cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Financing Public Goods by Means of Lotteries

When viewed as taxes, lotteries are routinely criticized as being both inequitable and inefficient. But is this an entirely fair comparison? Frequently lotteries are used in lieu of voluntary contributions by private charities and governments when taxes are not feasible. When heterogeneous individuals with quasi-linear preferences participate in lotteries whose proceeds will be used to fund a public good, we find that, relative to voluntary contributions, wagers in the unique lottery equilibrium (a) increase the provision of the public good, (b) are welfare improving, and (c) provide levels of the public good close to first-best as the lottery prize increases. For more than 500 years, governments, private charities, and civic groups have turned to lotteries as a means of financing public goods. This, despite the fact that, over the same span, alternatives to the use of lotteries became cheaper, more sophisticated, and more efficient. Governments devised significantly more effective methods of tax collection and deficit financing, while private charities benefitted from advances in marketing and communications, which opened many new channels for fund-raising. Today global lottery revenues amount to $75 billion annually. By any standard, lotteries are a huge industry and show no signs of being completely usurped in favour of other methods of financing public goods. In current economic research, however, there remains extensive debate about both the equity (see Clotfelter and Cook (1987) and Karcher (1989)) and efficiency (see Borg and Mason (1991) and Gulley and Scott (1993)) of lotteries as fund-raising instruments. Much of the analysis of these questions examines lotteries relative to other tax instruments. By this criteria, researchers have largely concluded that, viewed as tax instruments, lotteries do not appear to be a particularly equitable or effective means of revenue generation. But is this an entirely fair comparison? Lotteries are often held by private charities lacking tax power. Currently in Britain, private charities raise about 8% (or ?500 million) of their income through lotteries.' In the U.S. in 1992, among 26 reporting states, about $6 billion was raised by private charities through lotteries.2 Among state governments, legal restrictions such as Proposition 13 in California and the Headlee Amendment in Michigan as well as popular resistance to tax increases of any sort place both de jure as well as de facto limitations on the taxation schemes available to states wishing to increase revenues. Thus, lotteries may not be a substitute for confiscatory tax schemes when these
Evolution of an artificial visual cortex for image recognition

Evolutionary robotics has been successful in creating agents that successfully link perception with appropriate action. However, the visual fields utilized by such agents is usually extremely small compared to the retinas linked to the visual cortex of animals. Evolving a cortex that processes larger fields of view in a selective and robust manner is challenging becausefitnesslandscapes thatare sensitive tothis levelof details are difficult to design. Here, we decouple the perception from the action part of evolutionary robotics, and present a new way to evolve logic circuits to perform image recognition on the well-known MNIST data set, which comprises 60,000 training and 10,000 testing handwritten numerals. The logic circuits are encoded in a genome that is evolved using a fitness function based on the true positive and true negative classification rates of the numerals. Following evolution, individual circuits achieve in excess of 80% recognition accuracy on the testing data. By pooling highly evolved individual circuits from multiple evolutionary histories into a committee, testing accuracy is increased to 93.5%. This work demonstrates that evolving logic circuits to solve a classification task is feasible. We also found the evolved circuits to be much smaller in scale compared to other machine learning methods that are conventionally used on such problems. To our knowledge, this represents the first time that relatively small logic circuits have been evolved to reach this level of performance on the automated recognition of handwriting, and promises new approaches to the integration of evolutionary algorithms and intelligent systems.
Utilization of the 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide scaffold in the design of potent inhibitors of serine proteases: SAR studies using carboxylates.

Abstract A series of carboxylate derivatives based on the 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide and isothiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide scaffolds has been synthesized and the inhibitory profile of these compounds toward human leukocyte elastase (HLE), cathepsin G (Cat G) and proteinase 3 (PR 3) was then determined. Most of the compounds were found to be potent, time-dependent inhibitors of elastase, with some of the compounds exhibiting k inact / K I values as high as 4,928,300 M −1 s −1 . The inhibitory potency of carboxylate derivatives based on the 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide platform was found to be influenced by both the p K a and the inherent structure of the leaving group. Proper selection of the primary specificity group (R 1 ) was found to lead to selective inhibition of HLE over Cat G, however, those compounds that inhibited HLE also inhibited PR 3, albeit less efficiently. The predictable mode of binding of these compounds suggests that, among closely-related serine proteases, highly selective inhibitors of a particular serine protease can be fashioned by exploiting subtle differences in their S′ subsites. This study has also demonstrated that the degradative action of elastase on elastin can be abrogated in the presence of inhibitor 17 .
[Bis(2-methoxyethyl)amino]sulfur trifluoride, the Deoxo-Fluor reagent: application toward one-flask transformations of carboxylic acids to amides

The use of the Deoxo-Fluor reagent is a versatile method for acyl fluoride generation and subsequent one-flask amide coupling. It provides mild conditions and facile purification of the desired products in good to excellent yields. We have explored the utility of this reagent for the one-flask conversion of acids to amides and Weinreb amides and as a peptide-coupling reagent.
The Segal-Bargmann transform for noncompact symmetric spaces of the complex type

We consider the generalized Segal-Bargmann transform, defined in terms of the heat operator, for a noncompact symmetric space of the complex type. For radial functions, we show that the Segal-Bargmann transform is a unitary map onto a certain L 2 space of meromorphic functions. For general functions, we give an inversion formula for the Segal-Bargmann transform, involving integration against an "unwrapped" version of the heat kernel for the dual compact symmetric space. Both results involve delicate cancellations of singularities.
Privacy in GLAV information integration

We define and study formal privacy guarantees for information integration systems, where sources are related to a public schema by mappings given by source-to-target dependencies which express inclusion of unions of conjunctive queries with equality. This generalizes previous privacy work in the global-as-view publishing scenario and covers local-as-view as well as combinations of the two. We concentrate on logical security, where malicious users have the same level of access as legitimate users: they can issue queries against the global schema which are answered under “certain answers” semantics and then use unlimited computational power and external knowledge on the results of the queries to guess the result of a secret query (“the secret”) on one or more of the sources, which are not directly accessible. We do not address issues of physical security, which include how to prevent users from gaining unauthorized access to the data. We define both absolute guarantees: how safe is the secret? and relative guarantees: how much of the secret is additionally disclosed when the mapping is extended, for example to allow new data sources or new relationships between an existing data source and the global schema? We provide algorithms for checking whether these guarantees hold and undecidability results for related, stronger guarantees.
Performance bounds for queueing networks and scheduling policies

Except for the class of queueing networks and scheduling policies admitting a product form solution for the steady-state distribution, little is known about the performance of such systems. For example, if the priority of a part depends on its class (e.g., the buffer that the part is located in), then there are no existing results on performance, or even stability. In most applications such as manufacturing systems, however, one has to choose a control or scheduling policy, i.e., a priority discipline, that optimizes a performance objective. In this paper the authors introduce a new technique for obtaining upper and lower bounds on the performance of Markovian queueing networks and scheduling policies. Assuming stability, and examining the consequence of a steady state for general quadratic forms, the authors obtain a set of linear equality constraints on the mean values of certain random variables that determine the performance of the system. Further, the conservation of time and material gives an augmenting set of linear equality and inequality constraints. Together, these allow the authors to bound the performance, either above or below, by solving a linear program. The authors illustrate this technique on several typical problems of interest in manufacturing systems. For an open re-entrant line modeling a semiconductor plant, the authors plot a bound on the mean delay (called cycle-time) as a function of line loading. It is shown that the last buffer first serve policy is almost optimal in light traffic. For another such line, it is shown that it dominates the first buffer first serve policy. For a set of open queueing networks, the authors compare their lower bounds with those obtained by another method of Ou and Wein (1992). For a closed queueing network, the authors bracket the performance of all buffer priority policies, including the suggested priority policy of Harrison and Wein (1990). The authors also study the asymptotic heavy traffic limits of the lower and upper bounds. For a manufacturing system with machine failures, it is shown how the performance changes with failure and repair rates. For systems with finite buffers, the authors show how to bound the throughput. Finally, the authors illustrate the application of their method to GI/GI/1 queues. The authors obtain analytic bounds which improve upon Kingman's bound (1970) for E/sub 2//M/1 queues. >
All-Carbon Quaternary Centers via Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrovinylation. New Approaches to the Exocyclic Side Chain Stereochemistry Problem

1-Alkylstyrenes undergo efficient hydrovinylation (coupling with ethylene) in the presence of 1 mol % of a Ni catalyst prepared from [(allyl)NiBr]2, Na+BAr4- (Ar = 3,5-bistrifluoromethylphenyl), and phosphoramidite ligands (derived from enantiopure binaphthols and 1-methylbenzylamines), giving hydrovinylation products in excellent yields and enantioselectivities. The products contain a quaternary center with two versatile latent functionalities, an arene and a vinyl group, useful for further synthetic elaborations.
Microwave power amplifiers fabricated from wide bandgap semiconductor transistors

The microwave performance of transistors fabricated from SiC and GaN-based semiconductors is described. It is demonstrated that these devices make possible microwave power amplifiers with superior RF power performance compared to devices fabricated from Si or GaAs. Room temperature RF output power on the order of 4 W/mm and 10-12 W/mm with near ideal power-added efficiency is available from 4H-SiC MESFET's and GaN-based HFET's, respectively. These devices are likely to find application in power amplifiers for base station transmitters for cellular telephone systems, HDTV transmitters, power modules for phased-array radars, and other applications. The devices are particularly attractive for applications that require high RF output power and operation at elevated temperature.
DO TAXES ON LARGE FIRMS IMPEDE GROWTH? EVIDENCE FROM GHANA

Many developing countries pursue policies that treat large and small firms differently. For example, large firms may be subject to a value added tax while small firms are explicitly exempted. Moreover, governments often find it impractical to collect taxes from the smallest enterprises; this may increase the tax burden for larger firms, whose compliance can be enforced. Such policies clearly affect the size distribution of firms. But how great is the impact on macro variables? How large are the resulting inefficiencies? And what are the dynamic effects on capital accumulation and economic growth? This paper uses a dynamic general equilibrium variant of the Lucas (1978) span-of-control model to address such questions. The model is matched to data from the Ghanaian manufacturing sector. As a policy experiment, alternative tax and regulatory regimes are compared. The model shows that a policy disproportionately penalizing large firms can reduce output by nearly one-half, compared with an alternative policy regime in which all firms face the same taxes and regulatory costs.
A High-Frequency Variable-Voltage-Fed Inverter

A half-bridge inverter circuit capable of providing a wide range of ac output voltages and frequencies is presented. The inverter uses asymmetrical thyristors (ASCR's), which have the advantages of high-power handling capability, small turn-on and turn-off times, and exhibit the same ruggedness associated with conventional thyristors in regards to surge current and gating requirements. By using ASCR's for the main and auxiliary devices, the inverter offers other advantages such as low snubber-power loss, low commutation loss, simple protection circuits, and the ability to operate at high frequencies with different types of loads. Output voltage control is obtained by feeding the inverter from a variable dc source. Two fixed-value auxiliary dc sources are used to obtain a constant-current interruption capability. The performance of the inverter is evaluated both analytically and experimentally.
Finite-time stabilization of nonlinear dynamical systems via control vector Lyapunov functions

Finite-time stability involves dynamical systems whose trajectories converge to an equilibrium state in finite time. Since finite-time convergence implies nonuniqueness of system solutions in reverse time, such systems possess non-Lipschitzian dynamics. Sufficient conditions for finite-time stability have been developed in the literature using Holder continuous Lyapunov functions. In this paper, we develop a general framework for finite-time stability analysis based on vector Lyapunov functions. Specifically, we construct a vector comparison system whose solution is finite-time stable and relate this finite-time stability property to the stability properties of a nonlinear dynamical system using a vector comparison principle. Furthermore, we design a universal decentralized finite-time stabilizer for large-scale dynamical systems that is robust against full modeling uncertainty. Finally, we present two numerical examples for finite-time stabilization involving a large-scale dynamical system and a combustion control system.
The effect of learning and integration investment on manufacturing outsourcing decisions: : A game theoretic approach

We introduce a two-period Stackelberg game of a supplier and buyer. We recognize that learning from manufacturing experience has many advantages. Consistent with the literature, we assume both the buyer and supplier realize reductions in their respective production costs in period 2 due to volume-based learning from period 1 production. In addition, we introduce another learning concept, the future value, to capture the buyer's benefits of transferring current manufacturing experience for the design and development of future products and technologies. In contrast to the literature, we allow the supplier two mechanisms to impact the buyer's outsourcing decision: price and the investment in integration process improvement (IPI) that reduces the buyer's unit cost of integration. IPI may include the investment in new materials, specialized technology, or the re-design of the integration process. Conditions are given whereby the buyer partially outsources component demand as opposed to fully outsourcing or fully producing in-house. Furthermore, conditions are given characterizing when the supplier's price and investment in IPI are substitute strategies versus complements. Both analytic and numerical results are presented.
Model based recognition of specular objects using sensor models

Abstract Recognizing shiny objects with specular reflections is a hard problem for computer vision. Specular reflections appear, disappear, or change their shapes abruptly, due to tiny movements of the viewer. Traditionally, such specular reflections are discarded as annoying noise for recognition purposes. This paper will actively use such specular reflections for recognition. Specular reflections provide distinct clues for object recognition, if properly used. Some advanced sensors, such as underwater sonar or SAR sensors, provide images due to only specular reflections of emitted signals. It is important to establish a technique to recognize objects from such specular images. Although specular reflections are quite unstable, simulating object appearances by using a physics based specular reflection model on top of a geometric modeler allows us to predict specular reflections quite accurately. Recently, several robust matching techniques such as deformable template matchings have been developed. We will employ such physics-based simulator and deformable template matching techniques for specular object recognition. Our system follows the precompilation method. From the specular appearances of an object, the system will extract specular features, collections of pixels arising from specular reflections, and generate a set of (specular) aspects of the object. Specular features comprise stable distinct ones as well as unstable useless ones. The system analyzes the detectability and stability of each specular feature and determines a set of effective specular features to be used for specular aspect classification. For each specular aspect, the system prepares deformable matching templates. At runtime, an input image is first classified into a few candidate aspects using the predetermined effective features. Some of the specular features are still unstable and misclassification of aspects might occur if we used the binary decision for aspect classification. We will employ a continuous decision making for classification based on the Dempster-Shafer theory instead. Then the system will find the deformable template which provides the best match to verify the existence of the object. In order to demonstrate the usefulness of our system for specular object recognition, we present two experimental results using two different sensors: a TV image of a shiny object and a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image of an airplane. The results show the flexibility of the proposed model-based approach for specular object recognition.
Synthesis of fluorine-containing compounds under operationally convenient conditions

Abstract This paper describes a concept of ‘operationally convenient conditions’, gives a short overview of synthetic applications of bio-mimetic reductive amination under such conditions and discusses new kinetic data on the mechanism of 1,3-proton shift transfer.
Epidemiology of spinal cord injury

Accidents are the cause of some 50 deaths per 100 000 population each year in the US; some 3% of these are from traumatic spinal cord injury alone. Traumatic spinal cord injury in socioeconomically advanced countries, has a probably annual incidence rate of 3 per 100 000 population. Males are affected five times as often as females, and in the US, Negroes have twice the rates of whites. Half the cases are due to motor vehicle accidents, 1/4 to falls, and 1/10 to sports injuries. Maximal ages at risk are 15 to 34; only for cord damage due to falls do this risk differ, and here elderly are the more prone. Associated injuries are common in traumatic cord injury, and head injury and pulmonary dysfunction are frequent causes of the acute deaths in traumatic SCI which is why complete quadriplegia has a high early case-fatality ratio. Late deaths in SCI are principally the direct or indirect result of the neurogenic bladder. With treatment in comprehensive spinal cord injury centers, more than 4 of 5 traumatic SCI patients will survive ten years with an average of almost 18 years. Median survival may be almost 14 years for complete quadriplegia, 17 for complete paraplegia, 19 for incomplete quadriplegia, 20 for incomplete paraplegia and 28 for cauda equina lesions. Prevalence is likely to be some 50 per 100 000 population with about 20 per 100 000 completely paralyzed (3 quadriplegic and 19 paraplegic). Some 4 out of 5 survivors of traumatic SCI should be able to live at home and perform gainful work after such treatment. Language: en
Porphyrins Bearing Mono or Tripodal Benzylphosphonic Acid Tethers for Attachment to Oxide Surfaces

The ability to attach redox-active molecules to oxide surfaces in controlled architectures (distance, orientation, packing density) is essential for the design of a variety of molecular-based information storage devices. We describe the synthesis of a series of redox-active molecules wherein each molecule bears a benzylphosphonic acid tether. The redox-active molecules include zinc porphyrins, a cobalt porphyrin, and a ferrocene-zinc porphyrin. An analogous tripodal tether has been prepared that is based on a tris[4-(dihydroxyphosphorylmethyl)phenyl]-derivatized methane. A zinc porphyrin is linked to the methane vertex by a 1,4-phenylene unit. The tripodal systems are designed to improve monolayer stability and ensure vertical orientation of the redox-active porphyrin on the electroactive surface. For comparison purposes, a zinc porphyrin bearing a hexylphosphonic acid tether also has been prepared. The synthetic approaches for introduction of the phosphonic acid group include derivatization of a bromoalk...
An explicit method for computing the positive real lemma matrices

This paper presents an explicit noniterative method for computing the positive real matrices and Youla's spectral factorization of an MIMO strictly positive real system. All the computations are performed based on a minimal state space realization (A, B, C, D) with no restriction on D. The algorithm is tested on a seventh order MIMO system. >
Core services for coordination in concurrent engineering

Abstract Product development has increasingly become a cooperative endeavor that requires effective coordination in the face of complex dependencies over agents, time and functional perspectives. Distinct coordination support technologies have emerged for each of these kinds of distribution, but all face important limitations. This paper presents a unified model of concurrent engineering coordination that synergistically combines existing approaches in a way that avoids many of their individual limitations and combines their strengths. This model is based on an inclusive dependency capture language plus core coordination services for dependency capture, process enactment and exception handling. An initial implementation of this model is presented and challenges for future evolution of this technology are identified.
Asset Pricing and the One Percent

We find that when the income share of the top 1% income earners in the U.S. rises above trend by one percentage point, subsequent one year market excess returns decline on average by 5.6%. This negative relation remains strong and significant even when controlling for classic return predictors such as the price-dividend and the consumption-wealth ratios. To explain this stylized fact, we build a general equilibrium asset pricing model with heterogeneity in wealth and risk aversion across agents. Our model admits a testable moment condition and a novel two factor covariance pricing formula, where one factor is inequality. Intuitively, when wealth shifts into the hands of rich and risk tolerant agents, average risk aversion falls, pushing down the risk premium. Our model is broadly consistent with data and provides a novel positive explanation of both market excess returns over time and the cross section of returns across stocks.
An expedient synthesis of functionalized 1,4-diketone-derived compounds via silyloxyallyl cation intermediates

Herein we describe a new method, enabling the synthesis of highly functionalized 1,4-diketones that are readily differentiated as monosilylenol ethers under Bronsted acid catalysis. This synthetically useful chemistry exploited an intermediacy of unsymmetrical silyloxyallyl cations, which were directly captured by silyl enolates to create the targeted α,α carbon–carbon linkages in a regioselective manner. Our reaction conditions proved to be mild, rendering the silylenol ether functionalities intact.
Type Theory and Lexical Decomposition

In this chapter, I explore the relation between methods of lexical representation involving decomposition and the theory of types as used in linguistics and programming semantics. I identify two major approaches to lexical decomposition in grammar, what I call parametric and predicative strategies. I demonstrate how expressions formed with one technique can be translated into expressions of the other. I then discuss argument selection within a type theoretic approach to semantics, and show how the predicative approach to decomposition can be modeled within a type theory with richer selectional mechanisms. In particular, I show how classic Generative Lexicon representations and operations can be viewed in terms of types and selection.
Layer thickness-dependent phonon properties and thermal conductivity of MoS2

For conventional materials, the thermal conductivity of thin films is usually suppressed when the thickness decreases due to phonon-boundary scattering. However, this is not necessarily true for the van der Waals solids if the thickness is reduced to only a few layers. In this letter, the layer thickness-dependent phonon properties and thermal conductivity in the few-layer MoS2 are studied using the first-principles-based Peierls-Boltzmann transport equation approach. The basal-plane thermal conductivity of 10-μm-long samples is found to monotonically reduce from 138 W/mK to 98 W/mK for naturally occurring MoS2, and from 155 W/mK to 115 W/mK for isotopically pure MoS2, when its thickness increases from one layer to three layers. The thermal conductivity of tri-layer MoS2 approaches to that of bulk MoS2. Both the change of phonon dispersion and the thickness-induced anharmonicity are important for explaining such a thermal conductivity reduction. The increased anharmonicity in bi-layer MoS2 results in stro...
Distractorless Authorship Verification

Authorship verification is the task of, given a document and a candi- date author, determining whether or not the document was written by the candi- date author. Traditional approaches to authorship verification have revolved around a candidate author vs. everything else approach. Thus, perhaps the most important aspect of performing authorship verification on a document is the development of an appropriate distractor set to represent everything not the candidate author. The validity of the results of such experiments hinges on the ability to develop an appropriately representative set of distractor documents. Here, we propose a method for performing authorship verification without the use of a distractor set. Using only training data from the candidate author, we are able to perform authorship verification with high confidence (greater than 90% accuracy rates across a large corpus).
Childhood Conditions and Multimorbidity Among Older Adults

Objectives This research tests whether childhood conditions are associated with trajectories of chronic conditions among older adults. Methods Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (1992-2008), a series of hierarchical linear models are used to estimate number of chronic conditions at survey midpoint and the rate of increase in chronic conditions across 18 years of data. Results Results suggest that lower childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and poor childhood health are associated with increased number of chronic conditions; however, childhood SES is no longer associated with chronic conditions after adjustment for adult SES and adult health. Poor childhood health continues to be associated with total number of chronic conditions after adjustment for adult SES and health. Rate of change in chronic conditions was not associated with childhood conditions. Results from a multinomial logistic regression model further indicated that the association between childhood conditions and adult multimorbidity increased at higher levels of multimorbidity. Discussion This research adds to the evidence that early life conditions have a lasting influence on adult health, and that their influence may be independent of adult health and SES.
On the integrability of planar N = 2 superconformal gauge theories

We study the integrability properties of planar N=2 superconformal field theories in four dimensions. We show that the spin chain associated to the planar dilation operator of N=2 superconformal QCD fails to be integrable at two loops. In our analysis we focus on a closed SU(2|1) sector, whose two-loop spin chain we fix by symmetry arguments (up to a few undetermined coefficients). It turns out that the Yang-Baxter equation for magnon scattering is not satisfied in this sector. On the other hand, we suggest that the closed SU(2,1|2) sector, which exists in any N=2 superconformal gauge theory, may be integrable to all loops. We summarize the known results in the literature that are consistent with this conjecture.
Do people's perceptions of neighborhood bikeability match "reality"?

Do people perceive the built environment the same as we objectively measure it? If not, what are the relative roles of the objective versus the perceived environment on bicycling behavior? This study, based on data from Portland Oregon, explored the match or mismatch between the objective and perceived bicycling environment, and how it affects people’s bicycling behavior. The descriptive analysis indicated a fair agreement between perceived and objective measures. Older adults, women having children, less-educated and lower-income persons, and those who bicycle less tended to perceive their high-bikeable environment (measured objectively) as low-bikeable. In addition to the socio-demographics, this study also found social environment can play a role in the relationship between objective and perceived environment. Finally, results of this study indicated that actual and perceived built-environment both are associated with the bicycling behavior, particularly for utilitarian bicycling. For recreational bicycling, the objective environment attributes measured in this study are not significant factors, while the perceptions do matter.
Interpreting the monadic second order theory of one successor in expansions of the real line

We give sufficient conditions for a first order expansion of the real line to define the standard model of the monadic second order theory of one successor. Such an expansion does not satisfy any of the combinatorial tameness properties defined by Shelah, such as NIP or even NTP2. We use this to deduce the first general results about definable sets in NTP2 expansions of (R,<, +).
Growing Up: How Audit Internships Affect Students' Commitment and Long-Term Intentions to Work in Public Accounting

ABSTRACT This study investigates factors that influence audit interns' commitment and long-term intentions to work in public accounting. We measure the organizational and professional commitment of 127 audit interns prior to the start of busy-season internships with public accounting firms and then again at the conclusion of the internship. We find that both organizational and professional commitment decline significantly as a result of the internship experience. We note that heavy workloads during the internship decreased the degree of commitment to a particular firm. On the other hand, offering challenging work assignments and surrounding the intern with desirable coworkers significantly increased commitment to both the firm and the profession. We also find that changes in organizational commitment are related to changes in interns' long-term intentions to work in public accounting, and that by the end of the internship, nearly 60 percent of the interns changed their views with regard to how long they p...
Detectors in extreme conditions

Free Electron Lasers opened a new window on imaging the motion of atoms and molecules. At SLAC, FEL experiments are performed at LCLS using 120Hz pulses with 1012–1013 photons in 10 femtoseconds (billions of times brighter than the most powerful synchrotrons). This extreme detection environment raises unique challenges, from obvious to surprising.
‘Negative credentials,’ ‘foreign-earned’ capital, and call centers: Guatemalan deportees’ precarious reintegration

This article explores the precarious conditions deported Guatemalans encounter in their country of birth, alongside a consideration of how Guatemalan deportees’ agency is structured by precarity yet mediated by individual factors such as foreign-earned capital and negative credentials. Previous research has found that deportees are often criminalized, stigmatized, and blamed for social problems. Researchers have also found that deportees can be well-suited for work in the transnational call center sector when they have adequate English skills. This raises the question of how deportees’ individual characteristics and the local context of reception influence their (re)incorporation. This study, based on interviews with 34 Guatemalan deportees, reveals that deportees have varied trajectories, yet that the availability of call center jobs combined with deportees’ capacity and agency creates a bifurcation in labor market outcomes between deportees who secure jobs in call centers and those who do not.
Development of a Thermal Equilibrium Prediction Algorithm

A thermal equilibrium prediction algorithm is developed and tested using a heat conduction model and data sets from calorimetric measurements. The physical model used in this study is the exact solution of a system of two partial differential equations that govern the heat conduction in the calorimeter. A multi-parameter estimation technique is developed and implemented to estimate the effective volumetric heat generation and thermal diffusivity in the calorimeter measurement chamber, and the effective thermal diffusivity of the heat flux sensor. These effective properties and the exact solution are used to predict the heat flux sensor voltage readings at thermal equilibrium. Thermal equilibrium predictions are carried out considering only 20% of the total measurement time required for thermal equilibrium. A comparison of the predicted and experimental thermal equilibrium voltages shows that the average percentage error from 330 data sets is only 0.1%. The data sets used in this study come from calorimeters of different sizes that use different kinds of heat flux sensors. Furthermore, different nuclear material matrices were assayed in the process of generating these data sets. This study shows that the integration of this algorithm into the calorimeter data acquisition software will result in an 80% reduction of measurement time. This reduction results in a significant cutback in operational costs for the calorimetric assay of nuclear materials.© 2002 ASME
How Inclusive is Abenomics

We assess the ongoing reform efforts in Japan in terms of inclusive growth. We use prefectural level panel data to regress a measure of inclusive growth, and its components of both average income growth and income inequality, on macroeconomic and policy variables. Our analysis suggests that achieving the Bank of Japan’s 2% inflation target has a positive effect on average income growth, but an adverse effect on income equality. In contrast, achieving higher female labor participation, lower duality, and larger labor input — which are included in the package of structural reforms planned under Abenomics — is found to be effective in fostering inclusive growth. While implementation of those policies can improve higher average income growth, only the female labor participation is found to improve the equality as well. The main policy implication of our analysis is that full implementation of structural reforms — especially labor market reforms — is necessary to both foster growth and increase equality.
pileup.js: a JavaScript library for interactive and in-browser visualization of genomic data

UNLABELLED P: ileup.js is a new browser-based genome viewer. It is designed to facilitate the investigation of evidence for genomic variants within larger web applications. It takes advantage of recent developments in the JavaScript ecosystem to provide a modular, reliable and easily embedded library. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The code and documentation for pileup.js is publicly available at https://github.com/hammerlab/pileup.js under the Apache 2.0 license. CONTACT correspondence@hammerlab.org.
Titanocene-Catalyzed Multicomponent Coupling Approach to Diarylethynyl Methanes

A titanocene-catalyzed multicomponent coupling to provide diarylethynyl methanes is described. By combining the multifunctionality of Cp2TiCl2 with the traceless dielectrophilicity of aryl aldehydes, all-carbon tertiary centers are obtained in 55–99% yield.
Preparation of Line Patterned Mesoporous DAM-1 Thin Films via Pulsed Laser Deposition

Patterned mesoporous DAM-1 thin films were prepared on flexible transparent film utilizing the pulsed laser deposition and a line patterning technique. The patterned lines are transferred to the transparent film using a laser printer or copy machine. Laser ablation of DAM-1 onto the patterned substrate followed by a hydrothermal treatment resulted in a densely packed mesoporous film. Upon removal of the patterned lines (i.e. the underlying toner) by ultrasonic treatment in toluene, patterned DAM-1 films were produced.
Hybrid Integration of III-V Optoelectronic Devices on Si Platform Using BCB

Integration of dense arrays of high frequency III-V photoemitters and photodetectors with Si platform is one of the challenging tasks for realization of novel chip-level optical interconnects. These interconnects require the resolution of numerous problems of compatibility of materials. Comparison of monolithic and hybrid integration technologies highlights the advantages of hybrid approaches for emitters highly sensitive to growth defects. A novel protocol for fabrication of III-V optoelectronic components on a Si platform is proposed. Reversed vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) structures were grown homoepitaxialy by MBE on a GaAs substrate, and then bonded to a Si wafer using a benzocyclobutene (BCB) polymer. The GaAs substrate was subsequently removed by selective etching down to an AlAs etch stop layer. This reduces thermal stresses in order to enhance the optoelectronic device performance and increase lifetime. A 10 μm-thick high frequency VCSEL with coplanar metallization is processed on Si with PMGI reflow planarization. Electro-luminescence spectrum, I-V and P-T characteristics were measured and compared with a reference structure. It was found that measured thermal resistance is about five times higher than for devices on a host GaAs wafer.
On the matrix equation XA + AX T = 0 <

Abstract The matrix equation XA + AX T = 0 , which has relevance to the study of Lie algebras, was recently studied by De Teran and Dopico (Linear Algebra Appl. 434 (2011), 44–67). They reduced the study of this equation to several special cases and produced explicit solutions in most instances. In this note we obtain an explicit solution in one of the difficult cases, for which only the dimension of the solution space and an algorithm to find a basis of this space were known previously.
Designing Individual Creativity Support Systems

Individual creativity support systems have been developed to facilitate creative work. However, the designs often neglect problem definition and convergent thinking even though there is strong evid...
Perceived helpfulness of online consumer reviews: The role of message content and style

The rise of online reviews written by consumers makes possible an examination of how the content and style of these word-of-mouth messages contribute to their helpfulness. In this study, consumers are asked to judge the value of real online consumer reviews to their simulated shopping activities. The results suggest the benefits of moderate review length and of positive, but not negative, product evaluative statements. Non-evaluative product information and information about the reviewer were also found to be associated with review helpfulness. Stylistic elements that may impair clarity (such as spelling and grammatical errors) were associated with less valuable reviews, and elements that may make a review more entertaining (such as expressive slang and humor) were associated with more valuable reviews. These findings point to factors beyond product information that may affect the perceived helpfulness of an online consumer review. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maternal and neonatal outcomes in electively induced low-risk term pregnancies

Objective Elective induction of labor has been discouraged over concerns regarding increased complications. We evaluated the mode of delivery and maternal and neonatal morbidities in low-risk patients whose labor was electively induced or expectantly managed at term. Study Design This was a retrospective cross-sectional study from 12 US institutions (19 hospitals), 2002 through 2008 (Safe Labor Consortium). Healthy women with viable, vertex singleton pregnancies at 37-41 weeks of gestation were included. Women electively induced in each week were compared with women managed expectantly. The primary outcome was mode of delivery. Results Of 131,243 low-risk deliveries, 13,242 (10.1%) were electively induced. The risk of cesarean delivery was lower at each week of gestation with elective induction vs expectant management regardless of parity and modified Bishop score (for unfavorable nulliparous patients at: 37 weeks = 18.6% vs 34.2%, adjusted odds ratio, 0.40; [95% confidence interval, 0.18–0.88]; 38 weeks = 28.4% vs 35.4%, 0.65 [0.49–0.85]; 39 weeks = 23.6% vs 38.5%, 0.47 [0.38–0.57]; 40 weeks = 32.3% vs 42.3%, 0.70 [0.59–0.81]). Maternal infections were significantly lower with elective inductions. Major, minor, and respiratory neonatal morbidity composites were lower with elective inductions at ≥38 weeks (for nulliparous patients at: 38 weeks = adjusted odds ratio, 0.43; [95% confidence interval, 0.26–0.72]; 39 weeks = 0.75 [0.61–0.92]; 40 weeks = 0.65 [0.54–0.80]). Conclusion Elective induction of labor at term is associated with decreased risks of cesarean delivery and other maternal and neonatal morbidities compared with expectant management regardless of parity or cervical status on admission.
Follicular helper T cells mediate IgE antibody response to airborne allergens

Background T H 2 cells have long been believed to play a pivotal role in allergic immune responses, including IgE antibody production and type 2 cytokine–mediated inflammation and pathology. A new T-cell subset, follicular helper T (T FH ) cells, is specialized in supporting B-cell maturation and antibody production. Objective We sought to investigate the roles of T FH cells in allergic immune responses. Methods Naive mice were exposed to cytokines or natural allergens through the airways. Development of allergic immune responses was analyzed by collecting draining lymph nodes and sera and by challenging the animals. Cytokine reporter mice and gene-deficient mice were used to dissect the immunologic mechanisms. Results We observed the development of IL-4–producing T FH cells and T H 2 cells in draining lymph nodes after airway exposure to IL-1 family cytokines or natural allergens. T FH and T H 2 cells demonstrated unique phenotypes, tissue localization, and cytokine responses. T FH cells supported the sustained production of IgE antibody in vivo in the absence of other T-cell subsets or even when T H 2 cell functions were severely compromised. Conversely, conditional deficiency of the master regulator Bcl6 in CD4 + T cells resulted in a marked reduction in T FH cell numbers and IgE antibody levels, but type 2 cytokine responses and eosinophilic inflammation in the airways remained unaffected. Conclusion T FH cells play critical roles in the regulation of IgE antibody production. Allergic immune responses to airborne allergens likely involve 2 distinct subsets of IL-4–producing CD4 + T cells, namely T FH and Th2 cells.
Decarboxylative dearomatization and mono-α-arylation of ketones

We report the first example of a palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative dearomatization reaction that occurs via Pd-π-benzyl intermediates. In fact, the Pd-catalyzed decarboxylative cross-coupling reaction of benzyl enol carbonates can lead to either the dearomatized alicyclic ketones or α-monoarylated ketone products depending on the catalyst and ligand employed.
Cerebral complications incurred during pregnancy and the puerperium.

In a statistical study of maternal mortality cases in Franklin County, Ohio, with a total of 170 deaths in a ten-year period (1948-1957), there were 36 fatal cases with cerebral complications of various types. Intracranial hemorrhage was the cause of death in 17 cases; subarachnoid hemorrhage in eight; intracerebral hemorrhage in eight and subdural hemorrhage in one case. There were nine cases of intracranial tumor with fatality. In a miscellaneous group of ten "cerebral deaths" infectious processes were the cause in eight cases, including tuberculous meningitis, purulent meningitis, brain abscess, acute (cerebromedullary) poliomyelitis, "viral" encephalitis, toxoplasmosis and tetanus. In a smaller clinical (nonfatal) group with cerebral complications occurring during pregnancy and the puerperium, two patients with subarachnoid hemorrhages made spontaneous recovery. A diagnosis of intracerebral hemorrhage was made in three instances, in two of which operation was done and evacuation of blood clots was accomplished. One patient recovered spontaneously from a minimal hemorrhage. Five other persons had cerebral thrombosis, three in the third month of pregnancy and two in the immediate puerperium. All recovered, with some residual deficits. Three patients with intracranial tumor were successfully treated surgically but with disappointing results ultimately (one case each of cerebellar medulloblastoma, cerebral astrocytoma and supratentorial meningioma).Only when the obstetrician, neurologist and the neurosurgeon are fully aware of the signs, symptoms, and many times the rapid course of these cerebral complications of pregnancy, can there be any material lowering of the morbidity and mortality. Emphasis should be placed on the early investigation of all neurological complaints during pregnancy and the puerperium, with immediate institution of an aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic regimen.