cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The photochemical origin of atmospheric ozone and the circulation of air in the lower atmosphere

The existence of ozone in the atmosphere constitutes a meteorological phenomenon of much interest. There is reason for believing that the ozone originates in the photochemical action of solar radiation on the oxygen of the atmosphere. The acceptance of the photochemical origin of atmospheric ozone, which permits one to account for certain important aspects of the phenomenon, leads to interesting conclusions concerning the ozone of the troposphere. It has been shown (Wulf and Deming, Terr. Mag., v. 42, p. 195, 1937) that the active production of ozone by solar radiation occurs well up in the stratosphere, and that the regions below this are protected regions where solar radiation can neither form nor decompose ozone sufficiently rapidly to be of importance in affecting its distribution, under the conditions of the component concentrations existing in the atmosphere. It seems therefore that at least the principal portion of ozone of the troposphere has been transported there from regions in the stratosphere. Its existence in the troposphere and its variability are believed to be intimately connected with atmospheric circulation and turbulence. The meridional component of the circulation of air over the globe is taken to be a poleward overflow in the upper troposphere and an underflow over the Earth's surface toward equatorial regions. Circulation in the stratosphere is assumed to be such that its meridional component is the mirror-image of that in the troposphere. Such atmospheric circulation seems to lead to a distribution of ozone which varies with latitude and season, and in a manner which is in accord with experience. It seems also to be in accord with the observed relation between the temperature of the ozone and the value of its total vertical path.
Space Charge Frequency Shifts of the Cyclotron Modes in Multi-Species Ion Plasmas

Shifts of the cyclotron frequency away from the “bare” cyclotron frequency are observed to be proportional to the total ion density through the E × B rotation frequency, and to the relative concentration of each ion species, in quantitative agreement with analytic theory. These shifts are measured at small excitation amplitudes on the typical center-of-mass m = 1 mode, and also on cyclotron modes with m = 0 and m = 2 azimuthal dependence. The frequency spacing between these modes is proportional to the rotation frequency of the ion cloud, which is controlled and measured using a “rotating wall” and laser-induced fluorescence. These cylindrical ion plasmas consist of Mg+ isotopes, with H3O+ and O2+ impurities. It is observed that the shift in the m = 1 cyclotron frequency is larger for the minority species 25Mg+ and 26Mg+, than for the majority species 24Mg+. A simple center-of-mass model is presented, which is in quantitative agreement with these results. It is also shown that this model interprets and expands the intensity dependent calibration equation, (M/q) = A/f + B/f2 + CI/f2.
Poorer Survival Outcomes for Male Breast Cancer Compared with Female Breast Cancer May Be Attributable to In-Stage Migration

Background Male breast cancer accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancers, yet males have a worse prognosis than females with breast cancer.
Aquifer Tests in Large‐Diameter Wells in Indiaa

In areas of crystalline and basaltic rocks in India dug wells of large diameter may offer the only opportunity to test for the hydrologic characteristics of the shallow aquifers. Analysis of aquifer tests in these wells is difficult, however, if the volume of water stored in the wells contributes significantly to their discharge during the tests. In most dug wells, the time rate and spatial distribution of drawdowns in the aquifer, and the rate of change of head in the dug well are not predictable by the Theis equation or its semilog modifications. High rates of pumping result in difficulties due to the insensitivity of head distributions to drawdowns in the well. A review of current methods of analysis of aquifer tests in large-diameter wells indicates that most have serious theoretical and practical deficiencies. It is concluded that the methods of Papadopulos and Cooper (1967) and Papadopulos (1967) are the best available approaches, providing measurements of well volume can be made with sufficient accuracy. A consideration of aquifer tests in fractured rocks suggests that these tests can probably best be handled by treating the aquifer as an anisotropic porous medium on a macroscopic scale and utilizing observation wells.
Professional Development for Science Teachers

The Next Generation Science Standards will require large-scale professional development (PD) for all science teachers. Existing research on effective teacher PD suggests factors that are associated with substantial changes in teacher knowledge and practice, as well as students’ science achievement. But the complexity of the U.S. educational system continues to thwart the search for a straightforward answer to the question of how to support teachers. Interventions that take a systemic approach to reform hold promise for improving PD effectiveness.
Organizing evaluation to serve the needs of program planners and managers

Abstract Evaluation is often both conceptually and functionally separate from program planning and operations management. Though program managers may not see themselves as served well by the work of evaluation staffs, there are a number of potentially beneficial side effects to be realized from close collaboration between program administrators and evaluators. These flow only when the evaluation task is broadly defined and when both administrators and evaluators recognize their interdependence. Particular functional benefits to management from evaluation are described. Characteristics of interorganizational relations which might increase the probability of their attainment are then outlined and discussed.
Decarburization of stainless steel: Part II. A mathematical model and a process optimization for industrial scale systems

A mathematical model is presented for describing the bath temperature and composition trajectories for the decarburization of stainless steel for processes operating on an indus-trial scale. The model is based on a set of component balances, written with the aid of driving force expressions, the appropriate equilibrium relationships and the heat balance. The resultant set of ordinary differential equations were solved numerically. The predic-tions based on the model were compared with experimentally measured bath composition and temperature paths obtained for the operation of a 40 ton electric furnace. The predic-tions and measurements showed very good agreement. The mathematical model was then combined with a trajectory optimization technique to compute the optimal blowing programi .e., oxygen-argon content of the gas supplied) such that the total cost of the operation is minimized. This calculation was repeated for a series of cost factors.
Genetics of Hereditary Vitreoretinal Degenerations

The hereditary vitreoretinal disorders have variable vitreoretinal and other ocular and skeletal abnormalities. Some of these conditions represent a spectrum of clinical disease. This, along with the phenotypic variability, often leads to diagnostic difficulties. In this context, genetic testing is of valuable diagnostic value. Molecular genetic studies have helped distinguish conditions that were previously grouped together and proven others to represent spectrum of the same clinical entity.Accurate diagnosis is important in order to offer effective screening and genetic counseling and appropriate ophthalmological as well as systemic clinical surveillance.
Kinetics and mechanism of the defluorination of 8-fluoropurine nucleosides in basic and acidic media

Abstract For investigating the stability of C(8)–fluorine bond in 8-fluoropurine nucleosides some protected 8-fluoroguanosine, 8-fluoroinosine and 8-fluoroadenosine derivatives were prepared by direct fluorination of acetyl-protected purine nucleosides with elemental fluorine in solvents such as chloroform, acetonitrile and nitromethane. Fluorination reactions conducted in chloroform medium gave better yields of 8-fluoropurines. The fluorination yields were slightly lower when acetonitrile or nitromethane was used as solvent, but the product purification was found to be much easier. When the synthesized, protected fluoronucleosides were subjected to standard basic (NH 3 in methanol or 2-propanol) and acidic (HCl in methanol) deprotection conditions relevant to nucleoside chemistry, an efficient defluorination reaction took place. The kinetics of these defluorination reactions were conveniently followed, under pseudo-first-order reaction conditions, using 19 F NMR spectroscopy. 1 H NMR, LC–MS and mass spectroscopy identified the products of the kinetic reaction mixtures. The defluorination reaction rate constants ( k obs ) in basic media depended upon the electron density at C(8) while the k obs data in acidic medium were determined by the p K a of N 7 . An addition–elimination based mechanism (S N Ar) has been proposed for the defluorination reactions of these 8-fluoropurine nucleosides.
Variability response functions for beams with nonlinear constitutive laws

Abstract The ability to determine probabilistic information of response quantities in structural mechanics (e.g. displacements, stresses) is restricted due to lack of information on the probabilistic characteristics of uncertain system parameters. The concept of the Variability Response Function (VRF) has been proposed as a means to systematically capture the effect of the stochastic spectral characteristics of uncertain system parameters modeled by homogeneous stochastic fields on the uncertain structural response. The key property of the VRF in its classical sense is its independence from the marginal probability distribution function (PDF) and the spectral density function (SDF) of the uncertain system parameters (it depends only on the deterministic structural configuration and boundary conditions). In this paper, the existence, the uniqueness, and the SDF- and PDF-independence of a variability response function is formally proven for the first time for statically determinate beam structures following a specific class of nonlinear constitutive laws (power laws). For statically indeterminate nonlinear structures, the generalized variability response function (GVRF) methodology is shown to produce GVRFs for statically indeterminate nonlinear beams with a square-root constitutive law that are almost SDF-independent and only mildly dependent on the marginal PDF. This PDF-dependence is not significant and all GVRFs computed in this study have very similar shapes. This is important as it implies that conclusions related to the effect of correlation length scales on the response uncertainty can be inferred in general. However, the GVRF methodology for nonlinear statically indeterminate structures is only suitable when a closed-form expression is known to exist for the VRF of statically determinate structures having the same constitutive law.
Variational calculations of correlated wavefunctions and energies for ground, low-lying as well as highly excited discrete states in many-electron atoms using a new atomic structure theory including electron correlation

The authors have calculated to a high degree of accuracy correlated wavefunctions and their corresponding energies containing all the non-dynamical correlations of the non-closed shell many-electron theory by Sinanoglu and co-workers (1970). Ground as well as highly excited states of atoms and ions with three to nine electrons from beryllium to silicon are considered. Special care is applied to obtain wavefunctions of highly excited hole-states having lower states of the same symmetry, like Be I 1s2 2p2 1S, B I 1s2 2s 2p2 2S, O I 1s2 2s 2p5 3P0, F II 1s2 2s 2p5 1P0 and others. The methods, presented in reasonable detail, yield correlated wavefunctions accurate to approximately 0.001 au readily applicable to transition probabilities, hyperfine structure, spin-orbit coupling and other properties. Accurate wavelengths, term-splitting ratios and multiplet oscillator strengths for lines in highly ionized silicon, are given as an example of the applicability of the wavefunctions and energies obtained.
Dissociation of the insulin releasing and the metabolic functions of hexoses in islets of langerhans

Abstract It is demonstrated that the fuel and insulin releasing function of glucose can be dissociated. Glycolysis can be blocked without apparent effect on secretion due to glucose. Conversely, glycolysis can be enhanced by various hexoses without triggering hormone secretion, even though the releasing mechanism is clearly functioning. The enhancement of glycolysis by hexoses is attributed to the need for extra energy to support increased sodium pumping. This is ascribed to a high intracellular sodium load caused by Na+ dependent transmembraneous sugar transport.
Characteristics of enzymes of erythrocytes from newborn infants and adults: activity, thermostability, and electrophoretic profile as a function of cell age.

The level of enzyme activity, the enzyme thermostability profile, and the isozyme electrophoretic pattern were determined in young and old erythrocytes from newborn infants and adults and in samples from adult individuals with increased reticulocyte counts. Cord blood samples had higher levels of enzymatic activity for 12 of the 14 enzymes measured, adenylate kinase and phos-phoglucomutase being the exceptions. The largest differences in activity between newborns and adults were for glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, hexo-kinase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glutathione reductase, while glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and pyruvate kinase showed the largest differences between young and old cells. The levels of activity of glutathione reductase, adenylate kinase, phosphoglucomutase, lactate dehydrogenase, phos-phoglycerokinase, and glucose phosphate isomerase in cord blood samples suggest the regulation of expression of these enzymes is different in fetal erythrocytes than in erythrocytes from an adult. Differences in the thermostability profile of enzymes from cells from different sources and/or of different ages were noted for 5 of 9 enzymes. No unique electrophoretically identifiable fetal isozymes were observed, although differences in isozyme distribution and staining intensity associated with cell source and/or cell age were noted for many of the 23 enzymes examined. Many of these differences in enzyme characteristics have the potential to be confused with genetic alterations in enzyme structure and function.
The relationships between the histamine liberating and hypotensive actions of 1‐phenyl‐2‐dimethylaminoethoxymethyl tetrazole hydrochloride (TT‐209)

1-Phenyl-2-dimethylammoethoxymethyl tetrazole hydrochloride (TT-209) produces a profound hypotension of long duration in the dog; refractoriness to the hypotensive action of TT-209 develops on repeated administration. TT-209′s ability to produce hypotension is associated with its ability to increase plasma histamine concentrations. TT-209 and compound 48/80 demonstrate a cross-refractoriness in their ability to affect dog blood pressure and plasma histamine concentration. It is concluded that the hypotensive action of TT-209 is mediated via a mechanism of histamine liberation.
Early activation of Wnt β-catenin system following a massive small bowel resection in mice

Abstract Introduction. Recent evidence supports a role for the Wnt β-catenin system in the regulation of intestinal proliferation, migration, and differentiation towards secretory lineages in mature epithelium. The observation that early increased allocation of secretory lineages (Paneth, goblet, and enteroendocrine cells) within intestinal epithelium occurs following a massive small bowel resection (SBR) suggest activation of the Wnt β-catenin system may initiate the adaptive response following resection. The purpose of this study was to determine early changes in gene expression of the soluble intestinal Wnts and their downstream targets responsible for proliferation (c-myc), migration (EphrinB1 and B2), and Paneth cell differentiation (EphB3). Methods. Male mice (C57/BL6J, 22–25 g) were randomized to either a sham operation (transection and reanastomosis) or 50% SBR (mid-jejunum to proximal ileum). All animals (n = 5–8 per group) were maintained on liquid diet 12 h following surgery. Terminal ileum was harvested at 6 h, 12 h, 36 h, 3 days, and 7 days following surgery and RNA was isolated. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was utilized to determine the expression of Wnt4, Wnt6, c-myc, EphB3, EphrinB1, and EphrinB2 mRNAs. Fold change between SBR and sham was determined at each time point. Statistical analysis utilized one-way ANOVA (P
A local minimax characterization for computing multiple nonsmooth saddle critical points

This paper is concerned with characterizations of nonsmooth saddle critical points for numerical algorithm design. Most characterizations for nonsmooth saddle critical points in the literature focus on existence issue and are converted to solve global minimax problems. Thus they are not helpful for numerical algorithm design. Inspired by the results on computational theory and methods for finding multiple smooth saddle critical points in [14, 15, 19, 21, 23], a local minimax characterization for multiple nonsmooth saddle critical points in either a Hilbert space or a reflexive Banach space is established in this paper to provide a mathematical justification for numerical algorithm design. A local minimax algorithm for computing multiple nonsmooth saddle critical points is presented by its flow chart.
Bradykinin analogs containing α-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib)

All seven possible bradykinin (BK) analogs contained Aib in place of proline have been synthesized by the solid phase method and assayed for in vitro myotropic activity on the guinea pig ileum and rat uterus, and in vivo on the rat blood pressure, both in intravenous and intra-aortic administration. [Aib(2,3)]-BK, [Aib(2,7)]-BK, and [Aib(2,3,7)]-BK had no in vivo or in vitro activities; [Aib(2)]-BK, [Aib(3)]-BK and [Aib(3,7)]-BK had moderate BK-like activities and a significantly increased resistance to pulmonary inactivation in the rat ([Aib(3,7)]-BK was totally resistant). [Aib(7)]-BK was found to be the most active position seven BK analog yet assayed on the rat blood pressure, and shows remarkably high ileum (4 times BK) and intravenous rat blood pressure (6 times BK) activity.
Digital filtering and fetal heart rate variability.

Abstract The use of fetal monitoring during both the antepartum and intrapartum periods has become widespread. While it is generally agreed that fetal heart rate variability is an important indicator of fetal state, attempts to quantitatively evaluate fetal heart variability have been largely unsuccessful. This paper will review the problems of fetal monitoring and the proposed indicators of heart rate variability. It will be shown that through time series analysis we can not only explain the mathematical difficulties in monitoring heart rate variability but also understand the problems of the proposed indicators. Digital filters will be shown to be useful in obtaining true variability from the monitored data and in constructing useful indicators of fetal heart rate variability.
Allied Master Strategists: The Combined Chiefs of Staff in World War II , by Rigby, David

Among the most familiar images found in books recounting the European aspect of World War II are those depicting Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill (and sometimes Joseph Stalin) in attendance...
Failure Analysis of LDPE Compressor Bolts

In Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) plant, the ethylene gas is compressed up to a pressure of 3000 bar. This is achieved by compressing the ethylene gas using two stages as primary [18 °C (64.4 °F), 1700 bar] and secondary [90 °C (194 °F), 3000 bar] stage compressors. The studs under investigation were used to clamp the flange of the suction and discharge valves to the cylinder head (Studs from the Flanges of 1st Stage - Secondary Hyper Compressor). Six cylinders are present in each stage and 6 studs are used to fix each flange on the suction or discharge valve to the cylinder head. The material used to fabricate these studs was B7 and the threads were produced by rolling. In the 1st stage cylinders frequent failures of studs started within two months of operation. Since the start up about 11 studs from different location have been failed. A metallographic examination using optical and scanning electron microscopy as well as energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) revealed that the failure was due to fatigue.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Dynamic mechanical and thermal analyses of magnetic particle and metal evaporated tapes and their individual layers

The mechanical and thermal properties of magnetic tapes and their individual layers strongly affect the tribology of the magnetic head–tape interface. Dynamic mechanical analysis and thermomechanical analysis tests were performed on magnetic tapes, tapes with front coat or back coat removed, substrates (with front and back coats removed), and never-coated virgin films of the substrates. Storage modulus and loss tangent were obtained at a frequency range from 0.016 to 28 Hz, and at a temperature range from −50 to 150 or 210°C. Coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of various samples were measured at a temperature range from 30 to 70°C. The tapes used in this research include two magnetic particle (MP) tapes and two metal evaporated (ME) tapes based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(ethylene naphthalate) substrates. The master curves of storage modulus for these samples were generated for a frequency range from 10−20 to 1015 Hz. The effect of the tape manufacturing process on the dynamic mechanical properties of substrates was analyzed by comparing the data for the substrates (with front and back coats removed) and the never-coated virgin films. A model based on the rule of mixtures was developed to determine the storage modulus, complex modulus, and CTE for the front coat and back coat of MP and ME tapes. To validate the procedure, data for these individual layers were then used to calculate the corresponding properties of the finished tape. The predicted results were compared with the experimental measurements. The data obtained in the study are also discussed in light of previously published lateral contraction, Poisson's ratio, CTE, and CHE (coefficient of hygroscopic expansion) data. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 548–567, 2003
Colours and Causes: A Reply to Jackson and Pargetter

F. Jackson et R. Pargetter defendent l'idee que la couleur rouge est la propriete , quelle qu'elle soit, qui cause ou causerait l'apparition de rouge dans notre experience visuelle. Ceci empeche la couleur rouge d'etre une propriete dispositionnelle, soutiennent-ils, puisque les proprietes dispositionnelles sont causalement inertes. Pour des raisons similaires, ils concluent aussi que la couleur rouge ne peut pas etre une propriete disjonctive. Mais, comme ils s'en rendent bien compte, plusieurs proprietes physiques differentes sont telles qu'elles causeraient l'apparition de rouge. Ils suggerent donc de relativiser la couleur rouge aux observateurs, aux conditions d'observation et aux moments du temps. L'A. soutient, contre Jackson et Pargetter, que leur solution se heurte aux memes objections que celles qu'ils adressent aux interpretations dispositionnelle et conjonctive
Supramolecular Approach to the Synthesis of [60]Fullerene−Metal Dithiocarbamate Complexes, {(MII(R2dtc)2)x·L}·C60 (M = Zn, Cd, Hg, Fe, and Mn; x = 1 and 2). The Study of Magnetic Properties and Photoconductivity

Coordination assemblies formed by metal(II) dithiocarbamates MII(R2dtc)2 (M = Zn, Cd, Hg, Mn, and Fe; R = Me, Et, iPr, nPr, and nBu) and nitrogen-containing ligands (L = DABCO, DMP, and HMTA) are shown to be sterically well consistent with the spherical shape of fullerenes and are effectively cocrystallized with them to form complexes {(MII(R2dtc)2)x·L}·C60 (x = 1 and 2) with layered or three-dimensional (3D) packing of fullerene molecules (1−11). For the first time the molecular structures of the MII(R2dtc)2 assemblies in the complexes with C60 are presented (including those with M = Mn, Fe, and Hg). According to optical and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy 1−11 have a neutral ground state. Magnetic susceptibilities of {[MII(Et2dtc)2]2·DABCO}·C60·(DABCO)2 (M = Mn and Fe) follow the Curie–Weiss law in the 50–300 K range with the Weiss constants Θ = 0.35 and 1.70 K, respectively. Magnetic moments of the complexes equal to 8.23 and 6.88 μB at 300 K correspond to the high-spin state of the ...
The effects of prednisolone, indomethacin, and Aloe vera gel on tissue culture cells

Abstract Prednisolone, indomethacin, and Aloe vera gel were tested for their effects on the Gey strain of HeLa cells and rabbit kidney fibroblasts. Actively growing monolayer cultures of HeLa cells and rabbit kidney fibroblasts were exposed to various concentrations of the three test agents. Toxicity of the test agents was estimated by counting the number of viable cells remaining at the end of three different time intervals. Results suggest that prednisolone was more toxic to rabbit kidney cells and less toxic to HeLa cells than indomethacin and that Aloe vera gel was less toxic to both types of cells than prednisolone.
Effects of varying modality, surface features, and retention interval on priming in word-fragment completion.

Subjects in Experiment i studied a list of words under varying presentation conditions (visual or auditory) and in two typographies within the visual condition (typed or hand printed) and then received a word-fragment completion test (e.g., —YS—E—Y formystery) in which the test cues also varied in typography. The main findings were that (1) priming occurred for all study items, relative to nonstudied items, but greater priming occurred for visual than for auditory presentation, and (2) performance in the visual conditions was better when typographies matched between study and test than when the typographies mismatched, but only for words studied in hand-printed form. These findings were generally replicated when the test was delayed 1 week, although priming declined across this retention interval (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3 subjects studied words that were either in focus or blurred and showed greater priming when test fragments were presented in the same manner as at study. Priming in the word-fragment completion task depends on matching surface characteristics of items between study and test and exemplifies the requirement of performing similar mental operations at study and test for maximizing performance (transfer-appropriate processing).
Geochronology of Tertiary igneous rocks, eastern Basin and Range Province, western Utah, eastern Nevada, and vicinity, U.S.A.

Abstract More than 100 new K-Ar dates for volcanic and intrusive rock specimens from the eastern Basin and Bange Province provide numerous tests of the dating technique based on comparisons between samples from the same and sequentially related units and between mineral separates from the same or related samples. Using single samples, Tertiary volcanic units may be dated with a precision (σ) of 4 per cent. Between-sample variance is larger than analytical error. With multiple samples the precision of age determination may reach 1–2 per cent. In order of decreasing suitability (increasing deviation from average dates for multiply dated units) for dating volcanics are: biotite, sanidine, hornblende, plagioclase, pyroxene and whole rock samples, but none of these materials shows serious Ar deficiencies or excesses. Unweathered but hydrated glass gives dates consistently about 10 per cent low. Biotite and Muscovite are suitable for dating plutons; K-feldspar shows small Ar deficiencies hornblende appears to be acceptable, but pyroxene separates may contain extraneous Ar, and are thus considered unreliable. All available dates show a consistent regional pattern. Scattered igneous centers existed in late Eocene-early Oligocene time in the Wasatch region of Utah, in northern Nevada and probably at Gold Hill, Utah. Intense igneous activity occurred in and near east-central Nevada during the Oligocene; activity shifted towards the eastern and southern margins of the Great Basin during Miocene and Pliocene time and gradually decreased in intensity so that at present only sporadic eruption of mafic lavas occurs. In individual areas, dates on intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks are in close agreement and activity is notably episodic (within a period of about 5 million years). Eruption of silicic volcanics is quickly followed by mafic volcanism that marks the end of one of the short episodes. Regionally the short episodes are smeared out into a broad pulse of Tertiary igneous activity between 40 and 5 million years ago.
Allowing two moves in succession increases the Game's bias : A theorem

Chess is probably the best known example of a game which is biased-in the sense that whoever starts the game has an advantage. From the commonsense viewpoint, the resulting bias should be the same whether we allow the players to play as usual: 1st, 2nd, 1st, 2nd, or whether we allow each player to make two moves at the same time. However, in practice, if we allow each player to make two moves in succession, the bias increases. In this paper, we provide a theoretical explanation for this empirical phenomenon.
ε-Aminocaproic acid in angiographically negative subarachnoid hemorrhage patients is safe: a retrospective review of 83 consecutive patients.

BACKGROUND: e-Aminocaproic acid (EACA) has been used to reduce the rate of cerebral aneurysm rerupture before definitive treatment. In centers administering EACA to patients with a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), patients eventually diagnosed with angiographically negative subarachnoid hemorrhage (ANSAH) may also initially receive EACA, perhaps placing them at increased risk for ischemic complications. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of short-term EACA on outcomes and secondary measures in patients with ANSAH. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 454 consecutive SAH patients over a 2-year period under a current protocol for EACA use. Patients were excluded if a source for the SAH was discovered, yielding a total of 83 ANSAH patients. The patients were assigned to groups that did or did not receive EACA. The primary end points of the study were ischemic complications, pulmonary emboli, vasospasm, ventriculoperitoneal shunting rates, and outcomes. RESULTS: Statistical analysis yielded no significant difference between the 2 arms with respect to any of the end points: vasospasm (P = .65), deep vein thrombosis (P = .51), pulmonary embolism (P = 1.0), stroke (P = 1.0), myocardial infarction (P = 1.0), and ventriculoperitoneal shunt (P = .57). There was no statistically significant outcome difference using the modified Rankin Scale (P = .30). CONCLUSION: Short-term (<72 hour) application of EACA does not result in an increase in adverse events in patients with ANSAH.
Incomplete release of the first dorsal compartment—A diagnostic test

A clinical examination of the thumb that is useful in determining when a separate compartment for the extensor pollicis brevis tendon has not been released after a previous operation for de Quervain's syndrome is described.
Association between regional ventricular function and myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy assessed by speckle tracking echocardiography and delayed hyperenhancement magnetic resonance imaging.

The relationship among myocardial fibrosis, segmental strains, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction is not known. We evaluated this relationship in 39 consecutive patients with HCM with transthoracic echocardiography and delayed hyperenhancement magnetic resonance imaging 20 minutes after injection of 0.2 mmol/kg of gadolinium. Speckle tracking echocardiography was used to assess left ventricle strains. Fibrosis was determined semiautomatically with magnetic resonance imaging, using a 12-segment short-axis left ventricular model. Myocardial fibrosis was detected in 23 of 39 patients with HCM. The mean end-systolic longitudinal strain correlated with the number of fibrotic segments ( r = 0.47, P = .002) and total myocardial fibrosis ( r = 0.46, P = .003). Fibrosis and wall thickness were both multivariate predictors of lower segmental longitudinal strain ( P .003). Longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strains are decreased in patients with HCM even in the absence of fibrosis. Myocardial fibrosis is associated with depressed longitudinal strain in patients with HCM.
The influence of conditional cash transfers on eligible children and their siblings

Conditional cash transfers (CCTs) are used to reduce poverty while incentivizing investments in children. Targeting CCTs to certain groups of children can improve efficiency, but positive effects on eligible children may be offset by reductions in investments for ineligible siblings. Using data from Nicaragua, we estimate program effects on eligible children and older siblings who aged out of eligibility. We find that CCTs had the largest effects on eligible children, but older brothers also benefited through increased schooling and fewer hours worked. These results suggest that income effects of CCTs apply to both eligible and ineligible children.
PREDICTION OF EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED DEFORMATION OF EARTH DAMS

ABSTRACT Earthquake-induced deformation of an existing earth dam was evaluated by a simplified method and finite element method, and the predicted settlement of the crest of earth dam by both methods well agreed. Material of the earth dam was non-liquefiable and dilative soil, and the earthquake-induced accumulation of deformation was calculated. Both methods employed tbe stress-permanent strain relationships determined by cyclic triaxial tests which were performed under the condition of existence of initial shear stress. The static initial shear stress exists in the earth dam, and earthquake loadings cause the large accumulation of deformation in soils only if the initial shear stress exists.
Diffeomorphism of total spaces and equivalence of bundles

Let E1 and E2 be the total spaces of smooth, oriented vector bundles of rank k over the n-sphere. We show that if E1 and E2 are diffeomorphic, with orientation preserved, then the bundles are smoothly equivalent up to orientation of the base whenever k>[(n+1)/2]+1. With an additional hypothesis, the same conclusion holds when the base is an arbitrary closed, oriented n-manifold. Furthermore, if the base manifold is a homotopy n-sphere and if one of the bundles has a nowhere-zero cross-section, then the oriented bundles are smoothly equivalent up to orientation of the base in the case where k=[(n+1)/2]+1 as well. The latter statement is false if k<[(n+1)/2]+1, as several counterexamples illustrate. We show that each of these examples is an open manifold E admitting a complete metric of nonnegative sectional curvature for which the zero section of the nontrivial vector bundle, a standard sphere, is not the image of a soul in the sense of Cheeger and Gromoll under any diffeomorphism of E.
Annexin XII forms calcium-dependent multimers in solution and on phospholipid bilayers: a chemical cross-linking study.

The annexins are a family of proteins that bind in a Ca 2+ -dependent manner to phospholipids that are preferentially located on the intracellular face of plasma membranes. Recent X-ray studies of hydra annexin XII showed that it crystallized as a homohexamer with an intermolecular Ca 2+ binding site separate from the type II Ca 2+ -dependent phospholipid binding site. On the basis of this hexamer structure, a novel mechanism was proposed to explain how annexins interact with membranes. The first step toward evaluating this proposal is to determine whether the annexin XII hexamer exists when the protein is not in a crystalline form. We now report that annexin XII in solution can be cross-linked with dimethyl suberimidate into multimers with apparent Mr's corresponding to trimers and hexamers as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresissthe trimer band may correspond to incompletely cross-linked hexamers. Multimer formation was dependent on Ca 2+ and was enhanced when the protein first was bound to phospholipid vesicles. To evaluate the role of the intermolecular Ca 2+ site in annexin XII hexamer formation, one of the residues used to coordinate Ca 2+ , glutamate 105, was replaced with lysine (E105K). In solution, the E105K mutation inhibited hexamer formation in the presence of moderate (3 mM) but not high (25 mM) Ca 2+ . No inhibition of E105K annexin XII hexamer formation was observed in the presence of phospholipid, thereby suggesting that either (i) other interactions are capable of stabilizing the hexamer when bound to bilayers or (ii) only trimers form on bilayers and the observed hexamer bands were due to cross-linking of closely packed trimers. In summary, this study shows for the first time that annexin XII can form hexamers in solution and implicates the intermolecular Ca 2+ site in hexamer formation. This study also shows that multimers form on bilayers but does not clearly establish whether the multimers are trimers or hexamers.
`Is anyone else out there sick of the news?!': TV viewers' responses to non-routine news coverage:

Who gets to decide what `counts' as `news'? Scholars debate whether journalists or corporate elites have more power to determine issues of newsworthiness, paying little attention to the opinions of consumers. This article investigates consumers' impact on the construction of an event or issue as newsworthy by examining their reactions to non-routine news coverage. Specifically, I analyze US television viewers' complaints about unscheduled pre-emptions of regularly scheduled programs as published in entertainment magazines, solicited through fan surveys and occurring on-line through electronic bulletin boards. Analysis suggests that viewers engage in only minimal debate over whether or not a given event is `news'. Instead, their comments focus on what `kind' of news it is and the kind of media coverage it should warrant. While usually perceived as uninformed whining, viewers' complaints about pre-emptions might be considered a form of political action.
Dissolution of small diameter single-wall carbon nanotubes in organic solvents?

The solubility of small diameter single-wall carbon nanotubes in several organic solvents is described, and characterization in 1,2-dichlorobenzene is reported.
Anomalous Origin of the Right Coronary Artery in a Cow

Summary Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery associated with aneurysms and peculiar vascular labyrinths in a 6 year old cow are described. The anomalous coronary arteries also revealed a defective differentiation of the microscopic elements in their walls. Teratogenesis of the anomaly is discussed. Zusammenfassung Abnormer Ursprung der rechten Koronararterie bei einer Kuh Es wird der abnorme Ursprung der rechten Koronararterie mit gleichzeitigem Vorkommen von Aneurysmen und eigenartigen Gefaslabyrinthen bei einer 6 Jahre alten Kuh beschrieben. Die abnormen Koronararterien wiesen auch eine fehlerhafte Ausbildung ihrer mikroskopischen Wandelemente auf. Die Teratogenese der Abnormitat wird diskutiert. Resume Origine anormale de l'artere coronaire droite chez une vache L'auteur decrit l'origine anormale de l'artere coronaire droite associee a des aneurysms et de curieux labyrinthes vasculaires chez une vache de 6 ans. Les arteres coronaires anormales presentaient egalement une differenciation defectueuse des elements microscopiques de la paroi. La teratogenese de l'anomalie est discutee. Resumen Origen anormal de la arteria coronaria derecha en una vaca Se describe el origen anormal de la arteria coronaria derecha con presencia simultanea de aneurismas y singulares laberintos vasculares en una vaca de 6 anos de edad. Las arterias coronarias anormales tambien presentaban una formacion defectuosa de sus elementos parietales microscopicos. Se discute la teratogenesis de esta anormalidad.
Membrane NMR: a dyanmic research area

Recent NMR relaxation studies of lipid bilayers and biomembranes are explained and briefly discussed. The results of both 2H and 13C NMR investigations suggest that, in addition to rapid local fluctuations of the hydrocarbon chains, slower, more collective motions of the bilayer exist. When the influence of the latter is recognized and properly accounted for, the contribution from local motions can be used to estimate a value for the microviscosity of the bilayer which corresponds to that of a simple n-paraffinic liquid. In general, the dynamic behavior of lipid bilayers as studied by NMR appears quite similar to that of simpler liquid crystals.
Representation of the body by single neurons in the dorsolateral striatum of the awake, unrestrained rat.

Single cell recordings in awake monkeys and cats have demonstrated that individual body parts are represented within striatal subregions receiving projections from somatic sensorimotor cortex. Literature indicating that the lateral striatum of the rat receives similar cortical inputs and subserves sensorimotor functions prompted a study of whether this subregion contains similar representations of the body. Single cell recordings were obtained from 923 neurons of 24 awake, unrestrained rats. Of 788 neurons categorized according to body part, 264 (34%) discharged in relation to active movement, passive manipulation, and/or cutaneous stimulation of a particular part of the body; the remainder were related to global, whole body movement (38%) or were unresponsive (28%). Neurons related to individual body parts were recorded throughout the entire anterior-posterior extent of the dorsolateral striatum (+1.60 to -2.12 mm A-P, from bregma), intermingled among each other in all 3 dimensions. Two topographic arrangements were observed. First, neurons that fired rhythmically, in phase with low frequency (5-6 Hz) whisking of the vibrissae were segregated in the caudal striatum (-0.2 to -2.12 mm A-P) from neurons related to other body parts, which were distributed from +1.6 to -0.8 mm A-P. Second, representations of the head and face were located ventral to those of the limbs, despite substantial overlap in their overall distributions. A prominent feature of individual electrode tracks was the clustering together of cells related to the same body part. Neurons related to body parts exhibited substantial diversity, which took several distinct forms. Some neurons fired during movement or sensory stimulation in any direction, whereas others showed selectivity for a particular direction. Certain neurons responded to sensory stimulation of a large unilateral region of the body (e.g., all vibrissae or the entire forelimb), whereas others responded to stimulation of highly restricted regions (e.g., a single vibrissa or a single forepaw digit). Finally, neurons differed in the extent to which they exhibited active and passive properties. Among vibrissae-related neurons, one group fired rhythmically during whisking but did not respond to sensory stimulation of the vibrissae; a second group responded to sensory stimulation of the vibrissae but did not fire rhythmically during whisking; a third group showed both properties. Among limb-related neurons, firing during active movement was a property of every cell; none showed sensory responsiveness without showing a relation to active movement of one limb. Of the limb-related neurons, 89% tested responded to passive manipulation of the limb to which the neuron was actively related, and 71% also responded to cutaneous stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Parameterization as Abstraction: A Tractable Approach to the Dataflow Analysis of Concurrent Programs

Dataflow analysis for concurrent programs is a problem of critical importance but, unfortunately, also an undecidable one. A key obstacle is to determine precisely how dataflow facts at a location in a given thread could be affected by operations of other threads.This problem, in turn, boils down to pairwise reachability, i.e., given program locations c1 and c2 in two threads T1 and T2, respectively, determining whether c1 and c2 are simultaneously reachable in the presence of constraints imposed by synchronization primitives. Unfortunately, pairwise reachability is undecidable for most synchronization primitives. However, we leverage the surprising result that the closely related problem of parameterized pairwise reachability of c1 and c2, i.e., whether for some n1 and n2, c1 and c2 are simultaneously reachable in the program T1 n1||T2 n2 comprised of n1 copies of T1 and n2 copies of T2,is not only decidable for many primitives, but efficiently so. Although parameterization makes pairwise reachability tractable it may over-approximate the set of pairwise reachable locations and can, therefore, be looked upon as an abstraction technique.Where as abstract interpretation is used for control and data abstractions, we propose the use of parameterization as an abstraction for concurrency. Leveraging abstract interpretation in conjunction with parameterization allows us to lift two desirable properties of sequential dataflow analysis to the concurrent domain, i.e., precision and scalability.
Measurement of probabilities and correlations with a storage tube

A new approach to the measurement of the statistical characteristics of physical data is presented. This approach exploits a novel use of a storage oscilloscope of the bistable type to display equiprobability lines on the oscilloscope screen. The first- and second-order probability density and distribution functions and the autocorrelation and cross-correlation functions of stationary random processes can be measured. Although the accuracy of the methods is limited, they provide a convenient "quick look" at the statistical characteristics of physical data. The frequency range is quite large, extending to megahertz in all cases.
Catastrophic Failures in Power Systems: Causes, Analyses, and Countermeasures

Catastrophic failures of power systems are phenomena which occur with some regularity throughout the world. It is recognized that these cannot be prevented, although with the use of newer developments in power engineering, in communication systems, and in computer engineering it would be possible to reduce their frequency and their impact on society. Analyses of many blackouts point to some salient features which are common to most such events: power systems under stress because of high load levels or outages of important facilities, some initiating event-usually a fault, often followed by cascading effects due to unwanted operation of some protection systems. In particular, the role of hidden failures (HFs) in protection systems in propagating power system disturbances has become clearer with some of the recent research reported in the literature. This paper explores further the issue of HFs of protection systems and possible countermeasures. Regarding the countermeasures, adapting the protection systems so that they would change their operational logic from OR to a VOTING protocol has been discussed in the literature, and is well within the capability of present technology. Other hardware solutions, such as "Hidden Failure Monitoring and Protection Systems," have also been discussed in the literature. Most of these countermeasures will require intensive use of communication networks. Communication infrastructure will be utilized for real-time data transfer, as well as for slower speed data gathering tasks related to the condition of the power system. In this paper, we concentrate on the communication facilities and their applications for providing countermeasures against catastrophic failures of power systems.