cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resolving the conflict between new and old: A comparison of New York, California and other state DER proceedings

Abstract Distributed energy resources present opportunities to serve grid and customer need through two-way power flow. New values, methods, and planning are required to efficiently interconnect and utilize DERs. This paper analyzes New York’s and California’s DER proceedings to provide a comparison of the similarities and differences between these and other states that will result in different levels of deployments and valuations of DERs.
Fractal Folding to Develop Highly Expandable Multifunctional Lattice Structures

The properties of traditional materials are primarily determined by their atomic or molecular arrangements, which are typically difficult to modify due to constraints on sub-continuum forces in their material lattice and relatively closely packed microstructure. Engineered metamaterials, however, have been shown to allow properties that significantly expand and outperform those of the universe of existing materials. Lattice materials, whose structure is made up through tessellation of a fundamental geometrical unit cell can be seen as analogs of natural crystals and thus serve as an excellent template for metamaterial development. Abundant free space inside cellular structures make imparting real-time geometrical changes in their underlying structure much easier and since the overall properties of lattice materials are directly linked to the geometry of the underlying unit cell, it becomes possible to herald materials capable of reversible change of properties through physical stimuli. In the present work introduce a new class of lattice materials, where a controlled simultaneous folding of the lattice walls results in a significant size reduction while preserving the overall shape of the original lattice. This reversible folding scheme results in 67 and 50% reduction in size at each level for lattices with triangular and square grid topologies, respectively, while the design enables multiple levels of folding to achieve a desired final size. This high degree of geometrical and micro-structural change can yield a correspondingly wide bracket of mechanical and multifunctional behavior. We also study the elastic properties and the phononic band structure of the lattice at different stages of folding, using analytical and finite element methods. This size-changing concept provides an alternate technique for controlling the underlying topology rapidly and reversibly through simple collapse or expansion of the base lattice. Such dramatic change of size points to potential applications for deployable structures, which can simultaneously benefit from the inherent lightweight and multifunctional characteristics associated with lattice architectures.
Backwards Lasing in Atmospheric Air from Argon

We demonstrate backwards lasing in atmospheric air without the need of molecular dissociation or ionization. Broadband femtosecond three-photon excitation of atmospheric Argon leads to stimulated emission. The air laser can be used for standoff detection.
Guideline: In patients with mild cognitive impairment, the AAN recommends regular exercise and no drugs or supplements

Source Citation Petersen RC, Lopez O, Armstrong MJ, et al. Practice guideline update summary: mild cognitive impairment: report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subco...
The Role of Language in Temporal Cognition in 6- to 10-Year-Old Children

The ability to recognize temporal patterns and position events in time emerges during the preschool years and is refined in middle childhood. This study explored individual differences in temporal ...
Common reducing subspaces of several weighted shifts with operator weights

We characterize common reducing subspaces of several weighted shifts with operator weights. As applications, we study the common reducing subspaces of the multiplication operators by powers of coordinate functions on Hilbert spaces of holomorphic functions in several variables. The identification of reducing subspaces also leads to structure theorems for the commutants of von Neumann algebras generated by these multiplication operators. This general approach applies to weighted Hardy spaces, weighted Bergman spaces, Drury–Arveson spaces and Dirichlet spaces of the unit ball or polydisk uniformly.
A Case-Based Design Aid for Architecture

This paper summarizes the current status of a project to construct a design aiding system for architects. The Archie-II system is an application of case-based reasoning techniques to the task of assisting human designers. The focus on design aiding, the choice of case-based techniques, and the resulting specification of a case browsing system are reviewed and justified in the first section. The balance of the paper then focuses on the ways in which design cases can be carved up for presentation to designers and how the resulting pieces can be indexed and organized so as to make them available at appropriate times in the design process.
From Being to Substance

Meta. iv.2 claims that being is said in many ways, yet all are pros hen, that is, all “are focally related to” one central point (1003a33–34). This central point is substance, and substance is therefore primary being (1003b17–8). Consequently, Aristotle insists that the science of being should be concentrated on the study of substance: “It is of substance that the philosopher must grasp the principles and the causes.” (1003b18)
Characteristics of DNA excision repair in nondividing xeroderma pigmentosum cells, complementation group C.

Most of the cells in the human body are relatively quiescent, entering an active cell division cycle infrequently or in some cases not at all during the life span of an individual. In contrast, most studies of radiation effects and DNA repair mechanisms in human cells are done with cultured cell populations maintained in an active, proliferative state. In response to this contradiction, we have studied cultures of quiescent cells that exhibit the low levels of DNA replicative synthesis and cell division found in human skin. We find that radiation, in particular ultraviolet light (UV;240 to 313 nm) and sunlight, produces changes in the quiescent cells that can be readily observed and quantified. DNA is the principal target for these changes and DNA excision repair can ameliorate them (Kantor, 1986). Studies employing cells that are deficient in DNA excision repair from patients with the genetic disease xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) have been useful in defining the molecular basis for these changes. Here we describe results obtained with XP cells from complementation group C (XP-C) that further extend our understanding of the cellular reaction to UV and of DNA excision repair processes and their significance in human cells.
Point-spread function reconstruction for integral-field spectrograph data

Knowledge of the point spread function (PSF) is critical to many astronomical science cases. However, the PSF can be very difficult to estimate for cases where there are many crowded point sources or for observations of extended objects. Additionally, for adaptive optics observations, the PSF can be very complex with both spatial and temporal variability in the PSF. Integral-field spectroscopy behind adaptive optics is especially challenging because the fields of view are typically too small to sample the halo for even a single PSF. Here, we present a method for semi-empirical PSF reconstruction for integral field spectrographs using a combination of point source observations on a parallel imager, instrumental aberration measurements, and atmospheric turbulence profiles. This work builds upon the PSF reconstruction project AIROPA designed for imaging and extending it to IFU work (AIROPA-IFU). By using empirical calibrators from the parallel imager, which has a much larger field of view, and accounting for anisoplantic effects and instrumental aberrations, we can predict the PSF on the spectrograph. An important aspect is being able to predict the PSF at many different wavelengths based on observations from broad-band imaging. Here, we discuss how science cases such as observations of stars at the Galactic center can benefit from this method. We also establish metrics to quantitatively assess the performance of PSF reconstruction. We show that for bright stars, AIROPA-IFU can produce spectra with signal to noise ratio 50% higher than with simple aperture extraction of a data cube.
Cleft lip and palate: no evidence of linkage to transforming growth factor alpha.

Abstract Recently, an association of a specific transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) haplotype has been reported to occur in patients with nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (CLP) who had a positive family history of the disorder. We tested linkage of CLP to TGFA in 12 multiplex families with clefting. TGFA haplotypes were constructed on the basis of three polymorphic restriction sites. No haplotype was associated with CLP, and discordant inheritance of TGFA haplotypes was observed in a single informative family. The log odds (LOD) score was -2.1 at theta = .05. These findings indicate that CLP and TGFA are not tightly linked in these families.
Early Accountable Care Organization Results in End-of-Life Spending Among Cancer Patients.

Background Spending on cancer patients is substantial and has increased in recent years. Accountable care organizations (ACOs) are arguably the most important national experiment to control health-care spending. How ACOs are managing patients with cancer at the end of life (EOL) is largely unknown. We conducted this study with the objective of determining whether becoming an ACO is associated with subsequent changes in EOL spending or utilization among patients with cancer. Methods Using national Medicare claims from 2011 to 2015, we identified patients who died in 2012 (pre-ACO, n = 12 248) and 2015 (post-ACO, n = 12 248), assigning each decedent to a practice. ACOs were matched to non-ACOs within the same geographic region. We used a difference-in-difference model to examine changes in EOL spending and utilization associated with becoming an ACO in the Medicare Shared Savings Program for beneficiaries with cancer. Results We found that the introduction of ACOs had no meaningful impact on overall EOL spending in cancer patients (change in overall spending in ACOs = -$1687 vs -$1434 in non-ACOs, difference = $253, 95% confidence interval = -$1809 to $1304, P= .75). We found no changes in total patient spending by cancer type examined or by spending categories, including cancer-specific categories of radiation, therapy, and hospice services. Finally, emergency department visits, inpatient hospitalization, intensive care unit admissions, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and hospice use did not meaningfully differ between ACO and non-ACO patients. Conclusions The introduction of ACOs does not appear to have had any meaningful effect on EOL spending or utilization for patients with a cancer diagnosis.
Impact of Grapevine Red Blotch Disease on Grape Composition of Vitis vinifera Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Chardonnay.

Grapevine red blotch disease (GRBD) is a recently recognized viral disease that affects grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.). Currently little is known about its impact on grape composition. This study f...
Continuous path control for optimal wrist singularity avoidance in a serial robot

Abstract In encountering the wrist singularity, certain tasks require (1) limits on joint rates, (2) tool traversal without slowdown and (3) accurate position of tool contact on the work surface. A small tool angle deviation is accepted. Adding three virtual joints to the wrist accomplishes this. One redundant degree-of-freedom (dof) is constrained by assigning equal-and-opposite angles to the 1st and 3rd joints. This makes the angle of the 2nd joint equal to the deviation in orientation. A second dof is constrained by directing the 1st virtual joint angle to minimize the 2nd angle. The 3rd and last redundant dof is constrained by limiting a physical joint rate to a specified ratio with the rate of tool traversal. A method for a high-order power series expansion of the kinematic variables is enhanced to achieve and maintain the minimum tool deviation angle along a continuous displacement path. Controlling a redundant kinematic chain in this manner limits joint rates, even when locating the wrist singularity. Knowing this location allows planning a tool motion satisfying limits on both joint rate and acceleration. This path is optimal in the sense of minimizing the maximum deviation angle along the robot's path.
Birth Rights and Wrongs: How Medical Mix‑Ups Are Remaking Reproduction and the Law (Table of Contents, Foreword, and Preface)

Millions of Americans rely on the likes of birth control, IVF, and genetic testing to make plans as intimate and far-reaching as any they ever make. This is no less than the medicine of miracles. It fills empty cradles, frees families from terrible disease, and empowers them to fashion their lives on their own terms. But every year, thousands of accidents happen: Pharmacists mix up pills. Lab techs misread tests. Obstetricians tell women their healthy fetuses would be stillborn. Political and economic forces conspire against meaningful regulation. And the American legal system treats reproductive negligence less like mischief than misfortune. Some courts insist that thwarted plans are too easy to contrive and too hard to verify. Others wonder why victims didn’t just turn to abortion or adoption instead. Most are unwilling to risk characterizing any child’s birth as a legal injury. So judges throw up their hands, resigned that science has simply outpaced the law. Failed abortions, switched donors, and lost embryos may be first-world problems. But these aren’t innocent lapses or harmless errors. They’re wrongs in need of rights. Birth Rights and Wrongs lifts the curtain on reproductive negligence and gives voice to the many hundreds of lives it upends each year. The book sets forth a new way of thinking and talking about transgressions that leave patients with: (1) no baby, when they undertook reliable efforts to have one; (2) any baby, when they set out to avoid pregnancy and parenthood; and (3) a baby born with different health, sex, and other traits than the ones they’d selected. This novel architecture doesn’t just force citizens and courts to rethink the controversies of our time. It equips us to meet the new challenges — from womb transplants to gene editing — that lie just over the horizon. This is the front matter from my forthcoming book that Oxford University Press has given permission to post on SSRN. It includes the published contents, preface, and a foreword by Israeli Supreme Court Justice Alex Stein.
Using DCT-based Approximate Communication to Improve MPI Performance in Parallel Clusters

Communication overheads in distributed systems constitute a large fraction of the total execution time, and limit the scalability of applications running on these systems. We propose a DCT-based approximate communication scheme that takes advantage of the error resiliency of several widely-used applications, and improves communication efficiency by substantially reducing message lengths. Our scheme is implemented into the Message Passing Interface (MPI) library. When evaluated on several representative MPI applications on a real cluster system, it is seen that the fraction of total execution time devoted to communication reduces from 59% to 23%, even accounting for the computational overhead required for DCT encoding. For many communication-intensive applications, it is shown that our approximate communication scheme effectively speeds up the total execution time without much loss in quality of the result.
A spoonful of sugar helps lymphoma cells go up.

In this issue of Blood , Schneider et al 1 document that sugar moieties, introduced into surface-membrane immunoglobulin (smIg) antigen-binding sites on follicular lymphoma (FL) cells by somatic hypermutation (SHM), induce smIg-mediated signals in a distinct, nonstandard manner. This signaling results from the sugar physically interacting with sugar-specific lectins from bacteria. The findings confirm and support the clinical relevance of previous observations about SHM introducing glycans into the variable domains of FL antigen-binding sites, 2-5 and they support the potential importance of microbial exposure to lymphomagenesis and disease progression.
Analytical Techniques for Testing: Optimal Distribution of Testing Resources Between Different System Levels

When designing a system, we need to perform testing and checking on all levels of the system hierarchy, from the most general system level to the most detailed level. For each level, there are techniques for testing on this level.
Abstract 315: The Prevalence of Cardiovascular Health Expenditure Disparities in Aging US Adults

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of mortality among adults in the United States. Chronic diseases, and resultant higher medical expenditures for treatment and prescription me...
Respiratory bacteria stabilize and promote airborne transmission of influenza A virus

ABSTRACT Influenza A virus (IAV) is a major pathogen of the human respiratory tract where the virus co-exists and interacts with bacterial populations comprising the respiratory microbiome. Synergies between IAV and respiratory bacterial pathogens promote enhanced inflammation and disease burden that exacerbate morbidity and mortality. We demonstrate that direct interactions between IAV and encapsulated bacteria commonly found in the respiratory tract promote environmental stability and infectivity of IAV. Antibiotic-mediated depletion of the respiratory bacterial flora abrogated IAV transmission in ferret models, indicating that these viral-bacterial interactions are operative for airborne transmission of IAV. Restoring IAV airborne transmission in antibiotic treated ferrets by co-infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae confirmed a role for specific members of the bacterial respiratory community in promoting IAV transmission. These results implicate a role for the bacterial respiratory flora in promoting airborne transmission of IAV.
Leisure as immediate conscious experience: Foundations, evaluation, and extension of the theory of structured experiences

The nature, causes, and effects of immediate conscious leisure experiences have long been central interests of scholars. Significant contributions to the field include Abraham Maslow’s studies of e...
Mechanism of RNA recognition by a Musashi RNA-binding protein

Abstract The Musashi RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) regulate translation of target mRNAs and maintenance of cell stemness and tumorigenesis. Musashi-1 (MSI1), long considered as an intestinal and neural stem cell marker, has been more recently found to be overexpressed in many cancers. It has served as an important drug target for treating acute myeloid leukemia and solid tumors such as ovarian, colorectal and bladder cancer. One of the reported binding targets of MSI1 is Numb, a negative regulator of the Notch signaling. However, the dynamic mechanism of Numb RNA binding to MSI1 remains unknown, largely hindering effective drug design targeting this critical interaction. Here, we have performed all-atom simulations using a robust Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD) method, which successfully captured spontaneous and highly accurate binding of the Numb RNA from bulk solvent to the MSI1 protein target site. GaMD simulations revealed that Numb binding to MSI1 involved largely induced fit in both the RNA and protein. The simulations also identified important low-energy intermediate conformational states during RNA binding, in which Numb interacted mainly with the β2-β3 loop and C terminus of MSI1. The mechanistic understanding of RNA binding obtained from our GaMD simulations is expected to facilitate rational structure-based drug design targeting MSI1 and other RBPs.
Tidal level affects the prevalence and impacts of pests and parasites on oysters (Crassostrea virginica) on intertidal reefs in Georgia, USA

Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) provide multiple ecosystem services to coastal habitats. Due to their declines, numerous restoration efforts target oysters, making it critical to explore factors that might limit recovery. Biotic stressors, such as pea crabs and boring sponges, can negatively affect oysters, and may interact with abiotic stressors like tidal exposure. In this study, boring sponge and pea crab distribution patterns were explored across an intertidal gradient on oyster reefs in Georgia (32.002° N, − 080.920° W) in the summer of 2016, while considering the effects of both stressors on oyster condition. Boring sponges and pea crabs were both most abundant on the lower intertidal of reefs (15% and 6% prevalence, respectively) and decreased with increasing tidal exposure (~ 1% prevalence of both pests in the upper intertidal). Pea crabs had a more negative effect on oyster condition in the upper intertidal zone (27% difference), whereas boring sponges caused the greatest condition reduction in the lower intertidal zone (30% difference). Pea crabs were more abundant in sponge-infected oysters than uninfected oysters. An observed negative relationship between oyster density and sponges suggests that higher sponge prevalence may drive low oyster density in the lower intertidal zone. Since biotic stressors on oyster reefs can affect oyster population structure and reef function, understanding their distribution and interactions is important for management and restoration. While sponges and pea crabs are not likely to be eliminated by restoration efforts, careful attention to location within the tidal prism can minimize their impacts on restoration efforts, particularly in the southeastern USA.
Anterior Cable Tears in Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repairs.

Purpose To determine whether anterior cable tears could be identified at the time of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair and determine the characteristics of the anterior cable tears identified. Methods From 2016 to 2017 all shoulder arthroscopies had data collected prospectively at the time of surgery, specifically including injury to the capsular and tendon zones of insertion on the greater tuberosity. Anterior cable position and degree of injury and medialization were recorded, as well as complete findings of the diagnostic arthroscopy. The inclusion criterion was primary shoulder arthroscopy. The exclusion criterion was any revision shoulder arthroscopy. All arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs (ARCR) were grouped together and all other nonarthroscopic rotator cuff repair surgeries (non-ARCR) were grouped together. Results In total, 118 shoulder arthroscopies had data collected prospectively at the time of surgery: 90 primary shoulder arthroscopies met the inclusion criteria; 28 were excluded because they were revision surgeries. There were 42 patients in the ARCR group (Group 1). Six of these were partial tears, and 36 were full-thickness tears. There were 48 patients in the non-ARCR group (Group 2). The non-ARCR Group 2 served as an anatomic baseline for ARCR Group 1. In all 90 shoulders, the rotator cable and anterior cable were identified. Group 1 (ARCR) incidence of anterior cable tears with abnormal position was 71.4% compared to 2.1% in group 2 (non-ARCR) (P < .001) Group 1 (ARCR) incidence of anterior cable tears with normal anterior cable position (n = 12) was compared to abnormal anterior cable position (n = 30). Injury to the anterior footprint capsular and tendon zones were compared. Normal anterior cable position correlated with no or low-grade injury to anterior footprint capsular zone. (Nimura zone C1). Abnormal anterior cable displacement graded as moderate (n = 20) and severe (n = 10) were compared for injury to the anterior footprint. Moderate displacement correlated with complete or high grade injury to C1 in 85% and complete injury to R1 in 45% (P < .001 and .049). In severe displacement complete C1 injury was 100%, and complete R1 injury was 100% (P < .001 and .001). Conclusions Anterior cable tears are universally identified in ARCR. Three patterns of medial displacement severity correlated with injury to a crucial insertion zone (C1) at the anterior footprint. The degree of anterior cable disruption at the anterior footprint and displacement was commonly disproportionately greater than the injury to the supraspinatus. Level of Evidence Level III, diagnostic study.
Calcium Carbonate, Calcite (CaCO3)

Publisher Summary Calcite or calcspar is the mineral name of the low-pressure, hexagonal form of calcium carbonate, CaCO3. It is observed that calcite is the principal constituent of limestone, marble, and chalk. The mineral Iceland spar is a pure, colorless, optical quality form of calcite. The significant optical feature of calcite is its very high birefringence, making it a useful material for polarizers. Calcite is soft and dissociates into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide above 1170 K. Ultraviolet optical constants of calcite are determined from a Kramers-Kronig analysis of reflectance measurements by Kondo et al from 5 to 12 eV, and from polarized reflection measurements by Uzan et al from 6 to 9.5 eV. It is noted that there are considerable differences in the two results, but both agree on the basic features. The ordinary ray is dominated by a strong absorption peak near 8 eV, while the extraordinary-ray absorption becomes strong near 9.5 eV.
Florida's experience with newborn screening.

Cord blood screening of newborns for sickle cell disease was initiated in Florida at the Miami Sickle Cell Clinical Center in 1979 as a part of its participation in the national Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease. Funding for newborn sickle cell screening in Florida began as a pilot project with a line-item appropriation in fiscal years 1983/84, and this funding for the three medical schools (University of Florida, University of Miami, and University of South Florida) continues to the present. During fiscal year 1984/85, a contract was negotiated between the University Hospital at Jacksonville and the local Children9s Medical Services9 office for the provision of newborn sickle cell screening. This contract has been renewed each year to the present. The primary objective in each of these programs is to identify babies with clinically significant hemoglobinopathies and to offer the services of the institution9s pediatric hematology division. Additionally, education, genetic counseling, family studies, and appropriate referrals are provided for all babies found to have any hemoglobinopathy and for their family members. Initially, at the University of Miami, cord blood specimens were obtained at the time of delivery from at-risk (mostly black) mothers from whom informed consent had been obtained during a visit to one of several prenatal clinics associated with the University of Miami/Jackson Memorial (UM/ JM) Medical Center. It was soon discovered that many at-risk expectant mothers did not attend a prenatal clinic before their babies were born. Our internal review board did not consider consent "at delivery" informed consent.
Predicted properties of Nd 1.5 Ce 0.5 Sr 2 Cu 2 NbO 10 and related high-temperature superconductors

The charge-reservoir oxygen model of superconductivity predicts a critical temperature of T{sub c}{approx}30K for R{sub 1.5}Ce{sub 0.5}Sr{sub 2}Cu{sub 2}MO{sub 10} (R222M-10) (with R=Eu, Sm, and Nd, and M=Ta and Nb), in agreement with the measured values {approx}28 K. The model also successfully predicts RBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 2}MO{sub 8} (R122M-8) to be an insulator. Other predictions for R222M-10 in need of testing are (i) it is a p-type superconductor; (ii) the superconductivity originates primarily in the Sr-O layers, not in the cuprate-planes; (iii) on cuprate-plane Cu sites, of order {approximately}1{percent} Ni should depress T{sub c} to zero, while about six times as much Zn will be required to destroy superconductivity; (iv) magnetic impurities on Cu sites and Sr sites, but not rare-earth sites, will break Cooper pairs; (v) Pr on Sr sites will suppress T{sub c}; (vi) the failure of Pr{sub 1.5}Ce{sub 0.5}Sr{sub 2}Cu{sub 2}MO{sub 10} to superconduct is due to the antistructure defect (Pr{sub Sr}{sup +3},Sr{sub Pr}{sup +2}); (vii) T{sub c} is small because the primary superconducting condensate in the charge-reservoir Sr-O layers is only {approx}2 {Angstrom} from the cuprate-planes; and (viii) the superconductivity should disappear with heavy Ce doping (z{r_arrow}1) in R{sub 2{minus}z}Ce{sub z}Sr{sub 2}Cu{sub 2}MO{sub 10}. The relationships ofmore » R222M-10 to R122M-8, RBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7}, and R{sub 2{minus}z}Ce{sub z}CuO{sub 4} are discussed. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
Security in wireless handsets - a case study

Addressing the security concerns in any technology wire or wireless has always been a challenge. In this paper, we discuss the security and privacy issues in mobile handset. Specifically, we discuss the security threats in cellular phones handset and security features and concepts available to address that.
American Machiavelli: Alexander Hamilton and the Origins of U.S. Foreign Policy

Part I. The Coming of Necessity: 1. From providence to fortune, 1757(?)-1781 2. Prepared to be not good, 1781-1788 Part II. Battle Lines are Drawn: 3. At Washington's side again, 1789 4. Hamilton versus the Virginians, 1789-1791 5. The Nootka Sound Crisis, part one: the Morris mission 6. The Nootka Sound Crisis, part two: Hamilton and Jefferson 7. Liaisons Dangereuses, 1791-1792 Part III. Seizing the Helm: 8. The birth of American neutrality, February-May, 1793 9. 'A most distressing dilemma', May-December, 1793 10. Hamilton and the war crisis of 1794 11. The Jay treaty Part IV. Informal Adviser to the Prince: 12. Return to not-so-private life, 1794-1795 13. 'Camillus' into the breach, 1795 14. A high-stakes game: Washington's farewell address, 1796 15. Transition to the new regime, 1796-97 Part V. A Prince in His Own Right?: 16. Hamilton and Adams: the background 17. Hamilton's 'Grand Plan' 18. Hamilton's army, part one, 1797-1798 19. Hamilton's army, part two, 1798-1799 20. Killing two birds with one stone, 1799 Part VI. The Lesser of Evils: 21. 1800 and after 22. From fortune into providence.
Modelling of Quantum Control and Inverse Problem

We illustrate inverse problems of the calculus of variations plays an import ant role in modeling Quantum Control. We present new examples in this paper.
Branch Campuses Weigh Start-up Options

With over 200 international branch campuses now in operation, new entrants can benefit from previous experience to guide start-up decisions. Thoughtful strategic decisions in three categories--first-mover vs. established market, comprehensive vs. narrow focus, and collaborative vs. autonomous--will likely contribute to their success.
A Blue View of the Red Planet

Mars A Warmer, Wetter Planet. By Jeffrey S. Kargel. Springer, New York, and Praxis, Chichester, UK, 2004. 603 pp. Paper, $34.95, £20. ISBN 1-85233-568-8. The author9s Scientific American-level discussion of ice, water, climate, and life on Mars past, present, and future also considers human exploration and strategies for settlement by "living off the land."
Media, Hinduism & Buddhism: Mainstream media coverage of Asia's two major religions

After the September 11th attacks on New York city, the American public became acutely aware of Islam and different variations of islam including extremist and radical perspectives. On the contrary, the common man hardly knows anything about Buddhism and Hinduism. Buddhism and Hinduism appear to be totally off the media’s radar except when Tibet is on the news or when some scandal surfaces at the Hare Krishna temple and Hollywood parodies the Indian gurus in their movies. Yet, Hinduism and Buddhism are practiced by a large number of people in Asia and growing exponentially in Europe and in the Americas. The exodus of Tibetans to other parts of the world has contributed to the growing popularity of Tibetan culture and Buddhism. In Taiwan there are more than 200 Buddhist centers and in France more people call themselves Buddhist than Protestant or Jew. The two religions share the same core concepts that include ‘dharma’ (duty), ‘karma’ (one’s actions and consequences) and ‘ahimsa’ (non-violence). Buddhism claims to be the world’s first ‘universal’ philosophy. The teachings of Buddha are understood by Buddhists to be valid and applicable to all mankind regardless of their different historical and social backgrounds. The concept of ‘ahimsa’ is more pronounced in Buddhism and along with the concept of inter-connectedness, Hindu and Buddhist principles have significant potential environmental and ecological implications. The media by nature is biased towards controversial, violent and conflicting events and situations, thus giving more prominence to Islam than to any other religion. Hinduism and Buddhism being pacifist in outlook hardly get the same exposure as Islam and that too rarely, only if some conflict arises between religious and communal factions as in Hindu-Muslim riots in India and Chinese-Tibetans confrontations in Tibet. This paper dentifies and analyzes the content of recent news stories dealing with various religions and see the frequency and ‘bias’ of the stories covered by the U.S. cable and TV networks. It is anticipated that the mainstream media would cover the two religions more comprehensively because of the underlying ‘connectedness’ of the two religions to nature and global environment.
Genetic heterogeneity in human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type II.

Abstract DNA from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 17 different individuals infected with human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus type II (HTLV-II) was successfully amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the primer pair SK110/SK111. This primer pair is conserved among the pol genes of all primate T-cell lymphoma viruses (PTLV) and flanks a 140-bp fragment of DNA which, when used in comparative analyses, reflects the relative degree of diversity among PTLV genomes. Cloning, sequencing, and phylogenetic comparisons of these amplified 140-bp pol fragments indicated that there are at least two distinct genetic substrains of HTLV-II in the Western Hemisphere. These data were confirmed for selected isolates by performing PCR, cloning, and sequencing with to 10 additional primer pair-probe sets specific for different regions throughout the PTLV genome. HTLV-II isolates from Seminole, Guaymi, and Tobas Indians belong in the new substrain of HTLV-II, while the prototype MoT isolate defines the original substrain. There was greater diversity among HTLV-II New World strains than among HTLV-I New World strains. In fact, the heterogeneity among HTLV-II strains from the Western Hemisphere was similar to that observed in HTLV-I and simian T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus type I isolates from around the world, including Japan, Africa, and Papua New Guinea. Given these geographic and anthropological considerations and assuming similar mutation rates and selective forces among the PTLV, these data suggest either that HTLV-II has existed for a long time in the indigenous Amerindian population or that HTLV-II isolates introduced into the New World were more heterogeneous than the HTLV-I strains introduced into the New World.
Trapping in the presence of anisotropic diffusion

The asympotic limit of the rate of decay of excitation in the presence of a low concentration of trapping centers is investigated with the assumption that transfer of excitation is governed by an anisotropic diffusion equation. An effective isotropic diffusion constant is introduced which in the appropriate limit leads to results similar to those obtained recently by Richards using variational methods.
Development and Feasibility of a Parental Support Intervention for Adolescent Smokers

The aim of this investigation was to develop and evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a parental support intervention. A new measure of perceived parental support for stopping smoking was also developed. The sample included 59 adolescent-parent pairs recruited from a mid-sized Midwestern town during 2000-2003. The mean +/- SD age of the participants (32 males, 27 females) was 16.3 +/- 0.9 (range 14-18) years and 86% were Caucasian, 7% American Indian, 5% African American, and 2% Hispanic. Participants were randomized to parental support or minimum behavioral intervention. Severity of nicotine dependence was evaluated using the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire, and perceived social support was evaluated using the Family Environment Scale and the new measure of perceived parent support for stopping smoking that was developed as part of this investigation. Treatment attendance, adherence, and acceptability were also evaluated. The parental support intervention was feasible but not superior to the minimum behavioral intervention with respect to attendance, retention, or change in support. This study expands on the knowledge of treating adolescent smokers and presents a new assessment measure. The study's limitations are noted. This investigation was funded by NICHHD.
Situating Remote Sensing in Anthropological Archaeology

Productive applications of geophysics to anthropological questions in American archaeology necessarily involve specific research questions or agendas. While only some anthropological questions can be addressed by shallow geophysics, these techniques provide an opportunity to address some important questions that are fundamental to archaeology. One such agenda is the investigation of ‘persistent places’, which is rooted in anthropological inquiry and which can be investigated, at least in part, by shallow geophysical techniques. For the next stage in the use of remote sensing that goes beyond mere prospection, research agendas must be clearly linked with broader theoretical concepts of what we term inquiry-based archaeogeophysics. Specifically with regard to the application of geophysics to the study of persistent places, we propose four categories of research that relate to the meaning, context and changing function of such places. These categories include: construction variation, continuity and discontinuity in the use of space, studying natural and/or cultural landscape modifications over time and space, and constancies in the use of space and architecture at the regional level. In order to illustrate these points, we provide examples from sites in Mexico and the USA that represent different time periods (2500 BC to AD 1000), adaptations (hunter–gatherers to intensive agriculturists), and levels of socio-political complexity (egalitarian to stratified societies). The use of geophysics at these persistent places contributes to our understanding of changes in the use of space and architecture through time. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pathways of shelf water export from the Hatteras shelf and slope

[1] It has long been recognized that a massive flow of Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) shelf water is exported to the deep ocean in the region near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. We examine the details of this export using data from an extensive array of 26 moorings, deployed over the shelf and slope between Cape Hatteras and the Chesapeake Bay mouth (from 35° 27′ to 36° 40′ N) as part of the U.S. Department of Energy's Ocean Margins Program. Our analysis indicates that the flow of the MAB shelf-edge frontal jet, which typically extends over the MAB slope, falls victim to export over the length of the mooring array, essentially vanishing by the southern extreme of the array. By contrast, the flow of MAB shelf water entering the study region over the inner and middle shelf (to roughly the 40-m isobath) tends to experience very little loss over the extent of the OMP array. Based on our findings and those of previous studies, we hypothesize that this inner and middle shelf flow is diverted seaward upon encountering the Hatteras Front, which separates MAB and South Atlantic Bight shelf waters. Some fraction of this flow appears to return to the OMP array, moving northeastward over the upper slope en route to the deep ocean. Our analysis also suggests that the export of MAB shelf water is enhanced as the Gulf Stream approaches the shelf-edge near Diamond Shoals, a process we deem to be a high priority for future study.
Effects of predictable versus unpredictable feeding schedules on chimpanzee behavior

Abstract One factor not often studied in the design of feeding enrichment programs is the timetable according to which enrichments are offered. This study was performed to lend a quantitative basis to primate colony management decisions concerning feeding schedules. The objective was to determine whether feeding fresh produce meals on a predictable schedule was preferable to doing so on an unpredictable schedule from the perspective of promoting psychological well-being of chimpanzees. The subjects were 30 adult or adolescent chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) living in four different social groups. Feeding practices were changed to a more unpredictable schedule for two of these groups, 5 or 6 months prior to the initiation of data collection; feeding of the other two groups continued on a more predictable schedule. The predictable meal was always fed within a 30 min period and the unpredictable meal was fed within a 150 min period. Observational data were collected during prefeeding and baseline periods. A mixed model multivariate analysis of variance for repeated measures revealed that inactivity was more prevalent in the prefeeding period for the chimpanzees fed on the predictable schedule than in the other study phases, and abnormal behavior showed a similar trend. These findings indicate that feeding on a more unpredictable schedule may lead to increased species-appropriate behavior. The scheduling of animal care routines deserves closer attention from those conducting research on improving care and well-being of captive primates.
Infections associated with pediatric sport participation.

The infections that occur in the pediatric athlete are largely the same as those that occur in all children. Their acquisition and spread, however, are often facilitated by the sports environment, which includes the locker room, the field/areas for practice and competition, and the spectators. Recognition of the specific infectious risks pertinent to sports facilitates their avoidance and/or their recognition and treatment when they occur in pediatric sports participants.
Teachers' Knowledge of Literacy Concepts, Classroom Practices, and Student Reading Growth.

We examined the relations of teacher knowledge (n = 42 first-grade teachers), explicit decoding instruction provided, and students' (n = 437) word-reading gains. Results revealed an interaction between teacher knowledge and observed decoding instruction: For students of more knowledgeable teachers, more time in explicit instruction predicted stronger word-reading gains. For students of less knowledgeable teachers, more time in explicit instruction was associated with weaker skill gains. Findings highlight the importance of teachers' specialized body of knowledge about reading as it informs effective instruction.
Intermediacy of radicals in rearrangement and decomposition of metal-alkyl species : Relevance to metal-mediated polymerization of polar vinyl monomers

The neutral compound [2,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenylimino)butane]Pd(CH2CH2CH2CO2Me)(X) (X = Cl, Br) undergoes “reverse” chain walking to form [2,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenylimino)butane]Pd(CH(CO2Me)C...
Combining surface chemistry with a FRET-based biosensor to study the dynamics of RhoA GTPase activation in cells on patterned substrates

We combine a surface chemistry approach with a FRET-based biosensor to investigate the effect of changes in the extracellular microenvironment on the spatio-temporal dynamics of RhoA activation in cell protrusions. This approach is based on the use of microcontact printing to pattern self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on gold, to generate cell adhesive and inert regions on the model surface, and the development of a compatible high-resolution fluorescence microscope that overcomes the intrinsic quenching of low concentration and intensity of fluorophores in live cells by the gold surface. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts expressing the RhoA biosensor, confined within the cell adhesive pattern, periodically extend protrusions to sample the inert region of the monolayer outside the pattern. We observed for the first time that RhoA activity is elevated at the leading edge of protrusions in the absence of substrate adhesion.
Nucleoside analogs and antimetabolite therapies for myelodysplastic syndrome.

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a heterogeneous group of clonal hematopoietic disorders. Therapeutic interventions for MDS other than allogeneic bone marrow transplantation have been palliative. Because most of the patients are elderly and may not be candidates for ablative transplant conditioning regimens, treatment has focused on supportive care. Recently, several novel biological and chemotherapeutic agents have demonstrated activity in MDS and are being incorporated into the treatment paradigm. These agents are based on specific mechanisms aimed at angiogenesis in the bone marrow, secretion of growth factors and/or their receptors, and modulators in their intracellular pathways. Several agents are in the initial stages of clinical trial, including anti-vascular endothelial growth factor, bevacizumab, receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, farnesyl transferase inhibitors, protein kinase C inhibitors, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors and other agents such as thalidomide and arsenic trioxide. Novel chemotherapeutic agents include topoisomerase inhibitors such as topotecan and rubitecan, and deoxyadenosine analogues such as troxacitabine, tezacitabine, and clofarabine. Prognostic factors predicting response in MDS patients treated with intensive chemotherapy have been identified and include younger age and favorable cytogenetics
Classical rotational inertia of solid 4He.

The observation of reduced rotational inertia in a cell containing solid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ has been interpreted as evidence for superfluidity of the solid. We propose an alternative explanation: slippage of the solid, due to grain boundary premelting between the solid and dense adsorbed layers at the container wall. We calculate the range of film thickness, and determine the viscosity that will account for the missing rotational inertia. Grain boundary premelting also explains inertial anomalies in an earlier study of solid helium in porous glass and indicates that the liquid is partially superfluid.
Hematopoietic Stem Cells

The definition of any stem cell is that it is a cell type which is capable of multi-lineage differentiation, and self-renewal; self-renewal means regeneration of more stem cells, as measured by phenotype and function.
Patterns of Delinquency in Girls and Boys

Abstract This study compares offenses of delinquent girls and boys committed to a Juvenile Justice Center. The results show that the male-female ratio for selected offenses is different for whites and blacks. The boys had their first court referral at a significantly younger age. The offenses most commonly committed by both sexes were running away, truancy, and incorrigibility. However, the males and black females tended to be more frequent personal offenders, while the white girls were mostly status offenders. There also was a racial difference in male-female ratios (3 to 1 and 1.3 to 1 in blacks and whites, respectively), demonstrating that the frequency of delinquency among white females is approaching that of white males.