cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flow birefringence and intrinsic viscosity of a T2 bacteriophage DNA–methylated bovine serum albumin complex

The flow birefringence, extinction angles, and intrinsic viscosity have been determined at low velocity gradients for a complex of T2 bacteriophage DNA and methylated serum albumin prepared in dilute solution to a stoichiometry of approximately 90 proteins per DNA molecule. Comparative data upon equivalent solutions of pure uncomplexed T2 DNA are also presented, and these data are completely in accord with the results of previous study. The experimental data are interpreted in terms of current dynamical theory and indicate that the complex has an essentially linear chain structure, consisting of approximately two DNA molecules, which is hydrodynamically indistinguishable from the pure DNA and that extensive internal or intramolecular binding in the complex does not occur. Although interpretation of the results is hampered by an apparent moderate degree of polydispersity in the complex preparations and by relatively large shear extrapolations, the data for both DNA and the complex are substantially in accord with dynamical theory for a nondraining bead subchain model having high kinetic segmental rigidity.
Synthetic applications of organoselenium reagents: synthesis of epi-7-hydroxymyoporone

Abstract A synthesis of racemic epi-7-hydroxymyoporone is described. The dianion prepared from phenyl propargyl selenide is the key reagent for the carbon-carbon bond forming reactions.
Relationship between colonic motility and cholinergic mechanosensory afferent synaptic input to mouse superior mesenteric ganglion.

Abstract Abdominal prevertebral ganglion neurones receive excitatory synaptic input from intestinofugal neurones. To better understand the physiological significance of this input, we examined the relationship between synaptic input to mouse superior mesenteric ganglion (SMG) neurones and intracolonic pressure and volume changes that accompany spontaneous colonic contractions in vitro. Electrical activity was recorded intracellularly from SMG neurones in ganglia attached to a segment of distal colon. The majority of neurones examined received ongoing fast excitatory potentials (F-EPSPs). F-EPSP frequency increased when the colon was distended with fluid and during spontaneous increases in colonic volume that accompanied colonic relaxation. In contrast, F-EPSP frequency in SMG neurones decreased when the colon emptied, and remained at a reduced frequency until the colon refilled and volume increased. Nicotinic blockade of the colon abolished spontaneous colonic contractions and reduced or abolished synaptic input to SMG neurones, suggesting that most of the synaptic input arose from second or higher order neurones. Retrograde labelling identified cell bodies of intestinofugal neurones in myenteric ganglia. Most had short, club-like dendritic processes and appeared uni-axonal. These results show that mechanosensory intestinofugal afferent nerves monitor intracolonic volume changes.
THE ROLE OF PROPERDIN IN THE ALTERNATE PATHWAY OF COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION

Properdin (P), a highly basic euglobulin, was purified from human serum to molecular homogeneity without the use of zymosan. Isolated P was found to efficiently initiate activation of the alternate pathway of complement activation (C3 activator or properdin system) and to be an essential component during its early reaction stages. The activity of isolated P did not require the presence of an activating polysaccharide. It was therefore concluded that purified P had been obtained in an activated form (P). In an isolated reaction system containing purified C3, C3 proactivator (C3PA), and C3 proactivator convertase (C3PAse), P was able to mediate the activation of C3PAse which in turn activated C3PA to cleave C3. This activation of C3PAse was found to depend on the presence of native C3. These results allowed the formulation of a concept in which P is envisaged to act as a modulator of native C3 enabling it to activate C3PAse. Activation of C3 was efficiently mediated by P in the fluid phase. Efficient activation of C5, however, required the participation of an insoluble polysaccharide (zymosan). The possibility is raised therefore that P might also be an integral part of the multimolecular C5 convertase of the alternate pathway of complement activation.
Improving the Description of Salt Bridge Strength and Geometry in a Generalized Born Model

The Generalized Born (GB) solvent model is widely used in molecular dynamics simulations because it can be less computationally expensive and it samples conformational changes more efficiently than explicit solvent simulations. Meanwhile, great efforts have been made in the past to improve its precision and accuracy. Previous studies have shown that reducing intrinsic GB radii of some hydrogen atoms would improve AMBER GB-HCT solvent model's accuracy on salt bridges. Here we present our finding that similar correction also shows dramatic improvement for the AMBER GB-OBC solvent model. Potential of mean force and cluster analysis for small peptide replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations suggested that new radii GB simulation with ff99SB/GB-OBC corrected salt bridge strength and achieved significantly higher geometry similarity with TIP3P simulation. Improved performance in 60 ns HIV-1 protease GB simulation further validated this approach for large systems.
Theoretical study of hydrogen dissociation on dialuminum oxide clusters and aluminum–silicon–oxygen clusters, as models of extraframework aluminum species and zeolite lattice

Abstract The reactivity of coordinatively unsaturated centers of aluminum oxide clusters, found for example in extraframework aluminum species of steamed zeolites, was examined theoretically on the example of the reaction of a hydrogen molecule with dialuminum hydroxide clusters (HO) 2 (H 2 O) n AlOAl(OH) 2 (H 2 O) ( 1 ). In the cluster, one aluminum atom is tricoordinated and the other is tetracoordinated ( 2 , n =0), or both aluminum atoms are tetracoordinated ( 3 , n =1). The system studied is also a model for transitional aluminas, in which two or three tetracoordinated aluminum centers can occur next to each other. Density functional theory calculations with electron correlation at the B3LYP/6–31G ∗∗ level have identified a complex with physisorbed hydrogen and a complex with chemisorbed hydrogen in each case. Each of them was more stable than the corresponding complex formed by the corresponding one-aluminum cluster. The transition structures for chemisorption were identified. The reaction coordinate for chemisorption revealed that the reaction is a case of metal ion catalysis, rather than an acid–base reaction with heterolytic dissociation of hydrogen. The potential energy barrier (PEB) for hydrogen chemisorption was lower for the two-Al clusters than for the one-Al clusters. The chemisorption on a silicon–aluminum cluster, (HO) 2 (H 2 O)AlOSi(OH) 3 was also found to occur, but it had a higher PEB than for the corresponding two-aluminum cluster. Thus, zeolites can also exchange hydrogen, albeit less effectively than alumina, whereas the extraframework aluminum species in steamed zeolites should exchange hydrogen easier than the intact zeolite.
Minimax and Adaptive Prediction for Functional Linear Regression

This article considers minimax and adaptive prediction with functional predictors in the framework of functional linear model and reproducing kernel Hilbert space. Minimax rate of convergence for the excess prediction risk is established. It is shown that the optimal rate is determined jointly by the reproducing kernel and the covariance kernel. In particular, the alignment of these two kernels can significantly affect the difficulty of the prediction problem. In contrast, the existing literature has so far focused only on the setting where the two kernels are nearly perfectly aligned. This motivates us to propose an easily implementable data-driven roughness regularization predictor that is shown to attain the optimal rate of convergence adaptively without the need of knowing the covariance kernel. Simulation studies are carried out to illustrate the merits of the adaptive predictor and to demonstrate the theoretical results.
Identification of novel immunoreactive proteins of Streptococcus zooepidemicus with potential as vaccine components.

Abstract Background Streptococcus zooepidemicus is an important opportunistic pathogen of the equine respiratory and reproductive tracts. A normal tonsillar and mucosal commensal, it becomes invasive under conditions of stress such as virus infection, weaning, high temperature, prolonged transportation and failure of uterine involution. The aim of this study was to evaluate the vaccine potential of several surface exposed and secreted proteins of a novel mucoid clone of SzNC78 (ST-307) from an epizootic of equine respiratory disease. Methods An expression gene library of SzNC78 was probed with a pool of convalescent equine sera from a clonal epizootic of respiratory disease. Eleven proteins were selected and purified based on putative function, surface expression or secretion and possible importance as virulence factors. Three additional proteins (AhpC, GAPDH and enolase) were also included based on their putative virulence function. Groups of ICR mice were vaccinated subcutaneously with each recombinant antigen and QuilA and later challenged with SzNC78. Results SzM protected 100% mice ( P P = 0.01). MAP, SzMAC and ScpC each protected 63% ( P P = 0.05), followed by HylC + MAP (50%; P = 0.06) and ScpC + MAP (40%; P = 0.1). Serum antibody responses of horses recently recovered from Sz respiratory infection were highest against ScpC, MAP and SzP. A combination of SKC and Sz115 stimulated no protection against challenge with SzW60. Conclusion A subset of Sz proteins reactive with convalescent equine antibody have potential as components of experimental vaccines to aid in prevention of opportunistic Sz infections.
1074 POST TRANSPLANT HYPERTENSION IN THE ABSENCE OF REJECTION OR RECURRENT DISEASE

Post-transplant (Tx) hypertension (H) is extremely common among pediatric renal transplant recipients, occurring in 83% of our first 86 patients. In order to study H free of known concomitant causes, we studied those 16 of the 86 consecutive Tx in whom there had never been any rejection episode nor any recurrent disease. Follow-up period was 1-5 years. Patients (P) ranged in age from 3 to 24 years (median 16). All 16 P were hypertensive in the first post-operative week. Nine P, all with various nephritides, had H pre-Tx, leading to pre-Tx nephrectomies (Nx) in 5. Post-Tx, all 9 were hypertensive during the first 6 months (2 - mild H, 7 - moderate H). By one year post-Tx, blood pressure had normalized in 2 P and was controlled on medication in 5 others. In contrast, of the 7 other patients, all with structural lesions (obstructive uropathy or hypoplasia-dysplasia), none had pre-Tx H, though 3 had pre-Tx Nx. Only 2 of these P had post-Tx H, mild in both. Steroid dosages were comparable in both nephritic and structural groups. Our experience demonstrates that prior H correlates positively with post-Tx H, irrespective of native kidney nephrectomies. Patients with previous nephritides carry greatest risk of becoming hypertensive. Furthermore, the majority of young renal allograft recipients appear to develop hypertension, even in the absence of rejection or recurrent disease.
Molecular and cellular mechanisms of donor cell-induced tolerance

The induction of immunologic tolerance to solid organ allografts is a subject of intense investigation because of the morbidity and mortality associated with standard immunosuppressive therapy. One method that is currently in clinical and preclinical testing involves the transient ablation of recipient T cells using polyclonal antithymocyte sera or monoclonal anti-CD4/CD8 antibody treatment, followed by the posttransplant administration of donor bone marrow cells or of donor peripheral lymphoid populations. Recent studies in our laboratory have shown that the molecular and cellular basis of the prolongation of graft survival by donor cell administration depends on the cellular compartment from which the donor cells were derived. We provide here a brief review of these data followed by new data suggesting that the mode of peripheral and central selection is also dependent on the source from which the donor cells were derived.
An alternative approach for IRT observed-score equating of number-correct scores

An alternative approach for item response theory observed-score equating is described. The number- correct score distributions needed in equating are found by numerical integration over the theoretical or empiri cal distributions of examinees' traits. The item response theory true-score equating method and the observed- score equating method described by Lord, in which the number-correct score distributions are summed over a sample of trait estimates, are compared in a real test example. In a computer simulation, the observed-score equating methods based on numerical integration and summation were compared using data generated from standard normal and skewed populations. The method based on numerical integration was found to be less biased, especially at the two ends of the score distribu tion. This method can be implemented without the need to estimate trait level for individual examinees, and it is less computationally intensive than the method based on summation.
A test of racial conceptualization between African Americans and indigenous Africans

Studies were conducted to assess the significance of the concept of race in interpersonal attraction and self-identification comparing African Americans and native Ghanaians. An adaptation of the Bogardus Scale (1926) was used to measure interpersonal attraction. A self-identification questionnaire developed by the principal author was used to measure self-identification. The samples consisted of 366 native Ghanaians residing in Ghana and 113 African Americans residing in Northern New Jersey. The results show that when making judgments about interpersonal attraction to different ethnic and racial groups as well as in self-identification, African American respondents attributed more psychological significance to the concept of race than Ghanaian respondents did. Racial group membership and cultural kinships were strongly related to interpersonal attraction and self-identification for African American respondents. They attributed more significance to racial group membership in judging self-identification an...
An extended motor network generates beta and gamma oscillatory perturbations during development.

Abstract This study examines the time course and neural generators of oscillatory beta and gamma motor responses in typically-developing children. Participants completed a unilateral flexion–extension task using each index finger as whole-head magnetoencephalography (MEG) data were acquired. These MEG data were imaged in the frequency-domain using spatial filtering and the resulting event-related synchronizations and desynchronizations (ERS/ERD) were subjected to voxel-wise statistical analyses to illuminate time–frequency specific activation patterns. Consistent with adult data, these children exhibited a pre-movement ERD that was strongest over the contralateral post-central gyrus, and a post-movement ERS response with the most prominent peak being in the contralateral precentral gyrus near premotor cortices. We also observed a high-frequency (∼80 Hz) ERS response that coincided with movement onset and was centered on the contralateral precentral gyrus, slightly superior and posterior to the beta ERS. In addition to pre- and post-central gyri activations, these children exhibited beta and gamma activity in supplementary motor areas (SMA) before and during movement, and beta activation in cerebellar cortices before and after movement. We believe the gamma synchronization may be an excellent candidate signal of basic cortical motor control, as the spatiotemporal dynamics indicate the primary motor cortex generates this response (and not the beta oscillations) which is closely yoked to the initial muscle activation. Lastly, these data suggest several additional neural regions including the SMA and cerebellum are involved in basic movements during development.
Picosecond studies of energy transfer of donor and acceptor dye molecules in solution. II. A concentration dependence

The energy transfer between donor and acceptor molecules has been studied by steady-state and picosecond time-resolved spectroscopies in solutions with a given concentration of donor molecules and different concentrations of acceptor molecules. The rise and decay times of the fluorescence from donor and acceptor molecules were measured. The decrease of the decay times of the donors and the rise time of the acceptors with an increase of the concentration of acceptors observed in the mixed solution indicates a faster energy-transfer rate between the donors and acceptors. Theoretically calculated fluorescence profiles and efficiencies of energy transfer are in agreement with the experimental results.
Differential modulation of motor neurons that innervate the same muscle but use different excitatory transmitters in aplysia.

The medial portion of intrinsic buccal muscle 3 (I3m) is innervated by two excitatory motor neurons, B3 and B9. B3 uses glutamate as its fast transmitter and expresses the neuropeptide FMRFamide, w...
Acroscyphus (Caliciaceae) in North America

Abstract Acroscyphus sphaerophoroides Lev. is reported new to Washington State (U.S.A.) Previously this rare and monotypic fruticose lichen has been reported from North America only in Veracruz, Mexico and British Columbia, Canada. We are unable to verify the collection from Mexico at this time, however it's locality near Perote in the highlands of southern Mexico fits with a southern extension of boreal forests down the cordilleras of western North America, and an overall disjunct worldwide distribution from high exposed regions of China, Japan, Peru, Patagonia, and South Africa. Listing of this species as critically imperiled is strongly recommended for Washington State.
PREDICTORS OF OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE CAREER SUCCESS: A META‐ANALYSIS

Using the contest- and sponsored-mobility perspectives as theoretical guides, this meta-analysis reviewed 4 categories of predictors of objective and subjective career success: human capital, organizational sponsorship, sociodemographic status, and stable individual differences. Salary level and promotion served as dependent measures of objective career success, and subjective career success was represented by career satisfaction. Results demonstrated that both objective and subjective career success were related to a wide range of predictors. As a group, human capital and sociodemographic predictors generally displayed stronger relationships with objective career success, and organizational sponsorship and stable individual differences were generally more strongly related to subjective career success. Gender and time (date of the study) moderated several of the relationships examined.
Management‐capacity building in the Pittsburgh region

This article describes the strategy for management-capacity building employed by The Forbes Funds in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Like many other cities, Pittsburgh's capacity-building industry has grown dramatically in recent years and is somewhat fragmented. But The Forbes Funds, along with other philanthropic organizations, have played an important role in developing a coherent system of management support services for nonprofit organizations in the Pittsburgh area. The article concludes with lessons that can be applied in other regions of the country.
Phoretic Relationship between Hydra sp. (Anthomedusae: Hydridae) and a Damselfly Nymph (Odonata: Calopterygidae)

Phoretic relationships involving terrestrial arthropods are well documented (Lloyd et al., 1975; Zeh and Zeh, 1994; Gonzales et al., 2008). There are, however, fewer documented examples of phoretic relationships involving aquatic arthropods (Dosdall and Parker, 1998; Pennuto, 1997). Recorded examples of aquatic phoretic relationships include the protozoan Epistylis sp. on the exoskele ton of a fresh water crayfish, Cherax tenuimanus, as well as species of Simulium (Diptera: Simuliidae) on mayfly and dragonfly nymphs (Villarreal and Hutch ings, 1986; Burton and McRae, 1972). Phoresy is primarily a dispersal mechanism, but it can also facilitate reproduction as in the case of the parasitic wasp, Dimorphothynnus haemorrhoidalis (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae) (Matthews and Matthews, 2010). During April 2007, we collected an immature Calopteryx sp. (Odonata: Calopterygidae) with a Hydra sp. (Anthomedusae: Hydridae) attached to its dorsum in Burd Run, Shippensburg, Pennsylvania. This is the first record of phoretic behavior by Hydra sp. The specimen was prepared for scanning by electron micro scope (SEM) examination using standard techniques (Stadtlander, 2007) i.e. dehydration through a series of ethanol concentrations, critical point drying, and sputter-coating with gold. The micrographs (Figure 1) clearly show that the Hydra sp. is attached by its basal disc near the base of the wing pads of the damselfly in a location that would probably not impede the mobility of the damselfly. The permanence of this relationship is not determined. A moulting event could easily dislodge the Hydra sp. from the damselfly. However, the Hydra sp. is well located to switch to the newly emerged Calopteryx sp. The nature of the relationship between these two species is also unclear, but it is possible that the Hydra sp. may benefit from the relationship in a manner similar to that hypothesized by Dosdall and Parker (1998) for the phoretic association between Nanocladius branchicolus (Diptera: Chironomidae) and Argia moesta (Odonata: Coenagrionidae). They suggested that the relationship benefited N. branchico lus by reducing interspecific competition for food, and reducing energy expenditure associated with relocation. Hydra spp. are relatively sedentary, typically found on rocks and vegetation. Łomnicki and Solbodkin (1966) describe an interesting mode of locomotion in response to overcrowding or lack of food where Hydra sp. produces a bubble and floats to the surface of the water to move short distances in relatively still waters. Much like the floating behavior, Hydra 154 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS
Development of Precise Maps in Visual Cortex Requires Patterned Spontaneous Activity in the Retina

The visual cortex is organized into retinotopic maps that preserve an orderly representation of the visual world, achieved by topographically precise inputs from the lateral geniculate nucleus. We show here that geniculocortical mapping is imprecise when the waves of spontaneous activity in the retina during the first postnatal week are disrupted genetically. This anatomical mapping defect is present by postnatal day 8 and has functional consequences, as revealed by optical imaging and microelectrode recording in adults. Pharmacological disruption of these retinal waves during the first week phenocopies the mapping defect, confirming both the site and the timing of the disruption in neural activity responsible for the defect. Analysis shows that the geniculocortical miswiring is not a trivial or necessary consequence of the retinogeniculate defect. Our findings demonstrate that disrupting early spontaneous activity in the eye alters thalamic connections to the cortex.
Image Processing for Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging

This paper describes image processing techniques for Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance. In Diffusion Tensor MRI, a tensor describing local water diffusion is acquired for each voxel. The geometric nature of the diffusion tensors can quantitatively characterize the local structure in tissues such as bone, muscles, and white matter of the brain. The close relationship between local image structure and apparent diffusion makes this image modality very interesting for medical image analysis.
Activation by insulin and amino acids of signaling components leading to translation initiation in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs is developmentally regulated.

Insulin and amino acids act independently to stimulate protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs, and the responses decrease with development. The purpose of this study was to compare t...
Allelic variation of calsyntenin 2 (CLSTN2) modulates the impact of developmental tobacco smoke exposure on mnemonic processing in adolescents.

Background Exposure to nicotine in tobacco smoke during development has been linked to subsequent deficits in attention and memory. The present study tested for evidence that genetic variation may contribute to individual differences in vulnerability to the effects of developmental exposure to tobacco smoke on memory and medial temporal lobe function in adolescents. Methods Verbal and visuospatial memory were assessed and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were acquired in 101 adolescents systematically characterized for prenatal and adolescent exposure to tobacco smoke, while they performed an encoding and recognition memory task. The impact of allelic variation at loci within CLSTN2 (encoding synaptic protein calsyntenin 2) and KIBRA , shown previously to modulate early and delayed recall of words, on the dependent measures was examined. Results KIBRA genotype did not exert significant main or interacting effects with prenatal or adolescent exposure to tobacco smoke on verbal or visuospatial memory. Previous observations of a beneficial effect of the CLSTN2 C allele on verbal recall were replicated. Adolescent exposure to tobacco smoke reversed this beneficial effect and was associated with increased activation of parahippocampal gyrus during early and delayed recognition in CLTSN2 C allele carriers. While the CLSTN2 C allele conferred enhanced functional connectivity between brain regions subserving accurate verbal recognition, adolescent exposure to tobacco smoke reversed this effect. Conclusions These findings extend previous work demonstrating that calsyntenins play an essential role in learning and indicate that this role is modulated both by CLSTN2 genotype and, during adolescent development, by exposure to tobacco smoke.
The Political Costs of Failure in the Katrina and Rita Disasters

The Katrina and Rita disasters have raised serious questions about the capabilities of the national emergency management system to handle catastrophic disasters. The system is broken and must be repaired before the next major hurricane, earthquake, volcanic eruption, terrorist attack, or pandemic. The poor disaster responses may have serious political costs for those officials who failed to manage the hazards along the Gulf and/or failed to respond adequately to the storms—or simply appeared to be ineffectual in very dire circumstances. There have already been political casualties among the administrators responsible for managing the responses, and there may well be casualties among the politicians when voters go to the polls. The recommendation to give the military a lead responsibility in catastrophic disaster responses has been met with strong opposition; the issue may broaden the rift between governors’ offices and the White House over homeland security and emergency management and broaden the gap bet...
Delivering syringe exchange services through “satellite exchangers”: the Sacramento Area Needle Exchange, USA

Abstract An important operational aspect of Syringe Exchange Programmes (SEPs) is the venue of service delivery. This report describes the programmatic features of the Sacramento Area Needle Exchange (SANE), an illegal SEP operating in California, USA. SANE utilises “satellite exchangers” to distribute the bulk of its syringes and HIV risk reduction supplies. Advantages of relying primarily on Designated Exchangers (DE) for delivery of SEP services are that it: (1) allows for coverage of a large geographical area; (2) keeps operational cost low; (3) provides syringes to clients who may not want to or cannot use fixed site programmes; (4) limits the possibility of detection of programme personnel and clients by law enforcement. Limitations are that: (1) it is not as conducive as fixed sites to providing a wide range of ancillary services; (2) it may not be optimal for drug users who do not want to be reliant on other people for access to syringes; (3) those who receive services from a satellite exchanger may not derive as much counselling and referral services as direct exchangers. The lack of legal status, political support and adequate funding threatens the programme’s existence.
Soil respiration, root biomass, and root turnover following long‐term exposure of northern forests to elevated atmospheric CO2 and tropospheric O3

Summary • The Rhinelander free-air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) experiment is designed to understand ecosystem response to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (+CO 2 ) and elevated tropospheric ozone (+O 3 ). The objectives of this study were: to understand how soil respiration responded to the experimental treatments; to determine whether fine-root biomass was correlated to rates of soil respiration; and to measure rates of fine-root turnover in aspen (Populus tremuloides) forests and determine whether root turnover might be driving patterns in soil respiration.  Soil respiration was measured, root biomass was determined, and estimates of root production, mortality and biomass turnover were made.  Soil respiration was greatest in the +CO 2 and +CO 2 +O 3 treatments across all three plant communities. Soil respiration was correlated with increases in fine-root biomass. In the aspen community, annual fine-root production and mortality (g m −2 ) were positively affected by +O 3 .  After 10 yr of exposure, +CO 2 +O 3 -induced increases in belowground carbon allocation suggest that the positive effects of elevated CO 2 on belowground net primary productivity (NPP) may not be offset by negative effects of O 3 . For the aspen community, fine-root biomass is actually stimulated by +O 3 , and especially
RESIDUAL MICROSTRUCTURE - MECHANICAL PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS IN SHOCK-LOADED METALS AND ALLOYS.

This chapter reviews the results of a large number of shook loading experiments utilizing a common design and a constant shock pulse duration of 2 µs. It is shown that dislocations, dislocation cells, planar dislocation arrays, stacking faults, twins, twin faults, and point defects all contribute in specific systems to residual shock strengthening. Shock-induced microstructures are determined primarily by the stacking fault free energy. High stacking-fault free energy metals and alloys are characterized by dislocation cell structures while low stacking-fault free energy metals and alloys (with the fcc structure) are characterized by planar dislocation arrays, stacking faults and twins in {111} planes. High stacking-fault free energy metals and alloys also twin according to critical shear stress criteria, and the (001) orientation is the initial orientation where twinning occurs. Residual shock microstructures and specific lattice defects induced by the peak shock pressure are shown to be related to resisdual hardness and engineering yield stress. Body-centered cubic metals and alloys are characterized by irregular dislocation arrays as a result of the more numerous slip planes, although twinning also occurs in bcc metals.
Automated Design, Inc. (B)

Automated Design is the leading producer of equipment used by engineering and manufacturing companies to improve process speed and quality. The market leader, it is growing at more than 50% a year. The strategic problem is to find the cash to support the growth. See also "Automated Design, Inc." (UVA-OM-0371).
Comparison of Short and Chronic Duration Premenarchal Vulvar Complaints

Abstract Study Objective To compare clinical characteristics, treatment histories, and microbiology of premenarchal girls presenting to a pediatric gynecology specialty clinic with short-duration and chronic vulvar symptoms. Design Retrospective cohort study Setting Pediatric and adolescent gynecology clinic at a tertiary care children’s hospital Participants One hundred eighty two premenarchal patients ages 2-14 years presenting to a pediatric gynecology specialty clinic with vulvar complaints and evaluated with a yeast and/or bacterial culture Interventions None Main Outcome Measures: Chronic and short duration vulvar symptoms, microbiology, and diagnosis. Results Patients with chronic symptoms were more likely to present with itching (57.8% v 42.5%, p=0.04), redness or rash (52.0% v 27.5%, p=0.0009), and discomfort (57.8% v 37.5%, p=0.006), compared to patients with short-duration symptoms. Overall 44.5% of patients had a history of antifungal treatment, with a greater proportion of patients with chronic symptoms having received antifungal treatment compared to those with short-duration symptoms (52.0% v 35.0%, p=0.02). Despite a history of antifungal treatment in nearly half of patients, Candida albicans was isolated in only 3/144 (2.1%) yeast cultures. Bacterial vulvar cultures were positive in 75/159 (47.2%), and there was no difference among the symptom duration groups (53.5% v 42.1%, p=0.15). Conclusions Vulvovaginitis is a common gynecological diagnosis among premenarchal girls with both short-duration and chronic vulvar symptoms. Regardless of symptom duration, yeast cultures are rarely positive. Antifungal treatment should be avoided in toilet trained prepubertal girls.
Additional Programming Tools

As the last several chapters have shown, R offers users flexibility and opportunities for advanced data analysis that cannot be found in many programs. In this final chapter, we will explore R’s programming tools, which allow the user to create code that addresses any unique problem he or she faces.
Toward a Functional Failure Modeling Method of Representing Prognostic Systems During the Early Phases of Design

Current methods of functional failure risk analysis do not facilitate explicit modeling of systems equipped with Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) hardware. As PHM systems continue to grow in application and popularity within major complex systems industries (e.g. aerospace, automotive, civilian nuclear power plants), implementation of PHM modeling within the functional failure modeling methodologies will become useful for the early phases of complex system design and for analysis of existing complex systems. Functional failure modeling methods have been developed in recent years to assess risk in the early phases of complex system design. However, the methods of functional modeling have yet to include an explicit method for analyzing the effects of PHM systems on system failure probabilities. It is common practice within the systems health monitoring industry to design the PHM subsystems during the later stages of system design — typically after most major system architecture decisions have been made. This practice lends itself to the omission of considering PHM effects on the system during the early stages of design. This paper proposes a new method for analyzing PHM subsystems’ contribution to risk reduction in the early stages of complex system design. The Prognostic Systems Variable Configuration Comparison (PSVCC) eight-step method developed here expands upon existing methods of functional failure modeling by explicitly representing PHM subsystems. A generic pressurized water nuclear reactor primary coolant loop system is presented as a case study to illustrate the proposed method. The success of the proposed method promises more accurate modeling of complex systems equipped with PHM subsystems in the early phases of design.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Block copolymer self-assembly–directed synthesis of mesoporous gyroidal superconductors

Superconductors with periodically ordered mesoporous structures are expected to have properties very different from those of their bulk counterparts. Systematic studies of such phenomena to date are sparse, however, because of a lack of versatile synthetic approaches to such materials. We demonstrate the formation of three-dimensionally continuous gyroidal mesoporous niobium nitride (NbN) superconductors from chiral ABC triblock terpolymer self-assembly–directed sol-gel–derived niobium oxide with subsequent thermal processing in air and ammonia gas. Superconducting materials exhibit a critical temperature (Tc) of about 7 to 8 K, a flux exclusion of about 5% compared to a dense NbN solid, and an estimated critical current density (Jc) of 440 A cm−2 at 100 Oe and 2.5 K. We expect block copolymer self-assembly–directed mesoporous superconductors to provide interesting subjects for mesostructure-superconductivity correlation studies.
The effects of Clostridium histolyticum collagenase on amino sugar-containing compound-collagen complexes.

Clostridium histolyticum collagenase has been used on fetal cartilage and bone in an effort to determine its effects on amino sugar-containing-compound collagen complexes. After enzyme treatment it has been found that the staining for acid glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins in cartilage was abolished only after previous hyaluromdase digestion. The interaction dye-substrate in bone was, instead, readily suppressed after collagenase treatment. These findings suggest a complex formation between some amino sugar-containing compounds and collagen.
Association of Borderline Pulmonary Hypertension With Mortality and Hospitalization in a Large Patient Cohort: Insights From the Veterans Affairs Clinical Assessment, Reporting, and Tracking Program.

Background—Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is associated with increased morbidity across the cardiopulmonary disease spectrum. Based primarily on expert consensus opinion, PH is defined by a mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) ≥25 mm Hg. Although mPAP levels below this threshold are common among populations at risk for PH, the relevance of mPAP <25 mm Hg to clinical outcome is unknown. Methods and Results—We analyzed retrospectively all US veterans undergoing right heart catheterization (2007–2012) in the Veterans Affairs healthcare system (n=21 727; 908-day median follow-up). Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the association between mPAP and outcomes of all-cause mortality and hospitalization, adjusted for clinical covariates. When treating mPAP as a continuous variable, the mortality hazard increased beginning at 19 mm Hg (hazard ratio [HR]=1.183; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.004–1.393) relative to 10 mm Hg. Therefore, patients were stratified into 3 groups: (1) referent (≤18 mm Hg;...
Sodium and potassium exchanges during dialysis of bilaterally nephrectomized dogs.

Conclusions1. Bilaterally nephrectomized dogs subjected to dialysis, under the conditions described, tend to gain Na from the dialyzing fluid and lose K into the fluid while at the same time measurements of the ECF volume by radiosulfate suggest a tendency toward a decrement of total ECF Na and an increment of total ECF K. 2. These findings are in keeping with a tendency toward a gain of cellular Na and a loss of cellular K. 3. A movement of Na into cells may occur even in the absence of a positive exogenous Na balance.
Inferior vena cava filters: indications and management

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review was to examine recent studies concerning the use of inferior vena cava (IVC) filters.Recent findingsIn the past 18 months, the American College of Chest Physicians released the 9th edition of their guideline for the prevention and treatment of venous throm
Probabilistic fatigue life prediction using Subset Simulation

A general simulation-based methodology is proposed for efficient and accurate probabilistic fatigue life prediction. The proposed methodology is based on an Equivalent Initial Flaw Size (EIFS) crack growth model and Subset Simulation. The original Subset Simulation algorithm is modified to be suitable for probabilistic figure life prediction, which is an inverse reliability problem. The simulation results are compared with direct Monte Carlo simulation and experimental data for model verification and validation.
The Intersection Model for Intraplate Earthquakes

The tectonic cause of intraplate earthquakes has remained enigmatic. As newer data became available, several common features were apparent for intraplate earthquakes occurring in a wide variety of geologic terranes. These have been incorporated in the intersection model. Seismicity occurs near the intersection of, and by the reactivation of, preexisting zones of weakness. The intersections are the foci of anomalous stress build up in response to the ambient stress field due to plate tectonic forces. This anomalous stress buildup is relieved by strike slip motion on a suitably oriented fault and, due to kinematic adjustment, is followed by vertical or horizontal movement on the intersecting fault. The intersection model has several elements that complement other models proposed to explain intraplate earthquakes.
Radiological findings in perinatal infections.

The specific diagnosis of a specific congenital infection depends on the results of special laboratory tests and roentgenographic findings. Roentgen changes in different organ systems in infants with cytomegalic inclusion disease, rubella, herpes simplex virus, toxoplasmosis, congenital syphilis, and group B streptococcal infection are illustrated.
Study Time: Heidegger and the Temporality of Education

In this article, the author argues that the question of educational time is absolutely essential in contemporary debates concerning the fate of the university. In order to examine the nature of educational time, this article first outlines Heidegger's distinction between temporality and Temporality. Second, the author makes a clarification between inauthentic and authentic learning as two forms of educational temporality. Here the article turns to the work of Hubert Dreyfus and Stuart Dreyfus on expert skill building versus standardised or generic forms of learning. When inauthentic and authentic forms of temporality are brought to light through this distinction, new ways of understanding the convergence and divergence of learning modes open up for critical reflection. Third, the article suggests that while differentiations internal to learning are critical in the struggle to define the nature of education, education cannot be reduced to its temporalising forms. At this point, the work of one of Heidegger's late students, Giorgio Agamben, becomes important for grounding the educational experience in Temporality through study (as distinct from learning). At stake here is carving out a time in education for enpresencing (the Temporality of the potential for something to appear) versus self-projection through action (the authentic temporality of expert skill building). And finally, the article turns back to Hediegger in order to see the ethical limitations of too quickly collapsing education into learning—even if that learning is authentic.
Power density and efficiency enhancement in impedance control network resonant DC-DC converters using topology morphing control

This paper introduces a new voltage regulation scheme for impedance control network (ICN) resonant dc-dc converters in which the rectifier of the ICN converter alternates between full-bridge and half-bridge topologies. Compared to the conventional burst-mode control, this topology morphing control approach substantially reduces the output capacitance requirement in ICN converters and improves partial-power efficiencies. A prototype 1-MHz, 120-W step-down ICN resonant converter designed for an input voltage range of 18 V to 36 V, an output voltage of 12 V, and a 10:1 output power range has been designed, built and tested with both burst-mode control and the proposed topology morphing control. The topology morphing control reduces the output capacitance requirement in the prototype ICN converter by over 36%, and reduces converter losses at partial power levels by up to 46.5%.
Defeasible Reasoning and Moral Dilemmas

Since Aristotle, ethical theory has been tied to what we call the Classical Deductivist Model. Classical deductivism consists of two tenets: (1) ethical truth is consistent and completely determinate, (2) all particular ethical truths are deducible from a set of exceptionless general principles. Ethical theorists as diverse as Aristotelian naturalists, ethical hedonists, utilitarians, Moorean intuitionists, Kantians, relativists and subjectivists share this common logical framework. The only exceptions are those, like emotivists and prescriptivists, who deny that ethical statements have any truth-values. Yet even these theorists have typically embraced tenets analogous to those of the Classical Deductivist Model. For example, the prescriptivist Hare insists that our moral prescriptions consist of a set of logically consistent, fully general principles.
Reduction of Hospital Readmissions through Clustering Based Actionable Knowledge Mining

Healthcare spending has been increasing in the last few decades. One of the main reasons for this increase is hospital readmissions, which is defined as a re-hospitalization of a patient after being discharged from a hospital within a short period of time. The excessive amount of money spent every year on hospital readmissions and the urge to enhance healthcare quality make reducing hospital readmissions a necessity. In this paper, we extract knowledge from a medical dataset and apply the concept of mining actionable rules to guide the health domain experts in their decision-making process. We present novel algorithms to increase the predictability of the patients' paths (the sequence of procedures that patients undertakes to reach a desired treatment) by clustering the patients according to their set of diagnoses. Moreover, we present a scoring metric to evaluate procedures in procedure graphs (the tree of all possible procedure paths) and a scoring metric to evaluate clusters of diagnoses which would allow us to anticipate the number of following readmissions for a new patient. Finally, we present an algorithm to evaluate the score (average number of following readmissions) for new patients prior to applying the action rules and after. The results presented in this paper show that our algorithms are able to reduce the average number of readmissions to a high degree.
Power and Reciprocity in Partnerships: Deliberative Civic Engagement and Transformative Learning in Community-Engaged Scholarship

The purpose of this work is to assist partners in identifying, naming, and facilitating dynamic relational forces and learning processes that shape the effectiveness of community engagement practice and partnerships. We offer a hypothetical case to assist in framing and discussing concepts of reciprocity and power in partnerships and how these dynamics can be mediated through practices and processes of civic engagement and transformative learning. We advocate that mapping intersects of power and reciprocity, and attending to capacities for deliberative civic engagement and transformative learning, are crucial practices in effective community-engaged partnerships. These three vital practices contribute to the creation of conditions that nurture the emergence of individual, institutional, organizational, and social transformation generated through community-engaged scholarship.