cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the loss of gases from a planetary atmosphere

An analysis of the collisional transition between the lower atmosphere and the collisionless exosphere is carried out based upon an integral formulation of the Boltzmarm equation. This investigation utilizes a collision model which is a combination of Lorentz-gas and relaxation collision models. The results of this analysis indicate that intermolecular collisions act in two ways to affect the atmosphere. First, there is a critical layer, similar to the apparent photospheric surface of the Sun, from which the material escaping from the planet originates. This layer is determined by collision suffered by particles moving on orbits which skim tangentially by the planet. Secondly, collisions reduce the vertical flux of material in a manner analogous to the diffusion processes which occur in the lower atmosphere. 1. INTBODUCTION A planetary atmosphere is naturally stratified into two broad regions: a lower continuum stratum within which intermolecular collisions prevail, and an upper stratum in which the atmospheric gases behave as a classical Knudsen gas. This differentiation results from the decrease of the collision frequency with height above the planetary surface. In the upper stratum particles moving with speeds in excess of the escape velocity can escape from the planetary gravitational field. Since material is escaping from the atmosphere and, conversely, being gained from the surrounding ambium, the state of a planetary atmosphere is obviously time-dependent. These facts were apparent to WaterstoC2) in 1846 when he presented his controversial paper on the kinetic theory of gases. Since that time, numerous investigations have been carried out in an attempt to clarify the nature of the escape process and to determine quantitatively the rate at which material is being lost.(1-17) Many of those early investigations,(1-11*14) and recent studies of the exosphere as well,(1s-28) are based on the concept of a critical level above which the atmosphere is considered collisionless and below which the atmosphere is treated as isothermal and collision- dominated. Under these circumstances the distribution function in the lower atmosphere takes the form given by Jeanso4)
On the fine structure of cometary plasma tails

It is argued that the small-scale structures observed close to the plasma tail axis of comets may be a consequence of well-known finite-resistivity instabilities in the cometary cross-tail current sheet. While the 'tearing' mode instability, which causes a breakup of the layer along the current flow lines, may be responsible for the observed small condensation or 'knots' near the axis, the 'ripple' mode instability may give rise to the small-scale wavy structures.
Chamber pressure balanced piston-nozzle for fast depressurization.

Chamber pressure balanced piston nozzle for fast depressurization to bring about combustion quenching
Initiating and maintaining the ketogenic diet in breastfed infants.

The ketogenic diet has been used as an effective treatment for intractable epilepsy since 1921. Its efficacy in the treatment of epilepsy in infants has been reported to be similar to that in older children. However, there have been no reports in the literature addressing the possibility of continuing breastfeeding during treatment with the ketogenic diet. The authors performed a retrospective chart review of the patients initiated on the ketogenic diet and identified 5 infants who continued to receive breast milk while on the ketogenic diet treatment. All 5 experienced a >90% reduction of seizures during the first month on the ketogenic diet treatment with continued breastfeeding. Four of the 5 were able to maintain >90% reduction of seizures for the duration of their time receiving breast milk while on the ketogenic diet treatment. Traditionally, infants have discontinued breastfeeding prior to diet initiation because of the concern that the carbohydrates in the breast milk will prevent attaining adequa...
Peptide inhibition of myointimal proliferation by angiopeptin, a somatostatin analogue.

Abstract Vascular smooth muscle cell hyperplasia is a major component of atherogenesis in various animal models. Angiopeptin, a cyclic octapeptide analogue of somatostatin, markedly inhibits myointimal proliferation in response to endothelial cell injury in the rat carotid artery, rabbit aorta and iliac arteries and in coronary arteries of transplanted rabbit hearts. Angiopeptin does not affect serum lipid profiles in nonhuman primates. It is unlikely, therefore, that its antiproliferative effect is mediated by alterations in cholesterol metabolism. Angiopeptin and other peptide analogues of somatostatin are potent inhibitors of growth hormone release and insulin-like growth factor-1 production. However, inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation in vivo is not a property common to all somatostatin analogues. This suggests that plasma growth hormone and growth hormone-dependent insulin-like growth factor-1 production are not physiologic stimuli for myointimal proliferation in vivo. Angiopeptin inhibits 3 H-thymidine incorporation into rat carotid artery explants, suggesting a local effect on automne or paracrine mechanisms regulating cell growth. In view of its potent inhibitory effect on smooth muscle cell replication, angiopeptin may have clinical utility in preventing restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and in preventing accelerated coronary atherosclerosis after cardiac transplantation.
Aging effects on follicular activity and concentrations of FSH, LH, and progesterone in mares

Abstract Follicular activity and daily circulating concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and progesterone were compared between young and old mares. Mares were divided into the following age groups: Group 1, 5–7 years (n=9); Group 2, 15–19 years (n=11); Group 3, 20 or more years (n=11). The experiment encompassed three consecutive ovulatory periods for each mare; the interovulatory interval after the second ovulation was shortened by the administration of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). Follicular activity was assessed by daily transrectal ultrasonic imaging from 5 days prior to the first ovulation to 3 days after the second ovulation. The diameters of the largest and second-largest follicles and the numbers of follicles in different diameter categories (3–5, 6–10, 11–15, 16–20, and 20 or more mm) were recorded. On Day 8 after the second ovulation, 5 mg of PGF2α were administered, and ultrasonic imaging was used to detect the day of the third ovulation. Day of ovulation was defined as Day 0. Significant effects of age on follicular activity included a group effect (P
Behavior of Nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum Type B and E Spores in Cooked Turkey and Modeling Lag Phase and Probability of Toxigenesis

A spore pool inoculum (I) of 4 each type B and E nonproteolytic C. botulinum was applied at levels of log10-2 to 4 spores per 2–3g sample of cooked turkey (0, 1.47, and 2.2% brine (B), respectively), stored under vacuum at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 30°C up to 180 days. Earliest toxin production at the above temperatures (T) was detected in 0% brine meat after > 180, 8, 4, 1.5, 1.5, and 0.5 days, in the 1.47% brine after 70, 8, 7, 2, 1.5 and 1 days, and in the 2.2% brine after 130, 10, 9, 2.5, 1.5 and 1 days, respectively. Lag phase (LP) was affected significantly by T, I, and Txl (p<0.001) but not B (0.05<p<0.1). The derived model predictive of LP was: Log10 LP = 0.625 + 6.710 (1/T) + 0.0005 (I) X (T) − 0.033 (T) + 0.102 (B) − 0.102 (I) with R2= 0.970. More precise sampling plans and augmentation of our dataset will increase confidence in the model.
Magnetic behavior of magnetite and rocks stressed to failure — Relation to earthquake prediction

Polycrystalline magnetite and rock samples have been subjected to uniaxial isothermal compression to failure in an attempt to see whether any magnetic expression of dilatancy could be observed. The change in magnetic susceptibility, remanent moment and total moment were recorded continuously as a function of increasing compression. Changes in the slopes of the magnetization-stress curves were observed for stresses corresponding to the onset of dilatancy, and anomalous effects were seen at the approach to failure. Marked directional changes of the magnetization vector were frequently present. Samples carrying weak field thermo-remanent magnetization stressed in zero field showed anomalous increases in intensity of magnetization. In contrast samples carrying saturation isothermal remanent magnetization were demagnetized on the application of stress in zero field. Single-domain material showed virtually no change due to compression. For multidomain material, magnetic observations permitted prediction of failure in the laboratory. This study suggests the eventual possibility of earthquake prediction using magnetic precursors, particularly with three-component measurements, and it indicates that multidomain materials are better transducers of the seismomagnetic effect than single-domain materials.
Extending performance and evaluating risks of PV systems failure using a fault tree and event tree approach: Analysis of the possible application

Performance and reliability of photovoltaic (PV) systems are important issues in the overall evaluation of a PV plant and its components. While performance is connected to the amount of energy produced by the PV installation in the working environmental conditions, reliability impacts the availability of the system to produce the expected amount of energy. In both cases, the evaluation should be done considering information and data coming from indoor as well as outdoor tests. In this paper a way of re-thinking performance, giving it a probabilistic connotation, and connecting the two concepts of performance and reliability is proposed. The paper follows a theoretical approach and discusses the way to obtaining such information, facing benefits and problems. The proposed probabilistic performance accounts for the probability of the system to function correctly, thus passing through the complementary evaluation of the probability of system malfunctions and consequences. Scenarios have to be identified where the system is not functioning properly or at all. They are expected to be combined in a probabilistic safety analysis (PSA) based approach, providing not only the required probability, but also being capable of giving a prioritization of the risks and the most dominant scenario associated to a specific situation. This approach can offer the possibility to highlight the most critical parts of a PV system, as well as providing support in design activities identifying weak connections.
Phosphatidylserine externalization during differentiation-triggered apoptosis of erythroleukemic cells.

K562 erythroleukemia cells undergo apoptosis when induced to differentiate along the erythroid lineage with hemin. This event, characterized by DNA fragmentation, correlated with downregulation of the survival protein, BCL-xL, and decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) that ultimately resulted in cell death. Reorientation of phosphatidylserine (PS) from the cells inner-to-outer plasma membrane leaflet and inhibition of the aminophospholipid translocase was observed upon hemin-treatment. Constitutive expression of BCL-2 did not inhibit hemin-induced alterations in lipid asymmetry or decrease in ΔΨm, and only moderately prevented DNA fragmentation. BCL-2, on the other hand, effectively inhibited actinomycin D-induced DNA fragmentation, the appearance of PS at the cells outer leaflet and the decrease in ΔΨm. The caspase inhibitor, z.VAD.fmk, blocked DNA fragmentation by both hemin and actinomycin D, but inhibited PS externalization only in the actinomycin D-treated cells. These results suggest that, unlike pharmacologically-induced apoptosis, PS externalization triggered by differentiation-induced apoptosis occurs by a mechanism that is associated with a decrease in ΔΨm, but independent of BCL-2 and caspases.
Visual laser ablation of the prostate with a cylindrically diffusing fiber and an 805-nm diode laser

We investigated the use of the 805 nm diode laser (Diomed 25 Diomedics, The Woodlands, Texas) in combination with a cylindrically diffusing fiber (Surgimedics, The Woodlands, Texas) to perform visual laser ablation of the prostate in 8 mongrel dogs. Each dog received 15,000 J of laser energy delivered to the prostate in one continuous dose of 25 W for 10 minutes. Gross and histopathologic examinations of serial sections of the prostate were performed at intervals from 3 hours to 7 weeks postoperatively. All dogs did well postoperatively with only one episode of urine retention 5 days after the surgery. Grossly, an ellipsoid zone of destruction with an average maximum diameter of 2.1 cm was present in all dogs. Histopathological changes in the prostate were similar to changes consistently reported for prostatectomies performed with similar dosimetry utilizing the 1.06 Nd:YAG laser. We believe this wavelength laser in combination with the diffusing fiber compared favorably with the Nd:YAG/sidefire fiber studies previously done in this laboratory with the added advantage of simplified operator technique, less postoperative complications and increased margin of safety.
Vascular Response to Angiotensin II in Upper Body Obesity

Upper body obesity is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, and endothelial dysfunction. We examined forearm vascular function in response to vasodilator (endothelium-dependent and endo...
Clinical Application and Outcomes of Over the Scope Clip Device: Initial US Experience in Humans

Background. OTSCs are now available in the US for various indications. Methods. Retrospective review of OTSCs used from January 2011 to April 2012. Results. Twenty-four patients underwent placement of 28 OTSCs. Indications included postsurgical fistula, perforations, anastomotic leak, prophylactic closure after EMR, postpolypectomy bleeding, tracheoesophageal fistula, and jejunostomy site leak. Instruments used to grasp the tissue were dedicated (bidirectional forceps or tripronged device) and nondedicated devices (rat/alligator forceps or suction). Success was higher with nondedicated devices (12.5% versus 86.5%, ). Overall, OTSC was effective in 15/27 procedures. Defect closure was complete in 12/21. Mean followup was 2.9 months (1–8 m). Mean defect size was 10 mm (5–25 mm). A trend towards higher success was noted in defects 10 mm (90% versus 60%; ). No difference was noted in closure of fresh ( 1 month) (75% versus 67%). There were no complications. Conclusion. The OTSC provides a safe alternative to manage fistula, perforation, and bleeding. No significant difference was seen for closure of early fistula or perforations as compared to chronic fistula. Rat-tooth forceps or suction was superior to the dedicated devices.
p300 Regulates the Synergy of Steroidogenic Factor-1 and Early Growth Response-1 in Activating Luteinizing Hormone-β Subunit Gene

Tight regulation of luteinizing hormone-β subunit (LHβ) expression is critical for differentiation and maturation of mammalian sexual organs and reproductive function. Two transcription factors, steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) and early growth response-1 (Egr-1), play a central role in activating LHβ promoter, and the synergy between these two factors is essential in mediating gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation of LHβ promoter. Here we demonstrate that the transcriptional co-activator p300 regulates this synergy. Overexpression of p300 results in strong stimulation of LHβ promoter but only in the presence of both SF-1 and Egr-1, and not in the presence of other Egr proteins. Mutation of the binding sites for either SF-1 or Egr-1 completely abolishes the synergy between these two factors, as well as the influence of p300. Importantly, LHβ promoter is precipitated using p300 antibodies in a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay with LβT2 gonadotropes, and this effect is enhanced by gonadotropin-releasing hormone. The influence of p300 on LHβ promoter is potentiated by steroid receptor co-activator, as well as by E1A proteins, and attenuated by Smad nuclear interacting protein 1. Taken together, these results suggest that p300 is recruited to LHβ promoter where it coordinates the functional synergy between SF-1 and Egr-1.
Working hard for the money? Efficiency wages and worker effort.

This paper oAers a test of the relative wage version of the eAciency wage hypothesis ‐ that firms are able to improve worker productivity by paying workers a wage premium. Psychologists believe work eAort reflects motivation that is governed by a feature of personality referred to as locus of control. Measures of locus of control are available in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Using data drawn from the NLSY in 1992 we simultaneously estimate structural real wage and eAort equations. We find that receiving an eAciency wage enhances a person’s eAort and that person’s providing greater eAort earn higher wages. ” 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Turbulent Flow Validation in the Helios Strand Solver

Abstract : This paper will present a validation of the turbulence modeling approaches used in the Helios code. Helios is a dual-mesh overset unstructured/Cartesian RANS solver developed by the US Army for high-fidelity simulation of rotorcraft aeromechanics. The paper will present validations of standard 3D flowfields using the current near-body unstructured code NSU3D as well as the new strand mesh solver that is intended to be adopted over the next few years.
Exact conditions on physically realizable correlation functions of random media

Algorithms have been developed recently to construct realizations of random media with specified statistical correlation functions. There is a need for the formulation of exact conditions on the correlation functions in order to ensure that hypothetical correlation functions are physically realizable. Here we obtain positivity conditions on certain integrals of the autocorrelation function of d-dimensional statistically homogeneous media and of statistically isotropic media. These integral conditions are then applied to test various classes of autocorrelation functions. Finally, we note some integral conditions on the three-point correlation function.
Application of a coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian method to simulate interactions between deformable composite structures and compressible multiphase flow

Interactions between deformable composite structures and compressible multiphase flow are common for many marine/submarine problems. Recently, there has been an increased interest in the application of composite structures in marine industry (e.g. propulsion system, ship hulls, marine platforms, marine turbines, etc) to take advantage their high stiffness to weight and strength to weight ratios, and high impact/shock resistance characteristics. It is therefore important to evaluate the performance of composite structures subject to dynamic loads. In this paper, a coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian numerical method is proposed to model the two-dimensional (2D) or axisymmetric response of deformable composite structures subject to shock and blast loads. The method couples an Eulerian compressible multiphase fluid solver with a general Lagrangian solid solver using an interface capturing method, and is validated using analytical, numerical, and experimental results. A 2D case study is shown for an underwater explosion beneath a three-layered composite structure with clamped ends. The importance of 2D fluid–structure interaction effects on the transient response between composite structures and compressible multiphase flow is discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copper Activation of Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1) in Vivo ROLE FOR PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS WITH THE COPPER CHAPERONE FOR SOD1

Insertion of copper into superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) in vivo requires the copper chaperone for SOD1 (CCS). CCS encompasses three protein domains: copper binding Domains I and III at the amino and carboxyl termini, and a central Domain II homologous to SOD1. Using a yeast interaction mating system, yeast CCS was seen to physically interact with SOD1, and this interaction required sequences at the predicted dimer interface of CCS Domain II. Interactions with SOD1 also required sequences of Domain III, but not Domain I. Mutations were introduced at the dimer interface of yeast SOD1, and the corresponding mutant failed to interact with CCS. When loaded with copper independent of CCS, this mutant SOD1 exhibited superoxide scavenging activity, but was normally inactive in vivo because CCS failed to recognize the enzyme. Activation of SOD1 by CCS was also examined using an in vivo assay for copper incorporation into SOD1. Yeast CCS was observed to insert copper into a pre-existing pool of apoSOD1 without the need for new SOD1 synthesis or for protein unfolding by the major SSA cytosolic heat shock proteins. Our data are consistent with a model in which prefolded dimers of apoSOD1 serve as substrate for the CCS copper chaperone.
Physiologic and Yield Responses of Shaded Cotton to the Plant Growth Regulator PGR-IV

The plant growth regulator PGR-IV has been reported to improve the growth, boll retention, and yield of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under optimum growing conditions. However, little is known about the response of cotton to PGR-IV under low light stress. A 3-year field study was conducted to determine if applying PGR-IV before an 8-day period of shade (63% light reduction) benefitted the growth and yield of shaded cotton. Shading during early squaring did not affect yield. Shading after the first flower stage significantly increased leaf chlorophyll concentration and fruit abscission and decreased the leaf photosynthetic rate, nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations, and lint yield. Foliar application of PGR-IV at 292 mL ha−1 at early squaring and first flower did not improve the leaf photosynthetic rate of shaded cotton. However, shaded plants receiving PGR-IV had higher nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations in the floral buds and significantly lower fruit abscission than the shaded plants without PGR-IV. Applying PGR-IV to the foliage before shading resulted in a numeric increase (6–18%) in lint yield compared with shaded plants without PGR-IV. The decreased fruit abscission from the application of PGR-IV was associated with improved assimilate translocation. The yield enhancement from foliar application of PGR-IV was attributed to increased fruit retention. However, the average boll weight of shaded plants with PGR-IV tended to be lower than that of shaded plants without PGR-IV. Lint percentage was not affected by PGR-IV. Foliar application of PGR-IV appears beneficial for increasing the fruit retention of shaded cotton.
Integrating a Cultural Perspective into Rehabilitation Education

Increased U.S. involvement in rehabilitation activities in other countries is opening more opportunities for rehabilitationists to work in cross-cultural situations. On the home front, there is need for practitioners who are prepared to work with members of cultural minorities and recent immigrant groups. Equally compelling is the need for practitioners whose education has prepared them to work effectively with people who are different from themselves in gender, age, socioeconomic circumstance, religion, or other ways. In these interactions, too, there will be differences in cultural knowledge and behavior and, accordingly, differences in responses to disablement. In short, a cultural perspective on human behavior from which to develop an understanding of variation and a culturally informed mode of practice has potential relevance for all rehabilitation practice situations.
Yield-loss relationships and economic injury levels for European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) populations infesting Pennsylvania field corn.

Field studies were conducted during 1986 and 1987 to quantify the relationship between the number of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), larvae per corn plant, plant growth stage, and corn grain yield for Pennsylvania. Corn plants were artificially infested with third-instar O. nubilalis during four plant stages (10-leaf, 16-leaf, blister, and dough) with 0, 2, 4, or 6 larvae per plant. Differences in grain weights between the uninfested check plots and highest infestation levels for 10-leaf, 16-leaf, blister, and dough stages of corn development in 1986 were 63.84, 69.07, 47.09, and 13.17 g per plant, respectively. In 1987, corn grain weights were reduced at six larvae per plant from the check by 50.57, 33.73, 22.9, and 2.79 g per plant for 10-leaf, 16-leaf, blister, and dough stages of corn development, respectively. Based on the linear regressions of the relationship between number of larvae per plant and corn grain weight for all four corn growth stages by year, average grain weight reductions across years when stalk feeding was initiated during the 10-leaf, 16-leaf, blister, and dough stages of plant development were 5.94, 5.01, 3.13, and 2.41% per larva per plant, respectively. Economic injury levels are presented for cases in which 100% control of O. nubilalis populations is assumed, and a method is shown for calculating economic injury level values when less than 100% control is expected.
The Assassination of the Sieur de Royville and the Debacle of the Compagnie de l’Amerique Equinoxial, 1651–1654

The Compagnie de l’Amerique was a joint-stock company based in Paris and created in 1652 for the purpose of establishing a French colony at Cayenne in what is today French Guiana. The Compagnie de ...
Calculation of Scores for a Wilcoxon Generalization Applicable to Data Subject to Arbitrary Right Censorship

Abstract For data subject to right censoring it is suggested that the Wilcoxon ranking procedure can be generalized by scoring observations according to the expected values of order statistics from the uniform distribution subject to the same right censoring. This parallels the logrank scoring procedure in which scores correspond to the expected values of order statistics from the exponential distribution that have been subject to right censoring. A caveat is given that, in situations where the mechanism of censoring has been affected by treatment, the usual permutational analysis of ranking scores would be inappropriate. But a jackknife approach could be remedial.
Depth segregation of retinal ganglion cells projecting to mouse superior colliculus

The retinotectal projections in the mouse were analyzed with injections of horseradish peroxidase into the superior colliculus and of radioactive amino acids into the eye. At least 70% of the ganglion cells, and possibly all of them, were found to project to the superior colliculus, including ganglion cells of all sizes. Small injections revealed that ganglion cells of different sizes terminate at different levels in the superior colliculus. The small ganglion cells that form the vast majority of all cells project predominantly to the upper stratum griseum superficiale. A small population of mainly medium-sized and large ganglion cells project to the deep stratum griseum superficiale and to the stratum opticum. The ipsilateral projection is restricted to the deep stratum griseum superficiale and stratum opticum and consists predominantly of medium-sized and large ganglion cells.
Mutational analysis of human thioredoxin reductase 1. Effects on p53-mediated gene expression and interferon and retinoic acid-induced cell death.

The interferon (IFN)-β and all-trans-retinoic acid combination suppresses tumor growth by inducing apoptosis in several tumor cell lines. A genetic technique permitted the isolation of human thioredoxin reductase (TR) as a critical regulator of IFN/all-trans-retinoic acid-induced cell death. Our recent studies have shown that TR1:thioredoxin 1-regulated cell death is effected in part through the activation of p53-dependent responses. To understand its death regulatory function, we have performed a mutational analysis of TR. Human TR1 has three major structural domains, the FAD binding domain, the NADPH binding domain, and an interface domain (ID). Here, we show that the deletion of the C-terminal interface domain results in a constitutive activation of TR-dependent death responses and promotes p53-dependent gene expression. TR mutant without the ID still retains its dependence on thioredoxin for promoting these responses. Thus, our data suggest that TR-ID acts as a regulatory domain.
Palagonite tuffs (hyaloclastites) and the products of post-eruptive processes

A synoptic review of the studies of well-known occurrences of palagonite tuffs is presented. Included are palagonite tuffs from Iceland, and pillow-lava palagonite complexes from Columbia River basalts and from the central Oregon coast. Additional petrologic and x-ray defraction data for selected samples are presented. Petrologic evidence shows that basaltic glass of aqueous tuffs and breccias consists of sideromelane, which is susceptible to palagonitization. It is shown that palagonitization is a selective alteration process, involving hydration, oxidation and zeolitization. Some of the manganese nodules dredged from the Pacific Ocean floor contain nucleus of palagonite-tuff breccias or of zeolite. A brief megascopic and microscopic description of nodules from the south Pacific, the Mendocino ridge and the «Horizon» Nodule from the north Pacific is presented. Petrographic studies of palagonite-tuff breccias of manganese nodules and other palagonites suggest that migration and segregation of metallic elements occur during and subsequent to palagonitization. During the palagonitization of sideromelane, nearly 30 per cent of sea water is absorbed. The hydration of sideromelane is also accompanied by oxidation of iron and other elements. These oxides may be released either in colloidal form or in true solution and tend to precipitate first from the unstable palagonite. Available data on manganese deposits associated with submarine volcanism and the petrologic studies presented here show that a genetic relationship exists between palagonite tuffs and ferromanganese minerals of the nodules. It is suggested that palagonitization is an important step in the dissolution and precipitation of the manganese minerals and the associated minerals contained in the nodules. It is also suggested that some of the red clays associated with manganese minerals are alteration products of palagonite tuffs. The present study indicates that zeolites and montmorillonite are important post-eruptive products of palagonite. It appears that phillipsite is the dominant zeolite and is genetically associated with palagonite in north Pacific sediments. The mechanism of solution, migration and re-deposition of ferromanganese minerals is not clearly understood. However, the association of zeolites, carbonates and manganese minerals seems to be controlled by a delicate balance betweenpH andEh variations. Mineralogic associations suggest that these minerals are deposited under high alkaline conditions, which seems to be consistent with observations made by earlier workers. Pertinent results from the studies of palagonitized basalt from the experimental Mohole drilling are also discussed.
Hemostatic analysis of a patient with hereditary angioedema undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.

IMPLICATIONS Hereditary angioedema is a disease associated with acute complement-mediated inflammation and swelling of the airway and other vital organs. This case describes the impact of hereditary angioedema and cardiopulmonary bypass on hemostasis as assessed by thrombelastography.
Nuclear wave function considerations in pion photoproduction

We find that the measured values of the angular distributions for the reaction /sup 13/C(..gamma..,..pi../sup +/)/sup 13/B /sub g.s./ can be reasonably well reproduced provided that (i) nuclear wave functions constrained to fit a wide range of weak and electromagnetic data are used and (ii) the ..delta..-isobar term in the Blomqvist-Laget photoproduction operator is omitted. All calculations were done in the 1p-shell model space, suggesting that core polarization contributions are much smaller than previously estimated.
Calculation of high-order harmonic generation by ultrashort laser pulses

Summary form only given. With current technology, high-intensity lasers can be designed to have pulse widths of 50-100 fs and two groups have now amplified 20-30 fs pulses. We present calculations of single atom harmonic generation spectra from neon and argon atoms in 800-nm fields with pulse durations of 20-100 fs. The rapidly rising and falling intensity profile of the ultrashort pulse modifies both the envelope and phase of the emitted harmonic spectrum, broadening and shifting the harmonic line.
2,3‐Di(benzyloxy)buta‐1,3‐diene

2,3-Di(benzyloxy)buta-1,3-diene [403670-55-3] C18H18O2 (MW 266.33) InChI = 1S/C18H18O2/c1-15(19-13-17-9-5-3-6-10-17)16(2)20-14-18-11-7-4-8-12-18/h3-12H,1-2,13-14H2 InChIKey = WLRQWEQYYMRRBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent for the protection of vicinal diols and for use as Diels–Alder diene) Physical Data: white solid; mp 96 °C. Solubility: soluble in THF and DCM. Preparative Methods: prepared from diethyl tartrate in four steps.1 Diethyl tartrate was benzylated with NaH and BnBr in THF, followed by reduction of the esters with LiAlH4 to give 2,3-di-O-benzylerythritol. Subsequent conversion of both hydroxyl groups to the tosylates with TsCl in pyridine followed by elimination with t-BuOK in THF gave the 2,3-di(benzyloxy)buta-1,3-diene.
Identification of Regulatory Factor X as a Novel Mismatch Repair Stimulatory Factor

This report describes the identification and purification of a novel mismatch repair stimulatory factor from HeLa cell extracts. This activity copurifies with a proliferating cell nuclear antigen-dependent 5 ′ → 3 ′ DNA excision activity during several purification steps but is resolved from the excision activity during gel filtration chromatography using Sephacryl S-300. After purification to near homogeneity, the stimulatory factor is associated with three polypeptides with apparent molecular masses of 68, 36, and 30 kDa. Peptide sequencing analysis by tandem mass spectrometry identified the stimulatory factor as the heterotrimeric regulatory factor X (RFX) complex, which regulates transcription of the class II major histocompatibility complex by facilitating histone acetylation and is defective in the human hereditary immunodeficiency syndrome called bare lymphocyte syndrome. This conclusion was confirmed by the facts that purified recombinant RFX stimulates mismatch repair in an in vitro reconstituted mismatch repair system and that depletion of RFX from nuclear extracts or RFX knockdown in cells reduces mismatch repair activity. As expected, RFX knockdown cells display instability in microsatellite sequences. The possible role of RFX in human MMR repair is discussed.
Viral-induced encephalitis initiates distinct and functional CD103+ CD11b+ brain dendritic cell populations within the olfactory bulb

Dendritic cells (DC) are antigen-presenting cells found in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs, including the brain (bDC) of Cd11c/eyfp transgenic C57BL/6 mice. Using an intranasal vesicular stomatitis virus infection, we demonstrated that EYFP+ cells amass in areas associated with viral antigens, take on an activated morphology, and project their processes into infected neuronal tissue within the olfactory bulb. These bDC separated into three EYFP+ CD45+ CD11b+ populations, all but one being able to functionally promote both T lymphocyte proliferation and TH1 cytokine production. One population was shown to emanate from the brain and a second population was peripherally derived. The third population was of indeterminate origin, being both radiosensitive and not replenished by donor bone marrow. Finally, each EYFP+ population contained CD11b+ CD103+ subpopulations and could be distinguished in terms of CD115, Gr-1, and Ly-6C expression, highlighting mucosal and monocyte-derived DC lineages.
Composition and diversity of woody vegetation in silvicultural openings of southern Indiana forests

Abstract Between 1993 and 1995 we sampled woody vegetation (seedling, sapling, and overstory) on 150 plots in Fagus–Acer saccharum/Arisaema Mesic Slope and Quercus alba–Acer saccharum/Parthenocissus Dry-Mesic Slope forests to determine how species composition and diversity of these forests responded to management. We sampled four different treatments, clear-cuts, group selections, single tree selections and uncut 80–100 year-old reference stands. Results suggest that clear-cut and group selection openings greatly increase the importance of Liridodendron tulpifera L. (tulip popular) on both Ecological Landtype Phases (ELTP's, dry and mesic slopes). Single tree selection has accelerated succession by greatly increasing the importance of Acer saccharum Marsh (sugar maple). Quercus sp. were more important in clear-cuts and group selections on dry-mesic slopes than on mesic slopes. The seedling and sapling layers of clear-cuts, group selections and single tree selections on both ELTP's were dominated by A. saccharum, suggesting this species will eventually dominate both ELTP's in the absence of disturbance. Single tree selection openings on both ELTP's had much lower overstory species richness and diversity than clear-cuts, group selections, or reference stands. This suggests that the predominant use of single tree selection harvest will greatly reduce woody species richness and diversity across a forest landscape. A mixture of selection and larger clear-cut openings may be needed to maintain the woody species diversity of forest landscapes in the Central Hardwood Region by creating condition that allow regeneration of both tolerant and intolerant species.
Effects of adrenalectomy on rhythmic and non-rhythmic aggressive behavior in the male golden hamster.

Abstract Male golden hamsters, adrenalectomized and maintained by subcutaneous implants of deoxycorticosterone-acetate (adx-DOCA), show a loss of the nocturnal rhythm in aggression seen in sham operated (sham-op) animals. A similar loss of the nocturnal aggression rhythm is evident in hamsters adrenalectomized and implanted with separate pellets of DOCA and cortisol-acetate (adx-DOCA-cortisol). However, while Adx-DOCA animals do not differ from sham-op animals in the level of aggression summed over all tests (overall aggression), the overall aggression levels of the adx-DOCA-cortisol animals are significantly higher than the levels of either the adx-DOCA or sham-op animals. Nocturnal rhythms in locomotor activity persist in all three groups. it is suggested that circadian rhythms of the pituitary-adrenocortical axis are important for the expression of the aggression rhythm. A possible mechanism of action is discussed.
Preparation and Properties of (Hydroxymethyl)boronic Acid and its Pinanediol Ester

Hydrolysis of diisopropyl (bromomethyl)boronate followed by reaction with pinanediol provides an efficient route to pinanediol (hydroxymethyl)boronate (12), a useful intermediate for asymmetric synthesis. The stability of (hydroxymethyl)boronic acid (10) and its ester 12 have been examined by NMR spectroscopy. Heating for 1 h in acidic D2O does not degrade 10 and only affects the pinanediol moiety of 12. Base does not degrade 10 or 12 in several days at 20–25°C, but converts either to DCH2OD and CH3OD in a few h at 90–98°C, with a large H/D isotope effect. Pinanediol (bromomethyl)boronate with sodium hydroxide in D2O yields a gross mixture of products.
Moving least-squares approximations for linearly-solvable stochastic optimal control problems

Nonlinear stochastic optimal control problems are fundamental in control theory. A general class of such problems can be reduced to computing the principal eigenfunction of a linear operator. Here, we describe a new method for finding this eigenfunction using a moving least-squares function approximation. We use efficient iterative solvers that do not require matrix factorization, thereby allowing us to handle large numbers of basis functions. The bases are evaluated at collocation states that change over iterations of the algorithm, so as to provide higher resolution at the regions of state space that are visited more often. The shape of the bases is automatically defined given the collocation states, in a way that avoids gaps in the coverage. Numerical results on test problems are provided.
An examination of the nonspecific skin resistance response

Various aspects of the nonspecific skin resistance response were investigated. Nonspecific activity was found to be directly related to subjective reports of arousal and performance in a vigilance task, indicating that it may be a useful measure of arousal. In addition, the stability of nonspecific activity was found to be relatively high across similar experimental conditions but was rather low across dissimilar conditions, suggesting that this activity does not possess any strong “trait-like” characteristics.
The design of autonomous mobile predator and prey robots

The objective of this manuscript is to implement autonomous, mobile predator and prey robots "stalking" and "fleeing" in an open field, respectively. This work is composed of three major components: algorithm development to produce autonomous predator and prey robot behaviors, architecting a multi-chip embedded system that simultaneously processes video, AM and IR data packets while controlling servo motors for locomotion, and multi-level system testing. Each robot consists of a camera with a co-processor, an IR transmitter (if predator) or receiver (if prey), an AM transmitter/receiver, four proximity sensors, and a microcontroller. The predator camera detects the color of a prey robot and tracks it after the startup. The prey camera sees the attacking predators and configures multiple escape routes during the attack. The IR transmitter creates the sense of "predator scent" for the prey; prey robots flee from the region as soon as they detect predators' IR transmission. The AM transmitter/receiver combination establishes the communication link between the predators to capture a prey, and between the preys to synchronize a group motion. The proximity sensors are used for obstacle detection. The microcontroller collects sensory input data and controls the predator and prey robots in the field.
Calorie-restricted low-fat diet and exercise in obese women.

The effects of caloric restriction and exercise on body composition, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) were studied for 16 wk in 26 premenopausal obese women. Exercise (X) vs nonexercise (NX) was crossed with a low-fat, ad libitum-carbohydrate (AL) diet vs a restricted (R) (800 kcal) low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the four treatment groups. Body-weight and percent-fat losses were significant (p less than 0.05) in all groups but greater in subjects assigned to the R diet (p less than 0.05) and/or X (p less than 0.10) groups. Exercise increased (p less than 0.01) VO2 max but neither exercise nor diet influenced fat-free mass or RMR (kcal.m-2.h-1), both of which remained unchanged over time. A program similar to that followed by the ALX group is recommended for long-term weight control and overall health.
A multidimensional approach to understanding floral function and form1

UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY Variation in plant mating systems is a fundamental component of the diversity of floral form and function. Mating systems have a strong influence on the distribution and expression of genetic variation, which in turn can influence the course of mating system evolution. It has long been appreciated, however, that ecological interactions may provide much of the impetus behind these evolutionary changes. • METHODS This commentary reviews the Special Section in the American Journal of Botany (vol. 100, issue 6) that features novel research on the role of interactions between plants and their pollinators, seed dispersers, herbivores, and interspecific competitors in the evolution of selfing rates and gender. These studies vary in approach from empirical experiments, to phylogenetic comparisons, to theoretical models, to literature reviews as they each attempt to shed new light on longstanding questions about the selective forces and evolutionary pathways that have led to the diversified means by which plants promote or discourage self-fertilization. • KEY RESULTS Evidence is provided that indicates that ecological interactions (e.g., herbivory and heterospecific pollen deposition by pollinators) can strongly influence the relative advantages of selfing and outcrossing. Ecological interactions can also influence allocation to sexual functions, which will influence individual and population outcrossing rates and possibly the evolutionary path of gender expression. • CONCLUSIONS Mating systems evolution is clearly a multidimensional problem. Research that places the study of mating and sexual systems within a more realistic ecological context will no doubt reveal more complexity as we move toward a better understanding of plant diversity.
Effect of personal taxes on managers’ decisions to sell their stock

We examine the effect of personal taxes on CEOs’ decisions to sell their equity, controlling for diversification, managerial overconfidence, and other determinants. While CEOs frequently sell large amounts of their unrestricted firm equity, the tax burden associated with the sale significantly deters them from selling equity even after controlling for other determinants like diversification. We also find that both taxable institutional investors and CEOs respond to taxes in their selling of equity, although CEOs appear to be less tax-sensitive. Our findings underscore the importance of taxes in corporate and managerial decisions and they have implications for executive compensation policies.
An Approach to Adaptive Distributed Execution Monitoring for Workflows in Service-based Systems

Systems based on service-oriented architecture are called service-based systems (SBS), and comprise of computing services offered by various organizations. Users of SBS often require these services to be composed into complex workflows to perform their high-level tasks. The users usually have certain expectations on the overall QoS of their workflows. Due to the highly dynamic environments of SBS, in which temporary unavailability or quality- degradation of services may occur frequently and unexpectedly, monitoring the execution of workflows in SBS is necessary, and should be done in distributed and proactive manner. In this paper, a virtual machine-based architecture for the execution, monitoring and control of workflows in SBS is presented. Based on this architecture, an approach to automated generation of workflow monitors for adaptive distributed execution monitoring of workflows in SBS is discussed.
Attracting Local Guests to Resort Food and Beverage Operations: The Case of the Orlando Resort and Spa

Restaurants housed inside lodging operations are often subjected to occupancy fluctuations that minimize revenues during non-peak periods. Attracting local diners to a hotel's food and beverage outlets will mitigate this impact while elevating profit margins. This case study synthesizes marketing and operational practices of a pioneering convention destination for the purpose of demonstrating a real world approach for driving local traffic at hotel restaurants. Primary interviews with the property's executive team provided in-depth insights. It was determined that differentiating product offerings, community involvement, localized advertising, clientele-specific marketing and effective social media coupled with transformational promotion strategies propelled restaurant profits during low occupancy, but that failure to measure promotional strategies was a important weakness.