cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bayley’s six critical elements of democratic policing: evaluating donor-assisted reform in Armenia, Georgia, and Ukraine

David Bayley’s pioneering book “Changing the Guard: Developing Democratic Police Abroad” provided scholars and practitioners across the globe with strategies found most effective in supporting poli...
Left to themselves: Time to target chronic pain in childhood rare diseases.

Abstract Background Chronic pain is prevalent among patients with rare diseases (RDs). However, little is understood about how biopsychosocial mechanisms may be integrated in the unique set of clinical features and therapeutic challenges inherent in their pain conditions. Methods This review presents examples of major categories of RDs with particular pain conditions. In addition, we provide translational evidence on clinical and scientific rationale for psychosocially- and neurodevelopmentally-informed treatment of pain in RD patients. Results Neurobiological and functional overlap between various RD syndromes and pain states suggests amalgamation and mutual modulation of the respective conditions. Emotional sequelae could be construed as an emotional homologue of physical pain mediated via overlapping brain circuitry. Given their clearly defined genetic and molecular etiologies, RDs may serve as heuristic models for unraveling pathophysiological processes inherent in chronic pain. Conclusions Systematic evaluation of chronic pain in patients with RD contributes to sophisticated insight into both pain and their psychosocial correlates, which could transform treatment.
An innovative protocol for the artificial speech-directed, contactless administration of laboratory-based comprehensive cognitive assessments: PAAD-2 trial management during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in suspending in-person human subject research across most institutions in the US. Our extensive cognitive assessment for a phase-2 clinical trial, Physical Activity and Alzheimer's Disease-2 (PAAD-2), was also paused in March 2020. It was important to identify strategies to mitigate the risk of COVID-19 transmission during our testing, which initially required substantial human speech and close person-to-person contact for test directions and instant feedback on paper/pencil tests. Given current understanding of the COVID-19 transmission, we dramatically adjusted the testing protocol to minimize the production of speech droplets and allow social distancing while maintaining the integrity of testing. We adopted state-of-the-art speech synthesis and computerization techniques to create an avatar to speak on behalf of the experimenter for all verbal instructions/feedback, used a document camera to observe the paper/pencil tests from the required distances, and automated the testing sequence and timing. This paper aims 1) to describe an innovative laboratory-based cognitive testing protocol for a completely contact-free, computer-speaking, and semi-automated administration; and 2) to evaluate the integrity of the modified protocol (n = 37) compared with the original protocol (n = 32). We have successfully operated the modified protocol since July 2020 with no evidence of COVID-19 transmission during testing, and data support that the modified protocol is robust and captures data identical to the original protocol. This transition of data collection methods has been critical during the pandemic and will be useful in future studies to mitigate the risk of contagious disease transmission and standardize laboratory-based psychological tests. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03876314. Registered March 15, 2019.
Breast Cancer Management Updates: Young and Older, Pregnant, or Male

Every year, more and more patients fall into rare or extreme categories of breast cancer—young, elderly, pregnant, or male. Contributing factors may be improved risk assessment and screening techniques (especially of dense breast tissue), delayed childbearing, and the aging population. These patients can challenge usual medical decision making because of their unique situation. There might be a concern for the fetus, worry about future fertility, a question of local control in a man, or concern for overdiagnosis or overtreatment in an older patient. Because these populations are seldom included in the large breast cancer trials from which standard treatment recommendations are made, an update on management for young, elderly, pregnant, and male breast cancer patients may be helpful.
Cases: Implementing Strategic Systems

Strategic systems shape or support the competitive strategy of the organization for the intermediate and long term. These systems are intended to produce a strategic thrust of some type, which occurs when an edge is gained or maintained over a competitor or a competitor’s advantage is decreased. A strategic system may be manifested internally by changing the organizational climate or effecting a new or better set of business opportunities. Externally a strategic system may be implemented for improving client relations, differentiating products and services, and engaging in new business opportunities.
Characterization of the 3′ untranslated region of mouse E2F1 mRNA

Abstract The E2F family of transcription factors has been implicated in the regulation of the G1 to S phase transition of the mammalian cell cycle. We have focused on characterizing the cell cycle stage-specific expression of one family member, E2F1. Previous studies indicated that there are two mouse E2F1 (mE2F1) mRNA species whose abundance peaks in early S phase. However, it was unknown as to what constituted the structural difference between the two mE2F1 mRNAs and whether or not they encoded identical proteins. We have now cloned sequences corresponding to the 3′ untranslated region (3′- UTR ) of the m E2F1 gene. Northern blot analyses using different probes demonstrated that the two E2F1 mRNAs were distinguished by differences in the length of their 3′ UTR s. We found that the longer (2.7-kb) mE2F1 mRNA contained two consensus RNA instability elements that the shorter (2.2-kb) mE2F1 mRNA lacked. However, a comparison of the stability of the 2.7-kb and the 2.2-kb mE2F1 mRNAs suggests that both mE2F1 mRNAs are fairly stable, having a half-life of 6–9 h in both asynchronously growing cells and in the S phase of synchronized cells. Thus, we have determined that both mE2F1 mRNAs contain the identical coding region of the E2F1 protein and that enforced expression of mE2F1 mRNA should not be hampered by problems with RNA stability.
Staphylococcal ADP-ribosyltransferase-sensitive small G protein is involved in brefeldin A action.

An early event in the action of brefeldin A (BFA) is the dissociation of beta-coat protein (beta-COP) from the Golgi membrane. We have recently shown that staphylococcal ADP-ribosyltransferase (epidermal cell differentiation inhibitor (EDIN)), which specifically modifies a small G protein, rho, mimics the action of BFA and disassembles the Golgi apparatus in Vero cells (Sugai, M., Chen, C-h., and Wu, H. C. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 8903-8907). Three independent BFA-resistant cell lines (BER-40 from Vero cells, PtK1, and MDCK) showed cross-resistance to EDIN regarding the release of the beta-COP from the Golgi membrane by EDIN or BFA. BFA as well as EDIN induced disassembly of the actin microfilaments in Vero cells, and they both failed to induce the disassembly of actin microfilaments in BER-40, PtK1, and MDCK cells. BFA inhibited protein secretion in Vero cells but not in BFA-resistant cell lines, whereas EDIN did not inhibit protein secretion in either Vero or other cell lines. AlF-4 inhibited the effect of EDIN as well as that of BFA on the distribution of the beta-COP. These results suggest that an EDIN-sensitive rho protein together with trimeric and other small G protein(s) is involved in the regulation of the assembly of coated vesicles and vesicular transport in the Golgi apparatus.
Consistency, Universality, and the Customary Law of Interstate Force

This Chapter proposes a method of determining the content of the customary international law regarding the use of force. It then applies that method to identify the legal rules relating to armed struggles against European colonialism, to the use of force aimed at taking territory from another state, and to the use of force to change the government of another state.
Threshold-based power grid fault diagnosis

This paper presents a threshold-based approach for power grid fault diagnosis in a power system based on correlation between fault types and basic measurements. The main focus is on faults that may occur on transmission and distribution lines due to uncontrolled events. The proposed method utilizes simple voltage and current measurements in transmission lines to extract divergence of these measurements from typical or nominal values. The first phase of the method is similar to a “training” phase where thresholds are identified for each measurement, followed by the second phase where binary combinations of comparisons with thresholds are used to diagnose specific faults. The IEEE standard 14-bus system is used to illustrate how the proposed method can be applied for transmission line fault diagnosis. Two- and three-phase to ground faults in three transmission lines are injected in a simulation platform as an example, and their effect on different current measurements are observed. Two basic quantities are observed for each of the measured signals: 1) RMS value, and 2) harmonic content. Measured quantities are shown to accurately capture unique binary signatures of different faults so that they can be utilized in offline and/or online fault diagnosis.
The Role of Decorative Features in the Endurance of Vernacular Architecture in Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh, India

The remote Himalayan region of Kinnaur in northwestern India is known for its carved wooden homes with decorative features. Relatively recent environmental policies have prompted limitations on woo...
Infection of the Upper Urinary Tract

Infection of the upper urinary tract is relatively common and associated with potentially serious sequelae. Both uncomplicated pyelonephritis and purulent renal infections can be difficult to diagnose and require a high index of suspicion. Accurate identification of the causative organism allows the tailored use of antibiotic therapy, and careful follow-up and subsequent specimen culture help ensure adequate treatment of the infection.
High Molecular Mass Egg Fucose Sulfate Polymer Is Required for Opening Both Ca2+ Channels Involved in Triggering the Sea Urchin Sperm Acrosome Reaction *

A linear fucose sulfate polymer (FSP), >106 daltons, is a major component of sea urchin egg jelly. FSP induces the sperm acrosome reaction (AR), an exocytotic process required for animal fertilization. Two Ca2+channels activate during AR induction, the first opens 1 s after FSP addition, and the second opens 5 s after the first. Mild acid hydrolysis of FSP results in a linear decrease in polymer size. The ability of FSP to induce the AR and activate sperm Ca2+channels decreases with increasing time of hydrolysis. Hydrolyzed FSP of ∼60 kDa blocks intact FSP from inducing the AR. At 44 μg/ml hydrolyzed FSP, Ca2+ entry into sperm is almost equal to that occurring in 3.8 μg/ml intact FSP; however the AR is not induced. The shape of the [Ca2+]i increase curve and use of the Ca2+ channel blockers nifidipine and Ni2+ indicate that hydrolyzed FSP opens the second Ca2+ channel, but not the first, and thus does not induce the AR. The giant size of intact FSP is required to open both Ca2+ channels involved in triggering the AR.
Finite element simulation of equal channel angular extrusion

Abstract The mechanical response of an elastoplastic billet in equal channel angular extrusion is simulated by using finite element method. The plastic deformation of the billet is found to be a function of the process parameters, including the bent angle and channel width. Morphological instability of the extruded billet is observed if the width of the outlet channel is larger than the entrance one. The simulation of multi-bent extrusion is highlighted, which shows the tremendous increase of plastic deformation.
Marketing Small Wineries: An Exploratory Approach to Website Evaluation

This study was conducted to evaluate the marketing strategies of small wineries and the role of the Web within these strategies. A Website evaluation instrument was developed to measure the effectiveness of small winery Websites from multiple perspectives. The instrument was tested on a sample of 18 small winery Websites in a Mid-western U.S. state. These Websites were found to be “electronic brochures” rather than “dynamic relationship marketing tools.” Implications for improved performance on Web marketing by small wineries were identified.
Thymocyte Activation and Death: a Mechanism for Molding the T Cell Repertoire

The programmed death of thymocytes and T cells was studied. Injection of anti-TCR antibodies into adult mice caused the specific deletion of CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes, an effect that was largely reversed by cyclosporin A. Surprisingly, using either anti-TCR antibodies or superantigens, it was found that the susceptibility of these thymocytes to clonal deletion changed during ontogeny. Double positive thymocytes from newborn and young (3 week old) mice were readily depleted, whereas thymocytes from 1 week old mice were relatively refractory. The differences between these groups could not be accounted for by cell surface TCR expression, TCR-mediated early signal transduction pathways such as phosphoinositide hydrolysis or Ca2+ mobilization, or differences in susceptibility to Dex- or ionomycin-induced programmed cell death. These results suggest that there is a relatively synchronous wave of maturing thymocytes that are susceptible to deletional signals during fetal life and shortly after birth, but not 7 days after birth. By 3 weeks of age, the next wave (or waves) of susceptible cells have populated the thymus. These observations closely follow the experimental model known as "neonatal tolerance," and we suggest that the failure to tolerize 1 week old mice in that system reflects an alteration in the cells' susceptibility to clonal deletion. In a separate set of experiments exploring the mechanisms of PCD, it was found that although the activation- and glucocorticoid-induced PCD pathways were distinct (being distinguishable by their sensitivity to CsA and the glucocorticoid antagonist RU-486), they were mutually antagonistic. Attempts to identify the level of the antagonism failed to demonstrate any direct interference between the two stimuli, up to and including the transcription and translation of a GRE-controlled reporter gene. Based upon these observations, we propose the following model of thymocyte development: glucocorticoids eliminate thymocytes with little or no avidity for self; antagonism between glucocorticoids and cellular activation allows thymocytes that recognize self with low or moderate avidity to survive (positive selection); activation of thymocytes that recognize self with high avidity dominates the antagonistic effect of glucocorticoids, leading to PCD (negative selection).
Numerical Experiments on Consistent Horizontal and Vertical Resolution for Atmospheric Models and Observing Systems

Simple numerical experiments are performed in order to determine the effects of inconsistent combinations of horizontal and vertical resolution in both atmospheric models and observing systems. In both cases, we find that inconsistent spatial resolution is associated with enhanced noise generation. A rather fine horizontal resolution in a satellite data observing system seems to be excessive when combined with the usually available relatively coarse vertical resolution. Using different strength horizontal filters, adjusted in such a way as to render the effective horizontal resolution more consistent with vertical resolution for the observing system, may result in improvement of the analysis accuracy. However, the increase of vertical resolution for a satellite data observing system is desirable. For the conventional data observing system with better vertically resolved data, the results are different in that little or no horizontal filtering is needed to make spatial resolution more consistent for the system. The obtained experimental estimates of consistent vertical and effective horizontal resolution are in a general agreement with consistent resolution estimates previously derived theoretically by the authors.
Kinetoplast deoxyribonucleic acid of the hemoflagellate Trypanosoma lewisi.

Cesium chloride centrifugation of DNA extracted from cells of blood strain Trypanosoma lewisi revealed a main band, ρ = 1.707, a light satellite, ρ = 1.699, and a heavy satellite, ρ = 1.721. Culture strain T. lewisi DNA comprised only a main band, ρ = 1.711, and a light satellite, ρ = 1.699. DNA isolated from DNase-treated kinetoplast fractions of both the blood and culture strains consisted of only the light satellite DNA. Electron microscope examination of rotary shadowed preparations of lysates revealed that DNA from kinetoplast fractions was mainly in the form of single 0.4 µ circular molecules and large masses of 0.4 µ interlocked circles with which longer, often noncircular molecules were associated. The 0.4 µ circular molecules were mainly in the covalently closed form: they showed a high degree of resistance to thermal denaturation which was lost following sonication; and they banded at a greater density than linear DNA in cesium chloride-ethidium bromide gradients. Interpretation of the large masses of DNA as comprising interlocked covalently closed 0.4 µ circles was supported by the findings that they banded with single circular molecules in cesium chloride-ethidium bromide gradients, and following breakage of some circles by mild sonication, they disappeared and were replaced by molecules made up of low numbers of apparently interlocked 0.4 µ circles. When culture strain cells were grown in the presence of either ethidium bromide or acriflavin, there was a loss of stainable kinetoplast DNA in cytological preparations. There was a parallel loss of light satellite and of circular molecules from DNA extracted from these cells.
Wavelet analysis of characteristic length scales and orientation of two-dimensional heterogeneous porous media

The global wavelet energy spectrum (GWES) has been used on one-dimensional transects of porous media to identify the characteristic length scale of a material property. The characteristic length scale is a measure of the distance over which property values are correlated. We extend the wavelet analysis technique to two-dimensional stationary porous media for identifying both the characteristic length scales and orientation of heterogeneity. We theoretically develop and evaluate the GWES for isotropic and anisotropic random fields using the two-dimensional Mexican hat wavelet. The relationship between the wavelet scale and the characteristic length scale of a two-dimensional random field is investigated for different covariance structures. The ability of the GWES to identify multiple characteristic length scales and orientations in a random field with nested covariance structures is also investigated. We use the technique to identify the characteristic length scales of a log hydraulic conductivity field used in a laboratory experiment.
Portrait of a Pathogen: The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Proteome In Vivo

Background Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a facultative intracellular pathogen that can persist within the host. The bacteria are thought to be in a state of reduced replication and metabolism as part of the chronic lung infection. Many in vitro studies have dissected the hypothesized environment within the infected lung, defining the bacterial response to pH, starvation and hypoxia. While these experiments have afforded great insight, the picture remains incomplete. The only way to study the combined effects of these environmental factors and the mycobacterial response is to study the bacterial response in vivo. Methodology/Principal Findings We used the guinea pig model of tuberculosis to examine the bacterial proteome during the early and chronic stages of disease. Lungs were harvested thirty and ninety days after aerosol challenge with Mtb, and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. To date, in vivo proteomics of the tubercle bacillus has not been described and this work has generated the first large-scale shotgun proteomic data set, comprising over 500 unique protein identifications. Cell wall and cell wall processes, and intermediary metabolism and respiration were the two major functional classes of proteins represented in the infected lung. These classes of proteins displayed the greatest heterogeneity indicating important biological processes for establishment of a productive bacterial infection and its persistence. Proteins necessary for adaptation throughout infection, such as nitrate/nitrite reduction were found at both time points. The PE-PPE protein class, while not well characterized, represented the third most abundant category and showed the most consistent expression during the infection. Conclusions/Significance Cumulatively, the results of this work may provide the basis for rational drug design – identifying numerous Mtb proteins, from essential kinases to products involved in metal regulation and cell wall remodeling, all present throughout the course of infection.
ERM Realignment Risk and its Economic Determinants as Reflected in Cross‐rate Options

This paper uses data on over-the-counter options between the mark and the pound, lira, French franc, and peseta to investigate the credibility of exchange rate target zones within the ERM. We compare empirical implications for the relation between option prices and the spot's position within the band for three classes of target zone models: those with full credibility, those with exogenous realignment risk, and those with endogenous realignment risk. Empirically, implied volatility from these options attains a maximum near the edges of an exchange rate band rather than its centre, even three to six months prior to realignment.
Journalistic responsibility and political advertising: A content analysis of coverage by state and local media

In order to provide voters with information about the candidate‐controlled format of televised political advertising, journalists at all levels now incorporate coverage of political ads into their campaign analyses. Often labeled “adwatches, “such coverage has tended to focus on presidential campaigns, and little is known about how well journalists perform their responsibility to voters in scrutinizing political ads at lower electoral levels. Using content analysis, this study analyzed journalistic coverage of political advertising in newspapers and local television stations in 16 locations throughout the U.S. in the 1996 election. Results indicate that, even in local outlets, political advertising/or candidates below the presidential level receives little attention. Negative ads also continue to be the focus of a great deal of journalistic coverage, and findings indicate a lack of careful scrutiny or attention to the claims provided in the ads, suggesting that much more attention needs to be focused on “...
On Gaussian HJM framework for Eurodollar Futures

One of the standard tools for the theoretical analysis of fixed income securities and their associated derivatives is the term structure model of Heath, Jarrow and Morton. In this paper the question, what specific HJM model is consistent with the observed price of an Eurodollar Futures contract? is discussed. Eurodollar Futures, apart from being the most heavily traded futures are connected to London Inter Bank Offered Rate (LIBOR) and to domestic monetary conditions. The answer to the above question will help in pricing any new derivative on Eurodollar Futures or the one that is not heavily traded. A simple tool to measure the adequacy of different HJM structures that may be used to model Eurodollar Futures price process is suggested. Moreover, the question of estimation of parameters of these models by different methods—method of realized volatility, method of maximum likelihood (ML) and a two-stage method that combines both the realized volatility and ML—is addressed. Although it sounds like a typical statistical procedure, one must be careful in applying standard statistical techniques that are not suitable under arbitrage theory, in particular, ML method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in carbohydrate and enzyme levels during the sink to source transition of leaves of Cucumis sativus L., a stachyose translocator

Abstract The sink to source transition of expanding leaves of cucumber was studied by sampling leaves sequentially from the growing stem apex toward the base of the plant. Leaf fresh weight and photosynthetic rate increased in the progression to lower nodes. Sucrose and raffinose concentrations were higher in sink leaves than in source leaves. Galactinol and stachyose concentrations increased during leaf expansion. Both alkaline and acidic α-galactosidase activity declined during leaf expansion, whereas galactinol synthase activity increased abruptly in leaves beginning in the leaf at the fourth node below the apex. This increase in activity corresponded temporally to marked changes in the oligosaccharide composition of the leaves in favor of galactosyl-saccharides, particularly stachyose. Across all leaf positions, galactinol synthase correlated positively with galactosyl-oligosaccharide concentration ( r = 0.90) and correlated negatively with sucrose concentration ( r = −0.82). The ratio of stachyose to raffinose correlated positively with the ratio of galactinol synthase to α-galactosidase ( r = 0.95). The results point to the importance of changes in enzyme levels per se as determinants of changes in soluble carbohydrate levels associated with acquisition of export capability during leaf expansion.
High Level Production, Characterization and Construct Optimization of the Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Ligand Binding Core

Abstract Multimilligram quantities of active and pure GluR2-S1S2, the recombinant ligand binding core of the AMPA-sensitive GluR2 receptor, were produced by preparative folding of the solubilized inclusion bodies expressed in 1 l of Escherichia coli cell culture. The biochemical properties and biological activities of folded protein were characterized and the protein construct was optimized for three-dimensional structural studies.
The comparison of four strains of Coccidioides immitis with diverse histories

By the criterion of lethality in mice, a strain ofCoccidioides immitis recently isolated from a most devastating form of human coccidioidomycosis was of no greater virulence than another isolated from a much less severe case or even one cultured from soil fifteen years ago and which presumably had caused seven self-limited, benign cases of primary coccidioidomycosis. There was no enhancement of virulence to mice by twelve passages of a relatively avirulent strain which had been recovered twenty-one years ago from a fatal human case.
Radiative transfer observations with AIRS

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) was launched in early May 2002. The temperature and humidity fields retrieved from this new high-spectral resolution sounder will be used for numerical weather prediction and climate change studies. This paper presents a comparisons between observed AIRS spectra and spectra computed from profiles using the worldwide radiosonde network, as well as spectra computed from the ECMWF (European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts) model fields.
Accessibility and computer science education

Brian J. Rosmaita (Moderator) Department of Computer Science Hamilton College 198 College Hill Road Clinton, NY, USA 13323 brosmait@hamilton.edu Katherine Deibel Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering University of Washington Box 352350 Seattle, WA, USA 98195 deibel@cs.washington.edu Robert F. Cohen Department of Computer Science University of Massachusetts Boston 100 Morrissey Boulevard Boston, MA, USA 02125 rfc@cs.umb.edu Mary Anne L. Egan Department of Computer Science Siena College 515 Loudon Road Loudonville, NY, USA 12211 maegan@siena.edu
Intra-Community Variability in Total Particle Number Concentrations in the San Pedro Harbor Area (Los Angeles, California)

Recent evidence links elevated ultrafine particle (UFP) concentrations with adverse health effects, but exposure assessments based upon PM 2.5 mass concentrations may be misleading. In order to better understand and quantify intra-community variability in UFP concentrations, a dense network of 14 monitoring sites was set-up in Los Angeles in two clusters—San Pedro/Wilmington and West Long Beach—in communities surrounding the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach. The network measured total particle number concentrations greater than 7 nm in diameter. In this range, UFP comprise approximately 90% of the total. Port-related activities—particularly goods movement associated with high volumes of heavy-duty diesel vehicle (HDDV) traffic—represent significant UFP sources. The field study was conducted from mid-February through mid-December 2007 to assess diurnal, seasonal, and spatial patterns and intra-community variability in total particle number concentrations. For sites within a few km of each other, simulta...
Isolated noncompaction cardiomyopathy presenting with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia - Case report and literature review

Isolated noncompaction cardiomyopathy is an exceedingly rare congenital cardiomyopathy. A case of isolated noncompaction cardiomyopathy is reported and the literature on the subject collected through a comprehensive literature search is reviewed. Fewer than 100 cases of this condition have been reported. Isolated noncompaction cardiomyopathy is caused by a defect in cardiac morphogenesis resulting in an arrest of compaction of loose interwoven meshwork of myocardial fibers during intrauterine life, which results in severe systolic dysfunction as well as undue hypertrophy of the involved walls of the ventricles. Although the most frequent sites involved are left ventricular apex and inferior wall, involvement of other left ventricular walls and right ventricle has also been reported. Etiology of the isolated noncompaction of myocardium is not clear. Familial cases have been reported and the mode of inheritance is heterogeneous. In X-linked form of the disease, a locus has been found on Xq28, and mutations have been reported in G4.5 gene. The age of onset of symptoms ranges from infancy to the geriatric age. Patients with isolated noncompaction cardiomyopathy have a high incidence of heart failure, arrhythmias, and thromboembolism. The most common presentation is congestive heart failure. Arrhythmias include atrial arrhythmias, ventricular tachycardia, and sudden cardiac death. The patient reported in this article presented with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Echocardiography is the procedure of choice to establish diagnosis. Due to the lack of associated cardiac anomalies, antenatal detection is difficult. The treatment is that for congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, and thromboembolism. The end-stage congestive heart failure is managed with heart transplantation and potential life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Prognosis is poor and the common causes of death are intractable heart failure and sudden cardiac death.
Power-law numerical solution for post-die extrusion of plastic pipe

In a continuous plastic-pipe extrusion, melt emerges from an annular die and is then drawn freely into a sizing sleeve. Here, we investigate this extensional flow when a pressure difference is applied across the melt cone. A numerical solution to a power-law fluid is presented. Differential equations for the melt-cone shape are derived from a force balance on the melt cone. Design curves are then constructed from the solutions to these equations. These curves are helpful in predicting the pipe-extrusion operating conditions. The model is also used to predict an operating envelope for sizing-sleeve placement. Examples demonstrate how to use these results. We also compare it to an earlier analytical solution that excludes a pressure difference across the melt cone.
Experimenting in distance education: the African Virtual University (AVU) and the paradox of the World Bank in Kenya

Abstract This article seeks to accomplish three objectives. The first is to interrogate the efficacy of the African Virtual University (AVU), which is a satellite and information technology (IT)-based distance education system, sponsored by the World Bank in Kenya. The second is to demonstrate the failures of the AVU and the reasons why this has been the case. The third is to give recommendations on how to improve the performance of the AVU in Kenya. It is our argument that whereas the project may have had good intentions, such as helping Africa to catch up technologically, it has failed in its infancy.
Immunohistochemical characterization of estrogen and progesterone receptors in lymphoma of horses

Abstract: Immunohistochemical techniques were used to examine 29 cases of equine lymphoma for estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) expression. The lymphomas examined included T-cell-rich large B-cell lymphomas, B-cell neoplasms, and T-cell lymphomas. The individual cases were also classified according to the anatomic location of the tumors. One normal equine lymph node was also examined for ER and PR expression. All of the cases of equine lymphoma and the normal lymph node were negative for ER. A total of 16/29 (55%) PR-positive lymphomas were identified. Seven of the 12 (58%) T-cell-rich large B-cell lymphomas were positive, 7/11 (64%) B-cell tumors were positive, and 2/6 (33%) T-cell neoplasms were positive. Anatomically, 6/9 (66%) subcutaneous lymphomas were PR positive, 3/5 (60%) intrathoracic lymphomas were positive, 1/4 (25%) intra-abdominal lymphomas were positive, 2/5 (40%) intra-abdominal/intrathoracic lymphomas were positive, 1/2 (50%) upper airway lymphomas were positive, and 3/3 (100%) splenic lymphomas were positive. One case involving abdominal and thoracic tumors and leukemia was negative for PR expression. The normal lymph node contained a low percentage (1.9%) of PR-positive lymphocytes. The presence of PR in neoplastic equine lymphoid tissue indicates that these tumors may be responsive to serum progesterone. Also, identification of PR-positive cells in the normal lymph node suggests that PR may be constitu-tively expressed in normal equine lymphocytes. Further studies are needed to quantify PR levels in normal and malignant equine lymphoid tissue and to determine the usefulness of either progestin or antiprogestin drugs in the management of equine lymphoma.
Congenital pancytopenia and absence of B lymphocytes in a neonate with a mutation in the ikaros gene

Background Congenital pancytopenia is a rare and often lethal condition. Current knowledge of lymphoid and hematopoietic development in mice, as well as understanding regulators of human hematopoiesis, have led to the recent discovery of genetic causes of bone marrow failure disorders. However, in the absence of mutations of specific genes or a distinct clinical phenotype, many cases of aplastic anemia are labeled as idiopathic, while congenital immune deficiencies are described as combined immune deficiency.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) enrich the solar cells

Abstract Over the past two decades, dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) research continues to gain momentum since its low-cost and environmental sustainability provides a good foundation for practical applications. Recently, CNTs have been introduced into DSSCs to take advantage of their lower electrical resistance, flexibility, excellent electrocatalytic activity and mechanical integrity. This paper introduces the principle of carbon-based solar energy conversion and reviews different types of solar cells using incorporated CNTs as electrode materials. This article also reports on CNTs’ outstanding electrocatalytic functions in enhancing wire-shaped solar cells’ photo-energy conversion.
U/Pb, Sm/Nd and Rb/Sr geochronological and isotopic study of Northern Sierra Nevada ophiolitic assemblages, California

Distinct ophiolitic assemblages occur as oceanic basement within three of the four regional tectonic belts of the northern Sierra Nevada. New U/Pb zircon, Sm/Nd and Rb/Sr data are presented for each assemblage, providing critical geochronological and isotopic constraints on the petrogenesis and tectonic evolution of the ophiolitic and associated ensimatic assemblages. Ophiolitic assemblages include from west to east the Smartville complex, Central belt and Feather River belt. The Smartville complex represents an island arc volcanic-plutonic sequence with a major late-stage sheeted dike swarm. The Sm/Nd systems from a wide compositional spectrum of rocks record a 178±21 Ma petrogenetic age and an ɛNd(T)=+9.2±0.6. Zircon U/Pb systems on an uppermost dacite yield a 164±2 Ma age, and on a number of plagiogranite screens and dikes from the sheeted complex 162±1 Ma ages. The Central and Feather River belts are structurally complex polygenetic assemblages. The U/Pb zircon and Sm/Nd systems record major ∼205 Ma and ∼315 Ma petrogenetic events respectively both involving depleted mantle derived magmas. Such magmatism probably occurred in marginal basin/transform systems developed within an older oceanic depleted mantle basement regime. Both Sm/Nd and U/Pb zircon systems show local components of Proterozoic sialic material. The sialic contaminants were probably introduced into the system as craton derived detritus. It is doubtful that any of the ophiolitic assemblages studied represent genetically related crust-upper mantle sequences generated during the development of new oceanic lithosphere. Integration of the geochronological data with geological relations reveals a pattern of petrogenesis and tectonics whereby progressively younger ensimatic terranes were added to the continental margin through time by plate convergence, and were ultimately welded into North American sial by a crosscutting batholithic belt. This accretionary pattern is reflected in both the protolith ages and deformation-metamorphic ages of each of the regional belts which progressively young westward. Crustal components of the accreted ensimatic terranes grew by mainly basaltic igneous activity within island arc, marginal basin and leaky transform systems adjacent to the continent edge prior to final tectonic accretion. Such complexities are suggested to be typical of Cordilleran-type ophiolites and representative of the circum-Pacific erogenic style.
The sediment occupied by recent lingulid brachiopods and some paleoecological implications

Abstract Samples of the sediment occupied by Glottidia albida and G. pyramidata and Lingula unguis, L. murphiana and L. reevii have been analyzed for three particle size categories: larger than sand, sand, and smaller than sand. These data have been supplemented by literature information on one other species (L. parva) and by records from subtidal habitats. The results suggest that: (1) when living in the intertidal, all Recent lingulid species inhabit sediments predominately composed of sand-sized particles; (2) Lingula may inhabit slightly finer sediments than Glottidia in the intertidal; (3) for both genera the sediment becomes finer with increasing depth; and (4) lingulids do not appear to inhabit gravel bottoms at any depths. Inferences drawn about the sediments occupied by Paleozoic Lingula spp., based on in situ preservation, indicate that fossil species lived in muddy environments with a greater frequency than would have been predicted from examination of Recent material. This difference in the occupied habitat is discussed in light of recent research on lingulid physiology.
Water history of Cretaceous aquifers, East Texas Basin

Abstract Circumstantial evidence of the history of water in five Cretaceous aquifers is supplied by water analyses comparisons and a study of the ratios of the major ions, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl−, SO2−4 and HCO−3. Water from each aquifer has distinctive characteristics, but there are interconnections between aquifers, especially near the Mexic-Talco fault zone and at an unconformity that extends across the Sabine uplift. Some piercement salt domes modify formation waters, but most salt domes have little or no noticeable effect. Apparently clay sheaths protect the salt columns from solution. Town water supplies on the north Texas shelf are affected by invasion of hot brine from the Tyler Basin, moving from east to west through the Woodbine Sandstone. This hydrodynamic flow in part accounts for the existence of the giant east Texas field to the west of the Sabine uplift, while similar updip truncated sandstones on the east side of the Sabine uplift are generally barren of oil, even though they occupy the same stratigraphic position as the Woodbine. Ion ratio comparisons show that water in the older, more deeply buried aquifers have been modified more (compared with presentday sea water) than that in younger, less deeply buried aquifers. Although this is generally true, there are explainable exceptions, where surface water has had opportunity to invade certain aquifers. Ion ratio maps show the effect of time and rock compositions upon the relative kind and amount of dissolved solids in the water, due to reactions with minerals and organic material in the rocks.
Sparse signal recovery in the presence of correlated multiple measurement vectors

Sparse signal recovery algorithms utilizing multiple measurement vectors (MMVs) are known to have better performance compared to the single measurement vector case. However, current work rarely consider the case when sources have temporal correlation, a likely situation in practice. In this work we examine methods to account for temporal correlation and its impact on performance. We model sources as AR processes, and then incorporate such information into the framework of sparse Bayesian learning for sparse signal recovery. Experiments demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithms. They also show that the performance of existing algorithms are limited by temporal correlation, and that if such correlation can be fully exploited, as in our proposed algorithms, the limitation can be overcome.
Polycentric chromosomes induced by x-rays in giant cells of Chinese hamster in vitro.

The induction of polycentric chromosomes by X-rays supports a previous interpretation that at least some giant cells are polyploid cells that result from the repetition of endomitosis.
miniKanren, live and untagged: quine generation via relational interpreters (programming pearl)

We present relational interpreters for several subsets of Scheme, written in the pure logic programming language miniKanren. We demonstrate these interpreters running "backwards"---that is, generating programs that evaluate to a specified value---and show how the interpreters can trivially generate quines (programs that evaluate to themselves). We demonstrate how to transform environment-passing interpreters written in Scheme into relational interpreters written in miniKanren. We show how constraint extensions to core miniKanren can be used to allow shadowing of the interpreter's primitive forms (using the absent° tree constraint), and to avoid having to tag expressions in the languages being interpreted (using disequality constraints and symbol/number type-constraints), simplifying the interpreters and eliminating the need for parsers/unparsers.We provide four appendices to make the code in the paper completely self-contained. Three of these appendices contain new code: the complete implementation of core miniKanren extended with the new constraints; an extended relational interpreter capable of running factorial and doing list processing; and a simple pattern matcher that uses Dijkstra guards. The other appendix presents our preferred version of code that has been presented elsewhere: the miniKanren relational arithmetic system used in the extended interpreter.
THE EFFECT OF FAT AND CARBOHYDRATE COMPOSITION ON THE GASTRIC EMPTYING (GE) OF ISOCALORIC FEEDINGS IN PREMATURE INFANTS

The (GE) of 6 infant feedings (20 kcal/oz 60:40 whey:casein) with varying fat and carbohydrate composition was studied. Feedings contained either 100% medium chain triglyceride (MCT) or 91% long chain triglyderide and 9% MCT (LCT) as the fat and either lactose (L), glucose (G), or polycose (P) as the carbohydrate. Eleven premature infants were fed 22cc/kg of all 6 feedings over a 3-4 day period and the volume of gastric contents was measured every 20 minutes using the marker polyethylene glycol 4000. Mean values ± S.D. of gastric contents (% initial volume) were:
Residual stress measurements on chromium films by x-ray diffraction using the sin2ψ method

Abstract Residual stresses in chromium films vacuum deposited by electron beam evaporation onto beryllium substrates were measured by X-ray diffraction. A minute peak shift of the diffraction profile reveals the presence of strain and hence stress. Detection of the shift was made possible by fitting the experimental data to a modified Lorentz function and by then subjecting the fit to a regression analysis. Computer aid was utilized extensively. Stresses, both tensile and compressive, of 10 9 –10 10 dyn cm -2 were found for substrate temperatures in the range 300– 550 °C. Stress mechanisms are discussed.
Effect of quadrupole moment on excess properties of binary 2CLJQ mixtures from molecular dynamics simulation: model and real mixtures

Abstract This paper presents molecular dynamics simulation results for excess properties of binary mixtures composed of two-center Lennard-Jones with point quadrupole (2CLJQ) molecules. The effect of quadrupole moment on excess properties of highly nonideal model mixtures has been investigated at a given temperature, k B T e A = 3.68 , and pressure, Pσ A 3 e A = 2 . Results are reported for excess enthalpy and excess volume along with density and internal energy of several mixtures as a function of quadrupole moment. Competition between the effects of molecular elongation and quadrupole moment on total and excess properties has been observed. We have illustrated the explicit effect of quadrupole moment on excess properties of three selected real mixtures, O2/N2, C2H4/C2H6 and C2H6/CO2, the components of which can be modeled adequately by 2CLJQ potential. The effect of quadrupole moment is found to be moderate in mixtures O2/N2 and C2H4/C2H6, but it is substantial in mixture C2H6/CO2. These simulation results are important to develop and test theories of highly nonideal molecular fluid mixtures.
Feminization of the Labor Force, Development, and Economic Reform: Effects on Job Segregation by Sex

This article explores the relationship between occupational segregation by sex and economic development, feminization of the workforce, and neoliberal structural adjustment. Using Anker-adjusted Duncan indices calculated from detailed occupational data for 49 countries to measure occupational segregation by sex, an OLS analysis suggests that job segregation of the nonagricultural workforce is positively related to economic development and negatively related to feminization of the workforce. The analysis is inconclusive regarding job segregation and neoliberal structural adjustment, but it does provide some evidence of a negative relationship. Although there are a few existing studies focusing on export sectors of particular countries, this is the first large scale cross-national study to examine the relationship between structural adjustment and job segregation by sex. This study also adds to the evidence provided by other scholars regarding the relationship between job segregation and economic development, and between job segregation and feminization of the labor force.