cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A study of energy use and satisfactory zone ventilation of different outdoor air ventilation strategies for terminal reheat variable air volume systems

Abstract Increased building indoor air quality (IAQ) complaints due to reduced outdoor air ventilation rates led to ASHRAE Standard 62–1989. Even though the stipulated standard total outdoor ventilation flow rate may be drawn into the HVAC system, thermal imbalances in the various zones of the building can lead to certain zones being starved of the specified ventilation flow rate, thereby creating localized IAQ problems. The objective of this paper is to compare the differences in energy use and ventilation air flow rates supplied to different zones in the building for three different practical outdoor air ventilation strategies all of which are identical in performance at design conditions but which differ under part-load operation. A simplified simulation methodology (which past studies have demonstrated to be useful for field evaluation of actual buildings) has been used to predict the heating and cooling energy use of a two-zone terminal reheat variable air volume (TRVAV) system during part-load operation specified by varying outdoor temperature and humidity conditions. The trade-off between outdoor air intake and energy use are studied for the following ventilation strategies for a typical 10,000 m 2 commercial building: (i) constant outside air intake based on a value 20% higher than the ASHRAE minimum ventilation rate, (ii) constant ventilation air intake fraction, and (iii) ventilation air intake based on the unfavorable zone requirements (even though the other zone may be over-ventilated). How this trade-off is impacted by bullding size has also been investigated. Finally, we use bin data for Dallas, TX (a moderately hot and humid location) and Seattle, WA (a mild location) in order to study the differences in energy use and zone ventilation flows of different ventilation strategies due to building location. The effect of economizer cycles and of varying ventilation strategies depending upon diurnal building schedules have not been considered in this study. The results of this study which are based on a simplified HVAC simulation approach are consistent with conclusions reached by other researchers Using more detailed simulation models. This suggests that sound and meaningful diagnostic insights of actual building performance and operating strategies can be obtained from such simplified simulations.
Application of rapid scan cyclic voltammetry to a study of the oxidation and dimerization of N,N-dimethylaniline in acetonitrile

Abstract Rapid scan cyclic voltammetry was used to investigate the mechanism of the anodic oxidation and dimerization of N, N-dimethylaniline (DMA) in acetonitrile solution. The reduction wave for the DMA.+ radical cation was observed at scan rates above 500 V s−1. Electrogenerated DMA.+ radical cations underwent a second-order radical cation-radical cation coupling with deprotonation to form N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylbenzidine; no evidence of polymerization was detected. The experimental results best fit an EC2EE reaction mechanism determined by fitting the data with working curves obtained by digital simulation. A rate constant of 6.3 × 105 M−1 s−1 was found for the coupling reaction. The clean reaction process suggests that the oxidation of DMA can serve as a model for the EC2EE reaction mechanism in kinetic studies.
Potential Effects of Beech Bark Disease on Small Mammals and Invertebrates in Northeastern US Forests

Abstract The forests of the northeastern United States have become less contiguous and vigorous over the last century due to threats including acid rain, ice storm damage, and forest diseases. Often, trees have become the targets of widescale disease and pest out-breaks. Beech bark disease has been successful because of the effectiveness of the scale insect Cryptococcus fagisuga and the opportunistic Nectria coccinea var. faginata fungal vector. Since the severity of beech bark disease negatively affects mast production and canopy turnover, the abundance of small-mammal and insect populations can be limited. We explored the effects of beech bark disease, as well as other abiotic factors, on the diversity of small-mammal and invertebrate populations. We expected that biodiversity would vary according to disease severity in Fagus grandifolia (American Beech) stands, such that higher biodiversity and more seed predators would be noted in healthier forests. At sites in New York and Vermont, Sherman and pitfal...
The Valuing Process: A Study of Favorite Songs and the Inner Experience of Persons Diagnosed with Schizophrenia

Since valuing is a process grounded in the organizational tendency of human behavior, the characteristics of a highly valued object should reflect the experience of the individual who selects it. This research compared the favorite songs of fourteen individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia to their inner experience as assessed in a standard interview. Many relationships were revealed between the two, often pertaining to important issues identified in theories of schizophrenia. Results may have therapeutic applications and shed light on processes through which psychological difficulties persist.
Reynolds stresses in a lattice gas

I use a previously proposed algorithm, based on Levy walks, to calculate and discuss longitudinal and transverse velocity correlations in turbulent channel flow. The general approach is that of lattice gas hydrodynamics.
Solvothermal deposition and characterization of magnesium hydroxide nanostructures on zeolite crystals

Abstract A methodology to engineer roughened inorganic nanostructures on zeolites by deposition and growth of metal hydroxides is reported. Pure-silica (PS) MFI and (aluminosilicate) LTA zeolite crystals are treated by solvothermal methods to deposit inorganic hydroxide (e.g., Mg(OH) 2 ) coatings with nanoscale roughened features on the crystal surfaces in a controlled manner. Detailed characterization of the surface-modified MFI crystals by nitrogen physisorption allows the quantification of the surface roughness of the Mg(OH) 2 nanostructures. Pore volume characterization shows that the nanostructure deposition has only a marginal effect on the porosity of the MFI. The surface-roughened zeolites are used to fabricate zeolite/polymer mixed matrix films with considerably improved interfacial adhesion properties. Solvothermal deposition of inorganic nanostructures is also demonstrated on zeolite LTA crystals, which present aluminosilicate surfaces. In this case, the intracrystalline sodium ions in LTA are partially substituted with magnesium ions from the reagent solution during treatment. The solvothermal treatment is thus modified to deposit smaller Mg(OH) 2 nanostructures, resulting in more roughened zeolite LTA surfaces. Our detailed characterization reveals that the surface-treated LTA crystals may be promising materials for applications in mixed matrix membranes.
The single-filament-composite test: a new statistical theory for estimating the interfacial shear strength and Weibull parameters for fiber strength

Abstract For over two decades the single-filament-composite (SFC) test has been an important tool in the study of the failure of fibrous composites. The SFC test itself involves a single brittle fiber embedded along the center-line of a matrix specimen of both large cross-sectional area and strain to failure. With increasing strain, the fiber fractures progressively, breaking into an increasing number of shorter and shorter fragments. Surrounding each break a shielded or exclusion zone develops within which no further breaks typically occur. At some strain level ‘saturation’ occurs abruptly as the shielded zones finally occupy the whole fiber, thus leaving a final distribution of fiber fragments end-to-end. Two uses for the SFC test have emerged: one has been to estimate the interfacial shear stress, τ, in the exclusion zone, sometimes called the interfacial shear strength and usually idealized as a constant over this zone. The other has been to estimate the fiber strength distribution and in particular the Weibull shape and scale parameters, ρ and σl, for fiber strength appropriate to some characteristic ‘gage’ length, l, such as the mean fragmentation length. In the past, theoretical bases for these estimates have handled the statistics of shielding in ways that have led to quite large biases. The purpose of the present paper is to use some recent theoretical advances to develop more sophisticated estimation procedures for τ and the Weibull fiber strength parameters ‘ in situ’, and thus to eliminate various errors in previous methods. Straightforward computer programs (written in release 3 of Maple), which calculate the various quantities in the paper, will be provided by the first or second author on request.
The reaction Hg+I2→HgI+I revisited

The crossed molecular beam study of Mayer et al. (1977) on the subject reaction is revisited. The present work employs a different beam configuration and thus kinematic framework, and a larger range of relative translational energies is covered (i.e., from the threshold of 1.15 to 3.75 eV). Measurements include in‐plane angular distributions and relative values of integral reaction cross sections as a function of energy. At low energies, the results of the present experiments are in good agreement with the previous work. Starting at the threshold, the reaction proceeds through the formation of a long‐lived complex, presumed to be IHgI. At higher energies, the c.m. angular distributions show a gradual increase of the so‐called ‘‘backscattered component.’’ This is interpreted as the opening of a new reaction path: the direct‐mode abstraction of I via collinear approach of the Hg atom to the I2 molecule. The overall dynamics of this reaction are interpreted in the context of the semiempirical potential energy surfaces and electronic state correlation diagrams of Muckerman et al. (1977). From the present experimental results, the height of the barrier in the exit channel for the collinear configuration can be estimated to be in the range 2.0–2.3 eV. The excitation function rises from threshold and reaches a maximum at collision energy of 2.6 eV, falling off monotonically thereafter.
Near-Infrared Raman Spectrometer Systems for Human Tissue Studies:

We have built two types of instruments for near-infrared Raman spectroscopy studies of human tissues, one for laboratory measurements and one for clinical use. The laboratory systems are designed to collect the highest quality spectra possible and allow different excitation/collection wavelengths to be studied. The clinical systems are designed to collect spectra via optical fibers within a few seconds and to be mobile and hospital-compatible. These systems are capable of detecting weak near-infrared Raman bands hidden in large background signals. Calibration and background subtraction procedures are described, and system performance is evaluated.
My eyes are turned outside

A 78-year-old white woman noted progressively worsening headache, fluctuating decreased vision, dizziness, and binocular horizontal and vertical diplopia of two months duration. She had a 40 prism diopter exotropia and bilateral ophthalmoplegia. An initial temporal artery biopsy (TAB) was negative for findings of giant cell arteritis (GCA). Empiric prednisone was continued, and a second TAB was positive for GCA. In time there was complete resolution of the ophthalmoplegia.
The citrate cleavage enzyme: release of phosphate from the phosphoenzyme.

Abstract Citrate cleavage enzyme is phosphorylated in the presence of 32 P-ATP and Mg 2+ to yield a 32 P-phosphoenzyme containing about 2 moles of phosphate per mole of enzyme. The release of phosphate from the phosphoenzyme either by citrate and Mg 2+ or by extremes of pH is biphasic. Alkaline hydrolysis of the phosphoenzyme proceeds in a complex manner but a 50%, yield of phosphohistidine and 50% P i is finally obtained. The release of phosphate from phosphoenzyme by Mg 2+ -citrate is enhanced by CoASH and desulfoCoA indicating an active site determining role for CoASH.
Safety assessment of poly i.c In nzb/nzw mice.

SummaryThe present report confirms the findings by Steinberg et al. (9) that repeated intraperitoneal injections of poly I:C (3 μg/g, three times per wk, 40-52 doses) enhanced the incidence and severity of glomer-ular lesions that occur spontaneously in NZB/NZW mice and also increased the development of circulating antibody against nucleic acids. This effect was minimal when only six intraperitoneal doses were given in 1 μg/g amount at weekly intervals. Intra-nasal administration of poly I:C (0.2 μg/g, three times per wk, 40 doses) or six doses of the drug (1 μg/g weekly) caused no apparent potentiation of glomerular response. ICR/ Ha mice, which do not suffer from the spontaneously occurring disease, were unaffected by poly I:C treatment except for occasional development of antibody against poly I:C or DNA.Skilled technical assistance was provided by M. E. Davies, H. Perry, F. Roach, W. P. M. Fisher, M. Johnston, R. Civera, J. A. Duddy, and S. H. Kulp.
Chronic toxicity of dinitrophenol: renal function.

Conclusions1. Daily subcutaneous injections in rabbits of alpha dinitrophenol in doses up to and including fatal ones, and for as long as 77 days, did not modify renal function as indicated by quantitative counts of the formed elements in the urinary sediment, according to Addis'method, and by excretion of phenolsulphon-phthalein. 2. Therefore, it is unlikely that dinitrophenol, in ordinary clinical dosage, will injure the kidneys.In connection with the clinical use of alpha dinitrophenol (2–4),1 it is important to know whether administration over long periods of time will produce changes in the functions of vital organs. Previous papers2 from this laboratory contain limited data on this problem. This paper deals with the results of experiments designed to determine whether dinitrophenol in repeated subfatal doses injures the kidneys.Two series of experiments were performed, the first, a quantitative study of the urinary sediment, and the second, an estimation of the phenolsulphonphthalein excretion. Adul...
Participation in Cooperative Learning Activities by Children With Specific Language Impairment

This study examined the involvement of children with specific language impairment (SLI) in a cooperative group task. Subjects consisted of 6 target children with SLI (ages 8;10 to 12;5), 6 target children matched for chronological age (CA), and 6 target children with similar language skills (LS). Each target subject interacted with 2 peers of the same age and gender. This resulted in 54 subjects participating in 18 triadic interactions (each involving 1 target subject and 2 partners). Each triad of children worked together to build a cardboard periscope. Verbal and nonverbal collaborative activity were analyzed during the interactions. All members of the CA and LS triads were highly collaborative and worked and talked together while assembling the periscope. Four of the children with SLI played very minor roles in the cooperative work within their triads. Their verbal contributions were limited, and their nonverbal activity was minimal. When children with SLI did collaborate in building the periscope, the...
High-frequency behavior of the infrared conductivity of cuprates

We analyze recent infrared conductivity data in the normal state of the cuprates. We find that the high-frequency behavior, which has been suggested as evidence for quantum-critical scaling, is generally characteristic of electrons interacting with a broad spectrum of bosons. From explicit calculations, we find a frequency exponent for the modulus of the conductivity, and a phase angle, in good agreement with experiment. The data indicate an upper cutoff of the boson spectrum of the order of $300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$. This implies that the bosons are of electronic origin rather than phonons.
Synthesis and characterization of polymeric antioxidants based on oligo(styrene-co-chloromethyl styrene)

Abstract Oligo (styrene- co -chloromethyl styrene) with a molecular weight range of between 1 × 10 3 and 4 × 10 3 g mol -1 reacts with potassium 2, 6-di-tert-butylphenoxide salt in dimethyl formamide (DMF) to form polymeric antioxidants. The functionality of such antioxidants was determined by titrating the residual chlorine. When an ammonium salt, such as t−Bu 4 N + Br - , was added to the reaction medium as a catalyst, the efficiency of functionalization could be improved to up to 96%. The functionality of the polymeric antioxidants increases with a decrease in the ratio of styrene to chloromethyl styrene. Instead of DMF, dioxane/water ( 20 1 v v ) as the reaction solvent can also give a high yield of functionalization.
Spanking Children: Evidence and Issues

Whether or not to spank children as a discipline practice is controversial among lay and professional audiences alike. This article highlights different views of spanking, key conclusions about its effects, and methodological limitations of the research and the resulting ambiguities that fuel the current debate and plague interpretation. We propose an expanded research agenda to address questions about the goals of parental discipline; the role, if any, that punishment plays in achieving these goals; the effects and side effects of alternative discipline practices; and the impact of punishment on underlying developmental processes.
Poly(arylether amides) and poly(aryletherketone amides) via aromatic nucleophilic substitution reactions of self‐polymerizable AB and AB2 monomers

Two new extended self-polymerizable AB monomers, N-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-4-amino-4'-hydroxydiphenylether and N-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-4-amino-4'-hydroxybiphenyl, were prepared. The monomers were homopolymerized and copolymerized to high-molecular-weight, linear poly(arylether amides) in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP)/toluene in the presence of potassium carbonate at elevated temperature. The polymers retained NMP up to 200 °C. Samples containing small amounts of the solvent (5-10 wt %) were soluble in polar aprotic solvents. However, after complete removal of the NMP, the polymers were only soluble in strong acids such as sulfuric acid and methanesulfonic acid (MSA). The polymers, which had intrinsic viscosities of 0.57-1.49 dL/g (30.1 ± 0.1 °C in MSA), were semicrystalline with melting temperatures above 400 °C. Two new self-polymerizable AB 2 amide monomers, N,N'-bis(4-fluorobenzoyl)-3,4-diamino-4'-hydroxydiphenylether and N,N'-bis(4-fluorobenzoyl)-3,5-diamino-4'-hydroxybenzophenone, were also prepared and polymerized to give a hyperbranched poly(arylether amide) and a hyperbranched poly(aryletherketone) amide. The arylfluoride-terminated, amorphous polymers had intrinsic viscosities of 0.34 and 0.24 dL/g (30.0 ± 0.1 °C in m-cresol), glass-transition temperatures of 210-269 °C, and were soluble in a wide variety of organic solvents. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight analysis indicated that the components of the low-molecular-weight fractions contained cyclic structures.
Viktor Turin's Turksib (1929) and Soviet Orientalism

(2001). Viktor Turin's Turksib (1929) and Soviet Orientalism. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 37-62.
Association of Chemokine-mediated Block to HIV Entry with Coreceptor Internalization

Chemokines inhibit entry of HIV into CD4+ T cells more effectively than into macrophages or transfected adherent cells. Here, we tested whether chemokine receptor internalization could account for cell type differences in the effectiveness of chemokines. Infection of CEM T cells expressing stably transduced wild-type CCR5 was much more readily inhibited by chemokine than were transduced HOS cells. This response correlated with the efficiency of CCR5 internalization. A mutated CCR5, termed M7-CCR5, in which the Ser/Thr phosphorylation sites in the cytoplasmic tail were changed to Ala, did not internalize in response to MIP-1α. M7-CCR5 was expressed at slightly higher levels than wild-type on stably transduced cell lines and was somewhat more potent as an HIV-1 coreceptor. The mutated receptor mobilized intracellular Ca2+ in response to chemokine to a level 4-fold higher than did the wild type CCR5. Unexpectedly, the receptor was desensitized as efficiently as wild type, suggesting that desensitization does not require cytoplasmic tail phosphorylation. Entry of R5 HIV-1 reporter virus into cells stably expressing M7-CCR5 was largely resistant to blocking by MIP-1α. As much as 80% of entry inhibition was attributed to receptor internalization. Aminooxypentane (AOP)-MIP-1α was able to induce a low level of M7-CCR5 internalization in HOS and to weakly inhibit HIV-1 entry. Introduction of dominant negative dynamin into HOS cells reduced the ability of chemokine to inhibit infection. The inefficiency of internalization of chemokine receptors in some cell types could allow virus to replicate in vivo in the presence of endogenous chemokine. Last, M7-CCR5 is a useful tool for discriminating coreceptor internalization from binding site masking in the evaluation of small molecule inhibitors of HIV-1 entry.
Effect of UV and hygrothermal aging on the mechanical performance of polyurethane elastomers

In this study, the effects of environmental aging on the mechanical performance of elastomeric polyurethane (PU) were investigated using two accelerated aging techniques, namely, ultraviolet (UV) and hygrothermal (HT). Samples were prepared and subjected to UV and HT exposure for a period of 5 months and removed and mechanically tested at different time intervals. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed. A noticeable change in the chemical structure of the PU after 1 month of UV exposure was found, however, that was not the case after 1 month of HT exposure. The stress and strain to failure, tearing energy, and storage modulus were evaluated at different intervals for both aging techniques. It was found that the UV exposure caused severe degradation of the PU in comparison with the HT. A reduction of more than 98% in the tearing energy was observed for the UV-exposed samples after 5 months when compared with only a 35% reduction in the tearing energy for the HT-exposed samples. A similar trend was observed for tear strength and storage modulus. The degradation mechanisms of the PU elastomers have been identified using SEM and correlated with the tearing energy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Ulcerated hemangiomas: clinical characteristics and response to therapy.

Abstract Background: Hemangiomas represent the most common benign tumor of infancy, with ulceration its most frequent complication. Objective: Our purpose was to review our experience with this challenging problem by evaluating the clinical features, management, and therapeutic responses of ulcerated hemangiomas. Methods: A retrospective analysis of ulcerated hemangiomas at the University of California, San Francisco outpatient pediatric dermatology clinics and Oakland Children's Hospital from 1987 to 1997 was performed. Results: The medical records of 60 patients were examined. Forty-nine female and 11 male patients were seen with a female/male ratio of 4.5:1. The majority of ulcerated hemangiomas were of the plaque type (n = 50; 83%) and relatively large; 47 (78%) were larger than 6 cm 2 . The perineum was the single most frequently involved site, affected in 20 cases (33%). Topical antibiotics, barrier creams, and bio-occlusive dressings were used in most cases. Systemic antibiotics were used in 26 cases (43%) for overt or presumed infection. Systemic corticosteroids were used in 21 children (37%), 5 of whom did not show a response. Intralesional triamcinolone was used in 7 cases (12%), with 4 showing definite improvement. The flashlamp pulsed-dye laser was the modality used in 22 children (37%), 11 (50%) of whom showed definite improvement, 4 (18%) who showed no significant response, and 1 (5%) who showed definite worsening. Interferon alfa-2a was required in 5 patients (8%), all of whom showed improvement without appreciable neurologic side effects. Immediate surgical excision was required in only 2 cases (3%). Pain control with oral acetaminophen, acetaminophen with codeine, and topical 2.5% lidocaine ointment was effective in managing the pain of lip and perineal hemangiomas, with no side effects noted. Conclusion: No one uniformly effective treatment modality was found, and frequently several were used concurrently. The decision to use specific therapies was dependent on the age of the patient, as well as the location, size, and stage of growth or involution of the hemangioma. Our approach to management included 4 major areas: local wound care, management of infection, specific therapeutic modalities (systemic and intralesional corticosteroids, flashlamp pulsed-dye laser, and interferon alfa-2a), and pain management. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:962-72.)
Positron measurements in steels

Abstract Positron Doppler broadening measurements were utilized to detect changes in trapping mechanisms in steels.
Incorporating language processing into Java applications: a JavaCC tutorial

The Java Compiler Compiler is a tool for developing applications using Java. JavaCC is freely available and generates Java source code. Language processors that the tool generates thus derive the benefit of the language's platform independence. We walk through the process of using JavaCC to create language-enabled applications. This requires introducing us to Extended Backus Naur Form, a prerequisite to using JavaCC. EBNF is commonly used to specify the grammar of formal languages, including programming languages. JavaCC has many significant advantages, one of which is that is neatly blends EBNF and Java, making it easy for someone with knowledge of both to quickly exploit JavaCC's power.
Fractional Aerosol Filtration Efficiency of In-Duct Ventilation Air Cleaners

The filtration efficiency of ventilation air cleaners is highly particle-size dependent over the 0.01 to 3 μm diameter size range. Current standardized test methods, which determine only overall efficiencies for ambient aerosol or other test aerosols, provide data of limited utility. Because particles in this range are respirable and can remain airborne for prolonged time periods, measurement of air cleaner fractional efficiency is required for application to indoor air quality issues. The objectives of this work have been to 1) develop a test apparatus and procedure to quantify the fractional filtration efficiency of air cleaners over the 0.01 to 3 μm diameter size range and 2) quantify the fractional efficiency of several induct air cleaners typical of those used in residential and office ventilation systems. Results show that efficiency is highly dependent on particle size, flow rate, and dust load present on the air cleaner. A minimum in efficiency was often observed in the 0.1 to 0.5 μm diameter size range. The presence of a dust load frequently increased an air cleaner's efficiency; however, some air cleaners showed little change or a decrease in efficiency with dust loading. The common furnace filter had fractional efficiency values of less than 10% over much of the measurement size range.
Determination of worst-case crosstalk noise for non-switching victims in GHz+ interconnects

Considering RLC interconnect model and multiple switching aggressors, we study switching pattern generation and switching time alignment that leads to worst-case crosstalk noise for a quiet victim or a noisy one. We assume that aggressors can have arbitrary switching patterns and can switch at arbitrary times. We show that the commonly used superposition algorithm results in 15% underestimation on average, and propose a new algorithm that has virtually the same complexity as the superposition algorithm but approximates the exhaustive search very well with only 4% underestimation on average. Further, we show that applying RC model to GHz+ interconnects in IRTS 0.10 /spl mu/m technology underestimates crosstalk noise by up to 80%, and convincingly conclude that RLC model is necessary to analyze such interconnects.
Commissioned Paper: An Overview of Pricing Models for Revenue Management

In this paper, we examine the research and results of dynamic pricing policies and their relation to revenue management. The survey is based on a generic revenue management problem in which a perishable and nonrenewable set of resources satisfy stochastic price sensitive demand processes over a finite period of time. In this class of problems, the owner (or the seller) of these resources uses them to produce and offer a menu of final products to the end customers. Within this context, we formulate the stochastic control problem of capacity that the seller faces: How to dynamically set the menu and the quantity of products and their corresponding prices to maximize the total revenue over the selling horizon.
Mass spectrometry in structural and stereochemical problems—CLXXXVII A study of skeletal rearrangements in chromans by combined 13C and deuterium labeling†‡

Chroman (I), 2,2-dimethylchroman (II), flavan (III) and 2,2-diphenylchroman (IV) were labeled with 13C or deuterium at every position of importance. The mass spectra of these labeled compounds make possible a detailed interpretation of some very complex carbon skeleton rearrangements. The combination of deuterium and 13C-labeling revealed that loss of CH3, C2H5 and C7H7 fragments from chroman (I), 2,2-dimethylchroman (II) and 2,2-diphenylchroman (IV) respectively, occurs by multiple pathways involving aryl or alkyl migrations with little hydrogen randomization prior to fragmentation. Although ejection of C7H7 from flavan (III) occurs to a small extent by a route similar to those mentioned above, its [M C7H7] fragment can also be formed by a pathway involving no phenyl migration but extensive hydrogen scrambling. The validity of the schemes proposed on the basis of the 13C labeling data was checked by using them to predict the spectra of the deuterium labeled compounds.
Not only lithium: regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by antipsychotics and serotonergic drugs

Multiple recent lines of evidence have underscored the potential role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) as a common molecular signal integrator and therapeutic target for different classes of psychiatric drugs (Figure 1). GSK3α and GSK3β are two closely related serine/threonine kinases originally associated with the regulation of glycogen synthesis in response to insulin (Embi et al., 1980). These constitutively active kinases are regulated negatively through the phosphorylation of single serine residues, Ser21 (GSK3α) and Ser9 (GSK3β), of their regulatory amino-terminal domain (Frame and Cohen, 2001). The protein kinase Akt/PKB has been shown to inhibit both GSK3 isoforms in response to insulin and insulin growth factors (Cross et al., 1995). However, other protein kinases such as PKA and PKC can also regulate GSK3 in different cellular systems (Frame and Cohen, 2001). Apart from its function in glycogenesis, GSK3 plays a role in a host of physiological processes including neurodevelopment, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Moreover, dysregulation of GSK3 function is involved in tumour proliferation as well as in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease (Woodgett, 2003).
Risks of blood exposure to the cardiac surgical team

Abstract The risk of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus from patient to cardiac surgical team is perceived by most people to be very slight, yet the possibility is a valid concern. The feasibility of "barrier protection" in prevention of this risk is dependent on integrity of surgical gloves and absence of splashes of body fluids into eyes and broken skin. These factors were observed and recorded in 50 coronary bypass operations and 17 valve replacements. There was a high risk of glove penetrations (one to two per team member per operation) and of skin punctures, lacerations, or eye splashes (from 0.4 to 1.5 instances per operation). Better gloves and more self-defensive surgical techniques are indicated.
Mechanical Amplification Exhibited by Quiescent Saccular Hair Bundles

Spontaneous oscillations exhibited by free-standing hair bundles from the Bullfrog sacculus suggest the existence of an active process that might underlie the exquisite sensitivity of the sacculus to mechanical stimulation. However, this spontaneous activity is suppressed by coupling to an overlying membrane, which applies a large mechanical load on the bundle. How a quiescent hair bundle utilizes its active process is still unknown. We studied the dynamics of motion of individual hair bundles under different offsets in the bundle position, and observed the occurrence of spikes in hair-bundle motion, associated with the generation of active work. These mechanical spikes can be evoked by a sinusoidal stimulus, leading to an amplified movement of the bundle with respect to the passive response. Amplitude gain reached as high as 100-fold at small stimulus amplitudes. Amplification of motion decreased with increasing amplitude of stimulation, ceasing at ∼6–12 pN stimuli. Results from numerical simulations suggest that the adaptation process, mediated by myosin 1c, is not required for the production of mechanical spikes.
Biology Education: What Next?

College enrollments are expected to peak around 1982 at about 13.6 million students and to decline throughout the remainder of that decade. The number of students enrolled for degree credit in all types of colleges will reach a maximum of 11 million in 1980, and the subsequent modest growth will be due to increases in the numbers of students not in degree programs. In the two-year colleges, enrollment will increase through 1985 when it will account for 31% of the students in degree programs and an even larger percentage of the nondegree enrollment. Public colleges will enroll increasing proportions of students at the expense of the private colleges. In 1960, only 60% of degree students attended public colleges; by 1985, 80% will attend public institutions. The reasons students go to college are also changing. First, improved earning capacity no longer provides a strong incentive for attending college. Based on a 1970 report of the Carnegie Commission (Hecht and Traub 1974), lifetime earnings of a college graduate exceed those of a high school graduate by approximately $60,000-about the equivalent of the cost of college and the foregone earnings. Second, by 1980, a college education will offer less assurance of getting a job commensurate with one's educational attainment. By that time college graduates will comprise 20% of the civilian labor force; buf only 15% of the jobs will require a college degree (Best 1978). We need not limit this discussion to students pursuing degrees, for all of our educational institutions abound with students who have what Washington Post columnist, William Raspberry (1978b) calls "great and unrealistic expectations." He asserts that we teach skills but fail to teach young people what those skills are likely to produce in income. Many students expect to finish a vocational program and quickly land a $25,000-a-year job. A few even prefer to remain on welfare rather than to work for less than the salary they expected. Changes in life plans will have farreaching effects on what parts of one's life are spent in school. Some futurists believe that the linear life plan-childhood, education, and employment-is becoming obsolete. The cyclic life plan (Best 1978) suggests that people might enter the work force in the teen years, work for several years, return to school for a year or two, and continue to alternate work and school throughout a lifetime. These trends seem to indicate that the student population will become increasingly diverse in interests and needs at the same time it is decreasing in size. We will be confronted with greater competition for a smaller number of faculty positions. Those of us who remain in teaching will be challenged by the task of serving this diverse population of students.
Personal factors and substance abuse treatment program retention among felony probationers: Theoretical relevance of initial vs. shifting scores on impulsivity/low self-control

article i nfo Available online 26 February 2013 Purpose: Although past work connects personal factors to substance abuse treatment retention, most studies have been atheoretical. The current work specifically examines impulsivity/low self-control and retention in substance abuse treatment using the General Theory of Crime (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990) which anticipates a relationship between intake scores and retention. Methods: Analyses examined 330 probationers in a modified therapeutic community. Four logistic regression models predicting treatment completion examined four aspects of impulsivity/low self-control. Each model included initial scores, while controlling for unexpected changes after 90 days and demographics. Model-fit was analyzed using the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Results: Two best-fitting models emerged: sensation-seeking and volatile tendencies. Higher intake scores for sensation-seeking were related to significantly lower odds of completion. Unexpectedly increasing volatile tendencies was relatedtoa significantlylower odds of completion. Models with impulsivity/low self-control indices provided significantly better fit than models with demographics alone. Conclusions: Both measurement periods of impulsivity/low self-control were found to be associated with substance abuse treatment completion. These findings appear supportive of the General Theory of Crime and are directly applicable to Therapeutic Communities. They also may prove useful in future work examining how personal factors connect with treatment outcomes.
PG-means: learning the number of clusters in data

We present a novel algorithm called PG-means which is able to learn the number of clusters in a classical Gaussian mixture model. Our method is robust and efficient; it uses statistical hypothesis tests on one-dimensional projections of the data and model to determine if the examples are well represented by the model. In so doing, we are applying a statistical test for the entire model at once, not just on a per-cluster basis. We show that our method works well in difficult cases such as non-Gaussian data, overlapping clusters, eccentric clusters, high dimension, and many true clusters. Further, our new method provides a much more stable estimate of the number of clusters than existing methods.
The necessity and sufficiency of anytime capacity for control over a noisy communication link

We review how Shannon's classical notion of capacity is not enough to characterize a noisy communication channel if we intend to use that channel as a part of a feedback loop to stabilize an unstable system. While classical capacity is not enough, another operational sense of capacity called "anytime capacity" is shown to be necessary for the stabilization of an unstable process. In cases of sufficiently rich information patterns between the encoder and decoder, we show that adequate "anytime capacity" is also sufficient for there to exist a stabilizing controller. The sufficiency result is then generalized to cases without any explicit feedback between the observer and the controller.
Screening of prior refractive surgery by a wavelet-based neural network.

Abstract Purpose: To demonstrate an objective method of screening for previous refractive surgery using corneal topography. Setting: Corneal topography research laboratories, LSU Eye Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. Methods: Videokeratography (TMS-1, Tomey) examinations from the LSU Eye Center were randomly divided into training and test sets that each included 32 normal corneas and 106 corneas with previous radial keratotomy or photorefractive keratectomy from 1 month up to 10 years after surgery. A set of 1024 axial curvature values were extracted from mires 1 to 25 from each cornea to form a 1-dimensional waveform. Multiresolution wavelet decomposition was performed on this waveform using the s8 Symmlet wavelet. A portion of the resulting wavelet coefficients was input into a backpropagation neural network that was trained to 5% error. After training, the independent test set was passed though the neural net and scored. Results: The trained network correctly recognized 32 of 32 normal corneas and 105 of 106 refractive surgery corneas for a 99.3% accuracy, 99.1% sensitivity, and 100% specificity for previous myopic refractive surgery detection. Conclusions: The 1-dimensional wavelet-based neural network approach was an effective and accurate method of distinguishing eyes that had had myopic refractive surgery from normal eyes. The single error was a result of having too few examples of grossly decentered procedures in the training set.
Manipulation of Galactolipid Fatty Acid Composition with Substituted Pyridazinones

The fatty acid composition of the major lipids of the chloroplast membranes, the mono- and digalactosyl diglycerides, can be definably altered with various substituted pyridazinones. Galactolipid fatty acid composition of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) can be altered so that there is a decrease in linolenic acid accompanied by an increase in linoleic acid without a shift in the relative proportion of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids; the fatty acid composition can be shifted toward a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids; or the fatty acid composition of the monogalactosyl diglycerides can be altered in preference to the digalactosyl diglycerides. Also, the light-mediated parallel accumulation of chlorophyll and linolenic acid can be separated with a substituted pyridazinone. The substituted pyridazinones may be useful tools in clarifying the role the galactolipids and their component fatty acids play in the structure and function of chloroplast membranes in higher plants.
A 110dB ternary PWM current-mode audio DAC with monolithic 2Vrms driver

A /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ audio DAC uses a 4b quantizer, ternary PWM encoding, and semidigital current-mode FIRs for 110dB dynamic range over 20kHz. The IC achieves -99dB THD driving a single-ended 2V/sub rms/ signal into a 5k/spl Omega/ load. Die area is 5.98mm/sup 2/ in a 0.35/spl mu/m/3.3V process with a 3/spl mu/m/18V module.
Detection and Identification of Two New Native Hymenopteran Parasitoids Associated with the Exotic Sirex noctilio in North America

Abstract. Rhyssa crevieri (Provancher), a primary parasitoid of Siricidae wasps, and the Holarctic poemeniine ichneumonid, Pseudorhyssa nigricornis (Ratzeburg), a cleptoparasitoid of Siricidae via its parasitoids (Ichneumonidae: Rhyssinae), were reared from two stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and red pine (P. resinosa Ait.) infested with the exotic siricid Sirex noctilio F. near Tully (Onondaga Co.), New York, in 2010. Previously, P. nigricornis has been recorded from the primary siricid parasitoids Rhyssa persuasoria (in Europe and North America) and R. howdenorum Townes and Townes and R. lineolata (Kirby) (in North America). Peak emergence of P. nigricornis occurred in early May concurrently with R. persuasoria and R. crevieri. A second peak occurred in late May, which overlapped peak emergence of R. lineolata and Megarhyssa nortoni (Cresson). Although 14 individuals of two native siricids, Sirex nigricornis F. and S. edwardsii Brulle, emerged from sampled trees, the number of S. noctilio rec...
Co-Scheduling Variable Execution Time Requirement Real-Time Tasks and Non Real-Time Tasks

By scheduling the non real-time tasks earlier while still meeting deadlines for the real-time tasks, the overall system performance can be improved. In particular, we believe that the variability in the execution time requirements of real-time tasks can be effectively leveraged to reduce response times of non real-time tasks. We propose a novel processor sharing algorithm where the processor share of RT jobs increases with their progress based on the empirical probability distribution of execution times of real-time tasks, to adaptively schedule variable requirement real-time to maximize the minimum expected service rate to non real-time tasks at any instant.
Robust Tucker Tensor Decomposition for Effective Image Representation

Many tensor based algorithms have been proposed for the study of high dimensional data in a large variety of computer vision and machine learning applications. However, most of the existing tensor analysis approaches are based on Frobenius norm, which makes them sensitive to outliers, because they minimize the sum of squared errors and enlarge the influence of both outliers and large feature noises. In this paper, we propose a robust Tucker tensor decomposition model (RTD) to suppress the influence of outliers, which uses L1-norm loss function. Yet, the optimization on L1-norm based tensor analysis is much harder than standard tensor decomposition. In this paper, we propose a simple and efficient algorithm to solve our RTD model. Moreover, tensor factorization-based image storage needs much less space than PCA based methods. We carry out extensive experiments to evaluate the proposed algorithm, and verify the robustness against image occlusions. Both numerical and visual results show that our RTD model is consistently better against the existence of outliers than previous tensor and PCA methods.
Battling bone marrow B-lineage cells

Comment on Liu et al, page [1123][1] B-lymphocyte reconstitution following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is frequently delayed and functionally compromised. In this issue of Blood, Liu and colleagues describe a potentially novel mechanism implicating recipient pro-B cells in negatively
Conquering the Province of the Jury: Expert Testimony and the Professionalization of Fact-Finding

In this article I argue that the vestigial prohibition against testimony which "invades the province of the jury" should be abolished. The prohibition originally derived from the idea that the jury, as the ultimate factfinder, must be unfettered in making inferences and drawing conclusions from the evidence; thus, witnesses were precluded from offering opinion evidence. Over the past century, however, courts have grown increasingly reliant on expert witnesses who are by definition allowed to offer opinions based on their expertise. Because of this increased reliance on experts, modern courts have largely abandoned the "province of the jury" prohibition, with one significant exception: the doctrine is still frequently invoked to bar expert testimony on issues of credibility, such as psychologists who testify about the reliability of eyewitnesses or polygraph technicians who give expert opinions on the sincerity of criminal defendants. The article argues that there is no legitimate reason for courts to cling to the province of the jury doctrine even in the context of credibility questions, and therefore the prohibition should be completely abolished so that juries can be exposed to as much information as possible to assist them in their decisions. The article begins with a very brief history of expert testimony and the province of the jury prohibition, arguing that the prohibition has never been properly defined and has always lacked a sound doctrinal basis. The article then examines in depth the only remaining context in which the rule is routinely applied: expert witnesses on credibility. Finally, the article discusses the four arguments most frequently used to defend the province of the jury prohibition and concludes that none of them can justify precluding experts who can provide jurors with reliable information about the facts of the case.