cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated Determination of Dissolution Rate: II. Factors Influencing Variability

AbstractThe effect of factors influencing variability on the dissolution pattern of tablets in an automated dissolution apparatus has been studied. Tablets were prepared by individually weighing 200 mg of the drug particles having a narrow size distribution, or the formulation blend containing 200 mg of the drug. The tablets were pressed using a hydraulic press and employing identical compression force for the same time period for each tablet. The results showed that the inter-tablet range values obtained in each formulation were not significantly different from each other and the dissolution profiles exhibited portions indicating sudden increase in the dissolution rates. It is shown that the variability observed may have been due to the possible suction of the dissolving drug particles. The use of a fritted-glass filter tip at the inlet end of the sampling tube reduced the variability significantly producing more reproducible dissolution curves.
Can Business Ethics be Trained? A Study of the Ethical Decision-making Process in Business Students

The purpose of this paper is to examine the various guidelines presented in the literature for instituting an ethics curriculum and to empirically study their effectiveness. Three questions are addressed concerning the trainability of ethics material and the proper integration and implementation of an ethics curriculum. An empirical study then tested the effect of ethics training on moral awareness and reasoning. The sample consisted of two business classes, one exposed to additional ethics curriculum (experimental), and one not exposed (control). For the experimental group, ethics exercises and discussion relevant to each topic were completed. Findings suggested gender differences such that, relative to other groups, women in the experimental group showed significantly improved moral awareness and decision-making processes. An explanation of the underlying cognitive processes is presented to explain the gender effect.
Direct measurements of rate constants and activation volumes for the binding of H2, D2, N2, C2H4, and CH3CN to W(CO)3(PCy3)2: theoretical and experimental studies with time-resolved step-scan FTIR and UV-vis spectroscopy.

Pulsed 355 nm laser excitation of toluene or hexane solutions containing W−L (W = mer,trans-W(CO)3(PCy3)2; PCy3 = tricyclohexylphosphine; L = H2, D2, N2, C2H4, or CH3CN) resulted in the photoejection of ligand L and the formation of W. A combination of nanosecond UV−vis flash photolysis and time-resolved step-scan FTIR (s2-FTIR) spectroscopy was used to spectroscopically characterize the photoproduct, W, and directly measure the rate constants for binding of the ligands L to W to reform W−L under pseudo-first-order conditions. From these data, equilibrium constants for the binding of L to W were estimated. The UV−vis flash photolysis experiments were also performed as a function of pressure in order to determine the activation volumes, ΔV⧧, for the reaction of W with L. Small activation volumes ranging from −7 to +3 cm3 mol-1 were obtained, suggesting that despite the crowded W center an interchange mechanism between L and the agostic W···H−C interaction of one of the PCy3 ligands (or a weak interaction w...
Amide proton back-exchange in deuterated peptides: applications to MS and NMR analyses.

Deuterium for hydrogen exchange at amide sites in proteins is a well-established means of probing the stability of certain proteins and the effects of interactions with ligands and other proteins. When deuterium content is analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS) of digested peptides, corrections frequently need to be made for back-exchange that occurs during digestion, separation, and analysis. The back-exchange process is actually complex and deserving of analysis in a sequence-specific manner. Here an analysis of back-exchange in the decapeptide, angiotensin I, and a hexapeptide derived by digestion of a 15N-labeled carbohydrate-binding protein, galectin-3, is presented. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data are used to study back-exchange at specific sites in typical solvents used for separation and analysis, and the derived rates are found to be predictable using methods established for aqueous solvents. The predictability provides potentially new means of improving site specificity of MS analysis and new ...
Reduction of imatinib absorption after gastric bypass surgery.

Imatinib mesylate is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of several protein tyrosine kinases, including BCR–ABL. Imatinib has considerable activity in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) [1] ...
Absolute absorption cross sections of ligand-free colloidal germanium nanocrystals

Extinction spectra of colloidal germanium nanocrystals suspended in benzonitrile without the use of ligands were measured, and absolute absorption cross sections are reported. Comparison to cross sections calculated using the Mie solution to Maxwell's equations reveals that, as the mean nanocrystal size is reduced from 11 to 4 nm, the absorption features below 3.5 eV blueshift because of quantum confinement effects. The shifts are not, however, sufficiently large for the nanocrystal cores to produce the blue photoluminescence commonly observed from germanium nanocrystals. At energies greater than 3.5 eV the Mie and measured cross sections overlap, indicating a bulk-like band structure. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3698091]
Copy number variation estimation from multiple next-generation sequencing samples

Robust and accurate detection of copy number variations (CNVs) from next-generation sequencing (NGS) data is challenging. Because of the high fluctuation of read depth signal, most existing methods, which use only one data sample, yield high false positive rate and low power. By integrating information from multiple samples, the detection could be improved. In this paper, a method to detect CNVs from multiple samples is proposed. The proposed method explores the concurrency of read depth signals across multiple samples, promising to increase the detection power. Our experiments on real data sets show that the proposed method can improve the CNV detection over several existing ones.
Synthetic Fragment of Human Growth Hormone with Hyperglycemic Properties: Residues 44–77

Peptides homologous to Cys 53 44–77 and Cys 53 52–77 of the human growth hormone molecule were prepared by solid-phase synthesis and tested by our acute glucose tolerance test in ob/ob mice. Peptide 44–77, as either the Acm-Cys 53 or Cam-Cys 53 derivative, adversely affects glucose tolerance at doses of 100 to 150 nmol. Peptide 52–77 is nonhyperglycemic. Other diabetogenic properties are being tested.
The decision to undergo DNA or protein synthesis is determined by the degree of mechanical deformation in human bladder muscle cells.

Abstract Objectives. To investigate the effect of varying levels of mechanical deformation (cyclic stretch-relaxation) on protein and DNA synthesis rates in human bladder smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Cells in the bladder wall respond to outlet obstruction by increasing rates of protein synthesis (“hypertrophy”) and/or DNA synthesis (“hyperplasia”); however, it is not established how these distinct processes are initiated. Methods. Primary cultures of human bladder SMCs were generated and maintained according to published methods. Cells were plated on type I collagen-coated elastomer-bottomed plates and subjected to cyclical stretch-relaxation (0.1 Hz) at 6%, 12%, and 20% elongation using a computer-controlled stretch-inducing device. DNA and protein synthesis rates were determined by uptake of radiolabeled thymidine and leucine, respectively. Nonstretched cells served as controls. Results. Mechanical stretch stimulated DNA synthesis in a dose and time-dependent manner with marked upregulation (4.5-fold) in response to 20% elongation. Mechanical deformation also elicited changes in protein synthesis in bladder SMCs. However, in contrast to the DNA synthesis pattern, leucine uptake over time was stimulated at 6% and 12% elongation, and no protein synthesis response was seen at 20% elongation. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that stretch, in isolation from other potential mediators such as pressure or hypoxia, can induce either a hyperplastic or hypertrophic response in bladder SMCs and that the cells’ response is dependent on the intensity of the stretch stimulus. These observations may be relevant to the process of in vivo tissue remodeling stimulated by bladder distension or contractile dysfunction.
Tenderness Studies With Smooth Muscle

Abstract Duck gizzards were used as the source of smooth muscle in these studies. There is almost nothing in the literature relative to the processing characteristics of this type of meat. Based on prior experience it was assumed that tenderness would be a problem if intact muscles, such as gizzards, were to be eaten. Tenderness was determined by measuring resistance to shearing with a Warner-Bratzler shear cell. It was found that cooking by simmering in water or pressure cooking in 15 p.s.i.g. steam did not alter the resistance to shearing. Tenderness of gizzards decreased during the first hour post-slaughter then improved to 24 hours. After 48 hours aging the shear values were about the same as after 4 hours aging. Papain, when used as a tenderizer for the gizzards prior to cooking, resulted in a significant improvement in tenderness. Further, it was observed that piercing the gizzards with a fork several times prior to cooking resulted in an improvement in tenderness. A combination of the piercing and papain treatment yielded a tender product.
Comparison of telepathology systems in neuropathological intraoperative consultations

Telepathology has emerged in recent years as a viable solution for providing rapid expert subspecialty consultations to geographically dispersed sites. The Neuropathology Division at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center has utilized telepathology systems for the past 7 years to perform intraoperative consultations for neurosurgeons at a separate hospital. In 2007 the division switched to a next-generation dynamic robotic system with additional features, including higher resolution, faster image transmission speed, fine-focus control using the mouse fingerwheel, and multiple slide holding capacity. The diagnostic outcomes from a total of 262 intraoperative consultations performed using this new system are compared with 159 consultations using the prior system in 2006 and with outcomes from over 900 conventional consultations from 2006-2008. These results show that telepathology can be used to diagnose challenging tumors, and that differences in outcomes are as much a function of the different surgeries performed at different sites as is the diagnostic modality used.
Development and characterization of a recombinant cDNA-based hepatitis C virus system.

Invention of subgenomic HCV replicon a few years ago and recent success of in vitro production of infectious HCV have improved our knowledge of the HCV life cycle, replication, pathogenesis, and screening of anti-HCV therapeutics. However, the highly genotype-dependent nature of the in vitro HCV production system has limited its potential for HCV research. In this study, we constructed a recombinant DNA-based HCV system that contained EF-1α promoter-driven HCV genotype 1b with HCV E1/E2 deleted and replaced by GFP. We co-transfected this recombinant cDNA with HCV E1/E2 or VSV-G expression plasmid into 293T cells, and we showed HCV protein expression and processing and demonstrated production of HCV-like particles in culture supernatant of co-transfected cells. These results support potential use of this system for studies on expression and processing of the HCV polyprotein and assembly and release of HCV-like particles.
A novel method for the observation of membrane transporter dynamics

A new method is proposed for measuring the dynamic properties of a membrane transporter by means of steady-state fluxes. Any voltage-sensitive transporter will give a flow of substrate in the presence of a steady-state periodic membrane potential. The periodic steady-state flow, averaged over one period, is a flux that can be measured by traditional steady-state techniques, such as the radioactive tracer method. The average flux, solely due to the periodic field, is described by a set of Lorentzian functions that depend on the applied periodic field amplitude and frequency. The normal mode amplitudes and frequencies of these Lorentzians are model-independent parameters of the transport mechanism. Measurement of the average flux as a function of the applied periodic frequency permits determination of system relaxation times as the reciprocals of the midpoints of the Lorentzian curves, which in turn can be used to estimate individual rate constants of specific models. It was found by simulation of a six-state model of the electrogenic Na+/glucose cotransporter, using published estimates of the model rate constants, that the periodic field effects can be large and rich with measurable details that can be used to study the mechanism thoroughly. The new method serves in this case to complement and expand on the information obtainable by means of the voltage clamp method. It was also found by means of simulations of a nonelectrogenic six-state cotransporter model that experimentally measurable effects are expected and that results can be used to distinguished among alternative kinetic models as well as to estimate individual rate constants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Chromatography of luteinizing hormone from sheep pituitary glands.

Luteinizing hormone has been chromatographed on carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxylapatite ion exchange agents. The carboxymethyl cellulose resolves two fractions with luteinizing hormone activity designated LH1 and Lh2 in order of their emergence from the column. Re-chromatography demonstrated that LH2 behaved as a single component, but LH1 during processing was partially dissociated into LH2 plus a fast-moving component not retained by the ion exchange column as determined by chromatography and bioassay. The molecular weight of LH2 was estimated at 28,000 from ultracentrifuge and viscosity data. Glucosamine was present in LH1 (7.2%) and LH2 (8.0%). Bioassays indicated that both LH1 and LH2 were not significantly different in potency from the Armour LH 227-80 with respect to behaviour in the hypophysectomized rat; LH1 was less potent in the intact rat.
Water molecule enhances dipole-bound electron affinity of 1-methyl-cytosine

Abstract We investigate electron attachment to water complexes of 1-methyl-cytosine. In all the systems considered the excess electron is bonded to the dipole field of the complex. The calculations show that in the cases of the amino-oxo tautomer with a water molecule H-bonded to the amino group and with a water molecule H-bonded to the carbonyl group, enlargement of the dipole moment due to alignment of the dipoles of the water and base molecules leads to an almost four-fold increase of the electron affinity in comparison to the isolated 1-methyl-cytosine molecule.
Cardiovascular effects of intravenous diltiazem in dogs with iatrogenic atrial fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) was induced in anesthetized Beagle hounds to determine the dose of diltiazem (D) that resulted in hemo-dynamic function similar to that observed during sinus rhythm (SR). Dogs were instrumented to record hemodynamic and elec-trophysiological parameters. Six dogs were given D, IV at cumulative doses of 0.063, 0.188, 0.438, 0.938, and 1.938 mg/kg, whereas 6 other dogs received vehicle in equivalent volumes. Plasma concentrations (PC) of D were measured. A cumulative dose of D between 0.438 and 0.938 mg/kg produced PC of 67.8 to 117.4 ng/mL and resulted in a heart rate (HR) closest to that observed during SR. At doses up to 0.938 mg/kg, no parameter of systolic function fell below that obtained during SR. At a dose of 0.938 mg/kg, the left ventricular end-diastolic and right atrial pressures exceeded those during SR. The rate-pressure product did not differ from that during SR at a dose of 0.938 mg/kg and fell below that during SR at the dose of 1.938 mg/kg. Left ventricular efficiency decreased from SR to AF, returned to values not different from those during SR at a dose of 0.938 mg/kg, and increased to values above those observed during SR at a dose of 1.938 mg/kg. In AF, slowing the HR with 0.438–0.938 mg/kg of D with resultant PC of 67.8–117.4 ng/mL results in cardiovascular function not different from that observed during SR.
Effect of Apatite Amendments on Plant Uptake of Lead from Contaminated Soil

Phosphate compounds of Pb [e.g., pyromorphite Pb5(PO4)3(X) where X = OH, F, or Cl] are comparatively insoluble, and inducing their formation in contaminated soils may be a means of reducing the bioavailability and chemical lability of Pb in soil. Previous research has documented the formation of pyromorphite subsequent to the addition of phosphates, as soluble phosphate (Cotter-Howells, J.; Caporn, S. Appl. Geochem. 1996, 11, 335) and as apatite (Laperche et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 30, 3321), to Pb-contaminated soils. In the present study, the effect of apatite amendments on the bioavailability of Pb in contaminated soil and the stability of pyromorphite were examined. A Pb-contaminated soil was treated with natural and synthetic apatites, and the bioavailability of Pb was determined in plant uptake studies with sudax (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). The Pb content in shoot tissue decreased as the quantity of added apatite increased. However, Pb and P contents in the plant roots increased as the quan...
On generation of test problems for linear programming codes

Users of linear programming computer codes have realized the necessity of evaluating the capacity, effectiveness, and accuracy of the solutions provided by such codes. Large scale linear programming codes at most installations are assumed to be generating correct solutions without ever having been “bench-marked” by test problems with known solutions. The reason for this failure to adequately test the codes is that rarely are there large problems with known solutions readily available. This paper presents a theoretical justification and an Illustrative implementation of a method for generating linear programming test problems with known solutions. The method permits the generation of test problems that are of arbitrary size and have a wide range of numerical characteristics.
Focal Seizure in a 2-day-old Infant

### Focal Seizure in a 2-day-old Infant A term male neonate presents with focal seizures on the second day after birth. ### Presentation A male infant is born via repeat caesarean section at term to a healthy 27-year-old gravida 2 para 1 woman after an uneventful pregnancy. The mother received routine prenatal care, and prenatal screening laboratory results were negative. She did not report any infections during pregnancy and denied use of alcohol and recreational drugs. The infant’s Apgar scores were 9 at 1 and 5 minutes. He weighed 3,545 g and had a head circumference of 35 cm, which were appropriate for gestational age. Initial physical examination of the well-appearing baby showed no dysmorphic features and unremarkable physical findings. Two days after birth, he developed multiple jerky movements of the right upper and lower limbs. The movements also involved rhythmic jerking of the left arm that initially lasted less than 5 seconds. During these events, the baby appeared to be responsive to stimuli. ### Physical Examination ### Initial Laboratory Studies
Delayed postanoxic encephalopathy: a case report and literature review

Abstract Custodio CM, Basford JR. Delayed post-anoxic encephalopathy: a case report and literature review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:502–5. Delayed postanoxic encephalopathy is a rare condition in which patients appear to make a complete clinical recovery after an episode of anoxia or hypoxia but then develop a relapse characterized by apathy, confusion, agitation, and/or progressive neurologic deficits. The incidence of delayed postanoxic encephalopathy is unclear but has been reported to range from less than 1 to 28 per 1000 in patients who have suffered hypoxic or anoxic events. The exact pathogenesis remains unknown. We describe a case of an independently living 51-year-old woman admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation unit 11 days after a respiratory arrest. At admission, she exhibited cognitive and visual deficits that were relatively mild but prevented a safe return to independent living. Two days later, she developed the sudden onset and rapid worsening of parkinsonian symptoms and excruciating bilateral lower-extremity pain. The pain was intractable, and over the next 2 days she progressed to being unable to walk or perform her activities of daily living without maximum assistance. A diagnosis of delayed postanoxic encephalopathy was made, and the patient responded to a trial of carbidopa and levodopa as well as redirection of her physical and occupational therapy programs. This case illustrates the unusual presentation of delayed postanoxic encephalopathy during inpatient rehabilitation and suggests that this condition should be considered if patients who have suffered an anoxic or hypoxic event show a sudden neurologic deterioration.
Cerebral hyperemia during spontaneous cluster headaches with excessive cerebral vasoconstriction to hyperoxia.

SYNOPSIS Values for local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) were measured in three dimensions utilizing xenon enhanced computerized tomography among patients during spontaneously occurring cluster headaches, during headache-free intervals and immediately after terminating attacks by inhalation of 100% oxygen. Results were compared with values measured among age-matched normal volunteers. LCBF values measured in five cluster patients while headache-free did not differ from similar measures among age-matched normal volunteers. In three patients during attacks of spontaneously occurring cluster headache, LCBF values for temporal cortex, basal ganglia and subcortical white matter were increased. Immediately after terminating attacks of cluster by 100% oxygen inhalation for five minutes, LCBF values for temporal cortex and basal ganglia became significantly decreased below normal values in five patients with spontaneously occurring cluster headache. Prompt relief of head pain by inhalation of 100% oxygen is associated with abolition of the hyperperfusion of both cortical and subcortical brain structures that occurs during spontaneously occurring cluster headaches and is followed by excessive cerebrovascular constriction. It remains to be determined whether the cerebral hyperemia occurring during cluster headaches is causally related to the head pain or is secondary to the pain itself. Rapid termination of head pain by hyperoxia associated with excessive cerebral vasoconstriction suggests that this vascular phenomenon is unique to cluster headache and offers clues to its pathogenesis.
Arrhythmia-Induced Cardiomyopathies: Mechanisms, Recognition, and Management

Arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy (AIC) is a potentially reversible condition in which left ventricular dysfunction is induced or mediated by atrial or ventricular arrhythmias. Cellular and extracellular changes in response to the culprit arrhythmia have been identified, but specific pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. Early recognition of AIC and prompt treatment of the culprit arrhythmia using pharmacological or ablative techniques result in symptom resolution and recovery of ventricular function. Although cardiomyopathy in response to an arrhythmia may take months to years to develop, recurrent arrhythmia can result in rapid decline in ventricular function with development of heart failure, suggesting residual ultrastructural abnormalities. Reports of sudden death in patients with normalized left ventricular ejection fraction cast doubt on the complete reversibility of this condition. Several aspects of AIC, including specific pathophysiological mechanisms, predisposing factors, optimal therapeutic strategies to prevent ultrastructural changes, and long-term risk of sudden death remain unresolved and need further research.
Rare-Earth Doped Nanoparticles in Security Printing Applications

In this work, lanthanide-doped, sodium yttrium fluoride nanocrystals were prepared and dispersed in a solvent consisting of 90 vol% toluene and 10 vol% methyl benzoate. Poly (methyl methacrylate) polymer was dissolved in the solvent, in addition to the nanocrystals. Inks were printed using direct-write techniques. Substrates used included Kapton®, bond paper, metal and glass. Stencil patterns and QR codes were printed with these inks. An overview of direct write printing for security applications is given. On many substrates, these printed traces are difficult to detect in ambient lighting, but can be easily read using near-infrared (NIR) illumination, making them very useful for covert and semi-covert security printing applications.
Diel Periodicity of Emergence and Premating Reproductive Behaviors of Adult Dogwood Borer (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)

The emergence and premating reproductive behaviors of adult dogwood borer moths, Synanthedon scitula Harris (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), were examined under controlled conditions in the laboratory and in apple orchards in Virginia. The diel periodicity of male response to pheromone sources was recorded using traps baited with commercial pheromone lures and with a recently identified, trinary blend of dogwood borer sex pheromone components. An earlier study reporting a significant effect of pheromone trap height on the capture of male dogwood borer was revisited, using commercial lures and the new pheromone. Under a 16:8 (L:D)-h photo regimen, the emergence of male and female moths showed a diel periodicity, peaking at 0600 hours. Sexual receptivity of female moths, indicated by the onset of calling behavior, occurred in most individuals on the day after emergence and was observed only during the crepuscular period just before and after sunset. Similarly, the capture of male dogwood borer in traps deployed in July and baited with virgin female moths or pheromone lures coincided with the period of female calling behavior, peaking sharply between 2000 and 2100 hours. When pheromone-baited traps were deployed in September, the peak capture of male dogwood borer occurred earlier, between 1900 and 2000 hours. Traps baited with a commercial lure captured significantly more male dogwood borer at 1.8 m (6 ft), whereas those baited with the trinary dogwood borer sex pheromone captured similar numbers of males at elevations ranging from 1.2 to 2.4 m (4–8 ft). Use of the new dogwood borer sex pheromone has tremendously increased the precision of trapping data and has yielded reliable measurements of the behavior and abundance of male moths that pertain directly to improved monitoring and management capabilities.
Does nodule size predict compressive symptoms in patients with thyroid nodules

Background: Thyromegaly and thyroid nodules are known to cause compressive symptoms, but the exact relationship between nodule size and development of compressive symptoms is unclear. We sought to determine whether compressive symptoms are directly related to nodule size. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 99 patients who underwent thyroidectomy by a single surgeon was performed. Patients were placed into one of two cohorts: those who experienced preoperative compressive symptoms (N=51) and those who did not (N=48). Compressive symptoms were defined as experiencing neck fullness, dysphagia, choking, or dyspnea. Nodule size, thyroid lobe size, and the presence of visible thyromegaly were compared between the two groups. Results: Average nodule size in patients with compressive symptoms was 3.8 versus 2.2 cm in asymptomatic patients (P<0.0001). Average lobe diameter was 6.2 cm in patients with compressive symptoms versus 4.9 cm in asymptomatic patients (P<0.001). Visible thyromegaly was present in 65.2% of patients with compressive symptoms and 15.4% of asymptomatic patients (P<0.0001). The most common symptom was dysphagia, occurring in 80% of patients, followed by neck fullness (69%), choking (49%), and dyspnea (32%). Of patients who underwent surgery for compressive symptoms, 92.7% had improvement in their symptoms postoperatively. Of patients with a thyroid nodule greater than 1.5 cm, 97% showed improvement in symptoms postoperatively. Conclusions: Thyroid nodule size and lobe size appear to directly correlate with compressive symptoms. Of patients with compressive symptoms and a thyroid nodule >1.5 cm, 97% experienced improvement in symptoms postoperatively.
Effects of training in short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy: changes in graduate clinician technique

Abstract This study investigates the effects of graduate clinician training in short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (STPP; Book, 1998; Luborsky, 1984; Strupp & Binder, 1984; Wachtel, 1993) on the acquisition of techniques within and across two training cases. Sessions 3 and 9 from the first and second treatment cases of 15 graduate clinicians receiving structured training in STPP were examined for the frequency of psychodynamic–interpersonal (PI) therapeutic techniques. Results demonstrated that structured training in STPP led to a significantly increased use of PI therapeutic techniques both within and across cases. The authors also examined the frequency of cognitive–behavioral (CB) therapeutic techniques used by the graduate clinicians. No changes in the number of CB interventions were observed over the same set of sessions. Practical implications for the use of structured clinical training and issues pertinent to supervision in graduate education are reviewed. Finally, the impact of structured train...
Digitally Enhanced Thin-Layer Chromatography: An Inexpensive, New Technique for Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a widely used method for qualitative analysis to determine the number of components in a mixture, to determine the identity of two substances, or to monitor the progress of a reaction. The more accurate high-performance TLC (HPTLC) is better suited for quantitative analysis. Unfortunately, HPTLC requires expensive equipment that most high schools and colleges cannot afford. If digital photography is combined with regular TLC, it can perform highly improved qualitative analysis as well as make accurate quantitative analysis possible. This novel, digitally enhanced TLC (DE-TLC) is easy to use. A fluorescent TLC plate is illuminated with UV light and a picture of the plate is taken with a digital camera. Then, on a computer, using either TLC Analyzer, the public domain software written for this work, or common photo-editing software, one can quickly produce multi-spectral scans, densitograms, and calibration curves�output previously available only from more expensive equipment or complex procedures. Digitally enhanced TLC is a valuable tool that can be added to every chemist's TLC toolbox. Since this technique is less expensive than other quantitative chromatographic methods, DE-TLC is ideal for high school and college labs.
Owning Up to the Environment

This essay argues that, rather than being a constitutional bulwark against environmental regulation, certain kinds of property rights can actually ease constitutional barriers created by current Supreme Court doctrine. These environmental property rights (EPRs) are either rights to prevent environmental degradation (such as conservation easements) or limited rights to impair the environment (such as tradable pollution permits.) Among other possible benefits, these property rights may help nudge constitutional law in a more environmentally friendly direction in the areas of standing, takings, and the federal commerce power.
Ultralow-voltage field-ionization discharge on whiskered silicon nanowires for gas-sensing applications

Several hundred million volts per centimetre of electric-field strength are required to field-ionize gas species. Such fields are produced on sharp metallic tips under a bias of a few kilovolts. Here, we show that field ionization is possible at dramatically lower fields on semiconductor nanomaterials containing surface states, particularly with metal-catalysed whiskers grown on silicon nanowires. The low-voltage field-ionization phenomena observed here cannot be explained solely on the basis of the large field-amplification effect of suspended gold nanoparticles present on the whisker tips. We postulate that field penetration causes upward band-bending at the surface of exposed silicon containing surface states in the vicinity of the catalyst. Band-bending enables the valence electron to tunnel into the surface states at reduced fields. This work provides a basis for development of low-voltage ionization sensors. Although demonstrated on silicon, low-voltage field ionization can be detected on any sharp semiconductor tip containing proper surface states.
Standards-based MILSATCOM Mesh-overlay Networks

This paper proposes a MILSATCOM mesh-overlay architecture for wideband transponded SATCOM system that is based on commercial standards. The architecture employs Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA) Bandwidth on Demand (BoD) schemes to simultaneously provide hub-spoke and mesh connectivity to end users. There are a number of advantages offered by this mesh overlay architecture. First, the mesh topology can effectively support real-time interactive services and peer-to-peer applications. Second, the hub-spoke topology provides remote users with accesses to a variety of services through a Gateway node. Finally, overlaying a mesh topology on a hub-spoke topology enables joint optimization of traffic routing and scheduling that can greatly improve the flexibility and efficiency of the SATCOM network. We will also describe the design considerations of the Connection Control Protocols (C2P) and traffic scheduling algorithms that can ensure QoS and efficient utilization of satellite communications resources.
Helping and harming others in the workplace: The roles of personal values and abusive supervision

Drawing on models of competing values and self-verification theory, this article proposes that social dominance orientation (SDO) and psychological collectivism (PC) represent contrasting values that motivate opposing workplace interpersonal behaviors. SDO values are hypothesized to motivate interpersonal deviance and the avoidance of interpersonal citizenship as these behaviors verify social dominance as a guiding self-principle. PC values are hypothesized to motivate behaviors that verify collectivism as a guiding self-principle, including interpersonal citizenship and the avoidance of interpersonal deviance. Further, drawing on the values activation literature, abusive supervision is hypothesized to moderate the values-to-behavior relationships. In a cross-organizational sample of 490 working adults, SDO was positively related to interpersonal deviance and negatively related to interpersonal citizenship. Highly abusive supervision strengthened, whereas minimally abusive supervision weakened relationshi...
A source coding and modulation method for power saving and interference reduction in DS-CDMA sensor network systems

A source coding and modulation technique for reducing multiple access interference (MAI) as well as for reducing power consumption in DS-CDMA wireless sensor network systems is presented. Source symbols are represented by a special coding, termed minimum energy coding (ME coding), which exploits redundant bits for saving power when transmitted via RF links with on-off-keying. Since energy is consumed mostly when high bits are transmitted, the ME coding represents source symbols with the least number of high bits, given an extended word length. When each channel uses the ME coding combined with a spreading code and OOK, fewer high bits are transmitted. It is shown that signal-to-noise ratio is significantly increased and that the error probability is lowered as well. First, the communication system architecture of this low MAI DS-CDMA is described, followed by the principle of interference reduction. Second, a signal model is obtained for the new source coding and transmission process. Third, guidelines for designing the length of codeword, the number of communication channels, and power efficiency are obtained. A RF sensor network system is designed.
An Efficient Disk-Based Tool for Solving Very Large Markov Models

Very large Markov models often result when modeling realistic computer systems and networks. We describe a new tool for solving large Markov models on a typical engineering workstation. This tool does not require any special properties or a particular structure in the model, and it requires only slightly more memory than what is necessary to hold the solution vector itself. It uses a disk to hold the state-transition-rate matrix, a variant of block Gauss-Seidel as the iterative solution method, and an innovative implementation that involves two parallel processes: the first process retrieves portions of the iteration matrix from disk, and the second process does repeated computation on small portions of the matrix. We demonstrate its use on two realistic models: a Kanban manufacturing system and the Courier protocol stack, which have up to 10 million states and about 100 million nonzero entries. The tool can solve the models efficiently on a workstation with 128 Mbytes of memory and 4 Gbytes of disk.
Relationship Processes Within the Social Convoy: Structure, Function, and Social Goals

Objectives. The structure and function of older adults’ social con voys contribute to health and well-being in later life, but little is known about how they may shape one another. In this study, we consider relationship quality as a withinperson process by examining its covariation with social goal progress and investigate variation in these relationship processes across differences in convoy composition. Method. W e analyzed data from 99 older adult participants (age = 53–88 years) from the Personal Understanding of Life and Social Experiences project, a web-based, 100-day microlongitudinal study. Participants logged daily social goal progress and contact satisfaction with their 5 closest social partners. Results. Multile vel analysis found social goal progress to be higher on days when individuals’ contact satisfaction was above their average level. The strength of this association varied significantly across participants and was stronger among those with family-intensive convoys. Daily contact satisfaction also explained more variation in goal progress than a standard measure of relationship quality.
General skew constrained clock network sizing based on sequential linear programming

We investigate the problem of clock network sizing subject to general skew constraints. A novel approach based on sequential linear programming is presented. The original nonlinear programming problem is transformed into a sequence of linear programs by taking the first-order Taylor's expansion of clock path delay with respect to buffer and/or wire widths. For each linear program, the sensitivities of clock path delay, with respect to buffer and/or wire widths, are efficiently updated by applying time-domain analysis to the clock network in a divide-and-conquer fashion. Our technique can take into account power supply and process variations. We demonstrate experimentally that the proposed technique is not only capable of optimizing effectively the skew and area of clock network, but also of providing more accurate delay and skew results compared to the traditional approaches.
Altered calcium dynamics in cardiac cells grown on silane-modified surfaces

Chemically defined surfaces were created using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of hydrophobic and hydrophilic silanes as models for implant coatings, and the morphology and physiology of cardiac myocytes plated on these surfaces were studied in vitro. We focused on changes in intracellular Ca 2þ because of its essential role in regulating heart cell function. The SAM-modified coverslips were analyzed using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy to verify composition. The morphology and physiology of the cardiac cells were examined using fluorescence microscopy and intracellular Ca 2þ imaging. The imaging experiments used the fluorescent ratiometric dye fura-2, AM to establish both the resting Ca 2þ concentration and the dynamic responses to electrical stimulation. A significant difference in excitationinduced Ca 2þ changes on the different silanated surfaces was observed. However, no significant change was noted based on the morphological analysis. This result implies a difference in internal Ca 2þ dynamics, and thus cardiac function, occurs when the composition of the surface is different, and this effect is independent of cellular morphology. This finding has implications for histological examination of tissues surrounding implants, the choice of materials that could be beneficial as implant coatings and understanding of cell–surface interactions in cardiac systems.
Culturing Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells from Neonatal Rats

Abstract The use of enriched oligodendrocyte lineage cell cultures has yielded insight into functions of these cells and regulatory mechanisms. This chapter details methods that result in such cultures.
Wednesday night, August 18, 2010—West Lafayette, IN

Delta sat across from the young woman at the table in the Stewart Center library on campus. The girl’s choppy hair hung thickly to one side, shadowing the right contours of her face. She chewed gum as usual.
Electrodermal Response Lability-Stability: Individual Difference Correlates

The aim of this chapter is to review a sizable literature on electrodermal response (EDR) lability considered as an individual difference phenomenon. The exposition is divided into three parts. The first deals with questions of definition and measurement the second presents a first-order and an extended hypothesis regarding likely personality correlates, and the third reviews evidence for interpreting EDR lability as a concomitant of individual differences in characteristic levels of arousal along a sleep-wakefulness continuum.
An optimized gate-loop layout for multi-chip SiC MOSFET power modules

This paper investigates the impact of gate-loop layouts on the switching loss of a multi-chip silicon carbide metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistor (MSOFET) power module. Six gate loop layouts are proposed and evaluated in switching simulations. A 16.2% difference on the total switching loss is observed between a good and a bad gate loop layout. The results shows that the total switching loss can be reduced with a "reverse matching arrangement" between the gate loop and the power loop. Specifically, to assign a short gate loop to the device that has a large power-loop inductance, and vice versa. In addition, shared traces from the gate driver to the paralleled devices could further reduce the total switching loss.
Molecular-metabolic imaging to determine metabolism-based therapeutic targets in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

457 Objectives Metabolic activities of glucose, fatty acid, and glutamine play roles independently or complementarily in tumorigenesis. Inhibition to these metabolic activities could be a targeted therapeutic approach. In order to identify correlative molecular imaging markers against metabolism, we investigated the relationships between a) 18FDG/11C-acetate and glycolysis/lipogenesis, and b) 18FGln/18FDG and glutamine catabolism/glycolysis in Myc, MET, and AKT/Ras models of HCC. Methods Glucose and lactate levels, hexokinase (Hk2) activity, lipid accumulation using Oil Red O, and phosphate-dependent glutaminase activity were evaluated ex vivo. Percent injected dose per gram (%ID/g) of 18FDG, influx rate constant (Ki) of 11C-acetate using two-tissue compartment model, and influx (K1) and efflux (k2) rate constants of 18FGln using one-tissue compartment model were derived through in vivo PET. Results Glucose levels were low in all three tumors; however lactate levels were elevated only in Myc, associated with increased Hk2 activity, an isoform catalyzing the first step of glycolysis. Both Myc (n=5) and AKT/Ras (n=7) have higher 18FDG %ID/g (3.16±0.88 and 4.17±1.57) than MET (n=4) tumors (1.64±0.44). The Oil Red O assay showed no increased staining in MET, but marked staining in Myc and AKT/Ras. However, Myc (n=3), MET (n=4), and AKT/Ras (n=5) have higher 11C-acetate Ki (0.037±0.011, 0.035±0.005, and 0.054±0.015 min-1, respectively) than liver (n=6) (0.021±0.005 min-1). Glutaminase activities were significantly higher in Myc than MET, confirmed by K1 (0.37±0.13 vs. 0.14±0.06 min-1) and k2 (0.28±0.09 vs. 0.13±0.05 min-1) of 18FGln. Conclusions When the in vivo imaging data were compared against the biochemical metabolic data, the correlation between 18FGln influx/efflux rates and glutamine catabolism was the strongest
Attraction of parallels as a function of intercontour distance.

Pollack (1964) found attraction of simultaneously presented parallel lines under fixation. Using the Delboeuf figure, Ogasawara ( 1952) found that attraction of concentric circles increased, then decreased as separation between the contours increased. Widening the space between the parallels of the Poggendorf figure results in an increased illusory effect (e.g., Hill, 1971), suggesting that attraction increases as separation increases. The distance between a pair of parallel lines was varied from 3 to 15 rnm. in 2-mm. steps. Lines were located to one side of a central fixation dot, with comparison dots, whose spacing varied about that of the corresponding test lines, equidistant on the opposite side. Control stimuli merely substituted dots for tesc lines. No stimulus exceeded a total visual angle of 3". Stimuli were presented tachistoscopically for 250 msec. to two trained adult Ss, who judged the spacing of the dots relative to that of the lines. A modified method of constant stimuli was used, converting attraction magnitudes into percentages by subtracting control PSEs from tesc PSEs over 16 trials. For both Ss, attraction was small (0 to 4%) for 3- to 9-mm. separations, but a sharp increase occurred at 11 mrn. ( 13% co 14% ). For S1, attraction with wider separations increased and leveled off, while the effect declined and leveled off for S2. Results are considered consistent with Ogasawara's findings. (With wider separations, the effect would be expected to decrease for S1.) The occurrence of attraction under the present restricted viewing conditions suggests that it is a basic contour interaction process. Implications for explanation of the Poggendorf illusion are currently under investigation.