cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Turbinaria ornata (Phaeophyceae) varies size and strength to maintain environmental safety factor across flow regimes

Water motion in coastal areas can produce hydrodynamic forces that damage or dislodge benthic macroalgae if the tissues of macroalgae are not sufficiently strong. Some macroalgae vary their morphology and strength in response to ambient water motion, but little is known of how morphology and strength of macroalgae change relative to one another across flow regimes. Here, we use Turbinaria ornata, an ecologically important macroalga, to study how both the morphology and strength of macroalgae vary with ambient water motion. Typically, T. ornata exhibits weakening of its stipe when sexually mature, leading to breakage from the substratum and dispersal, which is beneficial for reproduction. Across three flow regimes, adult T. ornata increased its size but decreased its strength as water motion decreased. However, the strength of T. ornata relative to the maximum hydrodynamic forces it is expected to encounter (the environmental safety factor) did not differ between flow regimes. Our results showed that T. ornata can conform to its local flow habitat by varying both size and strength, similar to other macroalgae. Varying multiple traits between flow regimes suggested that T. ornata is capable of surviving a wide range of flow conditions, which may permit more control over the timing of its weakening, breakage from the substratum, and dispersal, even with future increases in flow velocities (e.g., large waves from storms) that are expected to occur frequently with climate change.
Reading Comics for Citizenship

This chapter offers assignments which center on reading comics. These assignments are meant to help students read comics in light of ideas and concepts related to citizenship and the social studies.
Intratumoral Metabolic Heterogeneity and Other Quantitative 18F-FDG PET/CT Parameters for Prognosis Prediction in Esophageal Cancer

In patients with esophageal cancer, intratumoral metabolic heterogeneity and metabolic tumor volume of the primary tumor derived from pretreatment fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT were the onl...
Failure to Share Natural Disaster Risk

I test whether asset prices reflect risk-exposures of financial intermediaries in a setting that is well suited to tackling concerns about omitted risk factors. I analyze catastrophe bonds whose cash flows are linked to occurrences of natural disasters and find that 71% of security-level variation in expected returns can be explained by a theoretically-motivated measure of intermediaries' marginal utility. Assuming natural disasters are independent of aggregate wealth, this result is inconsistent with any alternative explanation based on unobserved macroeconomic risks. I also show that the aggregate premium has recently decreased when the intermediaries' access to outside capital has improved.
DOT1L modulates the senescence-associated secretory phenotype through epigenetic regulation of IL1A

Abstract Cellular senescence is characterized as a stable cell cycle arrest that can occur as a stress response associated with oncogenic activation, termed oncogene-induced senescence (OIS). Cells undergoing OIS acquire a unique microenvironment termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which can be both beneficial and detrimental in a context-dependent manner. Additionally, senescent cells are characterized by robust changes in their epigenome. Here, we globally assessed the histone landscape of cells induced to senesce by oncogenic RAS and discovered a novel epigenetic regulatory mechanism of the key SASP regulator IL1A. OIS cells displayed increased di- and tri-methylation of histone H3 lysine 79 (H3K79me2/3), two active histone marks. Depletion of the H3K79 methyltransferase disruptor of telomeric silencing 1-like (DOT1L) during OIS resulted in decreased H3K79me2/3 occupancy at the IL1A gene locus, which corresponded to decreased IL1A mRNA and cell surface expression. Decreased expression and secretion of downstream cytokines without a change in senescence markers were also observed upon DOT1L depletion. Overexpression of DOT1L increased H3K79me2/3 occupancy at the IL1A locus and upregulated the SASP, indicating that DOT1L is both necessary and sufficient for SASP gene expression. Mechanistically, we found that STING, an essential mediator of SASP transcription, is upstream of DOT1L in the epigenetic regulation of the SASP. Together, our studies establish DOT1L as an epigenetic regulator of the SASP whose expression is uncoupled from the senescence-associated cell cycle arrest, providing a potential strategy to inhibit the negative side effects of senescence while maintaining the beneficial inhibition of proliferation.
Effective Teaching Qualities as Identified by Nursing Faculty.

ABSTRACT Effective educators possess strong behaviors that allow them to adapt their classrooms and develop respectful relationships with students. However, despite their advanced degrees, advanced degree nursing students are not taught effective teaching skills prior to employment, and research on teaching effectiveness is limited. This study explores behaviors perceived as effective by nursing faculty at a public university. It is the first to use the Teacher Behavior Checklist in nursing education. Providing advanced degree nursing students with opportunities to understand and adopt effective, evidence-based teaching behaviors prior to starting their faculty careers would benefit students and learning institutions worldwide.
Biotransformations of photoheptachlor in the rat: II. Analysis and origin of major metabolites

Abstract The metabolites isolated and purified from the excreta of the rats treated with [ 14 C]photoheptachlor were analyzed by gc-mass spectrometry. Molecular structure of two of the major metabolites indicated that they were produced by hydroxylations at two different CCl bonds of photoheptachlor. One of these metabolites was conjugated with glucuronic acid, the other with an unknown compound. Hepatic origin of the products was shown by concordance of the in vitro and in vivo study. Most of the radioactivity in fat, skin, liver, kidney, and muscle tissues of male and female rats was organosoluble containing photoheptachlor and its nonpolar metabolites.
Pressure anisotropy and By in the magnetotail current sheet

Ions were almost isotropic at the neutral sheet throughout the (-31 < x < -7 R E ), (0 < |y| < 15 R E ) region studied using Geotail data. Pressure anisotropies developed in the middle and outer current sheet, indicating the influence of nonguiding center motion or parallel electric fields. The pressure anisotropies were only large enough to provide from 10% to 30% of the force needed to balance the j x B force. The sign of the measured By was used to find where magnetic field fluctuations and the influence of the IMF By dominate over the long term averaged B y . The fluctuation and IMF effects dominated throughout the current sheet near midnight and near the neutral sheet away from midnight. The average fluctuation plus IMF influence produced a 2 to 3 nT contribution to B y in the low and mid β regions near midnight and a 1 to 2 nT contribution to B y in the highest β region. Since shielding of these contributions to By was found to be weak, this suggests that any IMF effect most likely distorts the current sheet rather than generating a steady field in the plane of the neutral sheet. The lack of shielding also suggests that fluctuations have scale lengths on the order of an ion gyroradius or less.
Underground muons from the direction of Cygnus X-3

The flux of underground muons from the direction of the binary Cygnus X-3 was measured by the Soudan 2 proton decay detector. This time-projection calorimeter is located at a depth of 2200 m (water equivalent) in northern Minnesota at latitude 48 deg N, longitude 92 deg W. An analysis was then performed that compared both the total observed flux and the observed flux per transit with the number of events expected in the absence of a source. This expected number of events was determined by combining the detector acceptance as a function of time with detector acceptance as a function of the local spatial coordinates. These functions were evaluated by use of off-source events. The direction of Cygnus X-3 was defined as a 2 deg half-angle cone, centered on the nominal source coordinates. This definition is consistent with the expected appearance of a point source in the Soudan 2 detector after consideration of track reconstruction errors, multiple scattering in the rock, and possible systematic effects. Details of the analysis and the results are presented.
Application of numerical interval analysis to obtain self-validating results for multivariate probabilities in a massively parallel environment

Conventional computations use real numbers as input and produce real numbers as results without any indication of the accuracy. Interval analysis, instead, uses interval elements throughout the computation and produces intervals as output with the guarantee that the true results are contained in them. One major use for interval analysis in statistics is to get results of high-dimensional multivariate probabilities. With the efforts to decrease the length of the intervals that contain the theoretically true answers, we can obtain results to any arbitrary accuracy, which is demonstrated by multivariate normal and multivariate t integrations. This is an advantage over the approximation methods that are currently in use. Since interval analysis is more computationally intensive than traditional computing, a MasPar parallel computer is used in this research to improve performance.
Here there Be Tygers: Profit, Non-profit, and Loss in the Age of Disintermediation

Abstract: Scholarly publishing and access to high-quality information may in fact be threatened, rather than improved, by the revolution in communications, particularly in a fully commercial Internet. The effects of the political revolution in Eastern Europe on scholarship and quality publishing are used as a touchstone of the dangers that occur when naive revolutionaries make swift changes without fully recognizing the impact upon delicately balanced social institutions such as non-profit organizations. Resume: La revolution en communications, particulierement en ce qui regarde un Internet commercialise, plutot que d'ameliorer l'edition savante et l'acces a de l'information de haute qualite, pourrait en fait poser une menace pour ceux-ci. Cet article examine comment la revolution politique en Europe de l'Est a influe sur la recherche et l'edition de qualite. Il utilise cet exemple pour examiner les dangers que peuvent courir certains revolutionnaires naifs quand ils instaurent des changements rapides san songer a leur impact sur des institutions sociales a equilibre delicat comme les organisations a but non lucratif.
SLEEP ENVELOPES AND SLEEPER BERTH REQUIREMENTS

The maximum length, width, and height of 239 truck and bus drivers assuming three sleep postures were measured. The Federal government sets minimum dimensions for sleeper berths in trucks. A sleeper berth of minimum width (0.61 m) would be too narrow for over 40% of the drivers as measured in this study. A minimum width of 0.84 m is recommended to accommodate 90% of the driver population.
Improved strategy for mononuclear cell collection for donor lymphocyte infusions

BACKGROUND: To improve donor management for donor lymphocyte collections, a protocol was established to tailor the amount of whole blood processed during leukapheresis to achieve the requested cellular dose. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective review of donor and product records of all donors who provided donor lymphocytes during the period October 27, 1999, to March 2, 2005, was performed (25 donors, 54 collections). Data on product total CD3+ T cells collected and total blood volume (TBV) processed were used to establish a correlation between the two variables. The resultant correlation from the reference group (8 donors, 13 collections) was then used to prospectively determine the TBV to be processed in a subsequent series of collections (“prospective group”: 18 donors, 41 collections). Donor charts were also reviewed to determine leukapheresis-associated adverse events. RESULTS: The application of the correlation data between TBV processed and CD3+ T-cell yields from the initial reference group to the prospective group yielded 92 percent successful collections; in 3 of the 4 inadequate collections, the predefined maximum of three times their TBV was processed. Compared to the reference group, the TBV processed in the prospective group was decreased from 12,598 ± 4007 to 7942 ± 5079 mL; the length of procedure was decreased from 208 ± 53 to 146 ± 79 minutes. Adverse event data were reviewed for 51 collections; the percentage of procedures without adverse events increased from 23 percent in the reference group to 37 percent in the prospective group. CONCLUSION: Application of correlation data between TBV processed and CD3+ T-cell yield was useful to predict efficient and successful donor lymphocyte collections.
A comparison of the ribosomal proteins of Drosophila ovary, adult, and embryo

The proteins in the 80S ribosomes of Drosophila melanogaster ovaries and adults have been characterized by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When ribosomal proteins of ovaries and adults were compared with those from embryos, all 3 tissues showed a similar number of proteins. In addition, qualitatively, the electrophoretograms of proteins extracted from the ribosomes of these 3 tissues were found to be indistinguishable. However, apparent quantitative differences in certain acidic proteins were observed between tissues. Using ribosomes from embryos as a standard for comparison, ribosomes from adult flies that were more than 14 days old appeared to have relatively larger amounts of acidic protiens S7 and S9, and relatively smaller amounts of acidic proteins S14 and S25/S27. The transition period occured during the ninth to thirteenth day of adult fly development. Significant differences were not detected between ovarian and embryonic acidic ribosomal proteins. In contrast to the differential ratio of acidic proteins in ovaries, adults, and embryos, a similar distribution of basic proteins was found in these tissues.
The cell junctions of hydra as viewed by freeze-fracture replication.

The cell junctions of hydra have been examined in freeze-fracture replication. Septate junctions appear as linear arrays of particles and complementary furrows containing fewer particles. In the epidermis, the particles are most numerous on the cytoplasmic fracture face (A-face), and the furrows are most obvious on the external fracture face (B-face). The polarity of particle distribution is reversed in the gastrodermis. Gap junctions are of the “B” type, having an aggregation of particles arranged in a plaque on the B fracture face. The particles are embedded in a matrix material. A complementary image appears on the A fracture face. Focal aggregates of particles appear on the A fracture face of epidermal myoid processes. No complementary B-face profile of pits has been identified. These observations support the view that the septate junction of hydra corresponds to a tight and intermediate junction of higher organisms and that the B-type gap junction is strongly adhesive. The significance of the focal particle aggregates is not known, but they may represent a punctate gap junction, a special receptor site, or an anchorage site for intracellular components.
Ecological Signature of Lower Triassic Shell Beds of the Western United States

Abstract The end-Permian mass extinction was the largest Phanerozoic biotic crisis that resulted in significant and permanent ecological change. In order to examine ecological aspects of the recovery, shell beds deposited in environments ranging from nearshore to storm wave base were examined from three stratigraphic intervals in the Lower Triassic of the western U.S. Shell beds of the first interval, the Griesbachian Dinwoody Formation, are low-diversity, monospecific beds of Claraia and Promyalina, commonly with the inarticulate brachiopod Lingula. Data from the Nammalian Sinbad Limestone (Moenkopi Formation) provide a small window into the second time interval, in which common low-diversity (bivalves and microgastropods) shell beds occur. Within the third interval, represented by the Spathian Virgin Limestone (Moenkopi Formation) and Thaynes Formation, the bivalves Promyalina and Permophorus are found in both monospecific and polytaxic beds. Crinoids are also commonly found as encrinites and as signifi...
Geophysical effects associated with high-altitude explosions

Information is presented on some geophysical effects which one would expect to be associated with highaltitude nuclear or chemical explosions. Discussions are included on: the Johnston Island nuclear explosion which was observed in some detail, geophysically, from the Apia Magnetic Observatory; the high-altiiude grenade shot at Woomera, Australia, which also seemed to be accompanied by geophysical effects; and the effects which accompany the release of trapped Van Allen particles, as well as effects expected to be associated with the release of additional particles from a nuclear explosion. (J.H.M.)
Energy and water savings in the textile industry

A unique water treatment system that alters the electro-chemistry of the managed water allows for a modification of the physical characteristics of cooling tower make up water that increases the solids content and certain other ions in the water. The result is a system that controls bacteria and fungi, eliminates bleed/blow down, eliminates corrosion and pitting, as well as scale through the use of Magnetic Field Generators that are a part of the system. The process continuously removes and filters solids, scale, and other debris from the system. The results of a study employing this process for three textile mills in Alabama are provided.
The Attractiveness of Gender-Typed Traits at Different Relationship Levels: Androgynous Characteristics May Be Desirable after all:

Previous research and theorizing have suggested a 'fundamental paradox" in that individuals appear to be predisposed, both culturally and genetically, to be attracted to traditionally gender typed members of the other sex even though pairings between gender-typed persons are less than optimal for long-term relation-ship satisfaction. Two studies were undertaken to clarify the relationship between gender-typed traits and heterosexual attraction. Male and female subjects indicated how desirable opposite-sex targets would be for a date, a one-night sexual encounter, and/or marriage. The gender-typing of the target was manipulated such that each target was perceived as androgynous, masculine, feminine, or undifferentiated. Results indicated that both sexes perceived opposite-sex androgynous targets to be more desirable for each type of relationship. Further, for both sexes, possession of feminine/expressive characteristics was more important than possession of masculine/instrumental characteristics.
What missed clues cases show

According to Schaffer, S does not know that the bird is a goldfinch: S 'sees but does not appreciate decisive information' (Schaffer 2001: 203). Schaffer illustrates the problem for relevant alternatives theories that MC seems to generate by focusing on David Lewis's version in Lewis 1996, in which he identifies knowledge with the elimination of relevant alternative possibilities by evidence. In MC, Professor A raises the canary possibility, and this is surely a relevant alternative to the proposition that the bird is a goldfinch. According to Lewis's understanding of the notion of elimination, the canary possibility is eliminated by S's evidence. This is seen as follows: 'Since canaries have yellow wings, S's perceptual experience in the canary world would not match his perceptual experience in actuality in the canary world S would see yellow wings rather than black' (Schaffer 2001: 204). It thus appears that Lewis must mistakenly attribute knowledge to S in MC. One way out for Lewis is to hold that there are some relevant alternative possibilities, distinct from the normal-canary-with-yellow-wings possibility just considered, that are not eliminated by S's evidence in MC. For example, there is the possibility in which S is looking at a mutant canary
Semidiscrete approximation and renorming in control of distributed parameter systems

We consider finite dimensional semidiscrete approximation of an LQR control problem with dynamics governed by a distributed parameter system. We investigate how changing the norm on the state space affects the resulting finite dimensional control problem. Numerical results are given for examples in delay equations and elastic structures.
Distributed Mining of Maximal Frequent Itemsets on a Data Grid System

In this paper, we propose a new algorithm, named Grid-based Distributed Max-Miner (GridDMM), for mining maximal frequent itemsets from databases on a Data Grid. A frequent itemset is maximal if none of its supersets is frequent. GridDMM is specifically suitable for use in Grid environments due to low communication and synchronization overhead. GridDMM consists of a local mining phase and a global mining phase. During the local mining phase, each node mines the local database to discover the local maximal frequent itemsets, then they form a set of maximal candidate itemsets for the top-down search in the subsequent global mining phase. A new prefix-tree data structure is developed to facilitate the storage and counting of the global candidate itemsets of different sizes. We built a Data Grid system on a cluster of workstations using the open-source Globus Toolkit, and evaluated the GridDMM algorithm in terms of performance, scalability, and the overhead of communication and synchronization. GridDMM demonstrates better performance than other sequential and parallel algorithms, and its performance is scalable in terms of the database size and the number of nodes.
Application of a fault detection filter to structural health monitoring

A model-based fault detection filter is developed for structural health monitoring of a simply supported beam. The structural damage represented in the plant model is shown to decompose into a known fault direction vector maintaining a fixed direction, dependent on the damage location, and an arbitrary fault magnitude representing the extent of the damage. According to detection filter theory, if damage occurs, under certain circumstances the fault will be uniquely detected and identified through an associated invariance in the direction imposed on the fault detection filter residuals. The spectral algorithm used to design the detection filter is based on a left eigenstructure assignment approach which accommodates system sensitivities that are revealed as ill-conditioned matrices formed from the eigenvectors in the construction of the detection filter gains. The detection filter is applied to data from an aluminum simply supported beam with four piezoelectric sensors and one piezoelectric actuator. By exciting the structure at the first natural frequency, damage in the form of a 5mm saw cut made to one side of the beam is detected and localized.
U-Slot microstrip patch antenna array for dual band operation in next generation wireless sensor network

This paper demonstrates the design, fabrication and characterisation of a dual-frequency antenna array for wireless sensor networks WSNs. The proposed design is a dual-band coaxial-fed 2 × 2 array rectangular U-Slot microstrip-patch antenna. It works on frequency bands of 2.1 GHz and 3.5 GHz. The targeted applications are the future high-speed WSNs based communication standards utilising MIMO to increase data-rates and that operate in 1-5 GHz frequency range. The initial design and simulation is performed in ADS Momentum using Rogers TMM3 substrate e
Life beyond PCR: alternative target amplification technologies for the diagnosis of infectious diseases, part I.

Non-PCR-based target amplification technologies, including transcription-mediated amplification (TMA), nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), and strand displacement amplification (SDA) are currently the basis for a broad range of clinical infectious disease molecular diagnostics. These amplification technologies are very sensitive and specific and can be used in combination with traditional end-point or “real-time” detection formats. For several nucleic acid targets, TMA, NASBA, and SDA have certain advantages over PCR-based applications. This two-part article will review the molecular basis of each technology and how the technology has been applied to clinical diagnostic systems. The articles will describe the current testing platforms available, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)- and non-FDA-approved assays, and availability of analyte-specific reagents. In addition, an open platform system is described that utilizes standardized reagents and methods and allows the user to develop in-house protocols. Finally, applications for the future are discussed.
Ovarian torsion in a prepubertal girl.

A previously healthy 4-year-old female presented to the Emergency Department complaining of sudden-onset right-lower-quadrant abdominal pain that awoke her from sleep. The pain was constant, non-radiating and severe. She denied trauma, dysuria, hematuria, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation or hematochezia. Her vitals were HR: 92, RR: 16, BP: 116/76 and T: 37.0 °C. Physical exam revealed tenderness at McBurney’s point, but no rebound, rigidity or guarding. CBC with differential, basic metabolic panel and urinalysis were all unremarkable. A CT abdomen with contrast and ultrasound revealed a 5.0 × 4.2 × 4.8-cm non-communicating cystic mass abutting the left dome of the bladder. The differential diagnosis included mesenteric cyst, enteric duplication cyst, urachal cyst and ovarian cyst. Surgical exploration confirmed the diagnosis of right ovarian cyst with torsion. Kokoska et al. reviewed 51 cases of ovarian torsion between 1983 and 1999 and reported the mean age to be 12.5 ± 1.3 years [1]. A similar study by Anders et al. reviewed 22 cases and calculated the mean age to be 10.2 years with a range of 3–15 years [2]. Ovarian torsion is a rare, but important cause of abdominal pain in younger children that requires a high index of suspicion (Figs. ​(Figs.1,1, ​,22 and ​and33). Fig. 1 Transverse CT image Fig. 2 Coronal CT image Fig. 3 Abdominal US image
A human apolipoprotein E mimetic peptide effectively inhibits HSV-1 TK-positive and TK-negative acute epithelial keratitis in rabbits.

Purpose: To compare the antiviral effect of a peptide derived from human apolipoprotein E (1% apoEdp) with 1% trifluorothymidine against HSV-1 thymidine kinase (TK)-positive (HSV-1 McKrae) and with 3% foscarnet against HSV-1 TK-negative (KOS background) in the rabbit eye model of acute HSV-1 epithelial keratitis. Materials and Methods: Topical treatment began three days post-infection and continued for five days. Rabbits were treated 5 times per day with 1% apoEdp, 1% trifluorothymidine, 3% foscarnet, or PBS. Slit lamp examination was performed on a masked basis from post-infection days 3–10 to determine the severity of epithelial keratitis. Results: Topical treatment with 1% apoEdp was as effective as 1% trifluorothymidine against TK-positive and 3% foscarnet against TK-negative HSV-1 epithelial keratitis. Conclusions: ApoEdp 1% has efficacy for the topical treatment of TK-positive and TK-negative ocular herpes in the rabbit eye model. Thus, apoEdp has the potential to be used for treatment of keratitis ...
Generalised hybrid-network parameters for electromagnetic coupling between dissimilar regions through a small aperture

A generalised network representation for electromagnetic coupling between dissimilar regions through a small aperture is developed. Hybrid-network parameters are defined. The parameters for one region are independent of the characteristics of the other coupled region. By properly combining the parameters of some canonical regions, various complex problems of small-aperture coupling can be solved. Examples are included for coupling between two dissimilar halfspaces and for coupling between a rectangular waveguide and a halfspace through an elliptic hole.
The deployment of strong‐motion earthquake instrument arrays

The International Workshop on Strong-motion Earthquake Instrument Arrays was held during 2-5 May 1978 in Honolulu, Hawaii. The goal of the workshop was to develop a workable plan for the possible future deployment of dense strong-motion arrays with primary emphasis on ground motion studies. Topics considered by the workshop included: favourable array locations, the design of arrays for source mechanism and wave propagation studies, the design of arrays for local effects studies, array construction and operation, and implementation. This paper gives a summary of the recommendations and conclusions of the workshop.
Synthesis and stereoselective glycosylation of D- and L-glycero-beta-D-manno-heptopyranoses.

A method for the direct stereocontrolled synthesis of d- and l-glycero-β-d-manno-heptopyranosides such as those found in the repeating unit of the O-specific polysaccharide from the CNCTC 113/92 LPS (serotype 54) is described. The method relies on the presence of a 4,6-O-benzylidene acetal to effect stereocontrol at the anomeric center; the configuration at C6 (l- or d-glycero) is of minimal importance.
Constraints on core chemistry from the pressure dependence of the bulk modulus

Abstract A simple method for evaluating the compatibility of different alloying constituents with the elastic properties of the outer core is presented. This approach depends primarily on the value of the pressure derivative of the bulk modulus ( K ′) of possible alloying phases, and has the advantages of being largely independent of temperature and being based on observable parameters: the sound speed as a function of depth in the outer core, and the sound speed of molten iron at high pressures. Accurate constraints on the K ′ values of light alloying element containing phases are, however, crucial in deriving purely geophysical constraints on the geochemistry of the core. Our results emphasize that the present bounds on K ′ of S, O and H-rich iron alloys are compatible with the change in sound velocity as a function of depth in the outer core. Alloying constituents with K ′ values less than or equal to about 4 are unable to satisfy this depth-dependence. Both shock and static compression data on Si-rich alloys indicate that the K ′ of Si-rich iron alloys fall in this range; moreover, other lighter alloying phases have values of K ′ which are unable to compensate for the effect of significant Si within the outer core. It thus appears that Si cannot be the primary light alloying element of the outer core. Our results indicate that dramatically reducing conditions and resultant reduction of silicates is unlikely to have occurred during core formation.
Mach 6 Wake Flow Simulations Using a Large-Eddy Simulation/Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes Model

A hybrid large-eddy simulation/Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes turbulence model is used to simulate the Mach 6 flow around a scaled model similar to NASA’s Orion multipurpose crew vehicle. The results for surface pressure and heat transfer are compared with experimental data from previous base flow experiments conducted at the Calspan—University at Buffalo Research Center. Using the highest Reynolds number test case (11×106 based on capsule diameter), different numerical aspects of the hybrid approach are addressed, such as use of a low-dissipation scheme, a modification to the eddy-viscosity blending function, time-averaging results, filtering computational results, and sensitivity to grid resolution. In addition, results are compared with Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes using Menter’s two-equation baseline model and to detached-eddy simulation predictions. By introducing a new modification to the blending from Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes to large-eddy simulation within boundary layers, very good agr...
Solid freeform fabrication of soybean oil-based composites reinforced with clay and fibers

Soybean oil/epoxy-based composites were prepared by an extrusion freeform fabrication method. These composites were reinforced with a combination of organically modified clay and fibers. The intercalated behavior of the epoxy resin in the presence of organo-modified clay was investigated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The mixture of epoxidized soybean oil and EPON® 828 resin was modified with a gelling agent to solidify the materials until curing occurred. The flexural modulus reached 4.86 GPa with glass fiber reinforcement at 50.6 wt% loading. It was shown that the fiber orientation followed the direction of motion of the writing head that deposited the resins and had an influence on the properties of the composite. The composites cured by curing agent jeffamine EDR-148 were found to have lower mechanical properties than those cured with triethylenetetramine, diethylenetriamine, and polyethylenimine. In addition, the effects of clay loading and fiber loading on mechanical properties of the composites were studied and reported.
Tuning carbon nanotube band gaps with strain.

We show that the band structure of a carbon nanotube (NT) can be dramatically altered by mechanical strain. We employ an atomic force microscope tip to simultaneously vary the NT strain and to electrostatically gate the tube. We show that strain can open a band gap in a metallic NT and modify the band gap in a semiconducting NT. Theoretical work predicts that band gap changes can range between � 100 meV per 1% stretch, depending on NT chirality, and our measurements are consistent with this predicted range.
Estrogen Regulation of Dopamine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens: Genomic‐and Nongenomic‐Mediated Effects

The ability of estrogen to modulate mesolimbic dopamine (DA) was examined using in vivo voltammetry. Estrogen priming (5 micrograms, 48 h) of ovariectomized (ovx) female rats resulted in a slight decrease in K(+)-stimulated DA release measured in the nucleus accumbens: this decrease was accompanied by a significant increase in both DA reuptake and DA clearance times. Following estrogen priming nomifensine, a potent inhibitor of the DA uptake carrier, was still able to potentiate K(+)-stimulated DA release and alter the time course of DA availability, but the response was attenuated compared with ovx controls. Direct infusion of 17 beta-estradiol hemisuccinate (17 beta-E, 20-50 pg) into the nucleus accumbens resulted in a biphasic potentiation of K(+)-stimulated release. An initial increase in release was observed 2 min after 17 beta-E infusion; this increase, although reduced by 15 min, was still significantly higher than control values. A subsequent potentiation was observed 60 min after the initial 17 beta-E infusion; this response remained for at least an additional 60 min. Nomifensine did not significantly alter K(+)-stimulated DA release following 17 beta-E infusion, but was still able to potentiate the total time DA was available extracellularly. These data suggest that the mesolimbic A10 DA neurons that terminate in the nucleus accumbens can be modulated in vivo by estrogen and that this modulation may be mediated by both genomic (long term) and nongenomic (short term) mechanisms.
Star Formation History and Other Properties of the Northern Hubble Deep Field

The original analysis of the star formation history in the NICMOS deep images of the northern Hubble Deep Field (NHDF) is extended to the entire NHDF utilizing NICMOS and WFPC2 archival data. The roughly constant star formation rate from redshifts 1-6 found in this study is consistent with the original results. Star formation rates from this study, Lyman break galaxies, and submillimeter observations are now in concordance. The spike of star formation at redshift 2 due to two ultraluminous IR galaxies in the small deep NICMOS field is smoothed out in the larger area results presented here. The larger source base of this study allows comparison with predictions from hierarchical galaxy formation models. In general, the observation are consistent with the predictions. The observed luminosity functions at redshifts 1-6 are presented for future comparisons with theoretical galaxy evolution calculations. Mid- and far-infrared properties of the sources are also calculated and compared with observations. A candidate for the VLA source VLA 3651+1221 is discussed.
Preparation of a tritiated ginkgolide

Abstract Ginkgolide B, a constituent of the tree Ginkgo biloba, was radiolabeled with the β-emitter tritium ([3H]) in two steps from ginkgolide C. First, a triflate precursor was prepared utilizing the selective reactivity of 7-OH in ginkgolide C; the triflate was then reduced with sodium borotritide to yield tritiated ginkgolide B ([3H]GB) in good yield and high specific activity. The tritiated ginkgolide will be an important tool for studying neuromodulatory properties of ginkgolides.
Exact relations for effective tensors of composites: Necessary conditions and sufficient conditions

Typically the elastic and electrical properties of composite materials are strongly microstructure dependent. So it comes as a nice surprise to come across exact formulae for effective moduli that are universally valid no matter what the microstructure. Such exact formulae provide useful benchmarks for testing numerical and actual experimental data and for evaluating the merit of various approximation schemes. They can also be regarded as fundamental invariances existing in a given physical context. Classic examples include Hill's formulae for the effective bulk modulus of a two-phase mixture when the phases have equal shear moduli, Levin's formulae linking the effective thermal expansion coefficient and effective bulk modulus of two-phase mixtures, and Dykhne's result for the effective conductivity of an isotropic two-dimensional polycrystalline material. Here we present a systematic theory of exact relations embracing the known exact relations and establishing new ones. The search for exact relations is reduced to a search for matrix subspaces having a structure of special Jordan algebras. One of many new exact relations is for the effective shear modulus of a class of three-dimensional polycrystalline materials. We present complete lists of exact relations for three-dimensional thermoelectricity and for three-dimensional thermopiezoelectric composites that include all exact relations for elasticity, thermoelasticity, and piezoelectricity as particular cases. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Brock on the justification, content, and application of global justice

Abstract A review essay of Gillian Brock Global Justice: A Cosmopolitan Account (Oxford University Press, 2009)
Pathogenesis of the Limb Manifestations and Exercise Limitations in Peripheral Artery Disease

Patients with peripheral artery disease have a marked reduction in exercise performance and daily ambulatory activity irrespective of their limb symptoms of classic or atypical claudication. This review will evaluate the multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the exercise impairment in peripheral artery disease based on an evaluation of the current literature and research performed by the authors. Peripheral artery disease results in atherosclerotic obstructions in the major conduit arteries supplying the lower extremities. This arterial disease process impairs the supply of oxygen and metabolic substrates needed to match the metabolic demand generated by active skeletal muscle during walking exercise. However, the hemodynamic impairment associated with the occlusive disease process does not fully account for the reduced exercise impairment, indicating that additional pathophysiologic mechanisms contribute to the limb manifestations. These mechanisms include a cascade of pathophysiological responses during exercise-induced ischemia and reperfusion at rest that are associated with endothelial dysfunction, oxidant stress, inflammation, and muscle metabolic abnormalities that provide opportunities for targeted therapeutic interventions to address the complex pathophysiology of the exercise impairment in peripheral artery disease.
Controversies in divorce mediation and intimate partner violence: A focus on the children☆

Intimate partner violence (IPV) and parental separation are two related and serious potential problems faced by children; both are associated with increased risks for children. Proponents of mediation for separating parents believe that, relative to traditional adversarial court proceedings, mediation may lead to better outcomes for children by decreasing parental conflict. However, the question of whether mediation should be conducted with parents experiencing IPV is a contentious one, although few arguments on either side of the debate have been supported by empirical research. We examine some of the specific controversies regarding mediation in the context of IPV, including whether universal IPV screening should be required, whether mediation procedures should be modified to accommodate reports of IPV, and whether knowledge of IPV should lead to changes in mediation agreement content. We also consider directions for future research to address important, unanswered questions in this area.
Factors associated with pregnancy attempts among female young adult cancer survivors

Little is known about pregnancy attempts among female young cancer survivors (YCS). We sought to determine fertility preservation (FP), demographic, cancer, and reproductive characteristics associated with pregnancy attempts after cancer. We recruited 251 female YCS (ages 18–44) to complete a survey on reproductive health outcomes. We used log-binomial regression models to estimate relative risks (RR) for characteristics associated with pregnancy attempts. For the entire cohort, median time since cancer diagnosis was 2.4 years (interquartile range 4.0). Fifty-two YCS (21 %) attempted pregnancy after cancer diagnosis. In unadjusted analyses, lack of FP therapy prior to cancer treatment, older age, partnered relationship, higher income, no history of stem cell or bone marrow transplant, and longer duration of survivorship were significantly associated with pregnancy attempts. In multivariable analyses, YCS who did not undergo FP therapy were more than twice as likely to attempt pregnancy as those who did undergo FP therapy (RR 2.4, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.3, 4.3). Partnered status (RR 7.1, 95 % CI 2.5, 20.2) and >2 years since cancer diagnosis (RR 2.3, 95 % CI 1.3, 4.1) were also significantly associated with attempts. In YCS, milestones including partnered relationships and longer duration of cancer survivorship are important to attempting pregnancy. A novel, inverse association between FP therapy and pregnancy attempts warrants further study. Pregnancy attempts after cancer were more likely after attaining both social- and cancer-related milestones. As these milestones require time, YCS should be made aware of their potential for concomitant, premature loss of fertility in order to preserve their range of fertility options.
Biochemistry of antigen receptor signaling in mature and developing B lymphocytes.

The function of the surface antigen receptor of B cells (BCR) has been extensively studied with respect to the activation of mature B lymphocytes. B cells at other points of development (e.g., pre-B cells, immature B cells, and germinal center B cells) also express forms of the BCR, and for cells at these developmental timepoints, signaling through the BCR in some cases may lead to outcomes other than B-cell activation. Understanding the molecular events that are initiated by BCR crosslinking would enhance our understanding of the regulation and functional results of BCR signaling throughout B-cell development. In this article we review the current understanding of BCR signal transduction from initiation of the signal through changes in expression of genes that regulate the activation state. Costimulatory and modulatory molecules are considered with regard to their ability to affect the sensitivity or outcome of the BCR signal. Finally, we discuss how BCR signal transduction and the results of BCR signaling may differ at distinct stages in B-cell development.
Rotational and translational motion interact independently with form

Do the mechanisms that underlie the perception of translational and rotational object motion show evidence of independent processing? By probing the perceived speed of translating and/or rotating objects, we find that an object’s form contributes in independent ways to the processing of translational and rotational motion: In the context of translational motion, it has been shown that the more elongated an object is along its direction of motion, the faster it is perceived to translate; in the context of rotational motion, it has been shown that the sharper the maxima of curvature along an object’s contour, the faster it appears to rotate. Here we demonstrate that such rotational form–motion interactions are due solely to the rotational component of combined rotational and translational motion. We conclude that the perception of rotational motion relies on form–motion interactions that are independent of the processing underlying translational motion.
REVIEW: Regulatory Aspects of Whole Grain and Whole Grain Foods: Definitions and Labeling

ABSTRACT Whole grains have many health advantages. Therefore, many companies are adding whole grains to their products and consumers are looking for these foods in their diets. Creating regulations that encourages industry to formulate products with whole grains and accurately convey the amount of whole grain in the product to the consumer creates many challenges. Furthermore, the label should give enough information to enable the buyer to know whether of the product is delivering a dietarily significant amount of whole grain. Labeling regulations create a level playing field so that consumers know what is in the product and all manufacturers have the same opportunity to express the benefits for their products. To establish regulations regarding whole grains, there first needs to be an agreement as to which grains are included and which are not. Next, a common definition for whole grains and whole grain foods is needed. The AACC International definition of whole grains is the basis for many definitions ad...
Twentieth century changes in winter climatic regions

The configuration of the northern hemispheric general atmospheric circulation system shifted from a zonal to a meridional pattern in the early 1950s. Winter climatic regions in the conterminous United States are developed for a ten year period dominated by zonal flow and a second decade of meridional flow using a combination of principal components factor analysis and a Euclidean distance clustering algorithm. The results demonstrate that regional patterns in the surface climatic data substantially changed as the circulation system shifted its basic configuration. The regional structures of the eastern United States and the Great Plains appeared to be particularly sensitive to the change in the upperlevel flow pattern.