performance in the Dim Light-Placebo group was at its worst. Notably, the Bright Light-Caffeine condition was able to overcome the circadian drop in performance for most tasks measured. Both caffeine conditions improved objective alertness on the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test. Taken together, the above results suggest that the combined treatment of bright light and caffeine provides an effective intervention for enhancing alertness and performance during sleep loss. Language: en
Accurate Time-Dependent Computations and Reduced-Order Modeling for Multiphase Flows

In the present study, we initiate development of a non-iterative multiphase algorithm by enhancing the Pressure Implicit with Splitting of Operators (PISO) algorithm. The Gallium fusion problem, which is characterized by a solid-liquid phase front and natural convection effects, is employed as a test case for validation. The problem poses serious computational issues in form of a non-linear energy equation and a strong pressure-velocity-temperature coupling. The single-fluid modeling approach is adopted in conjunction with the enthalpy-based formulation for the temperature equation. The current algorithm computes the solution through a series of predictor-corrector steps with special treatment to achieve rapid convergence of the energy equation. The algorithm demonstrates an enhanced performance for the highly unsteady, chosen test problem. A reduced-order analysis of the simulated data is also performed by Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD). Specifically, impact of the constantly changing flow domain, and flow scales, on the POD implementation is highlighted.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Rapid fibroblast growth factor-induced increases in protein phosphorylation and ornithine decarboxylase activity: Regulation by heparin and comparison to nerve growth factor-induced increases☆

Abstract Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), like nerve growth factor (NGF), induce morphological differentiation of PC12 cells. This activity of FGF is regulated by glycosaminoglycans. To further understand the mechanisms of FGF and glycosaminoglycan actions in PC12 cells, we studied the regulation of protein phosphorylation and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity by FGF in the presence and absence of heparin. As with NGF, aFGF and bFGF increased the incorporation of radioactive phosphate into the protein tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The increase in TH phosphorylation was localized to the tryptic peptide, T3. Both T3 and T1 phosphorylations occur in response to NGF, but there was no evidence that aFGF or bFGF stimulated the phosphorylation of the T1 peptide. This result suggests differential regulation of second messenger systems by NGF and FGF in PC12 cells. Heparin, at a concentration that potentiated aFGF-induced neurite outgrowth 100-fold (100 μg/ml), did not alter the ability of aFGF to increase S6 phosphorylation or ODC activity. One milligram per milliliter of heparin, a concentration that inhibited bFGF-induced neurite outgrowth, also inhibited bFGF-induced increases in S6 phosphorylation and ODC activity. These observations suggest (i) that acidic and basic FGF activate a protein kinase, possibly protein kinase C, resulting in the phosphorylation of peptide T3 of TH; (ii) that the FGFs and NGF share some but not all second messenger systems; (iii) that heparin potentiates aFGF actions and inhibits bFGF actions in PC12 cells via distinct mechanisms; (iv) that heparin does not potentiate the neurite outgrowth promoting activity of aFGF by enhancing binding to its PC12 cell surface receptor; and (v) that heparin may coordinately regulate several activities of bFGF (induction of protein phosphorylation, ODC and neurite outgrowth) via a common mechanism, most likely by inhibiting the productive binding of bFGF to its PC12 cell surface receptor.
Resource allocation within hospitals: an unambiguous analytical test of the A-J hypothesis

(1975). Resource allocation within hospitals: an unambiguous analytical test of the A-J hypothesis. Applied Economics: Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 241-249.
The Effects of Positive and Negative Parenting Practices on Adolescent Mental Health Outcomes in a Multicultural Sample of Rural Youth

The quality of parent–child relationships has a significant impact on adolescent developmental outcomes, especially mental health. Given the lack of research on rural adolescent mental health in general and rural parent–child relationships in particular, the current longitudinal study explores how rural adolescents’ (N = 2,617) perceptions of parenting practices effect their mental health (i.e., anxiety, depression, aggression, self-esteem, future optimism, and school satisfaction) over a 1 year period. Regression models showed that current parenting practices (i.e., in Year 2) were strongly associated with current adolescent mental health outcomes. Negative current parenting, manifesting in parent–adolescent conflict, was related to higher adolescent anxiety, depression, and aggression and lower self-esteem, and school satisfaction. Past parent–adolescent conflict (i.e., in Year 1) also positively predicted adolescent aggression in the present. Current positive parenting (i.e., parent support, parent–child future orientation, and parent education support) was significantly associated with less depression and higher self-esteem, future optimism, and school satisfaction. Past parent education support was also related to current adolescent future optimism. Implications for practice and limitations were discussed.
Testicular Hormones Modulate Circadian Rhythms of the Diurnal Rodent, Octodon degus☆

Sex differences have been identified in a variety of circadian rhythms, including free-running rhythms, light-induced phase shifts, sleep patterns, hormonal fluctuations, and rates of reentrainment. In the precocial, diurnal rodent Octodon degus, sex differences have been found in length of free-running rhythm (tau), phase response curves, rates of reentrainment, and in the use of social cues to facilitate reentrainment. Although gonadal hormones primarily organize circadian rhythms during early development, adult gonadal hormones have activational properties on various aspects of circadian rhythms in a number of species examined. Gonadectomy of adult female O. degus did not influence tau, phase angle of entrainment, or activity patterns in previous experiments. The present experiment examined the role of gonadal hormones in adult male degus' circadian wheel-running rhythms. We predicted that male gonadal hormones would have an activational effect on some aspects of circadian rhythms, particularly those in which we see sex differences. Phase angles of entrainment, tau, length of the active period (alpha), maximum and mean activity levels, and activity amplitude were examined for intact and castrated males housed in LD 12:12. Responses to light pulses while housed in constant darkness (DD) were also compared. Castration had no significant effect on tau or light-induced phase shifts. However, castration significantly increased phase angle of entrainment and decreased activity levels. The data indicate that adult gonadal steroids are not responsible for the sex differences in endogenous circadian mechanisms of O. degus (tau, PRC), although they influence activity level and phase angle of entrainment. This is most likely due to masking properties of testosterone, similar to the activity-increasing effects of estrogen during estrus in O. degus females.
Integrated single-fed circularly-polarized patch antennas with high-Q cavity filters

A circularly-polarized (CP) filter/antenna system is presented herein. The filter/antenna system is formed by a cavity resonator and a single-fed corner-truncated patch antenna. The corner-truncated patch works as both a resonator of the cavity filter and a CP radiating element. By vertically integrating the CP patch antenna with the cavity resonator, a second-order filtering response is obtained with near-zero transition loss and a reduced size. The filter/antenna operates at the center frequency of 10.08 GHz with a fractional bandwidth of 11% and an axial ratio bandwidth of 1.5%. The gain of the CP filter/antenna is 7.35 dBi. The overall efficiency of the integrated filter/antenna is approximately 96%.
Growth, Immunoresponsiveness, and Disease Resistance of Diverse Stocks of Chickens Reared Under Two Nutritional Regimens

Growth, immunocompetence, and disease resistance were measured in a commercial broiler stock (BC), a commercial white-egg-layer stock (LC), and a White Plymouth Rock line selected for high juvenile BW (HW) under dietary regimes differing in protein and energy content. Diet E had 20% more protein and 17% more ME than Diet A. Stock by sex interactions were significant for BW at 28 and 36 d of age because sexual dimorphism occurred at younger ages in the meat than in the layer stocks. When inoculated with .1 mL of a .25 or 2.50% suspension of SRBC, diet by stock interactions were significant for antibody titers 6 d postinoculation (PI) at the lower dosage. Interactions were not present at the higher dosage or for either dosage 13 d PI. Diet by stock interactions were significant at both dosages for change in SRBC titers from 6 to 13 d PI. The interactions resulted from a significantly smaller decline in BC than HW or LC chicks fed Diet A, whereas all stocks responded similarly when fed Diet E. A significant decline in rate of BW gain was observed in chicks inoculated with marble spleen disease virus (MSDV), with the increase in relative weight of spleen significantly greater for LC than HW or BC chicks 6 d PI. When heterophil to lymphocyte ratios were used as an assay of response to MSDV challenge, rations were significantly higher for HW chicks fed Diet A than for chicks fed Diet E and for LC chicks fed Diet E than for chicks fed Diet A, but not different for BC chicks on the two diets.
The special theory of relativity as a case study of the importance of the philosophy of science for the history of science

1. The philosophical justification of Einstein's conception of distant simultaneity as conventional depends on two cardinal physical assumptions which are stated. Awareness of these two assumptions poses the following historical problem: On what grounds didEinstein feel entitled to make them in 1905? In an endeavor to answer this question, the contribution of experimental results to Einstein's postulational achievement in the Special Theory of Relativity («RT») is examined. As a consequence, the author rejects (i)M. Polanyi's recent citation of the history of RT as evidence against an empiricist account of scientific knowledge, and (ii)G. Holton's assessment of the relevance of knowledge of the history of RT to the philosophical mastery of its logical foundations.
Martin Luther King Jr. and the Cold War

Although Martin Luther King Jr. is best known for his leadership of the campaign for racial equality at home, he was also a persistent critic of U.S. policies abroad. In the decade after 1956, following his emergence as a national figure, King offered sporadic criticism of selected foreign policy issues within the general framework of cold war anticommunism. He first opposed American involvement in Vietnam in 1965 but abandoned his antiwar stance in the face of unexpectedly sharp attacks. King's failed efforts in Chicago in 1966 led to change in his critique of the cold war. Previously, he had tended to separate domestic issues from foreign affairs, but now he saw the two as intertwined. King now viewed the Vietnam War through a more radical lens, one that equated U.S. involvement with neocolonialism, economic self-interest, and ingrained racism. King continued this more militant dissent until his assassination in April 1968.
Methods of Fecal Collection and Nutrient Leaching in Digestibility Studies

Abstract Quantitative data are presented on nutrient leaching from fish feces remaining in water for varying periods. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were fed a multicomponent diet and feces produced were collected from the trough sediment with a fine-mesh net after 1, 4, 8, and 16 h. Removal of fecal samples from the lowest 2.5 cm of the intestine followed by 1 h water immersion gave digestibility coefficients comparable to those of feces netted from trough sediment at 1-h intervals. This relation suggested that absorption of nutrients was completed before the materials moved into the lower 2.5 cm of intestine. Most leaching of nutrients from feces occurred during the first hour in water. Storage of feces in trough water for 1 h increased digestibility estimates for dry matter, protein, and lipid by 11.5, 10.0, and 3.7 percentage points, respectively. A gradual increase in leaching of nutrients continued up to 4 h, but little or no leaching occurred between 4 and 16 h after defecation. In a second experi...
A medical/vocational case coordination system for persons with brain injury: An evaluation of employment outcomes

Abstract Malec JF, Buffington ALH, Moessner AM, Degiorgio L. A medical/vocational case coordination system for persons with brain injury: an evaluation of employment outcomes. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:1007-15. Objective: To evaluate initial placement and 1-year employment outcomes of a Medical/Vocational Case Coordination System (MVCCS) for persons with brain injury (BI) that provides: (1) early case identification and coordination, (2) appropriate medical and vocational rehabilitation interventions, (3) work trials, and (4) supported employment interventions including job coaching. Participants: One hundred fourteen Minnesota residents, ages 18 to 65 years, with acquired BI. Main Outcome Measures: Outcome: Five levels of Vocational Independence Scale (VIS). Predictor: Preinjury employment status (VIS) and years of education, severity of initial injury, time since injury, current impairment/disability as measured by the Rasch-analyzed Staff Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory (MPAI), and impaired self-awareness measured by staff rating and the difference between Staff MPAI and Survivor MPAI. Results: At placement, 46% in independent work; 25% in transitional placements; 9% in long-term supported employment; 10% in sheltered work; and 10% not placed. At 1-year follow-up ( n = 101), 53% in independent work; 19% in transitional placement; 9% in supported work; 6% in sheltered work; and 13% unemployed. Regression analyses showed time since injury and Rasch Staff MPAI predicted VIS at placement; only VIS at placement independently predicted VIS at 1-year follow-up; Rasch Staff MPAI and preinjury education level predicted time to placement. Conclusions: The MVCCS optimized vocational outcome after BI. Time since injury and impairment/disability best predicted vocational placement. Level of initial placement best predicted employment status at follow-up. Persons with greater disability required more extended time and more extensive rehabilitation services before placement. © 2000 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Detrital aggregates in some Iowa lakes and reservoirs

Detrital aggregates in three eutrophic Iowa lakes and four eutrophic Iowa reservoirs were studied with light and scanning electron microscopy to determine if aggregate morphologies and concentrations were similar. Lake and reservoir aggregates were composed of organic and inorganic particles bound together in an organix matrix. Many of the inorganic particles were calcium carbonate. Obvious bacterial and fungal attachment to the aggregates was rare. Aggregate concentrations ranged from 4 to 274 million aggregates per liter. Aggregates smaller than 18 µm diameter dominated the hyperbolic size-frequency distribution of aggregates in all lakes. Reservoir and lake aggregate concentrations did not differ significantly, but mean aggregate concentrations were directly correlated to the mean chlorophyll a concentration of the lakes. These data strongly suggest that detrital aggregate concentrations are influenced by the trophic status of a lake.