cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intermediate-Depth Circulation of the Indian and South Pacific Oceans Measured by Autonomous Floats

As part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, 306 autonomous floats were deployed in the tropical and South Pacific Ocean and 228 were deployed in the Indian Ocean to observe the basinwide circulation near 900-m depth. Mean velocities, seasonal variability, and lateral eddy diffusivity from the resultant 2583 float-years of data are presented. Area averages, local function fits, and a novel application of objective mapping are used to estimate the mean circulation. Patterns of mean circulation resemble those at the surface in both basins. Well-developed subtropical gyres, twice as strong in the Indian Ocean as in the Pacific, feed western boundary currents. Tropical gyres are separated by eastward flow along the equator in both hemispheres of both basins, although the Indian subcontinent splits the north Indian tropical gyre. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and west wind drifts are prominent in both basins, generally tending slightly southward but deviating to the north behind the Del Cano, Kerguelen, and Campbell Plateaus and, of course, South America. Remarkably, the eastern boundaries of the southern subtropical gyres in all three basins apparently occur in the ocean interior, away from land. The Indian Ocean's subtropical gyre, and perhaps part of the South Atlantic's, reaches east to a retroflection just upstream of the Campbell Plateau south of New Zealand. Seasonal variability at 900 m is focused around the equator with weaker variability found near certain bathymetric features. There is a remarkable agreement between the observed seasonable variability and that predicted by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)-Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) data-assimilating numerical model. Aside from seasonal effects, eddy variability is greatest along the equator, in tropical and subtropical western basins, and along the ACC. Integrals of velocity across regional passages (Tasman Sea, Mozambique Channel) provide useful reference for hydrographic analyses of transport. Across whole ocean basins, however, the uncertainty associated with the appropriate continuity relation for horizontal flow (e.g., geostrophy vs nondivergence) is comparable to the mean flow.
Space-Efficient Keying in Wireless Communication Networks

We investigate the problem of assigning keys to nodes in a network such that each node is able to communicate with every other node in a secure manner. We propose a key assignment scheme that assigns at most [log n]2 keys to each node, where n is the number of nodes in the network. The key that two nodes should use to securely communicate with each other is derived from at most [log n] keys and can be computed in O(log n) time. Finally, the collusion resistance of our scheme degrades gracefully as the number of colluding nodes increase in contrast to a recently proposed key assignment scheme that has zero collusion resistance (that is, two colluding nodes can eavesdrop on all communication in the network). To our knowledge, the key assignment scheme presented in this paper is the most efficient secure key assignment scheme in terms of space that has been proposed so far.
Differences in the connectivity of rat pudendal motor nuclei as revealed by retrograde transneuronal transport of wheat germ agglutinin

Bilateral coordinated activation of pudendal motoneurons is an essential component of penile reflexes in male rats. However, little is known about the intraspinal organization of these reflexes. In the present study, retrograde transneuronal transport of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) was used to examine the organization of spinal motoneurons and putative interneurons mediating penile reflexes in adult male rats. Injection of WGA into the ventral bulbospongiosus muscle resulted in direct retrograde labeling of motoneurons in the ipsilateral dorsomedial (DM) nucleus and transneuronal labeling of ipsilateral and contralateral DM motoneurons. Motoneurons in the ipsilateral and contralateral dorsolateral (DL) nuclei were not labeled. WGA-labeled putative interneurons were observed bilaterally, primarily in the ventromedial spinal gray matter extending dorsally to the central canal and the dorsal gray commissure. The number of transneuronally labeled putative interneurons increased with longer survival times. Injection of WGA into the ischiocavernosus muscle resulted in direct retrograde labeling of motoneurons in the medial subdivision of the ipsilateral DL nucleus. However, no WGA labeling was detected in motoneurons in the lateral subdivision of the ipsilateral DL nucleus, the contralateral DL nucleus, or the DM nuclei at any of the survival times studied (1-7 days). Only a small number of transneuronally labeled putative interneurons was observed in the ventrolateral gray matter at longer survival times (3-7 days). Thus, marked differences were observed between the DM and DL nuclei with respect to the transneuronal transport of WGA. These results are discussed with respect to the organization of the spinal circuits that mediate pudendal motor reflexes.
A Heterogeneous Lightweight Multithreaded Architecture

Programs with irregular patterns of dynamic data structures and/or those with complicated control structures such as recursion are notoriously difficult to parallelize efficiently. For some highly-irregular applications, such as a SAT solver, it has been nearly impossible to obtain significant parallel speedups on conventional SMP systems over serial implementations. Lightweight multithreading, as found in the Cray MTA and the upcoming XMT (Eldorado), has been demonstrated as an effective approach to attacking these problems. In this paper, we describe a heterogeneous lightweight multithreading that extends ideas found in the Cray machines to support larger numbers of threads while reducing the cost of thread management and synchronization.
Induction of macrophage suppressor activity by fibrosarcoma-derived transforming growth factor-beta 1: contrasting effects on resting and activated macrophages.

Tumor-derived transforming growth factor-�1 (TGF-fil) suppresses several immune responses. Because tumor growth induces macrophage (m4) suppressor ac- tivity, we determined whether murine fibrosarcoma-de- rived TGF4il contributed to m4-mediated suppression of autoantigen- and alloantigen-stimulated T cell prolifera- tion. The murine fibrosarcoma Meth-KDE cell line con- stitutively produced TGF4il. Meth-KDE tumor-bearing host (TBH) syngeneic splenic m4s suppressed autoan- tigen- and alloantigen-stimulated normal host (NH) CD4� T cell proliferation. Pretreatment with Meth-KDE super- natants induced NH m4s to suppress T cell proliferation as much as TBH m4s. Anti-TGF-f31 antibody treatment reversed Meth-KDE-induced NH m4-mediated suppres- sion. Recombinant TGF431-induced m4-mediated sup- pression was not blocked during inhibition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nitric oxide (NO), or TGF-f31 production. However, Meth-KDE-induced m4-mediated suppression was partly reduced when PGE2 production was inhibited. Pretreatment with tumor cell-derived TGF4il, but not recombinant TGF-f�1, increased acti- vated mPGE2 production. These results show that ad- ditional tumor-derived molecules aid in TGF4il-enhanced PGE2 production. Also, TGF4II alone up-regulates m4 synthesis of suppressor molecules that are different from PGE2, NO, and TGF431. Although TGF-fil has direct suppressor activity on lymphocytes, these results show that release of tumor cell TGF4.U also induces m4 suppressor activity. J. Leukoc. Biol. 57: 919-928; 1995.
An improved simulation of space and reversal bounded deterministic Turing machines by width and depth bounded uniform circuits

Abstract We present an improved simulation of space and reversal bounded Turing machines by width and depth bounded uniform circuits. (All resource bounds hold simultaneously.) An S(n) space, R(n) reversal bounded deterministic k-tape Turing machine can be simulated by a uniform circuit of O(R(n)log 2 S(n)) depth and O(S(n) k ) width. Our proof is cleaner, and has slightly better resource bounds than the original proof due to Pippenger (1979). The improvement is resource bounds comes primarily from the use of a shared-memory machine instead of an oblivious Turing machine, and the concept of a ‘special situation’.
Estimation of Maximum Amplitudes of Conductor Galloping by Describing Function Analysis

Estimates of maximum amplitudes of conductor galloping are needed in order to determine appropriate phase-to-phase clearances on overhead lines. A new method for computing these estimates is presented. The method gives estimates of the amplitude and frequency of galloping limit cycles along with the wind speed at which they occur. These features make the method useful as a design guide and also allow it to be used to gain further insight into he mechanisms of conductor galloping.
Monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of the C3 glomerulopathies.

Our understanding of glomerular disease has been steadily progressing from pattern-based histologic classification and empirical immunosuppressive treatments to better molecular characterization of disease and, albeit more slowly, to more targeted therapies. The group of diseases collectively known
Evaporation from weighing precipitation gauges: impacts on automated gauge measurements and quality assurance methods

Abstract. Evaporation from a precipitation gauge can cause errors in the amount of measured precipitation. For automated weighing-bucket gauges, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) suggests the use of evaporative suppressants and frequent observations to limit these biases. However, the use of evaporation suppressants is not always feasible due to environmental hazards and the added cost of maintenance, transport, and disposal of the gauge additive. In addition, research has suggested that evaporation prior to precipitation may affect precipitation measurements from auto-recording gauges operating at sub-hourly frequencies. For further evaluation, a field campaign was conducted to monitor evaporation and its impacts on the quality of precipitation measurements from gauges used at U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) stations. Two Geonor gauges were collocated, with one gauge using an evaporative suppressant (referred to as Geonor-NonEvap) and the other with no suppressant (referred to as Geonor-Evap) to evaluate evaporative losses and evaporation biases on precipitation measurements. From June to August, evaporative losses from the Geonor-Evap gauge exceeded accumulated precipitation, with an average loss of 0.12 mm h−1. The impact of evaporation on precipitation measurements was sensitive to the choice of calculation method. In general, the pairwise method that utilized a longer time series to smooth out sensor noise was more sensitive to gauge evaporation (−4.6% bias with respect to control) than the weighted-average method that calculated depth change over a smaller window (
Angiotensin II Regulation of Collagen Type I Expression in Cardiac Fibroblasts. Modulation by PPAR-γ Ligand Pioglitazone

Angiotensin II (Ang II)-mediated stimulation of fibroblast growth and collagen type I synthesis is believed to be an important component of the cardiac remodeling process in hypertension and chronic ischemia. Ang II-mediated oxidative stress could be important in enhanced fibroblast growth and collagen formation. Accordingly, we postulated that the PPAR-gamma ligand, pioglitazone, which is known to modulate oxidative stress, would alter Ang II-induced formation of collagen type I in cardiac fibroblasts. Cardiac fibroblasts were treated with different concentrations (10(-8) to 10(-6) M) of Ang II for different times (6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours). Ang II increased the expression of collagen type I in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion (P<0.01 versus control). Ang II also decreased the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 (MMP-1, P<0.05 versus control). These effects of Ang II were attenuated by pretreatment of cells with pioglitazone (10 micromol/L). Ang II stimulated the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and this effect was also attenuated by pioglitazone. Ang II treatment activated the redox-sensitive transcription factor NF-kappaB, and pioglitazone pretreatment blocked this effect of Ang II. Ang II also activated another transcription factor, AP-1, but this effect of Ang II was not modulated by pioglitazone. In other experiments, we observed that trolox, the water soluble analog of vitamin E, attenuated the effects of Ang II on the expression of collagen type I and MMP-1, in a manner similar to pioglitazone. Thus, pioglitazone attenuates Ang II-mediated collagen type I synthesis in cardiac fibroblasts. The effects of pioglitazone are mediated by the modulation of ROS release and redox-sensitive transcription factor NF-kappaB.
Collective inertia of the Nambu-Goldstone mode from linear response theory

Background: Spurious zero-energy Nambu-Goldstone (NG) modes appear when the symmetry of a system is spontaneously broken. The Thouless-Valatin inertia, the collective inertia of the NG mode, contains important information concerning collective motion.Purpose: To establish an efficient and precise method for deriving the collective inertia and the conjugate operator of a NG mode, I derive an expression for the response function in terms of the coordinate-momentum representation of the quasiparticle random-phase approximation which is valid even if a symmetry-restoring zero-energy mode is present.Methods: I use the finite amplitude method for computing the response function of superfluid nuclei with the nuclear density functional theory.Results: I derived analytically the collective inertia and the conjugate coordinate operator of the NG mode from the zero-energy linear response with the momentum operator of the NG mode. The formulation is tested in the cases of translational and pairing rotational modes. Illustrative calculations are performed for the neutron pairing rotation in Sn isotopes, the proton pairing rotation in $N=82$ isotones, and the neutron and proton pairing rotations around the $^{130}\mathrm{Xe}$ nucleus.Conclusions: The proposed formulation allows us to compute the collective inertia of the NG mode precisely and efficiently. The conjugate coordinate operator can be utilized to remove spurious contributions to the strength distribution in the finite amplitude method.
Augmentation of CFTR maturation by S-nitrosoglutathione reductase

S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) reductase regulates novel endogenous S-nitrosothiol signaling pathways, and mice deficient in GSNO reductase are protected from airways hyperreactivity. S-nitrosothiols are present in the airway, and patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) tend to have low S-nitrosothiol levels that may be attributed to upregulation of GSNO reductase activity. The present study demonstrates that 1) GSNO reductase activity is increased in the cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial (CFBE41o(-)) cells expressing mutant F508del-cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) compared with the wild-type CFBE41o(-) cells, 2) GSNO reductase expression level is increased in the primary human bronchial epithelial cells expressing mutant F508del-CFTR compared with the wild-type cells, 3) GSNO reductase colocalizes with cochaperone Hsp70/Hsp90 organizing protein (Hop; Stip1) in human airway epithelial cells, 4) GSNO reductase knockdown with siRNA increases the expression and maturation of CFTR and decreases Stip1 expression in human airway epithelial cells, 5) increased levels of GSNO reductase cause a decrease in maturation of CFTR, and 6) a GSNO reductase inhibitor effectively reverses the effects of GSNO reductase on CFTR maturation. These studies provide a novel approach to define the subcellular location of the interactions between Stip1 and GSNO reductase and the role of S-nitrosothiols in these interactions.
Directed SelfAssembly A Controllable Route to Optical and Electronic Devices Based on Single Nanostructures

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Directed self-assembly Spectroscopic signatures Application of electric fields Optical cavities Conclusions
Development of the Sensory Hypersensitivity Scale (SHS): a self-report tool for assessing sensitivity to sensory stimuli

Sensory hypersensitivity is one manifestation of the central sensitization that may underlie conditions such as fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. We conducted five studies designed to develop and validate the Sensory Hypersensitive Scale (SHS); a 25-item self-report measure of sensory hypersensitivity. The SHS assesses both general sensitivity and modality-specific sensitivity (e.g. touch, taste, and hearing). 1202 participants (157 individuals with chronic pain) completed the SHS, which demonstrated an adequate overall internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha) of 0.81, suggesting the tool can be used as a cross-modality assessment of sensitivity. SHS scores demonstrated only modest correlations (Pearson's r) with depressive symptoms (0.19) and anxiety (0.28), suggesting a low level of overlap with psychiatric complaints. Overall SHS scores showed significant but relatively modest correlations (Pearson's r) with three measures of sensory testing: cold pain tolerance (-0.34); heat pain tolerance (-0.285); heat pain threshold (-0.271). Women reported significantly higher scores on the SHS than did men, although gender-based differences were small. In a chronic pain sample, individuals with fibromyalgia syndrome demonstrated significantly higher SHS scores than did individuals with osteoarthritis or back pain. The SHS appears suitable as a screening measure for sensory hypersensitivity, though additional research is warranted to determine its suitability as a proxy for central sensitization.
Adaptive Information Filtering with Error Entropy and Error Correntropy Criteria

This chapter formulates a new cost function for adaptive filtering based on Renyi’s quadratic error entropy. The problem of estimating the linear system parameters \(\mathrm{\mathbf {w}} = {[{w}_{0},\ldots, {w}_{M-1}]}^{\mathrm{T}}\) in the setting of Figure 3.1 where x(n), and z(n) are random variables can be framed as model-based inference, because it relates measured data, uncertainty, and the functional description of the system and its parameters. The desired response z(n) can be thought of as being created by an unknown transformation of the input vector \(\mathrm{\mathbf {x}} = {[x(n),\ldots, x(n - M + 1)]}^{\mathrm{T}}\). Adaptive filtering theory [143, 284] addresses this problem using the MSE criterion applied to the error signal, \(e(n) = z(n) - f(\mathrm{\mathbf {w}},x(n))\) $${J}_{w}(e(n)) = E[{(z(n) - f(\mathrm{\mathbf{w}},x(n)))}^{2}]$$ (3.1) when the linear filter is a finite impulse response filter (FIR); $$y(n) =\sum\limits_{k=0}^{M-1}{w}_{ k}x(n - k).$$ (3.2)
Estimating Monooxygenase Detoxification in Field Populations: Toxicity and Distribution of Carbaryl in Three Species of Labops Grassbugs

Carbaryl bioassays were conducted in the field with natural populations of three species of grassbugs (Hemiptera: Miridae). Insecticide-coated vials and a portable incubator were used. Grassbug populations differed in carbaryl LC50 with respect. to species, sex, date, and location. Pretreatment of the insects with piperonyl butoxide inhibited the monooxygenase (mixed-function oxidase) system, depriving the insects of a key defense against carbaryl. The differences in synergized and unsynergized LC50 values were used to calculate an estimated “percent dependency upon monooxygenase detoxification” for the grassbugs, Plotting these values against carbaryl LC50 illustrated hypothetical population differences in tolerance and detoxification potential. These were tested in the laboratory with two species, Males were found to be more susceptible to carbaryl than were the females, with population LC50 values falling as the season progressed. Labops hesperius Uhler was the most tolerant species, with some Over-lapping values with Labops hirtus Knight. Labops utahensis Slater was the most susceptible and contained the lowest level of monooxygenase activity.
Lissencephaly and Pachygyria: an architectonic and topographical analysis.

The architectonic features of abnormal cerebral cortex in a brain with lissencephaly and pachygyria suggest than neuronal migration was interrupted by cortical and subcortical laminar necrosis in the fourth fetal month. The severest cortical abnormality lies in the distal perfusion fields of the major cerebral arteries, while the normal areas are located in the proximal perfusion fields. These architectonic and topographic features suggest that intra-uterine hypoxia or perfusion failure may be a pathogenetic mechanism leading to lissencephaly and pachygyria.
Modeling Approaches and Metrics to Evaluate Nonprofit Operations

The Operations Research and Management Science (OR/MS) community is paying increasing attention to the analysis of nonprofit practices, which can significantly differ from for-profit ones. While profit is one of the most widely used performance metrics in for-profit settings, it is not appropriate for nonprofit operations. We start the chapter by suggesting a number of theoretical models that could represent nonprofit operations. Next, we present some strategies used by organizations to align the incentives and objectives of different decision makers participating in the same nonprofit operation. The bulk of the chapter is devoted to bringing to the attention of the humanitarian operations community different candidate metrics valid for measuring nonprofit performance. These metrics are not necessarily unique to nonprofit operations but are used by practitioners and scholars in a large variety of nonprofit situations.
Efficiency improvement in the operating room.

Abstract Background In the changing health care environment, health systems, hospitals, and health care providers must focus on improving efficiency to meet an increasing demand for high-quality, low-cost health care. Much has been written about strategies and efforts to improve efficiency in the perioperative periods, yet the time when the patient is in the operating room—the intraoperative period—has received less attention. Yet, this is the period in which surgeons may have the most influence. Methods Systematically review published efforts to improve intraoperative efficiency; assess the outcomes of these efforts, and propose standardized reporting of future studies. Results A total of 39 studies were identified that met inclusion criteria. These divided naturally into small (single operative team), medium (multi-operative team), and large (institutional) interventions. Most studies used time or money as their metric for efficiency, though others were used as well. Conclusions There is substantial opportunity to enhance operating room efficiency during the intraoperative period. Surgeons may have a particular role in procedural efficiency, which has been relatively unstudied. Common themes were standardizing tasks, collecting and using actionable data, and maintaining effective team communication.
Sexual Intimacy, Social Justice, and Severe Disabilities: Should Fair Equality of Opportunity in Health Extend to Surrogate Partner Therapy?

The 2012 film The Sessions tells the story of a man with polio who loses his virginity by undergoing Surrogate Partner Therapy (SPT). In light of ensuing controversy surrounding the legal and moral status of SPT, this article uses Norman Daniels’ framework of fair equality of opportunity in health to argue that SPT is a legitimate form of treatment for sexual dysfunctions and should be evaluated alongside other such treatments. I begin by showing how sexual dysfunctions constitute deviations in normal species functioning. I then show that sexual capacities are a matter of fair equality of opportunity because they affect the ability to cultivate the sexual intimacy that is crucial for forming a family and often necessary for maintaining a healthy one. Recognizing that some might object to SPT as a form of prostitution, I proceed by showing how the treatment might avoid some of the objections raised against prostitution, and conclude by affirming that societies committed to fair equality of opportunity in health should work to make SPT legal and safe.
Computational Study of NOx Formation at Conditions Relevant to Gas Turbine Operation, Part 2: NOx in High Hydrogen Content Fuel Combustion at Elevated Pressure

Part 1 (10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00420) of this two part series presented a computational study of NOx formation during methane and ethylene combustion, representative of small fuel fragments present in natural gas and chemical processing. The influence of fuel chemistry, reaction temperature history, and inert dilution was examined using popular models present in the literature. The present work extends the study to hydrogen-rich conditions to remove the fuel variability dependency of NOx and identify possible inconsistencies in predicting NOx during high hydrogen content fuel combustion. A comprehensive chemical kinetic model is proposed consisting of CO/H2/NOx oxidation with the full implementation of thermal, N2O, and NNH paths of NOx evolution. Predictions from the model are compared against multiple experimental data sets over a wide range of venues and operating conditions. The experimental venues include shock tube, plug flow reactor, and stirred reactor experiments that cover pressures from 1 to...
Internal Forces in Members

The analysis or design of structural and machine components is based upon a knowledge of the variation of internal forces throughout such members. Fundamental concepts and equations of statics provide the necessary background for determination of these internal forces. The equations of equilibrium together with the free-body-diagram concept are used to determine internal forces in members subjected to applied force systems. Emphasis is placed upon the construction of diagrams that reveal the variation of internal forces as functions of coordinates measured along member lengths. Equations and procedures are developed for the construction of axial force, torque, shear, and moment diagrams.
Perceived positions along the social spectrum: The subjective social status of contemporary Chinese in a coastal metropolis

This research investigates how social groups in China defined by income, education, and hukou status-a citizenship classification system based on birthright-differ in the criteria they use in the self-evaluation of their social position in the society. I combine interview and survey data to investigate both how and why my respondents assign themselves to certain position along the social spectrum. First, I review three bodies of literature-class identification, subjective social status, and boundary work-to highlight the notion of dimensionality. Second, I use 2009 survey data from China to demonstrate general patterns in the respondents’ subjective social status. Using my statistical results, I identify and compare four groups of respondents defined by income, education, and hukou status. Third, I analyze 40 in-depth interviews with respondents in the said groups. I find that money and power are salient in the response of all four groups while the other dimensions such as the sense of belonging and respect are shared within specific income, education, or hukou groups, but not across them. While my quantitative findings show where these social groups locate themselves along the social hierarchy, my qualitative findings explain how and why they perceive their social status the way they do.
Broadening the Lens of System-Based Practice: From Micro to Macro and Basic to Complex in Residency Training.

Objective This paper aimed to develop a model for understanding the various dimensions of system-based practice (SBP) and determine the extent to which psychiatry residents perform behaviors along these dimensions.
Manifold representations of single and multiple material classes in high resolution HSI

Hyperspectral image data are traditionally analyzed using statistical models. However, as the spatial and spectral resolutions of the images improve as a result of advances in sensor technology, the data no longer maintain a Gaussian distribution; this is due to increased material diversity in the scene, i.e., clutter. This causes many statistical assumptions about the data — and subsequently, the algorithms based on those assumptions — to be flawed. In high dimensional data, manifold learning seeks to recover the embedded non-linear, lower-dimensional manifold upon which the data inherently lie. By recovering the lower-dimensional manifold, intrinsic structures and relationships within the data may be identified and exploited. Here, we consider the impacts of increasing material spectral clutter on the low dimensional manifolds recovered from high spatial resolution hyperspectral scenes for both single and multiple material classes. The Locally Linear Embedding manifold learning method is modified to use an adaptive graph, and is used to extract low dimensional manifolds from hyperspectral image data collected during the SHARE 2012 campaign.
Systems Zirconium-Molybdenum and Zirconium-Wolfram

On the basis of metallographic analysis, incipient melting data, thermal analysis work, and X-ray diffraction, phase relationships in the 0 to 50 atomic pct alloy content were carefully resolved. Phase relationships in the higher alloy content regions were outlined. A single intermediate phase, peritectically formed, of the form ZrX2 was established in each system. A eutectic and a eutectoid were found in the zirconium-rich region of both systems. Appreciable solubility of molybdenum and wolfram was found in β zirconium, but only a slight solubility in α zirconium.
Ambiguous Groups and Cayley Graphs—A Problem in Distinguishing Opposites

SummaryFor any finite group, if we are given the complete Cayley graph for the group, and if the undirected edges are colored in a natural way, does this partial information determine the multiplication table for the group? It turns out that that the answer to this inverse problem is usually yes, but not always. We call a group whose multiplication table cannot be determined from its complete colored Cayley graph an ambiguous group. A simple example of such a group is the quaternion group. We are able classify all ambiguous groups. We show that the complete Cayley graph with colored edges does determine the isomorphism class for the group. Along the way we revisit contributions made to the development of group theory by the eminent mathematicians Cayley, Hamilton, Dirichlet, and Baer.
Thermally Driven Self-Limiting Atomic Layer Etching of Metallic Tungsten Using WF6 and O2.

The semiconductor industry faces a tremendous challenge in the development of a transistor device with sub-10 nm complex features. Self-limiting atomic layer etching (ALE) is essential for enabling the manufacturing of complex transistor structures. In this study, we demonstrated a thermally driven ALE process for tungsten (W) using sequential exposures of O2 and WF6. Based on the insight gained from the previous study on TiO2 thermal ALE, we proposed that etching of W could proceed in two sequential reaction steps at 300 °C: (1) oxidation of metallic tungsten using O2 or O3 to form WO3(s) and (2) formation and removal of volatile WO2F2(g) during the reaction between WO3(s) and WF6(g). The O2/WF6 etch process was experimentally studied using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). We find that both the O2 and WF6 ALE half reactions are self-limiting, with an estimated steady-state etch rate of ∼6.3 A/cycle at 300 °C. We also find that etching of W proceeds readily at 300 °C, but not at temperatures lower tha...
Intraoperative Radiotherapy With INTRABEAM: Technical and Dosimetric Considerations.

Purpose: We evaluate dose characteristics and clinical applications of treatment accessories used in intra-operative radiotherapy (IORT) and make site specific recommendations for their optimal use. Methods and Materials: Dose measurements were performed for a low energy (50 kV) X-ray INTRABEAM source. For spherical, flat, surface and needle applicators, the following dosimetric parameters were measured: depth-dose (DD) profiles, surface dose (Ds), output factors (OF), and target dose homogeneity (DH). Optical density versus exposure calibration films were employed to obtain 2-dimensional dose distributions in planes parallel and perpendicular to beam direction. Film results were verified via repeat dose measurements with a parallel-plate ionization chamber in a custom water tank. The impact of applicator design on dose distributions was evaluated. Results: Spherical applicators are commonly used for treating the inner-surface of breast lumpectomy cavity. Flat and surface applicators provide uniform planar dose for head & neck, abdomen and pelvis targets. Needle applicators are designed for kypho-IORT of spinal metastasis. Typically, larger applicators produce a more homogeneous target dose region with lower surface dose, but require longer treatment times. For 4-cm diameter spherical, flat and surface applicators, dose rates were found to be: 0.8Gy/min, 0.3Gy/min and 2.2Gy/min respectively. The dose rate for a needle applicator was 7.04Gy/min at 5mm distance from the applicator surface. Overall, film results were in excellent agreement with ion-chamber data. Conclusions: Intra-operative radiotherapy may be delivered with a variety of site-specific applicators. Appropriate applicator selection is paramount for safe, effective and efficient IORT delivery. Results of this study should help enable clinicians assure optimized target dose coverage and reduced normal tissue exposure.
Predictors of positive development in first-year college students

Objective: Emerging adulthood is an important phase in the transition to adulthood. Emerging adults experience minimal social control and incomplete development of executive functioning leaving thi...
Children being Reared by their Grandparents in Rural Appalachia: A Pilot Study of Relations Between Psychosocial Stress and Changes in Salivary Markers of Inflammation Over Time

Grandparents in rural Appalachia with primary caregiving responsibilities for their grandchildren often struggle with high levels of stress, inadequate resources, and poor physical and mental health. However, implications for children of being raised by grandparents rarely have been examined, particularly in terms of stress biomarkers. The present study investigated salivary C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in a small sample of children (N = 20) aged 5 to 18 years being reared by grandparents in two rural counties in Kentucky, a region well known for its resource scarcity. Saliva samples were collected from children 30 min after waking at two time points spaced one year apart. Grandparents and children completed a series of questionnaires via interview. Children’s internalizing symptoms were related to greater markers of inflammation over time. Grandparent stress and poor mental health were also related to greater inflammation, while grandparent positive parenting and religiosity were associated with lower inflammation.
Group Problem-Solving: Tasks, Productivity, Early Experiments

The task or problem that a group collaborates on often affects the productivity of a group more than any other factor (see Chapter 7 for a detailed discussion of statistical studies). This chapter focuses on the different kinds of tasks and their relation to productivity. Steiner’s [1972] monograph on group problem solving is the classic discussion of many of the fundamental issues of problem solving in groups in a face-to-face context and is the key source for much of this chapter. We briefly present Steiner’s view of the relation between group productivity and so-called process losses and gains, and the effect of the type of task on group process. This process gain/process loss model is widely used in current analyses of computer-supported group interactions. We then review the classification of tasks presented by Steiner, including divisible, unitary, disjunctive, and conjunctive tasks. Steiner also described a number of classic early experiments on group problem-solving, several of which we recapitulate because of their intrinsic relevance to problem-solving by groups and their simple instructiveness. The experiments illustrate the impact of the type of task on group problem solving behavior and the effect of process factors like receptiveness and interpersonal factors like confidence on the group outcome.
Urban White Working-Class Males and the Possibilities of Collective Anger: Patrolling Riley Road

The study, which was conducted in white working-class bars, investigates how a group of white working-class mates aged 25–30 struggle to construct a sense of masculine identity in the context of a postindustrial economy. Previously, Willis (1977) argued that secondary-school “lads,” in part, shaped their masculine identity around the male Saber jobs they hoped to hold in the future. In a deindustrialized economy, Weis (1990) found that white working-class high school boys retained a sense of masculinity by envisioning a future male-dominant domestic framework. This research investigates how a group of white working-class men turn to their community for a sense of identity, and how these men channel their anger at their devalued economic status into policing their neighborhood from an African American male presence. It will be argued that possibly through policing, or forcibly defining the borders of their community, these men are trying to act out versions of their embattled masculinity.
An investigation into computational recognition of children's jokes

The purpose of this paper is to describe an investigation into an ontology-based computational recognition of children's jokes. While humor has been studied for centuries computational humor has received very little attention: This may in part be due to the difficulty of the task: at the very least, it requires formal methods for humor generation/recognition and "being able to produce/interpret natural language, being capable of subtle and flexible inferences, and having a vast store of knowledge about the real world." [Ritchie, 2004]. There are some humor generators (see Ritchie [2004] for a review) and a handful of humor recognizers. Yet, "If computers are ever going to communicate naturally and effectively with humans, they must be able to use humor." [Binsted, 2006]. We are interested in recognition, not generation of humor. Recognition of all verbally expressed humor is an overly broad task. To narrow the task, only jokes for young children are considered. The reduction of the domain size to young children's jokes is expected to decrease the complexity and sophistication of the language to be analyzed. This in turn decreases the knowledge that needs to be captured for text interpretation.
Alteration of Goals and Language in the Development of Science

In the Near East and Europe in the ancient and medieval periods, the language in which material objects were described and named was based primarily on the sensory appearances of substances, usually their color, but sometimes their smell, fusibility, solubility, consistency, geometrical form, or some other particularly striking sensory property. Occasionally a geographical location which was the original or major source of the substance provided the basis of the name; in other cases, the use (e.g., medicinal) did so. Such characteristics, generally, remained the bases of naming and classification until well into modern times.
Clinico-radiologic factors in paraclinoid aneurysms associated with aneurysm rupture: A CTA study.

Abstract Background and purpose Paraclinoid aneurysms are commonly noted as incidental findings by computed tomography angiography (CTA), and there exists disagreement in the literature as to which patient and aneurysm characteristics predict subsequent rupture. This question is of particular significance given the complex anatomy of the paraclinoid region and the associated risks of aneurysm treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine significant associated risk factors for paraclinoid aneurysm rupture. Materials and methods Medical records and CTA imaging from 179 patients with 205 paraclinoid aneurysms. Patient and aneurysm characteristics including aneurysm size, morphology, and multiplicity were gathered for analysis of rupture risk. Factors influencing the decision to treat or observe unruptured aneurysms were also evaluated. A Cox regression analysis was used, and results were corrected for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni method. Results Aneurysm size, diameter:neck ratio, and multilobularity were significantly associated with increased rupture risk; however, only multilobularity remained significant after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Intervention for unruptured aneurysms was significantly more likely to occur among younger patients and multilobulated aneurysms, or those having a larger diameter, height, height:neck ratio, or diameter:neck ratio. Conclusions Multilobularity constitutes a significant associated risk factor for rupture among paraclinoid aneurysms. Younger age, larger size and multilobulated aneurysms are characteristics that favored treatment over observation in this cohort.
Reciprocal Associations Between Inhibitory Control and Early Academic Skills: Evidence From a Nationally Representative Sample of Head Start Children

ABSTRACTResearch Findings. The present study examined patterns of longitudinal associations between inhibitory control (IC) and early academic skills during the preschool and kindergarten years. Using data from the Head Start Family and Child Experiences Survey Cohort 2009 (FACES 2009) (N = 939), a national data set of predominantly low-income children attending Head Start, two models were compared: (1) a lagged path model predicting subsequent academic skills based on prior IC skills and (2) a cross-lagged path model predicting reciprocal associations between IC and academic skills. Our results showed a better model fit for the cross-lagged path model with bidirectional associations. Prior IC predicted subsequent early reading and math skills during the preschool and kindergarten years; simultaneously, prior early math skills, but not reading skills, predicted subsequent IC. The reciprocal associations between IC and early math were consistently identified for multiple groups of children, regardless of t...
The Cardiac Intensive Care Unit and Operating Room Continuum: Quality and Safety in the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit

In the past decade, there has been an increased focus on quality and safety in health care. Decreasing variation, increasing adherence to evidence based guidelines, monitoring processes, and measuring outcomes are critical for improving quality of care. This focus is further enhanced because of the high cost of health care and potential for harm. Patient safety is a discipline that applies safety science methods toward the goal of achieving reliable patient outcomes. The cardiac intensive care unit, in particular, brings cardiovascular surgery, anesthesia, cardiology, critical care physicians and nurses together in a critical microsystem to deliver care at the “sharp end”. This group must coalesce to form a team and culture of collaboration in order to provide high quality and safe care. This team must be vested in using quality improvement and safety science to advance the care of patients with critical cardiac disease.
Photo-responsive liposomes composed of spiropyran-containing triazole-phosphatidylcholine: investigation of merocyanine-stacking effects on liposome-fiber assembly-transition.

A spiropyran-containing triazole-phosphatidylcholine (SPTPC) was synthesized through a copper-catalyzed azide alkyne cyclo-addition (CuAAC) reaction. In water, SPTPCs self-assembled and a spontaneous spiropyran-to-merocyanine (SP-to-MC) isomerization occurred, resulting in coexistence of liposomes and fibers, and switching from the spiropyran (SP) to the merocyanine (MC) isomeric structure induced a reversible transition between these molecular assemblies. Study of the self-assembly of SPTPCs and photo-induced liposome–fiber assembly-transition revealed that the presence of MC enabled additional inter-membrane interaction during self-assembly and that the MC-stacking effect was the driving force for the assembly-transition. Exposure to UV light induced switching from SP to MC, where the planar structure of MC and the confinement of MC led to enhanced MC-stacking. The effect of MC-stacking was both advantageous and disadvantageous: MC-stacking perturbed the hydrophobic phase in the bilayer membrane and facilitated the liposome-to-fiber transition, otherwise the MC-stacking retarded switching of MC to SP, and caused an incomplete recovery of MC to SP during fiber-to-liposome recovery, thus a fatigue of SP was induced by MC-stacking during the liposome-to-fiber transition cycle. To decrease the intermolecular interactions and suppress MC-stacking, photo-inert triazole-phosphatidylcholine (TPC) was incorporated to prepare two-component TPC/SPTPC-liposomes, which exhibited better recovery kinetics. The photo-adaptive behavior of TPC/SPTPC-liposomes confirmed the disturbance of bilayer membranes by inter-membrane MC-stacking and the formation of MCTPC-enriched phases in the bilayer membrane.
Electrophysiological findings in immune checkpoint inhibitor-related peripheral neuropathy.

Abstract Objective To report the electrodiagnostic features of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-related neuropathy. Methods We retrospectively reviewed clinical presentations and electrodiagnostic features of 23 patients studied after receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The presentations for electrodiagnostic evaluation included an acute neuropathy or neuromuscular junction disorder. We applied established electrodiagnostic criteria for polyneuropathy and acute demyelinating neuropathy. Results We identified acute demyelinating neuropathy (13 cases), axonal sensory motor neuropathy (5), pure sensory neuropathy (4) and mononeuropathy (1). 13 patients had acute demyelinating neuropathy confirmed by demonstrating demyelination in 2 or more nerves; 3 additional patients had demyelination in only one nerve. Analysis of motor nerve conduction parameters revealed demyelination involving median and ulnar nerve distal motor latencies as well as median, ulnar and peroneal nerve conduction velocities. Conduction block was found in median, ulnar and peroneal nerves. The remaining one-third patients without demyelination had acute painful axonal neuropathy. Coexisting myopathic changes (6) and neuromuscular junction dysfunction (4) were also identified. Conclusions Our findings suggest that, while immune-mediated motor nerve demyelination is the primary underlying mechanism of ICI-related neuropathy, axonal painful neuropathy can also be an important presentation. Early recognition and effective intervention may reduce morbidity and permanent disability. Significance Electrophysiological studies might be useful in the evaluation of ICI-related neuropathy.
Optimal Explanations of Linear Models

When predictive models are used to support complex and important decisions, the ability to explain a model's reasoning can increase trust, expose hidden biases, and reduce vulnerability to adversarial attacks. However, attempts at interpreting models are often ad hoc and application-specific, and the concept of interpretability itself is not well-defined. We propose a general optimization framework to create explanations for linear models. Our methodology decomposes a linear model into a sequence of models of increasing complexity using coordinate updates on the coefficients. Computing this decomposition optimally is a difficult optimization problem for which we propose exact algorithms and scalable heuristics. By solving this problem, we can derive a parametrized family of interpretability metrics for linear models that generalizes typical proxies, and study the tradeoff between interpretability and predictive accuracy.