cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
City Size and Ethnic Discrimination: Michigan Agricultural Implements and Iron Working Industries, 1890

Late nineteenth-century immigrants tended to concentrate in large cities despite the fact that they experienced less occupational mobility there than they did in small cities. This'paper suggests that variation across cities in labor management systems and in the associated forms of discrimination may help to explain this apparent paradox. Analysis of data from Michigan's agricultural implements and iron-working industries in 1890 indicates that discrimination in hiring made it more difficult for immigrants to break into the small-city labor force. But in large cities, immigrant mobility was restricted by discriminatory barriers to entry into higher level jobs.
Generating orally active galanin analogues with analgesic activities.

The endogenous neuropeptide galanin has anticonvulsant and analgesic properties mediated by galanin receptors expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Our previous work showed that combination of truncation of the galanin peptide along with N-and C-terminal modifications afforded analogs that suppressed seizures or pain following intraperitoneal administration. To generate orally-active galanin analogs, the previously reported lead compound Gal-B2 (NAX 5055) was redesigned by (1) central truncation, (2) introduction of D-amino acids, (3) and addition of backbone spacers. Analog D-Gal(7-Ahp)-B2, containing 7-amino heptanoic acid as a backbone spacer and oligo-D-lysine motif at the C-terminus, exhibited anticonvulsant and analgesic activity post intraperitoneal administration. Oral administration of D-Gal(7-Ahp)-B2 demonstrated analgesic activity with reduction in both acute and inflammatory pain in the mouse formalin model of pain at doses as low as 8 mg/kg.
Phenotypic and genomic plasticity of alternative male reproductive tactics in sailfin mollies.

￼A major goal of modern evolutionary biology is to understand the causes and consequences of phenotypic plasticity, the ability of a single genotype to produce multiple phenotypes in response to variable environments. While ecological and quantitative genetic studies have evaluated models of the evol- ution of adaptive plasticity, some long-standing questions about plasticity require more mechanistic approaches. Here, we address two of those questions: does plasticity facilitate adaptive evolution? And do physiological costs place limits on plasticity? We examine these questions by comparing genetically and plastically regulated behavioural variation in sailfin mollies (Poecilia latipinna), which exhibit striking variation in plasticity for male mating behav- iour. In this species, some genotypes respond plastically to a change in the social environment by switching between primarily courting and primarily sneaking behaviour. In contrast, other genotypes have fixed mating strategies (either courting or sneaking) and do not display plasticity. We found that gen- etic and plastic variation in behaviour were accompanied by partially, but not completely overlapping changes in brain gene expression, in partial support of models that predict that plasticity can facilitate adaptive evolution. We also found that behavioural plasticity was accompanied by broader and more robust changes in brain gene expression, suggesting a substantial physiological cost to plasticity. We also observed that sneaking behaviour, but not courting, was associated with upregulation of genes involved in learning and memory, suggesting that sneaking is more cognitively demanding than courtship.
Robust degree of exponential stability in polynomially uncertain overlapping control systems

In this paper, necessary and sufficient conditions are provided for the existence of a structurally constrained controller in order to achieve a desired rate of exponential stability. It is assumed that a finite-dimensional linear time-invariant (LTI) system with uncertain parameters which belong to a known domain is given. The objective is to check if the poles of the closed-loop system can be placed in a desired region in the complex plane, for all values of the uncertain parameters in the known domain of uncertainty. The problem is investigated in both cases of LTI and linear time-varying (LTV) control laws. The results can be very useful in the design of overlapping control systems, when it is desired to maintain a prescribed transient performance for all permissible values of the uncertain parameters. The efficacy of the proposed technique is demonstrated by an example.
Structure-based programming of lymph-node targeting in molecular vaccines

In cancer patients, visual identification of sentinel lymph nodes (LNs) is achieved by the injection of dyes that bind avidly to endogenous albumin, targeting these compounds to LNs, where they are efficiently filtered by resident phagocytes. Here we translate this 'albumin hitchhiking' approach to molecular vaccines, through the synthesis of amphiphiles (amph-vaccines) comprising an antigen or adjuvant cargo linked to a lipophilic albumin-binding tail by a solubility-promoting polar polymer chain. Administration of structurally optimized CpG-DNA/peptide amph-vaccines in mice resulted in marked increases in LN accumulation and decreased systemic dissemination relative to their parent compounds, leading to 30-fold increases in T-cell priming and enhanced anti-tumour efficacy while greatly reducing systemic toxicity. Amph-vaccines provide a simple, broadly applicable strategy to simultaneously increase the potency and safety of subunit vaccines.
Barriers to and Facilitators of the Acceptance Process for Individuals With Serious Mental Illness

The process of acceptance of mental illness is a central component of recovery and has been linked to functioning, illness management, and quality of life. A number of barriers and facilitators have been theorized as impacting this process. This study was conducted with 30 participants with serious mental illness (a major psychiatric disorder with impairment in multiple areas of functioning) to elicit the barriers to and facilitators of the acceptance of mental illness. Grounded theory methodology was utilized to analyze the 30 semistructured interviews. Results revealed barriers to and facilitators of acceptance of mental illness at the micro level (cognitive, emotional, behavioral, identity-related), meso level (relational), and macro level (cultural, systemic). Clinical and research implications are discussed with regard to facilitating acceptance of mental illness.
CALICOVATELLUS PETRODYTES, A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF PRIMITIVE VATELLINE DIVING BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE: HYDROPORINAE: VATELLINI) FROM THE MIOCENE BARSTOW FORMATION, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, USA

RELATIVELY FEW fossil dytiscids have been described. This is unfortunate since fossils can provide useful phylogenetic and evolutionary information including unique character combinations not present in extant taxa and minimum ages for divergences. However, even when fossils are found, important characters are often not visible since they may be poorly preserved or obscured. The fossil insects present in calcareous nodules from the Miocene Barstow Formation of the Calico Mountains in Southern California are exceptionally well preserved (Palmer, 1957). The original organisms are replaced by silica or other minerals and when the nodules are dissolved in formic acid, the three-dimensional fossil can be retrieved from the resulting residue. These nodules have yielded a wide variety of fossils, including larvae of the dytiscid species Schistomerus californense Palmer, 1957 and numerous other terrestrial and fresh-water arthropods (Palmer, 1957). The purposes of this paper are to describe a new dytiscid genus and species from an exceptionally well-preserved specimen from the Barstow Formation and to present a hypothesis of the phylogenetic placement of the new taxon. Regional Geology.─Beginning in the Miocene, Southern California was the site of extensive faulting and volcanic activity as
CONCRETE REPAIR WITH EXTERNALLY BONDED FRP REINFORCEMENT

A relatively new and little known repair method for concrete structures, including prestressed structures, consists of externally bonding flexible sheets of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composites to the concrete surface. Depending on the type of application, the function of the externally bonded reinforcement may be any combination of strengthening, stiffening, crack arrest, or corrosion protection. The author visited Japan in the spring and summer of 1994 and investigated several field applications of this method.
The effects of climate change and extreme wildfire events on runoff erosion over a mountain watershed

Summary Increases in wildfire occurrence and severity under an altered climate can substantially impact terrestrial ecosystems through enhancing runoff erosion. Improved prediction tools that provide high resolution spatial information are necessary for location-specific soil conservation and watershed management. However, quantifying the magnitude of soil erosion and its interactions with climate, hydrological processes, and fire occurrences across a large region (>10,000 km2) is challenging because of the large computational requirements needed to capture the fine-scale complexities of the land surface that govern erosion. We apply the physically-based coupled Variable Capacity Infiltration–Water Erosion Prediction Project (VIC–WEPP) model to study how wildfire occurrences can enhance soil erosion in a future climate over a representative watershed in the northern Rocky Mountains – the Salmon River Basin (SRB) in central Idaho. While the VIC model simulates hydrologic processes at larger scales, the WEPP model simulates erosion at the hillslope scale by sampling representative hillslopes. VIC–WEPP model results indicate that SRB streamflow will have an earlier shift in peak flow by one to two months under future climate scenarios in response to a declining snowpack under warming temperatures. The magnitude of peak flow increases with each higher severity fire scenario; and under the highest fire severity, the peak flow is shifted even earlier, exacerbating the effects of climate change. Similarly, sediment yield also increases with higher fire severities for both historical and future climates. Sediment yield is more sensitive to fire occurrence than to climate change by one to two orders of magnitude, which is not unexpected given that our fire scenarios were applied basin wide as worst case scenarios. In reality, fires only occur over portions of the basin in any given year and subsequent years’ vegetation regrowth reduces erosion. However, the effects of climate change on sediment yield result in greater spatial heterogeneities, primarily because of the spatial differences in precipitation projections, while fire conditions were uniformly applied. The combined effects of climate change and a possible continuation of increasing fire frequency and severity will compound excess sediment issues that already exist in this region of the intermountain West.
Susceptibility to Experimental Candida albicans Urinary Tract Infection in the Rat

The urinary tract is resistant to ascending infection due to Candida albicans. Host and microbial factors that may alter such resistance were evaluated in the rat after inoculating C. albicans into the urinary tract. Diuresis, diabetes, candidal germ-tube formation, and vaginal Candida colonization (alone or in concert) failed to promote ascending urinary tract infection with two vaginal isolates of C. albicans capable of producing renal infection by the hematogenous route. Both germinated and ungerminated Candida adhered poorly to bladder mucosa. Unlike prior urinary tract infection due to an enterococcus that failed to agglutinate Candida in vitro, prior urinary tract infection with a mannose-binding strain of Escherichia coli that agglutinated C. albicans in vitro enhanced adherence of C. albicans to bladder mucosa and increased susceptibility to ascending C. albicans urinary tract infection. Thus, resistance to Candida ascending urinary tract infection is likely to be due to poor adherence of C. albicans to normal bladder mucosa.
National quality and democracy

The democracy is decided by the economy and it has close correlation with the national quality.With the national quality low excuse opposed the advancement democratic advancement is extremely absurd,the quality of the people and democracy is no reference to the unscientific only has the correct assurance national quality and the democracy relations,can push ours democratic advancement to the new altitude.
Topology Worm Propagation Model Based on Scale-free Susceptible Application Network

A scale-free susceptible application network based topology worm propagation model is introduced,and its several features are analyzed,including its full infection time and resource occupation feature and etc.Compared with other worms,the worm is both faster and stealthier,and harder to be detected before final malicious attack.All these special features make it an even more risky worm type.According to its latent threat,several possible defense mechanisms are also introduced.
A Gramulator Analysis of Gendered Language in Cable News Reportage.

News reportage is intended to serve the public in terms of nurturing a better understanding of political and societal concerns. But such a goal may be stymied if reporters lack a sufficient understanding of the effect gendered language may have on the conveyance and interpretation of news. To address this issue, we use the Gramulator to conduct an applied natural language processing study of the linguistic and topical features of gendered language in news reportage. Our goal is to offer some insights as to how the choice of language and topics might affect the efficacy of news reportage. Results suggest that current news reportage largely conforms to an established gender divide: Specifically, we find evidence that male reportage is more quantitative and likely to focus on topics such as politics, crime, and the military. By contrast, female reportage is more qualitative, and likely to focus on issues such as home and education. The study is of interest to all current affairs writers (e.g., journalists) because it offers a systematic approach to identifying and assessing the linguistic and topical differences that contribute to gendered language in new reportage.
Abstract B31: In utero exposure to bisphenol A induces reprogramming of mammary development and tumor risk in MMTV-erbB-2 transgenic mice

Increasing evidence indicates that environmental exposure plays a critical role in breast cancer etiology. Bisphenol A (BPA), the building block of polycarbonate plastics with estrogenic activity, is one of the most common chemicals exposed in daily life. Recent studies suggest a link between BPA exposure and increased breast cancer risk. However, specific conditions and the underlying mechanisms of BPA exposure associated breast cancer risk remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of in utero exposure to BPA on mammary tumor development in MMTV-erbB-2 transgenic mice, which exemplifies a scenario of gene-environmental interaction. Since erbB-2 is amplified/overexpressed in approximately 30% of breast cancer, which has been associated with poor prognosis and therapeutic resistance, use of this clinically relevant mammary tumor model is of high translational value. In this study, pregnant MMTV-erbB-2 mice were subcutaneously injected with 0, 50 ng, 500 ng and 250 μg/Kg body weight BPA daily between day 13 and day 19 of gestation. We found that in utero exposed mice in the low dose (50 and 500 ng) groups, but not the high dose group (250 μg), displayed earlier vaginal opening and prolonged estrous phase, suggesting a dose dependent pro-estrogenic effect of in utero exposure to BPA. Whole mount analysis showed that mammary glands of mice with in utero exposure to low dose BPA had a longer ductal extension at 6 weeks and increased lateral branching/alveolar structures at 10 weeks, which was more significant in the 500 ng group but less evident in the high dose group. Molecular analysis of mammary tissues at 10 weeks indicated that in utero exposure to BPA increased phosphorylation/activation of erbB-2, EGFR, erbB-3, Erk1/2 and Akt, and expression of erbB-3 and EGFR. Signaling of estrogen receptor (ER) pathway was upregulated concomitantly, as reflected by increased expression and phosphorylation of ERα and upregulation of cyclin D1 and c-myc. More importantly, mice in the 500 ng group but not in the high dose group, developed tumor earlier than the mice in the control group, suggesting that dose is a critical factor affecting the outcomes. These data demonstrated that in utero exposure to BPA may promote mammary tumor development in erbB-2 transgenic mice in a dose dependent manner. Concomitant activation of the erbB-2 and ER pathways in the premalignant tissues suggests that induction of ER-erbB-2 crosstalk may play a critical role in mammary tumorigenesis promoted by in utero exposure to BPA, which underscores the significance of gene-environment interaction in early exposure to BPA associated breast cancer risk. Citation Format: Zhikun Ma, Amanda Parris, Xiaohe Yang. In utero exposure to bisphenol A induces reprogramming of mammary development and tumor risk in MMTV-erbB-2 transgenic mice. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Developmental Biology and Cancer; Nov 30-Dec 3, 2015; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(4_Suppl):Abstract nr B31.
SU-G-IeP4-06: Feasibility of External Beam Treatment Field Verification Using Cherenkov Imaging

Purpose: Cherenkov light emission has been shown to correlate with ionizing radiation (IR) dose delivery in solid tissue. In order to properly correlate Cherenkov light images with real time dose delivery in a patient, we must account for geometric and intensity distortions arising from observation angle, as well as the effect of monitor units (MU) and field size on Cherenkov light emission. To test the feasibility of treatment field verification, we first focused on Cherenkov light emission efficiency based on MU and known field size (FS). Methods: Cherenkov light emission was captured using a PI-MAX4 intensified charge coupled device(ICCD) system (Princeton Instruments), positioned at a fixed angle of 40° relative to the beam central axis. A Varian TrueBeam linear accelerator (linac) was operated at 6MV and 600MU/min to deliver an Anterior-Posterior beam to a 5cm thick block phantom positioned at 100cm Source-to-Surface-Distance(SSD). FS of 10×10, 5×5, and 2×2cm2 were used. Before beam delivery projected light field images were acquired, ensuring that geometric distortions were consistent when measuring Cherenkov field discrepancies. Cherenkov image acquisition was triggered by linac target current. 500 frames were acquired for each FS. Composite images were created through summation of frames and background subtraction. MU per image was calculated based on linac pulse delay of 2.8ms. Cherenkov and projected light FS were evaluated using ImageJ software. Results: Mean Cherenkov FS discrepancies compared to light field were <0.5cm for 5.6, 2.8, and 8.6 MU for 10×10, 5×5, and 2×2cm2 FS, respectably. Discrepancies were reduced with increasing field size and MU. We predict a minimum of 100 frames is needed for reliable confirmation of delivered FS. Conclusion: Current discrepancies in Cherenkov field sizes are within a usable range to confirm treatment delivery in standard and respiratory gated clinical scenarios at MU levels appropriate to standard MLC position segments
Repatriation: Bringing the Settler Colony “Home”

Between June 1960 and February 1961, as tensions mounted in Algeria, a group of magistrates, professors of law, syndicate and union leaders, and elected officials in the Metropole came together to form the “Association for the Safeguard of Judicial Institutions and the Defense of Individual Liberties.” The Association convened four times with the goal of drafting a text for the government’s cease-fire talks with the FLN, which were planned for February 1961 at Evian, near the border with Switzerland.1 Among the key agenda for the Association was the future of the Europeans if Algeria should achieve autonomy. The Association members agreed that the Europeans would become a “minority population” in Algeria with special rights. The terms of these rights and Algeria’s obligation to uphold them were drawn from the 1948 U.N. Charter on the Declaration of Human Rights. The text drafted by the Association declared that it would be Algeria’s duty to ensure that the Europeans would have “the right to nationality,” the “right to partake in the government of his country,” and “the right to freely participate in the cultural life of the community”, the very rights stated in Article 27 of the U.N. Charter.2
Surgery or Surveillance for Asymptomatic Small Mucinous Pancreatic Head Cyst

Mucinous pancreatic cysts are now common incidental findings with the increased use and higher resolution of modern cross-sectional imaging, and surgeons are faced with the challenge of identifying those patients with premalignant or malignant lesions from those lesions with little chance of ever impacting patient survival. The risks of selecting to observe mucinous cystic lesions should be balanced against the morbidity and mortality of pancreatic resection, particularly when located in the head of the pancreas. Currently, the criteria for resection are based mainly on morphologic features or abnormal cytological findings. Most of the controversy revolves around the management of small branch-duct IPMN, given its relatively low malignant potential, high prevalence in older patients, and tendency to appear in the head of the gland. Thick/enhanced cyst wall, dilation of the pancreatic duct and mural nodules are consistent predictors of malignancy, while size alone remains controversial and a subject for continued debate.
Improved observations of turbulence dissipation rates from wind profiling radars

Abstract. Observations of turbulence dissipation rates in the planetary boundary layer are crucial for validation of parameterizations in numerical weather prediction models. However, because dissipation rates are difficult to obtain, they are infrequently measured through the depth of the boundary layer. For this reason, demonstrating the ability of commonly used wind profiling radars (WPRs) to estimate this quantity would be greatly beneficial. During the XPIA field campaign at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory, two WPRs operated in an optimized configuration, using high spectral resolution for increased accuracy of Doppler spectral width, specifically chosen to estimate turbulence from a vertically pointing beam. Multiple post-processing techniques, including different numbers of spectral averages and peak processing algorithms for calculating spectral moments, were evaluated to determine the most accurate procedures for estimating turbulence dissipation rates using the information contained in the Doppler spectral width, using sonic anemometers mounted on a 300 m tower for validation. The optimal settings were determined, producing a low bias, which was later corrected. Resulting estimations of turbulence dissipation rates correlated well (R2 = 0. 54 and 0. 41) with the sonic anemometers, and profiles up to 2 km from the 449 MHz WPR and 1 km from the 915 MHz WPR were observed.
All-Cause Mortality Among US Veterans of the Persian Gulf War: 13-Year Follow-up.

Objective:We determined cause-specific mortality prevalence and risks of Gulf War deployed and nondeployed veterans to determine if deployed veterans were at greater risk than nondeployed veterans ...
Using AC Underground Cable for long distance power transmission

The charging current in underground cables imposes a serious practical limit to the transmission length. This paper proposes half-wavelength plus (λ/2+) transmission method for underground cables to extend the transmission length to distances exceeding the electrical half-wavelength. The λ/2++ transmission method has been proposed previously for overhead lines. But, when this concept is applied to AC underground cables, we can observe three distinct and interesting characteristics: 1) Underground cables offer much shorter and more practical physical transmission distance than overhead lines; 2) Underground cables are more suitable for a medium voltage transmission (50–209 kV); and 3) No overvoltage issues exist along the cable length. Additionally, this paper presents a case study of 360 miles, 115 kV, 270 MW underground cable system and verifies the concept through simulation.
Evaluation of computational endomicroscopy architectures for minimally-invasive optical biopsy

We are investigating compressive sensing architectures for applications in endomicroscopy, where the narrow diameter probes required for tissue access can limit the achievable spatial resolution. We hypothesize that the compressive sensing framework can be used to overcome the fundamental pixel number limitation in fiber-bundle based endomicroscopy by reconstructing images with more resolvable points than fibers in the bundle. An experimental test platform was assembled to evaluate and compare two candidate architectures, based on introducing a coded amplitude mask at either a conjugate image or Fourier plane within the optical system. The benchtop platform consists of a common illumination and object path followed by separate imaging arms for each compressive architecture. The imaging arms contain a digital micromirror device (DMD) as a reprogrammable mask, with a CCD camera for image acquisition. One arm has the DMD positioned at a conjugate image plane (“IP arm”), while the other arm has the DMD positioned at a Fourier plane (“FP arm”). Lenses were selected and positioned within each arm to achieve an element-to-pixel ratio of 16 (230,400 mask elements mapped onto 14,400 camera pixels). We discuss our mathematical model for each system arm and outline the importance of accounting for system non-idealities. Reconstruction of a 1951 USAF resolution target using optimization-based compressive sensing algorithms produced images with higher spatial resolution than bicubic interpolation for both system arms when system non-idealities are included in the model. Furthermore, images generated with image plane coding appear to exhibit higher spatial resolution, but more noise, than images acquired through Fourier plane coding.
How Children Solve the Two Challenges of Cooperation

In this review, I propose a new framework for the psychological origins of human cooperation that harnesses evolutionary theories about the two major problems posed by cooperation: generating and distributing benefits. Children develop skills foundational for identifying and creating opportunities for cooperation with others early: Infants and toddlers already possess basic skills to help others and share resources. Yet mechanisms that solve the free-rider problem-critical for sustaining cooperation as a viable strategy-emerge later in development and are more sensitive to the influence of social norms. I review empirical studies with children showing a dissociation in the origins of and developmental change seen in these two sets of processes. In addition, comparative studies of nonhuman apes also highlight important differences between these skills: The ability to generate benefits has evolutionary roots that are shared between humans and nonhuman apes, whereas there is little evidence that other apes exhibit comparable capacities for distributing benefits. I conclude by proposing ways in which this framework can motivate new developmental, comparative, and cross-cultural research about human cooperation.
Stayers versus movers: Social capital and early career imprinting among young professionals

Summary We investigate what interfirm career mobility patterns would emerge if individuals are motivated by the job rewards they obtain as a function of their experience in organizations. We articulate two career strategies that individuals employ to navigate their early careers—commitment to a single employer and “job hopping” between different employers. Each strategy generates social capital (an individual's structure of social relations) but of a different kind. Embeddedness in the same organization over time develops a strong local identity and reputation within the firm. Boundary spanning through experience in different organizations creates opportunities for connecting people and ideas and for knowledge transfer between firms. We posit and present evidence that the choice between these two strategies is conditioned by social experience at the onset of one's career—the length of tenure with the first employer—which sorts individuals into “stayers” and “movers.”
Hierarchical biphilic micro/nanostructures for a new generation phase-change heat sink with 1800 W/cm 2 CHF limit

The physics of membrane-based microchannel boiling process is explained. Through a set of fundamental studies conducted on several membrane-based heat sinks designed with different configurations incorporating surface micro- and nanostructures, the nature of critical heat flux (CHF) limit and its active control is explained. It is commonly known that the occurrence of CHF is accompanied by the formation of significant vapor adjacent to the heated surface such that liquid cannot rewet the surface. In the new approach, flow is constrained within a hydrophilic microstructure by a superhydrophobic vapor-permeable nanofibrous membrane. A bubble bounded between the two structures is pulled away from the hydrophilic heated structure and discharged from the flow, thus leading to rewetting of the heat transfer surface. Hierarchical micro- and nanostructures designed on the heat transfer surface allow to substantially increase the surface wettability. The maximum heat flux removed is approximately 1800 W/cm2 with water used as the test fluid. Only vapor exits the heat sink. Hence, the heat sink exit vapor quality is 100%.
Choice of Riemannian Metrics for Rigid Body Kinematics

The set of rigid body motions forms a Lie group called SE(3), the special Euclidean group in three dimensions. In this paper we investigate possible choices of Riemannian metrics and affine connections on this manifold. In the first part of the paper we derive the semi-Riemannian metrics whose geodesics are screw motions and show that the only metrics are indefinite but non degenerate, and they are unique up to a choice of two scaling constants. In the second part of the paper we investigate affine connections which through the covariant derivative give the correct expression for the acceleration of a rigid body. We prove that there is a unique symmetric connection which achieves this. Further, we show that there is a family of metrics that are compatible with such connection. A metric in this family must be a product of the bi-invariant metric on the group of rotations and a positive definite constant metric on the group of translations.
Multi-Helical Path Exploitation in Sparsity-Based Guided-Wave Imaging of Defects in Pipes

In this paper, a defect localization scheme for cylindrical pipes is presented which relies on guided-wave scattering by defects. The proposed scheme is predicated on the use of a sparse array of ultrasonic transducers and the sparse nature of defects on the pipe surface. Two circular rings of transducers, functioning as transmitters and receivers, are used to encompass the region to be inspected. Multiple helical paths exist for waves to travel from the transmitters to the receivers, after being scattered by the defects. Model based dictionary matrices are constructed for each path, relating the signals arriving at the receivers to the locations of potential defects. The resulting linear signal model is inverted by group sparse reconstruction to localize defects present in the pipe. Experimental validations of the proposed multi-helical path exploitation approach are provided for defects on an aluminum pipe.
Index theory of Dirac operators on manifolds with corners up to codimension two

In this expository article, we survey index theory of Dirac operators using the Gauss-Bonnet formula as the catalyst to discuss index formulas on manifolds with and without boundary. Considered in detail are the Atiyah-Singer and Atiyah-Patodi-Singer index theorems, their heat kernel proofs, and their generalizations to manifolds with corners of codimension two via the method of `attaching cylindrical ends’.
The Classes N(X) and RPD(X) : Integral Representations

This chapter continues the study of radial positive definite functions and functions of negative type begun in the preceding chapter. Following methods introduced by Schoenberg [79,80,81] and recently refined by Bretagnolle, Dacunha Castelle, and Krivine [11], and Kuelbs [52], we are going to present characterizations of the classes RPD(X) and N(X) when X is one of the spaces ℝ n or L p (n = 1,2, … ; 0 < p ≤ ∞ ).
Task-Related Differences in Eye Movements in Individuals With Aphasia

Background: Neurotypical young adults show task-based modulation and stability of their eye movements across tasks. This study aimed to determine whether persons with aphasia (PWA) modulate their eye movements and show stability across tasks similarly to control participants. Methods: Forty-eight PWA and age-matched control participants completed four eye-tracking tasks: scene search, scene memorization, text-reading, and pseudo-reading. Results: Main effects of task emerged for mean fixation duration, saccade amplitude, and standard deviations of each, demonstrating task-based modulation of eye movements. Group by task interactions indicated that PWA produced shorter fixations relative to controls. This effect was most pronounced for scene memorization and for individuals who recently suffered a stroke. PWA produced longer fixations, shorter saccades, and less variable eye movements in reading tasks compared to controls. Three-way interactions of group, aphasia subtype, and task also emerged. Text-reading and scene memorization were particularly effective at distinguishing aphasia subtype. Persons with anomic aphasia showed a reduction in reading saccade amplitudes relative to their respective control group and other PWA. Persons with conduction/Wernicke's aphasia produced shorter scene memorization fixations relative to controls or PWA of other subtypes, suggesting a memorization specific effect. Positive correlations across most tasks emerged for fixation duration and did not significantly differ between controls and PWA. Conclusion: PWA generally produced shorter fixations and smaller saccades relative to controls particularly in scene memorization and text-reading, respectively. The effect was most pronounced recently after a stroke. Selectively in reading tasks, PWA produced longer fixations and shorter saccades relative to controls, consistent with reading difficulty. PWA showed task-based modulation of eye movements, though the pattern of results was somewhat abnormal relative to controls. All subtypes of PWA also demonstrated task-based modulation of eye movements. However, persons with anomic aphasia showed reduced modulation of saccade amplitude and smaller reading saccades, possibly to improve reading comprehension. Controls and PWA generally produced stabile fixation durations across tasks and did not differ in their relationship across tasks. Overall, these results suggest there is potential to differentiate among PWA with varying subtypes and from controls using eye movement measures of task-based modulation, especially reading and scene memorization tasks.
The complexities and challenges of preventing and treating nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases

Seemingly innocuous nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species, classified by their slow or rapid growth rates, can cause a wide range of illnesses, from skin ulceration to severe pulmonary and disseminated disease. Despite their worldwide prevalence and significant disease burden, NTM do not garner the same financial or research focus as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this review, we outline the most abundant of over 170 NTM species and inadequacies of diagnostics and treatments and weigh the advantages and disadvantages of currently available in vivo animal models of NTM. In order to effectively combat this group of mycobacteria, more research focused on appropriate animal models of infection, screening of chemotherapeutic compounds, and development of anti-NTM vaccines and diagnostics is urgently needed.
Alopecia in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta): Association With Pregnancy and Chronic Stress

Background Alopecia in captive non-human primates is often presented as a welfare issue. However, it is a complex condition with a number of possible causes. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of pregnancy and hair cortisol concentrations on alopecia in rhesus macaques. Methods Subjects were 113 socially housed adult female rhesus macaques (27 pregnant, 35 nursing infants, 51 controls). During routine physicals, photographs were taken for alopecia assessment and hair samples were collected for cortisol assay. Results Alopecia was more prevalent in pregnant than in control females, but there was no association between alopecia and hair cortisol. However, there was a significant effect of pregnancy on hair cortisol. Nursing females had higher hair cortisol levels than pregnant females, which had higher levels than control females. Conclusions Although alopecia does not appear to be associated with hair cortisol, both alopecia and hair cortisol were associated with pregnancy.
A Comparison of Self‐Reported Unmet Healthcare Needs among Adaptive and Able‐Bodied Athletes

Background Studies have revealed a higher incidence of injury and illness among elite adaptive athletes when compared to able-bodied athletes in competition. However, individuals with disabilities report poorer access to health care. Objective The purpose of this study is to identify differences in healthcare access, satisfaction, and unmet needs between recreational adaptive and able-bodied athletes in all sports and within a single sport (hockey). Design Cross-sectional, survey-based study. Setting Recreation sports programs in Boston, MA and Chicago, IL. Participants Adult, recreational, competitive adaptive, and able-bodied athletes. Interventions Not applicable. Main outcome measure(s) The Short-Form Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ-18) for healthcare access and satisfaction; percentage of athletes reporting unmet sports-related healthcare needs in the prior year. Results Sixty adaptive athletes (78% male, age 35.7 ± 12.4 years) and 65 able-bodied athletes (40% male, age 34.9 ± 11.9 years) participated. Mean access and satisfaction scores were not significantly different between groups in all sports (P = .53 and P = .19, respectively) or hockey (P = .28 and P = .55, respectively). Unmet needs were more commonly reported among adaptive athletes (18.3% all sports, 20.0% hockey) as compared to able-bodied athletes (9.2% all sports, 4.0% hockey). This reached statistical significance in the hockey group (P = .03), but not all sports (P = .12). Conclusions No differences were seen between groups in healthcare access or satisfaction scores. Adaptive athletes of the same sport reported a higher rate of unmet sports-related healthcare needs but with few doctor's visits in the preceding year, suggesting discrepancies in expectations and healthcare-seeking behavior. Level of evidence III.
Improving Medication Pickup After Hospital Discharge: A Quality Improvement Initiative

BACKGROUND: Failure to pick up medications prescribed at hospital discharge is associated with poorer outcomes, such as increased rates of readmission within 30 days. A recent study showed that asthma medications delivered directly to patients before hospital discharge improved outcomes. As baseline data to inform a quality improvement intervention to improve discharge medication pickup rates, we reviewed charts …
Exceptional electromagnetic shielding efficiency of silver coated carbon fiber fabrics via a roll-to-roll spray coating process

We have reported exceptionally high electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) for flexible weaved carbon fiber fabrics (CFFs), which were spray-coated with Ag nanoparticle ink without surface modification of the CFF substrate. CFFs spray coated with Ag on a roll-to-roll (R2R) platform with a total composite thickness of 460 μm exhibited a remarkable EMI SE of 102 dB, with a density of 0.52 g cm−3. The specific EMI SE and absolute EMI SE obtained were 194 dB cm3 g−1 and 4266 dB cm2 g−1, respectively. These results suggest that the R2R spray coating of conductive metal inks such as Ag on CFFs is an economical, promising, and scalable approach for manufacturing fabrics with exceptional EMI SE.
The Devil in the Details Can Be Hard to Spot: Malapropisms and Children With Hearing Loss

Purpose Better auditory prostheses and earlier interventions have led to remarkable improvements in spoken language abilities for children with hearing loss (HL), but these children often still struggle academically. This study tested a hypothesis for why this may be, proposing that the language of school becomes increasingly disconnected from everyday discourse, requiring greater reliance on bottom-up phonological structure, and children with HL have difficulty recovering that structure from the speech signal. Participants One hundred nineteen fourth graders participated: 48 with normal hearing (NH), 19 with moderate losses who used hearing aids (HAs), and 52 with severe-to-profound losses who used cochlear implants (CIs). Method Three analyses were conducted. #1: Sentences with malapropisms were created, and children's abilities to recognize them were assessed. #2: Factors contributing to those abilities were evaluated, including phonological awareness, phonological processing, vocabulary, verbal working memory, and oral narratives. #3: Teachers' ratings of students' academic competence were obtained, and factors accounting for those ratings were evaluated, including the five listed above, along with word reading and reading comprehension. Results #1: Children with HAs and CIs performed more poorly on malapropism recognition than children with NH, but similarly to each other. #2: All children with HL demonstrated large phonological deficits, but they were especially large for children with CIs. Phonological awareness explained the most variance in malapropism recognition for children with CIs. Vocabulary knowledge explained malapropism recognition for children with NH or HAs, but other factors also contributed. #3: Teachers rated academic competence for children with CIs more poorly than for children with NH or HAs, and variance in those ratings for children with CIs were primarily explained by malapropism scores. Conclusion Children with HL have difficulty recognizing acoustic-phonetic detail in the speech signal, and that constrains their abilities to follow conversations in academic settings, especially if HL is severe enough to require CIs. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.13133018.
Global Change Biology: Museum Specimens Are More Than Meet the Eye

Dead museum specimens are finding new life, providing critical data about otherwise hidden impacts of human-caused environmental change. New research powerfully leverages decades of plant collections to uncover global responses in floral pigmentation linked to ozone and climate change.
‘Show Me the Money’: Jesus, Visual Aids, and the Tribute Question

The question about paying tribute to Caesar is one of the most incendiary queries ever posed to Jesus. It seems straightforward, but either a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ response is politically perilous. Jesus’s answer seems equally straightforward, but scholars have debated its meaning, even the basic question of whether it is affirmative or negative. But many analyses have erred by considering the logion apart from Jesus’s use of the coin as a visual aid. After a brief survey of visual aids in biblical narratives and classical rhetoric, it becomes clear that the coin adds materially to Jesus’s response and clarifies his meaning.
Combining Transcranial Doppler and EEG Data to Predict Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background and Objectives: Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is the leading complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because DCI was traditionally thought to be caused by large vessel vasospasm, transcranial Doppler ultrasounds (TCDs) have been the standard of care. Continuous EEG has emerged as a promising complementary monitoring modality and predicts increased DCI risk. Our objective was to determine whether combining EEG and TCD data improves prediction of DCI after SAH. We hypothesize that integrating these diagnostic modalities improves DCI prediction. Methods: We retrospectively assessed patients with moderate-severe SAH (2011-2015, Fisher=3-4 or Hunt-Hess=4-5) who had both prospective TCD and EEG acquisition during hospitalization. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) peak systolic velocities (PSV) and the presence or absence of epileptiform abnormalities (EA), defined as seizures, epileptiform discharges, and rhythmic/periodic activity, were recorded daily. Logistic regressions were used to identify significant covariates of EA and TCD to predict DCI. Group-Based Trajectory Modeling (GBTM) was used to account for changes over time by identifying distinct group trajectories of MCA PSV and EA associated with DCI risk. Results: We assessed 107 patients, and DCI developed in 56 (51.9%). Univariate predictors of DCI are presence of high-MCA velocity (PSV≥200cm/s, Se=27%, Sp=89%) and EA (Se=66%, Sp=62%) both on or before day 3. Two univariate GBTM trajectories of EA predicted DCI (Se=64%, Sp=62.75%). Logistic regression and GBTM models using both TCD and EEG monitoring performed better. The best logistic regression and GBTM models used both TCD and EEG data, Hunt-Hess score at admission, and aneurysm treatment as predictors of DCI (Logistic Regression: Se=90%, Sp=70%; GBTM: Se=89%, Sp=67%). Discussion: EEG and TCD biomarkers combined provide the best prediction of DCI. The conjunction of clinical variables with the timing of EA and high-MCA velocities improved model performance. These results suggest that TCD and cEEG are promising complementary monitoring modalities for DCI prediction. Our model has potential to serve as a decision support tool in SAH management. Classification of Evidence: This study provides Class II evidence that combined TCD and EEG monitoring can identify delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
STOCHASTIC GAMES WITH BOREL PAYOFFS

Consider a two-person zero-sum stochastic game with countable state space S, finite action sets A and B for players 1 and 2, respectively, and law of motion p.
Thiophene-degrading Escherichia coli mutants possess sulfone oxidase activity and show altered resistance to sulfur-containing antibiotics.

We have previously isolated mutants of Escherichia coli which show increased oxidation of heterocyclic furan and thiophene substrates. We have now found that strains carrying the thdA mutation express a novel enzyme activity which oxidizes a variety of substrates containing a sulfone (SO2) moiety. Both heterocyclic sulfones (e.g., tetramethylene sulfone) and simple aliphatic sulfones (e.g., ethyl sulfone) were oxidized. The thdA mutants were more resistant than wild-type strains to aromatic sulfone antibiotics such as dapsone. In contrast they showed increased susceptibility to thiolutin, a cyclic antibiotic containing sulfur at the sulfide level of oxidation. Several new thdA mutant alleles were isolated by selecting for increased oxidation of various aliphatic sulfur compounds. These new thdA mutants showed similar sulfone oxidase activity and the same map location (at 10.7 min) as the original thdA1 mutation. The constitutive fadR mutation was required for the phenotypic expression of thdA-mediated oxidation of sulfur compounds. However, the thdA-directed expression of sulfone oxidase activity was not fadR dependent. The thdC and thdD mutations probably protect against the toxicity of thiophene derivatives rather than conferring improved metabolic capability.