cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Developmental Epidemiological Framework for Clinical Child and Pediatric Psychology Research

In this chapter we elaborate on the principles and theoretical perspectives that have formed the foundation for the Johns Hopkins University Prevention Intervention Research Center’s (JHU-PIRC) work over the last decade. During this time, we fielded two sets of classroom-based, universal preventive intervention trials in 28 Baltimore City schools with three cohorts of first graders. We also fielded a universal, or primary, preventive intervention trial, along with a nested mental health services intervention, in three Baltimore Head Start centers. In each trial, the focus was on the early risk behaviors of poor academic readiness and aggressive and shy behavior and their distal correlates of antisocial behavior, substance abuse, and anxious and depressive symptoms and disorders. We believe the principles and perspectives that have guided our preventive and services interventions work are equally applicable to researchers in the child clinical and pediatric psychology arenas. As will become apparent, we advocate an interdisciplinary approach to mental health research, which requires an integration of the life course developmental, public health, community epidemiological, and experimental trials perspectives. We provide the reader with examples from our own research as well as that of others that we hope will highlight the strengths of our developmental epidemiological framework and its applicability to the challenges faced by child clinical and pediatric psychology researchers. Among the topics addressed are: (1) the need for grounding our clinical and basic research in developmental theory (Coie et al., 1993; Kellam & Rebok, 1992; Reid, 1993; Sandler et al., 1992); (2) the use of intervention trials as tests of our etiologic models of development and psychopathology (Coie et al., 1993; Kellam & Rebok, 1992; Reid, 1993; Sandler et al, 1992); (3) the benefits of a public health perspective with respect to the dissemination and acceptance of interventions found to be efficacious in research settings (Kellam & Rebok, 1992); (4) the pitfalls associated with the use of clinic samples and samples of convenience in clinical research and research on development and psychopathology (Greenley & Mechanic, 1976; Greenley, Mechanic, & Clearly, 1987); and (5) economically and logistically feasible methods for defining and selecting research populations in accord with epidemiological principles (Gordis, 1996).
Perennial management data systems issues in US manufacturing firms

Based on a survey of manufacturing firms, with a questionnaire based on issues identified repeatedly in earlier studies, this paper details the most important information systems issues for a sample of US manufacturing firms. The top four issues were found to be data resources, competitive advantage, end‐user computing, and aligning the IS organization. The common thread among all top issues is a focus external to the IS organization, either enterprise‐wide issues or issues that transcend the boundary of the firm. A factor analysis of the data found an underlying three‐factor structure: enterprise‐wide issues, IS functional issues, and applications issues.
Histologic demonstration of accessory muscular connections between auricle and ventricle in a case of short P-R interval and prolonged QRS complex

Summary 1.A patient with a short P-R interval and a prolonged QRS complex, and no other evidence of cardiovascular disease, died in an attack of paroxysmal tachycardia. 2.Gross examination of the heart showed no evidence of disease. 3Serial histologic sections of a portion of the auriculoventricular groove showed three muscular connections at the right lateral border of the heart between the right auricle and right ventricle. Two of these bridged a small part of the ventricular cavity during their course. 4The demonstration of the presence of these structures, which should be capable of conducting an impulse from auricle to ventricle, furnishes further support for the hypothesis of an accessory pathway of auriculoventricular conduction as an explanation for this electrocardiographic anomaly.
The impact of technology on network diversity

The purpose of this paper is to identify the barriers to career advancement and to investigate how technology may help to lift these barriers. Specifically, the authors look at the moderating effects of technology on network composition and career success and its impact on diversity in communication networks. This paper proposes the degree to which demographic variables predict career success. Technology is used to lift the barrier present for individuals dissimilar to those in the influential network. This facilitates participation and acceptance of individuals who would otherwise not communicate with individuals in the influential network.
Pelvic pain of pudendal nerve origin: surgical outcomes and learning curve lessons.

PURPOSE When pudendal nerve dysfunction fails to improve after medical and pelvic floor therapy, a surgical approach may be indicated. "Traditional," "posterior," transgluteal nerve decompression fails in an unacceptably high percentage of patients. Insights into pudendal neuroanatomy and pathophysiology offer improved microsurgical outcomes. METHODS To evaluate results of a peripheral nerve approach to the pudendal nerve, 55 patients were prospectively evaluated. This cohort included 25 men and 30 women. Surgical approach was posterior, transgluteal if symptoms included rectal pain; or "anterior," inferior pubic ramus approach if symptoms excluded rectal pain. Surgical approach was "resection," if trauma created a neuroma, and "decompression," if there were no neuroma. Effect of comorbidities was analyzed. RESULTS At 14.3 months postoperatively, untreated anxiety/depression correlated with outcome failure, regardless of surgical approach, p < 0.002. There was no difference in results, men versus women, "anterior" versus "posterior" approach, or neuroma resection versus neurolysis. Success correlated with the "learning curve" of the surgeon. Self-rated success was significantly better (p < 0.0001) for patients operated on during the second year of the study than the first year of the study, and improved again in the final year of the study (p < 0.04), with 86% of the patients in final year achieving an excellent result and 14% achieving a good result. CONCLUSION There is hope for surgical relief from pudendal nerve problems by distinguishing neuroma from compression in the diagnosis, and then choosing a site-specific surgical approach related to which pudendal nerve branches are involved.
Ethanol-Production Performance of Ozone-Treated Tannin Grain Sorghum Flour1

ABSTRACT Ozone has been reported as being able to degrade macromolecules such as cellulose, starch, lignins, and tannins in the textile, pulping, and water-treatment industries. Thus, we hypothesized that ozone treatment may also inactivate tannin activity and increase fermentation efficiency of tannin sorghum lines. The objective of this research was to study the physicochemical properties of ozone-treated whole tannin grain sorghum flour and its fermentation performance in ethanol production. Results showed that the ethanol yields from ozone-treated tannin grain sorghums were significantly higher than yields from the untreated flour. The fermentation efficiency of ozone-treated tannin grain sorghum was approximately 90%, which was 8–14% higher than that of untreated samples at the 36th hr of fermentation. At the end of 72 hr of fermentation, the efficiencies of ozone-treated sorghum flour were 2–5% higher than those of untreated samples. Measured tannin levels of ozone-treated samples decreased signific...
TU-F-18A-02: Iterative Image-Domain Decomposition for Dual-Energy CT

Purpose: Dual energy CT (DECT) imaging plays an important role in advanced imaging applications due to its material decomposition capability. Direct decomposition via matrix inversion suffers from significant degradation of image signal-to-noise ratios, which reduces clinical value. Existing de-noising algorithms achieve suboptimal performance since they suppress image noise either before or after the decomposition and do not fully explore the noise statistical properties of the decomposition process. We propose an iterative image-domain decomposition method for noise suppression in DECT, using the full variance-covariance matrix of the decomposed images. Methods: The proposed algorithm is formulated in the form of least-square estimation with smoothness regularization. It includes the inverse of the estimated variance-covariance matrix of the decomposed images as the penalty weight in the least-square term. Performance is evaluated using an evaluation phantom (Catphan 600) and an anthropomorphic head phantom. Results are compared to those generated using direct matrix inversion with no noise suppression, a de-noising method applied on the decomposed images, and an existing algorithm with similar formulation but with an edge-preserving regularization term. Results: On the Catphan phantom, our method retains the same spatial resolution as the CT images before decomposition while reducing the noise standard deviation of decomposed images by over 98%. The other methods either degrade spatial resolution or achieve less low-contrast detectability. Also, our method yields lower electron density measurement error than direct matrix inversion and reduces error variation by over 97%. On the head phantom, it reduces the noise standard deviation of decomposed images by over 97% without blurring the sinus structures. Conclusion: We propose an iterative image-domain decomposition method for DECT. The method combines noise suppression and material decomposition into an iterative process and achieves both goals simultaneously. The proposed algorithm shows superior performance on noise suppression with high image spatial resolution and low-contrast detectability. This work is supported by a Varian MRA grant.
A Quantitative Evaluation of Confidence Measures for Stereo Vision

We present an extensive evaluation of 17 confidence measures for stereo matching that compares the most widely used measures as well as several novel techniques proposed here. We begin by categorizing these methods according to which aspects of stereo cost estimation they take into account and then assess their strengths and weaknesses. The evaluation is conducted using a winner-take-all framework on binocular and multibaseline datasets with ground truth. It measures the capability of each confidence method to rank depth estimates according to their likelihood for being correct, to detect occluded pixels, and to generate low-error depth maps by selecting among multiple hypotheses for each pixel. Our work was motivated by the observation that such an evaluation is missing from the rapidly maturing stereo literature and that our findings would be helpful to researchers in binocular and multiview stereo.
Yohimbine attenuates the delayed lethality induced in mice by amitraz, a formamidine pesticide.

Abstract We have found that a single dose of amitraz, a formamidine pesticide, produces death in mice 2–5 days after dosing. To further examine this phenomenon, adult albino mice of both sexes were treated with either yohimbine (10 mg kg , i.p.) or deionized water (6 ml kg , i.p.), immediately before an injection of amitraz (600 mg kg , i.p.) and twice daily thereafter for 8 days. Male mice treated with water were more susceptible than water-treated females to the lethal effects of amitraz. In addition, yohimbine treatment significantly decreased the number of deaths in both sexes. These data suggest that an α2-adrenergic mechanism is involved in the delayed lethality produced by amitraz. This manuscript has been reviewed by the Health Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names and commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
Diffraction of SH-Waves by an elliptic elastic cylinder

Abstract Diffraction of SH-waves by an elliptic elastic cylinder has been discussed. Results are derived also for the case of an elliptical cavity. Numerical results are presented for the shear stress on the cylinder.
The identification and location of buried containers via non-destructive testing methods

Abstract The problem of identifying and locating containers of hazardous materials located beneath the ground surface or under water can be solved by either som The conclusions section gives recommendations as to where each method is most applicable, as well as a comparison of each method on the basis of cost,
Enthalpies of solution of lithium perchlorate in anhydrous and aqueous aliphatic nitriles at 298.15 K

Abstract Enthalpies of solution of lithium perchlorate in propionitrile, butyronitrile, and i-butyronitrile are reported for the molality range 0.015 to 0.5 mol kg−1. Enthalpies of mixing of water + acetonitrile and + propionitrile were measured over the extremes of the composition range. Enthalpies of transfer of lithium perchlorate from anhydrous to aqueous acetonitrile and from anhydrous to aqueous propionitrile are also reported. The results are discussed in terms of ion—solvent and ion—ion interactions.
Test item writing: 3Cs for successful tests

Developing a quality test is a challenge for even the most seasoned educator. Creating examination questions that assess learning is both an art and a science. The art is the ability to paint a picture of a clinical experience using clear, concise language that will assess the student's ability to apply concepts learned. The science is equally challenging. The science of examination development includes creating a logical, ordered road map for testing and utilizing data to continually enhance the quality of tests. Testing is a significant form of assessment measuring the reliability and validity of a curriculum and its implementation. Testing also provides a consistent way to measure learning across individuals and environments. A well-written test provides a framework for fair and equitable assessment: Every student is treated equally and expected to meet the same objective criterion. (Fahim, 2012; Oerman & Gaberson, 2009). Ultimately effective tests prepare students for the licensure examination (NCLEX) and prepare competent nurses for practice. The three Cs provide a framework for educators to evaluate their current tests and create new test items. The three Cs include the following: (a) Content that will be assessed in the test, (b) Clarity and Complexity of the test questions, and (c) Critique of tests for quality improvement.
Study and optimization of 15 cm Kaufman thruster discharges.

Kaufman thrustor performance dependence on transmission of ion extraction optics and magnetic field shape
Passive Evaporative Cooler for Malaria Testing in Developing Countries

A top-wicking cooler box was designed for this purpose and included an experimental and theoretical analysis of an evaporative cooling technique utilizing mounted water troughs and a single transfer surface. Construction and insulation material, cooling capabilities, and environmental sustainability were compared between two boxes with different dimensions. The smaller boxes were found to be more effective due to a smaller ratio of volume to surface area, which resulted in higher cooler system effectiveness than the larger boxes. Regardless of the roofing metal, it was found that the square dimensioned boxes were unsuitable to sufficiently cool numerous RDTs irrespective of their scaling. Future testing on rectangular boxes and additional evaporative cooling options warrant further investigation.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Magnetic resonance-detected subchondral bone marrow and cartilage defect characteristics associated with pain and X-ray-defined knee osteoarthritis.

Abstract Objective : To assess whether the presence of subchondral bone marrow abnormalities (bone marrow edema (BME)) and cartilage defects, determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), would explain the difference between painful osteoarthritis of the knee (OAK) compared with painless OAK or pain without OAK. Method : Four groups of women (30 per group), aged 35–55 years, were recruited from the southeast Michigan Osteoarthritis cohort (group 1: painful OAK; group 2: painless OAK; group 3: knee pain without OAK; and group 4: no OAK or knee pain). OAK was defined by a Kellgren–Lawrence score of 2 or greater, while pain was based on self-report. BME and cartilage defects were identified from MRI. Results : BME lesions were identified in 56% of all knees. BME lesions were four times (95% CI=1.7, 8.7) more likely to occur in the painless OAK group as compared with the group with pain, but no OAK. BME lesions >1cm were more frequent (OR=5.0; 95% CI=1.4, 10.5) in the painful OAK group than all other groups. While the frequency of BME lesions was similar in the painless OAK and painful OAK groups, there were more lesions, >1cm, in the painful OAK group.About 75% of all knees had evidence of some cartilage defect, of which 35% were full-thickness defects. Full-thickness cartilage defects occurred frequently in painful OAK. One-third of knees with full-thickness defects and 47% of knees with cartilage defects involving bone had BME >1cm. Women with radiographic OA, full-thickness articular cartilage defects, and adjacent subchondral cortical bone defects were significantly more likely to have painful OAK than other groups (OR=3.2; 95% CI=1.3, 7.6). Conclusion : The finding on MRI of subchondral BME cannot satisfactorily explain the presence or absence of knee pain. However, women with BME and full-thickness articular cartilage defects accompanied by adjacent subchondral cortical bone defects were significantly more likely to have painful OAK than painless OAK.
Mental Health Rehabilitation in the Kyrgyz Republic: Official and Indigenous Models

The collapse of the Soviet Union has led to termination of the previous governmental mental health rehabilitation system. The article describes the status of the public rehabilitation system in the post-perestroika period, and an indigenous model of ‘family rehabilitation’ of patients with mental disorders. The family rehabilitation is predisposed by the traditional Kyrgyz family structure and cultural attitudes towards people with unusual behaviors. Nowadays there are several trends of psychosocial rehabilitation in the Kyrgyz Republic. One of the most perspective one integrates both communities and mental health specialists aimed at maintaining the quality of life of patients with mental disorders.
Ergebnisse einer Umfrage über die Anwendung der Blutleere und Blutsperre unter den Mitgliedern der DAF (Deutsche Assoziation für Fuß- und Sprunggelenk e.V) und Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit der aktuellen Literatur

Zusammenfassung Einleitung Welche Lokalisation, wie lange und welcher Druck sind haufig gestellte Fragen hinsichtlich der Anwendung der Blutleere und Blutsperre. Das Ziel dieser Studie war die Erfassung der aktuellen Anwendungsstandards unter den Mitgliedern der DAF und der Vergleich mit der Literatur zur Etablierung einer Empfehlung. Material und Methoden 425 Mitglieder der DAF wurden mittels eines anonymen Internetfragebogens bestehend aus 27 Fragen per E-Mail angeschrieben. Die Fragen bezogen sich auf das Tatigkeitsfeld der Mitglieder (Praxis, Grose des Krankenhauses, Bettenzahl, Anzahl der Fus und Sprunggelenksoperationen) und die Anwendung einer Blutleere und Blutsperre hinsichtlich Lokalisation, Material, Hohe des Druckes und Komplikationen. Zusatzlich erfolgte eine Literaturrecherche hinsichtlich bestehender Empfehlungen und experimenteller Ergebnisse. Ergebnisse 87 Antworten konnten ausgewertet werden. Die Vorfusoperation wurde als haufigste Operation benannt. Als haufigster Ort der Anlage wurde der Oberschenkel angegeben. Die Grose der Extremitat und der Blutdruck wurden als wichtigste Parameter zur Festlegung des Manschettendruckes angegeben. Am Oberschenkel werden in der Mehrzahl Drucke zwischen 301 und 350 mmHg und am Sprunggelenk Drucke zwischen 251 und 300 mmHg angelegt. Nach 2 Stunden Operationszeit eroffnen nahezu die Halfte der Befragten die Blutleere/Blutsperre, ein weiteres Drittel der Befragten toleriert eine Blutleere/Blutsperre von bis zu 2 1/2 Stunden. Als Komplikationen (Hautschadigungen, Nervenlasionen, Tiefebeinvenenthrombosen) wurden in der Mehrzahl keine bis unter 5 Falle berichtet. Zusammenfassung Die Ergebnisse zeigen, das die Anwendung der Blutleere/Blutsperre eine gangige Praxis ist. Die angelegten Drucke sind in der Regel 50 mmHg hoher als in der Literatur empfohlen. Bei korrekter Anwendung handelt es sich um ein sicheres und komplikationsarmes Instrument.
The Role of Domain Content in Understanding Identity Development Processes

The current studies examined the importance of domain content in the processes of identity development using two approaches—narrative and status. We examined personal narratives for identity domain content, the co-occurrence of different contents, and the relations between content and processes, using two approaches to identity—status and narrative. Across two studies, 762 participants (average age = 19 years) and 2214 narratives, traditional ideological and interpersonal status domains were present, but so was a novel domain: existential concerns. Narrative identity processes were more frequent in narratives with multiple contents, and relations between identity statuses processes and narrative processes were modest. We discuss theoretical implications, the importance of examining content, and the utility of narrative approaches for doing so.
Preface and brief synthesis for the FOODBANCS volume

Abstract In this volume we present results from the FOODBANCS Project, which examined the fate and benthic community impact of summer bloom material on the West Antarctic Peninsula shelf floor. The project involved a 5-cruise, 15-month time-series program in which sediment-trap moorings, core sampling, radiochemical profiling, sediment respirometry, bottom photography, and bottom trawling were used to evaluate: (1) seafloor deposition and lability of POC, (2) patterns of labile POC consumption and sediment mixing by benthos, and (3) seasonal and inter-annual variations in biotic abundance, biomass, reproductive condition, recruitment, and sediment community respiration. We find that the seafloor flux and accumulation of particulate organic carbon on the West Antarctic Peninsula shelf exhibit intense seasonal and interannual variability. Nonetheless, many key benthic processes, including organic-matter degradation, bioturbation, deposit feeding, and faunal abundance, reproduction and recruitment, show relatively muted response to this intense seasonal and inter-annual variability in export flux. We thus hypothesize that benthic ecosystems on the Antarctic shelf act as “low-pass” filters, and may be extremely useful in resolving the impacts of climatic change over periods of years to decades in Antarctic Peninsula region.
Should Antibiotics Be Given Prior to Outpatient Cystoscopy? A Plea to Urologists to Practice Antibiotic Stewardship

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance is a major health problem, caused primarily by overuse of antibiotics in clinical situations in which they are not necessary. Practice guidelines recommend that antibiotics be given before outpatient cystoscopy to prevent symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI). Objective To determine the frequency of febrile UTI after outpatient flexible cystoscopy in antibiotic-naive bladder tumor patients. Design, setting, and participants A total of 2010 consecutive outpatients with bladder tumors were entered into a prospective registry study. All patients underwent cystoscopy after they submitted a voided urine sample for culture. Significant bacteriuria was defined as >10 4 colony-forming units per milliliter with a single organism. Patients were stratified for known risk factors for UTI. Intervention Patients underwent flexible cystoscopy and received no antibiotics immediately before or after cystoscopy. They were followed for 30 d for onset of febrile UTI. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis The end point was incidence of febrile UTI within 30 d of cystoscopy. Febrile UTI was defined as temperature >38°C and dysuria, or having received antibiotics from an outside physician for urinary symptoms. Results and limitations Of the 2010 patient cystoscopies, 489 (24%) had asymptomatic bacteriuria, and 1521 (76%) had sterile urine. Thirty-nine patients (1.9%) developed febrile UTI ≤30 d after cystoscopy—4.5% in colonized patients and 1.1% in uninfected patients ( p =0.02). All UTIs resolved in ≤12–24h with oral antibiotics. None of the patients was admitted for bacterial sepsis. Limitations of the study are that it is a single-surgeon experience in one institution, and results may not apply to other patient populations. Conclusions Antibacterial therapy before outpatient flexible cystoscopy does not appear necessary in bladder tumor patients who have no clinical signs or symptoms of acute UTI, including asymptomatic bacteriuria. Antibiotic stewardship is the responsibility of all urologists.
Patch dynamics for multiscale problems

The engineering analysis and microscopic simulations required for predicting materials' properties from atomistic descriptions require approaches for predicting macroscopic properties. Patch dynamics bridges the gap between the time and space scales at which the microscopic models operate, helping predict system-level behavior.
Low-voltage superlattice asymmetric Fabry-Perot reflection modulator

A normally off transverse superlattice asymmetric Fabry-Perot modulator that has a contrast ratio of more than 26:1 at the Fabry-Perot resonance, and a reflection change of 33% at a wavelength of approximately 20 degrees AA away from Fabry-Perot mode for an operating voltage swing of >
Biomarkers for cognitive decline: opportunities and challenges.

I n 2001, the NIH-appointed Working Group on Biomarkers1 defined a biomarker as “a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention.” The group further proposed that the biomarker approach could be of great use in early phase clinical trials as well as in disease identification, staging of disease, disease progress and prognosis, and prediction and monitoring of clinical response. The use of biomarkers to identify populations at risk, to identify therapeutic targets, or to monitor the outcomes of disease is not a new concept. Perhaps the most widespread example is the identification of biomarkers for cardiovascular disease and the successful application of this knowledge to clinical practice over the past 60 years. These cardiovascular disease biomarkers correspond to a variety of different pathophysiological pathways including high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, homocysteine levels, glucose homeostasis, and inflammation and hormone imbalance. During the last decade, the use of biomarkers has exploded in medicine. This explosion has been fueled by new technologies in genetics, genomics, proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, and also brain imaging. These new technologies now allow for many multiples of measurements in single blood samples, buccal swab, or in a single imaging session. There is now a journal, Biomarkers in Medicine, devoted entirely to this topic. The potential
Social networks, social support, and burden in relationships, and mortality after breast cancer diagnosis in the Life After Breast Cancer Epidemiology (LACE) study.

Larger social networks have been associated with lower breast cancer mortality. The authors evaluated how levels of social support and burden influenced this association. We included 2,264 women from the Life After Cancer Epidemiology study who were diagnosed with early-stage, invasive breast cancer between 1997 and 2000, and provided data on social networks (spouse or intimate partner, religious/social ties, volunteering, time socializing with friends, and number of first-degree female relatives), social support, and caregiving. 401 died during a median follow-up of 10.8 years follow-up with 215 from breast cancer. We used delayed entry Cox proportional hazards regression to evaluate associations. In multivariate-adjusted analyses, social isolation was unrelated to recurrence or breast cancer-specific mortality. However, socially isolated women had higher all-cause mortality (HR = 1.34, 95 % CI: 1.03–1.73) and mortality from other causes (HR = 1.79, 95 % CI: 1.19–2.68). Levels of social support and burden modified associations. Among those with low, but not high, levels of social support from friends and family, lack of religious/social participation (HR = 1.58, 95 % CI: 1.07–2.36, p = 0.02, p interaction = 0.01) and lack of volunteering (HR = 1.78, 95 % CI: 1.15–2.77, p = 0.01, p interaction = 0.01) predicted higher all-cause mortality. In cross-classification analyses, only women with both small networks and low levels of support (HR = 1.61, 95 % CI: 1.10–2.38) had a significantly higher risk of mortality than women with large networks and high levels of support; women with small networks and high levels of support had no higher risk of mortality (HR = 1.13, 95 % CI: 0.74–1.72). Social networks were also more important for caregivers versus noncaregivers. Larger social networks predicted better prognosis after breast cancer, but associations depended on the quality and burden of family relationships.
Restenosis after arterial angioplasty: A hemorrheologic response to injury

Restenosis after arterial angioplasty appears to be a response to deep arterial injury, which is much more thrombogenic than superficial injury (endothelial denudation). Deep arterial injury exposes collagen, elastin and smooth muscle cells to circulating blood, releases tissue thromboplastin and causes immediate platelet-thrombus deposition as a result of activation of platelets and the clotting system, both of which mutually facilitate activation of the other. Regrowth of endothelium also is protective against platelet deposition. Platelet adherence to collagen, and thus to the arterial wall that is deeply injured, increases with shear rate (related inversely to the fourth power of luminal cross-sectional area and directly to blood flow); thus, the effect of shear rate increases the importance of adequate dilatation at the time of the procedure. Therapy that will reduce acute platelet-thrombus deposition appears to be an important factor for reduction of restenosis. Vasoconstriction occurs experimentally after arterial angioplasty in arterial segments proximal and distal to the dilated segment where there has been no necrosis of smooth muscle cells. The vasoconstriction is directly related to the severity of platelet deposition, can be reduced by reducing platelet deposition with low dose aspirin (1 mg/kg daily) and is probably mediated by vasoconstrictor substances from platelets (thromboxane A2, serotonin and other substances). Platelet-membrane receptor inhibitors to these substances reduce the vasoconstriction but do not reduce platelet deposition. Therapeutic intervention should probably involve both anticoagulation and platelet inhibition. Platelet-membrane receptor inhibition to the fibrinogen receptor, factor VIII-von Willebrand factor or both may be necessary acutely to sufficiently reduce acute platelet-thrombus deposition.
Mentoring ethnic minority, pre‐doctoral students: an analysis of key mentor practices

This article present results from a qualitative study that examined mentor practices with four ethnic minority proteges interested in applying to doctoral programs in psychology. Some of the mentor practices identified were expected and consistent with the research literature. Other findings were unanticipated but significant. In particular, talking about race, racism and privilege was found to promote trust and rapport in these cross‐cultural relationships. The major outcome of this study was the overarching meaning inherent in all these mentor practices – individually and combined, these practices empowered the proteges with the resources and access needed to enter the world of academia.
High-throughput Screening for Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase

Plasmodium falciparum is the causative agent of the most serious and fatal malarial infections, and it has developed resistance to commonly employed chemotherapeutics. The de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis enzymes offer potential as targets for drug design, because, unlike the host, the parasite does not have pyrimidine salvage pathways. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is a flavin-dependent mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the fourth reaction in this essential pathway. Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is utilized as the oxidant. Potent and species-selective inhibitors of malarial DHODH were identified by high-throughput screening of a chemical library, which contained 220,000 drug-like molecules. These novel inhibitors represent a diverse range of chemical scaffolds, including a series of halogenated phenyl benzamide/naphthamides and urea-based compounds containing napthyl or quinolinyl substituents. Inhibitors in these classes with IC(50) values below 600 nm were purified by high pressure liquid chromatography, characterized by mass spectroscopy, and subjected to kinetic analysis against the parasite and human enzymes. The most active compound is a competitive inhibitor of CoQ with an IC(50) against malarial DHODH of 16 nm, and it is 12,500-fold less active against the human enzyme. Site-directed mutagenesis of residues in the CoQ-binding site significantly reduced inhibitor potency. The structural basis for the species selective enzyme inhibition is explained by the variable amino acid sequence in this binding site, making DHODH a particularly strong candidate for the development of new anti-malarial compounds.
Evolution of the cytoskeleton.

The eukaryotic cytoskeleton appears to have evolved from ancestral precursors related to prokaryotic FtsZ and MreB. FtsZ and MreB show 40–50% sequence identity across different bacterial and archaeal species. Here I suggest that this represents the limit of divergence that is consistent with maintaining their functions for cytokinesis and cell shape. Previous analyses have noted that tubulin and actin are highly conserved across eukaryotic species, but so divergent from their prokaryotic relatives as to be hardly recognizable from sequence comparisons. One suggestion for this extreme divergence of tubulin and actin is that it occurred as they evolved very different functions from FtsZ and MreB. I will present new arguments favoring this suggestion, and speculate on pathways. Moreover, the extreme conservation of tubulin and actin across eukaryotic species is not due to an intrinsic lack of variability, but is attributed to their acquisition of elaborate mechanisms for assembly dynamics and their interactions with multiple motor and binding proteins. A new structure-based sequence alignment identifies amino acids that are conserved from FtsZ to tubulins. The highly conserved amino acids are not those forming the subunit core or protofilament interface, but those involved in binding and hydrolysis of GTP. BioEssays 29:668–677, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CLUSTER: A hierarchical clustering program for large data sets (n > 100)

432 (n> 100). Although several excellent programs were already in existence for either single iteration or hierarchical procedures, none was oriented toward handling the massive data arrays often collected by current survey procedures in the behavioral and social sciences. Since clustering provides a good method for reducing large data arrays, a program specifically oriented toward such problems could be particularly useful. CLUSTER is basically an extension of Veldrnan's (1967) HGROUP program. It utilizes Ward's (1963) hierarchical procedure of successively combining n objects together to form n, n 1, n 2, "', 2 groups by minimizing an objective error function. This error, or distance, function is defined to be the weighted sum of squared differences between corresponding scores on m measures for each possible pairing of two groups. That
Multishot rosette trajectories for spectrally selective MR imaging

In nuclear magnetic resonance, different spectral components often correspond to different chemical species and as such, spectral selectivity can be a valuable tool for diagnostic imaging. In the work presented here, a multishot image acquisition method based upon rosette k-space trajectories has been developed and implemented for spectrally selective magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Parametric forms for the gradient waveforms and design constraints are derived, and an example multishot gradient design is presented. The spectral behaviour for this imaging method is analyzed in a simulation model. For frequencies that are near to the resonant frequency, this method results in a lower intensity, but undistorted image, while for frequencies that are off-resonance by a large amount, the object is incoherently dephased into noise. A method by which acquisitions are delayed by small amounts is introduced to further reduce the residual intensity for off-resonant signals. An image reconstruction method based on convolution gridding, including a correction method for small amounts of magnetic field inhomogeneity, is implemented. Finally, the spectral selectivity is demonstrated in vivo in a study in which both water and lipid images are generated from a single imaging data set.
The cost of categorization in visual search: Incomplete processing of targets and field items.

A partial processing hypothesis is proposed to account for performance under a visual search condition where target and field items belong to the different conceptual categories, letter and digit (between-category search), as compared to a condition in which they belong to the same category (within-category search). This hypothesized mechanism implies that less information is registered and/or retained in between- than in within-category search. This prediction was tested and confirmed in three experiments. The results indicate that both targets and field items are processed less deeply in between- than in within-category search.
Unique Cytokine Signature in the Plasma of Patients with Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia (FMS) is a chronic pain syndrome with a complex but poorly understood pathogenesis affecting approximately 10 million adults in the United States. The lack of a clear etiology of FMS has limited the effective diagnosis and treatment of this debilitating condition. The objective of this secondary data analysis was to examine plasma cytokine levels in women with FMS using the Bio-Plex Human Cytokine 17-plex Assay. Post hoc analysis of plasma cytokine levels was performed to evaluate patterns that were not specified a priori. Upon examination, patients with FMS exhibited a marked reduction in T(H)2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. The finding of this pattern of altered cytokine milieu not only supports the role of inflammation in FMS but also may lead to more definitive diagnostic tools for clinicians treating FMS. The TH2 suppression provides strong evidence of immune dysregulation in patients with FMS.
Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the endemic Hawaiian Succineidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)

The endemic Hawaiian Succineidae represent an important component of the exceptionally diverse land snail fauna of the Hawaiian Islands, yet they remain largely unstudied. We employed 663-bp fragments of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) mitochondrial gene to investigate the evolution and biogeography of 13 Hawaiian succineid land snail species, six succineid species from other Pacific islands and Japan, and various outgroup taxa. Results suggest that: (1) species from the island of Hawaii are paraphyletic with species from Tahiti, and this clade may have had a Japanese (or eastern Asian) origin; (2) species from five of the remaining main Hawaiian islands form a monophyletic group, and the progression rule, which states that species from older islands are basal to those from younger islands, is partially supported; no geographic origin could be inferred for this clade; (3) succineids from Samoa are basal to all other succineids sampled (maximum likelihood) or unresolved with respect to the other succineid clades (maximum parsimony); (4) the genera Succinea and Catinella are polyphyletic. These results, while preliminary, represent the first attempt to reconstruct the phylogenetic pattern for this important component of the endemic Hawaiian fauna.
Length and Base Composition of PCR-Amplified Nucleic Acids Using Mass Measurements from Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

A generally applicable algorithm has been developed to allow base composition of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products to be determined from mass spectrometrically measured molecular weights and the complementary nature of DNA. Mass measurements of arbitrary precision for single-stranded DNA species are compatible with an increasingly large number of possible base compositions as molecular weight increases. For example, the number of base compositions that are consistent with a molecular weight of 35 000 is ∼6000, based on a mass measurement precision of 0.01%. However, given the low misincorporation rate of standard DNA polymerases, mass measurement of both of the complementary single strands produced in the PCR reduces the number of possibilities to less than 100 at 0.01% mass precision, and base composition is uniquely defined at 0.001% mass precision. Taking into account the low misincorporation rate of standard DNA polymerases and the fact that the final PCR product also contains primers of known ...
Spectrum supersymmetry of Regge trajectories.

An infinite-dimensional representation of SU(2,2/1) can combine meson and baryon trajectories with daughters into an infinite supermultiplet.
An equilibrium model of gross migration.

The paper presents and tests a new model of migration which differs significantly from the conventional disequilibrium approach. We show that variations in rates of gross migration across regions are equilibrium responses to variations in levels of amenities governmental policies etc. The model is tested using data on the gross migration of [U.S.] whites 1975-80 together with amenities such as climate and with economic variables such as government services taxes and unionization. Empirical results suggest that the equilibrium model is more consistent with actual migration patterns than is the conventional disequilibrium approach. We estimate compensating differentials and migration elasticities for these variables. (EXCERPT)
Experimental analysis of character coupling across a complex life cycle: pigment pattern metamorphosis in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum

Developmental relationships among characters are expected to bias patterns of morphological variation at the population level. Studies of character development thus can provide insights into processes of adaptation and the evolutionary diversification of morphologies. Here I use experimental manipulations to test whether larval and adult pigment patterns are coupled across metamorphosis in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum (Ambystomatidae). Previous investigations showed that the early larval pigment pattern depends on interactions between pigment cells and the lateral line sensory system. In contrast, the results of this study demonstrate that the major features of the adult pigment pattern develop largely independently of both the early larval pattern and the lateral lines. These results suggest that ontogenetic changes that occur across metamorphosis decouple larval and adult pigment patterns and could thereby facilitate independent evolutionary modifications to the patterns during different stages of the life cycle.
Monosaccharide-enriched diets cause hyperleptinemia without hypophagia

To determine the effect of monosaccharide-enriched diets on plasma leptin and food consumption, body weight, food intake, and serum glucose, insulin, and leptin concentrations were measured in rats maintained on a 10-d course of 60% glucose or 60% fructose diet. The serum leptin concentration in rats fed a high-glucose diet (7.60 +/- 0.6 ng/mL) or a high-fructose diet (5.12 +/- 0.8 ng/mL) was significantly increased compared with that in control rats (2.45 +/- 0.10 ng/mL; P < 0.001). To ascertain that the observed effect was related to hyperinsulinemia, a group of rats were infused with exogenous insulin or rendered insulin resistent with a high-fat diet. When hyperinsulinemia was induced with exogenous infusion, the serum leptin was increased (5.56 +/- 0.23 ng/mL; P < 0.001). High-fat feeding was associated with increased serum leptin (12.1 +/- 1.4 ng/mL) and insulin levels. The increased serum leptin concentration was not associated with decreased food intake. We conclude that monosaccharide-enriched diets, probably through hyperinsulinemia or relative or absolute insulin resistance, cause hyperleptinemia, which does not appear to change feeding behavior.
Readiness to change and training expectations prior to a training workshop for substance abuse clinicians.

Understanding clinicians’ readiness to change their clinical practice, as well as their training expectations prior to a clinical workshop, may be helpful for improving technology transfer in the substance user treatment field. This study aimed to explore both these areas prior to a workshop designed to offer a new clinical intervention for their practice. Fifty-four clinicians volunteered to participate in a Behavioral Couples Therapy (BCT) workshop. Using negative binomial regression models, significant associations were found between clinicians’ readiness to change and training expectations. Participants were found to be highly motivated to learn new technologies and highly endorsed notions of adopting elements of BCT into their practice. There was greater caution with regard to committing to adopt the full protocol. Exploring some of the obstacles in adopting new treatment approaches by even the most motivated of clinicians could be a fruitful area for future research.
Testing for the absence of expected real profits from forward market speculation

Abstract This paper tests for the absence of expected real profits from forward market speculation. It contrasts with the literature that has considered opportunities for expected nominal profit from speculation — that is, profits denominated in one of the currencies. These studies assume money illusion on the part of market participants, but this paper does not. Empirical results fail to find evidence of unexploited real profit opportunities.
Designing Thermocouples for Response Rate

Considerable effort has been put into the study of the transient response of thermocouples. One reason for this is the growing interest in temperature-sensitive controls for jet engines. The advantage of a temperature-sensitive control is obvious — it controls by the variables which requires control. The disadvantages are chiefly in the sensing element. An ideal sensing element would be instantly aware if any change in gas temperature, and would follow accurately the temperature no matter how rapidly it changed. Unfortunately no such ideal sensing element is available. Anything which has mass requires a finite time to change its temperature, the length of time depending on its heat capacity and on how fast heat is being added to it. In terms of a thermocouple, or any other immersion element, this means that if the temperature of the gas is changing the thermocouple will “lag” and not follow the change exactly. This lag is important in control work since the control is not aware of a change in gas temperature until the signal from the sensing element changes. The lag is also important in analyzing transient temperature records made on a test engine. The recorded trace represents thermocouple temperature, not gas temperature. Due to the “lag” there may be considerable difference between gas temperature and thermocouple temperature.Copyright © 1957 by ASME