cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noninnocent Dithiolene Ligands: A New Oxomolybdenum Complex Possessing a Donor−Acceptor Dithiolene Ligand

A new monoanionic dithiolene ligand is found in Tp*MoO(S2BMOQO). A combination of x-ray crystallography, electronic absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopies, and bonding calculations reveal that the monoanionic dithiolene ligand possesses considerable thiolate-thione character resulting from admixture of an intraligand charge transfer excited state into the ground state wavefunction. The unusual dithiolene exhibits a highly versatile donor-acceptor character that dramatically lowers the Mo(IV/V) redox couple and points to a potentially non-innocent role of the pterin fragment in pyranopterin Mo enzymes.
Konfigurative Stabilität und Stereoinformationstransfer in Reaktionen Enantiomeren‐angereicherter Organolithium‐Reagentien

In den letzten 15 Jahren ist die Leistungsfahigkeit der Umwandlung prochiraler Methylengruppen durch Lithiierung und anschliesende Substitution in Stereozentren deutlich geworden. Die Stereochemie der Gesamtreaktion hangt stark vom stereochemischen Verhalten der als Intermediat auftretenden chiralen Organolithium-Verbindung sowie der Geschwindigkeit und dem stereochemischen Verlauf der elektrophilen Substitution ab. Letsinger, Curtin und Applequist waren die ersten, die – bereits vor einem halben Jahrhundert – uber chirale Organolithium-Reagentien berichteten. Ihre lithiierten Intermediate waren konfigurativ allerdings nicht sehr stabil, daher war die Anwendbarkeit fur stereoselektive Synthesen zunachst gering. 1980 berichteten Still und Sreekumar dann von einer konfigurativ stabilen α-Oxy-Organolithium-Verbindung, und in den folgenden Jahrzehnten stieg das Interesse an diesen Reagentien. Mit dem zunehmenden Einsatz von chiralen Organolithium-Reagentien in Synthesen sind auch immer mehr begleitende mechanistische Untersuchungen durchgefuhrt worden, die als Basis fur diesen Aufsatz dienen.
In vivo comparison of putative probes of CYP3A4/5 activity: erythromycin, dextromethorphan, and verapamil

Objectives Multiple in vivo CYP3A4/5 probes have been proposed. We compared verapamil clearance measures (CYP3A4/5 substrate) to the erythromycin breath test (ERBT) and the cumulative urinary dextromethorphan/3-methoxymorphinan test. Methods Clearance of intravenous and oral racemic verapamil and the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) ratio of norverapamil (N-demethylated metabolite) to verapamil after oral verapamil dosing, the ERBT, and the dextromethorphan urinary metabolite ratios were measured in 84 healthy nonsmoking subjects (42 men and 42 women; age, 47 ± 23 (mean ± SD) years; weight, 69 ± 11 kg). Relationships between putative CYP3A4/5 probes were assessed by linear regression. Results The strongest correlation was between intravenous and oral verapamil clearance (r2 = 0.26; P = .0001). Relationships between cumulative urinary dextromethorphan/3-methoxymorphinan and (1) intravenous verapamil clearance (r2 = 0.073; P = .024), (2) oral verapamil clearance (r2 = 0.144; P = .001), and (3) plasma AUCnorverapamil/AUCverapamil after oral verapamil (r2 = 0.10; P = .01) were also detected. The ERBT and intravenous verapamil clearance were weakly related (r2 = 0.04; P = .067). No relationship was detected between ERBT and dextromethorphan/3-methoxymorphinan ratios (r2 = 0.00006; P = .945), oral verapamil clearance (r2 = 0.00006; P = .94), or plasma AUCnorverapamil/AUCverapamil after oral verapamil (r2 = 0.0002; P = .9). Conclusions Intravenous and oral verapamil clearance values were significantly correlated, and cumulative dextromethorphan/3-methoxymorphinan urinary ratios correlated with both plasma AUCnorverapamil/AUCverapamil after oral verapamil dosing and with oral and intravenous verapamil clearance. The ERBT correlated only weakly with intravenous verapamil clearance. Results with verapamil are comparable to results with other intravenous and oral CYP3A4/5 probes. Lack of correlation between putative CYP3A4/5 probe results may be attributable to the route of administration; probe characteristics; and intersubject, intrasubject, between-day, and testing measurement variability. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1999) 66, 40–50;
Study of Micro Ultrasonic Machining of Silicon

As a micro mechanical machining process, micro ultrasonic machining (micro USM) has the major advantage of producing micro-scale components or features in brittle (glass, quartz crystal, and sapphire) and hard (ceramics) materials. Micro USM is used to generate micro holes with 5μm in diameter and 3D micro cavities. However, the relationship of machining parameters such as static load, abrasive particle and amplitude of vibration and the material removal rate is not clearly understood. In this paper, a mathematical model is developed to describe the material removal process in micro USM. Experiments were carried out to verify the model. It was found that the machining speed decreases when the load is over a certain value, which is different from that of theoretical model. To understand this phenomenon, a simple model was proposed to analyze it qualitatively. It was found that the debris accumulation around the crater in a short time is the main reason resulting in the low machining efficiency.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Continuous “chaotic” dynamics in two dimensions

Abstract Three coupled non-linear differential equations are given, which exhibit what appears to be chaotic behavior. A simple coordinate transformation reduces the number of coupled variables to two; however, the “chaos” persists, characterized by a bounded, irregular motion displaying a positive Lyapunov exponent. This behavior, seemingly a violation of the Poincare-Bendixson theorem, is seen to be a result of non-differentiability (with respect to the dependent variables) at a singular point. Any physically realizable trajectory necessarily passes through this point, about which the dynamics shows an extreme sensitivity to any perturbation, regardless of the magnitude. It is concluded that any physical system governed by these (or similar) equations will undergo a stochastic change in its dynamical trajectory whenever it passes near the singularity, rendering even relatively short-term predictability impossible.
Evaluation of the Tyrer-Cuzick Model in Women with Atypical Hyperplasia.

Background: Risk prediction models are important clinical tools for counseling and decision making for women with an elevated risk of breast cancer, such as women with atypical lobular or ductal hyperplasia (atypia). The Gail model has been shown to underestimate the risk of breast cancer in women with atypia. We sought to evaluate the performance of the Tyrer-Cuzick model in a well-defined cohort of women with atypia.Methods: The Mayo Benign Breast Disease (BBD) Cohort includes 9,376 women aged 18 to 85 who had an open breast biopsy with benign pathological findings between 1967 and 1991. The subset of women with atypia was identified by our study pathologists. Risk factor data required by the Tyrer-Cuzick model were collated for each woman, and the model was used to predict each woman9s risk of developing invasive breast cancer within ten years. The predicted numbers of breast cancers were compared to the observed numbers to assess overall model calibration, and the concordance between breast cancer outcomes and predicted probabilities was used to measure the accuracy of the model on the individual level. Subset analysis of women with strong family history was performed. Strong family history was defined as: at least one first-degree relative with breast cancer before the age of 50 years or two or more relatives with breast cancer, at least one being a first degree relative.Results: Three hundred and thirty one women with atypia were identified. Over a mean follow up of 13.7 years, 62 (19%) women have developed invasive breast cancer. Thirty one women developed invasive cancer in the first ten years after biopsy. The Tyrer-Cuzick model predicted that 64.6 invasive breast cancers would occur in the first ten years after biopsy. Thus, the predicted to observed ratio was 2.08 [95% CI: 1.47 – 2.96], p Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 6063.
Photonic crystal light-emitting diodes

A novel LED design employing a 2D periodic photonic crystal host is demonstrated theoretically to yield extraction efficiencies approaching 100 percent. Specifically, a thin slab of 2D photonic crystal is shown to alter drastically the radiation pattern of spontaneous emission. By eliminating all guided modes at the transition frequencies, spontaneous emission can be coupled entirely to free space modes, resulting in a greatly enhanced extraction efficiency. Such structures might provide a solution to the long-standing problem of poor light extraction form high refractive-index semiconductors in light-emitting diodes.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Abstract 4177: Synergistic role of ecdysoneless with oncogenic Ras in transformation of human mammary epithelial cells

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Precisely regulated cell proliferation is essential for embryonic development as well as homeostasis in adult organs and tissues, whereas uncontrolled cell proliferation is a hallmark of cancer. Thus, elucidating how the cell cycle machinery is controlled is an important area of research in cancer cell biology. A large body of evidence has established a basic paradigm of the control of cell cycle progression involving the Retinoblastoma (Rb) protein family in conjunction with the E2F family of transcription factors. During G0/G1, interaction of hypo-phosphorylated Rb proteins with E2Fs prevents the transcription of E2F target genes. Cyclin-CDK complexes generated during cell cycle progression hyper-phosphorylate Rb, leading to release of Rb from E2Fs; this allows E2F target gene transcription and cell cycle progression. We previously identified the mammalian ortholog of Drosophila ecdysoneless (Ecd) protein as a novel and essential regulator of Rb-E2F-dependent cell cycle progression. Loss of Ecd retards the separation of Rb from E2F, arrests cells at G1/S boundary and prevents cell cycle progression. Consistent with role of Ecd in cell cycle, our recent studies show Ecd is overexpressed in breast cancer cell lines as well as in ductal carcinoma in situ and infiltrating ductal carcinomas of the breast. To understand the mechanism of Ecd overexpression and its correlation with oncogenesis, we overexpressed either Ecd alone, 61L-HRas alone or both genes together in hTERT-immortalized hMECs. These transfectants were then examined for their oncogenic properties. We observed while vector infected cells do not exhibit anchorage independence, all three transfectants showed anchorage independent proliferation, particularly Ecd+Ras showed a dramatic increase in anchorage independence in comparison with either Ecd or H-Ras. Similarly, other oncogenic traits such as proliferation on matrigel, invasion and migration were dramatically increased when both genes were expressed in comparison with individual genes. Considering the known oncogenic role of Ras in human cancer and the known role of Ecd in cell cycle, these data are highly significant and present a novel synergistic pathway for mammary cell transformation. We are currently defining the molecular mechanism of this synergistic oncogenic effect. In addition, we are generating Ecd overexpressed transgenic mice to examine the role of Ecd in oncogenesis in in vivo models. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4177. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4177
Dynamic State and Compressive Nonlinearity of Coupled Hair Cells in the Frog Sacculus

Auditory and vestibular organs of non-mammals lack outer hair cells yet the organs all exhibit signs of an active process. Active hair bundle mobility has been proposed as the cellular basis for this amplification. Uncoupled hair cells in the bullfrog sacculus exhibit spontaneous mechanical oscillations and a compressive nonlinearity that agrees with theoretical predictions. Using a high-speed CMOS camera we are able to record the motion of many hair bundles in parallel in an in vitro preparation of the bullfrog sacculus. Spontaneous mechanical oscillations are not observed when the hair bundles are coupled to the otolithic membrane implying that the cells are in a quiescent rather than oscillatory regime. We explore the compressive nonlinearity of arrays of cells under native coupling conditions.
Enhancement of Contrast in Magnetic Resonance Images by Paramagnetic Agents: Possibilities and Problems

Despite the beauty and excellent spatial resolution of magnetic resonance images of native tissue, the improvement in contrast achievable by the introduction of exogenous paramagnetic agents often more than offsets the toxicity risks, and several such agents are currently in clinical trials. The efficacy of any agent relates to the changes it induces in tissue relaxation rates per unit concentration of agent (its relaxivity), which in turn — as is well known—depends both on magnetic field strength and on the physical and chemical environment of the agent. The latter depends on in vivo biochemistry, and may vary from one tissue to another. In addition, current imaging (including animal studies) is done in the range 0.2–200 MHz proton Larmor frequency and, at the highest fields, water and lipid protons can be distinguished and imaged separately. Thus there is much to consider, several classes of problems and related paramagnetic agents exist: (1) Agents that remain in the intact circulation until excreted through the kidney. These include small chelate complexes of Fe3+ and Gd3+ as well as conjugates, both covalent and hydrophobic, with plasma proteins, generally albumin or immunoglobulins. (2) Agents that are scavenged by the liver, ultimately to be excreted, via the bile and gall bladder, into the intestine. There is a search now for safe agents of this class, which is complicated by liver biochemistry that can release the metal ions and increase toxicity. (3) It has been discovered that some non S-state ions, usually regarded as shifters rather than relaxers, can have high relaxivities at high fields, in part because of directed orbitals. Mn3+-porphyrin is an example. (4) Aggregates and particulates of magnetic material are becoming popular, in part because they influence 1/T2 preferentially at imaging fields, and in part because their fate in vivo is rather benign. (5) Lipophilic agents, such as nitroxide free radicals, may enhance the relaxation rates of adipose tissue preferentially. It has recently been shown that neat triolein is a good model for such tissue, providing a sizable area for new investigations. (6) Nuclei other than protons may be important, perhaps the most interesting being fluorine because of its presence in synthetic blood substitutes. We present an overview of our recent collaborative work in these many areas, results now under the rubric of “relaxometry”. This work is made possible because of continued advances in the specialized instrumentation (“field-cycling relaxometers”) required for such investigations.
A Derandomized Switching Lemma and an Improved Derandomization of AC0

We describe a new pseudorandom generator for AC0. Our generator e-fools circuits of depth d and size M and uses a seed of length O(logd+4 M/e). The previous best construction for $d \geq 3$ was due to Nisan, and had seed length O(log2d+6 M/e). A seed length of O(log2d+Ω(1) M) is best possible given Nisan-type generators and the current state of circuit lower bounds. Seed length Ω(logd M/e) is a barrier for any pseudorandom generator construction given the current state of circuit lower bounds. For d=2, a pseudorandom generator of seed length O(log2 M/e) was known. Our generator is based on a "pseudorandom restriction'' generator which outputs restrictions that satisfy the conclusions of the Hastad Switching Lemma and that uses a seed of polylogarithmic length.
A high-pressure cryocooling method for protein crystals and biological samples with reduced background X-ray scatter.

High-pressure cryocooling has been developed as an alternative method for cryopreservation of macromolecular crystals and successfully applied for various technical and scientific studies. The method requires the preservation of crystal hydration as the crystal is pressurized with dry helium gas. Previously, crystal hydration was maintained either by coating crystals with a mineral oil or by enclosing crystals in a capillary which was filled with crystallization mother liquor. These methods are not well suited to weakly diffracting crystals because of the relatively high background scattering from the hydrating materials. Here, an alternative method of crystal hydration, called capillary shielding, is described. The specimen is kept hydrated via vapor diffusion in a shielding capillary while it is being pressure cryocooled. After cryocooling, the shielding capillary is removed to reduce background X-ray scattering. It is shown that, compared to previous crystal-hydration methods, the new hydration method produces superior crystal diffraction with little sign of crystal damage. Using the new method, a weakly diffracting protein crystal may be properly pressure cryo­cooled with little or no addition of external cryoprotectants, and significantly reduced background scattering can be observed from the resulting sample. Beyond the applications for macromolecular crystallography, it is shown that the method has great potential for the preparation of noncrystalline hydrated biological samples for coherent diffraction imaging with future X-ray sources.
Network growth with preferential attachment for high indegree and low outdegree

Abstract We study the growth of a directed transportation network, such as a food web, in which links carry resources. We propose a growth process in which new nodes (or species) preferentially attach to existing nodes with high indegree (in food-web language, number of prey) and low outdegree (or number of predators). This scheme, which we call inverse preferential attachment, is intended to maximize the amount of resources available to each new node. We show that the outdegree (predator) distribution decays at least exponentially fast for large outdegree and is continuously tunable between an exponential distribution and a delta function. The indegree (prey) distribution is poissonian in the large-network limit.
Use of Concatemers of Ligand Gated Ion Channel Subunits to Study Mechanisms of Steroid Potentiation

Synaptic receptors of the nicotinic receptor gene family are pentamers of subunits. This modular structure creates problems in studies of drug actions, related to the number of copies of a subunit that are present and their position. A separate issue concerns the mechanism of action of many anesthetics, which involves potentiation of responses to neurotransmitters. Potentiation requires an interaction between a transmitter and a potentiator, mediated through the target receptor. We have studied the mechanism by which neurosteroids potentiate transmitter responses, using concatemers of covalently linked subunits to control the number and position of subunits in the assembled receptor and to selectively introduce mutations into positionally defined copies of a subunit. We found that the steroid needs to interact with only one site to produce potentiation, that the native sites for steroid interaction have indistinguishable properties, and that steroid potentiation appears to result from a global effect on receptor function.
Spatial Variability in Soil Microbial Communities in a Nitrogen-Saturated Hardwood Forest Watershed

The long-term reference watershed (WS4), at Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia, displays symptoms of N saturation despite considerable spatial heterogeneity in soil properties, such as texture, N pools, and cycling rates. We identified a weathering gradient of three sites within WS4 by assessing differences in clay content across a common geologic substrate. Across these sites (LN, MN, and HN), NO3 production rates vary significantly (low, medium, and high nitrification, respectively) and are negatively related to clay content. It is unknown whether microbial communities vary across these sites and contribute to variability in NO3 production. This study characterized soil microbial communities along this gradient and assessed factors potentially important in explaining microbial composition. We sampled mineral soil from each of the sites, analyzing for moisture, pH, organic matter, extractable N, and microbial biomass and community composition via phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. Analysis of variance and canonical correspondence analysis indicated that microbial community composition varied among sites, with a predominance of fungal markers (18:2n6 and 18:1n9c) at the most weathered LN site and Gram negative bacteria (18:1n7c) at the less weathered MN and HN sites. Accordingly, the fungi/bacteria ratio increased in the direction of LN plots in ordination space. Correlations between measured environmental parameters and PLFA data suggest that acidic conditions and low NO3 abundance at the LN site have selected for fungal dominance, although other important factors known to exert an influence on soil microbial communities, such as differences in plant community and clay and organic matter content, may also be playing a role in determining the observed patterns.
Summer meroplanktonic prosobranch larvae occurring off Beaufort, North Carolina

The occurrence of planktonic prosobranch larvae identified during the summers of 1977, 1979 and 1981 off Beaufort, North Carolina is given. Forty-two species were recorded; 29 of these were found each summer. Observations and identifications were made on 12 newly described larvae: Lacuna sp, Epitonium sp. 1 (apiculatum), Epitonium sp. 2, Strombus alatus, Erato maugeriae, Simnia acicularis, Natica sp. 1, Natica sp, 2, Natica sp. 3, Natica sp. 4, Olivella adelae, Mangelia sp. and Sp.? Turridae. A key for the identification of planktonic prosobranch veligers occuring in summer months is included.
EVIDENCE OF HYPOTHALAMIC CONTROL OF HYPOPHYSEAL GONADOTROPIC FUNCTIONS IN THE FEMALE GUINEA PIG1

IT has been shown that the hypothalamus is connected with the posterior lobe of the hypophysis by means of a large unmyelinated fiber tract that runs by way of the infundibular stem. The components of this tract play an important r61e in regulating the secretory activity of the neural hypophysis (Fisher, Ingram and Ranson, 1938). A few fibers diverge from this tract or from the neural hypophysis and terminate within the anterior lobe of the pituitary (Croll, 1928; Brooks, 1938; Brooks and Gersh, 1937–38; and Rasmussen, 1938), but the number of fibers that do so is so small that it is doubtful whether they play a significant r61e in innervating the parenchyma of the anterior lobe. With the exception of these few fibers, no connection between the hypothalamus and the anterior lobe of the hypophysis has been demonstrated anatomically.
Morphology-dependent resonances in a large dielectric sphere: An asymptotic calculation using local coordinates

An asymptotic calculation for the electromagnetic fields at frequencies near low-order high-Q morphology-dependent resonances in a large dielectric sphere is reported. Employing local coordinates in the radial and angular directions, our method takes advantage of the special field distribution within the sphere. Closed-form formulas for the resonance frequencies are derived. Our results turn out to be identical with those obtained in recent independent studies in which these formulas are extracted from Mie's exact solution. Our method is interesting in that it does not require the knowledge of the exact solution to the entire problem and can be extended to fully nonlinear cases.
Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PC12, Br7,Sl) family: Expression characterization in the adult human and mouse

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play important roles in modulating signals transduced by tyrosine kinases. Certain phosphatases have been implicated as having important roles in embryonic development as well as in adult physiology. Although both kinases and phosphatases are equally important in regulating signal transduction, phosphatases as a group have not been well characterized. Thus, characterization of sequence, expression, and biological function for additional phosphatases is informative. PTPBr7/PC12 and PTPSl are mouse receptor PTPs sharing similar amino acid sequences. Northern blot analysis demonstrated expression of these genes in adult rodent brain and revealed previously uncharacterized transcripts in the brain and other tissues. Our results demonstrate that PTPBr7/PC12 and PTPSl are members of a larger family of PTPs. We have identified two novel family members as well as several novel transcriptional splice variants from both human and mouse colon cDNA libraries. Expression analysis demonstrated that the various mRNA transcripts are differentially expressed, with the highest levels found in the brain, intestinal tract, uterus, and placenta. In situ hybridization analysis of mouse brain and intestinal tissues established that each isoform has a unique expression pattern in specific cell populations as well as in tissue regions. Furthermore, these restricted patterns suggest that the encoded family of phosphatases may play roles in modulating signal transduction pathways important for specific cell types and biological processes.
Semiclassical analysis of the nonequilibrium local polaron

A resonant level strongly coupled to a local phonon under nonequilibrium conditions is investigated. The nonequilibrium Hartree-Fock approximation is shown to correspond to approximating the steady state density matrix by delta functions at field values to which the local dynamics relaxes in a semiclassical limit. If multiple solutions exist, all are shown to make nonvanishing contributions to physical quantities: multistability does not exist. Departures from equilibrium are shown to produce decoherence, preventing the formation of a polaron feature in the spectral function. The formalism also applies to the nonequilibrium Kondo problem.
Development of In Situ Techniques for the Detection of Corrosion of Copper Concentric Neutrals of Electric Cables in Underground Environments

The EPRI project described here is directed at the development of in situ techniques for measuring and detecting corrosion of copper concentric neutrals. Using a semiautomated experimental field site, measurements have been carried out on buried 50 m cables, that have demonstrated the utility of electrochemical polarization measurements in detecting and measuring the corrosion of buried CCN. The progress in the development of microprocessor instrumentation for carrying out such measurements in a simple manner is described. It has also been demonstrated that the polarization measurements can be carried out on operating cables. Techniques for the measurement of the voltage and current fluctuations of corroding electrodes (corrosion noise) are described. These techniques are being investigated for their use in the detection of corrosion of CCN cables. They have been applied to copper electrodes in the laboratory, and preliminary tests have been carried out on buried cables. The results show that fluctuations can be detected on corroding copper in conditions similar to those occurring in the field.
Observation of a surface magnetic phase transition on Cr(100)

We have observed a surface magnetic phase transition on Cr(100) using angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. The temperature dependence of a surface resonance indicates a transition temperature of 780\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}50 K. This is consistent with theoretical predictions of a ferromagnetic Cr(100) surface. The room-temperature ferromagnetic surface exchange potential is estimated to be 0.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 eV, with an associated surface magnetic moment of (2.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3)${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$.
Three dimensional simulation of transport and fate of oil spill under wave induced circulation.

Abstract An oil spill model is developed and coupled to a current-wave model to simulate oil spill transport in aquatic environments where waves are present. The oil spill model incorporates physical–chemical processes of oil spill, and simulates oil slick transport by a circulation-driven Lagrangian Parcel model. Using the coupled oil spill model and the current-wave model CH3D-SWAN, a laboratory observed wave induced circulation and oil slick evolution are successfully simulated, while different current-wave coupling schemes generate different flow patterns and oil slick evolution. The modeling system is also shown to simulate Langmuir circulation and resulting oil slicks. Hypothetical scenarios of oil spill near Virginia coast during Hurricane Isabel and Irene are simulated using the oil spill model and the CH3D-Storm Surge Modeling System to assess the role of storm waves during oil spill. The spill area is significantly larger when storm waves are considered, implying waves significantly increase oil spill dispersion.
The effect of social interactions on calling energetics in the gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor)

The vocal behavior of Hyla versicolor was studied in the field by means of behavioral observations and playback experiments, and these data were coupled with measurements of oxygen consumption in calling frogs to estimate the effect of social interactions on calling energetics. Male gray treefrogs have intense calls (median peak SPL=109 dB, fast RMS SPL=100 dB at 50 cm). At an air temperature of 23° C, males produced an average of 1,200–1,300 calls/h for 2–4 h per night. Calling rates and call durations differed among individuals, but were relatively constant for each male during periods of sustained calling. Males in dense choruses gave calls about twice as long as isolated males, but produced calls at about half the rate. Consequently, total calling effort and estimated aerobic costs were largely independent of chorus density. Playbacks of recorded calls to males in the field elicited increases in call duration and decreases in calling rate, regardless of the rate or duration of the stimulus. Males gave longer calls in response to long calls or to stimuli presented at high rates, but they did not precisely match either stimulus rate or duration. Calling effort and estimated oxygen consumption changed only slightly during stimulus playbacks. These results indicate that male-male competition elicits pro-found changes in the vocal behavior of calling males, but these changes have little effect on energy expenditure. We estimated that most calling males had metabolic rates of about 1.7–1.8 ml O2/(g\h), or about 280 J/h for an average size (8.6 g) male at 20° C. Although changes in call duration and calling rate did not affect aerobic costs of calling, males producing long calls at slow rates called for fewer hours per night than males producing shorter calls at higher rates. This suggests that calling time may be limited by the rate at which muscle glycogen reserves are depleted.
In-situ studies of III-V surfaces and high-k atomic layer deposition

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of high dielectric constant (high-k) materials for ULSI technologies is now widely adopted in Si-based CMOS production. Extending the scaling of integrated circuit technology has now resulted in the investigation of transistors incorporating alternative channel materials, such as III-V compounds. The control of the interfacial chemistry between a high-k dielectric and III-V materials presents a formidable challenge compared to that surmounted by Si-based technologies. The bonding configuration is obviously more complicated for a compound semiconductor, and thus an enhanced propensity to form interfacial defects is anticipated, as well as the need for surface passivation methods to mitigate such defects. In this work, we outline our recent results using in-situ methods to study the ALD high-k/III-V interface. We begin by briefly summarizing our results for III-As compounds, and then further discuss recent work on III-P and III-Sb compounds. While arsenides are under consideration for nMOS devices, antimonides are of interest for pMOS. InP is under consideration for quantum well channel MOS structures in order to serve as a better nMOS channel interface. In all cases, a high-k dielectric interface is employed to limit off-state tunneling current leakage.
The formation of fine relaxation cracks along the compressive maximum shear crack

The formation of fine short relaxation cracks frequently found along the cyclically propagating 45° compressive maximum shear crack were analyzed. Comparison was made of the results computed from two different fracture criteria, the minimum strain energy density (MSED) and the maximum tensile (tangential) stress (MTS). The measured directions θ0 of the relaxation cracks were in excellent accord with both the theoretical MSED directions and the MTS directions. The computed MSED crack directions were predicated on two conditions: 1) the strain energy density factor was minimum, Smin, and 2) the volume change component Sv of Smin was greater than the distortion component Sd. Such requirements correspond to crack directions with locally maximum tensile tangential stresses.
Phase transformations and microstructure evolution in sol-gel derived yttrium-aluminum garnet films

Diphasic yttrium-aluminum garnet (Y3Al5O12, YAG) sols were made by hydrolysis of aluminum and yttrium isopropoxides. The sols were gelled across TEM grids to make films. The films were heat-treated up to 1550 °C for as long as 300 h. Heat-treatments of bulk gel were also done. Microstructure and phase evolution were observed by TEM. Some observations were done in situ in a TEM hot-stage. YAG fraction and grain size, matrix grain size, nuclei/area, and film thickness were measured. Bulk samples were characterized by x-ray, DTA, and TGA. Yttrium-aluminum monoclinic (YAM) and transition alumina appeared at 800 °C. YAG nucleated between 800 °C and 950 °C. Nucleation was weakly correlated with the transient presence of YAlO3 garnet, and was eventually site-saturated at 0.3/μm3. The change in grain growth rate of the YAM and transition alumina matrix correlated with the change in the growth rate of YAG. Between 850 °C and 1000 °C YAG growth had t1/2 dependence and 280 kJ/mole activation energy. Below 850 °C nucleation was continuous, and growth had t0.85 dependence. Above 1000 °C YAG growth had t1/4 dependence, and the matrix grains coarsened with t1/4 dependence. Thicker films reacted faster because the nuclei/area and the growth rate after nucleation scaled with thickness. YAG growth was accompanied by formation of 20–100 nm subgrains. In the late stages of matrix grain coarsening there was also some reaction to YAG by a different process. Nucleation and growth kinetics are compared with other systems. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
GOULDNER'S THEORETICAL METHOD AND REFLEXIVE SOCIOLOGY

There is a further, more substantial proof that Gouldner, somewhere in the deep metaphorically of his thought, recognized the digression of his sociolinguistic phase. It turns out that the Culture of Critical Discourse did reappear one more time after its repression in The Two Marxisms. In the book on Marxism and intellectuals, left unpublished at the time of his death, CCD reenters in a crucial chapter “The Origins of Marxist Theory in the New” “Class.” How and where it reappears is most telling.
Pulmonary infection during the acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Pulmonary infection is thought to be a common complication of ARDS. We undertook this prospective study to determine the incidence of pulmonary infection in patients with ARDS, and to evaluate the impact of nosocomial pneumonia on severity of ARDS and on survival. Two hundred one bronchoscopies were performed in 105 patients with ARDS with retrieval of distal airway secretions by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and protected specimen brush (PSB). Whenever possible, bronchoscopy was performed at predetermined times: Day 3, Day 7, Day 14, and Day 21 after the onset of ARDS. The majority of patients were receiving antibiotics at the time of study. Changes in bacterial flora over time were determined by quantitative cultures of BAL and PSB. Bacterial growth was common, but usually at small concentrations. Only 16 patients met quantitative culture criteria for pneumonia (PSB > or = 10(3) cfu/ml or BAL > or = 10(4) cfu/ml). Correlation was poor between clinical evidence of pneumonia and pneumonia by quantitative c...
The Minority Newcomer in Open and Closed Groups

(1960). The Minority Newcomer in Open and Closed Groups. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 75-84.
Microelectrode recording of cerebellar and cerebral unit activity during convulsive afterdischarge.

Abstract Cerebellar unitary discharge has been recorded with microelectrodes from cerebellar cortex and nuclei before, during, and after different convulsive patterns induced in curarized rats by electrical stimulation of the brain, by intraperitoneal injection of convulsant drugs (Megimide or Metrazol), and by anoxia. It has been compared simultaneously with the electrical activity of the cerebral cortex (sensorimotor area) recorded either with microelectrodes or with concentric electrodes. Low-voltage, single or repetitive stimulation of sensorimotor area are incapable of modifying the cerebellar unitary discharge. They show an increase in frequency only after strong single shocks or repetitive cerebral stimulation. During anoxia the cerebral units show an acceleration after a short latency and afterwards they become silent. The cerebellar units also show an increase in frequency of discharge but they usually continue to be active even when the cerebrum is silent. After injection of convulsant drugs, such as Megimide and Metrazol, the cerebellar units exhibit first an acceleration of discharge at a time when the electrical activity of the brain is still normal. At a significantly later time the rate of discharge of cerebral units also increases. In some cases each high-voltage slow wave of the cerebral cortex is accompanied by an increase in the frequency of discharge of the cerebellar units. During the clonic period of the convulsive activity the cerebellar units are depressed but they begin to discharge again after the end of the seizure when the cerebral units are totally silent. The cerebellum may actively inhibit cerebral seizure activity.
Electro-optic properties of ferroelectric liquid crystalline polymers

Electro-optic properties of new liquid crystalline polymers exhibiting a ferroelectric phase over a wide range of temperature are reported. The materials exhibit bistable electro-optic switching in the smectic C* phase and a pronounced linear electroclinic effect in the smectic A phase. The response times are very fast, of the order of 100 microseconds.
Real-time simulation of the retina allowing visualization of each processing stage

The retina computes to let us see, but can we see the retina compute? Until now, the answer has been 'no' because the unconscious nature of the processing hides it from our view. Here we overcome the barrier of our closeness and describe what (to our knowledge) is the first method of seeing computations performed throughout the retina. This is achieved by using neurophysiological data to construct a model of the retina, and using a special purpose image processing computer (PIPE) to implement the model in real time. Processing in the model is organized into stages corresponding to computations performed by each retinal cell type. The final stage is the iransient (change detecting) ganglion cell. A CCD camera forms the input image and the activity of a selected retinal cell type is the output which is displayed on a TV monitor. By changing the retina cell driving the monitor, the progressive transformations of the image by the retina can be observed. Our simulations demonstrate the ubiquitous presence of temporal and spatial variations in the patterns of activity generated by the retina which are fed into the brain. The dynamical aspects make these patterns very different from those generated by the common DOG (Difference of Gaussian) model of receptive field. Because the retina is so successful in biological vision systems, the processing we describe here may be useful in machine vision.
High-Mobility MOSFETs Fabricated on Continuous, Wafer-Scale Ge Films Epitaxially Grown on Si

We report the material characterization of continuous, wafer-scale Ge films epitaxially grown on Si by molecular beam epitaxy. The material quality of Ge is further tested by fabricating high-mobility, long-channel MOSFETs. Our growth technique makes use of a thin chemical SiO 2 template with nanoscale windows and carefully timed thermal annealing during the initial stage of island coalescence. The resulting defect density in n- and p-type Ge is ~2 × 10 5 and 5 × 10 7 cm -2 . The MOSFETs are then fabricated on these substrates, where the gate-stack consists of Ti/HfO 2 /GeO x N y /Ge-on-Si. The GeO x N y interlayer is used to effectively passivate the Ge surface. The subthreshold slope is ~100 and ~200 mV/decade for p- and n-MOSFETs, compared with ~80 mV/decade for p-MOSFETs built on bulk-Ge substrates. The p- and n-MOSFETs also show enhanced peak effective hole and electron mobilities of 400 and 950 cm 2 /V-s that are 82% and 30% increase over the universal mobilities in Si.
Copolymer characterization by surface tension

The use of surface tension measurements is proposed as a simple method for the determination of copolymerization ratios. The procedure depends on the parachor of the copolymer in the liquid state (∏), which is defined by ∏ = ∏s + ∏0(wp/ws)(Ms/M0) for solutions and ∏ = [DP]∏0 for liquid or molten polymers, where ∏s is the parachor of the solvent of molecular weight Ms; wp and ws are the weights of the polymer and solvent in solution; while ∏0 and M0 are the parachor and molecular weight of the repeating unit of the copolymer, respectively. The validity of this relationship is demonstrated by analysis of the surface tension properties of liquid silicone polymers, polystyrene–Decalin solutions, and molten polymers as well as by the calculation of the composition of some characterized tetrahydrofuran–propylene oxide copolymers. The application of surface tension measurement is also suggested as a means of estimating the degree of chain branching in a polymer.
Organization of the promoter region of the human NF-IL6 gene.

Abstract In monocyte/macrophages, the human NF-IL6 gene was activated by LPS or PMA. However, a robust response required stimulation of cells with both LPS and PMA. To examine the molecular basis of this response, we isolated human genomic DNA and determined the nucleotide sequence of a segment (6.4 kb) that included the transcription initiation site of the gene. The unique sequences in the 6.4-kb DNA include several potential transcription factor-binding elements that may explain the molecular basis of the activation of the human NF-IL6 gene by signaling molecules that control the immune and inflammatory responses. Deletion analysis localized an LPS+PMA responsive region downstream position −287, with respect to the transcription initiation site of the NF-IL6 gene. The responsive region includes a potential site for interactions with CREB and a region (−287 to −247) that interacts with SP1 and SP3. In functional assays, the potential CREB site responded to cellular stimulation. The region that interacted with SP1 and SP3 augmented the overall level of activity produced in response to LPS+PMA.
A multispecificity syntaxin homologue, Vam3p, essential for autophagic and biosynthetic protein transport to the vacuole.

Protein transport in eukaryotic cells requires the selective docking and fusion of transport intermediates with the appropriate target membrane. t-SNARE molecules that are associated with distinct intracellular compartments may serve as receptors for transport vesicle docking and membrane fusion through interactions with specific v-SNARE molecules on vesicle membranes, providing the inherent specificity of these reactions. VAM3 encodes a 283–amino acid protein that shares homology with the syntaxin family of t-SNARE molecules. Polyclonal antiserum raised against Vam3p recognized a 35-kD protein that was associated with vacuolar membranes by subcellular fractionation. Null mutants of vam3 exhibited defects in the maturation of multiple vacuolar proteins and contained numerous aberrant membrane-enclosed compartments. To study the primary function of Vam3p, a temperature-sensitive allele of vam3 was generated ( vam3 tsf ). Upon shifting the vam3 tsf mutant cells to nonpermissive temperature, an immediate block in protein transport through two distinct biosynthetic routes to the vacuole was observed: transport via both the carboxypeptidase Y pathway and the alkaline phosphatase pathway was inhibited. In addition, vam3 tsf cells also exhibited defects in autophagy. Both the delivery of aminopeptidase I and the docking/ fusion of autophagosomes with the vacuole were defective at high temperature. Upon temperature shift, vam3 tsf cells accumulated novel membrane compartments, including multivesicular bodies, which may represent blocked transport intermediates. Genetic interactions between VAM3 and a SEC1 family member, VPS33 , suggest the two proteins may act together to direct the docking and/or fusion of multiple transport intermediates with the vacuole. Thus, Vam3p appears to function as a multispecificity receptor in heterotypic membrane docking and fusion reactions with the vacuole. Surprisingly, we also found that overexpression of the endosomal t-SNARE, Pep12p, suppressed vam3 Δ mutant phenotypes and, likewise, overexpression of Vam3p suppressed the pep12 Δ mutant phenotypes. This result indicated that SNAREs alone do not define the specificity of vesicle docking reactions.
A pilot study of Manual-Assisted Cognitive Therapy with a Therapeutic Assessment augmentation for Borderline Personality Disorder

This study examined the efficacy of Manual Assisted Cognitive Therapy (MACT) as a stand-alone treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) with suicidal ideation, and piloted a Therapeutic Assessment (TA) intervention among 16 patients randomly assigned to MACT or MACT+TA. Although MACT was associated with significant reductions in BPD features and suicidal ideation, less than half of the sample completed the treatment. The TA augmentation did not improve treatment retention but it was associated with somewhat greater clinical improvement. Although findings associate MACT with symptom reduction among persisting patients, attrition rate was problematically high in the overall sample.