cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
San Jacinto Fault Zone in the Peninsular Ranges of Southern California

The San Jacinto fault zone is one of the major branches of the San Andreas fault system in Southern California. The straightness, continuity, and high seismicity of this zone, as well as its present right-lateral strain rate, suggest that currently it may be the most active member of the system in this region. Both intrusive rocks of the mid-Cretaceous Southern California batholith and prebatholithic metasedimentary and possibly metavolcanic rocks are exposed nearly continuously along a 50-mile segment of the fault zone between San Jacinto and Borrego valleys in the northeastern Peninsular Ranges. The prebatholithic terrane on both sides of the fault zone in this interval consists of locally migmatized banded gneiss and lesser amounts of amphibolite, quartzite, marble, schist, and metaconglomerate. These rocks, together with gabbroic, tonalitic, granodioritic, and adamellitic plutons, constitute distinctive sequences of generally steep-walled bodies which are offset right-laterally by the various breaks in the fault zone. A marker section of relatively marble-rich metamorphic rocks within and parallel to a regionally unique, moderately dipping, postbatholithic zone of cataclastic deformation is also offset near Borrego and Clark valleys. Extrapolation of critical offset contacts indicates that the cumulative right-lateral movement across the San Jacinto fault zone is about 15 miles. The southwestern side of the fault zone has been relatively raised through a probable 1- to 2-mile vertical component of net displacement, although the San Jacinto and Santa Rosa mountains northeast of the zone are now topographically higher. North of Anza, distinctive Pleistocene gravels are offset at least 3.2 miles, and stream courses have been displaced 0.45 mile in a right-lateral sense. The magnitude of displacement and its distribution among the various breaks within the zone indicate that: (1) the San Jacinto fault may connect with the Imperial fault in central Imperial Valley; (2) the positions of the Banning and Sierra Madre faults along the southern margins of the San Bernardino and San Gabriel mountains may reflect the total movement of the San Jacinto fault; (3) if the displacement on the San Andreas fault zone is as large as 160 miles, the San Jacinto fault has not always been as important a member of the larger system as its current activity suggests; and (4) when compared to the minimum probable Quaternary faulting rate, the displacement suggests the San Jacinto fault zone might be as young as Pliocene.
Surface Complexation of Pb(II) at Oxide-Water Interfaces: III. XAFS Determination of Pb(II) and Pb(II)-Chloro Adsorption Complexes on Goethite and Alumina

Abstract Pb(II) sorption on goethite and γ-alumina was studied in aqueous 0.1 M NaCl solutions as a function of pH (5–7), sorption density (1.2–5 μmoles/m2), and [Pb]T (0.24–4.53 mM) using XAFS (X-ray absorption fine structure) spectroscopy. At pH 7, the presence of Cl− has little effect on the Pb(II)/goethite and Pb(II)/γ-alumina adsorbate spectra. However, at pH ≤ 6, the XAFS spectra indicate the presence of Pb(II)-chloro ternary complexes on goethite. XAFS-derived Pb-Fe distances suggest that these complexes are attached to goethite surfaces through PbOsfc and Cl−Fesfc bonds simultaneously, i.e., both Pb(II) and Cl− ions bond as an inner-sphere species. In contrast, PbCl−Alsfc ternary complexes were not observed on γ-alumina. These results suggest that the stability trends of Cl−Me-oxide bonds are similar to the relative stabilities of aqueous Me-chloride complexes, where Me is an oxide-forming cation. Cl−Fesfc and adsorbate-Cl−Fesfc bonding should be taken into account when describing surface complexation of Pb(II) and other soft Lewis acid metal ions on iron oxides and iron oxyhydroxides in Cl−-bearing waters.
New Green's function for stress field and a note of its application in quantum-wire structures

Abstract The elastic field caused by the lattice mismatch between the quantum wires and the host matrix can be modeled by a corresponding two-dimensional hydrostatic inclusion subjected to plane strain conditions. The stresses in such a hydrostatic inclusion can be effectively calculated by employing the Green’s functions developed by Downes and Faux, which tend to be more efficient than the conventional method based on the Green’s function for the displacement field. In this study, Downes and Faux’s paper is extended to plane inclusions subjected to arbitrarily distributed eigenstrains: an explicit Green’s function solution, which evaluates the stress field due to the excitation of a point eigenstrain source in an infinite plane directly, is obtained in a closed-form. Here it is demonstrated that both the interior and exterior stress fields to an inclusion of any shape and with arbitrarily distributed eigenstrains are represented in a unified area integral form by employing the derived Green’s functions. In the case of uniform eigenstrain, the formulae may be simplified to contour integrals by Green’s theorem. However, special care is required when Green’s theorem is applied for the interior field. The proposed Green’s function is particularly advantageous in dealing numerically or analytically with the exterior stress field and the non-uniform eigenstrain. Two examples concerning circular inclusions are investigated. A linearly distributed eigenstrain is attempted in the first example, resulting in a linear interior stress field. The second example solves a circular thermal inclusion, where both the interior and exterior stress fields are obtained simultaneously.
Phase shifting, strong coupling, and parametric feedback squeezing of an opto-electromechanical device

An electrostatically actuated nanomechanical resonator is used as an on-chip phase shifter for telecom wavelength light. Due to the strong interaction between the driving electrodes and the mechanical degrees of freedom an unprecedented strong electrostatic spring effect is observed. Using real-time parametric feedback the thermal motion of the resonator is squeezed, even below the 3dB limit.
Influence of the cooling section on vapor-phase pyrolysis in laminar-flow reactors

Abstract A mathematical model has been developed that describes the simultaneous fluid flow, multicomponent heat and mass transport, and gas-phase reaction kinetics for a pyrolysis tube operated in the laminar-flow regime. The model treats both the furnace and the cooling region, and it accounts for cooling strategies ranging from free convection in air to forced convection heat transfer with water. Pyrolysis of CF2HCl, described by 24 species and 27 elementary reactions, is used as an illustrative example. The results show the changes in reaction pathways that take place in the cooling section, the extent to which the rate of heat removal can be varied, and the effects of cooling rate and outlet temperature on the generation of by-products.
A Fast Method for the Prediction of Dynamic Stall Onset on Turbomachinery Blades

ASME Paper No. 97-GT-101, presented at the 1997 ASME/IGTI Turbo Expo., Orlando, Florida, June 1997.
Effects of Nonuniform Tire Contact Stresses on Pavement Response

Since the 1960s, a uniform circular vertical contact stress has been used to model the tire/pavement interface in asphalt pavements. Recent experimental measurements show that this assumption cannot be used to model the actual interaction. This study investigated the influence of nonuniform contact stress distribution on the stress distribution and permanent deformation profile in asphalt pavements. A previous study measured the tire contact stresses between the pavement surface and moving pneumatic tires. Material properties of a hot mix asphalt mixture used at WesTrack were obtained from compressive strength tests within the framework of an elastic-viscoplastic constitutive model. A three-dimensional finite element (FE) analysis was performed based on boundary conditions and measured vertical stresses at WesTrack. The tire pressure distribution was dependent on the tire load and significantly influenced the pavement response. The FE analysis based on the elastic-viscoplastic model was able to simulate the measured permanent deformation profiles.
Coming Out à l'oriental: Maghrebi-French Performances of Gender, Sexuality, and Religion

In this article, I examine issues of gender, sexuality, and religion for North African (Maghrebi)-French men in contemporary France. I introduce performance artist-photographer “2Fik,” one of the M...
A phase II study of constant-infusion floxuridine for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma

Background. Twenty-nine patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were treated with constantinfusion floxuridine (FUdR, Roche Laboratories, Nutley, NJ). Methods. The initial dosage was 0.075 mg/kg/day for 14 days every 28 days and was increased or decreased by 0.025-mg/kg/day increments at each subsequent cycle until the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was achieved. Results. All patients were fully assessable. One (4%) patient had a complete response, 5 (17%) had a partial response, 13 (50%) had stabilized disease, and 10 (34%) had progressive disease. The treatment-limiting toxic effect was diarrhea, and the median tolerated dosage was 0.1 mg/kg/day for 14 days every 28 days (range, 0.05–0.275 mg/kg/day). Five of the six responses occurred at a dosage of 0.1 mg/kg/day or less, which was achievable in most patients. Patients who reached their MTD without achieving a complete or partial response were switched to circadian-infusion floxuridine to determine whether an increased dose intensity could be administered and whether this would translate into additional responses. A higher median tolerated dosage of 0.15 mg/kg/day was achieved with circadian administration; however, no additional responses were observed. The median survival time was 891 days after the diagnosis of metastatic RCC and 445 days after the institution of floxuridine therapy. Conclusions. Constant-infusion floxuridine is active against metastatic RCC and produces a response rate that appears to be comparable to that of circadian administration of floxuridine.
Utilizing a trauma systems approach to benchmark and improve combat casualty care.

BACKGROUND: Derived from the necessity to improve the outcomes of soldiers injured on the battlefield, the U.S. military forces developed and implemented the Joint Theater Trauma System (JTTS) and the Joint Theater Trauma Registry based on U.S. civilian trauma system models. The purpose of this analysis was to develop battlefield injury outcome benchmark metrics and to evaluate the impact of JTTS-driven performance improvement interventions. METHODS: To quantify these achievements, the Joint Theater Trauma Registry captured mechanistic, physiologic, diagnostic, therapeutic, and outcome data on 18,377 injured patients from January 2004 to May 2008 for analysis. Benchmarks were developed and statistically validated by using control chart methodology. RESULTS: The majority (66.4%) of battlefield wounds were penetrating mechanism, 23.3% of all patients had an Injury Severity Score of > or = 16, 21.8% had a base deficit of > or = 5, 30.5% of patients required blood, and 6.8% required massive transfusion (> or = 10 units red blood cell per 24 hours). In this severely injured population from the battlefield, the JTTS developed several pertinent benchmark metrics to assess quality of care associated with postinjury complications and mortality. The implementation of 27 JTTS-developed evidenced-based clinical practice guidelines and an improved information dissemination process was associated with a decrease in aggregate postinjury complications by 54%. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the numerous challenges of a global trauma system, the JTTS has set the standard for trauma care on the modern battlefield utilizing evidence-based medicine. The development of injury care benchmarks enhanced the evolution of the combat casualty care performance improvement process within the trauma system. Language: en
First-Principles Study of Adsorption of Dimethyl Methylphosphonate on the TiO2 Anatase (001) Surface: Formation of a Stable Titanyl (Ti═O) Site

Ab initio calculations have been performed to model the molecular adsorption of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) on the (001) surface of the anatase form of TiO2. Both the relaxed unreconstructed (1 × 1)- and the (4 × 1)-reconstructed clean surfaces have been analyzed. Adsorption occurs via a Ti---O═P dative bond to a coordinatively unsaturated surface Ti site. In both cases, one of the two Ti−O−Ti bridge bonds at the Ti adsorption site breaks leading to the formation of a stable Ti═O titanyl group. This species has not been reported in previous studies of adsorption on TiO2 surfaces but is seen, in the present work, as an intermediate in the dissociative adsorption of H2O.
Ultrastructure of skeletal muscle fibers studied by a plunge quick freezing method: myofilament lengths

We have set up a system to rapidly freeze muscle fibers during contraction to investigate by electron microscopy the ultrastructure of active muscles. Glycerinated fiber bundles of rabbit psoas muscles were frozen in conditions of rigor, relaxation, isometric contraction, and active shortening. Freezing was carried out by plunging the bundles into liquid ethane. The frozen bundles were then freeze-substituted, plastic-embedded, and sectioned for electron microscopic observation. X-ray diffraction patterns of the embedded bundles and optical diffraction patterns of the micrographs resemble the x-ray diffraction patterns of unfixed muscles, showing the ability of the method to preserve the muscle ultrastructure. In the optical diffraction patterns layer lines up to 1/5.9 nm-1 were observed. Using this method we have investigated the myofilament lengths and concluded that there are no major changes in length in either the actin or the myosin filaments under any of the conditions explored.
Neurobiology of Infant Attachment

A strong attachment to the caregiver is critical for survival in altricial species, including humans. While some behavioral aspects of attachment have been characterized, its neurobiology has only recently received attention. Using a mammalian imprinting model, we are assessing the neural circuitry that enables infant rats to attach quickly to a caregiver, thus enhancing survival in the nest. Specifically, the hyper-functioning noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) enables pups to learn rapid, robust preference for the caregiver. Conversely, a hypo-functional amygdala appears to prevent the infant from learning aversions to the caregiver. Adult LC and amygdala functional emergence correlates with sensitive period termination. This study suggests the neonatal brain is not an immature version of the adult brain but is uniquely designed to optimize attachment to the caregiver. Although human attachment may not rely on identical circuitry, the work reviewed here suggests a new conceptual framework in which to explore human attachments, particularly attachments to abusive caregivers.
ROLE OF 99m-Tc DISIOA IN DUODENAL AND GASTRIC ASPIRATES FOR EVALUATION OF PROLONGED NEONATAL CHOLESTASIS

Differentiation between intra and extra hepatic causes of neonatal cholestasis can be difficult. Combination of routine hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HBS) after priming with choleretic therapy and closed liver biopsy is 100% effective in confirming the diagnosis. (Tolia, et al. J.Ped.GI and Nutr. 5:30, 1986). In an attempt to improve the accuracy of HBS, similtaneous measurement of the time activity curve (TAC) on the duodenal aspirate(DA) was performed in 9 patients. TAC on DA ranged widely from 151-986,000 cpm/100 ul per mCi dose and was non discriminatory. This may have been secondary to contamination of DA by free 99mTc secreted into the stomach as breakdown of Disofenin® occurs releasing free pertechnetate. A further 24 patients were studied with simultaneous gastric aspirate (GA) and DA. If imaging for gut activity alone is used, extra hepatic biliary atresia (EHBA) was diagnosed in 11/24. Using DA corrected for GA with a cut off point of 1500 cpm/100 ul per mCi dose, then EHBA was diagnosed in 4/24 with two false positives. There was one false negative for EHBA with the DA count being 2741 cpm/100 ul/mCi dose. These data suggest that although additional DA and GA TAC improve the specificity for routine HBS, liver biopsy should still be considered if the cholestasis is not improved within 6 weeks of age.
Religion and the Political Imagination. Edited by Ira Katznelson and Gareth Stedman Jones

Religion and the Political Imagination. Edited by Ira Katznelson and Gareth Stedman Jones (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), ix + 383 pp. $95.00 cloth/$29.99 paper. This lucid scholarly...
Soft-tissue injury of the face

Plastic surgeons are the masters of soft-tissue management, and are often called to emergency rooms to evaluate soft-tissue injuries from a variety of mechanisms. The wide range of injuries varies from simple superficial skin lacerations to extensive, complex facial trauma with bone and soft-tissue injury. Understanding the immediate management of soft-tissue injuries, and the impact that underlying bone fractures have on the aiblity of soft-tissue to heal properly, becomes critical in maximizing postsurgical results.
The effect of chronic administration of caffeine on morphine-induced analgesia, tolerance and dependence in mice.

Morphine-induced analgesia, and the development of morphine-induced tolerance and dependence was determined in mice which had drunk caffeinated water (1 mg/ml) for 14 days or in mice which had received (-)-N6-(phenylisopropyl)-adenosine (PIA) 1 mg/kg i.p. for 14 days. Analgesia was assessed by the tail flick assay. The development of dependence was assessed by determining the ED50 of naloxone to precipitate withdrawal jumping (3 h after 100 mg/kg morphine pretreatment or 72 h after s.c. implantation of a morphine 75 mg pellet) and by determining the extent of naloxone-precipitated hypothermia in morphine-implanted animals. In mice chronically administered caffeine, the ED50 for morphine-induced analgesia was significantly decreased while the naloxone ED50 for withdrawal jumping increased by 2-fold after both types of morphine pretreatment. In control animals (tap water for 14 days), doses of 1 and 10 mg/kg of naloxone caused significant hypothermia in morphine-implanted animals. Doses of naloxone up to 100 mg/kg did not cause significant hypothermia in morphine-implanted animals which had received chronic caffeine. The development of tolerance was determined by computing the morphine potency ratio for the tail flick assay (tolerant ED50/control ED50). In mice chronically administered caffeine, the potency ratio was decreased significantly in morphine-implanted animals when compared to control. Morphine-induced analgesia, tolerance and dependence was not changed significantly in animals chronically administered PIA. Neither the distribution of morphine to the brain nor the opioid receptor binding parameters for [3H]etorphine and [3H]naltrexone were altered in mice chronically administered caffeine or PIA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Family-Centered Care of the Surgical Neonate

Abstract When infants require surgery, the family experiences a crisis. Surgical care of the infant and their family requires constant information sharing between health care providers (HCPs) and families. Parents' information needs and their readiness to learn vary along the infant's trajectory of healing. Information is acquired by parents from many sources and over time parents become an important source of information during the infant's stay in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Family-centered approaches in all phases of surgical care (preoperative, postoperative and preparation for discharge) empowers and supports parents and ultimately leads to optimal outcomes.
Obstructive sleep apnea, cardiovascular disease, and inflammation—is NF-κB the key?

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects a large portion of the population and is associated with repeated airway collapse leading to chronic intermittent hypoxia, exaggerated swings in intrathoracic pressure and post apneic arousal. OSA is associated with heightened sympathoadrenal tone and is a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. In addition to well-known mechanical and autonomic effects, OSA appears to be associated with systemic inflammation. This could provide one mechanism leading to cardiovascular disease (CVD). A central factor in the inflammatory cascade is nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), which is involved in the transcription of numerous genes involved in the inflammatory cascade. The object of this article is to review recent literature on some of the aspects of OSA related to a proinflammatory state and the possible role of NF-κB as one mechanism providing a link between sleep apnea and CVD.
Effects of minor elements on the cyclic-oxidation behavior of commercial Fe-base 800-series alloys

The cyclic-oxidation behavior of commercial iron-base 800-series chromia-scale-forming alloys was studied at 1000°C in still air. Each thermal cycle consisted of one day at temperature followed by air cooling to room temperature. Two different types of 800-series alloys were studied (800 and 800HT), with each type being supplied by two different producers. Although the alloys were of similar chemical composition, their variations in minor-constituent contents were apparently sufficiently different to cause marked differences in oxidation behavior. Compared to the 800 alloys, the higher-strength 800HT alloys generally performed the worst, undergoing rapid weight-loss kinetics after an initial period of relatively protective oxidation. The time required for the commencement of rapid weight-loss kinetics depended significantly on the producer of the 800HT alloy. In general, however, the 800HT alloys developed protrusion of Ti- and Cr-rich oxides into the alloy along the alloy/scale interface, which promoted spallation and poorer cyclic-oxidation resistance. The formation of Si-rich oxide particles in the vicinity of the alloy/scale interface could improve cyclic-oxidation resistance; however, higher Si contents would cause internal Si-rich oxide formation and promote the formation of Ti- and Cr-rich oxide protrusions at the alloy/scale interface. Good cyclic-oxidation resistance requires optimization of the minor-element constituents, Si, Ti, and Al in particular.
Calculations of Collision Narrowing of the Quadrupole Lines in Molecular Hydrogen

The pressure-narrowing theory of Galatry is applied to the calculations of equivalent widths of lines in the quadrupole rotation–vibration spectrum of molecular hydrogen. The theory leads to agreement with the measurements of Rank and associates. A value for the pressure-broadening coefficient of 0.0015 cm−1/atm at 300 K is obtained for the 1–0 S(1) line. The application of the results to the hydrogen abundance on Jupiter is briefly considered.
Improving power-awareness of pipelined array multipliers using two-dimensional pipeline gating and its application on FIR design

Power-awareness indicates the scalability of the system energy with changing conditions and quality requirements. Although Boolean multipliers have natural power-awareness to the changing of input precision, deeply pipelined designs do not have this benefit. A two-dimensional pipeline gating scheme is proposed in this paper to improve the power-awareness in these designs. This technique is to gate the clock to registers in both vertical direction (data flow direction in pipeline) and horizontal direction (within each pipeline stage). For signed multipliers using 2's complement representation, sign extension, which wastes power and causes longer delay, could be avoided by implementing this technique. Very little additional area is needed so that the overhead is hardly noticeable. Simulation results show that an average power saving of 65-66% and latency reduction of 44-47% can be achieved for multipliers under equal input precision probabilities. An application of power-aware multipliers on FIR design is also included.
The rural context and women's self-management of chronic health conditions.

Objective: To examine the rural context and describe its influence on the self-management of chronic illness by women living in a rural setting.Methods: The Women to Women (WTW) project is a research-based computer intervention that provides health education and peer support to rural women with chronic health conditions. Messages posted to the online support and health education chat rooms were examined to determine the characteristics of the rural context in relation to the women's illness self-management.Results: `Distance' was the overarching characteristic of the rural context that influenced the women's ability to self-manage their chronic health problems. The effect of distance was woven throughout each of the four predominant themes that emerged from the data as having influence — physical setting, social/cultural/economic environment, nature of women's work, and accessibility/quality of healthcare. These influences affected the women's self-management abilities both negatively and positively.Discu...
Hybrid density functional theory and quadratic complete basis set ab initio computational study of structural properties, vibrational spectra, and bond dissociation energy for methyl aluminum and methyl gallium

Abstract Geometries, harmonic frequencies, and homolytic and heterolytic bond dissociation energies were computed with ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) methods, the target being to determine the stability of GaCH 3 and AlCH 3 , generate their infra-red spectra, and evaluate the accuracy of hybrid DFT methods for these and similar molecular systems against highly accurate ab initio methods. For this study, the ab initio methods HF, MP2, CCSD(T), and quadratic complete basis set (CBSQ) were selected. Their computational data were used for comparison with DFT (B3LYP, B3P86, and B3PW91) computed values. The stability and physical properties of the GaCH 3 and AlCH 3 organometallic complexes are discussed on the basis of these computational results.
International Comparisons of Physicians' Salaries

Data from recent international publications are used to analyze physician incomes across countries. U.S. incomes are the highest among 14 countries, even after adjusting for the average standard of living within each country.
Analysis for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in a soot sample from a transformer explosion in Binghamton, New York

2,3,7,8-TCDF and 2,3,7,8-TCDD were found in a soot sample from a transformer explosion that occurred in an office building in Binghamton, New York. The isomer-specific analytical method was high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary gas chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry.
Effect of the Degree of Prior Cold Work on the Grain Volume Distribution and the Rate of Grain Growth of Recrystallized Aluminum

The grain volume distribution of recrystallized aluminum, determined by separating and weighing the individual grains, has been found to be log normal, its spread in size being expressed by the standard deviation of the distribution (In σv), which remains constant during steady state grain growth. The value of In σv is established by the degree of cold working that precedes annealing, being smaller the greater the degree of cold work. Grain growth proceeds the more rapidly the larger the value of In σv that is, the smaller the degree of prior cold work. The distributions of the numbers of faces per grain and of edges per face are also log normal and are proportional to the grain volume distribution. Thus, the relative number of three-edged faces increases with In σv and accounts for the observed increase in the rate of grain growth.
Hostility and health: Mediating effects of belief systems and coping styles

The present study investigates the relationship between hostility, health, belief systems, and ways of coping with anger, anxiety, and sadness in a college student sample. Hostility is of interest in the health psychology literature because it has been associated with coronary heart disease, other illnesses, and general mortality. The results reveal that relative to their low-hostility counterparts, individuals scoring high on the Cook and Medley Hostility Scale report poorer physical health and a belief system characterized by vindictiveness, pessimism, unrealistic expectations of the self and others, and a desire to avoid difficulties. They were also more likely to employ confrontive and escape-avoidance coping styles when dealing with anger and escapeavoidance strategies in coping with anxiety and sadness. Irrational beliefs and escapeavoidance coping with anger were found to play a mediating role in the relationship between hostility and health. Clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
Ordinary Violence in Mussolini's Italy

Michael R. Ebner (2011) Ordinary Violence in Mussolini's Italy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), xv + 288 pp., ISBN-10 0521762138/ISBN-13 9780521762137, $95.00, hard cover This provocative, ...
The “Geological Population” as a framework for analysing numerical data in geology

The amount of numerical data in geology has increased markedly during the past several decades. The numbers arise from field and laboratory measurements on rocks and fossils, as well as from controlled laboratory experimentation on geological processes. Much of the numerical data represents sample observations on larger classes of objects or events about which inferences and predictions are made from the observational data. These larger classes constitute geological populations. In this framework of population and sample, modern probability and statistical methods provide the essential means for expressing generalizations and predictions at specified levels of reliability.
PReS-FINAL-2351: Children with probable SLE by ACR criteria may need more aggressive lupus treatment early in the disease course

The pediatric lupus patients are required to meet the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) minimum criteria to be included in the research cohort and considered for aggressive therapy. This approach may delay early aggressive therapy.
Electrophysiological and metabolic responses of the isolated teleost retina to changes in po2, and temperature

1. 1. Comparisons of electrophysiological responses (ERG) were made between two different in vitro preparations of teleost retina. 2. 2. The ERG was independent of temperature over the normal environmental range. 3. 3. The Q10 demonstrated temperature independence between 5 and 20°C. 4. 4. The electrical response of the isolated retina was found to be independent of partial pressures of oxygen at levels above 250 mm Hg.
Tilted brownian ratchet for DNA analysis.

In this paper, we report a factor of 3 improvement in the resolution and a factor of 10 improvement in the speed of fractionation of ∼100-kb DNA molecules in Brownian ratchet arrays. In our device, the electrophoretic flow is tilted at a small angle relative to the array axis. Tilting accelerates the fractionation speed because a higher fraction of the diffusing molecules is “ratcheted” at each step in the array. Molecules of lengths 48.5 and 164 kb can be separated in ∼70 min with a resolution of ∼3.8, using a 12-mm-long array. The Brownian ratchet arrays are not limited to DNA separation, but can, in principle, be used for any particle in this size range.
Shame and honour: The violence of gendered norms under conditions of global crisis

Synopsis Santi Rozario (1992) ) creatively and subtly explores shame and honour to understand village life in Doria, Bangladesh. Moving beyond descriptive accounts and causal explanations, she examines the values that guide village norms and the political economy that constitutes their implementation. In this paper, I contribute to the effort to understand gendered interpretations of normative practice by highlighting the institutional and regulatory regimes that constitute and legitimate forms of rule that appeal to idioms of shame and honour, fear, and humiliation. Engaging a moral regulation analytic of overlapping civil, religious and customary norms and expectations, I suggest that sanctions for noncompliance can reveal women's agentic capacities in decisions about suicide.
Development of radiometrically accurate synthetic thermal infrared video for tracking algorithm evaluation

The development and testing of thermal signature tracking algorithms burdens the developer with a method o f testing the algorith m's fidelity. Collected video is normally used for testing tracking algorithms to evaluate performance in a variety of configurations. Acquiring suitable volumes of collected video data in multiple configurations can be prohibitive. As an alternative to collected video, the development of accurate synthetic thermal infrared vehicle models are incorporated into background infrared scenes generated using the Digital Image and Remote Sensing Image Generat ion (DIRSIG) software package. Additional software models for thermally emissive targets and motion are being implemented. The goals are to accurately incorporate thermal signatures of moving targets into realistic radiomet rically calibrated scenes. This aids in evaluating tracking algorithms using both visible and thermal infrared signatures for improved day and night detection capability. The software packages are integrated together to produce synthetic video.
EFFECT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE ON REHYDRATION OF FREEZE-DRIED CARROTS

The incorporation of NaCl into freeze-dried carrot slices was found to have a marked effect on rehydration. Highest rehydration ratios were obtained at the 0.2M NaCl treatment. After 5 min of rehydration, the 0.2M NaCl treatment resulted in a 54% increase in rehydration ratio over nontreated control samples. Microstructure of the freeze-dried Carrot tissue was characterized utilizing the scanning electron microscope. Location of crystalline and amorphous salt deposition was observed and related to rehydration characteristics.
Mercury in gray wolves (Canis lupus) in Alaska: Increased exposure through consumption of marine prey

Mercury (Hg) bioaccumulates in the tissues of organisms and biomagnifies within food-webs. Gray wolves (Canis lupus) in Alaska primarily acquire Hg through diet; therefore, comparing the extent of Hg exposure in wolves, in conjunction with stable isotopes, from interior and coastal regions of Alaska offers important insight into their feeding ecology. Liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle samples from 162 gray wolves were analyzed for total mercury (THg) concentrations and stable isotopic signatures (δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S). Median hepatic THg concentrations were significantly higher in wolves with coastal access compared to wolves from interior Alaska. Stable isotope ratios, in conjunction with THg concentrations, provide strong evidence that coastal wolves are utilizing marine prey representing several trophic levels. The utilization of cross-ecosystem food resources by coastal wolves is clearly contributing to increased THg exposure, and may ultimately have negative health implications for these animals.
Algorithm Transformation to Improve Data Locality for Multimedia SOC

In this paper we propose a more systematic approach to improve data locality of multimedia algorithm that contain nested loop while still preserve the nested loop program semantic by algorithm transformation. We introduce procedure to evaluate the reuse vector of the data access. The reuse vectors represent the input dependencies of the program in the form of index vector which reveal the information of which loop carrying reuse and thus are used as a guide to select the loops subject to transformation. We use full search block matching motion estimation (FBME) algorithm as a case study because this algorithm has 6 level nested loop and thus is a good showcase of our method.
CASCADE: Cluster-Based Accurate Syntactic Compression of Aggregated Data in VANETs

We present a method for accurate aggregation of highway traffic information in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Highway congestion notification applications need to disseminate information about traffic conditions to distant vehicles. In dense traffic, aggregation is needed to allow a single frame to carry information about a large number of vehicles. Our technique, CASCADE, uses compression to provide aggregation without losing accuracy. We show that CASCADE makes efficient use of the wireless channel while providing each vehicle with data that is highly accurate, represents a large area in front of the vehicle, and can be combined with aggregated data from other vehicles to further extend the covered area.
Rough Interface Reconstruction Using the Level Set Method

We present a new level set method for reconstructing interfaces from point aggregations. Although level-set-based methods are advantageous because they can handle complicated topologies and noisy data, most tend to smooth the inherent roughness of the original data. Our objective is to enhance the quality of a reconstructed surface by preserving certain roughness-related characteristics of the original dataset. Our formulation employs the total variation of the surface as a roughness measure. The algorithm consists of two steps: a roughness-capturing flow and a roughness-preserving flow. The roughness capturing step attempts to construct a surface for which the original roughness is captured - distance flow is well suited for roughness capturing. Surface reconstruction is enhanced by using a total variation preserving (TVP) scheme for the roughness-preserving flow. The shock filter formulation of Osher and Rudin is exploited to achieve this goal. In practice, we have found that better results arc obtained by balancing the TVP term with a smoothing term based on curvature. The algorithm is applied to both fractal surface growth simulations and scanned data sets to demonstrate the efficacy of our approach.
A case study of formation constrained optimal multi-agent coordination

The centralized optimal multiagent coordination problem is studied for a particular formation constraint. The problem is formulated as an optimal control problem, and the first-order necessary condition is derived analytically in a suitably chosen coordinate system. A candidate solution satisfying the necessary condition is proposed. The Jacobi equation characterizing the conjugate points along the candidate solution is derived and solved analytically by using the theory of matrix differential equations. The optimal centralized coordinated motions derived in this paper will yield a performance lower bound for those generated by decentralized algorithms.
Chlamydia trachomatis Detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction in Cervices of Culture-Negative Women Correlates with Adverse In Vitro Fertilization Outcome

The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in the endocervices of 307 asymptomatic culture-negative women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) was evaluated. C. trachomatis was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 20 subjects (6.5%), and there were strong correlations between a positive finding and both failure to become pregnant (P = .013) and spontaneous abortion after embryo transfer (P = .004). C. trachomatis was identified in 2 (1.8%) of 112 who had term deliveries, 3 (27.3%) of 11 who spontaneously aborted, 1 (3.3%) of 30 with biochemical pregnancies, 13 (9.6%) of 135 with no pregnancy after embryo transfer, and 1 (5.3%) of 19 whose embryos did not become fertilized. There were no relationships between PCR findings and maternal age, cause of infertility, number of oocytes retrieved or fertilized, or number of embryos transferred; 55% of PCR-positive and 40% of PCR-negative women were undergoing at least their second IVF. An undetected C. trachomatis infection may be responsible for implantation failure or spontaneous abortion after IVF and embryo transfer.
Isolation and Characterization of cDNAs Encoding the Vacuolar H+-Pyrophosphatase of Beta vulgaris

The H+-pyrophosphatase (V-PPase) of plant vacuolar membranes catalyzes the electrogenic translocation of H+ from the cytosol to vacuole lumen and, in parallel with the vacuolar H+-ATPase located in the same membrane, establishes the inside-acid, inside-positive H+-electrochemical potential difference responsible for energizing the H+-coupled transport of solutes into the vacuole. The results of previous investigations suggest that the gene encoding the substrate-binding subunit of the V-PPase is present in a single copy in the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana (V. Sarafian, Y. Kim, R.J. Poole, P.A. Rea [1992] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 1775–1779), but it is not known whether the situation in Arabidopsis is typical of most vascular plants. With the objective of assessing the general applicability of this finding and acquiring sequence data for structure-function analyses of the enzyme from Beta vulgaris, we have sought to isolate cDNAs encoding the V-PPase from this organism by screening a Beta cDNA library constructed in [lambda]ZAP with the Arabidopsis cDNA insert (AVP) encoding the V-PPase. The results of these investigations demonstrate that at least two genes encode the V-PPase in Beta. Restriction and sequence analyses of the cDNAs from Beta reveal two classes, designated BVP1 and BVP2. BVP1 and BVP2 encode closely related but distinct polypeptides with computed masses of 80,550 and 80,000 D, respectively, exhibiting 88% identity with each other and 89% identity with the corresponding polypeptide from Arabidopsis. The nucleotide sequences of BVP1 and BVP2, on the other hand, are 70% identical within their coding regions but less than 28 and 53% identical within their respective 5[prime] and 3[prime] noncoding regions. Southern analyses of Beta genomic DNA confirm that two genes encode the V-PPase, and northern analyses of polyadenylated RNA isolated from a range of tissue types and probed with RNAs transcribed from the 3[prime] noncoding sequences of BVP1 or BVP2 indicate that both genes are expressed in the intact plant. On the basis of these findings and the recent demonstration of the sufficiency of the substrate-binding polypeptide, alone, for all of the known catalytic functions of the V-PPase (E.J. Kim, R.-G. Zhen, P.A. Rea [1994] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA [91: 6128–6132]), the two cDNA species isolated from Beta are concluded to encode variants, possibly isoforms, of the enzyme.
Thiamin Retention and Other Characteristics of Cooked Beef Loin Roasts

Beef loin roasts were prepared by three procedures that simulated home, foodservice or commercial methods for precooking meat prior to vacuum packaging. Roasts were prepared by conventional electric (176.5°C), cook-in-package waterbath (70°C water), or smokehouse (ambient temperature) heating. Yield, thiamin, fat, water content, and Instron tenderness of roasts were determined. Raw roasts had higher (P 0.05), suggesting that most heat processing treatments used for precooking packaged meat result in similar quality products.
Disjunctive Decomposition for Two-Stage Stochastic Mixed-Binary Programs with Generalized Upper Bound Constraints

The disjunctive decomposition (D2) algorithm has emerged as a powerful tool to solve stochastic integer programs. In this paper, we consider two-stage stochastic integer programs with binary first-stage and mixed-binary second-stage decisions and present several computational enhancements to D2. First, we explore the use of a cut generation problem restricted to a subspace of the variables, which yields significant computational savings. Then, we examine problems with generalized upper bound constraints in the second stage and exploit this structure to generate cuts. We establish convergence of D2 variants. We present computational results on a new stochastic scheduling problem with an uncertain number of jobs motivated by companies in industries such as consulting and defense contracting, where these companies bid on future contracts but may or may not win the bid. The enhancements reduced computation time on average by 45% on a set of test problems.
Ultrasonic viscometer with integrated depth measurement

We report on a microfabricated silicon ultrasonic sensor with integrated holes and four sets of piezoresistive strain gauge for viscosity measurement. The silicon beam is actuated at its λ/2 longitudinal resonance frequency, 95 kHz, by a PZT plate bonded at its longitudinal mode node. The modes excited by the actuator are a combination of surface motion generating the shear strain in liquids and an out-plane motion drive bulk mode into the liquid. Two rows of 700 µm pores are used to create a depth dependent varying liquid sampling volume. The viscosity is measured by changes in the transducer strain signals upon immersion in liquid. Steps in the strain signal are obtained by increasing the sensor-liquid contact area in a non-continuous steps, which can provide the immersion depth and liquid viscosity information simultaneously. The microprobe was characterized in various bulk viscosities reference standards. From the vibration amplitude measured by the strain gauges, we were able to quantify the damping in the fluid that is proportional to the viscosity.
A novel technique for measuring head-tape spacing

The effective magnetic head-tape spacing was determined by fitting the measured tape-noise spectral density to the Wallace exponential spacing-loss function. The advantage of this approach over the customary method of measuring the spectrum of the recorded signal is that no corrections are necessary for recording or demagnetization losses. Calibration was done with a spacing shim; good experimental fit to a straight line was obtained in the semi-logarithmic plots.
Genetic Control Of Natural Killing and In Vivo Tumor Elimination by the Chok Locus

The molecular mechanisms underlying target recognition during natural killing are not well understood. One approach to dissect the complexities of natural killer (NK) cell recognition is through exploitation of genetic differences among inbred mouse strains. In this study, we determined that interleukin 2-activated BALB/c-derived NK cells could not lyse Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells as efficiently as C57BL/6-derived NK cells, despite equivalent capacity to kill other targets. This strain-determined difference was also exhibited by freshly isolated NK cells, and was determined to be independent of host major histocompatibility haplotype. Furthermore, CHO killing did not correlate with expression of NK1.1 or 2B4 activation molecules. Genetic mapping studies revealed linkage between the locus influencing CHO killing, termed Chok, and loci encoded within the NK gene complex (NKC), suggesting that Chok encodes an NK cell receptor specific for CHO cells. In vivo assays recapitulated the in vitro data, and both studies determined that Chok regulates an NK perforin-dependent cytotoxic process. These results may have implications for the role of NK cells in xenograft rejection. Our genetic analysis suggests Chok is a single locus that affects NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity similar to other NKC loci that also regulate the complex activity of NK cells.