cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching toward Freedom: Early Childhood Education and the Challenges Ahead.

Schools are always contested spaces, places where our assumptions about and hopes for humanity are worked out on the ground. Early childhood education is not immune from the struggles over what it means to be human and what the dimensions of a good society are or should be. This article offers an argument for early childhood to take up the challenge. This article was originally prepared as an oral keynote presentation for the June 2005 meeting of the National Association of Early Childhood Teacher Educators in Miami Beach, FL.
Ultrastructural Similarities Between Setae of Brachiopods and Polychaetes

Larvae of the brachiopod Terebratalia transversa Sowerby have 2 bundles of setae on each side of their mantle lobe. Each seta grows out of a follicle of epidermal cells. The cisternae and associated vesicles of the Golgi bodies in lateral follicular cells are filled with electron dense material. The basal follicular cell, or chaetoblast, has apical microvilli projecting into the basal ends of the longitudinal channels of the seta. The channel partitions are composed of fine fibers oriented parallel to the setal axis. The close structural and developmental similarities between polychaete and brachiopod setae are discussed.
Elasticity of Majorite and a Majorite-Pyrope solid solution to high pressure: Implications for the Transition Zone

[1] High seismic velocity gradients in the transition zone have been attributed to large pressure derivatives of the elastic moduli of transition zone minerals, such as majorite-garnet. Here we present Brillouin scattering measurements of the elasticity of polycrystalline Mg-majorite (Mj100, Mg4Si4O12) and a Mj50Py50 majorite - pyrope solid solution to pressures similar to those at the top of the transition zone (15.1(1) GPa and 12.8(1) GPa, respectively). The pressure derivatives of the adiabatic bulk (KS) and shear (μ) moduli of both Mj50Py50 and Mj100 are 4.2(3) and 1.4(2), respectively, and are equal to those of pyrope within the experimental uncertainties. We conclude that neither the adiabatic compression of majorite-garnet nor any other likely transition zone phase is able to produce the high velocity gradients observed seismically. High velocity gradients are consistent with gradual transformations between minerals with very different elastic properties. The transformation of ∼25% or more of clinopyroxene into majorite above 520 km, and the formation of Ca silicate perovskite below 520 km could produce the observed seismic gradients.
The use of ultraviolet radiation to reduce Salmonella and psychrotrophic bacterial contamination on poultry carcasses.

Abstract Broiler carcasses were subjected to ultraviolet (UV) energy (doses range from 82,560 to 86,400 μWs/cm2) at wavelength of 253.7 nm to evaluate the potential of this treatment for improving the microbiological quality of broiler carcasses. Broiler chicken halves were inoculated with a marker strain of Salmonella typhimurium 5 min prior to treatment. A 61% reduction in viable S. typhimurium was observed in UV-treated chicken halves as compared with untreated halves. The UV energy treatment had no deleterious effects on color (Hunter L, aL, or bL) or 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values. After 10 d of storage at 7 C, TBA values of thigh meat were 1.3 mg malonaldehyde/kg meat compared with 1.7 for controls. Psychrotrophic bacteria populations were not appreciably altered by UV treatment when their numbers were compared with bacterial counts obtained from untreated chicken halves held for 10 d at 7 C. This study suggests that UV radiation can reduce Salmonella surface contamination without negatively affecting carcass color or increasing rancidity of the meat.
One week of exposure to intermittent hypoxia impairs attentional set-shifting in rats.

Intermittent hypoxia (IH), a characteristic of sleep apnea, was modeled in Fischer Brown Norway rats (10 h/day for 7 days) followed by cognitive testing in an attentional set-shifting task. The ability to shift attention from one sensory modality (e.g., odor) to another (e.g., digging medium) was impaired, a finding that could not be attributed to deficits in attention, discrimination, learning, or motor performance. Instead, the deficit is likely to reflect impaired allocation of attentional resources of the working memory system.
Recovery of undersampled periodic waveforms

A periodic waveform, with known period, sampled every T seconds, can be recovered by plotting each sample in the appropriate place in a "composite" period, even when T is greater than the period of the waveform. When the period is unknown, a multiplicity of trial periods are used and the most satisfactory reconstruction is chosen. This paper discusses an organized technique for making such trials. An example is given in which the technique has been used to reconstruct a sampled waveform of infrared radiance of the earth as seen from the LES-9 satellite.
Multidimensional GPR array processing using Kirchhoff migration

We compare the ability of several practical ground-penetrating radar (GPR) array processing methods to improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), increase depth of signal penetration, and suppress out-of-plane arrivals for data with SNR of roughly 1. The methods include two-dimensional (2-D) monostatic, three-dimensional (3-D) monostatic, and 3-D bistatic Kirchhoff migration. The migration algorithm is modified to include the radiation pattern for interfacial dipoles. Results are discussed for synthetic and field data. The synthetic data model includes spatially coherent noise sources that yield nonstationary signal statistics like those observed in high noise GPR settings. Array results from the model data clearly indicate that resolution and noise suppression performance increases as array dimensionality increases. Using 50-MHz array data collected on a temperate glacier (Gulkana Glacier, AK), we compare 2-D and 3-D monostatic migration results. The data have low SNR and contain reflections from a complex, steeply dipping bed. We demonstrate that the glacier bed can only be accurately localized with the 3-D array. In addition, we show that the 3-D array increases SNR (relative to a 2-D array) by a factor of three.
Rectification of displacement currents in an adiabatic electron pump

Rectification of ac displacement currents generated by periodic variation of two independent gate voltages of a quantum dot can lead to a dc voltage linear in the frequency \ensuremath{\omega}. The presence of this rectified displacement current could account for the magnetic field symmetry observed in a recent measurement on an adiabatic quantum electron pump by Switkes et al. [Science 283, 1905 (1999)].
Effects of interleukin-2 on oxygen delivery and consumption in patients with advanced malignancy.

We evaluated the effects of fluid challenges on oxygen delivery ( D ˙ O 2 ) and oxygen consumption ( V ˙ O 2 ) in nine patients receiving immunotherapy with interleukin-2. Fluid resuscitation produced an increase in ( D ˙ O 2 ) from 15.7 ± 3.1 to 17.4 ± 3.5 ml/min/kg (mean ± SD, p<0.001), which was associated with a corresponding increase in ( V ˙ O 2 ), from 2.8 ± 0.7 to 3.1 ± 0.6 ml/min/kg (p (Chest 1988; 94.-816-21)
Mutational and Functional Analysis of a Segment of the Sigma Family Bacteriophage T4 Late Promoter Recognition Protein gp55

Bacteriophage T4 late promoters, which consist of a simple 8-base pair TATA box, are recognized by the gene 55 protein (gp55), a small, highly diverged member of the ς family proteins that replaces ς70 during the final phase of the T4 multiplication cycle. A 16-amino acid segment of gp55 that is proposed to be homologous to the ς70 region 2.2 has been subjected to alanine scanning and other mutagenesis. The corresponding proteins have been examined in vitro for binding toEscherichia coli RNA polymerase core enzyme and for the ability to generate accurately initiating basal as well as sliding clamp-activated T4 late transcription. Mutations in the amino acid 68–83 segment of gp55 generate a wide range of effects on these functions. The changes are interpreted in terms of the multiple steps of involvement of gp55, like other ς proteins, in transcription. Effects of mutations on RNA polymerase core binding are consistent with the previously proposed homology of amino acids 68–82 of gp55 with ς70 region 2.2 and the recently determined structures of the Thermus thermophilus and Thermus aquaticusς70-RNA polymerase holoenzymes.
Interstitial thermoradiotherapy of brain tumors: preliminary results of a phase I clinical trial.

Abstract A Phase I clinical trial has been initiated to determine the feasibility, tolerance, and toxicity of interstitial thermoradiotherapy in the treatment of high-grade supratentorial brain gliomas. Hyperthermia was delivered by means of thermally-regulating ferromagnetic implants afterloaded into stereotactically placed plastic catheters. Heat treatments were given immediately before interstitial irradiation; in addition, five patients received a second heat treatment at the completion of brachytherapy. The desired target temperature for the 60-minute hyperthermia session was between 42°C and 45°C. Following hyperthermia, the catheters were afterloaded with Ir-192, which delivered a variable radiation dose of 14–50 Gy depending on the clinical situation. Interstitial irradiation was supplemented with external beam radiotherapy (40–41.4 Gy) in patients with previously untreated tumors. A total of 14 patients (4 males, 10 females) have been treated to date on this protocol. Eleven of the patients had a diagnosis of glioblastoma multiforme, whereas three had anaplastic astrocytoma. The mean implant volume was 61.5 cm 3 (range: 9–119 CM); the median number of interstitial treatment catheters implanted was 19 (range: 7–33). Continuous temperature monitoring was performed by means of multisensor thermocouple probes inserted in the center as well as in the periphery of the tumor. Of the 175 monitored intratumoral points, 83 (47%) had time-averaged mean temperatures of 42°C, and only 12 sensors (7%) exceeded a temperature of 45°C. Among the 19 heat treatments attempted, there have been four minor acute toxicities, all of which resolved with conservative medical management and one major complication resulting in the demise of a patient. These preliminary results indicate that ferromagnetic implants offer a promising new approach to treating brain tumors with hyperthermia.
Bicaudal D1-Dependent Trafficking of Human Cytomegalovirus Tegument Protein pp150 in Virus-Infected Cells

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) virion assembly takes place in the nucleus and cytoplasm of infected cells. The HCMV virion tegument protein pp150 (ppUL32) is an essential protein of HCMV and has been suggested to play a role in the cytoplasmic phase of HCMV assembly. To further define its role in viral assembly and to identify host cell proteins that interact with pp150 during viral assembly, we utilized yeast two-hybrid analyses to detect an interaction between pp150 and Bicaudal D1 (BicD1), a protein thought to play a role in trafficking within the secretory pathway. BicD1 is known to interact with the dynein motor complex and the Rab6 GTPase. The interaction between pp150 and BicD1 was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Depletion of BicD1 with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) caused decreased virus yield and a defect in trafficking of pp150 to the cytoplasmic viral assembly compartment (AC), without altering trafficking to the AC of another essential tegument protein, pp28, or the viral glycoprotein complex gM/gN. The C terminus of BicD1 has been previously shown to interact with the GTPase Rab6, suggesting a potential role for Rab6-mediated vesicular trafficking in HCMV assembly. Finally, overexpression of the N terminus of truncated BicD1 acts in a dominant-negative manner and leads to disruption of the AC and a decrease in the assembly of infectious virus. This phenotype was similar to that observed following overexpression of dynamitin (p50) and provided additional evidence that morphogenesis of the AC and virus assembly were dynein dependent.
Induction of fuzzy rules for air traffic control

Induced fuzzy rules containing fuzzy premise facts are used to decide how long an aircraft must wait before entering an airport approach corridor. An aircraft may need to wait if it is close to an aircraft ahead in the corridor or has an airspeed that is greater than the aircraft ahead. Adaptive rule strength modification is used to optimize airport performance in terms of wait times in queues, turnaways, and potential collisions. The results reveal that the induced/adapted fuzzy airport control rules perform better than the nonlinear algorithm used to provide the training set of cases.
Ovulatory cycle effects on tip earnings by lap-dancers: Economic evidence for human estrus?

To see whether estrus was really “lost” during human evolution (as researchers often claim), we examined ovulatory cycle effects on tip earnings by professional lap dancers working in gentlemen's clubs. Eighteen dancers recorded their menstrual periods, work shifts, and tip earnings for 60 days on a study web site. A mixed-model analysis of 296 work shifts (representing about 5300 lap dances) showed an interaction between cycle phase and hormonal contraception use. Normally cycling participants earned about US$335 per 5-h shift during estrus, US$260 per shift during the luteal phase, and US$185 per shift during menstruation. By contrast, participants using contraceptive pills showed no estrous earnings peak. These results constitute the first direct economic evidence for the existence and importance of estrus in contemporary human females, in a real-world work setting. These results have clear implications for human evolution, sexuality, and economics.
Experimental airborne transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Bordetella bronchiseptica

Experiments were designed to determine if porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) or Bordetella bronchiseptica could be transmitted through indirect airborne contact. Three principal pigs were infected with PRRSV, B. bronchiseptica or both. Five days after the principal pigs were challenged, the three principal pigs and one direct-contact pig were placed into one isolation tent together, and three indirect-contact pigs were placed into another isolation tent which received its air supply from the first isolation tent. Airborne transmission of B. bronchiseptica occurred in 5/5 trials where B. bronchiseptica was the only agent used, and in 3/5 trials where the principal pigs were coinfected with both agents. Airborne transmission of PRRSV occurred in 4/5 trials where PRRSV was the only agent used, and in 2/5 trials where the principal pigs were coinfected with both agents. Thus, airborne transmission of both agents over short distances, such as within a barn, is probable.
Development and Testing of a DNA Macroarray To Assess Nitrogenase (nifH) Gene Diversity

A DNA macroarray was developed and evaluated for its potential to distinguish variants of the dinitrogenase reductase (nifH) gene. Diverse nifH gene fragments amplified from a clone library were spotted onto nylon membranes. Amplified, biotinylated nifH fragments from individual clones or a natural picoplankton community were hybridized to the array and detected by chemiluminescence. A hybridization test with six individual targets mixed in equal proportions resulted in comparable relative signal intensities for the corresponding probes (standard deviation, 14%). When the targets were mixed in unequal concentrations, there was a predictable, but nonlinear, relationship between target concentration and relative signal intensity. Results implied a detection limit of roughly 13 pg of target ml 1 , a half-saturation of signal at 0.26 ng ml 1 , and a dynamic range of about 2 orders of magnitude. The threshold for cross-hybridization varied between 78 and 88% sequence identity. Hybridization patterns were reproducible with significant correlations between signal intensities of duplicate probes (r 0.98, P < 0.0001, n 88). A mixed nifH target amplified from a natural Chesapeake Bay water sample hybridized strongly to 6 of 88 total probes and weakly to 17 additional probes. The natural community results were well simulated (r 0.941, P < 0.0001, n 88) by hybridizing a defined mixture of six individual targets corresponding to the strongly hybridizing probes. Our results indicate that macroarray hybridization can be a highly reproducible, semiquantitative method for assessing the diversity of functional genes represented in mixed pools of PCR products amplified from the environment.
The control of SV40 transcription during a lytic infection: late RNA synthesis in the presence of inhibitors of DNA replication.

Abstract The transition from early to late transcription of SV40 DNA in productively infected BSC-1 cells was analyzed using both inhibitors of DNA replication, and early (Group A) temperature sensitive (ts) mutants of SV40. Late virus specific cytoplasmic RNA sedimenting at 16S in neutral sucrose gradients and complementary to the plus (L) DNA strand of SV40 was detected in cultures infected in the presence of three inhibitors of DNA replication (Ara-C, FdU, and chloroquine), even though the inhibition of viral DNA replication appeared to be essentially complete. After infection with the early SV40 mutant tsA58, no DNA replication was detected at the restrictive temperature (41 degrees C) and no significant late RNA complementary to the plus (L) strand was found, in either the cytoplasm or nuclei of infected cells. These data support the concept that expression of late viral functions requires the initiation of viral DNA synthesis or a functional gene A protein, or both.
No evidence for switching antidepressants in treatment-resistant depressed patients

Commentary on: T Bschor, C Baethge. No evidence for switching the antidepressant: systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs of a common therapeutic strategy.Acta Psychiatr Scand2010;121:174–9.
Intraperitoneal distribution of 32P-chromic phosphate suspension in the dog.

Abstract Intraperitoneal administration of radioactive chromic phosphate suspension is receiving renewed attention as a therapeutic treatment to limit metastatic dissemination of ovarian carcinoma. Our study utilized mongrel dogs to approximate the uptake and distribution of 3.0 millicuries 32P-chromic phosphate suspension administered intraperitoneally (IP). Lymph nodes, omentum, retroperitoneum, peritoneum, diaphragm, abdominal wall muscle, pleura, spleen, liver, kidneys, lung, small intestine and blood were sampled for liquid scintillation counting and autoradiography. Whole blood showed the least activity (1800 cpm/100 λ at day one, declining to 280 cpm/100 λ by day 16). Omentum and diaphragm maintained the greatest concentrations (183 x 106 dpm/g and 4 x 106 dpm/g respectively.) These initial high values were 100 times greater than the highest values found for the small intestine, abdominal wall muscle, mediastinal and retroperitoneal lymph nodes and pleura. The peritoneum increased in specific activity until day three (5.9 x 106 dpm/g) and then rapidly declined. Our results show that following IP administration to the dog, 32P suspension is associated with the serous membranes of the peritoneal cavity (most notably omentum, diaphragm, peritoneum and retroperitoneum). This distribution could be valuable in adjuvant tumor therapy since serosal surfaces of the peritoneum (both visceral and parietal) and the omentum are the most common sites of tumor metastases associated with ovarian carcinoma.
A model for evaluating data fusion systems

Data fusion systems are being proposed for a wide variety of applications around the world to obtain the maximum benefit from expensive sensors and information systems. Examining surveys of data fusion work, it is apparent that while much activity has been devoted to implementing Level 1 systems with rigour derived from existing knowledge, implementation of Level 2 and 3 systems is often ad-hoc. Various testbeds are being developed to evaluate methods at all Levels. Methods of testing them are needed. This paper attempts to make a contribution to the general problem of performance measures for data fusion systems by presenting a general model. The model describes the data structures, processing stages and measures from generalised information theory. This theory includes measures of imprecision and ambiguity that are not represented by probability theory. Some intuitive results are shown to be qualitatively predicted. >
The motion-induced position shift depends on the perceived direction of bistable quartet motion

Motion can influence the perceived position of nearby stationary objects (Nature Neuroscience 3 (2000) 954). To investigate the influence of high-level motion processes on the position shift while controlling for low-level motion signals, we measured the position shift as a function of the motion seen in a bistable quartet. In this stimulus, motion can be seen along either one or the other of two possible paths. An illusory position shift was observed only when the flashes were adjacent to the path where motion was perceived. If the flash was adjacent to the other path, where no motion was perceived, there was no illusory displacement. Thus for the same physical stimulus, a change in the perceived motion path determined the location where illusory position shifts would be seen. This result indicates that high-level motion processes alone are sufficient to produce the position shift of stationary objects. The effect of the timing of the test flash between the onset and offset of the motion was also examined. The position shifts were greatest at the onset of motion, then decreasing gradually, disappearing at the offset of motion. We propose an attentional repulsion explanation for the shift effect.
Great Controversies: Whither Social Europe?

Can egalitarianism itself contribute to growth? This political scientist looks at the recent success of the Nordic states and answers "yes." He also cites other characteristics that have made the Nordic economies work, not least their investment in education and policies to promote female employment.
Scaled Fourier Transforms and Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

At the recent QSCP XIX, the author claimed a procedure of using a scaled Fourier transform (the scaling being determined by the detailed interaction and particle mass for a harmonic oscillator) to achieve simultaneous resolution of position and momentum greater than the standard Heisenberg value of 1/2. The procedure, while correct for digital signal processing, is, in fact, invalid for quantum mechanics. The purpose of this paper is simply to give the correct analysis of the uncertainty product, thereby clarifying the error made.
Tunable diode laser measurements on the 951.7393 cm-1 line of 12C2H4 at planetary atmospheric temperatures

The absolute intensity and the collision broadened half-widths of the 951.7393/cm line, which belongs to the nu7-fundamental band (C-12)2H4, at 152, 202, 252, and 294 K are presented using He, H2, and N2 as broadeners. The temperature dependence of the half-width is determined for line broadening by the planetary atmospheric gases He, H2, and N2.
Subclavian Artery Stenosis: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Association With Cardiovascular Diseases

Objectives The objective was to assess the prevalence of subclavian artery stenosis (SS) in four cohorts (two free-living and two clinical populations) and determine both risk factors for this condition and the association with other cardiovascular conditions. Background The prevalence of SS in the general population is unknown, and its association with risk factors and other cardiovascular diseases is not well-established. Methods A total of 4,223 subjects (2,975 from two free-living cohorts and 1,248 from two clinical cohorts) were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Subclavian artery stenosis was defined as ≥15 mm Hg interarm pressure difference. Results The prevalence of SS was 1.9% in the free-living cohorts and 7.1% in the clinical cohorts; SS was significantly (p Conclusions Significant SS is present in approximately 2% of the free-living population and 7% of the clinical population. Additionally, SS is correlated with current and past smoking histories, systolic blood pressure, HDL levels (inversely), and the presence of PAD. These findings suggest that bilateral brachial blood pressure measurements should routinely be performed in patients with an elevated risk profile, both to screen for SS, and to avoid missing a hypertension or PAD diagnosis because of unilateral pressure measurement in an obstructed arm.
Field Experiments and the Political Economy of Development

Social scientists have begun to work alongside developing country governments, nongovernmental organizations, and international organizations on experimental projects that address fundamental questions in the political economy of development. We describe the range of projects that have taken place or are currently under-way, identify new and promising frontiers for research, and discuss some challenges that are particular to work in this area. The impact of this research will depend on the extent to which scholars can successfully link studies of experimental interventions to broader questions of social scientific interest.
Light intensity and sexual maturity.

There are confirmable clines, by latitude, of melanin concentration in pigmentation for man as well as other mammals and birds. This has been suggested to be, in man, a result of the importance of vitamin D synthesis which can be inhibited by darker skins in higher latitudes. Experiments on mice suggest that another mechanism may be operative; greater photic stimulation of the pineal lowers the age at first estrus and may confer a reproductive advantage in this way.
Comparison of Plotting Methods for Solar Radiometer Calibration

An alternative formulation of the Langley plot relating observed solar irradiance, extraterrestrial solar irradiance, and air mass has been suggested to potentially improve radiometer calibration accuracy. In this study, results from the traditional and alternative plotting methods are compared using both simulated and measured data. The simulations indicate that their relative accuracies depend on the time scale of the atmospheric extinction fluctuations. The two methods are found to be essentially equivalent with the measured data.
Clinical Decision Support and Palivizumab

Background and Objectives: Palivizumab can reduce hospitalizations due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), but many eligible infants fail to receive the full 5-dose series. The efficacy of clinical decision support (CDS) in fostering palivizumab receipt has not been studied. We sought a comprehensive solution for identifying eligible patients and addressing barriers to palivizumab administration. Methods: We developed workflow and CDS tools targeting patient identification and palivizumab administration. We randomized 10 practices to receive palivizumab-focused CDS and 10 to receive comprehensive CDS for premature infants in a 3-year longitudinal cluster-randomized trial with 2 baseline and 1 intervention RSV seasons. Results: There were 356 children eligible to receive palivizumab, with 194 in the palivizumab-focused group and 162 in the comprehensive CDS group. The proportion of doses administered to children in the palivizumab-focused intervention group increased from 68.4% and 65.5% in the two baseline seasons to 84.7% in the intervention season. In the comprehensive intervention group, proportions of doses administered declined during the baseline seasons (from 71.9% to 62.4%) with partial recovery to 67.9% during the intervention season. The palivizumab-focused group improved by 19.2 percentage points in the intervention season compared to the prior baseline season (p Conclusions: Workflow and CDS tools integrated in an EHR may increase the administration of palivizumab. The support focused on palivizumab, rather than comprehensive intervention, was more effective at improving palivizumab administration.
Effects of chronic hypoxia on capillary flow and hematocrit in rat skeletal muscle

The cremasteric microcirculation was studied in rats exposed to chronic hypoxia. Control male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8) were raised for 42-49 days at 752 mmHg. Hypoxic rats (n = 9) were reared for 3 days at 551 mmHg, 4 days at 461 mmHg, 3 days at 371 mmHg, and 31-38 days at 311 mmHg (6,000 m). Red blood cells labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate were injected. The exposed cremaster was observed using fluorescence microscopy. Rats acutely breathed 10, 21, and 30% O2 spontaneously in random order. Hypoxia-adapted animals had greater (P less than 0.01) red cell flux (10.6 +/- 1.0 vs. 5.7 +/- 0.4/s), capillary hematocrits, capillary-to-systemic hematocrit ratios (0.42 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.33 +/- 0.02), and reduced red cell spacing (11.4 +/- 1.3 vs. 22.3 +/- 2.0 microns) than controls under 21% O2. Chronically hypoxic rats also demonstrated significantly (P less than 0.05) larger capillary diameters (6.52 +/- 0.04 vs. 6.15 +/- 0.06 microns) and greater perfused (135 +/- 5 vs. 94 +/- 3 mm/mm3) and anatomic (182 +/- 5 vs. 151 +/- 8 mm/mm3) microvessel length-densities at 21% O2. Results were generally similar for 10 and 30% O2. Bulk capillary blood flow was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater in controls (2.75 +/- 0.32 vs. 1.87 +/- 0.12 pl/s) only under 30% O2. Our experiments demonstrate that numerous physiological, in addition to anatomic, alterations can occur in the cremasteric microcirculation in response to chronic hypoxia.
The Application of the Nearly Perfectly Matched Layer to Numerical Modeling In Poroelastic Media

The nearly perfectly matched layer (NPML) as a novel perfectly matched layer has been proven to be an excellent absorbing boundary condition to suppress the artificial reflection waves from the boundaries of truncated model. Here, NPML technique is applied to the first-order velocity-stress poroelastic wave equations. To test the absorbing performance of NPML, I provide the numerical comparison between NPML and convolutional perfectly matched layer (CPML) which is considered as one of the best boundary conditions.
Development of a Sexual Health Screening Tool for Adolescent Emergency Department Patients

Objective The objective was to develop a content-valid audio computer-assisted self-interview (ACASI) sexual health survey (SHS) that is understandable and acceptable to adolescents and can be feasibly implemented in a pediatric emergency department (ED) for sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk assessment. Methods Multistep iterative qualitative study utilizing a Delphi panel of key informants for survey development and content validity, cognitive interviews with end-users to evaluate understanding, and pilot testing with end-users to evaluate acceptability and feasibility. Results We developed a 20-item questionnaire through an iterative modified Delphi process with experts in adolescent and pediatric emergency medicine. All items were assessed as understandable by >90% of adolescents during the cognitive interviews. All respondents found the SHS easy to use. A total of 76.5% preferred answering questions related to sexual health through the SHS compared to face-to-face interviews. Mean (±SD) length of survey completion was 17.5 (±6.7) minutes and 88.6% of participants found survey length to be "just right." With respect to feasibility testing, there was no statistically significant difference in median ED LOS between those who piloted the SHS and those who did not (230.0 minutes vs. 219.0 minutes; p = 0.7). Conclusions We developed a content-valid ACASI for the identification of adolescents at risk for STIs that was understandable, acceptable, and easy to use by adolescent patients and feasible for implementation in the pediatric ED. Future planned steps include the evaluation of the SHS in providing clinical decision support for targeted STI screening in the ED.
Punishment on the food with excessive total bacteria and Escherichia coli

After the"Food Hygiene Law of the People's Republic of China"has been replaced by the"Food Safety Law of the People's Republicof China",many people found out in the enforcement process that different from the"Food Hygiene Law",in the"Food Safety Law",the food with excessive total bacteria and Escherichia coli was not in the catergory of the food which should be forbidden to produce and sell.Yet the author believes that as long as the pattern of the penalties for the violations in the times of "Food Hygiene Law"is changed,the above offenses can still be punished(including instant food with no production date or batch).Meanwhile,the substantive difference between the food with excessive total bacteria and Escherichia coli and the "materials harmful to human health"has been described in the paper.
Anesthetic PreconditioningAn Anesthesiologist's Tale

Isoflurane Mimics Ischemic Preconditioning via Activation of K ATP Channels: Reduction of Myocardial Infarct Size with an Acute Memory Phase. By J. R. Kersten, T. J. Schmeling, P. S. Pagel, G. J. Gross, and D. C. Warltier. ANESTHESIOLOGY 1997; 87:361-70. Reprinted with permission.
No accumulation of glucose in human skeletal muscle during euglycemic hyperinsulinemia

It has been recently suggested that high glucose infusion rates during euglycemic hyperinsulinemia result in accumulation of free glucose in human skeletal muscle (J. Clin. Invest. 76: 357, 1985). To examine this possibility, we performed a euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic clamp together with biopsies from the quadriceps femoris muscle on seven healthy men. Insulin was infused at successive rates of 40 and 400 mU. m-2.min-1, resulting in mean plasma insulin concentrations of 69 +/- 3 and 1,285 +/- 115 (SE) microU/ml, respectively. Glucose infusion rates averaged 7.79 +/- 0.86 and 12.01 +/- 0.77 mg.kg body wt-1.min-1. The total glucose content in muscle averaged 1.72 +/- 0.26, 1.37 +/- 0.21, and 1.65 +/- 0.35 mmol/kg dry wt at rest, and after the low- and high-dose insulin infusions, respectively (P greater than 0.05). Assuming that the plasma glucose concentration reflects the glucose concentration in the extracellular space and that there are 0.3 liters of extracellular water per kilogram dry weight, the intracellular glucose contents are calculated to be 0.15 +/- 0.25, -0.35 +/- 0.21, and -0.06 +/- 0.34 mmol/kg dry wt at rest, and after the low- and high-dose infusions, respectively. None of these values is significantly different from zero. Thus euglycemic hyperinsulinemia does not result in appreciable accumulation of glucose in the muscle of insulin-sensitive men.
Enhancing Self-Help Career Planning Using Theory-Based Tools:

From the earliest days of the vocational guidance movement, controversy existed regarding the place of self-report in assessment. Contemporary career theories, cognitive information processing theo...
Proteins that mediate protein aggregation and cytotoxicity distinguish Alzheimer's hippocampus from normal controls.

Neurodegenerative diseases are distinguished by characteristic protein aggregates initiated by disease‐specific ‘seed’ proteins; however, roles of other co‐aggregated proteins remain largely unexplored. Compact hippocampal aggregates were purified from Alzheimer's and control‐subject pools using magnetic‐bead immunoaffinity pulldowns. Their components were fractionated by electrophoretic mobility and analyzed by high‐resolution proteomics. Although total detergent‐insoluble aggregates from Alzheimer's and controls had similar protein content, within the fractions isolated by tau or Aβ1–42 pulldown, the protein constituents of Alzheimer‐derived aggregates were more abundant, diverse, and post‐translationally modified than those from controls. Tau‐ and Aβ‐containing aggregates were distinguished by multiple components, and yet shared >90% of their protein constituents, implying similar accretion mechanisms. Alzheimer‐specific protein enrichment in tau‐containing aggregates was corroborated for individuals by three analyses. Five proteins inferred to co‐aggregate with tau were confirmed by precise in situ methods, including proximity ligation amplification that requires co‐localization within 40 nm. Nematode orthologs of 21 proteins, which showed Alzheimer‐specific enrichment in tau‐containing aggregates, were assessed for aggregation‐promoting roles in C. elegans by RNA‐interference ‘knockdown’. Fifteen knockdowns (71%) rescued paralysis of worms expressing muscle Aβ, and 12 (57%) rescued chemotaxis disrupted by neuronal Aβ expression. Proteins identified in compact human aggregates, bound by antibody to total tau, were thus shown to play causal roles in aggregation based on nematode models triggered by Aβ1–42. These observations imply shared mechanisms driving both types of aggregation, and/or aggregate‐mediated cross‐talk between tau and Aβ. Knowledge of protein components that promote protein accrual in diverse aggregate types implicates common mechanisms and identifies novel targets for drug intervention.
Electromagnetic Field Lagrangians

In this chapter we describe Lagrangian formalism for Maxwell equations, in particular the energy-momentum tensor and corresponding conservation laws. We also consider here non-relativistic approximations.
Assessment of the Impacts from the Addition of Novel Assistive Technologies in Mental Health Care

This proceeding seeks to understand changes to the current model of mental health care that will occur if computer programs and smartphone applications that augment therapy become widely used in pr...
A small group learning model for evidence-based medicine.

BACKGROUND Evidence-based medicine (EBM) skills are invaluable tools for residents and practicing physicians. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of small-group learning models in teaching fundamental EBM skills. METHODS The intervention consisted of an EBM bootcamp divided into four 2-hour sessions across 4-week rotations. Residents worked in small groups of three to four to explore fundamentals of EBM through interactive dialogue and mock clinical scenario practice. The intervention's effectiveness was evaluated using pre- and post-assessments. RESULTS A total of 40 (93.0%) residents out of a potential 43 participated in the EBM bootcamps across the 3 years. There was significant improvement of 3.28 points on self-assessed EBM skills from an average of 9.66-12.945 out of a maximum score of 15 (P=0.000). There was significant improvement of 1.68 points on the EBM skills test from an average of 6.02-7.71 out of a maximum score of 9 (P=0.00). All residents (100%) agreed or strongly agreed that EBM is important for a physician's clinical practice. This view did not change after the training. CONCLUSION A brief small-group interactive workshop in EBM basic skills at the start of residency was effective in developing fundamental EBM skills.
A programmable CMOS feedback IC for reconfigurable MEMS-referenced oscillators

MEMS resonators integrated with CMOS feedback networks have a potentially wide field of applications as oscillator circuits in communications and sensor systems. However, considerable advancements to this nascent technology are required to realize such a vision. We present a configurable CMOS chip which facilitates the development of MEMS-referenced oscillators, especially for timing and sensing applications in harsh environments. The chip has been designed in the OnSemi 3M2P 0.5 µm process. It supports MEMS resonators with various frequencies (10–120 kHz), resonant modes, and impedance levels, thus allowing interfacing to a wide range of devices. This paper describes analysis, design, and simulation results.
Abstract 2881: Systemic Chromosome Instability (CIN) resulted in transcriptomic changes in metabolic and proliferation regulators in colonic mucosal tissue of Sgo1-/+ mice

(a) Colon cancer is the second most lethal cancer and is predicted to claim 50,310 lives in 2014. Chromosome Instability (CIN) is observed in 80-90% of colon cancers and is thought to contribute to colon cancer progression and recurrence. We developed animal models focusing on mitotic error-induced CIN, Shugoshin-1 (Sgo1) haploinsufficient (-/+) mice, to investigate the impact of CIN on colon cancer development. Sgo1-/+ mice showed altered profiles in colonic lesions and cancer development. In this study, we analyzed signature changes in the colonic transcriptome of Sgo1-/+ mice to investigate underlying molecular events in the altered carcinogenesis profiles. (b) We treated control and Sgo1-/+ mice with colonic carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM), and tracked colon cancer development 12, 24, and 36 weeks after AOM treatments. We performed Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)-based transcriptome analysis at 24 weeks. (c) There were 349 hits with 2-fold expression difference threshold, P (d) Systemic Chromosome Instability resulted in transcriptomic changes in metabolic and proliferation regulators in the colon. We propose that the CIN effect may be countered through manipulation of these pathways. Citation Format: Chinthalapally V. Rao, Saira Sanghera, Yuting Zhang, Laura Biddick, Arun Reddy, Stan Lightfoot, Altaf Mohammed, Wei Dai, Hiroshi Y. Yamada. Systemic Chromosome Instability (CIN) resulted in transcriptomic changes in metabolic and proliferation regulators in colonic mucosal tissue of Sgo1-/+ mice. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2881. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2881
Schoolteachers and National “Public” Education in Honduras: Navigating the Reforms and Refounding the State

Resumen Este articulo examina el trabajo de los maestros en la Honduras pos-golpe mientras navegan a traves del primer ano de reformas al sector educativo, el cual intenta privatizar y descentralizar el sistema de educacion publica del pais. Desde el golpe de estado de junio de 2009, los maestros hondurenos han sido lideres del movimiento de resistencia contra el golpe que ahora desafia el actual estatus quo y propone ‘refundar’ el estado. A pesar de que los maestros hondurenos estan en desacuerdo con estas reformas y otros aspectos de la practica gubernamental pos-golpe, en el fondo ellos son los agentes del estado responsables por implementar estas nuevas politicas educativas. Basandome en mi investigacion etnografica en el Departamento de Valle, ubicado en el sur, yo exploro la naturaleza contradictoria del trabajo de agentes del estado vista desde la perspectiva de las politicas educativas y de como la legislacion realmente se pone en practica.
Battery Cell Reconfiguration to Expedite Charge Equalization in Series-Connected Battery Systems

As a common issue of battery systems, the charge imbalance among battery cells/modules/packs may cause reduced charge capacity, low energy efficiency, accelerated degradation, and even fire hazard. To battle this issue, various circuit designs and control strategies have been developed in past decades. In these research and development efforts, the equalization time, which is defined as the time needed for the battery system to reach charge equalization, is often regarded as one of the most important performance measures. While great efforts have been made to shorten the charge equalization time through the designs of balance circuits and control strategies, limited attention is given to the battery cell reconfiguration. Indeed, numerical experiments show that the equalization time can be significantly affected by the connection pattern of battery cells. In this letter, we study such effects in battery systems with series-based charge equalization structure, and develop the cell reconfiguration algorithm to quickly identify a cell connection configuration with near-minimum charge equalization time. Numerical simulation shows that the proposed algorithm can significantly expedite the charge equalization process.
How Medicare and Hospitals Have Shaped American Health Care

Medicare reimbursement practices have brought the hospital to the center of the American medical system, to the detriment of primary care.
Mediational pathways of meditation and exercise on mental health and perceived stress: A randomized controlled trial.

This study investigated the effects of mindfulness and exercise training on indicators of mental health and stress by examining shared mediators of program effects. Community-recruited adults (N = 413) were randomized into one of three conditions: (a) mindfulness-based stress reduction, (b) moderate intensity exercise, or (c) wait-list control. Composite indicator structural equation models estimated direct, indirect, and total effects. Results showed that mindfulness-based self-efficacy fulfilled a prominent role in mediating meditation and exercise program effects. Findings suggest that mindfulness and exercise training share similar mechanisms that can improve global mental health, including adaptive responses to stress.
Elucidation of Therapeutic Peptide Binding Partners from Isolated Mitochondria.

CT20p is a protein derived from the C-terminus of Bax. It has selective cytotoxicity for cancer cells, such as the sensitive triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma cells, but not normal cells like the resistant MCF-10A epithelial breast cells. To understand the reason for the peptide’s selective toxicity, a "pull-down" experiment with biotinylated CT20p (biotin-CT20p) and whole-cell protein lysates from breast cancer and normal cells were performed. These studies revealed that CT20p binds to a cytosolic protein called chaperonin-containing TCP-1 (CCT), a molecular chaperone that folds actin and tubulin. However, this method could not detect possible rare interactions made by CT20p with mitochondrial proteins. To determine whether CT20p is associated with mitochondrial proteins as part of the mechanism by which it induces cell death, mitochondrial protein lysates from MDA-MB-231 and MCF-10A cells were isolated and a streptavidin-agarose pulldown procedure using biotin-CT20p was performed. Protein interactions were visualized by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) using silver staining. The results of the experimental procedure showed that biotin-CT20p did not "pull down" any observable mitochondrial proteins from the sensitive MDA-MB-231 cells, indicating that the peptide may not interact with mitochondrial proteins in breast cancer cells. Rather, the interactions observed with biotin-CT20p were with mitochondrial proteins derived from resistant MCF-10A cells, indicating that these interactions were not driving the cancer-selective cell death process. The absence of CT20p-associated proteins from the mitochondrial lysates of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells supports the hypothesis that CT20p, unlike the parent protein, Bax, exerts its cytotoxic effects via a cytosolic protein.
Contribution to the Debate: Phenomenology and Empiricism

Some comments on Dr. Eng’s essay from the perspective of a psychologist, who for some time now has been trying to encourage a more humanistic and teleological image of the person in psychology might be of interest. As I shall try to outline for you in a bit, this is the image of behavior I see shining through Dr. Haydu’s and Dr. Eng’s papers. But I face some problems in trying to propose and submit to test a telic theory of behavior in psychology, problems which Dr. Haydu does not seem to be troubled with. At least, he does not mention them. The problems I am referring to all stem from psychology’s unbelievable commitment to naive realism, a commitment which amounts to an escape from the challenge of understanding human beings into a rabid empiricism.
Perianal metastasis from a sigmoid carcinoma--objective evidence of a clonal origin. Report of a case.

A case is described in which flow cytometric DNA analysis of a sigmoid cancer and a subsequently diagnosed anal malignancy demonstrated the same DNA aneuploid pattern in both tumors. The ability to show, by this technique of DNA analysis, that an anal malignancy has seeded from a colon cancer could be important for future therapy. This is because the positive identification of such a deposit as a “dropped” metastasis would prevent inappropriately radical surgery.