cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethnicity and hazard information dissemination

Citizens from two communities were questioned regarding the sources from which they have previously obtained information about environmental hazards and their preferences for different communication channels. Three ethnic groups—whites, blacks, and Mexican-Americans—were represented among those questioned. While all three ethnic groups described similar patterns of past information receipt, it was found that Mexican-Americans obtained more information through social network contacts than whites or blacks. Ethnic differentials emerged when citizens were asked about preferred sources for information receipt. While radio was identified as desirable by all three groups, only minority citizens expressed a preference for local television as a dissemination mode and only Mexican-Americans favored neighborhood meetings. Mailed dissemination and newspapers were preferred primarily by whites and blacks. The implications of the results for the conduct of hazard information dissemination are examined.
Amino Acid-Derived Phthalimide and Saccharin Derivatives as Inhibitors of Human Leukocyte Elastase, Cathepsin G, and Proteinase 3

Abstract Amino acid-derived phthalimide and saccharin derivatives have been investigated for their inhibitory activity toward the serine proteinases human leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3. The saccharin derivatives were found to be effective time-dependent inhibitors of elastase and proteinase 3 ( k obs /[I] values ranged between 180 and 3620 M −1 s −1 ) and showed weak or no inhibition toward cathepsin G. The corresponding phthalimide derivatives were found to be inactive.
Retiming for Delay Recovery After DfT Insertion on Interdie Paths in 3-D ICs

Pre-bond known-good-die (KGD) test is necessary to ensure stack yield for the future adoption of 3-D integrated circuits. Die wrappers that contain boundary registers at the interface between dies have been proposed as a solution for KGD test. It has been shown in the literature that if gated scan flops (GSFs) are substituted for traditional scan flops in the boundary register, then both pre-bond through-silicon-via (TSV) and pre-bond scan test can be performed. The drawback of die wrappers is that two clocked stages are added to each path that crosses a die boundary. In this paper, a bypass mode is added to GSFs to avoid the extra clock stages and retiming is used to recover the additional delay added to TSV paths by design-for-test insertion. Retiming is performed at both die and stack level, and a logic redistribution is proposed to improve the results of die-level retiming. The proposed methods are evaluated through simulations using two logic-on-logic 3-D benchmarks and one modular processor partitioned between two dies. Results show that in most cases, retiming at both the die-level and stack-level is sufficient for recovering the delay added by wrapper boundary cells in cores where all logic and dies are unfixed. Stuck-at ATPG is performed to demonstrate that wrapper insertion and retiming have little impact on pattern count. The area overhead due to wrapper insertion is shown to increase as a circuit is partitioned across an increasing number of stack layers, but the area overhead can be reduced using retiming.
Phase transformations in phosphorus ion implanted 304L stainless steel

Abstract Phosphorus ions accelerated to 175 keV were implanted into electropolished 304L stainless steel specimens near room temperature to fluences from 2.4 × 10 16 P + cm -2 to 1.9 × 10 18 P + cm -2 . Microstructural characterization of the samples with an analytical electron microscope revealed an f.c.c. to b.c.c. transformation at fluences of around 1.0 × 10 17 P + cm -2 , followed by amorphous phase formation from the b.c.c. matrix at greater fluences. Fully amorphous specimens were produced at a fluence of 3.5 × 10 17 P + cm -2 . Further P + implantation precipitated the hexagonal M 2 P phase from the amorphous matrix at 3.75 × 10 17 P + cm -2 , while implantation to 7.2 × 10 17 P + cm -2 produced the orthorhombic MP phase from the crystalline M 2 P phase. Here “M” represents the stoichiometric mixture of iron, chromium, nickel and manganese atoms present in the steel. Auger depth profiling analysis of implanted specimens indicated the b.c.c. transformation occurred at approximately 10 at.% P. Fully amorphous samples were found to contain around approximately 30 at.% P and the precipitation of the M 2 P phase corresponded to an implanted layer composition of approximately 33 at.% P. Recrystallization of partially amorphous specimens with less than 22 at.% P at 600 °C for 1 h produced the orthorhombic FeCrP phase while similar heat treatments of samples with more than 22 at.% P resulted in the hexagonal M 2 P phase as well as the FeCrP phase. Rebombardment of specimens containing less than 22 at.% P with 1.0 × 10 16 Fe + cm -2 ions accelerated to 310 keV produced to 310 keV produced some amorphous phase, while similar rebombardment of specimens containing more than 22 at.% P induced no change.
7-Benzylidenenaltrexone (BNTX): A selective δ1 opioid receptor antagonist in the mouse spinal cord

Abstract Recent reports provided evidence that at least two δ opioid receptors may mediate antinociception in mice. In this study, we studied further the involvement of δ opioid receptor subtypes in mediating antinociception at spinal sites in mice using subtype selective agonists and antagonists. The antinociceptive ED 50 values (95 % C.I.) of i.t. administered DPDPE [(D-Pen 2 , D-Pen 5 )enkephalin] ( δ 1 receptor agonist) and DELT II [(D-Ala 2 )deltorphin II] ( δ 2 receptor agonist) were 6.3 (5.2–7.6) and 6.4 (5.4–7.7) nmol/mouse, respectively. Administration of BNTX, s.c. increased the antinociceptive ED 50 value of DPDPE 5.9-fold whereas that of DELT II was not changed significantly. On the other hand administration of maltriben (NTB, the benzofuran derivative of naltrindole), s.c. increased the antinociceptive ED 50 value of DELT II 12.5-fold but did not alter that of DPDPE. Similarly administration of BNTX, i.t. increased the antinociceptive ED 50 value of DPDPE 4-fold without altering significantly that of DELT II. NTB given i.t. enlarged the antinociceptive ED 50 of DELT II 11-fold without affecting significantly that of DPDPE. BNTX, s.c. did not alter the antinociceptive ED 50 values of the μ-agonists, DAMGO [(D-Ala 2 , MePhe 4 , Gly-ol 5 ) enkephalin] and morphine or that of the κ-agonist, U50,488H [trans(±)−3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinylcyclohexyl]benzeneacetamide] These results demonstrate that BNTX is highly selective for δ 1 opioid receptors at spinal sites. Also, the present data provide for the involvement of both δ 1 and δ 2 opioid receptors in mediating antinociception at spinal sites in mice.
LONGITUDINAL EFFECTS OF RETIREMENT ON MEN'S WELL-BEING AND HEALTH

The National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience of Mature Men provided the opportunity to look at the effects of retirement on longitudinal well-being in a sample of men aged 54 to 69 in 1976. A conceptual model predicted that the decision to retire would affect subsequent well-being through the effect of retirement on such resources as income and health. The retirement decision in turn, was predicted to be a function of prior well-being and resources. Five categories of retirees were established: voluntary early age, voluntary normal age, health, mandatory, and discouraged. The analysis restricted the sample to men who were in the labor force at the 1976 interview, had not retired before that time, and who were interviewed in 1981. About half of the sample retired in the five years between interviews. Using several different measures of well-being, voluntary retirees were found to consider themselves better off than did other retirees or comparable men still working. Negative responses to retirement were concentrated among men who retired for health reasons, probably due to their continued ill-health. The effect of retirement on well-being seems highly related to the other circumstances (especially financial security and health) surrounding the individual, rather than to the event of retirement, per se.
Digital loyalty networks: continuously connecting automakers with their customers and suppliers

Over the past two years, senior managers at several automotive companies have begun to implement a new business model called a digital loyalty network (DLN). The model enables companies in any industry to continuously collect and monitor their customer, product and supply chain data and more precisely adjust engineering, production, distribution and sales/marketing activities to meet current and future demand. Moreover, they can use the same data to enhance their partnership with suppliers. For example, GM has put in place a number of components of a digital loyalty network, including the implementation of an integrated network connecting the company with suppliers, alliance partners, dealers and customers. GM has also adopted a new formula for managing the order‐to‐delivery process, has launched Web‐portals for customers and suppliers and continues to enhance and support its OnStar system, which allows drivers to communicate on the road with GM customer service representatives and vendors. Digital loyalty networks have three components: (1) Digital – the companies use sophisticated information technologies to manage information more effectively; (2) Loyalty – the system is designed to target, satisfy, and retain the most profitable customers and, in turn, use customer information and loyalty data to make the supply chain more efficient; (3) Networks – the information system links suppliers, producers and customers and is continuously updated. DLN companies use information technology resourcefully to increase the effectiveness of supply chain and customer relationship management initiatives. They develop a solid network of digitized information that ties together the value chain and creates loyalty and on both the front and back end of business operations. On the supply side, DLN companies continuously monitor customer value based on feedback about customer requirements, purchase history, and potential purchases and rely on digital technology to make certain their most valuable customers are kept satisfied. They do this by managing inventory through the supply chain so that the best customers are served first, and making certain short and long‐term capacity planning responds to these customer priorities. In addition to General Motors, Deloitte Research identified three other innovators in the automotive industry – Porsche, DaimlerChrysler and Renault/Nissan – that are developing certain aspects of a DLN.
CP violation in K-->3 pi.

For the weak nonleptonic decay K\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3\ensuremath{\pi}, we analyze the amount of CP violation expected to arise in the Kobayashi-Maskawa model using two recently uncovered aspects: (1) quadratic terms in the K\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3\ensuremath{\pi} amplitude (found in the CP-conserving data) and (2) electromagnetic and isospin-breaking effects in the relation of the CP-violating parameters of K\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\pi} and K\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3\ensuremath{\pi}. Previous to the inclusion of these effects the non-\ensuremath{\epsilon} signal in ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{+\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}0}$ (${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{+\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}0}$=\ensuremath{\epsilon}+${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{+\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}0}^{\mathcal{'}}$) required interference with the highly suppressed \ensuremath{\Delta}I=(3/2 amplitude; however in the present analysis the ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{+\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}0}^{\mathcal{'}}$ signal is not suppressed. We estimate values for ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{+\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}0}^{\mathcal{'}}$ about an order of magnitude larger than previously anticipated, although still smaller than \ensuremath{\epsilon}.
Interrupted aortic arch: Surgical treatment

Abstract A new palliative surgical procedure for interruption of the aortic arch was successfully performed in an infant. A Teflon graft was inserted from the main pulmonary artery to the descending thoracic aorta in order to bypass a stenotic ductus arteriosus, and both pulmonary artery branches were banded to reduce the pulmonary blood flow. This procedure may also prove life-saving in the hypoplastic left heart syndrome, with the addition of atrial septal defect creation when left atrial decompression is indicated. This syndrome was the commonest cause of death from congenital heart disease in the first month of life in our recent experience (31 percent), based on a consecutive autopsy series of 174 neonates with congenital heart disease. The anatomic findings in 10 autopsy cases of interrupted aortic arch are summarized. A new understanding of the morphogenesis of these anomalies is presented, based on correlation of embryologic and pathologic data. The literature on interruptions of the aortic arch is reviewed, and surgical experience with these malformations is considered in detail.
Dysfunctional genomics: BACs to the rescue

The Human Genome Project has provided potential access to all of our genes and their DNA sequences. The challenge now is to understand what each gene does, the mechanisms underlying the specificity of gene expression in appropriate cells at particular times in development, and the nature of the interactions among groups of genes that control cellular activity. This emerging area of study—the post-Human genome Project field of inquiry—has been referred to as functional genomics.
Plasmonic Gold Nanostars: A Potential Agent for Molecular Imaging and Cancer Therapy

Gold nanostars, with tunable plasmon in the near infrared tissue optic window, generate intense two-photon photoluminescence capable of in vitro cell labeling and in vivo particle tracking. Efficient photothermal ablation therapy is also demonstrated.
4096-element continuous face-sheet MEMS deformable mirror for high-contrast imaging

We present the progress in the development of a 4096-element microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) deformable mirror, fabricated using polysilicon surface micromachining manufacturing processes, with 4 µm of stroke, a surface finish of 5 kHz. The packaging and high-speed drive electronics for this device, capable of frame rates of 22 kHz, are also presented.
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 inhibits aldosterone and stimulates adrenal renin in cultured bovine zona glomerulosa cells

Transforming growth factors-beta (TFG beta s) are multifunctional peptides that affect proliferation, differentiation, and many other functions in a variety of cell types. In this study we examined the effect of TGF beta 1 on aldosterone and adrenal renin production using cultured bovine adrenal zona glomerulosa cells. Collagenase-dispersed zona glomerulosa cells were incubated in PFMR-4 medium containing 10% fetal calf serum for 72 h, and the medium was replaced with serum-free medium for the next 24 h. The cells during this 24-h period were exposed to TGF beta 1, ACTH, and (Bu)2cAMP (dbcAMP). It was observed that TGF beta 1 at 1 nM 1) inhibited basal aldosterone secretion from 680.0 +/- 40.0 to 270.0 +/- 10.0 pg/10(6) cells.h, 2) inhibited ACTH- and dbcAMP-stimulated aldosterone production, 3) increased levels of active renin in the cells from 17.8 +/- 2.5 to 70.7 +/- 4.4 pg angiotensin-I/10(6) cells.h and prorenin from 270.0 +/- 5.0 to 970.0 +/- 90 pg angiotensin-I/10(6) cells.h, 4) stimulated prorenin...
Ultrastructure of chlamydospore development in the plant pathogenic fungus Thielaviopsis basicola

Chlamydospores of Thielaviopsis basicola developed in short chains consisting of three to eight spores subtended by one to three thin-walled basal cells. A chlamydospore chain developed in an acrop- etal fashion from a specialized sporogenous cell which often arose immediately below a phialide. This cell developed in an enteroblastic fashion. It rup- tured the outer wall layer of its parent hyphae while the inner wall layer covered the developing cell. As a sporogenous cell elongated its nucleus underwent mitosis and the formation of a transverse septum cre- ated two uninucleate cells. The basal cell ceased de- velopment while the apical cell continued to grow and divide until a chain of young chlamydospores was formed. A thick, multilayered wall then formed around each spore. This wall was distinct from the original wall of the sporogenous cell which formed an outer covering or envelope over the entire spore chain. A septal pore initially was present between ad- jacent spores but became plugged and covered with wall material as spores matured. At maturity chla- mydospore chains tended to fragment into individual spores. Separation of adjacent spores began near the septal pore plug and progressed outward. Separation was accomplished when the chain envelope broke and pore plugs either split transversely or pulled out of the wall of one of the adjacent spores.
Sociocultural Factors Influencing Students' Learning in Science and Mathematics: An Analysis of the Perspectives of African American Students

The voices of African American students reveal sociocultural factors that influence their achievement in science and mathematics classes. Using a sociocultural theoretical framework (Mercer & Covey, 1980), this ethnographic study interpreted the perspectives of five African American students as they discussed their learning experiences in science and mathematics classrooms. This framework acknowledges the vulnerability of the educational system to societal influences that inevitably assert cultural values and norms. The students' discussions provided insight into their beliefs about the varied ways in which sociocultural factors impact their learning in science and mathematics classrooms.
Pilot Testing Three Interventions For Symptom Management in HIV/AIDS Fever

Fever is a common symptom in hospitalized HIV/AIDS patients (Holtzclaw, 1998; Jones, Holloman & Coffin, 1998). Nurses caring for patients with AIDS use antipyretic medications plus physical cooling methods for fever management (Jones, 1998). However, no studies were found that evaluated the efficacy of these interventions with patients who have HIV/AIDS. Additionally, no research reports were found that evaluated the use of a “cooling scarf,” a new physical cooling method used by the lay public while exercising, as a method that could be applied in the clinical setting.
Imaging of the presacral space

The presacral space is located posterior to the rectum and anterior to the sacrum. Lesions in this area are rare but may arise from structures within or adjacent to it. Although radiography, barium enema, and transrectal ultrasound may provide some information on presacral masses, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are the most useful imaging techniques for characterization of these lesions. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging provide the most detail on the size, location, and extent of disease. Such information is useful for patient management and potential surgical planning. Semin Colon Rectal Surg 15:2-11
Analysis and synthesis of discrete-time neural networks with multilevel threshold functions

In contrast to the usual types of neural networks which utilize two states for each neuron, a class of synchronous discrete-time multilevel threshold neural networks is developed. A qualitative analysis and a synthesis procedure of the class of neural networks constitute the principal contributions of this work. The applicability of the class of neural networks is demonstrated by means of a gray-level image processing example in which each neutron of the present model assumes one of 16 values. In doing so, the number of neurons and the number of interconnections are reduced, when compared to the usual binary state networks. >
MicroRNA Gene Regulation Cascades During Early Stages of Plant Development

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate various developmental programs of plants. This review focuses on miRNA involvement in early events of plant development, such as seed germination, seedling development and the juvenile to adult phase transition. miR159 and miR160 are involved in the regulation of seed germination through their effects on the sensitivity of seeds to ABA. miR156 and miR172 play critical roles in the emergence of vegetative leaves at post-germinative stages, which is important for the transition to autotrophic growth. The phase transition from the juvenile to adult stage in both monocots and dicots is also regulated by miR156 and miR172. In these early developmental processes, there are miRNA gene regulation cascades where the miR156 pathway acts upstream of the miR172 pathway. Moreover, targets of miR156 and miR172 exert positive feedback on the expression of MIR genes that suppress themselves. The early events of plant development appear to be controlled by complex mechanisms involving sequential expression of different miRNA pathways and feedback loops among miRNAs and their target genes.
Multifusion Multispectral Lightwave Polarimetric Detection Principles and Systems

The objective of this paper is to present novel detection principles based on all active multispectral polarimetric subtraction imaging principles of targets embedded in scattering media. The novelty of this contribution consists in the formation of multispectral Stokes' parameter image differences, degree of linear polarization image differences, and Mueller-matrix image differences. As a result, high-contrast high-specificity images can be obtained by removing the background from the target. Further contrast enhancement of the target with light beam steering capabilities can be obtained by doping the background surrounding the target or the target itself with high-index-of-refraction polar molecules/nanoparticles. The presented optical principles can be successfully applied to a variety of applications, such as cancer detection and treatment, molecular imaging, and development of photonics and nanophotonic devices, for a widespread group of applications, such as defense and advanced medical diagnostic and analytical devices
In-situ monitoring of acoustic linear and nonlinear behavior of titanium alloys during cycling loading

An in-situ technique to measure sound velocity, ultrasonic attenuation and acoustic nonlinear property has been developed for characterization and early detection of fatigue damage in aerospace materials. A previous experiment using the f-2f technique on Ti-6Al-4V dog bone specimen fatigued at different stage of fatigue has shown that the material nonlinearity exhibit large change compared to the other ultrasonic parameter. Real-time monitoring of the nonlinearity may be a future tool to characterize early fatigue damage in the material. For this purpose we have developed a computer software and measurement technique including hardware for the automation of the measurement. New transducer holder and special grips are designed. The automation has allowed us to test the long-term stability of the electronics over a period of time and so proof of the linearity of the system. For the first time, a real-time experiment has been performed on a dog-bone specimen from zero fatigue al the way to the final fracture.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comparison of Amplification Enzymes for Hepatitis C Virus Quasispecies Analysis.

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) circulates as quasispecies (QS), whose evolution is associated with pathogenesis. Previous studies have suggested that the use of thermostable polymerases without proofreading function may contribute to inaccurate assessment of HCV QS. In this report, we compared non-proofreading (Taq) with proofreading (Advantage High Fidelity2; HF-2) polymerases in the sensitivity, robustness, and HCV QS diversity and complexity in the second envelope glycoprotein gene hypervariable region 1 (E2-HVR1) on baseline specimens from 20 patients in the HALT-C trial and in a small cohort of 12 HCV/HIV co-infected patients. QS diversity and complexity were quantified using heteroduplex mobility assays (HMA). Results: The sensitivities of both enzymes were comparable at 50 IU/ml, although HF-2 was more robust and slightly more sensitive than Taq. Both enzymes generated QS diversity and complexity scores that were correlated (r = 0.68; p < 0.0001, and r = 0.47; p < 0.01; Spearman's rank correlation). QS diversity was similar for both Taq and HF-2 enzymes, although there was a trend for higher diversity in samples amplified by Taq (p = 0.126). Taq amplified samples yielded complexity scores that were significantly higher than HF-2 samples (p = 0.033). HALT-C patients who were HCV positive or negative following 20 weeks of pegylated IFN plus ribavirin therapy had similar QS diversity scores for Taq and HF-2 samples, and there was a trend for higher complexity
Achieving targeted pulse oximetry values in preterm infants in the delivery room.

Objective To determine whether resuscitation teams can better maintain newborn transitional oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) values within a prespecified target range using a graphical display of the targets and real-time SpO 2 data compared with using only numerical oximeter values. Study design Preterm neonates were enrolled in this prospective cohort evaluation of a change in practice. The Transitional Oxygen Targeting System (TOTS) plots real-time SpO 2 values in relation to 10th and 50th percentile SpO 2 curves, which provides a visual target. After introduction of the TOTS, the resuscitation team adjusted the fraction of inspired oxygen to maintain the SpO 2 within the target range, and before its use neonates were resuscitated in attempt to target normal transitional SpO 2 values without using the TOTS monitor. Duration of time within 10th-50th percentile values was compared between 2 cohorts, children evaluated with the TOTS and those not evaluated with the TOTS (controls). Results A total of 40 infants were enrolled, including 20 prospectively evaluated with the TOTS and 20 controls. Mean gestational age, birth weight, total resuscitation time, duration of supplemental oxygen administration, changes in oxygen concentration, and respiratory support provided were similar in the 2 groups. The TOTS cohort spent 52% of time within the target range; the control cohort, 37% ( P = .03). Conclusion SpO 2 values were maintained within a specified target range for significantly longer in preterm neonates resuscitated using the TOTS display compared with those resuscitated without TOTS.
Cellular and subcellular specification of Na,K-ATPase alpha and beta isoforms in the postnatal development of mouse retina.

The Na,K-ATPase is a dominant factor in retinal energy metabolism, and unique combinations of isoforms of its alpha and beta subunits are expressed in different cell types and determine its functional properties. We used isoform-specific antibodies and fluorescence confocal microscopy to determine the expression of Na,K-ATPase alpha and beta subunits in the mouse and rat retina. In the adult retina, alpha1 was found in Muller and horizontal cells, alpha2 in some Muller glia, and alpha3 in photoreceptors and all retinal neurons. beta1 was largely restricted to horizontal, amacrine, and ganglion cells; beta2 was largely restricted to photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and Muller glia; and beta3 was largely restricted to photoreceptors. Photoreceptor inner segments have the highest concentration of Na,K-ATPase in adult retinas. Isoform distribution exhibited marked changes during postnatal development. alpha3 and beta2 were in undifferentiated photoreceptor somas at birth but only later were targeted to inner segments and synaptic terminals. beta3, in contrast, was expressed late in photoreceptor differentiation and was immediately targeted to inner segments. A high level of beta1 expression in horizontal cells preceded migration, whereas increases in beta2 expression in bipolar cells occurred very late, coinciding with synaptogenesis in the inner plexiform layer. Most of the spatial specification of Na,K-ATPase isoform expression was completed before eye opening and the onset of electroretinographic responses on postnatal day 13 (P13), but quantitative increase continued until P22 in parallel with synaptogenesis.
THE ROLE OF INCREASED EXPOSURE TO TRANSFER-OF-STIMULUS-CONTROL PROCEDURES ON THE ACQUISITION OF INTRAVERBAL BEHAVIOR

Studies that have compared the effectiveness of differing prompt types to teach intraverbal responses have yielded mixed results, suggesting that individuals' reinforcement histories with prompt types may influence which prompt will be most effective. The purpose of this study was to test whether programmed increases in exposure to specific prompt types would produce concomitant increases in the acquisition rate of intraverbal responding. We compared acquisition rates among 4 typically developing preschool-aged children when taught via either echoic or tact prompts following exposure training with 1 prompt type. For all participants, the prompt method most recently used to teach intraverbal responses required fewer trials to teach new intraverbal responses compared to a prompt method that had not been used recently. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of reinforcement history on the acquisition of verbal behavior.
Dopamine release by the green alga Ulvaria obscura after simulated immersion by incoming tides

Ulvaria obscura, a prominent component of green tide blooms in Washington, is unique among macroalgae because it contains dopamine. To examine dopamine release by U. obscura following simulated low tides, we conducted 6 field experiments in which algae were emersed for 75 min and then immersed in filtered seawater (FSW). Dopamine was measured in algal tissues prior to emersion and 3 h after immersion and in seawater for 3 h following immersion. In our experiments, algae released 7–100% of their tissue dopamine, resulting in average seawater concentrations of 3–563 μM. In 5 of 6 experiments, seawater dopamine concentrations were highest immediately after immersion, and then decreased over time. The percentages of dopamine released were not correlated with tissue dopamine concentrations, but were positively correlated with solar radiation during emersion. The release of dopamine, which is both cytotoxic and genotoxic, may explain the negative effects of U. obscura exudates on marine organisms.
An Extensible Environment for Evaluating Secure MANET

Developing and evaluating secure MANET (mobile adhoc networks) in real systems is a complex process that involves careful design of attack test cases and security countermeasures, as well as meaningful performance measurements to evaluate both the impact of attacks and the performance of security solutions. It is desirable to have a development and testing environment that can automate this process. In this paper, we propose a software framework for such an environment and describe a system implementation in the secure MANET routing domain. This environment includes the following three major features. First, the environment is built upon a wireless network emulation tool to support repeatable experimentation. Second, it adds an attack emulation layer with necessary API for easy development and execution of attack test cases. Third, the extensible attack library includes a full set of basic attacks at its core and a way to compose complex attacks from the atomic elements. To demonstrate the usefulness of this tool, we show the development of an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) as a case study. Our successful experience confirms that the platform can greatly facilitate the development of security solutions on MANET.
Discrete and Continuous Scalar Conservation Laws

Motivated by issues arising for discrete second-order conservation laws and their continuum limits (applicable, for example, to one-dimensional nonlinear spring—mass systems), here we study the corresponding issues in the simpler setting of first-order conservation laws (applicable, for example, to the simplest theory of traffic flow). The discrete model studied here comprises a system of first-order nonlinear differential-difference equations; its continuum limit is a one-dimensional scalar conservation law. Our focus is on issues related to discontinuities — shock waves — in the continuous theory and the corresponding regions of rapid change in the discrete model. In the discrete case, we show that a family of new conservation laws can be deduced from the basic one, while in the continuous case we show that this is true only for smooth solutions. We also examine how well the continuous model approximates rapidly changing solutions of the discrete model, and this leads us to derive an improved continuous model which is of second-order. We also consider the form and implications of the second law of thermodynamics at shock waves in the scalar case.
Radical pair in crystalline dibenzoyl peroxide evidence for triplet ground states

Abstract Zero-field splitting (zfs) tensors and g tensors are reported for two phenyl-benzoyloxyl radical pairs (PB5K and PB15K) and two benzoyloxyl-benzoyloxyl pairs (BB10K and BB25K) in photolyzed single crystals of dibenzoyl peroxide. The g tensors show that in three of the pairs a benzoyloxyl radical has undergone in-plane rotation by about 40°. In PB15K this motion relieves steric repulsion from a CO 2 molecule, and it is suggested that motion in the BB pairs relieves repulsion between radical oxygens in a ground-state triplet radical pair. Spin-orbit coupling is necessary to explain the zfs of PB5K. This explanation requires that the triplet of the electronically excited radical pair lie below the corresponding singlet by an amount which is significant in comparison to the excitation energy. The source of singlet-triplet splitting is discussed briefly and simple VB calculations are shown not to support the above interpretation, although the STO3G and 4-31G basis sets employed are very likely inadequate. Atomic coordinates are reported for crystalline dibenzoyl peroxide.
Development of Off-Pump Mitral Valve Replacement in a Porcine Model

Purpose We describe our initial experience with on-bypass and off-bypass (off-pump) mitral valve replacement with the modified version of our novel catheter-based sutureless mitral valve (SMV) technology, which was developed to atraumatically anchor and seal in the mitral position. Description The SMV is a self-expanding device consisting of a custom designed nitinol framework and a pericardial leaflet valve mechanism. For the current studies, our original device was modified (SMV2) to reduce the delivery profile and to allow for controlled deployment while still maintaining the key principles necessary for atraumatic anchoring and sealing in the mitral valve position. Evaluation Ten Yorkshire pigs underwent successful SMV2 device implantation through a left atriotomy (on-pump, n = 6; off-pump, n = 4). Echocardiography and angiography revealed excellent left ventricular systolic function, no significant perivalvular leak, no mitral valve stenosis, no left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and no aortic valve insufficiency. Postmortem examination demonstrated that the SMV2 devices were anchored securely. Conclusions This study demonstrates the feasibility and short-term success of off-pump mitral valve replacement using a novel, catheter-based device in a porcine model.
Exchange symmetric effective interaction operators for coupled-reaction-channel equations and optical potentials

We derive formally exact expressions for the effective interactions to be used in coupled-reaction-channel equations. Exchange symmetry is explicitly taken into account. Our result is a generalization of the Feshbach projection operator formalism optical potential to include the effects of open rearrangement channels as well as the effects of exchange symmetry. The optical potential for elastic scattering is a special case of the effective interaction. Our result is simpler than previous multipartition treatments because it is based on the special Chandler-Gibson partition coupling scheme which is a completely symmetric arrangement of the Lippmann-Schwinger multiparticle scattering equations. We find that one version of our formalism for the effective interactions is similar to that of Birse when exchange effects are neglected. On the other hand, in the case that multipartition effects are neglected our optical-potential formalism reduces to that of Picklesimer and Thaler when the conventional post-interaction transition operator is used, and it reduces to the Kowalski and Picklesimer optical-potential formalism when the AGS off-shell extension of that operator is used. This reveals that these optical potentials are based on the single-partition approximation. We emphasize the distinction between multipartition and single-partition formalisms. Only the former can be exact.
Numerical Validation of Empirical Formula for Estimating Airfoil Drag Coefficient at Extreme Angles of Attack in Wind Turbine Applications

For optimal structural design of wind turbine blades, aerodynamic loads need to be estimated at all wind and operating conditions. Under parked conditions or during an emergency stop or in the event of a sudden gust, the blades can experience very high angles of attack (AOA). Generally, loads at these high AOA are design driving and hence an accurate estimation of force coefficients at these conditions are critical for efficient design. Experimental investigation of airfoils at high AOA in a wind tunnel is always a challenge due to blockage effects, Reynolds number limitation and large unsteady wake motion. Numerical simulations have their own deficiencies mainly associated with the limitations of turbulence models. Empirical formulas which are derived from experimental data for a variety of airfoils have been used with some degree of success. One such empirical formula proposed by C. Lindenburg is based on a limited set of airfoil geometry parameters like leading edge radius and wedge angles. In this study a CFD based numerical investigation is carried out on simplified airfoil geometries to validate the assumptions made in Linderburg’s formula.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
How Ethnic Structure Affects Civil Conflict: A Model of Endogenous Ethnic Grievance

Does ethnic structure affect the occurrence of civil conflict and, if so, how? This study develops an agent-based model of endogenous grievances which builds on the new constructivist conceptualization of ethnicity and the theories of group inequality and crosscuttingness. Specifically, I simulate conflict as a function of spontaneous economic disparities between nominal 'ethnic groups' with no predefined salient categories and related antagonism. Then I apply the model to reconsider the effect of (bidimensional) ethnic structure on conflict, which has been largely dismissed in recent scholarship. By varying the parameters of ethnic demography in artificial societies, I conduct a series of replicable experiments revealing that various structural settings yield systematically different patterns of conflict. While there is no 'most hazardous' structure per se, both polarization and crosscuttingness appear to decrease the likelihood of violence but increase its potential deadliness, which indicates a more general tradeoff of conflict incidence and intensity.
Do Wage Subsidies Provide a Stepping-Stone to Employment for Recent College Graduates? Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Jordan

Abstract This study examines the impact of a randomized experiment in Jordan in which female community college graduates were assigned to receive a wage subsidy voucher. The wage voucher led to a 38 percentage point increase in employment in the short run, but the average effect is much smaller and no longer statistically significant after the voucher period has expired. The extra job experience gained as a result of the wage subsidy does not provide a stepping-stone to new jobs for these recent graduates, which appears to be due to productivity levels not rising above a binding minimum wage.
Impact of Insect Damage on Loblolly Pine Seed Production

Conelets and cones on sample branches of loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., in the Georgia Piedmont were monitored for 2 years to determine damage from insects, seasonal pattern of losses, and overall loss of potential seed. Conelet losses were 32% in 1969 and 18% in 1970. Over 70% of this loss was unaccountable abortion or disappearance, which we attribute in part to feeding by a bug, Leptoglossus corculus (Say). For 2nd-year cones, losses were 37% in 1969 and 22% in 1970. A majority of these losses was accountable; they were caused primarily by damage from various Coneworms, Dioryctria spp., in midsummer. Survival from conelet to harvested cone was 51.4% However, harvested cones held only 42.6% of the potential seed, and only 64.8% of the harvested seeds were full; seedbugs contributed to this final stage of loss. Overall, only 14.2% of the potential seed survived to maturity.
Separation and purification of maca alkaloids with macroporous adsorption resin

Objective: To research the process conditions about separation and purification of maca Alkaloids with macroporous adsorption resin. Methods: The static and dynamic adsorption-desorption rates were used as indexes to choose the best kind of macroporous adsorption resin. Results: The best adsorption-desorption conditions with AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin were: the loading sample concentration 1 g/mL, powder weight/resin weightratio 2:1, water elution volume 3 BV, desorption solvent concentration(ethyl alcohol) 40%, desorption solvent volume 6 BV, desorptive flow rate 1.5 BV/h, desorption rate 29.66%. The content of maca alkaloids was 0.823 mg/g. Conclusion: Extract yield and color of maca alkaloids were reduced after adsorbed-desorbed with AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin. The desorptive rate of maca alkaloids was lower and its biological activity would be confirmed in the next step.
Immunologic Rebound After Cessation of Long-term Chemotherapy in Acute Leukemia

The aim of this study was to determine the kinetics of repopulation of blood and bone marrow lymphocytes, immunoglobulin synthesis, and antibody production after stopping long-term combination chemotherapy in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in continuous remission for 2½-3 yr. The phase of recovery after immunosuppressive drugs were discontinued was characterized by a rise of lymphocytes and increased immunoglobulin and antibody production, and it was dependent on the age of the patients at the beginning of treatment. Thus, after the drugs were stopped, blood and bone marrow lymphocytes and serum IgG and IgM increased significantly in the group of patients younger than 5 yr but not in the older group. Lymphocytosis was more pronounced and earlier in bone marrow, suggesting an initial expansion of this cell compartment. After the drugs were discontinued one-fourth of these patients had a rise in antibody to the Hong Kong influenza virus without evidence of reexposure to the same antigen. Although the mechanisms of this age-dependent immunologic rebound are uncertain, we postulate that the number of long-lived, drug-resistant, memory lymphocytes increases in peripheral blood as a function of age and antigenic stimulation. Practical implications derived from this study are: an increase of bone marrow lymphocytes above 40% in children with ALL in whom chemotherapy has been stopped does not indicate relapse but may be a manifestation of immunologic recovery; and a rise in antibody titers after cessation of immunosuppressive drugs may reflect immunologic rebound to an "old" antigen and not necessarily be secondary to an active infectious process.
Pressure-independent baroreflex resetting produced by chronic infusion of angiotensin II in rabbits.

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that chronic infusion of angiotensin II (ANG II) in rabbits shifts or resets baroreflex control of heart rate to a higher pressure level via a mechanism that is independent of the hypertension that is produced. The baroreflex relationship between arterial pressure and heart rate was assessed by first infusing progressively increasing doses of nitroprusside (3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 micrograms.kg-1 x min-1) to lower pressure and then increasing doses of phenylephrine (0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 micrograms.kg-1 x min-1) to raise pressure. Two weeks of intravenous ANG II infusion (20 ng.kg-1 x min-1) increased plasma ANG II levels from 9 +/- 1 to 146 +/- 24 pg/ml (P < 0.05), increased arterial pressure from 62 +/- 2 to 95 +/- 2 mmHg (P < 0.05), and transiently increased heart rate. The baroreflex was shifted to a higher pressure level after 30 min and 1, 3, 7, 9, and 14 days of ANG II infusion. Thirty minutes after the ANG II infusion on days 1, 7, and 14 was stopped...
A new reconstruction of continental Treptichnus based on exceptionally preserved material from the Jurassic of Massachusetts

Continental deposits of the Early Jurassic East Berlin Formation in Holyoke, Massachusetts, have yielded an exceptional occurrence of the ichnogenus Treptichnus. Here, burrows are preserved in full relief within thin mud laminae between layers of fine-grained, cross-bedded sandstone. We studied these burrows to evaluate whether earlier explanations of burrow morphology are applicable to all Treptichnus. Our research focused on three questions. (1) Do the Holyoke Treptichnus have significant vertical relief? (2) Does the lack of projections in some of the Holyoke Treptichnus result from stratinomic sectioning through the bottom of the burrow? (3) Do expanded, bulbous ends of burrow segments result from sediment compaction? While addressing these questions, the Holyoke fossils were compared to syntype and topotype material of Treptichnus from the Carboniferous of Indiana. The Holyoke Treptichnus did not exhibit significant vertical relief, and the presence and absence of projections is explained by the positioning of new segments at different points along older ones. The bulbous ends of burrow segments resulted from trace-maker behavior, not sediment compaction. Drawing on the analysis of the Holyoke material, a new reconstruction is proposed that presents continental Treptichnus as a shallow mole-tunnel-like burrow produced just below the sediment surface. This reconstruction is consistent with the morphology of Recent Treptichnus-like burrows produced by fly (dipteran) larvae, which are considered the most likely makers of the Holyoke Treptichnus.
Aggregate Consumption Function with Coefficients Random across Countries

The problem of estimating an economic relationship from the combined time series and cross-country data poses a serious challenge to econometricians, cf. Houthakker (1961, 1962, 1965). Houthakker (1961, 1962) estimated an aggregate inter-country savings function to find out the determinants of savings in developed and underdeveloped countries. He computed, among other things, a weighted regression of per capita personal savings on per capita disposable income with weights inversely proportional to the square of personal income per capita. These weights were determined on an ad hoc basis. Such studies, useful as they are, suffer from serious limitations imposed by the procedure of pooling data on countries with different levels of development and economic activity. A simple weighting scheme like the one adopted by Houthakker may not eliminate all the heterogeneity among countries. To understand the limitations of these studies it is always desirable to subject the same body of data to different types of analyses based on different sets of assumptions. Zellner and Sankar (1967) analyzed Houthakker’s data from the standpoint of errors-in-variables model in an effort to. determine whether the average propensity to consume depends on the level of income. In this chapter we make an attempt to analyze cross-country data on aggregate consumption expenditures starting from a different set of assumptions. We first set up an aggregate consumption model on the basis of some existing theories of consumption and assume that such a function is defined for each country appearing in our cross-section sample.