cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A statistical framework for quantile equivalence clinical trials with application to pharmacokinetic studies that bridge from HIV-infected adults to children.

Summary Bridging clinical trials are sometimes designed to evaluate whether a proposed dose for use in one population, for example, children, gives similar pharmacokinetic (PK) levels, or has similar effects on a surrogate marker as an established effective dose used in another population, for example, adults. For HIV bridging trials, because of the increased risk of viral resistance to drugs at low PK levels, the goal is often to determine whether the doses used in different populations result in similar percentages of patients with low PK levels. For example, it may be desired to evaluate that a proposed pediatric dose gives approximately 10% of children with PK levels below the 10th percentile of PK levels for the established adult dose. However, the 10th percentile for the adult dose is often imprecisely estimated in studies of relatively small size. Little attention has been given to the statistical framework for such bridging studies. In this article, a formal framework for the design and analysis of quantile-based bridging studies is proposed. The methodology is then developed for normally distributed outcome measures from both frequentist and Bayesian directions. Sample size and other design considerations are discussed.
Significant visual increase following infectious keratitis after collagen cross-linking.

To report a patient who developed a left paracentral stromal scar due to infectious keratitis that occurred after corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) for progressive keratoconus. The flattening effect of the scar led to an increase in visual acuity.
Distributed blowing and suction for the purpose of streak control in a boundary layer subjected to a favorable pressure gradient

An analysis of the optimal control by blowing and suction in order to generate stream- wise velocity streaks is presented. The problem is examined using an iterative process that employs the Parabolized Stability Equations for an incompressible uid along with its adjoint equations. In particular, distributions of blowing and suction are computed for both the normal and tangential velocity perturbations for various choices of parameters.
Design, Synthesis, and Preliminary Evaluation of Doxazolidine Carbamates as Prodrugs Activated by Carboxylesterases

The synthesis and tumor cell growth inhibition by Doxazolidine carbamate prodrugs are reported. The carbamates were designed for selective hydrolysis by one or more human carboxylesterases to release Doxazolidine (Doxaz), the formaldehyde-oxazolidine of doxorubicin that cross-links DNA to trigger cell death. Simple butyl and pentyl, but not ethyl, carbamate prodrugs inhibited the growth of cancer cells that overexpress carboxylesterase CES1 (hCE1) and CES2 (hiCE). Relative CES1 and CES2 expression levels were determined by reverse transcription of the respective mRNAs followed by PCR amplification. More complex structures with a p-aminobenzyl alcohol (PABA) self-eliminating spacer showed better growth inhibition (IC50 50 nM for Hep G2 liver cancer cells) while exhibiting reduced toxicity toward rat cardiomyocytes, relative to the parent drug doxorubicin. Pentyl 4-(Ndoxazolidinylcarbonyloxymethyl) phenylcarbamate (pentyl PABC-Doxaz) the lead compound for further investigation, appears to be activated in Hep G2 cells that express both CES1 and CES2.
Machine Tool Selection Based on AHP and ACO

Aiming at uncertainty of process plans in the process decision making, the paper introduced a method based on ant colony optimization (ACO) to find out the set of optimal solutions for multi-objective machine tool selection. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied to simplify process decision making plans, and the structural diagram of AHP was made up according to the different demands of manufacturing engineer. By means of the examples the different elements to different manufacturing processes are comprehensive evaluated, and the most splendid process scheme is evaluated, meanwhile the feasibility of the proposed method applying process decision making is verified.
Interparental Conflict and Late Adolescents' Sensitization to Conflict: The Moderating Effects of Emotional Functioning and Gender

The present study examined the extent to which individuals exposed to frequent and intense interparental conflict (IPC) across childhood and adolescence are sensitized to conflict during late adolescence. Late adolescents' perceptions of their exposure to IPC while growing up were examined in relation to their self-reported emotional and social-cognitive reactions to simulated conflict. Emotional functioning and gender were expected to moderate the relations of IPC to late adolescents' reactions. IPC exposure had stronger effects on the negative emotional reactions of adolescents low in emotional functioning and males than on the emotional reactions of adolescents higher in emotional functioning and females, respectively. Moreover, IPC was positively related to females' negative beliefs about conflict implications but unrelated to males' beliefs. Results are discussed in terms of the sensitization hypothesis and gender differences in sensitivity to conflict.
Regulation of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase in the halophilic cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica : a possible role in glycinebetaine biosynthesis

Aphanothece halophytica, a halophilic cyanobacterium capable of growing in saturated NaCl, accumulates high intracellular concentrations of glycinebetaine in response to increasing environmental NaCl. In this organism, intracellular levels of K+ rise dramatically with increasing external NaCl before an increase in glycinebetaine can be detected. Glycinebetaine synthesis requires three S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-mediated transmethylations; each transmethylation reaction generates one molecule of the transmethylation inhibitor S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy). Thus, glycinebetaine synthesis should require continued removal of AdoHcy. In A. halophytica, catabolism of AdoHcy was shown to occur via the reversible reaction catalyzed by AdoHcy hydrolase (EC 3.3.1.1). Activity of AdoHcy hydrolase in the direction of synthesis of AdoHcy was inhibited by 0.4 M KCl in this organism. On the other hand, activity of AdoHcy hydrolase in the direction of AdoHcy hydrolysis was unaffected by 0.4 M KCl. Glycinebetaine increased synthesis of AdoHcy in the presence of 0.4 KCl, but had no effect on AdoHcy hydrolysis. Based upon these results, a mechanism is proposed for the regulation of glycinebetaine synthesis by K+ and glycinebetaine in A. halophytica. According to this mechanism, the regulatory response would be initiated by a K+-induced shift in the AdoMet/AdoHcy ratio.
Instrumentation for Contrast Echocardiography: Technology and Techniques

Contrast echocardiography is the only clinical imaging technique in which the imaging modality (ultrasound) can cause a change in the contrast agent (microbubbles). The change in the contrast agent can range from small oscillations of the microbubbles at a low mechanical index to their disruption at a high mechanical index. The specific mechanical index required to produce these various effects may be different for each contrast agent, depending on the bubble dimension as well as shell and gas characteristics. These alterations in bubbles result in changes in ultrasound backscatter that are specific for the bubbles themselves, rather than for tissue, and are therefore exploited for imaging their presence in tissue. These signal-processing techniques have resulted in an increased signal-to-noise ratio from bubbles vis-a-vis the tissue and have made online assessment of myocardial perfusion possible.
Capture of Carbon Dioxide from Ethanol Fermentation by Liquid Absorption for Use in Biological Production of Succinic Acid

Previously, it was shown that the gas produced in an ethanol fermentor using either corn or barley as feedstock could be sparged directly into an adjacent fermentor as a feedstock for succinic acid fermentation using Escherichia coli AFP184. In the present investigation, it was demonstrated that the CO2 produced in a corn ethanol fermentor could be absorbed in a base solution and the resultant carbonate solution used both for pH control and supply of the CO2 requirement in succinic acid fermentation. Thus, the CO2 produced in a 5-L corn mash containing 30 wt% total solids was absorbed in a packed column containing 2 L of either 5 M NaOH, 5 M KOH, or 15 wt% NH4OH, and the resultant carbonate solutions were used for pH control in a succinic acid fermentor. The results obtained indicated no significant differences between succinic acid production in these experiments and when 2.5 M solutions of Na2CO3, K2CO3, and (NH4)2CO3 from commercial sources were used. In a commercial setting, the demonstrated capture of CO2 in liquid form will allow transportation of the carbonate solutions to locations not in the immediate vicinity of the ethanol plant, and excess carbonate salts can also be recovered as value-added products.
Inhibition of primate spinothalamic tract neurons by stimulation in ipsilateral or contralateral ventral posterior lateral (VPLc) thalamic nucleus

The effects of stimulation in the ventral posterior lateral (VPLc) thalamic nuclei on the activity of primate spinothalamic tract neurons were investigated. All 19 cells studied were strongly inhibited by conditioning trains of stimuli delivered to either ipsilateral or contralateral VPLc. Both background discharges and activity evoked by innocuous or noxious cutaneous stimulation were inhibited.
A Variational-Asymptotic Cell Method for Periodically Heterogeneous Materials

A new cell method, variational-asymptotic cell method (VACM), is developed to homogenize periodically heterogenous anisotropic materials based on the variational asymptotic method. The variational asymptotic method is a mathematical technique to synthesize both merits of variational methods and asymptotic methods by carrying out the asymptotic expansion of the functional governing the physical problem. Taking advantage of the small parameter (the periodicity in this case) inherent in the heterogenous solids, we can use the variational asymptotic method to systematically obtain the effective material properties. The main advantages of VACM are that: a) it does not rely on ad hoc assumptions; b) it has the same rigor as mathematical homogenization theories; c) its numerical implementation is straightforward because of its variational nature; d) it can calculate different material properties in different directions simultaneously without multiple analyses. To illustrate the application of VACM, a binary composite with two orthotropic layers are studied analytically, and a closed-form solution is given for effective stiffness matrix and the corresponding effective engineering constants. It is shown that VACM can reproduce the results of a mathematical homogenization theory.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Pharmaco-chemical studies on petroselinum Hortense (parsley), grown in Egypt

The pharmacological characteristics of “Petroselinum hortense” have been studied. It possesses laxative, ecbolic, hypotensive and growth promoting properties. Petroselinum hortense, as shown from its chemical analysis contains: vitamin A (102661.U.) B1(0.17 lmg%), B2 (0,433 mg%), assorbic acid (151 mg%), calcium (129 mg%), phosphorus (26 mg%), iron (6 mg%), chloride (0,41 mg%) protein (3.44 mg%) and carbohydrates (7.42 mg%).
Touchdown on Venus: Analytic wind models and a heuristic approach to estimating landing dispersions

Abstract The ‘landing ellipse’ or region of uncertainty within which an unguided probe to Venus may be expected to land is calculated. The region can be usefully seen as the convolution of three different factors: an initial circular delivery uncertainty which is smeared at a grazing entry angle onto the planetary sphere, an along-track uncertainty due to atmospheric density and vehicle aerodynamic variations during hypersonic entry, and a descent dispersion due to uncertain and/or variable zonal and meridional winds. This decomposition allows the various contributions to be instructively exposed and conveniently traded-off, without conducting explicit entry and descent dynamics simulations. It is seen that for descent durations and delivery errors typical of past Venus missions, the zonal wind contribution (determined with an analytic fit to Pioneer Venus tracking data) generally dominates, causing a ~200 km E–W (99%) dispersion, with meridional dispersions being about 4 times smaller. However, when entry angles become shallower than about 8°, the along-track dispersions may dominate, with the resulting ellipse becoming longer or wider depending on the entry azimuth. The analytic wind descriptions presented here may be applied to scientific problems, such as the dispersal of volcanic plumes or impact ejecta.
SUM RULES FOR PHOTODISINTEGRATION OF H$sup 3$ AND He$sup 3$

We apply the sum rules of Levinger and Bethe to calculate the dipole bremsstrahlung weighted cross section (${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{b}=\ensuremath{\int}{0}^{\ensuremath{\infty}}(\frac{\ensuremath{\sigma}}{W})dW$) and the integrated cross section (${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{int}}=\ensuremath{\int}{0}^{\ensuremath{\infty}}\ensuremath{\sigma}\mathrm{dW}$) for ${\mathrm{H}}^{3}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ using Irving's wave function. On assuming charge symmetry and neglecting Coulomb repulsion, we find that ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{b}({\mathrm{H}}^{3})={\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{b}({\mathrm{He}}^{3})$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{int}}({\mathrm{H}}^{3})={\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{int}}({\mathrm{He}}^{3})$.
Racial Identity and Preferences for Social Change Strategies among African Americans

Historically, African Americans have struggled against oppression in a variety of ways. Two of the major strategies have been nationalism and inclusionism; the first emphasizing efforts to establish a separate nation, society or path of development, and the second emphasizing efforts to attain equal opportunity within U.S. society. This article describes an exploration of African American preferences for a range of social change tactics related to these general strategies and the relationship between these preferences and racial identity attitudes. The results indicated that assimilation-oriented Blacks were less likely to prefer organized, collective, policy-related strategies than bicultural Blacks. Other findings led to suggested refinements of the nationalist-inclusionist dichotomy and of racial identity attitudes theory.
Diffuse scattering in icosahedral phase AlMnSi

Abstract Neutron powder diffraction patterns are calculated from a random cluster model (RCM) for icosahedral phase AlMnSi for comparison with experimental intensity data. The diffuse scattering seen experimentally under the groups of strong peaks is revealed selectively in the calculated partial intensities for AlAl, MnMn and AlMn correlations. This diffuse intensity is known to result from the enhancement of the dense background of weak peaks by the structure factor of a single atomic cluster, rather than from substitutional chemical disorder or orientational disorder. A single crystal diffraction pattern normal to a two-fold symmetry axis is also calculated to determine the distribution of diffuse intensity in reciprocal space. This intensity is found to be in agreement with experimental transmission electron diffraction patterns in that the diffuse scattering is centered around the expected positions for the most intense superlattice reflections found in fci quasicrystals.
Mathematical Psychology: Prospects For The 21st Century: A Guest Editorial

Abstract The twenty-first century is certainly in progress by now, but hardly well underway. Therefore, I will take that modest elasticity in concept as a frame for this essay. This frame will serve as background for some of my hopes and gripes about contemporary psychology and mathematical psychology’s place therein. It will also act as platform for earnest, if wistful thoughts about what might have (and perhaps can still) aid us in forwarding our agenda and what I see as some of the promising avenues for the future. I loosely structure the essay into a section about mathematical psychology in the context of psychology at large and then a section devoted to prospects within mathematical psychology proper. The essay can perhaps be considered as in a similar spirit, although differing in content, to previous editorial-like reviews of general or specific aspects of mathematical psychology such as [ Estes , W. K. ( 1975 ). Some targets for mathematical psychology. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 12 , 263–282; Falmagne , J. C. ( 2005 ). Mathematical psychology: A perspective. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 49 , 436–439; Luce , R. D. ( 1997 ). Several unresolved conceptual problems of mathematical psychology. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 41 , 79–87] that have appeared in this journal.
An Alternative to Kuomintang—Communist Collaboration: Sun Yat-sen and Hong Kong, January–June 1923

Sun Yat-sen arrived in Shanghai in August 1922 after suffering a humiliating defeat at the hands of his former ally, Ch'en Chiung-ming. In the next five months, he negotiated with Russian and Chinese Communists for their collaboration with the Kuomintang. His effort was fruitful, On January 26, 1923, he issued a joint manifesto with the Soviet emissary, Adolf Joffe, who assured the Chinese revolutionary leader—in the name of the ‘Russian people’—of their ‘warmest sympathy for China’ and their ‘willingness to lend support.’.
Prostatic carcinoma. Influence of tumor grade on results of pelvic lymphadenectomy.

Abstract Two hundred fifteen patients have undergone pelvic node dissection in clinical Stages A1 A2, B1 and B2 adenocarcinoma of the prostate as a final staging procedure. Two hundred four patients have had the tumor grade assessed adequately and the influence of the grade on the results of the node dissection evaluated. As the grade of the primary tumor worsens in each clinical stage, the incidence of positive nodes increases.
Interactive image segmentation framework based on control theory

Segmentation of anatomical structures in medical imagery is a key step in a variety of clinical applications. Designing a generic, automated method that works for various structures and imaging modalities is a daunting task. Instead of proposing a new specific segmentation algorithm, in this paper, we present a general design principle on how to integrate user interactions from the perspective of control theory. In this formulation, Lyapunov stability analysis is employed to design and analyze an interactive segmentation system. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method are demonstrated.
Polynomial sums over automorphs of a positive definite binary quadratic form

Abstract Let P(X) be a homogeneous polynomial in X = (x, y), Q(X) a positive definite integral binary quadratic form, and G the group of integral automorphs of Q(X). Let A(m) = {N ∈ Z × Z : Q(N) = m}. It is shown that if ΣN∈A(m) P(N) = 0 for each m = 1, 2, 3,… then ΣU∈G P(UX) ≡ 0.
Towards a Real Estate Land Use Modeling Paradigm

This article develops a conceptual research-oriented framework for understanding how land uses are allocated in the marketplace. The analyses highlight the crucial roles that market information and transaction costs play in determining the outcomes of transactions between real estate users and suppliers and the dynamics of real estate land uses and prices.
Segmenting a sensor field: Algorithms and applications in network design

The diversity of the deployment settings of sensor networks is naturally inherited from the diversity of geographical features of the embedded environment, and greatly influences network design. Many sensor network protocols in the literature implicitly assume that sensor nodes are deployed inside a simple geometric region, without considering possible obstacles and holes in the deployment environment. When the real deployment setting deviates from that, we often observe degraded performance. Thus, it is highly desirable to have a generic approach to handle sensor fields with complex shapes. In this article, we propose a segmentation algorithm that partitions an irregular sensor field into nicely shaped pieces such that algorithms and protocols that assume a nice sensor field can be applied inside each piece. Across the segments, problem dependent structures specify how the segments and data collected in these segments are integrated. Our segmentation algorithm does not require any extra knowledge (e.g., sensor locations) and only uses network connectivity information. This unified spatial-partitioning approach makes the protocol design become flexible and independent of deployment specifics. Existing protocols are still reusable with segmentation, and the development of new topology-adaptive protocols becomes much easier. We verified the correctness of the algorithm on various topologies and evaluated the performance improvements by integrating shape segmentation with several fundamental problems in network design.
Ca2+ permeability of unedited and edited versions of the kainate selective glutamate receptor GluR6.

Abstract The Ca2+ permeability of the kainate selective glutamate receptor GluR6 depends on the editing of the RNA (or DNA). The unedited version of GluR6, GluR6Q, encodes a glutamine at position 621 (Q/R site) and exhibits a Ca2+/monovalent ion permeability ratio of 1.2, while the edited version of GluR6, GluR6R, encodes an arginine at position 621 and exhibits a permeability ratio of 0.47. Kainate activation of the GluR6 receptor results in currents that are modulated by extracellular calcium ions. Permeability ratios of other divalent ions indicate that the Q/R site is not the only determinant for divalent ion permeability. The level of editing of the receptor will determine the Ca2+ influx through the GluR6 receptor channels and, consequently, may modulate the synaptic activity.
P-N COMPOUNDS 32. PHOSPHAMINIMIDES 6. PHOTOISOMERIZATION TO 1H-1,2 DIAZEPINES1

Abstract Photoinduced ring enlargement of diethoxy, diphenoxy and diphenyl pyridinophosphaminimides resulted in the formation of the corresponding 1-phosphinyl-1H-1,2-diazepines.
A cooperative software development paradigm for content analysis-based psychology research procedures (abstract)

Results from a pilot study of the Worst Event Test (WET), a computer-aided content analysis-based procedure developed jointly by members of The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Department of Psychiatry and members of The University of Texas at Arlington Department of Computer Science Engineering, suggest that a semi-automated content analysis is feasible for studying the relationship of cognitive distortion to depression, and is preferable to manual procedures. The cooperative, evolutionary software development approach which emerged from the WET may be seen as a paradigm useful in assisting in the development of other initially ill-defined psychology research procedures, and has the potential to benefit psychology researchers who might find manual development tasks prohibitive in terms of time and cost.The development of the WET, a multi-step procedure containing an initially ill-defined information system as well as human reasoning processes to be determined and standardized, was divided into three phases: (1) achievement of component reliability, (2) system prototype testing, and (3) integration. Each phase corresponded to a known psychology research need, and determined both knowledge engineering and information system design activities required. Software design and development were carried on concurrently with cyclic psychology procedure development, facilitating vital interaction between psychology activities, knowledge engineering activities, and information system design. Rapidly prototyped software provided timely development assistance for the psychology researchers at each step, as well as software usable during system prototype testing.Following procedure validation, the kernel software will be integrated with other data-handling processes specified during high-level information system design to create a custom workstation environment for psychology researchers engaged in similar research.
Determination of trace quantities of anticholinesterase pesticides.

Abstract A procedure has been described which is applicable to the screening of large numbers of samples for anticholinesterase activity. The method is sufficiently sensitive to detect cholinesterase depression due to as little as 30 ppt paraoxon; 3 ppb malaoxon or 2 ppm of carbaryl in either ethylene glycol or water. While the method does not allow the absolute differentiation between compounds which might be present, some classification is possible, i.e., for compounds which must be activated before they possess anticholinesterase activity.
Recombinant soluble transforming growth factor β type II receptor ameliorates radiation enteropathy in mice

Abstract Background & Aims: Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β has been implicated in many fibrotic conditions. However, its mechanistic role in radiation toxicity is equivocal despite compelling correlative evidence. This study assessed whether in vivo administration of a soluble TGF-β type II receptor (TβR-II) protein ameliorates intestinal radiation injury (radiation enteropathy). Methods: A recombinant fusion protein, consisting of the extracellular portion of mouse TβR-II and the Fc portion of mouse immunoglobulin (Ig) G, was produced. A 5-cm segment of mouse ileum was exposed to 19 Gy x-radiation. TβR-II:Fc fusion protein (1 mg/kg every other day) or mouse IgG was administered from 2 days before to 6 weeks after irradiation. Radiation injury was assessed at 6 weeks using quantitative histology, morphometry, and immunohistochemistry. Collagen was measured colorimetrically, and TGF-β1 messenger RNA was assessed with fluorogenic probe reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: Compared with IgG controls, TβR-II:Fc–treated mice exhibited less structural injury, preservation of mucosal surface area, and less intestinal wall fibrosis. Intestinal TGF-β1 messenger RNA increased in TβR-II:Fc–treated mice, whereas TGF-β immunoreactivity decreased. TβR-II:Fc treatment increased crypt cell proliferation but otherwise did not affect unirradiated intestine. Conclusions: Long-term modulation of TGF-β with a TβR-II:Fc fusion protein is feasible and ameliorates radiation enteropathy. These data confirm the putative role of TGF-β in intestinal radiation fibrosis. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2000;119:1286-1296
Angular singularities of elliptic problems

Criticality calculations for nuclear reactors are commonly based [8, 12, 13[ on 5-point difference approximations to the multigroup diffusion equations in plane sections, which have a low order of accuracy: O(V) if the mesh is uniform, and only 0(/r) if the mesh is nonuniform. The results reported here concern. the possibility of developing “finite element” variational methods having higher-order accuracy which could advantageously replace them.l For elliptic problems whose solution is sufficiently smooth (e.g., of class Pm)), variational methods using Hermite interpolation or spline subspaces of piecewise polynomial functions are known2 to give sets of algebraic equations whose solution yields a function approximating the exact solution with order of accuracy O(/Z~~). However, plane sections of nuclear reactors are typically piecewise homogeneous media separated by interfaces with corners, where the “flux” becomevzonanalytic and has what may be called an angular singularity. Analogous “angular singularities” occur in elliptic problems arising in many other branches of physics, such as electromagnetic theory. To develop “finite elements”, some linear combination ,of which will approximate to a high order of accuracy the exact solution of the multigroup diffusion equations in’ such reactors, one must know the analytical’ nature of the angular singularities of the exact solution (flux) near such corners. When difference methods are used, one typically “subtracts out” the leading
Condensin II Resolves Chromosomal Associations to Enable Anaphase I Segregation in Drosophila Male Meiosis

Several meiotic processes ensure faithful chromosome segregation to create haploid gametes. Errors to any one of these processes can lead to zygotic aneuploidy with the potential for developmental abnormalities. During prophase I of Drosophila male meiosis, each bivalent condenses and becomes sequestered into discrete chromosome territories. Here, we demonstrate that two predicted condensin II subunits, Cap-H2 and Cap-D3, are required to promote territory formation. In mutants of either subunit, territory formation fails and chromatin is dispersed throughout the nucleus. Anaphase I is also abnormal in Cap-H2 mutants as chromatin bridges are found between segregating heterologous and homologous chromosomes. Aneuploid sperm may be generated from these defects as they occur at an elevated frequency and are genotypically consistent with anaphase I segregation defects. We propose that condensin II–mediated prophase I territory formation prevents and/or resolves heterologous chromosomal associations to alleviate their potential interference in anaphase I segregation. Furthermore, condensin II–catalyzed prophase I chromosome condensation may be necessary to resolve associations between paired homologous chromosomes of each bivalent. These persistent chromosome associations likely consist of DNA entanglements, but may be more specific as anaphase I bridging was rescued by mutations in the homolog conjunction factor teflon. We propose that the consequence of condensin II mutations is a failure to resolve heterologous and homologous associations mediated by entangled DNA and/or homolog conjunction factors. Furthermore, persistence of homologous and heterologous interchromosomal associations lead to anaphase I chromatin bridging and the generation of aneuploid gametes.
Supply chain network design under profit maximization and oligopolistic competition

Abstract In this paper, we model the supply chain network design problem with oligopolistic firms who are involved in the competitive production, storage, and distribution of a homogeneous product to multiple demand markets. The profit-maximizing firms select both the capacities associated with the various supply chain network activities as well as the product quantities. We formulate the governing Nash–Cournot equilibrium conditions as a variational inequality problem and identify several special cases of the model, notably, a generalization of a spatial oligopoly and a classical oligopoly problem to include design capacity variables. The proposed computational approach, which is based on projected dynamical systems, fully exploits the network structure of the problems and yields closed form solutions at each iteration. In order to illustrate the modeling framework and the algorithm, we also provide solutions to a spectrum of numerical supply chain network oligopoly design examples. This paper makes a contribution to game theoretic modeling of competitive supply chain network design problems in an oligopolistic setting.
Potato nitrogen management

ABSTRACT Management of nitrogen (N) fertilization, in terms of rate, timing, and method of application, influence the yield and quality of potatoes. Optimal management of N and irrigation is important to improve N uptake efficiency, and minimize N losses while maintaining high yields and quality. Management of these inputs becomes a challenge in sandy soils, which are vulnerable for leaching of water and soluble nutrients. Real-time continuous monitoring of soil water within and below the rootzone is important to improve scheduling of irrigation to ensure adequate supply of water for plant growth and tuber production, without the risk of excessive leaching of water below the rootzone, which can contribute to leaching of soluble nutrients. Field studies conducted at various production regions show that a combination of pre-plant and in-season N application is necessary to increase N uptake efficiency, and produce high yields of high quality potatoes. The rates and timing of application of pre-plant and in-...
Environmental Scanning and Strategic Decisions in Multinational Corporations

This paper reports on an empirical study of the strategic decision consequences associated with environmental scanning by MNCs at the HQ‐FS level. The study focuses on decisions that relate to strategic change. After a review of theoretical arguments that relate environmental scanning with strategic change, hypotheses are developed and tested. Results are discussed in light of relevant works in the area, and implications for international management research and practice are noted.
The spectral dependence of solar soft X-ray flux values obtained by SOLRAD 9

Abstract The determination of solar energy flux values from ionization chamber experiments is discussed. Procedures and calculations necessary for the correction of SOLRAD 9 0.5–3 A and 1–8 A data and for the determination of the flare plasma temperature and emission measure are presented. These calculations are based on the continuum spectrum of Culhane (1969), the line spectrum of Tucker and Koren (1971), and experimental values of the detector efficiencies.
Embryotoxicity of broadband high-frequency noise in the CD-1 mouse.

The teratogenic and embryofetotoxic potential of a broad band of high‐frequency (16–42 kHz), high‐intensity (110 dB sound pressure level), temporally uniform noise was evaluated in CD‐1 mice. The frequency band of the noise overlapped the most sensitive region of the mouse's auditory system. The exposure period (d 6–15) included the period of major organogenesis. Decreased fetal weight, pregnancy rate, and increased late‐stage fetolethality were observed in the offspring of exposed dams, but the statistical significance of these effects was low (p < 0.1).
Single vibronic level fluorescence spectra from the S1(1B2u) state of p-difluorobenzene vapor

Abstract 1 B 2u → 1 A 1g fluorescence spectra have been obtained after pumping each of 19 bands in the S1 ← S0 absorption of p-difluorobenzene under collision-free conditions. The fluorescence analyses provide new assignments of some absorption bands and confirmations of others so that the assignment of the principal structure in absorption is essentially secure. Only the identity of some sequence forming modes remains unconfirmed. The assignments confirm a number of excited-state fundamentals and provide new values for others (Table I). Analysis of the weaker structure in zero-point S1 fluorescence gives a full picture of vibrational activity in the S1 ← S0 transition. In so far as can be determined, the vibrational activities in fluorescence and absorption are in complete correspondence. The vibrational activity in the allowed p-difluorobenzene transition replicates to a good degree that found in the forbidden transition of benzene. Evidence suggesting a nonplanar S1 state is found. A Franck-Condon analysis is given for progressions in three modes, and several strong Fermi resonances are identified in the S1 state.
GIANT CELLS IN CULTURES FROM HUMAN LYMPH NODES

Giant cells resembling those found in tuberculous nodes appeared in cultures of various normal and pathological human lymph nodes cultivated in plasma. They migrated out from the explants from normal and tuberculous nodes, from nodes from acute and chronic lymphadenitis and Hodgkin's disease, and from a metastatic sarcoma. They were most abundant in cultures from tuberculous nodes. The giant cells are similar in structure to the large wandering cells and probably arise from them. We are uncertain, however, as to how the giant cells develop. There is no evidence of fusion of the large mononuclear wandering cells; on the other hand, there is some evidence that they arise by amitosis of the nuclei without division of the cytoplasm, which increases in bulk. They contain a large central area of more or less granular character which takes up neutral red with great avidity. This central area probably consists of dead material, the waste products of metabolism and of digested foodstuffs such as lymphocytes that the cells are unable to get rid of in the abnormal environment, and perhaps also of accumulated non-living foreign substances that have penetrated into the cells and become segregated. The central area is surrounded by a conspicuous zone of fat globules in which the nuclei are embedded. The nuclei vary in number from 2 or 3 to 50 or 60. Usually, however, there are not more than 10 or 20, and in the cells that are flattened out on the cover-slip they often have a horseshoe-like arrangement about the equator of the central area. Mitochondria are abundant and usually in the form of wavy or curly threads. They seem to be most numerous in the ectoplasm immediately about the fat zone. They also extend in among the fat globules and out into the ectoplasm. A distinct, clear, homogeneous ectoplasm envelops the cell.
Partitioned multiply scaled pseudo conjugate gradient schemes

Through the introduction of multiple two parameter pairs of scaling factors, a modified formulation of the conjugate gradient scheme is derived. The individual pairs are separately assigned to the various substructure of a model so as to gauge the optimal local search direction and length. During the iteration process, this yields a successions of multiparameter dependent energy states. Seeking the appropriate minima, a vectorized multiparameter formulation of the conjugate gradient scheme is derived. Due to the manner of formulation, the scheme provides both global as well as substructural level orthogonality among successive iterates. To generalize the scheme, both pre and unpreconditioned versions are developed. Overall the methodology provides a potentially significant improvement in computational robustness. This is benchmarked in a series of numerical experiments.
Present understanding of shock polarity for internal defibrillation: the obvious and non-obvious clinical implications

Background: Uncertainty about the best electrode configuration has combined with the programming flexibility in modern implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) to result in routine polarity reversal during an implant to deal with a high defibrillation threshold (DFT). We feel that this practice is not always supported by the clinical data and the present scientific understanding of defibrillation. Method: A meta-analysis of the clinical studies on ICD shock polarity was performed. Subgroup analyses were also performed to test the impact of high DFTs, various tilts, and the use of the hot can electrode. A review of the basic research surrounding the effects of polarity in defibrillation is also presented. Results: A total of 224 patients were studied. The use of an anodal right ventricular (RV) coil lowers the mean DFT by 14.8% (P = 0.00001). It provides thresholds equal to or lower than cathodal defibrillation in 83% of patients. The fraction of patients with lower anodal DFTs was 94/224 versus 38/224 for cathodal polarity. This phenomenon may be explained by virtual electrode effects. In particular, anodal electrodes tend to produce collapsing wavefronts while cathodal electrodes tend to produce expanding proarrhythmic wavefronts. Conclusion: In an ICD implant, the RV coil should be the anode. Furthermore, DFT testing beginning with cathodal defibrillation is most likely unnecessary and needlessly extends the procedure's duration and increases the risks for the patient.
Interactive Display “fruits And Vegetables For Better Healthrdquo” Engages Consumers At Garden Exposition

Abstract Adult education research shows that an active learner is more likely to process and retain new information than a passive learner. In addition, learning, defined as the retention of new information, is reinforced by detailed and prompt feedback to the learner. With these two principles in mind, eight questions related to fruits and vegetables were developed for a Garden Exposition. This annual public television fund-raiser involves gardening clubs, businesses, master gardeners and Cooperative Extension. A 26 × 18-inch self-supporting stand was constructed for each question. After reading a question, e.g., "What colors are vegetables and fruits that are good sources of beta-carotene, a form of vitamin A?", the participant raised a lever that exposed the answer: "deep-yellow and dark green. " Participants appeared to enjoy this self-educating format. Nutrition educators were available to offer additional information. The interactive display was complemented by a copy of a 5 a Day poster to build an awareness of the 5 a Day Program. Other resources distributed were the National Cancer Institute's brochure, "Fast & Easy - Fruits and Vegetables for Busy People," a vegetarian lasagna recipe that eliminates precooking the noodles, and a coupon for a free box of frozen spinach (used in the vegetarian lasagna) from a local grocery store. Approximately 600 people visited the booth; two hundred forty coupons were given out. The display stands are collapsible for shipping ease and are available to county extension offices
Benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide DNA adduct formation in transformable and non-transformable human foreskin fibroblast cells in vitro.

The uptake of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) by low passage (LP) and high passage (HP) human skin fibroblast cells is followed by its transport into the nucleus as the parent compound. When the LP and HP cells were treated with BP for 24 h and the DNA was isolated and enzymatically digested, several DNA adducts were detected. In both the LP and HP cells a small amount of the radiolabel was associated with the 7 beta-BPDE-I-dG, 7 alpha-BPDE-I-dG and BPDE-II-dG adducts. Although there were no major qualitative differences in the adducts formed in the LP and HP cells, a higher proportion of the radiolabel was associated with the 7 beta-BPDE-I-dG adduct in the LP cells. When LP or HP cells were treated with BPDE-I, the ultimate carcinogenic form of BP, similar levels of DNA modification were observed in the two cell types and the h.p.l.c. profiles of these adducts were essentially identical. BPDE-I induced a carcinogenic event in the LP but not the HP cells as measured by anchorage independent growth in soft agar and cellular invasiveness of the chick embryonic skin organ cultures.
Axonal transport of cholinergic enzymes in the sciatic nerve of the hibernating and nonhibernating ground squirrel

Abstract The basal activity level of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase was the same in the sciatic nerve of the hibernating and nonhibernating 13-lined ground squirrel. Fast axonal transport of acetylcholinesterase in the sciatic nerve of the nonhibernating squirrel occurred at a rate of 242 mm 24 h and slow transport of choline acetyltransferase was 0.9 mm 24 h . During hibernation, where a significant decrease in metabolic activity occurs, there is a marked reduction in the rate at which these enzymes are transported. The present study supports the concept that the axonal transport of these vital precursors is maintained during hibernation, thus allowing the nerve terminal to regulate transmitter release as well as other trophic properties of the muscle.
Structure of human luteinizing hormone beta subunit: Evidence for a related carboxyl-terminal sequence among certain peptide hormones

Abstract Amino acid sequence analysis of human luteinizing hormone (lutropin) beta subunit has been carried out in order to reconcile several discrepancies apparent in previously published structures. Our sequence coincides closely with that proposed originally by Shome and Parlow (J.Clin.Endocr.Metab. 36 , 618–621, 1973). However, we found a unique solution to the carboxyl-terminal region (-Thr-Cys-Asp-His-Pro-Gln-OH) which is closely homologous with the corresponding segment of hCG and the animal LH beta subunits. The C-terminal three residues appear in closely similar sequences at the C-termini of several other peptide hormones. This suggests a primitive genomic relationship with conservation of this region during evolution of these otherwise divergent polypeptides.
Effect of Thermal Stresses on Carrier Mobility and Keep-Out Zone Around Through-Silicon Vias for 3-D Integration

Three-dimensional (3-D) integration with through-silicon vias (TSVs) has emerged as an effective solution to overcome the wiring limit imposed on device density and performance. However, thermal stresses induced in the TSV structures can affect the device performance by degrading carrier mobility and raise serious reliability concerns. In this paper, the effect of thermal stresses in TSV structures on carrier mobility and keep-out zone (KOZ) was investigated by focusing on the characteristics of the stresses near the surface where the electronic devices are located. The near-surface stresses were characterized by finite element analysis, and the stress effect on carrier mobility was evaluated by considering the piezoresistivity effect near the Si surface. In this paper, the elastic anisotropy of Si was taken into account to evaluate the effect on carrier mobility for both n- and p-channel MOSFET devices aligned along the [100] and [110] directions. The results showed a significant stress effect on carrier mobility, particularly for n-type Si with [100] device alignment and p-type Si with [110] device alignment. Based on these results, the dimension of the KOZ was estimated based on a criterion of 5% change in the carrier mobility. Finally, the effects due to stress interactions in a TSV array and plasticity in Cu vias on the KOZ were investigated. The effect of stress interaction was found to depend on the ratio of the pitch to diameter of the TSV array. When this ratio is less than 5, the stress interaction can increase the size of the KOZ. In contrast, the via material plasticity was found to be useful in reducing the stress level and hence the size of the KOZ.
Effect of microstructural length scales on spall behavior of copper

A systematic study to quantify the effects of specific microstructural features on the spall behavior of 99.999 pct copper has revealed a strong dependence of the failure processes on length scale. Shock loading experiments with Cu flyer plates at velocities ranging from 300 to 2000 m/s (or impact pressures from 5 to 45 GPa) using a 35-mm single/two-stage light gas gun revealed that single crystals exhibit a higher spallation resistance than fine-grained polycrystals and internally oxidized single crystals. However, in contrast to previously reported results, the fine-grained (∼8-µm) polycrystalline samples exhibit lower damage resistance than the coarse-grained (50- and 133-µm) samples. These observations have been analyzed in the context of the length scale inherent in each of these microstructures, and modeled using an analytical model developed recently.
Coordinative Unsaturation in Chiral Organolanthanides. Synthetic and Asymmetric Catalytic Mechanistic Study of Organoyttrium and -lutetium Complexes Having Pseudo-meso Me2Si(η5-RC5H3)(η5-R*C5H3) Ancillary Ligation1

As established by NMR, circular dichroism, and X-ray diffraction, organolanthanide complexes of the new chelating ligand Me2Si(3-Me3SiCp)[3-(−)-menthylCp]2- (Cp = η5-C5H3) preferentially adopt a single planar chiral configuration of the asymmetric metal−ligand template. Chloro complexes (S,R)-Me2Si(Me3SiCp)[(−)-menthylCp]Ln(μ-Cl)2Li(OEt2)2 (Ln = Y, Lu) were isolated diastereomerically pure by crystallization from diethyl ether. The unusual pseudo-meso configuration leads to a gross distortion from ideal C2v symmetry, evidenced by a significant deviation of ∠Sibridge−Lu−Li from linearity (158°). At least two additional epimers are detected in THF solution. Alkylation of the (S,R) epimers with LiCH(SiMe3)2 proceeds with retention of configuration, affording chiral hydrocarbyl complexes in quantitative yield. In solution, the hydrocarbyls exhibit temperature-dependent conformational exchange processes in the NMR ascribable to restricted rotation about the Ln−CH(SiMe3)2 bond. These complexes are effective pre...