cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural kinds as categorical bottlenecks

Both realist and anti-realist accounts of natural kinds possess prima facie virtues: realists can straightforwardly make sense of the apparent objectivity of the natural kinds, and anti-realists, their knowability. This paper formulates a properly anti-realist account designed to capture both merits. In particular, it recommends understanding natural kinds as ‘categorical bottlenecks,’ those categories that not only best serve us, with our idiosyncratic aims and cognitive capacities, but also those of a wide range of alternative agents. By endorsing an ultimately subjective categorical principle, this view sidesteps epistemological difficulties facing realist views. Yet, it nevertheless identifies natural kinds that are fairly, though not completely, stance-independent or objective.
The Norway Couple Project: Lessons Learned

Couple therapists in routine practice may find it difficult to apply findings from an increasingly expanding and complex body of couple therapy research. Meanwhile, concerns have been raised that competency in evidence-based treatments is insufficient to inform many practice decisions or ensure positive treatment outcomes (American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice, American Psychologist, 2006, 271). This article aims to narrow the research/practice gap in couple therapy. Results from a large, randomized naturalistic couple trial (Anker, Duncan, & Sparks, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2009, 693) and four companion studies are translated into specific guidelines for routine, eclectic practice. Client feedback, the therapeutic alliance, couple goals assessment, and therapist experience in couple therapy provide a research-informed template for improving couple therapy outcomes.
Large eddy simulation of a stratified boundary layer under an oscillatory current

A numerical study based on large eddy simulation is performed to investigate a bottom boundary layer under an oscillating tidal current. The focus is on the boundary layer response to an external stratification. The thermal field shows a mixed layer that is separated from the external stratified fluid by a thermocline. The mixed layer grows slowly in time with an oscillatory modulation by the tidal flow. Stratification strongly affects the mean velocity profiles, boundary layer thickness and turbulence levels in the outer region although the effect on the near-bottom unstratified fluid is relatively mild. The turbulence is asymmetric between the accelerating and decelerating stages. The asymmetry is more pronounced with increasing stratification. There is an overshoot of the mean velocity in the outer layer; this jet is linked to the phase asymmetry of the Reynolds shear stress gradient by using the simulation data to examine the mean momentum equation. Depending on the height above the bottom, there is a lag of the maximum turbulent kinetic energy, dissipation and production with respect to the peak external velocity and the value of the lag is found to be influenced by the stratification. Flow instabilities and turbulence in the bottom boundary layer excite internal gravity waves that propagate away into the ambient. Unlike the steady case, the phase lines of the internal waves change direction during the tidal cycle and also from near to far field. The frequency spectrum of the propagating wave field is analysed and found to span a narrow band of frequencies clustered around 45°.
Symbolic hate: intention to intimidate, political ideology, and group association.

In Virginia v. Black (123 S.Ct. 1536, 2003), the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment did not bar statutes that prohibit cross burnings in which defendants acted with intention to intimidate others. Using a variety of symbols including cross burnings, swastikas, confederate flags, and skin fists, the current research tested how mock jurors used alternative actor intentions to judge culpability in symbolic hate speech cases. Only partially validating the Court’s assumptions, participants rated guilt certainty highest when they believed the speakers conveyed direct threats, sometimes regardless of whether defendants intended to intimidate others. Further, results showed the level of perceived intimidation only partially mediated the relationship between type of fact pattern and guilt certainty ratings. While alternative intentions did produce different levels of intention to intimidate, path analysis showed that the participants’ ratings of the defendant’s intention to convey a direct threat influenced guilt certainty ratings in all cases. Perceived intimidation levels predicted culpability in only some of the cases and not for cross burning on private property.
Biology and Genetics of Hair

The mammalian hair follicle (HF) is a complex structure composed of several distinct cell layers. The HF is an ectodermal appendage that resides in the skin, and unlike other tissues and organs, it possesses the remarkable ability to self-renew and undergoes a hair cycle that persists in adult life. Stem cells in the bulge region of the HF, as well as dermal papilla cells, play key roles in the regulation of successive hair cycles. Recent advances in molecular genetics have enabled the identification of many genes and pathways that are involved in HF morphogenesis and cycling. Furthermore, mutations in some of these genes are associated with hereditary hair diseases in humans. Identification of causative genes for hair diseases has provided a better understanding of the crucial roles of these genes in HF morphogenesis, development, and hair growth in humans.
From Reagan to Bush: The Transition in US Policy Towards Central America

Many foreign policy analysts in the United States expected a shift in US policy towards Latin America when George Bush succeeded Ronald Reagan as president. Though Bush had been a loyal supporter of Reagan's policies throughout the preceding eight years, Bush nevertheless seemed more pragmatic than his mentor. Whereas Reagan was the leader of the Republican Party's right wing, Bush was a scion of the East Coast Republican establishment, stronghold of the party's moderate centre.
Stability and finite-time stability analysis of discrete-time nonlinear networked control systems

In this paper we present an approach to model networked control systems with a discrete-time nonlinear plant, operating in the presence of arbitrary but finite data dropout of state observations. Sufficient conditions for stability of the global system and finite-time stability over transmission intervals are provided.
Scanning of surface acoustic wave phased array

A multielement surface acoustic wave transducer array of very small aperture and separation has been fabricated on PZT substrates and the phase Scanning of the resultant acoustic beam from such a transducer array has been demonstrated. In addition to its use as an acoustic beam scanner, the transducer array may form a new type of signal processor, requiring no phase shifters or delay lines, for sonars and electromagnetic phased-array antenna applications.
Estimating forest biomass components with hemispherical photography for Douglas-fir stands in northwest Oregon

Abstract Accurately and quickly identifying inventories of forest biomass has become increasingly important for a variety of reasons. Current allometric equations require time-consuming tree-level ...
Imperfect job risk information and optimal workmen's compensation benefits

Abstract If workers have imprecise, but unbiased risk perceptions, they will accept a lower wage and less of a marginal wage reduction in response to an increase in injury compensation or a reduction in risk. Market outcomes will provide too little compensation and too great a job risk, as compared with the perfect information case. The optimal workmen's compensation policy will provide a supra-optimal benefit level in an effort to create incentives for safety. The signaling function of market-provided injury compensation will eliminate the bias in worker priors and increase their precision, eliminating the market failure in some instances.
Moving from ethnography to epidemiology: lessons learned in Appalachia.

Background: Anthropologists are beginning to translate insights from ethnography into tools for population studies that assess the role of culture in human behavior, biology, and health.Aim: We describe several lessons learned in the creation and administration of an ethnographically-based instrument to assess the life course perspectives of Appalachian youth, the Life Trajectory Interview for Youth (LTI-Y). Then, we explore the utility of the LTI-Y in predicting depressive symptoms, controlling for prior depressive symptoms and severe negative life events throughout the life course.Subjects and methods: In a sample of 319 youths (190 White, 129 Cherokee), we tested the association between depressive symptoms and two domains of the LTI-Y – life course barriers and milestones. Longitudinal data on prior depressive symptoms and negative life events were included in the model.Results: The ethnographically-based scales of life course barriers and milestones were associated with unique variance in depressive s...
Oligomerization and Cooperative RNA Synthesis Activity of Hepatitis C Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase

The NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase encoded by hepatitis C virus (HCV) plays a key role in viral replication. Reported here is evidence that HCV NS5B polymerase acts as a functional oligomer. Oligomerization of HCV NS5B protein was demonstrated by gel filtration, chemical cross-linking, temperature sensitivity, and yeast cell two-hybrid analysis. Mutagenesis studies showed that the C-terminal hydrophobic region of the protein was not essential for its oligomerization. Importantly, HCV NS5B polymerase exhibited cooperative RNA synthesis activity with a dissociation constant, Kd, of ≈22 nM, suggesting a role for the polymerase-polymerase interaction in the regulation of HCV replicase activity. Further functional evidence includes the inhibition of the wild-type NS5B polymerase activity by a catalytically inactive form of NS5B. Finally, the X-ray crystal structure of HCV NS5B polymerase was solved at 2.9 A. Two extensive interfaces have been identified from the packing of the NS5B molecules in the crystal lattice, suggesting a higher-order structure that is consistent with the biochemical data.
Calcium Phosphate‐Based Resorbable Ceramics: Influence of MgO, ZnO, and SiO2 Dopants

Resorbable calcium phosphate (CaP)-based biomaterials are important because they can significantly improve health care by shortening the time necessary for restoration of functional loading of grafted bones. Although synthetic CaPs show exceptional similarities to natural bone, however, they are deficient in one major area, in that they do not have the same mineral content of bone. The focus of our work is to understand the influence of dopants on the physical, mechanical, and biological properties of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) resorbable ceramics with special emphasis toward in vitro strength degradation and cell–materials interactions as a function of time. For this purpose, β-TCP was doped with magnesia (MgO), zinc oxide (ZnO), and silica (SiO2). Those dopants were added as individual dopants, and their binary and ternary compositions. It was found that these dopants significantly influenced densification behavior and as sintered microstructures of TCP. In vitro mineralization studies in simulated body fluids (SBF) for 12 weeks showed apatite growth on the highly porous compositions either on the surface or inside. From scanning electron microscopic analysis it was evident that surface degradation occurred on all compositions in SBF. Compression strengths for samples up to 12 weeks in SBF showed that it is possible to tailor strength loss behavior through compositional modifications. The highest compression strength was found for binary MgO–ZnO doped TCP. Overall, samples showed either a similar strength level during the 12 weeks test period, or a continuous decrease or a continuous increase in strength depending on dopant chemistry or amount. In vitro human osteoblast cell culture was used to determine influence of dopants on cell-materials interactions. All samples were non-toxic and biocompatible. Dopant chemistry also influenced adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblastic precursor cell line 1 (OPC1) cells on these matrices.
Case Article---Revenue Management at the Hong Kong Grand: The Dine in Grandeur Dilemma

Case Teaching Note: Interested Instructors please see the Instructor Materials page for access to the restricted materials. To maintain the integrity and usefulness of cases published in ITE, unapproved distribution of the case teaching notes and other restricted materials to any other party is prohibited.
Oxygenation of 4-Alkoxyl Groups in Alkoxybenzoic Acids by Polyporus dichrous

The degradation of several alkyl ethers of vanillic acid, of 3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and of syringic acid, by the lignin-decomposing fungus Polyporus dichrous included (i) 4-dealkylation (e.g., 3-ethoxy-4-isopropoxybenzoic acid was in part dealkylated to 3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid), (ii) hydroxylation of the 4-alkoxyl groups (e.g., 3-ethoxy-4-isopropoxybenzoic acid was oxidized in part to 2-[4-carboxy-2-ethoxyphenoxy]-propane-1-ol), and (iii) reduction of carboxyl groups (older cultures) (e.g., 3-ethoxy-4-isopropoxybenzoic acid was reduced to 3-ethoxy-4-isopropoxybenzaldehyde and 3-ethoxy-4-isopropoxybenzyl alcohol). Some ethers (e.g., tri-O-methyl gallic acid and glycerol-β-[4-carboxy-2-ethoxyphenyl]-ether) were not affected. The dealkylations and hydroxylations indicate that the fungus has a relatively nonspecific mechanism for oxygenating various 4-alkoxyl groups of alkoxybenzoic acids; no evidence for oxygenation of 3-alkoxyl groups was obtained. Hydroxylation products were generally degraded further, probably via dealkylation. The vanillic acid and 3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid formed by dealkylations were readily metabolized. Although the isopropyl ether of syringic acid was hydroxylated to 2-(4-carboxy-2, 6-dimethoxyphenoxy)-propane-1-ol, neither this compound nor the parent isopropyl ether was dealkylated; syringic acid itself was only slowly and incompletely metabolized. The relationship of these results to lignin degradation is discussed.
A study of throughput for Nb, Mc and Nc interface in UMTS core network

Currently there are many practical tools or theoretical methods to plan and dimension GSM or UMTS radio networks but overlooks the algorithms for core networks because of its complexity. This paper introduces an algorithm for traffic and throughput dimensioning for Nb, Mc and Nc interfaces in UMTS core network. The analysis is based on the traffic and throughput generated or absorbed in the interfaces of network entities in UMTS network. This paper is targeted at helping wireless carriers plan and dimensioning their UMTS core networks.
Polarization Constraints in Dual-Polarized Phased Arrays Derived From an Infinite Current Sheet Model

Infinite current sheet radiator represents a phenomenological model of phased array antenna that exhibits formally simple but very general physics of array radiation. In this work, two superimposed, orthogonally directed infinite current sheet radiators are combined to synthesize arbitrary polarized scanned beams. The theory developed reveals principal physical constraints on polarization purity of this ideal phased array and indicates scan-adaptive amplitude and phase control conditions to mitigate polarization distortions as demonstrated for circular and slant linear polarization modes.
Impact of worker and shop flexibility on assembly cells

Flexibility can counter the negative effects of the loss of pooling synergy in cellular systems. In this study we define flexibility as the ability of assembly cells to reallocate resources to accommodate changes in family assignments (i.e. shop flexibility) and the ability of workers to move between cells (i.e. worker flexibility). We investigate the impact of shop and worker flexibility on different assembly cells faced with product mix variability over a wide range of experimental conditions. Three types of cellular shops are considered: strict cell shops (where each cell is dedicated to producing only one product family), flexible cell shops (where each cell can produce multiple product families), and hybrid cell shops (where some of the cells are strict and the rest are flexible). Results indicate that there is no cell shop that outperforms others, under all experimental environments. However, flexible cell shops showed significant advantages when the setup times were low, while hybrid cell shops pro...
Adjunctive Aripiprazole in Bipolar I Depression

Background:Aripiprazole has demonstrated efficacy in treatment of bipolar mania, as well as in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. There has been only one report supporting a role for this agent in the depressed phase of the illness.Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness of adjunctive aripiprazole in bipolar I depressed patients who are nonresponders to standard therapy.Methods:Chart records were reviewed for all patients with bipolar I depression, diagnosed by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th revision, criteria between June 2004 and January 2006 from the Long Beach Veterans Affairs Mood Disorders Clinic. Included subjects had experienced moderate to marked depressive symptoms (Clinical Global Impression–Bipolar Depression ≥4) despite at least 2 months of treatment with adequate doses of at least one mood stabilizer. In addition, all subjects had been treated subsequently with aripiprazole 15–30 mg/day added to the existing regimen. Detailed chart notes were used to r...
Conversational Behaviors in Youth with High-functioning ASD and Asperger Syndrome

Twenty-nine youth with autism spectrum disorders and 26 with typical development between 12 and 18 years of age were engaged in structured interviews (ADOS). The interviews were videotaped and rated for atypical conversational behaviors by trained raters, using the Pragmatic Rating Scale (Landa et al. Psychol Med 22:245–254, 1992). The ASD group was divided into AS and HFA/PDD-NOS subgroups. Significant differences were found among groups on approximately one-third of the PRS items. These items involved primarily the management of topics and information, reciprocity, intonation, and gaze management. The only differences to reach significance between the AS and HFA/PDD-NOS group were a greater tendency for overly formal speech on the part of the AS group, and more difficulty with gaze management on the part of the group with HFA/PDD-NOS. The implications of these findings for understanding and treating conversational deficits in ASD are discussed.
The effect of geologic corrections on gravity‐anomalies

The marked relation between geologic structure and gravity-anomalies has been pointed out by many investigators, and Chamberlin [see 1 of “References” at end of paper] made a correction for the geology of the Bighorn Region of Montana and Wyoming to see if the anomalies observed there could be attributed primarily to the known geologic factors. The results of this correction which was applied so as to embrace the geology within a radius of 16 km of the gravity-station and to a depth of eight km below it showed a marked reduction of the anomalies both positive and negative toward zero.
The Plasticity of Identity under Anarchy

Why do national identities usually endure but sometimes radically change? Much of the time, identity socializes or constrains leaders to act in patterned ways. Occasionally, however, leaders are able to dramatically alter those self-images. This article offers a general argument for varying identity plasticity. It brings together organizational theory and social theory to demonstrate how ideas about means to goals can in certain circumstances change how states see themselves. I examine the plausibility of this explanation in cases of continuity and change in Japan’s identity in the 19th century and the Soviet Union’s identity in the 20th century — in both instances challenging the common wisdom that identity was a direct product of international pressures. The argument suggests the importance of synthetic explanations — i.e. concrete generalizable propositions on how ideas and power interact in specific ways to influence the evolution of national identity.
'...This little ukulele tells the truth': indie pop and kitsch authenticity

Indie pop, like rock and other independent genres more generally, has had a complicated relationship with mass culture. It both depends upon and simultaneously deconstructs notions of authenticity and truth. Independent genres have invited scholarly analysis and critique that often seek to unmask indie as ‘elite’ or to show the extent to which indie musics are, ironically, defined and shaped by consumer capitalism. Using songwriter Stephin Merritt's music and career as a case study, this essay explores the kinds of authenticities at work in indie pop. Indie pop, I argue, is a genre especially adept at generating ‘personal authenticity’. It is useful to turn to the concept of kitsch, understood here as an aesthetic and not a synonym for ‘bad’. Kitsch functions to cultivate personal attachment in the face of impersonal mass culture; it is this aesthetic, I argue, that indie pop has cultivated through its lo-fi and often nostalgic sound world and through its dissemination, which has relied upon dedicated collectors. The ‘honesty’ of this music does not arise from an illusion of unmediated communication, but instead from the emphasis on the process of mediation, which stresses the materiality of the music and the actual experience of listening.
Tachykinin receptors in the equine pelvic flexure

Tachykinins, of which substance P (SP) is the prototype, are neuropeptides which are widely distributed in the nervous systems. In the equine gut, SP is present in enteric nerves and is a powerful constrictor of enteric muscle; in other species, SP is also known to have potent vasodilatory and pro-inflammatory effects. The specific effects of SP are determined by the subtype of receptor present in the target tissue. There are 3 known subtypes of tachykinin receptors, distinguished by their relative affinities for SP and other tachykinins. The distribution of SP binding sites in the equine pelvic flexure was determined using 125I-Bolton Hunter SP (I-BHSP) autoradiography. Most I-BHSP binding sites were determined to be saturable and specific, therefore presumably representing tachykinin receptors. The greatest degree of I-BHSP binding occurred over very small vessels, and over the muscularis mucosae; I-BHSP binding was also intense over the circular muscle of the muscularis externa and mucosa, and present, although less intense, over the longitudinal muscle of the muscularis externa. Competition of I-BHSP with specific receptor agonists for binding sites in the equine pelvic flexure were used to determine the subtypes of tachykinin receptors present. The neurokinin-1 receptor subtype predominated in the equine pelvic flexure, followed by the neurokinin-3 receptor subtype.
The Technology of Metaphor

L'A. defend la these selon laquelle la recherche technologique offre un modele a l'analyse du langage et de la signification chez Dewey. Au-dela du dualisme entre sens litteral et sens metaphorique, l'A. defend une approche de la metaphore comme experience, qui repose sur la theorie non-dualiste de D. Davidson et sur la technologie de la metaphore de Dewey.
Duty & the Death Penalty

This essay was adapted from a speech delivered at Widener Law School on January 13, 2014, as part of the Ruby R. Vale Distinguished Speaker Series.
Automated energy model creation for conceptual design

Architects today rarely use whole building energy analysis to inform their early design process. During this stage of design, the team is responsible for macro-level decisions (such as basic form and orientation) that can have the most significant effects on energy use. So why are so few architects using energy analysis tools at this stage? In many cases, this is because the tools available to perform energy analysis are too complex and time-consuming to learn and use during the fast-paced conceptual design phase because of the time needed to model and analyze the design. Often energy analysis tools are separate, standalone applications that require a separate thermal model to be authored. This adds more time and complexity and limits the number of professionals experienced with these tools. Understanding the results and using them in presentations is also quite difficult in current tools.This paper describes a system that can alleviate these problems by automatically generating an energy model from an architect's basic massing model. Our approach allows an architect to focus on modeling the building form, rather than the thermal zones that are the focal point for most energy modeling software on the market today. The architect's massing model can then be modified and the energy model stays in sync, allowing comparative analyses to be made quickly and easily.
Bias in slope estimates for the linear errors in variables model by the variance ratio method

Slope estimates for linear measurement error (errors in variables) models based on assumed knowledge of the ratio of measurement error variances are biased if the underlying linear relationship is anything other than a completely deterministic, law-like relationship. This paper describes an eight-parameter linear measurement error model of general applicability that includes an optional "errors in equations" term (Malinvaud, E., 1980, Statistical Methods of Econometrics) that allows the explicit characterization of the asymptotic bias of such slope estimates when the assumption of a law-like relationship does not hold. This bias may be large, underscoring the importance of recognizing the potential influence of errors in equations in measurement error models.
Latent profile analysis of sixth graders based on teacher ratings: Association with school dropout

The goal of this study was to identify meaningful groups of sixth graders with common characteristics based on teacher ratings of assets and maladaptive behaviors, describe dropout rates for each group, and examine the validity of these groups using students' self-reports. The sample consisted of racially diverse students (n = 675) attending sixth grade in public schools in Northeast Georgia. The majority of the sample was randomly selected; a smaller group was identified by teachers as high risk for aggression. Based on teacher ratings of externalizing behaviors, internalizing problems, academic skills, leadership, and social assets, latent profile analysis yielded 7 classes that can be displayed along a continuum: Well-Adapted, Average, Average-Social Skills Deficit, Internalizing, Externalizing, Disruptive Behavior with School Problems, and Severe Problems. Dropout rate was lowest for the Well-adapted class (4%) and highest for the Severe Problems class (58%). However, students in the Average-Social Skills Deficit class did not follow the continuum, with a large proportion of students who abandoned high school (29%). The proportion of students identified by teachers as high in aggression consistently increased across the continuum from none in the Well-Adapted class to 84% in the Severe Problems class. Students' self-reports were generally consistent with the latent profile classes. Students in the Well-Adapted class reported low aggression, drug use, and delinquency, and high life satisfaction; self-reports went in the opposite direction for the Disruptive Behaviors with School Problems class. Results highlight the importance of early interventions to improve academic performance, reduce externalizing behaviors, and enhance social assets.
Application of Compound Fuzzy Control in Supercritical and Ultra-supercritical Main Steam Temperature Control

In light of the characteristics of supercritical and ultra-supercritical main steam temperature control,such as multivariate,large time-delay and so on,based on planar fuzzy control,the method of compound fuzzy control is presented.This method overcomes internal disturbance,and integrates with the dynamic characteristics of fuzzy control.The simulation results show that compound fuzzy control performs better than serial PID control.
Acromioclavicular-joint injury. An end-result study.

From 1933 to 1959 sixty-two partial separations and fifty-four complete separations or dislocations of the acromioclavicular joint in 116 patients were treated on the Combined Fracture Service of The New York Hospital and The Hospital for Special Surgery. Fifty patients were treated non-operatively and sixty-six, surgically. Ninety-four of the 116 patients returned for follow-up evaluation from five to thirty-five years after treatment. Forty-three of fifty patients treated non-operatively were evaluated. At follow-up twenty-one were asymptomatic, thirty-four had normal shoulder motion, and only four had no residual deformity of the acromioclavicular joint. Twenty-nine of the thirty-five patients treated by open reduction and ligament repair were re-examined. At follow-up fourteen were asymptomatic, twenty had normal shoulder abduction, and fifteen had no residual deformity. Of the six patients treated by coracoclavicular screw fixation, two were asymptomatic, two had normal shoulder abduction, and four had no residual deformity at follow-up. Sixteen of the twenty patients treated by partial claviculectomy were reexamined. Seven were asymptomatic, thirteen had normal motion, and ten had no residual deformity at follow-up. Of the patients re-examined, only twelve were dissatisfied because of residual pain. Of these, six had been treated by open reduction and ligament repair, one by a coracoclavicular screw, and five non-operatively. For complete dislocations the results were quite similar with respect to residual pain and function, regardless of the type of treatment or the degree of residual separation. The causes of symptoms are analyzed and recommendations for treatment are presented.
Constructive Characteristic of ho¨ Lder Classes and M-Term Approximations in the Multiple Haar Basis

In terms of the best polynomial approximations in the multiple Haar basis, we obtain a constructive characteristic of the Holder classes H of functions defined on the unit cube $$ \mathbb{I} $$ d of the space ℝ d under the restriction $$ 0<\alpha <\frac{1}{p}\le 1 $$ . We also solve the problem of order estimates of the best m-term approximations in the Haar basis of classes H in the Lebesgue spaces L q ( $$ \mathbb{I} $$ d ).
Study of Two Coupled Sites in Nd3+:KLiYF5

High resolution spectroscopy of Nd3+ in Potassium Lithium Yttrium Fluoride (KLiYF5) at ≤80 K reveals two crystal-field sites which are equally populated independent of concentration. Site selective excitation of photoluminescence distinguishes each site’s contribution to the spectra. The analysis of integrated line intensities reveals a bidirectional energy transfer between Nd3+ ions in different sites. The energy transfer rate increases rapidly with Nd concentration and depends strongly on temperature (2 K – 80 K).
Long-Term Care Insurance Decisions

The purchase of long-term care LTC insurance is a difficult lifetime choice made in the face of highly uncertain risks, including mortality, morbidity, timing and length of LTC, and portfolio investment risk. Many individuals do not know how to think about this decision properly and, in the face of too much anecdotal and too little objective information, will not proactively decide. We used Monte Carlo simulation modeling with detailed, experience-based distributions for LTC uncertainties and their correlations to project investment growth to death given alternative levels of LTC insurance. Using constant risk aversion, we calculate certainty equivalents for the resulting distributions of final holdings at death. Decisions were separated for male and female individuals and group and individual market insurance opportunities. Sensitivity analysis was conducted varying age, cost of coverage, starting investment amount, risk tolerance, return on portfolio investment, inflation, and length of LTC coverage. Optimality results suggest low levels of coverage or no insurance, with higher use of insurance only for individuals who are young, have low risk tolerance, low starting portfolio amounts, or combinations of these characteristics. While the contribution of this work is to assist individual decision making, it will also be informative to policy makers and insurance companies.
Muscle Activation During Landing Before and After Fatigue in Individuals With or Without Chronic Ankle Instability.

Context: Ankle instability is a common condition in physically active individuals. It often occurs during a jump landing or lateral motion, particularly when participants are fatigued. Objective: T...
From Orgasms to Spanking: A Content Analysis of the Agentic and Objectifying Sexual Scripts in Feminist, for Women, and Mainstream Pornography

Historically, pro- versus anti-pornography debates have been positioned around the concepts of sexual objectification versus sexual agency—arguing that pornography, especially Mainstream content, results in objectification of women versus arguing that pornography, especially Feminist pornography or erotica, depicts and can lead to female sexual empowerment. To date, however, no one has examined the content of Mainstream compared to Feminist pornography. The present content analysis of 300 pornographic scenes compares categories of internet pornography aimed at women (including Feminist and For Women) to Mainstream pornography, examining indicators of both sexual objectification (including stripping, cumshots, aggression, genital focus, and gaping) and agency (including self-touch, orgasm, and directing and initiating sex). Results suggest that Mainstream pornography contains significantly more depictions of female objectification than both Feminist and For Women content. There is an objectification gender gap between men and women in all categories, which is significantly wider in Mainstream content than in pornography aimed at women. Focusing on empowerment, queer Feminist pornography contained significantly more indicators of female sexual agency than both For Women and Mainstream categories, although primarily heterosexual Feminist pornography did not. Findings suggest that different categories of pornography provide women with different scripts related to sexual objectification, agency, and gender dynamics, which may impact sexual behavior.
Effects of Fluprazine Hydrochloride on Reactivity to a Nonconspecific Intruder

Treatment with 8.0 mg/kg of fluprazine hydrochloride completely suppressed defensive burying of albino mice directed toward an intruding tiger salamander. This treatment also increased mouse-salamander social distances. The results are consistent with earlier data in suggesting that fluprazine potentiates tearfulness and indicate that this effect extends to nonconspecific intruders as well as novel inanimate stimuli, shock, and conspecifics. This rather generalized drug-induced tearfulness may contribute heavily to fluprazine’s potent inhibition of offense, maternal behavior, play, and predation.
Update of HIV-Associated Sensory Neuropathies.

HIV-sensory neuropathy (HIV-SN) remains a common complication of HIV infection and may be associated with significant morbidity due to neuropathic pain. The overall purpose of this review is to discuss trends in the changing epidemiology in HIV-SN, new data regarding the pathophysiology of the condition, and discuss approaches to management. While HIV-SN has been historically considered the most common neurological complication of HIV infection, improved accessibility to effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), use of less neurotoxic antiretroviral medication regimens, and trends towards earlier introduction of treatment have impacted the condition: overall incident HIV-SN is likely decreased compared to prior rates and patients afflicted by HIV-SN may more frequently have asymptomatic or subclinical disease. Traditional predictors of HIV-SN have also changed, as traditional indices of severe immune deficiency such as low CD4 count and high viral load no longer predict HIV-SN. Emerging evidence supports the contention that both peripheral and central mechanisms underlying the generation as well as persistence of neuropathic pain in HIV-SN exist. It is important to recognize that even mild neuropathic pain in this clinical population is associated with meaningful impairment in quality of life and function, which emphasizes the clinical importance of recognizing and treating the condition. The general approach to management of neuropathic pain in HIV-SN is the introduction of symptomatic analgesic therapy. There exist, however, few evidence-based analgesic options for HIV-SN based on available clinical data. Symptomatic treatment trials are increasingly recognized to have been potentially confounded by more robust placebo response than that observed in other neuropathic pain conditions. In the authors’ experience, use of analgesic therapies with proven efficacy in other neuropathic pain conditions is appropriate, bearing in consideration potential pharmacokinetic interactions with the cART regimen. Combination analgesic regimens may also achieve meaningful analgesic responses, particularly when drugs with differing mechanisms of action are utilized. It is paramount that the patient is appropriately counseled regarding expectations and the anticipated benefit of analgesic therapy, as pain relief is often incomplete but clinically meaningful improvement in pain and function can be achieved.
Disinfection of Microbial Aerosols

Disinfection of microbial aerosols gained significant attention among researchers worldwide due to increasing flu pandemics and bioterrorism threats. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, HEPA filtration, and photocatalytic oxidation are conventional methods of bioaerosol inactivation, and new approaches developed in recent years include application of cold plasma and plasmacluster ions, microwave irradiation, ion emission, thermal treatment, applications of nanoparticles and nanotubes in filtration media, and application of natural products in filtration media. Although all these methods have shown promising responses for airborne microbial inactivation, they have some inevitable limitations. Most of the methods were tested in the laboratories, and adequate field data are still lacking. Furthermore, most of these methods were never tested for real pathogens and emerging drug-resistant pathogens. Advantages and disadvantages of all these conventional and newly developed approaches have been discussed in this review article. The authors conclude that a perfect solution to inactivate all airborne microorganisms does not exist yet. We can combine different microbial inactivation methods to achieve a more effective disinfection approach depending on the types of suspected microorganisms and indoor environmental conditions.
Ambiguous signals, partial beliefs, and propositional content

As the content of propositional attitudes, propositions are usually taken to help explain the behavior of rational agents. However, a closer look at signaling games suggests otherwise: rational agents often acquire partial beliefs, and many of their signals are ambiguous. Signaling games also suggest that it is rational for agents to mix their behavior in response to partial beliefs and ambiguous signals. But as I show in this paper, propositions cannot help explain the mixing behavior of rational agents: to explain mixing behavior, we need a probabilistic notion of content. I also show that a probabilistic notion of content renders propositions explanatorily idle in the case of unambiguous signals and full beliefs as well. My suggestion is thus that we should abandon propositions in explanations of rational behavior and adopt instead a probabilistic notion of content. The notion of probabilistic content ultimately provides a simpler framework for explanations of rational behavior than the notion of propositional content.
Fuzzy Decisions Under Risk

A decision problem under risk is characterized by three things: (1) the decision maker must choose an action a i from a finite set of actions A = {a 1,..., a m }; (2) a finite set of chance events (also called the states of nature) e = {e 1,..., e n } over which we have no control; and (3) for each a i and resulting e j a payoff c(a i , e j ) which describes what happens when event e j occurs after the choice of action a i . We assume that the payoff c(a i , e j ) is measured in dollars and the decision maker wants to maximize his payoff. Sometimes one will use a utility function for the decision maker for the payoff, but we shall not discuss utility theory in this book. What makes this decision making under risk is that we now assume that there is a probability distribution over e giving the probability of each event e j . Let the probability of e j be p j , 1 ≤ j ≤ n. So the whole decision problem may be described by a m ×n matrix M where; (1) the rows are labeled by the actions a 1,..., a m ; (2) the columns are labeled by the events e 1,..., e n ; (3) the ij th element in M is the payoff c(a i , e j ); and (4) the probabilities p j are placed over the events e j .
Decomposition Rate and Community Structure of Leaf-packs in an Urban and Rural Stream in Southwestern Missouri

Previous studies demonstrated significantly lower diversity and density of aquatic invertebrates in a southwestern Missouri urban stream, Turkey Creek, below a large mall in comparison to above mal...
Accelerating GPU betweenness centrality

Graphs that model social networks, numerical simulations, and the structure of the Internet are enormous and cannot be manually inspected. A popular metric used to analyze these networks is Betweenness Centrality (BC), which has applications in community detection, power grid contingency analysis, and the study of the human brain. However, these analyses come with a high computational cost that prevents the examination of large graphs of interest.Recently, the use of Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) has been promising for efficient processing of unstructured data sets. Prior GPU implementations of BC suffer from large local data structures and inefficient graph traversals that limit scalability and performance. Here we present a hybrid GPU implementation that provides good performance on graphs of arbitrary structure rather than just scale-free graphs as was done previously. Our methods achieve up to 13× speedup on high-diameter graphs and an average of 2.71× speedup overall compared to the best existing GPU algorithm. We also observe near linear speedup when running BC on 192 GPUs.
Breast Cancer Risk Prediction in Women with Atypical Breast Lesions

Women with atypical breast lesions have a markedly increased risk of developing breast cancer. The risk of breast cancer in women with lobular carcinoma in situ is seven- to nine-fold that of the general population. The 35-year cumulative incidence of breast cancer with lobular carcinoma in situ is 35%, or approximately 1% per year, although more recent studies suggest the risk is higher. Women with atypical ductal and lobular hyperplasia are four times more likely to develop breast cancer than the general population. Atypical hyperplasia confers a cumulative incidence of breast cancer of nearly 30% at 25 years.
An Approach to Automate Business Impact Analysis

One of the main sources for the data required to accomplish an IT Business Continuity (BC) Program is obtained through business impact analysis (BIA). The main objective of conducting BIA is to determine the criticality levels of services that are essential to keep the businessup and running. BIA is crucial for business sustainability and failing to define the criticality of the organization’s services and applications leads to improper recovery strategies. However, performing BIA in the traditional way is always associated with several challenges due the nature of business practices and processes that are changing constantly. Automating the data collection of BIA has shown many benefits in capturing the required recovery time objective (RTO) and recovery point objective (RPO) for applications. However, there are numbers of challenges that have been faced during the implementation of such automation. Our approach to conduct BIA exercise consists of seven phases starting with analyzing business need, developing questionnaire, automation implementation, workshops, data gathering, application prioritization, and management approval. This paper describes the importance and challenges of conducting BIA. It shows how an organization could overcome these challenges by automating and centralizing BIA data collection for its applications. Here we illustrate how a BIA exercise is developed and integrated into a centralized data repository for an applications portfolio called MEGA.
Aerobic oxidative coupling of amines to imines by mesoporous copper aluminum mixed metal oxides via generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Abstract A mesoporous, monomodal copper aluminum mixed metal oxide (MMO) (average pore size 9.63 nm, surface area 140 m2/g) synthesized via a modified inverse micelle method, efficiently catalyzes aerobic oxidative coupling of amines to imines. This material exhibits excellent conversion (>99%) and selectivity (>99%) towards imine synthesis under mild, solvent free, green conditions utilizing atmospheric air as the sole oxidant. Catalytic activity is observed for a diverse range of amine substrates. The aerobic oxidation of amines to imines follows a unique mechanistic pathway which involves Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS).
FEASIBILITY AND ECONOMICS OF FLUID CARGO TRANSPORT BY SUBMERGED FLEXIBLE BARGES TOWED BY A TUGBOAT

Au cours des vingt dernieres annees, des petites barges flexibles remorquees ont ete utilisees pour transporter des cargaisons liquides. Cet article concerne la future generation des barges flexibles comparable en dimensions a des navires petroliers. A la base d'une analyse economique, des graphes de conception preliminaire sont presentes pour selectionner la largeur et le rayon de la barge pour un remorquage stable. Ces graphes sont utilises pour developper des conceptions preliminaires, pour estimer la resistance et la puissance en chevaux vapeur necessaire pour le remorquage. Des analyses avec un modele economique elargi qui comprend l'operation terminale montrent par suite l'efficacite de la barge flexible
The secondary metabolite pactamycin with potential for pharmaceutical applications: biosynthesis and regulation

The antitumor antibiotic pactamycin is a highly substituted aminocyclopentitol-derived secondary metabolite produced by the soil bacterium Streptomyces pactum. It has exhibited potent antibacterial, antitumor, antiviral, and antiprotozoal activities. Despite its outstanding biological activities, the complex chemical structure and broad-spectrum toxicity have hampered its development as a therapeutic, limiting its contribution to biomedical science to a role as a molecular probe for ribosomal function. However, a detailed understanding of its biosynthesis and how the biosynthesis is regulated has made it possible to tactically design and produce new pactamycin analogues, some of which have shown improved pharmacological properties. This mini-review describes the biosynthesis, regulation, engineered production, and biological activities of pactamycin and its congeners. It also highlights the suitability of biosynthetic methods as a feasible approach to generate new analogues of complex natural products and underscores the importance of utilizing biosynthetic enzymes as tools for chemoenzymatic production of structurally diverse bioactive compounds.