cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship‐Centered Counseling: A Humanistic Model of Integration

Relationship-centered counseling is a development in the client-centered tradition. It represents a humanistic integration that gives primacy to the humanizing and counseling relationship, conceives technical expertise as the instrumental extension of relationship, and affirms the necessity for an in-depth synthesis of both for effective counseling. Significant findings from contemporary process and outcome research are presented as supportively consistent with the relationship-centered integration, which has implications for research, practice, and training.
Learning Collections of Part Models for Object Recognition

We propose a method to learn a diverse collection of discriminative parts from object bounding box annotations. Part detectors can be trained and applied individually, which simplifies learning and extension to new features or categories. We apply the parts to object category detection, pooling part detections within bottom-up proposed regions and using a boosted classifier with proposed sigmoid weak learners for scoring. On PASCAL VOC 2010, we evaluate the part detectors' ability to discriminate and localize annotated key points. Our detection system is competitive with the best-existing systems, outperforming other HOG-based detectors on the more deformable categories.
A distributed Lagrange multiplier/fictitious domain method for particulate flows

Abstract A new Lagrange-multiplier based fictitious-domain method is presented for the direct numerical simulation of viscous incompressible flow with suspended solid particles. The method uses a finite-element discretization in space and an operator-splitting technique for discretization in time. The linearly constrained quadratic minimization problems which arise from this splitting are solved using conjugate-gradient algorithms. A key feature of the method is that the fluid–particle motion is treated implicitly via a combined weak formulation in which the mutual forces cancel—explicit calculation of the hydrodynamic forces and torques on the particles is not required. The fluid flow equations are enforced inside, as well as outside, the particle boundaries. The flow inside, and on, each particle boundary is constrained to be a rigid-body motion using a distributed Lagrange multiplier. This multiplier represents the additional body force per unit volume needed to maintain the rigid-body motion inside the particle boundary, and is analogous to the pressure in incompressible fluid flow, whose gradient is the force required to maintain the constraint of incompressibility. The method is validated using the sedimentation of two circular particles in a two-dimensional channel as the test problem, and is then applied to the sedimentation of 504 circular particles in a closed two-dimensional box. The resulting suspension is fairly dense, and the computation could not be carried out without an effective strategy for preventing particles from penetrating each other or the solid outer walls; in the method described herein, this is achieved by activating a repelling force on close approach, such as might occur as a consequence of roughness elements on the particle. The development of physically based mathematical methods for avoiding particle–particle and particle–wall penetration is a new problem posed by the direct simulation of fluidized suspensions. The simulation starts with the particles packed densely at the top of the sedimentation column. In the course of their fall to the bottom of the box, a fingering motion of the particles, which are heavier than the surrounding fluid, develops in a way reminiscent of the familiar dynamics associated with the Rayleigh–Taylor instability of heavy fluid above light. We also present here the results of a three-dimensional simulation of the sedimentation of two spherical particles. The simulation reproduces the familiar dynamics of drafting, kissing and tumbling to side-by-side motion with the line between centers across the flow at Reynolds numbers in the hundreds.
The biomechanics of erectile dysfunction

This paper discusses the application of mechanical engineering concepts to the field of erectile dysfunction. These concepts include the use of mathematical modelling to predict the amount of venous leakage as a cause of impotence; the role of tissue mechanical properties, especially elasticity (cavernosal expandibility and tunical distensibility) in the maintenance of normal erectile function and the contribution of penile geometry (penile aspect ratio) to the development of impotence.
TOOLS FOR TEACHING PRONUNCIATION

Learning a foreign language has often erroneously meant undue emphasis on grammar in the form of paradigms, and vocabulary in the form of memorized lists of new words and their equivalents in the native language of the learner. Unfortunately, pronunciation is given only a mention in the preface of many texts, and the actual problem of teaching pronunciation often rests with a teacher who may lack the tools and the training to teach it effectively. The English Language Institute at the University of Michigan, with its goal of teaching oral proficiency in English to students of other language backgrounds, has incorporated into i ts teaching material anumber of tools for teaching pronunciation: a special alphabet, a vowel chart, and a facial diagram. A brief description of each of these tools may be of help to teachers in need of pronunciation materials that the students can see and work with in and out of class. It is extremely difficult for a student to hear and reproduce correctly significant sounds in a new language which do not occur in the sound patterns of his own language. With the teaching materials to be presented here, the teacher can explain and illustrate the proper way to pronounce these new sounds. THE SPECIAL ALPHABET In English the same sound is often spelled in a variety of ways. The underlined le t ters in the following words a re all pronounced the same way: bee, me, key, @pie, spKak, qKy. The sound which we may represent as Bj, in other words, is spelled ee, e, ey, eo, ea, and uay. On the other hahd, words which a re spelled similarly are often pronounced in a number of different ways: c s , h i c c e , through, en=, dr-t. It can be seen that it would be of great help to a teacher of pronunciation to have an alphabet in which a sound in a particular language is always represented by the same symbol and each symbol represents only one significant sound in that language. The following special alphabet used by the English Language Institute includes all the distinctive sounds of English and is based on the principle 1 sound1 symbol.
CD25+ Immunoregulatory CD4 T Cells Mediate Acquired Central Transplantation Tolerance

Transplantation tolerance is induced reliably in experimental animals following intrathymic inoculation with the relevant donor strain Ags; however, the immunological mechanisms responsible for the induction and maintenance of the tolerant state remain unknown. We investigated these mechanisms using TCR transgenic mice (TS1) that carry T cells specific for an immunodominant, MHC class II-restricted peptide (S1) of the influenza PR8 hemagglutinin (HA) molecule. We demonstrated that TS1 mice reject skin grafts that have transgene-encoded HA molecules (HA104) as their sole antigenic disparity and that intrathymic but not i.v. inoculation of TS1 mice with S1 peptide induces tolerance to HA-expressing skin grafts. Intrathymic peptide inoculation was associated with a dose-dependent reduction in T cells bearing high levels of TCR specific for HA. However, this reduction was both incomplete and transient, with a full recovery of S1-specific thymocytes by 4 wk. Peptide inoculation into the thymus also resulted in the generation of immunoregulatory T cells (CD4 + CD25 + ) that migrated to the peripheral lymphoid organs. Adoptive transfer experiments using FACS sorted CD4 + CD25 − and CD4 + CD25 + T cells from tolerant mice revealed that the former but not the latter maintain the capacity to induce rejection of HA bearing skin allografts in syngeneic hosts. Our results suggest that both clonal frequency reduction in the thymus and immunoregulatory T cells exported from the thymus are critical to transplantation tolerance induced by intrathymic Ag inoculation.
DEFINING A DISCOVERY: PRIORITY AND METHODOLOGICAL CONTROVERSY IN EARLY NINETEENTH-CENTURY ANATOMY

In the early nineteenth century, Charles Bell and Francois Magendie engaged in a decades-long priority dispute over the discovery of the roots of motor and sensory nerves. The constantly recalibrated arguments of its participants illuminate changes in the life sciences during that period. When Bell first wrote about the nerves in 1811, surgeon-anatomists ran small schools out of their homes, natural theology was in vogue, exchanges between British and French medical practitioners were limited by the Napoleonic Wars, and British practitioners typically rejected experimental physiology and vivisection. By the end of Magendie's career, medical science was produced in the laboratory, taught through artfully produced performances of the sort at which Magendie excelled, and disseminated through journals. It is not entirely clear which historical character, Bell or Magendie, 'won' the dispute, nor that they even had clear and consistent positions in it, but what is clear is that one style of science had won out over the other, and over the course of the dispute, pedagogy lost pride of place in medical science.
Evidence for Reciprocal Interaction Effects Among Adults with Self-Injury and Their Caregivers

Patterns of caregiver responses to client adaptive behavior were compared between adults with intellectual disabilities with and without self-injurious behavior. Participants with moderate to profound intellectual disability and self-injury (n=89) and age/IQ matched control participants (n=20) were selected from a large sample of adults living in a regional residential center. Approximately 45 minutes of direct observation data were collected for each participant during unstructured leisure time. Data were sequentially analyzed and Yule's Q scores derived and compared among groups. Results indicated that caregivers were more responsive to prosocial initiations and adaptive engagement among individuals with severe self-injurious behavior than to those with mild or no self-injurious behavior and that these responses were more likely to be in the form of a demand.
Integrated management of strawberry pests by rotation and intercropping

Abstract ‘Saia’ oats ( Avena strigosa ) and ‘Triple S’ sorgho-sudangrass ( Sorghum bicolor x S. sudanense ) were investigated as rotation crops and as interplanted companion crops the following year for their individual and combined effects on strawberry root pathogens, weed species composition and density, weevil and white grub densities in soil, rhizosphere microbial populations, nutrient content of crowns, and strawberry yield. Treatments were compared with ‘Garry’ oats ( Avena sativa ) or continuous ‘Honeoye’ strawberries at two sites in Connecticut. Lesion nematode ( Pratylenchus penetrans ) recovery was greater from Garry oats than for strawberry, Saia oats or sorgho-sudangrass. Bait root infection by Rhizoctonia fragariae was highest for strawberry. Weed density was inversely related to rotation crop density. White grub larvae were most common in strawberry. Rotation crop did not affect isolation of Rhizoctonia or Pythium in 1996 or 1997. Weed growth in plots in 1996 was suppressed after sorgho-sudangrass in 1995, but not in 1997. Intercropping was similar to herbicide application, but only when the intercrop was present. Rotation crop did not affect pathogen recovery from roots of 2-year old strawberry crowns. Numbers of European chafer larvae were greatest in Saia oats, which may have been attractive to gravid females. Japanese and Asiatic garden beetle populations were positively correlated with soil organic matter. Rhizosphere populations of fluorescent pseudomonads were unaffected by treatment. Fruit yield (1997) was greatest in plots previously planted to Garry or Saia oats and least after sorgho-sudangrass, possibly due to phytotoxic properties of residues. Production of rotation crops such as sorgho-sudangrass or Saia oats may suppress pathogen densities, weeds, and white grub densities prior to planting strawberries but may also adversely affect strawberry growth and yield.
On the nonlinear system identification of a class of bilinear dynamical models

A nonlinear system identification technique based on the functional spline interpolation for dealing with high-dimensional bilinear dynamical models is described. At first, the nonlinear dynamics of a given system are transformed through Carleman bilinearization into a bilinear form. Decoupled bilinear models are then constructed, with input-output mappings expressible in closed form and with dimension determined by the number of training signals used in a prior learning stage. The motivation is given by the need for order reduction and input-output analysis of Carleman bilinearization. For illustration purposes, the technique is then applied to a forced version of Duffing's equation. >
Temporal and spatial current stability of smart field emission arrays

Emission current stability and the spatial uniformity of field emission devices are improved when a lightly doped drain MOSFET (LD-MOSFET) is integrated with a field emission array (FEA). At comparable current levels, the emission noise (/spl Delta/I/I) decreased from 16.9% to 1.8%. Emission current fluctuation was reduced in the integrated device compared to the FEA device even in the presence of gases. Spatial current uniformity was achieved in the integrated MOSFET/FEA devices at different wafer positions and for different array sizes. The results are explained by a two-step field emission process, which consists of an electron supply step determined by the MOSFET inversion layer and an electron transmission step determined by the field emission barrier width. The device structure also results in low voltage control of emission current.
Proverb interpretation in schizophrenia: the significance of symptomatology and cognitive processes

Although clinicians have patients interpret proverbs in mental status exams for psychosis, there are few empirical studies investigating the significance of proverb interpretation. In schizophrenia patients, we found abstraction positively correlated with overall intelligence but no symptom measures, concreteness negatively correlated with overall intelligence, executive functioning, attention, and memory, and bizarre-idiosyncratic responses associated with positive formal thought disorder but no cognitive functions.
Designing a via-configurable regular fabric

In this paper we present an architecture of a via-configurable regular fabric. The basic logic block is composed of via-configurable functional cells placed in a circular fashion along with a via-decomposable flip-flop. Segmented, prefabricated wires provide the intra-block and inter-block connections. All the interconnects can be customized using a set of programmable via masks. This architecture can achieve performance similar to that of standard-cell-based designs in a comparable area, but with greatly reduced mask cost.
Fleeting with Passenger and Cargo Origin-Destination Booking Control

In tactical planning of an airline, fleeting or capacity planning is the process of assigning an equipment type to each flight. The existing fleeting models take into account only passenger flow while completely ignoring cargo traffic. We propose a fleeting model that captures both passenger and cargo revenue. In addition, the model integrates fleeting and a bid price based origin-destination (O-D) revenue management approach. We use Benders decomposition to solve the model. We give extensive computational experiments on data obtained by a major carrier.
Measurement of the frequency dependence of the sound speed and attenuation of seafloor sands from 1 to 400 kHz

Measurements of sound speed and attenuation were performed over a frequency range from 1 to 400 kHz in the sandy seafloor near Ft. Walton Beach, FL, as part of the 2004 Sediment Acoustics Experiment (SAX04). The measurements at the lowest frequencies, from 1 to 20 kHz, were performed by transmitting tone burst signals from two acoustic sources positioned at depths up to 1 m below the seafloor which were recorded on a 4 m × 4 m array of 35 hydrophones emplaced to depths of between 0.1 and 1 m. Measurements were obtained at frequencies from 40 to 200 kHz with the In Situ Sediment Acoustic Measurement System (ISSAMS), a fixed linear array of four piezoelectric probes. The probes were inserted to a depth of 0.3 m, and the outer two probes were used as transmitters, with the inner probes acting as receivers. Sound-speed measurements were also made at 100, 200, and 400 kHz on diver-collected cores using four separate pairs of ultrasonic transducers. The sound-speed measurements above 40 kHz demonstrate an essentially constant sound-speed ratio with frequency of between 1.165 and 1.175, where the sound-speed ratio is the ratio of the speed through the sand to the speed through the overlying seawater. The sound-speed ratio determined from the low-frequency array data decreased from 1.135 to 1.115 with decreasing frequency below 20 kHz. Uncertainties in the sound-speed ratio values on the order of ±0.02 do not allow meaningful tests of the ability of Biot-Stoll or Buckingham propagation models to describe the observed dispersion. The measured attenuation values show a range from 1 to 120 dB/m with frequency from 1 to 400 kHz. At frequencies above 40 kHz, the attenuation follows a linear trend parallel to the estimates from the Buckingham model, as fit to the data with two free parameters, and at the highest frequencies significantly exceeding the Biot model prediction, as parameterized with values selected from the range of measurements of sediment and pore-water properties made from throughout the SAX04 site. At frequencies below 20 kHz, the data straddle the trends from the two models.
A sharp sufficient condition for solution of a nonlinear elliptic boundary value problem

Abstract : The paper establishes a sufficient condition such that the equation Au + g(u) = h has a weak solution u with generalized Dirichlet data zero where A is any self-adjoint strongly and uniformly elliptic linear partial differential operator with real-valued, reasonably smooth coefficients defined on a bounded open set Omega of E superscript n, where h is square-integrable and real-valued on Omega, and where g is any continuous real-valued function defined for all real numbers such that g(infinity) = lim as x approaches infinity g(x) and g(minus infinity) = lim as x approaches minus infinity g(x) exist (and are finite) such that g(minus infinity) = or < g(x) = or < g(infinity) for all real x. (Author)
Speech and language development in cognitively delayed children with cochlear implants.

Objective:The primary goals of this investigation were to examine the speech and language development of deaf children with cochlear implants and mild cognitive delay and to compare their gains with those of children with cochlear implants who do not have this additional impairment.Design:We retrosp
Marketing Small Towns: A Preliminary Investigation

This study is a preliminary investigation into the marketing processes used by small towns/cities to attract business revenue and tourism dollars. Because small town governments do not have the resources of large cities to spend on marketing, it is unclear if they utilize the marketing process in a manner similar to large cities or businesses. Personal interviews were used to determine the process by which small towns attract businesses to their area as well as develop tourism. Small towns must develop business opportunities to encourage economic development in their cities as well as create tourism opportunities to increase the economic impact in the area. The findings indicate that, while some similarities exist due to common goals, different processes are used by different size cities. While the process for economic development through the attraction of businesses is similar in most cities, the process to create tourism differs for small towns. The smaller towns do not utilize the full marketing process which could create a better brand identity that could make them more successful. Instead, they take a more entrepreneurial approach by sharing resources and developing partnerships with other small towns to utilize their resources more effectively.
Discrete thalamic lesions attenuate winter adaptations and increase body weight.

The midline thalamus (e.g., the paraventricular thalamic nuclei and the reuniens nucleus) of Siberian hamsters and other mammals has been reported to contain specific binding sites for melatonin, a hormone that is essential for photoperiodically induced winter adaptations such as reproductive quiescence, loss of body weight, daily torpor, and the winter molt. The first experiment investigated whether the midline thalamus is necessary for these winter adaptations. Adult Siberian hamsters received discrete neurotoxic lesions of the paraventricular thalamic nuclei or the reuniens nucleus while under pentobarbital sodium-induced anesthesia. After recovery, the hamsters were monitored for winter adaptations while they were exposed to short photoperiods (10 h light/day) for 12 wk at 22 degrees C then for 60 days at 7 degrees C. Lesions of the reuniens nucleus, but not of the paraventricular thalamic nuclei, significantly inhibited short photoperiod-induced loss of body weight and tended to increase food consumption and decrease daily torpor. The second experiment showed that lesions of the reuniens nucleus increased body weight gain compared with that in controls during exposure to long photoperiods at 22 degrees C for 16 wk. In summary, these findings show that the reuniens nucleus is an important site for regulation of body weight and suggest that lesions of the reuniens nucleus may attenuate winter metabolic adaptations by causing an increase in body weight.
On the nature of tincalconite

An examination of synthetic crystalline material by single crystal X-ray diffractometry reveals a unit-cell dimension that was previously ascribed to tincalconite. However, the best fit to the reflection data obtained at 291(2) K is obtained with composition Na 6 [B 4 O 5 (OH) 4 )] 3 ·8H 2 O. This formula is different from the Na 2 [B 4 O 5 (OH) 4 )]·3H 2 O previously assigned to tincalconite from an earlier crystallographic study. Additionally, our model fits best with non-crystallographic measurements and agrees with the analysis from a more recent low temperature crystallographic analysis. Tincalconite is best formulated as Na 6 [B 4 O 5 (OH) 4 )] 3 ·8H 2 O. It is trigonal, R 32, a = 11.1402 (11), c = 21.207 (3) A, Z = 3, R = 0.020 for 512 F o > 4σ ( F o ) and 0.021 for all 529 data at 291(2) K.
Preliminary Investigations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Vaccine in Patients with Leukemia and Cystic Fibrosis

A heptavalent lipopolysaccharide vaccine against Pseudomonas has been developed. Clinical trials revealed a decreased incidence of sepsis and mortality due to Pseudomonas in vaccinated patients with burns. If vaccinated, certain groups of immunosuppressed patients with cancer may also have a decreased incidence of death associated with Pseudomonas. Trials of parenteral vaccination in patients with cystic fibrosis show little benefit. Adverse reactions to this vaccine are frequent and often limit the dose given.
Fiber Optics Packaging

A discussion of upcoming trends in multimode fiber optics module styles, product architecture and product usage. Emphasis is given to high speed, high density applications (e.g. supercomputing and core routing).
Experimental Researches on Ultrafiltration Used in Reusing the Reverse Osmosis Concentration in Intermediate Water System

The reverse osmosis concentration in intermediate water system of one power plant in Hebei is reused by ultrafiltration and the quality of concentration water is studied as well as effect of pH value on the membrane treatment.The results show that,when pH value is around 5.5,the effect is good and the removal of organic matter and silicon in the concentration water is obvious.
Epidemiological Characteristics and Controlling Strategy of Measles in Changsha County from 2000 to 2008

Objective To know the epidemiological characteristics of measles in Changsha County and to explore the strategies of controlling measles. Method A descriptive epidemiological analysis was made on the data of measles epidemic situation in Changsha County from 2000 to 2008. Results There were a total of 293 cases of measles reported from 2000 to 2008, which of them,the ratios of the cases under the age of primary immunization and the elderly cases increased relatively.The ratio of the cases of 8-monthold children accounted for 50% of the 0～1-year-old group,and the ratio of the cases of ≥18-year-old people accounted for 42.66% of the total cases.The annual average incidence rate of permanent residents was 4.86/100,000 and most of the patients were adults,the ratio of the cases of ≥18-year-old people accounted for 39.92% of the total cases of permanent residents.Among the floating population,most of the patients were younger children,the ratio of the cases of 10-year-old children accounted for 44.44% of the total cases of floating residents,and the ratios of the cases of scattered children and the students accounted for 27.30% and 32.42% respectively.There were 26.96% sufferers had MV immunization history,and 73.04% sufferers had no or incomplete immunization history.The peak of measles incidence occurred during the periods of March and June. Conclusions The results suggest that the major reasons leading to measles outbreak are the continuous increase of floating population and the cumulation of blank or failure immunization population.High coverage rate of regulated immunization combined with catch-up and effective surveillance would be the key controlling strategy of measles.
18F-rFDGSCH: A novel Fluorine-18 PET imaging agent for Dopamine D1 Receptors

1049 Objectives The neurological dopamine system is important for reward administration and transmission of signals between brain regions. Significant impairment has been associated with Parkinson’s disease, ADHD, hypertension and other CNS disorders. Since there is continued interest in dopamine D1 receptor imaging as well as dopamine effects on D1 receptors, the technique of reductive amination of glycosylamines (rFDGly) was used to synthesize reduced fluoro-2-deoxyglycosyl-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-l-(39-aminophenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-3-Benzazepine (rFDGSCH) as a potential PET imaging agent for D1 receptor with moderate affinity and lower lipophilicity. Methods rFDGSCH was synthesized by reductive amination of SCH38548 with 2-FDG under anhydrous condition (methanol, molecular sieves and acetic acid pH 4.2) followed by reduction using NaCNBH3. 18F-rFDGSCH was synthesized by mixing SCH38548 and 18F-FDG under the same anhydrous conditions and NaCNBH3. Total radiosynthesis time was 60 mins. 18F-rFDGSCH was isolated using reverse-phase semi-prep HPLC. Affinity of rFDGSCH for D1 receptors was measured using 3H-SCH23390 and binding of 18F-rFDGSCH (0.1 mCi/cc) were evaluated by autoradiography on rat brain slices. Results Stable product of rFDGSCH was purified in high yield. A competition binding assay of rFDGSCH using 3H-SCH23390 showed binding of rFDGSCH to rat brain D1 receptors in the striatum with an IC50 of 5.19x10-8. 18F-rFDGSCH was purified using HPLC (ret time: 10 mins; 60%CH3CN:40% aqueous 0.1%Et3N) in modest yields. Autoradiographic studies using 18F-rFDGSCH in Sprague Dawley horizontal rat brain slices showed selectivity for the striatum, with striatum to cerebellum ratio of >2. Optimization of semi-anhydrous conditions to enhance radiochemical yields is being investigated. Conclusions Using reductive amination, stable rFDGSCH and 18F-rFDGSCH were prepared and isolated. Our preliminary findings indicate that a hydrophilic FDG moiety is tolerated in SCH38548 thus providing a less lipophilic radiotracer in 18F-rFDGSCH compared to previously reported D1 receptor PET radiotracers.
Crosslinking of DNA-linked ligands to target proteins for enrichment from DNA-encoded libraries

Achieving sufficient enrichment of ligands from DNA-encoded libraries for detection can be difficult, particularly for low affinity ligands within highly complex libraries. To address this challenge, we present an approach for crosslinking DNA-linked ligands to target proteins using electrophilic or photoreactive groups. The approach involves the tethering of a ssDNA oligonucleotide to a DNA-encoded molecule to enable attachment of a reactive group post-synthetically via DNA hybridization. Crosslinking traps ligand–protein complexes while in solution and allows for stringent washing conditions to be applied in the subsequent purification. Five reactive groups (tosyl, NHS ester, sulfonyl fluoride, phenyl azide, and diazirine) were tested for crosslinking efficiency and specificity with three DNA-linked ligands to their target proteins. In a model selection, crosslinking resulted in improved enrichment of both high and a low affinity ligands in comparison to a selection with a solid-phase immobilized protein.
GENE INTERACTIONS IN IMMUNOGLOBULINS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses gene interactions in immunoglobulins. It highlights that it was Oudin who first applied the word allotype to genetically determined antigenic differences that are controlled by alleles. Through the work of Oudin and others with rabbits and the work of many with human immunoglobulins, it became clear that two independently segregating gene loci controlled the allotype of group markers of the heavy (H) and light (L) chains respectively. Recognition of allotypes in the mouse followed soon thereafter, and since that time the findings in the three species have complemented and confirmed each other so that progress in understanding the genetic control of immunoglobulins has occurred with gratifying speed. By the early 1960s several classes of immunoglobulins, defined by their H-chains and the kappa and lambda L-chain types, had been recognized, presaging the findings of alleles (allotypes) at several loci. In 1964 several workers studying human and mouse immunoglobulin virtually simultaneously recognized the existence of a set of linked structural genes for several immunoglobulin H-chains or classes constituting an H-chain chromosome region.
New Directions for the Consumer Movement: The Electoral Process

Arguing that the consumer movement has paid relatively little attention to an important area in our lives, viz. the electoral process, the author points out areas of dissatisfaction of the electorate and possible approaches to lessen such dissatisfaction.
The Idea of Recovery

The idea of recovery has revolutionized our understanding of mental illness and its treatment, yet its meanings are diverse and it is invoked in many different contexts. This chapter systematically analyzes the idea, as it is used in contemporary mental health research, practice, services and policy, the scientific and social issues that fall under its rubric, the evolution of related ideas that results in the current state of affairs, and where that evolution may take us in the foreseeable future. The materials for this analysis include the scientific literature and scholarly discourse on recovery, law, regulation and social policy, discourse in the mental health professions and service industry, and popular media. The conceptual challenge for understanding the meaning of recovery is not one of definition so much as selection, determining which paradigm of recovery is most pertinent to which context or application or person.
A novel SCR macromodel for ESD circuit simulation

Modeling the circuit behavior of electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection devices under typical ESD stress transients is critical to understanding ESD protection circuit behavior. We present a novel macromodel which greatly reduces the time and effort required to develop circuit simulation models of SCR (silicon controlled rectifier) structures. Simulation results using the SCR macromodel to model LVTSCR behavior under both HBM and CDM stress are presented.
Structure and Status in Design Teams: Implications for Design Management

From the perspective of design management, the obvious answer is that designed products derive long chains of decisions, and that different decisions made at critical points in the process result in differences in the designed products. Though this is a fairly commonplace observation, it has deep implications. It suggests that a design can be understood in terms of the decision-making process used to arrive at it, not only in the terms of the aesthetic, market, or technological factors commonly assumed to drive designs. For products designed in groups, this means the organizing structures used to facilitate coordination during the design process have a substantive effect on the content of the design. Beyond coordination, the primary intent of an organizing structure is to control how decisions are made. This means we must consider the design implications of the types of organizing structures we currently use to manage design practice. General business trends suggest a movement toward flat, low-hierarchy organizational structures that are centered around self-managing teams (Dumaine 1990; Katzenbach & Smith 1993). Anecdotal evidence suggests this is particularly true for design organizations and it has significant implications for decision making in teams. When flat organizing structures are adopted in design teams, designers must negotiate design decisions among team members, because a hierarchical, or “top-down,” approach to decisionmaking is not available. Indeed, that members of a design team negotiate decisions with one another during design projects is obvious to anyone who has performed design or observed group design process. Yet, while the fact that these product-defining negotiations occur in groups is often acknowledged, only rarely are the dynamics of the negotiation examined. A common assumption seems to be that these decision-making negotiations proceed in a reasonable if not rational manner, this being a basic premise of design-management processes, such as concurrent engineering. However, in my year-long observation of decision-making negotiations in groups in an R&D organization, I found that negotiations did not follow a pattern of obvious reason or rationality. Rather, I found the patterns and outcomes of negotiations were best explained in terms of status dynamics in the groups. This study examines these status dynamics and their effects on groups that must negotiate designs. Starting from the proposition that meetings can be viewed as status contests, I describe the nature and the content of the status currency used in one organization. I then induce a model of status dynamics that describes how an individual’s level of status might affect the behaviors he or she uses to participate in the group’s working negotiations. In the subsequent quantitative
An Insurrectionary Generation: Young People, Poverty, Education, and Obama

The Baltimore Algebra Project is a student-run, student-staffed nonprofit that employs public high schoolers and recent graduates as math study group leaders and as organized advocates for quality education as a constitutional right. In this essay Jay Gillen draws on his experiences as a facilitator of the Algebra Project to argue that only a generation of young people—and particularly young people in poverty—has the potential and the necessary boldness to break the caste system of schooling. In this struggle, they follow their ancestors who "earned" the insurrections required to break the slave and sharecropper systems. How young people in poverty interpret Obama's election, asserts Gillen, will determine what Obama means for educational justice.
Flip-chip bonded silicon carbide MOSFETs as a low parasitic alternative to wire-bonding

This paper presents flip-chip bonding as an alternative to wire-bonding for commercially available silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs. A process was developed for the wire-bondless attachment of a SiC power MOSFET onto a substrate. The gate and source bond pads of commercially available MOSFETs are typically made of aluminum to aid the wire bonding process. The process for obtaining a finish suitable for soldering or sintering on these pads is described in this paper. An additional concern during the flip-chip bonding of a MOSFET is the possible shorting of the source and gate pads. The gate and source terminals of the power MOSFET are typically in very close proximity with each other on the die, making the flip-chip process susceptible to the formation of conductive bridges when soldering or sintering. A procedure for addressing this concern is presented. The performance benefits of the flip-chip scheme are analyzed and compared with the traditional wire bonding process through die shear and pull tests.
Forthcoming: The Fallacy of Free Will in Prostitution: Encouraging Prostitution Reform to Prevent the Repeated Victimization of Vulnerable Persons

The crisis of human trafficking has gained increasing attention during the past decade. Sale, coercion, and exploitation of human beings still thrive in the darkest corners of the safest cities. In 2003, the United Nations passed the Trafficking in Persons Protocol, urging states to pass legislation prosecuting perpetrators of trafficking and protecting victims. While nations across the world have begun to institute new laws to fulfill the obligations created by the protocol, these efforts still fall short of controlling the worst activities. The failure to protect women and children from sexual exploitation lies with ineffective legislation. A lack of ability to prosecute, weak criminal sanctions, and a failure to treat victims as trafficked persons has stunted progress in trafficking control. This note addresses the specific problem of sexual exploitation of victims by analyzing the Palermo Protocol’s stipulations as it refers to sexual exploitation and prostitution and comparing and contrasting different methods of combating sexual trafficking through prostitution reform. Finally, this note will suggest how the United States can change its laws to further the Palermo Protocol’s mission and protect victims of human trafficking. While there is no perfect solution currently, there are valuable methods the U.S. can apply to seek improvement of the status quo.
Phonological development in two-way bilingual immersion: The case of Spanish vowels

In spite of the well-documented advantage of an early age of acquisition, findings from one-way (foreign language) immersion programs suggest that this instructional context is insufficient for acquisition of nativelike articulations by child foreign language learners. It has been suggested that the lack of exposure to native speaking peers may contribute to reported non-native pronunciation. This study expands upon the previous research with child second language learners of Spanish, exploring how children, who learn academic content in Spanish, alongside native Spanish-speaking peers produce the Spanish vowels. Few differences are observed between the learner and peer native speaker groups, suggesting that the direct contact with native speakers of Spanish afforded by two-way bilingual immersion promotes phonological acquisition.
Implantation of Sacral Nerve Stimulator

Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) is a therapeutic option for patients with fecal incontinence who have failed other treatment modalities. The procedure is generally divided into two stages. In Stage 1, a quadripolar lead is positioned in the S3 foramen and tested with a temporary stimulator. If the patient experiences over 50 % improvement of symptoms during a 2-week trial period, the temporary stimulator is exchanged for a subcutaneously implanted permanent one. This chapter describes indications, essential steps, variations, and complications of both stages of the procedure.
Clinical Informatics Researcher’s Desiderata for the Data Content of the Next Generation Electronic Health Record

Objective Clinical informatics researchers depend on the availability of high-quality data from the electronic health record (EHR) to design and implement new methods and systems for clinical practice and research. However, these data are frequently unavailable or present in a format that requires substantial revision. This article reports the results of a review of informatics literature published from 2010 to 2016 that addresses these issues by identifying categories of data content that might be included or revised in the EHR. Materials and Methods We used an iterative review process on 1,215 biomedical informatics research articles. We placed them into generic categories, reviewed and reﬁned the categories, and then assigned additional articles, for a total of three iterations. Results Our process identiﬁed eight categories of data content issues: Adverse Events, Clinician Cognitive Processes, Data Standards Creation and Data Communication, Genomics, Medication List Data Capture, Patient Preferences, Patient-reported Data, and Phenotyping. Discussion These categories summarize discussions in biomedical informatics literature that concern data content issues restricting clinical informatics research. These barriers to research result from data that are either absent from the EHR or are inadequate (e.g., in narrative text form) for the downstream applications of the data. In light of these categories, we discuss changes to EHR data storage that should be considered in the redesign of EHRs, to promote continued innovation in clinical informatics. Conclusion Based on published literature of clinical informaticians’ reuse of EHR data, we characterize eight types of data content that, if included in the next generation of EHRs, would ﬁnd immediate application in advanced informatics tools and techniques.
Charging and Transport Dynamics of a Flow-Through Electrode Capacitive Deionization System

We present a study of the interplay among electric charging rate, capacitance, salt removal, and mass transport in “flow-through electrode” capacitive deionization (CDI) systems. We develop two models describing coupled transport and electro-adsorption/desorption which capture salt removal dynamics. The first model is a simplified, unsteady zero-dimensional volume-averaged model which identifies dimensionless parameters and figures of merits associated with cell performance. The second model is a higher fidelity area-averaged model which captures both spatial and temporal responses of charging. We further conducted an experimental study of these dynamics and considered two salt transport regimes: (1) advection-limited regime and (2) dispersion-limited regime. We use these data to validate models. The study shows that, in the advection-limited regime, differential charge efficiency determines the salt adsorption at the early stage of the deionization process. Subsequently, charging transitions to a quasi-s...
Immunotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer: More Than Just a Gut Feeling.

Development of pancreatic cancer in spontaneous murine models is associated with enrichment of specific strains of gut and intratumoral bacteria that induce a tolerogenic immunosuppressive microenvironment favoring cancer progression and resistance to immunotherapies. Ablation of the microbiome with antibiotics reshapes the tumor microenvironment, inducing T-cell activation, improving immune surveillance, and increasing sensitivity to immunotherapy in established tumors. Cancer Discov; 8(4); 386-8. ©2018 AACR.See related article by Pushalkar et al., p. 403.
Cost-effectiveness of Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Adults With Type 1 Diabetes Compared With Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose: The DIAMOND Randomized Trial.

OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the societal cost-effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) using multiple insulin injections. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In the Multiple Daily Injections and Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Diabetes (DIAMOND) trial, 158 patients with T1D and HbA 1c ≥7.5% were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to CGM or control. Participants were surveyed at baseline and 6 months. Within-trial and lifetime cost-effectiveness analyses were conducted. A modified Sheffield T1D policy model was used to simulate T1D complications. The main outcome was cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. RESULTS Within the 6-month trial, the CGM group had similar QALYs to the control group (0.462 ± 0.05 vs. 0.455 ± 0.06 years, P = 0.61). The total 6-month costs were $11,032 (CGM) vs. $7,236 (control). The CGM group experienced reductions in HbA 1c (0.60 ± 0.74% difference in difference [DiD]), P P = 0.013), and daily test strip use (0.55 ± 1.5 DiD, P = 0.04) compared with the control group. In the lifetime analysis, CGM was projected to reduce the risk of T1D complications and increase QALYs by 0.54. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was $98,108 per QALY for the overall population. By extending sensor use from 7 to 10 days in a real-world scenario, the ICER was reduced to $33,459 per QALY. CONCLUSIONS For adults with T1D using multiple insulin injections and still experiencing suboptimal glycemic control, CGM is cost-effective at the willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000 per QALY, with improved glucose control and reductions in nonsevere hypoglycemia.
Vibrational Anomalies and Dynamic Coupling in Hydrogen-Bonded Van Der Waals Molecules

High-resolution infrared spectra of the hydrogen halide dimers and the rare gas-hydrogen halide complexes have been recorded under thermal equilibrium conditions in a long path coolable White cell using a tunable difference-frequency laser. Detailed and comprehensive structural and dynamical information has been obtained from the fully resolved rotational transitions between the ground and vibrationally excited levels. Empirical potential energy surfaces have been determined to explain dynamical phenomena such as rotational and vibrational predissociation, vibrational shifts and large-amplitude librational and tunneling motions. A nu34mber of these features, strongly influenced by the large excursions of the light hydrogen atoms involved in the van der Waals bond, are quite anomalous and require close attention to dynamic coupling.
Modeling Aerosol Drug Delivery

Delivery of a therapeutic agent by inhalation has seen increasing applications for many respiratory diseases, including asthma, COPD, and allergies. Aerosol delivery has advantages: it delivers medication directly to where it is needed, and it avoids the first-pass effect with minimum reduction of bioavailability. More recently, the inhalation route has been extensively researched as an alternative for systematic administration of proteins and peptides because of the large surface area in the pulmonary region and rapid absorption of the delivered drug from the alveolar region to the blood. Aerosol delivery is non-invasive and is effective in much lower doses than required for oral administration. Currently, there are several types of therapeutical aerosol delivery systems, including the pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI), the dry powder inhaler (DPI), the medical nebulizer, the solution mist inhaler, and nasal sprays.
Encapsulation of User’s Intent: A New Proactive Intrusion Assessment Paradigm

Few practical implementations of anomaly detection systems are currently known. Major hindrances in this regard are poor accuracy of detection and excessive false positives. While some of the reasons may be attributed to theory and technology, a major factor that is overlooked is the user. We propose a novel approach that brings the user into the loop by querying him for his session intent in a proactive manner. This encapsulated intent serves the purpose of a certificate based on which more accurate intrusion detection decisions can be made.
An Alternative Mathematical Modeling Approach to Estimating a Reference Life Expectancy.

Background. Reference life expectancies inform frequently used health metrics, which play an integral role in determining resource allocation and health policy decision making. Existing reference l...