cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coal-liquefaction products from major demonstration processes. 1. Separation and analysis

Abstract Coal liquids from five major processes: Synthoil, HRI H-Coal, FMC-COED, PAMCO SRC, and Catalytic Inc. SRC have been separated reproducibly, in high yields (94–99%), into five fractions by solvent fractionation. The coal liquids are first separated into three fractions: pentane-soluble; pentane-insoluble and benzene-soluble (crude asphaltene); and benzene-insoluble. The pentanesoluble fraction is further separated into a liquid propane-soluble fraction (oil), and a liquid propaneinsoluble fraction (resin). The benzene-insoluble fraction is further separated into a carbon disulphidesoluble fraction (carbene), and carbon disulphide-insoluble fraction (carboid).
Optimal Routing in Closed Queueing Networks with State Dependent Queues

Abstract Optimal routing in closed queueing networks with state dependent queues is the focus of this paper. We seek a methodology and algorithm to efficiently solve the routing probabilities in closed systems. These systems may include multi-server exponential and general service finite capacity state dependent models as well as multi-chain systems. The state dependent models included within this paper extend the range of possible system applications with our algorithm to include transportation and material handling conveyor systems, pedestrian, and vehicular routing applications. Sometimes the networks will be purely state dependent M/G/c/c queues, while other times, there will be a mixture of M/M/c and M/G/c/c queues. These state dependent M/G/c/c queues are finite queues, while the workstations are infinite buffer queues. Because these networks have been shown to have a product form and the objective function in single chain networks is concave, we can achieve an optimal seeking algorithm. Numerous ex...
Analysing the contributions of genes and parent-child interaction to childhood behavioural and emotional problems: a model for the children of twins.

Background. Despite the demonstrable influence of both genes and the family environment on children's behavioural and emotional development, the mechanisms by which these factors are transmitted from parents to their children are not known. Numerous aspects of the family have long been associated with behavioural and emotional problems in children; it is not clear, however, whether these family variables represent genuine environmental risks or secondary consequences of the underlying genetic liability shared between parents and their children. Method. In this study we present a model for analysing the non-genetic contributions of family background to risk for childhood and adolescent depression and conduct disturbance using simulated data on adult MZ and DZ twins, their spouses and children. Results. The twin offspring design provides substantial power to detect remarkably small non-genetic effects on parent-offspring resemblance against the background of genetic transmission. As presented, the model is able to resolve the direction of transmission from both parent to child (passive genotype-environment correlation) and child to parent (evocative genotype-environment correlation). Conclusions. Unlike many other genetic studies, a study of twins and their children can sort out which putative family environmental risk factors do actually have a significant environmental impact on the child and which ones only appear to do so because they are associated with genetic mediation.
Antimicrobial peptides and bacteriocins: alternatives to traditional antibiotics

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are ubiquitous, gene-encoded natural antibiotics that have gained recent attention in the search for new antimicrobials to combat infectious disease. In multicellular organisms, AMPs, such as defensins and cathelicidins, provide a coordinated protective response against infection and are a principal component of innate immunity in vertebrates. In unicellular organisms, AMPs, such as bacteriocins, function to suppress competitor species. Because many AMPs kill bacteria by disruption of membrane integrity and are thus thought to be less likely to induce resistance, AMPs are being extensively evaluated as novel antimicrobial drugs. This review summarizes and discusses the antibiotic properties of AMPs highlighting their potential as alternatives to conventional antibiotics.
How many ECG leads are required for in vivo studies in safety pharmacology

Abstract This article explains the principles of electrocardiography, and explains how it is used by Safety Pharmacology, with a focus on the requirement for multiple leads in Safety Pharmacology assessment. Electrocardiography as used in different disciplines (e.g., medicine, anesthesiology, physiology, and pharmacology/toxicology/safety pharmacology) has different requirements for the number of electrodes applied. Electrodes may be placed at an infinite number of points on the body, and voltages (electrocardiograms) may be registered between/among them. However in safety pharmacology there is little evidence that more than 1—or at most 3—lead(s) is (are) required to provide all of the information that might be present using an infinite number. This is based upon (1) the biophysics of the heart as a generator of electrical potential/voltage, (2) the fact that most properties of electrophysiology affected adversely by drugs are expressed as changes in durations, and (3) experience. A single, unipolar lead (V 3 ) recorded from the left sternal border at the 5th intercostal space possesses minimal artifact and large, stable deflections. This lead allows for accurate measurement of heart rate and rhythm, durations of component deflections (e.g., PQ, QRS, QT), and J-point deviation. A greater number of leads seldom or never yield additional information that detects liabilities. Commonly voltages recorded between the right thoracic and left pelvic limbs (lead II) provides information similar to lead V 3 , and lead II is easier to apply, and produces voltages with less artifact and similar to those in lead V 3 . A lead measuring the voltage between the left and right thoracic limbs (lead I) along with lead II allows for estimating orientation of vectors in the frontal plane, but knowledge of these vectors seldom or never indicates liability of a test article.
iHap: towards a vision substitution system for active analysis of facial expressions

People who are blind have the inherent tendency of exploring their interaction partner's face to know them better and feel closer. This becomes a necessity when partners become engaged in a conversation and want to be aware of the different facial expressions. Current technologies can deliver coarse-grained abstract haptic cues to the visually impaired. A better solution is needed -- one that allows a blind individual interpretation of others' facial expressions while engaged in bilateral conversation. To meet this goal, the development and evaluation of a platform called 'iHap' is proposed - an interactive haptic-based "Explore-learn-interact" paradigm that enables a blind individual to access his own facial expressions in a dynamic virtual environment. It is hypothesized that persistent haptic exploration of different movements of a blind individual's own facial features for different expressions in the virtual environment will help him master the haptic language of facial expressions. Hence he will be able to explore others' facial expressions/emotions while engaged in social interaction. As a blind individual makes active use of the sense of touch through feature by feature analysis, emphasis has been given to feature-based active exploration of facial expressions.
Feedforward higher harmonic control of sound radiation

ABSTRACT A new higher harmonic control approach is proposed for structural acoustic systems characterized bylinear response to a nonlinear input disturbance. The algorithm is called the HLMS algorithm since itis derived from the filtered-x version of the least mean squares (LMS) algorithm. A single frequency reference signal correlated with that of the fundamental frequency of the input disturbance is all that is required to implement the controller. Simple trigonometric relationships are used to generatethe remaining harmonics to be controlled in software as opposed to hardware. The filtered-x LMSalgorithm is implemented in parallel for each frequency to be controlled, increasing the stability andrate of convergence for the higher harmonic control application. Results from the simulation confirmthe applicability of the control approach for active structural acoustic control. 1. INTRODUCTION Active feedforward control has been primarily restricted to linear systems for both vibration andacoustic problems. Research efforts have been focused on applications for linear systems since thevibration, acoustic or structural acoustic response of most systems are characterized as linear. How-ever, many physical systems exist which couple some form of nonlinear input disturbance with asystem characterized by linear response. For example, the rotor of a helicopter provides an undesiredinput disturbance composed of the fundamental frequency of rotation and the higher harmonics ofthat frequency. However, the vibration response of the supporting structure and panels of the heli-copter can typically be characterized as linear. A reference signal correlated with the fundamentalfrequency of rotation is readily obtained by monitoring the rotational speed of the rotor. However,for feedforward control applications, a reference signal correlated with all frequencies to be controlled
Coronary artery bypass grafting with single cross-clamp results in fewer persistent neuropsychological deficits than multiple clamp or off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.

Background In coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) patients, neuropsychological deficits that are present from the time of the operation through 6 months postoperatively are considered permanent and represent organic brain damage related to the operation. We hypothesized that changes in our surgical method would reduce persistent deficits. Methods From 1999 to 2004, consenting CABG patients were randomly assigned to multiple aortic cross-clamp or single aortic cross-clamp technique. An additional contemporary group of patients treated with off-pump CABG was studied. All patients underwent an 11-part neuropsychologic examination preoperatively, and at 1 week, 6 weeks, and 6 months postoperatively. One hundred seven patients with no postoperative neurologic deficits had neuropsychologic examinations at all four testing periods. Results Off-pump CABG patients were significantly younger (60 ± 11 years) than multiple aortic cross-clamp (66 ± 8 years) and single aortic cross-clamp (64 ± 9 years; p p = 0.067 versus multiple aortic cross-clamp and off-pump CABG). Conclusions These results suggest that surgical technique is very important in determining cognitive outcome after CABG. Cardiopulmonary bypass is not the most important factor in determining outcome and when carefully performed with single cross-clamp and minimal aortic manipulation is equal or may be superior to off-pump operation. We suspect that mild hypothermia in on-pump surgery is additionally neuroprotective, a factor that should be taken into account when planning an operation.
Optically Modulated Fluorescent Proteins Enhance Sensitivity in Live Cell Imaging

Fluorescence microscopy is a widely used non-invasive tool for investigating intracellular structure and processes. Although the palette of fluorescent proteins has revolutionized detection and dynamics in molecular and cellular biology, the limited brightness, low spectral discrimination, and high cellular autofluorescence continue to limit applications. In contrast to photoswitch-based methods, we have developed a spectroscopic method to recover fluorescence from photoaccessible dark states via long-wavelength secondary laser co-illumination. We selectively recover the higher energy fluorescence by modulating this secondary laser without modulating background autofluorescence. Using hypothesized photoreversible isomerizations of the chromophore, we have identified specific fluorescent protein mutants, ranging from blue to red, capable of optical modulation. Employing these methods, we have demonstrated the ability to recover the modulated signal, with >10-fold improvement, from background in live cells. Such modulation schemes enable new imaging modalities for probing intracellular kinetics and equilibria of low-abundance proteins.
A sufficiency result for constrained economies

Abstract This paper presents a general sufficiency result for constrained economies. The result shows that, when an equilibrium allocation satisfies the first order necessary conditions for hybrid efficiency (a new type of constrained efficiency), there exists a marginal cost pricing equilibrium in an associated economy. If this equilibrium is Pareto efficient in the associated economy, then the original equilibrium allocation is hybrid efficient. Hence. the necessary conditions are also sufficient.
Aneuploidy in twin gestations: When is maternal age advanced?*

Objective To determine the maternal age at which twin gestations have a risk of fetal aneuploidy comparable to that of singleton pregnancies at maternal age 35, accounting for variation in dizygotic twinning rates by maternal age and race. Methods Known aneuploidy risks and rates of dizygotic twinning by maternal age and race were used to calculate the risk of fetal aneuploidy at term and in the second trimester by maternal age and race in twin gestations, using previously published calculations. Results The risk of at least one aneuploid twin at term is 1/193 at maternal age 31 for both white and African-American women, which is comparable to the risk of 1/192 for an aneuploid singleton term pregnancy at maternal age 35. The risk of at least one aneuploid twin at amniocentesis at maternal age 31 is 1/190 for white and 1/187 for African-American women, which is slightly lower than the rate in singletons of 1/135. Conclusion Invasive prenatal diagnosis for detection of fetal aneuploidy should be offered to all women with twin gestations at age 31, regardless of race.
Trinuclear polyoxomolybdates, the crystal and molecular structure of [(n-C4H9)4N][Mo3O6(OCH2CH2Cl){(OCH2)3CCH3}2]

Abstract The reaction of [(n-C4H9)4N]4[Mo8O26] with 2-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-l,3-propanediol (H3hmmp) in acetonitrile yields (TBA)2[Mo3O7(hmmp)2] (1). Complex 1 reacts with chloroacetic acid and alkylating agents to yield the derivatives (TBA)[Mo3O6(OH)(hmmp)2] (2) and (TBA)[Mo3O6(OR)(hmmp)2] (3), respectively. The direct reaction of (TBA)4[Mo8O26] with H3hmmp in chloroethanol yields (TBA)[Mo3O6(OCH2CH2Cl)(hmmp)2 (4). The structure of 4 consists of discrete trinuclear anions [Mo3O6(OCH2CH2Cl)(hmmp)2]- and TBA+ cations. Two of the molybdenum centers exhibit similar coordination environments, each bonding to two terminal oxo groups, one terminal hmmp alkoxy donor and three bridging alkoxy, oxygens from the hmmp ligands. The third molybdenum center coordinates to two terminal oxo groups, a terminal chloroethanolate ligand, and three bridging alkoxy oxygens of the hmmp ligands. Crystal data: monoclinic space group P21/n, a=12.224(2), b=23.178(3), c=13.562(3) A, β= 97.05(1)°, V=3813.1(11) A3, Z=4. Structure solution and refinement based on 4794 reflections (Mo Kα, λ=0.71073 A, 2θ⩽45°) converged at a conventional discrepancy value of 0.052.
Inaccuracy of anaphase bridges as a measure of radiation-induced nuclear damage.

ONE of the most significant contributions that led to the development of the target theory in regard to chromosome aberrations was Sax's observation1 that X-ray-induced dicentrics and rings, which require two breaks or hits, increase as the square of the dose. There have been numerous reports in the literature, however, of a linear dose curve resulting from the scoring of anaphase bridges that ostensibly come from the dicentrics and rings. Even Sax himself has reported in a paper by Sax and Brumfield2 such a linear one-hit curve in the seed of Vicia faba. Later, Wolff3 found that if the metaphase configurations in Vicia were scored, the theoretically important parabolic two-hit curve was obtained. The differences in these two curves were attributed to many diverse phenomena. Wolff thought that the difference between his curves and those of Sax and Brumfield might be due to the fact that they may have scored single bridges resulting from one-hit isochromatid breaks, rather than the double bridges associated with dicentrics and rings. Caldecott4,5, however, in a series of papers in which he obtained the linear curve for anaphase bridges in barley, observed that the bridges were all double, and postulated that the apparent contradiction between Sax's and Wolff's two-hit curves on one hand, and Caldecott's and Sax and Brumfield's one-hit curves on the other, might be due to differences in hydration of the material5. Since the two-hit curve is of very great importance for the theory of the production of chromosome aberrations, it is important that the discrepancy in the two types of curves be studied.
Studying the past by playing the future

An emerging area of game design and development relates to the creation of interactive games and experiences for museums and cultural centers. Such games often have competing design goals and challenges as game designers endeavor to create rich and engaging experiences, educators attempt to create appropriate learning outcomes for artifacts and other tangible objects, and museum personnel strive to create experiences that complement and do not overshadow the physical experience of visiting their space. The reality of such design is that different stakeholders, designers, and developers must come together to tell an appropriate story around an artifact or tangible object without losing track of the entertainment and educational value of the experience. This paper describes an innovative course developed between a game design and development program and a museum studies program to develop interactive game experiences for museum spaces. In particular, the paper will examine the curricular design of the experience as well as lessons learned and deliverables from the course.
Vocational Guidance in Soviet Schools

On the basis of recent Soviet publications, a brief history of vocational guidance in schools in the U.S.S.R. is provided, along with a discussion of its significance, current problems, and guiding principles. A comment is added on the basis of recent observations in the U.S.S.R. and Yugoslavia.
Do patients with acute medical conditions have the capacity to give informed consent for emergency medicine research

. Objective: Because of stress and illness, conscious emergency medicine (EM) patients may be temporarily cognitively impaired and thus incapable of participating in the informed consent process for acute care research. This pilot study sought to assess the mental capacity of ED patients during their evaluation and treatment for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods: A prospective observational design at a university tertiary referral center. EM patients with AMI from November 1996 to February 1997 were enrolled. While usual care was delivered, patients were administered three subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS-R) test. Subtest scaled scores range from 1 to 19, with abnormal being less than 5. Demographic, historical, and environmental parameters were recorded. Patients assessed how serious they perceived their conditions; and rated their degrees of pain, nausea, breathlessness, and anxiety on 10-cm visual analog scales (VASs). Testing was repeated prior to hospital discharge. Results: Twenty-five patients were enrolled. Of these, two (8%) were suspected by their emergency physicians to have insufficient capacity to give informed consent. However, five (20%) scored less than 5 on all of the WAIS-R subtests (kappa = 0.5) and eight (32%) scored less than 5 on at least one of the subtests (kappa = 0.3). The initial median Digit Span, Comprehension, and Similarities subtest scores were 7, 5, and 6. By discharge, these improved to 8, 7, and 8, respectively. Conclusions: This pilot study suggests that some patients with AMI may have difficulty processing information necessary to give informed consent for acute care research. Routine clinical evaluation may not detect this cognitive defect.
Behavioral correlates of heart rates of free-living Greater White-fronted Geese

We simultaneously monitored the heart rate and behavior of nine free-living Greater White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons) on their wintering grounds in northern California. Heart rates of wild geese were monitored via abdominally-implanted radio transmitters with electrodes that received elcctrical impulses of the heart and emitted a radio signal with each ventricular contraction. Post-operative birds appeared to behave normally, readily rejoining flocks and flying up to 15 km daily from night-time roost sites to feed in surrounding agricultural fields. Heart rates varied significantly among individuals and among behaviors, and ranged from less than 100 beats per minute (BPM) during resting, to over 400 BPM during flight. Heart rates varied from 80 to 140 BPM during non-strenuous activities such as walking, feeding, and maintenance activities, to about 180 BPM when birds became alert, and ovcr 400 BPM when birds were startled, cven if they did not take flight. Postflight heart rate recovery time averaged < 10 sec. During agonistic encounters, heart rate exceeded 400 BPM: heart rates during social interactions were not predictable solely from postures, as heart rates were context-dependent, and were highest in initial encounters among individuals. Instantaneous measures of physiological parameters, such as heart rate, are often better indicators of the degree of response to external stimuli than visual obscrvations and can bc used to improve estimates of energy expenditure based solely on activity data.
ICOSAHEDRAL ALLOYS : PHASE PURITY AND PHASON STRAINS

Etude par diffraction d'electrons et de rayons X d'alliages aluminium-metal de transition. On observe une phase icosaedrique dans les alliages de Al avec Mn, Cr, V, Mo, Ru, W et Re. On discute de l'influence de faibles additions de Si et Ru. On passe en revue les differents modes d'indexation des reseaux de diffraction ainsi que leurs avantages et desavantages. Les distorsions des figures de diffraction d'electrons sont decrites en termes de deformations de phason dans un quasi-reseau
Mechanisms of Failure from Surface Flaws in Mixed‐Mode Loading

Mechanisms of failure from surface cracks in combined tension and shear are identified by directly observing the cracks during failure testing. Under the combined influences of residual contact stresses and applied loading, indentation cracks propagate stably and realign normal to the principal applied tension prior to failure. Annealing of indentation flaws causes relaxation of the residual stresses and thereby leads to a change in the mechanics of fracture; unstable propagation occurs from the initial crack at a critical applied loading, with an abrupt change in fracture plane. Strengths of indentation flaws and machining damage in both the as-formed and annealed states are measured as a function of flaw orientation relative to an applied uniaxial tension. Strength variations of indentations and machining flaws are similar. The results are assessed in terms of various proposed mixed-mode fracture criteria, and the implications of the results for nondestructive testing using scattering of surface acoustic waves are discussed.
Nonmetric Interactive Multidimensional Scaling with Multiple Subjects

A method for nonmetric interactive multidimen sional scaling (MDS) of similarity judgments is de scribed which is also capable of using responses from previous judges to supplement the judgments of a current subject. The method combines recent advances in interactive MDS with recent advances in numerical methods in MDS to produce a pro gram capable (1) of performing nonmetric interac tive MDS and (2) of fitting a wide variety of models, such as the individual differences model. The empirical investigation compared three versions of the system: (1) a metric simple Euclidean model- fitting version (similar to previous interactive scal ing programs); (2) a metric individual differences version; and (3) a nonmetric individual differences version. There were no statistically significant dif ferences among the three versions.
Individual differences in contrast sensitivity functions: the first four months of life in humans

Contrast sensitivity functions of forty 4-month-old human infants were measured using a preferential-looking method and the method of constant stimuli. Circular sinewave gratings varied from 0.27 to 1.08 c/deg, contained eight unattenuated cycles (with edges tapered to uniform gray), and rose to the desired contrast in 2 sec. Log contrast sensitivities for variables close in spatial frequency correlated more highly than those that were farther apart in these data, and in data of 1-, 2-, and 3-month-olds from Banks and Salapatek [(1981) Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 31, 1-45]. Factor analyses yielded at least two frequency-tuned factors per age group. Monte Carlo simulations of a quantitative model that shifts spatial mechanisms to higher frequencies with age reproduced the results for 4-month-olds, but simulations of adultlike, unshifting mechanisms did not. The data are consistent with the following conclusions: (a) individual differences in the sensitivity of spatial mechanisms may explain some individual differences in CSFs; (b) factor analysis may help to estimate mechanism tuning; and (c) spatial mechanisms may shift to higher frequencies during development.
Sexually dimorphic genes regulate healing and regeneration in MRL mice.

Abstract The MRL mouse has been shown to display unusual healing properties. In particular, when the ear pinna is hole punched, the hole that is made closes completely without scarring, with reformation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands, and regrowth of cartilage. Initial studies using (MRL/lpr × C57BL/6) F2 and backcross mice showed that this phenomenon is genetically determined and that multiple loci contribute to this quantitative trait. In the present study, with twice as many animals, we have confirmed many of the original heal loci and identified new ones. We have also found that this phenotype is sexually dimorphic in that female mice heal more quickly and more completely than male mice. To test the cause of this difference, we castrated both males and females. Castration of males led to better healing, although ovariectomy did not lead to worse healing in female mice. Finally, most heal loci were shown to be responsible for regulating healing primarily in male animals more than in females, or vice versa. Thus, sex plays a highly significant role in the closure of wounded tissue in this mammalian model of healing and regeneration.
A new vascular Endostaple: a technical description.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this report is to describe a new vascular Endostapling system. Methods: The vascular Endostapling system can be passed through a 13F insertion sheath that is inserted through the femoral artery. An optical fiber and overlying Endostaple will penetrate a previously inserted endoprosthesis and the aortic wall at whatever points are desired. Once the optical fiber is withdrawn, the Endostaple assumes its preformed shape and acts like a through-and-through wire suture. As tissue ingrowth proceeds, the long-term security and stabilization of the coiled coil mechanism are likely to increase. Conclusions: We think Endostaples can be useful in preventing endograft migration and in treating endoleak at the site of the aortic neck–proximal endograft interface. (J Vasc Surg 2001;34:565-8.)
Infections in the retrorectal space

To understand and adequately manage retrorectal space infections, the surgeon must have an in-depth knowledge of the anorectal and perianal anatomy. Furthermore, because of the oligosymptomatic clinical presentation of supralevator and deep postanal space abscess, complementary tests such as endoanal ultrasonography may be required as part of the preoperative armamentarium. A misdiagnosed or inadequately treated retrorectal space abscess may lead to devastating perineal sepsis, often requiring multiple reoperations. Moreover, iatrogenic injury to the sphincter muscle will culminate in anal incontinence. Surgical drainage is imperative to successfully manage retrorectal space infections. The identification of the fistula tract and internal opening must be preoperatively attempted to minimize postoperative complications. This overview will address the presentation, diagnose, and management of retrorectal space infections.
Thoughts and Feelings About Organizational Change: A Field Test of Appraisal Theory

This longitudinal field study examines the relationships among the three focal constructs within appraisal theory—appraisal, emotion, and coping—at the beginning of change and their relationship with employee withdrawal at the end of an organizational restructuring. New theory is used to integrate past theory and research to propose and test a model containing synchronous reciprocal relationships between negative appraisal and negative emotions. Results confirmed a synchronous reciprocal relationship between negative appraisal and negative emotions, which suggests that appraisal is not a sequential process as often conceptualized and tested in the past. Negative appraisals and negative emotions also had negative relationships with control coping, which was negatively associated to intentions to quit, which in turn predicted subsequent voluntary turnover. This study thus extends appraisal theory and demonstrates it is a powerful alternative (theoretical) means for examining employee reactions to organizati...
Changes in ureteral peristaltic activity induced by various stimuli

The interaction between the urinary bladder, the kidneys, and ureters is an area of interest to many investigators. Several investigators have suggested the existence of a feedback control system which would regulate urine production by the kidney and urine transport by the upper tract system. In certain conditions, such as urinary bladder outlet obstruction, this system would adjust the production and flow of urine as the situation dictates. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of changes in detrusor pressure, electrical stimulation of the pelvic nerves and the hypogastric nerves, and drugs on ureteral peristaltic activity and on renal nerve electricial activity. Cats anesthetized with alpha chloralose were monitored for changes in ureteral peristaltic frequency or spontaneous firing in renal nerves during changes in detrusor pressure, pelvic and hypogastric nerve stimulation, or drug administration. Increases in detrusor pressure decreased ureteral activity, while pelvic nerve and hypogastric nerve stimulation had little effect on renal nerve firing or ureteral peristaltic activity. Attempts were made to elicit changes in ureteral activity by the administration of acetylcholine, adenosine, adenosine nucleotides, and substance P. Acetylcholine increased and the purines decreased ureteral peristaltic frequency. Atropine and theopylline were used to antagonize the effects of drugs on ureteral peristaltic frequency. Theophylline antagonized only the adenosine responses. This study indicates that there is some interaction between the organs of the cat urinary tract. The results suggest the existence of a vesicoureteral reflex. However, the actual neural pathway for this reflex is still unproven. In addition, the evidence indicates the involvement of purines as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in this reflex.
Tl-201 uptake in pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex infection.

Primary lung cancers are well known causes of increased pulmonary Tl-201 uptake that may be detected during myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Other cancers and various benign conditions may also show increased Tl-201 accumulation and may be initially detected as incidental findings during myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. This report demonstrates Tl-201 uptake in a patient with pulmonary Mycobacterlum avium complex infection.
Bicarbonate-induced synthesis of polysaccharide during morphogenesis by synchronous, single-generations of blastocladiella emersonii.

Relative to the formation of an ordinary colorless plant of Blastocladiella emersonii (which does not require bicarbonate for its formation), the bicarbonate-induced genesis of a resistant-sporangial plant (R.S.) is associated with: (a), a two-fold increase in the rate of exponential, net synthesis of an endogenous, apparently highly branched, glycogen-like polysaccharide; and (b), a three-fold increase in the total pool of this polysaccharide built up within the plant.
Reading from a Palm Pilot& Trade Using Rsvp:

This study examines the feasibility of using the text presentation method known as Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) as a means of optimizing reading on small screen interfaces. Participants read text on a hand-held device in both the page-like format and at various presentation rates in RSVP. Reading comprehension, user satisfaction, and format preference were examined as dependent variables. Results showed: (1) there were significant differences in comprehension between the RSVP presented at 250 wpm and the higher speeds of 450 and 650 wpm; but (2) there was no significant difference in comprehension scores between the RSVP at 250 wpm and the page condition. Participants were able to comprehend text presented via RSVP at 250 wpm and the page format equally well. Despite this comparable performance between these formats, participants were generally less satisfied with the RSVP, and preferred 250 and 450 wpm presentation rates significantly more than 650 wpm.
The comparison of denture-base processing techniques. Part II. Dimensional changes due to processing

Abstract Some of the physical properties of three processing techniques of acrylic resin were tested. Tests included three-dimensional changes of the denture teeth and three-dimensional changes of the internal surface of the denture.
Time course of enzyme development in the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis

Abstract 1. 1. The specific activities of lactic dehydrogenase, α-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and acid phosphatase were monitored in adult male and female boll weevil homogenates for eleven days post emergence. 2. 2. The above enzymes, plus β-glucuronidase, were monitored in adult male and female boll weevil hemolymph for 10 days post emergence.
An infrasonic pressure disturbance study of two polar substorms

Abstract Infrasonic pressure disturbances generated during the growth and decay of two polar substorms of 31 October 1968 are studied utilizing pressure records from four stations spanning continental North America. Spatial and temporal changes of the magnetic substorm are represented by contour maps of the total horizontal disturbance vector over the course of the substorms. Correlation with all-sky camera photographs shows that a reversal in direction of motion of the luminous aurora may follow poleward expansions which then generate infrasonic pressure disturbances into the lower atmosphere. As the substorm develops, the pressure disturbances are generated by multiple sources and travel by multiple paths while becoming distorted by interference processes among themselves during propagation. A likely source region within the substorm system for the origin of most of the pressure waves is the immediate environs of the auroral electrojet.
Regulation of pheromone biosynthesis in the “Z strain” of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis

The regulation of pheromone biosynthesis by the neuropeptide PBAN in the Z strain of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, was investigated using labeled intermediates. Injection of radiolabeled acetate showed PBAN did not influence the de novo synthesis of saturated fatty acids in the gland. When deuterium-labeled myristic acid was topically applied to the gland, females injected with PBAN produced more labeled pheromone than did control females, indicating that PBAN controls one of the later steps of pheromone biosynthesis. Although more myristic acid was Δ11-desaturated in the gland in the presence of PBAN, this was counterbalanced by less Δ11-desaturation of palmitic acid, indicating that desaturase activity did not change overall. This change in flux of myristic acid through to pheromone was shown to be caused by increased reduction of fatty acid pheromone precursors occurring in the presence of PBAN. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 65:29–38, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
multivariate palm measure duality for exchangeable interval partitions hussain elalaoui-talibi

Consider an exchangeable interval partition Ξ of 0,1 with associated local time ξ For we let Qx denote the multivariate Palm distributions of ξ at x. For every Borel set we define the random measure μB on to be the conditional intensity of ξ n given that S intersects Bc and let be its density. We study a basic duality relation between and Q x This leads in particular to the problem of choosing the densities consistently
Prenatal exposure to low doses of atrazine affects mating behaviors in male guppies

Performing appropriate mating behaviors is crucial to male reproductive success, especially in species where mating is predominantly via female mate choice. Mating behaviors are hormonally regulated and may be sexually selected traits: courtship displays are selected via mate choice, while forced copulations and aggressive behaviors are selected for via intrasexual competition. Endocrine disrupting compounds interfere with proper hormonal functioning in exposed animals. Exposures during developmentally crucial life stages can have irreversible effects lasting through adulthood. I tested the effects of prenatal exposure to environmentally relevant doses of a commonly used herbicide, atrazine (1 and 13.5μg/L) on mating behaviors in male guppies. Guppies were used as a model organism to test the effects of atrazine exposure on wildlife reproductive health. Adult female guppies were mated and exposed to the treatments throughout the gestation period, and offspring born to them were raised without further treatment. At adulthood, the males were tested for the effects of prenatal exposure on their mating behaviors such as courtship displays, gonopodium swings, forced copulatory attempts, and competitive and aggressive behaviors towards rivals who were not exposed to atrazine. I also tested female preference for treated males compared to control males. Atrazine-exposed males were less likely to perform the mating behaviors, and performed them less frequently, than control males. Atrazine exposure also made males less aggressive towards rivals. Females preferred untreated males over atrazine-treated males. In all cases, a non-monotonic pattern was seen, highlighting the significance of low-dose exposures.
Generalized Linear Mixed Model for Segregation Distortion Analysis

Segregation distortion is a phenomenon that the observed genotypic frequencies of a locus fall outside the expected Mendelian segregation ratio. The main cause of segregation distortion is viability selection on linked marker loci. These viability selection loci can be mapped using genome-wide marker information. We developed a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) under the liability model to jointly map all viability selection loci of the genome. Using a hierarchical generalized linear mixed model, we can handle the number of loci several times larger than the sample size. We used a dataset from an F2 mouse family derived from the cross of two inbred lines to test the model and detected a major segregation distortion locus contributing 75% of the variance of the underlying liability. Replicated simulation experiments confirm that the power of viability locus detection is high and the false positive rate is low. Not only can the method be used to detect segregation distortion loci, but also used for mapping quantitative trait loci of disease traits using case only data in humans and selected populations in plants and animals.
Pulse width modulation with resonant DC link converters

A technique for realizing pulse width modulation (PWM) capability in resonant DC link converters is presented. This technique eliminates the subharmonics present in the conventional discrete pulse modulated converters without requiring any additional switching devices. Detailed design-oriented analysis enumerating the tradeoffs involved are presented. Control techniques for simultaneously accomplishing link and output control are considered. Simulation results verifying the principle of operation are presented and backed up by experiments. >
Apolipoprotein E genotype and age-related myelin breakdown in healthy individuals: Implications for cognitive decline and dementia

Context Apolipoprotein E ( APOE ) genotype is the most influential Alzheimer disease (AD) risk factor after advanced age. The APOE4 alleles decrease and the APOE2 alleles increase age at onset of AD. Human and nonhuman primate data suggest that in midlife, the structural integrity of myelin sheaths begins breaking down, with an accelerating age-related trajectory most evident in the brain's later-myelinating association regions. This may result in a progressive “disconnection” of widely distributed neural networks that may underlie the age risk factor for AD. Objective To assess, using magnetic resonance imaging, whether the shift in age at onset of AD observed with the APOE genotype is associated with the trajectory of age-related myelin breakdown. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Metropolitan university medical center. Participants Healthy individuals (N = 104) aged 55 to 75 years who underwent genotyping for APOE . Main Outcome Measures Calculated transverse relaxation rates, an indirect measure of white matter structural integrity, for late-myelinating frontal lobe white matter (Fwm) and early- and later-myelinating regions of the corpus callosum, the splenium (Swm) and the genu (Gwm). Results The presence of the protective APOE2 allele was associated with significantly higher relaxation rates in Fwm and Gwm but not in Swm. Furthermore, APOE status impacted the trajectory of age-related myelin breakdown in late-myelinating regions (Fwm and Gwm) but not in Swm. In Fwm and Gwm, APOE4 + individuals had a steeper slope of decline in relaxation rates with age than APOE2 + individuals; those with APOE3/3 alleles had an intermediate slope. Conclusions In later-myelinating regions, the severity and rate of myelin breakdown in healthy older individuals are associated with APOE status and support the hypothesis that this process may contribute to age at onset of AD. Combining APOE status with noninvasive measures of myelin breakdown may be useful in assessing treatment strategies for the primary prevention of AD.
Holding Their Feet to the Fire Explaining Variation in City Governments’ Use of Controls on Economic Development Subsidies

This article focuses on four policies that a number of cities are using to make businesses more accountable for the development subsidies that they receive (cost–benefit analysis, effectiveness measurement, performance agreements, and clawback clauses). Using data from International City Management Association’s 2009 Economic Development Survey supplemented with Census Bureau data, three explanations for variation in city governments’ adoption of these policies are tested: economic need, governmental capacity, and political context. The results reveal very limited support for economic need–type explanations while strongly underscoring the importance of governmental capacity. Further, stark contrast with existing work on the topic, political context is shown to be important in multiple respects: The existence of lower class opportunity regimes and citizen opposition are both strongly linked with the use of at least two of these accountability policies, but this is conditioned by the city’s form of government.
Field performance of Theobroma cacao L. plants propagated via somatic embryogenesis

Somatic embryogenesis is an in vitro clonal propagation method with potential to contribute to the improvement of cacao varieties. Before using this technology for commercial production, it is essential that somatic embryogenesis-derived plants be tested in field conditions. Therefore, we established a field test at Union Vale Estate, Saint Lucia. Thirty- to 50-yr-old trees were selected for clonal propagation as potentially high yielding based on local farmers observations. Clonal plants were propagated in vitro from immature flowers by embryogenesis and micropropagation. Multiple plants from nine genotypes were acclimated to greenhouse conditions then returned to Saint Lucia and planted in a field. Orthotropic rooted cuttings and locally propagated open pollinated seedlings were also planted for a total of 214 trees. Growth data were collected every 4–6 mo. including: stem diameter, stem height, length of the longest jorquette branch, number of jorquette branches, and dates of first flowering and fruiting. At 4.5 yr after planting in the field there were no major differences in all growth parameters among the propagation methods evaluated with exception of the orthotropic rooted cuttings. Trees grown from seeds were slightly taller then trees propagated by the other methods. Trees propagated as orthotropic rooted cuttings exhibited smaller average stem diameters, shorter stem heights to the jorquette, and shorter jorquette branches. We concluded that somatic embryo-derived plants demonstrated normal phenotypes in field conditions and have growth parameters similar to plants propagated by traditional methods.
Let the Sun shine: advanced document production tools at the San Diego Supercomputer Center

The author describes how a complex subject (allocation management) was documented quickly and accurately at the San Diego Supercomputer Center using a variety of advanced hardware and software tools. Central to this project was a Sun 3/50 Workstation running the Suntools window system. With network links to the other computer systems, concurrent sessions were run within the Suntools window environment, which made it possible to do instant text-file transfer or to paste buffers of text from the various document sources to the master file. Text editors on the Sun and CRAY were used, as well as UNIX writing tools. The online version was produced using the text processing programs on the CRAY. That version was then transferred back to the Sun workstation and typeset with interleaf, a desktop publishing system. >
Event plane resolution correction for azimuthal anisotropy in wide centrality bins

We provide a method to correct the observed azimuthal anisotropy in heavy-ion collisions for the event plane resolution in a wide centrality bin. This new procedure is espec ially useful for rare particles, such as baryons and J/ mesons, which are diffi cult to measure in small intervals of centrality. Based on a Monte Carlo calculation with simulated v2 and multiplicity, we show that some of the commonly used methods have a bias of up to 15%.