cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reducing the gap between research and practice in school psychology

We argue that the existence of the gap is perhaps a result of an overallegiance to the medical model and the lack of measurable criteria regarding the definition of an educated and psychologically healthy student. Further, an additional and equally daunting problem for school psychological practice is that it is influenced by general education that has scant evidence of accumulated scientifically based knowledge that demonstratively improves the education of children. The belief that educational practice continually increases in its effectiveness is simply not warranted. Consequently, educational practice is in constant reform and subjected to legal mandates that are most often equally ineffective and at times even detrimental. The intent of this paper is to suggest ways, within this broader milieu, to reduce the gap between science and practice. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 577–584, 2005.
Carbon dioxide exchange rates from short- and long-hydroperiod Everglades freshwater marsh

[1] Everglades freshwater marshes were once carbon sinks, but human-driven hydrologic changes have led to uncertainty about the current state of their carbon dynamics. To investigate the effect of hydrology on CO2 exchange, we used eddy covariance measurements for 2 years (2008–2009) in marl (short-hydroperiod) and peat (long-hydroperiod) wetlands in Everglades National Park. The importance of site, season, and environmental drivers was evaluated using linear and nonlinear modeling, and a novel method was used to test for temporally lagged patterns in the data. Unexpectedly, the long-hydroperiod peat marsh was a small CO2 source (19.9 g C m−2 from July to December 2008 and 80.0 g C m−2 in 2009), and at no time over the study period was it a strong sink. Contrary to previous research suggesting high productivity rates from a short-hydroperiod marsh, we estimated that the marl site was a small CO2 sink in 2008 (net ecosystem exchange [NEE] = −78.8 g C m−2) and was near neutral for carbon balance in 2009. In addition, both sites had relatively low gross ecosystem exchange (GEE) over the 2 years of this study. The two sites showed similar responses for NEE versus air temperature, ecosystem respiration (Reco) versus air temperature, and Reco versus water depth, although the magnitude of the responses differed. We saw small lags (30 min in most cases) between carbon fluxes and environmental drivers. This study is foundational for understanding the carbon balance of these ecosystems prior to implementation of the planned Everglades restoration of historical water flow that will likely alter the future trajectory of the carbon dynamics of the Everglades as a whole.
The Demographic and Economic Implications of Globalization for the Nonmetropolitan United States

After passing through eras labeled as “Small Town in Isolation” and “Small Town in Mass Society,” it is argued that nonmetropolitan America is now entering the era of “Small Town in Global Society.” Two factors that distinguish global society from mass society are worldwide competition and the reduced relevance of location. In this article, a model is developed to explore the factors related to demographic and economic outcomes in a global society. Several variables that were related to positive demographic and economic outcomes in mass society, such as adjacency to metro areas, continue to be significant in global society. The most important of the independent variables, however, is natural amenities. Areas with more aesthetic environments are more likely to be successful than other areas in attracting employment in both the goods producing and the service sectors. Positive employment trends are related to demographic and economic growth. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Pott's puffy tumor, intracranial, and orbital complications as the initial presentation of sinusitis in healthy adolescents, a case series.

Pott’s puffy tumor (PPT) and intracranial complications of sinusitis are considered rare in the post-antibiotic era. We present a series of pediatric patients who were diagnosed with these complications. The purpose of this study is to discuss the clinical presentations and imaging findings in order to increase awareness of pediatricians and radiologists. A computer search identified nine pediatric patients who were admitted to our hospital between October 2006 and July 2009. The patients’ charts and imaging studies were reviewed. There were eight males (11–16 years old) and one female (9 years old). All patients presented with significant headache and fever. Only two patients had sinusitis symptoms. CT and MRI revealed sinusitis in seven patients. These patients were diagnosed with epidural abscess (six), subdural empyema (one), PPT (five), focal meningitis (six), and orbital cellulitis (four). Two patients did not have sinusitis on the day of admission, but were treated recently for sinusitis. These two patients presented with frontal epidural abscess, PPT, thrombosis of the superior sagittal sinus, and frontal bone osteomyelitis. All patients were treated with a multidisciplinary approach and had good outcome with no residual neurologic deficits. Complications of sinusitis are not rare in the studied population. The presentation may be misleading. Therefore, a high index of suspicion is needed, particularly in adolescent males who present with significant headache and fever. Evaluation with contrast-enhanced CT of the brain, sinuses, and orbits should be done first, followed by MRI examinations.
Laminin: molecular Organization and biological function

Laminin, the most abundant glycoprotein molecule found in basement membrane, has multiple functions in eukaryotic tissues. It serves to attach epithelial cells to basement membrane, aids development and migration of specific cell types in growth and maturation, and has been implicated in tumor metastasis and some types of infection. Current concepts of the molecular organization and myriad functions of the laminin molecule are reviewed.
Creating and Sustaining Successful Mixed-Income Communities: Conceptualizing the Role of Schools.

This article examines the theory and evidence behind the increased policy and scholarly interest in the role that schools might play in promoting neighborhood revitalization, focuses on the extent to which schools might be a key component in the growing efforts across the country to address urban poverty by creating and sustaining mixed-income neighborhoods, identifies five channels through which investment in high-quality public schools might help facilitate the types of neighborhood- and individual-level outcomes sought through mixed-income development, explores the theoretical arguments behind these pathways, and draws on research to assess the potential value of each. The article concludes that schools can play unique roles as amenities, local resources, and forums for interaction and collective action, but leveraging that potential value for the benefit of everyone, including those in poverty, will require impeding real estate market forces and surmounting differences in parental school expectations and engagement associated with socioeconomic status.
Glory oscillations in the index of refraction for matter waves.

We have measured the index of refraction for sodium de Broglie waves in gases of Ar, Kr, Xe, and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ over a wide range of sodium velocities. We observe glory oscillations\char22{}a velocity-dependent oscillation in the forward scattering amplitude. An atom interferometer was used to observe glory oscillations in the phase shift caused by the collision, which are larger than glory oscillations observed in the cross section. The glory oscillations depend sensitively on the shape of the interatomic potential, allowing us to discriminate among various predictions for these potentials, none of which completely agrees with our measurements.
Training ≠ education: putting secure software engineering back in the classroom

In the world of software engineering, security remains a critical issue. Companies lose billions each year because commercial vendors continue to produce exploitable applications. Over 8,000 vulnerabilities were cataloged by the Computer Emergency Response Team in 2006 alone. Despite this alarming statistic, companies still grip the same train-and-certify approach for cultivating security-minded programmers. However, exhibited by the prevalent vulnerabilities still appearing in cyberspace, a new ambitious plan for robust software development must be implemented. This paper addresses the inadequacy of training and encourages the academic community to adopt modern software security essentials into the undergraduate computer science curriculum. This paper also proposes a unique software engineering course targeted to senior-level computer science students that underlines design methods, tools, and standards applicable to writing secure code.
Disease resistance in cool-season forage range and turf grasses II

The potential and proven disease resistance of various cool season cultivars of common forage, range, and turfgrasses to fungi, bacteria, and viruses is reviewed. Included are certain grass species ofAgropyron, Agrostis, Arrhenatherum, Bromus, Dactylis, Elymus, Festuca, Lolium, Phalaris, Phleum, andPoa. These cultivars may be useful in crop improvement programs and for germplasm exchange.
Pigment Stability Improvement in Beef Steak by Ascorbic Acid Application

The effect on meat color of spreading a vitamin C solution on the surface of fresh beef longjssimus was studied during 16 days of illuminated display at 4°C. The meat treated with 10% vitamin C solution at 0.1 mL solution to 20g meat had lower metmyoglobin and higher oxymyoglobin than the control after 4 days of display. Vitamin C treatment delayed metmyoglobin formation for 3 days compared to the control.
Gap junctions and myometrial steroid hormone receptors in pregnant and postpartum rats: A possible cellular basis for the progesterone withdrawal hypothesis

Abstract Myometrial gap junctions, levels of cytosol and nuclear estradiol and progesterone receptors, and serum estradiol and progesterone levels were determined simultaneously in pregnant and postpartum rats. Between days 15 to 20 after conception, levels of progesterone nuclear receptors decreased (776.8 ± 88.5 versus 241.1 ± 56.5 fmol/mg of DNA, p
Acute pulmonary embolism in childhood

Pulmonary embolism is an uncommon, but potentially fatal disease in children. Most children with pulmonary embolism have underlying clinical conditions, of which the presence of a central venous catheter is the most frequent. The clinical presentation is often subtle, or masked by the underlying clinical condition. Diagnostic as well as therapeutic strategies for pulmonary embolism in children are mostly extrapolated from studies in adults. Pulmonary angiography is still the gold standard in diagnosing pulmonary embolism, but several other radiographic tests can be used to diagnose pulmonary embolism, including ventilation-perfusion lung scanning, helical computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiography. The choice of treatment depends on the clinical presentation of the patient. Anticoagulation is the mainstay of therapy for children with pulmonary embolism. However, thrombolytic therapy can be considered for patients with hemodynamic instability. The outcome of pediatric pulmonary embolism is uncertain and needs to be studied.
Resection of multiple nocardial brain abscesses: diagnostic role of computerized tomography

We present a case of multiple brain lesions in which the preoperative computerized tomographic (CT) scan suggested the presence of brain abscesses rather than metastatic tumors. The patient presented with symptoms of left frontal and right cerebellar mass lesions, confirmed by carotid and vertebral arteriography and a radionuclide brain scan. A CT scan revealed multiple contiguous ring-enhancing lesions of various sizes at both sites. With the exception of a prior mild pulmonary infection, no findings suggested underlying malignancy, immunosuppression, or medical illness. We based our decision to administer antibiotics preoperatively on the presumed presence of abscess. We found and totally removed two multiloculated abscesses during one operation and initiated sulfa drug therapy (sulfisoxazole) immediately after identification of the Nocardia organism. The patient experienced no postoperative complications and at 6-months follow-up is clinically free of disease.
Chronotype, bed timing and total sleep time in seniors.

Many older adults (seniors) experience problems with getting enough sleep. Because of the link between sleep and circadian rhythms, changes in bedtime lead to changes in the amount of sleep obtained. Although primarily determined genetically, chronotype changes with advancing age towards a more morning-type (M-type) orientation. In a 2006 study, we have found a linear relationship, by which the earlier a senior’s bedtime, the more sleep she/he will obtain. The aim of this study was to see whether this relationship differs for M-type seniors, as compared to seniors outside the M-type category. Retired seniors (n = 954, 535 M, 410F, 65 years+, mean age 74.4 years) taking part in a telephone interview were divided into M-types and Other types (O-types) using the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM). The relationship between bedtime and Total Sleep Time (TST), and between rise-time and TST, was tested using linear regression separately for M-types and O-types. For each participant, habitual bedtime, rise-time...
Organometallic polymers. XXV. Preparation of polyvinylferrocene

The synthetic details of solution polymerization in benzene and bulk polymerization of vinylferrocene are reported. In benzene solutions, with azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator, small yields of low-polydispersity low molecular weight (Mn ≃ 5000) polyvinylferrocene is obtained. However, high yields can be obtained by continuous or multiple AIBN addition. Higher molecular weight polymers and binodal polymers can be obtained as the monomer concentration is increased. In bulk polymerizations, yields of 80% can be obtained. The molecular weight increases as temperature decreases from 80 to 60°C in bulk polymerizations, and an increasing amount of insoluble polymer results. The soluble portion is often binodal, the higher molecular weight node consisting of an increasingly branched structure. Lower molecular weight polymer was readily fractionated into narrow fractions from benzene–methanol systems, but higher molecular weight polymer proved impossible to fractionate into narrow fractions due to branching.
The sympathetic response to profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest in infants.

It has been suggested that the increased incidence of ventricular arrhythmias recognized below 30°C might be catecholamine mediated. Elevated catecholamine concentrations have been reported in experimentally induced hypothermia in animals. Plasma concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine were measured during profound hypothermia and total circulatory arrest in infants under one year of age undergoing surgical correction of congenital cardiac defects. There was no significant change in either epinephrine or norepinephrine levels during surface cooling to 28° C. Circulatory arrest and exsanguination at 18° C were not associated with a rise in catecholamine levels. However, there was a striking rise in the levels of both epinephrine and norepinephrine with the recommencement of bypass and rewarming. The mean plasma norepinephrine concentration rose from 466 pg/ml (SE ± 81) at circulatory arrest to 4543 pg/ml (SE ± 2058) on rewarming bypass (p < 0.02), while the mean plasma epinephrine concentration rose from 218 pg/ml (SE ± 54) at circulatory arrest to 3724 pg/ml (SE ± 1064) on rewarming bypass (p < 0.02). The plasma catecholamine concentrations fell once cardiopulmonary bypass was discontinued, when the infant’s temperature was 37° C. It would, therefore, appear unlikely that the ventricular irritability recognized below 30° C is due to catecholamine excess. The accumulation of catecholamines and/or metabolic products in the infants during circulatory arrest with their subsequent release into the circulation during rewarming may account for the elevation of catecholamine levels during rewarming bypass.
Activation of the superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase of intestinal lymphocytes produces highly reactive free radicals from sulfite.

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of immune cells of the small intestine to produce highly reactive free radicals from the food additive sulfites. These free radicals were characterized with a spin-trapping technique using the spin traps 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N -oxide (DEPMPO) and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N -oxide (DMPO). In the presence of glucose, purified lymphocytes from intestinal Peyer’s patches (PP) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) to produce superoxide and hydroxyl DEPMPO radical adducts. The formation of these adducts was inhibited by superoxide dismutase or diphenyleneiodonium chloride, indicating that these cells produced superoxide radical during reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activation. With the treatment of sodium sulfite, PMA-stimulated PP lymphocytes produced a DEPMPO–sulfite radical adduct and an unknown radical adduct. When DEPMPO was replaced with DMPO, DMPO-sulfite and hydroxyl radical adducts were detected. The latter adduct resulted from DMPO oxidation by sulfate radical, which was capable of oxidizing formate or ethanol. Oxygen consumption rates were further increased after the addition of sulfite to PMA-stimulated lymphocytes, suggesting the presence of sulfiteperoxyl radical. Taken together, oxidants generated by stimulated lymphocytes oxidized sulfite to sulfite radical, which subsequently formed sulfiteperoxyl and sulfate radicals. The latter two radicals are highly reactive, contributing to increased oxidative stress, which may lead to sulfite toxicity, altered functions in intestinal lymphocytes, or both.
Delineating the effects of a plant trait on interactions among associated insects.

Plant traits can affect ecological interactions between plants, herbivores, and predators. Our study tests whether reduced leaf wax in peas alters the interaction between the pea aphid ( Acyrthosiphon pisum), a foliar-foraging predator (a lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens) and a ground-foraging predator (a ground beetle, Poecilus scitulus). We performed a 2×2×2 factorial experiment in which wax level, presence of H. convergens, and presence of P. scitulus were manipulated. Experimental arenas consisted of a cage surrounding three pea plants. One plant in each cage was stocked with 15 pea aphids. In greenhouse and field cage experiments, we assessed the effect of each factor and their interactions on aphid density. As in previous studies, H. convergens foraged for aphids more effectively on reduced wax peas than on normal peas. Other interactions among H. convergens, P. scitulus , and A. pisum were the same on both types of peas. We consider how aphid movement, plant growth, and a high frequency of predation by P. scitulus on H. convergens influenced pea aphid density.
The spatial diffusion of fertility: a cross-sectional analysis of counties in the American South, 1940

In recent years the diffusion perspective on variation and change in fertility levels has attracted increasing interest. Yet few researchers have attempted to estimate the effect of diffusion on geographic variations in fertility. The author has employed a spatial-diffusion model to assess the effect of diffusion in shaping fertility variation across 1052 counties in the American South in 1940. Variation in fertility levels and the "fertility potential" for each county are measured. Fertility potential is a spatial-effects variable that summarizes each countys geographic proximity to the influence of other high- or low-fertility counties. A two-stage least squares technique described by Land and Deane (1992) is used to assess the effects of fertility potential on observed fertility levels. A significant diffusion effect is inferred. The diffusion effect withstands the introduction of control variables measuring a variety of other characteristics of southern counties many of which themselves have significant effects on actual fertility levels. The author concludes that inter-county variation in fertility in the South was shaped by a mix of social forces especially structural and diffusion processes. (authors)
A computer simulation of the blood flow at the aortic bifurcation with flexible walls

To understand the role of fluid dynamics in atherogenesis, especially the effect of the flexibility of arteries, a two-dimensional numerical model for blood flow at the aortic bifurcation with linear viscoelastic walls is developed. The arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method is adopted to deal with the moving boundary problem. The wall expansion induces flow reversals or eddies during the decelerating systole while the wall contraction restricts them during the diastole. A flexible bifurcation experiences the shear stresses about 10 percent lower than those of a rigid one.
Sex-role orientation and attitudes towards women: differences among college athletes and nonathletes

Summary.-A total of 365 men (96 nonathletes, 106 individual sportsmen, 163 team sportsmen) completed a measure of sex-role orientation, the Bem Sex-role Inventory, a measure of views of women's roles (the Attitudes Towards Women Scale), and an index of attitudes towards men's and women's premarital heterosexual behavior, the Reiss Premarital Sexual Permissiveness Scale. Analyses indicated that competitive team athletes were significantly more masculine, were more tolerant of premaritaI sexual behavior for both sexes, and showed less egalitarian views towards women than did their nonathlete and individual athlete peers. No differences in femininity were observed between the groups. The results support the contention that success in athletics is associated with masculine characteristics and indicate the desirability of considering type of athletic activity when discussing the characteristics of athletes. Current conceptions of sex-role orientation have focused on masculinity and femininity as two separable personality dimensions that can vary independently (Bem, 1974; Spence & Helmreich, 1978). While it might be expected that persons sharing common interests or characteristics might differ along the dimensions of masculinity and femininity and related attitudes, little research has been conducted which contrasts such characteristics or attitudes among groups who differ in employment or major interests. Spence and Helmreich (1978) have reported two studies of particular groups of adults who have shown predictable differences. In the first of these studies, male scientists were shown to be similar to male college students while female scientists showed higher masculinity and were more likely to be classified as androgynous or masculine than female students. In the second study female collegiate athletes were more likely than women who were nonathletes to report high levels of masculinity (Spence & Helmreich, 1978). One group of individuals who might show a pattern of relationships among sex-role orientation and gender-related attitudes which would complement those found among female athletes would be male athletes. Stereotypically, male athletes are thought to be more masculine than are nonathletes, and there are some data using bipolar masculinity-femininity scales that support this stereotypical belief. In general, these studies indicate that athletes are more outgoing, more socially confident, less anxious, and more emotionally stable than nonathletes (Behrman, 1967). These data support the view that athletes, as
Mobile Learing: engaging today's hospitality students

As the popularity of mobile/smart phones among high school and college students continues to increase, educators are looking for ways to integrate this technology into the learning environment. This research explores tourism students' perceptions and usage of mobile learning (m-learning) within the College of Business and Leadership at a mid-western state comprehensive university. These results were analyzed along with existing literature on m-learning to help develop a guide for initiating mobile learning educational experiences. Understanding m-learning from the students' perspective will help both faculty and instructional designers create course content that will be perceived as useful and beneficial by students.
Comparative evaluation of heuristic algorithms for the single machine scheduling problem with two operations per job and time-lags

This paper shows that the single machine scheduling problem with multiple operations per job separated by minimum specified time-lags is NP-hard in the strong sense. Seven simple and polynomially bounded heuristic algorithms are developed for its solution when each job requires only two operations. Empirical evaluation shows that the percentage deviation of the heuristic solutions from their lower bounds is quite low and the effectiveness of these heuristic algorithms in finding optimal schedules increases with an increase in the number of jobs.
Totally Balanced Games and Games of Flow

A class of characteristic function games arising from maximum flow problems is introduced and is shown to coincide with the class of totally balanced games. The proof relies on the max flow-min cut theorem of Ford and Fulkerson and on the observation that the class of totally balanced games is the span of the additive games with the minimum operation.
LI. Magnetic Properties of Pure and n-Type Germanium at Liquid Helium Temperatures†

ABSTRACT The magnetic susceptibility of samples of n-type germa.nium of various charge carrier densities has been measured between 4-2° k and room temperature. An anomalous low temperature paramagnetism has been observed in high purity germanium. Specimens with large charge carrier concentrations, which may be classed as ‘ degenerate ’ samples, afford an experimental situation in which the onset of charge-carrier degeneracy can be followed by lowering the temperature alone. For a particular impurity concentration range, in the non-degenerate samples, the observed susceptibility results can be explained by assuming the usual activation process in extrinsic semiconductors. Below this concentration, it seems necessary to suggest the existence of conduction in an impurity band. Using these results an estimate of the effective electron mass in the impurity band can be made.
Crosslinked epoxies: Network structure characterization and physical–mechanical properties

A homologous series of epoxy resins, based on the digylcidyl ether of bisphenol-A, were reacted with stoichiometric quantities of m-phenylenediamine (mPDA) to form networks with varying crosslink densities. Infrared spectroscopic analyses revealed that the networks were formed predominantly by the epoxy—amine addition reactions with little or no OH-etherification. The ultimate glass transition temperatures were inversely proportional to the epoxy chain mol wt, as predicted by a model based on the assumptions of additivity and redistributivity of free volume. The average mol wt between crosslinks, Mc, determined from the dynamic mechanical shear moduli, agreed to within 15 to 18% with the values predicted by the reaction stoichiometry. The glassy-state modulus did not exhibit any Mc dependence above room temperature, however, the modulus—temperature plot for all the networks exhibited a discontinuity near −50°C with a steeper slope below −50°C than above it. The change in slope occurred over the same temperature interval as the β-transition temperature of the networks. The discontinuity in the modulus—temperature plot can be attributed to the freezing of the localized motions of the molecular groups responsible for the β-transition. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The place of immigration in studies of geography and race

This paper argues that geographical research on immigration and geographical research on race and racism in the USA must be explicitly connected. Geographic processes such as globalization and urban development already link immigration with race and racism and suggest a need to conceptualize research agendas around immigration and race in relation to each other. Not only are racialized groups spatially connected in many neighbourhoods, cities and regions of the USA, but they are also linked through policies structured by the state at various scales and narratives produced about subordinated and racialized groups. In making this argument, I attempt to highlight work in geography, in related social sciences and in ethnic studies that demonstrates the necessity and usefulness of this approach. Geographers are uniquely positioned to illuminate how the construction of space, place and scale overlaps with the construction of racial-ethnic and immigrant identities and with racism itself. The paper argues that th...
Vesicle-associated membrane protein-2 (VAMP2) mediates cAMP-stimulated renin release in mouse juxtaglomerular cells.

Renin is essential for blood pressure control. Renin is stored in granules in juxtaglomerular (JG) cells, located in the pole of the renal afferent arterioles. The second messenger cAMP stimulates renin release. However, it is unclear whether fusion and exocytosis of renin-containing granules is involved. In addition, the role of the fusion proteins, SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment proteins), in renin release from JG cells has not been studied. The vesicle SNARE proteins VAMP2 (vesicle associated membrane protein 2) and VAMP3 mediate cAMP-stimulated exocytosis in other endocrine cells. Thus, we hypothesized that VAMP2 and/or -3 mediate cAMP-stimulated renin release from JG cells. By fluorescence-activated cell sorting, we isolated JG cells expressing green fluorescent protein and compared the relative abundance of VAMP2/3 in JG cells versus total mouse kidney mRNA by quantitative PCR. We found that VAMP2 and VAMP3 mRNA are expressed and enriched in JG cells. Confocal imaging of primary cultures of JG cells showed that VAMP2 (but not VAMP3) co-localized with renin-containing granules. Cleavage of VAMP2 and VAMP3 with tetanus toxin blocked cAMP-stimulated renin release from JG cells by ∼50% and impaired cAMP-stimulated exocytosis by ∼50%, as monitored with FM1–43. Then we specifically knocked down VAMP2 or VAMP3 by adenoviral-mediated delivery of short hairpin silencing RNA. We found that silencing VAMP2 blocked cAMP-induced renin release by ∼50%. In contrast, silencing VAMP3 had no effect on basal or cAMP-stimulated renin release. We conclude that VAMP2 and VAMP3 are expressed in JG cells, but only VAMP2 is targeted to renin-containing granules and mediates the stimulatory effect of cAMP on renin exocytosis.
Regional distribution of [3H]kainic acid after intraventricular injection.

Abstract [ 3 H] Kainic acid was administered intraventricularly to rats at a dose that selectively destroys the pyramidal cells of hippocampal area CA3. Only about one-third of the injected radioactivity was recovered in the brain 15 min later, but the residual radioactivity disappeared at a much slower rate. [ 3 H]-Kainic acid distributed rather evenly throughout the brain; there was no correlation between accumulation of radioactivity and neurotoxicity. Almost 90% of the radioactivity in sucrose homogenates was recovered in the high-speed supernatant. No cerebral metabolism of [ 3 H] kainic acid was detected by thin-layer chromatography. These data rule out the possibility that a lethal accumulation of the toxin by hippocampus accounts for the preferential vulnerability of hippocampal pyramidal cells.
Atomic force microscopy and enzymatic degradation of oyster shell protein and poly(aspartate)

Oyster shell protein (OSP), an aspartate-enriched regulator of crystallization, was readily observed in its natural condition by atomic force microscopy (AFM) of fragments of oyster shell. The fragments of shell consisted of layers of calcite mineral, termed folia, to which arrays of protein molecules are attached. Modification and removal of the OSP following treatment with several proteolytic enzymes such as subtilisin, carboxypeptidase B, and endoproteinase Glu-C were also observed by AFM. Similarly, poly (aspartate), a polypeptide analog of the OSP, was visualized by AFM on both calcite and mica. Images of poly(aspartate) before and after treatment with lipase demonstrated the potential utility of AFM in degradation studies. The mechanism of hydrolysis is not clear in that lipase normally is considered to be an esterase and not a peptidase.
Insulin signals control the competence of the Drosophila female germline stem cell niche to respond to Notch ligands

Adult stem cells reside in specialized microenvironments, or niches, that are essential for their function in vivo. Stem cells are physically attached to the niche, which provides secreted factors that promote their self-renewal and proliferation. Despite intense research on the role of the niche in regulating stem cell function, much less is known about how the niche itself is controlled. We previously showed that insulin signals directly stimulate germline stem cell (GSC) division and indirectly promote GSC maintenance via the niche in Drosophila. Insulin-like peptides are required for maintenance of cap cells (a major component of the niche) via modulation of Notch signaling, and they also control attachment of GSCs to cap cells and E-cadherin levels at the cap cell–GSC junction. Here, we further dissect the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these processes. We show that insulin and Notch ligands directly stimulate cap cells to maintain their numbers and indirectly promote GSC maintenance. We also report that insulin signaling, via phosphoinositide 3-kinase and FOXO, intrinsically controls the competence of cap cells to respond to Notch ligands and thereby be maintained. Contrary to a previous report, we also find that Notch ligands originated in GSCs are not required either for Notch activation in the GSC niche, or for cap cell or GSC maintenance. Instead, the niche itself produces ligands that activate Notch signaling within cap cells, promoting stability of the GSC niche. Finally, insulin signals control cap cell–GSC attachment independently of their role in Notch signaling. These results are potentially relevant to many systems in which Notch signaling modulates stem cells and demonstrate that complex interactions between local and systemic signals are required for proper stem cell niche function.
Temperature-dependent effects of cadmium on mitochondrial and whole-organism bioenergetics of oysters (Crassostrea virginica)

Intertidal mollusks are exposed to multiple stressors in estuaries, including temperature and trace metals such as cadmium, which may interactively affect their physiology. We have studied the combined effects of temperature and cadmium stress on metabolism of oysters at the whole animal and mitochondrial levels. In vivo exposure to 50 microg L(-1) Cd led to a significant increase in basal metabolic rate (BMR) in 20 degrees C-acclimated but not in 28 degrees C-acclimated oysters. Cadmium exposure resulted in a fast decrease in mitochondrial capacity to synthesize ATP in 28 degrees C-acclimated but not 20 degrees C-acclimated oysters indicating that mitochondria may be functioning closer to their capacity limits in the former group. This agrees with elevated mortality in Cd-exposed oysters at 28 degrees C but not 20 degrees C. In general, elevated temperature increased sensitivity of oysters to cadmium at mitochondrial and whole-organism levels suggesting that oyster populations may become more susceptible to trace metal pollution during seasonal warming and/or global climate change.
Space Infrared Telescope Facility: Conceptual Spacecraft Definition

The Space IR Telescope Facility (SIRTF) program, which envisions a 1-m aperture cryogenically cooled telescope for 1.8-700 micron observations having an operational lifetime of several years, is now conceived as a free-flying, dedicated platform rather than a Space Shuttle instrument. Attention is presently given to the design configuration requirements of this updated concept in the matters of (1) pointing and control, (2) communications, command, and data handling, and (3) electrical power supplies.
Energy balance in a large compartment fire

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) are collaborating to assess and validate fire computer codes for nuclear power plant applications. This evaluation is being conducted through a series of benchmarking and validation exercises. The goal of the present study was to provide data from a large-scale fire test of a simulated nuclear power plant cable room. The experiments consisted of a hydrocarbon spray fire with a 1 MW heat release rate, burning in a single compartment 7 m wide, 22 m long, and 4 m high. Measurements included the vertical temperature profiles, heat flux to the compartment surfaces, the velocity and temperature at the compartment doorway, and the total heat release rate. From these measurements, an energy balance was considered, in which it was determined that nearly 74% of the fire's energy went to heat compartment surfaces, 22% escaped through the doorway, and 4% heated gases in the compartment.
Supercritical Fluid (Dense Gas) Chromatography/Extraction with Linear Density Programming

Abstract The versatility of dense gases or supercritical fluids as solvents is briefly reviewed., It is pointed out that gas density is the key parameter controlling solvent power and it is argued that density programming should replace pressure programming for chro-matographlc and extractive separations. Our previous theory of dense gas solubility and solubility thresholds is then used to explain why relatively high pressures are desirable for dense gas separations. The theory is also used to examine peak spacing for linear density programs to develop a speeial density program for uniform peak spacing. An experimental linear density programming system utilizing CO2 at 40 C and at pressures up to 300 atmospheres is described and factors affecting separation efficiency are evaluated. A separation of four aromatic compounds is demonstrated using programmed density extraction alone. Chromatographic columns used with polystyrene oligomers and polynuclear aromatic compounds are shown to improve the separation....
Highly strained metastable structures and selective area epitaxy of Ge-rich Ge1−xSix/Si(100) materials using nanoscale building blocks

Abstract Low-temperature heteroepitaxy (330 ∘ C–430 ∘ C) of Si 0.5 Ge 0.5 and Si 0.25 Ge 0.75 on Si(100) using single-source silyl-germanes [ SiH 3 GeH 3 ,HSi(GeH 3 ) 3 ] produces monocrystalline structures, smooth and continuous surface morphologies and low defect densities. The metastable compressive strain in these films is dramatically enhanced relative to alternative growth methods. At such low temperatures the material grows seamlessly, conformally, and selectively in the “source/drain” regions of prototypical transistors. These results suggest that films grown via silyl-germanes could have applications in optoelectronics and as stressors for mobility enhancement in Si devices.
Symptoms of Depression Among Older African-Americans: An Analysis of Gender Differences

Using data from a community-based sample of African-Americans, this study investigated the association between gender and depressive symptoms among 148 African-Americans who are 65 years of age and older. Findings indicated no gender difference in overall level of depressive symptomatology. Further analyses suggest that the lack of a gender difference in depressive symptoms was attributable to similarities in risk factors related to stressful life events and the social roles associated with employment and childrearing.
Sex role orientation and disordered eating in women: A review

Abstract Researchers and clinicians assert that there is an association between femininity and eating disorders, particularly anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. This article evaluates the validity of the two major theories positing such an association, Boskind-Lodahl's femininity theory and Steiner Adair's discrepancy theory, by reviewing relevant research. This examination reveals that the relationship between sex role orientation and disordered eating is both complex and unclear, and is affected by the methodological sophistication of the study designs, the construct validity of the measures, and presence of moderator variables. Moreover, complexity of the relationship between sex role orientation and disordered eating is heightened by lack of concurrence in the definition of constructs of masculinity and femininity.
Surface dose for megavoltage photon beams outside the treatment field

Measurements made on photon beams from four different radiotherapy machines have demonstrated that skin dose several centimeters outside the boundary of a treatment field may be as much as 20% of the central axis maximum dose. This surface dose has been measured for an AECL Theratron 80, Siemens Mevatron VI, Varian Clinac 20, and CGR Sagittaire for distances up to 12 cm outside the field boundary and for depths up to the depth of maximum central axis dose. This dose has also been measured as a function of field size and of source-to-skin distance. For the lower energy photon beams, this radiation is significantly attenuated in the first 2-3 mm of tissue, while for higher energy beams, a buildup phenomenon with a dmax of 2-3 mm is observed. The magnitude of this radiation is approximately linearly dependent upon field dimension for all energies.
Theory of strong inelastic cotunneling.

We develop a theory of the conductance of a quantum dot connected to two leads by single-mode quantum point contacts. If the contacts are in the regime of perfect transmission, the conductance shows no Coulomb blockade oscillations as a function of the gate voltage. In the presence of small reflection in both contacts, the conductance develops small Coulomb blockade oscillations. As the temperature of the system is lowered, the amplitude of the oscillations grows, and eventually sharp periodic peaks in conductance are formed. Away from the centers of the peaks the conductance vanishes at low temperatures as ${\mathit{T}}^{2}$, in agreement with the theory of inelastic cotunneling developed for the weak-tunneling case. Conductance near the center of a peak can be studied using an analogy with the multichannel Kondo problem. In the case of symmetric barriers, the peak conductance at T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0 is of the order of ${\mathit{e}}^{2}$/\ensuremath{\Elzxh}. In the asymmetric case, the peak conductance vanishes linearly in temperature.
Evaluation of a Distance and Continuing Education and Training Teleconference for Pennsylvania Nutritionists

Abstract A one-day teleconference "Building Communication Bridges in Family Nutrition Programs," was broadcast to 21 Pennsylvania sites for both professional and paraprofessional staff of Women, Infants, Children and the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program. The program included a four-member panel of communication experts; pre-recorded video segments; print materials; telephone question and answer sessions; and facilitated on-site group activities. Self-administered pre-conference and post-conference questionnaires were given to all 574 eligible participants. Of these, 99% (571) completed the pre-conference questionnaire and 97% completed the post-conference questionnaire. The primary outcomes measured were participant satisfaction, effectiveness of the conference, and self-reported attitudinal changes. Results show that 89.2% were satisfied to very satisfied with learning, 84.4% rated the conference "as effective" to "more effective" than conferences where attendees and instructors are face to face. Attendees reported an increase in knowledge that was significant at the P=.0001 level. No differences were found in overall satisfaction regarding professional status or work organization. Most (83%) were willing to attend satellite conferences for future training. Teleconferencing appears to have potential for future training with this population, and for other organizations who have both professional and paraprofessional training needs in a geographically dispersed group.
Waveguide-QED-based photonic quantum computation.

We propose a new scheme for quantum computation using flying qubits---propagating photons in a one-dimensional waveguide interacting with matter qubits. Photon-photon interactions are mediated by the coupling to a four-level system, based on which photon-photon $\ensuremath{\pi}$-phase gates (controlled-not) can be implemented for universal quantum computation. We show that high gate fidelity is possible, given recent dramatic experimental progress in superconducting circuits and photonic-crystal waveguides. The proposed system can be an important building block for future on-chip quantum networks.
Multiphysics Challenges for Controlling Layered Manufacturing Processes Targeting Thermomechanical Performance

In an effort to enable on-demand process control of additive manufacturing processes for achieving component performance by design from a modeling and simulation perspective and context, we introduce a method for identifying relevant modeling and simulation challenges for the purpose of motivating research that addresses this problem. We first present the abstraction of the multiscale modeling processes connecting process control with functional performance both from the forward and inverse perspectives. We subsequently introduce a brief ontology describing the ordering of dependency and membership of all components of a model in order to isolate the potential areas where challenges can be exposed. We subsequently select some features that are usually ignored by the community during modeling. In particular, we demonstrate using a simple problem of mass and heat transfer, which is relevant to layered additive manufacturing, the implications and dangers related to ignoring process dependence on deposition path history.Copyright © 2014 by ASME