cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cholinergic Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease

There is increasing interest in the clinical effects of cholinergic basal forebrain and tegmental pedunculopontine complex (PPN) projection degeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Recent evidence supports an expanded role beyond cognitive impairment, including effects on olfaction, mood, REM sleep behavior disorder, and motor functions. Cholinergic denervation is variable in PD without dementia and may contribute to clinical symptom heterogeneity. Early in vivo imaging evidence that impaired cholinergic integrity of the PPN associates with frequent falling in PD is now confirmed by human post-mortem evidence. Brainstem cholinergic lesioning studies in primates confirm the role of the PPN in mobility impairment. Degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic projections correlates with decreased walking speed. Cumulatively, these findings provide evidence for a new paradigm to explain dopamine-resistant features of mobility impairments in PD. Recognition of the increased clinical role of cholinergic system degeneration may motivate new research to expand indications for cholinergic therapy in PD.
Cocaine-Associated Chest Pain

The pathophysiology of cocaine leading to myocardial ischemia is multifactorial. Given the paucity of well-designed clinical studies, treatment is directed toward the potential mechanisms involved in the development of myocardial ischemia. Fortunately, morbidity and mortality in this patient population are low, and the vast majority of patients will not suffer AMI or other cardiac complications. Long-term prognosis is excellent for those who abstain from continued cocaine use.
Future Data Traffic Volume

In the last several years it has become commonplace for representatives of the computer industry and others to speak very convincingly of the enormous amount of data that will soon be transmitted via communication lines throughout the U.S., quoting such authoritative sources as AT&T itself for their information. So forceful have been these remarks that we have generally been lulled into believing them wholeheartedly, even to the point of listening almost without question to predictions of the complete breakdown of the telephone system, because of the amount of data that it will have to handle in the future.
High performance liquid chromatographic determination of TCNB in potatoes

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of TCNB (tetrachloronitrobenzene), a sprout inhibitor, in potato peels and flesh fortified at levels of 0.16 to 53.5 ppm. TCNB was analyzed on a u Bondapak C18 column with UV detection at 210 nm. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-methanol-water (35:35:30) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Retention time was approximately 10 min. TCNB was extracted by blending for 5 min in acetone. Samples at a level of 1 ppm or higher were directly injected whereas samples below 1 ppm were partitioned into hexane followed by passage through an alumina column. Average recoveries varied from 85.6 to 96.8% with coefficients of variation ranging from 2.18 to 11.68%. A study conducted to test 23 pesticides for possible interferences with TCNB demonstrated that none of them co-chromatographed. The lower limit of detection was 0.08 ppm.
Surgical treatment of Ebstein's malformation: state of the art in 2006.

Ebstein's malformation is a congenital anomaly of the tricuspid valve and right ventricle that is characterized by several features, each of which can exhibit a spectrum of malformation. The first is adherence of the leaflets of the tricuspid valve to the underlying myocardium, this representing failure of delamination during development. This feature involves the septal and inferior leaflets, but rarely the anterior leaflet (Fig. 1). The second feature is anterior and apical rotational displacement of the functional annulus (Fig. 2). The third abnormality is dilation of the “atrialized” portion of the right ventricle, with variable degrees of hypertrophy and thinning of the wall. The fourth finding is redundancy, fenestrations, and tethering of the anterior leaflet. A fifth abnormality is dilation of the right atrioventricular junction, this being the true tricuspid valvar annulus. The final feature is variable ventricular myocardial dysfunction. Each heart with Ebstein's malformation is different, and there is an infinite variability that can occur with the above mentioned characteristics. These anatomical and functional abnormalities cause important tricuspid regurgitation, which results in right atrial and right ventricular dilation, and atrial and ventricular arrhythmias.
Environmental and genetic influences on short-rotation biomass production of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) in the Georgia Piedmont

Abstract A test plantation of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) was established in the Piedmont region of Georgia (USA) for the purpose of determining productivity under short-rotation, intensive culture management. The influence of irrigation (at the rate of 1.1 cm week−1 during the growing season), nitrogen fertilization (at the rate of 113 kg ha−1 year−1, applied as NH4NO3 in two applications per year), site conditions (four blocks) and genetic stock (24 open-pollinated families) on productivity was assessed using a split-split plot test design with irrigation treatments as main plots, nitrogen treatments as sub-plots, and families as sub-sub-plots. After 3 years, the following observations were made. Growth of black locust was rapid during the study period, comparing favorably with hybrid poplars grown in other parts of the world. But, by the third year current annual increment was already declining in plots with the largest trees. Irrigation increased biomass production by about 80% in the first year, but the advantage dropped to 50% by the end of the third year. Nitrogen fertilization also increased biomass production, although by modest amounts in this nitrogen-fixing species — 30% in the first year, but only 12% by the end of the third year. The effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on biomass production were additive and resulted from increases in individual tree biomass; survival was unaffected by these treatments. Family differences in biomass production were large and uninfluenced by irrigation, nitrogen or block effects. From family selection alone, biomass productivity can be increased by more than 50%. Block differences in biomass yield were also large and appear to confirm numerous anecdotal reports that black locust growth is adversely affected where soil moisture, aeration and rootable depth are limited. Through 3 years of growth, biomass production of selected black locust families in the Piedmont of the southeastern USA is projected to range from about 8 to 3 Mg ha−1 year−1, depending on site and cultural conditions
Low Concentration Mercury Sorption Mechanisms and Control by Calcium-Based Sorbents: Application in Coal-Fired Processes

ABSTRACT The capture of elemental mercury (Hg0) and mercuric chloride (HgCl2) by three types of calcium (Ca)-based sor-bents was examined in this bench-scale study under conditions prevalent in coal-fired utilities. Ca-based sorbent performances were compared with that of an activated carbon. Hg0 capture of about 40% (nearly half that of the activated carbon) was achieved by two of the Ca-based sorbents. The presence of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the simulated coal combustion flue gas enhanced the Hg0 capture from about 10 to 40%. Increasing the temperature in the range of 65-100 °C also caused an increase in the Hg0 capture by the two Ca-based sorbents. Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) capture exhibited a totally different pattern. The presence of SO2 inhibited the HgCl2 capture by Ca-based sorbents from about 25 to less than 10%. Increasing the temperature in the studied range also caused a decrease in HgCl2 capture. Upon further pilot-scale confirmations, the results obtained in this bench-scale study can be use...
Uncertainty of Exploitation Estimates Made from Tag Returns

Abstract Over 6,000 crappies Pomoxis spp. were tagged in five water bodies to estimate exploitation rates by anglers. Exploitation rates were computed as the percentage of tags returned after adjustment for three sources of uncertainty: postrelease mortality due to the tagging process, tag loss, and the reporting rate of tagged fish. Confidence intervals around exploitation rates were estimated by resampling from the probability distributions of tagging mortality, tag loss, and reporting rate. Estimates of exploitation rates ranged from 17% to 54% among the five study systems. Uncertainty around estimates of tagging mortality, tag loss, and reporting resulted in 90% confidence intervals around the median exploitation rate as narrow as 15 percentage points and as broad as 46 percentage points. The greatest source of estimation error was uncertainty about tag reporting. Because the large investments required by tagging and reward operations produce imprecise estimates of the exploitation rate, it may be wor...
Lifestyle options and economic strategies: Subsistence activities in the Mississippi Delta

Subsistence and informal economy are contrasted in their utility as sociological concepts and their ability to explain a variety of activities in two rural Mississippi Delta communities. Literature on subsistence stresses that the desired outcome of participation is not an increase in income but the social rewards of participation itself. Two underlying dimensions of participation in these activities are documented through the literature and through a confirmatory factor analysis of empirical data: life-style choice and economic strategy. These were constructed into indexes and examined individually and in combination as dependent variables using regressors at the community, household, and individual levels. Community ties were weakly associated with participation in such activities. White people and those with higher incomes participated more in lifestyle choice oriented activities. Participation in general was statistically related to households needing less weekly income and being of larger size. Potential connections with persistent rural poverty are discussed.
Ermakov-Lewis invariant from the Wigner function of a squeezed coherent state

Using the phase-space picture (Weyl-Wigner-Moyal formalism) of quantum mechanics for time-dependent Hamiltonians, we show that the Ermakov-Lewis invariant of a generalized harmonic oscillator can be derived from the Wigner function of a squeezed coherent state. The geometric meaning of this invariant is clarified and realized via the Wigner ellipse in phase space.
Thiamin Content, Texture, and Sensory Evaluation of Postmortem Papain‐Injected Chicken

Taste panel scores, Instron measurements, and thiamin, fat, and moisture contents from microwave and conventionally cooked baking hens, injected with distilled water and papain solution (0.001 and 0.002%) were determined. Moisture, fat, and thiamin contents and cooking losses were not significantly affected by treatment. For papain injected samples, Instron measurements were less than those for uninjected samples when fibers were separated against the grain. Papain injected samples were more tender and mealier than uninjected samples. Roast chicken flavor was unaffected, but off-flavor increased in the papain-injected samples. Generally, cooking methods did not affect sensory scores.
Mechanisms of perinatal arterial ischemic stroke.

The incidence of perinatal stroke is high, similar to that in the elderly, and produces a significant morbidity and severe long-term neurologic and cognitive deficits, including cerebral palsy, epilepsy, neuropsychological impairments, and behavioral disorders. Emerging clinical data and data from experimental models of cerebral ischemia in neonatal rodents have shown that the pathophysiology of perinatal brain damage is multifactorial. These studies have revealed that, far from just being a smaller version of the adult brain, the neonatal brain is unique with a very particular and age-dependent responsiveness to hypoxia–ischemia and focal arterial stroke. In this review, we discuss fundamental clinical aspects of perinatal stroke as well as some of the most recent and relevant findings regarding the susceptibility of specific brain cell populations to injury, the dynamics and the mechanisms of neuronal cell death in injured neonates, the responses of neonatal blood–brain barrier to stroke in relation to systemic and local inflammation, and the long-term effects of stroke on angiogenesis and neurogenesis. Finally, we address translational strategies currently being considered for neonatal stroke as well as treatments that might effectively enhance repair later after injury.
Mitochondria-specific transgenic overexpression of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (GPx4) attenuates ischemia/reperfusion-associated cardiac dysfunction

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury elicits damage to mitochondria. Antioxidants provide protection from I/R-induced mitochondrial damage. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of mitochondria-specific overexpression of GPx4 (PHGPx) on cardiac function following I/R. Transgenic mice were created in which PHGPx was overexpressed solely in the mitochondrion (mPHGPx). MPHGPx and littermate control hearts were subjected to global no-flow ischemia (20 min) followed by reflow reperfusion (30, 60, and 90 min). Following I/R, mPHGPx hearts possessed significantly better rates of contraction, developed pressures, and peak-systolic pressures as compared to controls (P<0.05). No differences were observed in rates of relaxation or end-diastolic pressures. Lipid peroxidation was significantly lower in mitochondria from mPHGPx hearts as compared to controls, following I/R (P<0.05). Electron transport chain (ETC) complex I, III, and IV activities were significantly higher in mPHGPx hearts as compared to controls, following I/R (P<0.05). MPHGPx overexpression enhanced ETC complex I, III, and IV activities in subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM; P<0.05), and ETC complex I and III activities in interfibrillar mitochondria (IFM; P<0.05) following I/R. These results indicate that mitochondria-specific GPx4 overexpression protects cardiac contractile function and preserves ETC complex activities following I/R. These results provide further rationale for the use of mPHGPx as a therapeutic protectant.
Forebrain and midbrain fiber tract formation during early development in Alligator embryos

The relationship between fiber tract formation and transverse and longitudinal borders of the diencephalon was investigated in Alligator embryos beginning when this structure was a single unit and continuing until internal subgroups were present within individual segments. At all stages of development, distinct bundles of fibers were not restricted to borders between morphological segments nor were they located at the alar/basal plate boundary. With the exception of a few fine fibers that occupied only a part of certain inter-diencephalic boundaries, fiber tracts were present within the parenchyma of respective subdivisions. In the process of this analysis, fiber tract formation was also documented in the telencephalon, secondary prosencephalon, and midbrain during this period of early development. Fiber tracts were classified into three groups based on orientation: transverse; longitudinal; and commissural. At early stages of development, similarities between Alligator and other species suggest that these bundles represent a primary scaffold for all vertebrates with two exceptions. One was the presence of the descending tract of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus in Alligator and other jawed animals but not in jawless vertebrates. The other was the absence of the dorsoventral diencephalic tract in Alligator which lacks a pineal gland.
Characterization and modeling of compression behavior of syntactic foam-filled honeycombs

Processing and compression behavior of lightweight syntactic foam-filled aluminum honeycomb composites is presented. Different foam-filled honeycomb composites are prepared by varying the volume fraction of microballoons in the syntactic epoxy foam while keeping the volume fraction of the metallic network the same. Uniaxial compression tests are then carried out on syntactic foam and foam-filled honeycomb composites. The latter shows improvement in elastic modulus and plateau stress values by 26—31% and 36—39% when compared to the syntactic foam with the same volume fraction of microballoons. The maximum increase in energy absorption for syntactic foam-filled honeycomb composite is found to be approximately 48%. The compression response and stress-strain characteristics of the foam-filled honeycombs are also examined relative to a 3D variant, namely, an interpenetrating aluminum-syntactic foam composite. Elasto-plastic finite element models are developed to simulate experiments performed on syntactic foam...
Medical malpractice: trends in litigation.

We live in a litigious society, and the medical community has felt the impact of this reality. This impact is acute among medical service providers, who pay increasingly high medical malpractice premiums. Medical services consumers have also felt the impact, as they face increased medical care costs resulting from providers passing on their increasing costs. To address this medical malpractice “crisis,” we must strike a delicate balance between holding providers accountable for medical errors and maintaining a medical care system that makes medical services available and affordable for everyone. Many states are attempting to strike this balance through tort reforms, which take many forms, including a limit on the amount of money a patient may receive for “pain and suffering.” This article considers the current landscape of medical malpractice litigation and the role of tort reform in addressing the medical malpractice crisis.
Mechanical design of 15- and 20-cm clear-aperture disk amplifiers for the OMEGA upgrade

Although a number of papers exist on the optimization of large-aperture disk amplifiers for use in fusion-laser systems, there is a relative paucity of information on the detailed mechanical design of these devices. In particular, there is little information on their reliability, maintainability, and producibility (RMP). This paper describes two recent designs developed and built by the University of Rochester's Laboratory for Laser Energetics. These 15- 20-cm clear-aperture Nd:glass amplifiers use longitudinal and transverse lamps, respectively, which are water cooled. We describe the design rationale and potential pitfalls. In particular, the disk sizing for a prescribed clear aperture is described. The various laser disk mounting techniques are described and the advantages and disadvantages are compared. Consequences for disk distortion, cladding expansion, cladding survivability, disk stability, and cleanliness are enumerated. The driving requirements for the amplifier frame, which is similar for both devices, are describe. The consequences for cleanliness, stability, and ease of assembly are also described. Finally, the modules containing the flash-lamp arrays are described. These presented the particularly interesting challenge to deliver high voltage and current, cooling water, not degrade pumping efficiency, to be readily serviceable in the event of a lamp failure, and to be cost effective. A working compromise among all of these conflicting requirements was achieved. The module designs, materials used, and the actual performance are described.
Hydroxyurea: The drug of choice for polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia

Hydroxyurea is an old drug that is often used to control essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera in patients with high-risk disease. It is usually well tolerated and cheap and has been proven effective in many studies for the prevention of thrombohemorrhagic complications associated with these disorders. However, many clinicians are reluctant to use it because of the perceived risk of progression to acute leukemia. Several recent, large studies have given this drug a new lease on life. Relevant results from these studies are discussed, and the risk of leukemia is placed in perspective to demonstrate that hydroxyurea remains the drug of choice in patients with either of these disorders.
Molecular signature of kappa-carrageenan mimics chondroitin-4-sulfate and dermatan sulfate and enables interaction with arylsulfatase B

The common food additive kappa-carrageenan (κ-CGN) is a sulfated polysaccharide that resembles chondroitin-4-sulfate (C4S) and dermatan sulfate (DS). All have a sulfate group on C4 of a glycoside (galactose for CGN and N-acetylgalactosamine for C4S), and the sulfate-bearing glycoside is linked in a β-1,4-configuration to an unsulfated, six-carbon sugar (galactose for CGN, glucuronate for C4S and iduronate for DS). The enzyme arylsulfatase B (ARSB; N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfate) is the highly selective enzyme that removes the four-sulfate group from the nonreducing terminus of C4S and DS, thereby regulating subsequent degradation. In this report, κ-CGN is shown to be a substrate for recombinant human ARSB (rhARSB). Sulfate was generated from both C4S and κ-CGN following incubation with rhARSB. Exposure of human colonic epithelial cells to κ-CGN, but not to C4S, produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased interleukin (IL)-8 secretion. The ROS production from κ-CGN was reduced by exposure to rhARSB, but increased by competition from C4S or DS, but not from chondroitin-6-sulfate. Prior treatment of either lambda- or iota-CGN with rhARSB had no impact on ROS, IL-8 or inorganic sulfate production, demonstrating a specific effect of the molecular configuration of κ-CGN. By mimicry of C4S and DS and by interaction with ARSB, κ-CGN can directly interfere with the normal cellular functions of C4S, DS and ARSB. Since C4S and DS are present in high concentration in tissues, the impact of κ-CGN exposure may be due to some extent to interference with the normal biological functions of ARSB, C4S and DS.
When Disclosures Are More Interesting Than the Evidence

To the Editor: The recent update to the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) Recommendations for the Prevention of Stroke in Patients with Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attacks incorporates new evidence for antiplatelet agents and statins.1 The most interesting aspect of the update is not its content but the author disclosures. Of the 16 authors, 7 have personal financial ties to companies that own and market Plavix or Aggrenox, and 8 have financial ties to one of 7 companies that own and market brand name statin agents (including 5 authors with ties to Pfizer, the maker of Lipitor). The overlap of interests and hence conflicts is unambiguous. Four questions should be asked: First, did the industry relationships of the authorship panel influence the decision to update the guideline, select the …
Purification of two putative type II NADH dehydrogenases with different substrate specificities from alkaliphilic Bacillus pseudofirmus OF4.

Abstract A putative Type II NADH dehydrogenase from Halobacillus dabanensis was recently reported to have Na+/H+ antiport activity (and called Nap), raising the possibility of direct coupling of respiration to antiport-dependent pH homeostasis. This study characterized a homologous type II NADH dehydrogenase of genetically tractable alkaliphilic Bacillus pseudofirmus OF4, in which evidence supports antiport-based pH homeostasis that is mediated entirely by secondary antiport. Two candidate type II NADH dehydrogenase genes with canonical GXGXXG motifs were identified in a draft genome sequence of B. pseudofirmus OF4. The gene product designated NDH-2A exhibited homology to enzymes from Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli whereas NDH-2B exhibited homology to the H. dabanensis Nap protein and its alkaliphilic Bacillus halodurans C-125 homologue. The ndh-2A, but not the ndh-2B, gene complemented the growth defect of an NADH dehydrogenase-deficient E. coli mutant. Neither gene conferred Na+-resistance on an antiporter-deficient E. coli strain, nor did they confer Na+/H+ antiport activity in vesicle assays. The purified hexa-histidine-tagged gene products were approximately 50 kDa, contained noncovalently bound FAD and oxidized NADH. They were predominantly cytoplasmic in E. coli, consonant with the absence of antiport activity. The catalytic properties of NDH-2A were more consistent with a major respiratory role than those of NDH-2B.
Conformity in Children as a Function of Grade Level, and Real versus Hypothetical Adult and Peer Models

(1971). Conformity in Children as a Function of Grade Level, and Real versus Hypothetical Adult and Peer Models. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 118, No. 2, pp. 253-263.
Myocardial Consumption of Oxygen and Carbohydrates in Newborn Sheep

We measured blood flow to the myocardium of the left ventricular free wall, and blood glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and oxygen concentrations simultaneously in the aorta and coronary sinus 13 times in seven previously instrumented newborn sheep, 4 to 25 days after birth. We calculated arteriovenous difference and consumption of oxygen, glucose, lactate, and pyruvate by the newborn myocardium. Results were compared with recently obtained measurements in the myocardium of fetal and adult sheep (6). Myocardial consumption of oxygen in the newborn (577 +/- 38 microM.min-1.100 g LV-1) was higher than in either the fetuses or the adults. This was associated with a greater myocardial blood flow (201 +/- 21 mm.min-1.100 g LV-1) in the newborns. However, the increased myocardial oxygen consumption in the newborns was commensurate with their increased cardiac work as compared with both the fetuses and adults. Although there is an abrupt postnatal increase in arterial glucose concentration, there was no significant difference in either the myocardial consumption of glucose or the contribution of glucose to the total myocardial energy supply among fetal, newborn or adult sheep. Postnatal decreases in myocardial consumption of lactate and pyruvate are not compensated for by an increase in glucose consumption. In newborn sheep, carbohydrates including glucose, lactate, and pyruvate supply the substrate for no more than approximately one-fourth of the total myocardial energy demands (carbohydrate/oxygen quotient was 0.26).
Discrimination of growth and water stress in wheat by various vegetation indices through clear and turbid atmospheres.

Reflectance data were obtained over a drought-stressed and a well-watered wheat plot with a hand-held radiometer having bands similar to the MSS bands of the LANDSAT satellites. Data for 48 clear days were interpolated to yield reflectance values for each day of the growing season, from planting until harvest. With an atmospheric path radiance model and LANDSAT-2 calibration data, the reflectance were used to simulate LANDSAT digital counts (not quantized) for the four LANDSAT bands for each day of the growing season, through a clear (approximately 100 km meteorological range) and a turbid (approximately 10 km meteorological range) atmosphere. Several ratios and linear combinations of bands were calculated using the simulated data, then assessed for their relative ability to discriminate vegetative growth and plant stress through the two atmospheres. The results show that water stress was not detected by any of the indices until after growth was retarded, and the sensitivity of the various indices to vegetation depended on plant growth stage and atmospheric path radiance.
VEHICLE LOCATION TECHNOLOGIES IN AUTOMATIC VEHICLE MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Abstract Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) technologies are being used increasingly throughout fleet monitoring and management systems, AVL technologies have the potential for improving fleet efficiency and providing better route planning and scheduling. However, because there are a number of possible AVL technologies from which to choose, transportation managers must analyze and evaluate their system needs and requirements before implementing any single or integrated approach to AVL. This paper is intended for a nontechnical audience and presents an overview of the AVL technologies available with some of their advantages and disadvantages
CEO Views on Corporate Social Responsibility

This article reports the results of a survey of 150 Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) of the largest public and private companies in the Dallas/Fort Worth area. The survey was designed to examine their views on issues related to corporate social responsibility. The findings indicate that CEOs view corporate social identity as important to business success and believe that a good social reputation is achieved more by operating in a socially responsible manner — defined by ethical conduct, profitability and legal compliance — than through philanthropic endeavors. At the same time, although they do not necessarily view philanthropy as a reliable indicator of a company's actual commitment to social responsibility, CEOs think it may be an important symbol of such a commitment.
Characterization of solvent-insoluble organic matter isolated from Alberta oil sands☆

Abstract Considerable quantities of organic material, insoluble in common organic solvents, are known to be associated with the inorganic minerals present in oil sands. This insoluble organic matter (IOM) consists of both humic and non-humic components containing numerous oxygen functions. In this investigation IOM was beneficiated from a number of feedstocks using HCl HF mineral dissolution techniques normally used for the isolation of kerogen concentrate from oil shales. The feedstocks included two different grades of Athabasca oil sand, three tailings stream fractions from oil sand plants in Alberta, and a sample of New Brunswick oil shale. The various fractions were analysed for elemental composition and then characterized by infrared and CP MAS 13 C n.m.r. methods. The elemental analyses have been discussed in terms of a van Krevelen diagram by plotting H C atomic ratios against O C atomic ratios. N.m.r. data have been used to calculate the aromaticities of various fractions.
Photochemical hole burning of porphin-cross-linked polymethylmethacrylate

Abstract We synthesized polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cross-linked with a tetraphenylporphin (TPP) derivative with four functional groups. The formation of the cross-linked polymer was confirmed by means of the double detection technique of gel permeation chromatography. The irreversible broadening, or the spectral diffusion, of the photochemical hole burned in this cross-linked PMMA is less than in TPP merely dispersed in PMMA. Moreover, the high molecular weight component of the cross-linked PMMA, in which the cross-linkages are expected to be densely formed, exhibits still less spectral diffusion. From these observations, we conclude that the covalent bonds between the TPP molecule and the host polymer suppress the changes of the microscopic stereostructure in the vicinity of the TPP molecule and decrease its spectral diffusion at low temperatures.
The dopamine receptor: differential binding of d-LSD and related agents to agonist and antagonist states.

Dopamine receptor binding is calf striatal membranes of 3H-dopamine and 3H-haloperidol appears to differentiate agonist and antagonist states of the receptor. Agonists and antagonists have selective affinities for dopamine and haloperidol sites respectively. In evaluating relative affinities for dopamine and haloperidol binding sites, we have observed that d-LSD interacts with considerable affinity at the dopamine receptor. Its similar competition petition for binding of the two tritiated ligands suggests that it is a mixed agonist-antagonist, which is consistent with its interactions with the dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase. The effects of LSD on dopamine receptor binding are stereospecific, with d-LSD being 1,000 times more potent than d-LSD. 2-Bromo-LSD has more of an antagonist profile than d-LSD for the dopamine receptor. In binding experiments methiothepin behaves like a potent and relatively pure antagonist at dopamine receptors.
Contact allergy to aeroallergens in children with atopic dermatitis : comparison with allergic contact dermatitis

Immediate and delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity are believed to be implicated in the physiopathology atopic dermatitis (AD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate Type I and Type IV allergy to aeroallergens in children with AD. 59 children (mean age 5.2 years), presenting with AD according to Hanifin and Rajka's criteria, were skin tested (patch and corresponding prick tests) with common environmental aeroallergens and a restricted panel of the European standard series over a 1-year period. History and clinical data were carefully recorded using a standardized evaluation sheet; total and specific IgE serum levels were evaluated. 17 of 59 patients (28.8%) had at least 1 positive patch test, 32 of 59 patients (54.2%) had at least 1 positive prick test. Corresponding patch and prick tests were observed in 8 out of 17 patients. 5 children with positive patch tests had negative prick tests. Irritant pustular reactions (2/59, i.e. 3%), "angry back" reactions (6/59, i.e. 10%) and doubtful reactions (3/59, i.e. 5%) were excluded from the positive group. Positive patch tests observed included, in decreasing order: D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae (26.8%), garden trees (12.2%), plantain (9.8%), timothy grass, mugwort and damp area trees (4.9% each), and orchard grass (2.44%). 6 children with positive aeroallergen patch tests and 11 children with negative aeroallergen patch tests had at least 1 positive patch test to standard allergens. All children with an irritant reaction to aeroallergens had no reaction to standard patch tests. The relevance of aeroallergens in upgrading the severity of AD lesions has still to be explored by challenge studies and by long-term follow-up.
Short seed longevity, variable germination conditions, and infrequent establishment events provide a narrow window for Yucca brevifolia (Agavaceae) recruitment

UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY The future of long-lived stand-forming desert plants such as Yucca brevifolia (Joshua tree) has come into question in light of climate variation and landscape-scale disturbances such as wildfire. Understanding plant establishment dynamics is important for mitigating the impacts of disturbances and promoting revegetation. • METHODS We placed Y. brevifolia seeds in shallow caches and manipulated granivore access, nurse shrub effects, and the season of cache placement to determine conditions for seed germination and seedling establishment. • KEY RESULTS Greatest seedling emergence occurred during spring and summer, when increased soil moisture was accompanied by warm soil temperatures. Late winter-spring emergence for cached seeds was enhanced beneath shrub canopies, but seedling survival declined beneath shrubs as temperatures increased in spring. Germinability of seed remaining in the soil was reduced from 50-68% after 12 mo residence time in soil and declined to <3% after 40 mo. Following dispersal from parent plants, seeds are either removed by granivores or lose germinability, imposing substantial losses of potential germinants. • CONCLUSIONS Specific germination and establishment requirements impose stringent limits on recruitment rates for Y. brevifolia. Coupled with infrequent seed availability, the return rates to prefire densities and demographic structure may require decades to centuries, especially in light of potential changes to regional desert climate in combination with the potential for fire recurrence. Demographic patterns are predicted to vary spatially in response to environmental variability that limits recruitment and may already be apparent among extant populations.
On the Shear Bands and Shear Localizations in EHL Films

Liquid lubricants in elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) are subjected to high pressures of the magnitude of 109 N/m2 (GPa). Under these high pressures, the lubricants in room temperatures are usually in the glassy state behaving as amorphous solids. Similar to the polymers, the lubricants exhibit elastic or visco-elastic behavior under low-shear-stress loading and plastic or visco-plastic behavior with high shear stresses. Recent laboratory experiments have revealed two types of localized shear responses that can take place in the lubricant bulk. The localized shear may be active in the EHL film and may play a significant role in the responses exhibited by the contact conjunction. A typical example is the EHL traction. This paper summarizes the up-to-date research related to the shear localizations.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
A Perspective on the Implementation of Management Science

Three different dimensions of OR/MS efforts exist. Experience has shown undue emphasis on one of these—installation—at the expense of the other two—implementation and integration. Definition and understanding of these dimensions within the conceptual framework presented will allow better planning, and conduct and evaluation of OR/MS efforts.
Phosphorus and Potassium Leaching under Contrasting Residential Landscape Models Established on a Sandy Soil

The quantity of fertilizer applied to residential land use is increasing rapidly with urban expansion. Phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are essential plant nutrients often included in fertilizers used on residential landscapes. As a result, the potential exists for substantial P and K losses to ground and surface waters via runoff and leaching. Landscape vegetation and maintenance protocols play important roles in mitigating nutrient losses. Therefore, the objectives of this comparative study were to examine fertilizer P and K leaching losses from contrasting residential landscape models established on a sandy soil. Four replications each of a St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] monoculture (SA) and a mixed-spedes (MS) landscape were randomly assigned to 47.5-m 2 plots. The use of common management practices was part of each landscape model, as granular fertilizers were applied to the SA monoculture routinely (bimonthly) throughout the study (61 kg P ha -1 and 424 kg K ha -1 ) but only during establishment for the MS landscape (105 kg P ha -1 and 630 kg K ha -1 ). Losses of P and K in surface runoff were negligible. However, during the 45 mo of data collection, cumulative mean P leached was 37.8 kg ha -1 on the MS model and 22.9 kg ha -1 on the SA model, while cumulative mean K leached was 346 kg ha -1 on the MS landscape and 185 kg ha -1 on the SA landscape. Notably, leaching losses were high during establishment and following intense precipitation, but the SA landscape model minimized these losses compared with the MS model. Regardless of landscape, leaching losses of P, and perhaps K, were high enough to raise concern over ecological impacts on neighboring hydrologically linked systems.
Instruction in a Virtual Environment: Assessing the Needs for an Online Tutorial

In 2002, librarians at the Utah State University (USU) Libraries were awarded a grant to develop online tutorials. The major design challenge was to create tutorials specific to USU resources and students, including distance learners, while also making them flexible so that other Utah colleges and universities can adapt them for their own needs. The tutorials also needed to address the information behavior of a new generation of students accustomed to using computers and the Internet. While recent studies have begun to address some gaps in our knowledge of the information behavior of the Web Generation, we conducted a needs assessment to help us create a tutorial that more accurately addresses the existing knowledge and behavior of undergraduates at USU. We used multiple methods to determine the learning needs of our audience and to provide guidance for the design process.
Are Dietary Restraint Scales Valid Measures of Dietary Restriction? Additional Objective Behavioral and Biological Data Suggest Not

Abstract Prospective studies find that individuals with elevated dietary restraint scores are at increased risk for bulimic symptom onset, yet experiments find that assignment to energy-deficit diet interventions reduce bulimic symptoms. One explanation for the conflicting findings is that the dietary restraint scales used in the former studies do not actually identify individuals who are restraining their caloric intake. Thus, we tested whether dietary restraint scales showed inverse relations to objectively measured caloric intake in three studies. Four dietary restraint scales did not correlate with doubly labeled water estimates of caloric intake over a 2-week period ( M , r = .01). One scale showed a significant inverse correlation with objectively measured caloric intake during a regular meal ordered from an ecologically valid menu ( M , r = −.30), but a significant positive relation that was qualified by a significant quadratic effect, to objectively measured caloric intake during multiple eating episodes in the lab ( M , r = .32). In balance, results suggest that dietary restraint scales are not valid measures of dietary restriction, replicating findings from prior studies that examined objective measures of caloric intake.
Catalytic activity is not required for secreted PCSK9 to reduce low density lipoprotein receptors in HepG2 cells.

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a member of the proteinase K subfamily of subtilases, promotes internalization and degradation of low density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs) after binding the receptor on the surface of hepatocytes. PCSK9 has autocatalytic activity that releases the prodomain at the N terminus of the protein. The prodomain remains tightly associated with the catalytic domain as the complex transits the secretory pathway. It is not known whether enzymatic activity is required for the LDLR-reducing effects of PCSK9. Here we expressed the prodomain together with a catalytically inactive protease domain in cells and purified the protein from the medium. The ability of the catalytically inactive PCSK9 to bind and degrade LDLRs when added to culture medium of human hepatoma HepG2 cells at physiological concentrations was similar to that seen using wild-type protein. Similarly, a catalytic-dead version of a gain-of-function mutant, PCSK9(D374Y), showed no loss of activity compared with a catalytically active counterpart; both proteins displayed ∼10-fold increased activity in degradation of cell surface LDLRs compared with wild-type PCSK9. We conclude that the ability of PCSK9 to degrade LDLRs is independent of catalytic activity and suggest that PCSK9 functions as a chaperone to prevent LDLR recycling and/or to target LDLRs for lysosomal degradation.
RACE, RELIGION, AND THE CONTRADICTIONS OF IDENTITY: A THEOLOGICAL ENGAGEMENT WITH DOUGLASS's 1845 NARRATIVE

This essay is about identity and the place of religion and theology in how it is thought about and performed. I purse this subject through a theologically informed reading of the 1845 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Taking Douglass's Narrative as emblematic of how identity continues to be conceived, I explain what is promising in the close link forged between religion, theology and culture. The promise of Douglass's Narrative resides in the emancipatory politics of race that it produces and the creative use of the theology of Easter in that politics. But I also explore the contradictions arising from that link—in particular, Douglass's oppressive gender politics. To overcome this problem, I conclude the article by pushing Douglass's cultural reading of identity and the Cross in a more robust theological direction, a direction that gestures towards a theology of Israel and of Pentecost.
The Atmospheric Sciences in the 1990s: Accomplishments, Challenges, and Imperatives

Abstract The atmospheric sciences, along with other disciplines, are today contemplating strong competition for resources, exciting scientific challenges, and the need to assess opportunities and priorities. This review is intended to stimulate thought, discussion, and the active participation of the community in charting a course into the next century. Current efforts concentrate on mesoscale phenomena and severe weather, climate dynamics and prediction, the interplay of chemical and physical processes, the interactions of planetary atmospheres with ionospheres and solar processes, and the predictability of chaotic systems. These efforts are the foundation for initiatives involving global and regional climate change, mesoscale research and prediction, and the modernization of the National Weather Service. Contemporary imperatives include developing leadership and management capabilities, making the requisite investments in advanced data and information systems, enabling the prediction of predictability, ...
On the relation between velocity and mass of the electron

It is suggested that the elastic scattering of electrons from electrons be used to verify the Lorentz law of mass variation with velocity. The kinematics of such a process yield angular dependences which are sensitive to the model used. An independent measurement of the velocity of the incident particle is necessary to complete the measurement in a logical fashion. It is shown that two other experiments reported in the literature are deficient in this respect.
The rigid single polymer helix

Abstract Stereospecificity during monomer addition leads to the formation of stereoregular polymers. If stereospecific monomer addition is exclusively meso , the polymer obtained is isotactic, if totally racemo , it is syndiotactic. Stereoregularity can also strongly influence or even determine the ultimate conformation of a polymer chain. Polypropylene, when prepared with proper stereospecific initiating systems, is stereoregular and isotactic. The polymer becomes conformationally specific as a 3 1 helix upon crystallization. Polytrichloroacetaldehyde (polychloral) as it is formed from the chloral monomer is both isotactic and conformationally specific having a 4 1 helical structure. The genesis of helical structure in polychloral was followed by tracking the embryonic stages of this polymerization.
Phosphorylation of Large T Antigen Regulates Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Replication

Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV) was recently discovered as a novel human polyomavirus that is associated with ~80% of Merkel Cell Carcinomas. The Large Tumor antigen (LT) is an early viral protein which has a variety of functions, including manipulation of the cell cycle and initiating viral DNA replication. Phosphorylation plays a critical regulatory role for polyomavirus LT proteins, but no investigation of MCPyV LT phosphorylation has been performed to date. In this report mass spectrometry analysis reveals three unique phosphorylation sites: T271, T297 and T299. In vivo replication assays confirm that phosphorylation of T271 does not play a role in viral replication, while modification at T297 and T299 have dramatic and opposing effects on LT's ability to initiate replication from the viral origin. We test these mutants for their ability to bind, unwind, and act as a functional helicase at the viral origin. These studies provide a framework for understanding how phosphorylation of LT may dynamically regulate viral replication. Although the natural host cell of MCPyV has not yet been established, this work provides a foundation for understanding how LT activity is regulated and provides tools for better exploring this regulation in both natural host cells and Merkel cells.