cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacoeconomic Considerations in CNS Drug Development

Recent advances in understanding of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) suggest that we are entering an era in which basic discoveries of BBB structure and function may be parlayed into meaningful disease applications. The development of impactful human therapies is a difficult and lengthy process; nonetheless, many researchers desire to see their work applied to the treatment of human disease. Significant financial reward will follow functional solutions to BBB delivery challenges; however, validating a trans-BBB delivery strategy to support and sustain a clinical program is costly and risky and requires multidisciplinary expertise. Investigators must necessarily garner funding and expertise for such campaigns, mainly through government grants, private investment firms, and industrial partnerships. Among the many considerations for researchers looking to advance brain delivery technology are the commercial aspects of the technology and the requirements attached to the funding mechanisms for clinical development. Early choices about delivery modality and target therapy (indication) have important consequences for the development process. An understanding of the forces that currently drive the pricing of therapeutics and the factors considered by potential investors who can fund expensive clinical development programs is helpful for framing a discussion about the pharmacoeconomics of BBB delivery. Complex multimodal delivery technologies may have added challenges for demonstrating safety and significantly higher drug manufacturing costs that can influence the risk–benefit analysis made by potential investors. Both the therapeutic application and the delivery system influence the path to generating commercial or government interest in advancing a particular brain delivery approach toward the clinic.
Phenology, Abundance, Plant Injury and Effect of Temperature on the Development and Survival of Leptodictya plana (Hemiptera: Tingidae) on Pennisetum spp. Grasses

Abstract The lace bug, Leptodictya plana Heidemann, was sampled in the field on Pennisetum purpureum Schumach. from May through late October during 2008 and 2009. Highest population levels occurred in late August, which corresponded to the warmest temperatures of the season. Adults overwintered in ground litter/mulch and contributed eggs to as many as 4 overlapping generations in central Georgia, USA. Damage ratings on P. purpureum ornamental grasses averaged 20% for the entire 2008 and 2009 summer seasons, although individual plants expressed injury as high as 90% during midseason. When 2 ornamental grass standards were compared with each other, ‘Princess’ was more heavily damaged than ‘Prince’ during both sampling years. Decreased abundance observed in 2009 may have resulted from an increase in the amount of precipitation at the site. Mean duration of development ranged from 23.3 days at 30°C to 40.5 days at 25°C. Eggs hatched at 20, 25, 30 and 35°C, but not at 10 or 15°C. Complete development (egg to a...
25.4 A 0.43K-noise-equivalent-ΔT 100GHz dicke-free radiometer with 100% time efficiency in 65nm CMOS

Silicon based mm-Wave radiometers for sensing, passive imaging, and even biomedical imaging have become an emerging area with many excellent systems demonstrated up to W-band [1–5]. Beyond these emerging areas, mm-Wave radiometers are also a major tool in Earth science (both airborne and space-borne) providing overhead soundings for capturing climate conditions and supporting the study of extreme weather events, moisture cycles, and cloud formation by way of collecting atmospheric absorption measurements that can be both altitude and pressure resolved.
A model for the thermal properties

Thermal properties are important to several applications for powder metallurgy products. For example, liquid-phase sintered tungsten-copper composites are used in microelectronic packaging to obtain a high thermal conductivity in a low thermal expansion material. This article addresses modeling the thermal properties for composites fabricated by liquid-phase sintering. A computational cell is constructed with interlinked phases, consisting of a core of low thermal expansion material (tungsten) and a edge network of high thermal conductivity phase (copper). This structure is used to calculate the composition effects on the coefficients of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity. The results are applied to prior reports on W-Cu and used as a basis to identify several candidate high thermal conductivity systems for future development.
Phase Stability and Transport Mechanisms in Antiperovskite Li3OCl and Li3OBr Superionic Conductors

We investigate phase stability and ionic transport mechanisms in two recently discovered superionic conductors, Li3OX (X = Cl, Br), from first principles. These compounds, which have an antiperovskite crystal structure, have potential applications as solid electrolytes in Li-ion batteries. We identify a low-barrier three-atom hop mechanism involving Li interstitial dumbbells. This hop mechanism is facile within the (001) crystallographic planes of the perovskite crystal structure and is evidence for the occurrence of concerted motion, similar to ionic transport in other solid electrolytes. Our first-principles analysis of phase stability predicts that antiperovskite Li3OCl (Li3OBr) is metastable relative to Li2O and LiCl (LiBr) at room temperature. We also find that although the band gap of Li3OCl exceeds 5 eV, the metastable antiperovskite becomes susceptible to decomposition into Li2O2, LiCl and LiClO4 above an applied voltage of 2.5 V, suggesting that these compounds are most suited for low-voltage Li ...
Effect of the Acetophenone-Derivative of 16α,17α-Dihydroxyprogesterone (Deladroxone) and Estrogen (Dihydroxyprogesterone-acetophenide) on 85Sr Retention in Rats and Mice∗:

SummaryDeladroxone, a long-acting progestogen, had no effect upon the whole body retention of 85Sr in young rats and mice. Pretreatment of rats with Deladroxate, which contains Deladroxone plus estradiol enanthate, reduced by nearly 50% the 21-day retention of 85Sr. However, when administered to mice in large doses after the 85Sr had been well fixed in bone, Deladroxate raised the retention 8-9%. The effects of Deladroxate in both species appeared to be due to its estrogen component.
INHIBITION OF AUTOREGULATION OF RENAL BLOOD FLOW BY SKF 525-A AND FLUOROACETATE.

SummaryAutoregulation of renal blood flow and responsiveness to norepinephrine were found to be inhibited when SKF 525-A or sodium fluoroacetate were administered via the renal artery. SKF S25-A was effective only during the period of infusion. The brevity of action of this compound would appear to make it a useful tool in studies on autoregulation of renal blood flow. In contrast to SKF 525-A, sodium fluoroacetate produced an irreversible blockade. Pretreat-ment with reserpine did not affect the auto-regulatory response. These data are interpreted as further evidence for an active myogenic mechanism in autoregulation of renal blood flow.The authors are indebted to Smith Kline and French Laboratories for the SKF 525-A used in these experiments.
Determination of α,α-dimethylbenzyl alcohol in EPDM insulation by gas chromatography

An external-standard method of capillary gas chromatography used for determining the content of α,α-dimethylbenzyl alcohol in EPDM insulation was investigated.The results show that the method is easy and quick with high precision and accuracy.The proposed method may be used to determine the content of α,α-dimethylbenzyl alcohol in EPDM insulation products and can provide satisfactory results.
Giving Back: A mixed methods study of the contributions of US-Based Nigerian physicians to home country health systems.

There is increased interest in the capacity of US immigrants to contribute to their homelands via entrepreneurship and philanthropy. However, there has been little research examining how immigrant physicians may support health systems and what factors facilitate or raise barriers to increased support. This study used an observational design with paper questionnaire and interview components. Our sample was drawn from attendees of a 2011 conference for US Based Nigerian physicians; respondents who were not US residents, physicians, and of Nigerian birth or parentage were excluded from further analysis. Respondents were randomly selected to complete a follow-up interview with separate scripts for those having made past financial contributions or medical service trips to support Nigerian healthcare (Group A) and those who had done neither (Group B). Survey results were analyzed using Fischer exact tests and interviews were coded in pairs using thematic content analysis. Seventy-five of 156 (48 %) individuals who attended the conference met inclusion criteria and completed the survey, and 13 follow-up interviews were completed. In surveys, 65 % percent of respondents indicated a donation to an agency providing healthcare in Nigeria the previous year, 57 % indicated having gone on medical service trips in the prior 10 years and 45 % indicated it was “very likely” or “likely” that they would return to Nigeria to practice medicine. In interviews, respondents tended to favor gifts in kind and financial gifts as modes of contribution, with medical education facilities as the most popular target. Personal connections, often forged in medical school, tended to facilitate contributions. Individuals desiring to return permanently focused on their potential impact and worried about health system under-preparedness; those not desiring permanent return centered on how safety, financial security and health systems issues presented barriers. This study demonstrates several mechanisms by which health systems may benefit from expatriate engagement. Greater identification of reliable local partners for diaspora, deeper collaboration with those partners and a focus on sustainable interventions might improve the quantity and impact of contributions. Ethnic medical associations have a unique role in organizing and facilitating diaspora response. Public-private partnerships may help diaspora negotiate the challenges of repatriation.
New directions in social psychological interventions to improve academic achievement

Attempts to improve student achievement typically focus on changing the educational environment (e.g., better schools, better teachers) or on personal characteristics of students (e.g., intelligence, self-control). The 6 articles in this special issue showcase an additional approach, emanating from social psychology, which focuses on students’ beliefs and understandings of themselves and their environments. Previous studies have shown that small interventions designed to change student beliefs (e.g., attributions, mindsets, self-stories) can result in long-term academic improvement, and the 6 articles in this special issue build on and extend the social psychological approach in significant ways, demonstrating at scales both small and large, how these beliefs come to be, how to change them, and how they actually work to create academic improvement. We discuss the both the promise and limits of this approach. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Brentano and Meinong

The present chapter will deal with the contributions to axiology and axiological ethics of Franz Brentano (1838–1917) and Alexius Meinong (1853–1920), both of whom illuminated valuation and value by placing it in the context of a truly profound, magnificently elaborated philosophy of mind. The work of both philosophers, like that of Christian von Ehrenfels, another value-theorist of the period (System der Werttheorie — System of Value-Theory — 1897–8), is associated with Austria: Brentano’s most brilliant period of teaching was in Vienna, Meinong created and operated a small philosophical school at Graz, while von Ehrenfels taught for many years at Prague. There is something characteristically Austrian about all their work, a neat accuracy together with a fighting shy of the murky enthusiasm and the ill-justified comprehensiveness of the typical Germanic ‘system’.
Driving and Epilepsy: a Review of Important Issues

Driving restrictions in people with epilepsy (PWE) is a highly contentious topic. The fundamental difficulty lies in achieving a balance between safety and practicality. The aim of this review is to provide an overview, history, and rationale behind current laws regarding driving restriction in PWE. We also discuss recent findings that may be helpful to practitioners during individual discussions with PWE including seizure recurrence risk after first seizure, recurrent seizure, and anticonvulsant with drawl and driving restrictions in patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES).
Voice Pattern Hiding for VoIP Communications

In this paper, we address issues related to traffic analysis attacks and the corresponding countermeasures in Voice over IP (VoIP) traffic. VoIP is widely used in today's communication, it converts analog voice signals into digital data packets and supports real-time, two-way transmission of conversations using Internet Protocol. We focus on a particular class of traffic analysis attack, timing-based correlation attacks, by which an adversary attempt to analyze packet inter-arrival time of a user and correlate the output traffic with the traffic in their database. Correlation method that is used in this type of attack, namely Dynamic Time Warping(DTW) based Correlation. Based on our threat model and known strategies in existing VoIP communication, we develop methods that can effectively counter the timing-based correlation attacks. The empirical results provided showed the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in term of countering timing-based correlation attacks.
A Game-Theoretic Approach to Respond to Attacker Lateral Movement

In the wake of an increasing number in targeted and complex attacks on enterprise networks, there is a growing need for timely, efficient and strategic network response. Intrusion detection systems provide network administrators with a plethora of monitoring information, but that information must often be processed manually to enable decisions on response actions and thwart attacks. This gap between detection time and response time, which may be months long, may allow attackers to move freely in the network and achieve their goals. In this paper, we present a game-theoretic approach for automatic network response to an attacker that is moving laterally in an enterprise network. To do so, we first model the system as a network services graph and use monitoring information to label the graph with possible attacker lateral movement communications. We then build a defense-based zero-sum game in which we aim to prevent the attacker from reaching a sensitive node in the network. Solving the matrix game for saddle-point strategies provides us with an effective way to select appropriate response actions. We use simulations to show that our engine can efficiently delay an attacker that is moving laterally in the network from reaching the sensitive target, thus giving network administrators enough time to analyze the monitoring data and deploy effective actions to neutralize any impending threats.
A novel NVRAM cell technology for high density applications

A novel nonvolatile random-access memory (NVRAM) cell is proposed for high-density applications. This cell combines dynamic RAM performance with the nonvolatility of an EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) and permits the simultaneous transfer of all dynamic RAM data on the chip to the EEPROM. The data transfer is completed in less than 10 ms. The single-cell endurance exceeds 10/sup 5/ store cycles. A cell 79- mu m/sup 2/ in size is realized using 1.2- mu m process technology. The charge retention characteristic is favorable for 256-kb dynamic RAM operation. >
Vibrating micromechanical resonators with solid dielectric capacitive transducer gaps

VHF and UHF MEMS-based vibrating micromechanical resonators equipped with new solid dielectric (i.e., filled) capacitive transducer gaps to replace previously used air gaps have been demonstrated at 160 MHz, with Q's ~ 20,200 on par with those of air-gap resonators, and motional resistances (Rx's) more than 8times smaller at similar frequencies and bias conditions. This degree of motional resistance reduction comes about via not only the higher dielectric constant provided by a solid-filled electrode-to-resonator gap, but also by the ability to achieve smaller solid gaps than air gaps. These advantages with the right dielectric material may now allow capacitively-transduced resonators to match to the 50-377 Omega impedances expected by off-chip components (e.g., antennas) in many wireless applications without the need for high voltages. In addition to lower motional resistance, the use of filled-dielectric transducer gaps provides numerous other benefits over the air gap variety, since it (a) better stabilizes the resonator structure against shock and microphonics; (b) eliminates the possibility of particles getting into an electrode-to-resonator air gap, which poses a potential reliability issue; (c) greatly improves fabrication yield, by eliminating the difficult sacrificial release step needed for air gap devices; and (d) potentially allows larger micromechanical circuits (e.g., bandpass filters comprised of interlinked resonators) by stabilizing constituent resonators as the circuits they comprise grow in complexity
Hard clam walking: Active horizontal locomotion of adult Mercenaria mercenaria at the sediment surface and behavioral suppression after extensive sampling.

Locomotion of infaunal bivalve mollusks primarily consists of vertical movements related to burrowing; horizontal movements have only been reported for a few species. Here, we characterize hard clam walking: active horizontal locomotion of adults (up to 118 mm shell length, SL) of the commercially important species, Mercenaria mercenaria, at the sediment surface—a behavior only briefly noted in the literature. We opportunistically observed walking over a 10-yr period, at 9 different sites in the Peconic Bays, New York, USA, and tested several hypotheses for the underlying cause of this behavior through quantitative field sampling and reproductive analyses. Hard clam walking was exhibited by males and females at equal frequency, predominantly during June/July and October, when clams were in peak spawning condition. Extensive walking behavior appears to be cued by a minimum population density; we suggest it may be mediated by unidentified pheromone(s), infaunal pressure waves and/or other unidentified factors. There was no directionality exhibited by walking clams, but individuals in an area of extensive walking were highly aggregated and walking clams were significantly more likely to move toward a member of the opposite sex. Thus, we conclude that hard clam walking serves to aggregate mature individuals prior to spawning, thereby facilitating greater fertilization success. In the process of investigating this behavior, however, we apparently oversampled one population and reduced clam densities below the estimated minimum threshold density and, in so doing, suppressed extensive walking for a period of >3 years running. This not only reinforces the importance of detailed field investigations of species biology and ecology, even for those that are considered to be well studied, but also highlights the need for greater awareness of the potential for research activities to affect focal species behavior.
Brainstem Catecholaminergic Neurons Modulate both Respiratory and Cardiovascular Function

UNLABELLED Catecholamine neurons (CA) located in the brainstem project widely in the forebrain, hindbrain and spinal cord to many regions involved in the control of respiratory and cardiovascular function. For example, A6 noradrenergic neurons provide a tonic excitatory stimulus that maintains breathing frequency while A5 neurons provide an inhibitory influence on both cardiovascular and respiratory function to slow breathing frequency and heart rate. Mice with genetic defects that include CA neurons have abnormal respiration and blood pressure. For example, mice heterozygous for Phox2b with CA neuron defects have sleep-disordered breathing, and DBH knockout mice with absent CA cells centrally and peripherally have hypotension. Our hypothesis is that widespread brainstem CA neuron lesions in adult rats would significantly affect cardiorespiratory functions including breathing, chemoreception, blood pressure and heart rate. We produced the widespread brainstem CA neuron lesion by injecting anti-dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-saporin (DBH-SAP) via the 4th ventricle. The lesioned group had a 64-84% loss of A5, A6 and A7 tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (ir) neurons along with 56-64% loss of C1 and C2 phenyl ethanolamine-N methyltransferase (PNMT)-ir neurons over 2-3 weeks. The significant respiratory changes included: (1) a decreased breathing frequency during air and 7% CO2 breathing in both wakefulness and non-REM (NREM) sleep; (2) a reduced ventilatory response to 7% CO2 in wakefulness (-28%) and in NREM sleep (-26%); and (3) increased variability of breathing in REM sleep but not in wakefulness or NREM sleep. Significant cardiovascular changes at two weeks included: (1) an increased MAP by 11.7mmHg in the room air resting condition; (2) an unaffected cardiovascular response to hypercapnia; and (3) a smaller decrease of MAP in response to hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS Central CA neurons have a net excitatory effect on breathing and chemoreception but a net inhibitory effect on blood pressure.
Memory-phenotype CD4+ T cells spontaneously generated under steady-state conditions exert innate TH1-like effector function

Conventional CD4+ T cells are composed of naive, pathogen-specific memory, and pathogen-independent memory-phenotype (MP) cells under steady state. Naive and pathogen-specific memory cells play key roles in adaptive immunity, whereas the homeostatic mechanisms regulating the generation of MP cells and their biological functions are unclear. We show that MP cells are autonomously generated from peripheral naive cells in the absence of infectious stimulation in a T cell receptor (TCR)- and CD28-dependent manner. We further demonstrate that MP cells contain a T-bethi subpopulation that is continuously generated by environmental interleukin-12 (IL-12) and rapidly produces interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in response to IL-12 in the absence of pathogen recognition. These cells can provide nonspecific host resistance against Toxoplasma gondii infection while enhancing the adaptive CD4+ T cell responses. Together, these findings reveal that MP cells are continuously generated from naive precursors and have a previously undescribed innate immune function by which they produce an early, T helper cell type 1 (TH1)-like protective response against pathogens.
Posterior communicating artery aneurysms demonstrate faster interval growth than other growing aneurysms.

BackgroundPosterior communicating artery aneurysms are often associated with a high rupture risk. This study compares the differences in the rate of growth and morphological characteristics between...
The Sociology of Consumption: A Global Approach

Joel Stillerman. Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2015. vi and 225 pp., bibliography, index. $24.95 paper (ISBN-13: 978-0-7456-6127-8); $69.95 cloth (ISBN 9780745661278); $19.99–$69.95 electronic (ISBN 97807...
Abstract 5010: Activation of the notch signaling pathway confers a tumor-suppressive phenotype on melanoma-associated fibroblasts

Objectives. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is an emerging therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) play a crucial role in cancer progression. We aim to target TME by altering intracellular signaling which determines the biological function of CAF. We have recently showed that the Notch signaling pathway likely functions as a molecular switch in controlling the tumor regulatory role of CAF in animal models and experimentally created “CAF”. Here, we investigated the status of Notch signaling in human melanoma-associated fibroblasts (MAF) versus their normal counterparts and tested whether manipulation of the Notch pathway activity in MAF alter their tumor-regulating function. Methods. We examined levels of Hes1, a canonical Notch target, in MAF of human malignant melanoma at different stages (I-IV) and fibroblasts in either adjacent or non-adjacent normal skin tissues using tissue microarray. MAF were isolated from human metastatic melanoma tissues. Notch pathway RT2-PCRArray and immunoblot were used to assess Notch pathway activity in MAF versus normal human dermal fibroblasts. Activation of Notch signaling pathway in MAF was achieved by lentiviral vector encoding active form of Notch1 (NIC). The effect of Notch1-engineered MAF on melanoma growth was tested by in vitro co-cultures and in a mouse co-xenograft model (n=6/group). Tumor angiogenesis was analyzed by immunochemistry. Results. MAF expressed decreased levels of Hes1 compared with adjacent skin fibroblasts. Isolated MAF also exhibited lower Notch activity than normal human dermal fibroblasts. Notch1-engineered MAF significantly inhibited melanoma cell growth in vitro (p Conclusions. Notch pathway activity is down-regulated in MAF. Increase of Notch pathway activity confers MAF with inhibition to melanoma growth and tumor angiogenesis. Our study demonstrates that Notch signaling is a critical molecular switch in determining the tumor regulatory role of MAF and provides potential targets for cancer therapeutic interventions on the TME. Citation Format: Hongwei Shao, Mecker G. Moller, Long Cai, Leiming Zhang, Zhao-Jun Liu. Activation of the notch signaling pathway confers a tumor-suppressive phenotype on melanoma-associated fibroblasts [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5010. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5010
Biophysical characterization and structure of the Fab fragment from the NIST reference antibody, RM 8671.

Monoclonal antibody pharmaceuticals are the fastest-growing class of therapeutics, with a wide range of clinical applications. To assure their safety, these protein drugs must demonstrate highly consistent purity and stability. Key to these objectives is higher order structure measurements validated by calibration to reference materials. We describe preparation, characterization, and crystal structure of the Fab fragment prepared from the NIST Reference Antibody RM 8671 (NISTmAb). NISTmAb is a humanized IgG1κ antibody, produced in murine cell culture and purified by standard biopharmaceutical production methods, developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to serve as a reference material. The Fab fragment was derived from NISTmAb through papain cleavage followed by protein A based purification. The purified Fab fragment was characterized by SDS-PAGE, capillary gel electrophoresis, multi-angle light scattering, size exclusion chromatography, mass spectrometry, and x-ray crystallography. The crystal structure at 0.2 nm resolution includes four independent Fab molecules with complete light chains and heavy chains through Cys 223, enabling assessment of conformational variability and providing a well-characterized reference structure for research and engineering applications. This nonproprietary, publically available reference material of known higher-order structure can support metrology in biopharmaceutical applications, and it is a suitable platform for validation of molecular modeling studies.
Germinal plasm and determination of the primordial germ cells

Structural and experimental studies on the germ plasms of Drosophila (Insecta) and Rana and Xenopus (Amphilia) are reviewed. Major studies implicating germ plasm in formation of primordial germ cell involve destruction or deletion of the plasm. UV-sensitive germ cell determinants are present in germ plasms of both these major groups. The polar granules (Drosophila) contain stainable RNA which is no longer detectable after the blastoderm stage. In amphibians, there is less evidence for the presence of RNA in germinal granules. In both groups, however, associated ribosomes are implicated in protein synthesis by the granules. One hypothesis is that such bodies are the sites where maternal messenger RNA which codes for proteins specific to primordial germ cells are localized. An alternative hypothesis involves ''protective'' action of germ plasm whereby there is differentiation of the mitotically inhibited, embryonic germ cells. Unequivocal evidence comes from studies of Drosophila pole plasm and pole cell transfers which show that material in the pole plasm induces formation of the distinct germ cells which become functional gametes. The germ plasm provides the clearest example of cytoplasmic localizations which play a determinative role in early organogenesis. The nature, origin, and mode of action of germ cell determinants remainmore » problematical. Progress has been made by identifying within the germinal plasm region discrete electron dense bodies which are correlated with germ cell determination. What remains to be done is direct demonstration of whether these structures alone direct germ cell formation. By isolating the dense bodies and directly testing their activity, it should be possible to identify both their biological function as well as their chemical composition.« less
Automated Information Extraction

Chapter 1 identified automated information extraction (also known as computational content analysis or media-mining) as the first area of Computational Social Science. In this chapter takes a close look at this area, beginning with roots in linguistics. Computational text mining has been the main application of this area of CSS, but audio, imagery, and social media data are also components of the expanding Big Data universe. Theory and research in automated information extraction is at the base of major social science discoveries, such as universal semantic spaces and the fundamental structure of human information processing. A major focus of this chapter is on the methodology of automated information extraction, including phases that extend from the formulation of research questions to the selection of sources, preprocessing preparations, to analysis in a technical sense. Illustrative examples are provided, including some recent transformative breakthroughs in computational events data analysis and geospatial data structures. The material in this chapter has intrinsic value as well as being instrumental for understanding networks, complexity, and simulation modeling approaches in subsequent chapters.
When the Question is Part of the Answer: Examining the Impact of Emotion Self-reports on Student Emotion

A variety of methodologies have been put forth to assess students’ affective states as they use interactive learning environments (ILEs) and intelligent tutoring systems (ITS), such as classroom observations and subjective coding, self-coding by students after replays, as well as self-reports of student emotion as students are using the learning environment. Still, it is unclear what the disadvantages of each methodology are. In particular, does measuring affect by asking students to self-report alter student affect itself? The following work explores this question of how self-reports themselves can bias affective states, within one particular tutoring system, Wayang Outpost.
Metaphor-Based Values in Scientific Models

Theories of attention in cognitive psychology are based on various metaphoric models that determine how the phenomena of attention are identified, how they are studied experimentally, and how they are explained theoretically. Three of the central models in contemporary research programs are the Attention-Spotlight metaphor, the Attention As Limited Resource metaphor, and the Biased-Competition metaphor. Each of these metaphoric models involves a specific ontology of entities and processes, and each one entails a specific set of values that guide research on attention. These values are largely incompatible across the three different models. I argue that metaphor-based value systems are characteristic of all science and that this is not a lamentable problem, but rather the source of the insight and experimental fruitfulness of scientific models.
Long-term outcomes after irradiation (RT) for pediatric low-grade glioma.

10549Background: Treatment for pediatric low-grade glioma (LGG) is variable, depending on age and tumor location. Systemic therapy (ST) is often used to delay RT, but ST does not result in durable ...
Rheumatoid Nodule Formation in the Kidney: A Diagnosis of Exclusion and a Rare Manifestation of Rheumatoid Arthritis Involving the Kidney.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by an inflammatory polyarticular arthritis as well as extra-articular manifestations. Although renal involvement of the kidney by RA most often is expressed as an immune complex–mediated glomerulopathy or AA amyloidosis, rheumatoid nodule formation has been rarely described.1 A rheumatoid nodule is characterized by necrotizing granulomatous inflammation, and can be found most commonly subcutaneously in patients with RA over sites prone to pressure or repetitive irritation, but also have been described to involve the deeper connective tissue, lungs, heart, and other tissue sites.2 As the etiology of a necrotizing granuloma can be of an infectious process, this possibility must be excluded particularly for patients with RA. We present a case in which a patient with longstanding RA is found by radiologic imaging to have a kidney mass. Histopathologic review of the subsequent partial nephrectomy revealed a necrotizing granuloma and an immune complex–mediated glomerulopathy predominately with a membranous pattern of injury. After histopathologic, molecular, further laboratory, and clinical evaluation, it was felt that the necrotizing granuloma was not of an infectious etiology and represented a rheumatoid nodule.
Risk Factors for Wound Infections after Deformity Correction Surgery in Neuromuscular Scoliosis.

Objective This study aims to elucidate surgical risk factors in neuromuscular scoliosis (NMS) with respect to wound site infection after spinal fusion. Methods A retrospective review was performed of all patients treated surgically for NMS between January 2008 and December 2016 (minimum 6 months' follow-up). A sub-cohort of 60 patients with minimum 2 years of follow-up data was also analyzed. Results In 102 patients (53 boys and 49 girls), the mean age at surgery was 14.0 years (SD ±2.7). Mean follow-up was 2.53 years (±1.66), and mean time to presentation of infection was 2.14 months (±4.95). The overall perioperative complication rate was 26.5%, with 14.7% of patients developing deep wound infection. Gram-negative bacteria were responsible for 60% of infections; 20% were Gram positive, and 20% involved both types. Pulmonary comorbidities (p = 0.007), pre- to postoperative increase in weight (p = 0.010), exaggerated lumbar lordosis at follow-up (p = 0.008), history of seizures (p = 0.046), previous myelomeningocele repair (p = 0.046), and previous operations (p = 0.013) were significant risk factors for infection. Conclusion Our data suggest that in the pediatric population treated surgically for NMS, wound infection is strongly associated with postoperative increase in body weight, residual lumbar lordosis, pulmonary comorbidity, history of myelomeningocele repair, seizures, and previous operations.
Lung Bacterial Burden is Increased Following the Onset of Chronic Rejection

Purpose Increased burden of lung bacteria is common in chronic lung diseases, is correlated with decreased lung function, and predicts disease progression. Bacterial burden is increased following lung transplant, but the relationship between bacterial burden and allograft dysfunction is unknown. Methods We obtained 294 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid specimens from 214 unique lung transplant recipients. We quantified lung bacterial burden as number of 16S rRNA copies per mL of BAL fluid using droplet digital PCR (Bio-Rad), a novel, ultrasensitive platform. The onset of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) was determined using the standard definition of the first of two consecutive FEV1 measurements ≤80% post-transplant baseline. Bacterial burden was compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and percentages were compared using the Chi-square test. Results We compared 145 (49%) BAL specimens collected while patients were CLAD-free (largely for routine surveillance) with 149 (51%) BAL specimens collected after developing CLAD. Bacterial culture results did not differ between the two groups, with 19 (13%) CLAD free samples having positive cultures and 33 (22%) samples positive cultures after the onset of CLAD (p=0.07). However, using culture-independent methods, we found a higher bacterial burden in BAL samples collected after developing CLAD than in the CLAD free samples (p Conclusion Lung bacterial burden is increased following the onset of CLAD. Further investigation will determine the pathogenic and clinical significance of airway dysbiosis in the progression of lung allograft dysfunction.
Incidence, Trends and Predictors of Palliative Care Consultation among Patients Admitted for LVAD Implantation in the United States

Aim Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) have become an important part of advanced heart failure management either as a bridge to transplantation or destination therapy. Patients with advanced heart failure have a poor prognosis and may benefit from palliative care (PC) services. However, there is scarce data regarding the incidence, trends, and predictors of palliative care consultation among patients undergoing LVAD implantation. The main objective of this study is to assess the incidence, trends, and predictors of PC referral in LVAD recipients using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2010 till 2014. Methods We conducted a weighted analysis on patients who underwent LVAD implantation during their index hospitalization in the 2010 - 2014 NIS data. We compared those who had palliative care referral with those who did not. We further examined the trend in palliative care utilization. Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) was calculated to identify patients’ demographic, social and hospital characteristics associated with PC consult using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 13,825 admissions (mean age: 57.02+13.4 years, 23.3% female) who had LVAD implantation were identified. Also, 559 (4.2%) had PC during the hospital stay. PC referral increased in the time frame from 14 per 1000 LVAD implantations in 2010 to 55 per 1000 in 2014 (P=0.001). Age≥75years (aOR 1.61), higher median household income (aOR 1.746), female (aOR 1.43), cardiac arrest (aOR 1.46) were associated with higher PC referral. PC referral was also higher in private owned hospitals when compared to government-owned hospitals (aOR 2.4). Midwest had higher PC referrals compared with Northeast region (aOR 1.768). Mortality was significantly higher among those who had PC referral (aOR 10.76) Conclusion There was an increase in trends for in-hospital PC referral in LVAD admissions over the 5-year study period. However, the overall rate of PC referrals during the index hospitalization remains low. Significant mortality among patients with PC referral may reflect the erroneous belief that palliative care consultation is only indicated among those with a higher likelihood of dying after the procedure.
The Relationship Between Ethnocultural Identity Measures and Youth Substance Use Among a School-Based Sample: A Focus on Native Hawaiian Youth.

The way in which behavioral health interventions are designed, implemented, and evaluated must be responsive to the ethnocultural characteristics of the targeted youth and their families, schools, and communities. The goal of this paper is to examine the relationship between ethnocultural identity measures and substance use among Native Hawaiian compared to non-Hawaiian youth. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted from baseline data drawn from an efficacy trial of a culturally-grounded drug prevention curriculum, Hoouna Pono. The sample (N=486) included youth from 13 rural, public middle schools who identified as Native Hawaiian, as well as other Pacific Islander, Asian, and other ethnicities. Ethnocultural identity measures used to explore the relationship between 30-day substance use included items from the Hawaiian Culture Scale (Hishinuma et al., 2000) and from Phinney’s (1992) Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure. Among the total sample, prevalence rates indicated that 11.2% of participants reported having been offered substances, and 9.7% reported having used one or more substances in the past month. For Hawaiian youth relative to the non-Hawaiian group, higher levels of Native Hawaiian ethnocultural independent variables were moderately associated with fewer offers to use substances and less gateway drug use. Other results were mixed regarding the relationship between ethnocultural variables and substance use. The present study found that selected ethnocultural variables were moderately associated with fewer drug offers and lower levels of gateway drug use for Hawaiian versus non-Hawaiian youth.
On the Creation of a New Legal Regime to Try Sea Pirates

This paper discusses the adequacy of international regimes to combat maritime crime, particularly the unique problems the international community faces in attempting to prescribe and enforce law in connection with sea piracy. It also discusses other crimes at sea, including, human trafficking, environmental problems, and the treatment of refugees at sea. Slavery and sea piracy are the only two crimes to which the doctrine of universal jurisdiction may apply, posing unique problems for the international community. The paper briefly sets out the historical reasons for the modern jurisdictional problems concerning piracy and then provides an historical update. The historical perspective is provided so that the reader can discern whether or not there are adequate international regimes ready to combat sea piracy and the unique jurisdictional problems sea piracy creates.
Spirituality, Religion, and Social Work: An Effort Towards Interdisciplinary Conversation

Social work scholars and practitioners have approached the question of how to integrate religion and/or spirituality into their profession in one of four typical ways: (1) resistance or avoidance; ...
Site-selective doping and superconductivity in ( La 1 − y Pr y ) ( Ba 2 − x La x ) Cu 3 O 7 − δ

Samples in the quaternary system $({\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{Pr}}_{y})({\mathrm{Ba}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{La}}_{x}){\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ have been prepared and characterized using x-ray and neutron diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and transport and magnetic measurements. Pr substitutes on the oxygen-depleted La layers for $yg0.0$, while La substitutes on the Ba sites for $x=0.0$. The effect of doping on each site is inferred to be primarily local, affecting immediately adjacent Cu-O layers. The similar suppression of superconductivity that accompanies doping on each of the two distinct sites apparently correlates with the degree of oxidation of the Cu-O sheets (and not the chains), indicating that the sheets support the high-temperature superconductivity. Comparison of orthorhombic and tetragonal samples with similar Ba:La ratios (and $y=0$) demonstrates that the orthorhombic phase yields the largest Meissner signals and highest transition temperatures in the $\mathrm{La}({\mathrm{Ba}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{La}}_{x}){\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ system. The effect on superconductivity of oxygen-vacancy configuration in the Cu-O chain layers is proposed to derive, indirectly, from their influence on the Cu-O sheets. In addition, optimally superconducting $\mathrm{La}({\mathrm{Ba}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{La}}_{x}){\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ samples exhibit interesting normal-state magnetic properties, with a paramagnetic susceptibility that decreases steadily with temperature between 350 K and ${T}_{c}$.
A methodology for customizing implantation profiles of light ions using a single thin foil energy degrader

Abstract A method was developed to quantify the spatial distribution and implantation depth of energy-degraded light ions with a thin foil rotating energy degrader for use during multiple ion beam irradiation. The methodology covers three physical phenomena: ions passing through the thin foil, ions travelling through the vacuum to the target, and ion implantation into the target, and accounts for the distribution of ions both in depth and in plane. The processes of energy straggling and scattering were calculated using SRIM. The effects of raster-scanning, and the geometry of the system were implemented in scripts handling the SRIM output files. Elastic backscattering (EBS) using 2.38 MeV H+ protons was used to measure the helium depth profiles after implantation with and without thin foil energy degradation. Defect analysis with transmission electron microscopy confirmed the implantation profiles measured with EBS and calculated with SRIM.
Sunk costs in the NBA: the salary cap and free agents

The previous research on the role sunk costs play in the National Basketball Association (NBA) has come to mixed conclusions. We use a direct measure of sunk costs, player compensation, and a quasi-experimental method that considers the endogenous relationship between compensation and productivity. Using the spike in salary cap for the 2016–2017 season, from new television broadcasting contracts, we find compensation has a significant effect on playing time. Specifically, we use players signing free agent contracts in 2015–2016 or 2016–2017. For both groups, we analyze the change in salary from the pre-contract season to the post-contract season. Using the difference-in-differences, we find the inflated salary cap, from the new television contracts, increased player compensation by 81.7%, on average. Instrumental variables estimations show the increase in compensation significantly affects playing time. The change in salary yields an additional 1.93 min played per game, which is approximately equal to the effect of a one-standard deviation increase in contemporaneous productivity. Furthermore, we find that our conclusions are robust to the use of various advanced analytical measures or traditional box-score statistics.