cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Annealing Dependence of Exchange Bias in MnO/Ga1−xMnxAs Heterostructures

We discuss the annealing-dependence of exchange bias in Ga1− x Mn x As epilayers that are overgrown with Mn. Although pure Mn is a known antiferromagnet, we find that the as-grown Mn overlayer does not produce any exchange coupling with Ga1− x Mn x As. Rather, our studies indicate that annealing in air is essential for creating the standard signatures of exchange bias (a clear shift in the magnetization hysteresis loop and an increased coercive field). We use X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to characterize the compositional depth profile of both as-grown and rapid thermal annealed samples. These studies demonstrate that the cleanest exchange bias arises when the Mn overlayer is completely converted into MnO.
Improved measurement accuracy in a long trace profiler: Compensation for laser pointing instability

Abstract Laser pointing instability adds to the error of slope measurements taken with the long trace profiler. (P.Z. Takacs and S. Qian, United States Patent 4884697, 1989). As with carriage pitch error, this laser pointing error must be accounted for and subtracted from the surface under test slope measurement. In the past, a separate reference beam was used to characterize the component of slope error from carriage pitch. However, the component of slope error from laser pointing manifests itself differently in the surface under test measured slope error and in the reference beam slope error. An analysis of angle error propagation is given, and the effect of these errors on measured slope is determined. A method is proposed for identifying these errors and subtracting them from the measured surface under test slope function. Separate measurements of carriage pitch and laser pointing instability isolate these effects, so that the effectiveness of the error identification algorithm may be demonstrated.
Search for Free-Free Absorption Cutoffs from Tori in Three Type 2 Active Galactic Nuclei

We have observed three type 2 radio-loud active galactic nuclei using the Very Large Baseline Array at five frequencies between 1.6 and 15 GHz in a search for the free-free absorption cutoff predicted by some models for optically obscuring dusty molecular tori. We find no evidence for sharp cutoffs toward low frequencies in any of the sources. However, one source, OW 637, has VLBI components that fall steeply toward high frequencies (Sν ∝ ν-2).
P-chirogenic binaphthyl-substituted monophosphines: synthesis and use in enolate vinylation/arylation reactions.

New phosphine ligands possessing both axial chirality and a chirogenic phosphorus center were prepared from (R)-2-bromo-2‘-N,N-(dimethylamino)-1,1‘-binaphthyl (1) via a simple Li−halogen exchange protocol. The asymmetric vinylation of a ketone enolate with (R,RP)-2-(tert-butylphenylphosphino)-2‘-N,N-(dimethylamino)-1,1‘-binaphthyl (2a) afforded the coupling product with good enantiomeric excess.
Optimal Locally Repairable and Secure Codes for Distributed Storage Systems

This paper aims to go beyond resilience into the study of security and local-repairability for distributed storage systems (DSSs). Security and local-repairability are both important as features of an efficient storage system, and this paper aims to understand the trade-offs between resilience, security, and local-repairability in these systems. In particular, this paper first investigates security in the presence of colluding eavesdroppers, where eavesdroppers are assumed to work together in decoding the stored information. Second, this paper focuses on coding schemes that enable optimal local repairs. It further brings these two concepts together to develop locally repairable coding schemes for DSS that are secure against eavesdroppers. The main results of this paper include: 1) an improved bound on the secrecy capacity for minimum storage regenerating codes; 2) secure coding schemes that achieve the bound for some special cases; 3) a new bound on minimum distance for locally repairable codes; 4) code construction for locally repairable codes that attain the minimum distance bound; and 5) repair-bandwidth-efficient locally repairable codes with and without security constraints.
Agent Employment Horizons and Contracting Demand for Forward‐Looking Performance Measures

In this paper, the principal rewards an agent’s farsighted effort both in the short and long term, with the short-term reward based on a noisy, forward-looking performance measure and the long-term reward based on a potentially less noisy, trailing performance measure. The main result is that optimal contracting weights depend on the agent’s employment time horizon: the shorter the agent’s employment horizon the greater the emphasis on the forward-looking performance measure and vice versa. This implies that contracting on forward-looking performance measures can be valuable in mitigating any adverse long-term effects of employees myopically focusing on short-term trailing performance measures.
Generalized method of moments and inverse control

Abstract This paper presents a generalized method of moments algorithm for estimating the structural parameters of a macroeconomic model subject to the restriction that the coefficients of the monetary policy rule minimize the central bank's expected loss function. The algorithm combines least-squares normal equations with moment restrictions derived from the first-order necessary conditions of the auxiliary optimization. We assess the performance of the algorithm with Monte Carlo simulations using three increasingly complex models. We find that imposing the optimizing restrictions when they are true improves estimation accuracy and that imposing those restrictions when they are false biases estimates of some of the structural parameters but not of the policy-rule coefficients.
Analyzing Answers in Threaded Discussions Using a Role-Based Information Network

Online discussion boards are an important medium for collaboration. The goal of our work is to understand how messages and individual discussants contribute to Q&A discussions. We present a novel network model for capturing in-formation roles of messages and discussants, and show how we identify useful answers to the initial question. We first classify information seeking or information providing roles of messages, such as question, answer or acknowledgement. We also identify user intent in the discussion as an information seeker or a provider. We capture such role information within a reply-to discussion network, and identify messages that answer seeker questions and how answeres are acknowledged. Message influences are analyzed using B-centrality measures. User influences across different threads are combined with message influences. We use the combined score in identifying the most useful answer in the thread. The resulting ranks correlate with human provided ranks with an MRR score of 0.67.
Novel 5-(3-Aryl-2-propynyl)-5-(arylsulfonyl)thiazolidine-2,4-diones as Antihyperglycemic Agents

Novel 5-(3-aryl-2-propynyl)-5-(arylsulfonyl)thiazolidine-2,4-diones and 5-(3-aryl-2-propynyl)-5-(arylsulfanyl)thiazolidine-2,4-diones were prepared and evaluated as oral antihyperglycemic agents in the obese, insulin resistant db/db mouse model at 100 mg/kg and, if the analogue had sufficient potency, 20 mg/kg. The sulfonylthiazolidinediones, 2, were more potent than the corresponding sulfanylthiazolidinedione congeners, 1. With regard to substituent effects on the 3-propynyl phenyl ring (Ar‘) of 2, 4-halogen substitution generally resulted in the more potent analogues. Substituent effects on the phenylsulfonyl moiety (Ar) of 2 were less clear, although para-halogen substitution on Ar generally was preferable. 2-Pyridinesulfonyl derivatives (Ar = 2-pyridine in 2) also had good potency. Several compounds from series 2 were effective at lowering glucose and insulin in the obese, insulin resistant ob/ob mouse at the 50 mg/kg oral dose. Compound 20 significantly improved the glucose tolerance of obese, insuli...
Local Rings of Bounded Cohen–Macaulay Type

Let $(R,\mathfrak{m},k)$ be a complete local Cohen–Macaulay (CM) ring of dimension one. It is known that R has finite CM type if and only if R is reduced and has bounded CM type. Here we study the one-dimensional rings of bounded but infinite CM type. We will classify these rings up to analytic isomorphism (under the additional hypothesis that the ring contains an infinite field). In the first section we deal with the complete case, and in the second we show that bounded CM type ascends to and descends from the completion. In the third section we study ascent and descent in higher dimensions and prove a Brauer–Thrall theorem for excellent rings.
Lower Bounds for Cubical Pseudomanifolds

It is verified that the number of vertices in a d-dimensional cubical pseudomanifold is at least 2d+1. Using Adin’s cubical h-vector, the generalized lower bound conjecture is established for all cubical 4-spheres, as well as for some special classes of cubical spheres in higher dimensions.
Hopf actions and Nakayama automorphisms

Abstract Let H be a Hopf algebra with antipode S, and let A be an N-Koszul Artin–Schelter regular algebra. We study connections between the Nakayama automorphism of A and S 2 of H when H coacts on A inner-faithfully. Several applications pertaining to Hopf actions on Artin–Schelter regular algebras are given.
Rotating-polarizer polarimeter for accurate retardance measurement.

We demonstrate an automated polarimeter based on a rotating polarizer for the measurement of linear retardance independent of laser power and detector gain. The retardance is found when a curve is fitted to a unique normalization of the intensity response of the polarimeter over a range of input polarizer orientations. The performance of this polarimeter is optimal for measurements of quarter-wave retardance and minimal for half-wave retardance. Uncertainties are demonstrated by measurements on six stable double Fresnel rhombs of nominal quarter-wave retardance, yielding expanded uncertainties between0.031° and 0.067°. The accuracy has also been verified by blind comparisons with interferometric and modified null retardance measurement techniques.
Experiences with permanent magnets at the Fermilab recycler ring

In order to achieve higher luminosities in Run II a separate antiproton storage ring was built in the Main Injector tunnel. To reduce both construction and operations costs permanent magnets were used. This paper discusses the design criterion and specifications, including temperature dependence, longitudinal uniformity, and adjusting of the higher harmonics of the magnets. The design tolerances for a storage ring are more stringent than for a single pass beam line. The difference between the measured and ideal central field for each magnet was held to better than 0.1%. The temperature stability for all magnets was set to better than 0.01% per degree Celsius. Higher order harmonics relative to the central field were set to less than 0.01%. This was done for all 484 permanent magnet that were built.
Estimates for the characteristic problem of the first-order reduction of the wave equation

We calculate certain estimates for the solution of the characteristic problem of the wave equation reduced to first order, in terms of the free data prescribed on two transverse surfaces, one of which is characteristic. Estimates of such kind ensure the stability of the solutions under small variations of the data. Similar estimates exist for the derivatives of the solution as well.
How Representative Are Firms That Are Cross‐Listed in the United States? An Analysis of Accounting Quality

We provide evidence on the characteristics of local generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) earnings for firms cross-listing on U.S. exchanges relative to a matched sample of foreign firms currently not cross-listing in the United States to investigate whether U.S. listing is associated with differences in accounting data reported in local markets. We find that cross-listed firms differ in terms of the time-series properties of earnings and accruals, and the degree of association between accounting data and share prices. Cross-listed firms appear to be less aggressive in terms of earnings management and report accounting data that are more conservative, take account of bad news in a more timely manner, and are more strongly associated with share price. Furthermore, the differences appear to result partially from changes around cross-listing and partially from differences in accounting quality before listing. We do not observe a similar pattern for firms cross-listed on other non-U.S. exchanges or on the U.S. over-the-counter market, suggesting a unique quality to cross-listing on U.S. exchanges.
Gold(I)-Catalyzed Ring Expansion of Cyclopropanols and Cyclobutanols

The rearrangement of 1-alkynyl cyclobutanols and cyclopropanols to alkylidene cycloalkanones catalyzed by cationic triarylphosphine gold(I) complexes is described. The reaction tolerates terminal alkynes as well as alkyl, aryl, and halo-substitution at the acetylenic position and stereoselectively provides a single olefin isomer. The gold(I)-catalyzed rearrangement is stereospecific with regard to substituents on the ring, thus providing a practical method for the stereoselective synthesis of highly substituted cyclopentanones from cyclopropanols. The reaction stereoselectively provides a single olefin isomer and is stereospecific with regard to substituents on the ring via sequential gold(I)-catalyzed ring expansion reactions.
Periodic Orbits in the Planar General Three-Body Problem

The article contains a numerical study of periodic solutions of the Planar General Three-Body Problem. Several new periodic solutions have been discovered and are described. In particular, there is a continuous family with variable masses, extending all the way from the elliptic restricted problem to the general problem with three equal masses. All our examples have special symmetry properties which are described in detail. Finally we also suggest some important applications to the natural satellites of the solar system.
SELECTIVE PROTECTION OF THE SIDE CHAIN HYDROXY GROUP IN BILE ALCOHOL DERIVATIVES

(1986). SELECTIVE PROTECTION OF THE SIDE CHAIN HYDROXY GROUP IN BILE ALCOHOL DERIVATIVES. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 345-352.
Projection Bias in Predicting Future Utility

People exaggerate the degree to which their future tastes will resemble their current tastes. We present evidence from a variety of domains which demonstrates the prevalence of such projection bias, develop a formal model of it, and use this model to demonstrate its importance in economic environments. We show that, when people exhibit habit formation, projection bias leads people to consume too much early in life, and to decide, as time passes, to consume more— and save less— than originally planned. Projection bias can also lead to misguided purchases of durable goods. We discuss a number of additional applications and implications.
Least-squares-based data fusion strategies and robotic applications

Many approaches to data fusion involve the use of least squares methods. Such methods are typically used for parameter estimation in applications such as pose estimation, motion analysis, shape estimation, and camera calibration. In this paper we describe the general least squares problem and some common solution methods, and overview its use in several robotic applications.
The Effect of Propane on Atomic Spectrometric Signals in the Direct-Current Plasma:

The addition of small amounts of propane to the direct-current plasma (DCP) affects the emission signal of analyte species in the plasma. In the normal analytical region of the plasma, a reduction in emission is seen; this reduction can be accounted for by a decrease in excitation temperature caused by the propane in this region of the plasma. Above the analytical region, an enhancement in atomic emission is seen. The excitation temperature in this region of the plasma was found to remain unchanged when propane was added. The mechanism for the enhancement is thought to be the reduction of metal oxides to the corresponding free metal by carbon. Evidence for the mechanism is provided by recognition of the fact that a large reservoir of atomic carbon exists in this region of the plasma and by examination of the behavior of slurries of the metal oxides, introduced into the plasma via a Babington nebulizer.
Catalytic Activity of Enzymes Altered at Their Active Sites

Protein engineering has as its goals the design and construction of new peptides and proteins with novel binding and catalytic properties. In one approach to protein engineering, new active sites have been introduced into naturally occurring proteins either by site-directed mutagenesis or by chemical modification. Providing that important changes in the tertiary structures do not result from such alterations, at least a portion of the binding site of the original protein should be available for the formation of complexes between the altered enzyme and its substrates. Many examples of active-site mutations have been described, including the generation by us of a cysteine mutant of alkaline phosphatase. A fundamental limitation of the site-directed mutagenesis methodology is that replacements of residues are restricted to the twenty naturally occurring amino acids. The alternative, chemical modification, is difficult to carry out for the specific replacement of one amino acid by another. However, we have shown that through such modification coenzyme analogues can be introduced covalently into appropriate positions in proteins, allowing us to produce semisynthetic enzymes with catalytic activities radically altered from those of their precursor proteins. In another approach to protein engineering efforts have focused on the construction of systems where, as a first approximation, folding can be neglected and the preparation of secondary structural units is the target. Examples of the successful design of biologically active peptides and proteins along such lines, taken from our own work, include molecules mimicking apolipoproteins, toxins, and many hormones. In recent studies we have progressed to the stage where we are starting to combine the two general approaches to protein engineering we have described and are able to construct small enzymes like ribonuclease T1 and its structural analogues.
Ion damage calculations in crystalline silicon

Abstract Damage profiles in crystalline silicon produced by light (B) and heavy (Bi) ions with energies from 10 to 100 keV were studied using the computer program MARLOWE (version 12). The program follows not only the incident ion collision by collision, but also any Si target atom that is set into motion through an energetic collision. Thus, the transport effect of the complete cascade of recoiled target atoms is included in the damage profile. The influence of channeling was studied for Si(100) using beam tilt angles from the surface normal of 0°, 3° and 7° about the [001] or [011] axes. The effects of channeling on the damage profile are twofold: first, there is a large reduction of the central damage peak; second, there is a component of the damage profile that extends considerably deeper into the target than that found in conventional studies using a random target assemblage. The influence of amorphous overlayers of SiO2 on the damage and implantation profiles in the Si(100) substrate has also been investigated.
Threshold and complexity results for the cover pebbling game

Given a configuration of pebbles on the vertices of a graph, a pebbling move is defined by removing two pebbles from some vertex and placing one pebble on an adjacent vertex. The cover pebbling number of a graph, @c(G), is the smallest number of pebbles such that through a sequence of pebbling moves, a pebble can eventually be placed on every vertex simultaneously, no matter how the pebbles are initially distributed. We determine Bose-Einstein and Maxwell-Boltzmann cover pebbling thresholds for the complete graph. Also, we show that the cover pebbling decision problem is NP-complete.
Closed string tachyon condensation on twisted circles

We study IIA/B string theory compactified on twisted circles. These models possess closed string tachyons and reduce to type-0B/A theory in a special limit. Using methods of gauged linear sigma models and mirror symmetry we construct a conformal field theory which interpolates between these models and flat space via an auxiliary Liouville direction. Interpreting motion in the Liouville direction as renormalization group flow, we argue that the end point of tachyon condensation in all these models (including 0B/A theory) is supersymmetric type-II theory. We also find a zero-slope limit of these models which is best described in a T-dual picture as a type-II NS-NS fluxbrane. In this limit tachyon condensation is an interesting and well posed problem in supergravity. We explicitly determine the tachyon as a fluctuation of supergravity fields, and perform a rudimentary numerical analysis of the relevant flows.
Metastable Retention of a High‐Pressure Phase of Zirconia

A high-pressure phase of zirconia, stable above 3.3 GPa at room temperature, can be retained metastably, at ambient room conditions of pressure and temperature by appropriate thermal/pressure treatments. The amount of high pressure phase retained depends on the thermal treatment, hydrostatic environment, and particle size of the starting powder. The results support the idea that the high-pressure transformation in zirconia is initiated at nucleation centers whose population can be minimized by appropriate thermal treatments. The results also point out the importance of high pressure as a source of controllable driving force to induce the transformation in zirconia, thus permitting the use of annealing treatments to change the population of defects involved in nucleating the transition.
The Self-Reported Use of Social Equity Indicators in Urban Police Departments in the United States and Canada:

a way to evaluate the delivery of services to the public (see, for example, Hatry 2006; Berman and Wang 2000; Rivenbark and Kelly 2004; Dougherty, Lindquist, and Bradbury 2006; Krane 2008). Moreover, a host of different measures have been devised to evaluate gov ernment performance and ultimately service quality (Hatry 1980). However, the literature reveals that measures or indicators of perfor mance often focus on efficiency and effective ness, key values that have dominated public administrative practices. Consequently, other important measures of performance that are valued by governments and the citizenry are ignored and go undetected. One such value is social equity. This exploratory study examines the ex tent to which police departments across the United States and Canada report that they have factored social equity into their perfor mance measurement programs. The results of a survey administered to 148 randomly selected police departments and a content analysis of their public documents provide a preliminary look at the degree to which so cial equity is reported to be an indicator of performance. Also examined are the potential factors that lead police departments to adopt social equity indicators. This article begins with a brief review of the reliance on performance measurement in the public sector generally and then looks specifically at performance measures in polic ing. The area of policing was selected given the importance of values such as social equity to this profession and the social repercussions if such values are ignored. The evaluation of the extent to which social equity indicators are present is followed by a systematic analy sis of the factors that help explain variations in the use of these indicators as performance measures.
Towards the 3D-imaging of sources

Geometric details of a nuclear reaction zone, at the time of particle emission, can be restored from low relative-velocity particle-correlations, following imaging. Some of the source details get erased and are a potential cause of problems in the imaging, in the form of instabilities. These can be coped with by following the method of discretized optimization for the restored sources. So far it has been possible to produce 1-dimensional emission source images, corresponding to the reactions averaged over all possible spatial directions. Currently, efforts are in progress to restore angular details.
Steady flows inside and around a fluid sphere at low Reynolds numbers

The effects of internal circulation in bubbles and droplets have been analysed by means of a semi-analytical series-truncation method. The equations of motion are transformed into a series of coupled, ordinary, nonlinear differential equations by use of orthogonal sets. These infinite-series equations are then truncated adequately and solved numerically. Using this series-truncation method, we have evaluated the effects of different ratios (between the continuous and dispersed phases) of both density and viscosity for the flows of low Reynolds numbers. For all the density ratios investigated, the density difference has almost no effect on the drag coefficient at low Reynolds numbers. The shear stress and the drag coefficient increase with increasing viscosity ratio of droplet to ambience and decrease with increasing Reynolds number.
Vacuum structures in Hamiltonian light-front dynamics

Hamiltonian light-front dynamics of quantum fields may provide a useful approach to systematic nonperturbative approximations to quantum field theories. We investigate inequivalent Hilbert-space representations of the light-front field algebra in which the stability group of the light front is implemented by unitary transformations. The Hilbert space representation of states is generated by the operator algebra from the vacuum state. There is a large class of vacuum states besides the Fock vacuum which meet all the invariance requirements. The light-front Hamiltonian must annihilate the vacuum and have a positive spectrum. We exhibit relations of the Hamiltonian to the nontrivial vacuum structure.
Treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with extracorporeal photochemotherapy

Abstract Background Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and its leukemic erythrodermic form (Sezary syndrome) are malignancies of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) selectively affects autoreactive as well as malignant T lymphocytes. The efficacy of ECP depends strongly upon adequate serum/buffy coat levels of the photosensitizer 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP). The resorption of orally applied 8-MOP varies inter- and intraindividually within a broad range, meaning that adequate therapeutic drug levels cannot always be achieved. Therefore, since July 1994 we have exclusively used a liquid 8-MOP preparation which is added directly into the buffy coat fraction of the ECP circuit, resulting in constant high drug levels of approximately 190 ng/ml. Twelve CTCL-patients (six with Sezary syndrome, six with mycosis fungoides) received between six and 25 ECP treatments. Some of them had undergone previous therapy without success. Results All patients with Sezary syndrome declared a distinct reduction in intensity of pruritus. Three patients who received liquid 8-MOP extracorporeally showed a partial remission on the basis of skin scores. Of the patients receiving 8-MOP orally, two remained clinically unchanged and one showed a progression of the disease. In these cases, subtherapeutic 8-MOP plasma levels were often found. Of the six mycosis fungoides patients one achieved complete and two partial remission; another two patients showed minor response. These five patients were treated with liquid 8-MOP. One patient showed no change in skin lesions; he had received 8-MOP orally and achieved subtherapeutic photosensitizer plasma levels. Conclusion Our treatment protocols confirm the beneficial effects of ECP on CTCL at any stage, but it seems that adequate ECP efficiency is ensured only when an 8-MOP solution is applied extracorporeally.
Dissociative electron attachment to HCN and HNC

Previous experimental and theoretical studies on HCN and HNC have indicated the presence of both $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and $\ensuremath{\pi}$ low-lying shape resonances. The energy and autoionization width of these resonant states depend on the stretching and bending of the molecule and lead primarily to a $({\text{CN}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+\text{H})$ product. In this work, we present a comparative study of the dissociation mechanism of these isomers. We carried out electron scattering calculations using the complex-Kohn variational method as a function of the three internal degrees of freedom to obtain the resonance energy surfaces and autoionization widths. We then use these data as input to form the Hamiltonian relevant to the nuclear dynamics. The multidimensional wave equation is solved using the multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree approach. We compute the relative dissociative electron attachment cross sections and examine the isotope effect relative to each isomer.
Investigation of Cyclic Liquefaction with Discrete Element Simulations

AbstractA discrete-element method (DEM) assembly of virtual particles is calibrated to approximate the behavior of a natural sand in undrained loading. The particles are octahedral, bumpy clusters of spheres that are compacted into assemblies of different densities. The contact model is a Jager generalization of the Hertz contact, which yields a small-strain shear modulus that is proportional to the square root of confining stress. Simulations made of triaxial extension and compression loading conditions and of simple shear produce behaviors that are similar to sand. Undrained cyclic shearing simulations are performed with nonuniform amplitudes of shearing pulses and with 24 irregular seismic shearing sequences. A methodology is proposed for quantifying the severities of such irregular shearing records, allowing the 24 sequences to be ranked in severity. The relative severities of the 24 seismic sequences show an anomalous dependence on sampling density. Four scalar measures are proposed for predicting th...
Selective fowler reductions: asymmetric total syntheses of isofagomine and other 1-azasugars from methyl nicotinate.

An efficient, high-yielding strategy has been developed for the asymmetric synthesis of 1-N-iminosugars (1-azasugars), a new class of glycosidase inhibitors with promising biomedical applications. A highly regioselective procedure for the 1,2-reduction of substituted pyridines was employed to transform methyl nicotinate into several representative 1-azasugars.
LEARNING LOCAL DIRECTED ACYCLIC GRAPHS BASED ON MULTIVARIATE TIME SERIES DATA

Multivariate time series (MTS) data such as time course gene expression data in genomics are often collected to study the dynamic nature of the systems. These data provide important information about the causal dependency among a set of random variables. In this paper, we introduce a computationally efficient algorithm to learn directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) based on MTS data, focusing on learning the local structure of a given target variable. Our algorithm is based on learning all parents (P), all children (C) and some descendants (D) (PCD) iteratively, utilizing the time order of the variables to orient the edges. This time series PCD-PCD algorithm (tsPCD-PCD) extends the previous PCD-PCD algorithm to dependent observations and utilizes composite likelihood ratio tests (CLRTs) for testing the conditional independence. We present the asymptotic distribution of the CLRT statistic and show that the tsPCD-PCD is guaranteed to recover the true DAG structure when the faithfulness condition holds and the tests correctly reject the null hypotheses. Simulation studies show that the CLRTs are valid and perform well even when the sample sizes are small. In addition, the tsPCD-PCD algorithm outperforms the PCD-PCD algorithm in recovering the local graph structures. We illustrate the algorithm by analyzing a time course gene expression data related to mouse T-cell activation.
Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization in microemulsion

This tutorial review first details the uncontrolled microemulsion polymerization mechanism, and the RAFT polymerization mechanism to provide the necessary background for examining the RAFT microemulsion polymerization mechanism. The effect of the chain transfer agent per micelle ratio and the chain transfer agent aqueous solubility on the RAFT microemulsion polymerization kinetics, polymer molecular weight and polydispersity, and polymer nanoparticle size are discussed with a focus on oil-in-water microemulsions. Modeling of RAFT microemulsion polymerization kinetics and the resulting final polymer molecular weight are presented to assist with the analysis of observed experimental trends. Lastly, the current significance of RAFT microemulsion polymerization and the future directions are discussed.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Highly Substituted γ-Lactams by the [3+2] Annulation of α-Siloxy Allylic Silanes with Chlorosulfonyl Isocyanate

A stereoselective synthesis of γ-lactams by the [3+2] annulation of α-siloxy allylic silanes with N-chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (ClSO2NCO) was developed. The use of these allylic silanes allowed for further diastereoselective substitution of the resultant N,O-acetal to give highly substituted γ-lactams. Oxidation of the silyl group afforded access to complex β-hydroxy-γ-lactams.
Shear strains in a graphite/PEEK beam by moiré interferometry with carrier fringes

A multispan quasi-isotropic graphite-PEEK beam exhibited dramatic shear strains in the interlaminar region between plies. Shear strains in the plies themselves varied in basic accord with fiber direction. The large anomalous shear strains were developed near the center of the beam height, where shear stresses were large. High-sensitivity moire interferometry with 2400l/mm (60,960l/in.) was used. A new technique of data extraction was developed, using carrier fringes to transform the pattern to one in which fringe slopes are proportional to derivatives of displacement. This technique enhanced detection and measurement of highly localized shear-strain gradients.
Structure-Borne Noise Transmission in the Propfan Test Assessment Aircraft

Estimates of the level of structure-bor ne noise transmission in the Propfan Test Assessment (PTA) aircraft were carried out for the first three blade passage frequencies. The procedure used combined the frequency response functions of cabin sound pressure level to wing strain response obtained during ground test of the PTA aircraft with in-flight measured wing strain response data. The estimated structure-borne noise levels varied from 64 to 84 dB showing very little dependence on engine/propel ler power, flight altitude, or flight Mach number. In general, the bare cabin in-flight noise levels decreased with increasing propeller tone frequency, giving rise to a plausible structure-borne noise transmission problem at the higher frequency blade passage tones. Without knowledge of the effects of a high insertion loss sidewall treatment on structure-bor ne noise transmission of the bare cabin no quantitative conclusions could be made on the level of structure-borne noise transmission in a treated production aircraft.
Carbon sputtering yield measurements at grazing incidence

Abstract In this investigation, carbon sputtering yields were measured experimentally at varying angles of incidence under Xe + bombardment. The measurements were obtained by etching a coated quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) with a low energy ion beam. The material properties of the carbon targets were characterized with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. C sputtering yields measured under Ar + and Xe + bombardment at normal incidence displayed satisfactory agreement with previously published data over an energy range of 200 eV–1 keV. For Xe + ions, the dependence of the yields on angle of incidence θ was determined for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 80°. Over this range, an increase in C sputtering yield by a factor of 4.8 was observed, with the peak in yield occurring at 70°. This is a much higher variation compared to Xe + → Mo yields under similar conditions, a difference that may be attributed to higher scattering of the incident particles transverse to the beam direction than in the case of Xe + → C. In addition, the variation of the yields with θ was not strongly energy dependent. Trapping of Xe in the surface was observed, in contrast to observations using the QCM technique with metallic target materials. Finally, target surface roughness was characterized using atomic force microscope measurements to distinguish between the effects of local and overall angle of incidence of the target.
Engineering the phase speed of surface‐plasmon wave at the planar interface of a metal and a chiral sculptured thin film

The solution of a boundary-value problem formulated for a modified Kretschmann configuration shows that the phase speed of a surface-plasmon wave guided by the planar interface of a sufficiently thin metal film and a chiral sculptured thin film (STF) depends on the vapor incidence angle used while fabricating the chiral STF by physical vapor deposition. Therefore, it may be possible to engineer the phase speed quite simply by selecting an appropriate value of the vapor deposition angle (in addition to the metal and the evaporant species). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 1966–1970, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23511
A Generalization of Lazard's Elimination Theorem

Abstract Using the classical Lazard's elimination theorem, we obtain a decomposition theorem for Lie algebras defined by generators and relations of a certain type.
Characteristic Oral and Written Business Communication Problems of Selected Managerial Trainees

This study was an attempt to determine characteristic oral and written business communication problems of selected managerial trainees in the Memphis-Shelby County, Tennessee area and to determine whether the problems defined by these trainees were those recognized by the secre tary and immediate supervisor of the trainee. The study was designed to determine the degree of agreement of the rankings of the problem areas, to measure the degree of expressed opinions, and to determine if the relationship of the expressed opinions was other than chance among the groups involved in business communication activities.
Azomethine ylide annulations: facile access to polycyclic ring systems

New annulation reactions of azomethine ylides are reported. Amino acids react with aldehydes that are linked to a pronucleophile (e.g. an indole subunit) to provide rapid access to polycyclic ring systems. Simple amines can also be used in place of amino acids.
Optical Albedo Theory of Strongly Irradiated Giant Planets: The Case of HD 209458b

We calculate a new suite of albedo models for close-in extrasolar giant planets and compare with the recent stringent upper limit for HD 209458b of Rowe et al. using MOST. We find that all models without scattering clouds are consistent with this optical limit. We explore the dependence on wavelength and wave band, metallicity, the degree of heat redistribution, and the possible presence of thermal inversions and find a rich diversity of behaviors. Measurements of transiting extrasolar giant planets (EGPs) at short wavelengths by MOST, Kepler, and CoRoT, as well as by proposed dedicated multiband missions, can complement measurements in the near- and mid-IR using Spitzer and JWST. Collectively, such measurements can help determine metallicity, compositions, atmospheric temperatures, and the cause of thermal inversions (when they arise) for EGPs with a broad range of radii, masses, degrees of stellar insolation, and ages. With this paper we reappraise and highlight the diagnostic potential of albedo measurements of hot EGPs shortward of ~1.3 μm.
Multi-symbolic Rees algebras and strong F-regularity

Let I be a divisorial ideal of a strongly F-regular ring A. K.-i. Watanabe raised the question whether the symbolic Rees algebra \(\mathcal{R}_s(I) = \oplus_{n \ge 0}I^{(n)}\) is Cohen-Macaulay whenever it is Noetherian. We develop the notion of multi-symbolic Rees algebras and use this to show that \(\mathcal{R}_s(I)\) is indeed Cohen-Macaulay whenever a certain auxiliary ring is finitely generated over A.
IRON IN NUTRITION VII. COPPER AS A SUPPLEMENT TO IRON FOR HEMOGLOBIN BUILDING IN THE RAT

Editor's Note: This paper from Professor Elvehjem's group at the University of Wisconsin was the first to demonstrate the essentiality of copper for hemopoiesis in an animal. Forty years later Professor George Graham's group at Johns Hopkins University found signs of copper deficiency in malnourished infants.
A quasisymmetric function for matroids

A new isomorphism invariant of matroids is introduced, in the form of a quasisymmetric function. This invariant: *defines a Hopf morphism from the Hopf algebra of matroids to the quasisymmetric functions, which is surjective if one uses rational coefficients; *is a multivariate generating function for integer weight vectors that give minimum total weight to a unique base of the matroid; *is equivalent, via the Hopf antipode, to a generating function for integer weight vectors which keeps track of how many bases minimize the total weight; *behaves simply under matroid duality; *has a simple expansion in terms of P-partition enumerators; *is a valuation on decompositions of matroid base polytopes. This last property leads to an interesting application: it can sometimes be used to prove that a matroid base polytope has no decompositions into smaller matroid base polytopes. Existence of such decompositions is a subtle issue arising from the work of Lafforgue, where lack of such a decomposition implies that the matroid has only a finite number of realizations up to scalings of vectors and overall change-of-basis.
Thermal and fission neutron-produced defect configurations in platinum

An experimental procedure employing resistivity measurements was used to observe the production of free interstitials and vacancies in platinum by atomic recoils produced from thermal neutron capture and fission neutron collision. For thermal neutrons, which produce damage much like fast electrons, free defect production increased nearly a factor of two with increasing irradiation temperature from 30 to 280/sup 0/K. This is attributed to the increasing thermal dissociation of correlated pairs into free defects. From low-temperature recovery studies it is known that thermal neutrons produce damage which has a large I/sub D/ recovery substage indicating an abundant production of correlated pairs. Although the correlated pair population is less in similar recovery studies of the high-energy atomic recoils associated with fission neutron damage, it is still large enough that one would expect to observe the effects of thermal dissociation, or in other terms, the temperature dependence of the I-V recombination volume. In contrast to the thermal neutron case, virtually no temperature dependence of free defect production was found for fission neutron damage produced over the same temperature range. This result suggests that correlated pairs are present in the vacancy-rich central region of the fission neutron displacement cascade, but upon thermal dissociation themore » interstitial partner is annihilated before reaching a stable trapping site outside the cascade.« less
On the average sojourn time under M/M/1/SRPT

We study an M/M/1 queueing system under the shortest remaining processing time (SRPT) policy. We show that the average sojourn time varies as @Q((@m([email protected])ln(e/([email protected])))^-^1), where @r is the system load. Thus, SRPT offers a @Q(ln(e/([email protected]))) factor improvement over policies that ignore knowledge of job sizes while scheduling.
Syntheses, characterization and structural studies of copper complexes of the 1,2-dithiolene ligand, 5,6-dihydro-1,4-dithiin-2,3-dithiolate

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of the Cu(II) and Cu(III) complexes of the ligand 5,6-dihydro-1,4-dithiin-2, 3-dithiolate (DDDT2−) are reported. Cu(DDDT)22− was isolated as the tetraethylammonium salt from the reaction of CuCl2·2H2O with K2DDDT in thoroughly degassed 1/1 ethanol/water under an Ar atmosphere. Cu(DDDT)2− was isolated as both the tetrabutylammonium and trimethylammonium salts from similar reactions in the presence of air. Single crystal structural studies have been carried out on the two formally Cu(III) complexes. Crystals of the tetrabutylammonium salt of Cu(DDDT)2− belong to the monoclinic space group P21/c with a=17.937(2), b=8.806(1), c=21.962(3) A, β=109.8(1)°, R=7.6% for 2984 reflections, and p(calc.) = 1.36, p(obs.) = 1.34 g/cm3 for Z = 4. Crystals of the trimethylammonium salt of Cu(DDDT)2− belong to the orthorhombic space group Pnnm with a=9.211(2), b= 10.114(3), c= 10.956(4) A, R = 6.3% for 443 reflections, and p(calc.) = 1.58, p(obs.)=1.58 g/cm3 for Z=2. While the CuS4 core exhibits the D2h symmetry expected for the trimethylammonium salt, that of the tetrabutylammonium salt is distorted with a twist angle of 29° between the two CuS2 planes. A solution and frozen glass ESR study of Cu(DDDT)22− yielded g value assignments of g∥ = 2.101(1), g⊥ = 2.042(1) and o = 2.069(1) as well as the hyperfine splitting values (in cm−X10−4) of A∥ = 142.3(5), A⊥ = 33.4(5) and o=68.6(5). The electrochemical behavior of Cu(DDDT)2- indicates that material is plating out on the electrode surface at potentials more positive than E 1 2 for the 0 ↔ −1 couple.
Regularity of Solutions to the Navier-Stokes Equations Evolving from Small Data in BMO−1

In 2001, H. Koch and D. Tataru proved the existence of global in time solutions to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in ${\mathbb{R}}^d$ for initial data small enough in $BMO^{-1}$. We show in this article that the Koch and Tataru solution has higher regularity. As a consequence, we get a decay estimate in time for any space derivative, and space analyticity of the solution. Also as an application of our regularity theorem, we prove a regularity result for self-similar solutions.
Analog Computer Simulation of Maximum Expiratory Flow Limitation

This paper extends previous modeling work in our laboratory on the simulation of the panting maneuver executed in a body plethysmograph [8] to the simulation of a wider range of pulmonary function tests and, in particular, the maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curve. The simulation is implemented on an analog computer for ease of parameter manipulation; the effects of changes in several model parameters (such as large and small airway resistance, and airway and lung compliance) on the MEFV curve are discussed. The model structure presented here is much simpler than the ventilatory system models of Fry [6] and Pardaens et al. [18], and yet yields the same information in a diagnostic sense.
The effects of organizational fairness and commitment on the extent of benefits big four alumni provide their former firm

Abstract In this paper, we examine why some Big Four alumni more than others choose to benefit their former firm (post-employment citizenship). Grounded in social exchange theory, we find that organizational fairness predicts perceived organizational support, which in turn predicts organizational commitment. Organizational commitment predicts post-employment citizenship, and perceived organizational support and organizational commitment partially mediate the positive relationship between organizational fairness and post-employment citizenship. The contributions, limitations, and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Renormalization of Molecular Electronic Levels at Metal-Molecule Interfaces

The electronic structure of benzene on graphite (0001) is computed using the $GW$ approximation for the electron self-energy. The benzene quasiparticle energy gap is predicted to be 7.2 eV on graphite, substantially reduced from its calculated gas-phase value of 10.5 eV. This decrease is caused by a change in electronic correlation energy, an effect completely absent from the corresponding Kohn-Sham gap. For weakly coupled molecules, this correlation energy change can be described as a surface polarization effect. A classical image potential model illustrates the impact for other conjugated molecules on graphite.