cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporating electronic medical records into the physician assistant educational curriculum.

Currently, there is a strong push in the US health system to increase the use of electronic medical records (EMR) in the delivery of health care.1 EMRs serve as a mechanism to document, communicate, and integrate patient information to promote effective decision-making and quality health care. Use of EMRs is expected to decrease health care costs, while improving efficiency, safety, and patient outcomes.2 However, EMRs in and of themselves will not meet this intended benefit if end users are not sufficiently trained to use this technology. The lack of ade quate knowledge and skills by health care providers to use EMR systems has been cited as a consistent barrier to the broad adoption of EMRs in the United States.3 The Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommended that all health professional training programs incorporate health information technology and informatics into their training cur ricula.4 Physician assistant (PA) and medical education training include system-based practices and practice-based learning improvements as core professional competency requirements.5,6 However, many schools have not formally incorporated EMRs into their curricula7 as a mechanism to help learners improve their patient care practices. Due to incentives in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009,8 EMRs will most likely increasingly be used to document the patient’s encounter, and PAs will be expected to use this technology to manage their patients’ health. In order to equip future PAs with the requisite skills to use EMRs to their full potential, PA educators should consider integrating these systems into their current curricula. This paper provides a brief description of EMRs and a literature review on their use in health professional training curricula, and proposes a framework for implementing this technology into the PA educational curriculum.
A Multi-institutional Analysis of Open Versus Minimally-Invasive Surgery for Gastric Adenocarcinoma: Results of the US Gastric Cancer Collaborative

Background Surgical experience with minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has increased; however, published reports on MIS resection of gastric adenocarcinoma are limited.
Predictive assay for rodent carcinogenicity using in vivo biochemical parameters: operational characteristics and complementarity.

Abstract 111 chemicals of known rodent carcinogenicity (49 carcinogens, 62 noncarcinogens), including many promoters of carcinogenesis, nongenotoxic carcinogens, hepatocarcinogens, and halogenated hydrocarbons, were selected for study. The chemicals were administered by gavage in two dose levels to female Sprague-Dawley rats. The effects of these 111 chemicals on 4 biochemical assays (hepatic DNA damage by alkaline elution (DD), hepatic ornithine decarboxylase activity (ODC), serum alanine aminotransferase activity (ALT), and hepatic cytochrome P-450 content (P450) were determined. Composite parameters are defined as follows: CP = [ODC and P450), CT = [ALT and ODC), and TS = [DD or CP or CT]. The operational characteristics of TS for predicting rodent cancer were sensitivity 55%, specificity 87%, positive predictivity 77%, negative predictivity 71%, and concordance 73%. For these chemicals, the 73% concordance of this study was superior to the concordance obtained from published data from other laboratories on the Ames test (53%), structural alerts (SA) (46%), chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells (ABS) (48%), cell mutation in mouse lymphoma 15178Y cells (MOLY) (52%), and sister-chromatid exchange in Chinese hamster ovary cells (SCE) (60%). The 4 in vivo biochemical assays were complementary to each other. The composite parameter TS also shows complementarity to all 5 other predictors of rodent cancer examined in this paper. For example. the Ames test alone has a concordance of only 53%. In combination with TS, the concordance is increased to 62% (Ames or TS) or to 63% (Ames and TS). For the 67 chemicals with data available for SA, the concordance for predicting rodent carcinogenicity was 47% (for SA alone), 54% (for SA or TS), and 66% (for SA and TS). These biochemical assays will be useful: (1) to predict rodent carcinogenicity per se, (2) to ‘confirm’ the results of short-term mutagenicity tests by the high specificity mode of the biochemical assays (the specificity and positive predictivity are both 100%), and (3) to be a component of future complementary batteries of tests for predicting rodent carcinogenicity.
Reporting of myometrial invasion by endometrial cancer

The depth of penetration through the myometrium is an important feature in assessing the prognosis and therapy of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. This is usually reported as a percentage figure and measured microscopically on a conventional microscopic block. Some potential defects in this method are examined. Depth of penetration is more reliably expressed as the amount of remaining uninvaded myometrium, and is most readily visualized on a whole mount transverse section.
Plastic dissipation energy at a bimaterial crack tip under cyclic loading

Abstract A theory has been introduced that relates the fatigue crack growth rate to the total plastic energy dissipated ahead of a crack tip under cyclic loading. Due to advances in computational efficiency, the reversed plastic zone can now be resolved adequately using the finite element method. The authors have previously published results for the plastic dissipation energy for cracks in homogeneous materials under mixed mode I and II loading. The purpose of the current research is to expand that set of results to include interface cracks in a general layered material. Applications of crack growth along a bimaterial interface include soldering, layered manufacturing, thermal spray coating, welding, brazing, or any other process that deposits a material onto a substrate where often it is more energetically favorable for a crack to grow along the interface than to propagate into either of the contiguous materials. Results of the plastic dissipation energy are obtained using 2-D elastic–plastic plane strain finite element analysis of a sharp crack along a bimaterial interface. Results show the plastic dissipation energy is proportional to the square of the strain energy release rate. By normalizing the results for the plastic dissipation with respect to the loads and material properties, it can be seen that the plastic dissipation energy has the greatest dependence on the mode mix ratio, followed by elastic and plastic property mismatches, respectively. Furthermore, a definition of the mode mix ratio based on dissipated energy is presented, which provides physical motivation for the characteristic length parameter needed to quantify the mode mix along a bimaterial interface.
Dap160, a Neural-specific Eps15 Homology and Multiple SH3 Domain-containing Protein That Interacts with DrosophilaDynamin

The discovery of overlapping hot spots of dynamin (Estes, P. S., Roos, J., van der Bliek, A., Kelly, R. B., Krishnan, K. S., and Ramaswami, M. (1996) J. Neurosci. 16, 5443–5456) and the heterotetrameric adaptor 2 complex (Gonzalez-Gaitan, M., and Jackle, H. (1997)Cell 88, 767–776) in Drosophilanerve terminals led to the concept of zones of active endocytosis close to sites of active exocytosis. The proline-rich domain of Drosophiladynamin was used to identify and purify a third component of the endocytosis zones. Dap160 (dynamin-associated protein 160 kDa) is a membrane-associated, dynamin-binding protein of 160 kDa that has four putative src homology 3 domains and an Eps15 homology domain, motifs frequently found in proteins associated with endocytosis. The binding capacities of the four putative src homology 3 domains were examined individually and in combination and shown to bind known proteins that contained proline-rich domains. Each binding site, however, was different in its preference for binding partners. We suggest that Dap160 is a scaffolding protein that helps anchor proteins required for endocytosis at sites where they are needed in the Drosophilanerve terminal.
1,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-d-fructofuranose and some of its derivatives

Abstract Crystalline 1,3,4,6-tetra- O -benzyl- d -fructofuranose ( 4 ) has been obtained in 60% overall yield from d -fructose through the following steps: d -fructose→methyl tetra- O -benzyl- d -fructofuranoside→ 4 . The new d -fructofuranose derivative has been further characterized through the preparation of a p -nitrobenzoate, a p -phenylazobenzoate and a benzoate — all crystalline derivatives. To confirm the structure of 4 , it was also made through the hydrolysis of octa- O -benzylsucrose and by the partial oxidation of 1,3,4,6-tetra- O -benzyl- d -mannitol ( 11 ); the preparation of 11 and of two crystalline derivatives therefrom is described.
Rapid Scanning Constant Energy Synchronous Fluorescence Spectrometry: A Comparison of Flow Cells:

Rapid scanning constant energy synchronous fluorescence spectrometry (RSCESFS) is evaluated for flow cell design, scan speed, and constant energy interval choice. Analytical figures of merit for several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are given for several experimental conditions, for several flow cells, and for both RSCESFS and conventional (nonscanning) fluorescence spectrometry. With RSCESFS, absolute detection limits as low as 700 fg, linear dynamic ranges as great as five orders of magnitude and the time to record a complete 350 nm spectrum as short as 17 s have been obtained.
Trochlear block recession in an alpaca with traumatic lateral patellar luxation.

Objective— To report surgical treatment of traumatic lateral patellar luxation using trochlear block recession in an alpaca. Study Design— Clinical case report. Animals— Five-year-old female alpaca. Methods— Grade IV/IV lateral, left patella luxation and mild femoropatellar joint effusion was identified by palpation and visual assessment, and confirmed by ultrasonography and radiographs. Trochlear block recession combined with lateral retinacular release and medial imbrication to restore patella function. Results— Progressive improvement in weight bearing occurred during hospitalization (6 days) and at 3.5 weeks, no lameness was observed; radiographically, the patella was in normal anatomic alignment. At 15 months, there were no signs of lameness with unrestricted exercise and the alpaca had given birth to another cria. Conclusions— In this alpaca with traumatic origin of the lateral patellar luxation and normal femoro-tibial alignment, a combination of retinacular imbrication, contralateral release, and trochlear block recession were successful for long-term treatment of lateral patellar luxation. Clinical Relevance— Although trochlear block recession is most commonly performed in small animals, this technique may be useful in treatment of traumatic patellar luxations in camelids.
MP80-09 RISK OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN BRUSHITE STONE FORMERS COMPARED TO IDIOPATHIC CALCIUM OXALATE STONE FORMERS AT LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP

abnormalities in this series were elevated urine pH and high urinary sodium. We recommend metabolic evaluation in all of these patients with aggressive dietary modifications and medical therapy to decrease incidence of recurrent stone episodes and long-term kidney damage. The role of citrate replacement remains uncertain in the hypocitraturic brushite stone former due to concern for further raising urine pH.
Transient boiling from inclined and downward-facing surfaces in a saturated pool

Abstract Quenching experiments investigating transient pool boiling from the underside of inlcined and downward-facing flat surfaces in saturated water were performed. Inclination angles investgated are 0o (downward facing), 5°, 10°,15°,30°,45°90° vertical. While transitio boilition boiling heat flux and both qCHF and qmin, and the corresponding wall superheats increased as the inclanation angle nuleate boiling heat flux decreased. the values of qCHF and qmin and the corresponding are correlated as functions of the inclanation angle. In addition, the steady-stateqinCHF data of other investigators for saturated helium and nitrogen are correlated as function of inclination angle. these correlation are compared with that for water to determine the eefects of the type of the boiling liquid and heating method on qCHF
Bactericidal Activity of Combinations of Gentamicin with Penicillin or Clindamycin Against Streptococcus mutans

Data derived from testing the bactericidal activity of combinations of penicillin with gentamicin or streptomycin and of clindamycin with gentamicin on nine isolates of Streptococcus mutans were analyzed by preparing isobolograms to determine the presence of additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects. Synergy with penicillin-aminoglycoside combinations was found in two strains; additive effects occurred in seven instances with penicillin-gentamicin combinations; and antagonism occurred in eight instances with clindamycin-gentamicin combinations.
The Growth of Snow in Winter Storms:. An Airborne Observational Study

Abstract In studies of precipitation growth, comparisons between theory and observation are difficult because of the problem in obtaining a complete 4-dimensional (space and time) description of the kinematic, thermodynamic and microphysical properties of the atmosphere. A new flight plan has been devised which permits one to observe the height evolution of snow-size spectra in a reference frame where the effects of horizontal gradients and temporal changes are minimized. The flight plan, termed the advecting spiral descent (ASD), requires an aircraft to start aloft in a mesoscale precipitation area and then spiral downward in a constant bank angle, descending at approximately the mean fallspeed of snow. Qualitative comparisons between ASD observations and particle growth theory suggest that snow evolves through at least three stages characterized by deposition, aggregation and breakup. The breakup process serves to limit the number of large snow particles and interacts with aggregation to produce a limit...
Temporal dynamics of verbal object comprehension

Knowledge of the stage composition and the temporal dynamics of human cognitive operations is critical for building theories of higher mental activity. This information has been difficult to acquire, even with different combinations of techniques such as refined behavioral testing, electrical recording/interference, and metabolic imaging studies. Verbal object comprehension was studied herein in a single individual, by using three tasks (object naming, auditory word comprehension, and visual word comprehension), two languages (English and Farsi), and four techniques (stimulus manipulation, direct cortical electrical interference, electrocorticography, and a variation of the technique of direct cortical electrical interference to produce time-delimited effects, called timeslicing), in a subject in whom indwelling subdural electrode arrays had been placed for clinical purposes. Electrical interference at a pair of electrodes on the left lateral occipitotemporal gyrus interfered with naming in both languages and with comprehension in the language tested (English). The naming and comprehension deficit resulted from interference with processing of verbal object meaning. Electrocorticography indices of cortical activation at this site during naming started 250–300 msec after visual stimulus presentation. By using the timeslicing technique, which varies the onset of electrical interference relative to the behavioral task, we found that completion of processing for verbal object meaning varied from 450 to 750 msec after current onset. This variability was found to be a function of the subject’s familiarity with the objects.
Relationship, communication, and efficiency in the medical encounter: creating a clinical model from a literature review.

Background While there is consensus about the value of communication skills, many physicians complain that there is not enough time to use these skills. Little is known about how to combine effective relationship development and communication skills with time management to maximize efficiency. Our objective was to examine what physician-patient relationship and communication skills enhance efficiency. Data Sources We conducted searches of PubMed, EMBASE, and PsychINFO for the date range January 1973 to October 2006. We reviewed the reference lists of identified publications and the bibliographies of experts in physician-patient communication for additional publications. Study Selection From our initial group of citations (n = 1146), we included only studies written in English that reported original data on the use of communication or relationship skills and their effect on time use or visit length. Study inclusion was determined by independent review by 2 authors (L.B.M. and D.C.D.). This yielded 9 publications for our analysis. Data Extraction The 2 reviewers independently read and classified the 9 publications and cataloged them by type of study, results, and limitations. Differences were resolved by consensus. Results Three domains emerged that may enhance communication efficiency: rapport building, up-front agenda setting, and acknowledging social or emotional clues. Conclusions Building on these findings, we offer a model blending the quality-enhancing and time management features of selected communication and relationship skills. There is a need for additional research about communication skills that enhance quality and efficiency.
A novel system for measurement of the transverse electron momentum distribution from photocathodes

The transverse momentum of electrons produced by a photocathode contributes significantly to the performance of several different types of accelerator-based light sources, such as Free Electron Lasers, as well as systems designed for ultrafast electron diffraction and dynamic transmission electron microscopy. Minimization of the transverse emittance from photocathodes is the subject of intensive research, and therefore measurement of this parameter is of great importance. Here, we describe a simple system that offers real time measurements of transverse emittance and can be easily integrated into the photocathode fabrication process.
The Implicit Communication of Nature of Science and Epistemology during Inquiry Discussion.

This study explores how elementary teachers and students use hedges (tentative words such as maybe) and boosters (expressions of certainty such as clearly and obviously) during science inquiry discussions. Drawing upon semiotic theory, we examine explicit thematic patterns (semantic meaning relations among science concepts) as well as hidden social, nature of science (NOS), and epistemological meanings co-constructed and communicated by teachers and students. It was found that a kindergarten teacher's discussion was mostly unhedged and boosted (absolutely), with the use of hedges (may, might, could) limited to an unexpected encounter with an undeveloped egg toward the end of the lesson. In contrast, a fourth-grade teacher's discussion was predominantly hedged, with the use of boosters limited to isolated episodes concerning the nature of scientific inquiry and experimental variables. Unhedged and boosted communication led to the co-construction of an unproblematic or factual body of scientific knowledge (transitivity, circumstantial, and nominal meanings), whereas hedged communication produced a problematic or tentative body of scientific knowledge (logical and taxonomic meanings). It is emphasized that unproblematic knowledge communication may be paralleled by NOS miscommunication. We argue that teachers should be provided with professional development that can increase their awareness of the risk of NOS miscommunication. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 96:652–684, 2012
Illusory regional income differentials

This paper is divided into two main sections: the first deals with the theoretical and practical interpretation of statistical data concerning a given region of a larger economy. We argue that much of the raw data are inherently faulty without more sophisticated statistical manipulation. Policy recommendations based upon such data can be no better than the data.
Critical exposure time for androgenization by intracranial crystals of testosterone propionate in neonatal female rats.

The critical exposure time for neonatal treatment with testosterone propionate (TP) to induce anovulatory sterility was determined. Crystalline TP was applied to a groove on the external surface of 30 gauge hypodermic tubing. These tubes, either coated with TP or with cholesterol, were implanted bilaterally in the basal hypothalamus of the 3-day-old female rat and removed after 12, 24, 48, or 72 hr. At the time of implantation carbon markers were extruded from the same tubes to indicate in the adult the site of neonatal exposure to TP. Exposure of the basal hypothalamus to TP for 48 hr was necessary before more than 50% of the treated animals were rendered anovulatory by 100 days of age. When these same animals were laparotomized at 50 days of age only 43% were anovulatory even after a 72-hr exposure to TP. Ovarian compensatory hypertrophy was not affected by neonatal intracerebral TP implantation. Although implants of TP in the region of the hypothalamus including the ventromedial-arcuate area appeared t...
An application and comparison of some flexible parametric and semi-parametric qualitative response models

Abstract A random-coefficient flexible parametric specification which nests probit and logit models is introduced. These models are estimated, using a data set analyzed by Horowitz ( Journal of Econometrics , 1993, 58, 49–70), and compared with results obtained from the Klein-Spady semi-parametric and smoothed maximum score estimators.
Americans with Disabilities Act, Paratransit, and Dialysis

In transportation, a potential conflict exists between the needs of people who are dependent on kidney dialysis to support life and the mandates of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), which protects the civil rights of people who are disabled. To address this conflict, baseline information about existing transportation patterns for people on dialysis treatment was established. An original survey questionnaire was administered in person, by trained interviewers, to 289 recipients of dialysis treatments in Delaware. The questions focused on critical transportation issues and were designed to obtain information about transportation user patterns to and from dialysis treatments; transportation modes used to and from dialysis treatments; points of origin and destination; length of trip in distance and time; the way transportation arrangements are made, by whom, and at what cost; and alternative public transportation modes that dialysis riders would be willing to use. Social demographic character...
Millimeter‐wave power module combiner junction for high resolution advanced radar and communications

Power combiner junctions based on hybrid waveguide structures were designed, fabricated, and characterized for advanced radar and communications millimeter-wave power modules.Various structures of the four port combiners were investigated at Ka- and V-bands. The measurement results were compared with the three-dimensional full wave finite element method solutions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52:2227–2231, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25488
Influence of Wording and Framing Effects on Moral Intuitions

Abstract This research considers biasing effects on the expression of moral intuitions. Participants in Study 1 were asked to resolve some hypothetical moral dilemmas that involved the death of one or another set of individuals. For half of the participants, the problems were phrased using a Kill wording and for the other half a Save wording, although the outcomes were identical in each case. In Study 2, framing effects were produced by posing dilemma problems in different orders and in different contexts. In Study 1, the Kill-Save wording difference strongly influenced the resolution of the problems. In Study 2, if the problems involved a single kind of dilemma, the order in which the dilemmas were presented affected the pattern of response, whereas order had no major effect for another two series using different dilemmas. Thus, there were framing effects produced by differences in wording and order that could influence the decisions people make when presented with dilemmas, but the effects were not always large nor did they always appear. The presence and strength of the effects seem to depend on a variety of psychological factors that the problem sets activate. These findings are considered within the perspective of the evolution of cognitive strategies.
On the Ratio of Fréchet Random Variables

The distribution of the ratio X/Y is derived when X and Y are independent Frechet random variables. Extensive tabulations of the associated percentage points are also given.
Direct enzyme patterning with microcontact printing and the growth of ZnO nanoparticles on the catalytic templates at room temperature

Here we developed a microcontact printing (μCP) process to directly pattern enzymes in a single step without the loss of enzyme activity after printing. By modifying the substrate to display aldehyde groups, the direct stamping of urease enables the simultaneous patterning and covalent cross-linking of urease under the reducing agent NaCNBH4, which does not degrade the enzyme activity. Because the enzyme was not treated by the cross-linker prior to the sampling but rather pre-assembled on the surface of the substrate, only the contact areas of the PDMS stamp reacted with the cross-linker on the substrate, minimizing the poisoning of the enzymatic sites. The exposed urease particles on the substrate, free from the cross-linker, were still catalytically active and utilized to grow crystalline ZnO nanoparticles on the enzyme patterns in ambient conditions and in aqueous solution.
Microcomputer sensitivity analyses for business combinations

Abstract This paper describes microcomputer applications of several topics in the area of accounting for business combinations. The emphasis is on the computer's ability to provide sensitivity analyses for alternative combination specifications. Examples from two cases are provided which illustrate applications using consolidated worksheets. The examples demonstrate the use of variable designations and logical formulation features of spreadsheet software.
Measuring degree-dependent failure in scale-free networks of bipartite structure

We study degree-dependent failure in networks consisting of two types of nodes with edges running only between nodes of unlike type. Both types of nodes are assumed to have scale-free degree distributions. These networks are called scale-free bipartite graphs, which appear in many real-life networks. In this article, we measure network robustness and fragility based on a recently proposed spectral measure, natural connectivity, which is an average eigenvalue obtained from the graph spectrum. During the edge removal process, an edge between nodes with degrees k and l is retained with a probability proportional to (kl) –α, where α > 0 is a biased exponent, so that the most connected nodes are depreciated first. A clear division between robust regime and fragile regime can be extracted based on natural connectivity by tuning the exponent α. The theory is verified by the numerical simulations.
An Incremental Constitutive Relation of Unilateral Contact Friction for Large Deformation Analysis

An incremental constitutive relation of friction contact is presented for large deformation analysis. After a brief review of published explanations of friction, a model is constructed following the established concepts of plasticity theory. Extensive studies are laid on how the theory closely simulates the nature of friction and how the unknown parameters in the equation are to be determined from the existing experimental results. Possible extensions to allow considerations of temperature and nonlocal effects are discussed. Formulations of a quasistatic boundary value problem based on the updated Lagrangian approach are summarized. The elastoplastic material is assumed to behave according to the generalized Prandtl-Reuss constitutive equation. Finite element methods are employed to solve the problem. Two examples are selected to demonstrate the capability and adequacy of the proposed model.
The Ethos of Narrative: Rhetoric and 21st Century Sexualities

In their edited collection, 21st Century Sexualities, Herdt and Howe (2007b) discuss the effective and sometimes ineffective ways people acquire sexual literacy—that is, ways of coming to know about healthy sexual practices, for example, conducting internet research about sex, viewing various forms of media that represent sex and sexualized subjects, and listening to folklore about sex. Through and because of these multiple genres, audiences must learn how to navigate competing discourses about sex, sexual education, and being represented sexually; one way they navigate is to understand notions ethos, or the credibility of a writer or speaker. Through a rhetorical–theoretical lens, this paper analyzes some of the connections between notions of ethos and ways of learning and being represented by sexual rhetorics.
The Service Employee′s Pivotal Role in Organizational Success

As the USA continues to progress toward a service‐based economy, the role of the service employee as a contributor to the success of the organization assumes greater prominence. Examines the pivotal role of the field engineer (FE) in a plain paper copier company. Using qualitative research methodologies, identifies and categorizes the unarticulated strategies used by the field engineers to initiate and maintain positive customer relationships. FEs using these categories had positive relationships with their customers. Moreover, the study revealed that successful FEs were granted in‐group status with their supervisor. Based on these results, suggests several techniques to help organizations improve the relationships their service employees have with both customers and superiors.
Short Segment Barrett Esophagus and Specialized Columnar Mucosa at the Gastroesophageal Junction

The rising incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and the gastric cardia has generated interest in the finding of intestinal metaplasia or specialized columnar mucosa in this location. Short segment Barrett esophagus is defined by the presence of columnar-appearing mucosa in the distal esophagus ( cardia intestinal metaplasia, gastroesophageal junction intestinal metaplasia , or specialized columnar mucosa at the gastroesophageal junction . This article reviews the currently available data on these rapidly evolving entities of short segment Barrett esophagus and specialized columnar mucosa at the gastroesophageal junction.
Formate Ester Norrish Type II Elimination: Diode Laser Probing of Gas-Phase Yields

Time-resolved infrared absorption spectroscopy was utilized to monitor the production of HCOOH, CO2, and CO following ultraviolet laser excitation of gas-phase formate esters. Excitation of ethyl formate at 227.5 nm resulted in formation of HCOOH and CO2. The CO2 quantum yield was estimated to be 0.5 ± 0.1. No evidence for CO formation was obtained at this wavelength. Relative quantum yields for the Norrish Type II elimination of HCOOH from ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl formate were obtained at 227.5 and 222 nm. Normalization of the observed HCOOH yields with respect to the number of γ-hydrogen atoms resulted in reactivity trends at 227.5 nm of 1:3:9 for the abstraction of primary, secondary, and tertiary hydrogen atoms, respectively. At 222 nm, a similar reactivity trend was observed with yields per available γ-hydrogen of 1:3:7 for abstraction of primary, secondary, and tertiary hydrogen atoms. Yields were found to be independent of ester pressure over the range 100−550 m...
Arginine residues 47 and 70 of human flap endonuclease-1 are involved in DNA substrate interactions and cleavage site determination

Flap endonuclease-1 (FEN-1) is a critical enzyme for DNA replication and repair. Intensive studies have been carried out on its structure-specific nuclease activities and biological functions in yeast cells. However, its specific interactions with DNA substrates as an initial step of catalysis are not defined. An understanding of the ability of FEN-1 to recognize and bind a flap DNA substrate is critical for the elucidation of its molecular mechanism and for the explanation of possible pathological consequences resulting from its failure to bind DNA. Using human FEN-1 in this study, we identified two positively charged amino acid residues, Arg-47 and Arg-70 in human FEN-1, as candidates responsible for substrate binding. Mutation of the Arg-70 significantly reduced flap endonuclease activity and eliminated exonuclease activity. Mutation or protonation of Arg-47 shifted cleavage sites with flap substrate and significantly reduced the exonuclease activity. We revealed that these alterations are due to the defects in DNA-protein interactions. Although the effect of the single Arg-47 mutation on binding activities is not as severe as R70A, its double mutation with Asp-181 had a synergistic effect. Furthermore the possible interaction sites of these positively charged residues with DNA substrates were discussed based on FEN-1 cleavage patterns using different substrates. Finally data were provided to indicate that the observed negative effects of a high concentration of Mg(2+) on enzymatic activity are probably due to the competition between the arginine residues and metal ions with DNA substrate since mutants were found to be less tolerant.
Kinetic characterization of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase extracted from whole-leaf and from guard-cell protoplasts of Vicia faba L. (C3 plant) with respect to tissue pre-illumination

Whole leaves and guard-cell protoplasts of the C3 plant Vicia faba L. (broad bean) were separately extracted following a period of illumination or following a period of darkness. Kinetic parameters of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC, EC 4.1.1.31), Vmax and Km(PEP · Mg), were determined as a function of assay pH (7.0 or 8.1), the presence of 5 mm glucose-6-Pfree (Glc-6-P, an activator), and the presence of 5 mm malatefree (an inhibitor). On the basis of these parameters, guard-cell PEPC was distinguished from that of whole leaf, indicating either that guard cells contain a unique isoenzyme of PEPC or a different complement of isoenzymes or - and less likely - that the obligatorily different methodologies for the leaf (intact organ) and the guard-cell (protoplast) enzymes altered them specifically.
Solution of the Bethe–Salpeter equation in a nondiffusive random medium having large scatterers

We present a formalism for solving the scalar Bethe–Salpeter equation (BSE) in the nondiffusive regime under the ladder approximation and for an infinite randomly scattering medium having scatterers of size on the order of or larger than the wavelength. We compare the information content in a wave transport model (the BSE) with that in energy-based transport, the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE), in the spatial frequency domain. Our results suggest that when absorption dominates scatter, the intensity Green’s function from a BTE model is similar to the field correlation Green’s function from a BSE solution. When scatter dominates loss, there are significant differences between the BTE and BSE representations, and the BTE solutions appear to be smoothed versions of those from the BSE. Therefore, field correlation measurements, perhaps extracted from intensity correlations over frequency and space, offer significantly more information than a mean-intensity measurement in the weakly scattering and nondiffusive regime. Our work provides a mathematical framework for electric field correlation-based imaging methods based on the BSE that hold promise in, for example, near-surface tissue imaging.
Kodak and the Lens of Nostalgia

The advertising campaigns launched by Kodak in the early years of snapshot photography stand at the centre of a shift in American domestic life that goes deeper than technological innovations in cameras and film. Before the advent of Kodak advertising in 1888, writes Nancy Martha West, Americans were much more willing to allow sorrow into the space of the domestic photograph, as evidenced by the popularity of postmortem photography in the mid-19th century. Through the taking of snapshots, Kodak taught Americans to see their experiences as objects of nostalgia, to arrange their lives in such a way that painful or unpleasant aspects were systematically erased. West examines a wide assortment of Kodak's most popular inventions and marketing strategies, including the "Kodak Girl", the momentous invention of the Brownie camera in 1900, the "Story Campaign" during World War I, and even the Vanity Kodak Ensemble, a camera introduced in 1926 that came fully equipped with lipstick. Enhanced with over 50 reproductions of the Kodak ads themselves, this work illustrates the fundamental changes in American culture and the function of memory in the formative years of the 20th century.
Land use change and carbon exchange in the tropics: III. Structure, basic equations, and sensitivity analysis of the model

The rationale, assumptions, structure and basic mathematical functions of the model used to produce the simulation results reported in the first two articles of this series are described in detail. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the most important parameters in the model, and, presumably, in the carbon exchange between tropical forests and the atmosphere, are: (a) the conversion rate of forests to permanent pasture and agriculture, (b) the changes that are occurring and have occurred in the shifting cultivation system, and (c) the fate of cleared vegetation. Although it is not possible to validate the model against direct measurements of carbon exchange, the model has been proven robust when subject to a series of explicit analyses and comparisons with other assessments.
Multidimensional cardiac imaging in retrospect

Multidimensional cardiac imaging no doubt has many origins and approaches. In reviewing the topic I would like to elaborate on one of those origins and analyze the technique addressed by the following points: (1) Did multidimensional imaging achieve the original goal (which, in our case, was more accurate estimation of the left ventricular chamber volume)? (2) Is this original goal still important? (3) Has multidimensional cardiac imaging provided new insights, diagnostic, or therapeutic capabilities? Indeed, the development of multidimensional imaging as we know it today provides an example of how a physiological measurement problem led to new measurement approaches that helped answer longstanding questions and that the new approach itself led to new directions of research using both the x ray-based as well as other imaging modalities.
Peptides in rat brain immunoreactive for the amino terminus of cholecystokinin 33: distribution and chromatography.

Abstract Antisera directed against the amino-terminus of porcine CCK 33 detects related immunoreactivity in rat brain extracts, the distribution of which follows that of CCK 8. Sephadex chromatography indicates that several immunoreactive peptides are present with a molecular weight range of 2600–3500. These peptides are likely to be CCK 39 or CCK 33 and the amino terminal segments of CCK 39 33 without the CCK 8 sequence. The presence of CCK 39 33 and its amino-terminal fragments without CCK 22 and its amino-terminal fragments confirms the absence of CCK 22 in the rat brain. This cleavage at CCK 22 is one of the major differences between the processing of CCK in rat brain and gut and may reflect differences in their physiological roles.
Children's Schemata of Man and Woman: A Comparison with the Schemata of Heterosexual and Homosexual Populations

The present study was designed to examine the man-woman schemata employed by children and compare them with those used by different sexually mature populations. A central hypothesis of the investigation was that the frequency with which children use various male-female schemata more closely resembles the frequency with which homosexuals use these schemata than either group resembles the pattern pervasive in mature heterosexual populations. The Ss were 70 white boys and 70 white girls in the fourth grade of large urban public schools. The task was the free placement of figures cut from felt on a flannel board. One group of figures contained a man, a woman, and two rectangles, while the other group consisted of two man figures and two woman figures. The schemata employed by the children in their figure arrangements were significantly different from those of adult heterosexuals and resembled those of adult homosexuals. The discussion includes the consideration of a "bracketing schema" that is employed far more often by adult heterosexuals than it is by children or homosexuals.
Estimating Crop Residue Decomposition from Air Temperature, Initial Nitrogen Content, and Residue Placement

Managing cereal residues to control soil erosion by wind and water requires knowledge of residue decomposition. Four equations were developed to estimate decomposition of cereal residues based on cumulative degree days (CDD) calculated from daily maximum and minimum air temperature. Each is based on the general equation Rr = Ir exp(fN fW k CDD), where Rr = residue remaining, Ir = initial residue, fN is an N coefficient based on initial residue N content, fW is a water coefficient based on a combination of residue and field management, and k is a general decomposition coefficient. Projected decomposition was tested against data for different varieties of soft white and hard red spring and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), durum wheat (T. durum Desf.), spring and winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), triticale (x triticosecale Wittm.) corn (Zea mays L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] from Alaska, Idaho, Indiana, Missouri, Oregon, Texas, and Washington. The mean slope of the line relating observed to projected decomposition for all locations was 1.10 ± 0.543 with r values ranging from 0.76 to 0.99, with most > 0.95. View complete article To view this complete article, insert Disc 5 then click button8
Examining the pathways linking lower socioeconomic status and advanced melanoma

BACKGROUND. Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with more advanced melanoma at diagnosis and decreased survival. Exploring the pathways linking lower SES and thicker melanoma will help guide public and professional strategies to reduce deaths. METHODS. The authors surveyed 566 newly diagnosed patients at Stanford University Medical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and University of Michigan. SES was assessed by education level (high school/general education degree or less [HS], associate/technical school degree, or ≥college graduate). All data was obtained by self-report among patients within three months of their diagnosis. RESULTS. HS-educated individuals were significantly more likely than college graduates to believe that melanoma was not very serious (odds ratio [OR], 2.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.79-4.71) and were less likely to know the asymmetry, borders (irregular), color (variegated), and diameter (>6 mm) (ABCD) melanoma rule or the difference between melanoma and ordinary skin growths (OR, 0.34 [95% CI, 0.23-0.52] and 0.26 [95% CI, 0.16-0.41] respectively). Physicians were less likely to have ever told HS-educated versus college-educated individuals they were at risk for skin cancer (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.31-0.71) or instructed them on how to examine their skin for signs of melanoma (OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.25-0.63). HS-educated individuals were less likely to have received a physician skin examination within the year before diagnosis (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.37-0.80). CONCLUSIONS. Decreased melanoma risk perception and knowledge among low-SES individuals and decreased physician communication regarding skin examinations of these individuals may be key components of the consistently observed socioeconomic gradient in mortality. The current findings suggest the need to raise melanoma awareness among lower-SES patients and to increase physician awareness of socioeconomic disparities in clinical communication and care. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
A bi-directional quasi-optical lens amplifier

A 24-element bi-directional quasi-optical lens amplifier array is presented. The lens amplifier array is designed for X-band, and operates in transmission mode. Single-pole double-throw (SPDT) switches are used to switch between transmit and receive amplifiers. The lens amplifier array demonstrates gains of 5.5 dB at 10.1 GHz in receive mode, and 2 dB at 10.2 GHz in transmit mode, with more than 15-dB ON/OFF isolation. Several applications for the lens amplifier array are demonstrated: a quasi-optical transceiver front-end, reduction of multipath fading, and a multiuser frequency reuse application.
Human factors contributions to knowledge elicitation.

Objective: The objective of this article is to lay out contributions of human factors to knowledge elicitation (KE) methodology. Background: The background is historical, dating to about 1985, and involves the convergence of expert systems with applied psychology and cognitive psychology. Method: The method is a literature review, focusing on past issues of Human Factors. Results: Human factors researchers have contributed significantly to KE methodology. However, KE methodology “belongs to” a number of communities of practice and has applications that transcend individual disciplines. Conclusion: Knowledge elicitation, thought of as a kind of cognitive task analysis, grows in importance with the increasing use of information technology to form complex sociotechnical work systems and the increasing importance of expertise to knowledge-based organizations. Application: I discuss some open issues for further research and methodological investigation.
Quinolones: structure-activity relationships and future predictions

Development of the first clinically useful quinolone - nalidixic acid - occurred in 1962, but the significant breakthrough with this class of agents occurred almost 20 years after the original discovery when the addition of a fluorine molecule at position C6 of the pharmacore created the ‘fluoroquinolones’. It has been estimated that over 10 000 analogues of nalidixic acid or the fluoroquinolones have now been synthesised. The benefits of some of these new compounds include: oral and parenteral dosing, a much broader spectrum of antibacterial activity, good tissue distribution, improved pharmacokinetic profiles, stability and a comparatively low incidence of adverse effects. This review considers the structure of the core fluoroquinolone molecule, some of the changes that feature on current class members under development, and the effects that these chemical modifications may have on the interaction of these compounds with man.
Pagerank for product image search

In this paper, we cast the image-ranking problem into the task of identifying "authority" nodes on an inferred visual similarity graph and propose an algorithm to analyze the visual link structure that can be created among a group of images. Through an iterative procedure based on the PageRank computation, a numerical weight is assigned to each image; this measures its relative importance to the other images being considered. The incorporation of visual signals in this process differs from the majority of large-scale commercial-search engines in use today. Commercial search-engines often solely rely on the text clues of the pages in which images are embedded to rank images, and often entirely ignore the content of the images themselves as a ranking signal. To quantify the performance of our approach in a real-world system, we conducted a series of experiments based on the task of retrieving images for 2000 of the most popular products queries. Our experimental results show significant improvement, in terms of user satisfaction and relevancy, in comparison to the most recent Google Image Search results.