cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applying methodological search filters to CAB Abstracts to identify research for evidence-based veterinary medicine

Objective: The study sought to determine whether methodological search strategies identified by Haynes et al. as most effective for locating information for evidence-based medicine in MEDLINE would be effective in locating information in CAB Abstracts for evidence-based veterinary medicine. Methods: Articles published in the year 2000 volumes of the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association and Veterinary Record were manually examined and classified by format (original study, review, general article, conference report, decision analysis, case report) and purpose category (etiology, prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment or prevention). Search strategies identified by Haynes et al. were then modified and run on the CAB Abstracts database. Sensitivity and specificity were determined by comparing results to the manual review of the literature. Results: The author manually reviewed 390 articles, 289 articles of which were identified as original studies. Overall, the sensitivity and specificity of the search strategies were disappointing. Discussion: The methodological search strategies developed by Haynes et al. for MEDLINE were not effective in locating literature for evidence-based veterinary practice in CAB Abstracts. A study examining methodological search strategies for identifying research for evidence-based veterinary practice in the CAB Abstracts database is necessary.
CLINICAL, ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC, AND IMAGING FEATURES OF ZOSTER-ASSOCIATED LIMB PARESIS

Introduction: Paresis is a long-recognized compli- cation of herpes zoster, but there has been comparatively little study of zoster-associated limb paresis (ZALP). Methods: In this study we reviewed 49 Mayo Clinic patients with ZALP. Results: The mean age of onset was 71 years, 67% were men, and the lower limb was affected in 55%. The mean weakness score was 2.0 (0 5normal strength, 4 5plegia). Most patients developed postherpetic neuralgia (PHN, 92% at 1 month and 65% at 3 months), and the average minimum duration of weak- ness was 193 days. ZALP was caused by radiculopathy (37%), plexopathy (41%), mononeuropathy (14%), and radiculoplexus neuropathy (8%). MRI demonstrated nerve enlargement, T2 signal prolongation, or enhancement in a majority (64%) of affected plexi and peripheral nerves. Conclusions: ZALP is associated with considerable weakness. It typically lasts at least several months, localizes to plexus or peripheral nerve in 63%, and is associated with high rates of PHN. Muscle Nerve 000:000-000, 2014
Effect of Dietary Saturated Fatty Acids on Intracellular Free Fatty Acids and Kinetic Properties of Hormone-Sensitive Lipase of Rat Adipocytes

Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of dietary saturated fatty acids on the intracellular free fatty acid concentration and composition and on the kinetic parameters of hormone-sensitive lipase of rat adipocytes. Animals were fed for 4 wk 14% coconut oil, beef fat or safflower oil and 2% corn oil in a purified diet. Adipocytes of animals fed the coconut oil diet contained higher basal level of intracellular free fatty acids than those of animals fed other beef fat or safflower oil diets. Norepinephrine (10(-5) M) stimulated the basal intracellular free fatty acid concentration by 2.3-3.4-fold in adipocytes from animals fed saturated fatty acids, compared with 6.4-fold in those of animals fed the safflower oil diet. The concentrations of intracellular free fatty acids in adipocytes of experimental animals after stimulation with 10(-5) M norepinephrine, however, were not significantly different. The intracellular free fatty acid pool of adipocytes of animals fed the saturated fatty acids had more palmitic acid and less linoleic acid than those of safflower oil-fed animals. The results indicate that type of dietary fat had no effect on kinetic properties of hormone-sensitive lipase.
An iterative subspace estimation method for adaptive array processing

The author presents a novel, low-complexity, iterative method of vector subspace estimation applicable to adaptive beamforming and spatial spectral estimation. This method combines two complementary procedures: the power/deflation method of principal eigenvector estimation and the Lanczos method of tridiagonalization for computing the orthonormal basis of a Krylov subspace. Side information concerning the spatial coherence of the deflated array data is developed to aid discrimination between the (coherent) signal and (noncoherent) noise subspaces. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by processing a typical example of underwater acoustic receiver data based on N.L. Owsley's (1991) Standard Test Case. The algorithm's performance is compared with a baseline method that uses full singular value decomposition of the data. >
Flaubert and the Centrality of Literature: An Analysis of the Correspondence with Mademoiselle Leroyer de Chantepie

For a total of twenty years (1856–76), Gustave Flaubert corresponded with a woman whom he would never meet and who had first written to him to express her admiration for his novel, Madame Bovary. These forty-five letters are among the most fascinating and important that he was to write, reflecting on his life, on art and esthetics, and on his determined dedication to the practice of writing. The letters to Marie-Sophie Leroyer de Chantepie occupy a central role in Flaubert's Correspondence, between the long series of letters he wrote to two other women, Louise Colet and George Sand. They are all dominated by the idea of the centrality of art, literature, and the activity of writing, and of the subordinate status of all other experiences and interests.
The effect of geometry and incomplete sampling on peculiar velocity in superclusters

Two simple geometries, including observational effects such as orientation and incomplete sampling have been examined to determine the relative contributions of geometry and peculiar velocity to the elongation in the redshift direction seen in studies of superclusters. It is found that a loop with a redshift cutoff produces an elongation in the redshift direction in the range of 250-1000 km/s. Since Bahcall (1987) found approximately 2000 km/s in peculiar velocity, it is concluded that up to 50 percent of the observed peculiar velocity could be due to incomplete sampling of a loop geometry.
Resource configuration and abundance affect space use of a cooperatively breeding resident bird

ABSTRACT Movement and space use of birds is driven by activities associated with acquiring and maintaining access to critical resources. Thus, the spatial configuration of resources within home ranges should influence bird movements, and resource values should be relative to their locations. We radio-tracked 22 Brown-headed Nuthatches (Sitta pusilla) and related their space use and home range sizes to available resources while taking nest site locations into account. We developed utilization distributions (UDs) from nuthatch locations, and treated the area of each 95% isopleth as home range size and the height of the UD as relative probability of use. We fit models relating home range size to mean resource measures within home ranges, and used lognormal regression to relate intensity of use to resource metrics at random points by ranking linear mixed models. Nuthatch home ranges typically had two centers of activity. Areas of high use were associated with the density of recently killed snags (likely a for...
Meta-analysis of the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on negative and positive symptoms in schizophrenia

Background A growing body of evidence suggests that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can alleviate negative and positive symptoms of refractory schizophrenia. However, trials to date have been small and results are mixed.
Suppression of cell firing in the substantia nigra by caudate nucleus stimulation.

Abstract Cats anesthetized with barbiturates show a unique 8–12/sec continuous rhythmic activity in the subthalamic nucleus and ventral tegmental region which may be correlated with the “barbiturate tremor.” Pallidal stimulation inhibits subthalamic nucleus slow-wave and single-unit activity, while nigral stimulation produces a phasic discharge in subthalamic neurons. In contrast to pallidal stimulation, caudate stimulation does not inhibit the firing of subthalamic nucleus cells. In view of this and the action of the substantia nigra upon the subthalamic nucleus, we studied the effects of caudate activation upon extracellularly recorded single unit responses in the nigra of barbiturate-anesthetized cats. Fifty-one units were analyzed. Of these, 24 were localized to the tegmentum just above the substantia nigra, 25 in the nigra, and two in the cerebral peduncle. The predominant effect of single caudate stimuli was suppression of firing of nigral (95%) or tegmental (58%) cells for either 70 or 140 msec, or more. These effects were seen in both medial and lateral portions of the nigra, and at rostral and caudal levels of the nucleus. No short-latency spikes were seen in nigral cells following caudate stimulation, and only a few in units localized to the tegmentum. In the barbiturate anesthetized cat, caudate stimulation leads to a suppression of firing of cells throughout the substantia nigra.
Dynamic behavior of three-way catalysts

Three-way catalysts (TWC's) are employed in the exhaust treatment for gasoline-fueled vehicles to achieve simultaneous control of CO, hydrocarbons (HC's) and NO emissions. A typical TWC contains precious metals (Pt, Pd, or Rh) and metal oxides which are beneficial for stability of the catalyst support (..gamma..-alumina) or enhancement of the catalyst activity under dynamic operating conditions. When the TWC is used in vehicles with closed-loop control of the air/fuel (A/F) ratio near the stoichiometric point for the control of the exhaust emissions, its performance has been found, in general, to be better than predicted from steady-state catalyst efficiency. This improved performance relates to several characteristic processes occurring under dynamic operating conditions, including oxygen storage, water-gas shift (WGS) reaction, and HC retention on the catalyst. The authors note here salient observations from a study of the dynamic behavior of a monolith TWC with the ultimate goal to obtain quantitative descriptions of the transient reactions involved. 17 references.
Spontaneous chemotaxis in patients with glomerulonephritis and the nephrotic syndrome

In vitro measurements of cellular and humoral contributions to chemotaxis were made, using a modified Boyden chamber assay, in 58 adults and children with various forms of glomerulonephritis or with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. The data suggest that spontaneously generated chemotactic activity is present in patient sera in vivo, in contrast to control sera. Addition of immune complexes to nephritic sera failed to generate increased chemotactic activity over spontaneous levels. Peripheral blood neutrophils from nephritic patients showed deficient in vitro responses to chemotactic factors generated from control sera, suggesting that they had been “deactivated” by the chemotactic activity in vivo. There was no correlation of chemotactic activity with serum complement levels, renal function, drug therapy, or duration of disease. The degrees of spontaneous chemotactic activities in such patients may correlate with disease activity and be of significant prognostic value.
Chloride finds its place in the transport cycle

Neurotransmitter:sodium symporters, which use sodium gradients for the coupled uptake of sodium and neurotransmitters during synaptic transmission, often display a chloride dependence. New data from two separate groups identify the chloride-binding site for this family of symporters and suggest that the chloride charge facilitates sodium binding and substrate transport.
The effect of finite amplitude perturbations on the stability of continuous phases

Abstract A thermodynamic treatment examining the effect of finite amplitude perturbations on the stability of continuous phases is presented. For infinitesimal perturbations, the analysis yields a minimum wavelength of 2πR(= λ min ), the Rayleigh result. As the perturbation amplitude increases, the critical wavelength λ crit at which a further increase in amplitude is energetically favorable decreases. For sufficiently large amplitude perturbations, λ crit approaches values as low as about 0.533- λ min . Implications of the result are discussed.
Productivity of blast-fractured wells in liquid-rich shale gas formations

Abstract The explosive stimulation by blast-fracturing was first used in well stimulation with pronounced results in the booming Pennsylvania oil field in 1865. The advent of hydraulic fracturing in the 1950's caused explosive stimulation of oil wells to decline dramatically. Because the hydraulic fracturing process consumes a huge amount of water and imposes a threat to the ground water resources, it is highly desirable to revisit the feasibility of replacing hydraulic fracturing with blast-fracturing in the oil and gas well completion processes. This paper presents an analysis of well productivity of different types of well architectures to be completed with the blast-fracturing stimulation in liquid-rich shale gas formations. Compared to the hydraulic fracturing, blast-fracturing creates radial fractures with fracture-orientations independent of formation stress anisotropy. This eliminates the requirement of in-situ stress orientation that is necessary for designing multi-hydraulic fracturing horizontal wells. An analytical model was developed in this investigation to predict the initial productivity of vertical wells, horizontal wells, and radial-lateral drain holes. Case studies indicate a good agreement between the result given by the models and field observation. Sensitivity analyses with the analytical model indicate that the initial productivity of blast-fractured wells increases non-linearly with the number of radial fractures and fracture penetration. The benefit of increasing fracture depth levels out as the amount of explosives increases. This paper presents well completion engineers a theoretical base and useful data for revolutionizing their well completion technology in developing liquid-rich shale gas basins.
Facilitation of the knee jerk as a function of the interval between auditory and stretching stimuli.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the temporal relationship between auditory and tendon stimulation in the knee jerk stretch reflex of normal human Ss. At each of 20 different ISIs 5 knee jerks were elicited. Results from the 4 Ss showed a two peaked relationship between ISI and reflex response, the first peak occurring at 100 msec ISI and the second at 500 msec ISI. It was concluded that the first peak was the result of a summation of the tonal and stretching effect in the cord, and the second was a result of these effects via the gamma system.
Turn-Off Characteristics of Power Transistors Using Emitter-Open Turn-Off

As compared with conventional reverse-biased turn-off, emitteropen turn-off provides superior transistor turn-off characteristics. Not only are the storage time and the fall time of the power transsistors much reduced, but also the device reverse-biased second breakdown phenomenon, commonly associated with turn-off of inductive load, is eliminated. Furthermore the storage time tolerance due to device variation and temperature change is minimized.
Experimental Inner-Electron Binding Energies in 100 Fm and Limits on Electrodynamic Nonlinearities

Our earlier experimental value for the $1s$ binding energy in $_{100}\mathrm{Fm}$ (141.967\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.013 keV) agrees with a precision relativistic Hartree-Fock calculation using linear electrodynamics to 2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}35 eV. This result is compared with a recent approximate calculation of the reduction (3.3 keV) in this binding energy when Born-Infeld nonlinear electrodynamics is used, and it indicates that such nonlinearities are limited to the order of 1% of Born-Infeld theory.
Binding of host glycosaminoglycans and milk proteins: possible role in the pathogenesis of Streptococcus uberis mastitis.

The role of indirect binding of host proteins through glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) on adherence and internalization of Streptococcus uberis to bovine mammary epithelial cells was evaluated. Preincubation of S. uberis with GAGs followed by incubation with fetal bovine serum (FBS), bovine milk or milk proteins resulted in greater adherence to and internalization of S. uberis into mammary epithelial cells than observed in untreated controls. Highest values were detected, when final incubation was done with milk. Greater adherence to and internalization into mammary epithelial cells were observed when heparin sulfate (HEP) and milk were used compared with any other GAG and FBS. When individual milk proteins were used, greatest adherence and internalization were observed when S. uberis strains were pretreated with HEP followed by treatment with β-casein. The findings of this study illustrate a pathogenic strategy of S. uberis that may occur during the very early stages of infection.
Design and analysis of a compliant bimanual rehabilitation device

Bimanual rehabilitation allows an individual with hemiparesis to use their sound arm to help rehabilitate their impaired arm and shows promise as a means of low cost home use rehabilitation. However, few studies have attempted to determine the best combination of bimanual symmetry modes and coupling stiffnesses. To examine the effects of stiffness and symmetry type, we have developed a compliant bimanual rehabilitation device (CBRD) that allows the two hands to be coupled in a variety of symmetry modes and coupling stiffnesses so that their efficacy may be tested. Preliminary analysis has shown that the CBRD can couple the motions of two healthy individuals, which we are using to simulate an individual with a hemiparesis, and improves bimanual task performance of a single individual. The results also show that a higher coupling stiffness reduces the coupling error and that some tasks were easier to complete in visual symmetry.
Bound cytochrome c as proton donor and acceptor during enzymic oxidoreduction

When ferrocytochrome c reacts with delipidated cytochrome oxidase under conditions which prevent oxidation, one proton is taken up per molecule of ferrocytochrome c bound to cytochrome oxidase. When ferricytochrome c reacts with delipidated Complex III, one proton is released per molecule of ferricytochrome c bound to Complex III. From these data it can be concluded that the oxidation of ferrocytochrome c by cytochrome oxidase leads to the release of a proton and an electron, whereas the reduction of ferricytochrome c by Complex III leads to the uptake of a proton and an electron. Thus ferrocytochrome c like QH2 and NADH is both an electron and proton donor, and ferricytochrome c like Q and O2 is both an electron and proton acceptor. The pattern for the three mitochondrial electron transfer sequences NADH → Q, QH2 → ferricytochrome c and ferrocytochrome c → O2 involves separation of an electron and proton on the side of the membrane where electron transfer is initiated and recombination of an electron and a proton in the terminal acceptor on the side of the membrane where electron transfer terminates.
Differences in educational outcomes of African American students from different socioeconomic backgrounds

This research tested a structural equation model of educational outcomes for three socioeconomic status (SES) groups of African American students enrolled in a community college. The structural model, which was based on a variant of Tinto's (1987) model, contained two exogenous constructs, educational intentions/commitment and external commitments, and three endogenous constructs, academic integration, social integration, and educational outcomes. The study demonstrated that higher levels of academic and social engagement had positive direct effects on educational outcomes for all students regardless of SES background. Other paths that were supported included the positive direct effects of educational intentions/commitment on academic and social integration and the negative impact of external commitments on social integration. Significant structural differences were not present in the measurement of model constructs or the process of educational outcomes among lowest, lower to middle, and middle to upper ...
Is There an Ethical Obligation to Disclose Controversial Risk? A Question From the ACCORD Trial

Researchers designing a clinical trial may be aware of disputed evidence of serious risks from previous studies. These researchers must decide whether and how to describe these risks in their model informed consent document. They have an ethical obligation to provide fully informed consent, but does this obligation include notice of controversial evidence? With ACCORD as an example, we describe a framework and criteria that make clear the conditions requiring inclusion of important controversial risks. The ACCORD model consent document did not include notice of prior trials with excess death. We develop and explain a new standard labeled risk in equipoise. We argue that our approach provides an optimal level of integrity to protect the informational needs of the reasonable volunteers who agree to participate in clinical trials. We suggest language to be used in a model consent document and the informed consent discussion when such controversial evidence exists.
Cation sites of the (Na+ − K+)-dependent ATPase: Mechanisms for Na+-induced changes in K+ affinity of the phosphatase activity

Abstract Monovalent cation interactions with the K+-dependent phosphatase activity of a rat brain ( Na + + K + )-dependent ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) preparation were reexamined in attempts to distinguish between two models designed to account for stimulation of phosphatase activity by Na+ when K+ concentrations are low, but inhibition when K+ concentrations are high. One model (Robinson, J. D. (1970) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 139, 17–27) proposes that in the presence of Na+ an alternative enzyme pathway, characterized by a higher affinity for K+, becomes available through the phosphorylation of the enzyme by substrate. The second model (Albers, R. W. and Koval, G. J. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 777–784) attributes the response to distinct classes of sites for K+, without involving the participation of substrate. Data obtained using umbelliferone phosphate can be fitted quantitatively to the original model. In addition, experiments evaluating K+ affinity through a Be2+ inactivation technique demonstrated that both Na+ and substrate were necessary for the increase in K+ affinity. Similar experiments with nitrophenyl phosphate and a non-phosphorylating analog that can attain the active site, nitrobenzyl phosphonate, imply that phosphorylation was the necessary factor. These data support the original proposal, but do not rule out the possibility that, in addition, there may be multiple classes of sites for K+.
Ethical Marginality: The Icarus Syndrome and Banality of Wrongdoing

This study proposes a conceptual model to explain persistent, accepted-as-normal corporate wrongdoing (hereafter banality of wrongdoing), particularly for high performance organizations. The model describes five explanatory variables: the culture of competition, ends-biased leadership, missionary zeal, legitimizing myth, and the corporate cocoon. Our thesis is that the nature of competition drives both legitimate and illegitimate goal-seeking to adopt an iconoclastic (rule-breaking) orientation. High performance organizations are favorable hosts for wrongdoing because high performance requires aggressive behavior at the ethical margins of what is acceptable. The way leadership reacts to competition sets the stage for ethical or unethical cultures to develop. Ends-biased leadership will project strong vision, using ideology and legitimizing myth as tools to inspire and motivate. The resulting missionary zeal justifies using questionable means because of the perceived value of the end. One critical method for building strong culture is creating a sense of being separate and apart from the ordinary. This cocoon effect may create a self-referential value system that is significantly at odds with mainstream culture and in which wrongdoing is banal. We intend an empirical study of the variables described in this model.
Ventilator-associated pneumonia: problems with diagnosis and therapy.

The diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP, is problematic because of a lack of objective tools that are utilized to make an assessment of bacterial-induced lung injury in a heterogeneous group of hosts. Clinical symptoms and signs are used to identify patients that may have a “lung infection”. However, the symptoms and signs can be produced by a myriad of other conditions. Recent clinical data also suggests bacterial-induced pathologic processes occur prior to the onset of the symptoms and signs. Utilizing bacterial culture alone, health care practitioners are forced to wait for days for results and will have to order days of empiric antibiotic therapy. Exploratory molecular studies utilizing clone libraries and molecular arrays for microbial identification document the inability of culture-based techniques to even identify all the microbes involved in VAP. These molecular studies also offer evidence that oral flora present in the lungs of patients with VAP, suggesting aspiration of oral secretions and/or biofilms on endotracheal tubes, supply the bacteria for VAP. Much more investigation is needed to determine the optimal timing of antibiotic treatment and which diagnostic molecular methods can be utilized in the ICU.
Transverse Polarization Effects in $e^+ e^-$ Collisions: The Role of Chiral Symmetry

Electrons and positrons in storage rings have natural polarization which is perpendicular to the beam direction. Effects of the transverse polarization to azimuthally integrated cross sections are studied. In the standard model, the polarization does not affect the cross section up to a correction proportional to the electron mass, which is negligible at high energies. This fact is closely related to the chiral symmetry of the standard model. It is not necessarily true if there are new interactions beyond the standard model. Polarization effects in composite and supersymmetric models are studied in detail. New particles such as scalar bosons and excited electrons in composite models can give nonzero polarization effects. In supersymmetric theories, the transverse polarization is useful to probe the mixing of the scalar-electron states. The nonvanishing effects are connected to the breaking of the chiral symmetry by the new interactions.
Relationship between dopamine agonist stimulation of inositol phosphate formation and cytidine diphosphate–diacylglycerol accumulation in brain slices

Abstract Dopamine receptor-coupled stimulation of inositol phosphate formation has been characterized extensively, but little is known about the diacylglycerol arm of this dual-signaling pathway. This study examined several parameters of cytidine diphosphate–diacylglycerol (CDP–DG) accumulation as an index of agonist-stimulated DG formation. Rat brain slices pre-labeled with 5-[ 3 H ]cytidine were incubated with various test agents in the presence of LiCl and accumulated CDP–DG analyzed. Dopamine and SKF38393 significantly and dose-dependently stimulated CDP–DG accumulation. SKF38393 responses were inhibited by neomycin and reversed by myo-inositol or by exclusion of LiCl. Compared to inositol phosphate formation in 2-[ 3 H ]inositol-prelabeled slices, the CDP–DG responses were proportionately greater, while the agonist EC50 values were similar between the two assays. The D1-receptor antagonist SCH23390 inhibited SKF38393-mediated responses at 0.1–10 μM concentrations, whereas greater concentrations reversed the inhibition. SKF38393 effects were completely blocked by the DG kinase inhibitor R59022, thus precluding any role for phospholipase-D or de novo phosphatidate synthesis in the dopaminergic response. D609 which inhibits phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase-C (PLC), potently inhibited both CDP–DG accumulation and inositol phosphate formation. These findings demonstrate that the selective D1-receptor antagonist SCH23390 is a partial agonist at the D1-like dopamine receptor that couples to phosphoinositide signaling, that dopaminergic facilitation of phosphoinositide signaling is independent of de novo phosphatidate synthesis, and that the widely used enzyme inhibitor, D-609, is probably not selective for phosphatidylcholine-specific PLC in brain slice preparations. The greater sensitivity of the CDP–DG measurement presents this assay as a reliable and possibly superior index of dopamine receptor-coupled PLC activation in intact tissues.
Inhalation toxicity of adiponitrile in rats.

Abstract Adiponitrile, a chemical intermediate used in the manufacture of hexamethylenediamine, has moderate acute toxicity both orally and dermally. The acute inhalation toxicity was determined by exposing groups of young adult male ChR-CD rats for single 4-hr periods. The LC50 was 1.71 mg/liter. Male rats were exposed to either 0 (control), 0.03, 0.1, or 0.3 mg vaporized adiponitrile/liter for ten 6-hr periods (5 exposure days, 2 rest days, 5 exposure days). Clinical signs during exposure included irregular respiration and mild salivation. Rats exposed to 0.3 mg/liter showed weight loss during the first 5 exposures followed by a normal rate of weight gain. After 10 exposures, rats in this group had the following clinical pathologic changes: increased blood glucose, urea nitrogen, creatinine, and urine glucose; decreased erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, leukocyte count, relative number of eosinophils, and urine osmolality. Rats exposed to 0.1 mg/liter had increased urea nitrogen and lymphocytes and decreased numbers of neutrophils and eosinophils. No changes in clinical pathology parameters were seen in rats exposed to 0.03 mg/liter. Rats from all groups had normal values 14 days following the last exposure. Pathologic examination failed to reveal any compound-related changes.
Magnification of mask fabricated fibre Bragg gratings

Bragg gratings have been formed in optical fibres by diffraction of a phase mask. This technique is expanded by allowing for the possibility of shifting the Bragg wavelength for a fixed mask periodicity. This method uses a simple lens to introduce a curvature on to the wavefront of the diffracting light that results in a magnification of the original periodicity formed by the mask. The Letter shows experimentally that the Bragg wavelength is shifted to shorter wavelength by the addition of a converging lens before the mask.
Regional trade agreement and foreign direct investment

Abstract This paper investigates the relationship between regional trade agreements, such as the NAFTA, and FDI. Using a fixed-effects gravity model to estimate OECD panel data spanning 1982–1997, we learn that trade integration encourages FDI. We find specific evidence for each of the NAFTA member countries—Mexico, Canada and the United States. In addition, we find evidence that FDI will rise with host and parent country GDP and fall with distance.
Scanning tunneling microscopy

A brief review of the state-of-the-art of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is present with empbasis on materials problems. I shall discuss in particular the variety of materials, environments and temperatures that can be investigated. In addition to topographic studies, some examples of STM as local probe are given. It is proposed that STM be increasingly incorporated as a technique for investigation ofreal materials problems
15N NMR Chemical Shift Tensors of Substituted Hexaazaisowurtzitanes: The Intermediates in the Synthesis of CL-20†

Several cage-substituted hexaazaisowurtzitanes [2,4,6,8,10,12-hexabenzyl-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (HBIW); 2,6,8,12-tetraacetyl-4,10-dibenzyl-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (TADB); and 2,6,8,12-tetra-acetyl-4,10-diformyl-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (TADF)] have been synthesized as intermediate steps in the synthesis of CL-20. The 1 5 N NMR isotropic and chemical shift tensor principal values have been obtained for these intermediates using CP/MAS and FIREMAT methods. Solid-state 1 5 N NMR offers unique advantages in the study of these materials, due to solubility issues and lack of high-quality X-ray crystallographic data. In addition, the caged structures possess unique electronic properties that can be useful in further refining theoretical methods. The effects of the different functional groups on the chemical shift tensor principal values of these caged amines have been evaluated and are shown to be reflected in the total anisotropy. The position of the amine within the cage is manifested in the δ 2 2 values. Nitrogen-15 NMR shielding calculations using the embedded ion method (EIM) to account for long-range intermolecular interactions show a good correlation, rmsd = 4 ppm, with the observed chemical shift tensor values.
Does the Antarctic ozone hole have a future

In spite of recent discoveries related to the mechanism of the Antarctic ozone hole (AOH), we do not as yet have a sufficient scientific base to answer important policy questions: is the AOH a completely new phenomenon, or is it are current one? Is it produced by human activities? And what can and should be done about it? I suggest here a hypothesis concerning the cause of the AOH, which may provide at least partial answers. The AOH is more than a scientific curiosity. Its dramatic discovery in 1985 raised fears about the fate of global ozone and provided the impetus for an international effort to limit and roll back the worldwide production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), synthetic chemicals widely used in refrigeration and industrial processes.
Pilot studies of the influence of stimulus variables on articulation test scores

Abstract Two pilot studies of the effects of noise and response-intensity variation on the scoring of articulation tests were carried out. Significant interactions were found in both studies. These results indicate that the noise in the testing environment and the intensity of the responses of the person tested have effects on the test score.
What Matters in the Measurement of Mattering?: A Construct Validity Study

This study evaluates the psychometric properties of a measure of mattering to other people. A confirmatory factor analysis supported a four-factor model. In addition, mattering was positively relat...
Synthesis of spacer-equipped di-, tri-, and the tetrasaccharide fragments of the deacetylated O-PS1 of Citrobacter gillenii O9a,9b, and a related pentasaccharide

Abstract The title rhamnooligosaccharides [α- d -Rha p 4NAc-(1→3)-α- d -Rha p 4NAc-1- O -(CH 2 ) 5 COOMe, α- d -Rha p 4NAc-(1→3)-α- d -Rha p 4NAc-(1→3)-α- d -Rha p 4NAc-1- O -(CH 2 ) 5 COOMe, α- d -Rha p 4NAc-(1→2)-α- d -Rha p 4NAc-(1→3)-α- d -Rha p 4NAc-(1→3)-α- d -Rha p 4NAc-1- O -(CH 2 ) 5 COOMe, and α- d -Rha p 4NAc-(1→3)-α- d -Rha p 4NAc-(1→2)-α- d -Rha p 4NAc-(1→3)-α- d -Rha p 4NAc-(1→3)-α- d -Rha p 4NAc-1- O -(CH 2 ) 5 COOMe] were synthesized in a stepwise fashion from 5-methoxycarbonylpentyl 4-azido-4,6-dideoxy-2- O -benzyl-α- d -mannopyranoside and orthogonally protected 1-thioglycoside glycosyl donors. The amorphous, final products were fully characterized as corresponding per- O -acetyl derivatives.
Internal frameshifts within the mitochondrial genes for cytochrome oxidase subunit II and maxicircle unidentified reading frame 3 of Leishmania tarentolae are corrected by RNA editing: evidence for translation of the edited cytochrome oxidase subunit II mRNA.

Abstract The Leishmania tarentolae cytochrome oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) subunit II (COII) and maxicircle unidentified reading frame 3 (MURF3) mRNAs are edited internally by the addition of four and five uridine residues, respectively, which eliminate -1 and +1 reading frameshifts in the gene sequences. The editing events in COII are conserved in three kinetoplastid species, and those in MURF3 are conserved in two species. A primer extension assay showed that the ratio of edited to unedited RNA differed for each gene: 89% of the COII and 36% of the MURF3 transcripts are edited. Preliminary evidence was obtained for translation of the edited COII transcript into protein: antibodies generated against a synthetic peptide with the predicted carboxyl-terminal amino acid sequence reacted with a polypeptide of the correct molecular weight in immunoblots of a mitochondrial lysate.
Impurity and spin-fluctuation effects in antiferromagnetic superconductors

We derive the superconducting density of states ${N}_{s}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ of an antiferromagnetic superconductor in the presence of impurities and spin fluctuations. We use a self-consistent ansatz for the Green's function $G$ and our previous mean-field-theory results. ${N}_{s}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ depends on four functions of frequency: the renormalized frequency $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\omega}}$, gap $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}$, molecular field ${\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{H}}_{Q}$, and "pseudogap" $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\Omega}}$, Equations for these four parameters are set up in general and solved for the case of elastically scattering impurities and spin fluctuations. In the absence of any disorder the density of states has structure at the gap frequency $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ and at $\ensuremath{\omega}=|\ensuremath{\Delta}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{H}_{Q}|$, where ${H}_{Q}$ is the (screened) molecular field. Most of our numerical work for dirty superconductors is based on a "quasi-three-dimensional" approximation which appears to be reasonable, although it underestimates gaplessness and overestimates the strength of the subsidiary peaks at $|\ensuremath{\Delta}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{H}_{Q}|$. We find in this approximation that magnetic impurities behave as might be expected but that nonmagnetic impurities can make an antiferromagnetic (AF) superconductor gapless at moderate concentrations. As the concentration is increased still further, the nonmagnetic impurities "screen" out the molecular field, a gap reopens, and ${N}_{s}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ obtains its BCS value. In the process of solving for ${N}_{s}(\ensuremath{\omega})$, we have simultaneously solved the self-consistent equations for $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ (as well as ${H}_{Q}$) as a function of temperature $T$ for dirty superconductors. We find that both $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ and the thermodynamic critical field ${H}_{c}$ exhibit structure at the magnetic ordering temperature ${T}_{M}$. As in the case of our previous mean-field-theory results, the behavior of ${H}_{c}$ is similar to that of ${H}_{c2}$, observed in the ternary compounds. When spin-fluctuation effects are included, ${N}_{s}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ and its derivative are found to exhibit structure at the spin-wave frequencies. In analogy with phonons in strong-coupling superconductors, this observation suggests that a measurement of ${N}_{s}(\ensuremath{\omega})$ in AF superconductors can provide detailed information about the dynamic structure factor for the localized spins.
Genetic Recombination with Ethyl-methanesulphonate-induced Waxy Mutants in-Maize

INTRACISTRON mapping in maize has been demonstrated by Nelson1,2 with a technique based on differential staining reactions of starch in pollen of different genotypes. Those with the waxy (wx) locus stain reddish brown in iodine–potassium iodide solutions; whereas non-waxy (Wx) pollen stains dark blue. Therefore, in waxy plants genetic recombination or back-mutation at this locus is manifested by the appearance of dark blue staining pollen. The technique has a distinct advantage in genetic investigations with higher plants in that large populations of hundreds of thousands of genotypes (pollen grains) can be scored with ease.
Parental Migration and Children’s Outcomes in Romania

Although Eastern European migration has increased greatly, the research on its impact on children and families has been limited. In this study I examined the impact of parental economic migration on children psychosocial and academic outcomes in Romania, one of largest Eastern European migrant sending country. Surveys were conducted with 382 children in 5–8th grades. A conceptual model of the impact of parental migration, economic pressure, social support, parenting and children’s outcomes was examined using structural equation modeling. The results indicate that higher economic pressure was associated with higher desire for migration, lower parenting quality and higher child psychological distress. Higher satisfaction with migration was associated with higher quality of parenting, higher child psychosocial functioning and academic achievement. Recommendations for programs and policies targeted to immigrant families are provided.
Narrowband Direction of Arrival Estimation for Antenna Arrays

This book provides an introduction to narrowband array signal processing, classical and subspace-based direction of arrival (DOA) estimation with an extensive discussion on adaptive direction of arrival algorithms. The book begins with a presentation of the basic theory, equations, and data models of narrowband arrays. It then discusses basic beamforming methods and describes how they relate to DOA estimation. Several of the most common classical and subspace-based direction of arrival methods are discussed. The book concludes with an introduction to subspace tracking and shows how subspace tracking algorithms can be used to form an adaptive DOA estimator. Simulation software and additional bibliography are given at the end of the book.
Axonal transport and axonal processing of low molecular weight proteins from the abdominal ganglion ofAplysia

Summary Axonal transport of proteins in nerves of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia was observed after a 2 h incubation of the ganglion in tritiates amio acids. The transported proteins migrate as a series of discrete peaks, all apparently moving at a rate of 3 mm/h. This process is sensitive to both colchicine and vinblastine, the former agent reducing the amount of transported material without affecting the transport rate. The molecular weight distribution of the transported proteins, as revealed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), is basically unchanged for up to 20 h after labeling. Low molecular weight species (≤ 18,000 daltons) make up 10–20% of the transported protein and appear to be enriched in leucine. These proteins undergo proteolytic cleavage during transport, eventually reaching a molecular weight of 3000 daltons or lower. It is suggested that these data reflect the axonal transport and processing of neurosecretory peptides synthesized by identifiable neurons of the ganglion.
Growth rates are related to production efficiencies in juveniles of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus

Growth rates of newly-metamorphosed urchins from a single spawning event (three males and three females) were highly variable, despite being held en masse under identical environmental and nutritional conditions. As individuals reached ~5 mm diameter (0.07-0.10 g wet weight), they were placed in growth trials (23 dietary treatments containing various nutrient profiles). Elapsed time from the first individual entering the growth trials to the last individual entering was 121 days (N = 170 individuals). During the five-week growth trials, urchins were held individually and proffered a limiting ration to evaluate growth rate and production efficiency. Growth rates among individuals within each dietary treatment remained highly variable. Across all dietary treatments, individuals with an initially high growth rate (entering the study first) continued to grow at a faster rate than those with an initially low growth rate (entering the study at a later date), regardless of feed intake. Wet weight gain (ranging from 0.13 -3.19 g, P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.5801) and dry matter production efficiency (ranging from 25.2-180.5%, P = 0.0003, R2 = 0.6162) were negatively correlated with stocking date, regardless of dietary treatment. Although canalization of growth rate during en masse early post-metamorphic growth is possible, we hypothesize that intrinsic differences in growth rates are, in part, the result of differences (possibly genetic) in production efficiencies of individual Lytechinus variegatus. That is, some sea urchins are more efficient in converting feed to biomass. We further hypothesize that this variation may have evolved as an adaptive response to selective pressure related to food availability.
Musculoskeletal ultrasonography of the lower extremities in infants and children

Ultrasonography is a powerful diagnostic imaging tool for evaluating lower extremity anatomy and pathology in children. Indications for pediatric musculoskeletal lower extremity sonography include developmental dysplasia of the hip, hip joint sonography for the child with a painful hip, evaluation and characterization of superficial soft-tissue masses, evaluation for deep venous thrombosis, and foreign body localization, characterization and removal. This review highlights these established indications, but primarily focuses on additional US applications for evaluation of the lower extremities, including diagnosis and characterization of arthritis and monitoring of therapy, evaluation of tendon tears and muscle strain injuries, characterization of soft-tissue masses and evaluation of certain congenital abnormalities of the lower extremities. Techniques for optimal utilization of musculoskeletal US in children are also discussed.
Coordination chemistry and reactivity of new zwitterionic rhodium and iridium complexes featuring the tripodal phosphine ligand [PhB(CH2PiPr2)3]-. Activation of H-H, Si-H, and ligand B-C bonds

The synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of zwitterionic rhodium and iridium complexes containing the tris(phosphino)borate ligand [PhB(CH2PiPr2)3]- ([PhBP3‘]-) are reported. The allyl complexes [PhBP3‘]IrH(η3-C8H13) (3) and [PhBP3‘]IrH(η3-C3H5) (4) were prepared by reaction of [PhBP3‘]Li(THF) (2) with the corresponding [(alkene)2IrCl]2 complex. Complex 3 reacted with secondary silanes (H2SiR2, with R = Et, Ph) to give silyl-capped trihydride complexes of the type [PhBP3‘]IrH3(SiHR2) (R = Et, 5; Ph, 6) with concomitant β-hydride elimination of 1,3-cyclooctadiene. Complex 5 underwent H/D exchange with D2 to incorporate deuterium into both the Ir−H and Si−H positions. The reaction of 5 with 1 equiv of PMe3 resulted in elimination of Et2SiH2 to form the corresponding dihydride complex, [PhBP3‘]Ir(H)2(PMe3) (7). Complexes of the type [PhBP3‘]Ir(H)2(L) (L = PMe3, 7; PH2Cy, 8; CO, 9) could also be prepared directly by the reaction of 3 with L. The observed reactivity of [PhBP3‘]Ir complexes is compared w...