cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Matting Calcium Crystals by Melamine Improves Stabilization and Prevents Dissolution

Melamine induces calcium phosphate (CaP) and calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal formation; however, the physicochemical mechanism is not clear. Recently, we found that melamine has a discriminatory effect on CaP, CaOx, and CaP + CaOx (Mixed) crystal dissolution. Thus, to delineate the mechanism, we examined crystal interactions through birefringence analysis and found that CaP becomes increasingly birefringent when bound to melamine, while the birefringence of CaOx decreases when it forms CaOx-melamine cocrystals. We also confirmed the feasibility of such melamine-CaP/CaOx co-crystallization at the nanomicromolar range. Interestingly, ammeline, which is a similar triazine, did not accelerate CaP/CaOx/Mixed crystal formation and growth, indicating the specificity of crystal interaction by melamine. Furthermore, melamine stabilizes the CaP/CaOx/Mixed crystals when exposed to a crystal inhibitor (etidronic acid) or dissolution agents (citrate analogues), while it induces crystal growth by increasing crystal retention, suggesting melamine's interference with conventional dissolution remedies. Morphological and elemental analysis of melamine-CaP/CaOx/Mixed co-crystals using scanning electron microscopy further revealed that melamine harbors such crystals by creating a nucleation site. Finally, we confirmed the physiological relevance of melamine exposure using artificial urine to show the induction, stabilization, and retention of mixed crystals in the presence of crystal-inhibitor/dissolution agent and thus established potential causes of recurrence of kidney stones.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Dihydropyridines Containing Quaternary Stereocenters Through Dearomatization of Pyridinium Salts

Enantioselective synthesis of nonaromatic heterocycles containing a fully substituted stereogenic center is a challenging synthetic problem. We describe a strategy toward this problem involving dea...
Quantifying Pinyon-Juniper Reduction within North America's Sagebrush Ecosystem

Abstract One of the primary conservation threats surrounding sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) ecosystems in the Intermountain West of the United States is the expansion and infilling of pinyon pine (Pinus edulis, P. monophylla) and juniper (Juniperus spp.) woodlands. Woodland expansion into sagebrush ecosystems has demonstrated impacts on sagebrush-associated flora and fauna, particularly the greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). These impacts have prompted government agencies, land managers, and landowners to ramp up pinyon-juniper removal efforts to maintain and restore sagebrush ecosystems. Accurately quantifying and analyzing management activities over time across broad spatial extents still poses a major challenge. Such information is vital to broad-scale planning and coordination of management efforts. To address this problem and aid future management planning, we applied a remote sensing change detection approach to map reductions in pinyon-juniper cover across the sage-grouse range and developed a method for rapidly updating maps of canopy cover. We found total conifer reduction over the past several yr (2011−2013 to 2015−2017) amounted to 1.6% of the area supporting tree cover within our study area, which is likely just keeping pace with estimates of expansion. Two-thirds of conifer reduction was attributed to active management (1.04% of the treed area) while wildfire accounted for one-third of all estimated conifer reduction in the region (0.56% of the treed area). Our results also illustrate the breadth of this management effort—crossing ownership, agency, and state boundaries. We conclude by identifying some key priorities that should be considered in future conifer management efforts based on our comprehensive assessment.
Withdrawing the United States from the WTO Government Procurement Agreement (GPA): Assessing Potential Damage to the U.S. and Its Contracting Community

The Trump administration is mulling an executive order that would trigger U.S. withdrawal from the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA), according to reports from Bloomberg and POLITICO. Withdrawal from the GPA would deprive U.S. suppliers of a key point of access to public procurement markets internationally, under a world-wide agreement which has set global standards and opened over a trillion dollars annually in business opportunities. See, e.g., Anderson et al., “Assessing the Value of Future Accessions to the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA): Some New Data Sources, Provisional Estimates, and An Evaluative Framework for Individual WTO Members Considering Accession,” 2012 Pub. Proc. Law Rev. 113. The United States could forfeit access to important public procurement markets in Canada and many other countries, and the United States could lose its leadership role (which dates back to World War II) in shaping global standards in public procurement, even as more countries are joining the GPA.
Utilizing genome wide data to highlight the social behavioral pathways to health: The case of obesity and cardiovascular health among older adults

Abstract We use genome-wide data from the 1992–2016 Health and Retirement Study (n = 12,090) to characterize obesity among older adults as genetically or socially oriented. To illustrate the significance of this approach for social epidemiological research, we deem those with the lowest genetic risk for obesity to be socially-behaviorally obese and obesity among those with the highest polygenic risk is characterized as genetically oriented. We then examine the association between obesity and four indicators of cardiovascular health (type-2 diabetes, hypertension, heart problems, and stroke) among those with low, average, and high genetic risk. Our results show that the association between obesity and cardiovascular health is significantly higher for those with the lowest genetic risk (e.g., social-behavioral obesity). We also demonstrate important sex differences such that this association is particularly strong for heart problems among men and hypertension and stroke among women. Our results further demonstrate the centrality of the social and behavioral determinants of health by utilizing detailed information across the human genome and add to both social and genetic epidemiology literatures.
Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions Targeting Alcohol or Other Drug Use and Co-Occurring Mental Health Disorders: A Meta-Analysis.

Aims This meta-analysis reviewed 15 clinical trials (18 study sites/arms), examining the efficacy of an integrated cognitive-behavioral intervention (CBI) delivered to individuals with an alcohol or other drug use disorder and a co-occurring mental health disorder (AOD/MHD). Outcomes were alcohol or other drug use and mental health symptoms at post-treatment through follow-up. Methods The inverse-variance weighted effect size was calculated for each study and pooled under random effects assumptions. Results Integrated CBI showed a small effect size for AOD (g = 0.188, P = 0.061; I2 = 86%, τ2 = 0.126, k = 18) and MHD (g = 0.169, P = 0.024; I2 = 58%, τ2 = 0.052, k = 18) outcomes, although only MHD outcomes were statistically significant. Analysis by subgroup suggested that effect magnitude varied by type of contrast condition (integrated CBI + usual care vs. usual care only; integrated CBI vs. a single-disorder intervention), follow-up time point (post-treatment vs. 3-6 months) and primary AOD/MHD diagnosis, although these sub-groups often contained significant residual heterogeneity. In a series of mixed effects, meta-regression models, demographic factors were non-significant predictors of between-study heterogeneity. For AOD outcomes, greater effects were observed in higher quality studies, but study quality was not related to effect size variability for MHD outcomes. Conclusions The current meta-analysis shows a small and variable effect for integrated CBI with the most promising effect sizes observed for integrated CBI compared with a single disorder intervention (typically an AOD-only intervention) for follow-up outcomes, and for interventions targeting alcohol use and/or post-traumatic stress disorder. Given the clinical and methodological variability within the sample, results should be considered a preliminary, but important step forward in our understanding of treatment for co-occurring AOD/MHD.
Simulated and self-reported driving among young adults with and without prenatal cocaine exposure.

Objective: This exploratory study aimed to examine associations between executive function and simulated and self-reported driving behavior among young adults with and without a history of prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE).Methods: Young adult drivers with PCE (n = 38) and with no drug exposure (NDE; n = 25) were recruited from an ongoing longitudinal birth cohort study assessing effects of PCE on development (Mean age = 23.7; 60.3% male; 61.9% with a valid U.S. driver's license, 38.1% report independent driving without a license). Participants completed executive function tasks (i.e., the Stop Signal Task and Groton Maze Learning Task) and self-reported driving measures (i.e., Checkpoints Risky Driving Scale (C-RDS)) outside the cab. Average stop signal reaction time(s) measured inhibitory control, number of exploratory errors measured visuo-spatial working memory, and the total C-RDS score measured self-reported risky driving. Participants completed a high-fidelity driving simulation scenario in a miniSim™ ½ cab National Advanced Driving Simulator (NADS) that yielded indicators of driving performance shown in previous research to correlate with inhibitory control (e.g., average speed, standard deviation lane position (SDLP)) and working memory (minimum headway time, lane departures). Multivariate linear regression models tested whether PCE status, licensure status and executive function measures were associated with simulated driving measures or C-RDS, controlling for sex.Results: Multivariate regression models demonstrated inhibitory control, working memory and PCE group status was not significantly associated with driving outcomes. Licensure was significantly associated with total lane departures (β = -0.66, SE = 0.19; p < 0.01) and C-RDS (β = 5.86, SE = 1.4; p ≤ 0.001).Conclusions: This exploratory study suggests that young adults with PCE have similar neurocognitive performance and driving behaviors as their non-drug exposed (NDE) peers. These findings add to the growing literature demonstrating that the effect of PCE on cognitive functions in childhood may not persist to young adulthood. Further research with similar groups of young drivers in a naturalistic driving context (i.e., instrumented vehicles) is needed to more definitively translate and confirm our findings.
Long-Term Outcomes of a Phase I Trial of Weekly Docetaxel, Total Androgen Blockade, and Image-Guided Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy for Localized High-Risk Prostate Adenocarcinoma.

Purpose/Objective(s) In high-risk localized prostate cancer (HRLPC), the standard of care is dose-escalated radiation therapy (DERT) with long-term androgen deprivation therapy (LTADT). Unfortunately, outcomes are less than ideal. There is significant interest in improving outcomes by intensifying treatment for these patients using docetaxel (D). This phase I study was designed to find the maximum tolerable dose (MTD) of concurrent weekly D when combined with DERT to the prostate with long-term androgen deprivation therapy (LTADT) in HRLPC patients. Initial results reported demonstrated a MTD for docetaxel of 25 mg/m2 with acceptable toxicities. Here we describe the long-term outcomes in these patients. Materials/Methods We enrolled 19 patients with HRLPC (≥1 of ≥cT2c, PSA ≥20ng/ml, or Gleason ≥8) on this phase 1 study. Patients received neoadjuvant combined androgen blockade for 2 months and then during radiation of 77.4 Gy to the prostate and 45 Gy to the seminal vesicles with concurrent weekly D. No pelvic/nodal radiotherapy was given. D was administered in a standard dose-escalated scheme requiring ≥3 patients per cohort, starting at 10mg/m2 and increasing to 30mg/m2 in 5mg/m2 increments. The GnRH agonist was continued for an additional 24 months. The primary objective of the study was to determine the MTD of D in combination with DERT and LTADT. Secondary end points included progression free survival (PFS), metastasis free survival (MFS) and overall survival (OS). Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to estimate the survival probabilities. Results MTD was found to be 25mg/m2. There was no grade ≥3 toxicity at this or lower dose levels. At a median follow up of 10.5 years the median OS was not reached. 5-year and 10-year OS was found to be 89.5% and 68.4%, respectively. Median MFS was found to be 11.3 years with 5- and 10-year MFS of 84.2% and 57.9%. Median PFS was 9.0 years with 73.7% and 42.1% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Conclusion In the setting of high-dose IMRT to the prostate with concurrent LTADT the MTD of concurrent weekly docetaxel is 25mg/m2. This study showed a 5-year OS of 89.5% with a median OS not reached with > 10 years of follow-up. This mature data suggests that the addition of concurrent weekly docetaxel at 25mg/m2 to high-dose IMRT to the prostate is safe and may provide cancer control rates similar to those recently reported for adjuvant full-dose D.
Some Negative Effects of Warnings

Warnings provide important information about hazards that may be encountered by individuals exposed to them. Some warnings may not be effective because they are not interpreted correctly, require people to perform unrealistic activities, are not recognized, or are ignored because they have lost their attention-getting capabilities. A common occurrence in the USA, and perhaps other countries as well, is the use of signs to warn of work being performed on the roadway ahead. Often such signs are not removed after the work has been done. Consequently, drivers who have had the experience of seeing the signs with no workers may come to ignore them, and when there is a work crew on the road, some accidents may occur. In the context of modern learning theory, the extinction of cautionary behavior would be expected under such circumstances. The present study surveyed the behaviors of 224 respondents, many of whom indicated they tended to ignore such signs. The present study examined behavior reported to occur under various conditions and found evidence that the greater the frequency of unfulfilled expectations, the greater the reported likelihood of ignoring the warnings.
Oculo-Cutaneous and Internal Neoplasms in Xeroderma Pigmentosum: Implications for Theories of Carcinogenesis

Cultured cells from patients with xeroderma pigmentosum have increased susceptibility to ultraviolet radiation-induced killing and mutagenesis. In support of the somatic mutation theory of carcinogenesis, such patients have a markedly increased frequency of cutaneous and ocular neoplasms. Protection of patients from ultraviolet radiation has been shown to prevent these neoplasms. Xeroderma pigmentosum cells also have increased susceptability to killing and mutagenesis by chemical mutagens which may become internalized. There is a substantial increase in neoplasms of the tongue. A few patients have been reported with leukemia, primary brain tumors, and other internal neoplasms.
A Comparison of the Usability of SQL vs. a Menu-Driven Interface

This paper presents results of an experiment which compares the usability of a menu-driven system to that of an alternate version with a query language. Subjects performed better with the query language version and considered it easier to use. With both versions they had more difficulty accomplishing queries which required associating more than one screen or table (relation) of data.
Letters of Protection: Ethical and Legal Financial Considerations for Forensic Psychologists (Revised)

Attorneys often request that mental health practitioners accept a “letter of protection,” which delays payment for professional services until the legal case has been completed. In the context of providing legal and ethical protection to the forensic psychologist, this article explains the potential for violation of ethics, such as conflict of interest and loss of objectivity, and provides legal principles for understanding the terms and conditions necessary for an ethically and legally appropriate written fee agreement. Specific suggestions for ethical management of the financial issues are set forth.
N-acetyldopamine in insect nervous tissue

By means of alumina absorption and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, N-acetyldopamine (NADA) was shown to be present in cerebral ganglia from adults of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, and several other species of insects, but with the exception of cuticle and tracheae, non-nervous tissues contained little, if any, of the substance. In P. americana, 24 hr pretreatment with reserpine caused nearly complete depletion of brain NADA, but failed to affect NADA levels in tracheal tissue. Pretreatment of the cockroaches with l-DOPA, a precursor of dopamine, increased brain NADA levels more than two-fold.
Critical review on photoresists

A review of the current trends in microlithography is presented including the science and chemistry of this technology. The microelectronics technology has progressed with at an astounding rate during the past several decades which is in large measure due to advances in microlithography, which is the technology used to generate the high resolution circuit elements of today’s integrated circuits. Virtually all integrated circuits are made by photolithographic techniques that utilize 365-436 nm UV radiation. But as continued advances in device fabrication are trying the limits of conventional lithography, new strategies such as deep-UV, e-beam and x-ray are being increasingly required to provide the finer feature sizes of newer devices. This review examines the progress that has been made, especially in the last decade, in the development of new resist materials, as well as the chemistries and technologies that have emerged, in the quest to improve sensitivity, resolution, etching resistance, etc.
Merger of rule based and variable structure controller

The concept of fuzzy variable structure controller is developed. In this method the error state space around the sliding surface is represented using linguistic variables. A knowledge based controller which decides the contribution of equivalent control and attractability control component in the total control input is designed. The contribution is decided based on how far the current state is from the sliding surface and the origin of the error state space. The performance of the proposed controller is demonstrated for a second order linear time invariant system which has parameter uncertainty. The simulation results show that there is a considerable reduction in chattering and control energy. >
Gender Disparities in Outcomes and Resource Utilization for Acute Pulmonary Embolism Hospitalizations in the United States

Current data regarding gender disparities in outcomes after acute pulmonary embolism (PE) are limited and controversial. We sought to assess the gender-specific rates and trends in treatment, outcomes, and complications after acute PE. We used the 2003 to 2011 Nationwide Inpatient Sample database for this analysis. All hospital admissions with a principal diagnosis of acute PE were identified using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition , codes. Inhospital mortality and discharge to nursing facility were co-primary outcomes of our study. Secondary outcomes included shock, transfusion of blood products, utilization of thrombolysis, inferior vena cava filter placement, and cost of hospitalization. Over a 9-year period, a total of 276,484 discharges with acute PE were identified. Compared with men, there was significantly higher inhospital mortality in women admitted with acute PE (odds ratio [OR] 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03 to 1.15). In addition, there was a significantly higher need for discharge to nursing facility among women compared with men (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.34). Besides this, women experienced a higher need for transfusion (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.33 to 1.44) and occurrence of shock (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.18) during hospitalization. Furthermore, there was a significantly lower utilization of vena cava filters (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.84 to 0.89) in women compared with men. Among patients in shock who were eligible for thrombolysis (age
Quantum Field Theory and the Space of All Lie Algebras

The space M_n of all isomorphism classes of n-dimensional Lie algebras over a field k has a natural non-Hausdorff topology, induced from the Segal topology by the action of GL(n). One way of studying this complicated space is by topological invariants. In this article we propose a new class of invariants coming from quantum field theory, valid in any dimension, inspired by Jaffe's study of generalizations of the Witten index.
V-band and W-band SiGe bipolar low-noise amplifiers and voltage-controlled oscillators

LNAs and VCOs operating between 50 and 86 GHz have been implemented using a 0.12-/spl mu/m, 200-GHz SiGe bipolar technology. Unbalanced LNAs at 50, 60, and 77 GHz show /spl sim/15 dB of gain, drawing 2, 6, and 8 mA from 1.8 V, respectively. The iCP/sub 1dB/ for the LNAs are from -17 to -20 dBm. The noise figure of the 60-GHz LNA is 4.5 dB. Balanced amplifiers composed of two parallel LNAs with branch-line couplers at the input, and output have also been demonstrated at 60 and 77 GHz, showing 14 and 12-dB gain, respectively. Differential Colpitts VCOs have been implemented at 53, 67, and 85 GHz. Phase noises at a 1-MHz offset are -100, -98, and -94 dBc/Hz, respectively, while tuning ranges are 3.7%, 3.1%, and 2.7%. Each VCO consumes roughly 25 mW, and provides -8 dBm output power to 100 /spl Omega/ differential.
A multi-shot accumulation X-ray streak camera with 0.59 ps resolution

During the last few years, X-ray streak cameras have been used at synchrotron facilities to study structural changes in solids in the ultrashort time domain.1 Accumulation of signals over thousands of shots is required due to low x-ray signal level. When a streak camera operates at the accumulation mode, the temporal resolution is limited by the timing jitter caused by the shot-to-shot pulse energy fluctuation of the lasers. Subpicosecond resolution has been obtained before by improving the laser stability. We demonstrated that such high resolution could also be reached by improving the streak camera itself.
Moving boundary‐moving mesh analysis of phase change using finite elements with transfinite mappings

Two-dimensional heat conduction phase change problems are solved using a moving boundary-moving mesh approach. A transfinite mapping technique successfully controls interior mesh motion, and numerical results compare well with analytical solutions. Calculations also agree well with two-dimensional laboratory data for cases featuring time-dependent boundary conditions.
Twinning and Dislocation Pileups in Heavily Implanted LiNbO 3

The nature of a striking pattern of extended defects formed by very high dose implantation of helium in a complex oxide, for example, ferroelectric$z$-cut LiNbO${}_{3}$, is studied. After irradiation, a high concentration of defects is found to collect and create a network of thick prismatic planar defects, which have typical dimensions of \ensuremath{\sim}1.5 \ensuremath{\mu}m and 200 nm parallel and perpendicular to the $z$ axis, respectively. This defect network and its effect on the lattice were studied using a set of x-ray and electron microscopy probes of the lattice structure and spatial variation. Optical microscopy shows that there is strong temperature dependence for forming the network; the density of these extended defects reaches a maximum value for an annealing temperature of 250 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C but is fully eliminated by a temperature of 380 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy studies indicate that these extended defects are probably localized twinning and dislocation pileups due to plastic deformation of the lattice to relieve He-implantation-induced stress. During this deformation, He accumulates at the twin boundaries. The study also shows that the He interstitials evolve into bubbles causing high stress and resulting in a formation of thick prismatic planar defects. Finally, a mechanism is proposed for defect creation and elimination.
On the nature of ion-molecule collisions

Ion-molecule collisions of Ar-Co and N-No pairs, discussing charge exchange reaction rates and spiraling nature
Kinetics of catalyst-free thermal and photo-oxidation of cumene

Kinetics of thermal and photo-oxidation of cumene in the absence of catalyst was studied using high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry and low-pressure photocalorimetry. Kinetics of oxidation was followed by cumene hydroperoxide (CHP), acetophenone, and phenol formation. The amount of CHP formed was deduced from the total heat of reaction of thermal degradation of CHP at 453 K and using a new gas chromatographic method. CHP solution in cumene oxidized at 453 K and 680 psi of oxygen reproducibly with the heat of reaction linearly dependent on peroxide concentration in cumene. It was confirmed that cumene thermal oxidation was slow at <453 K, but at ≥453 K could occur explosively. Autocatalysis by CHP during thermo-oxidation was confirmed. Apparent activation energy of the photo-oxidation of cumene was found to be E a = 22.3 kJ mol−1. The value corresponds to radical chain process of the cumene autoxidation. Under assumption of pseudo-first order reaction, the rate constant of CHP formation was found to change from k CHP ≈ 0.76 s−1 during the first 4 h of photo-oxidation to k CHP ≈ 0.2 s−1 at the later stages at 2.0 W cm−2 of UV exposure dose. It was established that the initial presence of the CHP in cumene does not change the photo-oxidation kinetics, but shifts the kinetic curve to earlier time. Finite difference method was employed to numerically model kinetics of cumene oxidation. The result indicated higher than expected thermal and photo-stability of both, cumene and CHP.
Online and multiplayer gaming — An overview

This paper gives a broad overview of the technology and market for on-line and multiplayer computer gaming. Some economic considerations and their influence on the choice of technologies are examined. Particular attention is given to the ‘massively-multiplayer’ and ‘persistent world’ type of games, and the special problems that arise in these environments. Lastly, some ongoing problems are investigated, particularly the thorny issue of cheating in multiplayer games.
Electromigration of latex induced by a salt gradient

Abstract A filter membrane separates a stirred solution containing up to 1.0 mole/dm3 of one of a dozen electrolytes from a stirred dispersion containing 0.5 wt% of either cationic or anionic latex. Diffusion of salt into the latex induces deposition onto the filter without coagulation at a rate which is measured gravimetrically. A pair of Ag AgCl electrodes is used to measure the diffusion potential. Deposition only occurs when the diffusion potential of the salt solution (relative to the latex) and the charge of the latex particles are of opposite sign. The rate of deposition observed for different salts and different salt concentrations agrees quantitatively with the predictions of a model in which the rate is determined by the electrophoretic velocity of the latex particles in the electric field induced at the outer edge of the deposit. The effects of supporting electrolyte and agitation speed are also in qualitative agreement with this model.
Mixed chimerism following in utero hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in murine models of hemoglobinopathy

Abstract Objective Mixed hematopoietic chimerism after bone marrow transplantation can provide effective treatment for β-thalassemia because of the selective advantage that exists for donor erythropoiesis. In utero hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (IUHSCTx) can achieve mixed hematopoietic chimerism, particularly when a selective advantage exists for donor cells. To investigate the biology of IUHSCTx in hemoglobinopathies, we performed fully allogeneic IUHSCTx in murine models of β-thalassemia (Thal) and sickle cell disease (SCD). Materials and Methods We serially assessed and compared levels of mononuclear cell (MNC) and erythroid chimerism after IUHSCTx of either adult bone marrow (BM)- or fetal liver (FL)-derived allogeneic donor cells in the two hemoglobinopathy models, which differ significantly in their degree of anemia (Thal>>SCD) and red cell half-life (Thal Results The mean level of donor MNC chimerism was higher for SCD and Thal chimeras receiving FL- compared to adult BM-derived donor cells and tended to increase over time in the FL recipients. Donor hemoglobin (Hb) levels also were higher in all groups receiving FL compared to adult BM. Donor Hb levels in chimeric Thal mice were significantly higher than those in SCD or wild-type mice. Hematologic parameters such as Hb, hematocrit (Hct), mean cell volume (MCV), membrane-associated denatured Hb, and the oxygen equilibration curve were improved in chimeric hemoglobinopathy mice. However, the improvement in Hb, Hct, and MCV was not sustained despite stable levels of donor leukocyte engraftment. Conclusion The severity of the hemoglobinopathy being treated and the source of donor cells may be important determinants of success in the treatment of hemoglobinopathy by IUHSCTx.
Apterin, an unusual glucoside of Zizia aptera

Abstract Along with several other coumarin derivatives, a bitter, water-soluble new dihydrofuranocoumarin glucoside was isolated from Zizia aptera (Gray) Fern. Its structure was shown to be 8,9-dihydro-8( S )-(1-β-D-glucosyloxy-1-methylethyl)-9( R )-hydroxy-2H-furo[2,3-h]-1-benzopyran-2-one. It was unattached by common glucosidases but was cleaved by an enzyme preparation from Z. aptera seeds.
The catalytic conversion of methane to higher hydrocarbons

Considerable progress has been made in the development of catalysts for the partial oxidation of methane to ethane and ethylene. Several of the more active and selective catalysts are composed of metal oxides (e.g. MgO, CaO, ZnO, Mg6MnO8 and Sm2O3) which are modified with either lithium or sodium ions. While operating in a conventional fixed-bed flow reactor, at atmospheric pressure and at temperatures in excess of 650°C, combined ethane and ethylene (C2) yields of 20% have been achieved. Typically, at a conversion level of 40% one may expect a C2 selectivity of 50%. The Li/MgO and Na/CaO catalysts have been studied extensively with respect to the reaction mechanism and the nature of the site which is responsible for the activation of methane. Methyl radicals are formed on the surface, but they subsequently enter the gas phase where they may either couple to form ethane or react with oxygen to initiate homogeneous reactions. The extent to which these homogeneous chain-branching reactions participate in the selective and non-selective oxidation of CH4 remains to be determined. Centers of the type [Li+O−] or [Na+O−] are responsible for the formation of CH3 at T<720°C, but at higher temperatures alkali metal oxides or peroxides may also be involved in the activation of CH4. The early members of the lanthanide oxide series also are active for the conversion of methane, but the selectivities vary greatly across the series. Secondary reactions of CH3 radicals with CeO2, Pr6O11 and Tb4O7 result in complete oxidation, but these secondary reactions can be minimized by modifying the surface with Na2CO3. Thus, it appears that alkali metal ions may play several roles in forming an effective partial oxidation catalyst.
Fault Controlled Ground‐Water Circulation Under the Colorado River, Marble Canyon, Arizona

Springs with observed yields totalling about 10,000 gal/min discharge along both sides of the Colorado River in Marble Canyon, Arizona, between river miles 30 and 34.5. The waters originate from the plateaus on the respective sides of the canyon and are conducted to the floor of the canyon along the Fence fault zone or associated fractures. Chemical quality and temperature data demonstrate that some of the water discharging from springs on the west bank actually originates east of the river. This water flows under the Colorado River in the Fence fault zone, where it mixes with water from the west side before discharging from springs along the west bank. This is an unusual occurrence for the area and results because the heads at the springs along the west bank are the lowest in the circulation system associated with the fault.
Electro-discharge consolidation applied to nanocrystalline and RSP/MA powders

Abstract Electro-discharge consolidation (EDC) was applied to consolidate nanocrystalline intermetallic powders and RSP Al alloy powders. Because EDC employs a high-voltage, high-density current pulse discharged from a capacitor bank to powders under external pressure, one can take advantage of the basic characteristics of EDC to preserve the microstructure inherent in the starting powder, remove oxide films on the prior powder particle surface to enhance the bonding, densify to the bulk and thereby improve the mechanical properties. Mechanically alloyed Nb-23 at.% Al was consolidated to a density of 99% theoretical, and the nanocrystalline state (less than 35 nm grain size) was preserved. Because of such a small grain size, the EDC consolidates exhibit a negative Hall–Petch relation. Another example is presented for RSP and MA powders of an Al alloy, in which the magnitude of ductilities exhibited by EDC bulks clearly indicates that the oxide film on the powder particle surface has been completely removed.
Kinetics of protein depletion in rat bronchoalveolar lavage fluid following in vitro exposure to nitrogen dioxide.

Upon inhalation, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a strong oxidizing agent, first comes into contact and reacts with the fluids lining the airways of the respiratory tract. These respiratory tract lining fluids (RTLF) form a barrier between the inhaled toxic pollutant and the epithelium which protects the underlying tissue from inflammation. Proteins, mainly albumin, and antioxidants are the major components of the RTLF. Many studies have utilized human blood plasma to study the interaction of an extracellular fluid with ozone. In this study, we used bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) as a more specific surrogate for rat RTLF, and we utilized the native fluorescence as a marker to investigate the depletion kinetics of naturally-occurring protein following exposure to NO2 in a controlled flow reactor system. We also studied the depletion kinetics of albumin in a buffered salt solution. The results indicated that: (1) the decay in fluorescence was linearly dependent on the concentration of NO2, indicating that protein oxidation was first order with respect to NO2 concentration in both BALF and in buffered albumin solution; (2) the depletion kinetics of protein in BALF was non-linear with respect to substrate concentration; (3) the rate of protein depletion was much slower in BALF than in a buffered solution of albumin, suggesting that the presence of antioxidants in BALF protected proteins from being oxidized by NO2; and (4) whereas the addition of ascorbic acid to buffered albumin solution significantly attenuated albumin depletion, the addition of glutathione had no effect. This suggested that the reaction rate constant of ascorbic acid was considerably higher than that of glutathione.
Classical and quantum dynamics of the impulsively driven hydrogen atom

We investigate the classical and quantum dynamics of the hydrogen atom in a Rydberg state subject to a sequence of periodic and random pulses. One goal of this study is to test the validity of classical electron transport theories. We analyze the critical momentum transfer for which 10% of the Rydberg atoms are ionized after a large number of pulses as a function of the frequency of the perturbation. The quantum mechanical results for a periodic sequence of pulses exhibit clear structures which are not present in a classical simulation. These structures are shown to vanish for the case of stochastic pulses for which agreement is obtained between the classical and quantum mechanical results. The dynamics of the quantum mechanical periodic system is analyzed in terms of quasi-eigenstates of the period-one time evolution operator.
Science to Practice: Is there a role for MR imaging in monitoring gene therapy response?

The promise of T1 relaxation in the rotating frame imaging is that it represents another magnetic resonance (MR) modality that can be used to detect nonspecific early treatment response and that can then be combined with other techniques, such as MR spectroscopic imaging or positron emission tomography (PET), to provide localized mechanistic information about treatment response.
Ultracentrifugal studies of the variation with physiological state of the ribosomes in Aerobacter aerogenes

Abstract Ultracentrifugal studies of ribosomes in extracts of Aerobacter aerogenes cells from logarithmic and stationary growth phases have been undertaken, with the utilization of two different levels of Mg2+ in preparation of the extracts. Extracts of both log and stationary phase cells examined in 10−3M Mg2+ immediately after cell rupture contained a significant proportion of 70S ribosomes. These dissociated at 0–2 °C to 30S and 50S subunits, apparently following first order kinetics. The initial analyses revealed the following changes upon passage of the cells into the stationary phase: The proportion of 30S and 50S ribosomes was decreased; the proportion of 70S was approximately twice as great in stationary phase as in log phase; and the 100S and polysomes seen in log phase were absent. At the higher concentration of magnesium ion used (8 × 10−3 M Mg2+) there was no significant change in ribosome patterns over a period of time in the extracts of either log phase or stationary phase cells. The principal change observed in these experiments upon going from log to stationary phase was disappearance of the polysomes and an increase in the amount of 100S ribosomes. With this higher Mg2+ level, much less difference in the proportions of 30S, 50S and 70S ribosomes was found between the two growth phases.
Low power density V.S. high power density photocoagulation of ventricular myocardium for cardiac arrhythmias. Observations supporting non-linear tissue optics

Nd:YAG laser photocoagulation of canine myocardium using low power density (LPO) laser irradiation was compared with high power density (IIPD) irradiation. LPD irradiation (102 W/cin1) produced lesions of mean maximum depth at 320 joules of 4.8 mm with width exceeding depth. HPD irradiation (16,000–24,000 W/cm2) achieved depth of 9.5 to 11.5 nun at 300 joules or less. LPD lesions are consistent with light dosimetry calculations from the known optical parameters of canine myocardium. However, these calculated dosimetries cannot account for lesions produced by HPD irradiation. This finding suggests the possibility of non-linear optical properties in biologic tissue.
Links between Rejection Sensitivity and Adolescent Romantic Relationship Functioning: The Mediating Role of Problem-Solving Behaviors

This study examined links between rejection sensitivity and both relationship satisfaction and perpetration of aggression in 92 adolescent romantic couples. Using a video recall procedure, couple members' ratings of their own and their partners' behaviors during a problem-solving task were hypothesized to mediate links between rejection sensitivity and maladaptive relationship outcomes. Rejection sensitivity scores were related to higher levels of aggression and lower relationship satisfaction, and associations were mediated by couple members' ratings of conflict, sarcasm, and giving in during the interaction. Findings are consistent with the rejection sensitivity model, positing that rejection-sensitive individuals interpret their interactions more negatively, and those negative interpretations lead them to behave in ways that compromise the quality of their close relationships.
Numerical solutions of non-linear kinetic equations for a one-dimensional evaporation-condensation problem

Abstract Numerical solutions have been obtained for both the nonlinear Boltzmann equation (for two collision laws) and the Krook equation for a one-dimensional evaporation-condensation problem for a range of parameters. Our calculations of rate indicate that the linear prediction underestimates the non-equilibrium hindrance effect due to intermolecular collisions. The Krook evaporation rates are lower than the corresponding Boltzmann results and, thus, differ even more from the linear values. The Boltzmann evaporation rates for a gas of hard spheres are lower than those for Maxwelian molecules at lower values of Knudsen number. The microscopic and macroscopic properties obtained from the Krook solutions differ appreciably from the corresponding Boltzmann results.
Forelimb regeneration in the postmetamorphic bullfrog: stimulation by dimethyl sulfoxide and retinoic acid.

To examine the effects of retinoic acid and dimethyl sulfoxide on regenerative ability of anuran amphibians, the left forelimbs of 60 postmetamorphic froglets of Rana catesbeiana (bullfrogs) were amputated through the distal zeugopodium. Fifteen of the froglets had their left forelimb stumps immersed in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 3 minutes, once immediately after amputation and once on each of 5 subsequent days. Another 15 frogs had their left forelimb stumps immersed in a 0.01 M solution of retinoic acid dissolved in DMSO for the same period of time. The remaining 30 control froglets received no treatment to their forelimb stumps. The untreated group of froglets did not regenerate structures distal to the amputation surface, while all limbs in both treated groups produced regenerates by 120 days postamputation. Regenerates of limbs treated with both DMSO alone and DMSO combined with retionic acid, although hypomorphic, were composed of multiple cartilage elements, which in many cases (46.7%) were organized as patterns partially resembling the skeletal arrangement of a normal forelimb. All of these regenerates exhibited bundles of striated muscle. In addition, nearly half (46.7%) of the regenerates in the DMSO + retinoic acid group possessed two separate regenerate outgrowths. The results demonstrate that young bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) possess a latent epimorphic regenerative capability, which can be stimulated by topical application to the wound surface of DMSO alone or DMSO combined with retionic acid.
Reduced thermal budget processing of high T c superconducting thin films and related materials by MOCVD

Metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) has the potential of emerging as a viable technique to fabricate ribbons, tapes, coated wires, and the deposition of films of high temperature superconductors, and related materials. As a reduced thermal budget processing technique, rapid isothermal processing (RIP) based on incoherent radiation as the source of energy can be usefully coupled to conventional MOCVD. In this paper we report on the deposition and characterization of high quality superconducting thin films of Y-Ba-Cu-O (YBCO) on MgO, SrTiO3, and YSZ substrates by RIP assisted MOCVD. Some preliminary results are also presented for the deposition of BaF2, Y203 and MgO on silicon substrates. It is envisaged that high energy photons from the incoherent light source and the use of a mixture of N2O and 02 as the oxygen source, assist chemical reactions and lower the overall thermal budget for processing of YBCO films.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Use of realistic single scattering cross sections in computing interproton separations in the dissociation of fast H2+ ions traversing thin carbon foils

Abstract In previous work we have demonstrated that the internucleon separation which results from the combined Coulomb explosion and multiple scattering of fast H 2 + ions traversing thin carbon foils can be very different for different single scattering cross sections, even though these cross sections may - in fact - give rise to identical multiple scattering distributions. This makes imperative the use of realistic single scattering cross sections when internucleon separations are computed. We have generated carbon atom wave functions using the Froese Fischer Hartree-Fock program and from the resulting potential have obtained scattering cross sections using the Born approximation, the classical approximation and the WKBJ method. The effect upon the separation distribution of using these cross sections as well as the cross section of Lindhart (classical solution to a Thomas-Fermi screened potential) have been investigated and will be discussed here.
Evaluation across Contexts: Evaluating the Impact of Technology Integration Professional Development Partnerships

AbstractProfessional development is a necessary component for effectively integrating technology into classrooms. Unfortunately, the evaluation of technology integration professional development (TIPD) rarely moves beyond participation satisfaction surveys, nor does it reflect the concerns of the multiple stakeholders participating in technology integration efforts. In this article, the authors discuss collaborative models that hold potential for evaluating TIPD partnerships. They advocate for TIPD partners to define a collaborative and holistic vision of success that can guide the evaluation process. The authors discuss three specific collaborative evaluation models, examine key issues associated with implementing them, and analyze how each model has the potential to strengthen and sustain professional development partnerships.
STRETCHING OF A POLAR-ORTHOTROPIC DISK OF VARYING THICKNESS UNDER ARBITRARY BODY FORCES

General equations are formulated for the elastic behavior of circular disks with radial variations of thickness and of polar-ortho tropic elastic moduli and subject to any arbitrary systems of in-plane boundary or body forces. These equations are applied to and solved for an annular disk with a power-function variation in stiffness. The analysis is applicable to the design of turbine disks. Numerical results are obtained for the following examples of homogeneous disks rotating about eccentric normal axes: 1) an isotropic, uniform-thickness disk; and 2) a polar-orthotropic disk in which the thickness varies inversely with the radius.
Evaluation of optical amplifier robustness against covert QoS attacks in a point-to-point DWDM link

This paper presents three covert QoS attacking scenarios in a DWDM link. The robustness of optical amplifiers against these attacks is evaluated based on their incorporated gain-clamping and power-equalization functionalities.