cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
929-61 Contrast Wash-in During MRI Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in Patients with Q-Wave Myocardial Infarction

Eleven patients (7 anterior and 4 inferior) with Q-wave myocardial infarction (QMI) undergoing radionuclide imaging were studied using MR perfusion imaging techniques and quantitative computer analysis of the signal intensity (SI)-time curves. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative accuracy of slope (wash-in) and peak SI when compared to radionuclide images in myocardial regions with corresponding a-waves on the electrocardiogram. Patients underwent MR perfusion imaging using an ultrafast interpolated keyhole acquisition during bolus administration of gadoteridol (0.1 mmol/kg). Perfusion images were obtained under resting conditions and after dipyridamole (0.56 mg/kg). Radionuclide images were obtained the same day by either thallium exercise testing or hybrid thallium-99m Tc sestamibi restdipyridamole stress testing and available for comparison. The slope of the SItime curve (regression analysis) and peak SI were compared between normal and infarcted myocardium. The slope and SI were normalized to left ventricular cavity values, averaged, and compared using t-test statistical analysis. Eight QMI patients with scarred myocardium determined by the radionuclide study had decreased slope (0.14 vs 0.47, P l 0.001) and peak SI (0.38 vs 0.58, P = 0.01) compared to normal regions. Slope (0.14 vs 0.23) and SI (0.38 vs 0.46) increased in the scarred regions following dipyridamole but not significantly. Normal regions had increased slope (0.47 vs 0.66, p = 0.02) but not SI following dipyridamole. Three QMI patients had reversible ischemia in Q-wave regions. Slopes were higher when compared to patients with scar (0.39 vs 0.14, p = 0.02) and more closely approximated normal regions (0.39 vs 0.55, p = NS). Ischemic regions had no significant change in slope (0.39 vs 0.40) or SI (0.54 vs 0.50) following dipyridamole. These data suggest that slope may be a stronger indicator of artery patency and closely parallels the results of radionuclide imaging.
A model of retinal cell differentiation in the chick embryo.

This article presents an overview of retinal cell differentiation in the chick embryo, in the context of a hypothetical model based on information generated during the last several years. The model proposes that: (1) most (if not all) proliferating neuroepithelial cells have the potential to give rise to a progeny comprising two or more different cell types; (2) the time at which cells undergo their terminal mitosis does not determine their differentiated fate; (3) many postmitotic precursor cells remain plastic (i.e., uncommitted) for some time after terminal mitosis, during which they encounter position-dependent signals as they migrate toward their definitive laminar position within the retina; (4) as a consequence of these inductive stimuli, precursor cells that migrate to different retinal layers express different transcriptional regulators; (5) morphologically undifferentiated precursor cells are committed to cell type-specific, complex patterns of differentiation, which they can express even when isolated from their normal microenvironment, and (6) even after precursor cells become committed to a specific identity, additional inductive signals are necessary for the cells to complete the development of a fully mature phenotype. The article presents a summary of the supportive evidence, as well as a critical evaluation of the model, and concludes with an overview of unanswered questions regarding retinal cell differentiation and a brief evaluation of the prospects for further progress in this field.
Synthesis, self-assembly, and characterization of supramolecular polymers from electroactive dendron rodcoil molecules.

We report here the synthesis and self-assembly of a series of three molecules with dendron rodcoil architecture that contain conjugated segments of oligo(thiophene), oligo(phenylene-vinylene), and oligo(phenylene). Despite their structural differences, all three molecules yield similar self-assembled structures. Electron and atomic force microscopy reveals the self-assembly of the molecules into high aspect ratio ribbon-like nanostructures which at low concentrations induce gelation in nonpolar solvent. Self-assembly results in a blue-shifted absorption spectrum and a red-shifted, quenched fluorescence spectrum, indicating aggregation of the conjugated segments within the ribbon-like structures. The assembly of these molecules into one-dimensional nanostructures is a route to π−π stacked supramolecular polymers for organic electronic functions. In the oligo(thiophene) derivative, self-assembly leads to a 3 orders of magnitude increase in the conductivity of iodine-doped films due to self-assembly. We also...
The Cornell Medical Index as a prognostic aid for complete denture patients

Abstract A population of 402 complete-denture patients has been evaluated. Postinsertion adjustments and the patient satisfaction score were measured against the patients Cornell Medical Index score. No correlation was established between postinsertion adjustments and CMI scores. A definite correlation was established, however, between increase in total CMI score above 25 and decrease in patient satisfaction. Further, a correlation was also established between a score of three to six on page 4 of the CMI and decreased patient satisfaction. There is evidence to support the value of education of complete-denture patients concerning the relationship of emotional problems and denture problems.
The crystal structure of [NBu 4 n ][AlI4]

The crystal structure of [NBu 4 n ]f AlI4] has been determined from counter data, and refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques. The crystals belong to the monoclinic space groupP21/n (an alternate setting ofP21/c-C 2h 5 , No. 14) witha=11.661(3),b=20.828(5),c=11.674(3) A,β=98.39(2)°, andDcalc=1.84 g cm−3 forZ=4. The finalR value for 1587 observed reflections is 0.051. The structure consists of discreet [NBu 4 n ]+and [AlI4]− ions. The [AlI4]− anion is approximately tetrahedral and exhibits an average Al-I bond length of 2.52(1) A. The closest cation-anion, I⋯C, contact is ¯4 A. The compound was isolated from the reaction of I2 with [NBu 4 n ][Al2Me6I].
STEADY-STATE CRACK GROWTH AND WORK OF FRACTURE FOR SOLIDS CHARACTERIZED BY STRAIN GRADIENT PLASTICITY

Mode I steady-state crack growth is analysed under plane strain conditions in small scale yielding. The elastic-plastic solid is characterized by a generalization of JZ flow theory which accounts for the influence of the gradients of plastic strains on hardening. The constitutive model involves one new parameter, a material length 1, specifying the scale of nonuniform deformation at which hardening elevation owing to strain gradients becomes important. Gradients of plastic strain at a sharp crack tip result in a substantial increase in tractions ahead of the tip. This has important consequences for crack growth in materials that fail by decohesion or cleavage at the atomic scale. The new constitutive law is used in conjunction with a model which represents the fracture process by an embedded traction-separation relation applied on the plane ahead of the crack tip. The ratio of the macroscopic work of fracture to the work of the fracture process is calculated as a function of the parameters characterizing the fracture process and the solid, with particular emphasis on the role of 1. 0 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd
Depth Measurement of Moving Slurry at the Wet End of a Paper Machine

The paper industry has long had a need to better understand and control its papermaking process upstream, specifically at the wet end in the forming section of a paper machine. A vision-based system is under development that addresses this need by automatically measuring and interpreting the pertinent paper web parameters at the wet end in real time. The wet-end characterization of the paper web by a vision system involves a four-dimensional measurement of the slurry in real time. These measurements include the two-dimensional spatial information, the intensity profile, and the depth profile. This paper describes the real-time depth profile measurement system for the high-speed moving slurry. A laser line-based measurement method is used with a high-speed programmable camera to directly measure slurry height. The camera is programmed with a profile algorithm, producing depth data at fast sampling rates. Analysis and experimentation have been conducted to optimize the system for the characteristics of the slurry and laser line image. On-line experimental results are presented.
Six-Month Dietary Changes in Ethnically Diverse, Obese Adolescents Participating in a Multidisciplinary Weight Management Program

This study’s objective was to examine dietary and metabolic changes in obese adolescents who completed 6 months of participation in an outpatient multidisciplinary weight management program (N = 67). Participants (75% African American, 66% female, mean age = 13.7 years) completed 24-hour dietary recalls and underwent measurement of anthropometrics and fasting blood lipid parameters at baseline and after 6 months of participation. General linear models suggested that participants significantly reduced total energy, total fat, saturated fat, carbohydrate, sodium, and sugar intakes, and increased fiber and fruit and vegetable intake (P < .05). Gender-stratified models showed differences in fruit/vegetable intake, percentage calories from fat, sodium, and dietary cholesterol intakes by gender. Significant improvements in body mass index percentile and lipid profiles were also found, lending objective support to the dietary changes participants made. Findings suggest that participation in this multidisciplinar...
Dielectrophoresis induced clustering regimes of viable yeast cells

We experimentally study the transient clustering behavior of viable yeast cells in a dilute suspension suddenly subjected to a nonuniform alternating current (AC) electric field of a microelectrode device. The frequency of the applied electric field is varied to identify two distinct regimes of positive dielectrophoresis. In both regimes, the yeast cells eventually cluster at electrodes' edges, but their transient behavior as well as their final arrangement is quite different. Specifically, when the frequency is much smaller than the cross-over frequency, the nearby yeast cells quickly rearrange in well-defined chains which then move toward the electrodes' edges and remain aligned as elongated chains at their final location. However, when the frequency is close to the cross-over frequency, cells move individually toward the regions of collection and simply agglomerate along the electrodes' edges. Our analysis shows that in the first regime both the dielectrophoretic (DEP) force and the mutual DEP force, which arises due to the electrostatic particle-particle interactions, are important. In the second regime, on the other hand, the DEP force dominates.
Universal noiseless coding

Universal coding is any asymptotically optimum method of block-to-block memoryless source coding for sources with unknown parameters. This paper considers noiseless coding for such sources, primarily in terms of variable-length coding, with performance measured as a function of the coding redundancy relative to the per-letter conditional source entropy given the unknown parameter. It is found that universal (i.e., zero redundancy) coding in a weighted sense is possible if and only if the per-letter average mutual information between the parameter space and the message space is zero. Universal coding is possible in a maximin sense if and only if the channel capacity between the two spaces is zero. Universal coding is possible in a minimax sense if and only if a probability mass function exists, independent of the unknown parameter, for which the relative entropy of the known conditional-probability mass-function is zero. Several examples are given to illustrate the ideas. Particular attention is given to sources that are stationary and ergodic for any fixed parameter although the whole ensemble is not. For such sources, weighted universal codes always exist if the alphabet is finite, or more generally if the entropy is finite. Minimax universal codes result if an additional entropy stability constraint is applied. A discussion of fixed-rate universal coding is also given briefly with performance measured by a probability of error.
Supermolecular morphology of thermoreversible gels formed from homogeneous and heterogeneous solutions

The supermolecular structures of thermoreversible gels formed from either homogeneous or heterogeneous solutions were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The morphologies of gels of polyethylene and polystyrene of various tacticities were then related to the phase diagram of the polymer–solvent system. We confirmed the morphological findings of Aubert on isotactic polystyrene gels formed either above the binodal or inside the spinodal and extended his study to gels prepared within the metastable region of the phase diagram. For polystyrenes and polyethylene, the morphology of the gels formed inside the coexistence curve differs markedly from that of gels formed outside. Inside the binodal, gels of polyethylene and polystyrenes exhibit remarkable morphological similarities, indicating a common gelation mechanism, namely, liquid-liquid phase separation. Depending on the concentration, these gels exhibit either an open strut-like network structure or smooth spherical globules. The former is attributed to gelation inside the spinodal whereas the latter is believed to result from gelation in the metastable region. For crystalline polymers, gels formed inside the coexistence curve subsequently undergo crystallization within their polymer-rich phase. The morphology of isotactic polystyrene and polyethylene gels formed outside the binodal consists of overlapping lamellar structures, whereas that of atactic and epimerized polystyrene gels is characterized by a sheet-like structure, differentiating the crystallization-based mechanism from others. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Connectionist networks for binary bit-string multiplication

The connectionist learning technique of backpropagation is utilized to train a three-layer network to simulate the operation of a binary bit-string multiplier. It is shown that the network develops internal representations of a high quality, that allow it to generalize correctly to novel input patterns. The learning algorithm of N. Littlestohe (1987) is also used to train a network with a problem-specific architecture to realize a multiplier. The advantages and disadvantages of such an approach are discussed and a brief analysis of the results is presented. >
The power of a story: New, automatic associations from a single reading of a short scenario

The implicit association test (IAT) is typically used to assess nonconscious categorization judgments that are “under control of automatically activated evaluation” (Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998, p. 1464) and that are usually considered independent of explicit judgments. The present study builds on recent work suggesting evidence of short-term modifiability of the IAT effect. Specifically, we show that reading a short text that describes a novel, fictional scenario, within which the to-be-evaluated categories are embedded, can produce substantial and immediate modulations of the IAT effect. This modulation effect does not occur when subjects are simply instructed to think about counterstereotypical associations (Experiment 1A and 1B). In Experiment 2, we use a variant of the IAT to show that scenario modulation cannot be explained in terms of strategic criterion shifts. These results suggest that a newly acquired knowledge structure targeting the abstract, category level can produce behavioral effects typically associated with automatic categorization.
Spontaneous left main coronary artery dissection while skiing at altitude

A 48-year-old Caucasian woman developed a ‘ripping’ chest pain and shortness of breath while skiing off-piste at high altitude (>3300 m). She had dynamic ST changes on the electrocardiogram, an intermittent left bundle branch block, and a subsequent troponin I release (7.5 µg/L). She had no coronary risk factors or history of oral contraceptive use. Concerns …
On the Harmfulness of Redundant Batch Requests

Most parallel computing resources are controlled by batch schedulers that place requests for computation in a queue until access to compute nodes are granted. Queue waiting times are notoriously hard to predict, making it difficult for users not only to estimate when their applications may start, but also to pick among multiple batch-scheduled resources the one that produce the shortest turnaround time. As a result, an increasing number of users resort to "redundant requests": several requests are simultaneously submitted to multiple batch schedulers on behalf of a single job; once one of these requests is granted access to compute nodes, the others are canceled. Using simulation as well as experiments with a production batch scheduler we investigate whether redundant requests are harmful in terms of (i) schedule performance and fairness, (ii) system load, and (iii) system predictability. We find that two main issues with redundant requests are load on the middleware and unfairness towards users who do not use redundant requests, which both depend on the number of users who use redundant requests and on the amount of request redundancy these users employ
Variation of rock-forming metals in sub-annual increments of modern Greenland snow

Abstract Modern snowpack from central south Greenland was sampled in sub-seasonal increments and analysed for a suite of major, minor and trace rock-forming metals (K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, Ba). There is a sharp seasonal concentration maximum for all six metals that comes in summer, later than mid-June. Metal concentrations in all other parts of the year's snowpack are up to 10 or more times smaller. The concentration maximum is preceded by low values in autumn-winter, very low values in early-mid-spring, and moderate-to-high values in late spring-early summer; this pattern is seen consistently in three-separate time stratigraphic intervals representing the same seasonal periods, spanning the time interval 1981–1984. The absolute concentration values of the snow strata representing the low-concentration portion of the year, autumn-winter-spring, may vary substantially from year to year, by a factor of two, or more. The finding that all rock-forming metals are at a sharp concentration maximum in late summer contrasts with the interpretations of several other studies in high-latitude northern regions. Those studies have reported a broad maximum of continental dust-associated metals in late winter and spring. However, samples of the other studies have mostly come from regions farther to the north, and the analyses have emphasized industrial pollutant metals rather than the matched rock-forming suite of the present study. The metals measured were chosen to give information about the origin and identity of the rock and soil dusts, and sea salts, present as impurities in the snow. Metal ratios indicate that the dusts in the snowpacks are of continental origin and from ferromagnesian rocks. Source rock types for dusts in central south Greenland snow contrast with the felsic rock dusts of the Sierra Nevada, CA, annual snowpacks, and with the very felsic rock dusts in large south central Alaskan mountain glaciers. Samples in which masses of sea salt are much larger than those of rock dusts may be identified by small changes in metal ratios caused by moderate increases of K and Ca from marine sources, nearly unaccompanied by the minor and trace metals Rb, Cs and Ba, that are very rare in the oceans. A sampling frequency, such as that of the present study, that divides a year's accumulation into 8–10 subsamples is sufficient to reveal details of the time pattern of variation in proportions and concentrations of metals that give information about atmospheric deposition of important types of earth materials.
Nietzche at Northern: An Existential Narrative of Confronting the Abyss*

When he spoke of murder, suicide, venereal disease, amputated limbs, and altered faces, it was with a faint air of persiflage. “This is unavoidable,” his voice seemed to say, “this is what we have got to do, unflinchingly. But this is not what we shall be doing when life is worth living again.” A wave of admiration, almost of worship, flowed out from Winston towards O'Brien.—George Orwell, 1961
A cool time in the Early Jurassic: first continental palaeoclimate estimates from oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios in chert from Navajo Sandstone carbonate lenses, Utah (USA)

Cool continental palaeoclimate estimates ranging from ~9 to 18 °C were inferred from oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition of chert precipitated contemporaneously with algal carbonate in interdune, freshwater lakes of the Early Jurassic Navajo Sandstone (USA). The oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition also indicate that meteoric waters were involved in the crystallization history of the chert. These results are consistent with previous studies that suggest that the interdune carbonate lenses in the Navajo Sandstone are freshwater carbonates precipitated in a wet-climate, pluvial episode. Approximate palaeotemperature estimates from oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition of silicified wood samples adjacent to a carbonate lens yield palaeotemperature estimates of ~33 to 43 °C. These data are consistent with burial diagenetic temperatures and support the interpretation that the algal chert precipitated contemporaneously with the algal carbonate. The results of this study demonstrate that the potential for obtaining quantitative, continental palaeoclimate estimates from freshwater chert found throughout the geologic record.
Crash: A Viewer's Guide

As students watch the full-length feature film Crash, written and directed by Paul Haggis, they may find the character guide helpful in keeping track of who's who and what the characters' main connections are.
Case 30: Post Bariatric Surgery – Any Concerns?

You are scheduled to anesthetize a 28 year old woman, 90 kg, 5 ft 7 in. tall, for abdominoplasty. Two years previously she underwent a laparoscopic gastric banding for morbidly obesity. Prior to that operation she was 188 kg. She now wishes to have excess abdominal skin removed. At this time she does not complain of gastroesophageal reflux, hypertension, and noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Interestingly, she had these diagnoses prior to her gastric banding.
Another Kind of Virtue: Labor and Civic Republicanism

Contemporary debates about civic virtue and its role in political life presuppose that the central normative concern is about the boundaries of legitimate state coercion. That is because to speak of civic virtue is always to speak about its cultivation, and it is why neo-republicans see their account of civic virtue as a challenge to liberalism. The defense of civic virtue as an appropriate goal for the state to pursue requires abandoning liberal neutrality, or other liberal rules for delimiting the legitimate uses of state coercion. The aim of this paper is to critique this reading of the republican tradition but from a different angle than contemporary liberal counter-arguments. Instead, I will show that the debate between republicans and liberals is too narrow. It overlooks a key way of thinking about virtue, and of theorizing the cultivation of virtue. The nature of civic virtue, and the processes by which it develops, are not inherently matters for the legitimate coercion of the state, and it is a theoretical mistake to assimilate ‘politics’ into state coercion. In harmony with the methods of the republican revival, the paper’s approach will be historical. However, instead of reinterpreting a few great thinkers, this paper shall look at how republican thought was appropriated by a less well-known group of thinkers called the ‘labor republicans.’ In seeking to develop their ideas of how to awaken the political agency of the laboring classes, the labor republicans invented a new way of thinking about civic virtue and its cultivation. Facing not only an unequal society but what they perceived as a corrupt state, they reinvented the requisite dispositions that compose ‘civic virtue,’ and they theorized the process of cultivating virtue as essentially a matter of self-education and organization. That is to say, they turned the cultivation of virtue into a social activity, or a political process occurring entirely outside the purview of the state. As such, labor republican thinking about virtue presents us with an alternative theoretical model for thinking about the role of virtue in a political theory, and it pushes past the assumption that organizes contemporary theoretical debates.
The Resilience of Transracial Korean American Adoptees: Cultural Identity Crisis within the Family and the Mediating Effects of Family Conflict and Cohesiveness during Adversity

ABSTRACTThis study used a mixed-methods approach to examine the family practices that are fundamental for fostering resilience among 34 transracially adopted Korean American youths living with White American parents in the United States. The results demonstrate that in addition to experiencing stress related to their education and occupation, Korean American adoptees may encounter cultural identity crises. The negative effects of life stress on adoptees' mental health, however, were diminished once family cohesiveness and conflict were taken into account. Study findings have important implications for various stakeholders who seek to cultivate a healthy living environment for society's children (i.e., orphans).
β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate improves bone properties and attenuates the depression of protein synthesis during a simulated sustained operation.

ABSTRACT Objectives: Soldiers lose muscle and bone density during sustained operations. We investigated the impact of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on bone properties, muscle mass, and markers of skeletal muscle regeneration under simulated military sustained operations. Methods: Male mice were divided into four groups (10/group): (1) ALT = ad libitum + trained (1h/d for 3 d/wk); (2) ALTH = ALT + HMB (0.5 g/kg BW/d); (3) C = caloric restricted (−30%) + trained (6h/d, 6d/wk); and (4) CH = C + HMB. Assessments included bone mineral density/content by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, muscle wet weight (quadriceps) and expression of selected genes regulating muscle mass and protein turnover. Analysis of variances were used with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Bone mineral content increased in the ALT group (+16%) and decreased in the C group (−32%). Quadriceps muscle mass was lower in C (−27%) and CH (−19%) compared to ALT and ALTH. Myogenin mRNA expression was higher in C than ALT, ALTH and CH. Pr...
Unidirectional Vibrational Energy Flow in Nitrobenzene

Experiments were performed on nitrobenzene liquid at ambient temperature to probe vibrational energy flow from the nitro group to the phenyl group and vice versa. The IR pump, Raman probe method was used. Quantum chemical calculations were used to sort the normal modes of nitrobenzene into three categories: phenyl modes, nitro modes, and global modes. IR wavelengths in the 2500-3500 cm(-1) range were found that best produced excitations initially localized on nitro or phenyl. Pulses at 2880 cm(-1) excited a nitro stretch combination band. Pulses at 3080 cm(-1) excited a phenyl C-H stretch plus some nitro stretch. With nitro excitation there was no detectable energy transfer to phenyl. With phenyl excitation there was no direct transfer to nitro, but there was some transfer to global modes such as phenyl-nitro stretching, so some of the vibrational amplitude on phenyl moved onto nitro. Thus energy transfer from nitro to phenyl was absent, but there was weak energy transfer from phenyl to nitro. The experimental methods described here can be used to study vibrational energy flow from one part of a molecule to another, which could assist in the design of molecules for molecular electronics and phononics. The vibrational isolation of the nitro group when attached to a phenyl moiety suggests that strongly nonthermal reaction pathways may play an important role in impact initiation of energetic materials having peripheral nitro groups.
Fermi-Liquid Computation of the Phase Diagram of High- T c Cuprate Superconductors with an Orbital Antiferromagnetic Pseudogap

A 4-parameter Fermi-liquid calculation of the high-${T}_{c}$ cuprate phase diagram is reported. Simultaneously accounted for are the special doping densities of 5% and 16%, the $d$-wave functional form of the (orbital antiferromagnetic) pseudogap, the measured ${T}_{c}$, superconducting gap, pseudogap and superfluid density as a function of doping, the particle-hole doping asymmetry and the half-filling spin wave velocity.
The effect of collimation on sputtered AlCuSi and AlMg microstructures and electromigration failure characteristics

Increasing circuit densities produce higher metal wiring aspect ratios, and more difficult feature fill for damascene processing. One method of extending the use of sputter deposition to challenging aspect ratios is to collimate the sputtered flux using a collimator plate, and to avoid randomizing the collimated flux by using low process pressures corresponding to long sputtered atom mean free paths. In this paper, we discuss our fabrication of damascene Al-0.5Cu-2Si and Al-2Mg wiring using both collimated and uncollimated sputtering, and our observations of collimation-induced changes in Al alloy electromigration and microstructure. Our experiments show that collimation has only a small effect on AlCuSi, but a large effect on AlMg. Specifically, the median time to electromigration failure for collimated AlMg was ~10X the value for uncollimated AlMg and ~6X the values for collimated and uncollimated AlCuSi. Transmission electron microscope and x-ray diffraction analyses of these films show that the collimation-induced improvement in AlMg t50 is associated with the formation of smaller, lower strain grains which are clustered in very well-oriented (111) domains. We propose that the advantageous AlMg microstructure results from enhanced texture produced by aspects of the collimated deposition active in the absence of incoherent precipitates.
Examination of college access and Science Bound’s countdown to college: a model for engaging students of color in the college-going process

Inequalities in college access can be seen historically and in today’s society through low expectations and racism towards students of color. The gap in access to college for students of color can, in part, be attributed to a lack of information and engagement in the college-going process. There is a need for programs that actively engage students of color in the college-going process. The purpose of this thesis is to illuminate the history and inequalities of college access in the United States and present a model for creating college access for students and families of color that is both collaborative and empowering. Iowa State University Science Bound, and its Countdown to College Program, fosters college access for students of color. The Countdown to College model was developed by the Science Bound program as a way to engage students and families in the college-going process in order to increase students of color enrollment and persistence in college. Countdown to College is an academic year-long program to create college access for students of color who participate in Science Bound. It is designed as a college-going community among Science Bound participants, many of whom will be the first in their family to enroll in higher education. This college-going community is comprised of the high school seniors and their parents/family members, Science Bound staff, and university enrollment staff. The Countdown to College program provides an ongoing series of large group, small group, and individual interactions among members of this college-going community throughout the students’ senior year of high school to assist students and families in actualizing their college-going aspirations.
Episodic Hypersomnolence Epilepsy

A 4 year old child who had complex partial seizures alternating with sleep that presented as episodic hypersomnolence is reported from the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
Demonstration of a sub-0.03 um 2 high density 6-T SRAM with scaled bulk FinFETs for mobile SOC applications beyond 10nm node

For the first time, we demonstrate the smallest, fully functional 32Mb 6-T high density SRAM reported in literature with scaled bulk FinFETs for CMOS technology beyond 10nm node. Scaled FinFET devices exhibit excellent electrostatic with DIBL of <45mV/V and sub-threshold swing of <65mV/decade and competitive drive current. Static noise margin of ∼90mV for the high density SRAM operated down to 0.45V is achieved.
Protein Simulation and Drug Design

Publisher Summary The chapter reviews various approximate and rigorous force-field-based methods that can fit into such a hierarchical approach. In practical drug design, it should be beneficial to use a hierarchical approach in which simple but fast methods are first used for preliminary screening of real or virtual compound libraries and for suggesting potentially useful drug candidates to make/screen, followed by further evaluations by models with increasing levels of sophistication. With the growing availability of inexpensive computer clusters, it should also be increasingly easier to carry out free energy perturbation calculations on at least a small number of potential drug candidates that deserve more thorough investigation. Intermediate models varying between the extremes of elaborate explicit solvent models and simple fixed-conformation molecular mechanics models have also been developed to fit into the hierarchical approach to drug design. These models include those that aim at deciphering the determinants of molecular recognition and using them to construct rules to aid drug design (e.g., sensitivity analysis), those that focus on first exploring a smaller chemical subspace (e.g., single-step Zwanzig perturbation method), those that mix empirical parameters with simulation data (e.g., semi-empirical linear response theories), and those that use a combination of explicit and implicit solvent models (e.g., Molecular Mechanic/Poisson Boltsmann method). Force-field methods have also begun to play a larger role in accounting for protein flexibility in virtual screening (e.g., the dynamic pharmacophore method and the relaxed complex methods).
A nonlinear industrial model predictive controller using integrated PLS and neural net state-space model☆

Abstract Model predictive control (MPC) teclmology has been well developed and successfully applied in the refinery and petrochemical process industries over last 20 years. Recent development has been focused on nonlinear MPC and robust MPC technologies because new challenges have been encountered in the polymer and chemical industries where many processes show strong nonlinearity and uncertainty. This paper presents a nonlinear industrial model predictive controller, recently developed by Aspen Teclmology, Inc. This MPC controller uses a nonlinear, state space, integrated PLS and Neural Net model (Zhao et al., 1998), and a multi-step, constrained- Newton-type optimization algorithm (Oliveira and Biegler. 1995). It results in a robust and cost-effective industrial nonlinear MPC controller. A pH reactor example and a successful industrial application in NOx emission control of a power plant are presented to demonstrate the capability of this controller.
Binswanger's Disease: Biomarkers in the Inflammatory Form of Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia

Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is a major public health concern because of the increased incidence of vascular disease in the aging population and the impact of vascular disease on Alzheimer's disease. VCID is a heterogeneous group of diseases for which there are no proven treatments. Biomarkers can be used to select more homogeneous populations. Small vessel disease is the most prevalent form of VCID and is the optimal form for treatment trials because there is a progressive course with characteristic pathological changes. Subcortical ischemic vascular disease of the Binswanger type (SIVD-BD) has a characteristic set of features that can be used both to identify patients and to follow treatment. SIVD-BD patients have clinical, neuropsychological, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and imaging features that can be used as biomarkers. No one feature is diagnostic, but a multimodal approach defines the SIVD-BD spectrum disorder. The most important features are large white matter lesions with axonal damage, blood-brain barrier disruption as shown by magnetic resonance imaging and CSF, and neuropsychological evidence of executive dysfunction. We have used these features to create a Binswanger Disease Scale and a probability of SIVD-BD, using a machine-learning algorithm. The patients discussed in this review are derived from published studies. Biomarkers not only aid in early diagnosis before the disease process has progressed too far for treatment, but also can indicate response to treatment. Refining the use of biomarkers will allow dementia treatment to enter the era of precision medicine. This article is part of the Special Issue "Vascular Dementia".
Starting and Developing a Robotic Program

There are several views on how to develop and maintain a successful robotics program. Administration may support a program for marketing purposes or oppose one secondary to costs. Many surgeons support having a program for similar reasons, but may struggle to expand the program without further training or maintaining quality across specialties. The purpose of this chapter is not how to start a program, but to focus specifically on maintaining a successful program, especially with training and credentialing. These are the true cornerstones of maintaining quality and ultimately will lead to a successful robotics program. In addition, we will focus on training in an academic setting since the majority of graduating surgical residents and fellows are interested in robotics.
Testing the ‘overburdening’ hypothesis: Do work and school attendance together place youth transitioning from care at risk for negative housing outcomes?

Abstract Youth aging out of the foster care system are often placed in the precarious position of both providing for themselves financially and securing their own housing at a young age. Many also choose to take on the difficult tasks of school attendance and work simultaneously during this challenging time in their lives. The current study tests the ‘overburdening’ hypothesis that examines whether taking on the demands of work and school at the same time could overwhelm and actually hinder the healthy development of youth as they transition from foster care. This question was addressed using longitudinal administrative data from 2913 youth enrolled in a transitional living program at a national nonprofit organization serving youth aging out of foster care in five states between October 2010 and July 2014. Random-intercept and lagged regression models were used to examine the association between school attendance, employment, and housing insecurity. Individually, both school attendance and employment placed youth at decreased risk for housing insecurity and little evidence emerged to support the ‘overburdening’ hypothesis. Results from lagged models suggest that the single best predictor of housing insecurity is a previous episode of housing insecurity. The evidence presented here suggests that for some youth, the decision to attend school and find employment may be a symptom, rather than a cause, of their housing insecurity. Results highlight the importance of practitioners' use of research evidence together with sound clinical judgment to support youth as they navigate the challenging developmental task of transitioning into adulthood.
Old Immigrants, New Niches: Russian Jewish Agricultural Colonies and Native Workers in Southern New Jersey, 1880–1910

We look at the effect of immigration shocks on native workers in a labor niche by testing how workers in the farm and nonfarm sectors were affected by the establishment of Russian Jewish agricultural colonies in southern New Jersey in the late nineteenth century. By following the same individuals across the 1880 and 1910 U.S. censuses, we avoid making assumptions about the substitutability of immigrants and native workers. Many native workers improved their occupational standing by transitioning to occupations complementary to agricultural and semiskilled factory work, the immigrants’ main niches. We see no impact on farmers, probably owing to the structure of agricultural markets. We also find a decreased probability of out-migration for natives living near an agricultural colony, with occupational upgrading concentrated among stayers.
Improving Energy Efficiency and Scalability for IoT Communications in 5G Networks

Rapid increase in the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices is quickly changing how mobile networks are being used. It shifts usage from primarily downlink transmissions to more uplink transmissions, which employ Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) due to its low Peak to Average Power Ratio. Fifth Generation (5G) mobile networks are believed to be the future standard network that will handle the influx of IoT device uplinks while preserving the required quality of services (QoS). In an IoT perspective, power ratios are highly important in effective battery usage since devices are typically resource-constrained. In this paper, the Enhanced OEA (Opportunistic Efficient Allocation) algorithm has been proposed to advance SC-FDMA for 5G uplink transmission. Improving both decision metric and algorithm design, the proposed algorithm results in smaller computation complexity than the original OEA algorithm. Performance evaluation via simulation has shown that, while preserving the QoS, the Enhanced OEA achieves greater resource utilization and power efficiency, making it highly scalable. We believe that this is a significant result for 5G networks in supporting IoT communications; the techniques used in improving algorithm performance and computation complexity may be widely applicable to other research areas.
Automated suprathreshold screening for glaucoma: the Baltimore Eye Survey.

Purpose To evaluate automated suprathreshold perimetric screening for glaucoma in a population-based survey of ocular disorders in east Baltimore, Maryland. Methods A population-based sample of persons > or = 40 years of age residing in 16 clusters was selected for an ocular screening examination that included automated suprathreshold testing with the Full Field 120 program of the Humphrey Field Analyzer. Subjects who failed the test underwent manual testing to confirm the defect. Subjects were referred for definitive examination by an ophthalmologist if they had an abnormal field, visual acuity worse than 20/30, intraocular pressure > 21 mm Hg, optic disc damage, a history of glaucoma, or shallow angles. The sensitivity and specificity of the automated visual field testing for identifying glaucoma was estimated and compared with other methods to screen for glaucoma. Results Of 5,341 subjects > or = 40 years of age who underwent a screening eye examination at neighborhood centers, 4,735 (89%) completed the automated field test. The median test time was 7.25 minutes per eye. Screening test results were abnormal in one or both eyes in 1,234 (26%) of the subjects. Kinetic perimetry was performed on 95% of these subjects, and defects were confirmed for 448 (36%) of them. Hence, 9.5% of the 4,735 subjects who completed the automated test were referred for definitive examination because the defect on automated perimetry was confirmed on manual testing. For a specificity of 90%, the sensitivity of the screening visual field test to detect glaucoma was 52% for 17 or more relative or absolute defects, higher than that of intraocular pressure at 39% for a cut-off of 20.5 mm Hg, vertical cup-to-disc ratio at 45% for a cut-off of 0.53, narrowest remaining rim width at 42% for a cut-off of 0.16, and was comparable to a combination of these and other nonfield parameters. Conclusion Suprathreshold testing performed better than nonperimetry-based screening tests for glaucoma. However, a number of logistical weaknesses of this visual field screening method were identified.
Arabic Multiword Expressions

In this work we address the problem of automatic multiword expression identification and classification in Arabic running text. We propose a supervised machine learning approach using a relatively small manually annotated data augmented with an increasing size of automatically tagged data, labeled using a deterministic pattern-matching algorithm. In particular, in this chapter, we show the impact of explicitly modeling morpho-syntactic features calculated on the detection task. Moreover, we present the first work to address the problem of handling gapped verb-noun constructions in running text. We show that using the syntactic construction classes as labels improves identification results for verb-noun and verb-particle constructions. Our best identification algorithm yields an F-measure of 61.4%, which is a significant improvement over our baseline of 48.8%.
Tunneling Times in Quantum Mechanical Tunneling

In this chapter we shall be concerned with the time scale associated with quantum mechanical tunneling. More precisely, we shall discuss how long it takes for an electron to tunnel through a classically forbidden region. This traversal time is distinct from the lifetime of a metastable or resonant state that decays by a tunneling process. In a classical analogy(1) we may consider a gas escaping from a large vessel through a thin tube. The time scale corresponding to the lifetime of the metastable state is the average length of time a gas particle spends in the vessel. When a gas particle finally is able to escape, the much shorter time it has spent in the thin tube is the analogue of the traversal time.
The chemistry of trifluorothiolacetic acid

approved: _________ --------~r Professor) Addition reactions of perf1uorothio1acetic acid (TFTAA) with organic and inorganic substrates were studied and six new compounds containing the trif1uoroacety1 group have been prepared. Two types of reactions were observed, free radical and nucleophilic addition. Under the influence of ultraviolet light, TFtAA (CF3COSH) adds to olefins to form 1:1 adducts. The CF3COS' radical appears to be the adding species. Three new olefin adducts were prepared: CF3COSCFHCF2H, CF3COSCH1CF2H, and CF3COSCH2CFH1. In addition, this was found to be a new way to prepare CF COSCH CH3, which had been previously prepared by another 3 2 1 route. Physical constants, analytical data, infrared, ultraviolet, 1 M. Hauptschein, C. S. Stokes, and E. A. Nodiff, l. ~. ~. ~. 74, 4005 (1952). nmr and mass spectra are presented supporting the proposed structures for these compounds. 2 Nucleophilic addition adducts were formed with TFTAA and some organic and inorganic materials. TFTAA is a strong acid and the CF 3 COSion was found to act as a nucleophile with several substrates. With hexafluoroacetone, addition of TFTAA across the carbonyl gave CF3COSC(CF3)2oH. This structure is supported by analytical data, gas chromatographic data, infrared,ultraviole~nmr, and mass spectra. Ethylene oxide and TFTAA react to produce the alcohol addition product, CF3COSCH2CH20H, which is supported by' analytical data, nmr infrared, and mass spectra. Sulfur trioxide was studied as a representative inorganic molecule. TFTAA adds to this Lewis acid to form the sulfonate, (CF3COS)2S02. Analytical data, infrared, ultraviolet, nmr and mass spectra are reported here. All of the reactions, except the free radical reactions, occurred spontaneously and exothermically upon mixing the two reactants. A new method of preparing CF3COSH, by reacting KSH with (CF3CO)20, is also presented. THE CHEMISTRY OF TRIFLUOROTHIOLACETIC ACID