cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
XIAP induces NF-κB activation via the BIR1/TAB1 interaction and BIR1 dimerization

In addition to caspase inhibition, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) induces NF-kappaB and MAP kinase activation during TGF-b and BMP receptor signaling and upon overexpression. Here we show that the BIR1 domain of XIAP, which has no previously ascribed function, directly interacts with TAB1 to induce NF-kappaB activation. TAB1 is an upstream adaptor for the activation of the kinase TAK1, which in turn couples to the NF-kappaB pathway. We report the crystal structures of BIR1, TAB1, and the BIR1/TAB1 complex. The BIR1/TAB1 structure reveals a striking butterfly-shaped dimer and the detailed interaction between BIR1 and TAB1. Structure-based mutagenesis and knockdown of TAB1 show unambiguously that the BIR1/TAB1 interaction is crucial for XIAP-induced TAK1 and NF-kappaB activation. We show that although not interacting with BIR1, Smac, the antagonist for caspase inhibition by XIAP, also inhibits the XIAP/TAB1 interaction. Disruption of BIR1 dimerization abolishes XIAP-mediated NF-kappaB activation, implicating a proximity-induced mechanism for TAK1 activation.
The effects of parental involvement on students’ academic self‐efficacy, engagement and intrinsic motivation

This research examined whether various dimensions of parental involvement predicted 10th‐grade students’ motivation (engagement, self‐efficacy towards maths and English, intrinsic motivation towards maths and English) using data from the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002 (ELS 2002). Results showed that both parents’ educational aspiration for their children and school‐initiated contact with parents on benign school issues had strong positive effects on all five motivational outcomes. On the contrary, parent–school contact concerning students’ school problems was negatively related to all five motivational outcomes investigated in the study. Additionally, parental advising positively predicted students’ academic self‐efficacy in English as well as intrinsic motivation towards English, and family rules for watching television were positively linked to students’ engagement and intrinsic motivation towards both English and maths.
Parental Religiosity and Youth Religiosity: Variations by Family Structure

Many studies have explored the links between family structure, parental religiosity, and youth religiosity, but results across studies have been inconsistent and have largely ignored new diverse family forms. Using data on 2,320 youth and their parents from the National Study of Youth and Religion, this study focused on whether and why religious transmission from parents to youth varies among diverse family structures. Results suggest that family structure is not directly related to youth religious outcomes, but that the influence of parental religiosity on religious participation and religious salience (but not closeness to God or private religious practices) was weaker for youth raised in stepfamilies, never-married single-parent families, and cohabiting families than for those raised by married biological/adoptive parents. Results also suggest that less effective religious transmission within nontraditional families compared with traditional families is due (at least in part) to less effective religious socialization within these families.
Probation Mission Reform: Implications for the Forgotten Actor — The Probation Officer

Various criminologists and critics have proposed reformulations of the mission of probation. The reformers have claimed that their proposals would result in more effective crime control, greater consideration for the victim, increased equity for the offender, and attention to the alleged demands of the public for punishment. Several key proposals are reviewed. Recent survey findings on probation officer job attitudes and on-job stress are used to outline the implications of the mission reform proposals for the probation officer.
On a Closed-Form Doubly Robust Estimator of the Adjusted Odds Ratio for a Binary Exposure

Epidemiologic studies often aim to estimate the odds ratio for the association between a binary exposure and a binary disease outcome. Because confounding bias is of serious concern in observational studies, investigators typically estimate the adjusted odds ratio in a multivariate logistic regression which conditions on a large number of potential confounders. It is well known that modeling error in specification of the confounders can lead to substantial bias in the adjusted odds ratio for exposure. As a remedy, Tchetgen Tchetgen et al. (Biometrika. 2010;97(1):171-180) recently developed so-called doubly robust estimators of an adjusted odds ratio by carefully combining standard logistic regression with reverse regression analysis, in which exposure is the dependent variable and both the outcome and the confounders are the independent variables. Double robustness implies that only one of the 2 modeling strategies needs to be correct in order to make valid inferences about the odds ratio parameter. In this paper, I aim to introduce this recent methodology into the epidemiologic literature by presenting a simple closed-form doubly robust estimator of the adjusted odds ratio for a binary exposure. A SAS macro (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina) is given in an online appendix to facilitate use of the approach in routine epidemiologic practice, and a simulated data example is also provided for the purpose of illustration.
Cost Model Development for a Main Memory Database System

Main-memory database management systems (MM-DBMS’s) are at the heart of RTDB’s, and research in MM-DBMS’s has been active since the mid-eighties [8, 7, 1, 9]. Recently the interest has taken on a new urgency as inexpensive memory and 64-bit addressing are becoming reality. Several fairly complete systems [12, 14, 3] have been developed in the last few years, and recent investigations have taken a fresh look at a variety of issues in the context of main-memory: recovery [15, 19, 20, 16], indexing [2, 23], parallelism [3], and concurrency control [11], for example. However, the issue of query optimization has largely been neglected, partly because many of the applications suited to main-memory systems (e.g., telecom switching and financial trading) use only simple queries requiring, say, a hash lookup on a single table. There are, however, a few applications that require complex queries over memory-resident data. These include financial analysis, and fraud detection in the context of telecommunication. Moreover, we consider main-memory databases to be a “disruptive technology” [5] and so we anticipate that as the technology becomes more widely adopted, MM-DBMS’s will be used in increasingly general-purpose situations, which will require query optimization. Indeed, the recent announcement that Oracle will be including a copy of an in-memory database with each Oracle7 system [22] goes some way toward justifying this belief. Similarly, the emerging popularity of object-oriented DBMS’s, which is partly due to their high performance, is to a great extent attributable to the memory residence of the data.
Mechanisms of mRNA frame maintenance and its subversion during translation of the genetic code

Important viral and cellular gene products are regulated by stop codon readthrough and mRNA frameshifting, processes whereby the ribosome detours from the reading frame defined by three nucleotide codons after initiation of translation. In the last few years, rapid progress has been made in mechanistically characterizing both processes and also revealing that trans-acting factors play important regulatory roles in frameshifting. Here, we review recent biophysical studies that bring new molecular insights to stop codon readthrough and frameshifting. Lastly, we consider whether there may be common mechanistic themes in −1 and +1 frameshifting based on recent X-ray crystal structures of +1 frameshift-prone tRNAs bound to the ribosome.
Solid papillary carcinoma of the breast: A form of intraductal carcinoma with endocrine differentiation frequently associated with mucinous carcinoma

We report 20 examples of a distinctive form of intraductal papillary carcinoma frequently associated with both mucinous carcinoma and infiltrating ductal carcinoma, not otherwise specified. All the patients were in the seventh decade of life or older. The clinical presentation and macroscopic appearance suggested a benign lesion in most cases. The tumors grew in a solid papillary pattern and displayed low-grade cytological features as well as intracellular and extracellular mucin. Endocrine differentiation was demonstrated by the Grimelius stain in 11 of 17 cases and by the chromogranin immunohistochemical technique in eight of 14 cases. Lymph node metastases were not observed, but pulmonary metastasis occurred in one case. All the tumors were positive for estrogen receptors. We postulate that these lesions are the preinvasive counterpart of mucinous carcinomas with endocrine differentiation.
FROM STATUS TO CONTRACT: EVOLVING PARADIGMS FOR REGULATING CONSUMER CREDIT

1. According to Sir Henry Sumner Maine (1822-1888), "the movement of the progressive societies has hitherto been a movementfrom Status to Contract." HENRY SUMNER MAINE, ANCIENT LAW: ITS CONNECTION WiTH THE EARLY HISTORY OF SOCIETY AND ITS RELATION TO MODERN IDEAS 165 (10th ed. 1963) (1861) (alteration in original). This article suggests that
Compliance issues and extemporaneous preparation of medications for pediatric patients.

Objective:Medications often are produced in a form that makes administration to pediatric patients difficult. Even when available in liquid forms, some medications can pose compliance problems in c...
Multicenter Cohort Study Comparing U.S. Management of Inpatient Pediatric Immune Thrombocytopenia to Current Treatment Guidelines.

Background Recent pediatric immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) guidelines have significantly altered and are encouraging an observational approach for patients without significant bleeding regardless of their platelet count. Procedure This retrospective multicenter cohort study utilized the Pediatric Health Information Systems (PHIS) administrative database. Subjects were 6 months to 18 years of age, admitted to a PHIS hospital between January 1, 2008 and September 30, 2014, with a primary diagnosis code for ITP. International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification Code (ICD-9-CM) discharge codes identified significant bleeding. Pharmaceutical billing codes identified the use of pharmacologic therapy for ITP. Clinical management during preguideline admissions (January 1, 2008 to August 31, 2011) was compared to postguideline admissions (September 1, 2011 to September 30, 2014). Results A total of 4,937 subjects met inclusion criteria with a mean age of 6.2 (SD 5) years; 93.4% (4,613/4,937) received pharmacologic treatment for ITP but only 14.2% (699/4,937) had ICD-9-CM codes for significant bleeding; 11.5% (570/4,937) of subjects were readmitted. In comparing pre- versus postguideline time periods, the proportion of subjects receiving ITP pharmacologic treatment did not change (92.9% vs. 94.1%; P = 0.26). A decrease was found in the proportion of bone marrows performed (9.7% vs. 6.4%; P < 0.001) and length of stay (2.3 vs. 2 days; P < 0.001). The proportion of ITP admissions from 2012 to 2014 was modestly decreased when compared to 2008–2010 (12.9 vs. 14.5/10,000 PHIS admissions, P < 0.001). Conclusions Despite guidelines and evidence that supports a watchful waiting approach for pediatric patients with ITP, a large proportion of inpatients without significant bleeding are still receiving pharmacologic therapy. Continued efforts are needed to address why inpatient U.S. practice patterns are so discrepant from current treatment guidelines.
Group Autonomy and Internal Group control

ANY of the central problems for the analysis of human behavior in large scale organizations stem from the complications implicit in an attempt to describe the operation of interrelationships among sub-systems within the total organizational structure. Thus, the psychology of work as an area of study deals, more or less explicitly, with the complex sets of interactions between the needs of the individual personalities and the needs of the organization. Similarly, sociological studies of the work group have focussed on the ways in which the system requirements of the primary group affect the operation of the larger organization. The empirical study reported here was designed to explore further these fundamental interactions. Specifically, it is concerned with the differences in the form and effectiveness of primary group organization that appear to be related to the extent to which the groups in question are integrated into larger aggregations. Evidence will be presented in support of an hypothesis that differences in group autonomy are systematically related to differences in internal group control. As Shils has pointed out,' the attention of students concerned with the relationships among groups at different levels in a hierarchically organized system has tended to be directed toward the consequences for certain formally prescribed control techniques (e.g., rules) of informally defined norms and group pressures. In the analysis of the place of the small group within a larger organization, few serious attempts appear to have been made to deal with the obverse phenomenon of the impact of external relationships on the functioning of the primary group.2 Insofar as some key consequences for group organization of differences in autonomy can be identified, it should be possible to offer significant hypotheses about the characteristics and tactics of internal control within complex organizations. The groundwork is laid for the exploration of such questions as those relating to the organizational characteristics necessary for the maintenance of an equilibrium between the survival requirements of functionally interrelated units in an organization. In the absence of a specification of the reciprocal nature of control measures, such problems resist solution.
Development of a training program for bar-code-assisted medication administration in inpatient pharmacy.

Bar-code-assisted medication administration (BCMA) began at the Colmery-O’Neil Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC), Topeka, Kansas, in 1995,[1][1],[2][2] a simple, innovative idea stemming from the return scanning of an airport rental car. Providing a real-time record of medication administered
Gas-phase rate coefficients for the OH + n-, i-, s-, and t-butanol reactions measured between 220 and 380 K: non-Arrhenius behavior and site-specific reactivity.

Butanol (C4H9OH) is a potential biofuel alternative in fossil fuel gasoline and diesel formulations. The usage of butanol would necessarily lead to direct emissions into the atmosphere; thus, an understanding of its atmospheric processing and environmental impact is desired. Reaction with the OH radical is expected to be the predominant atmospheric removal process for the four aliphatic isomers of butanol. In this work, rate coefficients, k, for the gas-phase reaction of the n-, i-, s-, and t-butanol isomers with the OH radical were measured under pseudo-first-order conditions in OH using pulsed laser photolysis to produce OH radicals and laser induced fluorescence to monitor its temporal profile. Rate coefficients were measured over the temperature range 221–381 K at total pressures between 50 and 200 Torr (He). The reactions exhibited non-Arrhenius behavior over this temperature range and no dependence on total pressure with k(296 K) values of (9.68 ± 0.75), (9.72 ± 0.72), (8.88 ± 0.69), and (1.04 ± 0.0...
Exploring Failure Mechanisms of Lubricated 52100 Steel Contacts in High Vacuum and Dry Air

A vacuum chamber was designed for studying tribological properties of materials under pressures of 5xlO8 Torr to one atmosphere. The chamber is equipped with a pin-on-disk tribometer, in-situ Auger\X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, a sputter-ion gun and a windowless solid-state X-ray detector. In this paper, we present results of a study using 52100 steel balls sliding on flat disks of the same material in vacuum and in dry air as a function of normal load. The contacts were lubricated with a synthetic hydrocarbon oil (poly-a-olefin). Failure is defined as the point at which the coefficient of friction increases rapidly above the steady state value. As expected, failure occurs much sooner in vacuum than in dry air. Surface analysis (Auger and XPS) shows direct evidence of the occurrence of high temperature flashes on the surface, which allows the formation and maintenance of a thick oxide in the presence of an adequate supply of oxygen. In addition, a brown film is formed in the vicinity of the wear track for tests performed in dry air, while this film is absent in vacuum. The brown film appears to be a combination of iron oxide and oxidized hydrocarbon from XPS measurements. Results of these studies suggest that the maintenance of an oxide is associated with extended contact life in these studies.
Association analysis of a chemo-response signature identified within The Cancer Genome Atlas aimed at predicting genetic risk for chemo-response in ovarian cancer.

Background: A gene signature associated with chemo-response in ovarian cancer was created through integration of biological data in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and validated in five independent microarray experiments. Our study aimed to determine if single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the 422-gene signature were associated with a genetic predisposition to platinum-based chemotherapy response in serous ovarian cancer. Methods: An association analysis between SNPs within the 422-gene signature and chemo-response in serous ovarian cancer was performed under the log-additive genetic model using the ‘SNPassoc’ package within the R environment (p<0.0001). Subsequent validation of statistically significant SNPs was done in the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (OCAC) database. Results: 19 SNPs were found to be associated with chemo-response with statistical significance. None of the SNPs found significant in TCGA were validated within OCAC for the outcome of interest, chemo-response. Conclusions: SNPs associated with chemo-response in ovarian cancer within TGCA database were not validated in a larger database of patients and controls from OCAC. New strategies integrating somatic and germline information may help to characterize genetic predictors for treatment response in ovarian cancer.
About Edgar Derby: Trauma and Grief in the Unpublished Drafts of Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five

ABSTRACTIn this essay, I examine the unpublished drafts and false starts of Slaughterhouse-Five alongside Vonnegut’s notes and personal correspondences written between his return home from World War II and the publication of the novel in order to make the case that the novel is as much evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder as it is of a deep and prolonged grief. This grief is attached to a specific fellow prisoner-of-war who manifests in various incarnations in nearly all unpublished versions and early drafts of the novel. This individual is ultimately fictionalized in the character of Edgar Derby; however, many of his characteristics also prefigure the character of Billy Pilgrim.
“Big Willie Style” Staging Hip-Hop Shakespeare and Being Down with the Bard

In 1990 Malcolm McLaren, best known as the founder and manger of the Sex Pistols, developed “The World Famous Supreme Team,” a group of American hip-hop and dance performers for his CD Round the Outside! Round the Outside! Among those gathered was MC Hamlet, a “Dancin’ Black Indian Poet” whose name played on then- popular MC Hammer’s, as well as the Shakespeare play. MC Hamlet rapped a track entitled “II Be or Not II Be,” which played on the famous soliloquy. The first verse of the song began: To be or not to be that is the question Is it more noble of mind this decision To die and lie still for life’s ills and torture The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune Much more important than winning is trying Life should be more than just living and dying Dare I bare arms against troubles I see Opposing—to end them—to die—to sleep.1
High performance fibers and fabrics for civil engineering applications

Abstract: In fiber reinforced plastics (FRP), as a special type of polymer matrix composite, fibers provide the stiffness and strength while the surrounding plastic matrix transfers the stress between fibers and protects them. In this chapter, the role of fibers in FRP is delineated, their types and properties are discussed and the fabric forms in which they can be formed and used to reinforce FRP are presented. A special focus is given to the effect of the chemical structure of fibers on the stability and the level of anisotropy of their mechanical response. Furthermore, the effect of assembling these fibers into yarns and fabrics on the response of the FRP is presented as basis for further readings.
Utilization of a Novel, Multi-Durometer Intracranial Distal Access Catheter: Nuances and Experience in 110 Consecutive Cases of Aneurysm Flow Diversion.

Background: Coaxial catheter support systems provide a safe and stable foundation in endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Increasingly, robust distal
Securitizing charity: the case of Palestinian zakat committees

ABSTRACTIn this article, the argument is offered that securitization of the Palestinian zakat committees became a weapon in the counter-terror arsenal of Israel and the Palestinian Authority (PA) as each sought to exert hegemony over what became framed as a ‘common enemy.’ The article extends the debate as it relates to the increasingly hostile response by state actors and the international community to the work of non- and semi-governmental Muslim charitable actors evidenced by proscription regimes, financial investigation, and prosecutions. Focusing on the example of Israel and the PA, it is contended that the securitization of Palestinian zakat committees was part of a wider policy to inhibit Palestinian autonomy and portray Islamic faith agency as terroristic. Both Israel and the PA, as governing powers, have engaged in attempts to undermine Palestinian zakat committees and their contribution to welfare and humanitarian support in the complex and enduring environment of conflict.
Electoral system effects re-examined using the largest vote share variable

ABSTRACTIn the search for a less controversial pattern between electoral systems and party systems, especially the institutional conditions for multipartism, this article develops and analyses a co...
Cosmetic Tissue Filler Treatment

The aging face is characterized by relative loss of bone and soft tissue, including collagen and dermal volume with a resultant deflation of soft tissue. This volume deficit and static rhytids can be improved by soft tissue augmentation with fillers. There are many varieties of FDA approved, commercially available soft tissue fillers in addition to autogenous fat. Soft tissue fillers typically are described by their chemical structure and their mechanical viscosity. Although there are often multiple choices of filler materials that may be used to treat a given area, some locations will have preferred materials based on individual filler characteristics.
Chapter 22: Current Trends in Successful International M&As

The worldwide landscape of merger and acquisition (M&A) activity has changed dramatically in the past decade. Acquirers, acquisition trends, and the strategies behind those transactions now differ dramatically. Acquisition success rates also appear to be different, with recent research indicating that international acquisitions are more successful than they were previously. Successful acquiring is a complicated combination of melding systems and employees in an environment of cultural contrasts. Successful acquisitions on an international level require financial rigor and discipline combined with an understanding of human behavior and motivation. This chapter examines both the changing trends and the key success factors for M&As in terms of financial inputs and behavioral elements to better understand the complex M&A process and indicators for future success.
Reassessing the Lineage Fusion Hypothesis for the Origin of Double Membrane Bacteria

In 2009, James Lake introduced a new hypothesis in which reticulate phylogeny reconstruction is used to elucidate the origin of Gram-negative bacteria. The presented data supported the Gram-negative bacteria originating from an ancient endosymbiosis between the Actinobacteria and Clostridia. His conclusion was based on a presence-absence analysis of protein families that divided all prokaryotes into five groups: Actinobacteria, Double Membrane bacteria (DM), Clostridia, Archaea and Bacilli. Of these five groups, the DM are by far the largest and most diverse group compared to the other groupings. While the fusion hypothesis for the origin of double membrane bacteria is enticing, we show that the signal supporting an ancient symbiosis is lost when the DM group is broken down into smaller subgroups. We conclude that the signal detected in James Lake’s analysis in part results from a systematic artifact due to group size and diversity combined with low levels of horizontal gene transfer.
Academic Reputation Scores for Law Schools Rebound in 2016 and 2017 to Reclaim 2013 Levels

This essay summarizes the results of the U.S. News & World Report rankings published in 2016 and 2017 with respect to the academic reputation scores of law schools. In addition to analyzing the most recent results for the U.S. News rankings, the essay supplements the more extensive longitudinal study published by this author in 2013. The article also includes updated appendices from the prior study that catalog the U.S. News academic reputation scores for every law school between 1998 and 2017.
An Ecofeminist Account of Cyberbullying: Implications for Environmental and Social Justice Scholar-Educator-Activists.

According to the American Association of University Professors and the Chronicle of Higher Education, instances of targeted faculty harassment are rising. I therefore begin this article by discussi...
Developmental and contextual correlates of mental health and help-seeking among Asian American college students.

Guided by an integrative contextual framework of immigrant youth development (Garcia Coll & Marks, 2012), this study investigated the potential role of developmental (e.g., ethnic identity) and contextual factors (e.g., perceived discrimination, stereotyping) in mental health outcomes and help-seeking attitudes, and variations across gender and nativity among Asian American college students. Online surveys assessing perceived subtle and blatant racism, ethnic identity, the internalization of the model minority stereotype, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and attitudes toward seeking help from mental health professionals were administered to Asian American college student participants (n = 465) from diverse ethnic backgrounds and geographic regions in the United States. The findings support prior research indicating that perceived subtle racism and blatant racism are positively associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms. Further, only certain dimensions of ethnic identity and internalization of the model minority stereotype were found to be associated with mental health outcomes and help-seeking attitudes. The findings did not indicate a significant association between perceived racism and help-seeking attitudes. There were also no significant differences in the relationships among variables across gender and nativity, with the exception of the association between ethnic identity and help-seeking attitudes across gender. The study identified potential risk and protective factors in mental health, while underscoring the multidimensional aspects of social and contextual factors that contribute to mental health and help seeking among Asian American college students. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
Modeling Of Polarization By Point Anodes For Prevention Of Reinforcing Steel Corrosion

This paper addresses the first phase in developing a numerical model for polarization distribution prediction of the rebar-anode system in reinforced concrete slabs with residual chloride contamination, where sacrificial point anodes were embedded in the concrete patch repair area. The modeling approach was developed to characterize the performance of this system under two application scenarios: one with part of the rebar assembly in the active condition and the other with an all-passive assembly. The model results and experimental findings in > 2 year old concrete slabs are compared. Results could be used to determine the anode operating potentials that may be achieved with specific anode placement spacing for highway applications. Experimental polarization curves provide additional information for future modeling improvement.
Fat metabolism in exercise.

Fatty acids are the most abundant source of endogenous energy substrate. They can be mobilized from peripheral adipose tissue and transported via the blood to active muscle. During higher intensity exercise, triglyceride within the muscle can also be hydrolyzed to release fatty acids for subsequent direct oxidation. Control of fatty acid oxidation in exercise can potentially occur via changes in availability, or via changes in the ability of the muscle to oxidize fatty acids. We have performed a series of experiments to distinguish the relative importance of these potential sites of control.
A Brief Analysis of Recent ISO Tolerancing Standards and Their Potential Impact on Digitization of Manufacturing

Abstract The publication of the latest edition of ISO 1101 in 2017 is a landmark event in the development of ISO tolerancing standards. It represents an important milestone in the evolution of ISO tolerancing standards powered by a synergy between technological developments in tolerancing (for specification) and metrology (for verification). The external forces that caused this synergistic evolution stem from digitization of manufacturing (also variously called Smart Manufacturing, Cyber-Manufacturing, Cyber-Physical Production Systems, and Industrie 4.0). This paper provides a brief analysis of a new set of customer-facing ISO tolerancing standards which, along with their promises and challenges, will have a significant impact on digitization of manufacturing.
Total hip arthroplasty utilizing an uncemented, flat, tapered stem with a reduced distal profile.

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to report the midterm results of an uncemented, flat, and tapered femoral stem with a reduced distal profile. Methods 219 total hip arthroplasties were performed using this stem between March 2007 and October 2012. Survival, radiographs, and modified Harris Hip Scores were analyzed. Results Twenty-two (11.1%) patients died from comorbidities but retained their hips; 18 (9.1%) patients were lost to follow-up. Of the remaining 179 hips, all stems remained in situ at a median follow-up of 8.4 (7.0-9.3) years. There was 97.5% (95% CI: 95.1-99.9) survival for all-cause revision with 4 hips revised for instability. Early stem subsidence was identified in 2 patients within 3 months postoperative measured at 4 mm in patient 1 and 3 mm in patient 2. Long-term radiographic follow-up showed 2 hips with incomplete radiolucencies but no evidence of stress shielding, osteolysis, or subsidence among examined hips (n = 93). Spot welding and cortical hypertrophy were present in 58 (62.4%) and 50 (53.8%) hips, respectively. Femoral component position did not change from early postoperative imaging relative to long-term follow-up at ≥5 years (P = .097). Median modified Harris Hip Scores improved from 58.3 (49.5-64.9) points preoperative to 95.7 (88.0-100) points at follow-up (P Conclusions The reduced distal profile stem studied showed no stem revisions at long-term follow-up with an all-cause survivorship of 97.5% at a median follow-up of 8.4 (7.0-9.3) years. The stem showed good bone integration and stability at midterm follow-up in most patients reviewed.
Computer Graphics for Assessment of Eutrophication Venice Lagoon: A Case Study

The City of Venice has been experiencing increased frequency of flooding due to a decreasing differential between land and sea levels. It is estimated that flooding of the Piazza San Marco may occur as often as 40 times per year due to combinations of high tides and storm runoff unless communication of the Lagoon of Venice with the Adriatic Sea can be restricted at such times. A consortium of Italian engineering and construction organizations has proposed installation of hydraulically controlled barriers at the three entrances to the lagoon.
What Does it Mean to be an Engaged Institutional Neighbor?: A Self-Study of an Undergraduate Program in Ministry and Community Engagement

AbstractInstitutions of higher learning are located within the context of neighborhoods. But to what degree do they see themselves as neighbors? What does it mean to be an engaged institutional nei...
Novel Findings on SPECT-CT Tc-99 Sestamibi Imaging for Primary Hyperparathyroidism.

Abstract Background The addition of SPECT-CT to Tc-99 sestamibi has become a valuable tool for parathyroid localization in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP). However, the enhanced sensitivity of this test can lead to unexpected and significant findings. We sought to identify the frequency and types of nonparathyroid detections by SPECT-CT. Materials and methods With institutional approval, we reviewed all SPECT-CT studies performed for PHP between October 2012 and August 2018 for incidental nonparathyroid abnormalities. The electronic medical record was referenced to determine the type of lesion confirmed by additional evaluation. Results Among 2413 studies, 652 patients (27%) had 677 (28%) nonparathyroid findings. The most common were thyroid nodules (331/677, 49%), including 47 (6.9%) malignancies to date: 40 papillary thyroid cancers (11 microcarcinomas), five follicular thyroid cancers, one medullary carcinoma, and one noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like features. One hundred and seventy-seven patients had pulmonary nodules (26%), of whom nine were diagnosed with primary lung lesions (6 non–small-cell cancers, one small-cell cancer, one carcinoid, and one pulmonary sequestration). SPECT-CT revealed 14 patients (2.1%) with breast abnormalities, including three cancers. Nine patients (1.3%) demonstrated metastatic diseases within the lungs (4), bones (3), and mediastinum (2). One patient was diagnosed with follicular lymphoma. Two intracranial tumors were also identified, as well as dysplastic Barrett's esophagitis (1), hiatal hernia (20, 3%), and aortic aneurysm (13, 1.8%). In all, 72/677 (10.6%) PHP patients exhibited premalignant or malignant nonparathyroid SPECT-CT findings. Conclusions In patients undergoing localization for PHP with Tc-99 sestamibi SPECT-CT, nonparathyroid findings are frequent (27%) and can lead to newly diagnosed malignant or premalignant lesions in at least 3% of patients to date.
Developing 13-kV 4H-SiC MOSFETs: Significance of Implant Straggle, Channel Design, and MOS Process on Static Performance

13-kV 4H-SiC MOSFETs were successfully fabricated on a 125- $\mu \text{m}$ -thick epitaxial layer on 6-in, N+ SiC substrates. Both lateral and longitudinal straggles from the P-well implant were investigated to optimize the JFET width and thus to avoid channel pinching in the JFET region. Channel lengths and channel mobilities were varied to investigate the effect of channel portions in determining the ON-state resistance of the 13-kV MOSFETs. It was discovered that the low channel mobility limits the transconductance, such that the MOSFETs cannot offer full current at reasonable gate voltages ( ${V}_{\text {gs}} = \sim \,\,20$ V). Even in high voltage MOSFETs, it is essential to have a reasonably high channel mobility to reduce ON-state power loss. Therefore, channel design and process are also important aspects of high voltage devices. A superior blocking capability of 13.2 kV was demonstrated using a ring-based edge termination structure. It is important to note that the straggling effect due to ion implantations should also be taken into account when designing an edge termination structure. Static electrical characteristics, scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analysis, and 2-D simulation of the 13-kV MOSFETs were employed to support this reasoning.
Phase diagram of dilute polyelectrolytes: Collapse and redissolution by association of counterions and coions

Dilute solutions of strongly charged polymer electrolytes undergo, upon addition of multivaltent salt to the solutions, a phase transition from extended conformations to collapsed or bundled ones. Upon further addition of salt they experience a second transition, a redissolution back into extended conformations. This paper presents a theoretical study of the structure and properties of the phase diagram of these solutions. On the basis of simple phenomenological observations a schematic phase diagram is constructed that allows a simple and explicit determination of the direction of the tie lines within the coexistence region. The actual shape of the coexistence boundary is determined by means of a model mean free energy functional that explicitly includes the possibility of association of both counterions and coions to the electrolyte. It is found that it is possible to redissolve the electrolytes into conformations where the bare charge of the electrolyte is overcompensated by the counterions but, due to the associated coions, can have either sign of total effective charge. When coion association is possible, the redissolution approximately coincides with the reassociation of the coions and counterions in the bulk of the solution.
Polyphosphate is an extracellular signal that can facilitate bacterial survival in eukaryotic cells.

Polyphosphate is a linear chain of phosphate residues and is present in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. Pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis accumulate polyphosphate, and reduced expression of the polyphosphate kinase that synthesizes polyphosphate decreases their survival. How polyphosphate potentiates pathogenicity is poorly understood. Escherichia coli K-12 do not accumulate detectable levels of extracellular polyphosphate and have poor survival after phagocytosis by Dictyostelium discoideum or human macrophages. In contrast, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis accumulate detectable levels of extracellular polyphosphate, and have relatively better survival after phagocytosis by D. discoideum or macrophages. Adding extracellular polyphosphate increased E. coli survival after phagocytosis by D. discoideum and macrophages. Reducing expression of polyphosphate kinase 1 in M. smegmatis reduced extracellular polyphosphate and reduced survival in D. discoideum and macrophages, and this was reversed by the addition of extracellular polyphosphate. Conversely, treatment of D. discoideum and macrophages with recombinant yeast exopolyphosphatase reduced the survival of phagocytosed M. smegmatis or M. tuberculosis. D. discoideum cells lacking the putative polyphosphate receptor GrlD had reduced sensitivity to polyphosphate and, compared to wild-type cells, showed increased killing of phagocytosed E. coli and M. smegmatis. Polyphosphate inhibited phagosome acidification and lysosome activity in D. discoideum and macrophages and reduced early endosomal markers in macrophages. Together, these results suggest that bacterial polyphosphate potentiates pathogenicity by acting as an extracellular signal that inhibits phagosome maturation.
A numerical approach to address the acoustic stiffness in cavitating flows

Abstract A numerical approach based on preconditioning and dual-time stepping (DTS) is proposed to simulate cavitating flows at low Mach numbers. The methodology is based on a fully-compressible homogeneous mixture model and finite rate mass transfer as discussed in Gnanaskandan and Mahesh (2015). The method has shown promising results for capturing the large-scale cavitation in developed cavitation regimes (e.g. Bhatt and Mahesh, 2020; Gnanaskandan and Mahesh, 2016a). Small-scale vapor regions in the incipient cavitation, cavitation inception and wetted conditions are sensitive to free-stream nuclei content (e.g. Hsiao and Chahine, 2005; Bhatt and Mahesh, 2019, 2020). In these regimes, lower values of free-stream nuclei are necessary than what is typically prescribed in homogeneous mixture models that use a fully-compressible formulation. While important for the physical modeling, lower values of free-stream nuclei lead to acoustic stiffness. The goal of the present work is to present a numerical approach to enable such low free-stream nuclei calculations in an accurate manner and in a reasonable amount of time. The key aspects of the numerical approach are: (i) preconditioning applied to the cavitating flow equations in a fully-compressible (density-based) solver, (ii) modifications based on the all-speed Roe-type scheme to the characteristic-based filtering, and (iii) implementation in parallel and on unstructured grids that allow the simulation of complex problems. The numerical formulation of the time-derivative preconditioning matrix, the DTS framework, and modification to the shock-capturing are discussed. A proper conditioning of the preconditioned system of equations is obtained. The methodology is demonstrated for the unsteady flow over a cylinder under wetted and cavitation inception conditions, and LES of flow over a propeller under wetted conditions. Overall, a significant saving in total run-time as compared to the original solver is obtained, without compromising accuracy.
Giovanni Battista Morgagni and the Morgagni Hernia.

Giovanni Morgagni remains an eminent figure in the field of pathological anatomy. Born in Forli, Italy, he excelled as a child. He entered medical school at the age of 16 years old in Bologna. By t...
Estimation of Incubation Period and Serial Interval for SARS-CoV-2 in Jiangxi, China, and an Updated Meta-Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: This paper aims to estimate the incubation period and serial intervals for SARS-CoV-2 based on confirmed cases in Jiangxi Province of China and meta-analysis method. METHODOLOGY: Distributions of incubation period and serial interval of Jiangxi epidemic data were fitted by "fitdistrplus" package of R software, and the meta-analysis was conducted by "meta" package of R software. RESULTS: Based on the epidemic data of Jiangxi, we found the median days of incubation period and serial interval were 5.9 days [IQR: 3.8 - 8.6] and 5.7 days [IQR: 3.6 - 8.3], respectively. The median days of the infectivity period at pre-symptomatic was 1.7 days [IQR: 1.1 - 2.4]. The meta-analysis based on 64 papers showed the pooled means of the incubation period and serial interval were 6.25 days (95% CrI: 5.75 - 6.75) and 5.15 days (95% CrI: 4.73 - 5.57), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results contribute to a better understanding of COVID-19 and provide useful parameters for modelling the dynamics of disease transmission. The serial interval is shorter than the incubation period, which indicates that the patients are infectious at pre-symptomatic period, and isolation of detected cases alone is likely to be difficult to halt the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
Constructing Ideas of the Supernatural

The recent proliferation of research on children’s supernatural concepts is noteworthy, as this work is necessary for a full account of human cognition. Despite this advancement in our field, there...
Optimizing parameters for using the parallel auditory brainstem response (pABR) to quickly estimate hearing thresholds

Timely assessments are critical to providing early intervention and better hearing and spoken language outcomes for children with hearing loss. To facilitate faster diagnostic hearing assessments in infants, we developed the parallel auditory brainstem response (pABR), which presents randomly timed trains of tone pips at five frequencies to each ear simultaneously. We have shown that the pABR yields high-quality waveforms that are similar to the standard, single-frequency serial ABR but in a fraction of the recording time. While well-documented for standard ABRs, it is yet unknown how presentation rate and level interact to affect responses collected in parallel to random tone pip stimuli. Therefore, in this study we determined the optimal range of parameters for the pABR by recording responses across a range of six presentation rates, each at a low and high stimulus level. We show that a wide range of rates yields robust responses in under 15 minutes, but 40 Hz is the optimal singular presentation rate. Extending the analysis window to include later components of the response offers further time-saving advantages for the temporally broader responses to low frequency tone pips. Perceptual thresholds that subtly change across rate allow for a testing paradigm that easily transitions between rates, which may be useful for quickly estimating thresholds for different configurations of hearing loss. These optimized parameters facilitate expediency and effectiveness of the pABR to estimate hearing thresholds in a clinical setting.
Bootcamp Rescue: A Needs-Driven Curriculum for Incoming Interns

Background: The transition between medical school and residency is challenging in many ways, including medical knowledge and procedural skills acquisition. Interns arrive with uneven baselines of clinical skill and knowledge, often feeling unprepared as they assume responsibility for patient care [3]. In addition to subjective feelings of anxiety, there is objective concern for being at increased risk for medical errors and providing suboptimal care [1, 2]. To ease the transition, an intern boot camp was created at Mount Sinai South Nassau’s Internal Medicine Residency to improve the pace at which this acquisition occurs and simultaneously reduce intern anxiety. Methods: The curriculum for boot camp was derived from a needs-based assessment provided by 70% of the first-year class. Participants listed various scenarios they had previously encountered on call, providing a taxonomy of the most encountered, on-call, clinical situations. A bootcamp booklet included a separate guide for each scenario, relevant phone numbers, guide to consultants, and a standardize procedure for sign-outs. Two senior attendings’ suggestions along with residents’ suggestions guided editing the booklet. One of the first-year residents conducted boot camp for two hours during June orientation for all 10 incoming interns. The booklet was provided to each intern with each scenario and sign-outs interactively discussed. Six months into residency, all interns (100%) evaluated the effectiveness of the bootcamp curriculum using a 5-point Likert scale on nine individual items. Results: One hundred percent (10/10) of the interns completed the survey. All strongly agreed or agreed (100%) bootcamp enhanced confidence, increased medical knowledge, and reduced the risk of potential error. Ninety percent (90%) believed bootcamp increased their efficiency. Prior to bootcamp, sixty percent (60%) reported a high anxiety level, 20% reported a very high anxiety level, and 20% reported their anxiety as neither high or low. After bootcamp, only 20% reported their anxiety was high, 40% reported their anxiety was neither low nor high, while 40% reported it was low. Ninety percent (90%) of interns reported the consultant guide was helpful, and half, 50%, reported the sign-out guide was helpful. Lastly, 90% felt there should be an intern boot camp for the next year of interns. Conclusions: An intern bootcamp can improve incoming interns’ confidence and knowledge, while lowering their anxiety, and possibly reduce medical errors.