cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elevated platelet-derived growth factor-BB concentrations in premature neonates who develop chronic lung disease

Chronic lung disease (CLD) in the preterm newborn is associated with inflammation and fibrosis. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), a potent chemotactic growth factor, may mediate the fibrotic component of CLD. The objectives of this study were to determine if tracheal aspirate (TA) concentrations of PDGF-BB increase the first 2 weeks of life in premature neonates undergoing mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), its relationship to the development of CLD, pulmonary hemorrhage (PH) and its relationship to airway colonization with Ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu). Infants with a birth weight less than 1500 grams who required mechanical ventilation for RDS were enrolled into this study with parental consent. Tracheal aspirates were collected daily during clinically indicated suctioning. Uu cultures were performed on TA collected in the first week of life. TA supernatants were assayed for PDGF-BB and secretory component of IgA concentrations using ELISA techniques. Fifty premature neonates were enrolled into the study. Twenty-eight infants were oxygen dependent at 28 days of life and 16 infants were oxygen dependent at 36 weeks postconceptual age. PDGF-BB concentrations peaked between 4 and 6 days of life. Maximum PDGF-BB concentrations were significantly higher in infants who developed CLD or died from respiratory failure. PH was associated with increased risk of CLD and was associated with higher PDGF-BB concentrations. There was no correlation between maximum PDGF-BB concentrations and Uu isolation from the airway. PDGF-BB concentrations increase in TAs of infants who undergo mechanical ventilation for RDS during the first 2 weeks of life and maximal concentrations are greater in those infants who subsequently develop CLD. Elevation in lung PDGF-BB may play a role in the development of CLD.
A novel fairness algorithm for resilient packet ring networks with low computational and hardware complexity

The resilient packet ring (RPR), defined under IEEE 802.17, has been proposed as a high-speed backbone technology for metropolitan area networks. RPR is introduced to mitigate the underutilization and unfairness problems associated with the current technologies SONET and Ethernet, respectively. The key performance objectives of RPR is to achieve high bandwidth utilization, optimum spatial reuse on the dual rings, and fairness. The challenge is to design an algorithm that can react dynamically to the traffics in achieving these objectives. The RPR fairness algorithm (J. Kao et al., January 2002) is comparatively simple, but it poses some critical limitations that require further investigation and remedy. One of the major problems is that the amount of bandwidth allocated by the algorithm oscillates severely under the unbalanced traffic scenarios. These oscillations presents a barrier in achieving spatial reuse and high bandwidth utilization. We propose a low complexity fairness algorithm (LCFA) in allocating the bandwidth fairly to RPR nodes with a very low computational complexity O(1) that requires a simple hardware requirement similar to that of the RPR fairness algorithm.
Activation of Naive NK Cells in Response to Listeria monocytogenes Requires IL-18 and Contact with Infected Dendritic Cells

The mechanisms for NK cell activation during infection by intracellular bacterial pathogens are not clearly defined. To dissect how Listeria monocytogenes infection elicits NK cell activation, we evaluated the requirements for activation of naive splenic NK cells by infected bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). We found that NK cell activation in this setting required infection of BMDCs by live wild type bacteria. NK cells were not activated when BMDCs were infected with a live hemolysin deficient (Δhly) strain. Neutralization of IL-12, TNF-α, or caspase-1 each dramatically reduced NK cell IFN-γ production in response to live wt L. monocytogenes infection. Addition of recombinant IL-18, but not IL-1β, reversed the effects of caspase-1 inhibition. Recombinant IL-18 also restored NK cell activation by BMDCs infected with Δhly L. monocytogenes, which produced IL-12 but not IL-18. IL-18 acted on NK cells because MyD88 expression was required in responding NK cells, but not infected BMDC. However, secreted cytokines were not sufficient for activation of naive NK cells by infected BMDCs. Rather, NK cell activation additionally required contact between infected BMDCs and NK cells. These data suggest that the activation of NK cells during L. monocytogenes infection requires both secreted cytokines and ligation of NK activating receptors during direct contact with infected DCs.
Rethinking Critical Theory and Qualitative Research

Some 70 years after its development in Frankfurt, Germany, critical theory retains its ability to disrupt and hallenge the status quo. In the process, it elicits highlycharged emotions of all types—fierce loyalty from its roponents, vehement hostility from its detractors. Such vibrantly polar reactions indicate at the very least that critical theory still matters. We can be against critical theory or for it, but, especially at the present historical uncture, we cannot be without it.
Physiological and Kinetic Studies with Anthranilate Synthetase of Bacillus alvei

Anthranilate synthetase from Bacillus alvei was partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and was stabilized by glycerol. The reaction mechanism of the enzyme was found to be sequential with respect to substrate, and the enzyme formed a hydroxamic acid in the absence of Mg(++). The K(m) for chorismic acid was 1.25 x 10(-4)m, and the K(m) for l-glutamine was 5.5 x 10(-4)m. Enzyme activity was inhibited by tryptophan noncompetitively with respect to chorismic acid and uncompetitively with respect to l-glutamine. An analysis of the inhibition patterns indicated that tryptophan may act as a dead end inhibitor and bind at the catalytic site. Enzyme activity could be completely inhibited in vitro and in vivo under the appropriate conditions, and enzyme synthesis was sensitive to repression by tryptophan. A sedimentation coefficient of 5.5S and an estimated molecular weight of 90,000 were obtained for the enzyme.
Oxytocin-induced changes in plasma 13,14 dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2 alpha concentrations on days 10, 20 and 30 postpartum in the bovine.

Eighteen suckled Brahman cows were allotted randomly to treatments arranged in a three-period crossover design according to calving date and prior treatment such that each cow received 30, 150 and 300 IU oxytocin (OT) i.v. on d 10, 20 or 30 postpartum. Blood was collected via an indwelling jugular catheter every 15 min for 195 min. Samples collected before OT administration were used to determine basal plasma 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGFM) concentration. Day, time and the day X dose interaction affected PGFM (P less than .0001). All doses of OT elevated PGFM on all days postpartum (P less than .0001). Basal PGFM was greater (P less than .0001) on d 10 (252.2 +/- 51.2 pg/ml) than on d 20 (78.2 +/- 14.8 pg/ml) or on d 30 (64.8 +/- 7.4 pg/ml). The rise in PGFM in response to OT was greatest on d 10 and decreased (P less than .001) with increasing days postpartum. On d 10, 150 IU of OT caused a greater (P less than .0007) rise in PGFM than either 30 or 300 IU. On d 20, the 300-IU dose raised PGFM more (P less than .005) than either 30 or 150 IU, whereas on d 30 no differences among doses were detected. Cows had higher basal PGFM and a greater response to OT on d 10 postpartum than on d 20 or 30; cows were more responsive on d 20 than on d 30. All doses of OT elevated PGFM at all three times postpartum; however, differences between doses were not detected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The ail gene of Yersinia enterocolitica has a role in the ability of the organism to survive serum killing

Two Yersinia enterocolitica genes, inv and ail, play a major role in the ability of this microorganism to enter cultured mammalian cells. ail-homologous sequences are present only in pathogenic species and strains of Yersinia. We previously demonstrated (D. E. Pierson and S. Falkow, Infect. Immun. 58:1059-1064, 1990) that four different nonpathogenic isolates of Y. enterocolitica are not able to invade tissue culture cells because they contain functionally inactive variants of the inv gene. When a functional version was introduced into these strains, they became invasive. In this study, we introduced a functional ail gene into the same strains and found that the ail gene was expressed but that these strains neither adhere to nor invade cultured animal cells. However, these recombinant strains became resistant to killing by human serum, whereas their parental strains were not. Using an ail mutant, we also demonstrate that the ail gene has a role in both invasion/adherence and serum resistance in a pathogenic isolate of Y. enterocolitica. These results support a role for Ail in the pathogenesis of Y. enterocolitica infection and disease.
Mobile ions on carbonate surfaces

Abstract Surface ions move during the dissolution and growth of minerals. The present study investigates the density and the mobility of surface ions and the structure of the adsorbed water layer with changes in relative humidity (RH). The time evolution of the polarization force, which is induced by an electrically biased tip of an atomic force microscope, shows that the density and the mobility of surface ions increase with rising humidity, a finding which is consistent with increasing surface hydration. A marked change in the observations above 55% RH indicates a transition from a water layer formed by heteroepitaxial two-dimensional growth at low RH to one formed by multilayer three-dimensional growth at high RH. A comparison of the results of several rhombohedral carbonates ( viz. CaCO 3 , FeCO 3 , ZnCO 3 , MgCO 3 , and MnCO 3 ) shows that a long relaxation time of the polarization force at high RH is predictive of a rapid dissolution rate. This finding is rationalized by long lifetimes in terrace positions and hence greater opportunities for detachment of the ion to aqueous solution (i.e., dissolution). Our findings on the density and the mobility of surface ions therefore help to better constrain mechanistic models of hydration, ion exchange, and dissolution/growth.
A New Species of Acalymma Barber, 1947 (Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Luperini), from Southeastern Arizona and New Mexico, U.S.A

Acalymma bertoluccii sp. nov. is described from southeastern Arizona and New Mexico, U.S.A.
Synthesis and Optical Properties of Novel Unsymmetrical Conjugated Dendrimers

The first unsymmetrical conjugated dendrimer was synthesized using a rather simple approach that involves only one synthon and two sets of reaction conditions. This dendrimer shows broad absorption in the UV and visible range and possesses an intrinsic energy gradient from the outside branches to the core, naturally suggesting itself as a potentially efficient light harvesting material.
Performance of functionally graded sandwich composite beams under shock wave loading

Abstract The dynamic behavior of sandwich composites made of E-Glass Vinyl-Ester (EVE) facesheets and graded Corecell™ A-series foam was studied using a shock tube apparatus. The foam core was monotonically graded based on increasing acoustic wave impedance, with the foam core layer of lowest wave impedance facing the blast. The specimen dimensions were held constant for all core configurations, while the number of core layers varied, resulting in specimens with one layer, two layer, three layer, and four layers of foam core gradation. Prior to shock tube testing, the quasi-static and dynamic constitutive behavior (compressive) of each type of foam was evaluated. During the shock tube testing, high-speed photography coupled with the optical technique of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was utilized to capture the real-time deformation process as well as mechanisms of failure. Post-mortem analysis was also carried out to evaluate the overall blast performance of these configurations. The results indicated that increasing the number of monotonically graded foam core layers, thus reducing the acoustic wave impedance mismatch between successive layers, helped maintain structural integrity and increased the blast performance of the sandwich composite.
The ISPI HPT model applied to a university television broadcast system upgrade

This is a case study describing the application of the traditional ISPI human performance technology (HPT) model at CHWK, a campus television channel broadcast from a southeastern American university cable system. CHWK's issues with delivery options, labor-intense work flow, and continual staff training were identified as the performance problems. Computerization of the system, including the installation of new hardware and data processing methods, was recommended as the intervention to solve the performance problem.
A modified, high yield procedure for the synthesis of unlabeled and 14C-labeled 4-methylene-DL-glutamic acid.

Abstract This paper describes the complete chemical synthesis of 4-methylene-DL-glutamic acid from diethylmalonate, formaldehyde and diethyl acetamidomalonate. The amino acid was obtained pure following ion-exchange chromatography and/or crystallization from hot water in an overall yield of 30% based on the amount of diethylmalonate used. Several physico-chemical characteristics of the synthetic compound were determined, including ir and pmr spectra, chromatography on paper, retention time on an amino acid analyzer, pK values and melting point; all properties cf the synthetic material were found to be identical to those seen with the naturally occurring L-isomer. The procedure for obtaining gram quantities of the unlabeled compound has also been modified for the synthesis of high specific activity (10.6 mCi/nmol) 4-methylene-[2-14C]-DL-glutamic acid.
A formal methodology for acceptability analysis of alternate sites for nuclear power stations

Abstract A formal methodology is developed for the selection of the best sites from among alternate suitable sites for a nuclear power station. The method is based on reducing the various variables affecting the decision to a single function that provides a metric for the level of site acceptability. The function accomodates for well known sites selection criteria as well as other factors; such as public reactions to certain choices. The method is applied to the selection of a site from three acceptable alternate sites for Wolf Creek nuclear power station, Kansas.
Oxygen Microscopy with Two-Photon-Enhanced Phosphorescent Nanoprobes

A new method for non-invasive high-resolution imaging of oxygen distributions using phosphorescent nanoprobes with enhanced two-photon absorption cross-sections is being developed. Validation of the phosphorescence lifetime imaging microscope and characterization of new probes was performed.
Instrumentation of the hard x-ray telescope mission

The hard x-ray telescope (HXT) was selected for study as a possible new intermediate size mission for the early 21st century. Its principal attributes are: (1) multiwavelength observing with a system of focusing telescopes that collectively observe from the UV to over 1 MeV, (2) much higher sensitivity and much better angular resolution in the 10 - 100 keV band, and (3) higher sensitivity for detecting gamma ray lines of known energy in the 100 keV to 1 MeV band. The institutions collaborating in the study are: Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Marshall Space Flight Center, Naval Research Laboratory, Goddard Space Flight Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Danish Space Research Institute, Osservatorio Astronomica di Brera (Merate), and Centre d'Etudes Spatiale des Rayonnements (Toulouse). This paper emphasizes the instrumentation development aspects of the concept study which is also of interest to other possible missions observing hard x rays. The instrumentation includes several grazing incidence double conical telescopes with multilayer coatings that focus up to 100 keV and a single Laue crystal telescope that functions to 1 MeV. The detectors which are relatively small thanks to focusing include CCDs, and germanium, and/or CdZnTe position sensitive arrays.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Microwave Spectrum and Structure of Ethylene Ozonide: Effects of Large Axes Rotations in Structure Calculations

Rotational spectra for 14 isotopic species of ethylene ozonide have now been assigned. The consistency of the Kraitchman substitution structure was checked by calculating the 0,-O, bond distance six ways; the values ranged from 1.458 to 1.502 d. This variation was attributed to an amplification of residual vibrational effects by large axes rotations upon isotopic substitution. Estimates of errors produced from this effect were made and a procedure was developed for choosing ra parameters in which the effect is minimized. This gave the following ring parameters: d(C0,) = 1.416 d, d(C0,) = 1.412 8, d(O0) = 1.461 A, <CO,C = 104.8”, <O,CO, = 105.5”, <CO,O, = 99.3”
High-performance fiber-laser-based terahertz spectrometer

We have developed a rapid scanning terahertz (THz) spectrometer based on a synchronized two-fiber-laser system. When the system is set to the asynchronous optical sampling mode, THz spectra extending to 3THz can be acquired within 1μs at a signal-to-noise ratio of the electric field of better than 20. Signal averaging results in a dynamic range of more than 60dB, and frequency components of more than 4THz can be detected. When the lasers are set to the same repetition rate, electronically controlled optical sampling at a rate of 2.5kHz is demonstrated, making the system versatile for different spectroscopic applications. Finally, we compare the THz emission spectra of a photoconductive switch that is pumped at 780nm and a nonlinear DAST crystal excited at 1550nm. We find that the spectral range of the spectrometer is significantly enhanced at higher frequencies, while the dynamic range remains constant.
Chronic exposure to nicotine does not prevent neurocognitive decline after cardiac surgery

Abstract Objective: To establish the association between smoking and cognitive decline in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Design: Retrospective review. Setting: Referral center for cardiothoracic surgery at a university hospital. Participants: Four hundred seventeen patients undergoing CABG surgery. Interventions: Based on preoperative data, patients were divided into 2 groups: smokers (n = 185) and nonsmokers (n = 232). Patients who smoked half a pack of cigarettes per day within the last 2 years were identified as smokers, and patients who did not smoke were included in the nonsmoker group. Patients with less than a seventh grade education; an inability to read; or a history of one of the following medical conditions: prior stroke with residual deficit, psychiatric illness, renal disease (creatinine > 2.0 mg/dL), or active liver disease; or patients who quit smoking prior to surgery were excluded from the study. Both groups received similar anesthetic and surgical management. All patients received a battery of neurocognitive tests both preoperatively and 6 weeks after CABG surgery. Neurocognitive test scores were separated into 4 cognitive domains, with a composite cognitive index (the mean of the four domain scores) determined for each patient at every testing period. Measurements and main results: The overall rate of cognitive decline at 6 weeks after surgery in smokers was 36.2%, whereas nonsmokers showed a deficit rate of 36.6%. Nonsmokers were significantly older and presented for surgery on average 6 years later than the smokers. Female sex represented a considerably larger proportion of patients in the nonsmoker group. Smokers had a higher prevalence of myocardial infarction. The univariate analysis of cognitive change at 6 weeks adjusted for age, baseline cognitive index, and education years showed no difference between the 2 groups. Sex, history of myocardial infarction, hypertension, stroke, transient ischemic attack, and duration of cardiopulmonary bypass did not contribute to the multivariate logistic regression model and were dropped from the final analysis. Significant multivariate predictors of neurocognitive dysfunction included age, left ventricular ejection fraction, baseline education level, and baseline cognitive index. Conclusions: This study confirmed previous findings that age, baseline cognitive function, years of education, and impaired left ventricular function are independent predictors of neurocognitive decline at 6 weeks after CABG surgery. Smoking is neither preventive nor causative of cognitive decline after CABG surgery.
Organization size and behavior setting capacity as determinants of member participation

A series of three studies, using archival, mail survey, and telephone interview data from national, state, and city samples of churches, explored the relation of church size, capacity, staffing and member participation. Member attendance at Sunday worship service and at church school and taking a responsible job in the church school were the measures of participation. Major findings, confirmed in at least two of the studies were: (a) the relation between member participation and church membership was linear, and not negatively accelerated as predicted on the basis of the theory of undermanning, (b) level of pastoral staffing was not a consistently strong mediator of the size participation relation, and (c) capacity of the behavior setting (in terms of number of participants who could be accommodated) was at least as effective as church membership for predicting attendance. It was suggested that the traditional index of degree of manning of an organization (members/behavior settings) be replaced with a more precise measure which takes into account the capacity, the number of applicants for positions, and the minimum number of persons required in organization settings.
189: Relationship between insulin resistance features and progression of cardiac allograft vasculopathy

patients (10.8%). Mean follow-up at antibody measurements was 6.5 5.1 years. Freedom from vasculopathy at 1, 5 and 10 years was 90.9%, 77.9% and 26% in DSA-positive patients vs. 96.2%, 84.6% and 65.2% in the antibody-negative control (p 0.025). Freedom from treated or biopsy-proven rejection during follow-up was 44.4% for DSA-positive patients vs. 70.2% in the control (p 0.05). The multivariate analysis identified DSA-positivity as an independent risk factor for the development of vasculopathy. 3 out of 17 DSA-positive patients died after DSA detection because of graft failure, 3 patients are awaiting retransplantation. Conclusions: The results demonstrate a strong correlation between the development of donor specific HLA-antibodies and adverse outcome after heart transplantation. The detection of antibody mediated rejection identifies high risk patients and offers an opportunity for early clinical intervention and modification of immunosuppression.
Premature rupture of membranes and bacterial vaginosis

Objective: Critically review obstetric, epidemiologic, microbiologic, and pathophysiologic information regarding the possible casual associations of bacterial vaginosis with premature rupture of membranes. Methods: Observational and experimental studies are reviewed and correlated with in vitro and clinical, microbiologic, and pathophysiologic experiments in an effort to define possibly casual relationships with bacterial vaginosis and premature rupture of membranes and its maternal and perinatal sequelae. Results: Considerable information shows that bacterial vaginosis, a common vaginal microbe-associated condition of reproductive age women, can be strongly (risk ratios up to 7.3, confidence interval 95%, 1.8 to 29.4) associated with preterm premature rupture of membranes as well as preterm labor and birth. Microorganisms of bacterial vaginosis produce factors including proteases (IgAse, collagenase, etc.) that can facilitate transport of bacteria to fetal membranes and impair fetal membrane integrity in experimental models. Conclusions: Controlled investigations are required to evaluate if treatment of bacterial vaginosis is associated with reduction of premature rupture of membranes and preterm birth.
Sexually Aroused Self-aggression in a Socialized, Adult Male Monkey

An abnormal but apparently successful sexual posture was observed in an adult male rhesus monkey in which the subject bit its hands and leg in the process of dismounting. This behavior followed each of several mounts but ceased toward the end of the series, culminating in ejaculation. The animal's rearing history is included, suggesting that early partial isolation may produce long-lasting abnormalities which, while unusual, need not seriously affect successful copulation.
Exploring the Racial Experience of Therapists in Training: A Critical Race Theory Perspective

This qualitative study focused on the experiences of students of diverse racial and national origins in order to construct knowledge about race and racism in marriage and family therapy (MFT) education. Research was completed with a critical race theory (CRT) interpretive lens. Themes of racial awareness, racism, strength and resistance, and creating kinship resonated with literature on critical multicultural education and were consistent with tenets of CRT, including acknowledging racism and recognizing the impact of multiple intersecting identities; interrogating socially constructed, dominant-culture knowledge; valuing voices from marginalized locations; and commitment to social justice. Implications for MFT training and practice are discussed.
On kinetics and hydrodynamics related to the growth of faceted crysrals

Abstract The aim of this study is to propose a generalized model of crystal growth kinetics. This work is conceived to allow a faceted crystal to grow uniformly in a non-uniform fluid environment. Neglecting, fot the time being, the limiting role of the impurities, we construct a macroscopic extension of the classical surface diffusion BCF model. The result appears as a partial differential equation (PDE) whose solution characterizes the surface profile. This PDE is intended to be coupled, through interfacial supersaturation and mass flux, with the PDEs driving transport and dynamics in the fluid phase.The mass flux, feeding the crystal, thus depends not only on the interfacial supersaturation, but also on the instantaneous shape of the growing surface. Furthermore, we verify that this macroscopic approach has the ability to detect the growth instabilities and recovers the microscopic stability criterion by Kuroda, Irisawa and Ookawa [J. Crystal Growth 42 (1977) 41]. This paper also comes back to the origin of the above-mentioned morphological instability of faceted crystals and gives new considerations on this purpose. Especially we study the coupling of an uniform growth with two basic laminar fluid flows: Blasius flow and buoyancy layer flow of natural convection. Results concerning the limit size of the crystal face before appearance of large macrosteps are given in both cases. Some comments are additionally presented for turbulent flows.
Does meta-cognitive theory enhance our understanding of pathological worry and anxiety?

Abstract This study tests several tenets of Wells’ meta-cognitive theory of Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) by using the Meta-Cognitions Questionnaire (MCQ), which was designed to measure meta-cognition in GAD. The MCQ Cognitive Confidence subscale (MCQ-CC) predicted anxiety symptoms even after controlling for both trait anxiety and trait worry. In addition, the MCQ Uncontrollability and Danger (MCQ-UD) subscale had the highest correlation with a discriminant function that correctly classified 80.6% of nonanxious, nonworried-anxious, and GAD participants. Finally, participants who met GAD criteria exhibited significantly higher levels of meta-worry than nonanxious and nonworried-anxious participants, and exhibited both positive and negative beliefs about worry. These results offer additional support for Wells’ meta-cognitive theory of GAD, but also highlight some of its limitations with respect to predictive validity.
Iron(II) α-Aminopyridine Complexes and Their Catalytic Activity in Oxidation Reactions: A Comparative Study of Activity and Ligand Decomposition

New well-defined FeII complexes bearing bi- and tridentate α-aminopyridine ligands were synthesized, and their catalytic activity in the oxidation of hydrocarbons and alcohols utilizing peroxide oxidants was investigated. The tridendate bis(picolyl)amine ligand 6 and its benzylated analogue 7 were converted into complexes [FeII(6)2]OTf2 (96 %, X-ray; OTf=CF3SO3−) and [FeII(7)2]OTf2 (90 %). The bidentate aminopyridine ligand 8 was converted into [FeII(8)2(OTf)2] (93 %, X-ray). The new complexes are catalytically active in the oxidation of secondary alcohols and benzylic methylene groups to the corresponding ketones, of toluene to benzaldehyde, and of cyclohexene to cyclohexene oxide (3 mol % catalyst, tBuOOH (4 equiv), RT, 2–6 h, 28 to 85 % yield of isolated product). The catalytic oxidation of cyclohexane with ROOH (R=H, tBu) to an alcohol/ketone mixture with low ratio revealed that these oxidations follow largely a radical mechanism, except when [FeII(6)2]OTf2 was employed and H2O2 was added slowly. Together with known bi- and tetradendate iron complexes, a comparative study showed slight reactivity differences for the newly prepared complexes, with the highest observed for [FeII(6)2]OTf2 and [FeII(7)2]OTf2. The reaction of the new complexes with peroxides was followed over time by UV/Visible spectroscopy; this revealed a fast reaction between the two reactants within minutes. Ligand-decomposition pathways were investigated, and revealed that the NCH2 units of the complexes are rapidly oxidized to the corresponding amides NCO. The iron complex [FeII(6)2]OTf2 showed no decrease in catalytic activity and a moderate decrease in selectivity when first subjected to oxidative conditions similar to those employed in catalysis. Thus, oxidative ligand deterioration had a marginal effect on the catalytic activity of the iron complex [FeII(6)2]OTf2.
An American Paradox

This paper explores the paradox that while Americans generally identify themselves as environmentalists, they show little willingness to voluntarily restrain their behavior or to support specific fiscal policies that would result in increased levels of environmental protection. I explore the role of values in the explanation of this paradox, and discuss some of the difficulties involved in studying values and their role in human behavior.
Delayed reorganization of the shoulder representation in forepaw barrel subfield (FBS) in first somatosensory cortex (SI) following forelimb deafferentation in adult rats

We previously reported that 6-16 weeks after forelimb amputation in adult rats, neurons in layer IV of rat first somatosensory cortex (SI) in the forepaw barrel subfield (FBS) associated with the representation of the forepaw became responsive to new input from the shoulder (Pearson et al. 1999). These new shoulder-responsive sites in deafferented FBS had longer evoked response latencies than did sites in the shoulder representation located in the posterior part of the trunk subfield, hereafter referred to as the original shoulder representation. Furthermore, projection neurons in the original shoulder representation in both intact and deafferented adults did not extend their axons into the FBS, and ablation of the original shoulder representation cortex and/or the second somatosensory cortex (SII) failed to eliminate new shoulder input in the deafferented FBS (Pearson et al. 2001). These results led us to conclude that large-scale reorganization in FBS quite likely involved a subcortical substrate. In addition, the time course for large-scale cortical reorganization following forelimb amputation was unknown, and this information could shed light on potential mechanisms for large-scale cortical reorganization. In the present study, we extended our previous findings of large-scale cortical reorganization in the FBS by investigating the time course for reorganization following forelimb amputation. The major findings are: a) deafferented forelimb cortex remained unresponsive to shoulder stimulation during the 1st week following forelimb amputation; b) new responses to shoulder stimulation were first observed in deafferented forelimb cortex 2-3 weeks after forelimb amputation; however, the new shoulder input was restricted to locations in the former forearm cortex; c) islet(s) of new shoulder representation were first observed in deafferented FBS 4 weeks after amputation; these islets occupied a larger percentage of FBS in subsequent weeks; d) portions of FBS remained unresponsive as many as 4 months after deafferentation (maximum time examined between amputation and recording); and e) the increase in total size of the shoulder representation appeared to result from the establishment of new shoulder representations that were often discontinuous from the original shoulder representation. These findings provide evidence that forelimb amputation results in delayed reorganization of the FBS and we describe possible mechanisms and substrates underlying the reorganization.
Comparison of the Phase Metrics DFHT IV and Zygo Pegasus 2000 fly height testers

The performance of the Phase Metrics DFHT IV (DFHT) fly height tester was compared with the performance of the Zygo Pegasus 2000 (P2000) fly height tester. The testers showed comparable repeatabilities (0.25 nm for the DFHT and 0.30 nm for the P2000) and correlated well at all points except at the center rail trailing edge. The DFHT had a measurement uncertainty of 0.76 nm at a fly height of 25 nm and 0.35 nm near contact. Similarly the P2000 exhibited an uncertainty of 1 nm at 25 nm and 0.5 nm at contact. The measurement uncertainty of the DFHT is due to calibration at a location different from the measurement location; for the P2000, it is primarily due to residual uncertainty in the correction for stress-induced birefringence in the test disk. The P2000 did not recognize the presence of small diamondlike carbon bumps on the air bearing surface. There was a consistent 3-nm absolute offset between the fly height measurements of the two testers. Neither tester possessed a clear advantage over the other in the approaching era of near-contact recording.
The Fragmentation of the Profession and Its Class Culture

TheJAH survey highlights some of American historians' common complaints about their work, about their place in the broader culture, and about what is wrong with the history we write today. Historians profess affection for history and for teaching but not for the scholarship historians produce. Many recall fondly the experience of intellectual community, but they put that experience in the past, in graduate school. They echo the mainstream media's complaints about narrow, purposeless, obtuse, and sometimes politicized scholarship. Nonetheless, they also berate the wider anti-intellectual culture for ignoring scholars' insights. Too much can be made of such complaints -perhaps they are only a creaky reflex. Perhaps the respondents constitute an atypical group of historians. But the complaints are worth trying to understand, since they point to problems in the structure and rhetoric of the profession and in the relation of historians to the middle and upper middle classes of which they are part.
Progressive neuronal loss induced by kindling: a possible mechanism for mossy fiber synaptic reorganization and hippocampal sclerosis

Kindling of limbic structures induces synaptic reorganization of the mossy fiber pathway in the dentate gyrus. To evaluate the hypothesis that kindling stimulation may also cause neuronal loss in the hilus of the dentate gyrus that could play a role in this synaptic reorganization, neuron counts were obtained using quantitative stereological methods in the hilar polymorphic region of rats kindled by perforant path stimulation. After 3 kindled generalized tonic clonic seizures, there was 12.7% neuronal loss in the hilar polymorphic region compared to controls, but there was no visually apparent lesion. After 30 generalized kindled seizures, the neuronal loss was 40.1%, was visually apparent, and resembled one aspect of the pattern of hilar neuronal loss observed in human hippocampal sclerosis. The results demonstrate that brief sporadic seizures can induce neuronal loss in the hippocampal formation, a brain region implicated in epilepsy, memory, and cognition.
The ideal advocate and limited resources.

The central thesis of this paper is that cost-containment challenges to an Ideal Advocate model of the physician-patient relationship can be met under proper circumstances. More specifically, it is possible for physicians to constrain costs while still making clinical decisions that are free from considerations of the physician's own interests and are uninfluenced by judgements about the patient's worth. But what is required is a closed distributive system, in which savings of resources at one point are applied to others' care of higher priority and a just system, that is, a system whose distributive priorities are consistent with relevant principles of justice under moderate scarcity. The historical context of the argument and a stopgap, “palliative,” step are also developed.
Molecular Pharmacology and Ligand Docking Studies Reveal a Single Amino Acid Difference between Mouse and Human Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptors That Impacts Behavioral Translation of Novel 4-Phenyl-2-dimethylaminotetralin Ligands

During translational studies to develop 4-phenyl-2-dimethylaminotetralin (PAT) compounds for neuropsychiatric disorders, the (2R,4S)-trans-(+)- and (2S,4R)-trans-(−)-enantiomers of the analog 6-hydroxy-7-chloro-PAT (6-OH-7-Cl-PAT) demonstrated unusual pharmacology at serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT2 G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs). The enantiomers had similar affinities (Ki) at human (h) 5-HT2A receptors (∼70 nM). In an in vivo mouse model of 5-HT2A receptor activation [(±)-(2,5)-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI)–elicited head twitch], however, (−)-6-OH-7-Cl-PAT was about 5-fold more potent than the (+)-enantiomer at attenuating the DOI-elicited response. It was discovered that (+)-6-OH-7-Cl-PAT (only) had ∼40-fold-lower affinity at mouse (m) compared with h5-HT2A receptors. Molecular modeling and computational ligand docking studies indicated that the 6-OH moiety of (+)- but not (−)-6-OH-7-Cl-PAT could form a hydrogen bond with serine residue 5.46 of the h5-HT2A receptor. The m5-HT2A as well as m5-HT2B, h5-HT2B, m5-HT2C, and h5-HT2C receptors have alanine at position 5.46, obviating this interaction; (+)-6-OH-7-Cl-PAT also showed ∼50-fold lower affinity than (−)-6-OH-7-Cl-PAT at m5-HT2C and h5-HT2C receptors. Mutagenesis studies confirmed that 5-HT2A S5.46 is critical for (+)- but not (−)-6-OH-7-Cl-PAT binding, as well as function. The (+)-6-OH-7-Cl-PAT enantiomer showed partial agonist effects at h5-HT2A wild-type (WT) and m5-HT2A A5.46S point-mutated receptors but did not activate m5-HT2A WT and h5-HT2A S5.46A point-mutated receptors, or h5-HT2B, h5-HT2C, and m5-HT2C receptors; (−)-6-OH-7-Cl-PAT did not activate any of the 5-HT2 receptors. Experiments also included the (2R,4S)-trans-(+)- and (2S,4R)-trans-(−)-enantiomers of 6-methoxy-7-chloro-PAT to validate hydrogen bonding interactions proposed for the corresponding 6-OH analogs. Results indicate that PAT ligand three-dimensional structure impacts target receptor binding and translational outcomes, supporting the hypothesis that GPCR ligand structure governs orthosteric binding pocket molecular determinants and resulting pharmacology.
Reconciling solvent effects on rotamer populations in carbohydrates - A joint MD and NMR analysis.

The rotational preferences of the hydroxymethyl group in pyranosides is known to depend on the local environment, whether in solid, solution, or gas phase. By combining molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with NMR spectroscopy the rotational preferences for the ω angle in methyl 2,3-di-O-methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (3) and methyl 2,3-di-O-methyl-α-D-galactopyranoside (6) in a variety of solvents, with polarities ranging from 80 to 2.3 D have been determined. The effects of solvent polarity on intramolecular hydrogen bonding have been identified and quantified. In water, the internal hydrogen bonding networks are disrupted by competition with hydrogen bonds to the solvent. When the internal hydrogen bonds are differentially disrupted, the rotamer populations associated with the ω angle may be altered. In the case of 3 in water, the preferential disruption of the interaction between HO6 and O4 destabilizes the tg rotamer, leading to the observed preference for gauche rotamers. Without the hydrogen bond enhan...
The Importance of Irritability as a Symptom of Major Depressive Disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication

Irritability is a diagnostic symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD) in children and adolescents but not in adults in both the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) systems. We explore the importance of irritability for subtyping adult DSM-IV MDD in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), a national US adult household survey. The WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to assess prevalence of many DSM-IV disorders in the lifetime and in the year before interview (12-month prevalence). MDD was assessed conventionally (that is, requiring either persistent sadness or loss of interest), but with irritability included as one of the Criterion A symptoms. We also considered the possibility that irritability might be a diagnostic symptom of adult MDD (that is, detect cases who had neither sad mood nor loss of interest). Twelve-month MDD symptom severity was assessed with the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology and role impairment with the Sheehan Disability Scale. After excluding bipolar spectrum disorders, irritability during depressive episodes was reported by roughly half of respondents with lifetime DSM-IV MDD. Irritability in the absence of either sad mood or loss of interest, in comparison, was rare. Irritability in MDD was associated with early age of onset, lifetime persistence, comorbidity with anxiety and impulse-control disorders, fatigue and self-reproach during episodes, and disability. Irritability was especially common in MDD among respondents in the age range 18-44 and students. Further investigation is warranted of distinct family aggregation, risk factors and treatment response. Consideration should also be given to including irritability as a nondiagnostic symptom of adult MDD in DSM-V and ICD-11.
One Hundred Years Ago in the Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science: A Second Dinosaur Discovered in Kansas

At the forty-first annual meeting of the Kansas Academy of Science (December 31, 1908 January 2, 1909) in Topeka, Charles H. Sternberg (1909) reported the discovery of what was then the remains of only the second dinosaur from the Smoky Hill Chalk of western Kansas. Sternberg (1909, p. 257) came across the weathered bones during the summer of 1905 and had originally identified the remains as those of a "large, new sea-tortoise with an ossified carapace." He later shipped them, along with other turtle specimens, to Dr. G.R. Wieland for description. In 1908, Sternberg visited the Yale Peabody Museum and was asked by Wieland why he thought the specimen was a new turtle. Wieland then told Sternberg that "it was new enough, but these plates were the dermal scutes of an armored dinosaur" (Sternberg 1909, p. 257).
Very slow growth of Bacillus polymyxa: Stringent response and maintenance energy

Bacillus polymyxa grown in a recycling fermentor shows the same behavior previously observed with Escherichia coli: 3 successive growth phases. In the last 2 phases the growth rate is linear and the apparent maintenance energy demand rate and the molar growth yield are both independent of the specific growth rate, μ, and of the cells mass. The final phase of very slow growth is an indefinitely prolonged state of strong, stringent control, the regulatory system based on guanosine 3′-diphosphate 5′-diphosphate, and guanosine 3′-diphosphate 5′-triphosphate. The maximum cost of this stringent response is calculated to be 9% of the energy available to these energy-limited cells. There is a further energy cost contained in substantial amounts of DNA, RNA, and protein released from the cells during the latter 2 growth phases. The cost of production of these extra cellular anabolites ranges from 8–11% of the available energy.
Kohlenwasserstoff‐Brennstoffzellen mit saurem Elektrolyten

Kohlenwasserstoffe lassen sich in Brennstoffelementen ohne vorherige Konvertierung zu Kohlenoxyd und Wasserstoff direkt zu Kohlendioxyd und Wasser verbrennen, wenn man einen sauren Elektrolyten sowie Raney-Nickel fur die Elektroden benutzt. Am gunstigsten ist die Umsetzung von Athan und Propan in verdunnter Schwefelsaure als Elektrolyten. Beim Ubergang zu hoheren Kohlenwasserstoffen und Phosphorsaure nimmt die Stromdichte ab, wahrend eine Temperaturehohung sich gunstig auswirkt. Eine Propan-Zelle mit 3n H2SO4 liefert bei 90°C und 50 mA/cm2 Stromdichte eine Spannung von 0,5 V.
Studies on the apolipoproteins and lipoproteins of cord serum.

Summary: Studies on the cord serum lipid transport system were initiated to determine whether there is a correlation between decreased cord serum lipid levels and the absence or diminished level of some or all of the human serum apolipoproteins. Immunologic studies indicated the presence of all the well-characterized apolipoproteins and provided evidence that these apolipoproteins occurred primarily as distinct lipoprotein species with a paucity of association complexes or what others have termed “triglyceride-rich” lipoproteins. Quantitation of the apolipoprotens present in cord serum by electroimmunoassay yielded the following mean levels: A-I = 730 mg/liter; A-II = 410 mg/liter; apolipoprotein B = 280 mg/liter, C-I = 59 mg/liter; C-II = 32 mg/liter; C-III = 65 mg/liter; apolipoprotein D = 37 mg/liter; and apolipoprotein E = 85 mg/liter. Levels of C-I, C-II, and apolipoprotein E approached adult levels (83 to 86% of the adult levels), whereas apolipoproteins B and D were most reduced when compared to the adult concentrations, 29 and 37%, respectively. The three other apolipoproteins were present at approximately one-half the levels found in adults. Speculation: The immunochemical studies on the apolipoprotein levels and lipoprotein forms of cord serum provide part of the data necessary for studying the progressive changes in the human lipid transport system from its fetal form to that of the adult.
Formation of defect clusters in electron-irradiated diamond at 16 and 87 K

A type IIa natural diamond was irradiated with 300 kV electrons at 16 and 87 K. Transmission electron microscopy and electron energy‐loss spectroscopy were employed to investigate the phase stability of diamond under electron irradiation. At both temperatures, the diamond structure was found to be stable, and the formation of defect clusters was observed. The present results in comparison to previous work on ion implantation indicate that displacement cascade damage is a prerequisite for irradiation‐induced phase transformation from diamond to amorphous carbon or graphite. The temperature dependence of the cluster size suggests that interstitials are thermally mobile above 50 K.