cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Teachers Use Power in the Classroom to Avoid or Support Exclusionary School Discipline Practices

This study explored the relation between classroom interactions and exclusionary school discipline practices within and across four classrooms in a disciplinary alternative school. Critical social practice theory and critical microethnographic methodology supported the examination, interpretation, and analysis of interactive power to illuminate ways of transforming exclusionary school discipline practices. Data showed that exclusionary school discipline practices are mediated through power relations with insights into and implications for transforming exclusionary school discipline practices found in teachers’ discipline goals, ideology, and views of culture.
Geospatial Video Monitoring of Nearshore Benthic Habitats of Western Biscayne Bay (Florida) Using the Shallow-Water Positioning System (SWaPS)

Abstract The nearshore habitats of western Biscayne Bay, a shallow lagoon adjacent to the city of Miami, are influenced by salinity fluctuations caused by freshwater discharges from canals. Benthic communities in these susceptible littoral habitats have been underrepresented in monitoring programs because of the difficulties associated with boat access. In the present study, we implement a geospatial video-based survey technique, the shallow-water positioning system (SWaPS), to document the abundance and distribution of benthic organisms in these shallow habitats. Mounted on a shallow-draft vessel, SWaPS integrates a global positioning system receiver with a video camera such that each video frame recorded is stamped with position information, date, water depth, heading, and pitch and roll. The georeferenced digital frames collected can be easily analyzed to document patterns of abundance and distribution of submerged aquatic vegetation and other benthic organisms. The field surveys conducted using SWaPS ...
Examining the direct costs and effectiveness of syphilis detection by selective screening and partner notification

Summary Selective screening and partner notification are two principal means of preventing and controlling syphilis in the United States, yet few studies have been undertaken to compare and evaluate the cost or effectiveness of detecting syphilis using either strategy. The objective of this paper is to assess from the perspective of a health department the costeffectiveness of selective screening compared with the strategy of partner notification in the detection of early syphilis in Houston, Texas, in 1994 and 1995. The cost-effectiveness analysis was performed using the recurring direct costs associated with detecting syphilis by both strategies. The middle estimates for the total direct costs associated with selective screening and partner notification were $579 101 and $229 529, respectively, for the 1466 and the 567 cases of early syphilis detected. On a cost per case basis, selective screening was more cost-effective than partner notification in the detection of primary, secondary and maternal syphilis cases. However, when consideration was given to prophylactic treatment, partner notification was more cost-effective in the detection of all early stage disease. Our findings suggest that the relative benefit of partner notification over selective screening depends on prophylactic treatment and an increase in worker productivity.
Development of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Associated Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Scrotum in a Patient with Darier's Disease Treated with Systemic Isotretinoin

In contrast to squamous cell carcinoma of the penis, scrotal carcinoma has historically been associated with exposure to environmental or industrial carcinogens and has only rarely been correlated with human papillomavirus. We report on a patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the scrotum in which human papillomavirus type 16 was integrated into the tumor cell genome, suggesting a causal role of human papillomavirus in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the scrotum. Other unique features of our case include the presence of Darier's disease, an uncommon genodermatosis, and treatment with oral retinoids, which have prophylactic value in the prevention of cutaneous malignancies.
Bond - A Parallel Virtual Environment

The Bond environment, currently under development at Purdue, allows execution of parallel programs on sequential machines, clusters of sequential systems, and massively parallel systems. Bond allows a group of users to share programs and data as well as knowledge about past experiences in using parallel programs. The system uses several resource and knowledge bases to validate user's requests and to suggest alternative ways to cary out a remote computation. In this paper we report on the Bond Shell, an intelligent shell which builds on the familiar concept of a search path in a UNIX environment and allows a user to locate programs and data on remote hosts and initiate remote execution of parallel or sequential programs.
Energy-based source localization with non-ideal energy decay factor

Free-space propagation with the energy decay factor equal to two is often assumed in energy-based localization algorithms. In practice, non-ideal energy decay factors that are different from two can occur. This paper derives the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for source localization with non-ideal energy decay factor and performs a sensitivity analysis of the localization algorithm presented in [K. C. Ho and M. Sun, 2007] with respect to the energy decay factor. The algorithm in [K. C. Ho and M. Sun, 2007] is found to be quite sensitive to the variations in the energy decay factor. This paper then proposes an extended algorithm for [K. C. Ho and M. Sun, 2007] that takes the non- ideal energy decay factor into account. Simulations show that the proposed solution reaches the CRLB accuracy for Gaussian noise as the signal-to-noise ratio tends to infinity.
Mechanical strain rapidly redistributes tyrosine phosphorylated proteins in human intestinal Caco-2 cells.

Abstract Repetitive strain stimulates proliferation and modulates differentiation in human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells via tyrosine kinase activity. We therefore sought to characterize strain modulation of tyrosine phosphorylation in Caco-2 cells. Immunoblotting for phosphotyrosine demonstrated that repetitive strain (10 cpm, 10% strain) rapidly increased tyrosine phosphorylation of 125-, 70-, 60-, and 50-kDa bands in the soluble fraction by 94±31, 145±21, 365±46, and 1240±240%, respectively (p
Semiconductor interlevel shorts caused by hillock formation in Al-Cu metallization

A new failure mode in AlCu and AlCuSi metallization is described in which interlevel metal short circuiting occurs between two or more levels of metal. Shorts are caused by theta-phase (Al/sub 2/Cu) hillocks which nucleate and grow during high-temperature vacuum heat treatment and processing, Hillock growth occurs at high-energy sites, such as silicon precipitates and grain boundary nodal points. The growth of Al/sub 2/Cu hillocks depends on the heat-treatment/processing temperature and aluminum film purity. The growth kinetics indicates that grain boundary diffusion is the dominant mass transport mechanism. Methods used to limit theta-phase hillock formation and growth concentrate on the diffusion and nucleation mechanisms involved. Decreasing the heat-treatment/processing temperature slows the atomic diffusion required for hillock growth, and it delays, but does not prevent, theta-phase hillock formation. A 1-h heat treatment (213 Pa, N/sub 2/ ambient) at 350 degrees C produces a high density of large hillocks. Hillock density and height are generally reduced at 300 degrees C. Altering the layered structure of a metallization alters Al/sub 2/Cu hillock growth. Deposition of a hard coating as a cap on the layered structure of an aluminum-based metallization mechanically suppresses hillock formation. A layer of pure aluminum deposited beneath the aluminum-copper layer acts as a sink for copper and delays hillock formation. Increasing film copper content reduces hillock formation: theta-phase hillocks, up to 1.3 mu m in height, are observed in films with 1 wt.% copper, whereas negligible ( >
Self-Management of Chronic Disease: A Webliography

Meeting the needs of people with chronic diseases is one of the major challenges facing U.S. health care today. Chronic disease is the leading cause of illness, disability, and death in the United States. It accounts for the majority of health care resources used each year and places substantial burdens on the quality of life of individuals, families, and communities. Successful chronic disease self-management is a partnership between an informed patient, the patient's family or caregiver, and the health professionals who care for the patient. Information available on the Internet can enable the patient to become an active partner in decision making and care.
Simulations of Molecular Fluids under Extreme Conditions

We report quantum molecular dynamics simulations of dense molecular fluids under extreme pressure and temperature. We discuss two applications in the range of recent gas-gun and laser shock compression experiments: the equation-of-state and shock Hugoniots of deuterium and nitrogen; and, the optical reflectivity of fluid deuterium.
ITEM DIFFICULTY ADJUSTMENT STUDY: GRE VERBAL DISCRETES

The purpose of this study was to determine whether it is both possible and cost-effective to revise middle-difficulty GRE discrete items in order to produce items of higher or lower difficulty. It was found that it is significantly easier to increase the difficulty of middle-difficulty items than to reduce the difficulty of such items, and that the difficulties of antonyms and analogies are much easier to manipulate than those of sentence completions. The evidence also suggests that producing harder analogies and antonyms by revising items in this manner would be a cost-effective procedure.
Review Essay * The Jewish Roots of the Modern Republic

A concise study of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Protestant Hebraica does not immediately suggest a provocative contribution to contemporary debates about secularization, religion, and politics. But that is what Eric Nelson’s learned yet accessible book about the Jewish sources of early modern republicanism provides. 1 According to Nelson, Professor of Government at Harvard University, the distinctive authority of the Hebrew Republic made possible the Protestant development of three central ideas: republican liberty, care for equality, and religious toleration. Nelson’s rehabilitation of the neglected Christian Hebraism of the late Renaissance and Reformation seeks to challenge historiographies which characterize modern political thought in terms of a rationalist independence from theology. These dominant narratives roughly describe a transition from political theology to political science that excludes religious conviction from political argument. 2 Nelson invokes (but does not engage) Mark Lilla’s description of “the Great Separation” of religion and politics as one expression of this threshold of disenchantment. 3 He also associates this narrative with figures as diverse as Hans Blumenberg, Leo Strauss, C. B. Macpherson, Michael Oakeshott, John Rawls, and Jonathan Israel. The book, therefore, contributes to scholarship that complicates the primacy of the “Enlightenment” origins and character of Western politics. It also raises complex questions about our relation to these origins. Much like Nelson’s own argument about the way Jewish sources helped reorganize accepted categories, his book opens new spaces for scholarly conversation across multiple fields of study. This review briefly raises normative implications of Nelson’s book for scholars of theology, ethics, and religious studies. I examine stronger and weaker versions of Nelson’s historical narrative as well as his gestures at their implications.
A Lagrangian approach to constrained potential games: Theory and examples

In this paper, we use a Lagrangian approach to solve for Nash equilibrium in a continuous non-cooperative game with coupled constraints. We discuss the necessary and the sufficient conditions to characterize the equilibrium of the constrained games. In addition, we discuss the existence and uniqueness of the equilibrium. We focus on the class of potential games and point out a relation between potential games and centralized optimization. Based on these results, we illustrate the Lagrangian approach with symmetric quadratic games and briefly discuss the notion of game duality. In addition, we discuss two engineering potential game examples from network rate control and wireless power control, for which the Lagrangian approach simplifies the solution process.
Serum iron and iron-binding capacity in clinical diagnosis.

N 1923, Abderhalden stated that serum was practically free of iron (1). Two years later, 2 French investigators analyzed horse serum in large quantities and found the concentration of iron that was not bound to hemoglobin to be about 0.2 mg. per 100 ml. (2). Results of the same order of magnitude were reported in 1927 from 3 different laboratories, quite independently of one another, applying different analytical methods to serum of humans, as well as of certain animals (3-5). Due to technical difficulties inherent in the minute quantity of iron normally present in plasma, as contrasted to the large amount of iron contained in hemoglobin of the red cells (Fig. 1), it was not until about 1937 that a practical method for serum (plasma) iron measurement was published (6). The necessary tool was now available to determine the physiologic significance and variations of the serum iron level and its changes in disease.
HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION FACTORS IN THE HUMAN LIVER : I. NORMAL, INFECTION AND INTOXICATION.

Human liver tissue has been assayed to determine the concentration of hemoglobin production factors in normal and abnormal states. Standardized dogs made anemic by bleeding have been used in this biological assay and the human liver tissue compared with control animal tissue. Normal human liver tissue (external trauma) contains much more of these hemoglobin production factors than the normal control animal liver-the ratio being 162 to 100. In this form of biological assay 42 gm. of animal liver or 26 gm. of human liver represent 1 gm. of potential hemoglobin. A second group (Table 2) in which the viscera were practically normal except for atrophy, the cases presenting a good deal of arteriosclerosis and senile changes, shows a lower content of these hemoglobin production factors. The ratio of human to control here is 117 to 100. This is certainly the low limit of normal. Acute fulminant infections reduce somewhat the store of these potent hemoglobin production factors in the human liver (Table 3). The average value is 117 as compared with 100 control but the more acute cases show the lower values. Chronic intoxications show values which are close to the human normal-151 per cent. The liver content of hemoglobin producing factors shows very wide fluctuations in cases of thyrotoxicosis. Diabetes may be associated with rather low values. There may be complete dissociation of the organic iron content and the concentration of hemoglobin production factors in the liver.
Determinants of willingness to eat insects in the USA and India

One of the major, if not the major impediment to large scale increases of human insect consumption, is the strong rejection of insects as food by most of the world’s population. In an effort to understand this aversion, we surveyed online samples of adults living in the USA and India to participate in a study on ‘attitudes toward food’. A substantial proportion of both Americans (72%) and Indians (74%) were at least willing to consider eating some form of insect food. Men were more willing to try eating insects than were women, especially in the USA. Disgust seems to be the most common reaction of both groups at the prospect of eating insects. The most common perceived benefits of eating insects were related to nutrition and environmental sustainability, and the most common risks related to risk of disease and illness. Both groups find ants the most palatable of a set of seven possible insects, and cockroaches the most unpalatable. In both samples, participants were most amenable to eating low levels of insect flour in a favourite food, and most averse to consuming whole insects. The best predictors of insect acceptance were disgust at the thought of eating insects, beliefs about the benefits of eating insects, sensation seeking, and the enjoyment of telling others about consumption of unusual foods.
Regulation of Chloroplast Translation

Plastid gene expression is highly regulated in response to environmental parameters, such as light, during plant growth and development. The integrated regulation of post-transcriptional events, such as mRNA stability, mRNA processing, and translation, has been shown to play amajor role in chloroplast gene expression. Biosynthesis of many chloroplast proteins shows a requirement for nuclear-encoded proteins and hence a coordination of the two genomes. Genetic analysis of mutants and biochemical analysis of proteins involved in gene expression have begun to reveal mechanisms of plastid gene expression. Analyses of mutants in green algae and plants have identified trans-acting nuclear encoded proteins, and cis-elements in the messenger RNAs that are involved in the expression of specific chloroplast genes. Biochemical studies have identified interactions of these trans-acting proteins with cis-elements found in both the 5′and 3′ untranslated regions of plastid mRNAs. Translation initiation in chloroplast mRNAs has both prokaryotic and eukaryotic features indicating that chloroplast translational regulation is a hybrid between the two systems. An emerging theme suggests that translational regulation relies on specific RNA-protein and protein-protein interactions that influence the ability of the ribosome to correctly initiate translation at the start codon. Understanding the involvement of nuclear gene products in the regulation of chloroplast translation should allow for the identification of the mechanisms of chloroplast gene expression that facilitate the coordination of a prokaryotic-like organelle with the eukaryotic nuclear host.
Perineal reconstruction following extended radical vulvectomy.

Abstract Extended radical vulvectomy frequently leaves a large perineal defect. Myocutaneous flaps allow a single stage reconstruction of a functional perineum and vagina.
Test point selection for analog fault diagnosis of unpowered circuit boards

Modern densely loaded circuit boards have posed problems for fault diagnosis with in-circuit testers because only limited physical access to the boards is allowed. In this paper, we present an efficient graph-based test-point selection algorithm for analog fault diagnosis of unpowered circuit boards. In addition to finding the sets of test points that allow one to differentiate between the elements under diagnosis, the algorithm can serve as a design for testability (DfT) guide for circuit board design. Experimental results on some industrial designs show that, in general, access to 50% of the nodes is sufficient to diagnose all the elements.
The Luxury Paradox: How Systems Thinking and Supply Chain Collaboration Can Bring Sustainability Into Mainstream Practice

It is not hard to imagine sustainability behaviors that could be labeled as “luxury,” but for many sustainability efforts this might not be descriptive. Systems thinking is at the core of the total cost concept of logistics and this is where there is often lots of overlap and opportunity for logistics and sustainability initiatives. Some companies are now sharing reliable product level information and performance indicators that are crucial to successful logistics as an outcome of collaboration on sustainability initiatives. In some cases, various sustainability performance metrics can serve as proxy measures or leading indicators for logistics costs and service measures. They can also serve as a point of collaboration for multiple firms in the supply chain.
mTORC2 modulates feedback regulation of p38 MAPK activity via DUSP10/MKP5 to confer differential responses to PP242 in glioblastoma

Dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) dephosphorylate MAP kinases (MAPKs) resulting in their inactivation. Activation of MAPK signaling leads to enhanced DUSP expression, thus establishing feedback regulation of the MAPK pathway. The DUSPs are subject to regulation at the post-translational level via phosphorylation resulting in alterations of protein stability. Here we report that mTORC2 function leads to stabilization of the p38 MAPK phosphatase, DUSP10, thereby inhibiting p38 activity. We demonstrate that mTORC2 binds DUSP10 and phosphorylates DUSP10 on serine residues 224 and 230. These phosphorylation events block DUSP10 turnover resulting in inactivation of p38 signaling. We further show that insulin-stimulated PI3K/mTORC2 signaling regulates DUSP10 stability and p38 activity. Importantly, knockdown of DUSP10 or ectopic overexpression of nonphosphorylatable or phosphomimetic DUSP10 mutants was sufficient to confer differential mTOR kinase inhibitor responses to GBM cells in vitro and in murine xenografts. Finally, DUSP10 was shown to be overexpressed in a significant number of GBM patients. These data demonstrate the ability of the mTORC2 pathway to exert regulatory effects on the DUSP10/p38 feedback loop to control the cellular effects of mTOR kinase inhibitors in GBM and support the use of DUSP10 expression as a surrogate biomarker to predict responsiveness.
Affluence as a predictor of vaccine refusal and underimmunization in California private kindergartens

Background Non-medical vaccine exemption rates in California private schools far exceed those of public schools, but little is known about specific factors which may be associated with high exemption rates in private schools. Methods The percent of personal-belief exemptions (PBEs) among California public and private kindergartens were computed for 2000–2001 to 2014–2015 academic years. For the 2014–2015 academic year, a random sample of private schools was selected to investigate associations between kindergarten characteristics (tuition amount, religious affiliation) and vaccine profile (non-medical vaccine exemptions, vaccine coverage). Results The proportion of private kindergartens reporting 5% or more children with PBEs increased from 9% (2000–2001) to 34% (2013–2014), followed by a small decrease in 2014–2015 (31%). Overall, 93.7% (565/605) of kindergartens sampled in 2014–2015 had data available. Very high PBE levels (>20%) were seen among secular and non-Catholic, Christian kindergartens but not Roman Catholic, Jewish or Islamic kindergartens. However, the majority of schools at all tuition levels had fewer than 5% of children with a PBE. Kindergartens with an annual tuition of $10,000 or more were over twice as likely to have 20% or more children with PBEs than kindergartens with a lower tuition (p < .01). Additionally, the conditional admission proportions for kindergartens with tuitions of $10,000 or more were 39% compared to 22% for less expensive kindergartens (p < .01). Only about half of all private kindergartens had 95% coverage of the MMR (49%) and pertussis-containing vaccines (51%). Conclusions School-entry vaccination requirements are critical to preventing outbreaks of vaccine preventable diseases in the US. Nonmedical exemptions increased between the 2000–2001 and 2014–2015 academic years and appear to be associated with affluence, raising social justice concerns.
Causal coding of markov sources with continuous alphabets

Summary. We study, for kth-order Markov sources, the structure of optimal causal encoders minimizing total rate subject to a mean-square distortion constraint over a finite horizon. The class of sources considered is general alphabet sources, and the encoder is allowed to be variable-rate. This leads to an optimization problem in an infinite-dimensional space, for which a solution exists. We show that the optimal causal encoder for a kth-order Markov source uses only the most recent k source symbols and the information available at the receiver. We also consider the infinite-horizon version, but for k = 1, provide an existence result for an optimal stationary solution, discuss the effect of randomization on performance, and show that a recurrence-based time sharing of at most two deterministic quantizers is optimal. We further argue that for real-valued processes innovation encoding is not in general optimal, but for coding of a stable linear or non-linear source, the quantization of the innovation is an almost optimal scheme in the limit of low-distortion. This class of problems has natural applications in remote control of linear and non-linear systems with quantization.
Effect of Hydrocarbon and Amine Diluents on the Properties of Dicumyl Peroxide Cured Styrene-Butadiene Rubber, Part I: Gum Compositions

Abstract Gum SBR compositions containing dicumyl peroxide and either alkane (nonadecane) or amine (octadecylamine or oleylamine) diluent were prepared. Dilution caused a reduction in rheometer torque upon curing and in the resulting crosslink density based on solvent swelling. Results for each diluent were indistinguishable. However, tensile strengths and especially storage moduli were different for nonadecane- and octadecylamine-diluted vulcanizates. Added octadecylamine mildly reinforced the gum, while nonadecane lowered strength and stiffness. Furthermore, quite strikingly, octadecylamine-diluted samples had a large, low-strain storage modulus, which decreased markedly with strain amplitude (Payne effect), while vulcanizates diluted with nonadecane showed no Payne effect.
Cost-effectiveness of 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and applicator-based brachytherapy in the delivery of accelerated partial breast irradiation.

Purpose:To compare reimbursement and cost efficacy between accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) techniques.Materials/Methods:Four hundred fifty-three patients were treated with APBI using either 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT, n=207) or balloon-based brachytherapy (BB) [single
Effect of parathyroid extract on in vitro uptake of Ca45 by voluntary muscle.

Summary and ConclusionsAdministration of parathyroid extract (PTE) elevates serum calcium(5). The present experiment indicates that PTE consistently inhibited in vitro uptake of calcium by rat voluntary muscle. This observation is compatible with the known hypercalcemic effect of parathyroid hormone and provides evidence for the hypothesis that parathyroid glands regulate movement of calcium between extracellular and intracellular fluid.
Generalizability Theory: A Comprehensive Method for Assessing and Improving the Dependability of Marketing Measures:

The author proposes that generalizability theory be adopted by marketing researchers as a means of assessing and improving the dependability (reliability) of marketing measures. Concepts and computational procedures are presented and the comprehensiveness and flexibility of generalizability analysis are illustrated. Classical reliability theory is shown to be inappropriate in many measurement situations in marketing.
Fertility treatments and multiple births in the United States.

Background The advent of fertility treatments has led to an increase in the rate of multiple births in the United States. However, the trends in and magnitude of the contribution of fertility treatments to the increase are uncertain. Methods We derived the rates of multiple births after natural conception from data on distributions of all births from 1962 through 1966 (before fertility treatments were available). Publicly available data on births from 1971 through 2011 were used to determine national multiple birth rates, and data on in vitro fertilization (IVF) from 1997 through 2011 were used to estimate the annual proportion of multiple births that were attributable to IVF and to non-IVF fertility treatments, after adjustment for maternal age. Trends in multiple births were examined starting from 1998, the year when clinical practice guidelines for IVF were developed with an aim toward reducing the incidence of multiple births. Results We estimated that by 2011, a total of 36% of twin births and 77% of triplet and higher-order births resulted from conception assisted by fertility treatments. The observed incidence of twin births increased by a factor of 1.9 from 1971 to 2009. The incidence of triplet and higher-order births increased by a factor of 6.7 from 1971 to 1998 and decreased by 29% from 1998 to 2011. This decrease coincided with a 70% reduction in the transfer of three or more embryos during IVF (P<0.001) and a 33% decrease in the proportion of triplet and higher-order births attributable to IVF (P<0.001). Conclusions Over the past four decades, the increased use of fertility treatments in the United States has been associated with a substantial rise in the rate of multiple births. The rate of triplet and higher-order births has declined over the past decade in the context of a reduction in the transfer of three or more embryos during IVF. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)
Prejudice and Relegious Types: A Focused Study of Southern Fundamentalists

In the last few years research on the relationship of religion and prejudice has turned up striking, although contradictory, results. On the one hand, several studies concerning church members have shown them to be much more prejudiced toward ethnic groups than their unchurched counterparts.L On the other hand, several investigations, such as the one by G. Schinert and C. E. Ford,2 have measured
Cost of Medical Care: Whose Money Are We Talking About?

There has been a significant effort over the last 10 years to attempt to control the rate of increase in the cost of medical care. However, as is true of any economic system there are multiple stakeholders involved and often competing motivations. The single largest source of medical inflation is the cost of pharmaceuticals, however this topic will not be directly discussed in this paper. Similarly, the cost of medical insurance products will not be included as these issues cannot be directly addressed by physician behavior. The body of this discussion will focus on costs directly experienced by, or potentially controlled by physicians. These areas include: practice expense and margin; hospital direct costs and margin. It is essential for physicians to fully understand factors they can potentially control and areas they may be able to influence in this troubling era of cost containment.
Integration of yarn compression in modeling structural geometry of liquid resistant–repellent fabric surfaces and its impact on liquid behavior

Liquid resistant/repellent surfaces are important in many textile applications, especially for the outermost layer. The Cassie–Baxter model is a geometrical model depicting the liquid behavior of a rough surface and predicting the liquid resistance of a surface by calculating the apparent contact angle. The Cassie–Baxter model has been used to develop a geometrical model of woven fabric to define the surface performance of its liquid repellency. However, current geometrical models do not consider yarn flattening, which is observed in actual woven fabrics. A model reflecting the actual geometry of woven fabric should predict liquid wetting more accurately. This study extended the Cassie–Baxter model of woven fabrics to include the yarn flattening factor, e. This theory predicts that the fabric contact angle, θ F, decreases as yarn flattening proceeds by increasing the contact area of a liquid on a fabric surface. Different weave structures also influence the contact angle, θ F. When the yarn contact angle is θ y ≥ 113° and e ≤ 1, the fabric contact angles of the fabrics studied were the highest for plain woven fabric, lower in 2/2 basket, and lowest in 2/1 twill. These predictions are in good agreement with experimental results on manufactured woven fabrics, which varied in their yarn flattening and their different weave structures; they exhibited the same trends as predicted in the models. Yarn compression and its impact on the liquid resistant/repellent surface property were demonstrated by modeling the structural geometry of the lenticular yarn (compressed yarn) in regard to the liquid contact area against the woven fabric surface. As the yarn is compressed, the major axis of a warp or weft yarn, a, increases, while the minor axis, b, decreases. This changes the liquid-fabric contact angle, which is dependent on the liquid surface tension (determining θe and α) and the local surface geometry.
CD133, selectively targeting the root of cancer

Cancer stem cells (CSC) are capable of promoting tumor initiation and self-renewal, two important hallmarks of carcinoma formation. This population comprises a small percentage of the tumor mass and is highly resistant to chemotherapy, causing the most difficult problem in the field of cancer research, drug refractory relapse. Many CSC markers have been reported. One of the most promising and perhaps least ubiquitous is CD133, a membrane-bound pentaspan glycoprotein that is frequently expressed on CSC. There is evidence that directly targeting CD133 with biological drugs might be the most effective way to eliminate CSC. We have investigated two entirely unrelated, but highly effective approaches for selectively targeting CD133. The first involves using a special anti-CD133 single chain variable fragment (scFv) to deliver a catalytic toxin. The second utilizes this same scFv to deliver components of the immune system. In this review, we discuss the development and current status of these CD133 associated biological agents. Together, they show exceptional promise by specific and efficient CSC elimination.
Bowenoid Papulosis of the Penis: Successful Management with Neodymium:Yag Laser

Abstract Bowenoid papulosis of the penis is a recently described entity that clinically resembles benign verruca-like papular lesions but, histologically, it is identical to carcinoma in situ, Bowen’s disease or erythroplasia of Queyrat. Although a few cases of spontaneous regression of bowenoid papulosis in men have been reported, conservative therapy, consisting of topical 5-fluorouracil, electrodissection or excision, is recommended. With these treatment modalities recurrences are not uncommon. We report 2 cases of extensive bowenoid papulosis of the penis treated successfully without scarring with the neodymium-yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser.
Characterization and localization of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor in human prostatic tissue.

Abstract Radioligand receptor binding and autoradiography were used to characterize and localize the muscarinic cholinergic receptor in human benign prostatic hyperplastic tissue. These methods have not been used previously to investigate the autonomic innervation of the human prostate. The binding of [3H]N-methylscopolamine ([3H]NMS), a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, to homogenates of human prostate was saturable and of high affinity. The equilibrium dissociation constant, (Kd), for [3H]NMS binding to human prostate homogenates was 0.10 ± 0.03 nM (mean ± SEM). The values of the Kd s for [3H]NMS binding to prostates of man (0.10 nM), dog (0.20 nM), pig (0.11 nM), rat (0.07 nM) and rabbit (0.15ynM) were similar, suggesting homogeneity of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in varying species. The mean density, B(max), of muscarinic cholinergic receptors identified in the human prostate was 2.1 fmol./mg. prostate wet weight. The relative density of receptors in the human prostates were similar in the homogenates and slide-mounted tissue sections. The pharmacology of NMS binding sites on slide-mounted tissue sections was evaluated by competitive binding experiments using [3H]NMS and atropine. The IC50 corrected of atropine on slide-mounted tissue sections (0.42 nM) was similar to values obtained in prostate homogenates (1.16 nM). Autoradiography on slide-mounted tissue sections demonstrated that the muscarinic cholinergic receptors were localized to the epithelium of the prostate. The ratio of specific NMS binding in the epithelial and stromal components of the prostate, expressed as autoradiographic grains/unit area and autoradiographic grains/cell, was 71:1 and 33:1 respectively. Because prostatic secretion is dramatically enhanced by muscarinic cholinergic agonists, localization of muscarinic cholinergic receptors to the epithelium is consistent with the neuropharmacology of prostatic secretion. These studies have provided basic insight into the neuropharmacology of the prostate. Future studies will be necessary to characterize and localize other neurotransmitters in the human prostate in order to further enhance our understanding of prostatic function.
Test of Improved Matrix ENDOR Lineshape Model Based on Single Crystal Data

A new general matrix ENDOR lineshape model is tested against data on the CH3 in γ-irradiated LiCH COO·2H2O. The theoretical simulations agree satisfactorily with the experimental line-shape, microwave magnetic field dependence, H, radiofrequency magnetic field dependence, H2 and angular dependence of single crystal EŃDOR line intensities.
Optimal Consistent Network Updates in Polynomial Time

Software-defined networking (SDN) enables controlling the behavior of a network in software, by managing the forwarding rules installed on switches. However, it can be difficult to ensure that certain properties are preserved during periods of reconfiguration. The widely-accepted notion of per-packet consistency requires every packet to be forwarded using the new configuration or the old configuration, but not a mixture of the two. A (partial) order on switches is a consistent order update if updating the switches in that order guarantees per-packet consistency. A consistent order update is optimal if it allows maximal parallelism, where switches may be updated in parallel if they are incomparable in the order. This paper presents a polynomial-time algorithm for computing optimal consistent order updates. This contrasts with other recent results, which show that for other properties (e.g., loop-freedom and waypoint enforcement), the optimal update problem is np-complete.
Impact of opening hermetic storage bags on grain quality, fungal growth and aflatoxin accumulation.

Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags are used by farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa for pest management of stored grains and products, including maize. These bags hermetically seal the products, preventing exchange with external moisture and gases. Biological respiration within the bags create an environment that is unsuitable for insect development and fungal growth. This study was conducted to determine the impact of routine opening of the storage bags for maize consumption on fungal growth and aflatoxin contamination. Maize with moisture contents (MC) high enough to support fungal growth (15%, 16%, 18% and 20%) was stored in PICS bags, which were opened weekly and exposed to humid conditions (85% RH) for 30 min over a period of 8 weeks and 24 weeks. Monitors indicated that oxygen defused into the open bags but did not reach equilibrium with the bottom layers of grain during the 30-min exposure period. Fungal colony forming units obtained from the grain surface increased 3-fold (at 15% MC) to 10,000-fold (at 20% MC) after 8 weeks. At both 8 weeks and 24 weeks, aflatoxin was detected in at least one bag at each grain moisture, suggesting that aflatoxin contamination spread from a planted source of A. flavus-colonized grain to non-inoculated grain. The results indicate that repeatedly breaking the hermetic seal of the PICS bags will increase fungal growth and the risk of aflatoxin contamination, especially in maize stored at high moisture content. This work also further demonstrates that maize should be properly dried prior to storage in PICS bags.
A Rare Presentation of Isolated CNS Posttransplantation Lymphoproliferative Disorder

Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a recognized and extremely morbid complication of solid organ transplantation, but central nervous system involvement, particularly in isolation, is rare. There are no standardized treatment strategies for PTLD, though commonly used strategies include reduction of immunosuppression, chemotherapy, rituximab, radiation, and surgery. We present a case of an unusual morphologic variant of primary central nervous system PTLD with successful response to rituximab and cranial radiation. A 69-year-old Asian male, who underwent postrenal transplant nine years earlier, presented with a one-month history of new onset seizure activity. His evaluation revealed multiple brain lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as serologic and cerebrospinal fluid studies which were positive for Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection. Ultimately, he underwent craniotomy with tissue biopsy with the final pathology report showing posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder, polymorphic type. The patient was managed with reduction in immunosuppression, rituximab therapy, and cranial radiation treatments. He had demonstrated marked improvement in his neurologic function and was ultimately discharged to inpatient rehabilitation facility.
Linear Control Theory, Splines and Interpolation

Spline functions are well known and are widely used for practical approximation of functions or more commonly for fitting smooth curves through preassigned points. Spline techniques have the advantage over most approximation and interpolation techniques in that they are computationally feasible. Most of the published spline algorithms are for polynomial splines and the vast preponderance are for cubic splines. There is a small but excellent literature on the so called exponential splines and there is an even smaller literature on splines with more or less arbitrary nodal functions,[9, 3].
TMJ online: Investigating temporomandibular disorders as “TMJ” on YouTube

As the understanding of temporomandibular disorders' (TMDs) aetiologies and treatments develops from non-evidence-based to evidence-based approaches, the availability of sound information will likewise grow and need to be disseminated. The purpose of this study is to describe the content most commonly viewed in YouTube videos related to TMDs or "TMJ" and see whether videos from different sources have different content. Video information was gathered by searching YouTube for the term "TMJ," and data were recorded related to descriptive information as well as content. Statistical analyses included Kruskal-Wallis H Test, Spearman's Rho and univariate logistic regression. The sources of upload were Consumer (n = 62), Professional (n = 29) and News (n = 9). There were almost no statistically significant differences in content distribution among video sources. Videos garnered a total of 4 749 360 views, with an overall median of 7014.5 views. About two-thirds of the videos (68/100) explained what "TMJ" is, with a surprising third of Professional videos (9/29) not covering the subject. Roughly half of the videos mentioned at least one reason "TMJ" occurs (55/100), and seven in ten mentioned some kind of treatment (70/100). Video names mentioned a cure or treatment in 64 cases, while the other 36 referred to TMJ anatomy or "TMJ" aetiology. Future research should focus on ways to popularise professional videos with reliable information for those who are searching on YouTube for advice related to "TMJ."
The Wreck Of The Galleon San Agustin: A Case Study In Economics, Exploration, And European Development Of The Pacific Rim.

The ambitious expansion of Spain’s empire to the Far East in the sixteenth century to capitalize on the riches of the spice trade was the impetus behind astonishing sea voyages from South America and Mexico across the Pacific to the Philippines. The Manila Galleon trade is best understood in the context of a nascent global economy and global trade. Routes in the China Sea that had existed for centuries were linked to routes pioneered or commandeered by Iberians. The flow of silver and gold to Asia and of goods in return to the Americas and ultimately to Europe were the foundation of the modern world system. This chapter examines the economic networks that evolved during the first two hundred years of the Manilla trade, its impact on economic systems, and the role the trade played in colonial administration on multiple continents.
Leveraging Design Patterns to Support Designer-Therapist Collaboration When Ideating Brain Injury Therapy Games

Many therapists who work with patients who have had a brain injury (BI) include games to ameliorate boredom associated with repetitive rehabilitation exercises. However, designing effective, appropriate, and engaging games for BI therapy is challenging. Following a user-centered approach we created GaPBIT (Game Design Patterns for BI Therapy), a prototype tool that leveraged design patterns to support designer-therapist collaboration when ideating games for BI therapy. We observed the use of GaPBIT in six game ideation workshops that involved game designers and therapists. The tool effectively facilitated collaboration in the interdisciplinary teams. Findings also suggested that information tools like GaPBIT support but do not replace informative collaboration among designers and subject-matter experts (i.e., therapists in our study). We argue that our findings and research methodology generalize to other domains where communication and collaboration among interdisciplinary design teams are imperative for designing "successful" games; i.e. games that meet the varied goals among stakeholders.
Bioherbicidal activity of Sinapis alba seed meal extracts

Abstract Although seed meal from yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) is a potential tool for controlling weeds as a consequence of produced phytotoxic products, use is limited by batch-to-batch variability and logistical constraints. Our objective was to develop an efficacious bioherbicide by extracting and identifying the active ingredients in S. alba seed meal that demonstrate phytotoxicity to greenhouse-grown Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis). Companion bioassays with separate potential active ingredient solutions containing ionic thiocyanate (SCN−), 4-(hydroxymethyl)phenol (4-OH), or 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetonitrile (Nitrile) at concentrations approximating those in the extract were performed. When applied pre- (PRE) or postemergence (POST), SCN− and extracts were the most active solutions on both weed species. The highest rate tested of SCN− of 2.8 kg ha−1 controlled Powell amaranth 98% and green foxtail 84% compared to the highest rate of extract (2.8 kg SCN− ha−1) that controlled Powell amaranth 97% and green foxtail 82%. POST application of the extract was less effective as compared to SCN− solutions, with SCN− showing 97% control of Powell amaranth and 71% control of green foxtail as compared to the extract displaying only 46% control of Powell amaranth and 23% control of green foxtail. Little or no herbicidal activity was observed on both weed species following PRE or POST application of 4-OH or Nitrile. Development of a bioherbicide based on extracting and concentrating SCN− from S. alba seed meal is feasible, especially if scale up activities focus on eliminating the need for alcoholic extractants and yield higher active ingredient products.