cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DEXAMETHASONE SUPPRESSION TESTS (DST) IN ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDERED (ADD) CHILDREN

Behavioral problems (e.g. hyperactivity, attentional deficits, conduct disorders) have been interpreted as "masking symptoms" of depression. The recent development of the DST as a biological marker of endogenous depression in adults may be extended to children to provide an objective evaluation of masked depression. Study of the effects of dexamethasone (DEX) dose (.5 mg and 1 mg) and concurrent treatment with methylphenidate (MP) on the DST in ADD children is necessary for interpretation of results since a)dose of DEX effects sensitivity and specificity of the test, and b)common side effects of MP (e.g. anorexia and insomnia) are known to produce false positives in adults. We evaluated 50 ADD children to determine a)if age or size affected the DST; b)if, under double blind conditions, concurrent treatment with MP affected the DST; and c)to determine the sensitivity and specificity of DST in identifying children who manifest concurrent symptoms of depression. Age and size had no effect on DST results nor did use of MP. Our results confirmed the expected sensitivity (70%) of the .5 mg DST; 20% of our subjects manifested symptoms of depression and 70% were nonsuppressors of cortisol. The specificity of the .5 mg DST seems unacceptably low at first glance, since 50% of the ADD patients without depression were also nonsuppressors, indicating endogenous depression. Either the DST is nonspecific or many ADD patients are masking symptoms of depression.
Pole-zero cancellations in dynamic feedback systems

The dynamic feedback configuration of cascade compensator unity feedback is considered for linear multivariable systems (whose transfer matrices are not necessarily proper). Explicit relations between closed-loop pole zero cancellations and open-loop poles and zeros, in terms of polynomial fractional descriptions, are established.
Histological insights into the pathogenesis of post‐Roux‐en‐Y hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia

Background β-cell hyperplasia has been implicated in the aetiology of post Roux-en-Y gastric bypass hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia, but the pathogenesis of this condition is still unclear. Case report We report a case of a 52-year-old man with post-Roux-en-Y gastric bypass hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia who underwent distal pancreatectomy to alleviate his symptoms. Pancreatic histopathology showed chronic pancreatitis with a corresponding loss of exocrine tissue and islet retention. Amyloid deposition was found in pancreatic islets. These features are more typically associated with Type 2 diabetes. Discussion This case highlights the potential multifactorial pathogenesis of symptomatic hypoglycaemia after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.
Lossy Communicating Finite State Machines

A network of communicating finite state machines (CFSM) consists of a set of finite state machines that communicate asynchronously with each other over (potentially) unbounded FIFO channels by sending and receiving typed messages. As a concurrency model, CFSMs has been widely used to specify and validate communications protocols. In this paper we propose to extend the classical CFSM model by introducing a new type of actions --- the deletion action. The resulted model is called lossy communicating finite state machines (LCFSMs). The LCFSM model remedies two weaknesses in classical CFSM model. We show that the LCFSM model allows specification and verification of unreliable communication channels with no need of extra CFSMs. The LCFSM model enables more succinct specification and verification of communication protocols that use unreliable communication channels. LCFSM paradigm can also be used to concisely model communication errors such as dropping datagrams in UDP due to lack of local buffers.
Outcome analysis of bilateral Cohen cross-trigonal ureteroneocystostomy.

Abstract Objectives The perioperative and long-term outcomes of children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) treated by cross-trigonal ureteroneocystostomy were ascertained. Methods One hundred ten consecutive children with VUR who underwent bilateral cross-trigonal ureteroneocystostomy were studied retrospectively. Nineteen children with neurovesical dysfunction or megaureters requiring tapered reimplants were excluded. Outcome parameters of the remaining 91 children consisted of operative time, length of hospitalization, days of Foley catheter drainage perioperative complications, correction of reflux, subsequent morbidity, and parental satisfaction. Results Of 182 renal units, 11 (6%) had grade 0 VUR, 18 (10%) had grade 1, 43 (24%) had grade II, 59 (32%) had grade III, 36 (20%) had grade IV, and 15 (8%) had grade V reflux. The mean operative and hospitalization times were 180 minutes and 5.6 days, respectively. No postoperative complications occurred. Three children were lost to follow-up, and the remaining 88 children had an extended mean follow-up in excess of 3 years. Voiding cystourethrogram documented a 98.3% (173 of 176 renal units) success rate. Sixteen children (18%) experienced nonfebrile clinically symptomatic cystitis episodes and 3 children (3%) experienced one febrile episode each. Telephone parental survey of overall surgical experience revealed a 94% very satisfied, 2% satisfied, and 3% dissatisfied rate. Conclusions Cross-trigonal ureteroneocystostomy is a safe and effective technique that is virtually complication free and has high parental satisfaction. The results of this study provide a baseline for comparison of nonoperative treatment of reflux as well as laparoscopic and endoscopic techniques.
Ice Ages and the Thermal Equilibrium of the Earth, II

The energy required to sustain midlatitude continental glaciations comes from solar radiation absorbed by the oceans. It is made available through changes in relative amounts of energy lost from the sea surface as net outgoing infrared radiation, sensible heat loss, and latent heat loss. Ice sheets form in response to the initial occurrence of a large perennial snowfield in the subarctic. When such a snowfield forms, it undergoes a drastic reduction in absorbed solar energy because of its high albedo. When the absorbed solar energy cannot supply local infrared radiation losses, the snowfield cools, thus increasing the energy gradient between itself and external, warmer areas that can act as energy sources. Cooling of the snowfield progresses until the energy gradients between the snowfield and external heat sources are sufficient to bring in enough (latent plus sensible) energy to balance the energy budget over the snowfield. Much of the energy is imported as latent heat. The snow that falls and nourishes the ice sheet is a by-product of the process used to satisfy the energy balance requirements of the snowfield. The oceans are the primary energy source for the ice sheet because only the ocean can supply large amounts of latent heat. At first, some of the energy extracted by the ice sheet from the ocean is stored heat, so the ocean cools. As it cools, less energy is lost as net outgoing infrared radiation, and the energy thus saved is then available to augment evaporation. The ratio between sensible and latent heat lost by the ocean is the Bowen ratio; it depends in part on the sea surface temperature. As the sea surface temperature falls during a glaciation, the Bowen ratio increases, until most of the available energy leaves the oceans as sensible, rather than latent heat. The ice sheet starves, and an interglacial period begins. The oscillations between stadial and interstadial intervals within a glaciation are caused by the effects of varying amounts of glacial meltwater entering the oceans as a surface layer that acts to reduce the amount of energy available for glacial nourishment. This causes the ice sheet to melt back, which continues the supply of meltwater until the ice sheet diminishes to a size consistent with the reduced rate of nourishment. The meltwater supply then decreases, the rate of nourishment increases, and a new stadial begins.
Melatonin prevents changes in microsomal membrane fluidity during induced lipid peroxidation

We tested the effect of melatonin on membrane fluidity in microsomes of a rat liver model in which lipid peroxidation was induced by the addition of FeCl3, ADP and NADPH. Membrane fluidity was monitored using fluorescence spectroscopy and lipid peroxidation was estimated by quantifying malonaldehyde (MDA)+4-hydroxyalkenals (4-HDA) concentrations following the induction of lipid peroxidation with and without pre-incubation with melatonin (1 μM–3 mM). Membrane rigidity increased during induced lipid peroxidation while melatonin reduced in a concentration-dependent manner both membrane rigidity and MDA+4-HDA generation. Melatonin's protective effect may relate to its known ability to scavenge free radicals and function as an antioxidant.
Temporal dynamics of antagonism and mutualism in a geographically variable plant-insect interaction.

Variation among sites and years in the local ecological outcome of interspecific interactions can generate a geographic mosaic of coevolution, as indicated by recent mathematical models. We evaluated whether local temporal dynamics of ecological outcome in the interaction between the moth Greya politella (Prodoxidae) and its host plant Lithophragma parviflorum (Saxifragaceae) are likely to mitigate or magnify geographic differences in ecological outcome found in earlier studies. The moths are highly host-specific pollinating floral parasites, and the mutualism can be swamped in some populations by the presence of effective co-pollinators. Hence, differing community contexts can shift the outcome of the interaction from mutualism to commensalism or antagonism. During each of four years, we evaluated the effect of Greya oviposition on seed development through a paired design that controlled for plant genotype and microenvironment. At Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge in Washington State, the interaction was significantly mutualistic in all four years. Mutualism in this population was indicated by a higher probability of development of capsules visited by ovipositing Greya than capsules not visited by Greya on the same plant. At Rapid River, Idaho, the interaction was commensalistic in three years and antagonistic in one year. Antagonism in this population was indicated by selective withering of capsules containing Greya eggs. Overall, the results suggest stable geographic differences in the range of ecological outcomes in this plant–insect interaction under different community contexts.
On the relationships between local vortex identification schemes

We analyse the currently popular vortex identification criteria that are based on point-wise analysis of the velocity gradient tensor. A new measure of spiralling compactness of material orbits in vortices is introduced and using this measure a new local vortex identification criterion and requirements for a vortex core are proposed. The inter-relationships between the different criteria are explored analytically and in a few flow examples, using both zero and non-zero thresholds for the identification parameter. These inter-relationships provide a new interpretation of the various criteria in terms of the local flow kinematics. A canonical turbulent flow example is studied, and it is observed that all the criteria, given the proposed usage of threshold, result in remarkably similar looking vortical structures. A unified interpretation based on local flow kinematics is offered for when similarity or differences can be expected in the vortical structures educed using the different criteria.
First-order data sensitivity measures with applications to a multivariate signal-plus-noise problem

Abstract This paper considers the use of first-order (implicit-function-based) measures of the sensitivity of statistical parameter estimates to certain elements within the data. Although the methods considered are general, the focus is on a maximum likelihood problem in a signal-plus-noise context. We evaluate the accuracy of the measures and give an example of how they will be used in data analysis for a physical system.
Spatial variability in airborne bacterial communities across land-use types and their relationship to the bacterial communities of potential source environments.

Although bacteria are ubiquitous in the near-surface atmosphere and they can have important effects on human health, airborne bacteria have received relatively little attention and their spatial dynamics remain poorly understood. Owing to differences in meteorological conditions and the potential sources of airborne bacteria, we would expect the atmosphere over different land-use types to harbor distinct bacterial communities. To test this hypothesis, we sampled the near-surface atmosphere above three distinct land-use types (agricultural fields, suburban areas and forests) across northern Colorado, USA, sampling five sites per land-use type. Microbial abundances were stable across land-use types, with ∼105–106 bacterial cells per m3 of air, but the concentrations of biological ice nuclei, determined using a droplet freezing assay, were on average two and eight times higher in samples from agricultural areas than in the other two land-use types. Likewise, the composition of the airborne bacterial communities, assessed via bar-coded pyrosequencing, was significantly related to land-use type and these differences were likely driven by shifts in the sources of bacteria to the atmosphere across the land-uses, not local meteorological conditions. A meta-analysis of previously published data shows that atmospheric bacterial communities differ from those in potential source environments (leaf surfaces and soils), and we demonstrate that we may be able to use this information to determine the relative inputs of bacteria from these source environments to the atmosphere. This work furthers our understanding of bacterial diversity in the atmosphere, the terrestrial controls on this diversity and potential approaches for source tracking of airborne bacteria.
Low-volume peritoneal dialysis in 116 neonatal and paediatric critical care patients

Acute renal insufficiency accounts for high mortality in paediatric intensive care patients, particularly in infants. Peritoneal dialysis, usually carried out with dialysate volumes of >20 ml/kg body weight, increases pulmonary artery pressure, which may compromise myocardial function in critical illness. In this paper we report our experiences with the use of lower dialysate volumes in the treatment of critically ill children with renal impairments. We suggest that low-volume peritoneal dialysis is able to achieve adequate ultrafiltration, which relieves overhydration in ventilated and haemodynamically compromised children. A total of 116 paediatric intensive care patients treated between 1992 and 2000 was the subject of this investigation. Diagnosis, indication for dialysis, arterial and central venous pressure, blood gases, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, urinary output at installation, ultrafiltration, fluid balance, duration and complications during dialysis as well as survival were investigated. The overall mortality was 53%. The respective diagnoses and mortality rates were as follows: 65% of the patients suffered from cardiac diseases (54% mortality), 7% from renal diseases (13%) and 28% from multi-organ system failure (62%). Low-volume peritoneal dialysis was started at evidence of total body fluid overload with inadequate urinary output and resulted in a mean ultrafiltration of 2.8 ml/kg body weight per h. A negative fluid balance was achieved in 53% of patients, mainly in those suffering from hypervolaemia and minor oliguria. None of the complications resulted in death. Conclusion: early installation of low-volume peritoneal dialysis offers a safe and adequate ultrafiltration procedure for paediatric critical care patients suffering from minor oliguria and fluid overload.
Numerical solution of three-dimensional magnetic differential equations

Abstract A computer code is described that solves differential equations of the form B · ▿f = h for a single-valued solution f, given a toroidal three-dimensional divergence-free field B and a single-valued function h. The code uses a new algorithm that Fourier decomposes a given function in a set of flux coordinates in which the field lines are straight. The algorithm automatically adjusts the required integration lengths to compensate for proximity to low order rational surfaces. Applying this algorithm to the Cartesian coordinates defines a transformation to magnetic coordinates, in which the magnetic differential equation can be accurately solved. Our method is illustrated by calculating the Pfirsch-Schluter currents for a stellarator.
A Simple High Performance Liquid Chromatography Procedure for the Determination of N1-Methylnicotinamide in Urine

Abstract A simple high performance liquid chromatography procedure for the determination of N1-methylnicotinamide in urine samples is described. The procedure eliminates the need for extraction or ion exchange clean-up of urine samples prior to their analysis. Human and rat urine samples can be analyzed for N1-methylnicotinamide directly following a simple pH adjustment. The metabolite was separated and quantitated on a 5μ Ultrasphere ODS (C18) reverse-phase column. The mobile phase contained 10 mM K2HPO4 and 10 mM sodium 1-octanesulfonate in 8% acetonitrile at pH 7.0. The system has been used to conduct over 1000 determinations during a period of three months without reduction in performance or efficiency.
Analysis of image reproduction using a linear line screen.

An important criterion for the highest-fidelity image reproduction by the use of a one-dimensional halftone screen (or line screen) possessing linear cell transmittance is theoretically established. The criterion can be used as a guideline for optimum screen design and image reproduction.
Arranging artificial teeth according to anatomic landmarks

Abstract A system for arranging artificial teeth that satisfies three goals is desirable. These goals are accuracy, speed, and a facility for communication. Such a system, based upon certain anatomic landmarks that can be identified on an edentulous dental cast, has been described in detail. The dentist with the patient present records the anterior determinant of occlusion by placing the four central incisors according to phonetics and esthetics. All remaining teeth are placed at the laboratory according to anatomic landmarks. Then the dentist returns the trial dentures to the patient for verification, personalization, and perfection. It is the responsibility of the dentist to prescribe requirements of tooth placement in detail if he uses the services of a dental laboratory technician.
Audience awareness: leveraging problem-based learning to teach workplace communication practices

Research on the transition from school to work suggests that students entering the workplace struggle to adapt their writing and speaking to individual audiences. To address this problem, the article presents principles for using problem-based learning to design assignments that teach students to tailor communication to the needs of audiences. The approach focuses not on specific workplace documents but on the higher order workplace practice of effectively connecting documents and presentations to audience needs, and designing communication accordingly. A two-year study of capstone design courses suggests that the approach encourages students to explicitly consider audience needs when composing.
Effects of Aneuploidy on Cellular Physiology and Cell Division in Haploid Yeast

Aneuploidy is a condition frequently found in tumor cells, but its effect on cellular physiology is not known. We have characterized one aspect of aneuploidy: the gain of extra chromosomes. We created a collection of haploid yeast strains that each bear an extra copy of one or more of almost all of the yeast chromosomes. Their characterization revealed that aneuploid strains share a number of phenotypes, including defects in cell cycle progression, increased glucose uptake, and increased sensitivity to conditions interfering with protein synthesis and protein folding. These phenotypes were observed only in strains carrying additional yeast genes, which indicates that they reflect the consequences of additional protein production as well as the resulting imbalances in cellular protein composition. We conclude that aneuploidy causes not only a proliferative disadvantage but also a set of phenotypes that is independent of the identity of the individual extra chromosomes.
On the choice of the electron-electron potential in relativistic atomic physics

In the calculation of relativistic effects in the structure of many-electron atoms there are two popular choice for the operator V used to represent the electron-electron interaction. One of these, V(I), is associated with the use of the Coulomb gauge propagator for photons; the other, V(II), is associated with the use of the Feynman gauge propagator. In contrast to V(I), the nonperturbative use of V(II) leads to energy levels which are already incorrect in order (alpha exp 4)m. This fact provides a quantitative argument for preferring V(I) to V(II).
Parity and signature determination by the V 1 V 2 decay mode

The $\ensuremath{\varphi}\ensuremath{\varphi}$ parity test is generalized to any specific $X\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{V}_{1}{V}_{2}$ decay mode where the vector mesons ${V}_{1}$ and ${V}_{2}$ each either decays into two spin-zero bosons, or is $\ensuremath{\omega}$. From a ${V}_{1}{V}_{2}$ mode with a ${V}_{1}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{V}_{2}$ exchange property, the parity $\ensuremath{\eta}$ of $X$ can always be determined as can ${(\ensuremath{-})}^{J}$ of $X$ except in certain circumstances. For modes without such an exchange property, $\ensuremath{\eta}{(\ensuremath{-})}^{J}$ can be determined provided certain amplitudes do not accidentally vanish. Empirical tests for unexpected violations of ${V}_{1}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{V}_{2}$ exchange properties are enumerated.
Simple sequence repeat‐based single primer amplification of genomic DNA in random bred populations of turkeys and chickens

Abstract The ubiquity and polymorphism of simple sequence repeats (SSR) or microsatellites have made them the DNA markers of choice for linkage, diversity and phylogenetic studies in eukaryotes. In this study, we investigated the utility of a SSR‐based single primer amplification procedure (SPARs) for developing DNA markers in turkeys and chickens. The fifteen primers used to evaluate the average number, size, and polymorphism of DNA fragments within SPARs patterns consisted of one di‐, six tri‐ and eight tetra‐nucleotide repeats. Genomic DNA samples from a total of 60 and 40 random bred turkeys and chickens, respectively, were used. In addition, turkey reference families developed from a wild x Commercial Orlopp‐line reciprocal cross was included in the analyses. Cycling conditions for the polymerase chain reaction were optimized for each primer by testing for amplification using annealing temperatures of 35, 45 and 55°C. Molecular weight, number and level of polymorphism of the amplified DNA fragments w...
Enhanced yields of measles virus from cultured cells.

Conditions for increasing the yield of measles virus from cultured cells have been investigated. Important factors for high virus yields were found to be cell type, incubation at 33 degrees C, concentration of serum in the medium, use of virus as inoculum within five passages of plaque purification, and repeated harvesting of the virus-containing medium at 12 h intervals after extensive virus-induced cell fusion had occurred. Under these conditions, Vero cells infected with the Edmonston strain of measles virus yielded a total of 2.98 X 10(9) plaque-forming units (p.f.u.) of released virus, which is equivalent to 270 p.f.u./cell. A similar amount of cell-associated virus was produced.
Forward roll coating with deformable rolls: a simple one-dimensional elastohydrodynamic model

A simple one-dimensional elastohydrodynamic model of forward roll coating with deformable rolls is formulated and solved. It predicts the flow rate, pressures, and roll surface deflections in the nip between rollers, all as functions of one parameter, which can be conveniently chosen as either a dimensionless roll gap setting or load between rolls. The model predicts that for the small-deflection limit the coated-film thickness varies as R(μV)W−1, while for the large-deflection limit the coated-film thickness varies as R25 (μV)12E−13W−16 (μ = viscosity, V = roll speed, E = Young's modulus, W = load, R = roll radius). The range of applicability of these limits is defined, as are the operating characteristics in the intermediate region. Predictions of minimum roll surface separation compare well with published data.
Outcome of lateral pancreaticojejunostomy in the management of chronic pancreatitis with nondilated pancreatic ducts

Lateral pancreaticojejunostomy has demonstrated variable success in the management of chronic pancreatitis associated with ductal dilation, but its role in patients with nondilated ducts is poorly defined. The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of lateral pancreaticojejunostomy in chronic pancreatitis with nondilated pancreatic ducts. The records of all patients who underwent lateral pancreaticojejunostomy with a pancreatic duct measuring less than 7 mm in diameter were reviewed. Seventeen patients underwent lateral pancreaticojejunostomy for chronic pancreatitis and intractable pain between 1995 and 1996. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography demonstrated features of chronic pancreatitis that were mild in seven patients, moderate in five, and severe in four. Postoperative complications occurred in two patients (11.7%). There were no deaths. Mean length of follow-up was 10.3 months (range 3 to 16 months). Rehospitalization for recurrent pancreatitis or pain was necessary in 59% of patients. Emergency room visits were reported by 76%. Narcotic use continued in 88%, with 76% of the patients reporting their pain as the same or worse than before the operation, and 65% continuing to view their health status as poor. In chronic pancreatitis patients with a nondilated pancreatic duct, lateral pancreaticojejunostomy appears to be of little benefit with respect to pain relief, subsequent hospitalization, continued narcotic use, or overall health status.
Prey pursuit and interception in dragonflies

Perching dragonflies (Libellulidae; Odonata) are sit-and-wait predators, which take off and pursue small flying insects. To investigate their prey pursuit strategy, we videotaped 36 prey-capture flights of male dragonflies, Erythemis simplicicollis and Leucorrhinia intacta, for frame-by-frame analysis. We found that dragonflies fly directly toward the point of prey interception by steering to minimize the movement of the prey's image on the retina. This behavior could be guided by target-selective descending interneurons which show directionally selective visual responses to small-object movement. We investigated how dragonflies discriminate distance of potential prey. We found a peak in angular velocity of the prey shortly before take-off which might cue the dragonfly to nearby flying targets. Parallax information from head movements was not required for successful prey pursuit.
Senegalese weavers' ethnic identities, in discourse and in craft

Weavers in northwestern Senegal consider their weaving work to be a practice of their specific identities. Weavers at the two group workshops in Poponguine, a small town in this region, create notions of their ethnic identities through discourse about their craft work, added to their very practices of creating art. They both put their identities into practice and contribute to regional understandings of ethnicities through processes of arts production. They argue that they weave just as their ancestors wove, in service of their community. Because they use a wide handloom, however, their argument about ethnic heritage seems contradictory to those who use the West African strip loom. By analysing both material and discursive ethnographic data, this article explores both the contradictions and the coherence in claims of ethnic heritage in craft work.
Constraints Children Place on Word Meanings

This paper views lexical acquisition as a problem of induction: Children must figure out the meaning of a given term, given the large number of possible meanings any term could have. If children had to consider, evaluate, and rule out an unlimited number of hypotheses about each word in order to figure out its meaning, learning word meanings would be hopeless. Children must, therefore, be limited in the kinds of hypotheses they consider as possible word meanings. This paper considers three possible constraints on word meanings: (1) The whole object assumption which leads children to interpret novel terms as labels for objects—not parts, substances, or other properties of objects; (2) The taxonomic assumption which leads children to consider labels as referring to objects of like kind, rather than to objects that are thematically related; and (3) The mutual exclusivity assumption which leads children to expect each object to have only one label. Some of the evidence for these constraints is reviewed.
Descartes and problem-solving

What does Descartes have to teach us about solving problems? At first glance it seems easy to reply. Descartes says a lot about problem-solving. So we could just quote what he says in the Discourse on Method [12] and in his Rulesfor Direction of the Mind ([2], pp. 9-11). Then we could illustrate these methodological rules from Descartes' major mathematical work, La Geometrie [13]. After all, Descartes claimed he did his mathematical work by following his "method." And the most influential works in modern mathematics-calculus textbooks-all contain sets of rules for solving word problems, rather like this:
Sex differences in the neural basis of emotional memories

Psychological studies have found better memory in women than men for emotional events, but the neural basis for this difference is unknown. We used event-related functional MRI to assess whether sex differences in memory for emotional stimuli is associated with activation of different neural systems in men and women. Brain activation in 12 men and 12 women was recorded while they rated their experience of emotional arousal in response to neutral and emotionally negative pictures. In a recognition memory test 3 weeks after scanning, highly emotional pictures were remembered best, and remembered better by women than by men. Men and women activated different neural circuits to encode stimuli effectively into memory even when the analysis was restricted to pictures rated equally arousing by both groups. Men activated significantly more structures than women in a network that included the right amygdala, whereas women activated significantly fewer structures in a network that included the left amygdala. Women had significantly more brain regions where activation correlated with both ongoing evaluation of emotional experience and with subsequent memory for the most emotionally arousing pictures. Greater overlap in brain regions sensitive to current emotion and contributing to subsequent memory may be a neural mechanism for emotions to enhance memory more powerfully in women than in men.
The graphite furnace and its role in atomic spectroscopy.

The diversity of applications of the graphite furnace is extraordinary, encompassing the fields of physics, thermochemistry, spectroscopy and analytical chemistry. In this respect, the graphite furnace has been used on a continuous basis as a research tool for nearly a century. Following its introduction as an atomization source for atomic absorption spectrometry by L’vov in 1959, its role in atomic spectrometry expanded considerably to encompass analytical applications in emision, fluorescence, absorption and mass spectrometry. In addition to its conspicuous use as an atomization source in these areas, it is frequently employed as a vaporizer when used in the format of combined and tandem sources with other instrumentation. The unique physico-chemical micro-environment which can be attained within the graphite furnace has also been used to advantage in a number of investigations, including the determination of gas- and solid-phase diffusion coefficients of high-temperature metal vapours, the heats of sublimation of refractory metals, fundamental optical constants and the measurement of the heats of desorption of adatoms from high-temperature surfaces. The range of such applications remains to be more fully explored. The attractive features of this source, viz., the high atomization/vaporization efficiency, comparatively long atomic vapour residence times, controllable chemical and thermal environment and its ability to handle high dissolved solids content samples (≤100%) serve to ensure its place in analytical atomic spectroscopy for years to come.
CABPS AND OTHER IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL MARKERS OF THE HUMAN VOMERONASAL SYSTEM : A COMPARISON WITH OTHER MAMMALS

After more than two centuries of almost sporadic inquiry as to the existence and function of the human vomeronasal system (VNS), the last decade has seen a resurgent interest in it. The principal question vexing many laboratories is whether adult humans retain the VNS that clearly develops during fetal growth. Additional questions are whether the structurally defined fetal VNS has any function role, and if this structure and function extend into postnatal life. One research tool that has been successfully used to identify key components of the mammalian VNS has been immunohistochemistry (IHC). This technique has clearly defined the vomeronasal receptor neurons in the vomeronasal organ, the vomeronasal nerve that projects into the central nervous system, and the target of this nerve, the accessory olfactory bulb. This review will discuss immunohistochemical studies that have identified these features in the mammalian VNS, and relate them to structural and IHC studies of the fetal and adult human VNS. Suggestions as to future studies to clarify the status of the human VNO also are offered. Microsc. Res. Tech. 41:530–541, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
How to pick technology stocks today

Technology stocks have lost about 75 percent of their value since the dot-com bubble burst. Everyone believes technology will continue to play a role in this country's long-term growth. But how can you find technology stocks that are still worth your investment dollars? The author gives some guidelines that every investor should heed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase gene deletions are frequently detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization in conventional chondrosarcomas

Chondrosarcomas are the second most common primary malignant tumor of bone. Chemotherapy for conventional chondrosarcomas is generally ineffective. Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) is a ubiquitous enzyme, essential in the salvage pathway of adenine and in methionine synthesis. MTAP-deficient cells are more susceptible than wild-type cells to pharmacologic inhibitors of de novo purine synthesis. Homozygous deletions of MTAP have been reported in hematologic and solid tumor malignancies. Based on these observations, we investigated the frequency of MTAP deletions in conventional, grade II chondrosarcomas by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis: 23 conventional, grade II chondrosarcoma patient samples from the Cleveland Clinic Foundation were analyzed for MTAP deletions. Nuclei were successfully extracted from 14 of 23 samples (61% evaluable) for FISH analysis: 7 of 14 samples (50%) showed either homozygous or hemizygous deletion of the MTAP gene, 6 of 14 (43%) failed to show deletion, and 1 of 14 (7%) was inconclusive. These findings suggest that approximately one-half of conventional, grade II chondrosarcomas may be preferentially sensitive to pharmacologic inhibitors of de novo purine synthesis. The present study led to development by the Intergroup Coalition Against Sarcomas of a phase II trial of pemetrexed, a multitargeted anti-folate, for advanced chondrosarcomas.
Stress Intensity Factor Solution for Cracks in Panels with Arbitrarily Located Stringers

This paper presents a stress intensity factor solution for cracks located in panels reinforced with arbitrarily located stringers. The new solution was developed by modifying the constitutive equations of a solution for symmetrically and periodically spaced stringers with riveted rigid fasteners. The new solution supports arbitrary stringer locations with respect to the crack location, includes the capability to model compliant fasteners, improves the accuracy of the equivalent stringer compliance by considering Poisson’s effect, and allows the fasteners to be arbitrarily located within each stringer. For the tested cases, the difference between the stress intensity factors calculated using the new closed-form solution and the linear static finite-element analysis results were within 4%. Through two examples for the CC-130 aircraft, it was shown that the closed-form solution developed for a center crack in an infinite sheet could also be used to model an edge crack growing in a relatively large panel.
Volatile anaesthetics restore bradykinin and serotonin-induced coronary vasodilation after blocking nitric oxide synthase: lack of anaesthetic effects on KATP channels and prostaglandin pathways.

Summary Background and objective Volatile anaesthetic effects on altering tone after blocking nitric oxide synthase, cyclo-oxygenase-prostaglandin synthase and KATP channel pathways are controversial. We examined in isolated guinea pig hearts whether anaesthetics alter bradykinin and 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced effects on coronary flow and percentage oxygen extraction after blocking these pathways. Methods Before and during exposure to sevoflurane, halothane or isoflurane, hearts were infused with 10−13−10−8 M bradykinin, or 10−8−10−6 M 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), with either L-NAME, indomethacin, or glibenclamide. Bradykinin or 5-hydroxytryptamine alone increased flow and decreased percentage oxygen extraction in a concentration-dependent manner; these effects were largely blocked by L-NAME (nitro-L-arginine methylester), which also decreased basal flow and increased basal percentage oxygen extraction. Results The anaesthetics restored bradykinin and 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced increases in flow or decreases in percentage oxygen extraction after inhibition by L-NAME. Indomethacin or glibenclamide alone had little effect on basal flow and percentage oxygen extraction. The anaesthetics restored bradykinin and 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced increases in flow or decreases in percentage oxygen extraction after inhibition by L-NAME. Indomethacin or glibenclamide alone had little effect on basal flow and percentage oxygen extraction. Drug-induced increases in flow and decreases in percentage oxygen extraction in the absence or presence of glibenclamide or indomethacin were not altered at either of the two concentrations of anaesthetics. Conclusions Endothelium-dependent vasodilatation is not affected by blocking prostaglandin release or KATP channels in the intact heart even in the presence of an anaesthetic. However, the diminished responses to vasodilators after nitric oxide synthase inhibition is largely restored or enhanced by anaesthetics.
Sulfur trioxide electrolysis studies: Implications for the sulfur–iodine thermochemical cycle for hydrogen production

Abstract In this paper we describe our efforts to develop a sulfur trioxide (SO 3 ) electrolyzer that could lower the temperature of the SO 3 decomposition step in the sulfur–iodine and hybrid sulfur thermochemical cycles. The objective is to develop an alternative to the standard process of converting SO 3 to SO 2 , which is thermal decomposition at 830 °C and above. Thermodynamic calculations show that high SO 3 conversions can be obtained at 590 °C if oxygen is removed during the SO 3 decomposition stage. One way of achieving oxygen removal during SO 3 decomposition is electrolysis, if suitable electrode and electrolyte materials can be found. Active oxygen electrode materials are already developed and we have demonstrated suitability of a thin doped-zirconia electrolyte in this study. The main difficulty came in the development of an active and stable SO 3 electrode. Using Ga–V–O/NbB 2 /Au electrodes we demonstrated high catalytic activity, but could not achieve acceptable electrochemical performance.
Growth and metabolic characteristics of Suffolk and Gulf Coast Native yearling ewes supplemented with chromium tripicolinate

Abstract An experiment was conducted to investigate differences in production and physiological criteria in yearling ewe lambs from two distinct breeds fed a concentrate–base diet (13.5% CP) supplemented with 0 (BAS) or 370 ppb (CRP) chromium tripicolinate. The breeds used were Suffolk (SFK, n=8, BW 58.9±1 kg), representing a breed selected for meat production, and Gulf Coast Native sheep (GCN, n=8, BW 44.9±1 kg), representing a breed selected for adaptability and wool production. Lambs were fed the BAS diet for 10 days. On day 0 of the experimental period, the lambs were stratified by BW within breed and randomly assigned to the experimental diets. On days 0, 11 and 22, after 18 h of feed deprivation, lambs were bled via jugular venipuncture and weighed. Moreover, on day 22, lambs were catheterized and an i.v. glucose tolerance test (IVGTT; 500 mg glucose kg−1 BW) was conducted. Statistical analyses of plasma metabolite and hormone measurements were conducted on their concentrations, as well as the relative changes (percent change) of these measurements for days 11 and 22 compared with day 0. Growth rate, feed intake and glucose and insulin kinetics in response to an IVGTT were not affected (P>0.10) by CRP. Relative to BAS, CRP decreased plasma NEFA concentration (P 0.10) plasma glucose, albumin, triacylglycerol or cortisol concentrations. CRP reduced plasma NEFA, but did not affect glucose kinetics. There were major differences in physiological measurements between the two distinct breeds of sheep that could explain the differences observed in performance.
On the singularities of foliations and of vector bundle maps

LetF be a (smooth) Γq∞-stucture (often called a codimension-q Haefliger structure) on a compact manifoldXn. Cohomological invariants associated to the singularities ofF are defined whose vanishing is shown to be a necessary condition for deformingF to a codimension-q foliation onXn. An analagous approach to vector bundle maps is then utilized to prove a general theorem concerning the possibility of embedding a vector bundle in the tangent bundle ofXn, and applications to the planefield problem are given. In the final section geometric realizations of the singularity classes associated toF are constructed.
Innovating from the global south: practices to connect local and global networks of innovation

High-tech industries across the Global South (emerging countries such as China, India, and Mexico) are making great efforts to become innovators that create their own products for global markets. Cities such as Guadalajara and Bangalore, which traditionally have been used by multinational corporations as manufacturing or service delivery centers, are now emerging as centers of innovation. The transition is part of a global transition connecting emerging centers of innovation with those in advanced economies. However, this phenomenon has not been studied at the practical level: we do not know how people materially make the social connections that enable them to move forward as innovators. We propose a comparative study of the practices used in the embedded systems industry to connect to local and global networks in Mexico and India. We chose the embedded systems industry because it is dynamic, globally distributed, knowledge intensive, and highly interdependent with other sectors. The research has two aims (1) to understand how social connections are created and sustained across global markets in emerging and established centers of innovation, and (2) an empirical basis for proposing new digital media technologies and organizational designs to support the development of centers of innovation in the Global South. Digital media tools will have an instrumental role in helping develop the work relationships and coordination needed to drive innovation in these emerging centers.
Recent results on instabilities and turbulence in couette flow

Abstract The evolution of spatial and temporal order of a fluid contained between concentric cylinders with the inner cylinder rotating has been investigated by flow visualization and laser Doppler velocimetry, and by measuring spatial correlations in the scattered intensity. Various states and transitions have been observed, depending on the Reynolds number history of the flow. A transition sequence observed when the Reynolds number is slowly increased is the following: to (time-independent) Taylor vortex flow, which, with its axial periodicity, breaks the axial translational symmetry; to wavy vortex flow, which is periodic in time and can have four-fold axial rotational symmetry; to modulated wavy vortex flow, which is quasiperiodic in time (with two frequencies) and can have two-fold axial rotational symmetry; and to weakly turbulent wavy vortex flow, where the power spectrum of the time series has two sharp peaks and one broad component, and the flow no longer has complete spatial periodicity in the axial direction.
Age and cerebral atherosclerosis

Abstract The importance of age as an etiological factor in cerebral atherosclerosis was investigated by analyzing changes observed in the circle of Willis in a consecutive series of 5035 autopsies. In each of these cases, the frequency and severity of the atherosclerosis was coded by a special coding technique. Although atherosclerotic lesions have been described in infancy, particularly in the coronary arteries and the aorta, such lesions have not been recorded in the cerebral arteries within the first 2 decades of life. In this series of cases, gross atherosclerotic lesions were first found in the arteries of the circle of Willis within the 1st decade of life. The frequency of such atherosclerotic lesions remained fairly steady between 0.3 and 0.5% during the first 3 decades of life and then increased in almost linear fashion with age until the 9th decade when 98% of the patients showed some involvement. Eleven cases within the 1st decade of life showed gross atherosclerotic lesions, the youngest patient being a premature infant aged 2 days. In this case there were 13 separate plaques in the circle of Willis. Moreover, in our series of cases there were 4 out of 312 within the 9th decade (1.3%) with no gross atherosclerotic lesions visible. The presence of cerebral atherosclerosis in infants and children and its absence in a number of individuals in the 9th decade of life suggest that age is not the sole determining factor in the development of cerebral atherosclerosis.
Numerical solutions of quantile hedging for guaranteed minimum death benefits under a regime-switching jump-diffusion formulation

This work develops numerical approximation methods for quantile hedging involving mortality components for contingent claims in incomplete markets, in which guaranteed minimum death benefits (GMDBs) could not be perfectly hedged. A regime-switching jump-diffusion model is used to delineate the dynamic system and the hedging function for GMDBs, where the switching is represented by a continuous-time Markov chain. Using Markov chain approximation techniques, a discrete-time controlled Markov chain with two component is constructed. Under simple conditions, the convergence of the approximation to the value function is established. Examples of quantile hedging model for guaranteed minimum death benefits under linear jumps and general jumps are also presented.