cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sol-Gel Kinetics: 29Si NMR and a Statistical Reaction Model

The early time behavior of an acid catalyzed Si(OCH 3 ), 4 (TMOS) sol-gel was studied by high resolution 29 Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Both the water producing and the alcohol producing condensation reactions were found to contribute significantly to the overall condensation rate. A general theoretical kinetic formalism which specifically treats the temporal evolution of the various chemical function groups about a specific silicon atom was developed. The experimentally observed functional group distribution was in agreement with the distribution predicted by a simplified statistical reaction model. The mathematical framework for the study of chemical speciation at the next-to-nearest functional group level was developed. This framework was used to assign several fine structure resonances, and to show that the formation of various dimeric species is also largely statistical in nature.
Proteomics in animal models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases

The risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) increases with age. AD and PD are the two most common neurodegenerative diseases that currently affect millions of persons within the United States population. While many clues about the mechanisms of these disorders have been uncovered, to date, the molecular mechanisms associated with the cause of these diseases are not completely understood. Furthermore, there are no available cures or preventive treatments for either disorder. Animal models of AD and PD, though not perfect, offer a means to gain knowledge of the basic biochemistry associated with these disorders and with drug efficacy. The field of proteomics which focuses on identifying the dynamic nature of the protein content expressed within a particular cell, tissue, or organism, has provided many insights into these disturbing disorders. Proteomic studies have revealed many pathways that are associated with disease pathogenesis and that may lead to the development of potential therapeutic targets. This review provides a discussion of key findings from AD and PD proteomics-based studies in various animal models of disease.
Primary Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Ambulatory Cancer Patients

OBJECTIVE:To summarize and review current medical literature regarding the efficacy and safety of antithrombotic therapy for primary venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in various ambulatory cancer populations.DATA SOURCES:A literature search was conducted in PubMed (1966-September 2012) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-September 2012) using the terms venous thromboembolism, primary prophylaxis, anticoagulation, antithrombotic agents, cancer, and ambulatory. The bibliographies of pertinent studies and topic articles were reviewed for additional references.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:All English-language articles were evaluated for inclusion. All randomized trials were included in the review.DATA SYNTHESIS:Malignancy has been identified as a major independent risk factor for the development of VTE in the surgical, medically ill, and ambulatory populations. Primary VTE prophylaxis has been identified as an area of great impact in cancer patients because of the difficulties assoc...
Brief paper: Making parametric Hammerstein system identification a linear problem

In this paper, we study the identification of parametric Hammerstein systems with FIR linear parts. By a proper normalization and a clever characterization, it is shown that the average squared error cost function for identification can be expressed in terms of the inner product between the true but unknown parameter vector and its estimate. Further, the cost function is concave in the inner product and linear in the inner product square. Therefore, the identification of parametric Hammerstein systems with FIR linear parts is a globally convergent problem and has one and only one (local and global) minimum. This implies that the identification of such systems is a linear problem in terms of the inner product square and any local search based identification algorithm converges globally.
Detection of copy number variation from array intensity and sequencing read depth using a stepwise Bayesian model

Copy number variants (CNVs) have been demonstrated to occur at a high frequency and are now widely believed to make a significant contribution to the phenotypic variation in human populations. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) and newly developed read-depth approach through ultrahigh throughput genomic sequencing both provide rapid, robust, and comprehensive methods to identify CNVs on a whole-genome scale. We developed a Bayesian statistical analysis algorithm for the detection of CNVs from both types of genomic data. The algorithm can analyze such data obtained from PCR-based bacterial artificial chromosome arrays, high-density oligonucleotide arrays, and more recently developed high-throughput DNA sequencing. Treating parameters--e.g., the number of CNVs, the position of each CNV, and the data noise level--that define the underlying data generating process as random variables, our approach derives the posterior distribution of the genomic CNV structure given the observed data. Sampling from the posterior distribution using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method, we get not only best estimates for these unknown parameters but also Bayesian credible intervals for the estimates. We illustrate the characteristics of our algorithm by applying it to both synthetic and experimental data sets in comparison to other segmentation algorithms. In particular, the synthetic data comparison shows that our method is more sensitive than other approaches at low false positive rates. Furthermore, given its Bayesian origin, our method can also be seen as a technique to refine CNVs identified by fast point-estimate methods and also as a framework to integrate array-CGH and sequencing data with other CNV-related biological knowledge, all through informative priors.
Using student-managed interventions to increase homework completion and accuracy

We examined the effectiveness of self-managed individual and group contingency procedures in improving the completion and accuracy rates of daily mathematics homework assignments. A group of sixth-grade students having homework difficulties in mathematics were selected for the study. There was substantial improvement in the amount of homework completed over baseline for a majority of the students, whereas the results for accuracy were mixed. Students who participated in the self-management training made significant gains on standardized measures of academic achievement and curriculum-based measures of classroom performance. Parents also reported significantly fewer problems associated with homework completion following the intervention. Students who were allowed to select their own performance goals made superior improvements in the number of homework assignments returned compared to students who were given a specified goal by the classroom teacher. Parents, subjects, and the classroom teacher responded positively on consumer satisfaction measures following termination of the study.
Neonatal castration of male rats affects the dendritic response to differential environments in granule neurons of the hippocampal dentate gyrus

An earlier report from our laboratory demonstrated that there were sex differences in the dendritic tree of granule neurons from the rat dentate gyrus (Juraska, Fitch, Henderson, & Rivers, 1985). To investigate the hormonal basis for these sex differences, we castrated or sham-operated male rats within hours of birth. At weaning, rats from both hormonal groups were assigned to either a complex or an isolated environment. After 1 month in the differential environments, the rats’ brains were stained with Golgi-Cox, and the dendritic fields of granule neurons were quantified from 28 animals. Castrated males showed a response to the environments (complex >isolated) that was similar to that of normal females from previous work. This plasticity did not occur in the sham-operated males. However, the castrated males had fewer dendrites than did sham-operated males overall, so that there were no differences between the sham-operated and castrated males in the complex environment, where sex differences (female >male) had been previously found. Therefore, males that were neonatally castrated partially mirrored females in their pattern of dendritic sex differences in dentate granule neurons.
Phylogenetic Cladograms: Tools for Analyzing Biomedical Data

This chapter provides an introduction to phylogenetic cladograms – a systems biology evolutionary-based computational methodology that emphasizes the importance of considering multilevel heterogeneity in living systems when mining data related to these systems. We start by defining intelligence as the ability to predict, because prediction is a very important objective in mining data, especially biomedical data (Sect. 16.1). We then give a brief review of artificial intelligence (AI) and computational intelligence (CI) (Sects. 16.2, 16.3), provide a conciliatory overview of CI, and suggest that phylogenetic cladograms which provide hypotheses about speciation and inheritance relationships should be considered to be a CI methodology. We then discuss heterogeneity in biomedical data and talk about data types, how statistical methods blur heterogeneity, and the different results obtained between more traditional CI methodologies (phenetic) and phylogenetic techniques. Finally, we give an example of constructing and interpreting a phylogenetic cladogram tree.
Plant Remains from the PinaleñO Cotton Cache, Arizona

ABSTRACTTwo sealed prehistoric jars recovered from the Pinaleno Mountains in east-central Arizona yielded a total of 4.56 kg (10.05 pounds) of unginned cotton in excellent condition. The fibers, seeds, and boll segments composing the sample were analyzed in detail and compared with modern and prehistoric cottons. Discussions of the history and biology of cotton provide a framework for interpreting the recovered material. The cultural perspective is provided in summaries of aboriginal cotton agriculture and the economic and ceremonial roles of cotton in the Southwest. The jars and fibers also contained a significant quantity of other plant materials, including 4 cultigens and 16 wild plant taxa, that offered additional insights into the subsistence base and agroecology of prehistoric farmers along the Gila River.
Identification of Hydrogen Peroxide and Hydroxyl Radical as Mediators of LeukocyteInduced Myocardial Dysfunction

Neutrophil infiltration of the myocardium is an important component of such diverse disease entities as myocarditis, ischemia, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. We have hypothesized that activated neutrophils are capable of disrupting myocardial function via an oxygen free-radical mechanism. Human neutrophils activated with phorbol myristate acetate disrupted calcium transport by canine cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum, and this process was inhibited by a combination of superoxide dismutase and catalase. In addition, the activated neutrophil system was also inhibited by the combination of cyclooxygenase inhibitors (ibuprofen and indomethacin) and catalase and accelerated by MK-447. These results incriminate both hydrogen peroxide and the hydroxyl radical as mediators of neutrophil-induced myocardial dysfunction. A test of this hypothesis in vivo was performed by neutrophil-depleting dogs with anti-canine leukocyte antisera prior to coronary artery ligation. Following 6 hr of reperfusion, there was a 43% reduction in infarct size compared to non-immune-sera-injected animals. We conclude that oxygen free radicals generated by neutrophils are capable of inducing significant myocardial injury and play an important role in the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Student Designed Web Pages - Does Title Ix or the First Amendment Apply?

School districts can be liable for peer-on-peer harassment when the school has actual knowledge of harassment, acts with deliberate indifference, and the harassment is severe and pervasive enough to deprive a student of educational benefits. It is unclear whether a school district could ever be liable for their response to harassing behavior that occurred off school grounds and after school hours. This creates a major void in the law because off-campus student designed web pages are becoming more and more common. The web pages are highly critical of other classmates and are written in explicit, often vulgar language. This article explores the tests courts are creating for regulation of student speech and prevention of peer-on-peer harassment and the tensions that result. In light of the sheer number of such pages, this article is not just a far-flung theoretical discussion. Instead it focuses on issues that schools must confront every day.
p-Wave Resonances in 111 Cd(n,γ) 112 Cd

$\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectra and total capture yields were measured for resonant neutron capture in an enriched $^{111}\mathrm{Cd}$ sample for neutron energies less than 2.3 keV. The experiment utilized the 40-m flight path of the Oak Ridge electron linear accelerator and a nonhydrogenous liquid-scintillator $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray detector. A total of 162 resonances were observed in this interval, and the resonance energies and neutron widths deduced. Approximately 14% of the resonances are assigned to $p$-wave capture on the basis of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectral measurements while an additional 23% are assigned to $s$-wave capture on the basis of their large neutron widths. The parity of the remainder is undetermined. A lower limit of 0.9 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ is observed for the $p$-wave neutron strength function [$\ensuremath{\Sigma}\frac{g\ensuremath{\Gamma}_{n}^{1}}{(2l+1)\ensuremath{\Delta}E}$] while the $s$-wave neutron strength function [$\ensuremath{\Sigma}\frac{g\ensuremath{\Gamma}_{n}^{0}}{\ensuremath{\Delta}E}$] is 0.15 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$.
Expertise and Political Responsibility: The Columbia Shuttle Catastrophe

One of the major conflicts between the principles of democratic politics and the practical reality of expertise in public decision making takes place in connection with responsibility. The basic principles of democracy include some notion of political responsibility, usually understood to take a bi-directional form, in which the relation between ruler and ruled takes the form of representation and the relation in which the ruled control the ruler takes the form of accountability. The means by which the people assure that the persons who politically represent them are responsible to them vary among ‘democratic’ regimes. Even within the general framework of representative liberal democracies the character of political responsibility varies considerably, both within a particular regime and between political regimes. Moreover, typically a modern state employs many devices apart from simple parliamentary representation, and very often these devices, such as juries, commissions, independent judges, law lords, and the like predate (or are based on models that predate) parliamentary government. Yet they involve their own notions of responsibility that resolve, ultimately, into a form of political responsibility.
Parametric amplification of spin waves using bulk acoustic waves

Spin waves are a promising prospect for the development of microwave information processing devices. A major obstacle in the study of spin waves is the large intrinsic spin-wave damping in most known magnetic materials. Viable spin-wave amplification techniques are thus required to make further progress in the development of spin-wave-based logic devices. In this paper, we investigate a novel technique of parametric modulation of spin waves using bulk acoustic waves. Although it is not a conclusive proof of parametric amplification, we show that bulk acoustic waves at twice the frequency of the propagating spin waves on coupling into an yttrium iron garnet film can modulate the amplitude of the spin wave. This paper provides insight into magnon-phonon interactions, and suggests a new mechanism to compensate for inherent losses in spin-wave propagation in spin-wave-based logic devices.
Identifying and quantifying architectural debt

Our prior work showed that the majority of error-prone source files in a software system are architecturally connected. Flawed architectural relations propagate defects among these files and accumulate high maintenance costs over time, just like debts accumulate interest. We model groups of architecturally connected files that accumulate high maintenance costs as architectural debts. To quantify such debts, we formally define architectural debt, and show how to automatically identify debts, quantify their maintenance costs, and model these costs over time. We describe a novel history coupling probability matrix for this purpose, and identify architecture debts using 4 patterns of architectural flaws shown to correlate with reduced software quality. We evaluate our approach on 7 large-scale open source projects, and show that a significant portion of total project maintenance effort is consumed by paying interest on architectural debts. The top 5 architectural debts, covering a small portion (8% to 25%) of each project's error-prone files, capture a significant portion (20% to 61%) of each project's maintenance effort. Finally, we show that our approach reveals how architectural issues evolve into debts over time.
A macromolecular approach to excitation phenomena: mechanical and thermal changes in nerve during excitation

(1) Nerve fibers and cells were shown to swell when they develop action potentials. Both in the squid giant axon and in the garfish olfactory nerve, the peak of swelling coincides with the peak of the action potential recorded from the site of mechanical recording. Substitution of univalent cations for the bivalent cations (Ca) bound to multi-anion sites in the membrane macromolecules is considered to be at the base of the phenomenon of swelling. (2) Measurements of heat production by the garfish olfactory nerve indicate that the rate of temperature rise is maximal at the peak of the action potential. Since heat production lasts for the entire depolarizing phase of the action potential, the "condenser theory" of heat production is abandoned. Again, substitution of the bound bivalent cations in the membrane macromolecules with univalent cations is regarded as the origin of nerve heat. (3) The two stable states of the nerve membrane, which are readily demonstrable in TEA-treated or internally perfused squid giant axons, are shown to represent bivalent cation-rich and univalent cation-rich states of the nerve membrane. (4) A physicochemical theory is described that explains macromolecular transitions between two stable states. The mechanism of nerve excitation is explained on a physicochemical basis. (5) The importance of the role played by water molecules in the process of nerve excitation is emphasized.
Quantum Randomness, Hylomorphism, and Classical Theism

According to certain interpretations of quantum mechanics, the behavior of some physical systems is random—that is, certain current states of physical systems are related to other current states and the set of possible future states in a probabilistic, rather than a deterministic, fashion. This account of physical systems seems to conflict with the claim that there is an omnipotent God—that is, a God Who can efficaciously bring about any logically possible creaturely state, and Who can cause efficacious secondary causes—and so raises problems for classical theism. After explaining these problems, I provide a solution to them based upon a version of hylomorphism, which I call Theistic Hylomorphism with Randomness. On this view, it can be affirmed that the physical world is both random and in determinate states, and divine omnipotence can be upheld in a random world. After presenting this version of hylomorphism and showing how it defeats the problems for classical theism raised by quantum mechanics, I defend it against three objections.
Normative Data for the NeuroCom Sensory Organization Test in US Military Special Operations Forces.

Context: Postural stability is the ability to control the center of mass in relation to a person's base of support and can be affected by both musculoskeletal injury and traumatic brain injury. The NeuroCom Sensory Organization Test (SOT) can be used to objectively quantify impairments to postural stability. The ability of postural stability to predict injury and be used as an acute injury-evaluation tool makes it essential to the screening and rehabilitation process. To our knowledge, no published normative data for the SOT from a healthy, highly active population are available for use as a reference for clinical decision making. Objective: To present a normative database of SOT scores from a US Military Special Operations population that can be used for future comparison. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Human performance research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 542 active military operators from Naval Special Warfare Combatant-Craft Crewmen (n = 149), Naval Special Warfare...
Drawing Life in Flux

Chapter ten puts Deleuze and Guattari to work as Stephanie and Jim explore the “push and pull” of normativity and difference in everyday life. They build a compelling scenario where rather than assuming the world is fixed in any way, educators might assume a “world in flux” a “maybe world” where they can be in a relationship with the world around them, and how that relationship might produce something new and perhaps something preferable. This chapter sets the stage, theoretically, what the discussion in the next chapter.
Intraperitoneal metastases after transarterial embolization of hepatocellular carcinoma: An observational study

Transarterial embolization is frequently used to treat local hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While various complications are known to occur following transarterial embolization, only one prior case of peritoneal spread of HCC occurring shortly after transarterial chemoembolization has been reported. We present five cases of peritoneal spread of HCC following transarterial embolization (including bland embolization, conventional transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), and doxorubicin-eluting beads TACE) and identify features common among those cases. Search of electronic radiology reports and images identified five patients with imaging before and after treatment of HCC with transarterial embolization and with newly developed peritoneal metastases after treatment. Various patient demographics and tumor characteristics were noted. The mean maximal diameter of the treated HCC tumors was 3.7 cm (range 1.4–11.9 cm). Three of the patients had ascites and treated tumors in the posterior right hepatic lobe, and all patients had subcapsular tumors treated with transarterial embolization before developing peritoneal metastases. The mean time from treatment with transarterial embolization to the development of peritoneal metastases was four months. Intraperitoneal metastatic disease should be considered a rare but potential complication of transarterial embolization of subcapsular HCC, particularly in patients with ascites and tumors that are in the posterior segments of the right lobe. This potential complication should perhaps be considered when planning transarterial HCC treatment, and radiologists interpreting imaging after transarterial embolization of HCC should assess for peritoneal metastases.
The Changing Nature of Power, Control, and Influence in Sibling Relationships

The sibling relationship is unique in that it transforms across development from hierarchical in early childhood, to egalitarian by adulthood. The present article reviews the previous theorizing and research literature regarding how and why power, control, and therefore sibling influence, change over the course of the first couple of decades, and introduces the goals and advancements made by the new research presented in this issue.
Reduced-volume radiotherapy for patients with localized intracranial nongerminoma germ cell tumors

Craniospinal irradiation is standard radiotherapy (RT) for localized intracranial nongerminoma germ cell tumors (NGGCT). Given its toxicity, there is interest in using smaller fields. We examined outcomes of NGGCT patients receiving reduced-volume RT at a single institution. Records of 16 patients who received reduced-volume RT as part of definitive treatment between 1996 and 2016 were reviewed. Median age at presentation was 10.8 years (range 4.6-41.0 years). Ten patients had pineal tumors and 6 had suprasellar tumors. All received chemotherapy and 9 patients received second-look surgery thereafter. RT volume was tumor-only to a median of 54 Gy (range 50.4-54 Gy) in 3 patients and whole-ventricle irradiation to a median of 30.6 Gy (range 30.6-36 Gy) with a boost to 54 Gy in 13 patients. Median follow-up was 4.1 years (range 1.9-19.3 years). Three patients recurred locally at a median 9.9 months (range 9.6-10.6 months) after diagnosis, and one of these developed leptomeningeal relapse after 30 months. One patient expired from disease 2.6 years post-diagnosis and another due to stroke 19.3 years post-diagnosis. Fourteen patients are alive with no evidence of disease. Kaplan-Meier estimates of the 4-year overall survival and failure-free survival are 92% (95% confidence interval [CI], 57-99%) and 81% (95% CI 53-94%), respectively. Excellent disease control was observed in these patients with no initial relapses outside of these RT fields. The results of ACNS1123 may better delineate patterns of failure and identify subgroups likely to benefit from this approach.
A Just and Humane Civic Education in an Era of Rising Xenophobia

J. A. Banks, M. M. Suarez-Orozco, & M. Ben-Peretz (Eds.). (2016). Global Migration, Diversity, and Civic Education: Improving Policy and Practice. New York, NY: Teachers College Press. 243 pages, $...
Epidemiology of Eczema Herpeticum in Hospitalized U.S. Children: Analysis of a Nationwide Cohort.

Eczema herpeticum (EH) is characterized by viral infection of a preexisting inflammatory dermatosis and is associated with considerable morbidity. In this cross-sectional study, we sought to determine the incidence, risk factors, comorbidities, costs of care, length of stay, and mortality in hospitalized U.S. children with EH. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample 2002–2012, containing a 20% sample of all U.S. hospitalizations, was analyzed. We used a validated approach involving International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision–Clinical Modification codes to identify patients primarily admitted for EH (n = 4,655 weighted). The mean annual incidence of hospitalization for EH per million children ranged from 4.03 to 7.30, increasing significantly from 2008 to 2012. EH was associated with younger age (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] for 3–4 years = 1.29 [1.02–1.64]) and nonwhite race/ethnicity (black = 2.93 [2.35–3.66], Asian=4.41 [3.34–5.83], Native American = 2.96 [1.51–5.78]) but was less likely to occur in areas with lower income quartiles (quartile 1, 0.66 [0.53–0.84]; quartile 2, = 0.68 [0.54–0.87]; quartile 3, 0.70 [0.56–0.88]). EH was associated with atopic dermatitis (11.72 [9.48–14.49]). Increased length of stay and costs of care were associated with Asian race. Mean length of stay was 3.86 ± 0.09 days, and mean cost of care was $5,237.6 ± 160.6. Overall mortality was 0.1%. EH in hospitalized children poses a substantial burden to the health care system.
Mitigation and traceback countermeasures for DDoS [ie DoS] attacks

xv CHAPTER 1. DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACKS 1 1.1 The Increasing Threat of DoS Attacks 1 1.2 Roots of the DoS Problem 2 1.3 Classification of DoS Attacks 4 1.3.1 Attribute-based Characterization of DoS Attacks 5 1.3.2 Means-based Classification of DoS Attacks 10 1.3.3 Impact-based Classification of DoS Attacks 17 1.4 Research Challenges in Countering DoS Attacks 18 1.5 Dissertation Organization 20 CHAPTER 2. STATE OF THE ART IN DoS COUNTERMEASURES . . 21 2.1 DoS Prevention Schemes 25 2.1.1 Source-based DoS Prevention Schemes 25 2.1.2 Network-based DoS Prevention Schemes 26 2.1.3 Victim-based DoS Prevention Schemes 27 2.2 DoS Mitigation Schemes 28 2.2.1 Rate Limiting-based DoS Mitigation Schemes 28
The effect of language preference on prenatal weight gain and postpartum weight retention in urban Hispanic women.

OBJECTIVE To describe prenatal weight gain and postpartum loss patterns among Hispanic women receiving prenatal care at an urban community health center by language preference. METHODS Data were abstracted from medical records of prenatal patients seen from 2000-2008. Included were self-identified Hispanic women, English- or Spanish-speaking, aged 16-40 years, with weight measured at 37 weeks gestation. Women with preexisting diabetes, hypertension, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, multiple gestation, or preterm delivery were excluded. Bivariate (t-test, chi-square) and multivariate regression (linear, polychotomous logistic) statistics were used in the analysis. RESULTS Of 259 women who met eligibility criteria, 52 (20.1%) were primarily Spanish speakers. Overall, 43.6% exceeded prenatal weightgain recommendations; 30.8% of Spanish speakers vs 46.9% of English speakers (P=.07). Among normal-weight women, Spanish speakers gained below and English speakers gained above that recommended (P=.03). At late postpartum, 22.9% overall returned to their baseline body mass index (BMI +/-0.5 kg/m2); Spanish speakers retained 1.21 vs 1.53 kg/m2 among English speakers, which was not statistically significant. Adjusting for baseline BMI, age, and smoking status, language preference was not associated with prenatal weight gain or postpartum weight retention. In adjusted models, being overweight at baseline was predictive of excessive prenatal weight gain (OR 2.12, 95% CI .99, 4.53; P=.05); older age was protective for postpartum weight retention (OR .90; 95% CI .82, .98; P=.02). CONCLUSIONS Adherence to prenatal weight gain guidelines was poor and few women returned to their baseline weight at late postpartum, regardless of language preference.
Electromagnetic Stressing of Bonded Structures

New nondestructive techniques are being sought to detect and characterize defects in aging aircraft structures. One problem of particular concern is the inspection of bonded and riveted lap joints between aluminum alloy sheets comprising the aircraft’s external skin. Over time, mechanical stresses, thermal stresses, and corrosion lead to disbonds in these regions which degrade the integrity of the joints. A rapid and economical nondestructive evaluation technique is desired to detect and quantify the severity of these disbonds, including the so called “kissing” disbonds where there is no material missing in the adhesive layer and all layers are in physical contact.
Unilateral open extravesical ureteral reimplanation with contralateral dextronomer/hyaluronic acid injection performed as an outpatient therapy.

Summary Introduction Historically, patients with unilateral high-grade vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and contralateral low-grade or resolved VUR have been treated with bilateral intravesical ureteral reimplantation, which requires postoperative admission. If the high-grade VUR side is treated alone, then the contralateral side is at risk of developing recurrent or worsening VUR. Bilateral subureteric injection of dextronomer/hyaluronic acid (DHA) is another option that can be performed as an outpatient therapy, but a single injection is less effective for high-grade VUR. Objective The safety and efficacy of an outpatient combination of open extravesical ureteral reimplantation (EVUR) and contralateral DHA injection were investigated. Study design A retrospective review of children who had concomitant EVUR and subureteric injection of DHA between January 2005 and December 2015 was performed. Exclusion criteria were diagnosis other than VUR, repeat procedures, and patients with no follow-up. Patient characteristics, postsurgical complications, and follow-up imaging were evaluated. Febrile urinary tract infection (fUTI) was defined as ≥50,000 Colony Forming Units (CFU) of an organism from clean-catch or catheterized urine and temperature ≥ 101.5 F. Clinical success is defined as no fUTI for 1 year after the initial operation. Univariate analyses were used to identify risk factors for treatment failure. Results A total of 117 patients met inclusion criteria. Mean age at surgery was 6.0 years, and 85% were female. The mean pre-operative grade of VUR was 3.3 on the EVUR side and 0.6 on the contralateral side (42% resolved before treatment). Median follow-up was 12.2 months (interquartile range, 3.1–25.4). Sixteen patients (14%) had documented fUTI within 1 year, with a clinical success rate of 86%. Of these, five had a postoperative imaging showing resolution of VUR, increasing overall success to 91%. Postoperative fUTI was more common in patients with pre-operative bowel and bladder dysfunction (BBD) (P = 0.003), but this was not associated with a higher reoperation rate (P = 0.168). There were 11 total complications, with three grade 3 complications. Discussion This study is the first to report safety and outcomes of EVUR and contralateral DHA injection for patients with high-grade VUR with contralateral low-grade or resolved VUR. It was shown that it is an effective and safe treatment that can be performed as an outpatient therapy. Limitations to this study include the retrospective design and the clinical definition of success that is used in a cohort of patients from across the mountain west region without routine postoperative voiding cystourethrogram. Conclusion Extravesical ureteral reimplantation and contralateral DHA injection can safely be performed as an outpatient therapy and are effective in the treatment of higher grade VUR with contralateral low-grade or resolved VUR. Treatment failure is more likely in patients with BBD.
The Fourth Reich: The Specter of Nazism from World War II to the Present

Ever since the collapse of the Third Reich, anxieties have persisted about Nazism's revival in the form of a Fourth Reich. Gavriel D. Rosenfeld reveals, for the first time, these postwar nightmares of a future that never happened and explains what they tell us about Western political, intellectual, and cultural life. He shows how postwar German history might have been very different without the fear of the Fourth Reich as a mobilizing idea to combat the right-wing forces that genuinely threatened the country's democratic order. He then explores the universalization of the Fourth Reich by left-wing radicals in the 1960s, its transformation into a source of pop culture entertainment in the 1970s, and its embrace by authoritarian populists and neo-Nazis seeking to attack the European Union since the year 2000. This is a timely analysis of a concept that is increasingly relevant in an era of surging right-wing politics.
Surgical management of patent ductus arteriosus

Surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus can be performed safely by following standard steps of operation. Familiarity of the anatomical landmarks and simple precautions result in high degree of safety. The technique of surgical ligation varies with the age of the patient. Surgical ligation of ductus is associated with well-recognized complications, although they occur only in a small number of patients.
Machine Learning for Wireless Communication Channel Modeling: An Overview

Channel modeling is fundamental to design wireless communication systems. A common practice is to conduct tremendous amount of channel measurement data and then to derive appropriate channel models using statistical methods. For highly mobile communications, channel estimation on top of the channel modeling enables high bandwidth physical layer transmission in state-of-the-art mobile communications. For the coming 5G and diverse Internet of Things, many challenging application scenarios emerge and more efficient methodology for channel modeling and channel estimation is very much needed. In the mean time, machine learning has been successfully demonstrated efficient handling big data. In this paper, applying machine learning to assist channel modeling and channel estimation has been introduced with evidence of literature survey.
Negative frequency‐dependent foraging behaviour in a generalist herbivore (Alces alces) and its stabilizing influence on food web dynamics

Resource selection is widely appreciated to be context-dependent and shaped by both biological and abiotic factors. However, few studies have empirically assessed the extent to which selective foraging behaviour is dynamic and varies in response to environmental conditions for free-ranging animal populations. Here, we assessed the extent that forage selection fluctuated in response to different environmental conditions for a free-ranging herbivore, moose (Alces alces), in Isle Royale National Park, over a 10-year period. More precisely, we assessed how moose selection for coniferous versus deciduous forage in winter varied between geographic regions and in relation to (a) the relative frequency of forage types in the environment (e.g. frequency-dependent foraging behaviour), (b) moose abundance, (c) predation rate (by grey wolves) and (d) snow depth. These factors are potentially important for their influence on the energetics of foraging. We also built a series of food-chain models to assess the influence of dynamic foraging strategies on the stability of food webs. Our analysis indicates that moose exhibited negative frequency dependence, by selectively exploiting rare resources. Frequency-dependent foraging was further mediated by density-dependent processes, which are likely to be predation, moose abundance or some combination of both. In particular, frequency dependence was weaker in years when predation risk was high (i.e. when the ratio of moose to wolves was relatively low). Selection for conifers was also slightly weaker during deep snow years. The food-chain analysis indicates that the type of frequency-dependent foraging strategy exhibited by herbivores had important consequences for the stability of ecological communities. In particular, the dynamic foraging strategy that we observed in the empirical analysis (i.e. negative frequency dependence being mediated by density-dependent processes) was associated with more stable food web dynamics compared to fixed foraging strategies. The results of this study indicated that forage selection is a complex ecological process, varying in response to both biological (predation and moose density) and abiotic factors (snow depth) and over relatively small spatial scales (between regions). This study also provides a useful framework for assessing the influence of other aspects of foraging behaviour on the stability of food web dynamics.
The Association of Primary Language With Emergency General Surgery Outcomes Using a Statewide Database.

Abstract Background Emergency general surgery (EGS) represents a diverse set of operations performed on acutely ill patients. Those undergoing EGS are at higher likelihood of complications, readmission, and death, but the effect of primary language on EGS outcomes has not been evaluated. We aimed to evaluate the association of non-English primary language on outcomes after EGS operations. Methods The New Jersey Statewide Inpatient Database from 2009 to 2014 was used to evaluate cases representing 80% of the national burden of EGS. Cases were restricted to ages ≥18 y, emergency department admissions, noted to be emergent or urgent, and performed between 0 and 2 d after admission. We evaluated Spanish speakers and non-English, non-Spanish (NENS) speakers compared with English. Outcomes included in-hospital mortality, 7-d readmission, and hospital length of stay (LOS). Logistic and negative binomial regression was used, and generalized linear mixed models were used to account for hierarchy in the data. Results There were 105,171 patients included. English speakers were majority white and with private insurance; Spanish speakers were younger and with fewer comorbidities. Where differences between Spanish and NENS speakers existed, NENS were more like the English-speaking group. Adjusted results indicate that Spanish speakers had reduced LOS after appendectomy (IRR: 0.92 [0.89-0.95]) and lysis of adhesion [0.93 (0.88-0.97)]. Spanish speakers had an increased LOS after higher risk operations (IRR: 1.14 [1.10-1.20]). NENS speakers had a reduced LOS after adhesiolysis (IRR: 0.94 [0.89-0.99]). There was no difference in mortality or short-term readmission Conclusions These data from a large database suggest that the effect of primary language on LOS after EGS depends on the type of operation. Future studies should focus on long-term outcomes and determining if the lack of association we observed is generalizable to other regions of the United States.
Saccular function is associated with both angular and distance errors on the triangle completion test

Abstract Objective The present study was designed to determine whether healthy older adults with age-related vestibular loss have deficits in spatial navigation. Methods 154 adults participating in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging were tested for semicircular canal, saccular, and utricular function and spatial navigation ability using the blindfolded Triangle Completion Test (TCT). Multiple linear regression was used to investigate the relationships between each measure of vestibular function and performance on the TCT (angular error, end point error, and distance walked) while controlling for age and sex. Results Individuals with abnormal saccular function made larger angular errors (β = 4.2°, p Conclusions Saccular function appears to play a prominent role in accurate spatial navigation during a blindfolded navigation task. Significance We hypothesize that gravitational cues detected by the saccule may be integrated into estimation of place as well as heading direction.
On the Characterization and Modeling of the Current Characteristics of Organic Photodiodes

A photodiode's current temporal dynamics cannot be ignored to accurately characterize and rationalize its properties. We demonstrate that when the steady-state current is properly measured, an equivalent circuit model quantitatively describes the current characteristics of organic photodiodes in the dark and under illumination.
Conditioning film formation and its influence on the initial adhesion and biofilm formation by a cyanobacterium on photobioreactor materials.

Although cyanobacteria are a common group of microorganisms well-suited to utilization in photobioreactors (PBRs), studies of cyanobacteria fouling and its prevention are scarce. Using a cyanobacte...
Approximating Special Social Influence Maximization Problems

Social Influence Maximization Problems (SIMPs) deal with selecting k seeds in a given Online Social Network (OSN) to maximize the number of eventually-influenced users. This is done by using these seeds based on a given set of influence probabilities among neighbors in the OSN. Although the SIMP has been proved to be NP-hard, it has both submodular (with a natural diminishing-return) and monotone (with an increasing influenced users through propagation) that make the problem suitable for approximation solutions. However, several special SIMPs cannot be modeled as submodular or monotone functions. In this paper, we look at several conditions under which non-submodular or non-monotone functions can be handled or approximated. One is a profit-maximization SIMP where seed selection cost is included in the overall utility function, breaking the monotone property. The other is a crowd-influence SIMP where crowd influence exists in addition to individual influence, breaking the submodular property. We then review several new techniques and notions, including double-greedy algorithms and the supermodular degree, that can be used to address special SIMPs. Our main results show that for a specific SIMP model, special network structures of OSNs can help reduce its time complexity of the SIMP.
Factors Affect the Accuracy of Fecal Steroid Hormone Detection

In recent years,more attention has been put on non-invasive sampling method for monitoring physiological status of wildlife.In this article,we reviewed factors of animal fecal steroid hormone detection accuracy during the detection,hoping to provide a reference for the accurate application of fecal steroid hormone detection technology in wildlife.The factors include the freshness,volume and storage of the sample,daily rhythm and seasonal variation of hormone metabolism,age,sex and reproductive state of animals,etc.
Continuum and Molecular Dynamics Studies of the Hydrodynamics of Colloids Straddling a Fluid Interface

Colloid-sized particles (10 nm–10 μm in characteristic size) adsorb onto fluid interfaces, where they minimize their interfacial energy by straddling the surface, immersing themselves partly in eac...
Re-Evaluating Capitalist and Democratic Peace Models†

After replicating Oneal and Russett's ( International Studies Quarterly , 41, 1997, 267; Journal of Peace Research , 36, 1999, 423) democratic peace model, Gartzke's ( American Journal of Political Science , 51, 2007, 180) study contends that “capitalism, and not democracy, leads to peace. Additional research is needed to corroborate, extend, and even refute the findings reported here.” In response to this open invitation, this study re-evaluates Gartzke's capitalist peace model along with Oneal and Russett's democratic peace model. This study identifies that while the capitalist peace model suffers from model misspecification, observation omission, and sample selection bias, the democratic peace model commits measurement error. After correcting these four problems, this study uncovers that while capitalism does not emerge as a cause mitigating militarized disputes or wars in a consistent manner, democracy does.
Valence-band states in Bi2(Ca,Sr,La)3Cu2O8

We have used photoemission spectroscopy to examine the symmetry of the occupied states of the valence band for the La-doped superconductor Bi{sub 2}(Ca,Sr,La){sub 3}Cu{sub 2}O{sub 8}. While the oxygen states near the bottom of the 7-eV wide valence band exhibit predominantly O 2{ital p}{sub {ital z}} symmetry, the states at the top of the valence band extending to the Fermi level are found to have primarily O 2{ital p}{sub {ital x}} and O 2{ital p}{sub {ital y}} character. We have also examined anomalous intensity enhancements in the valence-band features for photon energies near 18 eV. These enhancements, which occur at photon energies ranging from 15.8 to 18.0 eV for the different valence-band features, are not consistent with either simple final-state effects or direct O 2{ital s} transitions to unoccupied O 2{ital p} states.
Wearable indoor position tracking using onboard K-band Doppler radar and digital gyroscope

This paper presents a wearable indoor position tracking system for smart home applications with an emphasis on elderly care. The proposed tracking system incorporates an onboard K-band Doppler radar and a digital gyroscope, which are mounted on the helmet to capture the Doppler and moving directional information. All time tracking is realized on people who wear the helmet. Experiment was carried out and the trajectory was reconstructed based on the received signal. Measurement result was compared with the ground truth to show the high accuracy of the system. The position tracking has an average error of 7.1 cm. Besides, the tracking system has the potential for frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) operation, which makes 2D mapping possible by measuring the absolute distance between people and surrounding objects.