cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unrestricted CNDO-MO calculations. II. MnO 4 2− and CrO 4 3−

The electronic structures of the tetrahedral molecule ions MnO42− and CrO43− have been investigated within an unrestricted CNDO-MO approximation [Theoret. Chim. Acta (Berl.)20, 317 (1971)]. Calculations assuming the unpaired electron occupies the 3a1, 2e, and 4t2 molecular orbitals indicate that the 3a1 and2e orbitals have similar orbital energies and that the 4t2 orbital is at a higher energy. The experimentally indicated2e orbital for the unpaired electron is obtained with expanded O1− type atomic orbitals for oxygen and valence metal orbitals of the expanded 3d and plus one ion 4p types. The metal 4s orbitals must be held to the neutral atom type. The “optimum” valence orbitals above with a slightly contracted 4s type metal orbitals yield the minimum total energy and places the unpaired electron in the 3a1 orbital. Since the contracted 4s metal orbital produces results that are not in agreement with experimental data, the method used apparently does not adequately take into account the increased electron-electron repulsions that contracted 4s orbitals produce.
Dual-Processing Treatment Modality: An Innovative Treatment to Decrease Physiological Craving in Substance Abusers

This intervention study examined the effects of a newly developed dual-processing treatment protocol administered to adult substance-dependent clients in early recovery. The protocol integrates structured drawing directives with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and is designed to enhance emotional regulation capacity and decrease drug craving. Results showed that physiological craving, but not psychological craving, was reduced in the dual-processing treatment group as compared with the CBT-only group. Implications are discussed.
Chemical visualization of individual chondrocytes in articular cartilage by attenuated-total-reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Microimaging

Fourier transform infrared imaging (FTIRI) and the attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared microimaging (ATR-FTIRM) were used to study the chemical and structural distributions of cellular components surrounding individual chondrocytes in canine humeral cartilage, at 6.25µm pixel resolution in FTIRI and 1.56µm pixel resolution in ATR-FTIRM. The chemical and structural distributions of the cellular components in chondrocytes and tissue can be successfully imaged in high resolution ATR-FTIRM. One can also study the territorial matrix of fine collagen fibrils surrounding the individual chondrocytes by the polarization experiments using the absorption ratio of amide I to amide II bands.
A CLOSED SYSTEM SAMPLE TRANSFER DEVICE FOR VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNI)S

ABSTRACT: A sample transfer device was designed to provide a closed loop sampling system between a ground water sampling pump and a 40 ml volatile organic compound (VOC) vial. The same attachment can also be used with a bailer. The unit is constructed of a poly-tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) body into which two stainless steel needles are press fitted. The needles puncture the Teflon septum of a vial; fluid flows through the longer needle into the vial and exits the vial from the shorter needle. The device eliminates sample transfer bias associated with head space, visible gas bubbles, and atmospheric contamination. Field sampling designed to determine differences in trichloroethylene (TCE) concentrations presumedly due to the device were statistically significant in one case, and insignificant in the second.
Ecosystem-level effects of bioturbation by the tadpole shrimp Lepidurus packardi in temporary pond mesocosms

An example of ecosystem engineering gaining attention in aquatic systems is bioturbation, the disruption of sediment at the water–sediment interface due to burrowing and foraging. One consequence of bioturbation can be increased turbidity from suspended sediment, which generally inhibits macrophyte growth and reduces ecosystem functioning. Conversely, bioturbation may promote invertebrate species richness by unearthing dormant cysts. Temporary-pond crustaceans are not widely regarded as agents of bioturbation, but on the basis of aquaria observations we hypothesized that certain taxa can disturb the sediment and create highly turbid water. We tested this hypothesis by removing crustaceans from mesocosms lined with vernal pool soil. Compared to this treatment group, mesocosms containing crustaceans had extremely high turbidity from suspended sediment, as well as reduced total macrophyte cover. We also found clear compositional differences in macrophyte communities between treatments, driven largely by differences in water physicochemistry, including turbidity. Regression analysis linked most of the bioturbation to the endangered notostracan Lepiduruspackardi Simon 1886, which was a strong predictor of turbidity in our mesocosms. We also found a trend toward increased crustacean species richness in our mesocosms in the presence of this taxon. An analysis of published data from King et al. (1996) suggests that this trend may extend to natural vernal pools. Overall, our results suggest that L. packardi may have large effects on vernal pool communities, likely mediated in part through its disturbing of the sediment.
The HIPAA privacy rule and bioterrorism planning, prevention, and response.

Effective bioterrorism planning, prevention, and response require information sharing between various entities, ranging from public health authorities and health-care workers to national security and law enforcement officials. While the source of much information exchanged may be nonidentifiable, many entities legitimately need access to personally identifiable health information (or "protected health information" [PHI]) in planning for and responding to a bioterrorism event. The HIPAA Privacy Rule allows for essential exchanges of health data during a public health emergency while protecting against unnecessary disclosures of PHI. In the event of a bioterrorist attack, the Privacy Rule allows covered entities to disclose PHI without individual authorization in the following instances: (1) for treatment by health-care providers, (2) to avert a serious threat to health or safety, (3) to public health authorities for public health purposes, (4) to protect national security, (5) to law enforcement under cert...
Comparison of the behaviour and ecology of red colobus and redtail monkeys in the Kibale Forest, Uganda

Summary The red colobus and redtail monkeys are the two most common primates in the Kibale Forest, yet they show pronounced differences in most aspects of their behaviour and ecology. The red colobus live in large multi-male social groups with home ranges that completely overlap with those of other conspecific social groups. The redtails live in medium-sized, one-male social groups and actively defend territories against other conspecific social groups. Red colobus feed primarily on young plant growth, especially buds, flowers, and young leaves. In contrast, redtails feed heavily on fruits and arthropods. Comparisons are made of inter-individual spacing, adult male interactions, mating systems, grooming, social relations of neonates, inter-group relations and diet, time budgets, vertical stratification, ranging, biomass, density and yield. It is suggested that differences in the density, dispersion patterns and renewal rates of the divergent classes of food account for much of the contrast in life styles of these two monkey species. Resume Le colobe bai et la cercopitheque ascagne sont les deux primates les plus communs de la foret de Kibale, bien qu'ils presentent des differences prononcees dans la plupart des aspects de leur comportement et de leur ecologie. Le colobe bai vit en grands groupes sociaux a plusieurs mâles dont les domaines vitaux recouvrent completement ceux d'autres groupes conspecifiques. Les cercopitheques ascagnes vivent en groupes sociaux moyens a mâle unique et defendent activement leur territoire contre les autres groupes sociaux conspecifiques. Les colobes bais se nourrissent principalement de jeunes pousses, specialement des bourgeons, des fleurs et de jeunes feuilles. Les cercopitheques, eux, mangent essentiellement des fruits et des arthropodes. On compare les distances entre individus, les interactions des mâles adultes, les processus d'accouplement, de toilette, les relations sociales des nouveaux-nes, les relations entre les groupes ainsi que les regimes alimentaires, les actogrammes, la stratification verticale, la dispersion, la densite et la production de biomasse. On suggere que les differences de frequence, de mode de distribution et de taux de renouvellement des diverses sources de nourriture entrent en ligne de compte pour une bonne part du contraste dans les modes de vie de ces deux especes.
Axiomatic Theories of Truth

Volker Halbach Axiomatic Theories of Truth. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. ix+364 pp. $85.00. ISBN 978-0-521-11581-0. Reviewed by Michael Sheard, Department of Mathematic...
Distribution of Isotopic Nitrogen in Nitrogen Gas During Denitrification

Equations are presented which permit calculation of the mole-fraction of nitrogen gas evolved from soil into an atmosphere containing nitrogen even though the amount of nitrogen-15 in the source material changes as a result of mixture with other soil nitrogen. The equations also give a quantitative estimate of the relative contributions to the evolved gas by both the original source and by other nitrogen-con- taining material in soil from a consideration only of mass spectrometric data obtained from the atmosphere above the soil. (P.C.H.)
In vitro susceptibility ofHaemophilus aphrophilus to several antibiotics, alone and in combination

Although endocarditis caused byHaemophilus aphrophilus is rare, the high rates of morbidity and mortality associated with this infection may warrant combination antimicrobial therapy. Synergistic efficacy of antibiotic combinations against six isolates ofH. aphrophilus was evaluated by time-kill curves. Synergistic killing was obtained against all strains with combinations of gentamicin plus penicillin G, cefamandole, piperacillin, and cephalothin, while the combination of erythromycin plus gentamicin was synergistic against only one of six strains.
Hospitalization rates and utilization among patients with giant cell arteritis: A population-based study from 1987 to 2012.

Abstract Background Patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) may experience serious vascular and visual complications. It is unknown, however, to what extent the difficulties of the disease may lead to hospitalization. The goal of this study is to discern whether patients with GCA are at greater risk for all-cause hospitalizations when compared to the general population. Methods This retrospective, population-based cohort study utilized patients with large vessel or visual involvement who were diagnosed with GCA (as defined by the 1990 ACR criteria) between 1/1/1950 and 12/31/2009, and a reference cohort of patients without GCA matched on age, sex, and calendar year. Each patients' medical record was examined for hospitalizations from 1987 through 2012. For this analysis, follow-up began with the latter of index date or 1/1/1987 and ended at the earlier of death, emigration from Olmsted County, or 12/31/2012. Discharge diagnoses were grouped together using the Clinical Classifications Software (CCS) for ICD-9-CM from Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). Data were analyzed using person-year methods and rate ratios comparing GCA to non-GCA. Results The GCA cohort consists of 199 patients with a mean age of 76.2 (79.9% female) and follow-up of 8.2 years. The non-GCA cohort is comprised of 194 patients with a mean age of 75.7 (78.9% female) and follow-up of 8.6 years. The patients with GCA had 816 hospitalizations and the non-GCA patients had 737 hospitalizations. GCA patients proved to be at a marginally greater risk for all causes of hospitalization [rate ratio (RR) = 1.13; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02–1.25]; however, the rate of hospitalization for patients with and without GCA decreased significantly from 1987 to 2012. Two specific discharge categories are of interest. First, transient cerebral ischemia is a greater risk of hospitalization for patients with GCA who had 16 hospitalizations compared to patients without GCA who only had 5 hospitalizations (RR = 3.06; 95% CI: 1.27–9.47). Second, patients with GCA (21 hospitalizations) are at greater risk of hospitalization for syncope than patients without GCA (5 hospitalizations) (RR = 3.98; 95% CI: 1.72–12.14). Conclusion In this first ever analysis of all-cause hospitalizations in a population-based cohort, patients with GCA appear to be at a marginally greater risk for hospitalization than patients without GCA, although the rate of hospitalization for GCA patients decreased from 1987 to 2012. Patients with GCA are at increased risk of hospitalization for both transient cerebral ischemia and syncope.
The Effects of Federal Credit Programs on Farm Output

Institutions with the direct or implied support of the federal government have supplied on average in the 1980s 45% of total credit received by the agricultural sector of the U.S. economy. The Farm Credit System (FCS), a borrower-owned cooperative whose bonds carry an implied federal guarantee, held about 27% of total outstanding farm debt in 1987. The Farmers Home Administration (FmHA), a federal agency that makes loans to farmers who are attempting to cope with emergency situations, held an additional 17%.
Two dimensional echocardiographic recognition of the descending thoracic aorta

Abstract Two dimensional echocardiography was used to identify the descending thoracic aorta in 106 subjects. In 12 of these subjects, contrast injection techniques were used to identify this structure as it descended posteriorly adjacent to the atrioventricular groove. The course of the descending thoracic aorta was mapped using both the long axis and transverse axis views. The normal descending thoracic aorta (26 subjects) measures 10 ±1.4 mm / m 2 during diastole. Unusual M mode echocardiographic patterns of the descending aorta may be confused with other disease states; they are clarified with the two dimensional study. The size and appearance of the descending aorta in different types of cardiovascular disease, including aortic aneurysm, in 80 patients are described. It is anticipated that two dimensional echocardiography will prove to be a useful method of studying patients with aortic disease.
Modeling the kinetics of ferrous iron oxidation by monochloramine.

The maintenance of disinfectants in distribution systems is necessary to ensure drinking water safety. Reactions with oxidizable species can however lead to undesirable disinfectant losses. Previous work has shown that the presence of Fe(II) can cause monochloramine loss in distribution system waters. This paper further examines these reactions and presents a reaction mechanism and kinetic model. The mechanism includes both aqueous-phase reactions and surface-catalyzed reactions involving the iron oxide product. In addition, it considers competitive reactions involving the amidogen radical that lead to a nonelementary stoichiometry. Using the method of initial rates, the aqueous-phase reactions were found to have first-order dependencies on Fe(II), NH2Cl, and OH- and a rate coefficient (kNH2Cl,soln) of 3.10 (±0.560) × 109 M-2 min-1. The surface-mediated reactions were modeled by assuming the formation of two surface species: >FeOFe+ and >FeOFeOH. Using numerical techniques, combined rate coefficients for...
Genitourinary tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection: clinical features in an inner-city hospital population.

Background There has been a resurgence of tuberculosis (TB) in the United States, largely because of the HIV epidemic. The impact of this epidemic on the incidence and clinical presentation of genitourinary TB is largely unknown. We describe the clinical findings and outcomes of genitourinary TB in patients infected with HIV and compare them with those in patients not infected with HIV.
Vma22p is a novel endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein required for assembly of the yeast vacuolar H(+)-ATPase complex.

Abstract The Saccharomyces cerevisiae vacuolar H-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a multi-subunit complex that can be structurally and functionally divided into peripheral (V) and integral membrane (V) sectors. The vma22-1 mutation was isolated in a screen for mutants defective in V-ATPase function. vma22Δ cells contain no V-ATPase activity due to a failure to assemble the enzyme complex; V subunits accumulate in the cytosol, and the V 100-kDa subunit is rapidly degraded. Turnover of the 100-kDa integral membrane protein was found to occur in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of vma22Δ cells. The product of the VMA22 gene, Vma22p, is a 21-kDa hydrophilic protein that is not a subunit of the V-ATPase but rather is associated with ER membranes. The association of Vma22p with ER membranes was perturbed by mutations in VMA12, a gene that encodes an ER membrane protein (Vma12p) that is also required for V-ATPase assembly. These results indicate that Vma22p, along with Vma21p and Vma12p, form a set of ER proteins required for V-ATPase assembly.
Lattice gravity near the continuum limit

Abstract We prove that the lattice gravity always approaches the usual continuum limit when the link length l → 0, provided that certain general boundary conditions are satisfied. This result holds for any lattice, regular or irregular. Furthermore, for a given lattice, the deviation from its continuum limit can be expressed as a power series in l 2 . General formulas for such a perturbative calculation are given, together with a number of illustrative examples, including the graviton propagator. The lattice gravity satisfies all the invariance properties of Einstein's theory of general relativity. In addition, it is symmetric under a new class of transformations that are absent in the usual continuum theory. The possibility that the lattice theory (with a nonzero l) may be more fundamental is discussed.
Heat shock protein 90β : A novel mediator of vitamin D action

We investigated the role of Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) in vitamin D action in Caco-2 cells using geldanamycin (GA) to block Hsp90 function and RNA interference to reduce Hsp90beta expression. When cells were exposed to GA, vitamin D-mediated gene expression and transcriptional activity were inhibited by 69% and 54%, respectively. Gel shift analysis indicated that GA reduced vitamin D-mediated DNA binding activity of the vitamin D receptor (VDR). We tested the specific role of Hsp90beta by knocking down its expression with stably expressed short hairpin RNA. Vitamin D-induced gene expression and transcriptional activity were reduced by 90% and 80%, respectively, in Hsp90beta-deficient cells. Nuclear protein for VDR and RXRalpha, its heterodimer partner, were not reduced in Hsp90beta-deficient cells. These findings indicate that Hsp90beta is needed for optimal vitamin D responsiveness in the enterocyte and demonstrate a specific role for Hsp90beta in VDR signaling.
A neuromagnetic view of hippocampal memory functions

Bursts of highly synchronized discharges of 4-7Hz sinusoidal wave activity can be recorded from the hippocampus during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. These rhythmic discharges, the hippocampal theta activity, are generated in the dentate granule cells and the pyramidal cell layers of the CA1 field of the hippocampus. The physiological function of the hippocampal theta activity is elusive. The occurrence of this rhythm throughout the REM sleep stage suggests that it is related to some fundamental neurophysiological phenomena associated with REM sleep, particularly consolidation of memory processes. Synchronous oscillations among a population of neurons are expected to yield stronger, more coherent associated magnetic fields which, through their influence back on the electrical fields via induction, would exert an independent effect on the electrical activity of hippocampal neurons and additionally, could foster and reinforce these oscillations through self-induction. The snail-shaped structure of the hippocampal formation, which resembles a solenoid embedded in the temporal lobe, would be expected to amplify these magnetic fields. Additionally, the discovery of large ferromagnetic particles in the human hippocampus suggests that it may function as a large iron-core electromagnet. It is proposed that memory traces may be encoded or decoded magnetically and analogous to a videotape, each encoding unit (i.e., synapse, set of synapses or glial cell) could be magnetized in one direction, or the other through the flow of a strong, AC magnetic field along the hippocampal formation. The encoding of memory traces in the hippocampal formation may ultimately reflect an electromagnetic phenomenon.
A theory of fatigue crack initiation at inclusions

The dislocation dipole accumulation model for fatigue crack initiation previously proposed by the authors is extended to an analysis of the fatigue strength reduction due to inclusions in high strength alloys. The initiation of a fatigue crack is determined by an energy criterion under the assumption that the crack initiation takes place when the self strain energy of dislocation dipoles accumulated at the damaged part in the material reaches a critical value. Explicit formulae for the crack initiation criterion in several cases are derived as functions of the applied stress, the inclusion size, the slip band shape, and the shear moduli of the inclusion and matrix. The following three types of fatigue crack initiation at inclusions are considered: the slip-band crack emanating from a debonded inclusion, the inclusion cracking due to impinging of slip bands, and the slip-band crack emanating from an uncracked inclusion. The first mechanism was reported to be operative in high strength steels, while the last two mechanisms were reported in high strength aluminum alloys. The present theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental data published for each case of fatigue crack initiation at inclusions.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of the walls of yeasts cells and germinated fungal spores

Abstract Crude lytic enzymes (predominantly β-(1–3)-glucanases from Oerskovia xanthineolytica, Basidiomycete QM 806 and Rhizopus arrhizus QM 1032 were tested against the walls of log-phase Saccharomyces cerevisiae and germinated spores of Aspergillus aculeatus, Aureobasidium pullulans, Myrothecium verrucaria, Rhizopus arrhizus and Trichoderma viride. Release of reducing sugars and formation of spheroplasts from viable cells were used as criteria to evaluate enzymatic activity. The enzyme preparation from Oerskovia was more active than the other two enzymes for formation of spheroplasts and release of reducing sugars from Au. pullulans, M. verrucaria, S. cerevisiae and T. viride. The basidiomycetous enzyme was also able to attack these viable cells and form spheroplasts, but the rate of release of reducing sugars and the extent of spheroplast formation was lower than for the Oerskovia enzyme. The enzyme from R. arrhizus did not attack viable cells extensively or release spheroplasts from the organisms tested. All three enzyme preparations released reducing sugars from Asp. aculeatus without the formation of spheroplasts. R. arrhizus was resistant to treatment by these enzymes. The crude Oerskovia enzyme exhibited an endo-splitting action pattern against laminarin and lichenin. The ratio of cell lytic activity to laminarinase activity was higher for the Oerskovia preparation than for the preparations from the other two organisms. The basidiomycete enzyme showed a predominantly exo-splitting action pattern against laminarin and did not attack lichenin to a great extent, but was capable of yeast wall lysis; The enzyme from R. arrhizus was predominantly endo-splitting against laminarin and lichenin, and thus similar to the Oerskovia enzyme. However, it showed no action against viable cells. Chitinase assisted the Oerskovia and basidiomycete enzyme preparations in the release of reducing sugars from Asp. aculeatus, M. verrucaria and T. viride. Chitosanase showed the greatest action towards R. arrhizus.
Effects of ingesting a pre-workout supplement with and without synephrine on cognitive function, perceptions of readiness to perform, and exercise performance.

Background A number of nutritional strategies have been developed to optimize nutrient delivery prior to exercise. As a result, a number of pre-workout supplements have been developed to increase energy availability, promote vasodilation, and/ or positively affect exercise capacity. The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of ingesting a preworkout dietary supplement with and without synephrine on cognitive function, perceptions of readiness to perform, and exercise performance.
On the origins of Titchener's experimentalists.

E. B. Titchener's Society of Experimentalists was founded in 1904, partly as a result of Titchener's personal conflicts with certain members of the American Psychological Association and partly out of his frustration over the structure and content of the Association's annual meeting. However, though Titchener was clearly the prime mover in organizing the experimentalists, the Society's formation reflected the more widespread dissatisfaction of a number of experimentalists over the direction being taken by the Association. Lightner Witmer, for example, attempted but failed to form a separate association for experimentalists six years prior to Titchener's successful effort.
Discriminating duplex and hairpin oligonucleotides using chemical shifts: application to the anticodon stem–loop of Escherichia coli tRNAPhe

A sensitive NMR spectroscopic method for detection of duplex forms of self-complementary nucleic acid sequences has been implemented. The G.U wobble base pair formed between a (15)N-labeled strand and an unlabeled probe strand is used to identify the duplex. The guanine imino resonance, with its characteristic chemical shift, is detected using a 2D (15)N-(1)H heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC) spectrum and provides a sensitive and unambiguous route to hairpin-duplex discrimination. The method has been used to identify the duplex and hairpin forms of an RNA oligonucleotide at concentrations of approximately 20 microM. This method has also been used to rule out possible duplex formation of an RNA oligonucleotide corresponding to the unmodified anticodon stem-loop of Escherichia coli tRNA(Phe) and suggests that this hairpin has a 3 nt loop.
Asynchronous states in networks of pulse-coupled oscillators.

We use a mean-field approach to analyze the stability of the asynchronous state in a population of all-to-all, pulse-coupled, nonlinear oscillators. We determine the conditions that must be satisfied by the time constants and phase dependence characterizing the coupling between the oscillators in order for the asynchronous state to be stable. We also consider the effects of noise. This work complements results on synchronous states in similar models and allows us to study the validity of firing-rate models commonly used for neural networks.
Demonstration of the complementarity of one- and two-photon interference

The visibilities of second-order (single-photon) and fourth-order (two-photon) interference have been observed in a Young’s double-slit experiment using light generated by spontaneous parametric downconversion. As the effective source size is increased, coherence is diminished while entanglement is enhanced. This is the first experimental demonstration of this complementarity in the spatial domain.
Psychological preparation for an endoscopic examination

An intricate and controlled investigation shows that pre-endoscopic instruction can lessen the requirement for ataraxic medication and can reduce the patient's reaction to the procedure.
Defective sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) phosphorylation exacerbates TH17-mediated autoimmune neuroinflammation

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signaling regulates lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs into systemic circulation. The sphingosine phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) agonist FTY-720 (Gilenya) arrests immune trafficking and prevents multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses. However, alternative mechanisms of S1P-S1P1 signaling have been reported. Phosphoproteomic analysis of MS brain lesions revealed S1P1 phosphorylation on S351, a residue crucial for receptor internalization. Mutant mice harboring an S1pr1 gene encoding phosphorylation-deficient receptors (S1P1(S5A)) developed severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) due to autoimmunity mediated by interleukin 17 (IL-17)-producing helper T cells (TH17 cells) in the peripheral immune and nervous system. S1P1 directly activated the Jak-STAT3 signal-transduction pathway via IL-6. Impaired S1P1 phosphorylation enhances TH17 polarization and exacerbates autoimmune neuroinflammation. These mechanisms may be pathogenic in MS.
Demographics and patronage motives of supercenter shoppers in the United States

Purpose – This paper seeks to provide an updated, general understanding of supercenter shopping behavior in the USA.Design/methodology/approach – The study employs a sample generated from Retail Forward panel data to assess the impact of demographic variables, including gender, age, ethnicity, education, income, marital status, and household size, on supercenter shopping frequency across four product categories (apparel, health and beauty, home furnishings, and consumer electronics). Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques (regression, ANOVA) are used to evaluate the data.Findings – The paper identifies demographic groups who frequent supercenters and examines patronage motives as drivers of supercenter shopping behavior.Research limitations/implications – Generalizations of the findings of this study to markets outside the USA are limited due to the differences in consumers and retail formats available in various countries. Future research could compare shopping behavior within large formats a...
Mobilization of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells using inhibitors of CXCR4 and VLA-4

Successful hematopoietic stem cell transplant requires the infusion of a sufficient number of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) that are capable of homing to the bone marrow cavity and regenerating durable trilineage hematopoiesis in a timely manner. Stem cells harvested from peripheral blood are the most commonly used graft source in HSCT. Although granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is the most frequently used agent for stem cell mobilization, the use of G-CSF alone results in suboptimal stem cell yields in a significant proportion of patients. Both the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and the integrin α(4)β(1) (very late antigen 4 (VLA-4)) have important roles in the homing and retention of HSPCs within the bone marrow microenvironment. Preclinical and/or clinical studies have shown that targeted disruption of the interaction of CXCR4 or VLA-4 with their ligands results in the rapid and reversible mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells into the peripheral circulation and is synergistic when combined with G-CSF. In this review, we discuss the development of small-molecule CXCR4 and VLA-4 inhibitors and how they may improve the utility and convenience of peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.
DOUBLE K-VACANCY PRODUCTION IN MOLYBDENUM BY X-RAY PHOTOIONIZATION

We report the observation of double $K$-vacancy production in x-ray photoionization of molybdenum. From these data we deduce the relative probabilities for production of double and single $K$ vacancies by photon impact at 50 keV and report the most precise measure of the ratio of double to single $K$-vacancy production by photon impact in a heavy atom. That ratio provides an important probe of electron-electron correlations in high- $Z$ atoms where theoretical descriptions must consider those correlations simultaneously with relativity. Our results suggest the need for theoretical treatments to properly deal with such systems.
Growth and Retrogression in Larvae of Trogoderma glabrum (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). 4. Developmental Characteristics and Adaptive Functions

Some developmental characteristics of Trogoderma glabrum (Herbst) are considered in relation to the biological adaptations of the species. Larvae in five different physiological states—normal, Dauer, retrogressed, regrown, and Dauer-regrown—were compared with respect to environmental stimuli controlling the induction of pupation. The responses of the larvae showed that retrogression led to a requirement not only for food but also for long-day photoperiods and the presence of males as stimuli inducing pupation of female larvae. The Dauer condition did not in itself influence competence to pupate. Retrogressive ecdyses were found to exact only very small expenditure of the larval reserves of energy and material. The function of retrogressive ecdyses is postulated to be the adjustment of body size to maintain a constant physiological state, density, and water content. Retrogression and the Dauer larval condition were compared with the diapause state as currently defined and were postulated to be unrelated to diapause or any form of dormancy.
Molecular clustering about a positive ion. Structures, energetics, and vibrational frequencies of the protonated hydrogen clusters H+3, H+5, H+7, and H+9

The positive hydrogen clusters H+(H2)n for n=1, 2, 3, 4 have been studied via nonempirical molecular electronic structure theory. Using double zeta (DZ) and double zeta plus polarization (DZ+P) basis sets, wave functions are reported at both the self‐consistent field (SCF) and configuration interaction including all single and double excitations (CISD) levels of theory. In each case analytic gradient techniques have been used to locate stationary point geometries and to predict harmonic vibrational frequencies. The effects of electron correlation are shown to be greater for these loose molecular complexes than for ordinary molecules. Although H+5 in its lowest energy conformation is not qualitatively described as H+3⋅H2, the larger molecular ions do fit the qualitative picture H+3(H2)n, with H+3 as a nucleating center. Of special interest here are the ‘‘new’’ normal modes of these clusters, i.e., those modes having no counterpart in the isolated H+3 or H2 species. There are 15 such vibrational degrees of ...
Effect of Elevated Temperature and Reduced Relative Humidity on ORR Kinetics for PEM Fuel Cells

As a measure of catalytic activity, i η = 0 . 3 v ,the current density at 0.3 V overpotential, was chosen to evaluate the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at elevated temperatures (> 100°C) and various relative humidities(RH) for polymer exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The purely kinetic reaction order of the ORR with respect to oxygen partial pressure is less than 1.0 and changes with the RH. The activation energy is 49 kJ/mol at 100% RH and 55 kJ/mol at 50% RH. The active electrochemical surface area of platinum changes little with RH. RH has a strong effect on the catalytic activity under dry conditions (0-60% RH), but under wet conditions (>60% RH) its influence is unclear. The Tafel slope obtained in the 1-100 mA/cm 2 current density range changes significantly with RH: wet conditions produce low Tafel slopes ( 100 mV/dec). Dependence of the RH on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) may be explained by the changes of the rate-determining reaction, proton activity, and adsorbed -OH on the platinum surface. The ORR kinetic parameters obtained here are instructive for high-temperature fuel cell data analysis and performance improvement.
Behavioral effects of interpersonal attraction: Compliance with requests from liked and disliked others

Sixty undergraduate females participated in an experiment designed to investigate the hypothesis that Ss would be more willing to comply with various requests from liked than from disliked others. Attraction was manipulated by varying both the apparent degree of attitude similarity between Ss and the requester and the favorability of ratings about the Ss ostensibly made by this individual. Results indicated that significantly more Ss complied with the requests of a liked than with those of a disliked other, but only under conditions where the magnitude of these appeals was relatively great. These findings were discussed in terms of their implications for the generalizability of the results of laboratory research on attraction to behavior in naturalistic social situations.
Hormesis, non-linearity, and risk communication.

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Granular cell myoblastoma of the common bile duct.

Two cases of granular cell myoblastoma of the common bile duct are reported. One tumor caused extrahepatic cholestasis and another was an incidental finding at autopsy. These are the second and third cases reported involving the common bile duct.
CYCLIC AMP IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) OF PRETERM INFANTS WITH INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE / POST-HEMORRHAGIC HYDROCEPHALUS (IVH/PHH). † 2259

CYCLIC AMP IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) OF PRETERM INFANTS WITH INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE / POST-HEMORRHAGIC HYDROCEPHALUS (IVH/PHH). † 2259
Exploring Inhibitor Binding at the S Subsites of Cathepsin L

We report a series of noncovalent, reversible inhibitors of cathepsin L that have been designed to explore additional binding interactions with the S' subsites. The design was based on our previously reported crystal structure that suggested the possibility of engineering increased interactions with the S' subsites ( Chowdhury et al. J. Med. Chem. 2002, 45, 5321-5329 ). A representative of these new inhibitors has been co-crystallized with mature cathepsin L, and the structure has been solved and refined at 2.2 A. The inhibitors described in this work extend farther into the S' subsites of cathepsins than any inhibitors reported in the literature thus far. These interactions appear to make use of a S3' subsite that can potentially be exploited for enhanced specificity and/or affinity.
Is your information system mature enough for computerized planning

Abstract This paper presents the results of a study of computerized planning models in 235 firms throughout the world. The authors argue that organizational climate can be a serious pitfall to the inplementation of long-range planning systems. However, their view of climate extends beyond the traditional behavioral domain to include the sophistication of the organization's information system. The paper addresses itself to one of the key questions affecting the implementation of long-range planning systems. Why do some organizations develop computerized planning models and others do not?
Risk Sharing and Compensation Guides for Managers and Members of Vertical Beef Alliances

Vertical alliances in beef are growing in importance. Alliances struggle with decisions on how to compensate members. Both conceptual development and empirical analysis are needed. A conceptual framework building on transaction cost and principal agent literature is developed and strategies for sharing feeding and packing margins are analyzed. Premiums for high-quality cattle increase revenues to the alliance. Margin and premium sharing interactions are investigated and guidelines are presented. Compensations that provide incentives for improving cattle quality help ensure the success of alliances as vertical coordination and quality control mechanisms. The beef sector is experiencing significant change in coordination of activities along the supply chain. Historically, there have been separate profit centers between the producer and consumer with reliance on the price system to ensure coordination between what is produced and what consumers want. Since the late 1970s, the effectiveness of price as a coordinating mechanism has been questioned. Demand decreases have persisted and accumulated. A demand index developed for the National Cattlemen's Beef AssQciation indicates beef demand decreased more than 49% between 1980 and 1998 (Demand Indexes at http://www.aaec.vt.edu/rilp). The reasons for the demand problems have been apparent for a number of years. Surveys and focus groups indicate that consumers want a consistent, high-quality eating experience. The first national beef quality audit in 1990 listed excessive fat, low palatability, and inadequate tenderness as major quality concerns (National
Effect of Omega‐3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on the Arachidonic Acid: Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ratio

Study Objectives. To determine the baseline arachidonic acid: eicosapentaenoic acid (AA:EPA) ratio in patients with coronary artery disease and healthy subjects, and whether supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids, administered as fish oil capsules, affects this ratio. Design. Prospective, open-label trial. Setting. University-affiliated cardiology clinic. Subjects. Thirty patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and 30 healthy subjects. Intervention. All participants received omega-3 fatty acids 1.5 g/day for 4 weeks, followed by 3 g/day for an additional 4 weeks. Measurements and Main Results. For each participant, a lipid profile was determined at baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment with each dose. Other laboratory results analyzed were serum AA:EPA ratios, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels, and blood glucose levels. Mean ± SD baseline AA:EPA ratios were 39.6 ± 19.0 in healthy subjects and 23.7 ± 12.5 in patients with CAD. These ratios decreased significantly in both groups after treatment with 1.5 g/day of omega-3 fatty acids: 9.0 ± 4.2 in healthy subjects and 10.3 ± 8.8 in patients with CAD. After treatment with 3 g/day, the ratios were further reduced: 5.1 ± 3.2 in healthy subjects and 4.9 ± 2.6 in patients with CAD. Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids did not significantly affect hs-CRP, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or blood glucose levels. Triglyceride levels were not reduced in patients with CAD but were significantly decreased in healthy subjects (by 20% decrease with omega-3 fatty acids 1.5 g/day and by 32% decrease with 3 g/day). Conclusion. Treatment with omega-3 fatty acids significantly reduced AA:EPA ratios in both healthy subjects and in patients with stable CAD. The treatment had no effect on hs-CRP levels in either group, and it reduced triglyceride levels in healthy subjects but not in patients with CAD.
The allocation of time in decision-making

We study the allocation of time across decision problems. If a decision-maker (1) has noisy estimates of value, (2) improves those estimates the longer he or she analyzes a choice problem, and (3) allocates time optimally, then the decision-maker should spend less time choosing when the difference in value between two options is relatively large. To test this prediction we ask subjects to make 27 binary incentive-compatible intertemporal choices, and measure response time for each decision. Our time allocation model explains 54% of the variance in average decision time. These results support the view that decision-making is a cognitively costly activity that uses time as an input allocated according to cost-benefit principles.
Yolk protein expression in the green crab, Carcinus maenas

Abstract Mature oocytes from adult female green crabs ( Carcinus maenas ) were homogenized and an abundant protein peak (∼ 315 kDa) was purified by gel filtration chromatography. The protein peak was resolved into two bands (74 and 106 kDa) on SDS-PAGE. The bands were digested with trypsin and the tryptic peptides were sequenced by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Two peptides from the 74 kDa band were homologous to regions in other crustacean yolk proteins. Degenerate primers based on these sequences amplified a 545-bp cDNA fragment. The conceptual translation of this fragment showed a close relationship (∼ 60% identity and ∼ 75% similarity) to vitellogenins (Vgs) found in other crustaceans. Gene-specific primers for Vg showed that its mRNA was present in the ovary and hepatopancreas (HP). Northern blots detected a single 8.6 kb transcript in both tissues. Quantitative real-time PCR indicated that ovarian levels of Vg-mRNA were highest at stage II vitellogenesis, rising 2.4-fold from previtellogenic animals and then dropping over 10-fold in stage III animals. Vg-mRNA levels in the HP rose 60-fold between previtellogenesis and stage I vitellogenesis, remaining elevated through stages II and III. These results indicate that the ovary and the HP are both sites of Vg synthesis in the green crab but the HP appears to be a much more important synthetic site.
Twenty-eight-year History of a Landslide Northeast of Great Falls, Montana

A small landslide, which occurred near Great Falls, Montana, in the spring of 1951, was mapped and photographed for each of the years 1951–55 and 1979. The purpose of the study was to document the movement history and to note the changes with time in the morphology of the slide. The slide was triggered by 2 years of above-normal precipitation combined with loss of support caused by headward advance of a gully. No measurable movement of the slide occurred after 1951, but the slide enlarged through the formation of new cracks on the flanks and crown area in 1952 and 1953. Since 1953, the slide has remained stable except for sloughing and collapse into the cracks. The morphology of the slide in 1979 consisted of an unfractured central block surrounded by a graben-like zone of jumbled and broken material with few mappable fractures. The failure surface was apparently in till just below the contact of overlying colluvium. A stability analysis, coupled with direct shear testing of the materials, indicates that failure probably occurred when the ground was completely water saturated and ground-water flow was parallel to the slope. The gully at the toe of the slope, which contributed to the failure conditions, has continued to advance headward at the rate of about 1 ft/yr (0.3 m/yr). The headward advance of the gully has improved drainage in the slope and reactivation of the landslide is not likely to occur except as a result of exceptional precipitation conditions.
Formation of Ultrathin, Defect-Free Membranes by Grafting of Poly(acrylic acid) onto Layered Polyelectrolyte Films

Deposition of hyperbranched poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) films on porous supports is an attractive method for synthesizing derivatizable, ultrathin composite membrane skins. We previously synthesized these films by sputtering a thin gold layer onto a porous alumina support and then grafting several layers of PAA to a self-assembled monolayer of mercaptoundecanoic acid on the gold. This paper demonstrates grafting of PAA onto PAA/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) films that were prepared by alternating polyelectrolyte deposition. This procedure overcomes the inconvenience associated with sputtering of gold and allows synthesis of defect-free membranes using only one grafted PAA layer. Membrane skins consisting of 2.5 bilayers of PAA/PAH plus 1 layer of grafted PAA (total thickness of ∼14 nm) effectively cover the underlying pores of porous alumina supports without filling them, as shown by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images. When derivatized with H2NCH2(CF2)6CF3, these composite memb...