cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of aprepitant in addition to ondansetron in the prevention of nausea and vomiting caused by fractionated radiotherapy to the upper abdomen (AVERT)

Despite a lower risk of nausea and vomiting in patients receiving radiotherapy to the upper abdomen (UA-RINV) with prophylactic 5-HT3 antagonist therapy, patients can still experience UA-RINV. The aim of this multicenter phase II study was to assess effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of protracted dual NK1-receptor and 5-HT3 antagonist prophylaxis against UA-RINV. Patients receiving fractionated radiotherapy with radiosensitizing chemotherapy received oral ondansetron 8 mg po q12 h and aprepitant 125/80/80 mg on a Monday, Wednesday, Friday schedules throughout radiotherapy. The primary outcome was complete response (CR) defined as no vomiting or rescue therapy during the entire observation period of radiotherapy (OP). Nausea, vomiting, and use of rescue medication were recorded in a modified version of the MASCC antiemesis tool completed twice weekly. Fifty-five patients were enrolled at 5 sites, 52 of whom were evaluable. 57.7% of patients (30/52, 95% CI 43.2–71.3%) achieved CR on study, with 73.1% (38/52, 95% CI 59.0–84.4%) who did not vomit, and 71.2% (37/52, 95% CI 56.9–82.9%) who did not use rescue medication during the OP. Overall, participants vomited or experienced significant nausea (SN) for an average of 6.8% (95% CI 11.4–21.0) and 8.4% (95% CI 4.2–12.7%) of time on study, respectively. Nausea was common with 32 (61.5%) reporting SN at any time during the OP. UA-RINV remains an important morbidity despite the advent of modern radiotherapy. Aprepitant and ondansetron as dosed in this trial was not superior to standard ondansetron monotherapy.
The thin line between CML and CMML

![Figure][1] A 57-year-old woman with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, after liver/kidney transplant 2 years ago, presented with complaint of isolated left abdominal discomfort. A complete blood count demonstrated isolated leukocytosis (40 200/µL) with normal platelet count (
Nitrogen credit trading as an incentive for riparian buffer establishment on Pennsylvania farmland

Agricultural nitrogen loading is a leading cause of eutrophication within the Chesapeake Bay. Agriculture in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is responsible for a large portion of the nitrogen load entering the bay. Vegetated riparian buffers are a common agroforestry practice used to intercept surface runoff and subsurface leaching of nutrients such as nitrogen from upland agricultural fields. Watershed-wide nutrient credit trading has been suggested as a mechanism for reducing nutrient pollution entering the Chesapeake Bay. The cost of producing nitrogen credits through the establishment of riparian buffers on Pennsylvania farmland was analyzed to determine if nitrogen credit trading could provide an incentive for buffer establishment. Forest buffers were shown to have marginally lower nitrogen credit production costs and payback periods than grass filter strips. Larger riparian buffers were shown to have higher credit production costs than smaller buffers due to increases in establishment costs outpacing increases in nitrogen credit trading revenue. Nitrogen credit trading was determined to be an inadequate incentive for agricultural riparian buffer establishment due to the high cost of producing nitrogen credits. Furthermore, nitrogen credit trading was shown to be less lucrative compared to the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program, a common riparian buffer cost share program. However, increases in the market price of nitrogen credits or bundling nitrogen with other nutrient credits such as phosphorus could ultimately result in credit trading providing an adequate incentive for agricultural riparian buffer establishment. These results could be used to guide the framework for nutrient credit trading programs within other watersheds.
A Novel QconCAT-Based Proteomics Method for Determining Allele-Specific Protein Expression (ASPE): a New Approach to Identify Cis-acting Genetic Variants

Cis-acting variants regulate gene expression in an allele-specific manner, and measuring allele-specific expression (ASE) is thus a powerful approach for identifying cis-regulatory genetic variants. Most ASE studies are conducted at the mRNA level; however, the correlation between mRNA and protein expressions is very poor for many genes, and genetic variants affecting expression at the post-transcriptional level cannot be determined by measuring mRNA ASE. In the present study, we developed a novel targeted proteomics approach for quantification of allele-specific protein expression (ASPE) based on scheduled high resolution multiple reaction monitoring (sMRM-HR) with a heavy stable isotope-labeled quantitative concatamer (QconCAT) internal protein standard. This strategy was applied to the determination of the ASPE of UGT2B15 in human livers using the common UGT2B15 nonsynonymous variant rs1902023 (i.e. Y85D) as the marker to differentiate expressions from the two alleles. The QconCAT standard contains both the wild type tryptic peptide and the Y85D mutant peptide at a ratio of 1:1 to ensure accurate measurement of the ASPE of UGT2B15. The results from 18 UGT2B15 Y85D heterozygotes revealed that the ratios between wild type Y allele and mutant D allele varied from 0.60 to 1.46, indicating the presence of cis-regulatory variants. In addition, we observed no significant correlations between the ASPE and mRNA ASE of UGT2B15, suggesting the involvement of different cis-acting variants in regulating the transcription and translation processes of the gene. This novel ASPE approach provides a powerful tool for capturing cis-genetic variants involved in post-transcription processes, an important yet understudied area of research.
Finite time stability for the Riemann problem with extremal shocks for a large class of hyperbolic systems

Abstract In this paper on hyperbolic systems of conservation laws in one space dimension, we give a complete picture of stability for all solutions to the Riemann problem which contain only extremal shocks. We study stability of the Riemann problem amongst a large class of solutions. We show stability among the family of solutions with shocks from any family. We assume solutions verify at least one entropy condition. We have no small data assumptions. The solutions we consider are bounded and satisfy a strong trace condition weaker than B V loc . We make only mild assumptions on the system. In particular, our work applies to gas dynamics, including the isentropic Euler system and the full Euler system for a polytropic gas. We use the theory of a-contraction (see Kang and Vasseur, 2016 [22] ), and introduce new ideas in this direction to allow for two shocks from different shock families to be controlled simultaneously. This paper shows L 2 stability for the Riemann problem for all time. Our results compare to Chen et al., 2002 [8] and Chen and Li, 2004 [9] , which give uniqueness and long-time stability for perturbations of the Riemann problem – amongst a large class of solutions without smallness assumptions and which are locally BV. Although, these results lack global L 2 stability.
History of the Anti-Rape Movement

The history of the anti-rape movement in the United States is one that has unfolded over a period of many years and has been shaped by the complex social and political landscapes in which sexual violence occurs. This chapter provides snapshots of anti-rape activism from early US history to the twenty-first century. As well, the chapter explores the differences between radical and liberal feminists because differences in these ideologies have shaped the anti-rape movement significantly, beginning with the consciousness-raising groups of the 1970s. Rape crisis centers are a tangible outcome of activism that continues to serve victim-survivors today; and the history of their establishment is discussed. Throughout, the chapter raises questions about the interlocking systems of racism and misogyny that have helped to maintain power-based violence and, more specifically, render rape allowable in our society. Readers may wish to explore what difference they can make in their own communities as anti-sexual violence advocates.
Evaluation of the guaiac fecal occult blood test for detection of gastrointestinal bleeding in the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)

BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage accompanies several common diseases of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Guaiac fecal occult blood testing (gFOBT) is a non-invasive means to detect such bleeding in several species; however, there are currently no data indicating reliability of this test to detect GI hemorrhage in macaques. METHODS We evaluated sensitivity and specificity of gFOBT to detect simulated and biopsy-associated bleeding in the stomach, duodenum, and colon of 15 rhesus macaques. Fecal samples were analyzed via gFOBT for 72 hours. RESULTS Guaiac fecal occult blood testing was more sensitive to detect lower vs upper GI bleeding; sensitivity was volume-dependent in the upper GI tract. Single-test specificity was 95.2%. Repeated fecal collections increased gFOBT sensitivity without affecting specificity. CONCLUSIONS Guaiac fecal occult blood testing is a useful screening test for both upper and lower GI bleeding in rhesus macaques. For highest sensitivity, gFOBT should be performed on three fecal samples collected 24 hours apart.
Human mast cells synthesize new granules during recovery from degranulation. In vitro studies with mast cells purified from human lungs

Secretory cells undergoing release and recovery events related to constitutive and/or stimulus-initiated secretion might be expected to undergo distinctive changes in morphology as well. We studied the release and recovery events of human mast cell secretion stimulated by antibody to immunoglobulin E. We used enzymatically digested mast cells from human lung specimens further purified by countercurrent centrifugation elutriation. Release kinetics were like those reported for isolated human lung mast cells. In two complete kinetic experiments we restudied these early release patterns (0 to 30 minutes). Mast cells, either stimulated or controls, were then cultured and sampled for electronmicroscopic studies at periodic intervals (3 to 48 hours). We describe events of the late recovery period here, although some overlap with processes seen in early recovery samples occurred. Mast cells that released nearly all their cytoplasmic granules and exteriorized the containers, eg, granule-channel membranes, underwent progressive enlargement of Golgi structures and development of numerous small cytoplasmic vesicles and small, membrane-bound granules filled with particulate and dense content. Ultimately, new mature cytoplasmic granules of all substructural patterns occurred. Nuclear blast changes and expansion of cytoplasmic mass accompanied this period of new granule synthesis. Mixed recovery patterns were present in individual cells. These represented the morphological expression of a variety of recovery events. Thus, some cells showed a combination of channel recovery and remodeling to form new granule containers within which condensation of content produced crystalline patterns, as well as synthesis of new granules, as described here. This morphological versatility resulted in multiple mast cell morphological phenotypes during these release and recovery processes.
Clitoral leiomyoma in a premenopausal woman: a case report.

Extrauterine leiomyomata is an uncommon lesion that can lead to several problems of differential diagnosis, especially when localized in the external genitalia. There are few reports in the English literature and a novel association with Alport’s syndrome has been investigated since the 1980s. Here, we describe the case of a premenopausal woman who presented with an indolent swelling of the right interlabial fossa that resulted in a Bartholin cyst. In addition to this cyst, a benign leiomyoma of the right side of the clitoris was also found and removed. Our patient refused any further examination, although she was informed that genetic counselling could be organized to rule out an association with Alport’s syndrome. Extrauterine leiomyomata localized in the external genitalia is an uncommon lesion arising from smooth muscle cells around vascular epithelium or erectile tissue. Since an association between extrauterine leiomyomata and Alport’s syndrome has been described, genetic testing can be proposed to these patients. Upper intestinal tract symptoms such as dysphagia should prompt a gastroenterological evaluation as an association with an esophageal leiomyomatosis has been described.
A Dual-Band 28/38GHz Cascaded Phase Locked Loop Circuit Design

In this paper, a low phase noise 28/38GHz dual-band cascaded PLL is designed with a dual-mode voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). The cascaded PLL consists of two stages, where the 1st stage is a charge-pump PLL and the 2nd stage is a sub-sampling PLL. A quadrature dual-mode VCO is designed that is switchable in two frequency bands of 27.5–28.35GHz and 37–40GHz. The circuit is designed using a 130nm BiCMOS technology. The simulated phase noise is −110 and −115 dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset at 28GHz and 38GHz respectively.
Cation-disordered rocksalt-type high-entropy cathodes for Li-ion batteries

High-entropy (HE) ceramics, by analogy with HE metallic alloys, are an emerging class of solid solutions composed of a large number of species. These materials offer the benefit of large compositional flexibility and can be used in a wide variety of applications, including thermoelectrics, catalysts, superionic conductors and battery electrodes. We show here that the HE concept can lead to very substantial improvements in performance in battery cathodes. Among lithium-ion cathodes, cation-disordered rocksalt (DRX)-type materials are an ideal platform within which to design HE materials because of their demonstrated chemical flexibility. By comparing a group of DRX cathodes containing two, four or six transition metal (TM) species, we show that short-range order systematically decreases, whereas energy density and rate capability systematically increase, as more TM cation species are mixed together, despite the total metal content remaining fixed. A DRX cathode with six TM species achieves 307 mAh g−1 (955 Wh kg−1) at a low rate (20 mA g−1), and retains more than 170 mAh g−1 when cycling at a high rate of 2,000 mA g−1. To facilitate further design in this HE DRX space, we also present a compatibility analysis of 23 different TM ions, and successfully synthesize a phase-pure HE DRX compound containing 12 TM species as a proof of concept. High-entropy ceramics are solid solutions offering compositional flexibility and wide variety of applicability. High-entropy concepts are shown to lead to substantial performance improvement in cation-disordered rocksalt-type cathodes for Li-ion batteries.
Evaluation of length and location of the maxillary sinus intraosseous artery using computerized tomography.

BACKGROUND The intraosseous artery is a branch of the posterior superior alveolar artery that supplies the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus. The present study seeks to analyze the location of the intraosseous artery and its site of termination. METHODS Cone beam computed tomography was used to evaluate 200 patients making up 400 maxillary sinuses. The following criteria were measured: (1) the distance of the lower border of the intraosseous artery to the floor of the sinus, (2) the average length of the artery, (3) the diameter of the artery, (4) the site at which the artery terminates at, and (5) the distance of the artery from the first premolar, second premolar, first molar, second molar, and third molar. RESULTS The intraosseous artery was identified in 336 (84.0%) quadrants. The most common site of termination was at the mesial of the second molar (22%), regardless of dental status and right or left quadrant. Its overall mean diameter was 0.91 ± 0.56 mm, with no difference within the dental status. Its overall mean length was 7.40 ± 3.39 mm, with a statistically significant difference between dentate and edentulous quadrants (P < 0.001). Its overall mean distance from the floor was 6.95 ± 6.49 mm, with no difference within the dental status. All parameters showed no difference between right or left quadrants. CONCLUSIONS The chances of encountering the intraosseous artery at the premolar area is <21% during a lateral window sinus floor elevation. The most common (22%) site of termination of the intraosseous artery is at the mesial of the second molar. Understanding of the course, location, and termination of the artery enhances the precision of a clinician when it comes to pre-operative treatment planning.
Increased Vulnerability of the Traumatized Brain to Early Ischemia

Hypoxia and arterial hypotension are the most frequent causes of secondary brain damage in head injured patients and contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality (1,2,3). Early ischemia due to a delay in hospital admission is difficult to document and even more difficult to study in humans. However, laboratory studies have recently demonstrated that early secondary hypotension and hypoxia increases both mortality and morbidity following experimental head trauma (4). Yet, it is unclear whether this is the result of a direct effect on the brain or upon peripheral systems of the animal. Therefore, an increased vulnerability of the brain to ischemia or hypoxia following trauma has not been demonstrated to date. An increased vulnerability of the traumatized brain to ischemia may result from a number of factors. First, impairment of the responsiveness of the cerebral circulation as the result of trauma (1,2,5,6) may increase the risk of cerebral ischemia in patients with secondary hypotension and hypoxia. Second, metabolic derangements which result directly from the primary traumatic insult may increase the vulnerability of the brain to hypoxic and ischemic damage. Finally, peripheral reactions to trauma, hemorrhagic hypotension, or apnea may alter the response of the traumatically damaged CNS to hypoxia and ischemia. The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of an early “secondary” ischemic insult upon the function and structure of the traumatized brain. The response of the normal brain to the same level of ischemia was studied for comparison. The purpose of the current study was to test the hypothesis that a traumatic insult renders the CNS more vulnerable to cerebral ischemia.
Performance-Based Assessment and Structural Response of 20-Story SAC Building under Wind Hazards through Collapse

AbstractWith the increasing occurrence of extreme wind events (e.g., hurricanes) and growing interest in performance-based wind engineering, a better understanding of the structural response and co...
Physiology of Human Hemorrhage and Compensation

Hemorrhage is a leading cause of death following traumatic injuries in the United States. Much of the previous work in assessing the physiology and pathophysiology underlying blood loss has focused on descriptive measures of hemodynamic responses such as blood pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, and vascular resistance as indicators of changes in organ perfusion. More recent work has shifted the focus toward understanding mechanisms of compensation for reduced systemic delivery and cellular utilization of oxygen as a more comprehensive approach to understanding the complex physiologic changes that occur following and during blood loss. In this article, we begin with applying dimensional analysis for comparison of animal models, and progress to descriptions of various physiological consequences of hemorrhage. We then introduce the complementary side of compensation by detailing the complexity and integration of various compensatory mechanisms that are activated from the initiation of hemorrhage and serve to maintain adequate vital organ perfusion and hemodynamic stability in the scenario of reduced systemic delivery of oxygen until the onset of hemodynamic decompensation. New data are introduced that challenge legacy concepts related to mechanisms that underlie baroreflex functions and provide novel insights into the measurement of the integrated response of compensation to central hypovolemia known as the compensatory reserve. The impact of demographic and environmental factors on tolerance to hemorrhage is also reviewed. Finally, we describe how understanding the physiology of compensation can be translated to applications for early assessment of the clinical status and accurate triage of hypovolemic and hypotensive patients. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1531-1574, 2021.
Improving the cost efficiency of large-scale cloud systems running hybrid workloads - A case study of Alibaba cluster traces

Abstract The pandemic of coronavirus has dramatically disrupted the retail industry, as many stores are forced to close and people across the world are shelter-in-place with online shopping as the inevitable choice. To meet the rapidly increasing demand for e-commerce, more data centers are expected to provide new or significantly improve existing cloud services that can better support hybrid workloads (e.g. online purchase jobs and batch jobs that support ranking or recommendation systems). Successful cloud systems need to efficiently handle and quickly respond to huge volume of traffic with such hybrid workloads. Meanwhile, it is critical to reduce the total cost of ownership (TCO) for profitability. Improving system utilization is one of the effective techniques to achieve the twin goals of high performance and low TCO. This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis on the 2017 and 2018 cluster traces released by Alibaba, which provides a case study about Alibaba's best practices in improving the performance and cost efficiency of its large-scale cloud systems by consolidating time-sensitive online service jobs with time-insensitive batch jobs. Our investigation indicates that the over-subscription (causing resource waste and low utilization) and under-subscription (causing performance degradation) problems co-exist in the current Alibaba system. We develop a simulator that allows us to evaluate possible solutions to address this problem and their impact on the performance, energy consumption, and TCO. Our experiments show that the estimated TCO can be reduced by $600,000 for the 2018 trace running on over 4,000 machines without compromising performance. The TCO can decrease by nearly $68 million if similar strategy is extrapolated to Alibaba's 432,000 web facing servers.
Thermal Expansion Properties and Mechanochemical Synthesis of Stoichiometric Cocrystals Containing Tetrabromobenzene as a Hydrogen- and Halogen-Bond Donor

The solution and mechanochemical synthesis of two cocrystals that differ in the stoichiometric ratio of the components (stoichiometric cocrystals) is reported. The components in the stoichiometric cocrystals interact through hydrogen or hydrogen/halogen bonds and differ in π-stacking arrangements. The difference in structure and noncovalent interactions affords dramatically different thermal expansion behaviors in the two cocrystals. At certain molar ratios, the cocrystals are obtained concomitantly; however, by varying the ratios, a single stoichiometric cocrystal is achieved using mechanochemistry.
Fish diversity drives regional productivity but not stability in southeastern United States coastal marine fishes

Aim: Ecosystem-based management requires accurate predictions on how biotic and environmental factors interact to deliver ecosystem services. Biodiversity-ecosystem function (BEF) theory predicts that as diversity increases, the ecosystem will become more productive (positive diversity-productivity relationship: DPR) and more stable (positive diversity-stability relationship: DSR). Support for BEF has been primarily derived from fine-grained, non-harvested systems. The purpose of this study is to examine the robustness of BEF predictions for the DPR and DSR by examining how well fish diversity predicts productivity and stability of fish, shrimp, and flounder at a regional scale. Location: Southeast coast of United States. Time Period: 1989 - 2015. Major Taxa Studied: Marine Fishes. Methods: We used 27 years of the SEAMAP-SA Coastal Trawl Survey database to derive estimates of fish, shrimp, and flounder biomass (i.e., productivity), temporal stability of biomass (i.e., invariability of productivity), and fish community species richness. We pooled trawls into 22 km x 22 km raster cells and 3-year time bins. We controlled for variation in sampling effort using sample-based rarefaction. We compared the ability of fish species richness, water salinity, and water temperature to predict biomass and stability of all fish, shrimp, and flounder using multiple linear regression. Results: Both the DPR and DSR exhibited positive log-log linear trends as expected, but the DPR had a much stronger signal. Species richness outperformed the environmental covariates in both the fish and shrimp DPR models. Surface temperature was the most important variable in both flounder models. Overall, our models better explained productivity than stability. Main Conclusions: The DPR and DSR are relevant at regional scales in a commercially important fishery although support for the DSR is less justified than DPR. Further investigation into the underlying mechanisms driving the DPR and DSR are necessary to design management around BEF theory.
Defining Fundus Albipunctatus

The ophthalmic literature contains argument about the distinction between fundus albipunctatus and the tapeto-retinal dystrophies. In 1974 Carr, Ripps & Siegel demonstrated abnormally slow photopigment regeneration in a family with fundus albipunctatus, and a physiological definition of the disorder seemed possible.
Interaction of serotonin with the catecholamines. II. Activation and inhibition of adrenochrome formation.

Abstract Adrenochrome formation from epinephrine is either accelerated or inhibited by serotonin, the effect being dependent on the relative concentrations of the indoleamine compared to the catecholamine. The possibility that serotonin can regulate adrenochrome formation is discussed with respect to the postulations that these compounds may be involved in mental disease.
Virus-induced immunosuppression: infections with measles virus and human immunodeficiency virus.

Publisher Summary The basic phenomenology of disordered lymphocyte function because of the infection by a lymphotropic virus is neither novel nor unexpected. The problem of measles virus-induced immunosuppression is contemporaneous with modern immunology and virology. This chapter explains that immunosuppression associated with HIV infection currently commands significant attention in biomedical research. Any unexplained disorder of immune response, either heightened or suppressed, might well be investigated with an infectious etiology in mind. Measles virus infects a wide range of epithelial and lymphoblastoid cell lines in vitro . The cell membrane receptor for measles virus is a nonsialated oligosaccharide present on many cells. Productive infection of cells by measles virus is not lytic and constitutive cellular protein synthesis is not altered. Active tuberculosis infection is a common sequela of measles virus infection. Researchers showed that blastogenic response of lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of tuberculosis-immune individuals to tuberculin antigen is significantly reduced during acute measles virus infection. The suppression by measles virus of the proliferative response to mitogen occurs with lymphocytes from both the nonimmune and the measles-immune donors, but serum containing measles antibody abrogates the suppression. During chronic HIV infection in vivo and in vitro , proviral DNA exists in both integrated and nonintegrated forms. Unlike the other lentiviruses and most retroviruses, a cellular receptor for HIV has been well characterized. The immunosuppression in AIDS patients has been characterized by global dysfunction of cellular immunity and polyclonal B cell activation. A significant part of this chapter discusses the immune dysfunction during HIV infection prior to the onset of AIDS and on the effects of HIV infection of lymphocytes and monocytes in vivo .
A microbiological assay for estimating concentrations of camptothecin lactone in mouse tissues.

The marked sensitivity of the yeast Hansenula wingei NRRL Y-2340 strain 5 to a new antineoplastic alkaloid served as the basis for a logarithmic-ratio microbiological assay which has been developed for the estimation of concentrations of camptothecin lactone (or cytotoxic equivalents) in tissues of mice. The utility of this assay has been demonstrated by presenting data which show the concentrations of camptothecin lactone (or cytotoxic equivalents) detected in various tissues of mice at intervals following intraperitoneal injection of a 1 or 0.5 ld10 dose of this drug.
ABSOLUTE ACTION: DIVINE HIDDENNESS IN KIERKEGAARD'S FEAR AND TREMBLING

This article reads Fear and Trembling constructively as a theological work. Abraham's faith is a lived movement irreducible to either ontology or epistemology. Faith is an action that waits upon what it alone could never accomplish. This is absolute action. In Abraham's case, he offers up Isaac to death with the absurd expectancy that Isaac will be returned. This double movement is a doxological abandonment of oneself and one's world to God that waits expectantly to receive them back as gifts. It is these dynamics of faith that show God to be hidden, precisely within the intimate drawing near of God. The article concludes with a constructive gesture toward an “apophaticism of action.”
Neonatal Infection and Premature Rupture of Membranes

As the article by Pryles, et al. entitled "A Controlled Study of the Influence on the Newborn of Prolonged Premature Rupture of the Amniotic Membranes and/or Infection in the Mother," Pediatrics, Vol. 31, pp. 608-622, has not yet received comment in your journal, perhaps it is not too late to ask the authors to fill three hiati which I felt existed in their presentation of this excellent study. As antibiotics apparently were used (according to Table X) in some infants prior to the diagnosis of clinical sepsis, what were the comparative morbidity and mortality results in this group versus the group in which treatment was deferred until the diagnosis of clinical sepsis could be made?
Chevron's Legacy, Justice Scalia's Two Enigmatic Dissents and His Return to the Fold in City of Arlington, Tex. V. F.C.C.

Judicial friction in the course of deciding administrative law controversies can generate sparks, igniting law-advancing ideas that sometimes result in legal breakthroughs. The starting premise for resolving any administrative law controversy is that agencies are only authorized to make legally valid decisions where Congress has granted the particular agency such authority. Courts will reverse an agency's erroneous answer to a statutory interpretation question, even if the statute is one the agency administers. However, when a court determines that an agency is potentially empowered to issue a particular ruling, further judicial analysis and evaluation ensues, followed by the particular court's own determination and issuance of the court's judgment. Thus, prior to the conception of Chevron deference, when an agency concluded that a particular statute was beset by ambiguities or evinced gaps pertaining to a particular issue, the agency proceeded to make its ruling. If such rulings were challenged by an appeal to the courts, then the correctness and legal validity of such rulings were ultimately resolved at the discretion of the judiciary. A two-step process typically occurred to determine administrative law controversies that involved an agency interpreting and applying statutes. First, agencies dealing with such issues would fashion interpretations that resolved the detected ambiguities or filled the perceived gaps that Congress left. Then, if the agency's interpretations and applications were disputed, the courts would decide their validity and whether they should be followed as U.S. law. However, the Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. decision created a significant shift in the U.S. Supreme Court's approach to administrative law deference jurisprudence with respect to agency decisions. This article will discuss that shift, its consequences, and its impact on the judiciary's intellectual digestion of the substantive administrative law implications. This article also examines two widely discussed dissents by Justice Scalia in two Chevron deference cases. Part I addresses the role Chevron plays in judicial review of agency decisions. Part II examines Justice Scalia's dissent in United States v. Mead, followed by a discussion in Part III of his later dissent in National Cable & Telecommunications Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Services. Part IV evaluates the degree of harmony or conflict that materializes when Justice Scalia's two dissents are analyzed in light of the orthodox principles Chevron has sought to engender. Finally, Part V concludes that Chevron still has significance for administrative law determinations and that Justice Scalia may be returning to the fold.
Simultaneous Reduction of Diesel Particulate and NOx Using a Plasma

A non-thermal plasma treatment of diesel engine exhaust was effective in removing particulate (soot) and oxides of nitrogen (NO{sub x}) from two different light-duty diesel vehicles: an older-technology indirect-injection Toyota truck, and a newer-technology direct-injection Dodge truck. Particulate removal efficiencies and NO{sub x} conversion efficiencies were determined at space velocities up to 20,000/hr. Particulate removal efficiencies were above 60 percent for most conditions, but decreased with increasing space velocities. Conversion efficiencies for NO{sub x} and carbon monoxide (CO) were also dependent on the space velocity. The NO{sub x} conversion efficiencies were generally greater than 40 percent at space velocities less than 7000/hr. The CO concentration increased through the plasma reaction bed indicating that CO was produced by reactions in the plasma. In general, the results from these tests showed that the plasma reaction bed was capable of reducing both particulates and NO{sub x} simultaneously, a result which has not been demonstrated with any other single technology. 6 refs., 6 figs., 5 tabs.
Magnetospheric Processes Leading to Precipitation

Important causes of the precipitation of magnetospheric particles into the ionosphere are reviewed, and critical areas where further study is needed are identified. This review begins with a description of the precipitation that occurs within the region of open, polar-cap magnetic field lines. Precipitation of polar rain, cusp/mantle, and energetic solar particles is described as a result of the direct entry into the magnetosphere of particles that cross the magnetopause along open field lines. An extended region of soft electron precipitation is also often observed poleward of the plasma sheet; however the extent to which this region is within the region of open polar-cap field lines has not yet been definitively ascertained. Next the precipitation of plasma sheet particles by current sheet scattering is considered. It is shown that current sheet scattering can account for the ion precipitation that occurs throughout most of the plasma sheet along field lines that cross the equatorial plane on the nightside. Such scattering also accounts for electron precipitation that occurs in a narrow region adjacent to the poleward boundary of the plasma sheet. However, electron precipitation, as well as ion precipitation, occurs throughout most of the plasma sheet. The electron precipitation away from the poleward boundary of the plasma sheet appears to be predominantly the result of scattering by wave-particle interactions; however the responsible distribution of waves has yet to be identified. Finally, the precipitation of energetic radiation belt electrons and ions by Coulomb collisions, charge exchange, and wave particle interactions is briefly addressed.
56 The Earth's core

This chapter provides an overview of the basic understanding of the Earth's core. It emphasizes on seismological accomplishments. Earth's core plays an important role in the formation and chemical differentiation of the planet, in global earth dynamics and earth rotation, and in the generation of the magnetic field. Earth's core was formed very early in Earth's history as heavy molten iron alloy migrated toward the center of the planet. As the Earth cooled and dissipated its internal heat toward the surface through mantle convection, molten iron began to solidify under enormous pressure to form the solid inner core. The fluid outer core is predominantly iron and the inner core is pure iron. The size of the outer core is more than a half of the Earth in radius and the size of inner core is about one fifth of the Earth in radius and slightly smaller than the moon. The gravitational energy release from the slow growth of the inner core as the liquid iron freezes drives the convection in the outer core, which generates the Earth's magnetic field. Also the inner core is elasticly anisotropic with the fast direction approximately parallel to the spin axis.
Increasing hazards of orbital debris: Cause, effect, and mitigation

More than half a century of human space exploration has introduced large quantities of debris on orbit; to the extent that it has become a serious threat to active satellites. Impact of even a small 50 g debris with a satellite moving with a relative velocity of 10 – 15 km/s (energy equivalent of about a kg of TNT) can be fatal. A recent study by the US National Research Council concluded that we are at the tipping point for collisional cascade to exponential growth of small orbital debris while another article argues that we are already over the tipping point. It may soon be difficult to utilize the space environment, which has been identified as one of the major issues of US national significance. We propose a concept for elimination of small individually untrackable debris by deploying micron-scale dust to artificially enhance the drag on the debris. Key physics that makes this technique viable are: (i) the natural atmospheric drag can be exploited to decay the deployed dust orbits and simultaneously using the dust to induce enhanced drag on the orbital debris. By choosing the dust characteristics, for instance, mass density, size, etc., it is possible to synchronize the rate of dust and debris descent. This offers the possibility to clear a very large volume of small debris by deploying a modest amount of dust in a narrow layer and “sweeping” of the debris volume by the dust layer, and (ii) the possibility of large momentum boost realized through hypervelocity dust/debris collision that can slow the debris speed more than the usual elastic collision. By deploying high mass density micron scale dust in a narrow altitude band it is possible to significantly enhance drag on precessing debris spread over a large volume and force rapid reentry. Most of the deployed dust as well as the small orbital debris will incinerate while reentering the Earth's dense atmosphere.
Joint Costs in the Chemical Industry

I. Joint Costs a phenomenon of production; costs as flows; joint means joined, 416. — II. Joint costs with invariable proportions, 419. — Bases of cost apportionment, 420. — Relative demand schedules, 421. — Method of addition and subtraction, 424. — Arbitrary methods of allocation, 425. — Repercussions on the structure of industry, 427. — Cartellization, 429.—Vertical and lateral integration, 431. — III. Joint costs with variable proportions, 433. — Manipulating the variables of chemical equilibria, 436. — By varying concentration, 437. — Temperature, 436. — Pressure, 440. — And state of aggregation of the components, 441. — Mathematical predictability of variation, 444. — Research laboratory as systematizer of march of invention and nerve centre of control of production and marketing, 445. — IV. Nature and scope of joint costs, 448. — Element of technological compulsion vs. element of profit-maximizing variability, 449. — The problem of valuation, 450. — All the factors may vary discontinuously, 452. — Joint costs and overhead costs, 455; and decreasing costs, 459. — Conclusion, 460.
Metabolomic analysis in food science: a review

Metabolomics has emerged as an important tool in many disciplines such as human diseases and nutrition, drug discovery, plant physiology and others. In food science, metabolomics has recently risen as a tool for quality, processing and safety of raw materials and final products. This article discusses the latest advances in food metabolomics from the discriminative, predictive, and informative approaches, as well as the typical methods used at each step of the metabolomic analysis.
On digital approximation of moment invariants

Abstract Moment invariants have been used as feature descriptors in a variety of object recognition applications. Moments generated by assuming a continuous image function and using a double-integral formulation are invariant to variations in translation, rotation, and size. However, due to the digital nature of the imagery, the moments computed digitally are not truly invariant. In most applications, the continuous image is approximated by a digital image and the integrations are approximated by summations. In this paper, (1) the undersampling and digitizing effects of a digital image and (2) the quantization effect of intensity levels on moment invariants are presented. Simulated images were used to demonstrate the magnitude of the problems due to the approximations. A better formulation of the moment invariants by numerical integration approaches is also presented.
Measurement of Portal Blood Flow in Calves by Dye-Dilution

Abstract Portal blood flow was measured by continuous recording and on-line computer analysis of dye-dilution curves. Portal blood flow, calculated from 724 acceptable dye-dilution curves recorded in five calves, averaged 37.08 ± .44 ml/ (min × kg body weight). When sheath and (or) thrombus formation about the tip of the injection catheter prevented accurate dye injection, curves were atypical and unacceptable. Rapid and repeatable dye injection was facilitated by a pneumatic injector. Duplicates in sequence of 128 dyedilution curves were recorded by two dadtometers connected in series to study the effect of arrival time (time from dye injection to inception of the dilution curve) on portal blood flow. There were no differences in areas of first and second curves when arrival times were greater than 6 sec. Therefore, the dye had spectrally stabilized and did not contribute to errors in flow with arrival times of at least 6 sec. No differences in blood flow values were observed after injections of dye at the onset of either inspiration or expiration. Because dye-dilution curves were recorded over several respiratory cycles, any effect of respiration on portal flow was insignificant. There was no significant effect of site of dye injection (mesenteric, ruminal, or duodenal vein) on portal blood of flow.
Joint effusions after kidney transplantation

Thirty-seven consecutive renal transplant recipients were studied prospectively for joint disease. Six developed arthralgias while corticosteroid doses were being lowered. Eleven patients (30%) developed knee effusions at a mean interval of 10 days following transplantation. Synovial fluids were colorless or very pale yellow, with few leukocytes (mean, 28/mm3). These benign transudative effusions did not correlate with immunologic abnormalities, transplant rejection, crystal deposition, or avascular necrosis and may have been due to high dose oral corticosteroid therapy.
Effects of a Reward System on Resident Research Productivity

Importance With the changing academic medical environment, nontraditional methods may need to be considered to foster research and scholarly activity during the otolaryngology residency experience. Objective To evaluate the results of a reward system on resident research activity. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective review of publications and approved institutional review board (IRB) projects between July 1, 1997, and June 30, 2011, among otolaryngology residents at a single otolaryngology residency program at the University of Missouri. Intervention A resident reward system, which awards points for research efforts for each progressive step along the research path from project design to acceptance for publication, was implemented on July 1, 2004. Residents can convert points to a monetary amount to be used for academic enrichment. Main Outcomes and Measures Publication rate and IRB approval rate were compared before and after institution of the reward system. Study design types that were published and study design types that received IRB approval were evaluated as well. We hypothesized that the reward system would increase research quantity and quality. Results The mean publication output per resident per year increased from 0.13 (95% CI, 0.03-0.23) before commencement of the reward system to 0.43 (95% CI, 0.26-0.60) after implementation of the reward system ( P = .004). Significantly more case reports were published compared with other study design types. The number of approved IRB projects before institution of the reward system was 0.47 (95% CI, 0.18-0.75) per resident per year. After instituting the reward system, this increased significantly to 1.29 (95% CI, 0.96-1.63) per resident per year ( P = .007). Significant increases in IRB-approved case reports and retrospective clinical studies were noted. Conclusions and Relevance After implementation of a point-based reward system, resident research activity increased. The data suggest that this system may encourage resident research, although further refinement may be required to promote higher-quality research endeavors.
Modality specific assessment of video game player’s experience using the Emotiv

Abstract A growing body of literature has emerged that focuses upon cognitive assessment of video game player experience. Given the growing popularity of video gaming and the increasing literature on cognitive aspects of video gamers, there is a growing need for novel approaches to assessment of the cognitive processes that occur while persons are immersed in video games. In this study, we assessed various stimulus modalities and gaming events using an off-the-shelf EEG devise. A significant difference was found among different stimulus modalities with increasingly difficult cognitive demands. Specifically, beta and gamma power were significantly increased during high intensity events when compared to low intensity gaming events. Our findings suggest that the Emotiv EEG can be used to differentiate between varying stimulus modalities and accompanying cognitive processes.
Towards Trade Equalisation: A Network Perspective on Trade and Income Convergence Across the Twentieth Century

An enduring dynamic of the twentieth century is the dramatic expansion of global trade with increased partners, goods, frequency and volumes. Most trade explanations such as the Heckscher–Ohlin, new trade theory, gravity models, and Ricardo and Sraffa focus on how bilateral import and export volumes and intermediate input goods are driven by decreased financial and information transaction costs. Extending work on trade flows and economic development, we derive several network measures of degree, betweenness and eigenvector centrality from dyadic trade flows from 1960 to 2009. We then empirically explore the interactive effects of trade connectivity, economic production and stages of development on income convergence and trade equalisation. We empirically find clear patterns towards a new phenomenon, both sigma levels and beta rates trade convergence and equalisation for our entire sample. Visualising sigma and beta convergence for seven major trading nations from 1920 to 2010, we believe offers new insigh...