cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tunable aqueous virtual micropore.

A charged microparticle can be trapped in an aqueous environment by forming a narrow virtual pore—a cylindrical space region in which the particle motion in the radial direction is limited by forces emerging from dynamical interactions of the particle charge and dipole moment with an external radiofrequency quadrupole electric field. If the particle satisfies the trap stability criteria, its mean motion is reduced exponentially with time due to the viscosity of the aqueous environment; thereafter the long-time motion of particle is subject only to random, Brownian fluctuations, whose magnitude, influenced by the electrophoretic and dielectrophoretic effects and added to the particle size, determines the radius of the virtual pore, which is demonstrated by comparison of computer simulations and experiment. The measured size of the virtual nanopore could be utilized to estimate the charge of a trapped micro-object.
Creating strategies to deal with problems of teaching controversial issues in social studies education in African schools

The teaching of controversial issues has been widely viewed as preparing students for effective citizenship and, as such, is regarded as inevitable in social studies classrooms if students are to be able to think intelligently and to participate effectively in society. However, the effective implementation of issue‐centered education in African schools, particularly in the area of social studies, is replete with problems. This paper examines those problems and concludes with some suggestions as to how controversial issues could be handled in our classrooms.
A preliminary examination of some effects of cocaine on within-session patterns of responding

Two experiments examined within-session changes in operant responding when cocaine or cocaine plus food served as the reinforcer. In Experiment 1, male rats self-administered intravenous cocaine according to several fixed interval schedules. The within-session patterns of responding differed for the different schedules early in the session, but they converged by 50 minutes into the session. Because this convergence occurred regardless of the amount of cocaine consumed, it questions the response-stereotypy and dopamine-loading explanations for within-session changes in responding for cocaine reinforcers. In Experiment 2, rats responded for sweetened condensed milk during baseline sessions. During experimental sessions, responding produced cocaine in addition to the condensed milk. The addition of cocaine altered the pattern of responding during the early (first 15 minutes), but not the later (last 45 minutes), parts of the session. These results suggest that different factors produce the early-session increases and late-session decreases in responding. They are also consistent with the idea that the early-session changes in responding represent changes in'arousal'.
Some global aspects of compact space-times

On demontre que la non-existence de sections spatiales compactes et la totalite de la violation de la causalite sont des caracteristiques d'un espace temps compact qui obeit a la condition de courbure
Neurobiology of insight deficits in schizophrenia: An fMRI study

Abstract Prior research has shown insight deficits in schizophrenia to be associated with specific neuroimaging changes (primarily structural) especially in the prefrontal sub-regions. However, little is known about the functional correlates of impaired insight. Seventeen patients with schizophrenia (mean age 40.0 ± 10.3; M/F = 14/3) underwent fMRI on a Philips 3.0 T Achieva system while performing on a self-awareness task containing self- vs. other-directed sentence stimuli. SPM5 was used to process the imaging data. Preprocessing consisted of realignment, coregistration, and normalization, and smoothing. A regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between brain activation in response to self-directed versus other-directed sentence stimuli and average scores on behavioral measures of awareness of symptoms and attribution of symptoms to the illness from Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorders. Family Wise Error correction was employed in the fMRI analysis. Average scores on awareness of symptoms (1 = aware; 5 = unaware) were associated with activation of multiple brain regions, including prefrontal, parietal and limbic areas as well as basal ganglia. However, average scores on correct attribution of symptoms (1 = attribute; 5 = misattribute) were associated with relatively more localized activation of prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. These findings suggest that unawareness and misattribution of symptoms may have different neurobiological basis in schizophrenia. While symptom unawareness may be a function of a more complex brain network, symptom misattribution may be mediated by specific brain regions.
Investigating the influence of RePART in ensemble systems designed by boosting

This paper presents an investigation of the influence of the RePART (Reward and Punishment ARTmap) neural network in structures of ensembles designed by three variants of boosting: Aggressive, Conservative and Inverse Boosting. In this investigation, it is aimed to analyze whether the use of this model is positive for ARTMAP-based ensembles. In addition, it aims to define which boosting strategy is the most suitable to be used in ARTMAP-based ensembles.
FDTD Modeling of Biological Tissues Cole–Cole Dispersion for 0.5–30 GHz Using Relaxation Time Distribution Samples—Novel and Improved Implementations

In this paper, novel finite-difference time-domain implementations of the Cole-Cole dispersion model for biological tissues, from 0.5 to 30 GHz, based on the sampling of the distribution of relaxation time, and the convolution integral formulation, are provided and verified. Moreover, shortcomings of the original relaxation time sampling implementation, with polarization formulation, were identified, and the improved polarization implementation is provided as well. These implementations are compared with the implementation utilizing the fractional derivative formulation. All compared implementations require storing the electric field and some related auxiliary quantities for only the previous time step. It is observed that, for a single-term Cole-Cole relation, relaxation time sampling implementations can provide accuracy, storage requirement, and simulation time comparable to the ones for the fractional derivative implementation. However, the latter does not exist for the more general multiterm Cole-Cole dispersion relation, for which the implementations based on the relaxation time sampling could be easily extended to.
Characterization of field-aged nonceramic insulators

Condition assessment of nonceramic insulators is complicated. Unless there is a large-scale deterioration that can be visually observed, it is difficult to predict the extent of aging or degradation. In this paper, a novel technique using lasers has been proposed to quantify aging in the housing materials that do not exhibit visible degradation. As the laser is a constant energy source, it provides a means for estimating remaining life.
Separate pathways for synapse-specific and electrical activity-dependent gene expression in skeletal muscle

Signaling between nerve and muscle is mediated by multiple mechanisms, including two transcriptional pathways. Signals provided by the nerve terminal activate transcription of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) genes in myofiber nuclei near the synaptic site, and signals associated with myofiber electrical activity inactivate AChR gene expression throughout the myofiber. These opposing effects of innervation are conferred by 1.8 kb of 5′ flanking DNA from the AChR delta subunit gene. These results raise the possibility that synapse-specific and electrical activity-dependent gene expression are mediated by the same DNA sequence and that activation and repression are determined by differential regulation of the same DNA binding protein. We produced transgenic mice carrying AChR delta subunit-hGH gene fusions, and we show here that a binding site (E-box) for myogenic basic helix-loop-helix proteins is required for electrical activity-dependent but not for synapse-specific gene expression of the delta subunit gene. These results indicate that a change in the expression or activity of an E-box binding protein(s) mediates electrical activity-dependent gene regulation and that synapse-specific and electrical activity-dependent gene expression require different DNA sequences. Moreover, we show here that the cis-acting elements for both aspects of innervation-dependent gene regulation are contained in 181 bp of 5′ flanking DNA from the AChR delta subunit gene.
Color of Money as Compared to Color of Principals: An Assessment of Pay for Male Elementary School Principals Varying in Surname (Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic).

Background: Pay is an important human resource function that has attracted considerable interest within the professional literature and this study addresses pay discrimination. Purpose(s): To address pay for a particular protected group unaddressed in existing literature (Hispanic-surnamed principals). Setting: The setting for this study is public school districts located in the state of California. Subjects: All-male public school elementary principals served as potential participants. Interventions: Different models for pay discrimination are explored in this study. Research Design: A randomized group design involving a single independent variable (surname of principals) is used in this study. Data Collection: Within this study, data are obtained from an archival source and through self-reported measures. Findings: A regression analysis indicates that pay discrimination is a multifaceted concept that must consider not only protected status of individuals along with traditional control variables (organizational and human capital endowments) but the interaction of these effects on pay outcomes when assessing pay discrimination. Conclusions: By examining pay from a main effect as well as from an interaction effect, a new definition for pay discrimination is provided, and specific methodological advancements are suggested.
What your firm should know about identity theft

Identity theft is the fastest-growing crime in the United States. Many articles discuss steps individuals can take to minimize the risk of identity theft, but few realize the devastating effects this crime can have on businesses. Many firms may not even recognize the huge liability of not controlling information risks. The authors provide detailed advice on how to recognize, manage, and control those risks—so your firm doesn't become another victim. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficacy of noviflumuron gel bait for control of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)—laboratory studies

The insecticidal activity of a cockroach gel bait containing a chitin synthesis inhibitor, noviflumuron, was evaluated using laboratory and field strains of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). Noviflumuron gel bait (0.01–5 mg g−1) caused ≥90% nymphal mortality to laboratory and field strains of B. germanica in choice tests after 11 and 19 days of continuous exposure respectively. In 1 m × 1 m bioassay arenas, laboratory strain B. germanica population levels exposed to 5 mg g−1 noviflumuron bait or 0.1 mg g−1 fipronil gel bait were significantly lower than untreated population levels after 3 weeks and 1 week of exposure respectively. Various noviflumuron bait exposure periods (2, 4 and 7 weeks) caused similar population reductions, with a mean of 99.3 (± 0.3)% at 7 weeks. Fipronil gel bait caused 100% population reduction at 2 weeks post-exposure. The control population increased 89.0% at 7 weeks. In a simulated kitchen experiment with mixed stage laboratory populations, cockroach trap catches decreased 96.8 (± 2.0)% at 8 weeks in the 0.5 mg g−1 noviflumuron bait treatment. The trap catches in the control increased 506.5 (± 493.7)% during the same period. Trap catch reduction by 0.1 mg g−1 fipronil gel bait reached 100% at 4 weeks. Noviflumuron bait caused significantly lower nymph/total ratios to B. germanica populations in bioassay arenas from 2 weeks after exposure, demonstrating its effectiveness as a control agent for B. germanica with a pattern of activity similar to that expected from a chitin synthesis inhibitor. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Cyclopes didactylus (Pilosa: Cyclopedidae)

Cyclopes didactylus (Linnaeus, 1758) is a small, arboreal anteater commonly called the silky anteater. This nocturnal denizen of diverse forests has a disjunct range with a western population from Central America into South America and an eastern population in the Atlantic rain forest of Brazil. The main population of C. didactylus is listed as “Least Concern” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, but habitat loss and sugarcane production threatens its habitat in the Atlantic rain forest.
Inflammatory hypertrophic cauda equina following intrathecal neural stem cell injection

Introduction: Potential benefit from stem cell treatments has more patients seeking treatment without understanding possible risks. Methods: We describe a woman who presented with progressive bilateral leg pain, numbness, and gait difficulties. A prior stroke, macular degeneration, osteoarthritis, and depression, led her to receive intrathecal neural stem cell therapy overseas 1 year before onset of symptoms. Results: Imaging showed marked enlargement of lumbosacral roots of the cauda equina, which was not seen before stem cell treatment. Electrodiagnostic studies confirmed chronic multiple lumbosacral radiculopathies. Biopsy of a lumbar dorsal sensory root showed myelinated fiber degeneration and loss, with endoneurial inflammation. The hypertrophic inflammatory cauda equina syndrome was potentially triggered by the prior intrathecal neural stem cell injection. Conclusions: Safety of intrathecal stem cell treatments is not routinely regulated in overseas stem cell facilities. We wish to bring this potential complication to the attention of health care providers. Muscle Nerve 48:831–835, 2013
Biobanking and pharmacogenomics

The study of genetic determinants underlying drug outcome is rapidly advancing. Initial success was realized within the context of candidate pharmacokinetic genes and serious adverse drug reactions, particularly for drugs with narrow therapeutic indices. Although genetic predictors of outcome have proven useful in other contexts, effect size has typically been small. To address these challenges, the clinical and scientific communities have begun studying larger numbers of gene variants (often at the genome-wide level) in cohorts of increasing sample size. Electronic health records are being increasingly used for this purpose. Longitudinal data available in practice-based datasets will position investigators to characterize genetic factors with small but reproducible effects on drug outcome in the context of gene–environment interactions.
Emerging gram-negative antibiotic resistance: daunting challenges, declining sensitivities, and dire consequences.

Emerging antibiotic resistance has created a major public health dilemma, compounded by a dearth of new antibiotic options. Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative organisms have received less attention than Gram-positive threats, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, but are just as menacing. Pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii employ a variety of resistance mechanisms and are associated with dangerous nosocomial outbreaks. In some cases these pathogens have expressed resistance to all clinically available compounds. The emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing organisms in the community has raised alarm. Furthermore, the carbapenems, currently the most successful class of antibiotics, are showing signs of vulnerability. While the search for new antibiotic options continues, there is urgent need to employ strategies that will slow the development of resistance to the current armamentarium, such as avoiding prolonged antibiotic use or under-dosing, using pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles to choose dosing regimens, and encouraging early and aggressive empirical therapy, followed by de-escalation and narrowing the antimicrobial spectrum when culture results become available.
Impairment in glomerular filtration rate or glomerular filtration barrier and occurrence of stroke.

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with substantial burden and is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, data on the relationship between CKD and stroke are few and are limited by unreliable or inadequate assessment of renal function. Objective To properly assess the relationship between renal insufficiency and stroke in stroke survivors in the United States by simultaneously examining the effect of guideline-recommended indices of renal disease that measure glomerular filtration rate (creatinine clearance) and glomerular filtration barrier (proteinuria). Design Cross sectional. Setting Nationally representative survey of the United States. Subjects Participants aged 55 or older who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2004. Main Outcome Measures Indices of renal disease that measure glomerular filtration rate (creatinine clearance) and glomerular filtration barrier (microalbuminuria). Results Of 6382 adults who met inclusion criteria, 5624 (88%) had full and complete data, of which 414 (6%) reported having had a stroke. Stroke survivors were older and more likely to have CKD, diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, elevated blood pressure, increased glycohemoglobin concentration, and lower hematocrit compared with respondents who did not report stroke. Multivariate models showed that microalbuminuria (odds ratio, 1.51; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-2.24), decreased glomerular filtration rate (odds ratio, 1.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.28-2.91), and stage 3 CKD (odds ratio, 2.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.38-3.16) were significantly associated with stroke. Conclusion Stroke is independently associated with impairment in structure and function of the glomerulus, which supports the need to consider screening patients with stroke for CKD and to simultaneously assess for both indices of renal disease.
High-precision viscosity measurements

High-precision viscosity measurements at 25°C of aqueous solutions of the alkali chlorides—LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl—have yielded new sets of Jones-Dole coefficients for A (0.0063, 0.0062, 0.0057, 0.0046, and 0.0062, respectively) and B (+0.1400, +0.0802, −0.0147, −0.0360, and −0.0511, respectively) based on the standard equation ηr = ηηo = 1 + AC12 + B · C. With the apparent exception of LiCl, systematic deviations from the Jones-Dole “limiting law” behavior have been observed for all the salts investigated. It appears that the anomalies are introduced by some spurious effect, most likely caused by structurally modified layers of solution, with different viscosities, at the glass (viscometer)/solution interface.
Military deployments and children's academic achievement: Evidence from Department of Defense Education Activity Schools

Abstract Household disruptions – such as divorce, relocation, and parental absence – have long concerned researchers interested in the educational attainment of children. Here, we consider a plausible source of exogenous variation in work-related parental absences—military deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan in the 2002–2005 period. Combining the standardized test scores of children enrolled in Defense Department schools with their military parent's personnel data, we evaluate the effect of a soldier's deployment on the academic achievement of his or her children. We find that deployments have modest adverse effects in most academic subjects, with lengthy deployments and deployments during the month of testing associated with the largest detrimental effects. Evidence also suggests that these adverse effects may persist for several years.
Practical forward secure group signature schemes

A group signature scheme allows a group member to sign messages anonymously on behalf of the group, while in case of a dispute, a designated entity can reveal the identity of a signature's originator. Group signature schemes can be used as a basic building block for many security applications such as electronic banking systems and electronic voting. Two important issues -- forward security and efficient revocation -- have not been addressed by prior schemes. We construct the first forward-secure group signature schemes. While satisfying all the security properties proposed in previous group signature schemes, our schemes provide a new desired security property, forward-security: while the group public key stays fixed, a group signing key of a group member evolves over time such that compromise of a group signing key of the current time period does not enable an attacker to forge group signatures pertaining to the past time periods. Such forward-security is important to mitigate the damage caused by key exposure and particularly desirable for group signature schemes because the risk of signing key exposure escalates as the size of the group increases. Our schemes are provably secure in the random oracle model and under the strong RSA and decisional Diffie Hellman assumptions.Furthermore, we extend our forward-secure group signature scheme to provide a solution for the problem of group member exclusion without the need to re-key all other group members. When a group member is excluded, he should not be able to generate valid signatures any more and yet his previous signatures remain anonymous. We provide the first solutions which support both retroactive public revocation and backward unlinkability and the signature size is independent of the number of revoked members.
Abstract 117: Telemonitoring in a Low Income African American Population with Congestive Heart Failure: A Pilot Project

Background: Telemonitoring (TM) reduces hospital readmissions & mortality in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). The role of TM in low-income African American (AA) populations is not known. Aim: To determine the feasibility of using TM in a low-income AA population & measure patient satisfaction with TM. Methods: We conducted a prospective study of 15 patients with CHF & reduced ejection fraction (EF < 45%) randomly selected from a Cleveland Clinic outpatient clinic serving a low-income AA population. Each patient received a tablet monitor (Healthcare Access Tablet, BL Healthcare, Inc.), blood pressure (BP) machine, weight scale & pulse oximeter. The TM system was used to remind patients to take their medications & to measure & transmit the patients’ vital signs information to a secure website. The information was assessed daily by a nurse to identify abnormal parameters. Abnormal parameters were defined as BP equal to or greater than 140/90 mm of Hg, heart rate equal to or greater than 100 bpm, weight gain of more than 2 lbs/day & oxygen saturation less than 90%. Patients & their physicians were contacted following a pre-defined algorithm in case of absent readings or abnormal parameters. At the end of the 28-day study period patients were surveyed about their satisfaction with the TM. Results: The average age was 65 years & 80% of participants were male. They had multiple chronic medical conditions (8.6±3.6) & were taking multiple medications (10.6±2.4). Of the 15 patients, 13 were monitored during the study period (one could not be contacted & one had a defective TM system). BP with heart rate, weight, & pulse oximetry were recorded on 73.7±26.3%, 62.5±32.7%, & 51.5±30.9% of the study days, respectively. Twelve patients completed the survey & reported that the TM system was extremely easy 75% (n=9) or easy 25% (n=3) to use (Figure 1). All expressed interest in continuing to use the TM & 11 thought that the close monitoring improved the compliance to medical therapy (Figure 1). Conclusion: Using TM in a low-income AA population with CHF is feasible & associated with high patient satisfaction. TM may identify abnormal vital signs & increase patient’s compliance to medical therapy. Whether TM is a cost effective tool to improve clinical outcomes in low-income African American patients with CHF needs to be proven in larger studies. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Abstract TP243: IMPACT: Influence of Multiple Process of care Assessment times on Cerebral ischemia Treatment and outcomes

Background: Get With the Guidelines (GWTG) emphasizes a focus on process of care times in the acute stroke evaluation to optimize door to needle time. We looked at acute process of care time points to evaluate individual impact on time to treatment and 90 day outcome. Methods: The UCSD SPOTRIAS prospectively collected database was analyzed for patients seen in acute stroke code, excluding inpatient codes. Multivariable regression models using an independent variable of 90 day mRS were used. Groups were defined as ≤/ > GWTG time points: arrival to stroke code 10 minutes, arrival to neurologic exam 15 minutes, arrival to imaging 25 minutes, and arrival to lab results 45 minutes. Models were adjusted for pre-specified covariates: pre-stroke mRS, age, gender, smoking, baseline NIHSS and glucose, and IV tPA. Results: We analyzed 2903 patients- 481 treated with IV tPA, and 1023 with 90 day outcomes. All timeline goals led to significantly shorter arrival to decision times (all p Conclusions: Time to decision and treatment were significantly shorter when the Get With the Guidelines timeline was followed. This reinforces that each aspect of the acute stroke evaluation must be efficient to expedite time to treatment. No difference was seen in 90 day outcome despite an expedited acute evaluation, emphasizing the importance of symptom onset to treatment time, and especially onset to arrival time, as integral to patient outcome. Further analyses focusing solely on the acute ischemic stroke subset, particularly those arriving within the tPA treatment window, are ongoing.
Impact of Cold Ischemia Time on Outcomes of Liver Transplantation: A Single Center Experience

Background Significant geographic disparities exist in access to liver transplantation and consequently the current liver allocation system is being challenged. We sought to describe our unique experience with using organs with long cold ischemia times from the largest donation service area. Material and methods From 2009-2014 we performed 350 liver transplants. 167 (48%) had a cold ischemia time Results Early allograft dysfunction was observed more commonly with increasing cold ischemia times. 53% of the recipients in the >12 h group had early allograft dysfunction compared to 28% in the 8-12 h group, and 18% in the 12 h cold ischemia time groups, respectively. One-year patient survival was 95%, 94%, and 92% and five-year patient survival was 90%, 89%, and 83% in the 12 h cold ischemia time groups, respectively. Both unadjusted and multivariate Cox regression analyses indicated no statistically significant associations between cold ischemia time and graft or patient survival. Conclusions In conclusion, the prolonged cold ischemia time led to early allograft dysfunction but did not have a deleterious association with graft or patient survival.
Alkene Distortion Energies and Torsional Effects Control Reactivities, and Stereoselectivities of Azide Cycloadditions to Norbornene and Substituted Norbornenes

The transition structures for 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of phenyl azide to norbornene derivatives were located with quantum mechanical methods. Calculations were carried out with M06-2X/6-311G(d,p) and SCS-MP2/6-311G(d,p)//M06-2X/6-311G(d,p) methods. The calculated activation barriers strongly correlate with transition state distortion energies (ΔEd⧧) but not with the reaction energies. Strain-promoted reactions are accelerated because it is easy to distort the strained reactants to a pyramidalized transition state geometry; a correlation of cycloaddition rates with substrate distortion was found for the bicyclic and tricyclic alkenes studied here. The stereoselectivities of reactions of norbornene derivatives are controlled primarily by torsional effects that also influence alkene pyramidalization. These reactions are distortion-accelerated.
Enhancement of Bistability in Spinal Motoneurons In Vivo by the Noradrenergic α1 Agonist Methoxamine

Enhancement of bistability in spinal motoneurons in vivo by the noradrenergic α1 agonist methoxamine. Like many types of motoneurons, spinal motoneurons in the adult mammal can exhibit bistable beh...
Cryoprecipitate Coagulum as an Adjunct to Surgery for Diverticula of the Female Urethra

Abstract Cryoprecipitate was combined with thrombin and calcium chloride to form a coagulum that was injected into a complex urethral diverticulum to aid in its dissection. The technique is easy, safe and relatively inexpensive, and can expedite surgery.
Real-time intelligent control and cascading failure prevention in microgrid systems based on neural network algorithm: an experimental approach

This paper presents an intelligent control method based on artificial neural network (ANN) to prevent cascading failures and blackout in microgrid systems after N1 contingency condition. Microgrids have low inertia as compared to the utility power grids which makes their control very challenging. The main contribution of this work is to utilise the machine learning structure of ANN to prevent blackout and make microgrids more reliable and resilient. This method is able to relieve the congestion on lines by adaptive power re-dispatch to prevent consecutive line outages. The proposed ANN control approach is tested on an experimental test system. Experimental results show that the ANN approach provided accurate and robust control and management of the microgrid system by preventing a total system collapse. The technique is compared to a heuristic multi-agent system (MAS) approach based on communication interchanges. The ANN showed a faster and better response than the MAS.
Vascular Myointimal Proliferation

Vascular myointimal hyperplasia is a response to injury. The initial injury can be caused by different factors, such as radiation, viral infections, development of immune complexes, and hyperlipidemia. Vascular injuries may also be caused by invasive procedures, such as percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, organ transplantation and vascular bypass surgery. It is thought that injury to the endothelium allows platelets and leukocytes to adhere to the underlying internal elastic lamina and smooth muscle and promote the release of mitogenic and chemo-attractant factors, such as platelet derived growth factors, thromboglobulin, and others. The injury may allow monocytes and leukocytes to pass into the vascular wall. Monocytes also release platelet derived growth factor and other growth factors, such as tumor necrosis factor, and probably fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and insulin-like growth factor. The leukocytes which adhere to the injured endothelium also release powerful chemo-attracting factors like leukotriene B4, as well as oxygen free radicals which, in turn, lead to release of growth factors. A great deal of basic research and clinical effort is now focused on inhibiting growth factor expression and chemo-attractants released during vascular injury which all are factors leading to myointimal proliferation. This effort is directed to the unacceptably high restenosis rate (>30%) following coronary angioplasty and organ transplantation, as well as the stenosis present in coronary and peripheral atherosclerosis.
Clinical Signs of Brain Injury in Infants

The predictive and diagnostic value of clinical signs of intracranial injury (ICI) in head-injured infants was studied at Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
Pharmacologic treatments for opioid dependence: detoxification and maintenance options.

While opioid dependence has more treatment agents available than other abused drugs, none are curative. They can, however, markedly diminish withdrawal symptoms and craving, and block opioid effects due to lapses. The most effective withdrawal method is substituting and tapering methadone or buprenorphine, α-2 Adrenergic agents can ameliorate untreated symptoms or substitute for agonists if not available. Shortening withdrawal by precipitating it with narcotic antagonists has been studied, but the methods are plagued by safety issues or persisting symptoms. Neither the withdrawal agents nor the methods are associated with better long-term outcome, which appears mostly related to post-detoxification treatment. Excluding those with short-term habits, the best outcome occurs with long-term maintenance on methadone or buprenorphine accompanied by appropriate psychosocial interventions. Those with strong external motivation may do well on the antagonist naltrexone. Currently, optimum duration of maintenance on either is unclear. Better agents are needed to impact the brain changes related to addiction.
Altitude Optimization of Airborne Wind Energy Systems via Switched Extremum Seeking—Design, Analysis, and Economic Assessment

This paper applies a Lyapunov-based switched extremum seeking (LSES) control algorithm to the application of altitude optimization of airborne wind energy systems. We perform an economic analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of the control scheme. Finding the altitude with the highest energy yield requires energy to be consumed in the search for this optimal altitude. The simultaneous desires to optimize altitude and minimize control energy consumption are balanced in this paper through a variant of ES control, where the periodic perturbation signal is reduced when convergence upon an optimal altitude is detected. The signal is reinstated when the wind speed begins to deviate from its instantaneous optimal value. Because the wind shear profile (wind speed versus altitude) is subject to continual variations, this application represents a challenging case study in LSES control. Using real wind shear data acquired over a 25-day period, the results presented in this paper show that the LSES controller is successful in significantly increasing the net energy production over fixed-altitude and standard ES strategies. The economic advantage of the approach is illustrated through a comparison of achievable wind energy penetration with and without LSES-based altitude optimization in place, using real load demand data.
An integrated approach to control glyphosate-resistant Ambrosia trifida with tillage and herbicides in glyphosate-resistant maize.

Summary Glyphosate-resistant Ambrosia trifida is a competitive and difficult-to-control annual broad-leaved weed in several agronomic crops in the Midwestern United States and Ontario, Canada. The objectives of this study were to compare treatments for control of glyphosate-resistant A. trifida with tillage followed by pre-emergence (PRE) and/or post-emergence (POST) herbicides in glyphosate-resistant maize and to determine the impact of A. trifida escapes on maize yield. Field experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 in grower fields infested with glyphosate-resistant A. trifida. Tillage prior to maize sowing resulted in 80–85% control compared with no tillage. Tillage followed by PRE application of saflufenacil plus dimethenamid-P with or without atrazine resulted in 99% control compared with ≤86 and 96% control with PRE herbicides alone at 7 and 21 days after application respectively. Tillage or POST-only herbicides resulted in 4–14 A. trifida plants m−2, whereas a PRE and POST programme had <3 plants m−2. Maize yield was greatest (13.1–14.2 tonnes ha−1) with tillage followed by PRE and POST herbicide programme. The relationship between maize yield and late-season density of A. trifida escapes showed a 50% maize yield reduction irrespective of control measures when A. trifida density was 8.4 plants m−2. It was concluded that the combination of tillage with PRE and/or POST herbicides reduced A. trifida density and biomass accumulation early in the season and provided an integrated approach for effective management.
Abstract 2587: VCF2CNA: a tool for efficiently detecting copy number alteration using VCF genotype data

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is increasingly used in both research and clinical settings. The Variant Call Format (VCF) specification is a widely adopted file format for genetic variation data exchange partially due to its smaller file size compared to raw WGS BAMs. Each variant in a typical VCF file contains its chromosome position, reference/alternative alleles and corresponding allele counts. This makes it possible to identify copy number alterations (CNAs). To this end, we developed VCF2CNA (http://vcf2cna.stjude.org), a web interface tool for CNA analysis from VCF files. A user of VCF2CNA, uploads a VCF file via the provided web interface. The entire analysis runs remotely with an average run time of 23 minutes. Results are emailed to the user as either a downloadable link or file attachments. VCF2CNA also accepts input in the Mutation Annotation Format (MAF) and the variant file format produced by the Bambino program. We analyzed 22 TCGA glioblastoma tumor/normal pairs by Illumina technology to evaluate VCF2CNA’s performance. It achieved high consistency (average F1-score: 0.952 ± 0.082) with CONSERTING, a tool that incorporated read-depth and SV data from raw BAMs for CNA detection. A segment-by-segment comparison between results from CONSERTING and VCF2CNA indicated that the latter was less sensitive to focal CNAs. This is expected because there is less information in the VCF input than in raw BAMs. Further analysis using samples with a “fractured genome” pattern revealed that VCF2CNA was more robust to library artifacts and produced relatively clean CNA profiles (on average 76.2-fold reduction compared to the number of segments reported by CONSERTING). Finally, we analyzed 137 pediatric neuroblastoma samples from the TARGET project, sequenced by Complete Genomics, Inc. (CGI) technology. MYCN amplification has been clinically validated in 33 samples. VCF2CNA identified high amplitude MYCN gains in 32 samples and the remaining sample carried a low-level broad gain covering MYCN. For comparison, CGI’s HMM-based method reported MYCN gains in only 15 out of the 33 samples. VCF2CNA further identified two additional MYCN amplifications among the remaining samples. Collectively, our analysis suggests that VCF2CNA is a platform-independent, efficient, robust and accurate tool for general WGS-based CNA analysis. It further complements CONSERTING, which produces more accurate result in focal CNAs at the cost of significantly higher computational burden. Citation Format: Daniel K. Putnam, Xiaotu Ma, Stephen V. Rice, Yu Liu, Jinghui Zhang, Xiang Chen. VCF2CNA: a tool for efficiently detecting copy number alteration using VCF genotype data [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2587. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2587
On Destroying the Mind: The Yogasūtras in Vidyāranya's Jīvanmuktiviveka

Cet article etudie le Jīvanmuktiviveka (JMV), ouvrage syncretique du XIVe siecle de Vidyāranya qui souligne la nature de la liberation vivante et enseigne le chemin de la liberation en combinant connaissance de la non dualite, pratique du yoga et renonciation. Le JMV fait constamment reference au yoga comme a une discipline qui calme l'esprit, mais le point de vue de Vidyāranya sur le yoga differe de celui de Patanjali dans ses Yogasūtras (YS). Le but de l'article est d'examiner l'emploi et la comprehension des YS de Patanjali dans le JMV. L'A. montre que, malgre son syncretisme, Vidyāranya est avant tout un adepte de Advaita Vedānta et qu'il a plus emprunte au Laghu-Yogavāsistha et a la Bhagavad-Gītā qu'a Patanjali.
Sol-gel methyl coating in capillary microextraction hyphenated on-line with high-performance liquid chromatography Counterintuitive extraction behavior for polar analytes.

Abstract A sol–gel coating with anchored methyl groups was developed for capillary microextraction hyphenated on-line with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This was accomplished by using methyltrimethoxysilane as the sol–gel precursor. The methyl group on the sol–gel precursor ultimately turned into a pendant group on the created sol–gel coating and was primarily responsible for the extraction of nonpolar analytes. A 40-cm segment of 0.25 mm I.D. fused silica capillary containing the sol–gel methyl coating on the inner surface was installed as a sampling loop in an HPLC injection port. The analytes were extracted by the coating when an aqueous sample containing the analytes was passed through this capillary. The extracted analytes were then transferred to the HPLC column using isocratic elution with an acetonitrile/water mobile phase. This capillary demonstrated excellent extraction capability for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and ketones. Unexpectedly, this coating also provided good extraction for polar analytes, including aromatic phenols, alcohols, and amines. Considering the fact that the methyl group is nonpolar in nature, such an extraction behavior of sol–gel methyl coating toward polar analytes is counterintuitive. Thus, sol–gel sorbents with short alkyl side chains have the potential to offer a polymer-free alternative to traditional sol–gel capillary microextraction (CME) media commonly prepared with the use of polymers in the sol solution. Elimination of polymers from the sol–gel coating solution is conducive to improving thermal stability and solvent tolerance of the created sol–gel extracting phase. This also makes the preparation of sol–gel coatings facile and cost-effective. Possessing excellent solvent stability, such sol–gel coatings offer the opportunity for effective on-line hyphenation of capillary microextraction with HPLC and other liquid-phase separation techniques that employ organo-aqueous mobile phases.
The System La2-xSrxCuO4

A complex phase diagram for the strontium-doped 214 lanthanum-copper-oxide superconductive system is systematically developed and interpreted. It is argued that below 300 K the superconductive phase is thermodynamically distinguishable from both the antiferromagnetic parent compound and the overdoped metallic phase. The mobile holes introduced by oxidation of the copper-oxide sheets form unconventional polarons characterized by covalent bonding within a polaron and ionic bonding without; molecular-orbital (MO) states inside a polaron are coupled vibronically to localized copper states without. Below 300 K, the polaron gas is unstable relative to the formation of a distinguishable normal state consisting of coupled polarons having extended vibronic states with a Fermi surface near the locus predicted by band theory, but with a band splitting at the half-band position.
Halide exchange and surface modification of metal halide perovskite nanocrystals with alkyltrichlorosilanes.

Metal halide perovskite nanocrystals have recently emerged as promising materials for light emitting displays and lasing applications due to their narrow emission wavelengths, high photoluminescence quantum yields, and readily adjustable emission wavelengths. For these metal halide perovskite nanocrystals to be useful in commercial applications, their stability must be increased and the photoluminescence quantum yields of the iodide (red emitting) and chloride (blue emitting) containing derivatives must also be increased. The photoluminescence quantum yields of blue emitting CsPbCl3 nanoparticles lag behind those of green emitting CsPbBr3 nanoparticles, with maximum photoluminescence quantum yields of 1–10% previously reported for CsPbCl3 as compared to 80–100% for CsPbBr3. Herein, we show that alkyltrichlorosilanes (R-SiCl3) can be used as Cl-sources for rapid anion exchange with host CsPbBr3 nanocrystals. This anion exchange reaction is advantageous in that it can be performed at room temperature and results in highly dispersible nanoparticles coated with siloxane shells. CsPbCl3 nanoparticles produced through Cl-exchange with R-SiCl3 show significantly improved long-term stability and high photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 12%. These siloxane coated nanocrystals are even stable in the presence of water, whereas CsPbCl3 nanoparticles synthesized through other routes rapidly degrade in the presence of water.
Court Cases Preceding Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

This chapter highlights the accomplishments and historical significance of Brown v. Board of Education, which was the result of five combined court cases. This chapter summarizes two cases that led to the historic Brown v. Board of Education verdict, as well as offers a critical analysis of the role these court cases had in contributing to the growth and development of education in the African American community.
Protein-Templated Near-Infrared Emitting Fe Nanoclusters Exhibit Superparamagnetism at Room Temperature

Water soluble Fe nanoclusters in the size ranging from 1.4 to 5 nm, exhibiting photoemission in the visible $(\lambda_{\text{em}}=450\ \text{nm})$ and near-infrared region $(\lambda_{\text{em}}=845\ \text{nm})$ have been synthesized with the use of mixed proteins. The protein-templated Fe nanoclusters exhibit superparamagnetism at room temperature, offering potential applications in bio-labeling and imaging.
The Use of Lesson Study to Unpack Learning Trajectories and Deepen Teachers’ Horizon Knowledge

We highlight a learning trajectory-based professional development (PD) routine used during Lesson Study to deepen teachers’ and coaches’ understanding of the development of children’s fraction knowledge through the analysis of student work. One of the key elements in the design of the coach-facilitated Lesson Study was a team of teachers from multiple grade levels who focused on a rich task that engaged all in vertical articulation of the progression of mathematical learning. Using a case study approach, we examine how the intentional introduction of the learning trajectory by the coach/mathematics teacher educator promoted the teachers’ use of the learning trajectory and contributed to the expansion of teachers’ horizon content knowledge, in terms of how they gained knowledge of content of students, teaching, and curriculum. In particular, we highlight the phases of the Lesson Study process, particularly the planning, the live lesson, and the debrief, which focused teachers’ attention on their understanding of the learning trajectories through student work and discussion during the Lesson Study. Teachers used the curriculum standards, pacing guide, and teaching materials along with research-based learning trajectories to negotiate the appropriate conceptual corridor for learning. Teacher’s experimentation with curriculum pacing guides and learning trajectories in Lesson Study not only benefited from the jugyokenkyu, the research “kenkyu” around “jugyo” which means teaching and learning, but also deepened their understanding of how student learning progresses around fraction knowledge.