cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Application of a Free Volume Model to Lubricant Rheology 2—Variation in Viscosity of Binary Blended Lubricants

The modified WLF equation developed in Part 1 was applied to the variation in viscosity, μ(T,P), for two series of binary blended lubricants containing a common synthetic diester (di(2ethylhexyl)sebacate) in a polyphenyl ether (5P4E) and in a naphthenic mineral oil (N1). Dilatometric observations and the viscosity analysis indicate that the relations needed to predict the pressure functions in the modified WLF equation for the binary mixture can be obtained from those of respective components. These relations allow us to estimate μ(T,P) of a binary blended lubricant without measurements of the high pressure viscosity of the blend. For practical applications, the modified WLF equation may also be useful for predicting μ(T,P) of blended lubricant products.
Opportunities for Collaboration to Develop a Digital Land-Grant Information System

New information technologies create opportunities to reshape the Land-Grant information system. A partnership between the Land-Grant libraries, outreach and research components could provide significant benefits to citizens. Such a partnership would further information preservation and knowledge-capture and foster an increased flow of knowledge throughout the Land-Grant System. Potential benefits are suggested and described in this paper.
TRANSIENT PSEUDOHYPOALDOSTERONISM WITH HYPONATREMIA-HYPERKALEMIA IN INFANT URINARY TRACT INFECTION

Purpose: We describe an uncircumcised male infant and a female neonate treated for infant urinary tract infection who had multiple hormonal and electrolyte abnormalities consistent with the diagnosis of transient pseudohypoaldosteronism.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed these 2 cases.Results: In each case successful treatment of infant urinary tract infection was accompanied by the resolution of all hormonal and electrolyte abnormalities, including hyperaldosteronemia, hyperreninemia, hyponatremia and hyperkalemia.Conclusions: Because of future renal scarring, decreased renal function and possible hypertension, appropriate hormonal studies should be performed in infants with infant urinary tract infection who also have hyponatremia and hyperkalemia.
RECENT RACIAL SEGREGATION IN U.S. SMSAs

Based on aggregate data, during the 1970s racial segregation decreased in most U.S. SMSAs. Using census tract data, this study employs the Index of Dissimilarity, noting the limitations of the methods and the variations in different parts of the country, particularly the South. Although reduced segregation levels in younger SMSAs may reflect recent social trends, it is not clear from these findings that greater interracial contact and social assimilation have resulted from these trends.
Update on radiological imaging of renal cell carcinoma

US is frequently used as the initial imaging in patients with suspected renal disease. US contrast agents offer the potential to increase the sensitivity in patients who cannot undergo CT or MTI. Harmonic imaging has helped with the evaluation of renal cystic lesions. CT remains the reference standard for staging and lesion characterization. The rapid technological advances mean that ultra-thin slices and 3D imaging have now become more widely available. MRI has also greatly advanced in speed and image quality, but at present, imaging time and scanner availability mean that MRI is generally used as a problem-solving tool. It is particularly helpful for smaller lesions and complex cystic lesions, where subtraction can be used to accurately identify the presence of enhancement. MRI is used as the primary diagnostic tool for patients with radiation concerns and those with renal failure. Caution must now also be taken in these patients, given the recent studies raising the association of gadolinium-based compounds and NSF. There have been dramatic improvements in renal imaging over the last decade, offering better resolution, shorter imaging times and better patient acceptance. The progress in minimally invasive techniques has driven the need to provide better preoperative information to the surgeon. The future of renal imaging is an exciting field; perhaps with fluorodeoxyglucose-based positron emission tomography we will be able to predict the biological behaviour of a tumour, and molecular imaging agents will become available to identify and hopefully treat specific tumour types.
Cytomorphology of Fibrocystic Change, High-Risk Proliferative Breast Disease, and Premalignant Breast Lesions

In a prospective study using mammographically guided fine needle aspirates in 100 nonpalpable breast lesions, the author's group assessed the reliability of a cytological grading system to define the cytological features of proliferative and nonproliferative breast disease and to differentiate between benign, premalignant and malignant breast lesions. We developed a cytological grading system evaluating the aspirates for the cellular arrangement, the degrees of cellular pleomorphism and anisonucleosis, presence of myoepithelial cells and nucleoli and the status of the chromatin pattern. This grading system, now recognized as the Masood Cytology Index, is commonly used as a surrogate end point biomarker in chemoprevention trials.
Descriptive representation and AIDS policy in South Africa

The global AIDS pandemic raises key questions with respect to Pitkin's seminal concerns for the descriptive and substantive representation of diverse citizen interests. Specifically, are there ‘group interests’ for AIDS-related policies, and are they represented by political leaders? One might expect all politicians to prioritize a response to the global pandemic as a matter of public interest, especially in high prevalence countries. Alternatively, because recognizable sub-groups are affected differently, theories of representation imply that leader preferences should vary along these lines. The author explores the local political representation of AIDS-related interests within the context of the high prevalence, heterogeneous, and democratic society of South Africa. Through analysis of an original survey of the attitudes and preferences of local cancillors in Eastern Cape Province, he found that descriptive representation is associated with substantive representation: politicians express AIDS policy pre...
Defined Strains and Phage-Insensitive Mutants for Commercial Manufacture of Cottage Cheese and Cultured Buttermilk

Abstract The use of defined single strains and their phage-insensitive mutants as starters for cottage cheese and cultured buttermilk is discussed. A culture blend of six strains was used to manufacture consecutive vats of cottage cheese and eliminate culture rotations. Advantages of this culture system included elimination of starter failure, better product uniformity, more consistent starter activity, and standardized make procedures. Individual strains in starter cultures also were used as antigens for a rapid detection test for lactic streptococcal agglutinins in cheese milk. If sedimentation was encountered seasonally, individual agglutinin sensitive strains were identified and replaced without need to replace an entire culture blend. New strains were pretested for sensitivity against cheese milk prior to their use in starters. Individual starter strains varied in their sensitivities to agglutinins in cheese milk and colostrum. Phage-infected strains were replaced with phage-insensitive mutants. Defined single strains and their phage-insensitive mutants have been used successfully for cottage cheese and cultured buttermilk production for more than 2 yr.
Halcyon days with Bill Arnold.

The circumstances that led to the discovery that plants luminesce after they are illuminated are described, as are other discoveries that would not have been possible were it not for the fortuitous association I had with my dear and most admirable friend, W.A. Arnold, to whom this special issue is dedicated.
The term structure of CD rates and monetary policy transmission.

Abstract The paper investigates the term structure of CD rates and its relationship with the federal funds rate or monetary policy. The term structure derived in this paper is governed primarily by the federal funds rate and secondarily by banks’ income smoothing behavior. It is consistent with the estimation results and differs significantly from the standard term structure of interest rates. The downturn phase of business cycles appears to be accompanied by more aggressive income smoothing by banks (compared with the upturn phase) due to their pessimistic expectations of future profits. The compositional shift in banks’ liabilities during the downturn phase away from CDs toward transaction deposits may pose a greater withdrawal risk for banks.
Demonstration of Integrated Micro-Electro-Mechanical Relay Circuits for VLSI Applications

This work presents measured results from test chips containing circuits implemented with micro-electro-mechanical (MEM) relays. The relay circuits designed on these test chips illustrate a range of important functions necessary for the implementation of integrated VLSI systems and lend insight into circuit design techniques optimized for the physical properties of these devices. To explore these techniques a hybrid electro-mechanical model of the relays' electrical and mechanical characteristics has been developed, correlated to measurements, and then also applied to predict MEM relay performance if the technology were scaled to a 90 nm technology node. A theoretical, scaled, 32-bit MEM relay-based adder, with a single-bit functionality demonstrated by the measured circuits, is found to offer a factor of ten energy efficiency gain over an optimized CMOS adder for sub-20 MOPS throughputs at a moderate increase in area.
Lens capsule and epithelium in age-related cataract.

On the basis of preoperative assessment of patient characteristics, intraoperative obtainment of a lens-capsule and epithelium specimen, histopathologic investigation of lens capsule and epithelium, and biochemical analysis of glutathione reductase in lens epithelium, age-related cataract was studied in 50 adult patients who underwent consecutive extracapsular cataract-posterior chamber lens implant surgery. Patients (25 men and 25 women; age range, 41 to 91 years; mean age, 75 years) had a wide range of systemic and ocular disease; 17 of 50 (34%) patients had a history of severe vision-impairing cataract in a first-degree relative. Anterior lens-capsule thickness ranged from 10 to 22 μm, with a mean of 17 μm. Statistical analysis of lens-epithelium ultrastructure in 41 of 50 specimens documented mixing of normal and abnormal cells, verified a gradation in the degree of abnormal ultrastructural features, and demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in epithelial cytologic activity with advancing age (P = .038). Biochemical analysis documented a severe glutathione reductase deficiency in nine of 39 (23%) lens-epithelium specimens, possibly reflecting a dietary deficiency of riboflavin.
Methamphetamine sensitization attenuates the febrile and neuroinflammatory response to a subsequent peripheral immune stimulus.

Methamphetamine (MA) use is associated with activation of microglia and, at high doses, can induce neurotoxicity. Given the changes in the neuroinflammatory environment associated with MA, we investigated whether MA sensitization, a model of stimulant psychosis and an indicator of drug addiction, would interfere with the thermoregulatory and neuroinflammatory response to a subsequent peripheral immune stimulus. C57BL6/J mice were given either 1 mg/kg MA or saline i.p. once a day for 5 days to produce behavioral sensitization. Seventy-two hours following the last MA injection, 100 μg/kg LPS or saline was co-administered with 1 mg/kg MA or saline and blood and brains were collected. Here we report that while co-administration of LPS and MA did not affect the LPS-induced increase in central cytokine mRNA, mice sensitized to MA showed an attenuated central response to LPS. Interestingly, the peripheral response to LPS was not affected by MA sensitization. Plasma cytokines increased similarly in all groups after LPS. Further, c-Fos expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract did not differ between groups, suggesting that the periphery-to-brain immune signal is intact in MA-sensitized mice and that the deficit lies in the central cytokine compartment. We also show that MA sensitization decreased LPS- or acute MA-induced microglial Iba1 expression compared to non-sensitized mice. Taken together, these data show that MA sensitization interferes with the normal central immune response, preventing the CNS from efficiently responding to signals from the peripheral immune system.
Speed Estimation Using Computer Vision (Abstract Only)

With recent advancements in smartphone digital camera technology, the opportunity to integrate computer vision into daily activities has become possible. A unique application of computer vision is ESPN's use of K-Zone during Major League Baseball broadcasts, which uses a combination of three cameras and multiple computers running sophisticated algorithms, to track a thrown baseball to within 2/5ths of an inch. While the sophistication of the K-Zone hardware and software allows for a high degree of accuracy, there is the potential for obtaining similar results using only a smartphone. The Mobile Video Velocity Estimation (MoVVE) project investigated the application of computer vision in the development of a speed-tracking app on a smartphone. This presentation will describe the design of the MoVVE software which uses OpenCV computer vision library functions to track the velocity and location of objects such as a thrown baseball using video obtained from a mobile digital camera. MoVVE was shown to successfully detect and track the baseball with a success rate greater than 90%. Baseball velocity estimates obtained with MoVVE were compared to those measured using a professional grade radar gun. For a test population of 112 pitches, 84% of the program's estimated velocities agreed to within 10% of the radar gun measurement, and 43% agreed to within 5%. Test pitch velocities varied from 30 mph to 60 mph with the program showing equal accuracy throughout the full range.
Removal of Pseudobarnacles (epoxy) from silicone coatings with a thickness gradient due to an applied transverse force

Abstract One of the uses for silicone coatings is as foul release coatings on ship hulls. Most studies on silicone coating's release behavior have focused on coatings with uniform thickness. These studies have shown that the force required to remove pseudobarnacles, modeled as epoxy studs, from thin silicone coatings decreases as the thickness increases. Two types of release mechanisms were observed: void formation and edge peeling. In previous work, pull-off tests were performed on epoxy from clear silicone coatings with a thickness gradient on glass substrates. The presence of a thickness gradient introduced a third type of release behavior—fingering. Also present was a mixed mode of release involving void formation or fingering with peeling. For the shear tests described in this study, release of the epoxy from the silicone initiated at the point of load application then proceeded around the circumference of the stud regardless of the direction of the applied force. The final release from the coating started predominately from the thin section of the coating and proceeded to the thick section, again for both loading directions.
Summertime activity pattern of the longtail vole in Alaska

Activity of the longtail vole Microtus longicaudus, was monitored in a 25-m2 outdoor enclosure by recording movements of individuals in and out of an artificial nest box. Diurnal activity occurred in irregular bouts, while nocturnal activity was relatively continuous. Diurnal activity was 63% of nocturnal activity. There was a distinct 2-h period prior to and including sunrise, in which the level of activity was lower than that during normal nocturnal and diurnal periods. The activity level immediately prior to sunset was similar to the diurnal level and was followed by an increase just after sunset.
Patient Specific Modeling of Stage II Flatfoot Deformity Before and After Surgical Correction

Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity (AAFD) is a degenerative disease characterized by chronic changes in the joint alignment of the bones of the foot leading to significant pain and dysfunction. The early stages of the disease are thought to involve primarily the mechanical degradation of the soft-tissue support structures of the foot, namely the spring ligament, talocalcaneal interosseous ligaments, fibers of the anterior deltoid, and the long and short plantar ligaments, as well as a functional loss in posterior tibialis tendon (PTT) strength. [1] These changes manifest clinically as midfoot collapse, forefoot abduction, and valgus tilting hindfoot. [1–3] Various surgical corrections exist for Stage II AAFD to restore more normal biomechanical function to the foot. Treatment selection is most often based on clinical outcomes and surgeon preference. However, the optimal procedure(s) for an individual patient is unknown. Computer Aided Design (CAD) approaches offer advantages for evaluating foot function as well as the ability to predict pre-operatively the outcome of corrective procedures. This study developed a 3D patient specific computer model of the lower leg from a diagnosed Stage II flatfoot patient and evaluated its ability to predict foot function pre- and post-operatively through agreement with clinically relevant radiographic joint angles.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Body size, niche breadth, and ecologically scaled responses to habitat fragmentation: mammalian predators in an agricultural landscape

The ability to make a priori assessments of a species’ response to fragmentation, based on its distribution in the landscape, would serve as a valuable conservation and management tool. During 1997–1999, we monitored 717 scent stations to examine seasonal use of forest patches, corridors, and crop fields by coyotes (Canis latrans), domestic cats (Felis catus), foxes (Vulpes vulpes and Urocyon cinereoargenteus), raccoons (Procyon lotor), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), opossums (Didelphis virginiana), and long-tailed weasels (Mustela frenata). For each species we developed landscape-based ecologically scaled landscape indices (ELSI), and we modeled species spatial distribution across three spatial scales (landscape-level, element-level, and local habitat-level). Our results suggest that these predators viewlandscape fragmentation at different spatial scales and demonstrate strong interspecific differences in their response to elements of the landscape. All species except coyotes and domestic cats avoided agricultural fields. In general, predator species that were more mobile (i.e. high ESLI for landscape connectivity; coyotes) were characterized by landscape- and element-based logistic models. In contrast, models including local habitat features generally were most appropriate for less mobile or more stenophagous predators (e.g. long-tailed weasels). Our analysis extends the application of the ESLI concept to species assemblages that do not appear to function as metapopulations, and it highlights the importance of examining spatial scale and species-specific responses to habitat fragmentation. We discuss the relevance of these findings for defining ecological landscapes, understanding predator–prey interactions at multiple spatial scales, and conserving predator and prey populations in fragmented landscapes.
The neural correlates of competition during memory retrieval are modulated by attention to the cues.

a b s t r a c t As people learn more facts about a concept, those facts become more difficult to remember. This is called the fan effect, where fan refers to the number of facts known about a concept. Increasing fan has been shown to decrease accuracy and increase response time and left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) activity during retrieval. In this study, participants learned 36 arbitrary person-location pairings and made recognition decisions while we recorded brain activity using fMRI. We separately manipulated the fan of each person and location, as well as the training procedure with which each pair was studied. In the person focus condition, participants studied pairs with a picture of the person's face and used the person as a retrieval cue during training. In the location focus condition, participants studied pairs with a picture of the location and used the location as a retrieval cue during training. We found that the fan of the focused cue had a greater effect on response time, accuracy, and left VLPFC activity during retrieval than the fan of the unfocused cue. We also found that the parahippocampal place area (PPA) was more active during the recognition of pairs studied in the location focus condition, but not when the fan of the location was high. Overall, we found opposite effects of fan on VLPFC and PPA that were modulated by cue focus. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Single‐Case Experimental Designs in Family Therapy Research: Limitations and Considerations

Recent authors have encouraged the use of single-case experimental design in family therapy research. However, several issues related to the application of these designs have not been addressed. The present article suggests that the applicability of single-case methods to family therapy research may be limited. The first issue raised is the general lack of adequate dependent measures of family interaction that fulfill the requirements of the single-case experimental designs. Suggestions for development of appropriate measures are given. Second, the necessary reliance on relatively weak single-case designs often allows only relatively weak conclusions. Finally, the strategy of beginning the single-case study of family functioning and family therapy in laboratory settings is suggested.
Ontogeny of hepatic enzymes involved in serine- and folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism in rabbits

Serine occupies a central position in folate-dependent, one-carbon metabolism through 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (MTHF) and 5-formyltetrahydrofolate (FTHF). We characterized the ontogeny of the...
Remarks on time-dependent [current]-density functional theory for open quantum systems.

Time-dependent [current]-density functional theory for open quantum systems (OQS) has emerged as a formalism that can incorporate dissipative effects in the dynamics of many-body quantum systems. Here, we review and clarify some formal aspects of these theories that have been recently questioned in the literature. In particular, we provide theoretical support for the following conclusions: (1) contrary to what we and others had stated before, within the master equation framework, there is in fact a one-to-one mapping between vector potentials and current densities for fixed initial state, particle–particle interaction, and memory kernel; (2) regardless of the first conclusion, all of our recently suggested Kohn–Sham (KS) schemes to reproduce the current and particle densities of the original OQS, and in particular, the use of a KS closed driven system, remains formally valid; (3) the Lindblad master equation maintains the positivity of the density matrix regardless of the time-dependence of the Hamiltonian or the dissipation operators; (4) within the stochastic Schrodinger equation picture, a one-to-one mapping from stochastic vector potential to stochastic current density for individual trajectories has not been proven so far, except in the case where the vector potential is the same for every member of the ensemble, in which case, it reduces to the Lindblad master equation picture; (5) master equations may violate certain desired properties of the density matrix, such as positivity, but they remain as one of the most useful constructs to study OQS when the environment is not easily incorporated explicitly in the calculation. The conclusions support our previous work as formally rigorous, offer new insights into it, and provide a common ground to discuss related theories.
Flow and Heat Transfer over Rough Surfaces: Usefulness of 2-D Roughness-Resolved Simulations

Computations, based on the Fluent-UNS code with second-order upwind differencing and the realizable k-e model, were performed to study the flow and heat transfer over two-dimensional (2-D) roughness geometries that resolve the details of the jagged surface. Parameters studied include height of approaching boundary layer to average roughness height (3.0 to 30) for the same rough surface and eight different rough surfaces with the same approaching boundary layer in which the average roughness height, rms, skewness, and kurtosis of the roughness vary in the ranges of 0.748 to 1.480, 0.991 to 1.709, -1.509 to 0.356, and 1.927 to 3.136, respectively. Results are presented for the contributions to the friction coefficient from shear and from pressure – locally and averaged over the entire rough surface. Also presented are the computed flow fields and the averaged Stanton numbers for all rough surfaces studied. Results obtained by the 2-D roughness-resolved simulations were compared with experimental data.
Autonomous mobile surveying for science rovers using in situ distributed remote sensing

The search for signs of past or present life on planetary surfaces such as Mars is a high priority objective of international space agencies. At present and in the near future, the most promising means to conduct such searches employ robotic systems that operate from planetary orbits or on planetary surfaces. This paper presents a robotic system concept for mobile search and surveying on planetary surfaces. It employs an open-path absorption spectrometer with components distributed on a rover and terrain to measure biogenic gases in the near-surface atmosphere. Rover motion control algorithms are presented and demonstrated in simulation for surveying wide areas autonomously using the distributed spectrometer for in situ remote sensing.
The period dichotomy in terrestrial impact crater ages

Impact cratering on the Earth during the past 250 Myr has occurred with either of two apparent periodicities, ∼30 or ∼35 Myr, depending on the set of impact crater ages that is adopted. When the craters are segregated by size and the possible age errors are explicitly taken into account in the analysis, only the longer periodicity survives, and does so only in the case of the largest craters (diameters ≥ 35 km). Smaller craters exhibit no robust periodicity. Despite their relative abundance, the inclusion of data points for the small craters merely degrades, without shifting or destroying, the periodic signal of the largest craters when all of the craters are analysed together. The possible consequences for quasi-periodic Galactic perturbations of the Oort comet cloud are briefly discussed.
Probabilistic Risk Assessment for Security Requirements: A Preliminary Study

Risk assessment is a critical decision making process during the Security Certification and Accreditation (C&A) process. However, existing infrastructure-wide C&A processes in real world are challenged by the ever increasing complexity of information systems and their diverse socio-technical operational environments. The lack of an explicit model and the associated uncertainties of software behavior are two main reasons that directly impact the effectiveness of risk assessment as well as the subjective decisions made based on the different level of domain expertise. In this paper, we propose a method for a probabilistic model driven risk assessment on security requirements. The security requirements and their causal relationships are represented using MEBN (Multi-Entities Bayesian Networks) logic that constructs an explicit formal risk assessment model that supports evidence-driven arguments. The proposed approach is described by using real-world C&A scenarios to show not only its feasibility for security requirements risk assessment but also its effectiveness for the sensitivity analysis to identify critical influences among information entities in a complex and uncertain operational environment.
Abnormal saccadic substitution during small-amplitude pursuit tracking in amblyopic eyes.

Small-amplitude, low-velocity, predictable triangular tracking ivas tested in patients having amblyopia without strabismus, intermittent strabismus, or constant strabismus amblyopia by means of a photoelectric eye-movement recording technique. In the majority of amblyopic patients, abnormal saccadic substitution was found; that is, abnornudly large saccades rather than small-amplitude smooth movements were used by the amblyopic eye to follow a spot stimulus that moved horizontally with low to high frequencies. Pursuit for the same range of stimuli was normal for binocular tracking and for monocular tracking with the dominant eye, pointing to a sensory rather than motor basis for the defect. This abnormal saccadic substitution response appeared to be related to the presence of amblyopia rather than strabismus. Several possible mechanisms responsible for causing this unusual response are discussed, including impairment of direction sense over small central regions of the amblyopic eye.
The Politics of Dead Bodies: Reburial and Postsocialist Change

The Politics of Dead Bodies: Reburial and Postsocialist Change. Katherine Verdery. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999. xvi. 185 pp., illustrations, figures, table, notes, references, index.
Characterization of the dopaminergic system in the brain of an African cichlid fish, Astatotilapia burtoni

Catecholamines, such as dopamine, are evolutionarily ancient neurotransmitters that play an essential role in mediating behavior. In vertebrates, dopamine is central to the nigrostriatal motor and mesolimbic reward systems. Despite its importance, the distribution of the dopaminergic system has not been well studied in the teleost brain. The African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni has become an important model system in social neuroscience and lends itself to uncovering how social decisions are implemented in the brain. To understand better where dopamine acts to regulate social behavior in this species, we have determined the distribution of putative dopaminergic cells and fibers (by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry) and dopamine receptors (by in situ hybridization for the D1A and D2 dopamine receptor subtypes) throughout the forebrain and part of the mesencephalon of A. burtoni. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was evident in several regions of the fore- and midbrain, in support of putative homologies to tetrapods. Additionally, the D1A and D2 receptors were identified in brain regions known to modulate social behavior in other vertebrates, including the proposed teleost homologues of the mammalian amygdalar complex, hippocampus, striatum, preoptic area, anterior hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, and ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra pars compacta. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers as well as D1A and D2 receptor expression overlap almost completely in their distribution. These results significantly extend our understanding of the distribution of the dopaminergic system in the teleost brain and suggest a conserved role of dopamine in modulating behavior across vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:75-92, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Prorocentrum minimum(clone Exuv) is nutritionally insufficient, but not toxic to the copepod Acartia tonsa

This study tested whether the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum is nutritionally insufficient or toxic to the copepod Acartia tonsa. Experiments were carried out with adult female A. tonsa and the P. minimum clone Exuv, both isolated from Long Island Sound. Initially, the functional and numerical responses of A. tonsa feeding on exponentially growing P. minimum cells were characterized. These experiments revealed that A. tonsa readily ingested P. minimum cells, up to the equivalent of 200% of body carbon day 1 , but egg production was relatively low, with a maximum egg production rate of 22% of body carbon day 1 . Hence, the egg production efficiency (egg carbon produced versus cell carbon ingested) was low (10%). In a separate experiment, ingestion and egg production rates were measured as a function of food concentration with cells in different growth stages (early-exponential, late-exponential/early-stationary, and late-stationary growth phase) to simulate conditions during a bloom. There was no indication that cells in the stationary phase resulted in lower ingestion or egg production rates relative to actively growing cells. Egg hatching success remained high (>80%) and independent of the cell growth phase. In a third experiment specifically designed to test the hypothesis that P. minimum is toxic, ingestion, egg production and egg hatching success were measured when females were fed mixtures of P. minimum and the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii, but in which total food concentration was held constant and the proportion of P. minimum in the mixed diet varied. A. tonsa readily ingested P. minimum when it was offered in the mixed diet, with no detrimental effects on egg production or egg hatching observed. Supplementing P. minimum with T. weissflogii increased both the egg production rate and the egg production efficiency. It is concluded that P. minimum is nutritionally insufficient, but not toxic to A. tonsa. Finally, it is estimated that in the field grazing by A. tonsa is approximately equivalent to 30% of the maximum daily growth rate of P. minimum. Hence, copepod grazing cannot be ignored in field and modeling studies of the population dynamics of P. minimum. # 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Optimal trajectory generation for draped AUV gravity surveys

Gravity surveys provide crucial data about the sub-seafloor structure, and this information is used to both localize and characterize geophysical phenomena. Obtaining this gravity data from submersibles provides superior measurements, both in terms of signal strength and spatial resolution, than conventional survey platforms such as surface vessels and satellites. However, performing gravimetry an AUV requires specialized trajectory planning algorithms that minimize acceleration noise. We develop an AUV simulation as a testbed for creating these algorithms, designed to model the behavior of the Sentry AUV at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. We then investigate the signal and noise characteristics of AUV gravimetry and propose a novel trajectory planner and state estimator that mitigates multiple noise sources. The resulting simulation predicts a. 22mGal standard deviation of signal noise, at a spatial resolution of 10m, for a magma chamber with a 3.41 mGal gravity signature at depth, substantially better than other tested draped surveying techniques.
Monoclonal antibodies directed against the flagella of Campylobacter jejuni : production, characterization and lack of effect on the colonization of infant mice

Abstract Eight monoclonal antibodies have been derived from Balb/c mice hyperimmunized with the purified flagella from Campylobacter jejuni strain 81116. These monoclonal antibodies are directed against flagella as demonstrated by reaction in ELISA against flagellate and aflagellate antigens, radio-immunoprecipitation and electro-immunoblotting techniques. Some of the antibodies react with a 60K minor protein as well as the 62K flagella protein. This protein may be related to an antigen expressed on the surface of the organism and detectable by immunogold labelling with one of the monoclonal antibodies. None of the antibodies causes the aggregation of bacteria or inhibits bacterial motility, unlike polyclonal anti-flagella antiserum. Moreover, none of the antibodies tested protected infant mice from colonization with C. jejuni strain 81116 even though partial protection (28%) was observed with syngeneic anti-flagella anti-serum. Absence of protection is probably due to the cryptic nature of the flagella epitopes investigated or lack of antibody activity in the gastrointestinal tract.
Excavation of Contained TNT Explosions in Tuff

The effects of two contained H. E. explosions in volcanic tuff were examined by mining directly into the explosion sites. Ore explosion (516 lb of TNT) increased its initial shot chamber volume of about 9 cu ft by a factor of sbout 5 and produced in addition some 126 cu ft of broken rock. Around this explosion, only natural joints in one direction were filled with carbon to a maximum distance of 42 ft, and no new fractures in other directions were developed. The other explosion (973 lb of TNT) expanded its 17 cu ft chamber to 10 times this initial volume and led to rock breakage, mostly by subsequent roof collapse, of 345 cu ft. Because this shot vented on firing, very little of the carbon-carrying gases entered joints, and fractures caused by the explosion are almost absent. The features characteristic of these two explosions were compared to an earlier 1000-lb explosion in salt in which, by contrast, numerous radial carbon-filled cracks were produced, and the less expanded chambers survived without collapse. For the explosions in tuff it was concluded that joints exercised a primary role in locating the surfaces of fracture failure, early venting inhibits development of carbon-markedmore » fractures, and the medium undergoes greater expansion and more readily collapses after the shot than does salt. (auth)« less
A simultaneous volumetric adsorption–isothermal titration calorimetry study of small molecules on supported metallic nanoparticles

Adsorption microcalorimetry studies can determine the energetics involved in different adsorbate–surface interactions. These measurements can be taken using various techniques such as single-crystal adsorption calorimetry, isothermal titration calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. The incremental dosing of a small molecule adsorbate with simultaneous calorimetric measurement enables differential heats of adsorptions to be measured at a specific temperature. In this study, an automated volumetric adsorption apparatus (Micromeritics ASAP2020) was interfaced with a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (Setaram Sensys EVO) to perform simultaneous volumetric uptake and calorimetric measurements. Heats of adsorption of small gas molecules (CO, H2) on supported metal catalysts (Pt, Pd, Au) were measured using this setup. Similar calorimetric measurements for the adsorption of CO (0.5 % Pt/SiO2; 5 % Pd/Al2O3) and H2 (0.5 % Pt/SiO2) were also taken by interfacing a Micromeritics ASAP2020 with a custom-built calorimeter. From these studies, it was observed that the initial heats of CO adsorption on supported Pt (0.5 % Pt/Al2O3, 135 kJ mol−1; 1 % Pt/SiO2, 104 kJ mol−1) and Pd (5 % Pd/Al2O3, 148 kJ mol−1) catalysts were significantly higher than the corresponding Au (1 % Au/TiO2, 57.2 kJ mol−1; 1 % Au/Al2O3, 54.1 kJ mol−1) catalysts. It was also observed that the initial heat of adsorption of H2 on the supported 0.5 % Pt/Al2O3 (~80 to 89 kJ mol−1) catalyst is higher than that on 1 % Pt/SiO2 (~61 kJ mol−1). CO and H2 adsorption studies on the 0.5 % Pt/Al2O3 and the 5 % Pd/Al2O3 catalyst using both calorimetric setups yielded similar volumetric uptakes and initial heats.
Pragmatic Approach to Component Based Software Metrics Based On Static Methods

Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) is an emerging technique for reuse of software. This paper presents the component based software metrics by investigating the improved measurement techniques. Two types of metrics are used: static metrics and dynamic metrics. This research work presents the measured metric value for Complexity metrics and Criticality metric. The static metrics applied to the E-healthcare application which is developed with the reusable software components. The value of each metric is analyzed with the application. The metric measured value is the evidence for the reusability, good maintainability of component based software systems.
EVIDENCE FOR LIMITED INTERCONTINENTAL GENE FLOW IN THE COSMOPOLITAN MUSHROOM, SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE.

The genetic structure of populations of Schizophyllum commune was inferred from electrophoretic variation among 136 individuals at 11 polymorphic allozyme loci to determine the extent of geographic differentiation in this widespread mushroom species. The majority of the genetic variation was contained within populations; however, considerable genetic differentiation was observed among populations (global GST = 0.214). Clustering analysis demonstrated that genetic distance was correlated with geographic distance and that a large component of the genetic variation was due to allele frequency differences among populations from the eastern and western hemispheres. Our results also suggest that populations are large and geographically widespread. The lack of fixed genetic differences among intercontinental populations at any of the allozyme loci suggests that long-distance spore dispersal may counter the effects of genetic drift in this cosmopolitan species. These results are contrasted with a previous description of the same collection, in which the mating allele distribution of the species displayed no population substructure at any geographic scale (Raper et al. 1958). Broader implications of this study are that both species and mating allele distributions may not be correlated with long-distance gene flow in basidiomycete fungi.
“Hold the Chow Mein, Gimme Soca”: Creolization of the Chinese in Guyana, Trinidad and Jamaica

(1989). “Hold the Chow Mein, Gimme Soca”: Creolization of the Chinese in Guyana, Trinidad and Jamaica. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 3-25.
Transient Over-voltage Online Monitoring Method for 110 kV and Above Substation

The paper studies a transient over-voltage online monitoring method using low-voltage divider mounted on the bushing tap of transformer and hand-hole divider mounted on GIS(circuit breaker).The transient current in ground circuit of bushing and MOA. electric field around equipment which is measured using optoelectronic electric field sensor are measured to reproduce the amplitude value and waveform of transient over-voltage.The design and development of measurement device.calibration of measurement system and test in field and lab is carried out.The effectiveness and feasibility of various monitoring methods is demonstrated in this paper. The studies provide the theoretical basis of engineering practice and guidance to over-voltage monitoring in substation in the future.
Intrathoracic and intravascular migratory foreign bodies.

Most missiles entering the chest stay where they first lodge. Thus surgeons must worry about the damage they do on the way in but not about what they do when they get there. However, a certain number of bullets wind up in the pleural space or pericardial space or free in the cardiovascular system. For the most part, pleural-space bullets eventually fix themselves and can be left alone. Pericardial bullets should always be removed. Bullets in the vascular system can wind up in a variety of locations. Bullets in the vascular system are always to be removed. Similarly most venous emboli should be removed, although there are exceptions. There is still controversy over whether to remove pulmonary arterial emboli or whether they can be safely left alone.
Style and Alignment in Information-Seeking Conversation

Analysis of casual chit-chat indicates that differences in conversational style---the way things are said---can significantly impact a participants» impressions of the conversation and of each other. However, prior work has not systematically analyzed how important style is in task-oriented, information-seeking exchanges of the sort we might have with a conversational search agent. We examine recordings from the MISC data set, where pairs of "users" and "intermediaries" collaborate on information-seeking tasks, and look for indications of style which can be computed at scale. We find that stylistic markers identified by Tannen in casual chat do exist in information-seeking dialogue, and that participants can be arranged along a single stylistic dimension: "considerate" to "involved". This labelling for style needs no manual intervention. Furthermore, we find that there is no clear best style; but that differences in style, previously thought to impede communication, are only a problem for shorter tasks. This result is likely due to alignment of conversational style over the course of an interaction.
Online video ad measurement for political science research

With over 1 billion users and over 4 billion video views a day, YouTube is the most popular online video sharing website. Over a million advertisers use the Google ad platform which provides the ability to target specific groups of users. Political campaigns have used YouTube to reach voters. However, political science literature does not have information about how online video ads are targeted to voters via YouTube. This research made two contributions. (1) We developed “CyAds Meter,” a unique web bot platform that collects information about video and image ads delivered on YouTube. Our bot system adheres to YouTube's terms of service and avoids financial cost to online advertisers. Our two-tailed Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test verified that the bot and the human with the same online profile see the same number of ads on average with 5% significant level. In other words, our bot does not significantly miss ads nor see more ads than the human does. (2) We used CyAds Meter to provide evidence for political science scholars that the numbers of ads aired in the battleground and non-battleground states prior to the 2016 presidential election is statistically significant different at a 5% significant level. CyAds Meter is a potentially useful for political science research to study micro-targeting tactics of online ad election campaigns.
Early and Late Time Perception: on the Narrow Scope of the Whorfian Hypothesis

The Whorfian hypothesis has received support from recent findings in psychology, linguistics, and anthropology. This evidence has been interpreted as supporting the view that language modulates all stages of perception and cognition, in accordance with Whorf’s original proposal. In light of a much broader body of evidence on time perception, I propose to evaluate these findings with respect to their scope. When assessed collectively, the entire body of evidence on time perception shows that the Whorfian hypothesis has a limited scope and that it does not affect early stages of time perception. In particular, all the available evidence shows that the scope of language modulation is limited in the case of time perception, and that the most important mechanisms for time perception are cognitive clocks and simultaneity windows, which we use to perceive the temporal properties of events. Language modulation has distorting effects, but only at later stages of processing or with respect to specific categorization tasks. The paper explains what is the role of these effects in the context of all the available evidence on time cognition and perception.
Combining Pediocin (ALTA™ 2341) with Irradiation for Control of Listeria monocytogenes

Pediocin (ALTA™ 2341) was studied in combination with irradiation treatments for control of Listeria monocytogenes on ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products. Both pediocin and irradiation were effective but the combination was highly effective and synergistic. Therefore, the use of pediocin for RTE meats that are irradiated should permit use of lower irradiation doses and improved product quality because of less irradiation-induced off-odors
Research on Embedding Compressed Watermarking Based on Chaotic and Wavelet Algorithm

To overcome the problem that embedding too much information will cause distortion of the original image. In this paper, a watermarking based on compressing the binary watermark image by specified coding is proposed. According to the result of compression and use the chaotic sequence to determine the watermarks embedded positions in the original image. The Experimental results show that this algorithm of digital watermarking is invisible and robust to against noise and general image processing techniques such as JPEG compaction and cropping attack, etc.