cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The temporal evolution of MRI tissue signatures after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat

Abstract We have developed a multiparameter magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cluster analysis model of acute ischemic stroke using T 2 relaxation times and the diffusion coefficient of water (ADC w ). To test the ability of this model to predict cerebral infarction, male Wistar rats ( n = 7) were subjected to 2 h of transient middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion, and diffusion and T 2 weighted MRI were performed on these rats before, during and up to 7 days after MCA occlusion. MRI tissue signatures, specified by values of ADC w and T 2 were assigned to tissue histopathology. Significant correlations were obtained between MRI signatures at different time points and histopathologic measurements of lesion area obtained at 1 week. In addition, we compared the temporal evolution of MRI tissue signatures to a separate population of animals at which histological data were obtained at select times of reperfusion. A significant shift ( p ≤ 0.05) within signatures reflecting tissue histopathology was demonstrated as the ischemic lesion evolved over time. Our data suggest, that the MRI signatures are associated with the degree of ischemic cell damage. Thus, the tissue signature model may provide a noninvasive means to monitor the evolution of ischemic cell damage and to predict final outcome of ischemic cell damage. © 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
Efficacy and safety of Myobloc in headache prophylaxis: A retrospective observation

Objective : Compare the use of Myobloc (Botulinum Toxin Type B) and Botox (Botulinum Toxin Type A) in headache prophylaxis. Background : Data on the use of Botox in the management of headaches have been promising. Similar benefits have been reported with use of Myobloc; yet there are no direct comparisons between the two toxins. Design/Methods : We identified 22 patients receiving either Botox ( N =11) or Myobloc ( N =11) for headache prophylaxis. We compared the clinical features, botulinum toxin regimen, and clinical response of the patients in each group. Results : All patients met IHS criteria for either chronic daily headache or migraine headache. In the Myobloc group, there were 8 females and 3 males, aged 22–89 years old. Total dose used was 1075–8250 units, injected every 3 months, over 6–30 months. In the Botox group, there were 10 females and 1 male, aged 19–70 years old. Total dose used was 40–245 units, every 3 months, over 11–90 months. All 11 Myobloc and 10 of 11 Botox patients reported clinical improvement, manifested by reductions in headache frequency and severity of attacks. Additionally, 81% of Myobloc and 45% of Botox patients reported less abortive agent use. No significant adverse effects were reported. Conclusions : In this study, Myobloc is safe and effective in treating various headache syndromes. Myobloc, similar to Botox, should be considered as an option for headache prophylaxis.
Synthesis of the Aziridinomitosene Skeleton by Intramolecular Michael Addition of α-Lithioaziridines: An Aromatic Route Featuring Deuterium as a Removable Blocking Group

A convergent synthetic route to the 1,2-aziridinopyrrolo(1,2-a)indole 34 has been developed. Key features of this route include the deuterium kinetic isotope effect to block undesired indole lithiation during tin-lithium exchange from 27a to 30a, the intramolecular Michael addition to generate the enolate 31a, and conversion into 34 by trapping with phenylselenenyl chloride. Reductive cleavage of the N-trityl group in 34 allows access to tetracyclic aziridinomitosenes containing the aziridine N-H subunit. Reduction of the C(9) ester in 34 with LAH gives the primary alcohol 35 with the correct C(9), C(9a), C(10) oxidation state corresponding to the aziridinomitosenes, and deprotection of 34 affords 37.
Considerations for low cost, reliable, and durable packaging for flexible PV modules

Flexible packages provide several advantages of lightweight, ease of storage, and deployment, and possibility of using roll-to-roll coating in the manufacture. Of the flexible cells that can be used in flexible packages, organic solar cells are very vulnerable to degradation under exposure to humidity, oxygen and other atmospheric gases, and CIGS and CdTe are somewhat vulnerable. CIGS cell vulnerability to moisture and other atmospheric gases is being reduced by chemical treatment. Multiple pairs of organic/inorganic layers termed dyad's that are being developed for providing protection to considerably more vulnerable organic light emitting diodes are being tested successfully with CIGS flexible modules. Multiple layers of extremely dense coatings prepared by atomic layer deposition that are being developed for providing protection to organic light emitting diodes are also being tried with CIGS cells. It would be essential to reduce the overall cost of individual or combined schemes for achieving economic viability.
Ferredoxin-dependent reactions in Micrococcus lactilyticus.

Abstract Evidence had been presented earlier (Whiteley and Ordal, 1956) that an iron-containing protein functions as an electron carrier in the dehydrogenation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and hydrogen by extracts of Micrococcus lactilyticus . An iron-containing protein, named ferredoxin, has recently been isolated and purified from Clostridium pasteurianum (Mortenson et al. , 1962) and M. lactilyticus (Valentine et al. , 1962) and has been found to participate in several hydrogenase-coupled reactions. The evolution of hydrogen from hypoxanthine by M. lactilyticus , the hydrogenase-linked reduction of nitrite and hydroxylamine by C. pasteurianum , and the production of hydrogen from pyruvate and dithionite by both anaerobes have been shown to require ferredoxin (Mortenson et al. , 1962 ; Valentine et al. , 1962) . Ferredoxin also mediates the photoevolution of hydrogen by Chromatium and the photosynthetic reduction of TPN by chloroplasts (Tagawa and Arnon, 1962) ; ferredoxin isolated from the latter source differs slightly in properties from the bacterial ferredoxin. Extracts of M. lactilyticus catalyze the evolution of hydrogen from several organic compounds and are able to utilize hydrogen to reduce a variety of dyes, inorganic anions, organic acids, purines and coenzymes. These reactions have now been examined with respect to ferredoxin dependency.
Optimising uplink scheduling in an integrated 3G/WLAN network

We propose a hybrid uplink architecture that seamlessly integrates 802.11 WLAN (ad hoc mode) and WCDMA interfaces. In our scheme, mobile stations can be dynamically appointed as a Relaying Mobile Terminal (RMT) to forward uplink traffic. The RMT terminals significantly reduce the overall transmission activity and out-of-cell interference to the neighbouring cells. To find the close approximation of the optimum RMT set, we propose a two-approximation-based heuristic algorithm that is originally used to solve a minimum vertex set. The algorithm results in low out-of-cell interference, and the selected RMT terminals have good channel quality with the base stations. We further investigate the optimum uplink traffic scheduling algorithm subject to different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements (i.e. Bit-Error-Rates (BER)) and limited power budget at the RMT terminals. To provide a fair access and also have high radio efficiency (via spatial diversity), we adopt a proportional scheduling algorithm to coordinate the transmission among RMTs. Within a RMT, packets of different BER requirements are further scheduled via link-adaptive CDMA transmission scheme. We demonstrate that power/code allocation (inside the RMT scheduler) enables the reassignment of the slack power among traffics according to their BER requirements. It is thus possible that some BER-stringent traffic can be transmitted at a higher data rate. The simulation results are promising, showing at least 28% increase in overall throughput at different traffic patterns, including performance-guaranteed multimedia streams.
The extent of processing of noise elements during selective encoding from visual displays

Circular visual displays of 12 elements, consisting of A, H, M, and U, were presented to S. She responded with a lever movement in one direction if a given letter designated by a bar indicator was a member of the set A-U and in the opposite direction if it was from the other set. The principal experimental variables were the SOA by which the indicator preceded the display and whether the target letter was flanked by letters of the same or opposite set. The results indicated that the interference produced by noise letters is primarily on the response as opposed to the processing side. Also, there is a limit to the precision of selective attention in the visual field. The interference of opposite-set letters was inversely proportional to their distance from the target.
Effects of K+, pH and glutamate on 45Ca kinetics in hippocampal brain slices.

Abstract Altered calcium homeostasis is likely to play a pathogenetic role in cerebral ischemia. In order to further understand which factors associated with ischemia contribute to disturbances of calcium metabolism, the influence of 3 isolated insults, 8 mM K + , pH 6.1 and 1 mM glutamate, on total tissue calcium were studied by analysis of steady-state kinetics of 45 Ca in 500 μm hippocampal brain slices. 45 Ca kinetics were analyzed with 2 bi-exponential models by non-linear least-squares analysis. Tissue wet weight/protein was measured simultaneously. Each experimental condition produced a unique tissue response. Raising K + had no effect on tissue water but increased the rate of uptake of Ca 2+ into the larger, rapidly equilibrating tissue Ca 2+ space. Acidosis reduced tissue water and the amount of Ca 2+ in the slowly equilibrating compartment due to enhanced efflux from that space. Glutamate increased tissue water in a time-dependent manner and increased the influx and amount of Ca 2+ in the slowly equilibrating space. Combined insults revealed minimal interaction between K + and acidosis or glutamate, but glutamate with acidosis worsened tissue injury. We discuss the relationship of this technique to other methods for studying tissue calcium and the significance of the observations regarding ischemia.
The Effects of Tempo and Familiarity on Children's Affective Interpretation of Music

When and how does one learn to associate emotion with music? This study attempted to address this issue by examining whether preschool children use tempo as a cue in determining whether a song is happy or sad. Instrumental versions of children’s songs were played at different tempos to adults and children ages 3 to 5 years. Familiar and unfamiliar songs were used to examine whether familiarity affected children’s identification of emotion in music. The results indicated that adults, 4 year olds and 5 year olds rated fast songs as significantly happier than slow songs. However, 3 year olds failed to rate fast songs differently than slow songs at above-chance levels. Familiarity did not significantly affect children’s identification of happiness and sadness in music.
Memories on the Clock: A Frequent Flyer’s Nightmare

We frequently blame our forgetfulness on lack of sleep. This excuse—which does not elicit much sympathy in the workplace—has gained support from recent studies by Fernandez et al . Lack of sleep is quite frequently the consequence of changes in our circadian rhythm, a metabolic process governed
Comparison of Photoacoustic and Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy as Near-Surface Analysis Techniques

Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FT-IR/PAS) has been applied as a near-surface analysis technique for various types of samples. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) also was reported for characterizing surface species of fibrous materials. In this research, chemically modified textile fabrics, fibers, and films were studied by both FT-IR/PAS and DRIFT. The capability of near-surface analysis for both techniques was evaluated and compared. Even though diffuse reflectance infrared spectra show an enhancement in the band intensity of near-surface species, FT-IR/PAS appears to have a much smaller sampling depth than DRIFTS. All the data demonstrate that FT-IR/PAS is a useful near-surface analysis technique for polymeric fibers and films.
Clinical, Social, and Economic Impacts of Home Parenteral Nutrition Dependence in Short Bowel Syndrome

Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) provides nourishment and hydration to patients with short bowel syndrome and intestinal failure and is thus a life-sustaining therapy for these patients. However, measures of quality of life (QOL) are lower among the HPN-dependent population than among patients with other intestinal diseases who do not require HPN. Multiple factors contribute to lower QOL in HPN-dependent patients, including fears surrounding the increased risk of HPN-associated adverse events, such as catheter-related complications, parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease, and metabolic bone disease. In addition, HPN-dependent patients report impaired sleep and daytime fatigue because of pump noises, equipment alarms, and nocturia. Psychosocial burdens on families of HPN-dependent patients include decreased social activities, disrupted family relationships and friendships, and depression. These families also face imposing financial constraints, including decreased employment and large out-of-pocket expenses for insurance premiums and nonreimbursed copayments, medications, and supplies. Furthermore, HPN technology and HPN-related complications and sequelae contribute to the rapid overall increase in the costs of healthcare systems. Additionally, family caregivers provide unpaid healthcare services for patients who require HPN, often to the detriment of their own physical and mental well-being. Nonetheless, patients dependent on HPN and their caregivers often demonstrate considerable resilience and are frequently able to normalize their response to illness and disability. Interventions that may improve QOL among HPN-dependent patients and caregivers include patient education, affiliation with support groups, treatment of concomitant symptoms, and pharmacotherapies that decrease HPN requirements.
Comment on "A Variable Counter Design Technique"

In his recent short note on redundancy,1Deo overlooks an important failure-free condition that takes into account the cancellation of votes by two modules failing in opposing states.
General Method for Optimal Guidance of Spacecraft Formations

One of the most interesting and challenging aspects of formation guidance algorithm design is the coupling of the orbit design and the science return. The effectiveness of the formation as a science instrument is intimately coupled with the relative geometry and evolution of the collection of spacecraft. Therefore, the science return can be maximized by optimizing the orbit design according to a performance metric relevant to the science mission goals. In this work, we present a general method for optimal formation guidance that is applicable to missions whose performance metric, requirements, and constraints can be cast as functions that are explicitly dependent upon the orbit states and spacecraft relative positions and velocities. The approach is fully nonlinear, accommodates orbital perturbations, and is applicable to multiple flight regimes including highly eccentric, hyperbolic, interplanetary, or libration point orbits. Furthermore, the method is applicable to small formations, as well as large formations and constellations. We present a general form for the cost and constraint functions, and derive their semi-analytic gradients with respect to the formation initial conditions. The gradients are broken down into two types. The first type are gradients of the mission-specific performance metric with respect to formation geometry. The second type are derivatives of the formation geometry with respect to the orbit initial conditions. The fact that these two types of derivatives appear separately allows us to derive and implement a general framework that requires minimal modification to be applied to different missions or mission phases. To illustrate the applicability of the approach, we conclude with applications to two missions: the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission, and the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna.
Low cycle fatigue of thin copper foils

The fatigue and monotonic tensile properties of two electrodeposited and one wrought thin foil of copper were measured in a way similar to that used for bulk in order to determine if there is a difference. The graphs of the Basquin equation, which all foils obeyed, of the thin and the bulk wrought copper differed only slightly indicating that the thickness had only a minor effect on the fatigue properties. The order of the magnitudes of the fatigue strength coefficients was the same as that of the tensile strength being larger for the electrodeposited foils. The higher strength of the plated foils was attributed to higher dislocation and twin densities and smaller grains. The fatigue strength coefficients were related to the cyclic hardening exponents. Cyclic hardening, which occurred primarily in the initial stages of fatigue, was a result of dislocation tangle and cell-wall formation when the grain size exceeded 2 μm. No dislocation cell structures were observed when the grain size was smaller than 2 μm.
Understanding AIDS-Risk Behavior Among Adolescents in Psychiatric Care: Links to Psychopathology and Peer Relationships

ABSTRACT Objective Severely mentally ill youths are at elevated risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection, but little is known about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) risk behavior in adolescents who seek outpatient mental health services or about the links between psychiatric problems and particular high-risk behaviors. This pilot study used structural equation modeling to conduct a path analysis to explore the direct and indirect effects of adolescent psychopathology on risky sex, drug/alcohol use, and needle use. Method Ethnically diverse youths ( N = 86) and their caregivers who sought outpatient psychiatric services in Chicago completed questionnaires of adolescent psychopathology. Youths reported their relationship attitudes, peer influence, sexual behavior, and drug/alcohol use. Results Different AIDS-risk behaviors were associated with distinct forms of adolescent psychopathology (e.g., delinquency was linked to drug/alcohol use, whereas aggression was related to risky sexual behavior), and peer influence mediated these linkages. Some patterns were similar for caregiver-and adolescent-reported problems (e.g., peer influence mediated the relation between delinquency and drug/alcohol use), but others were different (e.g., caregiver-reported delinquency was associated with risky sex, whereas adolescent-reported delinquency was not). Conclusions Findings underscore the complexity of factors (types of informants and dimensions of psychopathology) that underlie AIDS risk in troubled youths, and they offer specific directions for designing and implementing uniquely tailored AIDS prevention programs, for example, by targeting delinquent behavior and including high-risk peers and important family members in interventions.
Optimization of Dissolved Solids for the Intensive Culture of Juvenile Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus

Survival and growth of 0.3–0.9 g red drum Sciaenops ocellatus were measured for fish reared in water-recirculating culture systems containing one of the following media: 6g/L diluted seawater; 1g/L diluted seawater; 1g/L diluted seawater with either 1 or 5g/L of additional salt. Salt was added as sodium chloride, calcium chloride, or magnesium sulfate. Mean survival over the 42-d study period was 56.3%. The 5g/L sodium chloride treatment had the highest survival rate (80.0%) and the calcium chloride treatment had the lowest (26.7%). The biomass-change rate for fish in the 5g/L calcium chloride treatment was significantly lower (P 0.05) from those obtained in the 1 or 6g/L diluted seawater.
First Report of Severe Outbreaks of Bacterial Leaf Spot of Leafy Brassica Greens Caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in South Carolina.

Severe outbreaks of leaf spot disease of leafy vegetable brassica crops have occurred from early spring to late fall for at least the past 7 years in Lexington County, South Carolina, the major growing region for leafy greens in the state. Significant economic losses to this disease totaling $1.7 million have been incurred by large and small growers. In 2005, Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola was reported as one of the causal organisms of leaf spot disease in South Carolina (2). Investigations during 2006 and 2007 have led to the isolation of another bacterium causing leaf spotting of brassica crops. Symptoms in the field were nearly identical to symptoms caused by P syringae pv. maculicola, i.e., small, brown necrotic spots, often with chlorotic halos that expand and coalesce to cover the leaves. Colonies recovered from diseased tissues were xanthomonad like, nonfluorescent on Pseudomonas Agar F, mucoid on yeast extract dextrose chalk medium, grew at 35°C, hydrolyzed starch, positive for protein digest...
Microtopographic Control of Treeline Advance in Noatak National Preserve, Northwest Alaska

Arctic treeline positions are of fundamental importance to the function of high latitude landscapes, as regulators of surface energy exchange and carbon cycling. Most studies aimed at explaining current and predicting future treeline positions have examined growth trends in mature treeline trees, but treeline advance requires seed production, germination, seedling establishment, and recruitment of new trees beyond the treeline and these processes may not be well correlated with growth of mature trees. Tussock tundra is a widespread, microtopographically complex vegetation type, covering vast areas of northern Alaska and Siberia. We examined a site where the white spruce (Picea glauca) treeline has recently advanced into tussock tundra and asked if white spruce seedlings (~36-cm tall) occurred in tussocks, inter-tussocks, and frost boils disproportionate to the abundance of these habitats in the treeline ecotone. We found that seedlings disproportionately occurred in tussocks and frost boils. Seedlings found in tussocks and frost boils also showed greater branch growth than those in inter-tussocks. Tussocks and frost boils had higher soil temperatures than inter-tussocks. Tussocks had higher N, P, and K availability, whereas frost boils had greater secondary and micronutrient availability. The disproportionate occurrence of seedlings in tussocks and frost boils can likely be explained by the combination of warmer soils and greater nutrient availability. It is also possible that low competition for primary nutrients contributes to the success of seedlings in frost boils. Results of the study highlight the importance of biotic and abiotic facilitation as mediators of treeline advance in a changing Arctic.
Implicit attitudes to smoking are associated with craving and dependence.

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) has been used to assess automatic affective responses to drug cues. Smokers (n = 57) completed the IAT at four experimental sessions. They abstained from smoking before two of the sessions (AB) and smoked normally before the other two sessions (NON). At one AB (and NON) session, they smoked a cigarette about 40 min before completing the IAT (S), and at the other they did not smoke (NS). Overall, participants exhibited a negative IAT effect, indicating that they found the classification task easier when smoking was paired with bad than when smoking was paired with good. Using repeated measures ANOVA, the IAT effect was made less negative by pre-session abstinence, and made more negative by smoking. It was most negative in the NON-S condition. Using Generalized Estimating Equations analyses, the IAT effect was positively associated with pre-task craving ratings assessed on the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges-Brief but was not associated with a physiological measure of automatic affective responses (startles while viewing smoking versus neutral pictures). The IAT effect was associated with scores on the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. In sum, automatic affective responses assessed with the smoking IAT are associated with measures of smoking motivation and dependence.
The role of sulfhydryl groups in human neutrophil adhesion, movement and particle ingestion

Recent studies have suggested that ectosulfhydryl groups may play a role in cell contact phenomena. We have studied the possible role of ecto- and endosulfhydryl groups in the morphology, adhesiveness, random and directed (chemotaxis) motility and phagocytosis of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. The rapidly penetrating sulfhydryl binding reagents HgCl2 and NEM inhibited adhesiveness, motility and phagocytosis when studied at > 0.1 mM in plasma or > 0.01 mM in buffer. The difference in inhibitory concentration was shown to be due to the difference in albumin content of the two media. D-cysteine prevented the effect of HgCl2 and NEM on cell morphology, adhesiveness, motility and phagocytosis indicating that their effects were on cell sulfhydryl groups. PCMBS, a very slowly penetrating organic mercurial, had no effect on neutrophil morphology, adhesiveness, motility or phagocytosis. However, PCMBS inhibited platelet aggregation, assuring its potency. These studies indicate that ectosulfhydryl groups are either not present or not participants in the maintainence of structure and functions of human neutrophilic granulocytes.
THE MOLECULAR BASIS FOR THE HEREDITARY OVERPRODUCTION OF ADENOSINE DEAMINASE: 32

A marked increase in erythrocyte adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity has been associated with chronic hemolytic anemia and decreased erythrocyte ATP levels (Valentine et al., Science 1977). This defect is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait specific for erythroid cells. The kinetic and physicochemical properties of ADA are normal, suggesting the cell line-specific overproduction of a normal enzyme. We have investigated the molecular basis of this defect in erythrocytes and lymphoid cells from an affected individual. The proband's erythrocytes had a 70-fold increase in ADA specific activity and a 30-fold increase in immunologic cross-reacting material (CRM) as measured by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA using a full-length ADA cDNA probe revealed no evidence of ADA gene amplification or rearrangement. Northern blots of reticulocyte RNA did not demonstrate correspondingly increased levels of ADA-specific RNA. RNA from control reticulocytes hybridized with the ADA cDNA probe in three distinct bands at 5.8 kb, 3.0 kb, and 2.0 kb. The proband's reticulocyte RNA differed from controls in that the 3.0 kb band was replaced by a 2.0 kb band. Lymphoblast ADA specific activity, CRM, and RNA were similar to those in normal B lymphoblast controls. We conclude that there is a true overproduction of ADA protein which is specific for red cells and which may be mediated at the translational rather than the transcriptional level.
Review of Effect of Prescription Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Body Weight

Practice PearlPrescription omega-3 PUFA (Lovaza® 4 g) does not appear to produce any meaningful weight gain during 8 to 16 weeks of treatment in patients with very high triglycerides.
The interaction of α1-antitrypsin with trypsin, chymotrypsin and human leukocyte elastase as revealed by end group analysis

Complexes of α1-antitrypsin with trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, and human leukocyte elastase were purified and examined for amino-terminal sequences. These complexes were shown to possess the expected N-terminal sequences for α1-antitrypsin and the corresponding enzymes; no newly generated amino groups could be detected. Each of these three complexes was dissociated at pH 10, and the inhibitor component was isolated. When the latter was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis a single band was obtained in all cases, and its molecular weight was judged to be 45 000 compared to 52 000 for α1-antitrypsin. Examination of the N-terminal sequence of these modified inhibitors, however, disclosed the presence of two molecular species with different N-termini. The predominant species had the N-terminal sequence previously reported for post-complex α1-antitrypsin (Johnson, D. and Travis, J. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 7142–7144) and the same carboxyl sequence as α1-antitrypsin. Present in lesser amounts was a species which had retained the same N-terminal sequence as α1-antitrypsin, but of which the C-terminus was resistant to the action of carboxypeptidases A and B. From these results it is concluded that (1) α1-antitrypsin is a double-headed inhibitor with identical but overlapping binding sites; (2) binding of the enzyme may occur at one of these two sites but not at both simultaneously, and (3) peptide cleavage does not occur as a consequence of the binding process but can be demonstrated only if the complex is dissociated.
Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars

Ethnic civil wars are burning in Bosnia, Croatia, Rwanda, Burundi, Angola, Sudan, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Chechnya, Tajikistan, Kashmir, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka, and are threatening to break out in dozens of other places throughout the world.1 Many of these conflicts are are so violent, with so much violence directed against unarmed civilians, and are apparently intractable, that they have provoked calls for military intervention to stop them. As yet, however, the international community has done little and achieved less. Advocates of international action seek to redress the failures of local political institutions and elites by brokering political power-sharing arrangements, by international conservatorship to rebuild a functioning state, or by reconstruction of exclusive ethnic identities into wider, inclusive civic identities.2 Pessimists doubt these remedies, arguing that ethnic wars express primordial hatreds which cannot be reduced by outside intervention because they have been ingrained by long histories of inter-communal conflict.3
Rapid differentiation of archaebacteria from eubacteria by diffuse reflectance Fourier-transform IR spectroscopic analysis of lipid preparations

Abstract A rapid method has been developed to distinguish pure cultures of archaebacteria from eubacteria. The strong acid methanolyzate of the total lipid extract was prepared by a simplified two-step process, and the diffuse reflectance Fourier-transform IR spectrum recorded. The height of the ester peak, expressed as a percent of the methyl peak, was chosen to distinguish the two kingdoms. The method was developed using four species of eubacteria and three species of archaebacteria, and then tested on another species of each. Minimum sample size for reliable results was 1 mg dry wt cells.
Hugging the Middle

In the last quarter-century and especially the last decade, testing and accountability have come to dominate education policy at the state and national levels. The common concern about the effects of such testing is that it reshapes teaching in the classroom. But such claims do not look at the evidence of deeper classroom structures (the mix of teacher-centered and student-centered practices) in historical context. This article extends historical research in How Teachers Taught (Cuban, 1993) to the present in three metropolitan school districts. While testing and accountability have become more obvious concerns of teachers, the hybridized classroom environment documented in How Teachers Taught have become more pervasive. This article documents this continuing ubiquity and addresses the apparent inconsistency between evidence of a hybridized classroom environment and the unintended consequences of testing and accountability.
Ground-monitor radiometer system for vicarious calibration

The Remote Sensing Group at the University of Arizona has been active in the vicarious calibration of numerous sensors through the use of ground-based test sites. Application of these approaches has been limited in the past by the fact that ground-based personnel must be present at the time of the sensor overpass. This work presents the design and implementation of a set of ground-based, ground-viewing radiometers that are deployed without the need for on-site personnel. The radiometers are based on LED detectors allowing them to be robust and inexpensive and combining the results of these measurements with known calibration of the sensors and a suitable surface BRDF model, allows the surface spectral reflectance of the test site to be determined for the sensor overpass. The at-sensor radiance can be predicted via a radiative transfer code using atmospheric data from a fully-automated solar radiometer. Early results from this approach are presented for the Landsat ETM+ and Terra and Aqua MODIS sensors. These results show that errors are currently larger for this method than those with ground-based personnel, but the increased number of calibration opportunities should improve the overall understanding of the sensor calibration.
Finding important findings

Abstract As he has often done, Armstrong [J. Bus. Res. (2003)] presents a point of view that questions many of our traditions and practices. Papers such as his are important for the field even if they make us squirm or we disagree with substantial parts of it. In this case, I agree with at least the direction of most of his comments. I highlight a few of his points that I feel are worth reemphasizing (albeit somewhat modified) and some that seem disputable.
The targeted intracellular delivery of cytochrome C protein to tumors using lipid-apolipoprotein nanoparticles

Intracellular-acting therapeutic proteins offer a promising clinical alternative to extracellular-acting agents, but are limited in efficacy by their low permeability into the cell cytoplasm. We have developed a nanoparticle (NP) composed of lipid (DOTAP/DOPE) and apolipoprotein (APOA-I) to mediate the targeted delivery of intracellular-acting protein drugs to non-small cell lung tumors. NPs were produced with either GFP, a fluorescent model protein, or cytochrome C (cytC), an inducer of apoptosis in cancer cells. GFP and cytC were separately conjugated with a membrane permeable sequence (MPS) peptide and were admixed with DOPE/DOTAP nanoparticle formulations to enable successful protein loading. Protein-loaded NPs were modified with DSPE-PEG-Anisamide to enable specific NP targeting to the tumor site in a xenograft model. The resulting particle was 20-30 nm in size and exhibited a 64-75% loading efficiency. H460 cells treated with the PEGylated MPS-cytC-NPs exhibited massive apoptosis. When MPS-GFP-NPs or MPS-cytC-NPs were intravenously administered in H460 tumor bearing mice, a specific tumor targeting effect with low NP accumulation in the liver was observed. In addition, MPS-cytC-NP treatment provoked a tumor growth retardation effect in H460 xenograft mice. We conclude that our NP enables targeted, efficacious therapeutic protein delivery for the treatment of lung cancer.
Genome-wide high-throughput screens in functional genomics

The availability of complete genome sequences from many organisms has yielded the ability to perform high-throughput, genome-wide screens of gene function. Within the past year, rapid advances have been made towards this goal in many major model systems, including yeast, worms, flies, and mammals. Yeast genome-wide screens have taken advantage of libraries of deletion strains, but RNA-interference has been used in other organisms to knockdown gene function. Examples of recent large-scale functional genetic screens include drug-target identification in yeast, regulators of fat accumulation in worms, growth and viability in flies, and proteasome-mediated degradation in mammalian cells. Within the next five years, such screens are likely to lead to annotation of function of most genes across multiple organisms. Integration of such data with other genomic approaches will extend our understanding of cellular networks.
The crystal structure of an odorant binding protein from Anopheles gambiae: Evidence for a common ligand release mechanism.

Abstract The Anopheles gambiae mosquito is the main vector of malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. We present here a 1.5 A crystal structure of AgamOBP1, an odorant binding protein (OBP) from the A. gambiae mosquito. The protein crystallized as a dimer with a unique binding pocket consisting of a continuous tunnel running through both subunits of the dimer and occupied by a PEG molecule. We demonstrate that AgamOBP1 undergoes a pH dependent conformational change that is associated with reduced ligand binding. A predominance of acid-labile hydrogen bonds involving the C-terminal loop suggests a mechanism in which a drop in pH causes C-terminal loop to open, leaving the binding tunnel solvent exposed, thereby lowering binding affinity for ligand. Because proteins from two distantly related insects also undergo a pH dependent conformational change involving the C-terminus that is associated with reduced ligand affinity, our results suggest a common mechanism for OBP activity.
Infrared laser photochemistry: Evidence for heterogeneous decomposition

Abstract Gas samples of cyclopropane, propylene, and trans -1,2-dichloroethylene at pressures of 0.5 to 10 torr were exposed to the focussed output of a grat
Mechanisms of neurosteroid interactions with GABAA receptors

Neuroactive steroids have some of their most potent actions by augmenting the function of GABAA receptors. Endogenous steroid actions on GABAA receptors may underlie important effects on mood and behavior. Exogenous neuroactive steroids have potential as anesthetics, anticonvulsants, and neuroprotectants. We have taken multiple approaches to understand more completely the interaction of neuroactive steroids with GABAA receptors. We have developed many novel steroid analogues in this effort. Recent work has resulted in synthesis of new enantiomer analogue pairs, novel ligands that probe various properties of the steroid pharmacophore, fluorescent neuroactive steroid analogues, and photoaffinity labels. Using these tools, combined with receptor binding and electrophysiological assays, we have begun to untangle the complexity of steroid actions at this important class of ligand-gated ion channel.
LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODELS WITH MISSING COVARIATE VALUES FOR COMPLEX SURVEY DATA

Maximum likelihood methods are used to incorporate partially observed covariate values in fitting logistic regression models. We extend these methods to data collected through complex surveys using the pseudo-likelihood approach. One can obtain parameter estimates of the logistic regression model using standard statistical software and their standard errors by Taylor series expansion or the jackknife method. We apply the approach to data from a two-phase survey screening for dementia in a community sample of African Americans age 65 and older living in Indianapolis. The binary response variable is dementia and the covariate with missing values is a daily functioning score collected from interviews with a relative of the study subject.
Principles of Cyberwarfare

The principles of kinetic warfare are well documented, but are not always applicable to cyberwarfare. Differences between cyberspace and the real world suggest some additional principles. This article proposes some principles of cyberwarfare. This is not intended to be a comprehensive list but rather suggestions leading toward discussion and dialogue.
Composition, Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Reference Whey Protein Concentrates

Four reference whey protein concentrates (WPCs) were prepared from pasteurized and nonpasteurized acid casein whey and Cheddar cheese whey using ultrafiltration/diafiltration and spray drying processes. The WPCs exhibited comparable composition, protein solubility and PAGE and reverse phase HPLC properties. Major differences were observed in the viscosity and foaming properties of the reference WPCs as a function of pH. The WPCs generally produced higher foam expansion but lower viscosity and stability values than for liquid egg white protein. The findings were discussed in terms of the need for additional, fundamental knowledge of the physicochemical structure and reactivity of whey proteins to understand the reasons for their poor functional performance.
Energy-economic theory and mathematical models for combining the systems of man and nature, case study: The urban region of Miami, Florida

This paper presents a study of the urban region of Miami, Fla. with consideration of energy flow and the relationship between energy theory and economics. Much of this work is based on the theories and work of Dr Howard T. Odum at the University of Florida. A theory of energy quality is presented which is an attempt to relate energies of different concentrations in their ability to do work. This theory allows comparison of the systems of man and nature. Another theory is proposed which seeks to describe the ability of a region to compete based on its flows of natural and fossil fuel energies. Economic, natural system, and energy data were compiled for the Miami urban region from 1950–1972. Cross-correlation of this data showed significant levels of correlation between the rate of change of fossil fuel use and the rates of change of population, budget, sales tax, income, building structure, and number of telephones. Calculation of several urban indicators for 1972 showed a fossil fuel energy density of 300 kcal/m2/day in the urbanized area, a per capita energy consumption of 53.8 × 106 kcal/capita/year, a ratio of natural to fossil fuel energies of 0.25, a developed area of 260 miles2 (673.4 km2), and a rate of development of 6.5 miles2 (16.8 km2) per year. An overall model of Miami is presented with flows and storages quantified for 1972. Based on this model a simpler model was simulated on an analog computer. This model consisted of a system of first-order in time, non-linear differential equations which included fossil fuel energy flows, main economic flows, external price functions, building structure, natural energies, and population. This model was simulated for several linearly increasing future price functions and several sets of future energy functions. Natural energies within the region were calculated by determining the land areas associated with various ecosystem types. Estimating the productivities of these systems on a per area basis allowed calculation of total energy flows. The energies associated with winds, tides, waves, and fresh/salt water concentration gradients were also determined. It was found that the ratio of natural to fossil fuel energy changed from 1.77 in 1950 to 0.25 in 1972.
Adult toxicity and dominant lethals induced by ozone at specific stages in spermatogenesis in drosophila virilis

Ozone, a highly reactive three-atom allotrope of oxygen, is formed in high concentrations in various kinds of microenvironments, including electron microscopes, office copy machines, and X-ray devices. Mutagenicity and action modus operandi of ozone suggest its radiomimetic property. In order to test for ozone-induced dominant lethals in Drosophila virilis, we determined that four-hr and longer exposures to 30 +/- 2 ppm ozone were lethal on or before day 25 postexposure. Accordingly, we used a three-hr ozone exposure to investigate dominant lethals induced at specific spermatogenic stages. Ozone increased the percentage of dominant lethals in the stages of spermatogenesis which were investigated. Under the conditions of this experiment, the sperm-sperm bundle stage showed the greatest percentage of dominant lethals induced by ozone. Meiotic cells were the least sensitive to ozone mutagenicity. The induction of dominant lethals is discussed on the basis of chemical reactions from the molecular decomposition of water by radiations and/or ozone. Alternative explanations are presented due to the definition of induced dominant lethals and to associated modifications from ozone exposure.
Evaluation of decision trees: a multi-criteria approach

Data mining (DM) techniques are being increasingly used in many modern organizations to retrieve valuable knowledge structures from organizational databases, including data warehouses. An important knowledge structure that can result from data mining activities is the decision tree (DT) that is used for the classification of future events. The induction of the decision tree is done using a supervised knowledge discovery process in which prior knowledge regarding classes in the database is used to guide the discovery. The generation of a DT is a relatively easy task but in order to select the most appropriate DT it is necessary for the DM project team to generate and analyze a significant number of DTs based on multiple performance measures. We propose a multi-criteria decision analysis based process that would empower DM project teams to do thorough experimentation and analysis without being overwhelmed by the task of analyzing a significant number of DTs would offer a positive contribution to the DM process. We also offer some new approaches for measuring some of the performance criteria.
The potential impact of veterinary and human therapeutic agents in manure and biosolids on plants grown on arable land: a review.

The fate of human and veterinary therapeutic agents has aroused attention in recent years as a potential pollutant of the environment. Prescription drugs are a US$ 91 billion industry in the United States alone and a major part of the economy in other developed countries. Substantial quantities of these compounds and their metabolites are excreted, flushed down the drain, discarded as waste, or left over in animal feedlots. When they enter the sewer, several of these compounds are not adequately eliminated by the methods that are currently used in sewage treatment. Substantial quantities of biosolids and livestock manure end up on agricultural land. In laboratory studies, the growth and development of Phaseolus vulgaris L., Glycine max, Medicago sativa, Zea mays, and several other plants are affected by some commonly used therapeutic agents. However, most of the phytotoxicity studies have been conducted in vitro. The few studies conducted in soil suggest that phytotoxicity varies between species. The bioavailability of these compounds is greatly dependent on the sorption kinetics of the respective compound, soil organic matter, and soil pH. Some research needs, such as establishing concentrations that prevail in soil, potential effects to microbial processes in soil, and effects on crops under field conditions, are highlighted.