cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pomp combination chemotherapy of adult acute leukemia.

Eighty-nine adults with acute leukemia (AML and ALL) were treated with a combination of 6-mercaptopurine (Purinethol), vincristine (Oncovin), methotrexate, and prednisone [POMP] for remission induction and maintenance. The overall response rate was 53% and the complete remission rate 40%. The median duration of maintained complete remission was 24 weeks. The median survival time for all patients was 7 months. For the patients who responded, the median survival time was 13 months. Age and previous therapy were major factors influencing the response of the patients in this study. Side effects other than myelosuppression resulted in liver function abnormalities, minor gastrointestinal intolerance, and paresthesias. POMP chemotherapy is effective remission induction and maintenance therapy for adults with acute leukemia under the age of 50 and who have not had prior chemotherapy.
Predictors of quality of life in HIV-infected rural women: Psychometric test of the Chronic Illness Quality of Life Ladder

The Chronic Illness Quality of Life Ladder (CIQOLL) underwent psychometric testing in a sample of 278 women with HIV disease. The CIQOLL, a self-anchoring striving scale based on Cantril’s Ladder, measures seven domains (physical , emotional, financial, family and friends, spiritual well-being, peace of mind, and overall life satisfaction) across four time periods (present, past, future, life without a diagnosis of HIV). The domains were derived from focus groups with persons with HIV disease. Women with a diagnosis of HIV Infection, age 18 or older, residing in rural areas in the southeastern United States, completed questionnaires that measured physical functioning, HIV related symptom frequency and distress, depressive symptoms, social support, and quality of life. Procedures used to assess reliability included item–item, item–total, and subscale–subscale correlations, and Chronbach’s coefficient α. Criterion-related (concurrent) validity was assessed by correlating the CIQOLL with HIV symptoms, functional status and social support. Construct validity was estimated using factor analysis and predictive modeling. Results provide preliminary evidence that the CIQOLL is a reliable and valid scale that may provide meaningful information about persons living with a chronic illness, such as HIV disease, especially low literacy and unacculturated populations. Additional research is needed to weight the domains, test the sensitivity of the scale to changes over time, and explore the usefulness of discrepancy scores.
Electrostatic potential and born energy of charged molecules interacting with phosholipid membranes: Calculation via 3-D numerical solution of the full poisson equation

Understanding the physicochemical basis of the interaction of molecules with lipid bilayers is fundamental to membrane biology. In this study, a new, three-dimensional numerical solution of the full Poisson equation including local dielectric variation is developed using finite difference techniques in order to model electrostatic interactions of charged molecules with a non-uniform dielectric. This solution is used to describe the electric field and electrostatic potential profile of a charged molecule interacting with a phospholipid bilayer in a manner consistent with the known composition and structure of the membrane. Furthermore, the Born interaction energy is then calculated by appropriate integration of the electric field over whole space. Numerical computations indicate that the electrostatic potential profile surrounding a charge molecule and its resultant Born interaction energy are a function of molecular position within the membrane and change most significantly within the polar region of the bilayer. The maximum interaction energy is observed when the charge is placed at the center of the hydrophobic core of the membrane and is strongly dependent on the size of the charge and on the thickness of the hydrocarbon core of the bilayer. The numerical results of this continuum model are compared with various analytical approximations for the Born energy including models established for discontinuous slab dielectrics. The calculated energies agree with the well-known Born analytical expression only when the charge is located near the center of a hydrocarbon core of greater than 60 A in thickness. The Born-image model shows excellent agreement with the numerical results only when modified to include an appropriate effective thickness of the low dielectric region. In addition, a newly derived approximation which considers the local mean dielectric provides a simple and continuous solution that also agrees well with the numerical results.
A multicontinuum theory for structural analysis of composite material systems

Abstract The success of modern continuum mechanics in modelling problems in solid mechanics is truly remarkable. For instance, the general theories of elasticity, plasticity, and viscoeleasticity all rely on the continuum hypothesis. However, while continuum mechanics has provided a powerful means of studying the physics of deformation of composite materials, there are situations when the continuum hypothesis is simply inadequate. These problems are generally associated with inelastic behavior and are mainly attributed to the necessity to homogenize two distinctly different materials into a single continuum. In this paper, we introduce a multicontinuum theory designed specifically for the analysis of composite material systems. The chief attribute of the theory is its ability to do structural analysis while allowing each constituent to retain its own identity. Major analytical and numerical advances in the theory originally developed by Hansen et al. [Hansen, A. C., Walker, J. L. and Donovan, R. P. (1994). A finite element formulation for composite structures based on a volume fraction mixture theory. Int. J. Engng Sci. 32, 1–17.] are presented. The utility of the theory is demonstrated by using constituent information to predict the yield surface of a unidirectional boron/aluminum composite in the course of an analysis carried out at the structural level.
Pharmacologic pre-conditioning and controlled reperfusion prevent ischemia-reperfusion injury after 30 minutes of hypoxia/ischemia in porcine Hearts

Abstract Background Hearts from non–heart-beating organ donors are not transplanted because of risk of ischemia-reperfusion injury. We tested whether pharmacologic pre-conditioning with adenosine and the Na + /H + exchanger inhibitor, cariporide, combined with controlled reperfusion, would prevent injury in porcine hearts that had sustained 30 minutes of hypoxia/ischemia in closed-chest animals. Methods Hearts from Yorkshire pigs (100 kg) were studied in 3 groups. Group 1 (control) hearts were surgically removed while beating. Group 2 hearts were harvested from animals made hypoxic by discontinuing mechanical ventilation for 30 minutes. Group 3 hearts were hypoxic as in Group 2, but these animals received adenosine (40 mg) and cariporide (400 mg) 10 minutes before stopping ventilation. Cardiac function in all groups was assessed ex vivo in a working heart apparatus in which pressure and flow measurements were made over 3 hours. Controlled reperfusion in Group 3 hearts used leukocyte-depleted blood perfusate containing free radical scavengers. Myocardial injury was assessed on the basis of perfusate creatine phosphokinase activity and histopathologically determined injury score. Results Groups 1 and 3 hearts could be resuscitated to perform work equivalently during the entire reperfusion period and showed positive responses to increases in pre-load and norepinephrine. Group 2 hearts could not perform work. After 3 hours, Group 2 hearts showed significantly higher creatine phosphokinase and histopathologic injury scores compared to with Groups 1 and 3, which were not significantly different from each other. Conclusions Pharmacologic pre-conditioning and controlled reperfusion effectively protect non-beating porcine hearts from injury after 30 minutes of hypoxia/ischemia in situ.
Cryospheric products from the DMSP-SSM/I: status and research applications

Abstract The DMSP Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) was launched on 19 June 1987. This first operational passive microwave radiometer operates at four wavelengths (0.35–1.55 cm) with vertical and horizontal polarization for three of the channels. The orbit provides global coverage except for a small polar gap and 12 hour repeat coverage in high latitudes. A Cryospheric Data Management System (CDMS) for snow and ice products developed by the NASA Ocean Data System (NODS) and the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) for NASA Polar Oceans Program extracts polar SSM/I data and makes them available in suitable formats for scientific users. The design of the CDMS at NSIDC has evolved since the initial planning in 1984 to one relying on CD-ROM technology for data distribution. The SSM/I data, and the earlier 7-year SMMR data (re-binned to the SSM/I grid), are available as brightness temperatures averaged daily for each channel/polarization in a polar stereographic 25 km grid for both polar regions and as gridded 3-day average total sea ice concentrations and multiyear ice fractions based on the NASA Team algorithm. The availability of a passive microwave record of sea ice parameters since 1978 in a directly comparable format greatly facilitates their research use. The polar regions are of considerable importance in studies of global climate change in view of snow and ice/albedo feedback processes that contribute to the high latitude amplification of such changes. Related climate-cryosphere research includes studies to validate the algorithm employed to prepare the ice products, on ice/climate processes, and on temporal trends in sea ice.
Integrative analysis of survival-associated gene sets in breast cancer

Patient gene expression information has recently become a clinical feature used to evaluate breast cancer prognosis. The emergence of prognostic gene sets that take advantage of these data has led to a rich library of information that can be used to characterize the molecular nature of a patient’s cancer. Identifying robust gene sets that are consistently predictive of a patient’s clinical outcome has become one of the main challenges in the field. We inputted our previously established BASE algorithm with patient gene expression data and gene sets from MSigDB to develop the gene set activity score (GSAS), a metric that quantitatively assesses a gene set’s activity level in a given patient. We utilized this metric, along with patient time-to-event data, to perform survival analyses to identify the gene sets that were significantly correlated with patient survival. We then performed cross-dataset analyses to identify robust prognostic gene sets and to classify patients by metastasis status. Additionally, we created a gene set network based on component gene overlap to explore the relationship between gene sets derived from MSigDB. We developed a novel gene set based on this network’s topology and applied the GSAS metric to characterize its role in patient survival. Using the GSAS metric, we identified 120 gene sets that were significantly associated with patient survival in all datasets tested. The gene overlap network analysis yielded a novel gene set enriched in genes shared by the robustly predictive gene sets. This gene set was highly correlated to patient survival when used alone. Most interestingly, removal of the genes in this gene set from the gene pool on MSigDB resulted in a large reduction in the number of predictive gene sets, suggesting a prominent role for these genes in breast cancer progression. The GSAS metric provided a useful medium by which we systematically investigated how gene sets from MSigDB relate to breast cancer patient survival. We used this metric to identify predictive gene sets and to construct a novel gene set containing genes heavily involved in cancer progression.
Optical bistability in the scattering and absorption of light from nonlinear microparticles

Intrinsic optical bistability in the scattering and absorption of light from Rayleigh-particle-sized microparticles having an intensity-dependent refractive index is theoretically investigated. For particles near plasmon resonances optical switching also occurs by sweeping the frequency across the resonance at fixed incident intensity above a certain threshold. Several orders of magnitudes of reduction in the switching intensities are possible near sharp resonances, and an optical transistor mode with a very sizable differential gain can be achieved.
Longitudinal Analysis With Regressions Among Random Effects: A Latent Variable Modeling Approach

A didactic discussion of a latent variable modeling approach is presented that addresses frequent empirical concerns of social, behavioral, and educational researchers involved in longitudinal stud...
Orthostatic instability in a population-based study of chronic fatigue syndrome.

Abstract Purpose Autonomic nervous system dysfunction has been suggested as involved in the pathophysiology of chronic fatigue syndrome. This population-based case control study addressed the potential association between orthostatic instability (one sign of dysautonomia) and chronic fatigue syndrome. Subjects and methods Fifty-eight subjects who fulfilled criteria of the 1994 chronic fatigue syndrome research case definition and 55 healthy controls participated in a 2-day inpatient evaluation. Subjects had been identified during a 4-year population-based chronic fatigue syndrome surveillance study in Wichita, Kan. The present study evaluated subjects' current medical and psychiatric status, reviewed past medical/psychiatric history and medication use, used a stand-up test to screen for orthostatic instability, and conducted a head-up tilt table test to diagnose orthostatic instability. Results No one manifested orthostatic instability in the stand-up test. The head-up tilt test elicited orthostatic instability in 30% of eligible chronic fatigue syndrome subjects (all with postural orthostatic tachycardia) and 48% of controls (50% with neurally mediated hypotension); intolerance was present in only nonfatigued (n=7) subjects. Neither fatigue nor illness severity were associated with outcome. Conclusions Orthostatic instability was similar in persons with chronic fatigue syndrome and nonfatigued controls subjects recruited from the general Wichita population. Delayed responses to head-up tilt tests were common and may reflect hydration status. These findings suggest reappraisal of primary dysautonomia as a factor in the pathogenesis of chronic fatigue syndrome.
Rehabilitation—Emerging Technologies, Innovative Therapies, and Future Objectives

Stroke is the leading cause of long-term disability. The goal of stroke rehabilitation is to improve recovery in the years after a stroke and to decrease long-term disability. This article, titled “Rehabilitation—Emerging Technologies, Innovative Therapies, and Future Objectives” gives evidence-based information on the type of rehabilitation approaches that are effective to improve functional mobility and to address cognitive impairments. We review the importance of taking a translational approach to neurorehabilitation, considering the interaction of motor and cognitive systems, skilled learned purposeful limb movement, and spatial navigation ability. Known biologic mechanisms of neurorecovery are targeted in relation to technology implemented by members of the multidisciplinary team. Results from proof-of-concept, within subjects, and randomized controlled trials are presented, and the implications for optimal stroke rehabilitation strategies are discussed. Developing clinical practices are highlighted and future research directions are proposed with goals to provide insight on what the next steps are for this burgeoning discipline.
Discussion of “The effect of task complexity and expert system type on the acquisition of procedural knowledge: Some new evidence”

Abstract Mascha [Int. J. Account. Inf. Syst. (2001).] hypothesizes that differences in task complexity between studies in accounting and psychology explain differences in their conclusions regarding the benefits of feedback in acquiring procedural knowledge. Overall, the work was done carefully and it contributes to our understanding of learning while using expert systems. I comment specifically in three areas. First, I comment on whether procedural knowledge, which cannot be expressed verbally, or simply knowledge is the construct of interest. Second, I pose some questions regarding how task complexity was operationalized and the implications of that operationalization for the conclusions. Finally, I propose an alternative experimental design that I find more complete, which would eliminate some alternative explanations for the results.
Affected-sib-pair analyses of bipolar disorder using data on chromosome 18

Our aim was to analyze the GAW10 bipolar data on chromosome 18, using three well-known affected-sib-pair methods. Analyses were carried out on both individual and combined data sets. In these analyses we defined the affected phenotype to include only individuals with diagnosis of bipolar I. We observed suggestive evidence for linkage to a few markers on the peri-centromeric region of chromosome 18. In the COLUMBIA data set, D18S45 showed statistically significant results (p-value < or = 0.001). Also for the combined analyses, D18S53 gave a consistently significant linkage signal.
With regard to female spectatorship

The Women Who Knew Too Much, by Tania Modleski. New York: Methuen, 1988 The Acoustic Mirror: The Female Voice in Psychoanalysis and Cinema by Kaja Silverman. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988
The Argonne low level14C counting system

A low level14CO2 counting system is described. This system was used to process several thousand CO2 samples derived from atmospheric collections at various altitudes. Special features include counter construction utilizing electrolytic copper and shielding with neutron moderating and absorbing paraffin containing sodium metaborate. The effect of steel shielding thickness is shown, and the anticoincidence counters are described. Purification of the CO2 for proportional counting is discussed.
Kinetic Modeling of Amyloid Binding in Humans using PET Imaging and Pittsburgh Compound-B:

A valid quantitative imaging method for the measurement of amyloid deposition in humans could improve Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis and antiamyloid therapy assessment. Our group developed Pittsburgh Compound-B (PIB), an amyloid-binding radiotracer, for positron emission tomography (PET). The current study was aimed to further validate PIB PET through quantitative imaging (arterial input) and inclusion of subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Pittsburgh Compound-B studies were performed in five AD, five MCI, and five control subjects and five subjects were retested within 20 days. Magnetic resonance images were acquired for partial volume correction and region-of-interest definition (e.g., posterior cingulate: PCG; cerebellum: CER). Data were analyzed using compartmental and graphical approaches. Regional distribution volume (DV) values were normalized to the reference region (CER) to yield DV ratios (DVRs). Good agreement was observed between compartmental and Logan DVR values (e.g., PCG: r=0.89, slope=0.91); the Logan results were less variable. Nonspecific PIB retention was similar across subjects (n=15, Logan CER DV: 3.63+/-0.48). Greater retention was observed in AD cortical areas, relative to controls (P<0.05). The PIB retention in MCI subjects appeared either 'AD-like' or 'control-like'. The mean test/retest variation was approximately 6% in primary areas-of-interest. The Logan analysis was the method-of-choice for the PIB PET data as it proved stable, valid, and promising for future larger studies and voxel-based statistical analyses. This study also showed that it is feasible to perform quantitative PIB PET imaging studies that are needed to validate simpler methods for routine use across the AD disease spectrum.
Petrology, geochemistry, and age of the Spurr volcanic complex, eastern Aleutian arc

The Spurr volcanic complex (SVC) is a calc-alkaline, medium-K, sequence of andesites erupted over the last 250000 years by the eastern-most currently active volcanic center in the Aleutian arc. The ancestral Mt. Spurr was built mostly of andesites of uniform composition (58%–60% SiO2), although andesite production was episodically interrupted by the introduction of new batches of more mafic magma. Near the end of the Pleistocene the ancestral Mt. Spurr underwent avalanche caldera formation, resulting in the production of a volcanic debris avalanche with overlying ashflows. Immediately afterward, a large dome (the present Mt. Spurr) formed in the caldera. Both the ash flows and dome are made of acid andesite more silicic (60%–63% SiO2) than any analyzed lavas from the ancestral Mt. Spurr, yet contain olivine and amphibole xenocrysts derived from more mafic magma. The mafic magma (53%–57% SiO2) erupted during and after dome emplacement from a separate vent only 3 km away. Hybrid block-and-ash flows and lavas were also produced. The vents for the silicic and mafic lavas are in the center and in the breach of the 5-by-6-km horseshoe-shaped caldera, respectively, and are less than 4 km apart. Late Holocene eruptive activity is restricted to Crater Peak, and magmas continue to be relatively mafic. SVC lavas are plag ±ol+cpx±opx+mt bearing. All postcaldera units contain small amounts of high-Al2O3, high-alkali amphibole, and proto-Crater Peak and Crater Peak lavas contain abundant pyroxenite and anorthosite clots presumably derived from an immediately preexisting magma chamber. Ranges of mineral chemistries within individual samples are often nearly as large as ranges of mineral chemistries throughout the SVC suite, suggesting that magma mixing is common. Elevated Sr, Pb, and O isotope ratios and trace-element systematics incompatible with fractional crystallization suggest that a significant amount of continental crust from the upper plate has been assimilated by SVC magmas during their evolution.
Depositional Models, Intrabasin Tectonics, and Sea Level Changes in Petroleum Exploration: ABSTRACT

Recurrent movement on Precambrian-age basement-fault systems has influenced the origin, thickness, and distribution of Phanerozoic strata in the interior of the North American continent. In this structural setting, tectonic and sedimentation patterns are well known for major orogenies of the late Paleozoic, late Mesozoic-early Cenozoic (Laramide orogeny), and post-Oligocene. The influence of basement-fault movement on sedimentation and erosion during anorogenic times is generally not as well known. Subtle structural movement controlled topography in the depositional basins, which in turn influenced the distribution of high energy (reservoir) and low energy (nonreservoir) deposits. In addition, extensional fractures in strata overlying basement faults provided pathways for petroleum migration, either vertically or horizontally. Inversions of structural movement along fault zones are commonly observed, and they sometimes mask the recognition of exact time of sporadic fault movement. The most common petroleum reservoirs are deposited during rising or high sea level stands and are fluvial-deltaic, estuarine, shoreline, shelf, and lacustrine sandstones, and shallow marine and tidal-dominated carbonates. Depositional topography, which formed within the depositional basin during highstands, controls the distribution of unconformities during lowstands. Associated lowstand reservoirs are either base of slope or shelf sandstones, or secondary porosity in carbonates associated with paleokarst or dolomitization. Porosity in sandstones deposited during highstands may be infilled with diagenetic clays because of subaerial exposure during lowstands. Thus, recognition of the lowstand unconformity is of vital importance in exploration. All rock systems record sea level changes, but those most important to petroleum exploration in western cratonic basins are in the Ordovician, Devonian, Permian-Pennsylvanian, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary. A major problem is to determine whether structural topography, or depositional topography and eustatic changes, exerted the primary control on sedimentation. Petroleum occurrences in well-documented sequences related to sea level changes are discussed for the Rocky Mountain and Mid-Continent regions. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1838------------
Amdahl’s Law in the multicore era

Summary form only given. In this paper, we apply Amdahl's law to several multicore chips variants: symmetric cores, asymmetric cores and dynamic techniques that allow cores to work together on sequential execution. Starting with Amdahl's simple software model, we add a simple hardware model based on fixed chip resources.
Competing event risk stratification may improve the design and efficiency of clinical trials: secondary analysis of SWOG 8794.

Background Composite endpoints can be problematic in the presence of competing risks when a treatment does not affect events comprising the endpoint equally.
The use of the ketogenic diet in a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.

Abstract Objective: To report on the effects of the ketogenic diet on a 9-year-old boy with myoclonic jerks due to subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Methods: A 9-year-old boy presented with progressively worsening myoclonus unresponsive to valproic acid and clonazepam. He was started on the ketogenic diet maintaining urine ketones at greater than 80mgdl −1 . Results: Within 2 weeks of dietary initiation, myoclonic jerks stopped. Four weeks later he developed cognitive slowing. Results of electroencephalogram and cerebrospinal fluid analysis were consistent with SSPE. Three months after ketogenic diet initiation, myoclonic jerks reappeared and were refractory to treatment. Conclusion: The ketogenic diet may be useful in controlling, even temporarily, the myoclonic jerks of SSPE.
Monolithic three-dimensional integration of carbon nanotube FETs with silicon CMOS

We demonstrate the first VLSI-compatible approach for monolithic three-dimensional (3D) integration of carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNFETs) with silicon CMOS for high-performance digital logic applications. Fine-grained monolithic 3D integration is demonstrated at the logic gate level, whereby individual logic gates are composed of both CNFETs and silicon FETs. Monolithic 3D integration is additionally achieved at the circuit-level, with CNFET logic gates cascaded with silicon CMOS logic gates, creating hybrid CNFET-silicon CMOS logic circuits. All the CNFET fabrication steps are VLSI-scalable and silicon CMOS compatible. CNFET fabrication is performed after the silicon CMOS processing is completed and the CNFETs directly overlap on top of the silicon FETs. This work demonstrates both the compatibility of CNFETs with silicon CMOS and the ability to achieve monolithic 3D ICs simultaneously using silicon CMOS and CNFETs.
Relationship between early clinical exposure and first-year students' attitudes toward medical education.

PURPOSE: To determine whether there is a relationship between early clinical exposure and students' attitudes toward medical education. METHOD: At the end of the spring quarter, 1995, 93 first-year students at the University of Washington School of Medicine were asked to complete a one-page, 15-item
Effect of Soluble Silica on Brown Patch and Dollar Spot of Creeping Bentgrass

Abstract Disease pressure on cool season turfgrasses is very high in the transition zone due to the heat and humidity of prolonged summers. Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) is susceptible to both brown patch (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn) and dollar spot (Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F.T. Bennett) fungi. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of soluble silica for reducing the severity or incidence of disease on creeping bentgrass. Two mature stands of creeping bentgrass, maintained as putting greens, were used. Both greens were constructed to USGA specifications and planted with either “Penncross” or “Cato” and “Crenshaw” blend creeping bentgrass. Plots were treated biweekly with silica at rates of 0, 25, and 50 kg ha−1. Turf quality was unaffected by silica application. Differences in disease incidence between the silica treatments and the control were observed in 1995 but not in 1996. There was no effect of treatment on tissue Si, suggesting that creeping bentgrass may be a Si exclud...
From the classroom to clinical: A Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act primer for the nurse educator

Associate degree nurse educators face multiple challenges when performing their faculty role. Knowledge of the federal laws that govern the privacy rights of students, the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), provides the educator with tools essential for the fair handling of student records. This article describes this law and its major amendments, discusses scenarios unique to nursing education, and offers suggestions to manage situations affecting privacy of nursing students.
Organoid development in cancer genome discovery.

The tumor response to most therapeutic agents in cancer is highly unpredictable. Cancer models which can adequately represent tumor heterogeneity and predict in vivo drug sensitivity are intense areas of investigation. Cancer cell lines and patient-derived xenograft models are the most frequently used models in cancer research and anticancer drug screening. Recently, cancer ‘organoid’ culture conditions have been developed to establish in vitro growth of patient-derived samples at higher efficiency and they are very promising for large scale drug screening and fundamental cancer biology research. Here, we leverage our experience in prostate cancer to discuss the advantages and limitations of these cancer models and summarize the development of cancer organoid culture—a development which may provide a new path towards personalized medicine in the future.
Effect of the applied potential on the potential and current distributions within crevices in pure nickel

Abstract The electrode potential profile within a crevice was measured in situ during crevice corrosion of nickel in 1N H 2 SO 4 under conditions of effective convective mixing of the crevice and bulk electrolytes. Oxidizing power was investigated by applying potentials in the passive region. A steep potential gradient and constant pH were always measured during crevice corrosion. The magnitude of the potential drop and the distance into the crevice of the passive-to-active transition, X pass, both increased linearly with increasing applied potential, in accordance with the IR >ΔΦ∗ criterion. The in situ measured potential E pass at X pass was, at all times, constant and in the range of the passive-to-active transition for the polarization curve of the bulk solution.
The electronic spectra of porphyrin-like cobalt-tetracarboxy-phthalocyanines as modified by polylysine and polyglycols.

Abstract The effect of poly- l -lysine and polyglycols on the electronic spectral properties of cobalt-tetracarboxy-phthalocyanine, compound (I), was studied in order to determine the effect of the polymers on the molecular stacking properties of compound (I). In the present study we have coupled, both covalently and electrostatically, the poly- l -lysine to compound (I). The electrostatic interaction with the polylysine resulted in (i) a bathochromic shift of absorbance by compound (I) from 680 to 695 nm, and (ii) the generation of shoulders in the 590 and 580 nm region. The bathochromic shift indicates that the polylysine either misaligns the units of compound (I) in the molecular stack or alters the angular relationship of the planar compound (I) molecules. The covalent linkage with the polylysine resulted in stabilization of the monomeric form of compound (I) with no hypochromism in the 680 nm region. The reaction of the polyglycols, dextran and DEAE dextran with compound (I) prior to the addition of the polylysine, stabilized the polymeric stacked form of compound (I) in the presence of the polylysine. Ammonium ion and ethanolamine resulted in the appearance of peaks in the 730–760 nm region; a trihydroxy containing primary amine and monomeric lysine generated no such peak at wavelengths above 700 nm. The polyglycol binding capacity of compound (I) facilitated the separation of the unbound compound (I) from the polymeric complexes.
The role of energy storage in transmission and distribution efficiency

Energy storage systems that are properly placed on the transmission system can be used to relieve transmission congestion [1]. Similarly, storage on distribution can be used to reduce peak loads [2]. The reduction in currents produced by congestion relief and peak reduction may also result in a decrease in line losses. Further efficiency improvements could be realized by optimizing the placement and scheduling of energy storage for loss reduction and efficiency improvement.
The value-added acquisitions librarian after bloss: Myth or reality?

Cet article traite des bouleversements qu'a produit l'arrivee de la notion de valeur ajoutee dans le metier et la reconnaissance de la fonction de bibliothecaire specialise dans les acquisitions. Cet article est une critique d'un autre article paru dans cette meme revue, dans ce meme numero
Synthesis and Structure of Preorganized, C3-Symmetric Trilactam Scaffolds with Convergently Oriented (S)-Acetylthiomethyl Appendages

Efficient modular synthesis of conformationally preorganized, C3-symmetric trilactams is reported. The allyl acetate cyclization substrate was synthesized in five steps from Garner's l-serine-derived aldehyde. After chiral ligand-mediated palladium cyclization, the resulting vinyl hydropyran was transformed into the orthogonally protected amino acids for iterative coupling. The final macrolactamization was accomplished using EDCI/HOBt or HATU/HOAt under high dilution conditions.
Status of the Spallation Neutron Source with focus on target materials

Abstract An overview of the design and construction of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is presented. Key facility performance parameters are summarized and plans for initial operation are described. Early efforts produced a conceptual design in 1997; the project itself was initiated in 1999, with the official groundbreaking taking place in December of 1999. As of April 2005 building construction was complete and the overall project was more than 90% complete. The design of the target and surrounds are finished and the first target was installed in June 2005. First beam on target is expected in June, 2006. The engineering design of the target region is described. The key systems comprise the mercury target, moderator and reflector assemblies, remote handling systems, utilities and shielding. Through interactions with the 1 GeV proton beam, the target, moderators and reflectors produce short pulse neutrons in thermal energy ranges, which are transported to a variety of neutron scattering instruments. The mercury target module itself is described in more detail. Materials issues are expected to govern the overall lifetime and have influenced the design, fabrication and planned operation. A wide range of materials research and development has been carried out to provide experimental data and analyses to ensure the satisfactory performance of the target and to set initial design conditions. Materials R&D concentrated mainly on cavitation erosion, radiation effects, and mercury compatibility issues, including investigations of the mechanical properties during exposure to mercury. Questions that would require future materials research are discussed.
Planning the Technical Article

This article constitutes a chapter in a projected book on publishing in technical journals and magazines. The book has been written primarily for professional men and women who have something to contribute beyond their day-to-day requirements.This particular chapter discusses the organization of the technical article as distinct from the technical paper. Wherever possible, examples have been drawn from current publications.
Time-Resolved Impact Response and Damage of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Laminates

An experimental technique for time-resolved characterization of the mechanical response and induced damage of fiber-reinforced composite laminates during low-velocity, transverse impact is presented. The configuration uses a three-point bend fixture in a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus for controlled loading and real-time diagnosis. The full histories of contact force, displacement and energy absorption of the specimen during impact are measured. The materials analyzed are IM7/K3B, a graphite-fiber polyimide-matrix composite, and S2 glass/5250-4, a glass-fiber bismaleimide-matrix composite. Experiments conducted characterize the responses of the materials over a range of impact energy. The initial peak force sustained by the specimen is found to be constant over the range of impact energy studied. A monotonic relation is observed between the amount of energy absorbed by the specimens and the post-impact tensile strength of the materials. For the same amount of energy dissipated through damag...
Respiratory syncytial virus strain A2 is resistant to the antiviral effects of type I interferons and human MxA.

Abstract Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) belongs to Paramyxoviridae family of enveloped negative-strand RNA viruses and causes severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children younger than 2 years of age. As members of Paramyxoviridae family, RSV and parainfluenza type 3 (PIV3) have similar modes of infection and replication. A variety of negative-strand RNA virus infections, including that of PIV3, are inhibited by human MxA protein, a type I interferon (IFN)-inducible GTPase. We tested whether the MxA protein, induced either by type I human IFNs or by stable transfection of human MxA gene in human (U-87) or simian (Vero) cells, confers resistance to these cells against infection by RSV strain A2. RSV infection was resistant to antiviral effects induced by 0–10,000 U/ml type I IFNs (IFN-α or -β) in both human lung epithelial, A549, and fibroblast, MRC-5 cells. RSV virus yield was reduced only by 10- to 20-fold, and viral protein synthesis was not significantly affected under conditions of IFN treatment where PIV3 yield was reduced by 1000- to 10,000-fold. Human or simian cell lines constitutively expressing MxA were protected against infection by PIV3 but not by RSV. Our results indicate that RSV A2 is resistant to the antiviral effects of MxA, even though RSV and PIV3 have similar replication strategies. In IFN-treated coinfected cultures, IFN-resistant RSV A2 did not prevent the IFN-mediated inhibition of PIV3 multiplication. Hence the resistance of RSV A2 to type I IFNs does not appear to be due to soluble factors released into the medium or a disruption in the cellular antiviral machinery brought about by RSV A2 infection.
Managing new technology investment for underwater security of ports

This study focuses on the economic implications of positive externalities in new technology investment for underwater security of ports and waterways. The evidence on the magnitude of positive externalities in this area is reviewed. Positive externalities exist when a product or service provides benefits to the society in excess of the private benefits of the decision-makers. Port security investments involve direct benefits as well as positive externalities. Direct benefits of security investment are the result of preventing port closure and are observed by port decision-makers. Direct positive externalities include the benefit of preventing the stoppage in shipping and are reflected in avoidance of production and sales decreases. Indirect positive externalities result from prevention of supply-chain stoppages at suppliers and customers of affected firms. Finally, indirect positive externalities include the avoidance of induced costs that result from loss of income to communities whose members work in the affected industries. Ports are part of critical infrastructure. Underwater security threats pose specific new challenges and require new technology investment. Accurate economic evaluation of such security investment promotes efficiency and security of resources. This study advocates applying the concept of social net present value to enhance evaluation of port security investment.
New developments in fusion materials research using surrogate neutron spectra

The use of surrogate irradiation facilities to conduct fusion-relevant materials research requires that fission-fusion correlations be developed to account for the differences between the surrogate and fusion spectra. It is shown that with the exception of 59Ni isotopic doping of nickel-containing alloys and irradiation in a temperature-controlled environment it is almost impossible to study the effects of helium without introducing other important variables such as displacement rate, temperature history and solid transmutants. When helium effects are studied in the absence of differences in these variables, helium's impact on macroscopic properties is shown to sometimes be second order in magnitude. Differences in displacement rate and temperature history can completely dominate experiments directed toward the study of PKA recoil spectra and helium/dpa ratio.
Computer packages that contain the FFT

This paper critiques a set of software (i.e., SAS, BMDP, LSP) that contain a Fourier analysis program. In addition, this paper discusses both general-purpose software that runs a Fourier analysis and special Fourier analysis hardware. Some examples of the efficacy of commercially available software and hardware are given.
Measurement of axial pressure profiles in large-size industrial flotation columns

Abstract A portable and submergible pressure sensor was developed in order to measure the axial pressure profiles in large-size industrial flotation columns. The system was used to evaluate the effect that operating variables, such as pulp density (1.1–1.3 g/cm 3 ), gas flowrate (1–2 cm/s) and interface level (0.2–2.5 m), have upon the pressure profile. It was found that local pressure varies with changes in pulp level, in the same order of magnitude that varies with common changes in gas flowrate and pulp density. These measurements show the large uncertainty in pulp level estimation using a single pressure sensor. Axial pressure profiles were estimated from different baffled sections in large-size flotation columns. Typically, the data observed from different column sections showed an homogeneous gas distribution over the cross-section of the columns. Local pressure measurement was used to estimate the axial gas holdup profile along the collection zone of large-size columns. A typical increase in gas holdup of 50–60(%), from the bubble generator up to the interface level was determined in industrial columns of 14–15(m) height and 1–16(m 2 ) in cross-section. These data allowed the validation of models to estimate local mean bubble size. Average bubble sizes in the order of 0.9–1.3(mm), were estimated at superficial gas rates of 1.1–2.1(cm/s).
Albumin inhibits apolipoprotein AI and AII production in human hepatoblastoma cell line (Hep G2): additive effects of oleate–albumin complex

Abstract Although the role of multiple humoral agents (such as plasma albumin, glucose, hormones etc.) are implicated in lipoprotein metabolism, the mechanism of action of these agents on various steps of the synthesis and secretion of lipoproteins and apolipoproteins (protein moieties of lipoproteins) are not completely understood. Specifically, the hepatocellular mechanisms of the effect of albumin and fatty acids on apolipoprotein (apo) AI and AII [major proteins of high density lipoproteins (HDL)] synthesis and secretion are not known. Using human hepatoblastoma cells (Hep G2) as an in vitro model system, this study examined the effect of albumin and fatty acids on the synthesis, secretion, and the steady-state mRNA expression of apo AI and AII. The data indicated that the incubation of Hep G2 cells with albumin, dose-dependently, inhibited apo AI and AII accumulation (secretion) in the media, de novo synthesis, and the steady-state mRNA expression. Albumin did not alter total protein synthesis; thus the effect of albumin appeared to be specific for the synthesis and secretion of apo AI and apo AII. Free fatty acids (FFA) are transported by albumin and diseases characterized by enhanced FFA mobilization (e.g. diabetes mellitus) are associated with low HDL levels. Studies were therefore performed to examine the effect of albumin-bound-oleic acid on apo AI and apo AII production. The results showed that the albumin–oleate complex further increased the inhibitory effects of albumin on apo AI and apo AII production. These data suggest how HDL metabolism may be affected at the hepatocellular level by alterations in plasma albumin concentrations and/or fatty acid mobilization in clinical situations characterized by altered HDL levels.
Cervical scleroderma: A case of soft tissue dystocia

Scleroderma is a rare connective tissue disorder characterized by interstitial fibrosis and degenerative vascular changes. The vascular lesion consists of concentric proliferation of the intima with adventitial fibrosis. In progressive systemic sclerosis, the most severe form, the disease may involve the skin, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and kidneys. More limited degrees of scleroderma have been variously classified. The most common form seen in association with pregnancy is “acrosclerosis,” characterized by involvement of the skin of the hands and face with associated Raynaud’s phenomenon. The unusual association of scleroderma and pregnancy can be explained by both the rarity of the disease and its usual time of onset being between ages 30 and 50. In the first case report of concomitant scleroderma and pregnancy, Enoi noted a “stiff,” incompletely dilated cervix in a patient after protracted labor. Since that time, the clinical significance of cervical scleroderma has been a matter for speculation. The present report describes a patient with scleroderma who ultimately underwent cesarean section for failure to progress. Labor was augmented with Pitocin monitored by an intrauterine pressure catheter. Biopsy of the uterine cervix showed changes consistent with scleroderma.
Nanoparticle self-assembly: Enantioselective photoactivation.

Circularly polarized light actualizes the formation of chiral twisted ribbons from achiral semiconductor nanoparticles.
The Portrayal of Africana Males in Achebe, Marshall, Morrison, and Wideman

This article looks at Professor Hudson-Weems's work Africana Womanism, in particular her 18 qualities of an Africana Woman. Hudson- Weems briefly addresses in her work the 18 characteristics of the Africana Male. The article then takes these 18 characteristics for men and applies them to the male characters from four novels: Brown Girl, Brownstones, Things Fall Apart, The Bluest Eye, and Hiding Place.
Policy-Makers' Images of International Conflict

Growing evidence indicates that foreign policy is not simply the product of purely rational, Realpolitik calculations. In making key decisions, national leaders often rely on highly simplified images of the international scene. Focusing on the long-standing debate over American-Soviet relations, I distinguish two basic images that have dominated much of this debate: the deterrence and conflict spiral images. What counts as a “rational” policy toward the Soviet Union depends critically on which image one believes best describes American-Soviet relations. I argue that although the psychological research literature does not tell us who is right in this controversy, the literature does identify a variety of factors (including cognitive, social and personality variables) that are threats to the validity of images underlying policy decisions. I discuss these potential sources of error and bias as well as possible approaches to minimizing their impact on the policy-making process.