cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dolutegravir Plus Lamivudine Maintains Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Suppression Through Week 48 in a Pilot Randomized Trial

In this randomized pilot clinical trial, dolutegravir plus lamivudine was noninferior to continuation of standard 3-drug maintenance antiretroviral therapy. There was no emergence of drug resistance in the participant who experienced virologic failure while receiving dolutegravir plus lamivudine. Clinical Trials Registration {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02263326","term_id":"NCT02263326"}}NCT02263326
Regional Anesthesia in the Critical Care Setting

The critically ill population represents the sickest and often among the most difficult to manage patients in the hospital. In this regard, often these patients are suffering from complex pathogenesis and often have pain states that are difficult to manage. Adequate pain control is essential in reducing the stress response during critical illness and providing analgesia to difficult disease states. Conventional opioid therapy runs the risk of developing respiratory depression, altered mental status, and reduced bowel function. Given all of these concerns, regional anesthesia can significantly benefit the patient significantly in the critical care environment.
The rochester psychiatric center evaluation and training unit— A strategy for training psychiatric residents and for treating young adult chronic patients

The Rochester Psychiatric Center and the University of Rochester have developed an innovative inpatient program for young adult chronic patients that addresses their needs as well as the needs of both institutions. The program was started because the University sought to expand and improve training for psychiatric residents treating this population, and the Center sought to improve its quality of care and recruitment of U.S. trained psychiatrists. Accepting patients identified by other hospital units as “difficult to treat,” this 50-bed program provides indepth clinical assessments and extensive treatment programs which include medications, individual connseling, a structured milieu, behavioral skills training, and family educational and support programs. The unit has discharged 77% of these patients to the community and significantly reduced their readmission rates. The training program has also improved the recruitment of graduating residents to work at the state hospital.
Exploring the relationship between service-learning and perceptions of campus climate

The authors explore the relationship between participation in service-learning courses and students’ perceptions of sense of belonging and campus climate. Curricular activities such as service-learning, which engage students in community service through a structured course setting, may promote diversity outcomes such as perspective taking and critical reflection about diversity, which could lead students to become more aware of racial/ethnic, gender, and socioeconomic disparities. Using SERU data, the authors analyzed the relationship between these service-learning; campus climate and sense of belonging within different ethnic and racial groups. The results suggest that students in service-learning courses tend to perceive more negative campus-climate within their institution across different ethnic groups.
How Violent Epistemology Shapes the Contexts Surrounding Schools: Brazil, São Paulo, and the Baixada

This chapter begins to demonstrate how the conceptual framework developed in Chaps. 3 and 4 applies in practice, by showing how violent epistemology has shaped the global, national, local, and historical contexts in which schools are situated. Using the case-study school of DCX in Sao Paulo, Brazil, this chapter demonstrates how violent epistemology can be seen to have shaped Brazil’s colonisation and transformation into a society marked by extreme social inequality which, despite the country’s economic growth, has persisted throughout the industrial and neoliberal eras, to produce a scenario in which inner-city neighbourhoods marked by social neglect, violent crime, poor quality housing, and destitution are actively perpetuated by the enactment of violent epistemology at a range of structural levels.
The Language Framework: L OR L?

The discovery that language can be used to talk about language, it may be said, qualifies as the most important innovation in the history of philosophy; certainly, at the very least, it serves to delineate the difference between the analytical approach reflected already by the Platonic dialogues, which history thus records as Socrates’ enduring contribution to philosophy, the speculative approach of the Milesian “nature” philosophers and even the persuasive approach of the Sophistic argumentative tradition. Its explicit invocation as a principle of analysis, of course, has been a practice which has flourished over the past 100 years or so, especially as a result of the formal methods facilitated by the development of symbolic logic as a device for the exploration of the structure of language, an approach whose ultimate potential, no doubt, has yet to be fully realized but whose possibilities of application were spectacularly illustrated by Whitehead and Russell [1910], [1912], [1913]. Indeed, some of the most noted works of contemporary philosophy, including Tarski’s semantical conception of truth and Carnap’s logical interpretation of probability, are investigations that would have been inconceivable without the resources provided by careful differentiation between object language and meta-language.
PYY potently inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretion mediated through CCK-secretin-stimulated pathways but not 2-DG-stimulated pathways in awake rats.

Peptide YY (PYY) is an important modulator of stimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion. PYY acts proximal to the acinar cell but the exact site and mechanism of action are unknown. The aim of the present study is to determine the pathway through which PYY exerts its effect on the exocrine pancreas in awake rats under physiological condition. When pancreatic secretion was stimulated by graded doses of cholecystokinin (CCK) (14, 28, 58 pmol/kg/hr) with secretin (1.25, 2.5, 5.0 pmol/kg/hr) or CCK alone at 28 pmol/kg/hr, PYY 1-36 dose-dependently inhibited pancreatic secretory responses. Moreover, PYY1-36 at 50 pmol/kg/hr almost completely blocked the stimulation by CCK (P < 0.01). Although background infusion of PYY1-36 or PYY3-36 at 12.5 pmol/kg/hr inhibited basal pancreatic fluid and protein secretion, but both of them only partly inhibited the subsequent 2-DG stimulated pancreatic fluid and protein secretion. Furthermore, PYY1-36 at 50 pmol/kg/hr failed to inhibit 2-DG-stimulated pancreatic secretion. These results confirm that PY1-36 inhibits CCK-stimulated pancreatic secretion under all experimental conditions. However, in the awake, surgically recovered rat, PYY1-36 at both low and high doses failed to fully inhibit 2-DG-stimulated pancreatic secretion. Therefore, the site of PYY's inhibitory action on pancreatic secretion appears to be primarily on the CCK-stimulated pathway at a site proximal to the convergence of the CCK and 2-DG pathways.
Abstract 3587: Targeting cancer metabolism: A novel approach for improved radiotherapy

One key distinguishing hallmark of cancer cells includes a deregulated cellular metabolism that can be reprogrammed to preferentially exhibit dependence on glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) even in the presence of oxygen (commonly known as “Aerobic Glycolysis” or the Warburg Effect). The bi-directional conversion of glucose to lactate in the presence of oxygen is mainly driven by the activity of the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme (LDH), of which, its A isoform is highly overexpressed in a variety of tumors. In the present study we characterized two novel LDH inhibitors (NCI-006 and NCI-737) in combination with ionizing radiation (IR) for their anti-cancer and radio-sensitization effects across tumor types. This study primarily examined effects of this novel combination therapy in cell lines of Pancreatic (MiaPaca, Hs766T, Panc-1), Lung (H460, A549), Head and Neck (FaDU, UMSCC-1), and Prostate (DU145, PC3) origin. Our preliminary results indicated that targeting LDH in conjunction with IR can enhance radiosensitivity under both hypoxic and normoxic conditions across glycolytic tumor cell lines while not affecting non-glycolytic/normal cells (1522, skin fibroblast) in vitro. Further we established that this enhanced radiosensitivity could be attributed to reduced DNA repair as seen by enhanced expression of y-H2AX and reduced ATP generation. Our results also indicated that increased expression of lactate and glucose transporters, combined with cellular bioenergetics changes, leads to a reprogramming of cells to OXPHOS. Lastly, we found that inhibition of OXPHOS and NAD+ in conjunction with these novel LDH inhibitors promotes metabolic synthetic lethality in vitro. As cancer patients continue to receive radiation for local tumor control, we hope that future studies targeting cancer metabolic vulnerabilities in combination with IR in vivo will enhance the therapeutic ratio of radiotherapy. *The LDH inhibitors used in this study were provided by the NCI Experimental Therapeutics (NExT) Program Citation Format: Suchet Taori, Sarwat Naz, Janet Gamson, Askale Mathias, John Cook, James B. Mitchell. Targeting cancer metabolism: A novel approach for improved radiotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3587.
FIW-modules and stability criteria for representations of classical Weyl groups

Abstract In this paper we develop machinery for studying sequences of representations of any of the three families of classical Weyl groups, extending work of Church, Ellenberg, Farb, and Nagpal [7,8] on the symmetric groups S n to the signed permutation groups B n and the even-signed permutation groups D n . For each family W n , we present an algebraic framework where a sequence V n of W n -representations is encoded into a single object we call an FI W -module . We prove that if an FI W -module V satisfies a simple finite generation condition then the structure of the sequence is highly constrained. One consequence is that the sequence is uniformly representation stable in the sense of Church–Farb, that is, the pattern of irreducible representations in the decomposition of each V n eventually stabilizes in a precise sense. Using the theory developed here we obtain new results about the cohomology of generalized flag varieties associated to the classical Weyl groups, and more generally the r -diagonal coinvariant algebras. We analyze the algebraic structure of the category of FI W -modules, and introduce restriction and induction operations that enable us to study interactions between the three families of groups. We use this theory to prove analogues of Murnaghan's 1938 stability theorem for Kronecker coefficients for the families B n and D n . The theory of FI W -modules gives a conceptual framework for stability results such as these.
Learning and Utilizing Interaction Patterns among Neighborhood-Based Heuristics.

This paper proposes a method for learning and utilizing potentially useful interaction patterns among neighborhood-based heuristics. It is built upon a previously proposed framework designed for facilitating the task of combining multiple neighborhood-based heuristics. Basically, an algorithm derived from this framework will operate by chaining the heuristics in a pipelined fashion. Conceptually, we can view this framework as an algorithmic template that contains two user-defined components: 1) the policy H for selecting heuristics, and 2) the policy L for choosing the length of the pipeline that chains the selected heuristics. In this paper, we will develop a method that automatically derives a policy H by analyzing the experience collected from running a baseline algorithm. This analysis will distill potentially useful patterns of interactions among heuristics, and give an estimate for the frequency of using each pattern. The empirical results on three problem domains show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Clinical evaluation of e-Quit worRx: a mobile app to enhance smoking cessation shared decision making in primary care

Background: Smoking is the leading preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Primary care providers (PCPs) have a unique opportunity to engage patients to quit smoking, but to be effective, clinicians must be able to personalize evidence-based interventions that are useful and appealing to patients in a time efficient manner. We pilot tested a novel iPad application (app), called e-Quit worRx™, designed to enhance patient-centered shared-decision making (SDM) about smoking cessation, with the primary goal of determining feasibility in primary care offices. Methods: A total of 73 patients from three offices within a local diverse primary care network were enrolled in a pragmatic single crossover-controlled trial. The decision aid app was incorporated into current smokers’ waiting time for their PCP in the exam room, and their PCP reviewed their personal responses and selections to finalize treatment choices. Mixed methods were used in the evaluation and the primary outcomes were app feasibility in primary care and enhanced SDM. Results: Our app was determined to be feasible for use in primary care for both patients and PCPs. It significantly increased time spent discussing smoking cessation with their PCP and the likelihood that a decision was made at the time of the visit. While not significant, mean differences were observed in other study measures including SDM, decisional conflict, quality of patient-provider communication, and stage of change progression at 12 weeks post-trial. Conclusions: We created a usable and acceptable iPad app-based decision aid for use in primary care offices. The design process presented several challenges including integration into a clinical setting. Despite these challenges, we successfully ran a pragmatic pilot trial in three primary care offices using a technology novel to many of the users.
The Levothyroxine Absorption Test: A Four-Year Experience (2015-2018) at The Mayo Clinic.

Background: Levothyroxine (LT4) is the mainstay of therapy for hypothyroidism. Yet, despite physician efforts at dose titration, some patients remain hypothyroid on LT4 doses in excess of weight-ba...
Association of FGF23 with incident sepsis in community-dwelling adults: a cohort study

Background Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a hormone that regulates vitamin D activity. Higher circulating FGF23 concentrations have been associated with an increased risk of infection-related hospitalization, but the association of FGF23 with risk of sepsis remains unclear. Methods We examined the association of FGF23 with incident sepsis events in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study, a national longitudinal cohort of black and white adults ≥45 years of age. Using a case-cohort design, we measured baseline FGF23 in 703 sepsis cases and in 991 participants randomly selected from the REGARDS cohort. We defined sepsis as the presence of a serious infection plus two or more Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome criteria. We identified first sepsis hospitalizations during 2003–2012 by adjudicated medical record review. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine associations of FGF23 with incident sepsis, adjusting for age, sex, race, income, education, smoking, body mass index, physical activity, chronic pulmonary disease, eGFR, urine albumin-creatinine ratio, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. We also examined whether associations differed by age, race, sex, and CKD by testing interaction terms. Results Higher FG23 concentrations were associated with greater risk of sepsis (hazard ratio [HR] per doubling of FGF23, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.22 to 1.54) in models adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical variables. After further adjusting for eGFR, urine albumin-creatinine ratio, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, the association was attenuated and no longer statistically significant (HR per doubling, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.85 to 1.21). The results did not statistically differ by strata of age, sex, race, or CKD. Conclusions In community-dwelling adults, higher FGF23 concentrations were not independently associated with higher risk of sepsis.
Pathways towards food sovereignty: Reconnecting individuals, food, nature and community in the inner city in Winnipeg, Manitoba

This case study research documented 15 interviews with inner-city residents of Winnipeg, Canada, concerning their experience of food swamps and struggles for food sovereignty. Community members from diverse cultural backgroundsreported coming together to adopt practices towards food sovereignty in their urban environment of West Broadway, historically characterized with inadequate housing, crime and poverty. This community and community organizations like West Broadway Community Organization (WBCO) response to the lack of access to healthy food choices in their neighbourhood but also to build community and agency. The programs of WBCO include community gardens, Farmer’s Markets, good food boxes and local farm field trips, which positively impacted the citizens of West Broadway. ‘Community spirit’ is forming in a community that only years earlier was known more for violence and crime. Many participants made positive comments about grassroots initiatives and advocated for more community gardens. WCBO is connecting people to grow, share and organize around food, as well as connect them with farmers and the food system to provide many elements of food sovereignty. However, to address food insecurity and health in West Broadway more needs to be done to provide better food infrastructure in boarding houses and local healthy grocery stores. Furthermore, action for food sovereignty requires more programming and organizing for community food planning.
Resilient Leadership: A Phenomenological Exploration Into How Black Women in Higher Education Leadership Navigate Cultural Adversity

This article explores adversity and the lived experiences of Black women in higher education leadership. Using phenomenology, this study specifically explores how Black women in higher education le...
UDSNB 3.0 Neuropsychological Test Norms in Older Adults from a Diverse Community: Results from the Einstein Aging Study (EAS).

BACKGROUND The Uniform Data Set, Version 3 Neuropsychological Battery (UDSNB3.0), from the database of the University of Washington's National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC), is widely used to characterize cognitive performance in clinical and research settings; however, norms for underrepresented community-based samples are scarce. OBJECTIVE We compared UDSNB 3.0 test scores between the Einstein Aging Study (EAS), composed of racially/ethnically diverse, community-dwelling older adults aged≥70 and the NACC, and report normative data from the EAS. METHODS Analyses included 225 cognitively normal EAS participants and comparable data from 5,031 NACC database participants. Linear regression models compared performance between the samples, adjusting for demographics (sex, age, education, race/ethnicity), depressive symptoms, and whether English was the first language. Linear regression models to examine demographic factors including age, sex, education and race/ethnicity as predictors for the neuropsychological tests were applied in EAS and NACC separately and were used to create a demographically adjusted z-score calculator. RESULTS Cognitive performance across all domains was worse in the EAS than in the NACC, adjusting for age, sex, education, race/ethnicity, and depression, and the differences remained in visuo-construction, visuospatial memory, confrontation naming, visual attention/processing speed, and executive functioning after further adjusting for whether English was the first language. In both samples, non-Hispanic Whites outperformed non-Hispanic Blacks and more education was associated with better cognitive performance. CONCLUSION Differences observed in demographic, clinical, and cognitive characteristics between the community-based EAS sample and the nationwide NACC sample suggest that separate normative data that more accurately reflect non-clinic, community-based populations should be established.
The Trilemma of 2020: Understanding Higher Education’s Fall 2020 Reopening Decision Amidst the COVID Crisis

In the summer of 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic continued to spread around the world, institutions of higher education were faced with three options in terms of their teaching modality for fall 2020: resume in-person education, switch to online delivery, or adopt a hybrid approach. This observational research study aims to tease out the variables that explain the decisions announced in summer 2020 by various colleges and universities in the United States for their planned instruction for fall 2020. We propose and test eight hypotheses related to the decision. The study found statistical confirmation that universities with higher financial stability and/or prestige tended to select the online delivery option, while lower financial stability/prestige showed a preference to stay with in-person delivery. We also found public institutions were more likely to go online than private ones. Additionally, we found statistical support for our hypotheses that universities located in Republican leaning states and also those with a religious affiliation would prefer the in-person modality. The results also confirmed our hypothesis that universities offering a higher percentage of humanities degrees would have a greater probability of choosing the in-person modality. Interestingly, we did not find statistical support for our hypothesis that the level of COVID spread in the geographical area of a university’s location would affect its decision.
An Integrated Approach to the Theory of Externalities: An Expository Article

Traditional treatments of the theory of externalities deal separately with the output market and the “market” for effluents and have no simple geometric way to show the inter-relationships between them. This paper presents an integrated approach with a novel geometric presentation that shows these inter-relationships clearly, thereby allowing for a clearer exposition of the relationship between Pigouvian commodity taxes and effluent charges. For example, it becomes easy to show that optimal effluent charges function effectively as Pigouvian commodity taxes, but that the implicit tax rates are lower. The geometric treatment would be suitable for use in Intermediate level classes.
Characterization of eIF3k

Mammalian translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3) is a multisubunit complex containing at least 12 subunits with an apparent aggregate mass of approximately 700 kDa. eIF3 binds to the 40S ribosomal subunit, promotes the binding of methionyl-tRNAi and mRNA, and interacts with several other initiation factors to form the 40S initiation complex. Human cDNAs encoding 11 of the 12 subunits have been isolated previously; here we report the cloning and characterization of a twelfth subunit, a 28-kDa protein named eIF3k. Evidence that eIF3k is present in the eIF3 complex was obtained. A monoclonal anti-eIF3a (p170) Ig coimmunoprecipitates eIF3k with the eIF3 complex. Affinity purification of histidine-tagged eIF3k from transiently transfected COS cells copurifies other eIF3 subunits. eIF3k colocalizes with eIF3 on 40S ribosomal subunits. eIF3k coexpressed with five other 'core' eIF3 subunits in baculovirus-infected insect cells, forms a stable, immunoprecipitatable, complex with the 'core'. eIF3k interacts directly with eIF3c, eIF3g and eIF3j by glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays. Sequences homologous with eIF3k are found in the genomes of Caenorhabitis elegans, Arabidopsis thaliana and Drosophila melanogaster, and a homologous protein has been reported to be present in wheat eIF3. Its ubiquitous expression in human tissues, yet its apparent absence in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, suggest a unique regulatory role for eIF3k in higher organisms. The studies of eIF3k complete the characterization of mammalian eIF3 subunits.
Adaptive neural model based fault tolerant control for multi-variable process

A new FTC scheme based on adaptive radial basis function (RBF) neural network (NN) model for unknown multi-variable dynamic systems is proposed. The scheme designs an adaptive RBF model to built process model and uses extended Kalman filter (EKF) technique to online learn the fault dynamics. Then, a model inversion controller is designed to produce the fault tolerant control (FTC) actions. The proposed scheme is applied to a three-tank process to evaluate the performance of the scheme. The simulation results show that component fault can be quickly compensated so that the system performances are recovered well.
IL-27 shakes up the establishment of ectopic lymphoid structures

![Figure][1] Insight from (left to right) Alejandro Villarino, John O’Shea, and Christopher Hunter The artist Keith Haring once wrote, “Good and evil are not complete opposites… in fact, [they] are often one and the same.” Such dualism is commonplace in the field of cytokine
Data fusion models in WSNs: Comparison and analysis

In WSNs, hundreds of sensors collect data from the environment but these sensors have limited energy. Therefore, energy consumption is a very challenging issue in the design of WSNs. Sometimes, sensors fail as they got affected by the pressure or temperature. Such failure can lead to misleading measurements which in turn are waste of energy. As a result, data fusion is needed to overcome such confusion where it assures data's efficiency and eliminates data's redundancy. This paper provides an analysis of the state-of-the-art data fusion models along with their architectures. It also presents a comparison between these models to highlight the main objectives of each. In addition, it analyzes the advantages and the limitation of these models.
A spatial model of land use and forest regeneration in the Ituri forest of northeastern zaire

Abstract A model of land-use change in the Ituri tropical moist forest of Zaire was developed to examine the changes in forest structure brought on by the recent concentration of formerly dispersed horticulturalist villages along a road. This cell-space model uses eight land-use categories: road, village, active shamba (field), farm-bush, Musanga forest, old seral forest, climax forest and forest islands. The model consists of two main parts: forest succession and shamba selection. Forest succession is determined deterministically by time since cultivation. Climax forest returns to the open ‘farm-bush’ class with a probability of 0.0025 per year. Shamba selection for each village involves the age of a cell, travel time to the cell from the village, and whether the cell is in the village's usufruct. A usufruct is the territory a village holds in trust for future generations. Productivity of each site is a function of the number of years fallow allowed. Simulations using various parameter combinations were done starting in 1940 (the approximate time of road construction), and lasting from 45 to 250 years. Corroboration of the model was done by comparing model results with transects of vegetation types taken in 1983 and Landsat imagery from 1985. For the situation with no population growth, the model predicts a more open habitat near the road, but able to support the villages indefinitely. With 5% population growth, the area near the road is converted almost entirely to farm-bush and Musanga forest in 45 years, productivity of the shambas is decreased, and the area must be abandoned after about 80 years.
Non-dirty dancing? Interactions between eco-labels and consumers

Abstract Current studies on eco-labeling have been limited because they either examine the relationship between individual characteristics and eco-behavior or between label characteristics and eco-behavior. We extend this literature by designing and testing a model that explicitly links how the characteristics of the individual and the information simultaneously influence an information program’s success. The specific application studies the potential effects of providing eco-information in the private market for passenger vehicles and light-duty trucks sold in the United States. The results point toward the importance of well-designed labeling practices as they significantly impact individuals’ perceptions of the eco-friendliness of products. Further, the importance of underlying psychological factors; and individuals’ priors of the product and of the environmental problem suggests a strong role for the long-run provision of eco-information, especially in cases where individuals hold incorrect perceptions.
The frictional component of the indentation size effect in low load microhardness testing

The role of friction between the microhardness indenter and the test specimen is addressed through the analysis of dry (unlubricated) and lubricated tests on iron by Atkinson and Shi. Quantitative evaluation through a proportional specimen resistance model accurately describes the results. It suggests that friction is a major portion of the observed hardness increase at low test loads, the indentation size effect. The ISE is related to the surface-area-to-volume ratio of the indentation, which is inversely related to the indentation dimension.
Ammonia assimilation in blue-green algae.

The occurrence of alanine dehydrogenase (AlaDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and 2-ketoglutarate: glutamine amidotransferase (GGAT), has been surveyed in a number of blue-green algae. Among nine unicellular strains grown with nitrate, and belonging to five of the major typological groups, AlaDH was present in seven, and GDH in all eight that were assayed. In ten filamentous strains grown with nitrate, and belonging to the three nonheterocyst-forming and four heterocyst-forming groups, AlaDH was present in six, but both AlaDH and GDH were present in only one strain. In those strains which could be grown with N2 as sole nitrogen source, levels of GDH were generally lower, and AlaDH higher in cells fixing N2 than in those growing with nitrate. GGAT was undetectable in N2-grown cells. Two unicellular and three filamentous strains were tested for their ability to use L-alanine, L-glutamate, L-glutamine, and L-asparagine as sole sources of nitrogen. Of these, L-asparagine was utilized most effectively. There was little difference in levels of GDH in cells grown with nitrate or with L-asparagine, while the levels of AlaDH were slightly lower in cells grown with L-asparagine.
The effect of canopy cover and seasonal change on host plant quality for the endangered Karner blue butterfly (Lycaeidesmelissasamuelis)

Larvae of the Karner blue butterfly, Lycaeidesmelissasamuelis, feed solely on wild lupine, Lupinusperennis, from the emergence to summer senescence of the plant. Wild lupine is most abundant in open areas but Karner blue females oviposit more frequently on lupines growing in moderate shade. Can differences in lupine quality between open and shaded areas help explain this disparity in resource use? Furthermore, many lupines are senescent before the second larval brood completes development. How does lupine senescence affect larval growth? We addressed these questions by measuring growth rates of larvae fed lupines of different phenological stages and lupines growing under different shade conditions. The habitat conditions under which lupines grew and plant phenological stage did not generally affect final larval or pupal weight but did significantly affect duration of the larval period. Duration was shortest for larvae fed leaves from flowering lupines and was negatively correlated with leaf nitrogen concentration. Ovipositing in areas of moderate shade should increase␣second-brood larval exposure to flowering lupines. In addition, larval growth was significantly faster on shade-grown lupines that were in seed than on similar sun-grown lupines. These are possible advantages of the higher-than-expected oviposition rate on shade-grown lupines. Given the canopy-related trade-off between lupine␣abundance and quality, maintenance of canopy heterogeneity is an important conservation management goal. Larvae were also fed leaves growing in poor soil conditions and leaves with mildew infection. These and other feeding treatments that we anticipated would inhibit larval growth often did not. In particular, ant-tended larvae exhibited the highest weight gain per amount of lupine eaten and a relatively fast growth rate. This represents an advantage of ant tending to Karner blue larvae.
CITIZEN COPRODUCTION: PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVING SERVICE DELIVERY

Many analysis have hailed citizen involvement in the production of public services as an important development which will enhance service delivery and reduce public agency expenditures. This articl...
The impact of obesity on prostate cancer recurrence observed after exclusion of diabetics.

Purpose Although overall there is a positive association between obesity and risk of prostate cancer (PrCa) recurrence, results of individual studies are somewhat inconsistent. We investigated whether the failure to exclude diabetics in prior studies could have increased the likelihood of conflicting results.
Transmission Modes and Evolution of the Parasitism-Mutualism Continuuma

An analysis of fitness costs and benefits associated with pathogenicity suggests that modes of transmission are key determinants of evolution toward severely pathogenic, benign, or mutualistic symbioses. Specifically, this approach suggests that symbionts with mobile life history stages should evolve toward extremely severe parasitism, vector-borne symbionts should evolve toward severe parasitism in vertebrate hosts and benign parasitism in the vectors, waterborne symbionts should evolve toward severe parasitism, symbionts transmitted by predation should evolve toward severe parasitism in prey hosts and benign parasitism in predator hosts, and vertically transmitted symbionts should evolve toward benign parasitism and mutualism. Detailed reviews of the literature on human diseases support the hypothesized severity of vector-borne and waterborne transmission. Evaluation of the other associations is less detailed, but each association appears to be present. This framework draws attention to the need for detailed reviews of relationships between transmission modes and the nature of symbiotic interactions, and experimental manipulations of transmission.
Retinal Detachment Following Late Posterior Capsulotomy

When we compared the incidence of retinal detachment in 27 eyes after extracapsular cataract surgery and late posterior capsulotomy with the incidence of general aphakic detachment, we found no relationship between the onset of retinal detachment and the numbers, types, or locations of breaks. The interval between cataract extraction and discission had a significant effect on recovery of visual acuity. Final visual acuities of 20/400 or better were attained in 22 of 23 eyes in which discission followed cataract extraction by one year or more but in only one of four eyes in which the procedures were separated by less than one year. Delaying discission for more than 12 months may reduce the extent of retinal detachment and produce the best functional results. Detachments that occurred less than one year after discission were more extensive but achieved better functional results than those that occurred later.
TU-C-103-10: An Automated Technique to Measure CT Noise in Patient Images

Purpose: Phantoms are routinely used for image quality assessment of CT scanners. The image quality in phantom images, however, may not be representative of the image quality in patient images due to differences in physical composition and scan parameters. Access to image quality for every scan conducted would facilitate standardization of image quality across the broad range of CT scanner models present at many medical centers. Similarly, this data would aid in matching image quality between institutions. Therefore, the goal of this work was to develop an automated technique capable of measuring the noise for every CT scan conducted at a major medical center. Methods: The standard deviation was calculated by convolving the patient image with a 6mm square filter. Uniform regions of the patient anatomy were identified through histogram analysis and the standard deviations of the uniform regions were averaged to calculate the global noise of the image. The automated CT noise detection algorithm was applied to six clinical CT images. The results were compared to the noise measured by four observers placing ROIs in what they considered to be uniform sections of patient anatomy. Results: There was a one‐to‐one relationship between the noise measured by the computer algorithm and the mean observer noise with an R2 of 0.98. The average difference between the computer and observer measurements (4.7%) was less than the interobserver variability (4.8%). Running on a standard Lenovo Thinkpad T420 laptop, the computing time was less than 0.05 seconds per image. Conclusion: The noise measured using this automated technique agrees well with human observer measurements. The speed of the calculation indicates that it may be applied to every patient scan to monitor image quality on a per scan basis facilitating quality control on a level previously unachievable.
History and philosophy of attachment of prostheses to the musculo‐skeletal system and of passage through the skin with inert materials

The history of passage through the skin and of attachment to bone to treat fractures is briefly sketched since the work of Malgaigne in 1843. Attachment of metal to bone for many months is now routine after open reduction of fractures and is quite successful for many years for completely buried hip prostheses. Passage through the skin, the gums, or the cornea has been used in many specialties. At least half a dozen investigators have attempted skeletal attachment of artificial limbs. Even if absolute solutions are impossible, perhaps temporary successes might be extended by one or two orders of magnitude (adequate for a lifetime) by increased attention to engineering details. The role of ASTM Committee F–4, Surgical Implants, is noted. An important principle may be matching of stiffness, or at least tapering of the transition in stiffness, between implant and tissue. This precaution should reduce local stress concentrations tending to loosen attachment to bone or to reopen mechanical adherence of tissue to implant, opening a pathway for infection.
Multi-Scale Modeling of High Power Density Data Centers

Data center facilities, which house thousands of servers, storage devices and computing hardware, arranged in 2 meter high racks are providing many thermal challenges. Each rack can dissipate 10–15 kW, and with facilities as large as tens of thousands of square feet, the net power dissipated is typically on the order of several MW. The cost to power these facilities alone can be millions of dollars a year, with the cost to provide adequate cooling not far behind. Significant savings can be realized for the end user by improved design methodology of these high power density data centers. The fundamental need for improved characterization is motivated by inadequacies of simple energy balances to identify local ‘hot spots’ and ultimately provide a reliable modeling framework by which the data centers of the future can be designed. Recent attempts in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of data centers have been based around a simple rack model, either as a uniform heat generator or specified temperature rise across the rack. This desensitizes the solution to variations of heat load and corresponding flow rate needed to cool the servers throughout the rack. Heat generated at the smaller scales (the chip level) produces changes in the larger length scales of the data center. Accurate simulations of these facilities should attempt to resolve the range of length scales present. In this paper, a multi-scale model where each rack is subdivided into a series of sub-models to better mimic the behavior of individual servers inside the data center is proposed. A Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes CFD model of a 110 m2 (1,200 ft2 ) representative data center with the raised floor cooling scheme was constructed around this multi-scale rack model. Each of the 28 racks dissipated 4.23 kW, giving the data center a power density of 1076 W/m2 (100 W/ft2 ) based on total floor space. Parametric studies of varying heat loads within the rack and throughout the data center were performed to better characterize the interactions of the sub-rack scale heat generation and the data center. Major results include 1) the presence of a nonlinear thermal response in the upper portion of each rack due to recirculation effects and 2) significant changes in the surrounding racks (up to 10% increase in maximum temperature) observed in response to changes in rack flow rate (50% decrease).Copyright © 2003 by ASME
API Quality by Design Example from the Torcetrapib Manufacturing Process

The concept and application of quality by design (QbD) principles has been and will undoubtedly continue to be an evolving topic in the pharmaceutical industry. However, there are few and limited examples that demonstrate the actual practice of incorporating QbD assessments, especially for active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) manufacturing processes described in regulatory submissions. We recognize there are some inherent and fundamental differences in developing QbD approaches for drug substance (or API) vs drug product manufacturing processes. In particular, the development of relevant process understanding for API manufacturing is somewhat challenging relative to criteria outlined in ICH Q8 ( http://www.ich.org/cache/compo/276–254–1.html ) guidelines, which are primarily oriented toward application of QbD for drug product manufacturing. This position paper provides a perspective of QbD application for API manufacture using an example from the torcetrapib API manufacturing process. The work includes a risk assessment, examples of multivariate design, and a proposed criticality assessment, all of which coalesce into an example of design space. Torcetrapib was a project in phase III development as a potent and selective inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein before being terminated in late 2006. The intent of Pfizer was to submit torcetrapib under the QbD paradigm (route selection, robustness, and reagent/solvent selection during phases I to III are significantly important in establishing a manufacturing process that would have the most flexibility in the final design space. For more information on this development phase for torcetrapib see Damon et al., Org Process Res Dev, 10(3):464–71, 2006, Org Process Res Dev, 10(3):472–80, 2006).
The distribution of mortality in the United States: the effects of income (inequality), social capital, and race

This article examines how absolute and relative income levels, social capital, and racial/ethnic composition interact to explain variation in age-adjusted mortality rates across the 48 contiguous U.S. states. Our data showed that social capital had a powerful, negative effect on age-adjusted mortality rates —higher social capital states had lower age-adjusted mortality rates. After controlling for other variables, median income moderately related to mortality, but unexpectedly three measures of inequality did not. Finally, states' percent African American positively related to mortality, though indirectly and mediated entirely by social capital. In contrast, the strong negative effect of percent Hispanic/Latino on mortality was partially suppressed by its negative association with social capital. Our understanding of the substantial impact of social conditions on mortality can help inform public policies and actions that may foster healthier and longer lives.
Everyday work: A survey of the 2014 Applied Geography Conference

Abstract A selection of application papers presented at the 2014 Applied Geography Conference in Atlanta, Georgia are included in this special issue of Applied Geography. The wide-ranging topics of the papers reflect the many directions Geography is applied to solve practical issues in our society.
Factors Affecting Healing Rates After Arthroscopic Double-Row Rotator Cuff Repair

BackgroundDouble-row arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs were developed to improve initial biomechanical strength of repairs to improve healing rates. Despite biomechanical improvements, failure of healing remains a clinical problem.PurposeTo evaluate the anatomical results after double-row arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with ultrasound to determine postoperative repair integrity and the effect of various factors on tendon healing.Study DesignCase series; Level of evidence, 4.MethodsForty-eight patients (49 shoulders) who had a complete arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (double-row technique) were evaluated with ultrasound at a minimum of 6 months after surgery. Outcome was evaluated at a minimum of 1-year follow-up with standardized history and physical examination, visual analog scale for pain, active forward elevation, and preoperative and postoperative shoulder scores according to the system of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons and the Simple Shoulder Test. Quantitative strength was measured pos...
Monitoring the Hydrologic Cycle With the PATH Mission

The Precipitation and All-weather Temperature and Humidity (PATH) mission is one of the NASA missions recommended by the NRC in its recent Earth Science “Decadal Survey.” The focus of this mission is on the hydrologic cycle in the atmosphere, with applications from weather forecasting to climate research. PATH will deploy a microwave sounder, a passive radiometer that measures upwelling thermal radiation, in geostationary orbit and will for the first time provide a time-continuous view of atmospheric temperature and all three phases of water under nearly all weather conditions. This is possible because microwave radiation is sensitive to but also penetrates both clouds and precipitation, as has been demonstrated with similar sensors on low-earth-orbiting satellites. Data from those sensors, despite observing a particular location only twice a day, have had more impact on weather prediction accuracy than any other type of satellite sensor, and it is expected that PATH will have a similar impact with its ability to continuously observe the entire life cycle of storm systems. Such sensors have also played an important role in climate research and have been used to estimate long-term temperature trends in the atmosphere. An important application of PATH data will be to improve the representation of cloud formation, convection, and precipitation in weather and climate models, particularly the diurnal variation in those processes. In addition to measuring the three-dimensional distribution of temperature, water vapor, cloud liquid water, and ice, PATH also measures sea surface temperature under full cloud cover. Such observations make a number of important applications possible. Depending on the application focus and the geostationary orbit location, PATH can serve as anything from a hurricane and severe-storm observatory to an El Nino observatory. A geostationary orbit offers many advantages, as has been demonstrated with visible and infrared imagers and sounders deployed on weather satellites, but those sensors cannot penetrate clouds. It has not been possible until now to build a microwave radiometer with a large enough antenna aperture to attain a reasonable spatial resolution from a GEO orbit. A new approach, using aperture synthesis, has recently been developed by NASA at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and that is what makes PATH possible. Key technology enabling the large array of receivers in such a system has been developed, and a proof-of-concept demonstrator was completed in 2006. The state of the art in this area is now such that PATH mission development could start in 2010 and be ready for launch in 2015, but the actual schedule depends on the availability of funding. An option to fly PATH as a joint NASA-NOAA mission is being explored.