cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leveraging Granularity: Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning for Pedagogical Policy Induction

In interactive e-learning environments such as Intelligent Tutoring Systems, pedagogical decisions can be made at different levels of granularity. In this work, we focus on making decisions at two levels: whole problems vs. single steps and explore three types of granularity: problem-level only (Prob-Only), step-level only (Step-Only) and both problem and step levels (Both). More specifically, for Prob-Only, our pedagogical agency decides whether the next problem should be a worked example (WE) or a problem-solving (PS). In WEs, students observe how the tutor solves a problem while in PSs students solve the problem themselves. For Step-Only, the agent decides whether to elicit the student’s next solution step or to tell the step directly. Here the student and the tutor co-construct the solution and we refer to this type of task as collaborative problem-solving (CPS). For Both, the agency first decides whether the next problem should be a WE, a PS, or a CPS and based on the problem-level decision, the agent then makes step-level decisions on whether to elicit or tell each step. In a series of classroom studies, we compare the three types of granularity under random yet reasonable pedagogical decisions. Results showed that while Prob-Only may be less effective for High students, Step-Only may be less effective for Low ones, Both can be effective for both High and Low students. Motivated by these findings, we propose and apply an offline, off-policy Gaussian Processes based Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (HRL) framework to induce a hierarchical pedagogical policy that makes adaptive, effective decisions at both the problem and step levels. In an empirical classroom study, our results showed that the HRL policy is significantly more effective than a Deep Q-Network (DQN) induced step-level policy and a random yet reasonable step-level baseline policy.
"Safe Behind My Screen": Adolescent Sexual Minority Males' Perceptions of Safety and Trustworthiness on Geosocial and Social Networking Apps.

Dating and social media application (“app”) use for sexual and romantic partner-seeking is increasingly ubiquitous among adolescent sexual minorities assigned male at birth (ASMM). Previous work suggests that ASMM use the Internet, including apps, for normative aspects of sexual identity exploration and development. However, there may be risks associated with their use of sexualized apps designed for adults and with sexual interaction with adult app users. Little is known about how they assess and mitigate risk or gauge the trustworthiness of potential partners on such apps. We recruited ASMM in the U.S. (N = 268; ages 15–18 years, mean age = 16.9) to complete an online survey with open- and closed-ended questions about their perceptions of safety and trustworthiness of others while using apps to find partners. Participants perceived various risks on apps (e.g., physical harm, being “catfished”) but did not appear to have clear strategies for measuring or mitigating it. They often assessed trustworthiness by observing other users’ behavior or profiles. Participants frequently described interacting with older app users as risky or untrustworthy. Sexual health risks were seldom mentioned and the legal risks of sexual interaction with adults were never mentioned. Although app use may meet some of ASMM’s sexual development needs, they may lack the knowledge and skills to do so safely in sexualized online adult spaces. These findings suggest that sex education for sexual minority adolescents should address online sexual safety.
Marketing mobile influenza vaccine clinics on a college campus

Abstract Background Influenza vaccination rates fall below public health targets. Compared to the general population, vaccination rates on college campuses are even lower. Since 2013, the University of Georgia College of Pharmacy (UGA COP) and University Health Center (UHC) Pharmacy have collaborated to increase access to influenza vaccines by holding clinics at locations across campus. In an effort to increase awareness, this partnership expanded to include UHC Marketing Department. Through this initiative, a coordinated marketing campaign was implemented to promote immunization opportunities. Objectives To examine the impact of a collaborative, multimodal marketing campaign on individuals receiving the influenza vaccine at mobile clinics on a college campus and explore reasons why recipients chose to get vaccinated. Methods A 7-item survey was developed and administered at mobile influenza vaccine clinics across campus during Fall of 2018. The survey asked participants for basic demographics, which marketing strategies they encountered, which strategy had the most significant impact on their decision to get vaccinated at the clinic, and their motivation for receiving the vaccine. Results The survey was administered at 11 campus-based clinics with a 71% response rate. Fifty-nine percent of respondents were students and 41% were faculty/staff. The most common marketing strategies recognized by participants were email (45%), friend or colleague (35%), paper/digital flyers (24%), UHC website (9%), and mobile clinic signage (7%). The most common motivating factors for getting vaccinated were to lowering the risk of getting sick (87%), protecting others (64%), and being encouraged by a relative or friend (34%). The number of people vaccinated after the marketing campaign was 1150, an 69% increase compared to the previous year. Conclusion The marketing strategies described in this paper resulted in an increase in the number of vaccine recipients at campus-based mobile clinics. Implementing a multimodal, coordinated marketing campaign can help universities improve their vaccination efforts.
Merlin Tumor Suppressor Function is Regulated by PIP2-Mediated Dimerization

Neurofibromatosis Type 2 is an inherited disease characterized by Schwann cell tumors of cranial and peripheral nerves. The NF2 gene encodes Merlin, which contains an N-terminal FERM domain, a central alpha-helical region and a C-terminal domain that binds to the FERM domain. Changes in the intermolecular FERM-CTD interaction allow Merlin to transition between an open, FERM accessible conformation and a closed, FERM-inaccessible conformation, modulating Merlin activity. These conformational transitions are regulated by both phosphorylation and phosphoinositide binding. Merlin has been shown to dimerize but the role of dimerization in Merlin function is unclear. We used a nanobody based binding assay and found that Merlin dimerizes via a FERM-FERM interaction in a parallel orientation that requires an uncovered N-terminus and the first 18 amino acids of the FERM domain. Patient derived and structural mutants show that dimerization controls interactions with specific binding partners, including HIPPO pathway components, and correlates with tumor suppressor activity. Dimerization requires an open conformation, is inhibited by phosphorylation at serine 518 and is enhanced by PIP2 binding. The discovery that active, open conformation Merlin is a dimer represents a new paradigm for Merlin function with implications for the development of therapies designed to compensate for Merlin loss.
Is chatting with a sophisticated chatbot as good as chatting online or FTF with a stranger

Abstract Emotionally-responsive chatbots are marketed as agents with which one can form emotional connections. They can also become weak ties in the outer layers of one's acquaintance network and available for social support. In this experiment, which was designed to study the acquaintance process, we randomly assigned 417 participants into three conditions: face-to-face (FTF) chat with a human, online chat with a human, and online chat with a commercially-available, emotionally-responsive chatbot, Replika. After a 20-min getting-acquainted chat, participants reported their affective state and relational evaluations of the chat. Additionally, all chats were recorded and text analyzed using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program. In all conditions, participants reported moderate levels of positive emotions and low levels of negative emotions. Those who chatted FTF with a human reported significantly more negative emotions than those who chatted with a bot. However, those who chatted with a human also reported more homophily with and liking of their chat partner and that their partner was more responsive. Meanwhile, participants had fewest conversational concerns with the chatbot. These findings have implications for future computer-mediated interaction studies: conversations with chatbots appear to have different affordances and effects on chatter enjoyment and conversational concerns in getting-acquainted contexts. These results may help designers improve reception and marketability for chatbots in consumer markets.
Conversation Analysis and Gender: Establishing and Challenging the Relevance of Gender in CA Research

In this book review, I addressed the ways that qualitative researchers have examined the links between Conversation Analysis (CA), which often is criticized as a method without context or theory, and the issue of gender. I consider the ways that the editors adopt the controversial position that CA is a politically laden method and that authors extend and challenge existing CA research. I point out the ways that this book both inconsistently connects its chapters and establishes its intended audience, while clearly offering a balanced examination of the ways that gender-in-talk is often relevant but not omnipresent in conversations.
Ultraweak Waveguide Modification With Intact Buffer Coating Using Femtosecond Laser Pulses

This letter reports a new fabrication technique to inscribe in-line, ultraweak waveguide structures. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that an in-line grating structure has been fabricated within the core of an optical fiber with an intact buffer coating, allowing the fiber to retain optimal mechanical properties, an important consideration for strain and temperature sensing applications. Low energy pulses from a femtosecond laser were adjusted to avoid buffer absorption while inscribing a terahertz fiber Bragg grating (THz FBG) within the optical fiber core. Strain and temperature tests were conducted using both a THz FBG sensor fabricated using the reported method and a second THz FBG fabricated using a previously reported method requiring buffer removal. Highly similar results from both Thz FBGs were observed, indicating that the new intact buffer fabrication technique holds substantial potential as a method of fabricating optical fiber grating structures for distributed sensing applications.
Low temperature (LT) grown GaAs buffer layers for III-V semiconductor processes

Low Temperature Grown (LTG) GaAs buffers have been shown to eliminate backgating, reduce subthreshold leakage, provide ultrashort carrier lifetimes and radiation hardness. However, undoped LTG buffers have shown poor reliability, poor RF performance and inconsistent lot-to-lot properties. Recent p-doped LT GaAs buffers promise thermally stable material to withstand changes during annealing steps, plus improved performance over undoped LT GaAs buffers.
Computational study of real time modification for pure electrothermal gun ballistics

Current gun technology uses solid propellants that consist of small geometrically similar grains which are ignited by a primer. Propellant burn characteristics are determined by a combination of the chemical propellant itself and grain geometry. The ballistic characteristics of a preformed cartridge cannot be changed in real time. Thus, varying applications require the use of different projectiles, propellants, and launch systems.
Same-Sex Marriage Policies and Lesbian Family Life

This study investigates the relationship between marriage equality and its impact on parenting and committed monogamous relationships for lesbian women. Specifically, this study aims to explore how marriage equality, or the lack thereof, affects the daily lives of 21 lesbian mothers in 6 states across the United States. Following an examination of the discourse surrounding same-sex marriage, research on lesbian family dynamics is discussed. Notably, how marriage equality or lack thereof matters in the lives of lesbian families necessarily includes attention to the day-to-day experiences in such families. Narratives from this study illustrate that for this sample of lesbian mothers issues of guardianship are most salient. Moreover, that attainment of legal marriage does not assuage these hardships. Results and implications are discussed within the framework of legal consciousness.
Subglottic cysts and asymmetrical subglottic narrowing on neck radiograph

The congenital subglottic hemangioma typically appears as an asymmetric subglottic narrowing or mass on frontal neck radiographs. Therefore, soft tissue neck radiography has been advocated as a definitive non-operative approach for diagnosing these lesions. However, we have noted similar asymmetric subglottic narrowing in patients with acquired subglottic cysts. These retention cysts occur following long-term intubation in the neonate. The mechanism probably involves subglottic fibrosis which obstructs glands with subsequent cyst formation. Acquired subglottic cysts typically appear as an asymmetric narrowing on frontal or lateral soft tissue neck radiographs. These lesions may produce airway compromise but are effectively treated by forceps or laser removal. Acquired subglottic cysts must be included in the differential diagnosis of asymmetric subglottic narrowing. The definitive diagnosis is made by direct laryngoscopy, not soft tissue neck radiograph.
Clinical utility of computed tomography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism

This prospective clinical pilot study describes the clinical utility and cost effectiveness of computed tomography (CT) with contrast in the diagnosis and management of pulmonary embolism. The setting is a university teaching hospital, and the 20 patients, 26 to 81 years old, were found to have CT findings consistent with pulmonary embolism. Intraluminal pulmonary artery clots were observed on CT and contributed to clinical management, often obviating pulmonary arteriography. CT, particularly spiral CT, may demonstrate pulmonary embolism and offers advantages over ventilation-perfusion lung scanning and pulmonary arteriography in making the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in high-risk patients or patients with preexisting parenchymal lung disease.
Origin of granites in an Archean high-grade terrane, southern India

Archean deep-level granites in southern India are similar geochemically to young granites from continentalmargin arc systems. They exhibit light REE enriched patterns with variable, but chiefly positive Eu anomalies. This is in striking contrast to the negative Eu anomalies typical in high-level Archean granites. In addition, the deep-level granites are relatively enriched in Ba and Sr and depleted in total REE and high field strength elements (HFSE). One pluton, the Sankari granite, has unusually low contents of REE and HFSE. Most of the deep-level granites appear to represent cumulates with variable amounts of trapped liquid and of minor phases, resulting from fractional crystallization of a granitic parent. Such parental granitic magmas can be produced by batch melting of Archean tonalite at middle to lower crustal depths. The Sankari granite requires a tonalitic source depleted in REE and HFSE. Archean tonalites and tonalitic charnockites exhibit original igneous geochemical signatures and their average composition does not show a significant Eu anomaly. Hence, they cannot represent the positive Eu-anomaly complement to the negative Eu-anomaly, high-level granites. Our results suggest that Archean deep-level granites may represent this complement. Such granite may form in waterrich zones in the middle or lower crust and be produced in response to dehydration of the lower crust by a rising CO2-rich fluid phase.
First report of a bite by the mottled rock rattlesnake (Crotalus lepidus lepidus)

Bites by the mottled rock rattlesnake (Crotalus lepidus lepidus) are rare. There appear to be no reports of bites by this subspecies in the literature. This is a case report of a bite by a captive specimen of this diminutive pit viper, and includes a review of what is known regarding its venom.
Electronic Structures of Polyatomic Molecules and Valence. II. General Considerations

A description of electronic structures of polyatomic molecules in terms of atomic and molecular orbitals (one-electron orbital wave functions) is suggested, as follows. Unshared electrons are considered as occupying atomic orbitals associated with the various nuclei to which the electrons belong. Shared electrons are described from several points of view, whose simultaneous consideration should give a better understanding of their condition and functions in the molecule. In the first place, they are described, in terms of atomic orbitals, from the point of view of each nucleus in the molecule. In the second place, they are described from a unitary molecular point of view, in terms of molecular orbitals. It is pointed out that the chemical evidence which led Lewis to his concept of the electron-pair bond can now all be explained by the quantum theory without the necessity of using such a concept. It is noted that the Heitler-London, Pauling-Slater quantum-mechanical electron-pair bond concept differs markedly from Lewis's, also that it is of more restricted application to chemical data. It is pointed out, in agreement with Hund, that properties of the H. and L., S. and P. electron-pair bond which make it useful in dealing with chemical combination are also prossessed by the concept of molecular orbitals. For example, the Pauling-Slater criterion that bonds which correspond to a maximum overlapping of atomic orbitals are the strongest is just as characteristic of bonding molecular orbitals as of electron-pair bonds. An electron-pair bond is here interpreted as being little other than two electrons occupying a bonding molecular orbital. Or in general one must say that a set of $n$ electron-pair bonds is interpreted as a set of $2n$ electrons occupying $n$ molecular orbitals, because molecular orbitals are not necessarily localized between two nuclei like electron-pair bonds. It is concluded that the essential facts of molecular electronic structure can be qualitatively understood in terms of the mode of description stated in the first paragraph above and of a semi-empirical valence rule (not essentially new) which summarizes, in the light of quantum theory, the most important regularities in regard to the types of chemical compounds which are stable.
Family Therapy in Treatment of the Deaf: A Case Report

Deaf patients with psychological problems have developmental handicaps and clinical characteristics that reduce the effectiveness of traditional modes of psychotherapy. Attempts have been made to utilize individual and group therapy, but family therapy has been largely overlooked as a method of alleviating problems of the deaf. Clinical and research writings provide us with rich insights into the family dynamics of the deaf. These data suggest to the authors that the problems of deaf individuals are largely related to family problems, and therefore merit a family orientation as the focus for treatment. This paper describes an attempt to apply family therapy with a range of deaf patients over a period of two years. From a review of their work, the authors conclude that family therapy can be effective, particularly in the treatment of deaf adolescents and children.
Contextualizing critical action research: lessons from urban educators

In this paper, we argue that teacher‐researchers, especially those in politically contested school communities, should be encouraged to conduct critical action research that is contextually bound. Such a research methodology includes tenets of critical action research, postmodern and feminist theory, and attention to how oppression manifests in educational institutions. Utilizing reflections from our students of action research as well as our own reflective journals, we address three questions: How can action research be more applicable in urban contexts? How can action research be used in processes of urban education reform? How can educational researchers (both university and K–12) continue to advocate for an action research that is critical, emancipatory and empowering for all stakeholders?
Echogenic Appearance of Colorectal Liver Metastases on Intraoperative Ultrasonography is Associated with Survival After Hepatic Resection

Survival after resection of colorectal liver metastases has traditionally been associated with clinicopathologic factors. We sought to investigate whether echogenicity of colorectal liver metastasis as assessed by intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) was a prognostic factor after hepatic resection. Prospective data on tumor IOUS appearance were collected in 84 patients who underwent hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastasis. Images were digitally recorded, blindly reviewed, and scored for echogenicity (hypo-, iso-, or hyperechoic). The median tumor number was 1 and the median tumor size was 5.0 cm. At the time of surgery, the IOUS appearance of the colorectal liver metastases were hypoechoic in 35 (41.7%) patients, isoechoic in 37 (44.0%) patients, and hyperechoic in 12 (14.3%) patients. Traditional clinicopathologic prognostic factors were similarly distributed among the three echogenicity groups (all p > 0.05). Patients with a hypoechoic lesion had a significantly shorter median survival (30.2 months) compared with patients who had either an isoechoic (53.2 months) or hyperechoic (42.3 months) lesion (p = 0.005). The 5-year survival after hepatic resection of colorectal liver metastasis was also associated with the echogenic appearance of the lesion (hypoechoic 14.4 vs isoechoic 37.4 vs hyperechoic 46.2%) (p < 0.05). Intraoperative ultrasound echogenicity should be considered a prognostic factor after hepatic resection of metastatic colorectal cancer.
One- to Two-Year-Olds′ Recall of Events: The More Expressed, the More Impressed

The literature on stylistic differences in mother-child conversations about ongoing and past events can be interpreted to suggest that the opportunity to verbally elaborate on an event facilitates preschoolers' memory. In this research we examined whether similar effects would obtain in children who are just acquiring language and, thus, the opportunity for verbal encoding. Using elicited imitation, 12 groups, formed by a between-subjects crossing of 3 levels of age (13, 16, and 20 months) with 4 levels of delay (1-3, 6, 9, and 12 months), were tested for memory for specific laboratory events; children's event-relevant verbalizations also were recorded. The children remembered the events that they had experienced, regardless of their age at the time of exposure and of the delay interval imposed. Memories were demonstrated both nonverbally and verbally; nonverbal and verbal measures bore a modest relation with one another. Language ability at the time of exposure to the events predicted verbal expression of memory after the delay. Thus, the availability of a verbal mode of elaboration facilitated 1- to 2-year-olds' event memory.
Identification of risk factors for increased cost, charges, and length of stay for cardiac patients

Abstract Background . In this study we explored different risk model options to provide clinicians with predictions for resource utilization. The hypotheses were that predictors of mortality are not predictive of resource consumption, and that there is a correlation between cost estimates derived using a cost-to-charge ratio or a product-line costing approach. Methods . From March 1992 to June 1995, 2,481 University of Colorado Hospital patients admitted for ischemic heart disease were classified by diagnosis-related group code as having undergone or experienced coronary bypass procedures (CBP), percutaneous cardiovascular procedures (PCVP), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and other cardiac-related discharges (Other). For each diagnosis-related group, Cox proportional hazards models were developed to determine predictors of cost, charges, and length of stay. Results . The diagnosis groups differed in the clinical factors that predicted resource use. As the two costing methods were highly correlated, either approach may be used to assess relative resource consumption provided costs are reconciled to audited financial statements. Conclusions . To develop valid prediction models for costs of care, the clinical risk factors that are traditionally used to predict risk-adjusted mortality may need to be expanded.
The French Revolution and the birth of modernity

(1991). The French Revolution and the birth of modernity. History of European Ideas: Vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 847-848.
Detailing Reflection Instruction: The Efficacy of a Guided Instructional Procedure on Prospective Teachers' Pedagogical Reasoning

Abstract The purpose of this research was to investigate instructional conditions aimed at improving future teachers' reflective thinking, to systematically trace how features of a guided instructional procedure influenced these teachers' pedagogical reasoning. The reflective thinking protocol that formed the basis of the instructional approach was built on a clear definition of reflection as a process, individual and collaborative, involving experience and uncertainty about teaching situations, dilemmas, and problems. Based on a mixed-methods design in Study 1, the analyses revealed the differing effects of genre (article, case study, and field teaching experience) and type of engagement (individual and group). In Study 2, analyses of several data sets examined the power of the instruction to enhance teachers' reflection and problem-solving abilities. Taken together, these studies, formative in nature, provide protocols and assessment tools that can support teacher educators' intentional and guided refle...
Growth and Gene Expression Are Predominantly Controlled by Distinct Regions of the Human IL-4 Receptor

Abstract IL-4 causes hematopoietic cells to proliferate and express a series of genes, including CD23. We examined whether IL-4-mediated growth, as measured by 4PS phosphorylation, and gene induction were similarly controlled. Studies of M12.4.1 cells expressing human IL-4R truncation mutants indicated that the region between amino acids 557–657 is necessary for full gene expression, which correlated with Stat6 DNA binding activity. This region was not required for 4PS phosphorylation. Tyrosine-to-phenylalanine mutations in the interval between amino acids 557–657 revealed that as long as one tyrosine remained unmutated, CD23 was fully induced. When all three tyrosines were mutated, the receptor was unable to induce CD23. The results indicate that growth regulation and gene expression are principally controlled by distinct regions of IL-4R.
Surviving without e-mail: effectively communicating & managing information during technology crises

Technology users continue perceiving telecommunications and computing systems as utilities. Just like water and electrical service, computer networks, e-mail and Web sites are expected to be available 24 hours a day, seven days a week without interruption. Although an uninterrupted expectation is unreasonable because system demands and requirements differ widely and maintenance is needed to ensure reliable operation, the reality remains that users demand services they have become reliant on. Underappreciated when operating flawlessly and over criticized when briefly unavailable, users' lack of understanding about how technology systems operate often results in speculation and uninformed commentary.When a critical failure beyond the control of Information & Access Technology Services struck the faculty and staff e-mail system at the University of Missouri-Columbia, restoring service wasn't the only challenge. About 7,000 users were affected by the service interruption, requiring a carefully coordinated and managed crisis communication effort. Tenuously opposed to IAT Services' commitment to restoring service as soon as possible was avoiding finger-pointing by revealing that the error resided with and was the responsibility of the e-mail system manufacturer. Regardless of the details, the campus community generally perceived and placed blame for the failure on IAT Services. Fixing the problem quickly was the remedy for easing flagging confidence and a tarnished image, however much of the solution was beyond the control of IAT Services.
Local recovery of reflectance and illumination spectra

We present a method for separating a sensor radiance spectrum into a reflectance spectrum and an illumination spectrum. The method is based on the use of subspace models for both reflectance and illumination spectra. The method exploits the fact that reflectance and illumination spectra typically lie in distinct subspaces. The separation algorithm finds the best reflectance and illumination spectra within their respective subspaces. We have applied the algorithm to simulated VNIR radiance spectra using a large database of reflectance and illumination spectra. We have also examined the use of the recovered reflectance spectra for material identification over a database of materials.
New Aspects of Aerosol Growth Processes

Three separate aspects of aerosol growth processes are discussed to illustrate the interesting diversity of this subject. The first concerns the necessity under certain conditions for a stochastic description of chemical reactions in ultrafine particles. The second concerns the growth of ultrafine particles by condensation when the vapor is conserved—a model for one of the processes involved in formation and growth of condensation aerosols. Third, some of the features of the aerosol growth in turbulent host gas are examined and illustrated with new results obtained from atmospheric measurements.
Mapping from current densities to vector potentials in time-dependent current density functional theory

Under reasonable assumptions the time-dependent particle density $n(\stackrel{P\vec}{r},t)$ and the current density $\stackrel{P\vec}{j}(\stackrel{P\vec}{r},t)$ of a many-particle system that evolves under the action of external scalar and vector potentials $V(\stackrel{P\vec}{r},t)$ and $\stackrel{P\vec}{A}(\stackrel{P\vec}{r},t)$ and is initially in the quantum state $\ensuremath{\mid}\ensuremath{\psi}(0)⟩$ can be reproduced in another many-particle system with a different two-particle interaction, subjected to external potentials ${V}^{\ensuremath{'}}(\stackrel{P\vec}{r},t)$ and ${\stackrel{P\vec}{A}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(\stackrel{P\vec}{r},t)$ and starting from an initial state $\ensuremath{\mid}{\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(0)⟩$, which yields the same density and current as $\ensuremath{\mid}\ensuremath{\psi}(0)⟩$. Here we show that given the initial state of this other many-particle system, the potentials ${V}^{\ensuremath{'}}(\stackrel{P\vec}{r},t)$ and ${\stackrel{P\vec}{A}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(\stackrel{P\vec}{r},t)$, if they exist, are uniquely determined up to gauge transformations that do not alter the initial state. As a special case, we obtain a simpler proof of the Runge-Gross theorem for time-dependent current density functional theory. This theorem provides a formal basis for the application of time-dependent current density functional theory to transport problems.
The enthalpy of dilution of HCl(aq) to 648 K and 40 MPa thermodynamic properties

Abstract Enthalpies of dilution of HCl(aq) have been measured to 648 K and 40 MPa over the molality range of about 0.01 to 15.6 mol·kg −1 . At temperatures above 523 K the experimental results approach infinite dilution with a slope greater than the limiting-law slope, a clear indication of ion association. An analysis of the enthalpies of dilution in combination with existing thermodynamic results has produced a comprehensive model for the thermodynamic properties of HCl(aq). Three versions of the ion-interaction model were used depending on the range of temperature or molality. The unmodified ion-interaction model of Pitzer was adequate through 523 K and 7 mol·kg −1 . Addition of a fourth coefficient extended the molality range to 16 mol·kg −1 through 523 K, and for temperatures above 523 K the second coefficient was given additional dependence on molality (a non-zero β (2) parameter). By using the density of water as an independent variable each version of the ion-interaction model covers the entire range of pressure through 40 MPa and the number of adjustable parameters is minimized. A comparison of the thermodynamic properties of HCl(aq) with those of NaCl(aq) demonstrated that HCl(aq) is somewhat more associated than NaCl(aq) at high temperatures and the enthalpy of ionization makes a significant contribution to the observed apparent relative molar enthalpy of HCl(aq).
Recent Technical Developments in Radio

RADIO communication has already exerted astonishingly great influences upon human affairs. Nevertheless, this influence has only recently become active, and it is probable that it will be still more marked in the future. In particular, the basic science of electro-magnetic waves, and the dependent applied science or technic of radio-communication, have been undergoing rapid development in recent years. Their effects on the world are likely to be very notable as time goes on. This article aims at presenting to non-technical readers, an outline sketch of recent technical developments. From this rough picture it may be possible to form some idea of not only what has already been technically accomplished, but also what may be coming through the picture in the near future, as time brings out the colors on the canvas. We can only expect to see but a little way into the forward scheme of things; because new discoveries and inventions may completely change both plans and progress.
Incorporation of Stratification Effects on the Oceanic Roughness Length in the Derivation of the Neutral Drag Coefficient

Abstract Based on the assumption that, over the sea, the roughness length of the wind profile scales with the wind stress, a new formulation that describes the drag coefficient as a function of the given neutral drag coefficient and stability is derived. The new formulation is compared to an earlier formulation where roughness changes with stability were ignored. The two are then illustrated with data collected from both the Marine Remote Sensing Project (1979) and the Tower Ocean Wave and Radar Dependence Experiment (1984). It was found that when the surface roughness was allowed to depend on wind stress (and therefore stability), the stratification correction to the neutral drag coefficient was larger than for the case when the roughness length was not allowed to vary.
Solubility and Volatility of Fatty Acids Involved in Lipolysis in Homogenized Raw Milk

Homogenization of raw milk, a process known to greatly accelerate lipase activity, results in immediate increase in the free fat ty acid content of the fat with homogenization at 1500 pounds pressure increasing the free fat ty acids approximately five-fold within a few minutes following processing (6). Since information relative to the characteristics of the fat ty acids involved in this lipolysis is meager, experiments were Conducted to ascertain their solubility and volatility. The results of these experiments are herein presented. Steam distillation procedures have been used to study the volatility of free fat ty acids in milk and milk products. Roahen and Sommer (9) used this procedure to measure the extent of lipolysis in milk and cream and Fouts (4) studied the volatility of free fat ty acids in butteroil of varying acid degrees secured from butter by steam distillation of 10 grams of fat and collecting and titrating 200 ml. of distillate. He secured values for volatile fat ty acids approximating 15 per cent" of the total fat acidity. Davies (2) reports that volatile acids account for less than five per cent of the total titratable value of the fat ty acids, whereas oleic acid is responsible for 60-70 per cent of this value. Dyer (3), and Hiscox and Harrison (7), used steam distillation in the study of pure volatile organic acids. Hiscox and Harrison (7) steam distilled acetic, butyric, caproic, caprylic, capric, and lauric acids (acids neutralized with NaOH and then acidified to pH 2 with H2S04) and secured complete recovery from water when distillate volume was "5 times original volume." Recovery of these acids from cheese was retarded, the retardation being especially marked for acetic, caprylic, caproic, and lauric acids. Butterfat and cheese fat also retarded distillation of the water-insoluble fatsoluble acids. Methods of preparing samples of cheese for steam distillation were studied by Hiscox, Harrison, and Wolf (8). They found that a method involving warm water washing of the cheese to obtain the fat, ether extraction of the fat, washing of the fat with NaOH, acidifying and steam-distilling this rinse, resulted in volatile acid values which were about 4.5 times as high as those from direct steam distillation in the case of Stilton cheese and about twice as high in the case of Cheddar.
Imagery and the Prose Recall of Mildly Retarded Children

Abstract The oral prose learning of mildly retarded children was compared to that of two groups of intellectually "normal" children. One group of normal children was younger than the retarded children, but equivalent to them in mental age. The other group was the same chronological age as the retarded children, but higher in mental age. All children listened to three stories and answered questions about story events. The oral prose recall of the retarded children was found to be less than that of the normal children of equivalent mental age, providing no support for the mental age model that holds that the oral prose learning ability of a mildly retarded child is as good as that of a normal child of equivalent mental age. Recall was highest among the normal children of the same chronological age. The provision of pictures with the stories improved the oral prose recall of both the mildly retarded children and the normal children of equivalent mental age, suggesting that strategic support of the imagery process benefits both retarded children as well as normal children.
A quantum mechanical investigation of vibrational energy transfer in O(3P) + CO2 collisions

Abstract Cross sections for vibrational excitation of CO2 (n1n2λn3) in collisions with O(3P) are calculated for relative collision energies of 1.0–6.0 eV by the vibrational close-coupling rotational infinite order sudden method. Results are compared with recently published quasiclassifical trajectory results.
Putting African Accents in United Nations Internet for Development Policies

ABSTRACT The United Nations and its specialized agencies have formulated and transferred communication policies to Africa since the late 1950s. These United Nations policies emphasized the roles of the mass media as catalysts for development. The advent of the Internet led to a transfer of these policies from real space to cyberspace. At the turn of the 21st century, the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) emphasized reduction of the digital divide between Africa and the rest of the world, and encouraged Internet connectivity as the panacea for the continent's development problems. With the development of telecommunications and broadband infrastructures in Africa, information and communication technology policies need to go beyond infrastructural development and connectivity. Technology literacy, production of online content in African languages, communication as a human right, freedom of expression, and respect for individual privacy need to be emphasized as part of policy transfer initiatives.
Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Predisposition to the Fasted State in Liver Glycogen Synthase Knock-out Mice

Conversion to glycogen is a major fate of ingested glucose in the body. A rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of glycogen is glycogen synthase encoded by two genes, GYS1, expressed in muscle and other tissues, and GYS2, primarily expressed in liver (liver glycogen synthase). Defects in GYS2 cause the inherited monogenic disease glycogen storage disease 0. We have generated mice with a liver-specific disruption of the Gys2 gene (liver glycogen synthase knock-out (LGSKO) mice), using Lox-P/Cre technology. Conditional mice carrying floxed Gys2 were crossed with mice expressing Cre recombinase under the albumin promoter. The resulting LGSKO mice are viable, develop liver glycogen synthase deficiency, and have a 95% reduction in fed liver glycogen content. They have mild hypoglycemia but dispose glucose less well in a glucose tolerance test. Fed, LGSKO mice also have a reduced capacity for exhaustive exercise compared with mice carrying floxed alleles, but the difference disappears after an overnight fast. Upon fasting, LGSKO mice reach within 4 h decreased blood glucose levels attained by control floxed mice only after 24 h of food deprivation. The LGSKO mice maintain this low blood glucose for at least 24 h. Basal gluconeogenesis is increased in LGSKO mice, and insulin suppression of endogenous glucose production is impaired as assessed by euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. This observation correlates with an increase in the liver gluconeogenic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase expression and activity. This mouse model mimics the pathophysiology of glycogen storage disease 0 patients and highlights the importance of liver glycogen stores in whole body glucose homeostasis.
PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF MATRIX-ISOLATED AND THIN FILM ACID CHLORIDES : QUANTUM YIELDS AND PRODUCT STRUCTURES

Ultraviolet photoexcitation of matrix-isolated CH{sub 3}COCl, CH{sub 3}CH{sub 2}COCl, and CH{sub 3}CH{sub 2}CH{sub 2}CH{sub 2}COCl produces HCl{center_dot}CH{sub 2}{double_bond}C{double_bond}O, HCl{center_dot}CH{sub 3}CHC{double_bond}C{double_bond}O, and HCl{center_dot}CH{sub 3}CH{sub 2}CH{sub 2}CHC{double_bond}C{double_bond}O complexes. The authors report precursor and matrix dependent reaction quantum yields. Quantum yield values decrease with increasing alkyl chain length due to a reduced number of {alpha} H-atoms available for the elimination reaction and steric considerations. The authors found quantum yields in neat matrixes to be roughly half that in argon or xenon matrixes and assign structures for HCL and ketene complexes in argon and xenon matrixes by comparing IR spectra ab initio electronic structure calculations. In argon matrixes, the product complex HCl frequently is strongly shifted whereas the ketene remains unshifted with respect to matrix-isolated ketene. In xenon matrixes, HCl{center_dot}ketene complexes display absorption bands indicative of two distinct structures. Differences between HCl{center_dot}ketene structures in argon and xenon matrixes are attributed to size differences of the matrix lattice.
Neutral Ru(η5-pyrrole) Complexes. Synthesis and Structure of Diazaruthenocenes and Ru(1-3:5,6-η5-C8H11)(η5-pyrrole) Complexes

The synthesis of metal complexes with anionic η5-pyrrole ligands is generally complicated by the free nitrogen lone pair. Methods are reported for the synthesis of two types of neutral η5-tetrameth...
The Monte Carlo simulation of ion chamber response to 60Co-resolution of anomalies associated with interfaces

The reliability of Monte Carlo calculations of ion chamber response depends critically upon the details of the electron transport, particularly at media interfaces. Improper handling of electron transport algorithms near boundaries can lead to anomalous results which the authors call 'interface artefacts'. This effect is demonstrated for two computer codes, EGS and CYLTRAN/ETRAN, and the underlying physics is described. Details are also given of a Monte Carlo code suitable for the calculation of ion chamber response to 60Co without calculational artefacts and of various variance reduction techniques that greatly reduce the computing time required.
Hepatitis C Virus Mediated Changes in miRNA-449a Modulates Inflammatory Biomarker YKL40 through Components of the NOTCH Signaling Pathway

Liver disease due to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an important health problem worldwide. HCV induced changes in microRNAs (miRNA) are shown to mediate inflammation leading to liver fibrosis. Gene expression analyses identified dysregulation of miRNA-449a in HCV patients but not in alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases. By sequence analysis of the promoter for YKL40, an inflammatory marker upregulated in patients with chronic liver diseases with fibrosis, adjacent binding sites for nuclear factor of Kappa B/P65 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPα) were identified. P65 interacted with CEBPα to co-operatively activate YKL40 expression through sequence specific DNA binding. In vitro analysis demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) mediated YKL40 expression is regulated by miRNA-449a and its target NOTCH1 in human hepatocytes.NOTCH1 facilitated nuclear localization of P65 in response to TNFα. Further, HCV patients demonstrated upregulation of NOTCH1 along with downregulation of miRNA-449a. Taken together it is demonstrated that miRNA-449a plays an important role in modulating expression of YKL40 through targeting the components of the NOTCH signaling pathway following HCV infection. Therefore, defining transcriptional regulatory mechanisms which control inflammatory responses and fibrosis will be important towards developing strategies to prevent hepatic fibrosis especially following HCV recurrence in liver transplant recipients.
‘It's just the monthlies, she'll get over it’: Menstrual problems and men's attitudes

Abstract This article attempts a sociological analysis of social understandings of menstrual pain and ‘premenstrual tension’ within white British culture. Drawing on interviews with men and an examination of medical textbooks, it focuses on men's views of menstrual problems, setting individual men's accounts alongside some medical views. The concept of a menstrual etiquette is proposed as an appropriate term for mainstream British culture's treatment of menstruation. A distinction between the public and the private sphere is found within men's talk, and this is used to structure the material presented here. A feminist perspective informs this research, and the way in which menstrual problems are dealt with is seen as closely linked with the way in which men's domination over women is maintained.
At-home bleaching system: effect on gingival tissue.

This study evaluated the effects of an at-home vital bleaching system on gingival responses over a 6-week period. Objective measures were utilized to measure and monitor gingival inflammation over this period of time. Vital bleaching was performed as follows: (1) bleaching gel in a prefabricated mouthguard and (2) an ad-mix technique – bleaching gel and toothpaste in a 1:1 ratio. In addition a control group used a placebo in a prefabricated mouthguard. The at-home vital bleaching system produced no adverse gingival tissue responses. Furthermore, the at-home vital bleaching system helped produce a therapeutic effect on inflamed gingival tissues over the course of the study.
Bifurcations of a Planar Pendulum Driven at a Tilted Angle

This paper examines the bifurcation behavior of a planar pendulum subjected to high-frequency parametric excitation along a tilted angle. Analytical and numerical results show that small deviations from either a perfectly vertical or horizontal excitation will result in symmetry breaking bifurcations. This behavior is confirmed through a series of experimental tests. Additionally, a multiple scales analysis is used to obtain an approximate solution for the free oscillations of a viscously damped planar pendulum. System identification is performed by comparing the approximate solution to transient experimental data.Copyright © 2005 by ASME