cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A mixed integer programming model for stochastic scheduling in new product development

Abstract This paper presents a new, real-world scheduling problem concerning the New Product Development process of an agricultural chemical or pharmaceutical company. A Research and Development (R&D) department must schedule the tasks needed to bring a new product to market, in the face of uncertainty about the costs and durations of the tasks, and in the income resulting from introducing the new product. There is a risk that a product will fail a mandatory task, such as an environmental or safety test, and never reach the market. The objective of the schedule is to maximize the expected Net Present Value of the research. A model of this problem initially has a nonlinear, nonconvex objective. The objective is convexified and linearized by appropriate transformations, giving a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP). The model uses a continuous time representation and discrete distributions for the stochastic parameters. Different representations of the disjunctive scheduling constraints are discussed. A small numerical example is presented, followed by some conclusions.
Dedifferentiation in the visual cortex: An fMRI investigation of individual differences in older adults

Dedifferentiation, or decreased processing specificity, has been suggested to represent a ubiquitous characteristic of cognitive aging. In this study, we examined both age-related differences and intra-group differences in neural specificity in the ventral visual cortex for color, words, faces and places. Our results demonstrated that neural dedifferentiation was not ubiquitous across stimulus categories. Neural dedifferentiation was also relatively stable, across age, in a group of older adults. Older adults with more overall gray matter showed less neural dedifferentiation in the visual cortex. However, regional gray matter volume was not associated with neural dedifferentiation. We illustrate these effects using a discriminability metric, a signal detection theory measure, for neural dedifferentiation that takes into account both magnitude and variance of brain activation. The dedifferentiation measure provides a quantitative means to examine activation patterns and individual difference factors associated with neural dedifferentiation, and to test theories of behavioral dedifferentiation in cognitive aging literature.
Observations outside the light cone: Algorithms for nonequilibrium and thermal states

We apply algorithms based on Lieb-Robinson bounds to simulate time-dependent and thermal quantities in quantum systems. For time-dependent systems, we modify a previous mapping to quantum circuits to significantly reduce the computer resources required. This modification is based on a principle of ``observing'' the system outside the light cone. We apply this method to study spin relaxation in systems started out of equilibrium with initial conditions that give rise to a very rapid entanglement growth. We also show that it is possible to approximate time evolution under a local Hamiltonian by a quantum circuit whose light cone naturally matches the Lieb-Robinson velocity. Asymptotically, these modified methods allow a doubling of the system size that one can obtain as compared to a direct simulation. We then consider a different problem of thermal properties of disordered spin chains and use quantum belief propagation to average over different configurations. We test this algorithm on one-dimensional systems with mixed ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic bonds, where we can compare to quantum Monte Carlo, and then we apply it to the study of disordered, frustrated spin systems.
Trends in Instructional Design: Emerging Theory‐Based Models

Currently, instructional design theorists are generating new enhancements of traditional design models on both macro and micro levels. This paper summarizes the anticipated changes in instructional design models that will result from today's theoretical activity. It addresses issues such as linearity in the design process, enhanced roles of analysis and evaluation, and the new emphasis on learner control and transfer of training. These model enhancements are being influenced by new interpretations of general systems theory and cognitive learning theory, constructivism, chaos theory, and situated cognition. Predicted model changes also reflect the impact of the new technologies, designer decision-making research, and the performance technology and total quality management movements. These and other intellectual forces are likely to produce diverse models for future designers.
Locating and Tracking Objects by Efficient Comparison of Real and Predicted Synthetic Video Imagery

A mobile robot moving in an environment in which there are other moving objects and active agents, some of which may represent threats and some of which may represent collaborators, needs to be able to reason about the potential future behaviors of those objects and agents. In this paper we present an approach to tracking targets with complex behavior, leveraging a 3D simulation engine to generate predicted imagery and comparing that against real imagery. We introduce an approach to compare real and simulated imagery and present results using this approach to locate and track objects with complex behaviors. In this approach, the salient points in real and imaged images are identified and an affine image transformation that maps the real scene to the synthetic scene is generated. An image difference operation is developed that ensures that the matched points in both images produce a zero difference. In this way, synchronization differences are reduced and content differences enhanced. A number of image pairs are processed and presented to illustrate the approach.
Characteristic parameters of geigermüller counter gases. Propane-argon and propane-helium mixtures

The combination of the Wilkinson and the Diethorn-Kohman expressions of counter operation was tested under conditions in which different rare gases were used with the same quench gas as Geiger-Muller counter fillings. The gas multiplication factor was assumed to be a constant equal to 107 and the results obtained again appear to substantiate this choice. The physical significance of the parameters involved in the theoretical expression are related to the ionization cross sections and the energy necessary to produce an ion pair in the gases used. The results of the present study appear to substantiate the approach taken in the earlier work.
Turbulence characteristics of a boundary layer over a swept bump

The evolution of the turbulent boundary layer over a bump defined by three tangential circular arcs and swept at 45° was examined. The flat-plate boundary layer approaching the swept bump had a momentum thickness Reynolds number of approximately 3800. The ratios of upstream boundary-layer thickness to bump height and convex radius of curvature were 1.5 and 0.06, respectively. The boundary layer was influenced by alternating signs of streamwise pressure gradient, wall curvature, and mean crossflow, which resulted in a complex boundary-layer flow that grew rapidly on the downstream side of the bump. The mean flow profiles deviated significantly from typical logarithmic layer behaviour, but the flow remained attached. The evolution of the Reynolds stress components was explained by the growth of two internal layers triggered by discontinuities in wall curvature near the leading and trailing edges of the bump. The shear stress vector was found to lag the velocity gradient vector, despite the spanwise flow changing direction above the bump. The measurements were compared to the previous results from a two-dimensional bump with the same profile shape and Reynolds number. Contrary to previous studies, the addition of mean crossflow to this complex flow field did not reduce the vertical mixing relative to the turbulent kinetic energy.
Non-sirtuin histone deacetylases in the control of cardiac aging

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) catalyze the removal of acetyl-groups from lysine residues within nucelosomal histone tails and thousands of non-histone proteins. The 18 mammalian HDACs are grouped into four classes. Classes I, II and IV HDACs employ zinc as a co-factor for catalytic activity, while class III HDACs (also known as sirtuins) require NAD+ for enzymatic function. Small molecule inhibitors of zinc-dependent HDACs are efficacious in multiple pre-clinical models of pressure overload and ischemic cardiomyopathy, reducing pathological hypertrophy and fibrosis, and improving contractile function. Emerging data have revealed numerous mechanisms by which HDAC inhibitors benefit the heart, including suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation, inhibition of MAP kinase signaling, and enhancement of cardiac protein aggregate clearance and autophagic flux. Here, we summarize recent findings with zinc-dependent HDACs and HDAC inhibitors in the heart, focusing on newly described functions for distinct HDAC isoforms (e.g. HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC6). Potential for pharmacological HDAC inhibition as a means of treating age-related cardiac dysfunction is also discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: CV Aging.
Environmental Aid: Driven by Recipient Need or Donor Interests?*

Objective. This study investigates the trends in the distribution of environmental aid from the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), U.S. foundations, and a multilateral donor, the Global Environmental Fund (GEF), to determine whether aid is driven by donor interests or recipient need. Methods. Data from USAID, the Foundation Center, GEF, and other secondary sources are analyzed using logistic and OLS regressions. Results. Traditional donor interests (politics, economics, and security) and donors’ environmental interests (those favoring ‘‘global’’ environmental concerns over local ones) explain which nations receive environmental aid and which do not and how much nations receive. In general, the allocation of environmental aid differs from that of official development assistance. The United States does not demonstrate a middle-income bias; multilateral aid is not more ‘‘humanitarian’’ than bilateral aid. Foundations’ allocation patterns favor traditional donors interests. Conclusions. Environmental aid does not target the nations that are most in need of abating local pollution. Instead, environmental aid donors favor nations with whom they have had prior relations (economic and security), nations that are democratic, and nations with unexploited natural resources. In short, donor interests outweigh recipient need. Environmental problems are increasingly framed as global problems with global solutions. Funding for solutions has been at the crux of global environmental politics. Nations from the ‘‘more developed countries’’ of the North and those from the ‘‘less developed countries’’ of the South do not agree on environmental priorities. Some Southern governments view environmental protection negatively because they believe it limits their economic development by preventing them from exploiting their natural resources. The North’s focus on environmental protection is also seen as hypocritical since the North has already depleted much of its resource base in the name of development. Poorer nations argue that if rich countries want the South to protect its environment, the North must provide the funds for doing so. At the United Nations’ Conference on Environment and Development (the Earth Summit) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, Southern
The effect of end-capping reagent on liquid chromatographic performance

Abstract Luminescence and photoacoustic spectroscopies are used to evaluate the nature of octadecylated silica surfaces as a function of trimethylsilyl “end-capping” reagent. These differences are compared to the chromatographic behavior of similar phases. It is concluded that end-capping with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) yields a phase with greater chemical heterogeneity, though lower average polarity, than phases end-capped with trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS). Some of these differences are attributed to the production of basic sites on the surface when HMDS is used. This property may make HMDS more suitable than TMCS as an end-capping reagent for phases used in the separation of basic solutes.
Transthoracic defibrillation: Importance of avoiding electrode placement directly on the female breast

Objectives. This study sought to determine the effect on transthoracic Impedance of placement of defibrillation electrodes on the female breast versus adjacent to or under the breast. Background. Transthoracic impedance is a major determinant of transthoracic current flow in defibrillation. For a given energy setting, a high transthoracic impedance reduces current flow and may adversely affect the ability of electric shocks to accomplish defibrillation. We hypothesized that the increased interelectrode tissue associated with placement of the apex defibrillation electrode on the female breast would result in increased transthoracic impedance compared with electrode placement lateral to or under the breast. Method. Transthoracic impedance was measured noninvasively by passing a 5-V, 31.25 kHz square wave current through the chest and comparing the low level current flow to known references. We measured transthoracic impedance associated with three different apex defibrillation electrode positions—on the breast, under the breast and lateral to the breast—in 25 women (brassiere size 34A to 48C 65 to 75 years old, body weight 128 to 328 lb [58 to 148 kg] and 2 mm. The measurements were taken with a modified defibrillator that accurately predicts transthoracic impedance without delivering an actual shock. The measurement sequence was random. Results. The average measured transthoracic impedance with placement of the apex defibrillation electrode on the breast was 95 ± 25 ohms (mean ± SD), under the breast 84 ± 17*ohms and lateral to the breast 83 ± 20*ohms (asteriskindicates p < 0.01 vs. on the breast by analysis of variance). The study cohort was also classified into two groups: large breasted (brassiere size ≥ 40) and small breasted (brassiere size ≤39). The measured transthoracic impedances for the large-breasted group were 112 ± 20 ohms for on the breast, 94 ± 13*ohms for under the breast and 98 ± 19*ohms for lateral to the breast. For the small breasted group, the similar transthoracic impedance measurements were 81 ± 21, 77 ± 16 and 71 ± 13*ohms, respectively. Conclusions. In women, placement of the apex defibrillation electrode on the breasts results in higher transthoracic impedance, which will reduce current flow. We recommend placing the apex electrode lateral to or underneath the breast.
Two‐Stage Designs for Dose‐Finding Trials with a Biologic Endpoint Using Stepwise Tests

We deal with the design problem of early phase dose-finding clinical trials with monotone biologic endpoints, such as biological measurements, laboratory values of serum level, and gene expression. A specific objective of this type of trial is to identify the minimum dose that exhibits adequate drug activity and shifts the mean of the endpoint from a zero dose to the so-called minimum effective dose. Stepwise test procedures for dose finding have been well studied in the context of nonhuman studies where the sampling plan is done in one stage. In this article, we extend the notion of stepwise testing to a two-stage enrollment plan in an attempt to reduce the potential sample size requirement by shutting down unpromising doses in a futility interim. In particular, we examine four two-stage designs and apply them to design a statin trial with four doses and a placebo in patients with Hodgkin's disease. We discuss the calibration of the design parameters and the implementation of these proposed methods. In the context of the statin trial, a calibrated two-stage design can reduce the average total sample size up to 38% (from 125 to 78) from a one-stage step-down test, while maintaining comparable error rates and probability of correct selection. The price for the reduction in the average sample size is the slight increase in the maximum total sample size from 125 to 130.
A Free Drawing Graphical Password Scheme

AbstractThis paper presents a method for freely drawing a graphical password. The new method achieves better security than conventional textual passwords and other graphical password schemes. With this method it is also easier for a user to remember the password. The basic idea of the new method is to use a number of the user’s representative sample drawings to predict the user’s future drawing prediction interval. The predicted values are obtained by conducting the least squares method to the polynomial regression/B-spline regression model. Based on the predicted values and deviation of the user’s sample drawings, a prediction interval for the signature/picture is generated. This prediction interval is used as the password and, subsequently, if the signature/picture drawn by a user lies within the prediction interval, the user is authenticated into the application.
Prevalence of congenital anomalies in newborns with congenital heart disease diagnosis.

Background: There is a known association between congenital heart disease (CHD) and other congenital anomalies (CA). These associations have been altered by changes in prenatal factors in recent time. We reviewed the largest database of inpatient hospitalization information and analyzed the current association between common CHD diagnoses and other congenital anomalies. Materials and Methods: Case-control study design. We reviewed the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 1998 to 2008 and identified all live births with CHD diagnosis (case) and live births without CHD diagnosis (control). We compared prevalence of associated congenital anomalies between the case and control groups. Results: Our cohort consisted of 97,154 and 12,078,482 subjects in the case and control groups, respectively. In the CHD population, prevalence of non-syndromic congenital anomaly (NSCA), genetic syndrome (GS), and overall extra-cardiac congenital anomaly (CA) were 11.4, 2.2, and 13.6%, respectively. In the control group, prevalence of NSCA, GS, and CA were 6.7, 0.3, and 7.0%, respectively. NSCA (odds ratio (OR): 1.88, confidence interval (CI): 1.73-1.94), GS (OR 2.52, CI 2.44-2.61), and overall CA (OR: 2.01, CI: 1.97-2.14) were strongly associated with CHD. Prevalence of GS and multiple organ-system CA decreased significantly over the study period. Conclusions: This is the largest and most comprehensive population-based study evaluating association between CHD and extra-cardiac malformation (ECM) in newborns. There was significant decrease in prevalence of GS and multiple CA over the study period.
Social support and cardiovascular reactivity

Recent experimental work on the benefits of social support in buffering cardiovascular stress responses builds on prior epidemiological, psychological, and physiological work. Epidemiological data show that social integration is associated with better health, but cannot unambiguously establish causality (it could be that healthy people attract more friends), nor that the mechanism is psychological (the mechanism could be behavioral; for example, with friends encouraging exercise). Social psychological work suggests that people prefer to be with others, especially in times of stress, and that they evaluate themselves, and their emotional responses, by observing the people around them. This work, while establishing a desire for affiliation, does not show that being with others translates into health benefits. Physiological evidence suggests that exaggerated cardiovascular responses to stress are associated with the development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease, but does not indicate how such potentially damaging stress responses can be reduced. Experimental work on social support and cardiovascular reactivity overcomes many of these limitations. The presence of an ally, especially a female, markedly reduces cardiovascular responses compared both to the presence of an non-supportive other, and to experiencing the stress alone. One fruitful area for further work is the role of social support following stress, both in speeding the cardiovascular return to pre-stress levels, and in limiting rumination-induced cardiovascular responses.
Design of Self‐Assembling Peptide Nanotubes with Delocalized Electronic States

Redox-promoted self-assembly of an eight-residue cyclic D,L-α-peptide bearing four 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide (NDI) side chains results in the formation of electronically delocalized peptide nanotubes hundreds of nm in length. The supramolecular approach described provides a rational basis for the design and fabrication of 1-D materials with potential utility in optical and electronic devices.
Securing Foreign Oil: A Case for Including Military Operations in the Climate Change Impact of Fuels

Military operations are major industrial activities that use massive amounts of fuel and materials that significantly contribute to climate change. In this article, we assert that military activity...
Oxygen Isotope Composition of Subglacially Precipitated Calcite: Possible Paleoclimatic Implications

Isotopic analyses of subglacially precipitated calcite from near a modern temperate glacier show that the δ18O (= 18O/16O relative to standard mean ocean water) of the calcite records the δ18O of the ice from that glacier. It may therefore be possible to determine the δ18O of Pleistocene ice sheets on the basis of isotopic analyses of calcite formed under that ancient ice. This, in turn, would allow estimation of the δ18O of Pleistocene oceans and correction of the paleotemperature scale based on foraminiferal oxygen isotopic analyses.
Micropower circuits for bidirectional wireless telemetry in neural recording applications

State-of-the art neural recording systems require electronics allowing for transcutaneous, bidirectional data transfer. As these circuits will be implanted near the brain, they must be small and low power. We have developed micropower integrated circuits for recovering clock and data signals over a transcutaneous power link. The data recovery circuit produces a digital data signal from an ac power waveform that has been amplitude modulated. We have also developed an FM transmitter with the lowest power dissipation reported for biosignal telemetry. The FM transmitter consists of a low-noise biopotential amplifier and a voltage controlled oscillator used to transmit amplified neural signals at a frequency near 433 MHz. All circuits were fabricated in a standard 0.5-/spl mu/m CMOS VLSI process. The resulting chip is powered through a wireless inductive link. The power consumption of the clock and data recovery circuits is measured to be 129 /spl mu/W; the power consumption of the transmitter is measured to be 465 /spl mu/W when using an external surface mount inductor. Using a parasitic antenna less than 2 mm long, a received power level was measured to be -59.73 dBm at a distance of one meter.
Porous Polymer/Ceramic Composites for Luminescence-Based Temperature and Pressure Measurement

Porous Polymer/ceramic films were processed via tape casting. Upon doping with luminescent molecules such as platinum(II) octaethylporphine and [Ru(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)3]C12, the films were used as pressure sensors, yielding a Stern-Volmer constant of A ranging from 0.02 to 0.61. These films also exhibited very fast response times (∼I ms). Tape cast films doped with Rhodamine B were used as temperature sensors under cryogenic conditions. The temperature sensitivity of the doped films increased with increasing Rhodamine B concentration.
Mortal Kombat (tm): The Effects of Violent Videogame Play on Males' Hostility and Cardiovascular Responding

We examined cardiovascular (CV) reactivity and hostility among 30 male undergraduates after either nonviolent (billiards) or 1 of 2 levels of violent videogame play. Violence varied among 2 versions of the game Mortal Kombat (MKl = less violent, MK2 = more violent)-all other factors (graphics, sound) were held equal. As expected, increased game violence elicited greater CV reactivity and higher scores on hostility measures. Subjects who played MK1 or MK2 had higher heart rate reactivity than those who played billiards. Subjects who played MK2 showed greater systolic blood pressure reactivity than those who played MKl or billiards. Finally, subjects who played MK2 scored higher on the hostility measures than those who played MKl, who in turn scored higher than those who played billiards. These results indicate that the level of videogame violence, not just violence per se, should be of concern to consumers.
Creeping jurisdiction and customary international law

(1985). Creeping jurisdiction and customary international law. Ocean Development & International Law: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 209-216.
Brief report: sentinel lymph node dissection and burn scar carcinoma sentinel node and burn scar carcinoma.

Reports of an association between burn scars and neoplasia date back to the time of Celsus [1]. DaCosta in the early 20th century coined the term Marjolin’s ulcer in honor of Dr. JeanNicholas Marjolin, a French surgeon who described the lesions in 1828 [2–5]. Many of the larger reported series on Marjolin’s ulcers are from the African continent where burn scar carcinoma comprises a large portion of all skin cancers [6–9]. Despite the widespread recognition of this pathologic entity, controversy persists on the optimal strategies for management of regional lymph nodes. In this report we describe a technique of wide local excision plus sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND). Burn scar associated primary malignancies are histologically heterogeneous. The lesions are frequently squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), however, basal cell, melanoma and sarcomas have also been recognized [1,2]. The term Marjolin’s ulcer is most commonly applied to the squamous cell variant. The disease may present in an acute or chronic form depending on the duration between diagnosis and initial thermal injury [2]. The duration of the latency period is inversely related to the patient’s age at the time of the burn [2]. Other types of wounds,
Mitigating measles outbreaks in West Africa post-Ebola

The Ebola outbreak in 2014-2015 devastated the populations, economies and healthcare systems of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. With this devastation comes the impending threat of outbreaks of other infectious diseases like measles. Strategies for mitigating these risks must include both prevention, through vaccination, and case detection and management, focused on surveillance, diagnosis and appropriate clinical care and case management. With the high transmissibility of measles virus, small-scale reactive vaccinations will be essential to extinguish focal outbreaks, while national vaccination campaigns are needed to guarantee vaccination coverage targets are reached in the long term. Rapid and multifaceted strategies should carefully navigate challenges present in the wake of Ebola, while also taking advantage of current Ebola-related activities and international attention. Above all, resources and focus currently aimed at these countries must be utilized to build up the deficit in infrastructure and healthcare systems that contributed to the extent of the Ebola outbreak.
Emsian (Late Early Devonian) Sponges from West-Central and South-Central Alaska

Relatively common specimens of the hypercalcified agelasiid sponge Hormospongia labyrinthica Rigby and Blodgett, 1983 and specimens of associated species of Hormospongia have been previously reported from Emsian and Eifelian stratigraphic units at several localities in south-central and southeastern Alaska (Rigby and Blodgett, 1983). Those sponges were first described from the type section of the Eifelian Cheeneetnuk Limestone in the McGrath A-5 quadrangle. Since then several additional specimens of Hormospongia labyrinthica have also been collected from a new locality in the Talkeetna C-6 quadrangle in south-central Alaska (Figs. 1, 2.1), and are documented here. Figure 1 —Generalized map of Alaska showing relative positions of sponge Localities 1 and 2 in west-central Alaska. Locality 1 is in the Shellabarger Pass area, Talkeetna C-6 Quadrangle, south-central Alaska, and Locality 2 is in the Limestone Mountain area, Medfra B-3 Quadrangle, in west-central Alaska Figure 2 —Topographic maps showing positions of localities from which the sponges reported here were collected. 1, Locality 1, arrow, unnamed late Emsian limestone, in sec. 15, T28N, R18W, Shellabarger Pass area, Talkeetna C-6 Quadrangle; and 2, Locality 2, arrow, unnamed late Emsian limestone, in sec. 6, T26S, R23E, south flank of Limestone Mountain, Medfra B-3 Quadrangle, Alaska A few specimens of the new genus and species, Medfraspongia tubulara , a calcareously preserved, possibly verticillitid, sponge are also documented here. This taxon is based on a few moderately complete specimens and numerous fragments collected from an unnamed Emsian limestone exposed on the south flank of Limestone Mountain in the Medfra B-4 quadrangle of west-central Alaska (Figs. 1, 2.2). In both these occurrences, gastropods are the most common faunal element, along with abundant calcareous algae, that are indicative of shallow water in a possibly lagoonal, tropical paleoenvironmental setting. It seems highly likely that many of the archaeogastropods …
Linearized adaptation of non-linear post conversion correction for TIADCs: A behavorial model study

Current and emerging applications need high speed and high resolution analog to digital converters (ADCs). Direct conversion for radar, communications, measurement systems as well as lower speed higher resolution applications such as medical imaging could benefit from the use of time interleaved analog to digital converters (TIADCs). This paper presents the implementation and results of the proposed adaptive linear combination of non-linear filters for post conversion correction of TIADCs applied to a behavioral TIADC model. Results show that the channelized correction scheme can suppress linear and nonlinear mismatch spurs by a significant amount, 30dB in the 2TIADC case, without the need for known system parameters.
Changes in Emotional Regulation and Quality of Life After Therapeutic Yoga for Individuals With Traumatic Brain Injury

Date Presented 4/18/2015 In this mixed-methods case study (N = 3), we found improvement in emotional regulation and quality of life for people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) after 8 wk of yoga. Yoga can be utilized in conjunction with traditional medicine to enhance physical and mental functioning during the rehabilitation process.
Critical Assessment of Sub-Bandgap Primary Photocurrent in a-Si:H Based Solar Cells.

The sub-bandgap primary photocurrent and the solar cell performance of a-Si:H p-i-n devices have been studied before and after light induced degradation. The results indicate significant discrepancy between the two methods when used to estimate the degree of degradation and the defect density in the i-layers. A preliminary explanation is proposed.
What Should a Young College Man Know about Marketing

HE KNOWLEDGE of marketing which a young college man should acquire should meet three tests: (i) It should be thorough, (2) It should be well-organized, (3) It should be usable. (i) The young college man should acquire a vast fund of information in marketing. One is tempted to suggest that he should attain to a most comprehensive versatility in this regard, and that no preconceived patterns for organizing what he is to learn should stand in the way of his accumulating that fund of information. Why should he not know what reciprocity selling is, or comparison selling, skip-stop routing, minimum quota, sliding commision, the Charters Plan, a cutaway, a spot display, the Market Data Handbook, a multiple-item order, a back order, a market floor, a price ceiling? Why should he not know what a c.i.f. sale is, or a buying co-op, focal point in a display, the Tydings-Miller Law, E.O.M. terms, a balanced turnover, the percentage of bad debt losses in department stores and the meaning of S P A B as well as N R D G A? The terminology of the market place is no respecter of alphabetical order. It consists of a jargon employed by those whose complicated activities permit no nice deference to logical sequence or fastidiously worked out arrangement. (2) The young man's knowledge of marketing should, of course, be more than mere fund of information. It should have more than the specific quality that attaches to knowing what isolated things are, what things mean, and how things work. His knowledge should be conveniently organized as to scope and content, as to basic concept or principle, and as to the time element-time element in the sense of having due regard for history, stages of development, current trends. Most of us insist that a core requirement of our young man's knowledge of marketing centers around the matter of how well it is organized. We regard sound organization as a sort of sine qua non of the student's progress toward clear thinking and toward the ready facility with which he is to add to his present accumulation of facts and ideas. In our textbooks on marketing we find evidence of rather ample organization of what a young college man should know about marketing. We may set up ten of these essential requirements as follows: (i) The young college man should know the place of marketing in our economic system. He should come to realize its dependence upon an elaboration of the principle of division of labor; its tie-up with economic theory by being a part of the sorts of production which create time, place, and possession utilities. He must see marketing also as being of vital importance in the economic function of distribution, in which total income produced by industry is divided up among the several groups of individuals who furnish the means employed in its production. (2) He should know markets: markets made up of ultimate consumers; their
Risky choice and brain CRF after adolescent ethanol vapor exposure and social stress in adulthood

Adolescent ethanol exposure increases risky choice and alters corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) systems in adulthood. The impact of stress on risky choice after adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) exposure is not known. We investigated time-specific effects of AIE vapor exposure during early adolescence on risky choice after stress or no stress in adulthood. Male Wistar rats were exposed to air or AIE vapor on postnatal days 28–42 (adolescence) and were exposed to 10 days of social defeat or no stress on postnatal days 172–181 (adulthood). Risky choice was assessed in the probability discounting task under baseline conditions and after days 1 and 10 of social defeat. CRF and CRF receptor 1 (CRFR1) mRNA levels were assessed in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) 24 h post-stress to evaluate persistent effects of stress on the brain. AIE exposure had no effect on risky choice either at baseline or after social defeat. Additionally, neither acute nor chronic social defeat affected risky choice in air-exposed rats. In the PFC, chronic social defeat selectively decreased CRF mRNA levels in air-exposed rats and increased CRFR1 mRNA levels in all rats. AIE exposure increased CRF mRNA levels in the CeA with no effect of social stress. Our results indicate no effect of ethanol exposure via vapor during early adolescence on risky choice, while our previous findings indicated that AIE exposure via gavage affected risky choice. Both AIE exposure and social defeat altered CRF and CRFR1 mRNA levels in the brain.
UROLOGIC MANAGEMENT OF SPINAL CORD INJURY IN CHILDREN

SUMMARY This overview of the management of children with spinal cord injury has focused on a program based on bladder dynamics. The bladder is modulated pharmacologically and surgically, if necessary, to create a reservoir that stores urine at low pressure, and emptying is achieved by clean intermittent catheterization. The parent assumes the responsibility for bladder emptying when the child is unable to perform catheterization. Reflex voiding in a balanced fashion is not advocated. The program described not only avoids the deleterious effects of high voiding pressures, it also obviates the wearing of a urinary collection device, which is impractical for most prepubertal boys, and it provides for emptying at predictable intervals in order to make the child more socially acceptable. This approach seems to improve the child's self-image, and it should increase the chances of useful participation in society and a fulfilling life.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis

In patients with severe acute pancreatitis complicated by pancreatic parenchymal necrosis, one of the feared complications is infected pancreatic necrosis and/or infected peripancreatic tissue. Because of this concern many patients with severe pancreatitis have been treated with prophylactic antibiotics in an attempt to prevent this complication, and one early open label trial in 1993 appeared to show benefit for this approach. Since that time multiple additional studies have been carried out, and review of these trials fails to demonstrate any reduction in infectious complications or the need for operative intervention when prophylactic antibiotics are used. An analysis of trials comparing prophylactic antibiotics with placebo shows that the highest quality studies (rigorous blinding, placebo protocols, inclusion only of severe disease, detailed patient flow descriptions) uniformly fail to show benefit for prophylaxis.
EUPHOROHALLUCINOGENS - TOWARD A BEHAVIORAL MODEL

Study of the actions of euphorohallucinogens in animals has long been hindered by the paucity of reliable behavioral models that predict the relative potencies of these structurally divergent drugs in humans. Few behavioral tests currently used in experiments with hallucinogens have been subjected to empirical tests of validity; fewer still have satisfied such tests. Since a broadly based literature suggests that behavioral reactivity measures such as the rat startle response are sensitive to both hallucinogens and manipulations of brain serotonin, we used this behavioral paradigm to examine the involvement of serotonergic systems in the actions of hallucinogens. First we wished to determine the extent to which this simple animal model both predicted the relative potencies of various hallucinogens in man and discriminated between the effects of hallucinogens and representatives of other psychoactive drug families. To assess the generality of changes in behavioral reactivity we simultaneously tested another behavior known to be affected by reductions in brain serotonin -holeboard exploration. We tested rats in both behavioral situations with a variety of indoleamine and phenylethylamine hallucinogens, some inactive congeners of hallucinogens, and several other centrally active drugs known to affect monoaminergic neurons. Neither behavior reliably predicted the human potencies of all hallucinogens or clearly discriminated between hallucinogens and other drugs. In general, the startle response measure was fairly sensitive to phenylethylamine hallucinogens, but not to indoleamine hallucinogens, while the reverse was true with the holeboard test.
SPONTANEOUS LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION IN HODGKIN'S DISEASE

Publisher Summary This chapter explores spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation in Hodgkin's disease. A study described in the chapter attempted to determine whether a relationship exists between proliferation occurring spontaneously and that seen in response to stimulation with the mitogen, phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Proliferation was quantitated by the 3H-thymidine incorporation assay, utilizing 1 ml cultures containing 5 × 105 lymphs/ml. The study analyzed ten patients with active Hodgkin's disease not under treatment at the time of study and five normal subjects. The patients as a group demonstrated significantly increased spontaneous 3H-thymidine incorporation on day 0 (the day of venipuncture) and significantly depressed 3H-thymidine incorporation on day 3 following stimulation with PHA. In general, those patients with more advanced disease had increased numbers of spontaneously dividing lymphocytes. When the individual values for unstimulated (day 0) and PHA-stimulated proliferation (day 3) were analyzed, a statistically significant inverse relationship between these values was demonstrated. It was also demonstrated that cellular immunity (the PHA response) in Hodgkin's disease is quantitatively depressed in the presence of a heterogeneous group of dividing lymphocytes.
Cyberinfrastructure to Empower Scientific Research

Scientific research has experienced a transformation over the last several decades. To tackle today’s grand challenges in science and engineering, researchers today must leverage and integrate the skills and knowledge of team members with computational resources and infrastructure that include data, computing, communications, and high performance computing resources.
East and West in the Thought of Hamann

(1968). East and West in the Thought of Hamann. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 83-99.
The Naked Mole Rat and Selenium

The naked mole rat, Heterocephalus glaber, has emerged as a popular model organism for studying aging, hypoxia tolerance and cancer resistance. The sequencing of its genome and transcriptome allowed researchers to get insights into the associated molecular mechanisms, pathways and gene networks. The analysis of trace element content of tissue samples of the naked mole rat revealed a low level of selenium in kidney and liver. This was also consistent with the observed negative correlation between selenium levels in these organs and longevity across mammals. A low selenocysteine content in selenoprotein P and a premature stop codon in glutathione peroxidase 1 account in part for the low selenium utilization by the naked mole rat. As such, this organism emerges as a useful model to study selenium metabolism in mammals.
Automatic Neonatal Seizure Detection by EEG

EEGs obtained from 55 newborns, recorded at the Montreal, Sydney, and Texas Children’s Hospitals, were reviewed by 3 types of automatic analysis of sequential epochs aimed at detecting rhythmic paroxysmal discharges, repetitive spike patterns, arrhythmic runs of spikes, and low frequency discharges, and the methods are reported from the Montreal Neurological Institute, and the Montreal Children’s Hospital, Canada.
Gert Mattenklott, Melancholie in der Dramatik des Sturm und Drang: Stuttgart: Metzler, 1968. Pp. 184.

(1969). Gert Mattenklott, Melancholie in der Dramatik des Sturm und Drang. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 297-299.
Reproductive and Obstetrical Care for Transgender Patients

The purpose of this article is to briefly summarize some of the available reports regarding fertility, reproduction, and obstetrical care for transgender patients, as well as address some of the ethical and legal considerations. Transgender individuals desire reproductive options but reproductive desires among individuals vary significantly. Some options for cross-gender hormones can permanently affect one’s ability to biologically reproduce. Current standard of care is to offer fertility preservation prior to transitioning, but emerging research suggests that there may not be a high uptake in these options. Transgender men seek out culturally competent obstetrical care. Reproductive care for the transgender population involves issues such as the effects of cross-sex hormones on fertility, fertility preservation, reproductive options, pregnancy outcomes as well as psychosocial, ethical, and legal considerations. Many of these areas are understudied, leaving exciting opportunities for future research on how to best care for this patient population.
Psychometric Artificial General Intelligence: The Piaget-MacGuyver Room

Psychometric AGI (PAGI) is the brand of AGI that anchors AGI science and engineering to explicit tests, by insisting that for an information-processing (i-p) artifact to be rationally judged generally intelligent, creative, wise, and so on, it must pass a suitable, well-defined test of such mental power(s). Under the tent of PAGI, and inspired by prior thinkers, we introduce the Piaget-MacGyver Room (PMR), which is such that, an i-p artifact can credibly be classified as general-intelligent if and only if it can succeed on any test constructed from the ingredients in this room.
Youth-Led Struggles Against Racialized Crime Control in the United States

Recent work in a number of disciplines has explored how social, economic and cultural shifts coinciding with neoliberalism have worked to depoliticize the subjectivities of young people. As a counterpoint to such claims, this chapter details the work of youth-led grassroots organizations in the United States that create counter-movements against the criminalization of school discipline, racialized policing and mass incarceration. Although their victories are often small in scale, the work of these organizations should not be overlooked, as they help to bring together young people to mobilize for criminal justice reform, thus introducing them to the world of politics and collective action.
Sequential Ruthenium Catalysis for Olefin Isomerization and Oxidation: Application to the Synthesis of Unusual Amino Acids

How can you use a ruthenium isomerization catalyst twice? A ruthenium-catalyzed sequence for the formal two-carbon scission of allyl groups to carboxylic acids has been developed. The reaction includes an initial isomerization step using commercially available ruthenium catalysts followed by in situ transformation of the complex to a metal-oxo species, which is capable of catalyzing subsequent oxidation reactions. The method enables enantioselective syntheses of challenging α-tri- and tetrasubstituted α-amino acids including an expedient total synthesis of the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam.
Can Peroxisomes Inform Cellular Response to Drought

Although plant germplasm contains numerous unknown traits for drought-tolerance, the ability to phenotype this material remains challenging. I propose that peroxisome abundance may be a viable parameter for the evaluation of drought response at the cellular level, and hence could be useful to improve phenotyping efforts.
Construing Novelty: Category Boundaries and Venture Capital Investment in Recombination

Research in economics and sociology points to recombination as the source of novel social and economic developments. Most systematic studies of this thesis investigate whether recombination is asso...