cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Agricultural Problem

mentation of the present crisis in national life-both farm and city-than that a concerted attempt at definite planning is to be made, not only now but to an increasing extent in the future. In its last analysis the measure of adequacy of such planning is its effect upon the social welfare of the people of this entire country. Therc is a surprising unanimity among our fellow agricultural economists as to the course which national planning should take. The voice of the rural sociologist is characterized by its almost total absence in these councils. It is his task to assess in terms of human welfare, social justice, and social progress, the steps and measures characterizing the present clearly indicated trends of action. Let him weigh them in his own scales. If they meet proper standards and promise well for the future of the nation, let him place the stamp of his approval upon them. If they do not, let him not indulge merely in destructive criticism, but let him forcefully state the proper policy and program, and fortify with the results of research his position in so doing. This is his responsibility-no less and no moreand he will be recreant to his duty if he does not meet it with regard not only to the validity of current land utilization policies, but to the social applicability of every other important matter of policy as it affects the rural population of this Nation.
Inhibition of the growth of fungi by thiourea derivatives, particularly hydrazine dithiocarbamyl.

A. Thiourea defivatives and the in vitro growth of fungi.?Seventeen derivatives of thiourea* have been tested for the capacity to prevent the growth of Cryptococcus hominis in Sabourand dextrose agar pour plates with and without added serum. Eleven of the compounds were sufficiently soluble in water to make a stock solution of 400 mg per cent. Heating or addition of alkali was necessary to dissolve some of these drugs. Recourse to the latter procedure
Design and Implementation of Agricultural Machinery Monitoring and Scheduling System

To solve the problems in agricultural machinery working field,such as information lag,lack of effective means of scheduling agricultural machinery,and low efficiency,an agricultural machinery monitoring and scheduling system integrated with Geographic Information System(GIS),General Packet Radio Service(GPRS) and Global Positioning System(GPS) technologies is presented. To realize data collection immediately and real-time monitoring and scheduling agricultural machinery remotely,GPRS data transmission technology and MapObjects are adopted in the system. To overcome traditional pathfinding algorithm's shortcomings in real-time computation,A-Star algorithm is applied to plan the route of agricultural machinery. Application results show this system can schedule agricultural machinery effectively and improve the efficiency.
Fingerprint chromatograp research of flos lonicerae

Objective: To establish detecting methods with fingerprint chromatograp for the flos lonicerae. Methods: With Chlorogenic acid as the reference substance, we used HPLC to establish fingerprint chromatograp for ethanol extraction of flos lonicerae, the chromatography column of which was hypersil ODS2 (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm), the mobile phase ACN-0.4%H3PO4 (15∶85), the flow vate 1.00 ml/min, and the wavelength 307 nm. Results: There were fifteen peeks and the parameter of which met the stipulations of "Chinese Medicine Injection Fingerprint Technical Requirements". Conclusion: The method is simple and accurate with a good reproducibility and can be used in quality evaluation and variety discrimination of flos lonicerae.
Providing Adequate Retirement Income Pension Reform in the United States and Abroad

(1977). Providing Adequate Retirement Income Pension Reform in the United States and Abroad. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 165-168.
Vaccination with Embryonic Stem Cells Protects against Lung Cancer

The antigenic similarity between tumors and embryos has been appreciated for many years and reflects the expression of embryonic gene products by cancer cells and/or cancer-initiating stem cells. Taking advantage of this similarity, we have tested a prophylactic lung cancer vaccine composed of allogeneic murine embryonic stem cells (ESC). Naive C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated with ESC along with a source of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Vaccinated mice were protected against subsequent challenge with implantable Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC). ESC-induced anti-tumor immunity was not due to a non-specific “allo-response” as vaccination with allogeneic murine embryonic fibroblasts did not protect against tumor outgrowth. Vaccine efficacy was associated with robust tumor-reactive primary and memory CD8+ T effector responses, Th1 cytokine response, higher intratumoral CD8+T effector/CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cell ratio, and reduced myeloid derived suppressor cells in the spleen. Prevention of tumorigenesis was found to require a CD8-mediated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response because in vivo depletion of CD8+ T lymphocytes completely abrogated the protective effect of vaccination. To overcome the limitations of using whole ESC as a vaccine we modified our vaccination approach using exosomes derived from ESC. Our preliminary results thus far indicate that ESC-derived exosomes as a vaccine is effective against implantable lung tumors in mice. Further refinement of this novel vaccine strategy and identification of shared ESC/tumor antigens may lead to immunotherapeutic options for lung cancer patients and, potentially represent a step toward the development of prophylactic cancer vaccines.
Spatial bias in estimating the position of visual and proprioceptive targets

People matching visual or proprioceptive targets make both variable and systematic (bias) errors. Multisensory integration is thought to minimize variance, but if the less variable modality has mor...
Characteristic Study of Silicon Nitride Films Deposited by LPCVD and PECVD

This paper analyzes and compares the characteristics of silicon nitride films deposited by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), with special attention to the hydrogenation and chemical composition of silicon nitride films. Three different LPCVD processes at various DCS and NH3 gas flow rates and deposition temperatures, together with PECVD using SiH4 and NH3 and ICP CVD using SiH4 and N2, were compared. The silicon nitride film deposition rate decreases with an increasing NH3/DCS ratio in LPCVD, which also leads to an increase in the refractive index and a decrease in the residual stress in the film. There is nearly no hydrogen incorporated in the LPCVD films, which differs from PECVD and ICP CVD that show significant Si-H and N-H bonds. The chemical composition of silicon nitride films is mostly Si-rich, except for the LPCVD process at high NH3/DCS ratio with near stoichiometric chemistry.
Anatomical Assessment of the Temporopolar Artery for Revascularization of Deep Recipients.

BACKGROUND Intracranial-intracranial and extracranial-intracranial bypass options for revascularization of deep cerebral recipients are limited and technically demanding. OBJECTIVE To assess the anatomical feasibility of using the temporopolar artery (TPA) for revascularization of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA), posterior cerebral artery (PCA), and superior cerebellar arteries (SCA). METHODS Orbitozygomatic craniotomy was performed bilaterally on 8 cadaveric heads. The cisternal segment of the TPA was dissected. The TPA was cut at M3-M4 junction with its proximal and distal calibers and the length of the cisternal segment measured. Feasibility of the TPA-A1-ACA, TPA-A2-ACA, TPA-SCA, and TPA-PCA bypasses were assessed. RESULTS A total of 17 TPAs were identified in 16 specimens. The average distal TPA caliber was 1.0 ± 0.2 mm, and the average cisternal length was 37.5 ± 9.4 mm. TPA caliber was ≥ 1.0 mm in 12 specimens (70%). The TPA-A1-ACA bypass was feasible in all specimens, whereas the TPA reached the A2-ACA, SCA, and PCA in 94% of specimens (16/17). At the point of anastomosis, the average recipient caliber was 2.5 ± 0.5 mm for A1-ACA, and 2.3 ± 0.7 mm for A2-ACA. The calibers of the SCA and PCA at the anastomosis points were 2.0 ± 0.6 mm, and 2.7 ± 0.8 mm, respectively. CONCLUSION The TPA-ACA, TPA-PCA, and TPA-SCA bypasses are anatomically feasible and may be used when the distal caliber of the TPA stump is optimal to provide adequate blood flow. This study lays foundations for clinical use of the TPA for ACA revascularization in well-selected cases.
Split between two worlds: automated sensing reveals links between above- and belowground social networks in a free-living mammal

Many animals socialize in two or more major ecological contexts. In nature, these contexts often involve one situation in which space is more constrained (e.g. shared refuges, sleeping cliffs, nest...
Natural Language Processing, Electronic Health Records, and Clinical Research

Electronic health records (EHR) capture “real-world” disease and care processes and hence offer richer and more generalizable data for comparative ­effectiveness research than traditional randomized clinical trial studies. With the increasingly broadening adoption of EHR worldwide, there is a growing need to widen the use of EHR data to support clinical research. A big barrier to this goal is that much of the information in EHR is still narrative. This chapter describes the foundation of biomedical natural language processing and its common uses for extracting and transforming narrative information in EHR to support clinical research.
Uses and Abuses of Endocytotic and Heterophagic Pathways

Endocytosis and the degradation of endocytosed material in lysosomes are used extensively by unicellular organisms and by some “lower” multicellular forms for handling food and other necessities of life (Chapter 2). Even the ion-induced pinocytosis in amebas might represent an adaptation to fresh-water habitats, contributing to rapid uptake of inorganic ions when the protozoan stumbles upon a rich source. In “higher” multicellular animals, endocytosis and lysosomes are used for feeding in some special circumstances: intestinal cells of suckling rats, for example, contain very large lysosomes in which they digest components of milk delivered from the intestinal lumen by endocytotic vesicles or tubules. But in general, digestion of the food of vertebrates and most invertebrates takes place in specialized extracellular locales, especially in the lumen of the digestive system. Although acid hydrolases are involved in this digestion, the battery of enzymes is quite different from that typifying the lysosomes.
The Thioredoxin System Reduces Protein Persulfide Intermediates Formed during the Synthesis of Thio-Cofactors in Bacillus subtilis

The biosynthesis of Fe-S clusters and other thio-cofactors requires the participation of redox agents. A shared feature in these pathways is the formation of transient protein persulfides, which are susceptible to reduction by artificial reducing agents commonly used in reactions in vitro. These agents modulate the reactivity and catalytic efficiency of biosynthetic reactions and, in some cases, skew the enzymes' kinetic behavior, bypassing sulfur acceptors known to be critical for the functionality of these pathways in vivo. Here, we provide kinetic evidence for the selective reactivity of the Bacillus subtilis Trx (thioredoxin) system toward protein-bound persulfide intermediates. Our results demonstrate that the redox flux of the Trx system modulates the rate of sulfide production in cysteine desulfurase assays. Likewise, the activity of the Trx system is dependent on the rate of persulfide formation, suggesting the occurrence of coupled reaction schemes between both enzymatic systems in vitro. Inactivation of TrxA (thioredoxin) or TrxR (thioredoxin reductase) impairs the activity of Fe-S enzymes in B. subtilis, indicating the involvement of the Trx system in Fe-S cluster metabolism. Surprisingly, biochemical characterization of TrxA reveals that this enzyme is able to coordinate Fe-S species, resulting in the loss of its reductase activity. The inactivation of TrxA through the coordination of a labile cluster, combined with its proposed role as a physiological reducing agent in sulfur transfer pathways, suggests a model for redox regulation. These findings provide a potential link between redox regulation and Fe-S metabolism.
Preliminary evidence that hydroxyurea is associated with attenuated peripheral sensitization in adults with sickle cell disease

Introduction Hydroxyurea (HU) is a drug that targets the underlying pathophysiology of sickle cell disease (SCD); however, it continues to be an underutilized treatment for adults. Previous research suggests that HU treatment can result in fewer hospital contacts for acute vaso-occlusive pain crises (VOC). Hydroxyurea's impact on non-VOC pain, however, is not well established. Objectives This study examined whether HU moderated patterns of static and dynamic pain processing and clinical pain in SCD individuals. Methods Fifty-eight patients with SCD (N taking HU = 17) underwent quantitative sensory testing (QST) and completed twice daily symptom diaries for 12 weeks. Quantitative sensory testing established thermal threshold and tolerance, mechanical thresholds, and thermal and mechanical temporal summation of pain. Results Groups did not differ in age, sex, or opioid use. After controlling for morphine use, QST results showed that participants taking HU had higher heat and mechanical pain thresholds (static QST measures) but not thermal and mechanical temporal summation (dynamic QST measures). Participants taking HU also reported lower VOC pain compared with SCD participants not taking HU; however, HU did not moderate non-VOC clinical pain ratings. Conclusion Findings cautiously suggest that HU acts on pain hypersensitivity and VOC pain, rather than inhibiting pain facilitation and non-VOC pain. These differences may reflect HU's influence on peripheral rather than central sensitization. Future research is warranted to replicate these findings in a larger sample and determine whether early HU administration can prevent peripheral sensitization in SCD individuals.
Synchronous Oligometastatic Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Managed With Curative-Intent Chemoradiation Therapy: Long-term Outcomes From a Single Institution

Abstract Purpose We examined long-term clinical outcomes among patients with synchronous oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated at our institution with definitive thoracic chemoradiation therapy (CRT) and local therapy to all oligometastatic lesions. Methods and Materials A retrospective review identified 38 patients with synchronous oligometastatic NSCLC (≤3 metastatic lesions) who were treated with definitive CRT to the primary tumor and regional lymph nodes between 1999 and 2017 at our institution. Of the 38 patients, 27 patients (71%) received induction chemotherapy, all of whom responded or stabilized with initial systemic therapy before consideration of CRT. Most patients received chemotherapy concurrently with radiation therapy (n = 32; 84%) and local therapy to the metastatic disease site(s) (n = 34; 89%). We assessed patterns of progression or failure, overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and toxicities. Results The median follow-up duration was 54.9 months. Most patients (84%) presented with N2 to N3 disease. The brain or central nervous system was the most common site of disease progression and occurred in 16 of 28 patients (57%) experiencing any progression and 10 of 16 patients (63%) who initially presented with brain oligometastases. Median OS was 21.1 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.6-49.0 months), and median PFS 9.7 months (95% CI, 8.2-14.4 months). The 1-, 2-, and 4-year OS rates were 75.7%, 45.0%, and 33.7%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, both locoregional progression (hazard ratio: 5.8; 95% CI, 2.2-15.0; P = .0003) and distant progression (hazard ratio: 6.0; 95% CI, 2.3-15.4; P = .0002), when treated as time-dependent covariates, were associated with inferior OS. Grade ≥3 esophagitis occurred in 9% and grade ≥3 pneumonitis in 5% of patients with evaluable data. Conclusions Patients with synchronous oligometastatic NSCLC and a high regional nodal burden treated with definitive thoracic CRT experienced favorable survival outcomes and low toxicity. At our institution, treating oligometastatic disease with CRT after systemic therapy is incorporated into the treatment plan from the onset of therapy, and we monitor the neuraxis closely for progression during and after treatment. Future research should focus on novel treatment combinations, such as immunotherapy or targeted systemic therapy as appropriate to further improve tumor control and survival.
Prediction of 30-day pediatric unplanned hospitalizations using the Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Groups risk adjustment system.

Background The Johns Hopkins ACG System is widely used to predict patient healthcare service use and costs. Most applications have focused on adult populations. In this study, we evaluated the use of the ACG software to predict pediatric unplanned hospital admission in a given month, based on the past year’s clinical information captured by electronic health records (EHRs). Methods and findings EHR data from a multi-state pediatric integrated delivery system were obtained for 920,051 patients with at least one physician visit during January 2009 to December 2016. Over this interval an average of 0.36% of patients each month had an unplanned hospitalization. In a 70% training sample, we used the generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) to generate regression coefficients for demographic, clinical predictors derived from the ACG system, and prior year hospitalizations. Applying these coefficients to a 30% test sample to generate risk scores, we found that the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.82. Omitting prior hospitalizations decreased the AUC from 0.82 to 0.80, and increased under-estimation of hospitalizations at the greater risk levels. Patients in the top 5% of risk scores accounted for 43% and the top 1% of risk scores accounted for 20% of all unplanned hospitalizations. Conclusions A predictive model based on 12-months of demographic and clinical data using the ACG system has excellent predictive performance for 30-day pediatric unplanned hospitalization. This model may be useful in population health and care management applications targeting patients likely to be hospitalized. External validation at other institutions should be done to confirm our results.
Surveillance of Anopheles populations in different periods in Suizhou City

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of malaria vector control measures so as to provide the evidence for consolidating the control effectiveness of malaria and carrying out the vector surveillance in Suizhou City. METHODS The distributions of Anopheles sinensis and An. anthropophagus were investigated by the combination of retrospective review and field survey. The changes of density and population of mosquito vectors were investigated and compared among various years. RESULTS From 1985 to 1996, both An. sinensis and An. anthropophagus were found in 18 towns, and An. anthropophagus mosquitoes accounted for 52.3% of the total Anopheles mosquitoes. Only An. sinensis mosquitoes were found in other 26 towns. In 2003 and 2004, An. anthropophagus mosquitoes were found in the original 18 towns, and they accounted for 47.0% and 38.1% respectively, but in 2005, An. anthropophagus mosquitoes were not found in this city. However, the density of An. sinensis presented an upward trend. CONCLUSIONS An. anthropophagus population has gradually disappeared in Suizhou City, and currently, An. sinensis is the main Anopheles population, which might be the malaria vector in suitable conditions. Therefore, the surveillance and control of Anophe les vector should be strengthened in order to consolidate the achievements of malaria elimination.
Gyrophthorus perforans, a Genus and Species of Lichenicolous Fungi New to North America

Gyrophthorus perforans, previously known as a parasite on Umbilicaria vellea and U. hirsuta in Spain and Italy, is reported from Washington state in the Columbia River Gorge, where it was found infesting Umbilicaria phaea. The blistering infections make the host thallus resemble Umbilicaria subg. Lasallia. Historical records of Lasallia from the Pacific Northwest were checked for Gyrophthorus and found to be misidentifications of other Umbilicaria species, but additional records of Gyrophthorus were not found. Lasallia pensylvanica is confirmed from Alaska and British Columbia along with a single historic location in California, but has not yet been found in Oregon or Washington. Western North American Umbilicaria specimens with blistered surfaces should be checked for the parasite Gyrophthorus before assuming they belong to Umbilicaria subg. Lasallia.
Energy stress inhibits ferroptosis via AMPK

Energy stress disturbs cellular homeostasis and induces cell death. Our recent study revealed that ferroptosis (a non-apoptotic cell death) is an energy-requiring process, and energy stress-mediated activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibits ferroptosis. Mechanistically, AMPK regulates ferroptosis through acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) biosynthesis.
IoT Botnet Forensics: A Comprehensive Digital Forensic Case Study on Mirai Botnet Servers

Abstract Internet of Things (IoT) bot malware is relatively new and not yet well understood forensically, despite its potential role in a broad range of malicious cyber activities. For example, it was abused to facilitate the distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack that took down a significant portion of the Internet on October 21, 2016, keeping millions of people from accessing over 1200 websites, including Twitter and NetFlix for nearly an entire day. The widespread adoption of an estimated 50 billion IoT devices, as well as the increasing interconnectivity of those devices to traditional networks, not to mention to one another with the advent of fifth generation (5G) networks, underscore the need for IoT botnet forensics. This study is the first published, comprehensive digital forensic case study on one of the most well known families of IoT bot malware - Mirai. Past research has largely studied the botnet architecture and analyzed the Mirai source code (and that of its variants) through traditional static and dynamic malware analysis means, but has not fully and forensically analyzed infected devices or Mirai network devices. In this paper, we set up a fully functioning Mirai botnet network architecture and conduct a comprehensive forensic analysis on the Mirai botnet server. We discuss forensic artifacts left on the attacker's terminal, command and control (CNC) server, database server, scan receiver and loader, as well as the network packets therefrom. We discuss how a forensic investigator might acquire some of these artifacts remotely, without direct physical access to the botnet server itself. This research provides findings tactically useful to forensic investigators, not only from the perspective of what data can be obtained (e.g., IP addresses of bot members), but also important information about which device they should target for acquisition and investigation to obtain the most investigatively useful information.
A model for assessing web-based simulations in engineering education

This study provided a statistical model to assess varied types of Web-based simulations in a digital-filter design course. Ninety-one undergraduate students participated in an experimental study. Two independent variables were studied: Web-based simulations (batchbased, comparison-based, and interval change-based simulations); and prior Internet familiarity (high and low). Two dependent variables were measured: a knowledge achievement test, and a problem-solving belief test. The experimental research design of the study was a 3 2 randomized post-test design. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze collected data. The main effects and the potential interaction of the two independent variables were examined. Results indicate that Web-based simulation with a simple batch-based design yielded a significantly better learning performance than two other complex simulation designs (comparison-based and interval change-based simulations) (F[2,85] 4.274, p < 0.05).
Contribution of Pulmonary CYP-mediated Bioactivation of Naphthalene to Airway Epithelial Injury in the Lung.

Previous studies have established that cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) in both liver and lung are capable of bioactivating naphthalene (NA), an omnipresent air pollutant and possible human carcinogen, in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this study was to examine the specific contribution of pulmonary CYPs in airway epithelial cells to NA-induced airway toxicity. We used a lung-Cpr-null mouse model, which undergoes doxycycline-induced, Cre-mediated deletion of the Cpr (a redox partner of all microsomal CYPs) gene specifically in airway epithelial cells. In 2-month-old lung-Cpr-null mice, Cpr deletion occurred in 75%-82% of epithelial cells of conducting airways. The extent of NA-induced acute lung toxicity (as indicated by total protein concentration and lactate dehydrogenase activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected at 24-h after initiation of a 4-h, nose-only, 10-ppm NA inhalation exposure) was substantially lower (by 37%-39%) in lung-Cpr-null mice, compared with control littermates. Moreover, the extent of cellular proliferation (as indicated by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation) was noticeably lower in both proximal and distal airways (by 59% and 65%, respectively) of NA-treated lung-Cpr-null mice, compared with control littermates, at 2-day post-NA inhalation exposure. A similar genotype-related difference in the extent of postexposure cell proliferation was also observed in mice exposed to NA via intraperitoneal injection at 200 mg/kg. These results directly validate the hypothesis that microsomal CYP enzymes in airway epithelial cells play a large role in causing injury to airway epithelia following exposure to NA via either inhalation or intraperitoneal route.
Preparation of Lactobacilli for Dietary Uses

Increased use of lactobacilli as dietary supplements has emphasized the need for preparations of those cultures that possess the attributes of cell viability. resistance to bile and capability of establishing in the intestinal tract. Incompatibility of different species of lactobacilli may limit development of products designed to overcome objectionable, or impart improved flavor to cultured foods. Stresses that are imposed on cultures during their preparation and distribution must minimize damage to cells which would detract from the foregoing characteristics.
The Measure of Injury: Race, Gender, and Tort Law

Acknowledgments Introduction 1 Theoretical Frames 2 Historical Frames 3 Intentional Torts 4 Negligence 5 Causation 6 Damages Conclusion Notes Index About the Authors
Is there a serial bottleneck in visual object recognition

Divided attention has little effect for simple tasks, such as luminance detection, but it has large effects for complex tasks, such as semantic categorization of masked words. Here, we asked whether the semantic categorization of visual objects shows divided attention effects as large as those observed for words, or as small as those observed for simple feature judgments. Using a dual-task paradigm with nameable object stimuli, performance was compared with the predictions of serial and parallel models. At the extreme, parallel processes with unlimited capacity predict no effect of divided attention; alternatively, an all-or-none serial process makes two predictions: a large divided attention effect (lower accuracy for dual-task trials, compared to single-task trials) and a negative response correlation in dual-task trials (a given response is more likely to be incorrect when the response about the other stimulus is correct). These predictions were tested in two experiments examining object judgments. In both experiments, there was a large divided attention effect and a small negative correlation in responses. The magnitude of these effects was larger than for simple features, but smaller than for words. These effects were consistent with serial models, and rule out some but not all parallel models. More broadly, the results help establish one of the first examples of likely serial processing in perception.
Medically optimised: healthcare language and dehumanisation.

‘The patient is medically optimised’ seems to be a current catchphrase in discharge letters and case presentations by medical students. It derives from definitions used by the NHS in its reporting of delayed transfers of care from health to social care settings, and refers to the point at which the consultant in charge of the patient has decided that no further acute medical input is necessary or appropriate.1 Unfortunately, the phrase appears to have been absorbed into current medical parlance, which has a history of using derogatory terms, such as ‘bed blockers’ and ‘DTOCS’ (delayed transfer of care), for those who appear to be outstaying their allotted time in an acute care facility. This newer classification appears both illogical and unfeeling. I wonder how a son would feel hearing his mother, now dysarthric and immobile after a stroke, described as ‘medically optimised’? Haque and Waytz examine in detail the reasons why clinicians and healthcare …
Investigation of suspected gadolinium neurotoxicity in a dog.

Gadolinium-based contrast agents are used across species to better visualize abnormalities during MRI and are considered generally safe in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to investigate central nervous system (CNS) gadolinium deposition in 11 dogs that had an MRI performed, received 0.22 mL/kg (0.1 mmol/kg) of gadopentetate dimeglumine, and were necropsied on the same hospital admission. The index case was a 5-year-old castrated male Australian Shepherd that presented for ataxia and following MRI developed seizure-like activity that became refractory to anticonvulsant therapy. Gadolinium concentration was quantified in CNS tissues by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry and was 43-fold higher in the index case. These findings suggest the possibility of gadolinium toxicity in select patients.
Lasso estimation of hierarchical interactions for analyzing heterogeneity of treatment effect.

Individuals differ in how they respond to a given treatment. In an effort to predict the treatment response and analyze the heterogeneity of treatment effect, we propose a general modeling framework by identifying treatment-covariate interactions honoring a hierarchical condition. We construct a single-step l1 norm penalty procedure that maintains the hierarchical structure of interactions in the sense that a treatment-covariate interaction term is included in the model only when either the covariate or both the covariate and treatment have nonzero main effects. We developed a constrained Lasso approach with two parameterization schemes that enforce the hierarchical interaction restriction differently. We solved the resulting constrained optimization problem using a spectral projected gradient method. We compared our methods to the unstructured Lasso using simulation studies including a scenario that violates the hierarchical condition (misspecified model). The simulations showed that our methods yielded more parsimonious models and outperformed the unstructured Lasso for correctly identifying nonzero treatment-covariate interactions. The superior performance of our methods are also corroborated by an application to a large randomized clinical trial data investigating a drug for treating congestive heart failure (N = 2569). Our methods provide a well-suited approach for doing secondary analysis in clinical trials to analyze heterogeneous treatment effects and to identify predictive biomarkers.
Survival and NF1 Analysis in a Cohort of Orthopedics Patients with Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant tumor syndrome in which benign plexiform neurofibromas are at risk of transforming into malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs), a very rare soft-tissue sarcoma. The prognosis of patients with MPNSTs is poor, with most studies reporting <50% survival at five years. However, studies evaluating MPNSTs are limited and report heterogeneous results. Because no MPNST-specific evidence-based treatment guideline exists, individual institutional experiences are very informative to the field. The main objective of this study was to investigate and report MPNST prognostic clinical and genetic biomarkers from our institution's Orthopedics service experience treating 20 cases from 1992 to 2017. Most patients were treated with resection and adjuvant radiation. Extended follow-up, averaging 11.4 years (ranging 1.1 to 25.1), revealed excellent five-year survival rates: 70% for overall and 60% for metastatic disease. An S100 B immunonegative tumor phenotype was associated with a significantly worse outcome than MPNSTs with positive S100 B stain. In addition, NF1 gene mutation analysis was performed on 27 families with NF1 in which at least one affected family member developed MPNSTs. Of the 27 NF1 germline mutations, five were large deletions spanning (or nearly spanning) the gene (18.5%), substantially more than such deletions in NF1 in general, consistent with increased risk of MPNSTs in such cases.
Identity and Host Plant of Diatraea postlineella Schaus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), the Guatemalan Sugarcane Borer

Diatraea postlineella Schaus, 1922, that we call the Guatemalan sugarcane borer, was described from Quirigua, Guatemala, based on one male specimen; the host was unknown. Recently, more specimens of D. postlineella from Guatemala were discovered and reared on sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). Based on these specimens, morphological and molecular characters support the status of D. postlineella as a separate species. The DNA sequence from the COI barcode region and host plant are reported for the first time. Diatraea postlineella is closely related to D. crambidoides (Grote) and D. mitteri Solis. Photographs of the adults and their genitalia, a comparison of external characters, and a table of male and female genitalia characters to identify the three species are provided. A distribution map of the three species, which includes holotype localities and specimens used for the neighbor-joining cluster analysis, is provided.
The Legacy of the Feminine in the Christology of Origen of Alexandria, Methodius of Olympus, and Gregory of Nyssa

For Origen of Alexandria, Methodius of Olympus, and Gregory of Nyssa, who, through various networks of connections, fall into a kind of theological and philosophical family tree, virginity is a theological goldmine. These writers conceive of virginity as an all-embracing invitation to participation, a “performance” of Christology in which all Christians share. Origen’s notion of Scripture as the christological body that is literarily touchable introduces us to the encounter with Christ that is mediated through prayerful engagement with Scripture. Methodius of Olympus introduces us to the character Arete in his Symposium as an instantiation of the christological feminine. And, in Gregory of Nyssa’s handling of Macrina’s remains and her legacy, we find an avenue for participation in Christ alongside one who has already traveled a bit farther. These writers thought that renunciation was more than just a way of life open to all Christians; it was the way of life.
TRANSITION PATHS IN A SPECTRUM COMMONS REGIME

Introduction 2 Allocation: Spectrum Commons and Other Philosophies 4 Benefits and Limitations of the Spectrum Commons 7 Failure Modes 9 Proposed Responses 18 Conclusion 22 References 23
Azotobacter vinelandii Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase II. EFFECT OF RIBONUCLEASE ON POLYMERASE ACTIVITY

Ribonucleic acid polymerase directed by a native deoxyribonucleic acid template shows an initially rapid rate of ribonucleic acid synthesis which subsequently slows and finally establishes a plateau. It has been suggested that these kinetics result from the inhibition of RNA polymerase by the RNA formed during the reaction. The kinetics of the polymerase reaction under conditions where product RNA does not accumulate have been studied. By determining the release of 32P-labeled pyrophosphate from γ-32P-labeled ribonucleoside triphosphates, it is possible to assay RNA polymerase in the presence of pancreatic ribonuclease and ribonuclease T1. When the RNases are added to DNA-directed RNA polymerase reactions, there is a stimulation of 32PPi release and the kinetics approach linearity. The addition of the nucleases to RNA polymerase reactions which had reached a plateau markedly stimulates RNA polymerase-dependent 32PPi formation.
Covariant tetrad conservation-law generators

A tetrad formulation of the conservation-law generator of general relativity is presented. This expression has the expected tensor character and appropriately reduces to Moller’s tetrad superpotential. Use of this expression in the explicit formulation of the actual conservation laws admitted requires considerations of the symmetry properties, if any, of the given space-time. The intrinsic form of the conservation-law generator, which is fundamental to local applications of the conservation laws, is given. Also, several alternative tetrad formulations of « conservation-law generators » are briefly considered.
Mental health in women experiencing intimate partner violence as the efficiency goal of social welfare functions

In this article, we propose that psychological goal functions, such as mental health, as well as income are important elements of social welfare. We examine the relationship between income, depression, social welfare (food stamps and Medicaid) and intimate partner violence, using a person-orientation in a sample from the United States. Data from four time points of a longitudinal study of intimate partner violence are analysed. Clusters of women are derived based on whether or not they received or did not receive food stamps and Medicaid at each of the four time periods. These clusters differ on income and intimate partner violence as well as the trajectory of depression. However, a series of linear models suggests that only intimate partner violence (not income and social welfare variables) predict the development and level of depression over time. The effects of the social welfare variables we examined seem to be domain specific and do not influence the mental health of women receiving these services.
Laminin‐5 Expression in Melanocytic Lesions of the Skin

Background: Laminin-5 is a basement membrane constituent that functions as an anchoring filament to integrin-derived hemidesmosomes, and has been detected at the invasive front (tumor-stromal interface) in many types of carcinomas. Our goal was to analyze laminin-5 expression in melanocytic lesions and evaluate its role in tumor progression. Design: Immunohistochemical staining for laminin-5 was performed on 101 cutaneous melanocytic lesions including 41 nevi, 31 primary melanomas, and 29 metastatic melanomas. A standard immunoperoxidase technique (ABC) was used with DAB chromagen and a primary monoclonal antibody to the laminin-5 gamma2 chain (clone D4B5, 1:50, Chemicon International, Temecula, CA). Any degree of staining in melanoma cells or at the tumor-stromal interface was considered positive. Results: Positive staining for laminin-5 was observed in three of the primary melanomas (10.7%), three of the metastatic melanomas (10.3%), and none of the nevi. In primary melanomas, staining was observed predominately at the tumor-stromal interface. In metastatic lesions, staining was observed around individual melanoma cells and melanoma cell nests.Conclusion: Expression of laminin-5 was detected in a small percentage of primary and metastatic melanomas and in none of the nevi studied. Laminin-5 expression does not appear to be essential for the development of melanomas or their metastases.
A new frequency–luminosity relation for long gamma-ray bursts?

We have studied power density spectra (PDS) of 206 long Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs). We fitted the PDS with a simple power-law and extracted the exponent of the powerlaw (�) and the noise-crossing threshold frequency (fth). We find that the distribution
Aulocara elliotti (Orthoptera: Acrididae) : Diapause termination, Postdiapause development, and prediction of hatch

Diapause termination, postdiapause duration, and field hatch of the bigheaded grasshopper, Aulocara elliotti (Thomas), were studied in southwest Montana during a 3–yr period. In general, >70% of the sampled population had completed diapause by mid–November each year. Postdiapause embryonic developmental rates were obtained from a function fitted to hatch versus time data collected at constant temperatures ranging from 15 to 42°C. The population model design system was used to predict hatch at 2 sites in southwestern Montana for 3 yr. First–instar occurrence was monitored by sweep net samples and used to assess the accuracy of the predictions. When simulated hatch was compared with field occurrence of 1st instars, the 50% occurrence dates were very similar (within 2.2 ± 1.1 d for all 5 comparisons). The results of our investigations should enhance the ability of decision support systems for grasshopper management to provide forecasts to land managers and pest advisors.
Convergence of Iterative Load-Flow Studies

A THEORY has been developed for explaining the convergence of iteration methods used in the solution of power flow problems in large electric networks. This theory will predict the improvement to be expected when using certain acceleration techniques, thus giving a means for determining the fastest convergence for a given problem. The new understanding that this theory gives of the mechanism of convergence of problems of this type should lead to new and better methods of solving power system problems on a digital computer.
Respiration-related features of sympathetic discharges in the developing kitten.

Abstract The objectives of the present study were to identify sympathetic discharge features, either spontaneous or evoked, which exhibited maturational changes. The spontaneous sympathetic nerve discharge of all kittens was comprised of tonic activity as well as phasic inspiratory activity; the latter occurred synchronously with the C5 phrenic discharge. Sympathetic activity during inspiration was depressed (inhibited or disfacilitated) by vagal afferent inputs as was indicated by the marked increases of amplitude following vagotomy. Hypoxia (10% O 2 ) elicited changes in the amplitude of the sympathetic inspiration-related discharge which were identical to those of the phrenic; discharge amplitudes were either increased, or decreased, or increased and then decreased (i.e. biphasic response). Regardless of the change in sympathetic inspiration-related activity during hypoxia, the amplitude of tonic activity during expiration was often increased. Such changes in the discharge characteristics of the cervical sympathetic nerve in response to vagotomy or hypoxia were not dependent upon maturational processes as they were similar to those of adult cats. However, an age-dependent phenomenon was revealed by autopower spectral analyses which showed that the phrenic and sympathetic nerve activities in animals ≥45 day old were modulated by inputs from a common source because their coherence spectra exhibited correlated periodicities in the 7–10 Hz range.
Dietary omega-3 fatty acids aid in the modulation of inflammation and metabolic health

This article focuses on the role of omega-3 fatty acids as precursors for lipid signaling molecules known as oxylipins. Although omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial in autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases and heart disease, they are generally underrepresented in the American diet. A literature review confirms that the consumption of omega-3 fatty acids — whether in food sources such as walnuts, flax seeds and fatty fish (including salmon and sardines), or in supplements — is associated with decreased morbidity and mortality. This growing body of evidence, including the results of a recent study of patients with kidney disease, highlights the need to measure omega-3 fatty acids and their oxylipin products as markers of metabolic health and biomarkers of disease. In addition, there is substantial evidence of the need to increase the omega-3 fatty acid content of American diets to optimize metabolic health.
Calculate BER improvement due to nonlinear regenerators

Use the method we developed recently we calculate the bit-error-rate (BER) improvement as a function of transmitter extinction ratio and the optical link noise parameter.
VALIDITY OF THE HAND TEST FOR DIAGNOSING ORGANICITY IN A CLINICAL SETTING

When validated against a clinical sample, the Hand Test was able to differentiate between 50 brain-damaged and 50 functionally disturbed individuals with 69% accuracy. Significant variables were Description, Withdrawal, Pathology, Automatic Phrasing, Gross, Hiding, and Demonstration. The Hand Test seems to have some value for diagnosing organicity, but it should be used with caution and preferably as part of a test battery.
What Is the Right Cancer Screening Rate

The study by Wee and colleagues in this issue highlights the need for new approaches to assessing quality of care.
Subglottic airway hemorrhage associated with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

A case of subglottic airway hemorrhage in a 6-year-old child with acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is presented. No previous cases have been reported in which idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura was associated with this life-threatening complication. In this case, stridor responded to racemic epinephrine and oxygen. Emergency physicians and pediatricians should be aware of this rare complication.
ANFIS approach for TCSC-based controller design for power system stability improvement

In this paper, Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) method based on the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is applied to design a Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC)-based controller to enhance the power system stability. The design objective is to improve both rotor angle stability and system voltage profile. The proposed ANFIS controller combines the advantages of fuzzy controller and quick response and adaptability nature of ANN. The ANFIS structures were trained using the generated database by fuzzy controllers of TCSC. The results prove that the proposed TCSC-based ANFIS controller is found to be robust to fault location and change in operating conditions. Further, the results obtained are compared with the conventional lead-lag controllers for TCSC.
Potential heat: Considerations in the application of a new fire test

A review is presented of the nature of the potential heat test method. It is emphasized that the procedure usually yields a property-type measurement of the material or composite when applied. As a result, care must be taken to insure that necessary supplementary tests are performed by other methods to guarantee that a substantial fraction of the possible fire hazard has been considered. Suggestions for appropriate use of the procedure are included and information available on the precision of the procedure is reviewed. It is concluded that, when properly applied, the procedure can serve well as one of the tools for characterizing possible fire hazards. Suggestions are made for possible future development of the procedure to yield information on rate of heat release.