cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Locus of control specific to pregnancy.

The Pregnancy Attitude Index (PAI), expectancy control scales specific to childbirth, was developed based on Levenson's generalized expectancy control scales. Forty-four primiparae, between 25 and 35 weeks gestation, volunteered to complete both tools before beginning prepared childbirth classes. The study demonstrated that a significant relationship existed between the PA1 and Levenson's Internal, Powerful Others, and Chance control scales.
Integration of environmental contexts and personal factors for coordinating garments: an environmental user interface paradigm to enrich user interactions

This paper describes the integration of environmental contexts and personal factors for coordinating garments. As a proof of concept, the UFC Mirror (Ubiquitous Fashion Coordination Mirror) has been implemented to coordinate clothing based on garment characteristics such as color and style as well as environmental contexts such as user schedule and weather conditions. The purpose of the UFC Mirror is to find the best clothing selection for each day in terms of time, occasion and place (TOP) and, thus, to reduce mental workload on the user in selecting clothing. An environmentally contextual-focused interface, environmental user interface (EUI), was integrated as a foundation of the UFC mirror to provide appropriate contexts in the selection of clothing. Preliminary results from a user study with 14 participants revealed that the UFC Mirror increased confidence in selecting clothing and reduced mental workload when considering several factors including color, size and style. People have more confidence in choosing clothing when they have integrated information of environmental contexts and personal factors via the UFC Mirror.
Expression of bacterial β-glucuronidase in human bile: An in vitro study ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Background: Bacterial β-glucuronidase causes deconjugation of bilirubin diglucuronide resulting in the precipitation of calcium bilirubinate, which contributes to biliary sludge and stone formation. This process is attributed to enzyme activity produced by the aerobic enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp . The presence of Clostridium sp . was detected in 48 of 56 intrahepatic stones by using polymerase chain reaction techniques and cultured Clostridium perfringens from 14 of 18 unblocked biliary stents. Such bacteria are reported to produce β-glucuronidase activity. The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of biliary bacteria isolated from pigment stones and stents that produce β-glucuronidase and to compare the enzyme activity expressed by the different bacteria in human bile. Methods: A total of 202 bacteria were isolated from blocked and unblocked biliary stents and pigment ductal stones recovered from patients. Of these, 61 bacteria expressed β-glucuronidase activity in brain heart infusion broth. These 61 bacteria were subsequently grown in human bile under aerobic or anaerobic conditions to the early stationary phase and assayed for β-glucuronidase activity by using ρ-nitrophenyl β-D glucuronide as substrate. Results were normalized and reported as units of enzyme activity per milligram protein of the bacteria. Results: C perfringens produced β-glucuronidase enzyme activity that was 34-fold higher than that for E coli, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium sp., Bacillus sp., Enterococcus sp., Acinetobacter sp., Streptococcus sp., and Klebsiella sp . Conclusion: C perfringens with its higher enzyme activity is more important in the deconjugation of bilirubin diglucuronide than E coli and Klebsiella sp . (Gastrointest Endosc 2001;54:346-50.)
Neutron Total Cross Sections in the kev Region by Fast Time-of-Flight Measurements

A new method employing millimicrosecond time measurement has been used to study neutron total cross sections in the 2- to 30-kev energy range. The method has been applied to the nuclides ${\mathrm{Na}}^{23}$, ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}$, ${\mathrm{P}}^{31}$, ${\mathrm{K}}^{39}$, ${\mathrm{K}}^{41}$, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{85}$, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$, ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{86}$, ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{88}$, ${\mathrm{Y}}^{89}$, ${\mathrm{Bi}}^{209}$, and to natural Ti, Se, and Pb. A general result is that with the improved resolution of the new instrument, some new levels have appeared and a few previously reported were not observed. Of some special interest is the 2.8-kev resonance in ${\mathrm{Na}}^{23}$ which was definitely shown to have $J=1$, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}=380\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10$ barns. It was observed that the strength function drops about a factor of ten when two protons are added to ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$ to make ${\mathrm{Y}}^{89}$.
Ultrafast Laser Scanner Microscope: Review Of Design And Performance Testing

The ultrafast laser scanner microscope at the Optical Sciences Center, University of Arizona, was designed as a prototype for a new class of optical microscopes to serve directly as an optical data-acquisition peripheral for a computer. The design called for the ability to digitally record large specimen areas at high spatial resolution within a short period of time. These design parameters imply very high data rates and very large data volumes. Optical systems with the required point-spread function, such as conventional high-aperture microscope objectives, typically offer a field-of-view diameter of approximately 250 jam. Because this field is small, areas of frame overlap must be rescanned. Consequently, in the design of the laser-scanner objective, a very wide field of view was specified. The laser scanner design work began in 1981, and the instrument was completed in 1986. It has since been transferred to the Department of Pathology, where it is being used to digitally record histopathologic images. The instrument design implements a number of novel features. The following is a critical review of design and instrument performance features, particularly the optomechanical aspects of the instrument. Previous papers cover the design evolution of the ultrafast laser scanner microscope. 1-4
Health-related quality of life and health risk behaviors among smokers

Background It is well established that smoking has detrimental effects on physical health, but its associations with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and a variety of health behaviors have not been widely investigated in the U.S. population. Methods Data obtained from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), an ongoing, state-based, random-digit-dialed telephone survey of non-institutionalized persons aged ≥18 years in the United States, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, were used in this investigation. The BRFSS monitors the prevalence of key health- and safety-related behaviors and characteristics. In 2001 and 2002 combined, trained interviewers administered HRQOL questions in 23 states and the District of Columbia ( n =82,918). This analysis was conducted in 2004. Results Overall, an estimated 22.4% of adults were current smokers, 24.1% were former smokers, and 53.6% never smoked. Current smokers had significantly poorer HRQOL than those who had never smoked, and were more likely to drink heavily, to binge drink, and to report depressive and anxiety symptoms. Additionally, current smokers were significantly more likely than those who never smoked to be physically inactive, to report frequent sleep impairment, to report frequent pain, and to eat less than five servings of fruits and vegetables per day. Conclusions While there are strong positive relationships between smoking and both alcohol consumption and mood disturbance, smoking is also associated with an array of other modifiable risk factors meriting assessment and intervention. In addition to smoking cessation, the increased morbidity and mortality characterizing smokers may potentially be further reduced by improvements in diet, physical activity, and sleep.
Therapeutic targets in allergic eye disease.

The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the present state of treatment of ocular allergy. Immuno-ophthalmology arose in the portion of this past century when investigators uncovered the uniqueness of the lens proteins and that it could induce an immunological response otherwise know as phacoanaphylaxis. Further studies have shown many similarities between the eye and other organ systems, but one of the most profound problems was the spring "catarrh" that involved the eyes and nose, i.e., rhinoconjunctivitis. Treatment over the past 10 years has expanded with the better understanding of the allergic response at the conjunctival surface. Allergen immunotherapy remains a cornerstone of treatment. In fact, the very first report of the use of immunotherapy in 1911 "measured the patient's resistance during experiments ... of pollen extracts to excite a conjunctival reaction" (Noon L, and Cantar BO, Lancet 1572-1573, 1911).
Empirical spatial coherency functions for application to soil-structure interaction analyses

Abstract The spatial coherency of strong ground motion from fifteen earthquakes recorded by the Lotung LSST strong motion array is analyzed. The earthquakes range in magnitude from 3.7 to 7.8 and in epicentral distance from 5 to 80 km. In all, a total of 533 station pairs are used with station separations ranging from 6 to 85 meters. Empirical coherency functions for the horizontal component S‐waves appropriate for use in engineering analyses are derived from these data. The derived coherency functions are applicable to all frequencies and to separation distances up to 100 m. For these short station separations, the coherency decreases much faster with increasing frequency than with increasing station separation. The computed coherencies indicate that at high frequencies (>10 Hz) over 25 percent of the power of the ground motion is random for station separations greater than 30 m.
A Compensated Automatic Synchronizer

A relay for automatically synchronizing rotating machines has been developed which uses vacuum tubes to reduce mechanical adjustments, and which gives the closing indication at a constant time in advance of synchronism. This latter quality is shown to be required for rapid synchronizing with acceptable accuracy, in the absence of extremely accurate speed control. The theoretical requirements of such a synchronizer are derived mathematically in this paper, and a description of a relay which fulfills these requirements is given.
Hydrogen-controlled cracking—An approach to threshold stress intensity

Threshold stress intensities, KTH, below which no cracking will occur under stress-corrosion cracking or hydrogen-assisted cracking conditions, are discussed. A quantitative correlation, which suggests why KTH may exist, is evolved. The controlling mechanism is proposed to be a critical concentration of hydrogen, its propensity to form being governed by yield strength, initial concentration, state of stress and temperature variables. The general trends of all variables are reviewed for high strength AISI 4340, maraging and 9 Ni4 Co steels. Specifically it is proposed that Kapplied=KTHCeq=Ccr which means that the applied stress intensity equals the threshold when the equilibrium concentration of hydrogen at the crack tip just achieves the critical concentration. Based upon this concept, correlations are derived for elastic, plane-strain plastic and plane-stress plastic conditions.
Phencyclidine interferes with the hippocampal gating of nucleus accumbens neuronal activity in vivo

Abstract The N -methyl- d -aspartate channel blocker phencyclidine is known to induce psychotic episodes in normal subjects and exacerbate psychosis in schizophrenics; however, its site of action is not clear. The prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and basal ganglia are brain regions that appear to play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and therefore are the most likely to be involved in the psychotomimetic action of phencyclidine. In this study, systemic administration of phencyclidine reduced the frequency and duration of the spontaneously occurring depolarized plateaus observed in the membrane potential of accumbens neurons recorded intracellularly in vivo . Furthermore, recordings from rats pretreated with phencyclidine yielded proportionately fewer neurons showing depolarized events compared with untreated animals. These results suggest that phencyclidine may interfere with the generation of the depolarized (“up”) state of the accumbens neuron membrane potential, which we had previously shown is dependent upon hippocampal input and is necessary for action potential discharge in these neurons. This action of phencyclidine is proposed to impair the flow of cortical information through the nucleus accumbens, and thereby mimic the consequences of the hippocampal deficit proposed to contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
S-nitrosylation of cysteine 227 controls oligomerization of aquaporin 11 in kidney

Background Aquaporin 11 (Aqp11) is a water transport channel controlling water movement in renal proximal tubular (PT) cells. In chemical mutagen-induced mice we have identified a recessive sudden juvenile death syndrome (Sjds) mutation causing Cys227Ser substitution in Aqp11. This loss-of-function mutation leads to perinatal death due to severe PT injury, active caspase 3 increase, nephron-specific mitochondrial injury, and renal failure in homozygous Sjds/Sjds mice. Cys227 is a highly conserved amino acid defining functional characteristics of a new Aqp11/Aqp12 subgroup in the aquaporin superfamily. Most of aquaporins function as oligomers. We hypothesized that S-nitrosylation of Cys227 might play a key role in oligomerization of Aqp11 and that Cys227Ser mutation might alter Aqp11 oligomeric structure formation in mutant mice. Methods Wild type (WT), hetero- (Sjds/+), and homozygous (Sjds/Sjds) Cys227Ser mutant 15 day old mice were analyzed for total Aqp11 levels by western blot with a monoclonal anti-Aqp11 antibody. Analysis of the quaternary structure of Aqp11 was performed by native electrophoresis and western blot, while the formation of S-nitrosylated Aqp11 was determined by the biotin switch assay. Results Our data demonstrate that Cys 227 under normal conditions is S-nitrosylated. Mutation of Cys227 residue in Sjds/+ and Sjds/Sjds mice abrogates Aqp11 S-nitrosylation resulting in disruption of its oligomeric structure. Similar alterations are seen in Aqp11 structure in kidneys from cisplatin-injured mice. Conclusion Here is the first evidence suggesting S-nitrosylation as a mechanism controlling Aqp11 oligomerization, which is vital for normal function providing a role for S-nitrosylation in regulating kidney physiology.
The solubility of heavy metal soaps in co‐solvent mixtures of chloroform and propylene glycol

The solubilities of the myristates, laurates, palmitates, and stearates of magnesium, lead, calcium, barium, and zinc have been measured at 25° C. in chloroform and in propylene glycol and in their mixtures. Even where they are sparingly soluble in the solvents separately, they dissolve freely in mixtures of the two.
The role of bacterial-laden biofilms in infections of maxillofacial biomaterials

Biomaterials from 11 consecutive patients with persistent infections refractory to antimicrobial therapy and local wound care were surgically removed and studied by scanning electron microscopy for the presence of bacterial-laden biofilms. Unlike previously reported biomaterial infections involving other regions of the body, infections in this study were not associated with a conspicuous bacterial-laden biofilm. Instead, adherent light bacterial colonization without a biofilm layer was noted. The only specimen that was suggestive of a bacterial-laden biofilm was in a patient who suffered from a chronic infection. Consistent with previous reports, bacterial colonization was frequently polymicrobial. Observations made in this study suggest that bacterial adherence may not require an obvious biofilm layer.
Probing the Intergalactic Medium-Galaxy Connection toward PKS 0405–123. I. Ultraviolet Spectroscopy and Metal-Line Systems

We present results from an analysis of FUSE spectroscopy of the zem = 0.57 quasar PKS 0405-123. We focus on the intervening metal-line systems identified along the sight line and investigate their ionization mechanism, ionization state, and chemical abundances. Including Hubble Space Telescope STIS spectroscopy, we survey the entire sight line and identify six O VI absorbers to a 3 σ equivalent width (EW) limit of 60 mA. This implies an incidence dN/dz = 16 consistent with previous O VI studies. In half of the O VI systems we report positive detections of C III, suggesting that the gas is predominantly photoionized, has multiple ionization phases, or is in a nonequilibrium state. This contrasts with the general description of the warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) as described by numerical simulations in which the gas is predominantly in collisional ionization equilibrium. An appreciable fraction of O VI absorbers may therefore have a different origin. We have also searched the sight line for the Ne VIII doublet (a better probe of the WHIM at T > 106 K) over the redshift range 0.2 1014 cm-2 is [M/H] > -1.5, with large scatter. This significantly exceeds the median metallicity of C IV and O VI systems at z ~ 3 and indicates enrichment of the intergalactic medium over the past ≈10 Gyr.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BLOOD GROUPS : II. PROPERTIES OF THE BLOOD GROUP A SUBSTANCE FROM POOLS OF HOO STOMACHS AND OF SPECIFIC PRECIPITATES COMPOSED OF "A" SUBSTANCE AND HOMOLOGOUS HUMAN ANTIBODY.

1. The microquantitative precipitin method can be used to compare the relative activity of different preparations of the blood group A substance from hog stomachs and to study the effect of chemical treatment upon its stability. 2. With samples of about 25 microg. antibody nitrogen, an error of +/-1.7 microg. antibody nitrogen will result in an error of +/-12 per cent in the estimation of the amount of A substance. 3. The blood group A substance showed no significant loss of activity at 37 degrees C. after 48 hours at pH 1.07 to 10.7 or after 2 hours at 100 degrees C. over a pH range from 2.97 to 7.58. Exposure at 100 degrees C. at pH 1.03 or at 9.03 or higher resulted in loss of activity. Parallel results were obtained by the hemagglutination inhibition and quantitative precipitin methods. 4. The solubility of specific precipitates of the blood group A substance from hog stomach and its homologous antibody formed in man was found to be about 1.6 microg. antibody N/ml. 5. A comparison is given of the chemical properties and activity of blood group A substances obtained by several procedures from pools of hog stomachs.
q-Orthogonal polynomials, Rogers-Ramanujan identities, and mock theta functions

In this paper, we examine the role that q-orthogonal polynomials can play in the application of Bailey pairs. The use of specializations of q-orthogonal polynomials reveals new instances of mock theta functions.
Quantification of monosaccharides through multiple‐reaction monitoring liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry using an aminopropyl column

A simple, sensitive, and reproducible quantitative liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was designed for the simultaneous quantification of monosaccharides derived from glycoprotein and blood serum using a multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) approach. Sialic acids and neutral monosaccharides were efficiently separated using an amino-bonded silica phase column. Neutral monosaccharide molecules were detected as their aldol acetate anion adducts [M + CH(3)CO(2)](-) using electrospray ionization in negative ion MRM mode, while sialic acids were detected as deprotonated ions [M-H](-). The new method did not require a reduction step, and exhibited very high sensitivity to carbohydrates with limits of detection of 1 pg for the sugars studied. The linearity of the described approach spanned over three orders of magnitude (pg to ng). The method was validated for monosaccharides originating from N-linked glycans attached to glycoproteins and glycoproteins found in human blood serum. The method effectively quantified monosaccharides originating from as little as 1 microg of glycoprotein and 5 microL of blood serum. The method was robust, reproducible, and highly sensitive. It did not require reduction, derivatization or postcolumn addition of reagents.
Diel variation of erythrocytic phosphates in Mus musculus acclimated to different photoperiod regimes

Abstract 1. 1. Wheel-running activity, erythrocytic total organic phosphates (P tot ), nucleoside triphosphates (NTP) 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG), whole blood P 50 and pH, hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin (Hb) were measured over 24 hr periods in mice acclimatized to 25°C and photoperiods of LD 12:12 and 18:6. Plasma lactate was measured in the LD 18:6 group. 2. 2. Significant diel variations in activity, total PO 4 , NTP, DPG and Hb were observed in the mice acclimated to LD 12:12, but only activity showed significant diel differences in the LD 18:6 group. 3. 3. There were no significant diel changes in pH, P 50 , Hct, or plasma lactate. 4. 4. Whole blood P 50 was significantly correlated with pH, but not with erythrocytie organic phosphate concentrations.
Phase I trial of exemestane in combination with metformin and rosiglitazone in nondiabetic obese postmenopausal women with hormone receptor–positive metastatic breast cancer

Obese women with breast cancer have worse prognosis than women with normal body mass index. Endocrine therapy resistance is in part mediated by insulin resistance in obese women with breast cancer. We investigated the tolerability and pharmacokinetics of exemestane in combination with metformin and rosiglitazone in nondiabetic overweight and obese postmenopausal women with hormone receptor–positive metastatic breast cancer. Patients had previously received chemotherapy and endocrine therapy for breast cancer. Exemestane was given as 25 mg orally per day. Metformin (M) and rosiglitazone (R) were given twice daily. Dose level 1 consisted of M 1,500 mg/day and R 6 mg/day. Dose level 2 consisted of M 2,000 mg/day and R 8 mg/day. Plasma concentrations of exemestane were measured on days 1, 8, and 15. Twenty patients were enrolled. Fourteen patients received exemestane, metformin, and rosiglitazone. Six patients received exemestane with metformin only (2,000 mg/day). Both regimens were well tolerated at the highest doses tested, and there were no notable changes in plasma exemestane levels. Six patients (30 %) had stable disease for 6 months or longer. Oral daily administration of exemestane (25 mg) and metformin (2,000 mg) with and without rosiglitazone (8 mg) daily was well tolerated. Exemestane pharmacokinetics were not altered by metformin and rosiglitazone.
A perturbation approach for the eigenfrequency analysis of separable Kirchhoff thin-plate problems on a rectangle

We introduce a method for the estimation of the eigenfrequencies for separable Kirchhoff thin-plate problems on a rectangle, particularly those involving the free boundary condition. We believe that this paper is the first to give such a treatment for the low end of the spectrum. The method is an adaptation of an asymptotic/perturbation method used for the treatment of various beam problems and, in the setting of the plate, is shown to be a generalization and refinement of the asymptotic methods of Bolotin and Keller and Rubinow (the wave propagation method). We compare our results with those of our own Legendre-tau approximation and, where available, with numerical results extant in the literature. Excellent agreement is found in each case.
Propionate and butyrate esters of camptothecin and 9-nitrocamptothecin as antileukemia prodrugs in vitro.

Six camptothecin (CPT) alkyl esters and four 9-nitrocamptothecin (9NC) alkyl esters were assayed for ability to inhibit proliferation and induce programmed cell death (apoptosis) in human leukemia HL-60 and U-937 cells, which exhibit differential sensitivity to CPT and 9NC. In general, CPT-propionate and CPT-butyrate demonstrated activities, while the other esters were practically inactive. Similarly, 9NC-propionate and 9NC-butyrate were active, while the other 9NC esters exhibited little or no activity. The biologically active esters required metabolic conversion (i.e., de-esterification) to their parental compounds as demonstrated by the conversion of CPT-propionate to CPT in mouse liver homogenate, and the topoisomerase I-inhibition assay. In conclusion, the propionate and butyrate esters of CPT and 9NC are CPT and 9NC prodrugs, that can develop to important chemotherapeutic agents for the effective treatment of human leukemias and other malignancies.
A mutual insurance diffusion stochastic control problem

Abstract This paper determines the optimal loading factor policy of a mutual insurance firm. Insurance is viewed as a collective process of N persons paying fixed (or variable, contingent) premiums and seeking protection against claims. Risk reduction for each person is then exercised through a distribution of risk by aggregating individual risks and by accumulating cash (net of operating expenses) to meet possible contingent claims. By assuming an approximate claims diffusion process, stochastic control problems for selecting the optimum loading factor policies are stated and resolved analytically. In particular, the implicit cost of bankruptcy is computed and an optimum variable-feedback loading policy is established.
Capacity analysis of MIMO system over Nakagami-m fading channels using Finite Mixture with Expectation Maximization algorithm

The capacity of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system over wireless channels has been investigated analytically and by simulation over different types of wireless fading channels, such as Rayleigh and Nakagami fading channels. In this paper, Finite Mixture (FM) with Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is utilized to derive simple approximate expression for the probability density function (pdf) of the capacity distribution over Nakagami-m fading channels. This approximation converts the complicated capacity distribution to a simple weighted sum of univariate normal distributions with appropriate weighting coefficients, means, and variances for a predefined system model and channel statistics. The resultant approximation simplified the mathematical analysis of the average capacity and the outage capacity in terms of well known Q-functions.
Early stages of figure-ground segregation during perception of the face-vase

The temporal sequence of neural processes supporting figure-ground perception was investigated by recording ERPs associated with subjects' perceptions of the face-vase figure. In Experiment 1, subjects continuously reported whether they perceived the face or the vase as the foreground figure by pressing one of two buttons. Each button press triggered a probe flash to the face region, the vase region, or the borders between the two. The N170/vertex positive potential (VPP) component of the ERP elicited by probes to the face region was larger when subjects perceived the faces as figure. Preceding the N170/VPP, two additional components were identified. First, when the borders were probed, ERPs differed in amplitude as early as 110 msec after probe onset depending on subjects' figure-ground perceptions. Second, when the face or vase regions were probed, ERPs were more positive (at â¼150-200 msec) when that region was perceived as figure versus background. These components likely reflect an early "border ownership" stage, and a subsequent "figure-ground segregation" stage of processing. To explore the influence of attention on these stages of processing, two additional experiments were conducted. In Experiment 2, subjects selectively attended to the face or vase region, and the same early ERP components were again produced. In Experiment 3, subjects performed an identical selective attention task, but on a display lacking distinctive figure-ground borders, and neither of the early components were produced. Results from these experiments suggest sequential stages of processing underlying figure-ground perception, each which are subject to modifications by selective attention.
Declines in a ground-dwelling arthropod community during an invasion by Sahara mustard (Brassica tournefortii) in aeolian sand habitats

Sahara Mustard (Brassica tournefortii; hereafter mustard), an exotic plant species, has invaded habitats throughout the arid southwestern United States. Mustard has reached high densities across aeolian sand habitats of southwestern deserts, including five distinct sand habitats in the eastern Coachella Valley, California. We examined trends in ground-dwelling arthropod community structure concurrent with mustard invasion in 90 plots within those habitats from 2003 to 2011 (n = 773 plot·years). We expected arthropod communities to respond negatively to mustard invasion because previous work documented significant negative impacts of mustard on diversity and biomass of native plants, the primary resource base for many of the arthropods. Arthropod abundance and species richness declined during the study period while mustard cover increased, and arthropod metrics were negatively related to mustard cover across all plots. When controlling for non-target environmental correlates (e.g. perennial frequency and precipitation) and for potential factors that we suspected of mediating mustard effects (e.g. native cover and sand compaction), negative relationships with mustard remained statistically supported. Nevertheless, arthropod richness’s relationship decreased slightly in strength and significance suggesting that mechanistic pathways may be both direct (via habitat structure) and indirect (via native cover suppression and sand compaction). However, mechanistic pathways for mustard effects, particularly on arthropod abundance, remain unclear. Most arthropod taxa, including most detritivores, decreased through time and were negatively related to mustard cover. In contrast, many predators were positively related to mustard. In total, our study provides substantial evidence for a negative effect of Sahara mustard on the structure of a ground-dwelling arthropod community.
HIV vaccine acceptability among high-risk drug users in Appalachia: a cross-sectional study

Background: A vaccine could substantially impact the HIV epidemic, but inadequate uptake is a serious concern. Unfortunately, people who use drugs, particularly those residing in rural communities, have been underrepresented in previous research on HIV vaccine acceptability. This study examined HIV vaccine acceptability among high-risk drug users in a rural community in the United States. Methods: Interviewer-administered questionnaires included questions about risk behavior and attitudes toward HIV vaccination from 433 HIV-negative drug users (76% with history of injection) enrolled in a cohort study in Central Appalachia. HIV vaccine acceptability was measured on a 4-point Likert scale. Generalized linear mixed models were used to determine correlates to self-report of being “very likely” to receive a 90% effective HIV vaccine (i.e. “maximum vaccine acceptability”, or MVA). Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are reported. Results: Most (91%) reported that they would accept a preventive HIV vaccine, but concerns about cost, dosing, transportation constraints, vaccine-induced seropositivity, and confidentiality were expressed. Cash incentives, oral-administration, and peer/partner encouragement were anticipated facilitators of uptake. In multivariate analysis, men were significantly less likely to report MVA (AOR: 0.33, CI: 0.21 – 0.52). MVA was more common among participants who believed that they were susceptible to HIV (AOR: 2.31, CI: 1.28 – 4.07), that an HIV vaccine would benefit them (AOR: 2.80, CI: 1.70 – 4.64), and who had positive experiential attitudes toward HIV vaccination (AOR: 1.85, CI: 1.08 – 3.17). MVA was also more common among participants who believed that others would encourage them to get vaccinated and anticipated that their behavior would be influenced by others' encouragement (AOR: 1.81, 95% 1.09 – 3.01). Conclusions: To our knowledge, this study was among the first to explore and provide evidence for feasibility of HIV vaccination in a rural, high-risk population in the United States. This study provides preliminary evidence that gender-specific targeting in vaccine promotion may be necessary to promoting vaccine uptake in this setting, particularly among men. The data also underscore the importance of addressing perceived risks and benefits, social norms, and logistical constraints in efforts to achieve widespread vaccine coverage in this high-risk population.
Allograft Reconstruction of the Lisfranc Ligament.

For Lisfranc injuries, screw fixation of the medial and middle columns is currently the standard of treatment. The purpose of this study was to biomechanically evaluate the use of allograft for a severed Lisfranc ligament compared to standard screw fixation and the intact condition. Six pairs of fresh-frozen cadaveric lower extremities were prepared with reflective marker arrays and cyclically loaded to simulate partial weight bearing under 4 sequential testing conditions: (1) intact ligament, (2) disrupted ligament, (3) tendon allograft reconstructed ligament, and (4) rigid screw fixation. The relative displacement between the medial cuneiform and the second metatarsal was assessed via motion analysis. A mixed model analysis of variance was used to determine the significance (α = .05) of displacement differences. Mean displacements and 95% confidence intervals for each condition were as follows: (1) intact 9.1 (7.1-11.2) mm, (2) cut ligament 9.4 (7.4-11.5) mm, (3) allograft fixation 8.8 (6.8-10.9) mm, an...
Input-output analysis of multirate feedback systems

A general analytical technique described in this paper permits the extension of Z -transform methods to sampled-data systems containing synchronized switches which do not operate with the same sampling rate. Sampling periods of each switch are first expressed in the form T/p_{1} ... T/p_{n} (where p_{1} ... p_{n} are integers not equal to zero) and then it is shown that each switch with a period T/p can be replaced by a system of switches and advance and delay elements where each switch operates with a sampling period T . In this way, the original sampled-data system can be represented by an equivalent system containing switches operating with the same sampling rate. The general solution of such equivalent systems is outlined in this paper.
No clear evidence for localized tidal periodicities in earthquakes in the central Japan region

We search for possible localized tidal triggering in earthquake occurrence near Japan by testing for tidal periodicities in seismicity within a variety of space/time bins. We examine 74,610 earthquakes of M ≥3 in the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) catalog from January 2000 to April 2013. Because we use many earthquakes for which accurate focal mechanisms are not available, we do not compute tidal stresses on individual fault planes, but instead assume that the mechanisms are likely to be similar enough among nearby events that tidal triggering will promote earthquake occurrence at specific tidal phases. After dividing the data into cells at a range of spatial (0.2∘, 0.5∘, 1.0∘) and temporal dimensions (100, 200, 400 days), we apply Schuster's test for non-random event occurrence with respect to both the semi-diurnal and semi-monthly tidal phases. Because the resulting p-values will be biased by temporal clustering caused by aftershocks, we apply a declustering method that retains only one event per tidal cycle per phase increment. Our results show a wide range of p-values for the localized earthquake bins, but the number of bins with very small p-values (e.g., p < 0.05) is no more than might be expected due to random chance, and there is no correlation of low p-value bins with the time of the 2010 M 9.0 Tohoku-oki earthquake.
On the relationship between changes in distributed system behavior and group dynamics

What, if any, are the effects of the changes in distributed systems behavior on the social dynamics of distributed groups? The rapid evolution of cloud infrastructures, portable devices and multimedia services has enabled cooperation among strangers in online environments that lack quality of service guarantees. Group members experience delays and inconsistencies in the shared state. Previous research on delays focuses on tightly-coupled tasks and assumes that individual and group interests are aligned. In reality, individual participation in a group depends on how a participant weighs the value and the cost of cooperation. That tension is well captured in mixed-motive tasks (e.g., a social trap). A study was conducted, where 15 groups performed a loosely-coupled task that simulates social traps. Group members experienced a gradual degradation of system performance in the form of complex delays. Groups exhibited different adaptation patterns to the changes in the system behavior. There is no guarantee that group adaptation will always keep the status quo. System interventions are needed to maintain group dynamics.
Fast signal-induced transforms in image enhancement

In this paper, the concept of the discrete unitary transforms induced by given signals or input signals is modified and developed. The basic transformations composing such transforms are parameterized and the energy (or its partial part) of signals is transferred to one of their components in different paths. We focus on the case when all basic transformations themselves represent Givens rotations of the inputs or modified inputs. The consideration of these transformations is of much interest in the unique angular forms, which allows us to consider signals and their transforms in the very compact region of 2π. Applications of proposed angular transforms for image enhancement are described.
Psychometric and qualitative comparison of four preschool screening instruments.

To represent basic information that should be considered in the selection of norm-referenced tests, McCauley and Swisher (1984) identified 10 psychometric criteria which include: description of the normative sample, adequate sample size, item analysis, the reporting of measures of central tendency and variability, concurrent validity, predictive validity, test-retest reliability, and interexaminer reliability. These psychometric properties provide the framework used to compare four preschool screening tests: CIP (Comprehensive Identification Process), DIAL-R (Developmental Indicators for the Assessment of Learning-Revised), DDST-R (Denver Developmental Screening Test) and MAP (Miller Assessment for Preschoolers). Through a review of manuals, the extent to which the construction of the four tests fulfill the criteria is presented. Though none of the tests met all requirements, the DIAL-R and MAP met most. Qualitative considerations are also examined and include theoretical foundation, scoring system, and c...
Boundary-Layer Treatment of Forced Convection Heat Transfer From a Semi-infinite Flat Plate Embedded in Porous Media

The effect of the presence of an isotropic solid matrix on the forced convection heat transfer rate from a flat plate is studied using the integral method. The closed-form solutions found are in good agreement with the available numerical results and also with the results obtained using a finite difference approximation and the expansion method. For the large values of the flow resistance (due to the presence of the solid matrix), the asymptotic value for the heat transfer rate shows a Prandtl number dependency of 1/2 power, while the results for the intermediate values of the resistances show a 1/3 power dependency. The effect of the presence of the solid matrix on the heat transfer rate is shown through a regime diagram marking the boundaries of the regime of no significant alteration, the non-Darcian regime, and the Darcian regime.
Studies on the Use of the van den Bergh Reagent for Determination of Serum Bilirubin

1. By increasing the concentration of hydrochloric acid, sulfanilic acid, and sodium nitrite in the van den Bergh reagent used for determining total serum bilirubin it is possible to increase the absorbance of azobilirubin and to accelerate its reaction time to less than 10 minutes. A modified reagent is proposed for the Malloy and Evelyn procedure. 2. The effects of temperature, urea, and protein on the coupling of serum bilirubin are discussed. 3. Hemolysis seriously affects the coupling of bilirubin. The decrease in azobilirubin production appears to vary directly with the amount of hemolysis. When the amount of hemolysis is constant, the decrease in azobilirubin production appears to vary inversely with the bilirubin concentration. The interfering effect of hemoglobin is unexplained.
Symmetry breaking in the cyclic C3C2H radical

We have employed high-level coupled cluster methods including connected triple excitations to study the possibility of symmetry-breaking in the 2B2 ground state of the c-C3C2H radical. Specifically, we find that spin-restricted open-shell Hartree–Fock (ROHF) reference orbitals yield a C2v structure, whereas spin-unrestricted Hartree–Fock (UHF) and Brueckner orbitals lead to a symmetry-broken Cs minimum-energy geometry. Equation-of-motion coupled cluster singles and doubles method for ionized states yields a Cs structure with a double-zeta basis set, but not with a triple-zeta basis set. Through a detailed analysis of the orbital instability/near-instability behavior of each type of Hartree–Fock reference, we have determined that the UHF reference wave function is more reliable than the ROHF reference in this case and that the Born–Oppenheimer potential surface for c-C3C2H exhibits a symmetry broken Cs global minimum. This result is supported by excited-state computations, which indicate that a second-order (pseudo) Jahn–Teller interaction is responsible for the symmetry-breaking.
Fibromyalgia Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: Clinical Features at Presentation and Status at Follow-up

Objectives. To 1) describe the characteristic features of fibromyalgia syndrome (FS) in a pediatric population, 2) note similarities and differences with FS in adults, and 3) determine outcome after treatment. Setting and Design. The Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic at the University of Rochester Medical Center is staffed by two pediatric rheumatologists and serves as a regional subspecialty referral service with ∼450 annual patient visits, of which ∼120 are initial evaluations. A retrospective medical record review from 1989 to 1995 was used to identify and describe the study population, and a structured telephone interview served to determine current status and response to treatment. Results. A total of 45 subjects were identified (41 female; 42 white; mean age, 13.3 years), of whom 33 were available for telephone interview at a mean of 2.6 years from initial diagnosis (0.1 to 7.6 years). Of a possible 15 symptoms associated with FS, subjects reported a mean of 8, with >90% experiencing diffuse pain and sleep disturbance. Less frequent were headaches (71%), general fatigue (62%), and morning stiffness (53%). The mean cumulative number of tender points summed over all visits was 9.7 (of 18). Telephone interviews showed improvement in most patients, with a mean positive change of 4.8 on a self-rating scale of 1 to 10 comparing current status to worst-ever condition. Conclusions. FS in patients referred to a pediatric rheumatology clinic is characterized by diffuse pain and sleep disturbance, the latter being more common than that in adults. The mean number of tender points summed over all visits is fewer than the criterion of 11 established for adults at a single visit. The majority of patients improved over 2 to 3 years of follow-up.
Evaluation of models for analyzing unguided search in unstructured networks

Evaluating the efficiency of unguided search based on random walk in unstructured peer-to-peer networks is important because it provides guidelines in correctly setting the parameters of the search. Most existing work is based on simulations. We evaluate two analytical models – the algebraic model and the combinatorial model – for various search efficiency metrics against simulation results. We use the random graph topology and assume unguided searches. The results show that the two analytical models are accurate and match each other closely. We study the impact of the average node degree, hop count, number of walkers, and replication ratios on node coverage, object recall, and message efficiency, and on the accuracy of the models.
Whole Brain Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Lead-Exposed Japanese Quail

Abstract A study was conducted in which male and female Japanese quail were fed dietary lead as lead acetate from hatch through 12 weeks of age. Lead was added to the diet at 0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 mg/kg feed. Significant reductions in whole brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were found at all treatment levels. Additionally, a sexual dimorphism in brain weight and AChE activity was found. Breeding males had heavier brain weights and lower AChE activity than females. Brain weight was not affected by lead treatment. However, females exhibited a greater lead-induced decrease in AChE activity.
Introduction to the non-rigid image registration evaluation project (NIREP)

Non-rigid image registration (NIR) is an essential tool for morphologic comparisons in the presence of intra- and inter-individual anatomic variations. Many NIR methods have been developed, but are especially difficult to evaluate since point-wise inter-image correspondence is usually unknown, i.e., there is no “Gold Standard” to evaluate performance. The Non-rigid Image Registration Evaluation Project (NIREP) has been started to develop, establish, maintain, and endorse a standardized set of relevant benchmarks and metrics for performance evaluation of nonrigid image registration algorithms. This paper describes the basic framework of the project.
Presidential Vetoes and American Indian Affairs, 1789-2000

Between the years 1789 and 2000, nineteen Presidents of the United States vetoed 114 bills or resolutions concerning matters related to Indian affairs. These executive actions are collected in a new digital resource, and are presented with their supporting Congressional documents. A brief history of Presidential veto power and activities is included.
STABLE ISOTOPE EVIDENCE LINKS BREEDING GEOGRAPHY AND MIGRATION TIMING IN WOOD WARBLERS (PARULIDAE)

Abstract Tracking seasonal movements of songbirds is a key step in understanding the annual cycle of migrants. To better understand autumn migration of wood warblers, I analyzed stable-hydrogen isotope ratios of feathers collected from three species captured during stopover at the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico. To assess the form and strength of the relationship between timing of migration and breeding origins, I regressed stable-hydrogen isotope ratios of feathers against date of capture. These analyses indicated that Orange-crowned Warblers (Vermivora celata) and Common Yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas) breeding in the southern portion of these species' ranges precede their northern conspecifics in autumn migration. By contrast, Yellow Warblers (Dendroica petechia) from northern breeding sites arrived before more southerly breeding conspecifics. This pattern is similar to that reported previously in Wilson's Warbler (Wilsonia pusilla). These findings suggest that, among wood wa...