cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Daughter's Unsettling Auto/biography of Colonialism and Uprooting: A Conversation with Isabela Figueiredo

Isabela Figueiredo worked as a journalist for Diario de Noticias between 1989 and 1994, and she has been a high-school Portuguese teacher since 1990. She is the author of Conto e como quem diz (Europress, 1988) and Caderno de Memorias Coloniais (Angelus Novus, 2009).
Author Correction: The CaMKII/NMDA receptor complex controls hippocampal synaptic transmission by kinase-dependent and independent mechanisms

The originally published version of this Article contained errors in Figure 5, for which we apologise. In panel c, the scatter graph was inadvertently replaced with a scatter graph comprising a subset of data points from panel d. Furthermore, the legends to Figures 5c and 5d were inverted. These errors have now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article, and the incorrect version of Fig. 5c is presented in the Author Correction associated with this Article.
Chip-Level CDM Circuit Modeling and Simulation for ESD Protection Design in 28nm CMOS

Charged device model (CDM) ESD protection design is an emerging design challenge for ICs. Chip-level CDM ESD protection circuit simulation is extremely difficult due to its complexity including modeling. This paper presents a novel CDM modeling and circuit simulation method for chip-level CDM ESD protection circuit design verification and prediction, which was applied to ICs designed in a foundry 28nm CMOS technology.
Age Perceptions, Knowledge, and Preventive Behaviors Regarding Cervical Cancer: Analysis from the 2005 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS).

Cervical cancer is considered to be the third most common type of cancer in women, and the second largest cause of deaths in women. Its toll is greatest in population that lack screening programs to detect precursor lesions (Roden, 2006). Almost all cervical cancer is caused by HPV (Human Papillomavirus), a common virus that is spread through sexual intercourse (Roden, 2006). It is widely believed among experts that most women who are diagnosed with cervical cancer today have not had regular pap smears or they have not followed up on abnormal Pap smear results. But the question is how knowledgeable are women regarding this deadly disease which is curable when detected early. We used a national representative sample of women in an exploratory analysis to shed light on how age differences characterize the perceptions, knowledge and prevention behaviors of cervical cancer. The five classes of women we investigated were women ages 18 – 34; 35 – 49; 50 – 64; 64 – 74; and 75+. The results indicate that women ages 50 – 64 were the most opinionated regarding the characteristics of cervical cancer.
Machine Learning Approach for Identification of Microstructure–Process Linkages

The present work addresses a machine learning approach to study the linkage between deformation processing and microstructural texture evolution. The texture evolution is represented with a one-poi...
Assessment of Parents, Couples, and Families in Dialectical Behavior Therapy

Abstract Family intervention in Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is a core part of multiple required functions of DBT, providing opportunities for skill training (including relationship-specific skills that are not covered in individual DBT), skill generalization, and direct intervention into the social and family environment. In order to intervene with parents, partners and other family members efficiently and effectively, therapists must first conduct a careful assessment. The core relationship transaction of emotion vulnerability/dysregulation and inaccurate expression leading to invalidating responses (and vice versa) is highlighted, as are the treatment targets in DBT with families, which inform assessment targets. Then, two core assessment procedures are explored, with clinical examples: (a) conducting “double chain” analyses, demonstrating how one person’s social or relationship responses affect the other’s emotional arousal (and vice versa); and (b) direct behavior observation of family interactions, which allow treatment targets to be identified efficiently. These two assessment strategies may also be combined. Implications for family interventions are discussed.
Sensing Sympathetic Activation Using Novel Non-Invasive Techniques in Rats

An innovative non-invasive sensing system was developed to determine sympathetic activation in rats. The system uses skin-based sensors to determine changes in heart rate, nerve activity and blood pressure. The system was tested on adult rats and increased sympathetic activation was induced through an acoustic startle response. Activity measured by the sensors was consistent with changes in patterns due to sympathetic activity, and the sensors were found to be positively correlated. This novel sensing system can detect changes in function of the sympathetic nervous system and can contribute to research related to dysautonomia due to neurological injuries and degenerative disorders.
Novel Penicillium species causing disseminated disease in a Labrador Retriever dog

This report describes the phenotypic characteristics of a novel Penicillium species, Penicillium labradorum, isolated from a 3-year-old male, castrated, Labrador retriever with disseminated fungal disease. The dog's presenting clinical signs included lethargy, lymphadenopathy, tachypnea, moderate pitting edema, and nonweight bearing lameness associated with the right hind limb. Fine-needle aspirate biopsies from the sublumbar and prescapular lymph nodes were initially examined. The cytologic findings were consistent with pyogranulomatous inflammation with abundant extracellular and phagocytized fungal fragments and hyphae. Based on the morphology of the organisms and lack of endogenous pigment, hyalohyphomycosis was considered most likely, with Fusarium, Penicillium, and Paecilomyces species being considerations. Fungal isolates were obtained via culture of samples from the lymph nodes, and molecular identification testing originally identified an undescribed Penicillium species belonging to the Penicillium section Exilicaulis. BLAST searches and phylogenetic analyses performed approximately 1 year and 9 months after the isolation date revealed an isolate within the Penicillium parvum clade in the Penicillium section Exilicaulis but phylogenetically distant from the other species in the section, thus representing a new species, Penicillium labradorum. Antifungal susceptibility testing was also performed on the isolate and low minimum inhibitory concentrations were observed with terbinafine, voriconazole, and posaconazole, while in vitro resistance was observed with fluconazole. The dog had been previously treated with fluconazole, itraconazole, amphotericin B lipid complex, voriconazole, and terbinafine. Approximately 587 days after the initial diagnosis, the dog was euthanized due to worsening of clinical signs and concerns for quality of life.
GABAA Receptor Subtypes and the Reinforcing Effects of Benzodiazepines in Remifentanil-Experienced Rhesus Monkeys.

Abstract Background Opioid-use disorder is associated with a high degree of co-abuse with benzodiazepines. While the mechanisms underlying the co-abuse of opioids and benzodiazepines remain unknown, α1 subunit-containing GABAA receptors may play a critical role in the reinforcing effects of benzodiazepine-type compounds, depending on whether the monkeys have a history of benzodiazepine or stimulant self-administration. The present study extended our prior research by comparing the reinforcing effects of a compound lacking activity at α1 subunit-containing GABAA receptors with the reinforcing effects of non-selective GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators in monkeys with a history of opioid self-administration. Methods The reinforcing effects of L-838,417 (partial intrinsic efficacy at α2, α3, and α5 subunit-containing GABAA receptors, but no efficacy at α1 subunit-containing GABAA receptors, i.e., “α1-sparing compound”) were compared with those of the non-selective GABAA receptor partial modulator MRK-696, and non-selective GABAA receptor full modulators, triazolam and lorazepam, in rhesus monkeys (n = 3) experienced in remifentanil self-administration under a progressive-ratio schedule of intravenous drug injection. Results Neither the partial modulator nor the α1-sparing compound were self-administered above vehicle levels. The full modulators triazolam and lorazepam were self-administered significantly above vehicle levels, albeit at lower levels than remifentanil. Conclusions Our findings suggest that relatively high efficacy at one or more GABAA receptor subtypes is required for a compound to have reinforcing effects in monkeys with a history of remifentanil self-administration, in contrast to monkeys with benzodiazepine or stimulant self-administration histories.
Multiphase modelling of precipitation-induced membrane formation

We formulate a model for the dynamic growth of a membrane developing in a flow as the result of a precipitation reaction, a situation inspired by recent microfluidic experiments. The precipitating solid introduces additional forces on the fluid and eventually forms a membrane that is fixed in the flow due to adhesion with a substrate. A key challenge is that, in general, the location of the immobile membrane is unknown a priori. To model this situation, we use a multiphase framework with fluid and membrane phases; the aqueous chemicals exist as scalar fields that react within the fluid to induce phase change. To verify that the model exhibits desired fluid–structure behaviours, we make simplifying assumptions to obtain a reduced form of the equations that is amenable to exact solution. This analysis demonstrates no-slip behaviour on the developing membrane without requiring fluid–membrane interface boundary conditions. The model has applications towards precipitate reactions where the precipitate greatly affects the surrounding flow, a situation appearing in many laboratory and geophysical contexts including the hydrothermal vent theory for the origin of life. More generally, this model can be used to address fluid–structure interaction problems that feature the dynamic generation of structures.
Veracity in Special Education

Beliefs may be described as Type A, scientific and verifiable (objective), or Type B, not verifiable and personal (subjective). Type B might be considered subjective opinion, something other than e...
Pediatric Calcaneal Tuberosity Avulsion Fracture: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Introduction Calcaneus fractures are rare in the pediatric population, and avulsion fracture of the calcaneal tuberosity is even less common. In adults, those fractures are usually associated with poor bone quality, however, this is not the case in children. It is a fracture that requires emergent intervention to prevent devastating skin and soft-tissue-related complications. Case Report We report a case of a 9-year-old female who had a displaced calcaneal tuberosity fracture with heel skin impending compromise, after a fall at an indoor gymnastic facility. The child had a history of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, diagnosed at age 4, she was in remission at the time of injury. In the present report, besides reporting a rare injury among the pediatric population, we also describe the operative management, the post-operative course, and we review the literature. Conclusion Pediatric calcaneal tuberosity fractures, although rare, can lead to devastating complications if not addressed promptly, and should be treated in an expedited fashion.
Multi-omic analysis defines the first microRNA atlas across all small intestinal epithelial lineages and reveals novel markers of almost all major cell types

MicroRNA-mediated regulation is critical for the proper development and function of the small intestinal (SI) epithelium. However, it is not known which microRNAs are expressed in each of the cell ...
Lithium selectively potentiates cholinergic activity in rat brain.

Publisher Summary Lithium is one of the most effective drugs available for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, as it is therapeutic in approximately 80% of manic-depressive patients and it reduces the manifestations of both phases of the illness. Thus, the intriguing conjugation of the simplest drug known to man effectively treating disorders of great complexity, those involving emotion and behavior. Lithium is a mood-stabilizer; it seems to support homeostatic mechanisms that strive to maintain a balance in the responses to stimuli, which cause fluctuations in mood. Thus, learning the mechanism of action of lithium may increase the understanding of the neurochemical basis of emotion and of related disorders. This chapter describes experimental results, which show that lithium selectively increases cholinergic activity in mammalian brain in vivo . Furthermore, at appropriate doses, the co-administration of lithium and cholinomimetics results in seizures, which are generalized to all regions of the brain that have been examined, and which are difficult to control pharmacologically, leading invariably to death. A tremendously large increase in the concentrations of acetylcholine and choline accompany the seizures, as do increases in the products of the phosphoinositide second messenger system. Potential mechanisms that might mediate the stimulatory effects of lithium on cholinergic function are discussed.
Two Experimental Tests to Distinguish Decoherence from the Slicing Theory of Measurement

Here we propose a pair of experiments to distinguish the recently proposed "slicing theory" of quantum measurement, which gives a transient many worlds picture, and decoherence. Since these two theories are essentially "opposites" in their approach and both claim to arise from the many body Schrodinger equation itself, there is no chance of them being equivalent representations of the same reality. It will be explicitly shown that each theory gives very different answers to the questions of back reaction and revival of phase effects after measurement. We suggest that the kinds of isolated systems now possible in optical traps is now sufficient to generate a selective distinction between these two theories. In particular we show that the slicing theory gives examples of interference from "revival of histories" in controlled examples but no back reaction on the measurement devices whereas decoherence gives the opposite.
A risk assessment of toxicants to aquatic life using environmental exposure estimates and laboratory toxicity data

Laboratory toxicity data can be combined with computer migration and fate models to assess the risks of contaminants to aquatic life from point and nonpoint discharge sources. Environmental exposure to selected species is estimated from overland and in-stream transport modeling. A statistical code uses LC/sub 50/ and maximum acceptable toxicant concentrations data to predict the frequency and duration of dissolved contaminant concentrations that exceed median lethal and sublethal concentrations to the species of concern. Two pesticides, alachlor and toxaphene, are analyzed to demonstrate the hazard assessment process. The overall methodology provides a means of comparing relatively the toxic effects of different chemicals and also provides a framework for future fate and risk assessment studies.
Gender Differences among Elementary School-Aged Gifted Students in Achievement, Perceptions of Ability, and Subject Preference:

Previous research suggests that, while gender differences on standardized tests among high school-aged students have diminished, they persist among academically gifted students. This study examined patterns of gender differences for younger, elementary school-aged gifted students. Results showed that, on an off-level achievement test, males outperformed females in mathematics beginning in grade 3, although effect sizes were small. The ratio of males to females achieving very high scores on the mathematics subtest was 2:1, but this difference was only significant among 5th and 6th graders. Both males and females had a preference for mathematics over other subjects. More girls perceived their academic strengths to be in verbal areas, while most boys perceived theirs to be in mathematics and science. Girls' and boys' perceptions of their academic strengths corresponded to their actual performance on the off-level test. Tested abilities also corresponded to students' choice of easiest and most challenging sub...
Ethanol induces cell-cycle activity and reduces stem cell diversity to alter both regenerative capacity and differentiation potential of cerebral cortical neuroepithelial precursors

Background The fetal cortical neuroepithelium is a mosaic of distinct progenitor populations that elaborate diverse cellular fates. Ethanol induces apoptosis and interferes with the survival of differentiating neurons. However, we know little about ethanol's effects on neuronal progenitors. We therefore exposed neurosphere cultures from fetal rat cerebral cortex, to varying ethanol concentrations, to examine the impact of ethanol on stem cell fate.
A study on multi-label classification

Multi-label classifications exist in many real world applications. This paper empirically studies the performance of a variety of multi-label classification algorithms. Some of them are developed based on problem transformation. Some of them are developed based on adaption. Our experimental results show that the adaptive Multi-Label K-Nearest Neighbor performs the best, followed by Random k-Label Set, followed by Classifier Chain and Binary Relevance. Adaboost.MH performs the worst, followed by Pruned Problem Transformation. Our experimental results also provide us the confidence of existing correlations among multi-labels. These insights shed light for future research directions on multi-label classifications.
An empirical test of a regional phillips curve and wage rate transmission mechanism in an urban hierarchy: Reply

There is a growing body of literature that analyzes the Phillips curve model in the context of subnational labor markets. To date the results of these analyses have been mixed. This paper estimates a tiered version of a modified Phillips curve for local labor markets in the midwest region of the U.S. The purpose of the model is to test the significance of a wage-unemployment trade-off at the metropolitan level, and to determine the significance of a downward wage transmission effect through the tiers of an urban hierarchy. Using the method of ordinary least squares, the results provide no evidence of a significant Phillips curve type of relationship between wages and unemployment at the local level. However, the wage transmission effect from the upper order cities of the hierarchy to the lower order cities appears to be a significant determinant of the rate of change of wages in metropolitan areas.
On the definition of molecular structure in quantum mechanics

The usual definition of molecular structure, based on a minimum energy configuration on the Born-Oppenheimer surface, can be generalized to give an energy surface and a structure based on a wavefunction of any level of approximation. It is clear that molecular structure is a concept involving a convention, an agreed upon definition. Alternative definitions are possible; a choice should be based on utility as found by experience. The so-called experimental methods of determining structure require the basic model (usually nuclei plus electrons with Coulomb forces) and the indication of a path from model to predicted spectra (or other observables). This path involves structure at an intermediate step and the structure can be adjusted to yield a fit with experiment, without starting at the beginning and carrying out the ab initio calculations. Stationary states are not necessary or even always desirable provided the change with time is slow. Chemists prepare substances by methods which prepare particular geometries, not particular stationary states, a good example being optical isomers. Various kinds of isomerism, internal motions, etc., create some problems for the concept of structure which can usually be somewhat extended to meet these situations. The most troublesome situations are probably near curve crossings in excited states, particularly when high densities of states are indicated. Other molecular properties are defined and handled in ways similar to structure.
Relationship Between the Use of Asthma Action Plans and Asthma Exacerbations in Children With Asthma: A Systematic Review

The purpose of this integrative review is to describe and assess current research findings and summarize the relationship between action plans and asthma exacerbations in children with asthma. Medline, CINAHL Plus with full text, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases were searched as well as bibliographies of included studies. Three hundred eighty-five studies were identified. Thirteen studies were identified meeting inclusion criteria. Eight studies compared asthma action plans (AAPs) with no AAPs. Five studies compared peak flow AAPs to symptom AAPs. Of the 8 studies comparing AAPs with no AAPs, 5 studies concluded that the plans were beneficial to pediatric asthma. One study concluded that AAPs may increase risk for readmission to the hospital. Another study concluded that there is no evidence to suggest that AAPs along with an educational package were beneficial in reducing morbidity in the subsequent 12 months for preschoolers. A third study concluded there were greater costs in the group with AAPs ...
The reaction of SF5Br with select 1,2-dihaloethylenes

Abstract SF5Br reacts with 1,2-haloethylenes (F, Cl, Br) in distinct ways. In the case of F- and Cl-olefins, the expected addition occurs while with 1,2-dibromoethylene a metathetical reaction yielding in a clean reaction a 1:1 mixture of SF5CH CHBr and CHBr2CHBr2 is found. The mechanism for this reaction is discussed.
Reasons and psychological causes

The causal theory of reasons holds that acting for a reason entails that the agent’s action was caused by his or her beliefs and desires. While Donald Davidson (1963) and others effectively silenced the first objections to the theory, a new round has emerged. The most important recent attack is presented by Jonathan Dancy in Practical Reality (2000) and subsequent work. This paper will defend the causal theory against Dancy and others, including Schueler (1995), Stoutland (1999, 2001), and Ginet (2002). Dancy observes that our reasons are neither psychological states nor causes, and that our reasons can be both motivating and normative. I argue that these observations are fully compatible with the causal theory. According to the reductive version I develop for both cognitive and optative reasons, what it is for an action to be done for a reason is for certain beliefs and desires to cause the action in a particular way. Our reasons for action are the objects of some of those beliefs and desires. The causal process has two stages. This theory explains not only Dancy’s observations, but also many other facts about reasons that alternative theories leave unexplained. I argue against Schueler and others that the non-appetitive desires entailed by acting for reasons are no less distinct and independent causal factors than the beliefs entailed. I go on to rebut arguments that the relation between psychological states and actions cannot be causal because it is non-empirical, rational, normative, or non-deterministic, and that explanations in terms of psychological causes are incompatible with explanations in terms of reasons. I make no claim here about the precise adequacy of the theoretical definitions I present. My goal is to show that a systematic theory along these lines is the most promising and fruitful approach to understanding an important aspect of human nature.
Surface states of metastable (GaAs)1−xGe2x alloys

Abstract The proposed order-disorder transition as x varies in metastable (GaAs) 1− x Ge 2 x alloys should be observable in photoemission experiments. There should be large “kinks” in the (100) surface state energies as functions of x near the critical composition x c .
Beta diversity of a Gulf of California rocky-shore fish community

Reef fish community composition in three segments of a peninsular rocky shoreline in the Gulf of California was estimated over four periods by visual observation. ‘Point’ and ‘bay’ segments had regular and distinct species compositions over most periods while a ‘middle’ segment was least distinct but consistently had the greatest number of species. Compositional change along the peninsula was least regular during the coldest sea temperature period (April). Mean species turnover between segments was highest between point and bay. Within segments, the point had greater compositional predictable composition (lowest species turnover). When species with regular frequency of encounter were classified into ‘point’, ‘middle’, ‘bay’, and ‘no trend’ groups it was found that comparatively more ‘point’ species had pelagic eggs and comparatively more ‘bay’ species had demersal eggs. Beta diversity of rocky-shore fishes along the physical gradient of the Punta Doble peninsula reflects a transition between exposed and protected rocky shoreline communities. The correlated physical environmental characteristics associated with exposed and protected habitats are discussed in relation to diversity regulation and dispersal strategies in reef fishes.
Circadian regulation of the lark RNA-binding protein within identifiable neurosecretory cells.

Molecular genetic analysis indicates that rhythmic changes in the abundance of the Drosophila lark RNA-binding protein are important for circadian regulation of adult eclosion (the emergence or ecdysis of the adult from the pupal case). To define the tissues and cell types that might be important for lark function, we have characterized the spatial and developmental patterns of lark protein expression. Using immunocytochemical or protein blotting methods, lark can be detected in late embryos and throughout postembryonic development, from the third instar larval stage to adulthood. At the late pupal (pharate adult) stage, lark protein has a broad pattern of tissue expression, which includes two groups of crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP)-containing neurons within the ventral nervous system. In other insects, the homologous neurons have been implicated in the physiological regulation of ecdysis. Whereas lark has a nuclear distribution in most cell types, it is present in the cytoplasm of the CCAP neurons and certain other cells, which suggests that the protein might execute two different RNA-binding functions. Lark protein exhibits significant circadian changes in abundance in at least one group of CCAP neurons, with abundance being lowest during the night, several hours prior to the time of adult ecdysis. Such a temporal profile is consistent with genetic evidence indicating that the protein serves a repressor function in mediating the clock regulation of adult ecdysis. In contrast, we did not observe circadian changes in CCAP neuropeptide abundance in late pupae, although CCAP amounts were decreased in newly-emerged adults, presumably because the peptide is released at the time of ecdysis. Given the cytoplasmic localization of the lark RNA-binding protein within CCAP neurons, and the known role of CCAP in the control of ecdysis, we suggest that changes in lark abundance may regulate the translation of a factor important for CCAP release or CCAP cell excitability. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 45: 14–29, 2000
Fast track randomized controlled trial to prevent externalizing psychiatric disorders: findings from grades 3 to 9.

ABSTRACT Objective This study tests the efficacy of the Fast Track Program in preventing antisocial behavior and psychiatric disorders among groups varying in initial risk. Method Schools within four sites (Durham, NC; Nashville, TN; Seattle, WA; and rural central Pennsylvania) were selected as high-risk institutions based on neighborhood crime and poverty levels. After screening 9,594 kindergarteners in these schools, 891 highest risk and moderate-risk children (69% male and 51% African American) were randomly assigned by matched sets of schools to intervention or control conditions. The 10-year intervention (begun in 1991 with three yearly cohorts) included parent behavior-management training, child social-cognitive skills training, reading tutoring, home visiting, mentoring, and a universal classroom curriculum. Outcomes included criterion counts and psychiatric diagnoses after grades 3, 6, and 9 for conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, any externalizing disorder, and self-reported antisocial behavior. Grade 9 outcomes were assessed between 2000 and 2003, depending upon cohort. Results Significant interaction effects between intervention and initial risk level were found at each age but most strongly after grade 9. Assignment to intervention had a significant positive effect in lowering criterion count scores and diagnoses for conduct disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and any externalizing disorder, and lowering antisocial behavior scores, but only among those at highest risk initially. Conclusions Prevention of serious antisocial behavior can be efficacious across sex, ethnicity, and urban/rural residence, but screening is essential.
Operations policy for a supply chain system with fixed-interval delivery and linear demand

This research addresses a production-supply problem for a supply-chain system with fixed-interval delivery. A strategy that determines the optimal batch sizes, cycle times, numbers of orders of raw materials, and production start times is prescribed to minimize the total costs for a given finite planning horizon. The external demands are time-dependent following a life-cycle pattern and the shipment quantities follow the demand pattern. The shipment quantities to buyers follow various phases of the demand pattern in the planning horizon where demand is represented by piecewise linear model. The problem is formulated as an integer, non-linear programming problem. The model also incorporates the constraint of inventory capacity. The problem is represented using the network model where an optimal characteristic has been analysed. To obtain an optimal solution with N shipments in a planning horizon, an algorithm is proposed that runs with the complexity of Θ(N2) for problems with a single-phase demand and O(N3) for problems with multi-phase demand.
Pattern matching for identifying and resolving non-decomposition-friendly designs for double patterning technology (DPT)

ABSTRACT A pattern matching methodology that identifies non-decomposition-friendly designs and provides localized guidance for layout-fixing is presented for double patterning lithography. This methodolog y uses a library of patterns in which each pattern has been pre-characterized as impossible-to-decompose and annotated with a design rule for guiding the layout fixes. A pattern matching engine identifies these problematic patterns in design, which allows the layout designers to anticipate and prevent d ecomposition errors, prior to layout decomposition. The methodology has been demonstrated on a 180 um 2 layout migrated from the previous 28nm technology node for the metal 1 layer. Using a small library of just 18 patterns, the pattern matching engine identified 119 out of 400 decomposition errors, which constituted coverage of 29.8%. Keywords: Pattern matching, odd-cycles, coloring conflicts, double patterning, decomposition, design flow, design rule, DRC Plus, automated decomposition algorithm, DPT
Development of rats' maternally directed orienting behaviors from birth to day 2.

We previously observed 2- to 3-day-old (P2-3) rats perform maternally directed orienting behaviors (MDOBs)-locomotion, torso flexion, rotation to the supine orientation, and snout probing, accompanied by audible vocalizations (barking)-under surfaces having properties of the dam's ventrum, which result in close contact between the pup's ventrum and the surface. We now report on the development of MDOBs from birth through P2. Wistar rats (24 litters) were tested at one of four times: 1 hr after birth before the first nursing bout (P0pre), on the day of birth after the first nursing bout (P0post), on postnatal Day 1 (P1), or on postnatal Day 2 (P2). Pups were placed prone on a warmed platform inside a corral where, for 4 min, they encountered one of two motherlike surfaces at head height: (a) a soft cotton roof or (b) a patch of the pup's own anesthetized dam's ventrum. Control pups received no overhead stimulus. The behaviors we had identified as MDOBs and others, including limb behaviors, are easily recognized at P0pre, and, in aggregate, are more frequent then than at any later age. The differential responsiveness of most of the behaviors to the dam's ventrum compared to the cotton roof or open condition is relatively low at P0pre, but rises rapidly through P2. Behavioral structure develops quickly from a rudimentary principal component with two behaviors at P0pre to two principal components incorporating seven behavior classes by P2. MDOBs are discussed in relation to late-term fetal behaviors, early postnatal righting responses, and the oral nipple grasp, and as a model of the development of filial attachment in an altricial mammal.
Normal and abnormal pelviscopicanatomy at the internal inguinal ring in boys and the vasal triangle

Abstract Objectives. We sought to explain and define normal and abnormal laparoscopic pelvic anatomy, which has only recently become the target of much attention. Methods. The embryology, normal anatomic landmarks, and abnormal findings of the male pelvis, as discerned from more than 350 laparoscopic investigations in boys, were analyzed. Results. The medial umbilical ligament, the wishbone at the internal inguinal ring, the transverse vesical fold, and the vasal triangle are principal laparoscopic landmarks of the male pelvis. Deficient spermatic vessels, abnormal gonadal locations, patent processus vaginalis, single medial umbilical ligament, and transverse testicular ectopia were the abnormal findings. Conclusions. Laparoscopic familiarity with the male pelvis permits safe and efficientdiagnostic and therapeutic navigation in this new surgical arena.
Turbulence Modulation by Particle Clustering in Dilute and Moderately Dilute Channel Flows

Turbulent wall-bounded particle-laden flows exhibit a variety of interesting phenomena that can greatly impact the underlying carrier-phase turbulence. At sufficiently low particle concentrations and mass loadings, it is well established that inertial particles will accumulate in regions of high strain and avoid regions of high vorticity. At larger concentrations and mass loadings, intimate coupling between the phases may lead to flow instabilities, resulting in the spontaneous generation of dense clusters that can completely reorganize the structure of the underlying fluid turbulence. This work aims at investigating the effect of particle clustering on the carrier-phase turbulence in both dilute and moderately-dilute channel flows with a friction Reynolds number Reτ=630 using highly-resolved Euler-Lagrange simulations. To study the effect of gravity on cluster dynamics, simulations are conducted with gravity aligned in the mean flow direction, as well as gravity opposing the mean flow direction (i.e., a riser configuration). Particle segregation and velocity statistics are compared for each case. It is shown that the fluid turbulence departs significantly from the initially fully-developed turbulent flow when subject to a moderately dilute suspension of particles. In the denser channel flows, the gas velocity retains a viscous sublayer, but displays a strongly reduced boundary layer thickness and a flatter velocity profile compared to the unladen and dilute flows, leading to larger friction velocity. The particle concentration profile along the channel height is not found to be modified greatly by the increased particle loading, but is found to depend strongly on the orientation of gravity.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Ultrasound-guided corticosteroid injection therapy for juvenile idiopathic arthritis: 12-year care experience

Intra-articular corticosteroid injections are a safe and effective treatment for patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The potential scope of care in ultrasound-guided corticosteroid therapy in children and a joint-based corticosteroid dose protocol designed to optimize interdisciplinary care are not found in the current literature. The purpose of this study was to report the spectrum of care, technique and safety of ultrasound-guided corticosteroid injection therapy in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and to propose an age-weight-joint-based corticosteroid dose protocol. A retrospective analysis was performed of 198 patients (ages 21 months to 28 years) referred for treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis with corticosteroid therapy. Symptomatic joints and tendon sheaths were treated as prescribed by the referring rheumatologist. An age-weight-joint-based dose protocol was developed and utilized for corticosteroid dose prescription. A total of 1,444 corticosteroid injections (1,340 joints, 104 tendon sheaths) were performed under US guidance. Injection sites included small, medium and large appendicular skeletal joints (upper extremity 497, lower extremity 837) and six temporomandibular joints. For patients with recurrent symptoms, 414 repeat injections were performed, with an average time interval of 17.7 months (range, 0.5–101.5 months) between injections. Complications occurred in 2.6% of injections and included subcutaneous tissue atrophy, skin hypopigmentation, erythema and pruritis. US-guided corticosteroid injection therapy provides dynamic, precise and safe treatment of a broad spectrum of joints and tendon sheaths throughout the entire pediatric musculoskeletal system. An age-weight-joint-based corticosteroid dose protocol is effective and integral to interdisciplinary care of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
The heats of reaction of phosphines and phosphites with toluene-molybdenum tricarbonyl. Importance of both steric and electronic factors in determining the MoPR3 bond strength

Abstract The heats of reaction of tolueneMo(CO) 3 with a series of phosphines and phosphites have been measured by solution calorimetry. The order of stability toward formation of fac -(PR 3 ) 3 Mo(CO) 3 in THF solution is: P(OCH 3 ) 3 s > PMe 3 > P n Bu 3 > PMe 2 Ph > PEt 3 > triphos > P(OPh) 3 > PMePh 2 > PPh 3 > PCl 3 and spans a range of 25 kcal/mol reflecting individual bond strength differences up to 8 kcal/mol. The bulky phosphines PCy 3 and P t Bu 3 react with tolueneMo(CO) 3 in THF, but 30–40 kcal/mol less heat is evolved in these reactions than with the other phosphines and phosphites. The coordinately unsaturated five-coordinate complexes (PR 3 ) 2 Mo(CO) 3 are proposed as the reaction products. The importance of both steric and electronic factors in the MoP bond is discussed.
Possible areas of effort by the international committee on radionuclide metrology in the field of low-level radioactivity measurements

The results of a survey of the metrology needs in the field of low-level radioactivity measurements are reported.
Effect of Steinernema glaseri-infected host exudates on movement of conspecific infective juveniles.

Abstract The entomopathogenic nematode’s decision to infect a host is paramount because once the decision is made it is irrevocable; nematodes that invade a host either develop and achieve reproductive success, or they die. Entomopathogenic nematodes that have a cruiser foraging behavior, such as Steinernema glaseri , follow host-associated cues to locate insects to infect. Most of the host finding and infection dynamics research has focused on the infective juvenile nematodes’ responses to cues from live insects such as host-associated volatiles and host contact cues. Few studies focus on how previously infected hosts influence infective juvenile infection behaviors. We investigated how exudates from nematode-infected hosts affect the behavior of S. glaseri infective juveniles. We hypothesized that the infective juvenile’s behavioral response to cadavers would change as the state of a nematode-infected host changes during pathogenesis. We examined the effect of exudates collected from infected hosts on infective juvenile locomotory behavior. We detected no effects on nematode repulsion or attraction from exudates produced within the first 48 h post-infection. We observed repulsion from accumulated exudates during the 3–48, 3–72, 3–120, and 3–144 h intervals. Repulsion from exudates was observed during the 48–66, 72–90, and 120–138 h intervals in experiments evaluating daily exudate emissions. The repellent effect of infected host exudates may result in an infective juvenile discriminating between suitable and unsuitable hosts.
On the norm equivalence of singularly pertubed elliptic difference operators

Consider the system of linear algebraic equations L"K,"hU=f which arises from the finite-difference discretization of the singularly pertubed elliptic operator L"K"u @?= {@[email protected]?x a @[email protected]?x + @[email protected]?x b @[email protected]?y + @[email protected]?y b @[email protected]?x + @[email protected]?y c @[email protected]?y} + K^o {d @[email protected]?x + e @[email protected]?y} + Kpu where [email protected]?K<~, 0=<@s=<1. In this work we are concerned with preconditioning operators [email protected]?"K","h so that p](1)the condition number of ([email protected]?"K","h^-^1L"K","h and the condition number of L"K","h([email protected]?"K","h)^-^1 are bounded independently of h, and p](2)there are bounds on the growth of these condition numbers as a function of K.
INITIAL FINDINGS OF RURAL HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY IN SELECTED DISTRICTS OF THE NORTHERN PROVINCE

A study carried in 1995, among 197 randomly selected rural households from five selected districts of the Northern Province indicate a high incidence of and variability in household food security. Households in two districts of Nebo and Botlokwa are totally food insecure, while that of Seshego remain vulnerable and those in Venda and Gyani districts seem food secure. Based on calculations of the minimum daily calorie requirements of adults equivalents (2205 cal/day) for the sample, 58%,17% and 25% are classified as food in secured, vulnerable and secured, respectively. Respondents perceive drought and lack of income as the causal factors of food shortages. Dependence on community/social networks, own food production, employment seeking and asset accumulation are the short and long run coping strategies adopted by the households. Intensifying staple food production, would help expanding food access to the poor and vulnerable groups and enhancing participatory agricultural and rural development through stre...
Reduction of Secondary Alkyl Bromides by Palladium Catalysts Containing Chelating Diphosphine Ligands

Secondary alkyl bromides were reduced by diisobutylaluminum hydride and ethylmagnesium chloride in the presence of catalysts derived from chelating diphosphine complexes of palladium. Traditional palladium(0) diphosphine complexes generated by other means were not viable catalysts for the reaction in the absence of diisobutylaluminum hydride and ethylmagnesium chloride. Deuterium labeling experiments indicate that the reaction does not take place via halogen metal exchange.
A framework for creating and validating a non-linear spectrum-biomass model to estimate the secondary succession biomass in moist tropical forests

Abstract Uncertainties remain in the use of remote sensing technologies to provide validated model-derived estimates of the biomass of the secondary succession (SS) forests in the Amazon Basin. The objectives of this study were to develop a modeling framework for creating a valid spectrum-biomass model to estimate the SS biomass, to assess the utility of the framework and the accuracy and validity of the model, and to identify the model’s determinants. Data sources for this study include 1992–1993 vegetation inventory data and 1991 Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data on the Altamira region of Para, Brazil, and 1994–1995 vegetation inventory data and 1994 Landsat TM data on the nearby Bragantina region. The allometric approach was used to estimate the biomass of the sampled sites based on the vegetation inventory data. A framework for the spectrum-biomass regression model was developed based on the estimated biomass of the sampled sites and the Landsat data. The framework includes (1) the pooling of data from Bragantina and the use of ANCOVA to justify this approach; (2) image calibration; (3) biomass data age-adjustment, (4) selection of independent variables, (5) regression model development, and (6) model assessment and validation. The cubic regression model with TM Band5-related predictors was found to best fit the data as evidenced by an adjusted R-squared value of 0.865, mean square error (MSE) of the model, and the analysis of residuals. Residual analysis showed that the model might yield a better estimation on a lower biomass values than on higher biomass values. In addition, further analyses identified several determinants that can impact the accuracy of the spectrum-biomass model. ANCOVA confirmed that the relationship between the biomass and the spectrum is independent of the Altamira and Bragantina regions, and that it was appropriate to pool sampled data from both regions in the proposed model. The model development methodology and the model produced from this research will be of value to researchers using the spectrum-biomass modeling approaches to estimate the biomass and study the SS rates in moist tropical forests.
Confinement of Brownian motion among Poissonian obstacles in ℝ d , d ≥ 3

Consider Brownian motion among random obstacles obtained by translating a fixed compact nonpolar subset of ℝ d , d≥ 1, at the points of a Poisson cloud of constant intensity v <: 0. Assume that Brownian motion is absorbed instantaneously upon entering the obstacle set. In SZN-conf Sznitman has shown that in d = 2, conditionally on the event that the process does not enter the obstacle set up to time t, the probability that Brownian motion remains within distance ∼t 1/4 from its starting point is going to 1 as t goes to infinity. We show that the same result holds true for d≥ 3, with t 1/4 replaced by t 1/( d +2). The proof is based on Sznitmans refined method of enlargement of obstacles [10] as well as on a quantitative isoperimetric inequality due to Hall [4].
In Praise of Modest Men: self-display and self-effacement in nineteenth-century France.

Nineteenth-century France underwent a process of individuation, or self-affirmation, that was at once political (elections), socio-economic (market forces and social promotion), and cultural (autobiographical writings). While some contemporaries embraced this evolution and others rejected it, numerous individuals sought to enjoy its benefits while shielding French society from the threat of ambition and dissolution. Many male elites, this article argues, did so through a prescriptive and self-referential language of modesty. Indebted to ancient Christian and secular vocabularies, modesty acquired a new resonance as compensation for aspirations and lifestyles that could prove both seductive and distressing. This article focuses on provincial learned societies, speeches given at school awards ceremonies, and the career of celebrated doctor Jean-Louis Alibert. At every juncture, it finds individuals who employed an idiom of modesty when speaking of themselves, fellow elites, or workers and peasants. Vis-a-vis themselves, they sought less to erase individuation than to make it socially innocuous and conceptually pleasing. Their twin aspirations to self-affirmation and self-effacement capture a broader effort to resolve contradictions between, on the one hand, individual merit, initiative and opportunity and, on the other, equality, duty and community.