cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glucose metabolism in patients with schizophrenia treated with atypical antipsychotic agents: a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test and minimal model analysis.

Background While the incidence of new-onset diabetes mellitus may be increasing in patients with schizophrenia treated with certain atypical antipsychotic agents, it remains unclear whether atypical agents are directly affecting glucose metabolism or simply increasing known risk factors for diabetes. Objective To study the 2 drugs most clearly implicated (clozapine and olanzapine) and risperidone using a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Design A cross-sectional design in stable, treated patients with schizophrenia evaluated using a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test and the Bergman minimal model analysis. Setting Subjects were recruited from an urban community mental health clinic and were studied at a general clinical research center. Patients Fifty subjects signed informed consent and 41 underwent the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Thirty-six nonobese subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, matched by body mass index and treated with either clozapine, olanzapine, or risperidone, were included in the analysis. Main Outcome Measures Fasting plasma glucose and fasting serum insulin levels, insulin sensitivity index, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and glucose effectiveness. Results The mean ± SD duration of treatment with the identified atypical antipsychotic agent was 68.3 ± 28.9 months (clozapine), 29.5 ± 17.5 months (olanzapine), and 40.9 ± 33.7 (risperidone). Fasting serum insulin concentrations differed among groups (F33 = 3.35;P = .047) (clozapine>olanzapine>risperidone) with significant differences between clozapine and risperidone (t33 = 2.32;P = .03) and olanzapine and risperidone (t33 = 2.15;P = .04). There was a significant difference in insulin sensitivity index among groups (F33 = 10.66;P olanzapine>risperidone) (clozapine vs risperidone,t33 = 2.94;P = .006; olanzapine vs risperidone,t33 = 2.42;P = .02). There was a significant difference among groups in glucose effectiveness (F30 = 4.18;P = .02) (clozapine Conclusions Both nonobese clozapine- and olanzapine-treated groups displayed significant insulin resistance and impairment of glucose effectiveness compared with risperidone-treated subjects. Patients taking clozapine and olanzapine must be examined for insulin resistance and its consequences.
Bone marrow stromal cells express two distinct splice variants of ER-α that are regulated by estrogen

Estrogen plays a critical role in bone metabolism in both sexes. While the major action of estrogen is to inhibit bone resorption, it is now clear that early osteoblastic (or stromal) cells are a target for estrogen action, mediating the effects of estrogen on bone formation as well as resorption. However, little is known about the expression or regulation of the estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha in these cells. The expression of ER-alpha is regulated by a complex set of promoters and ER-alpha splice variants are present in different tissues. Thus, we sought to define the ER-alpha splice variants and their regulation by estrogen in the mouse bone marrow stromal cell line, ST-2, which can be induced to differentiate into mature osteoblasts. ST-2 cells expressed the mRNAs and proteins for both the 66 and 46 kDa forms of ER-alpha; the latter lacks the AF-1 domain and can transduce estrogen signaling in some tissues, while serving as a dominant negative receptor in others. Using primers specific for each of the five 5'-untranslated exons of ER-alpha, we found that ST-2 cells utilized only the promoters upstream of exons F and C (in contrast to most reproductive tissues, which utilize promoters upstream of virtually all the five exons). Moreover, 17beta-estradiol (10(-8) M) treatment of ST-2 cells markedly diminished levels of the 66 kDa as well as the 46 kDa ER-alpha proteins, largely through suppression of the transcript arising from the F1 promoter. These data thus indicate that: (1) bone marrow stromal cells express at least two variants of ER-alpha and (2) estrogen down regulates the ER-alpha mRNA and protein in these cells.
An Optical Topographic Technique to Map the 3-D Deformed Profile of a Convex Lens under External Loading

A novel laser-aided topographic apparatus has been designed and constructed to capture the deformed profile of a hydrogel convex shell (contact lens) under an external load. A laser sheet illuminates a thin cross section of the deformed shell and scans the entire lens from one side. Two side cameras fixed on opposite sides of the sample contact lens and perpendicular to the laser sheet record the 3-dimensional geometry. The contact lens rests on the circular shoulder, while the loading shaft is lowered to a desirable depth, w 0, along the optical axis. The applied load, F, and vertical displacement of the shaft, w 0, are measured simultaneously with the video recording showing the progressive changes in indentation dimple radius, a, and the shell profile, w(r). The mechanical behavior is consistent with a previously developed solid mechanics model, and material parameters such as elastic modulus can be deduced.
Cloning a genomic region required for a high-affinity iron-uptake system in Rhizobium meliloti 1021.

Summary A collection of transposon-induced mutants of Rhizobium meliloti 1021 defective in siderophore-mediated iron assimilation were obtained and classified as biosynthetic, transport or regulatory. Several of the mutations were cloned and the adjacent sequences were used to acquire complementing DNA from the wild type. A single genomic region of about 35kb complemented all of the mutants deficient in production of the siderophore.
Monitoring of stored and available fuel by the CNS: implications for obesity.

Adult mammals do a masterful job of matching caloric intake to caloric expenditure. To accomplish this, the central nervous system (CNS) must be able to monitor the status of peripheral energy stores and ongoing fuel availability. Recent observations support the hypothesis that ongoing fuel availability can be monitored directly in the CNS by mechanisms that extend beyond the sensing of glucose (the primary neuronal fuel). Questions remain as to how signals from stored and available fuel are integrated, and it will be vital to answer these key neuroscience questions to develop biological therapies to curb the growing human and monetary costs of obesity.
When is Chemical Similarity Significant? The Statistical Distribution of Chemical Similarity Scores and Its Extreme Values

As repositories of chemical molecules continue to expand and become more open, it becomes increasingly important to develop tools to search them efficiently and assess the statistical significance of chemical similarity scores. Here, we develop a general framework for understanding, modeling, predicting, and approximating the distribution of chemical similarity scores and its extreme values in large databases. The framework can be applied to different chemical representations and similarity measures but is demonstrated here using the most common binary fingerprints with the Tanimoto similarity measure. After introducing several probabilistic models of fingerprints, including the Conditional Gaussian Uniform model, we show that the distribution of Tanimoto scores can be approximated by the distribution of the ratio of two correlated Normal random variables associated with the corresponding unions and intersections. This remains true also when the distribution of similarity scores is conditioned on the size...
Incidence of atrial fibrillation after extrapleural pneumonectomy vs. pleurectomy in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma

Extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP) and pleurectomy are the surgical procedures for the treatment of pleural mesothelioma. However, EPP increases the risk for postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF). We conducted a retrospective chart review of 130 patients who underwent EPP or pleurectomy. Seventy patients (excluding three patients with a prior history of AF) underwent EPP and 57 patients underwent pleurectomy. The mean ages were 60+/-11 and 63+/-13 years, and the male to female ratios were 50/20 and 44/13, respectively. Postoperative AF was observed in 45 patients with 36 (51%) of these cases occurring after EPP and 9 (17%) after pleurectomy (P<0.0001). There were no significant differences between the two treatment groups for gender, age, side of affected lung, preoperative heart rate, history of beta-blocker use, coronary heart disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Through logistic regression, EPP (OR=7.1, 95% CI: 2.9, 17.8) and age over 65 years (OR=2.9, 95% CI: 1.2, 6.8) were found to be risk factors for AF. We conclude that EPP vs. pleurectomy and age over 65 years are risk factors for postoperative AF. The increased odds of having AF after EPP could be due to right heart stress caused by pneumonectomy.
Fiction and Reality A Case Study

Although the relationship between fiction and reality would seem to be of general concern to social scientists interested in the unobtrusive observation of social processes, systematic empirical evidence concerning this relationship is hard to come by. This study examines 1000 cases of interpersonal conflict resolution drawn from contemporary Chinese, Japanese, Russian, and American fiction and discusses, under the broad headings of reliability and validity, a number of objections to taking these cases as “real.” More specifically, it is argued and/or demonstrated (1) that fiction can be read reliably, (2) that fiction is more about “life” than “art,” (3) that fiction is always in part mimetic, and (4) that while authors of fiction may choose their outcomes, they tend to be constrained by reality in depicting the processes that produce these outcomes. This last conclusion is based on a comparison between relationships found in the fiction and 36 propositions drawn from the social science literature.
Die Anwendung der Barton-Reaktion in der Carboranchemie – Synthese von 2-Hydroxyimino-1-hydroxymethylnona-B-methyl-1,12- dicarba-closo-dodecaboran(12)

Nur eine von zehn Methylgruppen des Deca-B-methyl-1,12-dicarba-closo-dodecaborans(12) 1 wird selektiv in einer Reaktionssequenz funktionalisiert, bei der die Photolyse eines Nitrits von 1 der Schlusselschritt ist. Die Reduktion des dabei entstandenen Aldoxims mit LiAlH4 fuhrt unter Beckmann-Umlagerung – der ersten eines Bor-substituierten Oxims – zum Methylaminoalkohol 2.
A Wrapped Kalman Filter for Azimuthal Speaker Tracking

We present the wrapped Kalman filter (WKF) for tracking the azimuth of a speaker with a compact, 3-channel microphone array. Traditional extended and unscented filters assume that the observation is a rotating vector in \BBR2. However, the azimuth inhabits a 1-D subspace: the unit circle. We model the state variable with a wrapped Gaussian distribution and show that this achieves a lower mean squared error than 2-D methods. We demonstrate the superior tracking performance of the WKF in simulated and real reverberant environments.
Provider Density and Health System Facility Factors and Their Relationship to Rates of Pediatric Perforated Appendicitis in US Counties

Objective To examine whether density of providers or health care facility factors have a significant effect on the rates of perforated appendicitis in the pediatric population. Design A retrospective database analysis. Data were linked to the Area Resource File to determine if there was an association between perforated appendicitis and density of provider and facility factors. Setting The National Inpatient Sample database and the Kids' Inpatient Database from 1988 to 2005. Patients All patients included had an age at admission of younger than 18 years and were selected by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code as having perforated appendicitis (540.0 or 540.1) or acute appendicitis (540.9). Main Outcome Measure Odds ratio of perforated appendicitis to acute appendicitis by county-level density of provider and health care facility factors. Results The odds ratio of perforated appendicitis to acute appendicitis when stratified by quartiles of increasing density of providers and facility-level factors was statistically significant only for the highest-density quartile of pediatricians (odds ratio = 0.88; 95% confidence interval = 0.78-0.99). Conclusions Increasing geographic density of pediatricians was associated with a decreasing trend in the odds ratio of perforated appendicitis, with a statistically significant protective effect observed in the highest-density quartile of pediatricians. The density of all other provider and health care facility factors analyzed did not demonstrate a significant association with the rates of perforated appendicitis.
Earnings quality and corporate cash holdings

Poor earnings quality exacerbates information asymmetry between internal and external stakeholders of a firm. Agency considerations then persuade investors to discount the value of corporate cash holdings out of concern about the inappropriate use of funds. In this study, we show that poor earnings quality has a negative impact on the value of corporate cash holdings and a positive impact on the level of cash reserves. We find that the negative effect of poor earnings quality either neutralizes or more than offsets the positive effect of excess cash on firm value. Our results are robust to several measures of earnings quality and model specifications.
Protein disposition in biological membranes.

The history of concepts of the molecular structure of biological membranes can be divided into four phases. The first phase (~1925 to ~ 1963) saw the development and general acceptance of a membrane model in which the body of the membrane was composed of a continuous bimolecular leaflet of phospholipid. The outer surfaces of the bilayer were polar and were coated with protein held by electrostatic forces. The second or “Phospholipid Revolution” phase (~1963 to ~ 1968) questioned the basis for the concept of the phospholipid bimolecular leaflet and sought to replace this model with one in which a discontinuous phase of nestling lipoprotein subunits made up the body of the membrane. The second phase ended with the accumulation of evidence from a variety of new powerful physical methods which gave strong support for the bimolecular leaflet and extended the evidence for this structure to a variety of cell membranes. The third phase therefore marked a return to phase one insofar as the phospholipid configuration of biological membranes was concerned.
Neither neutrophils nor reactive oxygen species contribute to tissue damage during Pneumocystis pneumonia in mice.

Neutrophils are implicated in the damage of lung tissue in many disease states, including infectious diseases and environmental insults. These effects may be due to oxidative or nonoxidative functions of the neutrophil or both. We examined the role of neutrophils in pulmonary damage during infection with the opportunistic fungal pathogen Pneumocystis sp. in four mouse models of neutrophil dysfunction. These were (i) a knockout of the gp91phox component of NADPH oxidase, in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is greatly reduced; (ii) a double knockout of gp91phox and inducible nitric oxide synthase, in which ROS and nitric oxide production is greatly decreased; (iii) a knockout of the chemokine receptor CXCR2, in which accumulation of intra-alveolar neutrophils is severely diminished; and (iv) antibody depletion of circulating neutrophils in wild-type mice with the monoclonal antibody RB6. Surprisingly, in each case, indicators of pulmonary damage (respiratory rates, arterial oxygen partial pressures, and intra-alveolar albumin concentrations) were the same in knockout mice and comparable wild-type mice. Therefore, whereas neutrophils are a valid correlative marker of lung damage during Pneumocystis infection, neither neutrophils nor ROS appear to be the causative agent of tissue damage. We also show that there is no difference in Pneumocystis burdens between wild-type and knockout mice, which supports the idea that neutrophils do not have a major role in the clearance of this organism.
Electroacoustic evaluation of frequency-modulated receivers interfaced with personal hearing aids.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the electroacoustic outputs of frequency-modulated (FM) systems coupled to hearing aids. Method Electroacoustic performance of FM systems coupled to hearing aids was determined for 3 FM receivers: body-worn with neck loop, ear-level nonprogrammable, and ear-level programmable. Systems were evaluated using the FM-advantage approach suggested by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association’s “Guidelines for Fitting and Monitoring FM Systems” (2002). Output differences between the hearing aid and FM system were examined for typical input levels with a complex signal to verify an FM advantage and for high-input levels with a pure-tone signal to confirm similarity in maximum output. Results Measurements from the FM receivers with neck loops showed significant low-frequency reduction and the most variable performance of the 3 types of systems. Less variable measurements were obtained with the ear-level FM receivers, and programmable FM receivers allowed for t...
Enhancing Student Motivation in College and University Physical Activity Courses Using Instructional Alignment Practices

Motivation is a key factor in promoting students' active engagement in regular physical activity. According to self-determination theory — one of the prominent motivational theories — for this to occur, students' basic psychological needs must be met (i.e., their need for autonomy, competence and relatedness). Students' self-determined motivation may be further amplified by using evidence-based pedagogical practices, such as instructional alignment. Such information may be particularly valuable for college and university physical activity instructors who are sometimes experts in their activity, but who may have little formal training in motivational theory or evidence-based pedagogical strategies. In this article, we describe the concept of instructional alignment and discuss how college and university physical activity instructors, in particular, can integrate this knowledge into their courses with the intent being to enhance their students' satisfaction of basic psychological needs and long-term physica...
The exocytotic trafficking of TC10 occurs through both classical and nonclassical secretory transport pathways in 3T3L1 adipocytes.

To examine the structural determinants necessary for TC10 trafficking, localization, and function in adipocytes, we generated a series of point mutations in the carboxyl-terminal targeting domain of TC10. Wild-type TC10 (TC10/WT) localized to secretory membrane compartments and caveolin-positive lipid raft microdomains at the plasma membrane. Expression of a TC10/C206S point mutant resulted in a trafficking and localization pattern that was indistinguishable from that of TC10/WT. In contrast, although TC10/C209S or the double TC10/C206,209S mutant was plasma membrane localized, it was excluded from both the secretory membrane system and the lipid raft compartments. Surprisingly, inhibition of Golgi membrane transport with brefeldin A did not prevent plasma membrane localization of TC10 or H-Ras. Moreover, inhibition of trans-Golgi network exit with a 19°C temperature block did not prevent the trafficking of TC10 or H-Ras to the plasma membrane. These data demonstrate that TC10 and H-Ras can both traffic to the plasma membrane by at least two distinct transport mechanisms in adipocytes, one dependent upon intracellular membrane transport and another independent of the classical secretory membrane system. Moreover, the transport through the secretory pathway is necessary for the localization of TC10 to lipid raft microdomains at the plasma membrane.
Investigating ICAPM with Dynamic Conditional Correlations

This paper examines the intertemporal relation between expected return and risk for 30 stocks in the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The mean-reverting dynamic conditional correlation model of Engle (2002) is used to estimate a stock's conditional covariance with the market and test whether the conditional covariance predicts time-variation in the stock's expected return. The risk-aversion coefficient, restricted to be the same across stocks in panel regression, is estimated to be between two and four and highly significant. This result is robust across different market portfolios, different sample periods, alternative specifications of the conditional mean and covariance processes, different data sets including book-to-market portfolios and stocks in the S&P 100 index, and including a wide variety of state variables that proxy for the intertemporal hedging demand component of the ICAPM. The risk premium induced by the conditional covariation of individual stocks with the market portfolio remains economically and statistically significant after controlling for risk premia induced by conditional covariation with macroeconomic variables (federal funds rate, default spread, and term spread), financial factors (size, book-to-market, and momentum), and volatility measures (implied, GARCH, and range volatility).
Disorders of the Cerebral Circulation

The delivery of metabolic substrates to cerebral tissue depends on the flow of blood to and in the brain. To develop rational methods for treating patients with cerebral vascular disorders, including ischemic infarcts, subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhages, and other less common conditions, the mechanisms for the regulation of cerebral blood flow must be understood, and the ways in which the mechanisms are affected or modified by abnormal circumstances must be delineated. Complete interruption of the supply of blood to the brain, with cessation of delivery of oxygen, glucose, and other substrates, causes irreversible impairment of neuronal function and death of cells within 4–5 min. With the more ordinary kinds of ischemic cerebral vascular lesions, however, delivery of substrates to brain cells is decreased to a variable degree: in many regions of ischemic brain, blood flow is maintained (at a reduced level) through collateral channels. Although the time required for irreversible impairment of neuronal function under these circumstances is unknown, it may be as long as several hours. Thus therapeutic measures that can increase the delivery of metabolic substrates to cerebral tissue may prevent irreversible damage to neurons.
Body size distributions at community, regional or taxonomic scales do not predict the direction of trait-driven diversification in snakes in the United States

Aim We determine whether trait-driven diversification yields similar body size distributions for snakes in local, regional and phylogenetic assemblages. Location United States, North America. Methods Using total length and mass, we examine body size frequency distributions (BSFD) across 79 sites and respective biomes to determine if these areas represent random subsamples from the source pools of taxon body sizes. Using QuaSSE, we determine if the most probable model of trait-driven diversification in the three most common groups of snakes in North America, the ratsnakes, pitvipers and watersnakes, is similar to the predicted regional BSFD. Results BSFD of snakes at the community, biome, regional and clade scales show symmetric distributions of body size. These patterns may simply be generated from random statistical subsampling. Speciation rates are not highest at or near the modal body size and simulations show that linear trait-driven models can still yield highly symmetric distributions of body size. Main conclusions In this study region, processes such as competition due to size do not alter BSFD from one scale to the other. It is likely that rates of speciation are not highest at the mode in snakes and trait-driven diversification is not likely to account for a regional pool of body sizes from which local communities are drawn, although persistence of modal body sizes through time could yield regional BSFD.
The Effect of Structural Cues on User Comprehension, Navigational Behavior, and Perceptions

Web authors need writing strategies based on empirical studies of real Web users, strategies that will produce comprehensible Web documents that facilitate readers on the Web. The study reported here investigated the effect of structural cues (text previews and navigational tab menus) on user comprehension, navigational behavior, and perceptions. We found that text previews with embedded links to related pages (children nodes) enhance comprehension and discourage site exploration. We also found that lists of links (in lieu of previews) encourage site exploration and are well liked. And, we found that navigational tab menus encourage site exploration and enhance user perceptions. Our findings underscore that good Web design must be context specific - structural cues that promote understanding are not necessarily those that promote exploration or enjoyment. Keywords: hypertext comprehension, navigation, perceptions of use, remote user testing, signaling, structural cues.
Action, quantum computation and the structure of the Yang–Mills Lagrangian

We seek to interpret the notions of action and Lagrangian in the quantum domain in terms of a quantum computational paradigm. This effort was inspired by work of Toffoli in the classical case. We claim that in this paradigm an action integral may itself be regarded as a quantum “macroprogram” with the generating Lagrangian density playing the role of a quantum “microprogram” describing an underlying quantum process, in rough analogy with the way a \(\lambda \)-expression (in simply typed \(\lambda \)-calculus) may be unfolded to reveal an underlying natural deduction. We carry out such an unfolding for the Yang–Mills Lagrangian (including a gauge fixing term) to reveal a simple underlying quantum microprogram which in this case effects the variation of a fermion tuple consequent upon a quantized, generically deformed, gauge rotation of the tuple.
Steady and oscillatory fluid flows produce a similar osteogenic phenotype.

Mechanical loading induces positive changes in the skeleton due to direct effects on bone cells, which may include regulation of transcription factors that support osteoblast differentiation and function. Flow effects on osteoblast transcription factors have generally been evaluated after short exposures. In this work, we assayed flow effects on osteogenic genes at early and late time points in a preosteoblast (CIMC-4) cell line and evaluated both steady and oscillatory flows. Four hours of steady unidirectional flow decreased the level of RANKL mRNA 53 ± 7% below that of nonflowed cells, but increases in Runx2 and osterix mRNA (44 ± 22% and 129 ± 12%, respectively) were significant only after 12–19 h of continuous flow. Late flow effects on RANKL and osterix were also induced by an intermittent flow–rest protocol (four cycles of 1 h on/1 h off + overnight rest). Four hours of oscillatory flow decreased RANKL mRNA at this early time point (63 ± 2%) but did not alter either osterix or Runx2. When oscillatory flow was delivered using the intermittent flow–rest protocol, Runx2 and osterix mRNA increased significantly (85 ± 19% and 161 ± 22%, respectively). Both β-catenin and ERK1/2, known to be involved in RANKL regulation, were rapidly activated by steady flow. Inhibition of flow-activated ERK1/2 prevented the increase in osterix mRNA but not Runx2; Runx2 phosphorylation was increased by flow, an effect which likely contributes to osterix induction. This work shows that both steady and oscillatory fluid flows can support enhancement of an osteogenic phenotype.
Prostatic Adenocarcinoma Diagnosed by Urinary Cytology

Prostatic adenocarcinoma rarely may involve the urinary bladder. Prostatic adenocarcinoma and high-grade transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) may coexist and account for the malignant cells seen in urinary cytology. Differentiating prostatic adenocarcinoma cells from those of TCC is important for therapy but remains difficult. A 10-year retrospective search identified 250 patients with high-grade carcinoma in urinary cytology. Among them, 6 cases of tissue-documented prostate adenocarcinoma were identified. The cytologic features of these cases were compared with those of 15 similarly documented cases of high-grade TCC. By using these criteria, 2 additional cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma were diagnosed prospectively. An oval nucleus with smooth borders; fine, powdery, evenly distributed nuclear chromatin and a large prominent nucleolus when present; and lack of significant pleomorphism are most helpful to differentiate prostatic adenocarcinoma from high-grade TCC. Recognizing these cells may be the first clue for the diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma.
Measurement of romantic love.

This study reports Ihc initial results of an attempt to introduce and validate a social-psychological construct oi" romantic love. Starting with the assumption that love is an interpersonal attitude, an internally consistent papcr-and-pencil love scale was developed. The conception of romantic love included three components: affiliative and dependent need, a predisposition to help, and an orientation of exclusiveness and absorption. Love-scale scores were only moderately correlated with scores on a parallel scale of "liking," which reflected a more traditional conception of interpersonal attraction. The validity of the love scale was assessed in a questionnaire study and a laboratory experiment. On the basis of the emerging conception of love, it was predicted that college dating couples who loved each other a great deal (as categorized by their love-scale scores) would spend more time gazing into one another's eyes than would couples who loved each other to a lesser degree. The prediction was confirmed. Love is generally regarded to be the deepest and most meaningful of sentiments. It has occupied a preeminent position in the art and literature of every age, and it is presumably experienced, at least occasionally, by the vast majority of people. In Western culture, moreover, the association between love and marriage gives it a unique status as a link between the individual and the structure of society. In view of these considerations, it is surprising to discover that social psychologists have devoted virtually no attention to love. Although interpersonal attraction has been a major focus of social-psycho logical theory and research, workers in this area have not attempted to conceptualize love as an independent entity. For Heider (1958), for example, "loving" is merely intense liking— there is no discussion of possible qualitative 1 This report is based on a doctoral dissertation submitted to the University of Michigan. The research was supported by a prccloctoral fellowship from the National Institute of Mental Health and by a grant-in-aid from the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues. The author is grateful to Theodore M. Ncwcomb, chairman of the dissertation committee, for his invaluable guidance and support. Mitchell Baris, Cheryl Eisenman, Linda Muller, Judy Newman, Marlyn Rame, Stuart Katz, Edward Krupat, and Phillip Shaver served as observers in the experiment, and Mr. Shaver also helped design and assemble the equipment. 2 Requests for reprints should be sent to the author, Department of Social Relations, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.
Immune responses to Pneumocystis murina are robust in healthy mice but largely absent in CD40 ligand-deficient mice.

Pneumocystis is a pathogen of immunocompromised hosts but can also infect healthy hosts, in whom infection is rapidly controlled and cleared. Microarray methods were used to examine differential gene expression in the lungs of C57BL/6 and CD40 ligand knockout (CD40L-KO) mice over time following exposure to Pneumocystis murina. Immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice, which control and clear infection efficiently, showed a robust response to infection characterized by the up-regulation of 349 primarily immune response-associated genes. Temporal changes in the expression of these genes identified an early (Week 2), primarily innate response, which waned before the infection was controlled; this was followed by primarily adaptive immune responses that peaked at Week 5, which coincided with clearance of the infection. In conjunction with the latter, there was an increased expression of B cell-associated (Ig) genes at Week 6 that persisted through 11 weeks. In contrast, CD40L-KO mice, which are highly susceptible to developing severe Pneumocystis pneumonia, showed essentially no up-regulation of immune response-associated genes at Days 35–75. Immunohistochemical staining supported these observations by demonstrating an increase in CD4+, CD68+, and CD19+ cells in C57BL/6 but not CD40L-KO mice. Thus, the healthy host demonstrates a robust, biphasic response to infection by Pneumocystis; CD40L is an essential upstream regulator of the adaptive immune responses that efficiently control infection and prevent development of progressive pneumonia.
The use of dermal fibroblasts as a predictive tool of the toll-like receptor 4 response pathway and its development in Holstein heifers

The innate immune system comprises the host's first line of defense against invading pathogens, and variation in the magnitude of this response between animals has been shown to affect susceptibility to mastitis. The toll-like receptor (TLR) family of proteins initiates the response to invading bacteria, specifically with TLR4 recognizing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative microbes. The underlying genetic variation in the TLR4 pathway leading to differential response is not well understood; therefore, the objective of this work was to determine the efficacy in which the response to LPS by dermal fibroblasts could be used to predict the actual systemic response of that animal to an intravenous endotoxin challenge. To accomplish this, dermal fibroblasts were isolated from 15 Holstein heifers at 5, 11, and 16 mo of age and exposed to either LPS or IL-1β; then, the production of IL-8 in medium was quantified by ELISA. Animals were ranked based upon the magnitude of the fibroblast IL-8 response, and 8 heifers were selected [4 low responders (LR) and 4 high responders (HR)] for challenge with an intravenous bolus dose (0.5 μg/kg of body weight) of LPS. Overall, between-animal variation in fibroblast IL-8 production following LPS or IL-1β was high, indicating appreciable differences in the TLR4 pathway of the animals. Ranking of the fibroblast responses was consistent across the 3 sampling times for each animal; however, the absolute response increased, and the age at which the fibroblasts were obtained was consistent with the potential for age-related changes in cell function to affect immune function processes. Following systemic LPS challenge, HR heifers had higher plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-8 than LR heifers. However, LR heifers had a stronger febrile response than HR heifers. The use of dermal fibroblasts under laboratory conditions appears to represent a practical model for predicting the innate immune response in vivo and could act as an important tool in mapping genetic differences of the TLR4 pathway.
The Influence of Map Design on Route Choice from Public Transportation Maps in Urban Areas

Based on a user study in the Internet, this research analyses how map design and annotated network information in public transportation maps affect utilized proxy criteria when planning the fastest route in an intra-urban transportation network. Further, it is examined whether annotated network information on schematic maps affects the map reader in successfully finding the fastest route within the trip planning process. For this second task, a schematic map and maps with annotated headways, departure times and current positions of transit vehicles are compared.
Observations of accelerating parabolic beams

We report the first experimental observations of accelerating diffraction-free parabolic beams. They are similar to Airy beams because they also show a quadratic transverse shift during propagation. Experimental results agree with theory.
Estimating interactions in blends of polyamides, polyesters and polycarbonate using copolymers

A binary interaction model (BIM), formulated in terms of elementary chemical species, e.g., - CH2 -, -COO-, is applied to blends of homopolymers and copolymers composed of polyamides, polyesters and polycarbonate. By establishing interactional “null” points it is shown how estimates of the interactions, both favorable and unfavorable, between the blend constituents can be obtained. The predictive potential of the parameters derived is examined in various situations, such as blends of PA-66/PET.
EXPLORING PERSONALITY DIAGNOSIS STABILITY FOLLOWING ACUTE PSYCHOTHERAPY FOR CHRONIC POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

Background Axis I comorbidity complicates diagnosing axis II personality disorders (PDs). PDs might influence Axis I outcome. No research has examined psychotherapy effects on PDs of treating Axis I comorbidity. Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial examined PD diagnostic stability after brief psychotherapy of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods Patients with chronic PTSD were randomly assigned to 14 weeks of prolonged exposure, interpersonal psychotherapy, or relaxation therapy. Assessments included the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, Patient Version (SCID-P) and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders (SCID-II) at baseline, week 14, and for treatment responders (≥30% clinician-administered PTSD scale improvement, defined a priori) at week 26 follow-up. We hypothesized patients whose PTSD improved would retain fewer baseline PD diagnoses posttreatment, particularly with personality traits PTSD mimics, e.g. paranoid and avoidant. Results Forty-seven (47%) of 99 SCID-II patients evaluated at baseline received a SCID-II diagnosis: paranoid (28%), obsessive–compulsive (27%), and avoidant (23%) PDs were most prevalent. Among 78 patients who repeated SCID-II evaluations posttreatment, 45% (N = 35) had baseline PD diagnoses, of which 43% (N = 15/35) lost at week 14. Three (7%) patients without baseline PDs acquired diagnoses at week 14; 10 others shifted diagnoses. Treatment modality and PTSD response were unrelated to PD improvement. Of treatment responders reevaluated at follow-up (N = 44), 56% with any baseline Axis II diagnosis had none at week 26. Conclusion This first evaluation of Axis I psychotherapy effects on personality disorder stability found that acutely treating a chronic state decreased apparent trait—across most PDs observed. These exploratory findings suggest personality diagnoses may have limited prognostic meaning in treating chronic PTSD.
Who Are the Foreclosed? A Statistical Portrait of America in Crisis

Data from the National Suburban Survey from September 2010 permit the first statistical portrait of Americans displaced by the mortgage foreclosure crisis. The average person who has experienced home mortgage foreclosure since September 2007 resembles the average American but is somewhat likely to be younger, Latino, and a parent. The foreclosed are also more likely to report various other measures of financial distress, including recent job loss. The experience of foreclosure is associated with more problems in the neighborhoods where respondents currently reside, including such problems as crime, unemployment, and a lack of affordable housing. Respondents who have not personally lost a home, but who know the foreclosed, are also experiencing more economic distress and more neighborhood problems than those who have not. These descriptive findings suggest the human costs of the foreclosure crisis and the limits of informal social safety nets for addressing those costs.
Children's Responses to Interparental Conflict: A Meta-Analysis of Their Associations with Child Adjustment.

A meta-analysis examined the relations between children's adjustment and children's cognitive, affective, behavioral, and physiological responses to interparental conflict. Studies included children between 5 and 19 years of age. Moderate effect sizes were found for the associations between cognitions and internalizing and externalizing behavior problems and self-esteem problems, negative affect and behavioral responses and internalizing behavior problems, and behavioral responses and self-esteem problems. Small to moderate effect sizes were found for the associations between cognitions and relational problems, negative affect and behavioral responses and externalizing behavior problems, and physiological reactions and internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Effect sizes were, with 1 exception, larger for internalizing than for externalizing behavior problems. Age significantly moderated the majority of effect sizes.
Systematic study of high $p_{T}$ hadron spectra in $p p$, $p$ A and A A collisions from SPS to RHIC energies

High-p{sub T} particle spectra in p+p (p(bar sign)+p), p+A, and A+B collisions are calculated in a parton model with QCD-inspired hard scattering and evolution in which intrinsic transverse momentum, its broadening due to initial multiple parton scattering, and jet quenching due to parton energy loss inside a dense medium are included phenomenologically. The intrinsic k{sub T} and its broadening in p+A and A+B collisions due to initial multiple parton scattering are found to be very important at low energies ({radical}(s) 1 GeV/c) in A+B collisions scale very well with the number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions (modulo effects of multiple initial scattering). This suggests that hard parton scattering is the dominant particle production mechanism underlying the hadron spectra at p{sub T}{approx}2-10 GeV/c. However, there is no evidence of jet quenching or parton energy loss. Assuming this model of parton scattering, nuclear broadening and parton energy loss, one can exclude an effective parton energy loss dE{sub q}/dx>0.01 GeV/fm and a mean free path {lambda}{sub q}<7 fm from the experimental data of A+B collisions at the SPS energies.more » Predictions for high p{sub T} particle spectra in p+A and A+A collisions with and without jet quenching at the RHIC energy are also given. Uncertainties due to initial multiple scattering and nuclear shadowing of parton distributions are also discussed. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.« less
Spectral self-interference microscopy for low- signal nanoscale axial imaging

A theoretical and numerical analysis of spectral self-interference microscopy (SSM) is presented with the goal of expanding the realm of SSM applications. In particular, this work is intended to enable SSM imaging in low-signal applications such as single-molecule studies. A comprehensive electromagnetic model for SSM is presented, allowing arbitrary forms of the excitation field, detection optics, and tensor sample response. An evanescently excited SSM system, analogous to total internal reflection microscopy, is proposed and investigated through Monte Carlo simulations. Nanometer-scale axial localization for single-emitter objects is demonstrated, even in low-signal environments. The capabilities of SSM in imaging more general objects are also considered—specifically, imaging arbitrary fluorophore distributions and two-emitter objects. A dataprocessing method is presented that makes SSM robust to noise and uncertainties in the detected spectral envelope. © 2007 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 100.3190, 110.4280, 180.2520, 180.3170.
Maximal Sublattices of Finite Distributive Lattices. III: A Conjecture from the 1984 Banff Conference on Graphs and Order

Let L be a finite distributive lattice. Let Sub0(L) be the lattice {S | S is a sublattice of L} ∪ {∅} and let ∗[Sub0(L)] be the length of the shortest maximal chain in Sub0(L). It is proved that if K and L are non-trivial finite distributive lattices, then ∗[Sub0(K × L)] = ∗[Sub0(K)] + ∗[Sub0(L)]. A conjecture from the 1984 Banff Conference on Graphs and Order is thus proved. 1 Motivation Let L be a finite lattice. Let Sub0(L) denote the lattice {S | S is a sublattice of L} ∪ {∅} ordered by inclusion. (Recall that a lattice or sublattice is by definition non-empty; if |L| = 1, we say L is trivial.) Let ∗[Sub0(L)] be the length of the shortest maximal chain in this lattice. Figures 1 through 4 illustrate maximal chains in Sub0(L) where L equals 3, 2 × 2, and 3 × 3. (For n ≥ 0, n is the n-element chain.) We exhibit two maximal chains of Sub0(3) of different lengths, one of length 9, one of length 6. How do we know there are not maximal chains that are shorter still? In [3, Theorem 2(i)], Chen, Koh, and Lee proved the following. Theorem 1.1 Let m ≥ 1; let n1, . . . , nm ≥ 2. Then ∗[Sub0(n1 × · · · × nm)] = m ∑
Spontaneous Pancreatitis Caused by Tissue-Specific Gene Ablation of Hhex in Mice.

Background & Aims Perturbations in pancreatic ductal bicarbonate secretion cause chronic pancreatitis. The physiologic mechanism of ductal secretion is known, but its transcriptional control is not. We determine the role of the transcription factor hematopoietically expressed homeobox protein ( Hhex ) in ductal secretion and pancreatitis. Methods We derived mice with pancreas-specific, Cre-mediated Hhex gene ablation to determine the requirement of Hhex in the pancreatic duct in early life and in adult stages. Histologic and immunostaining analyses were used to detect the presence of pathology. Pancreatic primary ductal cells were isolated to discover differentially expressed transcripts upon acute Hhex ablation on a cell autonomous level. Results Hhex protein was detected throughout the embryonic and adult ductal trees. Ablation of Hhex in pancreatic progenitors resulted in postnatal ductal ectasia associated with acinar-to-ductal metaplasia, a progressive phenotype that ultimately resulted in chronic pancreatitis. Hhex ablation in adult mice, however, did not cause any detectable pathology. Ductal ectasia in young mice did not result from perturbation of expression of Hnf6, Hnf1β, or the primary cilia genes. RNA-seq analysis of Hhex -ablated pancreatic primary ductal cells showed mRNA levels of the G-protein coupled receptor natriuretic peptide receptor 3 ( Npr3 ), implicated in paracrine signaling, up-regulated by 4.70-fold. Conclusions Although Hhex is dispensable for ductal cell function in the adult, ablation of Hhex in pancreatic progenitors results in pancreatitis. Our data highlight the critical role of Hhex in maintaining ductal homeostasis in early life and support ductal hypersecretion as a novel etiology of pediatric chronic pancreatitis.