cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A spatial model with party activists: implications for electoral dynamics

The purpose of this paper is to develop a multidimensional spatial model akin to the standard one of elections but also to study here the impact of a second category of decisions open to citizens: the decision to become a partisan activist. The model developed here is meant to be compatible with standard election models (i.e., it rests on essentially identical assumptions). The difference here is that citizens can choose to "join" one of the two parties (i.e., become a partisan activist) with the resulting implication that there will be some distribution of activists of the two parties in the N-dimensional space. The decision to join a party is assumed to parallel the voting decision in form. However, it is then shown that, unlike voting decisions, activists' decisions lead to equilibria distributions for the political parties (as sets of activists) in a multidimensional policy space. The presumption
Predicting low Apgar scores of infants weighing less than 1000 grams: the effect of corticosteroids.

Objective To evaluate maternal and neonatal factors that predict low Apgar scores in newborns weighing less than 1000 g. Methods From a data set of all live-born infants who were delivered between 1979–1991 and who weighed 1000 g or less, we reviewed the records of 837 neonates born at 24–28 weeks' gestation. Potential risk factors were evaluated for associations with a 1-minute Apgar score of 3 or less and a 5-minute Apgar score of 6 or less. Analyses used χ 2 test and multiple logistic regression. Results The prevalence of 1-minute Apgar scores of 3 or less decreased from 65.9% at 24 weeks to 38.2% at 28 weeks, and the prevalence of 5-minute Apgar scores of 6 or less decreased from 83.3% at 24 weeks to 51.2% at 28 weeks. As the birth weight increased from 500–599 g to 900–1000 g, 1-minute Apgar scores of 3 or less decreased from 77.0% to 39.6%, and 5-minute Apgar scores of 6 or less decreased from 89.2% to 56.4%. Aside from gestational age and birth weight, corticosteroid use was the strongest predictor of Apgar scores above 3 at 1 minute and above 6 at 5 minutes. Male and nonvertex-presenting infants had an increased likelihood of low Apgar scores, as did infants with cord blood pH less than 7.05 or bicarbonate value less than 17 mEq/L. Conculsion Neonates at very low gestational ages and birth weights are more likely than larger or more mature infants to have low Apgar scores. Males, nonvertexpresenting infants, and those who are acidotic at birth also have an increased prevalence of low scores. Infants born to mothers treated with antenatal corticosteroids are less likely to have low Apgar scores. This finding indicates that antenatal corticosteroids may benefit the newborn at birth, before respiratory distress syndrome becomes apparent.
Behavioral Treatments and Pharmacotherapy: Acceptability Ratings for Elderly Individuals

Two studies compared acceptability ratings of a positive behavioral treatment (differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior), a mildly aversive behavioral procedure (time-out), and pharmacotherapy used for older adults. In Study 1, college students were presented with descriptions and asked to rate the treatments of case clients who were depicted as either young or elderly, cognitively intact or impaired, and engaging in physical aggression, verbal abuse, or noncompliance. The respondents in Study 2 were adults aged 30-49, and senior center participants aged greater than or equal to 60 who were asked to evaluate only the scenarios involving elderly case clients. The Treatment Evaluation Inventory and a Semantic Differential Scale were used to assess acceptability. Results showed that: (a) college students rated medication higher for elderly case clients, and the behavioral treatments higher when applied with children; (b) adult and elderly respondents assigned the highest acceptability ratings to the differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior procedure, followed by medication and time-out; (c) all respondents assigned differential acceptability ratings depending on the behavior problem described, with more severe problems generally warranting more invasive treatments; (d) acceptability ratings of treatments did not differ as a function of cognitive capacity of case clients. Implications of these results for clinicians employing behavioral interventions with elderly clients are discussed, and suggestions are made for additional research.
Decreased astroglial cell adhesion and proliferation on zinc oxide nanoparticle polyurethane composites

Nanomaterials offer a number of properties that are of interest to the field of neural tissue engineering. Specifically, materials that exhibit nanoscale surface dimensions have been shown to promote neuron function while simultaneously minimizing the activity of cells such as astrocytes that inhibit central nervous system regeneration. Studies demonstrating enhanced neural tissue regeneration in electrical fields through the use of conductive materials have led to interest in piezoelectric materials (or those materials which generate a transient electrical potential when mechanically deformed) such as zinc oxide (ZnO). It has been speculated that ZnO nanoparticles possess increased piezoelectric properties over ZnO micron particles. Due to this promise in neural applications, the objective of the present in vitro study was, for the first time, to assess the activity of astroglial cells on ZnO nanoparticle polymer composites. ZnO nanoparticles embedded in polyurethane were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy to evaluate nanoscale surface features of the composites. The surface chemistry was characterized via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Astroglial cell response was evaluated based on cell adhesion and proliferation. Astrocyte adhesion was significantly reduced on ZnO nanoparticle/polyurethane (PU) composites with a weight ratio of 50:50 (PU:ZnO) wt.%, 75:25 (PU:ZnO) wt.%, and 90:10 (PU:ZnO) wt.% in comparison to pure PU. The successful production of ZnO nanoparticle composite scaffolds suitable for decreasing astroglial cell density demonstrates their potential as a nerve guidance channel material with greater efficiency than what may be available today.
Narrow Band UV MDM Filter for the New Millenium

Ultra-violet multilayer metal-dielectric filters (MDM) with high transmission and deep blocking are described. Shape factors for the bandpass are better than classical types.
Is There a Neural Basis for Borderline Splitting

It is proposed here that borderline splitting and borderline pathology may have a neural basis. For the infant who splits its emotional and cognitive constitution of its mother during separation-individuation, the "good mother"--"bad mother" engram may be lateralized in the brain in a different way than for an infant who does not use this defense. The infant may be developmentally vulnerable to the effects of splitting during separation-individuation (18 to 36 months) because interhemispheric communication necessary for mental unity is not possible at this time, since neurons connecting left and right hemispheres are not totally myelinated and because the infant has not yet fully acquired language, a prerequisite for an integrated psychological reality. Two separate, unintegrated--and alternating--mental systems may come into being. Later, as myelination is completed, the infant's split emotional and cognitive constitutions of mother and of self may create a neural "template" for splitting all further experience and behavior through the two separate, alternating mental systems. The possibility that emotional trauma occurring later than separation-individuation, and involving other issues, may be the occasion for splitting is considered, as well as the possibility that a congenital abnormality in brain structure or function may be a primary factor in borderline pathology. Ways to test the hypothesis that borderline splitting has a neural basis are suggested.
Status of x-ray mask inspection and repair

The status of x-ray mask inspection and repair at the IBM Advanced Mask Facility is presented. Defect classification and sources are presented along with some preliminary results from a defect printing study done at the Advanced Lithography Facility.
A linear regression model using triangular fuzzy number coefficients

Fuzzy regression analysis using fuzzy linear models with symmetric triangular fuzzy number coefficients has been formulated earlier. The goal of this regression is to find the coefficients of a proposed model for all given input-output data sets. In this paper, we extend the results of a fuzzy linear regression model that uses symmetric triangular coefficient to one with non-symmetric fuzzy triangular coefficients. This work eradicates the inflexibility of existing fuzzy linear regression models.
CORRELATION OF PEMPHIGOID AND PEMPHIGU S ANTIBODY TITRES WITH ACTIVITY OF DISEASE

SUMMARY.— Four patients with pemphigoid have been followed clinically and serologically for a sufficient period to indicate that pemphigoid antibody titre does not necessarily parallel the clinical activity of the disease. In contrast, for pemphigus, there does seem to be such a correlation.
High Energy Collisions on Tandem Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometers

Long before the introduction of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), electrospray ionization (ESI), Orbitraps, and any of the other tools that are now used ubiquitously for proteomics and metabolomics, the highest performance mass spectrometers were sector instruments, providing high resolution mass measurements by combining an electrostatic energy analyzer (E) with a high field magnet (B). In its heyday, the four sector mass spectrometer (or EBEB) was the crown jewel, providing the highest performance tandem mass spectrometry using single, high energy collisions to induce fragmentation. During a time in which quadrupole and tandem triple quadrupole instruments were also enjoying increased usage and popularity, there were, nonetheless, some clear advantages for sectors over their low collision energy counterparts. Time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometers are high voltage, high vacuum instruments that have much in common with sectors and have inspired the development of tandem instruments exploiting single high energy collisions. In this retrospective, we recount our own journey to produce high performance TOFs and tandem TOFs, describing the basic theory, problems, and the advantages for such instruments. An experiment testing impulse collision theory (ICT) underscores the similarities with sector mass spectrometers where this concept was first developed. Applications provide examples of more extensive fragmentation, side chain cleavages, and charge-remote fragmentation, also characteristic of high energy sector mass spectrometers. Moreover, the so-called curved-field reflectron has enabled the design of instruments that are simpler, collect and focus all of the ions, and may provide the future technology for the clinic, for tissue imaging, and the characterization of microorganisms.
Management of Skeletal Muscle Injuries in Military Personnel

Injuries to the musculoskeletal system, specifically skeletal muscle, are some of the most common injuries faced by military personnel today. Skeletal muscle trauma often results in significant loss of strength and flexibility, a propensity for recurrence of injury, and time off from military duty. The frequency of occurrence of skeletal muscle injuries and the poor outcomes associated with them decrease military readiness and increase monetary costs associated with treatment and lost work. Understanding the processes that occur in the muscle following injury allows a deeper grasp of potential therapeutic interventions to improve outcomes. Following trauma, the involved myofibers undergo 4 interrelated, time-dependent phases: degeneration, inflammation, regeneration, and fibrosis. Hematoma formation at the injury site is accompanied by infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, and T-lymphocytes, as well as the release of multiple cytokines and growth factors from these infiltrating cells and from native myogenic cells. Regeneration is often accompanied by fibrosis, an overgrowth of fibroblast cells located within the connective tissue network. Skeletal muscle healing following trauma can be understood as a balance between fibrosis and regeneration. Fibrosis formation may lead to inadequate healing and an incomplete functional recovery of the muscle. Factors impacting this balance include inflammation, the growth factor and cytokine milieu at the site of injury, and the interaction between infiltrating inflammatory cells and native myogenic cells. Therapeutic interventions to improve outcomes following muscle injuries revolve around 3 concepts: enhancing regeneration, blocking fibrosis, and regulating inflammation.
Decision analysis for RFID

Abstract Abstract Led by competition, companies strive for competitive advantage. Accepting the value-based holistic concept of a supply chain, organizations realize the importance of increased accuracy of communication flow and availability of information at any time and at any point of the supply network. Toward this end, companies are becoming more interested in automatic identification and data collection (AIDC) technology, such as radio frequency identification (RFID), which as part of a wide area network (WAN) can greatly increase supply chain visibility. This paper presents a decision analytic method for selecting appropriate AIDC technology in a warehouse application. Results in this particular application indicate that transaction costs are the primary determining factor.
Moderate spanking: Model or deterrent of children's aggression in the family?

Previous research has rarely distinguished among the effects of minimal, moderate, and severe physical punishment on children's antisocial aggression. Using a nationally representative sample, this study compared the effects of different frequencies of physical punishment on children's reported physical aggression against other family members. In addition, the interaction of parental reasoning with physical punishment was examined. All analyses were repeated for preschoolers, preadolescents, and adolescents. The results generally indicated a linear positive association between physical punishment and child aggression. For preadolescent and adolescent aggression toward the parent, however, this association depended upon parental use of reasoning, such that spanking had a minimal effect on aggression for frequent reasoners. The combination of infrequent reasoning and frequent spanking was associated with dramatically increased aggression. The conclusion emphasizes additional unresolved issues about the effects of spanking, particularly the ambiguous direction of causal influence between parent and child.
Computational toxicology methods in public health practice

ABSTRACTHazard identification and health risk assessment traditionally rely on results of experimental testing in laboratory animals. It is a lengthy and expensive process, which at the end still involves large uncertainty because the sensitivity of animals is unequal to the sensitivity of humans. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Computational Toxicology and Method Development Laboratory develops and applies advanced computational models that augment the traditional toxicological approach with multilevel cross-extrapolation techniques. On the one hand, these techniques help to reduce the uncertainty associated with experimental testing, and on the other, they encompass yet untested chemicals, which otherwise would be left out of public health assessment. Computational models also improve understanding of the mode of action of toxic agents, and fundamental mechanisms by which they may cause injury to the people. The improved knowledge is incorporated in scientific health guidanc...
Problems in Obtaining Polarized e+ and e- Beams and Perspectives for PEP

A matrix formalism for polarization calculation, as well as its comparison with other methods, is briefly discussed. The prediction for SPEAR is compared with experimental measurements. An estimate is offered for the transverse polarization for PEP. Various schemes for obtaining the longitudial polarization in PEP are studied.
Relationship of Androgenic Activity to Body Fat Topography, Fat Cell Morphology, and Metabolic Aberrations in Premenopausal Women*

A possible role for increased androgenic/estrogenic activity in the pathogenesis of upper body fat localization and its accompanying cellular and metabolic characteristics was examined. Eighty healthy, nonhirsute, premenopausal, caucasian women with a wide range of body fat topography [waist to hips girth ratio (WHR), 0.64 to 1.02] and obesity level (percentage of ideal body weight, 92-251%) were studied. Increasing androgenicity, as reflected by a decrease in plasma sex hormone-binding globulin capacity and an increase in the percentage of free testosterone, was accompanied by 1) increasing WHR, this relationship being independent of and additive to that of obesity level; 2) increasing size of abdominal, but not femoral, adipocytes; 3) increasing plasma glucose and insulin levels, both basally and in response to oral glucose loading; and 4) diminished in vivo insulin sensitivity, as revealed by increasing steady state plasma glucose levels at comparable plasma insulin levels, attained by the infusion of somatostatin, insulin, and glucose. No association was found between total plasma testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, or estradiol concentrations and WHR, fat cell size, or metabolic profiles. We, therefore, propose that in premenopausal women, a relative increase in tissue exposure to unbound androgens may be responsible in part for localization of fat in the upper body, enlargement of abdominal adipocytes, and the accompanying imbalance in glucose-insulin homeostasis.
Velocity Analysis After Migration

This method of migration and velocity analysis uses a number of consecutive CMP gathers and a computational algorithm that is independent ol velocity. Each CMP is transformed to a ray parameter and intercept domain by summing along hyperbolic trajectories. The intercept is measured with a radial line and the ray parameter is the slope at the intercept point. A second linear slant stack over midpoint is made for constant ray parameter sections. This double slant stack constructs a cube in which events from any linear reflector are concentrated to a point. time slices through the cube can be used to pick concentration points and from each pick the coordinates of the reflection point and a corresponding velocity are known. By applying a velocity-independent contraction in time to each trace the cube can be stacked to give radial traces from the midpoint for the analysis. For each picked event, an amplitude versus angle of incidence analysis can be constructed to extract a finer understanding of the data.
Verma module imbeddings and the Bruhat order for Kac-Moody algebras

Abstract Let g be a Kac-Moody algebra defined by a (not necessarily symmetrizable) generalized Cartan matrix. It is shown that the existence of an imbedding of Verma modules over g, where the two highest weights both lie in the Weyl group orbit of a dominant integral weight, is determined by the Bruhat order on the Weyl group. Also, some general results relating Verma module imbeddings and the Weyl group are proved.
Breeding and raiding: A theory of strategic production of skills

Abstract Some of the skills that firms require are obtained only through on-the-job-training. This paper concentrates on the strategic production of skills within the firm. Firms obtain high-quality workers either by training their own (breeding) or by using the open market to bid away workers trained by other firms (raiding). Even when all firms have access to the same technology of production, training, and breeding, it will typically be the case that both breeding and raiding will be pursued, with equal profitability, in equilibrium. Thus, we explain raiding behavior as part of an equilibrium theory. This paper also studies the effect of the decision to train workers on the optimal firm size and the distribution of income.
FcϵR1 and toll-like receptors mediate synergistic signals to markedly augment production of inflammatory cytokines in murine mast cells

Mast cells mediate both IgE-dependent allergic reactions and protective responses against acute infections, possibly through the activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We find that antigen interacts synergistically with TLR2 and TLR4 ligands to markedly enhance production of cytokines in murine mast cell lines. However, the TLR ligands neither stimulated degranulation and release of arachidonic acid nor influenced such responses to antigen, probably because these ligands failed to generate a necessary calcium signal. The enhanced cytokine production could be attributed to synergistic activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in addition to the engagement of a more effective repertoire of transcription factors for cytokine gene transcription. The synergistic interactions of TLR ligands and antigen might have relevance to the exacerbation of IgE-mediated allergic diseases by infectious agents.
Effects of pentobarbital and veratridine on phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidate metabolism in rat parotid acinar cells.

Abstract The metabolism of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidate was studied in isolated rat parotid cells, incubated in a physiological buffer containing [ 32 P]phosphate or [ 3 H]glycerol. Carbamylcholine and epinephrine stimulated 32 P incorporation into both of these phospholipids, causing their halfmaximal effects at 2 and 0.8 μM respectively. The former concentration is much lower than that anticipated from binding studies. The Hill coefficients for carbamylcholine activation of 32 P incorporation were 0.61 ± 0.05 for phosphatidate and 0.64 ± 0.05 for phosphatidylinositol. Pentobarbital (0.58 mM) inhibited the increased 32 P incorporation caused by 5 μM carbamylcholine but not 100 μm carbamylcholine. Pentobarbital inhibited the incorporation of 3 H equally in the presence and absence of epinephrine, indicating that the effect of pentobarbital on 32 P incorporation is on turnover and not on de novo synthesis. Veratridine (200 μM) had no effect on phospholipid metabolism in the presence and absence of either carbamylcholine or epinephrine, which contrasts with our previous findings in synaptosomes [J. C. Miller and I. Leung, Biochem. J. 178 , 9 (1979)].
Recombinant, octavalent group A streptococcal M protein vaccine

One of the major obstacles to the development of group A streptococcal M protein vaccines is the multiplicity of M serotypes expressed by these organisms. In this study, we have constructed a recombinant, hybrid M protein that contains type-specific aminoterminal fragments of eight different M proteins. We show that the purified hybrid recombinant protein is immunogenic in rabbits and evokes antibodies that react with native M proteins from the respective streptococcal serotypes. In addition, the immune sera evoked by the octavalent protein opsonized six of the eight serotypes of streptococci, indicating that the majority of the M protein fragments contained protective epitopes that retained their native conformations in the hybrid protein. None of the antisera raised against the octavalent protein crossreacted with human heart tissue. These studies indicate that multivalent, hybrid M proteins may be used to elicit broadly protective immune responses against multiple serotypes of group A streptococci.
Tracing the effects of an enormous meteorite impact 3 billion years ago

The most well-known and popularized meteorite impact occurred 65 million years ago and left behind the Chicxulub crater, a feature more than 110 miles in diameter. Dust kicked up by the impact, which lingered in the atmosphere for years, may have helped kill all the nonavian dinosaurs along with three quarters of the world's plant and animal species.
Isolation of murine sialoglycoprotein using consecutive chromatography.

Abstract Affinity columns and high performance liquid chromatography were employed consecutively to obtain 89, 65, 46 and 29 kilodalton sialoglycoproteins from mouse erythrocyte ghosts free of the Band 3 protein which traditionally co-purifies with these proteins. The purification sceme involves Concanavalin A, Wheat Germ Agglutinin and/or Limulus lectin Sepharose 4B columns. We have designated these glycophorin-like proteins Sialoglycoproteins 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Sialoglycoprotein 2 can be isolated independently using a Limulus column combination, while Sialoglycoproteins 3 and 4 were isolated separately during high performance liquid chromatography, demonstrating heterogeneity in binding properties between these sialoglycoproteins.
Eigenmode expansions using biorthogonal functions: complex-valued Hermite-Gaussians: reply to comment

We appreciate Seshadri's interest in our work [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A14, 1780 (1997)] and agree that his alternative expression for the quadrature expansion coefficients is mathematically equivalent to our original formulation in terms of Legendre functions. We note, however, that all of our results, especially those showing nonconvergence of the quadrature expansion, remain unchanged and fully correct using either his formulation or ours. Using his formulation we can, in fact, derive even more serious nonconvergence properties for the quadrature expansion. The alternative
The transition between quasi-static and fully dynamic for interfaces

Abstract Renormalization group and scaling theory have been used to determine the large time growth exponent for the characteristic length, R ( t ), of an interface in the form R ( t ) ∼ t β . The exponent β is different in the two cases: quasi-static, in which the time derivative in the heat equation is suppressed, and the fully dynamic system. This paper examines the transition between the two regimes through an examination of the Green's function for elliptic equations as a limit of the fundamental solution for parabolic equations. The key interface equation can be written as a sum of two terms: the elliptic ( c = 0) and parabolic. For c = 0, the exponent β can take on values in a continuous spectrum. As c takes on finite values, a unique exponent is selected from this spectrum.
Uniform inevitability is tree automaton ineffable

Abstract In this short article we consider the limits of the expressive power of finite automata on infinite trees. We exhibit a surprisingly simple correctness property, uniform inevitability, which is not definable by any type of finite automaton on infinite trees.
Diazepam-Associated Thrombophlebitis: A Review and Discussion of Possible Prevention

Intravenous diazepam is an excellent anxiolytic drug for dental patients. Thrombophlebitis associated with its use has prompted this review. Recognition and management of thrombophlebitis are discussed along with the causes of vascular injury after intravenous diazepam. In two histologic studies, Graham and others thought it unlikely that precipitated crystals of diluted diazepam caused postinjection vasculopathology. It seems to be an inherent property of the vehicle or the drug itself. The reviewed methods of minimizing thrombophlebitis after intravenous diazepam are with hepari flush or saline solution flush, steroids, vein size and venipuncture site, the use of a different vehicle, dilutions, and the use of other benzodiazepines. Lorazepam, midazolam, and flunitrazepam are relatively new benzodiazepines that produce less thrombophlebitis than diazepam after injection. These newer benzodiazepines are still being investigated and more clinical trials must be done to recommend any of them as alternatives to intravenous diazepam in dentistry.
Protein Extraction from Heat-Stabilized Defatted Rice Bran. 1. Physical Processing and Enzyme Treatments

Physical processing with or without enzyme treatments on protein extraction from heat-stabilized defatted rice bran (HDRB) was evaluated. Freeze-thaw, sonication, high-speed blending, and high-pressure methods extracted 12%, 15%, 16%, and 11% protein, respectively. Sonication (0-100%, 750 W), followed by amylase and combined amylase and protease treatments, extracted 25.6-33.9% and 54.0-57.8% protein, respectively. Blending followed by amylase and protease treatment extracted 5.0% more protein than the nonblended enzymatic treatments. High-pressure treatments, 0-800 MPa, with water or amylase-protease combinations, extracted 10.5-11.1% or 61.8-66.6% protein, respectively. These results suggest that physical processing in combination with enzyme treatments can be effective in extracting protein from HDRB.
Academic performance and burnout: an efficient frontier analysis of resource use efficiency among employed university students

We examine the impact of university student burnout on academic achievement. With a longitudinal sample of working undergraduate university business and economics students, we use a two-step analytical process to estimate the efficient frontiers of student productivity given inputs of labour and capital and then analyse the potential determinants of technical efficiency. Employing a data envelopment analysis (DEA), we find that student efficiency varies by type of course, with quantitative courses such as economics, having the highest level of dispersion. The longitudinal analysis indicates that both university-related exhaustion and work-related exhaustion are negatively related to student productivity.
Cycloamylose complexation of adamantane derivatives

Abstract Spectrophotometric and pH potentiometric studies indicate that cyclohexaamylose (α-cyclodextrin) and cycloheptaamylose (β-cyclodextrin) from aqueous complexes with all adamantane derivatives examined to date. Thermodynamic complex formation constants are reported for the substrates l-adamantaneamine (amantadine), l-adamantaneammonium ion, l-adamantanemethylamine, l-adamantanemethylammonium ion, l-adamantanecarboxylic acid, l-adamantanecarboxylate ion, l-adamantaneacetic acid and l-adamantaneacetate ion. The existence of these complexes implies that cycloamylose might serve as a therapeutic sequestering agent for adamantane derivatives.
Field and laboratory evaluation of winter season pavement pothole patching materials

This paper presents an experimental study in which field survey and laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of asphalt patching mixtures designed for winter season pothole repairs. Special laboratory procedures, including adhesiveness, cohesion, moisture susceptibility and loaded wheel tests, were investigated and modified to evaluate the bonding, freeze–thaw resistance and rutting potentials of the patching materials. The influence of different factors, including freeze condition, traffic level, speed limit, patch size and depth, on patching performance was analysed based on a statistical analysis of 6-month field survey. Effects of testing conditions were investigated for testing pothole patching materials with cohesion, freeze–thaw and loaded wheel tests. It was found that testing temperatures, laboratory sample compaction efforts as well as wheel loading in loaded wheel test significantly affected the testing results of pothole patching materials. Proper modifications were recommen...
The effect of coatings and processing methods on dehydrated precooked whole pinto beans quality

Splitting is a major problem in preparing dehydrated precooked beans. To reduce splitting and improve the product quality of precooked pinto beans, three coating treatments and two processing methods were investigated. Beans were blanched, soaked, steam precooked, coated by dipping in a biopolymer solution, and dehydrated in an air-circulating dryer. Coating beans in a 20% dextrin solution (Lo-Dex 5, M100, or K4484) reduced 43–85% of butterflying (severe splitting) of beans. Steam precooking at 121C/30 min with soaking at 22C/12 h yielded less butterflying than steam precooking at 100C/1 h with soaking at 30C/2 h and 82 C/1 h after coating and dehydration (≅3% vs 8%). The former resulted in lower firmness after precooking and rehydration of dehydrated beans, whereas the latter gave beans a more mealy texture and better appearance. The rehydration time of dehydrated precooked beans in boiling water to produce an acceptable firmness was 6–9 min, depending on the processing methods. Coating resulted in darker color and slower rehydration of dehydrated beans.
Modulation of Fc receptors of thymus‐derived lymphocytes by antigen E in ragweed‐sensitive and ragweed non‐sensitive subjects

Summary In ragweed-sensitive and ragweed non-sensitive subjects the proportions of T lymphocytes bearing receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (Tγ) and IgM (Tμ) were examined as obtained from the blood, and after treatment in vitro with ragweed antigen E or concanavalin-A. The proportion of Tγ and Tμ cells, from the peripheral blood of ragweed-sensitive and ragweed non-sensitive persons, untreated in vitro, were not statistically different. However when T cells from ragweed-sensitive subjects were exposed to ragweed antigen E, the Tμ subpopulation was significantly increased (P < 0.001) without change in the Tγ population. The reverse change occurred when cells of ragweed non-sensitive subjects were treated with antigen E; there was an increase in the Tγ subpopulation (P= 0.01) but no change in number of the Tμ cells. Cells from both the sensitive and non-sensitive groups showed increase in number of Tγ and reduced numbers of Tμ cells when incubated with concanavalin A. Since Tγ and Tμ cells appear to have a regulatory function on B lymphocyte differentiation and antibody production, the pattern of responses of Tγ and Tμ subpopulations in vitro to antigen E in ragweed-sensitive and ragweed non-sensitive subjects may reflect a difference in the cellular control of the immune response to ragweed antigen E.
Management of bipolar I depression: clinical utility of lurasidone

Lurasidone is a benzisothiazol derivative second-generation antipsychotic. It has been approved in the United States and Europe for treatment of acute schizophrenia and bipolar depression. In type I bipolar subjects, treatment with lurasidone monotherapy of adjunctive therapy to lithium or valproic acid with doses of 20 to 120 mg once daily with food, results in statistically and clinically significant reduction of depressive symptoms. Patients experience relatively few side effects, which include somnolence, akathisia, nausea, and other gastrointestinal upset. Dopamine related side effects, such as Parkinsonism and elevated prolactin, are rare and mild. Longer term safety data obtained in 6 months long, open continuation observation periods, suggest that metabolic related elevations in weight, glucose, and lipids are absent or minimal. The mechanism of action of lurasidone is not known, but the data are compatible with antagonism of the serotonin 7 receptor. Lurasidone is a new option for the treatment of bipolar depression with relatively few side effects.
Effect of nafenopin (SU-13,437) on liver function: mechanism of choleretic effect.

Administration of nafenopin (SU-13-437) to male rats for two days leads to a doubling of bile production and a 50% increase in liver weight. These two effects have been shown not to be directly interrelated. A marked decrease in biliary bile salt concentration suggests that the bile salt independent flow is stimulated. The extra bile produced is probably of canalicular origin since bile to plasma concentration ratios of erythritol are unchanged. At least three polar metabolites of nafenopin have been observed in rat bile. Obervations in rats with partial biliary fistulas indicate that the drug and its metabolites undergo extensive enterohepatic circulation. Our studies support the view that much of the enhanced bile flow is associated with the presence of nafenopin and/or its metabolites within the hepatobiliary system. However, the response is too extensive to be explained merely by osmotic choleresis. Induced structural changes in the liver may also account for some of this effect.
Cyclooxygenase inhibitors and thalidomide ameliorate vincristine-induced hyperalgesia in rats

In this study ibuprofen (50.0 mg/kg, i.p.), rofecoxib (10.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and thalidomide (50.0 mg/kg, oral) were shown to prevent vincristine-induced mechanical hyperalgesia. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected every other day with vincristine (0.1 mg/kg) over 13 days. The animals were cotreated daily with vehicle (saline), ibuprofen, rofecoxib or thalidomide throughout the period of vincristine treatment. Mechanical withdrawal threshold to punctuate and radiant heat stimuli were determined prior to and then on alternate days throughout the treatment period. Vincristine vehicle-treated animals developed marked mechanical hyperalgesia from day 5 of chemotherapy and this lasted until the end of the experiment. Thermal thresholds were not altered by the administration of vincristine vehicle. Animals in the vincristine vehicle group neither gained nor lost weight during the treatment period. All three active drugs showed an antihyperalgesic effect on the responses to mechanical stimulation of the hind paw that was significant from day 5 for ibuprofen and thalidomide and from day 7 for rofecoxib. Thermal thresholds increased after the administration of both the NSAIDs and thalidomide. Rofecoxib was the only drug to show any beneficial effect in protecting the animals from failure to gain body weight.
Anterior pituitary proopiomelanocortin expression is decreased in hypertensive rat strains

Studies comparing neuroendocrine differences between the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and the normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) strains have suggested altered anterior pituitary corticotrope expression of POMC associated with the development of hypertension in SHR animals. One major difficulty in comparing the SHR and WKY strains is that the two strains exhibit genetic differences unrelated to blood pressure status, because inbred in the SHR genome is a profile of behavioral characteristics different from those in the WKY, including hyperactivity in a novel environment and hyperreactivity in responding to stress. The present studies examine two new inbred rat strains, the WKHT and WKHA, which independently express the hypertension and behavioral traits, respectively. Together with the SHR and WKY, these genetically related, homozygous strains permit a more definitive means of examining the neuroendocrine correlates of either hypertension or behavior. The adult (5-month-old) male anterior pituitary gland content of the POMC peptides beta-endorphin and ACTH was decreased approximately 50% in the SHR and WKHT strains compared to that in the WKY strain, whereas hormone levels in the WKHA strain were not significantly different from those in the WKY strain. Reduced POMC peptide levels were, therefore, specifically associated with the hypertensive trait. Hormone content in prehypertensive weanling (5- to 7-week-old) SHR and WKHT animals was also reduced approximately 35% compared to that in WKY animals. Northern blot analysis identified a 45% decrease in POMC mRNA expression in the hypertensive SHR and WKHT strains, which paralleled the changes in tissue hormone content. Using both immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization histochemistry, the number of labeled cells per unit area of tissues section was reduced approximately 45% in anterior pituitary tissues from SHR and WKHT rats compared to that in WKY tissues. The levels of POMC mRNA per cell, determined by quantitative densitometry, were not statistically different in the anterior pituitaries of WKHT, SHR, and WKY rats. The decrease in hormone content and POMC mRNA levels may, thus, reflect decreased anterior pituitary gland corticotrope populations. Although POMC peptide levels in the anterior pituitaries of adult WKHA animals were not significantly different from those in WKY animals, the morphological studies demonstrated a 30% increase in the corticotrope population in the WKHA strain. In contrast, POMC mRNA levels in WKHA animals were decreased 30%, and the amount of POMC mRNA per corticotrope was decreased approximately 35% compared to that in WKY, SHR, and WKHT tissues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Evaluating water conservation and reuse policies using a dynamic water balance model.

A dynamic water balance model is created to examine the effects of different water conservation policies and recycled water use on water demand and supply in a region faced with water shortages and significant population growth, the Las Vegas Valley (LVV). The model, developed using system dynamics approach, includes an unusual component of the water system, return flow credits, where credits are accrued for returning treated wastewater to the water supply source. In LVV, Lake Mead serves as, both the drinking water source and the receiving body for treated wastewater. LVV has a consumptive use allocation from Lake Mead but return flow credits allow the water agency to pull out additional water equal to the amount returned as treated wastewater. This backdrop results in a scenario in which conservation may cause a decline in the available water supply. Current water use in LVV is 945 lpcd (250 gpcd), which the water agency aims to reduce to 752 lpcd (199 gpcd) by 2035, mainly through water conservation. Different conservation policies focused on indoor and outdoor water use, along with different population growth scenarios, are modeled for their effects on the water demand and supply. Major contribution of this study is in highlighting the importance of outdoor water conservation and the effectiveness of reducing population growth rate in addressing the future water shortages. The water agency target to decrease consumption, if met completely through outdoor conservation, coupled with lower population growth rate, can potentially satisfy the Valley’s water demands through 2035.
LOLA IRREGULARIS (CHLOROPHYTA-CLADOPHORACEAE) : A NEW SPECIES FROM THE ROSS SEA, ANTARCTICA(1).

A small, loose lying, unbranched, filamentous alga from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, is described as a new species, Lola irregularis. The genus Lola is closely related to the genera Hormiscia, Rhizoclonium, and Chaetomorpha in the family Cladophoraceae. A key to all known species of Lola is included. This is the first record of a species of Lola south of the Antarctic convergence.
A test of the core solution in finite strategy non-sidepayment games

Abstract This paper reports a test of the core solution in cooperative non-sidepayment games where players have finite strategy sets. Two laboratory experiments were conducted with three-person and four-person games; in both experiments, the core solution was tested competitively against the von Neumann-Morgenstern stable set and the imputation set. Predictions from these solution concepts were computed under parameters of α-effectiveness and strict preference. Results show that the frequency of outcomes falling in core is substantially higher than that observed in previous experiments (most of which involve sidepayment games). In addition, goodness-of-fit tests show that the core solution predicts the observed outcomes more accurately than do the stable set or the imputation set.
Plug and play server load balancing and global server load balancing for tactical networks

Server load balancing (SLB) technology as described by (T. Schroeder, et al. (2000)) has provided a fundamental cornerstone necessary to the success of the Internet. Global server load balancing (GSLB) as described in (E. Zegura, et al. (2000)), (J. Dilley, et al. (2002)) enhances application performance by allowing the client's server selection to be based upon server performance, network performance and the approximate network location of the client and the server. To help enable this technology for the tactical environment we have created the server load balancing registration protocol.
Interpretation of Cluster WBD frequency conversion mode data

Abstract. The Cluster wide-band data (WBD) plasma wave receiver mounted on each of the four Cluster spacecraft obtains high time resolution waveform data in the frequency range of ~70 Hz to 577 kHz. In order to make measurements above 77 kHz, it uses frequency conversion to sample the higher frequency waves at one of three different conversion frequencies (~125, 250 and 500 kHz, these frequencies being the possible options for setting the base frequency of the frequency range being sampled) in one of three different filter bandwidths (9.5, 19 and 77 kHz). Within the WBD instrument, a down-conversion technique, built around quadrature mixing, is used to convert these data to baseband (0 kHz) in order to reduce the sample rate for telemetry to the ground. We describe this down-conversion technique and illustrate it through data obtained in space. Because these down-converted data sometimes contain pulses, which can be indicative of nonlinear physical structures (e.g., electron phase-space holes and electron density enhancements and depletions), it is necessary to understand what effects mixing and down conversion have on them. We present simulations using constructed signals containing pulses, nonlinear wave packets, sinusoids and noise. We show that the pulses and impulsive wave packets, if of sufficient amplitude and of appropriate width, survive the down-conversion process, sometimes with the same pulse shape but usually with reduced amplitude, and have timescales consistent with the filter bandwidth at the base frequency. Although we cannot infer the actual timescale of the pulses and impulsive wave packets as originally recorded by the WBD instrument before mixing and down conversion, their presence indicates nonlinear processes occurring at or somewhat near the location of the measurement. Sinusoidal waves are represented in the down-conversion timescale as sinusoids of nearly the same amplitude and at frequencies adjusted down by the conversion frequency. The original input waveforms, regardless of their shape, whether pulses or sinusoids, can never be recovered from the down-converted waveforms.
A systematic review of cerebral oxygenation-monitoring devices in cardiac surgery.

Objective:Cerebral oxygenation monitoring via near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is increasingly becoming an accepted and valued component of intraoperative monit...
Some Reservations about FRBR

Purpose – Aims to promote discussion of issues concerning Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR).Design/methodology/approach – An opnion piece on the value of a new library cataloguing system.Finding – FRBR is a theoretical and unproven model for organizing data in online library catalogs. Although the viability of the model remains unproven, it is being accepted largely without question in the library community, supported by a bandwagon effect among many librarians. The model has numerous weaknesses, such as vague terminology, and its implementation will demand large expenditures of resources, while its added value is unclear.Originality/value – Opines that although the model is a new cataloging standard, its implementation will have an impact on all areas of librarianship.
A comparative evaluation of versions of BASIC

From its inception, The BASIC language has grown in terms of its usage, scope of usage, and its features. This article compares ten of the current versions of BASIC with each other, with two earlier versions, and with the proposed standard for minimal BASIC. The comparison is arranged by the features of the versions and by computational comparison of computation and times and processing costs.
The yin and yang of Fcγ receptors in ITP

In this issue of Blood , Breunis and colleagues examine the role of genetic variation in the human Fc receptors for IgG in the susceptibility to idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). The Fcγ receptors contribute to the susceptibility to autoimmune diseases such as ITP in several ways: (1)
Fluid loss during weightlessness

Eight men between 35 and 50 will participate in a study of weightlessness this month to help NASA find out why space flight causes humans to dehydrate. The study is being conducted by Joan Vernikes-Danellis, a pharmacologist with the Biomedical Research Division at NASA's Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California.