cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A non-invasive crop ideotype to reduce invasive potential

In plant breeding programs, qualitative and quantitative traits confer market value and, thus, constitute the basis for developing breeding criteria during crop domestication. Some traits such as high male/female fertility are advantageous in the wild and could enable the evolution of cultivated crops into invasive weeds. Other traits, e.g. sterility, are not expected to confer invasiveness. To date there has been very limited involvement in invasion risk assessment by plant breeders. Thus, in this paper we propose that trait-based selection of potential crop species be coupled with species design in the creation of a “non-invasive crop ideotype” as an avenue to reduce invasiveness during domestication. The non-invasive crop ideotype embodies the ideal characteristics for a crop to excel in cultivated environment(s) but minimizes the likelihood it will establish and spread in non-cultivated environments, constituting the underlying foundation for all breeding objectives, choice(s) of breeding methodologies, and propagation techniques for non-invasive crop release. Using ornamental (floriculture) horticultural crops as an example, we identify 10 traits to be used individually or in combination to reduce invasiveness while retaining commercial value: reduced genetic variation in propagules, slowed growth rates, non-flowering, elimination of asexual propagules, lack of pollinator rewards, non-shattering seed, non-fleshy fruits, lack of seed germination, sterility, and programmed death (apotopsis). A non-invasive crop ideotype would constitute the underlying foundation for all breeding objectives, the choice(s) of breeding methodologies, and propagation technique(s). The ideotype should be flexible and should adjust to species- and crop-specific traits to account for the intended use. For example, development of sterile cultivars may have negligible effects in reducing invasiveness if the crops spread vegetatively. A non-invasive crop ideotype may increase the direct participation of plant breeders, who are the professionals directly involved in the collection, development and release of new crops, in reducing the invasive potential of ornamental crops. Future research is required to determine the feasibility of incorporating each trait into various crops, use of classical or molecular techniques for creation of non-invasive crops, trait stability (lack of genotype × environment interaction over years and locations), consumer acceptance, and long-term viability.
The private language argument and the sense-datum theory

(1969). The private language argument and the sense-datum theory. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 325-343.
Effects of GDNF on fetal septal forebrain transplants in oculo.

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a member of the TGF-β superfamily of growth factors with marked neurotrophic activity on midbrain dopaminergic neurons. To investigate whether this trophic activity is shared by central cholinergic neurons, we investigated the effects of GDNF treatment during development of the medial septal area in rats. Adult Fischer 344 rats received intraocular transplants of fetal septal forebrain tissue (embryonic Day 17) which was preincubated for 20 min with either GDNF or vehicle. The two treatment groups subsequently received weekly intraocular injections of either GDNF (0.5 μg in 5 μl/injection) or vehicle for 6 weeks following transplantation. Transplants treated with GDNF grew twice as large as control grafts treated with vehicle. Immunohistochemical evaluations of the transplants revealed that there was no difference between the two groups in terms of acetylcholinesterase or low affinity neurotrophin receptor (p75) staining. In contrast, a significant increment in the number of GABA-ergic neurons was observed in transplants that received GDNF, as compared to vehicle-treated grafts. The overall number of neurons within the transplanted tissue was also elevated in the experimental group. There was no difference between the two groups in the distribution or density of astrocytes in the grafted tissue, as evidenced by immunohistochemistry with antibodies directed against glial fibrillary acidic protein. These results indicate that basal forebrain GABA-ergic neurons may be dependent on GDNF for their survival and/or for GABA synthesis, but that the cholinergic neurons in this area appear to be unaffected by GDNF administration during development.
SEARCH FOR MAGNETIC MONOPOLES

If magnetic monopoles exist, they are evidently too massive to have been produced in man-made radiation, too rare to have been observed directly in cosmic radiation, and too energetic to have accumulated in ferromagnetic surface minerals. Primordial monopoles which escaped immediate recombination would be destined to undergo progressive acceleration by the solenoidal magnetic fields they would encounter in the universe. They would by now have acquired energies of the order of ${10}^{20}$ eV and should therefore arrive isotropically, unaffected by the earth's atmosphere or magnetic field. Secondary monopoles produced in the upper atmosphere are also likely to have more residual energy than they can lose to the atmosphere. Ocean water of more than the penetration depth would thermalize monopoles without immobilizing them, and thus allow monopoles to accumulate in the magnetic component of deep-sea sediment. The slow deposition rate of sediment thus makes it the most promising terrestrial source of monopoles. We have constructed apparatus capable of extracting magnetic monopoles from massive quantities of sediment, accelerating them to 50 GeV and detecting them by an array of scintillation counters. Assuming that monopoles are bound only to ferromagnetic and paramagnetic materials, we have established an upper-limit arrival rate of 1 per ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ in 8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{16}$ sec for an energy \ensuremath{\le}4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{15}$ eV, and 1 per ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ in 6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{17}$ sec for an energy \ensuremath{\le}2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{14}$ eV, for monopoles of either polarity, of charge larger than $\frac{1}{6}$ of the Dirac value, and of mass up to 14 000 proton masses, with a confidence level of 95%. For comparison, the arrival rate of particles generating extensive air showers accounting for more than ${10}^{18}$ eV is 1 per ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ in 1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{16}$ sec.
Synthesis and characterization of molybdenum and tungsten nitrite complexes of the type [M(NO2)2(CO)2(PPh3)2]

Abstract The molybdenum and tungsten complexes [MBr 2 (CO) 2 - (PPh 3 ) 2 ] (M  Mo, W) react with NaNO 2 in methanol to form [M(NO 2 ) 2 (CO) 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 ] (M  Mo ( 1 ); W ( 2 )). The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, 15 N labeling, IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. The NO 2 ligands are chelating and are magnetically equivalent. The 31 p and 13 C NMR spectra of these complexes show that the two phosphine ligands and the two carbonyl ligands are magnetically equivalent.
Fuel cell and hydrogen economy

This article reviews some of the recent developments in the materials, design, and concepts for bipolar/end plates in the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell stack. Experimental results for the use of iron- and copper-based alloys for bipolar plate as an alternative to the expensive conventionally used graphite material are presented. The developments of the models for optimizing the design parameters in the gas flow-field of these plates are discussed. Based on these simulations results, some of the new concepts for these plates were urbanized. These include: use of metal foam in the gas flow-field, and corrugated thin sheet bipolar/end plate. Experimental results with these new concepts are presented and will be compared with the model-predicted results. Applications of these new concepts in the development of commercial fuel cell stacks in the era of hydrogen economy are discussed.
Distribution and Composition of Esterified and Unesterified Cholesterol in Extra-Macular Drusen

More details about the distribution of esterified and unesterified cholesterol (EC, UC), abundant druse components, would inform models of druse biogenesis and new technologies for ocular imaging. From donors with grossly normal maculas (n=10, 66-86years), whose eyes were preserved in paraformaldehyde within 6h of death, extra-macular drusen encased with retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were isolated manually. Cryosections of pelleted drusen, stained with filipin for UC and EC, were used to investigate filipin staining patterns within single drusen (n=193) and to quantify fluorescence (n=146). From lipid extracts of other drusen/RPE and RPE samples, total cholesterol (TC) and UC were determined by enzymatic fluorimetry. Drusen contained cores, basally located regions that were intensely bright when stained for UC or deeply dark when stained for EC; many were surrounded by concentric lamellae. Within the same cores, the EC-poor regions were significantly smaller (13.0mum) than UC-rich regions (17.1mum). Drusen with highly fluorescent EC-rich shells lacked UC-rich shells. Small spots representing lakes were visible only in drusen stained for EC. Some drusen had small, refractive spherical inclusions lacking both UC and EC. Of drusen examined, 32% had a UC-rich core, 35% had an EC-poor core, 31% had an EC-rich shell, 25% had EC-rich lakes, and 4-5% had UC-, EC-poor inclusions. Shells and cores occurred in significantly non-overlapping druse populations. The percentage of TC that was esterified ranged from 32-66% for drusen/RPE and 5-21% for RPE. The disposition of cholesterol in cores may reflect the activity of invading cellular process. The greater size of UC-rich cores relative to EC-poor cores may reflect a declining gradient of enzymatic activity with increased radial distance from the putative invaders. The relative sizes of sub-domains defined by cholesterol composition are compared to sub-domains detected in drusen by in vivo imaging methods.
Interactions of Ro15-4513, Ro15-1788 (flumazenil) and ethanol on measures of exploration and locomotion in rats

The present study investigated the role of the GABAA-benzodiazepine (BDZ) receptor complex in mediating ethanol (ETOH)-induced increases in exploration (head-dipping) and locomotion of rats in a holeboard test. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were selected based on low basal exploratory rates to increase the likelihood that ETOH would increase these behaviors. The effects of the BDZ partial inverse agonist, Ro15-4513 (2.5 mg/kg), and the BDZ receptor antagonist, Ro15-1788 (flumazenil) (8.0 mg/kg), alone, and in combination with ETOH (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 g/kg, IP) were investigated. The 0.25 and 0.50 g/kg doses of ETOH markedly increased both exploration and locomotion in low exploratory rats. The ETOH-induced increases were prevented by Ro15-4513 on both measures at a dose that produced no observable intrinsic action; however, this apparent lack of intrinsic activity on exploration may have been related to the low basal rates of responding in the subjects. The BDZ antagonist, flumazenil, completely reversed the antagonistic action produced by Ro15-4513 of the ETOH-induced stimulant effects on locomotion, however, flumazenil exerted only a marginal statistically significant effect on Ro15-4513's actions on head-dipping. When flumazenil was given alone, it increased head-dipping, but was without effect on locomotion. Flumazenil did not affect ETOH-induced increases in locomotion; however, ETOH and flumazenil appeared to show agonistic effects on exlporation. The different effects exerted by flumazenil alone, and in combination with ETOH on head-dipping and locomotion suggest that the actions of flumazenil on these behaviors are mediated through separate mechanisms. The research further suggests that both the anxiolytic and locomotor activational effects of ETOH are mediated through the GABAA-BDZ receptor complex.
Life events and personality in late adolescence: Genetic and environmental relations

The relationship between life events and personality was investigated in the Minnesota Twin/Family Study, using 216 monozygotic and 114 dizygotic 17-year-old male twin pairs. Participants completed a life events interview designed for adolescents and the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. Life events were categorized into three types: life events to which all members of a family would be subject and those affecting an individual, which can be broadly construed as either nonindependent or independent. Univariate genetic model fitting indicated the presence of significant genetic effects (h 2=49%) for nonindependent nonfamily life events but not for the other two types of life events. Bivariate genetic model fitting further confirmed that the significant phenotypic correlation between nonindependent life events and personality is in part genetically mediated. Specifically, the findings suggest that genetically influenced individual differences in constraint play a substantial role in life events whose occurrence is not independent of the individual's behavior.
Coarsening‐Resistant Dual‐Phase Interprenetrating Microstructures

Grain growth in a 50:50 (vol%) dual-phase mixture of Al2O3 and c-ZrO2 (cubic zirconia) is severely limited compared with that for either of the single phases. At 1650°C, the growth rates in the duplex composition are 160 and 3500 times lower than that for single-phase Al2O3 and c-ZrO2, respectively. The restriction of the grain growth is attributed to the limited mutual solubility and the physical constraint provided by the interpenetrating geometry of the two phases. Grain coordination number and dihedral angle are also considered as factor affecting grain stabilization in two-phase systems. A potentially important practical application of this work is the fabrication of grain-stabilized fibers for use as reinforcement in composite structures at elevated temperatures.
Redistribution of synaptic vesicles during long-term potentiation in the hippocampus

Abstract Synaptic vesicles were quantified 20 min after the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the Schaffer-commissural system of the hippocampus. With LTP, significant increases were found in vesicles attached to the active zone membrane, and in the percentage of vesicles adjacent to the active zone. In addition, as others have reported, overall vesicle density was decreased and spine area was increased. These results suggest that an increased probability of vesicle may contribute to brain LTP.
Output-based mesh adaptation for high order Navier-Stokes simulations on deformable domains

We present an output-based mesh adaptation strategy for Navier-Stokes simulations on deforming domains. The equations are solved with an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) approach, using a discontinuous Galerkin finite-element discretization in both space and time. Discrete unsteady adjoint solutions, derived for both the state and the geometric conservation law, provide output error estimates and drive adaptation of the space-time mesh. Spatial adaptation consists of dynamic order increment or decrement on a fixed tessellation of the domain, while a combination of coarsening and refinement is used to provide an efficient time step distribution. Results from compressible Navier-Stokes simulations in both two and three dimensions demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed approach. In particular, the method is shown to outperform other common adaptation strategies, which, while sometimes adequate for static problems, struggle in the presence of mesh motion. We present output-based mesh adaptation for Navier-Stokes on deforming domains.Space-time adaptation is driven by unsteady state and GCL adjoints.Significant reductions in mesh size and CPU time are obtained in 2 and 3 dimensions.If the GCL is used, a GCL adjoint is necessary for accurate error estimates.However, accurate outputs can often be obtained without the GCL.
Navigating a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Clinical Practice Change

EVALUATING CURRENT CARE processes and implementing new practices are important components of providing safe and effective patient care.
Nontreatment Factors Affecting Treatment Outcome in Substance Abuse

(1989). Nontreatment Factors Affecting Treatment Outcome in Substance Abuse. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 13-29.
Test anxiety and the economic recession.

Summnry.-The impact of the present economic recession on college students' attitudes toward school and the relationship of these reactions to testanxiety scores was investigated for two samples of college students, 142 attending a public college and 144 a private college. As hypothesized, students who reported that economic crisis resulted in increased desire to do well in school had higher facilitating and lower debilitating test-anxiety scores than those students who stated that economic recession caused them to worry more abouc rising educational costs and future job opportunities. Differences between find
Expert system in neonatal total parenteral nutrition

This paper addresses the expert system design methodology in determining the total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for neonatal patients. The TPN is recommended for initiation of nutrition for the patients who are unable to tolerate any external feeds. Nutrition plays an important and crucial role in the management of neonatal patients. TPN calculation depends on the requirement of the patient's calories, volume of fluid, electrolytes, and other less significant factors. The calculation must be consistent with several factors; some of the determining factors are: age, weight, electrolytic status, and clinical condition of the patient. The knowledge based approach will assist the physicians in their determination of the required parameters. This study explains various rules that must be programmed into the knowledge base. The lipids, protein and carbohydrate intake is calculated based on the desired energy. The oral intake is taken into consideration for these calculations. The Level-5 expert system shell is used as an inference engine. The user interface is menu driven. The built-in inference engine works on the knowledge base to arrive at the desired output. The system performs at a level generally recognized as equivalent to that of a human expert, in this case a pediatrician and nutritionist. The actual neonatal TPN order sheet used at a University Medical Center was used as a model for design. The paper also addresses some knowledge engineering issues, i.e., the task of extracting knowledge from human experts, and translating it into a rule based format.
The returns to skill

Abstract Since 1975, increases in the return to skill (measured by years of education), in the percentage of the labor force that is skilled, and in the variance of wage income within skill categories have characterized the U.S. labor market. The first two facts point towards an increase in the demand for skilled labor; the third fact establishes that this increase in demand has not been uniform for all members of a particular skill category. Hence, the three stylized facts point toward unobserved skill heterogeneity within education classes. In this paper, we argue that education per se does not measure skill adequately, and we suggest an alternative measure based on the observed skill characteristics of the job. We analyze the return to various dimensions of skill, including formal education. After accounting for other elements of skill, we find that the return to years of education has been constant since 1970. Moreover, variations in direct measures of skill, such as mathematical ability or eye-hand coordination, account for a substantial fraction of the increased dispersion in income among the college educated, and some of the increase in wage dispersion among those who have not earned a college degree.
Assessing Supplemental Courseware in an IT Fluency Course

Information technology is affecting every aspect of life and work - and incorporating IT education effectively across the curriculum is common goal in undergraduate education. The University of Massachusetts Amherst launched a new interdisciplinary, campus-wide undergraduate IT minor that has influenced information technology programs across the state and the nation. The Research in Presentation Production for Learning Electronically (RIPPLES) Group adapted its widely used open-source, cross-platform multimedia course delivery system, MANIC, to provide materials for an IT prerequisite course. Qualitative and quantitative data collected during the first offering of this course suggest that this supplemental use of technology outside of the classroom significantly enhanced student understanding of the material. This paper analyzes the data collected from this instance of the course and explores which aspects of this use of technology worked best, which areas can be improved upon, and the implications and opportunities for other technical and applied courses
An integrated pest management approach to Colorado potato beetle control in the USA1

An integrated pest management program utilizing the egg parasite Edovum puttleri for Colorado potato beetle control was developed at Beltsville (US). This program presents an alternative control that is environmentally safe, cost-effective and energy-efficient.
Requirements for 5′dRP/AP lyase activity in Ku

The non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway is used in diverse species to repair chromosome breaks, and is defined in part by a requirement for Ku. We previously demonstrated mammalian Ku has intrinsic 5' deoxyribosephosphate (5'dRP) and apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) lyase activity, and showed this activity is important for excising abasic site damage from ends. Here we employ systematic mutagenesis to clarify the protein requirements for this activity. We identify lysine 31 in the 70 kD subunit (Ku70 K31) as the primary candidate nucleophile required for catalysis, but additional mutation of Ku70 K160 and six other lysines within Ku80 were required to eliminate all activity. Ku from Saccharomyces cerevisiae also possesses 5'dRP/AP lyase activity, and robust activity was also reliant on lysines in Ku70 analogous to K31 and K160. By comparison, these lysines are not conserved in Xenopus laevis Ku, and Ku from this species has negligible activity. A role for residues flanking Ku70 K31 in expanding the range of abasic site contexts that can be used as substrate was also identified. Our results suggest an active site well located to provide the substrate specificity required for its biological role.
Effects of Ca2+ on supramolecular aggregation of natural organic matter in aqueous solutions: A comparison of molecular modeling approaches

Abstract Natural organic matter (NOM) represents a complex molecular system that cannot be fully characterized compositionally or structurally in full atomistic detail. This makes the application of molecular modeling approaches very difficult and significantly hinders quantitative investigation of NOM properties and behavior by these otherwise very efficient computational techniques. Here we report and analyze three molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of Ca2+ complexation with NOM in aqueous solutions in an attempt to quantitatively assess possible effects of model- and system size-dependence in such simulations. Despite some obvious variations in the computed results that depend on the size of the simulated system and on the parameters of the force field models used, all three simulations are quite robust and consistent. They show Ca2+ ions associated with 35–50% of the NOM carboxylic groups at near-neutral pH and point to a strong preference for the stability of bidentate-coordinated contact ion pairs. The degree and potential mechanisms of NOM supramolecular aggregation in the presence of Ca2+ ions in solution are also assessed on a semi-quantitative level from two larger-scale MD simulations.
Quantitative Structure‐Activity Relationship (QSAR) Studies Using Electronic Descriptors Calculated from Topological and Molecular Orbital (MO) Methods

The performance of certain electronic descriptors rapidly calculated by a topology-based method has been compared with those computed by time-consuming MO methods for QSAR studies on mutagenicity of a set of triazenes. The highly significant correlations obtained in the two cases not only are of excellently comparable statistical quality but also support the same mechanism of mutagenicity.
Regulation of Abscisic Acid Biosynthesis

Plant growth and development are regulated by internal signals and by external environmental conditions. One important regulator that coordinates growth and development with responses to the environment is the sesquiterpenoid hormone abscisic acid (ABA). ABA plays important roles in many cellular
Lefschetz Motives and the Tate Conjecture

A Lefschetz class on a smooth projective variety is an element of the Q-algebra generated by divisor classes. We show that it is possible to define Q-linear Tannakian categories of abelian motives using the Lefschetz classes as correspondences, and we compute the fundamental groups of the categories. As an application, we prove that the Hodge conjecture for complex Abelian varieties of CM-type implies the Tate conjecture for all Abelian varieties over finite fields, thereby reducing the latter to a problem in complex analysis.
Measured field patterns of bare and insulated linear antennas in a material medium

Apparatus designed to measure the electric field of bare and insulated linear antennas in fresh water is described. The transformation of the measured field to obtain far-zone patterns is discussed. Field patterns for bare antennas and for insulated antennas with concentric and eccentric insulation are compared, and the shaping of the pattern that can be obtained using the insulation is described. The measured field patterns are in good agreement with theoretical patterns calculated from recently developed theories.
On the Definition of Software Accuracy in Redundant Measurement Systems

DOI 10.1002/aic.10379Published online March 3, 2005 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).Accuracy of measurements is deﬁned as the sum of precision (standard deviation) andbias. Unfortunately, this deﬁnition is of little use unless bias is independently assessed. Inthis article, we extend this classical deﬁnition of accuracy of measurements to one ofestimators obtained through data reconciliation techniques. Connection to gross errorrobustness measures, deﬁned earlier by the author, is studied.
Requirement of a 12-Base-Pair TATT-Containing Sequence and Viral Lytic DNA Replication in Activation of the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus K8.1 Late Promoter

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) K8.1 late promoter consists of a minimal 24-bp sequence, with a TATA-like, 12-bp promoter core, AATATTAAAGGG, and is active on a reporter only in butyrate-induced KSHV-infected cells. The activity of the K8.1 promoter can be enhanced (>15-fold) by the KSHV left-end lytic origin of DNA replication (oriLyt-L) sequence while providing inefficient replication of plasmid DNA and is inhibited by viral DNA replication inhibitors, suggesting that activation of the K8.1 promoter on the reporter is involved in KSHV lytic DNA replication largely by trans.
A comparison of streamer and OBC seismic data at Beryl Alpha field, U. K. North Sea

Compressional P-wave ocean-bottom-cable (OBC) seismic data from the Beryl Alpha field in the U. K. North Sea provide a superior image of the subsurface compared to heritage streamer seismic data. To determine the reason for the superiority of OBC data, the results of a detailed comparison of these OBC and streamer data sets are compared. The streamer and OBC data sets are reprocessed using a strategy that attempts to isolate the roles of processing, fold, azimuth, PZ combination, and hydrophone and geophone data have on the improved OBC image. The vertical component of the geophone (OBC Z) provides the major contribution to the improved OBC image. The imaged OBC Z datacontain fewer multiples and have a higher signal-to-noise ratio than the streamer. The OBC data have a lower level of multiple contamination because of the contribution from the OBC Z component, together with an effective suppression of receiver-side water-column reverberations as a result of the combination of the OBC hydrophone and geophon...
Predicting Charged-Ligand Binding from Molecular Simulations

We seek to use molecular simulations to predict and understand protein-ligand interactions. Our approach uses so-called "alchemical" free energy calculations to quantitatively predict binding affinities. Here, we will discuss recent work on blind predictions of protein-ligand binding in a model binding site in cytochrome C peroxidase, as well as related work in other binding sites. We discuss the outcome of our predictions, what we learned, and the challenges facing computational methods in predicting biomolecular interactions. We also discuss ongoing related work in other binding sites, and implications of our work for binding studies more broadly.
Enhancement of adaptive biological effects by nanotechnology preparation methods in homeopathic medicines

Multiple studies have demonstrated that traditional homeopathic manufacturing reagents and processes can generate remedy source and silica nanoparticles (NPs). Homeopathically-made NPs would initiate adaptive changes in an organism as a complex adaptive system (CAS) or network. Adaptive changes would emerge from several different endogenous amplification processes that respond to exogenous danger or threat signals that manufactured nanomaterials convey, including (1) stochastic resonance (SR) in sensory neural systems and (2) time-dependent sensitization (TDS)/oscillation. SR is nonlinear coherent amplification of a weak signal by the superposition of a larger magnitude white noise containing within it the same frequencies of the weak signal. TDS is progressive response magnitude amplification and oscillatory reversal in response direction to a given low dose at physiological limits with the passage of time. Hormesis is an overarching adaptive phenomenon that reflects the observed nonlinear adaptive dose–response relationship. Remedies would act as enhanced micro- and nanoscale forms of their source material via direct local ligand-receptor interactions at very low potencies and/or by triggering systemic adaptive network dynamical effects via their NP-based electromagnetic, optical, and quantum mechanical properties at higher potencies. Manufacturing parameters including dilution modify sizes, shapes, and surface charges of nanoparticles, thereby causing differences in physico-chemical properties and biological effects. Based on surface area, size, shape, and charge, nanoparticles adsorb a complex pattern of serum proteins, forming a protein corona on contact that constitutes a unique biological identity. The protein corona may capture individualized dysfunctional biological mediator information of the organism onto the surfaces of the salient, i.e., resonant, remedy nanostructures. SR would amplify this weak signal from the salient remedy NPs with protein corona adsorbed, leading to sensitized nonlinear dynamical modulation of gene expression and associated changes in biological signaling pathways. When the system reaches its physiological limits during a homeopathic aggravation or the natural disease state, the amplified remedy signal triggers a nonlinear reversal in dynamical direction back towards health.
Outcomes of Custom Flange Acetabular Components in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty and Predictors of Failure

Abstract Background Custom triflange acetabular components (CTAC) have become more popular in the treatment of Paprosky type IIIB defects with an average survivorship of 80% at 4 years. Many studies report survivorship of CTAC, but radiographic parameters of CTAC success or failure have not been previously reported. The purpose of the study was to assess radiographic and patient factors predictive of failure in CTAC. Methods A retrospective review of 63 patients with >24 months of follow-up was completed. Continuous and categorical variables were compared between failed vs successful CTAC using Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Fisher exact test, respectively. Results The failure rate of the CTAC was 13.5% over an average follow-up of 4.32 years (±2.94). Patients had a mean of 2 revisions (range, 0-11) before CTAC implantation. Compared with the contralateral hip center of rotation, the failed CTAC group tended to lateralize the hip center by a mean of 18.29 mm (±11.90 mm) compared to a mean of 9.86 mm (±11.89) in the intact group, although this did not reach statistical significance ( P = .1029). The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index function score improved from 38.94 (±14.23) to 71.35 (±21.96) at most recent follow-up ( P = .0002). The Western Ontario and MacMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index scores were not significantly different between intact and failed CTAC groups. Conclusions CTAC tends to lateralize the hip center by approximately 1 cm, and there is a trend toward nearly 2 cm of lateralization in the small subset of failed CTAC. Future efforts should focus on medializing the hip center in CTAC to improve ingrowth and survivorship.
Free to Invest: The Economic Benefits of Preserving Net Neutrality

It is hard to imagine a future where the value of the Web takes a downward spiral: where less content is created, online access is less useful, and fewer people log on. Currently, thousands of new websites and applications are constantly created. The content attracts millions of new users who email, tweet, blog, and discuss the information on the Web freely. Net neutrality supports this open and entrepreneurial dynamic which helps to create billions of dollars in free value for the American public. In Free to Invest, the Institute for Policy Integrity warns of negative economic consequences if net neutrality is weakened. The report arrived at five main findings that describe the trade-offs of revoking net neutrality.
The Effects of Rivalry on Rivalry Confrontations and the Strategic Management of Conflict

The paper investigates how states manage multiple rivalries when faced with an immediate threat. We argue that accommodation or cooperative gestures towards one rival allow states to shift resources from the management of one rivalry to another in order to deal with the costs of immediate threats By examining enduring rivalries from 1966-1999, we show when states are most likely to pursue conciliatory behavior as well as those that become the recipient of accommodation. Our study indicates that states rely on accommodative strategies to respond to threats, albeit at modest levels. Findings show that states accommodate rivals that did not issue the threat, thereby demonstrating that conflict in one rivalry leads to the warming of relations in another. States will target non-threatening rivals which they expect to pose threats in the future. Among the threat-initiating rivals, those issuing less severe threats, major powers, and democracies are more likely to be accommodated.
Physical performance and self-report outcomes associated with use of passive, adaptive, and active prosthetic knees in persons with unilateral, transfemoral amputation: Randomized crossover trial.

UNLABELLED Prosthetic knees are a vital component in an artificial limb. Contemporary knees include passive, (mechanical), adaptive (computerized), or active (motorized) control systems and have the potential to mitigate amputation-related functional impairments and activity limitations. A 14 mo randomized crossover trial was conducted. Participants (n = 12, mean age = 58 yr) were tested under three conditions: passive control (existing knee), adaptive control (Ossur Rheo Knee II), and active control (Ossur Power Knee II). Training and acclimation time were provided to participants in the adaptive and active knees. Outcome measures included indoor tests (Timed Up and Go test [TUG], stairs, and ramp), outdoor tests (walking course and perceived exertion), step activity monitor, self-report surveys (mobility, balance confidence, physical function, fatigue, and general health), and fall incidence. Mixed-effects linear regression modeling was used to evaluate data. Compared with passive control, adaptive control significantly improved comfortable TUG time (difference = 0.91 s, p = 0.001) and reported physical function (difference = 1.26 [T-score], p = 0.03). Active control significantly increased comfortable TUG, fast TUG, and ramp times (difference = 3.02, 2.66, and 0.96 s, respectively, all p < 0.03) and increased balance confidence (difference = 3.77, p = 0.003) compared with passive control. Findings suggest that adaptive knee control may enhance function compared with passive control but that active control can restrict mobility in middle-age or older users with transfemoral amputation. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov; "Use of Passive, Adaptive, and Active Prosthetic Knees in Persons With Unilateral, Transfemoral Amputation": NCT02219230; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02219230.
Preliminary experience with clinical pediatric PET/MRI

420 Objectives To familiarize others with our initial clinical experience with pediatric PET/MRI. This includes our indications, protocols, workflow and radiation savings relative to PET/CT. Methods 29 patients underwent 33 separate clinical PET/MRI studies. The average age was 7.9 years and 52% were male. 64% (21/33) of studies required sedation. 61% (20/33) of studies were performed for the indication of seizure and limited to the brain. The remaining 39% (14/33) of exams were performed for various oncologic follow-up and prior PET/CTs were available for comparison in these cases. Of our exams 88% (29/33) would previously have required 2 separate exams to give the equivalent diagnostic and physiologic information. Majority (84%) of prior CTs were performed using a low dose protocol for attenuation correction but 2 were diagnostic CTs with contrast administration. Dose of FDG administered was recorded as was DLP/dose data for the comparison PET/CTs. Results All exams were considered diagnostic with minimal to no artifact. There was no difference in the dose of FDG utilized in the PET/MR versus PET/CT groups (p = 0.22). The dose savings in the PET/MR group were therefore entirely due to omission of the tomogram/CT images. Dose savings were an average DLP of 132 mGy*cm equating to an effective dose savings of 3.3 mSv in the cases where prior PET/CT was available. Effective dose savings were larger in the two patients with prior diagnostic CTs (6.1 and 10.9 mSv). In addition, by performing 2 previously distinct exams concurrently 55% (18/33) of patients were spared an additional sedation. Conclusions PET/MR can effectively complement existing modalities in both neurological and oncological indications. Effective dose savings relative to PET/CT are relatively modest, particularly compared to attenuation correction only PET/CTs. However, an additional advantage particularly in the pediatric population is the ability to perform 2 exams in one sitting, sparing children multiple sedations and their associated risks.
Comment: Defense of Noncognitivism Defended

Professor VanDeVeer has given a scrupulously fair account of my defense of noncognitivism (N), and has raised questions which are both searching and stimulating. His most basic criticism is that I fail to demonstrate N—the thesis that the utterance of a moral principle expresses the speaker's moral commitment, but does not affirm or deny that something is the case, and therefore does not result in a statement which is true or false. To provide adequate positive support for N would involve me—so he claims—in complicated problems of the theory of meaning. My reply is that I do, and can, rely on the very theory of meaning which, as Hempel states it, is generally accepted by contemporary philosophers of science, namely that … a sentence makes a cognitively significant assertion, and thus can be said to be either true or false, if and only if either (1) it is analytic or contradictory—in which case it is said to have purely logical meaning or significance—or else (2) if it is capable, at least potentially, of test by experiential evidence—in which case it can be said to have empirical meaning or significance. Given this basic principle (which Hempel says [p. 101] “is not peculiar to empiricism alone”), and given my demonstration that moral principles are neither analytic nor empirical, it follows that they are not cognitively either true or false.
A New Species of Penicillium from Soil

A striking and apparently previously undescribed species of Peni? cillium has been isolated repeatedly during an ecological study of the microfungi in Wisconsin prairie soils. Nine strains of the fungus were isolated from soils collected from a depth of one inch at five stations in southern Wisconsin between May 1952 and May 1953. A representative of this same species was submitted to the Culture Collection of the Northern Utilization Research Branch for identification in 1950 by Dr. J. H. Warcup, Cambridge, England. He had isolated it in 1947 from soil collected in Lakenheath Warren, Suffolk. Warcup, noted, in correspondence relative to the culture, that the fungus was quite common in soils there.
Comparison of Two Measles Vaccine Supplement Immunity Activity in Changzhou City

Objective To Contrast two measles attenuated live vaccine(MV ) supplementary immunization activity(SIA) in Changzhou city and approach measures of measles elimination.Methods Comparison of the different characteristics between two MV SIA was conducted with descriptive epidemiology. Results After SIA in Nov.2007,the reported measles incidence was 24.13/100 000,and increased by 91.60%in 2008 than that in 2007;During the following 8 months after MV SIA,the reported measles incidence increased by 118.57%averagely;The constituent ratio of the group in which the age was less than 15 increased by 11.17%to the corresponding period of last year.There was no obvions change for the inoculation rate of measles from settled and floating population.Before SIA in Apr.2009,the reported measles incidence increased by 221.30%averagely and after SIA in 2009,the reported measles incidence decreased by 88.69%averagely;The constituent ratio the measles incidence in the group in which the age was less than 15 decreased 50.03%to the corresponding period of last year;The inoculation rate of measles in floating population increased obviously.Conclusion Low coverage of MV is the main cause of high measles incidence after SIA in 2007.The peak of measles incidence is smoothed through using high quality SIA in 2009.The Government participation and departments coordination are very important,when a good MV SIA is carried out.
The secretory immunoglobulin A response in the gut [proceedings].

s of Communications Meeting of the Biochemical Society lmmunoglobulin Discussion Group and the British Society for Immunology held at the University of Bristol, I April 1977 IMMUNOGLOBULIN A AND MUCOSAL PROTECTION : a Colloquium organized by J. R. Clamp (Bristol) The Secretory Immunoglobulin A Response in the Gut JOHN J. CEBRA, PATRICIA J. GEARHART, RAMESH KAMAT, STELLA M. ROBERTSON and JEENAN TSENG Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore M D 2121 8 , U S A . Humoral immunity manifest in the mammalian gut is often due to the presence there of sIgA (secretory immunoglobulin A) antibodies. A considerable proportion of antibodies of this immunoglobulin isotype are synthesized locally by plasma cells, which are abundant in intestinal lamina propria. B-lymphocyte precursors for IgAsecreting plasma cells (‘IgA plasma cells’) appear to derive from the Peyer’s patches (aggregated lymphatic follicles) of the small intestine. The Peyer’s patches of rabbits contain a subpopulation of B-lymphocytes that can repopulate the spleen and lamina propria of irradiated allogeneic recipients with IgA plasma cells (Craig & Cebra, 1971). Pokeweed mitogen stimulates this subpopulation in vitro to generate IgA plasma cells (Jones et al., 1974). The immediate precursors for IgA plasma cells have been isolated in the subpopulation of Peyer’s-patch cells bearing membrane Fab, and lacking membrane IgM by fluorescence-activated cell-sorting (Jones et al., 1974; Jones & Cebra, 1974). In addition to supplying precursors for IgA plasma cells, an ‘antigen-sampling’ role has been ascribed to Peyer’s patches (Bockman & Cooper, 1973). Whole protein molecules may pass intact across their specialized dome epithelial cells and arrive in the midst of B-lymphocyte follicles. Thus IgA precursors may have their first encounter with antigen in the Peyer’s patches, be stimulated to divide, and migrate in lymph/blood to intestinal lamina propria and generate plasma cells. We have devised an adoptive transfer system to compare the antigen-sensitivity of Peyer’s-patch cells with cells from peripheral lymph nodes and spleen (Cebra et al., 1977a,b). Syngeneic or congeneic (CB20+Balb/c) cells were transferred into sublethally irradiated (600rad) recipients which were then challenged 1 day later with 5 x lo8 sheep erythrocytes. Antibody-forming cells in the recipients’ spleens were enumerated at various times thereafter by the Jerne plaque assay and by facilitating antisera to distinguish cells making IgM, IgGl, IgG2 and IgA isotopes. Fluorochrome-labelled alloantisera, which distinguished IgA from CB20 (Ig-2*) and Balb/c (Ig-2“) congeneic mice, were used to determine the origin of IgA plasma cells in recipient mice. The Peyer’s-patch cells were as effective in adoptively transferring IgM and IgG responses as cells from peripheral lymph nodes or spleen. However, only Peyer’s-patch cells transferred a significant IgA response, which began at about day 10 after transfer and reached a maximum of IgA
Lessing’s Tragic Topography: The Rejection of Society and its Spatial Metaphor in Philotas

In exploring Lessing’s use of stage space for illumination of seemingly similar conflicts in his tragedies, the extreme divergence of Philotas from Mis Sara Sampson and Emilia Galotti becomes apparent. The spatial metaphor in Philotas reveals the protagonist’s determined isolation of himself from the social realm and ultimately leads to an understanding of Lessing’s implicit condemnation of Philotas’ radical interiority.
Epstein–Barr virus in the pathogenesis of oral cancers

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous gamma-herpesvirus that establishes a lifelong persistent infection in the oral cavity and is intermittently shed in the saliva. EBV exhibits a biphasic life cycle, supported by its dual tropism for B lymphocytes and epithelial cells, which allows the virus to be transmitted within oral lymphoid tissues. While infection is often benign, EBV is associated with a number of lymphomas and carcinomas that arise in the oral cavity and at other anatomical sites. Incomplete association of EBV in cancer has questioned if EBV is merely a passenger or a driver of the tumorigenic process. However, the ability of EBV to immortalize B cells and its prevalence in a subset of cancers has implicated EBV as a carcinogenic cofactor in cellular contexts where the viral life cycle is altered. In many cases, EBV likely acts as an agent of tumor progression rather than tumor initiation, conferring malignant phenotypes observed in EBV-positive cancers. Given that the oral cavity serves as the main site of EBV residence and transmission, here we review the prevalence of EBV in oral malignancies and the mechanisms by which EBV acts as an agent of tumor progression.