cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disparities in NOSE Scores and Surgical Approaches among Patients Undergoing Functional Rhinoplasty.

Social determinants of health have been widely studied throughout medicine; however, their role relating to functional rhinoplasty has not been previously evaluated. The records of 178 patients who underwent functional rhinoplasty in a single health network from 2013 to 2016 were reviewed. The Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) score was used to assess patient-reported symptoms, and patients with both preoperative and postoperative NOSE scores were included in this study. Basic demographics and surgical techniques were also collected. Differences between NOSE scores and surgical approaches to functional rhinoplasty on the basis of insurance type were measured. One hundred and sixteen patients were included for analysis, the mean age was 34.7 years (standard deviation [SD] = 16.2) and 57 (49.1%) were female. Twenty-one (18.1%) patients had public insurance and, of these, 18 patients had Medicaid. Patients (mean, SD) with Medicaid insurance (56.39, 15.6) had a slightly greater improvement in NOSE scores compared with patients with non-Medicaid insurance (47.90, 25.6) (p = 0.067). There was no statistically significant difference in preoperative NOSE scores or postoperative improvement in NOSE scores between patients with different health insurance. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference in surgical approaches. The majority of patients receiving functional rhinoplasty had private insurance. Medicaid patients trended toward a greater NOSE score improvement after functional rhinoplasty, but also had a closer association with a history of nasal trauma and prior surgery. Future study is needed to better understand the association between socioeconomic status and disparities in care. Understanding how social determinants of health affect patients may reveal potential inherent biases, improve delivery of care, and translate to better patient outcomes.
Improved Outcomes With Semi-extended Nailing of Tibial Fractures? A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE To systematically review the existing literature to determine whether knee pain and function following intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft fractures differs significantly by surgical technique-specifically with semi-extended nailing versus traditional infrapatellar approaches. DATA SOURCE A comprehensive search of PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database was conducted on August 15, 2018. STUDY SELECTION We included level I-level III studies that examined outcomes of tibial intramedullary nailing utilizing a semi-extended technique. All included studies reported Lysholm Knee Scores with minimum clinical follow-up of 1 year. Non-English language literature and studies older than 20 years were not included. DATA EXTRACTION Data from each study were independently recorded by 2 reviewers. DATA SYNTHESIS Two prospective, randomized trials and 4 retrospective cohort studies were included in this review. A meta-analysis was not performed. CONCLUSIONS Evidence comparing postoperative knee pain and functional outcomes between semi-extended and traditional infrapatellar nailing is limited. Available literature suggests satisfactory outcomes with semi-extended nailing. The highest level of evidence available does indicate improved pain and function with semi-extended nailing as compared to infrapatellar nailing. Additional research may be required to reach consensus conclusions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
An Optimal Irrigation Model: Theory, Experimental Results, and Implications for Future Research

A series of farming experiments was conducted between 2013 and 2017 in Range Creek Canyon, Utah, to better understand the opportunities and constraints faced by prehistoric farmers in the Southwest. The experiments were designed to collect data on the optimal amount of supplemental water that should be applied to maize fields given the costs in labor and benefits in greater yield. We investigate expected variation in water management strategies using an optimal irrigation model (OIM). The model makes clear that the payoff for farming is best understood as a continuum of relative success and that irrigation is one activity (probably of many) that may improve farming efficiency as well as increase harvest yields. The optimal harvest will always be less than the maximum harvest when there are significant operating costs associated with irrigation. Estimating the costs and benefits of irrigation in a specific area allows for an assessment of whether irrigation is expected, and if so, how much effort should be devoted to water management. A local dendroclimatological study is used to provide the prehistoric context for the Fremont who occupied Range Creek Canyon, and irrigation is expected even in periods of greater precipitation.
Photonic Transition in Nanophotonics

Photonic transition [1] is induced by refractive index modulation. Many photonic structures, including photonic crystals, or waveguides, can be described by a photonic band structure. When these structures are subject to temporal refractive index modulation, photon states can go through interband transitions, in a direct analogy to electronic transitions in semiconductors. Such photonic transitions have been recently demonstrated experimentally in silicon microring resonators [2]. In this chapter, we review two applications using the photonic transitions.
Temperature coupling of mate attraction signals and female mate preferences in four populations of Enchenopa treehopper (Hemiptera: Membracidae).

Variation in temperature can affect the expression of a variety of important fitness-related behaviours, including those involved with mate attraction and selection, with consequences for the coordination of mating across variable environments. We examined how temperature influences the expression of male mating signals and female mate preferences-as well as the relationship between how male signals and female mate preferences change across temperatures (signal-preference temperature coupling)-in Enchenopa binotata treehoppers. These small plant-feeding insects communicate using plantborne vibrations, and our field surveys indicate they experience significant natural variation in temperature during the mating season. We tested for signal-preference temperature coupling in four populations of E. binotata by manipulating temperature in a controlled laboratory environment. We measured the frequency of male signals-the trait for which females show strongest preference-and female peak preference-the signal frequency most preferred by females-across a range of biologically relevant temperatures (18°C-36°C). We found a strong effect of temperature on both male signals and female preferences, which generated signal-preference temperature coupling within each population. Even in a population in which male signals mismatched female preferences, the temperature coupling reinforces predicted directional selection across all temperatures. Additionally, we found similar thermal sensitivity in signals and preferences across populations even though populations varied in the mean frequency of male signals and female peak preference. Together, these results suggest that temperature variation should not affect the action of sexual selection via female choice, but rather should reinforce stabilizing selection in populations with signal-preference matches, and directional selection in those with signal-preference mismatches. Finally, we do not predict that thermal variation will disrupt the coordination of mating in this species by generating signal-preference mismatches at thermal extremes.
Treatment of Persistent Hemiballism with Deep Brain Stimulation of the Globus Pallidus Internus: Case Report and Literature Review.

Background Hemiballism is a rare hyperkinetic movement disorder characterized by involuntary, high-amplitude, unilateral flailing of upper or lower extremities or both. In the case of hemiballism refractory to pharmaceutical interventions, deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective primary neurosurgical treatment. DBS targets for hemiballism include the thalamus, subthalamic nucleus, and globus pallidus internus (GPi). Case Description We present a case of a patient who sustained a posterior cerebral artery ischemic stroke that eventually led to uncontrolled hemiballism, which was then successfully treated by unilateral GPi stimulation. We include a video depicting the patient preoperatively, intraoperatively with stimulation off, and intraoperatively with stimulation on. We also review published cases of hemiballism treated by GPi-DBS, which support the claim that GPi-DBS is an effective method for treating hemiballism. Conclusions Evidence gathered from the literature indicates that GPi-DBS is an effective treatment for hemiballism, especially after neuroleptics have failed. Results from various case studies of GPi-DBS used to treat hemiballism reveal improved motor ability and decreased dyskinesia, although degree of improvement may vary. More studies are required to establish which DBS target requires the least amount of stimulation to treat hemiballism.
Evidence for the reproduction of social class in brief speech.

Economic inequality is at its highest point on record and is linked to poorer health and well-being across countries. The forces that perpetuate inequality continue to be studied, and here we examine how a person’s position within the economic hierarchy, their social class, is accurately perceived and reproduced by mundane patterns embedded in brief speech. Studies 1 through 4 examined the extent that people accurately perceive social class based on brief speech patterns. We find that brief speech spoken out of context is sufficient to allow respondents to discern the social class of speakers at levels above chance accuracy, that adherence to both digital and subjective standards for English is associated with higher perceived and actual social class of speakers, and that pronunciation cues in speech communicate social class over and above speech content. In study 5, we find that people with prior hiring experience use speech patterns in preinterview conversations to judge the fit, competence, starting salary, and signing bonus of prospective job candidates in ways that bias the process in favor of applicants of higher social class. Overall, this research provides evidence for the stratification of common speech and its role in both shaping perceiver judgments and perpetuating inequality during the briefest interactions.
The Role of Disagreement in Interactional Argument

This author pursues argumentation from the perspective of face-to-face interaction. His essay presents data relevant to the representational validity of Sally Jackson and Scott Jacobs' theory of co...
Hyperlactatemia: An Update on Postoperative Lactate:

While hyperlactatemia in postoperative cardiac surgery patients was once believed to solely reflect hypoperfusion, either from the accumulated "oxygen debt" during bypass or ongoing inadequate perfusion, our understanding of lactate generation, clearance, and management has evolved. A contemporary understanding of lactate balance is critical to the management of the postoperative patient with hyperlactatemia. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of lactate metabolism in pediatric patients following cardiac surgery and highlight two types of hyperlactatemia: type A, which is secondary to inadequate oxygen delivery and tissue hypoxia, and type B, which in postoperative pediatric cardiac surgery patients largely reflects increased glycolysis driven by the stress response. Both types may coexist; thus, it is imperative that providers first assess the patient for evidence of hypoperfusion. In patients with evidence of adequate perfusion, a type B component is often associated with a concomitant balanced (normal anion gap) metabolic acidosis and hyperglycemia. These patients will benefit from a more nuanced approach to their type B hyperlactatemia, as many will have a benign course and may be managed expectantly.
Two-way messaging therapy for depression and anxiety: longitudinal response trajectories.

Telemedicine is a strategy for overcoming barriers to access evidence-based psychotherapy. Digital modalities that operate outside session-based treatment formats, such as ongoing two-way messaging, may further address these challenges. However, no study to date has established suitability criteria for this medium. A large outpatient sample (n = 10,718) engaged in daily messaging with licensed clinicians from a telemedicine provider. Patients consisted of individuals from urban and rural settings in all 50 states of the US, who signed up to the telemedicine provider. Using a longitudinal design, symptoms changes were observed during a 12 week treatment course. Symptoms were assessed from baseline every three weeks using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) for depression, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) for anxiety. Demographics and engagement metrics, such as word count for both patients and therapists, were also assessed. Growth mixture modeling was used to tease apart symptoms trajectories, and identify predictors of treatment response. Two subpopulations had GAD-7 and PHQ-9 remission outcomes (Recovery and Acute Recovery, 30.7% of patients), while two others showed amelioration of symptoms (Depression and Anxiety Improvement, 36.9% of patients). Two subpopulations experienced no changes in symptoms (Chronic and Elevated Chronic, 32.4% of patients). Higher use of written communication, patient characteristics, and engagement metrics reliably distinguished patients with the greatest level of remission (Recovery and Acute Recovery groups). Remission of depression and anxiety symptoms was observed during delivery of psychotherapy through messaging. Improvement rates were consistent with face-to-face therapy, suggesting the suitability of two-way messaging psychotherapy delivery. Characteristics of improving patients were identified and could be used for treatment recommendation. These findings suggest the opportunity for further research, to directly compare messaging delivery with a control group of treatment as usual. Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT03699488, Retrospectively Registered October 8, 2018.
Efficacy and Safety of Chronic Antimicrobial Suppression Therapy for Left Ventricular Assist Device Driveline Infections: A Single‐Center Descriptive Experience

Background Driveline infection (DLI) is the most common left ventricular assist device (LVAD) infectious complication. Short-term antimicrobial therapy and local debridement are the cornerstones of management for these infections, but the use of chronic antimicrobial suppression (CAS) therapy is not well characterized. Methods To better characterize the efficacy of CAS therapy, we performed a retrospective review of all patients (N = 219) receiving care at our tertiary transplant center with continuous-flow LVADs placed between August 2007 and July 2019. Results A total of 24 patients were identified as having received CAS therapy as treatment for DLIs. The mean age was 56 years, 50% were female, and chronic kidney disease affected 63% of patients. Staphylococcus aureus accounted for half of all initial DLIs, and the mean length of CAS therapy was 486 days (range 48-2287 days). All patients received per os regimens as suppression therapy. Adverse events impacted 5 of 24 patients (0.43 events per 1000 days). Overall, the use of CAS therapy led to successful outcomes in 50% of patients and 29% experienced treatment failures. The remaining patients experienced stable symptoms. Relapses were the most common cause of treatment failure, and three patients experienced reinfections while on CAS therapy. Conclusions Our study suggests that CAS therapy for DLIs can be well tolerated, and future studies are needed to determine which patients merit suppression.
Effect of exogenous progesterone administration on smoking topography.

Abstract Introduction Progesterone has been implicated as protective against drug taking behaviors, including combustible cigarettes. While prior research indicates higher endogenous progesterone levels are associated with a reduction in smoking intensity (as measured by smoking topography), it is unknown if exogenous delivery of progesterone may have the same effect. Methods This double-blind, counterbalanced, cross-over randomized trial enrolled women between the ages of 18 and 40 who smoked at least five cigarettes per day and were currently using oral contraceptives. After overnight abstinence participants attended two topography lab sessions. One lab session was conducted during progesterone (200 mg twice per day) treatment and the other was during placebo treatment. Analyses included linear mixed effect models to examine the effect of exogenous progesterone administration and endogenous progesterone values on topography outcomes. Results Participants (n = 43) were 23.8 (standard deviation [SD] ± 4.5) years old, smoked 10.5 (SD ± 3.7) cigarettes per day. Compared to placebo administration, progesterone administration reduced cumulative puff volume by 300 mL (95% confidence interval [CI]: −536, −65; p-value = 0.01) with additional trends indicating possible reductions in the number of puffs, average puff volume, and average flow. There were no significant effects of endogenous progesterone on smoking topography outcomes. Conclusions Progesterone administration has the potential to reduce smoking intensity after overnight abstinence in women of reproductive age. Additional research is needed to explore how this may relate to smoking cessation outcomes in women of reproductive age.
Evaluating and Deploying Covid-19 Vaccines - The Importance of Transparency, Scientific Integrity, and Public Trust.

Evaluating and Deploying Covid-19 Vaccines New entities and investments have aided the pursuit of Covid-19 vaccines. Moving forward, relying on time-tested mechanisms for evaluating and regulating ...
Representations of Gender-Diverse Characters in Adventure Time and Steven Universe

Television is a strong educational and socializing agent for children. Watching television can teach children appropriate language and vocabulary to use, as well as the social norms about gender behaviors or activities. Previous research on gender representations in children’s television has been limited to studying male and female characters because children’s programming has historically presented audiences with cisgender characters (e.g., boy and girls). Recently, television shows aimed at children have provided audiences with nonbinary and gender-diverse characters. This study is the first exploratory content analysis, to my knowledge, to examine the portrayal and representation of nonbinary and gender-diverse characters in children’s television. The current study examined the gender-neutral pronoun and gendered language use toward nonbinary and gender-diverse characters, as well as the portrayal of these characters as leaders, and with special skills in Adventure Time and Steven Universe. Overall, nonbinary and gender-diverse characters were portrayed as strong, positive, characters, and were represented similarly to their cisgender counterparts. This represents a promising shift toward more inclusive and equitable television representation, which may lead to the acceptance and appropriate use of gender-neutral pronouns toward peers by cisgender children, and the feeling of visibility and validation by nonbinary children. Future research should examine the impacts of these characters on viewers. RELEVANCE STATEMENT: As children’s television becomes more diverse it has the potential to positively impact the lives of cisgender (e.g., boys and girls) and nonbinary children. Because television has the potential to influence young children, gender-diverse representations in children’s television may lead to children developing more accepting attitudes and behaviors toward nonbinary peers.
Hypertension and proteinuria—the needle in the haystack?: Answers

Fibronectinglomerulopathy Answer Fibronectin glomerulopathy: the fibril in the mesangium The differential diagnosis for the presence of massive mesangial deposits seen on light microscopy and of fibrillary ultrastructure on electron microscopy (EM) includes: amyloidosis, cryoglobulinemia, paraproteinemias, lymphoproliferative disorders, lupus, immunotactoid glomerulopathy, fibrillary glomerulonephritis and fibronectin glomerulopathy. The case's age and negative Congo Red staining make a diagnosis of amyloidosis unlikely, and the negative immunofluorescence for immunoglobulins and complement and negative immunohistochemistry (IHC) for kappa/lambda are inconsistent with the other aforementioned entities, with the exception of fibronectin glomerulopathy. Furthermore, the random orientation of the fibrils is not characteristic of immmunotactoid glomerulopathy and cryoglobulinemia. IHC for fibronectin was performed; the strong staining of
Are Oral Antibiotics an Effective Alternative to Intravenous Antibiotics in Treatment of Osteomyelitis of the Jaw

Purpose To review treatment of osteomyelitis of the jaw (OMJ) and determine whether antibiotic route and/or length of administration impacts resolution of infection postsurgically. Methods The investigators designed a retrospective cohort study enrolling a sample of patients treated at Harborview Medical Center from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2019. The primary predictor variable was antibiotic administration route: oral (PO) only, intravenous (IV) only, IV transitioned to PO (IV + PO), or none. The secondary predictor was duration of antibiotic therapy (≤6 weeks or >6 weeks). The primary outcome variable was resolution of infection at 2 months follow-up posttreatment completion. The secondary outcome variable was number of surgeries to resolution of infection. Descriptive, bivariate, and multiple linear regression statistics were computed, with statistical significance set at P Results Sixty-seven individuals met inclusion criteria (38 male), mean age 51 years (18 to 88). Forty-nine (73%) received PO antibiotics, 12 (18%) IV + PO, 3 (4%) IV, and 3 (4%) none. Both PO and IV antibiotics were associated with clinical resolution (P = .022, .005, respectively) compared with debridement alone. Antibiotic duration of ≤6 weeks compared with >6 weeks was not significant. Seventy-six percent (51 of 67) required only 1 surgery. In the multivariate logistic regression, PO was associated with clinical resolution (P = .025, OR = 5.05). Penicillin allergy (P = 0.049, OR = 0.223) and diabetes (P = .008, OR = 0.104) were adversely associated with outcome. Conclusions OMJ was successfully treated with oral antibiotics and surgery. Prescribing 6 weeks of IV antibiotics may be antiquated. Clinicians should consider oral penicillins as first line whenever possible. Further studies are recommended.
Representation in Figures Depicting Penile Pathology in Urologic Textbooks.

Objective To investigate whether penile pathologies are presented diversely in urologic textbooks and identify areas where more diverse presentation is warranted. Methods Photographic depictions of penile pathologies in 9 urologic textbooks were assigned a Fitzpatrick skin phototype and constitutive skin color. Fitzpatrick skin phototypes ranged from I to VI, and constitutive skin colors were light, fair, medium, and dark. Fitzpatrick skin phototypes I-III were deemed nonskin of color, and IV-VI considered skin of color. Figures were classified based on pathology presented: infectious benign or sexually transmitted infection (STI), noninfectious benign, or malignant. Chi-square and odds ratios were used to compare skin color ranges across pathologic categories and determine where a figure depicting skin color would most likely be encountered. Results Within 116 figures meeting inclusion criteria, 15 (51.7%) infectious/STI pathologies displayed skin of color, while 10 (27.8%) noninfectious benign and 7 (13.7%) malignant pathologies displayed skin of color. Within 85 diagnostic images, 15 (51.7%) images of infections/STIs, 10 (28.6%) noninfectious benign, and 4 (19.0%) malignant pathologies presented skin of color (P Conclusion There is a lack of depictions of malignant and noninfectious benign penile pathology on the skin of color. This may contribute to continued disparities in the diagnosis and treatment of penile pathologies.
Outcomes of Flexor Pollicis Longus Reconstruction for Volar Plate Related Ruptures

Aim A rare complication following volar plate fixation of a distal radius fracture is flexor pollicis longus (FPL) rupture. This study aims primarily to analyze the radiographic features and secondly to report the patient-reported outcomes of FPL reconstruction after volar plate fixation. Methods Ten patients were retrospectively identified and contacted for follow-up. Seven patients participated in the study and completed the numeric rating scale (NRS) for pain, patient-reported outcome measurement information system—upper extremity (PROMIS-UE), and quick disability of arm, shoulder, and hand (QuickDASH) questionnaires at a median of 3.4 years following FPL reconstruction. Soong grade was determined on preoperative radiographs. Results Six patients were classified as Soong grade 1 and two patients had a screw or wire protruding volarly. The median time to tendon rupture was 21.6 months. At final follow-up, the median NRS pain score was 0 (range: 0–7); the median PROMIS-UE score was 47.1 (range: 25.9–61); and the median QuickDASH-score was 12.5 (range: 4.5–75). Conclusions The outcome of FPL reconstruction after volar plate fixation is highly variable. All ruptures in our cohort occurred in patients with plate positioning classified as Soong grade 1 and occurred at up to 3 years following distal radius fixation.
Theodor Storms Erstlingsnovelle «Marthe und ihre Uhr» (1847)

This article intends to fill the previous void of a thorough critical assessment and interpretive analysis of Theodor Storm’s first novellistic, albeit concise narrative of 1847. As an aesthetic and highly symbolic story, Marthe’s seemingly timeless table clock bears some striking affinities with Eduard Morike’s objet d’art of 1838, his «Lampe». As an ardent admirer of his contemporary Morike, Storm here lays his theoretical and artistic foundations for his major novellas of later years.
A High-Frequency Field-Programmable Analog Array (FPAA) Part 2: Applications

This paper presents a variety of applications of an FPAA based on a regular pattern of signal-processing cells and primarily local signal interconnections. Despite the limitations introduced by local interconnections, the presented architecture accommodates a wide variety of linear and nonlinear circuits found in many signal processing systems. Thus it effectively proves that it is possible to improve the performance of an FPAA by means of constraining the interconnection pattern, without significantly limiting the class of circuits it can implement.
Comparative accuracy of preoperative tumor size assessment on mammography, sonography, and MRI: Is the accuracy affected by breast density or cancer subtype?

Purpose To compare the accuracy of preoperative breast tumor size measurements obtained on three imaging modalities (mammography [MM], sonography [US], and MRI) with those obtained on final pathologic examination for different breast densities and various tumor types. Methods Records from patients who underwent breast cancer lumpectomy between 2008 and 2012 and in whom tumor was seen on all three imaging modalities were retrospectively reviewed for maximum tumor size measurements. Patients with positive tumor margins and those who had undergone neoadjuvant chemotherapy were excluded. Tumor size measurements obtained on the three imaging modalities were compared for accuracy with those obtained during the final pathologic examination. Differences were analyzed for the whole group and for subgroups according to breast density and tumor type. Results In total, 57 patients were included, in whom wire-localization lumpectomy was performed without neoadjuvant chemotherapy; negative surgical margins for tumor were obtained, and tumor was preoperatively visualized on all three imaging modalities. The mean (± SEM) tumor size measured on MRI was significantly greater than that measured on pathology (p < 0.001), whereas the sizes measured on US and MM were not statistically significantly different from that measured on pathology (p = 0.62 and p = 0.57). Tumor size measured on MRI was greater than that measured on both US and MM (p = 0.003 and p < 0.001). Compared with the measurements obtained on pathology, that obtained on US showed moderate agreement (Lin concordance correlation coefficient [CCC], 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56–0.82); poorer agreement was found for the sizes obtained on MM (CCC, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.38–0.72) and MRI (CCC, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.31–0.65). No difference in comparative accuracy of size measurement was noted between dense and nondense breast tissue. MRI overestimated tumor size in ductal cancers (p < 0.001) and slightly underestimated it in lobular cancers. Conclusions Preoperative MRI significantly overestimated tumor size. Measurements obtained on US and MM were more accurate irrespective of breast density, with US measurements being slightly more accurate than MM measurements. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:17–25, 2016
Japanese Perspectives on China

The Literature of Travel in the Japanese Rediscovery of China 1862-1945. Joshua A. Fogel. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996. 418 pp. Perspectives on Chinese Society: Anthropological Views from Japan. Suenari Michio. J. S. Eades, and Christian Darnels, eds. Canterbury, England: University of Kent, 1995.374 pp.
Long-term stability of 14YT–4Sc alloy at high temperature

Abstract 14YT alloy (Fe–14Cr–0.25wt%Y2O3–0.4wt%Ti) with 4 at% Sc addition was previously reported to exhibit a nanoscale microstructure and high strength when annealed at temperatures up to 1000 °C (0.65Tm) for 1 h. Here we report that the microstructure and mechanical behavior of 14YT–4Sc alloy after long-term annealing for up to 60 h at 1000 °C. FIB analysis shows abnormal grain growth with annealing time, while a large fraction of the matrix still consists of nanoscale grains. TEM images reveal a slight growth of nano grains, with estimated grain growth exponent, n, to be 0.29. Sc–Ti–Y–O enriched nano oxide particles (
Vitamin B-6 requirements of elderly men and women.

The vitamin B-6 requirements of 12 men and women over 60 y old were studied. The protocol consisted of a 5-d baseline period and four experimental periods during which the subjects successively received 0.003, 0.015, 0.0225 and 0.03375 mg of vitamin B-6/(kg body wt.d). Dietary protein was 1.2 or 0.8 g/(kg body wt.d). At 5- or 6-d intervals, xanthurenic acid (XA) after a 5-g L-tryptophan load and 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA) in 24-h urine, erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase activity coefficient (EAST-AC) and plasma pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) were measured. These measurements were abnormal during vitamin B-6 depletion but returned to normal during repletion. Men who ingested approximately 120 g protein/d required 1.96 +/- 0.11 mg of vitamin B-6 to normalize XA; women who ingested 78 g protein/d required 1.90 +/- 0.18 mg of vitamin B-6 to normalize XA. To attain normal levels of EAST-AC and 4-PA in men, 2.88 +/- 0.17 mg of vitamin B-6 were needed; to normalize PLP, 1.96 +/- 0.11 mg of vitamin B-6 were required. Women required 1.90 +/- 0.18 mg or more of vitamin B-6 to normalize these measurements. Vitamin B-6 requirements were not decreased in two of three subjects who ingested 54 g of protein daily. Thus, vitamin B-6 requirements of elderly men and women are about 1.96 and 1.90 mg/d, respectively.
Use of Antibiotic Resistance Analysis To Identify Nonpoint Sources of Fecal Pollution

A study was conducted to determine the reliability and repeatability of antibiotic resistance analysis as a method of identifying the sources of fecal pollution in surface water and groundwater. Four large sets of isolates of fecal streptococci (from 2,635 to 5,990 isolates per set) were obtained from 236 samples of human sewage and septage, cattle and poultry feces, and pristine waters. The patterns of resistance of the isolates to each of four concentrations of up to nine antibiotics were analyzed by discriminant analysis. When isolates were classified individually, the average rate of correct classification (ARCC) into four possible types (human, cattle, poultry, and wild) ranged from 64 to 78%. When the resistance patterns of all isolates from each sample were averaged and the resulting sample-level resistance patterns were classified, the ARCCs were much higher (96 to 100%). These data confirm that there are measurable and consistent differences in the antibiotic resistance patterns of fecal streptococci isolated from various sources of fecal pollution and that antibiotic resistance analysis can be used to classify and identify these sources.
Individual Risk-Taking as a Function of Manipulated Information about Norms

Sumnaary.-Life siruation dilemmas were presented to Ss who were to advise the central character in the siruarion as to what would be the lowest acceptable odds for success of a riskier, more attractive outcome. In the first session, the effects of familiarizing oneself with arguments pro and con were measured. In the second session, 10 days later, these same Ss were presented with manipulated norm information from the first session prior to taking the dilemma questionnaire again. Ss who were given (false) information that the group had been rather risky in the first session tended to shift toward risk, while those given feedback that Ss had been quite cautious, tended to shift toward caurion, while a group given no feedback from the first session fell in between these two groups. The study was interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that information about others' choice is sufficient for risky shift to occur. A recent analysis of individual and group risk-taking by Vinokur ( 1971 ) asserted that "information about others' choices is not a sufficient condition'' for the occurrence of risky or conservative shift. Specifically, Vinokur rejects Brown's ( 1965 ) risk-as-value hypothesis which depends upon finding out how risky others really are and then adjusting one's own position to be at least as risky or riskier than most. On items which tap a value for caution or conservatism, presumably the same mechanism operates in opposite fashion. Vinokur (1971) suggests instead that the role of value may be to bias the flow of information in terms of arguments supporting risk or caution. Once that information comes co the fore, a rational and cognitive (as opposed to an affective) use of that information is made to shift toward risk or caution. However, most of the studies Vinokur cites as supportive of the cognitive approach did not control for information about ochers' choice and so do noc disconfirm Brown's (1965) normative and affective approach. Cartwright (1973) has pointed out that there has been a tendency to use che same paradigm and to view the risky-shift problem in the same way and, thus, questions about concepmal and methodological assumptions tended not to be raised. However, there have been a set of studies which have deviated from the "standard" risky-shift parad~gm and have clearly indicated that information about others' choices does influence decision making. Steiner (cited in Dion, Baron, 'From a thesis directed by the second author submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Colorado State University in partial fdfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Sc~ence.
Graphene field-effect transistor for radio-frequency applications : review

Currently, graphene is a topic of very active research in fields from science to potential appli - cations. For various radio-frequency (RF) circuit applications including low-noise amplifi - ers, the unique ambipolar nature of graphene field-effect transistors can be utilized for high- performance frequency multipliers, mixers and high-speed radiometers. Potential integration of graphene on Silicon substrates with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor compat- ibility would also benefit future RF systems. The future success of the RF circuit applications depends on vertical and lateral scaling of graphene metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors to minimize parasitics and improve gate modulation efficiency in the channel. In this paper, we highlight recent progress in graphene materials, devices, and circuits for RF applications. For passive RF applications, we show its transparent electromagnetic shielding in Ku-band and transparent antenna, where its success depends on quality of materials. We also attempt to discuss future applications and challenges of graphene.
Oliver Heaviside 1850-1925

This lecture was given by Balth. van der Pol on the 8th December 1938, on his acceptance of the Chair of Electrical Engineering with the Delft Institute. The lecture was printed for local distribution by Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, in 1938, and this translation is from that edition. The lecture has been edited to about four-fifths its original length
A tour of suite user interface software

Suite offers high-level abstractions for developing both single-user and multi-user interfaces. An interactive application in Suite displays data structures to one or more users and asynchronously responds to user modifications to these data structures. Between each application and user is a dialogue manager, which offers the user an interface for manipulating displayed data. Dialogue managers and applications execute in separate address spaces, residing possibly on different computers, such as local workstations and remote hosts. Users and applications can customize several aspects of the user interface including how data are displayed, the kind of feedback given in response to user input, and how changes made by multiple users to a data structure are synchronized. An inheritance model offering both structural and type inheritance is provided for easing the task of customizing user interfaces. Typing is considered orthogonal to persistence, communication, and input/output, that is, a value of any type can be made persistent, communicated among applications, and input from and output to users. In this paper, we take the reader on a tour of the software, highlighting its distinguishing features.
The Ethics of Ambition: A Pedagogy of the Spirit

This article presents an overview of a course entitled ‘The Ethics of Ambition’ which over the period of the last fifteen years the author has taught to undergraduates and seminarians, as well as in church-sponsored adult education programs. It summarizes and describes a number of pedagogical strategies that have evolved over time in response to the exigencies of these varying educational environments. More topically, the article offers a brief criticism of certain ‘neo-conservative’ assumptions regarding the pedagogical efficacy of the Christian narrative as these impinge upon the actual teaching situation.
An extended process of value judgment.

Abstract This paper shows how lodging consumers process brand and price information toward an overall value judgment. The concepts of perceived risk and price fairness are introduced as additional mediating constructs to a traditional value framework. Brand name also is redefined as to separate effects of brand class and brand awareness, and their relationships with perceived value are reexamined. Results of a web experiment generally support the proposed process of value judgment. In addition, brand class and brand awareness appear to influence value perceptions through different pathways. The article includes discussions on managerial implications and suggestions for future research.
Flow Regime Analysis of Forced Flow Boiling Hydrogen Subjected to High Heat Flux

This paper presents an analysis of forced flow two-phase hydrogen heat transfer data for the purpose of interpreting the various flow regimes of inverted annular flow. Hydrogen heat transfer data available from an early 1960s NASA experimental investigation were used for the analysis. The data was evaluated in light of a heat transfer characteristics map and related flow pattern map which were established by more recent work on inverted flow film boiling of freon R113. It was shown that the hydrogen data exhibit the same three flow patterns as found in the R113 data. This may allow the use of film boiling heat transfer models developed for such fluids to be used for hydrogen film boiling heat transfer predictions.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Differential phosphorylation of paxillin in response to surface-bound serum proteins during early osteoblast adhesion.

An early signaling event during the adhesion and spreading of cells is integrin-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of the cytoskeletal adaptor protein paxillin and the non-receptor tyrosine kinase pp125FAK at focal contacts. To determine the influence of surface-charge and -adsorbed adhesion proteins on this signaling pathway, paxillin phosphorylation was examined during attachment of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cell onto charged and uncharged polystyrene, and on adsorbed layers of serum proteins, fibronectin (Fn), vitronectin (Vn), a mixture of Fn and Vn, and albumin. Paxillin phosphorylation was induced 2.4-fold (P < 0.05) on charged vs uncharged polystyrene only in the presence of serum proteins. Activation of paxillin via Fn or Vn alone, or in combination, resulted in significantly lower phosphorylation signals compared to whole serum (41 ± 6.9%, P < 0.05, 45 ± 5.9%, P < 0.05, and 76 ± 9.8%, P < 0.075, respectively). Confocal laser microscopy confirmed increased co-localization of phosphotyrosine and paxillin at protruding lamellopodia of spreading osteoblasts on charged vs uncharged serum-pretreated polystyrene. Taken together, these data suggest that subtle differences in surface characteristics mediate effects on adhering cells via adsorbed serum proteins involving the cytoskeletal adaptor protein paxillin.
Breakthrough Bacteremia and Septic Shock Due to Streptococcus anginosus Resistant to Daptomycin in a Patient Receiving Daptomycin Therapy

Daptomycin is active against many Gram-positive pathogens, including multidrug-resistant organisms ([3][1]). Elevated daptomycin MICs have been associated with clinical and microbiologic failures in Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus infections ([7][2], [8][3]). The current Clinical and
Instantaneous force-velocity-length relations in the intact human heart.

Abstract The contractile state of the left ventricle was analyzed in 10 patients using measurements of instantaneous ascending aortic blood flow velocity, left ventricular pressure and end-diastolic volume. Instantaneous left ventricular volume at 10 msec intervals was derived by subtracting the cumulative volumes (integral of flow) ejected during each sampling interval from angiographically derived end-diastolic volume. Circumferential fiber shortening velocity and wall force were calculated as flow rate/4πr 2 and left ventricular pressure × πr 2 , respectively. The instantaneous radius (r) was calculated by assuming a spherical model for the left ventricle. Applying a Hill model for muscle contraction, contractile element velocity was calculated as the sum of circumferential fiber shortening velocity and series elastic element velocity. Series elastic element velocity was calculated from the time rate of change of wall force (dF/dt) and series elastic element stiffness. Instantaneous force-velocity-length relations were clearly different in five patients with normal left ventricular function (Group I) from those in five patients with impaired left ventricular function (Group II). Peak contractile element velocity averaged 28.2 cm/sec or 1.35 circumferences per second (circ/sec) in Group I and 19.4 cm/sec ( P P P P P P P P P
Sex Stereotypes in Occupational Choice: The Case for College Women.

Abstract The choice of a male dominated occupation rather than a traditionally feminine one is the single occupational variable which meaningfully divides a class of women who were studied intensively over the 4 yr of college. Women who choose occupations which employ largely men differ predictably from women who select feminine occupations in terms of familial influence, work values, work experience, role model influence and some collegiate activities. The two groups do not differ appreciably in sociability experiences or in relationships with parents, so it cannot be argued that the work plans of the pioneer women stem from social isolation, rejection, or lack of appropriate feminine socialization.
The relative impact of warming and removing top predators on the Northeast US large marine biotic community

Abstract Ecosystem-based fisheries management necessitates that we take a more holistic view of the many factors affecting ecosystems. All too often, perturbations to fisheries ecosystems are studied in isolation even though there may be important interactions among them that yield unexpected ecosystem states. The Northeast US continental shelf large marine ecosystem (NES LME) has undergone a number of changes in biophysical processes, trophic structure, and exploitation rates over the last fifty years. Changes in community assemblages, shifts in spatial distribution of many species, and the failure of fisheries to fully recover from overexploitation in the NES LME have been attributed to both the removal of large demersal fish predators and climate variability, as well as indirect effects cascading through the food web. As with many ecosystems, it is difficult to separate the effects of multiple perturbations that can affect marine ecosystems. However, recent advances in ecosystem modeling allow us to explore the relative and synergistic effects of these perturbations in silico that would otherwise be impossible in situ or experimentally. We examined the relative effects of warming and removal of large predators by modeling both of these effects separately and then in combination. Interactions amongst such changes tended to be additive, but the magnitude of synergistic effects was potentially very large in some cases. These results demonstrate the power of ecosystem models in evaluating management options.
Ultracompact single-longitudinal-mode solid state lasers with 500-mW output at 1064 nm and 200-mW output at 1340 nm

We report here on ultra-compact diode-pumped single frequency, TEMoo mode Nd:YVO4 lasers at 1064 nm and 1340 nm. The lasers incorporate coupled cavity design operating in single longitudinal mode with a line-width of less than 20 kHz and frequency drift of 50 MHz over 10 minutes. These lasers produce more than 500 mW output at 1064 nm and more than 200 mW output at 1340 nm wavelength and are pumped by a 1.2 W laser diode. In addition, the lasers also feature excellent output stability with a output power variation of less than 1% over 8 hours and less than 0.2% amplitude noise in the 10 Hz to 50 MHz frequency range. The dimensions of the laser head are 3 X 3 X 12 cm and the universal 100 to 240 VAC input power control unit has been dimensions of 5 X 14 X cm. The total power consumption of the laser system is only 12 W. Therefore these ultra-compact, single frequency lasers will have a great potential for analytical instrumentation, Raman spectroscopy, biomedical diagnostics, optical communication as well as space exploration.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.