cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular characterization of commercial pectins by separation with linear mix gel permeation columns in-line with multi-angle light scattering detection.

Abstract Four commercial pectins with different degrees of esterification were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography in-line with multi-angle light scattering and refractive index detectors. Molecular weight distributions and root mean square radii were calculated after elution under different conditions (i.e. mobile phases, flow rates and amounts of pectin injected). Pectins were polydisperse with respect to molecular weight. The molecular weight distribution ranged from 8×10 3 to 10 6 , depending on the source and was not affected by buffer composition or flow rates of separation. The four pectins had similar values for root-mean square radius of 50 nm.
Further insights into the no-reflow phenomenon after primary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction: The role of microthromboemboli * ** ★

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that when acute coronary occlusion is caused by thrombus, part of the no-reflow phenomenon may result from spontaneous or coronary angioplasty-induced microthromboemboli, and that this phenomenon may be partly or wholly reversible. Accordingly, a thrombus was created in the left anterior descending coronary artery of 6 dogs and was labeled in vivo with 99m Tc-DMP-444 that binds to the IIb/IIIa platelet receptor. Angioplasty was then performed to obtain thrombolysis in myocardial infarction grade-3 flow. Myocardial contrast echocardiography was performed 15 and 60 minutes after recanalization to define perfusion defect size. 99m Tc-autoradiography and infarct size (IS) measurement were performed postmortem. An additional 5 dogs with coronary artery ligation followed by reperfusion served as control animals. These dogs also underwent myocardial contrast echocardiography and in vivo labeling with 99m Tc-DMP-44. 99m Tc uptake was significantly higher in the reperfused bed in dogs with thrombus compared with control dogs (2.7 ± 0.9 vs 1.4 ± 0.3 counts/pixel −1 /min −1 , P =.01) indicating the presence of microthromboemboli. Perfusion defect size early (15 minutes) after recanalization was smaller than the hot spot on autoradiography and overestimated IS in dogs with thrombus. Perfusion defect size decreased with time and was closer to IS 60 minutes after recanalization. The dogs with thrombi demonstrated larger IS/risk area ratios compared with the 5 control dogs (46 ± 6% vs 27 ± 12%, P =.04). We conclude that part of the no-reflow phenomenon seen after angioplasty in acute coronary thrombosis is a result of microthromboemboli and is mostly reversible. No reflow late after reperfusion is a result of tissue necrosis. The thrombus burden also affects ultimate IS. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2003;16:15-21.)
Degradation of 81 keV 133Xe gamma-rays into the 31 keV X-ray peak in CsI scintillators

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory uses beta-gamma coincidence detectors in a number of xenon sampling and measurement systems to enable simultaneous, sensitive measurements of 131Xe, 133Xe, 133mXe, and 135Xe for treaty monitoring applications. In recent years, a new style of beta–gamma detector was developed to improve upon the detector module used in the Automated Radioxenon Sampler/Analyzer. The results of an MCNP5 Monte Carlo simulation of the new detector cell are presented, with particular emphasis on the identification of an energy deposition sequence with the potential to introduce significant error into the detector efficiency calibration. This sequence occurs when an 81 keV gamma from 133Xe is absorbed in an inactive region of the CsI(Na) scintillator, followed by emission of a 31 keV X-ray from cesium (or possibly a 28.5 keV X-ray from iodine). These X-rays add excess counts into the 31 keV peak observed in the decay of 133Xe. The impact of this effect on different efficiency calibration techniques is discussed.
Brownian dynamics simulations of two-dimensional model for hopping times.

Brownian dynamics simulations are used to study the mean first passage time for a hard disk diffusing in a channel. The disk has to hop pass another disk with the same diameter σ but fixed in contact with the wall. This mean first passage time is expected to diverge with an exponent η as the channel width (2Rp) approaches that of the nonpassing limit (2σ) for one disk to hop pass another. Our one disk model is similar to a disk diffusing in a two-dimensional container, shaped as a simplified configuration space of two passing disks in a flat channel of Kalinay. The Kalinay model was proposed recently to elucidate the disagreements between two different theoretical predictions for the exponent η of the two disk hopping time divergences. For the one disk model, simple transition state theory and a Fick–Jacobs type of dimensional reduction approach predict exponents of 1 and 1∕2, respectively. Our Brownian dynamics simulation, results are consistent with a value of 1.
DL-WSDM'15: Workshop on Deep Learning for Web Search and Data Mining

In recent years, deep learning has been a very hot topic in the machine learning community. It has brought break-through results in image classification and speech recognition. Most recently, researchers have also got many promising results in natural language processing using deep learning techniques. As machine learning techniques are widely used in the Web search and data mining applications, many researchers and practitioners are studying the possibility of applying the recently-developed deep learning techniques into these applications. Some of them have made very promising progress, and thus it is a good time to hold a workshop to discuss and share the problems and progress in using deep learning techniques to improve Web search and data mining tasks.
Rooms without Rules: Shaping Policies for Assisted Living Facilities

A burgeoning aging population, the desire of elders to “age in place,” and changes in family structure that leave elders with limited family supports have generated great interest in assisted livin...
Transplanted or Uprooted? Integration Efforts of Bosnian Refugees Based Upon Gender, Class and Ethnic Differences in New York City and Vienna

During their settlement in Vienna and New York City, Bosnian refugees experienced class and ethnic conflicts. While the integration mechanisms of the two host societies differed substantially, Bosnian men and women have developed quite different networks. Bosnian women in the Vienna sample developed often lasting relationships with natives or other non-refugees that eventually led to permanent jobs and rather substantial networks. They integrated particularly into wider majority societal circles. However, even though women in Vienna developed substantial networks, clashes based on different social classes often resulted in conflicts in the women's work environment. Bosnian women and men in New York City only rarely established similar networks with US residents and other long-term residents. Their integration occurred more along ethnic boundaries. Bosnian men in Vienna and the Bosnian refugee population in general in New York City integrated predominantly into the newly formed Bosnian communities in those...
D-optimal designs for the Cross viscosity model applied to guar gum mixtures

Abstract D-optimal designs are developed using the Cross viscosity model for aqueous solutions of guar gum. Designs are developed for a 26 factorial design in the model parameters to study the effect of the model parameters on the experimental design. Analysis of this study shows that of the six experimental design points, two were independent of the six model parameters and the remaining four were dependent on only three of the model parameters. Additional analysis using ANOVA showed that only two of the model parameters, concentration and shear-rate exponents, statistically affect the design efficiency at the 0.05 level within the range of the model parameters studied. Furthermore, it is shown that incorrectly specifying the model parameters by as much as 50% reduces the design efficiency to 50–90%.
Inhibiting p90 Ribosomal S6 Kinase Prevents Na+-H+ Exchanger–Mediated Cardiac Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Background— Pharmacological and genetic studies indicate that the Na+-H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) plays a critical role in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. We found that p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) phosphorylated serine 703 of NHE1, stimulating 14–3–3 binding and NHE1 activity. Therefore, we hypothesized that inhibiting RSK in cardiomyocytes would prevent NHE1 activation and decrease I/R-mediated injury. Methods and Results— To examine the role of RSK in vivo, we generated transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of dominant negative RSK (DN-RSK-TG). DN-RSK-TG hearts demonstrated normal basal cardiac function and morphology. However, myocardial infarction (left coronary artery occlusion for 45 minutes) in DN-RSK-TG hearts was significantly reduced at 24 hours of reperfusion from 46.9±5.6% area at risk in nontransgenic littermate controls to 26.0±4.2% in DN-RSK-TG (P<0.01). Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was significantly reduced after I/R in DN-RSK (0.9±0.2%) compared with nontra...
How We Think

John Dewey, one of America's greatest popular philosophers and educators, emphasises the importance of critical thinking and the vital role education should play. In this progressive work, written more than 80 years ago, Dewey, recognising that we are born with the ability to think, argues that the educator's fundamental role is to train us to think well. At a time when America is lamenting the lack of solid training in the sciences at the elementary and secondary levels, Dewey's enthusiastic correlation between the scientific mind and the natural attitude of childhood marked by curiosity, imagination, and the love of experimental inquiry offers a refreshing and optimistic perspective. He demonstrates how an appreciation of this correlation and a recognition of its value in educational practice can promote individual happiness and reduce social waste.
Optimized scheduling strategies for hybrid density functional theory electronic structure calculations

Hybrid Density Functional Theory (DFT) has recently gained popularity as an accurate model of electronic interactions in chemistry and materials science applications. The most computationally expensive part of hybrid DFT simulations is the calculation of exchange integrals between pairs of electrons. We present strategies to achieve improved load balancing and scalability for the parallel computation of these integrals. First, we develop a cost model for the calculation, and utilize random search algorithms to optimize the data distribution and calculation schedule. Second, we further improve performance using partial data-replication to increase data availability across cores. We demonstrate these improvements using an implementation in the Qbox Density Functional Theory code on the Mira Blue Gene/Q computer at Argonne National Laboratory. We perform calculations in the range of 8k to 128k cores on two representative simulation samples from materials science and chemistry applications: liquid water and a metal-water interface.
Perceiving artificial social agents

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to examine perceptions of a natural language computer interface (conversation bot). Participants in each study chatted with a conversation bot and then indicated their perceptions of the bot on various dimensions. Although participants were informed that they were interacting with a computer program, participants clearly viewed the program as having human-like qualities. Participants agreed substantially in their perceptions of the bot’s personality on the traits from the five-factor model (Experiment 1). In addition, factors that influence perceptions of human personalities (e.g., whether one uses another’s first name and response latency) also affected perceptions of a bot’s personality (Experiments 2 and 3). Similar to interactions with humans, the bot’s perceived neuroticism was inversely related to how long individuals chatted with it.
Teaching Design Optioneering: A Method for Multidisciplinary Design Optimization

This paper describes a Design Optioneering methodology that is intended to offer multidisciplinary design teams the potential to systematically explore a large number of design options much more rapidly than currently possible using conventional methods. Design Optioneering involves first defining a range of design options using associative parametric design tools; then coupling this model with integrated simulation-based analysis; and, finally, using computational design optimization methods to systematically search though the defined range of alternatives in search of design options that best achieve the problem objectives while satisfying any constraints. The Design Optioneering method was tested by students as part of a parametric design course at Stanford University in the spring of 2010. The performance of the method are discussed in terms of the student’s ability to capture the design intent using parametric modeling, integrate expert analysis domains, and select a preferred option among a large number of alternatives. Finally, the potential of Design Optioneering to reduce latency, further domain integration, and enable the evaluation of more design alternatives in practice is discussed.
Redox Status and Pulmonary Vascular Reactivity

Oxygen radicals are produced during oxidative metabolism in proportion to the tissue oxygen tension. The studies reported here have shown that oxygen radicals or the sulfhydryl oxidant, diamide, caused pulmonary vasodilatation in the isolated perfused rat lung. Could oxygen radicals play a role in the physiologic control of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle tone?
Gastrostomy dependence in two constitutionally short children

• We describe the medical odyssey of two infants who turned out to be constitutionally short. The measurements of length gradually came to rank below the fifth percentile during the first 18 months of life. Numerous tests were performed, and the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux led to fundoplication. The concept that higher energy intakes result in greater increases in length led eventually to gastrostomy. Increases in weight during gastrostomy feedings had no effect on growth in length. It was very difficult to convince the parents that the gastrostomies were not necessary. The parents had in fact become "gastrostomy dependent." The vague concept of "failure to thrive" proved to be misleading and obscured the knowledge that constitutionally short children can fall below the fifth percentile in length at any time before the age of 2 or 3 years. ( AJDC 1988;142:937-939)
Laterality effects in somesthesis following cerebral commissurotomy in man

Abstract A variety of basic somatosensory tests carried out on a patient with surgical section of the cerebral commissures revealed a marked separation of somesthetic effects from right and left extremities and from right and left sides of the trunk. Predominantly contralateral projection of somesthesis was evident; the presence of any ipsilateral representation at all four regions below the neck remained questionable. Bilateral projection was indicated in results from the face and the top and back of the head with equal representation on both sides. Comparatively little functional impairment was the rule when the sensory and motor output involved the same hemisphere, but severe impairment and complete incapacity were evident when right-left cross integration was required. These and similar results in the present case suggest that in the absence of cerebral damage during infancy, transcallosal interaction is of critical importance for utilization of ipsilateral somesthetic data particularly when the left extremities participate in activities involving the symbolic functions of the dominant hemisphere.
The internet's impact on international knowledge

With data from a national telephone survey, the current study examines the comparative and synergistic influence of the internet on international knowledge. Independent and interactive media effects are considered in terms of four medium-specific measures of international news attention. Internet news attention had the most positive effect on international knowledge of any of the news measures. In terms of the other three news attention measures, the effects of newspapers and cable TV were positive, while that of network TV was non-significant. In addition, the interaction of internet news attention and network TV news attention positively predicted international knowledge. In contrast, the interaction of newspaper news attention and network TV news attention negatively predicted international knowledge. These findings indicate the positive comparative and synergistic influence that the internet can have on international knowledge development in the United States.
Facilitating medical ethics case review: what ethics committees can learn from mediation and facilitation techniques.

Medical ethics committees are increasingly called on to assist doctors, patients, and families in resolving difficult ethics issues. Although committees are becoming more sophisticated in the substance of medical ethics, little attention has been given to the processes these committees use to facilitate decision-making. In 1990, the National Institute for Dispute Resolution in Washington, D.C., provided a planning grant from its Innovation Fund to the Institute of Public Law of the University of New Mexico School of Law to look at what ethics committees can learn from facilitation and mediation techniques. The study's thesis was that, if adapted for use by medical ethics committees, facilitation and mediation techniques can be helpful to those bodies in case review consultations and in other internal committee processes. This article reports on that project.
Color scaling of chromatic increments on achromatic backgrounds: Implications for hue signals from individual classes of cones

The hues of foveal monochromatic increments on concentric white backgrounds were measured as a function of the background retinal illuminance. For each background illuminance tested, the illuminance of the test spot was set 0.6 log unit above its increment threshold, and relative percentages of redness, yellowness, greenness, and blueness were estimated. The percentage of whiteness was also estimated in a separate judgement. At low background illuminances, the spectrum is dominated by blue at short and middle wavelengths and by red at long wavelengths. Higher background illuminances are marked by dramatic growth of yellow and green at middle wavelengths and red at short wavelengths. At still higher photopic levels, the pattern reverts back toward that seen at low background illuminances. The hue patterns at low and high adapting levels are characteristic of tritanopic vision, and are attributable to selective sensitivity losses in chromatic neural pathways that process short-wavelength-sensitive (S) cone responses. These results reinforce previous evidence that S cone activity produces a reddish purple hue at short wavelengths and (indirectly) a yellow hue at middle and long wavelengths, and that middle-wavelength-sensitive cone activity produces a slightly greenish blue.
On the stability of linear and non-linear stochastic transformations

In this paper the stability of a class of linear and non-linear stochastic transformations arising from control system analysis is considered. Explicit criteria for stability are derived. An algorithm for computing the moments of linear stochastic transformations of a specific type is presented.
Structural and Inhibition Studies of the RNase H Function of Xenotropic Murine Leukemia Virus-Related Virus Reverse Transcriptase

ABSTRACT RNase H inhibitors (RNHIs) have gained attention as potential HIV-1 therapeutics. Although several RNHIs have been studied in the context of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) RNase H, there is no information on inhibitors that might affect the RNase H activity of other RTs. We performed biochemical, virological, crystallographic, and molecular modeling studies to compare the RNase H function and inhibition profiles of the gammaretroviral xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) and Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) RTs to those of HIV-1 RT. The RNase H activity of XMRV RT is significantly lower than that of HIV-1 RT and comparable to that of MoMLV RT. XMRV and MoMLV, but not HIV-1 RT, had optimal RNase H activities in the presence of Mn2+ and not Mg2+. Using hydroxyl-radical footprinting assays, we demonstrated that the distance between the polymerase and RNase H domains in the MoMLV and XMRV RTs is longer than that in the HIV-1 RT by ∼3.4 A. We identified one naphthyridinone and one hydroxyisoquinolinedione as potent inhibitors of HIV-1 and XMRV RT RNases H with 50% inhibitory concentrations ranging from ∼0.8 to 0.02 μM. Two acylhydrazones effective against HIV-1 RT RNase H were less potent against the XMRV enzyme. We also solved the crystal structure of an XMRV RNase H fragment at high resolution (1.5 A) and determined the molecular details of the XMRV RNase H active site, thus providing a framework that would be useful for the design of antivirals that target RNase H.
SCR-LDMOS. A novel LDMOS device with ESD robustness

A novel lateral power device structure with a very high degree of ESD (electrostatic discharge) robustness is presented. This device called the SCR-LDMOS is a modification of the lateral LDMOSFET with good on state and blocking characteristics.
Synchronization in Oscillator Networks: Switching Topologies and Non-homogeneous Delays

We investigate the problem of synchronization in oscillator networks when the delay inherent in such systems is taken into account. We first investigate a general Kuramoto- type model with heterogeneous time delays, both with a complete network as well as a nearest neighbor interaction, for which we propose conditions for synchronization around a rotating frequency. Then, we turn our attention to the problem of synchronization when the topologies are allowed to change. We show that synchronization is possible in the presence of delay, using a common Lyapunov functional argument.
Guaranteeing Quality of Service to Peering Traffic

Network operators connect their backbone networks together at peering points. It is well known that the peering points are the most congested parts of the backbone network. Network operators have little incentive to provision them well, and have few tools to decide how best to route traffic over them. In this paper we propose how peering networks can be congestion free, so long as we know the total amount of traffic between them. In particular, we propose the use of valiant load-balancing (VLB), which has been previously studied for individual backbone networks. In our approach, the backbone networks do not need to use VLB internally - they simply load-balance traffic over their peering links. Our analysis shows how the load-balancing should be done, and we conclude that no other method is more efficient than VLB in achieving a congestion-free network.
Anatomy of Disguise: Camouflaging Structures in Nymphs of Some Reduviidae (Heteroptera)

Abstract Immature stages of Reduvius personatus (Linnaeus) and some other Reduviidae are known to camouflage themselves with a range of materials found in their environment. Even though this behavior has been observed in several species, camouflaging structures have never been studied in a comparative way. This study documents for the first time the structure that is involved in the application of camouflaging material, i.e., the hind tarsal fan, and reveals structures that assure the fastening of the camouflaging material, i.e., anchor setae and trichomes, in eight species representing five subfamilies of Reduviidae. Whereas anchor setae assure the attachment of camouflaging material by their mechanical properties, short-projection trichomes, long-projection trichomes, and grouped trichomes are here proposed to secrete a sticky substance for this purpose. Primary homology hypotheses on the three types of trichomes are proposed. At least in some species, short-projection trichomes appear to be responsible...
Defining the Role of Dexmedetomidine in the Prevention of Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit

Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective α 2 agonist used as a sedative agent. It also provides anxiolysis and sympatholysis without significant respiratory compromise or delirium. We conducted a systematic review to examine whether sedation of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) with dexmedetomidine was associated with a lower incidence of delirium as compared to other nondexmedetomidine sedation strategies. A search of PUBMED, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews yielded only three trials from 1966 through April 2015 that met our predefined inclusion criteria and assessed dexmedetomidine and outcomes of delirium as their primary endpoint. The studies varied in regard to population, comparator sedation regimen, delirium outcome measure, and dexmedetomidine dosing. All trials are limited by design issues that limit our ability definitively to conclude that dexmedetomidine prevents delirium. Evidence does suggest that dexmedetomidine may allow for avoidance of deep sedation and use of benzodiazepines, factors both observed to increase the risk for developing delirium. Our assessment of currently published literature highlights the need for ongoing research to better delineate the role of dexmedetomidine for delirium prevention.
INNER-CORE ANISOTROPY AND ROTATION

■ Abstract This paper reviews recent research focused on the Earth’s inner core. Large inner-core traveltime anomalies and the anomalous splitting of core-sensitive free oscillations strongly suggest that the inner core is anisotropic. Initial models involved a simple, constant or depth-dependent cylindrical anisotropy at a level less than a few percent. Recent observations suggest that its eastern hemisphere is largely isotropic, whereas its western hemisphere is highly anisotropic, and there are indications that its top 100 km may be isotropic. The coda of inner-core reflected phases has been used to infer strong heterogeneities with a length scale of just a few kilometers. Thus, a complicated three-dimensional picture of the inner core is beginning to emerge, although it has been suggested that much of this complexity may be the misinterpretation of signals that have their origin in the lowermost mantle. Numerical models of the geodynamo suggest that the inner core may rotate at a slightly different rate than the mantle. Recent seismological estimates based upon traveltime and normal-mode data limit inner-core differential rotation to less thanC0.2 degrees per year.
Language and Communication in Cross-Cultural Qualitative Research

Language and communication are the bedrock of qualitative enquiry. Language is a fundamental tool through which qualitative researchers seek to understand human behaviour, social processes and the cultural meanings that inscribe human behaviour. However, when conducting cross-cultural research, issues of language and communication become more complex and often require the assistance of interpreters/translators as “cultural brokers”. Cross-cultural research poses numerous methodological, epistemological and practical challenges, which are rarely debated in qualitative research. This chapter outlines the epistemological approach to language and communication in different research paradigms and demonstrates the implications of this for the rigour of qualitative enquiry. In particular, concepts of transparency, subjectivity and reflexivity, which are indicators of methodological rigour in qualitative research, are typically not applied to language assistants in cross-cultural qualitative research despite the critical role of language assistants in the generation of knowledge and its cultural interpretation. Improving cross-cultural qualitative research involves understanding how language and communication can affect rigour and addressing language and communication issues that underlie the entire research process. Failure to recognise and acknowledge the role of language and communication issues in cross-cultural research may impact on the rigour and reliability of the research.
Cutting Edge: Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells Induced by IL-2 and TGF-β Are Resistant to Th17 Conversion by IL-6

TGF-beta has pleiotropic effects on T cell differentiation that are determined by other cytokines in the local environment. Whereas IL-2 and TGF-beta induce naive T cells to become forkhead/winged helix transcription factor (Foxp3) positive regulatory cells (iTregs), the combination of IL-6 and TGF-beta induces IL-17-producing cells (Th17). Moreover, IL-6 can use TGF-beta produced by thymus-derived natural regulatory T cells (nTregs) to convert them to Th17 cells. In this study, we report a major difference between iTregs and nTregs. Treatment of iTregs with IL-6 did not affect Foxp3 expression, and their suppressive activity in vitro and in vivo was intact. To explain this difference between nTregs and iTregs, we found that IL-2 and TGF-beta down-regulate IL-6 receptor expression and IL-6 signaling. The resistance of iTregs to Th17 conversion suggests that they can function more effectively than nTregs in an inflammatory milieu and emphasizes the central role of IL-2 in combination with TGF-beta to maintain immunologic homeostasis.
Heart failure risk prediction in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Objective Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of mortality especially in older populations. Early detection of high-risk individuals is imperative for primary prevention. The purpose of this study was to develop a HF risk model from a population without clinical cardiac disease. Methods The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis is a multicentre observational cohort study following 6814 subjects (mean age 62±10 years; 47% men) who were free of clinical cardiovascular disease at baseline. Median follow-up was 4.7 years. HF events developed in 176 participants. Cox proportional hazards models and regression coefficients were used to determine independent risk factors and generate a 5-year risk score for incident HF. Bootstrapping with bias correction was used for internal validation. Results Independent predictors for HF (HR, p value) were age (1.30 (1.10 to 1.50) per 10 years), male gender (2.27 (1.53 to 3.36)), current smoking (1.97 (1.15 to 3.36)), body mass index (1.40 (1.10 to 1.80) per 5 kg/m 2 ), systolic blood pressure (1.10 (1.00 to 1.10) per 10 mm Hg), heart rate (1.30) (1.10 to 1.40) per 10 bpm), diabetes (2.27 (1.48 to 3.47)), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT proBNP) (2.48 (2.16 to 2.84) per unit log increment) and left ventricular mass index (1.40 (1.30 to 1.40) per 10 g/m 2 ). A parsimonious model based on age, gender, body mass index, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, diabetes and NT proBNP natriuretic peptide predicted incident HF risk with a c-statistic of 0.87. Conclusions A clinical algorithm based on risk factors readily available in the primary care setting can used to identify individuals with high likelihood of developing HF without pre-existing cardiac disease.
Calculation of shear stresses in the Fourier--Galerkin formulation of turbulent channel flows: projection, the Dirichlet filter and conservation

We consider turbulent channel flows computed with DNS and LES employing a Fourier-Galerkin method. We show that the balance of total mean shear stress, a measure of conservation of the numerical method, is satisfied only weakly (i.e., in an integral sense), rather than strongly (i.e., pointwise). A study of filters induced by projectors reveals that a certain filter, the Dirichlet filter, provides a tool for extracting shear stresses that are strongly conservative. Numerical results support the theory and demonstrate that spurious oscillations, present in the unfiltered stresses, are also suppressed.
The cultural labor of surveillance: video forensics, computational objectivity, and the production of visual evidence

This essay argues that the status of video evidence as an index of real events—a sign or representation that offers a direct, empirical connection to material reality—is the result of an intentional process of production. This process involves the repurposing of new technologies borrowed from the domain of creative media production in order to transform a chaotic field of raw surveillance video into useable evidence. In addition to the exchange in technologies, an unavoidable epistemological and interpretive exchange takes place between evidentiary uses of surveillance video on the one hand, and the now prevalent forms of surveillant narration found in both fictional and reality-based storytelling. But despite this exchange in meanings and technical systems, considerable effort has gone in to establish formal standards for the evidentiary uses of surveillance video that distinguish the discovery of video evidence from the production of creative content. Building on Daston and Gallison's historical study o...
Loss of a Tyrosine-Dependent Trafficking Motif in the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Cytoplasmic Tail Spares Mucosal CD4 Cells but Does Not Prevent Disease Progression

A hallmark of pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections is the rapid and near-complete depletion of mucosal CD4T lymphocytes from the gastrointestinal tract. Loss of these cells and disruption of epithelial barrier function are associated with microbial translocation, which has been proposed to drive chronic systemic immune activation and disease progression. Here, we evaluate in rhesus macaques a novel attenuated variant of pathogenic SIVmac239, termed GY, which contains a deletion of a Tyr and a proximal Gly from a highly conserved YxxO trafficking motif in the envelope cytoplasmic tail. Compared to SIVmac239, GY established a comparable acute peak of viremia but only transiently infected lamina propria and caused little or no acute depletion of mucosal CD4T cells and no detectable microbial translocation. Nonetheless, these animals developed T-cell activation and declining peripheral blood CD4T cells and ultimately progressed with clinical or pathological features of AIDS. GY-infected animals also showed no infection of macrophages or central nervous system tissues even in late-stage disease. Although the GY mutation persisted, novel mutations evolved, including the formation of new YxxO motifs in two of four animals. Thesefindings indicate that disruption of this trafficking motif by theGY mutation leads to a striking alteration in anatomic distribution of virus with sparing of lamina propria and a lack of microbial translocation. Because these animals exhibited wild-type levels of acute viremia and immune activation, ourfindings indicate that these pathological events are dissociable and that immune activation unrelated to gut damage can be sufficient for the development of AIDS.
Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopic Thermometry in a Supersonic Combustor

An experiment has been conducted to acquire data for the validation of computational fluid dynamics codes used in the design of supersonic combustors. The flow in a supersonic combustor, consisting of a diverging duct with a single downstream-angled wail injector, is studied. Combustor entrance Mach number is 2 and enthalpy nominally corresponds to Mach 7 flight. The primary measurement technique is coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy, but surface pressures and temperatures have also been acquired. Modern design of experiment techniques have been used to maximize the quality of the data set (for the given level of effort) and to minimize systematic errors. Temperature maps are obtained at several planes in the flow for a case in which the combustor is piloted by injecting fuel upstream of the main injector and one case in which it is not piloted. Boundary conditions and uncertainties are characterized.
Predictive factors of thromboembolic events in patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Abstract Background Obesity is a major risk factor for postoperative deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Identifying those patients at the greatest risk for DVT/PE is essential to prevent thromboembolic events among patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) for clinically significant obesity. This aim of the study is to identify factors associated with an increased likelihood of developing DVT/PE after RYGB. Methods Prospectively collected data from 660 consecutive patients who underwent RYGB were reviewed. Patients received perioperative prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin and sequential compression devices. Diagnosis was based on clinical, radiologic, and/or necropsy findings. Patients with and without postoperative DVT/PE were compared using χ 2 and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 23 patients (3.5%) developed postoperative DVT/PE. Age > 50 years ( P = .04), previous DVT/PE ( P = .02), history of smoking ( P P = .03), open RYGB ( P = .02), and anastomotic leak ( P 50 kg/m 2 and history of sleep apnea, hypertension, diabetes, or myocardial infarction did not increase the likelihood of DVT/PE. Multivariate analysis revealed that age > 50 years ( P = .04), postoperative anastomotic leak ( P P P Conclusions Age > 50 years, anastomotic leak, smoking, and history of DVT/PE all increase the likelihood of postoperative thromboembolic events in patients undergoing RYGB. Further preoperative screening and/or postoperative prophylaxis may be needed in this subset of high-risk patients.
Effects of dairy compared with soy on oxidative and inflammatory stress in overweight and obese subjects

BACKGROUND: We recently showed that calcitriol increases oxidative and inflammatory stress; moreover, inhibition of calcitriol with high-calcium diets decreased both adipose tissue and systemic oxidative and inflammatory stress in obese mice, whereas dairy exerted a greater effect. However, these findings may be confounded by concomitant changes in adiposity. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of a dairy-rich diet on oxidative and inflammatory stress in overweight and obese subjects in the absence of adiposity changes. DESIGN: Twenty subjects (10 obese, 10 overweight) participated in a blinded, randomized, crossover study of dairy- compared with soy-supplemented eucaloric diets. Two 28-d dietary periods were separated by a 28-d washout period. Inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers were measured on days 0, 7, and 28 of each dietary period. RESULTS: The dairy-supplemented diet resulted in significant suppression of oxidative stress (plasma malondialdehyde, 22%; 8-isoprostane-F(2alpha), 12%; P < 0.0005) and lower inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, 15%, P < 0.002; interleukin-6, 13%, P < 0.01; monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, 10%, P < 0.0006) and increased adiponectin (20%, P < 0.002), whereas the soy exerted no significant effect. These effects were evident by day 7 of treatment and increased in magnitude at the end of the 28-d treatment periods. There were no significant differences in response to treatment between overweight and obese subjects for any variable studied. CONCLUSION: An increase in dairy food intake produces significant and substantial suppression of the oxidative and inflammatory stress associated with overweight and obesity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00686426.
Thermodynamic targeting of microbial perchlorate reduction by selective electron donors

Here we describe 2,6-anthrahydroquinone disulfonate (AH(2)DS) as a model thermodynamically 'targeting' electron donor capable of selectively stimulating respiratory processes relevant to the bioremediation of perchlorate. Pure cultures of Dechloromonas aromatica, Dechloromonas agitata and Azospira suillum, as well as uncharacterized microbial consortia, were capable of stoichiometrically reducing perchlorate to chloride upon oxidation of AH(2)DS to the corresponding quinone 2,6-anthraquinone disulfonate (AQDS). No degradation of the anthraquinone structure was observed, and no organism tested grew by this metabolism. Thermodynamic calculations suggest that AH(2)DS oxidation should support nitrate and perchlorate reduction, whereas sulfate reduction and methanogenesis are predicted to be unfavorable. Mixed community microcosms oxidizing AH(2)DS reduced nitrate and perchlorate, whereas sulfate reduction never occurred. In contrast, microcosms amended with acetate respired nitrate, perchlorate and sulfate, as would be predicted by thermodynamic calculation. Our results suggest that the thermodynamic properties of hydroquinones allow for targeted stimulation of only a subset of potential respiratory processes. This observation could help improve enhanced in situ bioremediation of perchlorate by negating many of the detrimental aspects of biofouling.
Genetic Monogamy in Carolina Wrens (Thryothorus ludovicianus)

biogeography in the West Indies. Evolution 48: 1914-1932. LOVETTE, I. J., AND E. BERMINGHAM. 1999. Explosive ancient speciation in the New World Dendroica warblers. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 266:1629-1636. LOVETTE, I. J., E. BERMINGHAM, S. ROHWER, AND C. WOOD. 1999. Mitochondrial RFLP and sequence variation among closely related avian species and the genetic characterization of hybrid Dendroica warblers. Molecular Ecology 8:1431-1441. LOVETTE, I. J., E. BERMINGHAM, G. SEUTIN, AND R. E. RICKLEFS. 1998. Evolutionary differentiation in three endemic West Indian warblers. Auk 115: 890-903. LOWERY, G. H. AND B. L. MONROE, JR. 1968. Family Parulidae. Pages 5-93 in Checklist of Birds of the World, vol. 14 (R. A. Paynter, Ed.). Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. MAYR, E. AND L. L. SHORT. 1970. Species taxa of North American birds. Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club no. 9. MILA, B., D. J. GIRMAN, M. KIMURA, AND T. B. SMITH. 2000. Genetic evidence for the effect of a postglacial population expansion on the phylogeography of a North American songbird (Oporornis tolmiei). Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B 267:1033-1040. PAYNTER, R. A. 1957. Biological investigations in Chiapas, Mexico. Part VII: Birds of Laguna Ocotal. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 116:249-285. PETERSON, A. T., P. ESCALANTE, AND A. NAVARRO S. 1992. Genetic variation and differentiation in Mexican populations of Common Bush-Tanagers and Chestnut-capped Brush-Finches. Condor 94:244-253. REGELSKI, D. J., AND R. R. MOLDENHAUER. 1996. Discrimination between regional song forms in the Northern Parula. Wilson Bulletin 108:335-341. RIDGELY, R. S., AND G. TUDOR. 1989. The Birds of South America, vol. 1. University of Texas Press, Austin. SORENSON, M. D., AND T. W. QUINN. 1998. Numts: A challenge for avian systematics and population biology. Auk 115:214-221. STRIMMER, K., AND A. VON HAESELER. 1996. Quartet puzzling: A quartet maximum-likelihood method for reconstructing tree topologies. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13:964-969. SWOFFORD, D. L. 1999. PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (* and Other Methods), version 4.Ob2a. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
John Ormand's Group Project

This case concerns a new teacher's attempt to organize group projects in a graduate course. The students are not very happy with the assignment, and the teacher is not convinced that group projects are a good idea.
Computational Mechanisms for Mental Models in Human-Robot Interaction

Mental models play an important and sometimes critical role in human-human interactions, in particular, in the context of human team tasks where humans need to interact with each other to achieve common goals. In this paper, we will describe some of the challenges involved in developing general computational mechanisms for mental models and their applications in the context human-robot interactions in mixed initiative tasks.
Occupational Dose and Dose Limits: Experience in a Large Multisite Hospital System

Abstract Purpose The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has recently proposed changes that reduce the occupational dose limits for lens dose equivalent (LDE), embryo/fetus dose, and administrative control levels (ACLs) related to deep dose equivalent (DDE). This study collected occupational dose data from a large hospital system and determined how proposed NRC regulatory changes may affect worker and hospital workflow. Methods Radiation badge data were collected for 1,305 workers, from between 2013 and 2014, and 180 pregnancies, from between 2009 and 2014. Median values for LDE, DDE, and embryo/fetus dose were determined. Current and proposed NRC regulations were applied, and the percentage of workers exceeding regulatory limits/ACLs was recorded. Fisher's exact test was applied to determine if physicians were disproportionately affected by dose regulations. Results Median doses were one to two orders of magnitude lower than current annual dose limits prescribed by the NRC. Proposed NRC regulations significantly increased the percentage of workers who exceeded limits and ACLs. Interventional radiologists, pain medicine physicians, and cardiologists working in catheter laboratories were most affected by LDE limits and DDE ACLs. Nuclear medicine technologists were most affected by embryo/fetus limits. Physicians were disproportionately affected by regulations (odds ratio 26.86; P Conclusions Proposed NRC regulatory changes will cause a small increase in the number of workers who exceed ACLs and limits. Physicians and pregnant nuclear medicine workers are most affected and may need to alter their workloads. Practical difficulties in implementing cumulative dose tracking, and use of an LDE shielding factor, should be considered.
High Performance High Dielectric Constant Films Deposited by Dual Spectral Source Rapid Isothermal Assisted Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD)

Dual spectral source assisted MOCVD is an ideal technique for the deposition of high dielectric constant materials as well as other electronic and optical materials. Tungsten halogen lamps and a deuterium lamp are used as the sources of optical and thermal energy. Ta 2 O 5 films were deposited at 200°C for 30 minutes and annealed at 600°C for 30 minutes have shown leakage current densities as low as 10 −10 A/ cm 2 for gate voltage under 5V. To the best of our knowledge, these are the best results reported to date by other researchers. The high energy photons used in the in-situ cleaning and deposition process play an important role in obtaining high quality films of Ta 2 O 5 .
Pediatric Posttonsillectomy Hemorrhage Demographic and Geographic Variation in Health Care Costs in the United States

ObjectiveTo examine variations in management of pediatric posttonsillectomy hemorrhage and associated costs from a national third-party payer perspective.Study DesignThe MarketScan database was ana...
Stimulation of DNA synthesis in human and hamster cells by human adenovirus types 12 and 5.

SummaryThe effect of adeno-12 and adeno-5 viruses on the incorporation of thy-midine-H3 by cultures of human KB cells, newborn hamster kidney cells, and hamster embryo cells was investigated by radioautog-raphy. In KB cultures, infection with either adeno-5 or adeno-12 virus significantly increased the percentage of labelled cells, but the number of silver grains per labelled cell was somewhat lower than for control cultures. In hamster kidney cells, infection with either adeno-5 or adeno-12 decreased the mitotic index but significantly increased both the percentage of labelled cells and the intensity of label per labelled cell. Intranuclear viral inclusion bodies were formed in as high as 90% of the hamster kidney cells infected with adeno-5, which replicates in hamster cells. The incorporated label was closely associated with the intranuclear viral inclusion bodies. No viral inclusion bodies were found in the hamster kidney cells infected with adeno-12, which has an incomplete growth cycle in hamster ce...