cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visceral endoderm-1 (VE-1): an antigen marker that distinguishes anterior from posterior embryonic visceral endoderm in the early post-implantation mouse embryo

Abstract We describe here an antigen marker, designated VE-1, that is detected early in gastrulation (∼ E6.5 through ∼ E7.25) in the anterior visceral endoderm overlying the embryonic ectoderm opposite the primitive streak. The antibody-positive domain extends from the embryonic-extraembryonic junction to the distal tip of the embryo, and laterally around ∼ one-third of the circumference of the egg cylinder. Analysis of embryos at earlier stages indicates that VE-1 is first expressed shortly after implantation, at ∼ E5.0, in the visceral endoderm on one side of the embryo and thus is the earliest molecular marker of A-P asymmetry in the post-implantation mouse embryo described to date. Although VE-1 was detected with a polyclonal antiserum raised against a 24 amino acid polypeptide sequence of FGF2, we provide evidence that the VE-1 antigen is not FGF2. The data reported here are the first to provide molecular evidence that A-P polarity in the mouse embryo is established by E5.0 and that the visceral endoderm has A-P polarity.
Mucosal immunology: Infection induces friendly fire.

Our immune system usually ignores 'friendly' gut bacteria. But when infection with a pathogen damages the intestine's mucosal lining, the resident microbes can invade the body, inducing immune responses directed at themselves.
Examining Perceptual Barriers to Technology: A Study on the Diffusion of Educational Technology and Education Reform

This study examines educatorsâ€™ perceived barriers to technology integration and the relationship to education reform. Educators and administrators from four elementary schools in Washington State were interviewed in their classrooms during a three-month period. The schools differed in size, location, and social economic status and reported variances in their Washington Assessment of Student Learning (WASL) scores. While all of the schools reported similar barriers to the use of educational technology, distinct differences appeared between those schools that had done long-range planning during the reform process and those that had not. Specifically, staff in the two schools that coordinated curricula, performance standards, and a variety of assessment tools while simultaneously allowing teachers the flexibility to alter the curricula, were more likely to state personal responsibility for student learning, and they also were more likely to have overcome barriers to the use of technology.
SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH MAJOR DEPRESSION: CURRENT CONTROVERSIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Recent warnings about potential serious adverse effects with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in children and adolescents with depression raises questions about the risk-benefit ratio of these drugs in this population. Published safety and efficacy trials of SSRIs for the treatment of youth with depression are critically reviewed. These data were augmented by information from regulatory hearings in 2003-2004 and selected open-label reports. Based on this review, recommendations for medication treatment and monitoring of children and adolescents with major depression on SSRIs are provided. Emerging data from several clinical trials show that the SSRIs provide moderate benefits for youth with depression. In addition, SSRI treatment may be associated with increased risk of behavioral activation, self-harm, and suicidal ideation. Appropriate use of the SSRIs in children and adolescents requires careful diagnostic assessment, evaluation of comorbidity, and close monitoring, especially early in treatment.
Multivariate stimulus processing by normal and paranoid schizophrenic subjects

The adequacy of a linear model was evaluated in a multivariate perceptual context by using multiple regression procedures to predict the judgment “friendly-unfriendly” from facial characteristics of line-drawings and to determine whether the equations were reliably related to the subject classification normal vs paranoid schizophrenic. Normal Ss performed in a consistent linear fashion more often than did the schizophrenic Ss, but prediction equations were subject-specific.
Visualization of the Immunological Synapse by Dual Color Time-gated Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Nanoscopy

Natural killer cells form tightly regulated, finely tuned immunological synapses (IS) in order to lyse virally infected or tumorigenic cells. Dynamic actin reorganization is critical to the function of NK cells and the formation of the IS. Imaging of F-actin at the synapse has traditionally utilized confocal microscopy, however the diffraction limit of light restricts resolution of fluorescence microscopy, including confocal, to approximately 200 nm. Recent advances in imaging technology have enabled the development of subdiffraction limited super-resolution imaging. In order to visualize F-actin architecture at the IS we recapitulate the NK cell cytotoxic synapse by adhering NK cells to activating receptor on glass. We then image proteins of interest using two-color stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED). This results in <80 nm resolution at the synapse. Herein we describe the steps of sample preparation and the acquisition of images using dual color STED nanoscopy to visualize F-actin at the NK IS. We also illustrate optimization of sample acquisition using Leica SP8 software and time-gated STED. Finally, we utilize Huygens software for post-processing deconvolution of images.
Intramolecular Electron Transfer between Doubly Six σ-Bond-Linked Trialkyldiazenium Cation and Diazenyl Radical Units

Rate constants kESR for intramolecular electron transfer between the reduced and oxidized diazene units of dimeric 2-tert-butyl-2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octyldiazenium radical cations cations which a...
CCSD(T), W1, and other model chemistry predictions for gas-phase deprotonation reactions

A series of CCSD(T) single-point calculations on MP4(SDQ) geometries and the W1 model chemistry method have been used to calculate H° and G° values for the deprotonation of 17 gas-phase reactions where the experimental values have reported accuracies within 1 kcal/mol. These values have been compared with previous calculations using the G3 and CBS model chemistries and two DFT methods. The most accurate CCSD(T) method uses the aug-cc-pVQZ basis set. Extrapolation of the aug-cc- pVTZ and aug-cc-pVQZ results yields the most accurate agreement with experiment, with a standard deviation of 0.58 kcal/mol for G° and 0.70 kcal/mol for H°. Standard deviations from experiment for G° and H° for the W1 method are 0.95 and 0.83 kcal/mol, respectively. The G3 and CBS-APNO results are competitive with W1 and are much less expensive. Any of the model chemistry methods or the CCSD(T)/ aug-cc-pVQZ method can serve as a valuable check on the accuracy of experimental data reported in the National Institutes of Standards and Technology (NIST) database.
Physiological variation in vascular reactivity of breast tissue over the menstrual cycle demonstrated by optical tomography

Using optical tomography we demonstrate that breast physiology changes over the 28 day menstrual cycle. This can be demonstrated by the vasculature’s compliance and degree of heterogeneity in response to simple manipulations (e.g., Valsalva maneuver).
Synthesis, Structure, and Characterization of the Hydrogen-Substituted Imido Complex TiCl2(NH)(OPPh3)2

The first hydrogen-substituted imido complex of the group 4 metals has been synthesized. Its crystal structure shows the titanium atom in square pyramidal geometry with a very short titanium−nitrog...
Microbiology: breaking down biofilms.

Biofilms – adherent bacterial communities embedded in a polymer matrix – are common in nature and can cause persistent human infections that are highly resistant to antibiotics. Recent work provides insight into how these communities develop and function, and offers clues to combating them.
Multi-modal Multi-granular Analysis: Exploring Communication Networks under Varying Lenses

Activities in online communities are often distributed across multiple media and sites. Additionally, the granularity at which events are recorded may not match the analytic needs. Since communication is scattered across space, time, and media, and the data comes in a variety of formats, there is no single transcript to inspect and share, and the available data representations may not make interaction and its consequences apparent. We present research that explores a multi-modal multi-granular method of analyzing network and interaction data, and how different levels of granularity reveal unique properties of the network. We utilize various techniques and visualization tools to bridge between levels of analysis and study multiple digital media under different lenses. The analytic techniques are explicated via analysis of interactions in SRI' s T apped In community of educational professionals, followed by implications of our research and areas for future development.
The evolutionary radiation of modern birds: systematics and patterns of diversification

The timing of the evolutionary radiation of the modern, or neornithine, birds is controversial. The fossil record has indicated that the radiation occurred mainly in the aftermath of the Cretaceous–Tertiary (KT) extinction event. However, recent estimates of lineage divergence times calculated from molecular data have instead indicated that most of the major clades of modern birds originated in the Cretaceous. Because the known Mesozoic fossil record of modern birds is poor, fossils from the early Tertiary provide the first opportunity to document the pattern of the radiation. The limited phylogenetic hypotheses produced to date and including this post-KT fossil material suggest that only some of the ‘more basal’ clades of modern birds were, most likely, present during the Mesozoic Era, and that the radiation of the ‘more derived’ landbird group of clades occurred in the early Tertiary.
A RF-induced dynamic coherence length in NbSe3

Abstract We have investigated Shapiro step mode-locking in NbSe 3 as a function of sample dimension, using both a series of samples with different total length, and individual samples with a variable spacing between voltage sensing probes. The rf-induced dynamic coherence length is orders of magnitude larger than the Fukuyama-Lee-Rice length.
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy imaging with suppression of four-wave mixing in optical fibers

We demonstrated an optical fiber delivered coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy imaging system with a polarization-based mechanism for suppression of four-wave mixing (FWM) signals in delivery fiber. Polarization maintaining fibers (PMF) were used as the delivery fiber to ensure stability of the state of polarization (SOP) of lasers. The pump and Stokes waves were coupled into PMFs at orthogonal SOPs along the slow and fast axes of PMFs, respectively, resulting in a significant reduction of FWM signals generated in the fiber. At the output end of PMFs, a dual-wavelength waveplate was used to realign the SOPs of the two waves into identical SOPs prior to their entrance into the CARS microscope. Therefore, it allows the pump and Stokes waves with identical SOPs to excite samples at highest excitation efficiency. Our experimental results showed that this polarization-based FWM-suppressing mechanism can dramatically reduce FWM signals generated in PMFs up to approximately 99%. Meanwhile, the PMF-delivered CARS microscopy system with this mechanism can still produce high-quality CARS images. Consequently, our PMF-delivered CARS microscopy imaging system with the polarization-based FWM-suppressing mechanism potentially offers a new strategy for building fiber-based CARS endoscopes with effective suppression of FWM background noises.
Extracellular matrix assembly in diatoms (Bacillariophyceae). iv. ultrastructure of Achnanthes longipes and Cymbella cistula as revealed by high-pressure freezing/freeze substituton and cryo-field emission scanning electron microscopy

Extracellular matrix (ECM) polymers secreted by the diatoms Achnanthes longipes Ag. and Cymbella cistula (Ehr.) Kirchn. completely encase the cell and are responsible for adhesion and other interactions with the external environment. To preserve details of the highly hydrophilic ECM in the native state and to preserve, with a high degree of fidelity, the intracellular structures involved in synthesis of extracellular polymers, we applied a suite of cryotechniques. The methods included high-resolution visualization of surfaces using cryo-field emission SEM (cryo-FESEM) and preservation for TEM observation of thin sections by high-pressure freezing (HPF) and freeze substitution (FS). The extracellular structures of diatoms plunge-frozen in liquid ethane, etched at low temperature, and observed on a cryostage in the FESEM showed overall dimensions and shapes closely comparable to those observed with light microscopy. Cryo-FESEM demonstrated the pervasive nature of the extracellular polymers and their importance in cell–substratum and cell–cell associations and revealed details of cell attachment processes not visible using other SEM techniques or light microscopy. The layer of ECM coating the frustule and entirely encapsulating cells of A. longipes and C. cistula was shown to have a significant role in initial cell adhesion and subsequent interaction with the environment. Trails of raphe-associated ECM, generated during cell motility, were shown at high resolution and consist of anastomoses of coiled and linear strands. Cryo-FESEM revealed a sheet-like mucilage covering stalks. HPF/FS of A. longipes resulted in excellent preservation of intra- and extracellular structures comparable to previous reports for animals and higher plants and revealed several organelles not described previously. Three distinct vesicle types were identified, including a class closely associated with Golgi bodies and postulated to participate in formation of the extracellular adhesive structures. HPF/FS showed a number of continuous diatotepic layers positioned between the plasma membrane and the silicon frustule and revealed that extracellular adhesive extrusion through frustule pores during stalk production was closely related to the diatotepum. The stalks of A. longipes consist of highly organized, multilayered, fine fibrillar materials with an electron-opaque layer organized as a sheath at the stalk periphery.
Probabilistic Detection of Morphologic Indicators for Beach Segmentation With Multitemporal LiDAR Measurements

Airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) surveys provide a rich data source of topographic information. However, beach monitoring with LiDAR data has been mostly limited to visualization and first-order measures derived from digital elevation models (DEMs). To exploit more information from multitemporal LiDAR data acquired over a beach, we extract surface features to detect morphologies that are indicative of shoreline change patterns. First, through cross-shore profile sampling of LiDAR-derived DEMs, the continuous 3-D beach surface is parameterized into several 1-D morphologic features progressing alongshore. Profiles are subsequently partitioned into binary erosion or accretion classes dependent on measured shoreline change between surveys. Then, a feature's class separability is quantified using information divergence measures nonparametrically constructed via Parzen windowing. The more interclass separation provided by a feature, the greater its discriminative potential, and the higher its ranking as a morphologic indicator. Rankings are computed across the survey epochs to evaluate performance stability of the features. Finally, the top-ranked features are implemented within a naive Bayes classifier to assess their ability to segment terrain more likely to erode. Results demonstrate the utility of the developed framework to systematically extract and incorporate useful morphologic information from LiDAR data for discerning patterns in beach change.
Significance of asymptomatic bacterium in neurogenic bladder disease

Whether or not to treat bacteriuria (greater than or equal to 100,000 col/cc) in the asymptomatic patient has long been controversial. Fifty-two patients with uncomplicated neurogenic bladder disease secondary to spinal cord injury and bacteriuria were followed throughout their hospitalization. Antibiotics were reserved only for symptomatic patients. Our results indicate the value of no treatment for chronic bacteriuria as an alternative to chronic suppressive therapy.
Nuclear activators and coactivators in mammalian mitochondrial biogenesis

The biogenesis of mitochondria requires the expression of a large number of genes, most of which reside in the nuclear genome. The protein-coding capacity of mtDNA is limited to 13 respiratory subunits necessitating that nuclear regulatory factors play an important role in governing nucleo-mitochondrial interactions. Two classes of nuclear transcriptional regulators implicated in mitochondrial biogenesis have emerged in recent years. The first includes DNA-binding transcription factors, typified by nuclear respiratory factor (NRF)-1, NRF-2 and others, that act on known nuclear genes that specify mitochondrial functions. A second, more recently defined class, includes nuclear coactivators typified by PGC-1 and related family members (PRC and PGC-1 beta). These molecules do not bind DNA but rather work through their interactions with DNA-bound transcription factors to regulate gene expression. An important feature of these coactivators is that their expression is responsive to physiological signals mediating thermogenesis, cell proliferation and gluconeogenesis. Thus, they have the ability to integrate the action of multiple transcription factors in orchestrating programs of gene expression essential to cellular energetics. The interplay of these nuclear factors appears to be a major determinant in regulating the biogenesis of mitochondria.
Estrogen decreases biglycan mRNA expression in resistance blood vessels

This study was designed to identify new gene targets of estrogen in the mesenteric arteries and to determine whether the soy phytoestrogens could mimic estrogen effects. Ovariectomized rats were tr...
On the coupling and detection of motion between an artery with a localized lesion and its surrounding tissue

Abstract A mechanical model of an artery embedded in a homogeneous tissue is used in this paper to analyze the coupling between the pulsatile motion of the arterial wall and the motion of the skin surface. In this model, an axial variation in the radial displacement is imposed on the arterial wall to simulate the rigidity increase over the portion of the artery with localized lesion. The correspondent deformation at the skin surface is computed for the model. The correlation between certain characteristic features of the deformation and the governing parameters of the problem is presented. Finally, an estimate and a critical discussion of the magnitude of localized lesion which can be detected with two noninvasive techniques, the arterial tonometer and holographic interferometer, are present.
Evaluation of CdS interfacial layers in ZnO nanowire/poly(3-hexylthiophene) solar cells

We prepare ZnO:poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) thin-film solar cells and ZnO nanowire:P3HT nanostructured solar cells and evaluate the effect of adding an interfacial layer between the ZnO and P3HT as a function of the nanowire height. We evaluate several different interlayers of CdS deposited, using two different chemical bath deposition (CBD) recipes. The height of the nanowire array is varied from a bilayer device with no nanowires up to arrays with a height of 2 µm. We find that achieving a conformal coating of the ZnO with the interfacial layer is critical to improve device performance and that CBD can be used to grow conformal films on nonuniform surfaces.
A Literature Survey of Intermediate Products Formed During the Thermal Aqueous Degradation of Cellulose

Abstract The production of pyrolytic oils and tars from organic materials, notably cellulose and lignin, has been reported in the scientific literature for at least a century. Interest in this topic has intensified recently because of the potential for making liquid fuels and petroleum substitutes from waste organic materials, particularly wood, manure, and municipal trash. Plants are now operating to evaluate production of these oils on a pilot-plant or demonstration scale. At El Cajon, California, a 200-ton/day demonstration plant is operating to convert municipal trash into a pyrolytic oil [1], and at Albany, Oregon, a 3-ton/day pilot plant converts wood into oil [2]. The former is a direct pyrolytic process while the latter employs thermochemical alkaline digestion.
Modeling of crack growth in ductile solids: a three-dimensional analysis

Abstract A population of several spherical voids is included in a three-dimensional, small scale yielding model. Two distinct void growth mechanisms, put forth by [Int. J. Solids Struct. 39 (2002) 3581] for the case of a two-dimensional model containing cylindrical voids, are well contained in the model developed in this study for spherical voids. A material failure criterion, based on the occurrence of void coalescence in the unit cell model, is established. The critical ligament reduction ratio, which varies with stress triaxiality and initial porosity, is used to determine ligament failure between the crack tip and the nearest void. A comparison of crack initiation toughness of the model containing cylindrical voids with the model containing spherical voids reveals that the material having a sizeable fraction of spherical voids is tougher than the material having cylindrical voids. The proposed material failure determination method is then used to establish the fracture resistance curve ( J – R curve) of the material. For a ductile material containing a small volume fraction of microscopic voids initially, the void by void growth mechanism prevails, which results in a J – R curve having steep slope. On the other hand, for a ductile material containing a large volume fraction of initial voids, the multiple voids interaction mechanism prevails, which results in a flat J – R curve. Next, the effect of T -stress on fracture resistance is examined. Finally, nucleation and growth of secondary microvoids and their effects on void coalescence are briefly discussed.
The Effects of Internal and External Control Factors on College Students' Marijuana Use and Cessation of Use.

The purpose of this study was to examine how selected internal and external control variables influence lifetime use, frequency of use, and cessation of use of marijuana. The internal control factor, comprising the variables 1) perceived risk of marijuana use and 2) attitudes toward prohibition of marijuana use, refers to a built-in personal tendency toward conventionality. The external control factor refers to social-environmental forces which discourage marijuana use. External control is indicated by factors including the number of extra-curricular activities in which an individual is involved; place of residence; the availability of marijuana; peer attitudes toward marijuana use; the number of an individual's friends who use marijuana; and the number of occasions on which an individual has observed others using marijuana. The study's results show that both internal and external control factors are significant predictors of the frequency of marijuana use. The external control factor, however, plays a mo...
Consumer Sensory Evaluation and Flavor Analyses of Pasteurized and Irradiated Apple Cider with Potassium Sorbate

ABSTRACT: Consumer preference and acceptance sensory tests and volatile flavor analyses of apple cider (irradiated and pasteurized with potassium sorbate) were conducted in 2001 (599 panelists) and 2002 (577 panelists). In 2001, irradiated cider was preferred at 2 locations, whereas at the other 2 locations, neither sample was preferred. In 2002, the acceptability rating was 6.24 for irradiated cider and 6.41 for pasteurized cider, rating on a 7-point hedonic scale (1 = dislike very much; 7 = like very much). Acceptability of the pasteurized cider was significantly higher at 1 location. In both years, ciders with higher levels of esters and other compounds typical of apple flavor had higher preference and acceptability ratings.
Odontogenic ghost cell tumor: a case report with cytologic findings

Odontogenic ghost cell tumor is a rare, neoplastic form of calcifying odontogenic cyst (Gorlin cyst) whose cytologic features have not been previously reported. We present a case of odontogenic ghost cell tumor diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). The aspirate was characterized by (1) tissue fragments with basaloid epithelial cells, (2) "ghost" cells, (3) scattered multinucleated giant cells, (4) rare, eosinophilic, densely hyalinized "dentinoid" material in close association with the basaloid cells, and (5) calcific debris. The aspirate was diagnosed as "consistent with odontogenic ghost cell tumor." The cytologic features of odontogenic ghost cell tumor, as described, closely parallel the major histologic findings in this rare tumor. The differential diagnoses include other odontogenic tumors, squamous cell carcinoma, basaloid cell tumors of the salivary gland, and pilomatrixoma.
Upstream region of a nuclear gene encoding the α-subunit of the human mitochondrial F0F1 ATP synthase

An expressed nuclear gene (ATPA) that encodes the alpha-subunit of the human mitochondrial F0F1 ATP synthase complex was isolated from a human genomic library. The nucleotide sequence of the 5'-flanking region of this gene was determined. No typical TATA or CCAAT boxes were found in this region. The 5'-flanking region of this gene contains several sequences that are found in a number of nuclear genes that encode proteins of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system and which might play a role in regulating their expression. The nucleotide sequence of the 5'-flanking region of the human ATPA gene is highly homologous (overall homology approx. 70%) to the corresponding region of the bovine ATPA1 gene.
Evidence for an absence of estrogen-concentration by CCK-immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus of the female rat

It is becoming increasingly clear that the neuropeptide cholecystokinin (CCK), widely distributed in the rat hypothalamus and limbic system, is subject to both organizational and activational influences of steroid hormones. Sex differences in numbers of CCK-immunoreactive elements have been demonstrated in sexually dimorphic structures such as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial preoptic nucleus, and ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Steroid activation of CCK has been indicated by findings that hypothalamic CCK levels and binding capacity vary over the estrous cycle. These studies, in combination with evidence of CCK mediation of sexually differentiated functions, prompted us to test for estrogen concentration among CCK-containing cells of the female rat hypothalamus by combining the techniques of immunohistochemistry and autoradiography. A method employing 2-week ovariectomies and perfusion fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde was compatible with the localization of both estrogen-accumulating and CCK-immunoreactive cell bodies. The maintenance of numbers of CCK-positive cells after gonadectomy suggested that expression of this peptide may not be directly regulated by ovarian steroids in female rats. This suggestion was substantiated by the finding that, with rare exceptions, CCK-immunoreactive cells did not concentrate estrogen in tissues collected from the anterior-posterior extent of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial preoptic nucleus, anterior hypothalamic area, and paraventricular nucleus.
Selection for low birth weight and high yearling weight in angus beef cattle

Abstract Angus bulls were chosen for either high birth weight (BW), high yearling weight (YW), or low BW, high YW using Expected Progeny Difference (EPD) estimates for proven sires. The high group had birth weight EPD ⩾ 3.0 kg and yearling weight EPD ⩾ 20 kg while the low group had birth weight EPD ⩽ 1.5 kg and yearling weight EPD ⩾ 20 kg. The selected sires were randomly mated to registered Angus cows over 4 years and resulting progeny data were analyzed for BW, weaning weight, post-weaning gain, YW, gestation length and yearling pelvic measurements. High group least squares means (LSM) for BW exceeded the low group by 3.8 kg ( P P > 0.10) were seen for weaning weights, post-weaning gain or yearling weights although actual LSM were in close agreement with sire EPD differences between groups. Yearling weight LSM differed by 6.6 kg compared with a 6.3 kg difference between high and low groups for sire yearling weight EPD means. Pelvic measurements were comparable between groups ( P > 0.10). Results of this study indicate that antagonistic selection for low BW and high growth rate is feasible using EPD. Therefore, the potential exists for increasing the genetic merit for growth with minimal birth problems associated with birth weight.
Somatotopic organization of mechanosensory projections to SII cerebral neocortex in the raccoon (Procyon lotor)

The pattern of projections of peripheral receptors to the neocortex in the second somesthetic receiving area (SII) was mapped in raccoons. The purpose was to determine if the projection area of peripheral receptors to the forepaw area in the SII region is disproportionally enlarged as it is in SI. Tungsten microelectrode recording procedures were used to map thoroughly the inferior wall of the suprasylvian sulcus for regions responsive to mechanical stimulation of peripheral receptors. The results show that: 1 The forepaw area in SII shows an enlargement commensurate with that found in the SI. This suggests that those factors that are selective for tactile acuity of the raccoon forepaw were operating in the evolution of SII as they were in SI. 2 The somatotopic organization of mechanoreceptive projections to SII is reversed mediolaterally compared to previous descriptions of this arrangement in other mammals: projections form axial structures lie medially and those from apical structures lie laterally along the inferior bank of the suprasylvian sulcus in the raccoon.
NEW TECHNIQUES FOR PLASMA DENSITY PROFILING

Two new techniques for the measurement of plasma density profiles are presented. The two approaches are aimed at simultaneously overcoming uncertainties due to both the Abel inversion, and plasma irreproducibility. Plasmas with densities approximately greater than 10/sup 14/ cm/sup -3/ (NxL approximately greater than 10/sup 15/ cm/sup -2/ are considered. The first technique combines standard heterodyne interferometry with rapid spatial scanning. The Able inversion problem is addressed by the very high spatial resolution obtainable (e.g., approximately 100 spots/..mu..s of scan time at lambda = 3.4 ..mu..m) while the plasma irreproducibility is overcome by multiple framing in a single discharge (interframe time as short as 10 ..mu..s). The technique requires only a single detector channel and is applicable over a wide range in parameters. The apparatus has been built and successfully bench tested. The second technique, currently in the design stage, is based on Thomson scattering of a short laser pulse. With a wavepacket small compared to the plasma, the nondispersed scattered light pulse shape is essentially the plasma profile. Additionally, the short light pulse allows time of flight discrimination against instrumental scatter. With very modest pulse energy, the scattered power greatly exceeds the plasma radiation and signal statistics determine themore » detection quality.« less
Range dynamics, rather than convergent selection, explain the mosaic distribution of red-winged blackbird phenotypes.

Geographic distributions of genetic and phenotypic characters can illuminate historical evolutionary processes. In particular, mosaic distributions of phenotypically similar populations can arise from parallel evolution or from irregular patterns of dispersal and colonization by divergent forms. Two phenotypically divergent forms of the red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) show a mosaic phenotypic distribution, with a “bicolored” form occurring disjunctly in California and Mexico. We analyzed the relationships among these bicolored populations and neighboring typical populations, using ~600 bp of mitochondrial DNA sequence data and 10 nuclear short tandem repeat loci. We find that bicolored populations, although separated by ~3000 km, are genetically more similar to one other than they are to typical populations separated by ~400 km. We also find evidence of ongoing gene flow among populations, including some evidence of asymmetric gene flow. We conclude that the current distribution of bicolored forms represents incomplete speciation, where recent asymmetric hybridization with typical A. phoeniceus is dividing the range of a formerly widespread bicolored form. This hypothesis predicts that bicolored forms may suffer extinction by hybridization. Future work will use fine-scaled geographical sampling and nuclear sequence data to test for hybrid origins of currently typical populations and to more precisely quantify the directionality of gene flow.
Calvarial remodelling for sagittal synostosis: does fibrin glue (Tisseel™) reduce post-operative blood transfusion requirements?

Introduction Calvarial remodelling for sagittal synostosis is extensive surgery and is associated with potential risks; the most significant of these is blood loss.
Collective versus independent annihilation of "transhydrogen" antinuclei.

Annihilation of heavy'' antinuclei, such as {ital {bar d}}, {ital {bar t}}, or {bar {alpha}} in nuclear matter could serve to probe whether the constituent antinucleons annihilate independently of each other or whether a single fireball is formed. In the latter case the total meson multiplicity distribution should have a lower mean and a larger relative width than in the trivial case. The meson spectrum would be correspondingly harder.
APPLICATION OF TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS TO THE ASSESSMENT OF LOCAL AND LONG-RANGE CONTRIBUTIONS TO ACIDIC DEPOSITION

Two methods of back trajectories have been applied for 14 precipitation events. One method consisted of a combination of isentropic and constant level trajectories. The second method consisted only of the constant level trajectory. For each method a long range and a local contribution to the chemistry of the precipitation was calculated. The long range contribution was calculated by taking into account the SO2 an NOx emissions in the areas of the mixed layers traversed by the trajectories, the diffusion, and the dry and wet depositions along the trajectories path. For the local contribution, local emissions and the dry deposition were taken into account. From these contributions expected values of sulfate and nitrate in the precipitation were calculated and these values compared with the observed ones. Results indicate that: a) the isentropic-constant level model is much better in estimating the measured concentrations of sulfate and nitrate in precipitation than the constant level mode, and b) the long range transport of precursors contributed more to the total concentration than the local emissions.
Symptomatology and insight in schizophrenia.

The phenomenon of poor insight of clients with schizophrenia has recently received a great deal of attention; however, the relationship of the symptoms of illness and of poor insight is not fully understood. This study examined the relationship between ratings of symptomatology and ratings of insight deficits for 64 clients with schizophrenia. Symptomatology and insight were evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Over-all functioning was evaluated using the Global Assessment of Functioning scale. Ratings on positive symptomatology were significantly related to ratings of poor insight. As ratings of poor insight increased, ratings on severity of positive symptoms, for example, delusions and hallucinations, also increased. Implications of this finding are discussed.
In vivo dopaminergic neurotoxicity of the 2-β-methylcarbolinium ion, a potential endogenous MPP+ analog

The MPP+-like neurotoxicity of the 2-methyl-beta-carbolinium species, a possible endogenous condensation product structurally related to MPP+, has been assessed by an intracerebral microdialysis technique. Although much less potent, this compound appears to cause the selective and irreversible destruction of nigrostriatal nerve terminals in rat brain in a manner similar to that observed under comparable conditions with MPP+.
How child welfare workers assess and intervene around issues of domestic violence

Research shows a close connection between domestic violence and child maltreatment. In recent years, there has been an increased recognition of this by child welfare professionals. However, little empirical work has been done on the actual assessments and interventions of frontline child welfare workers in relationship to domestic violence. Through surveying public child welfare workers in a Midwestern community, this article examines these issues.
EPR-ENDOR of the Cu(I)NO complex of nitrite reductase.

With limited reductant and nitrite under anaerobic conditions, copper-containing nitrite reductase (NiR) of Rhodobacter sphaeroides yielded endogenous NO and the Cu(I)NO derivative of NiR. 14N- and 15N-nitrite substrates gave rise to characteristic 14NO and 15NO EPR hyperfine features indicating NO involvement, and enrichment of NiR with 63Cu isotope caused an EPR line shape change showing copper involvement. A markedly similar Cu(I)NONiR complex was made by anaerobically adding a little endogenous NO gas to reduced protein and immediately freezing. The Cu(I)NONiR signal accounted for 60−90% of the integrated EPR intensity formerly associated with the Type 2 catalytic copper. Analysis of NO and Cu hyperfine couplings and comparison to couplings of inorganic Cu(I)NO model systems indicated ∼50% spin on the N of NO and ∼17% spin on Cu. ENDOR revealed weak nitrogen hyperfine coupling to one or more likely histidine ligands of copper. Although previous crystallography of the conservative I289V mutant had show...
Quantifying contributions of climate feedbacks to tropospheric warming in the NCAR CCSM3.0

In this study, a coupled atmosphere-surface “climate feedback-response analysis method” (CFRAM) was applied to the slab ocean model version of the NCAR CCSM3.0 to understand the tropospheric warming due to a doubling of CO2 concentration through quantifying the contributions of each climate feedback process. It is shown that the tropospheric warming displays distinct meridional and vertical patterns that are in a good agreement with the multi-model mean projection from the IPCC AR4. In the tropics, the warming in the upper troposphere is stronger than in the lower troposphere, leading to a decrease in temperature lapse rate, whereas in high latitudes the opposite it true. In terms of meridional contrast, the lower tropospheric warming in the tropics is weaker than that in high latitudes, resulting in a weakened meridional temperature gradient. In the upper troposphere the meridional temperature gradient is enhanced due to much stronger warming in the tropics than in high latitudes. Using the CFRAM method, we analyzed both radiative feedbacks, which have been emphasized in previous climate feedback analysis, and non-radiative feedbacks. It is shown that non-radiative (radiative) feedbacks are the major contributors to the temperature lapse rate decrease (increase) in the tropical (polar) region. Atmospheric convection is the leading contributor to temperature lapse rate decrease in the tropics. The cloud feedback also has non-negligible contributions. In the polar region, water vapor feedback is the main contributor to the temperature lapse rate increase, followed by albedo feedback and CO2 forcing. The decrease of meridional temperature gradient in the lower troposphere is mainly due to strong cooling from convection and cloud feedback in the tropics and the strong warming from albedo feedback in the polar region. The strengthening of meridional temperature gradient in the upper troposphere can be attributed to the warming associated with convection and cloud feedback in the tropics. Since convection is the leading contributor to the warming differences between tropical lower and upper troposphere, and between the tropical and polar regions, this study indicates that tropical convection plays a critical role in determining the climate sensitivity. In addition, the CFRAM analysis shows that convective process and water vapor feedback are the two major contributors to the tropical upper troposphere temperature change, indicating that the excessive upper tropospheric warming in the IPCC AR4 models may be due to overestimated warming from convective process or underestimated cooling due to water vapor feedback.
Multiple application OpenGL (Mesa) support on GLINT boards

Recent developments show that it is possible to implement drivers using 3D Graphics Hardware for the PC, which obtain performance previously found only in very expensive, specialized graphics systems. Typically, these drivers provide single application support only. This unfortunately results in the lack of having the comfort of a Windowing System and the inability to output to more than one viewing window. In this paper, an implementation to include the missing properties is discussed.
Progress in High Voltage SiC and GaN Power Switching Devices

The present status of the development and commercialization of SiC and GaN power devices for power electronics applications is presented. The technology obstacles and needs as well as future trend in these power devices are also discussed.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF FEVER : XIII. THE EFFECT OF PHAGOCYTOSIS ON THE RELEASE OF ENDOGENOUS PYROGEN BY POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES

1. Phagocytosis promotes the release of endogenous pyrogen from polymorphonuclear leucocytes. 2. The release of pyrogen, though initiated by the phagocytic event, is not synchronous with it. 3. The postphagocytic release mechanism is not inhibited by sodium fluoride and, therefore, appears not to require continued production of energy by the cell. 4. The release process, on the other hand, is inhibited by arsenite, suggesting the participation of one or more sulfhydryl-dependent enzymes in the over-all reaction. 5. Particle for particle, the ingestion of heat-killed rough pneumococci causes the release of approximately 100 times as much pyrogen as the ingestion of polystyrene beads of the same size. 6. The pyrogen release mechanism of polymorphonuclear leucocytes separated directly from blood, unlike that of granulocytes in acute inflammatory exudates, is not readily activated by incubation of the cells in K-free saline. Despite this difference, both blood and exudate leucocytes following phagocytosis release large amounts of pyrogen, even in the presence of K(+). The fact that the postphagocytic reaction is uninhibited by the concentrations of K(+) which are present in plasma and extracellular fluids, suggests that this mechanism of pyrogen release may well operate in vivo. 7. As might be expected from the foregoing observations, the intravenous injection of a sufficiently large number of heat-killed pneumococci causes fever in the intact host. Intravenously injected polystyrene beads, on the other hand, are significantly less pyrogenic. Evidence is presented to support the conclusion that the fever in both instances is caused by pyrogen released from the circulating leucocytes which have phagocyted the injected particles. 8. The possible relationships of these findings to the pathogenesis of fevers caused by acute bacterial infections are discussed.
DNA damage by mycotoxins.

Mycotoxins are toxic fungal metabolites which are structurally diverse, common contaminants of the ingredients of animal feed and human food. To date, mycotoxins with carcinogenic potency in experimental animal models include aflatoxins, sterigmatocystin, ochratoxin, fumonisins, zearalenone, and some Penicillium toxins. Most of these carcinogenic mycotoxins are genotoxic agents with the exception of fumonisins, which is currently believed to act by disrupting the signal transduction pathways of the target cells. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a category I known human carcinogen and the most potent genotoxic agent, is mutagenic in many model systems and produces chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, sister chromatid exchange, unscheduled DNA synthesis, and chromosomal strand breaks, as well as forms adducts in rodent and human cells. The predominant AFB1-DNA adduct was identified as 8, 9-dihydro-8-(N7-guanyl)-9-hydroxy-AFB1 (AFB1-N7-Gua), which derives from covalent bond formation between C8 of AFB1-8,9-epoxides and N7 of guanine bases in DNA. Initial AFB1-N7-guanine adduct can convert to a ring-opened formamidopyrimidine derivative, AFB1-FAPY. The formation of AFB1-N7-guanine adduct was linear over the low-dose range in all species examined, and liver, the primary target organ, had the highest level of the adduct. Formation of initial AFB1-N7-guanine adduct was correlated with the incidence of hepatic tumor in trout and rats. The AFB1-N7-guanine adduct was removed from DNA rapidly and was excreted exclusively in urine of exposed rats. Several human studies have validated the similar correlation between dietary exposure to AFB1 and excretion of AFB1-N7-guanine in urine. Replication of DNA containing AFB1-N7-guanine adduct-induced G-->T mutations in an experimental model. Activation of ras protooncogene has been found in AFB1-induced tumors in mouse, rat, and fish. More strikingly, the relationship between aflatoxin exposure and development of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HHC) was demonstrated by the studies on the p53 tumor suppressor gene. High frequency of p53 mutations (G-->T transversion at codon 249) was found to occur in HHC collected from populations exposed to high levels of dietary aflatoxin in China and Southern Africa. Furthermore, AFB1-induced DNA damage and hepatocarcinogenesis in experimental models can be modulated by a variety of factors including nutrients, chemopreventive agents, and other factors such as food restriction and viral infection, as well as genetic polymorphisms.
Design of an 8192x8192 pixel CCD mosaic

We describe the design of an ultra-format, 8192 x 8192 pixel CCD mosaic imager under construction for the Mauna Kea Observatory. The mosaic will be built from a 4 x 2 array of 3-edge-buttable 2048 x 4096 15 micrometers pixel CCDs fabricated by Loral Fairchild. We outline the scientific justification for such a mosaic and the technical details of the 3-edge-buttable 2048 x 4096 CCD design. We also present our strategy for imager packaging and subsequent mosaic construction which will result in a mosaic with individual elements that can easily be installed and removed. This particular CCD mosaic is intended for two existing MKO telescopes: the UH 2.2 m and the CFHT 3.6m. In either configuration, the imager will offer an enormous field of view with excellent spatial sampling.
Beta-DL-methylene-aspartate, an inhibitor of aspartate aminotransferase, potently inhibits L-glutamate uptake into astrocytes.

[3H]Glutamate uptake into astrocytes in primary culture was potently inhibited by the aspartate analoguesl- andd-aspartic acid,Dl-threo-β-hydroxy-aspartic acid,l-aspartic acid-β-hydroxymate (IC50's: 136, 259, 168, and 560 μM, respectively) and by β-Dl-methylene-aspartate, a suicide inhibitor of asparate aminotransferase (IC50: 524 μM), and by the endogenous sulphur-containing amino acidl-cysteinesulfinic acid (IC50: 114 μM). [3H]Glutamate uptake was not significantly affected by either N-methyl-d-aspartate orDl-homocysteine thiolactone. These results demonstrate that other excitatory amino acids including aspartate andl-cysteinesulfinic acid (but excludingl-homocysteic acid) interact with the glutamate transport system of astrocytes. Inhibition of glutamate uptake may significantly increase the level of neuronal excitability.