cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TRAFFIC SIGNAL COORDINATION ACROSS JURISDICTIONAL BOUNDARIES: FIELD EVALUATION OF EFFICIENCY, ENERGY, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND SAFETY IMPACTS

Some insight into the potential benefits of coordinating traffic signals across jurisdictional boundaries by using as a case study the Scottsdale Road-Rural Road corridor in the Arizona cities of Tempe and Scottsdale is provided. In particular, the feasibility of using second-by-second speed measurements from Global Positioning System-equipped vehicles for evaluation of the environmental and safety impacts of operational-level traffic improvement projects is demonstrated. The use of statistical models for the evaluation of efficiency, energy, emissions, and safety benefits of operational-level traffic improvement projects without the need to invest in expensive equipment such as emissions analyzers is also demonstrated. Furthermore, it is also shown that the use of statistical models allows evaluation of measures of effectiveness that would not otherwise be evaluated, such as accident risk. On the basis of a field evaluation of the main travel corridor of the study area, it was determined that the signal ...
Interference suppression and diversity exploitation for multiantenna CDMA with ultra-low complexity receivers

We consider transmitter precoding for interference suppression and diversity exploitation for multiantenna, multipath code division multiple access (CDMA). The receivers are constrained to matched filter detection without channel state information (CSI) or receiver-based multiuser detection. We first develop precoders for flat-fading scenarios where perfect downlink channel information is available at the transmitter. We show that full transmit antenna diversity is achievable, even for nonorthogonal spreading codes, although we suffer an SNR loss that is a simple function of the spreading code crosscorrelations. We also develop precoders for cases in which the transmitter has partial channel information, which is modeled as knowledge of conditional channel correlation matrices, and we apply them to Jakes' fading model. Finally, we show that the precoding approach for flat fading can be modified for multipath fading to fully exploit multipath diversity when used in conjunction with prerake diversity combining. We show, in summary, that transmitter precoding offers a reasonable alternative to receiver-based multiuser signal processing when minimizing computational complexity at the mobile unit is a priority.
Separable PCA for image classification

As an alternative to standard PCA, matrix-based image dimensionality reduction methods have recently been proposed and have gained attention due to reported computational efficiency and robust performance in classification. We unify all of these methods through one concept: Separable Principle Component Analysis (SPCA).We show that the proposed matrix methods are either equivalent to, special cases of, or approximations to SPCA. We include performance comparisons of the methods on two face data sets and a handwritten digit data set. The empirical results indicate that two existing methods, BD-PCA and its variant NGLRAM, are very good, efficiently computable, approximate solutions to practical SPCA problems.
Survey of current practice related to grading of rejection in cardiac transplant recipients in North America.

Abstract Background The acceptance and implementation of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation's most recently adopted grading system (ISHLT-2004), which supplanted the ISHLT-1990 system for diagnosing cardiac allograft rejection, are unknown. Methods We performed an online survey of pathologists at cardiac transplant centers in the United States and Canada to determine how cardiac transplant rejection is reported. The survey consisted of a series of questions related to biopsy volume, the rejection grading system used, and reasons why that grading system was used. Results Survey responses were obtained from 96 of 122 centers in the United States and Canada. Eighty-seven percent of respondents reported adopting the ISHLT-2004 grading system, either exclusively or in combination with other grading systems. Overall, 45% of respondents use only the ISHLT-2004 grading system, 40% issue reports containing both the ISHLT-2004 and the ISHLT-1990 grading systems, 12% use only the ISHLT-1990 system, and 3% use either the ISHLT-2004 or the ISHLT-1990 system in combination with an older scoring system. The primary reasons for not using the ISHLT-2004 grading system exclusively were (1) the perceived preference of cardiologists and cardiac surgeons at that particular center (77%) and (2) a belief that the ISHLT-2004 grading system is not as informative as the ISHLT-1990 grading system (62%). Conclusions There is appreciable variability in the system(s) used for reporting rejection among North American cardiac transplant centers. Understanding the reasons behind this variability will be crucial for the optimization of future grading systems for cardiac allograft rejection.
Nf-kappa B, chemokine gene transcription and tumour growth.

The constitutive expression of angiogenic and tumorigenic chemokines by tumour cells facilitates the growth of tumours. The transcription of these angiogenic and tumorigenic chemokine genes is modulated, in part, by the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family of transcription factors. In some tumours, there is constitutive activation of the kinases that modulate the activity of inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB) kinase (IKK), which leads to the constitutive activation of members of the NF-κB family. This activation of NF-κB is associated with the dysregulation of transcription of genes that encode cytokines, chemokines, adhesion factors and inhibitors of apoptosis. In this review, I discuss the factors that lie upstream of the NF-κB cascade that are activated during tumorigenesis and the role of the putative NF-κB enhanceosome in constitutive chemokine gene transcription during tumorigenesis.
Towards the miniaturization of explosive technology

Condensed phase explosives used in conventional explosive systems have a charge size on the order of a meter or a sizable fraction of a meter. This paper addresses a range of issues required to scale downwards the size of explosive systems by a factor of one hundred to one thousand.
Pharmacokinetics of a Novel Orodispersible Tablet of Sildenafil in Healthy Subjects

Abstract Background Sildenafil citrate is indicated for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. An orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) of sildenafil citrate has been developed for the benefit of patients who have difficulty swallowing solid dosage forms. Objective The main goal of this study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of sildenafil ODT with and without water versus marketed sildenafil oral film-coated tablets. A secondary objective was to evaluate the effects of a high-fat meal on the pharmacokinetics of sildenafil ODT. Methods The bioequivalence study of sildenafil ODT given with and without water versus marketed sildenafil citrate film-coated oral tablets was conducted in 36 subjects. In a food-effect study, the effect of a standard high-fat meal on the pharmacokinetics of sildenafil ODT was evaluated in 12 subjects. Both studies were randomized, open-label, crossover, single-dose (50 mg) studies in healthy men aged ≥45 years. Plasma samples were collected for 14 hours postdose, and pharmacokinetics were determined by using noncompartmental analyses. Results All subjects in both studies were Asian males between the ages of 45 and 69 years. Sildenafil ODT without water was bioequivalent to the marketed sildenafil film-coated oral tablet as the 90% CI for the ratio of geometric means of C max , AUC 0–∞ , and AUC 0–last were contained within equivalence limits (80%–125%). When sildenafil ODTs were given with water, the 90% CIs for sildenafil AUC 0–∞ and AUC 0–last were contained within the range of 80% to 125%; however, the 90% CI for sildenafil C max was not (79.76–92.78). This difference in C max is unlikely to have any clinically meaningful impact. High-fat meals reduced the rate but not the extent of absorption of sildenafil. Mean C max was reduced by 59%, and median T max was delayed from 0.625 hour (fasting) to 4 hours (high-fat meal). However, AUC values were comparable between fed and fasted treatments. Conclusions Sildenafil ODT, given with or without water, provides equivalent systemic exposure compared with marketed sildenafil film-coated oral tablets, thus offering a convenient alternative method of administration. Considering the results of the food-effect study, sildenafil ODT should be taken on an empty stomach. ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT01254383 (bioequivalence) and NCT01254396 (food effect).
Early Endothelial Dysfunction Predicts the Development of Transplant Coronary Artery Disease at 1 Year Posttransplant

Background Accelerated coronary arteriosclerosis is the major obstacle to long-term survival after cardiac transplantation. Endothelial dysfunction is common early posttransplant. The relationship between early endothelial dysfunction and the development of allograft arteriosclerosis has not been analyzed serially with intravascular ultrasound in the same patients. We hypothesized that an early constrictor response to acetylcholine, indicative of endothelial dysfunction, may predict the development of transplant coronary arteriosclerosis. Methods and Results Endothelium-dependent vasomotion was assessed early posttransplant in 20 patients by serial intracoronary acetylcholine infusion, and the percent change in diameter was measured by quantitative angiography. The development of arteriosclerosis was studied by use of intravascular ultrasound in the same 20 patients by quantifying the changes in intimal index (ΔIi) and maximal intimal thickness [ΔMt] of 46 matched coronary segments between initial and 1-y...
Aspects of Mathematical Explanation: Symmetry, Unity, and Salience

Unlike explanation in science, explanation in mathematics has received relatively scant attention from philosophers. Whereas there are canonical examples of scientific explanations (as well as canonical examples of nonexplanations, such as �the flagpole,� �the eclipse,� and �the barometer�), there are few (if any) examples that have become widely accepted as exhibiting the distinction between mathematical proofs that explain why some mathematical theorem holds and proofs that merely prove that the theorem holds without revealing the reason why it holds. This essay offers some examples of proofs that mathematicians have considered explanatory (or not), and it argues that these examples suggest a particular account of explanation in mathematics (at least, of those explanations consisting of proofs). The essay compares its account to Steiner's and Kitcher's. Among the topics that arise are proofs that exploit symmetries, mathematical coincidences, brute-force proofs, simplicity in mathematics, merely clever proofs, and proofs that unify what other proofs treat as separate cases.
Comparative studies of intra- and extramitochondrial calcium phosphates from the hepatopancreas of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus)

Subcellular fractions of cytoplasmic mineral granules and mineral-loaded mitochondria were isolated from whole homogenates of hepatopancreas of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus). Chemical, physical, and morphologic studies were carried out on both subcellular fractions, with and without prior removal of organic components by hydrazine extraction. In contrast to cytoplasmic granules, whole mitochondria contained appreciable amounts of mineral ions not associated with a solid mineral phase. Quantitative analyses and infrared spectroscopy showed cytoplasmic and mitochondrial mineral phases to be calcium phosphates of similar but not identical composition. Both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial mineral phases, as in synthetic amorphous calcium phosphate, show noncrystalline patterns when examined by infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction, and a common ultrastructure of clustered spheres of approximately 100 A diameter. The findings suggest that amorphous calcium phosphate in biological systems may exhibit appreciable variation in Ca/P and in the content of foreign ions such as Mg2+, ADP, and ATP. A mitochondriogenic mechanism of calcification could not be confirmed nor refuted by this study.
Giant urinoma in spinal cord injury: report of two cases.

BACKGROUND A urinoma is a cyst formed by the extravasation of urine from any constituent of the urinary tract; that is, via the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, or the urethra. It may vary in its site and size according to its etiology, the point of the extravasation, and its duration and time of diagnosis. It commonly is associated with obstruction of the lower urinary tract by an impacted urinary calculus. METHOD Case reports. FINDINGS Two cases of fatal intra-abdominal urinomas in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). CONCLUSION Complications of SCI place these patients at risk for the development of urinoma. Risk is highest among individuals with recurrent urinary tract infection, stone disease, and obstructive uropathy. Providers need to be alert to this potentially curable condition that may be obscured by the paucity of intra-abdominal findings due to the nature of the spinal cord syndrome.
Taking Back the Boardroom: Thriving as a 21st Century Director (2nd Edition)

Companies like Enron, WorldCom, and Siemens have defined the dark side of the corporate world in the 21st century. This timely book is designed to address the diverse requirements of directors and heightened investor awareness, with an intelligent and comprehensive presentation of the structure and practice of boardroom management. The second edition takes account of recent developments like the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002, codes of conduct promulgated by non-government organizations and institutional investors, debates over the audit committee’s roles and responsibilities, and new cases illustrating the problems facing directors as they negotiate the twin challenges of global competition and social responsibility. It walks readers through the legal and philosophical theories of corporate governance, translates these into practical implications for boardroom practices, and guides managers and directors on how to build their own frameworks for considering ethical and strategic issues that routinely appear in the boardroom. The practical approach is complemented by numerous illustrations and cases at the end of each chapter for discussion and self-appraisal.
Protecting Me

In this column, we give a quick overview of the many lines of protection you find on a typical home machine, which in turn helps us illustrate the complexity and challenges involved in securing a standard computer system. We focus on Windows here simply because it's widespread and widely attacked; many of the same techniques can be found on other platforms. As such, if you're a Unix user or a Mac lover, or even if you do all your work on a tablet, these techniques-and others that are very similar to them-can be found on your device, even if their presence isn't immediately obvious in the user interface. To be clear, we're using Windows as an example, but it isn't unique in its multifaceted protection mechanisms.
Synchronous population fluctuations among moth species (Lepidoptera)

Nine sets of serial long-term density data for 4–24 species on two continents are examined for two types of synchronous fluctuation: congruent and incongruent. Comparing product/moment correlation coefficients for species pairs with corresponding values derived from matched controls is the basic method of synchrony detection. Congruent synchrony or fluctuation in unison is weakly to strongly expressed above the random level in all data sets. Evidence of incongruent synchrony is scant, but isolated examples of two subtypes are apparent. Congruent synchrony implies commonality of population dynamics among moderate numbers of species, and pervasive density-governing mechanisms.
Abstract 2998: Identification of AURKA- and PTPRJ-interacting human colorectal cancer susceptibility alleles.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) causes nearly 50,000 deaths in the United States each year and therefore represents the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The identification of susceptibility variants that interact to modulate risk for sporadic CRC would have immense value as a tool to identify individuals with increased genetic predisposition to disease. Polymorphisms in Aurora Kinase A (AURKA) and Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type J (PTPRJ) have been shown to increase CRC risk in human case-control studies. Crosses between mice resistant and susceptible to chemically induced skin cancer have led to the identification of two loci, Skts1 and Skts5, each of which statistically interacts with the Aurka locus to promote skin cancer in a murine model. Using a similar approach, the mouse Ptprj locus has been shown to interact synergistically with the loci Scc5 and Scc13 to increase colon cancer susceptibility. Array comparative genomic hybridization studies in human colorectal tumor DNAs have shown high frequencies of genomic copy number gains or losses at the human orthologs of Skts1, Skts5, Scc5, and Scc13. Our goal is to identify sporadic CRC risk variants and to characterize genetic interactions at the AURKA- and PTPRJ-interacting loci. We hypothesize that the human orthologs of these mouse CRC susceptibility loci will interact genetically with AURKA and PTPRJ to influence CRC risk. By generating normal colon transcriptome data from CRC-susceptible and CRC–resistant mouse strains using RNA-Seq, we prioritized candidate genes on the basis of differential expression, differential splicing or potentially functional polymorphisms. Tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs) for the human orthologs of these genes were tested for allele-specific imbalance by Sequenom MassARRAY quantitative genotyping of 194 paired human colorectal tumor/non-tumor DNA samples. TagSNPs exhibiting point-wise p-values Citation Format: Madelyn M. Gerber, Nathan P. Schulz, Mehmet Deveci, Heather L. Hampel, Umit V. Catalyurek, Albert de la Chapelle, Amanda Ewart Toland. Identification of AURKA- and PTPRJ-interacting human colorectal cancer susceptibility alleles. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2998. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2998
Maintenance of the Southern Corn Rootworm on a Dry Diet

Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber can survive and reproduce normally when fed a dry formulated diet. Oviposition by beetles fed on dry diets was at least comparable with that of beetles fed fresh fava bean foliage, and no differences in egg viability were observed. The advantages of a dry diet over fresh foliage or agar-based diets include decreased maintenance time, increased diet stability, and cleaner eggs.
The analysis of HIV test in Shangqiu AIDS VCT in consulters

Objective: To study the HIV infection status of the consulters in the HIV Voluntary Counseling testing(VCT) clinic of Shangqiu center for disease control and prevention in order to provide the reference for HIV/AIDS prevention and control in Shangqiu city.Methods: Blood samples 203 consulter from January to December in 2005 were tested by HIV-antibody(1/2) experiment in our VCT clinic.After being screened with ELISA test,the positive samples were confirmed by WB test.Results: 30 positive cases were found,c male 15,female 15.The positive rate is 14.78%.The range of their age distribution was 18.00 to 70.13 cases were paid blood donors and 11 cases were infected by blood transfusion around 1995,2 HIV positive cases were infected by their spouse;3 cases got HIV because of unsafe sexual behavior,1 case was contact person.86.67%-infected cases were peasants.Conclusion: Most of HIV positive consulters in our VCT clinic are paid blood donors and blood recipient around 1995.So we should strengthen the control work for preventing high-risk population from transmitting HIV virus to general population,the infection through spouse and vertical transmission.The specific intervention measures should be formulated as soon as possible.
Dopamine and Dopamine Receptors in the Gut: Their Possible Role in Duodenal Ulceration

ABSTRACT Previous structure-activity studies with chemical duodenal ulcerogens suggested a putative role for dopamine as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulceration. Our recent experiments have demonstrated an inhibition by ergot alkaloids or apomorphine of the duodenal ulcers induced by cysteamine or propionitrile. A single dose of bromocriptine or lergotrile decreased the elevated gastric acid output after the administration of duodenal ulcerogens. We also demonstrated in the rat duodenal and gastric mucosa and muscularis propria specific 3H-dopamine binding sites and a dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase (possible D-1 receptors) which were sensitive to treatment with duodenal ulcerogens.
Structure-property relationships of common aluminum weld alloys utilized as feedstock for GMAW-based 3-D metal printing

The relationship between microstructure and properties is not widely assessed in parts produced by additive manufacturing, particularly for aluminum. These relationships can be used by engineers to develop new materials, additive processes, and additively manufactured parts for a variety of applications. Thus, the tensile, compressive, and microstructural properties of common aluminum weld filler alloys (ER1100, ER4043, ER4943, ER4047, and ER5356) were evaluated following gas metal arc weld (GMAW)-based metal 3-D printing to identify optimal alloy systems for this type of additive manufacturing. The porosities in all test specimens were found to be less than 2%, with interdendritic shrinkage in 4000 series alloys vs. intergranular shrinkage in 5356. The 4000 series alloys performed better than 1100 and 5356 with respect to printed bead width, porosity, strength, and defect sensitivity. In comparison to standard wrought and weld alloys, the 3-D printed specimens exhibited similar or superior mechanical properties with only minor exceptions. Long print times allow for stress relieving and annealing that improved the print properties of the 4000 series and 5356 alloys. Overall the GMAW-based 3-D parts printed from aluminum alloys exhibited similar mechanical properties to those fabricated using more conventional processing techniques.
Informatics and data science in materials microscopy

Abstract The breadth, complexity, and volume of data generated by materials characterization using various forms of microscopy has expanded significantly. Combined with increases in computing power, this has led to increased application of techniques from informatics and data science to materials microscopy data, both to improve the data quality and improve the materials information extracted from the data. This review covers recent advances in data science applied to materials microscopy, including problems such as denoising, drift and distortion correction, spectral unmixing, and the use of simulated experiments to derive information about materials from microscopy data. Techniques covered include non-local patch-based methods, component analysis, clustering, optimization, and compressed sensing. Examples illustrate the need to combine several informatics approaches to solve problems and showcase recent advances in materials microscopy made possible by informatics.
Customized compact neutron activation analysis system to quantify manganese (Mn) in bone in vivo.

Objective: In the US alone, millions of workers, including over 300 000 welders, are at high risk of occupational manganese (Mn) exposure. Those who have been chronically exposed to excessive amount of Mn can develop severe neurological disorders similar, but not identical, to the idiopathic Parkinson's disease. One challenge of identifing the health effects of Mn exposure is to find a reliable biomarker for exposure assessment, especially for long-term cumulative exposure. Approach: Mn's long biological half-life as well as its relatively high concentration in bone makes bone Mn (BnMn) a potentially valuable biomarker for Mn exposure. Our group has been working on the development of a deuterium–deuterium (D–D)-based neutron generator to quantify Mn in bone in vivo. Main results and significance: In this paper, we report the latest advancements in our system. With a customized hand irradiation assembly, a fully characterized high purity germanium (HPGe) detector system, and an acceptable hand dose of 36 mSv, a detection limit of 0.64 µg Mn/g bone (ppm) has been achieved.
Improvement of Animal Production by Altering the Environment of the Animal

Hot weather causes heat stress in dairy cattle. The resultant decrease in milk production and reproductive efficiency ca be offset by implementation of a program consisting of cooling through shades, ventilation , evaporative coolers and spray and fans. Corral shade would be consistent to be essential to reduce stress. Feed line shade will improve dry matter intake and milk production. Holding pen cooling with spray and fans is cost effective, even in moderate climate. Shade cooling using evaporative or spray and fans is cost effective, if milk price is competitive to world price. The economic benefit should be determined before installation of equipment to reduce hear stress.
Caregiving in Early Childhood

Early childhood usually refers to the years that begin when an infant starts to use language, develops a sense of autonomy, and is emotionally able to establish a sense of separateness from her mother. It is at the end of this development period that children develop the ability to reason logically and are usually ready to learn, to read, and understand arithmetic processes. During these years, young children have a quite idiosyncratic way of making sense of the world that Piaget described as “preoperational thinking.” For practical purposes, early childhood usually refers to children between the ages 2 and 5, despite the reality that some children must begin school at six or seven without having achieved all of the skills that they will need to progress academically.
Infectious Agents in Neurodegenerative Disease

Diminution in synaptic function and loss of normal synaptic architecture are likely to be the biologically relevant substrate for neurologic deficits in patients with HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD) and patients suffering from the prionoses. Because synaptic injury frequently precedes neuronal apoptosis and surviving neurons retain a remarkable capacity for synaptic repair and functional recovery, synaptic protection with neuroprotective agents may have great potential to improve neurologic function in HAD. In this article we focus on the evidence to support these claims, as well as discuss findings that explain how disruption of synaptic structure and function that can occur during excitotoxic injury with neuroinflammation represents a likely substrate for neurologic deficits. Based on available data, we provide a rationale for identification of molecular targets for synaptic protection in neurodegenerative disease that accompanies HIV-1 infection of the nervous system. While patients with HAD beginning antiretroviral therapy have shown reversal of neurologic symptoms that is unique for patients with chronic neurodegenerative conditions, we propose that the therapeutic potential for such reversal may not be limited to this disease.
Multi-dimensional Modelling of Diesel Combustion: Review

With the exponentially increasing computational power of modern computers, multi-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has found more and more applications in diesel engine research, design and development since its initiation in the late 1970s. Enhanced understandings of the physical processes of diesel combustion and correspondingly improved numerical models and methods have both driven simulations using multi-dimensional CFD tools from qualitative description towards quantitative prediction. To numerically resolve the complex physics of diesel combustion requires modelling of turbulent flows, high-pressure spray development, as well as combustion chemistry and relevant mechanism of pollutants formation. This chapter reviews the basic approach of multi-dimensional CFD modelling of diesel combustion, and focus is placed on the description of advanced turbulence, spray, and combustion models, and the introduction of popular CFD codes for engine simulations. In addition, recent efforts for reducing the computational expense of multi-dimensional CFD modelling are also discussed.
Design of a Relative Risk Model Regional-Scale Risk Assessment with Confirmational Sampling for the Willamette and McKenzie Rivers, Oregon

The estimation of regional risks due to multiple stressors is a frontier in environmental toxicology and risk assessment. We are conducting a regional scale ecological risk assessment of multiple stressors in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. The Willamette River drains an extensive agricultural area and forests of both the Coastal and Cascades mountains. The river also receives effluents from paper mills and urban wastewater treatment facilities. A major tributary of the Willamette is the McKenzie River. The McKenzie watershed, which extends into the Cascade Mountains, is extensively forested. Stressors in this watershed include alterations in the landscape due to the harvest of trees, the infrastructure required for the logging, modification of the river or stream banks, and inputs due to contamination by localized urban and non-point sources. We are using the relative risk model (RRM) for ecological risk assessment developed by Wiegers, Landis, and colleagues to combine multiple stressors and receptors in a regional context. The first step in the RRM process is the establishment of assessment endpoints for the particular area and the placement of the endpoints in the landscape. Next, the method involves the development of risk matrices that combine diverse stressors and habitats within the region with numerical ranks. We have broken the McKenzie and Willamette watershed study areas into 13 risk regions and have mapped the locations of the point sources and are incorporating land use data. Using a variety of documents we have established the assessment space and are developing criteria for ranking stressors and habitats. We have also initiated a 3-year field research activity to confirm the risk predictions within the main channel. The sampling sites correspond to the risk regions of the RRM. The sampling program will characterize the population density and structure of the fish assemblage and measuring the health of the individual fish.
Laboratory Testing for Prader-Willi Syndrome

In 1981, Ledbetter and co-workers described a cytogenetically visible deletion in proximal 15q in four patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). Proximal 15q was targeted for analysis because several previously published Prader-Willi cases exhibited an isochromosome 15q or a translocation with proximal 15q breakpoints. Since the fi rst report of the cytogenetic deletion of proximal 15q in PWS, several cytogenetic and molecular genetic techniques have been used to further characterize the chromosome 15q11–q13 region and for laboratory diagnostic purposes in a range of PWS subjects having a variety of abnormal chromosome fi ndings. Using several chromosome staining methods to evaluate chromosome 15 short arm variants, Butler and Palmer showed that the PWS deletion preferentially involves the paternally inherited chromosome 15. Butler subsequently reported that short arm or C-band variants appeared to be more common in chromosome 15s with a deletion than in normal 15s. Nicholls, Butler, and co-workers studied the parental origin of the chromosome 15 pair in two PWS patients who did not exhibit a 15q deletion. They were the fi rst to describe uniparental disomy (UPD) in PWS and concluded that genetic imprinting in this region must play a causal role in both PWS and Angelman syndrome (AS). One of their PWS patients carried a familial robertsonian 13;15 translocation. What they could not recognize at the time was the causal relationship between robertsonian translocations and UPD. Aside from these important early studies, a large variety of balanced and unbalanced chromosome 15 rearrangements have been described in PWS patients. Most of the chromosome 15 rearrangements associated with PWS have resulted in deletion of proximal 15q, and in many of these cases deletion of the paternally inherited chromosome 15 was demonstrated. Some unusual chromosomal causes of PWS that have been described include intrachromosomal triplication and an unbalanced reciprocal translocation resulting in maternal disomy for proximal 15q. In contrast to the deletion cases, PWS and AS patients who
Molecular Basis of Thyroid Hormone Action

3,3′,5-triiodothyronine (T3), the active thyroid hormone (TH) metabolite of thyroxine (T4), affects the differentiation, growth, and cellular metabolism of virtually all tissues (1–3). TH exerts its major effects at the genomic level, although it also may have activities at nongenomic sites such as the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and mitochondrion. A general schema for TH effects on gene transcription is shown in Fig. 1.
The Regulation of the Mammalian Corpus Luteum

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of the regulation of the mammalian corpus luteum (CL). The CL is an ovarian follicle in which the rapid regression—that is otherwise the fate of all postovulatory follicles—is temporarily arrested. In the mammalian CL, progesterone secretion goes hand in hand with the postponement of regression. It is fairly certain that reptilian CL also secretes progesterone. The mammalian CL is formed during the period around ovulation by a transformation of the cells lining the cavity of the follicle. Luteinization affects the granulosa cells in all species. It involves an enormous enlargement of the cell with a great increase in the nucleus–cytoplasm ratio and the formation of a very distinct cell wall, the development of an extensive capillary network enmeshing all the cells, a marked proliferation of the endoplasmic reticulum, and its transformation from a predominantly rough to a predominantly smooth type, a marked proliferation of the mitochondria from a small round or rod shape type with lamelliform cristae into larger and more varied shapes with tubular and villiform cristae, and an increase in the complexity of the Golgi apparatus. The CLs activity differs most from that of the follicle in how much rather than in what kinds of steroid it makes. The principal change is a striking increase in progesterone secretion, accompanied by a variable, but severe fall or even loss of the capacity for estrogen and androgen secretion.
Space-based Earth remote sensing: Part 1. Satellite orbit theory

The development of oceanography and meteorology has greatly benefited from remotely sensed satellite data of the atmosphere and ocean. For oceanographers, meteorologists, hydrologists and climatologists to obtain high-quality satellite data, orbits along which the satellites move must be designed carefully. For this reason, Sun-synchronous, repeat ground track orbits have traditionally been used for visible-wavelength and infrared Earth observations. As the needs for varied datasets are growing, however, new classes of Earth-observing missions are emerging such as interferometry and radiometry to name a few. On the other side, satellite platforms and onboard sensors are getting more compact and less expensive, allowing developing nations to launch their own satellites and under-researched parts of the Earth be studied. In light of these changes, this paper introduces new types of satellite orbits from celestial mechanics perspectives, whose applications will be detailed further in the follow-up work.
Proceedings of the 29th ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation

The Program Committee and I are pleased to present the proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 2008 Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation. This volume contains 34 papers selected out of 184 submissions. We believe this volume demonstrates that our field is vibrant, influential and expanding. We hope you find these papers innovative, informative, and exciting. In consultation with the program committee, I also selected two additional external reviewers. All together 837 reviews were collected from the PC and 371 external reviewers. In order to maintain the quality of this premier conference, it is important to get detailed and thoughtful reviews from the experts in the community. While arranging all these reviews was a nightmare, I am extremely appreciative of all of you who took on the review task and provided the PC with many important insights. Your reviews made a big difference and were influential in most decisions during the PC meeting. We used a double-blind review process to reduce the reviewer bias against authors or institutions. However, we recognized that when authors build upon their previous work, double blind reviews can leave the reviewer without sufficient information to do a credible review. Thus, we asked the authors to submit a separate list of URLs for their own related work and indicate in the submission that the citations were available from the PC chair. In the instructions to the reviewers, I asked them to do a first read and then contact me if they felt the need to look at the omitted material. About 10 reviewers requested this information. Another issue that came up during the process was double submission. On more than one occasion we found that the same or a similar paper was submitted to a different conference with an overlapping review period. In all these cases, in accordance with the SIGPLAN policy, we informed the other PC chair and summarily rejected the paper. One exception was the co-located International Symposium on Memory Management (ISMM), whose review period overlapped with PLDI. After a long discussion, we allowed co submission to both PLDI and ISMM with the explicit rule that if the paper is accepted to PLDI it will be automatically rejected from ISMM. We also required the authors to inform both PC chairs that they were also submitting to the other conference. At the end of the review period, the authors were given three days to provide a short rebuttal. Then the program committee met in Cambridge, Massachusetts on January 25th and 26th and after much discussion and debate selected this program. We hope you enjoy the program and the presentations. We are also recording the presentations and are planning to make them available to the community via YouTube.
Discourse Markedness and Structural Markedness: The Acquisition of English Noun Phrases.

This study investigates second language acquisition of English noun phrases in discourse, examining the effect of discourse markedness and structural markedness on the development of noun phrase use. English L2 noun phrase forms are examined within three universal discourse contexts: current, known, and new reference to topics. The targeted noun phrases forms include o anaphora, pronouns and nouns with markers of definiteness and indefiniteness, including left dislocation and existential phrases. Based on expectedness within discourse, the least marked discourse context is reference to a current topic, and the most marked context is the introduction of a new referent as topic. Based on formal complexity, o anaphora is the least marked structural form, and left-dislocated and existential noun phrases are the most marked. Free production and elicited imitation recall tasks, involving picture sequences that manipulated the three discourse contexts, were used to test Japanese learners' acquisition of noun phrase forms. They were evaluated by comparison with NS production. The results support predictions that L2 learners distinguish between discourse contexts, acquiring more targetlike forms in the least marked context first, and that they acquire the least marked structural forms earlier than the more marked ones.
Wandering in the Nursing Home

The body’s inability to regulate a 24-hour body clock can result in irregular patterns of sleep and wake and lead to an irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder. This can present with insomnia and/or sleepiness. This condition is commonly seen in patients with neurodegenerative conditions such as dementia. Evidence-based treatment options for this condition are limited. Phototherapy in the morning has been shown to lead to some improvements. Other strategies such as environmental changes, exercise programs, and strategic avoidance of light have shown minimal benefit but because of the minimal risks associated with these options they could be tried in patients with irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorders.
Leading R&D: How Much Progress in 10 Years?

R&D managers have been working on strengthening their management of R&D over the last 10 years. One of the questions that they surely must ask themselves is, “How much progress have we made?” Throu...
Imagining the Comprehensive Mattering of Black Boys and Young Men in Society and Schools: Toward a New Approach

In this essay, Roderick L. Carey draws from social-psychological perspectives on mattering to argue that Black boys and young men have yet to achieve comprehensive mattering in social and education...
Framing Cultural Diversity Courses Post U.S. 2008 Presidential Elections

Historical events are often used both as descriptors and 'projections' of the tenor of a nation. The election of Barak Obama as the 44 th president of the United States was seen as a turn- ing point in U.S. history. How should this historical event inform the framing and teaching of higher education courses which focus on race and cultural issues in the U.S.? This question was asked of adult learners enrolled in a course examining the African American experience in the U.S. Since the higher education classroom provides a unique opportunity to present, explore and understand many controversial issues citizens grapple with in the U.S. and the world this paper presents and discusses the ways in which the higher education classroom can respond to this question. This paper shares the tenor of the nation related in the literature—the historical, pre- election and post-election period—and students' identification of themes and issues such as tol- erance, respect for each others' perspectives, culture and open-mindedness, that are essential to the curriculum in order to increase knowledge, provide a forum for mutual exchange which can improve racial understanding.
Individualized feedback to change multiple gait deficits in chronic stroke.

Walking deficits in people post-stroke are often multiple and idiosyncratic in nature. Limited patient and therapist resources necessitate prioritization of deficits such that some may be left unaddressed. More efficient delivery of therapy may alleviate this challenge. Here, we look to determine the utility of a novel principal component-based visual feedback system that targets multiple, patient-specific features of gait in people post-stroke. Ten individuals with stroke received two sessions of visual feedback to attain a walking goal. This goal consisted of bilateral knee and hip joint angles of a typical ‘healthy’ walking pattern. The feedback system uses principal component analysis (PCA) to algorithmically weight each of the input features so that participants received one stream of performance feedback. In the first session, participants had to explore different patterns to achieve the goal, and in the second session they were informed of the goal walking pattern. Ten healthy, age-matched individuals received the same paradigm, but with a hemiparetic goal (i.e. to produce the pattern of an exemplar stroke participant). This was to distinguish the extent to which performance limitations in stroke were due neurological injury or the PCA based visual feedback itself. Principal component-based visual feedback can differentially bias multiple features of walking toward a prescribed goal. On average, individuals with stroke typically improved performance via increased paretic knee and hip flexion, and did not perform better with explicit instruction. In contrast, healthy people performed better (i.e. could produce the desired exemplar stroke pattern) in both sessions, and were best with explicit instruction. Importantly, the feedback for stroke participants accommodated a heterogeneous set of walking deficits by individually weighting each feature based on baseline walking. People with and without stroke are able to use this novel visual feedback to train multiple, specific features of gait. Important for stroke, the PCA feedback allowed for targeting of patient-specific deficits. This feedback is flexible to any feature of walking in any plane of movement, thus providing a potential tool for therapists to simultaneously target multiple aberrant features of gait.
Oral Verruciform Xanthoma: A Series of 212 Cases and Review of the Literature.

Verruciform xanthoma (VX) of the oral cavity is an uncommon, reactive lesion of unknown etiology. In this study, we present a large series of VX with analysis of demographics, clinical appearance, histologic presentation and extensive review of literature. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest series of oral VX reported to date. Following IRB approval, all cases diagnosed as VX found in the archives of the University of Florida Oral Pathology Biopsy Service (1994–2018) were included. Patient age, gender, location, clinical appearance, clinical impression, and duration of each lesion was collected. A total of 212 cases were included in our database with a mean age of 61 years (range of 9–94), and a female: male ratio of 1.06:1. The most common location in descending order was the gingiva (n = 110, 51.2%), followed by palate (n = 41, 19.3%), buccal mucosa (n = 18, 8.5%), tongue (n = 20, 9.4%), vestibule (n = 13, 6.1%), lip (n = 4, 1.9%), floor of mouth (n = 3, 1.4%), and unspecified (n = 1, 0.5%). The lesions were most frequently pink in color, and most often described as bumpy, rough, verrucoid and/or papillary. Clinical impression in descending order was papillary (n = 67, 31.6%), not specified or unknown (n = 41, 19.3%), hyperkeratosis (n = 24, 11.3%), fibroma (n = 20, 9.4%), leukoplakia (n = 17, 8.0%), dysplastic lesion (n = 13, 6.1%), pyogenic granuloma (n = 7, 3.3%), granulomatous reaction (n = 5, 2.4%), lichen planus, VX (n = 4 each, 2.0%), pigmented, other lesions (n = 3 each, 1.4%), and salivary and periapical lesions (n = 2 each, 0.9%). Three of the lesions were recurrences. The demographics and clinical parameters of this case series were in concordance with that of previously published reports. In our series, only 4 cases were suspected as VX, demonstrating the lack of familiarity clinicians have with this lesion.