cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urban Professional Development Working to Create Successful Teachers and Achieving Students

evidenced by performance on standardized tests. This movement has significant implications for the professional development of teachers who are ultimately responsible for ensuring that their underachieving students are making adequate gains on standardized tests. These issues are especially prominent in middle school environments where many teachers continue to hold elementary certification (Flowers, Mertens, & Mulhall, 2002)—certification that does not meet the NCLB definition of "highly qualified." This We Believe (National Middle School Association, 2003) calls for teachers who are prepared to work effectively with middle level students—teachers who are lifelong learners and committed to ongoing professional growth. The NMSA statement recognizes that middle level students have the capacity to learn, grow, and achieve to their highest potentials if they have competent and caring teachers to foster this growth. Well-articulated and authentic professional development is required to move teachers to higher performance levels, thus boosting student achievement. However, despite the recommendations of NCLB and NMSA, professional development practices in the United States remain inadequate (Borko, 2004; Collinson & Ono, 2001; Lieberman, 2000) and inappropriate for middle level teachers (Flowers, Mertens, & Mulhall, 2002). In response to this challenge, the co-authors obtained a substantial school/university partnership grant, entitled Project Achieve, from the School District of Philadelphia to create a professional development model in one urban middle school to measure the extent to which
Transcriptional Regulation of the MDR1 Gene by Histone Acetyltransferase and Deacetylase Is Mediated by NF-Y

Recent studies have shown that the histone-modifying enzymes histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) are involved in transcriptional activation and repression, respectively. However, little is known about the endogenous genes that are regulated by these enzymes or how specificity is achieved. In the present report, we demonstrate that HAT and HDAC activities modulate transcription of the P-glycoprotein-encoding gene, MDR1. Incubation of human colon carcinoma SW620 cells in 100-ng/ml trichostatin A (TSA), a specific HDAC inhibitor, increased the steady-state level of MDR1 mRNA 20-fold. Furthermore, TSA treatment of cells transfected with a wild-type MDR1 promoter/luciferase construct resulted in a 10- to 15-fold induction of promoter activity. Deletion and point mutation analysis determined that an inverted CCAAT box was essential for this activation. Consistent with this observation, overexpression of p300/CREB binding protein-associated factor (P/CAF), a transcriptional coactivator with intrinsic HAT activity, activated the wild-type MDR1 promoter but not a promoter containing a mutation in the CCAAT box; deletion of the P/CAF HAT domain abolished activation. Gel shift and supershift analyses identified NF-Y as the CCAAT-box binding protein in these cells, and cotransfection of a dominant negative NF-Y expression vector decreased the activation of the MDR1 promoter by TSA. Moreover, NF-YA and P/CAF were shown to interact in vitro. This is the first report of a natural promoter that is modulated by HAT and HDAC activities in which the transcription factor mediating this regulation has been identified.
Review Essay: Introducing Students to the Tools of Psychological Research

Psychologische Methoden der Datenerhebung und -analyse konnen fur viele Lehrende und Studierende eine sehr entmutigende Aufgabe sein. Auch aus diesem Grund ist das Buch von Nicky HAYES – Doing Psychological Research: Gathering and Analyzing Data (2000) – ein wichtiger Beitrag. Es richtet sich an Studienanfanger(innen) der Psychologie und behandelt sowohl quantitative als auch qualitative Ansatze. Das Buch ist in zwei Teile gegliedert: Teil I behandelt Erhebungsmethoden, Teil II widmet sich den Auswertungsverfahren. Zu jedem Kapitel gibt es Ubungen, Arbeitsbeispiele und Fragen, die eine Uberprufung des eigenen Wissenstandes/Lernfortschritts erlauben. In meinem Rezensionsaufsatz diskutiere ich, wie HAYES dieses Material zusammengestellt und prasentiert hat und ob das Buch zum Lernen/Verstehen Studierender beitragen kann. Daruber hinaus erortere ich, inwieweit HAYES den sich verandernden methodologischen Haltungen in der Psychologie und den Sozialwissenschaften gerecht wird. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs020475
Chapter 33 Ecto-protein kinases as mediators for the action of secreted ATP in the brain

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the recent studies on the identification, activity, and function of ecto-protein kinases (PKs) in the central nervous system. The finding demonstrates that antibodies directed against substrates of ecto-protein kinase can inhibit their phosphorylation without penetrating cells, and provide important tools for the investigation of the precise role of specific surface protein phosphorylation systems in the regulation of biological functions. Ecto-PKs have been shown to phosphorylate two types of substrates: cell surface proteins and protein components that reside in the extracellular environment. The chapter reveals that the studies of the extracellular phosphorylation of unique proteins on the surface of brain neurons have implicated a specific, developmentally-regulated, ecto-PK activity in neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis. Studies of the ecto-PKC of human platelets revealed that changes in the phosphorylation state of surface proteins can trigger the membrane rearrangements associated with cellular activation. The hypothesis formulated on the basis of all these studies states that alterations in the phosphorylation state of ecto-domains in surface proteins of developing neurons induce conformational changes leading to rearrangements of membrane components that trigger the onset of neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis.
Solving the Collective Action Problem: Policy Options for Future Humanitarian Interventions

This paper looks at the problem of humanitarian intervention in a novel manner, treating it as a collective action problem, rather than simply a normative debate. As a result, it draws up a rich collective action literature and makes the argument that modern humanitarian interventions--from Bosnia to East Timor--ought to be placed within this framework of problems. If this premise is accepted, it further makes the argument that the optimal policy option, according to the collective action literature, would be a framework which maximizes the incentives and capabilities for regional organizations to intervene rather than international organizations.
Creation of Li-7 and Destruction of He-3, Be-9, B-10, and B-11 in Low Mass Red Giants, Due to Deep Circulation

It has been demonstrated that Li-7 can be created in low mass red giant stars, via the Cameron-Fowler mechanism, due to extra deep mixing and the associated "cool bottom processing" (CBP). Under certain conditions, this Li-7 creation can take the place of the Li-7 destruction normally expected. Note that such extra mixing on the red giant branch (RGB) has previously been invoked to explain the observed C-13 enhancements. This new Li-7 production can account for the recent discovery of surprisingly high lithium abundances in some low mass red giants (a few of which are super-rich lithium stars, with abundances higher than that in the interstellar medium). The amount of Li-7 produced can exceed log epsilon(Li-7) = 4, but depends critically on the details of the extra mixing mechanism (mixing speeds, geometry, episodicity). If the deep circulation is a relatively long-lived, continuous process, lithium-rich RGB stars should be completely devoid of beryllium and boron. CBP also leads to He-3 destruction in low mass stars; in contrast to Li-7 creation, the extent of He-3 depletion is largely independent of the details of the extra mixing mechanism. The overall contribution from solar-metallicity stars (1 - 40 Msun) is expected to be net destruction of He-3, with overall He-3 survival fraction g_3 = 0.9 +/- 0.2 (weighted average) --- in contrast to standard dredge-up, which would predict stars are net producers of He-3 (g_3:dr = 2.4 +/- 0.5). Pop II stars experience even more severe He-3 depletion, with 0.3 < g_3 < 0.7. Destruction of He-3 in low mass stars is consistent with the requirements of galactic chemical evolution models; it would also result in some relaxation of the upper bound on the primordial (D + He-3)/H abundance.
How reward and emotional stimuli induce different reactions across the menstrual cycle.

Despite widespread belief that moods are affected by the menstrual cycle, researchers on emotion and reward have not paid much attention to the menstrual cycle until recently. However, recent research has revealed different reactions to emotional stimuli and to rewarding stimuli across the different phases of the menstrual cycle. The current paper reviews the emerging literature on how ovarian hormone fluctuation during the menstrual cycle modulates reactions to emotional stimuli and to reward. Behavioral and neuroimaging studies in humans suggest that estrogen and progesterone have opposing influences. That is, it appears that estrogen enhances reactions to reward, but progesterone counters the facilitative effects of estrogen and decreases reactions to rewards. In contrast, reactions to emotionally arousing stimuli (particularly negative stimuli) appear to be decreased by estrogen but enhanced by progesterone. Potential factors that can modulate the effects of the ovarian hormones (e.g., an inverse quadratic function of hormones’ effects; the structural changes of the hippocampus across the menstrual cycle) are also discussed.
Men's records and women's: are the women better already?: Moving towards a gender-neutral Olympics

Women's record times and distances may always lag behind men's. But, asks Stephanie Kovalchik, is this because we are measuring the wrong things? She looks forward to an Olympics that rewards achievement as well as luck of the genes – where determination as much as talent could earn an athlete gold…
Distal soft tissue release

Abstract The distal soft tissue release is an essential portion of the operative treatment of hallux valgus. The pathology of hallux valgus is highlighted by subluxation of both the metatarsophalangeal and metatarsosesamoid joints with concomitant contracture of the lateral capsule and soft tissue structures. The operative treatment requires an understanding of the importance of restoring the anatomic relationships about the metatarsophalangeal joint. The surgical technique of the formal distal soft tissue release and the “through the joint” methods are discussed.
Simultaneous Confidence Regions for Predictions

Abstract After observing n independent responses at n corresponding design points in a linear regression setting, one wishes to make a confidence statement about future responses that will apply simultaneously to all possible design points. Two appropriate prediction regions are derived using normal theory.
Changes in the coronary arteries of the dog following injections of allylamine

Abstract Preliminary report of the pathologic changes occurring in dogs after single and repeated injections of allylamine and related substances has been made. The progressive morphologic changes occurring in the coronary arteries and in the body fat have been described in some detail. The similarity of the vascular lesions to those occurring in certain diseases of man has been pointed out and plans for further study indicated.
Point of view - we, too, must evolve

The author discusses how to discuss and support the theory of evolution in our schools and communities.
Correlation effects and electronic properties of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes

Abstract We calculated analytically the quasi-particle energy spectra for various fullerenes and graphitic microtubules within a mean-field theory. Correlation effects due to the Coulomb interaction between electrons are investigated by using the self-consistent quasi-particle energy spectra for microtubules. We also found a striking paramagnetic to diamagnetic ordering transition of a two-dimensional electron gas on a microtubule in an external magnetic field.
White Paper on Damages Actions for Breach of the EC Antitrust Rules: The Binding Effect of Decisions Adopted by Competition Authorities

On April 2, 2008 the European Commission published the White Paper on 'Damages actions for breach of the EC antitrust rules proposing to the member-states the adoption of concrete measures as regards a number of issues pertaining to the satisfaction of relevant claims, such as standing, access to evidence, proof of infringement, fault, definition of damages etc. Most notably, however, the Commission included in its list of proposals the rule that an infringement finding by an NCA decision constitutes irrebuttable proof of that infringement. Consequently, it fulfills the requirement of illegality, pre-requisite for liability. Even more interestingly, this rule, about the binding effect of the NCA infringement finding, extends to all member-state national courts deciding subsequent ('follow-on') claims for civil damages of the victims of such infringement. This article aims to define the scope of application of the proposed EU-wide binding effect rule as this is presented in the White Paper and to discuss some of the issues expected to arise following its adoption by national legislators (either on a voluntary basis or, most probably) following an eventual relevant provision in the forthcoming EC Draft Directive for Antitrust Damages.
Some relations and tests on a constitutive equation with a factorized memory function

Abstract A recently proposed form for a constitutive equation for polymeric liquids is considered. The equation is of a strain-dependent type with a memory function factorized into time- and strain-dependent components. Relations are developed in simple shear flow which allow one to directly test the factorability assumption with experimental data. An exponential form for the strain-dependent component is then compared with experimental data on a polystyrene solution.
Unsuspected retained 60-cm intravenous guidewire

We report a case of a retained 60-cm intravenous guidewire that had inadvertently slipped into a patient during preoperative central line placement. This unsuspected guidewire was unrecognized on postoperative chest and abdominal radiographs, but was subsequently diagnosed much later at computed tomography. After 150 days within the patient, the guidewire was retrieved percutaneously without complication.
Flow and heat transfer in compression mold filling

Abstract The interaction between heat transfer and flow through temperature-dependent viscosity during compression molding of a cold charge in a hot mold is studied by numerical simulation of two-dimensional cases. The finite-element method is used to solve the equations of motion and energy with a mesh which conforms at every instant to the shape of the charge. The results show that under typical operating conditions a thin layer of warm, low viscosity fluid at the mold surface lubricates the remainder of the charge, which undergoes nearly a planar elongational deformation. For material properties and operating conditions typical of the compression molding of sheet molding compound, very little preferential flow of the material near the mold surface is predicted. The results support the assumption of a flat velocity profile in nonisothermal compression molding used by several workers, and explain the success of some isothermal mold-filling models at predicting mold-filling patterns for nonisothermal cases.
Suppressed black hole production from minimal length

Abstract Large extra dimensions lower the Planck scale to values soon accessible. Motivated by string theory, the models of large extra dimensions predict a vast number of new effects in the energy range of the lowered Planck scale, among them the production of TeV-mass black holes. But not only is the Planck scale the energy scale at which effects of modified gravity become important. String theory as well as non-commutative quantum mechanics suggest that the Planck length acts a minimal length in nature, providing a natural ultraviolet cutoff and a limit to the possible resolution of spacetime. The minimal length effects thus become important in the same energy range in which the black holes are expected to form. In this Letter we examine the influence of the minimal length on the expected production rate of the black holes.
Small-Scale Industry in Yingge, Taiwan:

Development on Taiwan has been such that it may not be useful to consider it a "developing" country at all. Its population, once primarily agricultural, is increasingly engaged in industrial work. ' Taiwan's gross national product, per-capita income, literacy, and life expectancy-all of the measures one usually associates with economic development-have risen impressively in the last 20 years.2 To top this all off, Taiwan seems to have minimal unemployment and an income distribution that is among the most equitable in the non-communist world.3 All of
Recording sympathetic nerve activity chronically in rats: surgery techniques, assessment of nerve activity, and quantification

The sympathetic nervous system plays a pivotal role in homeostasis through its direct innervation and functional impact on a variety of end organs. In rats, a number of methods are available to assess sympathetic nervous system function. Traditionally, direct recording of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) has been restricted to acute, anesthetized preparations or conscious animals within a few days after electrode implantation. However, these approaches provide short-term data in studies designed to investigate changes in SNA during chronic disease states. Over the last several years, chronic SNA recording has been pioneered in rabbits and more recently in rats. The purpose of this article is to provide insights and a “how to” guide for chronic SNA recordings in rats based on experiences from two independent laboratories. We will present common methodologies used to chronically record SNA, characteristics and methods to distinguish sympathetic bursts versus electrical artifacts (and provide corresponding audio clips when available), and provide suggestions for analysis and presentation of data. In many instances, these same guidelines are applicable to acute SNA recordings. Using the surgical approaches described herein, both laboratories have been able to chronically record SNA in >50% of rats for a duration >3 wk. The ability to record SNA over the time course of several weeks will, undoubtedly, greatly impact the field of autonomic and cardiovascular physiology.
Comparison of symptomatic and prophylactic irradiation of brain metastases from oat cell carcinoma of the lung

In this analysis, the results of brain irradiation of 39 patients with symptomatic brain metastases from oat cell carcinoma of the lung were compared with the published results of patients whose brains were irradiated prophylactically. The goals were: to substantiate a clinical impression that patients with symptomatic brain metastases respond well to radiation and often experience no further neurologic deterioration until death; and to compare the outcomes of symptomatic and prophylactic radiation of the brain for oat cell carcinoma of the lung. Of 39 patients with proven brain metastases who received cranial irradiation, 25 achieved complete palliation and remained free of neurologic symptoms, 4/4 achieved complete palliation; for moderate symptoms, 12/15; and for severe symptoms, 9/20. A summary of 12 reports from the literature shows that for patients with oat cell carcinoma of the lung receiving prophylactic cranial irradiation, the incidence of brain metastases is 28/525, while for patients receiving no prophylactic therapy it is 51/223. When the results of symptomatic and prophylactic cranial irradiation were compared, it was found that symptomatic irradiation controls central nervous system disease, as well as prophylactic therapy, while eliminating the need for brain irradiation in three-fourths of the patients.
Dynamic Measurements of the Wetting of Single Filaments

A means for a fairly rapid determination of a velocity that is characteristic of the dynamic wetting behavior during the vertical entrance of a filament into a liquid bath is described. The velocity chosen is that at which the dynamic contact angle is increased to 90° and has been named "rise-cancelling velocity." Sensitivity of this velocity to the composition of the filament and liquid, and to temperature is generally consistent with equilibrium wettability and with the viscosity of the liquid, although an adequate physical model has not as yet been developed.
Trop2: A possible therapeutic target for late stage epithelial carcinomas

Trop2 is a cell-surface glycoprotein overexpressed in a variety of late stage epithelial carcinomas with low to no expression in normal tissues. Some of the important roles that Trop2 plays in epithelial cancers have recently been revealed. Trop2 overexpression is associated with decreased patient survival as well as increased tumor aggressiveness and metastasis. Its overexpression in metastatic tissue makes it a very attractive and potential therapeutic target for late stage disease. This protein can transduce an intracellular calcium signal and contains a conserved phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) binding motif as well as a serine phosphorylation site which interacts with protein kinase C. This protein has recently being found to be expressed in cells with stem-like properties which allude to a potential role in progenitor cell biology. Further understanding of the signaling pathways involved with this molecule and its important role in metastasis will shed new light on the mechanism of Trop2 overexpression in late stage disease and could result in the development of new therapies targeting this widely overexpressed oncogene.
The extraordinary reactivity of the ring SiC bonds in 1,1-dimethyl-trans-2,3-bis(2′,2′-dimethylcyclopropylidene)-1-silacyclopropane

The reactions of the title silirane with oxygen, water, alcohols, primary and some secondary amines, hydrogen sulfide, carboxylic acids and hydrazoic acid proceeded exothermally at room temperature with opening of the SiC bond of the SiC2 ring. Hydrogen chloride reacted rapidly at −78°C, as did methyl- and phenyl-lithium and lithium dialkylamides. Ring cleavage of the silirane also could be effected with acetyl chloride, boron trichloride and lithium aluminum hydride. A comparison of the reactivity of the title silirane with that of 1,1-dimethyl-1-silacyclobutane shows the dramatic effect of the high ring strain in the former, which results in hyper-reactive ring SiC bonds.
Antenna array design for multi-UAVs communication in next generation Flying Ad-Hoc Networks (FANETs)

In this paper, a microstrip patch antenna and its 1×2, 1×4 and 2×4 arrays are proposed for Flying Ad-hoc Network (FANET) communication in multi-UAV systems. The antennas and arrays resonate in the 5GHz band and have been optimized for high bandwidth and gain. The antennas and arrays are proposed and designed using Rogers RT/duroid 5880LZ substrate which is light weight and has specific applications in UAV antennas. The bandwidth achieved by 5880LZ antenna and arrays is 500–530MHz. The efficiency of the single element 5880LZ antenna is 91.7%. The gain and directivity of the 5880LZ antenna has been increased from 9.2dBi to 15.8dBi and 9.6dBi to 17.6dBi respectively by designing 1×2, 1×4 and 2×4 arrays. The antennas are designed using Agilent advance design system - momentum simulator.
Ponderomotive effects in zero kinetic energy photoelectron spectroscopy with intense femtosecond pulses

Abstract Zero kinetic energy photoelectron (ZEKE) spectroscopy may be an interesting technique for monitoring the time evolution of state selected atomic products in ultrafast pump-probe experiments. We investigate here the effects of laser intensity by studying three-photon non-resonant ZEKE spectra of atomic xenon at the first ionization threshold with tunable femtosecond UV pulses. High intensity introduces a new broadening due to ponderomotive effects in the ZEKE spectrum. It is demonstrated that a three-photon ZEKE spectrum can be recorded at intensities where the broadenign due to these ponderomotive effects (i.e. the ac Stark shift for high- n Rydberg states) is small in comparison with the effective laser bandwidth.
CFTR intron 1 increases luciferase expression driven by CFTR 5'-flanking DNA in a yeast artificial chromosome

The DNA elements that account for the highly regulated expression of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR) are poorly understood. The goal of this study was to assess the feasibility of using a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)-based reporter gene construct to define these elements further. An approximately 350-kb YAC (y5'luc) was constructed by replacing CFTR with a luciferase reporter gene (luc). A second YAC (y5'lucI) was similarly constructed but included a putative positive regulatory element from CFTR intron 1. Stable Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cell clones were derived using each YAC to assess the role that luc copy number and the presence of intron 1 played in luc expression. The CHO-K1 clonal cell lines demonstrated a wide range of luciferase activity. On average, this activity was significantly higher in clones derived from y5'lucI. After correcting for luc copy number, the presence of intron 1 was still associated with an increase in luciferase activity (P < 0.05), despite the fact that luciferase activity did not correlate with luc copy number in y5'luc-derived clones (r = -0.12). In contrast, the luciferase activity correlated well with luc copy number in the clones derived from y5'luc (r = 0. 75). These data are consistent with a positive role for intron 1 in regulating CFTR expression, but suggest that copy number is not the only factor that determines expression levels, particularly when this element is present. This YAC-based reporter system will provide a unique strategy for further assessment of the cis-acting elements that control CFTR expression.
Classroom motivation: Strategies of first-year teachers.

During a 16-week period, the motivational strategies used by 30 first-year elementary school classroom teachers and the on-task behaviors of their respective students were monitored. The motivational strategies were categorized as either getting attention, emphasizing relevance, building confidence, or imposing rewards and punishments. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of student age and the type, number, and ease of use of the selected strategies
Quality characteristics of broiler blood meal as affected by yeast, glucose oxidase, and antioxidant treatments

Effects of deglucosing and antioxidant treatments on quality characteristics of broiler blood meal were studied. Broiler blood was dried and ground with deglucosing and antioxidant addition. The non-deglucosed blood powder was darker, less red and yellow in color than those of the deglucosed. Yeast deglucosed blood meal had the lowest lysine availability as measured by the fluorodinitrobenzene method. Glucose oxidase desugarization improved (p < 0.05) the lysine availability of blood powder. Treatment of broiler blood with glucose oxidase and antioxidant combination improved lysine availability by preventing an increase in TBA values.
A versatile in vivo system for directed dissection of gene expression patterns

Tissue-specific gene expression using the upstream activating sequence (UAS)–GAL4 binary system has facilitated genetic dissection of many biological processes in Drosophila melanogaster. Refining GAL4 expression patterns or independently manipulating multiple cell populations using additional binary systems are common experimental goals. To simplify these processes, we developed a convertible genetic platform, the integrase swappable in vivo targeting element (InSITE) system. This approach allows GAL4 to be replaced with any other sequence, placing different genetic effectors under the control of the same regulatory elements. Using InSITE, GAL4 can be replaced with LexA or QF, allowing an expression pattern to be repurposed. GAL4 can also be replaced with GAL80 or split-GAL4 hemi-drivers, allowing intersectional approaches to refine expression patterns. The exchanges occur through efficient in vivo manipulations, making it possible to generate many swaps in parallel. This system is modular, allowing future genetic tools to be easily incorporated into the existing framework.
Safety and Efficacy Review: Lacosamide for the Treatment of Diabetic Neuropathic Pain

Objectives: To provide background information on diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP), current treatment options for DPNP, and information about lacosamide. To determine the safety and efficacy of lacosamide as a treatment option for DPNP. Methods: A literature search was performed in order to describe DPNP, locate pertinent information about lacosamide, and determine the safety and efficacy of lacosamide for the treatment of DPNP in various trials. A search was also performed to review the effects of other medications on DPNP for the education of the reader as well as to make a comparison to lacosamide. Results: DPNP is a common occurrence in patients with diabetes. Options for the treatment of DPNP include anti-depressants, anti-convulsants, opiates, and other alternative medications. One of the most recently studied drugs for DPNP is lacosamide, an anti-convulsant usually prescribed for the adjunct treatment of partial onset seizures. Three RCTs using lacosamide and an extension to one of the trials was found and reviewed. Rauck et al found that lacosamide titrated up to 400 mg divided twice daily to treat DPNP caused 60% of patients to have a significant decrease of 3.11 on the Likert Pain Scale as compared to 50.8% of patients in the placebo group having a decrease of 2.21 on the Likert Pain Scale from the beginning of treatment until conclusion of the trial. Shaibani et al performed an extension to the trial performed by Rauck et al and determined that the effects of lacosamide used for DPNP were maintained over a 2.5 year period. Wymer et al reproduced the results of the study done by Rauck et al by using 200 mg, 400 mg, and 600 mg of lacosamide divided twice daily and comparing them to placebo to see the difference in the Likert Pain Scale scores from the beginning of the trial to conclusion of the trial. The Likert Pain Scale differences were 1.8, 1.9, 2.5, and 2.0 for the placebo, 200 mg, 400 mg, and 600 mg dosage groups, respectively. In the 400 mg lacosamide daily group, 58% of subjects experienced a significant decrease in the Likert Pain Scale score. The 200 mg and 600 mg dosage groups showed no difference in the Likert Pain Scale scores. Ziegler et al studied the changes in pain scores from baseline to the last four weeks of maintenance therapy using lacosamide 400 mg and 600 mg versus placebo. No significant changes were seen in either group. The 400 mg and 600 mg groups lowered the pain scores −0.40 and −0.36 points below placebo, respectively. However, when broken into sections, the trial did show significant changes in pain scores. There were no significant differences in adverse effects across all trials using the 400 mg dose of lacosamide. No trials were found that compared lacosamide to any other drug for the treatment of DPNP. Conclusion: Mixed results do show that lacosamide has the potential to effectively and safely lower pain scale scores in individuals with DPNP. However, due to a lack of consistent results and comparison studies with more established and accepted treatments, lacosamide cannot be recommended first line.
Memory, Myth and Ethnicity: A Review of Recent Literature and Some Cases from Zaire

Historians, facing "an interconnected crisis of content, method and audience," have attempted to resolve this crisis by calling upon "a new interdisciplinary approach to the study and understanding of human memory" (Thelen, 1989a:B 1). I believe that such an interdisciplinary approach can shed much light on the phenomenon of ethnicity. I shall attempt to demonstrate this point by examining a number of recent works dealing with the historical identity of the English and with "tribalism" (cultural identity) in southern Africa. Then I shall attempt to apply some of the insights gained to interviews I conducted in Sankuru Sub-Region (Kasai Oriental Region, Republic of Zaire) in 1970. According to Thelen, the crisis of content in the discipline of history arose out of the need to publish or perish. Scholars have researched and written about increasingly specialized topics. "Common questions about how people make sense of their pasts go unasked" (Thelen 1989a:B 1). The new approach-which draws on overlapping discoveries from cognitive psychology, folklore, literary criticism, art history, communications, and allied fields-challenges historians' conventional concerns with accuracy and documentation:
Neurochemical findings in adreno-leukodystrophy.

Abstract The results of neurochemical examination of brain tissue derived from 2 cases of adreno-leukodystrophy have been presented. Both white and grey matter contained sudanophilic material. Although free fatty acid was also present, cholesteryl ester accounted for the bulk of the sudanophilic material. Total cholesterol, galactolipid and phospholipid content was reduced in both white and grey matter. The lipid loss was particularly severe from white matter, indicative of considerable demyelination. Cholesterol was found to be the only major sterol present in white or grey matter. Subcellular fractionation of the diseased white matter resulted in myelin and two related fractions, one of which was very fatty and was rich in steryl ester. Morphological examination of myelin indicated loosely-packed lamellae. All 3 fractions had adenosine 2′, 3′-cyclic nucleotide-3′-phosphohydrolase activity. Myelin and the fraction not rich in cholesteryl ester had discernable basic protein bands when examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids indicated a general increase of saturated fatty acids, relative to control values and a decrease in long-chain fatty acids. Examination of sphingomyelin fatty acids also demonstrated a loss of long-chain fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of the cholesteryl esters from white and grey matter differed. The findings indicate generalized damage to the brain, both of white and grey matter, with the damage to the white matter being much more severe. No abnormal sterol or other lipid was isolated.
Physicians should declare financial incentives for recruiting minority ethnic patients into clinical trials

Mistrust may explain why non-white people are under-represented in clinical trials despite apparent willingness. Arch G Mainous III suggests doctors who recruit such patients should
Mannose-Resistant Hemagglutination and P Receptor Recognition of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Adult Patients

Adhesions of 211 strains of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and 19 strains of normal fecal E. coli were characterized by patterns of agglutination with human erythrocytes, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and horse erythrocytes coated with the P blood-group receptor (P). Mannose-resistant (MR) hemagglutination was significantly associated with P agglutination (P less than .001). E. coli expressing MR and/or P (MR/P) agglutinins concurrently with mannose-sensitive (MS) agglutinins predominated in all clinical categories. The highest percentage of E. coli demonstrating MR/P agglutinins, in the absence of MS agglutinins, was recovered from patients with acute pyelonephritis (35%) compared with percentages of patients with chronic pyelonephritis (13%), asymptomatic bacteriuria (16%), cystitis (11%), and normal fecal control E. coli (11%). Sixty-nine percent of E. coli isolates causing acute pyelonephritis agglutinated P-coated horse erythrocytes compared with only 11% of the fecal isolates. Strains expressing MR/P agglutinins (in the absence of MS agglutinins) isolated from patients with acute pyelonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, and asymptomatic bacteriuria were significantly associated with the presence of antibody-coated bacteria in patients' urine sediments (P less than .010), an observation indicative of an immune response associated with bacterial invasion of host tissues.
At the crossroads : Mexico and U.S. immigration policy

Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Mexico and U.S. Worldwide Immigration Policy Chapter 3 Mexican Social and Economic Policy and Emigration Chapter 4 Do Mexican Agricultural Policies Stimulate Emigration? Chapter 5 Mexican Immigration and the U.S. Population Chapter 6 Fiscal Impacts of Mexican Migration to the United States Chapter 7 Labor Market Implications of Mexican Migration: Economies of Scale/ Innovation/ and Entrepreneurship Chapter 8 Policy, Politics, and Emigration: Reexamining the Mexican Experience Chapter 9 U.S. Public Perceptions and Reactions to Mexican Migration Chapter 10 NAFTA and Mexican Immigration Chapter 11 U.S. Foreign Policy and Mexican Immigration Chapter 12 Conclusion
Aquaporin-0 Water Conduction Regulation by Calmodulin

Aquaporin-0 (AQP0) contributes to the nurturing and cleaning of the eye lens of waste product. It is a tetrameric protein composed of four identical monomers, each of which has its own water pore. AQP0 water conduction is regulated by pH, Ca2+ concentration, and the phosphorylation of Serine residues at the C-terminal. High cellular Ca2+ concentration enhances the binding of Calmodulin (CaM), a Ca2+ dependent protein, to AQP0 from cytoplasm. Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations performed to investigate the effects of two Calmodulin binding to AQP0 tetramer revealed free energy barriers up to 6 kcal/mol for water conduction. MD simulations also exposed three distinct locations, where the water molecule's pathway changes between AQP0-CaM model versus AQP0 open model.
INTERACTION OF ISOVECTOR SCALAR MESONS WITH A STATIC SOURCE.

A self-consistent method is used to find an approximate ground state in the case of charged scalar and isovector scalar static source theories. In both cases there is a spectrum of stable excited states. In the case of a point source, the physical states are grouped into orthogonal uncoupled subspaces.
Metal chloride promotion and deactivation of chromia-alumina-catalyzed dehydrogenation of cyclohexane

Abstract As the concentration of the chloride of Li, Na, K, Mg, or Ca added to chromia-alumina increases, the catalyst activity for the dehydrogenation of cyclohexane passes through a maximum and eventually vanishes. The cation and the anion of these salts react with the chromia-alumina surface in equivalent, but small, amounts. Salt-surface reaction isotherms and plots of catalyst activity versus the amount of salt reacted with the surface are presented. For a given amount of reaction, the amount of activity depends upon the nature of the salt. The completion of the salt-surface reaction and the complete deactivation of the catalyst occur, within experimental error, simultaneously. The data suggest that both promotion and deactivation are due to the cation, and that both the unreacted salt in the catalyst pores (i.e., unreacted just before the solvent of the impregnating solution is removed) and some of the reacted salt do not contribute to deactivation.
On the determination of modal attenuation coefficients and compressional wave attenuation profiles in a range-dependent environment in Nantucket Sound

Techniques for determining modal attenuation coefficients and the compressional wave attenuation profile of the bottom in shallow water are presented. The input data consists of spatially well-sampled measurements of the pressure field versus range due to a monochromatic point source, which can be provided by either real or synthetic aperture horizontal arrays. Several methods are described for obtaining modal attenuation coefficients from the pressure field or its Hankel transform. The bottom attenuation profile is related to the modal attenuation coefficients through an integral equation that is solved using linear inverse theory. The methods are demonstrated using both noise-free and noisy synthetic data. The results of inverting experimental data from Nantucket Sound at 140 Hz and 220 Hz are presented. including the resolution and variance estimates of the inferred bottom attenuation profiles. Separation of the contributions of other attenuating mechanisms that can be confused with compressional wave attenuation (shear, rough surface scattering) is also discussed. >
Quantitative sensitivity in atomic-absorption spectroscopy

Abstract This paper presents a discussion of quantitative sensitivity based on qualitative sensitivity and qualitative detection limits, and includes comments upon those factors which contribute to increased working curve slope, decreased noise level, improved precision, and avoidance of curvature of the working curve at high concentration levels. These factors are considered fundamental for increasing sensitivity in quantitative analytical determinations by atomic-absorption flame photometry. An explanation is included of how the different factors were studied in the authors' laboratories, with the addition of some new instrumental features. Tables of sensitivities in terms of concentration limits (percentual and fluctuational) for some elements are given, as well as the corresponding quantitative values.
Bioengineering issues related to in situ remediation of contaminated soils and groundwater.

Biological processes have been used well over 100 years for the treatment of organic-bearing municipal and industrial wastewaters and municipal landfills. Aerobic biological processes, such as activated sludge and trickling filters, are used in virtually every city in the United States for treating dilute municipal wastewaters. Anaerobic processes are nearly as widely used to convert the concentrated sludges resulting from dilute waste treatment into methane gas, a useful form of fuel. About 30 years ago, it was first realized that by using completely mixed treatment processes, industrial wastewaters can be readily treated even though they contain organic compounds, such as phenol, that are toxic to microorganisms at the concentrations present. This is possible because the degrading microorganisms maintain the concentration of the chemical within the reactor below the toxic threshold. Biological treatment systems for such wastewaters are now common. Thus, a wide variety of biological processes for converting many forms of hazardous chemicals to innocuous end products are well established and extensively used throughout the world.
Nonlinear Creep in a Polymer Glass

Results of molecular dynamics simulations are presented for the nonlinear creep response of a model polymer glass under both tension and compression. The structure of the material was examined as a function of time; it is found that the overall structure, as measured by the structure factor, changes appreciably during the deformation. The intensity of the first peak is decreased under stress and the polymer chains are deformed. The dynamics are studied using both the bond autocorrelation function and the incoherent dynamic structure factor. It is found that the dynamics are strongly correlated with the strain rate in the material. Additionally, each measure of the dynamics is uniformly enhanced by the same amount. Previous simulations have shown that the enhanced dynamics do not correlate with changes in the volume in any clear manner; here, evidence from simulations indicates that the enhanced dynamics correlate with the energy of the inherent structures of the material, suggesting that changes in the ma...
Ephs and Ephrins in Malignant Gliomas

Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and the corresponding ephrin ligands play a pivotal role in the glioma development and progression. Aberrant protein expression levels of the Eph receptors and ephrins are often associated with higher tumor grade and poor prognosis. Their function in tumorigenesis is complex due to the intricate network of possible co-occurring interactions between neighboring tumor cells and tumor microenvironment. Both Ephs and ephrins localize on the surface of tumor cells, tumor vasculature, glioma stem cells, tumor cells infiltrating brain, and immune cells infiltrating tumors. They can both promote and inhibit tumorigenicity depending on the downstream forward and reverse signalling generated. All the above-mentioned features make the Ephs/ephrins system an intriguing candidate for the development of new therapeutic strategies in glioma treatment. This review will give a general overview on the structure and the function of Ephs and ephrins, with a particular emphasis on the state of the knowledge of their role in malignant gliomas.
Monopoly and the Distribution of Wealth: Revisited

We are indebted to Professor Thomas [1980] for his comments on our study. The issues raised do require further discussion and concern. Political officials have generally emphasized the distributional consequences of monopoly power, but these consequences have typically been ignored in the economic literature. Economists have traditionally been uncomfortable with distributional issues, where welfare judgments require interpersonal comparisons of utility. The allocation of resources and its implication for efficiency have long been the central focus of our attention. This focus clearly applies to discussions of the impact of monopoly, where Harberger's original study [1954] instigated a series of inquiries into the allocative effects of monopoly, while prior to our paper there had been no investigation of distributive effects. A first step toward a detailed examination of the distributive impact of monopoly was to obtain estimates of the relative magnitudes involved. Were these effects sufficiently large to warrant further investigation? Despite the arguments of political officials, there is a need to be assured that there is something here worth studying. The efforts made in our original paper should be considered in this light. We asked global questions regarding the impact of monopoly on the distribution of wealth, despite the evident difficulties in obtaining hard answers. We viewed our efforts as the first step in a longer process rather than a set of final answers. Our goal was to be provocative, and as such, Thomas' comment suggests that we have been successful. In a study such as ours, where there is no direct optimizing model, but instead attempts to trace through the implication of monetary flows, conclusions depend directly on the underlying assumptions. A weakness of this approach is that it is generally possible to question one assumption or another, and to argue that the results would be different had the authors made other seemingly reasonable assumptions. We cannot argue that the assumptions made in the original study were the only ones possible. Instead, the assumptions made were designed to understate distributive effects. Therefore, to state as Thomas does, that "each of these biases works to overstate the importance of monopoly for the distribution of wealth," [1980, p. 191]