cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Fading and Shadowing

Various models to describe the statistical fluctuations in wireless channels are presented. These models range from the simple Rayleigh ones, to cascaded ones, and to complex models such as those based on κ – μ, η – μ, and Nakagami-N-gamma distributions. They are compared in terms of their properties, error rates and outage probabilities. The updated sections provide detailed analysis of the McKay and mixture models for fading and shadowing. The mixture density is expanded to see how it can replace some of the existing statistical models of fading and shadowing. For the updated sections, detailed Matlab scripts are provided (with complete annotation) to supplement the theoretical approach. A section on random number generation relevant to fading and shadowing modeling is also given to complete the pedagogic description of modeling. The properties of Meijer G functions are described in detail in the Appendix.
Prevention and US Health Care

The overarching goal of providing sustainable, high quality health care must incorporate a comprehensive system to prevent diseases and injuries, promote more healthful behaviors, and assure a healthier environment. The shift towards health promotion and disease prevention from stalwart disease treatment initially stemmed from the public health and disease control movement in the nineteenth century. Yet it wasn’t until the past 60 years that this holistic view of wellbeing that incorporates prevention, health promotion, and environmental health was incorporated into the traditional medical paradigm of health. Today, there is not only integration across the fields of health provision but also within the different public and private sectors of healthcare.
Developing a General Outcome Measure of Growth in the Expressive Communication of Infants and Toddlers

Proficiency in expressive communication is an important outcome in early childhood necessary for cognitive and social development. The development of an experimental measure for assessing growth in...
Evaluation of the Coulter STKS Five-Part Differential

The authors evaluated the Coulter STKS (Coulter Corp., Hialeah, FL) five-part differential in a tertiary-care hospital using samples with a broad range of distributional and morphologic abnormalities. Particular attention was given to the performance of the instrument-generated suspect flags that occur as an aid to identify samples with abnormal leukocytes. A morphologically abnormal, or positive, blood smear was defined by the presence of any blasts, malignant lymphoid cells, grossly dysplastic neutrophils, nucleated red blood cells (nRBC), platelet clumps, or reactive lymphocytes of more than 5%. The presence of any white blood cell-related suspect flag, except for Immature Granulocyte/Bands ( i.e., Blasts, Variant Lymph, NRBC, Platelet Clumps, Review Slide, or WBC *R), was considered to be a positive instrument result. The STKS showed excellent quantitative results for the WBC differential compared with the manual differential when these “morphologic abnormalities” were absent in a 400-cell manual differential or low in numbers (≤ 5%). Specificity of these non-immature granulocyte/band suspect flags was good, with a false-positive rate of only 11.7%. Overall sensitivity in 113 samples with morphologic abnormalities was 67.3%. Sensitivity to detection of ≥ 1% abnormal WBCs or ≥ 1 nRBC/100 WBCs (a subset of 78 samples) was 80.8%. Sensitivity to detection of more than 5% abnormal WBCs or more than 5 nRBC/100 WBCs (a subset of 53 samples) was 84.9%. The primary deficiency was the inability of the STKS to flag samples with lymphoma cells, lymphoid blasts, or more than 5% reactive lymphocytes.
Anomalously low δ18O values of high-latitude Permo-Triassic paleosol siderite

Abstract The most severe extinction in Earth history occurred during a time of extreme climate change, caused in part by a massive release of carbon into the atmosphere. Isotopic measurements of siderite occurring in paleosols during intervals of global warming suggest high-latitude depletions in δ18O of precipitation, often attributed to an amplified hydrologic cycle. Here, Late Permian and Early Triassic paleosol siderite from Alaska, Antarctica, eastern Australia, Siberia, and South Africa indicate similar or greater meridional gradients in siderite δ18O compared to other past warm intervals. An isotope-tracer-enabled version of the Global Environmental and Ecological Simulation of Interactive Systems (GENESIS) general circulation model (GCM) was used to compare to siderite δ18O data. The model, when deriving siderite δ18O at a specified paleoatmospheric CO2 concentration of 12.7 × the preindustrial atmospheric level (PAL), matches a small subset of relatively less depleted high-latitude siderites but does not produce the conditions necessary to explain the most depleted siderite δ18O values. Siderite has been thought to record mean annual precipitation δ18O, though this study suggests that many may not. A seasonal bias, where siderite growth occurs in the summertime in wetlands that receive most of their recharge from melting winter precipitation, may be responsible. GENESIS indicates soil moisture recharge during the spring ahead of the rainy season for high-latitude Permo-Triassic (PT) siderite localities that reach below freezing winter temperatures. Drainage from high altitude regions throughout the growing season may also be responsible. Biological cloud feedbacks and monsoon-related amount effects are not likely the cause for low siderite δ18O because the enrichment of water vapor δ18O associated with warming is too significant.
Does Leisure Time Moderate or Mediate the Effect of Daily Stress on Positve Affect? an Examination Using Eight-Day Diary Data

This study tested the applicability of moderation and mediation models to leisure time as a stress coping resource. Analyzing eight-day diary data (N=2,022), we examined the within-person process of using leisure time to cope with daily stressors. We found that relatively high daily stress frequency, while reducing positive affect, prompted an individual to allocate more time to leisure than usual, which then increased positive affect, thus partially remedying the damage by high daily stress frequency. This within-person process, however, is significantly stronger among those with less leisure time on average than leisure-rich individuals. The findings support a partial counteractive mediation model, demonstrate between-person difference in the within-person coping process, and reveal the importance of positive affect as a coping outcome.
Automata, Living and Non-Living: Descartes' Mechanical Biology and His Criteria for Life

Despite holding to the essential distinction between mind and body, Descartes did not adopt a life-body dualism. Though humans are the only creatures which can reason, as they are the only creatures whose body is in an intimate union with a soul, they are not the only finite beings who are alive. In the present note, I attempt to determine Descartes' criteria for something to be 'living.' Though certain passages associate such a principle with the presence of a properly functioning heart, I show that there are important reasons for also understanding life in terms of a degree of complexity of design.
Epididymovasostomy: Tips and Tricks of the Trade

The first reported successful vas deferens to epididymis bypass was reported by Martin (Univ Pa Med Bull 15:2–15, 1902). His side–side technique brought together the cut edge of epididymal tunica vaginalis to the longitudinally incised seromuscular layer of the vas deferens, relying upon the creation of a fistula between opened epididymal tubules and vas deferens. Reports by Martin and later, Hagner, demonstrated patency rates of 43 and 64%; however, low patency rates and frequent late failures among other surgeons led to further technical advances in the latter part of the twentieth century. Silber’s microsurgical end–end approach in 1978 [Silber (Fertil Steril 30:565–71, 1978)] and the development of the end–side approach in the mid-to-late 1980s formed the basis for modern epididymovasostomy (EV).
Direct and inverse problems of weak scattering from quasi-homogeneous biological tissue

The well-established model for the spatial correlation function of the refractive index fluctuations in a statistically stationary biological tissue [Sheppard CJR. Fractal model of light scattering...
Low-Temperature Reduction of NO2 on Oxidized Mo(110)

The reactions of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were investigated on oxidized Mo(110) containing both chemisorbed oxygen and a thin film oxide. NO2 reacts on both oxidized Mo(110) surfaces via a combination of reversible adsorption and reduction to NO, N2, and trace amounts of N2O below 200 K. On the surface containing chemisorbed O, there is some complete dissociation of NO2 to yield N(a) and O(a). N2 forms at high temperatures through atom combination. On both surfaces, NO is the predominant product of NO2 reduction. However, the chemisorbed layer which has a low oxidation state, and hence a greater capacity to accept oxygen, more effectively reduces NO2. The selectivity for N2 formation over N2O is greater for NO2 as compared with NO on both surfaces studied. The selectivity changes are largely attributed to an increase in the concentration of MoO species and a change in the distribution of oxygen on the surface. Notably, more oxygen, in particular MoO moieties, is deposited by NO2 reaction than by O2 reaction...
NIST Kibble Balance Performance

The fourth generation Kibble balance at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been operational and used to measure the value of the Planck constant from Fall 2015 to Spring 2017. Since then, researchers have been working on upgrades and checking the robustness of the experiment in preparation for the redefinition of the SI.
A 3-12.5 Gb/s Reference-Less CDR for an Eye-Opening Monitor

A reference-less clock and data recovery unit (CDR) for non-retiming analog crosspoint switch applications is presented. The CDR supports an eye-opening monitor (EOM) utility that facilitates adaptive equalization and is shared among all lanes, amortizing its power/area impact. Lane datarate is achieved by utilizing a fractional-N Pll, with a fixed arbitrary reference clock, and determining the correct divider settings to match to the datarate. The rotational frequency detector (RFD) used for fine tuning has often required a custom sampling and clocking network to provide the necessary samples. This design avoids the difficult design exercise by synchronizing two lower-resolution sampling networks. The CDR is designed in 65 nm, operates from 3-12.5 Gb/s, consumes 184 mW from a 1.2 V supply, and occupies 1.8 mm2.
College student food insecurity and its relationship to fruit and vegetable intake and overweight/obesity at a HBCU

Background: Food insecurity has been a very prominent, but understudied topic among U.S. colleges. African-American college students have been shown to be the group most impacted by food insecurity. There has been some evidence of association between food insecurity and low fruit and vegetable consumption, as well as with increased fast food consumption and overweight/obesity. Methods: A convenience sample of 10,300 students attending a historically black college /university (HBCU) were invited to complete an online survey with questions that measured food security using the United States Department of Agriculture Adult Food Security Survey Module (USDA-AFSSM), body mass index (BMI), the frequency of fruit and vegetable intake, and fast food purchases. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the relationships between the variables and the food security status of the participants at 5% significant. Results: The students who experienced some level of food insecurity were found to have lower consumption of fruits and vegetables and on a weekly basis were more likely to purchase fast food meals compared to food secure students. There was no significant difference in the BMIs of food secure vs food insecure student. Conclusion/ recommendations: The present study showed that food insecure students were significantly more likely to purchase fast foods compared with food secure students. Further research is needed to attain a more comprehensive understanding of the depth of prevalence of food insecurity among students attending HBCUs and its effect on food choices and obesity risk.
Adolescent Beliefs About Hookah and Hookah Tobacco Use and Implications for Preventing Use

Introduction Hookah tobacco use is popular among youths and there is evidence that perceived risks and normative beliefs are associated with hookah use. The aim of this study was to further examine associations between perceived risks of hookah use, normative beliefs, and lifetime hookah use among youths.
Climate Data to Undertake Hygrothermal and Whole Building Simulations Under Projected Climate Change Influences for 11 Canadian Cities

Buildings and homes in Canada will be exposed to unprecedented climatic conditions in the future as a consequence of global climate change. To improve the climate resiliency of existing and new buildings, it is important to evaluate their performance over current and projected future climates. Hygrothermal and whole building simulation models, which are important tools for assessing performance, require continuous climate records at high temporal frequencies of a wide range of climate variables for input into the kinds of models that relate to solar radiation, cloud-cover, wind, humidity, rainfall, temperature, and snow-cover. In this study, climate data that can be used to assess the performance of building envelopes under current and projected future climates, concurrent with 2 °C and 3.5 °C increases in global temperatures, are generated for 11 major Canadian cities. The datasets capture the internal variability of the climate as they are comprised of 15 realizations of the future climate generated by dynamically downscaling future projections from the CanESM2 global climate model and thereafter bias-corrected with reference to observations. An assessment of the bias-corrected projections suggests, as a consequence of global warming, future increases in the temperatures and precipitation, and decreases in the snow-cover and wind-speed for all cities.
Metal-Organic Framework-Based Composite for Photocatalytic Detection of Prevalent Pollutant.

Photocatalytic properties of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), a model organic molecule used for biopolymer production, are reported for the first time. Further integration of FDCA into metal–organic framework (MOF) structures and subsequent silver-based photoactivation leads to the next generation of hybrids with controlled morphologies, capable of forming sensorial platforms for prevalent phenol contaminant detection. The mechanisms that allow photocatalytic functionality are driven by the charge carrier generation in the organic molecule (either in its alone or integrated form) and depend on sample’s physical and chemical properties as confirmed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, respectively. Electrochemical analysis using cyclic voltammetry confirmed high sensitivity for p-nitrophenol (p-NP) detection as dictated by the selective electron migration at a user-controlled electrode interface. Consider...
Economic Model Predictive Control for Time-Varying Cost and Peak Demand Charge Optimization

With the increasing prevalence of variable-supply electricity production, dynamic market structures, including time-varying prices and/or peak demand charges are becoming more common for electricity consumers. This framework requires consumers to consider both the time-varying amount of electricity (i.e., energy) consumed throughout the day as well as the maximum rate of electricity purchase (i.e., power) over a given period, typically a month. Because of this complexity, online optimization techniques such as economic model predictive control (MPC) are a natural tool for consumers to use to minimize cost. However, while closed-loop optimization of these pricing structures is already being proposed for various applications, little has been established about stability or performance properties of the closed-loop system. Due in particular to the peak penalty (which violates the principle of optimality if naively included in the objective function), this theoretical gap leaves the potential for pathological closed-loop behavior despite high-quality open-loop solutions. In this paper, we derive asymptotic performance and stability results for general time-varying economic MPC. We then present a novel extended-state formulation to convert peak demand charges into a time-varying stage cost that can be optimized using economic MPC. In addition, we give a terminal cost and constraint for the augmented system that avoids reducing the feasible set in the original space. Finally, we demonstrate these structures and the closed-loop properties that they satisfy via two illustrative examples.
Numeracy imprisoned: skills and practices of incarcerated adults in the United States

The development of cognitive skills is influenced by characteristics of both individuals and the environments in which they live, including their homes, neighborhoods, schools and workplaces. Contextual features of these environments shape and constrain cognitive development in various ways. This article considers the case of numeracy development within the highly constrained environment of prisons in the United States. Data are analyzed from recent PIAAC assessments of the incarcerated and household populations of the United States. Individuals’ assessed numeracy skills and engagement in everyday numeracy practices, both inside and outside of prisons, are analyzed in relation to their education and other background characteristics. Although some of the observed differences in numeracy between household and prison populations can be attributed to differences in these background characteristics, significant differences in numeracy skills and practices remain after controlling for background characteristics. Such regression-adjusted differences may reflect the distinctive numerate environment of prisons. Prisoners’ numeracy appears to be initially disrupted by incarceration but gradually improves as it adjusts over time to the new numerate environment. Numeracy also appears to be an important determinant of key social outcomes in prisons. Some methodological limitations of these findings are considered along with their implications for fostering numeracy development and improved social outcomes inside and outside of prisons as well as in other vulnerable populations.
Cloud regimes over the Amazon Basin: perspectives from the GoAmazon2014/5 campaign

Abstract. Radiosonde observations collected during the GoAmazon2014/5 campaign are analyzed to identify the primary thermodynamic regimes accompanying different modes of convection over the Amazon. This analysis identifies five thermodynamic regimes that are consistent with traditional Amazon calendar definitions of seasonal shifts, which include one wet, one transitional, and three dry season regimes based on a k -means cluster analysis. A multisensor ground-based approach is used to project associated bulk cloud and precipitation properties onto these regimes. This is done to assess the propensity for each regime to be associated with different characteristic cloud frequency, cloud types, and precipitation properties. Additional emphasis is given to those regimes that promote deep convective precipitation and organized convective systems. Overall, we find reduced cloud cover and precipitation rates to be associated with the three dry regimes and those with the highest convective inhibition. While approximately 15 % of the dataset is designated as organized convection, these events are predominantly contained within the transitional regime.
Prenatal androgen induced lean PCOS impairs mitochondria and mRNA profiles in oocytes

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common ovulatory defect in women. Although most PCOS patients are obese, a subset of PCOS women are lean but show similar risks for adverse fertility outcomes. A lean PCOS mouse model was created using prenatal androgen administration. This developmentally programmed mouse model was used for this study. Our objective was to investigate if mitochondrial structure and functions were compromised in oocytes obtained from lean PCOS mouse. The lean PCOS mouse model was validated by performing glucose tolerance test, HbA1c levels, body weight and estrous cycle analyses. Oocytes were isolated and were used to investigate inner mitochondrial membrane potential, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, ATP production, mtDNA copy number, transcript abundance, histology and electron microscopy. Our results demonstrate that lean PCOS mice has similar weight to that of the controls but exhibited glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia along with dysregulated estrus cycle. Analysis of their oocytes show impaired inner mitochondrial membrane function, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased RNA transcript abundance and aberrant ovarian histology. Electron microscopy of the oocytes showed impaired mitochondrial ultrastructure. In conclusion, the lean PCOS mouse model shows a decreased oocyte quality related to impaired mitochondrial ultrastructure and function.
The working principle of hybrid perovskite gamma-ray photon counter

Abstract Gamma-ray spectroscopy that quantifies the gamma-ray energies is a critical technology widely needed in astrophysics, nuclear material detection and medical treatment. The key is to precisely count gamma-ray photons using sensitive detectors. In this paper, we investigate the operational principles of chlorine-doped methylammonium lead tribromide (MAPbBr3−xClx) perovskite single crystal detectors that can efficiently count gamma-ray photon events with electrical pulses. Specifically, we find the main dark current originates from the thermally activated electron injection from the impurities, and using high work function contacts can block out the dark noise thus allows for efficient pulse collection at higher electrical fields ∼500 V/cm. As a result, we observe strong electrical pulses when exposing the detector under radioactive sources emitting gamma-ray photons at various energies. Our results also reveal the fundamental issues that prevent the reliable observation of photo-electric peak. This work suggest pathway towards energy resolved gamma-ray spectroscopy using perovskite crystal detectors.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

Acute hyperglycemic emergencies are a common cause of diabetes-related hospitalization. Diabetes ketoacidosis (DKA) is typically seen in patients with type 1 diabetes, and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is typically seen in patients with type 2 diabetes. Presentation of DKA is acute with polyuria, polydipsia, and abdominal symptoms and characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and anion gap metabolic acidosis. Presentation of HHS is subacute with symptoms similar to DKA followed by altered mental status and extremely high blood glucose levels with high plasma osmolarity. The common precipitating causes of acute hyperglycemic emergencies include medication nonadherence, infections, and ischemic events. The key to treatment, for both DKA and HHS, is rehydration, insulin therapy, and electrolyte management. With proper treatment, mortality from acute hyperglycemic emergencies has been going down, but the morbidity is still very high.
Bardot and Marvin (eds.), Louis VII and His World (Brill, 2018)

Review of Michael L. Bardot and Laurence W. Marvin, eds., Louis VII and His World (Leiden: Brill, 2018).
Incidence, clinical presentation, and outcomes of Pneumocystis pneumonia when utilizing Polymerase Chain Reaction-based diagnosis in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma.

A Polymerase Chain Reaction-based diagnosis of Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP) and the need for anti-Pneumocystis prophylaxis in Hodgkin lymphoma patients receiving chemotherapy requires further inves...
Synthesis, crystal structure, and transport properties of Cu2SnTe3

Abstract Polycrystalline Cu2SnTe3, a ternary chalcogenide forming in a cubic crystal structure, was synthesized by reaction of the constituent elements before annealing and densification by Spark Plasma Sintering. The structural and chemical analyses were investigated using powder X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement. Low temperature transport properties are reported and indicate that this cubic phase has metallic conduction and possessing relatively high thermal conductivity values with a relatively large lattice contribution. The results presented are intended to expand on the research into ternary chalcogenides in order to further advance the fundamental investigation of these materials as they continue to be of fundamental interest for potential energy-related applications.
Interleukin-15 after Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) Enhances T Cell Response against Syngeneic Mouse Tumors

Near infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a newly developed and highly selective cancer treatment that employs a monoclonal antibody (mAb) conjugated to a photo-absorber dye, IRDye700DX, which is activated by 690 nm light. Cancer cell-targeted NIR-PIT induces rapid necrotic/immunogenic cell death (ICD) that induces antitumor host immunity including re-priming and proliferation of T cells. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine that activates natural killer (NK)-, B- and T-cells while having minimal effect on regulatory T cells (Tregs) that lack the IL-15 receptor. Here, we hypothesized that IL-15 administration with cancer cell-targeted NIR-PIT could further inhibit tumor growth by increasing antitumor host immunity. Three syngeneic mouse tumor models, MC38-luc, LL/2, and MOC1, underwent combined CD44-targeted NIR-PIT and short-term IL-15 administration with appropriate controls. Comparing with the single-agent therapy, the combination therapy of IL-15 after NIR-PIT inhibited tumor growth, prolonged survival, and increased tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cells more efficiently in tumor-bearing mice. IL-15 appears to enhance the therapeutic effect of cancer-targeted NIR-PIT.
Inhabiting the Promised Land: Exploring the Complex Relationship between Archaeology and Ancient Israel as Depicted in the Bible: Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books, 192 pp., $46.00, ISBN 978-1789253306, Publication Date: September 2019

Did God have a wife? Were David and Solomon local village chiefs or great national leaders? Has King David’s royal palace been found? When did the patriarchs live? Does the Bible contain memories o...
Beyond Web Search: How Email Search is Different and Why it Matters

Web search has transformed how we access all kinds of information and has become a core fabric of everyday life. It is used to find information, buy things, plan travel, understand medical conditions, monitor events, etc. Search in other domains has not received nearly the same attention so our experiences in web search shape our thinking about search more generally even when the scenarios are quite different. This is especially true for email search. Although email was initially designed to facilitate asynchronous communication, it has also become a large repository of personal information. The volume of email continues to grow in both consumer and enterprise settings, and search plays a key role in getting back to needed information. Email search is, however, very different than Web search on many dimensions -- the content being sought is personal and private, metadata such as who sent it or when it was sent is plentiful and important, search intentions are different, people know a lot about what they are looking for, etc. Given these differences, new approaches are required. In this talk I will summarize research we have done using large-scale behavioral logs and complementary qualitative methods to characterize what are people looking for, what they know about what they are looking for, and how this interacts with email management practices. I will then describe several opportunities to help people articulate their information needs and design interfaces and interaction techniques to support this. Finally, I will conclude by pointing to new frontiers in email management and search.
Effect of Novel Breastfeeding Smartphone Applications on Breastfeeding Rates

Background: Low-income women are less likely to breastfeed than high-income women. Technology-based interventions demonstrate promise in decreasing health disparities. We assessed whether increased...
Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Glioblastoma Multiforme.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and deadly brain tumor. It is primarily diagnosed in the elderly and has a 5-year survival rate of less than 6% even with the most aggressive therapies. The lack of biomarkers has made the development of immunotherapy for GBM challenging. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are a group of viruses with long terminal repeat (LTR) elements, which are believed to be relics from ancient viral infections. Recent studies have found that those repetitive elements play important roles in regulating various biological processes. The differentially expressed LTR elements from HERVs are potential biomarkers for immunotherapy to treat GBM. However, the understanding of the LTR element expression in GBM is greatly lacking. Methods: We obtained 1077.4 GB of sequencing data from public databases. These data were generated from 111 GBM tissue studies, 30 GBM cell lines studies, and 45 normal brain tissues studies. We analyzed repetitive elements that were differentially expressed in GBM and normal brain samples. Results: We found that 48 LTR elements were differentially expressed (p-value < 0.05) between GBM and normal brain tissues, of which 46 were HERV elements. Among these 46 elements, 34 significantly changed HERVs belong to the ERV1 superfamily. Furthermore, 43 out of the 46 differentially expressed HERV elements were upregulated. Conclusion: Our results indicate significant differential expression of many HERV LTR elements in GBM and normal brain tissues. Expression levels of these elements could be developed as biomarkers for GBM treatments.
Health state valuation and its socio-economic factors: online samples from the U.S. and Canada

This paper seeks to explore how people value the state of health and what socio-economic factors they might consider. I conducted an online experiment and a survey to elicit individuals’ decisions under hypothetical health states, which vary at three levels: mild, moderate, and severe. The socio-economic factors mainly include payment, personal financial situation, hospital service, support from the family, etc. The subjects were from two separate online pools of the United States and Canada, which have similar socio-economic backgrounds and different health care systems. The main task for the subjects (standard gamble) is a valuation task for a given health state, in which the subjects were required to make decisions on whether to take a risky medical treatment when facing various success probabilities. The cut off success probability is the lowest probability that they are willing to take the risky medical treatment. After this procedure, the subjects filled a survey about what factors they might have considered when making the previous decisions. This paper presents the following main results: (1) Subjects are sensitive to different levels of health states. When the health state worsens, the participants are willing to accept a risky medical treatment with a lower probability of success. This finding holds for both samples. (2) Between the two countries’ participants, more Canadians choose not to take the risky treatment; furthermore, in those who choose the risky medical treatment under the same health states, the Canadian participants are willing to accept a lower success probability. (3) Among the socio-economic factors that are significant to this health-related decision, several factors are both considered by the participants in two countries: “employer-purchased insurance plans”, “personal financial situations”, “waiting times for treatment”, “hospital services”, and “support from family or friends”. (4) Some factors are only significant in one country’s participants. For the American sample, it is “access to health insurance”, while for the Canadian sample, it is “disturbances in everyday family life”.
Perioperative Opioid Consumption is Not Reduced in Cyanotic Patients Presenting for the Fontan Procedure

Adequate pain control is a critical component of the perioperative approach to children undergoing repair of congenital heart disease (CHD). The impact of specific anatomic and physiologic disturbances on the management of analgesia has been largely unexplored at the present time. Studies in other pediatric populations have found an association between chronic hypoxemia and an increased sensitivity to the effects of opioid medications. The purpose of this retrospective study was to examine perioperative opioid administration and opioid-associated adverse effects in children undergoing surgical repair of CHD, with a comparison between patients with and without chronic preoperative cyanosis. Patients between the ages of 2 and 5 years whose tracheas were extubated in the operating room were included and were classified in the cyanotic group if they presented for the Fontan completion. The primary outcomes of interest were intraoperative and postoperative opioid administration. Secondary outcomes included pain scores and opioid-related side effects. The study cohort included 156 patients. Seventy-one underwent the Fontan procedure, twelve of which were fenestrated. Fontan patients received fewer opioids intraoperatively (11.33 µg/kg fentanyl equivalents versus 12.56 µg/kg, p = 0.03). However, there were no differences with regards to opioid consumption postoperatively and no correlation between preoperative oxygen saturation and total opioid administration. There were no differences between groups with regards to the respiratory rate nadir, postoperative pain scores, or the incidence of opioid-related side effects. In contrast to other populations with chronic hypoxemia exposure, children with cyanotic CHD did not appear to have increased sensitivity to the effects of opioid medications.
Ontological and Methodological Barriers to the Incorporation of Event Data in Psychometric Models

Digital assessments afford the collection of data on users’ interactions with assessment platforms. The interest in using such data as an evidentiary source in educational assessments has grown rapidly in the last decade. However, psychometricians’ and educational researchers’ lack of familiarity with event data has resulted in terminological proliferation that hinders the sharing of data, methods and know-how across the community of practice. In this paper, a brief review of the terminology used in the field is presented to illustrate how researchers have slowly and informally incorporated notions and practices from Computer Science into research on digital educational assessments. However, such efforts often obscure the unique nature of process data by focusing on ad-hoc analytic or implementation solutions. General necessary conditions for the advancement of research in process data are identified, with a particular focus on terminological precision and unhindered sharing of data across the research community.
Real-Time Semi-Automated and Automated Voxel Placement for Repeated Acquisition Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

ABSTRACT Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is heavily dependent on the investigative team to prescribe, or demarcate, the desired tissue volume-of-interest. Manual prescription, the current standard in the field, requires expertise in neuroanatomy to ensure spatial consistency within and across subjects. Spatial precision of MRS voxel placement thus presents challenges for cross-sectional studies, and even more so for repeated-measure and multi-acquisition designs. Furthermore, voxel prescriptions based-solely on anatomical landmarks may not be ideal in regions with substantial functional and cytoarchitectural variability or to examine individualized/targeted interventions. Here we propose and validate robust and real-time methods to automate MRS voxel placement using functionally defined coordinates within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in clinical cohorts of chronic pain and depression. We hypothesized that increased automation would produce more consistent voxel placement across repeated acquisitions particularly in reference to standard manual prescription. Data were collected and analyzed using two independent prospective transcranial magnetic stimulation studies: 1) a single-day multi-session sandwich design and 2) a longitudinal design. Participants with fibromyalgia syndrome (N=50) and major depressive disorder (N=35) underwent MRI as part of ongoing clinical studies. MEGA-PRESS and Optimized-PRESS MRS acquisitions were acquired at 3-tesla. Evaluation of the reproducibility of spatial location and tissue segmentation was assessed for: 1) manual, 2) semi-automated, and 3) automated voxel prescription approaches. Variability of grey and white matter voxel tissue composition was reduced using automated placement protocols as confirmed by common MRS software processing pipelines (Gannet; SPM-based segmentation) and via Freesurfer-based segmentation. Spatially, post-to pre-voxel center-of-gravity distance was reduced and voxel overlap increased significantly across datasets using automated compared to manual procedures. These results demonstrate the within subject reliability and reproducibility of a method for reducing variability introduced by spatial inconsistencies during MRS acquisitions. The proposed method is a meaningful advance toward improved consistency of MRS data in neuroscience and can be leveraged for multi-session and longitudinal studies that target precisely defined regions-of-interest via a coordinate-based approach.
Examining OHV user displacement at the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area and Sand Lake: A 10-year trend study

Abstract The purpose of this research is to combine data from three cross-sectional surveys (2002, 2006, and 2011) to examine the possibility of two distinct OHV user displacement processes at Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area (ODNRA)/Sand Lake. We adopted a broader definition of displacement to better understand displacement of OHV visitors during periods of changing levels of management regimentation that ranged from low (Type 1 displacement) to high (Type 2 displacement). The study used a random sampling method and a total of 1773 exit interviews were completed. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance, Chi-Square tests, and Analysis of Moment of Structures. Results suggest a Type 2 displacement process in 2002 was followed by a Type 1 process in 2006 as a result of changing managerial and social conditions. Ultimately, these changes led to more highly satisfied visitors in 2011 that are recreating in a safer environment. Management implications Visitor displacement is not inherently bad when it is managed. As part of their current management plan, ODNRA/Sand Lake managers use the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (a zoning tool) to define recreation opportunities for the area, and in a larger regional context, this can be used to minimize Type 1 displacement in some areas (higher levels of regimentation) and Type 2 in others (lower levels of regimentation). To be effective at ODNRA/Sand Lake, clearly stated management objectives are needed for each recreation opportunity zone.
Carbon Monoxide Adsorption on the Transition Metals

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses carbon monoxide adsorption on the transition metals. The chapter illustrates the principal mechanisms of bonding occurring during CO chemisorptions and reviews the results obtained for CO adsorption on tungsten. The data on tungsten surfaces is compared with the few results available for CO adsorption on molybdenum and chromium. Bonding of the CO molecule to a transition metal atom, either in a carbonyl complex or possibly on a metal surface can be visualized as first proceeding by the donation of the lone pair on the carbon atom into vacant d orbitals of the metal atom. The donor ability of CO in this manner is known to be extremely small and stabilization of the metal–carbon bond is believed to be obtained by back donation of electrons from filled d orbitals on the metal into vacant antibonding π* orbitals on the CO molecule. It is thought that the two mechanisms, donation and back donation, tend to enhance each other in a synergic manner.
The MIT encyclopedia of the cognitive sciences

This is a fully-searchable, complete text of the MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (MITECS) on a dual-platform CD-ROM. Since the 1970s the cognitive sciences have offered multidisciplinary ways of understanding the mind and cognition. The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (MITECS) is a landmark, comprehensive reference work that represents the methodological and theoretical diversity of this changing field. At the core of the encyclopedia are 471 concise entries, from Acquisition and Adaptationism to Wundt and X-bar Theory. Each article, written by a leading researcher in the field, provides an accessible introduction to an important concept in the cognitive sciences, as well as references or further readings. Six extended essays, which collectively serve as a roadmap to the articles, provide overviews of each of six major areas of cognitive science: Philosophy; Psychology; Neurosciences; Computational Intelligence; Linguistics and Language; and Culture, Cognition, and Evolution. For both students and researchers, MITECS will be an indispensable guide to the current state of the cognitive sciences. System requirements: Compatible with Windows 95, Windows NT (16MB of RAM available to Acrobat Reader; 10MB hard-disk space); Windows 3.1 and 3.11 for Workgroups (12MB hard-disk space); Macintosh and Power Macintosh (8MB of RAM available to Acrobat Reader, Apple System Software version 7.1.2 or later, and 12.5MB hard-disk space).
Individual and partner effects: Influences of anxiety and warmth on marital satisfaction among African American spouses

African Americans are currently the 2 largest minority group in the United States (U.S. Census, 2004); however, there is a paucity of research within this population examining the unique context and characteristics of both individuals and couples related to marital and emotional distress. The current study addressed these limitations through the utilization of self-reported and observational data measures of partner warmth provided through the Family and Community Health Study (FACHS). The current analyses focused on the longitudinal effects of anxiety and partner warmth on marital satisfaction among 99 African American couples within FACHS. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed significant associations between self-reported partner warmth, community racism, and marital satisfaction among men. For women, financial strain was significantly linked to subsequent marital satisfaction. The discussion highlights the role of gender differences, socioeconomic status, and neighborhood influences which play a role in the current study findings. Also of relevance to clinical settings, the current findings suggest that identification of stressors (i.e., financial strain and community racism) may assist clinicians working with African American clients by facilitating understanding and more appropriate assessment of important influences on African American marital satisfaction.
Multidisciplinary Perinatal Palliative Care Plan for a Pregnant Woman Carrying a Fetus with Trisomy‐13 and Her Family

Poster Presentation Background Perinatal loss is an outcome in approximately 1.2% of pregnancies beyond 20 weeks until one month postpartum. The leading causes of infant death in the United States are congenital malformations, deformation, and chromosomal abnormalities that contribute to an infant mortality rate of 6.75 per 1000 live births. Perinatal palliative care is an emerging specialty dedicated to providing health care to fetuses diagnosed prenatally with life‐limiting conditions and supportive care to parents and families. One center that specializes in caring for infants with birth defects implemented a multidisciplinary perinatal palliative care plan to support a pregnant woman whose fetus was diagnosed with Trisomy‐13 and her family. Case A 38‐year‐old G3P1011 presented at 22 weeks gestation for an evaluation of a pregnancy complicated by a fetus with multiple anomalies and a confirmed diagnosis of Trisomy‐13. The woman was referred to our center for further diagnostic imaging and discussion about perinatal management options. The family was interested in perinatal palliative care, and a consultation with the palliative care team was arranged. Subsequent to the consult the woman decided to continue her care at our facility. A multidisciplinary care team consisting of a psychologist, social worker, child life specialist, advance practice nurses, and maternal/fetal medicine physicians met with the family every 2 weeks. The woman continued to have routinely scheduled prenatal visits with her providers to develop a birth plan with the family. The psychosocial staff assisted the family with navigating through the grief process. The woman was scheduled for repeat cesarean at 38 weeks gestation, which allowed the family time to make arrangements. Regrettably, the woman presented to triage at 35 weeks 3 days gestation with an intrauterine fetal demise. Conclusion Widespread knowledge about perinatal loss and the grief that follows has enabled nurses to be ideally situated to provide family centered obstetric care for these women. When death is expected, nurses continue to relay information, provide prenatal care, and coordinate supportive services even after an infant has died. Close collaboration among nursing and psychosocial team members ensured that obstetric management was well coordinated. Specific strategies on the vital role nurses played with this case and the partnership with the psychosocial team will be shared.
A Rebuttal to Borchgrevink's Criticism of Our Meta-Analytic Recommendations:

Borchgrevink presented flawed arguments against our (Lynn & Mullen) previous recommendation that hospitality researchers employ meta-analytic techniques other than those of Hunter and Schmidt. The problems with his criticisms are briefly discussed in this article.
Reducing Risk for Sexual Victimization An Analysis of the Perceived Socioemotional Consequences of Self-Protective Behaviors

The current study examined college women’s perceptions of the positive and negative socioemotional consequences associated with engaging in self-protective behaviors to reduce risk for sexual victimization. At baseline, women completed assessments of the extent to which they would experience positive or negative socioemotional consequences as a result of engaging in various self-protective behaviors. At a 2-month follow-up, women reported on their engagement in self-protective behaviors and experience of sexual victimization over the interim (N = 143). At baseline, some self-protective strategies were perceived as having more positive or negative socioemotional consequences than others. Perceiving a high level of negative socioemotional consequences associated with taking precautions prior to a date was associated with sexual victimization over the 2-month follow-up.