cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A cratering analysis for quantitative depth profiling by ion beam sputtering

Abstract The depth profiling of composition by sputtering with a stationary ion beam of non-uniform intensity is treated analytically. Attention is devoted to the situation where the experimental signal originates simultaneously from all or most of the sloping, sputtered crater, as in ion scattering spectrometry (ISS) or secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). As a result the signal itself does not relate directly to the composition at any specific depth in the specimen. Data processing formulas for various degrees of correction are presented, starting with a very simple result for the Gaussian intensity distribution. Simulated ISS outputs and processed data points are then illustrated for a number of selected composition profiles. An alternative use of the analysis to determine the radial intensity distribution in an ion beam is presented with experimental data supporting the Gaussian beam approximation as modified by the so-called clipping factor. Finally a practical stratagem is proposed for overcoming such extraneous problems as beam intensity transients, while determining the depth profiles of the elements in specimens of several components.
Siblings or 2nd Cousins-Once-Removed: A Relational Taxonomy for Practical Theology

This essay considers the sibling relationships between Applied Theology, Contextual Theology, Pastoral Theology, and Practical Theology. It concludes that applied theology had a relationship to practical theology as it emerged in eighteenth century Germany, but they cannot be considered synonymous today. Regarding contextual theology, it is suggested that while all practical theology need be contextual, all contextual theology is not practical theology. Finally, it considerss Pastoral Theology as an ambiguous term and designates a field rather than a discipline.
Differentiated party response: The effect of Euroskeptic public opinion on party positions

Do parties respond to voters’ preferences on European integration in elections to the European Parliament? In this article, we argue that political parties do respond to voters’ Euroskeptic attitud...
Error-resilient multiple description video coding for wireless transmission over multiple iridium channels

This paper presents an error-resilient wavelet-based multiple description video coding scheme for the transmission of video over wireless channels. The proposed video coding scheme has been implemented and successfully tested over the wireless Iridium satellite communication network. As a test bed for the develope dcodec, we also present an inverse multiplexing unit that simultaneously combines several Iridium channels to form an effective higher-rate channel, where the total bandwidth is directly proportional to the number of channels combined. The developed unit can be integrated into a variety of systems such as ISR sensors, aircraft, vehicles, ships, and end user terminals (EUTs), or can operate as a standalone device. The recombination of the multi-channel unit with our proposed multi-channel video codec facilitates global and on-the-move video communications without reliance on any terrestrial or airborne infrastructure whatsoever.
Pharmacoeconomics in Clinical Trials: Why Bother?

“Why bother with Pharmacoeconomics in Clinical Trials?” In examining the topic, historical and current research challenges, including generalizability of results, statistical power considerations, ...
Synthesis of 1,4,6-Trideoxy-1,4-imino-D-mannitol: a potent α-mannosidase inhibitor

Abstract The title trihydroxypyrrolidine 4, readily synthesized in one step from the naturally occurring sugar D-perosamine, is ten times more active than swainsonine as a competitive inhibitor of jackbean α-mannosidase.
Alcohol-induced epigenetic alterations to developmentally crucial genes regulating neural stemness and differentiation.

Background From studies using a diverse range of model organisms, we now acknowledge that epigenetic changes to chromatin structure provide a plausible link between environmental teratogens and alterations in gene expression leading to disease. Observations from a number of independent laboratories indicate that ethanol (EtOH) has the capacity to act as a powerful epigenetic disruptor and potentially derail the coordinated processes of cellular differentiation. In this study, we sought to examine whether primary neurospheres cultured under conditions maintaining stemness were susceptible to alcohol-induced alterations in the histone code. We focused our studies on trimethylated histone 3 lysine 4 and trimethylated histone 3 lysine 27, as these are 2 of the most prominent posttranslational histone modifications regulating stem cell maintenance and neural differentiation. Methods Primary neurosphere cultures were maintained under conditions promoting the stem cell state and treated with EtOH for 5 days. Control and EtOH-treated cellular extracts were examined using a combination of quantitative RT-PCR and chromatin immunoprecipitation techniques. Results We find that the regulatory regions of genes controlling both neural precursor cell identity and processes of differentiation exhibited significant declines in the enrichment of the chromatin marks examined. Despite these widespread changes in chromatin structure, only a small subset of genes including Dlx2, Fabp7, Nestin, Olig2, and Pax6 displayed EtOH-induced alterations in transcription. Unexpectedly, the majority of chromatin-modifying enzymes examined including members of the Polycomb Repressive Complex displayed minimal changes in expression and localization. Only transcripts encoding Dnmt1, Uhrf1, Ehmt1, Ash2 l, Wdr5, and Kdm1b exhibited significant differences. Conclusions Our results indicate that primary neurospheres maintained as stem cells in vitro are susceptible to alcohol-induced perturbation of the histone code and errors in the epigenetic program. These observations indicate that alterations to chromatin structure may represent a crucial component of alcohol teratogenesis and progress toward a better understanding of the developmental origins of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
A Management-Oriented Approach to Understanding Diversity among Largemouth Bass Anglers

Abstract We sent a mail survey to participants in a Texas sport fishery for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. Respondents were divided into two groups according to the specificity of responses to an open-ended mail survey question asking which species of fish they most preferred to target in Texas freshwaters. One group consisted of those who gave a general response (i.e., “bass”) and the other was those who gave a specific response (i.e., “black bass,” or “largemouth bass” or “bigmouth bass”). We found significant (P < 0.05) differences between these angler groups in fishing motives and attitudes, years of fishing experience, annual fishing frequency, and investment in fishing. Group differences were consistent with predictions based on the concept of recreation specialization and provide initial evidence that specificity of angler identification of species preferences is a managerially useful surrogate for general level of angler specialization. Additional work is necessary to verify these results ...
Procedural Justice and Affirmative Action

There is widespread agreement among both supporters and opponents that affirmative action either must not violate any principle of equal opportunity or procedural justice, or if it does, it may do so only given current extenuating circumstances. Many believe that affirmative action is morally problematic, only justified to the extent that it brings us closer to the time when we will no longer need it. In other words, those that support affirmative action believe it is acceptable in nonideal theory, but not ideal theory. This paper argues that affirmative action is entirely compatible with equal opportunity and procedural justice and would be even in an ideal world. I defend a new analysis of Rawlsian procedural justice according to which it is permissible to interfere in the outcomes of procedures, and thus I show that affirmative action is not morally problematic in the way that many have supposed.
Use of low carbohydrate, high protein diets in cats with diabetes mellitus

The goal of this randomized, double-blind study was to compare the effects of feeding a low carbohydrate, high protein diet versus a maintenance diet in a group of cats with diabetes mellitus treated with insulin glargine twice daily. All cats with naturally occurring diabetes mellitus not currently treated with insulin glargine or diabetogenic drugs or being fed a low carbohydrate, high protein diet were eligible for inclusion. Baseline testing included a physical examination, complete blood count, serum biochemistry profile, urinalysis and urine culture, serum thyroxine concentration, and serum fructosamine concentration. All cats were treated with insulin glargine (starting dose of 0.25 U/kg) twice daily. Insulin was adjusted as needed for glucose regulation. Cats were randomized to receive either a low carbohydrate, high protein diet or a feline maintenance diet. Re-evaluations were performed on all cats at weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 10, and included an assessment of clinical signs, physical examination, 12-h blood glucose curve, and serum fructosamine concentrations. Changes in continuous variables over the course of the study were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Ten cats have completed the study. There were no significant differences between diet groups at baseline for age, gender, weight, body condition score, serum glucose or fructosamine concentrations. Although there was not a significant difference over time in clinical signs, insulin doses, or peak or nadir glucose concentrations between diet groups, diet did have a significant effect on serum fructosamine concentrations (p = 0.01). Six of the 10 cats that have completed the study achieved complete remission by the end of the study period, with no statistical difference between diets. The study's results indicate that diet can have significant effects on glucose regulation in cats receiving insulin glargine for treatment of feline diabetes mellitus.
A Comparative Item Analysis Study of a Language Testing Instrument.

The goals of this study were threefold: (1) to provide a comparative analysis of five different item analysis indices using both IRT and non-IRT indices; (2) to describe the characteristics of flagged items; and (3) to investigate the appropriateness of logistic regression as an item analysis technique for further studies. The performance of five item analysis indices was examined in this study; p-value, point-biserial correlation, Rasch b parameter, Rasch χ2 fit and χ2 from the logistic regression model. A factor analysis indicated that the first factor was a difficulty factor and included the Rasch b and p-value indices, whereas the second factor represented the discrimination power of an item and consisted of the Rasch χ2 fit, χ2 from the logistic regression and the point-biserial correlation. There was a tendency for difficult items to exhibit more unusual response patterns. The χ 2 from the logistic regression fit was found to be an appropriate index when a researcher is attempting to detect items th...
A Focus on Safety: Meeting Notes From the 2010 ASA Annual Meeting

WITH MORE THAN 15,000 in attendance, ASA President, Dr Mark Warner, set the tone for the 2010 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) meeting held October 16-20, 2010 in San Diego, California, by commenting on the importance of focusing ASA’s efforts on patient safety during his term in office. ASA was founded in 1905 with the mission of being the voice for maintaining standards of the medical practice of anesthesiology and improvement of patient care. The ASA advocates for all patients who require anesthesia or relief from pain. ASA’s liaison to ASPAN is Dr Scott Groudine from Albany, New York. Dr Groudine has been a champion for ASPAN and PACU nurses for many years.
Predicting weed species occurrence based on site properties and previous year's weed presence

Probabilities of Setaria spp., Solanum ptycanthum, Helianthus annuus and Abutilon theophrasti occurrence were predicted based on two site property factors and weed species presence in a previous year using logistic regression models. Weed seedling surveys were conducted just prior to post-emergence weed management in two grower-managed fields in the central Platte River Valley of Nebraska, USA at Alda in 1995 and 1996 and at Shelton in 1994, 1995 and 1997. Weed species density data were re-classified as present or absent at each pair of points on the sampling grid, representing quadrat locations either in the pre-emergence herbicide band or between the crop rows. Site property data were collected in March 1995 at Alda and March 1994 at Shelton. Using factor analysis, two independent factors were derived from correlated attributes of relative elevation, percent organic carbon, pH, nitrate, phosphate, and soil texture measured at Alda. Logistic regression models were estimated and parameterized for each weed species at Alda in 1996 based on the two factors (“topography and soil type” and “soil fertility status”) and weed species presence in 1995. Performance of these models for each weed species was evaluated using the independent data set from Shelton. Between and on crop row Setaria spp. and Solanum ptycanthum models described these populations at Alda. At Shelton, on row Setaria spp. occurrence and between row Solanum ptycanthum occurrence were adequately predicted. Helianthus annuus or Abutilon theophrasti occurrence was not well predicted even with knowledge of their presence in the previous year, probably as a result of low actual occurrence within a given year. Maps of predicted occurrence have value in directing weed scouting to field locations where the species is most likely to occur.
Combinatorial Properties as Predictors for the Performance of the Sum-Product Algorithm

We examine various algebraic/combinatorial properties of Low-Density Parity-Check codes as predictors for the performance of the sum-product algorithm on the AWGN channel in the error floor region. We consider three families of check matrices, two algebraically constructed and one sampled from an ensemble, expurgated to remove short cycles. The three families have similar properties, all are (3; 6)-regular, have girth 8, and have code length roughly 280. The best predictors are small trapping sets, and the predictive value is much higher for the algebraically constructed families than the random ones.
The Role of Zinc in Growth and Cell Proliferation

The inhibition of growth is a cardinal symptom of zinc deficiency. In animals fed a zinc-inadequate diet, both food intake and growth are reduced within 4-5 d. Despite the concomitant reduction in food intake and growth, reduced energy intake is not the limiting factor in growth, because force-feeding a zinc-inadequate diet to animals fails to maintain growth. Hence, food intake and growth appear to be regulated by zinc through independent, although well coordinated, mechanisms. Despite the long-term study of zinc metabolism, the first limiting role of zinc in cell proliferation remains undefined. Zinc participates in the regulation of cell proliferation in several ways; it is essential to enzyme systems that influence cell division and proliferation. Removing zinc from the extracellular milieu results in decreased activity of deoxythymidine kinase and reduced levels of adenosine(5')tetraphosphate(5')-adenosine. Hence, zinc may directly regulate DNA synthesis through these systems. Zinc also influences hormonal regulation of cell division. Specifically, the pituitary growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis is responsive to zinc status. Both increased and decreased circulating concentrations of GH have been observed in zinc deficiency, although circulating IGF-I concentrations are consistently decreased. However, growth failure is not reversed by maintaining either GH or IGF-I levels through exogenous administration, which suggests the defect occurs in hormone signaling. Zinc appears to be essential for IGF-I induction of cell proliferation; the site of regulation is postreceptor binding. Overall, the evidence suggests that reduced zinc availability affects membrane signaling systems and intracellular second messengers that coordinate cell proliferation in response to IGF-I.
Fast algorithms for the multidimensional discrete Fourier transform

In this paper, the prime factor algorithm for the evaluation of a one-dimensional discrete Fourier transform is generalized to the evaluation of multidimensional discrete Fourier transforms defined on arbitrary periodic sampling lattices. It is shown that such an algorithm is equivalent in computational complexity to the evaluation of a rectangular discrete Fourier transform. As a sidelight to the derivation of the algorithm, a Chinese remainder theorem is derived for integer lattices.
Treatment of active Crohn's disease with recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

Summary Treatment for Crohn's disease is aimed at immunosuppression. Yet inherited disorders associated with defective innate immunity often lead to development of a Crohn's-like disease. We performed an open-label dose-escalation trial (4–8 μg/kg per day) to investigate the safety and possible benefit of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the treatment of 15 patients with moderate to severe Crohn's disease. No patients had worsening of their disease. Adverse events were negligible and included minor injection site reactions and bone pain. Patients had a significant decrease in mean Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) score during treatment (p
A small predicted stem-loop structure mediates oocyte localization of Drosophila K10 mRNA

The establishment of dorsoventral polarity in the Drosophila oocyte and future embryo is dependent on the efficient transport of K10 mRNA from nurse cells into the oocyte. To investigate the cis-requirements of K10 mRNA transport, we used a transgenic fly assay to analyze the expression patterns of a series of K10 deletion variants. Such studies identify a 44 nucleotide sequence within the K10 3′ untranslated region that is required and sufficient for K10 mRNA transport and subsequent localization to the oocyte’s anterior cortex. An inspection of the 44 nucleotide transport/localization sequence (TLS) reveals a strong potential for the formation of a stem-loop secondary structure. Nucleotide substitutions that interfere with the predicted base-pairing of the TLS block mRNA transport and anterior localization. Conversely, mutations that alter the base composition of the TLS while maintaining predicted base-pairing do not block mRNA transport or anterior localization. We conclude that K10 mRNA transport and anterior localization is mediated by a 44 nucleotide stem-loop structure. A similar putative stemloop structure is found in the 3′ untranslated region of the Drosophila orb mRNA, suggesting that the same factors mediate the transport and anterior localization of both K10 and orb mRNAs. Apart from orb, the K10 TLS is not found in any other localized mRNA, raising the possibility that the transport and localization of other mRNAs, e.g., bicoid, oskar and gurken, are mediated by novel sets of cis- and trans-acting factors. Moreover, we find that the K10 TLS overrides the activity of oskar cis-regulatory elements that mediate the late stage movement of the mRNA to the posterior pole. We propose the existence of a family of cisregulatory elements that mediate mRNA transport into the oocyte, only some of which are compatible with the elements that mediate late stage movements. SUMMARY
Subcutaneous vitamin E ameliorates liver injury in an in vivo model of steatocholestasis.

Several genetic metabolic liver diseases share the pathological features of combined steatosis and cholestasis, or steatocholestasis. The aims of this study were to develop and characterize an in vivo model for steatocholestasis and to evaluate the effects of an antioxidant treatment on liver injury, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial perturbations in this model. Obese and lean Zucker rats received intravenous (IV) injections of glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC) and were killed 4 hours later. Liver enzymes were measured; the liver histology was assessed, and hepatic mitochondria were analyzed for mitochondrial lipid peroxidation. In separate experiments, rats received daily injections of subcutaneous (SQ) vitamin E before GCDC infusion. Bile acid–induced injury (serum AST and ALT and liver histology) was more severe in the obese rats than in the lean rats, characterized predominantly by extensive cell necrosis with minimal evidence of apoptosis. SQ vitamin E provided significant protection against IV GCDC-induced hepatic injury, in vitro GCDC-induced permeability transition, and cytochrome C and apoptosis-inducing factor release from isolated mitochondria. Conclusion: Steatosis sensitizes the liver to bile acid–induced necrotic hepatocyte injury, which is responsive to vitamin E therapy. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
Urban youth in Africa

It is widely assumed that most Africans reside in rural areas, that African cities make little economic sense and are unusually violent because so many unemployed young men live there, and that urban migrant youth can be drawn back to their former rural homes. This paper challenges all of these assumptions. In the process, it reviews dominant trends in Africa's rapid urban expansion and examines what life is like for urban youth. I will argue that African cities are underserved and fiercely competitive economic environments that are negatively impacted by neoliberal development policies. Urban youth life tends to take place in worlds that are largely separate from the rest of society. The pressures and dangers facing male and female youth can be extreme, yet at the same time African cities are exceptionally stimulating places that provide opportunities for re-invention for many urban youth. The paper ends with recommendations for addressing the needs of the marginalized majority of Africa's urban youth more effectively. Its primary focus is urban areas in the region of sub-Saharan Africa.
Pest phenology and evaluation of traps and pheromone lures for monitoring flight activity of obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Minnesota apple orchards.

Abstract The efficacy of two trap designs (Pherocon 1C “wing” trap versus Pherocon VI “delta” trap) and two pheromone blends for monitoring obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), was evaluated in Minnesota apple orchards during the 2001 and 2002 field seasons. Two distinct flight periods of C. rosaceana were recorded yearly in Minnesota. Overwintered C. rosaceana larvae resumed activity in the spring at ≈60 degree-days (DD) base 10°C, whereas adult emergence began ≈275 DD base 10°C. To determine the optimal pheromone blend for monitoring C. rosaceana in Minnesota, traps were baited with either a three-component pheromone blend (Z11–14:Ac, E11–14:Ac, and Z11–14:OH) produced by females in eastern North America, or a four-component blend (Z11–14:Ac, E11–14:Ac, Z11–14:OH, and Z11–14:Al) commonly produced by females in western North America. Of the four pheromone-baited traps evaluated, delta traps baited with the four-component western pheromone lure captured the highest number of C. rosa...
Other Voting Extensions

As we first learned in Chapter 2, the central difficulty with the Condorcet winner extension of simple majority voting is that sometimes it doesn’t work because no Condorcet winner exists. In this chapter we will consider three alternative extensions that will always work.
Containment Studies for an Atomic Power Plant

Summary of structural aspects of insuring complete containment for Enrico Fermi Atomic Power Plant near Monroe, Mich, in improbable event of accident, is given; probable effects of accident are listed in seven points; nature of critical loading, as well as methods of investigation of structural behavior as consequence of loading, is discussed for such emergency conditions.
Cochlear delays and traveling waves: comments on 'Experimental look at cochlear mechanics'.

In a recent publication [Audiology 1992;31:301-312], A. Dancer argued that direct and indirect measures of basilar membrane motion are more consistent with theories of cochlear resonance than with the traveling-wave theory. The present communication reviews empirical evidence that contradicts Dancer's argument. Such evidence - recordings of mechanical responses of the basilar and Reissner's membranes to sound -strongly supports the existence of displacement waves that propagate on the basilar membrane from the base of the cochlea toward its apex.
pH of Secretion in Normal Conjunctival Sac Determined by Glass Electrode

SummaryThe pH of the conjunctival surfaces can be determined by placing a specially designed glass electrode in direct contact with the conjunctiva. The method is adaptable to clinical use. A study on 88 normal adults is reported. The results indicate that stimulation of lacrimation results in increased alkalinity of the conjunctival surfaces. A larger series must be studied to establish normal values of pH prior to the onset of lacrimation for it is possible that, with further experience and speed of manipulation, the initial pH determination will show a smaller range and a more nearly neutral reaction.
Ist Clara Viebig Konsequente Naturalistin

Hans naumann gibt in seiner Deutschen Dichtung der Gegenwart (1923) folgende Darstellung von Clara Viebigs Kunst: Naturalismus wie Heimatkunst, peinlichst genaue Gegenstandsmalerei, sozialen wie psychologischen Realismus, all dies beherrscht diese verspatete, aber konsequent gebliebene und bedeutendste Naturalistin in ganz ausserordentlichem Mass.
ADDRESSING RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH USING LIFE COURSE PERSPECTIVES

In the United States, African Americans face stark inequalities in health. The life course perspective offers a unique viewpoint through which racial disparities in morbidity and mortality may be understood as the result of repeated exposures to risk factors during both childhood and adulthood. However, the utility of this approach is limited by its failure to investigate the degree to which racial/ethnic minorities are able to translate gains in socioeconomic status into favorable health outcomes, both for themselves and for their children. In order to adequately reflect the realities of marginalized groups, life course models must explore the interactive nature of linkages across lifecourse stages, pay particular attention to the unique processes that create and maintain health disparities over time, and consider the specific contexts in which these processes occur. To this end, I examine the ways in which exclusionary forces and discriminatory conditions are likely to prevent African American women and their children from reaping the health benefits typically associated with upward socioeconomic mobility.
The clinical effects of filter reuse in on-line hemodiafiltration

Objective To observe the clinical effects of filter reuse in on-line hencodiafiltration. Methods the clearance of small weight molecular substance such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN),serum creatinine(Scr),uric acid(UA),serum phosphate (SP)and large molecular weight substance such as β 2-Microglobulin (β 2-M) were checked after the first filter use and the second,fourth,sixth,eighth,ninth and eleventh times filter reuse.Results No difference of small molecular substance clearances till the eleventh times of filterreuse, the clearance of β 2-M decreased till the ninth time of filter reuse (P0.05).Conclusion The clearance of all sizes of uremic toxins were nearly same on the times of filter reuse in on-line Hemodiafiltration.
Analysis and Treatment of Abnormal Vibration on No.1 Turbo-generator in Beilun Power Plant

The paper introduced the characteristics of an abnormal vibration on the #2 bearing of #1 turbo-generator when running with high load in Beilun power plant, analyzed the reason of this abnormal vibration, then a treatment method was put forward and the result was also given. This troubleshooting method can be used for reference when encountered with the same fault.
Reliability Assessment System of Chinese and American Transmission and Transformation Equipment and Data Comparison

The paper introduces reliability assessment system of Chinese and American transmission and transformation equipment and analyzes the differences in terms of reliability assessment index,statistics and assessment method.By comparative study of outage rate,average duration of fault and unavailability of transmission lines and transformers in 2009 in both China and America,the paper analyzes data differences and causes,on the basis of which it gives suggestions on improve reliability of transmission and transformation equipment.
Guidance for Our Day: How the Status of Non-American "Enemy Combatants" Is Influenced by Precedent Stemming from WWII

I n the American legal system there are certain fundamental rights in the Constitution rhat are held as absolures. The violation of such rights is considered nearly unconscionable. One of these is the righr co erial, gran red to all cirizens of the United Scares under the Fifth Amendmem {wirh rhe framework found in the Sixrh Amendment). In a num ber of rulings the Supreme Court has extended these rights to resident aliens.' In the aftermath of September II , Congress passed legislation which when enacted by Presidenr Bush srimulared countrywide debate as to whether rhc fundamcnral righr previously nored has been violated . The resolution passed by Congress, called "Aurhorizarion for Use of Milirary Force" (AU F), gives the Presidenr rhe statutory power to "use all necessary and appropriate force against those narions, organizations or persons he determines" in anyway aided the attacks.! In rhe course of applying of char force, President Bush has led mi li tary operations in which United States governmenral officials detained individuals rhar had been captured in Afghanistan and Iraq. Those individuals, who are not citizens of rhe Un ited States, have in some cases been held for over four years without charge or trial. The legal conflict as to wherher these people, termed "enemy combatants" by President Bush,-' have any sr;~tus under the law allowing them redress from detention is moot in the face of precedents stemming from World War II cases. This is seen by
Sources of Errors in Hematology and Coagulation Testing

This chapter addresses errors in hematology and coagulation testing that are known to significantly affect test results. The sources of these errors can be found in both pre-analytical and analytical phases of testing. Knowing the sources of errors is essential for troubleshooting unexpected laboratory results that are not correlated with clinical information. There are also pre-analytical artifacts present in patients’ samples that cause rejection of samples by the laboratory. Similarly, interferences in analytical testing may produce unexpected results in hematology and coagulation testing. Knowing these artifacts and interferences should help clinicians to work with laboratory personnel to prevent future incidences or to pursue alternative methods of testing.
Systems Biology as a Concept

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the basic concepts of system biology and system physiology. The central concept of system physiology is that an arrangement of biological components, coupled, connected, and interacting, has properties beyond the sum of those to be found in the components individually. Therefore, systems physiology is the science of the static, quasi-static, and dynamic properties of components. The properties of a system of connected components depend on (1) the nature of the components individually, (2) the nature of the individual connections and coupling relations, and (3) the arrangement of components and the paths of communication among them. By definition, these system properties lie outside the scope of molecular biology and represent the province of systems physiology, in which the structural integrity of components is accepted and the dissolution of structure is minimized. Systems physiology poses the questions and sets the goals for analytical biology generally. It is characterized by its point of view, by the kinds of questions it asks, and by the kinds of answers it seeks rather than by the level of organization at which a study is made.
Appealing to Heaven

The story of the pirate and the emperor, already famous by the time that Saint Augustine cited it in his City of God was designed to illustrate a defining, qualitative distinction between different kinds of human organization. What this meant was that although there might be a presumptive duty to obey civil authorities, it was necessary to judge between the worth of kingdoms concerned with justice and those organizations that were not. Though Augustine advocated obedience to civil authorities on theological and pragmatic grounds he also thought that civilization was both inherently flawed and hence also susceptible to moral improvement.
Forgetting Freedom: White Anxiety, Black Presence, and Gradual Abolition in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, 1780–1838

SHORTLY AFTER ARRIVING in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in 1801, newly appointed state supreme court judge Hugh Henry Brackenridge sat down to finish the sequel to his lengthy and peripatetic satire on the dangers of popular democracy, Modern Chivalry . As in the work’s earlier installments, it followed the quixotic adventures of the educated and virtuous Captain John Farrago and his naive “bog-trotting” servant, Teague O’Regan—the former symbolic of thoughtful republican citizenship, the latter of the recently enfranchised, unlettered voter who elected unqualified men to high station. Yet Brackenridge offered more than a lesson on republican citizenship. As John Wood Sweet, Matthew Frye Jacobson, and others have shown, Modern Chivalry had a much broader ambit. Had they the opportunity to read it, Brackenridge’s Cumberland County neighbors might have found neatly summarized in the text’s later pages their own struggle to define citizenship in the age of emancipation.
The Mediating Role of Sibling Maintenance Behavior Expectations and Perceptions in the Relationship Between Family Communication Patterns and Relationship Satisfaction

ABSTRACTSibling relationships are influenced both by the behaviors performed within the relationship (e.g., relational work) and by the family system as a whole. This study extends family communication patterns theory (FCP) by examining whether communicative relationship maintenance plays a role in the relationship between FCP and sibling relationship satisfaction. Data from 327 adult siblings from across the United States tested using Hayes (2013) PROCESS revealed that conversation and conformity orientation had positive indirect effects on sibling relationship satisfaction through both (a) relational maintenance expectations and (b) perceptions of sibling actual maintenance behavior in nearly all models (i.e., including positivity, openness, assurances, networks, and tasks maintenance behaviors). The results suggest that the parent-child relationship remains important long after children become adults as it continues to influence interpersonal relationships with others. Future directions for communicati...
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Diabetes

Diabetic retinopathy is a progressive microvascular disease that leads to increased vessel permeability, retinal ischemia, and retinal neovascularization. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a novel angiography technique that has the capability to advance our understanding of diabetic eye disease by providing high-resolution images of retinal and choroidal microvasculature blood flow and structure. Using OCTA, the vascular changes of diabetic retinopathy including microaneurysms, retinal non-perfusion, intraretinal microvascular abnormalities, and neovascularization can be clearly visualized. OCTA offers several advantages over fluorescein angiography (FA) in that it is faster, safer, and non-invasive, allows better visualization of retinal vessels in both the superficial and deep capillary layers, and can provide quantitative measurements of areas of non-perfusion of the macula and nerve. OCTA capillary perfusion density maps and average perfusion density values provide an easy way to grade progressive vascular change. Despite these advantages, imaging with OCTA can only provide a limited view of the peripheral retina and is unable to demonstrate leakage, staining, or pooling. OCTA requires patients to maintain good fixation to obtain high-resolution images which can be a challenge for those with severe macular disease. In patients who cannot safely undergo FA, OCTA may serve as an alternative form of angiography that can be safely and more frequently performed for the management of diabetic retinopathy.
Testing model parameters for wave‐induced dune erosion using observations from Hurricane Sandy

Models of dune erosion depend on a set of assumptions that dictate the predicted evolution of dunes throughout the duration of a storm. Lidar observations made before and after Hurricane Sandy at over 800 profiles with diverse dune elevations, widths, and volumes are used to quantify specific dune erosion model parameters including the dune face slope, which controls dune avalanching, and the trajectory of the dune toe, which controls dune migration. Wave-impact models of dune erosion assume a vertical dune face and erosion of the dune toe along the foreshore beach slope. Observations presented here show that these assumptions are not always valid and require additional testing if these models are to be used to predict coastal vulnerability for decision-making purposes. Observed dune face slopes steepened by 43% yet did not become vertical faces, and only 50% of the dunes evolved along a trajectory similar to the foreshore beach slope. Observations also indicate that dune crests were lowered during dune erosion. Moreover, analysis showed a correspondence between dune lowering and narrower beaches, smaller dune volumes, and/or longer wave impact.
United States Experience with Floodplain Management

During the 20th Century, floodplain management in the United States has evolved through several phases as governmental entities and the private sector have sought to reduce the losses to human life and property caused by flooding and to natural resources caused by floodplain use. Changes in environmental, economic, and aesthetic values led to legislative and administrative initiatives to guide floodplain land and water use. Improved knowledge and technology have changed the effectiveness and relative importance of loss reduction strategies and tools. The relative roles of federal, state, and local governments and also the private sector have shifted. Evaluation of this experience indicates that average annual loss of life has been reduced (Federal Interagency Floodplain Management Task Force, 1992). Average annual flood damages continue to rise, although the amount has remained constant compared to the gross national product for the last two decades. The loss of floodplain natural and cultural resources has not been arrested, although some progress has been achieved in their preservation and restoration. Nevertheless, this experience offers valuable lessons to be remembered as we progress toward improved floodplain management in the 21st Century. The purpose of this chapter is to examine briefly those lessons with broad scale implications for the success of the floodplain management decision-making process. First, the evolution of floodplain management will be traced to set a context for these lessons. Then, the lessons themselves will be examined. Finally, the future implications of multi-hazard management and the need for national goals are discussed.
Collaborative context-based reasoning

This dissertation explores modeling collaborative behavior, based on Joint Intentions Theory (JIT), in Context-Based Reasoning (CxBR). Context-Based Reasoning is one of several contextual reasoning paradigms. And, Joint Intentions Theory is the definitive semantic framework for collaborative behaviors. In order to formalize collaborative behaviors in CxBR based on JIT, CxBR is first described in terms of the more popular Belief, Desire, and Intention (BDI) model. Once this description is established JIT is used as a basis for the formalism for collaborative behavior in CxBR. The hypothesis of this dissertation is that this formalism allows for effective collaborative behaviors in CxBR. Additionally, it is also hypothesized that CxBR agents inferring intention from explicitly communicating Contexts allows for more efficient modeling of collaborative behaviors than inferring intention from situational awareness. Four prototypes are built and evaluated to test the hypothesis and the evaluations are favorable. Effective collaboration is demonstrated through cognitive task analysis and through metrics based on JIT definitions. Efficiency is shown through software metric evaluations for volume and complexity of code.
Cytomorphologic Features of Noninvasive Follicular Thyroid Neoplasm with Papillary-like Nuclear Features (NIFTP): A Comparison with Infiltrative Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

The change in nomenclature from noninvasive encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (EFVPTC) to noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) has been proposed to more accurately reflect the indolent behavior of this neoplasm and has implications for diagnosis and treatment. However, the ability to recognize NIFTP and reliably distinguish it from infiltrative follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (IFVPTC) presents a significant challenge for cytopathologists. To identify cytologic features useful in this distinction, all cases of NIFTP and IFVPTC with a preceding diagnostic FNA were reviewed. Twenty-two cases of NIFTP and twenty cases of IFVPTC were identified. The cytomorphologic features of NIFTP and IFVPTC were compared. The majority of NIFTP cases were diagnosed as either follicular neoplasm/lesion (FN/L) (11/22) or atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) (10/22). None were diagnosed as suspicious for malignancy (SUS) and only 1 of 22 was diagnosed as PTC on cytology. In contrast, the majority of the IFVPTC cases were diagnosed as PTC on FNA (12/22) ( P = 0.0004). Among the IFVPTCs, 5/20 were classified as FN/L, 2/20 as SUS, and only 1/20 was diagnosed as AUS/FLUS. No particular cytomorphologic features could reliably distinguish NIFTP from IFVPTC; however, the presence of microfollicular architecture ( P = 0.03) and absence of pseudoinclusions ( P = 0.008) were significantly associated with NIFTP. Nuclear crowding and overlapping ( P = 0.03) as well as grooves and irregular nuclear contours ( P = 0.0004) were significantly associated with IFVPTC. Eight IFVPTC cases were positive for BRAFV600E mutation, while all tested NIFTP cases were negative. Additional studies are required to further explore cytomorphologic features and molecular signatures that may assist in the preoperative diagnosis of NIFTP.
Electronic Properties of Triazoles. Experimental and Computational Determination of Carbocation and Radical-Stabilizing Properties

Three fluorobenzenes substituted with meta-triazole groups have been prepared, and 19F chemical shifts indicate that these triazole groups are all inductively electron-withdrawing in character, with the 1,5-triazole being the most electron-withdrawing. σ+ values for these three triazoles have also been determined from solvolysis rates of substituted cumyl trifluoroacetates. When substituted in the para-position, the 1,4 and the 2,4-triazoles are cation-stabilizing, whereas the 1,5-triazole is carbocation-destabilizing. γ+ values indicate that the 1,4 triazole group is cation-stabilizing relative to the phenyl group, albeit the 1,5 triazole is significantly destabilizing relative to phenyl. These studies all suggest that the 1,5-triazole group exerts a strong electron-withdrawing effect on carbocations that is not offset by a resonance effect. The three triazole groups all enhance the methylenecyclopropane rearrangement rate and are therefore radical stabilizers. The smallest stabilizing effect is seen for...
The enemy of the good: How specifics in publisher’s green OA policies are bogging down IR deposits of scholarly literature

In the evolving landscape of scholarly communication, librarians not only spend countless hours educating researchers about copyright, subscription licensing, classroom use, author’s agreements, and open access, but they also pay enormous subscription fees to publishers. This is potentially the reality of a system in flux, the fact of being in the middle of a change: we work for reform and enforce the current system in the same breath. Librarians tend to be risk averse, and rightly so, but this caution should not mean that librarians are pacifiers instead of change agents, that we educate while accepting publisher’s models without question or action.
Abstract 093: Use of Echocardiography Following an Elevated B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Level

Background: Echocardiography (echo) is recommended for those with an elevated B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) value and no prior diagnosis of heart failure. We sought to examine the rate of echo u...
Chertsey Outcome Score for Trauma: Development and validation of a new unifying patient reported outcome measure for orthopaedic trauma.

Abstract Purpose Lately there is an increasing tendency of using Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) as a final indicator of the outcome of many surgical treatments in orthopaedics and in other medical specialties. Currently there are many outcome scores in orthopaedics and most of them are site specific. In the contrary there is a lack of trauma specific outcome scores. Methods We have designed a new PROM especially for orthopaedic trauma patients, in order to measure in what extent the patients manage to return to their pre-injury state. This score uses as baseline the pre-injury status of the patient and has the aim to determine the percentage of rehabilitation after treatment for any injury. Results A total of 60 Chertsey Outcome Score for Trauma (COST) questionnaires were gathered in our outpatients department. The participants were 57% male (aged 46.81 years ± 18.5 years) and the questionnaires collected at mean 10 months post-injury. A Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.89 was identified for the whole construct. The three dimensions of the scale had good internal consistency as well (Cronbach's Alpha test values 0.74, 0.84 and 0.81 for symptoms, function and mental status respectively). Strong/moderate correlation (Spearman's Rho test 0.43–0.65) was observed between the respective physical/mental dimensions of the COST and SF-12v2 questionnaires. Conclusion There is a need among the orthopaedic trauma society for a specific PROM of trauma. COST is a useful and easy to use tool for every trauma surgeon.