cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
God, Love, and Interreligious Dialogue

The monotheistic religions that valorize love typically believe that their love for God should be extended to God's creatures and, in particular, to one's fellow human beings. Yet, in practice, the love of the Christian or Muslim or Hindu monotheist doesn't always extend to the love of the religious other. Precisely how, then, should the adherents of the major monotheistic religions respond to the obvious diversity of these religions? The arguments of philosophical theology largely depend on what John Henry Newman called our "illative sense" or faculty of informal reasoning. Even the most fully developed illative sense can vary from one person to another, however. As a consequence, Christian, Muslim, and Hindu monotheists are unlikely to fully agree on matters of philosophical theology. I argue that this precludes neither mutual respect, though, nor a rational adherence to the philosophical and theological views of one's own tradition.
Rumblings of Reform: Northern Poor Relief Legislation in Antebellum America, 1820-1860

In antebellum America, northern states began their first reforms of poor relief legislation. This article reviews the development of American poor relief legislation in the northern states from 1820 to 1860. First it looks at the state poor laws of the newest states in this period, Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Second it analyzes the major reforms of the poor laws in the existing northern states, primarily those of Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania, during the same period.
The computational challenge of social learning

The complex reward structure of the social world and the uncertainty endemic to social contexts poses a challenge for modeling. For example, during social interactions, the actions of one person influence the internal states of another. These social dependencies make it difficult to formalize social learning problems in a mathematically tractable way. While it is tempting to dispense with these complexities, they are a defining feature of social life. Because the structure of social interactions challenges the simplifying assumptions often made in models, they make an ideal testbed for computational models of cognition. By adopting a framework that embeds existing social knowledge into the model, we can go beyond explaining behaviors in laboratory tasks to explaining those observed in the wild.
Addressing Information Gaps

The global financial crisis has identified serious gaps in information. This paper outlines some of the key information gaps and the priorities for filling them. Key areas for attention include the granularity of disclosures on exposures by large and complex financial institutions; disclosures and assessments of complex structured products; revamping of indicators used in financial stability analysis to focus on indicators with greater early warning content; and improving transparency in over-the-counter derivatives markets.
Switches and Signal Transduction Networks in the Caulobacter crescentus Cell Cycle

Cell differentiation in the gram-negative bacterium Caulobacter crescentus results from asymmetric cell division that produces two morphologically distinct progeny, a nonmotile stalked cell and a motile swarmer cell. Two examples are considered in this chapter. In the first, evidence is discussed that developmental events are coupled to the cell division cycle by a complex signal transduction pathway mediated by sensor histidine kinases and effector proteins. In the second, the role of the response regulator FlbD is examined in flagellum biosynthesis, where it functions as both a transcription activator and repressor to regulate the timing of flagellar (fla) gene expression in the cell cycle. As discussed in the second part of this chapter, there is also experimental evidence that DNA synthesis is required for initiation of the fla gene transcription cascade. Pseudoreversion analysis of a temperature sensitive pleC mutation identified cold-sensitive suppressors that map to three new cell division genes, divJ, divK, and divL. DNA sequence analysis of divJ and pleC show that both genes encode proteins with carboxyterminal domains homologous to the histidine kinases of the bacterial sensor proteins. It is a known fact that that flagellum biosynthesis, activation of motility, and pili formation require the completion of successive cell division cycle checkpoints. The nature of the regulated target genes in flagellum biosynthesis is much better understood, but nothing is known of the class I genes that respond to the cell cycle signal and initiate the fla gene cascade.
Anemia During the Neonatal Period

The root causes of anemia during neonatal period are hemorrhage, hemolysis, and failure of red cell production. Hemorrhage, commonly known as blood loss, may occur during the prenatal, intranatal, or postnatal period. Prenatal blood loss may be transplacental, intraplacental, or retroplacental, or may be due to a twin-to-twin transfusion. Hemolytic anemia in the newborn is usually associated with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The hemolytic process is often first detected as a result of the investigation of jaundice during the first week of life. The causes of hemolytic anemia in the newborn are congenital erythrocyte defects, hemoglobin defects, enzyme defects, and acquired erythrocyte defects. Anemia of prematurity is characterized by reduced bone marrow erythropoietic activity and low serum erythropoietin levels. It may be compounded by folic acid, vitamin E, and iron availability and frequent blood sampling. The low hemoglobin concentration is due to decreased red cell production, shorter red cell life span, and increased blood volume with growth. Recombinant human erythropoietin treats anemia of prematurity. It is a safe, inexpensive, and effective treatment in reducing the number of transfusions required.
Separation and Purification of Multiply Acetylated Proteins Using Cation-Exchange Chromatography

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is extremely useful for the study of proteins and the characterization of their posttranslational modifications. Here we describe a method that utilizes cation-exchange HPLC to separate multiply acetylated histone H3 species on the basis of their charge and hydrophilicity. This high-resolution method allows for the separation of histone H3 species that differ by as few as one acetyl group, and is compatible with subsequent analysis by a variety of techniques, including mass spectrometry and western blotting.
Review of Anthony C. Swindell, Reworking the Bible: The Literary Reception of Fourteen Biblical Stories. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix, 2010.

This is a book review of Anthony C. Swindell, Reworking the Bible: The Literary Reception of Fourteen Biblical Stories . Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix, 2010.
ASSESSMENT OF DUCTILE FRACTURE RESISTANCE BASED ON AN ENGINEERING APPROACH

This report summarizes an engineering approach for analyzing fracture behavior in the ductile range and its application to flawed 304 stainless steel piping. Following a brief description of the engineering approach, crack initiation, stable growth, and instability studies are presented for several cases of flawed pipe geometry under various loading conditions. The effect of flaw type and size, pipe diameter and length, and applied loading on the failure load and mechanism is investigated. Results are examined against predictions of the net-section stress failure criterion which is an alternate approach for examining the integrity of flawed 304 SS piping.
Hybrid Machine Learning Model for Continuous Microarray Time Series

A hybrid machine learning model of the principal component analysis and neural network is described for the continuous microarray gene expression time series. The methodology can model numerically the continuous gene expression time series. The proposed model can give us the extracted features from the gene expressions time series with higher prediction accuracies. It can help practitioners to gain a better understanding of a cell cycle, and to find the dependency of genes, which is useful for drug discoveries. In this chapter, we describe the background, the machine learning algorithms, and then the application of the hybrid machine learning in the microarray analysis. The machine learning model is compared with other popular continuous prediction methods. Based on the results of two public microarray datasets, the hybrid method outperforms the other continuous prediction methods.
The role of inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis

Abstract Purpose: The role of inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is still undefined. Elevated levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α have been measured in infants with NEC, while elevated levels of nitric oxide (NO) have been reported in newborn infants with clinical sepsis. However, the cellular source of the NO or cytokines is unknown. The authors hypothesized that local intestinal production of NO induced by cytokines may contribute to the pathogenesis of bowel necrosis in NEC by inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) or necrosis of the enterocytes. We examined the levels of inflammatory cytokines and NO in the intestine of infants undergoing surgical resection for NEC, and the cellular localization of human inducible NO synthase (NOS-2) in the inflamed gut. Methods: We compared 15 patients undergoing bowel resection for NEC, with six infants (of similar age) undergoing intestinal resection for ileal atresia or stricture, meconium peritonitis, intussusception, or cecal perforation (control). Diagnosis of NEC was confirmed histologically. Representative segments of the surgical specimen were examined for messenger RNA (mRNA) for NOS-2 by Northern blotting and in situ hybridization. Cytokine mRNA was measured by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) because mRNA could not be detected by Northern blotting. The site of NO production was determined by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis was measured using in situ DNA strand break extension (TUNEL). Nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity was assessed to determine if NO mediates cellular injury via peroxynitrite formation. Results: Messenger RNA for NOS-2 was detected in nearly all patients with NEC except for one infant who underwent proximal diverting jejunostomy alone, and who did not have histological evidence of NEC at that site. NOS-2 mRNA was detected less frequently in control patients. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry showed that the enterocytes were the predominant source of NOS-2 activity in the intestine of NEC patients. Extensive apoptosis was seen in enterocytes in the apical villi of infants with NEC, and correlated with nitrotyrosine staining. NOS-2 activity was markedly diminished at the time of stoma closure, but remained elevated in infants who died from progressive disease. PCR showed variable cytokine mRNA expression in the intestine. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β expression was nearly identical in NEC and control. However, interferon (IFN)-γ was present in 9 of 10 NEC, but only in one of six control patients. Conclusion: The data show that NO is produced in large quantity by enterocytes in the intestinal wall of infants with NEC and leads to apoptosis of enterocytes in apical villi through peroxynitrite formation.
An Improved QT Correction Method for use in Atrial Fibrillation and a Comparison with the Assessment of QT in Sinus Rhythm.

Background: Conventional QT corrections may be inappropriate inatrial fibrillation (AF) due to RR variability and QT lag. Existing formulashave been modified by the formula RRmod to account for this lag. Wedeveloped a novel correction formula for use in AF (QTAF) based onthe slope ∆QT/∆RRmod and report its performance in AF.We also compare QTAF obtained in AF with rate-independentcorrections in NSR. Materials and Methods: A total of 3063 RR/QT pairs from 28 patients with AFwere measured, 22 of whom also had measurements during sinus rhythm. QTc (theBazett equation), QTLC (the Framingham linear correction), and QTAFwere calculated utilizing RRmod, and the rate-independence of eachformula in AF tested. Mean QTAF values in AF were compared to QTintervals corrected with QTLC in normal sinus rhythm. Results: ∆QTc/∆RRmod and∆QTLC/∆RRmod slopes were significantlynon-zero whereas ∆QTAF/∆RRmod was not. QTLCand QTc corrections were imperfect at extremes of RRmod whileQTAF was constant. QTAF corrections in AF were shorterthan QTc or QTLC corrections in NSR. Conclusions: QTAF is a novel QT correction with adefined relationship to correction in NSR that per forms better than existingstrategies.
Plastids of the Avena Coleoptile

PHOTOTROPIC curvature of the Avena coleoptile may, for reasons which have been summarized elsewhere1, be mediated through the plastids. Geotropic curvature may have a similar basis, for it has long been thought2,3 that the geotropic responses of both shoots and roots are mediated by special starch grains or ‘statoliths’, and these in fact are plastids in which relatively large amounts of starch have been deposited. It is thus worth considering that the many similarities between these two types of tropism may have an anatomical basis. For this reason a closer study has been made of the plastids of the etiolated Avena coleoptile. The observations have been made with the light and phase microscope, utilizing either fresh material vitally stained with neotetrazolium chloride, or microtome sections fixed in chrome-acetic-formalin and embedded and sectioned in ‘Carbowax’. (We wish to thank Prof. R. H. Wetmore and Dr. J. Riopel for assistance and for putting at our disposal the newly developed ‘Carbowax’ method.) Principal attention has been directed to the most apical part of the coleoptile.
Analysis of Particle and Crystallite Size in Tungsten Nanopowder Synthesis

Tungsten nanopowders were synthesized by a low-temperature technique and then heat treated in a gaseous reductive atmosphere in order to study the phase evolution, crystallite size, and particle size of the powders as the heat treatment temperature was modified. Synthesis of the powders was carried out in aqueous media using NaBH4 as a reducing agent using careful control of the pH of the solutions. The XRD patterns of the as-synthesized powders showed an amorphous phase. After washing, energy dispersive spectroscopy showed that the powders had peaks for oxygen and tungsten. In order to promote crystallization and eliminate the oxygen, the powders were heat treated at 773 K, 923 K, and 1073 K (500 °C, 650 °C, and 800 °C) in a H2/CH4 reducing atmosphere for 2 hours. XRD after heat treatment showed α-W peaks for the powders treated at 1073 K and 923 K (800 °C and 650 °C) and a mixture of β-W and α-W for the powders treated at 773 K (500 °C). The crystallite sizes determined from X-ray peak broadening were 12, 16, and 20 nm, whereas the average particle sizes from dynamic light scattering were 260, 450, and 750 nm, for heat treatment temperatures of 773 K, 923 K, and 1073 K (500 °C, 650 °C, and 800 °C), respectively. The average crystallite size and particle sizes increased proportionally with the treatment temperature, in contrast to what has been found for some ceramics, in which as the heat treatment temperature is increased, the crystallite size increases, but the particle size stays constant.
Stereopsis in monkeys using random dot stereograms: the effect of viewing duration.

Abstract The effect of viewing duration on the stereopsis of rhesus monkeys has been investigated by a behavioral method which is based on a two-alternative, forced-choice form discrimination task. The discriminative stimuli were produced in static random dot stereograms so that reliable discrimination could occur only if the disparity creating the form was above the subject's stereothreshold. 2 subjects showed similar form discrimination performance for both crossed and uncrossed disparities, but another four subjects showed higher discrimination performance for crossed than uncrossed disparities for brief viewing durations. A linear, inverse relationship between stereothreshold and viewing duration was found when both values were plotted on logarithmic coordinates. The implications of these results for neural stereodetector pools are discussed.
Decay of 103Ru

Abstract The decay of 103 Ru to 103 Rh has been investigated with the help of scintillation spectrometers. Employing gamma-gamma coincidences and sum-coincidence measurements as well as successive “peel off” procedure, the following gamma rays have been resolved: 53 keV (0.7), 65 keV (-), 297 keV (0.6), 362 keV (), 440 keV (0.9), 498 keV (88), 555 keV (2) and 610 keV (5). The following gamma ray cascades were established: 555-53 keV, 440-53 keV and 297-65 keV. Beta-gamma coincidences revealed two inner beta-ray groups of maximum energies 112±6 keV (7) and 214±12 keV (89) emitted in coincidences with the 610 and 498 keV gamma rays, respectively. The figure in parentheses represents relative intensity in arbitrary units. The maximum energy of the highest energy beta ray group has been measured to be 716±40 keV. From gamma-gamma coincidences the internal conversion coefficient of the 53 keV gamma ray has been found to be α K = 2.74±0.03 indicating a mixture of M1+E2 with δ 2 = 0.15±0.02.. A decay scheme is presented.
Hispanic film and society

Susan Fanshel. A Decade of Cuban Documentary Film, 1972–1982. New York: Young Filmmakers Foundation, inc. 1982. 48 pp. Illus. Carl J. Mora. Mexican Cinema: Reflections of a Society, 1896–1980. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982. 287 pp. Illus. $29.50 cloth.
Changes in ethylene and CO2 during the ripening of apples

The internal concentrations and production of both ethylene and CO2 were measured during the maturation and ripening of Cox's Orange Pippin apples. Within 12 hours of the onset of the respiration climacteric there was no measurable increase in the production of ethylene and the data indicate that the increase in ethylene production is synchronous with the increased CO2 production that marks the start of ripening. It therefore appears that a factor other than a change in the rate of ethylene production determines the time at which apples commence ripening.
Peripartum hysterectomy in the United States: nationwide 14 year experience.

Objective The objective of the study was to examine the trends in the rate of peripartum hysterectomy and the contribution of changes in maternal characteristics to these trends. Study Design This was a cross-sectional study of peripartum hysterectomy identified from hospitalizations for delivery recorded in the 1994-2007 Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Results The overall rate of peripartum hysterectomy increased by 15% during the study period. The rate of hysterectomy for abnormal placentation increased by 1.2-fold; adjustment for previous cesarean delivery explained nearly all of this increase. The rate of hysterectomy for uterine atony following repeat cesarean delivery increased nearly 4-fold, following primary cesarean delivery approximately 2.5-fold, and following vaginal delivery about 1.5-fold. This fast growing trend in peripartum hysterectomy secondary to uterine atony was also largely explained by increasing rates of primary and repeat cesareans. Conclusion Rates of peripartum hysterectomy increased substantially in the United States from 1994 to 2007; much of this increase was due to rising rates of cesarean delivery.
Extrapituitary Prolactin: Distribution, Regulation, Functions, and Clinical Aspects*

I. Introduction PRL affects more physiological processes than all other pituitary hormones combined. Among these are the regulation of mammary gland development, initiation and maintenance of lactation, immune modulation, osmoregulation, and behavioral modification. At the cellular level, PRL exerts mitogenic, morphogenic, or secretory activities. This raises the question as to the mechanism by which a single hormone can modulate so many seemingly unrelated functions. This review addresses the concept of the dual function of PRL, as a circulating hormone and a cytokine. The diversity of PRL actions is derived from three components: structural polymorphism, local production and processing, and divergent intracellular signaling pathways and target genes. PRL can be easily classified as a cytokine based on its shared properties with hematopoietic growth factors. These include comparable structural motifs, multiple sites of synthesis, ubiquitous receptor distribution, homologous receptor structure, and simila...
Serotonergic binding in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus: Critical role of MAO inhibition☆

Abstract The biochemical properties of the 5-HT1 a receptor in dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) were investigated using a micropunch procedure. Initially, the Ki value for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) binding to a site labeled by the 5-HT1 a -selective ligand [3H]8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) was 20-fold higher than the K d for [3H]5-HT. In addition, a number of putative 5-HT1 a selective ligands displayed poor affinity for the [3H]8-OH-DPAT site. The possibility that these discrepant results were due to metabolism of the receptor ligands was investigated by increasing the concentration of the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, pargyline. Increasing the concentration of pargyline reduced, but did not abolish, the discrepancy between the Ki and K d values for 5-HT. However, inclusion of clorgyline, which is a more potent MAO inhibitor, resulted in an excellent agreement between the Ki and K d values for 5-HT. In addition, when clorgyline was used, 5-HT1 a -selective compounds displayed high affinity for the DRN binding site consistent with [3H]8-OH-DPAT labeling a 5-HT1 a receptor in this tissue. The present study describes a fast and easy method for measuring biochemical properties in small discrete brain areas. These studies also indicate that pargyline should be replaced in serotonergic binding assays with a more potent inhibitor of monoamine oxidase such as clorgyline.
Bacteria-Free Sea Urchin Larvae: Selective Uptake of Neutral Amino Acids from Seawater

Bacteria-free suspensions of larvae of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson) were prepared without the use of antibiotics. Net rates of removal of 18 amino acids, each supplied at 125 nanomoles per liter, and the appearance of ammonia were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Taurine and acidic and basic amino acids were not taken up. Removal of neutral amino acids from the medium occurred at rates adequate to contribute to the carbon and nitrogen balance of the larvae at ecologically relevant substrate concentrations.
404 COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF ACUTE HYPOXEMIA (H) ON CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES TO DOPAMINE (Dp), DOBUTAMINE (Db) AND ISOPROTERENOL (Ip) IN NEONATAL SWINE

Two week old piglets were anesthetized and ventilated; the ductus arteriosus was ligated. ECG, aortic (AO) and LV pressures (P), LV dP/dt max, and phasic pulmonary (cardiac output, CO), mesenteric (Mes) and renal (Ren) flows (F) were recorded. Sequential 10 min infusions of Ip (n=8) 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mcg/kg/min, Dp (n=6) 2, 5, 15 or Db (n=7) 2, 5, 15 meg/kg/min were given during normoxemia (NO; PO2 103±4 mmHg) and repeated during H (PO2 39±1 mm Hg). In 8 age-matched controls saline was infused and no significant (NS) changes observed. Mean percent change ± SE (p≤0.05) to the highest doses are presented. Conclusion: 1) Dp maintained increments in LV inotropy and CO during H, while Ip did not. Db increased CO, but increases in inotropy were attenuated during H. 2) Chronotropic effects of all three drugs were attenuated by H. 3) Peripheral vascular effects during NO were not sustained during H by any drug. 4) The data suggest that Dp is most, and Ip is least effective in eliciting beneficial cardiac responses in hypoxic newborns.
Estimation of surviving spiral ganglion cells in the deaf rat using the electrically evoked auditory brainstem response

A procedure was developed to record the electrically evoked auditory brainstem response (EABR) in the rat with sufficiently little stimulus artifact to permit systematic measurements of the first positive wave (P1), the compound action potential (CAP) of the auditory nerve. Our principal aim was to verify the theoretical prediction that maximum P1 amplitude is directly proportional to the number of excitable auditory nerve fibers. This was carried out in animals with graded lesions of the spiral ganglion induced by perfusion of the cochlea with different concentrations of neomycin. Two series of observations confirmed the theoretical prediction. Several measures of P1, including maximum amplitude, and slopes of the P1 and P1-N1 growth functions, were highly correlated with the number of surviving spiral ganglion cells. Correlation coefficients (r) ranged from 0.75 to 0.92. Amplitudes of the later waves exhibited much lower correlations with spiral ganglion cell counts. These findings suggest that measurement of the CAP in deaf humans, possibly as wave I of the EABR, should provide quantitative information about the status of the nerve, which could be useful in screening candidates for cochlear implants, prescribing the optimum device for individual patients, and determining how benefits derived from such devices relate to the condition of the auditory nerve.
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor mediates the biological effects of P450 arachidonate epoxygenase metabolites in epithelial cells

In addition to its important functions in detoxification of foreign chemicals and biosynthesis of steroid hormones, the cytochrome P450 enzyme system metabolizes arachidonate to 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (14,15-EET). This study demonstrates that a P450 arachidonate epoxygenase metabolite can activate cleavage of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and delineates an essential role for HB-EGF in the mitogenic effects of this lipid mediator. Blockade of HB-EGF processing or EGF receptor (EGFR) inhibited 14,15-EET-stimulated early mitogenic signals and DNA synthesis. 14,15-EET failed to induce mitogenesis in cell lines expressing minimal HB-EGF, whereas 14,15-EET induced soluble HB-EGF release into the conditioned media of cell lines that both express high levels of HB-EGF and display mitogenic response to this lipid mediator. Moreover, transfection of a bacterial 14,15-epoxygenase established intracellular endogenous 14,15-EET biosynthesis in cultured cell systems, which allowed direct confirmation of involvement of EGFR transactivation in the endogenous 14,15-EET-mediated mitogenic signaling pathway. This mechanism involves EET-dependent activation of metalloproteinases and release of the potent mitogenic EGFR ligand, HB-EGF.
Development of internal controls for probe-based nucleic acid diagnostic assays

A method is described for the design, evaluation, and application of internal control targets and probes for use in probe-based nucleic acid diagnostic assays (i.e., PCR-ELISA). The technique is a modified version of oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis in conjunction with PCR amplification to develop a novel probe-annealing sequence in a cloned IS1111a gene fragment of Coxiella burnetii. The internal control probe-recognition site with its complementary probe was identical to the wild-type-specific probe in length, base composition, location, and annealing temperature. Neither the internal control nor the wild-type probes annealed to the recognition sequence of the other. As both of the amplified nucleic acid fragments, internal control and wild type, were identical in length and base composition, the amplification conditions for the diagnostic assay were not affected. This allowed small copy numbers of the internal control clone to be loaded into a diagnostic assay without negatively affecting it. In a single reaction we were able to differentiate between an assay reporting a true or false-negative signal. A negative signal is defined as the absence of detectable pathogen genetic material (true) or inhibition/failure of the reaction (false).
Welch's comments on Shapiro's walk in the woods and the origin of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

Welch's (Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 27, 175-179, 1996) response to Rosen's (Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26, 121-122, 1995) limited study on the origin of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) does not resolve how best to interpret what Shapiro experienced during her reported walk in the woods. References cited by Welch actually argue against the conclusions he advances.
How Do Practitioners Value Common Stock

Early work in the 1970s documented a significant difference between the valuation of stock as taught by academics and as practiced by investment professionals. We revisit the issue of practitioner valuation of common stock using a survey-based investigation. We find that most practitioners use multiple techniques, that those techniques vary across the time horizon employed to estimate future variables and that the significant gap that existed between academics and practitioners continues to this day. We extend earlier work to examine differences between analysts working for different types of institutions and with different asset management styles.
The Underdressed Manufacturers in Quesnay's Tableau: And What Economists Are Saying About It

. Francois Quesnay's Tableau economique (1758) was the first attempt to structure an economic system in terms of interclass money and commodity flows. But it poses a problem: in the network of exchanges no provision is made for the internal consumption of manufactured goods by the manufacturers. The paper examines how economists have treated this oversight.
Fatty acid ester turnover: a control factor in triacylglycerol and lipid-rich particle accumulation in cultured mammalian cells.

1. Experiments with albumin-bound [1-14C] palmitic acid, in which fatty acid synthesis was repressed, have shown that the larger accumulation of triacylglycerol and lipid-rich particles in a representative high-lipid cell, a rabbit liver cell clone, as compared to a representative low-lipid cell, a HeLa cell clone, was due primarily to the faster turnover of lipid in the HeLa cell. 2. Thus in short-term experiments, the specific activities of the following lipid fractions were twice as high in the HeLa as in the rabbit liver cells: total cell lipid, phospholipid, triacyglycerol, and the palmitic acid isolated from the latter fractions. The palmitic acid content of the cell lipid, as well as its oxidation to CO2, was approximately the same in the two cell lines. 3. In long-term experiments, the specific activity of the total cell lipid of the rabbit cell approached that of the HeLa cell. Two-thirds of the triacyglycerol palmitic acid in both cell lines was derived from the albumin-bound [1-14C]palmitic acid of the medium. Concomitantly, two-thirds and two-fifths of the phospholipid palmitic acid in the HeLa and rabbit cells, respectively, were derived from this same source. 4. In chase experiments employing these heavily labeled cells, the % secretion of radioactive lipid, especially fatty acids derived from triacylglycerol, was substantially higher in the HeLa than in the rabbit liver cells. Despite the differences in turnover rates, the results indicate that in both cell lines the fatty acids of the lipid-rich particles were in dynamic equilibrium with the albumin-bound fatty acids of the serum.
Black hole remnants and the information puzzle.

Magnetically charged dilatonic black holes have a perturbatively infinite ground-state degeneracy associated with an infinite-volume throat region of the geometry. A simple argument based on causality is given that these states do not have a description as ordinary massive particles in a low-energy effective field theory. Pair production of magnetic black holes in a weak magnetic field is estimated in a weakly coupled semiclassical expansion about an instanton and found to be finite, despite the infinite degeneracy of states. This suggests that these states may store the information apparently lost in black hole scattering processes.
Reaction Dynamics of Electronically Excited Alkali Atoms with Simple Molecules

The reactions of electronically excited sodium atoms with simple molecules have been studied in crossed molecular beams experiments. Electronically excited Na(32P3/2,42D5/2, and 52S1/2) were produced by optical pumping using single frequency dye lasers. The effects of the symmetry, and the orientation and alignment of the excited orbital on the chemical reactivity, and detailed information on the reaction dynamics were derived from measurements of the product angular and velocity distributions.
Soil Water Accumulation under Different Precipitation, Potential Evaporation, and Straw Mulch Conditions

Small precipitation amounts generally have low effectiveness for crop production in semiarid regions. Our objective was to determine potential evaporation (PE; 3, 6, or 12 mm d -1 ) and straw-mulch (0, 2, or 4 Mg ha -1 ) rate effects on water accumulation in Pullman (Torrertic Paleustoll, 37% day) and Randall (Ustic Epiaquerts, 57% day) soils when small amounts of water (simulated precipitation; 5, 10, or 20 mm) were applied. Water accumulation was affected in order by water-application amount > PE >mulch > soil clay content. Mulching at 2.0 and 4.0 Mg ha -1 increased storage efficiency of 5-mm water applications by >60 and 100%, respectively, in both soils when PE was 3 mm d -1 . With 5-mm water applications and 6 mm d -1 PE, >10% of applied water was stored in mulched soils, but not in bare soils. When PE was 12 mm d -1 , little storage from 5-mm applications occurred in bare soils, but 3 to 6% storage occurred when the mulch rate was 4.0 Mg ha -1 . To obtain >10% water storage when the PE rate was 12 mm d -1 , 10-mm water applications and a 2 Mg ha -1 mulch rate were necessary. Evaporation rates were slightly higher for mulched soil than for bare soil in the late stage. Soil clay contents were correlated positively with accumulative evaporation in the late stage. Soil wetting depth increased with increases in mulch rates. Based on this study, straw mulching has potential for increasing soil water storage from small amounts of precipitation.
A factorization theorem for a certain class of graphs

In this note we give a necessary and sufficient condition for factorization of graphs satisfying the ''odd cycle property''. We show that a graph G with the odd cycle property contains a [k"i] factor if and only if the sequence [H]+[k"i] is graphical for all subgraphs H of the complement of G. A similar theorem is shown to be true for all digraphs.
Catatonia: Diagnosis, Classification, and Treatment

Catatonia is a distinct neuropsychiatric syndrome that is becoming more recognized clinically and in ongoing research. It occurs with psychiatric, metabolic, or neurologic conditions. It may occur in many forms, including neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Treatment with benzodiazepines or electroconvulsive therapy leads to a dramatic and rapid response, although systematic, randomized trials are lacking. An important unresolved question is the role of antipsychotic agents in treatment and their potential adverse effects.
Length of Light Period for Maximum Broiler Weight

Abstract NUMEROUS studies have been conducted concerning the length of light period necessary for maximum growth in broilers. Clegg and Sanford (1951) found that body weight was increased when broilers were exposed to short periods of intermittent light and darkness compared to when exposed to longer periods. Moore (1957) reported that broilers up to 4 weeks of age grew faster when exposed to continuous light compared to shorter periods. Shutze et al. (1960) indicated that the ability of the chick to grow more rapidly when subjected to continuous light was consistent in all their experiments. Beane et al. (1963) noted a growth advantage in broiler stock subjected to continuous light when compared to those exposed to shorter light regimes. Cherry and Barwick (1962) with small pens where the chicks were given a one week preliminary training found that the subsequent pattern of lighting had no effect on body weight at broiler …
Effect of thyroxine on the cell generation cycle parameters of cultured human cells

Abstract A heteroploid cell line of human kidney cells was grown with or without the hormone 1-thyroxine. When the cells were in exponential growth the cell generation cycle characteristics were determined in control and hormone-treated populations. The life cycle of the cells was reduced from 27 to 20 h when hormone was present while the dead cell fraction remained the same. The shortening of the life cycle is due to a reduced time in the pre-DNA replication period (G1). The time to complete other stages of the life cycle appears to be virtually unchanged.
Beyond the Baseball Diamond and Basketball Court: Organized Leisure in Inter-war Mexican South Chicago

For Mexicans in South Chicago during the Great Depression, baseball was much more than a way to cope while waiting for a job or relief. They may have been struggling to survive financially, but when they put on a uniform and competed against non-Mexican teams or Mexican teams from outside South Chicago, they contributed to their community by representing them and providing a welcome distraction from the realities of daily life. In addition to the physical activity and sense of community built by the participants and spectators of teams such as the Yaquis, the Mayas, the Excelsiors and the Atlas, organized sports also provided them the opportunity to become familiar with other neighbourhoods and ethnic groups. This article traces the development of these teams and their leaders from organizers of recreational activities to organizations that helped coalesce a Mexican South Chicago identity and provided a means of interaction with other communities in and around Chicago.
Antinociceptive effects of central and systemic administrations of nicotine in the rat.

Nicotine (0.16–0.50 mg/kg, SC) was found to exert a potent antinociceptive action on thermal stimuli as measured by the tail-flick test. This antinociceptive action of nicotine could be blocked by centrally active nicotinic or muscarinic blockers implicating both classes of cholinergic receptors in this effect. Quaternary blockers, however, failed to prevent nicotine-induced antinociception. This finding, together with the ability of small doses of nicotine (25 μg) to induce potent antinociceptive effects when administered centrally, suggests a central site of action for the antinociceptive action of nicotine. The present results also support the suggestion that nicotine may selectively reduce sensitivity to certain classes of pain stimuli, perhaps through a central releasing action on acetylcholine.
Automated Anomaly Detection Using Time-Variant Normal Profiling

Anomaly detection provides automated detection of unauthorized intrusion into a computer system by creating a normal profile of the system's behavior, then raising an alert when the system's behavior does not fit the system's normal profile. Approaches to anomaly detection that focus on investigating user's behavior typically assume that a user's command sequences will not vary significantly over time and so tend to flag "unusual" but safe activities as anomalies. We propose the use of "time-variant normal" user profiles that assume a user will change activities over time. The approach combines string-matching algorithms from machine intelligence and sequence alignment algorithms from biomedical informatics to dynamically evaluate user behavior.
Bright-field quantitative phase microscopy (BFQPM) for accurate phase imaging using conventional microscopy hardware

ABSTRACT Most quantitative phase microscopy methods require the use of custom-built or modified microscopic configurations which are not typically available to most bio/pathologists. There are, however, phase retr ieval algorithms which utilize defocused bright-field images as input data and are therefore implementable in existing laboratory environments. Among these, deterministic methods such as those based on inverting the transport-of-intensity equation (TIE) or a phase contrast transfer function (PCTF) are particularly attractive due to their compatibility with Kohler illuminated systems and numerical simplicity. Recently, a new method has been proposed, called multi -filter phase imaging with partially coherent light (MFPI-PC), which alleviates the inherent noise/resolution trade-off in solving the TIE by utilizing a large number of defocused bright-field images spaced equally about the focal plane. Despite greatly improving the state-of-the-art, the method has many shortcomings including the im practicality of high-speed acquisition, inefficient sampling, and attenuated response at high frequencies due to aperture effects. In this report, we present a new method, called bright-field quantitative phase microscopy (BFQPM), which efficiently utilizes a small number of defocused bright-field images and recovers frequencies out to the partially coherent diffraction limit. The method is based on a noise-minimized inversion of a PCTF derived for each finite defo cus distance. We present simulation results which indicate nanoscale optical path length sensitivity and improved performance over MFPI-PC. We also provide experimental results imaging live bovine mesenchymal stem cells at sub-se cond temporal resolution. In all, BFQPM enables fast and accurate phase imaging with unprecedented spatial resolution using widely availa ble bright-field microscopy hardware. Keywords: Quantitative phase imaging, phase retrieval, im age reconstruction techniques, partial coherence
Effect of nucleotide substitutions in N-acetyltransferase-1 on N-acetylation (deactivation) and O-acetylation (activation) of arylamine carcinogens: implications for cancer predisposition

Abstract Genetic polymorphism in N -acetyltransferase-1 ( NAT1 ) is associated with increased risk of various cancers, but epidemiological investigations are compromised by poor understanding of the relationship between NAT1 genotype and phenotype. Human reference NAT1 ∗ 4 and 12 known human NAT1 allelic variants possessing nucleotide polymorphisms in the NAT1 coding region were cloned and expressed in yeast ( Schizosaccharomyces pombe ). Large reductions in the N -acetylation of 4-aminobiphenyl and the O -acetylation of N -hydroxy-2-aminofluorene were observed for recombinant NAT1 allozymes encoded by NAT1 ∗ 14B , NAT1 ∗ 15 , NAT1 ∗ 17 , NAT1 ∗ 19 , and NAT1 ∗ 22 . Each of these alleles exhibited substantially lower expression of NAT1 protein than the reference NAT1 ∗ 4 and the other NAT1 alleles. These results show an important effect of the NAT1 genetic polymorphism on the N - and O -acetylation of arylamine carcinogens, suggesting modification of cancer susceptibility following exposures to arylamine carcinogens.
Information transparency and valuation: can you value what you cannot see?

Purpose – It is clear that some firms are more forthcoming about their financial affairs than others, and that the financial statements of some firms are designed to obscure rather than reveal information about the firms. How does one reflect the transparency (or the opacity) of a firm's financial statements in its value? This paper aims to examine both the sources of complexity in financial statements and the appropriate responses in valuation.Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines both the sources of complexity in financial statements and the appropriate responses in valuation.Findings – The paper develops a number of potential measures of complexity, ranging from a measure of opacity (developed by Price Waterhouse) to a complexity score (developed by asking a series of questions about companies).Practical implications – If the value of complex firms is consistently discounted, an incentive for simpler holding structures and more transparent financial statements will be created.Originality/val...
Corporate financial policies : debt versus equity

UNITED STATES nonfinancial corporations are constantly engaged in the task of ensuring the availability of the necessary flow of funds for their financial requirements. One purpose of this study is to review and present corporations' new issues by the type of instrument involved. Emphasis is placed on changes in patterns of external financing with respect to both volume and composition of new issues in various industrial classifications. Graphic representation of the data shows that wide variations in the types of external financing (i.e., bonds, common stocks, and preferred stocks) exist among the various industrial classifications. Various economic conditions and certain legal and institutional characteristics of the new issues examined cause some forms of financing to be relatively more attractive than others. Particularly, since the enactment of corporation income tax laws, it has been argued that these taxes discriminate in favor of debt capital as opposed to equity capital. Given these conditions, this dissertation is primarily concerned with developing and statistically testing a theoretical model to determine if corporations have increasingly responded to tax-created cost pressures by acquiring proportionately more debt in their capital structures as tax rates have risen. Furthermore, two hypotheses are formulated for testing; these are the relative cost hypothesis (RCH) and the equal cost hypothesis (ECH). These two hypotheses concern the manner in which corporations make the choice between a debt or an equity issue. Under the RCH, other things equal, the lower the rate of interest relative to the cost of equity capital, the greater the incentive for corporations to float bonds rather than stock, and vice versa. Alternatively, under the ECH despite the relatively lower cost of debt, the true cost of borrowed funds to the firm is, to a first approximation, essentially the same as that of equity capital when allowance is made for the implicit costs created by the risks of leverage and bankruptcy. A range of circumstances exists in which these two hypotheses yield similar empirical predictions. For example, if stock prices were rising but the level of the rate of interest and of the tax rate were unchanged, both hypotheses would predict an increase in the ratio of stocks to bonds in new flotations. To RCH advocates such action is a result of lower relative costs. Yet, to ECH supporters this action is a result of corporations meeting long-range financing plans requiring additional outside equity rather than deliberately shifting from debt to equity as implied by the RCH. Some anticipated econometric problems and cost measurement problems are considered, with particular emphasis placed on the dependent variable (the proportion of new common stock issues to total new issues) and on the cost of equity capital variable. Statistical testing of the basic multiplicative model over the 1930-1971 period
Educating Our Youth to Prevent Central Nervous System Injuries: The Medical Community Response

Traumatic injuries are epidemic in proportion and represent the greatest health hazard in America today. There are 2.3 million hospitalizations each year as a result of trauma and 142,500 deaths. The cost of traumatic injuries to the patient and economy are overwhelming. Treatment and rehabilitation for patients with severe head injuries is approximately $310,000 per patient. Treatment and rehabilitation for patients with quadriplegia is approximately $570,000 per patient. Despite this, only 2% of funding for basic research is used to study trauma. As physicians, the authors not only have a direct interest in injuries that compromise the function of the central nervous system but also are involved in the prevention of these injuries. They also feel a responsibility to provide information to high-risk populations that could prevent such injuries from occurring. Two preventive programs are discussed that specifically address these types of injuries in this population of patients.