cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Shipboard Optical Turbulence Measurements

The development of sophisticated Electro-Optical systems for use in a shipboard environment is somewhat hampered by the lack of reliable models of the optical turbulence effects in close proximity to the ship, caused by the ship itself. To this end, preliminary microthermal fluctuations were made on an operating aircraft carrier during July 1979, along with other optical and meteorological measurements. These microthermal fluctuation measurements are being studied to ascertain their value in the development of a suitable model. Three CONTEL model MT-2 Microthermal Probes were specially modified for shipboard measurements and remote data acquisition, and deployed at three deck level sites on the USS LEXINGTON. These sites included the forward port and starboard sponscns, and an aft starboard sponson. Data was logged once each second for nine to fourteen hour periods on three consecutive days. The measurements include periods of flight operations during which the launching of aircraft can be clearly observed as strong perturbations in the data. Analysis of the data, measurement techniques and other evidence, raises several cautions as to the application of the standard optical turbulence models. In this light, the value of the data set is discussed and the character of future measurements are suggested.
Combination chemotherapy (high-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor rescue, mechlorethamine, and procarbazine) in non-small cell lung cancer.

Twenty-five patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were treated with high-dose methotrexate with citrovorum factor resuce (HDMTX-CFR), mechlorethamine (HN2) and procarbazine (PCZ). Nineteen patients are evaluable for response. One patient had partial remission which lasted for 11 weeks. Nine patients had stable disease lasting for 6–22 weeks. HDMTX-CFR was well tolerated by these patients but this combination regimen produced very low tumor response rate (5.2%). Addition of HN2 and PCZ, chemotherapeutic agents active against NSCLC, failed to improve the tumor response rate but added to gastrointestinal and hematologic toxicity.
Non-destructive determination of aluminum in biological reference samples using neutron activation analysis

The non-destructive methods of thermal and epithermal neutron activation analysis have been employed to determine the aluminum concentration of seven National Institute of Standards and Technology certified biological reference materials. Through the judicious use of both thermal and epithermal neutron activation analysis using bare and boron-lined irradiation carriers, the major and minor contributions of the31P/n, α/28Al and of the28Si/n, p/28Al reactions, respectively, to the27Al/n, γ/28Al reaction could be corrected for explicitly. Based on replicate determinations precision of the analysis ranged from 2.5% for citrus leaves determined at the 75 ppm level to 18% for bovine liver measured at the 1 ppm level. Accuracy was demonstrated whenever possible by comparison to existing published data.
The surface tension of liquid gold, liquid tin, and liquid gold-tin binary solutions

Abstract Surface tensions of liquid gold-tin binary solutions were measured as a function of composition and temperature by the sessile drop method. With the resultant data plotted in the form of surface tension isotherms, three distinct extrema were found: one minimum and a maximum associated with temperatures near the liquidus and an additional minimum which appears only at higher temperatures in tin rich solutions. The concentrations at which these phenomena occurred were found to be temperature dependent, contrary to some previously published reports on similar systems. When the results were examined in terms of the energetics of adsorption, the influence of interatomic bonding at the surface appeared to play an important role in the occurrence of surface tension extrema. The observed behavior was rationalized in terms of free energies for the adsorption process.
Are Repeat Exam Scores Trustworthy? A Note about Measurement Error and the Need for Genuine Instructional Remediation

Many medical schools offer remediation opportunities for students that fail an examination or a course. Often, these remediation efforts lack a true educational intervention. This article discusses the perils and pitfalls of hastily accepting improved repeat examination scores as a valid indicator of student learning gains.
The defense reactions of three species of Hypera (Coleoptera, curculionidae) to an ichneumon wasp

Abstract The principal result of the investigation is to show that the parasite Bathyplectes curculionis exists in two strains, one in northern California parasitizing Hypera postica, and one in southern California developing on Hypera brunneipennis. About 94% of the eggs of the northern strain evoked a defense reaction in H. brunneipennis, 91% a reaction so strong that the parasite could not develop; about 50% of the eggs of the southern strain met a defense reaction in H. brunneipennis, but it was usually weak, and fewer than 15% of the parasite eggs were prevented from developing. Of the larvae of H. brunneipennis parasitized by the northern strain, not more than 10% would have been destroyed; of those parasitized by the southern strain, 100%. In Hypera postica less than 1% of the eggs of the northern strain, evoked a hemocytic reaction, and it was weak; but 15% of the eggs of the southern strain evoked a reaction and in some cases it was effective. Observations of secondary importance show that eggs of Bathyplectes that escaped encapsulation in one larva of H. brunneipennis were usually encapsulated when transferred to a second larva of the same species. Families of H. brunneipennis reared from isolated female weevils did not differ significantly in their reaction to northern parasites. A few instances were observed of larvae of Bathyplectes being encapsulated in H. brunneipennis. Eggs and larvae of Bathyplectes implanted in larvae of Hypera punctata were thickly encapsulated and melanized.
Estimates of net community production in the Southern Ocean determined from time series observations (2002–2011) of nutrients, dissolved inorganic carbon, and surface ocean pCO2 in Drake Passage

Abstract In remote regions such as the open Southern Ocean, satellite observations often provide the only available tool with which to evaluate large-scale biogeochemical processes. However, these observations need to be carefully evaluated with in situ measurements. With an average of 20 crossings per year from 2002 to 2011, the Drake Passage Time-series (DPT) represents one of the most complete datasets of biogeochemical measurements in the open Southern Ocean. This dataset offers a unique opportunity to validate satellite-based productivity algorithms and to improve understanding of the role of this region in the global carbon cycle. Net community production (NCP) was estimated using discrete measurements of total dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2) and phosphate ( PO 4 3 − ), and high-frequency underway measurements of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the surface ocean (pCO2surf) from the DPT, combined with estimates of gas exchange, Ekman transport, wind stress curl, and vertical entrainment. We estimate annual NCP using seasonal PO 4 3 − ( NCP PO 4 3 − ) and TCO2 ( NCP TCO 2 ) budgets of 1.2±0.7 and 1.6±0.4 mol C m−2 yr−1, respectively. Budget terms for gas exchange, entrainment, and advective supply indicate that a closed system seasonal-drawdown approach that does not consider additional terms may underestimate NCP in this region by nearly 35%. NCP estimates are compared to satellite algorithms commonly used to estimate both net primary production (NPP) and organic carbon export. Budget-based NCP approaches indicate high rates of NCP during austral spring with little additional NCP over austral summer. In contrast, satellite approaches suggest a more gradual increase and decline in NCP rates over the growing season with approximately 40% of NCP accumulating during austral summer.
Labeling and chemistry of grapefruit pectic substances

Abstract The labeling of a number of polysaccharides found in grapefruit ( Citrus paradisi ) was achieved by feeding labeled myo-inositol to ripening grapefruit through their cut fruit stem, and allowing 4 days for the metabolism of label. The pectic polysaccharides were isolated by successive extraction of the labeled grapefruit with 80% ethanol, chloroform-methanol (1:1) and finally with 0.2 M Na 2 EDTA to solubilize pectic polysaccharides. The incorporation of label from myo-inositol into galacturonosyl, arabinosyl, xylosyl and galactosyl residues of pectic polysaccharides via myo-inositol oxidation pathway was demonstrated. Ion exchange chromatography of these labeled pectic polysaccharides using DE-52 cellulose resulted in the elution of eight totally or partially resolved polysaccharides with increasing salt concentration. The results suggest that, like other plant tissues, the myo-inositol oxidation pathway is also operative in ripening grapefruit and this metabolic pathway could be successfully utilized to achieve labeling of a number of pectic polysaccharides.
The original shapes of quartz sand grains

ABSTRACT The basic underlying assumption of grain-shape studies of sediment sources is that the shapes of quartz grains from a given source reflect the genesis or lithology of that source and are distinct from the shapes of quartz grains from other sources. However, this critical assumption has never been tested and thus is a source of doubt about the results of past grain-shape studies. Therefore, a study of the original shapes of quartz sand grains that are released from crystalline and sedimentary rocks was conducted. The study shows that this critical assumption is true for quartz grains that are released from crystalline rocks, wind-transported sedimentary rocks, and quartz-cemented sedimentary rocks. These quartz grains were subjectd to varied mechanical and chemical processes during the genesis of these sources, and these processes have imprinted the grains with unique, source-indicative shapes. Quartz grains from crystalline rocks have highly nonspherical, angular outlines and numerous crystalline nodes, grain embayments, and fractures which are the products of crystallization and deformation at elevated temperatures and pressures. Quartz grains from wind-transported sedimentary rocks have highly rounded outlines and abraded grain surfaces which are the products of eolian abrasion. Lastly, qua tz grains from quartz-cemented sedimentary rocks have moderately angular outlines and well-defined quartz overgrowths which are the products of quartz cementation in deep-burial settings. However, the results also show that this critical assumption is false for quartz sand grains that are released from water-transported sedimentary rocks with no secondary quartz. The shapes of quartz sand grains from such sediment sources are relict--that is, they are inherited from the sources of the water-transported sedimentary rocks; they do not reflect the genesis or lithology of their present souces; and they are commonly indistinguishable from quartz grains from other sources.
Performance data of an environmentally stable deep UV positive resist

Abstract In this paper we describe the lithography performance of a chemically amplified positive DUV resist named “SUCCESS-ST2” from BASF [2]. The resist consists of three components. A polymer component which provides good etching resistance, a molecular component which combines the functions of the photoacid generator and the dissolution change agent and a contrast enhancement additive. Specifically time delay effects, process window, printing quality over poly-Si steps and etch performance are investigated.
THE SEXUAL GENOGRAM

The sexual genogram combines aspects of the sex history with the genograml family journey to examine the impact of the partners' family loyalties, secrets and “scripts” on their sexual functioning. The exploration process and the resulting family journey, which includes specific sexual material, offers an opportunity for major change to occur. Technique for this method is discussed, along with relevant case illustrations. The integration of family therapy theories and techniques, with those of sex therapy, provides increased richness to both therapies.
Formulation and calibration of higher-order elastic localization relationships using the MKS approach

Abstract Localization (as opposed to homogenization) describes the spatial distribution of the response field of interest at the microscale for an imposed loading condition at the macroscale. A novel approach called Materials Knowledge Systems (MKS) has recently been formulated to construct accurate, bidirectional, microstructure–property–processing linkages in hierarchical material systems to facilitate computationally efficient multiscale modeling and simulation. This approach is built on the statistical continuum theories developed by Kroner that express the localization of the response field at the microscale using a series of highly complex convolution integrals, which have historically been evaluated analytically. The MKS approach dramatically improves the accuracy of these expressions by calibrating the convolution kernels in these expressions to results from previously validated physics-based models. All of the prior work in the MKS framework has thus far focused on calibration and validation of the first-order terms in the localization relationships. In this paper, we explore, for the first time, the calibration and validation of the higher-order terms in the localization relationships. In particular, it is demonstrated that the higher-order terms in the localization relationships play an increasingly important role in the spatial distribution of elastic stress or strain fields at the microscale in composite systems with relatively high contrast.
Three Color Laser Fluorometer For Studies Of Phytoplankton Fluorescence

A three-color laser fluorometer has been developed for field work operations. Using two tunable dye lasers (excitation wavelengths at 440 nm and 530 nm), broadband wavelength optical filters were selected to obtain maximum fluorescence sensitivity at wavelengths greater than 675 nm (chlorophyll) and 575 + or - 15 nm (phycoerythrin). The laser fluorometer permits the measurement of phytoplankton pigments under static or flowing conditions and more closely resembles the time scales (ns) and energy levels (mW) of other laser-induced fluorescence instruments.
Protamine Enhances Fibrinolysis by Decreasing Clot Strength: Role of Tissue Factor-Initiated Thrombin Generation

Background Excessive protamine administration to neutralize heparin after cardiopulmonary bypass has been implicated as a cause of postoperative hemorrhage. Protamine directly inhibits thrombin and tissue factor (TF)-mediated activation of factor VII. However, the half-life of protamine is only 4.5 minutes; thus the purpose of this study was to determine if protamine could enhance fibrinolysis, explaining the delayed, protamine-associated hemorrhage observed in the postoperative period. Methods Human plasma containing 0, 6.25, 12.5, or 25 μg/mL of protamine (n = 6 per condition) was exposed to 0.01% tissue factor and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA, 100 U/mL) for 30 minutes, with clot growth and disintegration measured by Thromboelastograph (Haemoscope Corp, Skokie, IL). The TF was increased to 0.1% in additional experiments with plasma containing protamine (25 μg/mL) and tPA. Results Protamine significantly ( p p p Conclusions Protamine enhanced fibrinolysis by decreasing clot strength by diminishing TF-initiated thrombin generation. Additional, clinical investigation is warranted to mechanistically implicate protamine-mediated enhancement of fibrinolysis to delayed bleeding after cardiopulmonary bypass.
Professional associations and library education

The American Library Association (ALA), the oldest and largest professional library association in the world, has played a central role in the development of all aspects of the profession. This paper emphasizes the development of education and training for the specializations of rare books and manuscripts but will comment upon the influence of ALA on the general education for the field. The ALA model has influenced the development of a standardized curriculum, has recognized specializations that emerge in the field, and has required an educated, research-oriented faculty to provide instruction while also recognizing that expert professionals in the field have . . .
Arabis mexicana Belongs to Planodes (Brassicaceae)

Abstract. Limits of the monospecific genus Planodes are expanded to include an additional species previously placed in Arabis, Cardamine, or Sibara. The new combination P. mexicanum is proposed. The distinguishing characters separating Planodes from related genera are given, as well as a detailed generic description and a key to the two species of this genus.
Solar Radiative Heating of Fiber Optic Cables used to Monitor Temperatures in Water

[1] In recent years, applications of distributed temperature sensing (DTS) have increased in number and diversity. Because fiber-optic cables used for DTS are typically sheathed in dark UV-resistant materials, the question arises as to how shortwave solar radiation penetrating a water column influences the accuracy of absolute DTS-derived temperatures in aquatic applications. To quantify these effects, we completed a modeling effort that accounts for the effects of radiation and convection on a submersed cable to predict when solar heating may be important. Results indicate that for cables installed at shallow depths in clear, low-velocity water bodies, measurable heating of the cable is likely during peak solar radiation. However, at higher velocities, increased turbidity and/or greater depths, the effects of solar heating are immeasurable. A field study illustrated the effects of solar radiation by installing two types of fiber-optic cable at multiple water depths (from 0.05 to 0.8 m) in the center and along the sidewall of a trapezoidal canal. Thermistors were installed at similar depths and shielded from solar radiation to record absolute water temperatures. During peak radiation, thermistor data showed small temperature differences (∼0.003°C–0.04°C) between depths suggesting minor thermal stratification in the canal center. DTS data from cables at these same depths show differences of 0.01°C–0.17°C. The DTS differences cannot be explained by stratification alone and are likely evidence of additional heating from solar radiation. Sidewall thermistor strings also recorded stratification. However, corresponding DTS data suggested that bed conduction overwhelmed the effects of solar radiation.
Self-management of the health care regimen: a comparison of nurses' and cardiac patients' perceptions

This study compared perceptions of 129 elderly cardiac patients regarding their health status and self-management skills with corresponding assessments by outpatient nursing staff members. Nurse-patient perceptions were most congruent on general questions regarding the heart condition. Differences were most apparent regarding how aware patients were of being asked to follow a regimen for managing their heart problems; what specific components comprised the regimens the patients were to follow; and how much confidence patients had in their ability to comply with specific components of the regimen. Congruence in perceptions of nurses and patients varied by the sex of the patient. Findings suggest that careful and continuous assessment of patients’ perceptions about their condition and ongoing instruction regarding specifics of the therapeutic regimen are key elements in efforts to enhance elderly patients’ selfmanagement skills.
The Journey to Understanding Privilege: A Meta-Narrative Approach

Challenging incidents associated with privilege and oppression occur daily. Within the fields of adult education and higher education, researchers and practitioners have examined and critiqued the exploration and understanding of privilege (e.g., White privilege). Studies have explored how adult educators, who acknowledged their own White privilege and the norms of whiteness, are working to change systems of privilege and oppression. This work furthers the current literature. The authors employ a meta-narrative approach analyzing narratives from faculty and professionals in the helping fields. The meta-narrative designation of a ‘‘collective story,’’ utilizing professional voices is a unique contribution in addressing privilege. The narrative tradition offers participant stories to systematically explore the interaction of dominant and nondominant privilege statuses. The findings relate to transformational learning and verify the need to consistently employ self-reflection and discourse toward examining a...
The financial crisis – Western banking versus Islamic banking

The financial crisis has had a devastating impact on financial markets in the US and other western countries. Particularly hard hit were investors who purchased mortgaged backed securities, since as the value of the asset declined below the amount of debt, investors took large losses. Countries that follow Islamic Banking and Finance (IBF) have largely been spared this loss due to the types of bonds that are allowed. This research summarises the problem in the Western World and then compares it to a similar problem faced by Dubai World who had a (standstill) when they were unable to make a required payment. It appears that holders of Dubai World sukuk will be spared losses because of Islamic banking laws. We examine both the short term and long term effects.
Irrigation and Nitrogen Best Management Practices Under Drip Irrigated Vegetable Production

Plastic mulch and drip irrigation are commonly used in high intensity vegetable production regions such as Florida. Drip irrigation can be much more efficient than sprinkler irrigation since only the root zone of the cropped area is irrigated. However, improper irrigation management can lead to wasted water and leaching of soluble chemicals such as nitrate. In this project, several irrigation treatments were established that allowed up to five watering events per day depending on a soil water threshold controller (SMS) for tomato and green bell pepper. As a comparison time based treatments (TIME) of once daily irrigation were established to mimic typical producer practices. In addition, zero tension drainage lysimeters were buried 0.6 m below the beds in several treatments to monitor leaching of water and nitrate nitrogen. SMS control of irrigation resulted in 29%-44% less irrigation water used on tomato and 37%-66% less water used on pepper when compared to TIME treatments. Tomato yield was significantly higher on SMS treatments compared to TIME treatments, but yield was similar across all pepper treatments. SMS treatments increased irrigation water use efficiency 2-3 times compared to TIME treatments on both tomato and pepper. Both the amount of water captured in drainage lysimeters and the mass on NO 3-N were significantly lower on soil water based irrigation control compared to once daily time based irrigation commonly used by producers.
Household density and infant care in an East African society.

(1971). Household Density and Infant Care in an East African Society. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 83, No. 1, pp. 3-13.
Fibroadenoma in women in Ghana

Background: Fibroadenoma is the commonest benign tumor of female breast. It is particularly common in young women in Africa. Method: This paper describes the clinicopathologic features of fibroadenoma of breast in African women from central Ghana and compares them to the data from African-American women. Results: Fibroadenomas constituted 47.7% of all palpable breast masses. The median age of women was 22 years (range 14-49). Almost a third of the cases occurred in teenager. The mean size of masses was 3.8 cm (range 1-9 cm), with 22.5% showing larger sizes. A total of 16.1% had multiple and/or bilateral lesions. Conclusion: Women from Central Ghana tend to have proportionately more fibroadenomas and larger (>5 cm) variants compared to published data from African-American women, however, the average age, size, multifocality and bilaterality do not differ significantly between these two groups of women.
Detecting weed-free and weed-infested areas of a soybean field using near-infrared spectral data

Abstract Weed distribution maps can be developed from remotely sensed reflectance data if collected at appropriate times during the growing season. The research objectives were to determine if and when reflectance could be used to distinguish between weed-free and weed-infested (mixed species) areas in soybean and to determine the most useful wavebands to separate crop, weed, and soil reflectance differences. Treatments included no vegetation (bare soil), weed-free soybean, and weed-infested soybean and, in 1 yr, 80% corn residue cover. Reflectance was measured at several sampling times from May through September in 2001 and 2002 using a handheld multispectral radiometer equipped with band-limited optical interference filters (460 to 1,650 nm). The spatial resolution was 0.8 m2. The reflectance in the visible spectral range (460 to 700 nm) generally was similar among treatments. In the near-infrared (NIR) range (> 700 to 1,650 nm), differences among treatments were observed from soybean growth stage V-3 (...
A Simple Semiempirical Short-Channel MOSFET Current–Voltage Model Continuous Across All Regions of Operation and Employing Only Physical Parameters

A simple semiempirical model ID(VGS, VDS) for short-channel MOSFETs applicable in all regions of device operation is presented. The model is based on the so-called ldquotop-of-the-barrier-transportrdquo model, and we refer to it as the ldquovirtual sourcerdquo (VS) model. The simplicity of the model comes from the fact that only ten parameters are used. Of these parameters, six are directly obtainable from standard device measurements: 1) gate capacitance in strong inversion conditions (typically at maximum voltage VGS = Vdd); 2) subthreshold swing; 3) drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) coefficient; 4) current in weak inversion (typically Ioff at VGS = 0 V) and at high VDS; 5) total resistance at VDS = 0 V and VGS = Vdd and 6), effective channel length. Three fitted physical parameters are as follows: 1) carrier low-field effective mobility; 2) parasitic source/drain resistance, 3) the saturation region carrier velocity at the so-called virtual source. Lastly, a constrained saturation-transition-region empirical parameter is also fitted. The modeled current versus voltage characteristics and their derivatives are continuous from weak to strong inversion and from the linear to saturation regimes of operation. Remarkable agreement with published state-of-the-art planar short-channel strained devices is demonstrated using physically meaningful values of the fitted physical parameters. Moreover, the model allows for good physical insight in device performance properties, such as extraction of the VSV, which is a parameter of critical technological importance that allows for continued MOSFET performance scaling. The simplicity of the model and the fact that it only uses physically meaningful parameters provides an easy way for technology benchmarking and performance projection.
Filling and slotting: analysis and algorithms

In very deep-submicron VLSI, certain manufacturing steps &mdash notably optical exposure, resist development and etch, chemical vapor deposition and chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP)&mdash have varying effects on device and interconnect features depending on local characteristics of the layout. To make these effects uniform and predictable, the layout itself must be made uniform with respect to certain density parameters. Traditionally, only foundries have performed the post-processing needed to achieve this uniformity, via insertion (“filling”) or partial deletion (“slotting”) of features in the layout. Today, however, physical design and verification tools cannot remain oblivious to such foundry post-processing. Without an accurate estimate of the filling and slotting, RC extraction, delay calculation, and timing and noise analysis flows will all suffer from wild inaccuracies. Therefore, future place-and-route tools must efficiently perform filling and slotting prior to performance analysis within the layout optimization loop. We give the first formulations of the filling and slotting problems that arise in layout post-processing or layout optimization for manufacturability. Such formulations seek to add or remove features to a given process layer, so that the local area or perimeter density of features satisfies prescribed upper and lower bounds in all windows of a given size. We also present efficient algorithms for density analysis as well as for filling/slotting synthesis. Our work provides a new unification between manufacturing and physical design, and captures a number of general requirements imposed on layout by the manufacturing process.
Comparisons of wild-type and mutant flavodoxins from Anacystis nidulans. Structural determinants of the redox potentials.

The long-chain flavodoxins, with 169-176 residues, display oxidation-reduction potentials at pH 7 that vary from -50 to -260 mV for the oxidized/semiquinone (ox/sq) equilibrium and are -400 mV or lower for the semiquinone/hydroquinone (sq/hq) equilibrium. To examine the effects of protein interactions and conformation changes on FMN potentials in the long-chain flavodoxin from Anacystis nidulans (Synechococcus PCC 7942), we have determined crystal structures for the semiquinone and hydroquinone forms of the wild-type protein and for the mutant Asn58Gly, and have measured redox potentials and FMN association constants. A peptide near the flavin ring, Asn58-Val59, reorients when the FMN is reduced to the semiquinone form and adopts a conformation ("O-up") in which O 58 hydrogen bonds to the flavin N(5)H; this rearrangement is analogous to changes observed in the flavodoxins from Clostridium beijerinckii and Desulfovibrio vulgaris. On further reduction to the hydroquinone state, the Asn58-Val59 peptide in crystalline wild-type A. nidulans flavodoxin rotates away from the flavin to the "O-down" position characteristic of the oxidized structure. This reversion to the conformation found in the oxidized state is unusual and has not been observed in other flavodoxins. The Asn58Gly mutation, at the site which undergoes conformation changes when FMN is reduced, was expected to stabilize the O-up conformation found in the semiquinone oxidation state. This mutation raises the ox/sq potential by 46 mV to -175 mV and lowers the sq/hq potential by 26 mV to -468 mV. In the hydroquinone form of the Asn58Gly mutant the C-O 58 remains up and hydrogen bonded to N(5)H, as in the fully reduced flavodoxins from C. beijerinckii and D. vulgaris. The redox and structural properties of A. nidulans flavodoxin and the Asn58Gly mutant confirm the importance of interactions made by N(5) or N(5)H in determining potentials, and are consistent with earlier conclusions that conformational energies contribute to the observed potentials.The mutations Asp90Asn and Asp100Asn were designed to probe the effects of electrostatic interactions on the potentials of protein-bound flavin. Replacement of acidic by neutral residues at positions 90 and 100 does not perturb the structure, but has a substantial effect on the sq/hq equilibrium. This potential is increased by 25-41 mV, showing that electrostatic interaction between acidic residues and the flavin decreases the potential for conversion of the neutral semiquinone to the anionic hydroquinone. The potentials and the effects of mutations in A. nidulans flavodoxin are rationalized using a thermodynamic scheme developed for C. beijerinckii flavodoxin.
Role of copper-phthalocyanine in multilayer organic LEDs based on small molecules

The role of copper-phthalocyanine (CuPc) has intermediate layer between the anode and the hole-transport layer in multilayer organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) was studied. The OLEDs consisted of CuPc, N,N'-di(naphtalene-1-yl)-N,N'-diphenyl-benzidine (NPB) as hole-transport layer and tris-(8-hydroxyquinolinato)-aluminum (Alq 3 ) as electron-transport and emitting layer sandwiched between a high-work-function metal and a semi-transparent calcium cathode. A combinatorial approach that allows the simultaneous fabrication of 10 x 10 individual devices was used to vary the thicknesses of CuPc and NPB over a broad range from 0 to 45 nm and from 10 to 100 nm, respectively. Systematic current-voltage and impedance measurements revealed a redistribution of the internal electric field of the CuPc/NPB/Alq 3 three-layer structure compared to that of the NPB/Alq 3 bilayer OLED. It was demonstrated that the hole transport is mainly controlled by the internal energy barrier at the CuPc/NPB interface. The fact that CuPc strongly impedes hole injection into NPB also has a significant impact on the frequency-dependent behavior of the capacitance, especially the cutoff frequency.
The Politics of Monetary Policy: A Critical Review

The Federal Reserve Bank of the United States is a pre-eminent banking institution, and an institution that has been subject to scrutiny from a wide variety of scholarly perspectives. The object of this article is to review prominent works dealing with the politics of the Federal Reserve, particularly its relations with other institutions and their effects on monetary policy. The review shows that the formal legal independence of a central bank such as the Fed does not mark the end of monetary politics, and its record suggests a greater measure of modesty and caution on the part of enthusiasts for independent central banks.
Coffee and Tea Intake and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction

The authors investigated the association of caffeinated coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and tea with myocardial infarction in a study of 340 cases and age-, sex-, and community-matched controls. The odds ratio for drinking > or = 4 cups/day of caffeinated coffee versus drinking 1 cup/day of decaffeinated coffee versus nondrinkers was 1.25 (95% CI 0.76-2.04). For tea, the odds ratio for drinking > or = 1 cup/day versus nondrinkers was 0.56 (95% CI 0.35-0.90). In these data, only tea was associated with a lower risk of myocardial infarction.
Automatic hierarchical color image classification

Organizing images into semantic categories can be extremely useful for content-based image retrieval and image annotation. Grouping images into semantic classes is a difficult problem, however. Image classification attempts to solve this hard problem by using low-level image features. In this paper, we propose amethod for hierarchical classification of images via supervised learning. This scheme relies on using a good low-level feature and subsequently performing feature-space reconfiguration using singular value decomposition to reduce noise and dimensionality. We use the training data to obtain a hierarchical classification tree that can be used to categorize new images. Our experimental results suggest that this scheme not only performs better than standard nearest-neighbor techniques, but also has both storage and computational advantages.
Using Market Valuation to Access the Importance and Efficiency of Public School Spending

In this paper we take a "market-based" approach to examine whether increased school expenditures are valued by potential residents and whether the current level of public school provision is inefficient. We do so by employing an instrumental variables strategy to estimate the effect of state education aid on residential property values. We find evidence that, on average, additional state aid is valued by potential residents and that school districts appear to spend efficiently or, if anything, underspend. We also find that school districts spend less efficiently in areas in which they face little or no competition from other public schools, in large districts, and in areas in which residents are poor or less educated. One interpretation of these results is that increased competition has the potential to increase school efficiency in some areas.
Surface analysis of sulfided dispersed metal catalysts

A Ni–Cr/MgSiO3 catalyst retained appreciable methanation activity after a pre-sulfiding treatment in comparison with Ni/MgSiO3 catalyst. Surface analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of pre-sulfided catalysts that have been treated in various ways has shown that the Ni–Cr/MgSiO3 catalyst retains less total sulfur and that the sulfur retained is in the form of both sulfide and sulfate. In the Ni/MgSiO3 catalyst, sulfur is found only in the sulfide form. It is proposed that the presence of Cr (as Cr2O3) promotes the formation of sulfate which deactivates the catalyst to a lesser extent due to the instability of the sulfate ion at the methanation reaction temperature.
Book Review: What is War? An Investigation in the Wake of 9/11 and International Law and the Classification of Conflicts

Reviews two recent edited volumes focused on the identification and characterization of armed conflict: What Is War? An Investigation in the Wake of 9/11, and International Law and the Classification of Conflicts. Both books seek to explore and elucidate the meaning of war, or armed conflict, with the goal of enhancing international law’s ability to apply to and regulate that enterprise. Considering the two books in tandem offers a window into the types of questions that lie at the heart of the challenges and debates within the academic and practitioner communities focused on this field of international legal analysis and practice, and the methodologies chosen to explore the topic. After a brief description of the two books and their most apparent contributions to the debate, this review highlights some themes and contrasts that arise as a result of their interaction.
Second Chances Academy: Alternative School or Pathway to Prison?

This case considers the leadership challenge facing district officials in a mid-sized urban–suburban school district receiving negative media coverage for the overrepresentation of poor, Black, and Latino males in its alternative high school, Second Chances Academy. Many of its students also qualify for special education and English learner services. Local civil rights leaders have expressed moral outrage over the school’s abysmal graduation rate, describing it as a “pit stop” along the school-to-prison pipeline. Now that the third principal in 2 years has resigned, the district superintendent must not only manage public criticism and find the right person to lead Second Chances Academy but also confront the socially unjust practices embedded in his district’s alternative education program.
A biophysical model of the cortex-basal ganglia-thalamus network in the 6-OHDA lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease

Electrical stimulation of sub-cortical brain regions (the basal ganglia), known as deep brain stimulation (DBS), is an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). Chronic high frequency (HF) DBS in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or globus pallidus interna (GPi) reduces motor symptoms including bradykinesia and tremor in patients with PD, but the therapeutic mechanisms of DBS are not fully understood. We developed a biophysical network model comprising of the closed loop cortical-basal ganglia-thalamus circuit representing the healthy and parkinsonian rat brain. The network properties of the model were validated by comparing responses evoked in basal ganglia (BG) nuclei by cortical (CTX) stimulation to published experimental results. A key emergent property of the model was generation of low-frequency network oscillations. Consistent with their putative pathological role, low-frequency oscillations in model BG neurons were exaggerated in the parkinsonian state compared to the healthy condition. We used the model to quantify the effectiveness of STN DBS at different frequencies in suppressing low-frequency oscillatory activity in GPi. Frequencies less than 40 Hz were ineffective, low-frequency oscillatory power decreased gradually for frequencies between 50 Hz and 130 Hz, and saturated at frequencies higher than 150 Hz. HF STN DBS suppressed pathological oscillations in GPe/GPi both by exciting and inhibiting the firing in GPe/GPi neurons, and the number of GPe/GPi neurons influenced was greater for HF stimulation than low-frequency stimulation. Similar to the frequency dependent suppression of pathological oscillations, STN DBS also normalized the abnormal GPi spiking activity evoked by CTX stimulation in a frequency dependent fashion with HF being the most effective. Therefore, therapeutic HF STN DBS effectively suppresses pathological activity by influencing the activity of a greater proportion of neurons in the output nucleus of the BG.
Design and Testing of Flapping Wing Control for a Micro Air Vehicle

Flapping wing Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs) continues to be a growing field, with ongoing research into unsteady, low Re aerodynamics, micro-fabrication, and fluid-structure interaction. However, research into flapping wing control of such MAVs continues to lag. Existing research uniformly consists of proposed control laws that are validated by computer simulations of quasi-steady blade element formulae. Such simulations use numerous assumptions and cannot be trusted to fully describe the flow physics. Instead, such control laws must be validated on hardware. In earlier work, a novel control technique called Bi-harmonic Amplitude and Bias Modulation (BABM) was proposed and tested on a MAV prototype, but the results were inconclusive. In this work, an improved prototype is developed and tested on a 6-component force/torque balance. These experiments verified that the prototype can generate uncoupled forces and moments for motion in five degrees of freedom when using the BABM control technique, and that these forces can be reasonably predicted by the blade-element formulae. Finally, the prototype performed preliminary controlled flight in tethered experiments, further demonstrating the feasibility of BABM.
Evaluation of copper sulfate and a copper lysine complex as growth promoters for weanling swine.

Two 5-wk trials using 176 weanling pigs (average initial weight of 8.3 kg and age of 31 d) were conducted to examine the effect of feeding varying levels of dietary Cu from copper sulfate (CuSO 4 ) or a copper lysine complex (CuLys) on performance, mineral stores, serum copper, and serum mitogenic activity. Dietary treatments were 0 (15 mg/kg of Cu in basal diet), 100, 150, or 200 mg/kg of supplemental Cu from CuSO 4 or CuLys. Average daily gain and ADFI increased linearly (P .10) between the Cu sources. Overall gain :feed ratios were not consistently affected by Cu source. Dietary Cu linearly increased liver, kidney ( P .10) between sources. Serum mitogenic activity increased linearly during wk 1 to 2 and 1 to 5 (P <.05). Growth performance was linearly improved as the dietary level of Cu increased from 15 to 200 mg/kg, with similar responses for both Cu sources. Serum and tissue concentrations of Cu were generally equally affected by the two Cu sources, except liver Cu concentration, which was onefold higher for pigs fed 200 mg/kg of Cu as CuLys.
Effects of S-isopropyl isothiourea, a potent inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, in severe hemorrhagic shock

We characterized the response to intravenous S-isopropyl isothiourea (IPTU), a novel potent nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, in rodent and porcine models of hemorrhagic shock (HS). IPTU (at 300 micrograms/kg, administered as 3 subsequent bolus injections), in anesthetized rats hemorrhaged to a mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) of 35 mmHg, increased MAP and improved survival over 120 min. In anesthetized pigs hemorrhaged to a MAP of 45 mmHg, IPTU (0.3 mg/kg plus 1 mg.kg-1.h-1) increased MAP and systemic vascular resistance. IPTU did not alter the cardiac index, renal blood flow, arterial and portal oxygen content, or splanchnic oxygen consumption or extraction. In contrast, infusion of norepinephrine (100 micrograms.kg-1.h-1) did not alter MAP and increased mortality in the rat model, whereas it caused a transient increase in MAP and a tachycardia in the porcine model of HS without significantly affecting the other parameters studied. Inhibition of the endothelial NOS in early severe HS may have beneficial effects on blood pressure and survival without altering cardiac output and splanchnic and renal perfusion.
Satellite cell activation and apoptosis in skeletal muscle from severely burned children.

Key points Severe burns result in profound skeletal muscle atrophy that hampers recovery. The activity of skeletal muscle stem cells, satellite cells, acutely following a severe burn is unknown and may contribute to the recovery of lean muscle. Severe burn injury induces skeletal muscle regeneration and myonuclear apoptosis. Satellite cells undergo concurrent apoptosis and activation acutely following a burn, with a net reduction in satellite cell content compared to healthy controls. The activation and apoptosis of satellite cells probably impacts the recovery of lean tissue following a severe burn, contributing to prolonged frailty in burn survivors. Abstract Severe burns result in profound skeletal muscle atrophy; persistent muscle loss and weakness are major complications that hamper recovery from burn injury. Many factors contribute to the erosion of muscle mass following burn trauma and we propose that an impaired muscle satellite cell response is key in the aetiology of burn-induced cachexia. Muscle biopsies from the m. vastus lateralis were obtained from 12 male pediatric burn patients (>30% total body surface area burn) and 12 young, healthy male subjects. Satellite cell content, activation and apoptosis were determined via immunohistochemistry, as were muscle fibre regeneration and myonuclear apoptosis. Embryonic myosin heavy chain expression and central nucleation, indices of skeletal muscle regeneration, were elevated in burn patients (P < 0.05). Myonuclear apoptosis, quantified by TUNEL positive myonuclei and cleaved caspase-3 positive myonuclei, was also elevated in burn patients (P < 0.05). Satellite cell content was reduced in burn patients, with approximately 20% of satellite cells positive for TUNEL staining, indicating DNA damage associated with apoptosis (P < 0.05). Additionally, a significant percentage of satellite cells in burn patients expressed Ki67, a marker for cellular proliferation (P < 0.05). Satellite cell activation was also observed in burn patients with increased expression of MyoD compared to healthy controls (P < 0.05). Robust skeletal muscle atrophy occurs after burn injury, even in muscles located distally to the site of injury. The activation and apoptosis of satellite cells probably impacts the recovery of lean tissue following a severe burn, contributing to prolonged frailty in burn survivors.
Tribinomial coefficients and Catalan numbers

The concept of the ordinary binomial coefficient can be employed to construct an interesting family of positive integers. Such a family was introduced around 1974 by W. Hansell using the triangular numbers where we call them tribinomial coefficients since they are binomial coefficients for triangular numbers. To this end, first we define corresponding to and For example,
Overview of Neurocognitive Disorders

Cognitive function is a major determinant of an individual’s quality of life. However, the number of individuals developing a neurocognitive disorder (NCD) is increasing as the population ages: the number of individuals with dementia is doubling every 20 years and will reach over 115 million worldwide by 2050. There is a need to identify vulnerable individuals early, understand the trajectory of their NCD, and intervene with effective treatments. The DSM-5 outlines criteria to identify patients with mild NCD and distinguish them from patients with major NCD. Identifying patients early in the course of a dementing disorder can improve the opportunity to develop effective interventions to change the course of the NCD. Research is needed to identify biomarkers and risk factors that indicate an individual’s potential for developing an NCD.