cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defects in Irradiated Silicon. I. Electron Spin Resonance of the Si-A Center

The Si-$A$ center is a major, radiation-damage defect produced in "pulled" silicon by a room temperature irradiation. As a result of studies described in this paper (I), and the following one (II), it is concluded that this center is a lattice vacancy with an oxygen atom impurity bridging two of the four broken bonds associated with the vacancy. Spin resonance and electrical activity arise from an electron trapped in the other two bonds. In this paper (I), the spin resonance studies are described. A molecular orbital treatment of the trapped electron wave-function satisfactorily accounts for the observed $g$ tensor, as well as the hyperfine interaction observed with neighboring 4.7% abundant ${\mathrm{Si}}^{29}$ nuclei. Study of the changes in the spectrum of a sample subjected to uniaxial stress are also described. Under stress, the amplitudes of the individual resonance components (which correspond to different orientations of the defect in the crystal) are observed to change. This results from (1) electronic redistribution of the trapped electrons among the defects, and (2) thermally activated reorientation of the defects themselves under the applied stress. These two effects are separated and a quantitative study of their magnitudes and signs, as well as their rates, is given. The results confirm many of the important microscopic features of the model.
Predictive Validity of Rappaport's Disability Rating Scale in Subjects with Acute Brain Dysfunction

We implemented a correlational study to evaluate the effectiveness of Rappaport's Disability Rating Scale in predicting length of hospital stay and discharge status. We evaluated 128 patients who had had cerebrovascular accidents or head injuries using Rappaport's Disability Rating Scale and documented their lengths of stay and discharge dispositions. Significant correlations were obtained between initial Disability Rating scores and lengths of hospital stay (r = .50, p less than .01), discharge Disability Rating scores (r = .66, p less than .01), and discharge status (r = .40, p less than .01). Higher initial ratings of disability were associated with higher discharge ratings and longer terms of hospitalization. Higher ratings of disability were also associated with discharge to another treatment facility rather than home. Despite this evidence supporting the predictive validity of Rappaport's Disability Rating Scale, accurate prediction of length of hospitalization remains difficult because of extreme sample variability. Areas of further investigation are considered.
Isolation of a temperature‐sensitive variant Chinese hamster ovary cell line with a morphologically altered endocytic recycling compartment

We have enriched a mutagenized population of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells for those defective in endocytosis by selection for survival to treatment with transferrin (Tf)-ricin and Tf-diphtheria toxin conjugates. Surviving cells were screened with a fluorescently labeled Tf uptake assay to identify cells with mor-phologically aberrant endocytic phenotypes. One of the cell lines identified, B104-5, has a striking temperature-induced alteration in the morphology of its endocytic receptor recycling compartment. In parental cells the tightly clustered endocytic recycling compartment is located near the Golgi complex. In the mutant cells, following incubation at 40°C, this compartment appears fragmented and widely dispersed. Surprisingly, this alteration in the morphology of the recycling compartment has no effect on the kinetics of Tf internationalization and recycling. The wild-type endocytic compartment is closely aligned with the microtubule-organizing center and the Golgi apparatus, and like the Golgi, its clustered appearance is dependent upon intact microtubules. Although the disruption of the B104-5 receptor recycling compartment morphology can be phenocopied in wild-type cells by microtubule depolymerizing drugs, the microtubule cytoskeleton in B104-5 cells appears normal in immunofluorescent staining. B104-5 cells, unlike the parental cells, do not proliferate at 40°C. The mutation in B104-5 cells is recessive, as fusion with wild-type cells results in a reversion of the B104-5 phenotype. The finding that the morphology of the recycling compartment in CHO cells can be altered without affecting recycling of endocytosed Tf is consistent with the variety of recycling compartment morphologies observed among different cell lines. An interpretation of this result is that the lesion in B104-5 cells is in a gene that is involved in determining the endocytic compartment morphologies observed in different cell lines. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Na+,K(+)-ATPase: the actual androgen receptor of the prostate?

Abstract While the nucleus may play a secondary role in androgen regulation of prostatic functional and structural development, I propose that, in the fully developed gland, the pace of all metabolism, biosynthesis, secretion and reparative proliferation in the gland is coupled to and set by the action of androgen on the Na + ,K + -ATPase of the plasma membrane. This report identifies the three questions which must be asked and affirmatively answered to verify this hypothesis: 1. Straightforward procedures for the unambiguous demonstration of the coupling of (Na + ,K + )-ATPase activity to glycolysis, oxidative metabolism, protein synthesis, cell alkalinization and citrate synthesis/secretion and that addition of androgen in vitro boosts the rates of the enzyme and all its coupled processes. 2. Demonstration that the stimulatory effect of the androgen is on the specific catalytic activity of each (Na + ,K + )-ATPase molecule, not on the number of these enzyme units present. 3. Provision of means to show a likely mechanism for this activation; viz. shift in enzyme conformation.
Mixed Methods Research Design for Pragmatic Psychoanalytic Studies

Calls for more rigorous psychoanalytic studies have increased over the past decade. The field has been divided by those who assert that psychoanalysis is properly a hermeneutic endeavor and those who see it as a science. A comparable debate is found in research methodology, where qualitative and quantitative methods have often been seen as occupying orthogonal positions. Recently, Mixed Methods Research (MMR) has emerged as a viable "third community" of research, pursuing a pragmatic approach to research endeavors through integrating qualitative and quantitative procedures in a single study design. Mixed Methods Research designs and the terminology associated with this emerging approach are explained, after which the methodology is explored as a potential integrative approach to a psychoanalytic human science. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods are reviewed, as well as how they may be used in Mixed Methods Research to study complex human phenomena.
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of small molecule inhibitors of CD4-gp120 binding based on virtual screening

The low-molecular-weight compound JRC-II-191 inhibits infection of HIV-1 by blocking the binding of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 to the CD4 receptor and is therefore an important lead in the development of a potent viral entry inhibitor. Reported here is the use of two orthogonal screening methods, GOLD docking and ROCS shape-based similarity searching, to identify amine-building blocks that, when conjugated to the core scaffold, yield novel analogues that maintain similar affinity for gp120. Use of this computational approach to expand SAR produced analogues of equal inhibitory activity but with diverse capacity to enhance viral infection. The novel analogues provide additional lead scaffolds for the development of HIV-1 entry inhibitors that employ protein-ligand interactions in the vestibule of gp120 Phe 43 cavity.
An Arabidopsis Brassinosteroid-Dependent Mutant Is Blocked in Cell Elongation

Cell elongation is a developmental process that is regulated by light and phytohormones and is of critical importance for plant growth. Mutants defective in their response to light and various hormones are often dwarfs. The dwarfed phenotype results because of a failure in normal cell elongation. Little is known, however, about the basis of dwarfism as a common element in these diverse signaling pathways and the nature of the cellular functions responsible for cell elongation. Here, we describe an Arabidopsis mutant, dwarf4 (dwf4), whose phenotype can be rescued with exogenously supplied brassinolide. dwf4 mutants display features of light-regulatory mutants, but the dwarfed phenotype is entirely and specifically brassinosteroid dependent; no other hormone can rescue dwf4 to a wild-type phenotype. Therefore, an intact brassinosteroid system is an absolute requirement for cell elongation.
Loopback recovery from double-link failures in optical mesh networks

Network survivability is a crucial requirement in high-speed optical networks. Typical approaches of providing survivability have considered the failure of a single component such as a link or a node. In this paper, we motivate the need for considering double-link failures and present three loopback methods for handling such failures. In the first two methods, two edge-disjoint backup paths are computed for each link for rerouting traffic when a pair of links fails. These methods require the identification of the failed links before recovery can be completed. The third method requires the precomputation of a single backup path and does not require link identification before recovery. An algorithm that precomputes backup paths for links in order to tolerate double-link failures is then presented. Numerical results comparing the performance of our algorithm with other approaches suggest that it is possible to achieve almost 100% recovery from double-link failures with a moderate increase in backup capacity. A remarkable feature of our approach is that it is possible to trade off capacity for restorability by choosing a subset of double-link failures and designing backup paths using our algorithm for only those failure scenarios.
The Effect of Energy Threshold on Image Variance in Fully 3D PET

The choice of lower energy threshold in fully-3D positron emission tomography is influenced by two conflicting considerations. The threshold should be as low as possible to accept as many true events with inaccurately measured energies as possible, and it should be as high as possible to reject as many scattered events as possible. A study was performed to assess this trade-off by evaluating the coefficient of variation of reconstructed images as a function of lower energy threshold. We show that the coefficient of variation is relatively constant for lower energy thresholds below 420 keV, leading to the conclusion that it should be set at the high end of this range to minimize scatter correction errors.
TEAD4 establishes the energy homeostasis essential for blastocoel formation

It has been suggested that during mouse preimplantation development, the zygotically expressed transcription factor TEAD4 is essential for specification of the trophectoderm lineage required for producing a blastocyst. Here we show that blastocysts can form without TEAD4 but that TEAD4 is required to prevent oxidative stress when blastocoel formation is accompanied by increased oxidative phosphorylation that leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Both two-cell and eight-cell Tead4-/- embryos developed into blastocysts when cultured under conditions that alleviate oxidative stress, and Tead4-/- blastocysts that formed under these conditions expressed trophectoderm-associated genes. Therefore, TEAD4 is not required for specification of the trophectoderm lineage. Once the trophectoderm was specified, Tead4 was not essential for either proliferation or differentiation of trophoblast cells in culture. However, ablation of Tead4 in trophoblast cells resulted in reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, Tead4 suppressed ROS in embryos and embryonic fibroblasts. Finally, ectopically expressed TEAD4 protein could localize to the mitochondria as well as to the nucleus, a property not shared by other members of the TEAD family. These results reveal that TEAD4 plays a crucial role in maintaining energy homeostasis during preimplantation development.
Design and optimization of a high-speed, high- sensitivity, spinning disk confocal microscopy system

We describe the principles, design, and systems integration of a flexible, high-speed, high-sensitivity, high-resolution confocal spinning disk microscopy SDCM system. We present several artifacts unique to high-speed SDCM along with techniques to minimize them. We show example experimental results from a specific implementa- tion capable of generating 3-D image stacks containing 30 2-D slices at 30 stacks per second. This implementation also includes optics for differential interference contrast DIC, phase, and bright-field imag- ing, as well as an optical trap with sensitive force and position measurement. © 2008 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. DOI: 10.1117/1.2992141
The Energy Landscape of Modular Repeat Proteins: Topology Determines Folding Mechanism in the Ankyrin Family

Proteins consisting of repeating amino acid motifs are abundant in all kingdoms of life, especially in higher eukaryotes. Repeat-containing proteins self-organize into elongated non-globular structures. Do the same general underlying principles that dictate the folding of globular domains apply also to these extended topologies? Using a simplified structure-based model capturing a perfectly funneled energy landscape, we surveyed the predicted mechanism of folding for ankyrin repeat containing proteins. The ankyrin family is one of the most extensively studied classes of non-globular folds. The model based only on native contacts reproduces most of the experimental observations on the folding of these proteins, including a folding mechanism that is reminiscent of a nucleation propagation growth. The confluence of simulation and experimental results suggests that the folding of non-globular proteins is accurately described by a funneled energy landscape, in which topology plays a determinant role in the folding mechanism.
Cue Competition as a Retrieval Deficit

Four experiments using rats as subjects investigated the claim of Williams (1996) that cue competition results from an associative acquisition deficit, rather than a performance deficit. In Experiment 1, extinction of an overshadowing stimulus following overshadowing treatment increased responding to the overshadowed stimulus, thereby replicating prior observations with new parameters. In Experiment 2, an overshadowed stimulus failed to support second-order conditioning unless the overshadowing stimulus received prior extinction treatment. Experiment 3 replicated the recovery from overshadowing effect seen in Experiment 1 using a sensory preconditioning procedure. Most important, in Experiment 4 an overshadowed stimulus failed to block conditioned responding to a novel CS, but blocking by the overshadowed cue was observed following posttraining extinction of the overshadowing stimulus. These results, as well as those of Williams, are discussed in terms of traditional and more recent acquisition-focused models as well as an extension of the comparator hypothesis (Denniston, Savastano, & Miller, 2001).
Nondestructive near-infrared spectroscopic measurement of multiple analytes in undiluted samples of serum-based cell culture media.

An adaptive calibration procedure is used to build selective multivariate calibration models for the measurement of glucose, lactate, glutamine, and ammonia in undiluted serum-based cell culture media. This adaptive procedure removes metabolism-induced covariance between these analytes in a series of calibration samples collected during the cultivation of PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Partial least-squares calibration models are generated from single-beam near-infrared (NIR) spectra collected over the 4800- to 4200-cm(-1) combination spectral range. Calibration models were generated with both the full spectral range and optimized spectral ranges. In both cases, the number of model factors was optimized and model validity was determined by comparing analyte concentrations predicted from a series of independent and unaltered samples that were obtained during a subsequent cultivation of the PC-3 cells. Similar analytical performance was achieved with fewer model factors when the optimized spectral range was used. The lowest standard errors of prediction were 0.82, 0.94, 0.55, and 0.76 mM for glucose, lactate, glutamine, and ammonia, respectively. Different spectral ranges were optimal for each analyte and the optimized spectral range coincided with the distinguishing spectral features of the analyte. The results of this study demonstrate that NIR spectroscopy can be used effectively in the off-line measurement of important nutrients (glucose and glutamine) and byproducts (lactate and ammonia) in a serum-based animal cell culture medium.
Surgical Treatments in Uveitis

Uncontrolled, chronic, or severe forms of uveitis often result in structural damage to the various intraocular tissues. Sequelae common to all forms of uveitis include glaucoma, synechiae, cataract, pupillary membranes, vitreous opacification, epiretinal membranes, subretinal neovascular membranes, macular edema and retinal detachment (Table 6.1). Many of these complications can be treated surgically.
How does culture influence preventive service utilisation among Asian Indians living in the USA? A qualitative study

Asian Indians are one of the fastest growing immigrant groups in the USA and are at high risk for preventable chronic diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We describe the cultural practices of Asian Indians living in the USA to build a theory of health seeking behaviour for preventive healthcare services. We conducted in-depth qualitative, semi-structured interviews with 21 Asian Indians seen at two outpatient clinics in the San Francisco Bay Area. Using the Constructionist Grounded Theory, we show that participants typically use primary healthcare services for urgent health problems and had been unfamiliar with routine care for disease prevention when immigrating to the USA. Participants deviated from this pattern during culturally significant life course events, such as marriage or childbirth and in response to the concerns of family members, local social network members, and primary care service providers during medical visits for urgent illnesses.
Real-time DSP for reflected power cancellation in FMCW radars

A novel real-time DSP scheme is proposed for leakage cancellation in monostatic frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radars. With the digital implementation, the proposed scheme shows a much more precise control of the leakage cancellation, compared to conventional analog implementation. Other advantages also include that the DC offset existing in analog mixers, affecting the cancellation performance, are eliminated. A radar test bed at 26 GHz has been built. The measurement results show more than 40 dB suppression in transmitter leakage, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Intertextuality and national identity: discourse of national conflicts in daily newspapers in the United States and China:

As one of the most important sites in which and through which national agenda is articulated and disseminated, national newspapers play particularly important roles in creating national identities. Drawing on Norman Fairclough's (1992, 1995a, 2003) approach of intertextual analysis of news discourse within the paradigm of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), this study examines the effects of intertextuality on the discursive construction of national identities in the press. It does so by comparing how two daily newspapers in the United States and China employ specific discursive strategies to construct national identities and positions in their discourse of two particular events that represent moments of crisis and conflict in US-China relations. Focusing on discourse, style, and genre, which are respectively associated with representational, identificational, and actional meanings of discourse (Fairclough, 2003), this study aims to show how news texts draw on, echo, and bring together different intertextual resources realized in the forms of discourses, styles, and genres, and how the circulations and combinations of these intertextual relations in particular contexts construct specific understandings of national identities and positions.
Joyless Laughter: Sophocles — Hesse — Beckett

Medically speaking, laughing is one of several abnormal forms of respiration like sneezing, crying, and yawning. Mechanically it is produced by a series of short expiratory blasts which provoke a clear sound from the vocal chords and cause at the same time other inarticulate but nevertheless characteristic sounds from the vibrating structures of the larynx and pharynx. The face shows a characteristic expression that is essentially involuntary and often beyond control, but is generally interpreted as a friendly gesture. It can only be imitated imperfectly.
Photon-HDF5: Open Data Format and Computational Tools for Timestamp-based Single-Molecule Experiments

Archival of experimental data in public databases has increasingly become a requirement for most funding agencies and journals. These data-sharing policies have the potential to maximize data reuse, and to enable confirmatory as well as novel studies. However, the lack of standard data formats can severely hinder data reuse. In photon-counting-based single-molecule fluorescence experiments, data is stored in a variety of vendor-specific or even setup-specific (custom) file formats, making data interchange prohibitively laborious, unless the same hardware-software combination is used. Moreover, the number of available techniques and setup configurations make it difficult to find a common standard. To address this problem, we developed Photon-HDF5 (www.photon-hdf5.org), an open data format for timestamp-based single-molecule fluorescence experiments. Building on the solid foundation of HDF5, Photon-HDF5 provides a platform- and language-independent, easy-to-use file format that is self-describing and supports rich metadata. Photon-HDF5 supports different types of measurements by separating raw data (e.g. photon-timestamps, detectors, etc) from measurement metadata. This approach allows representing several measurement types and setup configurations within the same core structure and makes possible extending the format in backward-compatible way. Complementing the format specifications, we provide open source software to create and convert Photon-HDF5 files, together with code examples in multiple languages showing how to read Photon-HDF5 files. Photon-HDF5 allows sharing data in a format suitable for long term archival, avoiding the effort to document custom binary formats and increasing interoperability with different analysis software. We encourage participation of the single-molecule community to extend interoperability and to help defining future versions of Photon-HDF5.
Breakin’ Down Whiteness in Antiracist Teaching: Introducing Critical Whiteness Pedagogy

Because of the changing nature of race the role of antiracist teaching is a forever-evolving process. Acknowledging that the majority of the U.S. teaching force, from K-12 to teacher education in institutions of higher education, are white middle-class females, it becomes imperative to unveil pedagogical applications of critical whiteness studies. Unwillingness to do so maintains the recycled nature of the hegemonic whiteness that dominates the field of education. This reflective paper examines the implemented pedagogies of a teacher education diversity course which begin to break down the whiteness ideology embedded in teacher candidates (i.e., pre-service teachers). Although the course’s application of critical whiteness studies was in no way complete, it framed a pedagogical strategy for self-interrogation of whiteness, one that can be implemented in other teacher education courses across the nation. Adding to the existing field of research, this paper provides concrete teaching strategies about how to employ critical whiteness studies in teacher education, and examines the implications of such pedagogies in relation to the roles of racial justice and antiracist teaching. By including feedback from teacher candidates themselves, this paper demonstrates how effective the pedagogies were in preparing a majority of white female teacher candidates for urban teaching.
A no-gold-standard technique for objective assessment of quantitative nuclear-medicine imaging methods

The objective optimization and evaluation of nuclear-medicine quantitative imaging methods using patient data is highly desirable but often hindered by the lack of a gold standard. Previously, a regression-without-truth (RWT) approach has been proposed for evaluating quantitative imaging methods in the absence of a gold standard, but this approach implicitly assumes that bounds on the distribution of true values are known. Several quantitative imaging methods in nuclear-medicine imaging measure parameters where these bounds are not known, such as the activity concentration in an organ or the volume of a tumor. We extended upon the RWT approach to develop a no-gold-standard (NGS) technique for objectively evaluating such quantitative nuclear-medicine imaging methods with patient data in the absence of any ground truth. Using the parameters estimated with the NGS technique, a figure of merit, the noise-to-slope ratio (NSR), can be computed, which can rank the methods on the basis of precision. An issue with NGS evaluation techniques is the requirement of a large number of patient studies. To reduce this requirement, the proposed method explored the use of multiple quantitative measurements from the same patient, such as the activity concentration values from different organs in the same patient. The proposed technique was evaluated using rigorous numerical experiments and using data from realistic simulation studies. The numerical experiments demonstrated that the NSR was estimated accurately using the proposed NGS technique when the bounds on the distribution of true values were not precisely known, thus serving as a very reliable metric for ranking the methods on the basis of precision. In the realistic simulation study, the NGS technique was used to rank reconstruction methods for quantitative single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) based on their performance on the task of estimating the mean activity concentration within a known volume of interest. Results showed that the proposed technique provided accurate ranking of the reconstruction methods for 97.5% of the 50 noise realizations. Further, the technique was robust to the choice of evaluated reconstruction methods. The simulation study pointed to possible violations of the assumptions made in the NGS technique under clinical scenarios. However, numerical experiments indicated that the NGS technique was robust in ranking methods even when there was some degree of such violation.
An Overwintering Pycnidial Stage of Cicinnobolus

A pycnidial stage of Cicinnobolus Cesatii has been found on dead clover and cucumber leaves, previously infected while living with powdery mildew and Cicinnobolus, and is apparently responsible for...
Future Space System Support to U.S. Military Operations in an Ice-Free Arctic: Broadband Satellite Communications Considerations

Significant increases in shipping traffic and resource exploration/exploitation activities are occurring in the Arctic region. The U.S. Navy, Coast Guard and other military services have begun to plan for increased operations in the region, which could start ramping up as early as about 2013 if recent climate model predictions for Arctic melting prove accurate. The polar region is a very different arena for space system operations compared to lower latitudes, and supporting increased U.S. military activities in the Arctic may require new satellite systems and user terminals. U.S. weather, navigation and surveillance satellites in polar orbits already cover the Arctic region, but current military satellite communications capabilities in the region are quite limited and existing passive satellite imagery (for ice monitoring and other types of surveillance) is hampered by persistent cloud cover and seasonal darkness. Given the high costs and long lead times (up to 10 years or more) to develop new space systems, the U.S. military could face a shortage of communications and possibly other space-based support capabilities during a period when nations are intensely jockeying for influence and resource claims in the region. Canada and Russia are developing new satellite programs to support their countries’ increased Arctic activities. The potential need for new space-based support capabilities in the Arctic region is certainly well within the U.S. military’s current planning horizon. This paper focuses on the military’s future requirements and options for broadband satellite communications in the Arctic region. Getting a head start on defining the requirements analysis and procurement options will help to expedite the space-system acquisition process when, perhaps in the very near future, the timeline for Arctic melting and increased military activities in the region becomes better established.
Role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in cAMP-mediated vasodilation.

In this study, the role of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) in cAMP-dependent relaxation was assessed in the isolated-perfused rat lung using a PKA inhib...
The Ubiquitous Presidency: Toward a New Paradigm for Studying Presidential Communication

The rhetorical presidency—a deeply influential paradigm for understanding presidential communicative governance—has been disrupted by dramatic changes in the U.S. electorate, the media environment, the goals of public appeals, and the nature of political content. To address the rhetorical presidency’s limitations with regard to current presidential communication practices, we conceptualize and offer a preliminary test of a new paradigm: the ubiquitous presidency. This paradigm argues that modern presidents cultivate a highly visible and nearly constant presence in political and nonpolitical arenas of American life by being accessible, personal, and pluralistic.
The Prophecy of Undo

Prophecy variables are auxiliary program variables whose values are defined in terms of current program state and future behavior. This paper explains their relevance to reasoning about systems with “undo” operations, and develops an approach that facilitates their use.
Tracking the Invasion of Small Numbers of Cells in Paper-Based Assays with Quantitative PCR

Paper-based scaffolds are an attractive material for culturing mammalian cells in a three-dimensional environment. There are a number of previously published studies, which utilize these scaffolds to generate models of aortic valves, cardiac ischemia and reperfusion, and solid tumors. These models have largely relied on fluorescence imaging and microscopy to quantify cells in the scaffolds. We present here a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method, capable of quantifying multiple cell types in a single culture with the aid of DNA barcodes: unique sequences of DNA introduced to the genome of individual cells or cell types through lentiviral transduction. PCR-based methods are highly specific and are amenable to high-throughput and multiplexed analyses. To validate this method, we engineered two different breast cancer lines to constitutively express either a green or red fluorescent protein. These cells lines allowed us to directly compare the ability of fluorescence imaging (of the fluorescent protei...
Comparative Anatomy of the Thalamus

No book entitled The Thalamus can afford to restrict itself to the mammalian thalamus. One senses, however, that it would be wise to do so, for the field of comparative anatomy of the nonmammalian forebrain is one that has suffered from an absence of adequate experimental material, it has often been characterized by simplistic thinking about evolutionary matters, and it is fraught with controversy. A neuroscientist today can hardly utter the word homology without finding a half-dozen other neuroscientists at his throat. Homology in the evolutionary sense is extremely difficult to establish and existing vertebrate forms show such an enormous range of structural and functional adaptations in their forebrains, even within the same order, that many recent comparative neuro-anatomists have questioned whether it is relevant to search for common structural relationships. Certainly, no writer in the field today would seriously propose that the brains of existing nonmammalian vertebrates formed a scala naturae leading up to the brains of mammals.
A Review of Vocal Loading Tasks in the Voice Literature

Vocal loading tasks (VLTs) are used to assess range of function and vulnerability of the laryngeal system. The manner in which VLTs compromise the laryngeal mechanism is multifaceted and only partially understood. This paper presents a scoping review of the literature on VLTs and their effects on the healthy voice. This review paper details the varied nature of VLT duration, task type, and additional factors including hydration and ambient noise that have been used to compromise the larynx. In addition, the voice measures used to assess the effects of VLTs on the healthy larynx are discussed. This study details the current state of the literature, draws conclusions from our current knowledge, and provides directions for further research.
Evaluating library signage: A systematic method for conducting a library signage inventory

While there is much literature that directs libraries to avoid having too much or insufficient signage, there is no clear guidance on how much signage is “enough” or “too much”. Conducting a signag...
Including all the lines: data releases for spectra and opacities1

I present a progress report on including all the lines in the line lists, including all the lines in the opacities, and including all the lines in the model atmosphere and spectrum synthesis calcul...
Maternal Nutrition and Birth Outcomes

There is increasing recognition of the important role maternal nutrition plays in improving birth outcomes. This chapter summarizes the state of current knowledge on the role of maternal nutrition before and during pregnancy in determining birth outcomes especially preterm birth (PTB) and small for gestational age (SGA) that are of considerable public health significance and related to the health, well-being and survival of the next generation, with recommendations for action both for programs and future research. Meta-analyses of intervention trials show that prenatal supplementation with calcium, zinc and n-3 PUFA lowers the risk of PTB, whereas MMN and balanced protein–energy (BPE) supplementation resulted in increased birth weight. Interventions such as iodine and periconceptional folic acid are also important for reducing pregnancy losses and birth defects. Growing evidence supports the importance of ensuring good nutrition for women of reproductive age, but more information on the nature of the intervention and implementation strategies is needed to design effective preconceptional nutrition interventions. There is also a need to identify better ways to overcome barriers to program implementation with improved methods for targeting and measuring program effectiveness for maternal nutrition before and during pregnancy. Finally, nutrition and health programs that focus on improving birth outcomes should strengthen linkages with other sectors such as agriculture, water and sanitation, family planning, education and social protection.
Stiffness of Protease Sensitive and Cell Adhesive PEG Hydrogels Promotes Neovascularization In Vivo.

Materials that support the assembly of new vasculature are critical for regenerative medicine. Controlling the scaffold’s mechanical properties may help to optimize neovascularization within implanted biomaterials. However, reducing the stiffness of synthetic hydrogels usually requires decreasing polymer densities or increasing chain lengths, both of which accelerate degradation. We synthesized enzymatically-degradable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels with compressive moduli from 2 to 18 kPa at constant polymer density, chain length, and proteolytic degradability by inserting an allyloxycarbonyl functionality into the polymer backbone. This group competes with acrylates during photopolymerization to alter the crosslink network structure and reduce the hydrogel’s stiffness. Hydrogels that incorporated (soft) or lacked (stiff) this group were implanted subcutaneously in rats to investigate the role of stiffness on host tissue interactions. Changes in tissue integration were quantified after 4 weeks via the hydrogel area replaced by native tissue (tissue area fraction), yielding 0.136 for softer vs. 0.062 for stiffer hydrogels. Including soluble FGF-2 and PDGF-BB improved these responses to 0.164 and 0.089, respectively. Softer gels exhibited greater vascularization with 8.6 microvessels mm−2 compared to stiffer gels at 2.4 microvessels mm−2. Growth factors improved this to 11.2 and 4.9 microvessels mm−2, respectively. Softer hydrogels tended to display more sustained responses, promoting neovascularization and tissue integration in synthetic scaffolds.
Long term follow up of patients with locally advanced triple negative breast cancer treated with adjuvant high dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation: A single center experience.

e12590Background: Adjuvant high dose chemotherapy (HDC) with Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (AuSCT) as part treatment of high risk locally advanced breast cancer has remained controversial. Multiple trials reported disease free survival (DFS) without Overall survival (OS) resulting in its abandonment in early 2000s. However, post hoc analysis of these trials consistently reported DFS and OS benefit in young and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) subgroups. This has not been re-evaluated till date. Recent European registry reports coupled with improved transplant related mortality (TRM) and still poor out-come of standard of care in TNBC subgroup has generated renewed interest. We report long term out-come of locally advanced high risk TNBC treated with HDC and AuSCT treated in Karmanos Cancer Institute from 1995 to 2001 Methods: Majority of the patients were treated with Adriamycin and Taxane based induction chemotherapy. Patients without evidence of metastatic disease proceeded to H...
Decisions to enter and continue in the teaching profession: Evidence from a sample of U.S. secondary STEM teacher candidates

Abstract Given its prevalence and cost it is imperative to identify predictors of early career teacher turnover intentions and behavior. During their final year as education majors, 311 US, STEM Secondary Education students rated their student teaching experience, the strength of their teacher identity, and their intent to enter the teaching profession. Within 1–3 years after graduating 191 of them reported whether they remained in the teaching profession. One's identity as a teacher, as well as the perceived quality of student teaching experiences, predicted both intent and actual entry into the teaching profession. Furthermore, teacher identity mediated the relationship between student teaching satisfaction and outcomes.
Abnormal perceptual sensitivity in body-focused repetitive behaviors.

Abstract Objective Several compulsive grooming habits such as hair pulling, skin picking, and nail biting are collectively known as body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs). Although subclinical BFRBs are common and benign, more severe and damaging manifestations exist that are difficult to manage. Researchers have suggested that BFRBs are maintained by various cognitive, affective, and sensory contingencies. Although the involvement of cognitive and affective processes in BFRBs has been studied, there is a paucity of research on sensory processes. Methods The current study tested whether adults with subclinical or clinical BFRBs would report abnormal patterns of sensory processing as compared to a healthy control sample. Results Adults with clinical BFRBs (n = 26) reported increased sensory sensitivity as compared to persons with subclinical BFRBs (n = 48) and healthy individuals (n = 33). Elevations in sensation avoidance differentiated persons with clinical versus subclinical BFRBs. Sensation seeking patterns were not different between groups. Unexpectedly, BFRB severity was associated with lower registration of sensory stimuli, but this finding may be due to high psychiatric comorbidity rates in the BFRB groups. Conclusions These findings suggest that several sensory abnormalities may underlie BFRBs. Implications for the etiology and treatment of BFRBs are discussed.
Role of behavioral changes and biofeedback in urology

Voiding disorders are common in urological patients. Pelvic floor dysfunction may result from overtraining pelvic floor muscles in an attempt to prevent leaking. This can further cause bladder dysfunction or weakening the pelvic floor muscles. Pelvic floor dysfunction or insufficient relaxation of the pelvic floor results in hesitancy, intermittency, and high postvoid residuals (PVR). Behavioral changes and biofeedback play a key role in urologic problems including pelvic pain, irritative voiding symptoms, recurrent urinary tract infections, and incontinence. Biofeedback involves using electrodes to transduce muscle potentials into auditory or visual signals; patients learn to increase or decrease voluntary muscle activity. Conservative behavioral and biofeedback treatments are safe and effective interventions that should be more readily available to patients as a first-line treatment for voiding dysfunction. Patient education may take time but has higher long-term success and makes the patient more responsible and less passive regarding their condition.
Abstract 1129: Sox2 drives ST6Gal-I expression and activity to promote a CSC phenotype in ovarian cancer

This study elucidates ST6Gal-I, a sialyltransferase, as a functional driver of a cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype regulated by the stem cell transcription factor Sox2. ST6Gal-I is upregulated in 98% of ovarian cancers (OC); it functions to add an α2-6 sialic acid, a large, negatively charged sugar, to N-glycosylated proteins bound for the cell surface. Normal differentiated epithelia have very low expression of ST6Gal-I, however, expression is turned on in stem cell compartments and transformed tissues. Furthermore, our work has shown that ST6Gal-I plays a causal role in conferring hallmark CSC properties including greater tumor-initiating capabilities, promotion of recurrence, and resistance to tumor-associated stressors like chemotherapies, serum deprivation, and hypoxia. Even given this stark upregulation and apparent functional import of ST6Gal-I in cancers, very little work has been done to identify the transcriptional driver of ST6Gal-I expression. We identified that Sox2 and ST6Gal-I are both part of one of the most commonly enriched amplicons in human cancer, amplicon 3q26. We then examined the TCGA database and found that these two genes are co-amplified in 48/73 cancer cohorts, including ovarian cancer. In addition to being genetically co-amplified, Sox2 has been shown to bind to the promoter of ST6Gal-I, though no further analyses have been performed to assess a functional link. Herein we address a novel, glycosylation-dependent mechanism that drives a CSC phenotype. We hypothesize that Sox2, a key stem-associated transcription factor in CSCs, directly induces expression of ST6Gal-I. In our ovarian cancer cell model systems, we forced overexpression or knockdown of Sox2 and found that Sox2 expression directly correlated with ST6Gal-I expression. Overexpression or knockdown of Sox2 resulted in up- or down- regulation of CSC markers Oct4 and Nanog respectively. We then forced ST6Gal-I knockdown to inhibit the Sox2-induced ST6Gal-I upregulation and found that this prevented the enhanced expression of Oct4 and Nanog. Here we show that Sox2 requires ST6Gal-I expression to promote a CSC phenotype. Citation Format: Kaitlyn A. Dorsett, Susan L. Bellis. Sox2 drives ST6Gal-I expression and activity to promote a CSC phenotype in ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1129.
Anesthetic Considerations in the Evaluation of Children with Glaucoma and Associated Conditions

Glaucoma in the pediatric population can be difficult to diagnose and treat without a child’s cooperation. Examination and intervention under anesthesia play a critical role in the management of childhood glaucoma, as detailed elsewhere. This requires a change in setting from the office to the operating room with the availability and assistance of a pediatric anesthesiologist, who may have to sedate or anesthetize the child repeatedly, sometimes even just to confirm the glaucoma diagnosis. An anesthesiologist with specialty training in pediatrics is pertinent, as childhood glaucoma can often be associated with syndromes involving other organ systems, hence making their anesthetic complicated and at times potentially dangerous. Once the glaucoma diagnosis is established, these children may have to return to the operating room multiple times for examinations and/or treatments; thus, having prior anesthetic records with any previous complications can offer vital information to both the pediatric anesthesiologist and pediatric glaucoma specialist. This chapter focuses on the preoperative workup of pediatric patients to ensure that they are optimized medically to undergo sedation and general anesthesia with the lowest possible risk. The intraoperative course is also described, including why sedation may be chosen over general anesthesia and how the various anesthetic drugs such as volatile anesthetics or intravenous induction agents can affect intraocular pressure measurements. The chapter finishes by describing potential postoperative complications related to anesthesia: nausea, vomiting, postoperative delirium, and agitation, along with a brief discussion on various syndromes that could potentially affect the delivery and choice of anesthetic.
Methods for characterizing protein acetylation during viral infection

Lysine acetylation is a prevalent posttranslational modification that acts as a regulator of protein function, subcellular localization, and interactions. A growing body of work has highlighted the importance of temporal alterations in protein acetylation during infection with a range of human viruses. It has become clear that both cellular and viral proteins are decorated by lysine acetylations, and that these modifications contribute to core host defense and virus replication processes. Further defining the extent and dynamics of protein acetylation events during the progression of an infection can provide an important new perspective on the intricate mechanisms underlying the biology and pathogenesis of virus infections. Here, we provide protocols for identifying, quantifying, and probing the regulation of lysine acetylations during viral infection. We describe the use of acetyl-lysine immunoaffinity purification and quantitative mass spectrometry for assessing the cellular acetylome at different stages of an infection. As an alternative to traditional antibody-mediated western blotting, we discuss the benefits of targeted mass spectrometry approaches for detecting and quantifying site-specific acetylations on proteins of interest. Specifically, we provide a protocol using parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). We further discuss experimental considerations that are specific to studying viral infections. Finally, we provide a brief overview of the types of assays that can be employed to characterize the function of an acetylation event in the context of infection. As a method to interrogate the regulation of acetylation, we describe the Fluor de Lys assay for monitoring the enzymatic activities of deacetylases.