cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Steady state analysis of the enhancement in ethanol productivity of a continuous fermentation process employing a protein-phospholipid complex as a protecting agent

Abstract A continuous cascade fermentation process comprising eight tanks in series, employing a protein-phopholipid complex as a protective agent (PA) was performed for ethanol production from glucose. An increase of 58.4% in fermenter productivity was obtained due to the addition of PA. A kinetic model including product and substrate inhibition effects is proposed. Parameters appearing in the kinetic model were estimated by using the method of least squares. It is found that the product inhibition effect dominates over the substrate inhibition effect for the range of concentrations studied in our fermentation system. Upon addition of PA, both inhibitory effects are reduced to as little as about one quarter of that without PA. It was also found that the use of PA primarily protected the cells against ethanol inhibition rather than substrate inhibition. A steady state criterion is also discussed.
Titania―Acrylic Coil Reactor for Photocatalytic Water Purification and Sterilization

A titania−acrylic composite reactor was constructed with a coil geometry. The presence of multiple titania layers within the reactor increases the titania surface area while making maximum use of the illumination provided. Both compact fluorescent blacklight (CFL) and ultraviolet light emitting diodes (LEDs) were used as illumination sources. An external pump was used to recirculate 650−800 mL of water containing organic, metallic, or bacterial contamination through the coil reactor. Complete purification of the water was achieved within 300 min with 10 ppm methylene blue, 10 ppm methyl orange, 20 ppm Pb2+, and 2200 colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) of E. coli respectively using the CFL source. The effectiveness, low cost, durability, ruggedness, and energy efficiency of this reactor are advantageous for both portable and fixed-base applications.
Nonnegativity of a discrete quadratic functional in terms of the (strengthened) Legendre and Jacobi conditions

This paper contains a complete characterization of the nonnegativity of a discrete quadratic functional with one endpoint allowed to vary. In particular, we derive the exact form and explain the role of the (strengthened) Legendre condition in the discrete calculus of variations. Under this condition, the nonnegativity of the quadratic functional is equivalent to each of the following conditions: the nonexistence of intervals conjugate to 0, the existence of a certain conjoined basis of the associated Jacobi difference equation, the nonnegativity of certain recurrence matrices, and, under a natural additional assumption, the existence of a symmetric solution to the Riccati matrix difference equation. Moreover, an extension of the discrete Legendre condition is derived for the given discrete variational problem.
Quantum kinematics of spacetime. I. Nonrelativistic theory

The sum-over-histories quantum mechanics of a nonrelativistic particle gives a spacetime formulation of that theory in which the preferred Newtonian time does not enter immediately into the quantum kinematics. We investigate on what spacetime hypersurfaces a Schroedinger-Heisenberg formulation of the theory can be recovered and conclude that, in general, this is possible only on the surfaces of constant preferred Newtonian time. The significance of this for a quantum theory of spacetime is discussed.
Lifestyle and Morale in the Southern Rural Aged

Recent theory and research in social gerontology have placed major emphasis on the relationship between activity and morale. Many dimensions and measures of activity have been employed in this research literature. The present research focuses on the lifestyle dimension, following the Maddox (1975) definition of lifestyle as systematic patterns of activity, and attempts to operationalize this concept in a systematic fashion. First, smallest space analysis is applied to data on the activities of a sample of Southern rural aged, identifying two distinct lifestyles. Next, measures of participation in these lifestyles are included as intervening variables in a multivariate causal analysis of the social determinants of individual morale. The results of this analysis suggest that the impact of activity for morale depends on the social organization of activity in the local setting. If so, this organization of activity, or lifestyle dimension, is critical to analyses of the relationship between activity and morale.
Splitting the difference: the germline–somatic mutation debate on generating antibody diversity

In the debate about the mechanism for the generation of immunological diversity, the initial positions of both 'somaticists' and 'germliners' were diametrically opposed. Then, as data developed favoring first one and then the other side, concessions were made, until the final solution showed that each had been at least partially correct.
Titan's Rotational Light-Curve

Abstract Recent observations demonstrate that near-infrared spectroscopy can probe Titan's surface through its haze. In a 5-week period during September and October 1993 we observed Titan's methane windows at 1.1, 1.3, 1.6, and 2 μm. At 1.1 and 1.3 μm observations were consistent with observations in 1992 at the same phases reported by Lemmon et al. (1993, Icarus 103, 329-332). Our new observations indicate that Titan was brighter near eastern elongation than near western elongation by 23 ± 2% at 1.6 μn and 32 ± 3% at 2 μn. With almost daily observations at 2 μn during one orbit, we observed Titan to be dark near western elongation, to brighten as it approached eastern elongation, and to darken as it returned to western elongation. We determine that the observed light-curve is due to surface albedo variations and Titan's rotational period is 15.950 ± 0.025 days. By considering the work of other observers we constrain the rotational period to be 15.949 ± 0.006 days; this constraint is consistent with synchronous rotation. Models of Titan's surface reflectivity are inconsistent with the presence of a strong 2-μm water ice absorption feature and do not require the presence of any surface absorption features; however, we cannot rule out models of the surface as dirty water ice or silicates that have been suggested by others.
The Geographic Distribution of U.S. Unemployment by Gender

A study of the geographic distribution of U.S. unemployment takes up the challenge to explore regional variation in unemployment by gender. To do so, the differential effects of local and regional unemployment on the likelihood that individual women and men are unemployed and differences in the underlying patterns of unemployment by gender are explored. Using a unique tabulation of micro data for labor market areas, two series of multilevel models for women and men are fit. The multilevel model results suggest that regional variation in unemployment is more evident for men than for women and, contrary to the empirical evidence, the underlying pattern of unemployment for men is more clustered than for women. The article concludes by discussing the policy implications of the finding that most of the variation in labor market outcomes for both women and men is attributable to individual-level rather than labor market area-level characteristics.
Diatoms in sediment cores in Utah Lake, Utah, U.S.A.

Diatoms from sediment cores taken from Provo Bay, Geneva and midlake sites in Utah Lake, Utah County, Utah were studied. Algal communities from strata at four centimeterintervals of the cores were analyzed. This study has demonstrated that the diatom flora in Utah Lake has changed through time and that the diatom communities of Provo Bay are floristically unique from those of the main body of the lake.
Friction damping of two-dimensional motion and its application in vibration control

This paper presents an approximate method for analyzing the two-dimensional friction contact problem so as to compute the dynamic response of a structure constrained by friction interfaces. The friction force at the joint is formulated based on the Coulomb model. The single-term harmonic balance scheme, together with the receptance approach of decoupling the effect of the friction force on the structure from those of the external forces has been utilized to obtain the steady state response. The computational efficiency and accuracy of the method are demonstrated by comparing the results with long-term time solutions.
Chronic, selective forebrain responses to excitotoxic dorsal horn injury

Abstract Intraspinal injection of the AMPA/metabotropic receptor agonist quisqualic acid (QUIS) results in excitotoxic injury which develops pathological characteristics similar to those associated with ischemic and traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) (R. P. Yezierski et al., 1998, Pain 75: 141–155; R. P. Yezierski et al., 1993, J. Neurotrauma 10: 445–456). Since spinal injury can lead to partial or complete deafferentation of ascending supraspinal structures, it is likely that secondary to the disruption of spinal pathways these regions could undergo significant reorganization. Recently, T. J. Morrow et al. ( Pain 75: 355–365) showed that autoradiographic estimates of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) can be used to simultaneously identify alterations in the activation of multiple forebrain structures responsive to noxious formalin stimulation. Accordingly, we examined whether excitotoxic SCI produced alterations in the activation of supraspinal structures using rCBF as a marker of neuronal activity. Twenty-four to 41 days after unilateral injection of QUIS into the T12 to L3 spinal segments, we found significant increases in the activation of 7 of 22 supraspinal structures examined. As compared to controls, unstimulated SCI rats exhibited a significant bilateral increase in rCBF within the arcuate nucleus (ARC), the hindlimb region of S1 cortex (HL), parietal cortex (PAR), and the thalamic posterior (PO), ventral lateral (VL), ventral posterior lateral (VPL), and ventral posterior medial (VPM) nuclei. All structures showing significantly altered rCBF are associated with the processing of somatosensory information. These changes constitute remote responses to injury and suggest that widespread functional changes occur within cortical and subcortical regions following injury to the spinal cord.
Four-function calculator used to compute wavelength automatically

An inexpensive four-function calculator is being used to calculate on-line the wavelengths of spectral lines on photographic plates measured with an optical comparator. Although all precise wavelength calculations are made by fitting data to a polynomial equation in a computer program, it is often desirable to know quickly the wavelength of some spectral line or whether there is a line at some known region. An on-line wavelength calculation while the spectrum plate is still on the optical comparator and the spectral line or region is still in view greatly assists the operator.
The Effect of the American Embargo, 1807–1809, on the New England Cotton Industry

The papers of the firm of Almy and Brown. — The firm's business prosperous in 1801–1807, 675. — The Embargo dealt a heavy blow, 677. — Yet many new mills built in 1808–1809, 681. — The practice of price-maintenance suggested as an explanation of the growth, 682. — New markets in the West and South after the Embargo, 686. — Conclusions, 688.
Mold cleaning with polydimethylsiloxane for nanoimprint lithography

We present a simple and effective mold cleaning method for nanoimprint lithography. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) prepolymer is spin-coated onto a contaminated imprint mold, thermally cured in an ambient environment, and then peeled off afterwards. Contaminants of 100?s ?m to sub-50?nm sizes are effectively cleaned within one cycle. During the cleaning process, a very thin PDMS film (1?2?nm) is uniformly coated onto the mold surface, serving as a protection and anti-sticking layer.
Preparation and properties of two pentacarbonyltungsten complexes of substituted cyclopropenylidenes

Abstract 2,3-Diphenylcyclopropenyllidene(pentacarbonyl)tungsten and 2,3,-di-t-butylcyclopropenylidene(pentacarbonyl)tungsten have been prepared by the method of Ofele for comparison with cycloheptatrienylidene diphenylcarbene and phenylmethoxycarbene complexes of pentacarbonyltungsten. Both the cycloheptatrienylidene and cyclopropenylidene complexes are poorer π-acceptors than the other carbene complexes. Furthermore there is some evidence that cyclopropenylidene is a poorer acceptor than cycloheptatrienylidene although this is not conclusive. Both of the cyclopropenylidene complexes show greater thermal stability and lower chemical reactivity than the cycloheptatrienylidene complex.
Clerkship directors' perceptions of the impact of HCFA documentation guidelines

PURPOSE Chart notes are used to support billing codes under the evaluation and management guidelines of the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), in addition to serving as a record of the visit. To better understand the effect of the HCFA documentation guidelines, the authors collected data on how the guidelines affect participation by university- and community-based faculty in clinical education programs. METHOD In 2000, the authors sent six copies of their questionnaire to the associate deans of the 125 U.S. medical schools and requested they distribute them to all core clerkship directors. The questionnaire consisted of multiple-choice and short-answer questions regarding documentation of medical visits, participation of community-based faculty, understanding of HCFA documentation guidelines, and effects on education programs. RESULTS The response rate was about 50%. Most of the 379 clerkship directors who responded (77%) stated they were aware the HCFA documentation guidelines include specifications regarding the role medical students can play and documentation of medical visits, and 64% indicated they were concerned the guidelines would affect their educational programs. Concerns included the loss of student independence and active participation in the patient care environment (37), time constraints and the changing balance between education and service (16), loss of faculty and decreased morale (11), and decreased quality of care for patients (7). CONCLUSION Leaders of medical education must work to modify these guidelines to protect the quality of patients' care, while maximizing students' educational opportunity and participation.
Osmotic control of prolactin release and its effect on renal water excretion in man.

Osmotic control of prolactin release and its effects on renal water excretion in man. Prolactin appears to play a role in osmoregulation of fishes and birds, and a possible contribution of this hormone to the regulation of salt and water excretion in mammals has been suggested as well. The present studies were undertaken to investigate the role of osmotic pressure on the secretion of prolactin and the effect of the hormone on renal water excretion in man. The i.v. administration of synthetic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) (7 µg/kg) to five subjects undergoing a maximal sustained water diuresis increased serum prolactin to supraphysiologic levels in all as mean concentration rose from 30.2 ± 2.9 to 60.2 ± 5.0 ng/ml {P 2 O (P Controle osmotique de la liberation de prolactine et effet de la prolactine sur l'excretion renale d'eau chez l'homme. La prolactine parait jouer un role dans l'osmoregulation des poissons et des oiseaux et, de la meme facon, une contribution de cette hormone a la regulation de l'excretion d'eau et de sel chez les mammiferes a ete suggeree. Ce travail a ete entrepris pour etudier le role de la pression osmotique sur la secretion de prolactine et l'effet de l'hormone sur l'excretion renale d'eau chez l'homme. L'administration intra-veineuse de thyrotropin releasing horome (Trh) de synthese (7 µg/kg) a cinq sujets soumis a une diurese aqueuse maimale a determine l'augmentation de la concentration serique de prolactine a des niveaux supra-physiologiques (de 30,2 ± 2,9 a 60,2 ± 5,0 ng/ml, P 2 O (P
The effect of silane treated-and untreated-talc on the mechanical and physico-mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)/newspaper fibers/talc hybrid composites

This paper evaluates the effect of the addition of silane treated- and untreated- talc as the fillers on the mechanical and physico-mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/recycled newspaper cellulose fibers (RNCF)/talc hybrid composites. For this purpose, 10 wt% of a talc with and without silane treatment were incorporated into PLA/RNCF (60 wt%/30 wt%) composites that were processed by a micro-compounding and molding system. PLA is utilized is a bio-based polymer that made from dextrose, a derivative of corn. Talc is also a natural product. The RNCF and talc hybrid reinforcements of PLA polymer matrix were targeted to design and engineer bio-based composites of balanced properties with added advantages of cost benefits besides the eco-friendliness of all the components in the composites. In this work, the flexural and impact properties of PLA/RNCF composites improved significantly with the addition of 10 wt% talc. The flexural and impact strength of these hybrid composites were found to be significantly higher than that made from either PLA/RNCF. The hybrid composites showed improved properties such as flexural strength of 132 MPa and flexural modulus of 15.3 GPa, while the unhybridized PLA/RNCF based composites exhibited flexural strength and modulus values of 77 MPa and 6.7 GPa, respectively. The DMA storage modulus and the loss modulus of the PLA/RNCF hybrid composites were found to increase, whereas the mechanical loss factor (tan delta) was found to decrease. The storage modulus increased with the addition of talc, because the talc generated a stiffer interface in the polymer matrix. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms of neat PLA and of the hybrid composites showed nearly the similar glass transition temperatures and melting temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of the fracture surface of Notched Izod impact specimen of 10 wt% talc filled PLA/RNCF composite showed well filler particle dispersion in the matrix and no large aggregates are present. The comparison data of mechanical properties among samples filled with silane-treated- and untreated- talc fillers showed that the hybrid composites filled with silane treated talc displayed the better mechanical prosperities relative to the other hybrid composites. Talc-filled RNCF-reinforced polypropylene (PP) hybrid composites were also made in the same way that of PLA hybrid composites for a comparison. The PLA hybrid bio-based composites showed much improvement in mechanical properties as compared to PP-based hybrid counterparts. This suggests that these PLA hybrid bio-based composites have a potential to replace glass fibers in many applications that do not require very high load bearing capabilities and these recycled newspaper cellulose fibers could be a good candidate reinforcement fiber of high performance hybrid biocomposites.
The effect of dietary vitamin, protein, and intake levels on the life span of mice of different ages

Groups of 057BL/6J male mice, aged 1, 12, 17, and 20 months, were divided into four dietary groups which were fed ad libitum diets containing either an amount of vitamins recommended by the National Academy of Sciences National Research Council, one half this amount, four times this amount or an amount of vitamins recommended by the American Institute on Nutrition. Each of the sixteen dietary groups contained approximately 50 animals. Feeding one half the amount of vitamins recommended by the National Research Council statistically significantly reduced the life span of animals, starting at 17 months of age or younger. Increasing the vitamin level four fold did not increase the life span of adult animals. A comparison of the life spans of adult animals fed the daily allowance recommended by the National Research Council and that of the American Institute of Nutrition indicated no statistical difference. However there was a small but statistically significant lower life span (12%) in young growing animals fed the former as compared to the latter vitamin mixture. Four hundred and ninety-five 25 month old C57BL/6J male mice were divided among nine dietary groups. Seven of the groups were offered one of the following dietary protein levels ad libitum: 24, 18, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 percent. The two remaining groups, intermittent-heavy (i.e., marked food restriction) and intermittent-light, were fed the 24 percent protein diet for 24 hrs. on Monday and Thursday and for 8 hrs. on Friday, and for 24 hrs. on Monday, Tuesday, and Thursday and for 8 hrs. on Friday, respectively. The mean life span of the animals fed the 24% protein diet ad libitum was 29.2±0.4 mos. Dietary restriction did not significantly increase the life span of any of the animals.
Computer Model for Predicting Point-Bonded Nonwoven Fabric Strength, Part I

A computer model is described that yielded results consistent with Instron stress- strain curves for both the machine and cross directions of various polyester, thermally point-bonded, nonwoven fabrics. Fiber and bond tensile properties, bond layout, fabric density, and fiber curl and orientation were entered into the computer, and the program followed the evolution of the fabric system as it was distorted under stress.
Targeted exome sequencing integrated with clinicopathological information reveals novel and rare mutations in atypical, suspected and unknown cases of Alport syndrome or proteinuria

We applied customized targeted next-generation exome sequencing (NGS) to determine if mutations in genes associated with renal malformations, Alport syndrome (AS) or nephrotic syndrome are a potential cause of renal abnormalities in patients with equivocal or atypical presentation. We first sequenced 4,041 exons representing 292 kidney disease genes in a Caucasian woman with a history of congenital vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), recurrent urinary tract infections and hydronephrosis who presented with nephrotic range proteinuria at the age of 45. Her biopsy was remarkable for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), a potential complication of longstanding VUR. She had no family history of renal disease. Her proteinuria improved initially, however, several years later she presented with worsening proteinuria and microhematuria. NGS analysis revealed two deleterious COL4A3 mutations, one novel and the other previously reported in AS, and a novel deleterious SALL2 mutation, a gene linked to renal malformations. Pedigree analysis confirmed that COL4A3 mutations were nonallelic and compound heterozygous. The genomic results in conjunction with subsequent abnormal electron microscopy, Collagen IV minor chain immunohistochemistry and progressive sensorineural hearing loss confirmed AS. We then modified our NGS approach to enable more efficient discovery of variants associated with AS or a subset of FSGS by multiplexing targeted exome sequencing of 19 genes associated with AS or FSGS in 14 patients. Using this approach, we found novel or known COL4A3 or COL4A5 mutations in a subset of patients with clinically diagnosed or suspected AS, APOL1 variants associated with FSGS in African Americans and novel mutations in genes associated with nephrotic syndrome. These studies demonstrate the successful application of targeted capture-based exome sequencing to simultaneously evaluate genetic variations in many genes in patients with complex renal phenotypes and provide insights into etiology of conditions with equivocal clinical and pathologic presentations.
“I think I can, but I'm afraid to try”: The role of self-efficacy beliefs and mathematics anxiety in mathematics problem-solving efficiency

Abstract This study investigated the role of self-efficacy beliefs, mathematics anxiety, and working memory capacity in problem-solving accuracy, response time, and efficiency (the ratio of problem-solving accuracy to response time). Pre-service teachers completed a mathematics anxiety inventory measuring cognitive and affective dispositions for mathematics, before completing an operation span task to measure working memory capacity, rating self-efficacy for mental multiplication, and then solved computer-based multiplication problems at two complexity levels. A simultaneous regression design was used to assess the unique variance associated with each variable. There were two new findings; the differential role of self-efficacy on response time and efficiency, and the potential compensatory relationship between self-efficacy and mathematics anxiety related to efficiency outcomes. Educational implications and suggestions for future research were proposed.
Determination of 1,4-Dioxane Impurity Levels in Triton X-100 Raw Material by Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometric Detection

Triton X-100 (octoxynol 9) is a commercially available surfactant used as a solvent detergent in numerous pharmaceutical applications including virus inactivation. A byproduct formed during its synthesis is 1,4-dioxane, the cyclic dimer of ethylene oxide and a possible carcinogen to humans. The United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) contains a labor-intensive 1,4-dioxane test for Triton X-100. The method couples vacuum distillation to extract the 1,4-dioxane from the Triton X-100 matrix followed by gas chromatography (GC) using a packed column with flame-ionization detection. In order to provide a more automated and specific test methodology, a headspace GC-mass spectrometry (MS) method has been developed for this application. Analyte quantitation is accomplished by the method of standard additions. The automated sample preparation, coupled with the specificity inherent in high-efficiency capillary column separations together with single-ion MS detection, results in an assay that is more efficient, accurate, and precise than the USP procedure. Performance characteristics of the headspace GC-MS method are contrasted with those characteristics of the USP methodology.
Multi-mass solvers for lattice QCD on GPUs

Graphical Processing Units (GPUs) are more and more frequently used for lattice QCD calculations. Lattice studies often require computing the quark propagators for several masses. These systems can be solved using multi-shift solvers but these algorithms are memory intensive which limits the size of the problem that can be solved using GPUs. In this paper, we show how to efficiently use a memory-lean single-mass solver to solve multi-mass problems. We focus on the BiCGstab algorithm for Wilson fermions and show that the single-mass solver not only requires less memory but also outperforms the multi-shift variant by a factor of two.
Flow Regime Identification of Co-Current Downward Two-Phase Flow With Neural Network Approach

Flow regime identification for an adiabatic vertical co-current downward air-water two-phase flow in the 25.4 mm ID and the 50.8 mm ID round tubes was performed by employing an impedance void meter coupled with the neural network classification approach. This approach minimizes the subjective judgment in determining the flow regimes. The signals obtained by an impedance void meter were applied to train the self-organizing neural network to categorize these impedance signals into a certain number of groups. The characteristic parameters set into the neural network classification included the mean, standard deviation and skewness of impedance signals in the present experiment. The classification categories adopted in the present investigation were four widely accepted flow regimes, viz. bubbly, slug, churn-turbulent, and annular flows. These four flow regimes were recognized based upon the conventional flow visualization approach by a high-speed motion analyzer. The resulting flow regime maps classified by the neural network were compared with the results obtained through the flow visualization method, and consequently the efficiency of the neural network classification for flow regime identification was demonstrated.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Effects of Friction on Three-Dimensional Contact Stresses in Pin-Loaded Laminated Composites

An investigation is performed to study the effects of friction on the three-dimensional (3D) stress state around pin-loaded holes in laminated composites. The composite pinned joints are modeled as...
The pre-irradiation grafting of styrene onto cotton cellulose using gamma rays

The grafting of styrene onto cotton cellulose initiated by pre-irradiation with gamma rays, from Cobalt 60, has been studied in some detail. The build-up and decay of radicals have been followed both by electron spin resonance measurements and by the decrease of grafting yields after storage of the irradiated cellulose. It was found that a second order decay process was approximately followed. The yield of grafted polymer and the corresponding decrease in the radical content have been followed during the grafting process. The results obtained indicate that the grafting is initiated by trapped radicals. The overall process has been described by a simple non-steady state kinetic scheme. Good agreement between theory and the experimental results was obtained. Some evidence was found for the occurrence of peroxide initiated grafting when higher polymerization temperatures were used. The peroxides formed may arise from reaction of the cellulose with water rather than oxygen during the irradiation. Die Pfropfung von Styrol auf Baumwollzellulose, die durch Vorbestrahlung mit Gammastrahlen von Cobalt 60 eingeleitet wurde, wurde eingehend untersucht. Entstehung und Zerfall der Radikale wurden durch Elektronenspinresonanz als auch mittels der Abnahme der Pfropfungsausbeute wahrend der Lagerung der bestrahlten Zellulose nachgewiesen. Es ergab sich, das ein Prozes zweiter Ordnung vorlag. Wahrend des Pfropfungsprozesses wurden die Ausbeute von gepfropftem Hochpolymeren und die entsprechende Abnahme des Radikalgehalts verfolgt. Die Resultate zeigen, das der Pfropfungsprozes durch eingefangene Radikale eingeleitet wird. Die Annahme eines einfachen nicht-stationaren Schemas fur den Gesamtprozes fuhrte zu guter Ubereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen. Bei hoheren Polymerisationstemperaturen wurden Hinweise fur eine durch Peroxyd eingeleitete Pfropfung gefunden. Die Peroxyde entstehen wahrend der Bestrahlung wahrscheinlich durch eine Reaktion der Zellulose mit Wasser, nicht aber mit Sauerstoff.
Comments on ‘Decentralized control of linear dynamical systems via polynomial matrix methods: I. Two interconnected scalar systems and II. Arbitrary interconnected systems’ Correspondence

Two lemmas presented by Fessas are shown by two counterexamples to be incorrect or misused.
Teaching Skills of Health Professionals

The purpose of this paper is to describe an analytic method that focuses on health professionals' teaching skills. The method involves comparing live or recorded teacher behaviors with operational definitions of 20 skills known to influence learning outcomes, and assigning numerical ratings on a four-point scale. The videotapes prepared for this symposium are rated and compared with other sessions recorded in health care settings. Virtually all patient educators could improve their teaching skills substantially. Although many questions about teaching skills and education process remain unanswered, available data clearly justify training to improve health professionals' teaching skills.
Coal as an option for power generation in U.S. territories of the Pacific

General considerations relating to the use of coal in U.S. territories and trust territories of the Pacific suggest that coal is a viable option for power generation. Future coal supplies, principally from Australia and the west coast of America, promise to be more than adequate, but the large bulk carriers (100,000–200,000 dwt) expected to serve Far Eastern markets will probably not be able to land coal directly in the territories because of inadequate port facilities. Hence, smaller than Panamax-class vessels (60,000 dwt) or some arrangement utilizing self-loading barges or lighters would have to be used. Except for Guam, with peak power requirements on the order of 175 MWe, most territories have current, albeit inadequate, installations of 1–25 MWe. Turnkey, conventional-coal-fired, electrical-power generating systems are available in that size range. Fluidized bed combustion is another option currently being commercialized. Its use has clear environmental advantages and a variety of fuels (e.g. coal, heavy oils, biomass, etc.) may be employed without interruption of power generation. U.S. environmental laws, such as the Clean Air Act, are now applicable to Guam and American Samoa; the trust territories are exempt. When United Nations trusteeship terminates, the current unclear position of the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas will cease and the laws will probably apply. Nonetheless, the small power requirements of many small islands will qualify for exemption from the New Source Performance Standards called for in the Clean Air Act. The principal problems with coal use in the territories, apart from the shallow draft of most harbors, are the limited amount of land available and the high capital costs associated with conversion. Ocean dumping of ash and sludge can be permitted under existing Environmental Protection Agency regulations, and barge-mounted power installations are not out of the question. The feasibility of converting from oil-fired to coal-fired electrical-power generating systems must be determined with site-specific information.
Rcs signalling‐activated transcription of rcsA induces strong anti‐sense transcription of upstream fliPQR flagellar genes from a weak intergenic promoter: regulatory roles for the anti‐sense transcript in virulence and motility

In Salmonella enterica, an activated Rcs signalling system inhibits initiation of transcription of the flhD master operon. Under these conditions, where motility is shut down, microarray experiments showed an increased RNA signal for three flagellar genes -fliPQR- located upstream of rcsA. We show here that it is the anti-sense (AS) strand of these genes that is transcribed, originating at a weak promoter in the intergenic region between fliR and rcsA. RcsA is an auxiliary regulator for the Rcs system, whose transcription is dependent on the response regulator RcsB. Rcs-activated rightward transcription, but not translation, of rcsA is required for stimulation of leftward AS transcription. Our results implicate a combined action of RcsB and rcsA transcription in activating the AS promoter, likely by modulating DNA superhelicity in the intergenic region. We show that the AS transcript regulates many genes in the Rcs regulon, including SPI-1 and SPI-2 virulence and stress-response genes. In the wild-type strain the AS transcript is present in low amounts, independent of Rcs signalling. Here, AS transcription modulates complementary sense RNA levels and impacts swarming motility. It appears that the flagellar AS transcript has been co-opted by the Rcs system to regulate virulence.
Role of diltiazem in pregnant women with chronic renal disease.

Objective: To determine whether diltiazem therapy decreases proteinuria during pregnancy in women with chronic renal disease, resulting in decreased risk of pre-eclampsia, preterm delivery and intrauterine fetal growth restriction. Methods: We undertook retrospective data collection by chart review of pregnant women with chronic renal disease. Women treated with and without diltiazem were compared by independent t test analysis. Results: Seven women were eligible for inclusion in the study. Individual patient trends revealed decreased or attenuated increase in proteinuria across gestation with diltiazem therapy. Mean arterial pressure was also decreased in the therapy group compared to increased pressure in the third trimester in the group with no therapy. The incidence of fetal growth restriction and need for labor induction were lower in the diltiazem-treated group. Conclusions: Diltiazem, a non-dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist, decreases proteinuria and preserves renal structure and function ...
Tensegrity-guided self assembly: from molecules to living cells

One of the wonders of life is that all cells undergo continual turnover, and sustain their structure and function through continuous molecular self assembly. However, this dynamic renewal process is commonly viewed from the ‘bottom-up’, by focusing on the properties and interaction functions of individual molecular components. In reality, all cells form from other cells using preexisting structures, such as the cytoskeleton, as orienting scaffolds that guide replication and formation of new cellular components. In this article, we take a ‘top-down’ approach and describe how living cells may use hierarchical tensegrity principles to stabilize the shape and structure of their internal subcomponents at multiple size scales. We also explain how use of this form of architecture that depends on tensional prestress for shape stability could provide a mechanism to focus mechanical forces on the molecular components that comprise these structures, and thereby control their biochemical activities and self assembly behavior in living cells. In this manner, self assembly of load-bearing structures in cells proceeds in particular patterns that precisely match the forces they need to bear. This also explains how cells seamlessly integrate structure and function at all size scales, a process that is fundamental to all living materials.
Klotho Gene Delivery Prevents the Progression of Spontaneous Hypertension and Renal Damage

Klotho is a recently discovered antiaging gene. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that klotho gene delivery attenuates the progression of spontaneous hypertension and renal damage in spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs). An adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying mouse klotho full-length cDNA (AAV.mKL) was constructed for in vivo expression of klotho. Four groups of male SHRs and 1 group of sex- and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats (5 rats per group) were used. Blood pressure was measured twice in all of the animals before gene delivery. Four groups of SHRs received an IV injection of AAV.mKL, AAV.LacZ, AAV.GFP, and PBS, respectively. The Wistar-Kyoto group received PBS and served as a control. AAV.mKL stopped the further increase in blood pressure in SHRs, whereas blood pressures continued to increase in other SHR groups. One single dose of AAV.mKL prevented the progression of spontaneous hypertension for at least 12 weeks (length of the study). Klotho expression and production were suppressed in SHRs, which were reverted by AAV.mKL. AAV.mKL increased plasma interleukin 10 levels but decreased Nox2 expression, NADPH oxidase activity, and superoxide production in kidneys and aortas in SHRs. AAV.mKL abolished renal tubular atrophy and dilation, tubular deposition of proteinaceous material, glomerular collapse, and collagen deposition seen in SHRs, indicating that klotho gene delivery attenuated renal damage. Therefore, the suppressed klotho expression may play a role in the progression of spontaneous hypertension and renal damage in SHRs. AAV delivery of klotho may offer a new approach for the long-term control of hypertension and for renoprotection.
To stabilize neutrophil polarity, PIP3 and Cdc42 augment RhoA activity at the back as well as signals at the front

Chemoattractants like f-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) induce neutrophils to polarize by triggering divergent signals that promote the formation of protrusive filamentous actin (F-actin; frontness) and RhoA-dependent actomyosin contraction (backness). Frontness locally inhibits backness and vice versa. In neutrophil-like HL60 cells, blocking phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-tris-phosphate (PIP3) accumulation with selective inhibitors of PIP3 synthesis completely prevents fMLP from activating a PIP3-dependent kinase and Cdc42 but not from stimulating F-actin accumulation. PIP3-deficient cells show reduced fMLP-dependent Rac activity and unstable pseudopods, which is consistent with the established role of PIP3 as a mediator of positive feedback pathways that augment Rac activation at the front. Surprisingly, such cells also show reduced RhoA activation and RhoA-dependent contraction at the trailing edge, leading to the formation of multiple lateral pseudopods. Cdc42 mediates PIP3's positive effect on RhoA activity. Thus, PIP3 and Cdc42 maintain stable polarity with a single front and a single back not only by strengthening pseudopods but also, at longer range, by promoting RhoA-dependent actomyosin contraction at the trailing edge.
Negro-Jewish Prejudice : Authoritarianism and Some Social Variables as Correlates

directed toward the early identification and fostering of individual talents.) It must be remembered that the data reported here though they corroborate the findings of other studies in this area refer to a single, small community which has not had any significant Negro in-migration. Moreover, it may well be that the one-third of the original white sample who left the community and could not be contacted is precisely the most ambitious white part of the group. These caveats and the hypothesis advanced here will be tested in a study presently being conducted among tenth graders in New York City high schools. Preliminary analysis of these data tend to confirm the findings reported here. Certainly the aspirational orientations and the attitudes toward school found in this community differ from the many impressionistic (and largely sensational newspaper) accounts of Negro youth in large metropolitan centers. A study presently being conducted by the senior author in New York City high schools will provide data which will allow us to test the
Regulation and function of p38 protein kinase in isolated canine gastric parietal cells

We examined the regulation and functional role of p38 kinase in gastric acid secretion. p38 kinase was immunoprecipitated from cell lysates of highly purified gastric parietal cells in primary cult...
Thickness-dependent magnetoelasticity and its effects on perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in Ta/CoFeB/MgO thin films

We report measurements of the in-plane magnetoelastic coupling in both as-deposited and annealed ultrathin Ta/CoFeB/MgO layers as a function of uniaxial strain, conducted using a four-point bending apparatus. While as-deposited samples show only a weak dependence of the magnetoelastic coupling on the CoFeB layer thickness in the ultrathin regime $(l2\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$, we observe the onset of a strong thickness dependence upon annealing. This dependence can be modeled as arising from a combination of effective surface and volume contributions to the magnetoelastic coupling. We point out that if similar thickness dependence exists for magnetoelastic coupling in response to biaxial strain, then the standard N\'eel model for the magnetic anisotropy energy acquires a term inversely proportional to the magnetic layer thickness. This contribution can significantly change the overall magnetic anisotropy, and provides a natural explanation for the strongly nonlinear dependence of magnetic anisotropy energy on magnetic layer thickness that is commonly observed for ultrathin annealed CoFeB/MgO films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy.
Developing a Competitive Advantage

In the Preface and Introduction, we presented the most challenging conditions for the twenty-first century international marketer and pointed out the post globalization consumers’ behaviors or needs. The essential point here is that in the twenty-first century the international marketer must first understand the need for information about international markets and must be able to use this information skillfully in international marketing strategies. This chapter is based on the Preface and Introduction: it presents a general model that articulates how information should be used to establish and maintain a competitive advantage in international markets.
Iris transillumination defect and its gene modulators do not correlate with intraocular pressure in the BXD family of mice.

Purpose Intraocular pressure (IOP) is currently the only treatable phenotype associated with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Our group has developed the BXD murine panel for identifying genetic modulators of the various endophenotypes of glaucoma, including pigment dispersion, IOP, and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. The BXD family consists of the inbred progeny of crosses between the C57BL/6J (B6) strain and the glaucoma-prone DBA/2J (D2) strain that has mutations in Tyrp1 and Gpnmb. The role of these genes in the iris transillumination defect (TID) has been well documented; however, their possible roles in modulating IOP during glaucoma onset and progression are yet not well understood.
Effect of Thiosulfate on Metastable Pitting of 304L and S32101 in Chloride- and Thiosulfate-Containing Environment

The effect of thiosulfate addition on the metastable pitting behavior of stainless steels 304L (UNS S30403) and lean duplex stainless steel (LDX2101, UNS S32101) in 0.6 M NaCl solution was studied. It was found that metastable pits initiate preferentially on the ferritic phase of S32101. Current transients during potentiostatic polarization were used to study the pitting behavior of the tested steels. Statistical analysis of peak current, growth time, and occurrence time of the metastable pitting events was used to evaluate pitting behavior. From the distribution curves of these parameters, it was concluded that the addition of thiosulfate stabilizes metastable pit growth and promotes pitting kinetics in chloride solution. This effect is more pronounced for 304L compared to S32101.
Medically unexplained physical symptoms.

At a time when managed care is increasingly emphasizing the gatekeeper role, gynecologists are being recognized as the de facto primary care providers for many women. However, despite this prominent place in the medical care system, the training of most gynecologists has emphasized surgical and
Toward High Q, Evanescent Coupled Microwave Controlled Combustion

Recent progress in microwave enhanced combustion technology has focused on two main tasks: improving the coupling efficiency of the microwave/flame interaction and designing a system in which the flame can be enhanced outside of the strict confines of a resonant waveguide. The first task has met success with the use of pulsed microwave technology, and accurate laser diagnostics have been performed to measure temperature and OH number density of the pulsed microwave interaction with a CH4/air flame. The second task has been addressed with an evanescent waveguide configuration that effectively leaks microwave energy through an exposed waveguide surface into a region inhabited by a flame. The fabrication and initial experiments with this system have demonstrated the ability to generate an evanescent wave that can interact with loads external to the microwave cavity. The joint application of the efficient pulsed microwave/flame interaction with evanescent waveguide techniques supports the possibility that this technology may have practical applications to combustor design.
Utilization of dezocine to control the preemptive analgesia during induced abortion:A prospective study

Objective To investigate the efficacy and security of intramuscular injection with dezocine in the induced abortion. Methods A cohort of 40 cases underwent painless artificial abortion was divided randomLy into two groups :Dezocine+propofol group(Group A); Propofol group(Group B). A set of parameters such as the dosage of propofol,the time of induction,recovery and restoration,analgesia effect intra and post operation,somatic reflex, uterine contraction pain and self-satisfaction score was observed and analyzed. Results In Group A,the dosage of propofol was less than that of group B;induction time was shorter in group B significantly(P 0.01). Analgesic effect of group A intra and post operation were significantly higher than those in group B(P 0.05);propofol injection pain,somatic reflex, uterine contraction pain incidence was significantly lower than group B. Conclusion Utilization of preemptive analgesia with dezocine for artificial abortion play a better role in the anesthesia depth control,complications reducing,and can be used for more clinical practice.