cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peptidergic neurosecretory cells in insects: Organization and control by the bHLH protein DIMMED

This review considers evidence that defines a role for the transcription factor DIMMED in the regulation of insect neurosecretory cells. Genetic anatomical and molecular data all suggest DIMMED is a dedicated controller of the regulated secretory pathway. DIMM is normally expressed within diverse neuropeptide-expressing cells and appears highly correlated with a neurosecretory cell fate. Loss of DIMM is associated with deficits in display of neuropeptides and neuropeptide-associated enzymes. Gain of DIMM promotes such display in peptidergic cells and can confer such neurosecretory properties onto conventional neurons. We review models proposed to explain how DIMMED regulates these essential cellular properties.
The Josephson technology

The status of the superconductive Josephson technology is presented with emphasis on the activities related to the digital systems area. The important properties of the Josephson tehnology which make it potentially the highest performance technology are briefly, reviewed. After an introduction to the Josephson junction and devices, the system components such as logic, memory, and package are discussed. The chip fabrication process is reviewed and some experimental chips are described.
A full-length cDNA encoding mouse adrenodoxin.

Abstract A full-length cDNA encoding mouse adrenodoxin was isolated from a Y1 adrenocortical tumor cell λZAP cDNA library. The 883 by cDNA contains a 567 by open reading frame encoding a protein containing 188 amino acids. Mouse adrenodoxin shows high amino acid sequence identity with other mammalian adrenodoxins and the four cysteines involved in the formation of the iron-sulfur cluster are present.
Determination and interpretation of statistics of spatially resolved waveforms in spalled tantalum from 7 to 13 GPa

Abstract A suite of impact experiments was conducted to assess spatial variability in the dynamic properties of tantalum, on length scales of tens of microns to a few millimeters. Two different sample types were used: tantalum processed to yield a uniform refined grain structure (grain size ∼20 μm) with a strong axisymmetric {1 1 1} crystallographic texture, and tantalum processed to yield an equiaxial structure with grain size ∼42 μm. Impact experiments were conducted loading the samples to stress levels from 6 to 12 GPa, which are well above the Hugoniot Elastic Limit (HEL), then pulling the sample into sufficient tension to produce spall. These stress levels were specifically chosen to investigate the spall behavior of tantalum at levels ranging from the incipient spall stage to significantly above the spall strength, focusing on microstructural phenomena. A recently developed spatially resolved velocity interferometer known as the line-imaging VISAR allowed the point-to-point variability of the spall strength to be determined. Specifically, we have been able to determine in real time the nucleation and growth of void defect structures that lead to the eventual spallation or delaminating of the plate. Experiments indicate that the nucleation and growth process is time-dependent and heterogeneous since a time-dependent distribution of defects is measured. This strongly suggests that the spall strength of the material is not a single-valued function. When fitted to Weibull failure statistics, the results indicate a similar mean value and variability for the spall strength of both types of tantalum. The spatial dependence of the material distension of the spalled tantalum is also deduced, in the approximation of uniaxial strain.
Chemical signals in bumble bee foraging

Foraging bumblebees (Bombus vosnesenskii) deposit a substance on rewarding flowers which assists in discrimination between rewarding and nonrewarding flowers in a controlled laboratory environment. Discrimination occurs while the bee is on a flower; workers probe rewarding flowers as well as empty ones that have rewarded in the recent past, but they do not probe flowers that have had no reward. Recognition is not the result of honey contamination left on the flower by the bee during feeding. The deposit is only slightly soluble in water or ethyl alcohol but is very soluble in pentane.
Reduction in rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection after introduction of quarterly linezolid-vancomycin cycling in a surgical intensive care unit.

ABSTRACT Background: The burden of infection with antibiotic-resistant gram-positive cocci, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), continues to increase, leading to substantial morbidity and high mortality rates, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs). Creative interventions may be required to reverse or stabilize this trend. Methods: The efficacy of empiric cycling of antibiotics active against gram-positive organisms was tested in a before–after intervention in a single surgical ICU. Four years of baseline data were compared with two years of data compiled after the implementation of a strategy where the empiric antibiotic of choice for the treatment of gram-positive infections (linezolid or vancomycin) was changed every three months. Whatever the initial choice of drug, if possible, the antibiotic was de-escalated after final culture results were obtained. The rates of all gram-positive infections were analyzed, with a particular f...
Electron microscopic observations on herpes-type virus-related structures in the frog renal adenocarcinoma

Abstract Tubular structures and double-shelled spherical particles were regularly observed in nuclei of frog renal adenocarcinoma cells which contained the herpes-type virus of this tumor. Morphological observations and virus development studies have indicated that the spherical particles give rise to 35-mμ tubules, which subsequently serve as cores for 65-mμ tubules. The outer sheath of the larger tubule consists of capsomeres similar to those comprising virus capsids, indicating a relationship between tubular structures and virus particles. A morphological similarity between spherical particles and an internal double-shelled structure of immature virus particles suggests that the spherical particles are also virus-related. Evidence is presented which indicates that both the spherical particles and tubular forms are aberrant structures regularly produced during virus replication in the frog kidney tumor.
Antifungal prophylaxis to prevent neonatal candidiasis: a survey of perinatal physician practices.

BACKGROUND. Bloodstream infections with Candida species have a high mortality rate in very low birth weight infants. Preliminary data suggest that prophylaxis with fluconazole reduces the incidence of colonization and invasive Candida infections in high-risk, very low birth weight neonates. The extent of antifungal prophylaxis use to prevent neonatal candidemia is unknown. METHODS. We surveyed a 20% random sample of the members of the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Perinatal Pediatrics. We collected information on prophylactic agents used, indications for use, and rationale for reported practices. RESULTS. A total of 219 (47%) of 469 members sampled responded; 3 clinicians who did not provide care to very low birth weight infants were excluded. Antifungal prophylaxis use was reported by 73 (34%) respondents. Agents used included intravenous fluconazole (66%), oral nystatin (59%), and intravenous amphotericin B (21%). Decreased birth weight or early gestational age was the most frequent indication to start prophylaxis (57 [78%]). Respondents who did not use antifungal prophylaxis compared with respondents who used fluconazole prophylaxis were significantly more likely to have concerns about (1) the emergence of antifungal resistance, (2) unclear criteria on which to base the decision to start prophylaxis, and (3) the need for clarification of the role of surveillance cultures. CONCLUSIONS. Although preliminary data suggest that fluconazole is efficacious to prevent candidemia in a subset of neonates, this practice is not used widely by clinicians who care for very low birth weight infants. Additional efficacy studies should address the emergence of antifungal resistance or clarification of criteria to initiate prophylaxis, including the role of surveillance cultures.
Enron: what happened and what we can learn from it

Abstract Enron's accounting for its non-consolidated special-purpose entities (SPEs), sales of its own stock and other assets to the SPEs, and mark-ups of investments to fair value substantially inflated its reported revenue, net income, and stockholders' equity, and possibly understated its liabilities. We delineate six accounting and auditing issues, for which we describe, analyze, and indicate the effect on Enron's financial statements of their complicated structures and transactions. We next consider the role of Enron's board of directors, audit committee, and outside attorneys and auditors. From the foregoing, we evaluate the extent to which Enron and Andersen followed the requirements of GAAP and GAAS, from which we draw lessons and conclusions.
Imaging activity in brain cells: deconvolution clears the haze.

A deceptively simple signal processing method allows researchers to quantify complex and irregular patterns of high frequency neuronal activity in whole brain at single-neuron resolution by deconvolving the slow Ca2+ signals generated by neuronal spikes.
P124. Dysregulation of the PI3K/AKT/MTOR pathway by mutation and copy number alteration in oral cavity squamous cell cancer

Introduction: The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway is integral to cell growth, proliferation and survival, and is upregulated in multiple human cancers. Several oncogenes and tumor suppressors within this pathway are altered by mutation, amplification or deletion, and are currently being investigated as therapeutic targets in ongoing clinical trials for head and neck and other solid cancers. The pattern of genetic alteration has not been characterized in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC). Objective: Our objective was to comprehensively analyze the pattern of mutational and copy number alteration in this pathway in OCSCC. Methods: After IRB approval, DNA was extracted from 32 microdissected frozen OCSCC samples and matched normal tissues. Highthroughput sequencing of 25 component genes of the PI3K pathway was performed. Three integrated sequence assemblies were screened for non-polymorphism coding mutations, which were independently validated on PCR. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) was then performed on the Agilent 1 M platform. The RAE computational framework was used for segmentation and identification of regions of statistically significant copy number alteration (CNA), which were then validated with qPCR. Immunohistochemistry of downstream proteins was used to confirm pathway activation. Results: Among the 25 component genes in the PI3K pathway, activating mutations were identified in PIK3CA in 6.3% of samples. Copy number gain was present in 15 genes (including PIK3CA in 45.2%), and loss in 4 genes (including PTEN in 12.9%). Altogether, 74% of tumor samples contained either activating mutations or CNAs within the PI3K pathway. Tumors with PIK3CA mutation or EGFR amplification had a significantly higher rate of copy number alterations in the PI3K pathway. Conclusions: In the first comprehensive mutational and copy number analysis of the 25 component genes of the PI3K pathway in cancer, we report a low frequency of somatic mutations, and high frequency of copy number alteration, in OCSCC. In contrast to colorectal, breast, ovarian, and brain cancers, copy number alteration, not mutation, appears to be the main source of pathway activation. These findings may have relevance to therapeutics targeting tumors in which the PI3K pathway is dysregulated, or in which PI3K pathway activation mediates resistance to EGFR inhibition.
Cellular Oxygen Toxicity OXIDANT INJURY WITHOUT APOPTOSIS

All forms of aerobic life are faced with the threat of oxidation from molecular oxygen (O2) and have evolved antioxidant defenses to cope with this potential problem. However, cellular antioxidants can become overwhelmed by oxidative insults, including supraphysiologic concentrations of O2 (hyperoxia). Oxidative cell injury involves the modification of cellular macromolecules by reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI), often leading to cell death. O2 therapy, which is a widely used component of life-saving intensive care, can cause lung injury. It is generally thought that hyperoxia injures cells by virtue of the accumulation of toxic levels of ROI, including H2O2 and the superoxide anion (O−2), which are not adequately scavenged by endogenous antioxidant defenses. These oxidants are cytotoxic and have been shown to kill cells via apoptosis, or programmed cell death. If hyperoxia-induced cell death is a result of increased ROI, then O2 toxicity should kill cells via apoptosis. We studied cultured epithelial cells in 95% O2 and assayed apoptosis using a DNA-binding fluorescent dye, in situ end-labeling of DNA, and electron microscopy. Using all approaches we found that hyperoxia kills cells via necrosis, not apoptosis. In contrast, lethal concentrations of either H2O2 or O−2 cause apoptosis. Paradoxically, apoptosis is a prominent event in the lungs of animals injured by breathing 100% O2. These data indicate that O2 toxicity is somewhat distinct from other forms of oxidative injury and suggest that apoptosis in vivo is not a direct effect of O2.
Comparison of major connectors for removable partial dentures

Abstract Twenty dentists compared three maxillary and two mandibular major connector designs during speaking, mastication, swallowing, and normal, nonfunctional rest. Most preferred the single palatal bar and the mandibular lingual bar.
1809 LUNG TISSUE PHOSPHATIDYL CHOLINE(PC)AND DISATURATED PC(DSPC) IN HYPERGLYCEMIC FETAL RABBITS IN VIVO

1809 LUNG TISSUE PHOSPHATIDYL CHOLINE(PC)AND DISATURATED PC(DSPC) IN HYPERGLYCEMIC FETAL RABBITS IN VIVO
State Fiscal Structure and Economic Development Policy

This essay adds a new dimension to the debate concerning taxes and business location decisions by raising a simple, but perhaps underappreciated point concerning political implications of state and local fiscal structure for state economic development policy. Low taxes may well be attractive to business owners and their employees; however, a fiscal structure that is not incentive-compatible with economic expansion may end up frustrating public policies of all types aimed at promoting growth. Economic growth may be seen as increasing types aimed at promoting growth. Economic growth may be seen as increasing demands for public services, thereby placing upward pressure on tax rates faced by the original taxpayers. In Wyoming, this problem is compounded because the tax base is narrow and highly income inelastic and the incidence of taxes levied falls significantly on out-of-state residents who do not benefit from public services provided. Additionally, prospects for reducing the mismatch between taxpayers and public service beneficiaries appear to be limited because, quite understandably, state residents do not wish to pay more for public services for which they have historically paid cents on the dollar.
DO CUSTOMER COMPLAINTS PREDICT POOR RESTAURANT INSPECTION SCORES? THE EXPERIENCE IN ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA, 2004–2005

Routine inspections of retail food service facilities by public health authorities serve as a major method of ensuring food sanitation. The objectives were to determine whether customer complaints received by restaurants in Alexandria, VA, during 2004 predicted the number of critical violations issued on subsequent food safety inspections. Using a retrospective cohort study design, we defined "exposed" restaurants as those that received >=1 complaints from January 1 to December 31 of 2004 and "unexposed" restaurants as those that received none. We then counted the number of critical violations cited on food safety inspections conducted immediately after receipt of customer complaints (exposed restaurants) or on the first inspection conducted in 2005 (unexposed restaurants). A total of 144 exposed and 233 unexposed restaurants were enrolled in the study. Compared with unexposed restaurants, exposed restaurants were less likely to have received one or more critical violations (relative risk = 0.84, 95% confidence interval of 0.74-0.96, P = 0.01). Restaurant inspections conducted specifically in response to customer complaints may not identify critical violations any more often than inspections conducted at restaurants free from such complaints.
Impact of leading edge delta-wing vortex generators on the thermal performance of a flat tube, louvered-fin compact heat exchanger

The effectiveness of delta-wing type vortex generators is experimentally evaluated by full-scale wind-tunnel testing of a compact heat exchanger typical to those used in automotive systems. The mechanisms important to vortex enhancement methods are discussed, and a basis for selecting a delta-wing design as a vortex generator is established. The heat transfer and pressure drop performance are assessed at full scale under both dry- and wet-surface conditions for a louvered-fin baseline and for a vortex-enhanced louvered-fin heat exchanger. An average heat transfer increase over the baseline case of 21% for dry conditions and 23.4% for wet conditions was achieved with a pressure drop penalty smaller than 7%. Vortex generation is proven to provide an improved thermal-hydraulic performance in compact heat exchangers for automotive systems.
Nature with water and the Spirit: a response to Rowan Williams

For Paul, ‘nature’ works differently for free Jewish men (torah-observers) and others (slaves, Gentiles, women), so that in Paul ‘nature’ is a differentiated rather than universal philosophical concept. Paul so differentiates natures according to theological considerations we might call narrative. Stories about God's relations with Israel set the context in which Paul's use of ‘nature’ makes sense. ‘Nature’ is a character in a story of captivity observed in the light of release (Rom 1:17–18). The eucharist mobilizes the related concept of ‘body’ to enact a parallel story of captivity and release – the binding of Isaac and the crucifixion of Jesus – in which God exposes the worst that human beings can do (child sacrifice, execution of innocents) so that it can be healed. Nature is a character in a story liturgically enacted in baptism, eucharist, marriage. The character's changing circumstances are plotted by the Spirit in traditions Syriac, Latin, Greek, German, and Russian. (Nature is perfected by grace.) No mere scenery, nature is dynamic. A creature of the Spirit, it is to grow. Ontologies of nature depend on the narrative for which they seek conditions. This narrative requires a dynamic and differentiated account so that nature can serve the promise of blessing.
Seismic analysis of wood building structures

The objective of this work is to develop a new model for nonlinear seismic analysis of wood building structures. The proposed inelastic material constitutive laws used in the model incorporate different types of degradation, not available in previous work. This degrading behavior has been observed during experimental testing of these types of structure under severe loading conditions. The material parameters of the new degrading model are based on physical reasoning, and are calibrated from currently available experimental data. The proposed model could be easily added to existing commercial finite element libraries, which can provide the user with a large variety of modeling capabilities. The study concludes with a correlation with experimentally tested specimens. Good agreement between analysis and tests was observed.
The murine homolog of the interleukin-8 receptor CXCR-2 is essential for the occurrence of neutrophilic inflammation in the air pouch model of acute urate crystal-induced gouty synovitis.

Objective Acute neutrophil-dependent inflammation is central to acute gout. Urate crystals induce different classes of neutrophil chemotaxins, including certain chemokines (e.g., interleukin-8 [IL-8], growth-related oncogene α [GROα]) that share CXCR-2 as a receptor. This study was undertaken to assess the role of CXCR-2 ligands in a model of acute gout. Methods Urate crystals were injected into subcutaneous air pouches in mice that expressed or lacked the murine CXCR-2 homolog (mIL-8RH), and the development of neutrophilic inflammation was assessed. Results In normal mice, urate crystals induced a 10-fold increase (P < 0.01) in pouch fluid leukocytes (principally neutrophils) at 4 hours. Leukocytes adhered to the pouch lining, where crystals, the mIL-8RH ligand KC/GROα and cells bearing mIL-8RH were abundant. In mIL-8RH-/- mice, urate crystals induced a proteinaceous leukocyte-poor exudate at 4 hours, despite crystal-induced activation of resident cells (documented by KC/GROα expression). Conclusion Chemokines that bind the IL-8 receptor CXCR-2 are essential for the development of acute neutrophilic inflammation in response to urate crystals in the subcutaneous air pouch model.
Lepton fluxes from atmospheric charm

We reexamine the charm contribution to atmospheric lepton fluxes in the context of perturbative QCD. We include next-to-leading order corrections and discuss theoretical uncertainties due to the extrapolations of the gluon distributions at small {ital x}. We show that the charm contribution to the atmospheric muon flux becomes dominant over the conventional contribution from {pi} and {ital K} decays at energies of about 10{sup 5} GeV. We compare our fluxes with previous calculations. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
An Optimal Microarchitecture for Stencil Computation Acceleration Based on Non-Uniform Partitioning of Data Reuse Buffers

High-level synthesis (HLS) tools have made significant progress in compiling high-level descriptions of computation into highly pipelined register-transfer level (RTL) specifications. The high-throughput computation raises a high data demand. To prevent data accesses from being the bottleneck, on-chip memories are used as data reuse buffers to reduce off-chip accesses. Also memory partitioning is explored to increase the memory bandwidth by scheduling multiple simultaneous memory accesses to different memory banks. Prior work on memory partitioning of data reuse buffers is limited to uniform partitioning. In this paper, we perform an early-stage exploration of non-uniform memory partitioning. We use the stencil computation, a popular communication-intensive application domain, as a case study to show the potential benefits of non-uniform memory partitioning. Our novel method can always achieve the minimum memory size and the minimum number of memory banks, which cannot be guaranteed in any prior work. We develop a generalized microarchitecture to decouple stencil accesses from computation, and an automated design flow to integrate our microarchitecture with the HLS-generated computation kernel for a complete accelerator.
Invasion genetics of Ponto-Caspian gobies in the Great Lakes: a 'cryptic' species, absence of founder effects, and comparative risk analysis.

Genetic variability and structure of nonindigenous vs native populations are compared for the Eurasian round goby Neogobius melanostomus and the tubenose goby Proterorhinus marmoratus, which both invaded Lake St. Clair of the North American Great Lakes about 1990. The round goby spread rapidly to all of the Great Lakes and the tubenose goby largely has been restricted to Lake St. Clair, with some recent range extension into western Lake Erie. Risk analyses may indicate whether genetic variability of colonizers is predictive of their relative invasive and establishment successes. The present investigation examined DNA sequence variation across the left domain of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene in round and tubenose gobies from Eurasian and Great Lakes locations. We also sequenced six additional Neogobius species (including the monkey N. fluviatilis, racer N. gymnotrachelus, and bighead N. kessleri gobies that have been ‘on the move’ in Europe) and the knout goby Mesogobius batrachocephalus from the Black Sea in order to develop diagnostic genetic characters to identify them in case of future and/or undetected invasions and to delineate their phylogenetic relationships. Results show that a diverse number of haplotypes characterize round and tubenose goby populations from both North America and Eurasian sites, fitting a risk analysis prediction of high genetic variability in their successful introductions. Phylogenetic results indicate that the current genus Neogobius is paraphyletic and that the subgenus Apollonia thus should be elevated to the level of genus, containing Apollonia (N.) melanostomus (the round goby) and A. (N.) fluviatilis (the monkey goby). In addition, there appear to be two separate species of Proterorhinus marmoratus, a marine P. marmoratus Pallas 1814 in the Black Sea (matching the original type locality), and a ‘cryptic’ freshwater species in the Danube and Dnieper Rivers and probably other Eurasian freshwater habitats, as well as invasive in the Great Lakes. We suggest resurrecting the name P. semilunaris Heckel 1837 for the freshwater species (a taxon that was originally described from rivers draining into the Aegean Sea and the Danube River, but was later placed in synonymy with P. marmoratus).
Embedded RFID and Everyday Things: A Case Study of the Security and Privacy Risks of the U.S. e-Passport

New applications for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology include embedding transponders in everyday things used by individuals, such as books, payment cards, and personal identification. While RFID technology has existed for decades, these new applications carry with them substantial new privacy and security risks for individuals. These risks arise due to a combination of aspects involved in these applications: (1) The transponders are permanently embedded in objects individuals commonly carry with them (2) Static data linkable to an individual is stored on these transponders (3) The objects these transponders are embedded in are used in public places where individuals have limited control over who can access data on the transponder. In 2002, the U.S. Department of State proposed the adoption of an "electronic passport," which embedded RFID transponders into U.S. passports for identification and document security purposes. In this paper, we use the U.S. Government's adoption process for the electronic passport as a case study for identifying the privacy and security risks that arise by embedding RFID technology in "everyday things." We discuss the reasons why the Department of State did not adequately identify and address these privacy and security risks, even after the government's process mandated a privacy impact assessment. We conclude with recommendations to assist government as well as industry in early identification and resolution of relevant risks posed by RFID technology embedded in everyday things.
A review of exapted resistance to diseases of Populus

Summary The cultivation of hybrid poplar in the Pacific North-west (PNW) has expanded in the last 15 years. Native Populus trichocarpa is susceptible to many pests and fungal pathogens but its interspecific hybrids were largely disease-free until 1991 when Melampsora medusae f. sp. deltoidae first appeared in the region. Genetic analyses of resistance in the PNW, and elsewhere, reveal a pattern whereby genes for resistance are inherited in interspecific hybrids from the exotic, noncoevolved Populus parent. With some pathogen/poplar hybrid combinations, this resistance segregates in the F1 generation, but with others, only in the F2. Such exapted resistance is now known to occur in P. trichocarpa (versus the exotic, eastern North American rust species, M. medusae f. sp. deltoidae), in Populus deltoides (versus the Eurasian rust, Melampsora larici-populina, the PNW population of Septoria populicola, and an undescribed PNW eriophyid mite), and in Populus maximowiczii (versus Melampsora occidentalis, and the PNW populations of Venturia populina, S. populicola, and Linospora tetraspora).
Thermal analysis of a cryomicroscope : effect of heat spreading and contact resistance

Abstract The observation of crystal growth on a microscopic level is important to fields from metallurgy to cryobiology. The thermal behavior of a cryomicroscope stage has been analyzed by accounting for the spreading of heat and the thermal contact resistance between the solidification stage and the constant temperature plates. A scale analysis has been developed and a numerical solution has been obtained, and the results are presented and discussed. Temperature measurements have been used to estimate the thermal contact conductance. The results show that, although the thermal contact resistance cannot be ignored, the temperature gradient in the region of interest is uniform. Accounting for the thermal contact resistance and for the heat spreading is necessary to predict the order of magnitude of the temperature gradient over the metallic slide.
Hormone Receptor, Grade, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2, and Topoisomerase II As Predictors of Response to Chemotherapy

TO THE EDITOR: Pritchard et al report an interaction among human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) status and anthracycline and taxane chemosensitivity in their review, but they do not mention tumor grade. Multivariate analysis has revealed that Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade 3 tumors respond better to neoadjuvant treatment than Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade 1 tumors (P .0001). A recent study suggests that an interaction between HER-2 and estrogen-receptor pathways may lead to a higher proliferation rate and thus a higher tumor grade. Therefore, inclusion of tumor grade in all the reviewed trials would have provided the relative predictive value of HER-2 status and grade in predicting anthracycline and taxane chemosensitivity. Moreover, among patients who have HER2–negative, estrogen receptor–positive and or progesterone receptor– positive breast cancer, those with higher tumor grades may benefit from anthracycline and taxanes. Furthermore, patients who have HER-2–negative, estrogen receptor–negative, and progesterone receptor–negative breast cancer, there is a high rate of pathologic complete response, specifically with anthracyclines administered biweekly compared with every 3 weeks, and paclitaxel administered weekly compared with every 3 weeks, and thus improved survival. Of the prospectively maintained database of 14 patients with stage II-III or local relapse HER-2–negative, estrogen receptor–negative, and progesterone receptor–negative infiltrating ductal carcinoma of breast who received dose-dense doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by either dose-dense paclitaxel (n 2) or once-a-week paclitaxel (cremophoror albumin-bound) with carboplatin (both 3 weeks on, 1 week off; n 12) plus or minus six doses of bevacizumab every 2 weeks (n 4), 10 (71%; 95% CI, 42% to 92%) of 14 patients achieved pathologic complete response. The progression-free survival of 86% of 14 patients at a median follow-up of 33 months is promising. Therefore, the high pathologic complete response reported by us parallels the benefit of biweekly anthracyclines, and biweekly or weekly paclitaxel scheduling in phase III trials. In an otherwise comprehensive review by Pritchard et al, it needs to be emphasized that within patients with HER-2–negative tumors, patients with estrogen receptor–negative and progesterone receptor–negative subtype (triple-negative), or patients with higher tumor grade, optimally scheduled doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide and paclitaxel should be standard. The potential additional benefit of carboplatin and bevacizumab over optimum scheduling of standard chemotherapy needs to be tested in randomized trials.
Bounding virus proliferation in P2P networks with a diverse-parameter trust management scheme

Peer-to-peer (P2P) networking has the potential of providing wide channels for file exchange. At the same time, P2P is prone to the proliferation of viruses. Peer trust reputation can be used to prevent virus dissemination. However, when viruses have infectious properties, peer reputation may not be enough to limit their proliferation. This letter shows the inefficiency of simple peer reputation to bound epidemics in an infectious environment and introduces a trust management algorithm that uses the combination of trust values of peers and infection values of both peers and content to bound the proliferation of viruses in P2P networks. The proposed trust management scheme can bound virus proliferation to a small number of peers without inhibiting file-download activity.
Ignition Temperatures of Metals in Oxygen Atmospheres

The ignition temperature of ten common non-toxic metals has been determined experimentally in an oxygen environment. In this investigation a induction furnace facility that emphasized the preignition surface.oxidation effects upon the ignition temperature was used. The bulk ignition temperatures of barium, bismuth, calcium, iron, lead, magnesium, molybdenum, strontium, tin, and zinc were found and compared to the previous results of Grosse and Conway. The differences in the results are attributed to how the heating cycle is carried out and how the cycle affects the surface oxide coat.
Effect of surgical treatment on mortality after acetabular fracture in the elderly: a multicenter study of 454 patients.

Objectives:Controversy exists regarding the effect of operative treatment on mortality after acetabular fracture in elderly patients. Our hypothesis was that operative treatment would confer a mortality benefit compared with nonoperative treatment even after adjusting for comorbidities associated wi
Geometry of Variety

In this short chapter, we summarize geometric properties of a variety and a tower of varieties we need in the book. One reason for adding this chapter is to make the book logically complete, and another is to give the foundation of the theory of towers of varieties in the language of proschemes, since the Shimura variety is a tower of varieties fundamental to the number-theoretic study of automorphic forms. If the reader is familiar with the subject, he or she can take a brief look at the content of this chapter and go directly to Chap.6.
The aesthetics of city‐scale preservation policy in Beijing

Chinese cities today represent a historically important case of the relation between city‐scale preservation policy and urban design, and the role they play in the rapid transformation of urban environments. This article reviews Beijing’s preservation and urban design policies as they existed in 1990, and as they evolved and responded over the following fifteen years of radical change. Beijing’s master plan in the 1990s ambitiously attempted to define the preservation‐worthy image of the entire old city, but did so in narrowly picturesque terms. The practice of ‘protecting’ designated historic structures by clearing the space around them, and the dependence on a totalizing view‐from‐on‐high to define Beijing’s overall characteristic form (as opposed to an experience of the city from its myriad public and private spaces), produced a city‐wide preservation policy that was particularly handicapped in its ability to accommodate change.
Paediatric Anaesthesia: Pharmacological Considerations

The young infant differs from the adult in his quantitative responses to many anaesthetic drugs and adjuncts. In the neonate, the larger extracellular fluid volume and blood volume, the smaller muscle mass and fat stores, and presumable greater blood flow to the central organs, not only influence the distribution of drugs to their active site but also secondary redistribution. The neonatal hepatic enzyme systems responsible for the metabolism of drugs are incompletely developed or absent. Glomerular filtration, important for drug excretion, is inefficient by adult standards. The neonate has increased toxicity and sensitivity to a variety of sedative-hypnotics, narcotics, and local anaesthetics. On the other hand, the infant requires more suxamethonium (succinylcholine) and ketamine on a weight basis than does the adult. The response of some infants to non-depolarising muscle relaxants resembles that of the myasthenic patient. The rate of uptake of alveolar levels of inhalation anaesthetics is more rapid in infants and children than in adults. In addition, the neonate requires more anaesthetic than the adult for a given surgical stimulus. Biotransformation of inhalation anaesthetics is limited in neonates. Awareness of these pharmacological differences and their probable explanations allows one to provide rational, safer anaesthesia to infants.
Antagonism of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor for Macular Edema Caused by Retinal Vein Occlusions: Two-Year Outcomes

Purpose To determine the long-term effects of intraocular antagonism of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with macular edema caused by retinal vein occlusions (RVOs). Design Prospective randomized trial. Participants Twenty patients with macular edema caused by branch RVOs (BRVOs) and 20 patients with central RVOs (CRVOs). Methods After the month 3 primary end point, patients were seen every 2 months and received injections of an anti-VEGF agent as needed for recurrent edema. Main Outcome Measures Mean change from baseline best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at month 24 with assessment of other parameters of visual function and center subfield thickness (foveal thickness [FTH]). Results For 17 patients with BRVO who completed 2 years of follow-up, the mean improvement from baseline in BCVA at month 24 was 17.8 letters compared with 15.6 letters at month 3. Improvement by at least 6, 3, or 2 lines occurred in 18%, 59%, and 76% of patients, respectively. The Snellen equivalent BCVA at month 24 was 20/40 or better in 10 patients. With an average of 2 injections of ranibizumab during year 2, the mean FTH at month 24 was 245.8 μm compared with 217.1 μm at month 3 and 481.5 μm at baseline. For 14 patients with CRVO who completed 2 years of follow-up, the mean improvement in BCVA at month 24 was 8.5 letters compared with 12.0 letters at month 3. Improvement by at least 6, 3, or 2 lines occurred in 14%, 21%, and 43% of patients, respectively. The Snellen equivalent BCVA at month 24 was 20/40 or better in 4 patients. With an average of 3.5 injections of ranibizumab in year 2, mean FTH at month 24 was 338 μm compared with 278 μm at month 3 and 533 μm at baseline. Duration of RVO >1 year at study entry and nonperfusion of perifoveal capillaries for 360 degrees correlated with reduced visual outcomes. Conclusions Antagonism of VEGF provides substantial long-term benefit to patients with macular edema caused by RVO, but frequent injections are required in some patients with BRVO and most patients with CRVO. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
Inconstancy and Content

According to David Lewis, many de re modal predications – that is, sentences such as ‘John McCain could have won the 2008 U.S. Presidential election’ and ‘Dwight could receive a promotion’ – are inconstant insofar as their truth values can vary alongside changes in our interests. In this paper, I argue that previous accounts of this inconstancy, such as those offered by Lewis and Harold Noonan, are inadequate. Linguistic data, I claim – specifically, agreement and disagreement data – tell against these views and in favor of a new, more radical approach. My goal in this paper is to present such data in an effort to offer some initial motivation for this new approach.
Modeling Nonlinear Electroelastic Materials

In this chapter we provide an overview of the basic equations governing the mechanical behavior of electroelastic materials capable of finite deformations. To describe the nonlinear electromechanical interactions in a deformable material, we first review the fundamentals of the theory of electrostatics and then provide a summary of the required equations of nonlinear continuum mechanics. Electromagnetic field variables and the corresponding boundary conditions, which, in general, are defined with respect to the current configuration, are re-cast in Lagrangian form and the Lagrangian forms of the field equations are derived. An overview of different constitutive formulations involving different ‘stress tensors’ and ‘electric body forces’ and the associated equations of mechanical equilibrium in the presence of electromechanical interactions is included. In particular, we consider an isotropic electroelastic material for which the constitutive equations can be expressed in terms of six invariants involving the deformation and an electric vector field, which reduce to five for an incompressible material. To illustrate the theory, we determine the influence of a radial electric field on the axial shear response of a thick-walled circular cylindrical tube. The last section focuses on the governing equations describing the linearized response of electroelastic solids superimposed on a state of finite deformation in the presence of an electric field.
The Sensitivity of the Number of Correctly Forecasted Events to the Threat Score:A Practical Application

Abstract The sensitivity (S) of the number of correctly forecast events (“hits”) to changes in threat score is explored. An emphasis is placed on the practical utility of S for end users of operational systems who may need to further assess a system's performance whenever its threat score is provided. It is shown that S is a function of three parameters: (i) the actual threat score, (ii) forecast bias, and (iii) number of events in the sample size. All are easily obtainable if the forecasting system's 2 × 2 contingency table is also provided. It is also shown that the greatest change in S occurs for threat scores that are relatively low (i.e., close to 0). Conversely, a forecast system that performs well (i.e., has a high threat score) has the least amount of change in S. As a result, only a nominal increase in the number of hits is realized for some incremental increase in threat score. Thus, it is difficult to show continuous improvements for forecast products that perform well already. Examples demonst...
Reimplantation surgery in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators: A qualitative study.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the experience of recurrent surgery for patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD). Background Device replacement is typically required every 4–7 years due to battery depletion. Furthermore, recurrent surgery may be related to lead malfunction or pocket infection. Methods Ethnographic methods were used for data collection with 23 ICD reimplanted recipients, 12 men and 11 women, 26–85 years of age. Data were analyzed using a with-in case and cross-case method. Results Three major themes were identified: Anticipation regarding implantation with three sub-themes of logistics and social considerations, decisions regarding replacement, and financial considerations. Relinquishing control and somatic changes frame perceptions related to the operative and postoperative periods. Conclusions The frequency of ICD reimplantation differentiates it from other surgical interventions. Perceptions varied according to past experiences and present day social, financial, and somatic differences. Recipients are resolved to life-long surgery aided by their trust in health care professionals.
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ADP COMPONENTS IN MAMMALIAN AND AVIAN EARS

In recent years, a number of investigators have suggested that the mammalian cochlea consists of two systems: one sharply tuned and physiologically vulnerable, and the other broadly tuned and relatively invulnerable. Davis (1983) suggested these two systems were active and passive, respectively. The majority of data supporting this hypothesis come from animal studies including Mossbauer measurements of basilar membrane displacement (e.g. Sellick. Patuzzi and Johnstone. 1982; Johnstone. Patuzzi and Sellick, 1984; Johnstone. Patuzzi and Yates, 1986) and recordings from single 8th nerve fibers (c.g. Sellick, Patuzzi and Johnstone, 1982; and sec Kiang et al., 1986 for a review).
Evolution of competing magnetic order in the Jeff=1/2 insulating state of Sr2Ir1-xRuxO4

We investigate the magnetic properties of the series ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ir}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ with neutron, resonant x-ray, and magnetization measurements. The results indicate an evolution and coexistence of magnetic structures via a spin-flop transition from $ab$-plane to $c$-axis collinear order as the $5d {\mathrm{Ir}}^{4+}$ ions are replaced with an increasing concentration of $4d {\mathrm{Ru}}^{4+}$ ions. The magnetic structures within the ordered regime of the phase diagram ($xl0.3$) are reported. Despite the changes in magnetic structure no alteration of the ${J}_{\mathrm{eff}}=1/2$ ground state is observed. The behavior of ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ir}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ru}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ is consistent with electronic phase separation and diverges from a standard scenario of hole doping. The role of lattice alterations with doping on the magnetic and insulating behavior is considered. The results presented here provide insight into the magnetic insulating states in strong spin-orbit coupled materials and the role perturbations play in altering the behavior.
Mitochondrial Pathology and Glycolytic Shift during Proximal Tubule Atrophy after Ischemic AKI

During recovery by regeneration after AKI, proximal tubule cells can fail to redifferentiate, undergo premature growth arrest, and become atrophic. The atrophic tubules display pathologically persistent signaling increases that trigger production of profibrotic peptides, proliferation of interstitial fibroblasts, and fibrosis. We studied proximal tubules after ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) to characterize possible mitochondrial pathologies and alterations of critical enzymes that govern energy metabolism. In rat kidneys, tubules undergoing atrophy late after IRI but not normally recovering tubules showed greatly reduced mitochondrial number, with rounded profiles, and large autophagolysosomes. Studies after IRI of kidneys in mice, done in parallel, showed large scale loss of the oxidant-sensitive mitochondrial protein Mpv17L. Renal expression of hypoxia markers also increased after IRI. During early and late reperfusion after IRI, kidneys exhibited increased lactate and pyruvate content and hexokinase activity, which are indicators of glycolysis. Furthermore, normally regenerating tubules as well as tubules undergoing atrophy exhibited increased glycolytic enzyme expression and inhibitory phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase. TGF-β antagonism prevented these effects. Our data show that the metabolic switch occurred early during regeneration after injury and was reversed during normal tubule recovery but persisted and became progressively more severe in tubule cells that failed to redifferentiate. In conclusion, irreversibility of the metabolic switch, taking place in the context of hypoxia, high TGF-β signaling and depletion of mitochondria characterizes the development of atrophy in proximal tubule cells and may contribute to the renal pathology after AKI.