cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of Failure Thresholds in Hybrid Navigation

A systematic approach for the determination of failure thresholds for hybrid navigation systems is described. Cost functions which reflect the importance assigned to the consequences of false and missed alarms are minimized. The false alarm probability is obtained as a function of the threshold magnitude by observing the statistical behavior of the instrument outputs in the normal operating mode. The missed alarm probability is obtained by determining the sensitivity of navigation error performance to instrument error sources. Two cost functions are considered. To illustrate this method, failure detection and identification (FDI) thresholds are determined for the Space Shuttle Approach and Landing Test flight.
On Analysis of Proportions in Tables with Spoiled Data

This paper discusses analysis of dispersion tests in tables with spoiled data, that is, where some cells are missing. BENNETT (1987) gave a method for estimating the missing cells in a two-way table and illustrated it with a simple example. This paper uses GLIM to estimate the models and indicates that the General Linear Model performs the computations without need to estimate the missing values. The binomial error model also may be used for this problem, and is the more natural approach to the problem.
Tightening and Loosening Masculinity's (k)Nots: Masculinity in the Hearst Press during the Interwar Period:

Histories of masculinity have documented changes in the definition of American masculinity across centuries, but not decades. This article examines prescriptive and proscriptive statements about men's behavior as they appeared in William Randolph Hearst's American Weekly during the interwar period (1918–1940). Written by professionals and providing summaries of current research, the American Weekly provided authoritative accounts of masculinity to a mass audience. In the early 1920s, reason was explicitly masculine and central to the construction of masculinity, and gender differences were routinely attributed to men's superior evolution. By the late 1930s, reason was implicitly masculine, the breadwinner role was central, and gender differences relied on the known, but unstated, superiority of men.
MOCUM: A two-dimensional method of characteristics code based on constructive solid geometry and unstructured meshing for general geometries

Abstract A transport theory code MOCUM based on the method of characteristics as the flux solver with an advanced general geometry processor has been developed for two-dimensional rectangular and hexagonal lattice and full core neutronics modeling. In the code, the core structure is represented by the constructive solid geometry that uses regularized Boolean operations to build complex geometries from simple polygons. Arbitrary-precision arithmetic is also used in the process of building geometry objects to eliminate the round-off error from the commonly used double precision numbers. Then, the constructed core frame will be decomposed and refined into a Conforming Delaunay Triangulation to ensure the quality of the meshes. The code is fully parallelized using OpenMP and is verified and validated by various benchmarks representing rectangular, hexagonal, plate type and CANDU reactor geometries. Compared with Monte Carlo and deterministic reference solution, MOCUM results are highly accurate. The mentioned characteristics of the MOCUM make it a perfect tool for high fidelity full core calculation for current and GenIV reactor core designs. The detailed representation of reactor physics parameters can enhance the safety margins with acceptable confidence levels, which lead to more economically optimized designs.
Cogeneration in the Hawaiian Sugar Industry

Abstract For nearly a century the Hawaiian sugar industry has produced most of the steam and electricity needed to process sugarcane and to power its factories and irrigation pumps. This use of bagasse (the fibrous by-product of milled sugarcane), cane leaves and tops has made the Hawaiian sugar industry among the most efficient in the world in converting biomass into electricity — in comparison with typical worldwide cane-to-electricity conversion productivities of ∼ 10 kWh per tonne of cane, Hawaiian sugar factories today generate, on average, about 60 kWh per tonne of cane and, in some factories, 100 kWh or more. Plantations in Hawaii produce about 800 million kWh annually, and, after satisfying virtually all of their internal power requirements, export roughly 400 million kWh to public utility companies.
Leucine acts in the brain to suppress food intake but does not function as a physiological signal of low dietary protein

Intracerebroventricular injections of leucine are sufficient to suppress food intake, but it remains unclear whether brain leucine signaling represents a physiological signal of protein balance. We tested whether variations in dietary and circulating levels of leucine, or all three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), contribute to the detection of reduced dietary protein. Of the essential amino acids (EAAs) tested, only intracerebroventricular injection of leucine (10 μg) was sufficient to suppress food intake. Isocaloric low- (9% protein energy; LP) or normal- (18% protein energy) protein diets induced a divergence in food intake, with an increased consumption of LP beginning on day 2 and persisting throughout the study (P < 0.05). Circulating BCAA levels were reduced the day after LP diet exposure, but levels subsequently increased and normalized by day 4, despite persistent hyperphagia. Brain BCAA levels as measured by microdialysis on day 2 of diet exposure were reduced in LP rats, but this effect was most prominent postprandially. Despite these diet-induced changes in BCAA levels, reducing dietary leucine or total BCAAs independently from total protein was neither necessary nor sufficient to induce hyperphagia, while chronic infusion of EAAs into the brain of LP rats failed to consistently block LP-induced hyperphagia. Collectively, these data suggest that circulating BCAAs are transiently reduced by dietary protein restriction, but variations in dietary or brain BCAAs alone do not explain the hyperphagia induced by a low-protein diet.
State-municipal Coöperation in purchasing

Although local governments may secure supplies through their state purchasing departments in at least five states, but little use has been made of this opportunity to cut costs.
TIME SERIES ANALYSIS IN ACCOUNTING: A SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF RECENT ISSUES

. In the last few years there has been considerable interest in the accounting literature in time series methods. This paper briefly surveys those areas of accounting in which time series analysis has proved useful and discusses the analytical procedures that have been employed.
Hormone replacement therapy in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis

As the population ages, the increasing number of women at risk for cardiovascular disease represents both a potential crisis and an opportunity in healthcare management. Although the overall death rate from cardiovascular disease in the general population is decreasing, the absolute numbers for women are increasing. A reduction in modifiable risk factors in women must be aggressively pursued by clinicians and health systems. Menopause is associated with many adverse effects on cardiovascular-disease risk factors in women. Estrogen replacement therapy has been shown to favorably influence many risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Despite this biologic plausibility and supporting evidence from epidemiologic studies, data from confirmatory clinical trials are lacking. Because of this, recommendations for hormone replacement therapy should be made on an individual basis.
On the Dissociation of van der Waals Clusters of X2−Cyclohexane (X = O, Cl) Following Charge-Transfer Excitation in the Ultraviolet†

We report the results of experiments investigating the charge-transfer state photofragments of a van der Waals cluster after excitation through a strong absorption band in the ultraviolet. The O2−cyclohexane cluster has a strong absorption to a charge-transfer state near 226 nm resulting in dissociation yielding O(3P). On the basis of a simple model (Mulliken, R. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 811) and low level ab initio calculations, the location of the charge-transfer absorption for a Cl2−cyclohexane cluster is predicted and the dissociation of this cluster leading to Cl*(2P1/2) and Cl(2P3/2) is also investigated. The translational energy distribution, P(ET) for each cluster is analyzed in terms of two possible dissociation mechanisms. The dissociation may be considered to proceed on the initially accessed charge-transfer state through a harpooning-type mechanism. Alternatively, the dissociation may proceed following a nonadiabatic electronic transition to the neutral excited states of the diatomic sub...
Fluorescence molecular tomography in the presence of background fluorescence

Fluorescence molecular tomography is an emerging imaging technique that resolves the bio-distribution of engineered fluorescent probes developed for in vivo reporting of specific cellular and sub-cellular targets. The method can detect fluorochromes in picomole amounts or less, imaged through entire animals, but the detection sensitivity and imaging performance drop in the presence of background, non-specific fluorescence. In this study, we carried out a theoretical and an experimental investigation on the effect of background fluorescence on the measured signal and on the tomographic reconstruction. We further examined the performance of three subtraction methods based on physical models of photon propagation, using experimental data on phantoms and small animals. We show that the data pre-processing with subtraction schemes can improve image quality and quantification when non-specific background florescence is present.
Verb-stranding verb phrase ellipsis and the structure of the Russian verbal complex

This paper investigates novel evidence from Russian Verb-Stranding Verb Phrase Ellipsis (vvpe), and argues for its use as a probe into the syntactic structure of morphophonologically inseparable but morphosyntactically complex verbs. The first step is to distinguish internal argument drop from vvpe, because they appear identical on the surface. I present novel evidence that Russian internal argument drop is illicit in syntactic islands, while vvpe is licit. Once this bifurcation is established, it allows us to explain previously obscured differences in the syntactic licensing of subject vs. internal argument drop in Russian. The second step uses the verb-matching requirement on the stranded verb in Russian vvpe to establish which parts of the verbal complex originate inside the domain of ellipsis, and which parts originate outside. A surprising finding is that the verb-matching properties of the Russian vvpe construction do not align with what has been demonstrated to hold of other languages in which vvpe is available. Unlike the strict matching requirement of Hebrew (Goldberg 2005a, 2005b) or Irish (McCloskey 2011) vvpe, the matching requirement in Russian vvpe appears to be sensitive to discourse factors, at least for certain speakers. This last discovery results in a significant contribution to our understanding of the nature of the identity requirement in ellipsis licensing.
Intense plasma discharge source at 13.5 nm for extreme-ultraviolet lithography.

We measured an emission of 6 mJ/pulse at 13.5 nm produced by the Li2+ Lyman-α transition excited by a fast capillary discharge, using a lithium hydride capillary. 75% of the energy emanated from a spot size of 0.6 mm. The emission is narrow band and would thus be useful in extreme-ultraviolet lithography imaging systems that use Mo:Si multilayer mirrors. The output within the bandwidth of Mo:Si mirrors was comparable with that of a laser-produced plasma (LPP), and the wallplug efficiency of 0.1% was nearly an order of magnitude better than that of a LPP.
Wavelength-efficient network architectures for avionic WDM LANs

Optical Networking with Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) has the potential to satisfy the future needs of both military and commercial communication systems due to the corresponding high bandwidth provision, low electromagnetic interference, and light weight. However, fiber optic components are susceptible to faults, particularly in hazardous working conditions. Therefore, there is a need to design architectures that are able to offer fault tolerance. In a previous work [1], we proposed a torus-based fault tolerant architecture, an optimal 4-way routing algorithm and a wavelength allocation and reuse scheme using dedicated lightpaths. Here, we remove the dedicated lightpath requirement and examine wavelength-efficient fault tolerance when spare lightpaths are shared.
Dynamic setup scheduling and flow control in manufacturing systems

We propose a method for flow control of parts in a manufacturing system with machines that require setups. The setup scheduling problem is investigated in the context of a multilevel hierarchy of discrete events with distinct frequencies. The higher level of the hierarchy calculates a target trajectory in the surplus/backlog space of the part types which must be tracked at the level of setups. We consider a feedback setup scheduling policy which usescorridors in the surplus/backlog space of the part types to determine the timing of the set-up changes in order to guide the trajectory in the desired direction. An interesting case in which the trajectory leads to a target point (e.g., a hedging point) is investigated in detail. It is shown that in this case the surplus/backlog trajectory at the setup level can lead to a limit cycle. Conditions for linear corridors which result in a stable limit cycle are determined.
Characterization of Some Fully Ordered Rings

In a fully ordered (f.o.) ring with identity, the set of all bounded elements as defined below might be an Archimedian subring. Most of the examples of f.o. rings constructed in literature having the bounded set as Archimedian subring are polynomial rings. For example I[x] , R[x] etc., where I is the ring of integers and R is the field of rationals, with lexicographic ordering. Now we ask whether a f.o. ring with identity, with the set of bounded elements as Archimedian subring can be a polynomial ring over an Archimedian subring. This is answered affirmatively in Theorem 1. It is proved in Theorem 3 that f.o. rings with identity and with every positive element a large element, belong to the above class. The problem then arises as to when the set of all bounded elements, called a weak Archimedian sub- ring in [2], becomes an Archimedian subring. This problem is completely solved in Theorem 2. The concept of weak Archimedian rings is found to be useful by the author in characterizing some f.o. rings as algebraic algebras in [3].
SALT DEPENDENCE OF BINDING OF Δ- and Λ-Ru(2, 2′-bypyridine)2ppz (+2) AND A CHIRAGEN ANALOG WITH CALF THYMUS DNA: UNPREDICTIBILITY OF ENANTIOSELECTIVE BINDING TO DNA

Abstract Fluorescence techniques have been used to measure binding constants with calf thymus DNA for both enantiomers of Ru(bpy)2ppz(+2) as well as a (+)-chiragen[6] complex of ruthenium(II) of Δ configuration, which has ppz as a third ligand. The configuration of the more strongly binding enantiomer of Ru(bpy)2ppz(+2) is unambiguously assigned as Λ (and not Δ as previously assumed), by comparison of the circular dichroism spectrum of the (+)-chiragen[6] complex of ruthenium(II) with ppz to the CD spectra of the bipyridine complexes. This assignment is also consistent with exciton theory of the circular dichroism spectra of such complexes. Binding constants for each enantiomer as well as the (+)-chiragen[6] complex are reported, and serve to quantitate the chiral discrimination of binding to DNA. Analysis of the sodium ion concentration dependence of the binding constants using polyelectrolyte theory indicates that the binding is largely electrostatic in nature. The non-electrostatic contribution (Kt°) a...
“Got COCA?” A new perspective in building electronic meeting systems

In a previous paper[11], we presented COCA (Collaborative Objects Coordination Architecture) as a generic framework for developing collaborative systems. COCA advocates separation of coordination policies from general-purpose computations in collaborative systems so that the former can be modeled in a high-level specification language. Reuse of both coordination policies and collaboration tools can be achieved.This paper overviews the COCA model and focuses on the application of COCA in building real-life systems. We prototyped a modest set of tools for electronic meeting systems (EMSs) to show how they can be used to support both unstructured and structured meetings, with only changes in the coordination policies and no changes to the tools themselves. A subset of Robert's Rules of Order[21] was formalized and specified as an example of control of formal structured meetings. Finally the current status and the future directions are summarized.
Translation of collision geometry fluctuations into momentum anisotropies in relativistic heavy-ion collisions

We develop a systematic framework for the study of the initial collision geometry fluctuations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions and investigate how they evolve through different stages of the fireball history and translate into final-particle momentum anisotropies. We find in our event-by-event analysis that only the few lowest momentum anisotropy parameters survive after the hydrodynamical evolution of the system. The geometry of the produced medium is found to be affected by the pre-equilibrium evolution of the medium and the thermal smearing of the discretized event-by-event initial conditions, both of which tend to smear out the spatial anisotropies. We find such effects to be more prominent for higher moments than for lower moments. The correlations between odd and even spatial anisotropy parameters during the pre-equilibrium expansion are quantitatively studied and found to be small. Our study provides a theoretical foundation for the understanding of initial-state fluctuations and the collective expansion dynamics in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.
Representation independence, confinement and access control [extended abstract]

Denotational semantics is given for a Java-like language with pointers, subclassing and dynamic dispatch, class oriented visibility control, recursive types and methods, and privilege-based access control. Representation independence (relational parametricity) is proved, using a semantic notion of confinement similar to ones for which static disciplines have been recently proposed.
Adenovirus/Herpes Simplex-Thymidine Kinase/Ganciclovir Complex: Preliminary Results of a Phase I trial in Patients with Recurrent Malignant Gliomas

The management of patients with glioblastoma remains challenging with an average survival of 32-56 weeks. We report on a clinical trial of patients with recurrent glioblastoma treated with adenovirus/herpex simplex-thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (ADV/HSV-tk/GC). Entry criteria for this study included: recurrent malignant glioma after surgical resection and conventional radiation therapy. At the time of recurrence, computerized volumetric resection of the tumor was performed and the ADV/HSV-tk complex was injected in the tumor bed. GC was administered 24 h after surgery (10 mg/kg/day) for 7 days. Patients were divided into 3 ADV/HSV-tk dose-escalating cohorts. Adenoviral vector shedding, and local or systemic toxicity did not occur in this study. Magnetic resonance imaging showed lack of increased brain edema in the treated patients. Histological examination of the 5 patients that had repeated surgery after gene therapy treatment showed lack of tissue toxicity. Additionally, PCR for HSV-tk was negative in the brain 3 months after injection. The patients' Karnofsky score was maintained > or = 70 in 8/10 patients (80%) and 5/9 patients (55%) 3 and 6 months respectively, after gene therapy. Ten of 11 patients survived > or = 52 weeks from diagnosis with an average survival of 112.3 weeks. One patient is still alive 248 weeks from diagnosis. These data show that the ADV/HSV-tk/GC complex at the dose used in this study is safe. Additional dose escalation is currently in progress.
Invariant Cross-Section for the Inclusive Reaction p + p ---> p + x at 205-GeV/c

Inclusive proton production in $pp$ interactions at 205 GeV/c is studied using the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) 30-in. bubble chamber. The invariant cross section is presented in terms of several kinematic variables and compared with similar data obtained from counter experiments at Fermilab and at the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR). An important feature of this experiment is that it provides data for much wider ranges of the four-momentum transfer than have been attained in the counter experiments. It also gives full information on the associated charged-particle multiplicity of every event, thus permitting a detailed investigation of how various kinematic quantities depend on this parameter.
The analysis of DC-DC converter topologies based on stackable voltage elements

In this paper, a method for generating non-isolated dc/dc converter topologies is summarized. This method utilizes the stackable voltage stiff elements in a dc/dc converter and arranges them to create new usable voltage levels. By defining the input and output for different voltage stiff elements, a comprehensive set of converters can be created. The canonical first order switching cell, along with a proposed third order switching cell, are used to help analyze the first and third order converter topologies. Detailed analysis is provided using the two switching cells. Finally, transformer-less multiple-inputs converters are also analyzed using both the two switching cells and the stackable voltage element concept.
Collicrinus excavatus (Hall, 1861), generic affinity for a Lower Mississippian crinoid (Phylum Echinodermata)

Abstract Platycrinites was long a “catch-all” genus that was loosely defined in North America. Ausich and Kammer (2009) rectified the inconsistencies of generic diagnoses to define the Platycrinitidae better; however, due to preservation, many species were not known from specimens with sufficient characters to be placed confidently into a genus and, thus, were designated Platycrinites sensu lato. Collicrinus excavates (n. comb.) was one such species. A specimen with a complete theca and partial arms preserved was discovered in southwestern Missouri in the Burlington–Keokuk Limestone. With the discovery of this specimen, C. excavatus has been fully described and placed in the correct genus. Further, the associated fauna of new C. excavatus specimens, reported here, helps to evaluate the stratigraphic position of this species, which is now considered to be only from Burlington Pelmatozoan Association I and II, roughly equivalent to the Dolbee Creek and Haight Creek Members of the Burlington Limestone.
Enhancement of noradrenergic neurotransmission in the nucleus of the solitary tract modulates memory storage processes

Abstract These studies examined whether posttraining activation of α1-noradrenergic receptors in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) influences neural processes that are involved in encoding information into memory. Different groups of male Sprague–Dawley rats were trained in two separate learning tasks. In experiment 1, rats were given either a control solution or the α1-noradrenergic agonist phenylephrine (0.5, 1.0, 5.0, or 10 μg/0.5 μl) directly into the NTS immediately after they were given a footshock (0.35 mA, 0.5 s) in the dark compartment of an inhibitory apparatus. In a retention test given 48 h later, groups that received either 5.0 or 10.0 μg of phenylephrine avoided the dark compartment for a significantly longer period of time than the PBS control group (P
Relationships Between Use of the Strategy of Monitoring and the Cognitive Style

This study addresses the question of whether observed differences in the use of the strategy of monitoring (as defined by Krashen) is related to four rather stable cognitive styles. Subjects were 40 Spanish-speaking adults in a university ESL program. Each subject's use of monitoring was assessed by comparing the degree of correctness s/he demonstrated with respect to one morpheme, third-person-singular s, in elicited speech, taken to represent his/her acquired knowledge of the morpheme, and on three writing tasks—fill-in-the-blank, proofreading, and composition—taken to represent acquired knowledge modified by conscious application of the third-person-singular rule. It was hypothesized that the most monitoring would occur on the fill-in-the-blank test, and the least on the composition. The cognitive styles hypothesized to be related to monitor use were field independence, reflection, flexible control, and preference for processing information by written word.No significant differences in the amount of monitoring on the three written tasks were noted. Field independence was positively related to the amount of monitoring on all written tasks, and reflection weakly but positively related to the amount of monitoring on the proofreading task. Implications for further research are discussed.
Effects of Competence and Deviance on Person Perception

Summary.-In this study, the hypothesis that competent individuals would be evaluated less negatively than incompetent individuals when they behaved deviantly was tested. 192 college students rated brief descriptions of individuals who were either competent or incompecent and either normal or deviant. In general, deviance was more strongly related to subjects' ratings than was competence. Interactions of competence and deviance occurred rarely. The Iiterature on person perception contains many examples of pervasive halo effects based on a single positively valued personal characteristic. Not only may many other positive characteristics be inferred (Dion, Bersheid, 8: Walster, 1972; Miller, 1970), but behavior or characteristics usually evaluated negatively may be ignored or minimized. For example, high levels of physical attractiveness have been associated with a lessened likelihood that deviant behavior will be viewed as psychopathological (Jones, Hansson, & Phillips, 1978) or as indicative of an "enduring disposition toward antisocial behavior" (Dion, 1972). Perceived competence has effects similar to those of physical attractiveness. Competent people have been rated more interpersonally attractive than "mediocre" persons, and have been seen as even more attractive when they commit a "humanizing" blunder (Aronson, Willerman, & Floyd, 1966; Helrnreich, Aronson, & LeFan, 1970). More recently, effects of perceived competence of women have been investigated. Despite complex interactions with other variables, competent female stimulus persons have been consistently preferred over those described as incompetent (Spence, Helmreich, & Stapp, 1975a; Spence & Helmreich, 1972). Indeed, Spence and Helmreich noted a halo effect for competence, whereby a woman portraying a competent person was rated as more physically attractive than when she portrayed an incompetent person.
Repurposing My Professional Practice: Learning from my students over time and place

This article, written in narrative form, represents a data-based analysis of what I have learned about myself as a teacher of prospective teachers and as a teacher education researcher from Fall 2000 through Fall 2008 at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The data for this analysis consist of three related data sets: notes on 13 people who graduated from an English teacher preparation program in Spring 2002, notes on the research team that collected data on the graduates and who participated in the early stages of analysis, and notes on my current teaching. I argue that it is impossible and undesirable to segment my professional practice into discrete components. I also argue that is simplistic and unrealistic to locate students' learning in one event or one factor. A longitudinal, qualitative design has provided me with insight into the development of my former students' practices and career paths and also into the challenges and complexities of maintaining connections through the medium of ...
Principles and signal processing techniques of the high-resolution electrocardiogram.

T HIS ARTICLE presents an overview of the signal processing methods used to estimate and subsequently analyze late potentials in the high-resolution electrocardiogram (ECG). The high-resolution ECG is universally acquired using signal averaging techniques. The goal in acquisition is to improve the signal-tonoise ratio of the ECG: Resolution of signals on the order of 0.5 uV is required to detect late potentials accurately. The essential elements of signal averaging include computerized data acquisition, QRS detection and alignment, averaging, and noise measurement, and each is discussed in detail. Analysis of the signal average in the time domain is presented with discussions of filtering, vector magnitude transformation, and measurement techniques. Frequency domain analysis is introduced, with a discussion of spectral analysis techniques. Application to the high-resolution ECG is presented. Arguments for time-varying spectral representations and advanced time-frequency distributions are then considered. A summary of applications of other signal processing techniques to the high-resolution ECG follows. Several classes of Wiener filtering methods that have the potential to improve the signal-to-noise ratio significantly, compared with conventional signal averaging, are introduced. The review concludes with a description of techniques of high-resolution ECG analysis from Holter recordings and possible time-varying late potential activity.
Analysis of the longitudinal collective behavior in a 50 GeV × 50 GeV muon collider ring

Simulations of the longitudinal instability in the $50\mathrm{GeV}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}50\mathrm{GeV}$ muon collider ring have been performed. Operation of the ring close to the slippage factor ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{1}\ensuremath{\simeq}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$, such that synchrotron motion is frozen, minimizes the need for rf to maintain the bunch length. However, there is still an energy spread due to the bunch wake. For design parameters of the ring, this induced energy is too large and must be controlled. This paper demonstrates that the bunch wake may be compensated for by two rf cavities with low rf voltages. These studies were made at the nominal design point, and sensitivities to errors were explored. It is seen that the small energy spread of the beam ($\ensuremath{\delta}E/E=3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$) in the $50\mathrm{GeV}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}50\mathrm{GeV}$ muon collider ring can be maintained during the 1000 turn lifetime of the muons. Controlled beam dynamics requires proper choice of rf parameters (rf voltage, rf frequency, and phase offset) for two cavities; these parameters depend on the ring design through the impedance, beam pipe radius, and momentum compaction. The simulation also shows that the computation of wake field using bins of variable width (each with a constant number of macroparticles in each bin) gives an accurate wake and also yields reduced computing time compared to an evaluation of the wake as the direct sum over the wakes of all preceding macroparticles.
Physical and Biological Aspects of Gas-Bubble Disease in Impounded Adult Chinook Salmon at McNary Spawning Channel

(1964). Physical and Biological Aspects of Gas-Bubble Disease in Impounded Adult Chinook Salmon at McNary Spawning Channel. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society: Vol. 93, No. 3, pp. 306-309.
Modulation of visual inputs to accessory optic system by theophylline during hypoxia

Neural tissues from fresh water turtles have been electrophysiologically studied in vitro due to their significant resistance to hypoxia. Such neurons have resting membrane potentials that are similar to intact animals and receive similar synaptic inputs evoked by sensory stimuli. One mechanism to reduce the brain's metabolic requirement in the absence of oxygenated blood flow was investigated by blocking adenosine receptors before and during hypoxia. Extracellular and whole-cell patch recordings were made from the basal optic nucleus, whose neurons respond to visual stimuli in vitro. While the addition of the adenosine antagonist theophylline to oxygenated superfusate had minimal effect on the neural activity, theophylline in superfusate bubbled with nitrogen strongly increased activity compared to either oxygenated theophylline or control superfusate bubbled with nitrogen. The increase in spontaneous activity was due to increases to both amplitude and frequency of excitatory synaptic events. Even during these increases, the neurons continued to exhibit their direction-sensitive responses. These results indicate that adenosine may play a role in protecting the viability of the brainstem during hypoxia without reducing visually mediated brainstem reflex control.
Ursolic acid protects monocytes against metabolic stress-induced priming and dysfunction by preventing the induction of Nox4

Aims Dietary supplementation with ursolic acid (UA) prevents monocyte dysfunction in diabetic mice and protects mice against atherosclerosis and loss of renal function. The goal of this study was to determine the molecular mechanism by which UA prevents monocyte dysfunction induced by metabolic stress.
Nonlinear viscoelastic analysis of composite plates and shells

Abstract A finite element analysis is developed for treating nonlinear viscoelastic response of laminated composites. The analysis uses an eight-node layered shell element. The transient creep compliance in the viscoelastic model is represented as an exponential series plus a steady-flow term. This allows for a simplification of the numerical procedure for handling hereditary effects. Calculations are performed to study the time-dependent redistribution of stress in a flat plate under uniform pressure, a spherical cap under a point load, and a cylindrical shell pinched between two concentrated forces.
Neural network interactions and ingestive behavior control during anorexia

Many models have been proposed over the years to explain how motivated feeding behavior is controlled. One of the most compelling is based on the original concepts of Eliot Stellar whereby sets of interosensory and exterosensory inputs converge on a hypothalamic control network that can either stimulate or inhibit feeding. These inputs arise from information originating in the blood, the viscera, and the telencephalon. In this manner the relative strengths of the hypothalamic stimulatory and inhibitory networks at a particular time dictates how an animal feeds. Anorexia occurs when the balance within the networks consistently favors the restraint of feeding. This article discusses experimental evidence supporting a model whereby the increases in plasma osmolality that result from drinking hypertonic saline activate pathways projecting to neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). These neurons constitute the hypothalamic controller for ingestive behavior, and receive a set of afferent inputs from regions of the brain that process sensory information that is critical for different aspects of feeding. Important sets of inputs arise in the arcuate nucleus, the hindbrain, and in the telencephalon. Anorexia is generated in dehydrated animals by way of osmosensitive projections to the behavior control neurons in the PVH and LHA, rather than by actions on their afferent inputs.
Abstract SY16-01: Transcriptional regulation and epigenetics in zebrafish cancer.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Melanoma is a devastating disease for which few therapies lead to long term remission after metastasis has occurred. We have been using the zebrafish to model melanoma. A transgenic fish carrying human V600E BRAF mutation in combination with p53 mutation leads to a rapid melanoma model in the zebrafish. Using a transposon based approach, we have been able to overexpress particular potential oncogenes to look for acceleration of the melanoma. One such oncogene (SETDB1) is amplified in 30% of human melanomas and accelerates tumor rate in the zebrafish. Using a library of chromatin factors that are full length, we have been able to overexpress over 80 factors and found several new factors that activate and induce more melanoma. This approach has led to a fundamentally new insight into melanoma and epigenetic regulation. We also have found a chemical (leflunomide) that lowers nucleotide levels and induces a transcriptional pause of neural crest genes. Leflunomide and a BRAF inhibitor is now in clinical trial for patients with metastatic melanoma. To understand the mechanism of action, we have focused on PTEFb that is a kinase that regulates the elongation step in transcription. We found that the HEXIM complex is able to sequester PTEFb into an inactive state. HEXIM is a new tumor suppressor gene for melanoma. Our studies have led to a better understanding of transcription in melanoma and have developed a novel therapeutic that is being tested in the clinic. Citation Format: Leonard I. Zon. Transcriptional regulation and epigenetics in zebrafish cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr SY16-01. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-SY16-01
The increasing role of quantification in clinical nuclear cardiology: The Emory approach

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging has attained widespread clinical acceptance as a standard of care for patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. A significant contribution to this success has been the use of computer techniques to provide objective quantitative assessment in interpreting these studies. We have implemented the Emory Cardiac Toolbox (ECTb) as a pipeline to distribute the software tools that we and others have researched, developed, and validated to be clinically useful so that diagnosticians everywhere can benefit from our work. Our experience has demonstrated that integration of all software tools in a common platform is the optimal approach to promote both accuracy and efficiency. Important attributes of the ECTb approach are (1) our extensive number of normal perfusion databases for SPECT and positron emission tomography (PET) studies, each created with at least 150 patients; (2) our use of Fourier analysis of regional thickening to ensure proper temporal resolution and to allow accurate measurement of left ventricular function and dyssynchrony; (3) our development of PET tools to quantify myocardial hibernation and viability; (4) our development of 3-dimensional displays and the use of these displays as a platform for image fusion of perfusion and computed tomography angiography; and (5) the use of expert systems for decision support. ECTb is an important tool for extracting quantitative parameters from all types of cardiac radionuclide distributions. ECTb should continue to play an important role in establishing cardiac SPECT and PET for flow, function, metabolism, and innervation clinical applications.
Design of the fiber optic distributed acoustic sensor based on Michelson interferometer and its location application

A multiplexing method for a fiber optic acoustic sensor is proposed by arranging the working point of Michelson interferometer to improve the temporal resolution of reading the distributed sensor. The slope difference of two series sensors is extracted electrically and is employed to bias the working point. This characteristic is used to separate each sensor from one single data stream by the time difference it takes the acoustic signal to arrive at two sensors. Location application with the verification of the commercial piezoelectric transducer (PZT) proves its efficiency. The stress location is resolved to 5.6 cm at the 54-cm region in one channel.
Barriers to breastfeeding during the neonatal period

Abstract The World Health Organization (2011) reports that nearly 40% of all deaths of children five years of age and younger occurred during the neonatal period. Furthermore, among the 3.1 million deaths that occurred among neonates in 2008, about a third was related to infections. This is disconcerting because many infections that occur in the neonate are preventable. A well-known prevention strategy to fight infection in the newborn is breastfeeding. The advantages of breastfeeding have been well-documented with respect to the immunological benefits (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2005; Horta et al., 2007). Thus, the Healthy People 2020 initiative aims to increase the proportion of mothers who breastfeed their infants to 82% (United States Department of Health and Human Resources, 2011). However, although the benefit of breastfeeding to decrease infection and infant mortality are clear, there are numerous challenges and barriers to breastfeeding that impede this natural feeding behavior. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [ACOG] (2007) strongly encourage all health professionals caring for breastfeeding women to use their knowledge and skills to encourage and support women to breastfeed. With more than 3 million members, nurses play a critical role in this process. Comprising the largest segment of the healthcare workforce (Institute of Medicine [IOM], 2010), nurses have been reported to have substantial influence on new mothers, both on their decision to breastfeed and on their continuance during the postpartum period (Wambach et al., 2005). Accordingly, breastfeeding initiation must be aggressively targeted by the many nurses that provide care during the neonatal period to improve the health of newborns. Research has shown breastfeeding can reduce infant mortality and mortality by 21% in infants who were exclusively breastfed for 6 months (Chen and Rogan, 2004). However, there are multiple barriers that influence the ability of a mother to successfully breastfeed. These barriers can be multifaceted and can arise from the very providers that care for them. Adequate knowledge of these barriers can improve breastfeeding during the neonatal period and in turn decrease infections, morbidity, and mortality. Therefore, this article will address challenges and barriers to exclusive breastfeeding during the neonatal period and provide strategies to overcome these barriers during the first four weeks of a newborn's life.
Molecular cloning of mouse ERK5/BMK1 splice variants and characterization of ERK5 functional domains.

The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play important roles in regulation of cell growth and survival. Human MAPK 5 (ERK5) or Big MAP kinase 1 (BMK1) is a recently cloned member of the MAPK family. To identify ERK5-related kinases, we searched the GenBank™ expressed sequence tag (EST) data base for mouse cDNAs with homology to human ERK5. A full-length mouse cDNA that was highly homologous to the human ERK5 was identified. Further analysis of ERK5 polymerase chain reaction products generated from mouse embryo cDNA yielded three mouse ERK5 cDNAs (mERK5a, mERK5b, and mERK5c). Sequence analysis showed that these cDNAs are alternative splice products of the mouse ERK5 gene. Interestingly, expressed mERK5b and mERK5c act as dominant negative inhibitors based on inhibition of mERK5a kinase activity and mERK5a-mediated MEF2C transactivation. However, the physiological significance of mERK5b and mERK5c is not fully understood. Further investigation using these mouse ERK5 splice variants and other constructed mutants identified functional roles of several regions of mERK5, which appear to be important for protein-protein interaction and intracellular localization. Specifically, we found that the long C-terminal tail, which contains a putative nuclear localization signal, is not required for activation and kinase activity but is responsible for the activation of nuclear transcription factor MEF2C due to nuclear targeting. In addition, the N-terminal domain spanning amino acids (aa) 1–77 is important for cytoplasmic targeting; the domain from aa 78 to 139 is required for association with the upstream kinase MEK5; and the domain from aa 140–406 is necessary for oligomerization. Taken together, these observations indicate that ERK5 is regulated by distinct mechanisms determined by its unique structure and presumably the presence of multiple splice variants.
Investigation of 41K by proton-induced reactions on 40Ar

Abstract Yield curves for 40 Ar(p, p 0 ), (p, p 1 ), (p, p 2 ), (p, p 3 ) and (p, α 0 ) reactions were obtained from 3.5 to 6.0 MeV, incident proton energy. Strong excitations suggesting the formation of analogue states were found, especially in the (p, p 2 ) reaction. Spins for some of the 41 K states were assigned from angular distribution analyses. Ericson's fluctuation theory was used to analyse the alpha data and yielded 3.9±0.9 keV for the mean width of states of 41 K in the 12.3 to 13.5 MeV excitation energy interval.
Glycemic variation and hypoglycemia in patients with well-controlled type 1 diabetes on a multiple daily insulin injection program with use of glargine and ultralente as basal insulin

OBJECTIVE To evaluate glycemic variation and hypoglycemia in patients with well-controlled type 1 diabetes receiving multiple daily insulin injections during glargine and Ultralente use as basal insulin in a clinical trial. METHODS Twenty-two patients (12 men and 10 women; median age, 43 years), with a hemoglobin A1c level <7.8%, were randomized in a crossover design to receive either insulin glargine or Ultralente insulin as basal insulin for 4 months each, with insulin aspart as prandial insulin. Continuous glucose monitoring and the Fear of Hypoglycemia questionnaire were used at baseline and at the end of each treatment period. RESULTS Whereas the mean amplitude of glycemic excursions showed a correlation with the area under the curve of blood glucose <3.89 mmol/L per day, the number of periods during the day with hypoglycemia was significantly correlated with the M value. Measures of glycemic variation did not differ significantly between glargine and Ultralente treatment. With use of glargine therapy, the SD of blood glucose levels showed a tendency to be lower and the SD of nocturnal blood glucose concentrations was significantly lower. Glucose concentrations were significantly lower during the 1 hour before and the 3 hours after lunch with use of Ultralente. The "Worry" scale on the Fear of Hypoglycemia questionnaire was less during Ultralente therapy and correlated with the number of times blood glucose concentrations were <3.89 mmol/L daily. CONCLUSION Measures of glycemic variability and hypoglycemia need to be studied more in clinical trials of glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes. Glycemic variability is less, particularly at night, with glargine as basal insulin.
Emotion, Rationality, and Everyday Life in the Sociology of Emile Durkheim

Durkheim's emphasis on the role of emotion in social life has been influential in the development of the sociology of emotions. Others have analyzed Durkheim's distinctly social conception of reason and rationality. However, the interconnections between “emotion” and “reason” in his thinking have seldom been directly and systematically addressed. These interconnections deserve further explication and development, particularly as they apply to the level of language and action—i.e., “practical reason”—in everyday life. Seeing the collective emotional basis of “social facts,” in general, and “logic,” “reason,” and the basic “categories of the understanding,” in particular, opens up new applications for Durkheim's broader theoretical framework.