cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Raising the technology bar in minimally invasive surgery: look how far we've come.

Bringing computer-based technology to a high level in the operating room can be the stuff that dreams are made of. This month’s multimedia manuscript entitled ‘‘Mixed Reality for the Robotic Treatment of a Splenic Artery Aneurysm’’ by Pietrabissa et al. may be the quintessential example of making such a dream a reality to date. This is an extraordinary video that has to be viewed because only seeing is believing. The treatment of splenic artery aneurysm is varied. These lesions have been treated by coil, open or laparoscopic ligation, aneurysmectomy and splenectomy, and even aneurysmectomy and distal pancreatectomy/splenectomy. Image guidance for these techniques has included angiography, computed tomography, or perhaps a combination of the two. This video illustrates the diagnostic resolution of three-dimensional reconstructed tomography demonstrating the fine detail of the vasculature of the aneurysm as well as the blood supply to the spleen. This allowed for the preoperative planning of a unique solution for this lesion. While the utility of the surgical robot has been debated in a variety of arenas, few will deny that the arterial reconstruction of the splenic vasculature would be possible utilizing conventional laparoscopic techniques. Perhaps the real future of robotics is in microsurgery? Yet as envious as I am of this astonishing technologic accomplishment, I cannot help but wonder where this fits in the current health care debates going on in this country and around the world. How will we introduce these technologic marvels? Who will decide just which patients have access to these techniques—will aneurysmectomy with or without splenectomy be deemed ‘‘good enough’’ for the masses? As surgeons we need to participate in these debates. If we are bystanders, the decisions will be made for us. I encourage you to watch the video and wonder, ‘‘Am I seeing the future or just another mountain successfully climbed?’’ Regardless of how you feel, we need to be the active managers of technology introduction in the surgical world.
Expert systems in agriculture and resource management

Abstract This paper gives a description of some representative examples of expert systems applied to problems in agriculture and biological resource management. The discussion of agricultural expert systems focuses on several decision support systems for crop management, describing the systems themselves and the implementation efforts surrounding them. The examples of the application of expert systems to biological resource management focus on the integration of expert systems with geographic information systems. A description of some of the more recent developments in agricultural expert systems, still in the prototype stage, is then given, followed by a summary discussion of possible environmental implications of the use of expert systems in agriculture and resource management.
Experiments on heavy hydrogen. II.―The ortho-para conversion

Ortho- and para-modifications should exist in all diatomic molecules of identical atoms with nuclear spin, since the law of prohibition of the ortho-para intercombination is generally applicable. The rotational states consist alternately of ortho- and para-levels: the ortho-levels being those which possess on the average the higher quantum weight and represent the states with the symmetrical nuclear-spin eigenfunctions, whereas the para-levels correspond to the antisymmetrical nuclear-Spin function. The rotational quantum numbers possessed by the ortho- and para-levels depend on the statistics valid for the nuclei and on the symmetry of the electronic eigenfunctions. For even electronic eigenfunction (for hydrogen and diplogen the ground states of which are 1Σ g ) if the Fermi-Dirac statistics are valid the ortho-modifications are in the rotational states with odd quantum numbers and the para states in the even ones, whilst the Bose-Einstein statistics lead one to expect the reverse to be true.
Prehabilitation and Rehabilitation for Attenuating Hindlimb Unweighting Effects on Skeletal Muscle and Gait in Adult and Old Rats

Abstract Brown M, Taylor J. Prehabilitation and rehabilitation for attenuating hindlimb unweighting effects on skeletal muscle and gait in adult and old rats. Objective To compare the effectiveness of no exercise with prehabilitation (exercise before hindlimb unweighting [HLU]) versus rehabilitation (exercise given after HLU) on gait function and skeletal muscle mass and force. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting Animal laboratory. Animals Male-specific, pathogen-free Fisher344/Brown Norway rats (N=149). Groups consisted of adult and old controls, HLU, prehabilitation, rehabilitation, natural cage recovery (reloading), and exercise without HLU. Interventions Ten days of general conditioning exercise were given to 6-month-old adult and 30-month-old old rats before or after a week of HLU. Main Outcome Measures Gait stride length and width; soleus, plantaris, extensor digitorum longus, and peroneus longus mass and peak contractile force; whole gastrocnemius mass; and total protein concentration for the soleus and gastrocnemius. Results Muscle mass (≈30%) and force (24%–36%) declined with age in all muscles studied. In adult rats declines in muscle mass occurred with HLU in the soleus, plantaris, and gastrocnemius. Prehabilitation did not prevent the loss of muscle mass in adult rats. Rehabilitation and natural recovery effectively restored soleus and gastrocnemius muscle mass in adult rats but not soleus peak force. Old rats had a significant 23% HLU effect only on gastrocnemius mass (control, 1670±129mg; HLU, 1274±184mg). Prehabilitation did not prevent the decline in gastrocnemius mass. Rehabilitation in old rats restored gastrocnemius mass to within 13% of control levels. Prehabilitation was effective for preventing and rehabilitation was effective for restoring soleus contractile force in old rats (control, 114±9mg; HLU, 67±22mg; prehabilitation, 106±31mg; rehabilitation, 120±26mg) compared with recovery without exercise (86±29g). A significant reduction in stride length was observed with aging (136±18mm vs 98±10mm), which decreased further with HLU (78±14mm). Prehabilitation attenuated HLU-related reductions in stride length, and rehabilitation was effective for stride length restoration in old rats. Conclusions Exercise, particularly rehabilitation, was more effective for old than young rats. Prehabilitation and rehabilitation diminished some of the detrimental effects of HLU on skeletal muscle mass and force and gait function in old rats.
Exogenous ochronosis: a comprehensive review of the diagnosis, epidemiology, causes, and treatments.

Exogenous ochronosis (EO) can be an unintended psychologically troubling condition for patients who are already being treated for longer-term hyperpigmentation disorders such as melasma. Early diagnosis is key in order that the offending agent can be stopped to prevent further disfiguring discoloration. EO can be diagnosed in the right clinical setting with the aid of dermatoscopy, which can assist in early diagnosis and may negate the need for a biopsy. Laser modalities using Q-switched lasers of longer wavelengths and combination laser dermabrasion treatments have shown the most significant results with minimal adverse events. However, further large-scale studies are needed to determine optimal treatment modalities. Although considered uncommon, the incidence of EO will likely continue to increase with the growth of immigrant populations and the use of skin-lightening agents above the FDA’s recommended over-the-counter concentrations, without the guidance of a dermatologist.
Essential aspects of controlling the oxygen content of molten tin in engineering applications

Abstract This work investigated issues regarding the control of the dissolved oxygen content of molten tin in engineering applications. It has been shown that the oxygen content of liquid tin can be adequately monitored with commercial, off-the-shelf, ultra-high-impedance electrometers and ceramic oxygen sensors, requiring only minor modifications for use in a liquid metal environment. Hydrogen and argon gases were used to modify and maintain the oxygen content. It was found that the oxygen can be removed from the tin successfully only above about 600 °C in reasonable time, as would be expected from thermodynamics and kinetics. Several scenarios of various ways to handle the tin were investigated, to determine the extent to which one must go in order to maintain a desired oxygen content in molten tin. The electromotive-force and diffusion-coefficient measurements agree reasonably well with the values published in the scientific literature and indicate the range of error to be expected in engineering applications.
Long-term safety and efficacy of low-density lipoprotein apheresis in childhood for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.

Untreated pediatric patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia usually have myocardial infarctions, heart failure, or death by the teenage years. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis effectively lowers LDL cholesterol in the short term, but there is little published information on the long-term safety and efficacy of this treatment in children. An analysis was performed of a registry of all 29 patients who began LDL apheresis before 18 years of age at 15 sites during the 11 years since approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration. A chart review of 9 patients treated at The Rogosin Institute was also performed to obtain additional details about lipid lowering, adverse events, and cardiovascular status. Of the 29 patients, 20 are currently treated, with a mean age at the start of treatment of 9 ± 4 years (range 3 to 15) and a mean treatment duration of 6 ± 4 years (range 2 to 21). The baseline LDL cholesterol (521 ± 126 mg/dl) is acutely lowered by 75% and chronically lowered by 48% with biweekly sessions. Systemic adverse events have been uncommon. Atherosclerotic disease of the coronary arteries and/or aorta or aortic valve was evident by angiography and/or echocardiography in 12 patients (60%) at baseline and progressed to more severe, symptomatic disease in 6 (30%). In conclusion, LDL apheresis is well tolerated for decades by even very young pediatric patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. It effectively lowers LDL cholesterol, but target LDL levels are not achieved, and some patients will show progression of cardiovascular disease.
Functional single nucleotide polymorphisms of the RASSF3 gene and susceptibility to squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Background RASSF3 suppresses tumour formation through uncertain mechanisms, but it is an important gene of p53-dependent apoptosis. RASSF3 depletion impairs DNA repair after DNA damage, leading to polyploidy. The authors hypothesised that potential functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of RASSF3 are associated with risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN).
Determination of monoenoic fatty acid double bond position by permanganate-periodate oxidation followed by high-performance liquid chromatography of carboxylic acid phenacyl esters.

Abstract This investigation was carried out to develop methods for a reverse-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids produced by permanganate-periodate oxidation of monoenoic fatty acids. Oxidation reactions were performed using [U- 14 C]oleic acid and [U- 14 C]oleic acid methyl ester in order to measure reaction yields and product distributions. The 14 C-labeled oxidation products consisted of nearly equal amounts of monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acid (or dicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester), with few side products (yield >98%). Conversion of the carboxylic acids to phenacyl esters proceeded to completion. HPLC of carboxylic acid phenacyl esters was performed using a C18 column with a linear solvent gradient beginning with acetonitrile/water ( 1 1 ) and ending with 100% acetonitrile. Excellent resolution was achieved for all components of a mixture of C5 through C12 monocarboxylic acid phenacyl esters and C6 through C11 dicarboxylic acid phenacyl esters. Resolution was also achieved for all components of a mixture of C5 through C12 monocarboxylic acid phenacyl esters and C6 through C11 dicarboxylic acid monomethyl, monophenacyl esters. The resolution obtained by HPLC demonstrates that, for a wide range of monoenoic fatty acids, both products of a permanganate-periodate oxidation can be identified on a single chromatogram. Free fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed with equal success. Neither the oxidation nor the esterification reaction caused detectable hydrolysis of methyl ester. The method is illustrated for free acids and methyl esters of 14:1 ( cis -9), 16:1 ( cis -9), 18:1 ( cis -6), 18:1 ( cis -9), and 18:1 ( cis -11).
Varieties of discourse in supervisory conferences

Abstract The logic and substance of discourse between university supervisors and student teachers during post-observation supervisory conferences were studied in an elementary student teaching program in the United States. The findings describe these aspects of the discourse in relation to the program's goals and (a) the conceptual levels of supervisors and student teachers, (b) the content area of the lesson under analysis, and (c) the structure of the supervisor's role. Implications of the findings for research, program development, and for the preparation and training of supervisors are discussed.
Partial loss of antigenicity of 6C3HED ascites tumor cells after preservation over liquid nitrogen

Summary Immunodiffusion tests have demonstrated that 6C 3 HED ascites tumor cells, after freezing and storage over liquid nitrogen, lost one of their major antigenic components. The medium of the frozen cell samples retained the dissociable antigen. The type of eryoprotective agent used made no difference to the loss of antigen. By ether-alcohol treatment, the dissociable antigen could be extracted from untreated tumor cells. Antiserum produced in rabbits against this extract agglutinated and yielded bright fluorescence around the cell surface of untreated cells, but had no effect on cells which had been frozen in glycerol, DMSO, or myo -inositol. These observations suggest that surface antigen is involved. No correlation between the antigenic loss and the loss of host specificity could be demonstrated, however.
Motor cortex stimulation for central and neuropathic facial pain: a prospective study of 10 patients and observations of enhanced sensory and motor function during stimulation.

OBJECTIVE: For more than a decade, motor cortex stimulation has been used to treat difficult central and peripheral neuropathic pain syndromes. This prospective study uses the McGill Pain Questionnaire, a visual analog scale (VAS) score, and an inventory of drug consumption to review the results of treating patients with trigeminal neuropathic pain via motor cortex stimulation. METHODS: Ten patients underwent motor cortex stimulation between 1999 and 2002. Implantation was performed via intraoperative neuronavigation and cortical mapping for stimulation site targeting. Nine patients had trigeminal neuropathic pain from postherpetic neuralgia, surgical injury, or unknown cause, and one patient had pain of central origin. Patients were evaluated with multimodality scales before, immediately after, and at designated intervals after surgery. Eight patients underwent permanent implantation after a trial evaluation. In two patients, the stimulating electrodes were removed after an unsuccessful trial. One of these patients had a lateral medullary infarct leading to central pain, and in another patient, there was no explanation for the pain. RESULTS: The average duration of pain before surgery was 6 years. Postoperatively, there was an 88% rate of immediate pain relief (>50% on VAS) and a 75% rate of pain relief at mean follow-up of 10 months (range, 3-24 mo). Mean preoperative McGill Pain Questionnaire total pain rating index was 57 (higher than that observed in causalgia) for patients who did not undergo implantation and 53 for those who underwent implantation. Mean McGill Pain Questionnaire pain rating index at mean follow-up of 10 months was 24 (55% decrease). Mean VAS preoperatively was 9 in patients with stimulator implants and 8 in those whose stimulator was removed after the trial. Immediate postoperative mean VAS score was 1. This score stabilized 3 months after surgery. Patients with implanted stimulators reduced their pain medication dose by a mean of more than 50%. Three patients with facial weakness and sensory loss regained both strength and discriminative sensation during stimulation. In another patient, dysarthria improved. In a review of the literature, 29 (76%) of 38 patients with neuropathic facial pain treated with motor cortex stimulation achieved greater than 50% pain relief. CONCLUSION: These results provide further support for the use of motor cortex stimulation in facial neuropathic pain and document pain improvement as measured by multidimensional scales. Observations of motor and sensory improvements during stimulation suggest that stimulation alters cortical plasticity and inhibits thalamic hyperactivity.
Positive conditioned suppression as a function of the percentage of CS-US pairings

Two groups of 12 rats were trained to barpress on a variable-interval 2-min schedule of sucrose solution reinforcement. While responding on this schedule of reinforcement, the subjects were exposed to a classical conditioning contingency, in which an 8-sec light CS terminated with the delivery of a food pellet US on either 100% or 50% of the CS presentations. Comparisons of the response rate during the CS to the response rate prior to the CS revealed that suppression of CS rate was directly related to the probability of CS terminating with US.
Segregation effects in the fracture of brittle materials: CaAl2O3

Abstract The fracture properties of the model ceramic system CaAl 2 O 3 have been studied by strength measurements at controlled flaw sizes and direct observations of crack propagation, with a view to determining the effect of grain-boundary Ca segregation. In contrast to the assumptions of previous works the fracture properties are not controlled by the grain-boundary properties alone, but by an increasing toughness with crack extension, a T-curve, observed in all the microstructural variations examined (changing grain-size and grain-boundary Ca concentration). The origin of the T-curve is identified as the formation and subsequent rupture of ligamenting bridges of material, acting as restraining elements behind the crack tip. Models of the bridging process are developed to quantify the T-curves underlying the observed strength behavior, highlighting the equal roles played by the intrinsic interfacial (grain-boundary) properties, and the toughening mechanisms, in determining the overall fracture response of these and similar polycrystalline materials.
The Design of Local Navier-Stokes Preconditioning for Compressible Flow

A family of Navier?Stokes preconditioners is presented that may reduce the stiffness due to complicated interaction between convection and diffusion in viscous flows. Navier?Stokes preconditioning is developed based on a Fourier analysis of the discretized equations and a dispersion analysis of the differential equations. Navier?Stokes preconditioning can be extended from the Euler technique with two methods: (a) by using block-Jacobi preconditioning for the viscous terms; (b) by introducing analytic dependence on the cell-Reynolds number in the preconditioner. With these techniques it is possible to produce a local Navier?Stokes preconditioner effective for all Mach and cell-Reynolds numbers. These techniques and a combined method are analyzed with respect to condition number and linear wave propagation and are illustrated with some numerical results.
On the probability of ring closure of lambda DNA.

The equilibrium constant, K, as a function of temperature (58 to 66°C) for the joining of the right half-molecules and the left half-molecules of λb2b5c DNA has been measured and compared to the previously measured equilibrium constant, Kc, for cyclization of the whole molecules. The observed values of ΔH, −108 (±10)kcal./mole and −88 (±10) kcal./mole (in 2·0 M -NaCl) for the joining of the halves and for cyclization, respectively, are the same within experimental error. Theoretically, the ratio of Kc to K is predicted to be the Jacobson—Stockmayer factor for the probability density of zero end-to-end distance in a random coil polymer, j = (3/2πbl)3/2, where l is the contour length and b is the hydrodynamic segment length. If b and l are taken from sedimentation velocity and electron microscope data, respectively, j=3·6×1011 molecules/cc; whereas the equilibrium measurements give j = 3·4 (±1·0) × 1011 molecules/cc. The equilibrium constant for the joining of the halves is found to be independent of concentration, as expected. The rate of joining of half-molecules has been measured, and follows the expected second-order kinetics. The kinetics of joining of halves and the kinetics of cyclization are related by the same factor, j. The kinetic data give j = 2·8 (±0·5) × 1011 molecules/cc. Thus the present investigation tends to confirm the assumption that the joining of the cohesive ends is an identical process for cyclization and for the association of half-molecules, and to confirm the model for a large DNA molecule as a random coil. With the available equilibrium data, it is possible to make precise predictions as to the equilibrium concentrations of linear and cyclic n-mers for all values of n. The appropriate formulae are presented. The cyclic monomer predominates at low temperature and low concentration of DNA, whereas linear n-mers of high n predominate at low temperature and high concentration. It is estimated that a small equilibrium concentration of a catenane exists under appropriate conditions. An estimate of the diffusion constant for relative diffusion of the ends of linear λ DNA of about 10−6 cm2 sec−1 is made, based on reported relaxation times for DNA in electric birefringence experiments. It is argued that segment diffusion rather than translational diffusion of the molecules as a whole is the main source of diffusional encounters between segments on different molecules.
EFFECT OF ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS ENDOTOXIN ON THE RESPIRATION AND PHOSPHORYLATION OF KIDNEY TISSUE.

Abstract The nephrotoxin in mycelial extracts of Aspergillus fumigatus produces morphological changes resembling those observed in mercuric chloride poisoning in vivo . The toxic factor has been purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatographic fractionation. This paper presents the effects of purified toxic extracts on mouse kidney homogenate and mitochondria in vitro . Homogenate respiration rate was a function of substrate concentration. In the presence of succinate or ascorbate, respiration increased to a high plateau with increasing substrate concentration, whereas with citrate, malate, or other pyridine nucleotide-linked substrates, the rate increased to a low maximum and then decreased. At optimal concentration of substrates, respiration was stimulated by low concentrations of toxin but depressed by high concentrations. A much lower concentrations of toxin produced these effects with citrate than with ascorbate or succinate. Similar patterns of stimulation and depression were obtained with 2,4-dinitrophenol. Complete uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, as judged from the P:O ratio, was evident with both succinate and citrate at higher toxin concentrations. This uncoupling effect disappeared when nephrotoxicity was inactivated by heat, although some respiratory inhibition effect persisted. The previously reported hypercitricemia after intravenous administration of a lethal dose of toxin to mammals is probably due to suppression of citrate oxidation.
DISTINGUISHING SICKLE TRAIT FROM SICKLE- β -THALASSEMIA IN THE ABORTED FETUS

Continuing studies of hemoglobin synthesis by reticulocytes of abortuses have provided further information necessary for prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell anemia and β-thalassemia. These data indicate that sickle trait and sickle-β-thalassemia can be distinguished in the fetus. Moreover, since the AS fetus with one βA gene makes 50% as much Hb A as the normal fetus with two βA genes, the percent of Hb A synthesis in fetuses with β-thalassemia trait who have one normal βA gene should be similar to that observed in the AS fetus (4.6) and, therefore, different from that of the normal fetus (9.3). Thus, in all probability β-thalassemia trait can be distinguished from normal during fetal life.
Professional service involvement of leadership faculty: An assessment of gender, role, and satisfaction

This study explored gender differences among educational administration faculty and their participation in and satisfaction with professional association activities. The study population would be characterized as overwhelmingly male and white, but with women and minority candidates beginning to enter the faculty ranks. Women faculty reported involvement in more professional service activities and a slightly higher satisfaction with their involvement than their male colleagues. However, women participated in different types of and more professional association activities than men.
How Citizens and Their Legislators Prioritize Spheres of Representation

The authors uncover evidence that citizens’ priorities about various spheres of legislative representation differ across demographic groups and that these differences are subsequently reflected in the in-office behavior of their elected officials. Specifically, African Americans and Latinos are less concerned than whites with policy representation—the attentiveness of elected officials to citizens’ policy preferences—but place more emphasis on their district receiving its fair share of federal money. Citizens with higher incomes place a higher priority on policy representation and less on constituency service than do those with lower incomes. Importantly, these priorities map onto their member of Congress’s behavior.
Structures of C5

Abstract Various geometric isomers of C 5 have been studied via ab initio calculations in order to determine the equilibrium structure. Hartree-Fock calculations were performed using both double-zeta and double-zeta plus polarization basis sets. Electron correlation was included via second-order Mriller-Plesset perturbation theory. It is concluded that C 5 is linear, in agreement with recent laser vaporization studies.
Paramagnetic resonance of Mo5+ in tetragonal GeO2☆

Electron magnetic resonance spectra of Mo5+ in tetragonal GeO2 has parameters: g(001) = 1.857, g(110) = 1.910, g(110) = 1.951, A(001) = 2.4×10−3 cm−1, A(110) = 1.8×10−3 cm−1, A(110) = 5.9×10−3 cm−1 and occupies Ge sites. These values give λ = 0.08 and /N = 3.10 a.u. Excess oxygen is assumed to furnish charge compensation.
Pole tip recession in linear tape heads: Measurement technique and influence of head materials, tape speed and tape tension

AbstractPole tip recession (PTR) in linear tape heads causes an increase in spacing and consequently an increase in signal loss. In this study, PTR in linear tape drives is analysed. Functional drive tests are conducted using thin-film Al2O3-TiC and Ni-Zn ferrite heads sliding against metal particle tape. Atomic force microscopy is used to measure PTR and the recession of the overcoat material used in the construction of the head. In measuring PTR, care must be taken in correctly orienting the stand-alone atomic force microscope tip with respect to the head sample. Care must also be taken in post-processing the raw stand-alone atomic force microscopy data. Based on PTR data with Al2O3-TiC and Ni-Zn ferrite heads, no significant differences exist in the PTR of Al2O3-TiC heads compared with Ni-Zn ferrite heads. In the case of the Ni-Zn ferrite head, the softer Ni-Zn ferrite substrate has mechanical properties close to those of the poles, suggesting that PTR growth should be low. However, additional third-bo...
Arginine methylation in a β-hairpin peptide: Implications for Arg-π interactions, ΔCp°, and the cold denatured state

Arginine methylation is a common post-translational modification that plays a role in many cellular processes through mediation of protein−protein interactions. There is still a dearth of structural information as to its role in mediating such interactions, but the available data suggest a possible role of cation−π interactions in the recognition of methylated arginine. Hence, the effect of arginine methylation on its interaction with tryptophan has been investigated within the context of a β-hairpin peptide. Arginine methylation was found to enhance the stacking interaction between the cationic guanidinium functionality of arginine and the indole ring of tryptophan, resulting in structural stabilization of the hairpin. Thermodynamic analysis reveals more favorable entropy of hairpin folding with arginine methylation, a more negative change in heat capacity for folding, and a modest decrease in enthalpic driving force. This is consistent with enhanced stacking and hydrophobic interactions through increase...
Quality control of acoustic Doppler velocimeter data in the surfzone

Acoustic Doppler velocimeter measurements in the surfzone can be corrupted by bubbles and suspended sediment, lack of submergence during the passage of wave troughs, biofouling, blockage (e.g., from kelp on instrument mounting frames) of the flow field near the current meter or of the path between the sampled fluid volume and the acoustic transducers, and by insufficient distance between an accreting seafloor and the sample volume. Individual bad acoustic Doppler velocity values can be detected (and subsequently replaced) from low along-beam signal-to-noise ratios and from low coherence between successive acoustic returns used to estimate velocity. In addition, corrupted data runs can be identified from ratios of pressure to velocity variance that deviate from linear theory, and from low coherence between time series of collocated pressure and wave-orbital velocities. Unmeasured vertical tilts of a current meter can be estimated from horizontal and vertical velocities, and corrected for numerically.
Observation of persistent photoconductivity in conducting polyaniline thin films

Conducting polyaniline thin films have been deposited by a laser-based vaporization technique. The films have been characterized by infrared spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, four-point conductivity measurements, thermogravimetric analysis, and fluorescence measurements. In addition, the films have been characterized with respect to their photoconductive response to 532-nm laser light. It is found that the films exhibit persistent photoconductivity and it is proposed that defect base sequences may be responsible for the charge localization that results in such a photoconductive response.
Parent's occupation and isolated orofacial clefts in Norway: a population-based case-control study.

Purpose Occupational factors have been associated with risk of orofacial clefts in offspring, although data are limited. We explored associations between parent's occupation and isolated orofacial clefts using a population-based case-control study. Methods Cases were restricted to infants born with an isolated orofacial cleft in Norway during the period 1996 to 2001 (314 with cleft lip with or without palate [CLP] and 118 with cleft palate only [CPO]). Controls ( n = 763) were chosen randomly from all Norwegian live births. We considered full-time employment during the first 3 months of pregnancy. Results Several maternal occupations previously associated with clefts showed some evidence of association, including hairdressers (CLP; adjusted odds ratio = 4.8; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99–23). Mothers working in manufacturing and in food production had increased odds for babies with CPO (3.8; 1.3–11, and 7.1; 1.5–33, respectively). Among fathers' occupations previously associated with clefts, an association was suggested for woodworking both for CLP (1.7; 0.85–3.2) and for CPO (2.0; 0.82–4.7). Fathers working as professional housekeepers showed substantial increased odds of CPO (12; 3.3–46). Conclusions Taken together with previous studies, these results suggest that exposures in certain occupations may influence the risk of orofacial clefting in offspring. Specific exposures accompanying these occupations warrant exploration.
PS1-42: Beyond Risk Reduction: Decision-Making Factors Among Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy

Background/Aims Women diagnosed with unilateral breast cancer are electing to undergo contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM)—or removal of the healthy breast—at rapidly increasing rates worldwide. CPM significantly reduces the risk of recurrence of contralateral breast cancer; however, it is also believed to be unnecessary for most patients due to the relatively low risk of contralateral breast cancer, and the effectiveness of less invasive treatment options. Additionally, since the risk of systemic metastases often exceeds the risk of contralateral breast cancer, most patients will not receive any survival benefit. As such, there is a growing need to understand why patients are electing to have CPM. Drawing from prospective, in-depth interviews with breast cancer patients, we explore how women are making this decision and investigate what factors beyond risk reduction may be impacting their decision.
Differential desensitization of muscarinic receptor-stimulated phosphoinositide turnover in the rat brain.

Abstract Desensitization of the muscarinic receptor-mediated phosphoinositide (PI) turnover response in the striatum and cortex of the rat brain was examined. The rate of accumulation of inositol phosphates during carbachol-stimulated PI turnover was constant for at least 60 min in the cortex, but decreased with time in the striatum. The effects of preincubation in the presence of the muscarinic agonist carbachol on muscarinic receptor-mediated PI turnover in slices and subsequent receptor binding in cell aggregates prepared from the slices were measured. Preincubation of striatal tissue produced a significant and sustained loss of responsiveness, which reached a minimum after 2 h; whereas, a transient and much weaker loss of responsiveness was observed in the cortex. Preincubation did not affect the number of muscarinic receptors as measured by the binding of [ 3 H ]l- quinuclidinyl benzilate or [ 3 H ]N- methylscopolamine in either cortex or striatum. The data suggest that the muscarinic receptor-stimulated PI turnover response can be more readily desensitized in striatum compared with cortex.
In vitro and in vivo analysis of antide delivery from multi‐phase microspheres fabricated via solvent removal

Antide, a gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, has been studied as a new drug for treatment of various gonadotropin-dependent disorders, including hormone-dependent prostate and breast cancer. Antide was encapsulated into multi-phase microspheres composed of poly(L-lactic)acid (PLLA) and poly(fumaric-co-sebacic)anhydride (P(FA:SA)) fabricated via solvent removal and loaded at 5% and 20% (w/w). In vitro release kinetics and the in vivo therapeutic effect (changes in the testosterone levels) were evaluated. In vivo studies were conducted in male rats at a dose of 12.5 mg antide/kg for both the 5% and 20% loaded particles as well as 31.5 mg antide/kg for the 20% loaded particles. The 5% loaded particles achieved a decrease in testosterone levels below the castration level (0.5 ng/mL) over the course of 11 weeks. The 20% loaded particles resulted in testosterone levels below the castration level for 7 weeks. The results of these studies demonstrate that it is possible to encapsulate antide into a controlled delivery system for more than 2 months. Furthermore, we were able to achieve a therapeutic response in vivo indicated by serum testosterone levels below the castration level of 0.5 ng/ mL for at least 11 weeks.
Intercultural communication: A critical review

Books reviewed CROSSING DIFFERENCES: INTERRACIAL COMMUNICATION. By J. A. Blubaugh and D. L. Pennington. Columbus, Ohio: Bobbs‐Mcrrill, 1976; pp. ix+102. $3.95. INTERCULTURAL AND INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION. By Fred Casmir. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1978; pp. iii+814. $21.50. PERSPECTIVES ON CROSS‐CULTURAL COMMUNICATION. By C. H. Dodd. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Co., 1977; pp. iii+109. $4.95. READINGS IN INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION: TEACHING INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION. Edited by David S. Hoopcs. Pittsburgh: SIETAR‐Uni‐versity of Pittsburgh, 1977; pp. 129. $4.95. CULTURAL DIALOGUE: AN INTRODUCTION TO INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION. By Michael H. Prosser. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978; pp. x+344. $10.95. USIA INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION COURSE: 1977 PROCEEDINGS. Edited by Michael H. Prosser. Washington, D.C.: International Communication Agency, 1978; pp. xx+367. Complimentary. COMMUNICATION YEARBOOK I. Edited by Brent D. Ruben. New Brunswick, N.J.: ICA‐Transaction Books, 1977; pp. xii+65...
Development of a Morphological Index of the Nutritional Status of Juvenile Largemouth Bass

Abstract We describe the morphological changes associated with starvation in larval largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and develop bivariate and multivariate morphological indices of nutritional status. We obtained hatchery-reared largemouth bass, raised them until completion of fin development, and divided them into two randomized experimental groups of fed and unfed fishes. Fed fishes were provided with newly hatched brine shrimp twice daily. We quantified morphological changes in body shape using 23 morphometric characters. After only 3 d of food deprivation, we were able to detect statistically significant differences in morphology between the fed and unfed fish using multivariate analysis. The magnitude of the mean difference increased over time. An unexpected result suggested that a simple, bivariate ratio of standard length to body depth at the anus was almost as efficient and robust at classifying fed and unfed largemouth bass from an independent data set as a multivariate index based on all 23...
Is mother-child transmission a possible vehicle for xylitol prophylaxis in acute otitis media?

AbstractObjective: Xylitol can be a prophylaxis for acute otitis media (AOM), especially when administered via chewing gum, but that vehicle has limitations for children. This review sought evidence for links of mother-child transmission of bacteria and as a vehicle for xylitol as a prophylaxis for dental caries and its translation to AOM in infants and young children. Design: Qualitative systematic review. Method: Combining output from 43 search strings used earlier and submitting 20 new strings to PubMed resulted in 14 studies (six were excluded; eight were included). Included studies had to be published in English-language, peer-reviewed journals; involve mothers using xylitol; and assess bacteria or caries in their children. Evaluation forms were completed for search, retrieval, and quality assessment of included studies. Results: The studies showed that mothers’ chewing xylitol gum was a prophylaxis against bacteria and caries in their children. A mother-child transmission model was presented as a po...
Comparison of air‐mass maps with precipitation records

There are many ways in which the data on air-mass maps may be correlated with precipitation records but this paper deals only with the mapped position of fronts on two successive days and the correlation of this position with time and magnitude of precipitation. A more or less typical cold front, as it moved across the State of Wisconsin on April 27, 1942, is shown in Figure 1A. The positions of the front are indicated as takes from the daily weather maps for April 27 and 28.
Effects of stream‐aquifer disconnection on local flow patterns

[1] Disconnected stream-aquifer systems are becoming increasingly common because of lowering groundwater tables. This work focuses on the pathways and rates of infiltration and seepage as streams transition from fully connected to disconnected conditions. HYDRUS-2D simulations show for a connected stream, water infiltrates vertically then moves laterally below the top of the preflooding capillary fringe height, finally causing an upward displacement of antecedent water into the vadose zone. This contradicts the commonly held assumption that stream water moves laterally for some distance into the stream bank, forming a wedge above the antecedent water. Even for shallow disconnections (<1 m), there is an increase in infiltration losses from the stream, elimination of postflooding seepage, and increased lateral and vertical mixing of stream water and antecedent pore water.
Feeling anxious: anticipatory amygdalo-insular response predicts the feeling of anxious anticipation

Anticipation is a central component of anxiety and the anterior insula appears to be an important neural substrate in which this process is mediated. The anterior insula is also thought to underlie the interoceptive representation of one’s affective state. However, the degree to which individual differences in anticipation-related insula reactivity are associated with variability in the subjective experience of anxious anticipation is untested. To assess this possibility, functional magnetic resonance images were acquired while participants completed an auditory anticipation task with trial-by-trial self-report ratings of anxious anticipation. We hypothesized that the anterior insula would be positively associated with an individual’s subjective experience of anticipatory anxiety. The results provide evidence for an amygdalo-insular system involved in anxious auditory anticipation. Reactivity in the right anterior insula was predictive of individuals’ subjective experience of anxious anticipation for both aversive and neutral stimuli, whereas the amygdala was predictive of anticipatory anxiety for aversive stimuli. In addition, anxious anticipatory activation in the left insula and left amygdala covaried with participants’ level of trait anxiety, particularly when the anticipated event was proximal.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ligand inhibition of RANTES production by human endometriotic stromal cells is mediated through an upstream promoter element

Abstract Objective To investigate the effect of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) ligands on transcription and secretion of regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) in endometriotic stromal cells. Design Controlled laboratory study. Setting Academic research laboratory. Patient(s) Women in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle undergoing laparoscopic resection for endometriosis. Intervention(s) [1] Transient transfection of endometriotic stromal cells with RANTES promoter vectors with and without a mutagenized PPAR-γ response element (PPRE), then treatment with PPAR-γ ligands; [2] co-incubation of cells with PPAR-γ ligands. Main outcome measure(s) RANTES promoter activity and RANTES secretion. Result(s) In endometriotic stromal cells, addition of PPAR-γ ligands (rosiglitazone and 15 deoxy-Δ 12,14 prostaglandin J 2 ) inhibited RANTES promoter activity by 51% and 50%, respectively. In cells transfected with the same promoter after site-directed mutagenesis of the 5′ PPRE, addition of PPAR-γ ligands failed to inhibit promoter activity. When endometriotic stromal cells were treated with PPAR-γ ligands, a decrease in RANTES secretion by 51% and 20%, respectively, was observed. Conclusion(s) The PPAR-γ ligands inhibit RANTES transcription and protein production in endometriotic stromal cells. Transcriptional repression appears to be mediated through a specific PPRE at −344 to −322 bp upstream from the RNA polymerase start site.
Plate-Mode Ultrasonic Oscillator Sensors

Etude des caracteristiques de capteurs qui utilisent la propagation des ondes de Lamb sur des membranes composites Si-ZnO
Competition Law as a Constraint on Monopolistic Exploitation by Sports Leagues and Clubs

The sports industry is characterized by dominant leagues and clubs exercising economic power unconstrained by rivals or the threat of entry, often featuring market-division schemes. Leagues and clubs can raise price, lower output, and lower quality to fans, create an artificial scarcity of top-tier teams resulting in publicly subsidized stadiums, and impose labour-market restraints that significantly harm consumers by misallocating players, most obviously by inhibiting low-quality teams' quick improvement. Business decisions made by club-run leagues feature significant transaction costs, resulting in even greater inefficiency than would occur if leagues were controlled by a single entity. Many countries have employed settled principles of competition law, originating in the common law of restraint of trade, as a useful and meaningful constraint on the abuses of economic power in sports. Courts have prohibited agreements between clubs or leagues that distort prices or output, or render output unresponsive to consumer demand, unless the agreement is shown to be demonstrably necessary to achieve a pro-competitive goal. In this paper, I argue that consumers and sports fans will benefit from a more ambitious enforcement of these established principles of competition law. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Using component business modeling to facilitate business enterprise architecture and business services at the US Department of Defense

Component business modeling (CBM) is an aggregation of models, methods and techniques that are designed to organize, understand, evaluate, and ultimately, transform an enterprise. The decomposition of an enterprise into well bounded and discrete business components enables a straightforward understanding of a complex enterprise and facilitates the realization of business intent by information technology. This paper examines the use of CBM within the government sector. At more than twice the size of the world's largest commercial enterprise, the Business Management Modernization Program (BMMP) of the Department of Defense (DoD) is undertaking a dramatic and complex business transformation. Our team proposed the use of CBM to address their objectives. We first discuss how business components (referred to as business capabilities by the DoD) is used to leverage the enterprise architecture, to analyze business transformation opportunities, and to identify business services. We then describe how the results of CBM can be used to refine a service oriented view of the business
Using GPU Shaders for Visualization

GPU shaders seem used mostly for gaming and other forms of entertainment and simulation. But they have less-obvious visualization uses, for the same reasons that interest the gaming community: improved appearance and performance. This column looks at the use of shaders and the OpenGL shading language (GLSL) in two common visualization applications: point clouds and contour cutting planes.