cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of reactivity ratios for the copolymerization of styrene and styrene–acrylonitrile with polybutadienes

The copolymerization of styrene and styrene–acrylonitrile with polybutadienes of various microstructures was studied and the reactivity ratios determined. It was shown that for the styrene/acrylonitrile/polybutadiene systems the 1,2 structure is twice as reactive as the trans and four times as reactive as the cis. Studies in the temperature range of 50–80°C reveal that the reactivity of the polybutadiene increases as the temperature rises. When styrene is the monomer the reactivity of polybutadiene and the temperature effect is less intense than when styrene–acrylonitrile is used.
Hyperfine Coherence in the Presence of Spontaneous Photon Scattering

The coherence of a hyperfine-state superposition of a trapped 9 Beion in the presence of off-resonant light is studied experimentally. It is shown that Rayleigh elastic scattering of photons that does not change state populations also does not affect coherence. We observe coherence times that exceed the average scattering time of 19 photons which is determined from measured Stark shifts. This result implies that, with sufficient control over its parameters, laser light can be used to manipulate hyperfine-state super- positions with very little decoherence.
Collective intelligence, data routing and braess' paradox

We consider the problem of designing the the utility functions of the utility-maximizing agents in a multi-agent system (MAS) so that they work synergistically to maximize a global utility. The particular problem domain we explore is the control of network routing by placing agents on all the routers in the network. Conventional approaches to this task have the agents all use the Ideal Shortest Path routing Algorithm (ISPA). We demonstrate that in many cases, due to the side-effects of one agent's actions on another agent's performance, having agents use ISPA's is suboptimal as far as global aggregate cost is concerned, even when they are only used to route infinitesimally small amounts of traffic. The utility functions of the individual agents are not "aligned" with the global utility, intuitively speaking. As a particular example of this we present an instance of Braess' paradox in which adding new links to a network whose agents all use the ISPA results in a decrease in overall throughput. We also demonstrate that load-balancing, in which the agents' decisions are collectively made to optimize the global cost incurred by all traffic currently being routed, is suboptimal as far as global cost averaged across time is concerned. This is also due to "side-effects", in this case of current routing decision on future traffic. The mathematics of Collective Intelligence (COIN) is concerned precisely with the issue of avoiding such deleterious side-effects in multi-agent systems, both over time and space. We present key concepts from that mathematics and use them to derive an algorithm whose ideal version should have better performance than that of having all agents use the ISPA, even in the infinitesimal limit. We present experiments verifying this, and also showing that a machine-learning-based version of this COIN algorithm in which costs are only imprecisely estimated via empirical means (a version potentially applicable in the real world) also outperforms the ISPA, despite having access to less information than does the ISPA. In particular, this COIN algorithm almost always avoids Braess' paradox.
The normal cardiac apex and apex beat: a critical review of recent data

Abstract 1. 1. There is a lack of agreement concerning the clinical localization of the apex beat. A commonly used definition employs the farthest inferolateral point of maximal pulsation. Only a certain proportion of apex beats can be localized by palpation; this varies from 24 to 98 per cent in the recorded literature. 2. 2. As regards horizontal localization, the mean distance of the adult apex beat (as defined above) from the midsternum is 3.25 or 3.5 in. in the recumbent posture, 3 in. when erect. The variation is commonly from 2.5 to 4 in. from midsternum, recumbent, and 2.25 to 3.5 in., erect, but extremes ranging from 2 to 5.5 in. have been found in apparently normal subjects. Here, as elsewhere, the wide range of physiologic values compatible with health should be stressed. The existence of a direct relationship between the width of the thorax and the position of the apex beat is disputed; its possibility is allowed for by “heart angle” measurements. 3. 3. As regards verticle localization, the apex beat is commonly in the fifth, or perhaps in either the fourth or fifth, intercostal space, rarely in the third or sixth. 4. 4. The apex cordis is formed by either the left ventricle or the ventricular septum, rarely by the right ventricle. Radiologically, the apex is influenced by the orientation of the heart and body, and the cardiac contour is frequently such that no apex is definable. This is in agreement with the observation that 16 per cent of normal hearts have been found to show no anatomic apex post mortem. The radiologic apex has been defined either in terms of cardiac geometry or variously as being above, at, or below the diaphragmatic shadow; the relationship between the heart and diaphragm is too inconstant to be satisfactory, however. An acceptable definition of the radiologic apex cordis does not seem to be available and it is questionable whether the term “apex” has any value as a localized landmark in many cases. 5. 5. The mean position of the apex, definied (however questionably) as the inferior left corner of the heart, is recorded as being in the fifth intercostal space, 2.75 in. from midsternum. 1 in. below the level of the xiphisternal joint, recumbent; sixth costal arch, 2.75 in. from midsternum, 2 in. below the joint level, erect. It appears that the apex beat is usually above the apex, and that it may be lateral (commonly) or medial to the apex or to the left cardiac margin. 6. 6. The apical region of the heart is affected by a number of factors, such as posture, respiration, and habitus. The intrinsic cardiac movements are exceedingly complicated and much further work remains to be done toward their elucidation. The mechanism of the apical impulse appears to be in doubt.
Pyruvate and citric acid cycle carbon requirements in isolated skeletal muscle mitochondria.

Carbohydrate depletion precipitates fatigue in skeletal muscle, but, because pyruvate provides both acetyl-CoA for mainline oxidation and anaplerotic carbon to the citric acid cycle (CAC), the mech...
Real-Time Vision-Based Relative Aircraft Navigation

Received 22 February 2006; revision received 11 September 2006; accepted for publication 11 September 2006. Copyright © 2007 by Eric N. Johnson, Anthony J. Calise,YokoWatanabe, Jincheol Ha, and James C. Neidhoefer. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., with permission.
Plasma pharmacokinetics of high-dose oral melphalan in patients treated with trialkylator chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow reinfusion.

The pharmacokinetics of melphalan following high-dose p.o. administration were determined in 17 patients with various malignancies for the purpose of assessing interpatient and intrapatient pharmacokinetic variability. All patients underwent bone marrow harvest on day -8 (relative to bone marrow reinfusion). On days -7, -6, and -5, melphalan was given p.o. and the dose was escalated on each cohort consisting of at least 3 patients (beginning at 0.75 mg/kg). On days -6, -4, and -2, cyclophosphamide at 2.5 g/m2 and thiotepa at 225 mg/m2 were given i.v. On day -7 the peak melphalan concentration was 1.64 +/- 0.89 (SD) microM with a terminal half-life of 1.56 +/- 0.86 h. The area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) and oral clearance were 217.9 +/- 115.1 microM/min and 30.2 +/- 14.2 ml/min/kg. There was only a moderate correlation between the melphalan dose and both the peak concentration (r = 0.50, P less than 0.05) and AUC (r = 0.64, P less than 0.01) over the dosage range of 0.75-2.5 mg/kg. There was a trend towards greater interpatient variability in peak concentration, AUC, and oral clearance observed at the higher doses of melphalan. Analysis of intrapatient pharmacokinetic variability in 8 patients showed a significant difference between the doses given on days -7 and -5 in the peak concentration (2.09 versus 1.07 microM, P = 0.02), AUC (264.9 versus 134.8 microM/min, P = 0.01), and oral clearance (25.1 versus 53.1 ml/min/kg, P = 0.05) but no significant difference in the time to peak and terminal half-life. We conclude that there is marked interpatient and intrapatient variability in melphalan pharmacokinetics following high-dose p.o. administration. The data are consistent with saturable absorptive pathways for melphalan, which might be especially sensitive to concurrent high-dose chemotherapy.
Perturbative gravity from gauge theory

Here, we describe a recently conjectured duality between color and kinematics for gauge-theory amplitudes. Whenever this duality is manifest, the integrands of loop-level gravity scattering amplitudes can be obtained from corresponding gauge-theory amplitudes via a double-copy relation. This duality has been used to enormously simplify a number of explicit multiloop supergravity calculations. The results of these computations is that supergravity theories have a surprisingly tame ultraviolet behavior, and in some cases may even be finite. As an example, we summarize a recent calculation showing that half-maximal $\mathcal{N}=4$ supergravity in four spacetime dimensions is ultraviolet finite at three loops, contrary to previous expectations.
Overt scope marking and covert verb-second

In this article I investigate certain phenomena relating to superiority, the Empty Category Principle (ECP), and scope. I propose a chain-based scope-marking convention and a new analysis of adjunction, and hypothesize that English is a covert verb-second grammar. The analysis is couched within checking theory and ultimately within the bare theory of phrase structure. I propose category-neutral(-ized) LF representations, displaying VP-recursion but lacking functional heads and their projections, and I suggest that this, in turn, allows significant simplification of index-sensitive head government conditions appearing in many contemporary formulations of the ECP.
A New Genus of Caelostomini (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from Papua New Guinea

Abstract The ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Caelostomini) Stegazopteryx ivimkaensis new genus and species, is described from Ivimka Research Station, New Guinea. Its highly modified elytral form separates this species from all others in the tribe. Only Diachipteryx Straneo from Africa has somewhat similarly modified elytra.
Studies on the extrapancreatic metabolic effects of somatostatin.

SummaryWe studied the effect of soma-tostatin on various metabolic parameters in the fasted intact rat and in the eviscerated rat with a functional liver. In the fasted intact animal, high doses of somatostatin produced an elevation of blood glucose and ketone bodies together with a decrease in plasma FFA, total and esterified cholesterol, and urea nitrogen. We have postulated, therefore, that high levels of somatostatin (100 μg) may cause a functional endocrine pancreatectomy in normal rats. The metabolic consequences are due more to the insulin deficit than the lowered glucagon levels. Somatostatin had no effect on any of the parameters measured in eviscerated rats. We concluded that somatostatin has no extrapancreatic metabolic effects in this model.We gratefully acknolwedge the constructive advice of Dr. John Gerich as well as his kind gift of somatostatin.This study was supported in part by USPHS Grant No. AM 16342-02.
Inhomogeneous Surface Plasmon Polaritons

We show analytically and with rigorous computational electrodynamics how inhomogeneous surface plasmon polaritons (ISPPs) can be generated by refraction of ordinary SPPs at metal–metal interfaces. ISPPs, in contrast with SPPs, propagate and decay in different directions and can therefore exhibit significantly different intensity patterns. Our analytical arguments are based on a complex generalization of Snell’s law to describe how SPPs moving on one metal surface are refracted at an interface with a second, different metal surface. The refracted waveform on the second metal is an ISPP. Under suitable circumstances the decay of an ISPP can be almost perpendicular to the propagation direction, leading to significant confinement. It is also found that ISPPs on the second metal can retain information about the SPPs on the first metal, a phenomenon that we term “dispersion imprinting”. The complex Snell’s law predictions are validated with 3-D finite-difference time-domain simulations, and possible means of ex...
The Application of Bayes Method on Construction Project

The thesis discuss the application of Bayes Theorem and its generalization on construction project. In construction project,all kinds of risks will appear at any moment. Not knowing the form of trsks,it’s difficult to manage risks. Bayes method provide an effective way to forecast risks, which can band personality and impersonality together and forecast risks in time with the continuous increase in information. In this way, the forecast will be more accurate,which is in favor of dynamic risk management in construction project.
Infantile diarrhea with Picobimavirus, Chengdu

Objective To understand the Picobimavirus infection condition in infants with diarrhea in Chengdu. Methods The real time PCR was used to detect the Picobimavirus in the stool samples collected from infants(under 5 years old) with diarrhea during July to December 2010 in Children's Hospital and The third people's hospital of Chengdu. Rotavirus, Norovirus, Saporovirus,Human Astrovirus and Enteric Adenovirus were detected at the same time. Results In the total of 428 stool samples, 36 strains of Picobimavirus were detected(8.41%). The detection rates of type I and type II Picobimavirus were 2.10%(9/428), 5.84%(25/428),respectively. Two samples were infected by both type I and type II Picobimavirus. Picobimavirus and other diarrhea virus mixed infection was found in 31 samples. Conclusion Picobimavirus was one of the major pathogens in infantile diarrhea in Chengdu. The infants under 2 years old were the high-risk population.And the infection rates had a peak in August and September.
Do these eggs smell funny to you?: an experimental study of egg discrimination by hosts of the social parasite Polyergus breviceps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Social parasites exploit the behaviours of other social species. Infiltration of host systems involves a variety of mechanisms depending on the conditions within the host society and the needs of the social parasite. For many species of socially parasitic ants, colony establishment entails the usurpation of colonies of other species. This frequently involves the eviction or death of the host colony queen and the subsequent adoption of the invading queen. The social parasite queen achieves host worker acceptance by either manipulating the nest-mate recognition processes of the host or undergoing chemical modification. Little is known, however, about how host workers respond to social parasite eggs or whether host species defend against brood parasitism during parasite invasions. Host species are believed to adopt social parasite offspring because the recent common ancestry between many social parasites and their hosts may grant the sharing of certain characteristics such as chemical cues. Use of multiple host species, however, suggests other processes are needed for the social bond between host and parasite young to form. This study reports the findings of adoption bioassays in which eggs from a slave-maker ant, Polyergus breviceps, were offered to workers of two of its host species from unparasitised or newly parasitised nests to determine whether P. breviceps eggs generally elicit rearing behaviours from multiple host species. Comparisons of parasite egg survival until adulthood with conspecific egg survival reveal that workers of both host species, free-living or newly enslaved, do not typically accept slave-maker eggs. Both host species thus have sufficient discriminatory power to reject social parasite eggs although our hydrocarbon analysis indicates parasite eggs may be adapted to their local host species. Combined these results suggest that host rearing of P. breviceps eggs may reflect an evolutionary equilibrium that is maintained by probability and cost of recognition errors.
Tissue hyperthermia: Progress in the United States and elsewhere as assessed by clinical trials and PubMed reporting.

e22172 Background: Hyperthermia (HT) is a level I intervention rarely used in the USA despite multiple positive clinical trials with radiation and chemotherapy. We sought to quantify interest in th...
The Class Basis of Political Radicalism

To the hard left, all this talk about a conflict between the New Class and the business class is meaningless because most of the New Class consists of liberals, and liberals aren’t really (in Steven Brint’s term) “oppositional.” When it comes right down to it, they are really pro-capitalist, as well as anti-Communist. Thomas Dye (1986, pp. 238–239) sums up the case by noting that the New Class sides with traditional business elites in favoring private enterprise rather than state socialism. Further, it supports the idea of “unequal incomes based on merit” and rejects an equal distribution of wealth, as well as favoring individualism and disproportionate rewards for the talented and creative.1
Placement of multilingual writers: Is there a role for student voices?

Abstract Directed Self-Placement (DSP) is one placement model that has been implemented in various composition programs in the U.S. but has yet to be investigated thoroughly in second language writing settings. Central to DSP is the belief that, if students are given agency to help determine their educational trajectory, they will be empowered and more motivated to succeed (Crusan, 2011; Royer & Gilles, 1998). In this study, 1067 university L2 students completed both a voluntary self-assessment survey and the locally administered placement examination. We statistically compared the students’ placement exam scores and their responses to the final question as to which level of a four-course writing program they thought would best meet their needs. We also examined a stratified random sample of 100 students’ standardized test scores to see if there was a statistical relationship between those tests, our locally designed and administered placement test, and students’ own self-placement scores. We conclude that student self-assessment might have a legitimate role in our placement process, but it probably cannot be used by itself to accurately place large numbers of multilingual students into a four-level sequence.
Conceptualizing Family Risk in a Racially/Ethnically Diverse, Low-Income Kindergarten Population

Children who exhibit early behavioral and academic difficulties are at increased risk of later negative outcomes (U.S. Department of Human and Health Services 2009). Within the school setting, conceptualization of family risk, culture, and demographic factors is needed to effectively identify at-risk families to improve child educational outcomes. This study investigates family risk factors within profiles of low-income kindergarten students and associated longitudinal academic and behavioral outcomes. Latent profile analysis was conducted separately for African-American, Caucasian, and Latino samples, using five observed family risk factors. Once profiles were established, analysis was conducted to determine significant differences in relation to third-grade outcomes. Family profiles varied based on race/ethnicity, with some risk factors being more prominent in differentiating among profiles. Some profiles were also significantly different in relation to reading, externalizing behavior, and internalizing behavioral outcomes. Implications of these findings in conceptualizing risk factors, as well as screening and intervention practices, are discussed.
Effect of substrate depth, vegetation type, and season on green roof thermal properties

Abstract It is generally accepted that green roofs can influence thermal properties of a building, but there is some disagreement on the role that substrate depth and plant species plays in this equation. A study was conducted over a second floor roof in East Lansing, MI, comparing prevegetated mats of a mixture of sedum (depth = 5 cm) to a deeper roof (depth = 20 cm) planted with a mixture of 17 herbaceous perennials and grasses. Both roof sections were instrumented with heat flux sensors, thermocouples, moisture sensors, and infrared sensors, and ambient weather conditions were also continuously recorded by a weather station located on the roof. Data were collected for the period of almost a year to cover all four seasons. Also, the roofs were well established and had reached near 100% plant coverage by the time data collection commenced two years after planting. Most of the differences in temperatures and heat flux through the roof occurred during the summer or winter. During summer, the shallow sedum roof experienced more extreme fluctuations in diurnal substrate temperatures which tended to be warmer during the day, but cooler at night. Heat penetrating into the building on the sedum portion of the roof was consistently greater than the herbaceous section during the afternoon. However, during the night and early morning, heat gain into the building was greater on the herbaceous roof, especially on cloudy and rainy days. During winter, heat transfer through the sedum portion of the roof was affected more by outside environmental conditions, whereas the herbaceous portion of the roof was stable. Although, the sedum roof exhibited more extremes, when daily heat flux values were totaled for each month and each season, the herbaceous roof actually experienced more heat entering the building during the summer, but less heat escaping the building during the winter. This is an advantage during the winter months as the herbaceous roof would reduce heating costs. However, contrary to conventional logic that plants with high transpiration rates are superior, during the summer months the sedum roof outperformed the herbaceous roof.
Who Counts as Family? Family Typologies, Family Support, and Family Undermining Among Young Adult Gay and Bisexual Men

Gay and bisexual men may form chosen families in addition to or in place of families of origin. However, the characteristics of these diverse families remain largely unexamined in the quantitative literature. The purpose of this study was to develop a family typology based on responses from a racially and ethnically diverse sample of young adult gay and bisexual men (YGBM) recruited from the Detroit Metropolitan Area (N=350; 18-29 years old). To explore the role of family, we then examined family social support and social undermining in relation to YGBM psychological distress within different family types. A series of multivariate regressions were used to examine associations between family social support and social undermining with depression and anxiety outcomes. The majority (88%) of YGBM included family of origin in their definitions of family and 63% indicated having chosen families. Associations between family social processes and psychological outcomes varied by type of family, suggesting that family composition shapes how perceptions of support and undermining relate to experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety. Chosen families play a prominent role in the lives of YGBM and should not be overlooked in family research. Findings also highlight the importance of examining co-occurring family social support and social stress processes to further address psychological distress symptoms among YGBM.
Variant site strain typer (VaST): efficient strain typing using a minimal number of variant genomic sites

Targeted PCR amplicon sequencing (TAS) techniques provide a sensitive, scalable, and cost-effective way to query and identify closely related bacterial species and strains. Typically, this is accomplished by targeting housekeeping genes that provide resolution down to the family, genera, and sometimes species level. Unfortunately, this level of resolution is not sufficient in many applications where strain-level identification of bacteria is required (biodefense, forensics, clinical diagnostics, and outbreak investigations). Adding more genomic targets will increase the resolution, but the challenge is identifying the appropriate targets. VaST was developed to address this challenge by finding the minimum number of targets that, in combination, achieve maximum strain-level resolution for any strain complex. The final combination of target regions identified by the algorithm produce a unique haplotype for each strain which can be used as a fingerprint for identifying unknown samples in a TAS assay. VaST ensures that the targets have conserved primer regions so that the targets can be amplified in all of the known strains and it also favors the inclusion of targets with basal variants which makes the set more robust when identifying previously unseen strains. We analyzed VaST’s performance using a number of different pathogenic species that are relevant to human disease outbreaks and biodefense. The number of targets required to achieve full resolution ranged from 20 to 88% fewer sites than what would be required in the worst case and most of the resolution is achieved within the first 20 targets. We computationally and experimentally validated one of the VaST panels and found that the targets led to accurate phylogenetic placement of strains, even when the strains were not a part of the original panel design. VaST is an open source software that, when provided a set of variant sites, can find the minimum number of sites that will provide maximum resolution of a strain complex, and it has many different run-time options that can accommodate a wide range of applications. VaST can be an effective tool in the design of strain identification panels that, when combined with TAS technologies, offer an efficient and inexpensive strain typing protocol.
Multicolor Imaging with Fluorescent Proteins in Mice

The high extinction coefficients, quantum yields, and unique spectral properties of fluorescent proteins are optimal for imaging in live animals in real time. The important aspects of cancer in living animals, including tumor cell mobility, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis, can be imaged. Fluorescent proteins enable whole-body imaging of tumors on internal organs. Proteins which are spectrally distinct have allowed the color coding of cancer cells growing in vivo with distinction of different cell types, including host from tumor, with single-cell resolution. Individual cells can be multicolored to study nuclear–cytoplasmic dynamics in the living animal.
Course/Faculty Assessment (CFA): a Student Team Approach to Course and Faculty Assessment

At SUNY Downstate, something different has been implemented—the Course/Faculty Assessment program (CFA). The CFA is a student team assessment program which evaluates both courses and associated faculty instructors. The goal of the CFA is to examine the curriculum as experienced by students. In other words, the CFA gets at what the learning experience is like for those doing the learning. Participants are asked to take ethnographic notes, recording anything noteworthy as they attend classroom sessions and labs. This process sets the CFA program apart from many conventional assessments in that students write down their concerns in situ, as they go through their day, rather than relying on recall at the end of the course and then group members meet to discuss their findings throughout the course. More than 80% of student recommendations have been put in place. This high number indicates that students comments are on-point and students make excellent recommendations. Futher, schools are listening and those meaningful suggestions are put into practice. The Course/Faculty Assessment Program has successfully created a culture of assessment. Faculty and administrators are more than simply receptive to student views, they eagerly await their comments. The CFA has changed the way data is gathered and how it is used. It has changed our students, faculty, and administrators.
Gene-culture coevolution under selection.

Abstract The joint evolutionary dynamics of phenotypes and genotypes are usually couched in terms of genetic variance contributions to changes in the phenotypic mean. Here, we study the evolution of a dichotomous phenotype whose transmission is controlled by one multi-allelic locus. The phenotype is under selection, which may be genotype-dependent. We answer classical population genetic questions about the phenogenotypic evolution, including the conditions for phenotypic and genotypic polymorphism, in terms of selection coefficients and rates of phenotypic transmission.
What can Japanese Say About Government and Binding

For some years Japanese has been cited as a prime example of a nonconfigurational language. This idea was put forth independently of the main ideas of the government and binding theory and developed in parallel to it at first. What is claimed in essence is that (1) Japanese sentences have a flat structure, lacking the category VP, (2) not only are they flat, but they are like mobiles, lacking linear word order, and (3) finally, sentences with so-called complex predicates like causatives are further flattened, since complex predicates are stored in the lexicon and sentence-embedding is not recognized. This last point is the influence of lexicalism. Descriptively at least, then, the nonconfigurational Japanese syntax appears to be a total return to structuralism: see Farmer (1980), Miyagawa (1980).
Recall Vs. Recognition: A Strategy for Reading and Responding to Multiple Choice Test Items

(1977). Recall Vs. Recognition: A Strategy for Reading and Responding to Multiple Choice Test Items. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Western College Reading Association: Vol. 10, Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Conference of the WCRA. Personalizing Learning Systems: Ecologies and Strategies, pp. 143-147.
The synaptic inputs to simple cells of the cat visual cortex.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on a subset of cortical neurons—the simple cells of layer 4 in the visual cortex of the cat. Simple cells are the primary recipient of the major visual input from the thalamus—the relay cells of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Simple cells are highly sensitive to the orientation, direction and speed of motion, retinal disparity (depth), and spatial frequency (size) of a visual stimulus, while geniculate relay cells are largely insensitive to these stimulus features. The synapse between geniculocortical axons and the simple cells of layer 4 is, therefore, the point at which many of the interesting features of cortical neurons are generated for the first time. As a result, simple cells have been the focus of many models of cortical organization and function, some of which can be tested with intracellular methods. Intracellular recording has been employed in two types of experiments: with electrical stimulation of the visual pathways or with visual stimulation.
Assessment in Counseling: A Better Way

It is the position of this article that for the most part standardized tests have contributed relatively little to the counseling process, neither adding any new information nor stimulating new thi...
Mediating effect of sleep behaviors when predicting weight-related behaviors in nursing students.

ABSTRACTBackground and purpose:The purpose of this study was to identify whether or not sleep behaviors mediated bioecological predictors of weight-related behaviors among college students.Methods:This descriptive, quantitative, cross-sectional study, guided by Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model,
Long‐term assessment of nutrient flow pathway dynamics and in‐stream fate in a temperate karst agroecosystem watershed

Nutrient dynamics in karst agroecosystems remain poorly understood, in part due to limited long‐term nested datasets that can discriminate upland and in‐stream processes. We present a 10‐year dataset from a karst watershed in the Inner‐Bluegrass Region of central Kentucky, consisting of nitrate (nitrate‐N [NO₃⁻]), dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), total organic carbon (TOC), and total ammoniacal‐N (TAN) measurements at nested spring and stream sites as well as flowrate at the watershed outlet. Hydrograph separation techniques were coupled with multiple linear regression and Empirical Mode Decomposition time‐series analysis to determine significance of seasonal processes and to generate continuous estimates of nutrient pathway loadings. Further, we used model results of benthic algae growth and decomposition dynamics from a nearby watershed to assess if transient storage in algal biomass could explain differences in spring and downstream watershed nutrient loading. Results highlight statistically significant seasonality for all nutrients at stream sites, but only for NO₃⁻ at springs with longitudinal variability showing significant decreases occurring from spring to stream sites for NO₃⁻ and DRP, and significant increases for TOC and TAN. Pathway loading analysis highlighted the importance of slow flow pathways to source approximately 70% of DRP and 80% of NO₃⁻. Results for in‐stream dynamics suggest that benthic autotroph dynamics can explain summer deviations for TOC, TAN, and DRP but not NO₃⁻. Regarding upland dynamics, our findings agree well with existing perceptions in karst for N pathways and upland source seasonality but deviate from perceptions that karst conduits are retentive of P, reflecting the limited buffering capacity of the soil profile and conduit sediments in the Inner‐Bluegrass. Regarding in‐stream fate, our findings highlighted the significance of seasonally driven nutrient processing in the bedrock‐controlled streambed to influence nutrient fluxes at the watershed outlet. Contrary to existing perceptions, we found high N attenuation and an unexplained NO₃⁻ sink in the bedrock stream, leading us to postulate that floating macrophytes facilitate high rates of denitrification.
Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy in Patients with a History of Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate: The Indiana University Experience

Introduction: We sought to update our experience of oncologic and functional outcomes of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) for prostate cancer in patients with history of holmium laser en...
Convertible Bonds as

This paper argues that corporations may use convertible bonds as an indirect (albeit possibly risky) method for getting equity into their capital structures in situations where adverse selection problems make a conventional stock issue unattractive. Unlike other theories of convertible bond issuance, the model of this paper highlights: 1) the importance of call provisions on convertibles; and 2) the significance of costs of financial distress to the Information content of a convertible issue.
Spatialization einer GIS Software Toolbox

Diese Arbeit untersucht die Durchfuhrbarkeit konventioneller Spatializations-Methoden zur Organisation von Softwarebibliotheken mit einer Reihe von Experimenten. 100 hydrologische Funktionen (wie z.B. flow accumulation, fill, sinks), die in einem modernen GIS-Programm vorhanden sind, wurden in zehn boolesche Attribute eingeteilt. Anschliesend wurden diese Attribute mit Hilfe der Neuronalen-Netz-Technik Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) auf Ahnlichkeiten untersucht. Die erstellten Attribute unterscheiden einfache von komplexen Funktionen, lokale Funktionen, Nachbarschaftsfunktionen von globalen Funktionen, sowie Funktionen des Datenmanagement eines GIS-Programms, beispielsweise ob Funktionen die raumliche Abhangigkeit, deren Attribute oder beides verandern. Die daraus erstellte Matrix wurde mit Hilfe vorhandener SOM-Werkzeuge in MatLab und ArcGIS bearbeitet. Die Interpretation der Ergebnisse konzentriert sich auf die Verdichtung des Neuronalen Netzes, um leere unbeschriebene Gebiete auf der erstellten Visualisierung zu verhindern. Des Weiteren wurde die Stabilitat der Cluster bei sich andernder SOM-Auflosung untersucht. Die Experimente werden zusammengefasst, und es werden die Einflusse und Auswirkungen von selbstorganisierenden Software-Katalogen fur den Austausch von GIS-Toolbox-Elementen untersucht.
Multiscale approach to model steady meniscus evaporation in a wetting fluid

Evaporation flux in the thin transition film close to the wall is up to 100 times greater than at the center of a wetting meniscus. Despite higher evaporation flux, the thin film accounts for a relatively small part of the total evaporation from the liquid-vapor interface. The thin-film contribution is directly proportional to the solid wall thermal conductivity and inversely proportional to vapor pressure and Bond number.
It’s Reception all the Way Down: A Review of The Reception of Jesus in the First Three Centuries:

The Reception of Jesus in the First Three Centuries is a three-volume collection that explores the reception of traditions about Jesus. Comprised of 82 essays by over 60 individual contributors, th...
Building and Simulating Multi-Dimensional Drone Topologies

The next wave of drone applications is moving from repeatable, single-drone activities such as evaluating propagation environments to team-based, multi-drone objectives such as drone-based emergency services. In parallel, testbeds have sought to evaluate emerging concepts such as highly-directional and distributed wireless communications. However, there is a lack of intersection between the two works to characterize the impact of the drone body, antenna placement, swarm topologies, and multi-dimensional connectivity needs that require in-flight experimentation with a surrounding testbed infrastructure. In this work, we design a Multi-Dimensional Drone Communications Infrastructure (MuDDI) to capture complex spatial wireless channel relationships that drone links experience as applications scale from single-drone to swarm-level networks within a shared three-dimensional space. Driven by the challenges of outdoor experimentation, we identify the need for a highly-controlled indoor environment where external factors can be mitigated. To do so, we first build an open-source drone platform to provide programmable control with visibility into the internal flight control system and sensors enabling specialized coordination and accurate repeatable positioning within the isolated environment. We then design a wireless data acquisition system and integrate distributed software defined radios (SDRs) in order to inspect multi-dimensional wireless behavior from the surrounding area. We achieve and demonstrate the value of measurement perspectives from diverse altitudes and spatial locations with the same notion of time. Finally, we demonstrate how multi-dimensional models from experimental measurements can be implemented to simulate multi-drone networks on a practical scale.
Racial disparities in receipt of standard chemoradiation in anal squamous cell carcinoma, an analysis of the National Cancer Database.

BACKGROUND Standard treatment for locally advanced anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) consists of concurrent chemoradiation. We evaluated whether racial differences exist in the receipt of standard treatment and its association with survival. METHODS From the National Cancer Database, we identified patients diagnosed with anal SCC (Stages 2-3) between 2004 and 2015. Using logistic regression, we evaluated racial differences in the probability of receiving standard chemoradiation. We used Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate associations between race, receipt of standard therapy and survival. RESULTS Our analysis included 19,835 patients. Patients receiving standard chemoradiation had better survival than patients receiving nonstandard therapy (hazard ratio [HR] 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61-0.68; p < 0.001). Compared to White patients, Black patients were less likely to receive standard therapy (odds ratio [OR] 0.85; 95% CI 0.76-0.96; p < 0.008). We observed no statistical difference in mortality between Black and White patients overall (HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.97-1.15; p = 0.24). However, for the subgroup of patients receiving nonstandard therapy, Black patients had an increased mortality risk compared to White patients (HR 1.17, CI 1.01-1.35; p = 0.034). We observed no survival differences in the subgroup of patients receiving standard treatment (HR 1.00, CI 0.90-1.11, p = 0.99). CONCLUSION Standard treatment in anal SCC is associated with better survival, but Black patients are less likely to receive standard treatment than White patients. Although Black patients had higher mortality than White patients in the subgroup of patients receiving nonstandard therapy, this difference was ameliorated in the subset receiving standard therapy.
Digital empowerment for whom? An analysis of ‘Network sovereignty’ in low-income, rural communities in Mexico and Tanzania

When researchers invoke the term ‘last billion’ to refer to emerging ICT users, they often focus on network access as a ‘solution’ while neglecting important considerations such as local ownership ...
Abstract TP97: Neuronal Loss of Cd200 Signaling is Sufficient to Impact on Ischemic Stroke

Introduction: CD200 is primarily expressed on neurons and endothelial cells. It binds to its receptor CD200R on immune cells to form an endogenous inhibitory signaling that reduces the activation o...
Treatment of PRIME II Eligible Women With Early-Stage Breast Cancer: A National Cancer Database Analysis.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) For patients with early-stage breast cancer (ESBC) who undergo lumpectomy, adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) and hormone therapy (HT) have been shown to decrease the risk of local recurrence. Subsequent studies evaluating omission of RT for women over the age of 65-70 years old with ESBC, such as CALGB 9343 and PRIME II, compared HT with or without RT. In the population of older women with ESBC, RT alone has not been widely studied. We aim to describe patterns of care and outcomes for this population treated with RT alone. MATERIALS/METHODS We queried the National Cancer Database for treatments between 2004 and 2016 and identified 179,309 women who met the PRIME II eligibility criteria. All included patients were females age ≥ 65 years with Charlson-Deyo Comorbidity Index score 0-1 who underwent segmental mastectomy for invasive ductal or lobular carcinoma, were ER positive and Her2 negative, clinically and pathologically node negative, and had no distant metastases. Tumors were ≤ 3 cm and any grade and could have LVSI (tumors that were both grade 3 and had LVSI were excluded). We used Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox regression analysis to analyze overall survival (OS) among the cohorts. RESULTS Most women in the cohort were white, had a median income in the highest quartile, and lived within 15 miles of a treatment facility. When evaluating overall rates of adjuvant therapy, 59% of patients underwent RT + HT, 16.5% HT alone, 12.1% RT alone, and 12.4% no adjuvant therapy. On multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazards modeling, patients receiving RT and HT had a decreased risk of death compared to patients receiving RT alone (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.74-0.79, P < 0.001). However, patients receiving HT alone or no adjuvant therapy had an increased risk of death compared to patients receiving RT alone (HT alone: HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.26-1.35, P < 0.001; no adjuvant therapy: HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.55-1.66, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Compared to adjuvant RT alone, OS was better with combined adjuvant RT and HT but worse with HT alone or no adjuvant therapy. Negative predictors for OS included increasing age, lower median income, higher tumor grade, and larger tumor size on multivariate analysis. These findings may prompt further prospective study of RT alone versus other adjuvant therapy options.
Heat transfer in reacting systems: Heat transfer to N2O4 gas flowing normal to a heated cylinder

Abstract The N2O4 - NO2 gas system is convenient for experimental studies at relatively low temperatures of heat transfer processes in equilibrium-type reacting systems. The thermal conductivity and specific heat of these systems are unusually large and are non-uniform functions of temperature making difficult the assignment in heat transfer correlations of effective film values of these thermal properties. Rates of forced-convective heat transfer from a cylinder to N2O4-NO2 gas at 1 atm were experimentally determined at free stream velocities up to about 40 ft/sec. If specific enthalpy instead of temperature is used as the driving force for heat transport a consistent correlation of the over-all heat-transfer rate data can be obtained by dimensional analysis, employing equilibrium properties in the conventional relationship, NNu = φ (NPr, NRe) The advantages of using specific enthalpy as a driving force are justified from theoretical considerations. Due primarily to the high thermal conductivity of this system, values of conventional heat transfer coefficients based on a temperature driving force may be as high as eight times those for a similar non-reacting system.
The impact of device type and sizing on phase noise mechanisms [MOS VCOs]

Phase noise mechanisms in integrated LC voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) using MOS transistors are investigated. The degradation in phase noise due to bias noise is shown to be a function of MOS device sizing. By exploiting this dependence, bias noise contributions to phase noise are minimized by design rather than through filtering. Concentrating on the remaining fundamental noise sources in the MOS cross-coupled pair, experimental results and reasoning are presented that explain why 0.18 /spl mu/m PMOS devices show better phase noise than 0.18 /spl mu/m NMOS devices in both the 1/f/sup 3/ and 1/f/sup 2/ regions. A 5.3 GHz all-PMOS VCO topology demonstrates measured phase noise of -122 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset while dissipating 13.5 mW from a 1.8 V supply.
A fully integrated low cost packaged CMOS low noise amplifier for the UWB radio

A fully integrated low noise amplifier (LNA) has been designed in 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS technology for the ultra-wideband (UWB) radio. The LNA operates in the 3.1 - 4.8 GHz band. Within this band, the noise figure is less than 4.9 dB, |S/sub 11/| 8.5 dB, and IIP3 > -2.2 dBm. The LNA core block dissipates 10 mA current from a 2-volt power supply. The designed LNA is packaged in a regular LQFP package and shown not to be too sensitive to the bonding wire length.
Russia's Cold War: From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall – By Jonathan Haslam

From the end of World War II until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Cold War dominated international affairs throughout the world. Despite the need for secrecy on the part of most p...
Translating Race and Caste

In the late nineteenth century, Indian and African American social reformers began to compare struggles against racial oppression in the United States with movements against caste oppression in India. The majority of these reformers ignored what was lost in translating messy particularities of identity, status and hierarchy into the words “race” and “caste” and then again translating between these words. While exploring the limitations of such a double translation, this article argues that race/caste analogies were often utilized in opposition to white supremacy, caste oppression, and other forms of injustice.
Linear Childhood Discoid Lupus Erythematosus Following the Lines of Blaschko: A Case Report with Review of the Linear Manifestations of Lupus Erythematosus

Seventeen cases of childhood discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) have been previously reported in the literature. We describe the first reported case of childhood linear DLE following the lines of Blaschko. The clinical and histologic characteristics of childhood DLE are discussed and a review of the linear manifestations of childhood LE is presented.