cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Copper coupling reactions of 1.3-bis(2-hydroxyhexafluoro-2-propyl)-5-iodobenzene and its derivatives

Abstract Attempts to homocouple 1,3-bis(2-hydroxyhexafluoro-2-propyl)-5- iodobenzene (diol iodide) with copper fail to give the desired biphenyl tetrol. However, the dimethyl ether derivative of the diol iodide reacts smoothly with copper to give the biphenyl tetramethyl ether in good yields. The diacetate derivative of the diol iodide with copper gives only reduction of the aryl iodide. Heterocoupling of the diol iodide with 1,4-diiodoperfluorobutane gives a tetrol containing the -(CF 2 ) 4 -bridge.
Products of characters and finite p-groups

Abstract Let G be a finite p -group, where p is a prime number, and χ and ψ be faithful complex irreducible characters of G . We study the relation between the number η ( χ , ψ ) of distinct irreducible constituents of the product χψ and the characters χ and ψ .
High-Speed Propeller Performance and Noise Predictions at Takeoff/Landing Conditions

The performance and noise of a high speed SR-7A model propeller under takeoff/landing conditions are considered. The blade loading distributions are obtained by solving the three-dimensional Euler equations and the sound pressure levels are computed using a time domain approach. At the nominal takeoff operating point, the blade sections near the hub are lightly or negatively loaded. The chordwise loading distributions are distinctly different from those of cruise conditions. The noise of the SR-7A model propeller at takeoff is dominated by the loading noise, similar to that at cruise conditions. The waveforms of the acoustic pressure signature are nearly sinusoidal in the plane of the propeller. The computed directivity of the blade passing frequency tone agrees fairly well with the data at nominal takeoff blade angle.
Projective transformations for interior-point algorithms, and a superlinearly convergent algorithm for the w-center problem

The purpose of this study is to broaden the scope of projective transformation methods in mathematical programming, both in terms of theory and algorithms. We start by generalizing the concept of the analytic center of a polyhedral system of constraints to the w-center of a polyhedral system, which stands for weighted center, where there is a positive weight on the logarithmic barrier term for each inequality constraint defining the polyhedronX. We prove basic results regarding contained and containing ellipsoids centered at the w-center of the systemX. We next shift attention to projective transformations, and we exhibit an elementary projective transformation that transforms the polyhedronX to another polyhedronZ, and that transforms the current interior point to the w-center of the transformed polyhedronZ. We work throughout with a polyhedral system of the most general form, namely both inequality and equality costraints.
Applying Opportunistic Medium Access and Multiuser MIMO Techniques in Multi-channel Multi-radio WLANs

Opportunistic medium access (i.e., multiuser diversity) and MIMO techniques (i.e., multiple-antenna techniques) are two effective ways to achieve a substantial throughput gain in a multiuser wireless system. In this paper, we propose a medium access control (MAC) protocol with opportunistic medium access and multiuser MIMO techniques (MAC-OMA/MM) in Multi-channel Multi-radio Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) to explore the utility of the joint design of these two techniques for the challenging MAC design. Specifically, in addition to utilizing multiple channels simultaneously and assigning multiple radio transceivers dynamically, multiuser MIMO technique is applied on each frequency channel to enhance the data rates. The key ideas of MAC-OMA/MM can be summarized as follows. By utilizing ATIM (Ad-hoc Traffic Indication Message) windows as in IEEE 802.11 power saving mechanism (PSM), user selection and channel negotiation are conducted between the access point (AP) and multiple users via ATIM messages on a common channel. Multiuser diversity are employed to opportunistically schedule among multiple candidate users to optimize data transmission in each negotiation. During data exchange, on each frequency channel, the AP is capable to communicate with two distinct users simultaneously both for the downlink and uplink data transmissions with the help of multiuser MIMO technique, which creates an extra dimension in spatial domain to further leverage the effect of multiuser diversity and multi-channel gains. Another contribution of this paper is to provide an analytical model to characterize the impact of our protocol on the system throughput and energy efficiency performance. Extensive simulations have been conducted and the results demonstrate that our protocol outperforms existing multi-channel MAC protocols with only minimal additional overhead and minor enhancements to the IEEE 802.11 PSM.
Asymmetric Epoxidation of Fluoroolefins by Chiral Dioxirane. Fluorine Effect on Enantioselectivity

The asymmetric epoxidation of various fluoroolefins has been studied using chiral ketone catalyst, and up to 93% ee was achieved with fructose-derived ketone 1.
False discovery rate regression: an application to neural synchrony detection in primary visual cortex

Many approaches for multiple testing begin with the assumption that all tests in a given study should be combined into a global false-discovery-rate analysis. But this may be inappropriate for many of today's large-scale screening problems, where auxiliary information about each test is often available, and where a combined analysis can lead to poorly calibrated error rates within different subsets of the experiment. To address this issue, we introduce an approach called false-discovery-rate regression that directly uses this auxiliary information to inform the outcome of each test. The method can be motivated by a two-groups model in which covariates are allowed to influence the local false discovery rate, or equivalently, the posterior probability that a given observation is a signal. This poses many subtle issues at the interface between inference and computation, and we investigate several variations of the overall approach. Simulation evidence suggests that: (1) when covariate effects are present, FDR regression improves power for a fixed false-discovery rate; and (2) when covariate effects are absent, the method is robust, in the sense that it does not lead to inflated error rates. We apply the method to neural recordings from primary visual cortex. The goal is to detect pairs of neurons that exhibit fine-time-scale interactions, in the sense that they fire together more often than expected due to chance. Our method detects roughly 50% more synchronous pairs versus a standard FDR-controlling analysis. The companion R package FDRreg implements all methods described in the paper.
Primitive Idempotents of Schur Rings

In this paper, we explore the nature of central idempotents of Schur rings over finite groups. We introduce the concept of a lattice Schur ring and explore properties of these kinds of Schur rings. In particular, the primitive, central idempotents of lattice Schur rings are completely determined. For a general Schur ring S, S contains a maximal lattice Schur ring, whose central, primitive idempotents form a system of pairwise orthogonal, central idempotents in S. We show that if S is a Schur ring with rational coefficients over a cyclic group, then these idempotents are always primitive and are spanned by the normal subgroups contained in S. Furthermore, a Wedderburn decomposition of Schur rings over cyclic groups is given. Some examples of Schur rings over non-cyclic groups will also be explored.
A twistor string for the ABJ(M) theory

We construct an open string theory whose single-trace part of the tree-level S-matrix reproduces the S-matrix of the ABJ(M) theory with a unitary gauge group. We also demonstrate that the multi-trace part of the string theory tree-level S-matrix — which has no counterpart in the pure $ \mathcal{N} $ = 6 super-Chern-Simons theory — is due to conformal supergravity interactions and identify certain Lagrangian interaction terms. Our construction suggests that there exists a higher dimensional theory which can be dimensionally-reduced, in a certain sense, to the ABJ(M) theory. It also suggests a generalization of this theory to product gauge groups with more than two factors.
What is the definition of pulsatile umbilical venous flow in twin-twin transfusion syndrome?

Objective The aim of the study was to derive an objective definition of pulsatile umbilical venous flow (PUVF). Study Design Pulsed Doppler waveform analysis of the umbilical vein was performed in stages III and IV twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) patients. In patients with PUVF, the umbilical vein maximum (Vmax) and the umbilical vein minimum velocity (Vmin) and the resistance index for the umbilical vein (UVRI) = (100 × [Vmax − Vmin]/Vmax) were assessed. Results PUVF was noted in 130 of 226 stages III and IV TTTS patients. Digital images were available for analysis in 65 of 130 patients (50%). The minimum UVRI associated with PUVF was 16% for stages III and IV TTTS. There was a trend for increasing UVRI with stage (P = .052). Stage IV patients were more likely to have an UVRI greater than 30% (P = .02). Conclusion PUVF can be defined as an UVRI greater than 15%. A scale definition of PUVF may further facilitate assessment of the degree of fetal hemodynamic compromise.
Axions In String Theory

String theory axions appear to be promising candidates for explaining cosmological constant via quintessence. In this paper, we study conditions on the string compactifications under which axion quintessence can happen. For sufficiently large number of axions, cosmological constant can be accounted for as the potential energy of axions that have not yet relaxed to their minima. In compactifications that incorporate unified models of particle physics, the height of the axion potential can naturally fall close to the observed value of cosmological constant.
A monolithic capacitive pressure sensor with pulse-period output

A new microminiature monolithic capacitive pressure transducer (CPT I) is 20 times more sensitive than piezoresistive strain-gauge pressure transducers, requires one percent of the power, and can be batch fabricated through current integrated circuit technology. A second device (CPT II) incorporates bipolar signal-processing electronics on the same silicon chip to produce a low-duty-cycle pulse-mode output with period related to pressure. This output format helps to re-solve the problem of shunting between leads, which is one of the principal causes of long-term drift in piezoresistive transducers designed for implantable medical applications. Because this device uses capacitance change as a transductional mechanism rather than piezo-resistivity, it is not susceptible to drift caused by temperature variations in the piezoresistive coefficient. Optimization for totally implantable biomedical applications places special emphasis on small size, high sensitivity, improved long-term baseline stability, and greatly reduced power consumption. These properties are also important for a wide range of pressure-sensing applications-from automotive to general industrial use.
Modeling Dynamic Ankle Mechanical Impedance in Relaxed Muscle

This paper presents identification and modeling of dynamic ankle mechanical impedance in relaxed muscles. A multi-variable estimation method using a wearable therapeutic robot enabled clear interpretation of dynamic ankle impedance both in the sagittal and frontal planes. Estimation results showed that dynamic ankle behavior apparently cannot be reconciled with a simple 2nd order model. Measurements in a seated and standing position verified that ankle impedance changes substantially depending on lower-limb posture. Identification results were fitted with a modified Hill model with a mass between the muscle and tendon elements. When coupled with foot inertia, either singly or antagonistically, this model successfully captured the dynamic behavior of the ankle impedance both in the seated and standing positions up to 20 Hz. At least a 4th order model having 2 complex zero and 1 complex pole pairs was required to describe relaxed ankle impedance either in the sagittal or frontal plane up to 20Hz. In the seated position, a 6th order model was slightly better than the 4th order model but with the expense of complexity, and a 8th order model might be used to describe dynamic ankle behavior up to 30∼40Hz.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Beneficial effects of verapamil during metabolic acidosis in isolated perfused rat hearts.

Metabolic acidosis was produced in two groups of isolated, glucose-perfused beating rat hearts. The first group (control) was untreated whereas the second group was pretreated for 48 h by the addition of verapamil (1.2 g/L) to the drinking water. Untreated hearts all developed asystole during a 30 min perfusion with an acidotic substrate (pH=6.8) or during subsequent reequilibration with physiologic substrate (pH=7.4). Prior to asystole, all untreated hearts showed evidence of severe mechanical and biochemical deterioration evaluated by31P NMR spectroscopy. In contrast, hearts of treated rats showed less mechanical and metabolic deterioration, and all recovered during reequilibration. The mechanism of protection of verapamil against the effects of metabolic acidosis is unclear but appears to be related to preserved mitochondrial function by the drug and not to a reduced demand for energy.
Preliminary Assessment of a Geothermal Energy Reservoir Formed by Hydraulic Fracturing

Two, 3-km-deep boreholes have been drilled into hot (approximately 200/sup 0/C) graphite in northern New Mexico in order to extract geothermal energy from hot dry rock. Both boreholes were hydraulically fractured to establish a flow connection. Presently this connection has a large flow impedance which may be improved with further stimulation. Fracture-to-borehole intersection locations and in situ thermal conductivity were determined from flowing temperature logs. In situ measurements of permeability show an extremely strong dependence upon pore pressure--the permeability increased by a factor of 80 as the pressure was increased 83 bars (1200 psi). An estimate of the minimum horizontal earth stress was derived from fracture extension pressures and found to be one-half the overburden stress.
Conducting inaccurate audits to commit to the audit policy

Abstract Using a principal–agent model, we study the structure of an optimal audit policy when it is not contractible. In our model, auditing technologies are distinguished according to the accuracy and the frequency of audits. Our analysis reveals that audits take place with the highest frequency, but the accuracy of audits is compromised in equilibrium. We also find that without commitment to the audit policy, the first-best outcome cannot be achieved even when auditing is costless.
Self-consistent chaos in the beam-plasma instability

Abstract The effect of self-consistency on Hamiltonian systems with a large number of degrees of freedom is investigated for the beam-plasma instability using the single-wave model of O'Neil, Winfrey, and Malmberg. The single-wave model is reviewed and then rederived within the Hamiltonian context, which leads naturally to canonical action-angle variables. Simulations are performed with a large (104) number of beam particles interacting with the single wave. It is observed that the system relaxes into a time asymptotic periodic state where only a few collective degrees are active; namely, a clump of trapped particles oscillating in a modulated wave, within a uniform chaotic sea with oscillating phase space boundaries. Thus self-consistency is seen to effectively reduce the number of degrees of freedom. A simple low degree-of-freedom model is derived that treats the clump as a single macroparticle, interacting with the wave and chaotic sea. The uniform chaotic sea is modeled by a fluid waterbag, where the waterbag boundaries correspond approximately to invariant tori. This low degree-of-freedom model is seen to compare well with the simulation.
An examination of the constancy of the rate of molecular evolution

The vertebrate evolution of four proteins (6 andβ hemoglobins, cytochromec, and fibrinopeptide A) is examined via a maximum likelihood procedure. The fundamental hypothesis is that the process of nucleotide substitution as revealed by the minimum phyletic distance procedure (Fitch, 1971) is Poisson with a constant time average for each protein. The method allows the simultaneous estimation of the relative times of divergence of all common ancestors while utilizing the information from all four proteins. It also affords the possibility of statistically testing several biologically meaningful hypotheses. The results are the following:
Corporate Voting versus Market Price Setting

This paper examines the relation between two means of corporate information aggregation�-corporate voting and stock market pricing. If the median voter and the price-setting shareholder share similar information, then close proxy contest outcomes should not have systematic effects on stock prices. The paper shows, however, that close dissident victories cause positive movements in stock prices, while close management victories lead to negative price effects. The median voter values management control more than the price-setting shareholder. Voting and market pricing aggregate information in very different ways, with important implications for the role of voting and market pricing in corporate law.
Cascade model of gamma-ray bursts

If, in a neutron star magnetosphere, an electron is accelerated to an energy of 10 to the 11th or 12th power eV by an electric field parallel to the magnetic field, motion of the electron along the curved field line leads to a cascade of gamma rays and electron-positron pairs. This process is believed to occur in radio pulsars and gamma ray burst sources. Results are presented from numerical simulations of the radiation and photon annihilation pair production processes, using a computer code previously developed for the study of radio pulsars. A range of values of initial energy of a primary electron was considered along with initial injection position, and magnetic dipole moment of the neutron star. The resulting spectra was found to exhibit complex forms that are typically power law over a substantial range of photon energy, and typically include a dip in the spectrum near the electron gyro-frequency at the injection point. The results of a number of models are compared with data for the 5 Mar., 1979 gamma ray burst. A good fit was found to the gamma ray part of the spectrum, including the equivalent width of the annihilation line.
ParaPART: parallel mesh partitioning tool for distributed systems

In this paper, we present ParaPART, a parallel version of a mesh partitioning tool, called PART, for distributed systems. PART takes into consideration the heterogeneities in processor performance, network performance and application computational complexities to achieve a balanced estimate of execution time across the processors in the distributed system. Simulated annealing is used in PART to perform the backtracking search for desired partitions. ParaPART significantly improves performance of PART by using the asynchronous multiple Markov chain approach of parallel simulated annealing. ParaPART is used to partition six irregular meshes into 8, 16, and 100 subdomains using up to 64 client processors on an IBM SP2 machine. The results show superlinear speedup in most cases and nearly perfect speedup for the rest. Using the partitions from ParaPART, we ran an explicit, 2-D finite element code on two geographically distributed IBM SP machines. Results indicate that ParaPART produces results consistent with PART. The execution time was reduced by 12% as compared with partitions that consider only processor performance; this is significant given the theoretical upper bound of 15% reduction.
On the sign of regular algebraic polarizable automorphic representations

We remove a parity condition from the construction of automorphic Galois representations carried out in the Paris Book Project. We subsequently generalize this construction to the case of ‘mixed-parity’ (but still regular essentially self-dual) automorphic representations over totally real fields, finding associated geometric projective representations. Finally, we optimize some of our previous results on finding geometric lifts, through central torus quotients, of geometric Galois representations, and apply them to the previous mixed-parity setting.
Degrees of freedom in pseudoparticle systems

Abstract We show that at least 8n−3 parameters are required to specify an n-pseudoparticle solution in Euclidean SU(2) Yang-Mills theory.
A Marvelous Proof

succeed. The argument sketched by Wiles is an artful blend of various topics that have been, for years now, the focus of intensive research in number theory: elliptic curves, modular forms, and Galois representations. The goal of this article is to give mathematicians who are not specialists in the subject access to a general outline of the strategy proposed by Wiles. Of necessity, we concentrate largely on background material giving first a brief description of the relevant topics, and only afterwards describe how they come together and relate to Fermat's assertion. Readers who are mainly interested in the structure of the argument and who do not need or want too many details about the background concepts may want to skim through Section 2, then concentrate on Section 3. Our discussion includes a few historical remarks, but history is not our main intention, and therefore we only touch on a few highlights that are relevant to our goal of describing the main ideas in Wiles' attack on the problem.
The influence of magnetic fields in planetary dynamo models

The magnetic fields of planets and stars are thought to play an important role in the fluid motions responsible for their field generation, as magnetic energy is ultimately derived from kinetic energy. We investigate the influence of magnetic fields on convective dynamo models by contrasting them with non-magnetic, but otherwise identical, simulations. This survey considers models with Prandtl number Pr¼ 1; magnetic Prandtl numbers up to Pm¼ 5; Ekman numbers in the range 10 � 3 Z EZ 10 � 5 ; and Rayleigh numbers from near onset to more than 1000 times critical. Two major points are addressed in this letter. First, we find that the characteristics of convection, including convective flow structures and speeds as well as heat transfer efficiency, are not strongly affected by the presence of magnetic fields in most of our models. While Lorentz forces must alter the flow to limit the amplitude of magnetic field growth, we find that dynamo action does not necessitate a significant change to the overall flow field. By directly calculating the forces in each of our simulations, we show that the traditionally defined Elsasser number, Li, overestimates the role of the Lorentz force in dynamos. The Coriolis force remains greater than the Lorentz force even in cases with LiC 100, explaining the persistence of columnar flows in Li4 1 dynamo simulations. We argue that a dynamic Elsasser number, Ld, better represents the Lorentz to Coriolis force ratio. By applying the Ld parametrization to planetary settings, we predict that the convective dynamics (excluding zonal flows) in planetary interiors are only weakly influenced by their large-scale magnetic fields. The second major point addressed here is the observed transition between dynamos with dipolar and multipolar magnetic fields. We find that the breakdown of dipolar field generation is due to the degradation of helicity in the flow. This helicity change does not coincide with the destruction of columnar convection and is not strongly influenced by the presence of magnetic fields. Force calculations suggest that this transition may be related to a competition between inertial and viscous forces. If viscosity is indeed important for large-scale field generation, such moderate Ekman number models may not adequately simulate the dynamics of planetary dynamos, where viscous effects are expected to be negligible.
Mirror manifolds in higher dimension

We describe mirror manifolds in dimensions different from the familiar case of complex threefolds. We isolate certain simplifying features present only in dimension three, and supply alternative methods that do not rely on these special characteristics and hence can be generalized to other dimensions. Although the moduli spaces for Calabi-Yaud-folds are not “special Kahler manifolds” whend>3, they still have a restricted geometry, and we indicate the new geometrical structures which arise. We formulate and apply procedures which allow for the construction of mirror maps and the calculation of order-by-order instanton corrections to Yukawa couplings. Mathematically, these corrections are expected to correspond to calculating Chern classes of various parameter spaces (Hilbert schemes) for rational curves on Calabi-Yau manifolds. Our mirror-aided calculations agree with those Chern class calculations in the limited number of cases for which the latter can be carried out with current mathematical tools. Finally, we make explicit some striking relations between instanton corrections for various Yukawa couplings, derived from the associativity of the operator product algebra.
Dependence of QCD hadron masses on the number of dynamical quarks

Abstract We have studied the hadron spectrum while varying the number of light dynamical quarks when the physical lattice spacing and volume are held fixed relative to the rho mass. For two and zero flavors of staggered fermions, we find the nucleon to rho mass ratios (extrapolated to zero valence quark mass) are very similar. However, for four flavors the ratio is 7% (2 σ) above the two flavor result.
Some perspectives on the attenuation paradox in test theory.

Four points relating to Dr. Loevinger's “attenuation paradox” have “been brought forward: The usual product-moment “validity” coefficient is inadequate for any discussion of the paradox. A curvilinear correlation coefficient must be used. The “region of paradox” is still found when the correct coefficient is used, although its size is reduced. A greatly magnified notion of the extent to which the “paradox” occurs in actual achievement and aptitude testing is frequently encountered. Some numerical values are tabled so as to clarify this point. It is pointed out that any over-all “validity” coefficient for a group of examinees can be no more than an average of heterogeneous information. It is not surprising if this inhomogeneity produces so-called paradoxes. Such a composite coefficient is not basic to psycho-metrics. The discriminating power of the test for a specified decision problem regarding a specified examinee is the truly basic concept. A very simple index for describing this discriminating power is defined. One instance where a consideration of the discriminating power of a test at a particular ability level leads to some practical conclusions (irrespective of the “region of paradox”) is mentioned, and a common misconception is corrected. A table is given showing the optimum item-difficulty level for the peaked tests required when the examiner's purpose is merely to classify a group of examinees as successful or unsuccessful.
Detecting the Higgs bosons of minimal supergravity with muon pairs

Abstract The prospects at the CERN LHC are investigated for the discovery via decays into muon pairs of neutral Higgs bosons in the minimal supergravity model. Promising results are found for the CP-odd pseudoscalar ( A 0 ) and the heavier CP-even scalar ( H 0 ) Higgs bosons at large tan β ≡ v 2 / v 1 . For tan β ≳10 and 100 GeV ≲ m A , m H ≲ 550 GeV, the A 0 and the H 0 masses could be precisely reconstructed from the dimuon invariant mass.
Detection of Bladder Cancer Recurrence by Microsatellite Analysis of Urine

A reliable, noninvasive method for monitoring patients with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder would be of great clinical benefit. Cystoscopy is currently the "gold standard," but it is invasive, expensive and uncomfortable for the patient. Recently, we demonstrated a novel approach for the detection of primary bladder cancer based on microsatellite analysis of urine DNA. To determine the feasibility of this technique for following-up patients with TCC, we tested serial urine samples from 21 patients who had been treated for bladder cancer with 20 polymorphic microsatellite markers in a blinded fashion. We detected recurrent lesions in 10 out of 11 patients and correctly predicted the existence of a neoplastic cell population in the urine of two patients, 4 and 6 months before cystoscopic evidence of the tumor. The assay was negative in 10 of 10 patients who had no evident cancer. Microsatellite analysis of urine sediment represents a novel and potentially powerful clinical tool for the detection of recurrent bladder cancer.
A Convenient Synthesis of 2-Phenylglycerol

Abstract 1,3-Dihydroxyacetone dimer is treated with trimethylsilyl chloride and triethylamine in dichloromethane to provide monomeric ketone having both of its alcohols protected as their di-TMS ethers. The latter is added to phenylmagnesium bromide in ether at -78°C. Work-up by treatment with aqueous ammonium chloride followed by 2 N HCl provides 2-phenylglycerol in 70% yield
Nonimmersions of $RP^n$ implied by tmf, revisited

In a 2002 paper, the authors and Bruner used the new spectrum tmf to obtain some new nonimmersions of real projective spaces. In this note, we complete/correct two oversights in that paper. The first is to note that in that paper a general nonimmersion result was stated which yielded new nonimmersions for RP^n with n as small as 48, and yet it was stated there that the first new result occurred when n=1536. Here we give a simple proof of those overlooked results. Secondly, we fill in a gap in the proof of the 2002 paper. There it was claimed that an axial map f must satisfy f^*(X)=X_1+X_2. We realized recently that this is not clear. However, here we show that it is true up multiplication by a unit in the appropriate ring, and so we retrieve all the nonimmersion results claimed in the original paper. Finally, we present a complete determination of tmf^{8*}(RP^\infty\times RP^\infty) and tmf^*(CP^\infty\times CP^\infty) in positive dimensions.
Evidence for a strong impact of the electron-photon matrix element on angle-resolved photoelectron spectra of layered cuprate compounds

Little is known about the impact of the electron-photon matrix element on angle-resolved photoelectron spectra of layered cuprate compounds. Using the example of the model layered cuprate Sr{sub 2}CuO{sub 2}Cl{sub 2}, we demonstrate that the electron-photon matrix element has a significant influence on energy distribution curves, rendering their interpretation as images of the spectral function nontrivial. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Local Tomography and the Jordan Structure of Quantum Theory

Using a result of H. Hanche-Olsen, we show that (subject to fairly natural constraints on what constitutes a system, and on what constitutes a composite system), orthodox finite-dimensional complex quantum mechanics with superselection rules is the only non-signaling probabilistic theory in which (i) individual systems are Jordan algebras (equivalently, their cones of unnormalized states are homogeneous and self-dual), (ii) composites are locally tomographic (meaning that states are determined by the joint probabilities they assign to measurement outcomes on the component systems) and (iii) at least one system has the structure of a qubit. Using this result, we also characterize finite dimensional quantum theory among probabilistic theories having the structure of a dagger-monoidal category.
Cosmological Effects of the First Stars: Evolving Spectra of Population III

The first stars hold intrinsic interest for their uniqueness and for their potentially important contributions to galaxy formation, chemical enrichment, and feedback on the intergalactic medium (IGM). Although the sources of cosmological reionization are unknown at present, the declining population of large bright quasars at redshifts z > 3 implies that stars are the leading candidates for the sources that reionized the hydrogen in the IGM by z ~ 6. The metal-free composition of the first stars restricts the stellar energy source to proton-proton burning rather than the more efficient CNO cycle. Consequently, they are hotter, smaller, and have harder spectra than their present-day counterparts of finite metallicity. We present new results from a continuing study of metal-free stars from a cosmological point of view. We have calculated evolving spectra of Population III clusters, derived from a grid of zero-metallicity stellar evolutionary tracks. We find that H-ionizing photon production from metal-free stellar clusters takes twice as long as that of Population II to decline to 1/10 its peak value. In addition, metal-free stars produce substantially more photons than Population II in the He II (E > 4 ryd) continuum. We suggest that large Lyα equivalent widths (WLyα > 400 A) may provide a means of detecting metal-free stellar populations at high redshift and that He II recombination lines (λλ1640, 4686) may confirm identifications of Population III. While Population III clusters are intrinsically bluer than their Population II counterparts, nebular continuum emission makes up this difference and may confuse attempts to discern Population III stars with broadband colors. In a companion paper, we explore the consequences of evolving spectra of Population III for the reionization of the IGM in both H and He.
Electromagnetic modes of an inhomogeneous sphere

In many cases the electromagnetic modes of a sphere can be obtained exactly. Special simplifications occur when the conductivity, complex permittivity, and complex permeability vary only in the radial direction, and static and time dependent examples are discussed. With quadratic or Coulomblike permittivity variations, the wave functions resemble the quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator or hydrogen atom wave functions, and similar angular momentum operators are obtained.
Undesirable flow behavior in a proposed validation data set

Abstract The next generation nuclear plant (NGNP), whose development is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, will be a very high temperature reactor (VHTR). The VHTR is a single-phase helium-cooled reactor that will provide helium at up to 1000 °C. The prospect of a coolant at these temperatures circulating in the reactor vessel demands that careful analysis be performed to ensure that excessively hot spots are not created and that sufficient mixing of the coolant is obtained. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupled with heat transfer will be used to perform the desired analyses. However, primarily because of the imperfect nature of modeling turbulent flow, any CFD calculations used to perform nuclear reactor safety analysis must be validated against experimental data. Experimental data have been taken in a scaled section of the lower plenum of a prismatic VHTR at the matched index of refraction (MIR) facility at the Idaho National Laboratory. These data were taken with the intent that they be examined for use as validation data. A series of investigations have been conducted to assess the MIR data. Issues that have already been examined include the extent of the required computational domain, the outlet boundary condition, the inlet data and the effect of the turbulence model. One of the jets that flow into the model impacts on a wedge, which represents a portion of a hexagonal graphite block that lines the inner wall of the lower plenum. The nature of the flow below this particular jet is such that a randomly varying recirculation zone is created. This recirculation zone is seen to change in size, causing a relatively long-time scale of motion or disturbance of the flow in the model. It is concluded that such a feature is undesirable in a validation data set, firstly because of its apparent random nature and, secondly, because to obtain an appropriate long-time average would be impractical because of the compute time required. It is predicted computationally that by eliminating the first of the four inlet jets into the scaled model, the resulting recirculation zone is rendered stable.
New relations for coefficients of fractional parentage: The Redmond recursion formula with seniority

Abstract We find a relationship between coefficients of fractional parentage (cfp) obtained on the one hand from the principal-parent method and on the other hand from a seniority classification. We apply this to the Redmond recursion formula which relates n → n + 1 cfp’s to n − 1 → n cfp’s where the principal-parent classification is used. We transform this to the seniority scheme. Our formula differs from the Redmond formula inasmuch as we have a sum over the possible seniorities for the n → n + 1 cfp’s, whereas Redmond has only one term. We show that there are useful applications of both the principal-parent and the seniority classification.
The BaBar electromagnetic calorimeter

The progress on the design and construction of the BaBar electromagnetic calorimeter including its mechanical structure, the readout system, the mechanical and optical properties of the crystals, and the schedule for the final assembly and testing is summarized.
Fluorenone Synthesis by Palladacycle-Catalyzed Sequential Reactions of 2-Bromobenzaldehydes with Arylboronic Acids

A new, anionic four-electron donor-based (type I) palladacycle-catalyzed sequential reaction of 2-bromobenzaldehydes with arylboronic acids based on the addition reaction, cyclization via C-H activation-oxidation sequence is described. Our study provided an efficient access to a variety of substituted fluorenones/indenofluorenediones from readily available arylboronic acids and 2-bromobenzaldehydes.
Let them Have Choice: Gains from Shifting Away from Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance and Toward an Individual Exchange

Most non-elderly Americans purchase insurance through their employers, which sponsor a limited number of plans. We estimate how much employees would be willing to pay for the right to apply their employer subsidy to the plan of their choosing. We make use of a proprietary dataset containing information on plan offerings and enrollment for 800+ large employers between 1998 and 2006; the dataset represents over 10 million Americans annually. We estimate a model of employee preferences using the set of plans they are offered. Using the estimated parameters from this model, we predict employees’ choices in a hypothetical world in which additional plans in a market are available to them on the same terms, i.e. tax-free and subsidized by their employers. Holding employer outlays constant, we estimate that the median welfare gain from expanding choice amounts to roughly 20 percent of premiums. For the vast majority of employee groups and alternative model specifications, the gains from choice are likely to outweigh potential premium increases associated with a transition from large group to individual pricing.
Advances in Hemophilia: Experimental Aspects and Therapy

This article describes recent clinical and research advances in hemophilia therapy. Different prophylactic regimens for the management of severe hemophilia are described along with the use of adjuvant treatment options to achieve hemostasis. The safety and efficacy of radionuclide synovectomy with phosphorus 32-sulfur colloid to treat existing joint arthropathy also are described. The development of inhibitors to factor VIII or IX remains a challenge for hemophilia care and recent approaches to achieve immune tolerance induction are discussed. Finally, recent advances in hemophilia are mentioned, including the role of iron, inflammation, and angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of hemophilic arthopathy.
Organogallium compounds from metallic gallium through using metal‐vapor synthesis

The first syntheses of organogallium compounds utilizing metallic gallium and alkyl halides (bromides and iodides) are presented. Metal-vapor synthesis methods were used, and it is proposed that gallium atoms are the reactive species involved. Gallium also reacted with alkyl halides as fine particles in slurry form, but only when deposited in, or co-deposited with, alkylaluminum compounds. Rationale for this finding is based on irregularity of the clusters due to incorporation of aluminum (or its compounds) and probably also on smaller particle sizes.
The role of public policy in emerging green power markets: An analysis of marketer preferences

Abstract Green power marketing has been heralded by some as a means to create a private market for renewable energy that is driven by customer demand for green products. This article challenges the premise — sometimes proffered in debates over green markets — that profitable, sizable, credible markets for green products will evolve naturally without supportive public policies. Relying primarily on surveys and interviews of US green power marketers, the article examines the role of specific regulatory and legislative policies in ‘enabling’ the green market, and searches for those policies that are believed by marketers to be the most conducive or detrimental to the expansion of the green market. We find that marketers: (1) believe that profitable green power markets will only develop if a solid foundation of supportive policies exists; (2) believe that establishing overall price competition and encouraging customer switching are the top priorities; (3) are somewhat leery of government-sponsored or mandated public information programs; and (4) oppose three specific renewable energy policies that are frequently advocated by renewable energy enthusiasts, but that may have negative impacts on the green marketers’ profitability. The stated preferences of green marketers shed light on ways to foster renewables by means of the green market. Because the interests of marketers do not coincide perfectly with those of society, however, this study also recognizes other normative perspectives and highlights policy tensions at the heart of current debates related to green markets. By examining these conflicts, we identify three key policy questions that should direct future research: To what extent should price competition and customer switching be encouraged at the expense of cost shifting? What requirements should be imposed to ensure credibility in green products and marketing? How should the green power market and broader renewable energy policies interact?
A Direct Method for the Conversion of Terminal Epoxides into γ-Butanolides

A new and efficient process for the conversion of terminal epoxides to gamma-butanolides is described involving Lewis acid promoted epoxide ring-opening by 1-morpholino-2-trimethylsilyl acetylene. Addition of a terminal epoxide to a solution of the ynamine and boron trifluoride diethyl etherate in dichloromethane at 0 degrees C rapidly affords a cyclic keteneaminal that can be hydrolyzed and protodesilylated under mild conditions to provide the corresponding gamma-butanolide in high yield. The net transformation is equivalent to an acetate enolate opening of terminal epoxides. The formation of a cyclic keteneaminal as the direct addition product was observed by monitoring of the reaction by IR and NMR spectroscopy. Functionalized gamma-lactones were prepared by the interception of the reactive cyclic keteneaminal prior to hydrolysis. Reactions with enantiomerically enriched terminal epoxides provide the corresponding gamma-butanolides without loss of optical activity. The compatibility of the present methodology with a wide range of functional groups is noteworthy.
War and International Adjudication: Reflections on the 1899 Peace Conference

In fact, the first organized communities of international law . . . are organizations the function of which is to settle conflicts. Hans Kelsen But here we shall note the recurrence of a paradox . . . . Where practice is least ethical, theory becomes most Utopian. Edward Hallett Carr The belief that a world free of war might be possible, be more than simply a dream, is a relatively recent phenomenon. In earlier times, war—like disease—was a part of life. There existed then a fatalism about war that no doubt persists in many parts of the world today. During the nineteenth century, however, parts of the world developed a confidence in progress and a hope that progress might extend to the abolition of war. Most importantly for this essay, a popular belief circulated at the e nd of the century that the establishment of a permanent international court would be an important step toward a world free of war. Ad hoc arbitration, as distinct from adjudication by such a permanent court, was not the same and, by itself, not enough. The 1899 Peace Conference was a point of inflection, a turn in the river, in the effort to move beyond ad hoc international arbitration to adjudication by a permanent international court as a means to avoid war a nd preserve international peace and security.
PUSHING THE BOUNDARIES OF THE CL 1604 SUPERCLUSTER AT z ~ 0.9

The Cl 1604 supercluster at z ~ 0.9 is known to contain at least four distinct member clusters, separated in both projection and redshift. In this paper we present deep, multicolor, wide-field imaging of a region spanning ~45' on a side, corresponding to 21 h Mpc (physical) at the supercluster redshift. We select galaxies whose colors correspond to those of spectroscopically confirmed cluster members in the i' versus r' - i' color-magnitude diagram. Using an adaptive kernel, we generate a map of the projected red galaxy density and identify numerous new candidate clusters that are likely supercluster members. Assuming that all of the density peaks are associated with the supercluster, its transverse size is ~10 h Mpc, which is still significantly smaller than the nearly 93 h Mpc depth in redshift space.
Wave instability in combustion

Abstract This paper presents formulations and calculations involved in combustion instability analysis using finite element methods. Emphasized in the present study is the effect of chemical reactions upon unstable waves of all variables. It is also shown how nonlinear, nonisentropic, and flowfields influence the stability of combustion waves. To demonstrate the validity of the theory, example calculations for a rectangular combustor for hydrogen/oxygen reactions are provided. Further verification of this approach in comparison with various experimental results remains as future tasks.
Injectivity and projectivity in analysis and topology

We give new proofs of many injectivity results in analysis that make more careful use of the duality between abelian C*-algebras and topological spaces. We then extend many of these ideas to incorporate the case of a group action. This approach gives new insight into Hamana’s theory of G-injective operator spaces and G-injective envelopes. Our new proofs of these classic results, use only topological methods and eliminate the need for results from the theory of Boolean algebras and AW*-algebras.