cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complexes of Gold(I), Silver(I), and Copper(I) with Pentaaryl[60]fullerides

Gold(I), silver(I), and copper(I) phosphine complexes of 6,9,12,15,18-pentaaryl[60]fullerides 1a and 1b, namely, [(4-MeC6H4)5C60]Au(PPh3) (2a), [(4-t-BuC6H4)5C60]Au(PPh3) (2b), [(4-MeC6H4)5C60]Ag(PCy3) (3a), [(4-t-BuC6H4)5C60]Ag(PPh3) (3b), [(4-t-BuC6H4)5C60]Ag(PCy3) (3c), [(4-MeC6H4)5C60]Cu(PPh3) (4a), and [(4-t-BuC6H4)5C60]Cu(PPh3) (4b), have been synthesized and characterized spectroscopically. All complexes except for 3c were also characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Several coordination modes between the cyclopentadienyl ring embedded in the fullerene and the metal centers are observed, ranging from η1 with a slight distortion toward η3 in the case of gold(I), to η2/η3 for silver(I), and η5 for copper(I). Silver complexes 3a and 3b are rare examples of crystallographically characterized Ag(I) cyclopentadienyls whose preparation was possible thanks to the steric shielding provided by fullerides 1a and 1b, which stabilizes these complexes. Silver complexes 3a and 3b both display unexpecte...
Structure of vapor-deposited yttria and zirconia thin films

Abstract The structures of thin films of zirconia and yttria, deposited by electron beam evaporation, have been examined by X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analysis. It was found that the structure of the yttria film was similar to that of bulk yttria, which is a cubic oxide phase. The zirconia film, however, possessed a structure different from that of the bulk material. An analysis of the zirconia film data indicated a structure with a predominant tetragonal phase. Although lower coordination numbers were found in the films than in the standard powder specimens, it was not clear from the extended fine structure whether this deficit was due to film porosity observed in prior work or to the disorder that is generally observed in films. An analysis of the near-edge structure, however, suggested that porosity, rather than disorder, was present in the films. In addition, the K-edge positions observed for both the zirconia and the yttria films were higher in energy by approximately 3 eV than the corresponding K-edge in the powder specimens, indicating that the films may be more insulating than the standard bulk materials.
Improving Humanitarian Operations through Technology-Enabled Collaboration

Humanitarian supply chains involve many different entities, such as government, military, private, and non-governmental organizations and individuals. Well-coordinated interactions between entities can lead to synergies and improved humanitarian outcomes. Information technology (IT) tools can help facilitate collaboration, but cost and other barriers have limited their use. We document the use of an IT tool to improve last-mile supply distribution and data management in one of many camps for internally displaced persons after the January 2010 earthquake in Haiti, and we describe other current uses of technology in camp management. Motivated by these examples and the interest among humanitarian organizations in expanding the use of such tools to facilitate coordination, we introduce a cooperative game theory model and explore insights about the conditions under which multi-agency coordination is feasible and desirable. We also outline an agenda for future research in the area of technology-enabled collaboration in the humanitarian sector.
Synthesis and evaluation of 18F-labeled benzylguanidine analogs for targeting the human norepinephrine transporter.

Both 131I- and 123I-labeled meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) have been widely used in the clinic for targeted imaging of the norepinephrine transporter (NET). The human NET (hNET) gene has been imaged successfully with 124I-MIBG positron emission tomography (PET) at time points of >24 h post-injection (p.i.). 18F-labeled MIBG analogs may be ideal to image hNET expression at time points of <8 h p.i. We developed improved methods for the synthesis of known MIBG analogs, [18F]MFBG and [18F]PFBG and evaluated them in hNET reporter gene-transduced C6 rat glioma cells and xenografts. [18F]MFBG and [18F]PFBG were synthesized manually using a three-step synthetic scheme. Wild-type and hNET reporter gene-transduced C6 rat glioma cells and xenografts were used to comparatively evaluate the 18F-labeled analogs with [123I]/[124I]MIBG. The fluorination efficacy on benzonitrile was predominantly determined by the position of the trimethylammonium group. The para-isomer afforded higher yields (75 ± 7 %) than meta-isomer (21 ± 5 %). The reaction of [18F]fluorobenzylamine with 1H-pyrazole-1-carboximidamide was more efficient than with 2-methyl-2-thiopseudourea. The overall radiochemical yields (decay-corrected) were 11 ± 2 % (n = 12) for [18F]MFBG and 41 ± 12 % (n = 5) for [18F]PFBG, respectively. The specific uptakes of [18F]MFBG and [18F]PFBG were similar in C6-hNET cells, but 4-fold less than that of [123I]/[124I]MIBG. However, in vivo [18F]MFBG accumulation in C6-hNET tumors was 1.6-fold higher than that of [18F]PFBG at 1 h p.i., whereas their uptakes were similar at 4 h. Despite [18F]MFBG having a 2.8-fold lower affinity to hNET and approximately 4-fold lower cell uptake in vitro compared to [123I]/[124I]MIBG, PET imaging demonstrated that [18F]MFBG was able to visualize C6-hNET xenografts better than [124I]MIBG. Biodistribution studies showed [18F]MFBG and 123I-MIBG had a similar tumor accumulation, which was lower than that of no-carrier-added [124I]MIBG, but [18F]MFBG showed a significantly more rapid body clearance and lower uptake in most non-targeting organs. [18F]MFBG and [18F]PFBG were synthesized in reasonable radiochemical yields under milder conditions. [18F]MFBG is a better PET ligand to image hNET expression in vivo at 1–4 h p.i. than both [18F]PFBG and [123I]/[124I]MIBG.
Extraversion, neuroticism, and susceptibility to positive and negative affect: A test of two theoretical models

Abstract Two different theoretical models have been used to explain relationships between the personality dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism and the affect dimensions of positive and negative mood. Eysenck's model predicts that extraversion should relate to positive affect, but not negative affect, and that neuroticism should relate to negative affect, but not positive affect. The model proposed by Gray and Newman asserts that there should be an interaction between extraversion and neuroticism in predicting positive and negative affect, such that the relationship between neuroticism and affect depends on one's position on the extraversion dimension. The purpose of the present study is to test these two theoretical models (Eysenck or Gray/Newman) in relation to positive and negative affect susceptibility. Results best fit predictions derived from Eysenck's model. Extraversion was positively related to positive affect following a pleasant mood induction, and neuroticism was positively related to negative affect following a negative mood induction. There was no evidence for an extraversion × neuroticism interaction in predicting emotional reactions, as would be expected from the Gray/Newman model.
A “Critical Period” for Cervically-Stimulated Prolactin Relase12

To investigate the role of ovarian steroids in the initiation and maintenance ofthe prolactin surges typical of pseudopregnancy in the rat, the pattern of plasma prolactin concentrations resulting from cervical stimulation of long-term ovariectomized rats was determined. Cervical stimulation of rats, ovariectomized 2-4 weeks previously, at 1900 h (lights on 0600-1800 h) resulted in a surge of prolactin which was initiated 4-6 h later and which was similar in timing and duration to the nocturnal prolactin surge of intact, pseudopregnant rats. Daily prolactin surges continued for 6 days but declined thereafter. Because plasma progesterone levels were elevated significantly after cervical stimulation, the experiment was repeated in adrenalectomized- ovariectomized rats. Prolactin surges were still observed, demonstrating that ovarian and adrenal steroids are required neither for initiation nor maintenance of prolactin surges after cervical stimulation. Cervical stimulation at different times of the day (1900...
Pressure Buildup - Chemical Incompatibility Liquid Injection Wells

Forecasting future injection well performance is usually difficult, particularly when the future receptivity of the reservoir is unknown. Chemical reactions between the injected liquids and native reservoir fluids, together with suspended solids plugging, can reduce the receptivity of an injection well considerably. Laboratory investigations of the injectivity of reactive liquids into sandstone cores have produced permeability histories that could represent the future behavior of an injection zone. A permeability decrease during the life of the injection well is expressed as a functional relationship with time, and is utilized in the pressure buildup equation to replace the constant permeability value normally used. Such abnormally large buildups resulting from permeability declines are shown in comparison to that of constant permeability. The higher pressure buildup levels resulting from reduced permeability could affect the cost of construction, operation, and modification of liquid injection facilities. (10 refs.)
Hertzian contact behavior of alumina-based trilayer composites: experimental observation and FEM analysis

Two different alumina-based trilayer composites were fabricated with the aim of elucidating the influence of a quasi-ductile interfacial layer on the nature of the Hertzian contact damage. In each case the composites were designed to promote cone cracking in a more brittle outer layer (consisting of fine-grain alumina), and distributed microcracking in a quasi-plastic core layer (composed of alumina with 30 vol.% calcium hexaluminate platelets). Experimental observations of the indentation induced cracking behavior were complemented by FEM analysis of the principal stress and plastic strain contours. It was observed that for the trilayer with an intermediate coarse-grain alumina layer, the depth of cone cracking was reduced, which correlated with an improvement in the as-indented strength. Finite element modeling analysis confirmed that due to the presence of the interlayer, modification of the subsurface stress state took place, resulting in a more shallow predicted cone crack trajectory. Implications for design of trilayers with improved contact damage resistance are discussed.
Thermodynamic and kinetic models for describing microstructure evolution during joining of metals and alloys

Abstract An ability to predict weld microstructure is critical for introduction of new materials, as well as, optimization of existing materials. Complexity of weld microstructure evolution is related to interaction of phase stability, multicomponent diffusion, steep temperature gradients and morphological instabilities during rapid heating and cooling. In the past two decades, computational thermodynamic and kinetic models have been developed to predict these interactions in wide range of alloys. In the first section, a brief introduction of thermodynamic and kinetic models is given. Models for free energy of solid solution and compound phases, as a function of composition and temperature, are discussed. The underlying assumptions of kinetic models, including local equilibrium at the interface and conditions, are highlighted.In the second section, adoption of these models for predicting weld microstructure evolutions is demonstrated with practical examples from structural alloys. The examples focu...
Method to produce 9(S)-hydroperoxides of linoleic and linolenic acids by maize lipoxygenase

Seed from maize (corn) Zea mays provides a ready source of 9-lipoxygenase that oxidizes linoleic acid and linolenic acid into 9(S)-hydroperoxy-10(E),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid and 9(S)-hydroperoxy-10(E),12(Z),15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid, respectively. Corn seed has a very active hydroperoxide-decomposing enzyme, allene oxide synthase (AOS), which must be removed prior to oxidizing the fatty acid. A simple pH 4.5 treatment followed by centrifugation removes most of the AOS activity. Subsequent purification by ammonium sulfate fractional precipitation results in negligible improvement in 9-hydroperoxide formation. This facile alternative method of preparing 9-hydroperoxides has advantages over other commonly used plant lipoxygenases.
Septic Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal Test Systema

An individual home waste nitrogen and phosphorus removal system was evaluated in the laboratory. The gravity flow system consisted of a 10 × 60 cm (4 × 24 in) vertical Plainfield sand column followed by a series of 8 × 32 cm (3 × 12 in) horizontal columns filled with calcite (CaCO3) or dolomite (Ca MgCO3). Nitrogen removal was attempted using a nitrification-denitrification system where methanol was used as an energy source and P removal was attempted using calcite and dolomite. Separate experiments running from 4 to 6 months were used to test various diameter calcite and dolomite. The phosphorus removal system was also the site of denitrification and hence was in an anaerobic environment. Nitrogen removal was successful with approximately 60–100% removal in a 1-day residence time after methanol addition. Increased denitrification rates were observed using smaller diameter filling materials but no differences were observed between equal-diameter calcite and dolomite. Phosphorus removal was successful initially but after approximately one month, the ability of the calcite or dolomite to sorb phosphorus was curtailed in a 3-day residence time. Results indicated that calcite was superior to dolomite and smaller diameter material was superior to larger diameter in removing phosphorus. However, it appeared that slime growth and organic anion competition covering the sorption sites on the calcite and dolomite prevented significant phosphorus removal after the first 2 to 3 months.
Oxidation of Activated Carbon Fibers: Effect on Pore Size, Surface Chemistry, and Adsorption Properties

Activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were oxidized using both aqueous and nonaqueous treatments. As much as 29 wt % oxygen can be incorporated onto the pore surface in the form of phenolic hydroxyl, quinone, and carboxylic acid groups. The effect of oxidation on the pore size, pore volume, and the pore surface chemistry was thoroughly examined. The average micropore size is typically affected very little by aqueous oxidation while the micropore volume and surface area decreases with such a treatment. In contrast, the micropore size and micropore volume both increase with oxidation in air. Oxidation of the fibers produces surface chemistries in the pore that provide for enhanced adsorption of basic (ammonia) and polar (acetone) molecules at ambient and nonambient temperatures. The adsorption capacity of the oxidized fibers for acetone is modestly better than the untreated ACFs while the adsorption capacity for ammonia can increase up to 30 times compared to untreated ACFs. The pore surface chemical makeup was an...
Defining the limits of athlete's heart: implications for screening in diverse populations.

Whereas consensus exists on the need for preparticipation examinations in young athletes, the best approach to such screening is debated. Preparticipation examinations help athletes avoid musculoskeletal injury and repeated concussion, but most attention is focused, understandably, on the avoidance of sudden cardiac death. To this end, in the United States, a brief clinical examination and questionnaire focusing on symptoms and family history (Table 1) are recommended by the 36th Bethesda Conference guidelines.1–3 Meanwhile, the International Olympic Committee and the European Society of Cardiology, drawing from the 25-year Italian experience,4 have recommended the inclusion of a 12-lead ECG in the preparticipation examination of young athletes.5–7 Debate surrounding these different approaches focuses on cost, effectiveness, differences in cause distribution in different countries, and the consequences of false-positive ECG findings.3,8 In relation to the last, whereas cost-effectiveness analysis can account for financial implications of secondary testing, the psychological burden is harder to quantify. Indeed, even between studies, the percentage of athletes screened with ECG who are deemed to require follow-up varies widely. In the Italian experience, 8% of athletes qualified for secondary screening,4 whereas an earlier US study with 501 athletes suggested a secondary screening rate as high as 15%.9 In the largest study to date, Pelliccia et al reported that 4.8% of 32 642 athletes exhibited findings classified as “distinctly abnormal” on ECG.10 In fact, others have reported a follow-up rate as low as 1.5% with adapted ECG criteria.11 In this context, the consistent and accurate definition of “normal” becomes paramount. View this table: Table 1. Medical History * Article see p 1078 It is against this background that we view the most recent data from Rawlins and coauthors in this issue of Circulation .12 These authors compared 240 nationally ranked black female athletes with 200 …
Arguing for Non-identity: A Response to King and Frances

Jeffrey King and Bryan Frances are both critical of my paper, ‘The Nonidentity of a Thing and its Matter’ (Fine 2003), though in rather different ways. King engages in carpet bombing; his aim is to destroy every argument in sight, even to the extent of showing that the linguistic data cited by the paper favours the monist rather than the pluralist. Frances, by contrast, engages in strategic warfare; by ‘taking out’ certain key arguments, he attempts to demolish the paper as a whole. I remain unmoved — and, I hope, unscathed — by their attacks. King’s carpet bombing may cause a great deal of collateral damage but not to its intended target; and Frances’s strategic bombing may hit its target but without inflicting much harm. Still, their papers raise many interesting issues not discussed—or, at least, not properly discussed— in my original paper; and I am grateful to them for providing me with the opportunity to take these issues into account. My response will be in three main parts: I begin by outlining the central line of argument of my original paper (Sect. 1); I then discuss King’s criticisms of the paper (Sects 2, 3, 4); and finally I turn to Frances’s criticisms (Sect. 5). I have tried to make my response reasonably self-contained and to bring out the independent significance of the issues under discussion but it would be helpful, all the same, if the reader had all three papers at hand.
Inorganic Semiconductor Nanowires

One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures are ideal systems for investigating the dependence of electrical transport, optical properties and mechanical properties on size and dimensionality. They are expected to play an important role as both interconnects and functional components in the fabrication of nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices. This article presents an overview of current research activities that center on nanowires whose lateral dimensions fall anywhere in the range of 1–200 nm. It is organized into three parts: The first part discusses various methods that have been developed for generating nanowires with tightly controlled dimensions, orientations, and well-defined properties. The second part highlights a number of strategies that are being developed for the hierarchical assembly of nanowire building blocks. The third part surveys some of the novel physical properties (e.g., optical, electrical, and mechanical) of these nanostructures. Finally, we conclude with some personal perspecti...
The Effect of Non-Luminous Thermal Radiation in Microgravity Droplet Combustion

The effect or radiative heat loss from isolated droplet flames is usually assumed to be negligible. For the small droplet sizes studied in most isolated droplet combustion experiments conducted to dale (< 1.0 mm), this assumption has been shown to be reasonable. For example, by neglecting radiation, a detailed numerical model accurately predicts the burning rate, flame position and extinction diameter for 1 millimeter-sized methanol/waler droplets. However, recent space-based 3 to 5 millimeter methanol/water droplet combustion data show an increase in extinction diameter and a decrease in burning rate with increasing initial diameter. These results suggest that, at larger initial droplet diameters, the effect of radiative heat loss cannot be neglected. By including a radiation sub-model, the modified numerical model predicts that at droplet diameters greater than about 1 mm the effect of radiation results in a decrease in burning rate and a non-linear increase in extinction diameter with increasing initia...
Optimal health insurance for prevention and treatment

This paper reexamines the efficiency-based arguments for optimal health insurance, extending the classic analysis to consider optimal coverage for prevention and treatment separately. Our paper considers the tradeoff between individuals’ risk reduction on the one hand, and both ex ante and ex post moral hazard on the other. We demonstrate that it is always desirable to offer at least some insurance coverage for preventive care if individual consumers ignore the impact of their preventive care on the health premium. Using a utility-based framework, we reconfirm the conventional tradeoff between risk avoidance (by risk sharing) and moral hazard for insuring treatment goods. Uncompensated losses that reduce effective income provide a new efficiency-based argument for more generous insurance coverage for prevention and treatment of health conditions. The optimal coinsurance rates for prevention and for treatment are not identical.
Does Intrathecal Morphine Sulfate Provide Preemptive Analgesia for Patients Undergoing Stapled Hemorrhoidopexy

Objective. Surgical excision of hemorrhoids is characterized by a prolonged and painful postoperative course. This double-blind, randomized, prospective, controlled trial was conducted to determine if morphine sulfate provides additional pain relief after stapled hemorrhoidopexy when added to a standard lidocaine spinal anesthetic. It was hypothesized that the addition of morphine sulfate to a spinal anesthetic would decrease postoperative pain. Interventions. Thirty-four patients were randomized prospectively to receive a spinal block with either lidocaine or lidocaine plus morphine sulfate. Patients were followed postoperatively for 42 days to record Numeric Pain Scale (NPS) values and to record analgesic use. Patients also filled out a Short Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey Questionnaire preoperatively and at days 3, 14, and 28 after their operation to assess physical and mental well-being. Longitudinal mixed models were used to determine whether there was a difference in maximum pain, average pain, narcotic analgesic use, and physical or mental well-being over time. Results. No group differences were found in maximum or average NPS, analgesic use, mental well-being, or time to complete pain relief. There was a four-point difference in mean scores for physical well-being, favoring the lidocaine plus morphine group. Conclusions. This study provides evidence that intrathecal morphine sulfate does not significantly alter postoperative pain, narcotic use, or well-being when used as preemptive analgesia for patients undergoing stapled hemorrhoidopexy.
The Value of 'Parents' Evaluations of Developmental Status' in Detecting and Addressing Children's Developmental and Behavioral Problems

This study illustrates the validity and accuracy of a new developmental measure called Parents' Evaluations of Developmental Status (PEDS). PEDS helps professionals elicit and interpret parents' concerns about their children's behavior and development. In so doing, PEDS serves as a screening tool and meets standards for screening test accuracy (70% - 80% of children with and without disabilities correctly detected). PEDS also helps parents and professionals collaborate in a range of other decisions about developmental and behavioral issues including when (a) to refer children for further testing and to determine what kinds of testing are needed, (b) to provide parents with counseling or training; (c) to administer a second stage screening test; (d) to monitor children who may be at risk for future difficulties as well as children who appear to be developing normally.
Diagnosis of An Interstitial Ectopic Pregnancy with Two-Dimensional Transvaginal Sonography:

Interstitial ectopic pregnancy is a medical emergency affecting women of reproductive age. Its presentation is late and is often misinterpreted as early miscarriage. If undiagnosed and allowed to progress to a significant gestation, rupture will occur with devastating maternal consequences. There are several treatment options available depending on a number of clinical factors; surgical, medical and expectant management. The most significant outcome is from early treatment, resulting in reduced maternal morbidity and preservation of fertility. The key to successful treatment is early detection. Ultrasound plays a major role in detection of this life threatening condition.
Meditative Prayer, Hope, Adult Attachment, and Forgiveness: A Proposed Model

The present study tested a theoretical model of the relationship between meditative prayer and interpersonal forgiveness with hope and adult attachment as mediator variables. Results supported the proposed multiple mediation model as determined by multiple measures of model fit with the data. Significant direct effects were observed between meditative prayer and hope, hope and adult attachment, and adult attachment and forgiveness. A significant total indirect effect was found between meditative prayer and forgiveness. A significant specific indirect effect was also observed between meditative prayer and adult attachment with hope as the mediator, and between hope and forgiveness with adult attachment as a mediator. The concept of affect regulation is proposed as a possible unifying mechanism of the variables in the proposed model and implications are discussed in terms of existing literature and promoting interpersonal forgiveness in counseling.
The Pace of Life in 31 Countries

This study compared the pace of life in large cities from 31 countries around the world. Three indicators of pace of life were observed: average walking speed in downtown locations, the speed with which postal clerks completed a simple request (work speed), and the accuracy of public clocks. Overall, pace of life was fastest in Japan and the countries of Western Europe and was slowest in economically undeveloped countries. The pace was significantly faster in colder climates, economically productive countries, and in individualistic cultures. Faster places also tended to have higher rates of death from coronary heart disease, higher smoking rates, and greater subjective well-being. Discussion focuses on how the pace of life is intertwined with the social-psychological and community characteristics of a culture, and the central role of pace of life in defining the personality of a place and its people.
Enfuvirtide Resistance Mutations: Impact on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Function, Entry Inhibitor Sensitivity, and Virus Neutralization

Enfuvirtide (ENF/T-20/Fuzeon), the first human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry inhibitor to be licensed, targets a structural intermediate of the entry process. ENF binds the HR1 domain in gp41 after Env has bound CD4, preventing conformational changes needed for membrane fusion. Mutations in HR1 that confer ENF resistance can arise following ENF therapy. ENF resistance mutations were introduced into an R5- and X4-tropic Env to examine their impact on fusion, infection, and sensitivity to different classes of entry inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies. HR1 mutations could reduce infection and fusion efficiency and also delay fusion kinetics, likely accounting for their negative impact on viral fitness. HR1 mutations had minimal effect on virus sensitivity to other classes of entry inhibitors, including those targeting CD4 binding (BMS-806 and a CD4-specific monoclonal antibody [MAb]), coreceptor binding (CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100 and CCR5 inhibitor TAK-779), or fusion (T-1249), indicating that ENF-resistant viruses can remain sensitive to other entry inhibitors in vivo. Some HR1 mutations conferred increased sensitivity to a subset of neutralizing MAbs that likely target fusion intermediates or with epitopes preferentially exposed following receptor interactions (17b, 48D, 2F5, 4E10, and IgGb12), as well as sera from some HIV-positive individuals. Mechanistically, enhanced neutralization correlated with reduced fusion kinetics, indicating that, in addition to steric constraints, kinetics may also limit virus neutralization by some antibodies. Therefore, escape from ENF comes at a cost to viral fitness and may confer enhanced sensitivity to humoral immunity due to prolonged exposure of epitopes that are not readily accessible in the native Env trimer. Resistance to other entry inhibitors was not observed.
Large-scale first-principles molecular dynamics: moving from terascale to petascale computing

First-Principles Molecular Dynamics (FPMD) is an accurate atomistic simulation method that has been applied to numerous problems of materials science. Its ability to describe simultaneously the electronic structure and the dynamical properties of a given system make it a tool of choice for investigations of systems involving varying chemical environments. During the past decade, the advent of terascale computers has considerably enhanced the capabilities of FPMD. In this paper, we discuss recent progress in the implementation of First-Principles Molecular Dynamics on parallel computers. In particular, we consider the new challenges presented by current terascale computers and discuss the steps that will have to be taken to exploit efficiently future petascale architectures. Examples of large-scale FPMD applications using the Qbox code on the BlueGene/L computer are presented.
Identification of a rat osteocalcin promoter 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate response region containing two PuGGTCA steroid hormone receptor binding motifs

In MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblastic cells, the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin increases osteocalcin (OC) mRNA levels. We have analyzed the effects of forskolin and 8-Br cAMP on the transcriptional activity of the rat OC promoter (with luciferase reporter) in MC3T3-E1 cells. Both forskolin and 8-Br cAMP activate the rat OC promoter 2- to 5-fold. By 5' deletion analysis, we have mapped the cAMP response to the region -121 to -92. The 48-base pair rat OC promoter region -121 to -74 (hence denoted ROCRR) can confer cAMP responsiveness to an unresponsive heterologous minimal promoter. Crude nuclear extracts prepared from MC3T3-E1 cells form three complexes with the ROCRR by gel shift analysis. No specific change in nuclear factor binding in response to cellular forskolin treatment could be demonstrated. Intriguingly, two nuclear factor complexes bound to the ROCRR also recognized the thyroid hormone response element palindrome (AGGTCATGACCT) but did not bind the classic cAMP (TGACGTCA) or glucocorticoid (AGAACANNNTGTTCT) response elements. The rat OC promoter possesses two directly repeated PuGGTCA steroid hormone response element hexamer motifs (bottom strand) in the region -114 to -93 within the ROCRR, separated by a 10 nucleotide spacer. Oligos encoding the individual rat OC hexamer sites compete for the ROCRR DNA:protein complexes recognized by the thyroid hormone response element palindrome. Removal of the up-stream hexamer site by 5' deletion (-121 to -100) in the context of the native OC promoter abrogates cAMP responsiveness. Taken together, these data suggest that this novel rat OC cAMP response region assembles a protein:DNA complex containing member(s) of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. Transcriptional activity, but not DNA binding, is regulated by cAMP.
Rigid cervical collar treatment for geriatric type II odontoid fractures

Purpose To evaluate fracture healing, functional outcomes, complications, and mortality associated with rigid cervical collars.
No small slam: increasing incidents of genitourinary injury from toilets and toilet seats.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of genitourinary (GU) injury from toilets that present to USA Emergency rooms (ERs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) is a stratified probability sample of hospital ER visits for USA consumer product-related injuries. NEISS was used to estimate total toilet- and toilet seat-related GU injury for the years 2002-2010, as well as to describe demographics and injury characteristics. Analyses were performed using strata, primary sampling units and sample weights to accommodate the complex sample survey design. Data are reported as national estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) provided. RESULTS: In all, 13 175 (95% CI 10 185-16 165) GU injuries related to toilets presented to ERs during 2002-2010. The most common mechanism involved crush from accidental fall of toilet seat, described in 9011 (68.4%, 95% CI 6907-11 115) cases. Most crush injuries were isolated to the penis (98.1%). Of crush injuries, 81.7% occurred in children aged 2-3 years and 99.3% occurred in the home. Crush injuries increased over the period 2002-2010 (P = 0.017) by ≈100 per year, ending with an estimated 1707 (95% CI 1011-2402) by 2010. Most patients who sustained toilet- and toilet seat-related GU injuries were treated in the ER and then discharged. CONCLUSION: While penile crush injury related to a toilet seat is an uncommon mechanism of urological injury in children, the number of incidents appears to be rising. These findings support educational efforts and interventions, such as exchange of heavy toilet seats with slow-close toilet seat technology. Language: en
The bkdR gene of Pseudomonas putida is required for expression of the bkd operon and encodes a protein related to Lrp of Escherichia coli.

Abstract Branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase is a multienzyme complex which is required for the metabolism of the branched-chain amino acids in Pseudomonas putida. The structural genes encoding all four proteins of the bkd operon have been cloned, and their nucleotide sequences have been determined (G. Burns, K. T. Madhusudhan, K. Hatter, and J. R. Sokatch, p. 177-184 in S. Silver, A. M. Chakrabarty, B. Iglewski, and S. Kaplan [ed.], Pseudomonas: Biotransformations, Pathogenesis, and Evolving Biotechnology, American Society for Microbiology, Washington D.C., 1990). An open reading frame which encoded a protein with 36.5% amino acid identity to the leucine-responsive regulatory protein (Lrp) of Escherichia coli was found immediately upstream of the bkd operon. Chromosomal mutations affecting this gene, named bkdR, resulted in a loss of ability to use branched-chain amino acids as carbon and energy sources and failure to produce branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase. These mutations were complemented in trans by plasmids which contained intact bkdR. Mutations affecting bkdR did not have any effect on transport of branched-chain amino acids or transamination. Therefore, the bkdR gene product must affect expression of the bkd operon and regulation must be positive. Mutations affecting bkdR could also be complemented by plasmids containing lrp of E. coli. This is the first instance of a Lrp-like protein demonstrated to regulate expression of an operon outside of E. coli.
Dose‐dependent influences of dietary β‐1,3‐glucan on innate immunity and disease resistance of hybrid striped bass Morone chrysops×Morone saxatilis

To investigate potential use of dietary β-1,3-glucan for health management of hybrid striped bass, juvenile fish were fed diets supplemented with yeast glucan (MacroGuard®) at 0.05%, 0.1% or 0.2% of diet for 4 weeks, followed by immune response assays and a bath challenge with Streptococcus iniae. Dietary glucan significantly (P 5 μg glucan mL⁻¹. It is concluded that dietary yeast glucan has potential for use in diet formulations of hybrid striped bass to limit the adverse effects of S. iniae, but dosage should be an important consideration in administration.
Comparative Analysis of P73 and P53 Regulation and Effector Functions

p53 is mutated in ∼50% of human cancers, whereas mutations of the related p73 gene are rare. p73 can activate p53-responsive promoters and induce apoptosis when overexpressed in certain p53-deficient tumor cells. We show that p73 isoforms, p73α and p73β, can each induce permanent growth arrest with markers of replicative senescence when overexpressed in a tetracycline-regulatable manner in human cancer cells lacking functional p53. Human homologue of mouse double minute 2 gene product (hMDM2), but not an NH2-terminal deletion mutant, coimmunoprecipated with p73α or p73β, and inhibited p73 transcriptional activity as with p53. In contrast to p53, ectopically expressed hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged p73 proteins were not stabilized by treatment with several DNA damaging agents. Furthermore, unlike normal p53, which increases in response to DNA damage due to enhanced protein stability in MCF7 cells, endogenous p73 protein levels were not increased in these cells under the same conditions. Thus, although p73 has an ability, comparable to that of p53, to suppress tumor cell growth in p53-deficient cells, p73 induction is regulated differently from p53. These findings suggest that the selective pressures for p53 rather than p73 inactivation in tumors may reflect their differential responses to stresses such as DNA damage, rather than their capacities to induce permanent growth arrest or apoptosis programs.
Body Height and Hip Fracture: A Cohort Study of 90 000 Women

Hemenway D (Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA), Feskanich D and Colditz G A. Body height and hip fracture : A cohort study of 90 000 women. International Journal of Epidemiology 1995 ; 24 : 783-786. Background. Hip fractures are a major public health problem. Recent studies have noted a connection between body height and hip fracture. Methods. We investigated the relationship between body height and hip fracture using a prospective cohort of over 92 000 American, predominantly white, female nurses who were followed for 10 years, from June 1980 to June 1990. The women, participants in the Nurses Health Study, were aged 35-59 in 1980. Results. Women 5'8 or taller were more than twice as likely as women under 5'2 to sustain a hip fracture, after accounting for age, body mass index, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption (multivariate relative risk 2.40, 95% confidence interval : 1.43-4.02 ; P for trend < 0.0001). Conclusion. Height appears to be an important independent risk factor for hip fracture among American women. Height should be included as a confounder in studies of hip fracture, and taller, elderly women should be advised to consider preventive measures.
Geometry over Fields

Beginning with the familiar example of the real Cartesian plane, we show how to construct a geometry satisfying Hilbert’s axioms over an abstract field. The axioms of incidence are valid over any field (Section 14). For the notion of betweenness we need an ordered field (Section 15). For the axiom (C1) on transferring a line segment to a given ray, we need a property (*) on the existence of certain square roots in the field F. To carry out Euclidean constructions, we need a slightly stronger property (**)-see Section 16.
[A comprehensive surveillance on HIV among 1,237 men who have sex with men in thirteen cities of Yunnan].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the knowledge risk behaviors and HIV prevalence in men who have sex with men (MSM) in thirteen cities. METHODS: Target samples were chosen using the snowball-rolling method with transverse KABP and HIV-antibody testing developed for those MSM in thirteen cities of Yunnan. RESULTS: A total of 1237 valid questionnaires and 1129 blood samples were collected. Basic knowledge on HIV and the rate of the response was 93.2%. 81.1% of the respondents had anal sex with male partners in the last six months of them 49.7% could persistently using condoms in each anal sex episode. 29.0% of the respondents had sex with female partners in the last six months. The HIV prevalence among the studied MSM was 8.2% and the prevalence of syphilis among them was 3.9%. Most risky factors of those MSM infected by HIV would include: not persistently use condom when having sex and co-infection of syphilis. CONCLUSION: Both rates of HIV infection associated risk behaviors and HIV prevalence were high in MSM under study that called for more work on HIV prevention and control MSM in Yunnan.
The Tax Exclusion for Adopting Children with Special Needs

In this article, he discusses the evolution of the exclusion for employer adoption assistance payments for adoptions of children with special needs. He shows how some ambiguities in the law were partially clarified but how confusion still exists. He gives suggestions for further clarification of the law.
A Fuzzy-Based Approach to Support Decision Making in Complex Military Environments

Data for military intelligence operations are increasing at astronomical rates. As a result, significant cognitive and temporal resources are required to determine which information is relevant to a particular situation. Soft computing techniques, such as fuzzy logic, have recently been applied toward decision support systems to support military intelligence analysts in selecting relevant and reliable data within the military decision making process. This article examines the development of one such system and its evaluation using a constructive simulation and human performance model to provided critical understanding of how this conceptual information system might interact with personnel, organizational, and system architectures. In addition, similarities between military intelligence analysts and cyber intelligence analysts are detailed along with a plan for transitioning the current fuzzy-based system to the cyber security domain.
Nuclear medicine in pediatric refractory epilepsy

The nuclear medicine procedures 99mTc-ECD SPECT and 18F-FDG PET play an important diagnostic role in children with refractory seizures. In select patients, surgical removal of epileptogenic cortex is a therapeutic option. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the principal imaging method used to identify which patients would benefit from the surgery. However, there are cases when MRI does not detect an abnormality (MRI-negative epilepsy). Under these, and other circumstances, functional nuclear medicine studies are helpful in the workup of these patients. A combination of nuclear medicine procedures with MRI and CT depicts functional–anatomic relationships and assists in the non-invasive localization of epileptogenic cortex. Information derived from these procedures is valuable in the selection of candidates for surgical resection. Timing of tracer administration in relation to imaging and monitoring the state of brain activation are essential for accurate interpretation. Ictal and interictal perfusion single photon computed tomography (SPECT), with digital subtraction and registration to MRI can define the region of ictal cortical hyperperfusion more clearly than separate image interpretation. Ictal SPECT is more sensitive than interictal positron emission computed tomography (PET) and interictal PET is more sensitive than interictal SPECT. Interictal SPECT and PET are easier to obtain than ictal SPECT, since they do not require coordination between seizure onset and tracer administration. When surface electrode grids or depth electrodes are planned, anatomic-functional images can assist in their anatomic positioning. The best results are obtained when the planning, execution and interpretation of nuclear medicine procedures are carried out with the support of a well-trained multidisciplinary team familiar with children and refractory seizures.
Considerations for Large Area Fabrication Of Integrated a-Si and Poly-Si TFTs

The combination of a-Si low leakage pixel TFTs with poly-Si TFTs in peripheral circuits provides an excellent method for reducing the number of external connections to large-area imaging arrays and displays. To integrate the fabrication of the peripheral poly-Si TFTs with the a-Si pixel TFTs, we have developed a threestep laser process which enables selective crystallization of PECVD a-Si:H. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy show that the polycrystalline grains formed with this three-step process are similar to those crystallized by a conventional one step laser crystallization of unhydrogenated amorphous silicon. The grain size increases with increasing laser energy density up to a peak value of a few microns. The grain size decreases with further increases in laser energy density. The transistor field effect mobility is correlated with the grain size, increasing gradually with laser energy density until reaching its maximum value. Thereafter, the transistors suffer from leakage through the gate insulators. A dual dielectric gate insulator has been developed for these bottom-gate thin film transistors to provide the correct threshold voltages for both a-Si and poly-Si TFTs.
Society and Scientific Research

“In the society of scientists each man, by the process of exploring for the truth, has earned a dignity more profound than his doctrine. A true society is sustained by the sense of human dignity…. This is why, at bottom, the society of scientists is more important than their discoveries. What science has to teach us here is not its techniques but its spirit: the irresistible need to explore.”J. BRONOWSKI-Science and Human Values
Perceived fairness of room blocks in the Meetings, Incentives, Convention, and Exhibition industry

ABSTRACTBesides registration cost, meeting attendees spend the most money on accommodations, but often the negotiated “conference rate” is higher than a rate offered by other channels. The purpose of this study is to explore how different outcomes in price and information made available to attendees affect meeting attendees' perceptions of fairness, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. Experimental design was used, and surveys were collected from event attendees. Results of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed that attendees who paid less perceived the event organizer's pricing procedure as fair, they were more satisfied, and in turn their willingness to book a room through the event organizer in the future was high. The information made available to attendees by the event organizer mattered to them in terms of perceived fairness but not to the extent that they would be satisfied with the event organizer's pricing management, nor would they continue to book a room with the event organiz...
Comparison of the Bioleaching and Chemical Leaching of Cobaltiferous Ores

The cobaltiferous ores were studied by the process mineralogy for their main composition,ore particle size distribution,contents of primary elements and mineral dissemination characteristics.The results showed that the main content of the sulfide ores was carrollite that most of them were in monomer form,while a part of them were intergrowth with other ores. The copper ores were composed of chalcopyrite,bornite,chalcocite,covellite. The ferric sulfide is pyrite primarily. The cobaltiferous ores were comprised of 1. 63% cobalt,1. 05% copper,15. 00% sulfur and 12. 4%iron. Shaking flask experiments were used to test the leaching efficiency of the cobaltiferous ores using ZY101 bacteria which was cultured with good anti-cobalt properties in the lab. The results showed that the cobalt bioleaching efficiency by bioleaching was 85. 71% which was 63. 26% higher than that by chemical leaching with high iron solution. So it was more suitable that recovery of cobalt by bioleaching than by chemical leaching,and ZY101 was favored for cobalt leaching because of its high leaching efficiency and cobalt tolerance.