cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mandeville's ship: theistic design and philosophical history in Charles Darwin's vision of natural selection.

This essay examines the analogy of a savage observing a sailing ship found in the final chapter of Darwin’s Origin of Species, an image that summed up his critique of British natural theology’s “design” thesis. Its inspiration drawn from works by Mandeville and Hume, and Darwin’s experience on the Beagle voyage, the ship illustration shows how Darwin conceived of natural selection’s relationship to theistic design in terms of a historical consciousness developed by Scottish Enlightenment thinkers. That outlook involved a dual emphasis on the rationality of historical inquiry and the largely irrational character of the actual historical process. Symbolized by the history of ship construction, this perspective aided Darwin in formulating his response to British natural theology.
The location, strength, and mechanisms behind marine biogeographic boundaries of the east coast of North America

Classic biogeographic studies emphasized diff erences in species composition between regions to defi ne biogeographic provinces and delimit biogeographic boundaries. Here we analyze the permeability of biogeographic boundaries to diff erent species to gain mechanistic insight into the processes that maintain species boundaries in the coastal ocean. We identify sites with high frequencies of range boundaries using almost 1800 benthic marine invertebrates along the northwestern Atlantic coast and address whether their magnitude and location vary as a function of species ’ taxonomy, pelagic larval duration and depth distribution. We observed clusters of species boundaries at Cape Hatteras, Cape Cod and the Bay of Fundy that are largely independent of taxonomic group. However, the boundaries were permeable and asymmetric, with a higher percentage of species shared across boundaries in the equatorward direction (82%) than in the reverse direction (59%). Th is pattern was particularly strong for shallow species (median occurrence depth � 20 m). Pelagic larval duration was more important to explain distributions of boundaries for deep species (median occurrence depth � 20 m), where species with long larval dispersal had signifi cantly higher occurrence of boundaries than species with short larval dispersal. When they do exist, species boundaries seem to be set by the interaction of currents, depth distribution and pelagic larval duration. Importantly, species boundaries tend to be pinned to regions of reduced water transport, which might explain why species boundaries are concentrated in narrow geographical areas.
Genetic Studies Reveal the Role of the Endocrine and Metabolic Systems in Aging

Aging is a natural process that involves a general decline in many physiological functions, resulting in loss of function and eventually death. Extensive research is being performed in order to elucidate the biology of aging, especially with the advent of newer molecular and genetic methodologies. The endocrine system plays a major role in orchestrating cellular interactions, metabolism, growth, and senescence. Thus, researchers traditionally used hormones as tools to induce and examine specific biological effects that are associated with aging. Furthermore, because our recent knowledge on hormonal action expanded significantly, downstream pathways and genetic determinants currently prevail in aging research. In this review, we will summarize the effects of several hormones on human aging and longevity and present recent data from the Longevity Genes Study performed at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, looking at the phenotype and genotype of centenarians and their offspring. We will demonstrate that genetic factors that are associated with human longevity are heritable and may contribute not only to quantitative longevity but also to protection from age-dependent disease and exceptional good health.
Size-resolved ultrafine particle composition analysis, 1. Atlanta

[1] During August 1999 as part of the Southern Oxidants Study Supersite Experiment, our group collected size-resolved measurements of the chemical composition of single ambient aerosol particles with a unique real-time laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry technique. The rapid single-particle mass spectrometry instrument is capable of analyzing “ultrafine” particles with aerodynamic diameters ranging from 0.01 to 1.5 μm. Under the heaviest loading observed in Atlanta, particles were analyzed at a rate of roughly one per second in sizes ranging from 0.1 to 0.2 μm. Nearly 16,000 individual spectra were recorded over the course of the month during both daytime and nighttime sampling periods. Evaluation of the data indicates that the composition of the ultrafine (less than 100 nm) particles is dominated by carbon-containing compounds. Larger particles show varied compositions but typically appeared to have organic carbon characteristics mixed with an inorganic component (e.g., crustal materials, metals, etc.). During the experiment, 70 composition classes were identified. In this paper we report the average spectra and correlations with various meteorological parameters for all major compound classes and a number of minor ones. The major composition classes are identified from the primary peaks in their spectra as organic carbon (about 74% of the particles), potassium (8%), iron (3%), calcium (2%), nitrate (2%), elemental carbon (1.5%), and sodium (1%). Many of these compound classes appeared in repeatable size ranges and quadrants of the wind rose, indicating emission from specific sources.
Art exhibit focuses on African astronomy

Connections between Africans and astronomy are the focus of a new exhibition in the National Museum of African Art in Washington, D. C. “African Cosmos: Stellar Arts,” which includes artwork, cultural items, and scientific displays from ancient to contemporary times, is the first major exhibit “that brings together arts and science focused on Africa's contribution to keen observations of the heavens over time,” curator Christine Mullen Kreamer said at a 20 June news briefing. Among the exhibit's nearly 100 objects are an ancient Egyptian mummy board that includes a representation of the sky goddess Nut, sculptures by the Dogon people of Mali depicting figures in relation to the cosmos, a video that uses data from two square degrees of the Hubble Space Telescope Cosmic Evolution Survey, and a nearly floor-to-ceiling “Rainbow Serpent” constructed of plastic containers by Benin artist Hazoume. An untitled acrylic painting (Figure 1) by South African Gavin Jantjes evokes a myth of the Khoi San people of southern Africa, as it portrays a girl throwing evening fire embers into the night sky, where they remained as the Milky Way.
Chlorophyll, calcite, and suspended sediment concentrations in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea at the river mouths

Abstract Chlorophyll and suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) and sea surface temperature (SST) are important parameters in assessing the productivity of coastal regions. Numerous rivers flow into the eastern (Ganga, Subernarekha, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Penner, and Kaveri) and western (Narmada, Tapti, and Indus) coasts of the Indian sub-continent. Using IRS P4 (Oceansat-1) Ocean Color Monitor (OCM) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, we have retrieved chlorophyll, calcite, and SSC near the mouth of these rivers for the period during 2000–2004. The maxima of chlorophyll-a concentrations at the river mouth is much higher for the Himalayan and north India rivers (Ganga, Subernarekha, Mahanadi, and Indus) (10–14 mg/m 3 ) compared to rivers in the southern parts of India (Kaveri and Penner) (∼4 mg/m 3 ). The maxima of calcite concentration (∼45 moles/m 3 ), chlorophyll (∼14 mg/m 3 ), and sediment concentrations (∼9 g/m 3 ) near river mouth are found to be influenced by river discharges (Ganga and Brahmaputra) during the monsoon season. The calcite concentration (∼45 moles/m 3 ) at the mouth of Ganga river shows a major peak with the onset of monsoon season (June–July) followed by a maxima in chlorophyll-a with a time lag of 1–2 months. The Krishna, Kaveri, and Penner rivers show low chlorophyll concentrations (3–8 mg/m 3 ), high calcite (0–40 moles/m 3 ), and low SSC ( 3 ) compared to Narmada and Tapti rivers (chlorophyll-a 12–14 mg/m 3 , calcite 0–2 moles/m 3 , and SSC 13–19 g/m 3 ). The Indus river shows similar behavior (maxima of chlorophyll ∼13 mg/m 3 and SSC ∼8 g/m 3 ) with respect to Ganga river except for high calcite concentration during winter months (∼25 moles/m 3 ). The characteristics of the chlorophyll, calcite, and SSC at the mouth of these rivers show spatial and temporal variability along the eastern and westerns coasts of India which are found to differ widely. A comparison of the chlorophyll concentrations using OCM and MODIS data shows low chlorophyll concentrations in the Bay of Bengal as compared to the Arabian Sea.
Adjusting occupational exposure limits for moonlighting, overtime, and environmental exposures.

A mathematical model is used to predict relative body burdens of inhaled contaminants in workers who work two jobs or overtime, or who experience off-the-job exposure to air contaminants. Expected “peak” or maximum body burdens from multiple exposures are compared to those expected from the “normal” occupational exposure on which TLVs and Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) are based (five 8-hour days per week with zero off-the-job exposure). The model is designed to predict what adjustments to the TLVs and PELs are necessary to avoid accumulation of excess peak body burdens of contaminants from the additional exposures incurred. The general application of models to determine occupational exposure limits is reviewed, and several models are compared.
Comments on supergravity dual of pure N = 1 super Yang-Mills theory with unbroken chiral symmetry

Maldacena and Nu\~nez [Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 588 (2001)] identified a gravity solution describing pure $\mathcal{N}=1$ Yang-Mills (YM) theory in the IR. Their (smooth) supergravity solution exhibits confinement and the $\mathrm{U}{(1)}_{R}$ chiral symmetry breaking of the dual YM theory, while the singular solution corresponds to the gauge theory phase with unbroken $\mathrm{U}{(1)}_{R}$ chiral symmetry. In this paper we discuss supersymmetric type IIB compactifications on resolved conifolds with torsion. We rederive the singular background of Maldacena and Nu\~nez directly from the supersymmetry conditions. This solution is the relevant starting point to study non-BPS backgrounds dual to the high temperature phase of pure YM theory. We construct the simplest black hole solution in this background. We argue that it has a regular Schwarzschild horizon and provides a resolution of the IR singularity of the chirally symmetric extremal solution as suggested by Buchel [Nucl. Phys. B600, 219 (2001)].
Magnitude studies from ultra‐long‐period records

Summary. Records from the ultra-long-period seismometer at UCLA were used for finding magnitude formulas valid at longer periods, longer distances and greater depths of focus than the formulas used routinely. For Rayleigh waves from shallow focus events M = log(A/T)+ [1.66–0.9 log(T/20)] logΔ+ 13.3 +0.65 +2.9 log(T/20)] was found to be consistent with the data over a wide range of periods and distances. The same formula, with only a small change, was found to be applicable also for deep focus events, down to a depth of over 600 km. A preliminary formula for long-period body-wave magnitudes was found as well.
The Minimal Pharmacophore for Silent Agonism of the α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor

The minimum pharmacophore for activation of the human α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is the tetramethylammonium cation. Previous work demonstrated that larger quaternary ammonium compounds, such as diethyldimethylammonium or 1-methyl quinuclidine, were α7-selective partial agonists, but additional increase in the size of the ammonium cation or the quinuclidine N-alkyl group by a single carbon to an N-ethyl group led to a loss of efficacy for ion channel activation. We report that although such compounds are ineffective at inducing the normal channel open state, they nonetheless regulate the induction of specific conformational states normally considered downstream of channel activation. We synthesized several panels of quaternary ammonium nAChR ligands that systematically varied the size of the substituents bonded to the central positively charged nitrogen atom. In these molecular series, we found a correlation between the molecular volume of the ligand and/or charge density, and the receptor’s preferred distribution among conformational states including the closed state, the active state, a nonconducting state that could be converted to an activated state by a positive allosteric modulator (PAM), and a PAM-insensitive nonconducting state. We hypothesize that the changes of molecular volume of an agonist’s cationic core subtly impact interactions at the subunit interface constituting the orthosteric binding site in such a way as to regulate the probability of conversions among the conformational states. We define a new minimal pharmacophore for the class of compounds we have termed “silent agonists,” which are able to induce allosteric modulator-dependent activation but not the normal activated state.
Cross-Measure Equivalence and Communicability in the Assessment of Depression A Focus on Factor-Based Scales

All measures of depression yield a global summary scale indicating the severity of depressive symptoms, implicitly conceptualized as a homogeneous construct. However, depression is a heterogeneous ...
The Computer Conference.

Video is not very valuable, audio is adequate, and neither is necessary; for most scientific communication, computerized conferencing is more satisfactory.
Changes in Glycolipids and Phospholipids of Tobacco Leaves during Flue-curing

The changes in the lipid components of tobacco leaves during flue-curing were investigated. The contents of total fatty acid methyl esters and linolenate decreased considerably, though a temporary increase was observed at the early period of the yellowing stage. The amounts of digalactosyl diglyceride (DGDG), monogalactosyl diglyceride (MGDG), sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride and phosphatidyl glycerol decreased markedly while phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl choline were relatively resistant to the degradation process. MGDG and DGDG were found to have high proportions of linolenate while most phospholipids had high proportions of palmitate. Considerable decrease was observed in the ratio of linolenate in most polar lipids while the ratio of palmitate and stearate showed a significant increase.
Induction motors for synchronized drives

THERE are two types of synchronized drives of two or more mechanically independent shafts commonly known: one is the “power selsyn” or “synchro-tie;” and the other might be called the “simplified selsyn.” The first system uses, besides one or more prime movers, individual selsyn motors for synchronizing. The analysis and application of this type is very well covered in literature. With the simplified-selsyn system, each single shaft is driven by its individual motor, a wound-rotor induction motor, and these motors themselves are used for achieving a synchronized drive, without any additional selsyn motors. So far, the published analyses of this system are very poor and very little information, if any, can be obtained from the literature, which could be used as a guide for planning of such drives. Recognizing this situation, the Armour Research Foundation of the Illinois Institute of Technology made possible the performance of a series of tests which should furnish more basic information on the subject.
Chemistry of crossing-over.

The frequency of second division segregation of ascospore colour markers was used to demonstrate the effect of two chemicals (chloramphenicol and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine) on crossing-over in Neurospora. The effects of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine show that an impairment of DNA synthesis increases crossing-over.
Inverse relationship between dendritic cell CCR9 expression and maturation state.

CCR9 has been identified on T cells as a chemokine receptor that directs these cells to migrate to the intestine. CCR9 has also been reported on different cell types in the intestine, thymus, liver and peripheral blood. Little is reported concerning the presence of or functional implications of this chemokine receptor on myeloid dendritic cells (DC). In the host, DC encounter a multiplicity of antigenic stimuli to which they mount immune responses. In addition to intracellular and functional changes on sensing antigen, maturation of DC is typically reflected in the up-regulation of costimulatory molecules on DC. However, alterations in other surface markers may also be an indicator of DC activation. Using bone marrow-propagated DC these studies investigated cellular maturation in the presence of microbial stimuli and analyzed the relationship of CCR9 expression with DC maturation. Fractionation of DC into CCR9(high) and CCR9(low)subsets revealed a distinct ability of each subset to induce division in naive CD4(+) T cells. Our results suggest that DC expressing high levels of CCR9 are less activated/mature than DC expressing low levels of CCR9.
Optimization and Coordination of Multiagent Systems Using Principled Negotiation

Principled negotiation coordinates the actions of agents with different interests, allowing distributed optimization. In principled negotiation, agents search for and propose options for mutual gain. If the other agents agree to the proposal, it is implemented. Under certain conditions, an agent can search for options for individual gain without impacting other agents. In these cases, the agent can negotiate with a coordinator, rather than obtain agreement from all other agents. The tenets of principled negotiation are outlined and stated mathematically. Two examples are formulated to test principled negotiation performance. The e rst has no coupling between the agent actions if coordination criteria are met. Principled negotiation allows the agents to achieve a solution as good as that achieved by a centralized controller with perfect knowledge. The second problem, based on the air trafe c management problem of negotiating arrival slots, is highly coupled, constraining each agent’ s available set of actions. Principled negotiation allows agents to search options that would not be available otherwise, improving the utility function of all agents. Applied to air trafe c operations, principled negotiation allows much greater freedom for optimization by system users while maintaining safety.
The Southern Ocean biogeochemical divide

The Southern Ocean has central roles in carbon dioxide exchange between the oceans and the atmosphere, and in nutrient supply to the rest of the world's oceans — but these are physically separated due to the nature of ocean circulation, creating a biogeochemical divide. The area south of the divide has the most important influence on carbon dioxide exchange with the atmosphere; while the area to the north has the most significant effect on global oceanic productivity. Modelling studies have demonstrated that the nutrient and carbon cycles in the Southern Ocean play a central role in setting the air–sea balance of CO2 and global biological production1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. Box model studies1,2,3,4 first pointed out that an increase in nutrient utilization in the high latitudes results in a strong decrease in the atmospheric carbon dioxide partial pressure ( ). This early research led to two important ideas: high latitude regions are more important in determining atmospheric than low latitudes, despite their much smaller area, and nutrient utilization and atmospheric are tightly linked. Subsequent general circulation model simulations show that the Southern Ocean is the most important high latitude region in controlling pre-industrial atmospheric CO2 because it serves as a lid to a larger volume of the deep ocean5,6. Other studies point out the crucial role of the Southern Ocean in the uptake and storage of anthropogenic carbon dioxide7 and in controlling global biological production8. Here we probe the system to determine whether certain regions of the Southern Ocean are more critical than others for air–sea CO2 balance and the biological export production, by increasing surface nutrient drawdown in an ocean general circulation model. We demonstrate that atmospheric CO2 and global biological export production are controlled by different regions of the Southern Ocean. The air–sea balance of carbon dioxide is controlled mainly by the biological pump and circulation in the Antarctic deep-water formation region, whereas global export production is controlled mainly by the biological pump and circulation in the Subantarctic intermediate and mode water formation region. The existence of this biogeochemical divide separating the Antarctic from the Subantarctic suggests that it may be possible for climate change or human intervention to modify one of these without greatly altering the other.
Likelihood DNA sequencing by hybridization

Sequencing by hybridization (SBH) extracts local sequence information from a DNA fragment using hybridization with oligonucleotides and then reconstructs the sequence using the derived information. We describe an improvement to the SBH methodology which will allow it to work efficiently in the presence of hybridization errors. In particular, given a set of hybridizing probes, and the empirically derived rates of false positive and false negative hybridization, we can estimate the most likely DNA fragment to have produced the set of probes, and then estimate the probability that it generated the hybridization data. This methodology extends earlier results by identifying the most probable fragment to have generated the actual hybridization data. The methodology described will also generate longer unambiguous sequence fragments without the use of overlapping fragments.
Characterization of a heparin-binding site on the catalytic domain of factor XIa: mechanism of heparin acceleration of factor XIa inhibition by the serpins antithrombin and C1-inhibitor.

Heparin accelerates inhibition of factor XIa (fXIa) by the serpins antithrombin (AT) and C1-inhibitor (C1-INH) by more than 2 orders of magnitude. The mechanism of the heparin-mediated acceleration...
Nanoscale Indentation Hardness and Wear Characterization of Hydrogenated Carbon Thin Films

An experimental investigation of the surface topography, nanoindentation hardness, and nanowear characteristics of carbon thin films was conducted using atomic force and point contact microscopy. Hydrogenated carbon films qf thickness 5, 10, and 25 nm were synthesized using a sputtering technique. Atomic force microscopy images obtained with silicon nitride tips of nominal radius less than 20 nm demonstrated that the carbon films possessed very similar surface topographies and root-mean-square roughness values in the range of 0.7-1.1 nm. Nanoindentation and nanowear experiments performed with diamond tips of radius equal to about 20 nm revealed a significant enhancement of the hardness and wear resistance with increasing film thickness. High-resolution surface imaging indicated that plastic flow was the dominant dreformation process in the nanoindentation experiments. The carbon wear behavior was strongly influenced by variations in the film thickness, normal load, and number of scanning cycles. For a given film thickness, increasing the load caused the transition from an atomic-scale wear process, characterized by asperity, deformation and fracture, to severe wear consisting of plowing and cutting of the carbon films. Both the critical load and scanning time for severe wear increased with film thickness. Below the critical load, the wear rate decreased with further scanning and the amount of material wom off was negligibly small, while above the critical load the wear rate increased significantly resulting in the rapid removal of carbon. The observed behavior and trends are in good qualitative agreement with the results of other experimental and contact mechanics studies.
Investigation of near-infrared laser dye albumin complexes

Abstract Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is used to investigate the properties of the NIR laser dye albumin complexes. The binding sites on albumins are probed using four structurally very similar NIR laser dyes, the DTTCI, DOTCI, DTDCI and DODCI. The pronounced differences observed in the NIR spectra of these dyes indicate that specific binding may occur since differences in the microenvironment of the binding area does not alone explain these changes. The DTTCI complexes with albumins showed a significant decrease in the NIR absorption while the other three dyes did not. These results suggest that the presence of the S heteroatoms as well as their distance from each other are determining factors in the observed specific binding. Dissimilarities in the NIR spectra of different albumin complexes indicate a difference in the structure of the microenvironment surrounding the NIR laser dye binding sites.
Cerebral catheterization: Back to the future

Cerebral angiography was introduced in 1927 by Egas Moniz, a Portuguese neurologist, as a method for evaluat- ing the cerebral vasculature. Over the course of time, the introduction of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) resulted in decreased use of cerebral angiography in the diagnostic evaluation of many neurological conditions. Nevertheless, and in spite of the proliferation of noninvasive diagnostic techniques, there are still many reasons why cerebral angiography is not only indicated but is an integral part of the care of some patients. Furthermore, promising therapeutic tech- niques (i.e., thrombolysis, percutaneous transluminal an- gioplasty (PTA), detachable coils and balloons, and a variety of embolizing agents), whose application requires the performance of cerebral angiography, are currently the focus of intense investigation. TM This conjecture of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities has had two impor- tant consequences: it has resulted in the sprouting of a subspecialty that is now known as interventional neurora- diology, is,a6 and it has also rekindled the interest of some neurologists and neurosurgeons to be more personally involved in the application of these procedures97,a8 The latter has led to the creation of alternative names for that field, such as endovascular neurosurgery 19 and interven- tional neurology. 18 At the same time, advances in diagnostic technology have continued to be introduced in the mature field of coronary angiography and interventional cardiac catheter- ization. Indeed, a more physiological approach to the invasive assessment of coronary atheromatous plaques has resulted in the increasing application of nonangio- graphic invasive techniques to the selection of patients for coronary angioplasty, stenting, or other forms of revascu- larization. 2~ Considering that the functional information
Warping of the Western Highland Rim Peneplain in Tennessee by Ground-Water Sapping

The Western Highland Rim in central Tennessee is the upland physiographic province between the Central Basin on the east and the Mississippi Embayment on the west. In this area, there is close similarity in the configuration of the upland, the structure of the base of the Cretaceous, and the erosional levels of graded streams. Two alternative causal connections are likely: either (1) more recent steep-sided valleys are incised in old wide gentle valleys cut before Middle Cretaceous time by the same streams; or (2) the stream-flow system extends its erosional influence beneath the rim, and the inward-sloping surface of the old upland (capped by Cretaceous outliers) sags toward the incised streams because of ground-water sapping. The author prefers the second explanation. An unlikely third possibility is that streams flow in synclines folded after development of the upland. In order to compare upland levels, bottom land levels, and Cretaceous structure (each having a different density of basic information), the writer used the envelope and subenvelope, which are arbitrarily generalized reproducible contour maps. The envelope (a device already in widespread informal use by geomorphologists) is a surface over the topography that graphically “fills in” valleys and sags. It limits topography on the high side and is regarded herein as an attempt to restore the topography to an hypothetical earlier stage before the valleys were incised. The subenvelope (newly devised for this paper) is a surface passing beneath the land surface, graphically “tearing away” hills. It limits topography on the low side and may be regarded in this case as an attempt to predict topography that may develop if the stream system continues a long time at its present grade. Parallelism of contours developed by these techniques is consistent with either ground-water sapping or a rejuvenated stream cycle. The length of time (about 70 m.y.) elapsed since the development of the upland, however, seems excessive for the supposedly new stream peneplain to be so little developed, and a stream-developed-peneplain origin for the relatively level Highland Rim surface is doubtful.
What happened to English

SummaryIt has become widely accepted that English has undergone no interruption in transmission, its paucity of inflection treated as arandom loss paralleled in Scandinavian. This paper argues that English has in fact lost more of the Proto-Germanic inheritancethan any other Germanic language including Afrikaans. These losses extend far beyond inflection: where other Germanic languagesovertly mark a given feature, in a great weight of cases English leaves the distinction to context. While there are no grounds fortreating English as a “creole”, the evidence strongly suggests that extensive second-language acquisition byScandinavians from the eighth century onwards simplified English grammar to a considerable extent.ResumeOn accepte que l’anglais est une langue qui s’est transmise sans heurts, et que la disparition quasi-totale de sa flexionn’est qu’un changement aleatoire, que l’on retrouve egalement dans les langues scandinaves.Dans cet article, on soutient qu’en fait, l’anglais est la langue qui a elimine le plus de traits dugermanique commun, surpassant meme l’Afrikaans. Parmi ces traits elimines, on ne compte pas quela flexion: la ou d’autres langues germaniques marquent de facon obligatoire divers traits, dans unnombre determinant de cas l’anglais laisse ces distinctions au contexte. Bien qu’il n’existe aucuneraison de qualifier l’anglais de “creole”, tout porte a croire que l’apprentissage agrande echelle de l’anglais par des scandinaves a partir du huitieme siecle a considerablementsimplifie la grammaire de l’anglais.ZusammenfassungEs ist mittlerweile allgemein anerkannt, dass die englische Sprache sich ohne Bruch entwickelte, wobei man davon ausgeht,dass der Verlust der Flexionsendungen wie auch im Skandinavischen rein willkurlich vonstatten ging. Dieser Aufsatz zeigt,dass die englische Sprache tatsachlich aber mehr von ihrem protogermanischen Erbe verloren hat, als jede anderegermanische Sprache, eingeschlossen Afrikaans. Diese Verluste beziehen sich auf weit mehr als die Flexion. Wo anderegermanische Sprachen ein bestimmtes Merkmal ausdrucklich kennzeichnen, uberlasst die englische Sprachein vielen Fallen dem Kontext die Unterscheidung. Obwohl es keinerlei Anhaltspunkt gibt, Englisch als Kreolsprache zubetrachten, gibt es Beweise, die eindeutig darauf hinweisen, dass die englische Grammatik im Zuge des Zweitsprachenerwerbsder Skandinavier, die seit dem 8. Jahrhundert nach Grosbritannien stromten, erheblich vereinfacht wurde.
Size-controlled synthesis of highly water-soluble silver nanocrystals

Abstract We describe a modified polyol process for the synthesis of silver nanocrystals with uniform sizes ranging from several nanometers to ∼20 nm. The use of polyacrylic acid, in place of polyvinylpyrrolidone in the conventional polyol process, significantly limits the growth of silver nanocrystals, prevents the interparticle aggregation and fusion, and leads to a uniform population of samples with high water solubility. The size of nanocrystals can be conveniently tuned by controlling the reaction time, the concentration and chain length of the polymeric surfactants, and the reaction temperature. Uniform silver nanocrystals within sizes below 20 nm are preferred candidates over larger particles for applications where high density of optical absorption is required, for example, for photothermal conversion in cancer therapy.
Measuring hemodynamics in the developing heart tube with four-dimensional gated Doppler optical coherence tomography.

Hemodynamics is thought to play a major role in heart devel- opment, yet tools to quantitatively assess hemodynamics in the embryo are sorely lacking. The especially challenging analysis of hemodynam- ics in the early embryo requires new technology. Small changes in blood flow could indicate when anomalies are initiated even before structural changes can be detected. Furthermore, small changes in the early em- bryo that affect blood flow could lead to profound abnormalities at later stages. We present a demonstration of 4-D Doppler optical co- herence tomography (OCT) imaging of structure and flow, and present several new hemodynamic measurements on embryonic avian hearts at early stages prior to the formation of the four chambers. Using 4-D data, pulsed Doppler measurements could accurately be attained in the inflow and outflow of the heart tube. Also, by employing an en- face slice from the 4-D Doppler image set, measurements of stroke volume and cardiac output are obtained without the need to deter- mine absolute velocity. Finally, an image plane orthogonal to the blood flow is used to determine shear stress by calculating the velocity gra- dient normal to the endocardium. Hemodynamic measurements will be crucial to identifying genetic and environmental factors that lead to congenital heart defects. C 2010 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Growing Up Trans: Socialization and the Gender Binary

Mainstream social constructions of gender tend to demand conformity by adhering to only two choices of gender identity—male or female. Transgender individuals transgress this binary conception of gender by deviating from societal gender norms associated with assigned sex at birth. Using a combination of face-to-face and telephone methodology to collect data, 32 interviews were conducted with transgender individuals ages 18 to 57 from throughout the United States. Participants were recruited using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. Early socialization experiences among the sample of transgendered individuals in this study often demanded conformity along the binary of male and female gender categories. When participants were encouraged by their families and peers to adopt one category of gender or the other, they often challenged traditional gender discourse. Therefore, participants in this study who did not conform to the gender binary when growing up were often confronted with challenges when res...
Carboplatin and paclitaxel treatment is effective in advanced anal cancer.

Background: The development of distant metastases of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal (SCCA) is rare but has a poor prognosis. A combination of carboplatin and paclitaxel is commonly used for treating squamous cell cancer in different organs, but its efficacy in advanced SCCA is unclear. The objective of this study is to determine the tolerability and outcome of patients with advanced SCCA on carboplatin plus paclitaxel treatment at the Moffitt Cancer Center. Methods: Retrospective analysis was conducted by looking at records from the Moffitt Cancer Center Tumor Registry from January 2007 to January 2012. Eligible patients had to have a diagnosis of SCCA and have received carboplatin plus paclitaxel every 3 weeks as part of the treatment plan. Results: Eighteen patients fulfilled the criteria; 14 were initially diagnosed with early-stage disease and received concurrent chemoradiation, but then relapsed. Median age was 56 years. Upon diagnosis of metastatic disease, 12 patients received carboplatin plus paclitaxel as a first-line treatment. Five patients had received prior systemic chemotherapy regimens and 1 had received prior local regional therapy. The response rate was high at 53% including 3 patients who achieved a complete response. Median overall survival was 12.19 months. Conclusions: Carboplatin and paclitaxel treatment shows encouraging activity in advanced SCCA.
Postpartum Mastitis and Community-acquired Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

This single-center, case-control study documents a relative increase in methicillin resistance among 48 cases of Staphylococcus aureus–associated postpartum mastitis during 1998–2005. Of 21 cases with methicillin resistance, 17 (81%) occurred in 2005. Twenty (95%) isolates contained the Staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec type IV gene; this suggests that the increase is due to community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Triglyceride content in skeletal muscle: variability and the source.

Intramyocellular triglycerides (imcTG) of skeletal muscle are an important energy source for muscle work in mammals. However, the metabolism and regulation of this small intracellular neutral lipid pool are largely unknown. This is in part due to the difficulties involved with its sampling and measurement introduced by contaminants of extramyocellular triglycerides (emcTG). The contents of imcTG reported to date for both human and rodent muscle are of unusually high variability not only across species, but also within same individuals and even same muscle groups. Recent studies suggested that the inherent muscle histologic heterogeneity does not appear to be a major source for the high variability as previously believed. Rather, the new experimental data showed that the procedures commonly used to process muscle specimens before lipid extraction appear inadequate to ensure a complete removal of emcTG contaminants. The extramyocellular lipid contaminants cause an overestimation of imcTG content and markedly increase its variability. Careful and meticulous microdissection has been found necessary in order to avoid contamination by emcTG, thereby obtaining pure muscle fibers for extraction of imcTG.
Meshless approach to shape optimization of linear thermoelastic solids

This paper presents a formulation for shape optimization in thermoelasticity using a meshless method, namely the element-free Galerkin method. Two examples are treated in detail and comparisons with previously published finite element analysis results demonstrate the excellent opportunities the EFG offers for solving these types of problems. Smoother stresses, no remeshing, and better accuracy than finite element solutions, permit answers to shape optimization problems in thermoelasticity that are practically unattainable with the classical FEM without remeshing. For the thermal fin example, the EFG finds finger shapes that are missed by the FEM analysis, and the objective value is greatly improved compared to the FEM solution. A study of the influence of the number of design parameters is performed and it is observed that the EFG can give better results with a smaller number of design parameters than is possible with traditional methods. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anisotropic flat sheet membrane formation via TIPS: thermal effects

Abstract The use of liquid–liquid thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) to produce cellular flat sheet membranes with an anisotropic nature was investigated theoretically and experimentally for the model system isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and diphenyl ether (DPE). Anisotropic structures were obtained experimentally by evaporating diluent from one surface of a polymer–diluent solution prior to phase separation. The effects of initial sample temperature, atmospheric temperature, and applied cooling rate on membrane cell size and the cell size profile across the membrane thickness were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of an applied cooling rate was studied for the cases of simultaneous evaporation and cooling and sequential evaporation followed by cooling. The effects of evaporation up to the point of phase separation were investigated theoretically and experimentally; the effects beyond phase separation were investigated experimentally. The simultaneous heat and mass transfer aspects of the evaporation process were modeled up to the point of phase separation. Two measures were used to evaluate the model: the extent of anisotropy in the polymer concentration predicted by the model was compared to the extent of anisotropy observed in the cell size using SEM, and the theoretical and experimental weight loss during evaporation were compared.
On the medical edge: preparation of expatriates, refugee and disaster relief workers, and Peace Corps volunteers

Travelers to extreme environments and those who spend long periods of time in settings with limited health care resources need to have more detailed pretravel screening and education than the routine short-term traveler. Expatriates, relief workers, and Peace Corps volunteers need to receive careful pretravel medical, dental, and psychologic screening before deployment. Knowledge of special risks associated with the environment in which they will be stationed is necessary to provide effective education about ways to reduce or eliminate the risk of illness and death. The travel medicine practitioner should also provide detailed, region-specific recommendations regarding emergency care while traveling in remote regions. Information on foreign medical facilities and practitioners should be gathered in advance and regularly updated. Many fee-for-service directories of overseas medical centers are often out of date and do not include emergency contact information. Once deployed, systems should be in place to ensure the traveler's continued personal safety and maintenance of good health. Although these systems are generally beyond the scope of work of travel medicine providers, it is important for the long-term traveler to be aware of the need to be prepared to deal with unexpected medical events. In the event of an overseas emergency, the travel medicine specialist may be called on to facilitate ground or air medical evacuation to the most appropriate medical center, to communicate treatment priorities and pertinent medical details to foreign medical providers, and to facilitate international air evacuation or repatriation if necessary. In each of these cases, the experience for the patient and the travel health professional is dramatically improved by adhering to risk-reduction measures, such as pretravel screening, pretravel health and safety education, and preparing for emergencies in advance.
Work in progress: Grand challenges for Engineering in the middle school classroom: Preliminary results

This paper presents preliminary results of implementing the Grand Challenges for Engineering (GCE) modules in math and science courses in 6 Wisconsin middle schools. Sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF), this project was designed to increase students' understanding of engineering careers and their appreciation for the societal impact that engineering can have. Preliminary results suggest gender differences in whether math and science are seen as male domains and in the types of work values endorsed.
Effects of Aging on Working Memory and Workload

The current study investigated the effects of aging on working memory and mental workload. Subjects performed a Brown-Peterson memory task using simulated air traffic controller/pilot communications. Perceived mental workload was measured using the NASA-TLX rating scale. Results revealed no significant recall performance differences between younger and older individuals. However, workload ratings indicated that older individuals experienced higher perceived workload than younger individuals. These findings suggest subjective workload ratings may be sensitive to age-related differences not demonstrated by performance measures.
Early childhood origins of the income/health gradient : The role of maternal health behaviors

Several recent studies in the US, Canada, and the UK have demonstrated a positive relationship between family income and child health, though the mechanisms underlying this relationship are poorly understood. Using data from the 1988 US National Maternal and Infant Health Survey and the 1991 follow-up, this paper tests whether maternal health status and health behaviors during pregnancy and early infancy can explain the relationship between family income and subjective health status at age 3. We find that, while a detailed set of controls for health risk factors including maternal smoking, drinking, and vitamin use during pregnancy, as well as breastfeeding and secondhand smoke exposure after birth, are significantly related to family income and maternal education, they do not explain the relationship between family income and maternal-assessed health of the child. We suggest that these results point to either more salient pathways through which family income impacts child health, such as maternal stress, or to the possibility that differences in subjective health status do not correspond to differences in objective health status in the same way for higher- and lower-income respondents.
Global Ionospheric Radio Observatory (GIRO): Status and prospective

The Global Ionospheric Radio Observatory (GIRO), http://giro.uml.edu, acquires and disseminates HF ionospheric sounding data from 64 Digisonde locations in 27 countries. GIRO publishes its 30+ million record holdings over the Internet, provides an interactive read/write environment to experts of data interpretation, and forwards real-time data for measurement assimilation and radio propagation and space weather forecast. Of importance to the ionospheric community are the long-term data holdings of manually validated electron density profiles for modeling purposes, studies of the autoscaling uncertainty, and validation of alternative measurement techniques. Real-time GIRO feeds will be used to build an assimilative International Reference Ionosphere model.
Human judgments of Gymnema sylvestre and sucrose mixtures.

Abstract The effects of the sweet suppressant, Gymnema sylvestre (G) , were studied in mixture with sucrose. Both an aqueous decoction and purified Gymnemic acid were studied. The initial impression of sweetness of the mixture of G and sucrose was not different from the sweetness of a suitable control. The lack of suppression was attributed to the relatively slow buildup of effect of G . This buildup and the following recovery were quantitatively examined. At least 30 sec were needed for the full effect of G to appear, and recovery was not complete 50 min later.
"Morals," medicine, and the AIDS epidemic.

It is the assumption of this article that when the etiology of an illness is framed in a “moral” language and the illness in question affects religiously stigmatized and legally proscribed minorities, the victims of the illness will be blamed for their ill health. Evidence is given of the connection between moralizing about a medical issue and the response of the medical establishment. The role of religion in the definition and interpretation of AIDS is emphasized as well as its effects on gay people and gay life. A political analysis of AIDS and its assumed causes is also given. These homophobic explanations are viewed as attempts to disenfranchise and discredit gay life further. Responsibility for containing AIDS is discussed in the context of “brokenness” between and among gay people. “Healing” is given as a necessary solution.
Development of anti-bovine thrombin antibodies following neurosurgical procedures.

We report two patients with cerebral haematomata who developed antibodies against bovine thrombin