cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ethology of saccades: a non-cognitive model

It is proposed that there is a low-level automatic component of visual scanning in which saccades are triggered probabilistically in time by nonfoveal stimulus features. By ignoring cognitive factors and memory, a first-order Markov approach is taken, which is tractable for spatially homogeneous stimuli. The predicted distributions of saccade magnitude, fixation duration, fixation position, and how they are related to stimulus size are in good agreement with empirical observations by Bahill et al. (1975), Enoch (1959), and Harris et al. (1988). Ways in which this low-level process could be modulated by cognitive factors are discussed.
Model of Postdiapause Development in the Western Cherry Fruit Fly

Postdiapause developmental rates of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, were determined for various constant-temperature treatments and used in the construction of a simulation model. The temperature-dependent postdiapause developmental rate relationship was modeled by fitting an exponential curve to developmental rates at low to intermediate temperatures and a quadratic curve to developmental rates at higher temperatures. This developmental rate function was incorporated into the model which predicts the postdiapause development of soil-dwelling pupae of R. indifferens as influenced by soil temperatures. From these predictions, the times of the first, 10 and 25% emergence levels, and the mean time of emergence, are predicted for the entire soil column from which emergence occurs. The model was found to be highly accurate for predicting the times of these levels of adult fly emergence.
Reliability and Validity of the Functional Gait Assessment: A Systematic Review

ABSTRACTAims: The purpose of this systematic review is to assemble the available literature related to the psychometric properties (reliability and validity) of the Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) for patient populations that have been studied using the FGA. Methods: Studies of a cohort design were examined for reliability or criterion validity of the FGA from four electronic databases using a systematic review process. Results: Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. The FGA has a high inter-rater reliability across the patient populations studied and has high concurrent validity in patients with Parkinson disease, stroke, and community dwelling older adults. Conclusions: Findings suggest that the FGA is a useful clinical tool for the reported patient populations. Consideration should be given to the quality and limited number of studies included in this systematic review. Further research to enhance the accuracy of these findings is needed, including clearly defining a cut-off score for fall risk.
Failure Analysis on Welded Joints of T92/HR3C Final Superheater of Ultra-supercritical Boiler

An infrequent fracture failure of T92/HR3C dissimilar steel welded joints of an USC final superheater was analyzed by hardness distribution and microstructure.Meanwhile,manufacture process and equipment operating conditions were investigated.The results indicate that post welding heat treatment process has a great influence on the weld line,the microstructure and mechanical property of T92 steel.The relevant suggestion was put forward to strictly control post welding heat treatment process.The microstructure of the heat-affected zone in the side of T91/T92 should be analyzed,and the micro-hardness test for the welded joints should be performed as well.
Studies in hysteria.

This paper describes how the idea of substituting “Briquet Syndrome” for “Hysteria” developed. It emphasizes the need to base the diagnosis firmly on clinical features and also the value of differentiating “polysymptomatic” forms (Briquet Syndrome) from “conversion” symptoms (unexplained neurological symptoms). Other studies have shown that there is a preponderance of Briquet's Syndrome in women, and that female relatives of patients have an increased prevalence of Briquet's Syndrome, while male relatives have an increased prevalence of antisocial personality and of alcoholism. Conversely, a study of female relatives of a male prison population reveals a high prevalence of Briquet's Syndrome amongst them.It is suggested that the association between Briquet's Syndrome and antisocial personality may explain many clinical and epidemiologic observations.
Anaplastic Multiple Myeloma: An Aggressive Variant With a Poor Response to Novel Therapies

Introduction Anaplastic multiple myeloma (AMM) is a very rare and aggressive morphologic variant of multiple myeloma with a historically poor prognosis. The term “anaplastic myeloma” is used to describe a plasma cell malignancy involving immature plasma cells of pleomorphic morphology with high-grade transformation and extramedullary involvement with large, poorly differentiated cells. Anaplastic morphology can be present at the initial diagnosis or can appear later in the disease course. Historically, this disease has been very resistant to chemotherapy. We have described 2 cases of anaplastic myeloma and the poor response to novel myeloma therapies.
The History of Radioguided Surgery: Early Historical Milestones and the Development of Later Innovative Clinical Applications

Radioguided surgery involves utilizing a radiation detection device within the operating room in a real-time fashion to identify a radioisotope that has been administered to a patient prior to the time of attempted detection and for the sole purpose of guiding the successful performance of the surgical procedure. Since its first description in the late 1940s, radioguided surgery has expanded tremendously and has become a well-established discipline within the practice of surgery. It has been investigated and applied to the surgical management of numerous solid malignancies and has most significantly impacted upon the surgical management of breast cancer, melanoma, and parathyroid disease. Radioguided surgery provides the surgeon with critical and real-time information regarding the exact location of the disease and the overall extent of disease burden, as well as allows the surgeon to minimize the degree of surgical invasiveness associated with many commonplace diagnostic and therapeutic surgical procedures, while still maintaining maximum treatment-directed benefits to the patient. As we move forward through the twenty-first century, we envision further growth of the current technological platforms of radioguided surgery, with a continued emphasis upon promoting integration of handheld radiation detection devices and advanced nuclear medicine molecular imaging for guiding and optimizing the intraoperative detection and resection of conditions affecting both cancer and noncancer patients.
Quality Evaluation of Sputum Specimens for Mycobacterial Culture

The evaluation of sputum specimen quality before bacterial culture is an accepted practice. Traditionally, sputum received for mycobacterial culture has been processed regardless of specimen quality. In view of the increasing emphasis placed on the primary acid-fast smear, the effect of specimen quality and the contribution of the presence of neutrophils on subsequent smear and culture positivity for mycobacteria was assessed. A total of 873 sputa were evaluated and initially assigned a quality (Q) score of 1 (many squamous cells relative to neutrophils) to 3 (no squamous cells) based on criteria for specimen acceptability for routine bacterial culture. The percentage of specimens that were Q1, Q2, and Q3 were 46.8, 35.3, and 17.9, respectively. Most of the specimens received were Q1, and these specimens demonstrated the highest number of positive smears and cultures compared to Q2 or Q3 specimens. Thus, routine bacterial culture criteria were not helpful in assessing specimen quality for mycobacterial culture. The contribution of the presence of neutrophils to smear and culture positivity was assessed. A total of 724 sputa were evaluated for cellular composition: 665 (91.9%) specimens contained neutrophils, and 59 (8.1 %) did not contain neutrophils. A total of 51 (7.0%) primary smears and 121 (16.7%) cultures were positive for mycobacteria; 92.2% of the positive smears; and 90.1 % of the positive cultures were from specimens that contained neutrophils. Thus, screening sputum specimens for the presence of neutrophils provides an effective method to evaluate the acceptability of sputum for mycobacterial smear and culture, especially from patients in respiratory isolation.
Selectivity Considerations in the Amine Extraction of Gold From Alkaline Cyanide Solutions

It has been discovered that gold can be extracted from alkaline cyanide solution with primary, secondary, and tertiary amines by adding certain Lewis base modifiers, such as organic phosphorus oxides. Under these circumstances, gold can be extracted at about pH 10, commensurate with the pH of cyanide leach liquors. The selectivity of the amines and amine/modifier combinations for Au(CN) 2 − over other metal-cyanide complexes is discussed. Potential applications for the solvent extraction of gold from cyanide solutions are also discussed.
Abstract PR01:Fusobacterium nucleatumand mutational landscape of colorectal cancer in whole-exome sequencing analysis

Introduction : Gut microbiota plays an important role in intestinal cancer pathogenesis. An accumulating body of evidence demonstrates the association between Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) and colorectal cancer. However, the underlying mechanistic basis of tumorigenesis remains to be investigated. Method : Within 600 colorectal cancer patients from the Nurses9 Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, F. nucleatum DNA was measured in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens using a quantitative PCR assay. We performed a whole-exome sequencing analysis to identify characteristics of somatic mutations in tumors with F. nucleatum compared with tumors without. The hypermutated phenotype was defined as cancer with the mutation rate of more than 12 per mega base. The significantly mutated gene was identified based on the MutSigCV computational tool that accounted for regional heterogeneity in mutation rates across the genome. Results : F. nucleatum was present in 86 colorectal cancer tumors, of which 43 (50%) were tumors with a hypermutated phenotype (hypermutators). Colorectal cancer with F. nucleatum was more likely to be a hypermutator compared with cancer without F. nucleatum (chi-square test, P F. nucleatum status. Cancer with F. nucleatum tended to have fewer mutations in splice sites compared with cancer without F. nucleatum (chi-square P=0.02). In non-hypermutators with or without F. nucleatum, common recurrently-mutated genes were APC, TP53, KRAS, and PIK3CA among 90 previously identified mutated genes. In 126 hypermutators, the mutation in B2M was observed in 38 cases, of which 12 were F. nucleatum positive. Similarly, the HLA-B mutation was found in 26 hypermutated cases, of which 15 cases were F. nucleatum positive. Discussion : This whole-exome sequencing analysis suggested that colorectal cancer with F. nucleatum tended to exhibit the hypermutated phenotype. The somatic mutational landscape provides mechanistic insight into the link between F. nucleatum and colorectal carcinogenesis. This abstract is also being presented as Poster A17. Citation Format: Reiko Nishihara, Andrew T. Chan, Jasmine Xinmeng Mu, Marios Giannakis, Kosuke Mima, Zhi Rong Qian, Susan Bullman, Aleksandar D. Kostic, Curtis Huttenhower, Wendy Garrett, Edward L. Giovannucci, Matthew Meyerson, Levi A. Garraway, Charles S. Fuchs, Shuji Ogino. Fusobacterium nucleatum and mutational landscape of colorectal cancer in whole-exome sequencing analysis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Colorectal Cancer: From Initiation to Outcomes; 2016 Sep 17-20; Tampa, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(3 Suppl):Abstract nr PR01.
Detecting and Differentiating Phytoplasmas Belonging to Subgroups 16SrIV-A and 16SrIV-D Associated With Lethal Declines of Palms in Florida Using qPCR and High-Resolution Melt Analysis (HRMA).

Lethal yellowing (LY) and Texas Phoenix palm decline (TPPD) are two important phytoplasma diseases of palms in Florida. Both have been responsible for major economic losses historically and remain a constant threat to the sustainability of palm production in the landscaping and nursery industries in Florida. These two diseases cause rapid, lethal decline in afflicted palms, so rapid detection and identification is crucial to implement appropriate management strategies to reduce further spread and losses. In this study, a qPCR assay was developed to detect and identify the causal agents of LY and TPPD. Based on sequence data of the 16S gene for the 16SrIV-A phytoplasma (LY) and the 16SrIV-D phytoplasma (TPPD), two regions were identified in the gene that possessed sufficient variation to yield amplicons with measurable differences in melting temperature based on high resolution melt analysis (HRMA). One region was in the 5′ region and the other was located in the 3′ region of the gene. Products from both r...
Predation of a Dwarf Gecko ( Sphaerodactylus macrolepis ) by a Bridled Quail-Dove ( Geotrygon mystacea )

I observed a Bridled Quail-Dove ( Geotrygon mystacea ) capture and consume a dwarf gecko ( Sphaerodactylus macrolepis ) on Guana Island, British Virgin Islands. This is the first account of vertebrate prey taken by a Bridled Quail-Dove. The high density at which dwarf geckos occur and forest floor habitat where quail-doves forage may result in their frequent, if undocumented, use as food by quail-doves. En la Isla Guana, Islas Virgenes Britanicas, observe a un individuo de Geotrygon mystacea capturar e ingerir un geco ( Sphaerodactylus macrolepis ). Este es el primer registro de consumo de una presa vertebrada por parte de esta especie de paloma terrestre. La alta densidad en que aparecen estos gecos en el suelo de los bosques donde estas palomas forrajean, puede resultar en un uso frecuente aunque no documentado, como alimento. J’ai observe une Colombe a croissants ( Geotrygon mystacea ) capturer et consommer un Spherodactyle a grosses ecailles ( Sphaerodactylus macrolepis ) sur Guana Island, Iles Vierges britanniques. Il s’agit de la premiere observation de predation d’un vertebre par une Colombe a croissants. La forte densite des spherodactyles et leur habitat forestier terrestre ou les Colombe a croissants se nourrissent peuvent aboutir a leur frequente capture comme proie, meme si cela reste inapercu.
Cryosectioning Fixed and Cryoprotected Biological Material for Immunocytochemistry

Immunocytochemistry for electron microscopy provides important information on the location and relative abundance of proteins inside cells. Gaining access to this information without extracting or disrupting the location of target proteins requires specialized preparation methods. Sectioning frozen blocks of chemically fixed and cryoprotected biological material is one method for obtaining immunocytochemical data. Once the cells or tissues are cut, the cryosections are thawed, mounted onto coated grids, and labeled with specific antibodies and colloidal gold probes. They are then embedded in a thin film of plastic containing a contrasting agent. Subcellular morphology can then be correlated with specific affinity labeling by examination in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The major advantage of using thawed cryosections for immunolabeling is that the sections remain fully hydrated through the immunolabeling steps, reducing the possibility of dehydration-induced antigen modification. Modern technical advancements both in preparation protocols and equipment design make cryosectioning a routine and rapid approach for immunocytochemistry that may provide increased sensitivity for some antibodies.
HALF PSEUDOCOLPI, A UNIQUE FEATURE OF OLINIA (OLINIACEAE) POLLEN

We examined pollen of all five species of Olinia, the only genus of Oliniaceae (Myrtales), an endemic African family. Olinia pollen is heteropolar with one pole colpate and the other heterocolpate. Restriction of pseudocolpi to one polar face, hence, half pseudocolpi, the inequality of the two polar faces, and the unequal distribution of the colpus segments across the modal plane, are features that distinguish Olinia from all other Myrtales. OLINIACEAE is a monogeneric family of shrubs or small trees with five species distributed in Eastern and Southern Africa and on the island of St. Helena. It is clearly a member of the order Myrtales (Takhtajan, 1980; Cronquist, 1981; Dahlgren and Thorne, 1983). During an extensive survey of pollen in Myrtales (Patel, Skvarla and Raven, 1983) the pollen of Olinia was found to be unusual in the organization of the apertures and the peculiar development of pseudocolpi. This report examines and discusses these pollen morphological features in detail. MATERIALS AND METHODS-The pollen of all five Olinia species was examined; collection ' Received for publication 21 June 1982; revision accepted 2 December 1982. Supported by grants from National Science Foundation to J.J.S. and P.H.R. We thank Dr. Charles Daghlian for his help with the light microscopy and for reading the manuscript. We also sincerely thank Professor Jan Muller for his critical review as well as suggestions concerning pollen shape. information is given in Table 1. All pollen was initially treated by acetolysis (Erdtman, 1960). For SEM, pollen was air dried from 95% ethanol, sputter-coated with gold and examined with an ISI Super II scanning electron microscope. For light microscopy, standard glycerin jelly mounts were made and examined with a Nikon Optiphot light microscope with Nomarski differential interference contrast optics. RESULTS-Pollen of Olinia is tricolporate, radially symmetrical, and has a smooth (psilate) surface. It is ovoidal to subovoidal in shape (Muller, 1978). It is heteropolar in that the plane perpendicular to the polar axis and situated at the greatest width of the pollen grain, divides the grain into two unequal polar faces. Such a plane is referred to as the modal plane (Muller, 1978). The colpi are asymmetrical. Each colpus segment extending from the modal plane into the smaller polar face is shorter than the colpus segment extending into the opposite, larger polar face (Fig. 3, 11, 12). The shorter colpus segment is also narrower than the longer TABLE 1. Taxa examined Taxa Locality Collector Herbarium Olinia emarginata South Africa Hillard and Burtt MO Burt and Davey 8691 0. radiata South Africa Wylie 8822 K Hofmeyr and Phill. 0. rochetiana Malawi Chapman 996 MO A. Juss. Tanzania Greenway and MO
A levinasian ethics of attention

In his rather fragmentary theory of attention, Emmanuel Levinas draws inspiration from phenomenology, while endeavoring to furnish it with an ethical foundation. On the one hand, he assigns to attention a crucial role coextensive with intentionality (the idea that, in each case, consciousness is conscious of, or directed toward, something). On the other hand, he mobilizes the methodology of reduction for the purpose of uncovering an ethical substratum of experience in the relation to the Other, which is deeper still than the life of consciousness it animates. Husserlian reduction is not radical enough for Levinas's philosophical taste, since it fails to recognize that this life comes into being thanks to the appeal emanating from the Other, whose calling out to me forces me to pay attention, even when it seems that I am attending only to inanimate things. The ethical relation to the Other lies not only at the bottom of all social and political structures, but also at the source of consciousness and of its attentive directedness to that of which it is conscious. Before I am able to intend or to attend to anything whatsoever, I am targeted by the Other, who reverses the movement of intentionality and, at once, breaches and founds my psychic interiority.
Outcome for pediatric acute promyelocytic leukemia patients at Children's Oncology Group sites on the Leukemia Intergroup Study CALGB 9710 (Alliance).

BACKGROUND Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a unique leukemia subtype requiring specialized treatment including all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). A prior report demonstrated worse outcome among young children <5 years old compared with older children. METHODS We evaluated outcomes for pediatric patients (<18 years old; N = 83) with APL treated on North American intergroup study CALGB 9710 at Children's Oncology Group sites. Induction and consolidation included ATRA, cytarabine, and anthracyclines. Patients ≥15 years old were randomized to addition of arsenic trioxide (ATO) consolidation. All patients were randomized to ATRA maintenance with versus without oral chemotherapy. RESULTS The estimated 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was 82%, and the event-free survival (EFS) rate was 54%. Seven patients (8.4%) died during induction due to coagulopathy. Maintenance randomization demonstrated that addition of oral chemotherapy to ATRA significantly reduced relapse rate, but difference in EFS did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.12; 5-year rates [95% CI]: 41% [17%-64%] ATRA only vs 72% [56%-88%] ATRA plus chemotherapy). There was no difference (P = 0.93) in EFS for age <5 years versus 5-12.99 years versus 13-17.99 years (5-year rates: 56%, 47%, and 45%, respectively). Among adolescents 15-17.99 years old in the ATO randomization, there was a significantly lower relapse risk at 5 years for those receiving ATO (0% ATO vs 44% no ATO; P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that intensified ATRA, cytarabine, and anthracycline chemotherapy is effective for pediatric APL including very young patients, but early deaths and relapses remain barriers to cure. Further improvements are likely with incorporation of ATO into pediatric APL regimens.
Disabled Adolescents, Enabling Youth Ministry

The institution of adolescence creates conditions that disable young people. Additionally, young people are often viewed by adults as temporarily disabled cognitively due to the neurological and em...
Use of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Probes to Detect Fatty Acid Receptor Activity in a Microfluidic Device

In this study, 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA)-Au nanorods conjugated with a GPR120 antibody were developed as a highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) probe, and were applied to detect the interaction of fatty acids (FA) and their cognate receptor, GPR120, on the surface of human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293-GPRR120) cultured in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device. Importantly, the two dominant characteristic SERS peaks of the Raman reporter molecule MBA, 1078 cm-1 and 1581 cm-1, do not overlap with the main Raman peaks from the PDMS substrate when the appropriate spectral scanning range is selected, which effectively avoided the interference from the PDMS background signals. The proposed microfluidic device consisted of two parts, that is, the concentration gradient generator (CGG) and the cell culture well array. The CGG part was fabricated to deliver five concentrations of FA simultaneously. A high aspect ratio well structure was designed to address the problem of HEK cells vulnerable to shear flow. The results showed a positive correlation between the SERS peak intensity and the FA concentrations. This work, for the first time, achieved the simultaneous monitoring of the Raman spectra of cells and the responses of the receptor in the cells upon the addition of fatty acid. The development of this method also provides a platform for the monitoring of cell membrane receptors on single-cell analysis using SERS in a PDMS-based microfluidic device.
Mechanisms of Hair Cell Damage and Repair

Sensory hair cells of the inner ear are exposed to continuous mechanical stress, causing damage over time. The maintenance of hair cells is further challenged by damage from a variety of other ototoxic factors, including loud noise, aging, genetic defects, and ototoxic drugs. This damage can manifest in many forms, from dysfunction of the hair cell mechanotransduction complex to loss of specialized ribbon synapses, and may even result in hair cell death. Given that mammalian hair cells do not regenerate, the repair of hair cell damage is important for continued auditory function throughout life. Here, we discuss how several key hair cell structures can be damaged, and what is known about how they are repaired.
On ground truth in cross-border ozone transport

Cross-border transport of ozone is one of the most contentious issues of air pollution management in the U.S. Yet, both the modeling and observational studies are lacking. Models are normally validated by comparing predicted and observed ozone concentrations. However, proper validation of cross-border transport model requires a comparison of predictions against observation-based benchmarks of cross-border ozone transport. Such benchmarks are unavailable, as published observation-based studies always deal only with a combination of local production and cross-border transport, not a cross-border transport itself. We show how to extract necessary benchmarks from observations of rural monitoring sites near state borders. On example of the western border of New York, we find that in about two-thirds of the most polluted days all the ozone came in a steady cross-border inflow after previously passing over one or more large urban areas to the west. In all the enumerated days with direct cross-border inflow, daily maximum 8-hr concentrations of ozone just upwind of the border were over 60 ppb, with an average value of 68 ppb, just short of the 70 ppb ozone regulatory threshold, information also useful to state air pollution authorities. Implications: The purpose of the cross-border ozone pollution models is to predict cross-border transport of ozone, so the ability of the model to accurately represent observed ozone concentrations is necessary but not sufficient for model validation. The accuracy of predicted ozone concentrations is not necessarily the same as the accuracy of the predictions of ozone transport. Proper model validation requires comparisons against observation-based benchmarks of cross-border transport. Such observations, so far absent, can be obtained from rural monitoring sites near state borders, as illustrated by the example of western New York.
Parameters and Exotic Properties of High Tc Supercondcutors

A method of determining the values of main parameters such as the effective mass, the Fermi energy, and the coherence length for the new high Tc superconductors is developed. The method is based on specific heat data. The new Tc materials are low dimensional systems and this feature plays a crucial role in the analysis. Particularly interesting is the small value of the Fermi energy. The result of the analysis shows that we are dealing with unusual systems. Energy gap appears to be comparable with Ep, and the coherence length is small. Contrary to the usual case, the large fraction of carriers is paired.
Laboratory impact experiments with decimeter-to meter-scale targets to measure momentum enhancement

Abstract Among the more technically practical methods of deflecting a potentially hazardous object (PHO) is kinetic impact, whereby the momentum change imparted to the object by the cratering impact of a targeted spacecraft or other projectile affects the required minor orbital change to avert impending disaster. The ratio of the momentum change of the target to the impact momentum is commonly denoted as β, the momentum enhancement factor. Knowledge of what values of β to expect for impacts into near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) in the range of size and composition representative of objects in the known population of PHOs is thus crucial in designing and planning for mitigation strategies focused on the kinetic impact method. We present results of laboratory impact experiments, conducted with targets ranging in size from decimeter to meter size scales and measuring β in the process. Our impact experiments utilize the Southwest Research Institute’s (SwRI) 50-mm powder gun, which can fire up to 260-g mass projectiles at speeds of ~2 km/s, supplemented by smaller-scale experiments using the NASA Ames Vertical Gun Range (AVGR) as necessary to study a parameter space that includes projectile mass, speed, composition, impact angle as well as target mass composition and temperature. Targets are mounted to allow recoil (on a conventional ballistic pendulum) and all impact experiments are documented by high-speed video allowing the required analysis to quantify impact outcome and target recoil. To date we have completed 29 small-scale shots at the AVGR and 24 large-scale shots with the SwRI 50-mm powder gun. AVGR experiments include 13 shots into 10.2-cm and 15.2-cm right cylinders composed of a plaster-sand mix as a porous silicate asteroid analog, two shots into 15.2-cm pumice cubes, and 14 shots into 10.2-cm right cylinders of an iron-nickel alloy approximating the composition of iron meteorites. β values of ~1–2 and ~1.3 were obtained for the plaster-sand mix and the pumice, respectively, and ~1.7–2 for the iron-nickel shots, performed at temperatures of about 297 K and 149 K, thus spanning the ductile to-brittle fracture transition. For the metal target shots we see what appears to be a trend to higher β for higher speed shots and for the cryo shots. SwRI 50-mm powder gun shots were conducted with large pieces of pumice, concrete, and sandstone impacted with 2.54-cm and 4.45-cm aluminum projectiles at impact speeds of ~2.0 km/s. Although the pumice targets do not show a size scale effect and data from the sandstone shots are still being analyzed, the concrete material does show a significant size scale effect. Additional shots are planned for meter-scale targets composed of the same plaster-sand mix previously shot at decimeter scale at the AVGR.
Distributed Streaming Analytics on Large-scale Oceanographic Data using Apache Spark.

Real-world data from diverse domains require real-time scalable analysis. Large-scale data processing frameworks or engines such as Hadoop fall short when results are needed on-the-fly. Apache Spark's streaming library is increasingly becoming a popular choice as it can stream and analyze a significant amount of data. In this paper, we analyze large-scale geo-temporal data collected from the USGODAE (United States Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment) data catalog, and showcase and assess the ability of Spark stream processing. We measure the latency of streaming and monitor scalability by adding and removing nodes in the middle of a streaming job. We also verify the fault tolerance by stopping nodes in the middle of a job and making sure that the job is rescheduled and completed on other nodes. We design a full-stack application that automates data collection, data processing and visualizing the results. We also use Google Maps API to visualize results by color coding the world map with values from various analytics.
Analyzing the provision of ecosystem services by conservation easements and other protected and non-protected areas in the Upper Chattahoochee Watershed

Abstract A conservation easement (CE) legally places a permanent restriction on the development of a private land parcel, and in turn, can provide tax benefits to the landowner. We used the modular toolset InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) to quantify provision of five ecosystem services (ESs) (carbon storage, wildlife habitat quality, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment exports) provided by CEs and other land typologies (Simulated Parcels, 1 km Buffer area, Watershed Average, Federal, State and Local Protected Areas) within the Upper Chattahoochee Watershed (UCW), which provides 72% of drinking water to about six million residents of the Atlanta Metropolitan Area and is experiencing one of fastest urban growth of the United States. Simulated Parcels would represent the land cover of CEs if the development restrictions were not in place. We conducted the analysis for 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016. We aggregated all ESs into one index. Overall, CEs provided higher levels of ESs relative to the Simulated Parcels, 1 km Buffer, Watershed Average, and Local Protected Areas. However, the ESs from CEs were lower relative to Federal and State Protected Areas. Our results suggest that CEs are effective in ensuring the continuance of ESs within the UCW.
Misrecognition of the Rural White Working Class

While some have called poor rural white Americans the “original underclass,” this group is largely left out of discussions of oppressed or marginalized groups in America. Even so, this group is deserving of being seen as an oppressed or marginalized group; a group which has been denied recognition just as others have been throughout American history. Throughout this chapter I hope to show that the rural white working class is a group that suffers misrecognition, and, that they should be recognized. I will attempt to demonstrate this primarily using the literature on recognition, as well as recent literature regarding the plight of the rural white working class in America such as The Politics of Resentment, White Trash, and Hillbilly Elegy. In particular, this chapter will focus on the debate on recognition and redistribution between Nancy Fraser and Axel Honneth. Though privileged in certain ways, this chapter argues that the American rural white working class is a historically misrecognized group in the United States, rather than a group who suffers merely from maldistribution as Fraser would suggest. Using this debate around redistribution or recognition put forth by Fraser and Honneth, I suggest that Honneth’s understanding of the interconnectedness of recognition and redistribution more accurately describes the situation of the rural white working class. If one wishes to better understand the plight of the rural white working class, one must understand it as a matter of misrecognition, not one of mere maldistribution.
Metasurfaces for Generating Complementary Wavefront-Coded Beams for Three-Dimensional Scene Reconstruction

We demonstrate a spatially multiplexed metasurface for generating paired propagation-invariant and rotating beams with complementary depth responses, enabling three-dimensional computational imaging of scenes with a single camera snapshot in a compact form factor.
After revival, Iran's great salt lake faces peril

Iran9s Lake Urmia has been on a rollercoaster in recent years. In 2013, the lake9s surface area, once 6100 square kilometers, or about the size of Delaware, had shrunk by 90%, a plight reminiscent of that of the larger Aral Sea in Central Asia. To save the dying lake, Iranian President Hassan Rouhani launched a restoration initiative that has so far cost $1 billion. Now, Lake Urmia has a stronger pulse: Water levels have risen, and last summer flamingos were spotted in large numbers for the first time in years. But the rebound could be fleeting. The higher water appears to be almost entirely the result of a few years of unusually strong rains, a recent study concludes, but that pattern is already giving way to drier conditions. And Iran9s June presidential election is expected to usher in a leader less committed to the lake9s restoration than Rouhani, who can9t run for re-election under the nation9s constitution. "We9re at a tipping point," says Somayeh Sima, a water resources specialist at Tarbiat Modares University. Even pausing restoration work for a year or two, she says, "would be dangerous for the lake."
High Temperature Sodium Submersible Flowmeter Design and Analysis

This work details the design and analysis of a permanent magnet flowmeter designed to be submerged in a pool type sodium fast reactor environment. Recently developed Samarium Cobalt rare earth magnets were utilized that have demonstrated resilience to temperature and neutron flux up to 550 °C and 1018 n/cm2, respectively. This paper will discuss the theory, design, calibration and uncertainty quantification of the flowmeter. The flowmeter was calibrated over a flowrate range of 11.4 - 90.9 LPM at temperatures of 220 and 400 °C, yielding an uncertainty in calibration of 2-3.6%. A finite element model was developed and validated experimentally, yielding <3.2% error.
Deep learning prediction of mild cognitive impairment conversion to Alzheimer’s disease at 3 years after diagnosis using longitudinal and whole-brain 3D MRI

Background While there is no cure for Alzheimer's disease (AD), early diagnosis and accurate prognosis of AD may enable or encourage lifestyle changes, neurocognitive enrichment, and interventions to slow the rate of cognitive decline. The goal of our study was to develop and evaluate a novel deep learning algorithm to predict mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD conversion at three years after diagnosis using longitudinal and whole-brain 3D MRI. Methods This retrospective study consisted of 320 normal cognition (NC), 554 MCI, and 237 AD patients. Longitudinal data include T1-weighted 3D MRI obtained at initial presentation with diagnosis of MCI and at 12-month follow up. Whole-brain 3D MRI volumes were used without a priori segmentation of regional structural volumes or cortical thicknesses. MRIs of the AD and NC cohort were used to train a deep learning classification model to obtain weights to be applied via transfer learning for prediction of MCI patient conversion to AD at three years post-diagnosis. Two (zero-shot and fine tuning) transfer learning methods were evaluated. Three different convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures (sequential, residual bottleneck, and wide residual) were compared. Data were split into 75% and 25% for training and testing, respectively, with 4-fold cross validation. Prediction accuracy was evaluated using balanced accuracy. Heatmaps were generated. Results The sequential convolutional approach yielded slightly better performance than the residual-based architecture, the zero-shot transfer learning approach yielded better performance than fine tuning, and CNN using longitudinal data performed better than CNN using a single timepoint MRI in predicting MCI conversion to AD. The best CNN model for predicting MCI conversion to AD at three years after diagnosis yielded a balanced accuracy of 0.793. Heatmaps of the prediction model showed regions most relevant to the network including the lateral ventricles, periventricular white matter and cortical gray matter. Conclusions This is the first convolutional neural network model using longitudinal and whole-brain 3D MRIs without extracting regional brain volumes or cortical thicknesses to predict future MCI to AD conversion at 3 years after diagnosis. This approach could lead to early prediction of patients who are likely to progress to AD and thus may lead to better management of the disease.
The Role of Intergroup Threat in Support of Punitive Policies Toward Mexican Immigrants

The present research examined the degree to which symbolic and realistic threat perceptions of documented and undocumented Mexican immigrants predicted support for willingness to provide basic reso...
High-fat diet attenuates morphine withdrawal effects on sensory-evoked locus coeruleus norepinephrine neural activity in male obese rats.

Objective: These experiments sought to characterize the effects of obesity propensity and obesogenic diet on locus coeruleus (LC) norepinephrine (NE) activity and determine the effects of obesity o...
Comparison of SOX-10, HMB-45, and Melan-A in Benign Melanocytic Lesions.

Purpose Different immunohistochemical stains are used in dermatopathology to stain melanocytes and diagnose benign and malignant melanocytic lesions. Methods SOX-10, HMB-45, and Melan-A immunohistochemical stains were used to assess 32 biopsy specimens with a histologic diagnosis of lentigo. The total number of melanocytes stained with each immunohistochemical stain was counted and an average count was obtained from two readings. Results Analysis of the data revealed a significant difference in staining melanocytes between these three immunostains (p=0.0010, ANOVA). SOX-10 stained 0.195 more melanocytes than HMB-45 (p=0.0026). Similarly, Melan-A stained 0.195 more melanocytes than HMB-45 (p=0.0011). However, the difference between SOX-10 and Melan-A was not statistically significant (p=0.9810). Conclusion SOX-10 and Melan-A immunostaining stain more melanocytes than HMB-45. No significant difference was noted between Melan-A and SOX-10.
CBT-I for patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders

Abstract Patients with psychotic disorders show profound disturbances in sleep, including insomnia, nightmares, and unstable sleep/wake rhythms. While emerging research shows that disrupted sleep reduces the quality of life, increases suicide risk, and provokes psychotic symptoms, patients often lack access to evidence-based behavioral sleep medicine treatments. The goal of this chapter is to prepare behavioral sleep medicine clinicians to treat sleep disturbances in individuals with psychotic disorders.
Thermal Wave Imaging of Propagating Cracks in Polypropylene and a Thermoplastic Olefin

Publisher Summary Efforts to determine the failure mechanisms of polymers have followed different “viewpoints.” Material properties are seen to affect failure through consideration of molecular aspects. Mechanisms of crack propagation are viewed through interpretation of propensity of the material for crazing, shear yielding, or their combination. Macroscopic failure evaluation relies on fracture mechanics. The existence of all these distinct methods of interpretation behooves to establish the relation between the properties of crack propagation and the material structure. The technique of thermal wave imaging was applied earlier to a thermoplastic olefin (TPO). This chapter examines the effect of material properties on the failure. To do so, experiments are conducted on the TPO (a blend of polypropylene (PP), ethylenepropylene diene rubber, and polyethylene) as well as its constituent PP. The effect of rubber modification on the temperature field surrounding the propagating crack is thus established. The technique of thermal wave imaging utilizes the radiation heat transfer. The overlap of heat radiation wavelengths with that of infrared wavelength results in potential benefits of utilizing IR thermometry to interpret the temperatures generated in the emitting material. It is found that thermal wave imaging is an excellent technique to probe the structure-property relationships in polymers. Modification of PP is accompanied by an increase in the temperature associated with the deformation. The effects are because of the larger isobaric expansivity of the rubber–modified system.
Five-channel, 114 Gbit/s per channel, dual carrier, dual polarisation, coherent QPSK, monolithic InP receiver photonic integrated circuit

The details of a monolithically integrated, five-channel, dual carrier/wavelength per channel, polarisation multiplexed, coherent QPSK receiver on InP operating at 114 Gbit/s per channel are discussed.
Hard Facts About Soft Animals

Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca. Winston F. Ponder and David R. Lindberg, Eds.. University of California Press, Berkeley, 2008. 481 pp. $49.95, £29.95. ISBN 9780520250925. The contributors combine data from anatomy, ecology, paleontology, and genomics to provide a summary of what we do and do not know about the evolutionary relationships of molluscs.
Municipal bond rating analysis

Abstract This paper investigates the determinants of municipal general obligation bond ratings. It offers an expanded econometric framework for analyzing this problem and contrasts various econometric specifications. We develop a method to correct for sample selection bias when the dependent variable is an ordered categorical variable and to correct for simultaneity when the ordered categorical variable enters as an explanatory variable into the decision equation. The results suggest that correcting for sample selection bias and simultaneity in bond rating analysis can affect the results. We find that the volume of debt, location, and city size are significant determinants of the decision to obtain a rating and a mix of economic, socioeconomic, debt, location, and city size variables are the most significant determinants of the rating.
Higgs decay to τ+τ−A possible signature of intermediate mass Higgs bosons at high energy hadron colliders

This paper considers the decay of a standard model Higgs boson into a tau pair, as a possible signature at the SSC or LHC for a Higgs boson of mass between 110 and 160 GeV. The production of the Higgs in association with a large transverse momentum jet is considered, since this may aid in reconstructing the Higgs mass. The background from the production of tau pairs via virtual photons and Z's is studied. We comment on the possible use of this process to search for a light Higgs at the Tevatron collider.
The Analysis of Wide Band Gap Semiconductors Using Raman Spectroscopy

One of the main issues that must be addressed in the development of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs is the concern over device reliability. Due to the heteroepitaxial growth and other processing methods, mechanical stresses are inherent in these devices that can negatively impact device performance. Stress-induced effects on device performance due to Al content, (Zhang et al, J Appl Phys, 87:7981–7987, 2000), passivation, and substrate-induced residual stress in the GaN layer have been reported. In addition to impacting the 2-DEG, excessive strain in the AlGaN layer can induce crystallographic defects which lead to degraded device performance and shortened lifetimes. Under high-voltage conditions, the large electric field in the vicinity of the drain side gate edge is responsible for generation of large in-plane tensile strains in the AlGaN layer. These strains can result in device degradation via the formation of electrically active defects or trap states near the gate in the AlGaN. The direct measurement of the residual strain in the AlGaN layer is not simple due to its thickness (on the order of 25 nm). Instead, observation of the through-thickness variation of residual strain in the GaN layer allows a first-order estimation of the imposed strains in the AlGaN layer. In this chapter, we detail the use of Raman spectroscopy for characterizing AlGaN/GaN HEMTs.
Electrical properties of n-type GaSb substrates and p-type GaSb buffer layers for InAs/InGaSb superlattice infrared detectors

Lightly doped n-type GaSb substrates with p-type GaSb buffer layers are the preferred templates for growth of InAs/InGaSb superlattices used in infrared detector applications because of relatively high infrared transmission and a close lattice match to the superlattices. We report here temperature dependent resistivity and Hall effect measurements of bare substrates and substrate-p-type buffer layer structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Multicarrier analysis of the resistivity and Hall coefficient data demonstrate that high temperature transport in the substrates is due to conduction in both the high mobility zone center Γ band and the low mobility off-center L band. High overall mobility values indicate the absence of close compensation and that improved infrared and transport properties were achieved by a reduction in intrinsic acceptor concentration. Standard transport measurements of the undoped buffer layers show p-type conduction up to 300 K indicating electrical isolation of the buffer layer from the lightly n-type GaSb substrate. However, the highest temperature data indicate the early stages of the expected p to n type conversion which leads to apparent anomalously high carrier concentrations and lower than expected mobilities. Data at 77 K indicate very high quality buffer layers.
Uses of and Alternatives to Restraints in Pediatric Settings

Restraints are a common component of pediatric nursing practice that currently have no empirical base. This article provides background information concerning the use of restraints with the pediatric population, the impact these devices have on children, and the possible alternatives that have been