cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carcinoma in situ of the endometrium.

Abstract Carcinoma in situ of the endometrium is the name applied to a complex hyperplastic glandular pattern in the endometrium also labeled atypical hyperplasia or adenomatous hyperplasia. When these latter names are applied they are usually modified by “severe” or “marked.” This lesion is often followed by or accompanies definite adenocarcinoma. Indeed, the terms are sometimes applied to lesions already carcinoma! There is an accumulation of evidence to suggest that endometrial carcinoma is preceded by changes atypical for the normal menstrual cycle. Such changes may be general or focal. There is no proof that carcinoma may appear suddenly in an absolutely normal endometrium. Indeed, we have never observed carcinoma to arise from normal endometrium. There is evidence to suggest there has been some prior abnormality and so, the carcinoma may well have arisen in such a focus. Only rarely is cystic hyperplasia followed by carcinoma. The more complex the hyperplastic pattern the greater is the likelihood of subsequent adenocarcinoma. The role of estrogen in the development of endometrial carcinoma is obscure. That hyperplasia of sequential patterns, carcinoma in situ and adenocarcinoma may be produced in rabbits by estrogen has been shown: methylcholanthrene may produce similar results. Only on rare occasions does estrogen seem definitely at fault in the human. Many patients take estrogens for a considerable time without ill effect. Management of the patient with carcinoma in situ has been modified with knowledge of the synthetic progestins and clomiphene citrate. It is known that hysterectomy will cure carcinoma in situ but many of the pateints present as infertility problems so a less final form of therapy should be attempted. In general, the interpretation of the many changes within the spectrum bridging the obviously normal and obviously malignant requires human judgment based upon experience. It is logical to expect that the interpretation of preinvasive changes will show great variation from pathologist to pathologist. Even the same pathologist may not always be consistent in viewing the same specimen at different times. Hence, it is small wonder that there is so much confusion over nomenclature, criteria and even validity itself of carcinoma in situ as an entity.
Synovectomy of the rheumatoid knee using intra-articular injection of dysprosium-165-ferric hydroxide macroaggregates

One hundred and eleven patients who had seropositive rheumatoid arthritis and persistent synovitis of the knee were treated with intra-articular injection of 270 millicuries of dysprosium-165 bound to ferric hydroxide macroaggregates. A two-year follow-up was available for fifty-nine of the treated knees. Thirty-nine had a good result; nine, a fair result; and eleven, a poor result. Of the twenty-five knees that had Stage-I radiographic changes, nineteen had a good result. Of the thirty-four knees that had Stage-II radiographic changes, twenty showed a good result. Systemic spread of the radioactivity from the injected joint was minimum. The mean whole-body dose was calculated to be 0.3 rad and that to the liver twenty-four hours after injection, 3.2 rads. The results indicated that dysprosium-165-ferric hydroxide macroaggregate is an effective agent for performing radiation synovectomy, particularly in knees that have Stage-I radiographic changes. Because of the minimum rate of systemic spread of the dysprosium-165, it offers a definite advantage over agents that previously have been used.
Neuropsychological correlates of multiple sclerosis across the lifespan

Multiple sclerosis can adversely affect cognitive functioning whether the disease has an adult or pediatric onset. The research thus far suggests that pediatric MS shares many features with adult MS but is also unique in several respects. One particular characteristic of pediatric MS is that, while physical disability develops more slowly as compared with adult patients, the impact of cognitive deficits in children may be more substantial as they are in a period of life during which they acquire many skills that are needed to transition into independently functioning adults. Our review takes a lifespan approach to MS, comparing and contrasting the neuropsychology (i.e., cognitive, psychological, and psychosocial factors) of these two populations. Understanding how MS manifests across the lifespan has important implications for tailoring assessment and treatment for individuals with MS as they transition from childhood to adulthood, and later life.
Estrogen receptor (ER) α mutations in breast cancer: hidden in plain sight.

The idea that somatic ERα mutations could play an important role in the evolution of hormone-dependent breast cancers was proposed some years ago (Fuqua J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 6(4):407–417, 2001; Dasgupta et al. Annu Rev Med 65:279–292, 2013), but has remained controversial until recently. A significant amount of new data has confirmed these initial observations and shown their significance, along with much additional work relevant to the treatment of breast cancer. Thus, it is the purpose of this review to summarize the research to date on the existence and clinical consequences of ERα mutations in primary and metastatic breast cancer.
Identification of a Cryptococcus neoformans cytochrome P450 lanosterol 14α-demethylase (Erg11) residue critical for differential susceptibility between fluconazole/voriconazole and itraconazole/posaconazole

Cryptococcus neoformans strains resistant to azoles due to mutations causing alterations in the ERG11 gene, encoding lanosterol 14α-demethylase, have rarely been reported. In this study, we have characterized a C. neoformans serotype A strain that is resistant to high concentrations of fluconazole (FLC). This strain, which was isolated from an FLC-treated patient, contained five missense mutations in the ERG11 gene compared to the sequence of reference strain H99. Molecular manipulations of the ERG11 gene coupled with susceptibility to triazole revealed that a single missense mutation resulting in the replacement of tyrosine by phenylalanine at amino acid 145 was sufficient to cause the high FLC resistance of the strain. Importantly, this newly identified point mutation in the ERG11 gene of C. neoformans afforded resistance to voriconazole (VRC) but increased susceptibility to itraconazole (ITC) and posaconazole (PSC), which are structurally similar to each other but distinct from FLC/VRC. The in vitro susceptibility/resistance of the strains with or without the missense mutation was reflected in the therapeutic efficacy of FLC versus ITC in the animals infected with the strains. This study shows the importance of the Y145F alteration of Erg11 in C. neoformans for manifestation of differential susceptibility toward different triazoles. It underscores the necessity of in vitro susceptibility testing for each FLC-resistant C. neoformans clinical isolate against different groups of azoles in order to assist patient management.
The neurobiology of collective action.

This essay introduces a neurologically-informed mathematical model of collective action that reveals the role for empathy and distress in motivating costly helping behaviors. We report three direct tests of model with a key focus on the neuropeptide oxytocin as well as a variety of indirect tests. These studies, from our lab and other researchers, show support for the model. Our findings indicate that empathic concern, via the brain's release of oxytocin, is a trigger for collective action. We discuss the implications from this model for our understanding why human beings engage in costly collective action.
Sporadic E ionization layers observed with radar imaging and ionospheric modification

Sporadic E ionization layers have been observed in the daytime subauroral ionospheric E layer by a 30 MHz radar in Alaska. The radar detects coherent backscatter from meter-scale field-aligned plasma density irregularities. The irregularities were generated by ionospheric modification—by the emission of strong HF electromagnetic waves directly beneath the layers—making the layers visible to the radar. Aperture-synthesis methods are used to generate imagery of the layers from the radar data. The layers are patchy, with patches organized along fronts spaced by tens of kilometers and propagating slowly toward the southwest. Similar, naturally occurring layers are commonly observed at middle latitudes at night in the absence of ionospheric modification. That the patchy layers can be found at high magnetic latitudes during the day argues that they are most likely produced through the interaction of the ionospheric layer with neutral atmospheric waves and instabilities. Attenuation of the radar echoes when the HF emission frequency exceeded the third harmonic of the electron gyrofrequency was observed and is discussed.
Why Men's Hearts Break: Cardiovascular Effects of Sex Steroids

Coronary artery disease (CAD) mortality differs in men and women, leading to the speculation that differences in sex steroids contribute to risk. Controlled clinical trials have shown that estrogen replacement is not cardioprotective in certain women, and recent cross-sectional studies associate low testosterone with a greater incidence of CAD in men. Testosterone has demonstrated effects on insulin resistance, obesity, myocardium, coagulation, inflammation, vasodilation, and endothelial function. Imbalance of sex steroids contributes to adverse cardiac effects in men.
Histologic features of congenital melanocytic nevi in infants 1 year of age or younger

Abstract Background: Congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) occur in approximately 1% of the white population. These lesions are often surgically excised prophylactically because of increased melanoma risk. Objective: In this study 87 CMN of all sizes from infants 12 months of age or younger (mean age, 6.6 months) were examined histologically. Methods: Each lesion was evaluated for depth of nevus cell involvement, overall epidermal and dermal pattern, and cytologic atypia. Results: Most CMN involved the lower half of the reticular dermis (89%), and 51% infiltrated the subcutaneous tissue. Depth of nevus cell infiltration was positively correlated with size of the lesion. The predominant dermal pattern was diffuse interstitial infiltration (63%). Patchy nevus cell patterns were observed in 37% of the CMN and were associated with smaller lesions ( p Conclusion: These results indicate that depth and pattern of nevus cells are directly related to size of CMN in infants.
Parental choice of human capital investment

Abstract In this paper we present a model in which parents make schooling decisions for their children. We compare two educational regimes: public and private education. In the private education regime all human capital investment decisions are made by individuals. Under public education the government uses income tax revenue to finance one input to schooling. In the private education regime cycles may occur even though there are constant returns to scale in the augmentable factors. In the public education regime there are no cycles but poverty traps may occur.
Giant resonance region of N 15 studied by polarized and unpolarized proton capture measurements

We have measured the cross sections and the analyzing powers for the $^{14}\mathrm{C}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{p}, \ensuremath{\gamma})^{15}\mathrm{N}$ reaction for proton energies from 4.0 to 16.2 MeV. The corresponding range in excitation energies, 13.94 to 25.33 MeV, covers the region of the giant dipole resonance in $^{15}\mathrm{N}$. The five-angle angular distributions measured with unpolarized and with polarized beams at eight energies over this region were analyzed to determine the magnitudes and relative phases of the transition matrix elements. The analysis included $E1$, $M1$, and $E2$ transitions. The observed $E1$ strength exhausts only about 6% of the classical dipole sum rule. The dominant $E1$ strength is compared to a shell-model calculation which includes 3p-3h excitations. A fairly uniform distribution of $E2$ strength is observed which exhausts about 7% of the total energy-weighted sum rule. Although large uncertainties on this result could allow the existence of a giant $E2$ resonance, the most probable values indicate that no appreciable concentration of $E2$ strength is observed.
Metabolic alkalosis during immobilization in monkeys (M. nemestrina)

The systemic and renal acid-base response of monkeys during ten weeks of immobilization was studied. By three weeks of immobilization, arterial pH and bicarbonate concentrations were elevated (chronic metabolic alkalosis). Net urinary acid excretion increased in immobilized animals. Urinary bicarbonate excretion decreased during the first three weeks of immobilization, and then returned to control levels. Sustained increases in urinary ammonium excretion were seen throughout the time duration of immobilization. Neither potassium depletion nor hypokalemia was observed. Most parameters returned promptly to the normal range during the first week of recovery. Factors tentatively associated with changes in acid-base status of monkeys include contraction of extracellular fluid volume, retention of bicarbonate, increased acid excretion, and possible participation of extrarenal buffers.
Precision of Raman Spectroscopy Measurements in Detection of Microcalcifications in Breast Needle Biopsies

Microcalcifications are an early mammographic sign of breast cancer and a target for stereotactic breast needle biopsy. We developed Raman spectroscopy decision algorithms to detect breast microcalcifications, based on fit coefficients (FC) derived by modeling tissue Raman spectra as a linear combination of the Raman spectra of 9 chemical and morphologic components of breast tissue. However, little or no information is available on the precision of such measurements and its effect on the ability of Raman spectroscopy to make predictions for breast microcalcification detection. Here we report the precision, that is, the closeness of agreement between replicate Raman spectral measurements - and the model FC derived from them - obtained ex vivo from fresh breast biopsies from patients undergoing stereotactic breast needle biopsy, using a compact clinical Raman system. The coefficients of variation of the model FC averaged 0.03 for normal breast tissue sites, 0.12 for breast lesions without, and 0.22 for brea...
Neuropathic pain mechanisms and imaging.

Molecular and cellular imaging of neuropathic pain, utilizing the myriad of receptors and inflammatory mediators involved in nociceptive activity, is a promising approach toward objectively identifying peripheral pain generators. Neuropathic conditions arise from injured and inflamed nerves, which have been shown to elaborate several molecular and cellular elements that give rise to the neuropathic phenotype and can be exploited for imaging purposes. As such, in vivo approaches to image neuropathic pain mechanisms include imaging voltage-gated sodium channels with radiolabeled saxitoxin, calcium signaling with manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, and inflammatory changes and nerve metabolism with 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose. Imaging approaches exploiting other mediators of nociceptive activity, such as substance P (neurokinin-1) receptor, sigma-1 receptor, and macrophages, have shown promising early advances in animal models. By combining the sensitivity and specificity of molecular imaging with the high anatomical, spatial and contrast resolution afforded by computed tomography and MRI, radiologists can potentially identify sites of nerve injury or neuroinflammation that are implicated as peripheral pain drivers with greater accuracy and confidence. In addition to guiding therapy, these approaches will aid in new drug designs for analgesia and more individualized treatment options.
Application of group indices of refraction to achromatic lens design

An approach to color correction is described in which the ratio of the group velocity to the speed of light in vacuum (the group index of refraction) in glass is used, in conjunction with the more familiar phase index of refraction, to control longitudinal color in a system of thin lenses in contract. It is shown that at the wavelength of a turning point where the phase power of a lens is locally independent of wavelength, the phase power is equal to the group power. It is further shown that in a lens consisting of three or more elements, if the phase and group powers are equal and the group power has a turning point at the same wavelength, the second derivative of phase power with respect to wavelength is zero at that wavelength (the lens is confocal and achromatic in both phase and group power and the secondary spectrum is locally zero). The group index of refraction and the concept of group aberrations can equally by applied to exact raytracing for thick lens systems. In using easily calculated derivatives of the phase index of refraction the approach affords a computational simplicity that is well suited to computer-aided lens design.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Atmospheric absorption of sound: Update

Best current expressions for the vibrational relaxation times of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere are used to compute total absorption. The resulting graphs of total absorption as a function of frequency for different humidities should be used in lieu of the graph published earlier by Evans et al (1972).
Intracellular activity of medullary respiratory neurons.

Abstract Records of intracellular activity were obtained from respiratory neurons in the lateral reticular formation of the medulla. The membrane resistance of these neurons was generally higher than that of spinal cord motoneurons. This observation corresponds to the smaller size of neurons found in this region of the medulla. Only early expiratory neurons showed a declining frequency during the period when the underlying slow depolarization and apparent firing level were increasing. In other types, especially inspiratory neurons with an augmenting frequency, the slow membrane depolarization and frequency usually changed in parallel. Frequency adaptation to depolarizing pulses of constant current occurred in early expiratory neurons having the adapting discharge pattern during spontaneous respiration and in some cells that normally had a constant discharge frequency. Distinct postsynaptic potentials with regular firing patterns typical of respiratory neurons were seen in several cells. When they occurred during the cell's active phase, they were clearly excitatory and often triggered action potentials. Those occurring during the silent phase although not clearly hyperpolarizing were probably inhibitory and a manifestation of reciprocal innervation. It was concluded that adaptation limits discharge in early expiratory neurons, and probably in some inspiratory and expiratory neurons that have a constant discharge frequency, but not in inspiratory neurons with an augmenting discharge pattern. Since firing of all respiratory neurons was underlain by synaptic activity, it is likely that cells were brought to threshold by summation of excitatory input from cells simultaneously active.
Measurement of signal similarity using the maxima of the wavelet transform

The local maxima of the absolute values of the wavelet coefficients are used to measure the cross-correlation between a pair of input signals. Unlike the classical method which uses the cross-correlation coefficients where all data points are given equal weights, this approach utilizes the edge points only. These edge points are compared in pairs forming a cross-correlation vector whose length is equal to the number of scale levels in the wavelet transform. An algorithm which systematically matches the edge points provided by the maxima of the wavelet coefficient modules is presented. Methods for selecting the wavelet and neighborhood parameter are also discussed. >
Accidental hymenal injury mimicking sexual trauma.

Hymenal injury is considered to be nearly pathognomonic of child sexual abuse. Accidental injury of the hymen is felt to be a rare event. Child abuse experts often cite cases of picket-fence or bedpost impalements as the exception, and dismiss the likelihood of accidental injury to the hymen. Despite this sentiment, accidental injuries of the anogenital region, including the hymen, have been described in the literature. The following case documents such an accidental injury, and follows the injuries from the acute stage through initial healing. A 7-year-old white girl presented to the emergency department with the chief complaint of vaginal bleeding after a fall in the bathtub. The physician who examined her noted vaginal blood with no clear source and consulted a staff pediatrician experienced in evaluating child abuse. The patient was a comfortable, articulate child who readily agreed to being interviewed alone. She gave a history of “bowling” in the bathtub and hurting herself on the “horse's shoes.” On a request for elaboration, she recounted a connected narrative in which she had completed a shower and was setting her toy horses up at the drain end of the tub and sliding down the wet porcelain into them, knocking them down. On the final repetition of this game, she lost her balance, her legs went up in the air, and she hit the horses hard, causing pain in her genital area. She stood up and cried, touching her genital area with her hand, and then noted blood on her hands. Her father came in and blotted her with a towel. Shortly thereafter, her mother came home and used a spray bottle to clean her further. This was painful to her. Her parents then decided to bring her to the emergency department. Besides the above narrative, the patient also provided a … Address correspondence and reprint requests to Stephen C. Boos, MD, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Center for Child Protection, 2516 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817.
Effect of background exposure dose upon line-edge roughness (LER)

LER is found to correlate strongest with the background, or flare, portion of the lithographic aerial image contrast, when compared with the image slope and “standard” (max - min)/(max + min) contrast. A large pool of collected data and rigorous statistical analysis of variance conclude with far greater than 99% confidence that as any of these measures of aerial image profile degrade, LER increases. However, the relation between background exposure and LER is by far the most significant.
Simulation Experiments for Determining Wind Data Requirements in the Tropics

Abstract Numerical simulation experiments are performed with a 9-level global general circulation model to help determine how much wind data in the tropics are needed for the reconstruction of meteorological fields. Prediction runs are updated every 12 hr with hypothetical data generated from the same model. It is found that the asymptotic root mean square (rms) wind errors in the tropics, particularly in the 11S-IIN “equatorial” latitude belt, fail to meet the GARP data requirements for the FGGE if surface pressure and temperature data alone are used for updating. The addition of tropical wind data at just two vertical levels leads to a significant, but insufficient, reduction of rrns wind errors within “tropics” (26S-26N); the largest errors remain near the equator. However, these errors become acceptably small if wind data are inserted at all 9 levels within the equatorial region. Another result is that insertion of tropical wind data at just two levels has a sizable influence upon wind errors even in ...
Modeling Cladding-Coolant Heat Transfer of High-Burnup Fuel During RIA

This paper describes a model for the cladding-coolant heat transfer of high burnup fuel during a Reactivity Initiated Accident (RIA) which is implemented in the fuel performance code FRAPTRAN 1.2. The minimum stable film boiling temperature, affected by the subcooling and the clad oxidation, is modeled by a modified Henry correlation. This accounts for the effects of thermal properties of the cladding surface on the transient temperature drop during liquid-solid contact. The transition boiling regime is described as the interpolation of the heat flux between two anchor points on the boiling curve: the Critical Heat Flux (CHF) and minimum stable film boiling. The CHF correlation is based on the Zuber hydrodynamic model multiplied by a subcooling factor. Frederking correlation is chosen to model the film boiling regime. The heat conduction through the oxide layer of the cladding surface of high burnup fuel is calculated by solving heat conduction equations with thermal properties of zirconia taken from MATPRO. This model is validated in the FRAPTRAN code for test cases of both high burnup and fresh test fuel rods including the burnup level (0--56 MW d/kg), peak fuel enthalpy deposit (70--190 cal/g), degree of subcooling (0--80 deg. C), and extent of oxidationmore » (0--25 micron). The modified code demonstrates the capability of differentiating between the departure from nucleate boiling (DNB) and none-DNB cases. The predicted peak cladding temperature (PCT) and duration of DNB achieves generally good agreement with the experimental data. It is found that the cladding surface oxidation of high burnup fuel causes an early rewetting of cladding or suppresses DNB due to two factors: 1) Thick zirconia layer may delay the heat conducted to the surface while keeping the surface heat transfer in the most effective nucleate boiling regime. 2) The transient liquid-solid contact resulting from vapor breaking down would cause a lower interface temperature for an oxidized surface, essentially raises the minimum stable film boiling temperature. (authors)« less
Processed genes: a dispersed human immunoglobulin gene bearing evidence of RNA-type processing

A dispersed immunoglobulin pseudogene carries two hallmarks of RNA processing—spliced J and C regions and a poly (A)-rich tail. Its discovery strengthens the notion that processed genes are a significant feature of the mammalian genome and that genetic information can return to the genome via an RNA intermediate.
Icons, Itinerary, and Identity: Associations of Boundary and Mobility within the Contemporary US Passport

AbstractRegulatory shifts in US border policy set in motion through implementation of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative are concurrent with recent formal and functional changes to the US passport. This article examines these modifications interweaving themes of boundary, mobility, and identity. The study focuses on the tripartite means by which the state employs the passport: as the primary affixer of national identity; as a mediator of contact and mobility across national boundaries; and as a mode for the projection of a certain territorial discourse to its citizenry and ‘others.’ These concepts are developed through an analysis of the narrative and iconic representations contained within the new book itself; material sources from government archives; as well as discussions and interviews with US State Department functionaries closely associated with the design and distribution of the new e-passport. Through the latter examination, a view is afforded into the process by which key state documents a...
Protein patterns, serotyping and plasmid DNA profiles in the epidemiologic fingerprinting of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The epidemiological typing schemes based on serotyping, antibiotic susceptibility pattern, plasmid DNA profile, and protein patterns determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) were evaluated for their usefulness in typing clinical isolates ofPseudomonas aeruginosa. The serotypability was lower (45%) than reported in the literature (85–95%). The most commonly found serotypes were O:1 (19%), O:11 (25%), O:6 (35%). The electrophoretic analysis of plasmid DNAs showed plasmids (molecular weight=1 to >40 megadaltons). Two plasmids of Mr 2 and 38 megadaltons were found in various serotypes. The restriction enzyme analysis of plasmid DNA showed identical DNA fragment patterns among distinct serotypes. The SDS-PAGE protein banding patterns of whole-cell proteins showed homogeneity among the strains. However, analysis of the soluble protein patterns of the strains showed sufficiently distinct protein profiles that can be used to differentiate between various strains. The results of this study demonstrate that the electrophoretic patterns of soluble proteins, in combination with plasmid DNA profile or serotyping, can be of value in the epidemiologic fingerprinting of clinical isolates ofPseudomonas aeruginosa.
Is the AHA/ACSM Scientific Statement “Recommendations for Cardiovascular Screening, Staffing, and Emergency Policies at Health/Fitness Facilities” in Need of Revision?

To the Editor: The Scientific Statement of the American Heart Association and American College of Sports Medicine entitled “Recommendations for Cardiovascular Screening, Staffing, and Emergency Policies at Health/Fitness Facilities”1 is an important and meaningful contribution to the professional literature. One premise of the Scientific Statement is to strike a balance between encouraging more people to increase their physical activity involvement while concurrently helping protect those same people from the various health risks associated with physical activity involvement (most notably, sudden cardiac death). The authors present the Scientific Statement in a logical and thorough manner. It is also reasonably easy to read and assimilate, which increases its utility for professionals in the health/fitness industry. While commending the premise of the Scientific Statement and the authors who developed it, I do want to point out what I believe to be an …
Color-Encoded Structured Light for Rapid Active Ranging

In this paper, we discuss a novel strategy for rapid acquisition of the range map of a scene employing color-encoded structured light. This technique offers several potential advantages including increased speed and improved accuracy. In this approach we illuminate the scene with a single encoded grid of colored light stripes. The indexing problem, that of matching a detected image plane stripe with its position in the projection grid, is solved from a knowledge of the color grid encoding. In fact, the possibility exists for the first time to acquire high-resolution range data in real time for modest cost, since only a single projection and single color image are required. Grid to grid alignment problems associated with previous multistripe techniques are eliminated, as is the requirement for dark interstices between grid stripes. Scene illumination is more uniform, simplifying the stripe detection problem, and mechanical difficulties associated with the equipment design are significantly reduced.
378. Phase I Trial of Intravenous Infusion of Onyx 015 and Enbrel in Solid Tumor Patients

Onyx 015 is an E1B deleted conditional replicating adenovirus which has demonstrated control of local regional disease in prior studies [E. Lin and J. Nemunaitis, Cancer Gene Ther 11, 643 (2004)] but demonstrates limited effect when administered as an intravenous therapeutic. We hypothesized that systemic activity may be potentiated by reduction of viral clearance related to tumor necrosis factor a (TNF|[alpha]|).
ePLAS analysis of 2D shock ignition

Summary form only given. A final pulse of hot electrons can induce preheat and shock ignition[su1} under direct drive, as recently demonstrated2 with the implicit/hybrid code ePLAS3,4. The ePLAS model follows a laser generated hot electron component (fluid or particles) through background plasma of cold fluid electrons and ions. It allows for variations in the hot electron spectrum and directivity, and can suggest tuning options to optimize implosion timing and symmetry for shock Ignition.
Compressibility Effects in the Analysis and Interpretation of Neutron Scattering Data from Polymer Blends

A thermodynamically consistent procedure, based on statistical mechanical fluctuation theory, has been developed for the analysis and interpretation of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) data fo...
In vitro characterization of adrenergic receptors controlling skin gland secretion in two anurans Rana pipiens and Xenopus laevis

Abstract 1. 1. The in vitro secretory response of the integumental granular glands of Rana pipiens and Xenopus laevis to sympathomimetic stimulation was studied in order to characterize the nature of the adrenergic receptors controlling this response. 2. 2. Epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) caused secretion from the granula glands, whereas phenylephrine (PE) was effective only at higher concentrations. Isoproterenol (ISO) was ineffective at any concentration used. The agonists could be ranked in the following order of relative effectiveness in stimulating glandular secretion: E and NE>PE>ISO. 3. 3. Alpha, but not β, adrenergic antagonists blocked the secretory response of glands to symphatomimetic stimulation. 4. 4. Preincubation of the skins in theophylline, a smooth muscle relaxant, blocked the secretory response of granular glands to sympathomimetics stimulation. 5. 5. Granular gland secretion in response to catecholamines is apparently mediated by muscle contraction resulting from α-adrenergic stimulation.
Elastic Properties of Minerals: A Key for Understanding the Composition and Temperature of Earth's Interior

Seismological studies give us a high-definition 3-D picture of the Earth's interior in terms of seismic velocity and density. Near the surface, observations of these properties can be compared with rock samples. As we go deeper into the Earth, interpretation of seismic data is more difficult. Laboratory measurements of velocities and other elastic properties of minerals are the key to understanding this seismic information, allowing us to translate it into quantities such as chemical composition, mineralogy, temperature, and preferred orientation of minerals. Here we present a description of modern techniques for measuring elastic properties at high pressures and temperatures, emphasizing those most relevant to understanding the interior of the Earth and other planets.
High resolution numerical simulation of the linearized Euler equations in conservation law form

A linearized Euler solver based on a high resolution numerical scheme is presented. The approach is to linearize the flux vector as opposed to carrying through the complete linearization analysis with the dependent variable vector written as a sum of the mean and the perturbed flow. This allows the linearized equations to be maintained in conservation law form. The linearized equations are used to compute unsteady flows in turbomachinery blade rows arising due to blade vibrations. Numerical solutions are compared to theoretical results (where available) and to numerical solutions of the nonlinear Euler equations.
Remote sensing science to inform urban climate change mitigation strategies

Abstract Remote sensing offers unique perspectives to study the relationship between urban systems and climate change because it provides spatially explicit and synoptic views of the landscape that are available at multiple grains, extents, and over time. While remote sensing has made significant advances in the study of urban areas, especially urban heat island and urban land change, there are myriad unanswered science and policy questions to which remote sensing science could contribute. Here we identify several key opportunities for remote sensing science to increase our understanding of the relationships between urban systems and climate change.
Load- and practice-dependent increases in cerebro-cerebellar activation in verbal working memory: an fMRI study

Load-dependent and practice-related changes in neocortical and cerebellar structures involved in verbal working memory (VWM) were investigated using functional MRI (fMRI) and a two alternative forced choice Sternberg paradigm. Using working memory loads ranging from 2 to 6 letters, regions exhibiting linear and quadratic trends in load-dependent activations were identified. Behaviorally, reaction time measurements revealed significant linear increases with increasing memory load, and significant decreases with increased task practice. Brain activations indicated a preponderance of linear load-dependent responses in both superior (lobule VI/Crus I) and inferior (lobule VIIB/VIIIA) cerebellar hemispheres, as well as in areas of neocortex including left precentral (BA 6), inferior frontal (BA 47), parahippocampal (BA 35), inferior parietal (BA 40), cingulate (BA 32), and right inferior and middle frontal (BA 46/47) regions. Fewer voxels exhibited quadratic without linear trends with the most prominent of these activations located in left inferior parietal (BA 40), precuneus, and parahippocampal regions. Analysis of load x session interactions revealed that right inferior cerebellar and left inferior parietal activations increased with practice, as did the correlations between activation in each region with reaction time, suggesting that changes in this cerebro-cerebellar network underlie practice-related increases in efficiency of VWM performance. These results replicate and extend our previous findings of fMRI activation in the cerebellum during VWM, and demonstrate predominately linear increases in cerebro-cerebellar activation with increasing memory load as well as changes in network function with increased task proficiency.
Interactive holographic stereograms with accommodation cues

Image-based holographic stereogram rendering methods for holographic video have the attractive properties of moderate computational cost and correct handling of occlusions and translucent objects. These methods are also subject to the criticism that (like other stereograms) they do not present accommodation cues consistent with vergence cues and thus do not make use of one of the significant potential advantages of holographic displays. We present an algorithm for the Diffraction Specific Coherent Panoramagram -- a multi-view holographic stereogram with correct accommodation cues, smooth motion parallax, and visually defined centers of parallax. The algorithm is designed to take advantage of parallel and vector processing in off-the-shelf graphics cards using OpenGL with Cg vertex and fragment shaders. We introduce wavefront elements - "wafels" - as a progression of picture element "pixels", directional element "direls", and holographic element "hogels". Wafel apertures emit controllable intensities of light in controllable directions with controllable centers of curvature, providing accommodation cues in addition to disparity and parallax cues. Based on simultaneously captured scene depth information, sets of directed variable wavefronts are created using nonlinear chirps, which allow coherent diffraction of the beam across multiple wafels. We describe an implementation of this algorithm using a commodity graphics card for interactive display on our Mark II holographic video display.
Perceived Achievement Goal Structure and College Student Help Seeking.

Two studies examined associations between college students' help seeking and perceptions of their classes' achievement goal structure. Study 1 established that students' help seeking (N = 883 in 6 chemistry classes) could be parsimoniously described by distinct approach (intentions to seek autonomous help from teachers) and avoidance patterns (threat, avoidance intentions, seeking expedient help). In Study 2, after controlling for students' personal achievement goal orientations (N = 852 in 13 psychology classes), within-class differences in perceived class emphasis on mastery positively predicted help-seeking approach and negatively predicted help-seeking avoidance patterns, whereas perceived class emphasis on performance-avoid goals positively predicted help-seeking avoidance. Students in classes with greater perceived emphasis on performance-avoid goals had higher levels of help-seeking avoidance patterns. Results complement previous research on help seeking and achievement goals with younger learners and provide support for the role of classroom achievement goal structure in student motivation and performance.
High performance multidimensional analysis of large datasets

Summary information from data in large databases is used to auswer queries in On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) systems and to build decision support systems over them. The Data Cube is used to calculate and store summary information on a variety of dimensions, which is computed only partially if the number of dimensions is large. Queries posed on such systems are quite complex and require different views of data. These may either be auswered from a materialized cube in the data cube or calculated on the fly. Further, data mining for associations can be performed on the data cube. Analytical models need to capture the multidimensionality of the underlying data, a task for which multidimensional databases are well suited. Multidimensional databases store data in multidimensional structure on which analytical operations are performed. A challenge for these systems is how to handle large data sets in a large number of dimensions. This paper presents q parallel OLAP h&structure for multidimensional databases integrated with association rule mining. Scheduling optimisations for parallel computation of wmplete data cubes are presented. We propose left aud right schedules for partial data cubes for m-way mining of association rules. Our implementation on the IBM SP-2, a shared-nothing parallel machine, cau handle large data sets and a large number of dimensions by using disk I/O in our algorithms.
Effects of Thermal Annealing Upon the Morphology of Polymer-Fullerene Blends

Grazing incidence X-ray scattering (GIXS) is used to characterize the morphology of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)–phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) thin film bulk heterojunction (BHJ) blends as a function of thermal annealing temperature, from room temperature to 220 °C. A custom-built heating chamber for in situ GIXS studies allows for the morphological characterization of thin films at elevated temperatures. Films annealed with a thermal gradient allow for the rapid investigation of the morphology over a range of temperatures that corroborate the results of the in situ experiments. Using these techniques the following are observed: the melting points of each component; an increase in the P3HT coherence length with annealing below the P3HT melting temperature; the formation of well-oriented P3HT crystallites with the (100) plane parallel to the substrate, when cooled from the melt; and the cold crystallization of PCBM associated with the PCBM glass transition temperature. The incorporation of these materials into BHJ blends affects the nature of these transitions as a function of blend ratio. These results provide a deeper understanding of the physics of how thermal annealing affects the morphology of polymer–fullerene BHJ blends and provides tools to manipulate the blend morphology in order to develop high-performance organic solar cell devices.
Application of sealants through school-based sealant programs decreases dental caries prevalence.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing dental caries through school-based sealant programs: updated recommendations and reviews of evidence. Gooch BF, Griffin SO, Gray SK, Kohn WG, Rozier RG, Siegal M, et al. J Am Dent Assoc 2009;140(11):1356-65. Reviewer Natalia I. Chalmers, DDS, PhD Purpose/Question To update the recommendations for sealant use in school-based sealant programs (SBSPs) based on the current scientific evidence. Source of Funding The work group was sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia. Type of Study/Design Systematic review Level of Evidence Level 1: Good-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Grade A: Consistent, good-quality patient-oriented evidence
SERS enhancements via periodic arrays of gold nanoparticles on silver film structures

We discuss surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) structures aimed at providing robust and reproducible enhancements. The structures involve periodic arrays of gold nanospheres near silver film structures that may also be patterned. They enable one to excite Bloch wave surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) that can also couple to local surface plasmons (LSPs) of the nanospheres, leading to the possibility of multiplicative enhancements. If the magnitude of the average electric field, ∣E∣, between the particles is enhanced by g such that ∣E∣ = g∣E0∣, ∣E0∣ being the incident field, realistic finite-difference time-domain simulations show that under favorable circumstances g ≈ 0.6 gSPPgLSP, where gSPP and gLSP are enhancement factors associated with the individual components. SERS enhancements for the structures can be as high as O(g4) = 108.
Raman scattering of collagen, gelatin, and elastin.

The Raman spectra of collagen, gelatin, and elastin are presented. The Raman lines in the latter two spectra are assigned by deuterating the amide N-H groups in gelatin and by studying the superposition spectra of the constituent amino acids. Two lines appear at 1271 and 1248 cm−1 in the spectra of collagen and gelatin that can be assigned to the amide III mode. Possibly, the appearance of two amide III lines is related to the biphasic nature of the tropocollagen molecule, i.e., proline-rich (nonpolar) and proline-poor (polar) regions distributed along the chain. The melting, or collagen-to-gelatin transition, in water-soluble calf skin collagen is studied and the 1248-cm−1 amide III line is assigned to the 31 helical regions of the tropocollagen molecule. Elastin is thought to be mostly random and the Raman spectrum confirms this assertion. Strong amide I and III lines appear at 1668 and 1254 cm−1, respectively, and only weak scattering is observed at 938 cm−1. These features have been shown to be characteristic of the disordered conformation in proteins.
Increased Ca2+ Affinity of Cardiac Thin Filaments Reconstituted with Cardiomyopathy-related Mutant Cardiac Troponin I

To understand the molecular mechanisms whereby cardiomyopathy-related cardiac troponin I (cTnI) mutations affect myofilament activity, we have investigated the Ca2+ binding properties of various assemblies of the regulatory components that contain one of the cardiomyopahty-related mutant cTnI. Acto-S1 ATPase activities in reconstituted systems were also determined. We investigated R145G and R145W mutations from the inhibitory region and D190H and R192H mutations from the second actin-tropomyosin-binding site. Each of the four mutations sensitized the acto-S1 ATPase to Ca2+. Whereas the mutations from the inhibitory region increased the basal level of ATPase activity, those from the second actin-tropomyosin-binding site did not. The effects on the Ca2+ binding properties of the troponin ternary complex and the troponin-tropomyosin complex with one of four mutations were either desensitization or no effect compared with those with wild-type cTnI. All of the mutations, however, affected the Ca2+ sensitivities of the reconstituted thin filaments in the same direction as the acto-S1 ATPase activity. Also the thin filaments with one of the mutant cTnIs bound Ca2+ with less cooperativity compared with those with wild-type cTnI. These data indicate that the mutations found in the inhibitory region and those from the second actin-tropomyosin site shift the equilibrium of the states of the thin filaments differently. Moreover, the increased Ca2+ bound to myofilaments containing the mutant cTnIs may be an important factor in triggered arrhythmias associated with the cardiomyopathy.