cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced electrothermal pumping with thin film resistive heaters

This work demonstrates the use of thin film heaters to enhance electrothermal pumping in microfluidic systems. Thin film heating electrothermal pumping is more efficient than Joule heating alone. Numerical simulations of an asymmetric electrode array are performed to demonstrate the advantages of incorporating thin film heaters. This specific simulation shows that thin film heater electrothermal pumping provides approximately two and one-half times more volumetric flow than Joule heating alone for the same input power to both systems. In addition, external heating allows for electrothermal pumping to be applicable to low conductivity media.
Energetic analysis of experimental behavior of molten SnxLiy when impacted by a vertical column of water

The Sn{sub x}Li{sub y} and Pb{sub x}Li{sub y}, alloys are being considered as liquid breeding materials for fusion reactor applications. Thus, it is important to understand the safety implications associated with inadvertent contact with water used in an indirect cycle. In an effort to study this interaction, experiments have been conducted with these molten alloys when impacted with a vertical 2.4-m-tall column of water at 30 and 60 deg. C. The qualitative behavior of Sn{sub 75}Li{sub 25} was compared under similar conditions with other candidate molten metals, specifically tin, lead, and a lead-lithium alloy, Pb{sub 83}Li{sub 17}. Multiple pressure spikes were produced with Sn and Pb, while essentially only one initial pressurization followed by a few strongly damped minor peaks was observed with the different alloys containing lithium. Results with tin-lithium are quite similar to pure tin and lead behavior. Dynamic pressure traces from the physical and chemical reactions are discussed and used to compare the energetics associated with the two different alloys. The pressure traces were used to calculate experimental impulses, which represent the energetics of the reactions. The impulse ratio of the experimental and the theoretical values increased in the tests of alloys containing lithium. (Hydrogen production frommore » lithium-water reactions was quite rapid and copious.) In contrast, hydrogen production with tin-lithium was modest and quite similar to the lead-lithium alloy. It was found that the metal-water interactions of Pb{sub 83}Li{sub 17} and Sn{sub 75}Li{sub 25} are quite similar and have significantly reduced energetics from those of pure lithium and other reactive metals being considered.« less
Effects of labor market institutions and establishment characteristics on gender wage inequality in Africa: Evidence from industry survey data in Nigeria

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the major determinants of establishment level gender pay gap, with a particular focus on analysing the effects of labor market institutions.Design/methodology/approach – A two‐stages procedure is used in analysing the varying impacts of labor market institutions and firm level characteristics on gender wage gaps in the Nigerian urban labor market, using information from worker and establishment level survey data.Findings – Primarily it was found that labor market institutions such as unions, and firm characteristics such as ownership, affect the level of gender wage inequality at the firm level. It was also found that unions have significant influence on firm level gender wage gaps in Nigeria, where they are historically known to be strong. Specifically the paper shows that wage gaps are higher in unionized firms in Nigeria because women are generally less likely to join unions, thus being less likely to benefit from union‐induced wage premiums; and wi...
Radiation-pressure induced mechanical oscillation of an optical microcavity

Microcavities can enter a regime where radiation pressure causes oscillation of mechanical cavity eigenmodes. We present a detailed experimental and theoretical understanding of this effect, and report direct scanning probe spectroscopy of the micro-mechanical modes.
Lay Meanings of Health Among Rural Older Adults in Appalachia

Purpose: Self-perceptions of health vary depending on one's social and cultural context. Rural residents have been characterized as having a distinct culture, and health differences by residence have been well documented. While there is evidence of poor health among rural older adults, little research has examined how they perceive and define health. Qualitative methods may help capture these lay meanings of health. The purpose of our study was to use a qualitative approach to examine what perceptions community-dwelling rural older adults have regarding their health. Methods: The study involved thirteen 90-minute focus groups and short self-administered surveys with community-dwelling persons aged 60 years or older residing in 6 rural West Virginia communities. A total of 101 participants were asked questions about their personal definitions of health. With professional transcribed tapes from the focus group discussions, we used a systematic text analysis approach. Findings: Discussions included 4 themes on the meaning of health: (1) health as a value, (2) dimensions of life, (3) holistic nature of health, and (4) health care use and adherence. Conclusion: Our results expand on previous studies and demonstrate that health is a subjective, multidimensional construct deeply embedded in the everyday experience of rural older adults. We found that older adults’ perceptions about health contain components which most medical professionals would not take into account. Health care providers may consider supplementing traditional medical approaches with a more contextually sensitive recognition of rural elders’ desired health goals and outcomes.
Modulation of spontaneous hippocampal synaptic events with 5-hydroxyindole, 4OH-GTS-21, and rAAV-mediated α7 nicotinic receptor gene transfer

One approach to treatment of negative cognitive effects associated with Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia may involve activation of neuronal alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). We used the alpha7-selective partial agonist 3-(4-hydroxy, 2-methoxy-benzylidene)anabaseine (4OH-GTS-21), the alpha7 modulator 5-hydroxyindole (5-HI), and recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated alpha7 gene transfer in order to test the hypothesis whether combining these strategies would significantly increase indirect measures of alpha7 nAChR function, including measures of spontaneous synaptic events in CA1 pyramidal cells. 5-HI (1 mM), and 5-HI (1 mM)+4OH-GTS-21 (5 microM) increased the frequency of APV- and NBQX-sensitive currents, while 5-HI+4OH-GTS-21 increased the frequency and amplitude of bicuculline-sensitive currents. Effects on EPSCs were blocked with tetrodotoxin (TTX) (1 microM), but not by methyllycaconitine (MLA) (50 nM). Neither TTX nor MLA reduced the potentiation of IPSC frequencies. However, TTX blocked, and in some cases MLA reduced, the potentiation of IPSC amplitudes. These data suggest that effects of 5-HI+4OH-GTS-21 on EPSC frequency were associated with action potential-dependent transmitter release produced by 5HI, and that potentiation of IPSC amplitudes resulted at least in part, from activation of alpha7 nAChRs. Finally, rAAV-mediated alpha7 gene transfer did not alter the magnitude of effects produced by 5-HI or 5-HI+4OH-GTS-21. Thus, although we previously showed that direct measures of alpha7 nAChR function were enhanced by alpha7 gene transfer, indirect measures of alpha7 nAChRs function were not significantly enhanced by combining alpha7 gene transfer with either agonist activation or positive allosteric modulation of alpha7 nAChRs.
Psychobiological impairment in rats following late-onset protein restriction

Mature rats were kept on protein-deficient diets to test the hypothesis that late-onset protein restriction results in deficits and to determine the feasibility of doing nutrition-behavior research with old naive animals. A 3% low-protein (LP) group and a 24% adequate-protein (AP) pair-fed control were used. Body weights and plasma protein concentrations were lower and exploratory behavior and motor coordination were poorer for LP rats. Both groups preferred the 24% protein diet. LP rats habituated slower and failed to overcome an initial black preference on an oddity discrimination learning task. Nutrition-behavioral research with older rats is feasible, and late-onset protein restriction produces psychobiological deficits.
FACTORS INFLUENCING ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS. VIII. A SURVEY OF AIRCRAFT FOREMEN

Summary This article is a report of the eighth in a series of studies designed to discover some of the variables related to organizational effectiveness (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8)2. Questionnaires containing groups of relatively homogeneous items hypothesized to have some relation to organizational effectiveness have been administered to individuals within subunits of various organizations. These variables have been analyzed against ratings of effectiveness and several types of objective criteria to determine if individuals in the “better” subunits respond to the items differently from those in the “less effective” subunits. In this study, questionnaires were administered to 213 workers, 244 supervisors, and 29 foremen at the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, California Division, Burbank, California. Two previous articles have described the results from the worker and supervisor survey (4, 5). The present report is concerned with the foremen, each of whom headed one of the 29 departments surveyed. Four criterion measures pertinent to the effectiveness of these departments were obtained: two quality control indices, a measure of quantity of production based upon per cent realization of engineered time standards, and a rating by a staff executive of over-all department effectiveness. Responses to the questionnaire dimensions were correlated, by means of the epsilonc technique, with each of the four criterion measures. Results from the analysis of foremen questionnaires against the criteria are summarized below: 1. Only two significant correlations occurred with the two quality control criteria. Since this is about the number of significant correlations one would expect from chance alone, no great weight is placed upon their occurrence. 2. Six significant correlations were obtained between the dimensions and the production criterion: Adequate Authority, Attitude Toward Paper Work, Backing Up Decisions, Job Security Consciousness, Non-Hypercritical Attitude Toward Subordinates, and Urgency. 3. With the rating criterion, the only significant dimension was Feeling About the Company.
Transient prolongation of the QTc interval after balloon valvuloplasty and angioplasty in children

Abstract QTc-interval changes were evaluated in 39 children who had undergone balloon dilation procedures. In 30 children who had undergone balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty (BPV), QTc intervals were measured on standard electrocardiograms recorded before and 16 to 24 hours after the procedure and at follow-up during the next 1 to 15 months (mean 7). The QTc interval increased from 0.380 ± 0.027 second before BPV to 0.429 ± 0.027 second after BPV (p
The membrane attack complex of complement and its precursor proteins lack phospholipase activity

Abstract The membrane attack complex of human complement and its highly purified precursor proteins have been analyzed for phospholipase activity. Using three different sensitive assays, phospholipase a 1 , A 2 , C or D activity could not be detected. Based on the sensitivity of the assays employed, these results indicate the complement-mediated membrane damage is not enhanced by covalent breakdown of membrane phospholipids, but is entirely caused by physical action of the membrane attack complex. The results also imply that the putative serine esterase sites of C6 and C7 are not acting on phospholipids.
WE‐A‐BRB‐03: X‐Ray Guided Targeting of Nanoparticles to Cancer

Purpose: X‐irradiation induces the expression of novel receptors on the surface of cancer cells. Peptide ligands that bind specifically to these receptors are now used to retarget liposomes and nanoparticles containing chemotherapy for cancer. Here we show that radiolabeling of nanoparticles will be used to image the spatial and temporal distribution of nanoparticles targeted to radiation inducible receptors during planned clinical trials. Methods: Biodegradable nanoparticles were manufactured by use of cross linking reagents with nanoparticle albumin. Peptide ligands that target radiation inducible receptors, HVGGSSV and GIRLRG were conjugated to nanoparticles using bifunctional PEG linkers. Radiolabeling with radioiodine was conjugated to nanoparticles by use of iodigen while Zr86 was conjugated by use of DFO as a chelator. Near infrared imaging was also used when Alexafluor750 fluorophore was conjugated to nanoparticles. Radiolabeled nanoparticles were injected by tail vein into mice bearing irradiated cancers. The biodistribution was imaged by PET, SPECT and NIR imaging. Results: Cancer specific binding of targeted nanoparticle was achieved by both the HVGGSSV and GIRLRG peptide ligands that bind to radiation inducible TIP‐1 and GRP‐78 receptors respectively. PEGylated nanoparticles have a circulation time greater than 24 hours which necessitated internal emitters with long half lives. Radiolabeled nanoparticlesimaged by PET and gamma camera maintained cancer specific binding in mouse models of cancer.Nanoparticles and liposomes that were targeted to radiation inducible proteins bind selectively and for 7 to 9 days respectively. Anti‐cancer drugs including doxorubicin in liposomes and paclitaxel in nanoparticle enhanced radiation‐induced tumor control in mouse models of cancer. Conclusions: Radiation inducible receptors on cancer are suitable for targeted drug delivery. Long half lived radionuclides are needed to monitor the biodistribution in these PEGylated nanoparticles. PET and SPECTimaging are planned for upcoming clinical trials. National Cancer Institute R01 and R21 grants.
In Vitro Modulation of Function, Proliferation, and Phenotype of Bovine Mononuclear Leukocytes by 13-Cis Retinoic Acid

Abstract 13-cis retinoic acid at 10-9 and 10-8 M enhanced IgM secretion by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated bovine peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes. Based on these data, effects of 10-8 mol/L of 13-cis retinoic acid on the proliferation and phenotype of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes were evaluated. Cells from 2- to 14-d control and treated cultures were counted and their phenotype determined using monoclonal antibodies to bovine leukocyte surface antigens. A time-dependent decrease in cell numbers in resting cultures was unaffected by 13-cis retinoic acid. Cellular composition of resting cultures was also unaffected by 13-cis retinoic acid. In contrast, cell proliferation in 6-, 10- and 14-d poke-weed mitogen-stimulated cultures was suppressed but not abrogated by 13-cis retinoic acid treatment. Percentages of leukocyte subsets in pokeweed mitogen-stimulated cultures was affected negligibly by 13-cis retinoic acid. In contrast, actual numbers of CD2+ and CD4+ T-cells, and interleukin-2 ...
A Post‐Card on Discourse

Tullio Maranhao. 1986. Therapeutic Discourse and Socratic Dialogue:. Cultural Critique. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, xv. 276 pp. $24.95 (cloth).
Diruthenium(II,III) tetramidates as a new class of oxygenation catalysts

Two new diruthenium(II,III) tetramidate compounds, Ru2(NHOCC(CH3)2)4Cl (1) and Ru2(NHOCCH2CH3)4Cl (2) have been prepared and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. The activity of promoting sulfide oxygenation using simple oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) was studied. A UV-kinetics study indicated that the initial rates of 1 and 2 are comparable to the previously studied diruthenium tetracarboxylates in promoting TBHP oxygenation of methyl phenyl sulfide (MPS). Using excess oxidant and CH3CN as the solvent, organic sulfides MPS and diphenyl sulfide (PPS) were oxidized using 1 mol% of the catalytic species. Compound 1 is more effective than 2 in converting sulfides to sulfoxide under the same conditions. Fast conversion was achieved when the reactions were carried out in the solvent-free conditions, and the major oxidation product was the sulfoxide. The electronic structure of the title compounds was studied with DFT calculations to gain an understanding of the activation of peroxy reagents.
General economic equilibrium and variational inequalities

In this paper we apply the theory of variational inequalities to the general economic equilibrium problem. Qualitative properties of existence and uniqueness are established. Then the decomposition algorithm for the computation of the equilibrium point is proposed which decomposes the general economic equilibrium problem into two parts: in the first part, the equilibrium price is determined as a solution of a variational inequality with a compact feasible set; in the second part, the equilibrium activity level is determined as a solution of a set of linear inequalities. Finally, the convergence of the algorithm is established.
Cerebral oxygen desaturation is associated with early postoperative neuropsychological dysfunction in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

To evaluate the relationship between cerebral oxygen saturation and neuropsychological dysfunction after cardiac surgery. Prospective and observational study. Operating room and cardiac floor of a university hospital. One hundred one patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass Bilateral noninvasive cerebral oxygen saturations were monitored over the forehead. The anesthetic and surgical techniques were performed as usual, and no interventions were attempted based on the monitor. Neuropsychological outcome was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the antisaccadic eye movement test (ASEM). Preoperative baseline values of cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) were 58.6% ± 10.2%. Patients with the nadir rSO2 <35% had significantly higher incidences of postoperative ASEM and MMSE impairments than those with rSO2 always above 35% (44% and 33% v 12% and 9%, respectively). Patients with areas of rSO2 <40% for more than 10 minutes · % presented with a significantly higher incidence of postoperative ASEM and MMSE impairments than those with areas of rSO2 <40% for less than 10 minutes · % (42% and 32% v 13% and 10%, respectively). Patients with postoperative ASEM or MMSE impairment had significantly lower nadir rSO2 and significantly larger areas of rSO2 <40%, <45%, and <50% than those with normal postoperative neuropsychological outcome. However, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that areas of rSO2 <40% were the only predictor for both postoperative ASEM and MMSE impairments. Intraoperative cerebral oxygen desaturation is associated with early postoperative neuropsychological dysfunction in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. However, it remains to be determined whether interventions to maintain adequate cerebral oxygenation may improve neuropsychological outcome.
Gene expression and mucosal immune responses after vaginal DNA immunization in mice using a controlled delivery matrix.

IgA antibodies in the vaginal tract are essential as a first defense line against microorganisms that enter the body via mucosal surfaces. Several studies have shown that direct application of DNA to the vaginal mucosal surface can induce secretion of IgA molecules specific to the expressed protein. The major challenge of formulating effective vaccines is to overcome the barriers to DNA administration caused by the estrus cycle and physical environment of the vaginal tract. In this study, we investigated whether controlled delivery of DNA to the vaginal surface would induce long-term IgA antibody production by applying controlled delivery matrices to the vaginal tract. The controlled DNA delivery matrices were composed of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVAc) and loaded with a model plasmid encoding sperm-specific lactate dehydrogenase C4 (LDH-C4). These EVAc matrices provided a controlled and sustained DNA release to the vaginal mucosal surface. The DNA released from the EVAc disks was functionally active and capable of transfecting vaginal tissues. When inserted into the vaginal tract of mice, the DNA-loaded EVAc matrices triggered the immune system and induced specific IgA to LDH-C4 in the vaginal secretions. These results demonstrate that the EVAc disks are efficient and convenient vehicles for delivering DNA to the vaginal tract and providing long-term local immunity.
Area-relationships in the Neotropical lowlands: an hypothesis based on raw distributions of Passerine birds

Using raw geographic distributions for Neotropical species and subspecies of the perching birds (Order Passeriformes), we present an hypothesis of area- relationships for twelve avian areas of endemism in the lowland Neotropics. With 1717 characters (distributions of species and subspecies) we find a single most parsimonious tree of area-relationships. This topology does not match area-relationships determined from phylogenetic studies of morphologic characters in some Neotropical birds. Analyses of data partitions representing major taxonomic subdivisions within Passerine birds provide many different hypotheses of area-relationships. These results suggest that a single set of Neotropical area-relationships is not likely. In the future, we suggest greater emphasis be placed on research to document patterns in the Neotropics, particularly phylogenetic patterns, than on speculation about what processes have been important for diversification.
Imaging water absorption with spectroscopic optical coherence tomography

Summary form only given. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging technique for micron-scale cross-sectional imaging of biological tissue. High resolution detection of reflected or backscattering light is performed using low coherence interferometry. High nonlinearity, air-silica microstructure fibers or tapered fibers can generate an extremely broadband continuum using low energy femtosecond pulses. This is achieved by the anomalous dispersion characteristics of the fibers which shift the zero dispersion wavelength to shorter wavelengths and small core diameters which provide a tight mode confinement. We recently demonstrated ultrahigh resolution OCT using an air-silica microstructure fiber as light source in the spectral region between 1.2 /spl mu/m and 1.5 /spl mu/m with an axial resolution of 2.5 /spl mu/m at 1.3 /spl mu/m center wavelength. In this paper we demonstrate an extension of this method to broadband spectroscopically resolved OCT imaging.
Determination of class and subclass of mouse monoclonal antibody by ELISA

Characterization of monoclonal antibody molecules is important to provide the information necessary to make appropriate choices in antibody purification and use. This report describes a frequent first step characterization of antibody molecules: determination of immunoglobulin class and subclass by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.
Identification of lactate kinetics system during exercise

The relationship between blood lactate concentration (LA) and oxygen uptake (VO 2 ) during incremental exercise remains controversial: Does LA increase continuously as a function of VO 2 or does it begin to increase above a particular threshold? These competing models are investigated here. In this work, a time series model of LA-VO 2 kinetics, with work rate as input and VO 2 and LA as outputs, was fitted to published data. The time course of the estimated model parameters suggests an alternative to the continuous and threshold models. Two major transitions were found to occur at intensity levels equivalent to 53 ± 8 % VO 2 max and 77 ± 9 % VO 2 max. Thus, the metabolic rate domain is divided into three main regions, each with distinct dynamics.
Implicit perception of affective information

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to demonstrate the implicit perception of nonverbal affective information. In the first experiment, subjects saw slides of a novel cartoon character paired with slides of faces expressing either joy or disgust over a series of learning trials. Face slides were presented immediately prior to the cartoon slides and were rendered undetectable in a metacontrast procedure. In a speeded discrimination task, subjects identified previously seen cartoon characters faster as such if those stimuli were paired with undetected slides of faces that expressed the same (compared to different) emotion as that expressed by faces paired with the cartoons during learning. In a second experiment, subjects formed an impression of a cartoon character that was paired with undetected slides of faces expressing joy, disgust, or a neutral expression. Subjects in the disgust condition endorsed more negative traits as descriptive of the cartoon and saw the cartoon as more similar to the typical member of negative social categories than did subjects in the joy condition. Taken together these findings provide some evidence for the implicit perception of nonverbal affective information. The possible role of undetected affective information in social perception is discussed.
Intermittent, continuous outpatient dobutamine infusion in the management of congestive heart failure

The use of outpatient dobutamine infusions by a small, portable infusion pump in 3 patients with intractable congestive heart failure (CHF) is described. With this therapy left ventricular function improved and CHF resolved in each. Tolerance to dobutamine was obviated by giving infusions twice weekly. Except for 3 mild infections around the catheter exit site, there have been no complications of this therapy is 58 cumulative patient weeks.
Transcriptional Regulation of Autonomic Neuron Development

1.1 Transcriptional Regulation of Autonomic Neuron Development M.J. Howard, J. Lei, S. Lin (Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo Health Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA) The autonomic nervous system is derived from the neural crest, a transient embryonic progenitor population of stem-like cells. Neural crest cells give rise to a diverse array of approximately 23 derivatives including bone, melanocytes and neurons. This cellular diversity led us to ask what mechanisms, both cell extrinsic and intrinsic, might contribute to fate determination, phenotype selection and cell typespecific gene expression. We identified the basic helix-loop-helix DNA binding protein Hand2 as a transcriptional regulator with essential functions for the development of sympathetic and enteric neurons with no apparent function for development of either parasympathetic or sensory neurons. For sympathetic ganglion neurons, Hand2 functions in a network of transcriptional regulators, which includes the homeodomain DNA binding protein Phox2b, the bHLH DNA binding protein Ascl1, the zinc-finger proteins Gata3 and INSM1. Hand2 controls expression of these other proteins and which together regulate differentiation and cell type-specific gene expression. Loss of Hand2 function is embryonic lethal due to lack of norepinephrine secreting neurons; Hand2 regulates cell proliferation, expression of β-tubulin, Hu, tyrosine hydroxylase and function of dopamine-β-hydroxylase, linking neurogenesis and cell type-specific gene expression of sympathetic ganglion neurons. Interestingly, in the enteric nervous system, in addition to regulating proliferation of neural crest-derived enteric neural precursors, Hand2 regulates expression of a subset of neurotransmitters/neuromodulators as well as overall pattering of the enteric nervous system. We have identified Hand2 target genes that mediate a number of Hand2 functions in both the sympathetic and enteric nervous systems. In total, these results suggest that Hand2 is a multifunctional transcriptional regulator essential for aspects of sympathetic and enteric neuron development. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2013.05.011
Implementing Actuated Signal-Controlled Intersection Capacity Analysis with Pedestrians

For an actuated signalized intersection, pedestrian calls are likely to affect the effective greens serving the vehicle movements, which affect the capacity and delay of the intersection. However, the current procedure in the Highway Capacity Manual 2000 (HCM) for analyzing actuated signalized intersections treats pedestrian crossing and timing statically, with either pedestrian calls at all signal cycles or no pedestrians at all. In reality, pedestrian arrivals are random events with some cycles having more pedestrians than others and other cycles having no pedestrian call at all. This paper demonstrates that the current procedure can lead to erroneous results in capacity and delay estimations. A model is introduced to overcome the shortcomings in the current procedure. The model takes into account the stochastic nature of pedestrian crossings and their effects. The model computes the probability of having pedestrian calls in a cycle and the corresponding capacities and delays for traffic movements. An i...
Collisional spectroscopy between 1 K and 1000 K

By use of techniques which we have developed over the past few years, it is now possible to experimentally measure pressure broadening parameters over a three decade range of temperature, including the very low temperature regime in which most spectroscopically active gasses have vanishingly small vapor pressures. As a result, collisional processes can be considered in a manner analogous, albeit at a lower resolution, to that of the more familiar energy level spectroscopy.
Neuroimaging correlates of anxiety after pediatric traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Background Anxiety disorders are common after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Data on the neural correlates of these conditions are lacking. This study examines the relationship between brain damage, particularly to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and temporal lobe, and anxiety symptoms and disorders. Methods Ninety-five children and adolescents were followed for one year postinjury. Preinjury and one-year postinjury anxiety status were obtained from the parent. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed to evaluate brain lesions. The primary analysis used regression models to determine relationships between brain lesions and anxiety outcomes. As a secondary analysis, previously reported posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) data were reanalyzed using similar methods for purposes of comparison. Results The primary analysis showed that greater volume and number of OFC lesions correlated with decreased risk for anxiety, whereas lesions in other brain areas did not correlate with anxiety. Consistent with prior data, the secondary analysis showed an inverse correlation between OFC damage and PTSD; temporal lobe damage was positively correlated with PTSD. Conclusions After pediatric TBI, greater damage to the OFC is associated with decreased risk for anxiety outcomes. Similar to adult data, these findings implicate OFC dysfunction in childhood anxiety. Temporal lobe damage did not correlate with anxiety, in contrast to the findings for PTSD.
Theoretical insights into the interaction mechanism between proteins and SWCNTs: adsorptions of tripeptides GXG on SWCNTs.

Adsorptions of nine tripeptides GXG, ranging from negatively (D) and positively (K) charged, to hydrophilic (N and S), and to hydrophobic (G, V, F, W, and Y) residues, on the two cluster models (C54H18 and C54) of (10,0) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are systemically investigated with the MPWB1K and MP2 methods. The solvent effects are taken into account with the implicit CPCM model. The objective is to provide novel insights into the interaction mechanism between proteins and SWCNTs. Results reveal that the adsorption strength of two charged tripeptides is greatly affected by the solvent effect and the hydrogen saturability of the SWCNT models. In the gas phase, on the surface of C54H18, GKG has the strongest adsorption (adsorption energy (AE): −29.3 kcal/mol at the MP2 level), whereas the adsorption of the negatively charged GDG is the strongest on C54 (AE: −30.4 kcal/mol with MP2). However, because of strong solvation, the adsorptions of the charged residues (D and K) on both C54H18 and C54 s...
Multiplanar CT and MRI of Collections in the Retropharyngeal Space: Is It an Abscess?

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to describe a practical imaging approach to evaluating collections in the retropharyngeal space.CONCLUSION. The differential diagnoses for fluid in the retropharyngeal space include both noninfectious and infectious processes. The multiplanar capabilities of CT and MRI are ideal for characterizing and delineating collections. In this pictorial essay, we describe the anatomy of the retropharyngeal space and offer a four-step approach to evaluating retropharyngeal collections on multiplanar imaging.
Magnetic Resonance assessment of inversion ankle injuries in children

A cohort of ten children with X-ray negative inversion ankle injuries were studied using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. The images obtained were scored on six pathological criteria. Despite all ten having normal plain radiographs, 50 per cent were found to have direct evidence of growth plate injury. Seventy per cent of the cohort had periosteal elevation including all those with evidence of growth plate injury. This study supports previous work which suggested that children with 'X-ray' negative acute inversion ankle injuries who exhibited the clinical signs of injury to their lower fibular growth plate most probably have an undisplaced Salter-Harris Type 1 fracture of this structure, despite normal radiographs.
Understanding the observed decreasing specific activity value in the series: aryl iodide, aryl bromide, aryl chloride during palladium catalyzed tritium dehalogenations

The factors involved in the commonly observed decreasing specific activity value for the series aromatic iodide, aromatic bromide and aromatic chloride during palladium catalyzed tritium dehalogenations are explored.
Histone phosphorylation in synchronized mammalian cell cultures.

Abstract Synchronized cultures of mammalian cells were labeled with inorganic radiophosphorus ( 32 P). Incorporation of label into histone fractions as alkali-labile 32 P-phosphate was followed through the cell cycle from late G 1 , through S and G 2 , into early M. No evidence was obtained for the incorporation of phosphorus into histone fractions F2a or F3. The phosphorus content of histone fraction F1 rose steadily during this period, with no evidence of dephosphorylation, while the phosphorus content of histone fraction F2b rose to a maximal value in mid-S and declined rapidly thereafter. Evidence is presented for differential phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of specific histone fractions. The significance of these observations is discussed.
Asymptotic properties of kernel density estimation with complex survey data

Abstract Kernel density estimation has been used with great success with data that may be assumed to be generated from independent and identically distributed (iid) random variables. The methods and theoretical results for iid data, however, do not directly apply to data from stratified multistage samples. We present finite-sample and asymptotic properties of a modified density estimator introduced in Buskirk (Proceedings of the Survey Research Methods Section, American Statistical Association (1998), pp. 799–801) and Bellhouse and Stafford (Statist. Sin. 9 (1999) 407–424); this estimator incorporates both the sampling weights and the kernel weights. We present regularity conditions which lead the sample estimator to be consistent and asymptotically normal under various modes of inference used with sample survey data. We also introduce a superpopulation structure for model-based inference that allows the population model to reflect naturally occurring clustering. The estimator, and confidence bands derived from the sampling design, are illustrated using data from the US National Crime Victimization Survey and the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Equal fan-out optical interconnects using DuPont photopolymer films

In this paper, concerning with the practical applications of substrate guided wave optical interconnects, one-to-many surface-normal fanout devices with equalized fanout energy distribution are addressed and then demonstrated. DuPont photopolymer film HRF-600X001-20 is used in our experiment. The optimum recording beam intensity is investigated for obtaining large dynamic region of diffraction efficiency versus exposure dosage. Based on the experimental diffraction efficiency curve, 1-to-5 and 1-to-9 surface- normal fanout devices are fabricated operating at a wavelength of 850 nm. Output energy fluctuations of +/- 4 percent and +/- 10 percent are obtained for the two devices.
Early events in HSV keratitis—setting the stage for a blinding disease

The last decade has seen herpes simplex virus (HSV)-induced stromal keratitis (SK) research shift from being a topic only of interest to vision researchers to one that fascinates the general field of inflammatory disease. Studies on experimental mouse lesions have uncovered several fundamental processes that explain lesion development. In this model, the chronic immuno-inflammatory lesions are mainly orchestrated by CD4+ T cells, but multiple early events occur that set the stage for the subsequent pathology. These include virus replication, the production of key cytokines and chemokines, neovascularization of the avascular cornea and the influx of certain inflammatory cell types. Many of these early events are subject to modulation, providing an approach to controlling this important cause of human blindness. We also comment on events ongoing during chronic SK, debating whether or not these represent virus-induced or autoimmune lesions.
A community program to reward children's use of seat belts

This paper reports on a community-wide effort to increase elementary school children's use of seat belts. Twenty-five schools serving over 9,000 children participated in a program of rewards (stickers, bumper strips, and chances on pizza dinners) administered by parent-teacher organization volunteers. Comprehensive observations were made at three representative schools. Categorization of compliance with safety rules required all passengers to be buckled into safety devices before the children received the rewards. The rewards, on average across schools, increased compliance from baseline of 18.1% to 62.4% during the interventions. Withdrawal of the rewards resulted in a decrease to 49% compliance, but this rate remained above baseline. The involvement of community groups and institutions in this safety program is highlighted.
Phylogeny of the bee genus Lasioglossum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) based on mitochondrial COI sequence data

Summary The bee genus Lasioglossum Curtis is a model taxon for studying the evolutionary origins of and reversals in eusociality. This paper presents a phylogenetic analysis of Lasioglossum species and subgenera based on a data set consisting of 1240 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene for seventy-seven taxa (sixty-six ingroup and eleven outgroup taxa). Maximum parsimony was used to analyse the data set (using paup*4.0) by a variety of weighting methods, including equal weights, a priori weighting and a posteriori weighting. All methods yielded roughly congruent results. Michener’s Hemihalictus series was found to be monophyletic in all analyses but one, while his Lasioglossum series formed a basal, paraphyletic assemblage in all analyses but one. Chilalictus was consistently found to be a basal taxon of Lasioglossum sensu lato and Lasioglossum sensu stricto was found to be monophyletic. Within the Hemihalictus series, major lineages included Dialictus + Paralictus, the acarinate Evylaeus + Hemihalictus + Sudila and the carinate Evylaeus + Sphecodogastra. Relationships within the Hemihalictus series were highly stable to altered weighting schemes, while relationships among the basal subgenera in the Lasioglossum series (Lasioglossum s.s., Chilalictus, Parasphecodes and Ctenonomia) were unclear. The social parasite of Dialictus, Paralictus, is consistently and unambiguously placed well within Dialictus, thus rendering Dialictus paraphyletic. The implications of this for understanding the origins of social parasitism are discussed.
Natural pesticides and the evolution of food plants

Cyanogenesis, a naturally occurring pesticide, played an essential role in the origin of plant agriculture. When our ancestors were domesticating plants, they chose a disproportionate number of cyanogenic species.
Climate and U.S. elderly migration rates.

This study investigates the impact of climate on [U.S.] metropolitan elderly migration rates. Factor analysis is used to identify six factors within a set of forty climatic variables. These six factors along with eleven nonclimatic variables are used to predict elderly in- and outmigration rates. Metropolitan areas with mild winters and low average incomes are attractive to elderly inmigrants while those with high rents and clear dry summers are likely to lose older residents through outmigration. These findings are consistent with the life course model of mobility and with the distinction between conservative and innovating migrants. (EXCERPT)
Risks of Subsequent Hospitalization and Death in Patients with Kidney Disease

Summary Background and objectives Rates of hospitalization are known to be high in patients with kidney disease. However, ongoing risks of subsequent hospitalization and mortality are uncertain. The primary objective was to evaluate patients with kidney disease for long-term risks of subsequent hospitalization, including admissions resulting in death. Design, setting, participants, & measurements Patients hospitalized in Washington State between April of 2006 and December of 2008 who survived to discharge ( n =676,343) were classified by International Classification of Disease codes into CKD ( n =27,870), dialysis ( n =6131), kidney transplant ( n =1100), and reference ( n =641,242) cohorts. Cox proportional hazard models controlling for age, sex, payer, comorbidity, previous hospitalization, primary diagnosis category, and length of stay were conducted for time to event analyses. Results Compared with the reference cohort, risks for subsequent hospitalization were increased in the CKD (hazard ratio=1.20, 99% confidence interval=1.18–1.23, P P P P P P Conclusions Risks of subsequent hospitalization, including admission resulting in death, among patients with kidney disease were substantially increased in a large statewide population. Patients with kidney disease should be a focus of efforts to reduce hospitalizations and mortality.
Transport properties of permionTM membranes in concentrated alkaline solutions. I. Potassium hydroxide solution

Abstract The transport properties of two cation-exchange membranes, Permion 2291 40/100 and Permion 2291 40/20, are studied at 298 K in aqueous solutions of potassium hydroxide ranging from 1 M to 10 M. A newly designed electrochemical cell is used to determine the transference numbers, the electroosmotic number and the mass transfer coefficient. The counter-ion transference number and the electroosmotic number are found to decrease with an increase in the concentration. A linear relation between the co-ion transference number and the external concentration is derived and then utilized to calculate the internal concentrations of the different species involved. It is concluded that Permion 2291 40/100 is more selective toward the potassium ion than Permion 2291 40/20 and that the ratio of internal mobilities of the potassium ion and the hydroxyl ion remains constant over a wide range of concentrations. It is also observed that the selectivity of these membranes is adversely affected after treatment in a concentrated solution of KOH saturated with KMnO 4 .
Preventing unintentional injury: a review of behavior change theories for primary care.

Many injuries are preventable, and most have a behavioral component on their causal pathway. However, far more effective use of theory-based approaches to behavioral risk management is needed, which remains a challenge for practitioners. This review discusses theories and applications of behavioral change principles for use in primary care and community health settings. Injury-related behaviors cannot be separated from the environments in which they take place. Preventing unintentional injuries requires an understanding of patient knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, as well as community norms, that lead to injuries. In addition to the role clinicians have in counseling for lifestyle change to prevent injuries, reducing exposure of patients to hazardous products and environments, and fostering social and organizational change to improve public policy, legislation, and enforcement to prevent injuries are equally important. Challenges lie ahead in testing the applicability of these theories in primary care settings and in predicting and understanding injury-related behaviors of patients. Training more medical practitioners in the epidemiology of injury and the science of injury control is an urgent priority. Success will partly depend on how behavioral theories can be integrated into practice and adapted through clinical experience to benefit patients.
FALSE POSITIVE DIRECT COOMBS TESTS FOLLOWING TOTAL-BODY X-IRRADIATION OF MICE.

To test the hypothesis that natural tolerance to autoantigens may be destroyed by x rays, mice were irradiated with 400 or 500 r whole-body x-ray exposures on various dose schedules, and serial blood samples were examined with a direct Coombs test, looking for an auto-immunization to red blood-cell antigens. Appreciable fractions (25 to 86%) of the irradiated mice gave positive direct Coombs tests, but a small fraction (15%) of the unirradiated control mice also gave positive tests. Subsequent experiments showed that the positive tests were false, being due to reticulocytosis of phenylhydrazine and not to breakdown of natural tolerance. The probable reactions are discussed. (D.L.C.)
Reaction Chemistry of Solid-State Pyridine Thin Films with Vapor Deposited Ag, Mg, and Al

The reaction of pyridine in thin solid-state films with post-deposited Ag, Mg, and Al is investigated using surface Raman spectroscopy in ultrahigh vacuum. Vapor-deposited Ag forms metallic nanopar...
An Interdisciplinary Model of School Absenteeism in Youth to Inform Professional Practice and Public Policy

Problematic school absenteeism in youth has long been a complex and vexatious issue for psychologists, educators, and researchers from other disciplines. An examination of problematic school absenteeism from different perspectives over many decades has led to poor comparability across publications, policies, and assessment and intervention protocols. This article briefly reviews literature from psychology, social/criminal justice, and education to outline important factors that influence school absenteeism. An interdisciplinary model is then proposed with an emphasis on common terminology and definitions, comprehensiveness with respect to proximal and distal influences, fluidity and flexibility to account for rapid changes in this population, and user-friendliness to generate suggestions regarding assessment and intervention. Implications of the model are then drawn for professional practice and public policy, including recommendations for individual and systemic intervention at multiple levels of risk and severity.
The effect of the anticoagulant EDTA on oxygen uptake by bone-marrow cells.

Comparee a celle des cellules en serum, la reponse oxydative des cellules de moelle osseuse de rat dans une solution de tyrode est reduite. L'addition de disodium ethylenediaminetetracetatedihydrate (Na2EDTA) a la solution de tyrode abaissa davantage la consommation d'O2 des cellules de moelle osseuse. Cette reduction atteignit un niveau plus bas (p<0,05) a 15 min d'incubation et fut bien marquee (p<0,01) a 20, 25 et 30 min d'incubation.