cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Rotavirus Spike Protein Conformational Intermediate Binds Lipid Bilayers

During rotavirus entry, a virion penetrates a host cell membrane, sheds its outer capsid proteins, and releases a transcriptionally active subviral particle into the cytoplasm. VP5*, the rotavirus protein believed to interact with the membrane bilayer, is a tryptic cleavage product of the outer capsid spike protein, VP4. When a rotavirus particle uncoats, VP5* folds back, in a rearrangement that resembles the fusogenic conformational changes in enveloped-virus fusion proteins. We present direct experimental evidence that this rearrangement leads to membrane binding. VP5* does not associate with liposomes when mounted as part of the trypsin-primed spikes on intact virions, nor does it do so after it has folded back into a stably trimeric, low-energy state. But it does bind liposomes when they are added to virions before uncoating, and VP5* rearrangement is then triggered by addition of EDTA. The presence of liposomes during the rearrangement enhances the otherwise inefficient VP5* conformational change. A VP5* fragment, VP5CT, produced from monomeric recombinant VP4 by successive treatments with chymotrypsin and trypsin, also binds liposomes only when the proteolysis proceeds in their presence. A monoclonal antibody that neutralizes infectivity by blocking a postattachment entry event also blocks VP5* liposome association. We propose that VP5* binds lipid bilayers in an intermediate conformational state, analogous to the extended intermediate conformation of enveloped-virus fusion proteins.
Closed-form deflection-limiting commands

Command signals that can move a flexible system without residual vibration and also limit the transient deflection are very useful. Unfortunately, these types of commands can be difficult to generate and have historically required intense numerical optimization. A new method for creating deflection-limiting commands is described and evaluated. The major advancement is that the problem is solvable in closed form, rather than via numerical optimization. Simulations of a mass-spring-mass system are presented as a function of deflection limit and move distance. The results compare favorably to previously presented optimized solutions.
Track-Following High Frequency Lateral Motion of Flexible Magnetic Media With Sub-100 nm Positioning Error

Lateral motion of the magnetic tape in data storage applications misaligns the flexible medium relative to the recording head and reduces the potential for decreasing data track width and spacing, and thereby the achievable data storage density. In order to reduce the effect of misalignment between the tape and the recording head, the head is mounted on a track-following actuator that can compensate for the position error up to a frequency that is governed partly by its mechanical resonances; this bandwidth is typically 1 kHz or less for conventional voice coil-based actuators. This paper introduces the design and implementation of a track-following actuator that is piezo-electrically actuated in order to potentially achieve a significant increase of bandwidth and positioning precision. A proof-of-concept is prototyped and experimental results are presented. An H∞ controller is designed and implemented to compensate for typical disturbances such as periodic runout of packs and rollers, or non-periodic flange impacts. Preliminary closed loop experimental results with an experimental low lateral motion tape path, and conventional servo format and media demonstrate a reduction in positioning error standard deviation to 74.5 nm, with simulations indicating a potential for further improvement to 20.6 nm with the use of improved media and servo format.
Flight system design: robust control and accommodation of failures

The goal of this presentation is to introduce new procedures for designing robust controllers for aircraft. The vehicle performs over a large variety of mission phases, flight and environmental conditions. Existing models have a limited capability for modeling of vehicles. Specifically, current models do not adequately model aerodynamics, environmental effects, flexible modes, disturbances, bifurcations, etc. This problem facilitates the use of uncertain models without sacrificing the aircraft dynamic quantities while minimizing analysis and design complexity. Uncertain models characterize the vehicle dynamics in a way that is instructive from physical and mathematical standpoints. Although many control methodologies have been derived, little effort has been directed to ensure robustness and stability with respect to nonlinear time-varying parameter uncertainties which represent the unmodeled vehicle dynamics, failures, environmental changes, etc. On the basis of the known bounds of parameter variations, structural and environmental changes, the robust controller is synthesized. The proposed control methodology is based on the dynamic programming method and Lyapunov's concept which are familiar to control engineers. Modified Riccati equations are obtained. The application of the robust design for the AFTI/F-16 fighter is presented. The resulting closed-loop system achieves robust stability if the parameter variations and failures appear.
Creating the Multiple Personality: An Experiential Demonstration for an Undergraduate Abnormal Psychology Class:

The social psychological aspects of the multiple personality disorder were demonstrated to an Abnormal Psychology class through the use of role-playing procedures. Three student volunteers played t...
Numerical Study of Rotating Stall of a Modern Fan

The aerodynamic instability known as rotating stall of an isolated fan is considered. Steady and unsteady 3-D simulations were carried out for flows around a high-speed transonic aero-engine fan. Several speed characteristic lines of the performance map were analyzed ranging from almost subsonic to transonic flow conditions with strong shocks. Unstructured grids were used for single- and multiple-blade passages. A choked nozzle was used for the outlet boundary to allow natural flow development and to avoid employing radial equilibrium. A bleed channel before the nozzle was used to control the mass flow rate along a particular speed line. The implicit solver is based on upwind discretization of fluxes with dual-time stepping for the unsteady calculations and a ω κ - turbulence model. The transition from steady to unsteady flow patterns was observed during calculations from the choked condition to stall on a fixed speed characteristic. The presence of strong shocks at higher rotational speeds caused more abrupt transition to stall with higher pressure drop, whereas the transition was more gradual at lower speeds.
EXIT OF DYE FROM LIVING CELLS OF NITELLA AT DIFFERENT pH VALUES.

Experiments on the exit of brilliant cresyl blue from the living cells of Nitella, in solutions of varying external pH values containing no dye, confirm the theory that the relation of the dye in the sap to that in the external solution depends on the fact that the dye exists in two forms, one of which (DB) can pass through the protoplasm while the other (DS) passes only slightly. DB increases (by transformation of DS to DB) with an increase in the pH value, and is soluble in substances like chloroform and benzene. DS increases with decrease in pH value and is insoluble (or nearly so) in chloroform and benzene. The rate of exit of the dye increases as the external pH value decreases. This may be explained on the ground that DB as it comes out of the cell is partly changed to DS, the amount transformed increasing as the pH value decreases. The rate of exit of the dye is increased when the pH value of the sap is increased by penetration of NH3.
Middle School Teachers’ Discipline-Specific Use of Gestures and Implications for Disciplinary Literacy Instruction

Framed in theories of social semiotics, this descriptive multiple case study examined six middle school teachers’ use of gestures during one school year as they each taught two different subject areas: earth science, language arts, mathematics, and/or social studies. The data, which included field notes and photographs from 354 lessons and 151 video-recordings of lesson segments, were analyzed using constant comparative methods and multimodal concordance charts. The analyses indicated discipline-specific differences in types of gestures, frequency of gestures, and centrality of gestures to the teachers’ messages. Earth science depended on a variety of iconic and deictic gestures, the latter of which was also common in mathematics. Communications in language arts and social studies commonly included non- essential action gestures that mimicked the movements of characters and historical figures. This study modifies existing claims of the importance of gestures in teaching, suggesting that gestures can play ...
Intraoperative delineation of primary brain tumors using time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy.

The goal of this study is to determine the potential of time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TR-LIFS) as an adjunctive tool for delineation of brain tumor from surrounding normal tissue in order to assist the neurosurgeon in near-complete tumor excision. A time-domain TR-LIFS prototype apparatus (gated photomultiplier detection, fast digitizer) was used for recording tissue autofluorescence in normal cortex (NC), normal white matter (NWM), and various grades of gliomas intraoperatively. Tissue fluorescence was induced with a pulsed nitrogen laser (337 nm, 700 ps), and the intensity decay profiles were recorded in the 360- to 550-nm spectral range (10-nm interval). Histopathological analysis (hematoxylin & eosin) of the biopsy samples taken from the site of TR-LIFS measurements was used for validation of spectroscopic results. Preliminary results on 17 patients demonstrate that normal cortex (N=16) and normal white matter (N=3) show two peaks of fluorescence emission at 390 nm (lifetime=1.8±0.3 ns) and 460 nm (lifetime=0.8±0.1 ns). The 390-nm emission peak is absent in low-grade glioma (N=5; lifetime=1.1 ns) and reduced in high-grade glioma (N=9; lifetime=1.7±0.4 ns). The emission characteristics at 460 nm in all tissues correlated with the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide fluorescence (peak: 440 to 460 nm; lifetime: 0.8 to 1.0 ns). These findings demonstrate the potential of using TR-LIFS as a tool for enhanced delineation of brain tumors during surgery. In addition, this study evaluates similarities and differences between TR-LIFS signatures of brain tumors obtained in vivo and those previously reported in ex vivo brain tumor specimens.
Interface Adhesion and Reliability of Microsystem Packaging

Flip-chip technology is becoming one of the most promising packaging techniques for high performance packages. Solder balls are used as the connection technique in the flip-chip method and the connections are reinforced by filling in the spacing between the chip and substrate with underfill. The function of the underfill is to reduce the stresses in the solder joints caused by a coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch. The presence of polymeric underfill material will, however, make the flip-chip packaging system susceptible to interfacial failure. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the interfacial delamination between the dissimilar materials in order to increase the reliability of the flip-chip interconnection method, and to understand the effect of underfill curing conditions on the interface adhesion. In particular, we use a linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) approach to assess interfacial toughness. For this purpose, four-point bending testing is performed to determine a critical strain energy release rate, Gc. In addition, nano-indentation testing equipped with atomic force microscope (AFM) is employed to determine structure and properties of the underfill layer.
Bacteriology of the uterus at cesarean section

Abstract 1. 1. In a report from Johns Hopkins Hospital, 44 per cent positive uterine cultures were found without the use of instillations. 2. 2. In our series, 4.1 per cent positive uterine cultures were obtained with the routine use of acriflavine instillations. 3. 3. The importance of anaerobic organisms as the chief contaminants is stressed. 4. 4. With the use of antiseptic instillations the period of time in labor may be greatly prolonged with negative cultures being obtained as late as 107½hours after the onset of labor. 5. 5. Intra-partum infection may be present on admission and vaginal instillations are too late to be of real value. 6. 6. Among the patients cultured there was one death which resulted from hemorrhage. 7. 7. Fifty-two and five-tenths per cent of the patients who had cesarean sections were cultured. 8. 8. Of the 6 positive cultures, 5 were not elective cases. 9. 9. Thirty-five cases were not elective and only five of these patients had positive cultures (14 per cent). 10. 10. Positive cultures can be obtained with membranes intact. 11. 11. The morbidity in this series was 52.8 per cent. 12. 12. Three deaths from puerperal infection occurred during the first year of the study. 13. 13. Instillations should be given prophylactically twice daily on waiting cases and every four hours if in labor.
Geographic and Demographic Disparities in Late-stage Breast and Colorectal Cancer Diagnoses Across the US

Problem: In 2009, breast cancer was the most common cancer in women, and colorectal cancer was the third most common cancer in both men and women. Currently, the majority of colorectal and almost 1/3 of breast cancers are diagnosed at an advanced stage in the US, which results in higher morbidity and mortality than would obtain with earlier detection. The incidence of late-stage cancer diagnoses varies considerably across the US, and few analyses have examined the entire US. Purpose: Using the newly available US Cancer Statistics database representing 98% of the US population, we perform multilevel analysis of the incidence of late-stage cancer diagnoses and translate the findings via bivariate mapping, answering questions related to both Why and Where demographic and geographic disparities in these diagnoses are observed. Methods: To answer questions related to Why disparities are observed, we utilize a three-level, random-intercepts model including person-, local area-, and region- specific levels of influence. To answer questions related to Where disparities are observed, we generate county level robust predictions of late-stage cancer diagnosis rates and map them, contrasting counties ranked in the upper and lower quantiles of all county predicted rates. Bivariate maps are used to spatially translate the geographic variation among US counties in the distribution of both BC and CRC late-stage diagnoses. Conclusions: Empirical modeling results show demographic disparities, while the spatial translation of empirical results shows geographic disparities that may be quite useful for state cancer control planning. Late stage BC and CRC diagnosis rates are not spatially random, manifesting as place-specific patterns that compare counties in individual states to counties across all states. Providing a relative comparison that enables assessment of how results in one state compare with others, this paper is to be disseminated to all state cancer control and central cancer registry program officials.
On FM demodulators in software defined radios using FPGAs

The use FPGAs to implement sampled-data FM demodulators for software-defined radios that must support “legacy waveforms” is explored and analyzed. Feed-forward and feedback structures are examined. The best feed-forward structure, in terms of the time/area trade-off, is the arctangent-differentiator structure. The arctangent-differentiator and PLL demodulators have approximately the same time/area product and approximately the same SNR performance. However, the two occupy very different locations in the time/area trade-off space. Relative to the PLL demodulator, the feed-forward demodulator can achieve a much higher clock rate, but requires more area.
A decrease in the permeability of aquaporin zero as a possible cause for presbyopia

The crystalline lens appears to be a simple organ with the sole role of focusing light upon the retina. However, numerous studies have underscored its dynamic nature with a host of compartmentalized physiological processes. As the individual ages, the normal lens develops two inescapable processes, presbyopia and cataracts. Yet, to date, there is no uniform explanation for presbyopia and many factors have been proposed as contributors including continuous enlargement of the lens, loss of power of the ciliary muscle and hardening of the lens fibers. Proposed explanations are incomplete and need experimental confirmation. This paper analyzes the possible causes for presbyopia and proposes a new one for it: a decrease in the permeability of aquaporin zero (AQP-0) also known as major intrinsic protein (MIP). Based on original findings of our laboratory, this paper proposes that a fluid flow exists inside the avascular lens. This fluid enters and leaves the lens during the accommodation process. We believe that for this to occur the lens utilizes the permeability of aquaporin zero which is abundant in the membrane of the fiber cells. Volume change due to fluid traversing the surface of the lens occurs during accommodation. We present the hypothesis that increasing the permeability of AQP-0 would facilitate accommodation. Therefore, defects in AQP-0 permeability may be a cause for presbyopia. We would also like to propose that it is possible to visualize and measure the fluid volume lost during un-accommodation and determine if the fluid is lost across the anterior, posterior or both surfaces. An age-related loss in lens water permeability could reduce fluid fluxes during the shape changes of accommodation potentially contributing to presbyopia.
Real-time growth assessments of size orientation and facet asymmetries of self-assembled quantum dots

Structural characteristics of self-assembled quantum dots affect their properties and hence precise knowledge of dot shapes and distributions are of importance to the development of many advanced photovoltaic device concepts employing quantum dots. . For a precise control over dot parameters, reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) has shown to be a reliable analytical tool in extracting dot size and shape in real time span. In this work, we expanded RHEED analysis to study dot parameters at the onset of dot formation to understand growth kinetics at lower InAs coverage. Formation of new facets at initial growth stages were observed and, furthermore, asymmetric dot facet ripening in smaller QDs were also noted.
Glutamate‐Activated Channels

Ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) are a major class of ion channels. Postsynaptic LGICs generate electrical signals in response to specific chemical neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, glutamate, glycine, or γ-aminobutyric acid. Understanding the polymorphism of the genes encoding the GluRs in particular will increase one's understanding of the role of these receptors in neurogenetic variations. Animal glutamate receptors possess both metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). The iGluRs and mGluRs are classified into subgroups based on their sequence homology, agonist pharmacology, and intracellular transduction mechanisms. The structural and sequence similarity of the different domains of GluRs to proteins from different types of organisms gives rise to some interesting implications in the evolutionary relationship between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The iGluRs are classified as nmethyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors or non-NMDA receptors, which include kainate (KAI) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. The first prokaryotic glutamate receptors to be discovered was GluR0 from Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. An interesting observation was made based on scores of the similarity of profiles of the P-loop and M2 helix. Plant glutamate receptors (GLRs) were first identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. The sequencing of the complete genome of A. thaliana revealed the existence of not 1 but 20 genes that encoded putative GLRs. A famous quote of Theodosius Dobzhansky, “Nothing in biology makes sense, except in the light of evolution,” emphasizes the importance of evolutionary studies in biology. Evolutionary inferences essentially rely on diversity among organisms, where the differences are accumulated randomly from some common ancestor.
P137 Type III interferon impairs bacterial clearance through PDCD4 regulated inflammatory cytokine production

Introduction The balance between pro and anti-inflammatory signaling in innate immune responses to bacterial infection is especially critical in the lung. Airway epithelial cells, in addition to resident and recruited cells of immune origin, participate in what must be coordinated proinfammatory signaling in response to inhaled pathogens. The type III interferons are especially important in pulmonary infection, produced in response to viral infection and bacterial PAMPs. IFN-λ is activated by and induces NF-κB signaling and promotes expression of Th1 cytokines. We postulated that common respiratory pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , would stimulate an IFN-λ response and that this would have an important effect on bacterial clearance from the airway. Methods To establish that bacterial components can stimulate IFN-λ, we measured the induction of IFN-λ by RT-PCR in murine BMDCs. Biological significance of IFN-λ induction was determined by comparing the ability of wt C57Bl/6 and IL-28R−/− mice (lacking the IFN-λ receptor) to handle an intranasal inoculation of 10 7 cfu of either PAK or USA300. Results In response to either P. aeruginosa PAK or USA300 MRSA on BMDCs there was a 10-fold increase in IFN-λ transcript by 4 h post infection which persisted for up to 8 h; in contrast to the 1000-fold induction of IFN-β by both organisms. The IL-28R−/− mice had significantly improved clearance of either pathogen from the airway and lung tissue ( P - BAL ( P Conclusion These results indicate that like IFN-β, bacterial PAMPs also activate IFN-λ signaling which may contribute to airway inflammation without augmenting pathogen clearance. Further dissection of the components of IFN-λ regulation may provide targets to diminish the pathology associated with airway inflammation without compromising the ability to clear pathogens.
LIPID SYNTHESIS IN HANSENULA ANOMALA

The yeast Hansenula anomala (Hansen) Sydow is interesting physiologically because of its ability to form relatively large amounts of ethyl acetate. This phenomenon has been studied by Gray (1949), Peel (1951), Tabachnik (1950) and Tabachnik and Joslyn (1953). Other aspects of physiology in this yeast have not been studied extensively. The present paper presents data on the formation of water-insoluble metabolic products from glucose, particularly lipids and polysaccharides.
Radionuclide Retardation and Release Rates for Oceanic Sediments and Clay

The concept of emplacing nuclear waste in the argillaceous sediments covering extensive regions of the ocean floor is being given serious consideration by a group of interested nations.1 For such a subseabed repository to be acceptable the effectiveness in isolating the radioactive material must be demonstrated. Since the waste form cannot be relied upon to retain its integrity in the suboceanic environment, the subseabed repository relies principally on the containment qualities of the sediment that forms the geologic barrier impeding the spread of radionuclides.
Treating Hemodynamic Congestion Is the Key to Prevent Heart Failure Hospitalizations

“I once was lost, but now am found. Was blind, but now I see.” —John Newton, “Amazing Grace” [(1)][1] One of the greatest challenges in the management of patients with chronic heart failure is forecasting and preventing the development of acute worsening leading to hospitalizations.
Age-related issues in volume overload and hyponatremia in the elderly.

L'osmolarite plasmatique qui est un des meilleurs indicateurs du statut hydrique augmente petit a petit avec l'avance en âge et va par ailleurs presenter des variations de plus en plus grandes. Les desordres a type d'hypo et d'hypervolemie sont frequents chez les personnes âgees et le plus souvent provoques par des pathologies intercurrentes qui vont contribuer a ces modifications physiologiques. L'ensemble de ces processus physiologiques liees au vieillissement et secondaires a ces pathologies, est detaille dans cet article.
Directly modulated VCSELs at ≥ 50 Gb/s for short reach data communications

The Datacom industry has adopted 50–56Gb/s (50G) as one of the next data rates for short reach communications. This talk will cover the status of directly modulated VCSELs for 50G in the wavelength range of 850–1100 nm for multimode fiber and at 1550 nm for single mode fiber.
The Disabilities of Perpetrators Who Abuse and Neglect Children with Disabilities

Knowing perpetrators’ disabilities has potential to inform child abuse and neglect (CAN) and abuse and neglect of children with disabilities (ANCD) intervention and prevention efforts in a variety of fields. This chapter focuses particularly on the disabilities of the perpetrators of ANCD. We examine the prevailing disabilities among the perpetrators as well as the unique challenges presented by “hidden” disabilities. We analyze the data in large databases as well as the literature on the disabilities of the people that are more prone to perpetrate ANCD. We focus on such questions as, what disabilities are more likely to be observed among the perpetrators of ANCD? We present the findings of a study on the newspaper coverage of the disabilities of the perpetrators of ANCD. We get behind the numbers and illustrate them with stories of real people who perpetrate ANCD. We conclude this chapter with a set of recommendations for researchers and practitioners.
MySQL and MariaDB

MySQL is a commonly used open source relational database that is used in conjunction with web applications such as Wordpress, Joomla, and Zencart. The company that developed MySQL was acquired by Oracle, and many of the original developers of MySQL became concerned for the future licensing of MySQL. They created a fork of MySQL, named MariaDB, which serves as a replacement for the same version of MySQL.
CHAPTER 27 – Function of Vascular Endothelium

This chapter focuses on endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and on the potential avenues or options for therapy in these two well-known risk factors for CAD. The endothelium appears to play a critical role in the development of atherosclerosis, affecting vasomotor tone, monocyte and platelet adhesion; vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation; and in regulating myocardial perfusion. Endothelial dysfunction is characterized by an imbalance of endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors. It occurs with a variety of cardiovascular risk factors prior to the development of overt atherosclerotic plaque or structural changes in the vascular tree. Endothelial dysfunction appears to result from endothelial Injury, with either physical damage or more subtle cellular damage brought on by CAD risk factors. This endothelial damage may cause a decrease in NO bioavailability with ensuing detrimental changes in monocyte adhesion, smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, and platelet adhesiveness. In addition, altered endothelial function may serve as a marker for this complex process. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in response to a variety of stimuli has been employed extensively as a marker of NO activity in the vasculature. Numerous endothelium-dependent agonists have been identified, including acetylcholine and bradykinin, and increased blood flow has also been used as a stimulus to NO release.
Local regulation of gene expression by lncRNA promoters, transcription and splicing

Mammalian genomes are pervasively transcribed to produce thousands of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). A few of these lncRNAs have been shown to recruit regulatory complexes through RNA-protein interactions to influence the expression of nearby genes, and it has been suggested that many other lncRNAs can also act as local regulators. Such local functions could explain the observation that lncRNA expression is often correlated with the expression of nearby genes. However, these correlations have been challenging to dissect and could alternatively result from processes that are not mediated by the lncRNA transcripts themselves. For example, some gene promoters have been proposed to have dual functions as enhancers, and the process of transcription itself may contribute to gene regulation by recruiting activating factors or remodelling nucleosomes. Here we use genetic manipulation in mouse cell lines to dissect 12 genomic loci that produce lncRNAs and find that 5 of these loci influence the expression of a neighbouring gene in cis. Notably, none of these effects requires the specific lncRNA transcripts themselves and instead involves general processes associated with their production, including enhancer-like activity of gene promoters, the process of transcription, and the splicing of the transcript. Furthermore, such effects are not limited to lncRNA loci: we find that four out of six protein-coding loci also influence the expression of a neighbour. These results demonstrate that cross-talk among neighbouring genes is a prevalent phenomenon that can involve multiple mechanisms and cis-regulatory signals, including a role for RNA splice sites. These mechanisms may explain the function and evolution of some genomic loci that produce lncRNAs and broadly contribute to the regulation of both coding and non-coding genes.
Hybrid Silicon-GaAs PA for MIMO Applications

This paper introduces the design techniques for a family of Wi-Fi PA with a new approach based on maximally reducing the GaAs MMIC area and resizing it with external integrated components. This paper proposes the development of a set PA for the integrated front-end module (FEM) of 802.11a/b/g/n and in the near future for 802.16d/e. In the multi-mode concept, a technological partition called the "stripped" PA has been adopted to minimize the overall manufacturing cost without impacting the performance of the PA. In particular the PA MMIC cell, manufactured in a commercial InGaP/GaAs technology, has been reduced to minimum size and complexity keeping the performances level at the highest standards currently available. Results on both a standard linear PA design approach used for a SISO system and vehicle for the validation of the approach and on a more challenging architecture which aims to enable the MIMO configuration through a dramatic increase in efficiency adopting a smart-biasing system plus the benefit of the digital pre-distortion are presented. These approaches combine to provide performance such as PAE comparable with the state of the art SISO and MIMO PAs, while meeting the stringent requirements like EVM required by standard and specifications
Global Mental Health in Action: Reducing Disparities One Community at a Time

There are great disparities in mental health care around the world. Traditional approaches to mental health care have not been found to be transferrable to many parts of the world and are inadequate to address these disparities. Unconventional approaches are needed that match the traditions of care-seeking and care-giving within the communities where they are delivered. The authors review the global mental health literature and discuss how marriage and family therapists are in a particularly good position to have worldwide impact on mental health disparities. Five principles of global mental health are presented along with an example of how these principles are applied through the Reducing Mental Health Disparities One Community at a Time (RD1CT) model.
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (P06.236)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the occurrence and outcomes of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) among patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). BACKGROUND: There is no published data regarding the occurrence and outcomes of SAH among patients with HIV/AIDS on a national level. DESIGN/METHODS: The largest all-payer Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS 2002-2010) data was used to identify and analyze all patients presenting with the primary diagnosis of SAH in the United States. Among this cohort, we identified the patients who were HIV/AIDS positive and negative. Patient demographics, medical co-morbidities, in-hospital complications, in-hospital procedures, and discharge disposition were compared between the two groups. The association between HIV infection and outcomes was evaluated in multivariate analysis after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: Of the 351,491 patients admitted with SAH, 1367 (0.39%) were infected with HIV. HIV infected patients were younger, mean age [±SD] of 45 ±14.2 years versus those who were not 58±19 years, (p CONCLUSIONS: The in-hospital mortality in HIV infected patients with SAH is higher despite these patients being younger than non-HIV infected patients. This study provides a nationwide perspective which may have important implications for early recognition and diagnosis of HIV-infection in SAH patients. Disclosure: Dr. Zacharatos has nothing to disclose. Dr. Adil has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hassan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gilani has nothing to disclose. Dr. ATACH Investigators has nothing to disclose.
Variations in Federalism: Explaining Subnational Policy Authority

Federalism is a common and venerated principle for the distribution of political power between different levels of government, yet we know little about how and why federal institutions have evolved across the contemporary world. Existing data on federal institutions are especially scarce for the less politically stable parts of the world. This paper introduces a new global dataset that disaggregates the distribution of authority between national and subnational governments in 180 countries from 1975-2010. We also examine the distribution of authority over time and across policy areas. We contend that the decentralization of authority increases the efficiency with which policy can be matched to local preferences while decreasing the coercive power of the central government. We explore how this tradeoff varies across policy domains and why federalization is more likely in areas that do not involve internal security forces. Empirically, we show that federalization of authority is more prevalent when state/provincial governments are locally elected and when state/provincial constituencies are represented by national legislators. We also show that decentralization is sticky: once authority is decentralized in a domain, it is rarely recentralized.
Nutrient limitation determines the fitness of cheaters in bacterial siderophore cooperation

Cooperative behaviors provide a collective benefit, but are considered costly for the individual. Here, we report that these costs vary dramatically in different contexts and have opposing effects on the selection for non-cooperating cheaters. We investigate a prominent example of bacterial cooperation, the secretion of the peptide siderophore pyoverdine by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, under different nutrient-limiting conditions. Using metabolic modeling, we show that pyoverdine incurs a fitness cost only when its building blocks carbon or nitrogen are growth-limiting and are diverted from cellular biomass production. We confirm this result experimentally with a continuous-culture approach. We show that pyoverdine non-producers (cheaters) enjoy a large fitness advantage in co-culture with producers (cooperators) and spread to high frequency when limited by carbon, but not when limited by phosphorus. The principle of nutrient-dependent fitness costs has implications for the stability of cooperation in pathogenic and non-pathogenic environments, in biotechnological applications, and beyond the microbial realm.Cooperative behaviour among individuals provides a collective benefit, but is considered costly. Using Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a model system, the authors show that secretion of the siderophore pyoverdine only incurs a fitness cost and favours cheating when its building blocks carbon or nitrogen are growth-limiting.
Dielectric behavior and non-ohmic behavior of CCTO/SiO 2 composites

In this study, the electrical behavior of CCTO/SiO 2 composites have been analyzed. The ceramic composite was made of CaCu 3 Ti 4 O 12 coated with SiO 2 by sol-gel method. The composites were made of SiO 2 concentration and sintered in different temperature. The effect of SiO 2 concentration and sintering temperature on the microstructure and non-ohmic behavior of composites were investigated. The breakdown electrical field for composite of CCTO can improve from 1.96 KV/cm to 40 KV/cm by adding SiO 2 due to the formation of a resistive layer in grainboundaries. The nonlinear coefficient of the sample is influenced by changing the Schottky barrier parameters to reach 3.8, which is predicted by conductivity behavior. It is believed that, the formation of the liquid phase caused the increase in diffusion which altered the conductivity of grainboundaries and affected the height and width of the potential barrier. The SEM pictures were conducted to illustrate the change in the microstructure of samples. The increase in the sintering temperature and emerge liquid phase results in grain growth.
Affordances and Alignments: Continuing Challenges in Advising Undergraduate Psychology Majors

Challenges abound in providing accurate and useful information to prospective and declared psychology majors about their career options and how to make decisions that will lead to satisfying and re...
Grading Using Ki-67 Index and Mitotic Rate Increases the Prognostic Accuracy of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors.

Objectives To measure the usefulness of Ki-67 proliferative index (Ki-67 index) as a prognostic variable for grading pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Methods A multi-institutional prospective database comprising 350 patients. Grading based on mitotic activity ( 20) and Ki-67 index ( 20%). Final grade selected based on higher grade of either variable. Results Most patients were in the less than 3% (n = 158) and 3% to 20% Ki-67 category (n = 107), with a minority being high-grade (Ki-67 > 20%, n = 27). Discordance between Ki-67 and mitotic rate was noted in 58 patients. On multivariate analysis, final-grade (grade 2: P = 0.010, hazard ratio [HR], 1.2; grade 3: P = 0.002; HR, 2.8), Ki-67, mitotic rate, and lymph node status were significant prognostic markers for overall survival (OS). For disease-free survival (DFS), only final-grade (grade 2: P = 0.05; HR, 1.4; grade 3: P = 0.009; HR, 2.3), Ki-67, mitotic rate, and margin status significantly predicted DFS. Ki-67 was a better model for OS and mitotic rate for DFS. Overall combined final grade was the best model based on HR. Conclusion Ki-67 is a strong prognostic factor for OS and DFS and should be included in all pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor pathology.
Large carbon isotope variability during methanogenesis under alkaline conditions

Abstract High carbon isotope values (δ13CCH4 > −40‰) have widely been used as evidence that methane in alkaline rock-hosted fluids was formed abiotically, particularly in serpentinizing systems. However, isotope fractionation during microbial methanogenesis is relatively understudied at high pH. We isolated a hydrogenotrophic Methanobacterium sp. from hyperalkaline subsurface fluids in the Samail ophiolite to assess how carbon and hydrogen isotope values of CH4 varied depending upon pH and carbonate mineral source (NaHCO3 or CaCO3). The hydrogen isotope fractionation αH20/CH4 (1.46–1.66) did not vary across pH. In contrast, the expressed carbon isotope fractionation, αCO2/CH4, ranged from 1.028 to 1.089. Carbon isotope fractionation increased with pH, reaching a maximum 13C depletion of −85‰. However, the 13C depletion significantly diminished at pH ≥ 9 for CaCO3-amended experiments, generating δ13CCH4 as high as −28‰. To evaluate the large variability in δ13CCH4, we developed a steady-state model to assess how the rates of carbonate dissolution, cellular uptake of CO2 and irreversible CH4 production can affect the net isotope fractionation during methanogenesis. Methanobacterium sp. can produce highly depleted δ13CCH4 in simulated alkaline serpentinizing fluids when dissolved inorganic carbon levels are high and methanogenesis rates are slow. However, small carbon isotope fractionation occurs when rates of carbonate dissolution are slower than cellular uptake, leading to relatively high δ13CCH4 values (>∼−35‰) that are traditionally interpreted to be purely “abiotic”. Thus, microbial CH4 can be produced in carbon-limited mafic and ultramafic rock-hosted environments on Earth and potentially other planetary bodies, but it may be difficult to isotopically identify biogenic methane when mineral carbonates are the dominant carbon source.
Watching with Two Eyes: The Place of the Mythopoetic in Curriculum Inquiry

This chapter begins with a discussion of Macdonald’s understanding of the mythopoetic as a methodology for creating curriculum knowledge. Next, the authors link the mythopoetic to two schools of hermeneutic thought alluded to by Macdonald in his earlier work. They explain how these two schools produce a schism in curriculum studies that leads in one direction toward the works of critical theorists (as demystifying), and in another direction toward the works of interpretivists (as demythologizing). They then develop the argument that both of these hermeneutic schools use mythopoetic expression to articulate their ideas. The authors conceptualize the mythopoetic by examining myth as a source of knowledge that shapes our routine actions, and by examining the expressive powers of language that invokes the poetic and uses it to communicate mythic knowledge. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the authors recognize those who embody the mythopoetic in their writing, including curriculum theorists identified with both critical and interpretive approaches, as well as those who live with children in classrooms. These writers help us both to understand the mythopoetic as a force in curriculum, and to experience its power to shape our sensations, feelings, and impulses to act.
Coal Fly Ash as a Model Complex Mixture for Short-Term Bioassay

Combustion of coal for electric power generation has increased markedly throughout the past decade and is expected to continue to increase throughout the remainder of this century. Coal combustion produces a variety of biologically active inorganic and organic compounds. Of major concern is the release of oxides of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur; biologically active trace elements; siliceous primary particulate matter; and organic compounds. Most of the primary particulate matter produced during coal combustion is coal fly ash. Interaction of fly ash particles with inorganic and organic compounds formed during the combustion process produces a unique complex mixture. This mixture may serve as a model for other mixtures resulting from interaction of relatively inert carrier particles with biologically active metals and organic compounds; the bulk of atmospheric particulate matter may serve as a matrix for subsequent interaction of airborne vapors and condensable gases. In this report, we review our studies that indicate the complexity of the physical and chemical properties of coal fly ash and attempt to relate such properties to the biological activity of coal fly ash.
Deep vein thrombosis and venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in traumatic brain injury: Current treatment options and controversies

Trauma patients are at high risk for the development of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and venous thromboembolism (VTE). Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a known independent risk factor for DVT/VTE. Chemical prophylaxis is now commonplace in trauma, decreasing rates of DVT/VTE. Due to the risk of catastrophic worsening of intracranial bleeding or the possible need for surgical intervention, neurosurgeons are frequently reluctant to initiate chemical DVT prophylaxis in TBI patients. Multiple studies have sought to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of different strategies for DVT prophylaxis within the TBI population. These studies, along with specific treatment options, are reviewed here. Finally, the authors present their institution’s protocol for management of DVT prophylaxis in TBI patients as a practical guide.
Modeling the Cost Effectiveness of Fire Protection Resource Allocation in the United States: Models and a 1980–2014 Case Study

The estimated cost of fire in the United States is about $329 billion a year, yet there are gaps in the literature to measure the effectiveness of investment and to allocate resources optimally in fire protection. This article fills these gaps by creating data-driven empirical and theoretical models to study the effectiveness of nationwide fire protection investment in reducing economic and human losses. The regression between investment and loss vulnerability shows high R2 values (≈0.93). This article also contributes to the literature by modeling strategic (national-level or state-level) resource allocation (RA) for fire protection with equity-efficiency trade-off considerations, while existing literature focuses on operational-level RA. This model and its numerical analyses provide techniques and insights to aid the strategic decision-making process. The results from this model are used to calculate fire risk scores for various geographic regions, which can be used as an indicator of fire risk. A case study of federal fire grant allocation is used to validate and show the utility of the optimal RA model. The results also identify potential underinvestment and overinvestment in fire protection in certain regions. This article presents scenarios in which the model presented outperforms the existing RA scheme, when compared in terms of the correlation of resources allocated with actual number of fire incidents. This article provides some novel insights to policymakers and analysts in fire protection and safety that would help in mitigating economic costs and saving lives.
A semester-long critical thinking course in the first semester of pharmacy school: Impact on critical thinking skills.

Abstract Introduction To determine whether critical thinking improved after student-pharmacists participated in a semester-long critical thinking course in the first semester of pharmacy school. Methods Students took the Health Sciences Reasoning Test-Numeracy (HSRT-N) on the first and last day of the course. The overall HSRT-N score, percentile ranking, and eight sub-categories within the HSRT-N (analysis, interpretation, inference, evaluation, explanation, induction, deduction, and numeracy) were evaluated. A multivariable quantile regression model evaluated the association between the post-test percentile and student age, at which campus the student was enrolled, and how many minutes the students required to take the test. Results There were no significant differences in overall scores, percentile, or the sub-category scores with the exception of a significant increase in the analysis score and a significant decrease in the induction score. There was a greater increase for students in the lower quartiles on the pre-test compared to students in the higher quartiles on the pre-test. The largest percentile change occurred in students in the 25th–50th percentiles. Conclusion A statistically significant improvement in the analysis category of the HSRT-N and a greater increase for students in the lower quartiles on the pre-test to the post-test suggests students with the lowest quartiles on the HSRT-N would benefit the most from a critical thinking course.