cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Obstructive jaundice caused by a giant non-parasitic hepatic cyst

Hepatic cysts encompass a spectrum of clinical etiologies but most are benign, occur rarely, and are usually asymptomatic. Symptomatic cysts may present with abdominal pain, hemorrhage, obstructive jaundice, or a consumptive coagulopathy. The optimal surgical management of hepatic cysts varies depending on the size and location of the lesion, but includes laparoscopic cyst fenestration,1 formal resection, enucleation, as well as liver transplantation.
Alterations in Extracellular Matrix Gene Expression in Normal Versus Non-Compliant Human Bladders

Congenital or acquired obstruction of the urinary bladder can result in a stiff-walled, fibrotic organ characterized by trabeculation, low volume capacity at high pressures, and, in some cases, the occurrence of uninhibited contractions of the detrusor muscle cells. This fibrotic response is likely characterized by an alteration in the quantity and type of connective tissue (collagens and elastin) and, possibly, in the arrangement of these matrix components with one another and with the detrusor smooth muscle cells. The bladder wall becomes thickened, and the smooth muscle fascicles become infiltrated with connective tissue (2,3,4,5,6). As a result, the bladder loses compliance. This decreased compliance has been observed in up to 50% of patients suffering from spinal cord injury resulting from sacral nerve damage and 70% of myelomeningocele patients (1). Initial studies in our laboratory were carried out to characterize the connective tissue changes in non-compliant human bladders from a pediatric patient population composed of children with neurogenic, non-compliant bladders secondary to myelomeningocele. Results of these studies showed that the connective tissue infiltration within the detrusor muscle fascicles in the neurogenic bladders was specific for type III collagen (7).
Can lay health workers achieve the triple aim? Results from the Engagement of Patients with Advanced Cancer (EPAC) trial.

6507Background: Rising cancer costs demand innovative approaches to improve patient satisfaction and outcomes while reducing expenditures. We developed a novel model that integrates lay health work...
Teaching NeuroImages: The heart sign in a patient with apparent locked-in syndrome.

An 85-year-old man presented with 48 hours of recurrent vomiting and vertigo with rapidly progressive dysphagia and quadriplegia. MRI–magnetic resonance angiography showed a paramedian medullary infarct (figure, A–C), known as the heart sign, hallmark of this rare posterior circulation stroke caused by occlusion of the anterior spinal artery (figure, D). Clinical presentation is determined by anteroposterior extension.1 Associated with quadriplegia, tongue weakness, and sensory loss, localized to the pyramidal tracts, hypoglossal nucleus, and medial lemniscus respectively,2 our case correlates with pontine extension evidenced by recurrent vomiting, facial diplegia, and horizontal ophthalmoplegia, with the involvement of the area postrema, facial colliculus, and paramedian-pontine-reticular formation.
Intra-amniotic Sildenafil Treatment Modulates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype in the Nitrofen Model of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

The etiology of pulmonary vascular abnormalities in CDH is incompletely understood. Studies have demonstrated improvement in pulmonary vasculature with prenatal therapy in animal models. We hypothesize that prenatal sildenafil may attenuate defective pulmonary vascular development via modulation of vSMC phenotype from undifferentiated, proliferative phenotype to differentiated, contractile phenotype. We utilized the nitrofen model of CDH to examine the effect of IA sildenafil on pulmonary vSMC phenotype during lung development. Timed-pregnant CD-1 mice were gavage fed 25 mg nitrofen or olive oil (control) at E8.5 of gestation. Single IA injections of Sildenafil (Revatio; 10 µL of 4 mg/4 ml solution) or dextrose control were performed at E12.5. Mice were sacrificed on various gestational days for embryonic lung harvest. Markers of vSMC development of undifferentiated and differentiated phenotypes were analyzed by immunostaining and western blot. Across all time points in gestation, nitrofen-treated embryonic lungs demonstrated increased vSMC expression of NOTCH3, Hes-5, PDGFR-β, desmin and α-SMA and decreased expression of calponin and SMMHC, compared to oil controls. IA dextrose treatment had no effect on expression levels. However, IA Sildenafil treatment resulted in down-regulation of NOTCH3, Hes-5, PDGFR-β, desmin and α-SMA and upregulation of calponin and SMMHC, comparable to oil controls. In the nitrofen model, vSMC express markers consistent with more undifferentiated proliferative phenotype, resulting in hypermuscularization of intrapulmonary arterioles in CDH. A single dose of IA Sildenafil treatment early in gestation, results in sustained normalization of vSMC phenotype. Pharmacologic modulation of the vSMC phenotype at key gestational points may have therapeutic potential.
Association of health empowerment and handgrip strength with intention to participate in physical activity among community-dwelling older adults.

Abstract Introduction Health empowerment is an individual's perceived control and competence related to health and health care. The projected increased growth of the older adult population calls for a health-related empowerment movement in health education that targets older adults. Using the theory of planned behavior, the purpose of this study was to investigate the association of health empowerment and handgrip strength with intention to participate in physical activity among older adults. Methods The Korean Health Empowerment Scale (K-HES) was used as a measure of health empowerment. Handgrip strength was used as a measure of muscle strength. Intention to participate in physical activity was measured using five items. Participants of this study included 103 community-dwelling older adults (Mage = 76.45 ± 9.395; Male = 42, Female = 61). Results: Statistical analyses revealed all participants were knowledgeable about the health benefits of exercise and most participated in regular physical activity (n = 84.5%). The majority had normal handgrip strength (n = 60.7%) and most indicated strong intentions to participate in regular physical activity (n = 85%). A stepwise multiple regression revealed health empowerment significantly and positively (F(1,101) = 30.511, p Discussion Findings suggest overall health empowerment may be affected by a variety of subscales such as problem-solving, obtaining support, motivation, psychosocial coping, and decision making. Conclusion: Future research should explore potential associations between health empowerment and intention to participate in physical activity.
Cell Envelope Integrity and Capsule Characterization of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa Strains from Clinical and Environmental Sources.

ABSTRACT Rhodotorula yeasts are pink, encapsulated basidiomycetes isolated from a variety of environments and clinical settings. They are increasingly linked with disease, particularly central venous catheter infections and meningitis, in immunocompromised patients. Eight clinical and eight environmental strains molecularly typed as Rhodotorula mucilaginosa were compared to six Cryptococcus neoformans strains for phenotypic variability. Growth on cell integrity-challenging media suggested that R. mucilaginosa cells possess differences in signaling pathways, cell wall composition, or assembly and that their membranes are more susceptible to perturbations than those of C. neoformans. All 16 R. mucilaginosa strains produced urease, while none produced melanin with l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) as a substrate. India ink staining reveals that clinical R. mucilaginosa capsules are larger than environmental capsules but that both are generally smaller than C. neoformans capsules. All R. mucilaginosa strains were resistant to fluconazole. Only two clinical strains were susceptible to voriconazole; all of the environmental strains were resistant. We generated an anticapsular antibody (Rh1) to R. mucilaginosa; Rh1 did not bind C. neoformans control strains, was specific to Rhodotorula species, and bound to all tested Rhodotorula strains. Binding assays performed with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), concanavalin A (ConA), calcofluor white (CFW), and eosin Y dye (EY) cell surface probes suggested that chitin may be more accessible in R. mucilaginosa but that the total abundance of chitooligomers is less than in C. neoformans. This report describes a novel reagent that can be used to identify Rhodotorula species and lays the foundation for future cell envelope composition analysis. IMPORTANCE Currently, there is very little known about the phenotypic variability within species of Rhodotorula strains and the role of their capsule. Cryptococcus neoformans has been considered the only encapsulated human fungal pathogen, but as more individuals come to live in states of immunocompromised health, they are more susceptible to fungal infections, including those by Rhodotorula. R. mucilaginosa species are some of those most commonly associated with clinical infections. We wanted to know if clinical and environmental strains of R. mucilaginosa demonstrated disparate capsule phenotypes. With limited antifungal options available and clinical Rhodotorula spp. often resistant to common antifungal drugs such as fluconazole, caspofungin (1, 2), and voriconazole (2), a better understanding of the fungal biology could inform the design and use of future antifungal drugs. The generation of an antibody specific to Rhodotorula fungi could be a useful diagnostic tool, and this work presents the first mention of such in the literature.
Ionic liquid media resulted in the first asymmetric aminohalogenation reaction of alkenes.

The first asymmetric aminohalogenation of functionalized alkenes has been established. The ionic liquid [bmim][BF4] was found to be the only effective media for success as normal organic solvents failed to give any product for this reaction. The reaction is also very convenient to perform by simply mixing the three reactants, cinnamates, N,N-dichloro-p-toluenesulfonamide, and catalyst, together with 4 A molecular sieves at room temperature in [bmim][BF4] in any convenient vial of appropriate size without special protection from inert gases. Good chemical yields (60−72%) and diastereoselectivities (up to 75% de) have been obtained with a good scope of substrates. The resulting individual diastereomers have been cleanly separated via column chromatography. The absolute stereochemistry of the reaction was unambiguously determined by X-ray structural analysis.
Third-Party Financing of Class Action Litigation in the United States: Will the Sky Fall?

The advent of third-party litigation financing—the funding of lawsuits by entities other than parties or their legal representatives—in the United States has stimulated legal scholarship, policy debate, and interest group advocacy. Some scholarship fails to distinguish among financers that use different business models and target different market segments, which can make it difficult to assess normative recommendations.2 Nonetheless, most scholars are cautious in drawing conclusions about the cost–benefit ratio of introducing third-party financing into the legal system. Likewise, the policy debate has been cautious, as leaders of the bar have adopted a “wait and see” attitude in response to calls for regulation.3 The advocacy has been strident, however, with corporate interest groups pressing hard for regulation —if not absolute prohibition—of third-party financing not only in the
Simulation and Ureteroscopy (URS)

Surgical training has evolved considerably since the time of Halsted, with the “see one, do one, teach one” approach now replaced with graduated responsibility. Simulation has grown to play an increasingly important role in this process. The endourologic skill of ureteroscopy has been a particular focus of simulator development. Simulation platforms based on human cadavers, animal models, benchtop models, and virtual reality have all demonstrated high value and educational promise. This chapter reviews the concepts and terminology necessary to understand a simulator’s assessment, as well as the existing literature on simulation in ureteroscopy.
Electroslag surfacing: a potential process for the rebuilding and restoration of ship components

With construction of new commercial ships in U.S. shipyards at an all-time low and Congressional appropriations insufficient to maintain a U.S. Navy fleet of 600 ships, the priorities of the surviving U.S. shipyards are changing from that of shipbuilding to ship rebuilding, restoration and Repair. This paper presents a review of the international literature on the most recent developments in thick section surfacing by electroslag surfacing (ESS), using strip or wire electrodes. The advantages of this newly developed technique from Japan are explained in comparison with the conventional surfacing processes, such as submerged arc surfacing (SAS). A number of innovations and applications in this area are introduced to emphasise the substantial economical advantage of strip ESS for ship repair and manufacturing. ESS with strip electrodes is capable of overlaying a wide variety of corrosion and/or wear-resistant deposits on structural ship components with half the dilution level and twice the deposition rate of its closest competitor, SAS. Because of its significant economical merits, strip ESS has already become the dominant thick-section surfacing process in many industrialised countries, particularly in Japan, the Soviet Union and parts of Europe.
When should sleep bruxism be considered in the diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders

Objective Both temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and sleep bruxism (SB) are known to be destructive to the masticatory system. However, the association between the 2 conditions is poorly understood. The aim of our study was to assess the relationship between TMD and SB through the signs and symptoms in 2 patient groups: TMD only and TMD with SB. Study Design A retrospective chart review was conducted from November 1, 2015, to April 1, 2018, on patients with completed International Network for Orofacial Pain and Related Disorders Methodology history questionnaires and Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorder clinical examinations. Fifty-two patients, including 12 with TMD only and 40 with TMD with SB, met the study criteria. Subjective descriptions and objective measurements of patient symptoms were investigated. The χ2 test and Fisher's exact test were used for statistical analysis. Results The TMD with SB group exhibited increased oral behaviors compared with the TMD-only group (P = .0004). The TMD with SB group also experienced more headaches compared with the TMD-only group (P = .045). Conclusions Our results revealed that patients with jaw pain who self-report increased oral behaviors and/or exhibit temporal headaches should be evaluated for sleep bruxism.
Connecting research, children’s media, and identity during the U.S. Black Lives Matter movement

One striking notion circulating during the COVID-19 pandemic is that personal and professional boundaries and identities have been tested, even eliminated. Before COVID-19, working completely from ...
Longitudinal patterns of food insecurity, the home food environment, and parent feeding practices during COVID-19

Background The economic impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have drastically increased food insecurity in the United States. Initial data, collected a few months into the pandemic, showed that families, particularly those experiencing food insecurity, reported detrimental changes to their home food environment and parent feeding practices, compared to before COVID-19. Objective This follow-up study obtained longitudinal data from a sample of parents in the United States to quantify changes in food security status, the home food environment, and parent feeding practices, from before to across COVID-19 as the pandemic continued to persist. Methods Parents (N = 433) completed online surveys May (T1) and September (T2) 2020 during COVID-19. Food security, home food environment, and parent feeding practices were reported at each timepoint. At T1, parents also retrospectively reported on these factors pertaining to before COVID-19. Chi square analyses and repeated measure mixed models examined associations among study variables. Results Low or very low food security increased from before COVID-19 (37%) to T1 (54%) and decreased by T2 (45%). About 30% of families who became food insecure, and 44% who stayed food insecure from T1 to T2, reported a decrease in total food in their home; only 3%-6% who became/stayed food secure reported this decrease. Parents' concern for child overweight and use of monitoring increased from before COVID-19 to T1, and decreased by T2, but remained elevated above pre-COVID-19 values. Conclusion Rates of food insecurity remain high as this pandemic persists. Continued assessment of nutrition-related factors and increased economic supports are critical for families to endure COVID-19 and prevent long-term obesity and health risks.
Neonatal Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: A Proposed Pathogenic Sequence in the Context of Maternal/Fetal Vascular Malperfusion and Paradoxical Embolism.

Background Neonatal myocardial infarction (MI) in a structurally normal heart is frequently an obscure event that remains undiagnosed until autopsy. Causal attributions usually cite underlying maternal or fetal conditions. Refinement in understanding of pathogenic mechanisms underlying neonatal MI is key to advancements in diagnosis, prevention, treatments and prognosis. Objective This study presents a 36-week gestational age female with perinatal asphyxia, congenital hemolytic anemia and umbilical vein thrombosis who sustained catastrophic MI with reperfusion injury; and it reviews pertinent literature. Results We propose a pathogenic sequence that links maternal vascular malperfusion, fetal vascular malperfusion, hemolytic anemia, umbilical venous thrombosis, and paradoxical thromboemboli. Conclusion This case highlights the importance of placental examination in connecting complex neonatal events with adverse maternal/placental conditions. A high index of suspicion is essential for early diagnosis of neonatal MI.
A Psychodynamic View of Some Issues in Police Work

There are certain controversial issues in police work that have generated some research and much discussion. This chapter seeks to examine these issues from a psychodynamic slant in the hope of providing another perspective to complement the existing sociological descriptions. What follows is an attempt to look at police stress, the stereotype of the dumb cop, the police personality, corruption, and brutality with an eye on unconscious motivation, conflict, and defense. The goal is to gain a better understanding of the impact of unconscious thoughts and feelings on the police officer’s behavior in these various situations.
Prioritizing soft real-time network traffic in virtualized hosts based on Xen

As virtualization technology becomes ever more capable, large-scale distributed applications are increasingly deployed in virtualized environments such as data centers and computational clouds. Many large-scale applications have soft real-time requirements and benefit from low and predictable latency, even in the presence of diverse traffic patterns between virtualized hosts. In this paper, we examine the policies and mechanisms affecting communication latency between virtual machines based on the Xen platform, and identify limitations that could result in long or unpredictable network traffic latencies. To address these limitations, we propose VATC, a Virtualization-Aware Traffic Control framework for prioritizing network traffic in virtualized hosts. Results of our experiments show how and why VATC can improve predictability and reduce delay for latency sensitive applications, while introducing limited overhead.
Centriole duplication in sand dollar eggs: I. The effects of selected reagents

Summary Developing sand dollar eggs were treated with actinomycin D, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), chloramphenicol or mercaptoethanol for carefully controlled periods of time, prior to second cleavage and assayed for mature centrioles by the indirect method involving benzimidazole. No electron microscope observations were used. All four of these reagents interfered with centriole duplication. However, the time pattern of interference by chloramphenicol or mercaptoethanol was distinctly and consistently different from that observed with actinomycin and bromodeoxyuridine. Thymidine in excess neutralized the presence of bromodeoxyuridine. The data support the “generative” mechanism for centriole duplication suggested by Mazia. An elaboration of this model is presented. It is also hypothesized that the primary genome for centrioles is in the form of RNA which is replicated via a DNA intermediate during the generative phase of the centriole duplication cycle.
The Protein Folding Problem

The two types of protein folding problems (theoretical predictions of protein structure and folding pathways) are discussed. Most of the effort in our laboratory has been devoted to computing three-dimensional structures of proteins from amino acid sequence, using either an all-atom or a united-residue force field. More recently, folding pathways have been computed with a stochastic difference equation method, and folding trajectories have been simulated by molecular dynamics with the united-residue force field.
Laboratory maintenance and characterization of Yersinia pestis.

This unit describes protocols for Yersinia pestis maintenance and growth in research and clinical laboratories, including some protocols for strain characterization. Strain-dependent requirements for different Biosafety Level containments are also discussed. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 11:5B.1.1-5B.1.13. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: plague; medium; strain storage; Yersinia selective medium; low-calcium response; type III secretion; pigmentation
EFFECT OF DIETARY ANTIBIOTICS UPON COLIFORM BACTERIA AND LACTOBACILLI IN THE INTESTINAL TRACT OF URIC ACID-FED CHICKS

Bare, L. N. (University of Kentucky, Lexington), R. F. Wiseman, and O. J. Abbott. Effect of dietary antibiotics upon coliform bacteria and lactobacilli in the intestinal tract of uric acid-fed chicks. J. Bacteriol. 87:329-331. 1964.-Male chicks (1-day-old; Vantress X Arbor Acre) were fed a basal glucose-soybean oil meal diet, a 2% uric acid-containing diet with and without 5 mg/lb of zinc bacitracin and 20 mg/lb of procaine penicillin G, and one supplemented with the antibiotics only. After 4 weeks, the chicks receiving the uric acid without antibiotics showed a weight depression. The presence of antibiotics in the ration with the uric acid reversed this growth depression. Bacteriological and chemical analyses of the contents of the small intestine revealed an increase in numbers of uricolytic Aerobacter spp. and an increased degradation of uric acid in the tract of the "uric-antibiotic"-fed chicks. The counts of lactobacilli were always lowest in this group of chicks
Quantum-mechanical supersymmetry in traps

We discuss the application of quantum-mechanical supersymmetry to particle traps. The supersymmetric-partner wave functions may be used to describe a valence fermion in a trap system with an isotropic harmonic-oscillator potential. Interactions with the core are incorporated analytically. The close similarity of this approach to the application of supersymmetry in atomic systems is made explicit by means of a radial mapping between the two systems.
Decomposition of blue-green algal (cyanobacterial) blooms in lake mendota, wisconsin.

Decomposition of natural populations of Lake Mendota phytoplankton dominated by blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) was monitored by using oxygen uptake and disappearance of chlorophyll, algal volume (fluorescence microscopy), particulate protein, particulate organic carbon, and photosynthetic ability (14CO2 up-take). In some experiments, decomposition of 14C-labeled axenic cultures of Anabaena sp. was also measured. In addition to decomposition, mineralization of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus were followed in some experiments. Decomposition could be described as a first-order process, and the rate of decomposition was similar to that found by others using pure cultures of eucaryotic algae. Nitrogen and phosphorus never limited the decomposition process, even when the lake water was severely limited in soluble forms of these nutrients. This suggests that the bacteria responsible for decomposition can obtain all of their key nutrients for growth from the blue-green algal cells. Filtration of lake water through plankton netting that removed up to 90% of the algal biomass usually did not cause a similar decrease in oxygen demand, suggesting that most of the particulate organic matter used for respiration of the decomposing bacteria was in a small-particle fraction. Short-term oxygen demand correlated well with the particulate chlorophyll concentration of the sample, and a relationship was derived that could be used to predict community respiration of the lake from chlorophyll concentration. Kinetic analysis showed that not all analyzed components disappeared at the same rate during the decomposition process. The relative rates of decrease of the measured parameters were as follows: photosynthetic ability > algal volume > particulate chlorophyll > particulate protein. Decomposition of 14C-labeled Anabaena occurred at similar rates with aerobic epilimnetic water and with anaerobic sediment, but was considerably slower with anaerobic hypolimnetic water. Of the various genera present in the lake, Aphanizomenon and Anabaena were more sensitive to decomposition than was Microcystis. In addition to providing a general picture of the decomposition process, the present work relates to other work on sedimentation to provide a detailed picture of the fate of blue-green algal biomass in a eutrophic lake ecosystem.
Detecting Remote Exploits Using Data Mining

This paper describes the design and implementation of DExtor, a datamining-based exploit code detector that protects network services. DExtor operates under the assumption that normal traffic to network services contains only data whereas exploits contain code. The system is first trained with real data containing exploit code and normal traffic. Once it is trained, DExtor is deployed between a web service and its gateway or firewall, where it operates at the application layer to detect and block exploit code in real time. Tests using large volumes of normal and attack traffic demonstrate that DExtor can detect almost all the exploit code with negligible false alarm rates.
Nietzsche’s Perspectivalism: A Hermeneutic Philosophy of Science

This paper discusses Nietzsche’s epistemological perspectivalism as a hermeneutical philosophy. As Babich has shown,1 it is neither a form of relativism, nor a form of classical skepticism, both of which suppose an agnostic realism. Nor is it a form of social constructivism derivative from any of these. Among possible forms of perspectivalism, one follows naturally from the principle that theoretical scientific inquiry — Nietzsche’s Apollinian approach — necessarily presupposes something in the lifeworld for which scientific theory sets the conditions or gives the explanation. Since the lifeworld is the world of human culture and, therefore, of human will and purposes, scientific theory necessarily serves what Nietzsche calls the “Will to Power.” Absent this consideration, scientific theory is detached from the lifeworld, and as Nietzsche proclaims, is devoid of (objective) “truth.” In this perspective, scientific theory is pure means, and, since it lacks any dynamic moral or cultural end, it fails to serve human life in its creative moral and cultural dimensions, and on this account falls into sterility, meaninglessness or, what Nietzsche calls, “nihilism.” Only if scientific theory and cultural praxis are deliberately joined in historical, moral, and cultural dialogue, will scientific theory avoid this human fate. This implies a role for metaphor in discovery, and for the Dionysian approach in discriminating among perspectives in multiperspectival inquiry.
A hybrid approach to imaging and anomaly characterization from dual energy CT data

In this paper we present a novel polychromatic dual energy algorithm with an emphasis on detection of anomalies whose physical properties are assumed to be known with some level of uncertainty. We assume that material characteristics are defined by energy independent Compton scatter and photoelectric absorption coefficients. Uncertainty in material properties are characterized by an elliptical constraint regions in the Compton scatterphotoelectric coefficient space. We employ an image based iterative reconstruction algorithm to produce images of Compton scatter and photoelectric absorption coefficients of the medium. The solution is obtained via a nonlinear optimization process where the prior knowledge about the characteristics of object of interest is imposed as hard constraints. We also introduce a novel gradient-based similarity regularizer to cope with physics based limitations on accurately reconstructing the photoelectric absorption coefficient component. Our approach is based on a parametric level-set representation of the characteristic function of the object. For the reconstruction of the background we use basis expansion approach using compactly supported exponential radial basis functions. Numerical results show that the algorithm gives results superior to conventional filtered back projection (FBP) dual energy method in the presence of noise.
The personal as primary focus

Ellis, Carolyn and Arthur P. Bochner, eds. Composing Ethnography: Alternative Forms of Qualitative Writing. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press, 1996. 400 pp. including indices. $44.00 cloth, $21.95 paper. Chambers, Robert. Whose Reality Counts? Putting the First Last. London: Intermediate Technology Publications, 1997. xx + 297 pp. including notes, references, and index. $6.50 paper.
THE EXTRACELLULAR SPACE OF RAT BRAIN FOLLOWING PERFUSION FIXATION WITH GLUTARALDEHYDE AND HYDROXYADIPALDEHYDE.

Following perfusion fixation of rat brain with hydroxyadipaldehyde a greater extracellular space can be observed in electron micrographs than in similar studies of tissue fixed with glutaraldehyde. This increased space cannot be reduced to normal size by a variation of the osmolality of the perfusion medium, by an alteration in the height of the perfusion column, or by the use of a physiological buffer in the perfusion medium. Therefore the size of the extracellular compartment is believed to be due to a chemical effect of the fixative compound upon cell membranes and/or intracellular protein. The possible relationship of this larger space to the extracellular space of living animals is discussed.
A messaging-based architecture for enterprise application integration

This paper discusses a messaging-based architecture for enterprise application integration (EAI). The first generation of enterprise application integration focused on the problem of making data held by various enterprise applications available from a common location and in a common format. The current generation of EAI goes beyond this by also propagating and controlling the flow of business events from application to application as they occur. A flexible, robust and scalable messaging infrastructure is essential to this form of active integration.
Molecular Mechanisms of Prolactin and Its Receptor

Prolactin and the prolactin receptors are members of a family of hormone/receptor pairs which include GH, erythropoietin, and other ligand/receptor pairs. The mechanisms of these ligand/receptor pairs have broad similarities, including general structures, ligand/receptor stoichiometries, and activation of several common signaling pathways. But significant variations in the structural and mechanistic details are present among these hormones and their type 1 receptors. The prolactin receptor is particularly interesting because it can be activated by three sequence-diverse human hormones: prolactin, GH, and placental lactogen. This system offers a unique opportunity to compare the detailed molecular mechanisms of these related hormone/receptor pairs. This review critically evaluates selected literature that informs these mechanisms, compares the mechanisms of the three lactogenic hormones, compares the mechanism with those of other class 1 ligand/receptor pairs, and identifies information that will be required to resolve mechanistic ambiguities. The literature describes distinct mechanistic differences between the three lactogenic hormones and their interaction with the prolactin receptor and describes more significant differences between the mechanisms by which other related ligands interact with and activate their receptors.
Unpacking the "Black Box" of Race-Ethnic Variation in Fertility.

Race–ethnic differences in a range of childbearing behaviors are long standing and well documented, and these differences are attenuated, but not eliminated, when accounting for socioeconomic disparities. The residual differences are often attributed to vague and untested variation across race–ethnic groups in knowledge, attitudes, psychological attributes, normative beliefs, and social context. We use the longitudinal Toledo Adolescent Relationship Study (TARS), which contains a rich set of such factors measured in early adolescence, to assess whether they contribute to race–ethnic differences in having a birth among men and women ages 17–24 (n = 1,042). Specifically, we test whether individual attitudes, religiosity, and academic behaviors; knowledge and behaviors regarding sex and dating; peer normative context; and parental communication about sex account for variation in the risk of an early birth. We find that socioeconomic factors attenuate but do not reduce differences between black, Hispanic, and white respondents. Including adolescent academic performance and early entry into sex reduces the black–white difference in the odds of early fertility to non-significance; however, beyond socioeconomic status, none of the broad range of factors further attenuate Hispanic–white differences, which remain large and statistically significant.
Micro-2010: lead performance microprocessor of the year 2010-myth or reality?

Can you imagine working on a PC powered by a processor with 100 BIPS (Billion Instructions Per Sec) of performance? Is a processor with 1 Billion transistors a reality? This talk describes what the Micro-2010 will be like and identifies the challenges involved in its design. We expect all aspects of life to be impacted by Micro-2010. Applications like tele-presence, augmented reality, and reality animation indicate that such microprocessor performance will be a critical enabling technology. This talk makes an attempt to describe the characteristic features of the microprocessors of 2010, and identifies the challenges involved in their design and test. Micro-2010 will run at a frequency in excess of 4 gigaHertz. Getting to that level of performance while meeting the power budget (<100 Watts) and area budget (<$500 cost) will require breakthroughs in circuit design methodologies, CAD tools and technologies, and process technology. If current design methodology trends continue, designing Micro-2010 will require every single VLSI design engineer graduating after 2005 to be hired into the team designing it! This implies that major breakthroughs in design methodology, enabled by a new generation of CAD tools, is essential for these designs to become a reality. The semiconductor process in 2010 will have a minimum feature size less than 0.1 micron and the transistors a gate oxide of the thickness of less than the height of 10 layers of silicon dioxide molecules. These dimensions are smaller than the wavelength of visible light and will require major breakthroughs in process technology. Given the expected volume of shipment of Micro-2010, an errata like the FDIV cannot be tolerated without severe financial ramifications. Avoiding errata in a 1 Billion Transistor design is practically impossible. The talk will identify specific research directions in the areas of design and CAD tools to meet the challenges of design of the Micro-2010 and propose potential solutions.
An elliptic semiplane

Abstract An elliptic semiplane (symmetric group divisible design with λ 1 = 1 and λ 2 = 0) is constructed. This elliptic semiplane cannot be realized as a projective plane minus a Baer subset, and is the first elliptic semiplane constructed which has this property.
Dynamic viscoelastic properties of thermally induced whey protein isolate gels with added lecithin

Abstract The effect of crude egg yolk lecithin on the formation of heat-induced whey protein isolate (WPI) gels was investigated using dynamic small-strain rheometry. Three different types of gel networks, fine-stranded, mixed, and particulate network, were formed by varying NaCl concentration. In all conditions, storage modulus ( G ′) increased during holding at 80°C, development of which was well-described by first-order reaction kinetics. There was an additional increase in G ′ during cooling to 25°C. The final values of G ′ and the fracture modulus showed similar trends in the effect of lecithin addition: a substantial reinforcing effect on fine-stranded and mixed gels and slightly negative effect on particulate gels. For fine-stranded and mixed networks, lecithin addition decreased the gelation time and increased the gelation rate constant at 80°C. In contrast, lecithin addition to particulate gels did not affect these rate parameters. The positive effect of lecithin on rheological properties of WPI gels with fine-stranded or mixed networks was not only due to the acceleration of gelation rates during the heating process but also due to the enhancement of the elastic nature of the networks during cooling.
Usage of vertebrate, invertebrate and plant cell, tissue and organ culture terminology

The multidisciplinary use of cell, tissue and organ culture techniques, and the attendant use of terms in an ever widening sense, has made it necessary to bring together those terms most often used by scientists employing these techniques. Thus, the Tissue Culture Association Terminology Committee publishes the following integrated listing in an attempt to avoid the confusion which arises when scientists of different disciplines give more than one definition to a particular term or use more than one term to describe the same phenomenon.
Modeling and Control of Underwater Pan/Tilt Camera Tracking System

Biologists study on the biological behavior of various marine creatures in situ using underwater observation systems. However, darkness in an underwater environment is always one of the most difficult problems to overcome in order to clearly monitor the life of underwater creatures. In this research, a light-following scheme is proposed with the lighting device installed on a separate Pan/Tilt platform as a slave while the main Pan/Tilt camera platform works as a master. A dynamic model of Pan/Tilt platform was developed using the Lagrange’s equation. In order to achieve high speed manipulation of the Pan/Tilt platforms in underwater environment, hydrodynamic forces have to be considered. Scientists had done a great deal of researches on the hydrodynamic forces of underwater motion bodies. Most of the researches employed the semi-empirical equation based on the experimental study. The coefficients (Cd Cm ) of drag and added-mass which were solved by experimental study were the research point of hydrodynamic modeling in previous researches. However, these modeling methods can be employed for the underwater bodies with the simple geometry dimension. Two hydrodynamic torque models which represent the degree of freedoms (DOFs) of panning and tilting respectively had been developed employing CFD software. The selection of turbulence models, i.e., K-E, K-W, SST, RSM and LES, was firstly accomplished using the case of turbulence flow over flat plane. The hydrodynamic torque models are obtained with the simulations results for a certain range of position and velocity values for each of DOFs. The maximum velocity for simulation was set at 60 rpm for each axis. The geometry model which represents the space relationship between the master (camera) and slave (light) and the control algorithms would be elaborated in a separate paper.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A no-moving-parts UV/visible hyperspectral imager

The US Army Research Laboratory has developed a no-moving-parts, random wavelength access hyperspectral images using an electronically tunable acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) as a programmable dispersive element in combination with a camera and appropriate optics covering the wavelength region from the wavelength region from the ultraviolet (UV) to the visible (VIS). The imager operates from 220 to 480 nm with a spectral resolution of 160 cm -1 / Sicj an UV imager can be used for a variety of chem/bio detection applications including monitoring of ozone in the atmosphere as well as in fluorescence microscopy to differentiate between normal and cancerous tissues for medical diagnosis. A novel large aperture AOTF was fabricated for this imager using a large single crystal of potassium dihydrophosphate (KH 2 PO 4 ) commonly known as KPD. In the hyperspectral imager this AOTF is used with an uncooled enhanced charge couple device camera (CCD). In this paper, we will describe the AOTF cell, the imager, and present results from our imaging experiments.
Tomboy Chic: Re-Fashioning Gender Rebellion

This article explores the recent celebration of tomboy chic as the latest attempt to discursively intervene on female masculinity. First, the article contextualizes tomboy identity within theories of female masculinity and butch identity. Next, it maps out the proliferation of tomboy recuperation narratives throughout popular culture, from fashion magazines and daytime television to online advice sites. Framing tomboy identity as delayed maturation in need of an intervention, this re-fashioning of tomboy identity as style-over-substance jeopardizes an important outlet for gender rebellion.
Searching Behavior ofColeomegilla maculataLarvae Feeding on Colorado Potato Beetle Eggs

Abstract Coleomegilla maculataDeGeer (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae) fourth instars were placed singly into a searching arena containing either 1 or 4 potato (Solanum tuberosumL.) plants, with a total leaf area (both sides) of approximately 0.20 m2per plant. Prey were approximately 24-h-old eggs ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata(Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Three egg densities were used: 2 egg masses per 4 plants (i.e., 2.5 egg masses/m2of leaf area), 2 egg masses per 1 plant (i.e., 10 egg masses/m2), and 7 egg masses per 1 plant (i.e., 35 egg masses/m2). Predators were observed for 4 h. Time spent in selected behaviors (searching, feeding, resting) and location in the plant canopy during each behavior were recorded. Predators exhibited both extrinsic and area-restricted search behaviors. Predators searched a greater amount of leaf area and for longer time periods at 2.5 egg masses/m2compared to 10 or 35 egg masses/m2. Successful predators consumed approximately 8 eggs during the 4-h period and the handling time was approximately 8 min per egg.C. maculatafourth instars consumed entire eggs when they initiated feeding; subsequent eggs were partially consumed. At 10 and 35 egg masses/m2, predators successfully finding eggs spent more time resting than did predators at 2.5 egg masses/m2.
Gender differences in post-operative pain and patient controlled analgesia use among adolescent surgical patients

The aim of this study was to explore gender differences in anticipatory emotional distress, coping strategies, post-operative pain perception, and patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) use among adolescent surgical patients. One hundred and two 12-18-year-old adolescents undergoing surgeries with overnight hospital stay were recruited. Participants completed pre-operative measures of anxiety and anticipated pain. Post-operatively, they reported on coping skills, post-operative anxiety, and pain. Data on PCA use were recorded from medical records. Girls reported higher levels of pre-operative state anxiety and anticipated more pain. After surgery, girls and boys differed on their lowest daily pain ratings and average daily pain ratings, with girls reporting more pain in both cases. Reports of highest daily pain were similar across genders. Gender was found to moderate the relationship between anticipatory distress and post-operative pain, such that higher anticipatory distress before surgery predicted more post-operative pain for girls, but not for boys. Patterns of PCA use did not vary by gender on post-operative days 0 or 1. Findings suggest that adolescent boys' and girls' pain experiences are different in several important respects, although somewhat less divergent than has been reported in samples of adult males and females. Results have implications for the development of targeted intervention strategies to help adolescents cope effectively with acute post-operative pain.
Thermal Conductivity of n -Type Germanium from 0.3 to 4.2 K

The thermal conductivity of lightly Sb-, P-, and As-doped germanium was measured between 0.3 and 4.2 K. The strong scattering of phonons by neutral donors observed earlier above 1 K diminishes below 1 K, as predicted by the theories of Keyes and of Griffin and Carruthers. Inclusion of resonance fluorescence of phonons, as proposed by Griffin and Carruthers, improves agreement with the measured thermal conductivity (except at the lowest temperatures, where neither their theory nor that of Keyes fits the data very well) and leads to the value 16 eV for the deformation potential and to simple-hydrogenic-model values for the effective radii of the donor ground states. The divergence of the data from the calculated values at the lowest temperatures is evidence for an additional scattering mechanism effective below 1 K, possibly associated with phonon-assisted hopping between donor atoms.
SELF-DIFFUSION OF LEAD, THALLIUM AND BISMUTH IN THE SOLID LEAD-THALLIUM SYSTEM,

Abstract Results are reported for the self-diffusion of both lead and thallium over the whole range of solid solution for these elements (0–87 atomic per cent T1) for the temperature interval, 206−323°C. Data for the trace impurity diffusion of bismuth over the same concentration range are also given for a more limited temperature range. All three elements show the same qualitative dependence of their diffusion coefficient upon alloy composition: namely, a slight maximum at about 35 atomic per cent thallium and a deep minimum at about 75 atomic per cent thallium at all temperatures. The results are compared with the predictions of the corresponding states principle and with theories based upon the Johnson vacancy-solute complex mechanism. A correction applied to the corresponding tates principle, based upon lattice parameter deviations fromVegard's Law, leads to agreement with observation. Some evidence for the existence of a superlattice at alloy compositions in the neighborhood of PbTl 7 is inferred from trends in the ratios D T l / D P b and D B i / D P b with thallium concentration.