cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Faded Smiles? A Largescale Observational Study of Smiling from Adolescence to Old Age

A relatively large body of work exists examining sex differences in expressiveness; however, there remains little research of differences in expressiveness associated with aging. Observational studies of facial expressivity across ages are limited in part due to the poor scalability of traditional research methods. We collected over 17,000 videos of natural facial behavior using the Internet and performed a large observational study of smiling responses of people ages 18 to 70 years. Using automated facial coding we quantified the presence of smiles as people watched a set of controlled mundane online content. The likelihood of smiles and the duration of smiles increased with age. We attribute this to greater expression of positive emotion in older people. Women smiled more than men over all and gender differences increased significantly with age. We question whether results may be influenced by the effect of age on the accuracy of the automated smile detection; however, validation on a large set of human coded videos shows that the observed effects were not due to smile detection performance.
Multiscale modeling of a tubular reactor for flow chemistry and continuous manufacturing

Abstract Continuous manufacturing of drug substance with the aid of flow chemistry is mostly performed in the tubular reactors and at low flowrates. The laminar flow in the reactor limits micromixing for advancing the reactions and transport phenomena. Reactor scale-up can be performed based on computational simulations and lab scale experimental studies. The residence time distribution and dispersion of the component will be varied at different scales, which require deep understanding of the multiscale phenomena for design, control, and risk analysis. This study is designed to show how modeling can aid the design and risk assessment of flow chemistry process which are often influenced by the Multiphysics of kinetics, heat transfer, and mass transfer. Previous works used experimental methods to study the dispersion and residence time distribution; developed numerical models without considering the Multiphysics and variable fluid properties (i.e. temperature and composition dependent density); or didn't evaluate the scale-up effect and size dependent distribution for reaction in the laminar flow. This study aims to fill the gap and address these issues by developing the first-principle mechanistic modeling. A Fridel-craft acylation reaction for continuous manufacturing of an intermediate for Ibuprofen synthesis is modeled in this study for different sizes of the reactor. Two models were developed for the process step: a semi-distributed lumped model based on space independent approach, and a Finite Element Method (FEM) model based on space dependent approach with variable discrete volumes in radial and axial dimension. A case of model-based scale-up is also studied. The results demonstrate application of mechanistic modeling in evaluating dispersion and residence time distribution in continuous manufacturing of an API. The coupled reaction and Multiphysics modeling evaluated the scale-up limitations, mixing restrictions, and axial dispersions.
Intimacy in Human Relationships: Linking Education and Practice Through Creative Methods

The linking of education and practice in the field of social work has long been a goal of both educators and practitioners. This paper presents an example of an enrichment course that focuses on this linkage through creative methods involving poetry and music. Implications for further application and research are noted.
A study of local optima for learning feature interactions using neural networks

In many fields such as bioinformatics, high energy physics, power distribution, etc., it is desirable to learn non-linear models where a small number of variables are selected and the interaction between them is explicitly modeled to predict the response. In principle, neural networks (NNs) could accomplish this task since they can model non-linear feature interactions very well. However, NNs require large amounts of training data to have a good generalization. In this paper we study the datastarved regime where a NN is trained on a relatively small amount of training data. For that purpose we study feature selection for NNs, which is known to improve generalization for linear models. As an extreme case of data with feature selection and feature interactions we study the XOR-like data with irrelevant variables. We experimentally observed that the cross-entropy loss function on XOR-like data has many non-equivalent local optima, and the number of local optima grows exponentially with the number of irrelevant variables. To deal with the local minima and for feature selection we propose a node pruning and feature selection algorithm that improves the capability of NNs to find better local minima even when there are irrelevant variables. Finally, we show that the performance of a NN on real datasets can be improved using pruning, obtaining compact networks on a small number of features, with good prediction and interpretability.
MEG Methods: A Primer of Basic MEG Analysis

Methods for analysis of magnetoencephalography (MEG) data are diverse in their implementation, but traditionally involve inverse modeling of brain activity from data acquired at the sensors. Preprocessing methods vary depending on the specific type of MEG data acquired, but normally involve filtering/removal of noise signals from the data, and may also require the co-registration of coordinate spaces between MEG head positioning systems and structural data. Depending on the variables to be compared, analysis of MEG data can range from simple to complex, and computational demand for data analysis can be minor or substantial. Processing and analysis may include things such as stimulus averaging, time-frequency analysis, source analysis, or a combination thereof. Analyses can be restricted to the cortex or allowed to span the brain volume, and can be focused to predefined regions of interest or examined across all sensors/brain areas. In this chapter, we review basic MEG analysis methods, beginning with preprocessing and closing with source-level MEG analysis.
Modified Cam-Clay Model for Large Stress Ranges and Its Predictions for Geological and Drilling Processes

We modify the Modified Cam-Clay (MCC) model for large stress ranges encountered in geological applications. The MCC model assumes that the friction angle (ϕ) and the slope of the compression curve ...
Getting Religion Right in Civil Wars

Surveying civil war in the world today is striking in terms of how often religious cleavages and grievances have become central to armed conflict. How are the causes and outcomes of religious civil...
Research on Intelligent Fault and Security Handling Based on IMS in Power System

The operation and maintenance pressure of IMS system is large, and the number of equipments to be maintained is large. It is urgent for advanced maintenance management methods and intelligent monitoring to be carried out. In view of this situation, the intelligent fault handling of IMS is analyzed in detail. Firstly, the overall architecture and deployment architecture of the integrated operation and maintenance platform are analyzed. On this basis, the network signaling monitoring and service monitoring based on IMS system are accomplished, and the intelligent fault handling function of IMS is realized. Through the construction of IMS intelligent fault handling platform, it will provide all-round support for the operation, maintenance and management of IMS system. It will bring remarkable economic, social and management benefits to the field of power communication network management, and make new and greater contribution to the safe and stable operation of power grid and the operation and management of the company.
Organizational properties of a functional mammalian cis-regulome

Abstract Mammalian genomic states are distinguished by their chromatin and transcription profiles. Most genomic analyses rely on chromatin profiling to infer cis-regulomes controlling distinctive cellular states. By coupling FAIRE-seq with STARR-seq and integrating Hi-C we assemble a functional cis-regulome for activated murine B-cells. Within 55,130 accessible chromatin regions we delineate 9,989 active enhancers communicating with 7,530 promoters. The cis-regulome is dominated by long range enhancer-promoter interactions (>100kb) and complex combinatorics, implying rapid evolvability. Genes with multiple enhancers display higher rates of transcription and multi-genic enhancers manifest graded levels of H3K4me1 and H3K27ac in poised and activated states, respectively. Motif analysis of pathway-specific enhancers reveals diverse transcription factor (TF) codes controlling discrete processes. The cis-regulome strikingly enriches for combinatorial DNA binding regions of lineage determining TFs. Their genomic binding patterns reveal that onset of chromatin accessibility is associated with binding of simpler combinations whereas enhancer function requires greater complexity.
Chapter 4 A Perspective on Sentence Context Research

Publisher Summary This chapter establishes a perspective on sentence-context research, primarily in terms of a contrast between a target-centered information-processing approach and a context-centered linguistics-based approach. In principle, and perhaps in the long historical perspective, all the fractions are identified as contributing to the scientific effort. The sentence context occupies an uncomfortable position between the information processing approach that attempts to deal with context effects in terms of general cognitive processes, and the psycholinguistic approach that focusses on the nature of the representation of the context more than on the processes involved in responding to targets. The chapter reviews the implications of the tension between information processing and psycholinguistic approaches, and argues some of the theoretical problems of the area.
Interference minimization and uplink relaying for a 3G/WLAN network

We propose a hybrid uplink architecture that seamlessly integrates 802.11 WLAN (ad-hoc mode) and WCDMA interfaces. In our scheme, mobile stations can be dynamically appointed as a relaying mobile terminal (RMT) to forward uplink traffic. The RMT terminals significantly reduce the overall transmission activity and out-of-cell interference to the neighboring cells. To find the close approximation of the optimum RMT set, we propose a 2-approximation-based heuristic algorithm that is originally used to solve a minimum vertex set. The algorithm results in low out-of-cell interference, and the selected RMT terminals have good channel quality with the base stations.
Spermagglutination by Bacteria: Receptor‐Specific Interactions

The influence of genital infection on infertility has yet to be elucidated. We examined receptor-ligand interactions between sperm and Escherichia coli from patients with prostatitis. Two E. coli surface adhesins (P-fimbriae, type 1 fimbriae) and their specific receptor saccharides (alpha-galp-1-4-beta-galp-O-methyl [gal-gal], mannose) were evaluated. Bacterial concentrations of 10(4) caused spermagglutination. P-fimbriae caused tail-tail spermagglutination that was inhibited by gal-gal. D-mannose concentrations are highest in the acrosomal region and type 1 fimbriae caused head-head agglutination that was inhibited by mannose. Strains with both fimbriae caused head-head and tail-tail agglutination that was inhibited by a mannose/gal-gal combination. E. coli agglutinated 40-75% of motile sperm. Seminal fluid provided 50-100% protection, with lower effectiveness against type 1 fimbriae. Understanding bacteria-spermatozoa interactions at the receptor-ligand level holds potential for treatment of infertility and development of spermagglutinating contraceptives.
ULE - Zero expansion, low density, and dimensionally stable material for lightweight optical systems

The zero expansion titania-silica binary glass ULE™ offers an optimum combination of thermal, mechanical, and optical properties which make it an ideal material for precision optical structures and lightweight telescope mirrors. Its near-zero thermal expansion over the ambient operating temperature range helps preserve optical figure; the absence of hysteresis in its thermal expansion curve ensures dimensional stability of the mirror in extreme environments; its low density affords high specific stiffness thereby reducing elastic deformation of lightweight structures; its high fatigue resistance permits higher long-term stress without compromising mechanical reliability; and its excellent optical and birefringence properties facilitate inspection and quality assurance in terms of thermal expansion homogeneity, defect level, and residual strain. This paper reviews the key physical properties of ULE glass and the various fabrication techniques available for making lightweight mirrors. Special emphasis is given to ULE's mechanical behavior which controls the long-term reliability of mirror blanks during fabrication, shipping, installation, and operation. It describes the 8-meter class mirror blank manufacturing process and the stress/time histories to which such blanks are exposed. These parameters, together with strength and fatigue data, were used to optimize surface finish for adequate strength and to evaluate an 8-meter blank support system to ensure long-term reliability of the blank during transportation. The paper concludes with recent advances and development programs in support of the manufacture of precision optical mirror blanks.
American Evangelicals and Conservative Politics: Past, Present, and Future

Since the late 1970s, American evangelicals have been a potent influence in conservative politics. Recent scholarship both refines and contextualizes some of the central themes found in the broader literature on evangelical politics. We first review key recent scholarship in American religious history. It shows that current patterns of evangelical conservatism are the product of historically contingent social forces and that political conservatism was never uniform among evangelicals. We then discuss recent scholarship on evangelicals' attitudes toward public issues. This work indicates that commitment to moral traditionalism on social issues is the dominant force animating evangelical political conservatism and that evangelicals remain distinctly Republican in their partisan voting despite economic and foreign policy commitments that are not as strongly aligned with Republican priorities. We then shift our focus to the dominant conservative movement of the moment: the Tea Party. We cite evidence that evangelicals and the Tea Party remain distinct in terms of constituents and issue priorities but that social concerns may be taking precedence over the economic concerns that birthed the movement. We conclude by discussing recent trends that suggest that a de-alignment between evangelicalism and conservative politics may be underway.
In vivo – in vitro toxicogenomic comparison of TCDD-elicited gene expression in Hepa1c1c7 mouse hepatoma cells and C57BL/6 hepatic tissue

In vitro systems have inherent limitations in their ability to model whole organism gene responses, which must be identified and appropriately considered when developing predictive biomarkers of in vivo toxicity. Systematic comparison of in vitro and in vivo temporal gene expression profiles were conducted to assess the ability of Hepa1c1c7 mouse hepatoma cells to model hepatic responses in C57BL/6 mice following treatment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Gene expression analysis and functional gene annotation indicate that Hepa1c1c7 cells appropriately modeled the induction of xenobiotic metabolism genes in vivo. However, responses associated with cell cycle progression and proliferation were unique to Hepa1c1c7 cells, consistent with the cell cycle arrest effects of TCDD on rapidly dividing cells. In contrast, lipid metabolism and immune responses, representative of whole organism effects in vivo, were not replicated in Hepa1c1c7 cells. These results identified inherent differences in TCDD-mediated gene expression responses between these models and highlighted the limitations of in vitro systems in modeling whole organism responses, and additionally identified potential predictive biomarkers of toxicity.
Recovery cycles of primary evoked potentials in cat sensorimotor cortex.

Quoiqu'une inhibition recurrente se presente dans le cortex sensorimoteur du chat, il n'a pas ete possible d'enregistrer l'activite unitaire des neurones intercalaires de la voie recurrente. Dans les experiences decrites ici, l'onde 2 du potentiel somatique primaire evoque par la stimulation des fibres thalamo-corticales, montrait un accroissement marque apres stimulation conditionnante; simultanement il se produisait une inhibition des ondes tardives du potentiel. Donc l'onde 2 peut etre due aux neurones intercalaires inhibiteurs actives durant la phase d'inhibition.
Regulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-5 in the T47D human breast carcinoma cell line by IGF-I and retinoic acid

The T47D human breast carcinoma cell line has been shown to synthesize insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) binding proteins (IGFBPs) and IGF-I receptors, and to exhibit a mitogenic response to exogenous IGF-I. We have used T47D cells to investigate the regulation of IGFBPs by IGF-I and retinoic acid (RA), agents that affect cell proliferation and have been shown to regulate IGFBP levels in other cell types. Exposure of T47D cells to IGF-I resulted in the appearance of IGFBP-2, -4, and -5 in conditioned medium but had no effect on the levels of IGFBPs in Triton X-100-extracted cells. This effect was most pronounced for IGFBP-5 and was also elicited by an IGF-I analog that retains affinity for IGFBPs but not by insulin or IGF analogs that have decreased affinity for IGFBPs. Additionally, this effect was not associated with a change in IGFBP-5 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels; however, the appearance of IGFBP-5 in the conditioned medium was inhibited by an anti-IGF-I receptor antibody (alpha IR-3). RA decreased IGFBP-5 mRNA levels and cell-associated IGFBP-5 in both the presence and absence of IGF-I and inhibited the IGF-I-stimulated secretion of IGFBP-5 into T47D cell conditioned medium. These results suggest that IGF-I increases IGFBP-5 levels in the T47D cell line both through direct interaction with IGFBP-5 as well as through a receptor-mediated process that does not require direct interaction with IGFBPs. The latter results are consistent with an effect of IGF-I on a factor that may modulate an IGFBP protease activity. The inhibitory effect of RA, on the other hand, appears to be due primarily to regulation of IGFBP-5 mRNA levels. Thus, IGFBP-5 accumulation appears to be positively regulated by IGF-I, potentially at the level of susceptibility to proteolysis, and negatively regulated at the level of gene expression by RA.
Arsine Ambient Rapid Thermal Annealing

We have constructed a multiple wafer arsine ambient rapid thermal anneal (RTA) system and have applied it to the fabrication of high-performance refractory-gate self-aligned GaAs MESFETs. This has allowed us to take advantage of some of the features of rapid thermal annealing for these devices (reduced dopant movement and gate-channel interaction) without the difficulties of capped RTA (decapping problems, cap thermal mismatch stress driven dopant movement and gate-channel interaction) or the uncertain As loss characteristics of uncapped or proximity RTA. The anneal system uses a cylindrical furnace with a graphite boat heated by tungsten lamps with a 60 KW maximum power input. This allows heating rates in excess of 100°C/sec for up to four, two-inch wafers per run with a controlled arsine ambient of 0–20 Torr in an inert gas carrier. Closed loop temperature control is accomplished using a 5 μm wavelength optical pyrometer. The system has been designed to collect the As cracked from AsH, in a downstream trap and essentially no As is deposited in the wafer load area. Using arsine ambient RTA to anneal 15 KV 20Si+ self-aligning implants for GaAs MESFETs with MOCVD grown channels (30 nm, 1.7 × 1018/cm3), we have been able to fabricate enhancementmode self-aligned MESFETs with gm/gd > 20 and extrinsic k-factor as large as 765 mS/V-mm for 0.15 μm gate length.
The site browser: catalyzing improvements in hypertext organization

The Site Browser endeavors to build an overview browsing system for the entire Web. Overview browsing represents an alternative to the search-based view of information work, and does so by providing a consistent set of summary views which can be browsed interactively. The views partition and linearize the corpus for ready understanding and exploration. They show a web site's relation to other sites, the broad nature of the information it contains and how it is structured, and how it has changed over time. The design challenge is to generate useful summary information in a process which is fast enough to be updated daily. Our current system maintains a continuously updated archive of 46 million sites representing 2.3 billion web pages.
Collision-induced Raman spectra of neon and the diatom polarizability

Two collision-induced Raman spectra of gaseous neon are obtained, one with the linear polarization of the incident beam parallel to the direction of observation, and the other perpendicular. Absolute intensities are determined relative to nitrogen lines of known intensities. The comparison reveals the presence of a polarized contribution previously seen only in one other gas, helium. In addition, a depolarized component is obtained which agrees with and supplements an earlier measurement. For a direct comparison with experiment, collision-induced Raman spectra are also computed from wave mechanics, using models of the invariants (trace and anisotropy) of the neon diatom polarizability as input. For the depolarized spectrum an empirical model of the anisotropy is obtained which differs from the classical point-dipole expression by only 10% at the internuclear separation of 2.69 \AA{}, the root of the interatomic potential. Similar attempts are made to develop an empirical trace model that is consistent with both the polarized spectrum and an earlier measurement of the second virial dielectric coefficient.
3721 ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK - A TOOL FOR PREDICTING NEED FOR ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH NONVARICEAL UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING.

A reliable tool to predict endoscopic stigma of recent hemorrhage (SRH) and need for ET based on clinical information available at initial evaluation of patients with UGIB would be useful for triaging high-risk patients for urgent endoscopy. Aim: To evaluate role of an ANN based predictive model in predicting SRH and need for ET in patients with UGIB. Methods: Clinical data on all patients admitted with UGIB during a 15 month period starting January 1998 were prospectively collected. A multi-layered perceptron ANN was constructed using clinical variables available at initial evaluation. The ANN was trained by back-propagation using data from initial 9 months (Group I) and then validated using data from the last 6 months (Group II). The ANN was blinded to the endoscopic finding of patients from Group II. For comparison, a stepwise logistic regression model was constructed using the available clinical input variables. Also, two validated scoring systems viz. Baylor pre-endoscopic score (Am J Gastroenterol 1993) and Decision rule by Corley et al ( Am J Gastroenterol 1998) were used to classify patients into high and low risk groups. Presence of SRH and need for ET were the two outcome parameters used to compare the different predictive models. Results: 327 patients (Mean age 66.2 years, 169 males) were available for analysis. The clinical features were similar in Group I (n = 208) and Group II (n = 119). SRH was present in 110 (33.6%) patients and ET was performed in 105 (32.1%). ANN performed better than other models (Table). Area under the receiver operating curve for ANN were 0.89 and 0.93 for presence of SRH and ET, respectively. Conclusion: ANN performed extremely well in predicting presence of SRH and need for ET from information available at initial presentation. ANN may be a useful tool in triaging patients with UGIB for urgent endoscopy.
Interwell seismic logging for formation continuity at the Gypsy test site, Oklahoma

The continuity logging (or in-seam) method has been used extensively in the coal industry to determine continuity. Continuity logging is an alternative approach to multiple-offset crosswell seismic measurements using guided waves propagating parallel to the layering; in particular, to determine the continuity of sand and shale stratigraphy in oil and gas fields. The present work is a study of rock physical properties and seismic data for reservoir continuity using interwell logging techniques. Processing methods are used to delineate the reservoir boundaries and to relate seismic waves with rock physical parameters. The specific application has been to identify and analyze the propagation characteristics of guided waves in the Gypsy-fluvial sandstone formation at the Gypsy test site in Oklahoma. The integration of well logs and interwell seismic data, including trapped seismic events, suggests the presence of a continuous low-velocity clean sand in the Gypsy sandstone interval. The correlation of sand and shale stratigraphy with well logs and guided waves is consistent with available pressure pulse test data, indicating that the sands are in pressure communication between the wells and that an impermeable barrier exists between the top and bottom of the sand units in the Gypsy sandstone reservoir.
SOIL RESOURCES REGULATE PRODUCTIVITY AND DIVERSITY IN NEWLY ESTABLISHED TALLGRASS PRAIRIE

In native tallgrass prairie, soil depth and nitrogen (N) availability strongly influence aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and plant species composition. We manipulated these factors in a newly restored grassland to determine if these resources similarly constrain productivity and diversity during the initial three years of grassland establishment. Four types of experimental plots with six treatment combinations of deep and shallow soil at reduced-, ambient-, and enriched-N availability formed the basis of this study. The soil responses to the experimental treatments were examined over three years, and patterns in diversity and productivity were examined in year 3. The soil depth treatment did not significantly affect soil carbon (C) and N pools or ANPP and diversity. A pulse amendment of C added to the soil prior to planting increased soil microbial biomass and decreased potential net N mineralization rates to effectively reduce N availability throughout the study. Nitrogen availability declined over time in nonamended soils as a result of plant establishment, but adding fertilizer N alleviated the increasing immobilization potential of the soil. The level of ANPP was lowest and diversity highest in the reduced-N treatment, whereas the enriched-N treatment resulted in high productivity, but low diversity. As a result, diversity was inversely correlated with productivity in these newly established com- munities. The same mechanism invoked to explain decreased diversity under nutrient en- richment in old-field ecosystems and native grasslands (e.g., reduced light availability with increased production) was supported in the restored prairie by the positive relationship between ANPP and intercepted light, and a strong correlation between light availability and diversity. The effects of nutrient availability on plant community composition (diversity and richness) were due primarily to the responses of prairie species, as the productivity of early successional, nonprairie species was less than 1% of total ANPP after three years of establishment. These results show that the effects of resource availability on productivity and diversity are similar in young and mature grasslands, and that manipulation of a limiting nutrient during grassland establishment can influence floristic composition, with conse- quences for long-term patterns of diversity in restored ecosystems.
Rethinking Lowi's constituent policy: governance policy and direct democracy

The author develops the concepts of ‘governance policy’ and how it relates to existing public policy typologies, especially ‘constituent policy’. Although distributive, regulatory, and redistributi...
Orthogonal representations, minimum rank, and graph complements

Orthogonal representations are used to show that complements of certain sparse graphs have (positive semidefinite) minimum rank at most 4. This bound applies to the complement of a 2-tree and to the complement of a unicyclic graph. Hence for such graphs, the sum of the minimum rank of the graph and the minimum rank of its complement is at most two more than the order of the graph. The minimum rank of the complement of a 2-tree is determined exactly.
Product Standards and the Economics of Time

It is increasingly common for policy makers to evaluate product standards in cost-benefit terms. However, such evaluations focus on the product itself rather than the product in use. The possible impact of the standard on consumers’ use of time is therefore overlooked. As a result, cost-benefit relationships could be systematically misrepresented.
STUDY OF SOLIDS LEACHED DURING RICE COOKING USING THE TRANSMITTANCE AT 650 NM

The objective of this research was to develop a method to predict the amount of total solids leached during rice cooking using light transmittance at 650 nm with an ultraviolet-visible spectrometer. Rice was cooked in excess water for different durations, the transmittance was measured, and the solids were determined gravimetrically after evaporation of the water. Results of leached solids obtained gravimetrically showed a good correlation with the logarithm of the transmittance (R 2 = 0.9731), thus indicating the feasibility of the method. As a result, calibration curves were developed using rice starch and rice flour as standards. Calibration curves generated with rice starch has shown to overpredict the amount of solids leached. When rice flour was used, the method predicted that the solids leached with an average error of 2.3%, with a minor tendency towards underprediction. jfq_252 398..409
Nanotechnology: new spin on correlated electrons.

In the Kondo effect, the flow of electrons in a solid is modulated by magnetic impurities. Nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes can be designed to obtain even more complex versions of this intriguing effect.
Mission Operations for Mars Observer

Mission operations for the Mars Observer project were patterned after the low-cost approach proposed under the Planetary Observer program of the early 1980s.
Hemodynamic effects of 3,4-diaminopyridine in a swine model of verapamil toxicity

Study hypothesis: 3,4-Diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP) may reverse the hemodynamic effects of severe verapamil toxicity. Design: A nonblinded acute animal preparation. Interventions: Eighteen chloralose-anesthetized and instrumented swine were poisoned with verapamil at 10 mg/kg/hr for five minutes and then 5 mg/kg/hr until a systolic blood pressure of 55 mm Hg was achieved. Heart rate, lead II ECG, mean arterial pressure, left ventricular dP/dT max, and cardiac index were monitored. Nine control animals received 0.2 mL/kg/min infusion of normal saline, and nine treatment animals received similar volumes of 1 mg/kg/min 3,4-DAP until systolic blood pressure reached 100 mm Hg, an elapsed time of 30 minutes, or death. Results: Verapamil toxicity was produced in all animals following an average dose of 1.38±0.44 mg/kg verapamil, and resulted in diminished mean arterial pressure, dP/dT max, cardiac index, and heart rate to average values of 47%, 32%, 46%, and 88% of baseline values, respectively. Transient atrioventricular dissociation was noted in only 22% of cases. 3,4-DAP treatment (with an average dose of 14±5.6 mg/kg) resulted in significant increases in mean arterial pressure, dP/dT max, cardiac index, and heart rate to 136%, 298%, 149%, and 158% of baseline values, respectively. Mortality was unchanged (22% in both groups). 3,4-DAP treatment was complicated by muscle twitching, tachycardia (rate of more than 180) and hypertension (diastolic blood pressure of more than 110 mm Hg) each in 44% of cases. Conclusion: Although 3,4-DAP reversed the hypotensive and negative inotropic effects of verapamil toxicity, it failed to improve survival and resulted in several complications including muscle twitching, tachycardia, and hypertension.
Optimization and Comparison of Bacterial Load and Sampling Time for Bioaerosol Detection Systems in a Poultry Layer House

SUMMARY In order to develop an effective bacterial aerosol sampling system for commercial poultry housing, total bacterial populations were monitored using different air-sampling systems in a poultry layer house. To find the optimum sampling time for the detection of airborne bacteria, an axial fan Puralator filter (a home air conditioning filter attached to a household box fan), a circulating fan filter (glass fiber filter attached to a circulating fan with an adjustable flow rate), and all-glass impinger samples were compared over 2 d. Accumulated samples were collected continuously over 36 h, and nonaccumulated samples were collected concurrently during 4 distinct periods within this 36-h collection period. The air-sampling results also were compared with conventional drag-swab samples from the same poultry house environment. Total bacterial colonyforming units recovered from impingers and circulating fan filters were typically less variable. The axial fan samples by comparison had higher variability. Overall aerosol bacterial counts were higher when collected by the impactors before adjusting for airflow rate. Higher yields of total bacterial colony-forming units were recovered from impingers after being recalculated for airflow rate. The further development of aerosol sampling systems may allow for continuous monitoring of microbial populations in a poultry layer house.
pharmacotherapy of chronic Heart Failure in the elderly: A Review of the evidence

Heart failure (HF) is a very prevalent disease in the United States and in Europe, with the highest prevalence among older patients. Population estimates suggest substantial growth among the elderly over the next four decades. However, older patients are underrepresented in clinical trials evaluating HF therapies and are less likely to receive the medications shown in these trials to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with HF. Age-related differences exist in cardiovascular function that may affect disease progression, clinical presentation, and/or response to therapy. Further, medication use in older patients is complicated by physiologic changes in pharmacokinetics and the presence of multiple co-morbidities, which leads to polypharmacy and the related complications. We reviewed the pharmacotherapy clinical trials in HF to review the results specifically in older patients. Trials were included in this review if clinical endpoints were evaluated, if data regarding the participants’ age was reported, and if the intervention studied was in a medication class that is generally recommended for patients with HF by published guidelines. Although some non-randomized data shows benefits of standard therapies may be maintained among patients with HF ≥ 60 years old, the randomized controlled trials that have been published to date showed no benefit and no harm in this group. Cautious HF management among older patients is critical as additional evidence is pursued.
A co-crystal of 1,10-phenanthroline with boric acid: a novel aza-aromatic complex

The title compound, C12H8N2·2B(OH)3, is best described as a host–guest complex in which the B(OH)3 mol­ecules form a hydrogen-bonded cyclic network of layers parallel to the ab plane into which the 1,10-phenanthroline mol­ecules are bound. An extensive network of hydrogen bonds are responsible for the crystal stability. No π-stacking inter­actions occur between the 1,10-phenanthroline mol­ecules.
Clonal isolation of differentiated rat lung cells

A number of diploid clones have been isolated from an enzymatic dispersion of normal rat lung. Four of these clones are epithelial in morphology, the remainder fibroblastic. On the basis of electron microscopic observations, two of the epithelial clones appear to have originated from type II alveolar pneumonocytes.
Electrical ablation of atrial muscle. I. Early and late anatomic observations in canine atria.

Abstract Electrode catheter ablation (ECA) of atrial muscle may be a useful technique for the treatment of drug-refractory supraventricular tachycardias originating in the right atrial free wall (RAFW). We performed this study in order to determine: (1) the safety of electrical shocks applied to the RAFW and (2) the early and late anatomic effects of ECA. Twelve beagle pupples, ranging in age from 2.0 to 7.5 months and weighing 2.3 to 8.0 kg, underwent electrical ablation of the RAFW, using energy doses of 100 to 400 J. At the highest energy doses tested (400 J), one puppy died of refractory ventricular fibrillation and one of low cardiac output. Atrial perforation and cardiac tamponade occurred in two pupples, each of which received one shock of 200 J. The area of myocardial damage following ECA shocks of 150 J was greater than for shocks of 100 J, 94 ± 14 vs 56 ± 11 mm 2 , respectively ( p
The Role of Physical Activity Assessments for School‐Based Physical Activity Promotion

The emphasis in public health on lifestyle physical activity in recent years has focused attention on the promotion of lifetime physical activity as the primary objective of physical education. If used properly, physical activity and physical fitness assessments can enhance individual promotion of physical activity and also provide valuable outcome measures to facilitate home and community support for physical education. This article describes the importance of comprehensive evaluation of physical education and emphasizes the importance of including assessments of both physical activity and physical fitness for promoting physical activity. Effective evaluation practices are needed to optimize the effectiveness of physical education programming.
The Problematics of a Social Constructivist Approach to Science

In his paper, "The Problematics of a Social Constructivist Approach to Science," Bryce Christensen takes John Gray's hope that science can serve as a remedy for anthropocentrism as an entry point for discussing the debate between scientific realists and social constructivists. Christensen examines the way science appears to buttress the realist position when it confronts humans with truths that contradict their expectations and desires. In his discussion, Christensen also surveys the ways that science fits within social constructivist theory when it serves identifiable social needs or advances identifiable group interests. Further, Christensen identifies eschatological cosmology as an extreme test case for social constructivism because its bleak final predictions do not serve any of the group interests that social constructivists typically highlight as the driving force in their theoretical paradigm. Christensen concludes by suggesting that when social constructivists insist that their theory accounts for all of science, they risk creating a quasi-theological justification for new Inquisitors of the sort who once condemned Galileo for reporting observations that did not fit within their worldview. Bryce Christensen, "The Problematics of a Social Constructivist Approach to Science" page 2 of 9 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 7.3 (2005):
Instabilities and failure in elongational flow and melt spinning of fibers

A theoretical and experimental study of instability and failure behavior during melt spinning is presented. From an analysis of system dynamics, draw resonance is shown to be a continuous processing analogue of ductile failure. Using viscoelastic fluid mechanics and the White-Metzner constitutive model, it is shown that melts which exhibit ductile failure in elongational flow tend to show draw resonance in melt spinning. Deformation hardening melts exhibit cohesive fracture in elongational flow and melt-spinning processes.
Conduction in granular aluminum near the metal-insulator transition

The electrical resistance has been measured on granular aluminum specimens with room-temperature resistivities between 1.5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and 1.3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ \ensuremath{\Omega} cm, from 0.3 K to room temperature, in magnetic fields up to 9 T. The results show the importance of electron correlation effects on both sides of the metal-insulator transition. The Mott hopping law is not observed in any specimen over the whole temperature range. The results suggest the possibility of superconductivity in the insulating phase.
Multiple Nationalism: National Concepts in Nineteenth-Century Hungary and Benedict Anderson's “Imagined Communities”

Nineteenth-century Slovaks expressed loyalty to both a Hungarian “political nation” and a Slavic “cultural” or “linguistic” nation, and invoked multiple linguistic nations, variously imagined as Pan-Slavic, Czechoslovak or Slovak. Comparing the Slovak and Croat experience in nineteenth-century Hungary shows that “nation” status bestowed concrete political benefits. Since historical actors invoke the “nation” for multiple communities, the desire for statehood should not be a defining criterion of nationalism. Benedict Anderson's theory of nationalism, however, can accommodate multiple nationalism.
Setting the stage for the integration of motivational interviewing with cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of depression.

Abstract Unipolar depression is one of the most disabling and costly medical illnesses in the world (Lancet Global Mental Health Group et al., 2007; Moussavi et al., 2007). Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a widely studied and taught psychotherapeutic treatment for depression, is among the recommended evidence-based treatments. Although CBT and other treatments are largely effective, many depressed individuals do not fully respond to treatment, leaving them vulnerable for relapse and poor outcomes over the lifespan. This article explores the integration of Motivational Interviewing (MI) as one possible strategy of enhancing CBT outcomes. MI provides an evidence-based approach to addressing motivation for treatment and emphasizing key therapist-client interactional factors that have been linked to clinical outcomes. As such, it may be synergistic with specific aspects of CBT, such as enhancing therapeutic alliance, motivation, and specifically addressing ambivalence/resistance affecting treatment engagement, retention and adherence to various aspects of the treatment (such as homework). For clinicians learning CBT, MI may also provide a specified model for learning basic psychotherapeutic skills such as empathy, collaboration, and client-centered active listening. Given the urgency of improving the potency of depression treatments, the extent to which the blending of a MI with CBT will improve the overall effectiveness is worthy of clinical research.
Food intake in Taipei school children: Comparison of nutrient intake with the nutrient intake of California school children

Abstract A dietary survey of 5th‐, 8th‐, and 11th‐grade Taipeil school children was conducted. From the 1,229 questionnaires and 274 interviews completed, mean intakes for eight different nutrients were calculated by sex and grade and compared to the results of a previous dietary survey of California school children. Taipei children consumed low levels (below the RDA for the US) of vitamin A, riboflavin and calcium compared to California children whereas California children generally consumed less iron than their Taipei counterparts. Recommendations for improving the nutritional status of Taipei children include increasing milk consumption by the expansion of milk subsidy programs and the widespread use of nutrition education programs for children and adults.
The influence of varied amide bond positions on hydraphile ion channel activity

Hydraphile compounds have been prepared in which certain amine nitrogens have been replaced by amide residues. The amide bonds are present either in the side chain, the spacer chain, or the central relay. Sodium cation transport through phospholipid vesicles mediated by each hydraphile was assessed. All of the amide-containing hydraphiles showed increased levels of Na+ transport compared to the parent compound, but the most dramatic rate increase was observed for sidearm amine to amide replacement. We attribute this enhancement to stabilization of the sidearm in the bilayer to achieve a better conformation for ion conduction. Biological studies of the amide hydraphiles with Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis showed significant toxicity only with the latter. Further, the consistency between the efficacies of ion transport and toxicity previously observed for non-amidic hydraphiles was not in evidence.
Bovine NK and LAK susceptibility is independent of class I expression on B lymphoblastoid variants

Abstract Numerous tumors express low or no class I molecules, resulting in their avoidance of recognition and destruction by different effector cells of the immune system. Using a parent and two MHC class I mutant cell lines, we have tested the role of MHC class I molecules in natural killer (NK) cells, lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Both class I expressing parent cells and class I loss mutants were insensitive to NK cell lysis as assayed, regardless of the amount of class I molecules on the target cell surface. However, LAK cells demonstrated higher cytolysis on these target cells than NK cells, suggesting different mechanisms of target cell recognition or different levels of lytic activity by these two effector cell populations. Up-regulation of class I expression on the target surface by gamma interferon (γ-IFN) had little influence on NK and LAK susceptibility, indicating there was no correlation between class I expression and bovine NK or LAK cytolysis. However, allogeneic CTLs mediated a lytic pattern distinct from NK and LAK cells, in which target sensitivity to allogeneic CTLs correlated with the amount of class I molecules expressed on the cell surface. Additionally, effector-target cell conjugation studies demonstrated that target class I expression was not involved in NK and LAK cells binding to targets. These results demonstrate that NK and LAK cytolysis of these two class I mutant cell lines is independent of the amount of class I molecules expressed on the target cell surface.
Gradient corrections to the exchange-correlation free energy

We develop the first-order gradient correction to the exchange-correlation free energy of the homogeneous electron gas for use in finite-temperature density functional calculations. Based on this, we propose and implement a simple temperature-dependent extension for functionals beyond the local density approximation. These finite-temperature functionals show improvement over zero-temperature functionals, as compared to path-integral Monte Carlo calculations for deuterium equations of state, and perform without computational cost increase compared to zero-temperature functionals and so should be used for finite-temperature calculations. Furthermore, while the present functionals are valid at all temperatures including zero, non-negligible difference with zero-temperature functionals begins at temperatures above 10 000 K.