cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
4.12 – Earthquake Hydrology

Coseismic static stress changes and dynamic stresses generated by seismic waves cause changes in water level in wells and in streamflow and alter hydrogeologic properties such as permeability and porosity. These hydrologic responses occur over a wide range of timescales, from as short as the duration of shaking to permanent changes, and over a wide range of length scales, from within the fault zone to more than 10 000 km away. Consequently, they provide an opportunity to study hydrogeologic processes and properties at spatial and temporal scales that are often difficult to study. Water-level changes in wells can reflect the pattern of volumetric strain caused by seismic slip. The sign and amplitude of observed water-level changes in many wells, however, are not consistent with this pattern of strain. Instead, such anomalous changes in water level can be caused by shaking-induced changes in unconsolidated sediments through consolidation, liquefaction, or even dilation close to the rupture. Anomalous changes in water level may also reflect changes in permeability or storage properties. Changes in streamflow may similarly have multiple explanations. Many recorded examples of streamflow changes can be explained by changes in vertical permeability caused by shaking. Other hydrologic phenomena that can be attributed to dynamic, rather than static, strains include liquefaction, the eruption of mud volcanoes from depths greater than hundreds of meters, and changes in the eruption interval of geysers. Because the stability of faults is sensitive to pore pressure, changes in hydrogeologic properties or pore pressure induced by earthquakes can, in turn, influence seismicity. It is thus not unreasonable to expect that some earthquakes may have a hydrologic origin. Hydrologic processes can greatly amplify small strains, and some hydrologic responses appear to have very small strain thresholds. This provides some hope that hydrologic and hydrogeochemical monitoring may detect any hypothetical, diagnostic precursory strains. Although it is unclear whether future documented hydrologic precursors could actually be used for earthquake prediction, they may at least provide new insight into the physics of earthquakes.
Dynamic Ultrasound Uniquely Reveals Anterior Capsular Tear Communicating With Vastus Intermedius Fibers.

We present a case of an anterior capsular tear of the right knee in a previously healthy, active individual. The patient was a 31-year-old male seen one month after the onset of throbbing anterior right knee pain, which progressed to sharp suprapatellar pain over the next three months. Both dynamic ultrasound (US) and MRI were obtained. Dynamic US revealed a tear of the anterior capsule of the right knee complicated by a suprapatellar effusion communicating into the vastus intermedius fibers of the quadriceps tendon. However, these findings were not evident on MRI. In addition to discussing this unique pathology, we highlight the utility of both standard and dynamic US in establishing diagnoses for capsular pathologies.
The elusive search for tipping points.

New evidence from over 4,600 studies calls into question the universal application of critical threshold values, or tipping points, along gradients of environmental stress. Identifying never-to-exceed environmental targets may prove elusive for environmental policy and management.
Echo-counting in the mesopelagic zone using a broadband split-beam acoustic scattering system

The ocean mesopelagic zone (200–1000 m depths) is a largely unexplored and remote ecosystem. Recent studies have suggested that the biomass of mesopelagic fish may be up to ten times larger than previously reported, more that the rest of the ocean combined. Interpretation of shipboard measurements of mesopelagic scattering layers in terms of abundance and biomass is complicated by large sampling volumes, complex assemblages of organisms, and highly uncertain target strength models. To address some of these challenges, Deep-See, a towed sensor platform carrying multiple broadband acoustic systems, has been developed, allowing real-time measurements of target strength and abundance. The focus here is on a new broadband split-beam echosounder (5.5 kHz–18.5 kHz) deployed in summer 2018 and 2019 off the New England shelf. This system is used to estimate the density of mesopelagic organisms using echo-counting and echo-statisticsapproaches. The parameters selected for echo-counting are discussed in order to achieve accurate estimates of abundance and also to identify and track individual targets. The calibrated broadband spectra of individual targets are used to determine the number of organisms with resonance frequencies in the band. [Funding provided by the WHOI Ocean Twilight Zone Audacious Project and an NSF MRI grant.]
Understanding the relationship between norovirus diversity and immunity

Human noroviruses are the most common viral cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or specific therapeutics to treat the disease. Some obstacles delayin...
The Idea of Cyclicality in Chinese Thought

The Chinese view of time and history cannot be defined as either “cyclicality” or “linearity” in the sense of St. Augustine and Hegel. Like the Indo-Hellenic cyclicality, it regards the cyclical movements as universal in both Heaven and human. Nevertheless, it contains neither the conception of Great Year or Mahayuga, nor that of repeated destruction and reconstruction of humankind. It holds that the cyclical movements do not recur as “uniform rotation,” but appear as a chain composed of countless links each of which possesses individuality. It is not the chain itself, but each of its links that cyclically develop. Meanwhile, it agrees with the Judeo-Christian tradition that there is no repetition and reversibility for historical figures and events. However, it does not believe that history has an absolute beginning and end, demonstrating itself as a One-Grand Cycle from human alienation from God to their reconciliation with Him.
Superconductivity from Charge Order in Cuprates

Superconductivity in layered cuprates is induced by doping holes into a parent antiferromagnetic insulator. It is now recognized that another common emergent order involves charge stripes, and our ...
Challenges of virtual interviewing for surgical fellowships: a qualitative analysis of applicant experiences.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic forced surgical fellowship programs to transition from in-person to remote applicant interviews; the virtual interviewing format presented new and unique challenges. We sought to understand applicants' perceived challenges to virtual interviewing for a surgical fellowship program. Method A grounded theory-based qualitative study was performed utilizing semi-structured interviews with fellowship applicants from the 2020 fellowship match. All Fellowship Council-registered applicants were eligible. We purposefully sampled participants to balance across gender, specialty-choice, and academic versus community-program affiliation. Interviews were inductively analyzed by two researchers for prominent themes. Results Fifteen interviews were conducted. Participants were 60% male (n = 9), with 33% (n = 5) from non-academic institutions. They applied for the following fellowships: Advanced Gastrointestinal/Minimal Invasive (55%), Bariatric (30%), Hepatopancreatobiliary (10%) and Surgical Oncology (5%). Four main themes emerged to describe virtual interview process challenges: (1) perceived data deficiency, (2) superficial personal connections, (3) magnification of non-professionalism, and (4) logistical frustrations. Applicants recommend program directors provide more information about the fellowship prior to interview day and offer informal independent interactions with current and previous fellows. Conclusions According to fellowship applicants, virtual interviews resulted in a lack of information for rank-list decision making ultimately requiring them to rely on other information avenues to base their decisions. These applicants have offered advice to fellowship program directors and future applicants to better optimize this process.
Anger, worry, and hurt in early adolescence: An enlarging world of negative emotions.

Employing the "regal" access, adolescents' experiences of anger, worry, and hurt can be understood as responses to breaches of what really matters, as disjunctions between life as they expect and want it and life as it actually is. Early adolescence is a time when these internal representations are rapidly changing, fueled by cognitive development, an expanding domain of things that matter. The cognitive advances of adolescence lead to fundamental insight that other people are centers of thinking and feeling. The adolescent age period is associated with an expanding horizon, an increased awareness of a wider social, political, and economic world, and also budding interest in romantic relationships. Attribution of negative emotions to subcategories "Fights" and "Social rejection" shows little difference in frequency between age groups. Girls’ emotions are more social in preadolescence, and become more social in early adolescence. Their negative emotions are more often caused by breaches in the increasingly complex norms of expected behavior among friends and family.
Sustainable mobility in auto-dominated Metro Boston: Challenges and opportunities post-COVID-19

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted society as we knew it in a variety of ways, with especially severe impacts on low-income households. Even before COVID-19, Metro Boston was witnessing a rise in private car ownership and decreasing mass transit ridership, further exacerbated by a historical spatial mismatch that made low-income commuters relatively more dependent on mass transit. Accounts of overcrowded buses and trains since early March have heightened psychological dread among regular transit commuters, some of whom have already purchased a private car or intend to do so within the next year. Uncertainty around transit service frequency and erosion of trust in the MBTA are the primary challenges for rebuilding transit rider confidence, which is likely to be a long and slow process. Low transit ridership levels can lead to fiscal challenges on the horizon and consequent service cuts, which necessitate the need for adopting a multi-modal approach to affordable and sustainable urban mobility. A narrow window is available to discourage a further shift to cars that will further cannibalize transit. Given the diversity of mobility services available in Metro Boston, designing a MaaS pilot with close attention to technological integration and cost salience can be crucial in showcasing the value of multi-modal and cross-modal accessibility. Such programs must be synergistic with concurrent transit service improvements and car-commute disincentives, such as in-town parking charges and road-use charges, without impeding access to affordable mobility for low-income and essential workers. Looking at the various agile policy responses of several cities in Metro Boston over the last few months, we are cautiously optimistic that sustainable mobility will become a major theme in urban and regional mobility policies in the post-COVID recovery period.
Level Set Methods for Computation in Hybrid Systems

Reachability analysis is frequently used to study the safety of control systems. We present an implementation of an exact reachability operator for nonlinear hybrid systems. After a brief review of a previously presented algorithm for determining reachable sets and synthesizing control laws--upon whose theory the new implementation rests--an equivalent formulation is developed of the key equations governing the continuous state reachability. The new formulation is implemented using level set methods, and its effectiveness is shown by the numerical solution of three examples.
Generation of Gene Knockout Mice by ES Cell Microinjection

This unit describes protocols used in the production of chimeric mice that are then used for the generation of gene knockout mice. These protocols include the collection of blastocyst embryos, ES cell injection, and uterine transfer of injected blastocysts. Support protocols for the superovulation of blastocyst donor mice, generation of pseudopregnant recipients, fabrication of glass pipets for embryo and cell manipulations, and generation of germline mice are also included. Practical tips and solutions are mentioned to help troubleshoot problems that may occur.
Occurrence of sulfate in the asparagine-linked complex carbohydrate units of thyroglobulin. Identification and localization of galactose 3-sulfate and N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfate residues in the human and calf proteins.

Abstract Human thyroglobulin glycopeptides representing the multiple asparagine-linked complex (unit B) carbohydrate units of this protein were found to contain substantial amounts of sulfate (ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 mol/mol of oligosaccharide); this substituent was shown to occur primarily in the form of terminal beta-linked Gal-3-SO4 residues which represent novel capping groups occurring alternatively to sialic acid and in comparable amounts. Upon hydrazine/nitrous acid fragmentation and radiolabeling with NaB3H4, all human unit B DEAE-resolved glycopeptide fractions yielded an acidic disaccharide which was characterized as Gal-3-SO4 beta 1----4-anhydromannitol. Studies on glycopeptides modified by desialylation, desulfation, and beta-galactosidase treatment indicated that the majority (approximately 70%) of the complex carbohydrate units contain sulfate groups and that Gal-3-SO4 and sialic acid residues can coexist in terminal positions on the same N-linked oligosaccharide. In addition to Gal-3-SO4, the most acidic unit B variants were found to contain GlcNAc-6-SO4 which was recovered as Gal beta 1----4-anhydromannitol-6-SO4 after hydrazine/nitrous acid treatment and NaB3H4 reduction. On the basis of chromatography on immobilized concanavalin A, it was determined that whereas the Gal-3-SO4 groups occur on biantennary as well as more highly branched carbohydrate units, GlcNAc-6-SO4 is exclusively present in the latter oligosaccharides. In contrast to the N-linked carbohydrate units, the previously described O-linked glycosaminoglycan chain of human thyroglobulin yielded GlcA beta 1----3-anhydrotalitol-6-SO4 upon hydrazine/nitrous acid/NaB3H4 treatment, indicating that it is a chrondroitin 6-sulfate-like polymer. The distribution of sulfate in the complex oligosaccharides of calf thyroglobulin was quite different from that in the human protein; sulfate was not detectable in most of the glycopeptides and was sequestered in a single multibranched complex-type glycopeptide fraction (1.6 mol of sulfate/mol of oligosaccharide) which contained about equal amounts of Gal-3-SO4 and GlcNAc-6-SO4. The difference in galactose sulfation between human and calf thyroglobulins may be related to the substitution in the latter protein of some of the galactose residues by alpha-D-Gal capping groups.
Richard Spinello and Maria Bottis: Understanding the debate on the legal protection of moral intellectual property interests: review essay of A Defense of Intellectual Property Rights

The thesis of A Defense of Intellectual Property Rights, as the title makes clear, is that some legal protection of intellectual property rights is morally legitimate. At the very start of the book in Chap. 1, however, Spinello and Bottis are careful to describe their thesis in a way that clearly indicates their dissatisfaction with many existing laws protecting intellectual property. Their thesis should not be read as an endorsement of all existing legal protections: they set out their position clearly—a sensible move given that much of the intellectual property literature generates more heated sloganeering than light. This is such a crucial point to remember in reading this outstanding volume—and it is an outstanding contribution to the literature whether one agrees or not with their conclusions and analysis—that I think it helpful to let Spinello and Bottis speak for themselves; they make the point much more perspicuously than I could. After a brief survey of a number of laws they find problematic (including the Copyright Term Extension Act and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act), they state their position with precision and elegance:
Exhumation along the Fairweather fault, southeastern Alaska, based on low-temperature thermochronometry

[1] The southern Alaskan syntaxis marks the spectacular junction between the >1000-km-long Pacific–North America transform margin and the Chugach–St. Elias belt, where subduction and terrane accretion drive rapid convergent deformation and rock uplift. New low-temperature thermochronometry reveals that intense orogenic deformation is not restricted to one side of the syntaxis but extends nearly 300 km south along the dextral Fairweather fault. Apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He ages as young as 0.9 and 2.0 Ma suggest maximum exhumation rates of nearly 2 mm/a in close proximity ( 0.5 mm/a along the entire plate margin. We estimate that long-term rock uplift accommodates ∼3 mm/a of fault-normal convergence in this area. This suggests that the Fairweather fault is slightly transpressive and highly partitioned, analogous to the central San Andreas fault. This convergence only accounts for ∼1/5 of the obliquity between Pacific plate motion and the continental margin, however, implying the deficit is taken up by 1–2 cm/a thrust-sinistral motion along the offshore Transition fault. Additionally, thermochronometry shows a marked increase in bedrock cooling coincident with onset of heavy glaciation, similar to what has been observed in other parts of the Pacific Northwest. The tectonically active Fairweather corridor is distinguished, however, by the magnitude of the acceleration and the depth of exhumation since Pliocene climate change.
Management for Social Enterprise. Bob Doherty, George Foster, Chris Mason, John Meehan, Karon Meehan, Neil Rotheroe, & Maureen Royce

Management for Social Enterprise is appropriate for academicians and as supplemental reading for graduate students in MSW programs with administration concentrations, MBA programs with social enter...
STATISTICAL GEOMETRY AND LATTICES

Statistical geometry furnishes the tool that allows the transfer of results from a lattice with finite lattice parameter to the continuum. Since lattice simulations are simpler than continuum ones, this suggests that larger scale simulations for the continuum might be more effectively carried out on a lattice with finite lattice parameter followed by the indicated transfer. We also show that a statistical geometry, peculiar to hard particles on a lattice, can be developed. Among other things, this opens the possibility that a scaled particle theory on a lattice might be derived.
Regulation of Nitrogenase Synthesis by Oxygen in Klebsiella pneumoniae

Abstract Klebsiella pneumoniae does not fix N2 under aerobic conditions. The two protein components required for nitrogenase activity were studied during aeration of cells in nitrogen-free media. Component II of nitrogenase was inactivated more slowly in vivo than component I during aeration. The rate of loss of component II was less than the rate of component II synthesis during derepression. No inactive components were detected in cells that had been growing on NH4+ and then aerated in nitrogen-free medium. This supports the hypothesis that O2 somehow represses the formation of nitrogenase.
Time and the Moment in Victorian Literature and Society: A brief history of the moment

Overview Chapter 1 explores the concept of moments and momentary events in several areas of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century culture: association philosophy and psychology, literary criticism, melodrama, religion, and aesthetics. My main concern in this chapter is to trace a gap that emerges in the nineteenth century between embodied experience and abstract time. Embodied experience was the testing ground for British epistemology and aesthetics throughout much of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The temporality of physical and emotional sensations was central to the investigation of embodiment and the claims made on its behalf. In aesthetics, the embodied human subject was an organ of receptivity whose cultivation of pleasure and pain was sufficient in itself to the ends of art, and the success of an artwork depended on an artist’s manipulation of the temporal–sensory interface between his work and his audience. In general terms, this describes the cult of sensibility, a tradition that has roots in the eighteenth century, and continued to exert a diffuse influence in Victorian culture. Over the course of the nineteenth century, however, sensibility ceases to be adequate to a growing need to discover meaning (or verify its existence) in a technologically mediated reality that presents itself as rational and totalizing. Sociologists describe this period as one of rationalized institutions, and the aspect of this process that concerns me here is the rationalization of time. Abstract time, as we will see, becomes integral to the articulation of experience in the various fields of knowledge discussed here, such that events do not simply happen in time, but partake of time. Abstract time enters into the articulation of experience as a constitutive element, often in ways that imply that time gives us certain experiences.
Analysis of sulfur-related transcription by Roseobacter communities using a taxon-specific functional gene microarray

Summary The fraction of dissolved dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSPd) converted by marine bacterioplankton into the climate-active gas dimethylsulfide (DMS) varies widely in the ocean, with the factors that determine this value still largely unknown. One current hypothesis is that the ratio of DMS formation : DMSP demethylation is determined by DMSP availability, with ‘availability’ in both an absolute sense (i.e. concentration in seawater) and in a relative sense (i.e. proportionally to other labile organic S compounds) proposed as the critical factor. We investigated these models during an experimentally induced phytoplankton bloom using a taxon-specific microarray targeting DMSP-related gene transcription in members of the Roseobacter clade, a group hypothesized to play an important role in the surface ocean sulfur cycle and well represented by genome sequences. The array consisted of 1578 probes to 431 genes and was designed to target diverse Roseobacter communities in natural seawater by using hierarchical probe design based on 13 genome sequences. The prevailing pattern of Roseobacter gene transcription showed relative depletion of DMSP-related transcripts during the peak of the bloom, despite increasing absolute concentrations and flux of DMSP-related compounds. DMSPd thus appeared to be assimilated by Roseobacter populations in proportion to its relative abundance in the organic matter pool (the ‘relative sense’ hypothesis), rather than assimilated in preference to other labile organic sulfur or carbon compounds produced during the bloom. The relative investment of the Roseobacter community in DMSP demethylation was not useful for predicting the formation of DMS, however, suggesting a complex regulatory process that may involve multiple taxa and alternative fates of DMSPd.
Differential Genotypic and Root Type Penetration of Compacted Soil Layers

Total number of root penetrations of compacted subsoil layers have been commonly used to assess plant tolerance to subsoil compaction. Root-type specific responses to compacted subsoil layers have not been investigated despite the documentation that plant root types are physiologically and genetically different. A set of maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cultivars were grown in growth chambers in containers with compacted middle layers (1.2 and 1.65 Mg m -3 ) of Howard soil (loamy skeletal, mixed, mesic Glossoboric Hapludalf) with 17% clay content. The containers were exposed to a neutron beam to determine the relative root lengths (RRL) of taproot (RTRL) and basal root (RBRL), the numbers of lateral roots in the compacted layer, and lengths of lateral roots above the compacted layer. The resulting neutron radiographic images revealed that maize 'SA-3' and soybean 'PI 416937' taproots penetrated the compacted layer and maintained >90% RTRL in the subsoil, but their basal roots hardly penetrated the compacted layer. In contrast, maize 'La Posta' and soybean 'Weber' taproots were severely restricted by the compacted layer, but their basal roots penetrated the layer and had >70% RBRL in the subsoil. Maize 'TS-6' taproots were also restricted by the compacted layer, but TS-6 basal roots had a moderate penetration that produced a 38% RBRL in the subsoil. On the other hand, soybean 'Perry' had a moderate penetration and RRLs in the subsoil with both tap and basal roots. This variation in root type response to subsoil compaction among cultivars stresses the importance of considering different root types as distinct entities in studies on plant tolerance to compacted subsoil conditions.
Deer mouse ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) home-range size and fidelity in sage-steppe habitat

ABSTRACT. Within a species, home-range size can vary due to factors such as sex, mass, age, and breeding condition of individuals as well as habitat type, food availability, population density, and season. The objectives of this study were to estimate home ranges of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) in sage-steppe habitat and to test the hypothesis that several factors (sex, mass, reproductive status, and seasonality) affect home-range size. We also tested the hypothesis that deer mice exhibit home-range fidelity over time. Passive integrated transponder (PIT) technology was used to estimate home ranges in June and September 2006. Home-range estimates varied from 360 m2 to 5868 m2 (65 individuals, 753 observations). Home-range size increased by approximately 60% from June to September. Besides seasonality, none of the other predictors of home range were informative in explaining the variation in home range. Deer mice recaptured in September (3 months after initial capture) had high fidelity in home-range...
Obtaining High Quality RNA from Single Cell Populations in Human Postmortem Brain Tissue

We proposed to investigate the gray matter reduction in the superior temporal gyrus seen in schizophrenia patients, by interrogating gene expression profiles of pyramidal neurons in layer III. It is well known that the cerebral cortex is an exceptionally heterogeneous structure comprising diverse regions, layers and cell types, each of which is characterized by distinct cellular and molecular compositions and therefore differential gene expression profiles. To circumvent the confounding effects of tissue heterogeneity, we used laser-capture microdissection (LCM) in order to isolate our specific cell-type i.e pyramidal neurons. Approximately 500 pyramidal neurons stained with the Histogene staining solution were captured using the Arcturus XT LCM system. RNA was then isolated from captured cells and underwent two rounds of T7-based linear amplification using Arcturus/Molecular Devices kits. The Experion LabChip (Bio-Rad) gel and electropherogram indicated good quality a(m)RNA, with a transcript length extending past 600nt required for microarrays. The amount of mRNA obtained averaged 51μg, with acceptable mean sample purity as indicated by the A260/280 ratio, of 2.5. Gene expression was profiled using the Human X3P GeneChip probe array from Affymetrix.
Analysis of clonality in archival tissues by polymerase chain reaction amplification of PGK-1

Clonality of archival formalin-fixed tissue sections was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction amplification of a portion of the X-linked phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK-1) gene. Amplification was successful in 29 of 36 cases of uterine endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Five of these cases, including both tumor and control tissue from the same patients, were heterozygous for the BstXI polymorphic site of the PGK-1-amplified product, permitting analysis of clonality. Pretreatment of the DNA with HpaII blocked amplification of one of the two PGK-1 alleles from four of five cases of tumor, indicating the clonal pattern of X chromosome inactivation in these cases. In contrast, in DNA from paired control tissues HpaII pretreatment had no effect, indicating a random pattern of X chromosome inactivation in normal tissue. One of the cases of endometrioid adenocarcinoma contained a high proportion (45%) of nontumor cells, precluding the determination of clonality. We conclude that polymerase chain reaction amplification can be used for the determination of the pattern of X chromosome inactivation in formalin-fixed tissue sections. Such an approach makes it feasible to include specimens from archival tissue collections in the analysis of clonality.
Notes from journals

Incorporating user-oriented features usually found only in much larger computers, the first models of the Eclipse line, the $100 and $200, use a high speed micro-programmed central processor, and can run with either; core or semiconductor memories, or both. The core and semiconductor memories are available with an error detection and correction feature that can find and correct; single bit errors caused by the computer. The semiconductor memories use a high-speed cache to increase memory speed. The Eclipse $100, the smaller of the two computers, will be used by oems or by end users who need a smaller system to meet their requirements. The Eclipse $100 is 5-1/4 inches high, and holds six standard Data General printed circuit boards. It costs $9200, with 16k bytes of core memory, and $10,700 with 16k bytes of semiconductor memory. Eclipse $100 deliveries will begin in December. The Eclipse $200, a system-oriented computer that can hold 16 printed circuit boards, will be used by system builders or end users who will build large scale computing systems around it. The Eclipse $200 is 10-1/2 inches high, and costs $16,300 with 32k bytes of core memory, and $19,300 with 32k bytes of semiconductor memory. Deliveries of the Eclipse $200 will begin in February. The instruction set of both Eclipse computers is microprogrammed in the central processor. There are over 40 new instruction in the Eclipse computers. Programs written on Nova computers will run on either the Eclipse $100 or $200. The central processor includes a Writeable Control Store making up to 256, 56-bit words available to write specialized micro-programmed instructions. The instruction set is enhanced to help programmers writing in assembly language or high-level language programs. Hardware memory stacks, supported by comprehensive instructions, make programming more efficient, while block, word, byte and bit manipulation instructions improve system performance. Instructions are both single word and double word instructions.
Development and test of the Shuttle/Centaur cryogenic tankage thermal protection system

The Thermal Protection System (TPS) for the Shuttle/Centaur had to provide fail-safe thermal protection during prelaunch, launch ascent, and on-orbit operations as well as during potential abort where the Shuttle and Centaur would return to earth. The TPS selected used a helium-purged polyimide foam beneath three radiation shields for the liquid hydrogen (LH2) tank and radiation shields only for the liquid oxygen (LO2) tank (three shields on the tank sidewall and four on the aft bulkhead). An evacuated common intermediate bulkhead separated the two tanks. The LH2 tank had one 1.9-cm thick layer of foam on the forward bulkhead and two layers on the larger area side-wall. Full scale tests of the flight vehicle in a simulated Shuttle cargo bay, that was purged with gaseous nitrogen, gave total prelaunch heating rates of 25.9 kW and 12.9 kW for LH2 and LO2 tanks, respectively. Calorimeter tests on a representative LH2 tank sidewall TPS sample indicated that the measured unit heating rate would rapidly decrease from the prelaunch rate of 300 W/sq m to a desired rate of less than 4 W/sq m once on-orbit.
Comparison of linear sweep and staircase voltammetries using Walsh series

Abstract Theories of linear sweep voltammetry and staircase voltammetry are shown to be equivalant for a reversible system under semi-infinite linear diffusion. This equivalence is demonstrated by using a Walsh series approximation for the potential profile involved in the integrals which arise in the theory for linear sweep voltammetry. The resulting approximate expression for the current in linear scan voltammetry, which can be made arbitrarily exact, is identical to the exact expression for the current in staircase voltammetry. Quantitative agreement for comparable experiments is obtained when the current in staircase voltammetry is sampled at one-quarter of each pulse interval. These conclusions do not take into account complications due to charging currents.
A LAYER‐STRIPPING TECHNIQUE FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF WATER‐BOTTOM MULTIPLE REFLECTIONS*

A new method to suppress water-bottom multiples (water-bottom reverberations) uses the fact that in the domain of intercept time and ray parameter (τ–p domain) the water-bottom reverberations are strictly periodical for a horizontal flat sea bottom. Using this property a comb filter can be designed. The window of the filter should be approximately equal to the duration of a source pulse. The algorithm finds the maximum of the periodical energy throughout the τ–p domain and then designs the comb filter which eliminates the water bottom reverberations from each trace in the τ– p domain. This process can be repeated for higher order reverberations. Finally the τ–p domain with attenuated multiples is transformed back to the conventional x -- t space. The method is illustrated on a variety of synthetic data and on a set of real marine CMP data acquired in the North Sea near the Norwegian shore.
Improving Researcher Homepage Classification with Unlabeled Data

A classifier that determines if a webpage is relevant to a specified set of topics comprises a key component for focused crawling. Can a classifier that is tuned to perform well on training datasets continue to filter out irrelevant pages in the face of changing content on the Web? We investigate this question in the context of identifying researcher homepages. We show experimentally that classifiers trained on existing datasets of academic homepages underperform on “non-homepages” present on current-day academic websites. As an alternative to obtaining labeled datasets to retrain classifiers for the new content, in this article we ask the following question: “How can we effectively use the unlabeled data readily available from academic websites to improve researcher homepage classification?”We design novel URL-based features and use them in conjunction with content-based features for representing homepages. Within the co-training framework, these sets of features can be treated as complementary views enabling us to effectively use unlabeled data and obtain remarkable improvements in homepage identification on the current-day academic websites. We also propose a novel technique for “learning a conforming pair of classifiers” that mimics co-training. Our algorithm seeks to minimize a loss (objective) function quantifying the difference in predictions from the two views afforded by co-training. We argue that this loss formulation provides insights for understanding co-training and can be used even in the absence of a validation dataset.Our next set of findings pertains to the evaluation of other state-of-the-art techniques for classifying homepages. First, we apply feature selection (FS) and feature hashing (FH) techniques independently and in conjunction with co-training to academic homepages. FS is a well-known technique for removing redundant and unnecessary features from the data representation, whereas FH is a technique that uses hash functions for efficient encoding of features. We show that FS can be effectively combined with co-training to obtain further improvements in identifying homepages. However, using hashed feature representations, a performance degradation is observed possibly due to feature collisions.Finally, we evaluate other semisupervised algorithms for homepage classification. We show that although several algorithms are effective in using information from the unlabeled instances, co-training that explicitly harnesses the feature split in the underlying instances outperforms approaches that combine content and URL features into a single view.
Experiential Learning of Digital Communication Using LabVIEW

This paper discusses the design and implementation of laboratories and course projects using LabVIEW in an instrumentation course. The pedagogical challenge is to enhance students' learning of digital communication using LabVIEW. LabVIEW was extensively used in the laboratory sessions, which better prepared students for the course projects. Two course projects were designed to familiarize the students with virtual instrumentation, data acquisition, Modbus communication, and simple closed-loop control. One project involved the instrumentation and control of a brushed dc permanent magnet motor; the other involved the instrumentation and control of a small-scale temperature chamber. Students used one computer, functioning as a Modbus slave, to measure the motor speed or temperature inside the chamber and to turn the motor or lightbulbs on and off. Another computer, functioning as a Modbus master, reads the measurements using Modbus communication protocol via RS-485 wires, compared the measurements to the set points, made control decisions, and sent the commands to the Modbus slave for actuation. The effectiveness of student learning is analyzed using student survey data.
Sensitive NMR Sensors Detect Antibodies To Influenza

Point of care (POC) sensors for the determination of immune status are an important part of the preparation for possible pandemics such as that created by avian influenza.[1,2] NMR based magnetic relaxation switches (MRSw's) are attractive for this application because they are indifferent to light and involve no immobilization of materials on vessel walls.[3] MR relaxometers are practical as POC sensors since their requirements for magnetic field strength, volume and homogeneity are minimal.[4-6]
Stock Market Reaction to Domestic Outsourcing Announcements by U.S. Based Client and Vendor Firms

AbstractRecently, there has been tremendous debate over job losses associated with corporate outsourcing of U.S. jobs. Although outsourcing is not a new phenomenon, the recent concern is fuelled in part by the fact that jobs are now outsourced to foreign countries, and for the first time, white-collar jobs are involved. Some support outsourcing on the grounds that it is beneficial to the U.S. economy; others vehemently oppose it, since workers may pay a heavy price as a consequence. In this paper, we examine the market reaction to outsourcing announcements for both client and vendor firms. The study examines a sample of U.S. based firms involved in outsourcing announcements over the 1991-2005 periods. Using a well-established event study methodology, the stock market reactions to such announcements are measured. The market appears to be neutral regarding the effect of outsourcing on client firms and the economy as a whole. The market does however react favorably to outsourcing with respect to vendor firms.
Volumetric modeling with implicit functions: a cloud is born

[1] David Ebert, Ken Musgrave, Darwyn Peachey, Ken Perlin, and Steve Worley. Texturing andModeling: A Procedural Approach. Academic Press, October 1994. ISBN 0-12-228760-6.[2] David S. Ebert. Advanced modeling techniques for computer graphics. In CRC Handbook ofComputer Science and Engineering, chapter 56. CRC, 1997.[3] Andrew Guy and Brian Wyvil. Controlled blending for implicit surfaces. In Implicit Surfaces’95, April 1995.[4] Ken Perlin. An image synthesizer. In B. A. Barsky, editor, Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH’85 Proceedings), volume 19, pages 287–296,July 1985.
A Three-Dimensional Constitutive Theory for Fiber Composite Laminated Media

The lamina level constitutive relationship is a specific subset of general, transversely isotropic media behavior. This special class of lamina behavior permits the development of an exact lamination procedure for systems assembled from a single laminate type. The three-dimensional constitutive form for the laminate is determined in terms of the subscale lamina properties and the orientations of each lamina. The extension of this specific constitutive relationship to general transversely isotropic lamina involves separation f the five lamina-scale properties into fiber-dominated versus matrix-dominated classifications and the development of a generalized averaging procedure for the matrix-dominated properties. The resulting three-dimensional constitutive/lamination theory is evaluated through comparisons between exact solutions, using data bases appropriate for graphite and glass epoxy systems in quasi-isotropic layups. The theory is fairly simple and extremely versatile in its application.
Aspirin-induced decline in prostacyclin production in patients with coronary artery disease is due to decreased endoperoxide shift. Analysis of the effects of a combination of aspirin and n-3 fatty acids on the eicosanoid profile.

BACKGROUND It was the purpose of this study to determine the effects of the combination of aspirin (ASA) and fish oil, which is rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, on the eicosanoid profile of patients with coronary artery disease. Specifically, we wanted to determine whether the ASA-induced reduction in prostacyclin production is due to inhibition of endothelial cell cyclooxygenase or to reduced endoperoxide shift from platelets and whether ASA negates the potentially beneficial effects of fish oil on the eicosanoid profile. METHODS AND RESULTS Fourteen patients with clinically stable but advanced coronary artery disease received 12 g (n = 8) or 16 g (n = 6) of fish oil concentrate containing 6 or 8 g of n-3 fatty acids for 6 weeks. In addition to the fish oil, patients received increasing daily doses of ASA (50 mg, 100 mg, 325 mg, and 1,300 mg; the latter in four divided doses). Each dose was taken for 2 weeks. With fish oil supplementation, red blood cell phospholipid fatty acid content of arachidonic acid (AA) decreased and of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) increased so that EPA as a percent of AA increased from 2% to 26%. Serum thromboxane B2, which represents the production of TXA2 by maximally stimulated platelets, was suppressed by 38% on fish oil alone and by 97% or greater on all doses of ASA. Excretion of PGI2-M, the main urinary metabolite of PGI2 (derived from AA), fell from 50 +/- 4 ng/g of creatinine to 42 +/- 2 ng/g on fish oil alone (p = 0.02). On 50 mg of ASA per day, PGI2-M excretion was 26 +/- 2 ng/g of creatinine (p less than 0.001 versus fish oil alone). On 100 mg and 325 mg of ASA per day, PGI2-M was 24 +/- 3 ng/g and 27 +/- 3 ng/g, respectively (p V NS versus value on 50 mg per day). PGI3-M, the main urinary metabolite of PGI3 (derived from EPA), increased from 0.2 +/- 0.1 ng/g of creatinine to 4.9 +/- 0.7 ng/g on fish oil alone (p less than 0.001). In contrast with the marked ASA-induced decline in PGI2-M, PGI3-M excretion was not affected by the addition of ASA, even at the higher doses (4.6 +/- 0.7 ng/g and 4.9 +/- 0.5 ng/g on 325 mg per day and 325 mg four times daily, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Moderate-dose (325 mg per day or less) ASA taken once daily has no effect on PGI3 production despite significantly reducing PGI2 production. This suggests that endothelial cell cyclooxygenase is minimally inhibited by such doses of ASA and that a large percent of the PGI2 produced in patients with advanced coronary artery disease derives from the transfer of prostaglandin endoperoxides from activated platelets to endothelial cells. The loss of these substrates accounts for the decrease in PGI2 with moderate-dose ASA. Thus, the ASA-induced decrease in PGI2 may in large part be an unavoidable consequence of ASA-induced platelet cyclooxygenase inhibition. ASA does not negate the potentially beneficial effects of n-3 fatty acids on the eicosanoid profile.
Long Island Sound Coastal Observatory: Assessment of above-water radiometric measurement uncertainties using collocated multi and hyperspectral systems

The Long Island Sound Coastal Observational platform (LISCO) near Northport, New York, has been recently established to support validation of ocean color radiometry (OCR) satellite data. LISCO is equipped with collocated multispectral, SeaPRISM, and hyperspectral, HyperSAS, above-water systems for OCR measurements. This combination offers the potential for improving validation activities of current and future OCR satellite missions, as well as for satellite intercomparisons and spectral characterization of coastal waters. Results of measurements made by both the multi and hyperspectral instruments, in operation since October 2009, are presented, evaluated and their associated uncertainties quantified based on observations for a period of over a year. Multi- and hyperspectral data processing as well as the data quality analysis are described and their uncertainties evaluated. The quantified intrinsic uncertainties of HyperSAS data exhibit satisfactory values, less than 5% over a large spectral range, from 340 to 740 nm, and over a large range of diurnal daylight conditions, depending on the maximum sun elevation at the solar noon. Intercomparisons between HyperSAS and SeaPRISM data revealed that an overcorrection of the sun glint effect in the current SeaPRISM processing induces errors, which are amplified through the whole data processing, especially at the shorter wavelengths. The spectral-averaged uncertainties can be decomposed as follows: (i) sun glint removal generates 2% uncertainty, (ii) sky glint removal generates strong uncertainties of the order of 15% mainly induced by sun glint overcorrection, (iii) viewing angle dependence corrections improve the data intercomparison by reducing the dispersion by 2%, (iv) normalization of atmospheric effects generates approximately 4% uncertainty. Based on this study, improvements of the sun glint correction are expected to significantly reduce the uncertainty associated with the data processing down to the level of 1%. On the other hand, strong correlations between both datasets (R2>0.96) demonstrate the efficacy of the above-water retrieval concept and confirm that the collocated instrumentation constitutes an important aid to above-water data quality analysis, which makes LISCO a key element of the AERONET-OC network.
TRANSIENT AND STEADY STATE PROPERTIES OF THE INVERSE FARADAY EFFECT — SIMULATION AND THEORY

A computer simulation of the inverse Faraday effect in a chiral and achiral ensemble has shown the presence of dynamic magnetisation and second order orientational rise/fall transients due to the conjugate product of a circularly polarised visible frequency laser pulse. Neither effect is known analytically, and the simulated transients are potentially directly comparable with experimental data using modified Kerr effect apparatus.
Cervical length changes during preterm cervical ripening: effects of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate

R 1 c g 2 l 3 p 1 4 o R 5 d a 2 6 v G 7 t he interesting article by Facchinetti et al 1 reports the study of a group of women who had their preterm labor successully halted at 48 hours after initial tocolysis. Over the course of weeks, the authors documented that progressive shortening f the cervix preceded the onset of premature labor and subseuent preterm delivery. Most importantly, they found that reatment with 17 -hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17P) sigificantly reduced the rate of shortening of the cervix and reuced the likelihood of preterm delivery. This is the first demonstration of efficacy of treatment with a rogestational compound to reduce the rate of preterm delivry in symptomatic women and is in contrast to previous unuccessful trials of progesterone that was used as a tocolytic. Some caveats about this study are that, although the subjects ere assigned randomly, no placebo control was used. The umber of subjects was small. The dose of 17P that was used as much greater than the dose in reported prophylactic trials f 17P that was used for high-risk pregnant women. Nonetheless, this article opens up a new field for investiga-