cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global distribution of cirrus clouds from CloudSat/Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) measurements

[1] The cirrus clouds of the upper troposphere are globally widespread and are important regulators of the radiative balance, and hence climate, of the Earth-atmosphere system. Despite their wide distribution, however, cirrus are difficult to study from satellite radiance measurements or from scattered ground observing sites because they can occur as part of multilayered cloud systems and are characteristically optically thin. The need to better characterize the global distribution of cirrus clouds was therefore a major justification for the formation flying of the CloudSat and CALIPSO satellites, which support a cloud radar and polarization lidar, respectively. Measurements by these active remote sensors, when analyzed by appropriate algorithms, have the ability to identify and accurately measure the locations and heights of this category of clouds. The combined CloudSat/ Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) data cirrus cloud algorithm used in this study is aimed at identifying those clouds that would likely be classified as cirrus by a surface weather observer: it is based on previous experience with multiple remote sensor approaches and knowledge gleaned from extensive surface lidar and radar observations of visually identified cirrus clouds with a minimum of a priori assumptions. We report on the global and seasonal frequencies of cirrus clouds, and on their heights and thicknesses obtained over the initial 1 year of data collected. We find a global average frequency of cirrus cloud occurrence of 16.7%. These new results are compared with other cirrus cloud climatologies and are interpreted in terms of local cirrus cloud formation mechanisms and the responsible global weather phenomena.
Organic reactions catalyzed by crystalline aluminosilicates: V. Dehydrohalogenation and related reactions

Abstract Crystalline molecular sieves actively catalyze the elimination of halogen acid from two-carbon haloalkanes at 1 atm and temperatures of 65–370 °C. A role for polar or ionic intermediates is suggested for these dehydrohalogenation reactions. The dehydrohalogenation activity of a rare-earth-exchanged X zeolite was inhibited by nitrogenous bases. The crystalline zeolites also catalyzed the reaction of ethanol and hydrogen chloride to form ethyl chloride at 150–250 °C.
A method for computation of inviscid three-dimensional flow over blunt bodies having large embedded subsonic regions

A computational technique for computing the three-dimensional inviscid flow over blunt bodies having large regions of embedded subsonic flow is detailed. Results, which were obtained using the CDC Cyber 203 vector processing computer, are presented for several analytic shapes with some comparison to experimental data. Finally, windward surface pressure computations over the first third of the Space Shuttle vehicle are compared with experimental data for angles of attack between 25 and 45 degrees.
The contribution of black women to black upper class maintenance and achievement

This study examines the contributions of black women to the social inheritance and achievement process among upper‐class blacks. Data were obtained on respondents, respondents’ grandparents, parents, and spouses from a random sample of people listed in “Who's Who Among Black Americans.” Resources that facilitate social inheritance and achievement within the black community are treated as family phenomena. The analysis of the differential contribution of ancestors by generation shows that, if a choice must be made, women probably contributed more resources than men in each generation. Resources examined are skin color, educational attainment, and occupational status. The data clearly show that when black women are in control of the necessary resources they made and do make a vital contribution to their children's achievement.
Comparison of ion current noise predicted from different models of the sodium channel gating mechanism in nerve membrane

The theoretical power density spectrumS(f) of ion current noise is calculated from several models of the sodium channel gating mechanism in nerve membrane. Sodium ion noise experimental data from the frog node of Ranvier [Conti, F.,et al. (1976),J. Physiol. (London) 262:699] is used as a test of the theoretical results. The motivation for recent modeling has been evidence for a coupling between sodium activation and inactivation from voltage clamp data. The two processes are independent of one another in the Hodgkin and Huxley (HH) model [Hodgkin, A.L., Huxley, A.F. (1952),J. Physiol. (London) 117:500] The noise data is consistent with HH, as noted by Contiet al. (1976). The theoretical results given here appear to indicate that only one case of coupling models is also consistent with the noise data.
Fracture anisotropy in silicon single crystal

In this study the effect of crystallographic orientation on fracture toughness and the fracture path of silicon single crystal was investigated. Vickers microhardness indentation was used to introduce cracks along various crystallographic orientations on the (110), (001), and (111) planes. The fracture toughness variation was found to follow the symmetry of the indentation axis with no distinct correlation with the elastic constants. The observations made suggest that the inclination angle of cleavage planes relative to the indent plane affects the fracture path and toughness significantly. Prestraining decreased the hardness and improved the toughness without a modification of fracture path.
Structure and activity of salivary gland chromosomes of drosophila gibberosa

In Drosophila gibberosa the maximum secretory output of the salivary glands is in the prepupa rather than in the late third-instar larva. Using salivary chromosome maps provided here we have followed puff patterns from late second-instar larvae through the time of histolysis of the salivary glands 28–32 h after pupariation and find low puff activity correlated with low secretory activity throughout much of the third larval instar. Ecdysteroid-sensitive puffs were not observed at the second larval molt but do appear prior to pupariation initiating an intense cycle of gene activity. The second cycle of ecdysteroid-induced gene activity a day later, at the time of pupation, appears somewhat damped, especially for late puffs. Salivary chromosome maps provided here may also be used to identify homologous loci in fat body, Malpighian, and midgut chromosomes.
Photoionization in alkali lasers

We have calculated photoionization rates in alkali lasers. The photoionization of alkali atoms in the gain medium of alkali lasers can significantly degrade the laser performance by reducing the neutral alkali density and with it the gain. For a ten atmosphere Rb laser and a Cs exciplex laser, the photoionization induced alkali atom loss rates are greater than 10(5) sec(-1). These high loss rates will quickly deplete the neutral alkali density, reducing gain, and may require fast, possibly, supersonic flow rates to sufficiently replenish the neutral medium for CW operation.
Agranulocytosis related to vancomycin therapy.

Abstract A patient with renal failure due to Goodpasture's syndrome was treated with vancomycin. After he had received 3 g of the drug, his white blood cell count fell to a level of 200/μl. Bone marrow biopsy disclosed severe myeloid hypoplasia. The patient subsequently recovered fully from this episode of vancomycin-induced agranulocytosis, but he eventually died of other causes. Vancomycin-related leukopenia has been reported, but the severely depressed white blood cell count and myeloid hypoplasia observed in this patient have not previously been described. Vancomycin must be excluded as the cause of leukopenia in any patient who is receiving this drug.
The Impact of Nutrient Loading Restrictions on Dairy Farm Profitability

Abstract A linear programming model was utilized to determine the economically optimal dairy herd intensities, manure application rates, and crop mix for unrestricted and restricted scenarios of N loss on New York dairy farms. Two representative farms were developed for dairies with 60 or 250 cows that utilized manure handling systems: no storage and daily spreading versus 6 mo of storage and biannual spreading, respectively. Both farms were substantially affected by the imposition of restrictions on N loss, although profitability decreases were relatively smaller on the larger farm, partially because of better conservation and more efficient utilization of manure nutrients. Optimal cow numbers per hectare decreased by nearly 35% on the smaller famr as restrictions on N loss intensified. When initial hectares were retained, rates of return to equity capital decreased >150 and 100% on the farms with 60 and 250 cows, respectively, compared with 47 and 42% when hectare adjustments were optimal. Whether dairy farmers are able to make hectare adjustments under restrictions on N loss may well determine future sustainability and survival of the farming operations. If additional hectares are not available or feasible to acquire, herd reductions may be necessary to meet restrictions on N loss, dropping profitability even further.
3‐D global MHD model prediction for the first close flyby of Titan by Cassini

[1] The global features of the interaction between Saturn’s magnetospheric plasma flow and Titan’s atmosphere/ ionosphere are simulated by using a 3-D, multi-species, high spatial resolution, global MHD model. Our model uses a spherical grid structure leading to very good (36 km) altitude resolution in the ionospheric region of Titan. The model also provides good resolution and meaningful results in the upstream and wake regions. Titan’s atmosphere and ionosphere are approximated by 10 neutral and 7 ion species. Calculations, which make predictions for the anticipated results to be obtained by the Cassini spacecraft during its first close flyby (TA) of Titan, are presented. INDEX TERMS: 2427 Ionosphere: Ionosphere/ atmosphere interactions (0335); 2732 Magnetospheric Physics: Magnetosphere interactions with satellites and rings; 2753 Magnetospheric Physics: Numerical modeling. Citation: Ma, Y.-J., A. F. Nagy, T. E. Cravens, I. V. Sokolov, J. Clark, and K. C. Hansen (2004), 3-D global MHD model prediction for the first close flyby of Titan by Cassini, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L22803,
UV Irradiation Effect on the Electrical Properties of ZnO Thermal Control Coating Pigment

Electron concentration and Hall mobility have been investigated in pure zinc oxide single crystals, while in the dark and under ultraviolet (UV) excitation. Mode of scattering in ZnO has been determined by studying the temperature dependence of various electrical parameters in the range from -170 to 120°C. It has been observed that the degradation to the crystals by UV irradiation is limited only to the surface layer and shows up only at relatively lower temperatures, which is in contrast to the degradation behavior in thin films and powders.
Impacts of Hypoxia on Zooplankton Spatial Distributions in the Northern Gulf of Mexico

The northern Gulf of Mexico (NGOMEX) was surveyed to examine the broad-scale spatial patterns and inter-relationships between hypoxia ( 2 mg L−1 dissolved oxygen), the daytime median depth of the water column zooplankton was on average 7 m deeper than the median depth of zooplankton in water columns with hypoxic bottom waters. A reduction in larger zooplankton when there were hypoxic bottom waters suggests that if zooplankton cannot migrate to deeper, darker water under hypoxic conditions, they may be more susceptible to size-selective predation by visual predators. Thus, habitat compression in the northern Gulf of Mexico due to hypoxic bottom water may have implications for trophic transfer by increasing the contact between predators and prey.
Spreadsheets on trial: a survey of research on spreadsheet risks

Even the earliest writers in end user computing remarked on the potential dangers of end user spreadsheet development. Until recently, there was only anecdotal evidence to support their concerns. Now, there is considerable evidence from experiments, field audits, and surveys of end users and organizations that early concerns were well-founded. The paper presents a framework for risks in spreadsheeting and organizes selected research findings in terms of this framework.
The Energy Spectrum of the Delayed Neutrons from O 17

Following the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay of ${\mathrm{N}}^{17}$ an excited state of ${\mathrm{O}}^{17}$ is formed that is unstable against neutron emission. The energy distribution of these neutrons has been measured with a hydrogen-filled cloud chamber. The results indicate that the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay of ${\mathrm{N}}^{17}$ leaves the ${\mathrm{O}}^{17}$ nucleus in one or more excited states and that, if there is only one excited state, it is at least 0.6 Mev wide.
Reflectance-difference spectroscopy of adsorbate-covered GaAs(100) surfaces: a combined surface science and in-situ OMVPE study

Abstract Using two experimental approaches, we have examined the role of adsorbates during organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) and atomic layer epitaxy (ALE). One set of experiments extended the RDS database to include well-defined GaAs(100) reconstructions involving CH x adsorbates, whereas the other experiments examined the RD spectra over a wide range of OMVPE conditions. We have found that the Type III OMVPE condition present at lower temperatures and higher TMGa concentration is due to a newly discovered As-rich (1×2)-CH 3 reconstruction. The ALE condition following the trimethylgallium exposure cycle is due to the presence of a Ga-rich (1×4)-CH 2 reconstruction.
Electrical impedance analysis of single murine teratocarcinoma cells.

Abstract Single murine teratocarcinoma cells were analysed by a new flow instrument that simultaneously measures the volume and high-frequency electrical impedance of individual cells at rates of several hundred cells per second. Differentiated cells were found to have larger high-frequency impedance than undifferentiated stem cells of the same size.
670A REFERENCES TO PARENTS OF CRITICALLY ILL CHILDREN

We analyzed verbatim transcriptions of audiotaped rounds in a large pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) to determine how physicians refer to families of critically ill children. In almost 4 hours of rounds recorded on 3 days in 1 week, the doctors mentioned the families of 11 of the 25 different patients discussed. There were 19 discreet references to patients or an average of 1 reference every 12½ minutes. Nine references were made during the formal presentation of the patients' medical histories. Three references to parents involved discharge of chronically ill children. The 7 remaining references were about the families of 3 children with grim prognoses. Discussion at rounds has purposes beyond daily review of data and the opportunity to make diagnostic and therapeutic plans in concert. At rounds, physicians indicate, explicitly or otherwise, what problems in patient care are worthy of regular attention. Verbal references to parents can thus be regarded as a crude indicator of the degree to which physicians include families in the process of caring for the children. The parental references which occurred in presentations and discharge plans had a ceremonial character. Other references to families were infrequent and only occurred when the PICU physicians believed medical measures were no longer efficacious. We conclude that during rounds residents and fellows do not learn to consider family matters in the systematic way they learn technical concerns.
Submillimeter Wave Spectroscopy: Rotation-Inversion Transitions in N D 3

The $J=0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1$ rotational transition of ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}$${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$ has been measured at a wavelength of 0.97 mm. This transition is split into two components by inversion doubling of the ground vibrational levels. The frequencies of the two components were found to be 306 735.0 Mc/sec and 309 909.35 Mc/sec. Their separation, 3174.4 Mc/sec, is equivalent to the sum of the inversion frequencies of the upper and lower states. The relative intensities of the upper and lower frequency components were found to be about 10 to 1, in agreement with theory. The ${B}_{0}$ value, 154 162.7 Mc/sec, is obtained from the arithmetic mean of the two components, with the infrared value, ${D}_{J}=3.4$ Mc/sec. The ${B}_{0}$ value is consistent with a bond length of 1.0144 A and a bond angle of 107\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Superimposed upon each of the inversion components is a triplet hyperfine structure caused by the ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}$ quadrupole moment. This structure was measured for the higher frequency component, and the value, $eQq=\ensuremath{-}4.20\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15$ Mc/sec, was obtained for the ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}$ coupling.
Modeling of β-SiC MESFETs using hydrodynamic equations

Abstract The numerical simulation of β-SiC MESFETs, based upon a set of hydrodynamic equations, is presented. The electron transport properties for bulk β-SiC were obtained from a Monte Carlo simulation, and this provided baseline parameters for the relaxation times. Impact ionization was also included in the simulation, and found to be negligible in normal device operation. Gate lengths in the range 12–90 nms were considered. For the device structure and material parameters used here, the largest achievable transconductance is about 213 mS/mm and the cutoff frequency is greater than 1 THz. This transconductance is lower than that of equivalent GaAs devices. There is essentially no velocity overshoot in these devices, due to the short relaxation times for the β-SiC material (as compared to that of GaAs).
Trends in Compensation for Production Workers: 1948-1995

Between 1977 and 1995, real after-tax hourly compensation for production workers fell by almost 14 percent. Both real pre-tax wages and the real value of benefits fell over this period. These estimates were generated using a cost-of-living index that was adjusted for a wide range of upward and downward biases
Malaysian Models for Engineering Education in the United States

Over the past 20 years many Malaysian students have chosen to leave their country and come to the United States for an engineering education. Reasons for this include: (1) insufficient local universities, (2) the need for state-of-the-art knowledge, and (3) a rising standard of living that makes a U.S. education more affordable. This paper discusses how the opportunity for an American engineering education is made available to students in Malaysia. A historical perspective is provided; then, three models–twinning, articulation, and credit transfer–are introduced, along with a discussion of the pros and cons of each. A case study of a twinning program between a U.S. consortium–comprised of the University of Kentucky, the university of Tennessee-Knoxville, and Oklahoma State University–and Metropolitan College of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, is presented.
Prospects for childhood immunization in the next decade

Prospects for vaccine research, development, and use over the next decade are extraordinarily optimistic. Innovative investigative programs promise new vaccines with reduced numbers of injections, combinations of multiple antigens, and confinement of administration to the early weeks or months of life. Enhanced attention to the infrastructure and support of immunization programs should rapidly augment coverage to more than 90% of the US infant population in the first 2 years of life with all the recommended vaccines. Programs of the WHO and CVI should extend protection from morbidity and mortality of diseases preventable with vaccine to children of all nations. Adjustments and realignments of the Vaccine Injury Compensation Program should reduce to realistic dimensions the finances of benefits for children who suffer the rare, true adverse responses to required immunizations. In order to maintain familiarity and leadership in childhood immunization, pediatricians will need to maintain careful attention to and familiarity with all these emerging developments.
War: The dynamics of vicious civilizations.

The dynamics of ``vicious'', continuously growing civilizations (domains), which engage in ``war'' whenever two domains meet, is investigated. In the war event, the smaller domain is annihilated, while the larger domain is reduced in size by a fraction $\e$ of the casualties of the loser. Here $\e$ quantifies the fairness of the war, with $\e=1$ corresponding to a fair war with equal casualties on both side, and $\e=0$ corresponding to a completely unfair war where the winner suffers no casualties. In the heterogeneous version of the model, evolution begins from a specified initial distribution of domains, while in the homogeneous system, there is a continuous and spatially uniform input of point domains, in addition to the growth and warfare. For the heterogeneous case, the rate equations are derived and solved, and comparisons with numerical simulations are made. An exact solution is also derived for the case of equal size domains in one dimension. The heterogeneous system is found to coarsen, with the typical cluster size growing linearly in time $t$ and the number density of domains decreases as $1/t$. For the homogeneous system, two different long-time behaviors arise as a function of $\e$. When $1/2<\e\leq 1$ (relatively fair wars), a steady state arises which is characterized by egalitarian competition between domains of comparable size. In the limiting case of $\e=1$, rate equations which simultaneously account for the distribution of domains and that of the intervening gaps are derived and solved. The steady state is characterized by domains whose age is typically much larger than their size. When $0\leq\e<1/2$ (unfair wars), a few ``superpowers'' ultimately dominate. Simulations indicate that this coarsening process is characterized by power-law temporal behavior, with non-universal
THE HEURISTIC EXPLICATION OF A LARGE-SAMPLE NORMAL SCORES TEST FOR INTERACTION

The heuristic development of a non-parametric test for interaction based upon the use of normal order statistics is outlined. The application of the proposed test, as well as associated post hoc procedures, is then illustrated. Finally, the sampling distribution and approximate power of the test are discussed.
Negative symptoms and psychosocial status in temporal lobe epilepsy

Abstract Purpose : To determine the relationship between negative symptoms, psychosocial function and quality of life in temporal lobe epilepsy. Methods : 23 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy with negative symptoms were matched on gender, age, years of education, duration and age of epilepsy onset with 23 temporal lobe epilepsy patients exhibiting no negative symptoms as determined by a standardized rating system (SANS/SAPS). The matched groups were compared in regard to: (1) employment status, (2) dependence on government financial subsidy, (3) relationship/marital status, and (4) self-reported quality of life. Results : Temporal lobe epilepsy patients with negative symptoms exhibited higher rates of unemployment, dependence on government aid, social isolation, and poorer self-reported quality of life relative to temporal lobe patients without negative symptoms. Conclusions : Interictal negative symptoms are associated with significantly increased psychosocial morbidity and poorer quality of life in temporal lobe epilepsy.
Pairing phenomena in strongly correlated Fermi liquids

The correlated-basis-function method is extended to deal with pairing phenomena in strongly correlated Fermi liquids. With a variational ansatz for the model wave function we derive the "correlated" analog of the conventional Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (or Balian-Werthamer), Anderson-Brinkman-Morel theory of pairing. A suitable (and well-controlled) set of approximations brings the theory into a form identical to the conventional theories, but with the bare interaction replaced by a weak effective interaction and the bare single-particle energies replaced by an effective single-particle spectrum. As usual, liquid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ provides a very stringent test of the theory, as both the interaction and the experimental facts are pretty clear. The variational estimates for the pairing interaction are improved by nonorthogonal perturbation theory. We find the expected enhancement of the attraction in $P$ waves, although the restriction to effective two-body interactions appears to be insufficient to generate $P$-wave pairing.
Lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymes in muscle from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

THE enzyme lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) can be separated into five different isoenzymes, each composed of a tetramere of one or both of two distinct polypeptides1,2. Isoenzymes 1 and 5 are composed solely of one of these two polypeptides, and isoenzymes 2, 3 and 4 consist of combinations of the two polypeptides. Tho proportions of the five isoenzymes vary from tissue to tissue, during development and with certain other environmental factors3,4. In skeletal muscle one such factor is the amount of muscle activity4.
Interaction of ions and connective tissue.

The interaction of ions with tissues was studied by measuring liquid junction potentials between tissues and 0.15 M KCl, and LiCl, or 0.075 M CaCl2 and MgCl2, as well as with one tenth isotonic NaCl. For baseline values, 0.15 M NaCl was used. In this way a series of substitution and dilution potentials was established. As a connective tissue which varies in physicochemical state, use was made of the symphysis pubis of normal and castrate guinea pigs, and of guinea pigs in various stages of pregnancy. The former have tight, unrelaxed symphyses, while the latter show varying grades of relaxation. Experimentally, relaxation was also induced by the use of estrogens and relaxin in castrate guinea pigs. Unrelaxed symphyses showed high positive dilution potentials (+20 to + 30 mv), while highly relaxed symphyses showed zero or negative dilution potentials, approaching in some cases values calculated for aqueous salt junctions (—12.3 mv). These results are interpreted on the basis of a high concentration of negatively charged immobile colloid in tight connective tissue; following induction of the physiological change of relaxation, the potentials indicate low densities of immobile charged colloid. An estimate of 1250 for the average base binding equivalent weight of tissue colloids indicates a magnitude characteristic of mucopolysaccharides or mucoproteins. Evidence from other work indicates that relaxation in the symphosis is accompanied by a disaggregation (depolymerization) of components of ground substance, and by an increase in water soluble fractions. In relaxed symphyses, where colloid density is low, mobility data indicate that the cations approach their behaviour in water. In tight symphyses, selective effects appear, related to the high concentrations of immobile charge. Potassium in particular showed a marked decrease of mobility to approximately one-half its value in water. Effects with other ions were much smaller. Thus connective tissue in a state of high aggregation appears to act selectively as an ion-exchange resin for potassium; with breakdown of aggregates and uptake of water, selectivity is lost. From the NaCl dilution potentials, concentrations of immobile charges were estimated. Values ranged from 0.20 equivalents per liter in the tight symphysis to 0.05 equivalents per liter or less in the relaxed state. Values of this order of magnitude have been calculated from independent data.
Earmarking and the business cycle: The case of state spending on higher education ☆

Abstract Recent economic events have created severe budget problems for state governments, and one area seemingly affected by this fiscal crisis is state funding for higher education. State governments have the ability to alter funding to higher education mostly through general fund contributions and earmarked revenue. This paper examines trends in state higher education appropriations, with a specific focus on the relationship between these two funding sources. We find that on average, total appropriations have actually increased over the past decade, and moreover, earmarked revenue has constituted an increasing share of higher education funding, while general fund contributions have been declining. Our regression analysis suggests that the magnitude of the fungibility between the two sources is substantial, but somewhat surprisingly, does not differ across recessions and expansions.
Parallel Programming in MATLAB

A visit to the neighborhood PC retail store provides ample proof that we are in the multi-core era. The key differentiator among manufacturers today is the number of cores that they pack onto a single chip. The clock frequency of commodity processors has reached its limit, however, and is likely to stay below 4 GHz for years to come. As a result, adding cores is not synonymous with increasing computational power. To take full advantage of the performance enhancements offered by the new multi-core hardware, a corresponding shift must take place in the software infrastructure â a shift to parallel computing.
Cor Triatriatum With Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return: A Rare Case of Parallel Obstruction and Successful Staged Treatment

Cor triatriatum sinister is an uncommon congenital cardiac defect that has rarely been described in association with left-sided partial anomalous pulmonary venous return. We present a case of such rare anatomy with multilevel obstruction that presented in infancy as cardiogenic shock. The patient underwent staged treatment with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation stabilization, catheter-based balloon dilatation of the cor triatriatum and atrial septostomy, followed by definitive surgical repair, with excellent result.
Using the Rural-Urban Continuum to Explore Adolescent Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Use in Montana

The purpose of the study was to compare 30–day prevalence of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use among twelfth-grade students in Montana across a rural-urban continuum during 2000, 2002, and 2004. The methods include an analysis of the Montana Prevention Needs Assessment (N = 15,372) using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for risk factors, protective factors, and demographics variables. Findings revealed that adolescent substance use varies across the rural-urban continuum. Risk of cigarette, smokeless tobacco, and alcohol use increased in more rural counties while risk of marijuana, LSD, and any drug decreased in more rural counties. The specificity provided through use of such a classification scheme has important implications for designing effective drug-prevention programs across diverse settings.
Three-periodic tilings and nets: face-transitive tilings and edge-transitive nets revisited

Systematic generation of face-transitive tilings by size of Delaney-Dress symbol has recovered by dualization all the edge-transitive nets previously described and has led to the discovery of six new binodal edge-transitive nets which are described and illustrated.
Projected hydrologic changes in monsoon-dominated Himalaya Mountain basins with changing climate and deforestation

Summary In mountain headwaters, climate and land use changes affect short and long term site water budgets with resultant impacts on landslide risk, hydropower generation, and sustainable agriculture. To project hydrologic change associated with climate and land use changes in the Himalaya Mountains, we used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) calibrated for the Tamor and Seti River basins located at eastern and western margins of Nepal. Future climate change was modeled using averaged temperature and precipitation for 2080 derived from Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) (B1, A1B and A2) of 16 global circulation models (GCMs). Land use change was modeled spatially and included expansion of (1) agricultural land, (2) grassland, and (3) human settlement area that were produced by considering existing land use with projected changes associated with viability of elevation and slope characteristics of the basins capable of supporting different land use type. From these simulations, higher annual stream discharge was found for all GCM-derived scenarios compared to a baseline simulation with maximum increases of 13 and 8% in SRES-A2 and SRES-A1B for the Tamor and Seti basins, respectively. On seasonal basis, we assessed higher precipitation during monsoon season in all scenarios that corresponded with higher stream discharge of 72 and 68% for Tamor and Seti basins, respectively. This effect appears to be geographically important with higher influence in the eastern Tamor basin potentially due to longer and stronger monsoonal period of that region. However, we projected minimal changes in stream discharge for the land use scenarios potentially due to higher water transmission to groundwater reservoirs associated with fractures of the Himalaya Mountains rather than changes in surface runoff. However, when combined the effects of climate and land use changes, discharge was moderately increased indicating counteracting mechanisms of hydrologic yield in these mountains. Better understanding of potential hydrologic response to climate and land use changes in these basins might be crucial for national and transnational water management.
Radiative Lifetimes for N ii Ultraviolet Multiplets

Radiative lifetimes for four N II excited states emitting UV during transition to lower level
Self and Ideal Self-Concept in a Drug-Using Subculture

Summary This study explores the self and ideal self-concepts of 43 drug users and 39 non-drug users via Leary's Interpersonal Checklist. Both groups had ideals characterized as high in Love and Dominance. The drug group was higher both in self and ideal description on the Rebellious-Distrustful and lower on the Managerial-Autocratic dimension. There was also less discrepancy between the self and ideal-self ratings for the drug group. They idealized more hostility than did the non-drug group, reflecting perhaps a more cynical outlook or one more acceptant of personal anger.
Investigation of some complexes formed in solution by caffeine. IV. Interactions between caffeine and sulfathiazole, sulfadiazine, p-aminobenzoic acid, benzocaine, phenobarbital, and barbital.

This investigation is a continuation of previous studies made on the complexing behavior of caffeine with numerous pharmaceuticals. By means of solubility analysis it is shown that one-to-one complexes are formed between the xanthine and the pharmaceuticals listed under the title. The barbiturates appear to form both one-to-one and two-to-one complexes. The stability constants of the several complexes have also been estimated.
Abstract 361: ZNF24 may modulate microvascular endothelial cell invasion by regulating MMP2 transcription.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC ZNF24 is a C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor that regulates angiogenesis by repressing the transcription of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). It has also been implicated in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation in the central nervous system and in hepatocellular carcinoma. In the current study, we have focused on the role of ZNF24 in modulating endothelial cell motility. We have found that silencing of ZNF24 in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) leads to significantly decreased cell migration and invasion. Consistently, the protein level and proteolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), but not those of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), are significantly downregulated when ZNF24 is silenced in these cells. We have also determined the effect of ZNF24 silencing on the mRNA levels of endogenous inhibitors of MMPs, the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). While TIMP1 and TIMP4 levels are moderately upregulated by ZNF24 silencing, the level of TIMP2, a major regulator of MMP2 proteolytic activity, and that of TIMP3, are significantly decreased. However, ZNF24 siRNA induces only a moderate decrease in the protein level of TIMP2, suggesting that TIMP2 does not play an important role in the regulation of MMP9 activity by ZNF24. Another major regulator of MMP2 proteolytic activity, membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), also does not exhibit significant changes when ZNF24 is silenced, suggesting that MMP2 is regulated by ZNF24 at the transcriptional level. Indeed, the mRNA level of MMP2 is significantly downregulated when cells are transfected with ZNF24 siRNA, indicating that ZNF24 positively regulates the transcription of MMP2. When compared to normal endothelial cells, tumor endothelial cells exhibit higher levels of endogenous ZNF24, suggesting that ZNF24 may function to increase cell invasion in these cells via upregulation of MMP2. Our current studies are focused on determining whether MMP2 is a direct downstream target of ZNF24 as well as on its role(s) in modulating endothelial cell motility in vivo. (Supported by NIH P01 CA045548, the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and the Advanced Medical Research Foundation) Citation Format: Di Jia, Marsha A. Moses. ZNF24 may modulate microvascular endothelial cell invasion by regulating MMP2 transcription. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 361. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-361
Bending in the right direction.

Rohs et al. (2005) report the success of a new Monte Carlo algorithm in describing sequence-specific DNA bending. The approach offers the possibility of improved treatments of "indirect readout" effects in the prediction of transcription factor binding sites.
The use of three-dimensional printing to produce in vitro slice chambers

Background In recent years, 3D printing technology has become inexpensive and simple enough that any lab can own and use one of these printers.
Preparation and Physical and Antimicrobial Properties of A Cellulose-Supported Chloromelamine Derivative

A reactive melamine derivative, 2-amino-4-chloro-6-hydroxy-s-triazine (ACHT), was covalently bound onto cotton cellulose through nucleophilic substitutions. Four treatment methods, including cold−pad−batch, pad−dry−cure, pad-steaming, and exhaustion, were employed in the reactions. The pad−dry−cure method provided the highest reaction efficiency. The mechanical properties of the treated fabrics were characterized, and the reaction mechanism was further discussed. Upon chlorine bleaching treatment, the covalently bound ACHT moieties could be transformed into chloromelamine derivatives, providing potent, durable, and rechargeable antimicrobial functions against 106-107 CFU/mL of drug-resistant gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria under both waterborne and airborne conditions.
New Ideas In Acousto-Optic Signal Processing Using Cavity Resonances And Bragg Imaging

A. KorpelThe University of Iowa, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa City, Iowa 52242AbstractThe paper discusses two novel applications of acousto -optics. In the first one, acousto-optics is used to read out the mode content of an acoustic cavity resonator, resulting in atwo- dimensional spectrum analyzer. The second application deals with an electronicallyadressable optical filter that relies on Bragg diffraction imaging for its operation.IntroductionThe use of acousto -optic (AO) devices in signal processing applications has become in-creasingly common during the last decade. For a quick orienta ion the reader is eferredto review articles by King et all, Korpel2'3, Flores and
A model for the space-time dependence of feeding for pelagic fish populations

Abstract The time-varying spatial distribution of pelagic fish is an important factor in the development of feeding rate estimates for input into bioenergetics growth models. Key issues are the degree to which fish and prey distributions overlap, the frequency and duration of such overlaps, and the effectiveness of foraging during overlaps. A model for the space and time dependences of feeding by the pelagic planktivorous alewife Alosa pseudoharengus in the Great Lakes is presented. The model combines two submodels: (1) a diffusion–taxis model of predator and prey dispersal and (2) a foraging rate model. Both models depend on environmental variables. The diffusion–taxis model is based on directional motion and random motion on the part of the fish. Directional motion is determined from a taxis function that relies on local cues for feeding rate and encounter rate with predators. The foraging model expresses the feeding rate of a predator as a function of predator and prey sizes, prey density, light level,...
Turmoil and transition in international broadcasting organizations: 1938–1950

Although there are numerous international organizations of a technical nature in the field of communications that have managed to remain remarkably apolitical for many years (the International Telecommunications Union and the Universal Postal Union both had their genesis more than a century ago), it is obviously unrealistic to expect a regional association of sovereign nations organized for a specific technical purpose not to reflect the strains and pressures of the larger international political arena. European broadcasting is no exception, and few today are aware of the sometimes violent changes in broadcasting associations that followed the rise and fall of Hitler and the developments of the “cold war” between eastern and western Europe. In the following article, the metamorphosis of the continent‐wide International Broadcasting Union into the Soviet‐bloc International Radio and Television Organization and the west‐Europe European Broadcasting Union is explored in detail. Dr. Charles E. Sherman is Asso...
Role of cation choice in the radiation tolerance of pyrochlores

We have used atomistic computer simulations to study anion diffusion coefficients and the response to swift heavy ion irradiation of Gd2TixZr2−xO7 pyrochlore for x values of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2. In Gd2Ti2O7, a thermal energy deposition per unit length of 12 keV nm−1 results in a cylindrical amorphous track of radius 2 nm in good agreement with experiment. The volume swelling of the track is 4%, which suggests that it is partially amorphous. Gd vacancies and Ti interstitials along with cation exchange play a role in damage accumulation in the titanate. In sharp contrast, Gd2Zr2O7 does not swell and merely transforms from pyrochlore to fluorite under the same conditions. The activation energy barrier for oxygen hopping by the vacancy mechanism in these pyrochlores is 0.26–0.44 eV. The radiation tolerance of gadolinium zirconate pyrochlore is related to the efficient annihilation of cation Frenkel pairs, the low energy cost and negligible volume expansion associated with the resulting cation exchange, and efficient annealing of anion sublattice damage.
Disintegration of colonic epithelial tight junction in uremia: a likely cause of CKD-associated inflammation

Background. Inflammation is a constant feature and a major mediator of the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its numerous complications. There is increasing evidence pointing to the impairment of intestinal barrier function and its contribution to the prevailing inflammation in advanced CKD. Under normal condition, the intestinal epithelium and its apical tight junction prevent entry of the luminal microorganisms, harmful microbial by-products and other noxious contents in the host’s internal milieu. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that impaired intestinal barrier function in uremia must be due to disruption of the intestinal tight junction complex. Methods. Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were randomized to undergo 5/6 nephrectomy (CKD) or sham-operation (control) and observed for 8 weeks. In a separate experiment, SD rats were rendered uremic by addition of 0.7% adenine to their food for 2 weeks and observed for an additional 2 weeks. Rats consuming a regular diet served as controls. The animals were then euthanized and their colons were removed and processed for expression of the key constituents of the tight junction complex using real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis and immunohistological examinations. Results. The CKD groups showed elevated plasma urea and creatinine, reduced creatinine clearance, thickened colonic wall and heavy infiltration of mononuclear leukocytes in the lamina propria. This was associated with marked reductions in protein expressions of claudin-1 (70–90%), occludin (50–70%) and ZO-1 (80–90%) in the colonic mucosa in both CKD models compared with the corresponding controls. The reduction in the abundance of the given proteins was confirmed by immunohistological examinations. In contrast, messenger RNA abundance of occludin, claudin-1 and ZO-1 was either unchanged or elevated pointing to the post-transcriptional/post-translational modification as a cause of the observed depletion of the tight junction proteins. Conclusion. The study revealed, for the first time, that uremia results in depletion of the key protein constituents of the colonic tight junction, a phenomenon which can account for the impaired intestinal barrier function and contribute to the systemic inflammation in CKD.
Role of the USA in shortage of food and medicine in Cuba

For over 30 years an embargo by the USA has restricted Cuba's ability to purchase foods and medicines. In 1992, the USA enacted the Cuban Democracy Act (CDA), which "exempted" the sale of medicines from the embargo. However, the implementation of the CDA's requirements and the intensification of the embargo as a result of the passage of the Helms-Burton Act in March, 1996, have undermined the purpose of the medicine exemption. The resultant lack of food and medicine to Cuba contributed to the worst epidemic of neurological disease this century. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights of the Organization of American States has informed the US Government that such activities violate international law and has requested that the US take immediate steps to exempt food and medicine from the embargo.
Children tell white lies to make others feel better

We investigated whether children tell white lies simply out of politeness or as a means to improve another person's mood. A first experimental phase probed children's individual insight to use white lies when prosocial behaviour was called for. We compared a situation in which a person had expressed sadness about her artwork and the goal was to make her feel better (Sad condition) with a situation in which a person was indifferent about her work (Neutral condition). Children at 7 years and older were more likely to tell a white lie than the blunt truth in the Sad over the Neutral condition. Five-year-olds showed only a trend. A second phase tested whether children selectively use white lie telling after it was modelled by an adult. Results showed that after modelling, children from all age groups were significantly more likely to use white lies in the Sad condition than in the Neutral condition. Taken together, these results show that children are attentive to another person's affective states when choosing whether to tell a white lie or tell the truth. We discuss the emergence of this behaviour in relation to children's developing social cognition and the increasing sophistication of children's prosocial behaviour.