cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“A Word Newly Introduced into Language”: The Appearance and Spread of “Social” in French Enlightened Thought, 1745–1765

Abstract In the early 1760s, the entry dedicated to the term “social” in Diderot's Encyclopedie claimed that it was “un mot nouvellement introduit dans la langue.” Strictly speaking, this description was inaccurate: “social” had already appeared (though very sporadically) in seventeenth-century French texts. But the essence of the Encyclopedie's argument was correct: “social” had been so marginal in French up until the mid-eighteenth century that its wide deployment in enlightened discourse from the 1740s onward could be treated as a new appearance. The article main argument is that “social's” new appearance in the mid-1740s was of considerable intellectual importance. To support this argument, the article is divided into three parts. The first outlines the general premises of the research into the word “social” and its significance. By placing this research within the ongoing investigation of the semantic field around “societe” in enlightened philosophy, the article claims that such an investigation is much more than an etymological exercise. The special epistemological status of “social” in enlightened philosophy makes an understanding of the reasons for its rapid domination of French philosophical discourse a most rewarding project from the perspective of intellectual history. The second part of the article provides empirical evidence for the argument that “social” had been all but completely absent from French intellectual discourse before the mid-eighteenth century. It is of course harder to ascertain the absence of a word before a given point in time than to confirm its presence, but many different indications substantiate the essence of the Encyclopedie's claim. These indications also allow one to follow “social's” discursive rise after about 1745 and to speculate about the identity of the author(s) responsible for it. All evidence lead to two philosophes, the article claims: Diderot and Rousseau. Finally, the third part of the article presents an argument about the reasons for “social's” rapid naturalization in French enlightened thought and discusses what the philosophes tried so intensively to do, achieve, or express with “social.” Possible answers to this question lead to a reevaluation of mid-eighteenth century enlightened thought in general and contemporary philosophes in particular. Most importantly, such answers allow us to reflect on how we write and think about the intellectual achievements of the mid-eighteenth century, and in what way we, too, still inhabit the mental universe the philosophes helped to create.
A review of Bahamian ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) biogeography

. The results of recent surveys for ants on Staniel Cay, Exumas (and surrounding small cays) and the northeastern region of Andros are presented. These records are compiled with all previously published collection records of ants from the Bahamas into a single database. A list of all known Bahamian species is presented, in accord with current taxonomy. Distributions within the Bahamas are given, along with the status of each species with reference to its origin (endemic, native, or exotic). At present seventy-five named species of ants are known from the Bahamas, which shares 60% of its ant fauna with Florida and 71% with Cuba. More than one third of the species (37%) are exotics, which appear to exist primarily in areas characterized by human disturbance, and apparently have not invaded the native vegetation to a large degree. Both historical and ecological factors are likely to have played important roles in shaping present-day Bahamian ant species diversity and distribution. The number of species on all major Bahamian islands from which ants have been collected is presented as a function of island area. Most islands have not been very thoroughly surveyed. The species-area relationship for the more thoroughly surveyed islands is relatively flat (z= 0.06). Further collecting in this archipelago will probably lead to the discovery of additional species.
Public Acceptance: The Greatest Barrier to Widespread Water Reuse

Most knowledgeable observers would agree that the greatest barrier to the use of recycled/reclaimed water for various applications around the globe is gaining the acceptance of the public. Several highly qualified researchers have conducted studies on public perception and public acceptance over the past half-dozen years. Each of these studies has advanced the state of understanding of the public's reluctance to fully accept the use of reclaimed water, especially for indirect potable reuse. It is incumbent upon the water reuse community to move beyond gaining an understanding of public concerns to a phase in which we devise practical and workable approaches to the problem of acceptance. The water reuse community must formulate a basic strategy and then implement it. While it would be naive to believe that every local situation is the same, it is possible for the global water reuse community to begin to agree on the basic elements of the strategy needed to ensure public acceptance. This paper will focus on these needed elements, which include common terminology, positive branding, research on microconstituents, embracing stakeholders, and communicating the value of water.
Part family formation for GT applications based on fuzzy mathematics

Group Technology (GT) is one of the key issues in a successful implementation of flexible manufacturing systems ( FMSs). The objective of GT is, through the use of a part-family (PF) formation scheme, to reduce unnecessary variation proliferation. A part family is a group of parts presenting similar geometry and/or requiring a similar production process. Traditional schemes such as classification and coding and production flow analysis do not consider uncertainty or impreciseness in PF formation. In order to incorporate the uncertainty which is inherent in the measurement of similarities between parts, fuzzy mathematics is employed in this research. Two different approaches of fuzzy cluster analysis, fuzzy classification and fuzzy equivalence, are introduced in the process of part-family formation. In addition, a dynamic part-family assignment procedure is presented using the methodology of fuzzy pattern recognition to assign new parts to existing PFs. A computer program is developed, and several rotation...
A COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION OF VOLUME EFFECTS AND SEASONALITY IN DAILY SECURITY RETURNS

In this study, an integrated model of return seasonality is developed and the hypothesis that seasonality is associated with changes in relative trading volume is examined. Return regularities associated with the turn of the month, the week of the month, and holiday closings are documented. Beyond these effects, neither the turn of the year nor the January effect is significant for large firms. Relative volume is shown to display calendar regularities similar to those in returns, and tests indicate a causal relationship flowing from volume to returns.
The Alexander School of Cultural Sociology

I pursue three aims in this article: (1) a contextualization of Jeffrey Alexander’s cultural sociology within the broader trajectory of his intellectual development; (2) a sketch of the key ideas o...
Carnitine and Peripheral Arterial Disease

Patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) who become symptomatic with claudication (approximately one-third of the population) have a marked impairment in exercise performance and overall functional capacity. Patients with claudication have a peak oxygen consumption measured during graded treadmill exercise testing that is 50% of that in age-matched normal subjects, and also report great difficulty in walking relatively short distances, even at a slow walking speed. The reduced walking capacity is associated with impairment in activities of daily living and quality of life. Thus, claudication is highly limiting to the physical functioning of daily activities. Improving mobility and improving the reduced quality of life are therefore major goals of treatment. Patients with PAD develop metabolic abnormalities in the skeletal muscles of the lower extremity. These abnormalities include impairment in ischemic muscle mitochondrial electron transport chain activity and accumulation of intermediates of oxidative metabolism (acylcarnitines). Patients with the greatest accumulation of muscle acylcarnitines have the most impaired exercise performance. Thus, claudication is not simply the result of reduced blood flow, and alterations in skeletal muscle metabolism are part of the pathophysiology of the disease. L-carnitine and propionyl-L-carnitine may improve the metabolism and exercise performance of ischemic muscles. L-carnitine in a dose of 2 grams twice daily improved treadmill performance, but propionyl-L-carnitine (an acyl form of carnitine) was more effective than L-carnitine in improving treadmill walking distance. In two multicenter trials of a total of 730 patients, initial and maximal treadmill walking distance improved more with propionyl-L-carnitine than placebo. The drug also improved quality of life and had minimal side effects as compared with placebo. Propionyl-L-carnitine has not been approved for use in the United States.
Volume change on formation of native collagen aggregate

The volume change which occurs in dilute tropocollagen solution as a result of the phase transition producing the “native” form of collagen aggregate has been measured dilatometrically. A volume increase of 0.8 × 10−3 ml./g. collagen in phosphate buffer (pH 7–7.5) was determined. The volume expansion is attributed to a reduction in the organization of water molecules around nonpolar surfaces of the individual tropocollagen units. This volume expansion is consistent with a previous hypothesis that hydro-phobic bonding is the driving force in this collagen aggregation.
Differentially expressed three non-coding alternate exons at 5' UTR of regulatory type I beta subunit gene of mouse.

Prkar1b gene encodes regulatory type I, beta subunit (RIβ) of cAMP dependent protein kinase A in mouse. Among the various isoforms of regulatory and catalytic subunits that comprise mammalian PKA, RIβ subunit is considered to be one of the important subunits for neuronal functions. This is involved in multiple forms of synaptic plasticity, and influences memory and learning by maintaining hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). Deficient expression of this gene has been implicated in autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We have identified two novel non-coding exons of the Prkar1b gene (designated as exon 1A and exon 1B), which are spliced to the canonical exon 2 and constitute the 5′ untranslated region giving rise to three alternative transcript isoforms. We have also confirmed the expression of the previously known first exon (designated as exon 1C) with known transcript published earlier. The transcripts containing exons 1A, 1B and 1C are differentially regulated during the development and tissue types. In silico study of more than 20 kb nucleotide sequence upstream of known translational initiation codon revealed three distinct promoter regions named as PA, PB, and PC upstream of the exon 1A, exon 1B and exon 1C respectively. PB is non-CpG related promoter but PA and PC are CpG related promoters, however all three promoters are TATA less. Further analysis showed that these promoters possess potential signature sequences for common as well as different transcription factors suggesting complex regulation of Prkar1b gene.
Dispersion in neutral boundary layer over a step change in surface roughness. I: Mean flow and turbulence structure

In this study we have compared two quite different simulated boundary layers over homogeneous surfaces with an internal boundary layer (IBL) developed over a step change in surface roughness. The two simulated boundary layers are representative of rural and urban type environments under neutral conditions (Counihan, 1975), which are characterized by different power-law profiles, ratios of shear stress to freestream velocity and ratios of boundary-layer height to roughness parameter. For the change-in-roughness case, the need to incorporate the displacement height in evaluation of the IBL height (hi) is identified. The growth of hi with distance x from the location of roughness change is well described by Elliott's formula hi/Z02 = a(x/Z02)p, with p = 0.8 and a ≅ 0.35, and agrees with that observed in the field by Bradley (1968). The shear-stress measurements show considerable overshooting at the location of the roughness change before slowly settling down to their new surface equilibrium values further downstream. The overshooting of near-surface values is also present in σu, σv and σw measurements. Ignoring the initial phase of overshooting of the surface stress measurements, the lowest portion (∼ 13) of the IBL can be identified as an equilibrium layer, in which flow properties are essentially in equilibrium with the underlying surface. The variations of the non-dimensional wind shear and the ratio of shear stress to turbulent kinetic energy in the IBL are also studied.
Thermodynamic study of methane multilayers adsorbed on graphite

We have made thermodynamic measurements of the properties of methane adsorbed on graphite in the ranges, roughly, 1—6 molecular layers and 64—105 K. Interpreting the results in the context of current models, we tentatively conclude that layer by layer, critical points occur at approximately constant temperature around 78 K. Extrapolation of this observation would imply a roughening transition in bulk solid methane at about that temperature. We also observe a line of melting transitions that extends from the bulk triple point, Tt=90.7 K, into the multilayer region at nearly constant temperature. The transition in films of less than ∼5 layers does not appear to be first order, but it is associated with a change in entropy. The change in entropy gradually diminishes, vanishing entirely at about 2 layers. It is not clear how the transition closes, but a number of possibilities is discussed.
In vitro inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by O,O-dimethyl S-aryl phosphorothioates☆

Abstract In vitro inhibition of house cricket head, house fly head, and bovine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase by O,O -dimethyl S -aryl phosphorothioates was studied by Main's kinetic treatment. The potency of the compounds as reflected by the bimolecular reaction constants ( k i ) indicated that house fly head acetylcholinesterase was the most sensitive to the inhibition followed by house cricket head and bovine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. There are no linear relationships between the phosphorylation rate constants and the total binding energies for the inhibition of three enzymes by this series of compounds, suggesting that the initial binding and the phosphorylation rate are not related. The structure and activity relationships were analyzed by multiple regression analyses with the use of Hammett's sigma, alkaline hydrolysis rates of the compounds, and p i constants. The hydrophobic bonding of the compound on the enzyme surface as reflected by the p i constant played a significant role in the determination of the potency of the inhibition of house cricket head and house fly head acetylcholinesterase by those compounds. However, the alkaline hydrolysis rates of the compounds, or the Hammett's sigma values seems to play a more important role in the determination of the inhibition of bovine erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. Moderate insecticidal activity toward house crickets, house flies, and mosquito larvae were found.
Microstructural Effects on the Shock Compression Response of Cold-Rolled Ni/Al Multilayers

Heterogeneities at the meso-scale strongly influence the shock compression response of composite materials. Laminated geometries with full density and intimate particle contacts provide a unique system to investigate the influence of microstructure on a propagating shock wave. Computational analysis is used to understand the effects of layer orientation and bilayer spacing on the shock compression response of cold-rolled Ni/ Al multilayers. Real, heterogeneous microstructures, obtained from optical micrographs, are incorporated into the Eulerian, finite volume code CTH. The results show a marked difference in the dissipation and dispersion of the shock wave as the underlying microstructure varies.
Tetraspanin12 regulates ADAM10-dependent cleavage of amyloid precursor protein

Using mass spectrometry, we identified ADAM10 (a membrane-associated metalloproteinase) as a partner for TSPAN12, a tetraspanin protein. TSPAN12-ADAM10 interaction was confirmed by reciprocal coimmunoprecipitation in multiple tumor cell lines. TSPAN12, to a greater extent than other tetraspanins (CD81, CD151, CD9, and CD82), associated with ADAM10 but not with ADAM17. Overexpression of TSPAN12 enhanced ADAM10-dependent shedding of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in MCF7 (breast cancer) and SH-SY5Y (neuroblastoma) cell lines. Conversely, siRNA ablation of endogenous TSPAN12 markedly diminished APP proteolysis in both cell lines. Furthermore, TSPAN12 overexpression enhanced ADAM10 prodomain maturation, whereas TSPAN12 ablation diminished ADAM10 maturation. A palmitoylation-deficient TSPAN12 mutant failed to associate with ADAM10, inhibited ADAM10-dependent proteolysis of APP, and inhibited ADAM10 maturation, most likely by interfering with endogenous wild-type TSPAN12. In conclusion, TSPAN12 serves as a novel and robust partner for ADAM10 and promotes ADAM10 maturation, thereby facilitating ADAM10-dependent proteolysis of APP. This novel mode of regulating APP cleavage is of relevance to Alzheimer’s disease therapy.—Xu, D., Sharma, C., Hemler, M. E. Tetraspanin12 regulates ADAM10-dependent cleavage of amyloid precursor protein.
Measurement of loss rates of organic compounds in snow using in situ experiments and isotopically labelled compounds

Organic molecular marker compounds are widely used to identify emissions from anthropogenic and biogenic air pollution sources in atmospheric samples and in deposition. Specific organic compounds have been detected in polar regions, but their fate after deposition to snow is poorly characterized. Within this context, a series of exposure experiments were carried out to observe the post-depositional processing of organic compounds under real-world conditions in snow on the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet, at the Summit research station. Snow was prepared from water spiked with isotopically labelled organic compounds, representative of typical molecular marker compounds emitted from anthropogenic activities. Reaction rate constants and reaction order were determined based on a decrease in concentration to a stable, non-zero, threshold concentration. Fluoranthene- d 10 , docosane- d 46 , hexadecanoic acid- d 31 , docosanoic acid- d 43 and azelaic acid- d 14 were estimated to have first order loss rates within surface snow with reaction rate constants of 0.068, 0.040, 0.070, 0.067 and 0.047 h -1 , respectively. No loss of heptadecane- d 36 was observed. Overall, these results suggest that organic contaminants are archived in polar snow, although significant post-depositional losses of specific organic compounds occur. This has implications for the environmental fate of organic contaminants, as well as for ice-core studies that seek to use organic molecular markers to infer past atmospheric loadings, and source emissions. Keywords: Snow; photochemistry; air pollution; Greenland; Arctic To access the supplementary material to this article: 'Supplementary Figures & Table' and 'Supplementary File', please see Supplementary files in the column to the right (under Article Tools). (Published: 26 July 2012) Citation: Polar Research 2012, 31 , 11597, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/polar.v31i0.11597
Nutrition and Psoriasis

Nutritional supplementation may provide a viable treatment alternative in patients with psoriasis. Randomized, controlled trials have shown the effectiveness of topical vitamin A and D derivatives, intravenous ω-3 fatty acids, oral inositol, and various combined therapies. Dual therapies of ultraviolet B phototherapy and fish oil, retinoids and thiazolidinediones, and cyclosporine and a low-calorie diet were effective in the treatment of psoriasis in randomized, controlled trials. This contribution also reviews the potential negative effect of alcohol and the potential positive effects of vitamin B(12), selenium, retinoic acid metabolism-blocking agents, and a gluten-free diet in the treatment of psoriasis.
Labour market reform in a monetary union

This paper examines the effect of monopolistic labour unions' behaviour on governments' incentives to undertake labour market reform, inside and outside a symmetric and an asymmetric monetary union (MU). Incentives for reform are increased inside the MU when governments and labour unions move simultaneously in the first stage of the policy game, which is attributed to the strategic complementarity of labour market institutions. Inside the MU there is a possibility of a 'race to the bottom' deregulation. This can be avoided by cooperation of the two governments, only in the case of a symmetric MU and, in particular, when unions are powerful in the wage bargaining process. Copyright 2006, Oxford University Press.
BLEAK HOUSE, POLITICAL ECONOMY, VICTORIAN STUDIES

Dickens is not known as a political economist. He is the critic of workhouse abuses (made topical by Benthamite Poor Law reform) in Oliver Twist and the caricaturist of the father of Adam Smith and Malthus Gradgrind in Hard Times. Students of Victorian literature familiarly take Hard Times as F. R. Leavis does as a condemnation of “The World of Bentham,” of utilitarianism, philosophic radicalism, political economy. It is what we expect when Dickens, The Critical Heritage gives us John Stuart Mill complaining about Bleak House and that “creature” Dickens for a portrait of Mrs. Jellyby that he finds antifeminist (to Harriet Taylor, March 20, 1854, qtd. in Collins, 297–98). But consider: in Bleak House there is a passage where Mr. Skimpole declares his family to be “all wrong in point of political economy” (454). His “Beauty daughter” marries young, takes a husband who is another child; they are improvident, have two children, bring them home to Skimpole's, as he expects his other daughters to do as well, though they none of them know how they will get on. Skimpole is exposed in the course of the novel as one of its worst characters. For a bribe and to save himself from infection he turns the smallpox-stricken Jo out into the night. He cadges loans from those who can't afford to make them. He encourages Richard in his fatal false hopes of a Chancery settlement for a payback to himself for helping the lawyer Mr. Vholes to a client. Esther Summerson ultimately condemns him, and Mr. Jarndyce breaks with him. If Skimpole is all wrong in point of political economy, can there be something all right with political economy for Dickens?
A microcomputer data base system for maternal serum alpha fetoprotein screening programmed in BASIC

A computer program was developed for the IBM PC computer to be used for maternal serum alpha fetoprotein screening (MSAFP). This program, written in BASIC, 1) maintains a data base for patients tested, 2) allows input and storage of MSAFP results, 3) calculates the gestational age dependent result in multiple of the median (MOM), 4) makes an individualized interpretation of the result based on maternal age, weight and diabetes, 5) makes an appropriate recommendation for subsequent action based on the result, and 6) prints a report containing the above information. In addition, the program will print a daily log of patients tested, provides a follow-up sheet to assist in tracking abnormal results to term, converts the data files into files which can be easily intergrated into more powerful data base programs, and generates a monthly statement for billing purposes. The program can be easily modified by someone with minimal training in the BASIC programming language.
Low power startup circuits for voltage and current reference with zero steady state current

A class of new startup circuits for Voltage and Current Reference circuits are proposed. Unlike conventional startup circuits, the proposed circuits completely turn off once the reference circuit is started and consume no current during normal operation of the reference circuits. The circuits employ feedback from the reference circuit to ensure that the reference circuit has reached its desired operating state prior to shutting themselves off. The proposed circuits are quite useful in low power integrated circuit design. Very low startup time can be achieved. The circuits are generic in nature and can be used with any reference circuit such as bandgap voltage reference, ΔVgs/R circuit, etc.
From Predator to Pet: Social Relationships of the Saami Reindeer-Herding Dog

The Saami culture crystallizes around the image of the reindeer and the activities of reindeer herding and husbandry. Crucial to this livelihood, and to the hunting culture which preceded it, is the reindeer-herding dog. This essential partner in herding and domestic chores is not trained but rather, like the child, matures with a unique constellation of traits. Saami women breed, cull, and distribute the dogs, and again shelter them in their retirement, but it is the dog's partner, likely an active male herder, whose reputation is bound up with that of the dog. The dog, with a known matriline, may be referred to a putative sire or even to an extensive canine clan. Actual dog-dog relations shape interpersonal and working relationships, insofar as belligerent dog pairs preclude their partners' cooperation. In sum, Saami actively project their own prized autonomy and individuality onto these partners, and to a lesser extent onto the reindeer as well. In Saami society, these dogs are not pets, though they have become registered show commodities outside Lapland.
What Can Our Students Learn from Regional Psychology Conventions

Regional psychology conventions provide students with opportunities to present their own work and learn about the work of others. Students' convention experiences would be enhanced if all convention presenters provided full abstracts or manuscripts of their work.
WAVE COHERENCE IN COASTAL WATERS

The spatial variability of the nearshore wave field is examined in terms of the coherence functions found between five closely spaced wave gages moored off the North Carolina coast in 17 meters depth. Coherence was found to rapidly decrease as the separation distance increased, particularly in the along-crest direction. This effect is expressed as nondimensional coherence contours which can be used to provide an estimate of the wave coherence expected between two spatial positions.
The Player, the Video Game, and the Tattoo Artist: Who Has the Most Skin in the Game?

Table of ContentsI. Introduction 1948II. The Copyright Act of 1976: Questioning ItsApplicability to Tattoos 1952A. What the Copyright Act Protects 1952B. Tattoo Artists' Rights Under the Copyright Act.....1955III. (Questionable) Precedent: What the Cases Suggest.....1956A. Reed v. Nike, Inc 1956B. Whitmill v. Warner Brothers Entertainment, Inc 1960C. Allen v. Electronic Arts, Inc 1963D. What the Cases Mean 1964IV. The Scholarship's Alternatives: Failed Proposals to Protect the Interests of Artists, Industries, and Clients 1965A. Fair Use 1965B. Work Made for Hire 1969C. Joint Authorship 1972D. Implied Nonexclusive License 1974E. The National Football League Players Association's Advice to Players 1976V. A Better Solution: The Featured Use Test 1977A. Reiterating the Problem: Valid yet Competing Interests 1977B. When All Else Fails 19781. The Policy Position: Prioritizing Personal Dignity over Protection for Artists 19782. Considerations When Crafting a New Test.......19803. The Featured Use Test 1981VI. Conclusion 1987I. IntroductionIn August 2014, EA Sports, a gaming empire, released the fifteenth version of Madden NFL, a video game that allows the player to simulate a professional football game using avatar versions of NFL players.1 The Madden NFL series warrants praise for its immense success-more than 100 million copies sold over the last twenty-five years-and for its realism, as "[t]he NFL superstars definitely look like their real life counterparts would."2 Consistent with the game's goal to become more realistic with each release, Madden NFL 15 boasted the new addition of one player's tattoos, while simultaneously adding in some legal issues concerning copyright law.3During an interview with Polygon, Madden NFL's line producer* * * 4 Sean Graddy confirmed that concerns about tattoos and copyright prevented tattoos from previously appearing in the popular video game series once it transitioned to high-definition consoles.5 Colin Kaepernick, quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers, remains the only player with tattoos in Madden 15, as the process of securing licenses from Kaepernick's tattoo artists took "a fair amount of work."6 Madden's desire to depict players' tattoos sparked a flurry of queries regarding the legal ramifications of including replicas of tattoos in the video game, with freshly minted legal scholars concluding both that tattoos deserved copyright protection and that players fundamentally possessed autonomy over their own persons.7The copyrightability of tattoos, however, does not just affect the booming video game market.8 The NFL continues to sign multi-billion dollar contracts to broadcast its games, which also display players' body art.9 Professional athletes and their tattoos pop up everywhere: magazines frequently feature players' barely clad bodies, and ESPN even dedicates an entire edition of its magazine to include images of unadorned athletes. …
Taxonomic Selectivity in Surviving Introduced Insects in the United States

Although ecologists have understood the importance of invasions since the publication of Elton's book (1958), the factors important to the survival and impact of introduced species are still poorly understood. Several factors can determine whether a species arrives and thrives in a new location. Firstly, the opportunity for colonisation is important. Obviously, a species may have all the traits that would predispose it to prosper in a particular location, but, if it cannot get there, no invasion will occur. Clearly, some species will be introduced more often than others will. For example, the fact that there has been historically more traffic between Europe and North America than between Africa and North America gave European species more opportunities for spread to North America (Sailer 1983).
Dietary Requirements of the Bollworm, Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), for Lipids, Choline, and Inositol and the Effect of Fats and Fatty Acids on the Composition of the Body Fat

The bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), was reared on a defined diet to determine the effect on growth and emergence of different lipids and lipogenic factors. Cholesterol, choline, inositol, and linolenic acid were found to be indispensable dietary ingredients. Linoleic acid is also believed to be indispensable because it promoted some emergence and improved the maturation of the moths. Diets lacking fat or fatty acids or containing added triolein or oleic acid resulted in no moth emergence. Dietary corn oil, linseed oil, or linolenic acid resulted in optimum emergence. Analyses of the fatty acids extracted from bollworm larvae and pupae showed that the bollworm synthesized palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, and oleic acids when they were not present in the diet. However, apparently no synthesis of either linoleic or linolenic acids occurred nor did the feeding of one of them result in synthesis of the other in amounts that could be measured. The fatty acid composition of bollworm pupae reared on casein diet containing corn oil was similar to that of bollworms reared from the corn plant. Bollworms reared on wheat-germ diet also were analyzed for fatty acids at different pupal stages.
Measurements of spectral and total emittance of reinforced carbon-carbon

Elevated temperature measurements of the spectral emittance of reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) as the thermal protection material for the leading edge areas of the Space Shuttle Orbiter were carried out in situ, with environments provided by arc-heated streams of air and argon. A monochromator, infrared pyrometers, and thermocouples were used in evaluating the response of the RCC test specimens during the emittance measurements. Results indicate that the material is nongray, with lowest spectral emittance at the short wavelengths and with relatively high total emittance. The trend of the total emittance data suggests a slight decrease in total emittance with increasing temperature, although the emittance value stabilizes with continuing exposure.
THE ROLE OF NITRIC OXIDE IN REPRODUCTION

Other papers of this symposium describe the discovery of the various forms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). All forms of NOS convert arginine in the presence of oxygen to equimolar quantities of nitric oxide (NO) and citrulline. The inducible form is produced in immune cells by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or cytokines which act in the nucleus to induce mRNA to synthesize the enzyme. This enzyme is then produced in large quantities. The inducible enzyme does not require activation by calcium and calmodulin since these are intrinsic to the molecule, and consequently, it releases NO without further stimulation of the cell. This NO kills bacteria and viruses but also kills other cells in the region (1).The next form of the enzyme discovered was the so-called endothelial NOS, which is a constitutive enzyme present in endothelium of blood vessels. It is activated by parasympathetic nerves via the release of acetylcholine, which increases the intracellular free calcium in the endothelial cells. Calcium com...
Effects of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn on brown tide alga Aureococcus anophagefferens growth and metal accumulation.

Trace metals play important roles in regulating phytoplankton growth and could influence algal bloom development. Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of environmentally rele...
Anti-Phospholipase A2 Receptor Autoantibody: A New Biomarker for Primary Membranous Nephropathy

Primary membranous nephropathy (also known as idiopathic membranous nephropathy, IMN) is an organ specific autoimmune kidney disease characterized by the development of immune complex deposits in the sub-epithelial spaces, podocyte effacement and glomerular capillary wall thickening in the later stages. Clinical studies have demonstrated that over 70% of patients with IMN possess circulating autoimmune antibodies specifically targeting the phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) on the surface of podocytes. The autoantibodies only bind to the extracellular portion of PLA2R under the non-reducing condition, indicating that the epitope in PLA2R is conformational requiring specific disulfide bonds to maintain its structure. We recently have successfully located the dominant epitope in PLA2R to the extreme N-terminus of the receptor. This finding has opened a new direction for understanding the pathogenesis of anti-PLA2R autoantibody induced IMN and offered a strong basis for developing sensitive clinical assays for IMN diagnosis and prognosis, and potentially, new therapeutic approaches for IMN treatment.
Difference between oil or gas accumulation conditions of S,P,G oil layers in the east and west of Daqing placanticline

By comparing between the formation conditions of gas reservoirs for S,P,G oil layers in the east and west of Daqing placanticline, this paper points out the six differences in their oil or gas accumulation conditions. The development degree of S,P,G oil layers in the west of Daqing placanticline is better than in the east of Daqing placanticline. The gas providing condition of Klqn and Kln1+2 to S,P,G oil layers in the west of Daqing placanticline is better than that in the east of Daqing placanticline. The expulsion hydrocarbon condition from Klgn and Kln1+2 to S,P,G oil layers in the west of Daqing placanticline is better than that in the east of Daqing placanticline. The gas providing condition of Klsh+ych to S,P,G oil layers in the east of Daqing placanticline is better than that in the west of Daqing placanticline. The released condition of gas from oil for S,P,G oil layers in the west of Daqing placanticline is better than that in the east of Daqing placanticline. The trap conditions of S,P,G oil layers in the west of Daqing placanticline is better than that in the east of Daqing placanticline.
Abstract B09: Mitochondrial respiration controlled by survivin directs mitochondrial dynamics and tumor cell invasion

Recent studies have focused on unraveling the molecular processes by which cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming. The switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis allows cancer cells to adapt to harsh conditions, evade cell death and perpetuate cell growth and cell invasion. Survivin, a member of the Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) gene family, is multifunctional protein. Survivin plays a critical role in promoting cell proliferation by regulating cell division, and protecting cancer cells from apoptosis. Most importantly, survivin has been shown to be highly expressed in cancers, associated with poor disease outcome and metastatic dissemination. In addition, previous studies have identified a novel pool of survivin that localizes to mitochondria selectively in tumors. This pool of survivin prevents cancer cell apoptosis and contributes to tumor progression, but the underlying mechanism is uncertain. In this study, with the use of sirRNA and pharmacological approaches against survivin, as well as protein reconstitution experiments, we dissect the role of mitochondrial survivin in modulating tumor bioenergetics. Biochemically, this study identifies mitochondrial survivin as part of a multi-protein complex with mitochondrial chaperone TRAP-1 and oxidative phosphorylation Complex II subunits. Survivin recruitment to this complex ensures protein folding and oxidative phosphorylation activity. Interference with this pathway inhibits cellular respiration, ATP production and induces cellular starvation. Functionally, this multiprotein complex suppresses tumor cell migration, invasion and affects metastatic progression in vivo. Overall, this study identifies mitochondrial bioenergetics, regulated by mitochondrial survivin, as a modulator of tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Citation Format: Dayana B. Rivadeneira, M. Cecilia Caino, Jae Ho Seo, Alessia Angelin, Wallace C. Douglas, Lucia R. Languino, Dario C. Altieri. Mitochondrial respiration controlled by survivin directs mitochondrial dynamics and tumor cell invasion. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Metabolism and Cancer; Jun 7-10, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(1_Suppl):Abstract nr B09.
NEOPLASTIC CHANGES IN THE STOMACH AFTER GASTRECTOMY

Partial gastric resection for benign ulcer disease has been associated with an increased incidence of mucosal dysplasia and invasive adenocarcinoma, particularly 15 to 20 years after resection. These remnant carcinomas are particularly virulent with little hope of resection or cure once symptoms occur. Using a planned protocol of routine endoscopic surveillance with biopsy, the goal was to identify early markers of neoplasia, that is, dysplasia, and a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the gastric remnant, while both resection and cure were possible. Between July 1980 and August 1988, yearly flexible gastroscopic examination and random biopsy have been performed on 163 patients at least ten years after gastrectomy for benign ulcer disease. All biopsy results were interpreted for findings of dysplasia and early gastric adenocarcinoma. Results of this ongoing screening program revealed dysplasia of the gastric remnant in nine patients with eventual findings of adenocarcinoma in four of this group. These patients underwent total gastrectomy with findings of limited disease. Five patients with mucosal dysplasia continue to be observed at six month intervals. Three additional gastric carcinomas were found on initial gastroscopic screening, while one patient had adenocarcinoma diagnosed during a third yearly gastroscopic examination. These eight asymptomatic patients with adenocarcinoma in the gastric remnant had a postgastrectomy interval which ranged from 15 to 29 years (mean of 26.5 years). The results of this study support the concept of neoplastic change in the gastric remnant as a function of time from initial gastric resection. Findings of dysplasia on random biopsy indicate a greater likelihood of development of carcinoma of the gastric remnant and identify a subset of patients requiring aggressive endoscopic surveillance.
Pathways in De Novo Biosynthesis of Selenocysteine and Cysteine in Eukaryotes

A distinct feature of selenocysteine (Sec) biosynthesis is that this amino acid is synthesized on its tRNA, designated tRNA[Ser]Sec. Sec is then inserted into protein in response to the codon, UGA, as the 21st proteinogenic amino acid. In eukaryotes and archaea, Sec biosynthesis involves several steps. Transfer RNA[Ser]Sec is first aminoacylated by seryl-tRNA synthetase with serine. O-Phosphoseryl-tRNA[Ser]Sec kinase phosphorylates seryl-tRNA[Ser]Sec forming O-phosphoseryl-tRNA[Ser]Sec that in turn reacts with Sec synthase (SEPSECS) in the presence of selenophosphate yielding Sec-tRNA[Ser]Sec. Selenophosphate is generated by selenophosphate synthetase 2 (SPS2) from selenide and/or other selenium metabolites and ATP. Interestingly, sulfide can replace selenide in the reaction involving SPS2 yielding thiophosphate which can then form cysteine- (Cys)-tRNA[Ser]Sec in the presence of SEPSECS. The Cys moiety on Cys-tRNA[Ser]Sec can donate Cys to protein in response to UGA codons at internal positions of mammalian selenoprotein mRNAs. Cys/Sec replacement occurs naturally in vivo and the amount of replacement is dependent on the level of selenium in the diet.
Power supply design for reliability

Summary form only given. Simple methods for quantitatively estimating the relationships between power supply reliability and performance, safety, and cost have been examined. The ASP Program at Los Alamos has had the mandate of helping to maintain the professional skill and technological currency of their scientific engineering staff throughout their careers. High among the priorities are ensuring skills in probabilistic reliability analysis, statistical quality control, and analytic systems decision-making. These concepts are developed primarily by showing how to usefully apply them in the area of general power supply design. >
Alkalinization to Retard Progression of Chronic Kidney Failure

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) complicated by metabolic acidosis, generally defined as a serum CO 2 <22–23 mEq/L, affects approximately 5% and 25% of CKD stage 3 and 4 patients, respectively. Acidosis results from an inability to excrete hydrogen ions due to a decline in the number of functioning nephrons. Acidosis may facilitate further CKD progression through proinflammatory and complement-mediated pathways. In small animal and human studies, bicarbonate therapy ameliorates acidosis and significantly retards GFR decline compared to nontreatment or placebo. Therapy appears to be well tolerated without worsening of blood pressure or volume status. However, despite the apparent success of alkali therapy in small trials, definitive evidence of benefit from large-scale double-blinded placebo-controlled randomized trials is needed to evaluate hard outcomes such as initiation of dialysis.
Revelation Ignored: Newspapers and Eschatology in Colonial America, 1690-1775

Historians have often asserted that during the colonial era, prominent ministers and their congregations, especially those in New England, imagined themselves as living in a "city on a hill" or a "New Jerusalem." This belief, if true, placed colonists at the literal center of the spiritual universe. But, unlike ministers, colonial newspapers were not above using the imagery of the apocalypse for secular arguments, such as humorously linking radical English politician John Wilkes with the antichrist. Alan Heimert wrote in Religion and the American Mind , that, "Whether the millennial theory of post-Awakening Calvinism was intellectually respectable may be questioned, but what cannot be gainsaid is that the expectancy expressed in that theory controlled the mind of the period." 2 Heimert's thesis, controversial even at its birth, that the Great Awakening provided the impetus for the American Revolution, has since its publication been largely discarded as provocative but unpersuasive. 3 Despite Heimert's discourse-provoking work, the understanding of how eschatology was approached by ministers and laymen has remained largely stagnant. If eschatology, broadly defined as the theology of the last things including judgment, death, heaven and hell, did not control the entire mind of the period, did it at least control religious thought? The record provided by religious texts appeared clear; Colonial Americans believed in and feared the imminent destruction of the earth and the thousand-year reign of Christ, though not necessarily in that order. However, an examination of colonial newspapers suggests that millennial theory did not control religious thought and that furthermore, newspapers deliberately declined to publish discourse related to the serious study of eschatology. 4
Anthropometric and Biomechanical Data Acquisition and Application to Rehabilitation Engineering

It can be stated without fear of contradiction that, in the United States, severely disabled people have not been able to take their rightful place in American society. Opportunities in the vocational, educational, transportation and independent living areas have simply not been available to the severely physically disabled population. In 1972, a research effort was initiated in Wichita, Kansas, under the joint auspices of the Cerebral Palsy Research Foundation of Kansas, Inc., and the College of Engineering, Wichita State University, to attempt to correct this situation. In the researchers’ minds, it is necessary to integrate a wide variety of programs into a service delivery system in order to respond to the needs of severely handicapped people to create a total lifestyle. A person’s life should not be considered as a series of independent needs but as an integrated hierarchy of human aspirations.
Dealing with Pluralism: A Response to Michael Zigarelli's Article on How Title VII Erodes the Mission of the Religious University

This response to Professor Zigarelli will consider three main elements within his argument – the religious university, preferential hiring, and the maintenance of a distinctive culture – in order to identify and clarify his normative presumptions and to suggest some implications of his views about religious universities for other organizations, like business corporations. It concludes by suggesting that Zigarelli should move from an orthodox to a more liberal response to pluralism in organizations.