cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new temporary pacing catheter with improved sensing and safety characteristics.

Temporary artificial cardiac pacing is a fully accepted procedure with widespread application. The indications for temporary pacing are numerous,‘, 2 but most temporary pacing is done for acutely ill patients who have bradyarrhythmias or tachyarrhythmias. Two serious manifestations of pacing failure are: (1) inadequate demand (standby) pacer sensing of spontaneous beats leading to competitive pacing35 4 and (21 stimulation during the vulnerable period of the preceding beat, leading to pacer-induced ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation.5*6 It is the acutely ill patient, with myocardial infarction, hypoxia, or metabolic imbalance, who is in jeopardy of improper pacing. Because of the recurrent problem of inadequate sensing in temporary pacing systems33 4* 7 and the infrequent but potentially fatal complication of competitive pacing (pacemaker-induced ventricular arrhythmia),5s 6 there is a need for a safer pacing electrode system that can avoid these complications. This report describes a unipolar pacing catheter that is designed to give improved sensing, and a decreased likelihood of pacer-induced arrhythmia even in the presence of competitive pacing. One electrode (cathode) is at the distal tip of the catheter, and the other electrode (anode) is 23 cm. proximal to the distal tip. The improved sensing derives from widely spaced electrodes, and the decreased risk of arrhythmia is a result of placing the anode outside of the heart.
On Anarchism and the Real World: William Godwin and Radical England

Much that is characteristic of contemporary anarchist thought can be found in the writings of the founder of that tradition, William Godwin. He is ambivalent on the value of technology and modernity, nostalgic at one moment and progressive another. He extols individual autonomy while preaching community solidarity. Above all he shares with modern anarchism an elitist disdain for ordinary men and women, which in the case of Godwin leads to an unresolved tension between theoretical radicalism and practical conservatism. His anarchist doctrine repudiates all forms of coercion, law, and government. It eschews cooperation of all kind as deleterious to individual development. At the same time it posits an ideal order characterized by a high degree of informal coercion practiced by zealous neighborly inspection. But Godwin was a less than eager friend of reform and agitation during the years of Pitt's repression of radical movements in England. This was clear even in the pages of Political Justice, but all the more obvious in his feud in 1795–96 with John Thelwall and the London Corresponding Society, the leading radical activists. This paper outlines Godwin's anarchism and points out the implications of his dispute with Thelwall. In addition it shows the extent to which Godwin has given anarchism certain of its enduring qualities.
Genetics of monoamine metabolites in baboons: overlapping sets of genes influence levels of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenylglycol, and homovanillic acid.

Abstract Background Monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine) are associated with several psychiatric disorders. Limited evidence suggests that monoamine levels are heritable, but no information concerning genetic relationships among monoamines is available. Further genetic analysis can help explain phenotypic correlations among monoamine levels and might eventually help identify genes involved in response to therapy or risk of psychopathology. Methods Levels of the monoamine metabolites homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), and 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenylglycol (MHPG) were measured in cerebrospinal fluid from 271 baboons ( Papio hamadryas ). Variance components methods were used to estimate heritabilities, and multivariate analyses were used to estimate genetic correlations (pleiotropy) and environmental correlations between metabolites. Results Each metabolite exhibited significant heritability in baboons (5-HIAA: h 2 = .30 ± .17; MHPG: h 2 = .36 ± .16; HVA: h 2 = .50 ± .19). Multivariate analyses revealed genetic correlations between 5-HIAA and HVA and between HVA and MHPG. Environmental correlations were found between 5-HIAA and HVA and between 5-HIAA and MHPG. Conclusions Overlapping, nonidentical sets of genes influence individual variation in 5-HIAA, MHPG, and HVA levels among baboons. The phenotypic correlation between 5-HIAA and HVA observed in nonhuman primates and humans is likely due to both shared genetic and environmental factors. Genetic analyses of monoamine levels in primates can provide novel information concerning the genetics of variation among humans.
A fast and accurate decimation-in-angle hierarchical fan-beam backprojection algorithm

We introduce a fast algorithm for backprojecting images from tomographic fan-beam projections that aggregates the projections in a hierarchical structure and achieves a computational cost of O(N/sup 2/ log P), when backprojecting an N /spl times/ N pixel image from P projections. Like in the parallel-beam algorithm, the images in the hierarchy are formed by the rotation and the adding together of other images made up of fewer projections. The low computational cost of the algorithm depends on the efficient sampling of the intermediate images in the hierarchy. Understanding the algorithm within the signal processing framework, a general scheme for sampling an image made up of projections of arbitrary geometries is introduced. While the algorithm is related to one by Nilsson (1997), the Fourier domain understanding leads to a more efficient sampling scheme for the intermediate images.
A Model for Specification of Office Communications

Specification of office communications requirements necessitates the development of a communications model applicable to office processes. The model must facilitate the representation of communications processes in terms of office physical and logical organization and operation. Physical aspects include office communications equipment and their interconnections, while logical components represent such items as message profiles and information flows. A model for representation of office information communications is developed. The model is based on a paradigm consisting of a representation framework including definition of objects, attributes, and relations. Further, application of the model in the development of a language for specification of logical communications requirements and a computer-based analysis of the requirements is presented.
Guiding processor allocation with estimated execution time for mesh connected multiple processor systems

Mesh connected parallel architectures have become increasingly popular in the design of multiprocessor systems in recent years. Several submesh allocation strategies for two-dimensional mesh systems have been proposed. We investigate the effect of using estimated execution times to guide submesh allocation. We have proposed a family of processor allocation strategies, called estimated execution time (EET) strategies, based on the estimated execution time information. Extensive simulations have been performed to study the performance of our strategies compared with other strategies. The results show that our strategies outperform existing strategies in terms of mean and standard deviation of response time under all load conditions and different job characteristics. Inaccurate estimation of such execution time will simply cause less overall system performance improvement, but not cause any execution failures. >
Availability, prices and affordability of essential medicines in Haiti.

Background Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere and faces numerous challenges, including inadequate medication access for its residents. The objective of this study was to determine the availability, prices, and affordability of essential medicines in Haiti and compare these findings to other countries. Methods We conducted a cross–sectional nationwide survey in 2011 of availability and consumer prices of 60 essential medicines in Haiti using a standardized methodology developed by the World Health Organization and Health Action International. The survey was conducted in 163 medicine outlets in four health care sectors (public, retail, nonprofit and mixed sectors). Medicine prices were expressed as ratios relative to the International Reference Price. Affordability was calculated by comparing the costs of treatment for common conditions with the salary of the lowest paid government worker and was compared to available data from four Latin American countries. Results For generic medicines, the availability in public, retail, nonprofit and mixed sectors was 20%, 37%, 24% and 23% of medica tions, respectively. Most of the available medicines were priced higher than the International Reference Price. The lowest paid government worker would need 2.5 days’ wages to treat an adult respiratory infection with generic medicines from the public sector. For treatment of common conditions with originator brands (OB) purchased from a retail pharmacy, costs were between 1.4 (anaerobic bacterial infection) and 13.7 (hyperlipidemia) days’ wages, respectively. Treatment of pediatric bacterial infections with the OB of ceftriaxone from a retail pharmacy would cost 24.6 days’ wages. Prices in Bolivia, Colombia, Mexico and Nicaragua were frequently lower for comparable medications.
The Concept of a Feminist Bioethics

Feminist bioethics poses a challenge to bioethics by exposing the masculine marking of its supposedly generic human subject, as well as the fact that the tradition does not view women's rights as human rights. This essay traces the way in which this invisible gendering of the universal renders the other gender invisible and silent. It shows how this attenuation of the human in 'man' is a source of sickness, both cultural and individual. Finally, it suggests several ways in which images drawn from women's experience and women's bodies might contribute to a constructive rethinking of basic ethical concepts.
Adaptive control of small outboard-powered boats for survey applications

Four autopilot controllers have been developed in this work that can both hold a desired heading and follow a straight line. These PID, adaptive PID, neuro-adaptive, and adaptive augmenting control algorithms have all been implemented into a numerical simulation of a 33-foot center console vessel with wind, waves, and current disturbances acting in the perpendicular (across-track) direction of the boat's desired trajectory. Each controller is tested for its ability to follow a desired heading in the presence of these disturbances and then to follow a straight line at two different throttle settings for the same disturbances. These controllers were tuned for an input thrust of 2000 N and all four controllers showed good performance with none of the controllers significantly outperforming the others when holding a constant heading and following a straight line at this engine thrust. Each controller was then tested for a reduced engine thrust of 1200 N per engine where each of the three adaptive controllers reduced heading error and across-track error by approximately 50% after a 300 second tuning period when compared to the fixed gain PID, showing that significant robustness to changes in throttle setting was gained by using an adaptive algorithm.
Terminal Duct Lobular Unit Involution of the Normal Breast: Implications for Breast Cancer Etiology

Terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs) are the structures within the breast that produce milk and the primary source of most breast cancer precursors and cancers (Figure 1) (1). With completion of childbearing and physiological aging, TDLUs involute, resulting in a reduction in acini (substructures) number/TDLU and total TDLU counts (2–3). The determinants of age-related TDLU involution are undefined, and understanding these processes may elucidate factors associated with persistence of acini and TDLUs in later life, and elevated breast cancer risk (3). Analysis of women who have undergone a breast biopsy, which showed benign breast disease (BBD), suggests that those who have less TDLU involution are more likely to develop breast cancer than those with greater degrees of involution, extending findings in rodent models linking mammary development, microanatomy, and cancer susceptibility (3–11). Figure 1. Terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU) involution assessment in the Susan G. Komen Tissue Bank. Three quantitative measures (TDLU count, TDLU span, and number of acini per TDLU) associated with reduced levels of TDLU involution were assessed from digitized ... Standardized, reproducible quantitative measurements to evaluate TDLU involution have not been developed. An analysis of benign biopsies from 8756 women in the Mayo BBD Cohort found that the absence of TDLU involution, based on subjective assessment, was associated with a statistically significant increase in breast cancer risk (relative risk [RR] = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.59 to 2.21) compared with the general population (8). Additional analyses in this cohort demonstrated that increased acini counts/TDLU or TDLU area were related to increased five-year risk independent of Gail model risk prediction (7). Using an adaptation of a TDLU involution classification developed in rodent models (11), the Nurses’ Health Study II demonstrated a 29% reduction in cancer risk among women with BBD containing predominantly type 1 lobules (fewer than 12 acini) and lacking type 3 lobules (approximately 80 acini) (4). To date, studies of TDLU involution have been limited by a lack of access to large collections of epidemiologically annotated normal breast samples that were obtained for research as opposed to clinical diagnosis (3,12). The Susan G. Komen Tissue Bank at the Indiana University Simon Cancer Center (KTB) addresses these limitations by providing a resource of normal breast tissues, risk factor data, and blood from volunteers for research (13–14). Given that the best method for assessing the level of TDLU involution is unknown, we performed morphometric assessment of TDLUs and developed three reproducible quantitative measures that are inversely associated with TDLU involution, TDLU counts per standardized biopsy, median acini counts/TDLU, and median TDLU span, in order to identify factors associated with TDLU involution in normal breast tissues from the KTB.
Using simulators to model transmitted variability in IC manufacturing

The authors describe a response surface design methodology based on process and device simulations to estimate device variations due to changes in process input parameters from their designed values. The gradient of the simulated device characteristics is estimated directly and used to compute device sensitivities. This methodology was applied to Stanford's 2- mu m CMOS fabrication process. Threshold voltage, subthreshold slope, linear transconductance, and saturation current were picked as the target device characteristics for optimization. Five process parameters were examined: boron concentration in the wafer, phosphorous n-well implant dose, boron threshold adjust dose, gate oxidation temperature, and gate length. The methodology was shown to be successful for the exploration of device characteristic values as a function of process parameters, but success for the transmitted variability, because it depends on derivatives which tend to be less like polynomials than the functions themselves, is more limited. In the absence of a direct assessment of the derivative, response surface models fit to the simulator values can give a very misleading picture of the transmitted variability. Models used were quadratic models for Box-Cox transformed device characteristics. >
Need for elective PCI prior to noncardiac surgery: high risk through the eyes of the beholder.

It has been estimated that nearly 1 million adverse cardiac events occur each year following noncardiac operations.[1][1] Having a myocardial infarction (MI) after surgery, even when the only manifestation is an isolated biomarker (ie, troponin) elevation, increases the risk of long-term death.[2][2
Funerals and Baptisms, Ordinary and Otherwise: Ritual Criticism and Corinthian Rites:

The emerging field of ritual studies gives Second Testament scholars innovative ways of approaching the rites of the Jesus movement and thus enables them better to re-create the community life reflected in the language of the Second Testament. In the case of Corinth, placing the rites of the Jesus movement there in the context of Mediterranean ritual activity alerts interpreters to an expulsion rite conducted as a funeral at 1 Corinthians 5:2 2 and directs them to rites with features analogous to baptism on behalf of the dead (1 Cor 15 :29). This study sets the Corinthian extension of baptism to the dead alongside funerals conducted for the living and imaginary or honorary funerals, with the aim of characterizing the creative modification rites could undergo in the Greco-Roman world. As a result, a ritual critical approach provides a way of integrating baptism on behalf of the dead into the baptismal practices of the Corinthians, and it suggests how rites marking entry into and exit from their community w...
FDTD and experimental investigation of EMI from stacked-card PCB configurations

Stacked-card and modules-on-backplane printed circuit-board geometries are advantageous for conserving real-estate in many designs. Unfortunately, at high frequencies, electromagnetic magnetic interference (EMI) resulting from the nonnegligible impedance of the signal return at the connector may occur. This effective EMI coupling path results in the daughtercard being driven against the motherboard and attached cables, resulting in common-mode radiation. The connector geometry can be modified to minimize the EMI coupling path when high frequencies are routed between the motherboard and daughtercard. Current speeds and printed circuit board (PCB) sizes result in geometries that are of significant dimensions in terms of a wavelength at the upper frequency end of the signal spectrum. The PCB geometries are then of sufficient electrical extent to be effective EMI antennas. The resonant lengths of the EMI antennas may, however, be quite removed from the typical half-wavelength dipole resonances. The finite difference time-domain method can be used to numerically analyze the printed circuit board geometries, determine antenna resonances, and investigate EMI coupling paths. EMI resulting from the stacked-card configuration has been investigated experimentally and numerically to ascertain the EMI coupling path at the bus connector, and EMI antennas.
Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina at Low Risk for Serious Cardiac Events

Abstract Successful management of the patient with chronic stable angina requires correct stratification by assessing the risk of future coronary events. Patients at low risk for such events have a relatively good prognosis; revascularization procedures (balloon angioplasty or surgery) offer no benefit over medical management. Such patients should be offered medical therapy as their first option. The goals in management of chronic stable angina are (1) treatment of other conditions that may worsen angina; (2) treatment with aspirin and modification of risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) to improve outcome; and (3) effective relief of anginal symptoms. Most patients with stable angina will have CAD. It is well established that treatment with aspirin and modification of risk factors for CAD are beneficial in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Blood pressure reduction, lowering of blood cholesterol level, and smoking cessation are interventions of proven value and appear to correct defects (at least partially) in the endothelial function of the coronary blood vessels. Other interventions that are helpful are estrogen replacement treatment in postmenopausal women, and low-dose aspirin therapy—which is recommended for all patients who can tolerate it. For controlling symptoms and improving angina-free walking time, nitrates, β blockers, and calcium channel antagonists are efficacious as first-line monotherapy for chronic stable angina in this group of patients. Nitrates may be of special use in patients with impaired left ventricular function, overt congestive heart failure, intermittent coronary vasoconstriction, or coronary artery spasm. In patients with concomitant hypertension or supraventricular tachycardia, β blockers are helpful. Calcium channel antagonists may be useful in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, peripheral vascular disease, or hypertension. When optimal monotherapy with a given class of drug fails to control symptoms, alternative monotherapy with a different class of agent should be tried before combination therapy. Combination therapy with 2 or 3 agents is not always superior to optimal monotherapy. Patients who fail to respond to adequate medical therapy should be considered for a revascularization procedure.
Predicting Second Language Writing Proficiency: The Roles of Cohesion and Linguistic Sophistication

This study addresses research gaps in predicting second language (L2) writing proficiency using linguistic features. Key to this analysis is the inclusion of linguistic measures at the surface, textbase and situation model level that assess text cohesion and linguistic sophistication. The results of this study demonstrate that five variables (lexical diversity, word frequency, word meaningfulness, aspect repetition and word familiarity) can be used to significantly predict L2 writing proficiency. The results demonstrate that L2 writers categorised as highly proficient do not produce essays that are more cohesive, but instead produce texts that are more linguistically sophisticated. These findings have important implications for L2 writing development and L2 writing pedagogy.
A database of mRNA expression patterns for the sea urchin embryo

We present an initial characterization of a database that contains temporal expression profiles of sequences found in 35,282 gene predictions within the sea urchin genome. The relative RNA abundance for each sequence was determined at 5 key stages of development using high-density oligonucleotide microarrays that were hybridized with populations of polyA+ RNA sequence. These stages were two-cell, which represents maternal RNA, early blastula, the time at which major tissue territories are specified, early and late gastrula, during which important morphogenetic events occur, and the pluteus larva, which marks the culmination of pre-feeding embryogenesis. We provide evidence that the microarray reliably reports the temporal profiles for the large majority of predicted genes, as shown by comparison to data for many genes with known expression patterns. The sensitivity of this assay allows detection of mRNAs whose concentration is only several hundred copies/embryo. The temporal expression profiles indicate that 5% of the gene predictions encode mRNAs that are found only in the maternal population while 24% are embryo-specific. Further, we find that the concentration of >80% of different mRNAs is modulated by more than a factor of 3 during development. Along with the annotated sea urchin genome sequence and the whole-genome tiling array (the transcriptome, Samanta, M., Tongprasit, W., Istrrail, S., Cameron, R., Tu, Q., Davidson, E., Stolc, V., in press. A high-resolution transcriptome map of the sea urchin embryo. Science), this database proves a valuable resource for designing experiments to test the function of specific genes during development.
SCEMIT: a systemc error and mutation injection tool

As high-level models in C and SystemC are increasingly used for verification and even design (through high-level synthesis) of electronic systems, there is a growing need for compatible error injection tools to facilitate further development of coverage metrics and automated diagnosis. This paper introduces SCEMIT, a tool for the automated injection of errors into C/C++/SystemC models. A selection of ‘mutation’ style errors are supported, and injection is performed though a plugin interface in the GCC compiler, which minimizes the impact of SCEMIT on existing simulation flows. Experimental injected error detection results are presented for the set of OSCI SystemC Example Models as well as the CHStone C High-Level-Synthesis benchmark set. Aside from demonstrating compatibility with these models, the results show the value of high-level error injection as a coverage measure compared to conventional code coverage measures.
Allometric and metameric shape variation in Pan mandibular molars: a digital morphometric analysis.

The predominance of molar teeth in fossil hominin assemblages makes the patterning of molar shape variation a topic of bioanthropological interest. Extant models are the principal basis for understanding dental variation in the fossil record. As the sister taxon to the hominin clade, Pan is one such model and the only widely accepted extant hominid model for both interspecific and intraspecific variation. To explore the contributions of allometric scaling and meristic variation to molar variation in Pan, we applied geometric shape analysis to 3D landmarks collected from virtual replicas of chimpanzee and bonobo mandibular molars. Multivariate statistical analysis and 3D visualization of metameric and allometric shape vectors were used to characterize shape differences and test the hypothesis that species of Pan share patterns of metameric variation and molar shape allometry. Procrustes-based shape variables were found to effectively characterize crown shape, sorting molars into species and tooth-row positions with � 95% accuracy. Chimpanzees and bonobos share a common pattern of M1–M2 metameric variation, which is defined by differences in the relative position of the metaconid, size of the hypoconulid, curvature of the buccal wall, and proportions of the basins and foveae. Allometric scaling of molar shape is homogeneous for M1 and M2 within species, but bonobo and chimpanzee allometric vectors are significantly different. Nevertheless, the common allometric shape trend explains most molar-shape differences between P. paniscus and P. troglodytes. When allometric effects are factored out, chimpanzee and bonobo molars are not morphometrically distinguishable. Implications for hominid taxonomy and dietary reconstruction are discussed. Anat Rec, 294:322–334, 2011. V V C 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Experimenting with process equivalence

Following paradigms originated by Hennessy, Hoare, and Milner, distinctions between concurrent processes based on observable outcomes of computational experiments are examined. Variations in experimental protocols yield several distinct experimental equivalences. The experimental scenario thus offers a uniform setting in which to compare notions of process equivalence. We identify one equivalence, called ready simulation, as offering a better motivated and equally elegant alternative to the widely accepted notion of bisimulation.
Types for describing coordinated data structures

Coordinated data structures are sets of (perhaps unbounded) data structures where the nodes of each structure may share abstract types with the corresponding nodes of the other structures. For example, consider a list of arguments, and a separate list of functions, where the n-th function of the second list should be applied only to the n-th argument of the first list. We can guarantee that this invariant is obeyed by coordinating the two lists, such that the type of the n-th argument is existentially Quantified and identical to the argument type of the n-th function. In this paper, we describe a minimal set of features sufficient for a type system to support coordinated data structures. We also demonstrate that two known type systems (Crary and Weirich's LX [6] and Xi, Chen and Chen's guarded recursive datatypes [24]) have these features, even though the systems were developed for other purposes. We illustrate the power of coordinated data structures as a programming idiom with three examples: (1) a list of function closures stored as a list of environments and a separate list of code pointers, (2) a "tagless" list, and (3) a red-black tree where the values and colors are stored in separate trees that are guaranteed to have the same shape.
A Statistical Paradigm for Neural Spike Train Decoding Applied to Position Prediction from Ensemble Firing Patterns of Rat Hippocampal Place Cells

The problem of predicting the position of a freely foraging rat based on the ensemble firing patterns of place cells recorded from the CA1 region of its hippocampus is used to develop a two-stage statistical paradigm for neural spike train decoding. In the first, or encoding stage, place cell spiking activity is modeled as an inhomogeneous Poisson process whose instantaneous rate is a function of the animal’s position in space and phase of its theta rhythm. The animal’s path is modeled as a Gaussian random walk. In the second, or decoding stage, a Bayesian statistical paradigm is used to derive a nonlinear recursive causal filter algorithm for predicting the position of the animal from the place cell ensemble firing patterns. The algebra of the decoding algorithm defines an explicit map of the discrete spike trains into the position prediction. The confidence regions for the position predictions quantify spike train information in terms of the most probable locations of the animal given the ensemble firing pattern. Under our inhomogeneous Poisson model position was a three to five times stronger modulator of the place cell spiking activity than theta phase in an open circular environment. For animal 1 (2) the median decoding error based on 34 (33) place cells recorded during 10 min of foraging was 8.0 (7.7) cm. Our statistical paradigm provides a reliable approach for quantifying the spatial information in the ensemble place cell firing patterns and defines a generally applicable framework for studying information encoding in neural systems.
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Studies of Dolomite Surfaces Exposed to Undersaturated and Supersaturated Aqueous Solutions

Abstract Cleaved surfaces of dolomite were studied using ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) following exposure of the surfaces to various experimental conditions. Dolomite samples exposed to air, to a highly undersaturated solution (0.1 M NaCl, pH = 9), and to solution with a supersaturation (−Δμ/kT) of 5.5 (pH = 9) were investigated with semiquantitative methods of analysis to ascertain the degree of non-stoichiometry resulting at the dolomite surface from reactive conditions. It was found that the dolomite cleavage surface in undersaturated solution was not altered significantly from the stoichiometric surface termination. The composition of the cleaved surface after exposure to supersaturated solution, a surface known to have self-limiting growth characteristics under similar conditions, was found to be Ca 2+ rich (Ca x Mg 2 − x (CO 3 ) 2 , 1.7 > x > 1.3). The observations, while underscoring differences in hydration/dehydration kinetics of the two alkaline earth cations, suggest that achievement of equilibrium at dolomite–water interfaces may be subject to significant barriers from both undersaturated and supersaturated solutions.
Grading High Moisture Farmer Stock Peanut Lots1

Abstract Farmers in the U.S. are required to market peanuts as identity preserved lots with less than or equal to 10.49% moisture content (MC) wet basis. A comparison of peanut grades, weights, and values at moisture contents above (Hmc) and below (Lmc) 10.49% was conducted at 16 buying points during crop year 1998 and at 22 points in 1999. Buying points were located in all three U.S. peanut-producing areas both years. Randomly selected Hmc lots of runner-, spanish-, and virgina-type peanuts were weighed and unofficially graded by Federal State Inspection Serv. personnel with standard procedures. Lots were cured to MC ≤ 10.49% and graded officially for farmer marketing. Data from both years were combined for analysis. Both Hmc and Lmc grades were conducted on 543, 62, and 81 runner-, spanish-, and virginia-type lots, respectively. Moisture contents for runner type averaged 16.3% at Hmc grading and 8.7% at Lmc grading; for spanish type, 15.8 and 8.7%; and for virginia type, 17.0 and 9.1%. Only 3.8% of all ...
Recent Developments in Patent Law - 2015

Patent law has experienced extraordinary upheaval over the past few years, a disruption that touches virtually every aspect of policy and practice. In this essay, I’ll talk about some of the most recent developments in patent law, from broad themes to specific doctrinal moves. Given the limits of this form, and the sheer amount of change, I can only touch on the highlights. But those highlights reveal an area of law that is dynamic — and yet in many respects fundamentally the same.
Climate Change, Health, and Communication: A Primer

Climate change is one of the most serious and pervasive challenges facing us today. Our changing climate has implications not only for the ecosystems upon which we depend, but also for human health. Health communication scholars are well-positioned to aid in the mitigation of and response to climate change and its health effects. To help theorists, researchers, and practitioners engage in these efforts, this primer explains relevant issues and vocabulary associated with climate change and its impacts on health. First, this primer provides an overview of climate change, its causes and consequences, and its impacts on health. Then, the primer describes ways to decrease impacts and identifies roles for health communication scholars in efforts to address climate change and its health effects.
Adapting Minority Group Threat to Examine the Social Control of Sexual Orientation Bias

Blalock proposed that the threat of a minority group toward a majority in sheer size, economic competition, or power will result in an increase in discrimination toward that group. His original formulation of this theory of minority group threat, and its subsequent extensions, has focused almost exclusively on racial minority-majority relationships; however, Blalock asserted that his theory would apply to any minority-majority group relationship. Extensions to religious groups have shown this is likely the case. The current analysis assesses a further extension of minority group threat by reframing the arguments of the theory and adding two additional sources of threat to examine sexual orientation bias. Data from the Uniform Crime Reports Hate Crime Statistics program are used to assess whether the minority group threat hypotheses explain the reporting of sexual orientation bias crimes. The findings indicate that the original formulation of Blalock's theory does not suffice to explain the reporting of anti-Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual bias crime, but the proposed extensions may explain some of this variation.
When are Stereotypes about Black Candidates Applied? An Experimental Test

Past research shows that candidates' racial identities influence the assumptions that voters draw about how they will behave in office. In a national survey experiment examining televised candidate advertisements, we find evidence that stereotypes differ both in their potency and how vulnerable they are to disconfirmation. Consistent with previous work, black candidates are broadly assumed to be more liberal than white candidates, although the effect is notably small in magnitude. Yet when it comes to more specific stereotypes—how black candidates will behave on individual issues—effects are not only much larger, but also more contingent on what information is available. We find that by providing a small bit of ideological information, black candidates can overcome the assumption that they will enact liberal policies as concerns taxation and non-racialized aspects of social welfare policy. But it is much more difficult for them to overturn the assumption that they will prioritize aid to minorities while in office.
Graceful Graphs and Sparsely Marked Rulers

(1991). Graceful Graphs and Sparsely Marked Rulers. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 232-234.
Eliminating First-Order Internal Multiples With Downward Reflection at the Shallowest Interface: Theory and Initial Examples

The Inverse Scattering Series (ISS) is capable of directly achieving all processing objectives through specific-task subseries and without any subsurface information. In this work a subseries of the ISS is isolated, with the specific task of removing internal multiples of first-order, with downward reflection at the shallowest reflector. The algorithm predicts both the phase and exact amplitude of the internal multiples and does not modify any primary; therefore the internal multiples are removed surgically. This algorithm may be relevant and provide added value when one of the internal multiples under discussion is interfering destructively with (or is proximal to) a primary, and the attenuation of the internal multiple provided by previous algorithms is not adequate for the clean removal of the multiple and not touching the primary. To show how the elimination subseries proposed in this work deals with this challenging situation, an analytic example with three interfaces is included, with one of the relevant first-order internal multiples interfering destructively with the primary generated at the third reflector. We show in particular how the interfering internal multiple is eliminated with no damage to the amplitude or the phase of the primary, as is expected from a method for surgical removal of internal multiples.
A rapid dilution technic for the ASO titer

A modification of the dilution procedure for the Antistreptolysin O (ASO) titer is presented. This modification utilizes a serial dilution. It simplifies pipetting, reduces the total volume of serum and reagents needed, and allows for the adaptation of the ASO titer to automation.
Visual Revelations: Cheating: Some Ways to Detect It Badly

The validity of test scores relies on tests being taken under the conditions assumed by the test developers. One prominent threat to validity is the occurrence of cheating, which can take many form...
Abstract B73: The monoterpene, citral, increases intracellular oxygen radicals and inhibits cancer cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress .

The terpene-enriched steam distilled extract of ginger rhizomes has potent anti-tumor activity. Screening of the components of ginger extract demonstrated citral, a commonly used food flavoring agent, as the major monoterpene that inhibits proliferation of human and murine cancer cell lines A2780, ECC-1, OVCAR-3, SKOV-3, ID8 and MOVCAR. Citral initiates a rapid decrease in intracellular levels of glutathione and a corresponding increase in oxygen radicals. In wild-type p53-expressing ECC-1 cells, citral treatment increases phosphorylation of the Ser-15 residue of p53 and causes apoptosis. Inhibition of intracellular oxygen radicals by N-acetylcysteine and p53 activity by pifithrin-α inhibits citral-induced apoptosis in ECC-1 cells. Apoptosis in mutant p53 (Arg248Glu) expressing OVCAR-3 cells was also inhibited by N-acetylcysteine and was associated with a decrease in phosphorylation of Ser-15 of p53. Finally, in cells not expressing p53, citral inhibited proliferation, but not through apoptosis. Instead in the p53-negative SKOV-3 cells, citral treatment caused endoplasmic reticulum stress indicated by increase in phosphorylation of eIF2α and the expression of CHOP, GADD45, EDEM, ATF4 and Hsp90 and increased ATG5 and LC3-II suggesting the cells were undergoing autophagy. The study identifies the mechanism that allows citral to produce its cytotoxic effects. Combined with our recent results that nanoparticle-encapsulated citral decreases in vivo growth of 4T1 murine breast tumors, the results from the current study suggest that citral and its analogs be considered as chemotherapeutic agents. Since citral mediates its cytotoxic effects primarily by inducing oxidative stress, it is likely that this monoterpenes and its derivatives can be used for the treatment of a variety of solid tumors including ovarian cancer. Citation Format: Arvinder Kapur, Mildred Felder, Lucas Fass, Justanjyot kaur, Austin Czarnecki, Kavya Rathi, Manish Patankar. The monoterpene, citral, increases intracellular oxygen radicals and inhibits cancer cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress . [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research: Exploiting Vulnerabilities; Oct 17-20, 2015; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2016;22(2 Suppl):Abstract nr B73.
Cervical Spondylitis Caused by Salmonella oranienburg

A case of Salmonella oranienburg cervical spondylitis in a sixty-seven-year-old diabetic woman is reported. The type-specific organism was cultured from the blood, stool, and material aspirated from the bone lesion. Non-operative treatment was judged satisfactory as based on a two year follow-up.
Acute cardiac tamponade due to perforation of a benign mediastinal teratoma into the pericardial sac. Review of cardiovascular manifestations of mediastinal teratomas.

Summary A unique case of acute cardiac tamponade caused by perforation of a benign mediastinal teratoma into the pericardium is reported. The patient was originally thought to have primary cardiovascular disease, but, because of an anterior mediastinal mass seen on chest x-ray film and because of a rising venous pressure, exploratory thoracotomy was performed and the true diagnosis was established. The cardiovascular manifestations and complications of mediastinal teratomas are reviewed and the pathophysiology of perforation is discussed.
Professional and organizational values of male and female U.S. Public Health Service commissioned officers.

A study was conducted to determine the organizational and professional values held by male and female physicians, nurses, and pharmacists serving in the U.S. Public Health Service. An existing instrument was modified to measure health professionals' organizational values and professional values. These values were analyzed by multivariate and multiple regression techniques to ascertain the relationship the independent variables sex, age, marital status, race, and practice type of the health professionals had with the levels of each measurement. Sex, age, marital status, race, and practice type appeared to affect the values held in varying degrees. Differences between organizational and professional values held by the health professionals will have an effect on future roles for officers in the U.S. Public Health Service. There will also be an impact on society as the nation decides the future direction for health care.
Estimates of genetic correlations between testicular measurements and female reproductive traits in cattle.

Data from 528 male and 645 female progeny of 63 sires were used to estimate genetic correlations between female and male reproductive traits. Data were from two Hereford herds involved in a long-term selection program of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Service. Testicular measurements of circumference, diameter, length and volume were obtained on bulls at 205 and 365 d. Testicular growth measures were defined as differences between 205-and 365-d measurements. Heifers were placed in the breeding herd as yearlings and given two breeding seasons to produce a calf. Traits utilized from females were three age-at-first-breeding traits, two age-at-first-calving traits, two pregnancy rate traits, rebreeding interval and calving interval. Genetic correlations were estimated from half-sib and from sire-daughter analyses. Seventy-five percent or more of the correlations of testicular measurements with pregnancy rats, age at first breeding and age at first calving were in the favorable direction. Average correlations were .62, -.55 and -.66, respectively. For each of the remaining female traits, approximately 50% of the correlations were favorable and the average correlations were small. Correlations were summarized by testicular measurement with favorable correlations given a negative sign. Testicular diameter had more favorable correlations (80%) than length, volume or circumference (70%). However, average correlations were similar (-.31, -.30, -.34 and -.26, respectively). Testicular measurements taken at either 205 or 365 d had the same percentage of favorable correlations (72%), while testicular growth measurements had a slightly higher percentage of favorable correlations (78%). Average correlations of 365-d measures were higher (-.38) than either 205-d or growth measures (-.25 and -.28, respectively). Heritabilities for testicular measurements tended to be moderate to high, while those for female reproduction tended to be low to moderate. These results suggest that selection for increased testicular size would lead to improvement in female reproduction, particularly an increase in calving rate and a decrease in age at first breeding.
Case Studies in the High School Classroom

In this chapter, I introduce the practice of two high school teachers who describe themselves as “critical educators.” My purpose is to show how critical theory gets implemented in the classroom. I extensively cite these two teachers and the descriptions of their own instructional practices. I intentionally reserve generous space for reporting interview data in this chapter. My idea here is to help the reader to better hear the voices of the educators, and also start offering a rich description of their practices. After presenting the findings, I provide my analysis from the framework of critical global literacies at the end of the chapter. Forthcoming are two case studies of Ms. Smith and of Mr. Bean, and the former opens this chapter’s discussions.
Predictors of emergency ventral hernia repair: Targets to improve patient access and guide patient selection for elective repair.

Background Emergency operations are associated with worse outcomes than elective operations. If not repaired electively, ventral hernias are at risk of strangulating and requiring emergency repair. We sought to identify patient- and hospital-level factors associated with emergency ventral hernia repair in a nationally representative, United States sample. Methods We abstracted data from the 2003–2011 Nationwide Inpatient Sample for adults (≥18 years) who underwent inpatient ventral hernia repair. Our primary outcome was emergency repair. We assessed differences in patient- and hospital-level factors as possible predictors of emergency repair using multivariable logistic regression. We examined secondary outcomes (mortality, total hospital cost, duration of stay) using multivariable logistic and generalized linear (family gamma; link log) regression. Results After weighting to the United States population, we included 453,161 adults (39.5% emergency). Independent predictors of emergency repair included payer status (uninsured: odds ratio 3.50, [3.10, 3.96]; Medicaid: 1.29 [1.20, 1.39] compared with private insurance), race/ethnicity (black: 1.77 [1.64, 1.92]; Hispanic: 1.44 [1.28, 1.61] compared with white), age (≥85 years: 2.23 [2.00, 2.47] compared with Conclusion Inpatient ventral hernia repairs are frequently performed emergently, with worse outcomes in this group. Independent predictors of emergency repair include factors that may limit access to and/or selection for an elective operation. These predictors provide targets for interventions to improve access to elective care and inform patient selection with the goal of improving patient outcomes.
Mandibular deficiency syndrome. II. Surgical considerations for mandibular advancement

Eight factors which contribute to the successful surgical correction of the deficient mandible have been briefly discussed. Consideration of the recommendations made will permit surgeons to avoid pitfalls, regardless of the specific surgical technique used to advance the mandible, and will result in improved treatment results. The type of mandibular deficiency syndrome and its severity will dictate which factors need to be considered in a given case. A modified sagittal osteotomy is described as our preferred surgical technique to achieve these objectives and minimize untoward sequelae.