cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New York State Public Library Systems and Their Services

This research revisited the conditions for establishing and funding public library systems in New York State Education Law and the Regulations of the Commissioner of Education, examined public library systems' organizational mission statements, and analyzed the public library systems' 2007–2011 five-year Plans of Service and 2008–2009 annual reports. The study found that public library systems in New York State generally provide services following the instructions in the state law and regulations and in their mission statements, although there are wide-ranging variations of actual service activities among public library systems based on their organizational and demographic characteristics.
Predictors for altering caffeine consumption during stress

The present study investigated whether or not those who self-report increasing use of caffeine when under stress consume caffeine more for the drug (e.g., stimulant) effects. A three-part questionnaire assessing demographic information, caffeine use patterns, and reasons for use was completed by 182 females and 106 males (mean age, 22.4 years; range, 9 to 59). Consistent with earlier research, nearly 50% of the sample reported increasing consumption of coffee or soft drinks when under stress. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed drinking for relief reasons as the most consistent predictor for altering caffeine use when under stress. Understanding differences in use patterns will likely help strengthen the ability to describe the extent to which caffeine use contributes to cardiovascular and other disorders.
In Situ Radiolysis Time-Resolved ESR Studies of Spin Trapping by DMPO: Reevaluation of Hydroxyl Radical and Hydrated Electron Trapping Rates and Spin Adduct Yields

The second-order rate constants for the reaction of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) with radiolytically produced hydroxyl radicals and hydrated electrons have been measured in aqueous solution by direct observation of spin adduct initial yield using time-resolved electron spin resonance. The rate constants are 2.8 × 109 mol-1 dm3 s-1 for the DMPO−hydroxyl radical addition reaction and 3.2 × 109 mol-1 dm3 s-1 for the reaction of DMPO and hydrated electron, using sodium formate and chloroacetic acid as competitive scavengers of the hydroxyl radical and hydrated electron, respectively. The hydrated electron−DMPO competition study determined the fraction of DMPO−H produced directly from radiolytically produced hydrogen atoms as 0.082 of the total DMPO−H yield, indicating that approximately half of the hydrogen atoms react with DMPO to produce non-aminoxyl products. The fraction of the total hydroxyl radical yield leading to DMPO−OH spin adduct was determined to be 0.94, using the bleach of 2,2,6,6-tet...
Upregulation of α1-Adrenergic Inotropy in Failing Right Ventricle (RV) is Mediated by the α1A Subtype

In nonfailing mouse RV, α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-ARs) mediate a negative inotropic effect (NIE). We reported that α1-AR inotropy in heart failure was dramatically switched to a positive inotropic effect (PIE). The two predominant α1-AR subtypes in heart are the α1A and α1B. However, their inotropic roles in heart failure are unclear.Goal: Determine the roles of α1A and α1B subtypes in upregulation of α1-AR inotropy in failing RV.Methods: We used a mouse model of bleomycin-induced RV failure. Bleomycin or saline was instilled into the trachea. Using RV cardiac trabeculae, we assessed in-vitro α1-AR inotropic responses to non-subtype selective agonist phenylephrine (PE, stimulates α1A and α1B subtypes), or subtype-selective agonist A61603 (stimulates only α1A subtype).Results: Two wk after bleomycin, there was pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension and RV failure. For non-failing RV, A61603 caused a NIE (force decreased 48±10%, n=3) similar to the NIE mediated by PE (force decreased 52±12%, n=3). Thus, stimulation of the α1A subtype singly, or together with the α1B subtype, produced a similar NIE. In contrast, for failing RV, stimulation with A61603 caused a switch to a PIE (force increased 134±36%, n=7; P<0.05). However, the PIE mediated by PE was much lower (force increased 34±14%, n=7; P<0.05). Thus, stimulation of the α1A subtype singly produced a much greater inotropic response versus stimulation of both α1A and α1B subtypes. This suggests that upregulation of α1-AR inotropy in the failing RV was mediated by the α1A subtype, but opposed by the α1B subtype. Preliminary studies suggest a role for myosin light chain kinase in upregulation of α1-AR inotropy in failing RV.Conclusion: The switch to a PIE induced by α1-ARs in failing RV is mediated by the α1A subtype, not the α1B subtype.
Some effects of increased helium content on void formation and solute segregation in neutron irradiated type 316 stainless steel

Abstract This work compares the microstructural development of solution annealed (SA) and 20% cold-worked (CW) type 316 stainless steel during EBR-II and HFIR irradiation at 500–550°C. The neutron fluences produced damage levels ranging from 7 to 69 dpa. Samples aged at 470–650°C for up to 10000 h provide a baseline for the compositions and microstructures of precipitation developed under irradiation. In general, during EBR-II irradiation, voids form from tiny helium bubbles that nucleate on dislocations and precipitate interfaces via diffusion of helium atoms and point defects to these sinks. In both SA and CW 316 that was irradiated in EBR-II, significant void swelling and radiation-induced solute segregation (RISS) are observed. In the case of SA 316 that was irradiated in HFIR, increased helium generation initially suppresses void formation relative to EBR-II irradiated SA 316 through increased bubble nucleation. However, at higher fluence, void swelling is enhanced in HFIR irradiated SA 316. By contrast, the higher level of bubble nucleation for CW 316 irradiated in HFIR suppresses both void swelling and the effects of RISS to higher fluence than for the same CW 316 irradiated in EBR-II. Consistent with this observation, 110 at. ppm preinjected helium in SA 316 completely suppresses void formation and virtually eliminates RISS after EBR-II irradiation at 500–625°C to 8.4 dpa.
The guanylyl cyclase-A receptor transduces an atrial natriuretic peptide/ATP activation signal in the absence of other proteins.

Attempts to activate partially purified preparations of the guanylyl cyclase-A (GC-A) receptor with atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) have previously failed, leading to speculation that essential cofactors are lost during purification procedures. The receptor was modified to contain the FLAG epitope (DYKDDDDK), expressed in Sf9 cells, and purified to apparent homogeneity (4.3 μmol cyclic GMP formed/min/mg protein; 5.8 nmol 125I-ANP binding site/mg protein) by a combination of immunoaffinity, Q-Sepharose FF, and wheat germ agglutinin batch chromatography. High initial protein/detergent ratios, the presence of glycerol (40%), and the inclusion of protein phosphatase inhibitors in all buffers resulted in the purification of a receptor that continued to transduce the ANP/ATP activation signal. Both native and purified GC-A contained a single class of high affinity ANP binding sites (Kd = 60 pM) and an equivalent EC50 for ATP (0.3 mM). Positive cooperativity as a function of MnGTP was retained during purification. Thus, GC-A is capable of transducing a ligand binding signal in the absence of other proteins.
The distribution of particle-phase organic compounds in the atmosphere and their use for source apportionment during the Southern California Children's Health Study

Abstract Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) samples from 12 sites in southern California, collected as part of the Southern California Children’s Health Study (SCCHS), were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) techniques. Ninety-four organic compounds were quantified in these samples, including n-alkanes, fatty acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), ho-panes, steranes, aromatic diacids, aliphatic diacids, resin acids, methoxyphenols, and levoglucosan. Annual average concentrations of all detected compounds, as well as average concentrations for three seasonal periods, were determined at all 12 sites for the calendar year of 1995. These measurements provide important information about the seasonal and spatial distribution of particle-phase organic compounds in southern California. Also, co-located samples from one site were analyzed to assess precision of measurement. Excellent agreement was observed between annual average concentrations for the broad range of organic compou...
Characterization of LSM-YSZ Composites Prepared by Impregnation Methods

Composites of La 0 . 8 Sr 0 . 2 MnO 3 (LSM) and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) were prepared by impregnating porous YSZ with salts of Sr, La, and Mn to 40 wt % LSM. The effect of calcination temperature on cathode performance at 973 K was then studied using both symmetric cells and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Following calcination at 1123 K, the LSM in the composite remained porous. In symmetric-cell tests, LSM(1123)-YSZ electrodes exhibited a low loss, 0.5 Ω cm 2 , which was unchanged by polarization; however, in fuel cell tests, the performance was poor at current densities above 0.2 A/cm 2 . Following calcination at 1323 or 1523 K, LSM formed a dense layer coating on the YSZ. In symmetric-cell tests, the composite exhibited an ASR greater than 4 Ω cm 2 , but this decreased, reversibly, upon cathodic polarization or upon heating in humidified H 2 at 973 K. In fuel cell tests, the performance of composites calcined at 1323 K was superior to ones at 1523 K, primarily because the ohmic resistance of the cell was 0.25 Ω cm 2 higher after 1523 K, probably due to solid-state reactions with the electrolyte. The optimal conditions for forming impregnated LSM-YSZ cathodes and the reasons for the observed hysteresis in cathode polarization are discussed based on these results.
Eddy-current phenomena in ferromagnetic materials

THIS ARTICLE presents a new treatment of eddy-current phenomena in solid iron and other ferromagnetic alloys based upon a suggestion by A. G. Ganz.1 The new treatment is developed logically, beginning with the familiar problem of eddy currents in an infinite region of constant permeability, bounded by a plane surface where excitation is applied. The concepts of phase shift and damping always associated with the space distribution of eddy currents found in this problem are extended to the case in which a ferromagnetic material is used. This material is assumed to have infinite permeability at zero field intensity between positive and negative saturation induction, with zero incremental permeability for all field intensities different from zero. A field theory consistent with the Maxwell theory and preserving the concepts of phase shift and damping is evolved for the assumed material.
The good I will, I do not

“For I do not do the good I want, but the evil I do not want is what I do-Now if I do what I do not want, it is no longer I that do it, but sin which dwells within me.” (Romans 7:19–20)
ESR Detection of optical dynamic nuclear polarization in G a A s / A l x Ga 1 − x As quantum wells at unity filling factor in the quantum Hall effect

This paper presents a study of the enhancement of the Zeeman energy of two-dimensional (2D) conduction electrons near the $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$ filling factor of the quantum Hall effect by optical dynamic nuclear polarization. The change in the Zeeman energy is determined from the Overhauser shift of the transport detected electron spin resonance in GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}$ multiquantum wells. In a separate experiment the NMR signal enhancement factor is obtained by radio frequency detected nuclear magnetic resonance under similar conditions in the same sample. These measurements afford an estimation of the hyperfine coupling constant between the nuclei and 2D conduction electrons.
Tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of epibatidine after acute and chronic administration in mice.

Abstract Epibatidine is a novel potent antinociceptive agent that acts through nicotinic receptors. In this study we investigated the development of tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of epibatidine enantiomers after acute and chronic administration in mice using the tail-flick test. Contrary to nicotine, mice treated with epibatidine enantiomers at different times and doses did not develop significant tolerance after s.c. acute nor after repeated injections. In mice that chronically received (+)-epibatidine, no significant tolerance was seen after acute challenge with (+)-epibatidine. However, a significant shift in (−)-epibatidine's dose-response curve was obtained in animals that received (−)-epibatidine. In nicotine-tolerant animals, no significant tolerance was seen after acute challenge with (+)-epibatidine. However, the animals were less sensitive to the acute (−)-epibatidine challenge. Our results show that development of tolerance to epibatidine antinociceptive effects has a different profile and characteristics than that found for nicotine.
Water quality impacts associated with sorghum culture in the southern plains

Nonpoint-source pollution of surface water by the transport of sediment, N, and P in agricultural runoff is one of the nation's major water quality concerns. Consequently, concentrations and amounts of sediment, N, and P in runoff from Conventional Till (CT), Reduced Till (RT), and No Till (NT), sorghum [ (L.) Moench.] watersheds in the Southern Plains, were measured during a 5-yr period to evaluate water quality impacts of sorghum culture. Mean annual sediment and total N and P loss in runoff from NT (281, 0.76, and 0.28 kg ha yr, respectively) and RT (523, 0.99, and 0.37 kg ha yr, respectively) were lower than from CT sorghum (8877, 7.28, and 2.5 kg ha yr, respectively). In contrast, tillage effects on soluble N and P losses were generally small and less consistent, although soluble P concentrations exceeded limits associated with accelerated eutrophication (0.01 mg L). Predicted losses of soluble P and particulate N and P using desorption kinetics and enrichment ratio relationships were not significantly different from measured values for all tillage practices (ranged from 0.66 to 0.99). Overall, conservation tillage (NT and RT) reduced sediment, N, and P transport in runoff relative to CT and thereby lessened the potential impact of sorghum culture on surface water quality in the Southern Plains.
Extensive Peripheral Retinectomy Combined with Posterior 360° Retinotomy for Retinal Reattachment in Advanced Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy Cases

Posterior 360 degrees retinotomy in conjunction with extensive peripheral retinectomy was necessary for retinal reattachment in 18 eyes. A visual acuity of 20/400 or better was achieved in 22% of the patients; in patients with rubeosis, regression was found in 89%. Of the hypotonus eyes, preoperatively 78% were normotensive postoperatively after removal of anterior proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) covering ciliary epithelium. The major intraoperative complication was hemorrhage, which could be readily controlled. Recurrent retinal detachment (RD) occurred in 39% and reproliferation in 50% of the patients.
Applying POMDP to moving target optimization

Diversity maintains security by making the computing environment less standard and less predictable. Recent studies show that many randomization techniques, e.g. address space layout randomization (ASLR) significantly enhance system security simply through reducing the number of return to libc exploits [14]. However, "diversity" may incur significant overhead on the computing platforms. We study the problem of implementing diversity to trade off security performance with diversity implementation costs. We address this problem by formulating it as a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP). An optimal solution considering a fixed amount of history can be obtained by transforming the POMDP optimization problem into a nonlinear programming (NLP) problem. Simulation results for a set of benchmark problems illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Arsine, (1R)‐[1,1′‐Binapththalene]‐2,2′‐diylbis[diphenyl‐ and Arsine, (1S)‐[1,1′‐Binapththalene]‐2,2′‐diylbis[diphenyl‐

Arsine, (1R)-[1,1′-binaphthalene]-2,2′-diylbis[diphenyl [191173-26-9] C44H32As2 (MW 710.57) InChI = 1S/C32H30As2.C13H12.3C2H6/c33-29-21-19-23-11-7-9-17-27(23)31(29)32-28-18-10-8-12-24(28)20-22-30(32)34(25-13-3-1-4-14-25)26-15-5-2-6-16-26;1-3-7-12(8-4-1)11-13-9-5-2-6-10-13;3*1-2/h1-6,8,10,12-16,18-19,21H,7,9,11,17,20,22,33H2;1-10H,11H2;3*1-2H3 InChIKey = MZAZLHKEECBVGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Arsine, (1S)-[1,1′-binaphthalene]-2,2′-diylbis[diphenyl [217449-07-5] C44H32As2 (MW 710.57) InChI = 1S/C44H38As2.3C2H6/c1-5-19-35(20-6-1)45(36-21-7-2-8-22-36)41-31-29-33-17-13-15-27-39(33)43(41)44-40-28-16-14-18-34(40)30-32-42(44)46(37-23-9-3-10-24-37)38-25-11-4-12-26-38;3*1-2/h1-13,15,17,19-27,30,32H,14,16,18,28-29,31H2;3*1-2H3 InChIKey = RIBPOFABIJJOGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used as a ligand for transition metal-catalyzed asymmetric cross-coupling reactions) Physical Data: arsine 1 mp 220–222 °C, = +117.7 [c = 0.50, benzene, >95% ee as determined by DIACEL CHIRALPAK OP(+) column]. Optical rotation and other details are not provided for 2. Solubility: sol dichloromethane. Form Supplied in: not commercially available. Purification: ligands 1 and 2 are purified using trituration with cold methanol followed by silica gel flash chromatography using elution with dichloromethane.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: ligands 1 and 2 are prone to oxidation. They are used under inert atmosphere in degassed solvents.
Exits from the Labyrinth: Culture and Ideology in the Mexican National Space

Can we address the issue of nationalism without polemics and restore it to the domain of social science? Claudio Lomnitz-Adler takes a major step in that direction by applying anthropological tools to the study of national culture. His sweeping and innovative interpretation of Mexican national ideology constructs an entirely new theoretical framework for the study of national and regional cultures everywhere. With an analysis of culture and ideology in internally differentiated regional spaces--in this case Morelos and the Huasteca in Mexico--Exits from the Labyrinth links rich ethnographic and historical research to two specific aspects of Mexican national ideology and culture: the history of legitimacy and charisma in Mexican politics, and the relationship between the national community and racial ideology.
The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule (AUDADIS): Reliability of alcohol and drug modules in a clinical sample

The alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule (AUDADIS), was designed for use in the general population, and was previously shown to have good reliability in a sample of household residents. However, measurement problems are different in clinical samples. Thus, a test-retest study was conducted of the AUDADIS in a clinical sample of 296 substance-using patients from substance- and psychiatrically-identified treatment settings. Reliability for current drug-specific AUDADIS dependence diagnoses was good to excellent for high-prevalence as well as low-prevalence drug categories. Reliability for abuse diagnoses was not as good, although this was due to the hierarchical nature of the abuse diagnosis itself, rather than its defining criteria. Demographic and other factors were investigated for their potential effects on the reliability of alcohol and cocaine diagnoses; low severity was the only consistent predictor of unreliability for both of these categories. Reliability of consumption variables was generally good, with a few notable exceptions. Results suggest that the AUDADIS can be used in research comparing treated to community samples of individuals with alcohol and drug diagnoses.
LXI. On the rate of oxidation of phosphorus, sulphur, and aldehyde

(1894). LXI. On the rate of oxidation of phosphorus, sulphur, and aldehyde. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 38, No. 235, pp. 505-536.
Lipoprotein Glycation and Its Metabolic Consequences

In people with diabetes, glycation of apolipoproteins correlates with other indices of recent glycemic control, including HbA1. For several reasons, increased glycation of apolipoproteins may play a role in the accelerated development of atherosclerosis in diabetic patients. Recognition of glycated LDL by the classical LDL receptor is impaired, whereas its uptake by human monocyte-macrophages is enhanced. These alterations may contribute to hyperlipidemia and accelerated foam-cell formation, respectively. Glycation of LDL also enhances its capacity to stimulate platelet aggregation. The uptake of VLDL from diabetic patients by human monocyte-macrophages is enhanced. This enhancement may be due, at least in part, to increased glycation of its lipoproteins. Glycation of HDL impairs its recognition by cells and reduces its effectiveness in reverse cholesterol transport. Glycation of apolipoproteins may also generate free radicals, increasing oxidative damage to the apolipoproteins themselves, the lipids in the particle core, and any neighboring macromolecules. This effect may be most significant in extravasated lipoproteins. In these, increased glycation promotes covalent binding to vascular structural proteins, and oxidative reactions may cause direct damage to the vessel wall. Glycoxidation, or browning, of sequestered lipoproteins may further enhance their atherogenicity. Finally, glycated or glycoxidized lipoproteins may be immunogenic, and lipoprotein-immune complexes are potent stimulators of foam-cell formation.
A comment on the equation of state by Hirschfelder et al.

A flaw is found in the gas equation of state formulated by Hirschfelder et al. For densities somewhat smaller than the critical density and temperatures in the neighborhood of the critical temperature, delta P/delta rho at constant temperature is negative. This violates the requiremnt of mechanical stability. The importance of the violation depends on the use being made of the equation of state.
Spectral constraints on the formation mechanism of recurring slope lineae

[1] Recurring slope lineae (RSL) exhibit multiple lines of evidence for a wet origin. In the southern midlatitudes, they form on steep, equator-facing slopes that are warm during southern summer. The formation temperature, seasonality, and other geomorphic characteristics are suggestive of water-related formation, perhaps dense brines. We examined Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars images of all confirmed RSL sites from the southern midlatitudes and the equatorial region to understand the composition of RSL and/or RSL-associated deposits. We did not detect any spectral signature attributable to water; however, a distinct and consistent spectral signature is observed at most sites, indicating enhanced abundances or distinct grain sizes of both ferric and ferrous minerals in RSL-related materials compared to adjacent non-RSL slopes. Like the RSL themselves, the strength of these signatures varies as a function of season. The observed spectral changes may indicate removal of a fine-grained surface component during RSL flow, precipitation of ferric oxides, and/or wetting of the substrate.
Structure of the central Death Valley pull-apart basin and vicinity from COCORP profiles in the southern Great Basin

COCORP deep seismic reflection profiles in the vicinity of the central Death Valley pull-apart basin in southeastern California provide three-dimensional information on the subsurface of an active extensional terrane. Variations in the orientation and density of reflectors indicate that the crust and upper mantle of the region is divisible into three seismic zones which may represent regions of differing lithology, rheology, or both. The reflections in the upper ∼5 s (15 km) of the data have gentle to moderate dips; between 5 and 10 s, reflections are predominantly subhorizontal; and below ∼ 10 s (30 km), there are no notable reflections. The boundaries between the above reflecting zones are marked by prominent reflecting horizons which are continuous throughout the survey region. The observed reflection geometries resemble those predicted by the crustal model of the region proposed by Wright and Troxel (1973) on the basis of geological studies. In addition, many of the upper-crustal reflectors can be traced directly to mapped features. Based on those correlations, the upper reflecting zone (0-5 s) is interpreted to be a region of brittle deformation with the various upper-crustal reflectors interpreted as faults and basin sediments. The reflecting horizon at the base of the upper zone appears to be the lower boundary of the faulted upper crustal blocks and, it has been suggested that it locally includes partially molten rock. The observed geometries and amplitudes of reflections from the lower crust (15-30 km depth or 5-10 s two-way traveltime) are consistent with the model of Wright and Troxel for a ductilely deformed and intruded lower crust. The prominent reflecting horizon at the base of that zone is designated the reflection Moho and the seismically transparent lowest zone appears to correspond to the upper mantle. The seismic data define a zone of faults (referred to here as the "Wingate Wash fault zone") which appears to form the southern boundary of the central Death Valley basin and also may have provided a conduit for the migration of magma from a mid-crustal magma body to the surface. The Wingate Wash fault zone appears to intersect the southern Death Valley fault zone and the frontal faults of the Black Mountains in the subsurface beneath the youngest volcanic edifice in the region. Those three fault zones appear to separate the Panamint, Owlshead, and Black Mountain upper-crustal fault blocks. From the available data, a reconstruction of the possible fault-block movements during the time of basin subsidence is presented. That reconstruction suggests that the central Death Valley basin formed as a result of the combined down-to-the-east rotation and northwest translation of the fault blocks in manner similar to that proposed by Reches for other parts of the Basin and Range.
“Big” human placental lactogen: Disulfide-linked peptide chains☆

Abstract “Big” human placental lactogen has been purified by affinity chromatography. On SDS 1 -polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, “big” hPL had a molecular weight of about 45,000. Following reduction with mercaptoethanol, a single band with a molecular weight of 23,000 was noted. These observations suggest that “big” hPL consists of two peptide chains linked by a disulfide bond.
An Archosaur-Like Laterosphenoid in Early Turtles (Reptilia: Pantestudines)

Turtles are placed with increasing consistency by molecular phylogenetic studies within Diapsida as sister to Archosauria, but published gross morphology-based phylogenetic analyses do not recover this position. Here, we present a previously unrecognized unique morphological character offering support for this hypothesis: the presence in stem turtles of a laterosphenoid ossification identical to that in Archosauriformes. The laterosphenoid is a tripartite chondrocranial ossification, consisting of an ossified pila antotica, pila metoptica, and taenia medialis + planum supraseptale. It forms the anterior border of the exit for the trigeminal nerve (V) and partially encloses the exits for cranial nerves III, IV, and II. This ossification is unique to turtles and Archosauriformes within Vertebrata. It has been mistakenly dismissed as anatomically dissimilar in these two groups in the past, so we provide a complete description and detailed analysis of correspondence between turtles and Archosauriformes in each of its embryologically distinct components. A preliminary phylogenetic analysis suggests other potential synapomorphies of turtles and archosaurs, including a row or rows of mid-dorsal dermal ossifications.
A harness for 24-hour pH-monitoring in the dog.

Twenty-four hour pH monitoring is used widely in the field of upper gastrointestinal disease.1–4 This technique allows the study of pH profiles in normal subjects and those with esophageal, gastric, or duodenal disease. However, it has not been possible to study ambulatory pH in animals. We have designed and developed a harness to carry a pH recorder5 that enables 24-hour pH studies to be performed in the dog. We studied pH profiles in 10 dogs. The harness is adaptable and could be used for other long-term physiological measurements
EFFECT OF MULTIPLE PATH APPROACH PROCEDURES ON RUNWAY LANDING CAPACITY

When using the Instrument Landing System (ILS) all aircraft must follow a straight line approach path before landing. The Microwave Landing System (MLS) will allow use of differing curved approach paths. The objective of this research is to find out whether the introduction of MLS and consequently multiple approach paths can bring an increase in runway landing capacity. A model is developed which is capable of computing the expected ultimate landing runway capacity, under ILS and MLS conditions, when aircraft population characteristics and Air Traffic Control separation rules are given. This model can be applied in situations when only a horizontal separation between aircraft approaching a runway is allowed, as well as when both vertical and horizontal separations are possible. Results suggest that an increase in runway landing capacity, caused by introducing the MLS-described multiple approach paths, is to be expected only when an aircraft population consists of aircraft with significantly differing approach velocities and particularly in situations when a vertical separation can be applied.
Pathology of Lethal and Sublethal Doses of Aerosolized Ricin in Rhesus Macaques

Ricin toxin, a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein and a category B bioterrorism agent, is produced from the seeds of castor oil plant (Ricinus communis). Chronic pathological changes in survivors of aerosolized ricin exposure have not been reported in primates. Here we compare and contrast the pathological changes manifested between rhesus macaques (RM) that succumbed to lethal dose of ricin (group I) and survivor RM exposed to low dose of ricin (group II). All animals in group I exhibited severe diffuse, necrotizing bronchiolitis and alveolitis with fibrinopurulent bronchointerstitial pneumonia, massive alveolar, perivascular and peribronchial/bronchiolar edema with hemorrhage, and necropurulent and hemorrhagic tracheobronchial lymphadenitis. All animals from group II had multifocal, fibrosing interstitial pneumonia with prominent alveolar histiocytosis and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia. Subacute changes like infiltration by lymphocytes and plasma cells and persistence of edematous fluid were occasionally present in lung and tracheobronchial lymph nodes. The changes appear to be a continuum wherein the inflammatory response shifts from an acute to subacute/chronic reparative process if the animals can survive the initial insult.
Myelodysplastic syndromes: clinicopathologic features, pathobiology, and molecular pathogenesis.

Abstract Context.—Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are clonal stem cell diseases characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, multilineage dysplasia, and peripheral cytopenias with normocellular or hypercellular marrow. They represent a heterogeneous group of disorders with a varied spectrum of clinical, morphologic, biologic, and genetic characteristics. This heterogeneity in disease characterization has led to evolving classification systems, developing prognostic models, and continuing research efforts to elucidate its pathobiology and pathogenesis. Objective.—To summarize updated information and provide a general overview of the clinicopathologic features, pathobiology, and cytogenetic and molecular pathogenesis of MDSs. Data Sources.—Relevant articles indexed in PubMed (National Library of Medicine) between 1982 and 2005 and reference medical texts. Conclusions.—Although MDSs remain a relatively poorly defined disease entity, recent advancements in cytogenetic and molecular studies have significantly ...
Role of B cell receptor signaling in IL-10 production by normal and malignant B-1 cells

B-1 cells are considered innate immune cells, which produce the majority of natural antibodies. B-1 cell responses to B cell receptor (BCR) and Toll-like receptor ligation are tightly regulated owing to the cross-reactivity to self-antigens. CD5 has been shown to play a major role in downregulation of BCR responses in B-1 cells. Here, we provide evidence for another mechanism by which BCR response is regulated in B-1 cells. B-1 cells, as well as their malignant counterpart, B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells, produce interleukin-10 (IL-10) constitutively. IL-10 secretion by normal B-1 cells downregulates their proliferation responses to BCR ligation. However, we found that CLL cells appear to be unique in not responding to IL-10-mediated feedback-suppressive effects in comparison to normal B-1 cells. In addition, we describe a novel role of the BCR signaling pathway in constitutive IL-10 secretion by normal and malignant B-1 cells. We found that inhibition of Src family kinases, spleen tyrosine kinase, Syk, or Bruton's tyrosine kinase reduces constitutive IL-10 production by both normal and malignant B-1 cells.
Phase Modulation With Interferometric Detection as an Alternative to Intensity Modulation With Direct Detection for Analog-Photonic Links

We analyze the performance of analog-photonic links employing phase modulation with interferometric demodulation and compare it to intensity-modulation direct-detection links. We derive expressions for RF gain, RF noise figure, compression dynamic range, and spurious-free dynamic range for both architectures. We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally that phase-modulated links can outperform intensity-modulated links over substantial frequency ranges.
Spontaneous self-assembly and disassembly of colloidal gold nanoparticles induced by tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride

Upon reacting with tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride, 15 nm citrate gold nanoparticles rapidly assemble into linear chains, followed by slowly disassembling into monodisperse components. This work highlights the first example of 31P NMR on gold particles of this size and suggests that the phosphonium is oxidized on-particle, contributing to particle disassembly.
Lincoln's other War: Public Opinion, Press Issues, and Personal Pleas

Abstract Claiming a need and an authority to act for public safety during the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln and his generals used prerogative powers to restrict freedom of expression. A number of citizens disputed the denials of their rights. Their responses raised many issues such as violations of the U.S. Constitution, the need of voters to have information, and the hardships, errors, and inconsistencies of the enforcement. Confronted with the consequences of suppression, the president sometimes relented or implemented more lenient policies. The decisions tested the principles of one man and a nation.
Computational Improvements to Multibody Projectile Dynamics Simulation

As new and innovative control mechanisms are developed for smart projectile systems, it is necessary to have accurate flight dynamics simulations to assist in the design and testing of these control concepts. In some situations, these systems are best modeled using a multibody dynamics model composed of individual rigid bodies connected through various joints and constraints. MultiBoom is one such example of a general purpose, multibody smart projectile simulator. While powerful, this code requires a large amount of computation time compared to a standard rigid projectile flight dynamic simulation. Much of the computation time goes into calculation of the constraint forces and moments. Several run time acceleration techniques are explored and tested using an example smart projectile system to demonstrate significant reduction in computation time while maintaining a high level of accuracy in the dynamics model.
The ‘Problem’ of Schubert's String Quintet

Eschewing the polemic surrounding Franz Schubert's private life, as well as the habit of judging his art by Beethovenian criteria, many musicians now have chosen to focus on unique aspects of the composer's œuvre in order to illuminate its distinctive aesthetic values. In particular, some have sought to isolate and explain contextual processes responsible for compelling perceptions of drama and unity in Schubert's later instrumental works. The objects of their inquiries consist of progressive sequences of internally defined musical elements, relations and events that confer effects of internal momentum and comprehensive coherence on Schubert's music. These contextual processes complement tonal, formal and thematic procedures in Schubert's compositions and reveal an ingenious artist engaged in a restless search for new ways of organizing music.
Morphometric Comparison of Skeletons of the Western Grebe Complex Aechmophorus of the United States and Canada

Skeletal specimens ofAechmophorus-210 occidentalis (dark "phase") and 77 clarkii (light "phase")-were analyzed morphometrically using univariate and multivariate techniques to assess interspecific and intersexual skeletal variation; variation due to age and locale also was tested. A. occidentalis generally exceeded A. clarkii in skeletal dimensions; mean differences were less than 1 mm for widths of elements and approximated 5 mm for lengths of major wing elements. Also, 5-vertebral notaria were more frequent in the larger A. occidentalis than in A. clarkii. Univariate sexual dimorphism was highly significant in all skeletal measurements, dimensions of males exceeding those of females. Stepwise canonical analyses of the four species-sex groups of Aechomorphorus documented significant interspecific and intersexual differences in skeletons; interspecific differences in proportions within the pelvic limb and bill suggest differential refinement for locomotion and foraging. Multivariate sexual differences were more than twice as great as multivariate differences between species, and sexual dimorphism was significantly greater in A. clarkii than in A. occidentalis. Classification functions for skeletons of Aechmophorus of known sex permitted species identification for 85% of specimens. Identification of single elements to species does not appear to be feasible using mensural criteria. Lesser but significant multivariate variation in skeletons was attributable to age and locale of collection. Magnitude of interspecific differentiation in skeletal dimensions in Aechmophorus is small compared to that among species in other genera studied previously.
Stepwise association of hydrogen cyanide and acetonitrile with the benzene radical cation: structures and binding energies of (C6H6•+)(HCN)n, n = 1-6, and (C6H6•+)(CH3CN)n, n = 1-4, clusters

Equilibrium thermochemical measurements using the ion mobility drift cell technique have been utilized to investigate the binding energies and entropy changes associated with the stepwise association of HCN and CH3CN molecules with the benzene radical cation in the C6H6•+(HCN)n and C6H6•+(CH3CN)n clusters with n = 1–6 and 1–4, respectively. The binding energy of CH3CN to the benzene cation (14 kcal/mol) is stronger than that of HCN (9 kcal/mol) mostly due to a stronger ion–dipole interaction because of the large dipole moment of acetonitrile (3.9 D). However, HCN can form hydrogen bonds with the hydrogen atoms of the benzene cation (CHδ+···NCH) and linear hydrogen bonding chains involving HCN···HCN interaction. HCN molecules tend to form externally solvated structures with the benzene cation where the ion is hydrogen bonded to the exterior of HCN chains. For the C6H6•+(CH3CN)n clusters, internally solvated structures are formed where the acetonitrile molecules are directly interacting with the benzene cat...
Changing the course of diabetic nephropathy: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in type I diabetic renal disease.

An overview of the Collaborative Study Group trial, which found that ACE inhibition slows the loss of renal function in diabetes.
Reason Analysis on One Rare Event of Steam Turbine Oil Changing Green

In allusion to problems of steam turbine oil discoloring and its abnormality in practical production,this paper analyzes various performance index of steam turbine oil and considers that colored substances could not affect usability of the oil while antioxidant may cause the oil discolor.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer(GC-MS)and ultraviolet spectrum analysis was conducted for extracted green substances and it was discovered reason for oil discoloring was partially using alkylated diphenylamines antioxidant.Meanwhile,it was pointed out that XDHX-1 typed high-effective adsorbent had good desorption effect for colored substances.
Crowd-sourced air quality studies: A review of the literature & portable sensors

Development of low-cost, portable, and low-power devices for monitoring airborne pollutants is a crucial step towards developing improved air quality models and better quantitating the health effects of human and animal exposure. This review article summarizes recent developments in the field within the context of the establishment/expansion of high spatial and temporal resolution air quality monitoring networks. Current ‘crowd-sourced’ monitoring efforts are summarized, and recent advances in chemical sensors required for these networks are described. No ‘perfect’ sensing platform, that meets the requirements of low-cost, portability, selectivity, and sensitivity has yet been achieved. This highlights the need for investment in the fundamental analytical chemistry of the sensing platforms required to achieve such ‘smart-cities.’ Such investment should include the development of new sensor technologies, and provide for calibration and performance validation for systems enacted. In addition to summarizing the current state-of-the-art, reflections on future needs are also offered.
Extravascular FIX and coagulation.

This review summarizes the evidence that collagen IV binding is physiologically important, and that the extravascular compartment of FIX is composed of type IV collagen. As we have previously demonstrated, 7 days post-infusion, FIXWT (BeneFIX) is able to control bleeding as well as the same dosage of Alprolix in hemophilia B mice, tested using the saphenous vein bleeding model (Alprolix is a chimeric FIX molecule joined at its C terminus to a Fc domain). Furthermore, we have shown that in hemophilia B mice, doses of BeneFIX or Alprolix (up to a dose of 150 IU/kg) have increased bleeding-control effectiveness in proportion to the dose up to a certain limit: higher doses are no more effective than the 150 IU/kg dose. These studies suggest that in hemophilia B mice, tested using the saphenous vein bleeding model, three things are true: first, extravascular FIX is at least as important for coagulation as is circulating FIX; second, measuring circulating levels of FIX may not be the best criterion for designing new “longer lasting” FIX molecules; and third, trough levels are less diagnostic for FIX therapy than they are for FVIII therapy.
Benzodiazepine Dependence among Young Adult Participants in the Club Scene Who Use Drugs.

ABSTRACTYoung adults ages 18–29 report the highest rates of benzodiazepine (BZD) misuse in the United States. The majority of club drug users are also in this age group, and BZD misuse is prevalent among participants in club scenes. This article examines BZD dependence and its correlates among young adult participants in the electronic dance music (EDM) culture in Miami, Florida, who use drugs. Structured interviews were with men and women (N = 356) ages 18 to 29 who reported regular attendance at EDM venues and recent use of both club drugs and BZDs. Prevalences of BZD-related problems were 12.6% for BZD dependence, 21.1% BZD abuse, and 24.2% BZD abuse and/or dependence. In a multivariate logistic regression model, younger age (OR 0.85; 95% CI 0.76, 0.96), severe mental distress (OR 8.30; 95% CI 3.07, 22.49), daily marijuana use (OR 2.10; 95% CI 1.03, 4.27), and heavy opioid use (OR 2.33; 95% CI 1.12, 4.83) were associated with BZD dependence. BZD dependence was higher in this sample than in other popula...
"Cut and Sew" Transformations via Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Carbon-Carbon Bond Activation.

The transition-metal-catalyzed “cut and sew” transformation has recently emerged as a useful strategy for preparing complex molecular structures. After oxidative addition of a transition metal into a carbon–carbon bond, the resulting two carbon termini can be both functionalized in one step via a following migratory insertion and reductive elimination with unsaturated units, such as alkenes, alkynes, allenes, CO, and polar multiple bonds. Three- or four-membered rings are often employed as reaction partners due to their high ring strains. The participation of nonstrained structures generally relies on cleavage of a polar carbon–CN bond or assistance of a directing group.
The Importance of Family and the Deficiency of Residential Institutions

This paper compares the ways in which institutional residential care, foster care, and adoption affect children. It uses scientific research studies to show the effects each method of caregiving has on a child’s growth, development, and life-long success. It argues that either domestic or international adoption are the best approaches to serving orphans and other children in need.
Plasmonic nanoantenna array with single-chip integrated metal-organic framework for infrared absorption CO 2 sensing

Surface-enhanced infrared absorption is a spectroscopic technique but unsuitable for gas spectroscopy due to the need for long absorption path lengths. We demonstrate a device using metal-organic framework integrated with plasmonic nanoantennas for CO 2 sensing.
African Miracle, African Mirage: Transnational Politics and the Paradox of Modernization in Ivory Coast

The cover of Abou Bamba’s engaging history of post-war Ivory Coast’s “economic miracle” is aptly chosen. Abidjan’s Cite administrative (a set of towering office blocks) looms over a statue of eleph...
Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Commercially Available Computerized Cognitive Training Among Older Adults

Researchers have explored a variety of interventions to improve cognition among older adults. One of which is computerized cognitive training programs. The number of commercially available, cognitive training programs has increased greatly, but scientists debate their value. The purposes of this systematic literature review and meta-analysis were to (1) evaluate the efficacy of commercially available, computerized cognitive training programs to improve cognition in older adults and (2) examine far transfer of training to untrained tasks relevant to everyday functioning. Articles were reviewed if the study (a) included a sample of adults aged 55 and older, (b) used a commercially available, computerized cognitive training program, (c) was a randomized controlled trial, (d) measured cognition as an outcome, and (e) included a sample that was free from health conditions affecting cognitive function (e.g., cancer, stroke, psychiatric conditions, or traumatic brain injury). Effect sizes were calculated using random effect models to determine cognitive training effects for various cognitive domains and far transfer tasks. There were significant small to medium training effects for the cognitive domains of attention (d = 0.651, p < .001), processing speed (d = 0.294, p = .002), and visuospatial memory (d = 0.252, p = 0.016). There was also evidence of far transfer to self-reported measures of everyday function (d = 0.277, p < 0.001). Commercially available computerized cognitive training programs may improve certain cognitive abilities among older adults, who also report improvement on tasks relevant to their everyday lives.