cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liberal learning and the art of self-governance

Part I: Cultivating the Habits of Self-Governance in the Classroom 1. Knowledge and Community in the Undergraduate Classroom 2. On "Strongly Fortified Minds": Self-restraint and cooperation in the discussion tradition 3. Teaching the Art of Speaking Across Ideological Paradigms Part II: Place, Community and Context: Cultivating the habits of self-governance beyond the traditional classroom 4. More than Community-Based Learning: Practicing the liberal arts 5. Developing the Art of Self-Governance: Teaching the role of place in associative life Part III: The Generative Power of Social Abrasion and Social Spaces 6. The Essential Role of Abrasion in Developing Healthy Institutions of Liberal Learning 7. Communities of Liberal Learning and Social Spaces Part IV: Self-Governing Norms and Practices Across the Academy 8. Polycentricity and the Principles of Effective Co-Governance: What the Bloomington School can teach us 9. Meaningful Change Comes from the Shop Floor: Generating, growing and governing in liberal education 10. Academic Freedom as a Basis for Self-Governance
The virtual reserve room: Extending library services off-campus

Summary This paper explores the challenges of implementing an electronic reserves program which extends library services to off-campus distance education students. Using the University of Massachusetts Amherst as a case study, the paper briefly describes the project's context and history, with a focus on the practicalities, problems, and solutions in starting an electronic library reserves service. The discussion also covers issues integral to the service and which affect off-campus learners, including budgeting, staffing, partnering with affiliated campuses, addressing faculty concerns, managing copyright permissions, utilizing e-books and incorporating full-text databases.
Linearizations of matrix polynomials in Bernstein bases

We discuss matrix polynomials expressed in a Bernstein basis, and the associated polynomial eigenvalue problems. Using Mobius transformations of matrix polynomials, large new families of strong linearizations are generated. We also investigate matrix polynomials that are structured with respect to a Bernstein basis, together with their associated spectral symmetries. The results in this paper apply equally well to scalar polynomials, and include the development of new companion pencils for polynomials expressed in a Bernstein basis.
Arboreal adaptations of body fat in wild toque macaques (Macaca sinica) and the evolution of adiposity in primates.

There is a paucity of information on body composition and fat patterning in wild nonhuman primates. Dissected adipose tissue from wild toque macaques (Macaca sinica) (WTM), feeding on a natural diet, accounted for 2.1% of body weight. This was far less than fatness reported for nonhuman primates raised in captivity or for contemporary humans. In WTM, fatness increased with age and diet richness, but did not differ by sex. In WTM (none of which were obese) intra-abdominal fat filled first, and “excess” fat was stored peripherally in a ratio of about 6:1. Intermuscular fat was minimal (0.1%). The superficial paunch held <15% of subcutaneous fat weight in contrast to its much larger proportions in obese humans and captive monkeys where most added fat accumulates subcutaneously. With increasing total adiposity, accumulating fat shifted in its distribution among eight different main internal and peripheral deposit areas—consistent with maintaining body balance and a low center of gravity. The available data suggest that, in arboreal primates, adaptations for agile locomotion and terminal branch feeding set constraints on the quantity and distribution of fat. The absence of a higher percentage of body fat in females and neonates (as are typical of humans) suggests that arboreal adaptations preclude the development of fat-dependent, large-brained infants and the adipose-rich mothers needed to sustain them. The lifestyle and body composition of wild primates represent a more appropriate model for early human foragers than well-fed captive monkeys do. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:333–344, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Implementation of Separable Scattering Mechanisms in Three-Dimensional Quantum Mechanical Simulations of Devices

We present results of a numerical scheme through which different phonon scattering processes can be incorporated into the quantum mechanical simulation of semiconductor devices. This method allows the effects of different phonon processes to be seen individually and without resorting to the use of fitting parameters to approximate the correct physics. We find that phonon processes allow the carriers to reach higher energies than in the ballistic case modifying the output current. Further, we use the scattering model to approximate the ballistic-to-diffusive crossover and find the distance to be much shorter than anticipated.
Metastable Solid-Solution Phases in the LiFePO4 ∕ FePO4 System

Metastable Solid Solution Phases in the LiFePO 4 /FePO 4 System Guoying Chen * , Xiangyun Song and Thomas J. Richardson *, z Environmental Energy Technologies Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California 94720 USA Abstract Solid solution behavior in the LiFePO 4 -FePO 4 system was investigated using x- ray powder diffraction. A substantial dependence upon crystal size and morphology was observed. Partially delithiated samples of 4 x 2 x 0.2 μm 3 hydrothermally synthesized olivine-type Li x FePO 4 crystals containing only the two end-member phases were heated to form single-phase solid solutions. In samples with x > 0.6, a line phase with composition Li y FePO 4 (y = 0.60 ±0.04) appeared as an intermediate during the transformation of the two-phase mixtures to single-phase Li x FePO 4 . This phase then precipitated during cooling along with LiFePO 4 and persisted at ambient temperature. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that upon cooling, phase separation occurred within the crystals along the b direction (space group Pnma), with LiFePO 4 forming at the (010) surfaces. More complex behavior was found for samples with x < 0.6 and for crystals of smaller dimensions. z Electrochemical Society Active Member E-mail: tjrichardson@lbl.gov
Matching Product Architecture and Supply Chain Configuration

In this paper, we examine the suggested link between product architecture (i.e., the extent to which a product is modular vs. integral) and supply chain configuration (i.e., whether the product development is done internally by the manufacturer in an integrated supply chain or in collaboration with a supplier in a decentralized supply chain). Our model suggests that the choice of product architecture depends on firm, market, and product characteristics in addition to supply chain structure. In contrast to other studies, we find that the optimal mapping from architecture to supply chain structure is not always one-to-one. A decentralized supply chain may be associated with a more integral product when the technical collaboration penalty is not excessive and suppliers have significantly superior product development capabilities. Furthermore, in a decentralized supply chain, the nature of the relationship between the original equipment manufacturer and its supplier (adversarial or collaborative) plays a role in the choice of product architecture: modular architectures are more likely when the parties have adversarial relationships, while long-term trust-based relationships facilitate more integral product architectures.
Adaptive enhancement of synchronous generator stabilizer performance by including the external utility system dynamics

An enhanced adaptive scheme for the stabilization of power generators connected to utility power systems is presented. The dynamic interaction of the power system is taken into account in deriving the generator stabilizing signal by developing an external dynamic equivalent model at the generator terminals. The generator model and external dynamic equivalent model are combined to form an overall design model in an input/output form. The stabilizer is designed using the self-tuning regulator concept of adaptive control. An online MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) recursive least square identification algorithm and a generalized minimum variance control technique are used for the stabilizer design. Simulation test results show the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive enhancement scheme and its superiority over both fixed parameter conventional stabilizers and adaptive stabilizers designed without consideration of the power system interactions. >
Gestational trophoblastic disease: What have we learned in thepast decade?

Summary Hydatidiform moles can be classified into two distinct entities: complete and partial. Complete moles areandrogenetically derived, are characterized by a predominance of the 46,XX karyotype, and are associated with a significantly higher incidence of malignant sequelae than are partial moles. A subset of complete moles resulting from dispermy are heterozygous (46,XY) and appear to be associated with the greatest risk of malignancy. Free subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin, R core fragments, and acidic variants of human chorionic gonadotropin can now be readily measured by radioimmunoassays, fluoroimmunoassays, or isoelectric focusing techniques. Determination of these markers can be of value not only in monitoring response to therapy, but also as prognostic indicators. A subgroup of patients, traditionally classified as "high risk" or poor prognosis, who show poor responses to conventional combination chemotherapy have recently been designated as “ultra-high-risk” patients. They require more complex chemotherapy and possibly surgery and radiotherapy to achieve remission. The development of chemotherapy over the past decade, including the introduction of etoposide and cisplatin into current protocols and the treatment of patients with advanced gestational trophoblastic disease, are considered in this review
Sex Differences in Expressive Thought of Gifted Children in the Classroom

This study was a comparison of 92 high-achieving gifted girls with 97 high-achieving gifted boys on measures of cognitive thinking, classroom expressiveness, self-concept, and attitudes. These secondary school boys were significantly more expressive than the girls on all classroom variables. Written tests of similar abilities revealed no differences except that the girls were better at giving solutions to hypothetical problems. Differences found in self-concept and attitudes of the present sample supported the conclusions drawn by Kagan that intellectual aggressiveness is seen, in part, as a masculine counterpart and that this type of behavior when visible, as in the classroom discussion, may well raise anxiety and inhibit the gifted girl from full expression. The part played by sex-role expectations in inhibiting the free expression of intellectual power of girls in academic settings and later life would seem to warrant much further investigation. The expressive range of performance within sex groups also represents an important area for investigation.
Capture & Release of Single Cells on a Microfluidic Chip Via Conical Nanopores

In modern biology, it is often assumed that populations of cells are composed primarily of average cells; cells that do not deviate significantly from an observational mean. This assumption is empirically convenient and until recently was necessary due to technological limitations. However, it is possible that ignorance of cellular individuality may lead one to draw incorrect conclusions, especially when the population under study is heterogeneous. Cells that exhibit significant deviation from the mean behavior can reveal important information which would be normally obscured by ensemble averaging techniques.We have developed an array of microfluidic analytical techniques capable of studying the biochemistry of single cells [1,2,3]. Our current effort focuses on the development of a device which can capture a significantly large number of unicellular organisms resolved at the single-cell level. In our microchip, Synechococcus cells are captured via electroosmostic flow on a thin polycarbonate membrane that is populated by conical nanopores [4]. Cells can be efficiently captured and released via control of the flow's directionality. Applications of this chip, including those for high-throughput selective sorting and on-chip culturing, are being explored.1. Wheeler, A. R., Throndset, W. R., Zare, R. N. et al. Anal Chem75, 3581-3586 (2003).2. Wu, H., Wheeler, A. & Zare, R. N. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A101, 12809-12813 (2004).3. Huang, B., Wu, H., Zare, R. N. et al. Science315, 81-84 (2007).4. Scopece, P., Ugo, P., Martin, C. et al. Nanotech.17, 3951-3956 (2006).
Performance-based compensation in member-owned firms: An examination of medical group practices☆

Abstract We examine the importance of agency considerations for the mix of salary and performance-based compensation in member-owned medical practices. Performance-based pay increases with the informativeness of clinical productivity measures, and declines with greater reimbursement from capitation contracts. Inexperienced physicians receive more compensation from salary, but compensation mix does not change as physicians near retirement. Larger practices and practices using outside management companies place more weight on performance-based compensation. However, when more physicians in the group practice the same specialty, less emphasis is placed on performance-based compensation. Finally, the presence of an executive partner has no influence on compensation mix.
Adaptive networks of smart objects

We propose the implementation of a distributed system for DL storage and retrieval which relies on two earlier developed technologies: buckets and document linking base on user retrieval patterns. Buckets are expanded with a mechanism to keep track of weighted bucket relations. Each bucket keeps track of its connections to other related buckets. A mechanism is put in place which allows buckets to change their connections to other buckets according to the registration of bucket retrieval patterns issued by users. The collection of buckets thereby dynamically updates its link structure according to user retrieval patterns.
A Resource Allocation Algorithm for Multivehicle Systems With Nonholonomic Constraints

This paper is about the allocation of tours of m targets to n vehicles. The motion of the vehicles satisfies a nonholonomic constraint (i.e., the yaw rate of the vehicle is bounded). Each target is to be visited by one and only one vehicle. Given a set of targets and the yaw rate constraints on the vehicles, the problem addressed in this paper is 1) to assign each vehicle a sequence of targets to visit, and 2) to find a feasible path for each vehicle that passes through the assigned targets with a requirement that the vehicle returns to its initial position. The heading angle at each target location may not be specified. The objective function is to minimize the sum of the distances traveled by all vehicles. A constant factor approximation algorithm is presented for the above resource allocation problem for both the single and the multiple vehicle case. Note to Practitioners-The motivation for this paper stems from the need to develop resource allocation algorithms for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Small autonomous UAVs are seen as ideal platforms for many applications, such as searching for targets, mapping a given area, traffic surveillance, fire monitoring, etc. The main advantage of using these small autonomous vehicles is that they can be used in situations where a manned mission is dangerous or not possible. Resource allocation problems naturally arise in these applications where one would want to optimally assign a given set of vehicles to the tasks at hand. The feature that differentiates these resource allocation problems from similar problems previously studied in the literature is that there are constraints on the motion of the vehicle. This paper addresses the constraint that captures the inability of a fixed wing aircraft to turn at any arbitrary yaw rate. The basic problem addressed in this paper is as follows: Given n vehicles and m targets, find a path for each vehicle satisfying yaw rate contraints such that each target is visited exactly once by a vehicle and the total distance traveled by all vehicles is minimized. We assume that the targets are at least 2r apart, where r is the minimum turning radius of the vehicle. This is a reasonable assumption because the sensors on these vehicles can map or see an area whose width is at least 2r. We give an algorithm to solve this problem by combining ideas from the traveling salesman problem and the path planning literature. We also show how these algorithms perform in the worst-case scenario
Scavenger hunt: A creative teaching strategy to introduce pharmacological concepts and ethical concerns

Abstract The sheer volume and number of errors in medication administration obliges nursing educators to facilitate a higher level of student understanding in foundational pharmacological concepts. The focus of this manuscript was the use of a faculty created teaching strategy to introduce foundational pharmacological concepts and ethical concerns in an undergraduate nursing pharmacology course. The use of the Scavenger Hunt facilitated active learning and student engagement as students were responsible for and active in their own learning. The intent of the Scavenger Hunt was to introduce students to complex pharmacological concepts and ethical principles by using routine items from the students' daily lives such as common over-the-counter medications. The Scavenger Hunt used five tasks the student completed in order to "find information". The information obtained by the students was the basis of discussion on the second class day. Students were asked to (a) compare the cost of generic, trade and brand name medicine; (b) compare an adult medication to the same child/infant medication including dose and form; (c) compare and contrast the various forms drugs come in; (d) locate three different medications which contain diphenhydramine; (e) list 5-7 fillers that were found with the ingredients listed on the label. Using this information students were introduced to complex pharmacological concepts and ethical principles. Overwhelmingly, students wrote positive comments on the evaluation administered at the end of class. On the annual course evaluations, many students made positive comments about the value they saw in participating in the Scavenger Hunt and encouraged the nursing faculty in the course to continue to use this strategy in future pharmacology courses.
Fundamental relationships between deformation-induced surface roughness, critical strain localisation and failure in AA5754-O

This research employs two approaches to characterise the apparent structure observed in localised strain maps constructed from surface topography data acquired from AA5754-O sheet stock that was deformed in three in-plane stretching modes. The first uses a conventional two-point autocorrelation function (ACF), while the second uses the combination of the eigenvalue spectrum associated with each map and information theory. The results from the ACF analysis are inconclusive, implying that this technique lacks the sensitivity necessary to quantify the relationships between multi-point clustering and strain localisation. The information theory-based approach reveals that the relative spectral entropy increases monotonically, attains a maximum and then decreases sharply to the failure strain. This behaviour occurs in all three strain modes and results from two competing processes: one where the formation of structure is favourable and one where it is not. The crossover point is a clear indicator of the onset o...
A simple screening test for evaluating prolonged partial thromboplastin times in newborn infants

4. Stevenson DK, Cohen RS, Ostrander CR, Shahin SM, Kerner JA, Wetmore DL, Werner SB, Tomczyk M, and Johnson JD: A sensitive analytical apparatus for measuring hydrogen production rates. II. Application to Studies in human infants, Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr (in press). 5. Bjorneklett A, and Jenssen E: Measurement of pulmonary hydrogen (H2) and H2 diffusion from the small bowel and the colon, Scand J Gastroenterol 15:817, 1980. 6. Perman JA, Waters LA, Harrison MR, et al: Breath hydrogen reflects canine intestinal ischemia, Pediatr Res 15:1229, 1981. 7. Long SS, and Swenson RM: Development of anaerobic fecal flora in healthy newborn infants, J PEDIATR 91:298, 1977. 8. Sprunt K, Leidy G, and Redman W: Abnormal colonization of neonates in an intensive care unit: Means of identifying neonates at risk of infection, Pediatr Res 12:998, 1978.
Rhizosphere priming of soil organic matter by bacterial groups in a grassland soil

Abstract Plants often impact the rate of native soil organic matter turnover through root interactions with soil organisms; however the role of root-microbial interactions in mediation of the “priming effect” is not well understood. We examined the effects of living plant roots and N fertilization on belowground C dynamics in a California annual grassland soil (Haploxeralf) during a two-year greenhouse study. The fate of 13 C-labeled belowground C (roots and organic matter) was followed under planted ( Avena barbata ) and unplanted conditions, and with and without supplemental N (20 kg N ha −1 season −1 ) over two periods of plant growth, each followed by a dry, fallow period of 120 d. Turnover of belowground 13 C SOM was followed using 13 C-phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers. Living roots increased the turnover and loss of belowground 13 C compared with unplanted soils. Planted soils had 20% less belowground 13 C present than in unplanted soils after 2 cycles of planting and fallow. After 2 treatment cycles, unlabeled soil C was 4.8% higher in planted soils than unplanted. The addition of N to soils decreased the turnover of enriched belowground 13 C during the first treatment season in both planted and unplanted soils, however no effect of N was observed thereafter. Our findings suggest that A. barbata may increase soil C levels over time because root and exudate C inputs are significant, but that increase will be moderated by an overall faster C mineralization rate of belowground C. N addition may slow soil C losses; however, the effect was minor and transient in this system. The labeled root-derived 13 C was initially recovered in gram negative (highest enrichment), gram positive, and fungal biomarkers. With successive growing seasons, the labeled C in the gram negative and fungal markers declined, while gram positive markers continued to accumulate labeled belowground C. The rhizosphere of A. barbata shifted the microbial community composition, resulting in greater abundances of gram negative markers and lower abundances of gram positive, actinobacteria and cyclopropyl PLFA markers compared to unplanted soil. However, the longer-term utilization of labeled belowground C by gram positive bacteria was enhanced in the rhizosphere microbial community compared with unplanted soils. We suggest that the activities of gram positive bacteria may be major controllers of multi-year rhizosphere-related priming of SOM decomposition.
Long-term hemodynamic and clinical sequelae of lower extremity deep vein thrombosis

Forty-seven patients with phlebographically confirmed lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) were reexamined 5 to 10 years (mean, 7 years) after the thrombotic event. Clinical symptoms were recorded and the following noninvasive venous vascular laboratory tests were performed: Doppler examination to determine venous valve competence and photoplethysmography to measure ambulatory venous pressure and venous recovery time. Twenty-eight control subjects underwent similar examination. Although only 10 of 47 patients (21%) were asymptomatic, venous ulceration had developed in only two patients. The symptomatic patients had varying degrees of edema, pigmentation, and varicosities. Eighty-three percent of DVT patients had abnormal vascular laboratory findings. Both the severity of clinical symptoms and the magnitude of the hemodynamic abnormalities generally correlated with the extent of the initial thrombus. However, only 47% of patients whose initial thrombus appeared limited to the calf were asymptomatic, and only 25% of this group had normal venous hemodynamic findings. This study indicates that 5 to 10 years after lower extremity DVT 80% of patients will have both symptoms and abnormal venous hemodynamics regardless of the initial site of the thrombosis.
Simple Rating System for Identification of Failure-Critical Culverts and Small Structures

Although bridges are a highly visible and crucial part of the highway infrastructure, smaller structures typically classified as culverts exist in even greater numbers. Nearly invisible to the public, culverts are crucial components of highways. Failure of culverts can lead to flooding, roadway damage, interruption of traffic, and even fatal accidents. Several states have implemented successful culvert inspection programs, but others are only beginning to formalize their culvert inspection and maintenance. Even after periodic inspection programs are in place, planners need a tool for consistent guidance to identify structures most in need of attention. This paper reports on a simple rating system based on a new culvert inspection program recently implemented by the Indiana Department of Transportation. The rating system uses weighting factors that can be adjusted by the user to provide an overall rating of a culvert based on ratings of specific characteristics of a culvert. The tool can be used to provide...
Self-Assembling Peptide Nanofibers for MMP Delivery and Cardiac Regeneration in Diabetes

Diabetes is a serious problem in the United States, afflicting 7.8% of the population with annual medical costs estimated at $116B in 2007 (1). Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a cardiovascular complication of diabetes resulting in pathological alterations to the myocardium including circulatory defects, impaired heart muscle contraction, and progressive fibrosis. Cardiac fibrosis is associated with an imbalance between the deposition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins by cardiac fibroblasts and the ECM proteolytic degradation via matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Recent studies have demonstrated that in the diabetic heart, expression and activity of MMP-2 are reduced, resulting in increased collagen accumulation and cardiac dysfunction (2). These observations suggest that a MMP-related mechanism may contribute to cardiac fibrosis, and that it may be attenuated through stimulation of native MMP-2 expression or delivery of exogenous MMP-2. Therefore, reduced MMP-2 activity in DCM may represent a novel target for therapeutic treatment (3). To achieve this, a special proteolytically-stable delivery scaffold would be needed, because native ECM is rapidly degraded by MMPs. The goal of this study is to determine if self-assembling peptide nanofibers can be used for long-term (several weeks) MMP delivery and enhancement of cardiac remodeling. This study tests the hypothesis that increased MMP-2 concentration (native or exogenous) in the nanofiber environment will promote matrix remodeling in diabetic cardiac fibroblasts in vitro.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Case report. Aortic pseudoaneurysm with aortobronchial fistula: diagnosis with CT angiography.

We report the case of an 82-year-old man with a 12 month history of recurrent hemoptysis caused by an aortobronchial fistula. Twenty-five years earlier, the patient underwent placement of an aortic graft for aortic transection sustained in a motor vehicle accident. Chest radiography and bronchoscopy showed nonspecific abnormalities. We emphasize the role of CT angiography with 2D and 3D reconstructions for the diagnosis of and surgical planning for this rare but potentially lethal aortic postoperative complication.
A Forecast Product that Maximizes Utility for State–of–the–Art Seasonal Climate Prediction

Abstract The prediction of seasonal climate anomalies at useful lead times often involves an unfavorable signal—to—noise ratio. The forecasts, while consequently tending to have modest skill, nonetheless have significant utility when packaged in ways to which users can relate and respond appropriately. This paper presents a reasonable but unprecedented manner in which to issue seasonal climate forecasts and illustrates how implied "tilts of the odds" of the forecasted climate may be used beneficially by technical as well as nontechnical clients.
Doing What Simple Simon Says? Estimating the Underlying Causal Structures of Delinquent Associations, Attitudes, and Serious Theft

From within a social learning framework, the authors test the relative contributions of socialization, group pressure, social selection, and rationalization processes in explaining the relationships between peer-group associations, attitudes, and serious theft. Estimating a nonrecursive model, the authors argue that serious theft is as likely to affect delinquent associations and attitudes as associations and attitudes are to affect serious theft. The authors use panel data over three time periods from the National Youth Survey (NYS) to estimate simultaneously the influences of each social process over time. In addition, the authors estimate a measurement model to correct for the potential biasing effects of correlated measurement error. Estimation of the nonrecursive model reveals that the socialization effects of peers are negligible and insignificant. The group pressure effects are of relatively equal importance in comparison to the social selection effects. However, the group pressure effects are subs...
Theoretical predictions of spectral line formation by noncoherent scattering

Abstract The formation of spectral lines by noncoherent scattering with a frequency-independent source function is predicted theoretically for a plane-parallel medium of finite optical thickness. The problem is reduced, as in earlier investigations of monochromatic scattering, to one of determining two standard functions X and Y or, in the case of a semi-infinite medium, a single function H. Analytic approximations of these functions are discussed and representative numerical calculations are included. Particular attention is devoted to Doppler broadening. Comparisons of both analytic and tabular results are made with purely numerical studies of particular cases.
Safety of catheter-directed thrombolysis for deep venous thrombosis in cancer patients

Background The current study was conducted to demonstrate that catheter-directed thrombolysis for upper and lower extremity deep vein thrombosis is equally safe in patients with and without cancer. Methods A retrospective cohort of consecutive patients with acute iliofemoral or brachiosubclavian deep vein thrombosis treated with catheter-directed thrombolysis was identified. Demographic characteristics and clinical outcomes were compared between patients with cancer and without cancer. Results Catheter-directed thrombolysis was used to treat 202 limbs in 178 patients (75 limbs in 61 cancer patients and 127 limbs in 117 patients without cancer). The mean treatment duration for patients with cancer (29.7 ± 21.2 hours) and without cancer (28.8 ± 22.2 hours) was similar ( P = .7774). Catheter-directed thrombolysis achieved grade III clot lysis in a similar proportion of cancer patients (50 of 75 limbs, 66.7%) and patients without cancer (82 of 127 limbs, 64.6%; P = .7619). Grade II clot lysis also was achieved in equal numbers of patients with (20 of 75 limbs, 26.7%) and without cancer (34 of 127 limbs, 26.8%; P = .9872). Three cancer patients (4.9%) and four noncancer patients (3.4%) experienced major bleeding during catheter-directed thrombolysis ( P = .6924). Pulmonary embolism occurred in 1.6% (1 of 61) of cancer patients and in 1.7% (2 of 117) of patients without cancer ( P = .9999) during catheter-directed thrombolysis. Patients aged ≥70 years had an increased risk of major bleeding. Conclusion Percutaneous catheter-directed thrombolysis is equally safe for patients with and without cancer who have acute symptomatic deep vein thrombosis.
Commentary: Are We Ready to Act on Racial Concordance?

I t dimensions: first, methodological (are the design, sampling and data reliable, valid and meaningful); e ; second, interpretive (do the data support the conclusions); and third, the implications for policy. An article calling for policy continuation or change needs to satisfy criteria deriving from all three dimensions. The design of the LaViest et al. study raises important methodological concerns. We know that single questions tend to be unreliable. Questions that are answered "yes" or "no" are usually less reliable than those that are scaled. Absent a set of questions forming a scale, each of the three utilization questions that are used individually as dependent variables in this study may not be producing a reliable result. Further, the validity and meaningfulness of the utilization variables must be critically probed. Measures such as "needed" and "delay" are not well defined, and as the authors concede, the volume of health care utilization cannot be interpreted by the use of a single health status question. All of those measures depend on the patient's medical conditions. One visit a year vs. none may have little to do with "need." Questions about "getting attention when needed" and "experiencing delay in getting medical help" are more representative of satisfaction than utilization and are more usually measures of patient experience.
Navigation Flight Operations for Mars Pathfinder

On July 4, 1997, Mars Pathfinder became the first spacecraft to land on the surface of Mars in 21 years. Pathfinder was launched on December 4, 1996 and spent seven months en route to the red planet. This report discusses the navigation flight experience for the Mars Pathfinder interplanetary cruise. In particular, orbit determination and maneuver design and execution results are presented. Special emphasis is given to the navigation role in the days and hours leading up to and including the Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) phase.
Ultrastructural changes in dermal and epidermal cells of skin infected with molluscum contagiosum virus

This study of molluscum-infected skin includes heretofore unreported ultrastructural details of dermis subjacent to the molluscum-infected epidermis. Nuclei of certain cells within the suprabasal or lowest layer of the stratum Malpighii contained multiple electron dense granules [similar to those in nuclei of cultured cells showing molluscum cytotoxic effect (4)]. The cytoplasm of cells in this layer appeared uninvolved. Infected cells in and above the upper Malpighian cell layer exhibited the following changes: electron opaque intra-nuclear granules; the cytoplasm was progressively replaced by non-membrane-bounded vacuoles containing large aggregates of mature virus particles; the septae of ground substance, separating these vacuoles, contained particles which could represent nascent or incomplete virus. Mature virus particles had dense biconcave nucleoids and less dense granular viroplasm the two being separated by an electron lucent area. Mature viral particles were not found in the dermis nor basal cell layer. Collections of hyperplastic fibroblasts, containing bizarre nuclei, were present in the dermis subjacent to the lesion. Inflammatory cells were conspicuously absent. No abnormality of nonmyelinated nerve fibers, endothelium of capillaries, arterioles and venules, or melanocytes was noted. The polarity of the lesion and the absence of mature virus particles below the Malpighian layer support the hypothesis that molluscum infections are transmitted by external contact.
Blood contrast enhancement with a novel, non-gaseous nanoparticle contrast agent.

Modern ultrasound contrast agents primarily comprise microbubble formulations that circulate in the intravascular compartment and are designed to enhance acoustic signals reflected from the blood pool. A variety of shell materials have been utilized to stabilize gas bubbles of the order of 1–10 microns in diameter. Reflectivity from microbubbles is enhanced by resonance and non-linear physical effects. However, the overall efficacy of bubbles as contrast agents must be considered in light of their marked instability to insonification pressures, marked attenuation artifacts, “blooming” effects, and their short circulatory half-life. Low molecular weight gaseous perfluorocarbon formulations have been utilized in vivo because they may offer advantages in formulation and reflectivity. In contrast, higher molecular weight perfluorocarbon emulsions that are liquid at body temperature have been formulated as nongaseous nanoparticle preparations (diameters 100– 300 nanometers), originally for use as blood substitutes. Unfortunately they exhibit low inherent echogenicity and are poor blood pool contrast agents under conditions of conventional 2-D echocardiography or harmonic imaging, or when imaged with color flow or spectral Doppler. Nevertheless, these nanoparticle formulations are chemically inert, manifest long circulatory half-lives, are not destroyed by ultrasonic imaging, and they possess low acoustic attenuation. Such features might still render them of interest as blood pool contrast agents if properly formulated and imaged. Recently, a new ultrasonic imaging modality, Power Doppler Harmonic Imaging (PDHI), has been introduced (4). This technique color-encodes changes in acoustic signal amplitude and motion of ultrasonic scatterers between insonifying pulses. PDHI has been used in a number of clinical studies to assess coronary artery bypass graft patency, tumor blood flow, and myocardial perfusion. In view of the exquisite sensitivity of Doppler for detecting the presence of small scatterers with limited scattering cross-sections as compared to microbubbles (e.g., red blood cells), and the enhanced ability of PDHI to register backscatter power, we hypothesized that certain liquid perfluorocarbon nanoparticle emulsions (5) might be more efficiently detected with this new imaging modality. Furthermore, although we have demonstrated previously that the liquid nanoparticle emulsions do not manifest any appreciable resonance behavior at clinically relevant imaging frequencies, they have performed well as targeted imaging agents in vitro and in vivo over a very broad range of frequencies (5–50 MHz)(6–8). Thus we anticipated that the PDHI method might permit imaging of these nanoparticles in the blood pool without reliance on any intrinsic resonance behavior.
Interracial contexts debilitate same-race face recognition

Abstract Social cognitive research has documented the integral role of social categories (e.g., race) in face processing. Activating a social category can lead perception and memory of faces to be biased in a category-consistent direction. The current research extends this past work, to test the hypothesis that making a social category salient can reduce subsequent face recognition. In two experiments, the current research finds that the typically superior same-race recognition is debilitated by making the same-race category salient. We find that when White-Americans self-categorize as ‘White,’ subsequent perceptual and memorial biases reduce the typically strong same-race recognition.
Human population genetic diversity as a function of SNP type from HapMap data.

Data from the international HapMap project were mined to determine if the degree of genetic differentiation (Fst) is dependent on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) category. The Fst statistic was evaluated across all SNPs for each of 30 genes and for each of five chromosomes. A consistent decrease in diversity between Europeans and Africans was seen for nonsynonymous coding region SNPs compared to the three other SNP categories: synonymous SNPs, UTR, and intronic SNPs. This suggests an effect of balancing selection in reducing interpopulation genetic diversity at sites that would be expected to influence phenotype and therefore be subject to selection. This result is inconsistent with the concept of large population specific genetic differences that could have applications in “racialized medicine.” Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multilayer interference filters with narrow stop bands.

Multilayer interference filters having various transmission characteristics are described and compared. The emphasis is on filters with narrow stop bands such as might be used to eliminate the hazard from a laser beam. Four types of filters are considered: (1) quarter-wave stacks of two dielectric materials having matching layers one-eighth wavelength thick; (2) quarter-wave stacks of two dielectric materials having all layers of the same optical thickness (including the end layers); (3) quarter-wave stacks wherein all layers are of the same optical thickness, but the refractive indices of the layers may all be different to achieve equal reflection ripples in the passband; and (4) multilayer stacks of two dielectric materials wherein each layer may be of a different optical thickness to achieve nearly equal reflection ripples in the passband. The new formulas presented give the bandwidths between nulls of all the various filters as well as the bandwidths between equal-ripple points of the equal-ripple filters. Explicit formulas are stated for the ripple envelopes of filter types (1) and (2), and for the ripple heights of equal-ripple filters of types (3) and (4). A first-order design procedure based on the theory of linear arrays is given and evaluated by working numerical examples; general design criteria are presented to establish the validity of the first-order theory.
Polymer membrane air separation performance for portable oxygen enriched combustion applications

The topic of air separation is studied for portable power system applications. Air separation is of interest for controlling and optimizing the combustion characteristics in a liquid fuel burner. In particular, polymeric membranes are investigated for their performance in supplying oxygen enriched air to a small burner. The air separation performance of perfluorodioxole polymer membranes is measured, and the relationship between membrane performance and combustion parameters is investigated. The feasibility of using such membranes for burner based power system applications is demonstrated and appears to be promising. The power draw necessary to achieve prescribed flow and performance was measured and found to be relatively low. A dimensionless enrichment number is defined, and a membrane figure of merit is introduced.
Pigment systems and electron transport in chloroplasts I. Quantum requirements for the two light reactions in spinach chloroplasts

Abstract From studies of electron-transport reactions of isolated spinach chloroplasts, we observe the following quantum requirements: (A) For the photoreduction of NADP+, measured both aerobically and anaerobically, in a 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU) poisoned system with ascorbate and reduced 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIPH2) present as electron donors, the quantum requirements are 1.0 ± 0.05 at wavelengths longer than 700 nm of actinic light, and 1.5–2.5 for wavelengths between 620 and 680 nm. (B) For the photoreduction of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) with water as the electron donor, the quantum requirements are 1.0 ± 0.05 in the range 630–660 nm. (C) For the photoreduction of NADP+ with water as the electron donor, the quantum requirements are 2.0 ± 0.1 in the wavelength range 640–678 nm of actinic light, increasing to 6 or greater at wavelengths beyond 700 nm. These results are shown to be inconsistent with the “separate package” model for the two pigment systems in higher plant photosynthetic electron transport. The evidence is most easily interpreted using a “controlled spillover” model, in which the transfer of electronic excitation energy from one pigment system to the other is under the control of incompletely identified factors in the reaction mixture. At moderate light intensities the steady state rate of the [ascorbate + DCIPH2 → NADP+] reaction (A) in the presence of DCMU and added ferredoxin can be increased more than 3 times when saturating amounts of plastocyanin and ferredoxin-NADP reductase are added to the chloroplasts. Similarly, the steady-state rate of the [H2O → DCIP] Hill reaction (B) is increased about 3-fold by added MgCl2 and plastocyanin, but added ferredoxin or ferredoxin-NADP reductase have no effect on this reaction. Plastocyanin appears to be the electron transport component which couples to DCIP, either in the oxidized or in the reduced form, in the reaction media. The steady-state rate of the [H2O → NADP+] reaction (C) with saturating amounts of ferredoxin can be further increased more than 3-fold when MgCl2, plastocyanin and ferredoxin-NADP reductase are added.
Determinants of Bribery in International Business: The Cultural and Economic Factors

Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) scores for 47 countries reported by Transparency International were used to ascertain determinants of bribe taking in international business. Two sets of independent variables – economic and cultural – were used in a multiple regression analysis. Results indicate that bribe taking was more likely to be prevalent in countries with low per capita income and lower disparities in income distribution. Cultural factors such as high power distance and high masculinity in a country were also likely to be associated with high level of bribe taking. Both economic and cultural factors were important explanatory factors of bribery. Implications of the findings for combating bribery are discussed.
Factors affecting wiregrass (Aristida stricta Michx.) cover on uncut and site prepared sandhills areas in Central Florida

Abstract Because wiregrass ( Aristida stricta Michx.) is a critical component of the longleaf pine ( Pinus palustris Mill.) community of the southeastern Coastal Plain, USA, providing the fuel for recurring surface fires, we need restoration techniques which favor or at least maintain it. The study objective was to investigate what factors influence wiregrass cover in mature longleaf stands and in areas recently site prepared for re-establishment of longleaf pine. All sandhills sites which had been given hexazinone during site preparation for reforestation to longleaf pine in the past 5 years in the Ocala National Forest, Florida, USA, were sampled during the late summer and autumn of 1990. Regression analyses showed wiregrass cover was greater on areas treated to reduce oak cover with the herbicide hexazinone when dry conditions prevailed the month following application. Moisture had the reverse effect on sites chopped to reduce scrub oaks, with wiregrass cover decreasing with drier conditions. Thus, to reduce wiregrass mortality hexazinone should be applied during dry periods while conversely chopping should be done when soil moisture is high.
Syndrome of Iron Pill Aspiration

Bronchial stenosis (BS) consequent to iron pill aspiration (IPA) has been observed in few reported cases. This condition is often irreversible and may necessitate lobectomy in severe cases. Unlike most foreign bodies (FBs), the iron pill disintegrates in the airway and cannot be detected on bronchoscopy. However, bronchial biopsy and lung tissue may reveal iron deposits along with airway inflammation months after the aspiration. Thus, IPA can be diagnosed by a triad of aspiration, airway inflammation, and iron deposits on histology even in the absence of an FB. We report a case of IPA with BS in which the diagnosis was established by bronchial biopsy and was successfully managed with balloon bronchoplasty and therapy with topical mitomycin C.