cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suppression in mevalonate synthesis mediates antitumor effects of combined statin and γ-tocotrienol treatment.

Statins directly inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) activity, while γ-tocotrienol, an isoform of vitamin E, enhances the degradation and reduces cellular levels of HMGR in various tumor cell lines. Since treatment with statins or γ-tocotrienol alone induced a dose-responsive inhibition, whereas combined treatment with subeffective doses of these agents resulted in a synergistic inhibition in +SA mammary tumor cell growth, studies were conducted to investigate the role of the HMGR pathway in mediating the antiproliferative effects of combined low dose statin and γ-tocotrienol. Treatment with 8 μM simvastatin inhibited cell growth and isoprenylation of Rap1A and Rab6, and supplementation with 2 μM mevalonate reversed these effects. However, the growth inhibitory effects of 4 μM γ-tocotrienol were not dependent upon suppression in mevalonate synthesis. Treatment with subeffective doses of simvastatin (0.25 μM), lovastatin (0.25 μM), mevastatin (0.25 μM), pravastatin (10 μM), or γ-tocotrienol (2 μM) alone had no effect on protein prenylation or mitogenic signaling, whereas combined treatment with these agents resulted in a significant inhibition in +SA cell growth, and a corresponding decrease in total HMGR, Rap1A and Rab6 prenylation, and MAPK signaling, and mevalonate supplementation reversed these effects. These findings demonstrate that the synergistic antiproliferative effects of combined low dose statin and γ-tocotrienol treatment are directly related to an inhibition in HMGR activity and subsequent suppression in mevalonate synthesis.
The Effects of State Decisions About NCLB Adequate Yearly Progress Targets

The No Child Left Behind Act allows states to vary (a) the trajectories they select to move from the baseline percent proficient or above in 2002 to the 100% proficient goal in 2014, (b) the minimum number of students required for reporting of disaggregated subgroup results, and (c) whether or not they will use confidence intervals when determining whether or not an annual measurable objective has been met. We use data from Kentucky for the years 2003 and 2004 to explore the consequences of different design decisions. The effect of design decisions on number and percentage of schools meeting adequate yearly progress (AYP) is large, with important implications for education practice.
Diminishing role of contrast enema in simple meconium ileus.

Abstract Purpose Contrast enema is the initial study of choice for simple meconium ileus to confirm diagnosis and to relieve obstruction. Despite favorable historically published results, our clinical impression suggests decreased effectiveness of the contrast enema resulting in more surgical interventions in contemporary practice. Methods A retrospective multiinstitutional review for a 12-year period was conducted for neonates diagnosed with meconium ileus by contrast enema. The neonates were divided into 2 groups—historic group (HG = before 2002) and contemporary group (CG = after 2002). T test was used for comparison of continuous variables and χ 2 for categorical data. Results Thirty-seven total patients were identified (21 females and 16 males). Obstruction was relieved in 8 neonates (22% overall success rate). Average enema attempt per patient was decreased in the CG group compared to HG (1.4 vs 1.9). The success rate in the CG group was 5.5% (1/18) compared to 39% (7/18) in HG. Conclusions In this review, success of contrast enema for relief of meconium ileus has significantly decreased over time. These findings may be because of reluctance to repeat enemas, change in radiologist experience, or use of contrast agent. As a result, higher rates of operative intervention are now observed. In stable patients, surgeons should recommend repeat enemas before exploration.
Phase segregation in polymer thin films: Elucidations by X-ray and scanning force microscopy

We have used quantitative X-ray microscopy in combination with Scanning Force Microscopy to monitor the phase separation of spun cast thin films of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) blends upon annealing. Both techniques complement and enhance each other in elucidating the complicated structures that develop as a function of annealing time. We have determined the composition of the mixed phases that result from solvent spin casting. We subsequently observe the sudden rearrangement into domains much smaller than those originally formed. Unique, intricate hydrodynamic mass flow patterns form during coarsening which are in qualitative agreement with recent simulations of phase segregation in two-dimensional viscous fluids. Complicated polymer-polymer interfaces persist even in the later stages that are explained in terms of the geometric constraints of a thin film and the dependance of polymer viscosity on film thickness.
Using convex hulls to represent classifier conditions

This papers presents a novel representation of classifier conditions based on convex hulls. A classifier condition is represented by a sets of points in the problem space. These points identify a convex hull that delineates a convex region in the problem space. The condition matches all the problem instances inside such region. XCSF with convex conditions is applied to function approximation problems and its performance is compared to that of XCSF with interval conditions. The comparison shows that XCSF with convex hulls converges faster than XCSF with interval conditions. However, convex conditions usually do not produce more compact solutions.
Balancing Healthy Meals and Busy Lives: Associations between Work, School, and Family Responsibilities and Perceived Time Constraints among Young Adults.

Objective To characterize associations between perceived time constraints for healthy eating and work, school, and family responsibilities among young adults.
Shock-bubble interactions : Generation and evolution of vorticity in two-dimensional supersonic flows

We present high resolution simulations with the PPM code of shock-bubble interactions coresponding to the recent Haas-Sturtevant experiments. VCR cinemas show and diagnostic interpretations quantify the variety of shock-vortex interactions
Oxygen adsorption on silver in polyfluorocarbon sulfonic acid (Nafion) films

Abstract The reduction and subsequent oxidation of Ag(I)-containing films of polyfluorocarbon sulfonic acid (Nafion) have been studied spectroscopically, electron microscopically, and kinetically. The ultraviolet-visible and infrared spectral features observed in situ during these processes are interpreted in terms of the formation of Ag particles and their surface oxidation upon exposure to air or oxygen. The particle size distributions are narrow and give average diameters of 20–30 A for various reductive and oxidative treatments. The kinetics of the oxidation, which were followed by observing the growth of silver-silver oxide charge transfer absorption at 370 nm, are analyzed in terms of two parallel reactions. The first, postulated to give atomically adsorbed oxygen, is about 10 times faster than the postulated slower formation of molecularly adsorbed oxygen.
Predictors of parenting among African American single mothers: Personal and contextual factors

Guided by family stress theory, relations among neighborhood stress, maternal psychological functioning, and parenting were examined among 123 low-income, urban-dwelling, African American single mothers. Using a longitudinal design, structural equation modeling was employed to test the hypothesis that neighborhood stress results in poorer parenting over time through its detrimental effect on maternal psychological functioning. Social support from family and friends was examined as a potential moderator of the association between neighborhood stress and parenting behavior. Results indicated that higher levels of neighborhood stress were related to greater psychological distress among mothers, which in turn, was significantly related to less engagement in positive parenting practices approximately 15 months later. A moderating effect emerged for social support, however, such that the proposed model provided a better fit for mothers reporting low levels of perceived social support than for mothers reporting high levels. Implications of the findings for prevention and intervention are discussed.
Telecommunications Policy: A Selective List of Periodicals.

Journals and services of significant value to maintaining current awareness of trends and developments in telecommunications are described under the following headings: “Telecommunications Policy — General,” “General Telecommunications Industry and Market Information,” “International Communications,” “Law and Legislation,” “Bibliographies,” “Data Communications,” “Electronic Mail/Publishing,” “Mobile Communications,” “Telephone,” and “Satellite Communications.” “Broadcasting and Cable” journals and services were covered in the Winter 1983 issue of Library Hi Tech.
Synchrotron Improvements with Shed Waveform

In synchrotrons for ion beam fusion one needs a small bucket area to limit the longitudinal emittance, a small synchrotron frequency to avoid synchrobetatron resonance, a large bunching factor to reduce space charge tune depression, and a high synchronous voltage to complete acceleration without ion-ion collisions. It is proposed to use a trigonometric series approximation to a new "shed-like" waveform to replace the usual pure sine wave (fundamental). The shed waveform divides the interval (0,2?) into two parts with a crossing in between. The right portion contains the particles and is linear, while the left portion is merely an "area dump." A fit to a shed with three properly phased sine waves is demonstrated to give almost as good results as the original. In the present application a fundamental frequency range 12.5 to 50.0 MHz is required. Four cavities and four rf systems are utilized to produce the fundamental and two harmonics up to 150 MHz. The frequency range limit of a cavity is imposed by properties of the ferrite, voltage requirement, and the operating frequency. Each cavity covers a factor of 3 in frequency. A "dropping down" scheme is described so that a single cavity may be used in more than one range.
A derivation of Batho's correction factor for heterogeneities

Batho's correction factor for dose in a heterogeneous, layered medium is derived from the tissue-air ratio method (TARM). The reason why the Batho factor is superior to the TARM factor at low energy is ascribed to the fact that it accounts for the distribution of the scatter-generating matter along the centerline. The poor behavior of the Batho factor at high energies is explained as a consequence of the lack of electron equilibrium at appreciable depth below the surface.
PM, a system for polynomial manipulation

PM is an IBM 7094 program system for formal manipulation of polynomials in any number of variables, with integral coefficients unrestricted in size. Some of the formal opeartions which can be performed by the system are sums, differences, products, quotients, derivatives, substitutions and greatest common divisors. PM is based on the REFCO III list processing system, which is described and compared with the LISP and SLIP systems. The PM subroutines for arithmetic of large integers are described as constituting an independently useful subsystem. PM is compared with the ALPAK system in several respects, including the choices of canonical forms for polynomials. A new algorithm for polynomial greatest common divisor calculation is mentioned, and examples are included to illustrate its superiority.
Concurrent validity of cocaine and sedative dependence diagnoses in opioid-dependent outpatients

The present study evaluated the relationship between diagnoses of cocaine and sedative dependence and drug use early in treatment among opioid-dependent patients in methadone substitution therapy. New admissions (n = 138) were assessed via the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM III-R (SCID) for presence of Axis I and Axis II disorders and followed for five weeks on standard methadone maintenance. Patients submitted urines three times per week tested for opioids, cocaine, and benzodiazepines. Patients diagnosed with current cocaine dependence (n = 90) submitted a higher proportion of cocaine-positive urines (M = 0.84) than patients diagnosed with past cocaine dependence (n = 32; M = 0.28) and those diagnosed with no cocaine use disorder (n = 14; M = 0.12), P < 0.001. Current cocaine dependence diagnosis accounted for 52% of the cocaine use variance. Patients exhibiting current sedative dependence (n = 25) submitted a higher proportion of benzodiazepine-positive urines (M = 0.60) than patients with past sedative dependence (n = 44; M = 0.20) and those with no sedative use disorder (n = 60; M = 0.05), P < 0.001. Current sedative dependence diagnosis accounted for 37% of the benzodiazepine use variance. Lifetime major depression (12%) and antisocial personality disorder (39%) were the most common nonsubstance use comorbid diagnoses. Axis I nonsubstance use disorder was associated with benzodiazepine use, while Axis II disorder was associated with both benzodiazepine and cocaine use early in treatment (P < 0.05). These data demonstrate the concurrent validity of DSM-III-R cocaine and benzodiazepine use diagnoses, and support the potentially important relationship between drug use and other psychiatric disorders.
Synthesis and biological activity of a fluorescent analogue of 2-5A.

Abstract A fluorescent analogue of 2—5A, ppp5′ ϵA2′p5′ϵA2′p5′ϵA, was obtained by reaction of 2′, 5′ (pA) 3 with chloroacetaldehyde followed by conversion to the 5-triphosphate through reaction of the corresponding phosphoroimidazolide with pyrophosphate anion. The 5′-monophosphate, p5′ϵA2′p5′ϵA2′p5′ϵA, was not an antagonist of 2—5A action in extracts of mouse L cells. Neither did the 5′-triphosphate, ppp5′ϵA2′p5′ϵA2′p5′ϵA, inhibit translation. Moreover, the 5′-triphosphate was bound to the 2—5A-dependent endonuclease 5000-times less effectively than 2—5A itself.
Cerebral energy metabolism during transient ischemia and recovery in the gerbil.

— Energy metabolism was studied in the cerebral cortex of gerbils during and following ischemia induced by 1 h of unilateral carotid artery occlusion. An aneurysm clip was applied to the right common carotid artery of 50-70 g gerbils under brief halothane anesthesia, and the clip was removed 1 h later. Clinical state (gait, responsiveness, seizures) was evaluated during carotid occlusion, and 40% of the animals showed clinical evidence of stroke. Cortical energy stores (2 ATP + ADP + P-creatine) were more than half depleted in the ipsilateral cortex of clinically-affected gerbils, and glucose fell by 75%; lactate rose over 7-fold in the same specimens. After release of the carotid clip, clinical state improved, and biochemical abnormalities partially resolved. However, even after 24 h, the concentration of ATP and the total pool of adenine nucleotides remained subnormal. Metabolic activity in the ischemic cortex, assessed as the utilization of high-energy phosphates following decapitation, was normal after 1 h of recovery and decreased (-50%) after 24 h but was increased by more than 50% after 4 h. Cerebral glucose utilization, evaluated from autoradiographs prepared after intravenous administration of 2-[1-14C]deoxyglucose, was also increased in the cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus after 4 h of recovery. This post-ischemic hypermetabolism in tissue damaged by ischemia may identify a critical period for cell repair, when therapy could be decisive.
Laparoscopic repair of primary versus incisional ventral hernias: time to recognize the differences?

To elucidate the differences in the pathology of incisional and primary ventral hernias and the outcomes of their laparoscopic repair. An operating room database of all laparoscopic ventral hernias performed between 2001 and 2009 was analyzed retrospectively. Patients were divided into two main groups: Group 1 (incisional hernias) and Group 2 (primary hernias). All P-values < 0.05 were considered to be significant. There were 121 patients in Group 1 (mean age: 60.35 years) and 100 patients in Group 2 (mean age: 51.94 years). There was a significantly higher percentage of females in Group 1 (70 vs. 28%, P < 0.0001). There were significantly more complex hernias (defined as multiple points of weakness on the anterior abdominal wall) in Group 1 (37 vs. 10%, P < 0.0001). A total of 89% of patients required lysis of adhesions in Group 1 as compared with 73% in Group 2 (P = 0.007). There was a significantly higher percentage of conversions in Group 1 (9%) compared with Group 2 (2%, P = 0.02). The mean mesh size was significantly larger in Group 1 (243.22 vs. 131.46 cm2). The mean length of procedure (LOP) was significantly longer in Group 1 (113.94 min) as compared with Group 2 (70.96 min). The overall morbidity rate was not significantly different between the two groups (23 vs. 16%). The mean length of stay (LOS) was significantly longer for Group 1 (2.2 vs. 0.75 days, P < 0.0001). Finally, 22.3% of the patients in Group 1 were discharged on the same day as compared with 59% of the patients in Group 2 (P < 0.0001). The LOP and LOS are longer after the laparoscopic repair of incisional than for primary ventral hernias. This disparity should be kept in mind when counseling patients and while designing trials investigating laparoscopic ventral hernia repairs (LVHRs).
A Human Right not to be Punished? Punishment as Derogation of Rights

In this essay, I apply international human rights theory to the domestic discussion of criminalization. The essay takes as its starting point the “right not to be punished” that Douglas Husak posited in his recent book Overcriminalization. By reviewing international human rights norms, I take up Husak’s challenge to imbue this right with further normative content. This process reveals additional relationships between the criminal law and human rights theory, and I discuss one analogy: the derogation by states of an individual’s human rights under specified conditions has certain similarities to the punishment by states of an individual who holds a right not to be punished. Along the way, I highlight the normative implications of defining a human right not to be punished under both generalist and specificationist perspectives on moral rights. Noting the similarities as well as the differences in the concepts of punishment and derogation, this essay aims to contribute to the exchange between theories of human rights and the criminal law.
Defective Nrf2-dependent redox signalling contributes to microvascular dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.

Aims In type 2 diabetes, antioxidant depletion contributes to increased oxidative stress in the microvasculature. The current study was designed to assess how oxidative stress contributes to functional changes in the microvasculature, and determine the importance, and the effects of pharmacologically targeting, the transcription factor Nrf2. Methods and results Pressure myography was used to measure myogenic constriction in mesenteric arterioles from diabetic (db/db) and non-diabetic (db/m) mice. Compared with db/m, myogenic constriction was larger in db/db, independent of the endothelial cell layer, and directly correlated with elevated basal and pressure-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Nrf2 was depleted in db/db vessels and associated with down-regulation of Nrf2-regulated genes. Notably, expression of GCLC and GCLM, enzymes important for glutathione (GSH) synthesis, was dramatically reduced, as was total cellular GSH. Normal myogenic function was restored to db/db arterioles by incubation with cell-permeant GSH. Similarly, the db/db myogenic phenotype was recapitulated in the db/m vessels by pharmacological GSH depletion. Treatment with the Nrf2-activator sulforaphane increased Nrf2 and promoted its nuclear localization and increased GCLC and GCLM expression in both db/m and db/db. Sulforaphane dramatically lowered ROS signalling in db/db and reduced myogenic tone to levels similar to that seen in db/m vessels. Conclusion Depleted Nrf2 and expression of its dependent genes compromises antioxidant capacity resulting in dysfunctional myogenic tone in diabetes that is reversed by the Nrf2-activator sulforaphane.
Structure and properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)-modified mortar and concrete

The structure and properties of mortars and concretes containing up to 2 wt% (based on cement) of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were examined and compared with those without PVA. Among changes occurring with the addition of PVA were increases in air void content and apparent fluidity and a reduction in the bleeding of fresh mortar and concrete. The increased fluidity caused increased slump for fresh concrete. The microstructure was examined by polarizing optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in backscattered mode of cut surfaces after hardening. The porous interfacial transition zones around sand grains and coarse aggregate were significantly reduced, and the cement particles were uniformly distributed without significant depletion near aggregate surfaces. For mortars, using a prewetting mixing technique, the compressive strength was decreased moderately, but the flexural strength was unchanged. For concretes, with the same mixing technique, the compressive strengths after 28 days of hydration were relatively unchanged, but the postpeak area of the compression stress-strain curve was reduced, accompanying a change in fracture behavior from debonding to cohesive failure of the coarse aggregate. When concrete having the same air void content with PVA as without was made, the compressive strength was moderately increased.
Selective transmission window of Li II for photons, to pump an X-ray laser

Abstract In order to use a beam of X-rays (e.g. produced in the form of synchrotron radiation) to pump a Li X-ray laser, it is necessary to remove from the beam (a) all photons which could trigger the laser prematurely, (b) (to avoid excessive heating) most photons lying outside a specified energy band. It is suggested that this can be done by using Li II plasma with properly chosen temperature and density, as a transmission window. The method can be generalized to other laser materials.
AN EMERGING TREND IN EXPERIMENTAL DYNAMICS: MERGING OF LASER-BASED THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURAL IMAGING AND MODAL ANALYSIS

This paper describes the advances toward the implementation of a three-dimensional, six-degree-of-freedom structural dynamics measurement system. The result is a continuous description of the 3-D translational and rotational velocities on the surface of a vibrating prototype structure. This has been demonstrated on 2-D (flat plates) and 3-D structures such as compressor shells. The availability of this basic experimental measurement tool opens the door to many advances in experimental dynamics measurements. This paper will outline the basic approaches used to derive 3-D velocity or mobility response measurements from a vibrating structure. Next, applications of the technology will be discussed. Most important among these is the discussion of the development of a new experimentally based system modelling procedure, where the frequency response at any point and direction may be predicted without having measured that specific combination of forcing and response positions. This new modelling procedure will form the basis for the supplementation of experimental modal analysis as one knows it today. Other uses of this technology such as strain field display, stress field determination, acoustic radiation predictions from the structure, and power flow from sources to sinks in a structure.
Chromatographic retention of molybdenum, titanium and uranium complexes for removal of some interference in inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Abstract Complexes of molybdenum(CI) or titanium(IV) with N-mehylfurohydroxamic acid (N-MFHA) are retained on a column packed with polystyrene/divinylbenzene. At the pH values chosen, copper , zinc and cadmium are washed rapidly through the column and are detected by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (i.c.p./m.s.) without interference from metal oxide ions of titanium or molybdenum. Detections limits are 1 to 2 μg 1−1, and analyte recoveries are essentially 100%. the resin capacity for the titanium and molybdenum complexes is sufficient for several hundred injections and the complexes can be radily washed from the column. Uranium(IV) also forms a stable complex with N-MFHA, and ionizatin interference caused by excess of uranium can be avoided by chromatographic removal of the uranium complex. Various other potentially interfering elements with aqueous oxidations states of +4 or higher (e.g., Sn, W, Hf or Zr) could also be separated by this technique.
A survey of expert systems in manufacturing and process planning

Abstract The issue of capturing the knowledge and skill of human experts in various problem domains and passing it on to future generations via the computer has been an active area of research for some time. Domain-specific expert systems are being developed to aid the human decision maker. This paper presents various applications of expert systems to the problem domain of industrial and manufacturing engineering. These systems were developed with commercial as well as research interests in the eighties. For each of the systems discussed here, our main interests are the problem definition, implementation scheme, and special features, if any. Subsequently, the focus of the paper is on the continuing efforts for design and development of expert systems for one of the most important functions in manufacturing viz. process planning. Some of the popular approaches used are briefly discussed.
Observations on the relation of renal function changes to the electrolyte and glycosuric effects of ACTH in man.

DURING the past few years, the effects of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) on carbohydrate, water, and electrolyte metabolism have received considerable attention. The hormone appears not only to decrease carbohydrate tolerance but also to perhaps induce renal glycosuria (Conn, Louis and Wheeler, 1948). In regard to electrolyte metabolism it produces retention of water, sodium, and chloride but promotes loss of potassium in the urine. These alterations in renal function have been thought to be due to the direct effects of the adrenocorticoids on the renal tubules (Conn et al., 1948; Ingle, Li, and Evans, 1946). ACTH and cortisone have been reported to produce changes in renal plasma flow (Ingbar, Relman, Burrows, Kass, Sisson and Burnett, 1950; Berliner) and glomerular nitration rate in man (Ingbar et al., 1950; Berliner; Kendrick, Schoenberger, Dyniewicz, Grimelli and Keeton, 1950), but to have no effect on the maximum ability of the tubules to absorb glucose.
A Genetic Linkage Map of Cryptococcus neoformans variety neoformans Serotype D (Filobasidiella neoformans)

To construct a genetic linkage map of the heterothallic yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans (Filobasidiella neoformans), we crossed two mating-compatible strains and analyzed 94 progeny for the segregation of 301 polymorphic markers, consisting of 228 restriction site polymorphisms, 63 microsatellites, two indels, and eight mating-type (MAT)-associated markers. All but six markers showed no significant (P < 0.05) segregation distortion. At a minimum LOD score of 6.0 and a maximum recombination frequency of 0.30, 20 linkage groups were resolved, resulting in a map length of approximately 1500 cM. Average marker density is 5.4 cM (range 1-28.7 cM). Hybridization of selected markers to blots of electrophoretic karyotypes unambiguously assigned all linkage groups to chromosomes and led us to conclude that the C. neoformans genome is approximately 20.2 Mb, comprising 14 chromosomes ranging in size from 0.8 to 2.3 Mb, with a ratio of approximately 13.2 kb/cM averaged across the genome. However, only 2 of 12 ungrouped markers hybridized to chromosome 10. The hybridizations revealed at least one possible reciprocal translocation involving chromosomes 8, 9, and 12. This map has been critical to genome sequence assembly and will be essential for future studies of quantitative trait inheritance.
Pression intra-abdominale, hypertension intra-abdominale et syndrome de compartimentation abdominale

Resume Les anomalies de la pression intra-abdominale ont suscite un vif interet dans la communaute du soin intensif, tant en medecine humaine que veterinaire. L’hypertension intra-abdominale (ou elevation de la pression intra-abdominale) est associee a de graves consequences systemiques et peut impacter sur la survie du patient. Lors d’elevation severe de la pression intra-abdominale, le patient risque de developper un syndrome de compartiment abdominal. Cette revue de la litterature presente les definitions les plus recentes et revoit les bases physiopathologiques de ce desordre complexe. Les details techniques de la mesure de la pression intra-abdominale sont egalement presentes. Enfin, la prise en charge du patient souffrant d’anomalies de la pression intra-abdominale est discutee.
Finite Element Study on Chip Formation and Force Response in Two-Dimensional Orthogonal Cutting of Rock

The understanding of the rock-cutter interaction is essential for efficient rock cutting/drilling performed with polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutters in petroleum engineering and gas exploration. Finite element modeling of the rock cutting process still remains a challenge due to the complex material properties of rock, rock fracture and chip formation phenomena and large force oscillations during the dominant brittle cutting mode. A finite element study was conducted to investigate the chip formation and force responses in two-dimensional orthogonal cutting of rock. The Drucker-Prager model that incorporates a simple shear strain failure criterion was exploited to simulate the interactions between the rock and the cutter. A fully instrumented rock cutting testbed was developed to enable the measurements of the three orthogonal force components and of the uni-axial acceleration in the cutting direction along rectilinear tool-paths to evaluate the simulation results. The chip formation phenomena and force response predictions derived by the FEM simulations were in good agreement with the experimental tests.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Post Caronia: Is a new paradigm needed for off-label medication usage?

In United States v. Caronia (2012), a criminal misbranding, off-label promotion case, the Second Circuit ruled that the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) enforcement of pharmaceutical manufacturers violates the First Amendment. Pharmaceutical manufacturers view Caronia as a watershed for the end of deference to FDA’s oversight role as arbiter of off-label medication usage determinations and perhaps, the beginning of the demise of preemption. The central constitutional question is can FDA’s off-label promotion prohibition withstand First Amendment scrutiny of free speech in general and commercial speech in particular? Is a new paradigm required to promulgate a framework of laws and regulations that will minimize healthcare costs and patient injuries while allowing truthful off-label promotion?
Drug-related test patterns of depressed patients.

Several types of drugs reportedly have been useful in treating depressions, but the specific effects of these drugs on functioning remain unclear. Fortynine hospitalized depressed patients were randomly assigned on a double-blind basis to an imipramine, chlorpromazine or placebo group. Psychological test performance was compared after 3 weeks of in-hospital drug treatment. Neither drug produced impairment on most measures of intellectual functioning. The results suggest imipramine may impair ability to assimilate and retain information, and that chlorpromazine may impair sustained attention. The differential effects were discussed in relation to symptoms, and to hypotheses about the relationship between arousal and chlorpromazine and between retardation and imipramine in the treatment of depression.
Firm-specific attributes and the cross-section of momentum ☆

Abstract This paper identifies observable firm-specific attributes that drive momentum. We find that a firm's revenues, costs, and growth options combine to determine the dynamics of its return autocorrelation. We use these insights to implement momentum strategies (buying winners and selling losers) with both numerically simulated returns and CRSP/Compustat data. In both sets of data, momentum strategies that use firms with high revenue growth volatility, low costs, or valuable growth options outperform traditional momentum strategies by approximately 5% per year.
Simulation of Condensation Aerosol Growth by Condensation and Evaporation

A new numerical method is reported for the solution of the condensation—evaporation equation, a first-order hyperbolic equation. The solution and properties of the nonlinear integrodifferential equation arising when the mass of the condensing vapor is conserved are discussed. For aerosol evolution in the conserved case it is shown that there develops an asymptotic regime analogous to the asymptotic behavior found for the coagulation process.
Use of schroeder-phased waveform to investigate convergence and tracking of the LMS algorithm in active sound control

Abstract A Schroeder-phased test waveform is used to investigate convergence and tracking of the LMS system identification process in the filtered-X LMS active sound cancellation scheme. The coherence between the test waveform and the error microphone is calculated off-line. The power in the test waveform is increased until coherence between the two signals is achieved. The active sound cancellation algorithm is activated and the LMS system identification is adoptively modified on-line using different power in the test waveform. An error between the actual model, as determined by a Bode plot, and the LMS FIR model is calculated. When the power in the test waveform becomes large enough that coherence between the test signal and the error microphone is achieved, the model error decreases to a minimum. Further increase in test waveform power shows no further reduction in model error. It is also shown that when the part of the control signal which cancels sound is used in the on-line system identification algorithm, the model at the cancellation frequency degrades. This problem does not occur when only the test waveform is used in the system identification algorithm. Finally, it is shown, both analytically and experimentally, that the zeros in the FIR model emulate dynamic poles by spacing themselves uniformly around the unit circle in the z-plane.
Somatosensation in the superior colliculus of the star‐nosed mole

The superior colliculus (or optic tectum in nonmammals) plays a critical role in the visual system and is essential for integrating sensory inputs to guide eye and head movements. However, what is the role of the superior colliculus (SC) in species that depend almost exclusively on touch? In this study we examined the SC of the star-nosed mole, a subterranean mammal that, instead of using vision, explores its environment using its tactile star. The star acts like a mechanosensory eye with a central tactile fovea that is constantly shifted in a saccadic manner. Multiunit microelectrode recordings were used to determine the topography and receptive field organization of somatosensory inputs to the SC and to test for visual and auditory responses. Here we report an SC dominated by somatosensory inputs in which neurons in all layers responded to mechanosensory stimulation, forming a topographic representation of contralateral body dominated by the mechanosensory star. Receptive fields were large, and appendage representations overlapped, suggesting that the SC may use a distributed, population code to guide the saccadic movements of the mole's touch fovea. No auditory or visual responses were recorded from the SC, although neurons in the neighboring inferior colliculus responded to auditory stimuli. Layers IVb–VII were identified, and a layer superficial to IVb contained neurons that responded to somatosensory stimulation, suggesting that there are unique patterns of afferents in the star-nosed mole's SC. J. Comp. Neurol. 464:415–425, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Roles of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 in mouse postnatal growth.

Abstract To examine the relationship between growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) in controlling postnatal growth, we performed a comparative analysis of dwarfing phenotypes manifested in mouse mutants lacking GH receptor, IGF1, or both. This genetic study has provided conclusive evidence demonstrating that GH and IGF1 promote postnatal growth by both independent and common functions, as the growth retardation of double Ghr/Igf1 nullizygotes is more severe than that observed with either class of single mutant. In fact, the body weight of these double-mutant mice is only ∼17% of normal and, in absolute magnitude (∼5 g), only twice that of the smallest known mammal. Thus, the growth control pathway in which the components of the GH/IGF1 signaling systems participate constitutes the major determinant of body size. To complement this conclusion mainly based on extensive growth curve analyses, we also present details concerning the involvement of the GH/IGF1 axis in linear growth derived by a developmental study of long bone ossification in the mutants.
Whose Problem Is It Anyway? Women Prisoners and HIV/AIDS

One of the pressing public health concerns facing correctional systems today is HIV/AIDS. Although no segment of the incarcerated population is immune to this infection, an alarming number of female inmates have been shown to test positive for HIV at higher rates than male inmates. As women in prison have different treatment needs and problems than their male counterparts, the impact of such inmates on correctional health care services represents a potentially critical issue confronting correctional managers and correctional health service administrators. This article highlights the need for the corrections community to address the special needs of female inmates infected with the HIV/AIDS virus and to acknowledge the impact of HIV/AIDS on all imprisoned women in the United States.
Imaging GFP-based reporters in neurons with multiwavelength optogenetic control.

To study the impact of neural activity on cellular physiology, one would like to combine precise control of firing patterns with highly sensitive probes of cellular physiology. Light-gated ion channels, e.g., Channelrhodopsin-2, enable precise control of firing patterns; green fluorescent protein-based reporters, e.g., the GCaMP6f Ca 2þ reporter, enable highly sensitive probing of cellular physiology. However, for most actuator-reporter combinations, spectral overlap prevents straightforward combination within a single cell. Here we explore multiwavelength control of channelrhodopsins to circumvent this limitation. The ''stoplight'' technique described in this article uses channelrhodopsin variants that are opened by blue light and closed by orange light. Cells are illuminated with constant blue light to excite fluorescence of a green fluorescent protein-based reporter. Modulated illumination with orange light negatively regulates activation of the channelrhodopsin. We performed detailed photo- physical characterization and kinetic modeling of four candidate stoplight channelrhodopsins. The variant with the highest contrast, sdChR(C138S,E154A), enabled all-optical measurements of activity-induced calcium transients in cultured rat hippo- campal neurons, although cell-to-cell variation in expression levels presents a challenge for quantification.
Reversible Thermal Denaturation of Human FGF-1 Induced by Low Concentrations of Guanidine Hydrochloride

Human acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) is a powerful mitogen and angiogenic factor with an apparent melting temperature (Tm) in the physiological range. FGF-1 is an example of a protein that is regulated, in part, by stability-based mechanisms. For example, the low Tm of FGF-1 has been postulated to play an important role in the unusual endoplasmic reticulum-independent secretion of this growth factor. Despite the close relationship between function and stability, accurate thermodynamic parameters of unfolding for FGF-1 have been unavailable, presumably due to effects of irreversible thermal denaturation. Here we report the determination of thermodynamic parameters of unfolding (DeltaH, DeltaG, and DeltaCp) for FGF-1 using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The thermal denaturation is demonstrated to be two-state and reversible upon the addition of low concentrations of added guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl). DeltaG values from the DSC studies are in excellent agreement with values from isothermal GuHCl denaturation monitored by fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Furthermore, the results indicate that irreversible denaturation is closely associated with the formation of an unfolding intermediate. GuHCl appears to promote reversible two-state denaturation by initially preventing aggregation of this unfolding intermediate, and at subsequently higher concentrations, by preventing formation of the intermediate.
A chromosomal hypothesis of oncogenesis.

A chromosomal theory of cancer is advanced, based on accrued knowledge of nonrandom chromosome changes in human cancer. Proposed here is that the key cytogenetic event in oncogenesis involves chromosome rearrangement. Through breakage, chromosomes are rearranged. The rearrangement may be a translocation, inversion, insertion, or deletion. This removes one segment of a chromosome (segment A) from continuity with another segment (segment B). Segment A initially plays a role in embryogenesis and then normally is suppressed by segment B. When segment A is no longer suppressed through rearrangement by segment B, its malignant potential becomes evident. The nature of segment A is unique to each cell and tissue type. Segment A, which may be a proto-oncogene, is responsible, when derepressed, for cell proliferation, i.e., neoplasia. This general hypothesis of oncogenesis is consistent with current views and facts.
A theory of marital dissolution and stability.

Research is presented on the prospective longitudinal prediction of marital dissolution. First, a cascade toward marital dissolution is described. Second, the cascade is predicted with variables from a balance theory of marriage. Third, there are process and perception (the distance and isolation cascades) cascades related to the cascade toward dissolution. The importance of "flooding" is discussed, as well as a mechanism through which negative perceptions (which are 2 dimensional) become global and stable and through which the entire history of the marriage is recast negatively. The role of physiology is outlined. A theory is presented in which a "core triad of balance" is formulated in terms of 3 weakly related thermostats (connected by catastrophe theory) and related to the distance and isolation cascade. Implications for a minimal marital therapy are discussed.
Acetate excretion during growth of Salmonella enterica on ethanolamine requires phosphotransacetylase (EutD) activity, and acetate recapture requires acetyl-CoA synthetase (Acs) and phosphotransacetylase (Pta) activities

This report shows that Salmonella enterica catabolizes ethanolamine to acetyl-CoA (Ac-CoA), which enters the glyoxylate bypass and tricarboxylic acid cycle for the generation of energy and central metabolites. During growth on ethanolamine, S. enterica excreted acetate, whose recapture depended on Ac-CoA synthetase (Acs) and the housekeeping phosphotransacetylase (Pta) enzyme activities. The Pta enzyme did not play a role in acetate excretion during growth of S. enterica on ethanolamine. It is proposed that during growth on ethanolamine, acetate excretion is necessary to maintain a pool of free CoA. Acetate excretion requires the eut operon-encoded phosphotransacetylase (EutD) and acetate kinase (Ack) enzymes. EutD function was not required for growth on ethanolamine, and an eutD strain showed only a slight reduction in growth rate. The existence of an as-yet-unidentified system that releases acetate was revealed during growth of a strain lacking Acs, the housekeeping phosphotransacetylase (Pta), and EutD. The functions of pyruvate oxidase (PoxB), Ack and STM3118 protein [a homologue of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ac-CoA hydrolase (Ach1p) enzyme] were not involved in the release of acetate by the acs pta eutD strain.
Integrated magnetic BIFRED converter with lower intermediate capacitor voltage

The boost integrated flyback rectifier/energy storage DC/DC (BIFRED) converter is mainly used to achieve a high input power factor and input-to-output isolation. The use of this topology is limited because of the high DC bus voltage on the internal-energy storage capacitor and consequentially high voltage stress on the primary side semiconductors. This paper presents a modified integrated magnetic BIFRED converter topology, namely bi-flyback converter, with lower voltage stress. Moreover, the magnetic integration of the magnetic components reduces the overall cost, weight, and packaging size. Simulation results as well as experimental versifications for basic and modified topologies are presented.
Discriminating Image Senses by Clustering with Multimodal Features

We discuss Image Sense Discrimination (ISD), and apply a method based on spectral clustering, using multimodal features from the image and text of the embedding web page. We evaluate our method on a new data set of annotated web images, retrieved with ambiguous query terms. Experiments investigate different levels of sense granularity, as well as the impact of text and image features, and global versus local text features.
Cerebral Physiology of the Aged: Influence of Circulatory Disorders

The purpose of this paper is to examine the concept of vascular insufficiency as it relates to cerebral physiologic alterations in old age and to associated states of intellectual deterioration. Vascular insufficiency has been defined as an inadequate blood supply relative to the metabolic needs of the tissue (Sokoloff 1961). It may be present continuously or occur intermittently whenever blood flow falls below normal levels, or it may become manifest only under conditions of increased metabolic demand.