cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface binding inhibitors of the SCF-KIT protein-protein interaction.

KIT is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), the interaction of which with its ligand, stem cell factor (SCF), is essential for growth and differentiation of various cells.[1] SCF binding promotes KIT dimerization,[2] transphosphorylation, and activation of downstream cell signaling pathways essential for cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Gain-of-function mutations in KIT have been identified in human cancers such as gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST).[3,4] It was also demonstrated that autocrine or paracrine mechanisms mediated by aberrant expression of SCF and/or KIT might also lead to oncogenesis.[5–7] Because most cases of GIST are driven by oncogenic KIT mutations resulting in enhanced tyrosine kinase activity, inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase[8] activity of KIT, such as Gleevec® (imatinib mesylate) and Sutent® (sunitinib), have been successfully applied for the treatment of GIST patients.
CRT-76 Married Patients Undergoing Elective Or Urgent PCI Benefit From Improved Short- And Long-term Outcome - The Spouse effect

Marriage confers various health advantages in the general population. However, there is inconsistent data regarding the added value of marriage among patients who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) beyond the standard cardiovascular risk factors. We aimed to assess the effects of
All-sky Doppler interferometer for thermospheric dynamics studies.

An efficient, all-sky input optical system has been mated to a 100-mm-aperture Fabry–Perot interferometer that employs a cooled (−150 °C) CCD as a photon detector to create an all-sky Doppler interferometer. The instrument is capable of simultaneously measuring Doppler shifts and widths of nightglow emission lines from many different points in the sky, thereby providing determinations of upper-atmosphere neutral wind and temperature fields over a large region (to ≈2000 km in extent). For OI 630-nm (thermosphere) and OH 799.6-nm (mesopause) nightglow emissions, exposure times of 5–15 min provide good-quality interferometric images. The capability of the all-sky Doppler interferometer is illustrated by examples of thermospheric wind and temperature fields measured over Millstone Hill, Massachusetts.
The hydraulic permeability of dual porosity fibrous media

We present a computational analysis of viscous flow through arrays of fiber bundles using the Boundary Element Method (BEM) implemented on a multi-processor computer. Up to 700 individual fibers are included in each simulation. These are simple but not trivial models for fibrous preforms used in composites manufacturing-dual porosity systems characterized by different inter- and intra-tow porosities. The way these porosities affect the hydraulic permeability of a preform is currently unknown and is elucidated through our simulations. Numerical results are compared to analytical models. Through a large number of simulations we construct a master curve for the permeability of arrays of fiber bundles for various packing arrangements.
Chemical Quality of Depositional Sediments and Associated Soils in New Orleans and the Louisiana Peninsula Following Hurricane Katrina

Hurricane Katrina made landfall on the Louisiana peninsula south of New Orleans on Aug 29, 2005. The resulting storm surge caused numerous levy breaches in the parishes of New Orleans as well as on the Louisiana peninsula. This study was conducted to determine the concentrations of inorganic and organic constituents in sediments and associated soils in New Orleans parishes and the Louisiana peninsula after the floodwaters had been removed and/or receded following Hurricane Katrina. A total of 46 sediment and soil samples were analyzed that were collected throughout New Orleans and the Louisiana peninsula. Approximately 20% of the sediment samples were analyzed, including shallow sediment samples from locations that included the top and beneath automobiles, in residential and commercial areas, and near refineries. Gasoline constituents, pesticides, and leachable heavy metals were analyzed using headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), organic extraction GC/MS, and inductively coupled plasma/...
Changes in Skeletal Muscle Size and Glucose Tolerance With Electrically Stimulated Resistance Training in Subjects With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Mahoney ET, Bickel CS, Elder C, Black C, Slade JM, Apple Jr D, Dudley GA. Changes in skeletal muscle size and glucose tolerance with electrically stimulated resistance training in subjects with chronic spinal cord injury. Objective To determine the effect of residence-based, resistance exercise training (RET) on affected skeletal muscle size and glucose tolerance after long-standing, complete spinal cord injury (SCI). Design Before-after trial. Setting University laboratory trial. Participants Five men with chronic, complete SCI (C5-T9). Intervention Magnetic resonance images of the thighs and an oral glucose tolerance test were performed before and after RET. Subjects performed RET with both thighs, 2d/wk for 4 sets of 10 unilateral, dynamic knee extensions for 12 weeks. Neuromuscular electric stimulation induced RET by activating the knee extensors. Main Outcome Measures Quadriceps femoris muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), plasma glucose, and insulin concentrations were measured before and after RET. Results Skeletal muscle CSA increased by 35% in the right quadriceps femoris (from 32.6cm 2 to 44.0cm 2 ) and by 39% in the left quadriceps femoris (from 34.6cm 2 to 47.9cm 2 ) as a result of training ( P P =.074). Conclusions Affected skeletal muscle can achieve substantial hypertrophy years after SCI with resistance exercise. Furthermore, our results suggest that this type of training may enhance glucose disposal.
Hot working of platinum group metal-modified Ni-base superalloys for thermal protection system applications

Abstract Platinum group metal-modified nickel-base superalloys are being investigated for use in thin gage applications, such as thermal protection systems, due to their strength and inherent oxidation resistance at temperatures in excess of 1000 °C. This paper summarizes deformation behavior and microstructure evolution during multi-hit hot forging and subsequent hot rolling of an experimental two phase γ-Ni + γ′-Ni 3 Al alloy with a composition of Ni–15Al–5Cr–3Pt–2Ir–0.3Hf (atomic %) with C, B, and Zr additions for grain-boundary refinement and strengthening. The feasibility of hot rolling this material to a final thickness of 250 μm and obtaining a nearly fully recrystallized microstructure was demonstrated. However, an anomalous grain-growth behavior was also observed at the surface in the intermediate and final rolled product.
Complete nucleotide sequence of the vitellogenin mRNA from the gypsy moth: Novel arrangement of the subunit encoding regions

Abstract Primary structure analysis and location of introns suggests evolutionary relatedness among vitellogenin (Vg) genes from vertebrates and invertebrates, including insects. We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the gypsy moth VgmRNA, which shows that its structure is significantly different from VgmRNAs in other systems. The nucleotide sequence was determined using overlapping cDNA fragments generated from RACE reactions and rTh polymerase-mediated PCR. The VgmRNA is 5579 nucleotides long and codes for both the large and small subunits. However, the arrangement of the subunit encoding regions in the gypsy moth VgmRNA is opposite of what has been observed in other systems. Gypsy moth Vg gene is the first reported example of a Vg gene where the 5′-terminal region codes for the large subunit and the 3′-terminal region for the small subunit. Also, the sequence near the junction of subunits was significantly different from those found in other insects. This may be responsible for the relatively more stable precursor of Vg subunits found in the gypsy moth hemolymph. It is not clear where this divergence in the structure of Vg gene occurred during evolution, since the Vg gene of another lepidopteran, Bombyx mori , conforms to the structure of those in vertebrates and other invertebrates.
Pelvic vein thrombosis with pulmonary vascular lesions simulating primary pulmonary hypertension.

Abstract 1. 1. A case clinically diagnosed as primary pulmonary hypertension and studied with left and right heart catheterization is presented. 2. 2. Necropsy evidence of extensive pulmonary vascular disease and pelvic vein thrombosis led to a change in diagnosis to pulmonary hypertension secondary to thromboembolic obliterative vascular disease. 3. 3. The diagnosis of primary pulmonary hypertension cannot be made by exclusion despite both left and right heart catheterization.
Correlates of overweight and obesity among lesbian and bisexual women

Background Recent studies find lesbians at greater risk for overweight and obesity than heterosexual women. While this may reflect differences in attitudes concerning weight and body shape, little is actually known about risk factors within this group. This study examines correlates of obesity and exercise frequency among lesbians and bisexual women.
Tuning of higher alcohol selectivity and productivity in CO hydrogenation reactions over K/MoS2 domains supported on mesoporous activated carbon and mixed MgAl oxide

Abstract Higher alcohol synthesis from syngas is studied over K/MoS 2 domains supported on mesoporous carbon (C), mixed MgAl oxide (MMO), or mixtures thereof. While the carbon support offers high ethanol productivity, the MMO support yields enhanced C 3+ OH selectivity. MoKMMO-C, whereby Mo is initially contained on MMO then ground with carbon, behaves similar to the parent MoKMMO catalyst, as Mo on MMO has limited mobility during reaction. In contrast, on MoKC-MMO, significant Mo migrates from C to MMO during reaction, giving reactivity associated with Mo species on both supports (high C 3+ OH selectivity and productivity). MoS 2 domain structures are correlated with the selectivity of the catalysts (C 3+ OH selectivity ∼ double MoS 2 layers, total hydrocarbon selectivity ∼ single MoS 2 layers). This study advances the understanding of the support’s effect on structure–reactivity relationships for this family of catalysts and introduces a new catalyst composition with desirable reactivity.
Taming effects with monadic typing

The familiar Hindley-Milner type system of the ML language family is extended with monad annotations to account for possible side effects of expression evaluation. This also allows effects to be effectively encapsulated by lexical scopes Γ with enforcement provided by type checking. A type-and-effects analysis supports type inference. Type soundness and completeness theorems establish the coherence of monadic type inference with the reference semantics of a small ML-style language.
Structures of human cytochrome P-450 2E1. Insights into the binding of inhibitors and both small molecular weight and fatty acid substrates.

Human microsomal cytochrome P-450 2E1 (CYP2E1) monooxygenates >70 low molecular weight xenobiotic compounds, as well as much larger endogenous fatty acid signaling molecules such as arachidonic acid. In the process, CYP2E1 can generate toxic or carcinogenic compounds, as occurs with acetaminophen overdose, nitrosamines in cigarette smoke, and reactive oxygen species from uncoupled catalysis. Thus, the diverse roles that CYP2E1 has in normal physiology, toxicity, and drug metabolism are related to its ability to metabolize diverse classes of ligands, but the structural basis for this was previously unknown. Structures of human CYP2E1 have been solved to 2.2 A for an indazole complex and 2.6 A for a 4-methylpyrazole complex. Both inhibitors bind to the heme iron and hydrogen bond to Thr303 within the active site. Complementing its small molecular weight substrates, the hydrophobic CYP2E1 active site is the smallest yet observed for a human cytochrome P-450. The CYP2E1 active site also has two adjacent voids: one enclosed above the I helix and the other forming a channel to the protein surface. Minor repositioning of the Phe478 aromatic ring that separates the active site and access channel would allow the carboxylate of fatty acid substrates to interact with conserved 216QXXNN220 residues in the access channel while positioning the hydrocarbon terminus in the active site, consistent with experimentally observed ω-1 hydroxylation of saturated fatty acids. Thus, these structures provide insights into the ability of CYP2E1 to effectively bind and metabolize both small molecule substrates and fatty acids.
Focus Formation: A Cell-based Assay to Determine the Oncogenic Potential of a Gene

Malignant transformation of cells is typically associated with increased proliferation, loss of contact inhibition, acquisition of anchorage-independent growth potential, and the ability to form tumors in experimental animals(1). In NIH 3T3 cells, the Ras signal transduction pathway is known to trigger many of these events, what is known as Ras transformation. The introduction of an overexpressed gene in NIH 3T3 cells may promote morphological transformation and loss of contact inhibition, which can help determine the oncogenic potential of that gene of interest. An assay that provides a straightforward method to assess one aspect of the transforming potential of an oncogene is the Focus Formation Assay (FFA)(2). When NIH 3T3 cells divide normally in culture, they do so until they reach a confluent monolayer. However, in the presence of an overexpressed oncogene, these cells can begin to grow in dense, multilayered foci(1) that can be visualized and quantified by crystal violet or Hema 3 staining. In this article we describe the FFA protocol with retroviral transduction of the gene of interest into NIH 3T3 cells, and how to quantify the number of foci through staining. Retroviral transduction offers a more efficient method of gene delivery than transfection, and the use of an ecotropic murine retrovirus provides a biosafety control when working with potential human oncogenes.
Generalized Memristive Device SPICE Model and its Application in Circuit Design

This paper presents a SPICE model for memristive devices. It builds on existing models and is correlated against several published device characterization data with an average error of 6.04%. When compared to existing alternatives, the proposed model can more accurately simulate a wide range of published memristors. The model is also tested in large circuits with up to 256 memristors, and was less likely to cause convergence errors when compared to other models. We show that the model can be used to study the impact of memristive device variation within a circuit. We examine the impact of nonuniformity in device state variable dynamics and conductivity on individual memristors as well as a four memristor read/write circuit. These studies show that the model can be used to predict how variation in a memristor wafer may impact circuit performance.
Cryotherapy. Review of physiological effects and clinical application.

Cryotherapy, the therapeutic use of cold in the management of injuries and painful conditions, can be a valuable technique for the medical practitioner. The physiologic effects of cold are vasoconstriction, which helps to decrease swelling and inflammation; decreased tissue hypoxia; decreased pain; and decreased muscle spasm. Integrating cold in both the acute and rehabilitation stage can promote quick and effective results. Combining cold with exercise (cryokinetics) has significant clinical implications for the treatment of many musculoskeletal problems, athletic injuries, and inflammatory conditions such as tendonitis, bursitis, and arthritis. Application of ice provides a safe, convenient, and inexpensive method of treatment for the patient, especially in the home setting.
Germline TP53 Mutations and the Changing Landscape of Li–Fraumeni Syndrome

Since its description by Li and Fraumeni over 40 years ago, Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) remains one of the most striking familial cancer predisposition syndromes. Children and adults are affected by a wide array of cancers that occur predominantly at younger ages. This review discusses LFS, describes its association with TP53, and examines the classic and evolving definitions of the syndrome. The potential implications of multigene assessments of individuals at increased cancer risk, which have already begun to identify those with very little personal or family cancer history carrying germline TP53 mutations, are considered. Newer options in the management of individuals with LFS are also discussed, highlighting the importance of further clinical trials for cancer detection, prevention, and management. Finally, we observe how the clinical criteria for TP53 mutation screening appear to be evolving as our understanding of the impact of germline TP53 mutations continues to expand.
Patient Enrollment onto Clinical Trials: the Role of Physician Knowledge

Sixty-six attending physicians at academic medical centers completed a 43-question self-assessment evaluating communication skills, comfort with clinical trial enrollment, and knowledge of patient-related barriers to enrollment on clinical trials. Responses and demographic information were analyzed for trends and for association with estimated trial enrollment. Physician-described enrollment of patients onto trials varied widely, with estimated enrollment varying from less than 5 patients to well over 125 enrolled during the previous year. Participants perceived themselves to have excellent communication skills and were comfortable with the trial enrollment process, though did not consistently identify patient-related barriers to enrollment. Physician knowledge of clinical trials currently enrolling within their field was associated with increased patient enrollment on study (p = 0.03). Academic physicians expressed confidence in their skills related to clinical trial enrollment despite less than ideal reported enrollment. Knowledge of clinical trials currently enrolling within a physician’s specialty was associated with estimated patient enrollment, and may represent a correctable barrier to trial enrollment.
Students’ perception of a paramedic shadowing experience during a critical care Advanced Pharmacy Practice rotation

Abstract Objective To describe students' perception of a paramedic shadowing experience (PSE) incorporated into a critical care advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) rotation based in a community hospital. Methods An electronic survey instrument was developed and distributed to students who completed a critical care APPE rotation and participated in a PSE to assess students' perception. Results Of 18 students, 13 completed the survey. Students rated the PSE highly in opportunity to be exposed to pre-hospital medicine (mean = 4.46 ± 0.66) and as beneficial in enhancing student understanding of interdisciplinary patient care (4.69 ± 0.48). Most students agreed that the PSE encouraged the application of knowledge in a real-world setting (4.38 ± 0.76). The majority of students strongly agreed that the PSE should be offered to future APPE students as part of a critical care rotation (4.69 ± 0.48). Conclusions The PSE was perceived by pharmacy students to be a beneficial experience and a unique opportunity to apply knowledge to patient care in a pre-hospital setting. A paramedic shadowing experience for APPE students represents a novel method of introducing pharmacy students to interdisciplinary patient care.
Flow of granular materials with slip boundary condition: A continuum-kinetic theory approach

We study the steady fully developed flow of granular materials between two horizontal flat plates, subject to slip at the walls. The constitutive model for the stress tensor is based on ideas in continuum mechanics and kinetic theory. The constitutive equation used in our study is a model proposed by Rajagopal et al. (1994) [24], and the material properties such as viscosity and the normal stress coefficients are derived using the kinetic theory approximation proposed by Boyle and Massoudi (1990) [2] which includes the effect of the gradient of volume fraction. The slip boundary condition is based on the particle dynamics simulation results of Rosato and Kim (1994) [30]. The governing equations are non-dimensionalized, and the resulting system of non-linear differential equations is solved numerically. The results for the velocity profiles and the volume fraction profiles are presented.
Object detection using a max-margin Hough transform

We present a discriminative Hough transform based object detector where each local part casts a weighted vote for the possible locations of the object center. We show that the weights can be learned in a max-margin framework which directly optimizes the classification performance. The discriminative training takes into account both the codebook appearance and the spatial distribution of its position with respect to the object center to derive its importance. On various datasets we show that the discriminative training improves the Hough detector. Combined with a verification step using a SVM based classifier, our approach achieves a detection rate of 91.9% at 0.3 false positives per image on the ETHZ shape dataset, a significant improvement over the state of the art, while running the verification step on at least an order of magnitude fewer windows than in a sliding window approach.
E-Learning in Obstetrics and HIV: Utilizing Online Interactive Scenarios to Replicate Critical Decision Making Moments

Women’s Health Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program The Mississippi Delta region is one of the most impoverished, medically underserved regions of the nation. This region's health disparities in HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and outcomes reflect the need to offer greater support and education to rural health care providers who may only occasionally see patients who are infected with HIV/AIDS. It is often difficult to provide this education to these health care providers because their presence within their practice is imperative, and thus it is difficult to attend face-to-face continuing education. This dilemma necessitates the delivery of education materials online. By delivering this content through interactive online modules, the learner is presented with case-based scenarios that elicit increased engagement and comprehension. The interactive component encourages decision making rather than reading the content, and therefore makes the learning process more real. Case-based learning leads to better decision-making skills. Assessing knowledge based on step-by-step procedures closely simulates situations that the health care providers might find themselves in. Because these courses are offered online, they can be accessed anytime, practically anywhere. Proposed Change Providing online interactive scenarios to rural health care providers regarding HIV care for the pregnant female and neonate has the potential to increase knowledge and preparedness on the part of the health care provider. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation The AIDS Telehealth Training Center, entitled HIV Health Education, Assessment, and Research in Telehealth (HIV HEART) was created with the intent of improving access to HIV/AIDS evidence-based, culturally appropriate continuing education and collegial support for rural health care providers who have limited experience with rural patients infected with HIV/AIDS. In an effort to focus on quality over quantity, instructional designers created interactive case-based scenarios utilizing adult learning theory, which could be accessed through a customized learning management portal. These interactive modules go beyond the status quo of passive learning lectures, and require the learner to make critical decisions that affect the outcome of the patient featured in the online scenario. Knowledge competencies are shown through pretest and posttest assessment reports. The HIV team members will evaluate the findings and make changes as needed to educational methodologies and strategies for improving future online educational materials. Implications for Nursing Practice Multidisciplinary education is essential when caring for complex patients. Nurses and nurse practitioners are essential to provide comprehensive care for these medically complicated women and neonates. These interactive modules are easily disseminated to health care providers regardless of their practice settings or specialties.
Mirror-image discrimination among nonliterate, monoliterate, and biliterate Tamil subjects

In Danziger & Pederson 1998, the suggestion was made that the discrimination of left/right mirror images from non-reflected images in a part/whole judgment task correlates not just with degree of literacy, but also with the nature of the script in wich the subject is literate. This follow-up study directly addresses this hypothesis by comparing acceptance/rejection responses and the reaction time of these responses among Tamil speakers who were coded for type of literacy (nonliterate, literate only with Tamil script, literate with Tamil and Roman script). There was a reliable difference between the monoliterate and biliterate speakers in that biliterate Tamils were far more likely to reject mirror images than monoliterate Tamils. The critical difference between the monoliterates and biliterates is taken to be whether a graphemic distinction (i.e. a distinction which is symbolically meaningful) between left/right reflections has been acquired.
Role of tumor necrosis factor and gamma interferon in acquired resistance to Cryptococcus neoformans in the central nervous system of mice.

Although naive C.B-17 and BALB/cBy mice die of meningoencephalitis within 5 weeks of intravenous infection with an opportunistic strain of Cryptococcus neoformans, immunized mice express an acquired, CD4+ T-cell-dependent immunity and survive an intravenous infection. Infusion of lymphocytes from immune mice into severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice renders these mice more resistant to cryptococcal brain infection than uninfused controls. We have investigated the role of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in acquired resistance to C. neoformans. Neutralization of either IFN-gamma or TNF impaired resistance of immune BALB/cBy or C.B-17 mice to cryptococci. At 10 days postinfection, there were approximately 10 times as many yeast cells in the brains of mice treated with either anticytokine antibody as in the brains of mice treated with control antibody. Simultaneous neutralization of IFN-gamma and TNF further exacerbated infection. Neutralization of IFN-gamma or TNF also impaired resistance in immune lymphocyte-infused SCID mice, resulting in significantly higher yeast burdens in brains of cytokine-neutralized mice than in brains of controls. Concurrent neutralization of IFN-gamma and TNF rendered SCID recipients of immune cells equivalent to uninfused SCID mice with respect both to brain yeast burdens at 10 days and to survival. Anti-TNF treatment alone also curtailed survival. Histological examination of the brains of cytokine-neutralized mice revealed deficiencies in ability to focus inflammatory cells at brain lesions. These data demonstrate that both IFN-gamma and TNF are important mediators of acquired resistance to cryptococcal meningoencephalitis.
Self-Burial of Short Cylinders Under Oscillatory Flows and Combined Waves Plus Currents

Self-burial processes of finite-length cylinders under oscillatory flows and waves plus currents were examined with the following two different experimental facilities: a large oscillating water-sediment tunnel (LOWST) and a large wave-current tank. More than 130 experiments, with different model cylinders, were conducted within both facilities. The burial mechanisms studied include burial due to local scour and bedform migration. Burial due to fluidization in the tunnel was also explored, but only in a qualitative way. In the case of experiments with LOWST, the equilibrium burial depth was found to be a power function of the shields parameter (thetas). In the wave-current tank, the equilibrium burial depth was also found to be a function of the Shields parameter, albeit with larger scatter. The experimental observations made in both facilities have similar trends but different magnitudes. For equivalent values of the Shields parameter, smaller equilibrium burial depths were observed in the wave flume when compared to the ones in LOWST. After burial induced by local scour takes place, bedform (ripples and sandwaves) formation and evolution play a strong and, in some cases, dominant role on the equilibrium burial depth of the cylinders. Depending on how the vertical dimensions of bedforms compare to the specimen's diameter, cyclical covering and uncovering of the object may take place due to the passage of the migrating sandwaves. In such case, burial depth Bd no longer coincides with the vertical displacement (Vd) of the object as in the case when the burial process is dominated by local scour.
Human Immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) and IgG4, but Not IgG1 or IgG3, Protect Mice against Cryptococcus neoformans Infection

The encapsulated yeast Cryptococcus neoformans is a significant cause of meningitis and death in patients with AIDS. Some murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) component of the C. neoformans capsular polysaccharide can prolong the lives of infected mice, while others have no effect or can even shorten survival. To date, no one has systematically compared the efficacies of antibodies with the same variable regions and different human constant regions with their unique combination of effector functions in providing protection against murine C. neoformans infection. In the present study, we examined the efficacies of anti-GXM MAbs of the four human immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses, which have identical variable regions but differ in their capacities to bind the three types of Fc receptors for IgG (FcγR), their abilities to activate complement, and their half-lives. IgG2 and IgG4 anti-GXM prolonged the lives of infected BALB/c mice, IgG3 anti-GXM did not affect animal survival, while mice treated with IgG1 anti-GXM died earlier than mice treated with phosphate-buffered saline or irrelevant isotype-matched MAbs. All MAbs decreased serum GXM in infected animals. Effector pathways traditionally believed to be important in defense against microbes, such as opsonophagocytosis and complement binding, negatively correlated with antibody efficacy. It is generally accepted that human IgG1 has the most favorable combination of effector functions for therapeutic use against infections. Therefore, our findings have significant implications for humanization of the mouse IgG1 currently in clinical trials for cryptococcal meningitis and for the design of antibody therapeutics to treat other infectious diseases as well.
Inhomogeneous relativistic electron gas

A relativistic generalisation of the Hohenberg-Kohn-Sham theory of the inhomogeneous non-relativistic electron gas is presented. In a local scheme, where the results of the homogeneous electron gas are used as input, a self-consistent one-particle Dirac-like equation is derived. When only 'exchange' energy is used as an approximation, the usual Slater's rho 1/3 theory is shown to need a relativistic correction.
Using complex-valued ICA to efficiently combine radar polarimetric data for target detection

Target detection in sea clutter is a challenging problem in radar detection, specifically, when the Doppler return of the target and clutter are collocated. Polarization diverse radars provide additional information that enhances target detection. In this paper, we use an effective independent component analysis (ICA) approach, adaptive complex maximization of non-Gaussianity (A-CMN) [1], to efficiently combine polarimetric radar data prior to detection. We show that A-CMN estimates the polarimetric scatter coefficients for the single target in clutter case, thereby providing matched-filter performance without the need for clutter or target models. The detection performance using ICA is evaluated with sea clutter collected with the McMaster IPIX radar off the coast of Canada [2]. We also demonstrates the ability of this approach to adapt to the changing sea clutter conditions using simulation results.
An Examination of Police Officers’ Insights Into Problem Identification and Problem Solving

Problem solving begins with problem identification. Conventional knowledge suggests that because patrol officers work specific geographical areas (beats) on a fairly constant basis, they come to see where the problems exist; thus, police experience alone can be relied on to identify crime problems. However, few have examined whether officers are effective in identifying problems in their areas. This research examined the consistency of officer problem identification across focus groups for an entire police department in terms of the kinds of problems identified, the location of problems, and the suggested responses. Although there was little consistency across focus groups, officers were able to identify specific sites or properties thought to generate high levels of disorder-related calls. Solutions to crime problems tended to involve increased police presence for complex problems affecting areas and crime prevention for specific sites facing single-crime problems.
What's New in General Surgery: Burns and Metabolism

What's New in Surgery evolves from the contributions of leaders in each of the fields of surgery. In every instance the author has been designated by the appropriate Council from the American College of Surgeons' Advisory Councils for the Surgical Specialties. This feature is now presented in issues of the Journal throughout the year.
The influence of conspecifics and predation risk on the vigilance of elk (Cervus elaphus) in Yellowstone National Park

Vigilance in socially foraging animals (e.g., elk) may serve to detect predators (i.e., reduce predation risk) or to monitor the behavior of conspecifics (i.e., reduce conspecific risk and/or increase reproductive benefits). These potential benefits and costs of vigilance may not be equal among different genders and age classes foraging together. We observed male and female elk from 3 age classes (yearlings, nonreproductive, reproductive) during 2 seasons (calving season, breeding season) that vary in social interactions (i.e., conspecific risk) and in 2 regions of Yellowstone National Park that varied in predation risk due to density of wolves. This study was designed to determine the potential functional benefit of vigilance across a range of herd sizes. If vigilance serves to monitor the behavior of conspecifics, we expected it to increase in the fall breeding season along with aggressive behaviors, regardless of changes in predation risk. If vigilance serves to detect predators, we expected it to increase in regions with wolves regardless of changes in conspecific risk. Adult male vigilance and aggression increased during the fall breeding season, but yearling males had significantly lower levels of vigilance. Adult female vigilance increased during the calving season, with increasing predator encounter risk, decreasing herd size, and edge position within the herd. Yearling female vigilance decreased with herd size but was lower than adult females. We conclude that the primary benefit of vigilance for male elk is to monitor conspecifics, but the primary benefit of vigilance for female elk is to detect potential predators. Key words: elk behavior, predation risk, ungulate behavior, vigilance. [Behav Ecol]
The integral equation method of simulating electrical solitons for research into reliable hard-wired long distance digital communications with picosecond transitions

An integral equation relates electric charge and magnetic flux in a delay line with nonlinear and frequency-dependent elements. Iteration can approximate a transmission line that is continuously loaded with ferrite beads, revealing subnanosecond solitons, that is, pulses that resist the effects of dispersion. Electrical solitons are a new phenomenon for picosecond communications where the goal is speed, reliability, and hard-wired security.
WindSat soil moisture algorithm and validation

We present the WindSat land algorithm that retrieves global soil moisture and vegetation water content simultaneously using the physically-based multi-channel maximum-likelihood estimation. The retrieval results agree well with soil moisture climatology, in-situ observations, precipitation patterns and the AVHRR vegetation data, potentially satisfying soil moisture science requirements of 6% under low to moderate vegetation conditions.
Cpw Photo Warehouse: a custom database to facilitate archiving, identifying, summarizing and managing photo data collected from camera traps

Summary Contemporary methods for sampling wildlife populations include the use of remotely triggered wildlife cameras (i.e., camera traps). Such methods often result in the collection of hundreds of thousands of photos that must be identified, archived, and transformed into data formats required for statistical analyses. Cpw Photo Warehouse is a freely available software based in Microsoft Access® that has been customized for this purpose using Visual Basic® for Applications (VBA) code. Users navigate a series of point-and-click menu items that allow them to input information from camera deployments, automatically import photos (and image data stored within the photos) related to those deployments, and store data within a relational database. Images are seamlessly incorporated into the database windows, but are stored separately from the database. The database includes menu options that (i) facilitate identification of species within the images, (ii) allow users to view and filter any subset of the databased on study area, species, season, etc., and (iii) produce input files for common analyses such as occupancy, abundance, density and activity patterns using Programs mark, presence, density and the r packages ‘secr’ and ‘overlap’. Our database makes explicit use of multiple observers, which greatly enhances the efficiency and accuracy with which a large number of photos can be identified. Modular subsets of the data can be distributed to an unlimited number of observers on or off site for identification. Modules are then re-incorporated into the database using a custom import function.
Symptoms of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Research Network

Purpose: To address gaps in understanding and treating lower urinary tract symptoms, the NIDDK created the Symptoms of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Research Network (LURN). The goals of LURN are to work collaboratively to 1) identify and explain the important subtypes of lower urinary tract symptoms; 2) improve the measurement of patient experiences of lower urinary tract symptoms; 3) disseminate novel findings to researchers, clinicians and patients; and 4) generate data, research tools and biological samples for future studies.Materials and Methods: As a first step in understanding subtypes of lower urinary tract symptoms, LURN will focus on disorders of urinary sensation (eg urgency) and their causes. These are being examined with respect to patient experience, organism or systemic factors, genitourinary organs and tissues, and cellular/molecular factors. This is being achieved via an observational cohort study that is currently enrolling patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (target number 1,0...
Liberation of inorganic phosphate from adenosinetriphosphate by fractions derived from developing rat muscle.

SummaryIn a quantitative chemical study of developing muscle there is a greater activity of adenosinetriphosphatase than is warranted by the increase in amount of myosin proteins. In order to ascertain the reason for this discrepancy determinations of phosphatase activity were made on fractions of developing muscle obtained from rat embryos of 14 days, fetuses of 19 days, rats of 1-2 days and 9-10 days of age. The activity was calculated in micrograms of phosphorus liberated in 15 min. at 37.5° per mg N.
ORIGIN OF THE BASIS IN COPEPOD LIMBS, WITH REFERENCE TO REMIPEDIAN AND CEPHALOCARID LIMBS

ABSTRACT The proximal portions of remipedian and cephalocarid trunk limbs were observed in detail. Some phylogenetically important structures have been formerly overlooked or ignored. The lobelike outer part of the bulbous structure on the proximal portion of the remipedian exopod is assumed to be a positional homologue of the pseudepipod in cephalocarid limbs. The remainder of the bulbous structure corresponds to the exopod segment from which the pseudepipod arises in cephalocarids. Aspects of remipedian limb musculature are preliminarily described. In limbs of some copepods, of which the endopod is 3-segmented, the inner portion of the basis closely resembles the endopod segments in appearance. Based upon these observations, a hypothesis is formulated to explain the origin of the basis in copepod limbs by lateral fusion of the proximal part of the original exopod and the first segment of the originally 4-segmented endopod, both rami having been attached to the coxa. This hypothesis may explain the origin of the basis in crustaceans in general. Possible ramifications of this hypothesis on the identity of limb parts and phylogenetic considerations in the Crustacea and some other arthropods are discussed.
Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children: A Mix of Responsibility

The report, Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children, was written by a committee of distinguished scientists for the National Academy of Science. The report contains a synthesis of research related to early reading, and it includes a large number of recommendations for a variety of audiences. In this paper, Bronfenbrenner's systems model is presented as a mechanism for planning actions and initiatives to carry-out the committee's recommendations, for guiding the evaluation of those actions, and for conducting research on the effects of those recommendations.
The effect of immunodeficiency on cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity testing in HIV-infected women without anergy: Implications for tuberculin testing

CADRE : Etude en collaboration dans quatre centres medicaux urbains aux Etats Unis. OBJECTIF : Determiner l'effet de l'infection par le virus de l'immunodeficience humaine (VIH) et de l'immunodeficience sur les reponses d'hypersensibilite de type retarde (DTH) et son implication pour l'interpretation des reactions tuberculiniques chez les femmes non anergiques atteintes ou suspectes d'une infection par le VIH. SCHEMA: L'information demographique et comportementale, le test d'anticorps VIH, les decomptes de lymphocytes CD4, les reponses cutanees aux tests d'hypersensibilite retardee au moyen des antigenes des oreillons, de Candida, de la toxine tetanique et de la tuberculine (PPD) ont ete obtenus chez 1184 femmes. RESULTATS : Une reaction a un ou plusieurs des quatre antigenes a ete obtenue chez 436 femmes seropositives pour le VIH et chez 356 femmes seronegatives, mais a risque eleve d'infection par VIH. Parmi les femmes non anergiques, les seropositives pour le VIH etaient moins susceptibles de reagir (P ≤ 0,05) a l'egard des oreillons (62% vs 81%), au tetanos (72% vs 84%) et a la PPD (13% vs 19% L'induration chez les reacteurs seropositifs pour le VIH est associee au niveau de CD4 dans le cas des oreillons (P = 0,004) et du tetanos (P 500/mm 3 n'ont pas de reactions significativement plus petites que les seronegatifs pour le VIH pour aucun des antigenes testes. Les dimensions de la PPD sont similaires chez les reacteurs seropositifs dont les decomptes de CD4 sont >500/mm 3 (12,4 ± 7,4 mm) et chez les reacteurs seronegatifs (12,0 ± 8,3 mm); une induration ≥10 mm est observee chez 16 des 173 femmes seropositives (9,2%) dont les decomptes de CD4 sont >500/ mm 3 et chez 41 des 356 femmes seronegatives (11,5%), respectivement (P = 0,5 ). CONCLUSION: Chez les femmes infectees par le VIH, capables de reagir a un antigene d'hypersensibilite retardee, l'induration en reponse a cet antigene est relativement intacte pour les decomptes de CD4 >500/ mm 3 . Ceci suggere qu'il faudrait prendre en consideration le degre d'immunodeficience pour interpreter les reactions a la PPD chez les sujets infectes par le VIH.
Biomarkers in phase I–II chemoprevention trials: lessons from the NCI experience

Early phase clinical trials are an essential component of chemopreventive drug development to identify signals of drug efficacy that can subsequently be explored definitively in phase III trials. Whereas phase I trials focus on safety and identification of optimal dose and schedule for cancer prevention, phase II trials focus on intermediate endpoints that are variably related to cancer development. The United States National Cancer Institute supports a programme devoted to early phase cancer prevention clinical trials. The experience, along with the benefits and limitations of the range of biomarker endpoints used in these studies, are reviewed here.
Discipleship and the Logic of Transformative Catechesis

This article introduces a new form of religious education based on what it calls "paradoxical logic," which is based, in part, on Jurgen Habermas' concept of an alternative rationality. The article uses the biblical parable of the rich young man (Mt 19:16-30) to develop this logic and a specific method for individual transformation.
Counterterrorism, Identity, (In)security

On 30 January 2014, British Home Secretary Theresa May of the Conservative Party.1 then with the support of Nick Clegg (Liberal Democrats) and Hazel Blears (Labour Party, former cabinet member), proposed a security amendment to the Immigration Bill, “deprivation of citizenship”:2 (60) Deprivation if conduct seriously prejudicial to vital interests of the UK. (1) In section 40 of the British Nationality Act 1981 (deprivation of citizenship), after subsection (4) insert–. “(4A) But that does not prevent the Secretary of State from making an order under subsection (2) to deprive a person of a citizenship status if—. (a) the citizenship status results from the person’s naturalisation, and (b) the Secretary of State is satisfied that the deprivation is conducive to the public good because the person, while having that citizenship status, has conducted him or herself in a manner which is seriously prejudicial to the vital interests of the United Kingdom, any of the Islands, or any British overseas territory.” [emphasis added]
CtrΔe13, a Calcitonin Receptor Isoform Lacking 14 Amino Acids in Transmembrane Helix 7: Structure and Topology

The peptide hormone calcitonin (CT) acts through its G-protein coupled receptor to reduce serum calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption and promoting renal calcium excretion. In addition, CT modulates the renal transport of several other ions and water. In the central nervous system it acts to induce analgesia, anorexia, and gastric secretion. The calcitonin receptor (CTR) couples to multiple G-proteins and acts through two main pathways: the c-AMP and the phospholipase C mediated pathways. Here, we investigate, from a structural perspective, the differences between the most common receptor isoform, C1a, and CTRΔe13, an isoform generated by the deletion of the cassette corresponding to exon 13 of the porcine CTR gene and encoding 14 amino acids in the putative seventh transmembrane domain (TM7) [1]. The absence of the 14 amino acids results in reduced ligand binding and modified signal transduction characteristics: CTRΔe13 fails to activate phospholipase C. It has been suggested that the altered pharmacology could be a result of the incorporation of the proximal residues of the C-terminal tail into the lipid bilayer or of an extracellular C-terminus (reduced hydrophobicity and length of the truncated TM7). Receptor domains corresponding to the putative 3rd extracellular loop-TM7-proximal C-terminus and the corresponding sequence in CTRΔe13 have been analyzed by NMR in the presence of a membrane mimetic.