cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementation of a Research Task Force to Increase Respiratory Therapist Involvement in Research

Background: Evidenced-based medicine is essential to improving patient outcomes and enhancing medical practice throughout the healthcare industry. Respiratory care (RC) is a technology-driven profession that is constantly evolving with provider knowledge related to research skills becoming imperative.1,2 By creating a Research Task Force (RTF), our respiratory care department (RCD) intended to involve more respiratory therapists in research. We aimed to assess productivity of the RTF since inception at our institution. Methods: An IRB approved retrospective review was completed to assess research productivity from 2018–2020. Variables for analysis included the number of; CITI/IRB trained members, animal studies, publications, practice changes from research, unique authors, and non-productive hours. Results: By utilizing a RC RTF, our department saw an increase in CITI/IRB trained members, involvement in animal studies, total accepted publications, practice changes driven by research and unique authors (Figure 1). These results stemmed from the addition of approximately 20 non-productive hours in 2018, 250 non-productive hours in 2019, and 115 non-productive hours in 2020. Despite a 54% decrease in non-productive hours due to COVID-19 in 2020, our RCD saw an increase in research productivity. Conclusions: Many RTs who study at an undergraduate level receive little to no training in research, even though this is an essential aspect of our ever-evolving field. By establishing a RTF within our RCD, we were able to improve research related productivity. Further research must be done to evaluate the impact of staff-based research programs and the impact on career development, engagement, and patient outcomes within respiratory care. References: 1. Kallet RH. Developing a research program within a respiratory care department. Respir Care 2020;65 (3):388-399. 2. Hess DR. What is evidenced-based medicine and why should I care? Respir Care 2004;49(7):730-741.
Integrating Adaptive Lighting Database with SHRP 2 Naturalistic Driving Study Data

The limited information in traditional safety data makes exploration of the complex interaction between characteristics of roadway lighting and crash risks and driver behavior difficult, yet this knowledge is needed by transportation agencies that want to reduce energy consumption while maintaining safety. Data from the SHRP 2 Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS) have provided researchers a powerful tool for safety analysis. In addition, the availability of a massive adaptive lighting database (ALD) has made it possible to evaluate and improve the use of roadway lighting as a safety countermeasure. This paper integrates ALD and NDS data and provides insight into how other spatially related data can be integrated with the NDS data to cater to the needs of safety studies. The ALD includes detailed in situ roadway lighting measurements for more than 2,000 mi of major roads in seven states. This paper fills a gap in NDS-related documentation by detailing the NDS database structure and elements. An efficient spati...
Combined pancreas and liver therapies: resection and ablation in hepato-pancreatico-biliary malignancies.

Background Combined pancreatic and liver resection for hepato-pancreatico-biliary disease is generally considered contraindicated since it is thought to provide little if any survival benefit with high risk of morbidity. Our goal was to review our experience with combined pancreatic and liver resections to better define characteristics that increase risk for perioperative complications after combined resections. Methods A review of prospectively collected IRB approved hepato-pancreatico-biliary database was performed from October 2002 to April 2012. Results Twenty-one cases were identified including all histologies. Perioperative outcomes were examined and the overall mean length of stay was 12.1 days (range: 6–26 days) and no perioperative mortalities ( 25 and risk of Grade 3 complications (P = 0.149). The median survival following operation was 11 months (range: 3–148 months). Conclusion Combined pancreas and liver resection for metastatic disease should only be considered in highly selected patients. Tumor histology as well as BMI > 25 (overweight and obese patients) should be considered in the decision making process in an effort to minimize surgical morbidity while potentially improving survival. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:709–712. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transcriptional repression of the mouse dihydrofolate reductase gene during muscle cell commitment.

Abstract A differentiation-competent mouse muscle cell line containing 50-100-times the diploid number of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) genes was used to study regulation of DHFR mRNA levels during myogenic withdrawal from the cell cycle. Quantitative RNase protection assays showed DHFR mRNA levels decreased 15-fold during commitment; DHFR pre-mRNA levels decreased 7-fold. Concomitantly, transcription products were analyzed by hybridization to Southern blots of dhfr-containing plasmids. Control run-on assays performed on nonamplified parental cells indicated that run-on signals measured in amplified cells were dhfr amplicon-specific. Run-on signals were sensitive to alpha-amanitin, indicating RNA polymerase 2 specificity, and did not hybridize to pBR322 sequences, demonstrating hybridization stringency. Comparison of run-on signals hybridizing to DNA fragments representing either the 5' end of the gene or the entire gene showed that transcriptional repression occurred within the first 660 bases of the 30-kilobase gene, consistent with regulation at the level of either initiation or early pretermination. In contrast to the DHFR gene, DNA 5' to all but the first few bases of the DHFR coding region (between -1000 and +60 base pairs from the preferred cap site) showed strong run-on transcription in both proliferative and committed cells. Northern blot analysis using a probe complementary both to the dhfr coding region and the upstream region showed a uniform decrease in all detectable transcripts. No commitment-dependent changes in dhfr cap site usage, splicing, or polyadenylylation site usage were detected. Our results support a transcriptional model for regulation of DHFR mRNA levels.
Costing in new enterprise environment: A challenge for managerial accounting researchers and practitioners

Purpose – Faced with new wealth creation paradigm, triggered by technology and relentless globalization of markets, increasing number of companies are becoming knowledge‐based enterprises. This paper aims to discuss the change in enterprise environment; evolution of performance and cost measures; and the challenges for managerial accounting researchers and practitioners in developing value‐based costing and performance measurement systems (PMS).Design/methodology/approach – A conceptual discussion and approach are taken.Findings – Internet and e‐commerce have changed forever the way companies conduct their businesses. Virtual enterprise and efficient supply chain management systems will shape the future of these enterprises. Organizations are trying to become agile enterprises with the help of strategic alliances of firms and integration using information technologies. Traditional performance and cost measures are no longer suitable for developing and managing enterprises in the so‐called new environment....
Guanosine-methyldiazonium ion reaction: Variation of methylation product patterns with reaction variables

Abstract Variations of the methylation product patterns in methyldiazonium ion ( CH 3 − N + ≡N ) methylation of nucleic acids may be related to the varied biological effects of nine methylating carcinogens. However, there was no such demonstration of variation of product patterns for the same methylating agent and base residue with reaction variables. We have now shown for the first time in a systematic manner that the methylation product patterns of the guanosine-methyldiazonium ion reaction are sensitive to the effects of medium, polarity, temperature, salt addition, stoichiometry and pH. The percent yields of methylation at the nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon sites were determined, achieving material balance of >95%. The major products were 1-methyl, the O6-methyl and the 7-methylguanosine. The yields of 7-methylguanosine have been adjusted for 1,7-dimethylguanosine, a secondary methylation product, as well as ring-opened products from 7-methylguanosine and 1,7-dimethylguanosine. The different methylation patterns plotted as O : N ratios of % yields of the three major products, e.g. the O6 : N7 product ratios ranging from a high of 1.6 ( methanol ether medium ) to the low limit of 0.2–0.0 (aqueous), indicate the likelihood that the methylation product pattern of the guanine residue in a nucleic acid will also be dictated by the reaction conditions of the CH 3 − N + ≡N attack.
Cellular mechanisms of wingless/Wnt signal transduction

Wg/Wnt signaling regulates cell proliferation and differentiation in species as divergent as nematodes, flies, frogs, and humans. Many components of this highly conserved process have been characterized and work from a number of laboratories is beginning to elucidate the mechanism by which this class of secreted growth factor triggers cellular decisions. The Wg/Wnt ligand apparently binds to Frizzled family receptor molecules to initiate a signal transduction cascade involving the novel cytosolic protein Dishevelled and the serine/threonine kinase Zeste-white 3/GSK3. Antagonism of Zw3 activity leads to stabilization of Armadillo/beta-catenin, which provides a transactivation domain when complexed with the HMG box transcription factor dTCF/LEF-1 and thereby activates expression of Wg/Wnt-responsive genes. The Wg/Wnt ligands pass through the secretory pathway and associate with extracellular matrix components; recent work shows that sulfated glycosaminoglycans are essential for proper transduction of the signal. Mutant forms of Wg in Drosophila reveal separable aspects of Wg function and suggest that proper transport of the protein across cells is essential for cell fate specification. Complex interactions with the Notch and EGF/Ras signaling pathways also play a role in cell fate decisions during different phases of Drosophila development. These many facets of Wg/Wnt signaling have been elucidated through studies in a variety of species, each with powerful and unique experimental approaches. The remarkable conservation of this pathway suggests that Wg/Wnt signal transduction represents a fundamental mechanism for the generation of diverse cell fates in animal embryos.
Cloning of spiramycin biosynthetic genes and their use in constructing Streptomyces ambofaciens mutants defective in spiramycin biosynthesis.

Several cosmid clones from Streptomyces ambofaciens containing the spiramycin resistance gene srmB were introduced into S. fradiae PM73, a mutant defective in tylosin synthesis, resulting in tylosin synthesis. The DNA responsible for this complementation was localized to a 10.5-kilobase EcoRI fragment. A 32-kilobase DNA segment which included the srmB spiramycin resistance gene and DNA which complemented the defect in strain PM73 were mutagenized in vivo with Tn10 carrying the gene for Nmr (which is expressed in Streptomyces spp.) or in vitro by insertional mutagenesis with a drug resistance gene (Nmr) cassette. When these mutagenized DNA segments were crossed into the S. ambofaciens chromosome, three mutant classes blocked in spiramycin synthesis were obtained. One mutant accumulated two precursors of spiramycin, platenolide I and platenolide II. Two mutants, when cofermented with the platenolide-accumulating mutant, produced spiramycin. Tylactone supplementation of these two mutants resulted in the synthesis of a group of compounds exhibiting antibiotic activity. Two other mutants failed to coferment with any of the other mutants or to respond to tylactone supplementation. Images
A data-driven approach to identify households with plug-in electrical vehicles (PEVs)

Abstract In recent years popularity of plug-in electric (PEV) vehicles has grown significantly. Charging of such vehicles is typically done at home from a standard outlet or at corporate car locations and thus adds extra load on the distribution grid. Due to high power consumption of PEV charging, the utility industries face enormous challenges to provide this extra demand. The identification of charging patterns of PEV is thus of paramount importance to balance the electric load and assure coordinated charging. More specifically, there is a need to identify users with PEVs to better manage the load distribution. In the present research, an analysis based on energy envelopes of the usage patterns is performed. A set of well-known data mining algorithms are used to identify the best classifier to help identify customers with PEVs.
Migrations in the ancient Near East (3500-500 B.C.)

Human migrations in the ancient Near East are attested from the earliest historical times, and continue intermittently throughout the ages. The archaeological evidence for population movements is attested primarily by new pottery assemblages and changes in burial customs. In addition, ancient Near Eastern texts and the writings of the Classical historians provide rather extensive data on the extent of human dispersals in the ancient world. These ancient migrations were primarily of two types-voluntary and forced. This paper discusses the circumstances leading to the former type, such as famine and warfare, as well as the reasons for the latter, namely, the imperial policies which resulted in mass deportations and population transfers.
The Landfire Refresh Strategy: Updating the National Dataset

The LANDFIRE Program provides comprehensive vegetation and fuel datasets for the entire United States. As with many large-scale ecological datasets, vegetation and landscape conditions must be updated periodically to account for disturbances, growth, and natural succession. The LANDFIRE Refresh effort was the first attempt to consistently update these products nationwide. It incorporated a combination of specific systematic improvements to the original LANDFIRE National data, remote sensing based disturbance detection methods, field collected disturbance information, vegetation growth and succession modeling, and vegetation transition processes. This resulted in the creation of two complete datasets for all 50 states: LANDFIRE Refresh 2001, which includes the systematic improvements, and LANDFIRE Refresh 2008, which includes the disturbance and succession updates to the vegetation and fuel data. The new datasets are comparable for studying landscape changes in vegetation type and structure over a decadal period, and provide the most recent characterization of fuel conditions across the country. The applicability of the new layers is discussed and the effects of using the new fuel datasets are demonstrated through a fire behavior modeling exercise using the 2011 Wallow Fire in eastern Arizona as an example.
Acceleration of the Global Hydrologic Cycle

The global hydrologic cycle, which can be conceptually described as evaporation of water vapor from the ocean, transport of water vapor by atmospheric winds to land regions, condensation, and precipitation of atmospheric water back to the surface, and subsequent transport, by streams, of this water back to the ocean, may intensify or accelerate in the future, as the planet warms owing to an increasing greenhouse resulting from increasing emissions of anthropogenic gases. As in many previous studies, increased hydrologic fluxes are found in a 100-year integration of the NCAR Coupled Climate System Model when forced with increasing CO2 levels. That is, as the earth warms, the evaporation increases, which not only increases the precipitation rate, but also the subsequent moisture convergence to land regions. However, if this increase in the cycling rate by various processes is measured with respect to the changing atmospheric and surface water reservoirs, then the atmospheric hydrologic cycle may appear to be actually deaccelerating since the atmospheric reservoir in this model is influenced more by the temperature changes than the actual transformation processes are. By contrast the land surface water reservoirs are less affected and thus there does appear to be an accelerated land surface hydrologic cycle, especially at high latitudes, and a coupled land-atmosphere acceleration, at least over land regions. There are also important regional differences. Keywords: hydrologic cycle; climate change
Extent of expiratory flow limitation influences the increase in maximal exercise ventilation in hypoxia.

Abstract Increasing ventilation ( V e ) during hypoxic exercise may help to defend arterial O 2 saturation (Sa O 2 ) and V O 2 max , however, many athletes experience limitations to ventilatory flow and are not able to increase V e at high workrates. Five of 19 highly trained endurance athletes screened had i O 2 =0.187). Non-flow limited athletes increased V e at V O 2 max from normoxia to hypoxia (140.9±13.4 vs. 154.7±11.9 L/min, P O 2 at V O 2 max from normoxia to hypoxia was not significantly different between groups. We conclude that athletes with little or no expiratory flow limitation are able to increase V e during maximal exercise in mild hypoxia, compared to athletes with significantly higher degrees of mechanical limitation. However this ‘mechanical ventilatory reserve’ does not appear to influence the ability to defend Sa O 2 or V O 2 max during maximal exercise in mild hypoxia.
Glutathione peroxidase 1 gene polymorphism and risk of recurrence in patients with superficial bladder cancer.

Abstract Objectives To investigate the potential of genetic polymorphism (Pro198Leu) in the human glutathione peroxidase 1 ( hGPX1 ) gene as a biologic marker predictive of bladder cancer recurrence. Given the high propensity for superficial bladder cancer recurrence, biologic markers that are predictive of recurrence may provide additional helpful information in bladder cancer treatment. To date, few valuable molecular markers have been closely associated with bladder cancer recurrence. Methods In this ongoing prospective study, we investigated the potential of genetic polymorphism (Pro198Leu) in the hGPX1 gene, whose protein product is an important metabolic enzyme, as a recurrence predictor. Results This study included 224 patients with superficial bladder cancer. During a median follow-up of 25.2 months, 138 (61.6%) of the 224 patients experienced disease recurrence. Patients with the hGPX1 wild type had marginally shorter recurrence-free survival compared with those with the hGPX1 variant genotype (log-rank test, P = 0.066). The difference was even greater in whites (log-rank test, P = 0.036). When we performed multivariate analysis using Cox proportional hazards model, we detected a borderline protective role for the hGPX1 variant genotype in recurrence, with a hazard ratio of 0.71 (95% confidence interval 0.48 to 1.05). The protective association was even stronger in whites (hazard ratio 0.63, 95% confidence interval 0.42 to 0.96). Conclusions Our findings suggest that a genetic polymorphism in the hGPX1 gene may serve as a molecular marker for monitoring bladder cancer recurrence.
Inquiry-Based Learning and Critical Thinking in an Advanced Practice Psychiatric Nursing Program

The advanced practice psychiatric nurse must be prepared to meet the changing demands being placed on the nursing profession. Some changes are the product of health care reforms, especially managed care. Others are more fundamental, because continuing scientific advances drive rapid changes in the knowledge base required of mental health nurses. Curricular reforms initiated earlier this decade were intended to equip nurses with the problem-solving and critical-thinking skills required to deal with novel and complex situations in a rapidly changing healthcare system. This article describes how the Inquiry-Based Learning tutorial method attends to the mental processes of graduate students and fosters critical-thinking skills.
Gender Bias in English: In Search of Fair Language

Women's historical lack of prominence in Western culture has been the subject of much research and debate in recent years. One area of partiuclar concern has been language: the grammatical prescription of masculine words as generic to describe both men and women. In the service of equality between the sexes, it is crucial to demonstrate that “generic” masculine words are indeed interpreted as generic (equally inclusive of women and men) by language users. The research reported here manipulated gender neutrality of language descriptors to determine whether generic masculine nouns, pronouns, and possessive pronominal adjectives function more similarly to gender specific terms or neuter terms. The relative masculinity of responses to these terms was assessed within three different tasks (draw a picture, read an essay, and provide example names). In addition, the relative masculinity/femininity of 10 terms with various intended gender references was empirically assessed. Participants rated each of them using 14 adjectives taken from the Bern Sex Role Inventory. Results support and extend previous research by showing (1) that “generic” masculine nouns, pronouns, and adjectives function similarly to gender specific masculine terms and (2) that certain grammatically “neutral” terms are in fact rated as relatively masculine. This evidence demonstrates that the use of “generic” masculine and even other grammatically neutral terms in effect serves to exclude women from the English language. The resulting masculine bias in our language reflects and reinforces the pattern of male dominance in society.
COMPLEX ANGULAR MOMENTA AND UNITARITY IN CROSSED CHANNELS

Regge poles are assumed to exist and the further singularities in the Regge plane resulting from the effect of the separate terms in the unitary sum in the crossed channels are investigated. Three families of singularities are found. However, the equations of the singular curves are independent of the number of particles in the intermediate state corresponding to the term in the unitary sum being considered. Consequently, no firm conclusion can be made about the behavior of the complete amplitude, owing to the possibility of cancellations. (auth)
Surgical approaches to low anovaginal fistula in crohn's disease

BACKGROUND: Anovaginal fistula due to Crohn's disease can be surgically repaired in some women. The purpose of this study was to analyze the types of fistula along with the features that point to success or failure in treating these patients. METHODS: Women with anovaginal fistula and Crohn's disease treated surgically by one surgeon from 1988 to 1992 were retrospectively studied. RESULTS: Forty-eight women underwent treatment for anovaginal fistula caused by Crohn's disease. This represented 55% of the total patients seen for anovaginal fistula from all causes. Nine patients had severe anorectal and/or colonic disease and underwent total proctocolectomy with ileostomy. Four other patients had seton placement only. The remaining 35 patients underwent transanal repair of their fistula and are the basis of this study. Three types of flap repairs were performed: curvilinear advancement rectal flap (n = 24), linear advancement rectal flap (n = 6), and advancement sleeve flap (n = 5). The type of surgery selected depended on the associated anal and colorectal disease. Diverting ileostomies were used in nine patients with a successful outcome in eight. Healing occurred with the initial repair in 19/35 (54%). An additional five patients underwent successful repeat procedures for an overall success rate of 24/35 (68%). CONCLUSION: Surgical closure of anovaginal can be offered to selected women with Crohn's disease, thus avoiding a permanent stoma in this group. The type of flap chosen for repair depends on the characteristics of the fistula.
Reply to: Comment on ‘neutron imaging reveals internal plant water dynamics’

Our recent publication (Warren et al., Plant Soil 366:683–693, 2013) described how pulses of deuterium oxide (D2O) or H2O combined with neutron radiography can be used to indicate root water uptake and hydraulic redistribution in maize. This technique depends on the large inherent differences in neutron cross-section between D and H atoms resulting in strong image contrast. However, as illustrated by Carminati and Zarebanadkouki (2013) there can be a change in total water content without a change in contrast simply by a change in the relative proportions of D2O and H2O. We agree with their premise and detailed calculations (Zarebanadkouki at al. 2012, 2013), and present further evidence that mixing of D2O and H2O did not confound evidence of hydraulic redistribution in our study.
Long-term growth trends of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) at Caddo Lake, Texas

Caddo Lake, situated on the border of northeast Texas and northwest Louisiana, USA is a medium-sized lake dominated by stands of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum). A study of tree growth was initiated at Caddo Lake to address concerns about the health of the balcypress ecosystem. The lake has been subjected to several dramatic water-level changes over the past 200 years, including water-level stabilization following dam construction in 1914. To assess the long-term growth trends of baldcypress trees and determine if a recent growth decline is occurring at Caddo Lake, increment cores were taken from 52 trees. The cores were crossdated and rings between the years 1900 and 1992 measured to the nearest 0.01 mm. Most cores were characterized by high variation in year-to-year growth. Although increasing growth rates were observed at most locations, trees from two backwater areas of the lake had recent growth rates lower than their long-term average. Growth amounts at these two sites were, however, within the historic range of variation. No recruitment was observed. From these data, we can conclude that the historic, extreme changes in hydrologic regime and the current stabilized water levels have not resulted in an overall decline in baldcypress growth at Caddo Lake.
Using videotape instruction and feedback to improve adolescents' mothering behaviors

The effects of videotape instruction and feedback (videotherapy) on mothering behaviors were evaluated in this longitudinal study. In this study, 31 adolescents and their healthy infants were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. All subjects were videotaped during structured mother-infant teaching episodes in their homes at 1 and 2 months postpartum. Experimental group subjects reviewed the videotaped 1-month teaching episode and received feedback from a specially trained professional nurse who emphasized positive aspects of maternal behavior. Instruction was individualized according to the mother's needs. Results of a repeated measures MONOVA revealed significant differences in the pattern of change over time between subjects in the experimental and control groups on a measure of actual maternal behaviors. Adolescents receiving videotape instruction and feedback obtained significantly higher maternal behavior scores at 1 and 2 months postpartum.
Electrophoresis artefacts — a previously unrecognized cause of error in microsatellite analysis

While microsatellite genotyping has found wide application in many fields, a number of causes that could lead to error in microsatellite genotyping have been previously reported. Here we report another cause of error that we term ‘Electrophoresis Artefacts’ (EA), which arise when high concentrations of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products are electrophoresed in ABI 377 automated sequencers. We describe the phenomenon of EAs, characterize PCR and gel running conditions that cause them and suggest a simple method of overcoming this problem.
A phase I study of gemcitabine and uracil-ftorfar (UFT)/leucovorin

Background: Gemcitabine and uracil-ftorfar (UFT) are nucleotide analogs with overlapping clinical activity and complementary mechanisms of action. The primary objective of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose of UFT/leucovorin and gemcitabine. Methods: The major eligibility criteria included a diagnosis of nonhematologic cancer with no conventional effective therapy, normal organ function, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-2. The starting doses were 600 mg/m 2 gemcitabine weekly for 3 of 4 weeks and 150 mg/m 2 UFT daily and 30 mg leucovorin 3 times a day, both for 21 days. Cycles were repeated every 28 days. Results: Twenty-eight patients (male:female 13:15) were treated. The median number of cycles per patient was 3 (range, 0-17). Two of 3 patients on dose level 4 (250 mg/m 2 UFT, 800 mg/m 2 gemcitabine) developed dose-limiting toxicities consisting of hand-foot syndrome and infection. Conclusions: The recommended doses for phase II trials are 800 mg/m 2 gemcitabine days 1, 8, and 15 and 200 mg/m 2 UFT per day and 90 mg leucovorin per day on days 1 through 21.
Appraisal and Selection for Digital Curation

Based on existing appraisal/selection policies in libraries, archives, museum, social science and science data centers, this paper presents a generic appraisal/selection framework for digital curation. In presenting this framework, the author discusses how archival appraisal theories, methods, and criteria adapt to the general digital curation context.
Origins and stability of children's health beliefs relative to medicine use

Two hundred and seventy urban school children and their primary caretakers (93% mothers) were interviewed in Washington, D.C., about their health beliefs and behaviors relative to medicine use and expected medicine use for common health problems to test hypotheses about the development of children's health beliefs and behaviors. Results indicated that mothers have a stronger influence on health related orientations of children than previously indicated and that these orientations are relatively stable by school age. Strong similarities were observed between primary caretakers and their children in a health belief based model to predict expected medicine use, and significant correlations between primary caretakers and children were observed for almost three-fourths of the variables in the model; correlations were not higher between mothers and older children than between mothers and younger children, nor were means of variables closer to those of mothers for older than for younger children. Most model variables were stable for children over a 3 year period, and measurement in the earlier period predicted medicine use and expected medicine use 3 years later. Only weak developmental effects were suggested, primarily by perceived vulnerability to illness, a powerful predictor in adult representations of the Health Belief Model, but relatively weak in children's representations.
Two-dimensional multiple grid algorithm for modeling transient open channel flows

In this work, a multiple grid algorithm is coupled to an explicit finite difference scheme for solving the two-dimensional open channel flow equations. The objective is to show that this formulation can be used to partly alleviate the primary limitation of using an explicit scheme, in which the choice of time step is limited by the CFL stability condition. In a multiple grid approach, for a fixed time level the equations are solved for at nodes across different spatial domains. This ensures maximum propagation of the disturbance with minimum computational effort. Focus in this work is laid equally both on its formulation and its reliability for simulating two-dimensional transient open channel flows.
Minimum rates of flow in therapy with sulphonamides.

RECENT work on the kinetics of the acetylation of sulphisoxazole1 and sulphamethylthiadiazole2 in human beings indicate that excretion of acetylated drug is the terminal step in a two-step consecutive first-order process the first step of which is acetylation. This kinetic model was tested for ability to describe the metabolism and excretion of sulphathiazole taken by normal adult humans under a standard test procedure1. When 0.5-gm. doses were taken, excretion of acetylated drug was well described by the appropriate mathematical expression1,2. However, when one subject took a 1.0-gm. dose, it was not possible to describe the excretion of acetylated sulphathiazole by the same expression. The test was repeated with the same subject about two weeks later, and a water intake of about 500 ml./hr. maintained during the first 8 hr. of the test. This time excretion of the acetylated drug was well described by the expression. Using the rate constants obtained in the second test to calculate maximum excretion-rate of acetylated sulphathiazole by this subject from a 1.0-gm. dose, and comparison of this rate with the average urine flow-rate during the expected time of occurrence of the maximum during the first test, indicated that the solubility of acetylated sulphathiazole was exceeded at the average urine pH. It seemed reasonable to believe that crystalluria had occurred during the first test with a 1.0-gm. dose which would prevent description of excretion by the expression previously found to hold when a smaller dose was taken. There was no evidence of haematuria on casual gross examination of the urine specimens obtained in the first test with a 1.0-gm. dose.
Transport properties of a potassium-doped single-wall carbon nanotube rope

Four-probe resistance vs temperature and gate voltage are reported for an individual single-wall carbon nanotube rope before and after doping in situ with potassium. All the features in R(T) from unoriented bulk material, before and after doping, are qualitatively reproduced by the rope data. The 5.3 K conductance of the pristine rope decreases with positive gate voltage, while G vs V{sub g} becomes featureless after K doping. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Field-of-view extender for a novel camera system

In this paper the use of a blazed holographic grating extends the filed of view (FoV) of a thin camera system. A blazed grating is designed to shift the center of the object field 10° from the axis. The designed blazed grating provides 69% maximum diffraction efficiency (DE) in the primary order over a 15° FoV. High diffraction efficiency is maintained over a wavelength range from 457.8 to 632.9 nm. The holographic blazed grating is fabricated in photoresist on a 1.5 mm thick glass substrate, index matching with a prism. The prism helps to make an adequate profile of the blazed grating. Experimental results confirm that the center in the object field is successfully shifted by the blazed grating for the FoV extender. This technique can be used to increase the numerical aperture (NA) of various optical systems.
Lazzarini's Lucky Approximation of π

(1994). Lazzarini's Lucky Approximation of π. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 83-91.
Treatment of Plastic Bronchitis by Orthotopic Heart Transplantation

This case illustrates the successful use of orthotopic heart transplantation for the treatment of plastic bronchitis in a 6-year-old boy with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, which developed 2 years after Fontan procedure. Transplantation was undertaken after he failed medical management of airway obstruction. He is currently 1-year post-cardiac transplantion and has no evidence of plastic bronchitis despite weaning of an aggressive airway clearance regimen.
Topography and geomorphology of the Huygens landing site on Titan

Abstract The Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer (DISR) aboard the Huygens Probe took several hundred visible-light images with its three cameras on approach to the surface of Titan. Several sets of stereo image pairs were collected during the descent. The digital terrain models constructed from those images show rugged topography, in places approaching the angle of repose, adjacent to flatter darker plains. Brighter regions north of the landing site display two styles of drainage patterns: (1) bright highlands with rough topography and deeply incised branching dendritic drainage networks (up to fourth order) with dark-floored valleys that are suggestive of erosion by methane rainfall and (2) short, stubby low-order drainages that follow linear fault patterns forming canyon-like features suggestive of methane spring-sapping. The topographic data show that the bright highland terrains are extremely rugged; slopes of order of 30° appear common. These systems drain into adjacent relatively flat, dark lowland terrains. A stereo model for part of the dark plains region to the east of the landing site suggests surface scour across this plain flowing from west to east leaving ∼100-m-high bright ridges. Tectonic patterns are evident in (1) controlling the rectilinear, low-order, stubby drainages and (2) the “coastline” at the highland–lowland boundary with numerous straight and angular margins. In addition to flow from the highlands drainages, the lowland area shows evidence for more prolific flow parallel to the highland–lowland boundary leaving bright outliers resembling terrestrial sandbars. This implies major west to east floods across the plains where the probe landed with flow parallel to the highland–lowland boundary; the primary source of these flows is evidently not the dendritic channels in the bright highlands to the north.
Getting started with policy governance: bringing purpose, integrity, and efficiency to your board

Getting started with policy governance: bringing purpose, integrity, and efficiency to your board, by Caroline Oliver, San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 2009, 225 pp. Starting a group or organization is ...
A study of certain environmental factors and mineral chelation on the reproductive performance of young and yearling turkey hens

The study presented was designed to determine the effects of laying cages and conventional litter floors, pen temperatures of 12.8 degrees, 21.1 degrees and 29.4 degrees C., and chelated (EDTA-Zn) vs. nonchelated trace mineral mixes on the reproductive performance of yearling force-molted and young Large White female turkeys. Reproductive performance, as measured by egg production, settable eggs, fertility and hatchability of fertile eggs, was not significantly different between young and yearling hens. Females fed a chelated trace mineral mix had a higher percentage of settable eggs, greater feed consumption and thicker egg shells. Females in laying cages laid at a higher rate, ate more feed, and weighed more than those on conventional floors. Significant differences were not observed between the two pen environments for hatchability of fertile eggs or egg weight. The percentages of settable eggs and of fertile eggs were lower when females were maintained in cages. A constant temperature of 29.4 degrees C. reduced egg production below that obtained from females maintained at 12.8 degrees and 21.1 degrees C. The high pen temperature also caused lower body and egg weights, more birds out of production and an increased incidence of molting. Feed consumption decreased with increasing pen temperatures. Fertility, hatchability, percentage of settable eggs and egg shell thickness were unaffected by the imposed temperature environments. Temperatures of 12.8 degrees and 21.1 degrees C. yielded comparable results for all reproductive parameters measured. Within the range of temperatures studied, results obtained suggest that optimum reproductive performance can be obtained with breeder turkeys when environmental temperatures are maintained between 12.8 degrees and 21.1 degrees C.
Controlled flame synthesis of αFe2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles: effect of flame configuration, flame temperature, and additive loading

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are used in diverse applications, including optical magnetic recording, catalysts, gas sensors, targeted drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging, and hyperthermic malignant cell therapy. Combustion synthesis of nanoparticles has significant advantages, including improved nanoparticle property control and commercial production rate capability with minimal post-processing. In the current study, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were produced by flame synthesis using a coflow flame. The effect of flame configuration (diffusion and inverse diffusion), flame temperature, and additive loading on the final iron oxide nanoparticle morphology, elemental composition, and particle size were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and Raman spectroscopy. The synthesized nanoparticles were primarily composed of two well known forms of iron oxide, namely hematite αFe2O3 and magnetite Fe3O4. We found that the synthesized nanoparticles were smaller (6–12 nm) for an inverse diffusion flame as compared to a diffusion flame configuration (50–60 nm) when CH4, O2, Ar, and N2 gas flow rates were kept constant. In order to investigate the effect of flame temperature, CH4, O2, Ar gas flow rates were kept constant, and N2 gas was added as a coolant to the system. TEM analysis of iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized using an inverse diffusion flame configuration with N2 cooling demonstrated that particles no larger than 50–60 nm in diameter can be grown, indicating that nanoparticles did not coalesce in the cooler flame. Raman spectroscopy showed that these nanoparticles were primarily magnetite, as opposed to the primarily hematite nanoparticles produced in the hot flame configuration. In order to understand the effect of additive loading on iron oxide nanoparticle morphology, an Ar stream carrying titanium-tetra-isopropoxide (TTIP) was flowed through the outer annulus along with the CH4 in the inverse diffusion flame configuration. When particles were synthesized in the presence of the TTIP additive, larger monodispersed individual particles (50–90 nm) were synthesized as observed by TEM. In this article, we show that iron oxide nanoparticles of varied morphology, composition, and size can be synthesized and controlled by varying flame configuration, flame temperature, and additive loading.
Allozyme Genetics of Life Cycle Stages of Brachyurans

Allozyme genetic variation in larvae and adults of the crabsRhithropanopeus harrisii, Sesarma cinereum, andS. reticulatum was investigated. InRhithropanopeus from North Carolina, Maryland, and Maine essentially no geographic variability was detected at 15 allozyme gene loci, all but perhaps one of which was monomorphic in the samples utilized. There was also no life cycle variability in enzyme expression among zoeae, megalopa, and adults other than assay differences. The two species ofSesarma, all collected in North Carolina, also showed no life-cycle variation. Three of 13 loci were polymorphic inS. reticulatum, 0 of 13 inS. cinereum, and 0 or 1 of 15 inR. harrisii.
Development of a New Physics-Based RF Model for AlGaN/GaN HFETs

A physics-based analytic model is built based on the discovery of a new zone in AlGaN/GaN HFETs that is observed in 2D device simulations, especially at high drain bias. The zone is located in the drain access region and is named the "charge deficit zone" after its particular property of a partially filled quantum well. This zone plays an important role when the HFET is under high drain bias because most of the drain voltage is dropped across it and a high lateral electric field exists within it. Good agreement is achieved in comparisons between the model and corresponding simulation results from the commercial ATLAS simulator.
Multipotent progenitor cells derived from adult peripheral blood of swine have high neurogenic potential in vitro.

Peripheral blood derived multipotent adult progenitor cells (PBD-MAPCs) are a novel population of stem cells, isolated from venous blood of green fluorescent protein transgenic swine, which proliferate as multicellular non-adherent spheroids. Using a simple differentiation protocol, a large proportion of these cells developed one of five distinct neural cell phenotypes, indicating that these primordial cells have high neurogenic potential. Cells exhibiting neural morphologies developed within 48 hours of exposure to differentiation conditions, increased in percentage over two weeks, and stably maintained the neural phenotype for three additional weeks in the absence of neurogenic signaling molecules. Cells exhibited dynamic neural-like behaviors including extension and retraction of processes with growth cone-like structures rich in filamentous actin, cell migration following a leading process, and various cell-cell interactions. Differentiated cells expressed neural markers, NeuN, β-tubulin III and synaptic proteins, and progenitor cells expressed the stem cell markers nestin and NANOG. Neurally differentiated PBD-MAPCs exhibited voltage-dependent inward and outward currents and expressed voltage gated sodium and potassium channels, suggestive of neural-like membrane properties. PBD-MAPCs expressed early neural markers and developed neural phenotypes when provided with an extracellular matrix of laminin without the addition of cytokines or growth factors, suggesting that these multipotent cells may be primed for neural differentiation. PBD-MAPCs provide a model for understanding the mechanisms of neural differentiation from non-neural sources of adult stem cells. A similar population of cells, from humans or xenogeneic sources, may offer the potential of an accessible, renewable and non-tumorigenic source of stem cells for treating neural disorders.
Defense of Adrenocorticosteroid Receptor Expression in Rat Hippocampus: Effects of Stress and Strain

Neuronal mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) proteins are glucocorticoid-activated transcription factors that bind identical DNA response elements yet transduce distinct physiological/transcriptional actions. The present study assessed regulation of adrenocorticosteroid receptor RNA and protein following intermittent stress exposure, using Sprague Dawley (S-D) and stress-hyperresponsive Fischer 344 (F344) rat strains. The F344 (but not S-D) strain showed enhanced acute stress responsivity and enhanced corticosterone secretion following prolonged stress. F344 rats also showed reduced responsiveness to a novel stressor after prolonged stress exposure, suggestive of enhanced glucocorticoid negative feed-back. Upon prolonged stress, F344 rats down-regulated MR hnRNA in CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus. Transcriptional changes were accompanied by decreased expression of the alpha 5' messenger RNA (mRNA) form, consistent with altered promoter utilization. In contrast, alpha 5' splice variant, full-length mRNA, and MR protein expression were not affected by stress in either strain, implying that transcriptional changes do not affect overall mRNA or protein expression. GR protein was increased in pyramidal and granule cell somata/nuclei of F344 rats despite lack of a change in mRNA expression. These data suggest that prolonged stress elicits restricted changes in MR and GR expression in the F344 strain only. Overall, stable expression of adrenocorticosteroid receptors is rigorously defended in hippocampal neurons, apparently through transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms.
A conceptual framework for examining the promise of the NORC program and Village models to promote aging in place

Abstract A growing paradigm shift emphasizes efforts to promote aging in place not only by helping aging individuals and families, but also by addressing and engaging communities. This paper explores the idea of developing community supports for aging in place by examining two models that incorporate this approach into practice: Naturally Occurring Retirement Community Supportive Service Programs (NORC programs) and Villages. Drawing on research regarding social–relational aspects of communities and later-life health and well-being, we present an integrative conceptual framework positing three categories of activities and services (civic engagement and empowerment activities; social relationship building activities; services to enhance access to resources)–as well as the initial outcomes and intermediate outcomes–through which the NORC program and Village models potentially achieve their long-term goal of promoting aging in place. Based on this framework, we conclude with directions for future research on community initiatives that support aging in place.