cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cylindrical millimeter-wave imaging technique and applications

The wideband microwave or millimeter-wave cylindrical imaging technique has been developed at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) for several applications including concealed weapon detection and automated body measurement for apparel fitting. This technique forms a fully-focused, diffraction-limited, three-dimensional image of the person or imaging target by scanning an inward-directed vertical array around the person or imaging target. The array is switched electronically to sequence across the array at high-speed, so that a full 360 degree mechanical scan over the cylindrical aperture can occur in 2-10 seconds. Wideband, coherent reflection data from each antenna position are recorded in a computer and subsequently reconstructed using an FFT-based image reconstruction algorithm developed at PNNL. The cylindrical scanning configuration is designed to optimize the illumination of the target and minimize non-returns due to specular reflection of the illumination away from the array. In this paper, simulated modeling data are used to explore imaging issues that affect the cylindrical imaging technique. Physical optics scattering simulations are used to model realistic returns from curved surfaces to determine the extent to which specular reflection affects the signal return and subsequent image reconstruction from these surfaces. This is a particularly important issue for the body measurement application. Also, an artifact in the imaging technique, referred to as "circular convolution aliasing" is discussed including methods to reduce or eliminate it. Numerous simulated and laboratory measured imaging results are presented.
DIFFERENTIATION IN VITRO OF SEA URCHIN MICROMERES ON EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX IN THE ABSENCE OF SERUM

Previous investigations have demonstrated that differentiation in vitro of micromeres from sea urchin embryos requires the presence of serum. In this report we demonstrate that differentiation of micromeres, as judged by their ability to form spicules, will occur in the absence of serum if the cells are cultured on a reconstituted extracellular matrix prepared from Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) tumors. These results suggest that a permissive environment provided by the EHS matrix is sufficient to induce micromere differentiation and may allow the isolation and characterization of the active component.
Legitimized aggression and sexual coercion: Individual differences in cultural spillover

Correlations between aggressive attitudes and sexual coercion have consistently been found in numerous empirical studies across social science disciplines. Extrapolating from sociological research linking indices of legitimate aggression by state to statewide frequencies of rape, we have extended the investigation of legitimate aggression and coercive sexuality to the individual level. The specific purposes of this research were to index the breadth and level of endorsement of legitimized aggression at the individual level and to measure the association between such an index and coercive sexual behavior. These purposes were achieved across the course of three studies in which we created a new dispositional measure, the Proclivity for Legitimized Aggression Questionnaire (PLAQ), and replicated a sociocultural level correlation with coercive sexual behavior (Study 1); assessed the individual differences level construct validity of the PLAQ (Study 2); and tested whether endorsement of items on the PLAQ were related to content-relevant behaviors (Study 3). The PLAQ was internally consistent, modestly but significantly correlated with a measure of self-reported coercive sexual behavior, and characterized by promising construct validity. Aggr. Behav. 27:26–43, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Peritonsillitis: Evaluation of Current Therapy

• The records of 84 patients with peritonsillitis were reviewed. Only 19% (16) of the patients had a history of two or more notable episodes of pharyngitis. Six patients underwent an immediate tonsillectomy. The remainder of the patients was treated initially with drainage and parenteral antibiotics. Twenty-one patients underwent an interval tonsillectomy, and 57 patients had no further therapy. Of those patients who received no further therapy, 72% (41) of the patients had either one or no subsequent episodes of sore throat symptoms. Only one patient had recurrent peritonsillitis. Peritonsillitis may not necessarily be an indication for an interval tonsillectomy, and it can reasonably be managed by drainage and antibiotic therapy. ( Arch Otolaryngol 1981;107:283-286)
Student Initiative Drives Education at CHESS

Excitement fills the air as a group of young children piece together components to a motorized three-wheel car as part of a summer program offered to area youth. Students, released from the structure and expectations of the classroom during vacation, are diligently attending to the task at hand, focused on creating a final product that resembles the presented prototype. Madison, a fifth grader wearing glasses with lenses so scratched it is hard to see through them, struggles to connect her battery to the short leads of exposed wires soldered onto a hobby motor (Figure 1). “Can you help me?” she asks at multiple times throughout the afternoon. Her frustration, building through the session, is palpable as she finally whimpers, “It's not right!” After some reassuring words and a little redirection, Madison places her car on the floor and watches with delight as it races across the room, stopping only when it runs directly into the wall. “It worked!” she shrieks and runs across the room to fetch the damaged v...
Human regulatory T cells: role in autoimmune disease and therapeutic opportunities.

Abstract The importance of regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) in the control of autoimmunity is now well established in a variety of experimental animal models. In addition, there are numerous studies suggesting that Treg deficits may be an underlying cause of human autoimmune diseases. The emergence of Tregs as an essential component of immune homeostasis provides a potential therapeutic opportunity for active immune regulation and long-term tolerance induction. In this article, we summarize the core basic science and animal model studies of Tregs, review the status of multiple biologic and small molecule chemical compounds to promote Treg development in vivo, and discuss recent advances for the identification and expansion of polyclonal and antigen-specific Tregs for adoptive immunotherapy. In summary, the review provides an in-depth analysis and highlights the challenges and opportunities for immune intervention with Treg-based therapeutics.
Survival Comparison of Patients Undergoing Secondary Aortic Repair

Introduction. Infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair warrants lifelong surveillance. Secondary aortic intervention (SAI) outcomes may be affected by the therapeutic approach. We compared short- and long-term mortality in patients who underwent SAIs after initial aortic repair, either endovascular (EVAR) or open. Methods. Patients who underwent AAA repair between 1986 and 2010 were retrospectively identified in a vascular surgery database as well as those who underwent SAIs. All-cause mortality and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were calculated. Results. We identified 149 patients who underwent either open AAA repair or EVAR followed by open or endovascular SAI. Seventy-seven patients (51.7%) underwent initial EVAR while 72 patients (48.3%) underwent open repair. Sixty (78%) initial EVAR patients underwent secondary EVAR while 17 (22%) patients had an open SAI. Initial open repair patients were evenly distributed between EVAR and open SAIs. Compared to EVAR, patients who underwent initial open repair had longer intervals between primary aortic interventions (PAIs) and SAIs. Multivariable-adjusted all-cause mortality was significantly higher for patients who underwent initial open AAA repair followed by EVAR when compared to patients who underwent endovascular PAI and SAI. Conclusion. Long-term mortality in patients with infrarenal aortic aneurysms who require SAI may be improved by an EVAR-first algorithm.
In defense of the Wheatland Wobblies: A critical analysis of the IWW in California

(1978). In defense of the Wheatland Wobblies: A critical analysis of the IWW in California. Labor History: Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 485-509.
Effects of dextran sulfate, NaCl, and initial protein concentration on thermal stability of β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin at neutral pH

Abstract The effects of NaCl, dextran sulfate (DS), and initial protein concentration on thermal stability of β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) and α-lactalbumin (α-LA) at pH 6.8 were investigated. NaCl was the biggest factor in accelerating protein aggregation as shown by an increase in turbidity, molecular size, and a decrease in protein solubility. DS at low concentration showed a protective effect against aggregation. Evidence suggested some degree of interaction between β-LG and DS. At higher concentration, phase separation between biopolymers favored aggregation, which resulted in an increase in turbidity and a reduction in protein solubility.
Addressing muscle performance impairments in cerebral palsy: Implications for upper extremity resistance training

Abstract Study design Case study and literature review. Introduction Muscle performance consists of not only strength but also muscle power, rate of force development, and endurance. Therefore, resistance training programs should address not only the force-generating capacity of the muscle but also the ability to produce force quickly. Purpose To discuss the National Strength and Conditioning Association's resistance training guidelines for youth as specifically related to optimal dosing for muscle strength versus muscle power. Dosing parameters of frequency, volume, intensity, duration, and velocity are discussed independently for strength and power. Methods We describe how resistance training principles can be applied to the upper extremity in CP through a case study. The case describes an individual with spastic CP, who has a severe motor disability and is non-ambulatory, but has been able to perform resistance training focused on speed, power, and strength. Discussion Recommendations to optimize the dosing of this individual's resistance training program are made.
Resistance of Serratia marcescens to Hydrogen Peroxide

Irradiation with ultraviolet (u.v.) light (71 J/m2) reduced the viable count of suspenrsions of Serratia marcescens, grown in a glycerol-salts defined medium, to five in 104 cells. Subsequent incubation of irradiated cells in hydrogen peroxide failed to decrease the survivors, but u.v. irradiation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide reduced the viable count to fewer than two in 106 cells. Cells grown in defined medium with added iron had more measurable catalase activity and were more resistant to hydrogen peroxide alone and to simultaneous treatment with u.v. irradiation and hydrogen peroxide. Cells grown in a non-defined medium contained little iron and measurable catalase activity but were more resistant to hydrogen peroxide. Treatment with toluene, heat killing or sonication increased the catalase activity detected in all cell suspensions and showed that resistance to hydrogen peroxide and to u.v. irradiation in hydrogen peroxide was related to the total catalase activity within cells.
One hundred years research on supercooling and superheating

Supercooling before crystallization is well known for over 300 years and has been linked to the need of crystal nucleation. The nucleation is then followed by crystal growth, which usually quickens with increasing supercooling, goes through a maximum, and finally decreases again as the molecular mobility decreases when approaching the glass transition temperature. Superheating, in contrast, is less common. Very often melting is sufficiently fast so that its rate is determined by the conduction of the heat of fusion into the crystal, i.e., on heating, the temperature does not rise above the melting temperature until the end of the transition. Some 100 years ago, superheating was first studied. It was observed that nucleation of the mobile phase usually does not slow down the melting. Only slow melting leads to superheating. The molecular mobility increases with temperature and reduces at higher temperatures the chance of superheating. Both, supercooling and superheating are discussed on hand of theories developed for simple motifs. The results are then expanded to semicrystalline polymers which represent an arrested, metastable system with locally reversible subsystems. The macromolecules may bridge between crystal and fluid phases at points of decoupling and transfer stresses across the phase boundary. This can develop more viscous environments around the crystals. A more viscous environment, in turn, slows phase transitions, as does the need of specific conformations for the transition. Order in the amorphous phase, in contrast, increases the equilibrium phase transition, not necessarily the superheating.
Bilateral lesions of suprachiasmatic nuclei affect circadian rhythms in [3H]-thymidine incorporation into deoxyribonucleic acid in mouse intestinal tract, mitotic index of corneal epithelium, and serum corticosterone.

Investigations into the role of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in the coordination of circadian rhythms have presented differing results. Several reports have shown that ablation of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCNA) alters the phase and amplitude of rhythms but does not abolish them. The present study investigates the effect of SCNA on the rhythms in cell proliferation in various regions of the intestinal tract as measured by the incorporation of (/sup 3/H)-thymidine into deoxyribonucleic acid, in the mitotic activity of the corneal epithelium, and in serum corticosterone levels. The study involved mice with verified lesions of the SCN (six to 13 mice per time point) and control groups of both sham-operated and unoperated mice (seven of each per time point). The mice were killed in groups that represented seven time points over a single 24 hr span (3 hr intervals with the 0800 hr sampled both at start and end of the series). The tissues examined were the tongue, esophagus, gastric stomach, and colon for DNA synthesis, the corneal epithelium for mitotic index, and blood serum for corticosterone level. The most consistent result of SCNA was a phase advance in the rhythms in cell proliferation in the tongue, esophagus, gastric stomach,more » colon, and corneal epithelium. A reduction in rhythm amplitude occurred in the tongue, esophagus, and corneal epithelium; however, there was an amplitude increase for the stomach, colon, and serum corticosterone. The mesor (rhythm-adjusted mean) was increased by SCNA in all tissues except the corneal epithelium. These findings further support the role of the suprachiasmatic nuclear area in the control of rhythms in cell proliferation and corticosterone production, by acting as a ''phase-resetter'' and as a modulator of rhythm amplitude.« less
Switch-of-Function Mutants Based on Morphology Classification of Ras Superfamily Small GTPases

Signaling proteins from the same family can have markedly different roles in a given cellular context. Here, we show that expression of one hundred constitutively active human small GTPases induced cell morphologies that fell into nine distinct classes. We developed an algorithm for pairs of classes that predicted amino acid positions that can be exchanged to create mutants with switched functionality. The algorithm was validated by creating switch-of-function mutants for Rac1, CDC42, H-Ras, RalA, Rap2B, and R-Ras3. Contrary to expectations, the relevant residues were mostly outside known interaction surfaces and were structurally far apart from each other. Our study shows that specificity in protein families can be explored by combining genome-wide experimental functional classification with the creation of switch-of-function mutants.
Serum free BG-1 cell proliferation assay: a sensitive method for determining organochlorine pesticide estrogen receptor activation at the nanomolar range.

Abstract Most xenobiotic estrogeniety assay methods rely on direct agonist action on the estrogen receptor (ER) to approximate activation potential. Such methods do have drawbacks since some ER activating pesticides are weak or non-agonistic in ligand-binding assays. This study discusses a method that detects pesticide estrogenic actions regardless of ER ligand binding ability. Using a serum-free BG-1 ovarian cell culture model, we investigated the ability of several organochlorine (OC) pesticides to stimulate known estrogenic actions. We observed concentration dependent ER mediated cell proliferation in BG-1 cells using heptachlor epoxide (HE), β-hexachlorohexane (β-HCH), and endosulfan (Endo). In addition, we observed upregulation of the ERE-dependent proteins progesterone receptor and PS2. Gel-shift/EMSA studies for ERE binding further supported these OC’s ERE activating abilities. All of these effects were abolished using ICI 164,384(ICI). Using the same culture conditions, we tested the blocking action of growth factor antibodies for erbB2(9G6) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-Ab) receptors and discovered they inhibited BG-1 proliferation (9G6: HE and β-HCH/ IGF-Ab: Endo.) This experiment confirms the existence of a possible cross-talk between ER and growth factor receptors in OC ligand-dependent activation and also validates this sensitive method for determining both ligand-dependent and independent estrogenic activity of selected pesticides.
Reticulated Nanoporous Polymers by Controlled Polymerization-Induced Microphase Separation

Materials with percolating mesopores are attractive for applications such as catalysis, nanotemplating, and separations. Polymeric frameworks are particularly appealing because the chemical composition and the surface chemistry are readily tunable. We report on the preparation of robust nanoporous polymers with percolating pores in the 4- to 8-nanometer range from a microphase-separated bicontinuous precursor. We combined polymerization-induced phase separation with in situ block polymer formation from a mixture of multifunctional monomers and a chemically etchable polymer containing a terminal chain transfer agent. This marriage results in microphase separation of the mixture into continuous domains of the etchable polymer and the emergent cross-linked polymer. Precise control over pore size distribution and mechanical integrity renders these materials particularly suited for various advanced applications.
Optical parametric amplification for detection of weak optical signals

Laser communication and optical remote sensing systems often require a highly sensitive detection scheme to measure extremely weak optical signals. This is particularly true for a receiver designed for a deep space optical communication link. The conventional direct detection scheme is sensitive to receiver noise and detector quantum efficiency while heterodyne detection requires complex wavefront matching and a highly stable local oscillator. This paper considers a direct detection scheme where the optical signal is amplified by an optical parametric amplifier prior to photodetection. It is shown through analysis and simulation that such a scheme can outperform the direct detection receiver when the gain of the amplifier is large and the detector quantum efficiency falls below a certain value. A method to calculate the value of quantum efficiency below which the preamplifier is useful is presented. Performance comparisons are carried out between direct detection schemes with and without preamplifier. Conditions under which the optical parametric amplifier results in an improvement of the performance of the receiver are pointed out.
Presidential address. Flavor buds and other delights.

Like the addresses of Lillian Mayberry (1996) on intentional infections for scientific purposes and of Larry Roberts on ‘‘science literacy’’ and pseudoscience in parasitology (1999), I picked 1 that may interest a broad spectrum of scientists. I hope the presentation will allow you all to appreciate another view of parasites and parasitic infections, a view that might be approached differently by a squeamish nonparasitologist. Of the parasites that infect humans and other animals, a large percentage is acquired orally through the diet or by accident. Most of these parasites are embedded in the tissues of the dietary items and are not seen by the consumer. This address focuses on intentionally eaten parasites and not on the infected tissue or the parasites acquired incidentally. Some of the examples involve parasites that are not eaten or acquired incidentally, but they allow the reader to understand aspects of infections or perceptions of the people involved with the activities. Humans recognize that some of these parasites, whether eaten or not, may infect them. However, most of these parasites or the products containing these parasites are either cooked or otherwise treated so that either they are no longer infective or the decision to eat them results from a cost-benefit analysis. In other words, the benefits of one eating the parasite is weighed against the potential harm that he or she could experience. One might ask why someone would intentionally eat a parasite. There are several reasons, as you will see! Other parasites are not recognized as parasites by the consumer; so, in those cases, the risk is never realized. ACTIVITIES AND ORGANISMS Weight loss
Segmental homology and variation in flexor motoneurons of the crayfish abdomen.

In the crayfish abdomen the anterior five of six ganglia are serially homologous. The locations and sizes of motoneuron somata of the fast and slow flexor systems have been determined by axonal infusion of cobalt. The somata form three clusters, distinguished by soma position in the ganglia and course of axons in the nerve cord. For the fast flexors, the anterior group shows the greatest departure from serial homology; it has one soma in the first ganglion (G1), three in G2 and G3, two in G4, and none in G5. The medial group contains the giant motoneuron, the peripheral inhibitor, and two smaller neurons in all five ganglia. The posterior group contains four somata in G1-G4 and three in G5. The slow flexor motoneuron somata cluster into the same three groups. Intersegmental variations in soma size and in volume of muscle innervated are positively correlated for the giant motoneuron and for the peripheral inhibitors of both fast and slow flexor muscles. Corresponding clusters of neuropilar branches of the fast flexor peripheral inhibitor can be recognized in each of the anterior five abdominal ganglia of Procambarus. Inhibitors in G1-G5 occupy roughly corresponding positions with respect to the dorsal giant interneurons and receive similar inputs. Ganglia of the crayfish abdomen were compared by using the positions of serially homologous somata to define a mapping from each ganglion onto G2. The mappings support the conventional view that G2, G3, and G4 are typical abdominal ganglia, while G1 and G5 show special end effects. Groups of flexor motoneurons homologous to the three groups in crayfish, and to some extent homologous neurons, can be recognized in ganglia of other decapod crustacea. Groups of motoneurons that are strikingly similar to the groups in decapod crustacea appear in several orders of insects. The groups in crustacea and insects may be homologous, and corresponding groups may exist widely within the Articulata. These apparent intersegmental and interspecific homologies suggest homology of large-scale features of ganglionic organization.
A converse to Lebesgue's dominated convergence theorem

Let (X, B, m) be a measure space and let f(x) be a real-valued or complex-valued measurable function on X. A non-negative measurable function s(x) will be said to dominate f(x) provided |f(x)| ≦ s(x) for almost all x in X. The function s(x) will be said to dominate the sequence {f(x)}n∈N, N = {1, 2,…}, provided it dominates each fn(x) in the sequence. Unless otherwise specified, each integral will be over X with respect to m.
The Effect of Nipple Height on Broiler Performance

Two trials, using a total of 3,200 male broil- ers, were conducted to compare the effects of a trough drinker versus three different heights on a nipple drinker system on body weight gain and feed:gain. The broilers were housed in temperature-controlled litter pens at 25 or 30 C. An 8-ft open trough was used. The nipple drinker heights were adjusted as 1) low (no neck stretch and drink from the side of the beak), 2) medium (stretch neck and drink from the end of the beak), and 3) high (first elevate breast, then stretch neck and drink from the end of the
Multiple introductions of two invasive Centaurea taxa inferred from cpDNA haplotypes

Knowing the origin of invasive taxa, whether multiple introductions have occurred, and levels of genetic variation relative to the native range, is vital to conducting rigorous tests of hypotheses to explain biological invasions. We explore phylogeographical relationships of two Eurasian knapweed taxa that are invasive in North America, Centaurea diffusa and C. stoebe micranthos (Asteraceae), using chloroplast DNA intron sequences. We also gathered data from C. stoebe stoebe, hybrids between C. diffusa and C. stoebe stoebe (C. xpsammogena), and three other species in the genus. We sequenced 213 individuals from Eurasia and North America, and found 22 haplotypes. Centaurea diffusa has lower haplotype diversity and allelic richness in the introduced range relative to the native range. Even with reduced variation, the data suggest at least two introductions of C. diffusa. There is a trend towards reduced variation in C. stoebe micranthos, but it is not significant. One of the haplotypes found in North American C. stoebe micranthos matches a haplotype from a taxon other than C. stoebe micranthos in Europe. This suggests introgression of the chloroplast between taxa, or possibly the invasion of another Centaurea taxon into North America. Additionally, C. diffusa, C. stoebe micranthos, and C. stoebe stoebe share several haplotypes, including their most common haplotype. This suggests ongoing hybridization between the species or incomplete segregation. These data can guide further exploration for the origins of these species, and point out locations within the introduced range with unique and diverse genetic makeup.
Population-Based Study of Symptomatic Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion Incidence and Long-Term Follow-Up

Background and Purpose— Internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion is an important cause of transient ischemic attack (TIA) and cerebral infarction. There are no previous population-based natural history studies evaluating outcome after symptomatic ICA occlusion (SICAO). Methods— We performed a retrospective, population-based study of SICAO. All Olmsted County (Minnesota) residents with possible SICAO from 1986 to 2000 were identified by cross-referencing appropriate clinical and imaging codes. Inclusion criteria were cerebral infarction or TIA in a carotid distribution and imaging documentation of ipsilateral ICA occlusion <3 months after the index event. Kaplan–Meier estimates were used to calculate the risk of cerebral infarction, myocardial infarction, and death after SICAO. Results— Seventy-five patients qualified. Annual SICAO incidence was 6 per 100 000 persons (age and gender adjusted to the 2000 US white population). Risk of cerebral infarction during follow-up was 8% at 30 days, 10% at 1 year, and ...
A logic synthesis system based on global dynamic extraction and flexible cost

An efficient algorithm for a logic synthesis system based on global dynamic extraction and flexible cost (GDEF) is described. The GDEF is designed to find the best common subexpression and to update the value of the other common subexpressions dynamically. The GDEF feedbacks approximate layout area obtained through an area-estimation program to guide the logic synthesis process. In this approach, the cost function is dependent on both literal count and estimated area. >
Leaving the street alone: Contesting street manhood as a gender project

This study examines the gender project at an after-school program for low-income black boys in which officials and workers contested street manhood as a legitimate form of masculinity. Acting street involves establishing respect and status through physical intimidation, usually when race- or class-disadvantaged boys lack other resources. For programmers and direct-care workers concerned about boys' well-being, changing the definition of manhood potentially offered boys freedom from harm and a route to success. This study analyzes the life-skills programs designed to promote alternatives to acting street. It finds that while trying to protect boys from race- and class-based injury, these programs reinforced male entitlement to authority, status, and freedom from scrutiny by legitimizing rationality, responsibility, achievement, and traditional male roles. Furthermore, workers who implemented the programs often reinforced boys' gender privilege even when they undercut the definition of manhood inherent in t...
The effect of deep trench isolation, trench isolation and sub-collector doping on the electrostatic discharge (ESD) robustness of radio frequency (RF) ESD STI-bound P+/N-well diodes in BiCMOS silicon germanium technology

This paper demonstrates the independent and combined effect of deep trench (DT) isolation, trench isolation (TI), and sub-collector on shallow trench isolation (STI) -bound p+/n-well ESD diode structures in a 120 and 200 GHz fT BiCMOS Silicon Germanium technology.
Heterogeneous and autonomous transaction processing

The problems specific to heterogeneous and autonomous transactions processing (HATP) systems are discussed. HATP is divided into three dimensions: distribution, heterogeneity, and autonomy. The authors regard the three dimensions as independent, and they present concrete design and implementation techniques to support this view. >
First‐generation issues: Learning outcomes of the dismissal testimonial for academically dismissed students in the arts & sciences

The authors found that the experience of academic dismissal for first-generation college students (FGS) differs from that of non-FGS in that the FGS cited wrong course choices, inability to examine personal strengths and weaknesses, and not seeking academic help as reasons for dismissal. FGS who appealed the institution's dismissal decision indicated that if permitted to re-enroll, they would become more involved in campus and seek faculty contact; these behaviors, the authors suggest, are crucial for the students' academic success.
Crack Propagation Method for Measuring Grain Boundary Energies in Brittle Materials

A cleavage technique was used to measure the surface free energy and the grain boundary energy for twist boundaries of varying twist angles in potassium chloride. The results for the surface energy and its temperature dependence are in good agreement with theory and experiment. Based in part on this agreement and the measured misfit orientation dependence, the grain boundary energy values obtained are concluded to be reasonable.
Prophylactic Oophorectomy: Reducing the U.S. Death Rate from Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. A Continuing Debate.

The Oncologist 1996;1:326-330 Correspondence: M. Steven Piver, M.D., Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Gilda Radner Familial Ovarian Cancer Registry, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA. Telephone: 716-845-3110; Fax: 716-845-7608. Received August 1, 1996; accepted for publication August 27, 1996. ©AlphaMed Press 1083-7159/96/$5.00/0 If instead of the title “Prophylactic Oophorectomy: Reducing the U.S. Death Rate from Epithelial Ovarian Cancer,” the title were “Drug X Reducing the U.S. Death Rate from Epithelial Ovarian Cancer,” there would be great media and medical attention worldwide to such a report. Correctly so. Regrettably, there probably is no new Drug X in the foreseeable future that will significantly reduce the death rate from ovarian cancer, be it Taxol®, taxotere, topotecan, gemcitabine, or liposomal doxorubicin—although each may result in significant responses and some prolongation of median survival. Epithelial ovarian cancer is a much more complex disease than anyone envisioned, when it was believed that extensive debulking surgery and the newest cytotoxic chemotherapy would radically reduce the death rate from ovarian cancer in the United States. Over 20 years after the first patient was treated with cisplatin for epithelial ovarian cancer, the annual death rate from ovarian cancer continued to increase. Just in the past decade, the number of women in the United States dying from ovarian cancer has increased 18% (Fig. 1) [1]. Although ovarian cancer is estimated to account for 26,700 cases and 14,800 deaths in 1996, it is a low-prevalence disease in comparison with breast cancer, which in 1996 is estimated to account for 185,700 cases and 44,560 deaths. Inexplicably, similar to breast cancer, the lifetime risk for ovarian cancer in the United States continues to increase. The most recent Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) calculations of lifetime risk for ovarian cancer are that 1 in 55 women will develop ovarian cancer over their lifetime, or 1.8%, up from the 1970 figures of 1 in 70, or 1.4% [2]. The 1.8% baseline lifetime risk for the general population is used to estimate the lifetime risk of known ovarian cancer risk factors (Table 1). Even utilizing what are now believed to be two of the most effective cytotoxic drugs against stage III and IV epithelial ovarian cancer, Taxol® and cisplatin, researchers reported that this resulted in an increase in the median disease-free survival of only five months, as compared with those women allocated to receive cisplatin and cyclophosphamide (median diseasefree survival of 18 and 12.9 months, respectively), felt then to be the standard therapy [3]. Patients treated with Taxol® and cisplatin survived a median of 14 months longer than those
Suffrage in San Juan: The Test of Women’s Rights in Argentina

The 1927 reform of the Constitution of San Juan province, Argentina, contained a variety of innovative reforms that set a precedent for later national events. Of these, one of the most unusual was the provision for female participation in provincial elections. The authorisation of this right, which preceded the national suffrage law by twenty years, came about as a consequence of local and national circumstances. The fundamental conditions for suffrage had taken root in Argentina prior to 1927, but for suffrage to become a reality, a government had to be in place that could take advantage of an influx of new voters.
Coalescence, evaporation and particle deposition of consecutively printed colloidal drops

The particle deposition dynamics of two consecutively printed evaporating colloidal drops is examined using a fluorescence microscope and a synchronized side-view camera. The results show that the relaxation time of the water–air interface of the merged drop is shorter than that of a single drop impacting on a dry surface. It is also found that both morphology and particle distribution uniformity of the deposit change significantly with varying jetting delay and spatial spacing between two drops. As the drop spacing increases while keeping jetting delay constant, the circularity of the coalesced drop reduces. For the regime where the time scale for drop evaporation is comparable with the relaxation time scale for two drops to completely coalesce, the capillary flow induced by the local curvature variation of the air–water interface redistributes particles inside a merged drop, causing suppression of the coffee-ring effect for the case of a high jetting frequency while resulting in a region of particle accumulation in the middle of the merged drop at a low jetting frequency. By tuning the interplay of wetting, evaporation, capillary relaxation, and particle assembly, the deposition morphology of consecutively printed colloidal drops can hence be controlled.
Reversible phase variation of expression of Neisseria meningitidis class 5 outer membrane proteins and their relationship to gonococcal proteins II.

Neisseria meningitidis class 5 proteins are major outer membrane proteins that share many properties with the proteins II (P.II) of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. We generated two bactericidal monoclonal antibodies, each of which bound specifically to one of the two identified class 5 proteins produced by N. meningitidis FAM18. The monoclonal antibodies also bound to class 5 proteins of a limited number of other meningococcal strains. Using the bactericidal activity of the monoclonal antibodies, we demonstrated that expression of both class 5 proteins was subject to reversible phase variation in vitro. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of a purified class 5 protein revealed striking similarity to the N-terminal amino acid sequence of gonococcal P.II proteins. Using a cloned class 5 gene, we identified three potential class 5 gene loci in N. meningitidis FAM18. These class 5 sequences also had homology with gonococcal P.II gene sequences and contained the CTCTT repeat sequence believed to be important in the regulation of gonococcal P.II expression.
AFRL cryogenic technology development programs

This is an overview of the cryogenic refrigerator and cryogenic integration programs in development and characterization under the Cryogenic Technologies Group, Space Vehicles Directorate of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). The vision statement for the Air Force Research Laboratory Cryogenic Technologies Group is to support the space community as the center of excellence for developing and transitioning space cryogenic thermal management technologies. The primary customers for the AFRL cryogenic technology development programs are Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO), the USAF SBIRS (space based infrared) Low program office, and DoD space surveillance programs. This describes a variety of Stirling, pulse tube, Reverse Brayton, Joule-Thomson, and Sorption cycle cryocoolers currently under development to meet current and future Air Force and DoD requirements. The AFRL customer single stage cooling requirements at 10 K, 35 K, 60 K, 150 K, and multi-stage cooling requirements at 35/60 K are addressed. In order to meet these various requirements, the AFRL Cryogenic Technologies Group is pursuing various strategic cryocooler and cryogenic integration options. The Air Force Research Laboratory is also developing several advanced cryogenic integration technologies that will result in the reduction in current cryogenic system integration penalties and design time. These technologies include the continued development of the cryogenic systems integration model (CSIM), 60 K, and 100 K thermal storage units and heat pipes, cryogenic straps, thermal switches, and development of an integrated lightweight cryogenic bus (CRYOBUS).
Commentary: scaphoid fracture in an elite or professional baseball player.

ic s. co m A scaphoid fracture in a baseball player can affect hitting, throwing, and training. This injury usually results from a fall on the outstretched hand in a game, during practice, or when out and about. Although the pain is often too severe to permit hitting or throwing, the pain is more subtle at times and manifests as weakness with all baseball activities. One player had pain only while swinging in the batter’s box but not at the plate. Players also have pain when working out while doing any weight-bearing exercise and lifting free weights, particularly wrist curls. Once the athlete brings the discomfort to the attention of the medical staff, radiographs, computed tomographic (CT) scans, and, if obscure, magnetic resonance images are obtained. Recently, a player with a tender scaphoid, minimal pain with weight bearing, and normal radiography results was diagnosed using magnetic resonance imaging as having a nondisplaced but complete scaphoid waist fracture. Our general approach is to place a screw in the nondisplaced (or displaced) scaphoid fracture through a dorsal approach. Two to three days after surgery when off narcotics for 24 hours, general rehabilitation is begun with aerobic work and lower body strengthening. We prefer a really rigid splint (EXOS) or molded well-fitting orthoplast splint during the rehabilitation part of the postoperative care. This is removable and so gentle wrist and forearm range of motion can begin. If motion is too painful for the patient, then a short arm thumb spica cast is used until the patient is comfort-
A frequency-dependent finite-difference time-domain formulation for transient propagation in plasma

Previous FDTD (finite-difference time-domain) formulations were not capable of analyzing plasmas for two reasons. First, FDTD requires that at each time step the permittivity and conductivity be specified as constants that do not depend on frequency, while even for the simplest plasmas these parameters vary with frequency. Second, the permittivity of a plasma can be negative, which can cause terms in FDTD expressions to become singular. A novel FDTD formulation for frequency-dependent materials (FD)/sup 2/TD has been developed. It is shown that (FD)/sup 2/TD can be applied to compute transient propagation in plasma when the plasma can be characterized by a complex frequency-dependent permittivity. While the computational example presented is for a pulse normally incident on an isotropic plasma slab, the (FD)/sup 2/TD formulation is fully three-dimensional. It can accommodate arbitrary transient excitation, with the limitation that the excitation pulse must have no zero frequency energy component. Time-varying electron densities and/or collision frequencies could also be included. The formulation presented is for an isotropic plasma, but extension to anisotropic plasma should be fairly straightforward. >
Characterization of Grass Phytoliths for Archaeological Analysis

The word phytolith means “plant rocks.” Phytoliths are mineral deposits that form in and between plant cells. Any mineral deposit may be considered a phytolith, although most recent research has focused on opaline silica. Silica seems to be widespread in at least some plant families and is resistant to dissolution in a pH less than 9. Silica phytoliths therefore have the potential to be useful microfossils that can be helpful in the documentation of prehistoric environment and economy.Identifiable shapes rather than amorphous deposits are a necessary characteristic for useful microfossils. Several plant families have long been known to be consistent accumulators of identifiable silica bodies: Gramineae (grass), Cyperaceae (sedge), and Equisetaceae (horsetail). Phytoliths from the Gramineae are especially well known; specialized silica-accumulating cells produce distinctively shaped phytoliths. However, other families have also been shown to produce significant amounts of identifiable phytoliths. Ulmaceae (elm), Fabaceae (bean), Cucurbitaceae (squash), and Compositae (sunflower) are a few examples of dicotyledonous families that commonly produce phytoliths. Some families, such as the Labiatae (mint), have yielded little or no identifiable phytoliths to date. However, further study may indicate phytolith production in particular species.
Evaluation of ALE processes for patterning

The need for continued device scaling along with the increasing demand for high precision have lead to the development of atomic layer etch processes in semiconductor manufacturing. We have tested this new methodology with regard to patterning applications. While these new plasma-enhanced atomic layer etch (PE-ALE) processes show encouraging results, most patterning applications are best realized by optimizations through discharge chemistry and/or plasma parameters. While PE-ALE approaches seem to have limited success for trilayer patterning applications, significant improvements were obtained when applying them to small pitch. In particular the increased selectivity to OPL seems to offer a potential benefit for patterning high aspect ratio features.
The generalized Pillai equation ±rax±sby=c

Abstract In this paper we consider N , the number of solutions ( x , y , u , v ) to the equation ( − 1 ) u r a x + ( − 1 ) v s b y = c in positive integers x , y and integers u , v ∈ { 0 , 1 } , for given integers a > 1 , b > 1 , c > 0 , r > 0 and s > 0 . We show that N ⩽ 2 when gcd ( r a , s b ) = 1 , except for a finite number of cases that can be found in a finite number of steps. For arbitrary gcd ( r a , s b ) with ( u , v ) = ( 0 , 1 ) , we show that N ⩽ 3 with an infinite number of cases for which N = 3 .
From Venetian Visitor to Curial Humanist: The Development of Agostino Steuco's "Counter"--Reformation Thought

The study of Italian humanism in the age of the Reformation has focused almost exclusively on the relationship between humanism and the Italian Spirituali. This emphasis can be traced back to the many works of Delio Cantimori. Cantimori persistently argued that humanism, with its emphasis on scriptural studies, philology, and spiritual and ecclesiastical renewal promoted evangelical spirituality and church reform among Italians. He saw the Spirituali—many of whom were humanists—as pious, devout individuals caught between their own evangelical convictions and the traditions of a spiritually unsatisfying and morally corrupt ecclesiastical system. It was the dynamics of this spiritual crisis, fueled by the clash between evangelism and the doctrines of the church, that formed the basis of many of Cantimori's works on humanism and reform in Italy.
Diagnostic Value of Anal Sphincter Pressure Measurements

A method of recording pressures from the rectum and anal sphincters is described that has helped eliminate ambiguities in diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease, thereby facilitating definitive treatment. Rectal manometry is also helping to explain the mechanisms of continence and has provided a useful tool for differentiating whether smooth or striated muscle is primarily involved in a number of other disease states.
Federal Investments to Eliminate Racial/Ethnic Health-Care Disparities:

Health care is an important lever for moderating the effects of social determinants on health. We present a model that describes the relationships among social disadvantage, health-care disparities, and health disparities. Improving access to health care and enhancing patient-provider interaction are critical pathways for reducing disparities. Increasing the diversity of the public health and health-care workforces is an efficient strategy for reducing disparities because it impacts both access to care and patient-provider communication. Federal policy makers should continue interest in workforce diversity to optimize the health of all Americans.
Reframing resilience: Pilot evaluation of a program to promote resilience in marginalized older adults

ABSTRACTResilience has been described as a paradigm for aging that is more inclusive than models that focus on physiological and functional abilities. We evaluated a novel program, Resilient Aging, designed to influence marginalized older adults’ perceptions of their resilience, self-efficacy, and wellness. The multiweek group program incorporated an inductive definition of resilience based on group members’ lived experiences. Outcomes evaluation for this pilot study included pre/postassessments on resilience, self-efficacy, and six wellness variables. Twenty-nine participants completed the program. Pre/post-assessment indicated a statistically significant multivariate change across the eight outcome variables. Increases in resilience, physical wellness, and emotional wellness, and decreases in social wellness and intellectual wellness accounted for most of the multivariate change. Resilient Aging is a participant-centered and strengths-based program that has potential for enhancing participants’ percepti...