cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Refining the grain: using resident-based walkability audits to better understand walkable urban form

Researchers use measures of street connectivity to assess neighborhood walkability, and many studies show a relationship between neighborhood design and walking activity. Yet, the core connectivity measures are based on constructs designed for analyzing automobile mobility – the street network – not pedestrian movement. This article examines the effect of a finer-grained characterization of street connectivity and illustrates the idea using parent ratings of street and intersection walkability for children throughout a suburban school district in Oregon. Several policy and practice recommendations are presented, including a discussion that extends Michael Southworth’s foundational representation of streets and the walkable city using a refined, more pedestrian-centered approach to visualizing connectivity and walkable urban form.
UNIQUENESS OF THE FUNCTIONAL DETERMINANT

The functional determinant of the conformal laplacian and the square of the Dirac operator are known to be extremized at the standard round metric of the four-sphere among all conformal metrics (up to gauge equivalence). In this article we show that this is the unique critical point, thus extending the work of Onofri and Osgood, Phillips and Sarnak for the functional determinant on S 2 which characterized the constant curvature metric as the unique critical point of the determinant. In addition, we introduce a new symmetric two-tensor field which is defined on any conformally flat four-manifold and can be viewed as a fourth order generalization of the Einstein gravitational tensor. As a consequence we prove a Pohozaev identity for manifolds with boundary which admit conformal Killing vector fields.
Correlation of Roughness and Device Properties for Hydrogen Plasma Cleaning of Si(100) Prior to Gate Oxidation

Hydrogen plasma treatment was used as a cleaning and conditioning step prior to gate oxide deposition in the fabrication of cluster-based MOS field effect transistors. Surface roughness was measured by atomic force microscopy and compared to current-voltage characteristics of the MOSFET devices. The MOSFET devices were evaluated on the basis of threshold voltage, peak mobility, interface scattering, and surface roughness coefficient. Following a 10 minute Hplasma exposure at a substrate temperature of 150°C the rms roughness increased from 1.1±0.3 A to 17±9 A. The rms roughness for samples treated for 10 minutes at 700°C was 4±1 A. Analysis of the MOSFET devices treated in the low temperature range (200°C) show significant degradation due to the H-plasma interaction. Threshold voltage for the devices exposed to a 2 minute H-plasma at a temperature of 200°C was 0.72±0.02 V. In contrast the threshold voltage for the 600°C, 2 minute plasma exposure was 0.86±0.03 V. The peak mobility for those devices was 370 cm 2 /V-s. Further device analysis was accomplished from the current-voltage measurements to extract a value of interface scattering and surface roughness scattering for each device. Interface scattering and surface roughness scattering do not increase for H-plasma process temperatures of 450 – 700°C. An H-plasma treatment for 2 minutes at 500°C also resulted in no observable increase in rms roughness, a threshold voltage of 0.92±0.03 V, a peak mobility of 410 cm 2 /V-s, and no increase in interface scattering and surface roughness scattering.
Rho regulates p21(CIP1), cyclin D1, and checkpoint control in mammary epithelial cells.

The small GTPase Rho is important for cell cycle progression and Ras transformation in fibroblasts. However, it is unclear whether Rho is needed for proliferation in other cell types, and its targets in promoting normal cell cycle progression are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Rho is required for G1 to S progression in MCF10A mammary epithelial cells, both in response to EGF and in response to oncogenic Ras. We describe two effects of Rho, the repression of p21CIP1 and the induction of cyclin D1, that may underlie its role in promoting S phase entry. The Rho inhibitor, C3 exotransferase, induced p21CIP1 both in EGF-stimulated and V12Ras-expressing cells. In addition, C3 blocked EGF-stimulated cyclin D1 promoter activity whereas V14RhoA induced the cyclin D1 promoter and cooperated with V12Ras in cyclin D1 induction. Finally, a high proportion of cells co-expressing V14RhoA and V12Ras displayed lobulated, polyploid nuclei that were actively synthesizing DNA. Our results demonstrate that Rho plays a fundamental role in promoting Ras-dependent S phase entry in mammary epithelial cells, whether in response to normal or oncogenic signaling, and indicate that in cells expressing oncogenic Ras, the activation of Rho diminishes p21CIP1 expression, increases cyclin D1 promoter activity, and uncouples DNA synthesis from mitosis.
Retrospective analysis of surgical treatment outcomes for gelastic seizures: a review of the literature

Gelastic seizures are known to be refractory to medical treatment and to date surgical therapy has yet to pinpoint the best treatment for these refractory seizures. There has been a multitude of case reports published on gelastic seizures and different surgical treatments, thus we performed a review of the literature on gelastic seizures and surgical treatments to elucidate the best surgical approaches for medically refractory gelastic seizures.
A National Study of Schools In the Middle—Perspectives On Five Issues:

The project chairman of NASSP's National Study of Schools in the Middle highlights in this article what he considers the more significant and interesting findings of the study as they relate to the daily activities of the middle level principal.
Higher-dimensional bulk wormholes and their manifestations in brane worlds

There is nothing to prevent a higher-dimensional anti-de Sitter bulk spacetime from containing various other branes in addition to hosting our universe, presumed to be a positive-tension 3-brane. In particular, it could contain closed, microscopic branes that form the boundary surfaces of void bubbles and thus violate the null energy condition in the bulk. The possible existence of such micro branes can be investigated by considering the properties of the ground state of a pseudo-Wheeler-DeWitt equation describing brane quantum dynamics in minisuperspace. If they exist, a concentration of these micro branes could act as a fluid of exotic matter able to support macroscopic wormholes connecting otherwise-distant regions of the bulk. Were the brane constituting our universe to expand into a region of the bulk containing such higher-dimensional macroscopic wormholes, they would likely manifest themselves in our brane as wormholes of normal dimensionality, whose spontaneous appearance and general dynamics would seem inexplicably peculiar. This encounter could also result in the formation of baby universes of a particular type.
Open Boundary Conditions for Dispersive Waves

Abstract Approximate outgoing radiation conditions have been widely used at open boundaries in dispersive wave computations. Exact outgoing radiation conditions are constructed here for infinitesimal surface inertia-gravity waves, barotropic Rossby waves, and non-hydrostatic internal gravity waves incident at infinite plane open boundaries. They are also constructed for infinitesimal two-dimensional surface gravity waves incident at a square open boundary, a finite straight open boundary in a channel, and a circular open boundary, The constructions use Laplace transforms, various Fourier transforms, and a wave field splitting technique. The exact outgoing radiation conditions all involve weighted space and time averages. Their numerical implementation would be most complex and would require computer storage approaching that which one is trying to avoid by the introduction of open boundaries. Alternatives are discussed.
An epidemiologic investigation of homicides at Fort Carson, Colorado: summary of findings

ABSTRACTIn response to an apparent clustering of homicides at Fort Carson, Colorado, the U.S. Army Public Health Command (formerly the U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine) Behavioral and Social Health Outcomes Program conducted a multidisciplinary epidemiologic consultation to identify factors contributing to violent behavior among soldiers at Fort Carson. This article summarizes the findings of the epidemiologic consultation report as provided to the Secretary of the Army and the Fort Carson Senior Mission Commander and released in its entirety publicly July 2009 and elaborates on the mixed-methods analytic approach used to study a complex behavioral issue at the community level. To aid in answering the key study questions, six study arms were designed and carried out: (1) index case analysis, (2) confinee interviews, (3) analysis of installation-level trends, (4) retrospective cohort analysis, (5) soldier focus groups and interviews, and (6) aggression risk factors survey. Alth...
Interpolation, completion, and learning fuzzy rules

Fuzzy inference systems and neural networks both provide mathematical systems for approximating continuous real-valued functions. Historically, fuzzy rule bases have been constructed by knowledge acquisition from experts while the weights on neural nets have been learned from data. This paper examines algorithms for constructing fuzzy rules from input-output training data. The antecedents of the rules are determined by a fuzzy decomposition of the input domains. The decomposition localizes the learning process, restricting the influence of each training example to a single rule. Fuzzy learning proceeds by determining entries in a fuzzy associative memory using the degree to which the training data matches the rule antecedents. After the training set has been processed, similarity to existing rules and interpolation are used to complete the rule base. Unlike the neural network algorithms, fuzzy learning algorithms require only a single pass through the training set. This produces a computationally efficient method of learning. The effectiveness of the fuzzy learning algorithms is compared with that of a feedforward neural network trained with back-propagation. >
Positive polynomials and the moment problem for cylinders with compact cross-section

Abstract This paper concerns positive polynomials and the moment problem for certain non-compact cylinder-like closed semialgebraic subsets R n . We extend Schweighofer's algorithm for Schmudgen's Positivstellensatz in the compact case to this setting, for polynomials positive on the semialgebraic set with a certain extra boundedness condition. The idea is to use the Schweighofer algorithm to obtain a representation for each cross-section of the cylinder and then glue together the representations. The extra property is needed to ensure a uniform bound on the size of the representations on the cross sections. As a corollary, we show that the moment problem is solvable in this case.
Surgical anesthesia in rabbit and dog with intravenous amphenone B.

SummaryIntravenously administered Amphenone “B” produces surgical anesthesia in the rabbit and dog. The margin of safety is sufficient to permit complete anesthesia without major respiratory depression and with rapid recovery. The combination of endocrinological and anesthetic properties of Amphenone “B” parallels that previously observed for progesterone and other steroids.
A multi-criteria framework as a decision support system for urban growth management applications: Central city redevelopment

Abstract The paper introduces a decision support system based on a multi-criteria framework that integrates several socio-economic, physical planning and urban design processes recently used in the U.S. for growth management of central city redevelopment. It formalizes and operationalizes the concept of the ‘critical coalition’, i.e. user groups representative of the community's interests who share common perceived values, objectives and problems within an urban setting. This critical coalition provides the decision model with the socio-economic qualitative input to establish representative priorities and importance weights, and to provide the political base for the implementation of policy actions. The framework is applied to establish locational suitability of development or redevelopment actions within a central city. This application is illustrated with examples from a pilot study to establish the suitability of residential infill within the central business district of the City of Columbus, Ohio.
Interface Investigation of ZnO/CdS/CuIn1−xGaxSe2/Mo Solar Cells

Graded-band-gap CuIn 1−x Ga x Se 2 (CIGS) absorbers with Ga/Ga+In value in the 20%-30% range have a demonstrated efficiency of 18.8%. For CdS-containing devices, the shortcircuit current density (J sc ) has almost reached its expected maximum. However, the open-circuit voltage of CIGS solar cells is limited by the surface microstructure and chemistry. In this work, we examine the microstructural properties and chemistry of CIGS. We also attempted to correlate the above observations and device performance.
PROPAGATION AND QUANTIZATION OF RARITA--SCHWINGER WAVES IN AN EXTERNAL ELECTROMAGNETIC POTENTIAL.

The Rarita-Schwinger equation in an external electromagnetic potential is shown to be equivalent to a hyperbolic system of partial differential equations supplemented by initial conditions. The wave fronts of the classical solutions are calculated and are found to propagate faster than light. Nevertheless, for sufficiently weak external potentials, a consistent quantum mechanics and quantum field theory may be established. These, however, violate the postulates of special relativity.
On the noise sensitivity of monotone functions

It is known that for all monotone functions f : {0, 1}n → {0, 1}, if x ∈ {0, 1}n is chosen uniformly at random and y is obtained from x by flipping each of the bits of x independently with probability e = n-α then P[f(x) ≠ f(y)] 0. We improve this result by achieving for every 0 < δ < 1/2, P[fn(x) ≠ fn(y)] ≥ δ, with: • e = c(δ)n-α for any α < 1/2, using the recursive majority function with arity k = k(α); • e = c(δ)n-1/2logtn for t = log2√π/2 = .3257 ..., using an explicit recursive majority function with increasing arities; and • e = c(δ)n-1/2, nonconstructively, following a probabilistic CNF construction due to Talagrand.We also study the problem of achieving the best dependence on δ in the case that the noise rate e is at least a small constant; the results we obtain are tight to within logarithmic factors.
Synthesis of a maneuver detector and adaptive gain tracking filter

The tracking lag due to an accelerating or maneuvering target may become significant compared to sensor noise, especially in the case of highly accurate optical or IR line-of-sight measurements. The authors construct a maneuver detector by utilizing an adaptive gain alpha- beta filter and analytic formulations for the tracking residuals. Maneuver detection is accomplished by examining tracking error residuals and comparing with expected results. The use of an alpha-beta filter also serves as a tracking function with gains controlled by the output of the detector and sensed tracking lags. Numerical simulations showing tracking improvement over fixed gain alpha-beta and alpha-beta-gamma filters are given.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thalamic and callosal connections of the rat auditory cortex

This study was designed to assess the relative distributions of two extrinsic afferent fiber systems in the rat auditory cortex as indicated by the patterns of specific lesion-induced degeneration evident in Fink-Heimer preparations. The auditory cortex consists of cytoarchitectural areas 41, 20 and 36. Lesions were made in the medial geniculate body (MGB) or the corpus callosum in some rats, while in other rats, lesions were made in both the MGB and the corpus callosum. Following the thalamic lesions, degenerating terminals occur throughout the auditory region of cortex, principally in layer IV and deep layer III, but also in layer VI and in the superficial part of layer I. With the exception of the band of degeneration in layer I, the density of the thalamic degeneration is uneven, such that patches of increased density of degeneration are separated by regions with few degenerating terminals. Following lesions of the corpus callosum, degenerating callosal terminals are also evident throughout the auditory region of cortex and they occur in deep layer I through layer III, superficial layer V and in layer VI. The density of the degenerating callosal terminals is not uniform throughout most of area 41, to the extent that there are radially-oriented bands of increased density which appear within the continuous callosal projection. Following the double lesions, degenerating terminals throughout the auditory region are distributed homogeneously within all cortical layers with the exception of deep layer V which is relatively free of degeneration. The results indicate that all regions within the rat auditory cortex are subject to both thalamic and callosal influence, although the input is not completely uniform, for the zones in layers IV and VI which have decreased thalamic input appear to have increased callosal input.
Indoor and outdoor particulate matter and endotoxin concentrations in an intensely agricultural county.

The objectives of this study were to characterize rural populations’ indoor and outdoor exposure to particulate matter (PM)10, PM2.5, and endotoxin and identify factors that influence these concentrations. Samples were collected at 197 rural households over five continuous days between 2007 and 2011. Geometric mean (GM) indoor PM10 (21.2 μg/m3) and PM2.5 (12.2 μg/m3) concentrations tended to be larger than outdoor PM10 (19.6 μg/m3) and PM2.5 (8.2 μg/m3) concentrations (PM10 P=0.086; PM2.5 P<0.001). Conversely, GM outdoor endotoxin concentrations (1.93 EU/m−3) were significantly larger than indoor (0.32 EU/m3; P<0.001). Compared with measurements from previous urban studies, indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in the study area tended to be smaller, whereas ambient endotoxin concentrations measured outside rural households were 3–10 times larger. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, seasonality did not have a significant effect on mean ambient PM10 concentrations; however, endotoxin concentrations in the autumn were almost seven times larger than winter. Excluding home cleanliness, the majority of agricultural and housing characteristics evaluated were found to be poorly associated with indoor and outdoor particulate and endotoxin concentrations.
Finding deterministic solution from underdetermined equation: large-scale performance modeling by least angle regression

The aggressive scaling of IC technology results in high-dimensional, strongly-nonlinear performance variability that cannot be efficiently captured by traditional modeling techniques. In this paper, we adapt a novel L 1 -norm regularization method to address this modeling challenge. Our goal is to solve a large number of (e.g., 104∼106) model coefficients from a small set of (e.g., 102∼103) sampling points without over-fitting. This is facilitated by exploiting the underlying sparsity of model coefficients. Namely, although numerous basis functions are needed to span the high-dimensional, strongly-nonlinear variation space, only a few of them play an important role for a given performance of interest. An efficient algorithm of least angle regression (LAR) is applied to automatically select these important basis functions based on a limited number of simulation samples. Several circuit examples designed in a commercial 65nm process demonstrate that LAR achieves up to 25× speedup compared with the traditional least-squares fitting.
Shape sensing using multi-core fiber optic cable and parametric curve solutions

The shape of a multi-core optical fiber is calculated by numerically solving a set of Frenet-Serret equations describing the path of the fiber in three dimensions. Included in the Frenet-Serret equations are curvature and bending direction functions derived from distributed fiber Bragg grating strain measurements in each core. The method offers advantages over prior art in that it determines complex three-dimensional fiber shape as a continuous parametric solution rather than an integrated series of discrete planar bends. Results and error analysis of the method using a tri-core optical fiber is presented. Maximum error expressed as a percentage of fiber length was found to be 7.2%.
Power protocol: reducing power dissipation on off-chip data buses

Power consumption is becoming increasingly important for both embedded and high-performance systems. Off-chip data buses can be a major power consumer. In this paper we present a strategy called "power protocol" that tries to reduce the dynamic power dissipation on off-chip data buses. To accomplish this, our strategy reduces the number of bus lines that need to be activated for data transfer by employing a small cache (called "value cache") at each side of the off-chip data bus. These value caches keep track of the data values that have recently been transmitted over the bus. The entries in these caches are constructed in such a way that the contents of both the value caches are the same all the time. When a data value needs to be transmitted over the bus, we first check whether it is in the value cache of the sender. If it is, we transmit only the index of the data (i.e., its value cache address) instead of the actual data value and, the other side (receiver) can determine the data value by using this index and its value cache. Our experimental results using a set of fifteen benchmark codes from embedded systems domain show that power protocol is very effective in practice, and reduces the bit switching activity on the data bus by as much as 70.7% (with a value cache of 128 entries). We also present results from an implementation that combines our strategy with 1-to-2 encoding, a popular bus encoding strategy for low power. Our results indicate that this combined optimization strategy reduces bit switching activity by 67.8% on the average (across all benchmarks). These reductions in bit switching activity lead to more than 7% reduction on overall system energy on the average for a value cache of 256 entries. We also study the sensitivity of our savings to the value cache capacity and data cache capacity.
Compliance during tricyclic antidepressant therapy: pharmacokinetic and analytical issues.

Information on steady-state concentrations of parent tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and their major metabolites in plasma is useful in ascertaining compliance, for possible pharmacokinetic changes during longer treatment, and for prospective individualized dosing procedures. Adequate response can be maintained when there are relatively small fluctuations in drug concentration from visit to visit, but large fluctuations increase the liklihood of relapses during the acute-treatment phase and recurrences afterwards. Changes in the individualized in dosage regimens complicate measurement of concentrations in plasma at steady state. Longitudinal examinations of concentration/dosage (L/D) values in our three-year imipramine (IMI) maintenance study reveal that patients having large intra-individual fluctuations can be classified as noncompliers, likely to have recurrences. The time course and magnitude of L/D values reflect higher accumulation of both components, IMI and desipramine (DMI), in plasma. Evidently, dose-dependent kinetics lead to higher steady-state concentrations in plasma than previously observed with similar dosages in shorter-term treatment. With amitriptyline (AMI), in a 12-month study, the mean total concentrations of both AMI and nortriptyline (NT) progressively increased, by 22% and 33%, respectively. The pharmacokinetic linearity of AMI and (or) NT, i.e., (L/D)high/(L/D)low, is maintained over much wider dosage and age range than with IMI or DMI. We advocate concurrent use of the L/D method and co-administration of riboflavin for identification of noncompliers. We describe our current experience with various analytical procedures in this regard, concluding that high-performance liquid-chromatographic methods, with appropriate selection among ultraviolet, enhanced fluorescence, and electrochemical detectors for each TCA under specified therapeutic conditions, are most suitable and versatile, having superior analytical parameters. A suitable alternative procedure is gas-chromatography (N/P mode). Although immunoassays (EMIT, radiochemical) are most convenient for toxicological screens, their significant cross reactivities with several phenothiazines and the detection limits, requiring higher concentrations for EMIT, restrict their usage during research and (or) clinical monitoring.
Study of Short-Time-High-Temperature Pasteurization of Ice Cream Mix

Summary 1. Pasteurization at 180° F. for 19 seconds proved as effective in reducing the number of bacteria in the ice cream mix as 160° F. for 30 minutes. 2. Homogenization before or after pasteurization does not affect the efficiency of bacterial reduction. 3. All samples of mix were considered properly pasteurized using the phosphatase test as a criteria. 4. The viscosity of all lots of mix was low and there was no significant difference between the lots homogenized before pasteurization and those homogenized after pasteurization. 5. The body and texture of the finished ice cream was more dependent on the method of freezing than on the method of pasteurizing the mix or the length of the aging time. 6. Ice cream mix when made from milk, cream and skimmilk flakes can be successfully pasteurized by a short-time-high-temperature pasteurizer. 7. No cooked flavor was noted in the finished ice cream pasteurized by either the short-time-high-temperature or the holder method.
Self-Employment and Health Care Reform: Evidence from Massachusetts

We study the effect of the Massachusetts health care reform on the uninsured rate and the self-employment rate in the state. The reform required all individuals to obtain health insurance, required most employers to offer health insurance to their employees, formed a private marketplace that offered subsidized health insurance options and expanded public insurance. We examine data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) for 1994-2012 and its Annual Social and Economic (ASEC) Supplement for 1996-2013. We show that the reform led to a dramatic reduction in the state’s uninsured rate due to increased enrollment in both public and private health insurance. Estimation results from difference-in-differences models and the synthetic control method indicate that the aggregate self-employment rate was higher in the state after the implementation of the reform. We conclude that easier access to health insurance encouraged self-employment in Massachusetts. There are many similarities between the Massachusetts health care reform and the national health care reform, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). Based on Massachusetts’ experience, the PPACA will lower the national uninsured rate and may lead to a higher self-employment rate in the nation.
The transcription factor HIF-1α plays a critical role in the growth factor-dependent regulation of both aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis

Mammalian cells are believed to have a cell-intrinsic ability to increase glucose metabolism in response to hypoxia. Here we show that the ability of hematopoietic cells to up-regulate anaerobic glycolysis in response to hypoxia is dependent on receptor-mediated signal transduction. In the absence of growth factor signaling, hematopoietic cells fail to express hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (Hif-1alpha) mRNA. Growth factor-deprived hematopoietic cells do not engage in glucose-dependent anabolic synthesis and neither express Hif-1alpha mRNA nor require HIF-1alpha protein to regulate cell survival in response to hypoxia. However, HIF-1alpha is adaptive for the survival of growth factor-stimulated cells, as suppression of HIF-1alpha results in death when growing cells are exposed to hypoxia. Growth factor-dependent HIF-1alpha expression reprograms the intracellular fate of glucose, resulting in decreased glucose-dependent anabolic synthesis and increased lactate production, an effect that is enhanced when HIF-1alpha protein is stabilized by hypoxia. Together, these data suggest that HIF-1alpha contributes to the regulation of growth factor-stimulated glucose metabolism even in the absence of hypoxia.
Genomic islands link secondary metabolism to functional adaptation in marine Actinobacteria

Genomic islands have been shown to harbor functional traits that differentiate ecologically distinct populations of environmental bacteria. A comparative analysis of the complete genome sequences of the marine Actinobacteria Salinispora tropica and Salinispora arenicola reveals that 75% of the species-specific genes are located in 21 genomic islands. These islands are enriched in genes associated with secondary metabolite biosynthesis providing evidence that secondary metabolism is linked to functional adaptation. Secondary metabolism accounts for 8.8% and 10.9% of the genes in the S. tropica and S. arenicola genomes, respectively, and represents the major functional category of annotated genes that differentiates the two species. Genomic islands harbor all 25 of the species-specific biosynthetic pathways, the majority of which occur in S. arenicola and may contribute to the cosmopolitan distribution of this species. Genome evolution is dominated by gene duplication and acquisition, which in the case of secondary metabolism provide immediate opportunities for the production of new bioactive products. Evidence that secondary metabolic pathways are exchanged horizontally, coupled with earlier evidence for fixation among globally distributed populations, supports a functional role and suggests that the acquisition of natural product biosynthetic gene clusters represents a previously unrecognized force driving bacterial diversification. Species-specific differences observed in clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat sequences suggest that S. arenicola may possess a higher level of phage immunity, whereas a highly duplicated family of polymorphic membrane proteins provides evidence for a new mechanism of marine adaptation in Gram-positive bacteria.
Stability, instability, and terminal attitude motion of spinning, dissipative spacecraft

This paper deals with the following questions: What is the physical significance of the words ''stability" and "instability" as used in connection with attitude motions of a spacecraft carrying a passive nutation damper? What is the nature of the terminal motion of the spacecraft? To answer these questions, stability criteria are formulated in analytical terms, numerical integrations of differential equations governing system behavior are performed, and both qualitative and quantitative descriptions of terminal motions are formulated. Numerical results are displayed in the form of time-plots of the angle between a spacecraft-fixed line and a space-fixed line, and these reveal that instability may be attributable to a variety of causes and may manifest itself in a variety of ways. Two types of terminal motion associated with instabilities arising from energy dissipation are discussed in detail.
Contamination of coastal versus open ocean surface waters: A brief meta-analysis

Abstract The relative contamination of coastal and open ocean surface waters by several classes of marine pollutants is compared by re-analysis of data published by GESAMP (1990) on the state of the oceans. This re-evaluation, together with analysis of recent IAEA data, suggests that marine pollutants can be divided into three broad categories: 1. those that are more concentrated in the open ocean environment than in coastal waters, including PCBs and (arguably) radioactive wastes; 2. those that are equally concentrated in open ocean and coastal waters, including DDT and its metabolites; and 3. those that are somewhat more concentrated in coastal waters than the open ocean, including chlorinated hydrocarbons and the heavy metals. The data do not support the conclusion drawn by GESAMP that although coastal waters are contaminated, “the open sea is still relatively clean”. Instead the data support the general conclusion that, with respect to the contaminants examined here, open ocean waters are approximately as contaminated as coastal waters.
Late Quaternary sedimentology and geochronology of small playas on the Southern High Plains, Texas and New Mexico, U.S.A.

Playas are small, circular basins forming a ubiquitous component of the southern High Plains landscape. They are filled with carbonaceous mud deposited since the terminal Pleistocene. The stratigraphy and geochronology of 30 playas was investigated to better understand the paleoenvironmental record of basin filling. At the base of the fill in some playas is a well sorted eolian sand dated between ~ 13,000 and ~ 11,000 14C yr BP. The beginning of mud deposition, representing aggradation of eolian dust on a moist, vegetated playa floor was largely between ~ 12,000 and ~ 10,500 14C yr BP. Playa filling slowed ~ 9000 to ~ 4000 14C yr BP, probably due to dry conditions, increased ~ 4000 to ~ 2000 14C yr BP, then slowed again. Eolian sand and loam, likely representing regional aridity, accumulated in some basins episodically just prior to ~ 10,700 14C yr BP, between ~ 8600 and ~ 4700 14C yr BP, and at ~ 1300 14C yr BP. Stable C isotopes from one basin indicate that the playa was inundated only seasonally throughout the record beginning ~ 11,500 14C yr BP. The phytolith record in that basin indicates an abrupt shift toward cooling ~ 11,400 to ~ 11,200 14C yr BP and then increasing importance of xeric-adapted C4 grasses through the Holocene.
Suture suspension malarplasty with SMAS plication and modified SMASectomy: a simplified approach to midface lifting.

Background:The elements of midfacial aging include elongation of the lower eyelid, flattening of the malar eminence, hollowing in the submalar area, laxity of the jowls, and deepening of the nasolabial crease. Attention to rejuvenation of these areas has included various techniques involving movemen
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder's Frequency and Intensity Ratings Are Associated with Factor Structure Differences in Military Veterans.

We examined possible differences in the factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on the basis of whether frequency or intensity symptom response formats were used to assess PTSD. Participants included 669 veterans recruited from an epidemiological study of four Veterans Affairs Medical Centers' primary care clinics in the southeastern United States. Confirmatory factor analysis using measurement invariance testing found that the frequency and intensity symptom formats were significantly different from each other on PTSD's factor structure parameters, including factor loadings, observed variable intercepts, and measurement errors. The only exception was for PTSD's effortful avoidance symptoms, which were associated with equivalent parameter estimates for both the frequency and intensity formats. Implications for the clinical assessment of PTSD and interpretation of the extant literature base on PTSD's factor structure are considered.
Dynamic responses of the right ventricle following extensive damage by cauterization.

Previous observations that major destruction of the right ventricular walls causes but slight changes in venous and arterial pressures were confirmed. Furthermore, additional observations indicated that the compensatory reaction of the damaged ventricle to stress is diminished surprisingly little. The results are considered evidence that the cauterization procedure and others of a similar nature do not produce right heart failure and, therefore, would not be expected to cause venous congestion. The subsidiary muscular mechanism which maintains the right ventricular pump remains enigmatic; but evidence is submitted that the damaged right ventricle is regulated independently of the left.
Review of autoimmune (lupus-like) glomerulonephritis in murine models.

While murine models of autoimmune (lupus-like) glomerulonephritis have been available for sometime, it is only recently that immune and inflammatory mechanisms and molecular genetics have been extensively investigated. Genes involved in murine and human lupus nephritis have been discovered and provide insight into this disease process and provide avenues for molecular-targeted therapy. Immune modulation of murine nephritis has provided insight into novel therapy that may attenuate this disease or halt disease progression. With the advances in understanding the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis using translational research modalities, including electron microscopy, and molecular genetics, many “designer” therapies have become available for clinical use and for clinical investigational trials. This paper reviews autoimmune (lupus-like) glomerulonephritis in murine models, candidate genes involved in lupus nephritis, adhesion molecules implicated in murine lupus-like nephritis, immune modulation of murine lupu...
Multiple tobacco product use among US adolescents and young adults

Objective To assess the extent to which multiple tobacco product use among adolescents and young adults falls outside current Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory authority. Methods We conducted a web-based survey of 1596 16–26-year-olds to assess use of 11 types of tobacco products. We ascertained current (past 30 days) tobacco product use among 927 respondents who ever used tobacco. Combustible tobacco products included cigarettes, cigars (little filtered, cigarillos, premium) and hookah; non-combustible tobacco products included chew, dip, dissolvables, e-cigarettes, snuff and snus. We then fitted an ordinal logistic regression model to assess demographic and behavioural associations with higher levels of current tobacco product use (single, dual and multiple product use). Results Among 448 current tobacco users, 54% were single product users, 25% dual users and 21% multiple users. The largest single use category was cigarettes (49%), followed by hookah (23%), little filtered cigars (17%) and e-cigarettes (5%). Most dual and multiple product users smoked cigarettes, along with little filtered cigars, hookah and e-cigarettes. Forty-six per cent of current single, 84% of dual and 85% of multiple tobacco product users consumed a tobacco product outside FDA regulatory authority. In multivariable analysis, the adjusted risk of multiple tobacco use was higher for males, first use of a non-combustible tobacco product, high sensation seeking respondents and declined for each additional year of age that tobacco initiation was delayed. Conclusions Nearly half of current adolescent and young adult tobacco users in this study engaged in dual and multiple tobacco product use; the majority of them used products that fall outside current FDA regulatory authority. This study supports FDA deeming of these products and their incorporation into the national media campaign to address youth tobacco use.
Ligand-assisted reduction of osmium tetroxide with molecular hydrogen via a [3+2] mechanism.

Osmium tetroxide is reduced by molecular hydrogen in the presence of ligands in both polar and nonpolar solvents. In CHCl3 containing pyridine (py) or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), OsO4 is reduced by H2 to the known Os(VI) dimers L2Os(O)2(μ-O)2Os(O)2L2 (L2 = py2, phen). However, in the absence of ligands in CHCl3 and other nonpolar solvents, OsO4 is unreactive toward H2 over a week at ambient temperatures. In basic aqueous media, H2 reduces OsO4(OH)nn- (n = 0, 1, 2) to the isolable Os(VI) complex, OsO2(OH)42-, at rates close to that found in py/CHCl3. Depending on the pH, the aqueous reactions are exergonic by ΔG = −20 to −27 kcal mol-1, based on electrochemical data. The second-order rate constants for the aqueous reactions are larger as the number of coordinated hydroxide ligands increases, kOsO4 = 1.6(2) × 10-2 M-1 s-1 < kOsO4(OH)- = 3.8(4) × 10-2 M-1 s-1 < kOsO4(OH)22- = 3.8(4) × 10-1 M-1 s-1. The observation of primary deuterium kinetic isotope effects, kH2/kD2 = 3.1(3) for OsO4 and 3.6(4) for OsO4(OH)...
Unsupervised learning of distributions on binary vectors using two layer networks

We present a distribution model for binary vectors, called the influence combination model and show how this model can be used as the basis for unsupervised learning algorithms for feature selection. The model can be represented by a particular type of Boltzmann machine with a bipartite graph structure that we call the combination machine. This machine is closely related to the Harmonium model defined by Smolensky. In the first part of the paper we analyze properties of this distribution representation scheme. We show that arbitrary distributions of binary vectors can be approximated by the combination model. We show how the weight vectors in the model can be interpreted as high order correlation patterns among the input bits, and how the combination machine can be used as a mechanism for detecting these patterns. We compare the combination model with the mixture model and with principle component analysis. In the second part of the paper we present two algorithms for learning the combination model from examples. The first learning algorithm is the standard gradient ascent heuristic for computing maximum likelihood estimates for the parameters of the model. Here we give a closed form for this gradient that is significantly easier to compute than the corresponding gradient for the general Boltzmann machine. The second learning algorithm is a greedy method that creates the hidden units and computes their weights one at a time. This method is a variant of projection pursuit density estimation. In the third part of the paper we give experimental results for these learning methods on synthetic data and on natural data of handwritten digit images.
Development of a Data Sampling Strategy for Semienclosed Seas Using a Shallow-Water Model*

Abstract The interdependence of numerical coastal ocean models and field observations forms a basis for development of a data sampling strategy. The sampling strategy is centered on the identification of regions for field measurement that have the greatest impact on model-simulated dynamics. Comparisons, both qualitative and quantitative, between model-computed tides from a data-assimilative, barotropic tidal model in the Yellow and East China Seas that assimilates 114 tidal height observations, and model simulations that assimilate a single station group, defined by bathymetry or location within a dynamically active region, indicate that spatial location of the data has the greatest impact on computed model response. Tidal height information from deep water is shown to minimally influence predictions in shallower shelf waters. Coastally located data capture finescale, highly nonlinear tidal interactions spawned by complex bathymetry and irregular shorelines in localized areas. Tidal stations at shallow i...
Circulation in Shallow Homogenous Lakes

The steady state, wind driven circulation of a shallow, homogeneous lake on a rotating earth is studied by means of a solution of the equations of fluid motion. The equations are linearized, dissipation is assumed to result only from bottom friction and a constant eddy viscosity is employed. These approximations assume a shallow lake where a characteristic horizontal dimension is large compared to the maximum depth and the depth is of the order of magnitude of the Ekman depth of frictional influence. The solution gives the three dimensional circulation patterns for a lake of arbitrary plan form and bottom topography. The effect of bottom topography is shown in sample calculations.
CT and Angiography of Primary Extradural Juxtasellar Tumors

The computed tomographic and angiographic features of 15 histologically proven primary extradural juxtasellar tumors were retrospectively reviewed. Five chordomas were characterized by prominent bone erosion and a significant posterior fossa component. Four trigeminal nerve neuromas each demonstrated bone erosion centered about Meckel9s cave and moderate to marked contrast enhancement. Two cavernous sinus meningiomas revealed moderate contrast enhancement, expansion of the cavernous sinus, and moderate angiographic stain. Two cavernous hemangiomas of the cavernous sinus were intensely enhancing and demonstrated angiographic stain. Opacification of the sphenoid sinus with prominent bone destruction and lack of contrast enhancement was characteristic of a sphenoid sinus mucocele. The dural reflection could be directly visualized or indirectly inferred in each case.
Condensed-Phase and Oxidation Reaction Behavior of Ti/2B Foils in Varied Gaseous Environments

The effect of gaseous environment on self-propagating reactions in Ti/2B multilayer foils was studied. Multilayers with reactant layer periodicities from 50 to 3000 nm and a nominal stoichiometry of 1:2 Ti:B were grown using magnetron sputtering. Analysis through scanning transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction revealed the as-deposited multilayers consisted of well-ordered layers of crystalline Ti and amorphous B with the amount of intermixed material negligibly affecting the exothermicity. Propagation rate testing was performed at varied vacuum pressures and studied by high-speed imaging. Propagation rates for foils with bilayer thicknesses 666 nm or thinner did not exhibit a pressure dependency, while foils with bilayer thicknesses 857 nm and larger did. The latter, thick-bilayer foils would not propagate below a characteristic pressure. After reaction, Auger electron spectroscopy revealed O penetration in the thicker bilayer designs and incomplete mix...
The Development Level and Spatial Evolution of Personal Insurance Industry in the Beijing-Tianjin and Hebei City Chain and Affecting Factors

The paper analyzed the spatial pattern change of personal insurance business in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city chain from 2002 to 2012. By using the Arcgis software,it elaborated on the insurance penetration and density of the ten cities in the chain and the connection of the insurance industry among these cities. The results showed that the development of the life insurance industry in this city chain was affected by economic factors,demographic factors,insurance markets,regional factors and others. Furthermore,the paper conducted a panel analysis on the data from 2007 to 2012 on the life insurance premium income,residential population,disposable household income per capita,distribution of insurance companies and insurance benefit and claim payments,etc.,and drew out the life insurance income model in this city chain.
Dynamic Traffic Simulation for Accessing Road Network Reliability under Large-Scale Events:System Development and Case Studies

A dynamic traffic simulation system for accessing the road network reliability under large-scale events was developed,by using the dynamic traffic simulation model INTEGRATION and road network reliability evaluation methodologies. First,the functional modules of the system were described,which included road network module,traffic demand generation module,traffic simulation module,and road network reliability evaluation module. Then,the road network reliability evaluation systems and algorithms were developed. Therefore,it provided a set of effective analysis tool for evaluating the road network reliability under large-scale events. Finally,a real vocal concert in Beijing Capital Gym was selected as the case study.
Research about Consistencies of Mutiple-view Feature Modeling Based on Link of Element

For keeping the consistency of the features effectively,an approach is presented with the relative principle,based on the bi-directional relationship between design features and machining features.