cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Authentication of Stephania tetrandra S. Moore (Fang Ji) and differentiation of its common adulterants using microscopy and HPLC analysis

Stephania tetrandra S. Moore (Hang Fang Ji) is used in traditional Chinese medicine as a diuretic, an antiphlogistic, and an antirheumatic. The name "fang ji" is applied to at least four different genera of plants, including Aristolochia fangchi Y. C. Wu ex L. D. Chow and S. M. Hwang, Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC., Stephania tetrandra S. Moore, and Sinomenium acutum Rehder and E. H. Wilson. Due to similarity in the use of their common names, Stephania tetrandra S. Moore is often confused with Aristolochia fangchi Y. C. Wu ex L. D. Chow and S. M. Hwang, which has potentially dangerous consequences. To aid rapid and easy differentiation between the roots of these four species, so as to avoid possible contamination, detailed macroscopic and microscopic observations were made using stereo-and light-microscopy. The powdered samples were further analyzed using HPLC.
Dimension versus size

We investigate the behavior of f(d), the least size of a lattice of order dimension d. In particular we show that the lattice of a projective plane of order n has dimension at least n/ln(n), so that f(d)=O(d)2 log2d. We conjecture f(d)=θ(d2), and prove something close to this for height-3 lattices, but in general we do not even know whether f(d)/d→∞.
First contact in verb acquisition: defining a role for syntax

The goal of this research was to address 2 questions regarding children's use of syntactic information in acquiring verbs: First, what are children's biases for actions in the absence of syntactic information; and second, how specific is the meaning derived for verbs when syntactic information is present? In 3 experiments we presented nonsense verbs either in syntactic isolation (e.g., "Look! Sebbing!") or embedded within a transitive syntactic frame (e.g., "The frog is sebbing the duck"). These actions were then separated, and the children (mean age = 2 years, 3 months) were asked to select the action which was the referent of the verb. In Experiment 1, Causative actions (in which 1 character forces another to move in some way) were paired with Synchronous actions (in which both characters move simultaneously). In Experiment 2, the same Synchronous actions were now paired with Contact actions (in which 1 character merely touches the other). In Experiment 3, the Contact actions were paired with Causative ones. 2 results emerged: (1) Children have identifiable action biases in the absence of syntactic information and (2) these biases can be shifted by the addition of a transitive syntactic frame. We conclude that the meaning derived from the transitive frame is not specifically Causative or Contact but, more generally, a sense that 1 character is affecting another.
Prescription aids in everyday dentistry.

It is an unfortunate fact that prescrip­ tions are too infrequently written by'the dentist. While the greater part of therapy in dentistry concerns itself with proce­ dures in the mouth and the application of therapeutic agents directly by the dentist, it should be emphasized that the use of prescriptions serves as a valuable and necessary adjunct to the proper practice of dentistry. The practitioner who does not avail himself of this ad­ vantage fails to do justice to both the patient and himself. By prescribing drugs where indicated, the practitioner has complete control over the case in ques­ tion. This procedure eliminates the dangerous practice of self-medication, so often indulged in by patients. A prescription is the prescriber’s (physician’s, dentist’s, veterinarian’s) written formula for medicines, with di­ rections to the pharmacist for compound­ ing them and to the patient for taking them. This definition does not preclude the use of a single drug already prepared in its dosage form (tablets, capsules, and so forth ). An official prescription in this country is one that calls for a preparation listed in any one of the three official texts: United States Pharmacopoeia (U.S.P.), National Formulary (N.F.) and the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia. The rea­ son the preparations listed in these texts are called official is because the stand­ ards given for the preparations in them are recognized by the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938. It should be borne in mind that official drugs are available under trade names. Many drugs may be marketed by different manufac­ turers. In many instances, prescribing the drug under the official name will result in economy for the patient, a factor to be considered, and may serve as an added convenience to the pharmacist. There is no objection, however, to pro­ prietary mixtures which serve a special purpose. In the latter instance it would be well to use the latest edition of A c­ cepted Dental Remedies as a guide. The prescriptions in this paper are written in English and the metric system. When the vertical line appears in a pre­ scription it indicates that the prescription calls for quantities in the metric system: for weight in grams (Gm.) and for vol­ ume in cubic centimeters (cc.). This vertical line designates the decimal point. Prescriptions calling for the metric system of weights and measures use Arabic nu­ merals. Many advantages have been claimed for the use of Latin over English. The chief argument in favor of Latin lies in the patient being unaware of the medi-
Physical mapping of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ap4A phosphorylase I-encoding gene by the Achilles' cleavage method.

Abstract LacI-mediated Achilles' cleavage (AC) is a method for selective fragmentation of chromosomes at special lac operator sites introduced by gene targeting methods [Koob and Szybalski, Science 250 (1990) 271–273]. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae APA1 gene, coding for diadenosine 5′, 5‴-P1, P4-tetraphosphate phosphorylase I, has previously been shown to be located on chromosome III [Kaushal et al., Gene 95 (1990) 79–84]. We have now used the AC method to map APA1 gene to a site 44 kb from the left terminus of the chromosome, between the HIS4 and HML genes. This location was confirmed by the comparison of restriction maps of the APA1 gene region to published restriction maps of chromosome III.
Seismic velocity structure in the Earth's outer core

[1] We constrain seismic velocity structure in the Earth's outer core by analyzing differential travel times, waveforms, and amplitude ratios of several pairs of core phases. We use differential travel times and waveforms of PKPbc-PKIKP at 144°–148°, PKiKP-PKIKP at 120°–141°, PKiKP-PKPBdiff at the PKP caustics distance range (141°–145°), and differential travel times and amplitude ratios of PKPab-PKPbc at 146°–159°. To avoid the influence of the inner core anisotropy in velocity, we only use the PKiKP-PKIKP and the PKPbc-PKIKP observations whose PKIKP phases sample the inner core along the equatorial paths (paths with their ray angles being larger than 35° from the Earth's rotation axis). These observations show the following characteristics: (1) both the observed PKPbc-PKIKP and PKiKP-PKIKP differential travel times show a distinct “east-west” hemispheric pattern. PKIKP phases arrive about 0.7 s earlier for those sampling the “eastern” hemisphere (40°E–180°E) than those sampling the “western” hemisphere (180°W–40°E); (2) the observed differential PKiKP-PKPBdiff travel time residuals also exhibit a hemispheric difference. PKiKP-PKPBdiff differential travel times are about 0.9 s larger for those sampling the western hemisphere than those sampling the eastern hemisphere; and (3) both the observed PKPab-PKPbc differential travel times and PKPbc/PKPab amplitude ratios show scatter. Overall, these observations can be best explained by two one-dimensional P velocity models, one for each hemisphere, at the bottom of the outer core. The seismic data sampling the eastern hemisphere can be explained by PREM at the bottom of the outer core, while those sampling the western hemisphere can be explained by a lower velocity gradient at the bottom of the outer core, which has reduced velocities relative to PREM linearly increasing from 0% at 200 km above the inner core boundary (ICB) to −0.35% at the ICB. Different velocity gradients at the bottom of the outer core indicate that there may exist a compositional difference and/or a large-scale temperature difference there and that inner core formation processes may be different between the two hemispheres. Different inner core formation processes may produce different geometric inclusions of melt in the top of the inner core, and thus may provide an explanation to the hemispheric variation of seismic velocity and attenuation in the top of the inner core. The seismic data also suggest that the variation of seismic velocity in the tangential cylinder of the outer core, if it exists, is less than 0.1%. We use a compressional wave tomographic model to study the travel time delays caused by the seismic heterogeneities in the mantle. The tomographic model is unable to explain the scatter of the travel time data, suggesting the existence of unknown strong small-scale seismic heterogeneities in the mantle.
Leadership succession and the emergence of an organizational identity threat

Leadership succession, and the associated changes that new leaders make, can have profound impacts on nonprofit organizations. Despite its importance, there is limited research that examines succession from the point of view of employees and considers how their interpretations of organizational identity and proposed change shape their responses to leadership transitions. In this article, we examine the dynamics that ensued when the founder of Friends of the Earth, a nonprofit environmental organization, stepped down. The case shows how the succession process can expose latent disagreement about an organization's identity and give rise to internal conflict. These patterns suggest that leaders must be attentive to different and often conflicting interpretations of an organization's identity.
Altered cellular immune response following peer separation

Abstract Lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) mitogen stimulation was measured in a pair of pigtailed ( M. nemestrina ) monkey infants that had been raised together as peers since early infancy. at the age of 27 weeks, and following 3 baseline weekly blood samples, the infants were separated from each other for an 11 day period, and then reunited. A depression of lymphocyte stimulation by both PHA and Con A was noted during the latter part of separation and early reunion in both infants. The data support the notion that the disruption of an attachment bond produced by peer separation may impair these measurements of cellular immune function, and may be related to the increase in morbidity and mortality seen after bereavement.
Biological correlates of Reiki Touch(sm) healing

Biological correlates of Reiki Touchsm healing Background. Despite the popularity of touch therapies, theoretical understanding of the mechanisms of effect is not well developed and there is limited research measuring biological outcomes. Aims. The aim of this study was to test a framework of relaxation or stress reduction as a mechanism of touch therapy. Methods. The study was conducted in 1996 and involved the examination of select physiological and biochemical effects and the experience of 30 minutes of Reiki, a form of touch therapy. A single group repeated measure design was used to study Reiki Touch’ssm effects with a convenience sample of 23 essentially healthy subjects. Biological markers related to stress-reduction response included state anxiety, salivary IgA and cortisol, blood pressure, galvanic skin response (GSR), muscle tension and skin temperature. Data were collected before, during and immediately after the session. Results. Comparing before and after measures, anxiety was significantly reduced, t(22)=2·45, P=0·02. Salivary IgA levels rose significantly, t(19)=2·33, P=0·03, however, salivary cortisol was not statistically significant. There was a significant drop in systolic blood pressure (SBP), F(2, 44)=6·60, P < 0·01. Skin temperature increased and electromyograph (EMG) decreased during the treatment, but before and after differences were not significant. Conclusions. These findings suggest both biochemical and physiological changes in the direction of relaxation. The salivary IgA findings warrant further study to explore the effects of human TT and humeral immune function.
Local Reactivity of Charybdotoxin, a K+ Channel Blocker

Charybdotoxin (ChTX) is a 37-residue polypeptide that has been extensively used in site-directed mutagenesis experiments as a template to deduce models for the external pore appearance of K+ channe...
The Influence of Ascription, Achievement and Educational Expectations on Black‐White Postsecondary Enrollment*

This study examined the effects of ascription, achievement and educational expectations on the type of college attended by blacks and whites who participated in a 1972 National Longitudinal Survey. Variables used in past models of schooling were important in determining the type of college that students attended, but in contrast to most past models, the effects of SES and standardized test performance were almost equal for blacks and whites. Racial differences in the model's predictability were lower than differences observed in most past models of schooling. Previous observations of higher enrollment by blacks than whites in two-year colleges held only to a limited extent for blacks and whites in the aggregate, but was completely reversed when controlling for SES and standardized test performance.
An observation on the effect of fluctuations far from equilibrium: The Lotka-Volterra model

Spontaneous fluctuations in the Lotka-Volterra model of chemical reactions are known to grow in an unbounded way when species held in excess are neglected. This result is obtained in a simple way using generalized fluctuation-dissipation principles but appears to be an artifact of ignoring fluctuations in the variables that are held fixed. When fluctuations in the other concentrations are included in the model, the spontaneous fluctuations become bounded.
Feeder Interruptions Caused by Recurring Faults on Distribution Feeders: Faults You Don't Know About

Weather, equipment failure, and contact by foreign objects cause faults, trips, interruptions, and outages. Most faults are either permanent, requiring repairs before service can be restored, or truly temporary, causing no lasting impairment to the system. Monitoring programs at Texas A&M University have instrumented dozens of feeders at North American utility companies for multiple years. Sensitive monitoring and recording systems have documented multiple instances in which failing apparatus, vegetation intrusion, and other factors have caused multiple faults and momentary interruptions, over significant periods of time, without causing sustained outages. A recurrent fault can easily escape notice when a pole-mount recloser is the interrupting device, because there often is no telemetry (e.g., SCADA) to report that anything happened. Even recurrent faults that trip a substation breaker can escape notice when time intervals between operations are sufficiently long for operator memories to fade. Fault current and arcing from recurrent faults can further damage already weak apparatus, eventually causing a permanent outage, at which time there may be more consequential damage to apparatus, including burned-down lines. This paper documents multiple examples of recurrent faults and interruptions, including their causes and consequences. It also documents other events that cause poor power quality and/or reliability after a significant period in which a degraded condition produces electrical "warning signs." These "warning signs" have always been present on feeders but they could not be used to prevent or mitigate problems because the symptoms previously were unknown or inadequately understood.
Management of Hypertension in High-Risk Ethnic Minority with Heart Failure

Hypertension (HTN) is the most common co-morbidity in the world, and its sequelae, heart failure (HF) is one of most common causes of mortality and morbidity in the world. Current understanding of pathophysiology and management of HTN in HF is mainly based on studies, which have mainly included whites. Among racial groups, African-American adults have the highest rates (44%) of hypertension in the world and are more resistant to treatment. There is an emerging consensus on the significance of racial disparities in the pathophysiology and treatment options of hypertension and heart failure. However, African Americans had been underrepresented in all the trials until the initiation of the A-HEFT trial. Since the recognition of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) as an important medical condition, large clinical trials have shown benefits of OSA treatment among patients with HTN and HF. This paper focuses on the pathophysiology, causes of secondary hypertension, and treatment of hypertension among African-American patients with heart failure. There is increasing need for randomized clinical trials testing innovative treatment options for African-American patients.
Preemptive scheduling of a multiprocessor system with memories to minimize maximum lateness

We develop an $O(q^2 n + n\log n)$ algorithm to obtain a preemptive schedule that minimizes maximum lateness when n jobs with given due dates and memory requirements are to be scheduled on m processors $(n \geqq m)$ of given memory sizes q is the number of distinct due dates. The value of the minimum maximum lateness can itself be found in $O(qn + n\log n)$ time.
Electrocardiogram testing during athletic preparticipation physical examinations.

Abstract Context: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a relatively rare yet unfortunate risk of athletic participation. To reduce the incidence of SCD, electrocardiogram (ECG) use during athletic preparticipation examinations (PPEs) has been proposed to detect underlying cardiac abnormalities. Objective: To estimate the effectiveness of ECG use during athletic PPEs. Design: Epidemiologic modeling. Populations: Public high school athletes. Data Collection and Analysis: Estimates of ECG sensitivity (70%) and specificity (84%) were drawn from the literature, as was the estimate of overall prevalence of cardiac conditions relevant to SCD (0.3%). Participation rate by sex was determined from National Federation of State High School Associations data. Participation by ethnicity was assumed to be proportionate to the public high school attendance rates for grades 9 through 12 (18.4% African American). Population-specific ECG effectiveness (positive predictive value), estimated total costs, cost per year of life saved,...
Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Properties of the Iron-Sulfur Flavoprotein from Methanosarcina thermophila

Abstract An iron-sulfur flavoprotein (Isf) from the methanoarchaeaon Methanosarcina thermophila, which participates in electron transfer reactions required for the fermentation of acetate to methane, was characterized by electrochemistry and EPR and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The midpoint potential (E m) of the FMN/FMNH2 couple was −0.277 V. No flavin semiquinone was observed during potentiometric titrations; however, low amounts of the radical were observed when Isf was quickly frozen after reaction with CO and the CO dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase complex from M. thermophila. Isf contained a [4Fe-4S]2+/1+ cluster with g values of 2.06 and 1.93 and an unusual split signal with g values at 1.86 and 1.82. The unusual morphology was attributed to microheterogeneity among Isf molecules. The E mvalue for the 2+/1+ redox couple of the cluster was −0.394 V. Extracts from H2-CO2-grown Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum cells catalyzed either the H2- or CO-dependent reduction of M. thermophila Isf. In addition, Isf homologs were found in the genomic sequences of the CO2-reducing methanoarchaea M. thermoautotrophicum and Methanococcus jannaschii. These results support a general role for Isf in electron transfer reactions of both acetate-fermenting and CO2-reducing methanoarchaea. It is suggested that Isf functions to couple electron transfer from ferredoxin to membrane-bound electron carriers, such as methanophenazine and/or b-type cytochromes.
Acrenhydrosoma Maccalli, a New Species From Auke Bay, Alaska (Copepoda, Harpacticoida)

A new species of Acrenhydrosoma (Harpacticoida, Cletodidae) is described and illustrated. Specimens were collected during a long term investigation of intertidal meiofaunal taxa in Auke Bay, Alaska. Acrenhydrosoma maccalli n.sp. was present in low densities at the 0 m tidal level from March to July 1992. It is distinguished from A. perplexum (T. Scott) by the number of setae on the terminal endopod segment of swimming leg 1 and from A. karlingi Lang by the ornamentation of swimming leg 5 and the length to width ratio of the caudal rami.
The inverse niche model for food webs with parasites

Although parasites represent an important component of ecosystems, few field and theoretical studies have addressed the structure of parasites in food webs. We evaluate the structure of parasitic links in an extensive salt marsh food web, with a new model distinguishing parasitic links from non-parasitic links among free-living species. The proposed model is an extension of the niche model for food web structure, motivated by the potential role of size (and related metabolic rates) in structuring food webs. The proposed extension captures several properties observed in the data, including patterns of clustering and nestedness, better than does a random model. By relaxing specific assumptions, we demonstrate that two essential elements of the proposed model are the similarity of a parasite’s hosts and the increasing degree of parasite specialization, along a one-dimensional niche axis. Thus, inverting one of the basic rules of the original model, the one determining consumers’ generality appears critical. Our results support the role of size as one of the organizing principles underlying niche space and food web topology. They also strengthen the evidence for the non-random structure of parasitic links in food webs and open the door to addressing questions concerning the consequences and origins of this structure.
12 Angry Men:: A Study in Dialogue

This article describes the use of selected vignettes from the updated version of the film 12 Angry Men in a facilitated discussion to teach the principles of dialogue. Dialogue is a process for transforming traditional conversation—characterized by defensive routines, agendas, and ineffective listening practices—into a communication strategy that can help individuals and organizations. The exercise may be tailored for use with undergraduate and graduate students, as well as practicing managers and executives, to illustrate barriers to effective communication and decision making and to identify strategies to overcome those barriers.
THE 3d2 - 3d4f TRANSITIONS IN V IV

Nineteen transitions from the ground configuration 3d2 to the 3d4f configuration and three transitions from ground to the 3d5p configurations have been observed and measured in the 378–402 A region for vandanium iv.
Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm With Extreme Iliac Artery Tortuosity

Iliac artery tortuosity can be a limiting factor in treating abdominal aortic aneurysms by endovascular means. In this case, a 6F catheter guiding sheath was used to allow tracking of the superstiff wire to straighten the iliac artery on the left. This allowed for tracking of the larger sheath so that a bifurcated device could be completed. This technique may be useful in dealing with extreme iliac tortuosity if one is unable to advance the superstiff wire.
Factorization in dedekind domains with finite class group

LetD be a Dedekind domain. It is well known thatD is then an atomic integral domain (that is to say, a domain in which each nonzero nonunit has a factorization as a product of irreducible elements). We study factorization properties of elements in Dedekind domains with finite class group. IfD has the property that any factorization of an elementα into irreducibles has the same length, thenD is called a half factorial domain (HFD, see [41]). IfD has the property that any factorization of an elementα into irreducibles has the same length modulor (for somer>1), thenD is called a congruence half factorial domain of orderr. In Section I we consider some general factorization properties of atomic integral domains as well as the interrelationship of the HFD and CHFD property in the Dedekind setting. In Section II we extend many of the results of [41], [42] and [36] concerning HFDs when the class group ofD is cyclic. Finally, in Section III we consider the CHFD property in detail and determine some basic properties of Dedekind CHFDs. IfG is any Abelian group andS any subset ofG−[0], then {G, S} is called a realizable pair if there exists a Dedekind domainD with class groupG such thatS is the set of nonprincipal classes ofG which contain prime ideals. We prove that for a finite abelian groupG there exists a realizable pair {G, S} such that any Dedekind domain associated to {G, S} is CHFD for somer>1 but not HFD if and only ifG is not isomorphic toZ 2,Z 2,Z 2 ⊕Z 2, orZ 3 ⊕Z 3.
Intertectal crossing of optic axons after tectal fusion in neonatal rats.

Abstract Surgically-induced fusion of the superior colliculi along the midline was performed in newborn rats to provide a bridge for optic axons from one eye to cross the tectal midline. The results indicate that although tectal fusion is a necessary condition for optic axons to cross from one side of the midbrain to the other, it is not sufficient by itself to induce crossing unless the optic input from the opposite side is also removed. This finding is discussed in relation to tectal lesion studies and is compared with our previous observations of the corticotectal pathway.
Geometric structure and chunking in reproduction of motion sequences

Learning by imitation is fundamental to human behavior, but not all observed actions are equally easy to imitate. To understand why some actions are more difficult to imitate than others, we examined how higher-order relationships among the components of a stimulus model influenced the fidelity with which an action could be observed and then reproduced. With static contours, perception and short-term memory are strongly influenced by contour geometry, particularly by the presence and distribution of curvature extrema. To determine whether analogous relationships among subcomponents of a seen action would be important in encoding the action for subsequent reproduction, we manipulated actions' spatio-temporal geometry. In three experiments, we measured imitation fidelity for sequences of randomly directed, linked motions of a disc. The geometry of the disc's motion path strongly affected the accuracy of subsequent imitation: When the disc moved along a trajectory whose components were fairly consistent in their directions, imitation was strikingly better than when with irregular, jagged trajectories. A second experiment showed that this effect depended not upon co-variation in stimulus models' spatial extent, but rather on the relationship between successive movement directions. In a final, learning experiment, subjects had multiple opportunities to view and reproduce each model. The effect of the model's geometry persisted throughout the learning process, suggesting that it does not depend upon variables such as familiarity or expectancy but is somehow inherent to the pattern generated by the disc's motion. Our findings suggest that when analyzing seen actions, the brain privileges regular, consistent curvatures, grouping components that form a coherent shape into a unified "chunk." Inconsistencies among the directional components of a motion sequence cause the sequence to be chunked into additional components, which increases the load on working memory, undermining the fidelity with which the sequence can be imitated.
Amacrine cells in the tiger salamander retina: morphology, physiology, and neurotransmitter identification.

Amacrine cells of the vertebrate retina comprise multiple neurochemical types. Yet details of their electrophysiological and morphology properties as they relate to neurotransmitter content are limited. This issue of relating light responsiveness, dendritic projection, and neurotransmitter content has been addressed in the retinal slice preparation of the tiger salamander. Amacrine cells were whole-cell clamped and stained with Lucifer yellow (LY), then processed to determine their immunoreactivity (IR) to GABA, glycine, dopamine or tyrosine hydroxylase (TOH), and glucagon antisera. Widefield, ON-OFF amacrine cells were glycine-IR. The processes of these cells extended laterally in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) from 250–600 μm. They were either multistratified in the IPL or monostratified near the IPL midline. Three multistratified ON-OFF narrowfield glycine-IR cells also were found. Four types of ON amacrine cells were found to be GABA-IR; all types had their processes concentrated in the proximal IPL (sublamina b). Type I cells were narrowfield (∼ 100 μm) with a compact projection. Type II cells were widefield (220–300 μm) with a sparse projection. Type III cells had an asymmetrical projection and varicose processes. Type IV cells were pyriform and monostratified in sublamina b. One narrowfield ON-OFF amacrine cell, with processes broadly distributed in the middle of the IPL, was GABA-IR. This cell appeared similar to an ON-OFF cell that was glycine-IR and may comprise a type in which GABA and glycine colocalize. Another class of amacrine cell, with processes forming a major plexus along the distal border of the IPL and a lesser plexus in the proximal IPL, produced slow responses at light ON and OFF; these cells were dopamine/TOH-IR. A narrowfield class of transient ON-OFF amacrine cell, with processes ramifying throughout both sublaminae a and b of the IPL, were glucagon-IR; these cells appeared to be dye-coupled at the soma. We have shown that, with respect to GABA, glycine, dopamine, and glucagon, salamander amacrine cells fall into rather discrete groups on the basis of ramification patterns in the IPL and responses to photic stimulation. The physiological, structural, and neurochemical diversity of amacrine cells is indicative of multiple and complex roles in retinal processing.
Traumatic thoracolumbar spinal injury: an algorithm for minimally invasive surgical management

Object Minimally invasive spinal (MIS) surgery techniques have been used sporadically in thoracolumbar junction trauma cases in the past 5 years. A review of the literature on the treatment of thoracolumbar trauma treated with MIS surgery revealed no unifying algorithm to assist with treatment planning. Therefore, the authors formulated a treatment algorithm. Methods The authors reviewed the current literature on MIS treatment of thoracolumbar trauma. Based on the literature review, they then created an algorithm for the treatment of thoracolumbar trauma utilizing MIS techniques. This MIS trauma treatment algorithm incorporates concepts form the Thoracolumbar Injury Classification System (TLICS). Results The authors provide representative cases of patients with thoracolumbar trauma who underwent MIS surgery utilizing the MIS trauma treatment algorithm. The cases involve the use of mini-open lateral approaches and/or minimally invasive posterior decompression with or without fusion. Conclusions Cases invol...
Clinical pathway audit tools: a systematic review.

Aim To determine whether clinical/care pathway audit tools can identify the characteristics of well-organized care processes. Background Although pathways are used worldwide, confusion exists about the concept and impact. Evaluation Search of OVID-Medline, Cinahl, British Nursing Index; manual search of the Journal of Integrated Care Pathways; contact with Smartgroup on Clinical Pathways and board members of the European Pathway Association and Google® search. Key issues We selected seven of 15 clinical pathway audit tools for this review. Through content analysis, we identified 17 characteristics and grouped them using the realistic evaluation paradigm. The Integrated Care Pathway Appraisal Tool is the most appropriate audit tool to assess clinical pathway documents. Conclusions It is astonishing that so little research on clinical pathway audit tools has been underwent, given the prevalent use of clinical pathways. Because the concept of clinical pathways remains unclear, a variety of audit tools are needed to help clarify the concept. Further research on the construct and criter- ion validity of pathway audit tools is necessary to fully understand why and under which circumstances pathways lead to improved care.
Self-regulatory depletion and attachment avoidance: Increasing the accessibility of negative attachment-related memories☆

Abstract Bowlby (1980) theorized that insecurely attached people use defensive memory suppression to cope with adverse events involving childhood attachment figures. In this study, defensive memory suppression was conceptualized as a form of self-regulation that, like other types of self-regulation, requires limited resources and may be undermined by the prior exercise of self-regulation. The findings of the study showed that, in the absence of self-regulatory depletion, memories of negative experiences with attachment figures were less accessible among persons who reported more dismissing avoidance. Under self-regulatory depletion, however, accessibility increased among persons high in dismissing avoidance. Depletion of self-regulatory capacity did not moderate memory accessibility for secure, preoccupied, or fearful avoidant attachment. The results imply that dismissing avoidant persons devote their limited self-regulatory resources to suppressing negative memories and keeping their attachment systems deactivated.
Regulation of human platelet membrane Ca2+ transport by cAMP- and calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation.

Abstract We have reexamined the effects of added cAMP-dependent protein kinase and endogenous calmodulin-dependent kinase on Ca 2+ transport in purified internal membranes from human platelets. Both Ca 2+ uptake and Ca 2+ -ATPase activity were maximally stimulated about 2-fold by addition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor reduced both Ca 2+ uptake and Ca 2+ -ATPase activities at concentrations which also inhibited cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation. In addition, concerted stimulation of Ca 2+ -ATPase by exogenous calmodulin and added catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase was observed. A 22-kDa protein was phosphorylated by both cAMP-dependent and calmodulin-dependent kinases at the same rate as stimulation of the Ca 2+ -ATPase. Cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation of the 22-kDa polypeptide was inhibited by the protein kinase inhibitor and calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation was inhibited by chlorpromazine and EGTA. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that one mode of control of Ca 2+ homeostasis in platelets may be similar to the phospholamban system in cardiac muscle.
Detection of the Direct Effect of Clay on Polymer Dynamics: The Case of Spin-Labeled Poly(methyl acrylate)/Clay Nanocomposites Studied by ESR, XRD, and DSC

Nanocomposites of poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) with synthetic fluoromica (Somasif) as the inorganic component were studied as a function of clay content by the spin-label electron spin resonance (ES...
Analysis of circular waveguides with soft and hard surfaces realized by strip-loaded walls using asymptotic boundary conditions

Soft and hard walls are realized for a circular waveguide with walls coated by a uniform dielectric layer of appropriate thickness and loaded with conducting strips. The strips are oriented along the waveguide axis (z-axis) for hard surfaces or φ-directed for soft surfaces in a periodic form. The simple approximate asymptotic strip boundary condition (ASBC) is used to analyze the structure. For the dominant mode, when the waveguide walls are hard or soft, a linear field distribution across the waveguide cross section can be obtained. Then the waveguide can be used as an antenna with good linear polarization. The characteristics of such waveguides are presented with sample radiation patterns as compared with hollow waveguide radiation patterns. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 433–436, 2001.
Arthroscopic Bankart procedure: two- to five-year followup with clinical correlation to severity of glenoid labral lesion

We report our results using the arthroscopic Bankart technique described by Morgan (transglenoid suture) on 60 consecutive patients with anterior instability. All had detachment of the glenoid labrum at surgery. Forty- seven patients were available for final followup, which ranged from 2 to 5 years. Of these patients, 18 had experienced recurrent dislocation and 3 had experi enced episodes of subluxation after surgery, for an overall failure rate of 42%. Partway into the study, we began to correlate severity of glenoid labral lesion with outcome. We classified the labral lesion in 37 patients using stringent criteria at the time of surgery. Followup among these patients averaged 37 months. Of 22 cases of simple detachment of the labrum with no other sig nificant lesion (Type II labrum), there was one failure (4.5%). Of the 15 cases with significant or complete degeneration of the glenoid labrum-inferior glenohu meral ligament complex (Types IV or V labra), 13 failed (87%). Of the patients without recurren...
Dominance and dependence in input-output analysis: the nonlinear (network) approach

Abstract In this paper, the network approach is applied to estimate the relative importance of sectors in a macro economy for which estimates of technical coefficients were originally derived using the Analytic Hierarchy Process. The proposed approach suggestes a plausible alternative, since the presence of nonlinear structural relations of an economic system involving intersectoral feedbacks cannot be examined within the framework of the standard input-output model.
The effect of ligand structure on surface enhanced Raman scattering by Fe(II) macrocyclic complexes: [FeIITPC]2+ and [FeIIDPC]2+

Abstract This paper reports studies on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) by two ferrous macrocyclic complexes, one with the pentadentate ligand, DPC (DPC) = N,N′-di-2-picolyl-4,7-diaza-1-oxacyclononane), and the other with the hexadentate ligand, TPC (TPC) = N,N′,N″-tri-2-picolyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane). The purpose of this work is to show how the ligand structure changes Raman scattering by the Fe(II) complexes on a silver hydrosol protected by sodium citrate, Ag/Cit3−. It is demonstrated that SERS by [FeIITPC]2+ on Ag/Cit3− is enhanced by the factor of E = 3.5 ± 0.5 103, if the concentration of the sol is five times of the complex. However, the relative intensities and frequencies in the SERS spectrum are parallel to those obtained upon resonance Raman experiments with λex = 441.2 nm. In contrast to [FeIITPC]2+, Raman scattering by [FeIIDPC]2+ on Ag/Cit3− is quite different to that obtained from the aqueous solution with no silver sol, and includes resonance Raman-forbidden modes. These observations are considered in terms of the electromagnetic and chemical mechanisms of surface-enhanced Raman scattering. It is postulated that the chemical mechanisms is predominant in Raman scattering by the [FeIIDPC]2+ complex with the open coordination site on the FeII cation, whereas the electromagnetic mechanism provides a better fit to the behavior of [FeIITPC]2+ on Ag/Cit3−, as there is no opportunity for an Ag[FeIITPC]2+ surface complex formation.
Self-Assembly of Zinc Porphyrins around the Periphery of Hydrogen-Bonded Aggregates That Bear Imidazole Groups

This paper describes the preparation and characterization of four aggregates that are based on the rosette of derivatives of isocyanuric acid (CA) and melamine (M). These aggregates comprise a trismelamine, hub(MIm)3, that presents imidazole groups around its periphery; these imidazoles organize zinc tetraphenyl porphyrin (ZnTPP) by coordination of the imidazole to the zinc center. Aggregate 1 forms a single rosette upon mixing 1 equiv of hub(MIm)3 and 3 equiv of CA. Adding 3 equiv of ZnTPP yields 2. Aggregate 3 forms as a stacked bisrosette upon mixing 2 equiv of hub(MIm)3 and 3 equiv of bisCA. Adding 6 equiv of ZnTPP yields 4. The stoichiometries of aggregates 1−4 were obtained by titrating the trismelamines with CA and by titrating the aggregates with ZnTPP. The stoichiometry is defined as the ratio at which additional CA remains insoluble or additional ZnTPP appears as free ZnTPP in the 1H NMR spectrum. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is compatible with the measured stoichiometries....
Repeated failures in the management of high risk technologies

High-risk technologies often serve as engines of economic growth, but reliable management of these technologies is far from easy. Many organizations managing risky technologies are vulnerable to repeated catastrophic failure. Some organizational theorists posit that high-risk technologies can be managed with little or no failure under the right circumstances, however experience in a number of industries seems to indicate that not only will failure occur, but that it will often be repeated. This paper explores the “cycles of failure” that an organization may find itself trapped in and political and organizational factors which create these cycles. A more detailed application to NASA’s Challenger and Columbia accidents illustrates key points in the paper.
The relationship between quality and quality cost for a manufacturing company

This paper examines the components of quality cost (internal failure, external failure, appraisal cost, and prevention cost) in the context of two key manufacturing inputs, materials and machines; the concept is also explained for the company as a whole. The purpose of this research is to analyze the variables that impact quality in a manufacturing environment. There are three major findings in this research. First, there is an inverse relationship between appraisal cost plus prevention cost and failure cost. Second, the relationship between appraisal cost plus prevention cost and quality is positive. Finally, failure cost is negatively correlated with quality. This analysis also revealed a strong relationship between appraisal cost plus prevention cost and quality for material input, machine input, and the company. The results indicate that as the appraisal cost plus the prevention cost increases, quality improves and failure cost decreases.
Forensic Assessment of Refined Tar-Based Sealers as a Source of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Urban Sediments

Atmospheric deposition of particles and their subsequent transport by stormwater are a major source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban sediments. Recently, the results of forensic analysis have been used to promote a hypothesis that refined tar-based pavement sealers (RT-sealers) are another significant source. To evaluate this hypothesis, a suite of forensic methods was applied to a wider range of PAH data for this study. Sediments PAH profiles are no more similar to RT-sealers than they are to a number of other environmental inputs. While RT-sealers were not eliminated as a potential source in some locations, forensic methods did not differentiate their contribution from other sources of PAHs, indicating RT-sealers are not a unique or readily quantifiable source of PAHs to the urban environment.
Plausible double inflation

It is likely that extended inflation is followed by an epoch of slowroll inflation. Such a sequence of events may lead to a very interesting perturbation spectrum with significant power on the scale of the transition between the extended and slowroll phase, superimposed upon a power-law spectrum with deviations from the Harrison-Zeldovich slope. Normalization of the spectra above and below the transition scale is expected to differ.
Automated prediction of adverse post-surgical outcomes

Patients undergoing surgery can experience a range of adverse events, such as renal and cardiac injury, respiratory failure, and death. This study focuses on discovering relationships between perioperative physiological data and adverse post-surgical outcomes, with the goal of developing strategies to reduce the severity and frequency of these conditions. Analyzing the patient's preoperative demographic data, such as age and race, and perioperative physiologic data, such as blood pressure and anesthesia dosage, we use statistical models to predict whether a patient under anesthesia will develop renal or cardiac injury, respiratory failure, or death. Specifically, we compare generalized linear models, random forest models, and L 1 regularized logistic regression models in predicting these adverse events. For each event, the random forest model generally outperformed its competitors, as shown in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and evidenced by the higher area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.85, 0.86, 0.85, and 0.82 for death, renal injury, respiratory failure, and cardiac injury, respectively. However, score tables indicate that at certain thresholds, the L 1 regularized logistic regression predicts fewer false negatives than the random forest models. In general, our findings show the existence of a relationship between perioperative predictors and post-surgical complications. This relationship could provide the foundation for a surveillance and alert system.
Keynote speaker: Interacting in spatial augmented reality

Summary form only given. Progress in sensing technologies and display hardware allow us to realize interactive systems that we could only dream of a few years ago. I will present a number of interactive spatial augmented reality systems that leverage depth cameras and projection technologies to create immersive interactive experiences. While these prototypes are fun explorations in form factor and interaction, many get at deeper issues related to making our so called “natural” interfaces useful, usable and computable. The prospect of spatial augmented reality is exciting, but it seems we have a lot of work ahead of us!
Population mechanisms for the He(+) n = 3 levels determined from measurements of the solar 1640 A emission

The 1640 A line profile is analyzed using solar data obtained by the NRL slit spectrograph on Skylab. Data from coronal hole regions, quiet sun regions, active regions, prominence regions, and flare regions are presented. The relative densities of 3s, 3p, and 3d levels are determined from the data, and the dominant population mechanisms for these levels are inferred using a rate equation model for the He(+) ion. The relative importance of collisional excitation, radiative recombination, and photoexcitation is determined for each of the solar regions.
Light-scattering study on the fractal aggregates of polystyrene spheres: Kinetic and structural approaches

Static and dynamic light-scattering measurements on the fractal aggregates of polystyrene spheres (diameter=40 nm), induced by the addition of salt (0.2–1.5 mol·dm−3NaCl) at a constant pH of 9.2, are presented. The kinetic approach with the use of dynamic light scattering enables us to distinguish between fast and slow aggregation and the structural approach by using static light scattering provides us an appropriate way to determine the fractal dimension. By using the DLVO colloid stability theory to calculate the potential energy curves between polystyrene spheres at various salt concentrations we have concluded that the interparticle interactions would not only govern the kinetic growth of clusters, but also determine the fractal structure and the degree of cluster restructuring. In the category of fast aggregation, the smaller the interparticle attraction in the primary minimum, the larger the fractal dimension resulted from restructuring.