cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partial- and whole-body thermal sensation and comfort— Part I: Uniform environmental conditions

Abstract Subjects exposed to uniform environments were polled for their local and overall (whole-body) thermal sensation and comfort. Sensation and comfort for local body parts vary greatly. In cool environments, hands and feet feel colder than other body parts. The head, insensitive to cold but sensitive to warm, feels warmer than the rest of the body in warm environments. Overall sensation and comfort follow the warmest local sensation (head) in warm environments and the coldest (hands and feet) in cool environments. Subjects evaluate neutral conditions as “comfortable”, never “very comfortable”, and overshoot of sensation and comfort during whole-body step-changes is small.
Parallel bidirectional island search in distributed memory multiprocessors

Fast heuristic search techniques are crucial in almost all artificial intelligence (AI) systems. They have significant impact on many real life applications, including expert systems, next generation database management systems, robotics, game playing, and automated reasoning. Bidirectional heuristic island search is a state-of-the-art approach which combines forward chaining, backward chaining, use of island states, and multi-dimensional heuristics, in order to achieve high real time performance. This dissertation demonstrates that this approach makes an excellent blend with distributed memory parallel computers. Implementation and extensive testing of algorithm PBA* on both a uniprocessor and a multiprocessor computer (iPSC/2) show that bidirectionalism is a promising approach in heuristic search. Superlinear speedups are uniformly achieved, thus making algorithm PBA* quite attractive for practical usage. These speedups also demonstrate that parallelism in its own right is a promising approach in heuristic search. Addition of wave-shaping features, makes algorithm PBA* even more effective. The resulting algorithm, WS PBA*, provides wave-shaping power to PBA*, by redirecting the concurrent search processes toward fast convergence. Simulation of WS PBA* on a uniprocessor machine, as well as its implementation on an Intel iPSC/2 hypercube demonstrate that WS PBA* performs well without requiring knowledge of the shape of the search space for positioning of the X-nodes and the reference nodes. It also makes good use of the presence of large numbers of reference nodes, thus utilizing the multi-dimensional heuristic concept, originally introduced for algorithm PBA*. The wave-shaping technique introduced by algorithm WS PBA* is generalized with algorithm SSC PBA*. The generalized method partitions every local search space into subspaces (clusters). The local searches aim toward clusters belonging to local searches of opposing direction. Nodes which belong to opposing clusters that are close to each other, are given priority for expansion. The well known uniprocessor bidirectional heuristic search algorithms of DeChampeaux and Politowski-Pohl turn out to be special cases of a 2-process uniprocessor version of algorithm SSC PBA*. Both algorithms, WS PBA* and SSC PBA* are highly scalable, in the sense that they can take advantage of any number of available processors on a multiprocessor machine.
Circadian Rest-Activity Pattern Changes in Aging and Preclinical Alzheimer Disease

Importance Circadian rhythm disturbances occur in symptomatic Alzheimer disease (AD) and have been hypothesized to contribute to disease pathogenesis. However, it is unknown whether circadian changes occur during the presymptomatic phase of the disease. Objective To examine the associations between circadian function, aging, and preclinical AD pathology in cognitively normal adults. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study was conducted using community volunteers from the Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center at Washington University in St Louis. Cognitively normal participants (n = 205) underwent 7 to 14 days of actigraphy in their home environment between 2010 and 2012, in addition to clinical assessment, amyloid imaging with Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB), and cerebrospinal fluid biomarker collection. Data collected from 3 years before to 6 months after actigraphy were included. Sixteen participants were excluded owing to incomplete data collection. Main Outcomes and Measures Circadian rhythm analysis was performed on actigraphy data using 3 methods: cosinor, nonparametric, and empirical mode decomposition. Preclinical AD was assessed by longitudinal clinical assessment, amyloid imaging with PiB, and cerebrospinal fluid biomarker collection. Results Data from 189 participants were included in the analyses. The mean (SD) age was 66.6 (8.3) years, and 121 participants (64%) were women. Older age (β = .247; P = .003) and male sex (β = .170; P = .04), in the absence of amyloid pathology, were associated with a significant increase in intradaily variability, a nonparametric measure of rest-activity rhythm fragmentation, as well as decreased amplitude by several measures. After correction for age and sex, the presence of preclinical amyloid plaque pathology, assessed by positive PiB imaging (mean [SD], 0.804 [0.187] for PiB negative vs 0.875 [0.178] for PiB positive; P = .05) or increasing cerebrospinal fluid phosphorylated-tau to amyloid β 42 ratio (β = .231; P = .008), was associated with increased intradaily variability, indicating rest-activity rhythm fragmentation. Conclusions and Relevance Preclinical AD is associated with rest-activity rhythm fragmentation, independent of age or sex. Aging was also associated with circadian dysfunction independently of preclinical AD pathology, particularly in men. The presence of circadian rhythm abnormalities in the preclinical phase of AD suggests that circadian dysfunction could contribute to early disease pathogenesis or serve as a biomarker of preclinical disease.
Collective Rights–Based Fishery Management: A Path to Ecosystem-Based Fishery Management*

Fishery rents may be dissipated across margins not well defined or controlled by an individual transferable quota system. Collective rights–based fishery management (CRBFM), where catch rights are held by a group, can sometimes generate greater benefits and can also address external impacts of the fishery. I discuss potential failures of individual quotas and how these problems were addressed by CRBFM institutions. I then focus on the role of CRBFM in addressing environmental and social impacts external to the group of fishers, such as bycatch, habitat impacts, and spatial conflicts. The review suggests that CRBFM can effectively address both intrafishery and external impacts, provided there is sufficient incentive to do so, including maintaining access to preferred markets or the threat of further regulation. However, CRBFM can create moral hazard and adverse selection problems, and successful CRBFM institutions generally have homogeneous membership with well-aligned interests and/or formal contracts wit...
The Traditional Interface

This chapter begins our discussion of the visual presentation of the deductive spreadsheet with a careful review of the most important concepts of the user interface of the traditional spreadsheet. It isolates the points where we should anchor the deductive extensions to the existing display layout and methods for performing tasks which are relatively uniform among commercially available spreadsheets.
Triangulating the personal creative experience: self-report, external judgments, and physiology

We investigate the measurement of 'in-the-moment creativity' (ITMC) as a step towards developing new evaluation methods for improving creativity support tools (CSTs). We consider ITMC to be the periods of intense personal creative experience within a temporal, creative work process. Our approach to this work involves a triangulation method of several temporal metrics, including self-report ratings, external judgments, and physiological measurements. The experiment described in this paper involves participants sketching for 30 minutes while wearing EEG and being screen recorded. Participants and external judges used a special video application to watch, identify and rate periods of personal creative experience during the sketching activity. Our results indicate that people are comfortable self-reporting ITMC, and our work sets the stage for more extensive research that makes use of temporal, granular measures of the personal creative experience.
Innovative approaches to psychogeriatric services: A Report of the International Psychogeriatric Congress

Some of these studies, as well as other papers and presentations, will be published bySpringer as the proceedings of the IPA under the titleClinical and Scientific Psychogeriatrics.
On Whether an Answer to a Why-Question is an Explanation if and Only if it Yields Scientific Understanding

Probably the reason the topic of scientific understanding has received relatively little independent attention from philosophers of science is because most regard the expression merely as an honorific synonym for the expression “scientific explanation.” And this surely often is the case. There is no loss of meaning, for instance, when the expression “scientific explanation” is substituted for the expression “scientific understanding” in the remark, “We simply have no adequate scientific understanding of the way T-receptors function in acquired immune deficiency.” But there are occasions when this substitution would be preposterous-for instance, in the statement, “The ultimate goal of scientific explanation is to obtain scientific understanding.” Indeed, yielding scientific understanding is used by many philosophers of science as a measure of scientific explanation.
Discriminating Among Pacific Salmon, Rainbow Trout, and Atlantic Salmon Species Using Common Genetic Screening Methods

Abstract The five most common species of Pacific salmon, Rainbow Trout (steelhead) Oncorhynchus spp., and Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar intermingle in the North Pacific Ocean and its freshwater tribu...
Ethically speaking: True colors

I have two- and four-year-old granddaughters who love holidays and celebrations. This past holiday season, my daughter got both girls their own miniature Christmas trees to decorate. This allowed my daughter to decorate the large tree while the young girls decorated their own trees. The girls eagerly snagged up ornaments and garland and made their trees glitter and sparkle. Later that day, my daughter noticed ornaments missing from around the bottom of the big tree. The two-year-old's little tree seemed to have a lot more ornaments than before. Suspicious, but with no concrete evidence that a crime was committed, my daughter ignored the problem and let the littlest girl have some fun. Very early the next morning, the two-year-old awoke and took all of the low-hanging ornaments from the big tree and placed them on her tree. In addition, she snagged all of the ornaments from her sister's tree, also adorning them onto hers. She had created a large, Las-Vegas-style structure (you could no longer see the tree) that glimmered with holiday cheer. How could this innocent-looking child wake up before the rest of the family and conduct such an unexpected raid? Where was her family loyalty?
Hybrid femtocell–attocell optical links for indoor free-space optical communication

The demand for wireless bandwidth is increasing rapidly; however, the throughput of short-range radio frequency (RF) solutions, such as WiFi, are quickly reaching limits due to limited bandwidth in the RF spectrum. This problem can be overcome by utilizing unregulated infrared wavelengths in the optical spectrum. On the other hand, free-space optical (FSO) communication presents a challenge for mobility due to the line-of-sight nature of optics. We present a dual-channel optical link for short-range FSO communication, which consists of a 100 Mb / s, large diameter (60 cm at 3 m distance) optical femtocell with a 1.5 Gb / s, small diameter (1 cm at 3 m distance) optical attocell embedded within the femtocell. This hybrid femtocell–attocell optical link addresses the needs of various users by providing a high mobility femtocell link combined with an enhanced bandwidth attocell hotspot. A prototype hybrid system was assembled and evaluated in terms of bandwidth, range, and bit error rate (BER). In addition, the relationship between the incident angle of the transmitted beam relative to the receiver and the BER of the received data was evaluated. At a communication distance of 3 m, the BER is
Validity of the Medication Adherence Rating Scale for Adherence to Inhaled Corticosteroids among Older Adults with Asthma or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Regular use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) is the standard of care for patients with persistent asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Adherence to ICS is measured using the 10-...
Analyzing the Effects of Interconnect Parasitics in the STT CRAM In-Memory Computational Platform

This article presents a method for analyzing the parasitic effects of interconnects on the performance of the STT-MTJ-based computational random access memory (CRAM) in-memory computation platform. The CRAM is a platform that makes a small reconfiguration to a standard spintronics-based memory array to enable logic operations within the array. The analytical method in this article develops a methodology that quantifies the way in which wire parasitics limit the size and configuration of a CRAM array and studies the impact of cell- and array-level design choices on the CRAM noise margin. Finally, the method determines the maximum allowable CRAM array size under various technology considerations.
Opsonizing Antibodies to Virulence Factors of Pasteurella haemolytica

Opsonization of Pasteurella haemolytica by whole serum has been documented. However, the role of antibodies to specific antigens has not been investigated.
Delusional Misidentification Syndromes: Psychopathology and Culture

Delusional mis-identification syndromes constitute a number of disorders that involve a myriad of delusions related to the identity of self or other. The forms of delusion range from mis-attribution of identity related to self, other, as well as parts of the body. Although rare, these syndromes are encountered in a number of different forms by medical and psychiatric personnel, as well as other types of mental health workers. This is especially true since many of the syndromes have organic etiology and are treated via medical rather than psychological intervention. Nevertheless, delusional mis-identification syndromes often co-exist with psychiatric issues which can be helped by concurrent psychological treatment. Given that identity is central to human beings and their cultures, it is not surprising that delusional mis-identification is represented in a number of cultural beliefs. Some cultural expressions of delusional mis-identification may function as coping mechanisms for anxiety over loss of identity or the trauma of infant mortality.
Multiplex Solid-Phase RPA Coupled CRISPR-Based Visual Detection of SARS-CoV-2

COVID-19 has challenged the worlds public health and led to over 4.5 million deaths. A rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective point-of-care virus detection device is crucial to the control and surveillance of the contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Here we demonstrate a solid phase isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification coupled CRISPR-based (spRPA-CRISPR) assay for on-chip multiplexed, sensitive and visual COVID-19 DNA detection. By targeting the SARS-CoV-2 structure protein encoded genomes, two specific genes were simultaneously detected with the control sample without cross-interaction with other sequences. The endpoint signal can be directly visualized for rapid detection of COVID-19. The amplified target sequences were immobilized on the one-pot device surface and detected using the mixed Cas12a-crRNA collateral cleavage of reporter released fluorescent signal when specific genes were recognized. The system was tested with samples of a broad range of concentrations (20 to 2x105 copies) and showed analytical sensitivity down to 20 copies per reaction. Furthermore, a low-cost LED UV flashlight ([~]$12) was used to provide a visible SARS-CoV-2 detection signal of the spRPA-CRISPR assay which could be purchased online easily. Thus, our platform provides a sensitive and easy-to-read multiplexed gene detection method with the capacity to specifically identify low concentration genes. Similar CRISPR biosensor chips can support a broad range of applications such as HPV DNA detection, influenza SARS-CoV-2 multiplex detection, and other infectious disease testing assays. HighlightsO_LIA commercially available UV flashlight excited CRISPR-Cas12a based visual sensor combined with solid-phase RPA C_LIO_LIThe developed assay could detect SARS-CoV-2 down to 20 copies with no signal crosswalk C_LIO_LIThis multiplexed on-chip virus detection system would provide great insight for detecting and differentiating SARS-CoV-2 from other viral infections with a single sample simultaneously. C_LI
Statically Discovering High-Order Taint Style Vulnerabilities in OS Kernels

Static analysis is known to yield numerous false alarms when used in bug finding, especially for complex vulnerabilities in large code bases like the Linux kernel. One important class of such complex vulnerabilities is what we call "high-order taint style vulnerability", where the taint flow from the user input to the vulnerable site crosses the boundary of a single entry function invocation (i.e., syscall). Due to the large scope and high precision requirement, few have attempted to solve the problem. In this paper, we present SUTURE, a highly precise and scalable static analysis tool capable of discovering high-order vulnerabilities in OS kernels. SUTURE employs a novel summary-based high-order taint flow construction approach to efficiently enumerate the cross-entry taint flows, while incorporating multiple innovative enhancements on analysis precision that are unseen in existing tools, resulting in a highly precise inter-procedural flow-, context-, field-, index-, and opportunistically path-sensitive static taint analysis. We apply SUTURE to discover high-order taint vulnerabilities in multiple Android kernels from mainstream vendors (e.g., Google, Samsung, Huawei), the results show that SUTURE can both confirm known high-order vulnerabilities and uncover new ones. So far, SUTURE generates 79 true positive warning groups, of which 19 have been confirmed by the vendors, including a high severity vulnerability rated by Google. SUTURE also achieves a reasonable false positive rate (51.23%) perceived by users of our tool.
A Study of the Potential Impact of Some Unregulated Motor Vehicle Emissions

Studies of emissions from vehicles equipped with catalysts have shown that some unregulated emissions can increase when a catalyst is used. One example of this is sulfuric acid, which has been studied extensively. Other unregulated emissions include ammonia and hydrogen cyanide. In a number of studies, these unregulated pollutant emissions have been measured from light-duty vehicles and heavy-duty engines. These emission levels were used in air quality dispersion models to predict the resultant air quality levels. The ambient concentrations predicted for each pollutant were then compared to suggested concentrations at which adverse health effects may be found to determine if additional monitoring or control would be indicated for these pollutants. It was determined that mobile source emissions of sulfuric acid, hydrogen cyanide, and ammonia do not in general result in ambient levels of concern for the air quality situations studied.
Perspectives on Healthy Behaviors Among Low‐Income Latino and Non‐Latino Adults in Two Rural Counties

Objectives: Rural populations and individuals with low incomes are less likely than the general population to achieve recommended levels of physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption. The purpose of this study was to describe the perspectives of low-income adults in 2 rural Wisconsin counties on the factors that influence physical activity and healthy eating. Design and Sample: A qualitative descriptive study was conducted using 4 focus groups: 2 in English and 2 in Spanish. A convenience sample (N=20) was recruited. Measures: Focus group questions and data analysis were based on an ecological framework. A team of 3 researchers performed content analysis of focus group transcripts. Results: Participants reported individual, social, and community influences on health behaviors. Individual barriers included lack of motivation and lack of knowledge. Participants described the importance of family, friends, and the community social climate for health behaviors. Latinos emphasized the need for resources such as community gardens and public spaces for physical activity, while non-Latinos recommended community education related to healthy eating. Conclusions: The results suggest that relevant health promotion strategies in rural, low-income populations include multilevel approaches, the development of schools as health promotion resources, and strategies to build social connections among community residents.
Retrograde cycle length alternans during supraventricular tachycardia: an unusual tachycardia mechanism

Cycle length alternans is occasionally seen during supraventricular tachycardia due to oscillations in the antegrade atrioventricular nodal (AVN) refractoriness. However, alternans due to retrograde variation in AVN conduction has not been reported. This report describes the case of a 36-year-old man with atypical AVN reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) whose episodes of tachycardia were characterized by continuous oscillations in retrograde AVN conduction. Ablation at one spot eliminated the tachycardia. Cycle length alternans due to oscillations in retrograde AVN conduction, although rare, can be seen during atypical AVNRT and should be considered.
Massively Parallel Computing: Data Distribution and Communication

We discuss some techniques for preserving locality of reference in index spaces when mapped to memory units in a distributed memory architecture. In particular, we discuss the use of multidimensional address spaces instead of linearized address spaces, partitioning of irregular grids, and placement of partitions among nodes. We also discuss a set of communication primitives we have found very useful on the Connection Machine systems in implementing scientific and engineering applications. We briefly review some of the techniques used to fully utilize the bandwidth of the binary cube network of the CM-2 and CM-200, and give some performance data from implementations of communication primitives.
Improved bounds for online stochastic matching

We study the online stochastic matching problem in a form motivated by Internet display advertisement. Recently, Feldman et al. gave an algorithm that achieves 0.6702 competitive ratio, thus breaking through the 1-1/e barrier. One of the questions left open in their work is to obtain a better competitive ratio by generalizing their two suggested matchings (TSM) algorithm to d-suggested matchings (d-SM). We show that the best competitive ratio that can be obtained with the static analysis used in the d-SM algorithm is upper bounded by 0.76, even for the special case of d-regular graphs, thus suggesting that a dynamic analysis may be needed to improve the competitive ratio significantly. We make the first step in this direction by showing that the RANDOM algorithm, which assigns an impression to a randomly chosen eligible advertiser, achieves 1 - e-ddd/d! = 1-O(1/√d) competitive ratio for d-regular graphs, which converges to 1 as d increases. On the hardness side, we improve the upper bound of 0.989 on the competitive ratio of any online algorithm obtained by Feldman et al. to 1-1/(e + e2) ≅ 0.902. Finally, we show how to modify the TSM algorithm to obtain an improved 0.699 approximation for general bipartite graphs.
Views of new internal medicine faculty of their preparedness and competence in physician-patient communication

We sought to assess self-rated importance of the medical interview to clinical practice and competence in physician-patient communication among new internal medicine faculty at an academic medical center. Since 2001, new internal medicine faculty at the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine (Rochester, Minnesota) have completed a survey on physician-patient communication. The survey asks the new faculty to rate their overall competence in medical interviewing, the importance of the medical interview to their practice, their confidence and adequacy of previous training in handling eight frequently encountered challenging communication scenarios, and whether they would benefit from additional communication training. Between 2001 and 2004, 75 general internists and internal medicine subspecialists were appointed to the faculty, and of these, 58 (77%) completed the survey. The faculty rated (on a 10-point scale) the importance of the medical interview higher than their competence in interviewing; this difference was significant (average ± SD, 9.4 ± 1.0 vs 7.7 ± 1.2, P < .001). Similar results were obtained by sex, age, specialty, years since residency or fellowship training, and perceived benefit of training. Experienced faculty rated their competence in medical interviewing and the importance of the medical interview higher than recent graduates (ie, less than one year since training). For each challenging communication scenario, the new faculty rated the adequacy of their previous training in handling the scenario relatively low. A majority (57%) said they would benefit from additional communication training. Although new internal medicine faculty rate high the importance of the medical interview, they rate their competence and adequacy of previous training in medical interviewing relatively low, and many indicate that they would benefit from additional communication training. These results should encourage academic medical centers to make curricula in physician-patient communication available to their faculty members because many of them not only care for patients, but also teach clinical skills, including communication skills, to trainees.
Effects of antimycin A and 2-deoxyglucose on secretion in human platelets. Differential inhibition of the secretion of acid hydrolases and adenine nucleotides.

1. Shape change, aggregation and secretion of dense-granule constituents in platelets differ in their dependence on cellular energy metabolism. The possibility that such a difference also exists between secretion of dense-granule constituents and acid hydrolases was investigated. 2. Human platelets were incubated with [14C]adenine in plasma, and then washed and resuspended in salt solutions. The effects of incubating the cells with antimycin A and 2-deoxyglucose on the concentrations of [14C]ATP, ADP, AMP, IMP and inosine plus hypoxanthine and on thrombin-induced secretion of ATP plus ADP and acid hydrolases were studied. The metabolic inhibitors only affected 14C-labelled nucleotides, whereas thrombin only liberated unlabelled ATP and ADP. 3. The extent of secretion decreased progressively with time during incubation with the metabolic inhibitors. At any time the secretion of acid hydrolases, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, β-glucuronidase and β-galactosidase was inhibited to a greater extent than secretion of ATP plus ADP (dense-granule secretion). 4. Incubation with the metabolic inhibitors shifted the log (dose)–response relationship to higher thrombin concentrations, and with a greater shift for acid hydrolase secretion than for dense-granule secretion. 5. Antimycin, when present alone, caused a marked decrease in the rate of acid hydrolase secretion, but had no effect on dense-granule secretion. 6. These results further support the view that acid hydrolase secretion and dense-granule secretion are separate processes with different requirements for ATP energy. Acid hydrolase secretion, but not dense-granule secretion, appears to depend on a simultaneous rapid generation of ATP, which can be accomplished by oxidative, but not by glycolytic, ATP production.
Exclusão escolar e gênero: contribuições do conceito de capital cultural de Bourdieu

O objetivo deste trabalho e realizar uma analise da exclusao escolar da perspectiva do genero, com base na pesquisa “Exclusao na escola fundamental na percepcao dos excluidos”, realizada em uma escola de educacao basica em Porto Alegre. Para a investigacao trabalhei com o conceito“ capital cultural” de Bourdieu, para compreender como as relacoes sociais se reproduzem atraves da heranca familiar e escolar, influenciadas pelas representacoes dos modelos estabelecidos pelo discurso, com o intuito de fazer uma leitura critica da estrutura escolar. Para estudar o fenomeno da exclusao observei como e feita a aquisicao dos mitos, valores e preconceitos referentes as representacoes socialmente construidas quanto as identidades feminina e masculina, utilizando o ambiente linguistico. Nessa investigacao procurei analisar os aspectos sobre a exclusao e genero presentes na escola e na sociedade, como tambem tratar especialmente diferencas culturais adquiridas atraves da linguagem.
THE FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT—WHERE THE FOURTH CIRCUIT WENT WRONG IN SHALIEHSABOU v. HEBREW HOME OF GREATER WASHINGTON: JUDICIAL EXPANSION OF FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT EXEMPTIONS TO INCLUDE MINISTERIAL EMPLOYEES

This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Review & Student Publications at Digital Commons @ Western New England University School of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Western New England Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Western New England University School of Law. For more information, please contact pnewcombe@law.wne.edu. Recommended Citation
Minority rights, majority rule: Allocating minority rights in the House, 1789–1990

Adopting a previous question rule in 1811 did not endow House majority parties with firm procedural control over the chamber's business. Despite the potential power afforded by the previous question motion to House majorities, majority parties in the nineteenth century continued to face minorities that were successfully exploiting traditional individual rights. Not surprisingly, those majorities continued to struggle to alter chamber rules in their favor. Even once majority party control of the agenda had crystallized toward the close of the nineteenth century with the adoption of Reed's rules, minority parties still at times succeeded in using existing rules to their advantage. But when minority parties succeeded in gaining new parliamentary rights after 1900, they were usually met by majority parties equally intent on cementing their procedural control. The distribution of procedural rights, in other words, continued to evolve well after the procedural gains of 1811 – sometimes favoring the majority and at other times favoring the minority. In this chapter, I explore patterns of change in House minority rights between 1789 and 1990. Testing the three broad alternative explanations of change in minority rights sketched in Chapter 1, I present statistical evidence from the course of congressional history to bolster my claims about the partisan basis of procedural choice. I find that short-term partisan goals – constrained by inherited rules – shape both the suppression and creation of rights for political and partisan minorities.
Complications Following Stereotactic Needle Biopsy of Intracranial Tumors

Background Data from single-institution studies suggest that perioperative complication rates after stereotactic needle brain biopsies range from 6% to 12%, with permanent morbidity and mortality ranging from 3.1% to 6.4% and 0% to 1.7%, respectively. However, no population-level data are available. We conducted a population-based analysis to study complications after needle brain biopsy. Methods We analyzed patients recorded in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample who underwent stereotactic needle brain biopsy for neoplastic lesions between 2006 and 2012. A multivariate logistic model was used to identify factors associated with complications. Results We identified 7514 patients who underwent biopsy for various intracranial pathologies, including primary malignant neoplasm (52.3%), unspecified neoplasm (17.9%), metastasis (9.7%), meningioma (1.5%), radiation necrosis (0.8%), lymphoma (0.5%), and pineal region neoplasm (0.3%). Intracranial hemorrhage was the most frequent complication (5.8%). Other complications, including operative infection (0.1%) and wound breakdown (0.2%), were rare. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that hemorrhage is associated with older age (reference P P Conclusions Intracranial hemorrhage is the most frequent complication associated with needle brain biopsy and is associated with inpatient mortality and hospital disposition. Other complications are rare.
Regulation of cell adhesion by affinity and conformational unbending of alpha4beta1 integrin.

Rapid activation of integrins in response to chemokine-induced signaling serves as a basis for leukocyte arrest on inflamed endothelium. Current models of integrin activation include increased affinity for ligand, molecular extension, and others. In this study, using real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer to assess α 4 β 1 integrin conformational unbending and fluorescent ligand binding to assess affinity, we report at least four receptor states with independent regulation of affinity and unbending. Moreover, kinetic analysis of chemokine-induced integrin conformational unbending and ligand-binding affinity revealed conditions under which the affinity change was transient whereas the unbending was sustained. In a VLA-4/VCAM-1-specific myeloid cell adhesion model system, changes in the affinity of the VLA-4-binding pocket were reflected in rapid cell aggregation and disaggregation. However, the initial rate of cell aggregation increased 9-fold upon activation, of which only 2.5-fold was attributable to the increased affinity of the binding pocket. These data show that independent regulation of affinity and conformational unbending represents a novel and fundamental mechanism for regulation of integrin-dependent adhesion in which the increased affinity appears to account primarily for the increasing lifetime of the α 4 β 1 integrin/VCAM-1 bond, whereas the unbending accounts for the increased capture efficiency.
Hugh of St. Victor and the Authorship of In Threnos Ieremiae

The great esteem in which Hugh of St. Victor (d. 1141) was held by his contemporaries and by subsequent theologians led to the false attribution of a number of works to the Victorine. The prophetic commentaries have been especially challenged, while In Threnos Ieremiae alone has remained unquestioned. This article questions the authenticity of that work, however, because it departs in both content and style from Hugh's authentic commentaries. A computer search on words and phrases using the Patrologia Latina Database turned up a number of polemical comments about Jews much at odds with Hugh's generally irenic attitude toward Jews. Moreover, the search revealed items unique to the Lamentations commentary, but not unique to the non-authentic works and the disputed prophetic commentaries. Although the literal explanations in Lamentations do generally resemble Hugh's style, the additions of allegorical and moral explanations are unusual. They may indicate that a second party added to an initial work by Hugh. The polemical use of the words perfidy, blindness, Jew, and Judaism, however, suggests authorship by another, particularly since these expressions turn up in other works no longer credited to Hugh of St. Victor.
Examination of novel zinc-binding groups for use in matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors.

The tetrahedral zinc complex [(TpPh,Me)ZnOH] (TpPh,Me = hydrotris(3,5-phenylmethylpyrazolyl)borate) was combined with 1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinone, 3-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinone, 3-hydroxy-1-methyl-2(1H)-pyridinone, 3-hydroxy-1,2-dimethyl-4(1H)-pyridinone, 1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinethione, and 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone to generate the complexes [(TpPh,Me)Zn(ZBG)] (ZBG = zinc-binding group). These complexes were synthesized to explore the coordination geometry of potential novel zinc-binding groups for use in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors. The solid-state structures of all six metal complexes were determined by X-ray crystallography. These structures combined with IR and 1H NMR data demonstrate that these ZBGs bind in a strong, bidentate fashion to the zinc(II) ion. Modeling studies indicate that these ZBGs can easily fit into the MMP active site. In an effort to develop more effective inhibitors of MMPs, this work has revealed molecular-level interactions for six potential new ZBGs.
Measuring Infinity: José de Rivera's Smithsonian Sculpture on the National Mall

Large works of public sculpture outside our museum doors reveal aspects of a museum's self-image. They beckon, reassure, or confront visitors with new ideas about what might lurk inside. Whether off-the-shelf or commissions by well-known sculptors, these pieces matter. They are the noses on our museum faces. In this essay, one museum curator reflects on the layered meanings of his museum's entry art — meanings that, he argues, have the potential to evolve over time.
Analysis and Optimization of Transient Response of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells are well suited for automotive applications compared to other types of fuel cells owing to their faster transient response and low-temperature operation. Due to rapid change in loads during automotive applications, study of dynamic behavior is of paramount importance. This study focuses on elucidating the transient response of a PEM fuel cell for specified changes in operating parameters, namely, voltage, pressure, and stoichiometry at the cathode and the anode. Transient numerical simulations are carried out for a single-channel PEM fuel cell to illustrate the response of power as the operating parameters are subjected to specified changes. These parameters are also optimized with an objective to match the power requirements of an automotive drive cycle over a certain period of time.
A new lower bound inequality for the norm of the symmetric product

If V is a complex finite dimensional inner product space, and q is a positive integer, then T q (V) denotes the set of all symmetric q-linear ℂ-valued functions with domain V × V × ··· × V- (q copies), and S q (V) denotes the subspace of T q (V) whose elements are the fully symmetric q-linear ℂ-valued functions. If A ∈ S n (V) and B ∈ S p (V), then we define the tensor product, A ⊗ B, and the symmetric product, A · B, in the usual way, and we obtain an inner product, and norm, on T q (V) by extending the inner product on V. If x ∈ V and C ∈ S q (V), then C(x) denotes the member of S q − 1(V) such that C(x) (v 1, v 2, … , v q − 1) = C(x, v 1, v 2, … , v q − 1) for all v 1, v 2, … , v q − 1 ∈ V. We prove that if is an orthonormal basis for V, then for all A ∈ S n (V) and all B ∈ S p (V). This inequality improves upon Neuberger's inequality, which states that if A ∈ S n (V) and B ∈ S p (V), then . It also implies a known refinement to Lieb's inequality, and generates several new permanental inequalities as well.
Protein synthesis in Escherichia coli extracts programmed by poliovirus RNA

Poliovirus RNA is as active in the stimulation of amino-acid incorporation in an Escherichia, coli cell-free system as is an equimolar amount of f2 phage RNA. The tryptic peptides of the product specified by poliovirus RNA correspond to tryptic peptides from authentic poliovirus protein, although not every authentic tryptic peptide is found in the in vitro product. Initiation of protein synthesis occurs at eight or more distinct places on poliovirus RNA and each initiated polypeptide starts with N-formylmethionine. Initiation is maximal at a concentration of 8 mm-magnesium ion and requires the E. coli initiation factors. Polyacrylamide gel analysis of the product in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, shows that the product is a heterogeneous mixture of polypeptides. The largest polypeptide formed is about 60,000 daltons. Analysis on sucrose gradients of the RNA incubated in the E. coli cell-free system indicates that the RNA is rapidly degraded. This degradation seems to be, at least in part, responsible for the limited size and heterogeneity of the product.
Capillary Viscometer for Fully Automated Measurement of the Concentration and Shear Dependence of the Viscosity of Macromolecular Solutions

The construction and operation of a novel viscometer/rheometer are described. The instrument is designed to measure the viscosity of a macromolecular solution while automatically varying both solut...
The characterization of human cortical bone microdamage by nuclear magnetic resonance

A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin–spin (T2) relaxation technique has been described for detecting post-damage microstructural changes in human cortical bone tissue. The technique is applied to quantify apparent changes in bone porosity resulting from cyclic loading induced microdamage in cortical bone. Overall bone porosity is determined using the calibrated NMR fluid volume from the proton relaxation data divided by the overall bone volume. The NMR porosities obtained from cortical bone specimens pre- and post-damage are compared with the currently available but destructive histomorphometrically determined porosity. The advantages of using NMR T2 relaxation techniques for bone microdamage are illustrated. The T2 relaxation data can be inverted to T2 relaxation distribution. The inversion T2 relaxation distribution can then be transformed to a pore-size distribution with the longer relaxation times corresponding to larger pores if the surface relaxivity constant is known. It is shown that by using NMR 2 MHz or 27 MHz proton resonance, similar surface relaxivity constants are obtained. It is also demonstrated that the NMR T2 relaxation data are sensitive to changes resulting from the creation of microdamage in cortical bone, which can be interpreted as an effective increase in bone porosity. These results indicate that the detection of cortical bone microdamage is possible by this technique.
Highly Conductive and Stretchable Silver Nanowire Conductors

IO N Materials that are both conductive and stretchable could enable a spectrum of applications such as stretchable displays, [ 1 ] stretchable radiofrequency antennas, [ 2 ] artifi cial muscles [ 3 ] and conformal skin sensors. [ 4–7 ] A variety of such materials have been recently developed, such as wavy thin metals, [ 8 , 9 ] metal-coated net-shaped plastic fi lm, [ 10 ] graphene fi lms [ 11 ] and carbon nanotube (CNT)-based composites. [ 12–19 ] But several limitations typically exist in these materials including low conductivity, [ 13 , 15 , 16 , 19 ]
An initial screening of antibiotic effects on microbial respiration in wetland soils

Antibiotics are biologically active compounds that are routinely detected in the environment and usually associated with treated wastewater discharge. Due to their high biological activity, antibiotics may have more environmental impacts than other pharmaceuticals. Wetlands are often used to treat or polish wastewater, with the goals of reducing nutrient and carbon loading into the environment. Nitrogen and carbon processing in wetlands is largely associated with microbial activity, however impacts to microbial activity due to antibiotic loading into treatment wetlands is relatively unknown. Two wetland soils (mineral and peat) were individually spiked with ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole or tetracycline ranging from 1–1000 ppb to examine effects on microbial mediated evolution of CH4, CO2 and N2. The antibiotics both positively and negatively affected microbial respiration (a proxy for microbial activity) rates in the two wetland soils depending on soil properties and concentration. Sulfamethoxazole redu...
ESCA investigation of low-temperature ammonia plasma-treated polyethylene substrate for immobilization of protein.

A low-temperature radiofrequency plasma excited in anhydrous ammonia was used to modify polyethylene substrate surfaces for covalent immobilization of proteins. Electron spectroscopy for chemical application (ESCA) was used for surface characterization of polyethylene to a depth scale of 7 nm. The data revealed that surface modification is extensive and occurs in seconds at low discharge power. Primary amino functionalities were detected on the polyethylene surface and the level is dependent on plasma parameters. 125l-labelled antibodies covalently attached to amino groups via glutaraldehyde allowed the conditions for optimum level of primary amine to be established. Both ESCA data and protein loadings are in excellent agreement.
Hyperpycnal plume formation from riverine outflows with small sediment concentrations

A series of laboratory experiments has been conducted in order to elucidate the sediment-induced mixing processes accompanying riverine outflows; specifically, the discharge of a warm, fresh, particle-laden fluid over a relatively dense, cool brine. In a parameter regime analogous to recently acquired field measurements, hypopycnal (surface) plumes were subject to a convective instability driven by some combination of heat diffusing out of the warm, fresh, sediment-laden plume and particle settling within it. Convection was robust in the presence or absence of intense turbulence, at sediment concentrations as low as 1 kg m−3, and took the form of millimetre-scale, sediment-laden fingers descending from the base of the surface plume. A consequence of the convective instability of the original hypopycnal plume is the generation of a hyperpycnal (bottom-riding) flow. The experiments presented here indicate that natural river outflows may thus generate hyperpycnal plumes when sediment concentrations are 40 times less than those required to render the outflow heavy relative to the oceanic ambient. The resulting hyperpycnal plumes may play an important role in transporting substantial quantities of sediment to the continental slope and beyond.
Engaging the Community to Improve Nutrition and Physical Activity Among Houses of Worship

Background Obesity, physical inactivity, and poor nutrition have been linked to many chronic diseases. Research indicates that interventions in community-based settings such as houses of worship can build on attendees' trust to address health issues and help them make behavioral changes. Community context New Brunswick, New Jersey, has low rates of physical activity and a high prevalence of obesity. An adapted community-based intervention was implemented there to improve nutrition and physical activity among people who attend houses of worship and expand and enhance the network of partners working with Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey. Methods An adapted version of Body & Soul: A Celebration of Healthy Living and Eating was created using a 3-phase model to 1) educate lay members on nutrition and physical activity, 2) provide sustainable change through the development of physical activity programming, and 3) increase access to local produce through collaborations with community partners. Outcome Nineteen houses of worship were selected for participation in this program. Houses of worship provided a questionnaire to a convenience sample of its congregation to assess congregants' physical activity levels and produce consumption behaviors at baseline using questions from the Health Information National Trends Survey instrument. This information was also used to inform future program activities. Interpretation Community-based health education can be a promising approach when appropriate partnerships are identified, funding is adequate, ongoing information is extracted to inform future action, and there is an expectation from all parties of long-term engagement and capacity building.