cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative genetics of seminal receptacle length in Drosophila melanogaster.

The length of the female’s primary sperm-storage organ, the seminal receptacle, has undergone rapid divergence within the Drosophila genus. Quantitative genetic analysis of seminal receptacle length was carried out on two laboratory strains of Drosophila melanogaster that had undergone artificial selection for both increased and decreased organ length. Realized heritabilities were 0.176 and 0.270 for the two experiments. Parental strains, F1, F1r (reciprocal), F2, backcross, and backcross reciprocal generations were used in a line-cross (generation means) analysis. This analysis revealed that additive, dominance, and additive-by-dominance epistasis contributed significantly to the means. No significant maternal effects were found. Variance analysis indicated that a completely additive model was adequate to explain the variances observed in these lines. Castle–Wright minimal estimates of 5.25 and 1.91, segregating loci responsible for mean differences, were found for the two respective experiments. There were significant positive correlations between additive effects of seminal receptacle length and thorax length in both experiments. The correlated evolution of sperm and seminal receptacle length is discussed.
Continuous-time dynamic risk measures by backward stochastic Volterra integral equations

Continuous-time dynamic convex and coherent risk measures are introduced. To obtain existence of such risk measures, backward stochastic Volterra integral equations (BSVIEs, for short) are studied. For such equations, notion of adapted M-solution is introduced, well-posedness is established, duality principles and comparison theorems are presented. Then a class of dynamic convex and coherent risk measures are identified as a component of the adapted M-solutions to certain BSVIEs. †Dedicated to Professor M.Z. Nashed.
A cytoplasmic membrane-associated DNA from rapidly proliferating tissue.

Abstract A membrane fraction obtained from the post-microsomal supernatant of Novikoff hepatoma and rat tissues has been shown to contain nucleic acid which can stimulate DNA synthesis. Based on the insensitivity to specific RNases and the sensitivity to DNase, the stimulatory nucleic acid is presumed to be DNA. The occurence of this cytoplasmic membrane-associated DNA is related to the proliferative state of the tissue.
Move Over Daniel We Need Some “Accountability Space”

Professor Flinders makes a strong case that our obsession with accountability has turned “problematic” and even “pathological”. While agreeing with the gist of the argument, I contend that the esse...
Induction of microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes in regenerating liver

Abstract The administration of phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene to rats resulted in about a two-fold elevation of a number of hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes within 24 hr. When animals were subjected to partial hepatectomy up to 3 hr after treatment with the inducer, the elevation of drug-metabolizing activity was delayed, a two-fold elevation being apparent only after about 40 hr. When the period between administration of the inducer and partial hepatectomy was extended to 9 hr the operation had no effect on the time course of enzyme induction, indicating that only the early stages of the process of enzyme induction were sensitive to the proliferative demands which follow partial hepatectomy. The apparent Km of aniline hydroxylase was increased after partial hepatectomy and following the administration of phenobarbital. The increase was not of sufficient magnitude to account for the effect of partial hepatectomy in delaying the appearance of elevated microsomal drug-metabolizing activity. The regenerative process can be selectively inhibited by withdrawal of protein from the diet or subjection of the animal to 600 r whole-body x-irradiation 1 hr after partial hepatectomy. These conditions abolished the effect of the operation on the pattern of enzyme induction.
Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase closes the serotonin-sensitive K + channels of Aplysia sensory neurones in cell-free membrane patches

Selected actions of neurotransmitters and hormones on ion channels in nerve and muscle cells are now thought to be mediated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein phosphorylation. Although the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (cAMP-PK) affects the cellular properties of several neurones, its mode of action at the single-channel level has not been characterized. In addition, little is known about the identity or subcellular localization of the phosphoproteins that control channel activity and, in particular, whether the critical substrate proteins are cytoplasmic or membrane-associated. In Aplysia sensory neurones, serotonin produces a slow modulatory synaptic potential mediated by cAMP-PK that contributes to presynaptic facilitation and behavioural sensitization. Previously, we have found that serotonin acts on cell-attached membrane patches to produce prolonged all-or-none closures of a specific class of K+ channels (S channels) whose gating is weakly dependent on voltage and independent of intracellular calcium. We demonstrate here that in cell-free membrane patches from Aplysia sensory neurones, the purified catalytic subunit of cAMP-PK produces all-or-none closures of the S channel, simulating most (but not all) aspects of the action of serotonin on cell-attached patches. This result suggests that protein kinase acts on the internal surface of the membrane to phosphorylate either the channel itself or a membrane-associated protein that regulates channel activity.
Interplay Between the Toxic Effects of Anticancer Drugs and Host Antitumor Immunity in Cancer Therapy

The results accumulated thus far illustrate that the therapeutic efficacy of many anticancer drugs depends not only on the direct tumoricidal/tumoristatic activity of the drug but also on the contribution to tumor eradication of antitumor immunity which emerges after the chemotherapy. When a low dose of anticancer drug is employed, it reduces the tumor burden to a lesser extent than a high dose of drug. Consequently, in order for the low dose of drug to be as effective as a high dose of drug, antitumor immunity has to control a larger tumor burden than that controlled by the immune system following high-dose chemotherapy. This was shown to happen in several experimental tumor models wherein the low dose of drug greatly potentiated host antitumor immunity while the high dose of drug either potentiated host antitumor immunity to a lesser extent, did not potentiate it at all, or actually exerted a suppressive effect on host antitumor immunity. As a result of the immunopotentiating activity of the low dose of drug, tumor-bearing animals which did not exhibit concomitant antitumor immunity due to the inhibitory activity of suppressor cells, developed a very potent antitumor immunity shortly after the chemotherapy. The immunopotentiating effect of the low dose of drug was attributed in these situations to drug-mediated selective elimination of suppressor cell activity and possibly also to drug-mediated enhancement in the activity of T cells of the helper phenotype through elevation in IL-2 production. Antitumor immunity can also facilitate the therapeutic effectiveness of high-dose chemotherapy. Therefore, it is important to determine the conditions under which high-dose chemotherapy can also potentiate host antitumor immunity. From the rodent data available, the picture emerges that the maturity of antitumor immunity at the time of the chemotherapy is an important factor in determining if the high dose of drug leads to immunosuppression or immunopotentiation. When a high dose of drug is administered to tumor bearers with a fully developed antitumor immune response, it is more likely to lead to potentiation of host antitumor immunity than when the high dose of drug is administered to tumor bearers that have not yet achieved the full maturity of their antitumor immune response. In order to achieve the maximal enhancement of antitumor immunity in hitherto immunosuppressed tumor bearers, the suppressor-cell pool should be more sensitive to the toxic effects of the anticancer drugs than are cells involved in immune-tumor eradication.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Determination Of Pisarenko Frequency Estimates As Eigenvalues Of An Orthogonal Matrix

Pisarenko proposed a method for decomposing a random stationary process into a sum of harmonics in white noise. The numerical determination of the frequencies consists of several parts, one of which is the computation of the zeros of a polynomial which is known to vanish on the unit circle only. We describe how this part of the computations can be formulated as an eigenvalue problem for an orthogonal matrix. Several algorithms for such eigenproblems are reviewed, one of which enables highly parallel computations.
LHC-B: a dedicated beauty experiment for precision measurements of CP-violation

Abstract The LHC-B experiment[1] is a single arm forward spectrometer optimized to study CP violation in the B system at the LHC. The experiment, which has just submitted the Technical Proposal, has an unmatched potentiality for an overconstrained determination of the Unitarity Triangle elements. In this paper, the basic features of the detector and the projected sensitivity of the experiment in terms of the measurement of the unitarity angles α, β and γ as well as the χs parameter are presented.
Near-infrared mapping spectrometer optical subsystem development and testing

The Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) is one of the four remote-sensing science instruments of the Galileo Orbiter scientific payload. The NIMS scientific objectives require operating the detector and optical subsystem at cryogenic temperatures. The necessity of assembling, aligning, and testing the optics at room temperature and meeting design specifications at the cryogenic operating temperature (130 K) presented a set of challenging technical problems. A systematic approach to the development of athermalized mounts and supporting structures for optical components is described. A technique utilizing the visible spectral range and supplementary ray-trace information for alignment of an infrared instrument is presented. The optical subsystem point-spread function and spatial and spectral resolution were determined at room temperature using selected spectral and spatial targets. Based on thermal-distortion analyses of the structure and mounts, compensators were selected, implemented, and verified at cryogenic temperatures. The selection of the compensator and the overall system performance were verified in a thermal vacuum chamber. Various external and internal calibration targets were used.
Construction of Invariant Scattering Amplitudes for Arbitrary Spins and Analytic Continuation in Total Angular Momentum

From group-theoretical considerations, invariant scattering amplitudes for two-body reactions of particles with arbitrary spins and nonzero masses are constructed in various forms, including helicity amplitudes and amplitudes free of kinematical singularities. They are linear combinations of spin basis functions with scalar coefficients. In the process of construction the Pauli spin matrices are generalized for arbitrary spin. On the basis of a Mandelstam representation for the scalar coefficients, the unique analytic continuation of the amplitudes in total angular momentum is obtained. Possible kinematical singularities of the scalar amplitudes at the boundary of the physical region are discussed.
Keratinocyte proliferation in wound healing and skin diseases

The best known immune cell in the skin is the Langerhans cell, which expresses HLA-DR antigen and can secrete interleukin 1. Keratinocytes, however, also produce interleukin 1 - and, after stimulation by gamma-interferon, they too can synthesize and express HLA-DR. Furthermore, at high concentrations, gamma- interferon inhibits keratinocyte proliferation. On the basis of these data, Vera Morhenn proposes a three-step model for the keratinocyte response in wound healing. This model predicts the existence of at least two types of skin diseases - one in which keratinocytes hyperproliferate and underexpress HLA-DR (e.g. psoriasis) and a second in which they express class II
A PHARMACODYNAMIC MODEL FOR THE ACTION OF THE ANTIBIOTIC IMIPENEM ON PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA POPULATIONS IN VITRO

The standard method for measuring in vitro antibiotic efficacy is based on a point observation of bacterial activity 18 hours after inoculation. The method, while simple, forgoes significant information by ignoring the dynamics of the interactions between antibiotic and bacteria. This paper proposes a simple dynamic model describing these interactions. The model consists of two non-linear differential equations of the S-system type. Its parameter values are estimated, through the minimization of residual errors, from data on the effect of the carbapenem antibiotic imipenem on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The model adequately describes the dynamic behavior of the bacterial populations in the presence of the antibiotic: beginning with drug administration, then through the decline of the bacterial population and possibly ending with bacterial resurgence.
Effective Elastic Moduli of Two-Dimensional Brittle Solids With Interacting Microcracks, Part I: Basic Formulations

Statistical micromechanical formulations are presented to investigate effective elastic moduli of two-dimensional brittle solids with interacting slit microcracks. The macroscopic stress-strain relations of elastic solids with interacting microcracks are micromechanically derived by taking the ensemble average over all possible realizations which feature the same material microstructural geometry, characteristics, and loading conditions. Approximate analytical solutions of a two-microcrack interaction problem are introduced to account for microcrack interaction among many randomly oriented and located microcracks. The overall elastic-damage compliances of microcrack-weakened brittle solids under uniaxial and biaxial loads are also derived. Therefore, stationary statistical micromechanical formulation is completed. Moreover, some special cases are investigated by using the proposed framework. At variance with existing phenomenological continuum damage models, the proposed framework does not employ any fitted “material parameters. ” “Cleavage 1” microcrack growth and “evolutionary damage models” within the proposed context will be presented in Part II of this series. It is emphasized that microstructural statistical informations are already embedded in the proposed ensemble-averaged equations and, therefore, no Monte Carlo simulations are needed.
Abstract 1071: Impact of AR activation status on the DNA damage response.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Recent evidence implicates the androgen receptor (AR) as a critical modulator of the DNA damage response in prostate cancer. Treatment for locally advanced disease depends on combined radiation therapy and ablation of AR function, and clinical evidence strongly supports the contention that active AR reduces the response to radiotherapy. Moreover, it was reported in vitro that AR activation can induce DNA damage at sites of active transcription, thus providing additional evidence for crosstalk between the DNA damage response and AR pathways. Despite these observations, the underpinning mechanism by which AR alters the response to DNA damage remains unknown. Several lines of evidence will be discussed which illuminate a role for AR in the response to DNA damage. First, investigation in a battery of hormone-therapy sensitive prostate cancer cells (in which AR activity remains dependent on ligand binding) and in castrate resistant tumor cells (reflecting advanced disease wherein AR activity is enhanced) showed that androgen depletion enhances the response to ionizing radiation. Restoration of dihydrotestosterone reduced the response to radiation, thus demonstrating that ligand-induced AR activity promotes a resistance to radiation. Second, the mechanism by which AR promotes radioresistance was addressed. Preliminary findings indicate that in the presence of DNA damage, AR dramatically alters the rate of DNA damage repair independent of significant effects on cell cycle. Moreover, these studies uncovered an unexpected role for androgen-activated AR to alter expression and subsequent activity of genes critical for the DNA damage response, possibly through differential recruitment of AR to loci of key players in the response to damage. Finally, a series radioresistant prostate cancer model systems were developed, wherein the impact of AR on acquired radioresistance is under investigation; early studies in these models indicate that altered AR output is associated with acquired radioresistance. Combined, the studies to be presented reveal novel functions of androgen and AR in controlling the molecular and cellular response to DNA damage, and provide the basis for future studies directed at targeting DNA-damage specific AR activity in the course of human disease. Citation Format: Jonathan F. Goodwin, Matthew J. Schiewer, Felix Y. Feng, Karen E. Knudsen. Impact of AR activation status on the DNA damage response. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1071. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1071
Selective reminding test: An examination of the equivalence of four forms

Abstract Four forms of a selective reminding test were administered to 20 male and 20 female subjects 1 week apart in one of four orders determined by a Latin square. On many of the dependent measures, Form 1 was significantly more difficult than the other three forms, which were equivalent in difficulty. For many of the measures, performance on the first test administered was significantly lower than that on the third and fourth tests administered. Performance on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th tests administered was similar. Males made significantly more intrusions than females. Interclass correlation coefficients ranged from 414 to 654. Implications for clinical use of the selective reminding tests are discussed.
Colorimetric and potentiometric determination of acid numbers of vegetable and marine oils

A discussion is presented of present official methods of determining the acid number of oils. A colorimetric method is presented for the determination of acid numbers of marine and vegetable oils and related products. It involves the use of alcoholic KOH, phenolphthalein, and a titration solvent consisting of 49.5% anhydrous isopropanol. 50% benzene, and 0.5% water. Most oils are completely soluble in the titration solvent, thus avoiding the disadvantages of two phase systems and of heating the oil. It compares satisfactorily with present official methods.
Engineers or Artists?: Toys, Class and Technology in Wilhelmine Germany

Ganaway argues that toys allowed millions of comfortably situated Germans to participate in a debate in Imperial Germany about the role modern technology would play in shaping the ideal middle-class citizen. Germany's nascent consumer culture easily facilitated this argument. Entrepreneurs envisioned the ideal German as a masculine engineer controlling human and natural environments. They marketed accurately miniaturized toys designed to turn boys into manipulators of technology and girls into domestic managers. Artists, intellectuals and maternal feminists demanded humanistically-trained individuals who could unite Germany's fractious society. They called for hand-crafted miniatures that emphasized imagination and creativity and blurred gender boundaries. Neither side wanted to entirely destroy the other, but both felt compelled to argue that only their vision could ensure a strong Germany. In the end, the engineers and entrepreneurs won this debate, but only at the cost of assimilating the most appealing aspects of "reform" toys into the factory process. Artists and intellectuals carved out a space for themselves and their vision of the middle-class via the market which outlived the Kaiserreich. This shows that consumer culture permits personal self-fashioning; while it tends to reinforce the power of dominant social groups it is remarkably permeable to subversive ideas.
The value of the Wright-Giemsa stain for diagnosing hairy cell leukemia in body cavity fluids

We compared the value of the Wright-Giemsa stain with the Papanicolaou stain for diagnosing hairy cell leukemia in the body cavity fluids of three patients. The cytological features of the leukemic cells were much clearer on the Wright-Giemsa-stained preparations. This allowed for the accurate diagnosis of leukemic involvement of the body cavity fluids in 3/3 patients using the Wright-Giemsa stain but only 1/3 using the Papanicolaou stain. A tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase stain was used to confirm the diagnosis in each case.
Accelerated electrical aging of medium voltage EPR cables energized by elevated AC voltage with switching impulses superimposed

Aging of polymer insulated power cables has been a significant subject of investigation during the last several decades. Despite the great achievements in single-stress aging mechanism, much less is known about the multi-stress aging and the associated phenomena. The cables will suffer from the electrical stress, thermal stress, mechanical stress, and other aging factors during the operation, which will initiate the unwanted aging of the cables. In the study, the accelerated electrical aging of Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPR) cables was carried out. The 15 kV EPR cables were stressed by 3V0 (26 kV) ac voltage with switching impulses superimposed. The ac current of ampacity (226 A) was applied to simulate the thermal stress at full load. The major objective of the study is to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the accelerated aging phenomena of EPR cable insulation and the impacts from different aging factors.
A neural network for pattern generation in the scratch reflex

The authors approach the problem of translating sensory information to a coordinated pattern of muscular activation by presenting a model for the initial positioning and rhythmic behavior of the hindlimb in the scratch reflex. This model draws heavily on a set of hypotheses proposed by M.B. Berkinblit et al. (1978) regarding apparent localization of the pattern generator in lamina VII of the fourth and fifth lumbar segments of the spinal cord. The authors propose a network based exclusively on interneurons residing in this area. Given a tonic input, the activities of the network's neurons produce the initial positioning phase. This in turn leads to a rhythmic phase that correlates well with the required motor output during a scratch cycle. A mechanism is suggested for varying the length of the initial positioning phase (and presumably location of the hindlimb), independent of the period of the rhythmic phase. >
Almost stable spectra and limits of similarities

Suppose that {D n } is a sequence of invertible operators on a Hilbert space, andD n T D −1 converges in norm toT 0. Recently, H. Bercovici, C. Foias, and A. Tannenbaum have shown that if {D ±1 ∶n=1, 2,...} is contained in a finite dimensional subspace of operators, thenT andT 0 must have the same spectral radius. Using this result, R. Teodorescu proved that the resolvents ofT andT 0 have the same unbounded component. We show that in fact the spectra differ only by certain eigenvalues ofT 0, and the spectrum ofT 0 is obtained by “filling in holes” in the spectrum ofT; i.e., by adjoining (all, some, or none of the) bounded components of the resolvent ofT to the spectrum ofT.
Portfolio analysis with a nonnormal multi-index return-generating process

This article analyzes the investor's optimum portfolio problem when security returns follow a linear return-generating process with factors that are not normally distributed and that are not replicable with traded assets. It provides a set of decision rules that allows the construction of the investor's optimum portfolio. The article then derives the equilibrium model with heterogeneous expectations that results from all investors acting in the manner described in the first section.
Galactitol and galactonate in red blood cells of children with the Duarte/galactosemia genotype

We measured galactitol, galactonate, and galactose-1-phosphate in the red blood cell (RBC) to elucidate the biochemical phenotype of infants with a Duarte/galactosemia (D/G) genotype by isotope dilution GC/MS. The RBC galactonate, galactitol and Gal-1-P were quantified in 14 D/G newborns on a lactose containing formula or breast milk, eight D/G newborns on a galactose-free formula, and 18 D/G children between 1 and 2 years of age that were on a regular diet. The results were compared with those of non-galactosemic subjects of comparable age. In the D/G newborns on regular formula/breast milk, the levels of RBC galactitol, galactonate, and Gal-1-P were significantly higher than those of D/G newborns on diet treatment and non-galactosemic newborns. There was no difference in the levels of RBC galactitol, galactonate, and Gal-1-P between D/G newborns on a lactose-restricted diet and the control group. There appears to be two different responses to dietary galactose intake in D/G children. The first group of D/G children placed on a regular diet after a year of lactose restriction had higher RBC galactitol, galactonate levels than those of non-galactosemic children. The mean level of RBC galactonate was higher and the mean value of RBC galactitol was as high as that of galactosemic (G/G) patients on diet treatment. The second group of D/G children on a regular diet had normal levels of RBC galactitol and galactonate. The levels of RBC Gal-1-P were normal in both groups of D/G patients. The alternative pathway products may reflect galactose intake better than RBC Gal-1-P in D/G children.
Reinstatement as a method to increase the effectiveness of discipline in the school or home

Abstract Ninety first-grade boys who left their seats and played with toys in a tempting situation were assigned randomly to one of three conditions of reinstatement: minimal reinstatement, verbal reinstatement, or verbal and behavioral reinstatement. Half of each group received mild discipline, the other half, no discipline. Discipline was defined as the withdrawal of a physical resource (a marble) and a verbal rebuke. Reinstatement was defined as the detailed rehearsal (either behavioral or verbal) of the undesirable behavior sequence. After an intervening task, the boys were placed in the tempting situation again, and time before playing with some toys was recorded. Results confirmed two hypotheses and did not confirm two other hypotheses: discipline was significantly more effective than no discipline; reinstatement significantly increased the effectiveness of discipline; discipline with verbal and behavioral reinstatement was no more effective than discipline with verbal reinstatement alone. Verbal reinstatement and verbal plus behavioral reinstatement were no more inhibiting than minimal reinstatement when followed by no discipline.
A differential game approach to distributed demand side management in smart grid

Smart grid is a visionary user-centric system that will elevate the conventional power grid system to one which functions more cooperatively, responsively, and economically. Dynamic demand side management is one of the key issues that enable the implementation of smart grid. In this paper, we use the framework of dynamic games to model the distribution demand side management. The market price is characterized as the dynamic state using a sticky price model. A two-layer optimization framework is established. At the lower level, for each player (such as one household), different appliances are scheduled for energy consumption. At the upper level, the dynamic game is used to capture the interaction among different players in their demand responses through the market price. We analyze the N-person nonzero-sum stochastic differential game and characterize its feedback Nash equilibrium. A special case of homogeneous users is investigated in detail and we provide a closed-form solution for the optimal demand response. From the simulation results, we demonstrate the use of demand response strategy from the game-theoretic framework and study the behavior of market price and demand responses to different parameters.
The impact of value and self‐esteem messages in persuasion

Using Rokeach's persuasive paradigm as a base, this study sought to determine the motivation for value change when audiences were made aware of value inconsistencies. Parallelling Rokeach's investigations, two persuasive messages referred to specific value inconsistencies in the terminal value hierarchy. Expanding upon his original procedure, the audience's overall level of self‐esteem was measured, and another message was added which threatened the audience's self‐judgments while not referring to specific values. Value, attitudinal and behavioral measures were included to measure persuasive effects. Results demonstrated that self‐esteem did not affect value change. While Rokeach's original message appeal was effective in changing the values, messages which emphasized a threat to self‐esteem produced immediate and long‐term value modification.
ATM missense mutations are frequent in patients with breast cancer

Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T), an autosomal recessive neuro-immunologic disease with cancer susceptibility, results from ATM gene mutations. Most mutations in A-T patients cause protein truncation. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that ATM gene mutation carriers may be at increased risk for breast cancer, but the protein-truncating mutations that compose the majority of mutations in patients with ataxia telangiectasia are not elevated in women with breast cancer. In this report we present evidence that missense mutations in the ATM gene predispose to breast cancer. The analysis was performed in two phases in a total of 90 women with breast cancer and 90 ethnically similar control individuals. DOVAM-S, a robotically enhanced multiplexed, highly redundant form of SSCP in which virtually all mutations within the input amplicons can be detected, was used to scan all the coding exons and flanking splice junctions. Cohort-specific mutations were significantly elevated in women with breast cancer in phase 1 (43 cases) and phase 2 (47 cases). For the 90 patients and 90 controls, total missense mutations were significantly elevated in cases [OR=2.0; 90% CI=1.01-4.15]. Cohort-specific missense variants displayed an odds ratio of 4.0 (90% CI=1.37-13.5). It is estimated that the attributable risk of mutations in the ATM gene is 13% in this cohort of women with breast cancer.
Bond breaking and the ionization of sputtered atoms.

We have studied the static-mode ion-beam sputtering of ${\mathrm{Si}}^{+}$ from a Si (100) surface during oxidation and nitridation. The data are consistent with the ionization of sputtered atoms resulting from the breaking of the local chemical bond during sputtering. A model is proposed to explain the dependences of the ionization probability of the ionization potential, emission energy, and isotopic mass.
Nonlinear evolution of alpha‐particle‐driven Alfvén turbulence from a reduced model

The coupled nonlinear evolution of kinetic Alfven turbulence (KAW) and anomalous alpha‐particle transport is analyzed using a reduced turbulence model [Phys. Fluids B 4, 3152 (1992)]. Due to the nonlocal nature of the nonlinear interaction (bulk ion Compton scattering), the saturated spectrum consists of two well separated peaks, one in the linearly unstable and one in the stable regime. The two peaks represent the energy input from the alphas and energy dissipation to the electrons, respectively, and are in balance at saturation. Without a particle source, the turbulence‐induced anomalous alpha transport leads to a flattening of the initial alpha density profile, on a time scale slow compared to the fluctuation time scale. In the presence of a particle source, a stationary alpha density profile is built up self‐consistently as a result of the competition between the alpha‐particle source and anomalous transport. The anomalous alpha diffusivity from the reduced model for KAW, using reactor size parameters...
Opportunities for Academic Training in the Science and Practice of Restoration within the United States and Canada

With increasing interest in ecosystem restoration, there is a corresponding need for trained professionals who understand not only the science of restoration ecology but also the management practices and social factors that lead to successful project implementation. We surveyed 300 academic institutions in the United States and Canada with research programs in the ecological, conservation, and natural resource sciences to determine whether current curricula in restoration meet the needs of this growing field. Opportunities to obtain a degree specifically in the field of restoration were extremely limited: only 11 institutions (4%) offered undergraduate degrees, and only four (1%) offered graduate degrees. Half of these programs were established within the last 5 years. Only three programs required more than one course in restoration, and over half did not include any specific core courses in the social sciences. There were more opportunities to obtain a degree relevant to restoration but not specifically restoration focused: 21% of institutions offered such undergraduate degrees and 12% offered graduate degrees. With regard to courses, only 23% of institutions offered courses that specifically focused on restoration, whereas 43% offered courses that included “restoration” in their description. These trends suggest that although training opportunities are increasing, the current pool of programs and courses that explicitly focus on restoration is not sufficient to meet current demand for qualified and experienced restorationists or to ensure that these scientists and practitioners have the training necessary to meet the complex challenges of restoring degraded ecosystems in the future.
Carcinoplacental isoenzyme antigens

Abstract A carcinoplacental isoenzyme antigen is defined as a catalytically active protein present in a tumor, whose antigenic sites are identical to that of a protein present in the placenta but not in any fetal tissue. A family of placental isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase (the Regan isoenzyme, the Nagao isoenzyme and Regan variant isoenzyme) is presented as examples of such antigens. Tumor alkaline phosphatases in humans have accordingly been classified as Regan or as non-Regan in type. Experimental evidence is described indicating that normal phenotypes of placental alkaline phosphatase appear in Regan-positive cancer sera. The D-variant phenotype which is considered rare in its occurrence in human placenta was frequently observed in Regan-positive cancer sera. In both pregnancy and cancer sera, D-variant phenotype correlated with marked enzyme inhibition by l -leucine. This latter characteristic is distinctive for the Nagao isoenzyme. In a case of ovarian cancer exhibiting both Regan and non-Regan isoenzymes, electron micrographs of tumor tissue processed for alkaline phosphatase showed sites of activity in the outer mitochondrial membranes, in the lateral cell borders and microvilli and in the dense-body type lysosomes. An array of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum resembling structures seen in placental cells was observed. A review of the literature has centered on polypeptide hormones in cancer, tumor morphology and hormone secretion, aberrant endocrine activity, α-fetoglobulin and carcinoembryonic antigen, enzymes in experimental cancer, tumor alkaline phosphatase and several theoretical considerations. The evidence is consistent with current views that normal genes are active in cancer. From the data and the previous literature, it is suggested that activation of placental and fetal genes may play a role in malignancy and that epigenetic rather than mutational mechanisms apply.
Dayside Auroral Oval Plasma Density and Conductivity Enhancements Due to Magnetosheath Electron Precipitation

Demonstration that magnetosheath electrons precipitating into the dayside auroral oval are a significant source of ionization and consequently will lead to electrical conductivity enhancements within the oval. By assuming that the electrons are maintained isotropic by strong pitch-angle diffusion as they precipitate into the ionosphere, the precipitation heat flux can be simply related to solar-wind energy density and consequently to the level of magnetic activity. For quiet solar-wind conditions, the heat fluxes of 1 to 10 ergs/sq cm/sec expected and observed lead to height-integrated Pedersen conductivity enhancements of 4 to 15 mhos. During magnetic storms the conductivity enhancements could increase by a factor of 3 to 5. Since the precipitating electrons are soft, the Hall conductivity enhancements are smaller than the Pedersen conductivity enhancements. For typical electric fields the computed conductivity enhancements lead to field-aligned currents bounding the enhancements in order-of-magnitude agreement with observation. The topside ionosphere should also have a density enhancement over the auroral oval on the dayside.
A Formal Statement of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Argument

Assumptions of the original Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen argument are formally stated as axioms and nonlogical rules of inference. Then the argument is formally stated, making explicit the assumptions, logical structure, and conclusions involved. In turn several interpretative disputes are resolved. One frequent objection to the argument and a prevalent response to that objection as well are shown to be misguided.
Detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104 by multiplex polymerase chain reaction.

Salmonella typhimurium definitive type 104 (DT104) is a virulent pathogen for humans and animals with many strains having multiple drug resistance characteristics. The organism typically carries resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline (ACSSuT-resistant). A multiplex PCR method was developed to simultaneously amplify four genes, florfenicol (flost), virulence (spvC), invasion (invA), and integron (int) from S. typhimurium DT104 (ACSSuT-type). Twenty-two ACSSuT-resistant DT104 isolates in our collection gave 100% positive reactions to this PCR assay by amplifying 584-, 392-, 321- and 265-bp PCR products, using primers specific to the respective target genes. One Salmonella strain DT23, ACSSuT-resistant, phage type 711 failed to amplify the 584-bp fragment, indicating that this method is specific for DT104-type ACSSuT-resistant S. typhimurium strains. One clinical and one bovine ASSuT-resistant strains that were sensitive to chloramphenicol and florfenicol did not yield a 584-bp fragment, indicating the absence of the flost gene. This method will be useful for rapid identification of ACSSuT-type DT104 strains from clinical, food and environmental samples.
Persuasion and Resistance: Race and the Death Penalty in America

Although there exists a large and well-documented “race gap” between whites and blacks in their support for the death penalty, we know relatively little about the nature of these differences and how the races respond to various arguments against the penalty. To explore such differences, we embedded an experiment in a national survey in which respondents are randomly assigned to one of several argument conditions. We find that African Americans are more responsive to argument frames that are both racial (i.e., the death penalty is unfair because most of the people who are executed are black) and nonracial (i.e., too many innocent people are being executed) than are whites, who are highly resistant to persuasion and, in the case of the racial argument, actually become more supportive of the death penalty upon learning that it discriminates against blacks. These interracial differences in response to the framing of arguments against the death penalty can be explained, in part, by the degree to which people attribute the causes of black criminality to either dispositional or systemic forces (i.e., the racial biases of the criminal justice system).
A puzzling case of anemia.

BACKGROUND : Iron deficiency anemia in adults is most frequently due to chronic blood loss. When the clinical course is complicated by sudden, severe declines in Hb concentration, the cause, nature, and lo- cation of bleeding may require an extensive clinical evaluation. CASE REPORT : A 39-year-old woman was admitted for management of refractory hypoparathyroidism related to total thyroidectomy for Graves' disease. Two weeks before admission, her Hb level was 7.0 g per dL. Despite transfusion with four units of RBCs during this interval, her admission Hb level was 5.7 g per dL. There was no evidence of blood loss or hemolysis. Laboratory values were consistent with an iron-deficient state. The patient's hospital course included repeated instances of sharp Hb drop and appropriate but unsustained response to RBC transfusion. Extensive work-up identified no occult source of bleeding. Clinical suspicion raised the possibility of self-inflicted blood loss. The patient subsequently admitted to repeatedly drawing blood from her indwelling catheter and discarding it in the lavatory. CONCLUSION : Munchausen syndrome should be considered in cases of unexplained anemia, especially in the target demographic group: young, female, healthcare professionals. Early diagnosis may prevent morbidity, multiple hospitalizations, and the risk of invasive diagnostic procedures.
The dual ErbB1/ErbB2 inhibitor, lapatinib (GW572016), cooperates with tamoxifen to inhibit both cell proliferation- and estrogen-dependent gene expression in antiestrogen-resistant breast cancer

cis-Diaminedichloroplatinum (II) (cisplatin) is routinely used to treat various types of cancers; however, a significant number develop resistance. One of the underlying factors that contribute to cisplatin resistance is the elevated level of BCL-2 and/or BCL-XL, which promotes cell survival. A potential method of overcoming such resistance is to use a potentiator that is capable of neutralizing the antiapoptotic effects of BCL-2/BCL-XL, such as Siva-1. We previously cloned the proapoptotic protein Siva-1 and showed a possible role for it in both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis. Using an adenovirus-based expression system, we now show that Siva-1 can synergize with cisplatin in inducing apoptosis in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. In an anchorage-independent clonogenicity assay, MCF7/caspase-3 cells stably expressing Siva-1, but not the control cells, showed a dramatic decrease in the number of colonies formed on one-time cisplatin treatment. Further, we show that the unique putative amphipathic helical region (SAH) in Siva-1 (amino acid residues 36-55) is necessary and sufficient for the observed enhancement in cisplatin-induced apoptosis by Siva-1. Although cisplatin treatment results in significant elevation in the expression of Fas ligand and intracellular p21 levels, expression of Siva-1 has no additional benefit. Instead, the enhancement in apoptosis seems to be due to activation of intrinsic pathway that involves caspase-9 activation. Moreover, Siva-1 augments cisplatin-mediated cell death in MCF7 cells stably expressing BCL-2. We therefore propose that Siva-1 or its SAH region can be used as a potentiator of cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
The effect of career stage on the meaning of key organizational events

Summary This study addresses the question of how career stage affects the meaning managers attribute to key organizational events. Propositions were developed suggesting that career stage provides a frame of reference when interpreting events and that the frequency with which this frame of reference is used differs in each career stage. In depth interviews with 40 managers across three career stages supported these propositions.
Chronic unpredictable stress, but not chronic predictable stress, enhances the sensitivity to the behavioral effects of cocaine in rats

Rationale: Chronic unpredictable stress, in which the type and timing of stress exposures are varied, alters protein levels in the mesolimbic DA system in a manner previously shown to be associated with enhanced behavioral responsiveness to cocaine. Chronic exposure to the same or predictable stress (restraint) does not. Thus, we examined the effects of chronic unpredictable and chronic predictable (restraint) stress on the locomotor activating and place conditioning effects to low cocaine doses. Objective: To test whether chronic unpredictable stress enhances the sensitivity to the behavioral effects of cocaine. Methods: Rats were exposed to 10 days of chronic unpredictable stress, of chronic predictable (restraint) stress, or were not stressed. One day following cessation of stress exposure, locomotor activity to cocaine (0 or 7.5 mg/kg) was assessed for 4 consecutive days and corticosterone levels on the last day were determined. In other experiments, the effects of the chronic stress procedures on cocaine (0, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg) place conditioning using an unbiased procedure were assessed. Results: Chronic unpredictable, but not chronic predictable, stress transiently increased the locomotor activating effects of cocaine and this was correlated positively with corticosterone levels. Chronic unpredictable, but not chronic predictable, stress also enhanced the place conditioning effects of cocaine: increased place preference was seen with the low dose and a pronounced place aversion occurred with the high dose. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that chronic unpredictable stress enhances the behavioral effects of cocaine, including its aversive effects, whereas chronic predictable stress (restraint) is without effect.
Familial Risk of Cancer and Knowledge and Use of Genetic Testing

BACKGROUND Identification of genetic risk factors for common diseases, including cancer, highlights the importance of familial risk assessment. Little is known about patterns of familial cancer risk in the general population, or whether this risk is associated with knowledge and use of genetic testing.
INTRINSIC BARRIERS TO ATOM TRANSFER : SELF-EXCHANGE REACTIONS OF CPM(CO)3X/CPM(CO)3 HALIDE COUPLES

Rate constants and activation parameters were measured for the self-exchange of CpM(CO) 3 − with CpM(CO) 3 X in CD 3 CN solvent. For the X=halogen exchanges, the role of the M(I) («metal radical») state is considered, and it is condluded that the latter isovalent state is not an intermediate for these systems. However, the isovalent state may serve to stabilize the transition state for two-electron transfer between the metal centers through configuration interaction. Our results, taken with those for other X=halogen systems, indicate that effective transfer of X + may be intrinsically rapid when both reactants are 18-electron species and steric factors are favorable