cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spanglish: An Anglicized Spanish Dialect

The blend between Spanish and English found in Hispanic or Latino communities in the United States is usually known as “Spanglish.” It is suggested that Spanglish represents the most important contemporary linguistic phenomenon in the United States that has barely been approached from a linguistic point of view. Spanglish may be interpreted in different ways: as a pidgin, a Creole language, an interlanguage, or an anglicized Spanish dialect. Regardless that Spanglish is spoken by millions of people, significant variations within the language are observed. To account for its development, two types of phenomena are proposed: superficial, including borrowing and code-switching; and deep, including lexical-semantic, grammatical, and the “equalization to English” phenomenon. An analysis of both superficial and deep Spanglish phenomena is presented. It is suggested that the future of Spanglish depends on two factors: (a) number of Spanishspeaking immigrants to the United States, and (b) U.S. policies concerning...
Tunneling‐assisted impact ionization for a superlattice

Tunneling‐assisted impact ionization across the conduction‐band‐edge discontinuity of quantum‐well heterostructures is investigated and applied to a new superlattice structure. We consider multiquantum‐well structures where the quantum‐well regions are heavily doped and the undoped barrier regions are essentially insulating. Incident hot electrons due to the applied electric field perpendicular to the heterointerface interact with the two‐dimensional electrons confined to the quantum wells through Coulomb force. The resultant electrons can either have enough energy to get out of the wells or tunnel through the triangular barriers. A new analytical approximation for the impact ionization rate is given which compares favorably with numerical results. The tunneling‐assisted impact ionization rates and the ionization coefficients are calculated. It is shown that the tunneling effect reduces the ionization threshold and enhances the ionization rate significantly.
Reactively ion plated TiN: Effects of r.f. power density on the structure and electrochemical properties

Abstract Titanium nitride (TiN) thin film coatings were reactively ion plated onto Pyrex ® glass and aluminum alloy 6061-T6 substrates while systematically varying the r.f. power density to evaluate its effect on the physical properties of the coating. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, four-point probe resistivity and potentiodynamic polarization analysis techniques were used to evaluate the TiN coating crystal structure, morphology, resistivity and corrosion behavior. TiN coating properties were found to be strongly dependent on the r.f. power density up to approximately 1.5W cm -2 . Below 1.5W cm -2 , increasing r.f. power density resulted in improved electrochemical and resistivity properties. Above 1.5W cm -2 , many of the coating properties became independent of the r.f. power density. Correlations between the microstructures, properties and processing parameters are discussed.
The phenomenology of Sigmund Freud.

The convergences in approach between Freud's psychoanalysis and Husserl's phenomenology are elaborated. These include philosophical roots in Brentano's teachings; the primacy of direct observation over construction and theory; a conviction about the irreducibility of mentality to nature; the project of a "pure" psychology; the bracketing of theories, preconceptions, and the natural attitude; the necessity of self-reflection and empathy; a relational theory of meaning; receptivity to human subjects as teachers; and the methodological value of fiction for scientific truth. It is argued that divergences between psychoanalytic and phenomenological theory have obscured profound agreement in the approach, subject matter, and methods of these two schools of psychology.
A Temperature-Sensitive Mutation in the dnaE Gene of Caulobacter crescentus That Prevents Initiation of DNA Replication but Not Ongoing Elongation of DNA

A genetic screen for cell division cycle mutants of Caulobacter crescentus identified a temperature-sensitive DNA replication mutant. Genetic complementation experiments revealed a mutation within the dnaE gene, encoding the α-catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. Sequencing of the temperature-sensitive dnaE allele indicated a single base pair substitution resulting in a change from valine to glutamic acid within the C-terminal portion of the protein. This mutation lies in a region of the DnaE protein shown in Escherichia coli, to be important in interactions with other essential DNA replication proteins. Using DNA replication assays and fluorescence flow cytometry, we show that the observed block in DNA synthesis in the Caulobacter dnaE mutant strain occurs at the initiation stage of replication and that there is also a partial block of DNA elongation.
Synthesis of (E)‐4‐[4,4‐dimethyl‐2,5‐dioxo‐3‐{1′‐(125I)iodo‐1′‐propen‐3′‐yl}‐1‐imidazolidinyl]‐2‐trifluoromethylbenzonitrile: A potential radioligand for the androgen receptor

The synthesis of a novel radioiodinated nonsteroidal androgen receptor ligand (E)-4-[4,4-dimethyl-2,5dioxo-3-{1′-(125I)iodo-1′-propen-3′-yl}-1-imidazolidinyl]-2-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile ([125I]1) is described. In vitro competitive binding studies demonstrated that 1 bound to the rat androgen receptor with high affinity (Ki = 13 nM). No-carrier-added [125I]1 was synthesized from the corresponding tri-n-butyltin precursor by an oxidative radioiododestannylation reaction with Na[125I]iodide and 3% aqueous hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. Subsequent HPLC purification provided [125I]1 in 86-92% (average = 90%;n = 5) isolated radiochemical yields having >99% radiochemical and chemical purity and a specific activity range of 1574-1835 Ci/mmol (average = 1733Ci/mmol; n = 3). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A general solution for a fourth-order fractional diffusion–wave equation defined in a bounded domain

Abstract This paper presents a general solution for a fourth-order fractional diffusion–wave equation defined in a bounded space domain. The fractional time derivative is described in the Caputo sense. The finite sine transform technique is used to convert a fractional differential equation from a space domain to a wave number domain. Laplace transform is used to reduce the resulting equation to an ordinary algebraic equation. Inverse Laplace and inverse finite sine transforms are used to obtain the desired solutions. The response expressions are written in terms of the Mittag–Leffler functions. For the first and the second derivative terms, these expressions reduce to fourth-order diffusion and bending wave solutions. Two examples are presented to show the application of the present technique. Results show that for fractional time derivatives of order 1/2 and 3/2, the system exhibits, respectively, slow diffusion and mixed diffusion–wave behaviors.
Cadmium accumulation and detoxification in a Cd-resistant population of the oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri

Abstract It was reported earlier that the oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri from metal-polluted Foundry Cove has evolved resistance to a combination of cadmium, nickel and cobalt (Klerks and Levinton, 1989). This paper addresses the possible physiological mechanisms by which this resistance is achieved. Exposing animals from both the control population and the resistant population to Foundry Cove sediment or to109Cd in water, shows that the resistance is not achieved by a reduced cadmium accumulation. HPLC gel-permeation of the cytosol obtained after the exposure to109Cd in water reveals that the resistant worms have significantly higher levels of a cadmium-binding, metallothionein-like protein than control worms. This elevated protein level is shown to be genetically determined and is proposed to contribute to the resistance of L. hoffmeisteri from Foundry Cove. In addition, electron microprobe anaiyses of Foundry Cove worms exposed to metal-rich sediment demonstrated the presence of Cd in granules. High levels of Cd were found in S-rich granules, possibly in the form of cadmium sulfide. These granules occurred both as individual ones and as large granular aggregates.
A Further Note on Trimalchio's Zodiac Dish

Much else was done by Rose and Sullivan in their possibly conclusive attempt to restore sense to the rebus passage, but the reading super scorpionem locustam was Gaselee's, as Rose and Sullivan clearly acknowledge. This seems unluckily to have escaped B. Baldwin, otherwise he would have noticed that Gaselee also fancied in his correction an allusion to the poisoner Locusta. For those who may have difficulty in obtaining Gaselee's collotype reproduction, I quote the relevant part: ‘But what have lobsters to do with poisoners? Is it permissible to see a more or less open reference to Locusta, the queen of all poisoners? If so, we have here another little piece of evidence which will help us to date the Satyricon.’
The relation between conductivity, optical absorption, and lonicity in oxides and organic compounds

With a simple ionic model to quantify the ionicity in oxides and organic compounds, a common pattern of behavior is found for their conductivity and optical absorption. As the ionicity of these compounds decreases, the energy of optical absorption decreases, but they remain insulating, ionic compounds—until a critical ionicity, below which the optical gap vanishes, the oinic state becomes unstable, and interesting properties appear. In both classes of materials, just below this critical ionicity they are mixed valence and have metallic conductivity. Organic compounds with lower ionicity form neutral solids, while the corresponding oxides do not form stable compounds. In addition, there are some compounds of both types near the critical ionicity in which a phase transformation can be induced: neutral-ionic transitions in organics, and metal-insulator transitions in oxides.
An Experimental and Density Functional Theoretical Investigation of Iron-57 Mössbauer Quadrupole Splittings in Organometallic and Heme-Model Compounds: Applications to Carbonmonoxy-Heme Protein Structure†

We have investigated the 57Fe Mossbauer quadrupole splittings in the following compounds by using density functional theory, and in some cases via experiment: Fe(CO)3(cyclo-butadiene), Fe(CO)5, Fe(CO)3(1,4−butadiene), CpFe(CO)2Me, Fe(CO)3(propenal), CpFe(CO)2Cl, (CO)(pyridine)(DMGBPh2)2Fe(II) (DMG = dimethylglyoximato), (CO)(pyridine)(DMGBBN)2Fe(II) (BBN = 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane), (CO)(1-methylimidazole)(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphinato)Fe(II), (CO)(pyridine)(5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-porphinato)Fe(II), (nitrosobenzene)(pyridine)(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphinato)Fe(II), (pyridine)2(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphinato)Fe(II), (1-methylimidazole)2(5,10,15,20-tetramesitylporphinato)Fe(II), and (trimethylphosphine)2(2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphinato)Fe(II). The electric field gradients at iron were evaluated by using a locally dense basis approach: a Wachters' all electron representation for iron, a 6-311++G2d basis for all atoms directly bonded to iron, and either a 6-31G* basis for all other atoms or,...
Active set model for agent consensus and integration

In knowledge processing we must solve the problem to eliminate inconsistency, find consensus and make integration. Agents in their vote process are in a conflict state because they are not in agreement on the definition of the same object. Agents have not always consensus how to integrate their knowledge to build one new knowledge. Agents and the universe of objects must be compared in a way to discover conflicts and make process to generate consensus and integration. We suggest that sets of agents are not ordinary sets but are active sets with their proper logic. With the definition of the conflict profile we can define special active sets that solve the conflict problem. We see that the minimum distance is not the only criterion to solve the conflict. We must check also the consensus of all the agents inside their active set. Integration as knowledge agreement is defined in this paper but not solved.
Political and Organizational Determinants of Bureaucratic Responsiveness

This article examines the responsiveness of the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) to contacts initiated by members of Congress, interest groups, and private citizens. I develop and test hypotheses regarding the importance of internal bureaucratic factors (e.g., workload) and external political forces (e.g., contactor characteristics). Although previous research, which focuses on urban service bureaucracies, indicates that procedurally neutral rules related to agency missions are the primary predictors of responsiveness, I demonstrate that political considerations exerted substantial influence over HCFA responsiveness. For example, the agency was in some ways more responsive to congressional contacts than to contacts initiated by groups and citizens. These results suggest that scholars of legislative-executive relations should pay more attention to contacts as these routine, ongoing encounters may affect the extent to which bureaucratic policy choices are consistent with the preferences of electe...
On-line loose parts monitoring false alarm discrimination

Abstract An on-line false alarm discrimination monitor, presently in development, is described. The monitor analyzes loose parts alarms and annuciates only those indicative of damaging metal-to-metal impacts. Two fundamental metal impact properties are employed: acoustical travel time and acoustical energy. The on-line monitor employes a pre-established criteria based on event detection delay times between different loose parts monitor channels to eliminate those events deemed inconsequential. A triangulation algorithm, based on sensor subsets, was developed. Statistical aids such as delay time averaging and histograming provides for preliminary diagnostic capability. The alarm/monitor enhances the loose parts monitoring system operation by enabling the system sensitivity to be increased while reducing the occurrence of inconsequential alarms to an acceptable rate. The provision of hard copy output permits quick and relatively simple preliminary loose parts analysis and provides a permanent historical record of alarm events.
Effects of aging on the tensile and fatigue behavior of the near-α Ti-1100 at room temperature and 593 °C

Abstract Long term aging of Ti-1100 alloy at its intended service temperature of 593 °C results in the formation of two types of precipitates, Ti 3 Al and (TiZr) 6 Si 3 . The effect of aging times corresponding to the conditions of unaged, peak aged (10 000 min), and overaged (>60 000 min) on tensile behavior is studied at two test temperatures: room temperature and 593 °C. Aging produces an increase in yield strength and a decrease in ductility at both test temperatures. The decrease in ductility is much more pronounced at room temperature than at 593 °C. Aging also suppresses the appearance of serrations associated with dynamic strain aging in the plastic portion of the tensile curve at 593 °C. However, another feature of dynamic strain aging, namely a lack of strain rate effect on yield, is not substantially changed by the aging process. The effect of aging on fatigue crack growth rates (FCGR) at room temperature and 593 °C is also examined. Aging increases FCGR at room temperature but produces a slight decrease in FCGR at 593 °C.
V-defect analysis in green and deep green light emitting diode structures

In 535-565 nm green and deep green LED dies on c-plane sapphire, we correlate the structural morphology with photoluminescence performance. Two classes of material with active region roughness of 4 nm and 0.4 nm (RMS) are analyzed in transmission electron microscopy. In the rough material, a high density of edge-type dislocations is identified that originates within the quantum wells (QWs). They initiate V-defects that exhibit {101} growth facets with a second set of narrow QWs and barriers. As V-defects widen with progressive growth, the width of QW and barriers on the c-plane increases. In the smooth material, however, no V-defects can be found. QWs and barriers are highly uniform and homogenous throughout the structure. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Intravesical Bacille Calmette-Guérin Eradicates Bacteriuria in Antibiotic-naïve Bladder Cancer Patients

Abstract Background Intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy is safe and effective in bladder cancer patients who have asymptomatic bacteriuria. BCG induces robust immune responses in the bladder that are responsible for its antitumor effect. We hypothesize that BCG-induced inflammation may eradicate bacterial infection. Objective To investigate whether intravesical BCG therapy alone can eradicate bacterial infection in antibiotic-naive bladder tumor patients who have asymptomatic bacteriuria. Design, setting, and participants A single-institution prospective cohort study of bacteriuric adults with non–muscle-invasive bladder tumors who underwent outpatient BCG therapy or surveillance cystoscopy. Intervention Ninety high-risk patients received induction intravesical BCG without maintenance BCG, and 95 low-risk patients who had not received BCG underwent outpatient surveillance cystoscopy. Each patient had significant bacteriuria on urine culture, and none received routine antibiotics before, during, or after procedures. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Urine cultures were repeated after 3, 6, and 12 mo. All patients had follow-up cystoscopy every 3 mo and were followed for a minimum of 1 yr. The end point was number of BCG-treated and cystoscopy patients who became bacteria free at 3, 6, and 12 mo. Results and limitations Two BCG-treated patients (2.2%) and six patients after cystoscopy (6%) developed febrile urinary tract infection ( p =0.21). All resolved with antibiotics. No patient was admitted for sepsis. Of 88 infected patients who received BCG without routine antibiotics, 58 (66%) were continuously bacteria free at 1 yr compared with 16 of 89 cystoscopy patients (18%; p =0.001). The prospective observational study design prohibits causal inference of antibacterial effects attributed to BCG over cystoscopy. Conclusions Intravesical BCG therapy is associated with clearance of uropathogens in bladder cancer patients, possibly due to augmented innate host immunity.
Semi empirical cadmium sulfide transistor model combining grain defects and semiconductor thickness variation

Proposed and tested is a methodology for modeling polycrystalline thin film transistors which exhibit shifts in threshold voltage due to both grain boundaries and semiconductor thickness. The process involves a model, which uses in part standard-analytic terms. It also includes terms for grain defects and for thickness added in using numerical simulation testing. From this testing, the threshold voltage for the CdS transistor exhibited an optimum thickness for enhancement mode operation. The semi empirical model was then brought into alignment with experimental results for a CdS transistor by adjusting the interface charge. Predictions from the semi empirical model produced transistor output characteristic and transfer curves showed to be in good agreement with experimental data.
Efficient Organic Photovoltaic Cells Based on Nanocrystalline Mixtures of Boron Subphthalocyanine Chloride and C60

The electrical and structural behavior of uniformly mixed films of boron subphthalocyanine chloride (SubPc) and C60 and their performance in organic photovoltaic cells is explored. Device performance shows a strong dependence on active-layer donor–acceptor composition, and peak efficiency is realized at 80 wt.% C60. The origin of this C60-rich optimum composition is elucidated in terms of morphological changes in the active layer upon diluting SubPc with C60. While neat SubPc is found to be amorphous, mixed films containing 80 wt.% C60 show clear nanocrystalline domains of SubPc. Supporting electrical characterization indicates that this change in morphology coincides with an increase in the hole mobility of the SubPc:C60 mixture, with peak mobility observed at a composition of 80 wt.% C60. Organic photovoltaic cells constructed using this optimum SubPc:C60 ratio realize a power conversion efficiency of (3.7 ± 0.1)% under 100 mW cm −2 simulated AM1.5G solar illumination.
A study of effects of deflector position variation on leakage currents in ballistic deflection transistors

In this paper, leakage mechanisms in ballistic deflection transistors (BDT) are studied using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) based on a simple conductive media model, a BDT simulator based on the semi-classical billiard model, and experimental measurements. In BDT, by simply tailoring the architecture, the electron transport can be, to a large extent, modified and controlled to reduce leakage. Since the triangular deflector plays a significant role in the operation of BDT, the models take into account its position variation along the Y-axis. Experimental results also discuss leakages with the deflector position (DP) variation. Structural modifications in the BDT help in analysing the device functionality, and understanding the relationship between right drain output current (I RD ), left drain output current (I LD ) and top drain leakage currents (I TD ) with device geometry.
UTP14c Is a Recently Acquired Retrogene Associated with Spermatogenesis and Fertility in Man

In the mouse, Utp14b is a retrogene transposed to an intron of Acsl3 (long-chain-fatty-acid coenzyme A ligase 3) on mouse chromosome 1. It represents a copy of Utp14a, a ubiquitously expressed, X-linked gene involved in 18S rRNA synthesis. The Utp14b is specifically expressed in male germ cells and, when mutated in the jsd (juvenile spermatogonial depletion) mouse, results in early spermatogenic arrest and male infertility. To understand the function and relevance of the orthologous human gene in testis pathology, we mapped transcripts and searched for mutations within the gene in infertile males. In humans, the strict ortholog of UTP14b has degenerated and is no longer functional. However, a second active retroposon, UTP14c, is found within a widely expressed, putative glycosyl transferase-containing gene, GT8, on human chromosome 13. Unlike mouse Utp14b, which is only expressed in the male germ line, human UTP14c is expressed in testis and ovary, which is consistent with having a gonad-specific function. To determine if UTP14c is functionally equivalent to mouse Utp14b and essential to spermatogenesis in humans, we screened DNA from 234 nonobstructive, azoospermic/severely oligospermic males and 208 proven-fertile controls for mutations within UTP14c. We identified a mutation in three unrelated patients that introduces an in-frame stop codon truncating the UTP14c protein near the carboxyl terminus. These data indicate that UTP14c may be functionally equivalent to mouse Utp14b and required for normal male fertility in humans. The novel evolution of retroposed UTP14 genes supports the hypothesis that retrogenes play an important role in evolution via regulation of male reproductive fitness.
The impact of gross anatomy on the future head and neck surgeon.

Gross anatomy is not only a rite of passage for medical students as they enter the world of practicing medicine but may also be an unrecognized fork in the road in their pursuit of choosing a medical specialty. Otolaryngology: head and neck surgery tends to be poorly represented in medical school curriculum, often only offered as an elective rotation. However, head and neck anatomy remains a constant in most medical schools, granting some exposure to otolaryngology whether students realize it or not. A common thread among most head and neck surgeons in their decision to pursue this surgical specialty is a love for head and neck anatomy, spawned in that first year gross anatomy course. This first and potentially only exposure to otolaryngology should be optimized, as it can have a profound effect in the selection of otolaryngology as a specialty. This introduction can be facilitated by (1) inviting otolaryngology residents to assist during the dissection of the head and neck, (2) soliciting otolaryngology attending physicians to provide clinical correlation lectures, and (3) anatomy professors should identify students who excel in the head and neck portion of the curriculum and direct them towards otolaryngology mentors. There may be a great missed opportunity if a career in otolaryngology is not discussed with students during the dissection of the head and neck. Anat Sci Ed 2:89–90, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.
CFD simulation of leak in residential HVAC ducts

Abstract A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model was used to simulate fluid flow in a duct and its simulated leaks with six different air leak geometries placed respectively on its periphery. The k – ɛ turbulence model for high Reynolds numbers flows was used for that purpose and the Reynolds numbers were varied to simulate a variety of flow conditions between 27,000 and 82,000. The computer code was used to produce pressure drop data and leak flow rates across the holes necessary to compute the pressure loss coefficients, as well as to produce flow field and static pressure plots that offer insight into the physics of the flow field. The flow coefficient and pressure exponent ( C and n ) were found for different leak geometries by curve fitting the pressure and leak flow data derived from CFD simulations and were compared to available data in the literature.
Prodromal psychosis screening in adolescent psychiatry clinics.

Research has identified a syndrome conferring ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis, although UHR interviews require intensive staff training, time and patient burden. Previously, we developed the Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ) to screen more efficiently for UHR syndromes. This study examined the concurrent validity of the PQ against UHR status and preliminary predictive validity for later psychotic disorder. We assessed a consecutive patient sample of 408 adolescents who presented to psychiatry clinics in Helsinki, Finland, seeking mental health treatment, including 80 participants who completed the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes (SIPS). A cut-off score of 18 or more positive symptoms on the PQ predicted UHR diagnoses on the SIPS with 82% sensitivity and 49% specificity. Three of 14 (21%) participants with high PQ scores and SIPS UHR diagnoses developed full psychotic disorders within 1 year. Using the PQ and SIPS together can be an efficient two-stage screening process for prodromal psychosis in mental health clinics.
Role of panendoscopy to identify synchronous second primary malignancies in patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Background Tobacco use increases the risk for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the upper aerodigestive tract. The reported incidence of synchronous second primary tumors in head and neck cancer is approximately 10%. Therefore, patients with oral cancer have routinely undergone “panendoscopy” consisting of direct laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, and esophagoscopy. Recent studies indicate increasing numbers of upper aerodigestive tumors occurring in nonsmoking populations who may have a lesser risk for second primary tumors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of performing “panendoscopy” to identify second primary tumors in these patient populations. Methods A retrospective study of 64 consecutive patients at a university head and neck surgery practice was performed. A cohort of patients with oral cavity or oropharyngeal SCC with no tobacco history who underwent diagnostic panendoscopy were compared with similarly staged patients with a current or past history of tobacco use. Operative reports were examined for synchronous primaries, and epidemiologic data were collected. Subgroup analysis of incidence of synchronous primaries with regard to smoking status, age, sex, T classification, N classification, and location of primary tumor was also carried out. Student's t test statistical analysis was used to ascertain significance. Results No synchronous second primary malignancies were discovered in the nonsmoking patients. In all, 12.1% of smoking patients were diagnosed with synchronous primary cancers on panendoscopy, and this difference was significant (p = .0392). Conclusions Routine panendoscopy of the upper aerodigestive tract in patients who have never smoked is unlikely to result in identification of synchronous second primary tumors. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Strong localization of light and photonic atoms

In the strong localization regime, light confined to a well-defined volume of space by the mutual interference of its countless constituent scattered waves can be expected to acquire unusual characteristics. These include a vanishing momentum, an effective tensorial rest mass, and "photonic atom recoil." Impurity atoms that emit light under these conditions should consist of coupled atom-cavity systems with energy densities extending over regions larger than the atoms, but smaller than a cubic wavelength, in which radiant transport is suppressed by near-field correlated scattering. This unusual regime is now accessible over broad wavelength ranges in random nanoparticle media, opening the way to studies of novel phenomena such as strong localization phase transitions, lasers without cavities, and optical energy storage. PACS Nos.: 78.45+h, 78.60Hk, 42.55Rz, 42.25Fx, 78.35+c, 78.20Dj, 42.50Gy
The effect of growth rate, diameter and impurity concentration on structure in Czochralski silicon crystal growth

It is demonstrated that maximum growth rates of up to 80% of the theoretical limit can be attained in Czochralski-grown silicon crystals while maintaining single crystal structure. Attaining the other 20% increase is dependent on design changes in the grower, to reduce the temperature gradient in the liquid while increasing the gradient in the solid. The conclusions of Hopkins et al. (1977) on the effect of diameter on the breakdown of structure at fast growth rates are substantiated. Copper was utilized as the test impurity. At large diameters (greater than 7.5 cm), concentrations of greater than 1 ppm copper were attained in the solid (45,000 ppm in the liquid) without breakdown at maximum growth speeds. For smaller diameter crystals, the sensitivity of impurities is much more apparent. For solar cell applications, impurities will limit cell performance before they cause crystal breakdown for fast growth rates of large diameter crystals.
The Molecular Machinery of Neurotransmitter Release (Nobel Lecture)

The most important property of synaptic transmission is its speed, which is crucial for the overall workings of the brain. In his Nobel Lecture, T. C. Sudhof explains how the synaptic vesicle and the plasma membrane undergo rapid fusion during neurotransmitter release and how this process is spatially organized, such that opening of Ca(2+) -channels allows rapid translation of the entering Ca(2+) signal into a fusion event.
Carrageenan Effects on Salt‐Soluble Meat Proteins in Model Systems

The effects of κ-, ι-, and λ-carrageenans (CGNs) on the rheological properties, water loss, and ultrastructure of salt-soluble meat protein (SSMP) gels were evaluated. K-CGN increased gel strength and water retention of SSMP, suggesting that a molecular interaction may have occurred. However, no indications of specific molecular interactions were observed upon addition of stabilizing/destabilizing reagents. Electron microscopy indicated that improvement of water retention and texture of SSMP/K-CGN gels may be due to physical rearrangement of the K-CGN and SSMP molecules.
Optical Phase Demodulation of a 10GHz RF Signal using Optical Sampling

For the first time we demonstrate sampling downconversion of a 10GHz phase modulated optical signal using an integrated coherent receiver with feedback. At a downconverted frequency of 100 MHz we measure 19dB improvement in SIR.
Judicial Review in Mexico

Mexico is in the process of a sea of change for its polity, driven by many external circumstances and internal imperatives. The issue of judicial review looms at the heart of the process. Perhaps more than any other factor, even including eradication of corruption as part of the normal judicial process, Mexico's progress towards a vigorous practice of judicial review will gauge its commitment to an effective rule of law. Judicial review must include the power of the judicial branch to review the constitutionality of acts by the legislative and executive branches and the power to invalidate those acts. Indeed, the success of Mexico's transformation to a system ruled by law may depend as much on its ability to change the functions of its judicial branch and instigate effective judicial review, as on any other initiative in the reform package. The Mexican judicial branch has always reviewed the application of all sources of law by all actors, from government agencies to private actors corporate and individual, in the legal system. One must comprehend the manner of that review and its effects, from the top of the system to its bottom, to appreciate fully its manner and effect at any specific level. This article examines Mexico’s legal system, the judicial reforms instituted by President Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon, and judicial review.
The Ballot or the School: An Investigation of Affect Voter Turnout on Academic Achievement in California

While social scientists have paid attention to the correlation between voter turnout and education as a proxy for civic norms, this project examines the way in which voter turnout affects school achievement in order to measure the effect of social capital. More specifically, this study investigates the impact of social capital for African American and Hispanic communities in California. Using turnout as a proxy for political participation, this exploration of social capital operates as a test of democracy. Higher levels of civic engagement should produce better, more effective schools for every community regardless of its racial composition. However, my results suggest that, for African Americans and Latinos in California, democratic citizen performance in the form of voting does not carry the same ability to improve schools in parts of the state at which black and brown people most heavily reside. Such a null finding for communities of color carries tremendous implications for a shortcoming of American democracy.
A 5-year comparison of ED visits by homeless and nonhomeless patients

Abstract Background A 2005 study examined emergency department (ED) utilization by homeless patients in the United States. Within the following 5 years, unemployment increased by 5%. Objective The objective was to analyze changes in ED utilization between 2005 and 2010 by homeless patients and compare with nonhomeless visits. Methods Data from the 2010 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey were evaluated. Results Approximately 679 854 visits were made by homeless patients, the majority of which were made by men (72.3%) and patients between the ages of 45 and 64 (50.5%). Homeless patients were twice as likely to be uninsured. ED visits by homeless patients had increased by 44% during the 5-year period. Arrival to the ED by ambulance increased by 14% between the study years, and homeless patients were less likely to be admitted. Conclusion The number of visits by homeless patients in the ED increased proportionally to an overall increase in ED visits between 2005 and 2010.
A Longitudinal Approach to the Study of Cultural Growth

HE application of methods developed in one discipline to the description or analysis of relationships in another has often proved rewarding in the past. The use of probability sampling by the social sciences, the widespread adoption of Stanley Hall's questionnaire techniques, and of course the almost universal appropriation of the classical experiment are cases in point. The present discussion is concerned with the possibility of applying a descriptive method recently developed in child development research to the study of development or of genetic-maturitysenescence cycles in a body politic, an economy, or in an entire cultural system. The first section will deal briefly with the conditions which fostered the method in its field of origin, the second section will describe the method, and the last part will outline its possible operability and utility in the fields of application.
Abstract 42: Biological significance of the lipogenic enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the control of metastatic properties of murine and human transformed cells

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC In recent years, it has been determined that the fatty acid synthesis pathway is upregulated in several types of cancers of epithelial origin at both transcriptional and translational levels. Unlike normal cells, cancer cells rely on this pathway to provide the fatty acid precursors needed for synthesizing lipids that preferentially segregate into the liquid ordered microdomains of the plasma membrane. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is the ATP dependent and rate limiting step of fatty acid synthesis and catalyzes the carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. Interestingly, overexpression of this enzyme increases with severity of breast cancer patient samples and cell lines, indicating a possible role for ACC in the metastatic process. Preliminary findings from our lab indicate that ACC is important for the proteolytic invasion and migration of transformed cells independently of cell death. Moreover, ACC is critical for formation of F-actin rich membrane structures known as podosomes, which have been implicated in the metastatic process in recent years. Restoration of podosomes in cells with ACC inhibition was achieved with the addition of the soluble fatty acid, C18:1 (oleate). In contrast, inhibition of the fatty acid synthetic enzyme, fatty acid synthase (FASN), or the Δ9 desaturase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD-1), does not affect podosome formation. However, inhibition of FASN resulted in attenuated proteolytic invasion and migration of transformed cells with a phenotype similar to cells with ACC inhibition although not quite to the same degree. In addition to regulation at transcriptional and translational levels, ACC activity is also regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation by AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK). Decreased ACC phosphorylation at serine 79 (S79) has been shown to correlate with increased disease severity and reduced disease free survival of lung adenocarcinoma patients. This indicates that the phosphorylation status of ACC may be an important mechanism that cancer cells manipulate to successfully achieve metastasis. Therefore, induction of phosphorylation, and inactivation of ACC, either by activation of AMPK or by direct mutation of S79 may be sufficient to reduce invasion and migration of cancer cells. Taken together, investigating ACC phosphorylation status and analyzing the resulting phenotype will advance the mechanistic understanding of how cancer cells metastasize and possibly provide new therapeutic avenues to explore in the treatment of disseminated disease. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 42.
In vitro sperm capacitation and transcervical intrauterine insemination for the treatment of refractory infertility: Phase I

Fourteen couples with long-standing infertility, associated with cervical mucus insufficiency, male subfertility, or unexplained infertility, participated in a therapeutic trial. The female partners, who were all ovulatory, were given human menopausal gonadotropin from day 2 of the menstrual cycle (controlled ovarian hyperstimulation). When plasma estradiol concentrations reached 1000 to 2000 pg/ml, human chorionic gonadotropin was given. Approximately 32 hours and again 70 hours thereafter, a masturbation specimen of the husband's sperm was capacitated in vitro and inseminated transcervically into the uterine cavity. Five women (35%) conceived following a single cycle of treatment. Four of the pregnancies are currently progressing normally; one ended in a spontaneous miscarriage in the early first trimester. The potential role of in vitro sperm capacitation and transcervical intrauterine insemination in the treatment of refractory infertility unrelated to female organic pelvic disease is discussed.
Influence of irradiation and androgen ablation on prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia.

Objectives : Although irradiation and endocrine therapy have been used in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma for several decades and the effects of such therapy on carcinoma and the normal prostate have been well described and although there is ample evidence linking prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) to the origin of prostatic adenocarcinoma, there is little published information on the effect of such therapies on PIN. Methods and Results : The extant literature on this subject is reviewed and analyzed. The literature on total androgen blockade is not extensive but adequate to draw conclusions. The literature on irradiation therapy is minimal and inadequate to draw definite conclusions. Conclusions : The available evidence indicates that the prevalence and extent of PIN in prostates that have been treated with endocrine therapy is reduced from what might otherwise be expected. Irradiation therapy may have little effect on the prevalence of PIN but might influence the extent of PIN.
Biomimetic Nerve Guidance Conduit Containing Intraluminal Microchannels with Aligned Nanofibers Markedly Facilitates in Nerve Regeneration

Although the gold standard for the surgical treatment of peripheral nerve injury, the autograft is associated with many drawbacks, including a second surgical procedure, donor site morbidity, mismatch of donor nerve size, and limited donor nerve length. As an alternative to the autograft, nerve guidance conduits may be used to promote neuronal growth and guide axonal extension after nerve injury. Using a blend of RGD-conjugated polyurea and polycaprolactone, a nerve guidance conduit was designed consisting of intraluminal microchannels with aligned nanofibers. A 10 mm sciatic nerve transection rat model was used to evaluate the efficacy of the conduit up to 8 weeks after nerve transection and conduit implantation. Restoration of electrophysiological activity from the nerve guidance conduit was significantly improved compared to the autograft. Functional and histological assessments indicated that the nerve guidance conduit is comparable to autograft in functional recovery and target muscle reinnervation, ...
Sudden cardiac arrest due to a single sodium channel mutation producing a mixed phenotype of Brugada and Long QT3 syndromes

Inherited arrhythmia syndromes are a known, albeit rare, cause of sudden cardiac arrest which may present with characteristic electrocardiogram changes in patients with structurally normal heart. There are a variety of distinct arrhythmogenic syndromes that arise from mutations in voltage gated sodium channels, resulting in either gain or loss of function. We describe a patient with a primary inherited arrhythmia syndrome which presented as sudden cardiac arrest. Further workup revealed that her arrest was due to a combination of Brugada syndrome and Long QT3 syndrome secondary to a deleterious mutation of voltage-gated, sodium channel, type V alpha subunit (SCN5A Thr1709Met).
The impact of role‐congruency and photo presence on the processing of news stories about Hillary Clinton

An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of news photo presence and role‐congruency in news stories of Hillary Clinton on reader interest and memory. In the photos and stories, Clinton was either portrayed as a wife, or as a professional person. Results indicate readers processed the photos at least sufficiently to rate them as fitting with the story or not. Further, this study showed that mere presence of a photo meant the story would be ranked as more interesting, but photo presence and role‐congruency with the story did not affect recall of story ideas. Results of this study therefore, suggest typical news photos of a political actor/public figure serve as attention‐getting devices, but are not used as an important informational aid.
An Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Acceptability of Teleconsultation

ABSTRACTSchool-based psychological services are typically provided through a triadic model of consultation in which a school psychologist works directly with a teacher or school staff member to address the academic, behavioral, or mental health concerns of a student. With advances in current technology, school psychologists have the capacity to use videoconferencing to engage in their consultative responsibilities. Teleconsultation has the potential to improve the provision of consultative services by increasing school psychologists’ efficiency and providing individuals, especially those in rural areas, access to greater service. The current study evaluated the effectiveness and acceptability of teleconsultation as a means to deliver behavioral consultation services to three teachers and their students. A nonconcurrent multiple baseline across subjects was used. Results showed that consultants could develop a behavioral intervention with a teacher and effectively implement the intervention to improve stud...
Digital beamforming synthetic aperture radar developments at NASA/Goddard space flight center

Advanced Digital Beamforming (DBF) Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) technology is an area of research and development pursued at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Advanced SAR architectures enhances radar performance and opens a new set of capabilities in radar remote sensing. DBSAR-2 and EcoSAR are two state-of-the-art radar systems recently developed and tested. These new instruments employ multiple input-multiple output (MIMO) architectures characterized by multi-mode operation, software defined waveform generation, digital beamforming, and configurable radar parameters. The instruments have been developed to support several disciplines in Earth and Planetary sciences. This paper describes the radars advanced features and report on the latest SAR processing and calibration efforts.
Multivariate analysis in pediatric brain tumor

Brain tumors in children are life threatening and deserve more research to improve patient care In recent years multivariate analysis has been increasingly used in tumor classification segmentation and survival outcome assessment in childhood brain tumors This paper reviewed the studies that applied multivariate analysis to tumor classification segmentation and survival outcome assessment in pediatric brain tumors Large variations in the tumor classification results were observed in the studies of tumor classification even in similar patient populations Moderate error rate in the multivariate survival analysis model was also observed which could lead to inaccurate survival estimates and misidentification of prognostic factors To address these problems this paper analyzed the data processing chains in these multivariate analyses in detail It seems that optimizing and standardizing these data processing chains may improve tumor classification and survival analysis reduce variations and errors in classification results and survival estimates As multivariate analytic approaches data processing technologies and imaging techniques advance in the Big Data era of the st century it is anticipated that the challenges in complex imaging data processing in tumor classification will be overcome and complex data processing will be revolutionized This will make accurate automatic tumor classification segmentation for each tumor type and grade possible to early detect and treat tumors guide treatment planning monitor tumor progression and treatment effects together with advanced accurate survival assessment to guide life saving rescue and recovery planning revolutionize patient care and truly benefit children with brain tumors