cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vistas of nonlocal continuum physics

Abstract Solutions of several critical problems in nonlocal continuum physics are presented and discussed, in order to demonstrate the power and potential of this new field. These include dispersion of waves with high frquency and short wave-lengths, stress singularities in dislocations and cracks, a new physically realistic fracture criterion, viscosity and drainage of thin films of fluids in microscopic channels, nonlocal electromagnetic theory, Debye screening of electrons and superconductivity. Experimental verifications of nonlocal results are presented wherever they were available. In all cases nonlocal field theories are shown to predict macroscopic phenomena faithfully, in agreement with experimental observations and/or lattice dynamical calculations. Yet classical(local) theories either exclude microstructural effects on the response of bodies to external stimuli or give rise to unacceptable singular fields. The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the power and potential of nolocal continuum physics in the treatment of microstructural problems.
Analysis and applications of photonic crystals coupled waveguide theory

Theory of coupled photonic crystal for both synchronous as well as asynchronous waveguided systems is presented. Techniques for analyzing symmetric (even) and anti-symmetric (odd) polarized modes in coupled photonic crystals waveguides are presented. Techniques used include plane wave expansion method (PWM) and finite difference time domain (FDTD). Results obtained from both techniques are shown to be in good agreement. Applications presented include, frequency selective filter, splitter, and switch.
Fitting polygonal regions for matching 3D polyhedra

Matching geometric objects is a fundamental problem in computational geometry with applications in many other areas, such as computer vision, biology,and archaelogy. In this paper, we study an important partial matching problem motivated from applications in several such areas. The input is in the form of sets of under-sampled slices of one (or more) unknown 3D objects, possibly generated by slicing planes of arbitrary orientations, the question we are interested in is whether it is 'possible' that two under-sampled sets have been taken from the same object. Alternatively, can we determine with 'certainty' that the given input samples cannot be from the same object. We present efficient algorithms for addressing these questions. Our algorithm is based on interesting geometric techniques and enables answering these queries either as plausible or a certain negative.
Strange Attractors for Periodically Forced Parabolic Equations

Introduction Basic Definitions and Facts Statement of Theorems Invariant Manifolds Canonical Form of Equations Around the Limit Cycle Preliminary Estimates on Solutions of the Unforced Equation Time-$T$ Map of Forced Equation and Derived $2$-D System Strange Attractors with SRB Measures Application: The Brusselator Appendix A. Proofs of Propositions 3.1-3.3 Appendix B. Proof of Proposition 7.5 Appendix C. Proofs of Proposition 8.1 and Lemma 8.2 Bibliography
Simultaneous imaging of wall motion and flow velocity in the hearts and vessels of mice in vivo: A feasibility study

The objective of this paper is to determine the feasibility of simultaneous imaging of cardiovascular wall motion and blood flow in mice in vivo. Ultrasound radio frequency (RF) of normal (n=6) and infarcted (n=5) murine left ventricles, normal (n=5) and aneurysmal (n=4) murine abdominal aortas were acquired at a high frame of 8 kHz. Both axial wall motion and blood flow velocity were simultaneously estimated using a RF-based speckle tracking method. Wall velocity and flow velocity in the normal heart were found synchronized in diastole, whereas the wall velocity occurs earlier than the flow velocity in the infarcted heart. Wall motion and flow velocity were also more synchronized in the normal than in the aneurysmal aorta. Simultaneous imaging of wall motion and flow velocity may thus provide additional important information for the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease as well as essential parameters for biomechanical modeling.
Picture segmentation using a recursive region splitting method

This paper presents a description of a general segmentation method which can be applied to many different types of scenes. We describe the segmentation method in detail and discuss the potential performance of other segmentation techniques on general scenes. We also present a subset of the images which have been analyzed using this technique and a summary of the computational effort required. Details of some of the major programs are given in the appendix.
Alpha-Particle-Based Icing Detector for Aircraft

This paper introduces a new type of icing detector for aircraft applications. Unlike the well-known icing detectors that are based on optics, the new detector uses α particles. An α-particle source is attached to the wing of the aircraft, and a detector that mainly depends on a MOSFET transistor is placed a few centimeters away from the source. As the α particles strike the detector, they deposit their positive charges on the gate of the MOSFET (n-channel), and the transistor turns ON. If, however, a layer of ice builds up on the wing and prevents the α particles from reaching the detector, the MOSFET shuts OFF. The new detector is more reliable than optics-based detectors because it is an integral part of the wing and hence cannot miss the formation of ice.
Protein, Methionine, Lysine and a Fermentation Residue as Variables in Diets of Young Turkeys

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effects of adding methionine, lysine and a fermentation residue to practical-type diets containing 24, 27, and 30% protein for young turkeys. A 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 factorial design of variables was used in each of two seven-week experiments. A total of 864 poults were divided into groups such that the 24 diets were each fed to 9 males and 9 females in each experiment. Seven-week body weights were increased 11.4% from 0.1% added DL-methionine and decreased 13.7% from 1.5% added fermentation residue. L-Lysine added at 0.157% failed to increase significantly body weights. Increasing the protein from 24 to 27 and 30% increased seven-week body weights 16.7 and 28.9%, respectively. As dietary protein increased, the increases in body weight from added methionine became smaller, i.e., 16.9, 14.4 and 4.8% in diets containing 24, 27, and 30% protein, respectively. Plots of body weight on (1) amount of methionine and on (2) amount of total sulfur amino acids in the diet show a closer relationship with the latter. The sulfur amino acid requirement of poults to seven weeks of age appears to be at least 1.03%, the highest quantity used in this study. The fermentation residue, a product not currently marketed, remains after the isolation of spectinomycin from controlled fermentation of Streptomyces flavopersicus and contains 14% dry matter. The cause of the depressed growth from the added fermentation residue has been discussed.
Inside the Iraqi State Records: Saddam Hussein, ‘Irangate’, and the United States

Abstract This article uses captured Iraqi state records to examine Saddam Hussein's reaction to US arms to sales to Iran during the Iran–Iraq War (the Iran/Contra scandal). These records show that ‘Irangate’ marked a decisive departure in Saddam's relations with the United States. Irangate reinforced Saddam's preexisting suspicions of US policy, convincing him that Washington was a strategic enemy that could not be trusted. Saddam concealed his anger to preserve a working relationship with the Reagan administration, but this episode nevertheless cemented his negative views of the United States and forged a legacy of hostility and mistrust that would inform his strategic calculus for years to come.
Factors contributing to hope among noninstitutionalized elderly

The purposes of this study were to describe the level of hope and to identify predictor variables associated with hope in adults over the age of 65 years. Using a descriptive correlational design, noninstitutionalized individuals ( N = 169; 67.5% female) ages 65 to 94 years ( M = 75.4) were surveyed. Results showed a moderately high level of hope, suggesting that participants perceived a future that is good. A caring, health-promotion philosophy of practice, rather than an institutional philosophy of cure and treatment, may more actively support and enhance clients' hope. Social support, religious well-being, and health emerged as significant predictor variables in this study. Nursing interventions may influence these variables and, thus, enhance hope among noninstitutionalized elderly.
Servant Leadership in Sport: A New Paradigm for Effective Coach Behavior

Coaches are searching for contemporary leadership models which resonate with the modern-day athlete. Many elements of the Servant Leadership model, such as trust, inclusion, humility and service, are well suited to enhanced coach behaviors with this cohort. The purpose of this study was to examine how coaches who were perceived by their athletes to possess "servant leader" characteristics were associated with their athletes' use of mental skills, motivation, satisfaction and performance. Participants were 195 high-school basketball athletes from the Pacific Northwest in the USA. It was found that athletes who perceived their coach to possess servant leader qualities also displayed higher intrinsic motivation, were more task oriented, were more satisfied, were "mentally tougher," and performed better than were athletes coached by non-servant leaders. Furthermore, results showed that high-school basketball athletes preferred the servant-leader coaching style to more traditional styles. Results suggest that ...
Adrenal surgery for hypercortisolism— surgical aspects

Background. Patients with endogenous hypercortisolism are thought to be at high risk for adrenalectomy and may experience significant postoperative surgical mortality/morbidity. Methods From 1981 through 1991, 91 patients underwent adreral resection for endogenous hypercortisolism. Causes were adrenal-dependent Cushing's syndrome (50%), pituitary-dependent Cushing's syndrome (27%), and an ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting tumor(23%). Causes of adrenal-dependent Cushing's syndrome were adrenocortical adenoma (72%), bilateral nodular hyperplasia (20%), and adrenocortical carcinoma (8%). Comparative mean length of hospitalization for patients undergoing unilateral anterior versus posterior approach was 8 versus 6 days, and bilateral anterior versus posterior was 11 versus 6 days. Results . Operative mortality was 2.6%. Only one patient had a wound infection, and no patient had either a venous thrombosis or a pulmonary embolism. Delayed wound healing occurred in three patients. Conclusions . (1) Adrenal surgery can be performed today with low morbidity/mortality. (2) Although there is an effect of hypercortisolism on wound healing, infection, diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and pulmonary embolism, it was possible to perform adrenalectomy surgically with acceptable morbidity and mortality. (3) These results may serve as a standard against which laparoscopic adrenalectomy may be compared.
Benign masseteric hypertrophy

Benign masseteric hypertrophy is an uncommon condition, but one that should be straightforward to diagnose if the entity is born in mind. The typical history and physical signs are described, the differential diagnosis enumerated, and proper treatment reviewed.
Maternity Leaves and the Pregnancy Discrimination Act

More than 50% of mothers in the United States work. An important issue facing working women is maternity leave and the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA). The nurse should recognize the childbearing-related problems the working woman may encounter and initiate appropriate referrals. Understanding both maternity leaves and the Pregnancy Discrimination Act will enhance the nurse's ability to provide appropriate counseling and referral.
Selective Aldosterone Blockade Suppresses Atrial Tachyarrhythmias in Heart Failure

Aldosterone Blockade Suppresses Atrial Arrhythmias. Introduction: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation may be involved in the pathogenesis of atrial arrhythmias in congestive heart failure (CHF). The effects of aldosterone blockade on atrial tachyarrhythmias have not been evaluated. This study's aim was to determine whether selective aldosterone blockade suppresses atrial tachyarrhythmia inducibility and modifies atrial electrical and/or structural remodeling in a canine model of rapid ventricular pacing (RVP)-induced CHF. Methods and Results: Dogs were assigned randomly to treatment with oral placebo or eplerenone (50 mg/day) and divided into four groups: two sham-operated (no RVP) and two RVP groups. After 5 weeks of no RVP or RVP at 230 beats/min along with concurrent placebo or eplerenone treatment, dogs underwent electrophysiologic and echocardiographic studies. Sustained atrial tachyarrhythmia inducibility (>10-minute duration), atrial effective refractory periods (ERPs), systolic and diastolic function, and left atrial and left ventricular (LV) chamber sizes were assessed. Placebo-treated RVP dogs developed CHF with LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction, left atrial and LV enlargement, increased atrial ERPs, and inducible sustained atrial tachyarrhythmias. Eplerenone treatment in RVP dogs significantly suppressed sustained atrial tachyarrhythmia inducibility, nonuniformly prolonged atrial ERPs and attenuated LV diastolic dysfunction without modifying left atrial or LV dilation or ejection fractions in CHF. Isoproterenol (2-4 μg/min) reversed eplerenone's atrial antiarrhythmic and ERP prolonging effects in CHF. Eplerenone did not alter atrial ERPs in sham (no RVP) dogs without CHF. Conclusions: Eplerenone suppresses inducibility of sustained atrial tachyarrhythmias, selectively prolongs atrial ERPs, and attenuates LV diastolic remodeling in RVP-induced CHF. Aldosterone blockade may be a promising new approach for atrial tachyarrhythmia prevention in CHF.
Comparison of frameless stereotactic systems: accuracy, precision, and applications.

OBJECTIVE Frameless stereotactic systems have become an integral part of neurosurgical practice. At our center, we recently introduced for clinical use a small, portable, frameless stereotactic system, namely the Cygnus PFS system (Compass International, Rochester, MN). The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of the Cygnus PFS system with that of two larger systems that are also currently in use at our institution, i.e., the SMN system (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) and the ISG viewing wand (ISG Technologies, Toronto, Canada). These systems represent three kinds of frameless stereotactic technologies that are commercially available. Each system uses a different method of spatial localization, i.e., mechanical linkage (ISG system), magnetic field digitization (Cygnus system), or optical technology (SMN system). METHODS Using a stereotactic "phantom," we measured the accuracies of all three systems with identical data sets. The errors in localization in three-dimensional space for nine targets were calculated by using 10 magnetic resonance imaging data sets. The precision of each system was also calculated. RESULTS With this experimental protocol, the Cygnus system attained a mean accuracy of 1.90 +/- 0.7 mm, the ISG viewing wand system a mean accuracy of 1.67 +/-0.43 mm, and the SMN microscope a mean accuracy of 2.61 +/- 0.99 mm. The precision values were not significantly different among the systems. CONCLUSION We observed only small differences in accuracy and precision among these three systems. We briefly review the advantages and disadvantages of each system and note that other factors, such as portability, ease of use, and microscope integration, should influence the selection of a frameless stereotactic system.
Developing and understanding the bentonite fiber bonding mechanism

Abstract The classically accepted mechanism for binding fine iron ore concentrates by bentonite clay is that the clay becomes hydrated, expands, disperses, and then dries into a bonding film that holds the iron ore particles together. However, bentonite has been observed to form a fibrous structure on the surface of foundry sands, which is relevant because foundry sands are produced under similar conditions to iron ore pellets. The classical bentonite binding mechanism cannot explain how bentonite fibers are formed. Is a more complete understanding of bentonite binding mechanisms important? How can the iron ore pellet industry benefit? In this paper, scanning electron microscopy was used to attempt to image bentonite fibers formed on the iron ore concentrate that composes the pellets. It was determined that bentonite fibers were not inherently formed during iron ore pellet production. Experimental methods were designed that allowed bentonite fibers to be developed and studied. The bentonite fiber mechanism has been developed into a new theory. Based on this theory, experiments conducted under conditions that would promote formation of bentonite fibers were found to be associated with an increase in bonding. Once the fundamentals of bentonite binding mechanisms are completely understood, what can be changed to improve the quality of iron ore pellets? Implications to improving iron ore pellets are discussed. How can this knowledge be used to benefit other industries that use bentonite as a binder?
Deciding Versus Reacting: Conceptions of Moral Judgment and the Reason-Affect Debate

Recent approaches to moral judgment have typically pitted emotion against reason. In an effort to move beyond this debate, we propose that authors presenting diverging models are considering quite different prototypical situations: those focusing on the resolution of complex dilemmas conclude that morality involves sophisticated reasoning, whereas those studying reactions to shocking moral violations find that morality involves quick, affect-laden processes. We articulate these diverging dominant approaches and consider three directions for future research (moral temptation, moral self-image, and lay understandings of morality) that we propose have not received sufficient attention as a result of the focus on these two prototypical situations within moral psychology.
Visual search for orientation among heterogeneous distractors: experimental results and implications for signal-detection theory models of search.

Three experiments tested a signal-detection theory (SDT) model of visual search (e.g., as described in J. Palmer, C. T. Ames, & D. T. Lindsey, 1993). In Experiment 1, participants searched for a 0 degrees line among distractors at (a) 30 degrees; (b) 1/3 at 30 degrees, 2/3 at 50 degrees; (c) 1/3 at 30 degrees, 50 degrees, and 70 degrees; and (d) 1/3 at 30 degrees, 2/3 at 70 degrees. The SDT model predicts improved performance in the more heterogeneous conditions, as some distractors are more discriminable from the target. In contrast, in Experiment 1 human performance degraded in the more heterogeneous conditions (c and d). In Experiment 2, sparser displays improved the performance of the SDT model. In Experiment 3, search for theta degrees among homogeneous theta + 20 degrees distractors was compared with search for theta degrees among theta+/-20 degrees distractors. Performance in the latter condition was often worse, relative to performance in the homogeneous condition, than predicted by the SDT model; however, this depended greatly on the identity of the target.
Same Baby, Fresh Bathwater: Restructuring the PSA Meetings

The changes to the way that the program is built for the PSA annual meetings offered some exciting new possibilities and successes, but there were also problems. This paper suggests a hybrid between the new and old systems in order to allow continued involvement by committees and other PSA members in shaping the program. Suggestions are also given for ensuring quality of papers, increasing attendance, and providing increased opportunities for interaction and networking.
A brief test of parental behavioral skills

The present study details the development of a brief, criterion-referenced, multiple-choice test designed to assess parental behavioral skills. A nine item parent-child conflict questionnaire was developed and administered to parents of children referred to two clinic locations and to parents of nonreferred children. Factor-analytic techniques were used to refine the scale. Parents of nonclinic children obtained higher scores than parents of clinic-referred children. Further, only parents of nonclinic children scored better as the number of children reared increased. The effect of education level was not significant. Implications of these results are discussed.
EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL FLOW PROPERTIES IN THE WAKE OF A VIKING '75 ENTRY VEHICLE

An experimental investigation has been conducted to obtain the flow properties in the wake of a model of the Viking '75 entry vehicle. Data are presented for the model at several angles of attack at free-stream Mach numbers from 0.2 to 3.95. The characteristics of the wake flow field are discussed and results are shown to demonstrate the significant variation of wake center-line flow properties in the transonic speed range, the shift in wake profiles with change in angle of attack, and the similarity exhibited by the velocity profiles across the wake.
The Impact of Weather Variation on Energy Consumption in Residential Houses

Abstract This paper studies the impact of weather variation on energy use by using 5-minutes interval weather–energy data obtained from two residential houses: house 1 is a conventional house with advanced efficiency features and house 2 is a net-zero solar house with relatively more advanced efficiency features. Our result suggests that energy consumption in house 2 is not as sensitive to changes in weather variables as the conventional house. On average, we find that a one unit increase in heating and cooling degree minutes increases energy use by about 9% and 5% respectively for house 1 and 5% and 4% respectively for house 2. In addition, our findings suggest that non-temperature variables such as solar radiation and humidity affect energy use where the sensitivity rates for house 2 are consistently lower than that of house 1. Furthermore our result suggests that the sensitivity of energy use to weather depends on the season and specific time of the day/night.
A far ultraviolet rocket-borne spectrograph

A sensitive spectrograph for rocket observations of celestial objects in the 910-1250A band is described. The instrument incorporates a variety of new technologies that allow unprecedented sensitivity in this difficult, but scientifically rewarding, band. It includes a diamond-turned Wolter-Schwarzschild Type II telescope, a conventional Rowland Circle spectrograph, and resistive anode/microchannel plate detectors. It has been launched twice from Woomera, Australia where it performed observations of SN1987A and discovered a new feature in the diffuse UV background.
Trade taxes and economic welfare

Abstract For a small country with no domestic distortions, trade taxes are generally viewed as welfare-reducing. This note shows that, in certain cases, a temporary trade tax may raise welfare in the present although it must lower welfare over the entire planning horizon.
A detection instrument for enhanced-fluorescence and label-free imaging on photonic crystal surfaces

We report on the design and demonstration of an optical imaging system capable of exciting surface-bound fluorophores within the resonant evanescent electric field of a photonic crystal surface and gathering fluorescence emission that is directed toward the imaging objective by the photonic crystal. The system also has the ability to quantify shifts in the local resonance angle induced by the adsorption of biomolecules on the photonic crystal surface for label-free biomolecular imaging. With these two capabilities combined within a single detection system, we demonstrate label-free images self-registered to enhanced fluorescence images with 328x more sensitive fluorescence detection relative to a glass surface. This technique is applied to a DNA microarray where label-free quantification of immobilized capture DNA enables improved quality control and subsequent enhanced fluorescence detection of dye-tagged hybridized DNA yields 3x more genes to be detected versus commercially available microarray substrates.
Organic transistor based circuit as drive for planar microfluidic devices

Organic transistor based circuits are a promising candidate for acting as drivers for microfluidic devices handling discrete droplets. The ease of fabrication along with the ability to generate desired voltage levels for performing electrowetting based actuation of liquids make them an ideal match for discrete droplet based microfluidic systems. In this article, we report the implementation of an organic transistor based complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) inverter used to actuate microliter quantities of droplets on a simple planar microfluidic device. We also present two approaches for fabricating an open-structured device for different applications. The inverter is fabricated using Pentacene and N, N′- bis (n-octyl) dicyanoperylene-3, 4:9, 10-bis (dicarboxyimide) (PDI-8CN2) (Northwestern University). The inverter output is stable and repeatable and is used to actuate droplets over adjacent electrodes as well as in merging of discrete droplets.
An Evidence-Based Guide for Ethics Instruction

Drawing from multiple sources of evidence, this paper updates previous descriptions (IOM, 2002) of measurement strategies and teaching techniques to promote four theoretically derived abilities thought to be necessary conditions for the responsible conduct of research. Data from three samples (exemplary professionals, professionals disciplined by a licensing board, and graduates who completed an ethics program designed to promote the four interrelated abilities) suggest that development of a moral identity that is consistent with the norms and values of a profession is the driving force that gives rise to ethical sensitivity, ethical reasoning, and ethical implementation. Evidence from the cited studies supports the usefulness of the theoretical model to (a) deconstruct summary judgments about character and see them as abilities that can be assessed and developed; (b) guide the design assessments that are sensitive to the effects of interventions; and (c) augment previous IOM recommendations for the development of meaningful learning activities.
More effective glycaemic control by metformin in African Americans than in Whites in the prediabetic population.

Abstract Aim Metformin, a first-line diabetes drug, delays the onset of type 2 diabetes in the prediabetic population; however, in prediabetic patients, differences in glycaemic response to metformin among racial groups are unknown. We aimed to compare glucose-lowering effects of metformin between Whites and African Americans (AAs). Methods We performed a secondary analysis using data from the diabetes prevention program, a multi-center randomized clinical trial, in which all participants were prediabetic. The metformin group (582 Whites and 210 AAs) received 850mg of metformin twice daily, and was followed for 3years. Results We found that after 6months on metformin, Whites had a drop of 3.89±0.39 (mg/dL, mean±SEM) in the fasting plasma glucose level, significantly less than that in African Americans (6.04±0.72, P =0.006); at years 1 and 2, the differences were also significant. Consistently, the linear mixed model showed that, within 1year of metformin treatment, the rate in reduction of glucose levels was more pronounced in AAs than in Whites ( P =0.025 following adjustment for age and sex). Conclusions Therefore, AAs have a better glycaemic response to metformin treatment than Whites in the prediabetic population.
HIV-2 Vpx Protein Interacts with Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 (IRF5) and Inhibits Its Function

Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family members have been implicated as critical transcription factors that function in immune responses, hematopoietic differentiation, and cell growth regulation. Activation of IRF5 results in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL6, and IL12, as well as type I interferons. In this study, we demonstrate that HIV-2 Vpx interacts with IRF5, and Vpx inhibits IRF5-mediated transactivation. Expression of Vpx in THP-1 cells reduced mRNA levels and protein production of Toll-like receptor-dependent IL6, IL12p40, and TNFα induced by lipopolysaccharide, R848, and ODN2216. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays show that Vpx expression results in decreased promoter binding activity of IRF5. This study provides new insights into mechanisms employed by HIV-2 to counteract innate immune defenses against viral infection.
Corrélations imagerie-facteurs pronostiques — classification moléculaire des cancers du sein

Resume La nouvelle classification moleculaire des cancers du sein definit des sous-groupes de cancers de pronostic et reponse au traitement distincts. Des etudes abordent l’aspect a l’imagerie de chaque sous-type tumoral : le radiologue doit les connaitre pour adapter la prise en charge d’un sous-type agressif. Au vu des connaissances actuelles, il est observe de facon significativement plus frequente : un aspect de masse spiculee mammographique-avec halo echogene dans le sous-type luminal A ; de distorsion architecturale dans le sous-type luminal B ; de masse irreguliere a bord indistinct comportant des microcalcifications, a interface abrupt a l’echographie, ou de non-masse echographique dans le sous-type HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 : recepteur 2 du facteur de croissance epidermique humain) ; de masse lobulee a bord indistinct ou microlobule, tres hypoechogene, a interface abrupt, parfois pseudo-benigne, dans le sous-type triple-negatif.
The relationship between input impedance and electrode area in recording the Ecg.

This paper examines the type of distortion appearing in the canine and human ECG when electrodes having a small surface area are employed with a recording apparatus having various resistive input impedances.
Associative learning of scene parameters from images

An important problem for both biological and machine vision is the construction of scene representations from 2-D image data that are useful for recognition. One problem is that there can be more than one world out there giving rise to the image data at hand. Additional constraints regarding the nature of the environment have to be used to narrow the range of solutions. Although effort has gone into understanding these constraints, relatively little has been done to understand how neurallike learning networks may be used to solve scene-from-image problems. A paradigm is proposed in which stochastic models of scene properties are used to provide samples of image and scene representations. Distributed associative networks are taught, by example, the statistical constraints relating the image to the representation of the scene. This technique is applied to problems in optic flow, shape-from-shading, and stereo.
Interaction of Saliva and Taste

In spite of the coexistence of saliva and taste in the oral cavity, an understanding of their interactions is still incomplete. Saliva has modulating effects on sour, salt, and the monosodium-glutamate-induced savory or umami taste. It has a diminishing effect on sour taste as a result of the buffering by salivary bicarbonate. It probably also contributes to the umami taste with endogenous salivary glutamate levels. Salt taste is detected only when above salivary sodium-chloride concentrations; thus saliva influences salt taste threshold levels. It also provides the ionic environment for taste cells, probably critical in signal transduction. Salivary flow rate and composition are influenced by the type of taste stimuli. In general, sour taste, elicited by citric acid or sour food, induces the highest flow rate and Na+ concentrations, while salt gives rise to high protein and Ca2+ concentrations. Stimulation with the four basic taste modalities (sour, sweet, salty, and bitter), however, does not increase the relative proportion of any of the salivary proteins. This review examines the literature on the interactions of saliva with taste, and the effect of taste on salivary composition. The possible role of the von Ebner's salivary glands and the role of saliva as a chemical cue are also discussed.
GROUP QUASI-REPRESENTATIONS AND INDEX THEORY

Let M be a closed connected manifold and let D be an elliptic operator on M. Let G be a discrete countable group and let be a principal G-bundle. Connes and Moscovici showed that this data defines an analytic index indl1(G)(D) ∈ K0(l1(G)). If B is a unital tracial C*-algebra, we give a formula for the trace of the image of indl1(G)(D) in K0(B) under the map induced by a quasi-representation of G in B. As an application, we reprove and generalize a formula of Exel and Loring to surface groups.
A Trail of Research on Cofactors: An Odyssey with Friends

Over the span of 40 y and with the participation of over 60 students and postdoctoral colleagues, my laboratory has been able to elucidate numerous aspects of cofactor metabolism and function. Findings have been on the absorption, transport, utilization and excretion of vitamin B-6, riboflavin, biotin, lipoate and ascorbate. Specificity studies on those trace but essential enzymes that catalyze conversion of such vitamins as B-6 and riboflavin to their functional coenzymes led to our development of biochemically specific absorbents that prototypically exemplified what later was called affinity chromatography. Characterization of the purified kinases for B-6 and riboflavin revealed preference for Zn 2+ with the eucaryotic enzymes and delimited effects of inhibitors that relate to drug action. Flavin adenine dinucleotide synthetase, separable from flavokinase in mammals, prefers Mg 2+ . Specifics for binding and function of flavocoenzymes were delineated for several flavoproteins. The flavin mononucleotide-dependent oxidase that converts the 5'-phosphates of pyridoxine and of pyridoxamine to pyridoxal phosphate is a connection between riboflavin and B-6 that we characterized in mechanistic detail and found to be the primary control point for conversion of B-6 to its coenzyme. Sequencing and cloning of a side-chain oxidase for riboflavin was achieved. Isolation and identification of metabolites of biotin and of lipoic acid, first from bacteria obtained by enrichment culture and then from mammals, provided seminal information on catabolic pathways involved, as have our other studies with flavin catabolites isolated from milk and urine.
Effects of Two Shared-Reading Interventions on Emergent Literacy Skills of At-Risk Preschoolers:

The effects of 2 preschool-based shared-reading interventions were evaluated with 95 children, ages 2- to 5-years, from low-income families. Language skills of the children were below age-level as ...
Adaptive output feedback tracking control of spacecraft formation

In this paper, an adaptive, output feedback control design methodology is presented for a spacecraft formation flying (SFF) system. A Lagrangian derivation of the SFF model is considered to produce position dynamics for follower spacecraft #n relative to follower spacecraft #(n−1), where n is an arbitrary positive integer, assuming that the leader spacecraft in the formation follows a no-thrust, natural, elliptical orbit. Next, a control law is designed to provide a filtered velocity measurement and a desired adaptive compensation with semi-global, asymptotic, relative position tracking. To show the efficacy of the control algorithm, all desired trajectories are generated online by numerically solving the unperturbed nonlinear SFF dynamics with initial conditions satisfying a no-thrust, natural orbit constraint equation. The proposed control law is simulated for the case of two and three spacecraft and is shown to yield semi-global, asymptotic tracking of the relative position in addition to the convergence of disturbance parameter estimates. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Never Will We Forget: Oral Histories of World War II – By Marilyn Mayer Culpepper

At the outset of this book, the reader understands immediately that the author is hoping to fill in the gaps left by other histories of World War II, most notably what she calls the “personal side”...
A multi-criteria trajectory-based parameter sampling strategy for the screening method of elementary effects

Environmental models are inherently complex and often characterized by high dimensionality. The method of elementary effects (EE) is one of the most widely used parameter screening technique implemented to reduce burden on computational resources required for thorough model evaluation. Due to issues like inefficient screening and excessive sampling time, the development of more effective EE sampling strategies has been a recent research focus. This paper presents a new sampling strategy - Sampling for Uniformity (SU) - based on the principles of meeting close-to-theoretical parameter distributions and maximizing trajectory spread. The performance of the SU relative to existing strategies was evaluated using a number of criteria including generated parameter distributions' uniformity, time efficiency, trajectory spread, and screening efficiency. The SU performed better than some trajectory-based benchmark strategies across the evaluation criteria, underlining the effectiveness of multi-criteria based sampling and the need to focus future efforts on exploring other combinations of sampling criteria. We developed a new parameter sampling strategy for the Morris method of screening.Performance of new strategy was evaluated and compared with benchmark strategies.Evaluation matrix include time, distribution, spread and screening efficiency.New strategy, in general, performed better than existing trajectory-based strategies.
Radiatively induced Lorentz and $CPT$ violation in electrodynamics

In a nonperturbative formulation, radiative corrections arising from Lorentz and CPT violation in the fermion sector induce a definite and nonzero Chern-Simons addition to the electromagnetic action. If instead a perturbative formulation is used, an infinite class of theories characterized by the value of the Chern-Simons coefficient emerges at the quantum level. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Atherosclerosis-susceptible and atherosclerosis-resistant pigeon aortic cells express different genes in vivo

Spontaneous atherosclerosis in the White Carneau (WC-As) pigeon is inherited as a single gene disorder, and its progression closely mirrors the human disease. Representational difference analysis and micro- array were used to identify genes that were differen- tially expressed between the susceptible WC-As and resistant Show Racer (SR-Ar) aortic tissue. The RNA extracted from 1-d-old squab aortas was used to make cDNA for each experiment. Fifty-six unique genes were found using representational difference analysis, with 25 exclusively expressed in the WC-As, 15 exclusive to the SR-Ar, and 16 nonexclusive genes having copy number variation between breeds. Caveolin and β-actin were expressed in the WC-As, whereas the proteasome mat- uration protein and the transcription complex CCR4- NOT were exclusive to the SR-Ar. Microarray analysis revealed 48 genes with differential expression. Vascular endothelial growth factor and p53 binding protein were among the 17 genes upregulated in the WC-As. Thirty- one genes were upregulated in the SR-Ar including the transforming growth factor-β signaling factor SMAD2 and heat shock protein 90. Genes representing several biochemical pathways were distinctly different between breeds. The most striking divergences were in cytoskel- etal remodeling, proteasome activity, cellular respira- tion, and immune response. Actin cytoskeletal remod- eling appears to be one of the first differences between susceptible and resistant breeds, lending support to the smooth muscle cell phenotypic reversion hypothesis of human atherogenesis.
Characterization of the Low-Molecular-Weight RNAs Associated with the 70S RNA of Rous Sarcoma Virus

Two low-molecular-weight RNAs are associated with the 70S RNA complex of Rous sarcoma virus: a previously described 4S RNA and a newly identified 5S RNA. The 4S RNA constitutes 3 to 4% of the 70S RNA complex or the equivalent of 12 to 20 molecules per 70S RNA. It exhibits a number of structural properties characteristic of transfer RNA as revealed by two-dimensional electrophoresis of oligonucleotides obtained from a T1 ribonuclease digest of the 4S RNA species. The 5S RNA is approximately 120 nucleotides in length, constitutes 1% of the 70S RNA complex or the equivalent of 3 to 4 molecules per molecules of 70S RNA, and is identical in nucleotide composition and structure to 5S RNA from uninfected chicken embryo fibroblasts. Melting studies indicate that the 5S RNA is released from the 70S RNA complex at the same temperature required to dissociate 70S RNA into its constituent 35S subunits. In contrast, greater than 80% of the 4S RNA is released from 70S RNA prior to its conversion into subunits. The possible biological significance of these 70S-associated RNAs is discussed.
Effect of an organic dicarboxylic acid salt on fractionated crystallization of polypropylene droplets

The effect of a particulate nucleating agent on fractionated crystallization of polypropylene (PP) was studied. A novel method utilizing breakup of PP nanolayers was used to obtain a dispersion of PP droplets in a polystyrene (PS) matrix. An assembly with hundreds of PP nanolayers alternating with thicker PS layers was fabricated by layer-multiplying coextusion. The concentration of an organic dicarboxylic acid salt (HPN) nucleating agent in the coextruded PP nanolayers was varied up to 2 wt %. When the assembly was heated into the melt, interfacial driven breakup of the thin PP layers produced a dispersion of PP particles in a PS matrix. Analysis of optical microscope images and atomic force microscope images indicated that layer breakup produced a bimodal particle size distribution of submicron particles and large, micron-sized particles. Almost entirely submicron particles were obtained from breakup of 12 nm PP layers. The fraction of PP as submicron particles dropped dramatically as the PP nanolayer thickness increased to 40 nm. Only large, micron-sized particles were obtained from 200 nm PP nanolayers. The crystallization behavior of the particle dispersions was characterized by thermal analysis and wide angle X-ray diffraction. Only part of the PP was nucleated by HPN. It was found that HPN was not effective in nucleating the population of submicron particles. The particulate HPN was too large to be accommodated in the submicron PP particles. On the other hand, the amount of nucleated crystallization qualitatively paralleled the fraction of PP in the form of large, micron-sized particles. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Integrating EA and BPM Synergistically: Methodologically Combining Planning and Delivery

This paper outlines the case for combining Business Process Management (BPM) and Enterprise Architecture (EA) and defines how to leverage their intrinsic synergies. The synergistic approach to BPM and EA is based on a firm understanding of the lifecycles of the enterprise and the establishment of appropriate collaboration and governance processes. When executed together, BPM provides the business context, understanding, and metrics, and EA provides the discipline to translate business vision and strategy into architectural change. Both are, in fact, needed for sustainable continuous improvement.
The role of polyphenols in terrestrial ecosystem nutrient cycling

Interspecific variation in polyphenol production by plants has been interpreted in terms of defense against herbivores. Several recent lines of evidence suggest that polyphenols also influence the pools and fluxes of inorganic and organic soil nutrients. Such effects could have far-ranging consequences for nutrient competition among and between plants and microbes, and for ecosystem nutrient cycling and retention. The significance of polyphenols for nutrient cycling and plant productivity is still uncertain, but it could provide an alternative or complementary explanation for the variability in polyphenol production by plants.
Reduction of appeasement‐related affect as a concomitant of diazepam‐induced aggression: evidence for a link between aggression and the expression of self‐conscious emotions

Aggressive responding following benzodiazepine ingestion has been recorded in both experimental and client populations, however, the mechanism responsible for this outcome is unclear. The goal of this study was to identify an affective concomitant linked to diazepam-induced aggression that might be responsible for this relationship. Thirty males (15 diazepam and 15 placebo) participated in the Taylor Aggression Paradigm while covertly being videotaped. The videotapes were analyzed using the Facial Action Coding System with the goal of identifying facial expression differences between the two groups. Relative to placebo participants, diazepam participants selected significantly higher shock settings for their opponents, consistent with past findings using this paradigm. Diazepam participants also engaged in significantly fewer appeasement expressions (associated with the self-conscious emotions) during the task, although there were no group differences for other emotion expressions or for movements in general.
Comprehensive Scanning of the Entire Mitochondrial Genome for Mutations

Background: Definitive molecular diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders has been greatly hindered by the tremendous clinical and genetic heterogeneity, the heteroplasmic condition of pathogenic mutations, and the presence of numerous homoplasmic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations with unknown significance. We used temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE) to detect heteroplasmic mutations from homoplasmic variations in the whole mitochondrial genome. Methods: We screened 179 unrelated patients by TTGE with use of 32 overlapping primer pairs. Mutations were identified by direct sequencing of the PCR products and confirmed by PCR with allele-specific oligonucleotide or restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Results: We detected 71 heteroplasmic and 647 homoplasmic banding patterns. Sequencing of the heteroplasmic fragments identified 68 distinct novel mutations and 132 reported sequence variations and mutations; most of them occurred only once. The deleterious nature of some of the novel mutations was established by analyzing the asymptomatic family members and the biochemical and molecular characteristics of the mutation. When the number of mutations was normalized to the size of the region, the occurrence of mutations was 2.4 times more frequent in the tRNA genes than in the mRNA (protein coding) regions. Conclusions: Screening by TTGE detects low proportions of mutant mtDNA and distinguishes heteroplasmic from homoplasmic variations. Results from comprehensive molecular analysis should be followed up with clinical correlation to establish a guideline for complete mutational analysis of the entire mitochondrial genome and to facilitate the diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders.
Visualization for climate modeling

Techniques for visualizing several climate variables, particularly clouds and wind velocities, are discussed. The techniques are volume rendering, textured contour surfaces, and vector field rendering. The application of these techniques is discussed in the context of a high-definition television (HDTV) animation produced to show global cloud motion during ten simulated days in January. The computational grid is defined by nearly a million grid points-320 evenly spaced longitudes, 160 unevenly spaced latitudes, and 19 unevenly spaced surfaces of constant geopotential. The climate variables at every grid point were output at every hour of simulated time, resulting in 380 MB of data per simulated day. >