cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Granular material flows – An overview

Abstract The paper attempts to give a critical overview of the field of granular flow with attention both to the history and the underlying physics that govern the field. It starts with a discussion of the basic transport mechanisms in a granular flow. It continues with a discussion of contact mechanics – the way that individual particles see each other mechanically. It then discusses the historical limiting regimes of granular flow, the Quasistatic and the Rapid-Flow regimes. Finally, it concludes with a review of the Elastic picture of granular flow, which both unifies the Quasistatic and Rapid regimes and fills in the intervening space. It shows that the rheological behavior of granular systems changes with system scale constraints, and, in particular, that the materials behave differently under controlled-stress and controlled-concentration conditions. The Elastic model defines an entire flowmap of granular flow and thus allows one to place boundaries on where the Quasistatic and Rapid-Flow models (sometimes called kinetic theory models) are something of a red herring and cannot be applied to common granular flows.
An empirical study of time‐based competition in the North American automotive supplier industry

The importance of responding to time‐based competitive pressures has prompted US manufacturers to emphasize time‐based performance and deploy strategic action programs aimed at cycle time reduction. This study examines time‐based competition among first tier suppliers to the Big Three in North America. A comprehensive set of time‐based performance measures is defined and time‐related action programs associated with world class manufacturing strategies are identified. Relationships between time‐related action programs, time‐based performance, and overall firm performance are examined. The study shows that time‐based performance significantly affects overall firm performance and that manufacturing lead time is especially critical in the automotive industry. The study also identifies strategic action programs that result in improved performance on various dimensions of time‐based performance.
In vivo studies with [125I]5-I-A-85380, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor radioligand.

5-[125I]iodo-3-(2(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine ([125I]5-I-A-85380) was evaluated in the mouse as a potential in vivo imaging ligand for central nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). After i.v. administration of [125I]5-I-A-85380, peak brain levels of radioactivity were measured within 1 h and declined slowly over 4 h. [125I]5-I-A-85380 binding was saturable, and both its pharmacology, based upon inhibition studies, and its pattern of accumulation in brain regions having high nAChR densities were consistent with an interaction at alpha4beta2 nAChR agonist binding sites. The thalamus:cerebellum radioactivity ratio, a measure of specific labeling, reached 37. Therefore, radiolabeled 5-I-A-85380 has excellent potential as an imaging radiotracer for nAChRs, particularly with single photon emission computed tomography, when 123I is incorporated into the molecule.
Fracture surface characteristics related to diffusion bond quality in 6 Al-4 V-Ti

Abstract Fracture surface characteristics were determined using both optical and electron fractographic methods to examine incompletely bonded specimens and base-metal strength (static) diffusion-bonded specimens. Examination of the incompletely bonded specimens revealed numerous areas having fracture surface characteristics unique to diffusion-bonded specimens in which overload was the major reason for ultimate failure. When the fracture surfaces of bonded specimens exhibiting entirely standard titanium static properties were examined, minute areas were found having these same unique fracture surface characteristics. The presence of these areas of inhomogeneity had not in any way changed the static properties, but their existence may be of considerable importance in dynamic (fatigue) and fracture arrest properties of a diffusion-bonded structure.
Cognitive impairment in public housing residents living in Western New York.

Many older adults in the USA live in public housing facilities and have characteristics that may place them at risk for cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment has been largely unexamined in this socioeconomically disadvantaged population, however. We therefore aim to characterize its prevalence and correlates, which may help determine which residents could benefit from additional assistance to optimize their ability to function independently. We interviewed 190 English-speaking public housing residents aged 60 years and older in Rochester, a city in Western New York, to assess socio-demographics, mental health, physical health and disability, coping strategies and social support, and service utilization. The Mini-Cog dementia screen evaluated cognitive status. Twenty-seven percent of residents screened positive for cognitive impairment. In bivariate analyses, older age, less education, greater duration of residence, worse health, less reliance on adaptive coping strategies, and greater utilization of health services were associated with cognitive impairment; age and worse health remained correlated with cognitive impairment in multivariable analyses. Anxiety, depression, and history of substance misuse were not associated with cognitive impairment. The high level of cognitive impairment in public housing could threaten residents’ continued ability to live independently. Further examination is needed on how such threats to their independence are best accommodated so that public housing residents at risk for needing higher levels of care can successfully age in place.
Isoluminance: a color technique for visualizing multivariable medical image data

We have developed a technique for visualizing medical image data sets that have multiple values at each physical location. These data sets are increasingly common as physicians attempt to correlate between modalities (for instance, CT and nuclear medicine, MR and PET, CT and MR) as well as within modalities (for instance, MR metabolic and anatomical scans). Our technique, termed 'isoluminance', is designed primarily for displaying sets that have two scalar values associated with each physical (x,y) location on a two dimensional scan. A perceptually uniform luminance scale is used to encode one dimension. At each step of the luminance scale a set of isoluminant hue steps are used to encode the other dimension. The hue scale is chosen to be perceptually uniform and as 'natural' as possible. The resulting data set can then be displayed as a single image on a color display. We have found observers using our technique are able to comprehend both of the data sets, to understand relationships between the data sets, and, when using interactive manipulation techniques, are able to select or label specific features of the data set.
An SV40 mutant T antigen does not bind the SV40 viral origin.

Abstract F8d1 is an SV40 deletion mutant that lacks over 60% of the coding sequences for large T antigen and yet is able to immortalize early passage rat cells, to transform established cell lines, and to cause tumors in animals. We report here on the further characterization of this mutant and show that (a) transformation by F8dl is protein mediated but does not require the action of the SV40 small t antigen; (b) the F8d1 T antigens have, or are associated with, an ATPase activity; (c) the 34-kDa mutant T antigen of F8d1 is localized in nuclei and cell membranes of F8d1 transformants and binds to double-stranded DNA; (d) the 20–25 kDa forms of the mutant T antigen are cytoplasmic; and (e) the F8d1 T antigens do not bind with high affinity to the SV40 origin of viral DNA replication.
Evolutionary Conservation of Repetitive Sequence Expression in Sea Urchin Egg RNA's

Cloned repetitive DNA sequences were used to determine the number of homologous RNA transcripts in the eggs of two sea urchin species, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and S. franciscanus. The eggs of these species contain different amounts of RNA, and their genomes contain different numbers of copies of the cloned repeats. The specific pattern of repetitive sequence representation in the two egg RNA' s is nonetheless quantitatively similar. The evolutionary conservation of this pattern suggests the functional importance of repeat sequence expression.
Cyclopentadiene elimination reactions for the preparation of organoindium(III) derivatives. crystal and molecular structures of Me2In(acac), (Me3CCH2)2In(acac), (Me) (Me3CCH2)In(acac), and [Me2InNH(t-Bu)]2

The compounds R2InO(t-Bu), R2In(acac), R2InSSiPh3, and R2InPPh2 (R = Me, CH2CMe3) and Me2InNH(t-Bu) have been prepared in nearly quantitative yields by the cyclopentadiene elimination reaction betw...
Abstract 2269: Lapatinib and obatoclax kill cns tumor cells through blockade of erbb1 / 3 / 4 and through inhibition of bcl-xl and mcl-1

Previous studies in breast cancer cells have shown that Lapatinib (Lap) and Obatoclax (GX) interact in a greater than additive manner to cause cell death. The present studies sought to expand our analyses to CNS (Glioblastoma & Medulloblastoma) tumor cells and to further advance our understanding of the mechanisms of drug action. Combinational treatment with Lap / GX resulted in enhanced tumor cell death in multiple CNS tumor types. Moreover, it was discovered that cells lacking PTEN function were resistant to drug combination lethality and re-expression of PTEN in PTEN null cells restored drug sensitivity. Furthermore, PTEN expressing cancer cells, sensitive to Lap / GX treatment, demonstrated drug resistance upon knockdown of PTEN. Additionally, we established that inhibition of ERBB1 / 3 / 4 receptors was most significant for enhancing GX lethality, and that knockdown of BCL-XL and particularly MCL-1, interacted to facilitate Lap lethality. Pre-treatment of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo with GX enhanced the lethality of Lap to a greater extent than concomitant treatment and suppressed tumor growth. Treatment of animals carrying orthotopic CNS tumor isolates and those implanted with anoikis resistant breast tumors in the brain with Lap / GX prolonged survival. Collectively our data argues that combinational Lap / GX therapy could be of use in the treatment of tumors located in the CNS. Further studies must be carried out in order to elucidate whether autophagy or apoptosis plays the most predominant role in cell death in response to Lap / GX treatment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2269. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2269
Cryoprotectant removal temperature as a factor in the survival of frozen rice and sugarcane cells

Abstract Removal of cryoprotective additives through use of a room temperature (22 °C) washing step, instead of 0 °C, was found to improve the recovery of sugarcane suspension culture and rice callus tissues. Cultured cells were cryoprotected by gradual addition of a mixture of polyethylene glycol, glucose, and DMSO (PGD) to a final concentration of 10%-8%-10%, w/v, respectively, added at either 0 or 22 °C. After a programmed slow freezing of the cells, they were thawed rapidly and the cryoprotectants were gradually diluted and washed out using a 22 or 0 °C washing medium. Viability of suspension cultured sugarcane cells protected with PGD was greatly diminished when a cold washing solution was used, whether the cells had been frozen (−23 °C) or not. Two mutant lines of rice callus when frozen to −196 °C in PGD and thawed showed less growth than unfrozen cells, but their growth was improved by washing the thawed cells with a 22 °C solution. With all cultures tested, the addition of PGD at 0 °C and post-thaw washing out at 22 °C gave improved survival. Particularly with the rice lines, optimizing the addition and washing procedures allowed culture survival of liquid nitrogen freezing not otherwise attained.
The origin(s) of confabulation

An amnesic patient with Korsakoff's syndrome is asked to chronicle events of the previous weekend; she describes to her doctor, with full conviction and in vivid detail, a plane ride she took while visiting long-lost friends, when in fact she had never left her hospital room. A stroke patient, suffering from paralysis of the left side of his body, is asked to move his left arm and replies ‘I don't feel like it’ or ‘I have never been ambidextrous’. He further denies having any problem with his arm, despite the clear evidence that he is unable to perform this simple task.
Ovarian surface epithelium, ovulation and carcinogenesis.

It appears that ovarian surface epithelial cells activated by contact with gonadotropin-stimulated preovulatory follicles can release bioactive substances that weaken the tunica albuginea and apical follicular wall (e.g. collagenolytic enzymes) and induce cell death (e.g. apoptotic agents). However, a definitive obligatory role of the ovarian surface epithelium in ovulation remains equivocal. Epithelium exfoliated from the dome of ovulatory follicles is replenished by generative stem cell replication and migration from the wound edges. Mutagenesis has been related to successive bouts of ovulation and mitosis. Common epithelial ovarian cancer is a deadly insidious disease, mainly because it is asymptomatic until the malignancy has reached beyond the ovaries. The most important susceptibility factors are nulliparity and association to an affected first-degree relative. It will be critical to resolve whether parity and oral contraceptive use confer significant protection to women with a family history of ovarian carcinoma. Clearly, innovative approaches to non-invasive screening and treatment are needed. Early detection is the key to saving lives (90% cure by salpingo-ovariectomy alone if diagnosis is at Stage I). Active immunization with defined tumor epitopes or (passive) intraperitoneal administration of effector-functional humanized antibodies may be of special value in the regional management of common epithelial ovarian cancer.
A generalization of the Schützenberger product of finite monoids

For each n⩾1, an n-ary product ♢ on finite monoids is constructed. This product has the following property: Let Σ be a finite alphabet and Σ∗ the free monoid generated by Σ. For i = 1, …,n, let Ai be a recognizable subset of Σ∗, M(Ai) the syntactic monoid of An and M(A1⋯An) the syntactic monoid of the concatenation product A1⋯An. Then M(A1⋯An)< ♢ (M(A1),…,M(An)). The case n = 2 was studied by Schutzenberger. As an application of the generalized product, I prove the theorem of Brzozowski and Knast that the dot-depth hierarchy of star-free sets is infinite.
Fabrication of high-Tc superconductors using ozone-assisted molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract Ozone-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) has been developed for growing high-Tc superconducting films. It involves the co-evaporation of their elemental constituents together with the use of ozone as a source of reactive oxygen. The advantage of using ozone over other forms of reactive oxygen is that it is stable enough to be prepared and delivered to the substrate in a very pure form using very simple apparatus, providing a well-characterized flow of oxidizing gas. Using ozone, a post-deposition anneal is not needed to produce films with high transition temperatures, and growth can be carried out at relatively low system pressures. As a consequence, the surface analysis using reflection high energy electron diffraction is possible during film growth. Recent refinements of ozone-assisted MBE directed at the YBa2Cu3O7-σ family of films are described here. The results indicate that this technique is very competitive for growing the highest quality superconducting films and should be ideal for fabricating structures.
β‐aminoisobutyric acid (BAIB) excretion in urine of residents of eight communities in the states of Michoacán and Oaxaca, Mexico

The ratio of β-aminoisobutyric acid to neutral amino acids (BAIB/N) in urine was determined in 474 Mexicans from three communities in the state of Michoacan and five in Oaxaca. The frequency curves vary significantly between the three communities in Michoacan and between the two states. The proportion of high excretors (BAIB/N 0.300) varies from 14 to 41% (all intermediate between European white and North American Indian values), but were generally higher in the more “Indian” communities.
Capitalization of the property tax : an empirical study

s of Doctoral Dissertations 985 these samples were in the same suburb and were sold twice during the same years. There were 17 to 33 observations in each sample. The results of the statistical analysis do not support the capitalization hypothesis. The coefficients of A were almost entirely insignificant, the coefficients of S tended to be positive indicating a reverse capitalization, while the coefficients for Y varied considerably among suburbs reflecting different methods of reassessments. A variety of changes in the basic equation failed to alter these conclusions. The results probably are best explained by the small number of observations in the samples, by the differing circumstances surrounding sales of residential real estate, and by the differing assessment procedures. The positive coefficients for S, on the other hand, suggest that the use of the coefficients of variation may exaggerate the inequalities in the administration of the property tax. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.134 on Sun, 25 Sep 2016 04:38:00 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
A Graphic Representation of a Three-Way Contingency Table: Simpson's Paradox and Correlation

Abstract A simple graphic representation is given to illustrate the relationship between two variables in the presence of a possibly confounding variable. The graph makes it easy to understand Simpson's paradox by using the concept of correlation.
The diurnal variation of plasma levels and urinary excretion on 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in normal subjects, night workers and blind subjects.

Adiurnal rhythm in the plasma levels and urinary excretion of corticosteroids by men has been reported previously. Pincus et al. (2) and Romanoff et al. (3) showed that the rate of urinary excretion of phosphomolybdic acid-reducing lipids and formaldehydogenic lipids was greater during the morning than during the remaining 24-hour period. Using a more specific method of hydrolysis of the urinary corticoid conjugates, Sandberg et al. (4) reported the same type of variation; similar results were also reported by Laidlaw et al. (5). In a study of the normal plasma levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OH-CS) in man, Bliss et al. (6) found that in any single subject, the 8 a.m. values were higher than those found later in the day. We have extended this study to include the entire twenty-four hours, with special emphasis on the night period. Observations were also made in individuals whose pattern of activity and sleep was reversed and in blind persons, in an attempt to determine the effect of activity and t...
Reduction in coronary heart disease: clinical and anatomical considerations

Coronary artery bypass surgery, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction have relieved symptoms, preserved myocardium, and prolonged life but have not modified the progression of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries. In the last 10 years, however, progress has been made in establishing the cholesterol-atherogenesis hypothesis. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that the higher the total plasma cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), the greater the risk that coronary artery disease will develop. Recently, clinical trials including the Coronary Drug Project, the Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial (LRC-CPPT), and the Helsinki Heart Study provided evidence that lowering cholesterol reduces the frequency of fatal and nonfatal coronary events. In addition, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Type II Coronary Intervention Study and the Cholesterol Lowering Atherosclerosis Study demonstrated that lowering of cholesterol was associated with a decreased incidence of progression of coronary disease, as well as with the potential for reduction in the atherosclerotic plaque. Beneficial effects of diet and lifestyle changes also have an important effect on atherosclerosis. The impact of lowering cholesterol has been limited primarily by pharmacologic programs which lower cholesterol only 10-20% and are associated with a high incidence of intolerable side effects. With the recent introduction of the HmG co-A reductase inhibitors and their more profound effect on serum lipids, it may be possible to further promote plaque regression. The future of all these interventions, however, must still be assessed by overall mortality; studies to date have demonstrated beneficial effects on cardiovascular mortality but age-adjusted total mortality has remained unchanged. Future management of patients with acute and chronic coronary artery disease will involve a collaboration of cardiologists, endocrinologists, and epidemiologists to coordinate screening, recognition, and treatment of this disease.
Estimation of the Fundamental Period of Large Earthfill and Rockfill Dams

ABSTRACT A semi-empirical expression has been derived for the fundamental period of large earthfill and rockfill dams. Derivation is based on analytical solutions and has been calibrated using the empirical data available. Analytical solution involves a heterogeneous shear wedge with a realistic distribution of small-strain shear modulus. The effect of the “third dimension” has also been taken into account by making use of two and three dimensional finite element and shear wedge solutions, and a simple expression has been derived by the aid of a single degree of freedom idealization. Empirical data come from forced vibration tests and response observations during small earthquakes. Recently the fundamental period of a large rockfill dam became available which had not been used in the development of the period expression presented. The accurate prediction of the period of this dam has shown that the equation will be useful in practice for estimation of the small strain fundamental periods of large dams.
Greater than the sum of their parts: characterizing plant microbiomes at the community-level.

Specific subsets of microbes are capable of assembly into plant-associated communities that influence the fitness of both the host and the microbes. While there is a large spectrum of plant phenotypes cause by microbes, the microbial community members benefit from living in protected and nutrient rich plant-associated environments. Recent advances in ‘-omics’ technologies have provided researchers with the ability to identify and assign functions to even unculturable microbes inhabiting both above-ground and below-ground plant tissues. Thus, we are beginning to unravel the molecular mechanisms of microbiome assembly and activities that contribute to overall plant health, not only for individuals, but also at the community-level.
Volume quantification of intracardiac mass lesions by transesophageal three-dimensional echocardiography

As compared with two-dimensional (2-D) transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), 3-D echocardiography now permits more realistic visualization of cardiac anatomy and of intracardiac lesions. The aim of this study was to apply newer 3-D echocardiographic techniques to quantify volumes of intracardiac masses undergoing surgical resection seen during an intraoperative TEE. The calculated volumes were compared with actual in vitro measurements of surgically resected masses. A total of 14 patients (9 men; 5 women; age range between 21 and 77 years) with intracardiac mass lesions (4 tumors: 3 left atrial myxomas and 1 mitral valve fibroelastoma, and 10 vegetations: 5 aortic valve, 3 mitral valve, 1 tricuspid and 1 pulmonary valve) were studied. Using commercially available 3-D reconstruction software (TomTec v. 4.1), the volumes of intracardiac masses were estimated using both the average rotation (rotation around the long axis, AR) and disk summation (parallel short axis cuts, DS) methods. Volumes of these lesions were also measured in vitro by water submersion. They ranged from 0.20 mL to 24 mL (mean ± SD = 8.07 ± 9.21 mL). Both 3-D TEE AR and 3-D TEE DS calculated volumes correlated excellently with in vitro measured volumes (r = 1.00 and r = 0.98, respectively, p = < 0.0001). The correlation between 3-D TEE AR and 3-D TEE DS calculated volumes was also excellent (r = 0.98, p = < 0.0001). In conclusion, the volume assessments by 3-D TEE of intracardiac mass lesions correlated well with in vitro measured volumes of surgical specimens. This technique may prove to be valuable in further defining intracardiac pathology and is a further advancement toward the application of clinically useful 3-D echocardiography. (E-mail: nanda@uab.edu)
Skatole remediation potential of Rhodopseudomonas palustris WKU-KDNS3 isolated from an animal waste lagoon

AbstractSkatole (3MI) is a major contributor to the malodor emission resulting fromruminant and human faeces. The remediation of malodor has been a majorchallenge for the animal production industry. In this investigation, a pureculture of purple nonsulphur bacterium capable of degrading 3MI was isolatedfrom a swine waste lagoon using an enrichment technique and identiﬁed asRhodopseudomonas palustris WKU-KDNS3 based on 16S rRNA analysis andUV-visible spectroscopy. The cell structure of the organism was conﬁrmed bytransmission electron microscopy. Growth proﬁle and 3MI removal patternwere determined using media supplemented with 0 1 lmol 3MI under short-term and long-term aerobic growth conditions. The organism grew on 3MImedia as luxuriantly as control (without 3MI). Growth of R. palustris WKU-KDNS3 demonstrated a signiﬁcant reduction in the level of 3MI (>48%) in72 h. The level of 3MI dropped further by >93% of the total concentrationpresent in the medium in 21 days. Skatole remediation potential of R. palustrisWKU-KDNS3 can be judiciously utilized in various animal and industrialwaste treatment systems.IntroductionOver the last few decades, the consequences of malodoremissions from animal or industrial wastes on humanhealth have received much attention. Exposure to obnox-ious substances can irritate eye, nose and throat; causeheadaches, nausea, diarrhoea and symptoms of respiratoryinﬂammation as well as suppressed mucosal immunity(Schiffman et al. 2008). Animal production and wastetreatment facilities are known sources of malodorousemissions. Animal waste facilities, such as anaerobiclagoons, support bacterial degradation of complex organiccompounds (Okubo et al. 2006) and produce many mal-odorous compounds including volatile organic com-pounds (VOC), hydrogen sulphide and other sulphides,and ammonia (Do et al. 2003; Kim et al. 2004). Althoughthe VOCs emitted are diverse, only a small number areresponsible for malodor (Zahn et al. 2001). Those com-pounds consistently found most offensive to humansinclude 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole), 4-methylphenol(cresol), indole and other phenolics produced by theanaerobic metabolism of aromatic amino acids (White-head et al. 2008). Indolic compounds are a class of toxicand recalcitrant organic compounds with methyl deriva-
Simultaneous forward- and backward-hemisphere elastic- light- scattering patterns of respirable- size aerosols

Two-dimensional angular optical scattering (TAOS) patterns of aerosols are measured simultaneously from the forward hemisphere 15 degrees < theta < 90 degrees as well as the backward hemisphere 90 degrees < theta < 165 degrees (detecting 63% of the 4pi sr of scattered light) by using an ellipsoidal reflector and an intensified CCD detector. TAOS patterns were obtained from polystyrene-latex spheres (individuals and aggregates) and from single Bacillus subtilis spores. These information-rich patterns, measured with a single laser pulse for individual particles on the fly, suggest that forward-TAOS and backward-TAOS measurements may be used for rapid classification of single aerosol particles.
DESIGNING DIGITAL INFRASTRUCTURE: Four Considerations for Scholarly Publishing Projects

As we move discussions around publishing forward and adopt open-access models, social scientists need to consider how digital infrastructure opens and closes possibilities for scholarly production and engagement. Attention to changes in publishing infrastructure—which, like most infrastructure, is often rendered invisible—is needed, not only because it allows us to make sense of socio-technical transitions at various scales and for differently invested communities, but because we need more informed participants, users who can question the system in ways that make it more robust. This essay suggests that digital infrastructure design and development should be organized around (1) platform affordances, (2) support for labor, (3) emerging circulation practices, and (4) opportunities for collaboration. By tracing the long-term socio-technical work that made it possible for Cultural Anthropology to go open access earlier this year, this essay works to make visible some behind-the-scenes details to be considered when thinking about the future of scholarly publishing.
Data Caching for Enhancing Anonymity

The benefits of caching for reducing access time to frequently needed data, in order to improve system performance, are already well-known. In this paper, a proposal for employing data caching for increasing the level of anonymity provided by an anonymity system is presented. This technique is especially effective for user sessions containing bidirectional communication, such as anonymous web browsing. A framework is first constructed for capturing the effect of attacks on anonymity systems that have the ability to serve some incoming user requests from their cache. A system-wide metric is then presented for measuring the anonymity provided by such systems. It is shown that the anonymity level of such systems rises with the amount of data caching performed by them. This behavior is illustrated in an example threshold mix network.
Active voltammetric microsensors with neural signal processing

Many industrial and environmental processes, including bioremediation, would benefit from the feedback and control information provided by a local multi-analyte chemical sensor. For most processes, such a sensor would need to be rugged enough to be placed in situ for long-term remote monitoring, and inexpensive enough to be fielded in useful numbers. The multi-analyte capability is difficult to obtain from common passive sensors, but can be provided by an active device that produces a spectrum-type response. Such new active gas microsensor technology has been developed at Argonne National Laboratory. The technology couples an electrocatalytic ceramic-metallic (cermet) microsensor with a voltammetric measurement technique and advanced neural signal processing. It has been demonstrated to be flexible, rugged, and very economical to produce and deploy. Both narrow interest detectors and wide spectrum instruments have been developed around this technology. Much of this technology's strength lies in the active measurement technique employed. The technique involves applying voltammetry to a miniature electrocatalytic cell to produce unique chemical 'signatures' from the analytes. These signatures are processed with neural pattern recognition algorithms to identify and quantify the components in the analyte. The neural signal processing allows for innovative sampling and analysis strategies to be employed with the microsensor. In most situations, the whole response signature from the voltammogram can be used to identify, classify, and quantify an analyte, without dissecting it into component parts. This allows an instrument to be calibrated once for a specific gas or mixture of gases by simple exposure to a multi-component standard rather than by a series of individual gases. The sampled unknown analytes can vary in composition or in concentration; the calibration, sensing, and processing methods of these active voltammetric microsensors can detect, recognize, and quantify different signatures and support subsequent analyses. The instrument can be trained to recognize and report expected analyte components (within some tolerance), but also can alarm when unexpected components are detected. Unknowns can be repeat-sampled to build a reference library for later post processing and verification.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
MR and CT evaluation of intraspinal chondrosarcoma.

Abstract A case of an intraspinal chondrosarcoma is presented including MR images before and after intravenous administration of contrast as well as noncontrast CT images.
Measuring Patient Tolerance for Future Adverse Events in Low-Risk Emergency Department Chest Pain Patients

Study objective We assess emergency department (ED) patients' risk thresholds for preferring admission versus discharge when presenting with chest pain and determine how the method of information presentation affects patients' choices. Methods In this cross-sectional survey, we enrolled a convenience sample of lower-risk acute chest pain patients from an urban ED. We presented patients with a hypothetical value for the risk of adverse outcome that could be decreased by hospitalization and asked them to identify the risk threshold at which they preferred admission versus discharge. We randomized patients to a method of numeric presentation (natural frequency or percentage) and the initial risk presented (low or high) and followed each numeric assessment with an assessment based on visually depicted risks. Results We enrolled 246 patients and analyzed data on 234 with complete information. The geometric mean risk threshold with numeric presentation was 1 in 736 (1 in 233 with a percentage presentation; 1 in 2,425 with a natural frequency presentation) and 1 in 490 with a visual presentation. Fifty-nine percent of patients (137/234) chose the lowest or highest risk values offered. One hundred fourteen patients chose different thresholds for numeric and visual risk presentations. We observed strong anchoring effects; patients starting with the lowest risk chose a lower threshold than those starting with the highest risk possible and vice versa. Conclusion Using an expected utility model to measure patients' risk thresholds does not seem to work, either to find a stable risk preference within individuals or in groups. Further work in measurement of patients' risk tolerance or methods of shared decisionmaking not dependent on assessment of risk tolerance is needed.
Development of a behavior rating scale for doctor-patient interactions and its implications for the study of death anxiety

This study reports on the development of a behavior rating scale for doctor-patient interactions. Results revealed that raters can reliably and accurately discriminate between medical and personal aspects of both speech and touch using written transcripts and audiovisual tapes of doctor-patient interactions. Use of the scale for research and medical training evaluation was discussed.
The Crime Drop and Beyond

▪ Abstract Violent crime in the United States has traveled a striking path in the past 20 years, from a sharp spike in the late 1980s to a dramatic drop beginning around 1993 that lasted until a flattening occurred at the beginning of the new century. The upturn of the 1980s was driven almost exclusively by a sharp increase in gun violence among young people, whereas the downturn was a joint product of a turndown in youth violence and a steady drop in violence among adults over 30 that has been ongoing for at least 25 years. These trends have intrigued lay observers and students of crime alike, with advocates of various explanations of crime arguing that the key for the rise, fall, or both lies with one or another favored determinant: prisons, drugs, guns, policing, economics, or demography, including abortion. In this review, we discuss both the crime trends and their candidate explanations, concluding that the most reasonable accounts involve a complex interaction among several of these factors.
International Relations Theory and the Second Korean War

Ever since the first Korean war in 1950, scholars and policymakers have been predicting a second one, started by an invasion from the North. Whether seen as arising from preventive, preemptive, desperation, or simple aggressive motivations, the predominant perspective in the west sees North Korea as likely to instigate conflict. Yet for fifty years North Korea has not come close to starting a war. Why were so many scholars so consistently wrong about North Korea's intentions? Social scientists can learn as much from events that did not happen as from those that did. The case of North Korea provides a window with which to examine these theories of conflict initiation, and reveals how the assumptions underlying these theories can become mis-specified. Either scholars misunderstood the initial conditions, or they misunderstood the theory, and I show that scholars have made mistakes in both areas. Social science moves forward from clear statement of a theory, its causal logic, and its predictions. However, just as important is the rigorous assessment of a theory, especially if the predictions fail to materialize. North Korea never had the material capabilities to be a serious contender to the U.S.–ROK alliance, and it quickly fell further behind. The real question has not been whether North Korea would preempt as South Korea caught up, but instead why North Korea might fight as it fell further and further behind. The explanation for a half-century of stability and peace on the Korean peninsula is actually quite simple: deterrence works.
Raising the unification scale in supersymmetry.

In the minimal supersymmetric standard model, the three gauge couplings appear to unify at a mass scale near 2{times}10{sup 16} GeV. We investigate the possibility that intermediate scale particle thresholds modify the running couplings so as to increase the unification scale. By requiring consistency of this scenario, we derive some constraints on the particle content and locations of the intermediate thresholds. There are remarkably few acceptable solutions with a single cleanly defined intermediate scale far below the unification scale.
Covalent interaction of [3H]-dopamine with rat brain proteins in vivo and with the dopamine-reuptake site of nerve endings in vitro.

Isolated nerve endings have been demonstrated to undergo saturable, covalent interactions with [3H]-dopamine under physiological conditions; and the reaction is greatly accelerated by flash photolysis with ultraviolet light. With intact nerve endings, under conditions where dopamine reuptake occurs, benztropine and cocaine (inhibitors of dopamine reuptake), but not atropine or haloperidol (a postsynaptic antagonist), prevent the reaction. The reaction also occurs in vivo following the intraventricular administration of [3H]-dopamine, the reaction being greatest with mitochondria, followed by the nerve ending and myelin. With the use of sodium dodecylsulfate–gel electrophoresis, a number of proteins of varying molecular weight were labeled, and the pattern of labeling was similar in vitro and in vivo. One protein, with a MW of about 60,000 was labeled to an exceptionally high degree. A number of protein bands showed decreased radiolabeling in the presence of benztropine, a finding which suggests that they may be associated with the reuptake site. Both the addition of ascorbic acid and unlabeled dopamine inhibited the reactivity of [3H]-dopamine, and the effects were concentration dependent. In the absence of photolysis, the reaction of [3H]-dopamine to synaptic membranes attained saturation within 10 min, but with photolysis the reaction continued at a constant rate even after 20 min. The results are discussed in relation to the use of [3]-dopamine as a photoaffinity label of the dopamine reuptake site and in relation to the nature of the reactions with and without photolysis.
Architectural Acoustics: Some Historical Developments and Ongoing Issues

This paper gives an overview of the history of the development of architectural acoustics and a sampling of the results of several more recent research studies. There are now standardised measures for assessing room acoustics character and there are criteria for room acoustics in terms of these measures. For rooms for speech, such criteria are not so well defined for some special groups of listeners such as the very young or old, hearing impaired listeners, and those listening in a second language. For rooms for musical performance, there is a growing understanding of the more important acoustical characteristics of concert halls, but still a need to improve tools for applying this knowledge to the design of these spaces.
Working memory: activation limitations on retrieval.

Two experiments which require subjects to hold a digit span while solving an equation and then recall the digit span are performed. The size of the memory span and the complexity of the equation are manipulated as well as whether the subject is required to substitute items from the digit span for constants in the equation. As either task (digit span recall or equation solving) gets more complex there are performance decrements (accuracy or latency) not only in that task but also in the other task. It is also shown that the majority of the errors are misretrievals. These results are consistent with the proposal that working memory load has its impact on retrieval from memory. These results are fit by the ACT-R theory (Anderson, 1993) which assumes that there is a limit on source activation and that this activation has to be divided between the two tasks. As either task increases in complexity there is less activation for retrieval of information from declarative memory. Subjects’ misretrievals of associatively related information could be predicted
Design factors for atomic clocks for space

There are very strong differences between the designs of clocks for space applications and those used on Earth. This paper discusses the performance impacts from differences in mechanical design, thermal design, radiation hardness, and control. The design changes necessary to survive launch and operate in space go beyond the expected issues of mechanical strength and remote control. There are a number of design trade-offs that can affect clock performance. For example, the added structural members needed to secure a microwave cavity may result in poor thermal control due to heat loss along the structure or de-tuning due to new stresses on the cavity structure. Reliability and radiation hardening drive performance less directly by limiting the availability of critical electronic component types. On the positive side, the lack of gravity, fluctuations in air temperature, and mechanical perturbations sometimes lead to space clocks running better than similar ground units. The differences between clocks for short-term space experiments and production space vehicles are examined.
Visualizing lignin coalescence and migration through maize cell walls following thermochemical pretreatment

Plant cell walls are composed primarily of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignins, and pectins. Of these components, lignins exhibit unique chemistry and physiological functions. Although lignins can be used as a product feedstock or as a fuel, lignins are also generally seen as a barrier to efficient enzymatic breakdown of biomass to sugars. Indeed, many pretreatment strategies focus on removing a significant fraction of lignin from biomass to better enable saccharification. In order to better understand the fate of biomass lignins that remain with the solids following dilute acid pretreatment, we undertook a structural investigation to track lignins on and in biomass cell walls. SEM and TEM imaging revealed a range of droplet morphologies that appear on and within cell walls of pretreated biomass; as well as the specific ultrastructural regions that accumulate the droplets. These droplets were shown to contain lignin by FTIR, NMR, antibody labeling, and cytochemical staining. We provide evidence supporting the idea that thermochemical pretreatments reaching temperatures above the range for lignin phase transition cause lignins to coalesce into larger molten bodies that migrate within and out of the cell wall, and can redeposit on the surface of plant cell walls. This decompartmentalization and relocalization of lignins is likely to be at least as important as lignin removal in the quest to improve the digestibility of biomass for sugars and fuels production.
Pectoralis major tendon transfer for irreparable subscapularis tears.

Background: Subscapularis insufficiency is a debilitating condition with few treatment options. Historically, pectoralis major tendon transfer has been suggested when the subscapularis tendon or muscle is deemed irreparable; however, the results of this salvage procedure have been mixed. Methods: A comprehensive review of the peer-reviewed literature addressing pectoralis major tendon transfers was performed. The clinical presentation, relevant anatomy, biomechanical rationale, surgical indications, technical considerations, reported outcomes, and significant complications are reviewed in this report. Where possible, attempts at direct comparison of outcomes among surgical techniques and surgical indications have been made. Results and Conclusions: Despite the heterogeneous reporting of clinical results, it is clear that surgical indications affect outcomes. Specifically, isolated subscapularis insufficiency shows the best prognosis with pectoralis major tendon transfer. Patients with anterosuperior instability after large rotator cuff tears or shoulder arthroplasty have the least predictable pain relief and worse functional outcomes. Level of evidence: Review Article. 2014 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees.
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase in Normal and Neoplastic Hematopoietic Cells

In 1973 we first reported our finding of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) in the circulating leukemic cells of a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (1). Until that time this unique DNA synthetic enzyme had been thought to be a special biochemical property of cells undergoing maturation in the thymus (2). Its presence in circulating lymphoblastic leukemia cells suggested that the thymus might play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease in man, analogous to the central position it plays in the pathogenesis of lymphoblastic leukemia in the AKR mouse (3, 4, 5). In addition, it appeared to have potential clinical utility as a new biochemical leukemia cell marker (1, 6).