cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INFECTIOUS MORBIDITY IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS WITH CANCER

Infection frequently complicates the course of cancer treatment and often adversely affects the outcome. Patients have a greater tendency for acquiring infections caused by opportunistic microorganisms. Agents with low virulence potential may lead to invasive and often life-threatening infections because of altered host immune function. The immune dysfunction may be caused by the underlying malignancy, by antineoplastic chemotherapy, or by invasive procedures during supportive care.
Mechanical Effects on the Kinetics of the HIV Proteinase Deactivation

The proteinase from HIV undergoes rapid and irreversible deactivation caused by mild mechanical stirring. Both the free enzyme and the ternary Michaelis complex disappear in two separate first-order processes, with half-times of 3.0 and 0.8 minutes, respectively. Ignoring these deactivation steps distorts the results of kinetic analyses.
Reconstructing ancestral character states: a critical reappraisal

Using parsimony to reconstruct ancestral character states on a phylogenetic tree has become a popular method for testing ecological and evolutionary hypotheses. Despite its popularity, the assumptions and uncertainties of reconstructing the ancestral states of a single character have received less attention than the much less challenging endeavor of reconstructing phylogenetic trees from many characters. Recent research suggests that parsimony reconstructions are often sensitive to violations of the almost universal assumption of equal probabilities of gains and losses. In addition, maximum likelihood has been developed as an alternative to parsimony reconstruction, and has also revealed a surprising amount of uncertainty in ancestral reconstructions.
Toxoplasma gondii: Characterization of a Mutant Resistant to 6-Thioxanthine

6-Thioxanthine caused 50% inhibition of the growth of Toxoplasma gondii in human fibroblasts at a concentration of 5 micrograms/ml. A mutant induced by treatment with ethylnitrosourea (ThxR-1) was 20-fold more resistant than the wildtype. Wild-type parasites grown in Lesch-Nyhan fibroblasts efficiently incorporated hypoxanthine, guanine, and xanthine, but ThxR-1 incorporated each of these precursors less than 2% as well as the wildtype did. Soluble extracts of wild-type parasites had potent phosphoribosyltransferase activities for hypoxanthine, guanine, and xanthine, while extracts of ThxR-1 had barely detectable activity with any of these substrates. The basis for the resistance of ThxR-1 to 6-thioxanthine is, therefore, the lack of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Thus, salvage pathways that employ this enzyme are not essential for the acquisition of purines, which the parasite must obtain from the host cell. Incubation in a medium containing mycophenolic acid and xanthine allowed the efficient recovery of wild-type T. gondii in the presence of many ThxR-1 parasites. Together with the use of 6-thioxanthine to detect resistant mutants in the presence of many wild-type parasites, this procedure provides a simple selection and back-selection for mutations that affect the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase gene of T. gondii.
Spillovers to Emerging Equity Markets: An Econometric Assessment

This paper shows that emerging market equity prices are influenced by growing global factors, and therefore global factors constitute a significant channel for spillovers when the international economic environment changes. Strengthening their resilience to equity price declines remains an important goal for emerging market economies.
The ‘Railroad Problem’ and the Interstate Commerce Act

The emergence of railroads presented a problem for the developing economic profession. Railroads, by their very nature, often had a localized monopoly. The check that competition was expected to impose on firm behavior was singularly lacking. At the same time, railroads in the United States were national in scope and thus affected interstate commerce. The Interstate Commerce Act and the Commission spawned by the Act represented the first halting steps towards coping with the monopoly power that was a consequence of the Second Industrial revolution. In this paper, the views of prominent economic and legal thinkers regarding the proper legal framework for railroads are reviewed.
Behavioral Detection and Containment of Proximity Malware in Delay Tolerant Networks

With the universal presence of short-range connectivity technologies (e.g., Bluetooth and, more recently, Wi-Fi Direct) in the consumer electronics market, the delay-tolerant-network (DTN) model is becoming a viable alternative to the traditional infrastructural model. Proximity malware, which exploits the temporal dimension and distributed nature of DTNs in self-propagation, poses threats to users of new technologies. In this paper, we address the proximity malware detection and containment problem with explicit consideration for the unique characteristics of DTNs. We formulate the malware detection process as a decision problem under a general behavioral malware characterization framework. We analyze the risk associated with the decision problem and design a simple yet effective malware containment strategy, look-ahead, which is distributed by nature and reflects an individual node's intrinsic trade-off between staying connected (with other nodes) and staying safe (from malware). Furthermore, we consider the benefits of sharing assessments among directly connected nodes and address the challenges derived from the DTN model to such sharing in the presence of liars (i.e., malicious nodes sharing false assessments) and defectors (i.e., good nodes that have turned malicious due to malware infection). Real mobile network traces are used to verify our analysis.
The computational grid: aggregating performance and enhanced capability from federated resources

The continuing proliferation of high-quality network connectivity brings with it the possibility of building applications that can use globally distributed resources to achieve new performance levels. The Computational Grid is an emerging paradigm for supporting such applications in which programs draw computational "power" from a global resource pool the same way appliances draw electrical power from a power utility—seamlessly, ubiquitously, and anonymously. Attempting to realize this paradigm requires new approaches to system software design, compiler optimization, security, and distributed resource allocation. At the same time, useful and often well-understood techniques from the performance evaluation and system simulation communities take on new roles in a Computational Grid context. In this talk we will discuss some of the research challenges inherent to the Computational Grid approach, and some of the novel investigations that attempt to meet those challenges. In particular, the ability to estimate quantitatively the performance that will be deliverable to an application, despite fluctuating resource contention and availability, has emerged as a fundamentally necessary capability. Both compilation and run time systems must adapt program structure to the performance that is deliverable from the available resources from moment to moment. Similarly, distributed services must be architected to support automatic re-configuration in response to performance changes, giving them an almost autonomic quality. In addition, we will survey some of the efforts to transition successful research results into both production usage and the commercial sector. Technology advances derived from early Grid research has begun to have influence outside the computer systems research community. We will present some of these early successes and discuss their likely future impact. Rich Wolski is an assistant professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara and also leads the Grid Systems Thrust within NSF's Partnership for Advanced Computational Infrastructure (NPACI). His Grid research efforts have centered around the development of online performance forecasting techniques, and automatic program scheduling agents for Grid applications. In addition, the software system he and his group have been developing for performance forecasting—called the Network Weather Service—is one of four infrastructures that has been included in the first release of the NSF Middleware Initiative (NMI) national-scale software base. Proceedings of the 2002 International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation Techniques (PACT’02) 1089-795X/02 $17.00 © 2002 IEEE
Nanotechnology in the marketplace: how the nanotechnology industry views risk

Despite uncertainty about the potential human health and environmental risks of nanotechnology, major stakeholders such as regulatory agencies and the nanotechnology industry are already negotiating the emerging regulatory framework for nanotechnology. Because of a relative lack of nano-specific regulations, the future of nanotechnology development will depend greatly on the views held by the nanotechnology industry. This study fills the research gap in understanding how the nanotechnology industry perceives the risks of nanotechnology. This is the first interview-based study of the nanotechnology industry in the United States. Semi-structured, open-ended phone interviews were conducted with 17 individuals involved in the commercialization of nanotechnology in the United States. Results indicate that while the industry acknowledges uncertainty about the potential risks of nanotechnology and takes significant precaution in ensuring the safety of their products, they do not see nanotechnology as novel or risky. They do not believe that uncertainty over risk ought to delay the further development of nanotechnology. The industry sees itself as the primary agent in ensuring consumer safety and believes that consumers are adequately protected. They are also largely benefit-centric and view product labeling as inefficacious.
Water Supplies to the Great Lakes—Reconstructed from Tree-Rings

Abstract Correlations between the water supplies to each of the Great Lakes and prewhitened tree-ring chronologies from 16 sites around the Great Lakes suggested some strong associations for the summer months, particularly June and July. Some of these associations were, however, nonlinear and variables had to be log-transformed. Regression models for June–July water supplies totals were developed for each lake. These models explained between 45 and 56% of the variance in the dependent datasets; they also performed satisfactorily on independent data sets. The models were therefore used to estimate past water supplies to each of the lakes as far back as the chronologies in the models permitted (about 200 years). The association between variations in supplies to the individual lakes during this century was compared to that of the reconstructed past supplies and was found to be similar. Variations in the water supplies to Lake Superior are to some degree independent of those to the lower lakes—which makes the...
Tetracritical points and the superconducting phases of UPt3: Uniaxial pressure effects.

Using signatures in the longitudinal sound velocity we have mapped for the first time experimentally the pressure dependence of the phase boundaries in superconducting UPt[sub 3] for magnetic field, [ital H], parallel to the [ital a] axis. With increasing pressure, [ital P][sub [ital c]], parallel to the [ital c] axis, the tetracritical point in the [ital H]-[ital T] plane is observed to shift to lower [ital H] and higher temperature [ital T]. At a critical stress, [ital P][sub [ital c]][similar to]2.6 kbar the tetracritical point reaches the [ital H]=0, [ital P][sub [ital c]-][ital T] plane and our measurements prove coexistence of at least four phases in this plane as well.
Impact of Language Barriers on Patient Satisfaction in an Emergency Department

To examine patient satisfaction and willingness to return to an emergency department (ED) among non-English speakers. Cross-sectional survey and follow-up interviews 10 days after ED visit. Five urban teaching hospital EDs in the Northeastern United States. We surveyed 2,333 patients who presented to the ED with one of six chief complaints. Patient satisfaction, willingness to return to the same ED if emergency care was needed, and patient-reported problems with care were measured. Three hundred fifty-four (15%) of the patients reported English was not their primary language. Using an overall measure of patient satisfaction, only 52% of non-English-speaking patients were satisfied as compared with 71% of English speakers (p<.01). Among non-English speakers, 14% said they would not return to the same ED if they had another problem requiring emergency care as compared with 9.5% of English speakers (p<.05). In multivariate analysis adjusting for hospital site, age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, income, chief complaint, urgency, insurance status. Medicaid status, ED as the patient’s principal source of care, and presence of a regular provider of care, non-English speakers were significantly less likely to be satisfied (odds ratio [OR] 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.39, 0.90) and significantly less willing to return to the same ED (OR 0.57; 95% CI 0.34, 0.95). Non-English speakers also were significantly more likely to report overall problems with care (OR 1.70; 95% CI 1.05, 2.74), communication (OR 1.71; 95% CI 1.18, 2.47), and testing (OR 1.77; 95% CI 1.19, 2.64). Non-English speakers were less satisfied with their care in the ED, less willing to return to the same ED if they had a problem they felt required emergency care, and reported more problems with emergency care. Strategies to improve satisfaction among this group of patients may include appropriate use of professional interpreters and increasing the language concordance between patients and providers.
Museums of Madness revisited.

Historiographie des maladies mentales dans l'Angleterre du 18 e et du 19 e siecles. Voyage dans la therapeutique et dans les asiles psychiatriques de l'epoque
Laryngopharyngeal dysfunction independent of vocal fold palsy in infants after aortic arch interventions.

Objective Laryngopharyngeal dysfunction contributes significantly to morbidity, length of stay, and increased resource utilization after aortic arch interventions in infants. Previous studies have focused on postoperative evaluation of selected symptomatic patients with vocal fold palsy (VFP). A prospective evaluation of laryngopharyngeal function was undertaken to assess and determine its importance in perioperative management. Patients and methods A routine preoperative and postoperative assessment was done by flexible fiber optic laryngoscopy, oral feeding evaluation (OFE), and modified barium swallow (mBS) on 101 infants undergoing 113 procedures on the aortic arch (2003 to 2011). The primary outcome was the ability to take full nutrition orally at discharge. Results Preoperative OFE was abnormal in 33.3% of patients. VFP occurred in 39.3%, 30 of 57 patients had an abnormal OFE. Factors predictive of abnormal postoperative feeding evaluation included genetic syndromes (odds ratio [OR], 5.1; confidence interval [CI], 1.1-23.2) and preoperative mechanical ventilation (OR, 24.1; 95% CI, 2.5-226.6). An abnormal postoperative OFE was highly predictive (OR, 7.0; 95% CI, 1.8-27.1) of an abnormal postoperative mBS. There was a trend toward decreased long-term survival among patients who were intubated or had an abnormal preoperative feeding evaluation ( P = .07). Conclusions Postoperative laryngopharyngeal dysfunction is common among infants undergoing aortic arch interventions, and is largely independent of vocal fold function. Preoperative evaluation demonstrates significant intrinsic abnormalities in sensory and motor function. Routine, comprehensive, multimodality preoperative and postoperative evaluation is required to identify at-risk children and reduce morbidity and resource utilization.
Frequency of voice problems among teachers and other occupations

This study describes the frequency of reporting vocal problems among a random sample of elementary and high school teachers (n = 554) compared to individuals working in other occupations (n = 220). Teachers were more likely to define themselves as ever having a voice problem (32% versus. 1%, p < .05); having a tired, weak, or effortful voice (p < .05 each); and having a higher frequency of symptoms of physical discomfort with speaking (p < .05). They also were more likely to perceive that their voice problem negatively affected current job performance (p < .05) and limited options regarding change in work (p < .05). About 20% of teachers but only 4% of nonteachers had missed work due to their voice. These findings suggest that teachers are at high-risk for disability from voice disorders and that this health problem may have significant work-related and economic effects.
Against understanding: why understanding should not be viewed as an essential aim of psychoanalytic treatment.

The current emphasis on understanding in psychoanalysis—on the analysand’s part as well as on the analyst’s—is excessive if we assume that the most essential aim of psychoanalytic treatment is change. Situated within the Lacanian register or dimension of the imaginary, the process of understanding can be seen to reduce the unfamiliar to the familiar, to transform the radically other into the same, and to render the analyst hard of hearing. Our ability as analysts to detect the unconscious via slips of the tongue, slurred words, mixed metaphors, and the like is compromised by our emphasis on understanding and can be rectified only by taking as our fundamental premise that we do not understand what our analysands are saying. The emphasis on understanding can also do a disservice to analysands, who learn to observe themselves and to explain their feelings and behaviors to themselves and others in sophisticated terms without necessarily changing. But change can perfectly well occur in the absence of understan...
Anin VivoModel of Human Proliferative Scar

Abstract Background.Many aspects related to the biology and the effective therapy of proliferative scars have remained undefined, in part due to a lack of an accurate and reproducible animal model with which to systematically study them. This report describes a new model for investigating the pathophysiology and manipulation of human proliferative scars.Materials and methods.Human proliferative scars (n= 86) were explanted into flaps based on isolated vascular pedicles in congenitally athymic rats. Serial analysis of the structural and functional integrity of the explanted scars was performed by microscopy and by measurement of human procollagen type III peptide (PIIIP) production, human factor VIII immunostaining, andin vitrocellular proliferation.Results.By these methods, both fibroblastic and epithelial components of explanted scar specimens retained the histologic characteristics of original human scar specimens, for up to 12 months. Over the same duration, scar explants continued to have high levels of human PIIIP, comparable to those found in original surgical specimens. The microvasculature of scar explants demonstrated a double basement membrane, with no staining of human factor VIII in the inner capillary endothelial layer, suggesting that host vessels were growing into ghost vessels of the human donor scar. Human factor VIII staining decreased over time. Fibroblasts cultured from explanted scar demonstrated less aggressive growth characteristics than those from original surgical specimens.Conclusions.This new model is the first to allow such long-term maintenance and serial evaluation of human proliferative scar on an accessible, isolated vasculature. It may prove useful in further defining the biology and therapy of this widespread pathologic process.
Anatomical analysis of pupillary reflex pathways in the rhesus monkey

The pupillary light reflex was analyzed by producing lesions in afferent and efferent pathways in a series of monkeys. Unilateral enucleation and autoradiographic technics utilizing axoplasmic flow were used to determine afferent pathways. Lesions also were made in the pregeniculate nucleus (PGN) and individual components of the oculomotor visceral nuclei. Degeneration was studied in Wiitanen and Nissl stained sections. Infrared pupillographic records were made before and after surgery. Enucleation and autoradiographic studies revealed: (1) bilateral retinal projections to the pretectal olivary nuclei (PON) and PGN, and (2) predominautly contralateral projections to parts of the optic tract and sublentiform nuclei. PGN appeared to project to the ipsilateral PON. Unilateral lesions in the anterior median nucleus (AM) with direct, or indirect, involvement of the medial visceral cell column (MVCC) produced: (1) “static” and “dynamic contraction” anisocoria and (2) ipsilateral reductions in direct and consensual pupillary responses. Lesions in the rostral MVCC with no involvement of AM produced only static anisocoria. Degeneration from these lesions was found rostrally in the ipsilateral oculomotor roots, but no retrograde cell changes were detected in the pretectal region. Lesions in the caudal MVCC, the lateral visceral cell column (LVCC) and PGN produced no anisocoria or reductions in the pupillary light reflex. Both anterograde and retrograde degeneration in the contralateral PON were observed with lesions in LVCC, but no degeneration was seen in the oculomotor root fibers.
Psychotic Motivation and the Paradox of Current Research on Serious Mental Illness and Rates of Violence

Persuasive empirical support exists for a positive association between serious mental illness (SMI) and rates of violence; a great deal of support is also present for the clinical impression that psychotic symptoms sometimes motivate "symptom-consistent" violence. We propose that the issue of the motivation for violence in the SMI population can be considered independently of the issue of the association between SMI and violence rates. We review much of the current literature on the association between SMI and violence in a framework that emphasizes motivational influences unique to the SMI population. We conclude that the contribution of psychotic motivation to rates of violence in the SMI population is a major research issue. Furthermore, we believe that recognition of the independence of motivational influences and violence rates, and consideration of the impact of treatment on violence, may help explain the paradox of current research: Delusions and hallucinations may motivate violent behavior, but this psychotic motivation may not be reflected in the actual rate of violence. Language: en
Echocardiographic evaluation of coronary artery disease

Although the availability and utilization of other noninvasive imaging modalities for the evaluation of coronary artery disease have expanded over the last decade, echocardiography remains the most accessible, cost-effective, and lowest risk imaging choice for many indications. The clinical utility of mature echocardiographic methods (i.e. two-dimensional echocardiography, stress echocardiography, contrast echocardiography) across the spectrum of coronary artery disease has been well established by numerous clinical studies. With continuing advancements in ultrasound technology, emerging ultrasound technologies such as three-dimensional echocardiography, tissue Doppler imaging, and speckle tracking methods hold significant promise to further widen the scope of clinical applications and improve diagnostic accuracy. In this review, we provide an update on the role of echocardiography in the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of coronary artery disease and introduce emerging technologies that are anticipated to further increase the clinical utility of echocardiography in the evaluation of patients with coronary artery disease.
Subclavian Artery Access for Ambulatory Balloon Pump Insertion

Intraaortic balloon pump insertion is traditionally performed through the femoral artery in the groin. However, this restricts the patient to bed rest, and prolonged implantation can be associated with infections in the groin crease. We describe a technique of insertion of a balloon pump through the subclavian artery, which allows the patient to ambulate. This technique can also be performed under local anesthesia in the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
Fulfilling the Promise of Hospital Medicine: Tailoring Internal Medicine Training to Address Hospitalists’ Needs

Categorical internal medicine (IM) residency training has historically effectively prepared graduates to manage the medical needs of acutely ill adults. The development of the field of hospital medicine, however, has resulted in hospitalists filling clinical niches that have been traditionally ignored or underemphasized in categorical IM training. Furthermore, hospitalists are increasingly leading inpatient safety, quality and efficiency initiatives that require understanding of hospital systems, multidisciplinary care and inpatient quality assessment and performance improvement. Taken in this context, many graduating IM residents are under-prepared to practice as effective hospitalists. In this paper, we outline the rationale for targeted training in hospital medicine and discuss the content and methods for delivering this training.
IMART software for correction of motion artifacts in images collected in intravital microscopy

Intravital microscopy is a uniquely powerful tool, providing the ability to characterize cell and organ physiology in the natural context of the intact, living animal. With the recent development of high-resolution microscopy techniques such as confocal and multiphoton microscopy, intravital microscopy can now characterize structures at subcellular resolution and capture events at sub-second temporal resolution. However, realizing the potential for high resolution requires remarkable stability in the tissue. Whereas the rigid structure of the skull facilitates high-resolution imaging of the brain, organs of the viscera are free to move with respiration and heartbeat, requiring additional apparatus for immobilization. In our experience, these methods are variably effective, so that many studies are compromised by residual motion artifacts. Here we demonstrate the use of IMART, a software tool for removing motion artifacts from intravital microscopy images collected in time series or in three dimensions.
Diagnostic levels in dental public health planning.

This concept paper discusses the rationale for using different diagnostic criteria for dental caries in public health programs. The author contends that epidemiological data or needs assessment survey
Cloning and expression of a Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferase gene in Bacillus subtilis

Abstract The gtfA gene of Streptococcus mutons GS-5, which encodes a 55-kDa glucosyltransferase has been isolated from a genetic library in an Escherichia coli-Bacillus subtilis shuttle vector, pMK3. The construction containing the gene enables E. coli JM83 and a sucrase-deficient mutant of B. subtilis to grow on sucrose as the sole carbohydrate source. The gene is expressed under its own control in both organisms. The level of biochemical activity detectable in B. subtilis carrying the clone is approx. 50% ofthat found in E. coli harboring the same construction. In Bacillus, the gene is expressed through exponential and stationary phases of growth with a decrease in activity as the culture enters stationary phase, corresponding to increases in intracellular protease levels. The enzyme produced in E. coli or B. subtilis harboring the cloned gene is identical to the enzyme produced by S. mutans GS-5 as determined by migration in native polyacrylamide gels.
On the interpretation and implications of nova abundances: An abundance of riches or an overabundance of enrichments

We reexamine the question of the frequency of occurrence of oxygen-neon-magnesium (ONeMg) degenerate dwarfs in classical nova systems, in light of recent observations which have been interpreted as suggesting that 'neon novae' can be associated with relatively low mass white dwarfs. Determinations of heavy-element concentrations in nova ejecta are reviewed, and possible interpretations of their origin are examined. We conclude that, of the 18 classical novae for which detailed abundance analyses are availble, only two (or possibly three) seem unambiguously to demand the presence of an underlying ONeMg white dwarf: V693 CrA 1981, V1370 Aql 1982, and possibly QU Vul 1984. Three other novae which exhibit significant neon enrichments, relative to their total heavy-element concentrations, are RR Pic 1925, V977, Sco 1989, and LMC 1990 No. 1. This result is entirely consistent with present frequency estimates, and our interpretation of the lower levels of enrichment in other systems explains, in a natural way, the existence of relatively low mass white dwarfs in some of the 'neon' novae.
In vivo Measurements of Sulcal Plaque pH After Topical Applications of Sorbitol and Sucrose in Rats Fed Sorbitol or Sucrose

To test whether adaptation to sorbitol could be observed in rat plaque, we made pH measurements of rat sulcal plaque in vivo, following topical application of 10% sorbitol solution. Rat pups were inoculated orally with S. mutans 6715 and fed diet MIT 305 (5% sucrose) for 16 days. Baseline sulcal plaque pH response of these rats to topical application of 10% sorbitol solution was measured. One group of 16 rats was then fed 20% sucrose in the diet, and a second group 20% sorbitol. After 13 days' feeding of the experimental diets (four days were used for accommodation to dose, and nine days at the 20% level for sorbitol), there was a significantly greater (p<0.01) drop in pH following topical application of 10% sorbitol in this group than in the sucrose-fed group. There was no difference in the pH response of the two groups to topical application of a 10% sucrose solution when tested six days later. The sulcal enamel caries score was significantly higher (p<0.001) in the sucrose group, but buccal enamel scor...
The surgical elimination of violence? Conflicting attitudes towards technology and science during the psychosurgery controversy of the 1970s

Argument In the 1970s a public controversy erupted over the proposed use of brain operations to curtail violent behavior. Civil libertarians, civil rights and community activists, leaders of the anti-psychiatry movement, and some U.S. Congressmen charged psychosurgeons and the National Institute of Mental Health, with furthering a political project: the suppression of dissent. Several government-sponsored investigations into psychosurgery rebutted this charge and led to an official qualified endorsement of the practice while calling attention to the need for more "scientific" understanding and better ethical safeguards. This paper argues that the psychosurgery debate of the 1970s was more than a power struggle between members of the public and the psychiatric establishment. The debate represented a clash between a postmodern skepticism about science and renewed focus on ultimate ends, on the one hand, and a modern faith in standards and procedures, a preoccupation with means, on the other. These diverging commitments made the dispute ultimately irresolvable. Language: en
Growth arrest and induction of apoptosis in high-risk leukemia cells by strawberry components in vitro

Abstract Strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa) contain phytochemicals that have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity. We investigated the ability of purified strawberry fractions to induce apoptotic cell death in pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) lines, including lines derived from patients with high-risk B-ALL carrying the t(4;11)(q21;q23) chromosomal translocation. The isolated strawberry constituents were first screened for their anti-cancer activity using a 24 h fluorescence microplate method for detecting mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Active samples were further investigated for induction of apoptosis after addition of multiple doses to the leukemia cells over a period of 72 h. Quercetin, kaempferol, and ellagic acid induced significant apoptosis in the three cancer cell lines, as measured by loss of nuclear DNA, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and activation of caspase-3. Our data show that constituents of strawberries induce apoptosis in high-risk leukemia cells and may have potential in the prevention or treatment of this disease.
Interval therapy to avoid nitrate tolerance: paradise regained?

S ince the introduction of transdermal nitroglycerin patches (TDNTG) in 1982, considerable data have appeared contirming that this unique nitroglycerin (NTG) delivery system is a potent inducer of nitrate tolerance. In a previous editorial I expressed concern about this problem,’ based on several early studies that appeared to document attenuation of antiischemic efficacy in angina pectoris and loss of hemodynamic effect in congestive heart failure within 24 hours of initial application. It is now clear that such tolerance is common and is usually associated with an apparent complete loss of NTG efficacy in patients with angina as well as congestive heart failure treated with TDNTG on a daily basis (although long-term data in heart failure are very limited). Numerous studies have confirmed the initial observations.2-10 The recently completed but as yet unpublished Food and Drug Administration-initiated multicenter trial of TDNTG in angina pectoris, using a wide range of doses (placebo and 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 mg/24 hours), has unfortunately confirmed the worst fears: with long-term or daily use all treatment groups lost the initial (first dose) beneficial antianginal effect, which occurred only at the 4-hour post-TDNTG exercise test on the first day of therapy. No improvement in any exercise parameter was demonstrable after 8 weeks of daily administration of TDNTG at all dose levels in this placebo-controlled, double-blind trial involving over 500 subjects. The phenomenon of nitrate tolerance with TDNTG has been further illuminated by other data with oral isosorbide dinitrate, 5-isosorbide mononitrate and intravenous NTG. All of these formulations have been shown to produce partial or complete nitrate tolerance in various studies.“-l7 It is apparent that TDNTG is not unique in its potential for inducing tolerance. Rather, the pharmacokinetics of this formulation represent the most efficient nonparenteral delivery system available for producing vascular attenuation to nitrates: steady-state, protracted exposure of arteries and veins to organic nitrate compounds and metabolites in the absence of a nitrate-free period that allows for restoration of vascular responsiveness. Thus, the problem of the NTG patches is shared by virtually all long-acting ni-
Recognition memory for objects in very young children: the effect of shape and label similarity on preference for novel stimuli.

Abstract In two studies, 88 children 12 to 38 months of age were briefly shown 24 common objects on familiarization trials. On subsequent test trials, these objects reappeared paired with novel objects. On one-third of the test trials pairs were similar in shape, on another third of the test trials pairs shared a common label, and on the remaining test trials pairs were unrelated. Looking times for each of the two objects on test trials were measured. All but the youngest age group showed significantly longer looking times for novel than for familiar objects for all three kinds of test pairs. However, for 19- to 31-month-olds preference for novel stimuli in the common Label Condition, although significant, was less than preference for novel stimuli when shape was similar or when unrelated stimuli were paired. Recognition in the oldest group was unaffected by condition. The results suggest a developmental period during which label or conceptual similarity has a special significance for recognition, and are discussed within theoretical frameworks concerning the very young child's developing semantic and categorization skills.
The Coregulation of Daily Affect in Marital Relationships

This study examined whether changes in individuals' affective states are associated with their partners' affect when spouses come together in daily life after having spent time apart while pursuing individual activities, as well as whether such associations are moderated by individual differences in interpersonal insecurity and perspective taking. For 7 consecutive days, spouses from 166 married couples reported their affect 6 times per day on 2 dimensions, hard affect (angry-calm) and soft affect (sad/depressed-upbeat/content). Within-couple analyses indicated that spouses' changes in hard affect covaried, particularly when they scored high on interpersonal insecurity. Moreover, husbands' changes in soft affect covaried with their wives' soft affect when the husbands scored high on perspective taking. The results emphasize the interconnectedness of spouses' feelings when they reunite, and they identify key individual difference variables that strengthen interpersonal transmission of emotion in close relationships.
THE DETERMINATION OF ZEOLITE CRYSTAL DIFFUSIVITY BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY - I. THEORETICAL

A mathematical model is developed which describes the pulse response of a chromatographic column packed with crystal zeolite powder, thus allowing the crystal diffusivity to be determined independently of the pellet diffusivity which is present in more conventional beds. This continuum model allows for the effects of both pressure drop and dead volume in the apparatus. The first and second moments of the pulse response are derived and criteria are presented for the neglect of the dead volume terms in these moments, ba The model equations are solved numerically and simulations are presented to illustrate the pressure drop and dead volume effects.
Urban economic development strategies in the USA

(1990). Urban economic development strategies in the USA. Local Economy: Vol. 4, Local Economic Development in the US, pp. 278-289.
Minocycline Improves Functional Outcomes, Memory Deficits, and Histopathology after Endovascular Perforation-Induced Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats

Abstract Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) results in significant long-lasting cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, evaluating acute and long-term outcomes after therapeutic intervention is important for clinical translation. The aim of this study was to use minocycline, a known neuroprotectant agent, to evaluate the long-term benefits in terms of neurobehavior and neuropathology after experimental SAH in rats, and to determine which neurobehavioral test would be effective for long-term evaluation. SAH was induced by endovascular perforation in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=118). The animals were treated with intraperitoneal injection of minocycline (45 mg/kg or 135 mg/kg) or vehicle 1 h after SAH induction. In the short-term, animals were euthanized at 24 and 72 h for evaluation of neurobehavior, brain water content, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. In the long-term, neurobehavior was evaluated at days 21–28 post-SAH, and histopathological analysis was done at day 28. High-dose but not low-dose ...
Susceptibility of Old World monkeys to Yaba virus.

Bearcroft and Jamieson1 reported an outbreak of a tumour epidemic in the laboratories of the West African Council for Medical Research in Yaba, Nigeria, among imported rhesus monkeys. Andrewes et al.2,3 showed that this epidemic resulted from a virus of the pox group. Sproul et al.4 classified the tumour as a histiocytoma. Earlier, we reported5 that Asiatic monkeys (Macaca, mulatta, Macaca irus and Macaca speciosa) are susceptible to the virus, and that a tumour developed, following accidental inoculation, in a laboratory worker as well as in five cancer patients. By contrast, African monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops, Cercopithecus aethiops pygerythrus, Cercopithecus mona and Cercocebus fuliginosus) imported from east and west equatorial Africa are resistant. The hypothesis was advanced that this virus may be endemic in certain areas of Africa and that most African monkeys develop immunity at an early age.
Durability of electrochromic switching devices for glazings

Electrochromic device testing and durability is discussed in this study. This work begins with a discussion of performance criteria for switchable glazings used in building applications. This is followed by device design of several common electrochromic device types. The types are distinguished by structure and electrolyte type. A number of test methods are used for the analysis of electrochromic devices. Device lifetime and degradation covers considerable work on amorphous tungsten oxide. Some degradation and ageing modes are identified for electrochromic devices during static and cyclic testing. The degradation modes are film dissolution, transparent conductor etching, gas generation, humidity dependence, secondary reactions and photoreactions. Many of these mechanisms are specific to the materials, device design, and the operating conditions used. Overall, future of electrochromic devices looks very promising, but there are many issues in this study that designers need to take into consideration for electrochromic glazings.
A First Life With Computerized Business Simulations

The author discusses the theoretical lens, origins, and environment of his work on computerized business simulations. Key ideas that inform his work include the two dimensions (control and interaction) of computerized simulation, the two ways of representing a natural process (phenotypical and genotypical) in a simulation, which he defines as a replicable representation of a natural process. The author touches on his professional activities, summarizes his journal articles, accounts for his education, and considers two problems that remain to be resolved: the free rider problem when participants are assigned to work in teams and the measurement reliability problem when a business simulation is used for program assessment. He reflects on the possibility of using business simulation to expand business education in developing countries.
Disaggregating the historical demographic sources of regional foreign‐born and native‐born population growth in the United States: a new method with applications

In this paper we offer a general method for analysing the demographic processes that contribute to population growth and redistribution in a multiregional system. The method incorporates a historical perspective that can be used to trace dynamic population processes as they evolve over time. It uses an open multiregional projection model framework for identifying the contributions to regional growth made by each of the principal demographic components of change: fertility, mortality, immigration, emigration, in-migration and out-migration. At the same time, the method recognises the importance of disaggregating the native-born and foreign-born populations. Available public data and indirect estimation techniques are used to develop the data inputs for the projection model, with which we reconstruct the regional population changes for each five-year period between 1950 and 1990. Regional growth rates for the foreign-born and native-born populations are partitioned into the separate demographic components of change, and the projection model identifies the separate contributions to regional growth made by each population. This allows a direct comparison of the impacts of immigration with those of corresponding native-born contributions effected through internal migration and natural increases. Finally, application of the method allows us to identify the contribution that recent (post-1965) immigrant cohorts have made to the composition of the youngest age groups in each region, and also to simulate the impacts of zero immigration scenarios on regional growth.
The approximate frequency response of semi-active systems requiring no computer

Abstract Semi-active systems are those in which a passive, dissipative element (damper, friction clutch, fluid orifice) is modulated, via low power inputs, to enhance the performance of its associated dynamic system. This type of control is inherently nonlinear, thus forcing the closed-loop response of the total system to be determined numerically using a digital computer. Although, strictly speaking, the frequency response for nonlinear systems does not exist, it is typical to simulate semi-active systems with sinusoidal input and present results as frequency transmissibilities. This paper uses energy dissipation per cycle to determine an approximate frequency response of semi-active systems requiring only a calculator for numerical analysis.
Critical examination of some basic concepts of ionic polymerization

Some problems in ionic polymerization are reviewed. The existence of a variety of species participating in ionic polymerizations is stressed and the distinction between the growing, dormant, and dead polymers emphasized. An example of a kind of polymer that does not fit any of these three classes is given suggesting that still other examples might be discovered in the future.
Examiner effects in adoption studies of intelligence

To test the hypothesis that examiner differences influence family correlations in adoption studies of intelligence, data from two recent adoption studies were reanalyzed as a function of whether the same or different examiners tested both members of a pair. While each study yielded trends suggesting examiner effects on correlations, results of the two studies were directly counter to each other. Our conclusion is that examiner effects are not yet predictable and, overall, cannot be demonstrated to bias adoption studies of intelligence.
CD44 expression is a feature of prostatic small cell Carcinoma and Distinguishes it from its Mimickers

Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate is a rare variant of prostatic cancer that shares morphologic similarity with prostatic adenocarcinoma of Gleason 5 pattern. It has also been considered morphologically and immunohistochemically indistinguishable from small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of other origins. CD44 is a cell-surface molecule proposed to identify cancer stem/progenitor cells in prostate cancer. We performed immunohistochemical study for CD44 expression in 11 cases of prostatic small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and compared its patterns of expression with 73 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma and 47 cases of small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of other organs. Strong and diffuse membrane staining for CD44 was observed in 100% of the prostatic small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas. In conventional adenocarcinomas of the prostate, positive staining was only seen in rare, scattered tumor cells; and CD44 staining was negative in most of the small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of nonprostate origin. The difference in CD44 expression between small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the prostate and those of other organs are statistically significant (P < .001). Our study demonstrates the utility of immunohistochemical staining for CD44 in distinguishing prostatic small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma from its mimickers including prostatic adenocarcinoma of Gleason 5 pattern and small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of other organs. CD44 is the first marker that shows a high degree of tissue/organ specificity for small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas. Because CD44 is a putative marker of prostate cancer stem cells, the strong and diffuse expression of CD44 and the lack of expression of prostate luminal differentiation markers androgen receptor and prostatic specific antigen in prostatic small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas suggest that the tumor cells may retain cancer stem cell features.