cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Food and Drug Administration’s Position on Commonly Injected Biologic Materials in Orthopaedic Surgery:

The use of biologically based therapies is becoming a popular less-invasive therapy for relieving pain and promoting tissue regeneration. The most commonly used biologics are autologous adipose-derived products, bone marrow aspirations, and platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Birth tissue is a common allogenic source of biologics, including umbilical cord, placental membranes, and amniotic fluid. Injected biologics, depending on the indication and how they are processed, formulated, delivered, and promoted, can be subject to different regulatory pathways. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of these products and procedures and educate the musculoskeletal community about the relevant current Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations.
Discontinuous Galerkin Methods for Electromagnetic Waves in Dispersive Media

We consider numerical methods for Maxwell's equations in general linear dispersive media. First, we use standard energy techniques to prove stability for discontinuous Galerkin methods applied to both first-order and second-order formulations. Second, we discuss the general representation of the polarization kernel by rational functions in continued fraction form.
About Neutral Salts

§ 50. Middle salts [Medelsalter] are of two kinds, either those having alkaline salts for their base, or those having alkaline earths: neither of these causes change in the color of syrup of violets, nor effervescence with either alkalis or acids.
Students’ Actual and Perceived Use of Navigational and Guidance Tools in a Hypermedia Program

AbstractThis paper reports on exploratory research that examines the ways students used a hypermedia system. Outcome measures include the ways students learned to use the system, the strategies they used to search for information, the amount of relevant information located by their searches, and user perceptions about the system and their use of it. Forty-one students used four search modes (Browse, Index, Guide, or a Mixture) for searches of a highly visual, interactive program. Findings suggest that hypermedia system designers must develop a variety of interfaces to facilitate user searches, while attending to user needs, the task, and the environment. A visual metaphor proved to be an effective basis for the design of one search mode. Crucial questions are raised regarding user disposition and characteristics affecting search mode choice.
Acid Denaturation Studies on a Cobalt (III) Protoporphyrin-Globin Complex

Abstract A cobalt (III)-protoporphyrin IX complex of horse globin (cobaltiglobin) has been prepared and its stability toward acid denaturation determined. Unlike iron(III) protoporphyrin, which combines with globin to give ferrihemoglobin, cobalt(III) protoporphyrin combines with globin to give a complex which experimentally resembles an internal ferrihemichrome in which the heme is attached to the protein by two metal protein bonds. The evidence for this conclusion is that, unlike ferrihemoglobin, cobaltiglobin does not combine with cyanate, thiocyanate, fluoride, or azide. It does combine with cyanide, although slowly. It has no ionizable water coordinated to the metal. No significant change in spectrum occurs in 12 hours at pH values as low as pH 3.65, but pH-stat experiments reveal that two basic groups per dimer are slowly unmasked at pH values as high as pH 5. Unlike the denaturation of all other hemoglobin complexes studied, the pH profile of cobaltiglobin shows that the denaturation rate is only slightly dependent on pH (proportional to about [H+]0.37). The effect of temperature is small also. Unlike the heme in ferrihemoglobin, the cobalt(III) porphyrin remains attached to the polypeptide chain when the latter is unfolded. In this respect it resembles CO-hemoglobin. The observed data are compatible with the internal hemichrome formulation and indicate that substitution of the metal can have a profound influence on the structure of the protein.
7 Sun, Sand, and… Sacred Pyramids: The Mayanization of Cancun's Tourist Imaginary

From its construction in the early 1970s, Cancun has gone through a rapid demographic change accompanied by a transformation in the tourism industry, from having 117 inhabitants in 1969 to over 734,000 in 2014, being visited by more than 3.3 million tourists per year. As a result, Cancun has had to offer up something other than its original Caribbean advertising of “sun, sand, and sex,” now it is offering its Maya heritage. This paper analyzes the origin, development, and evolution of the “Mayanization” of Cancun—the use of Maya imagery and iconography in advertisements, architecture and souvenirs—and the promotion of a “Maya imaginary” through the laborers who fuel the tourism industry, turning cultural, archaeological, and historical patrimony into a commodity.
Simultaneous removal of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in a multi‐zone wastewater treatment system

Background The simultaneous removal of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus under variable operating conditions during the start-up period of a new multi-environment hybrid wastewater treatment technology called BioCAST is reported in this paper. The presence of both suspended-growth and immobilized microorganisms, as well as the continuous circulation of mixed liquor between the three zones of aerobic, microaerophilic and anoxic, supported high removal efficiencies of organic and inorganic contaminants. Results The removal efficiencies of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus reached 99.3%, 98.0% and 92.3%, respectively, under varying organic loading rates in the range 0.4–3.0 kg m-3 d-1, and nitrogen and phosphorus loading rates of 0.03–0.14 kg m-3 d-1 and 0.008–0.028 kg m-3 d-1, respectively. Phosphorus removal increased steadily with the increase of nitrogen loading rate, producing a final effluent concentration of 2.9 mg L-1. Low sludge generation was obtained along with a low biomass yield of 11.5%. Conclusions The start-up period of the BioCAST system demonstrated its potential for simultaneous removal of organic material, as well as nitrogen and phosphorus. Phosphorus removal demonstrated a strong dependence on nitrogen loading rate. Moreover, theoretical analysis of the liquid flow and energy balances in different zones of the treatment system showed that the pressure difference across the air diffuser is the governing force for the flow of liquid towards the aerobic zone and the controlling factor for the continuous circulation of mixed liquor among various zones. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection from antral biopsies in pediatric patients is urease test that reliable

Our objectives were to determine if the urease (CLO) test alone is a reliable diagnostic test for H. pylori gastritis in children and if the density of H. pylori influences the CLO test result. We performed a combined retrospective and prospective study reviewing the results of CLO-test and histology of gastric mucosal biopsy from 67 patients (35 females) with H. pylori gastritis. Two antral biopsies were inoculated on the CLO-test and two processed for histology to grade the severity of gastritis and H. pylori density. The mean age of patients was 11 years (sd ± 4.53). Only 50 patients tested positive for H. pylori on CLO-test, whereas all patients were positive on histology. %The sensitivity of the CLO-test was 75%. There was a significant association between CLO-test positivity and the density of H. pylori organisms on histology (P < 0.01), and with the severity of gastritis (P < 0.001) by the Pearson chi-square test. However, there was no association between the density of H. pylori and severity of gastritis. In conclusion, the CLO-test is not reliable as a sole diagnostic test for H. pylori gastritis in children because of a significant number of false negatives. Histologic examination of gastric mucosal biopsy is superior to the CLO-test in diagnosing H. pylori infection.
Lineage Commitment and Fate of Neural Crest- Derived Neurogenic Cells

Publisher Summary The differentiation of neural crest derivatives in distinct embryonic locations in the vertebrate embryo has stimulated many attempts to understand the underlying mechanism of specific pathway choices made by migrating neural crest cells. It is known that evelopmentally distinct subpopulations of crest-derived cells arise from crest cell precursors prior to their dispersal from a “migration staging area” (MSA). These include both neurogenic and nonneurogenic cells that express characteristic receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and other early cell type-specific markers. The MSA would, therefore, be the embyronic location where neural crest cells make their first specific pathway choices. In vivo , after most of the crest cells have departed on the medial migration pathway, some of the cells remaining in the MSA begin to express mRNAs encoding c-kit and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2) characteristic of melanocyte precursors. It has been suggested that the expression of specific receptors (RTKs) in developmentally distinct subpopulati ns allows them to respond to differentially localized ligands in the embyro. And the responses to specific growth-factor activities mediate the onset of dispersal and subsequent survival of crest-derived subpopulations in specific embryonic locations. In vivo , at least a subpopulation of neurogenic neural crest-derived cells expresses functional trkC receptors and requires the timely availability of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) for normal gangliogenesis. NT-3 is produced by the neural tube and possibly by other embryonic tissues and is presumed to be present in somitic tissues and, therefore, available on both the medial and lateral crest migration pathways.
Use of analytically defined estimates of aerosol respirable fraction to predict lung deposition patterns.

Analytical estimates of the respirable fractions on inhaled pharmaceutical aerosols are obtained by inertial sampling techniques. The respirable fraction may be defined as that portion of the particle size distribution less than a designated diameter. The diameter size below which particles were considered respirable in these studies was 6.4 µm. In clinical practice, a variety of particle size distributions may be related to a single respirable fraction. Herein, three respirable fractions were each defined by six particle size distributions. The deposition patterns of aerosols exhibiting these particle size characteristics were examined in a mathematical model. The analytically defined respirable fractions were compared with predicted lung deposition values. Under clearly defined breathing conditions, there is a correlation between the nominal respirable fraction and deposition. However, it was concluded that the variations which occur in breathing parameters within patient populations may not allow a single analytically derived respirable fraction to be appropriate for all individual subjects.
Minimum Power Minimum D-Hop Dominating Sets in Wireless Sensor Networks

Clustering structures are used in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks to provide for efficient communications and control. In addition to communications requirements, another important area of concern is power consumption. With that in mind, we would like to find a good network structure that uses a minimum power. In graph theoretic terminology, this paper considers the problem of clustering to be the problem of assigning powers to a set of nodes in the plane, such that we minimize total power and yield a graph that has a dominating set of a desired size. We first show that this problem is NP-complete for planar geometric graphs. We then propose heuristic solutions to the problem, present simulation data for the heuristics, and discuss the results.
A relational calculus and algebra for mathematical programming models

A first-order language and an algebra for its interpretation are presented. This calculus is in tandem with that of domain relational calculus and can serve as the foundation of user-oriented languages for mathematical programming problems which are integrated with database languages. An example of such a language is SQLMP. It is envisioned that this calculus will be used for the implementation of SQLMP by linking an existing database engine to an existing optimizer rather than by the development of a new system. >
Molecular analysis of the neurogenic locus mastermind of Drosophila melanogaster.

The neurogenic loci comprise a small group of genes which are required for proper division between the neural and epidermal pathways of differentiation within the neuroectoderm. Loss of neurogenic gene function results in the misrouting of prospective epidermal cells into neuroblasts. A molecular analysis of the neurogenic locus mastermind (mam) has been initiated through transposon tagging with P elements. Employing the Harwich strain as the source of P in a hybrid dysgenesis screen, 6000 chromosomes were tested for the production of lethal mam alleles and eight mutations were isolated. The mam region is the site of residence of a P element in Harwich which forms the focus of a chromosome breakage hotspot. Hybrid dysgenic induced mam alleles elicit cuticular and neural abnormalities typical of the neurogenic phenotype, and in five of the eight cases the mutants appear to retain a P element in the cytogenetic region (50CD) of mam. Utilizing P element sequence as probe, mam region genomic DNA was cloned and used to initiate a chromosome walk extending over 120 kb. The physical breakpoints associated with the hybrid dysgenic alleles fall within a 60-kb genomic segment, predicting this as the minimal size of the mam locus barring position effects. The locus contains a high density of repeated elements of two classes; opa (CAX)(n) and (dC-dA)(n) · (dG-dT)(n). A preliminary study of the transcriptional activity of the mam region is presented.
Solitary epidermolytic acanthoma: a clinical and histopathological study.

Background Epidermolytic acanthoma (EA) is an uncommon cutaneous entity that typically presents as a solitary lesion, or, less commonly, as multiple or disseminated discrete lesions. It usually appears at or after middle-age, and has been reported in various locations including the face, trunk, extremities and genitalia. Histopathologically, EA shows epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (EHK) involving either the entire thickness of the epidermis or just the granular and upper spinous layers. Objective and methods To describe the clinical and microscopic features of EA, we retrospectively reviewed all cases diagnosed as EA at the Skin Pathology Laboratory at Boston University between 1999 and 2009. Results Solitary EA is more common in men (65%) and usually presents as a hyperkeratotic papule on the trunk (45%) or extremities (25%). Histopathologically, all cases of solitary EA showed the classical features of hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and EHK. Three architectural patterns were observed on scanning magnification: papillomatous (55%), cup-shaped (40%) and acanthotic (15%). Additional common features encountered included focal parakeratosis (85%), and a sparse to mild superficial perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate (90%). Conclusion This large case series of solitary EA reviews the clinical features of this entity and describes several new histological variants.
Has emergency medicine research benefited patients? An ethical question.

From an ethical standpoint, the goal of clinical research is to benefit patients. While individual investigations may not yield results that directly improve patients’ evaluation or treatment, the corpus of the research should lead in that direction. Without the goal of ultimate benefit to patients, such research fails as a moral enterprise. While this may seem obvious, the need to protect and benefit patients can get lost in the milieu of clinical research.
Is a happy nation a productive nation? An exploration of the relationship between job satisfaction and productivity at the national level

Is a happy nation a productive nation? Our study investigated this question by analysing records of the United States' aggregated level of job satisfaction and productivity as well as a cross sectional sample of countries throughout the world. Archival data from national surveys of job satisfaction and several indices of individual worker productivity from the Bureau of Labor Statistics database across the years 1987?2004, as well as international job satisfaction data and an index of the corresponding country's productivity, revealed that these two factors are not consistently related.
Approximation by Finite Potentials

We consider an infinite system of point particles whose interaction is described by a stable two-body interaction potential ϕ of infinite range. A sequence of finite interaction potentials ϕ R pointwise convergent to ϕ as R → ∞ is introduced. It is shown that the corresponding sequence of correlation functions ρ R converges to ρ in the norm of the Ruelle space E ξ.
The role of the pericardium in cardiac mechanics

Abstract This paper considers the effects of the pericardium on a mechanical model of the heart. The model, based on the theory of large elastic deformation, makes use of experimental data for the pericardium reported herein.
Modeling and vibration control of an active membrane mirror

The future of space satellite technology lies in ultra-large mirrors and radar apertures for significant improvements in imaging and communication bandwidths. The availability of optical-quality membranes drives a parallel effort for structural models that can capture the dominant dynamics of large, ultra-flexible satellite payloads. Unfortunately, the inherent flexibility of membrane mirrors wreaks havoc with the payload's on-orbit stability and maneuverability. One possible means of controlling these undesirable dynamics is by embedding active piezoelectric ceramics near the boundary of the membrane mirror. In doing so, active feedback control can be used to eliminate detrimental vibration, perform static shape control, and evaluate the health of the structure. The overall motivation of the present work is to design a control system using distributed bimorph actuators to eliminate any detrimental vibration of the membrane mirror. As a basis for this study, a piezoceramic wafer was attached in a bimorph configuration near the boundary of a tensioned rectangular membrane sample. A finite element model of the system was developed to capture the relevant system dynamics from 0 to 300 Hz. The finite element model was compared against experimental results, and fair agreement found. Using the validated finite element models, structural control using linear quadratic regulator control techniques was then used to numerically demonstrate effective vibration control. Typical results show that less than 12 V of actuation voltage is required to eliminate detrimental vibration of the membrane samples in less than 15 ms. The functional gains of the active system are also derived and presented. These spatially descriptive control terms dictate favorable regions within the membrane domain for placing sensors and can be used as a design guideline for structural control applications. The results of the present work demonstrate that thin plate theory is an appropriate modeling medium for capturing the relevant system dynamics of an active membrane mirror and can be used effectively to set the framework for the closed-loop vibration control architecture.
A continuous/discontinuous Galerkin framework for modeling coupled subsurface and surface water flow

We consider conjunctive surface-subsurface flow modeling, where surface water flow is described by the shallow water equations and ground water flow by Richards’ equation for the vadose zone. Coupling between the models is based on the continuity of flux and water pressure. Numerical approximation of the coupled model using the framework of discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods is formulated. In the subsurface, the local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) method is used to approximate ground water velocity and hydraulic head; a DG method is also used to approximate surface water velocity and elevation. This approach allows for a weak coupling of the models and the use of different approximating spaces and/or meshes within each regime. A simplified LDG method based on continuous approximations to water head is also described. Numerical results that investigate physical and numerical aspects of surface–subsurface flow modeling are presented.
The transformation of the new deal party system: Social groups, political ideology, and changing partisanship among northern whites, 1972–1988

This paper examines the partisanship of a neglected segment of the American electorate—white northerners. Like their southern counterparts, northern whites have moved toward the GOP (Grand Old Party) and away from the Democratic party during the last two decades. In fact, a substantial plurality of northern whites now identify with the Republican party. Moreover, Democratic losses and Republican gains have not been confined to particular categories of social groups but have cut across groups traditionally identified with the parties. However, political ideology is closely related to the changing partisanship of northern whites. Liberals have become more Democratic and conservatives have become substantially more Republican since 1972. Moreover, the relationship between ideology and changing partisanship occurs within most categories of social group membership, suggesting that ideological orientations now override social group ties in the formation of partisanship. The northern white electorate, in sum, is undergoing an ideological transformation that is reshaping the contours of American politics.
Commentary: Critical Reflections on the Ethical and Professional Considerations in Writing about Clients

From the standpoint of a journal editor and researcher, this commentary critically reflects on some of the primary notions addressed in the 4 featured articles of the special section, discussing areas of agreement and divergence. As a way of further exploring these ethical and professional concerns, the contentious issue of using school children as case studies in publications and in graduate counseling courses is briefly examined.
Prolonged Clostridium difficile Infection May Be Associated With Vitamin D Deficiency.

Background: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is one of the leading causes of hospital-acquired infections, creating a financial burden for the U.S. healthcare system. Reports suggest that vitamin D–deficient CDI patients incur higher healthcare-associated expenses and longer lengths of stay compared to nondeficient counterparts. The objective here was to evaluate the relationship between vitamin D level and CDI recurrence. Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted for 112 patients with vitamin D level drawn within 3 months of CDI diagnosis. Recurrence, severity of disease, 30-day mortality, and course of CDI were assessed. Results: The vitamin D–deficient group included 56 patients, and the normal group included 56 patients. The mean age of vitamin D–deficient and –sufficient groups was 68 ± 15.7 and 71 ± 14.4 years, respectively. The mean 25(OH) D level in the deficient group was 11.7 ± 4.6 ng/mL, and it was 36.2 ± 16.2 ng/mL in the normal group. A longer course of diarrhea w...
Bahadur–Kiefer representations for GM-estimators in linear Markov models with errors in variables

Abstract We consider a class of generalized M(GM)-estimators for the autoregressive parameter in a linear Markov model with errors in variables. We show, under some minimal regularity assumptions, that these estimators have almost sure representations of the Bahadur–Kiefer type and consequently they are consistent and asymptotically normal.
Mechanism synthesis and 2-D control designs of an active three cable crane

A Lunar Crane with a suspension system based on a three cable mechanism is investigated to provide a stable end-effector for hoisting, positioning, and assembling large components during construction and servicing of a Lunar Base. The three cable suspension mechanism consists of a structural framework of three cables pointing to a common point that closely coincides with the suspended payload's center of gravity. The vibrational characteristics of this three cable suspension system are investigated by comparing a simple 2-D symmetric suspension model and a swinging pendulum in terms of their analytical natural frequency equations. A study is also made of actively controlling the dynamics of the crane using two different actuator concepts. Also, Lyapunov-based control algorithms are developed to determine two regulator-type control laws performing the system vibrational suppression for both system dynamics. Simulations including initial-valued dynamic responses as well as control performances for two different system dynamics are also presented.
Backscattering from the saturn configuration

A structure consisting of a metallic sphere intersected by a metallic circular disk is considered. Disk and sphere have a common center, and the radius r=b of the disk is greater than the radius r=a of the sphere. Thus, the structure resembles the planet Saturn with its disks. This structure is considered as a validation tool for computer codes developed for the purpose of detecting hidden mines, under a Science for Peace Project sponsored by NATO. The structure is subject to an incident plane electromagnetic wave with arbitrary direction of incidence and arbitrary polarization, and the analysis is conducted in the frequency domain, with angular frequency omega and an omitted time- dependence factor exp(jomegat).
Autoantibodies, autoimmune disease, and the birth of immune diagnostics

The appearance of autoantibody to DNA followed sequentially by the disappearance of anti-DNA and appearance of DNA antigen in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus demonstrated that autoantibodies participate in immune complex–mediated pathogenesis. Continuing studies showed that autoantibodies are also useful biomarkers in clinical diagnosis and important reagents for elucidating the structure and function of intracellular proteins in cell biology. Recently, autoantibodies to tumor-associated antigens have been identified in cancer, and these findings have expanded the field of cancer immunodiagnostics.
Stimulation of calcium uptake by 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (platelet-activating factor) in rabbit platelets: possible involvement of the lipoxygenase pathway.

Abstract 1-Alkyl-2-acetyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (platelet-activating factor) induces an increase of Ca 2+ uptake in rabbit platelets. This process depends upon the extracellular concentration of Ca 2+ with the maximum stimulation occurring at 1–3 m m ; uptake under these conditions is blocked by verapamil, a calcium-entry blocker. Increase of calcium uptake by the bioactive phospholipid was independent of ADP-induced platelet responses and of metabolites of arachidonic acid metabolism formed through the cyclooxygenase pathway. However, mepacrine, p -bromophenacyl bromide, eicosatetraynoic acid, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid significantly or totally inhibited the stimulation of Ca 2+ uptake by 1-alkyl-2-acetyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine. When arachidonic acid was given sufficient time to be metabolized to other products by the platelets, stimulation of Ca 2+ uptake also occurred. Arachidonic acid and platelet-activating factor did not produce an additive or synergistic effect. Our data suggest that a metabolite(s) generated from arachidonic acid through the lipoxygenase pathway may be the mediator(s) responsible for the action of platelet-activating factor in the induction of increased Ca 2+ uptake in rabbit platelets.
Hidden: Studying media dislike and its meaning

Audience research in media and cultural studies has developed alongside a moral economy of fandom, like and love that risks casting intense suspicion upon dislike and disengagement. An inquiry into audiences’ dislikes, though, will at times tell us a great deal about their expectations of, hopes for, and preferred uses of the media. Building on a discussion of the largely Bourdieu-ian framing in media and cultural studies literature of dislike as social ill, and drawing from qualitative interviews, the article moves past ‘poaching’ to see what active dislike tells us about audiences’ relationships to television. In particular, it focuses on audiences who use dislike as a resource to articulate both to others and themselves positions of marginalization and exclusion from a perceived televisual norm.
Theories of Power, Poverty, and Law: In Commemoration of the Contributions of Peter Bachrach

For the APSA panel commemorating Peter Bachrach, I was asked to speak to the “notions of inequality and inequity” in his work. For a while the topic stumped me. Then I realized why. Talking about inequality in Peter Bachrach's work, I decided, is much like talking about just distribution in Marx. It misses the point.
Spatial distribution of VEGF isoforms and chemotactic signals in the vicinity of a tumor.

We propose a mathematical model that describes the formation of gradients of different isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF is crucial in the process of tumor-induced angiogenesis, and recent experiments strongly suggest that the molecule is most potent when bound to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Using a system of reaction–diffusion equations, we study diffusion of VEGF, binding of VEGF to the ECM, and cleavage of VEGF from the ECM by matrix metalloproteases (MMPs). We find that spontaneous gradients of matrix-bound VEGF are possible for an isoform that binds weakly to the ECM (i.e. VEGF165), but cleavage by MMPs is required to form long-range gradients of isoforms that bind rapidly to the ECM (i.e. VEGF189). We also find that gradient strengths and ranges are regulated by MMPs. Finally, we find that VEGF molecules cleaved from the ECM may be distributed in patterns that are not conducive to chemotactic migration toward a tumor, depending on the spatial distribution of MMP molecules. Our model elegantly explains a number of in vivo observations concerning the significance of different VEGF isoforms, points to VEGF165 as an especially significant therapeutic target and indicator of a tumor’s angiogenic potential, and enables predictions that are subject to testing with in vitro experiments.
In Situ Characterization of Ternary Pt-Rh-Sno2/C Catalysts for Ethanol Electrooxidation

Carbon-supported ternary Pt–Rh–SnO2 electrocatalysts with two different stoichiometries (i.e. Pt23Rh5Sn26/C and Pt21Rh5Sn39/C) were synthesized using a two-step sequential approach. Characterization of the catalysts was conducted by a range of techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD), together with high resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) studies showed that the obtained electrocatalysts were composed of two categories of nanoparticles: PtRh solid solution and SnO2. Electrochemical measurements showed that both ternary catalysts demonstrated superior performance over the conventional Pt/C and PtRu/C catalysts for ethanol electrooxidation reaction (EOR). Between the two catalysts, the one having lower SnO2 content (i.e. Pt23Rh5Sn26/C) exhibited the higher activity and greater stability. In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) studies revealed structural information of the nanocatalysts, including bond distances, coordination numbers, and stoichiometry consistent with independently obtained inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) data. The results suggested that a metal–metal oxide interaction in the ternary Pt–Rh–SnO2 system with higher oxide (i.e. SnO2) content has caused the increase in oxidation state of both Pt and Rh, which may explain the lower activity of the catalyst for EOR.
“Act locally, publish globally”: international/multi-disciplinary research efforts needed to understand the impact of globalization on science education

As I sit to write this editorial, I cannot help but reflect on my experiences over the last year serving as Lead Editor for this issue. Inviting different members of the editorial Review Board to serve as Lead Editors for upcoming issues is a new way CSSE is seeking to expand participation to a greater number of scholars in science education and to expand readership of the journal to a wider network of social scientists. By way of introduction to this issue, I describe what I have learned about the editorial process that is unique to this journal—as well I share how this experience has helped me to recognize the critical need for more international and multi-disciplinary research efforts, if we, as science educators are to both understand and actively inform/reform the ways in which globalization is shaping science education around the world. For the past 4 years, the Editors and Board Members of the journal have invited other science educators to meet and discuss sociocultural issues and research in science education. Each year there is a theme for the meeting and several of the manuscripts for this issue originated from research presented in 2007 at the inaugural Springer Forum held in Chicago. This issue contains four sets of papers organized around four original manuscripts that are loosely developed around the theme of Glocalization and is the second of three special issues to focus on science education in a global context. The first paper, co-authored by Lyn Carter and Ranjith Dediwalage, examined a school-based project entitled Sustainable Living by the Bay through the lens of globalization and offered a critical analysis of how neoliberal and neoconservative agendas in Australia are being expressed through government funding policies, which in turn, informed the development and implementation of K-12 science curricula that (re)produced Western canonical scientific knowledge at the expense of all other ways of knowing and doing science. Tali Tal and Iris Alkaher, in the second paper, examined the experiences of Bedouin and Israeli students who participated in an education for sustainability (EfS) project designed to bring together Arabic and Jewish youth and their teachers to engage in a cross-cultural exchange about a socio-environmental conflict related to the disputed use of a local creek and
Ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter persists in raw retail chicken after the fluoroquinolone ban

In 2005, the FDA withdrew approval for the use of fluoroquinolones in live poultry production. To assess any changes in countable numbers of ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter before and after the fluoroquinolone withdrawal, retail whole raw chicken carcasses (RTCC) purchased in Northwest Arkansas from 2004 to 2006 were sampled for this purpose. Using a previously published direct-plating method developed in our laboratory, we quantified trends of Campylobacter and ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter loads by direct plating whole chicken carcass rinses on Campylobacter agar (CA) or Campylobacter agar containing 8.6 mg/ml ciprofloxacin (CCA). Countable populations of Campylobacter were recovered from 74, 96, and 63% of carcasses sampled in 2004, 2005, and 2006 respectively. The percentages of carcasses with minimum detectable levels of ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter were 20, 42 and 33%, sampled in 2004, 2005 and 2006, respectively. Our 3 year analysis in one geographical area indicated a persistence of Campylobacter and ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter on retail raw chicken carcasses despite the cessation of fluoroquinolone use in poultry production.
Experimental determination of light‐element k‐factors using the extrapolation technique: Oxygen segregation in aluminium nitride

SUMMARY It is shown that quantitative light-element (Z , using X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The extrapolation technique was used to determine the κ-factors, κOAI = 0.88 ± 0.10 and κNAI = 1.61 ±0.22 at zero thickness. These values are found to be in good agreement with theoretically calculated κ-factors. The limitations and applicability of the extrapolation technique for light-element analyses are discussed. An example of light-element quantification is provided in the analysis of oxygen segregation to inversion domain boundaries in aluminium nitride.
‘Those people across the water just don't know our problems’: an analysis of friends and neighbours voting in a geographically-split legislative district

Abstract Because of the US Supreme Court's one-person, one-vote decision, recent years have seen in that country an increase in the number of ‘geographically-split’ legislative districts; i.e., legislative districts divided into distinct sections by a natural feature such as a river, harbour, desert or mountain chain. This article analyses elections in one such district, the New York State 62nd Assembly District in New York City, whose Staten Island half was separated from its Manhattan half by New York Harbour. In almost all the elections, a ‘friends-and-neighbours’ factor played a role, with candidates from a particular part of the district faring better there than on the other side of the harbour. (However, partisan allegiance had some impact in these races as well.) Further research is needed to determine whether the ‘friends-and-neighbours’ factor prevails in other geographically-split legislative districts and, if so, the extent to which legislators from one portion of a district adequately represent the interests of the residents of the other.
The communibiological perspective: Implications for communication in instruction

Recent advances in neurobiology and psychobiology have raised serious questions about the generality and usefulness of the social learning model upon which a meaningful portion of the curriculum of many communication departments is based. Evidence is accumulating to indicate there is a major role played by genetics in human communication behavior. These developments, and generations of disputes over “nature “ vs. “nurture, “have given rise to what has been called the “communibiological perspective.”; This paper addresses the implications of the perspective for communication curricula in the 21st century.
DHEA metabolites activate estrogen receptors alpha and beta.

Abstract Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels were reported to associate with increased breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women, but some carcinogen-induced rat mammary tumor studies question this claim. The purpose of this study was to determine how DHEA and its metabolites affect estrogen receptors α or β (ERα or ERβ)-regulated gene transcription and cell proliferation. In transiently transfected HEK-293 cells, androstenediol, DHEA, and DHEA-S activated ERα. In ERβ transfected HepG2 cells, androstenedione, DHEA, androstenediol, and 7-oxo DHEA stimulated reporter activity. ER antagonists ICI 182,780 (fulvestrant) and 4-hydroxytamoxifen, general P450 inhibitor miconazole, and aromatase inhibitor exemestane inhibited activation by DHEA or metabolites in transfected cells. ERβ-selective antagonist R,R-THC (R,R-cis-diethyl tetrahydrochrysene) inhibited DHEA and DHEA metabolite transcriptional activity in ERβ-transfected cells. Expression of endogenous estrogen-regulated genes: pS2, progesterone receptor, cathepsin D1, and nuclear respiratory factor-1 was increased by DHEA and its metabolites in an ER-subtype, gene, and cell-specific manner. DHEA metabolites, but not DHEA, competed with 17β-estradiol for ERα and ERβ binding and stimulated MCF-7 cell proliferation, demonstrating that DHEA metabolites interact directly with ERα and ERβ in vitro, modulating estrogen target genes in vivo.
Thermodynamics and stability of a β‐sheet complex: Molecular dynamics simulations on simplified off‐lattice protein models

We have performed discontinuous molecular dynamics simulations of the thermodynamics and stability of a tetrameric β-sheet complex that contains four identical four-stranded antiparallel β-sheet peptides. The potential used in the simulation is a hybrid Go-type potential characterized by the bias gap parameter g, an artificial measure of the preference of a model protein for its native state, and the intermolecular contact parameter η, which measures the ratio of intermolecular to intramolecular native attractions. Despite the simplicity of the model, a complex set of thermodynamic transitions for the β-sheet complex is revealed that shows there are three distinct oligomer (partially ordered, ordered, and highly ordered β-sheet complex) states and four noninteracting monomers phases. The thermodynamic properties of the three oligomer states strongly depend on both the size of the intermolecular contact parameter η and the temperature. The partially ordered β-sheet complex is made up of four ordered globules and is observed at intermediate to large η at high temperatures. The ordered β-sheet complex contains four native β-sheets and is located at small to intermediate η at low temperatures in the phase diagram. The highly ordered β-sheet complex has fully-stiff β-sheet strands, the same as the global energy minimum structure, and is observed for all η at low temperatures.
A Cutting Performance Based Template for Spindle Dynamics

Abstract The stable metal removal rate in milling depends on the dynamic characteristics of the tool-holder-spindle system. We present a methodology for determining the permissible dynamic characteristics based on the intended cutting operation. We produce a template that bounds the tool-tip frequency response function (FRF). Measured FRFs can be compared against the template to check cutting performance. The template can be used in design to match the spindle system to the intended application. The template accounts for lobing effects, multiple modes, process damping, and static stiffness. It accounts for damping variability, producing a safe-side estimate. Experimental results illustrate the template's use.
Low temperature NMR spectroscopic investigation of a zinc bicarbonate compound: Thermodynamics of bicarbonate formation by insertion of CO2 into the zinc hydroxide bond of [TpBut,Me]ZnOH

Abstract Low temperature 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic studies on solutions of the tris(3-t-butyl-5-methylpyrazolyl)hydroborato zinc hydroxide complex [ Tp Bu t ,Me ]ZnOH in the presence of CO2 have allowed for the identification of the bicarbonate moiety of [ Tp Bu t ,Me ]ZnOCO2H. For example, the bicarbonate ligand is characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic signals at 13.2 and 161.9 ppm, respectively, in d2-dichloromethane solution at 189 K. Both [ Tp Bu t ,Me ]ZnOH and [ Tp Bu t ,Me ]ZnOCO2H may be observed in equilibrium in the presence of
Phantom design method for high‐field MRI human systems

A phantom design method suitable for high-field MRI based on the RF field wave characteristics of sample and experimental validations at 7.0 T and 3.0 T are presented. The RF field distribution in a phantom with a given RF coil system is primarily determined by the sample size relative to the wavelength inside the sample, and the ratio between the displacement and conduction currents. Experimental results demonstrate that the MR image intensity patterns associated with wave behavior in human samples at a given field strength can be reproduced with a phantom at the same or different field strengths once the dimension and penetration constant are scaled by the corresponding wavelength in the sample medium.
A variational solution of the nonlinear poisson-boltzmann equation inside a spherical cavity

Abstract The nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation is solved variationally to obtain the electrostatic potential profile in a spherical cavity containing an aqueous electrolyte solution. The variational solution is based on the linear solution to the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. It is found that a three-parameter trial function provides sufficient accuracy to make the variational potential profile indistinguishable from exact numerical results. The variational solution is valid over the concentration, size, and surface potential ranges typical of phospholipid vesicles. It is anticipated that this solution will be useful in determining the stability of membraneous vesicles and reverse micelles.
Hypokalemic Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis With Thyrotoxic Psychosis and Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure

Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis is a rare and potentially lethal neuromuscular disease that manifests as recurrent episodic muscle weakness associated with hypokalemia and thyrotoxicosis. Paralysis can rarely involve respiratory muscles leading to acute respiratory failure. The disease primarily affects people of Asian descent, but it is being increasingly reported in other ethnic groups. We review the literature and report a case of hypokalemic thyrotoxic periodic paralysis manifesting as thyroid storm with episodic acute respiratory failure requiring recurrent intubation and eventually requiring thyroidectomy for resolution of symptoms.
Effect of SO2 in flue gas on coal ash hot corrosion of Inconel 740 alloy – A high temperature electrochemical sensor study

Abstract Our newly developed high temperature electrochemical sensor was applied to study the effect of SO2 in flue gas on thin film coal ash corrosion of Inconel 740 superalloy at 750 °C. The response of electrochemical noise (EN), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) test data from the sensor is compared with the results from a weight loss test. There is a good correlation between the electrochemical data and the actual degradation processes. The current noise analysis in time and frequency domains for the quantitative determination of hot corrosion rate in service is discussed.
Obtaining patient permission for student participation in obstetric-gynecologic outpatient visits: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Objectives Our purpose was to compare a scripted verbal query with a detailed written permission slip in obtaining patient satisfaction and permission for student involvement in outpatient obstetrics-gynecologic visits. Study design A prospective, randomized, controlled study was performed using a questionnaire to compare current practice to the study groups. The χ 2 test was used to calculate P values; P Results Patient demographics and satisfaction were similar among the three groups: 86% of controls and 79% of study groups agreed to student participation ( P =.056). All preferred having the nurse ask permission (86% vs 86%) versus the physician (34% vs 25%) or the student (6% vs 3%). Permission was independent of student gender, visit purpose, or previous exposure to students. Conclusion Patients want a nonphysician to ask permission for student participation independent of method of request, visit purpose, student gender, or previous experience with students. Physician or student requests for consent may unduly influence participation.
Electrophoretic studies of blood proteins of two species of toads and their natural hybrid.

Abstract 1. 1. Hemoglobin and plasma proteins of two species of toads ( Bufo fowleri and Bufo valliceps ) and their natural, F1 hybrid were studied by paper, moving- boundary and starch-gel electrophoresis. 2. 2. Each species possessed a single hemoglobin and a single transferrin. Both hemoglobins and transferrins of the two species migrated at strikingly different rates. 3. 3. The hybrids possessed two hemoglobins and two transferrins, one of each protein from each parent species. The electrophoretic mobilities of the hemoglobins were modified when mixed either artificially or naturally (hybrid hemolysates). 4. 4. The two species possessed several plasma protein fractions in common but a few were specific to each species. Considerable individual variation in concentration of certain plasma fractions was noted. 5. 5. All electrophoretic fractions present in the parent species occured in the hybrid. With one possible exception, no fraction was found in the hybrid that was not present in one or both of the parent species. 6. 6. Hybrid plasma contained a higher concentration of protein than the plasma of either parental species.