cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematic behavior of charge-transfer transitions and energy level variation in soft donor complexes of the trivalent lanthanides.

The systematic behavior of the charge-transfer (CT) energies in mixed 2,2‘-bipyridyl (bipy), N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate (Et2dtc-) complexes of the trivalent lanthanides, Ln(Et2dtc)3(bipy), is investigated to understand the electronic structure of f-element complexes containing soft donor ligands. The energies of ligand to Ln3+ CT are extremely low in this system, an effect attributed to the presence of the soft donor ligands. The lowest CT energy level for the Sm3+, Eu3+, and Yb3+ complexes falls into the visible range. In Eu(Et2dtc)(bipy), the Eu3+ ion becomes nonluminescent because the CT energy stretches below the metastable 5D0 electronic state, whereas luminescence from the CT state and the 4f13 2F5/2 state are observed in the Yb compound. The variation in the energy of the lowest level CT transition for the entire Ln(Et2dtc)3(bipy) series has been evaluated using the experimentally determined CT levels of the Sm3+, Eu3+, and Yb3+ compounds based on the systematic behavior of the lanthanides, which i...
Beta asymmetry of the first forbidden 1/2(+)-->1/2(-) transition in 19Ne and its relationship to the parity nonconserving nucleon-nucleon interaction.

We report a measurement of the \ensuremath{\beta} asymmetry of the first-forbidden transition from the 1/${2}^{+}$ ground state of $^{19}\mathrm{Ne}$ to the 1/${2}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ level at 110 keV in $^{19}\mathrm{F}$. Using atomic beam methods to prepare a 100% polarized source of $^{19}\mathrm{Ne}$, we identify the 1/${2}^{+}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1/${2}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ decays by the detection of the subsequent 110 keV gamma emitted in coincidence with a beta. The average \ensuremath{\beta} asymmetry of the first-forbidden transition is measured to be 〈A〉=17\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}12 %. We simultaneously make an improved measurement of the branching ratio of the same transition and find \ensuremath{\Gamma}=(1.13\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ in good agreement with previous results. Our measurement is used to obtain an improved calibration of the isovector parity-mixing matrix element between the 1/${2}^{+}$ ground state of $^{19}\mathrm{F}$ and the 1/${2}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ level at 110 keV.
INDUCTION OF THE UROTHELIAL DIFFERENTIATION PROGRAM IN THE ABSENCE OF STROMAL CUES

Purpose: The urothelial stroma is presumed to have a critical role in the formation and homeostasis of normal urothelium. To determine the intrinsic capacity of urothelial cells to initiate urothelial differentiation human urothelial cell were cultured under conditions that promote differentiation in the absence of stromal signaling. Materials and Methods: Immortalized and primary human urothelial cells were cultured in semisolid medium. Recovered cells were then analyzed by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and immunoblotting for expression of the differentiation specific keratins K18 and K8, and cyclin-cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. The expression of these markers in cells following semisolid culture was then compared with that in normal bladder and ureteral mucosa as well as in synthetic urothelium generated by 3-dimensional organotypic raft cultures. Results: Organotypic raft culture of primary and immortalized urothelial cells generated full-thickness epithelium that resembled human bladder and ureteral urothelium, and expressed K8 and K18 in superficial layers. Suspension culture in semisolid medium induced K18 expression approximately 9-fold at 24 hours. p21 and p27 expression were induced by 6 hours and yet p21 expression subsided within 12 hours, while p27 expression persisted. Conclusions: These results indicate that primary and immortalized human urothelial cells have the capacity to enter the urothelial differentiation program and such entry does not require inductive signals from stroma. Furthermore, these data suggest that p21 and p27 have distinct roles in regulating the urothelial cell cycle.
Proven and Robust Ground Support Systems - GSFC Success and Lessons Learned

Over the past fifteen years, Goddard Space Flight Center has developed several successful science missions in-house: the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), the Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE), the Earth Observing 1 (EO-1), and the Space Technology 5 (ST-5) missions, several Small Explorers, and several balloon missions. Currently in development are the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) and the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). What is not well known is that these missions have been supported during spacecraft and/or instrument integration and test, flight software development, and mission operations by two in house satellite Telemetry and Command (T&C) systems, the Integrated Test and Operations System (ITOS) and the Advanced Spacecraft Integration and System Test (ASIST). The advantages of an in- house satellite Telemetry and Command system are primarily in the flexibility of management and maintenance - the developers are considered a part of the mission team, get involved early in the development process of the spacecraft and mission operations control center, and provide on-site, on-call support that goes beyond Help Desk and simple software fixes. On the other hand, care must be taken to ensure that the system remains generic enough for cost effective re-use from one mission to the next. The software is designed such that many features are user-configurable. Where user- configurable options were impractical, features were designed so as to be easy for the development team to modify. Adding support for a new ground message header, for example, is a one-day effort because of the software framework on which that code rests. This paper will discuss the many features of the Goddard satellite Telemetry and Command systems that have contributed to the success of the missions listed above. These features include flexible user interfaces, distributed parallel commanding and telemetry decommutation, a procedure language, the interfaces and tools needed for a high degree of automation, and instantly accessible archives of spacecraft telemetry. It will discuss some of the problems overcome during development, including secure commanding over networks or the Internet, constellation support for the three satellites that comprise the ST-5 mission, and geographically distributed telemetry end users.
Models of International Labor Standards

This article examines existing models of the regulation of international labor standards in the context of international trade. The article first focuses on conceptual and theoretical notions of the international regulation of labor standards. Four existing models of international labor regulations are then examined: the legislative model, the trade sanctions model, the multilateral enforcement model, and the voluntary standards model. The theoretical issues raised and the characteristics of the four models are then used to develop a suggested structure for the international regulation of labor standards in a world of free trade.
Measuring Morphological Integration Using Eigenvalue Variance

The concept of morphological integration describes the pattern and the amount of correlation between morphological traits. Integration is relevant in evolutionary biology as it imposes constraint on the variation that is exposed to selection, and is at the same time often based on heritable genetic correlations. Several measures have been proposed to assess the amount of integration, many using the distribution of eigenvalues of the correlation matrix. In this paper, we analyze the properties of eigenvalue variance as a much applied measure. We show that eigenvalue variance scales linearly with the square of the mean correlation and propose the standard deviation of the eigenvalues as a suitable alternative that scales linearly with the correlation. We furthermore develop a relative measure that is independent of the number of traits and can thus be readily compared across datasets. We apply this measure to examples of phenotypic correlation matrices and compare our measure to several other methods. The relative standard deviation of the eigenvalues gives similar results as the mean absolute correlation (W.P. Cane, Evol Int J Org Evol 47:844–854, 1993) but is only identical to this measure if the correlation matrix is homogenous. For heterogeneous correlation matrices the mean absolute correlation is consistently smaller than the relative standard deviation of eigenvalues and may thus underestimate integration. Unequal allocation of variance due to variation among correlation coefficients is captured by the relative standard deviation of eigenvalues. We thus suggest that this measure is a better reflection of the overall morphological integration than the average correlation.
Technique of occipitocervical fusion with a threaded steinmann pin

The threaded Steinmann pin technique of occipitocervical fusion represents an excellent method for treating occipitocervical instability, failed C1–C2 fusion, or atlantoaxial instability in situations in which the posterior arches of C1 or C2 are deficient, fractured, or absent. Immediate rigid internal fixation is achieved by securing a wide diameter, contoured, threaded Steinmann pin or grooved titanium rod to the occipitocervical region by means of suboccipital and sublaminar wires. Fusion is facilitated with autologous bone graft and a cervical orthosis.
Can gene delivery close the door to HIV-1 entry after escape?

Background Research efforts to prevent viral entry by developing small molecule inhibitors against HIV-1 chemokine coreceptors have yielded promising clinical results. However, resistance to some chemokine receptor inhibitors has been recently documented, and therefore, alternative methods of HIV-1 coreceptor disruption are needed. Conclusion We will describe current HIV-1 vector-delivered genetic disruption mechanisms that target HIV-1 chemokine coreceptors, such as RNA interference, ribozymes, zinc fingers, intrakines, and intrabodies, and frame the use of these gene delivery chemokine receptor disruption mechanisms in the context of current small molecule blocker/antagonists of CCR5 and CXCR4. In addition, we will discuss the importance of evaluating HIV-1 vector-delivered viral entry prevention mechanisms in the rhesus macaque SIV non-human primate model in regard to pathogenesis and therapeutic efficacy.
Fragrance material review on 1-[5(or 6)-methyl-7(or 8)-1-(methylethyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-yl]ethan-1-one.

Abstract A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 1-[5(Or 6)-Methyl-7(or 8)-1-(methylethyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-yl]ethan-1-one when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. 1-[5(Or 6)-Methyl-7(or 8)-1-(methylethyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-yl]ethan-1-one is a member of the fragrance structural group Alkyl Cyclic Ketones. These fragrances can be described as being composed of an alkyl, R1, and various substituted and bicyclic saturated or unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons, R2, in which one of the rings may include up to 12 carbons. Alternatively, R2 may be a carbon bridge of C2–C4 carbon chain length between the ketone and cyclic hydrocarbon. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to this individual fragrance ingredient and is not intended as a stand-alone document. Available data for 1-[5(Or 6)-Methyl-7(or 8)-1-(methylethyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-yl]ethan-1-one were evaluated then summarized and includes physical properties, acute toxicity, skin irritation, mucous membrane (eye) irritation, skin sensitization, phototoxicity, photoallergy, and genotoxicity, data. A safety assessment of the entire Alkyl Cyclic Ketones will be published simultaneously with this document; please refer to Belsito et al., Belsito, D., Bickers, D., Bruze, M., Calow, P., Dagli, M., Fryer, A.D., Greim, H., Miyachi, Y., Saurat, J.H., Sipes, I.G., 2013. A Toxicologic and Dermatologic Assessment of Alkyl Cyclic Ketones When Used as Fragrance Ingredients. (submitted for publication)). for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all Alkyl Cyclic Ketones in fragrances.
Numerical simulation of blood and interstitial flow through a solid tumor.

A theoretical framework is presented for describing blood flow through the irregular vasculature of a solid tumor. The tumor capillary bed is modeled as a capillary tree of bifurcating segments whose geometrical construction involves deterministic and random parameters. Blood flow along the individual capillaries accounts for plasma leakage through the capillary walls due to the transmural pressure according to Sterling’s law. The extravasation flow into the interstitium is described by Darcy’s law for a biological porous medium. The pressure field developing in the interstitium is computed by solving Laplace’s equation subject to derived boundary conditions at the capillary vessel walls. Given the arterial, venous, and tumor surface pressures, the problem is formulated as a coupled system of integral and differential equations arising from the interstitium and capillary flow transport equations. Numerical discretization yields a system of linear algebraic equations for the interstitial and capillary segment pressures whose solution is found by iterative methods. Results of numerical computations document the effect of the interstitial hydraulic and vascular permeability on the fractional plasma leakage. Given the material properties, the fractional leakage reaches a maximum at a particular grade of the bifurcating vascular tree.
Business Information Literacy: A Synthesis for Best Practices

The purpose of this literature review is to identify preferred instructional practices and generally accepted conceptual models for business information literacy as reported by evidence-based studies. This study examined articles from 1980 to 2009 that met criteria for evidence-based research studies of business information literacy in academic libraries. It synthesizes the research in terms of six components: study objectives; subject characteristics; theory, standard, model, or significant author cited; instruction method and assessment instruments used; results or outcomes of the study; and recommendations for future research expressed by the authors. This literature review compiles best practices for information literacy researched by academic business librarians and offers suggestions for future research that would move the discipline forward in meaningful ways.
Proposed method to test the relative seal strength of plastic bottles and its use in optimizing sealing parameters

A test method for measuring the strength of the seal on a flexible bottle is proposed. The method measures seal strength as the compression force applied to the side of the bottle required to make the seal fail. The technique has the advantage of using standard equipment and reproduced failure conditions as closely as possible. The method was used to compare the seal strengths of a foil laminate heat-seal on a retortable gamma bottle under various sealing conditions. The results for various sealing pressures, temperatures and times are reported and optimum conditions are identified.
ZnO Nanotube Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

We introduce high surface area ZnO nanotube photoanodes templated by anodic aluminum oxide for use in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Atomic layer deposition is utilized to coat pores conformally, providing a direct path for charge collection over tens of micrometers thickness. Compared to similar ZnO-based devices, ZnO nanotube cells show exceptional photovoltage and fill factors, in addition to power efficiencies up to 1.6%. The novel fabrication technique provides a facile, metal-oxide general route to well-defined DSSC photoanodes.
Measurement of surface profile using digital image correlation

Presented in this paper is the development of a system for measuring surface profile using digital image correlation. All needed equations for camera calibration and system profile measurements are shown. Equations included needed transformation to account for subset perspective distortions. The system is capable of an accuracy of 1/20,000 of the camera-to-object distance. Experimental results are shown for several cases, with results giving a maximum error of 0.05 mm with camera-to-object distance of 1000 mm.
A Method for Measuring the Spectral Energy Distribution of Low Brightness Light Sources

A method is described by which it has been found possible to determine satisfactorily the spectral energy distribution for luminous surfaces whose brightness is only a few footlamberts. A standard spectrometer is used in conjunction with a photo-multiplier tube. Relative energy is found by direct comparison with a tungsten lamp calibrated for color temperature. Results obtained with this arrangement for various fluorescent lamps are in good agreement with measurements made on a large double monochromator, indicating that the scattered light in the single prism instrument does not introduce serious errors.
Effect of Grade Retention in First Grade on Psychosocial Outcomes

In a 4-year longitudinal study, the authors investigated effects of retention in first grade on children's externalizing and internalizing behaviors; social acceptance; and behavioral, cognitive, and affective engagement. From a large multiethnic sample (n = 784) of children below the median on literacy at school entrance, 124 retained children were matched with 251 promoted children on the basis of propensity scores (probability of being retained in first grade estimated from 72 baseline variables). Relative to promoted children, retained children were found to benefit from retention in both the short and longer terms with respect to decreased teacher-rated hyperactivity, decreased peer-rated sadness and withdrawal, and increased teacher-rated behavioral engagement. Retained children had a short-term increase in mean peer-rated liking and school belongingness relative to promoted children, but this advantage showed a substantial decrease in the longer term. Retention had a positive short-term effect on children's perceived school belonging and a positive longer term effect on perceived academic self-efficacy. Retention may bestow advantages in the short-term, but longer term detrimental effects on social acceptance may lead to the documented longer term negative effects of retention.
Consistent parameter estimation for non-causal autoregressive model via higher-order statistics

Abstract The problem of estimating the parameters of a non-causal autoregressive (AR) model given the noisy observations of the system output is considered. The system is driven by an i.i.d. (independent and identically distributed) non-Gaussian sequence that is not observed. The measurement noise is additive, i.i.d., and possibly non-Gaussian. A parameter estimator that involves simultaneous matching of data autocorrelations and third-order auto-cumulants was recently proposed for the estimation of the parameters of non-causal AR models. In the proposed method the maximum cumulant lag used in cumulant matching was specified as “large” but finite. In this paper we give a specific lower bound to the maximum cumulant lag, and we prove the strong consistency of the parameter estimator under the specified choice of lags. Some recently developed fundamental results concerning the recovery of the poles of a causal system from the third-order statistics of the system output play a crucial role in this paper.
Abstract 3165: microRNA-148a: A novel oncogenic microRNA in glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is the most common and deadly malignant brain tumor. One main reason of resistance of glioblastoma to therapy is the ability of the tumor cells to migrate and invade the surrounding brain, rendering total surgical removal of the tumor practically impossible. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small noncoding regulatory RNA molecules with emerging critical roles in cancer. MicroRNAs modulate protein expression by binding to the 3-untranslated region of mRNA and promoting RNA degradation or inhibiting transcription. In this study, we analyzed data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and found that microRNA-148a (miR-148a) was one of few miRNAs that inversely correlated with GBM patient survival. However, nothing is known about the role of this miRNA in cancer and GBM. We therefore started a systematic study of miR-148a in GBM. We first measured miR-148a levels in GBM and found that they were > 3-fold higher in GBM stem cells than in normal astrocytes and ∼15 times higher in tumor specimens than in and normal brain. We then investigated the functional effects of miR-148a on GBM malignancy. Inhibition of miR-148a in GBM stem with anti-miR-148a strongly induced apoptosis. Overexpression of miR-148a in GBM stem cells strongly promoted their self-renewal ability. Transfection of pre-miR-148a into GBM cells strongly promoted cell proliferation, migration and invasion though a membrane coated with collagen IV, a commonly expressed matrix protein in GBM. Therefore, miR-148a acts as an oncogene in GBM cells by promoting cell proliferation, migration and invasion and inhibiting stem cell differentiation. To elucidate the mode of action and targets of miR-148a in GBM, we used a combined approach of miRNA target prediction analysis and immunoblotting to identify oncogenes that are targeted and inhibited by miR-148a. We selected proteins that are known to play roles in GBM and cancer, and were able to confirm inhibition by miR-148a of MIG6 and BIM. MIG6 is a negative regulator of EGFR (an important oncogene in GBM), and BIM is a central pro-apoptotic molecule. Therefore, we predicted that miR-148a might act as an oncogenic microRNA by inducing EGFR expression and activation and inhibiting apoptosis. Using immunoblotting, we demonstrated that miR-148a does in fact induce EGFR expression and activation in GBM cells. Ongoing and future studies will assess the in vivo effects of miR-148a and evaluate its usefulness as a new target for GBM therapy. Altogether, we have uncovered miR-148a a new oncogenic microRNA in GBM that acts via regulation of EGFR and BIM. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3165. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3165
Comparison of two trajectory based models for locating particle sources for two rural New York sites

Two back trajectory-based statistical models, simplified quantitative transport bias analysis and residence-time weighted concentrations (RTWC) have been compared for their capabilities of identifying likely locations of source emissions contributing to observed particle concentrations at Potsdam and Stockton, New York. Quantitative transport bias analysis (QTBA) attempts to take into account the distribution of concentrations around the directions of the back trajectories. In full QTBA approach, deposition processes (wet and dry) are also considered. Simplified QTBA omits the consideration of deposition. It is best used with multiple site data. Similarly the RTWC approach uses concentrations measured at different sites along with the back trajectories to distribute the concentration contributions across the spatial domain of the trajectories. In this study, these models are used in combination with the source contribution values obtained by the previous positive matrix factorization analysis of particle composition data from Potsdam and Stockton. The six common sources for the two sites, sulfate, soil, zinc smelter, nitrate, wood smoke and copper smelter were analyzed. The results of the two methods are consistent and locate large and clearly defined sources well. RTWC approach can find more minor sources but may also give unrealistic estimations of the source locations.
Selective inhibition of viral protein accumulation in interferon-treated cells; nondiscriminate inhibition of the translation of added viral and cellular messenger RNAs in their extracts.

Abstract Treatment of monolayers of mouse L cells with 7.5 vesicular stomatitis virus plaque reduction units/ml of mouse interferon (specific activity 2 × 107 NIH mouse reference standard units/mg protein) results in a 95% decrease in the reovirus yield and, as shown earlier, an about 80% decrease in double-stranded and an about 60% decrease in single-stranded reo RNA accumulation in cells infected with 10 plaque-forming units of virus/cell. Interferon at this concentration does not affect the rate of accumulation of host proteins in uninfected or reovirus-infected cells. It inhibits reo virion protein accumulation in infected cells. In control cells the rate of reo virion protein accumulation increases about 2-fold between 10 and 14 hr after infection. In cells treated with interferon it remains at the same low inhibited level. Reo virion proteins were assayed in cell extracts by immunoprecipitation with antisera specific for various size classes or by gel electrophoresis. These results reveal the selective nature of the inhibition of protein accumulation in interferon-treated, virus-infected cells. The effect of treating L cells with interferon was also tested on the capacity of their extracts to translate various mRNAs. The translation of endogenous mRNA, of mRNA in L cell polysomes (added as such) and of polyuridylic acid is at most only slightly inhibited whereas that of added natural mRNAs (including reovirus and encephalomyocarditis virus mRNA, rabbit globin mRNA, and a mixture of L cell mRNAs) is strongly inhibited. The dominant nature of the inhibitor(s) is indicated by the fact that translation of added mRNA is impaired in a mixture of extracts from interferon-treated and from control cells. Thus an effect of interferon treatment of cells is manifested in subcellular systems. However, the selectivity of the effect in vivo, is not well reflected in vitro.
Core velocity distribution in swirling pipe flow

Der stationare Zustand des Kernbereiches fur die Wirbelbewegung einer reibungsbehafteten Flussigkeit in einem Rohr kann durch Burgers Linienwirbel dargestellt werden, vorausgesetzt, dass die axiale Stromungskomponente mit der Richtung des abfallenden Drucks zusammenfallt. Der Bereich der Festkorperdrehung nimmt durch Verringerung des Druckgefalles zu, und der Kern kann bei Erreichen eines hinreichend grossen, der Stromung entgegengerichteten Druckgefalles zum Stillstand gebracht werden.
Effect of orthodontic band placement on the chemical composition of human incisor tooth plaque

Abstract The placement of orthodontic bands reduced the pH, calcium and phosphorus levels and increased carbohydrate levels in the incisor plaques of 13 adolescent subjects. Maxillary plaques showed lower pH, Ca and P levels and a tendency for higher carbohydrate levels than corresponding mandibular plaques. The results are consistent with the view that pH influences plaque composition. They also provide an additional explanation concerning the trapping of food and plaque which increases dental caries susceptibility after the placement of orthodontic bands.
Surgical margins in patients with early-stage breast cancer treated with breast conservation therapy.

Abstract Background Patients receiving breast conservation therapy have a lifelong risk of local recurrence. To minimize this risk, surgeons have explored various approaches to examining the surgical margins of the resection specimen. If tumor cells are found at the margin, there is a high probability that residual tumor remains in the surgical cavity. This review examines published reports about standard and innovative approaches to assessing surgical margins, the clinical significance of margin size, and risk factors for positive margins. Methods: Published literature abstracted in Medline was reviewed using the Gateway site from the National Library of Medicine. Conclusions It is still not clear whether obtaining a radical margin will decrease the rate of local recurrence after breast conserving surgery. What is clear is that it is absolutely unacceptable to have tumor cells directly at the cut edge of the excised specimen, regardless of the type of post-surgical adjuvant therapy.
In vivo MRI of altered proton signal intensity and T2 relaxation in a bleomycin model of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis.

Purpose: To investigate the ability of proton (1H) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to distinguish between pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Materials and Methods: Three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 5) were instilled intratracheally with bleomycin (2.5 U/kg or 3.5 U/kg) in saline or with saline only. Rats were imaged at 2.0 Tesla using a multi-slice Carr-Purcell-Meilboom-Gill (CPMG) sequence with 6 ms echo spacing. Signal intensity (S0) and T2 were calculated on a pixel-by-pixel basis using images collected before dosing and 1, 2, 4, and 7 weeks after. At each time point, data from dosed animals were compared with controls, and bivariate statistical analysis was used to classify image pixels containing abnormal tissue. At week 7, pulmonary function tests were performed, then all rats were killed, left lungs were formalin fixed and tri-chrome stained for histological analysis of collagen content, and right lungs were used to measure water and hydroxyproline (collagen) content. Results: The product S0×T2 significantly correlated with water and collagen content in the high-dose group (P = 0.004 and P = 0.03, respectively). However, S0 and T2 of abnormal tissue were correlated for all time points (r = 0.93, P < 0.001), and could not distinguish inflammation from fibrosis. Conclusion: MRI can be used to confidently localize pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis, but it lacks specificity. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:1091–1099. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Comparison of Five Criteria for Identifying Fakable Items on an Attitude Inventory

The fakability of responses to the Attitude Toward Disabled Persons Inventory (ATDP) was investigated through applying two criteria requiring subjects to identify the favorable responses and three using “honest” test - “faked response” retest techniques. Considerable differences were noted among the items indentified as non-fakable by use of the different criteria. Regardless of the criterion applied, less than 25% of the items were identified as not fakable. Serious objections were raised to any method of identifying not-fakable items which uses “honest” test - “faked response” retest techniques. The authors suggest that attitude inventory items should be selected on the basis of criterion-related validity rather than on that of non-fakability.
Apolysis, Oligodranes and Empidideicus in America (Diptera, Bombyliidae)

These small flies have had a confused history. In 1886 Bigot described Rhabdopselaphus mus , a new genus and species from California, but mistakenly credited it with having three submarginal cells. Williston, in the supplemental notes to his last Manual of Diptera, having examined Bigot's type, announced that the fly has only two submarginals. Coquillett in a series of papers, 1892, 1894 and 1902, published five new species, locating them in the genus Geron , and these were removed by Cresson in 1915 to a new genus, Pseudogeron , which he was erecting for them and for eight new species from the Southwestern United States. A few months later Cresson announced the identity of capax , one of the species described by Coquillett in 1892, with Rhabdopselaphus mus , and the synonymy of Pseudogeron with Rhabdopselaphus .
Representing Uncertainty in Graph Edges: An Evaluation of Paired Visual Variables

When visualizing data with uncertainty, a common approach is to treat uncertainty as an additional dimension and encode it using a visual variable. The effectiveness of this approach depends on how the visual variables chosen for representing uncertainty and other attributes interact to influence the user’s perception of each variable. We report a user study on the perception of graph edge attributes when uncertainty associated with each edge and the main edge attribute are visualized simultaneously using two separate visual variables. The study covers four visual variables that are commonly used for visualizing uncertainty on line graphical primitives: lightness, grain, fuzziness, and transparency. We select width, hue, and saturation for visualizing the main edge attribute and hypothesize that we can observe interference between the visual variable chosen to encode the main edge attribute and that to encode uncertainty, as suggested by the concept of dimensional integrality. Grouping the seven visual variables as color-based, focus-based, or geometry-based, we further hypothesize that the degree of interference is affected by the groups to which the two visual variables belong. We consider two further factors in the study: discriminability level for each visual variable as a factor intrinsic to the visual variables and graph-task type (visual search versus comparison) as a factor extrinsic to the visual variables. Our results show that the effectiveness of a visual variable in depicting uncertainty is strongly mediated by all the factors examined here. Focus-based visual variables (fuzziness, grain, and transparency) are robust to the choice of visual variables for encoding the main edge attribute, though fuzziness has stronger negative impact on the perception of width and transparency has stronger negative impact on the perception of hue than the other uncertainty visual variables. We found that interference between hue and lightness is much greater than that between saturation and lightness, though all three are color-based visual variables. We also found a compound relationship between discriminability level and the degree of dimensional integrality. We discuss the generalizability and limitation of the results and conclude with design considerations for visualizing graph uncertainty derived from these results, including recommended choices of visual variables when the relative importance of data attributes and graph tasks is known.
Computers: Do They Help or Hinder Patient Care?

Nursing is multidiemnsional, interactive, interdisciplinary, and complex. Almost anything that can be said about nursing can be said another way. Some things worth being said and heard will not follow the nrms of journal presentation. A forum accommodates the emerging voice, the new format, the innovative approach. Nursing Forum, in an effort to honor the independent voice in nursing, presented here the voice who elects to enter the dialogue, but who does so “in another way.”
Isotopic shift in the helium line spectrum

Using some of the enriched He3 mixture from the apparatus of Andrew and Smythe,(1) we have prepared a discharge tube in order to photograph the isotopic shift in the spectra.
The Arithmetic of Maximal Planes

The geometry of shapes made up of finite planes is considered in detail. Algorithms on maximal planes for performing shape arithmetic are developed.
The role of 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinone methyltransferase in determining tocopherol composition in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803.

A putative 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinone (MPBQ) methyltransferase gene, SLL0418, was identified from the Synechocystis PCC6803 genome based on its homology to previously characterized γ-tocopherol methyltransferases. Genetic and biochemical evidence confirmed open reading frame (ORF) SLL0418 encodes a MPBQ methyltransferase. An SLL0418 partial knockout mutant accumulated β-tocopherol with no effect in the overall tocopherol content of the cell. In vitro assays of the SLL0418 gene expressed in Escherichia coli showed the enzyme efficiently catalyzes methylation of ring carbon 3 of MPBQ. In addition, the enzyme also catalyzes the methylation of ring carbon 3 of 2-methyl-6-solanylbenzoquinol in the terminal step of plastoquinone biosynthesis.
A serum-free medium for human primary T lymphocyte culture

This paper describes a defined serum-free medium (SFM), designated A-X, which supports in vitro proliferation of human primary T cells stimulated with mitogens, two-way mixed leukocyte reactions, anti-CD3, and a superantigen. A-X is a 1:1 mixture of two commercially available SFM, AIM V and EX-CELL 300. In each assay tested it supported uptake of [3H]thymidine as well as or better than the standard culture medium, namely RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. A-X also allowed the detection of interleukin-2 by ELISA at levels comparable to those produced in serum-supplemented medium. A-X will likely be useful in further studies as it eliminates many of the problems usually associated with the use of serum-supplemented media.
International industry evolution patterns

Abstract An exploratory analysis of 35 industries suggests that many of them (21 of 35) were restructuring in the 1980s into a group of large, multi-market firms and a group of product/market specialists. This concentration-specialism trend is a response to intensified competition caused by lower demand growth and deregulation. The concentration-specialism trend appears more pronounced in developed market economies and service industries. The study identifies key strategic options as well as impediments to coping with this trend.
Optimal control of classical systems with explicit quantum-classical-difference reduction.

In this paper we employ optimal control theory to design an external driving field which reduces the difference between certain quantum observables and their classical counterparts in addition to achieving some dynamical objective. Because many different driving fields can achieve a similar target, there is the flexibility of asking that the field also cause quantum and classical observables to match. Several examples are shown using a one-dimensional model system which is highly nonclassical in the absence of a driving field. These illustrations demonstrate some of the richness of possibilities for obtaining good quantum-classical agreement for chosen observables even in the presence of other design criteria
Hormesis: U-shaped dose responses and their centrality in toxicology

The fundamental nature of the dose response is neither linear or threshold, but rather U-shaped. When studies are properly designed to evaluate biological activity below the traditional toxicological threshold, low-dose stimulatory responses are observed with high frequency and display specific quantitative features. With a few exceptions, the low-dose stimulatory response is usually not more than twofold greater than the control response, with a stimulatory zone that is more variable, ranging from less than tenfold to more than several orders of magnitude of the dose. Considerable mechanistic evidence indicates that hormetic effects represent overcompensation in response to disruptions in homeostasis that are mediated by agonist concentration gradients with different affinities for stimulatory and inhibitory regulatory pathways.
Mobilization of the right lobe of the liver for right adrenalectomy

Exposure of the right adrenal gland can be a problem with a transabdominal approach because of the overlying liver. The usual method of handling the liver to gain access to the right adrenal gland is to retract the liver superiorly and laterally, but when the right adrenal gland or tumor within it is high lying, exposure may be inadequate. In this situation, mobilization of the right lobe of the liver will provide direct access to the right adrenal gland and vein.
Attenuation and Velocity Structure for Site Response Analyses via Downhole Seismogram Inversion

A seismic waveform inversion algorithm is proposed for the estimation of elastic soil properties using low amplitude, downhole array recordings. Based on a global optimization scheme in the wavelet domain, complemented by a local least-square's fit operator in the frequency domain, the hybrid scheme can efficiently identify the optimal solution vicinity in the stochastic search space, whereas the best-fit model detection is substantially accelerated through the local deterministic inversion. Results presented for selected aftershocks of the Mw 7.0 Sanriku-Minami earthquake in Japan, recorded by the Kik-Net Strong Motion Network, illustrate robustness of the impedance structure estimation. By contrast, the attenuation structure is shown to be sensitive to the frequency content of seismic input data, attributed to the deterministic description of the continuum in the forward model that cannot simulate late arrivals of multiple-scattered energy. Sensitivity analyses illustrate that for the same forward model, results can be substantially different based on the definition of the objective function. It is concluded that even for engineering purposes, inversion should aim to decouple intrinsic and scattering attenuation mechanisms.
Human Costs of Post-communist Transition: Public Policies and Private Response

Abstract The transition to capitalism in former communist countries of Eastern Europe and the USSR was achieved at a very high human cost, leading to unprecedented increases in poverty, inequality, and other forms of deprivation. This paper surveys the literature and data on human costs of post-communist transition and discusses differences in responses to poverty among countries of the region. It argues that human costs of transition to the market were strongly influenced by policy choices made by the governments and were least severe in countries of central eastern Europe, where public response dominated the anti-poverty efforts. In most of the countries of the former USSR and south-eastern Europe, state-run poverty abatement programs were largely inadequate, putting the brunt of the struggle with poverty onto the shoulders of families and individuals.
Synthetic substrates for coproporophyrinogen oxidase: mesoporphyrinogen-VI revisited

Abstract In contradiction to a previous study, mesoporphyrinogen-VI, a dicarboxylate analog of coproporphyrinogen-III, has been shown to be converted to a monovinylic product by chicken red cell hemolysate preparations of coproporphyrinogen oxidase.
Are sensation seekers attracted to intense or positive stimuli? The importance of ‘sensation’ to research on sensation seeking

This study was designed to determine whether high sensation seekers seek positive or intense stimuli. Research participants were tested on their memory for positive and negative words that were extreme or moderate in intensity. The finding that low sensation-seeking females remembered more words than any of the other groups of research participants supported neither of the proposed alternative hypotheses. These results are interpreted in terms of the importance of methodology in research on sensation seeking.
Social Space: A Determinant of House Architecture:

This paper is an attempt to define and apply a concept of space which is quite different from space as traditionally viewed in archaeology in terms of distributions on the plane. Here space is defined in terms of ordered relations within built environments. A concept of space as the organisational embodiment of pragmatic need and social or symbolic norms is applied to changes in domestic architecture in the country town of Sirsina in the west-central Nile Delta. The analysis reveals rules of spatial organization and transformational rules of architectural space. The rules express the orderly operation of pragmatic, social, and symbolic factors.
Extracellular Recording of Converging Input on Cortical Neurones using a Flexible Microelectrode

THE convergence of different modalities of sensory input on restricted areas of the cerebral cortex has received much experimental attention in recent years1–5. Such investigations are valuable for an understanding of the integrative capacities of the cerebral cortex.
Identification of 2-ethylhexyl hydrogen sebacate in bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate synthetic oils

The acid monoester 2-ethylhexyl hydrogen sebacate has been identified in bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate oils by carrying out a partial separation of components with the solvents Skellysolve C and acetonitrile-methanol and by examining the infrared spectrum of the fraction contained in the acetonitrile-methanol phase for the characteristic 1,710- and 1,740-cm.−1 absorption peaks of the monoester.
Force multiplying multifunction communications and surveillance platforms

This document has been prepared to describe a high level technical concept of operations for a multifunctional system supporting both communications and surveillance applications. For illustrative purposes, the application is focused on an implementation with the small unit operations situational awareness system (SUOSAS) network and a generic software programmable radio. This CONOP includes a preliminary view of the network configuration, and the timesharing between communications and surveillance functions. In a typical push-to-talk voice radio, multiple radio elements share a single channel. Normally, each radio is employed as a communication device only a small percentage of the time. During the time that the radio is not being used for communication, it is available to support other functions. If the receive path of the radio is configured to scan the RF environment during these times, signals that are of interest to the radio user can be detected and analyzed. In addition, low cost time bases derived from global positioning system (GPS) clocks, provide the capability to determine the position of these signals based on time difference of arrival (TDOA) techniques. A software defined multiband radio, access to a common timebase, and a robust data network are required to support the functions described in the paper.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Expanding monomeric pyrophosphate complexes beyond platinum

Four new monomeric pyrophosphate complexes, namely [Co(phen)2(H2P2O7)]·4H2O (1·4H2O), [Ni(phen)2(H2P2O7)]·8H2O (2·8H2O), [Cu(phen)(H2O)(H2P2O7)] (3) and {[Cu(phen)(H2O)(P2O7)][Na2(H2O)8]}·6H2O (4·14H2O) have been isolated and structurally characterized. The impact of pH and stoichiometry in obtaining 1-4 is described. These complexes have been tested against the adriamycin-resistant ovarian cancer cell line A2780/AD, revealing highly significant (nM) IC50 values, compared to μM IC50 values for cisplatin controls.
Evidence for a crosslink between c-heme and a lysine residue in cytochrome P460 of Nitrosomonas europaea.

Abstract Cytochrome P460 and hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO) of Nitrosomonas europaea catalyze the oxidation of hydroxylamine. Cytochrome P460 contains an unidentified heme-like chromophore whose distinctive spectroscopic properties are similar to those for the P460 heme found in HAO. The heme P460 of HAO has previously been shown by protein chemistry and NMR structural analysis to be a c -heme with an additional covalent crosslink between the C2 ring carbon of a tyrosine residue of the polypeptide chain and a meso carbon of the porphyrin [Arciero, D.M. et al. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 9370–9378]. The recent determination of the gene sequence for cytochrome P460 [Bergmann, D.J. and Hooper, A.B. (1994) FEBS Lett. 353, 324–326] indicates that the heme in this protein also possesses a c -heme binding site and provides the basis for determining whether an HAO-like crosslink exists to the porphyrin. Sequence analysis of a purified heme-containing tryptic chromopeptide from cytochrome P460 revealed two predominant amino acid residues per cycle. Two peptides present in the chromopeptide with the sequences NLPTAEXAAXHK and DGTVTVXELVSV. Comparison of the data to the gene sequence for the protein revealed that the gaps in the first peptide (indicated by X's) code for C residues, confirming the prediction of a c -heme binding motif. The gap in the sequence in the second peptide at cycle 7 is predicted by the gene sequence to be a K. The results suggest that the lysine residue is crosslinked in some manner to the porphyrin macrocycle, possibly mimicking the tyrosine crosslink found for the heme P460 of HAO. While a common role for the crosslinked residues in HAO and cytochrome P460 is difficult to ascertain due to the dissimilarities in side chain structure, it may be related to the similar p K a values for lysine and tyrosine.