cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling water table contribution to crop evapotranspiration

A model was developed to account for the time-dependent contribution of the water table to crop evapotranspiration. The same numerical approximation used to solve the water flow in the unsaturated zone was also modified for saturated conditions. For unsaturated flow, the hydraulic conductivity changes with water content and the specific water capacity has finite values. For saturated flow, hydraulic conductivity is constant, and the specific water capacity is zero. The proposed approach considers saturated flow as a special case of unsaturated flow with a constant saturated water content and very small but not zero specific water capacities. Thus flow can be simulated in either unsaturated or saturated zones. The contribution of upward flow to crop evapotranspiration was evaluated during lysimeter experiments in the greenhouse. Spring wheat was planted on asilty clay loam and a fine sandy loam with either no water table or constant water table depths at 50, 100 or 150 cm. Irrigation was applied whenever soil water was depleted below about 50% plant available water. Model predictions of water content and cumulative upward flux as a function of time, for the different water table depths and soils, agreed closely with measured values. The contribution of the water table to evapotranspiration (ET) was found to be 90, 41 and 7% for 50, 100, and 150 cm water table depths respectively for the silty clay loam. Corresponding computed values were 89, 45 and 6%. For the fine sandy loam measured contribution of the water table to ET was 92, 31, and 9% for 50, 100 and 150 cm water tables respectively. Corresponding computed values were 99, 29, and 11 %. It was not practical to simulate the saturated-unsaturated (moving water table) predictions of the model under greenhouse conditions because of the height of the lysimeters needed. Therefore the model was also used to simulate field irrigation management options under several bottom boundary conditions where the water table contributions were significant to crop water use. Results from a one-year simulation were consistent with data for sugarcance grown under similar conditions in the Cauca Valley of Colombia.
The role of performance-related similarity in social comparison of abilities: A test of the related attributes hypothesis

Abstract The hypothesis that individuals evaluate their abilities by comparison with others who are similar on nonability attributes that are related to performance has been supported in recent experiments. However, since these experiments did not include conditions in which attributes were unrelated to performance, they provide no evidence that it was the relationship of attributes to performance that explains why subjects compared with similar others. In the present experiment, 66 female undergraduates could choose to compare their test performance to the performance of women who were similar or dissimilar to themselves in physical attractiveness and the college they attended. In a 2 × 2 design these attributes were either related or unrelated to test performance. Results showed that only the performance relevance of college attended influenced comparison choices. Subjects compared with similarly attractive women even when attractiveness was unrelated to performance. These results indicate that identification of the conditions in which people do and do not consider the relevance of attributes to performance in selecting comparison others warrants attention.
The Status of Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Cerebral Metastases in 1998

The last decade has witnessed an exponential proliferation of radiosurgery facilities in the United States and around the globe, and consequently, several tens of thousands of patients have undergone this procedure for a variety of intracranial and skull-base abnormalities. Since brain metastases represent the most common intracranial neoplasm, these have become a common target for radiosurgery. We present a review paper summarizing the major issues surrounding the management of brain metastases as well as an English-language literature review of 20 independent reports, using either γ-knife or linear accelerator-based radiosurgery, with >1250 patients and >2100 lesions available for analysis. Variable reporting in the studies precludes a definitive analysis and comparison of all factors in a rigorous statistical fashion, but the composite data reveal an average local control rate of 83% and a median survival of 9.6 months, which are comparable to those in recent surgical reports. Prognostic factors for survival are beginning to be unraveled, and the most important ones appear to be the presence of fewer than three lesions, controlled extracranial disease, and Karnofsky performance score. The exact impact of dose has not been clarified, but a dose–response relationship, especially for ≥18 Gy, is emerging. The role of whole-brain radiotherapy remains unresolved; it may enhance local control but does not convincingly improve survival and, in some series, is associated with an increased risk of late complications, which appear to be less than 5% on average. The concerns regarding chronic steroid dependance and increased intracranial edema do not appear to be a common problem. With such a large base of uncontrolled evidence, this is an opportune time for conducting and completing randomized trials to validate these observations.
Drug data coding and analysis in epidemiologic studies

In epidemiologic studies that collect comprehensive information on medication use, the complexity of dealing with a large number of trade and generic names may limit the utilization of these data bases. This paper shows the specific advantage of using two coding systems, one to maximize efficiency of data entry, and the other to facilitate analysis by organizing the drug ingredients into hierarchical categories. The approach used by two large surveys, one in the USA and one in Italy, is described: the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE) and the ‘Gruppo Italiano di Farmacovigilanza nell' Anziano’ (GIFA). To enter the medications into a computerized database, codes matching the drug product names are needed. In the EPESE the prescription and over the counter drug products are coded with the Drug Products Information Coding System (DPICS) and the Iowa Nonprescription Drug Products Information Coding System (INDPICS), respectively. The GIFA study uses the coding system of the Italian Ministry of Health (MINSAN), with a unique numeric code for each drug product available in Italy. To simplify the analytical process the drug entry codes are converted into hierarchical coding systems with unique codes for specific drug ingredients, chemical and therapeutic categories. The EPESE and GIFA drug data are coded with the Iowa Drug Information System (IDIS) ingredient codes, and the Anatomical Therapeutic and chemical (ATC) codes, respectively. Examples are provided that show coding of diuretics in these two studies and demonstrate the analytic advantages of these systems.
Use of Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation by Newtonian Relaxation and Latent-Heat Forcing to Improve a Mesoscale-Model Precipitation Forecast: A Case Study

The Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model was used to study special static-initialization (SI) and dynamic-initialization (DI) techniques designed to improve short-range quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs), as applied to the heavy convective rainfall that occurred in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas during the May 9-10, 1979 SESAMY IV study period. In the DI procedure, two types of four-dimensional data assimilation (FDDA) procedures were used to incorporate data during a 12-h preforecast period, one using the Newtonian relaxation, the other using latent-heat forcing. It was found that combined use of either the preforecast or in-forecast latent-heat forcing with the Newtonian relaxation produced an improved forecast (relative to a conventional forecast procedure) of rainfall intensity compared to the use of the Newtonian relaxation alone. The use of the experimental SI with prescribed latent heating during the first forecast hour produced greatly improved rainfall rates.
Legalized gambling and its impacts in a central Minnesota vacation community: A case study

The economic and social effects of legalized gambling in a Minnesota community were studied (1) to inform the state's citizens and decision-makers of the community impacts of legalized gambling, particularly the cumulative community revenue loss, (2) to gather comparative data in a geographically and economically distinct area to determine the extent to which regional gambling rates and revenue losses vary, and (3) to refine existing research methods. The community and the types of gambling available are described. Data on gambling expenditures were obtained from various state agencies. Lottery and casino winners were interviewed to discover how their winnings were distributed. Annual (1991) player losses, profit margins, taxes, and resulting economic and social impacts are discussed. The most consequential findings are estimates of annual player losses ($3.3 million; $205 per capita) and community revenue losses ($2.2 million; $138 per capita). Per capita lottery and charitable gambling player losses were 9.4% lower than those of a community studied earlier; per capita community revenue losses were 7.6% lower. Research methods developed in this study provided more reliable estimates than those used previously. Suggestions are offered to increase reliability for future studies.
Predictors of highly prevalent brain ischemia in intracerebral hemorrhage.

Objective: This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence, characteristics, risk factors, and temporal profile of concurrent ischemic lesions in patients with acute primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Methods: Patients were recruited within a prospective, longitudinal, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based study of primary ICH. Clinical, demographic, and MRI data were collected on all subjects at baseline and 1 month. Results: Of the 138 patients enrolled, mean age was 59 years, 54% were male, 73% were black, and 84% had a history of hypertension. At baseline, ischemic lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) were found in 35% of patients. At 1 month, lesions were present in 27%, and of these lesions, 83% were new and not present at baseline. ICH volume (p ¼ 0.025), intraventricular hemorrhage (p ¼ 0.019), presence of microbleeds (p ¼ 0.024), and large, early reductions in mean arterial pressure (p ¼ 0.003) were independent predictors of baseline DWI lesions. A multivariate logistical model predicting the presence of 1-month DWI lesions included history of any prior stroke (p ¼ 0.012), presence of 1 or more microbleeds (p ¼ 0.04), black race (p ¼ 0.641), and presence of a DWI lesion at baseline (p ¼ 0.007). Interpretation: This study demonstrates that >1=3 of patients with primary ICH have active cerebral ischemia at baseline remote from the index hematoma, and 1=4 of patients experience ongoing, acute ischemic events at 1 month. Multivariate analyses implicate blood pressure reductions in the setting of an active vasculopathy as a potential underlying mechanism. Further studies are needed to determine the impact of these lesions on outcome and optimal management strategies to arrest vascular damage. ANN NEUROL 2012;71:199–205
Political Simulations Using Excel

Simulations have received considerable attention as a tool to promote problem-solving skills, intense involvement, and high-order thinking among students. Whether semester-long exercises or a single-class session, simulations are often used in areas of conflict studies, diplomatic studies, trade disputes, electoral processes, and policy and legal debates. Asynchronous distance education instruction tends to rely on computer-mediated simulations. This article demonstrates a different approach, using a common desktop software program, Microsoft Excel, to create simulations suitable for in-class or individually distributed use that employs probabilistic scenarios and outcomes. By using spreadsheets as a simulation authoring tool, instructors can create and set the parameters for sophisticated simulations of political events and interactions. The article presents student reactions to the experiences of a simulation of trade negotiations between the United States and Japan during the 1980s that shows the proce...
Modeling field effect pH sensor

The principles behind the chemical field effect sensor are outlined. A block model for the resistance mode of operation is described. Particular attention is paid to the interaction between semiconductor electrostatics, solution electrostatics, and chemical equilibrium at the surface. The site-binding model of the surface potential and the main models of the electrolyte double layer are reviewed. The semiconductor part of the model is generalized to finite channel thickness. Operation is illustrated using pH sensing as an example. The pH sensitivity is analyzed as a function of semiconductor thickness, gate dielectric thickness, ionic strength of the solution, and other factors.
A regularised electrical impedance tomography reconstruction algorithm.

The Newton-Raphson algorithm is an effective reconstruction method. However, it exhibits degraded performance for ill-conditioned problems, especially in the presence of measurement error. This paper uses the regularisation method to improve the system's conditioning, which stabilises the reconstruction method. It shows that the //p// penalty form.
Maturation of electrical activity of cerebral neocortex in tissue culture.

The neurophysiological development of cerebral neocortex cultures derived from 2 or 3 day old mice was studied using extracellular microelectrode recording techniques. The explants were examined during an in vitro growth period extending from 1 to 33 days. Spontaneous activity was rarely noted, although drugs such as penicillin and strychnine could provoke prolonged discharges. Electrical stimuli delivered to the dorsal cortical surfaces of the cultures provoked short-duration spike potentials during the initial 1 to 5 days of in vitro growth. These responses were attributed to axonal activity. After this early period, dorsal surface stimulation additionally elicited labile large-amplitude slow-wave activity which was of maximal amplitude in the middle third of the explants, a region often characterized by aggregates of pyramidal cell bodies and basal dendrites. Within the age range of 5 to 33 days of in vitro growth, the properties of the elicited slow waves failed to show any regular, progressive modifications such as increments in complexity of waveforms or prominence of oscillatory activity. These data were interpreted as reflecting the constraints on maximal functional development imposed by the isolation of a portion of an emerging nervous system. Although characteristic intrinsic circuitry may show extensive anatomical development in this state, more elaborate sequential functional development may depend upon the capacity of customary input pathways to provide triggers for additional structural and functional modifications.
The compact Brachypodium genome conserves centromeric regions of a common ancestor with wheat and rice.

The evolution of five chromosomes of Brachypodium distachyon from a 12-chromosome ancestor of all grasses by dysploidy raises an interesting question about the fate of redundant centromeres. Three independent but complementary approaches were pursued to study centromeric region homologies among the chromosomes of Brachypodium, wheat, and rice. The genes present in pericentromeres of the basic set of seven chromosomes of wheat and the Triticeae, and the 80 rice centromeric genes spanning the CENH3 binding domain of centromeres 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8 were used as “anchor” markers to identify centromere locations in the B. distachyon chromosomes. A total of 53 B. distachyon bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones anchored by wheat pericentromeric expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were used as probes for BAC-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of B. distachyon mitotic chromosomes. Integrated sequence alignment and BAC-FISH data were used to determine the approximate positions of active and inactive centromeres in the five B. distachyon chromosomes. The following syntenic relationships of the centromeres for Brachypodium (Bd), rice (R), and wheat (W) were evident: Bd1-R6, Bd2-R5-W1, Bd3-R10, Bd4-R11-W4, and Bd5-R4. Six rice centromeres syntenic to five wheat centromeres were inactive in Brachypodium chromosomes. The conservation of centromere gene synteny among several sets of homologous centromeres of three species indicates that active genes can persist in ancient centromeres with more than 40 million years of shared evolutionary history. Annotation of a BAC contig spanning an inactive centromere in chromosome Bd3 which is syntenic to rice Cen8 and W7 pericentromeres, along with BAC FISH data from inactive centromeres revealed that the centromere inactivation was accompanied by the loss of centromeric retrotransposons and turnover of centromere-specific satellites during Bd chromosome evolution.
SUMOylation Places LRH-1 in PROXimity to Lipid Metabolism

The development of atherosclerosis is countered by the reverse transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for excretion. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Stein et al. (2014) establish LRH-1 as an important regulator of reverse cholesterol transport and identify SUMOylation as a primary mode of LRH-1 regulation.
Examining the Returns of American Depository Receipts: Evidence From Emerging and Developed Markets

The purpose of this article is to explain the returns of American Depository Receipts (ADRs), compar-ing the results across emerging and developed markets. Using a sample of 167 ADRs from 14 emerg-ing and 17 developed markets (31 markets in total) for the period 2000–2004, we found variations in the impacts of specific variables and in the explanatory power of models associated with the annual holding-period return of firms. Dividing ADRs into emerging and developed markets suggests that firm size and local market conditions influenced returns in the two groups in similar ways. However, firm-specific business risk and country-specific economic risk are only important to emerging markets’ ADRs, while country-specific exchange-rate variables are more important to developed markets’ ADRs. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The situation in Ukraine: one or many realities?

The Ukrainian situation can be classified as a crisis according to the National Center for Crisis Management Research and Training (CRiSMART) who regards a crisis as “a situation, which entails a s...
Wright Back to Dretske, or Why You Might as Well Deny Knowledge Closure

Fred Dretske notoriously claimed that knowledge closure sometimes fails. Crispin Wright agrees that warrant does not transmit in the relevant cases, but only because the agent must already be warranted in believing the conclusion in order to acquire her warrant for the premise. So the agent ends up being warranted in believing, and so knowing, the conclusion in those cases too: closure is preserved. Wright's argument requires that the conclusion's having to be warranted beforehand explains transmission failure. I argue that it doesn't, and that the correct explanation does not imply that the agent will end up warranted in believing the conclusion when transmission fails. Those who agree that transmission does fail in those cases, therefore, might as well follow Dretske in denying knowledge closure too.
THE SEARCH FOR GRAVITATIONAL WAVES WITH LIGO: STATUS AND PLANS

The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) project has been designed to detect gravitional waves directly using large interferometers at two widely separated sites. Construction of the observatory facilities is now complete, and commissioning of the interferometers is well underway. Following a series of engineering runs, science running is scheduled to begin in 2002. A parallel effort is underway to develop improved detector to achieve dramatically greater sensitivity in the future.
The utilization of prevailing evaluation policy in the selection of performance measures.

Abstract This study considers the problem of inferring a functional evaluation criterion from existing performance measure policies. The objective is to develop a rational basis by which to adaptively evaluate a current best set of performance measures from alternative sets. The analysis is based on a matrix approach for relating system characteristics to performance measures accross a set of activities. A procedure for ranking measure combinations which are candidate implementation alternatives is devised using this matrix representation and cost information. An example illustrating the procedure is presented.
Effect of fenvalerate on metabolic ion dynamics in the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus).

The uptake and depuration of sodium, calcium and chloride ions in bluegill and fathead minnows exposed to salt stress, fenvalerate or ouabain were monitored to determine if a measurable whole-body alteration in ionic concentration could be detected
Au/PO43−/TiO2 and PO43−/Au/TiO2 catalysts for CO oxidation: Effect of synthesis details on catalytic performance

Abstract Supported gold catalysts are active for CO oxidation, but the high-temperature deactivation is a shortcoming that may constrain their applications. Herein, we attempted to address this problem by using phosphate-doped Au/TiO 2 synthesized via two routes. In route I, Au/PO 4 3− /TiO 2 catalysts were prepared by treating TiO 2 (Degussa P25) with diluted H 3 PO 4 , followed by loading gold via deposition-precipitation. In route II, PO 4 3− /Au/TiO 2 catalysts were prepared by treating H 2 -reduced Au/TiO 2 with diluted H 3 PO 4 . These catalysts were systematically pretreated at 200 or 500 °C before reaction testing. The overall CO conversion on 200 °C-pretreated Au/PO 4 3− /TiO 2 or PO 4 3− /Au/TiO 2 was always lower than that on 200 °C-pretreated Au/TiO 2 . However, the advantage of the phosphate addition became apparent after thermal treatment at a higher temperature. Both Au/PO 4 3− /TiO 2 and PO 4 3− /Au/TiO 2 pretreated at 500 °C retained significant activities at room temperature, whereas 500 °C-pretreated Au/TiO 2 lost its activity. Control experiments and catalyst characterization were performed to investigate the impact of synthesis details on catalytic performance.
Nonreductive materialism and the materialisms of Marx and Heidegger

It is often argued that the marxist and existential-phenomenological orienta? tions in sociology are incommensurable. Insofar as Marx's sociology is founded upon a materialist ontology, it is presumed to entail the thesis of physicalism. Physicalism is the thesis that all human activity can, in principle, be adequately described and explained in the languages of physics, chemistry, and biology. The problem with physicalism is that it constitutes a strong challenge to the notions of human moral responsibility and free will. On the other hand, the existential phenomenological approach to sociology upholds these concepts. It consequently denies the thesis of physicalism. It has therefore been taken to be denying materi? alism as well, in favor of ontic dualism (i.e. an ontology that posits a radical sepa? ration of mind and matter). Thus, although such schools as critical theory and praxis theory have attempted to synthesize marxism and existential phenomenology, the mixture always seems to bear the aura of paradox. The objective of this paper is to reconsider the relationship between marxism and existential-phenomenology in light of Margolis' (1978) recent articulation and systematic defense of what he terms nonreductive materialism. By nonreductive materialism, Margolis means a material monist ontology that never? theless acknowledges an irreducible dualism of attributes. In particular, a number of points will be argued. First, it will be argued that physicalism is an indefensible philosophical position that is better replaced by a nonreductive materialist ontology. Second, it will be shown that the most impor? tant reasons for thinking that marxism entails physicalism are mistaken. Finally, it will be argued that the existential-phenomenological approach does not necessa? rily presuppose an ontic dualism. As evidence of this, Heidegger's Being and Time is examined as an existentialist attempt at a nonreductive materialist ontol? ogy. It is concluded that the issue of materialism ought not to be a stumbling block to the rapprochement between marxism and existential-phenomenological sociology.
Shark Skin: Function in Locomotion

Hydrostatic pressure under the skin of sharks varies with swimming speed. Stress in the skin varies with the internal pressure, and the skin stress controls skin stiffness. Locomotory muscles attach to the skin which is thus a whole-body exotendon whose mechanical advantage in transmitting muscular contraction is greater than that of the endoskeleton.
Symmetry Decoupling in Linear Algebraic Variational Scattering Problems

This paper discusses the symmetry decoupling in quantum mechanical algebraic variational scattering calculations by the generalized Newton variational principle. Symmetry decoupling for collisions involving identical particles is briefly discussed. Detailed discussion is given to decoupling from evaluation of matrix elements with nonzero total angular momentum. Example numerical calculations are presented for BrH2 and DH2 systems to illustrate accuracy and efficiency.
Computational Methods for Biomolecular Electrostatics

An understanding of intermolecular interactions is essential for insight into how cells develop, operate, communicate, and control their activities. Such interactions include several components: contributions from linear, angular, and torsional forces in covalent bonds, van der waals forces, as well as electrostatics. Among the various components of molecular interactions, electrostatics are of special importance because of their long range and their influence on polar or charged molecules, including water, aqueous ions, and amino or nucleic acids, which are some of the primary components of living systems. Electrostatics, therefore, play important roles in determining the structure, motion, and function of a wide range of biological molecules. This chapter presents a brief overview of electrostatic interactions in cellular systems, with a particular focus on how computational tools can be used to investigate these types of interactions.
Magnetically tunable oscillators and filters

Magnetically tunable filters and oscillators can be built throughout the 500-MHz-110-GHz range using a number of ferrite materials and varied geometries. The authors survey current trends and state-of-the-art results for oscillators and filters using YIG spheres/sub ,/ YIG films, and hexagonal ferrites as the magnetically tunable elements. >
Dopamine transporter density in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Dopamine transporter density was measured in vivo in six adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. We have shown a 70% increase in age-corrected dopamine transporter density in patients with attention hyperactivity disorder compared with healthy controls.
What are paradigms and why do they shift

This paper provides a background to the concept of "paradigm" and "paradigm shift," based on Thomas Kuhn's description of scientific discourse communities in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Kuhn set out a model of scientific communication that included scientists primarily doing "normal science" based on a worldview - or paradigm - that has consensual agreement within the discourse community. When this paradigm fails to explain a number of new phenomena or concepts, however, Kuhn argues that science is in a time of crisis. To return the discourse community to a steady state, the crisis is often overcome by changing-or shifting-the paradigm.
(5Z)-4-bromo-5-(bromomethylene)-3-butyl-2(5H)-furanone reduces corrosion from Desulfotomaculum orientis.

Summary ( 5Z )-4-bromo-5-(bromomethylene)-3-butyl-2( 5H )-fura- none (furanone) from the red marine alga Delisea pul- chra was found previously to inhibit the growth, swarming and biofilm formation of Gram-positive bac- teria (Ren et al ., 2002, Lett Appl Microbiol 34: 293- 299). In the present study, the Gram-positive sulphate- reducing bacterium (SRB), Desulfotomaculum orien- tis , was used to study the inhibition of mild steel corrosion due to the addition of furanone. The weight loss from batch coupon experiments incubated with
On the failure modes of alternative containment designs following postulated core meltdown

Abstract The containment response to a postulated core meltdown accident in a PWR ice condenser containment, a BWR Mark III containment and a BWR non-inerted Mark I containment has been examined to see if the WASH-1400 containment failure mode judgement for the Surry large, dry containment and the Peach Bottom Mark I inerted-containment are likely to be appropriate for these alternative containment plant designs. For the PWR, the representative accident chosen for the analysis is a large cold leg break accompanied by a loss of all electric power while the BWR representative event chosen is a recirculation line break without adequate core cooling function. Two containment event paths are studied for each of these two cases, depending on whether or not containment vapor suppression function is assumed to be available. Both the core and the containment pressure and temperature response to the accident events are computed for the four time intervals which characterize (a) blowdown of the pipe break, (b) core melt, (c) vessel melt-through, and (d) containment foundation penetration. The calculations are based on a best estimate of the most probable sequence, but certain phenomena and events were followed down multiple tracks. These include the temperature of the non-condensibles escaping the ice condenser into the upper compartment, the performance of the pressure suppression system, the distribution of non-condensibles between compartments, and the degree and rate of combustion of hydrogen generated from metal-water reactions. For the PWR ice condenser case, results indicate that the containment would be breached by (i) steam overpressurization during the blowdown period (time less than 20 sec) if the ice condenser fails to perform its function, (ii) by overpressurization and thermal stress during the core melt period if 25% or more of the core zirconium reacts with water followed by hydrogen burning and, and (iii) by the overpressurization due to non-condensibles before containment floor penetration is completed. For the BWR Mark III case, similar conclusions can be drawn for the loss of vapor suppression, and for the hydrogen burning if the extent of zirconium-water reaction is more than 35% of the core inventory. If the hydrogen burning fails to materialize, the containment can retain its integrity until containment meltthrough provided the melting is confined to the reactor pedestal area. It appears that the non-inerted Mark I containment is not so vulnerable to overpressurization from hydrogen burning as the Mark III; however, acceptable temperatures may be exceeded.
ZnO thin film transistors and circuits on glass and polyimide by low-temperature PEALD

We report using a novel, weak oxidant, plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) process to fabricate stable, high mobility ZnO thin film transistors (TFTs) and fast circuits on glass and polyimide substrates at 200 °C. Weak oxidant PEALD provides a simple, fast deposition process that results in uniform, conformal coatings and enhancement-mode MOSFETs from uncompensated films. Our PEALD ZnO TFTs have field-effect mobility of 20–30 cm2/V·s and simple gate-self-aligned saturated-load ring oscillators on glass with 2.5 µm gate length had propagation delay ≪10 ns/stage at V DD = 18 V. We also report the fastest oxide semiconductor circuits on polyimide substrates with propagation delay of ∼60 ns/stage at V DD = 18 V.
Throughput and fairness in a hybrid channel access scheme for ad hoc networks

A novel hybrid channel access scheme that combines sender-initiated collision-avoidance handshakes is proposed for multi-hop ad hoc networks. The new scheme is compatible with the popular IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol and involves adding very simple queue management and bookkeeping work mechanisms. Simulation experiments show that the new scheme can alleviate the fairness problems existing in applications running on either UDP or TCP with almost no degradation in throughput. More importantly, it is also shown that without explicit information exchange among nodes, the fairness problem cannot be solved conclusively.
Rural development and agricultural policy in the EEC

Abstract Decision making on integrated rural development projects is a complex affair. Dr van den Noort isolates some important elements in the process, puts them into an economic policy framework and examines them in relation to some experiences in the Netherlands and the EEC. A wide gap emerges between the philosophy and practice of agricultural and rural policy which bodes ill for the future of the EEC. If agricultural policies and rural development are to lead to greater intergration in the EEC then they must be used to increase a still to be defined general welfare function for the EEC and not to further narrow-minded regional policies.
Reactions to Unexpected Events The Naive Scientist and Interpretive Activity

The present investigation sought to examine the differential effects of expected versus unexpected information on interpretive activity. It was predicted that expected information would involve an automatic mode of processing, while unexpected information would prompt a more controlled mode. More specifically, we examined the proposition that unexpected or inconsistent information would lead to attempts at generating explanations for the discrepancy, and that the resulting explanations would tend toward maintaining the original expectation. Subjects were exposed to a general description of an actor, and then received additional information consistent or inconsistent with that description; the strength of or confidence in the original expectation was also varied. The primary experimental task involved subjects retelling these stories. The data revealed that, relative to processing consistent information, subjects tended to provide explanations spontaneously for the unexpected events. These findings were di...
NEW NEUROANESTHESIA PRACTICE OPPORTUNITIES

Neuroscience and neurosurgical research constantly brings new ideas and treatments to the clinical research domain. Central nervous system research constantly faces issues of tissue accessibility, plasticity, and complexity. Three areas of emerging clinical neurosurgical treatment that have successfully approached these challenges will be discussed both in terms of the procedure itself, and the anesthetic considerations unique to a new procedure. 1Endovascular treatment of neurovascular diseases. Treatment of aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), and several types of stroke has been developed around a novel approach to accessing neurovascular tissue. 2Pediatric and adult epilepsy surgery. Pediatric hemispherectomies capitalize on plasticity of the developing nervous system. Adult peripheral vagal stimulation provides a minimally invasive method of reducing seizure occurrence. 3Stereotactic procedures for movement disorders. Cellular recording techniques during stereotactic procedures can identify and differentiate neuron populations, improving localization of clinically important central nervous system nuclei.
An Exploratory Study of Corporate Social Responsibility in the U.S. Travel Industry

The travel industry depends heavily on environmental and cultural resources, making responsible business practices essential to achieve sustainable tourism. This study aims to understand the U.S. travel industry’s opinions about and engagement in corporate social responsibility (CSR) by surveying the membership of Travel Industry Association of America (TIA). It examines the most common CSR activities and identifies drivers and inhibitors in achieving CSR. Results show an agreement among TIA members about the importance of CSR for the travel industry, now more than ever. The majority of respondents currently engage in some CSR and 24% have a person dedicated to CSR activities. The main drivers of CSR activities are enhanced reputation, and community-based issues. The main inhibitors are lack of resources and lack of understanding. The results show a predominance of environmental (rather than sociocultural) CSR projects. The findings imply an urgent need for clear conceptualization and directions for CSR e...
Impact of Planting Dates and Insecticide Strategies for Managing Crucifer Flea Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Spring-Planted Canola

Integration of cultural practices, such as planting date with insecticide-based strategies, was investigated to determine best management strategy for flea beetles (Phyllotreta spp.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in canola (Brassica napus L.). We studied the effect of two spring planting dates of B. napus and different insecticide-based management strategies on the feeding injury caused by flea beetles in North Dakota during 2002-2003. Adult beetle peak emergence usually coincided with the emergence of the early planted canola, and this resulted in greater feeding injury in the early planted canola than later planted canola. Use of late-planted canola may have limited potential for cultural control of flea beetle, because late-planted canola is at risk for yield loss due to heat stress during flowering. Flea beetle injury ratings declined when 1) the high rate of insecticide seed treatment plus a foliar insecticide applied 21 d after planting was used, 2) the high rate of insecticide seed treatment only was used, or 3) two foliar insecticide sprays were applied. These insecticide strategies provided better protection than the low rates of insecticide seed treatments or a single foliar spray, especially in areas with moderate-to-high flea beetle populations. The foliar spray on top of the seed treatment controlled later-emerging flea beetles as the seed treatment residual was diminishing and the crop became vulnerable to feeding injury. The best insecticide strategy for management of flea beetle was the high rate of insecticide seed treatment plus a foliar insecticide applied at 21 d after planting, regardless of planting date.
Utility of the Framingham Risk Score in predicting secondary events in patients following percutaneous coronary intervention: A time-trend analysis

Background The Framingham Risk Score (FRS) effectively predicts the risk of cardiovascular events in the primary prevention setting. However, its use in identifying the risk of cardiovascular events among patients with established coronary heart disease is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of the FRS in predicting long-term secondary events in patients following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) across a 17-year period. Methods Consecutive patients (N=25,519, male=71%, mean age=66.5±12.1years) undergoing PCI at Mayo Clinic between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 2010, were screened for cardiovascular risk factors to determine their FRS at baseline (mean score 7.0±3.3). Patients were divided into 4 groups according to their FRS 10-year predicted risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and were followed up for a median duration of 109months (Q1-Q3, 63-155) for the primary composite end point of cardiac death and myocardial infarction (MI) and the secondary end points of all-cause death, noncardiac death, and revascularization (surgical and percutaneous). Patients were separately divided into 5 equal temporal subsets depending on the date of PCI and were fit to a Cox model with an interaction between the FRS 10-year predicted risk and time. Results The FRS was significantly associated with the 10-year actual risk of cardiac death and MI (both combined and separately, P P P P =.018). However, the FRS discriminated risk poorly for all end points (C-statistic: cardiac death and MI, 56.8; all-cause death, 58.7; noncardiac death, 51.8; and revascularization, 51.3) even among patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome or stable angina. Over the 17-year period of time, the association between the FRS 10-year predicted risk and the 10-year actual risk of events did not change ( P =.72). Conclusions The FRS discriminates the risk of long-term secondary events, including cardiac death, MI, and revascularization, in patients following PCI poorly, even among those presenting with acute coronary syndrome. The current study supports the development of novel secondary prevention risk models.
Detection of early exoerythrocytic schizonts of Plasmodium cynomolgi by immunofluorescence.

Early exoerythrocytic schizonts of the simian malaria parasite Plasmodium cynomolgi, B strain, have been detected in fixed liver tissue, employing highly specific reagents. Five-day and 4-day schizonts were readily identified by both the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) technique and the Giemsa stain, in biopsy material fixed in Carnoy's solution and embedded in paraffin 9.5 years previously. Three-day exoerythrocytic forms were identified by IFA in freshly fixed and embedded tissue, then were re-located in the same sections after staining with Giemsa. The 3-day parasites were within the cytoplasm of hepatic parenchymal cells, measured 5 μ in diameter, and possessed one to three nuclei. Because of the highly specific nature of the immunofluorescent technique, the identification of these early forms is reported here as far more certain than had been possible previously.
Lens placode planar cell polarity is dependent on Cdc42-mediated junctional contraction inhibition

Development of the ocular lens commences with the formation of the lens placode, an epithelial structure that thickens and subsequently bends inward in a process called invagination. Invagination is observed during the development of many embryonic structures, but the spectrum of morphogenetic events driving this process are, in most cases, not fully understood. A characteristic commonly found in embryonic tissues undergoing epithelial reorganization is planar polarity, a property where cells are geometrically and/or molecularly orientated in a specific direction along the plane of an epithelium. Planar polarity is known to drive the morphogenesis of several epithelial structures, however its role during invagination events is less clear. We have found that at the onset of invagination, cells of the lens placode become geometrically planar polarized such that they are orientated toward a central point in the lens placode. Further investigation revealed that this is due to contraction of radially orientated junctions and the elongation of those circumferentially orientated. Radial junctions have an elevated localization of actomyosin and their contraction is dependent on the F-actin and Rho-kinase binding protein, Shroom3. Elongation of circumferential junctions is dependent upon Cdc42, a Rho-GTPase known to regulate polarity via the Par-complex. We determined that Cdc42 and members of the Par-complex inhibit Shroom3-induced contractility and promote anisotropic placode cell geometry through inhibition of junctional contraction. We postulate that invagination of the lens placode requires careful orchestration of these opposing processes which are mediated by the planar polarization of junctional proteins.
Adaptive Control of Nonlinear Systems with Unknown Delays and Persistent Disturbances

In this paper, we develop a Direct Model Reference Adaptive Controller for nonlinear systems with unknown delays. This controller can also reject bounded disturbances of known wave form but unknown amplitude, e.g. steps or sinusoids. We prove an infinitedimensional version of the Lyapunov-Barbalat Stability Theorem, and use it to show that the controller produces global asymptotic tracking with bounded controller gains when the delay-free open-loop plant is almost strictly dissipative and the internal delay terms satisfy a matrix inequality. The adaptive controller has no knowledge of the delay. We derive results for linear systems as a corollary. An illustrative example is provided.
Large-Scale Transcriptome Analysis of Cucumber and Botrytis cinerea during Infection

Cucumber gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is considered one of the most serious cucumber diseases. With the advent of Hi-seq technology, it is possible to study the plant-pathogen interaction at the transcriptome level. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of RNA-seq to identify cucumber and B. cinerea differentially expressed genes (DEGs) before and after the plant-pathogen interaction. In total, 248,908,688 raw reads were generated; after removing low-quality reads and those containing adapter and poly-N, 238,341,648 clean reads remained to map the reference genome. There were 3,512 cucumber DEGs and 1,735 B. cinerea DEGs. GO enrichment and KEGG enrichment analysis were performed on these DEGs to study the interaction between cucumber and B. cinerea. To verify the reliability and accuracy of our transcriptome data, 5 cucumber DEGs and 5 B. cinerea DEGs were chosen for RT-PCR verification. This is the first systematic transcriptome analysis of components related to the B. cinerea-cucumber interaction. Functional genes and putative pathways identified herein will increase our understanding of the mechanism of the pathogen-host interaction.
Latent Structure in Print Ad Subjective Strategy: A Suggested Method for Advertising Strategy Study in Marketing Education

Subjective message strategies for ads in women’s consumer magazines were examined using a content analysis method. The data was then subjected to a factor analysis to explore latent components underlying the subjective portion of the ads. Five unique subjective components emerged from the analysis. The exploratory study indicates that print ads have unique components. The study of subjective print ad strategy can be enhanced by understanding the nature of the components of an ad. This can facilitate the learning/instruction process.
Application of Miller Energy Release Model for Aluminized Explosive

Numerical simulation results with AUTODYN software revealed Jing Ping Lu′s parameters of PBXW-115 ignition and growth model underestimate energy release of Al powders combustion.The effects of artificial viscosity coefficient and mesh density on simulation results were discussed.The larger artificial viscosity coefficients and coarser meshes can smear off peak pressure of shock wave severely,but affect impulse little.Based on Bocksterner′s underwater explosion experimental results,parameters of Miller energy release model were solved inversely.Weighted coefficient of impulse was twice as much as that of peak pressure in objective function.New model parameters obtained from underwater explosion test can express the size effect of aluminized explosive and can be applied to numerican simulation of near field and far field,while Lee-Trave model parameters can only be applied to the numerical simulation of near field and small yield underwater explosion.