cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A local Navier-Stokes preconditioner for all Mach and cell Reynolds numbers

A new family of optimal Euler preconditioners is presented that may resolve the stability problem associated with stagnation points. These preconditioners produce a close-to-orthogonal eigenvector system and are less sensitive to flow-angle variation across cells. Singleand multi-grid benefits of Euler preconditioning are presented and illustrated by some numerical results. Navier-Stokes preconditioning can be extended from the Euler technique with two methods: (a) by using block-Jacobi preconditioning for the viscous terms; (b) by introducing analytic dependence on the cellReynolds number in the preconditioner. Block-Jacobi preconditioning can also be applied to turbulent viscous flow calculations for a proper rescaling of the source terms. With these techniques it is possible to produce a local Navier-Stokes preconditioner effective for all Mach and cell-Reynolds numbers. Both two methods are illustrated with numerical tests. 1 Why use local preconditioning? For a Navier-Stokes code to converge fast it is necessary (but not sufficient) that the embedded Euler code converges fast, too. In working toward more efficient Navier-Stokes codes it therefore is useful to stay informed on Euler methods, and exploit the latest advances in that area. 'Postdoctoral Fellow, Member AIAA * Professor, Fellow AIAA ' Researcher Copyright ©1997 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. During the 1990s our understanding of the Euler convergence process has significantly increased. There is mounting evidence that the treatment of the true advection equations hidden in the Euler system (e.g. advection of entropy) has to be different from that of the coupled acoustic equations arising in subsonic flow. Whether starting from the equations in conservation form or primitive variables, this calls for a suitable decomposition of the system, in which the embedded acoustic equations are isolated from the advection equations. Ta'asan [22] suggests using a set of "canonical" equations based on the steady form of the Euler equations; this has its roots in vintage rules prescribed by Brandt in his 1984 Multi-Grid Guide [3]. In Brandt's work the emphasis is on achieving the theoretical limit of multigrid convergence, and not necessarily on the accuracy of the spatial operator. In contrast, Roe and Mesaros [18, 17] searched for a genuinely multi-dimensional splitting of the spatial Euler operator ("fluctuation splitting") that would match accuracy to compactness. They ended up discretizing of the system that results from applying the local preconditioning of Van Leer, Lee and Roe [28]. The most advanced applications of these preconditioned equations are by Deconinck et al. [7], and use the so-called matrix form of the PSI advection scheme, which automatically distinguishes between omnidirectional acoustic wave propagation and unidirectional advection. The combination of the preconditioned equations and the fluctuation-split scheme, formulated on unstructured triangular or tetrahedral grids, differs in essence from standard Euler schemes. Such a nu-
Unwanted No More: Land Use, Ecosystem Services, and Opportunities for Resilience in Human-Influenced Shrublands

On the Ground Shrub-dominated rangelands are highly susceptible to land degradation, partly because low land values can encourage neglect, leading to poor stewardship and/or conversion to more lucrative but ecologically less desirably uses. Recent efforts to assess the value of “ecosystem services” show that commodity values don't capture all the benefits of shrublands to society. Efforts to prevent shrubland degradation and land type conversion can be enhanced if the value of noncommodity ecosystem services can be recognized. Conceptual modeling of socio-ecological systems can point decision makers and stakeholders toward strategies to enhance shrubland resilience and protect ecosystem services.
Air pollutants, oxidative stress and human health

Air pollutants have, and continue to be, major contributing factors to chronic diseases and mortality, subsequently impacting public health. Chronic diseases include: chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), asthma, and cancer. Byproducts of oxidative stress found in air pollutants are common initiators or promoters of the damage produced in such chronic diseases. Such air pollutants include: ozone, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. Interaction between oxidative stress byproducts and certain genes within our population may modulate the expression of specific chronic diseases. In this brief review we attempt to provide some insight into what we currently know about the health problems associated with various air pollutants and their relationship in promoting chronic diseases through changes in oxidative stress and modulation of gene expression. Such insight eventually may direct the means for effective public health prevention and treatment of diseases associated with air pollution and treatment of diseases associated with air pollution.
Quantitative geochemical mapping of ammonium minerals in the southern Cedar Mountains, Nevada, using the airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS)

Abstract Imaging spectrometer (hyperspectral) data, field spectral measurements, and laboratory analyses were used to quantitatively map the concentration of mineral-bound ammonium (buddingtonite) in hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks in the southern Cedar Mountains, Esmeralda County, Nevada. Mineral-bound ammonium is a product of ion exchange in silicate minerals and has no visible distinguishing characteristics, however, diagnostic infrared spectral features are ideal for identification using both field and airborne/spaceborne spectrometers. Establishment of a laboratory- or field-based geochemical calibration is presently a prerequisite to quantitative mapping. For this study, ammonium content of rock samples was determined by chemical analysis and reflectance spectra were measured on whole-rock samples. A linear relation was found between ammonium concentration and the depth of a 2.12 μm ammonium absorption feature in buddingtonite. An image-map of ammonium concentration in ppm was derived from Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data by applying the linear calibration to the AVIRIS reflectance-calibrated spectrum at each pixel. Field spectral measurements, made with a PIMA field spectrometer on a 40 m grid, were used to create a ground-truth concentration map that confirmed the AVIRIS results. Field mapping, X-ray diffraction, and petrologic studies performed in conjunction with the AVIRIS analysis show that buddingtonite is the dominant ammonium mineral in the southern Cedar Mountains, that the ammonium is located along northeast-trending basin and range normal faults, and that it is restricted to two of four crystal-rich rhyolitic tuff units of Oligocene age. This study establishes that remote geochemical mapping using imaging spectrometer data is possible, and presents a methodology that could be extended to quantitatively map other minerals that have absorption features in the short-wave infrared.
Must We Ration Health Care for the Elderly

Resistance to rationing health care to the elderly is enormous. This article lays out the need for rationing, based on projections of Medicare expenditure in the near future, and the judgment of policy experts that there will be no technological breakthrough that might lower costs. Various forms of rationing possibilities are discussed as well as cultural and political obstacles to needed reform. Some general principles for thinking about health care for the elderly are presented.
Localization of acetylcholinesterase in granule-containing cells of glomus-like bodies in pre- and postnatal rabbits by electron microscopy.

The distribution of acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) was studied in the granulecontaining cells which constitute the glomus-like bodies found near the origin of the great vessels in pre- and postnatal rabbits. Karnovsky's method for localization of ACHE at the electron-microscope level was used and suitable controls were carried out. In the granulecontaining cells, ACHE reaction product was evident in the perinuclear cisternae and cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum as well as at the cell membrane. ACHE activity was also localized at the axolemma of unmyelinated axons found near the granule-containing cells and around afferent synaptic terminals to these cells. Possible functions of ACHE associated with the monoamine-storing granule-containing cells are presented.
An association of uterine and gonadal anomalies

Abstract Uterine malformations are rarely associated with gonadal anomalies. The development of the gonad proceeds normally even in instances in which the uterus is absent. The following is a report of a patient with multiple somatic anomalies, who presented with unilateral absence of both the mullerian duct and the ipsilateral gonad. Possible etiologic mechanisms as well as a discussion of the genetic aspects follows.
Interstitial Pulmonary Fibrosis and von Recklinghausen’s Disease. An Ultrastructural and Immunofluorescent Study

We present the clinical and pathologic findings in a 28-year-old white woman with pulmonary fibrosis and von Recklinghausen’s disease. Ultrastructural examination of a lung biopsy specimen showed increased collagen in the alveolar wall, associated with hyperplasia of granular pneumocytes. Large numbers of intraalveolar cells, morphologically suggestive of macrophages, but having tight junctions similar to epithelial cells were also present Direct immunofiuorescent examination using goat anti IgG, IgM, IgA, compliment, albumin, and fibrinogen failed to show specific fluorescence. Despite certain structural similarities to other familial and idiopathic forms of interstitial pneumonia, the pathogenesis remains poorly understood.
Primary in vitro antibody response of rabbit lymphoid cells and T-B cell collaboration in the absence of detectable mitogens

Abstract To investigate whether the antibody response and T-B-cell collaboration in vitro can be obtained in the absence of mitogens, a method of obtaining an in vitro primary anti-sheep red blood cell antibody response by rabbit spleen and lymph node cells was developed. We used Marbrook culture vessels and a specially prepared medium containing 10% autologous serum and maintained at pH 7.4–7.6. The system was shown to be devoid of any polyclonal mitogens as assessed by [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation and by direct examination for blast cells in stained smears. The primary response increased continuously over the 5-day cultivation period and only IgM but not IgG plaque-forming cells (PFC) were detected. In over 20 experiments, the response ranged from 357 ± 17 to 4425 ± 110 PFC/10 7 cultured cells with a median stimulation index of 52. The spleen cells required less antigen than the lymph node cells and 2-mercaptoethanol inhibited the response of the spleen cells but not that of the lymph node cells. Lymphocytes were separated into highly pure T- and B-cell populations by negative selection using antibody-coated human erythrocytes to rosette either T or B cells and Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation to remove rosetted cells. Upon cultivation, B cells alone gave a low IgM response, whereas B cells reconstituted with T cells gave a response similar to that obtained with unseparated lymphoid cells. We concluded that: (a) optimal conditions for obtaining primary in vitro antibody responses using rabbit spleen and lymph node cells were established, (b) T-B-cell collaboration was demonstrated in the rabbit primary antibody response to sheep erythrocytes, and (c) the primary antibody response in vitro and T-B-cell collaboration may occur in the absence of detectable polyclonal mitogens.
A correlation analysis of protein characteristics associated with genome-wide high throughput expression and solubility of Streptococcus pneumoniae proteins.

Abstract We have developed and evaluated a highly parallel protein expression and purification system using ORFs derived from the pathogenic bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae as a representative test case in conjunction with the Gateway cloning technology. Establishing high throughput protein production capability is essential for genome-wide characterization of protein function. In this study, we focused on protein expression and purification outcomes generated from an expression vector which encodes an NH2-terminal hexa-histidine tag and a COOH-terminal S-tag. Purified recombinant proteins were validated by SDS–PAGE, followed by in-gel digestion and identification by MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis. Starting with 1360 sequence-validated destination clones we examined correlation analyses of expression and solubility of a wide variety of recombinant proteins. In total, 428 purified proteins (31%) were recovered in soluble form. We describe a semi-quantitative scoring method using an S-tag assay to improve the throughput and efficiency of expression and solubility studies for recombinant proteins. Given a relatively large dataset derived from proteins representing all functional groups in a microbial genome we correlated various protein characteristics as they relate to protein expression outcomes.
Applying role theory in developing a framework for the management of customer interactions in hospitality businesses.

Abstract The determinants of consumer satisfaction have long intrigued researchers and practitioners alike. Unfortunately, in the case of service businesses and, in particular, the situation of the actual customer service interaction, little information has been amassed. Rather, the bulk of current knowledge focusing on the service transaction has been accumulated in the domain of operational conformance to standards tied to mechanistic service procedures where the performance evidence is substantial. Thus, the nature and attributes of a positive service experience and the role the service person plays in that experience remains, for the most part, a mystery. This article is an attempt to add to the understanding of the service person's role and its various dimensions relative to the service interaction. In order to bridge the gap between the provider of the service and the consumer of it, the service person's instrumental role in consummating the transaction will be examined from a conceptual viewpoint adapted from a sociological perspective on role theory and human interaction. The focus of this effort will be in the application of a behavioral viewpoint to the management of service interactions in the context of hospitality businesses.
Float zone shape and stability with the electromagnetic body force due to a radio-frequency induction coil

Abstract Previous studies of the shape and stability of the free surface in the float zone process have only included the surface tension and the hydrostatic pressure. If a radio-frequency induction coil is used to melt the feed rod, then it produces an inward electromagnetic body force at the free surface. The previous treatments of free surface shape and stability are extended to include this electromagnetic body force. This force pinches the float zone and produces a smaller minimum radius, relative to the feed rod and crystal radii. For a coil which is close to the free surface, a sufficiently strong electromagnetic force destabilizes the surface.
Behavioral treatments for pediatric feeding disorders

The effectiveness of behavioral interventions for pediatric feedings problems has been well documented. However, the application of these procedures in the real world is often more complex and difficult than research reports reveal. Multiple factors such as the child's medical condition and history, medical monitoring requirements, and the need to adjust treatment procedures as intervention progresses make it difficult to follow the best-laid plans developed from reading structured and highly controlled experimental applications. This article details factors to be considered in the actual clinical-based application of behavioral procedures in the treatment of pediatric feeding problems. A description of how referrals are generated and initial assessment is conducted, and a model for inpatient treatment is presented. In addition, the need for efficient and effective treatment in the real world is stressed.
RARE EARTH ELEMENTS AS GEOCHEMICAL TRACERS OF REGIONAL GROUNDWATER MIXING

Abstract The rare earth elements (REE) were analyzed in a groundwater system from south-central Nevada (i.e., Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, the Spring Mountains, Pahranagat National Wildlife Refuge, and the Nevada Test Site) in order to investigate their potential use as tracers of regional groundwater flow. Previous investigations using conservative tracers (e.g., deuterium and uranium isotopes) identified recharge in local mountains as the primary source (60–70% of total discharge) for the springs in the regional discharge zone (i.e., Ash Meadows) with the remaining contribution being interbasin flow from the northeast. Initial mixing calculations for these groundwaters using shale-normalized REE patterns agreed well with the previous studies; however, because the REEs are not expected to behave conservatively in natural waters, the effect of both solution complexation, which acts to enhance the stability of the REES in solution, as well as surface complexation, responsible for the particle reactive behavior of the REES, were examined in subsequent mixing calculations. In order to assess the roles of solution and surface complexation, relative partitioning coefficients were estimated for each REE in each groundwater by evaluating the ratio of the ionic strength corrected co 3 β 1 REE, co 3 β 2 REE, and [CO 3 2− ] F to the first hydrolysis binding constants for the REES. The relative partitioning coefficients were then used to calculate REE patterns expected to develop and persist in solution as a consequence of solution and surface complexation. The calculated REE values closely resembled the actual measured REE concentrations, suggesting that the REEs are, in fact, controlled by solution and surface complexation in these groundwaters. The calculated REE concentrations were subsequently used to determine mixing ratios, the results of which coincided with the initial calculations as well as the previous studies. The results of this study suggest that solution complexation of the REEs is sufficient to overcome, to a certain degree, the affinity of the REEs to be adsorbed onto surface sites in the aquifers such that distinctive REE signatures develop and persist in solution in groundwaters from different aquifers. The ability of solution complexation to overcome surface complexation is likely related to the formation of the negatively charged dicarbonato complex [i.e., Ln(CO 3 ) 2 − , where Ln is any REE], which accounts for significant fractions of each REE in these groundwaters.
Modeling of high finesse, doubly resonant cw Raman lasers

We model lasing in a high finesse, doubly resonant cw Raman laser. We derive expressions for threshold, power extraction, and the conditions for maximum Stokes output power. Our model confirms recent measurements [Brasseur et al., Optics Lett. 23 (1998) 367] of the Stokes output power as a function of the input pump power.
Purification and functional characterization of a chaperone from Methanococcus jannaschii.

Summary A chaperone from Methanococcus jannaschii has been purified to homogeneity with a single chromatographic step. The chaperone was identified and characterized using activity assays for characteristic chaperone abilities. The M. jannaschii chaperone binds unfolded proteins, protects proteins against heat-induced aggregation, and has a strongly temperature dependent ATPase activity. The chaperone has also been shown to inhibit the spontaneous refolding of a mesophilic protein at low temperatures. The purified chaperone complex has a M r of about 1,000,000 and consists of a single type of subunit with an approximate M r of 60,000. Analysis of partial sequence data reveals that this chaperone is the predicted protein product of the previously identified chaperonin gene in M. jannaschii ( Bult et al., 1996). To our knowledge, this is the first functional characterization of a chaperone from a methanogen.
Time and Television News Work

Combining theoretical and ethnographic material, this paper outlines why time is an important vehicle for analyzing the social organization of television news work and the social construction of television news. The paper investigates major events with problematic features-unscheduled "hard news"-as a means of understanding basic beliefs and organizational practices of news assemblers in a local television news station. Based on participant observation and interviews with photographers and reporters, the evidence shows that time is a key independent variable in the selection and assembly of hard news. Time is often more than a variable, it is a constituent feature of television news work-a contingency which must be attended to if the work is to produce what news workers consider to be "good television news." The problematic elements of news work are magnified under the pressures of perishable hard news stories where adjustments to unfolding work demands cannot be predetermined or programmed. Some implications of the analysis are discussed in terms of the content of local news, the biases of news coverage, and the importance of considering time as a dynamic process in the study of work.
The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ in epithelial cell growth and differentiation

Abstract The physiological and pharmacological roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β (PPARβ-also referred to as PPARδ) are just beginning to emerge. It has recently become clear that PPARβ has a function in epithelial tissues, but controversy exists due to inconsistencies in the literature. There is strong evidence that ligand activation of PPARβ can induce terminal differentiation of keratinocytes, with a concomitant inhibition of cell proliferation. However, the role of PPARβ in keratinocyte-specific apoptosis is less clear. Additionally, the role of PPARβ in colonic epithelium remains unclear due to conflicting evidence suggesting that ligand activation of PPARβ can potentiate, as well as attenuate, intestinal cancer. Recent studies revealed that ligand activation of PPARβ can induce fatty acid catabolism in skeletal muscle and is associated with improved insulin sensitivity, attenuated weight gain and elevated HDL levels thus demonstrating promising potential for targeting PPARβ for treating obesity, dyslipidemias and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it becomes critical to determine the safety of PPARβ ligands. This review focuses on recent literature describing the role of PPARβ in epithelial tissues and highlights critical discrepancies that need to be resolved for a more comprehensive understanding of how this receptor modulates epithelial homeostasis.
The edentulous ridge expansion technique is associated with high rate of implant survival.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information A 10-year multicenter retrospective clinical study of 1715 implants placed with the edentulous ridge expansion technique. Bravi F, Bruschi GB, Ferrini F. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2007;27(6):557-65. Level of Evidence Level 2 (Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence) Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable Purpose/Question How successful are implants placed in ridges of insufficient buccolingual width using the edentulous ridge expansion technique? Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Case series
Total and CO-reactive heme content of actinorhizal nodules and the roots of some non-nodulated plants

The concentration of total and CO-reactive heme was measured in actinorhizal nodules from six different genera. This gave the upper limit to hemoglobin concentration in these nodules. Quantitative extraction of CO-reactive heme was achieved under anaerobic conditions in a buffer equilibrated with CO and containing Triton X-100. The concentration of CO-reactive heme in nodules of Casuarina and Myrica was approximately half of that found in legume nodules, whereas in Comptonia, Alnus and Ceanothus the concentrations of heme were about 10 times lower than in legume nodules. There was no detectable CO-reactive heme in Datisca nodules, but low concentrations were detected in roots of all non-nodulating plants examined, including Zea mays. Difference spectra of CO treated minus dithionite-reduced extracts displayed similar wavelengths of maximal and minimal light absorption for all extracts, and were consistent with those of a hemoglobin. The concentration of CO-reactive heme was not correlated to the degree to which CO inhibited nitrogenase activity nor was it affected by reducing the oxygen concentration in the rooting zone. However, there was a positive correlation between heme concentration and suberization or lignification of the walls of infected host cells. These observations demonstrate that, unlike legume nodules, high concentrations of heme or hemoglobin are not needed for active nitrogen fixation in most actinorhizal nodules. Nonetheless, a significant amount of CO-reactive heme is found in the nodules of Alnus, Comptonia, and Ceanothus, and in the roots of Zea mays. The identity and function of this heme is unknown.
Pens and other pharmaceutical industry gifts.

(2003). Pens and Other Pharmaceutical Industry Gifts. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 58-60.
Effect of Altered Thyroid Function Upon Steroid Circadian Rhythms in Man1

To further investigate the effect of altered thyroid function upon endogenous steroid metabolism, a study was undertaken of the circadian variation in plasma free, plasma conjugated and urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) in patients with hyperthyroidism and myxedema. Spontaneous hyperthyroidism or the administration of triiodothyronine accelerated the disappearance of free 17-OHCS from the plasma and exaggerated the circadian variation in plasma conjugated 17-OHCS. The converse of these results was observed in patients with myxedema. The retardation in metabolic transformation led to a more sustained elevation of plasma free 17-OHCS and a delay in the conversion to conjugated metabolites. The normal circadian variation in plasma conjugated 17-OHCS was not seen in the patients with myxedema. The pattern of urinary 17-OHCS excretion reflected the changes in plasma conjugated 17-OHCS.
The role of homeobox genes in limb development

Intensive study of the development of the vertebrate limb has led to a conceptual framework for understanding the specification of a limb primordium, the outgrowth of those cells and their organization and differentiation into a functional appendage. During the past few years, a number of homeobox-containing genes have been identified that are likely to play controlling roles in each of these events.
Transport model of chemical secretion process for tracking exocytotic event dynamics using electroanalysis

A unified model is developed to analyze the key features of the chemical secretion process observed in experimental studies of various vesicles with application to electroanalytical measurements of...
Disruption of timing behavior following amphetamine withdrawal

The effect of a 1-mg/kg dose of d-amphetamine on the acquisition of a temporal discrimination occasioned by the reinforcement contingencies of a DRL 22-sec schedule was investigated. After 19 DRL sessions under amphetamine, a temporal discrimination appropriate to the DRL contingencies was developed. On the 20th DRL session, saline rather than amphetamine was administered and a disruption of the temporal discrimination occurred. A saline control group given amphetamine on the 20th session also demonstrated a disruption in their temporal response pattern.
Critical magnetic field of very thin superconducting aluminum films

We have measured the parallel critical magnetic field ${H}_{c\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ of 4-nm-thick Al films. The conductance $\frac{\mathrm{dI}}{\mathrm{dV}}$ of tunnel junctions made on these films was used to obtain for each film the orbital depairing parameter $\ensuremath{\zeta}$ and spin-orbit scattering parameter $b$ which were then used in the theory of high-field superconductivity to calculate ${H}_{c\ensuremath{\parallel}}$. Comparison of the calculated and measured values shows the theory in its traditional form to be quantitatively lacking. When renormalization effects due to the electron-phonon interaction are included, the theory with no adjustable parameters gives a good description of ${H}_{c\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ for the Al films. However, if the Al is coated with submonolayer thickness of heavy metal to increase $b$, the theory does not reproduce the measured ${H}_{c\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ as well.
Using a Telephone Survey to Acquire Genetic and Behavioral Data Related to Cigarette Smoking in “Made-Anonymous” and “Registry” Samples

In the Smokers and Nonsmokers Study, the authors investigated the feasibility of using random digit dialing telephone interviews to locate adults in the continental United States who were willing to provide DNA from buccal swabs through the mail. Interviews with 3,383 adults regarding their smoking-related behaviors (response rate = 70%) were conducted in 1999-2000; swab returns continued into early 2001. Overall, 57% of interviewees agreed to receive mailed information explaining the study. Better-educated persons (odds ratio (OR) = 1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1, 1.6), younger persons (OR = 0.988, 95% CI: 0.983, 0.992), persons with symptoms of depression (OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.4, 2.4), and current smokers (OR = 2.25, 95% CI: 1.8, 2.8) were likelier to agree to receive a mailing. Approximately 26% of interviewees (45% of those receiving kits) returned buccal swabs, and 18% were successfully genotyped. Older (OR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.03), better-educated (OR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.7), and White (OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.4, 2.5) participants were more likely to return DNA samples, but current smokers (OR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.5, 0.8) were less likely to do so. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two forms of participation: the "registry" group (names were kept on file) or the "made-anonymous" group (names were unassociated with samples). The two groups were equally likely to return kits, but registry respondents were more likely to nominate siblings for participation in the study (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2, 2.1). The participants in this study were similar demographically to the national population. The authors conclude that random digit dialing surveys coupled with mail collection of DNA may constitute a practical method of obtaining DNA samples for biobehavioral research.
Reconceptualizing psychological climate in a retail service environment: A multiple-stakeholder perspective.

Confirmatory factor analyses of a priori models of psychological climate were conducted with data collected from 18,457 sales personnel in 567 stores in five regions of a national retail organization. The results provide good support for viewing employee work-climate perceptions as composed of two higher order factors—concern for employees and concern for customers. These higher order factors are posited to reflect employees' cognitive appraisals of the behavior of agents toward (a) employees' well-being in the organization's internal environment and (b) the well-being of other organizational constituencies or stakeholders (e.g., customers) in the task environment, respectively. The implications of a multiple-stakeholder perspective for extending notions of psychological climate are discussed. Recently, James and James (1989) proposed that work-climate perceptions represent valuations or cognitive appraisals of environmental attributes in terms of their acquired meaning and significance to the individual. From James and James's perspective, "Valuation appears to be the key to such cognitive appraisals in asmuch as (a) values serve as standards for assessing welfare (Locke, 1976), where welfare is denned in terms of a sense of well-being. . . and (b) valuation provides appraisals of the degree to which these standards are represented in environmental attributes" (James & James, 1989, pp. 739-740). James and James viewed valuations or cognitive appraisals as "emotional cognitions" because they are hypothesized to reflect the subjective meanings that, in combination with perceived physiological arousal, help to label emotion and to determine the direction and intensity of the experience and the emotion. Drawing from the work of Lazarus (1982,1984) and Lazarus and Folkman (1984), James and James (1989) further proposed that all emotionally relevant cognitions reflect a single higher order factor comprising the degree to which the environment is perceived as personally beneficial or detrimental to one's wellbeing. Results of James and James's confirmatory factor analyses on four diverse samples supported a hierarchical factor
Food restriction in female Wistar rats. VI. Effect of reduced glutathione on the proliferative response of splenic lymphocytes from ad libitum fed and food restricted animals

The effect of reduced glutathione (GSH) on the proliferative response of splenic lymphocytes from young, adult and old ad libitum (AL) fed as well as from old food-restricted rats was investigated. Food restriction was applied on an every-other-day schedule (EOD) starting from the age of 3.5 months. As was expected, the cells from EOD fed animals responded to concanavalin A (Con A) much better than those from age-matched ad libitum fed rats. The presence of the antioxidant GSH in the culture medium increased the response of lymphocytes in all the models taken into account; furthermore, it decreased the differences due to aging and application of food restriction. According to present knowledge, mitogenic stimulation induces free radical production, and GSH has, among others, a strong antioxidant activity. Thus, present data suggest that splenocytes from EOD animals tolerated the peroxidative stress resulting from mitogenic stimulation better than those from AL fed ones.
Neuronal replacement in the injured olfactory bulb

The adult forebrain subventricular zone contains neural stem cells that produce neurons destined for the olfactory bulb, where interneuron populations turnover throughout life. Forebrain injuries can stimulate production of these cells, and re-direct migrating precursors from the olfactory system to areas of damage, where their region-appropriate differentiation and long-term functional integration remain a matter for debate. Paradoxically, little is known about the ability of these progenitors to replace olfactory neurons lost to injury. Their innate capacity to generate bulb neurons may give them an advantage in this regard, and using injections of N-methyl-d-aspartate to kill mature olfactory bulb neurons, combined with bromodeoxyuridine labeling to monitor the fate of adult-born cells, we investigated the potential for injury-induced neurogenesis in this system. Widespread degeneration of bulb neurons did not affect the rate of cell proliferation in the subventricular zone, or cause neuroblasts to divert from their normal migratory route. However migration was slowed by the injury, leading to the accumulation and differentiation of neuroblasts as NeuN+ cells in the rostral migratory stream within 2 weeks of their birth. Despite this, a subset of new neurons successfully invaded the damaged bulb tissue, where they expressed neuronal markers including NeuN, calretinin, GABA, and tyrosine hydroxylase, with some surviving here for as long as 6 months. To test for functional integration of cells born post-injury, we also performed smaller NMDA lesions in restricted portions of the bulb granule cell layer and observed adult-born NeuN+ cells in these areas within 5 weeks, and BrdU+ cells that expressed the immediate-early gene c-fos following odor stimulation. These data suggest that the normal neurogenic capacity of the adult subventricular zone can be adapted to replace subsets of olfactory neurons lost to injury.
Long-Term Liming Effects on Coastal Plain Soils and Crops.

Most soils in the southern Coastal Plain need liming; however, long-term data are needed on its value and changes in soil profile pH, Ca, or Mg. Field studies with lime rates have been maintained on a Tifton soil (Plinthic Kandiudult) for 31 yr and on Pelham soil (Arenic Paleaquult) for 24 yr to determine soil chemical changes, rates needed for high yields, and if yield of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) on low-pH soils can be increased by Ca or Mg fertilization. Total amounts [calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) equivalent] of dolomitic lime were 0, 7.5, 15.0, and 30.0 Mg ha -1 for Tifton and 0, 11.7, and 34.0 Mg ha -1 for the Pelham. Liming increased pH, Ca, and Mg to a depth of 90 cm. Decreases in pH, Ca, and Mg were closely related to the amount of ammoniacal N (NH 4 -N) applied. Application of 15 Mg ha -1 dolomitic lime on the Tifton soil for 31 yr and 34 Mg ha -1 on the Pelham soil for 24 yr maintained surface soil (0-15 cm) pH near 6.0 and provided greatest crop yield. In no-lime plots, in 2000, exchangeable Al (0-45 cm depth) was >0.3 cmol c kg -1 , and Al saturation was >15% of the effective cation exchange capacity on Tifton soil and >20% on Pelham soil. In those plots, low cotton yields were not increased by fertilization with Ca or Mg salts without liming. Providing 5.25 and 14 kg lime kg -1 N for the Tifton and Pelham soils, respectively, decreased soil Al saturation to <7%.
Justice and Effective Cooperation

Justice is important because it facilitates effective cooperation and thereby enables superior forms of social coordination. On the bilateral level people are better able to resolve conflicts if they can refer to shared justice rules. When third parties are needed to facilitate cooperation they can function more effectively when the parties agree that they are exercising their authority through fair procedures; finally, people are more willing to engage with collectivities when they evaluate them as acting through a shared conception of justice. Overall justice is central to facilitating cooperation and the key to its success is that there is a consensus about what is just among those involved. This is equally true of the relationship between people who are negotiating about the price of a product or service and people who are members of large-scale communities, organizations, or societies.
Learning for Understanding: A Faculty-Driven Paradigm Shift in Learning, Imaginative Teaching, and Creative Assessment

Recreating and redefining American community colleges' historical commitment to open access and the challenge of serving an increasing number of developmental students will be the most important po...
Michael Polanyi and the sociology of a free society

Michael Polanyi’s defense of freedom in science and society conflicts in major ways with Weber (process of rationalization, value neutrality of sociologists), Popper (objective knowledge, open society), and technological or oppositional sociology. Polanyi rejects positivism, utilitarianism, and Marxism, and defends freedom as a necessary condition for pursuit of spiritual ideals such as truth, justice, charity, and tolerance. Half truths about science seen as rejecting tradition, faith, authority, values, and the subjective, have helped bring valuable social results, but in the form taken by radical philosophical skepticism (doubt), also called objectivism, they also threaten freedom itself. A more truthful account is needed. Scientists and citizens who would maintain a free society are morally responsible persons, joined together in quest of truth and certain other ideals, demanding of themselves and each other that they be faithful to that quest. Polanyi’s thought has connections with that of Shils, and has implications for what Shils calls a consensual sociology.
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC SPECIFIC HEAT OF FERROMAGNETIC IRON ALLOYS WITH Sb AND Re

The effective field at the nuclei of Sb and Re solute atoms in Fe was determined by low-temperature specific heat measurements. For Sb, ${H}_{\mathrm{eff}}=170\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8$ kOe; for Re, ${H}_{\mathrm{eff}}=610\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}35$ kOe.
Programming a hypercube multicomputer

The issues encountered by programmers are explored. A brief overview of parallel architectures is followed by an example problem of image-template matching. The programming consideration for this problem are discussed. >
Benefits and costs of the gas-loaded, free electron laser

Abstract The introduction of a gas into the wiggler section of an FEL changes the synchronism condition relating particle energy to the interaction wavelength and the wiggler parameters. For a given wiggler and wavelength, this results in higher gain per unit length, lower cost and size for the accelerator, and a means for tuning wavelength by altering gas pressure. These benefits have their costs for, in addition to other concerns, the presence of the gas increases the emittance of the particle beam and presents the possibility of beam-plasma instabilities.
Eye movements of stumptailed monkeys during discrimination learning: VTE revisited

Eye movements of stumptailed monkeys were measured during learning of a pattern discrimination problem. Amount of scanning (shifts in visual fixation from one pattern to the other) increased once learning began and reached a maximum either at about the point that frequency of correct responses reached asymptote or just after that. These results, taken together with earlier findings on vicarious trial and error and operant observing behavior, suggest that this is the characteristic pattern of change in frequency of observing during visual discrimination learning. A change in information processing strategy is proposed as one explanation for these results. Duration of the last fixation on a discriminative stimulus during a trial showed similar, though not identical, changes with practice. The decrease in duration of the last fixation following learning contrasts with results of prior studies involving more complex tasks, and supports our conclusion that the duration of the last fixation is particularly sensitive to the cognitive processing requirements of the discriminative task.
Biochemical correlates to cold hardening in insects

Abstract A review of each species discussed or of those reported by other investigators would not at this time provide greater insights into those questions fundamental to understanding low temperature tolerance. The strategies of freezing tolerance/avoidance are heterogeneous and rarely lend themselves to a uniform hypothesis. A number of landmarks in this area have been identified. They include (1) the discovery of glycerol as a natural cryoprotectant and its relationship to frost hardening, (2) studies on the diversity of species demonstrating chill and frost hardiness, (3) cryoprotectant modulation in the frozen state and the attendent maintenance of life processes while frozen, (4) the complexity of multicomponent cryoprotectant systems, and (5) the influence of proteinaceous thermal hysteresis and nucleator agents. The field of insect cold hardiness is proceeding beyond the realm of descriptive studies and will focus more sharply on deductive approaches. Fundamental questions relating to the induction of cold hardiness and the reverse, warm acclimatization, (triggers) require study. Four environmental factors, including temperature, state of hydration, nutrient input (balance), and photoperiod appear critical to hardening. Many species may rely on one or more of these factors and elucidation of trigger mechanisms is essential. In order to understand the functions of the diversity of cryoprotectants and their respective sources, an array of descriptions of biochemical phenomenon in the frozen state will be required. It is known that some species can modulate cryoprotectant levels while frozen. The site(s) of synthesis are unknown as are the mechanisms of transport within the “frozen” system. Would passive distribution phenomena be adequate to explain the bulk transport of cryoprotectants in frozen systems? During the past 5 years, the concepts of proteinaceous agents playing critical roles in the hardening process have been identified. Little is known, however, about the structure of these agents, their mechanisms of action, and the manner in which they integrate with low-molecular-weight protective compounds. Overriding each of the above, are the questions of gene regulation and endocrine control. Is the same endocrine control of carbohydrate metabolism found at 20–30 °C functional at 0, −5, or −40 °C. Interestingly, if asked how a given species of insect survives following a freezing encounter, one can only present a list of theories and correlative data supporting those theories. The puzzle has many more pieces than we provide by measurements of supercooling points and glycerol content.
COGNET: A national network for cognitive science

A planning committee funded by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation has agreed in principle on a draft proposal for the establishment of a national network of computers for research in cognitive science. The main ideas of the proposal are discussed in this paper.
Behavior of Integral Composite Joints-Finite Element and Experimental Evaluation 1

Experimental evidence indicates that the incorporation of an insert increases the out-of-plane load transfer capability of an integral composite joint [1,2]. The detailed analysis of the integral joint concept has been conducted with linear-elastic finite element techniques for the graphite epoxy material system. Discussion of the finite element model, material properties and strength criteria for the no-insert, titanium insert and graphite-epoxy insert concepts is presented. Correlation with available experimental data shows relatively close agreement with analytical predic tions.
Congenital desmoid of the abdominal wall

Summary A case is presented which constitutes the third reported unequivocal instanceof the congenital desmoid, i.e., discovered at birth. Ten cases of abdominal wall desmoid in infants and children have been recorded in the literature, only two of which were noted at birth. The morphologic and histologic characteristics are reviewed.
Characterization of the O-GlcNAc protein modification in Xenopus laevis oocyte during oogenesis and progesterone-stimulated maturation.

Abstract Little information exists about single N -acetylglucosamine modifications on proteins in growth and developmental model systems. To explore these phenomena, Xenopus laevis oocytes from stages I–VI of oogenesis were isolated and proteins analyzed on SDS-PAGE. The proteins were probed with antibodies specific for O -GlcNAc. Levels of the O -GlcNAc protein modification were highest in stages I and II, while decreasing in stages III–VI. The reduction in amount of O -GlcNAc-modified proteins was correlated to increases in apparent O -GlcNAcase (streptozotocin-inhibitable neutral hexosaminidase), activity involved in removing protein monoglycosylations. The O -GlcNAc modification was also characterized during progesterone-stimulated oocyte maturation. Although O -GlcNAcase activity appeared relatively constant between quiescent and matured stage VI oocytes, a small decrease in the levels of both total and specific O -GlcNAc-modified proteins was observed. Investigating the function of O -GlcNAc during maturation, oocytes were incubated with compounds known to modulate the levels of the O -GlcNAc protein modification and then stimulated to mature. Oocytes treated with compounds known to increase O -glycosylation consistently matured slower than non-treated controls, while oocytes treated with compounds that decrease O -glycosylation matured slightly faster than controls. The O -GlcNAc modification may play important roles in both the developmental and cell division processes of X. laevis oocytes.