cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasma Molding over Surface Topography

A two-dimensional fluid/Monte Carlo simulation model was developed to study plasma molding over surface topography. The plasma sheath evolution and potential distribution over the surface were predicted with a self consistent fluid simulation. The trajectories of ions and energetic neutrals were then followed with a Monte Carlo simulation. Energy and angular distributions of ions and energetic neutrals bombarding an otherwise planar target with a step are reported. As one approaches the step, the ion flux decreases and the ion impact angle increases drastically. For a time invariant sheath (DC case), the ion energy distributions (IED) remain relatively unaffected. When the plasma sheath oscillates at radio frequencies, the IED narrows, while the ion angular distribution becomes broader as one approaches the step
A Wireless Security Framework without Shared Secrets

This paper develops a framework for wireless security that provides confidentiality, identity authentication, message authentication, integrity, sender non-repudiation, receiver non-repudiation and anonymity. Our framework is based on two physical primitives: collaborative jamming and spatial signature enforcement. Notably, it eschews the use of shared secrets, while providing a cryptosystem that is no less secure than conventional cryptosystems.
Children's Reactions to Hospitalization and Illness

The paper describes children's reactions to illness and hospitalizations from a developmental point of view. Taking the latter into account, it becomes easier to understand not only the child's reaction at different ages and the reasons for it, but the nature of the potential damage, that is, where and why it takes place, as well as the resources available to the child that may help, if wisely used, to minimize the potential traumas.
Comparison between cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry when coupled with EQCM for the study of the SEI on a carbon film electrode

Abstract Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry have been conducted with the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) to characterize electron-beam deposited carbon film electrodes in LiClO4-containing mixed electrolytes of ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). For a system whose electrolyte viscosity changes in the course of experiments, such as the above combination of electrode and electrolyte, the mass change per mole of electrons transferred (MPE) of the species on quartz crystals depends on the potential scan rate of CV. Chronoamperometry with a short period is more desirable for the estimation of the MPE of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) because the viscosity-induced frequency change, which hinders the correct MPE estimation, constitutes a small portion of the measured frequency change under this experimental condition.
The structure and abundance of rat tissue cardiolipins

Abstract Cardiolipins of rat tissues were isolated by column chromatography and analyzed. The P content ranged from 2.61% to 3.64%. The ester:P ratio varied from 1.63 to 2.09, and the glycerol:P ratios varied from 1.34 to 1.68. The fatty acid spectrum of the tissue cardiolipins showed some, like heart, kidney and liver to be highly unsaturated and others like brain, lung and testis to be highly saturated. Analysis of the fatty acids released by phospholipase A demonstrated that certain fatty acids are preferentially β-linked, but on the whole, the fatty acid distribution is much more random than that of other phospholipids, like the lecithins. All the rat tissue cardiolipins are degraded by hot acetic acid to yield diglycerides, very small amounts of monoglycerides, and other P-containing products. However, only with rat-liver cardiolipin, beef-heart cardiolipin, and a synthetic cardiolipin are appreciable amounts of water-soluble P released. On treatment with sodium methoxide at 0° all rat tissue cardiolipins give rise to 4–6 lyso-derivatives resulting from the sequential loss of one or more fatty acids. All cardiolipins are eventually completely degraded to fatty acid methyl esters, a water-soluble P compound and smaller amounts of other products including free fatty acids and vitamin A. In the case of rat-liver cardiolipin, alkaline hydrolysis yields vitamin A but not in stoichiometric amount. All cardiolipins react with [14C]acetic anhydride to yield a radioactive acetylated derivative. The results of this investigation show that whereas beef-heart cardiolipin has a structure consistent with the recently synthesized cardiolipin, the cardiolipins of rat tissues are not consistent with this structure. New provisional structures for the rat tissue cardiolipins are proposed in which one of the phosphate groups bears a third moiety (such as vitamin A) as a tertiary phosphate ester or the phosphate group bears a fatty acid as a mixed carboxylic acid-phosphoric acid anhydride.
Aflavinine, a novel indole-mevalonate metabolite from tremorgen-producing species

Abstract The structure of aflavanine, a new diterpene indole from A . flavus , is presented.
Abyssal hills of the eastern central North Atlantic

Abstract Abyssal hills were delineated in a 185 × 185-km area by an 18.5 × 18.5-km grid of narrow-beam bathymetric and geophysical profiles in oceanic crust of Cretaceous age near 23°N latitude, 31°W longitude. The abyssal hills are similar to features located along flow lines of sea-floor spreading near the crest of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. This similarity indicates a primary origin for these abyssal hills related to axial processes at a mid-oceanic ridge involving construction (igneous) and tectonics (faulting), and secondary modification by volcanic activity.
Blunders in the business of risk

Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technological and Environmental Dangers. By Mary Douglas and Aaron Wildavsky. Pp.224. ISBN 0-520-04491-6. (University of California Press: 1982.) $14.95, £11.25.
Geometric Optimization of a Cylindrical Plasma Adaptive Optics Lens

Plasma is a dynamic optical medium with potential applications in the field of aero-optics for wavefront control. The objective is to develop “plasma adaptive optic” devices which rely upon the relationship between plasma electron density and index of refraction. The advantages of plasma adaptive optic devices are that they have no moving parts and can have temporal responses two orders of magnitude higher than the fastest deformable mirror. Therefore, plasma adaptive optic devices have the potential to be more robust, less subject to fatigue, and faster than conventional technology. Experimental results and a theoretical model are presented which investigate the spatial distribution of the plasma inside a cylindrical plasma adaptive optic lens. The experiment reveals two distinct plasma formation regimes that occur depending on the lens geometry. The theoretical model is used to help identify the geometric parameters required to produce each plasma regime. The excellent agreement between the experiment a...
Molecular aspects of adaptation to extreme cold environments.

Some of the various strategies adopted by living organisms for survival at low temperatures are discussed from the molecular and membrane points of view. Two examples of connections between biological cold adaptation and the molecular level are considered: (1) antifreeze proteins in fish from cold sea water and (2) the fluidity characteristics of cell membranes in a wide variety of organisms. Emphasis is placed on the occurrence of s-phases.
Neo-Lamarckian medicine.

Abstract Darwinian medicine is the treatment of disease based on evolution. The underlying assumption of Darwinian medicine is that traits are coded by genes, which are often assumed to be sequences of DNA nucleotides. The quantitative genetic ramification of this perspective is that traits, including disease susceptibility, are either caused by genes or by the environment, with genotype-by-environment interactions usually considered statistical artefacts. I emphasize also examining those epigenetic signals that can be altered by environmental perturbations and then transmitted to subsequent generations. Although seldom studied, environmentally-alterable meiotically-heritable epigenetic signals exist and provide a mechanism underlying genotype-by-environment interactions. Environment of a parent can affect its descendants by heritably altering epigenetic signals. Neo-Lamarckian medicine is the application of these evolutionary epigenetic notions to diseases and could have enormous public health and environmental policy implications. If industrial contaminants adversely affect organisms by meiotically-heritably altering their epigenetic signals, then cleaning up these contaminants will not remedy the problem. Once contaminants have adversely altered an individual’s epigenetic signals, this harm will be transmitted to future generations even if they are not exposed to the contaminant. Exposure to environmental shocks such as free radicals or other carcinogens can alter cytosine methylation patterns on regulatory genes. This can cause cancer by up-regulating genes for cell division or by down-regulating tumour suppressor genes. Environmentally-alterable meiotically-heritable epigenetic signals could also underlie other diseases, such as diabetes, Prader–Willi syndrome, and many complex diseases. If environmentally-altered meiotically-heritable epigenetic effects are widespread – which is an important open empirical question – they have the potential to alter paradigmatic views of evolutionary medicine and the putative dichotomy of nature versus nurture. Neo-Lamarckian medicine would thereby shift emphasis from cure to prevention of diseases.
Two-Stage Sampling for Age Distribution in the Atlantic Menhaden Fishery, with Comments on Optimal Survey Design

Abstract Principles of probability sampling theory and optimization of survey design have been applied to the estimation of age composition in the Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannns) purse-seine fishery. These methods provide a framework within which stock assessment scientists can determine confidence intervals about estimated parameters and can increase the overall efficiency of sampling programs. The Atlantic menhaden survey is discussed with respect to required assumptions and serves to illustrate several problems commonly encountered in imposing theoretical requirements on the sampling of commercial catches. A two-stage design is developed in which purse-seine sets and fish within sets are randomly sampled. Formulas are given for estimating mean age composition with joint 95% confidence intervals for a single week and for the entire fishing season. In addition, we recommend a procedure for determining optimal survey design which admits a class of potential solutions that has been previously overl...
Envisioning futures of African agriculture representation, power, and socially constituted time

Concern about the future of agriculture, particularly in Africa, has mounted again in recent years. This paper reviews applications of innovative methods for planning for the future – including scenario planning, future search, search conference, appreciative inquiry, and open space technology – and notes some limitations. Pro-poor planning for the future requires contextualising recent concerns within broader research about time, society and power, which emphasises that visions of the future are socially constructed, and hence inseparable from contemporary politics.
G-base fourth normal form in relational database

G-base Fourth Normal Form is a Grammar based method used to formulate static and dynamic Fourth Normal Forms as a set of Wijngaarden grammars (W-Grammars) in relational database. Static W-grammar models static semantics (attribute level) which are considered to be time independent. Dynamic W-Grammars represent not only the interconnection in attribute level, but also consider the tuples of the relation and the relation of the components of the tuples to one another. The most important result is construction of parsers which are essentially of the class LR(1) for these grammars and thus verification can be done efficiently. Using such systems, a database administrator or a user could test the correctness of a proposed schema without the necessity of possessing a deep knowledge of database theory.
Late-onset schizophrenia: A review

Abstract The DSM-III sets the upper limit of 45 years for the age of onset of schizophrenia. However, many observations suggest that later onset of schizophrenia is possible. Most of these observations were published by European authors who did not use explicit diagnostic criteria, but not all of these observations can be discounted on that basis. It seems that cases of late-onset schizophrenia exist, that their phenomenology is similar to early-onset schizophrenia, and that they are different in their familial incidence and treatment response from primary affective disorders.
Transient activation of tumor-associated T-effector/memory cells promotes tumor eradication via NK-cell recruitment: minimal role for long-term T-cell immunity in cure of metastatic disease

Local delivery of IL-12 and GM-CSF to advanced primary tumors results in T- and NK-cell-dependent cure of disseminated disease in a murine spontaneous lung metastasis model. Post-therapy functional dynamics of cytotoxic T- and NK-cells were analyzed in primary and metastatic tumors to determine the specific roles of each subset in tumor eradication. Time-dependent depletion of CD8+ T and NK-cells demonstrated that CD8+ T-cells were critical to eradication of metastatic tumors within 3 days of treatment, but not later. In contrast, NK-cells were found to be essential to tumor regression for at least 10 days after cytokine delivery. Analysis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte populations in post-therapy primary tumors demonstrated that treatment resulted in the activation of tumor-associated CD8+ T-cells within 24 h as determined by IFNgamma and perforin production. T-cell activity peaked between days 1 and 3 and subsided rapidly thereafter. Activation was not accompanied with an increase in cell numbers suggesting that treatment mobilized pre-existing T-effector/memory cells without inducing proliferation. In contrast, therapy resulted in a > or = 3-fold enhancement of both the quantity and the cytotoxic activity of NK-cells in primary and metastatic tumors on day 3 post-therapy. NK-cell activity was also transient and subsided to pre-therapy levels by day 5. Depletion of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells prior to treatment completely abrogated NK-cell infiltration into primary and metastatic tumors demonstrating the strict dependence of NK-cell recruitment on pre-existing T-effector/memory cells. Treatment failed to induce significant NK-cell infiltration in IFNgamma-knockout mice establishing the central role of IFNgamma in NK-cell chemotaxis to tumors. These data show that transient activation of tumor-associated T-effector/memory and NK-cells, but not long-term CD8+ T-cell responses, are critical to suppression of metastatic disease in this model; and reveal a novel role for preexisting adaptive T-cell immunity in the recruitment of innate effectors to tumors.
Diagnosis of cystic lesions of the pancreas: a biochemical and cytologic analysis of material obtained utilizing radiographic or intraoperative technique.

The widespread use of imaging modalities may detect clinically unsuspected “pancreatic cysts” in which the differential diagnoses include pseudocysts, cystic neoplasms, necrotic carcinomas, abscesses, and, uncommonly, islet cell tumors. Accurate preoperative diagnosis requires clinical, radiologic, microbiologic, cytologic, and biochemical studies. Material obtained by fine-needle aspiration from cysts can be triaged for cytology, amylase, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) studies. The four cases described suggest that an elevated fluid CEA is specific for carcinoma, and an elevated amylase and negative CEA suggests pseudocysts, while both amylase and CEA are negative in abscesses. Thus, “cystic lesions of pancreas” can be accurately diagnosed in cases in which radiologic and cytologic studies are inconclusive. The routine inclusion of these tests with cytologic study should be encouraged to obviate unnecessary surgery for diagnostic purposes. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:40-45.
Decreased Myocardial Inflammatory Markers in the Failing Human Heart after Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device-Induced Mechanical Unloading

Decreased Myocardial Inflammatory Markers in the Failing Human Heart after Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device-Induced Mechanical Unloading Nikos A. Diakos, Craig H. Selzman, Chi-Gang Yen, Abdallah G. Kfoury, Bruce B. Reid, Deborah Budge, Jose Nativi-Nicolau, Stephen McKellar, Craig A. High, Dean Y. Li, Josef Stehlik, Stavros G. Drakos; UTAH Cardiac Transplant Program (Division of Cardiology University of Utah, Intermountain Medical Center, VA Medical Center), Salt Lake City, UT; University of Utah Molecular Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
Phosphorylation of rat liver glycogen synthase bound to the glycogen particle

Abstract Rat liver glycogen synthase bound to the glycogen particle was partially purified by repeated high-speed centrifugation. This synthase preparation was labeled with 32 P by incubations with cAMP-dependent protein kinase and cAMP-independent synthase (casein) kinase-1 in the presence of [γ- 32 P]ATP. The phosphorylated synthase was separated from other proteins in the glycogen pellet by immunoprecipitation with rabbit anti-rat liver glycogen synthase serum. Analysis of the immunoprecipitates by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis showed that synthase subunits of M r 85,000 and 80,000 were present in varying proportions. The 32 P-labeled synthase in the immunoprecipitate was digested with trypsin, and the resulting peptides were analyzed by isoelectric focusing. Synthase bound to the glycogen particle was phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase at more sites and by cAMP-independent synthase (casein) kinase-1 at less sites than when the homogeneous synthase was incubated with these kinases. Phosphorylation of synthase in the glycogen pellet by either cAMP-dependent protein kinase or cAMP-independent synthase (casein) kinase-1 did not cause a significant inactivation as has been observed when the homogeneous synthase was incubated with these kinases. Inactivation of synthase in the glycogen pellet, however, can be achieved by the combination of both kinases. This inactivation appears to result from the phosphorylation of a new site by cAMP-independent synthase (casein) kinase-1 neighboring a site previously phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
Satellite Sampling and the Diurnal Cycle Statistics of Darwin Rainfall Data

Abstract This paper presents an analysis of rainfall data based on the radar echoes collected in the vicinity of Darwin, Australia, during the special observation periods in 1988. The Darwin rainfall data are available in the form of hourly averaged grids of size 141 × 141 with an areal resolution of 2 km × 2 km. The data are available for approximately 19 days in the first subset and for 22 days in the second. Since the rainfall data were taken over both the land and the ocean, separate analyses were performed for land and ocean surfaces; thus, three univariate time series (for land, ocean, and combination) are presented for each set. Time series analysis was performed in both time and frequency domains, and both the correlogram and periodogram showed the presence of a strong diurnal cycle in all the time series. Considerable variations can be seen in the diurnal cycles of these time series. To analyze the effect of the diurnal cycle on the sampling errors, flush visits of idealized satellites were simul...
Polymeric materials for high-speed electro-optic waveguide modulators

This paper discusses some of the important material property requirements for polymeric materials in electro-optic device applications, in particular, a detailed materials characterisation of a promising polymer that is not only high in electro-optic activity after poling, but has predicted long term thermal stability of the poled structure. This material is a methacrylic chain polymer with non-linear optical moieties attached as side chains through a spacer group. Progress in fabrication and characterisation of waveguides using this polymer is also reported.
Immunodetection of hepatic peroxisomal PMP70 as an indicator of peroxisomal proliferation in the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus.

Abstract Peroxisomes are important sites for β-oxidative fatty acid metabolism and peroxidative detoxification. Agents causing peroxisomal proliferation have been associated with reproductive and developmental toxicity and hepatocarcinogenesis. Female mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) were exposed to waterborne 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a model peroxisome proliferator, at sublethal concentrations of 0.01, 0.10, and 1.00 ppm or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) vehicle for 7, 14, or 21 days. A polyclonal antibody to rat PMP70 protein (70 kDa peroxisomal membrane protein, a major component of peroxisomes and member of the ABC transporter superfamily) was used for Western blotting after sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) to determine possible peroxisome proliferation. Significant increases of an approximately 70-kDa protein band recognized by anti-PMP70 were observed on all days, especially at the highest exposure concentration. The data suggest that immunoassay of PMP70 is a useful biomarker assay for peroxisome proliferation, and may be applicable to a wide range of species. The response also suggests that this assay could be used for measuring chronic exposures to environmental peroxisome proliferating agents.
Systemic reaction to radiocontrast media during hysterosalpingography

Abstract Individuals with histories of previous anaphylactoid reactions to injected radiocontrast media (RCM) are not generally considered at increased risk when RCM is subsequently administered by a nonvascular route. We have observed a patient who experienced laryngeal edema, generalized angioedema, and bronchospasm after instillation of RCM during hysterosalpingography. We found no published reports of similar reactions, although intravasation of RCM into the circulation occurs commonly during this procedure, as was seen in this patient. Approaches to hysterosalpingography in RCM-reactive patients are suggested.
An analytical method for determining intrinsic drain/source resistance of lightly doped drain (LDD) devices

Abstract MOS devices with double diffusion junctions containing Lightly Doped Drain/Source (LDD) regions have been built and analyzed. Comparison of current characteristics of the 2 μ m LDD devices with conventional devices of same channel length indicates that the LDD devices, while displaying relatively good drain current gain, deviate from the MOS transistors in the linear region due to the intrinsic n− drain/source resistance and thus have lower substrate current due to the reduced hot electron effects. An analytical method is developed where this intrinsic resistance can be extracted from curve fitting of I–V data. Through curve fitting analysis the intrinsic resistance parameter is found to be an inverse function of transistor width as well as being dependent on temperature in the usual T 3 2 manner.
Net energy analysis of geopressured gas resources in the U.S. Gulf Coast Region

Abstract Geopressured gas is a vast but diffuse fuel resource in the U.S. Gulf Coast Region. The U.S. Department of Energy sponsored a test drilling program to evaluate the physical parameters of the resource base. Data from this evaluation program and other studies were incorporated into a model that compared the energy costs and yields of extracting geopressured gas. Results indicate that even the most promising geopressured prospects yield little net energy, even under optimistic assumptions concerning labor, government, and environmental energy costs. Conventional natural gas wells still yield substantially greater net fuel. Alternative technologies such as coal gasification also yield greater net fuel. We conclude that geopressured gas resources in the Gulf Coast do not represent a significant source of net energy for the nation based on current knowledge of reservoir parameters and extraction technology.
Utilization of p40 (ΔNp63) in the Evaluation of Non-Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung in Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy

(13 lavages/washings, 3 pleural effusions, 2 FNAs), or had reactive atypia with no cell block for ancillary studies (2 FNAs, 1 fluid, 1 washing). Correlation was best for FNA (nZ12, 71%) compared to effusions (nZ2, 33%) and lavages/washings (nZ1, 6%). Conclusions: These data indicate that a broad spectrum of pulmonary sarcomas may be encountered in cytology, the majority of which represent metastases. While a specific diagnosis of sarcoma could be rendered in a quarter of cases, in up to two thirds they were discordant with histology, mostly due to suboptimal sampling of tumors. FNA was the best diagnostic modality in this series for accurately diagnosing sarcomas in the lung preoperatively.
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole or Pentamidine for Pneumocystis Pneumonia in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Excerpt To the editor: The report by Wharton and colleagues (1) in the July issue on the use of trimethoprim-sulfomethoxazole or pentamidine for the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in p...
Performing Silence Gender, Violence, and Resistance in Women's Narratives From Lahaul, India

This article presents two different ways of understanding silence, through a discussion of women's narratives of violence from Lahaul, India. Here I illustrate how feminist ethnography works its wa...
Maximal exercise capability of children as a function of specific cardiac defects.

Abstract The results of a maximal exercise test are summarized for 288 patients with isolated cardiac lesions and 234 normal children. All groups of patients had significantly different scores from those of normal children, but each lesion had a characteristic pattern. Data are given for patients with aortic stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot, ostium primum and secundum atrial defects, patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defects, pulmonary stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, and insufficiency of the mitral or aortic valve. The results are presented graphically in a manner that permits comparison of a given child to others with similar defects and to normal children. It is suggested that the maximal endurance test may be helpful in selecting catheterization candidates for special investigations and in following the clinical courses of certain patients.
The Language Experience and Proficiency Questionnaire (LEAP-Q): assessing language profiles in bilinguals and multilinguals.

Purpose To develop a reliable and valid questionnaire of bilingual language status with predictable relationships between self-reported and behavioral measures. Method In Study 1, the internal vali...
A novel geometry for a corona wind electrohydrodynamic pump

We report the flow velocity of a new electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pump configuration fabricated using a 3-D printer. It consisted of an inner conical electrode with an apex angle of 43.6 degrees and an outer conical structure with apex angles of 43.6 degrees, 63.6 degrees, 83.5 degrees, 103.5 degrees, and 180 degrees that were mounted over the inner electrode. A maximum airflow velocity of 2 m/s was measured at 8000 V/cm in the pump with the 103.5 degrees cone. In all the pumps, the velocity peaked and then dropped as the electric field reached the air's breakdown field. In these pumps, the field gradient accelerates the charged air molecules that drag the neutrons. That charged the air molecules in the inlet side of the pump which improved the efficiency.
Effects of starvation and recovery on the survival, growth and RNA/DNA ratio in loliginid squid paralarvae

Abstract The ability of Loligo opalescens paralarvae to resist and recover from starvation was examined by measuring their survival, growth rate and RNA/DNA ratios during starvation and refeeding. Paralarvae were fed Artemia sp. nauplii, zooplankton and mysid shrimp. Fourteen days after hatching they were separated into five feeding treatments: a control treatment (food was always available) and treatments starved for 2, 3, 4 and 5 days, and then refed. Each day, 5–7 paralarvae from each treatment were anesthetized to measure mantle length and wet weight (WW), and then RNA and DNA were extracted using an ethidium bromide fluorometric technique. Paralarvae did not survive 4 and 5 days of starvation, showing that at 15 days of age and at 16 °C the limit to recovery was 3 days of starvation. Paralarvae starved for 2 and 3 days showed compensatory growth that mitigated the effects of starvation, in that at the end of the experiment (10 days), they attained mean final body weights similar to the control treatment. Differences in the RNA/DNA ratios between control and starved paralarvae were detected within 2 days of food deprivation. For paralarvae starved 2 and 3 days, it took 1 day after refeeding to attain RNA/DNA ratios not significantly different from the control treatment. Additionally, RNA/DNA ratios were highest during the day (0800, 1200, 1600 h) and lowest at night (0000, 0400 h), suggesting daytime feeding activity. Growth rates ranged from − 14% to 21% WW day− 1 and the resulting equation between RNA/DNA ratio and growth rate (GR) of paralarvae was GR = 1.74 RNA/DNA − 11.79 (R2 = 0.70). After starvation, there was a reduction in growth variability in all starved treatments, while growth variability remained high in the control treatment. Findings from the present study indicate that nucleic acids are a valid indicator of nutritional condition and growth in squid paralarvae.
Antigen-Induced T Cell Death Is Regulated by CD4 Expression

Activation induced cell death (AICD) is a major physiologic pathway that regulates T cell homeostasis. In CD4 T cells, AICD is mediated mainly through Fas/FasL interactions. Although TCR occupancy triggers AICD, the contribution of its tightly associated CD4 coreceptor to the process that leads to AICD is not known. Here we show that CD4 molecule plays an essential regulatory role of TCR dependent AICD. Loss of CD4 rendered activated 5kc T cell hybridoma resistant to AICD. The resistance of CD4 negative 5kc T cells to AICD was due to selective inhibition of FasL expression and it could be reversed by addition of recombinant FasL. Furthermore, a direct functional link between CD4 and FasL was demonstrated by induction of FasL upon CD4 crosslinking in a TCR independent fashion. The importance of CD4 interaction with MHC/peptide complex in mediating AICD was also evident in normal T cells that could survive chronic stimulation with anti-CD3 but died after short period of proliferation after stimulation with MHC/peptide. Thus it appears that AICD is controlled by the CD4 molecule via regulation of FasL expression. These findings have important implications for our understanding of mechanisms of peripheral tolerance as well as pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
Optimal continuous location of a retail facility, facility attractiveness, and market share: An interactive model

Abstract In this paper a model for the location of a retail facility anywhere in the plane is presented. Existing location papers suggest that marketers can evaluate a set of potential sites for the location of a new facility. The site that maximizes the market share captured is selected. However, the best site for the new facility may not be included in the user provided set of potential sites. Finding the best location anywhere in the plane requires the analysis of the market share function which is addressed in this paper. In addition, a sensitivity analysis of both the best location and the market share captured is provided. Computational experiments illustrate the properties of this function and its sensitivity to the data parameters. The analysis shows that the market share captured by the facility (existing or new) is sensitive to both facility location and attractiveness.
Modeling population density with night-time satellite imagery and GIS

Abstract Night-time satellite imagery, as provided by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Operational Linescan System (DMSP OLS), shows promise as a proxy measurement of urban extent. Earlier efforts have shown that the areas of contiguous saturated DMSP OLS images show strong correlations with the total population living in those areas. This paper describes efforts at modeling the population density within the urban areas identified within the continental United States. These efforts build upon the previous efforts of Clark, Berry, Nordbeck, Tobler and others to describe the variation of population density within cities. The method described herein differs from the aforementioned theories because it operates from the edges of the urban areas rather than attempting to identify a “center” of the urban cluster. By measuring distance from the edge rather than the distance from the center this method allows for the “multiple nuclei” of urban clustering that have clearly manifested as a result of the conurbation of urban centers within the U.S.A. This paper describes the methods used to allocate population to one, two, three, five, and ten square kilometer pixels for the continental U.S.A. Several urban population decay functions are applied and evaluated. In addition, an empirical urban population density decay function is derived for all the urban clusters defined by the DMSP imagery.
A multi-purpose heuristic for communications satellite synthesis

Abstract Three satellite system synthesis problems—the satellite location problem, the signal protection problem, and the arc allotment problem—are described and formulated. In each of these problems, satellite administrations are to be allotted some portion of the geostationary orbit for the purpose of deploying their satellites, subject to angle of elevation and electromagnetic interference constraints. A simple heuristic procedure is suggested as a means for solving these three problems. Sufficient conditions for the successful application of the heuristic and solution-value bounds for each problem are presented. The heuristic is applied to each problem for a six-satellite example. Additionally, computational results are presented for an example with 183 satellites worldwide.
Performance analysis of a parallel logic simulation machine

Abstract The high costs associated with logic simulation of large VLSI circuits has led to the need for new computer architectures tailored to the simulation task. Such architectures have the potential for significant speed ups over software-based logic simulators executing on standard sequential computers. This paper presents a model of one class of multiprocessor simulation architectures and compares the performance of some of these machines using data obtained from simulations of VLSI circuits. In addition, we discuss the implications of our results on machine design.
A Specific interaction between SecA2 and a region of the preprotein adjacent to the signal peptide occurs during transport via the accessory Sec system.

The accessory Sec systems of streptococci and staphylococci mediate the transport of a family of large, serine-rich glycoproteins to the bacterial cell surface. These systems are comprised of SecA2, SecY2, and three core accessory Sec proteins (Asp1–3). In Streptococcus gordonii, transport of the serine-rich glycoprotein GspB requires both a unique 90-residue N-terminal signal peptide and an adjacent 24-residue segment (the AST domain). We used in vivo site-specific photo-cross-linking to identify proteins that interact with the AST domain during transport. To facilitate this analysis, the entire accessory Sec system of S. gordonii was expressed in Escherichia coli. The determinants of GspB trafficking to the accessory Sec system in E. coli matched those in S. gordonii, establishing the validity of this approach. When the photo-cross-linker was placed within the AST domain, the preprotein was found to cross-link to SecA2. Importantly, no cross-linking to SecA was detected. Cross-linking of the N-terminal end of the AST domain to SecA2 occurred regardless of whether Asp1–3 were present. However, cross-linking to the C-terminal end was dependent on the Asps. The combined results indicate that full engagement of the AST domain by SecA2 is modulated by one or more of the Asps, and suggest that this process is important for initiating transport. Background: Transport of preproteins by the accessory Sec system requires a specific sequence (the AST domain) adjacent to the signal peptide. Results: The AST domain interacts specifically with SecA2, and this interaction is modulated by the accessory Sec proteins Asp1–3. Conclusion: The Asp-dependent AST-SecA2 interaction is essential for transport. Significance: A better understanding of accessory Sec transport may aid the development of novel antimicrobials.
The engineering design of the Tokamak Physics Experiment

A mission and supporting physics objectives have been developed, which establishes an important role for the Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX) in developing the physic basis for a future fusion reactor. The design of TPX include advanced physics features, such as shaping and profile control, along with the capability of operating for very long pulses. The development of the superconducting magnets, actively cooled internal hardware, and remote maintenance will be an important technology contribution to future fusion projects, such as ITER. The Conceptual Design and Management Systems for TPX have been developed and reviewed, and the project is beginning Preliminary Design. If adequately funded the construction project should be completed in the year 2000.
Preliminary results on using artificial neural networks for security assessment (of power systems)

Artificial neural network (ANN) techniques are explored as a tool to assess the dynamic security of power systems. The basic role of ANNs is to provide assessment of the system's stability based on training examples from offline analysis. Such an assessment would be useful as an operations aid. In essence, ANNs interpolate among the planning analysis data. The authors present the results of a study to assess the capability of ANNs to learn from the offline stability analysis results and give accurate stability assessments when queried with data representing the current system status. The important feature of the result is that correct stability assessments are provided by the ANN not only when it is queried with an element of the training set of data but also under other operating conditions. >
Circulating Collagen Biomarkers as Indicators of Disease Severity in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

AbstractObjectives: The goal of this study was to determine if biomarkers of collagen metabolism in PAH identify patients with worse disease and higher risk of death.Background: The relationship be...
Radiative lifetimes of the B1Π11 states of Li2

Abstract Model potential calculations of the B 1 Π u X 1 Σ + g transition dipole moment are used in conjunction with the empirical potential energy curves of Vidal and Hessel to calculate the radiative lifetimes of the vibrational levels of the B 1 Π u state. The lifetimes are nearly independent of the vibrational quantum number with a value between 8 and 9 ns.
Kinetic and Structural Characterization of the Glutathione-binding Site of Aldose Reductase

Aldose reductase (AR), a member of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily, has been implicated in the etiology of secondary diabetic complications. However, the physiological functions of AR under euglycemic conditions remain unclear. We have recently demonstrated that, in intact heart, AR catalyzes the reduction of the glutathione conjugate of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (Srivastava, S., Chandra, A., Wang, L., Seifert, W. E., Jr., DaGue, B. B., Ansari, N. H., Srivastava, S. K., and Bhatnagar, A. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 10893–10900), consistent with a possible role of AR in the metabolism of glutathione conjugates of aldehydes. Herein, we present several lines of evidence suggesting that the active site of AR forms a specific glutathione-binding domain. The catalytic efficiency of AR in the reduction of the glutathione conjugates of acrolein, trans-2-hexenal, trans-2-nonenal, andtrans,trans-2,4-decadienal was 4–1000-fold higher than for the corresponding free alkanal. Alterations in the structure of glutathione diminished the catalytic efficiency in the reduction of the acrolein adduct, consistent with the presence of specific interactions between the amino acid residues of glutathione and the AR active site. In addition, non-aldehydic conjugates of glutathione or glutathione analogs displayed active-site inhibition. Molecular dynamics calculations suggest that the conjugate adopts a specific low energy configuration at the active site, indicating selective binding. These observations support an important role of AR in the metabolism of glutathione conjugates of endogenous and xenobiotic aldehydes and demonstrate, for the first time, efficient binding of glutathione conjugates to an aldo-keto reductase.
Perturbation Method For The Eigenvalue Problem Of Lightly Damped Systems

Abstract An efficient method for the determination of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of lightly damped systems is developed by means of a perturbation technique. The second order matrix differential equation containing mass, stiffness and damping matrices is normally transformed into a first-order state equation to deal with the general damping matrix. However, the method described in this paper enables us to predict the complex eigenvalues and eigenvectors with relative ease without forming the state equation. The light damping implies that the eigensolution of the damped system differs slightly from the eigensolution of the undamped system, which also implies that we can express the eigensolution of the lightly damped system in terms of a power series expanded from the eigensolution of the undamped system. Once the eigenvalue problem of the undamped system is solved, the higher order terms which reflect the effect of damping can be obtained from the matrix equations, which reduce to simple algebraic equations. A numerical example illustrates the effectiveness of the new method.
Comparison of azlocillin and ticarcillin in the treatment of urinary tract infection

This prospective, controlled, randomized double blind study compared the safety and effectiveness of intravenous azlocillin at a dosage of 6 g/day in three divided doses with that of intravenous ticarcillin at 8 g/day in four divided doses for the treatment of urinary tract infections in 35 patients. The clinical and bacteriological responses among the 26 courses evaluable for drug effectiveness (13 in each group) appeared to be somewhat more favourable in the azlocillin treatment group (92.3%) than the ticarcillin group (69.2%). However, statistically, both treatment groups did not differ in a significant manner in regard to effectiveness or adverse reactions. Of the patients who were followed for relapses for three-four weeks after treatment, 66.7% of the azlocillin group and 45.5% of the ticarcillin group remained free of the original infecting organism. Local and systemic tolerance for both drugs was excellent.
The rate of CO bubble nucleation at oxide metal interfaces within liquid iron alloys

Baker, Warner, and Jenkins found that levitated droplets of Fe-0.8 pet C alloys exploded when decarburized at 1660°C, whereas during the present investigation, the drops remained intact during decarburization at temperatures above 1850°C. Therefore, the object of this work was to determine whether heterogeneous nucleation of CO bubbles at an iron-iron oxide interface could occur at 1900°K but could not occur at 2200°K. An equation was developed to calculate the nucleation rate of CO bubbles at an iron-iron oxide interface in iron at 1900°K containing 0.8 pct C and in iron at 2200°K containing 0.1 pct C. The results of the calculation showed that an iron-iron oxide interface could not serve as a site for CO bubble nucleation. Therefore, a new mechanism is postulated in which cavities swept into the levitated droplet from the surface serve as nuclei for CO bubble formation instead of nuclei formed at the iron-iron oxide interface.
Immunological tolerance, infective tolerance and virus-induced neoplastic transformation.

THE term ‘immunological tolerance’ arose in connexion with antigens which failed to induce antibody production in the adult animal as a result of previous experience with the specific antigen pre- or post-natally. It has been reported1 that mice congenitally infected with the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis may develop a persistent viraemia unaccompanied by antibody formation, and are thus immunologically tolerant. Such mice are unaffected by the intracerebral inoculation of the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis, otherwise fatal, and are thus also ‘infectively tolerant’. It has, therefore, been suggested2 that lymphocytic choriomeningitis—the disease induced by the inoculation of virus in previously uninfected mice—must be the result of an immunological response of the intolerant host, that is, of ‘immunological conflict’2 rather than simple destructive interaction of virus and cell.
Shone's anomaly: Operative results and late outcome

Shone's anomaly, a congenital cardiac malformation, consists of multiple levels of left heart obstruction including supravalvar mitral ring, parachute mitral valve, subaortic stenosis, and coarctation. The prognosis for patients with Shone's anomaly is poor. To assess operative results and late outcome, we reviewed the records of 30 consecutive patients seen with Shone's anomaly at our institution between 1966 and 1989. Anatomical diagnoses in these patients were supravalvar mitral ring (22 patients), mitral valve abnormalities including parachute mitral valve, fused chordae, or single papillary muscle (26 patients), subaortic gradients (26 patients), and coarctation (29 patients). Nineteen patients had all four lesions. Other common defects were bicuspid aortic valve (19 patients) and ventricular septal defect (20). Two patients were treated medically. The other 28 patients required 84 operative procedures with 18 patients undergoing more than one procedure. Operations included coarctation repair (28 patients), mitral valve repair or replacement (11), ventricular septal defect closure (8), subaortic resection (8), and complex left ventricular outflow tract reconstruction or bypass (4). Age at first operation ranged from 7 days to 7 years (median age, 3 months). There were no operative deaths at the first operation. However, mortality rose to 24% (4/17) after the second operation. All operative deaths were secondary to severe mitral valve disease. The survivors have been followed from 1 to 16 years (mean follow-up, 6 +/- 1 years). There were no late or sudden deaths. Morbidity has included stroke (1), gastrointestinal bleeding (2), permanent heart block (1), and persistent congestive heart failure (6).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Nocturnal Wind Structure and Plume Growth Rates Due to Inertial Oscillations

Abstract Theoretical plume growth rates depend upon the atmospheric spatial energy spectrum. Current grid-based numerical models generally resolve large-scale (synoptic) energy, while planetary boundary layer turbulence is parameterized. Energy at intermediate scales is often neglected. In this study, boundary layer radar profilers are used to examine the temporal energy spectrum, which can provide information about the atmospheric structure affecting plume growth rates. A boundary layer model (BLM) into which the radar information has been assimilated is used to drive a Lagrangian particle model (LPM) that is subsequently employed to examine plume growth rates. Profiler and aircraft data taken during the 1995 Southern Oxidants Study in Nashville, Tennessee, are used in the model study for assimilation and evaluation. The results show that the BLM without assimilation significantly underestimates the strength of the diurnal–inertial spectral peak, which in turn causes an underestimate of plume spread. Com...