cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing Stream Ecosystem Condition in the United States

When the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Water Pollution Control Act in 1972, later amended by the Clean Water Act (CWA) of 1977, it tasked the newly created U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in cooperation with the states, with periodically assessing the quality of U.S. waters and reporting on progress toward meeting the goals of the CWA. In subsequent decades, reviews by various governmental and nongovernmental organizations consistently have found available water quality data and reporting to be inadequate to evaluate the nation's progress [Shapiro et al., 2008]. In response to these concerns, in 1989 EPA's Office of Research and Development initiated the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) to develop and demonstrate scientific tools to monitor the status of, and trends in, U.S. aquatic resources and environmental stressors affecting them. Recent EPA-led efforts involve monitoring wadeable perennial streams (streams or rivers shallow enough to be wadeable during seasonal low flows), which make up an estimated 90% of the total length of all perennial flowing waters in the United States [EPA, 2006]. Selected results from the first national survey of these streams, the national Wadeable Streams Assessment (WSA) [EPA, 2006; Paulsen et al., 2008], illustrate how such surveys can provide critical information to guide management of this important resource. Nonmonitoring applications of data from the WSA and earlier regional surveys show the wide-ranging applicability of these rich data sets.
Using A Conventional Optical Design Program To Design Holographic Optical Elements

A thin lens analogy between holographic optical elements, including transmission, reflection, flat, and curved holographic optical elements, and conventional optical elements is discussed. Examples show that a thin lens model of a holographic optical element can be used with a conventional optical design program such as ACCOS V for designing holographic optical elements.
Dimerization of the Human Papillomavirus E7 Oncoproteinin Vivo

We have used a yeast two-hybrid system to show that human papillomavirus E7 proteins can form oligomeric complexesin vivo.The carboxyl-terminal cysteine-rich metal-binding domain is critical for this activity although amino-terminal sequences also contribute to oligomerization. Our experiments also reveal that E7 possesses an intrinsic transcription activation activity in yeast, which resides in the amino terminus of the protein.
Effects of truncating long-range interactions in aqueous ionic solution simulations

The cost saving truncation of intermolecular interactions in dilute ionic simulations is studied and compared with previous analytical theory. The results from three NPT Monte Carlo simulations of Cl− in water, each with a different ClO cutoff for the intermolecular potential, are presented. We demonstrate that the disturbance of the radial distribution functions predicted by previous site-site integral equations is not a simple artifact of the use of an atom-atom switch but occurs in molecule-based truncation schemes as well when one molecule is an ion.
Enantioselective reactions of donor/acceptor carbenoids derived from alpha-aryl-alpha-diazoketones.

The reaction of a variety of α-aryl-α-diazo ketones with activated olefins, catalyzed by the adamantyl glycine-derived dirhodium complex Rh2(S-PTAD)4, generates cyclopropyl ketones with high diastereoselectivity (up to >95:5 dr) and enantioselectivity (up to 98% ee). Intermolecular C−H functionalization of 1,4-cyclohexadiene by means of carbenoid-induced C−H insertion was also possible with this type of carbenoid.
Positive Peer Support or Negative Peer Influence? the Role of Peers among Adolescents in Recovery High Schools.

Evidence from previous research suggests that peers at times exert negative influence and at other times exert positive influence on drug and alcohol use among adolescents in recovery. This study explores recovery high school staff members' perceptions of peer support among students in recovery high schools using qualitative interview data. Themes of peer support are discussed in terms of positive peer support, negative peer influence, peer relationships, and sense of community. In general, recovery school staff members discuss peers in the school as sources of positive support and peers outside the schools as sources of risky influence. Themes and quotes are presented to highlight the diverse ways that staff members discussed peer influence. Limitations of this study and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Career transitions from engineering to management: Are they predictable among students?

Abstract Undergraduate engineering students ( N = 284) at a prestigious 4-year engineering college were surveyed regarding their long-term career aspirations. Preliminary results revealed that 20 years from now, 36% of those sampled want to be managers, 30% engineers, 17% entrepreneurs, and 17% academics or consultants. Additional analyses revealed a number of factors that differentiated engineering aspirants from managerial ones: reasons for going to engineering school, beliefs about engineering as an occupation, career anchors, intended use of career strategies, curriculum choices, and early career plans. No differences were detected in ability or extracurricular involvement. Implications and suggestions for future research are noted.
The effect of isozyme selection on metric characters in an interspecific backcross of tomato - basis of an early screening procedure.

The extent of correlation was estimated between isozyme genotypes and the four widely segregating characters — leaf segment W/L ratio, stigma exsertion, fruit weight, and seed weight — in the first backcross of F1 Lycopersicon esculentum x Solanum pennellii to the former parent. The inbred parents differ in their alleles at the 12 tested isozymic loci, which are known to mark a minimum of eight of the twelve tomato chromosomes. Based on the isozyme data, a mean heterozygosity value, ¯H, was calculated which estimates the proportion of pennillii alleles in each individual. Correlations between mean heterozygosity and observed levels of each quantitative trait were highly significant and positive or negative as expected from the relative parental values. Plants with the lowest mean heterozygosity — i.e., closest to the esculentum zymotype also had mean values closest to those of this parent amongst the whole backcross population for each of the quantitative traits. Bivariate and multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the ability of isozymes vs diagnostic morphological characters to estimate the portion of recurrent parent genes carried in each backcross individual. The results suggest that isozyme data gives better estimates than single diagnostic morphological characters and approach the level obtained by combinations of three morphological traits. Since electrophoretic determinations are made on small seedlings, selection at that stage can effect great savings of space and effort by greatly deminishing the size of the population needed at maturity. As such, isozyme selection would precede morphological selection but not replace it, thus the predictive value of these biochemical markers as well as diagnostic morphological characters could be obtained.
Inhibition of insulin-degrading enzyme increases translocation of insulin to the nucleus in H35 rat hepatoma cells: evidence of a cytosolic pathway

We previously demonstrated the translocation of insulin to the nucleus in several cell types and partially characterized the uptake mechanisms and pathways in H35 rat hepatoma cells. Nuclear accumulation of insulin was energy independent, time and temperature dependent, and apparently was not saturable at insulin concentrations which resulted in full receptor occupancy. We also have shown insulin could be internalized by both receptor-mediated and fluid-phase endocytosis. This study investigated subsequent steps involved in the nuclear accumulation of insulin following internalization. We examined the effects of inhibiting insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) with 1,10-phenanthroline on the nuclear accumulation of insulin in H35 cells. 1,10-phenanthroline (2 mM) which markedly inhibited insulin degradation, significantly increased nuclear accumulation of insulin without having any effects on total cell-associated and intracellular insulin. This reagent increased 125I-insulin on the cellular membrane and decreased 125iodine (125I-insulin and 125I-insulin degradation products) in the cytosolic fractions. Chemical extraction and Sephadex G-50 chromatography revealed the insulin associated with the nucleus in 1,10-phenanthroline-treated cells formed the same complex(es) with the nuclear matrix as in control cells. These results suggested that inhibition of cytosolic IDE activity resulted in increased insulin translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus. Furthermore, when IDE activity was inhibited by high cytosolic insulin concentrations, the amount of 125I-insulin in the nucleus was significantly increased. Our study suggests internalized insulin is probably released from endosomes into the cytosol where modulation of IDE activity could have significant effects on the accumulation of insulin, or insulin-cytoplasmic protein complexes, in nuclei. The IDE regulatory mechanism, by controlling the translocation of insulin to the cell nucleus, could play a crucial role in insulin's regulation of gene expression and cell proliferation.
The role of "indirect" recognition in initiating rejection of skin grafts from major histocompatibility complex class II-deficient mice.

Abstract In vitro studies have revealed several pathways by which T cells can respond to alloantigens, including CD4+ direct responses to allogeneic class II antigens, CD8+ direct responses to allogeneic class I antigens, and CD4+ "indirect" responses to peptides of alloantigens presented in association with responder class II molecules. In vivo studies of skin graft rejection, however, have so far provided clear evidence for the contribution of only the two direct pathways and not for indirect recognition. We have used major histocompatibility complex class II-deficient mice as donors to test the role of indirect recognition in rejection of skin grafts. Class II-deficient skin was always rejected without delay by normal recipients. Removal of recipient CD8+ cells (to leave the animals dependent on CD4+ function) or depletion of recipient CD4+ cells revealed that CD4+ cells were usually involved and sometimes absolutely required in this rapid rejection. Since the donor grafts lacked class II antigens, the CD4+ cells must have recognized donor antigens presented in association with recipient class II molecules. These results therefore indicate that indirect recognition can initiate rapid skin graft rejection.
The Determination of Ethylene Glycol in Procaine Penicillin

Since the use of ethylene oxide has been introduced as a means of sterilizing procaine penicillin, the need has existed for an analytical method to determine trace amounts of any ethylene glycol that may have been formed by hydrolysis of the ethylene oxide. A method has been developed, involving a periodate oxidation followed by a formaldehyde determination, which is quite rapid, sensitive, and specific for small amounts of ethylene glycol and ethylene oxide.
Using Herbicide and No-Till Planting to Establish Garrison Creeping Foxtail in Wet Meadows

Garrison creeping foxtail can increase the forage yield of wet meadows. However, tillage can be problematic on heavy-textured soils and thick sod mats often associated with wet meadows. This study examined the potential of establishing Garrison with the use of herbicides and no-till planting. Garrison was no-till drilled into a wet meadow using herbicide control of existing vegetation in the entire plot, herbicide application in bands with seed planted in the resulting strips, and no herbicide control of vegetation. Garrison establishment, forage yield and quality, and percent of forage yield comprised of Garrison were evaluated. Overall forage yield and Garrison establishment were highest when the entire plot was treated with herbicide; however, frequency of Garrison was negatively correlated (r = -0.86) with crude protein. Direct seeding resulted in very little Garrison establishment and was considered a failure. This study indicates that inexpensive herbicides can improve establishment of Garrison creeping foxtail and that Garrison can increase the productivity of wet meadows.
Cell Contact as an Independent Factor Modulating Cardiac Myocyte Hypertrophy and Survival in Long-term Primary Culture

Cardiac myocytes maintained in cell culture develop hypertrophy both in response to mechanical loading as well as to receptor-mediated signaling mechanisms. However, it has been shown that the hypertrophic response to these stimuli may be modulated through effects of intercellular contact achieved by maintaining cells at different plating densities. In this study, we show that the myocyte plating density affects not only the hypertrophic response and features of the differentiated phenotype of isolated adult myocytes, but also plays a significant role influencing myocyte survival in vitro. The native rod-shaped phenotype of freshly isolated adult myocytes persists in an environment which minimizes myocyte attachment and spreading on the substratum. However, these conditions are not optimal for long-term maintenance of cultured adult cardiac myocytes. Conditions which promote myocyte attachment and spreading on the substratum, on the other hand, also promote the re-establishment of new intercellular contacts between myocytes. These contacts appear to play a significant role in the development of spontaneous activity, which enhances the redevelopment of highly differentiated contractile, junctional, and sarcoplasmic reticulum structures in the cultured adult cardiomyocyte. Although it has previously been shown that adult cardiac myocytes are typically quiescent in culture, the addition of beta-adrenergic agonists stimulates beating and myocyte hypertrophy, and thereby serves to increase the level of intercellular contact as well. However, in densely-plated cultures with intrinsically high levels of intercellular contact, spontaneous contractile activity develops without the addition of beta-adrenergic agonists. In this study, we compare the function, morphology, and natural history of adult feline cardiomyocytes which have been maintained in cultures with different levels of intercellular contact, with and without the addition of beta-adrenergic agonists. Intercellular contact, communication, and transmission of contractile forces between myocytes appears to play a primary role in remodeling the 2-dimensional cell layer into a parallel alignment of elongated myocytes with highly developed intercalated disk-like junctions. This highly differentiated state is very stable, and cultures which achieve this state exhibit significantly greater longevity than more sparsely plated myocytes. These myocytes typically continue beating, and survive from 6 to more than 12 weeks in culture. When this level of contact and differentiation are not achieved, even among beta-adrenergic stimulated myocytes, contractile activity is not sustained, myofibrils atrophy, there is little or no development of junctional complexes, and the period of myocyte viability is typically no more than 5 weeks in vitro.
Rem2 in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana): Patterns of expression within the central nervous system and brain expression at different ontogenetic stages

Rem2 is a member of the RGK (Rem, Rad, and Gem/Kir) subfamily of the Ras superfamily of GTP binding proteins. In mammals, Rem2 has been found to be unique in not only its structure, but also its tissue specificity, as it is the first member to be found at high levels in neuronal tissue. Because Rem2 has previously been implicated in neuronal cell proliferation, and amphibians maintain relatively high neuronal proliferative activity as adults, we sought to isolate and acquire the full-length sequence of the rem2 gene from the brain of the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). Furthermore, we used real time PCR (rtPCR) to characterize its tissue specificity, regional brain expression, and brain expression levels at different stages of development. Deduced amino acid sequence analysis showed that the bullfrog Rem2 protein possesses the unique 5′ extension characteristic of mammalian Rem2 and the RGK subfamily to which it belongs. Tissue specificity of the bullfrog rem2 gene showed that the bullfrog is similar to both mammals and fish in that the levels of rem2 gene expression were significantly greater in the brain than all other tissues assayed. In the brain itself, differential rem2 expression patterns were observed between six major brain areas assayed and the spinal cord, with expression significantly high in the cerebrum and low in the cerebellum. Finally, examination of whole brain rem2 expression levels in bullfrogs at different stages of development revealed greater expression after metamorphic climax.
Publishing Clinical Trials and Dealing with External Comparisons

This brief note is designed to provide research teams that are involved with the publication of clinical trials in peer-reviewed medical journals with a reference for the rebuttal of referees' criticism that your results are in some way inferior overall to those of others. In these reviewers' eyes, a trial that shows less benefit than other trials has no public health benefit, and hence they recommend rejection. In fact, such policies lead to publication bias, the systematic overestimation of benefits of therapy in the published literature.
The “Astonishing Humanity” of Carson McCullers’ The Heart is a Lonely Hunter and James Baldwin's Another Country

James Baldwin and Carson McCullers traveled in the same New York and Parisian literary circles, published in many of the same journals, and found creative refuge at the same writers' colonies. Thus...
A 5-Gb/s Automatic Sub-Bit Between-Pair Skew Compensator for Parallel Data Communications in 0.13- $\mu{\rm m}$ CMOS

This paper presents a between-pair skew (BPS) compensator for parallel data communications. It can detect time skew between two independent data sequences using continuous-time correlations and then automatically align the two using a wide-bandwidth voltage controlled data delay line. A 5-Gb/s sub-bit BPS compensator in 0.13- μm CMOS occupies approximately 0.038- mm2 active die area and dissipates 22.5 mW.
Sorrow and consolation in Italian humanism

(1993). Sorrow and consolation in Italian humanism. History of European Ideas: Vol. 17, No. 2-3, pp. 376-377.
MRK003, a γ-secretase inhibitor exhibits promising in vitro pre-clinical activity in multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Notch-stimulated signaling cascade results in transcriptional regulation of genes involved in cell fate decision, apoptosis and proliferation and has been implicated in various malignancies. Here, we investigated the impact of MRK003, an inhibitor of this pathway, on myeloma and lymphoma cells. We first studied the expression patterns of notch receptors and ligands on multiple myeloma (MM) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) cell lines. Next, we used a γ-secretase inhibitor, MRK003 to test the importance of notch-stimulated pathways in MM and NHL disease biology. We observed expression of notch receptors and ligands on MM and NHL cell lines. MRK003 treatment induced caspase-dependent apoptosis and inhibited proliferation of MM and NHL cell lines and patient cells. Examination of signaling events after treatment showed time-dependent decrease in levels of the notch intracellular domain, Hes1 and c-Myc. MRK003 downregulated cyclin D1, Bcl-Xl and Xiap levels in NHL cells and p21, Bcl-2 and Bcl-Xl in MM cells. In addition, MRK003 caused an upregulation of pAkt, indicating crosstalk with the PI3K/Akt pathway. We evaluated MRK003 in combination with Akt1/2 kinase inhibitor and observed synergy in killing MM and NHL cell lines examined.
Occurrence and Transport of Acetochlor in Streams of the Mississippi River Basin

The herbicide acetochlor [2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl) acetamide] was first used on corn (Zea mays L.) in the USA during the growing season of 1994. By 1996, it was the third most heavily used corn herbicide in the midwestern USA. During the growing season of 1997, 78% of 375 samples collected at 32 stream sites in the Mississippi River Basin contained detectable concentrations of acetochlor. However, concentrations in only 2% of the samples exceeded 2/µg/L, the maximum annual average concentration allowable in public water supplies derived primarily from surface water. The largest acetochlor concentrations were detected in streams draining basins in parts of Illinois, Indiana, and Iowa. The median concentration of acetochlor in streams was about 10% that of atrazine (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), about 25% that of metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide], about 50% that of cyanazine [2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-l,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropionitrile], and about threefold that of alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide]. Load estimates indicate that, during the growing season of 1997, agricultural subbasins draining areas of Illinois, Indiana, and Iowa contributed about 37 000 kg, or 74%, of the 50 000 kg of acetochlor measured in streams of the Mississippi River Basin.
Impaired natural immunity, cognitive dysfunction, and physical symptoms in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: preliminary evidence for a subgroup?

Objective: The diagnostic criteria of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) define a heterogeneous population composed of several subgroups. Past efforts to identify subgroup markers have met with mixed success. This study was designed to examine natural killer cell activity (NKCA) as a potential subgroup marker by comparing the clinical presentations of CFS patients with and without clinically reduced NKCA. Methods: Forty-one female CFS patients were classified into having either low or normal NKCA levels. These subgroups were then compared on objective measures of cognitive functioning and subjective assessments of fatigue, vigor, cognitive impairment, and daytime dysfunction. Results: Relative to CFS patients in the normal-NKCA subgroup, low-NKCA patients reported less vigor, more daytime dysfunction, and more cognitive impairment. In addition, low-NKCA patients performed less on objective measures of cognitive functioning relative to normal-NKCA patients. Conclusions: The results are offered as preliminary evidence in support of using NKCA as an immunological subgroup marker in CFS. Findings are also discussed in terms of known associations between dysregulated immune functions, somatic symptoms, and psychological stress.
Fibrous dysplasia of the temporal bone: Imaging findings

Lichtenstein [1] in 1938 coined the term fibrous dysplasia to describe a disorder characterized by the progressive replacement of normal bone elements by fibrous tissue. Histopathologically, these lesions consist of an abnormal proliferation of fibrous elements intermixed with haphazardly arranged trabeculae of woven bone. The disease can involve any bone in the body. In the head and neck, the skull and facial bones are involved in 10-25% of cases of monostotic fibrous dysplasia and in 50% of the polyostotic variety. Involvement of the temporal bone, however, is relatively rare, and only 53 cases have been reported. The three major radiographic classifications of fibrous dysplasia are pagetoid, sclerotic, and cystic. Any of these types may involve the temporal bone and related structures, including the external canal, middle ear, jugular foramen, or, rarely, the otic capsule. In this essay, we illustrate the radiographic features of the disease based on our experience with seven cases, seen at our institu...
Role of chronic hyperglycemia in the pathogenesis of coronary microvascular dysfunction in diabetes.

Abstract Objectives We sought to determine the differences in coronary microvascular function between patients with type 1 (insulin-deficient) and type 2 (insulin-resistant) diabetes mellitus (DM). Background Coronary vascular function is impaired in patients with DM. However, it is unclear whether the type and/or severity of this vascular dysfunction are similar in patients with type 1 and type 2 DM. Methods We studied 35 young subjects with DM (18 with type 1 and 17 with type 2), who were free of overt cardiovascular complications, and 11 age-matched healthy controls. Positron emission tomography imaging was used to measure myocardial blood flow (MBF) at rest, during adenosine-induced hyperemia (reflecting primarily endothelium-independent vasodilation), and in response to cold pressor test (CPT) (reflecting primarily endothelium-dependent vasodilation). Results The two groups of diabetics were similar with respect to age and glycemic control. The duration of diabetes was longer and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were higher in type 1 than in type 2 diabetics. Basal MBF was similar in the three groups studied. The increase (from baseline) in MBF with adenosine was similar in the subjects with type 1 (161 ± 18%) and type 2 (185 ± 19%) DM, but lower than in the controls (351 ± 43%) (p Conclusions These results demonstrate markedly reduced and similar endothelium-dependent and -independent coronary vasodilator function in subjects with both type 1 and type 2 DM. These results suggest a key role of chronic hyperglycemia in the pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction in diabetes.
Do as I Do, Not as I Say: Assessing Outcomes When Students Think Like Economists

The authors measured the pedagogical value of sharing with students what economists do and how they do it. Ostensibly, thinking and researching like economists will transform students into better and more engaged learners as well as provide instructors with effective assessment tools. One way to bring students closer to what economists do is to implement an empirical economics research curriculum that teaches students how to access, chart, and interpret macroeconomic data; search and access peer-reviewed journal articles; and formulate, in writing, positions on economic issues. The authors assess student results with respect to an empirical research curriculum that they designed and introduced in a money and banking course at South Dakota State University.
The Method of Electric Power Communication Network Time Delay Control Based on T-MPLS

Based on the fabric of national electric power system, the types and causes of delay in the network is investigated. The evolution guideline is deeply discussed. Mechanism in T-MPLS such as packet switching, plastic limit, automatic protection switching and multi-service package adapter are utilized to improve the time delay of the power communication network. It is to lay the foundation for the next generation of Smart Substation.
Effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on heart rate variability during REM sleep in female rape victims with PTSD

Six female rape victims with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were assessed for sleep disturbances. Five responded to cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) and one did not complete treatment. Sympatho-vagal balance was measured using heart rate variability (HRV) during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The treatment responders significantly decreased on HRV while the noncompleter increased. The responders also significantly decreased on sleep disturbances. The noncompleter remained unchanged. Thus a remission in PTSD symptoms following CBT accompanied a reduction in the HRV indicator of sympathetic predominance in REM sleep.
Electrochemical oxidation of oxalate ion in dimethylsulfoxide at a gold electrode

Summary The electrochemical oxidation of oxalate ion in dimethylsulfoxide at a gold electrode has been studied by chronopotentiometry and cyclic voltammetry. The final oxidation product is carbon dioxide but an unstable intermediate is formed during the oxidation process. In the absence of excess hydroxide ion, oxalate ion is partly hydrolyzed to acid oxalate ion which is oxidized to carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions. Oxidation mechanisms are proposed that are consistent with the data.
Reactive power management and voltage control of large Transmission System using SVC (Static VAR Compensator)

The role of the transmission network in the Power System is to transmit the power generated in the power plants to the load centers and the interconnected power systems. The transmission of electric power has to take place in the most efficient way in addition to providing flexibility in the process. Flexible A.C. Transmission System (FACTS) promotes the use of static controllers to enhance the controllability and increase the power transfer capability. Providing reactive shunt compensation with shunt-connected capacitors and reactors is a well established technique to get a better voltage profile in a power system. Shunt capacitors are inexpensive but lack dynamic capabilities, thus some form of dynamically controlled reactive power compensation becomes essential. This feature is provided by Static VAR Compensator (SVC). The work presented here also compares SVC with fixed capacitor compensation and documents the superiority of SVC using Computer Simulation and its performance for reactive power management and better voltage control.
Schistosomiasis: prenatal induction of tolerance to antigens

THE pattern of pathology seen in human schistosomiasis has been compared with the infection experience, or lack of it, in the progenitors of a population1. It often, happens that populations new to an endemic area experience the disease in an acuter form than does the indigenous population1–5. To a great extent these early disease symptoms as well as the lator pathology are immunologically specific phenomena of hypersensitivity. For example, the granulomatous lesion arising about the schistosome egg in the host tissues6 is a manifestation of delayed hypersensitivity7 that may be reduced by immunosuppressive drugs8 or thymectomy9.
Visualization of Using Hyperfine Structure To Calculate Nuclear Spin: A Spectroscopy Exercise

An example and two exercises are presented that use hyperfine structure (HFS) to calculate the nuclear spin (I). The example uses the visible spectrum of a 187rhenium(I) atomic emission at 527.7 nm. The spectrum of the rhenium(I) (8P5/2 → 6S5/2) transition was recorded with a Fourier-Transform spectrometer with 0.026 cm-1 resolution. This exercise for upper-level chemistry majors serves as an introduction to the coupling of the quantum momenta associated with the total electronic angular momentum (J) and I.
Representations of familial intimacy across the Taiwan Strait: The reinvention of homeness among Taiwanese wives in documentaries

This article investigates the cinematic representation of Taiwanese businesspeople’s (taishang 台商) family relations in China, and the concomitant transformation of homeness. The emergence of Taiwan...
TEACHING GERONTOLOGY TO THE BUSINESS COMMUNITY: PROJECT OLDER CONSUMER

The design and evaluation of a continuing education program in gerontology for executives and professionals who provide products and services to the elderly but who are generally unaware of the needs and concerns of elders are described. Four workshops were designed and offered to decision‐makers in advertising/retail, finance, housing, and profit/nonprofit interfaces. Curricula developed, evaluation of workshops, and problems and barriers encountered in training business executives about aging are discussed.
Increased canine jejunal absorption of water, glucose, and sodium with intestinal pacing

Our aim was to determine if pacing a segment of jejunum backwards with electrical stimuli could increase absorption from it. In four dogs, 75-cm loops of jejunum were isolated from the intestinal stream. After recovery, fluid was infused into the proximal stoma of the loop and effluent collected from the distal stoma for three consecutive 30-min periods. In the second period electrical stimuli were applied to the distal end of the loop to drive the pacesetter potentials of the loop, hence its contractions, backwards. The output of water, glucose, and sodium from the loop was decreased, and the transit of content through the loop was slowed during backward pacing. We conclude that pacing a segment of jejunum backwards with electrical stimuli enhances absorption of water, glucose, and sodium from that segment.
QPSchur: A dual, active-set, Schur-complement method for large-scale and structured convex quadratic programming

We describe an active-set, dual-feasible Schur-complement method for quadratic programming (QP) with positive definite Hessians. The formulation of the QP being solved is general and flexible, and is appropriate for many different application areas. Moreover, the specialized structure of the QP is abstracted away behind a fixed KKT matrix called K o and other problem matrices, which naturally leads to an object-oriented software implementation. Updates to the working set of active inequality constraints are facilitated using a dense Schur complement, which we expect to remain small. Here, the dual Schur complement method requires the projected Hessian to be positive definite for every working set considered by the algorithm. Therefore, this method is not appropriate for all QPs. While the Schur complement approach to linear algebra is very flexible with respect to allowing exploitation of problem structure, it is not as numerically stable as approaches using a QR factorization. However, we show that the use of fixed-precision iterative refinement helps to dramatically improve the numerical stability of this Schur complement algorithm. The use of the object-oriented QP solver implementation is demonstrated on two different application areas with specializations in each area; large-scale model predictive control (MPC) and reduced-space successive quadratic programming (with several different representations for the reduced Hessian). These results demonstrate that the QP solver can exploit application-specific structure in a computationally efficient and fairly robust manner as compared to other QP solver implementations.
Using Data Mining Techniques to Discover Bias Patterns in Missing Data

In today’s data-rich environment, decision makers draw conclusions from data repositories that may contain data quality problems. In this context, missing data is an important and known problem, since it can seriously affect the accuracy of conclusions drawn. Researchers have described several approaches for dealing with missing data, primarily attempting to infer values or estimate the impact of missing data on conclusions. However, few have considered approaches to characterize patterns of bias in missing data, that is, to determine the specific attributes that predict the missingness of data values. Knowledge of the specific systematic bias patterns in the incidence of missing data can help analysts more accurately assess the quality of conclusions drawn from data sets with missing data. This research proposes a methodology to combine a number of Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining techniques, including association rule mining, to discover patterns in related attribute values that help characterize these bias patterns. We demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed approach by applying it on a demo census dataset seeded with biased missing data. The experimental results show that our approach was able to find seeded biases and filter out most seeded noise.
Moments of power transformed time series

A simple recursion is presented for calculating moments (e.g., mean, variance, and autocorrelation function) of a time series that has been power transformed to normality. Its derivation is elementary, relying on the moment-generating function for a bivariate normal distribution. To make clear the distinction between the moments of the transformed and original time series, the special case of a squared normal process is treated in detail. The use of the recursion is illustrated through an environmental example, motivated by stochastic modeling of hourly precipitation, that involves both stabilization of variance and amplification of autocorrelation. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geospatial data qualities as web services performance metrics

Service discovery is the crucial phase in the emerging Geospatial Semantic Web to select functionally similar services for the user query. Quality of Service (QoS) based service discovery, popularly studied in traditional Web Services, applies also to Geospatial Web Services. QoS allows service clients to fine-tune their search according to their specific needs and criteria. In high-performance service-based geospatial applications, it becomes an interesting research challenge to identify geospatial parameters to further improve the search process. In this paper we have proposed a set of geospatial criteria that can be used alongside the regular QoS parameters in service discovery and invocation. We show that using this novel approach of incorporating domain-specific drill-down information in addition to the commonly used QoS parameters yield more accurate and trustable Web services platform. We use the proposed geospatial parameters as performance metrics in the experimental evaluation of our application. The parameters reflect geospatial data quality attributes already standardized and well-studied in geospatial literature.
Angle of incidence of minimum reflectance of a dielectric-conductor interface for incident unpolarized or circularly polarized light.

The angle of incidence ϕ=ϕu min of minimum reflectance for incident unpolarized or circularly polarized light at a dielectric-conductor interface is determined for any complex relative refractive index N=(n,k), and contours of constant ϕu min in the nk plane are presented. The minimum reflectance Ru min at ϕu min is also plotted as a function of the polar angle 0≤θ=arg(N)≤90° along each constant ϕu min contour. Also presented are families of Ru-versus-ϕ curves for values of complex N at θ=30°, ϕu min=45° to 85° in steps of 10°, and values of complex N at ϕu min=75°, θ=0° to 90° in steps of 10°. Finally, a nonpolarimetric method for the determination of n and k of optical materials, which is based on measurements of ϕu min and the normal-incidence reflectance R0, is proposed.
Milky disease and Japanese beetle in Delaware.

Milky disease is a pathologica1 condition of scarabeid larvae caused by an infection with either Bacillus popilliae Dutky or B. lentimorbus Dutky. Bacterial spores were introduced into Delaware in the early 1940’s for control of Popillia japonica Newman. Sampling of sod for grubs in the summer and fall of 1972 indicated that the disease was active at the original colonization sites. These sites have a lower grub population density than other areas. Locations where the disease has been naturally introduced have a higher population but grub populations in locations free from milky-spore disease were the highest.
Identification of stress-induced nucleation sites for martensite in Fe-31.8 wt% Ni-0.02 wt% C alloy

Abstract A novel plate impact recovery technique has been used to study the incubation time, the inception, and the initiation and growth of martensitic transformations in an Fe-31% Ni-0.02% C alloy, at a temperature of M s + 10°C. The technique allows subjecting the sample to a single tensile pulse of pre-assigned duration and amplitude. The amplitude of the tensile pulse sufficient to induce transformation at the test temperature, was about 1.5 GPa. For a tensile pulse duration of 80 ns, martensitic transformation was observed to have been initiated, but no fully transformed martensite lensen were produced. For a tensile pulse of 105 ns duration, in addition to small incompletely grown lenses, fully grown martensite lenses were observed. The majority of these martensite lenses abutted the annealing twin boundaries, suggesting that these boundaries are favored nucleation sites for tensile stress wave-induced martensite in the system under investigation.
Creation of Urinary Stoma Before Abdominal Wall Transposition of Ileal Conduit Improves Stomal Protrusion, Eversion, and Symmetry

OBJECTIVES To report a technique of stomal creation before abdominal wall transposition of the conduit that reduces asymmetry, retraction, and stenosis of the stoma. The ileal conduit remains the most common form of urinary diversion. Despite extensive experience with the procedure, a significant rate of stomal complications is still observed. METHODS Unlike the traditional approach, after the segment of the distal ileum is selected and excluded from the bowel continuity, the stoma is prepared intracorporeally. The critical elements of this technique include defatting of the distal mesentery, placement of everting sutures immediately adjacent to the bowel mesentery in a diamond configuration, full-thickness locking sutures to fix the eversion, and fascial fixation sutures on abdominal wall transposition. RESULTS The technique of early stomal maturation has been performed in 45 consecutive ileal conduit procedures. To date, early stomal retraction with poor appliance fit has been observed in 1 patient who underwent simultaneous abdominal wall reconstruction, requiring early revision of the stoma. The remaining stomas have demonstrated excellent protrusion with no requirement for revision owing to stenosis or retraction. CONCLUSIONS To date, we have experienced excellent outcomes with the technique, independent of body habitus or mesenteric thickness. The usual tendency of the stoma to be flush at the position of the mesentery is avoided, and symmetric protrusion of the stoma appears to allow a better stomal appliance fit. The effect on long-term complication rates remains to be defined.
High-speed Manipulation of Information Representations. I. Normalization and Mobile Canonicalization.

Abstract Information representations, IR, are linear representations of N-dimensional topological maps that can be used to describe virtually any abstract (e.g. the properties of a mathematical equation), static (e.g. chemical formulae, still pictures or fingerprints) or dynamic (e.g. flight paths of rockets or cloud chamber pictures) data. An IR can be manipulated to obtain mathematically equivalent forms that are either unique (normal) or alternative (canonical) representations. Here high-speed algorithms for obtaining normal and canonical forms of IRs are described and demonstrated.
Trans-4-methoxypipecolic acid, an amino acid from Inga paterno

Abstract A new trans -4-methoxy derivative of pipecolic acid was isolated from the tropical legume, Inga paterno . Structure elucidation and conformational analysis were ascertained using a variety of NMR techniques.
Prostaglandin production by homogeneous cultures of rat glomerular epithelial and mesangial cells

Prostaglandin production by homogeneous cultures of rat glomerular epithelial and mesangial cells. Prostaglandin production was measured in homogeneous cultures that had been characterized as glomerular epithelial and mesangial cells. Glomerular epithelial cells produced ten times more cyclooxygenase products than mesangial cells; 88 to 95% of its products were prostacyclin. Mesangial cells produced predominantly prostaglandin E 2 (57 to 66%); only 14 to 15% of the prostaglandins produced by mesangial cells was PGI 2 . Cultured glomerular epithelial and mesangial cells produced little prostaglandin D 2 , thromboxane, 12-L-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, or 6-sulfido-peptide-containing leukotrienes. Production de prostaglandines par des cultures homogenes de cellules glomerulaires epitheliales et mesangiales. La production de prostaglandines a ete mesuree dans des cultures homogenes qui avaient ete caracterisees comme etant des cellules glomerulaires epitheliales et mesangiales. Les cellules glomerulaires epitheliales produisaient 10 fois plus de produits de la cyclo-oxygenase que les cellules mesangiales; 88 a 95% de ces produits etaient de la prostacycline. Les cellules mesangiales produisaient surtout de la prostaglandine E 2 (57 a 66%); seulement 14 a 15% des prostaglandines produites par les cellules mesangiales etaient de la PGI 2 . Les cellules glomerulaires epitheliales et mesangiales en culture produisaient peu de prostaglandines D 2 , de thromboxane, d'acide 12-L-hydroxyeicosatetraenoique ou de leukotrienes contenant un 6-sulfido-peptide.
Determination of angler reporting level for red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) in a South Carolina estuary

Abstract Angler reporting of tagged red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus ) was examined using three tag reward messages: “No Reward”; “Reward”; and “$50 Reward”. “Reward” is the standard message used in all state sponsored fin fish tagging programs in South Carolina (SC). Hatchery produced red drum were tagged with external tags containing the various messages and released in four replicate areas ( n = 100 fish/message/area) near Port Royal Sound. Analysis of the return data for “Reward” (18.7%) and “$50 Reward” (22.9%) tags found no statistical differences ( P > 0.05) between the two groups. However, significantly ( P
Kinetics of homogeneous nucleation on many‐component systems

Reiss's classical treatment of the kinetics of homogeneous nucleation in a system containing two chemical components is extended to many‐component systems. The formulation is analogous to the pseudostationary state theory of chemical reaction rates with the free energy as a function of the composition of the embryo taking the place of the potential energy as a function of interatomic distances.
Next generation millimeter-wave radar for safe planetary landing

Safe, precise landing on planetary bodies requires knowledge of altitude and velocity, and may require active detection and avoidance of hazardous terrain. Radar offers a superior solution to both problems due to its ability to operate at any time of day, through dust and engine plumes, and ability to detect velocity coherently. While previous efforts have focused on providing near term solutions to the safe landing problem, we are designing radar velocimeters and radar imagers for missions beyond the next decade. In this paper we identify the fundamental issues within each approach, at arrive at strawman sensor designs at a center frequency at or around 160 GHz (G-band). We find that a G-band radar velocimeter design is capable of sub-10 cm/s accuracy, and a G-band imager is capable of sub-0.5 degree resolution over a 28 degree field of view. From those designs, we arrive at the key technology requirements for the development of power and low noise amplifiers, signal distribution methods, and antenna arrays that enable the construction of these next generation sensors
β-Enolase is a marker of human myoblast heterogeneity prior to differentiation

Abstract In this report, we define a muscle-specific marker, β-enolase, that distinguishes proliferating myoblasts from different stages of development. Enolase exists as multiple isoforms and in the course of cardiac and skeletal muscle development the β isoform progressively replaces the α isoform. In skeletal muscle, this change in gene expression, unlike most developmental changes in myogenic gene expression, is evident in undifferentiated myoblasts. Whereas myoblasts from fetal tissues express α-enolase mRNA, β-enolase is the predominant mRNA expressed by myoblasts from postnatal tissues. Our results are consistent with the idea that distinct precursor myoblasts contribute to the diversity of fiber types characteristic of muscle tissue at different stages of development.