cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stapled hemorrhoidopexy: a new device and method of performance without using a pursestring suture.

This study was designed to develop a more reliable device and technique that will allow for the safer and reproducibly consistent performance of a stapled hemorrhoidopexy without using a pursestring suture. This device and technique must allow the surgeon to be able to control the volume of tissue drawn into the stapler center chamber during the performance of the procedure. A porcine model was used to evaluate and perfect a mucosal impalement device and technique for use during the performance of a stapled hemorrhoidopexy. A specially manufactured washer with spikes on one side was fitted onto the center shaft of a PROXIMATE® PPH01 Hemorrhoidal Circular Stapler and was used in each of nine animals. A pursestring suture was not needed and was not used in any of the procedures. After performing the stapled hemorrhoidopexy, a mucosal donut was obtained from each animal. On gross inspection, each donut was of similar size, height, and volume compared with that of a human stapled hemorrhoidopexy donut. Each was completely circumferential (except for the final specimen, which was purposely incomplete after having performed a single quadrant resection). The performance of each procedure required approximately one minute. A procedure and device have been developed that allow for the rapid, safe, and reliable performance of a sutureless stapled hemorrhoidopexy by using a new mucosal impalement device and technique in the porcine model. It was used successfully in the porcine model under simulated diverse clinical circumstances. The procedure is easy to teach and learn and has potential applicability for use in humans.
An Illuminant-Stable Color Vision Test, I

The best practical test of color vision is the printed polychromatic, typified by the Ishihara. Its flaw is that, being calibrated to a standard illuminant which is required for actual testing, it becomes undependable with deviations from this standard. In practice the standard is rarely provided, because it requires special artificial installations which are rarely available or even appreciated as a necessity. Hence, improper illumination is the rule rather than the exception, and accounts for the passing of 50 percent of color defectives in the Navy, for example. The present report, the first of a projected series, discusses solely the basic technical aspects of a new polychromatic printed test for red-green deficiency which retains stability and diagnostic integrity under a range of illumination far wider than that encountered in testing under natural or artificial sources, from minus-blue to 14,000°K. With this, testing may be done in disregard of composition of illuminant. Thus a source of error is eliminated which has seriously impaired the utility of what is otherwise the most desirable type of practical test.
Leveraging product design and development in manufacturing using technology function deployment approach

Relying more heavily on multi-disciplinary groups involved in product design and development creates added challenges for companies in maintaining the proper mix of members of the design and development team and those with technical skills and abilities. Further, there is a greater learning curve in bringing in new members and growing the team. This study examines the challenges of new product development in mid-to-large-sized companies in a global supply chain arena. It provides for a formal and standard product lifecycle and cycle-time compression process that leverages technology function deployment TFD product development framework. An in-depth comparative analysis of TFD methodological framework employed in design and development of three different consumer products featuring varying level of technology sophistication is offered.
Global and local stability properties of a non-SPR output error estimator

Conditions for local instability are compared with conditions for global asymptotic stability of an output error adaptive estimation algorithm for continuous-time systems. A boundedness conjecture is made that all signals within this adaptive system including the output error and parameter estimates remain globally bounded for all time despite any locally unstable behaviour. A global stability criterion applied to a transfer function, which is not strictly positive real, states that for a large enough adaptation gain the system will be asymptotically stable. However, a local result states that for a small enough adaptation gain the same system is unstable. The results suggested by the computer simulations are verified by an exact analysis of a linearized periodic version of the adaptive system.
Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in soil samples by enzyme-linked immunoassay.

Abstract An ELISA protocol was adapted for detection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in soil samples and the limit of detection of the test was determined. A modified indirect antigen capture ELISA protocol was developed using monoclonal antibodies against the oocyst outer wall. The accuracy of the ELISA was compared to spiked soil samples and measured in terms of sensitivity and specificity of the test. The performance of the ELISA was evaluated in field soil samples and measured using the κ-statistics. Similarly, the performance of the ELISA was compared to the concentration flotation method, to a modified concentration flotation method and to a commercial ELISA (ProSpecT™) in field fecal and soil samples. The limit of detection of the test was selected to be 10,000 oocysts/g. At this limit of detection, the ELISA had a sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 100%. The agreement between the ELISA and the modified flotation-concentration method in detecting Cryptosporidium oocysts in soil samples was 32% (κ=0.32). The ELISA had the same relative sensitivity (82%) in comparison to both the flotation and ProSpecT™ in determining Cryptosporidium-infection status of an animal. The κ-statistics was 0.26 for both tests. The developed ELISA proved to be a valuable diagnostic test for detecting oocysts in soil samples and has a potential application in determining the infection status of animals.
Exposure of pink salmon embryos to dissolved polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons delays development, prolonging vulnerability to mechanical damage.

Abstract Exposure to dissolved polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from crude oil delays pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) embryo development, thus prolonging their susceptibility to mechanical damage (shock). Exposure also caused mortality, edema, and anemia consistent with previous studies. Hatching and yolk consumption were delayed, indicating the rate of embryonic development was slowed by PAH exposure. The net result was that exposed embryos were more susceptible to shock than normal, unexposed embryos. Susceptibility to shock was protracted by 4–6 d for more than a month in embryos exposed to exponentially declining, dissolved PAH concentrations in water passed through oiled rock; the initial total PAH concentration was 22.4 μg L−1 and the geometric mean concentration was 4.5 μg L−1 over the first 20 d. Protracted susceptibility to shock caused by exposure to PAHs dissolved from oil could potentially increase the reported incidence of mortality in oiled stream systems, such as those in Prince William Sound after the Exxon Valdez oil spill, if observers fail to discriminate between direct mortality and shock-induced mortality.
Raman scattering from magnons in rare earth orthoferrites

Abstract We have employed Raman scattering to measure the spinwave frequencies of various rare earth orthoferrites in order to determine both their in-plane and out-of-plane anisotropy constants. For YFeO 3 , for example, we observe modes at 11.0 cm -1 and 17.3 cm -1 which imply an in-plane anisotropy field of 1047 Oe.
Bounded Rationality and Political Science: Lessons from Public Administration and Public Policy

By 1958, a model of human behavior capable of serving as the microlevel foundation for organizational and policy studies was in place. The scientific soundness of that model is unquestioned, yet the fundamentals of that behavioral model of choice have not yet been incorporated into political science. Much analysis relies on models of rational maximization despite the availability of a more scientifically sound behavioral base. In this article I examine the reasons for and ramifications of this neglect of sound science in political science, focusing primarily on public policy and public administration. While neither approach can lay claim to major successes in prediction, the behavioral model of choice predicts distributions of organizational and policy outputs in a superior fashion. Most people who study politics and government care little about the fine details of the specifics of human cognition; they are quite content to leave that to biologists, psychologists, and cognitive scientists. What they cannot escape, however, is the need for some firm foundation that can link human behavior to macropolitics. That foundation must fulfill three criteria: First, it must do no harm (it should not mislead); second, it must allow movement between individual-level processes and organizational processes in a more or less seamless manner; and third, it should be efficient in that it does not drag in specifics of human behavior that are not needed to understand the policy-making process. I will show how the model of bounded rationality, as initially articulated by Herbert A. Simon, a political scientist, (and then expanded by Simon, organizational theorists such as James A. March, and cognitive scientists such as Allen Newell) fulfills these criteria. This foundation has been available since 1958. 1 I will show that the common alternative assumption, comprehensive rationality, fails to produce satisfactory scientific predictability and that bounded rationality is a superior mechanism. It is superior in two respects: It performs better in linking the procedures of human choice with the organizational and policy processes, and it performs better in predicting organizational and policy outcomes in a very important class of collective behaviors. Neither approach does very well in “point prediction” (predicting precise events), but bounded rationality makes distributional predictions in
A Study of Pipeline Drugs in Neuroendocrine Tumors

Purpose Inhibition of neovessel development can stabilize tumor growth. A rapid in vitro method that can evaluate the effectiveness of anti-angiogenic drugs would aid in drug development. We tested a series of investigational agents to determine their ability to inhibit angiogenesis in our in vitro human angiogenesis model.
Neonatal morphometrics and perinatal outcome: who is growth retarded?

To evaluate the relationship between neonatal morphometrics and poor neonatal outcome resulting from fetal malnutrition, we prospectively examined 355 sequential live-born, singleton neonates >35 weeks' gestational age. Birth weight, neonatal ponderal index, and midarm circumference to head circumference ratio were measured. A birth weight, ponderal index, or midarm circumference to head circumference ratio ≤tenth or ≥nintieth percentiles for gestational age was considered abnormal. Poor outcome was defined as operative delivery for fetal distress, 5-minute Apgar score
The measurement of the photodissociation rate of NO2 in the atmosphere

Abstract The photodissociation rate of NO 2 by sunlight, j NO 2 , has been measured as a function of solar zenith angle, χ, at a nonurban field site in the Colorado mountains under a variety of sky conditions. These results indicate that j NO 2 χ = [0.01305 exp (− 0.360 sec χ )] ± 7% s −1 , for summertime, clear skies, small aerosol loadings, low-albedo background and 3 km surface elevation. The band defined by the above uncertainty contains 95% of our measurements. These data are compared to previous theoretical and experimental values that have been adjusted, using theoretical sensitivity factors, to correspond to the above site and atmospheric characteristics. The agreement is good, within 7%. However, it is noted that, had the theoretical calculations used the most recent NO 2 → NO + O quantum-yield data (Harker et al. , 1977), the agreement would not be satisfactory, thereby suggesting the need for further NO 2 quantum-yield studies. The cloudy-day data are compared to the expectations of an isotropic-filter cloud-effects model, which is found to be a poor general description. A phenomenological cloud-effects model, which offers some improvement, is proposed.
Radiation Damage Studies in CTR Materials Using Dual Beam Irradiation

Radiation damage to first wall materials during CTR operation is being evaluated using a dual beam ion bombardment technique. The dual beams consist of a heavy ion beam, e. g., Ni+++ which produces damage similar to that from high energy neutrons and light ions, e.g., He+ which simulates the ?,? production during neutron irradiation. A 2 MeV tandem accelerator with a sputter ion source produces the heavy ions. A 2 MeV Van der Graff produces the helium ions. A degrader foil in conjenction with a detector is used to obtain the proper helium energy to match the damage range of the heavy ions. The radiation induced microstructural changes are subsequently evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. Results have shown that in molybdenum at temperatures up to 1475 K, simultaneous injection of helium with the heavy ion had a small effect on the microstructure but no effect on the void swelling. In a Nb-lZr alloy, radiation did enhance internal oxide nucleation at elevated temperature. If the alloy was internally oxidized prior to irradiation, the resulting microstructural damage from the irradiation revealed much less void swelling.
A simple method for the analysis of sub-Kelvin refrigerators that use a dilute superfluid 3He–4He mixture as a working fluid

Abstract The recent development of new types of sub-Kelvin refrigerators that use dilute superfluid 3 He– 4 He mixtures has made it apparent that a simple method of cycle analysis is needed. General control volume forms of the first and second laws of thermodynamics appropriate to this working fluid are presented. Simple analytic constitutive relations for the internal energy, entropy, enthalpy, osmotic enthalpy and 4 He chemical potential are presented. Several examples are worked out using these relations.
Uncemented hemiarthroplasty for fractured neck of femur: a consecutive series with a single prosthesis

Hemiarthroplasty of the hip is a common procedure for treatment of displaced intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck. Cementing the stem in the femur may lead to the cardiovascular complications of bone cement implantation syndrome, whereas the use of uncemented stems has been associated with an increase in intraoperative fractures. In this article, a series of 172 consecutive procedures performed with an established modular, uncemented HA-coated prosthesis are presented. There were no intraoperative deaths or periprosthetic fractures as a result of stem insertion, demonstrating that it can be used safely when an uncemented option is preferred.
Searching for stem cell regulatory molecules. Some general thoughts and possible approaches.

: Hematopoietic development in the mammal can be represented as a numerically expanding hierarchy of cell populations that are progressively restricted in their self-renewal and differentiation abilities. Classical functional studies have now been extebded to provide exact physical descriptions of various stages in the Hematopoietic hierarchy. In particular, much information is available that defines the properties of the most primitive stem cell compartment. In addition, a number of in vitro culture systems suggest the possibility of maintaining and expanding these cells in a defined context. In all developmental systems, unique profiles of expressed genes define distinct differentiation stages. Within these profiles are gene products that play crucial roles in the regulation of cell-fate decisions. Recent progress in hematopoietic biology provides the framework within which to define molecular phenotypes for hematopoietic stem cells and their immediate clonal progeny. Identifying novel gene products expressed predominantly in uncommittes stem cells together with functional loos and gain-of-function approaches should begin to unravel the molecular mechanisms that govern biological phenomena such as self-renewal, commitment, and proliferation in the hematopoietic system.
Nurturing dads: Social initiatives for contemporary fatherhood

Nurturing dads: Social initiatives for contemporary fatherhood, by William Marsiglio and Kevin Roy, New York, NY, Russell Sage Foundation, 2012, 290 pp., US$35.00 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-87154-566-...
Participation of Older Patients With Prostate Cancer in Medicare Eligible Trials

Purpose: On June 7, 2000 President Clinton issued an executive memorandum directing Medicare payment for routine patient care in qualifying clinical trials. We estimated the proportion of older patients with prostate cancer who were examined as part of a qualifying clinical trial, and the association between participation and patient characteristics.Materials and Methods: We performed an observational study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Medicare database to determine participation in qualifying clinical trials in a sample of 37,216 men 66 years old or older who were enrolled in Medicare and diagnosed with prostate cancer between September 2000 and December 2002.Results: Within 3 years of diagnosis 211 men (0.567%) received routine patient care in a qualifying clinical trial. These participants were more likely to be younger than 70 years (OR 1.687, 95% CI 1.27–2.24) and less likely to be less educated and reside in low income, metropolitan neighborhoods. White men were more likely t...
Fatigue-life calculations on pristine and corroded open-hole specimens using small-crack theory

Abstract This paper uses a plasticity-induced crack-closure model and small-crack theory to calculate the fatigue lives of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheet specimens with open holes subjected to cantilever (R = −1) bending loads. The bending specimens had three drilled holes that were either pristine or exposed to outside weather conditions at various locations for 3–12 months. The exposed specimens developed various levels of corrosion pits in and around the holes. These pre-corroded specimens were then returned to the laboratory and fatigue tested under laboratory-air conditions with cantilever bending loads. The present paper uses fatigue-crack growth with an equivalent-initial-flaw-size (EIFS) to fit the fatigue behavior of the exposed specimens. Improved stress-intensity factor equations for a corner crack at the edge of an open hole under remote bending were used to make the fatigue-life calculations. The EIFS values agreed well with the median corrosion-pit depths measured on the exposed specimens with moderate corrosion. For one case of severe corrosion, the EIFS value was much larger than the measured pit depth.
SCATTERING OF GAMMA RAYS BY A STATIC ELECTRIC FIELD

In an effort to observe Delbr\"uck scattering (the scattering of photons by a static electric field), the absolute differential cross sections for the elastic scattering of 1.33-Mev gamma rays by lead, tin, and uranium and of 2.62-Mev gamma rays by lead and tin have been measured for angles between 15 and 105 degrees. The observed scattering is the coherent sum of Delbr\"uck, Rayleigh (bound electron), and nuclear Thomson scattering. The amplitude for the latter process is well known; recent calculations of Rayleigh scattering, which are in good agreement with data obtained previously in this laboratory for gamma-ray energies below 1 Mev, provide exact values of the amplitudes at 1.33 Mev and approximate values at 2.62 Mev. At 1.33 Mev, the difference between the observed scattering and that due to the Rayleigh and Thomson processes is not sufficiently large compared with experimental error to permit a definite identification of Delbr\"uck scattering to be made. At 2.62 Mev, for lead, the experimental cross sections at intermediate angles (30 to 75 degrees) are substantially larger than those calculated by extrapolation of the exact calculations, even when reasonable allowance for error in the extrapolation is made. The most probable explanation for this difference is an appreciable contribution from Delbr\"uck scattering.
“Friendly authoritarianism” and the bedtaun: public space in a Japanese suburb

In the West, public space ideally serves as the open, transformative core of urban democratic society. But what role does it play in a non-Western democracy with anti-individualist, authoritarian cultural mores, such as in Japan? The author used archival research, direct observations and informal interviews, as well as reference to key insights of actor-network theory (ANT) to investigate whether or not the public spaces of a Japanese suburb are conducive to individual freedom and expression. The paper concludes that these spaces help maintain what Sugimoto (1997) calls the “friendly authoritarianism” of Japanese society.
Twinning effects in a rod-textured AM30 Magnesium alloy

Abstract We experimentally and numerically investigated the effect of twinning on plasticity using an extruded rod-textured magnesium alloy. The rod-texture is a 〈 1 0 1 ¯ 0 〉 -axis fiber texture that presents a fundamentally different anisotropy correlated to twinning with respect to the widely discussed c-axis fiber texture generated by clock rolling. We quantified a profuse { 1 0 1 ¯ 2 } 〈 1 0 1 ¯ 1 〉 extension twinning along the extrusion direction (ED) that consumed the entire parent before the inflection point in the stress–strain behavior. However, under compression along the extrusion radial direction (ERD), the twinning model in the viscoplastic self-consistent formulation still predicts substantial extension twinning. However, in this case the stress–strain curve did not inflect, and Regime II hardening was absent. We demonstrate via EBSD analyses that the absence of Regime II hardening along the ERD was due to a non-Schmid effect by multivariant “stopped” twinning. The intersecting variants of stopped twins incurred twin–twin interactions that limited the twin growth. Profuse { 1 0 1 ¯ 1 } 〈 1 0 1 ¯ 2 〉 double twinning occurs both under ED and ERD but peculiarly triggered earlier under ERD than under ED, so the Voce model under VPSC could not capture their effect. The complex networks of stopped twins in the ERD clearly negate a possible Hall–Petch effect on Regime II by twin segmentation, since otherwise Regime II would be more marked in the ERD. Rather, the stopped twins suggest preferential latent hardening within the twinned regions by parent dislocation transmutation upon their incorporation in the twins. In fact, since twin–twin interactions mitigate the growth rates of sweeping extension twin boundaries, dislocation transmutation could be limited to the extent that Regime II hardening will be eliminated.
Callosal Hyperintensities and Gait Speed Gain From Two Types of Mobility Interventions in Older Adults

Abstract Objective To assess whether the volume of callosal hyperintensities in the genu and splenium of older adults with mobility impairment is differentially associated with the degree of gain in gait speed after 2 types of gait interventions. Design Single-blind randomized controlled trial of 2 types of gait exercises in older adults. Setting Research center in an academic institution. Participants Ambulatory adults (N=44) aged ≥65 years with a slow and variable gait. Intervention Twelve-week physical therapist–guided trial of a conventional walking, endurance, balance, and strength (WEBS) intervention (n=20) versus a timing and coordination of gait (TC) intervention (n=22). Main Outcome Measure Gain in gait speed after the intervention and its relation to callosal hyperintensities in the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum. Results Gait speed improved in both the WEBS group (mean change, 0.16m/s) and the TC group (mean change, 0.21m/s; both P P =.05). Greater genual WMH volume was related to a smaller gait speed gain in the WEBS group ( P =.01) but not in the TC ( P =.10) group. Splenial WMH volume was not differentially associated with gait speed gain (interaction, P =.90). Conclusions Callosal hyperintensities differentially influence gait speed gain by the type of gait rehabilitation. Mobility impaired older adults with genual hyperintensities may benefit from a rehabilitation program focused on motor skill learning rather than on strength and endurance training.
Metal chelates and antitubercular activity. IV. Isonicotinyl hydrazide.

Metal chelates of isonicotinyl hydrazide (INH) containing divalent copper, cobalt, iron, and zinc and having both 1:1 and 2:1 ratios of INH to metal have been isolated and characterized. These chelates showed in vivo antitubercular activities in mice comparable to that from INH itself. The 2:1 chelates were found to be considerably more lipophilic (fifty to ninety-fold) than the 1:1 chelates, but underwent conversion to 1:1 chelates at equilibrium. Toxicity determinations on the chelates showed them to resemble the corresponding inorganic salts in their toxic manifestations in mice. These findings suggest that the INH chelates are present mainly as the 1:1 species in vivo , and permit the postulation that INH exerts its antitubercular action as a 1:1 metal chelate.
Hydrocarbon-Induced Agglomeration of Pd Particles in Pd/HZSM-5

Abstract The deactivation mechanism of Pd/HZSM-5 catalysts in the conversion of methylcyclopentane (MCP) has been studied. Results obtained with EXAFS and TEM show that agglomeration of Pd particles is the dominant cause of catalyst deactivation: no coke deposition is detected by TPO, 13 C-NMR, or TEM. In a freshly reduced 0.88-wt% Pd/HZSM-5 catalyst, triatomic Pd particles are stabilized by protons bridging between Pd 3 and the cage wall. During MCP reaction at 250°C the Pd 3 clusters coalesce, forming much larger Pd particles of about 20 A. This agglomeration induces significant changes in the product distribution pattern of the isotope exchange between cyclopentane (CP) and D 2 . The agglomeration is attributed to "de-anchoring," i.e., the replacement of the protons in Pd n -H + -O − z by carbenium ions. This concept is confirmed by exposing the reduced catalyst to NH 3 : proton neutralization induces formation of 50-A large Pd particles. Metal agglomeration is much smaller after exposure to CP instead of MCP; this evidence illustrates the crucial role of the tertiary C atom in MCP. It is concluded that the easy formation of a tertiary carbenium ion is essential for extensive deanchoring. The agglomerated Pd particles are still inside the zeolite for a low-Pd-loading catalyst, but for a catalyst with high Pd loading a significant portion of the secondary Pd particles are on the external surface. In this case the distribution of the isotope-exchange pattern of CP + D 2 becomes similar to that of PdSiO 2 .
Virus rejection by the reverse osmosis-ultrafiltration processes

Abstract : Rejection of viruses by commercial grade asymmetrical cellulose acetate membranes commonly used in the ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis processes was evaluated. Various concentrations of coliphage T2 and poliovirus were innoculated in the feed water of a bench scale ultrafiltration-reverse osmosis unit and virus concentrations in the produce were determined. The insoluble polyelectrolyte technique for concentrating extremely low levels of virus was modified and standardized for use in the study. Membrane penetration studies indicated that limited numbers of virus passed the membranes. The penetration of viruses may be attributable to the presence of random areas of imperfect crosslinkage of the cellulose acetate in the dense layer of the membrane. Despite limited virus penetration, all of the cellulose acetate membranes used in this study rejected an extremely high percentage of the viruses and provided a product water of excellent quality.
Fouling detection in the food industry using ultrasonic guided waves

Ultrasonic guided waves can propagate over long distances in process pipe and have demonstrated excellent sensitivity to viscous coatings on the inner surface of piping commonly used in the processing of dairy products. This technology shows excellent potential to help upgrade plant maintenance from a time based to a condition based schedule. The design, fabrication, and installation of new piezopolymer guided wave sensors is discussed with emphasis on their affordability.
Integrating managerial perceptions and transformational leadership into a work‐unit level model of employee involvement

Employee involvement is an organizational phenomenon that has received increasing empirical attention. Although much research has examined the outcomes of involvement at the organization level, arguments can be made for exploring involvement at the work-unit level and for investigating the processes by which a unit-level climate of involvement may be created or emerge. Building on largely untested suggestions that such processes are likely to be motivational and initiated by employees' immediate supervisors, this paper incorporates two concepts of managerial perceptions and leadership into a work-unit level model of involvement climate. In particular, this study examines the indirect association of managerial perceptions about subordinates' ability to perform and about the utility of organizational practices for facilitating performance, as well as the direct association of transformational leadership, with a climate of involvement. The association of involvement climate with citizenship, absenteeism, and voluntary turnover is also considered. Using structural equation modeling in a sample of 167 work units, results indicate that leadership fully mediates the relationship between managers' perceptions about their subordinates and climate. Further, climate partially mediates and fully mediates the relationship between leadership and citizenship, and absenteeism, respectively. Implications for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An introduction to technologies commonly used by college students

Newer communication technologies are a regular part of students' lives. It is important to understand how and why students are using these technologies in order to best serve them and improve educational outcomes.
Flame synthesis of carbon nanotubes and few-layer graphene on metal-oxide spinel powders

Abstract Multi-walled and single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and few-layer graphene (FLG) are grown directly on spinel powders using flame synthesis. CNT and FLG growth occurs via the decomposition of flame-generated carbon precursors (e.g., CO, C2H2, and CH4) over nanoparticles (i.e., Ni, Co, Fe, and Cu) reduced from the solid oxide. The growth of CNTs is investigated on NiAl2O4, CoAl2O4, and ZnFe2O4, using counterflow diffusion flame and multiple inverse-diffusion flames (m-IDFs), while the growth of FLG is investigated on CuFe2O4 using m-IDFs. As shown by analytical electron microscopy techniques, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, substrate temperature and spinel composition play critical roles in the growth of both CNTs and FLG.
Supernovae from White Dwarfs Near Black Holes

We describe a new thermonuclear explosion model for Type I (or Type II) supernovae whereby relativistic terms enhance the self gravity of a carbon-oxygen white dwarf (or red-giant core) as it passes or orbits near a black hole. This relativistic compression can cause the central density to exceed the threshold for pycnonuclear or thermonuclear reactions so that an explosion ensues. We have considered three possible environments: 1) white dwarfs orbiting a low-mass (∼ 10 – 20 M ⊙ ) black hole; 2) white dwarfs encountering a massive (∼ 1 – 3 × 10 3 M ⊙ ) black hole in a dense globular cluster; and 3) white dwarfs passing a supermassive (∼ 10 6 – 10 9 M ⊙ ) black hole in a dense galactic core. We estimate the rate at which such events could occur to be significantly less than the rate of normal Type Ia supernovae for all three classes. Nevertheless, they should be frequent enough to warrant a search for this new class of supernova. We show results of three-dimensional thermonuclear burn calculations of white dwarfs or red-giant cores ignited near a supermassive black hole. Such an event might have produced the observed "mixed-morphology" Sgr A East supernova remnant (SNR) in the Galactic core.
Latino Fathers: The Relationship Among Machismo, Acculturation, Ethnic Identity, and Paternal Involvement

University of LouisvillePaternal involvement with children is associated with better outcomes for children andfamily functioning. There are, however, few data examining the intersection of culturalnorms and paternal involvement. For Latino fathers in the United States, paternalinvolvement may vary on the basis of cultural and gender norms, acculturation process,and ethnic identity. The current study used self-report surveys to examine the percep-tions of 67 Latino fathers regarding their paternal involvement, machismo (i.e., machoand caballerismo), degree of acculturation, and ethnic identity. The bivariate correla-tions revealed Latino fathers Latino acculturation, and macho attitudes were signi -cantly associated with paternal involvement, whereas ethnic identity and caballerismoattitudes were not. In the linear regression analysis, only Latino fathers machoattitudes were negatively associated with paternal involvement after accounting for thevariance in the other variables.Keywords: Latino fathers, machismo, ethnic identity, acculturation, paternal involve-ment
Book Rvw: Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy, Second Edition. Edited by J. B. Pawley

Confocal microscopy has advanced in the last five years in the areas of instrument development, theory, new fluorescent probes for ion imaging, and new applications. These advances are reflected in the increasing number of users of these instruments and their publications.
Pregnancy Outcomes in Women With Congenital Heart Disease

Background— Pregnant women with congenital heart disease are at increased risk for cardiac and neonatal complications, yet risk factors for adverse outcomes are not fully defined. Methods and Results— Between January 1998 and September 2004, 90 pregnancies at age 27.7±6.1 years were followed in 53 women with congenital heart disease. Spontaneous abortions occurred in 11 pregnancies at 10.8±3.7 weeks, and 7 underwent elective pregnancy termination. There were no maternal deaths. Primary maternal cardiac events complicated 19.4% of ongoing pregnancies, with pulmonary edema in 16.7% and sustained arrhythmias in 2.8%. Univariate risk factors included prior history of heart failure (odds ratio [OR], 15.5), NYHA functional class ≥2 (OR, 5.4), and decreased subpulmonary ventricular ejection fraction (OR, 7.7). Independent predictors were decreased subpulmonary ventricular ejection fraction and/or severe pulmonary regurgitation (OR, 9.0) and smoking history (OR, 27.2). Adverse neonatal outcomes occurred in 27.8% ...
Alonzo Church and the Reviews

The journal of symbolic logic began publishing in 1936. From the outset, the JOURNAL included a Reviews Section, edited by Alonzo Church. The very first issue carried three pages of reviews, written by Bernays, Church, Rosser, and Quine. As the first issue stated, "It is intended that this section of the JOURNAL shall serve as a complete bibliography of current literature in the field of symbolic logic, from January 1, 1936. To this end an effort will be made to include in it, at least by title, all publications in this field, both books and articles in journals, and as far as possible these will be accompanied by signed reviews." Thus the purpose of the Reviews Section was twofold. For one, there was its bibliographical function: to provide a complete, suitably indexed, listing of all the publications-both books and journal articles-in symbolic logic, wherever and in whatever language published. And secondly, the reviews were to provide critical, analytical commentary on these publications, whenever possible. The Reviews Section should be viewed as a continuation and expansion of Church's A bibliography of symbolic logic. The Bibliography was a listing, with some annotations, of the publications in symbolic logic prior to 1936. It was published as volume 1, number 4 of the JOURNAL. Church made the listing as complete as he could, of course. When additional pre-1936 publications came to his attention, they were initially added to the Additions and corrections, published in volume 3, pages 178-192; the ones found later were listed in the Reviews Section. (In 1984, the Bibliography was reissued, together with the Additions and corrections and the subsequently discovered items. The reissue is therefore the authoritative listing of publications in symbolic logic prior to 1936.) Assembling the Bibliography required Church to formulate principles as to exactly what "symbolic logic" was or was not. The field was not simply logic-there are still works published with 'logic' in their titles but which make no use of formal or mathematical methods. Church drew the starting line at Leibniz's 1666 work, Dissertatio de arte combinatoria in qua ex
Adaptation of nitrogen metabolism to hyperosmotic environment in Amphibia

A large number of species of Amphibia, both Anura and Urodela, are capable of tolerating a moderately saline environment. Rana cancrivora, Bufo viridis, and Xenopus laevis are among the most euryhaline frogs so far studied. Rana cancrivora can tolerate undiluted seawater. In a saline environment, Amphibia show raised plasma sodium and chloride and raised intracellular potassium and chloride. In the adults, plasma and tissue urea are elevated, especially in the more euryhaline species. Free amino acids contribute negligibly to plasma osmolarity, but are very important in intracellular fluids. By these various means, the osmotic pressure of body fluids is always maintained at a higher level than that of the surroundings. Larval Amphibia, however, do not make urea; Rana cancrivora tadpoles can live in saltwater, but maintain the osmolarity of their body fluids below that of their surroundings. Adaptive responses to hyperosmolar environment include decreased skin sodium transport, greatly reduced urine flow, and release of posterior pituitary hormones. After the initial response, the release of these hormones declines, and urine flow increases. Accumulation of urea occurs slowly, but this substance plays an increasingly important role as adaptation proceeds. Accumulation is due initially to urea retention, and possibly to greater synthesis due to a high concentration of precursors of the urea cycle. In later stages of adaptation, increased urea synthesis is due to elevated levels of urea cycle enzymes, especially those that appear to have been rate-limiting. Liver glutamate dehydrogenase is also elevated. In animals subjected to pure osmotic stress, in solutions not containing sodium, responses are similar to, but not identical with, those caused by a medium containing sodium chloride.
Traumatic internal carotid artery dissections caused by blunt softball injuries

This report describes recently treated patients with carotid artery dissection caused by blunt softball injuries, as well as the results of a study of carotid artery trauma in a community. Data obtained through the medical records linkage system used for epidemiologic studies in Olmsted County, MN were used to identify all cases of traumatic internal carotid artery dissection diagnosed from 1987 through 1994. Four patients with traumatic internal carotid artery dissections were identified during the 8-year period under study. In two patients (50%) the carotid dissection was a result of the direct impact of a softball. A 39-year-old-man, who developed transient cerebral ischemic symptoms, and a 35-year-old woman, who developed a painful Horner's syndrome, were struck by a softball on the anterolateral aspect of the neck. Both patients had a low carotid bifurcation. These data suggest that internal carotid artery dissections may be underrecognized sequelae of direct softball injuries to the anterolateral neck. A low carotid bifurcation may be a risk factor for such injuries.
Biochemical studies of collagen turnover in rat incisor periodontal ligament.

Abstract Collagen turnover in an erupting maxillary incisor of the rats was studied using biochemical techniques. The collagen was labelled with [3H]-proline and the loss of activity from hydroxyproline and proline was measured. The turnover of collagen was rapid, with a half-life of 9.5 days and a turnover time of 13.4 days. The non-collagenous components turned over more rapidly with a half-life of 6.5 days. However, after 12 days, there was little or no difference in the specific activities of hydroxyproline and proline. It would appear that after 12 days, both collagen and non-collagenous components had the same turnover rate. It appears from the gradual loss of label, that the entire ligament from the alveolar crest to the apex was labelled and was undergoing remodeling.
Distinguishing mechanisms of gamma frequency oscillations in human current source signals using a computational model of a laminar neocortical network

Gamma frequency rhythms have been implicated in numerous studies for their role in healthy and abnormal brain function. The frequency band has been described to encompass as broad a range as 30–150 Hz. Crucial to understanding the role of gamma in brain function is an identification of the underlying neural mechanisms, which is particularly difficult in the absence of invasive recordings in macroscopic human signals such as those from magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG). Here, we studied features of current dipole (CD) signals from two distinct mechanisms of gamma generation, using a computational model of a laminar cortical circuit designed specifically to simulate CDs in a biophysically principled manner (Jones et al., 2007; Jones et al., 2009). We simulated spiking pyramidal interneuronal gamma (PING) whose period is regulated by the decay time constant of GABAA-mediated synaptic inhibition and also subthreshold gamma driven by gamma-periodic exogenous excitatory synaptic drive. Our model predicts distinguishable CD features created by spiking PING compared to subthreshold driven gamma that can help to disambiguate mechanisms of gamma oscillations in human signals. We found that gamma rhythms in neocortical layer 5 can obscure a simultaneous, independent gamma in layer 2/3. Further, we arrived at a novel interpretation of the origin of high gamma frequency rhythms (100–150 Hz), showing that they emerged from a specific temporal feature of CDs associated with single cycles of PING activity and did not reflect a separate rhythmic process. Last we show that the emergence of observable subthreshold gamma required highly coherent exogenous drive. Our results are the first to demonstrate features of gamma oscillations in human current source signals that distinguish cellular and circuit level mechanisms of these rhythms and may help guide understanding of their functional role.
Comment on Munsinger's adoption study

The recent adoption study reported in this journal by Munsinger appears to provide clear and powerful evidence for a large genetic determination of IQ. The study has been cited as methodologically superior to all other adoption studies. With the repudiation of Burt's data, the Munsinger study has taken on particular importance. Perusal of the raw data published by Munsinger clearly establishes that serious errors have been made in the determination of socioeconomic status. The entire study depends on these erroneous data and must therefore be dismissed.
History of gestational diabetes, insulin resistance and coronary risk.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine characteristics associated with the insulin metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistance, abnormal glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, obesity, and elevated blood pressure, among women who have experienced gestational diabetes. 39 nondiabetic, young (20–42 years), postpartum (3–18 months) white women were recruited from obstetrical clinics. Twenty-one women had a history of gestational diabetes; 18 had uncomplicated pregnancies. Multivariate analyses revealed a significant difference between groups in insulin resistance (M, measured by euglycemic clamp) and insulin levels (from an oral glucose tolerance test), with insulin resistance showing a statistically stronger difference than insulin levels. Groups also differed significantly when compared on a set of variables associated with insulin metabolic syndrome: glucose tolerance, triglycerides, blood pressure, and body-mass index. Using insulin resistance as a covariate eliminated these group differences, suggesting that insulin resistance is the key factor underlying insulin metabolic syndrome. The higher risk of later developing type 2 diabetes and hypertension in women who have a history of gestational diabetes is explicable by their poorer profile on variables associated with insulin metabolic syndrome, and appears to be attributable to insulin resistance. Thus, insulin resistance appears to distinguish young women at risk for cardiovascular disease.
Apoptosis inhibition by Bcl-2 gives way to autophagy in glucocorticoid-treated lymphocytes

Glucocorticosteroid hormones, including prednisone and dexamethasone (Dex), have been used to treat lymphoid malignancies for many years because they readily induce apoptosis in immature lymphocytes lacking Bcl-2. However, elevated expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis and contributes to glucocorticoid resistance. Using the Bcl-2-negative WEHI7.2 lymphoma line as an experimental model, we found that Dex not only induces apoptosis but also induces autophagy. The caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk inhibited apoptosis but not autophagy in Dex-treated cells. Bcl-2 overexpression inhibited Dex-induced apoptosis even more potently than Z-VAD-fmk and, contrary to previous reports, Bcl-2 neither interacted with Beclin-1 nor inhibited autophagy. Rather, Bcl-2 overexpression facilitated detection of Dex-induced autophagy by both steady state methods and flux measurements, ostensibly due to apoptosis inhibition. Autophagy contributed to prolonged survival of Bcl-2-positive lymphoma cells following Dex treatment, as survival was reduced when autophagy was inhibited by 3-methyladenine. These findings emphasize the important interplay between apoptosis and autophagy and suggest a novel mechanism by which Bcl-2, which is frequently elevated in lymphoid malignancies, contributes to glucocorticoid resistance and survival of lymphoma cells.