cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuroinvasive Listeria monocytogenes Infection Triggers IFN-Activation of Microglia and Upregulates Microglial miR-155.

MicroRNA (miR) miR-155 modulates microglial activation and polarization, but its role in activation of microglia during bacterial brain infection is unclear. We studied miR-155 expression in brains of C57BL/6 (B6.WT) mice infected i.p. with the neuro-invasive bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), then were treated with ampicillin starting 2 days (d) post-infection (p.i.) and analyzed 3d, 7d, and 14d p.i. Virulent L. monocytogenes strains EGD and 10403s upregulated miR-155 in whole brain 7d p.i. whereas infection with avirulent, non-neurotropic hly or actA L. monocytogenes mutants did not. Similarly, infection with virulent but not mutated bacteria upregulated IFN- mRNA in the brain at 7d p.i. Upregulation of miR-155 in microglia was confirmed by qPCR of flow cytometry-sorted CD45intCD11bpos brain cells. Subsequently, brain leukocyte influxes and gene expression in sorted microglia were compared in L. monocytogenes-infected B6.WT and B6.Cg-Mir155tm1.1Rsky/J (B6.miR-155-/-) mice. Brain influxes of Ly-6Chigh monocytes and upregulation of IFN-related genes in microglia were similar to B6.WT mice at 3d p.i. In contrast, by d7 p.i. expressions of microglial IFN-related genes, including markers of M1 polarization, were significantly lower in B6.miR-155-/- mice and by 14d p.i., influxes of activated T-lymphocytes were markedly reduced. Notably, CD45highCD11bpos brain cells from B6.miR-155-/- mice isolated at 7d p.i. expressed 2-fold fewer IFN- transcripts than did cells from B6.WT mice suggesting reduced IFN- stimulation contributed to dampened gene expression in B6.miR-155-/- microglia. Lastly, in vitro stimulation of 7d p.i. brain cells with heat-killed L. monocytogenes induced greater production TNF in B6.miR-155-/- microglia than in B6.WT microglia. Thus, miR-155 affects brain inflammation by multiple mechanisms during neuroinvasive L. monocytogenes infection. Peripheral miR-155 promotes brain inflammation through its required role in optimal development of IFN--secreting lymphocytes that enter the brain and activate microglia. Microglial miR-155 promotes M1 polarization, and also inhibits inflammatory responses to stimulation by heat-killed L. monocytogenes, perhaps by targeting Tab2.
Lowering positive margin rates at radical prostatectomy by color coding of biopsy specimens to permit individualized preservation of the neurovascular bundles: is it feasible? a pilot investigation.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate whether color-coding of prostate core biopsy specimens aids in preservation of the neurovascular bundles from an oncological perspective. Materials and Methods: MRI guided transrectal ultrasound and biopsy of the prostate were performed in 51 consecutive patients suspected of being at high risk for harboring prostate cancer. Core specimens were labeled with blue dye at the deep aspect and red dye at the superficial peripheral aspect of the core. The distance from the tumor to the end of the dyed specimen was measured to determine if there was an area of normal tissue between the prostate capsule and tumor. Results: Of the 51 patients undergoing prostate biopsy, 30 (58.8%) were found to have cancer of the prostate: grade group 1 in 13.7%, 2 in 25.5%, 3 in 7.8%, 4 in 7.8% and 5 in 3.9% of the cohort. A total of 461 cores were analyzed in the cohort, of which 122 showed cancer. Five patients opted to undergo robotic assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. No patients had a positive surgical margin (PSM) or extra prostatic extension (EPE) on radical prostatectomy if there was a margin of normal prostatic tissue seen between the dye and the tumor on prostate biopsy. Conclusion: Color-coding of prostate biopsy core specimens may assist in tailoring the approach for preservation of the neurovascular bundles without compromising early oncological efficacy. Further study is required to determine whether this simple modification of the prostate biopsy protocol is valuable in larger groups of patients.
Peri-operative pain management: Assuring a happy patient✰

Abstract Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is one of the most commonly performed procedures in the United States. Poorly controlled pain and opioid side effects are associated with worse outcomes. As the prescription opioid epidemic progresses, strategies to provide adequate analgesia while minimizing opioid use are rapidly being developed. Recent efforts have focused on multimodal pain regimens, which combine several opioid and non-opioid classes of analgesic medications and interventions. In this review, we summarize the current best evidence for major components of MPRs as applied to TKA and provide a description of our practice and MPR for use in our practice.
Disentangling the diverse roles of dopamine D2 receptors in striatal function and behavior.

Abstract Dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs) mediate many of the actions of dopamine in the striatum, ranging from movement to the effortful pursuit of reward. Yet despite significant advances in linking D2Rs to striatal functions with pharmacological and genetic strategies in animals, how dopamine orchestrates its myriad actions on different cell populations —each expressing D2Rs— remains unclear. Furthermore, brain imaging and genetic studies in humans have consistently associated striatal D2R alterations with various neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, but how and which D2Rs are involved in each case is poorly understood. Therefore, a critical first step is to engage in a refined and systematic investigation of the impact of D2R function on specific striatal cells, circuits, and behaviors. Here, I will review recent efforts, primarily in animal models, aimed at unlocking the complex and heterogeneous roles of D2Rs in striatum.
The paradox prevails: Outcomes are better in critically ill obese patients regardless of the comorbidity burden.

Abstract During critical illness, obese patients have better outcomes compared to patients with normal BMI, and this is known as the obesity paradox. The difference in comorbidity burden have been implied to be responsible for the paradox. We performed a retrospective review from 2001 to 2012 of critically ill patients from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care database. We included 11,433 patients and classified them according to body mass index (BMI) and comorbidity burden (Elixhauser comorbidity measure). The odds of inpatient mortality were lower in obese patients compared to patients with normal BMI; in group with the least comorbidity score (Elixhauser 14) [OR:0.59, CI (0.45–0.77), p-value
Presentations of Principal Subspaces of Higher Level Standard A2(2)${A}_{2}^{(2)}$-Modules

We study the principal subspaces of higher level standard ${A}_{2}^{(2)}$-modules, extending earlier work in the level one case, by Calinescu, Lepowsky and Milas. We prove natural presentations of principal subspaces and also of certain related spaces. By using these presentations we obtain exact sequences, which yield recursions satisfied by the characters of the principal subspaces and related spaces. We conjecture a formula for a specialized character of the principal subspace, given by the Nahm sum of the inverse of the tadpole Cartan matrix.
Dual Forecasting Algorithm for Technological Structural Matrices in Dynamic Input-Output Models

Based on the global Krotov successive improvement method, we propose a dual computational algorithm for a discrete optimal control problem corresponding to a convex large-scale quadratic programming problem with a separable functional that arises in the prediction of the direct costs (structural) matrix in dynamic input-output models. With decomposition, we are able to use a special form of the constraint matrix to reduce the problem dimension.
Near-complete violation of Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation with a 0.3 T magnetic field.

The capability to overcome Kirchhoff’s law of thermal radiation provides new opportunities in energy harvesting and thermal radiation control. Previously, design towards demonstrating such capability requires a magnetic field of 3 T, which is difficult to achieve in practice. In this work, we propose a nanophotonic design that can achieve such capability with a far more modest magnetic field of 0.3 Tesla, a level that can be achieved with permanent magnets. Our design uses guided resonance in low-loss dielectric gratings sitting on a magneto-optical material, which provides significant enhancement on the sensitivity to the external magnetic field.
Outcomes of Infants treated for BPD associated pulmonary hypertension and home mechanical ventilation

Outcomes of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia associated pulmonary hypertension who received home mechanical ventilation Charisse Lachica MD, Addie Begley ARNP, Joan Magee RN and Winston Manimtim MD Background: Advances in neonatal care have allowed increasing survival of extremely premature infants, however, the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia has remained the same. Pulmonary hypertension is recognized as a complication of this lung condition, and has …
Agamben’s Philosophical Lineage: edited by Adam Kotsko and Carlo Salzani, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2017, x + 333 pp., $150.00/£95.00 (cloth), $39.95/£24.99 (paper)

Cutting and parsing the corpus of a great author’s work is properly a delicate and exacting task, particularly when executed by numerous authors within the limits of a three-hundred-page academic b...
Association of prenatal opiate exposure with youth outcomes assessed from infancy through adolescence.

This study examined acute findings and long-term outcome trajectories between birth and adolescence in children with prenatal opiate exposure. Ninety children (45 opiate-exposed, 45 non-exposed) completed assessments between 1 month and 15 years of age. Outcome variables (medical, anthropomorphic, developmental, and behavioral) were analyzed at individual time points and using longitudinal statistical modeling. Opiate-exposed infants displayed transient neurologic findings, but no substantial signs or symptoms long term. There were no group differences in growth, cognitive functioning, or behavior at individual time periods; however, the trajectories of outcomes using longitudinal analyses adjusting for variables known to impact outcome demonstrated increased deficits among opiate-exposed children over time with regards to weight, head circumference, cognitive functioning, and behavior. Findings support concerns that maternal opiate use during pregnancy may negatively impact a child’s developmental trajectory, which in turn may impose concerns to society (e.g., increased need for social, medical, and/or educational services).
Investigation on neurosurgical nurses' consent to health education and its influential factor

Objective To investigate on neurosurgical nurses' consent to health education and its influential factor , in order to adopt eligible healthy education and decline the influential factors which affect the effectiveness of healthy education. Methods Ninety neurosurgical nurses in grade three A hospital were investigated with self-designed questionnaire. Results 74.44%~82. 22% nurses ratified face to face or using instruction handbook to do the healthy education for neurosurgical patients. There was different attitude between higher seniority and lower seniority nurses (x2=9. 61,P=0.002) for health education, and between nurses with different educational background(x2=8.773, P=0.003.87.78% nurses thought that deficiency of the nursing human resources was the main factor which affected the effectiveness of health education. Conclusions From nurses' point of view, there is some difficulty to carry out health instruction for patients in neurosurgery department. It is more suitable to adopt face to face instruction and select materials with the characteristics of repeated reading or convenient for looking up. Insufficience of nursing human resources is still the main factor which affects the effectiveness of health education. Key words: Neurosurgery; Nurse; Pattern of health instruction; Influencing factor
Deletion of Glutathione S-Transferase Omega 1 Activates Type I Interferon Genes and Downregulates Tissue Factor.

Glutathione S-transferase omega 1 (GSTO1) is an atypical GST isoform that is overexpressed in several cancers and has been implicated in drug resistance. Currently, no small-molecule drug targeting GSTO1 is under clinical development. Here we have validated GSTO1 as an impactful target in oncology. Transcriptional profiling coupled with proteomics uncovered novel pharmacodynamic markers and cellular pathways regulated by GSTO1. CRISPR/Cas9 GSTO1 knockout (KO) cell lines failed to form tumors or displayed growth delay in vivo; they also formed smaller 3D spheroids in vitro. Multi-omics analysis in GSTO1 KO cells found a strong positive correlation with cell adhesion molecules and interferon response pathways and a strong negative correlation with Myc transcriptional signature. Additionally, several clinically used drugs showed significant synthetic lethality with loss or inhibition of GSTO1. Transcription and protein expression of tissue factor (gene name, F3) were downregulated in response to GSTO1 KO. F3 is associated with poor patient survival and promotion of tumor progression in multiple cancers and is a known risk factor for metastasis. Transcription of F3 was regulated by IL-1β, whose secretion decreased upon inhibition of GSTO1, suggesting that IL-1β links GSTO1 expression and F3 transcription. In summary, our results implicate GSTO1 as a potential therapeutic target in cancer and offer new mechanistic insights into its significant role in cancer progression.
Reproductive outcomes associated with flame retardants among couples seeking fertility treatment: A paternal perspective.

Abstract Background Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been phased out of production for nearly a decade yet are still frequently detected in serum of U.S. adults. PBDE concentrations have been associated with adverse reproductive outcomes and laboratory studies suggest hydroxylated-BDEs (OH-BDEs) may act as endocrine disruptors. We set out to assess the joint effects of paternal and maternal serum PBDE concentrations on in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes and the association between paternal serum OH-BDE concentrations and IVF outcomes. Methods This analysis included 189 couples (contributing 285 IVF cycles) recruited between 2006 and 2016 from a longitudinal cohort based at Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center who completed at least one IVF cycle and had an available blood sample at study entry. Congeners (47, 99, 100, 153, and 154) and OH-BDEs (3-OH-BDE47, 5-OH-BDE47, 6-OH-BDE47 and 4-OH-BDE49) were quantified in serum. Log-transformed PBDEs and OH-BDEs were modeled in quartiles for associations with IVF outcomes using multivariable generalized mixed models and cluster weighted generalized estimating equations. Results Lipid-adjusted concentrations of PBDEs and OH-BDEs were higher in females than in male partners. There were no clear patterns of increases in risk of adverse IVF outcomes associated with PBDEs and OH-BDEs. However, some decreases in associations with IVF outcomes were observed in isolated quartiles. Conclusions Our assessment of couple level exposure is unique and highlights the importance of including male and female exposures in the assessment of the influence of environmental toxicants on pregnancy outcomes.
Assessment of Cultural Competence in Pharmacy Students Prior to Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences.

Objective. To assess various aspects of cultural competence in second year Doctor of Pharmacy students’ and investigate the relationship between cultural competence and students’ demographics, work experience, and prior education. Methods. A 63-item survey modified from the Clinical Cultural Competency Questionnaire (CCCQ) and comprising four domains (knowledge, skills, encounters or situations, and attitudes towards cultural competency) was administered to second year pharmacy students before they started their advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs). Additional questions regarding their ability to identify and recognize elements of cultural competence were asked. The effects of demographics, work experience, and education on cultural competence also were assessed. Results. Ninety-seven students (86.6%) participated in the study. The majority of participants were Asian, female, and in their late 20s. Most students agreed or strongly agreed that they could identify and recognize elements of cultural competence. However, participants indicated they were only a little or somewhat comfortable when asked questions about knowledge, skills, and comfort. Students indicated they had “quite a bit” of competence regarding attitudes towards other cultures. Previous cultural diversity training in undergraduate studies and pharmacy school were associated with higher scores on the modified CCCQ. Conclusion. The findings emphasize the importance of schools providing training in the didactic and experiential portion of the pharmacy curriculum to increase pharmacy students’ knowledge, skills, comfort, and attitudes towards other cultures.
Association of Magnesium Intake With Sleep Duration and Sleep Quality: Findings From the CARDIA Study

Objectives As an antagonist of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) has been hypothesized to improve individuals’ sleep disturbances, a common health problem, through regulating the glutamatergic and GABAergic systems. The objectives of this study were to examine the longitudinal associations of Mg intake and Ca-to-Mg intake ratio with sleep quality and duration.
Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy on Suicidal Behavior and Emergency Department Use Among Homeless Veterans: A Propensity Score–Matched Study

Objective: This study examined the effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and emergency department use among homeless veterans receiving services in the Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system. Methods: National VA administrative data from 2001 to 2017 were analyzed using propensity score matching to compare 1,524 homeless veterans who received ECT and 3,025 homeless veterans discharged from psychiatric inpatient units serving as matched controls. Results: Homeless veterans who received ECT were significantly less likely to have used any ED services 30 and 90 days after their first ECT session compared to homeless veterans who did not receive ECT (OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.60-0.71; OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.81-0.93, respectively). Homeless veterans who received ECT showed reductions in suicidal ideation and suicide attempts after ECT, but these reductions were significantly less than homeless veterans who did not receive ECT 30 days, 90 days, and 1 year later (OR = 1.48-2.00). Conclusions: ECT has the potential to reduce ED use among homeless veterans with ECT-responsive psychiatric conditions. Further study is needed on whether the treatment engagement required of ECT participants indirectly reduces use of acute services in this population.
Studies on the Renal Glomerular Basement Membrane: PREPARATION AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

Glomeruli were prepared from bovine renal cortex with the use of sieves of varying mesh, both for the disruption of the tissue and for the separation of the glomeruli from other tissue components. Basement membranes, obtained by the ultrasonic treatment of these glomeruli, were shown to be free of cellular contaminants. Compositional studies performed on the glomerular basement membrane indicated that this structure is a glycoprotein with a carbohydrate content of approximately 9%. The sugar components present were identified as glucose, galactose, mannose, hexosamines, sialic acids, and fucose. The hexosamines consisted of both glucosamine and galactosamine in a ratio of 8.7:1.3, while the sialic acids occurred as N-glycolylneuraminic acid and N-acetylneuraminic acid in the ratio of 5.9:4.1. Essentially all of the sialic acid could be released by the action of neuraminidase or by mild acid hydrolysis. The peptide portion of the basement membrane was characterized by the presence of large amounts of glycine (one-fifth of the amino acid residues), as well as by the occurrence of substantial amounts of hydroxyproline (6.5% of the membrane weight) and hydroxylysine (2.8%). In addition, all of the commonly occurring amino acids were present, including half-cystine (2.7%), methionine (1.6%), and tryptophan (0.93%). Amide analyses indicated that 41% of the dicarboxylic amino acids were in the amide form. An accounting of the charged amino acid and sugar residues indicated that per 1000 amino acid residues there was a net positive charge of 14. Of interest among the properties of this membrane was its complete solubility under conditions of mild alkaline treatment.
Dispersion cancellation and non-classical noise reduction for large photon-number states

Summary form only given. Two classical pulses of light propagating through two distant, dispersive media will experience dispersion that depends only on the local properties of the two media. It was previously shown, however, that two entangled photons propagating through two dispersive media, can experience a cancellation of dispersion in the sense that the two photons will arrive at two equally-distant detectors at the same time despite the dispersion. Other forms of dispersion cancellation have also been described. We generalize dispersion cancellation to entangled states containing a large number N of photons in each pulse.
Efficient nonlinear optimizations of queuing systems

We present a systematic treatment of efficient nonlinear optimizations of queuing systems. The suite of formulations uses the computational tool of convex optimization, with fast polynomial time algorithms to obtain the global optimum for these nonlinear problems under various constraints. We first show convexity structures of several queuing systems, including some surprising transition patterns, followed by formulating and showing numerical examples of several convex performance optimizations for both single queues and queuing networks. Blocking probability minimization and service rate allocation through the effective bandwidth approach is also presented.
Nonbinary LDPC Coded OFDM

Channel coding is an integral part of a digital communication system. This chapter discusses two basic formats of coupling channel coding with OFDM modulation. It then focuses on nonbinary low‐density‐parity‐check (LDPC) codes. Channel coding is introduced to protect information bits from errors after transmission through communication channels, and the bit‐to‐symbol mapping are used to increase the transmission spectral efficiency. The chapter talks about several channel coding schemes widely used in OFDM systems. The performance of nonbinary LDPC codes depends on various factors. In general, the larger the field size and the larger the block length, the better is the performance for nonbinary LDPC codes. Encoding of a general LDPC code can be done in almost linear time instead of quadratic time on the block length. Decoding of LDPC codes can use standard sum‐product algorithms (SPA) and its low‐complexity variants. The chapter presents some Monte Carlo simulation results of coded OFDM.
Keeping Secrets in Hardware: The Microsoft Xbox Case Study

This paper discusses the hardware foundations of the cryptosystem employed by the XboxTM video game console from Microsoft. A secret boot block overlay is buried within a system ASIC. This secret boot block decrypts and verifies portions of an external FLASH-type ROM. The presence of the secret boot block is camouflaged by a decoy boot block in the external ROM. The code contained within the secret boot block is transferred to the CPU in the clear over a set of high-speed busses where it can be extracted using simple custom hardware. The paper concludes with recommendations for improving the Xbox security system. One lesson of this study is that the use of a high-performance bus alone is not a sufficient security measure, given the advent of inexpensive rapid prototyping services and affordable high-performance FPGAs.
Self‐Concept Structure and the Quality of Self‐Knowledge

This article explores the hidden vulnerability of individuals with compartmentalized self-concept structures by linking research on self-organization to related models of self-functioning. Across three studies, college students completed self-descriptive card sorts as a measure of self-concept structure and either the Contingencies of Self-Worth Scale, Likert ratings of perceived authenticity of self-aspects, or a response latency measure of self-esteem accessibility. In all, there were 382 participants (247 females; 77% White, 6% Hispanic, 5% Black, 5% Asian, 4% Native American, and 3% other). Consistent with their unstable self-evaluations, compartmentalized individuals report greater contingencies of self-worth and describe their experience of multiple self-aspects as less authentic than do individuals with integrative self-organization. Compartmentalized individuals also make global self-evaluations more slowly than do integrative individuals. Together with previous findings on self-clarity, these results suggest that compartmentalized individuals may experience difficulties in how they know the self, whereas individuals with integrative self-organization may display greater continuity and evaluative consistency across self-aspects, with easier access to evaluative self-knowledge.
Preosteoblast production in COSMOS 2044 rats: short-term recovery of osteogenic potential.

The influence of a 13.8-day spaceflight and approximately 8.5-11 h of recovery at 1 g on fibroblast-like osteoblast precursor cells was assessed in the periodontal ligament of rat maxillary first molars. Preosteoblasts (C + D cells), less differentiated progenitor cells (A + A' cells), and nonosteogenic fibroblast-like cells (B cells) were identified by nuclear volume analysis (i.e., A + A' = 40-79 microns 3; B = 80-119 microns 3; C + D greater than or equal to 120 microns 3). No differences were observed among flight (F), synchronous (SC), vivarium, and basal control groups in the A + A' (F: 28.0 +/- 3.7 vs. SC: 27.4 +/- 2.2), B (F: 33.1 +/- 1.4 vs. SC: 32.4 +/- 2.4), or C + D (F: 38.4 +/- 4.5 vs. SC: 39.2 +/- 1.6) cell compartments (mean +/- SE, n = 5). Compared with previous spaceflight experiments, the present data are consistent with a postflight response to replenish preosteoblasts and restore periodontal ligament osteogenic potential. These data emphasize the need to 1) unequivocally determine the flight effect by killing the animals in-flight and 2) further assess the postflight recovery phenomenon.
Dynamic module replacement in distributed protocols

Dynamic module replacement - the ability to hot swap a component's implementation at runtime - is fundamental to supporting evolutionary change in long-lived and highly-available systems. Most existing solutions require special-purpose middleware or depend on research languages with limited support for mainstream software development. We present a language-neutral technique for dynamic module replacement using Service Facilities (Serfs) - a pattern-based design strategy for decoupling runtime dependencies. We demonstrate the sufficiency of Serfs with respect to a litmus test of criteria for module replacement. Next, we extend the traditional scope of module replacement to encompass the domain of modules for distributed protocols. We conclude by applying the Serf strategy to illustrate dynamic replacement of mutual exclusion protocols in modules for distributed resource allocation.
An Overview of Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Applications

This paper provides an overview of nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) applications in industry, focusing primarily on recent applications reported by NMPC vendors. A brief summary of NMPC theory is presented to highlight issues pertinent to NMPC applications. Five industrial NMPC implementations are then discussed with reference to modeling, control, optimization, and implementation issues. Results from several industrial applications are presented to illustrate the benefits possible with NMPC technology. A discussion of future needs in NMPC theory and practice is provided to conclude the paper.
Long-term arrhythmia follow-up of patients with myotonic dystrophy.

Arrhythmias in Myotonic Dystrophy Patients Background Myotonic dystrophy (MD) is the most common muscular dystrophy in adults and is associated with sudden death. Reported predictors of sudden death in this population include atrial tachyarrhythmias, a PR interval greater than 240 milliseconds, aberrant QRS conduction, and any degree of AV block. Objective We sought to report on the arrhythmic outcome of a cohort of patients with a new diagnosis of genetically proven MD. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 37 patients with genetically confirmed MD referred to our electrophysiology clinic for primary cardiac screening. Results There were 25 patients with MD type 1 (MD1) and 12 patients with MD type 2 (MD2). Eight patients with MD1 (32%) had atrial fibrillation, compared to only one patient with MD2 (8.3%). Patients with MD1 were more likely to have evidence of conduction disease abnormalities (40% vs. 8.3%, P = ns) and had a higher all-cause mortality (16% vs. 0%) than those with MD2. Criteria for recommending ICD implantation were based on sudden death risk factors suggested by published literature. Eleven patients were offered an ICD, 2 refused and died within the next year. Of the 9 patients who received an ICD, 8 had MD1. Three patients received appropriate shocks, 2 for monomorphic VT, and one for polymorphic VT. Conclusion The presence of AV conduction disturbance in MD patients is associated with a greater risk for ventricular arrhythmias. MD1 was more likely to be associated with cardiac arrhythmias than MD2. The incidence of ventricular arrhythmias among those who received a primary prevention ICD was 33% over 22 months, with 2 patients experiencing monomorphic VT and one experiencing polymorphic VT.
High‐frequency proximity heating for injection molding applications

High-frequency proximity heating was used to rapidly heat injection molds. The principle is based on the proximity effect between a pair of mold inserts facing each other with a small gap and forming a high-frequency electric loop. Because of the proximity effect, the high-frequency current will flow at the inner surfaces of the facing pair, thus selectively heating the mold surface. With this method, the electrical insulation layer beneath the mold surface can be eliminated, resulting in a mold insert made of a single metal. A mold with a cavity of 25 × 50 mm2 was constructed with careful design on its electrical, structural, and thermal performance. Air pockets with reinforcing ribs were embedded right beneath the mold surface for enhancing the heating performance. The resulting mold cavity can be rapidly heated from room temperature to about 240°C in 5 s with an apparent heating power of 93 W/cm2. The new mold heating method was applied to thin-wall molding and micromolding, and in all testing cases, short cycle times less than a minute were achieved. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:938–945, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Clitics and clause structure: The Late Medieval Greek system

We rebut Pappas’s critique (this issue) of our treatment of Late Medieval Greek clausal syntax and clitic placement (Condoravdi & Kiparsky 2001), point out some weaknesses of his counterproposal, and suggest directions for further research.
Rigorous and practical vector model for phase-shifting masks in optical lithography

A new vector (true two-dimensional) optical lithography modeling program, METROPOLE, is presented which incorporates arbitrary mask geometries. This rigorous model is thus ideally suited for the simulation of phase shifting masks. The efficiency of the electric field calculations, both within the mask and on the substrate structures, allows its use on accessible engineering workstations. Several simulation examples are presented, and include the new phase shifting on the substrate technique (POST).
Effective hydraulic conductivity of nonstationary aquifers

Assuming that the ln hydraulic conductivity in an aquifer is mathematically approximated by a spatial deterministic “surface”, or trend, plus a stationary random noise, we treat the problem of finding what the effective hydraulic conductivity of that aquifer is. This problem is tackled by spectral methods applied to a type of diffusion equation of groundwater flow, together with suitable coordinate transformations. Analytical (exact) solutions in terms of elementary functions are presented for one- and three-dimensional finite and infinite domains. Stability criteria are obtained for the solutions, in terms of a critical parameter, that turns out to involve the product of correlation scale and trend gradient. For the case of finite and symmetrical domains, additional provisions to insure the stability of numerical calculations of effective hydraulic conductivity are provided. Effective hydraulic conductivity is an important property, with potential applications in the calibrations of groundwater and transport numerical models.
The complete 1H NMR assignments of aminoglycoside antibiotics and conformational studies of butirosin A through the use of 2D NMR spectroscopy

The complete proton assignments of the aminoglycoside antibiotics, butirosin A, kanamycin A and kanamycin B, at pH 6.5 have been made through the use of various homonuclear and heteronuclear 2D NMR methods. Butirosin A NOESY experiments suggest a stacking arrangement between the xylose and 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxyglucose rings, while the 2-deoxystreptamine ring and its substituent, the (S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group, extend away from the stacked rings. Informative long-range NOEs were observed for butirosin A but not with kanamycin A or kanamycin B. Many intra-ring NOEs were observed with all three aminoglycosides that confirm the proton assignments made in this study.
CD56-expressing T cells that have features of senescence are expanded in rheumatoid arthritis

Objective T cells deficient in CD28 expression have been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Given that CD28-null T cells are functionally heterogeneous, we undertook this study to screen for novel receptors on these cells. Methods Seventy-two patients with RA (ages 35–84 years) and 53 healthy persons (32 young controls ages 19–34 years, 21 older controls ages 39–86 years) were recruited. Phenotypes and proliferative capacity of T cells from fresh leukocytes and of long-term cultures were monitored by flow cytometry. Lung biopsy specimens from patients with RA-associated interstitial pneumonitis (IP) were examined by immunohistochemistry. Receptor functionality was assessed by crosslinking bioassays. Results Chronic stimulation of CD28+ T cells in vitro yielded progenies that lacked CD28 but that gained CD56. Ex vivo analysis of leukocytes from patients with extraarticular RA showed a higher frequency of CD56+,CD28-null T cells than in patients with disease confined to the joints or in healthy controls. CD56+,CD28-null T cells had nil capacity for proliferation, consistent with cellular senescence. CD56+ T cells had skewed T cell receptor (TCR) α/β-chain usage and restricted TCR third complementarity-determining region spectra. Histologic studies showed that CD56+ T cells were components of cellular infiltrates in RA-associated IP. CD56 crosslinking on T cells sufficiently induced cytokine production, although CD56/TCR coligation induced higher production levels. Conclusion Chronic activation of T cells induces counterregulation of CD28 and CD56 expression. The loss of CD28 is accompanied by the gain of CD56 that confers TCR-independent and TCR-dependent activation pathways. We propose that accumulation of CD56+ T cells in RA contributes to maladaptive immune responses and that CD56+ T cells are potential targets for therapy.
Sattareh Farman Farmaian Iranian Social Work Pioneer

In 1958, a social revolution was started by Sattareh Farman Farmaian, who established the social work profession in Iran. Sattareh's far-reaching work had tremendous effects on the people of her country, even after she was forced into exile during the 1979 Iranian Revolution. Sattareh was the founder and director of the Tehran School of Social Work, as well as the founder and executive director of both the Family Planning Association and Community Welfare Centers of Iran. This article includes excerpts from an interview with her that focus on her life work and lessons for contemporary international social work practice.
Determination of Coil Currents in Traction Motors During Commutation

As the largest producer of diesel-electric locomotives in the world, Electro-Motive Division of General Motors Corporation has played a major role in the development of the dc traction motor. An integral part of this development has been the improvement of methods needed to evaluate the performance of proposed traction motor designs. This paper introduces an experimental method, now under development, that enables one to determine the current waveform in an armature coil as it is being commutated. The usefulness of this facility is twofold. First of all, an investigator can use this method as a tool to enable him to understand better the phenomenon of commutation, which has long been a perplexing problem for those working in the area of applied machines. Second, an engineer can use the infornation obtained by this method as an indication of the effects of a given design change on commutation.
Global projections for variational nonsmooth mechanics

This paper improves the projected Hamilton's principle (PHP) formulation of nonsmooth mechanics. Central to the PHP is the use of a projection mapping, defined on the configuration space, to capture nonsmooth behaviors. To support applications of the PHP with multiple impact times and locations, we define mild topological assumptions under which nonsmooth mechanical systems can be transformed to a prescribed normal form. In normal form coordinates, we provide a globally valid projection for use in the PHP. For systems that do not permit the transformation to normal form, we examine the use of constrained coordinates and incorporate holonomic constraints into the PHP. Lastly, as a preview of future developments of the PHP, we discuss the application of the method on compact manifolds.
In-flight decay spectroscopy of exotic light nuclei

In-flight-decay spectroscopy is discussed, including its advantages and disadvantages. In particular the use of in-flight-decay spectroscopy for the study of two-proton decay along isobaric multiplets in highlighted.
Arthroscopic shoulder stabilization

Abstract Arthroscopic techniques have been successfully adapted and are a mainstay in many orthopedic practices. Thisprovides a large impetus for the continuing development of arthroscopic shoulder stabilization. The initial studies showed a much higher failure rate with these procedures as compared with traditional open procedures. However, for the last several years, there has been an increase in reliably positive reports. Several studies using suture anchors have had success rates approaching those of traditional open techniques. This summary will present a reproducible technique that, when performed in a well-chosen population, will result in a stable shoulder with the potential for preinjury activity levels.
Great Expectations — The Obama Administration and Health Care Reform

The political barriers to health care refom remain immense. Jonathan Oberlander writes that there are also reasons to believe that comprehensive reform could be achieved under the Obama administration.
Use of monospecific antisera and cRNA probes to localize the major changes in keratin expression during normal and abnormal epidermal differentiation

We report here the isolation and characterization of three antisera, each of which is specific for a single keratin from one of the three different pairs (K1/K10, K14/K5, K16/K6) that are differentially expressed in normal human epidermis and in epidermal diseases of hyperproliferation. We have used these antisera in conjunction with monospecific cRNA probes for epidermal keratin mRNAs to investigate pathways of differentiation in human epidermis and epidermal diseases in vivo and in epidermal cells cultured from normal skin and from squamous cell carcinomas in vitro. Specifically, our results suggest that: (a) the basal-specific keratin mRNAs are down-regulated upon commitment to terminal differentiation, but their encoded proteins are stable, and can be detected throughout the spinous layers; (b) the hyperproliferation-associated keratin mRNAs are expressed at a low level throughout normal epidermis when their encoded proteins are not expressed, but are synthesized at high levels in the suprabasal layers of hyperproliferating epidermis, coincident with the induced expression of the hyperproliferation-associated keratins in these cells; and (c) concomitantly with the induction of the hyperproliferation-associated keratins in the suprabasal layers of the epidermis is the down-regulation of the expression of the terminal differentiation-specific keratins. These data have important implications for our understanding of normal epidermal differentiation and the deviations from this process in the course of epidermal diseases of hyperproliferation.
On the multiplicative group generated by a dense sequence of integers

The subgroup of the positive rationals, generated by a sequence of upper density δ, has index essentially not exceeding δ−1.
Stochastic Programming with Recourse: A Modification from an Applications Viewpoint

The paper describes a modified "wait-and-see" approach to solving two-stage stochastic programming problems. The approach, which involves a detailed sensitivity analysis in the classical sense, is described within the frameworks of decision theory and probabilistic programming. Although optimality in the mathematical sense cannot be guaranteed by using the approach, it is suggested that the managerial benefits weigh heavily in its favour. The approach allows management to consider a wide variety of objectives in making the choice between alternatives and facilities detection of the cause of any infeasibility due to management policy constraints. In addition, it allows much simpler programming calculations and provides an upper bound on the benefits that can be obtained by solving the full "here-and-now" problem and thus a judgement of the worth of the added computational burden can easily be made.
Spillover effects of local fiscal policy

Cities and suburbs share a special interrelationship—they are both dependent on one another yet, simultaneously, in competition with one another. Because of their impact on the regional land and labor markets, fiscal policies undertaken in the central city can have effects that extend beyond its political jurisdiction. An understanding of these potential spillovers is critical in the design of regional economic policy. With no such understanding, one municipality's policies could lead to undesirable consequences for the metropolitan area as a whole, such as increasing suburban sprawl. This paper develops a general equilibrium model of an inter- and intrametropolitan location that allows the examination of such effects. The model can be used to determine what types of policies best serve the metropolitan area.
ACUTE PULMONARY RESPONSE TO INHALED JP-8 JET FUEL AEROSOL IN MICE

The pulmonary response to JP-8 jet fuel inhalation was investigated by characterizing biomarkers of lung injury, respiratory permeability, pulmonary function, and lung morphology. C57BL/6 and B6.A.D. (Ahrd/Nats) mice, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase nonresponsive and slow N -acetylator, were exposed to atmospheres ranging from 0 to 113 mg/m 3 of aerosolized JP-8 jet fuel for 1 h. At 24-30 h after the exposure, pulmonary function testing was performed on anesthetized animals. Respiratory permeability was measured by monitoring the pulmonary clearance of instilled 99 m Tc-labeled diethylenetriamine pentaacetate and then lungs were assigned for bronchoalveolar lavage or histopathology. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed for total protein, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and N -acetyl--D-glucosaminidase (NAG) as well as cell number and type. Pulmonary responses to JP-8 were similar in both strains of mice. JP-8 exposure between 50 and 113 mg/m 3 caused an increase in respiratory permeability, which wa...
Children's Social Interaction with Older, Younger, and Same-Age Peers

Characteristics of children's social interaction with younger, older, and same-age peers are explored in this review in an attempt to discover those behaviours that are more likely than others to occur in different relative-age partnerships. It is hypothesized that symmetric behaviour functions (e.g., friendship) are most commonly seen in the interaction of children of similar ages, whilst asymmetric functions (e.g., leadership) are most frequent in interactions between individuals of different ages. It is, indeed, apparent that friendships most commonly occur between individuals of similar ages. Aggression occurs primarily with age-mates, but is also frequently directed toward younger peers. Some types of prosocial behaviour (e.g., nurturance, prosocial dominance, helping) are more frequently displayed with younger peers than with age-mates, while behaviours associated with fairness and morality may be more prevalent in the interaction of age-mates. Instruction and leadership behaviours are most frequent...
Unprotected resources and voracious world markets: A proof of losses in North–South Trade

Abstract This paper develops a generalization of Chichilnisky's [Chichilnisky, G., 1994. North–South Trade and the global environment. American Economic Review 84 (4), 851–874.] model of North–South Trade, making use of the dual theory of international trade. The central purpose is to provide rigorous proof of the previously unproven assertion that the South can lose from trade and from price changes that normally constitute terms-of-trade improvements.
Duration of residence in the United States as a new risk factor for coronary artery disease (The Konkani Heart Study)

A survey conducted in a relatively homogeneous group of 527 Konkani subjects revealed a high prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) despite a lack of smoking and significant obesity. Traditional risk factors (age, gender, high cholesterol, hypertension, and diabetes) were significant predictors of CAD. In addition, duration of residence in the United States (US) emerged as a new independent risk factor. Independent predictors of CAD included age, gender, ever smoking, and duration of residence in the US. We conclude that acculturation may be a major risk factor for CAD in immigrant populations.
Cobalamin-Dependent and Cobalamin-Independent Methionine Synthases: Are There Two Solutions to the Same Chemical Problem?

),John C.Evans, and Martha LudwigDepartment of Biological Chemistry, the Biophysics Research Division, and the Life Sciences Institute,University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,MI48109-1055, USADedicated to Professor DuilioArigonion the occasion of his 75th birthday.−Ifindthereactioncatalyzedbycobalamin-dependentmethioninesynthaseimprobableandthatcatalyzedbycobalamin-independentmethioninesynthaseimpossible.×DuilioArigonito RowenaMatthews, Z¸rich, 1989Two enzymes in Escherichiacoli, cobalamin-independent methionine synthase (MetE) and cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase (MetH), catalyze the conversion of homocysteine (Hcy) to methionine usingN(5)-methyltetrahydrofolate (CH