cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of Cr~(3+) and Cr~(6+) in Cosmetics and Hygienical Food by Ion Chromatography with Post-column Derivatization

A method was developed for the determination of Cr3+ and Cr6+ in cosmetics and hygienical food by ion chromatography using post-column derivatization with spectrophotometric detection.The sample was pretreated respectively with acetic acid to extract the Cr3+ and sodium hydroxide to extract the Cr6+ followed by complexing with pyridine dicarboxylic acid(PDCA) to form Cr3+-PDCA and Cr6+-PDCA,respectively.Using diphenylcarbohydrazide(PDC) as the post-column derivative reagent,the absorbances of Cr3+-PDC and the Cr6+-PDC formed were detected at 520 nm,respectively.Under optimized derivative conditions,the detection limits(3σ)for Cr3+ and Cr6+ were 0.12 and 0.011 mg/kg,respectively.The relative standard deviatations(RSD)for Cr3+ and Cr6+ were 1.1% and 1.3%(n=8),respectively,and the average recoveries were in the range of 89%-108%.The determinations were not interfered by the coexistent cations,namely Fe2+,Fe3+,Pb2+,Cu2+,Al3+,Zn2+,Hg2+and the organic matter.
The gram-positive cocci: I. Streptococci.

The staphylococci and streptococci remain among the most common and the most challenging of clinical pathogens. The first in this three—article series focuses on the classification of streptococci—including S. pneumoniae and the enterococci—and thus on the approaches to and significance of etiologie diagnosis. Related clinical patterns are also reviewed and analyzed.
Influence of Energy and Protein Supplementation on Growth Rate, Empty Body Composition and Ruminal and Blood Metabolites of Goat Kids Fed Hay Diets1

A comparative slaughter experiment was conducted with 28 Spanish kids (BW = 20.6 kg) fed a hay-based diet to determine the effects of supplemental energy and protein on growth rate, body composition, and ruminal and blood metabolites. After 84 d, kids were harvested, digesta contents removed and empty body weighed and ground. Samples were freeze-dried and analyzed for DM, CP, ether extract, ash, and gross energy. All kids had increased BW gains. However, unsupplemented kids lost empty BW and weight of all body components except ash. Kids supplemented with energy or protein increased (P<0.05) empty BW, body water, protein, fat, ash, and gross energy when compared with unsupplemented kids. The percentages of body water and ash decreased (P<0.05) when supplemental energy or protein was fed. The percentage of body protein was reduced (P<0.05) by supplemental energy and unaffected (P=0.81) by supplemental protein. Supplemental energy reduced (P<0.05) ruminal acetate and increased (P<0.05) propionate and butyrate. Supplemental protein increased (P<0.05) concentrations of ruminal ammonia N, plasma urea N, and all ruminal volatile fatty acids. Regression equations suggest that intake of 144 kcal of ME and 6.0 g of CP per kilogram of empty BW0.75 are necessary to maintain empty BW.
Plath’s Poems about Women

Even while the reader can find in Hughes’s lists some themes that would feed into Plath’s poetry, the discrepancy between those collective lists and the poems she began writing, and continued to write, starting in 1959 is noticeable. Whereas most of Hughes’s ideas for subject matter were historically or geographically based, with a strong component of trees, animals, and natural scenes, many of the poems Plath wrote during these years were about women — women either achieving or non-achieving, and particularly women either fertile or barren. Working directly from Frazer’s premise in The Golden Bough that pregnant women bespeak fertility, she crafted poems that glowed with positive imagery about both pregnancy and about babies. And working just as directly from the polar opposite concept in the same source, that a barren wife “infects” her husband’s garden with her own sterility, she wrote repeatedly about barren women who were unfruitful by their own doing: a woman who had had abortions became, for Plath, the Other. (Nothing is simple here: we have Plath’s comment in her college journal that “I do not want primarily to be a mother,”1 and biographer Paul Alexander contends that Plath had aborted their first child, a few months after her marriage to Hughes.)2
Abstract 849: Improved geometric deconvolution of bulk tumor genomic data

We develop new methods for improved computational deconvolution of clonal populations from heterogeneous bulk genomic data. Deconvolution methods have become an important tool in resolving intratumor heterogeneity from bulk tumor genomic data, but prevailing methods are still able only to resolve only coarse-grained approximations of true clonal substructure. We seek to improve a genomic deconvolution strategy called “simplicial complex inference” that is designed to take advantage of similarity between the clonal subpopulations of single tumors or tumor regions to better infer portraits of those clonal subpopulations and their distribution across tumor samples. We evaluate the method through application to DNA copy-number (CN) data from a 472-tumor ovarian cancer (OV) panel and a 408-tumor lung squamous small cell carcinoma (LUSC) panel from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We deconvolved the OV data into a mixture of six clonal models, two per data sample, each interpreted as a consensus copy number profile of one recurring progression stage found in a subset of OV samples. We analyzed the resulting models for enrichment of labels derived from RNASeq-based subtyping (Verhaak et al., 2013), revealing significant correspondence by chi-squared test between tumor subclusters identified by the deconvolution and OV subtypes (p = 0.0168). We further analyzed the clonal models to identify regions of significant amplification or loss, which we tested for enrichment of gene ontology (GO) terms and pathway terms through the DAVID toolkit. Ontological analysis showed significant enrichment for GO terms connected to genetic regulation and proliferation including “DNA binding,” “DNA packing,” and “protein-DNA complex” (p Citation Format: Theodore Roman, Lu Xie, Russell Schwartz. Improved geometric deconvolution of bulk tumor genomic data. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 849.
120 Smart phone app to promote correct car seat use: results from a randomised controlled trial

Background Child safety seats are known to reduce the risk of death from motor vehicle crashes by between 50%–80%. CSS use among younger children is common, use for older children is low, and CSS misuse is widespread. We developed a smart phone app to promote correct CSS use among children younger than 8 years old and tested it with parents of children who presented in one urban and one rural paediatric emergency department in 2 US states. Methods Research staff helped enrolled parents download the Safety in Seconds app to their smart phone. Parents completed a series of assessment items about their CSS knowledge and beliefs. Intervention group parents reported in more detail about their CSS beliefs and practices with all age-eligible children while control parents answered a similar number of items about another safety topic. Both groups received an electronic report from the app in real time that offered recommendations for improving their health behaviour of interest. All parents received periodic text messages and completed follow up reports through the app at 3 and 6 months. Study enrollment is expected to end in January 2016 and follow ups by July 2016. Results To date, 761 parents completed baseline surveys (32% rural; 68% urban). Study parents, on average, are black (65.6%), employed (65.8%), with more than a high school education (60.0%), with no differences between study groups. Index child is 5.2 years old. At 6 month follow up, more intervention group parents had gotten their child’s safety seat inspected by a car seat technician (34% vs 24%) and properly identified that children should ride in the back seat of the car until at least age 13 (35% vs 27%). Additional CSS knowledge, beliefs and practices will be explored when the final data set is ready. Conclusions Child passenger safety remains an important public health problem. Programs are needed to correct widespread misuse and to promote CSS use among older children.
Housing price effects of growth regulations: a concise taxonomy

Growth regulations seek to influence urban development in ways that would reduce sprawl, pollution and environmental degradation. Prior to the Great Recession, such regulations were increasing in popularity in the USA. In fact, in a 10-year period before this recession, over 100 cities, counties, and states adopted growth regulations. After a brief hiatus during the Great Recession, interest in growth regulations in the USA is on the rise again. International interest in growth regulations is also increasing. In this paper, I review theoretical and empirical evidence on the effects of growth regulations on housing prices, and use it to develop a taxonomy of these effects. Given the long enduring debate about the housing price and affordability effects of growth policies, and the scarcity of rigorous research to inform it, more work in this area is warranted. Future researchers can learn from the pitfalls of past research. Using this taxonomy as a guide future researchers can construct more accurate accoun...
Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide-Releasing Compounds on Aqueous Humor Outflow Facility in Porcine Ocular Anterior Segments, Ex Vivo

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the pharmacological actions of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-releasing compounds l-cysteine and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) on aqueous humor (AH) outflow facility in porcine ocular anterior segment. Methods: Porcine ocular anterior segments were perfused with Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium at a constant pressure of 7.35 mmHg. After stable outflow baseline, explants were exposed to NaHS or l-cysteine. The increase in outflow generated by the H2S-releasing compounds was measured in the absence and presence of inhibitor of H2S biosynthesis (aminooxyacetic acid; AOAA), blocker of KATP channels (glibenclamide), and inhibitor of adenylyl cyclase (SQ 22536). Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to assess trabecular meshwork (TM) morphology. Results: l-cysteine elicited a concentration-dependent increase in AH outflow facility, reaching maximal effect at 100 nM (150.6% ± 17.2% of basal level). This increase in outflow induced by l-cysteine was significantly (P < 0.001) antago...
Spherical spacelike geometries in static spherically symmetric spacetimes: Generalized Painlevè–Gullstrand coordinates, foliation, and embedding

Abstract It is well known that static spherically symmetric spacetimes can admit foliations by flat spacelike hypersurfaces, which are best described in terms of the Painleve–Gullstrand coordinates. The uniqueness and existence of such foliations were addressed earlier. In this paper, we prove, purely geometrically, that any possible foliation of a static spherically symmetric spacetime by an arbitrary codimension-one spherical spacelike geometry, up to time translation and rotation, is unique, and we find the algebraic condition under which it exists. This leads us to what can be considered as the most natural generalization of the Painleve–Gullstrand coordinate system for static spherically symmetric metrics, which, in turn, makes it easy to derive generic conclusions on foliation and to study specific cases as well as to easily reproduce previously obtained generalizations as special cases. In particular, we note that the existence of foliation by flat hypersurfaces guarantees the existence of foliation by hypersurfaces whose Ricci curvature tensor is everywhere non-positive (constant negative curvature is a special case). The study of uniqueness and the existence concurrently solves the question of embeddability of a spherical spacelike geometry in one-dimensional higher static spherically symmetric spacetimes, and this produces known and new results geometrically, without having to go through the momentum and Hamiltonian constraints.
Geriatric Trauma and Injury Prevention

In the United States, trauma is the leading cause of death for children and adults less than 45 years of age. However, trauma does not only affect the young. Elderly or “geriatric” trauma, defined as injuries to individuals aged 65 years or above, accounts for a significant number of traumatic incidents, deaths, and expenditure of dollars resulting in an immense burden on the health-care system. Trauma in the elderly differs from trauma in younger adults in its incidence, presentation, management, and outcome. In this chapter we discuss the unique challenges and successes of injury prevention in the geriatric trauma patient.
CaPaR: A Career Path Recommendation Framework

In today's world, recommendation systems are used to solve the problem of information overload in many areas allowing users to focus on important information based on their interests. One of the areas where such systems can play a major role is in helping students achieve their career goals by generating personalized job and skill recommendations. At present, there are many job posting websites providing a huge amount of information and students need to spend hours to find jobs that match their interests. At the same time, existing job recommendation systems only consider the user's field of interest, but do not take into consideration the user's profile and skills, which can generate more relevant career recommendations for users. In this work, we propose CaPaR, a Career Path Recommendation framework, which addresses such shortcomings. Using text mining and collaborative filtering techniques the system first scans the user's profile and resume, identifies the key skills of the candidate and generates personalized job recommendations. Moreover, the system recommends additional skills to students required for related job openings, as well as learning resources for each skill. In this way, the system not only allows its users to explore large amounts of information, but also expand their portfolio and resume to be able to advance their careers further. We experiment and evaluate the various recommendation algorithms with real-world data collected from the San Jose State University career center web site.
Simultaneous Finite Settling Time Stabilization: Some New Results

Abstract A special case of the simultaneous stabilization problem, namely the stabilization in Finite Settling Time (FST) sense of a family of discrete-time plants by a single compensator is examined in this paper. Necessary and/or sufficient solvability conditions for the general MIMO case are given and testable conditions for the case of vector plants are derived. Finally, the problem of simultaneous FST stabilization and tracking is considered for the case of vector plants.
Granulomatous Lesions in Bone Marrow

A survey has been made of granulomatous lesions found in sections of bone marrow from 150 patients studied at the Mayo Clinic. These lesions have been found in a variety of disorders, some with known etiologic agents and others with unknown causes. With the exception of tuberculosis, histoplasmosis and brucellosis, in which the causative organisms were seen and identified bacteriologically, the granulomatous lesions were not thought to have any distinctive histopathologic characteristics. Prominent lesions, Langhans’ giant cells and necrosis were more common in the marrow of patients with disorders known to be associated with a granulomatous inflammatory process than they were in associations with other conditions.
A perfect storm: Understanding hemostasis, coagulation and inflammation with artificial material

Abstract Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices have revolutionized the treatment of acute and chronic heart failure in both the pediatric and adult communities over the past decades, but they are not without complications. The presence of a foreign body, especially within the vasculature, evokes a response by the body to try to rid itself of the invader via myriad mechanisms that include the coagulation system, the innate immune system and even the adaptive immune system. While these responses have allowed us (and other species) to survive to this day, they pose a particular challenge to the safe and effective use of implantable device technologies. There have been many clinical reports of thrombosis and inflammation associated with MCS devices; the discussion below centers on the physiologic and pathophysiologic mechanisms that are the underpinnings of these phenomena.
Long-Term Complications of Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Early Stage Breast Cancer

The benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy for early stage breast cancer must be considered in light of the potential risks and anticipated side effects. When considering a course of adjuvant chemotherapy for a patient, one should not only consider acute side effects of treatment, but should understand the long-term risks of therapy. Sustained or long-term effects of adjuvant chemotherapy usually have either a late onset or a sustained impact--often lasting for many years. In the case of some of the rare long-term complications, many years may elapse before any symptoms develop. This review details sustained and long-term complications of adjuvant chemotherapy including information about risk factors, etiology, and incidence rates for specific complications. Interventions to ameliorate long-term complications are also addressed.
Atypical Meningioma: Distinguishing Features and Role of Adjuvant Radiation

Meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumor in adults. Ninety percent of meningiomas are benign tumors, for which gross-total resection can achieve very low recurrence rates, with radiation therapy or radiosurgery reserved for recurrences or residual tumor that grows during serial imaging. At the other end of the spectrum, malignant meningiomas, although representing just 1% of meningiomas, have long been recognized to exhibit aggressive behavior that ultimately proves fatal regardless of extent of resection or whether adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy are utilized. Over the past two decades, there has been pathological recognition of a third type of meningioma known as “atypical,” with borderline histologic and clinical features between benign and malignant meningioma. Here, we review the histopathology, treatment, and long-term prognosis of atypical meningiomas. In particular, we review studies investigating the impact of radiation therapy and radiosurgery on the long-term recurrence rate of completely and incompletely resected atypical meningiomas.
Incremental Stiffness Method for Finite Element Analysis of the Nonlinear Dynamic Problem

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a general purpose finite-element program that could be built for analyzing nonlinear dynamic problems. The tangent modulus approach corresponds to the incremental method adopted for nonlinear geometry and therefore is the most convenient and direct manner of accounting for both the geometric and material nonlinearities. The paucity of nonlinear dynamic results contrasts with the large number of results obtained using the finite-difference approach together with numerical integration in time. The drawback with the preceding methods is that they result in special purpose solutions restricted to certain geometric shapes divided into a regular grid pattern, whereas the finite-element approach allows irregular structural shapes and grids. Approximate techniques for solving dynamic problems, which include large plastic deformations, have been developed. The selection of an integration scheme for the solution of the incremental equations in the time domain is critical with respect to computational efficiency.
Changes to sleep-wake behaviors are associated with trajectories of pubertal timing and tempo of secondary sex characteristics

Abstract We examined relations between sleep-wake behaviors and pubertal development from age 8.5 through 15.5 years in a US-based sample of 488 boys (75% White) and 478 girls (78% White). Applying conditional nonlinear growth models to 7-waves of longitudinal data, we examined how sleep-wake behaviors are related to individual differences in the developmental timing and tempo of secondary sex characteristics. For girls, results supported the hypothesis that circadian changes in bedtimes, wake times, sleep duration, and eveningness preference were uniquely related to development of discrete aspects of secondary sex characteristics. For boys, the hypothesis was generally not supported. Different endocrine systems related to discrete secondary sex characteristics may be responsible for more relations between sleep and pubic hair development than for breast or genital development. Further research into associations between adrenarche and sleep during puberty may help researchers understand more about the origins and timing of adolescent sleep changes.
The role of racial/ethnic factors in global clinical trials.

In order to facilitate the approval of emerging cardiovascular disease (CVD) therapies, governmental and industry sponsors are increasingly adopting a multinational approach to patient enrollment. ...
Winding Scheme With Fractional Layer for Differential-Mode Toroidal Inductor

This paper studies how an outer fractional winding can impact the equivalent parallel capacitance (EPC) of a differential-mode inductor, which is a critical passive component in a power electronic converter to combat with electromagnetic noises, and proposes a winding scheme that can reduce EPC and increase inductance, achieving both high-frequency filtering performance and high density. To perform these studies, a comprehensive layer capacitance model based on energy equivalence principle is established, which decouples EPC contribution among three elements, i.e., outer fraction layer, layer-to-layer, and layer-to-core, thus enabling the impact evaluation of different winding elements and schemes. Experimental comparison results have validated the accuracy of this EPC model and excellent performance of the proposed winding scheme with EPC reduction by 4×. It reveals that contrary to previous understanding, the inverse winding, in fact, is more effective for EPC reduction than the direct winding in most of the partial layer scenarios, and that by using this scheme with the outer fraction layer, 45% higher inductance and slightly less EPC can be achieved, compared to the single-layer winding design.
An Integrated Machine Learning Framework for Optimizing Unconventional Resources Development

Implementations described and claimed herein provide systems and methods for developing resources from an unconventional reservoir. In one implementation, raw reservoir data for the unconventional reservoir is obtained. The raw reservoir data includes geology data, completion data, development data, and production data. The raw reservoir data is transformed to transformed data. The raw reservoir data is transformed to the transformed data based on a transformation from a set of one or more raw variable to a set of one or more transformed variables. The set of one or more transformed variables is statistically uncorrelated. Resource development data is extracted from the transformed data. Performance analytics are generated for the unconventional reservoir using the resource development data. The performance analytics are generated through ensemble machine learning. The unconventional reservoir is developed based on the performance analytics.
Refractory Congestion: When to Use Ultrafiltration?

The symptoms of and disability related to decompensated heart failure are manifestations of congestion. Therefore, congestion is the main treatment target and diuretics are recommended as first line therapy. Refractory congestion refers to situations in which diuretics fail to produce the desired clinical effect. In these circumstances, ultrafiltration may be appropriate for the relief of congestion and improved outcomes. This chapter will review the concept of refractory congestion; describe the use of diuretics and ultrafiltration in the treatment of congestion; and review the importance of case selection when choosing to treat refractory congestion with ultrafiltration.
Micelle Self-Assembly and Chain Exchange Kinetics of Tadpole Block Copolymers with a Cyclic Corona Block

Micelle self-assembly and chain exchange kinetics play an important role in technological applications such as biomedicine, cosmetics, etc. and remain an active area of research. In this work, usin...
Transparency and Conflicts in Science: History of Influence, Scandal, and Denial

Corporate finances influence many areas of science, originating with tobacco companies which hired public relations firms to protect their profits from research on the harms of smoking. Despite a large body of studies finding that money biases research, scientists and academic organizations fail to embrace the peer-reviewed research on corporate influence. In many instances, they reject the science and try to rationalize behavior, leading a cycle of scandal, followed by reform, followed by later scandal. Because corporate influence is so pervasive and often denied, policymakers must understand this history as well as the research on financial conflicts of interest to protect the public.
Pregnancy intention and phthalate metabolites among pregnant women in The Infant Development and Environment Study cohort.

Background Preconception life style and health play a pivotal role in positively impacting the health of a pregnancy, and this includes the reduction of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as phthalates. We have previously demonstrated that women planning a pregnancy with assisted reproductive technology (ART) have lower phthalate metabolite concentrations than their non-ART-using counterparts. Objective To determine whether women who intended to become pregnant had lower phthalate metabolite concentrations than those who had an unintended pregnancy, or whether change in phthalate exposure across pregnancy differed between these two groups. Methods A total of 721 women enrolled in The Infant Development and Environment Study (TIDES), a multicentre US prospective pregnancy cohort; 513 (71%) indicated their pregnancy was planned. Urine samples from first- and third-trimester visits were analysed for 10 specific-gravity-adjusted, natural-log-transformed phthalate metabolites. Simple and multivariable linear regression, adjusting for centre, race, age, income, marital status, and parity, were employed to determine whether phthalate metabolite concentrations differed by pregnancy intention. Results In bivariate analyses, the geometric mean concentrations of all first-trimester and most third-trimester phthalates were higher in women with unplanned pregnancies. However, after covariate adjustment, only first-trimester monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP) remained associated with pregnancy intention, and the association changed direction such that unplanned pregnancies had lower MiBP concentrations (s -0.18, 95% CI -0.35, -0.02). Conclusions We did not find evidence of a difference in phthalate exposure between pregnancy planners and non-planners.
The Influence of Demographic, Relational, and Risk Asymmetries on the Frequency of Intimate Partner Violence in Young Adulthood.

Social characteristics are prominent factors in mate selection, but they are also important for the quality and functioning of intimate relationships. Researchers have shown that the intimate relat...
The Legacy of Inner Work Life in the Progress Principle

The chapter by Jeff Steiner focuses on Teresa Amabile’s more recent work, the progress principle. Steiner highlights the role that this work had in emphasizing the importance of inner work life, an area that has been understudied. He suggests that this work is unique due to its person-centered approach and the use of rigorous methodology to study a difficult area. He further notes that this research provides a unique contribution to practitioners in the field. The chapter concludes by discussing the future of the progress principle, both in terms of its application and additional research.
Prospective K-8 teachers’ noticing of student justifications and generalizations in the context of analyzing written artifacts and video-records

This paper contributes to current discussions about supporting prospective teachers (PSTs) in developing skills of noticing students’ mathematical thinking. We draw attention to PSTs’ initial noticing skills (prior to instruction focused on supporting noticing) as PSTs engage in analyzing written artifacts of student work and video-records. We examined and compared PSTs’ noticing skills as they analyzed how students reason about, generalize, and justify generalizations of figural patterns given student written work and video records. We identified aspects of student thinking about generalizations and justifications, which PSTs addressed and interpreted. We also examined how PSTs respond to students as they analyze student thinking given written artifacts of student work or video-records of small group discussions, and we identified the foci of PSTs’ responding practice. Our data revealed that PSTs’ initial noticing skills of student generalizations and justifications differed while accounting for ways in which student thinking was externalized (written work or video-records). PSTs’ attending-and-interpreting and their responding practices were focused on mathematically significant aspects of student thinking to a greater extent in the context of analyzing written artifacts compared to video records. While analyzing students’ written work, PSTs demonstrated greater attention to ways in which students analyzed patterns, students’ generalization strategies, and justifications linked to an understanding of the pattern structure, compared to analyzing student thinking captured via videos. Our results document that without providing any intentional support for PSTs’ noticing skills, PSTs are more deliberate to focus on mathematically significant aspects of student thinking while analyzing written artifacts of student work compared to video-records. We believe that the analysis of student written work might demand from PSTs to be more analytical. While examining written representations, PSTs have to reconstruct students’ reasoning. Unlike the videos where the students tell or use gestures to express their thinking, written work provides fewer clues about student thinking. Thus, written work demands a deeper level of engagement from PSTs as they strive to understand student reasoning. Our study extends research on PSTs’ noticing skills by documenting differences in PSTs’ noticing in relation to the nature of artifacts of student work that PSTs analyze. Our work also adds to prior research on PSTs’ noticing by characterizing specific aspects of students’ thinking about pattern generalizations and justifications that PSTs address as they analyze student thinking and respond to students.
Environmentally triggered shifts in steelhead migration behavior and consequences for survival in the mid-Columbia River.

The majority of Columbia River summer-run steelhead encounter high river temperatures (near or > 20°C) during their spawning migration. While some steelhead pass through the mid-Columbia River in a matter of days, others use tributary habitats as temperature refuges for periods that can last months. Using PIT tag detection data from adult return years 2004–2016, we fit 3-component mixture models to differentiate between “fast”, “slow”, and “overwintering” migration behaviors in five aggregated population groups. Fast fish migrated straight through the reach on average in ~7–9 days while slow fish delayed their migration for weeks to months, and overwintering fish generally took ~150–250 days. We then fit covariate models to examine what factors contributed to the probability of migration delay during summer months (slow or overwintering behaviors), and to explore how migration delay related to mortality. Finally, to account for the impact of extended residence times in the reach for fish that delayed, we compared patterns in estimated average daily rates of mortality between migration behaviors and across population groups. Results suggest that migration delay was primarily triggered by high river temperatures but temperature thresholds for delay were lowest just before the seasonal peak in river temperatures. While all populations groups demonstrated these general patterns, we documented substantial variability in temperature thresholds and length of average delays across population groups. Although migration delay was related to higher reach mortality, it was also related to lower average daily mortality rates due to the proportional increase in reach passage duration being larger than the associated increase in mortality. Lower daily mortality rates suggest that migration delay could help mitigate the impacts of harsh migration conditions, presumably through the use of thermal refuges, despite prolonged exposure to local fisheries. Future studies tracking individual populations from their migration through reproduction could help illuminate the full extent of the tradeoffs between different migration behaviors.
Пандемия СOVID-19 в контексте оперативной защиты здоровья и жизни населения

Introduction. So far, there is no reliable scientific basis for forecasting and preventing pandemics. Around the world, there is public dissatisfaction with the authorities’ insufficiently prompt and effective actions to prevent the spread of Сovid-19. The purpose of the study is the formulation a significant problem of the complexity and effectiveness of the operational protective measures for the health and life of the population from COVID-19 in other epidemics and pandemics. Material and methods. Based on the application of a systematic approach and the international methodology for the policy analysis, the author proposes the structuring of the emergency measures and the subjects of the socio-psychological factors analysis of the epidemics and the pandemics to determine a system of the quantitative indicators and the monitoring of the situation. Results. During the epidemics and the pandemics, it is necessary to take emergency measures and also to strive to prevent them based on an in-depth study of the causal relationships, in particular, the risks of the recurrence as a result of the increased traffic flows, urbanization, agricultural intensification, environmental degradation and the continued development of new species biological weapons. Discussion. Among the topical areas, it should be attributed the application of the restrictive measures both on the international and domestic air travel; the limiting the increase in population density in large cities with a focus on the standards of «social isolation»; more the adequate environmental protection, the reducing the risk of the infection transmission from the animals to the humans; the reduction of people infections with nosocomial infections. Conclusion. The author proposes to significantly restructure the analytical and other functions of the operational protection of the population health and life during epidemics and pandemics.
An updated Lagrangian framework for Isogeometric Kirchhoff–Love thin-shell analysis

Abstract We propose a comprehensive Isogeometric Kirchhoff–Love shell framework that is capable of undergoing large elasto-plastic deformations. Central to this development, we reformulate the governing thin-shell equations in terms of the mid-surface velocity degrees of freedom, accommodating the material response in the time-rate form while ensuring objectivity. To handle complex multipatch geometries, we propose a consistent penalty coupling technique for enforcing the continuity conditions at patch interfaces. Penalty is also employed to weakly enforce symmetry boundary conditions. A recently proposed non-local penalty contact is adopted as part of the formulation in order to handle complex dynamic crushing simulations. Numerical examples, ranging from static elasto-plastic shell benchmarks to highly dynamic crushing scenarios, validate the accuracy, efficiency and robustness of the proposed framework.
The US biological sciences faculty gap in Asian representation

In the past year, the COVID-19 pandemic has inflicted untold human suffering, remade the global economy, and highlighted numerous weaknesses in political, health, and social systems. In the US, Asian Americans and immigrants have faced increased xenophobia, as evident by exponential increases in reported hate crimes and the horrific massage parlor shootings in Atlanta. This tragic spate of violence has renewed conversation on America's long history of anti-Asian discrimination, from prior racist immigration policy like the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, to the more recent model-minority myth of Asian attainment. Here, Meixiong and Golden discuss the impact of this history, including in the biomedical sciences.
[Covid-19: excess deaths should be the outcome measure]

During the covid-19 pandemic there were large differences in excess deaths between high income countries, as shown in a study recently published in BMJ. The number of excess deaths gives a better estimate of the effects of covid-19 on mortality than the number of reported deaths from covid-19. This comment explains why and shows the consequences for the interpretation of Dutch mortality data. Differences in excess deaths are an important starting point for the evaluation of public health measures against coronavirus spreading.
Ray tracing intraocular lens calculation performance improved by AI-powered postoperative lens position prediction.

AIMS To assess whether incorporating a machine learning (ML) method for accurate prediction of postoperative anterior chamber depth (ACD) improves cataract surgery refraction prediction performance of a commonly used ray tracing power calculation suite (OKULIX). METHODS AND ANALYSIS A dataset of 4357 eyes of 4357 patients with cataract was gathered at the Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan. A previously developed machine learning (ML)-based method was used to predict the postoperative ACD based on preoperative biometry measured with the Lenstar LS900 optical biometer. Refraction predictions were computed with standard OKULIX postoperative ACD predictions and ML-based predictions of postoperative ACD. The performance of the ray tracing approach with and without ML-based ACD prediction was evaluated using mean absolute error (MAE) and median absolute error (MedAE) in refraction prediction as metrics. RESULTS Replacing the standard OKULIX postoperative ACD with the ML-predicted ACD resulted in statistically significant reductions in both MAE (1.7% after zeroing mean error) and MedAE (2.1% after zeroing mean error). ML-predicted ACD substantially improved performance in eyes with short and long axial lengths (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Using an ML-powered postoperative ACD prediction method improves the prediction accuracy of the OKULIX ray tracing suite by a clinically small but statistically significant amount, with the greatest effect seen in long eyes.
Chapter 10. Class I and III Antiarrhythmic Drugs

Publisher Summary An abundance of reviews on the electrophysiological basis of cardiac arrhythmias and therapeutic use of anti-arrhythmic drugs have appeared recently. The local anesthetic anti-arrhythmic drugs are class I; and the drugs that prolong action potential duration (APD) selectively are class III drugs. This chapter discusses class I and III agents, with emphasis on new compounds. Recent reports relevant to the mechanism of action of older agents are also mentioned. The Vaughan Williams classification recognizes four distinct anti-arrhythmic groups. Class I agents may be further divided into three subgroups on the basis of effects on APD. The potent conduction depressants flecainide, encainide and lorcainide are Ic agents that have little effect on APD, while lidocaine, tocainide and mexiletine are examples of Ib compounds that shorten APD. Quinidine, disopyramide and procainamide represent Ia agents that prolong repolarization. In addition, the observation that local anesthetics possess unique affinities for the sodium channel depending on whether the channel is in the resting, open or inactivated state (modulated-receptor hypothesis), has provided added biophysical support for the subclassification of class I drugs. Thus, Ib agents tend to rapidly associate with and dissociate from open and/or inactivated sodium channels with time constants in the 100–300 msec range, while Ic agents require tens of seconds for block onset and recovery; Ia agents are intermediate. On C lass I and Class III, the chapter concentrates on update of established agents and recently reported new chemical entities. The chapter also considers properties of some agents with mixed activity; and some miscellaneous agents. Arrhythmogenic situations are studied, with future directions in the goal for drug development efforts mentioned.
Introduction to the Mathematics of Operations Research with Mathematica

Graph Theory and Network Analysis Definitions and Examples Spanning Trees Minimal Cost Networks Critical Path Algorithm Maximal Flow Problems Maximum Matching Problems Other Problems of Graph Theory Linear Programming Two-Variable Problems Geometry of Linear Programming Simplex Algorithm for the Standard Maximum Problem Duality and the Standard Minimum Problem Further Topics in Linear Programming Non-Standard Problems Transportation Problem Sensitivity Analysis Markov Chains Definitions and Examples Short-Run Distributions First Passage Times Classification of States Limiting Probabilities Absorption Probabilities Continuous Time Processes Poisson Processes Birth and Death Processes Renewal Processes Queueing Theory Brownian Motion Dynamic Programming The Markovian Decision Model The Finite Horizon Problem The Discounted Reward Problem Policy Improvement Optimal Stopping of a Markov Chain Extended Applications Appendix A - Probability Review Appendix B - Answers to Selected Exercises Appendix C - Glossary of Mathematica Commands
Sorption of m‐sulfobenzoic acid in nylon 6

Equilibrium sorption of m-sulfobenzoic acid by nylon 6 was determined at various temperatures and pH. The results were interpreted by means of a multimodal sorption model, in which three species were assumed, a protonated and two dissociated ones. The sorption parameters were determined on the basis that the protonated species is sorbed by the partition mechanism, and the two anions interact competitively with the positively charged sites in the polymer within the framework of the stoichiometry. The contributions of the three species to the total uptake were estimated and the isotherms successfully explained by the model. Comparison of the thermodynamic values of the acid with those of the similar sorption systems were made. Es wurde das Sorptionsgleichgewicht von m-Sulfobenzoesaure in Nylon 6 bei verschiedenen Temperaturen und pH-Werten untersucht. Die Resultate wurden unter Berucksichtigung eines Modells der Sorption, in welchem drei Spezies, d.h. eine protonierte und zwei dissoziierte Sauren, angenommen wurden, interpretiert. Die Sorptionsparameter werden bestimmt durch die Beteiligung der protonierten Spezies und die konkurrierende elektrostatische Wechselwirkung mit positiv geladenen Stellen im Polymeren fur zwei dissoziierte Spezies. Die Beitrage der drei Spezies zur gesamten Sorption wurden abgeschatzt; die Sorptionsisotherme kann durch das Modell sehr gut erklart werden.
Radiometer Design Analysis Based Upon Measurement Uncertainty

This paper introduces a method for predicting the performance of a radiometer design based on calculating the measurement uncertainty. The variety in radiometer designs and the demand for improved radiometric measurements justify the need for a more general and comprehensive method to assess system performance. Radiometric resolution, or sensitivity, is a figure of merit that has been commonly used to characterize the performance of a radiometer. However when evaluating the performance of a calibration design for a radiometer, the use of radiometric resolution has limited application. These limitations are overcome by considering instead the measurement uncertainty. A method for calculating measurement uncertainty for a generic radiometer design including its calibration algorithm is presented. The result is a generalized technique by which system calibration architectures and design parameters can be studied to optimize instrument performance for given requirements and constraints. Example applications demonstrate the utility of using measurement uncertainty as a figure of merit.
Ionospheric Models for Earth

The ionosphere is a highly dynamic partially-ionized plasma that exhibits a significant variation with the solar cycle, season, geomagnetic activity, and universal time. Over the years, numerous modeling approaches have been used to account for this ionospheric behavior. The modeling approaches include: (1) Empirical models based on an extensive data base of world-wide measurements; (2) Three-dimensional, time-dependent numerical models; (3) Parameterized models that are based on spherical harmonic fits to the output obtained from global numerical models; and (4) Data assimilation models. The various modeling approaches will be discussed in this brief review, with the emphasis on numerical and data assimilation models.
ACCURACY OF CURRENT, 4-YEAR, AND 28-YEAR SELF-REPORTED BODY WEIGHT IN AN ELDERLY POPULATION

Participants in the 1987-1989 recall of the Charleston Heart Study were asked to report their current weight and to recall their weight in 1984 and 1960. Reported weights were compared with weights measured in the respective time periods. Subjects included male and female blacks and whites between ages 62 and 100 years. Correlations between reported and measured weights over all subjects were 0.979 for current, 0.935 for 4-year, and 0.822 for 28-year recall. Subjects in the lowest body mass index quartile overestimated their weight, while subjects in the highest quartile underestimated their weight. This tendency increased as the elapsed time increased. Deviations between measured and reported weights increased as performance on cognitive tests declined.
Hysteresis behavior of semi-rigid double web angle steel connections

Abstract This study presents the cyclic behavior of two types of semi-rigid double web angle connections: bolted-bolted (angles bolted to the beam web and column flange) and welded-bolted (angles welded to beam web and bolted to column flange), with their bolts pretensioned to the proof load. Twenty test specimens were prepared and cyclic load was applied to each test specimen using load control at the beginning cycles, which was converted to displacement control in subsequent cycles upon yielding of angles or bolts materials. The moment–rotation hysteresis loops and the failure modes for all the test cases are presented. The failure modes for bolted-bolted test specimens, depending on angle thickness, were either excessive rotation or beam web bearing, and for the welded-bolted specimens were excessive rotation or bolt fracture. The stiffness, strength, and ductility of the tested connections are compared to those of flush end-plate moment connections reported in literature.