cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Impact of Betrayal for Children Exposed in Photographs

Elements of betrayal trauma theory (Freyd, 1996) are used to evaluate potential negative and positive consequences for children who serve as artistic models, particularly those who model for their artist parents. Several dimensions are considered in evaluating the likelihood of harm: nudity, motives of the artist, consent, external vulnerability, and objectification. Recommendations to artists include appointing an advocate for the child, discussing photographic sessions and allowing observers, and going beyond standard release procedures. Similarities to the domains of creative writing and research psychology are considered. Copyright # 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. A rtists and photographers frequently choose children as the subject of their art. This is understandable given the many qualities of children that make them beautiful: their sincerity, spontaneity, and unselfconsciousness, as well as their inherent vulnerability. Because of this vulnerability, however, there is a real possibility of exploitation when children are used to further the professional or artistic goals of adults. In this article, we explore the conditions under which serving as photographic models may be harmful to children. We begin with the assumption that artists are concerned about the well-being of the people they depict in their art, and that this is especially the case when parents use their own children as models. We describe a number of dimensions that relate to the possibility of harm. We also offer some recommendations geared especially towards parents who use their children as models. We hope that this article leads to further thought and discussion of these issues and therefore to a balance between the important goals of protecting children’s interests and rights and providing artists (and, indeed, all of us) with the opportunity for full and free creative expression.
The temperature sensitivity of GaAs-based 1.5 /spl mu/m GaInNAsSb lasers

The temperature behavior of 1.5 mum GaInNAsSb edge-emitting lasers is analyzed through variation of cavity length and temperature. Monomolecular recombination and intervalence band absorption dominate the threshold current, and carrier leakage becomes important at elevated temperatures
High-resolution modeling of cellular signaling networks

A central challenge in systems biology is the reconstruction of biological networks from high-throughput data sets. A particularly difficult case of this is the inference of dynamic cellular signaling networks. Within signaling networks, a common motif is that of many activators and inhibitors acting upon a small set of substrates. Here we present a novel technique for high-resolution inference of signaling networks from perturbation data based on parameterized modeling of biochemical rates. We also introduce a powerful new signal-processing method for reduction of batch effects in microarray data. We demonstrate the efficacy of these techniques on data from experiments we performed on the Drosophila Rho-signaling network, correctly identifying many known features of the network. In comparison to existing techniques, we are able to provide significantly improved prediction of signaling networks on simulated data, and higher robustness to the noise inherent in all high-throughput experiments. While previous methods have been effective at inferring biological networks in broad statistical strokes, this work takes the further step of modeling both specific interactions and correlations in the background to increase the resolution. The generality of our techniques should allow them to be applied to a wide variety of networks.
The Effect of Professional Skepticism on the Fraud Detection Skills of Internal Auditors

This study examines whether higher levels of skepticism are correlated with behaviors that might enable internal auditors to better detect fraud. Specifically, the Hurtt Skepticism Scale (Hurtt 2003) is used to classify internal auditors responding to a questionnaire as either high or low skeptics. The auditors are confronted with various types of fraud symptoms to evaluate whether higher levels of skepticism increase the desire to search for additional facts and potentially lead to improving fraud detection. In addition, a change in the behavior of the high and low skeptics in the desire for seeking more information after a one-day fraud awareness training session is examined. The results show that internal auditors who rank higher on the skepticism scales generally have a significantly greater desire to increase their information search related to fraud symptoms. After training, the differences between the high and low skepticism groups are narrowed for several of the personality characteristics. This research provides some of the first empirical evidence of the important relationship between skepticism characteristics and fraud detection skills.
INTERMOLECULAR-POTENTIAL-ENERGY CURVES: THEORY AND CALCULATIONS ON THE HELIUM-HELIUM POTENTIAL

Calculation of intermolecular‐potential‐energy curves by the application of the many‐electron theory of atoms and molecules is outlined. The interaction is split into a Hartree—Fock and a correlation part. Both parts are given both in localized and in MO descriptions. Most of the interaction is calculated directly, not by difference of total energies. The correlation part involves only two‐electron variational equations. These results are then used to obtain the many‐electron contributions. To examine the method and estimate the magnitude of the various contributions, the helium—helium interaction is calculated for distances over 4.5 a.u. (experimental minimum about 5.5 a.u.) using a very simple localized molecular wavefunction based on single Slater atomic orbitals. The correlation‐energy contribution is calculated with the Hirschfelder‐Linnett pair function previously used for hydrogen interactions. Many‐electron and distortion effects contribute 29% of the correlation part at the potential minimum (Re)...
Water in a Crowd

In many situations, form biology to geology, water occurs not as the pure bulk liquid but rather in nanoscopic environments, in contact with interfaces, interacting with ionic species, and interacting with large organic molecules. In such situations, water does not behave in the same manner as it does in the pure bulk liquid. Water dynamics are fundamental to many processes such as protein folding and proton transport. Such processes depend on the dynamics of water's hydrogen bonding network. Here, the results of ultrafast infrared experiments are described that shed light on the influences of nanoconfinement, interfaces, ions, and organic molecules on water hydrogen bond dynamics.
A new multivariate two-sample test using regular minimum-weight spanning subgraphs

A new nonparametric test is proposed for the multivariate two-sample problem. Similar to Rosenbaum’s cross-match test, each observation is considered to be a vertex of a complete undirected weighted graph; interpoint distances are edge weights. A minimum-weight, r-regular subgraph is constructed, and the mean cross-count test statistic is equal to the number of edges in the subgraph containing one observation from the first group and one from the second, divided by r. Unequal distributions will tend to result in fewer edges that connect vertices between different groups. The mean cross-count test is sensitive to a wide range of distribution differences and has impressive power characteristics. We derive the first and second moments of the mean cross-count test, and note that simulation studies suggest this test statistic is asymptotically normal regardless of underlying data distributions. A small simulation study compares the power of the mean cross-count test to Hotelling’s T2 test and to the cross-match test. This new test is a more powerful generalization of Rosenbaum’s test (the cross-match test is the case r = 1) and constitutes a noteworthy addition to the class of multivariate, nonparametric two-sample tests.
Post-Exercise Lactate Metabolism: A Comparative Review of Sites, Pathways, and Regulation

Most vertebrates utilize supplemental lactate production to support the energetic demands of vigorous, brief exercise. Despite similar patterns of accumulation, there appears to be a trichotomy with regards to lactate processing post-exercise. Most fish retain most of their lactate intramuscularly, using it for in situ glycogen replenishment. Recent evaluation of fish muscle concludes that pyruvate kinase reversal is a probable gluconeogenic pathway. Amphibians and reptiles also utilize lactate as a muscle glyconeogenic substrate, but lactate is not sequestered post-exercise. None of these groups utilize hepatic gluconeogenesis to any significant extent post-exercise, and muscle glucose uptake is limited. Lactate oxidation plays a major role post-exercise in mammals, with hepatic and muscular gluco- and glyconeogenesis contributing to a lesser extent. Glucocorticoids may regulate lactate release from fish muscle, although catecholamines may influence glyconeogenesis in reptile muscle. Insulin affects lactate metabolism indirectly through its effects on muscle glucose metabolism.
Further Innovation in Carotid Revascularization Requires Greater Insight into Minor Stroke Prevention and Quality of Life Outcomes

Carotid stenting and endarterectomy are complementary techniques to treat carotid stenosis. A number of studies have examined their merits. In symptomatic patients, carotid endarterectomy has been associated with lower long-term risk of stroke (1). Carotid artery stenting is known to be associated with higher risk of procedure-associated stroke, particularly in the elderly population, but with lower risk of myocardial infarction, cranial nerve palsy, and access-site hematoma than carotid endarterectomy (2-5). In 2010, the International Carotid Stenting Study (ICSS) reported the short-term results of patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis who were randomized to receive carotid endarterectomy or endovascular carotid stenting (4). The authors now report on the long-term outcomes of the ICSS study, in which Bonati et al. followed up on the patients of the ICSS trial for up to 10 years and reported their results in Lancet. The authors randomized patients older than 40 years with symptomatic carotid stenosis with at least 50% stenosis of the carotid artery lumen to receive endarterectomy or stenting in 50 global centers with an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis. Exclusion criteria included major stroke, previous treatment with stenting or endarterectomy, contraindications to stenting or endarterectomy, nonatherosclerotic disease stenosis, life expectancy less than 2 years, or patients who were scheduled for major surgery in less than a 1-month period. Follow-up visits were scheduled 30 days after the procedure, 6 months after randomization, and yearly thereafter. Initial follow-up was extended from 5 years to 10 years for patients willing to continue. All patients received standard medical care including antiplatelet medication or anticoagulation when indicated. The authors reported the fatal or disabling stroke after randomization to the end of follow-up as the primary end point of the study. The secondary end points were the all-cause mortality, any stroke, combined procedural stroke in any territory, procedural death, and ipsilateral stroke during follow-up. A total of 1713 patients participated in the study. Stenting was assigned to 855 patients, while endarterectomy was performed on
Sold into extinction: the global trade in endangered species, by Jacqueline Schneider

According to Jacqueline Schneider, the population of wild tigers in the world has dropped from approximately 100,000 to less than 3000. Additionally, four of the seven tiger species that once roame...
Revealed Preference: Equivalence Theorem and Indiced Preorder

With the help of an existence theorem for the compensated-income function we demonstrate the equivalence between the strong axiom of revealed preference on the one hand and, on the other, the weak axiom in conjunction with a regularity restriction on that function.
Calcium urolithiasis in a breeding population of southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) housed in a low salinity environment

The southern flounder, Paralichthys lethostigma, is a left-eyed flat fish belonging to the family Paralichthyidae that ranges the east coast of North America in the Atlantic Ocean from North Caroli...
Poly[di-μ(3)-chlorido-[μ(2)-(3-pyrid-yl)(4-pyrid-yl)methanone-κN:N']dicopper(I)].

In the title compound, [Cu2Cl2(C11H8N2O)]n, stair-like ribbons of formula [Cu2Cl2]n are linked into coordination polymer layers by tethering (3-pyrid­yl)(4-pyrid­yl)methanone (3,4′-dpk) ligands. The two distinct CuI centres both adopt distorted CuNCl3 tetra­hedral coordinations. Individual [Cu2Cl2(3,4′-dpk)]n layers stack in an AB pattern along the c direction by way of weak C—H⋯O inter­actions between the pyridyl rings and ketone O atoms.
En route to destruction: the evolution in composition of ices in comet D/2012 S1 (ISON) between 1.2 and 0.34 AU from the sun as revealed at infrared wavelengths

We report production rates for H2O and eight trace molecules (CO, C_2H_6, CH_4, CH_3OH, NH_3, H_2CO, HCN, C_2H_2) in the dynamically new, Sun-grazing Comet C/2012 S1 (ISON), using high-resolution spectroscopy at Keck II and the NASA IRTF on 10 pre-perihelion dates encompassing heliocentric distances R_h = 1.21–0.34 AU. Measured water production rates spanned two orders of magnitude, consistent with a long-term heliocentric power law Q(H_2O) ∝ R_h^(-3.1±0.1). Abundance ratios for CO, C_2H_6, and CH_4 with respect to H_2O remained constant with R_h and below their corresponding mean values measured among a dominant sample of Oort Cloud comets. CH_3OH was also depleted for R_h > 0.5 AU, but was closer to its mean value for R_h ≤ 0.5 AU. The remaining four molecules exhibited higher abundance ratios within 0.5 AU: for R_h > 0.8 AU, NH_3 and C_2H_2 were consistent with their mean values while H_2CO and HCN were depleted. For R_h < 0.5 AU, all four were enriched, with NH_3, H_2CO, and HCN increasing most. Spatial profiles of gas emission in ISON consistently peaked sunward of the dust continuum, which was asymmetric antisunward and remained singly peaked for all observations. NH_3 within 0.5 AU showed a broad spatial distribution, possibly indicating its release in the coma provided that optical depth effects were unimportant. The column abundance ratio NH_2/H_2O at 0.83 AU was close to the "typical" NH/OH from optical wavelengths, but was higher within 0.5 AU. Establishing its production rate and testing its parentage (e.g., NH_3) require modeling of coma outflow.
Toxicity/Substance Abuse

This chapter elaborates the role of toxicity and substance abuse inassociation with brain ischemia and hemorrhagic stroke. Toxicity to every major organ system, including the central and peripheral nervous systems, has been noted in adults and the fetus. All subtypes of transient and permanent ischemic events in the retinal, anterior, and posterior cerebral circulations, as well as various causes of intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage, have been associated with drug use. Many drugs increase catecholamine release from central noradrenergic nerve terminals, block reuptake of catecholamines into nerve terminals, or increase plasma catecholamine levels. Most drugs have been associated with more than one stroke subtype. Heroin is most often associated with cerebral ischemia. Alkaloidal cocaine use may be equally likely to produce ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, while intravenous cocaine hydrochloride may be more likely to cause hemorrhagic stroke, with approximately 50% of the latter due to ruptured saccular aneurysms or arteriovenous malformations.
Latinos in the New Millennium: Evolving Patterns and Preferences in Latino Partisanship

Among the areas in which there has been much speculation about the growth and especially increased political participation of Latinos is their patterns of partisan identification, registration, and voting. It is well accepted that current Latino party identification favors Democrats, with the consistent exception of those Latinos of Cuban origin (DeSipio 1996; de la Garza, DeSipio, Garcia, Garcia, and Falcon 1992). However, significant speculation exists as to how stable this Democratic advantage is, how deeply these patterns hold, what the value foundations are of Latino partisan preferences, and whether the growing size and diversity of the Latino electorate present new opportunities and challenges for political parties to garner significant Latino voter support (Fraga and Ramirez 2003–2004; Fraga and Leal 2004). We examine several aspects of Latino partisanship in this chapter, beginning with a summary of social science research regarding Latino partisanship. We then break down partisan identification by generation and citizenship, national origin, income, and education. This is followed by a discussion of the patterns of reported party registration by the same categories. We then provide data on important correlates of partisan identification, including recent changes in attitudes toward parties, ideology, coethnic candidates, and political knowledge. The chapter concludes with a consideration of what we learn about patterns of Latino partisanship from the LNS.
‘Constrained collaboration’: Patient empowerment discourse as resource for countervailing power

Countervailing powers constrain the authority and autonomy of the medical profession. One countervailing power is patient consumerism, a movement with roots in health social movements. Patient empowerment discourses that emerge from health social movements suggest that active patienthood is a normative good, and that patients should inform themselves, claim their expertise, and participate in their care. Yet, little is known about how patient empowerment is understood by physicians. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in an American medical school, this article examines how physicians teach medical students to carry out patient encounters while adhering to American cultural expectations of a collaborative physician–patient relationship. Overt medical paternalism is characterised by professors as ‘here's the orders’ paternalism, and shown to be counterproductive to ‘closing the deal’ – achieving patient agreement to a course of treatment. To explain how physicians accomplish their therapeutic goals without violating cultural mandates of patient empowerment I develop the concept of ‘constrained collaboration’. This analysis of constrained collaboration contrasts with structural-level narratives of diminishing professional authority and contributes to a theory of the micro-level reproduction of medical authority as a set of interactional practices.
Integrated PET/CT

The recent development of combined positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) instrumentation is an important evolution in imaging technology. Since the introduction of the first prototype CT scanner in the early 1970s, tomographic imaging has made significant contributions to the diagnosis and staging of disease. Rapid commercial development followed the introduction of the first CT scanner in 1972, and within 3 years of its appearance more than 12 companies were marketing, or intending to market, CT scanners; about half that number actually market CT scanners today. With the introduction of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the early 1980s, CT was, at that time, predicted to last another 5 years at most before being replaced by MRI for anatomical imaging. Obviously, this did not happen, and today, with multislice detectors, spiral acquisition, and subsecond rotation times, CT continues to develop and to play a major role in clinical imaging, in particular for the assessment of cardiovascular disease. Indeed, one of the main driving forces for the current development in CT is for applications in cardiology.
Reducing fatality rates of the Hispanic workforce in the U.S. Construction industry: Challenges and strategies

AbstractRecent government statistics have revealed a high rate of fatalities among Hispanic workers in the U.S. construction industry. This study investigates the root causes of this issue as well as the existing attempts to manage these causes effectively. Cultural barriers are one of the root causes that have not been fully explored. This detailed investigation expands into an exploration of cultural barriers and differences, variables that are directly attributable to construction site safety. A survey instrument was designed to evaluate the existence and influence of these differences at U.S. construction sites, and data were collected from construction supervisors across the United States. The results of the survey strongly suggest the existence of two differences: high power distance and collectivism cultural dimensions. Based on the survey results and feedback from construction supervisors, recommendations for best practices in workforce development that guides construction professionals and resear...
Multiple Quantum Coherence

In Chapter 5 we introduced the density matrix as a powerful tool for the analysis of magnetic resonance experiments. In analyzing the case of spin ½, we saw that the diagonal elements of ϱ were connected with the magnetization parallel to the static field, and the off-diagonal elements were related to the transverse components through the equations $$\langle {M^ + }(t)\rangle = \gamma \hbar \rho - + (t)and$$ (5.257a) $$\langle {M_Z}(t)\rangle = \frac{{\gamma \hbar }}{2}[{\rho _{ + + }}(t) - {\rho _{ - - }}(t)].$$ (5.257b)
Multiple Baskets: Diverse Racial Frames and the 2016 Republican Primary

A strain of racist, xenophobic populism is sweeping through many democracies, jumping from the fringes of political discourse to the mainstream. Understanding how Donald Trump was able to take powe...
Processing gain using CDMA in ultra-wideband multi-channel digital beam-formers

We present a Multi-Channel Ultra-Wideband transceiver using digital beam-formers with large processing gain. Advantages of the proposed system include interference mitigation, capability to accommodate multiple users at the same time, and high data rates. Specifically, a signal encoding approach is used to multiplex signals. In this manner, and taking advantage of the large available bandwidth, we achieve secure communications via Code-Division-Multiplexing and interference mitigation through signal spreading. In this paper, we present a description of the proposed high data rate system. To assess the performance of this system and the impact of the encoding/decoding procedure, we conducted a noise analysis for both transmitter and receiver. Specifically, Bit Error Rate (BER) simulations were conducted. We used different sets of codes and various interference levels to asses performance. Our results show that high data rates are achieved, with minimal BER degradation when using, this technique.
Research and Extension

The foundation for agriculture’s role in economic transformation is largely public modern science institutions producing a steady flow of improved technology. That technology must be locally based to ensure suitability to highly variable local conditions. Agriculture stands out relative to other sectors in the centrality of modern science to its progress. Research results must reach farmers and farmers’ requirements must feed back to research. As a result, research and extension must be tightly integrated. The research system is also the repository of the best technical knowledge and all the other institutions feed off of it. It is central to rapid agricultural growth, which is usually underinvested, and often grossly so.
Unravelling the Correlation of Electronic Structure and Carrier Dynamics in CuInS2 Nanoparticles

In this work, we report the direct correlation of photoinduced carrier dynamics and electronic structure of CuInS2 (CIS) nanoparticles (NPs) using the combination of multiple spectroscopic techniques including steady-state X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), optical transient absorption (OTA), and X-ray transient (XTA) absorption spectroscopy. XAS results show that CIS NPs contain a large amount of surface Cu atoms with ≪four-coordination, which is more severe in CIS NPs with shorter nucleation times, indicating the presence of more Cu defect states in CIS NPs with smaller size particles. Using the combination of OTA and XTA spectroscopy, we show that electrons are trapped at states with mainly In or S nature while holes are trapped in sites characteristic of Cu. While there is no direct correlation of ultrafast trapping dynamics with NP nucleation time, charge recombination is significantly inhibited in CIS NPs with larger particles. These results suggest the key roles that Cu defect sites play in carri...
From National Threat to National Hero

Chapter 2 investigates Hines Ward as a key mixed-race media figure. It reads his visit to Korea as a “media event” and examine how this event led to the discursive explosion of multiculturalism in Korean society in 2006. As Ward is a black Amerasian, a group previously neglected and oppressed in Korea, it is argued that the discursive articulation between his Amerasian background and the popular discussion of multiculturalism became the cultural site of a “multicultural battle” for Koreanness in relation to Korea’s racist past. Analyzing the particular modes used by media to articulate his blackness, Koreanness, and Americanness as well as his global success as a male sports celebrity, it is argued that the Korean media and state appropriated Ward to project the national desire to be global and multicultural.
A Matter of Choice: Opportunities for Informal Science Institutions to Support Science Teacher Induction

Teacher induction programs are an important investment in supporting novice teacher development and retention in the classroom. Effective induction support for beginning science teachers should add...
The effects of literacy interventions on single-word reading for individuals who use aided AAC: a systematic review

The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of instruction on single-word reading of individuals who use aided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). A systematic search identified nine single-case experimental design studies that involved 24 individuals who used aided AAC. Overall, the evidence indicated that instruction had positive effects on reading at the single-word level for individuals across ages and diagnostic categories (i.e., autism spectrum disorder (ASD), cerebral palsy (CP), Down syndrome, and intellectual disability). The studies revealed that these effects were consistent across a range of participant, intervention, and outcome measure characteristics. Phonological approaches, sight-word approaches, and a combination of these two approaches yielded very large effects. Despite the large effects, the findings must be viewed with caution due to limitations in the number of studies and participants and limitations in the reporting of detailed participant and intervention characteristics across the studies. In order to determine which interventions are most effective for which individuals, future research directions are discussed, including the need for greater specificity in describing participant and intervention characteristics, investigations into how to best measure intervention outcomes without requiring spoken responses, and investigations into longer-term interventions targeting a wider range of reading skills.
Open tunneled central line insertion in children — External or internal jugular vein?

Abstract Background/Purpose Tunneled central venous catheters (TCVCs) are commonly used to manage pediatric patients with chronic disease. The aim of this study is to compare the outcomes of external jugular vein (EJV) and internal jugular vein (IJV) tunneled catheters inserted using the open technique. Methods This is a single institution retrospective analysis of patients requiring an IJV or EJV TCVC in the period between 2009 and 2014. Data collected included the following: patient demographics, site/side of insertion, catheter size, number of lumens, duration of catheter in situ, and complications. Results A total of 942 TCVCs (690 IJV; 252 EJV) were inserted in 761 patients. No statistical difference was seen between the two groups for procedure indications, age, gender, duration of line in situ, side of insertion, catheter size, number of lumens, and rate of premature catheter removals owing to complications. Rates of infection, blockage, and breakage were similar, but dislodgement was higher in the IJV group. EJV access was successful in 91% of attempts. Conclusions Open EJV TCVC insertion is a safe, quick, and feasible alternative to IJV insertion. EJV access offers comparable outcomes, reduced surgical morbidity, and improved hemostasis especially in children with coagulopathy and/or reduced platelet counts. Type of study Retrospective comparative study. Level of evidence Level 3.
Altered hand temperatures following transradial cardiac catheterization: A thermography study

Abstract Background There is concern about potential detrimental effects of transradial access (TRA) on radial artery structure, endothelial and hand function. This thermography study evaluated TRA impact on hand microvascular perfusion. Methods and results We prospectively measured hand thermography, radial and ulnar artery size and blood flow velocities in both catheterization and non-catheterization hands at baseline and 30-days after TRA in 158 patients. There were no differences in radial or ulnar arterial diameters or velocities pre- and post-TRA in catheterization and non-catheterization hands (p = NS). The absolute total hand thermography values post-TRA were increased in both catheterization and non-catheterization hand (pre-TRA 30.4 ± 2.9 vs. post-TRA 31.6 ± 2.6 p Conclusions TRA is associated with temperature changes in both catheterization and non-catheterization hands at one month after the index procedure. These changes likely represent a systemic response to local TRA stimulus.
Lime Rate Affects Substrate pH and Container-grown Birch Trees

ABSTRACTNursery production of birch (Betula nigra L.) trees commonly occurs in containers using a soilless substrate such as pine bark or peat moss. Birch trees have been reported to suffer from pH...
Impact of Primary Care Physician Interaction on Longitudinal Adherence to Screening Mammography Across Different Racial/Ethnic Groups.

Abstract Purpose Regular contact with a primary care physician (PCP) is associated with increased participation in screening mammography. Older studies suggested that PCP interaction may have a smaller effect on screening mammography uptake among racial and ethnic minorities compared with whites, but there is limited contemporary evidence about the effect of PCP interaction on screening mammography uptake across different racial and ethnic groups. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between PCP contact and longitudinal adherence with screening mammography guidelines over a 10-year period across different racial/ethnic groups. Methods This HIPAA-compliant and institutional review board–approved retrospective single-institution study included women between the ages of 50 and 64 years who underwent screening mammography in the calendar year of 2005. The primary outcome of interest was adherence to recommended screening mammography guidelines (yes or no) at each 2-year interval from their index screening mammographic examination in 2005 until 2015. Patients were defined as having a high level of PCP interaction if their PCPs were listed in the electronic medical record within the top three providers with whom the patients had the most visits during the study period. Generalized estimating equation models were used to estimate the effect of high PCP interaction on screening mammography adherence while adjusting for correlated observations and patient characteristics. Results Patients in the high PCP interaction group had increased longitudinal adherence to recommended screening mammography (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.42-1.73; P Conclusions High levels of PCP interaction result in similar improvements in longitudinal screening mammography adherence for all racial/ethnic minority groups. Future efforts will require targeted outreach to assist Medicaid and uninsured patient populations overcome barriers to screening mammography adherence.
Molecular and Cellular Developments in Heart Valve Development and Disease

The prevalence of heart valve disease is estimated at 2.5% and this number is likely to increase with the steady rise in life expectancy and associated degenerative pathology. Affected individuals suffer significant morbidity and mortality, and surgical intervention remains the only effective treatment. Disease of the valves can be congenital associated with structural malformations present at birth as a result of disturbances during embryonic valve development. Alternatively, phenotypes can be acquired later in life following sustained exposure to environmental risk factors including high cholesterol, tobacco-use, hypertension and aging, although there is increasing evidence to suggest that embryonic origins may also play a role. The mechanisms underlying heart valve disease in the human population are largely unknown and this has hindered the development of alternative, more cost-effective therapies. Formation of the valve in the developing embryo is complex and requires the temporal convergence of many signaling pathways in specific cell types. Once the valve structure is established after birth, it must be maintained by additional regulatory networks, many of which are also involved in valvulogenesis. Here, we will highlight the hierarchical pathways known to be essential for establishing and maintaining valve structure–function relationships and discuss how aberrations in their regulation can promote the onset and progression of valve disease. Furthermore, we will focus on how basic science discoveries and tools can provide critical insights into the development of mechanistic-based therapies beyond surgical repair and replacement.
An adaptive coupler for calibration of arbitrarily shaped microphones

Abstract Accurate measurements of sound pressure level require regular calibration of the microphone, and closed-coupler calibration devices are commonly used. Standard acoustical couplers are designed to be used with working standard microphones, and the dimensions of many microphones do not fit a standard coupler. For example, micro-electro-mechanical system microphones are very small and often non-cylindrical in shape. This paper describes an adaptive coupler that can accommodate microphones of arbitrary cross-sectional shape. This coupler utilizes a flexible membrane of open cell foam that roughly conforms to the shape of the microphone. In contrast to a rigid enclosure, the permeability of the membrane creates an open system that is not dependent on an airtight seal. The repeatability associated with the use of this adaptive coupler is demonstrated by calibrating a small, oddly shaped microphone. It is shown that a coupler with sealed enclosure is not required to measure the sensitivity of a microphone, although the alternative introduces several compromises.
Data for Improvement, Data for Accountability

Turner and Coburn begin this special issue with the observation that data use has been a strategy for fostering improvement in public schools in the United States. The articles in the issue contribute to understanding the process by which these improvements might happen. They address the complex linkages from the provision of data to professionals, the encour agement and pressure to use the data in making decisions, the institu tional contexts that support or discourage the use of data in making decisions, and the resulting practices that lead to educational outcomes. As I read the articles, I am struck that some of the data systems dis cussed by the authors are intended principally to improve the perfor mance of school staff, whereas other data systems are intended principally to hold schools and districts accountable for outcomes. Both types are expected to improve educational results, but, although both make use of data as an active ingredient in their strategy, the two types represent different logics of action and intervention (Weiss, 1999). If data systems are to improve performance, the data systems should be designed to help school staff (especially teachers and principals) do a better job of instruction in order to enhance student learning or achieve other educational goals (such as attainment or skill acquisition). They seek to build the knowledge and skills of teachers and principals so that they can be more effective in their professional work. If, on the other hand, data systems are intended to hold educators accountable, the data systems should be designed to measure and report outcomes in a way that will allow actors outside the schools (often elected officials or other stake
Primary Human B Cells at Different Differentiation and Maturation Stages Exhibit Distinct Susceptibilities to Vaccinia Virus Binding and Infection.

Vaccinia virus (VACV), the prototypical member of the poxvirus family, was used as a live-virus vaccine to eradicate smallpox worldwide and has recently received considerable attention because of its potential as a prominent vector for the development of vaccines against infectious diseases and as an oncolytic virus for cancer therapy. Studies have demonstrated that VACV exhibits an extremely strong bias for binding to and infection of primary human antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. However, very few studies have assessed the interactions of VACV with primary human B cells, a main type of professional APCs. In this study, we evaluated the susceptibility of primary human peripheral B cells at various differentiation and maturation stages to VACV binding, infection, and replication. We found that plasmablasts were resistant to VACV binding, while other B subsets, including transitional, mature naive, memory, and plasma cells, were highly susceptible to VACV binding. VACV binding preference was likely associated with differential expression of chemokine receptors, particularly CXCR5. Infection studies showed that plasmablast, plasma, transitional, and mature naive B cells were resistant to VACV infection, while memory B cells were preferentially infected. VACV infection in ex vivo B cells was abortive, which occurred at the stage of late viral gene expression. In contrast, activated B cells were permissive to productive VACV infection. Thus, primary human B cells at different differentiation stages exhibit distinct susceptibilities to VACV binding and infection, and the infections are abortive and productive in ex vivo and activated B cells, respectively. IMPORTANCE Our results provide critical information to the field of poxvirus binding and infection tropism. We demonstrate that VACV preferentially infects memory B cells that play an important role in a rapid and vigorous antibody-mediated immune response upon reinfection by a pathogen. Additionally, this work highlights the potential of B cells as natural cellular models to identify VACV receptors or dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying key steps of the VACV life cycle, such as binding, penetration, entry, and replication in primary human cells. The understanding of VACV biology in human primary cells is essential for the development of a safe and effective live-virus vector for oncolytic virus therapy and vaccines against smallpox, other pathogens, and cancer.
MOSFET-based Ultra-low-power Realization of Analog Joint Source-Channel Coding for IoTs

Certain sensing applications such as Internet of Things (IoTs), where the sensing phenomenon may change rapidly in both time and space, require sensors that consume ultra-low power devices (so as to be able to collect data continuously and not lose temporal and spatial resolution) and have low costs (for high density deployment). A novel encoding based on Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOS-FETs) is proposed to realize Analog Joint Source Channel Coding (AJSCC), a low-complexity technique to compress two (or more) signals into one with controlled distortion. The approach is verified via Spice simulations and breadboard implementation.
Inter-Rater Reliability and Impact of Disagreements on Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV Mortality Predictions.

Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation is a well-validated method to risk-adjust ICU patient outcomes. However, predictions may be affected by inter-rater reliability for manually entered elements. We evaluated inter-rater reliability for Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV manually entered elements among clinician abstractors and assessed the impacts of disagreements on mortality predictions. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Academic medical center. Subjects Patients admitted to five adult ICUs. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV manually entered elements were abstracted from a selection of charts (n = 41) by two clinician "raters" trained in Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV methodology. Rater agreement (%) was determined for each manually entered element, including Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation diagnosis, Glasgow Coma Scale score, admission source, chronic conditions, elective/emergency surgery, and ventilator use. Cohen's kappa (K) or intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated for nominal and continuous manually entered elements, respectively. The impacts of manually entered element choices on Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV mortality predictions were computed using published Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV equations, and observed to expected hospital mortality ratios were compared between rater groups. The majority of manually entered element inconsistency was due to disagreement in choice of Glasgow Coma Scale (63.8% agreement, 0.83 intraclass correlation coefficient), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation diagnosis (68.3% agreement, 0.67 kappa), and admission source (90.2% agreement, 0.85 kappa). The difference in predicted mortality between raters related to Glasgow Coma Scale disagreements was significant (observed to expected mortality ratios for Rater 1 [1.009] vs Rater 2 [1.134]; p < 0.05). Differences related to Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation diagnosis or admission source disagreements were negligible. The new "unable to score" choice for Glasgow Coma Scale was used for 18% of Glasgow Coma Scale measurements but accounted for 63% of "major" Glasgow Coma Scale disagreements, and 50% of the overall difference in Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation-predicted mortality between raters. Conclusions Inconsistent use among raters of the new "unable to score" choice for Glasgow Coma Scale introduced in Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV was responsible for important decreases in both Glasgow Coma Scale and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV mortality prediction reliability in our study. A Glasgow Coma Scale algorithm we developed after the study to improve reliability related to use of this new "unable to score" choice is presented.
Work Relative Value Units Do Not Adequately Support the Burden of Infection Management in Revision Knee Arthroplasty.

Background Revision total knee arthroplasty for infection is challenging. Septic revisions, whether 1-stage or 2-stage, may require more time and effort than comparable aseptic revisions. However, the burden of infection may not be reflected by the relative value units (RVUs) assigned to septic revision compared with aseptic revision. The purposes of this study were to compare the RVUs of aseptic and septic revision total knee arthroplasties and to calculate the RVU per minute for work effort. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) database was analyzed for the years 2006 to 2017. The Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code 27487 and the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) code 996.XX, excluding 996.6X, were used to identify all aseptic revision total knee arthroplasties (n = 12,907). The CPT code 27487 and the ICD-9 code 996.6X were used to determine all 1-stage septic revision total knee arthroplasties (n = 891). The CPT codes 27488 and 11981 were used to identify the first stage of a 2-stage revision (n = 293). The CPT codes 27447 and 11982 were used to identify the second stage of a 2-stage revision (n = 279). After 4:1 propensity score matching, 274 cases were identified per septic cohort (aseptic single-stage: n = 1,096). The RVU-to-dollar conversion factor was provided by the U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), and RVU dollar valuations were calculated. Results The septic second-stage revision was used as the control group for comparisons. The RVU per minute for the aseptic 2-component revision was 0.215, from a mean operative time of 148.95 minutes. The RVU per minute for the septic, 2-component, 1-stage revision was 0.199, from a mean operative time of 160.6 minutes. For septic, 2-stage revisions, the first-stage RVU per minute was 0.157, from a mean operative time of 138.1 minutes. The second-stage RVU per minute was 0.144, from a mean operative time of 170.0 minutes. Two-component aseptic revision total knee arthroplasty was valued the highest. Conclusions Despite the increased complexity and worse postoperative outcomes associated with revision total knee arthroplasties for infection, the current physician reimbursement does not account for these challenges. This inadequate compensation may discourage providers from performing these operations and, in turn, make it more difficult for patients with periprosthetic joint infection to receive the necessary treatment. Therefore, the CPT code revaluation may be warranted for these procedures.
The Relationship Between Surface Electromyographic Activity and Torque Production of the Infraspinatus Muscle in Shoulder Rehabilitation Exercises

In current rehabilitation practice, exercise selection is commonly based on the amount of muscle recruitment demonstrated by electromyographic (EMG) analysis. A preponderance of evidence supports the concept that EMG of a muscle and torque output are positively correlated. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between surface EMG activity of the infraspinatus and torque production during exercises involving shoulder external rotation (ER). A total of 30 participants (average age = 24.6 y) performed maximum voluntary isometric contraction of ER at 5 points within the range of motion of 3 shoulder exercise positions with concomitant surface EMG recording. As a maximal internally rotated position was approached, maximum ER torque and minimum or near-minimum EMG recruitment were demonstrated. Conversely, at maximally externally rotated positions, EMG activity was greatest and torque values were lowest. An inverse relationship between joint torque output and EMG activity was established in each of the 3 exercises. The inverse relationship between EMG activity and torque output during Shoulder ER suggests that there may be additional factors warranting consideration during exercise selection. Further research may be needed to determine the relative value of electrical activity versus torque output to optimize the selection of rehabilitative exercises.
Beyond Well-being: The Quest for Wholeness and Purpose in Education:

Purpose:This article develops a critique of contemporary understandings and practices related to well-being in education. It proposes a fuller development of wholeness and purpose that supplements ...