cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Residential mobility in context: interpreting behavior in the housing market

Residential mobility is the process whereby individuals and households adjust their locations in cities. These moves, in the aggregate, change neighborhoods as well as providing specific housing outcomes for households and families as a result of the move. The literature on residential change has evolved from cross-sectional studies of family structure and their housing circumstances, to life course analyses of the motivations for moving, the contexts in which the moves occur, and the intersection of life course change and housing choice. The combined work of demographers, geographers, economists and sociologists has provided a much clearer and more nuanced understanding of behavior in the housing market than was possible with cross-sectional analyses. This paper reviews the evolution of life course approaches to residential mobility and discusses the current state of the research literature.
Survey of Software with Mixture Experiment Capabilities

Vendors of statistical experimental design and data analysis software packages were contacted to gather information on software having mixture experiment capabilities. A total of 15 packages having mixture experiment capabilities were identified. The mi..
Double-Opposing Z-Plasty for Secondary Surgical Management of Velopharyngeal Insufficiency Following Primary Furlow Palatoplasty.

Objective:The present study investigates the efficacy of performing a “palate rerepair” utilizing a double-opposing z-palatoplasty (DOZ) following primary Furlow palatoplasty.Design:Retrospective s...
Shy Girl Gives Kiwifruit Male Flowers.

From the human perspective, separate sexes are the norm while hermaphroditism is an exotic concept. For plants, hermaphroditism is the norm. Dioecy, separate male and female individuals, is rare and dispersed in the angiosperm phylogeny ([Renner, 2014][1]; [Kafer et al., 2017][2]). In fact, dioecy
Medieval Courtly Literature, Royal Patronage and World Harmony (III)

Music conquers the demon, as Pythagoras might have said. The present study approaches the problem yet a third time, and once again in the footsteeps of Stephen Jaeger, who has argued cogently also that many of these speculative principles trickle clown into vernacular literature. It is proposed chat cosmic harmony is recapiculated at the medieval court, such as at Arthur's Round Table, and that the equilibrium implied in the concept of world harmony reverberates -volens nolens- at the court of medieval kings, princes and bishops (Jaeger, Origins of Courtliness). A second analogy asserts that the concept of cosmic harmony corresponds to the social and human sphere; that, as Boethius urged, humans can shape their character by responding appropriately to cosmic harmony, thus leading to deeper selfknowledge. Three topics are discussed: a) the value-laden aims of medieval courtly literature; b) the background to the notion of cosmic harmony -seen in the description of the Perfect, or New Man, a «mysterious union»- and described in two significant twelfth century treatises, the Cosmographia of Bernardus Silvestris and Alan of Lille's Anticlaudianus. The last concern is the issue of world harmony insofar as it suggests a courtly fusion of the divine and the human, the cosmic and social, heavenly and earthly, macrocosm and microcosm.
Potentials for Immunologic Intervention in Cancer

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the potentials for immunologic intervention in cancer. Several findings in tumor immunology strongly suggest that practical methods will be forthcoming to permit the detection and measurement of tumor antigens in human cancer patients. Tumor-specific immunity, both cell mediated and that based upon humoral antibodies can be assessed in vitro on an experimental basis. With the exception of the fluorescent antibody techniques and perhaps, one or two complement fixation methods, all of these tests depend upon tissue culture-derived tumor specimens. The in vitro management of such cells mixed with antibody, putatively immune cells or both, involves techniques which are difficult from the technical point of view and based upon the assessment of effects which are rarely all or none. It has been emphasized that the central problem in tumor immunotherapy is not that of inducing the patient to become immune to products of his tumor but rather to make existing, demonstrable immunity more effective in controlling tumor growth.
HMGA2 is regulated by LIN28 and BRCA1 in human placental cells

The chromatin associated transcription factor HMGA2 is a downstream target of let-7 miRNAs and binds to chromatin to regulate gene expression. Inhibition of let-7 miRNAs by RNA-binding proteins LIN28A and LIN28B is necessary during early embryogenesis to ensure stable expression of HMGA2. In addition to LIN28, HMGA2 is regulated by a BRCA1/ZNF350/CtIP repressor complex. In normal tissues, the BRCA1/ZNF350/CtIP complex binds to the HMGA2 promoter to prevent transcription. However, in many cancers the oncomiR miR-182 targets BRCA1, preventing BRCA1 translation and allowing for increased HMGA2. Little is known about the regulation of HMGA2 during early placental development; therefore, we hypothesized that both LIN28 and BRCA1 can regulate HMGA2 in placental cells. Using siRNA and CRISPR gene editing techniques, we found that knockdowns of both LIN28A and LIN28B increase HMGA2 levels in ACH-3P cells. These cells also demonstrated deficiencies in cell differentiation, seemingly differentiating solely towards the syncytiotrophoblast sublineage, secreting higher amounts of hCG, and displaying upregulated ERVW-1. Additionally, we found that a knockout of both LIN28A and LIN28B caused a significant increase of miR-182 and a decrease in BRCA1 allowing HMGA2 mRNA levels to increase and protein levels to remain the same. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we saw binding of the BRCA1 repressor complex to HMGA2. We also saw a decrease in binding to HMGA2's promoter in the LIN28A/B knockout cells. These findings suggest a novel role for BRCA1 during early human placental development.
Who adopts a patient portal?: An application of the diffusion of innovation model

Background Patient portals have emerged as an important tool through which patients can access online health information and engage in their health care. However, we know little about how patients perceive portals and whether patient perceptions might influence portal adoption. Objective Apply the diffusion of innovation (DOI) theory to assess perceptions of adopters and non-adopters of a patient portal. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of adopters and non-adopters of the portal. Our survey consisted of perceived attributes from the DOI theory, socio-demographic characteristics and patient perceptions of technology adoption. Results Three factors representing perceived attributes from DOI theory accounted for 73% of the variance in the data: Factor 1 – Relative Advantage (27%); Factor 2 – Ease of Use (24%) and Factor 3 – Trialability (22%). Adopters perceived greater Relative Advantage [mean (SD)] = 3.8 (0.71) versus 3.2 (0.89), p Conclusion Patients will adopt a patient portal if they perceive it to offer a relative advantage over existing practices such as telephoning or visiting the doctor’s office. Organisations seeking to increase the adoption of patient portals should implement strategies to promote the relative advantage of portals as, for example, through posters in waiting and exam rooms. A digital divide in the adoption of patient portals may exist with respect to age and income.
A POCO type pincer complex of iridium: Synthesis, characterization, and catalysis

Abstract A convenient synthesis of a new POCO-type pincer ligand, “tBuPOCOH”, (3-(di-tert-butylphosphinito)acetophenone is reported. Metallation using [Ir(COD)Cl]2 provides the dimeric species (μ-Cl-[tBuPOCOIrHCl]2) (1a) as a major product, along with isomer 1b. Though not fully characterized, 1b is shown to be chemically equivalent to 1a by a series of experiments with AgOTf and CO which lead to formation of a single product, tBuPOCOIr(CO)HOTf (3). The 1a/b mixture gives inferior results to iPrPCPIr when used as pre-catalyst in the dehydrogenative coupling of vinyl arenes, though olefin isomerization activity is enhanced. This system was also evaluated in the Geurbet conversion of ethanol to n-butanol and higher alcohols. The CO adducts of 1a/b, cis/trans-2, were found to give the best results as pre-catalyst, achieving a 33% yield of n-butanol and an overall 47% yield of n-alcohols with a catalyst loading of 0.5% when heated at 150 °C for 4 hours. This represents the first example of a pincer ligated iridium complex as catalyst in the Geurbet reaction of ethanol.
Evaluation of Biorational Products for Powdery Mildew Management in Cornus florida

Abstract Between 1997 and 1999, 21 biorational products were evaluated for powdery mildew control on dogwood seedlings and compared with the traditional fungicides Banner® (propiconazole), ConSyst™...
Leveraging Library Expertise in Support of Institutional Goals: A Case Study of an Open Educational Resources Initiative

Incentivizing faculty adoption of Open Educational Resources (OER) as a method for reducing textbook costs to increase access and affordability of higher education has been an area of development i...
Radiation Therapy for Orbital and Adnexal Tumors

Radiation therapy is used in the multimodality treatment of many orbital and adnexal tumors to enhance local control and possibly, in some patients, overall survival. In this chapter we will review the indications, modern techniques, potential toxic effects, and expectations of tumor control for a variety of orbital and adnexal tumors. Typically, treatments are delivered in fractions of 1.8–2.0 Gy per day, with the total number of fractions depending on the inherent radiosensitivity of the lesion. Radiotherapy technique and field design depends on the required dose, the tumor type, and the surrounding normal structures such as the lens, which is at risk of a cataract after a dose as low as 2 Gy. Excellent functional outcomes are evident for patients with optic nerve meningiomas with 5-year local control rates greater than 90% after local radiation therapy alone. In patients with orbital rhabdomyosarcoma, chemotherapy with radiation therapy results in excellent 5-year survival rates. Recently, we have been evaluating the role of oculoplastic procedures followed by adjuvant radiation therapy in lieu of orbital exenteration for patients with locally advanced ocular adnexal cancers.
Surgical selection criteria compliance is associated with a lower risk of periprosthetic joint infection in total hip arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a devastating complication of total hip arthroplasty (THA). Patient optimization represents an important target for PJI prevention. Unfortunately, best practice screening guidelines are not consistently followed by all surgeons. Our study aimed to determine both the degree and the effect that compliance with our institutional preoperative surgical selection criteria had on PJI rates for patients undergoing elective primary THA. Methods A retrospective review was conducted on 455 elective primary THA procedures performed at an academic tertiary care center over a 2-year period. Institutional preoperative surgical selection criteria included the following: body mass index ≤40 kg/m2, hemoglobin A1c ≤7.5%, hemoglobin ≥12 g/dL, albumin ≥3.5 g/dL, no smoking within 30 days prior to surgery, and completion of a decolonization protocol if a nasal polymerase chain reaction was positive for Staphylococcus aureus. PJI was assessed for a minimum 1-year follow-up using Musculoskeletal Infection Society criteria from 2011. Rates of compliance and PJI were compared using a chi-squared test. Results Surgeon compliance with institutional preoperative selection criteria was 62.4% and ranged from 0.0% to 83.9%. Five of 455 patients developed a PJI. The total PJI rate was 1.1%. The compliant patient cohort had a PJI rate of 0.0%, while the noncompliant cohort had a PJI rate of 2.9% (P = .0038). Conclusions This study identified a statistically significant decrease in PJI rates among patients who met all preoperative screening criteria.
Advancing synthetic mammography for stationary digital breast tomosynthesis

Purpose. Report advances being made in synthetic mammography applied to carbon nanotube-enabled stationary digital breast tomosynthesis (sDBT). Methods. The potential value of adding Laplacian decomposition, feature-enhancement algorithms, and weighted recombination to the tunable forward-projection steps developed previously to generate synthetic mammograms for sDBT was studied in this phantom-based comparison of sDBT to full field digital mammography (FFDM) and moving-source or conventional DBT. Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and the full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) of the signal intensity were used to compare the display of microcalcification and mass features in the FFDM image and the synthetic images generated by sDBT and DBT. These findings guided modifications in the sDBT image processing chain, seeking to maximize the display of clinically-important features in the sDBT-based synthetic image. Results. Decomposing each reconstructed image slice into its high, mid, and low-frequency components yielded images emphasizing a different feature of clinical importance: microcalcifications, masses, and background density. Applying feature-enhancement algorithms to these images followed by weighted recombination during forward projection yielded an sDBT-based synthetic image that displayed masses with a higher CNR than the FFDM image and the synthetic image generated by DBT. Additionally, microcalcifications that could be visualized in all three modalities were displayed with a higher CNR in the synthetic images generated by DBT and sDBT compared to the FFDM image. Conclusion. Adding Laplacian decomposition, feature-enhancement, and weighted recombination steps to the image processing chain that generates a synthetic image from information collected by sDBT improved the display of clinicallyimportant features. Advancing the synthetic mammography capability of sDBT is important, as it will help complete the evolution of this promising technology to a viable clinical tool.
An activity space approach to understanding how food access is associated with dietary intake and BMI among urban, low-income African American women.

Abstract Inconclusive evidence for how food environments affect health may result from an emphasis on residential neighborhood-based measures of exposure. We used an activity space approach to examine whether 1) measures of food access and 2) associations with diet and BMI differ between residential and activity space food environments among low-income African American women in Atlanta, Georgia (n = 199). Although residential and activity space environments differed across all dimensions of food access, being located farther away from ‘unhealthy’ outlets was associated with lower BMI in both environments. Future research should move beyond asking whether residential and activity space environments differ, toward examining if, how, and under what conditions these differences impact the estimation of health effects.
Organ-specific ECM arrays for investigating Cell-ECM interactions during stem cell differentiation.

Pluripotent stem cells are promising source of cells for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and drug discovery applications. The process of stem cell differentiation is regulated by multi-parametric cues from the surrounding microenvironment, one of the critical one being cell interaction with extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM is a complex tissue-specific structure which are important physiological regulators of stem cell function and fate. Recapitulating this native ECM microenvironment niche is best facilitated by decellularized tissue/ organ derived ECM, which can faithfully reproduce the physiological environment with high fidelity to in vivo condition and promote tissue-specific cellular development and maturation. Recognizing the need for organ specific ECM in a 3D culture environment in driving phenotypic differentiation and maturation of hPSCs, we fabricated an ECM array platform using native-mimicry ECM from decellularized organs (namely pancreas, liver and heart), which allows cell-ECM interactions in both 2D and 3D configuration. The ECM array was integrated with rapid quantitative imaging for a systematic investigation of matrix protein profiles and sensitive measurement of cell-ECM interaction during hPSC differentiation. We tested our platform by elucidating the role of the three different organ-specific ECM in supporting induced pancreatic differentiation of hPSCs. While the focus of this report is on pancreatic differentiation, the developed platform is versatile to be applied to characterize any lineage specific differentiation.
21cm Absorption by Compact Hydrogen Disks Around Black Holes in Radio-Loud Nuclei of Galaxies

The clumpy maser disks observed in some galactic nuclei mark the outskirts of the accretion disk that fuels the central black hole and provide a potential site of nuclear star formation. Unfortunately, most of the gas in maser disks is currently not being probed; large maser gains favor paths that are characterized by a small velocity gradient and require rare edge-on orientations of the disk. Here we propose a method for mapping the atomic hydrogen distribution in nuclear disks through its 21cm absorption against the radio continuum glow around the central black hole. In NGC 4258, the 21cm optical depth may approach unity for high angular-resolution (VLBI) imaging of coherent clumps which are dominated by thermal broadening and have the column density inferred from X-ray absorption data, ~10^{23}/cm^2. Spreading the 21cm absorption over the full rotation velocity width of the material in front of the narrow radio jets gives a mean optical depth of ~0.1. Spectroscopic searches for the 21cm absorption feature in other galaxies can be used to identify the large population of inclined gaseous disks which are not masing in our direction. Follow-up imaging of 21cm silhouettes of accelerating clumps within these disks can in turn be used to measure cosmological distances.
287(g) and the Politics of Interior Immigration Control in the United States: Explaining Local Cooperation with Federal Immigration Authorities

This paper aims to improve our understanding of emerging patterns of interior immigration control in the United States by examining local law enforcement cooperation with federal immigration authorities under the 287(g) Program. While several recent studies have drawn attention to the shifting terrain of immigration enforcement away from borders into the interior, few have attempted to systematically explain reasons for this shift. Using a county-level dataset of all counties in the United States, this study finds that, despite the purported links between the 287(g) Program and public safety, county crime rates are not significantly related to local cooperation with federal immigration authorities. Rather, the results indicate that local decisions to engage in immigration control efforts are driven by political factors, particularly a county's partisan composition, and demographic pressures related to increases in the Hispanic/Latino population. Demography is not, however, destiny, as new immigration in l...
Characteristics and Inpatient Outcomes of Primary Biliary Cholangitis and Autoimmune Hepatitis Overlap Syndrome.

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) are hepatobiliary diseases of presumed immune-mediated origin that have been shown to overlap. The aim of this retrospective trial was to use national data to examine the characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized with overlapping PBC and AIH (PBC/AIH).
Coherent Gate Operations in Hybrid Magnonics.

Electromagnonics---the hybridization of spin excitations and electromagnetic waves---has been recognized as a promising candidate for coherent information processing in recent years. Among its various implementations, the lack of available approaches for real-time manipulation on the system dynamics has become a common and urgent limitation. In this work, by introducing a fast and uniform modulation technique, we successfully demonstrate a series of benchmark coherent gate operations in hybrid magnonics, including semiclassical analogies of Landau-Zener transitions, Rabi oscillations, Ramsey interference, and controlled mode swap operations. Our approach lays the groundwork for dynamical manipulation of coherent signals in hybrid magnonics and can be generalized to a broad range of applications.
Development of an Artificial Neural Network for Special Nuclear Material Detection in a Mixed Photon-Neutron Environment

Effective detection and characterization of special nuclear materials (SNMs) require state-of-the-art detectors and classification methods. The stilbene organic scintillator is an emerging radiation detector with the ability to simultaneously detect photons and neutrons. Dual-particle sensitivity presents a challenge in photon-induced active interrogation, where the photon flux is significantly higher than the neutron flux. Accurately detecting neutrons with minimum misclassification is crucial in these intense photon environments when looking for SNM, and the desired accuracy cannot be easily achieved using traditional charge integration (CI) methods. To address this need, an artificial neural network (ANN) system is developed to identify photon, neutron, and piled-up pulses; where possible, the piled-up pulses are recovered and classified accordingly. The developed ANN system is tested on time-of-flight (TOF) data collected at a variety of photomultiplier tube (PMT) gain settings. Across all gain settings, the ANN system produced similar classifications as the traditional CI method. The ANN performance is then evaluated in the presence of an intense photon field from a 9 MeV linear accelerator (linac). A 252Cf spontaneous fission source is measured in the presence of an intense photon environment. The ANN system demonstrated its robustness in an intense photon field by estimating the true particle count rates. However, the traditional CI method vastly overestimated neutron count rates in such intense photon field due to misclassification of pile-ups as neutrons.
Thermomechanical process effects on hardness and grain size in Incoloy® alloy 908

The relationship between thermomechanical processing, hardness, grain size and mechanical properties has been studied for INCOLOY® alloy 908, a nickel-iron base superalloy developed for use as a conduit material in Nb3Sn cable-in-conduit conductors (CICC).1 The alloy has thermal coefficient of expansion properties tailored for Nb3Sn, minimizing compressive strain in the superconductor due to cooldown and the associated reduction in critical properties (upper critical field, critical temperature, and critical current). Alloy 908 also has mechanical properties at cryogenic temperatures that compare favorably with other materials. It is therefore one of the candidate materials for use in the magnets of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER).2,3
Parenteral Sisomicin for Surgical Infections

Sisomicin, a newly developed aminoglycoside with properties similar to those of gentamicin and tobramycin, recently became available for clinical investigation (3). Initial studies demonstrated it to be highly effective in the treatment of urinary, pulmonary, and selective bacteremic infections due to gram-negative bacilli; yet in few patients with peritonitis, burn infection, or other types of wound sepsis has the antibiotic been evaluated (3). Accordingly, a clinical study of sisomicin in the management of gram-negative surgical infections was undertaken.
Analyzing and Estimating Delays in Harvester Operations

Time and motion studies have been and still are frequently used to describe, understand, and improve forest operations. Delays are recognized as being one of the major factors that limit productivity in most operations and are, therefore, an integral part of most time studies. But, delay events are erratic in both occurrence and magnitude and are, therefore, difficult to precisely quantify within the relatively short observation period of a typical time and motion study. Thus, delay information from individual studies have limited transferability. This paper analyzes the delay component of 34 harvester time study data sets that were recorded between 1998 and 2006. All of the studies were designed and carried out with the same principal investigator. The data sets were all based on harvesters either harvesting and or processing. Three delays categories were used: mechanical, operator, and other. Delays averaged 28.9 percent of the total scheduled time for all 34 studies, comprising of 7.1 percent mechanical, 4.7 percent operator, and 17.1 percent other delays. Delay averages were compared within category descriptions assigned to each data set for statistical significance. Example results include: total delays were higher for operations working on hot decks versus cold decks and operations working in mixed stands had more than twice the overall delays compared to operations in plantations. Considering only mechanical delays, machines that both felled and processed, compared to just processing, had higher mechanical delays. Interestingly, dedicated harvesting machines versus harvesting heads mounted on an excavator base had on average higher operator delays.
Synaptic functions in rat sympathetic neurons in microcultures. IV. Nonadrenergic excitation of cardiac myocytes and the variety of multiple-transmitter states

In the first 3 papers of this series (Furshpan et al., 1986a, b; Potter et al., 1986), a sensitive microculture procedure was used to show that sympathetic principal neurons, dissociated from newborn or adult superior cervical ganglia and grown singly on cardiac myocytes, display adrenergic, cholinergic, and purinergic functions, sometimes in isolation but more often in combination. In this paper we describe additional effects on cardiac myocytes evoked by these neurons; the effects were excitatory and insensitive to adrenergic blocking agents (and to agents that block the inhibitory effects of acetylcholine and purines). In some of these microcultures, evidence consistent with secretion of serotonin was obtained; the nonadrenergic excitatory effect was diminished or abolished by serotonin blockers or reserpine. Further evidence for serotonergic transmission is presented in the accompanying paper by Sah and Matsumoto (1987). In other cases, an as- yet-unidentified agent “X” also produced a nonadrenergic excitation. The X effect characteristically required a prolonged train of neuronal impulses, had a time course of 50–200 sec, and was insensitive to agents that affected the other transmitters, including serotonin. In addition, we discuss 2 remarkable features of the transmitter repertoire of the microcultured sympathetic neurons: expression of the several transmitters in a variety of combinations, including at-least- quadruple function, and expression of the transmitters within a particular combination in varying relative strengths. The result is a diversity of transmitter release greater than that previously reported for vertebrate or invertebrate neurons.
Sailing from warped AdS3 to warped dS3 in topologically massive gravity

Three-dimensional warped anti-de Sitter space in topologically massive gravity with a negative cosmological constant has been proposed to be holographically dual to a two-dimensional conformal field theory. We extend this proposal to both positive and vanishing values of the cosmological constant where stretched warped anti-de Sitter space is found to be a solution. For positive cosmological constant, another class of warped solutions is obtained by a spacelike (timelike) line fibration over Lorentzian (Euclidean) twodimensional de Sitter space. These solutions exhibit a cosmological horizon and Hawking temperature much like de Sitter space. Global identifications of this warped de Sitter space may contain a horizon in addition to the cosmological one. At a degenerate point, warped de Sitter space becomes a fibration over two-dimensional flat space. Finally, we study scalar waves in these backgrounds. Scalars in stretched warped anti-de Sitter space exhibit superradiance which can be interpreted as Schwinger pair production of charged particles in two-dimensional anti-de Sitter space.
An on-line approximation approach to fault diagnosis and accommodation

This paper presents a methodology for constructing automated fault diagnosis and accommodation architectures using on-line approximators and adaptation/learning schemes. Changes in the system dynamics are monitored by an on-line approximation model, which is used not only for detection but also for accommodation of any failures. A systematic procedure for constructing nonlinear estimation algorithms and stable learning schemes is developed, and simulation studies are used to illustrate the results.
Setting priorities for stroke care and research

Recent publications describing the sobering global increase in stroke mortality and global life years lost due to stroke despite improvements in developed countries have drawn focus on the severe impact of stroke in the developing world. At the same time, three recent interventional trials that failed to demonstrate an important role for catheter-based therapies in acute stroke have called into question this expensive use of technology. Coupling all of this new data leads to the natural conclusion that a focus on stroke prevention for the developing world, and for the poor in developed countries, should be where we set our priorities for the foreseeable future.
Pour Plates or Streak Plates

The pour plate method of counting bacteria is more precise than the streak plate method, but, on the average, it will give a lower count.
Exocytosis from neuronal large dense-cored vesicles.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of exocytosis from neuronal large dense-cored vesicles. Regulated exocytosis operates in cell types ranging from primitive protozoa to highly differentiated endocrine cells and neurons. Membrane-bounded vesicles, predestined for exocytosis, provide protective storage for substances that targets the intracellular metabolizing enzymes. In neurons, the secretory organelles that undergo exocytosis correspond to a variety of storage vesicles based on content. They fall into two general categories based on size: the large dense-cored vesicles (LDVs) measuring > 70 nm in diameter and the small vesicles in the range of 45–55 nm. The latter category, called “synaptic vesicles,” is familiar to cell biologists because of its role in the release of classical transmitter and amino acid transmitters. The aspects of the structure and contents of large and small vesicles are compared as they pertain to exocytosis. The differential recruitment of LDVs and small synaptic vesicles for exocytotic release is also emphasized when supported by ultrastructural correlates. Protein phosphorylation is important for LDV transport to and fusion with the plasmalemma.
Programming with Gaussian logarithms to compute the approximate addition and subtraction of very small (or very large) positive numbers

Computations involving very small (or very large numbers) can produce underflow (or overflow) errors, even when these numbers are represented as logarithms. When logarithmic representation is used, algorithms to effect addition and subtraction remain limited in range by underflow or overflow. The algorithms presented here extend the range of these operations to allow computations on smaller (or larger) numbers.
The Status of Special Education Services in Catholic High Schools: Attributes, Challenges, and Needs

This study investigated issues that Catholic high schools encounter in their efforts to develop and implement special education services for students with disabilities. Results are based on survey responses from a stratified random sample of 300 Catholic high schools. Survey instruments were developed based on inclusion factors that were identified by the Consortium on Inclusive Schooling Practices. Schools responded based on the following options: (a) having no special education services, (b) being in the process of planning services, or (c) providing special education services. Demographic information on students with disabilities is reported for all schools. A description of services and major challenges are reported for Catholic high schools providing special education services. These challenges are compared with those reported by schools not providing services.
Betti numbers of finite volume orbifolds

An important special case is that of symmetric spaces X D KnG , where G is a connected semisimple Lie group without center and with no compact factors, and K is a maximal compact subgroup. Then X is non-positively curved, and G is the connected component of Isom.X /. In this case, X= has finite volume iff  is a lattice in G . The curvature of X is non-positive if rank.G/ 2, and is negative if rank.G/D 1.
The diversity of combustion synthesis processing: a review

The harnessing of heat emanating from powder-based exothermic reactions to produce advanced materials has been around for many decades, and is manifested in the process of combustion synthesis (CS). A plethora of work has been published on the topic covering fundamental aspects of the process for a large number of material systems. Over time, CS has been combined with other processes and effects to potentially improve on conventionally produced CS products and alleviate some of the inherent disadvantages of CS. This article discusses processing aspects of CS, and provides a review of CS-related hybrid processes with the intent to exemplify the diversity of CS processing. Approaches such as reactant microstructural design, reactive bulk deformation/compaction processes, reactive casting, laser-assisted CS, activation techniques (field/current, mechanical, microwave), and unconventional heat treatments are discussed together with other methods.
Dietary intakes and serum concentrations of vitamin E and total carotenoids of healthy adults with severe physical disabilities are lower than matched controls.

Millions of people worldwide have severe chronic physical disabilities (e.g., polio, spinal cord injury). We hypothesized that these people are at risk for poor antioxidant nutrient intakes and status, because of their typically low energy expenditures and low socioeconomic status. We surveyed antioxidant nutrient intakes and concentrations in subjects with physical disabilities and age matched non-disabled controls. Only one subject with physical disabilities ate five or more servings of vegetables per day. The group had low intakes of vegetables (minus potatoes) and citrus fruits, and trends for low intakes of all antioxidant nutrients. Serum a-tocopherol and total carotenoid concentrations were lower in subjects with physical disabilities, while retinol and individual carotenoids showed non-significant lower trends. Since adequate antioxidant nutrients are associated with decreased chronic disease risk, nutrition professionals might improve the health of patients with physical disabilities by periodically monitoring their intakes and status of antioxidant nutrients.
Quantitative rescattering theory for nonsequential double ionization of atoms by intense laser pulses

Laser-induced electron recollisions are fundamental to many strong field phenomena in atoms and molecules. Using the recently developed quantitative rescattering theory, we demonstrate that the nonsequential double ionization NSDI of atoms by lasers can be obtained quantitatively in terms of inelastic collisions of the target ions with the free returning electrons where the latter are explicitly given by a spectrum-characterized wave packet. Using argon atoms as target, we calculated the NSDI yield including contributions from direct e,2e electron-impact ionization and electron-impact excitation accompanied by subsequent field ionization. We further investigate the dependence of total NSDI on the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle laser pulses, and showed that the effect can be experimentally observed by measuring the yield of doubly charged ions only.
Bootstrapping generalized linear models

Abstract Several methods for bootstrapping generalized linear regression models are introduced. One-step techniques, both conditional and unconditional on the covariates, are examined with respect to robustness and coverage properties.
Expression of α-methylacyl–coenzyme A racemase in dysplastic Barrett's epithelium

Although identification of epithelial dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus (BE) is critically important because of a significant risk of progression to invasive adenocarcinoma, the diagnosis of dysplasia may be challenging. Among confounding factors are interobserver variability, tangential sectioning, and severe mucosal inflammation leading to architectural and cytologic atypia similar to that of dysplasia. alpha-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase (AMACR) is an enzyme involved in beta-oxidation of branched fatty acids and an established marker of prostate cancer. It is expressed in colon adenomas and adenocarcinomas but not in normal colonic epithelium suggesting a role in development of gastrointestinal malignancies. We investigated whether expression of AMACR can be used to identify dysplasia of BE and to distinguish it from reactive atypia. Ninety-six routinely processed biopsy and/or resection specimens (23 negative for dysplasia; 19, low-grade dysplasia; 22, high-grade dysplasia; 16, reactive atypia; and 16, esophageal adenocarcinoma) were immunostained using a monoclonal anti-AMACR antibody p504S. AMACR staining was uniformly negative in the groups negative for dysplasia and with reactive atypia. Only 2 (11%) of 19 specimens with low-grade dysplasia showed positive immunostaning, compared with 14 (64%) of 22 in high-grade dysplasia group. Of 16 specimens, 12 (75%) showed positive staining for AMACR in the adenocarcinoma group. Our data suggest that AMACR immunoreactivity is moderately sensitive in identification of high-grade dysplasia in BE and is highly specific in distinguishing high-grade dysplasia from reactive atypia. Further validation and prospective studies are warranted.
Routing sets in the integer lattice

A set of vertices S in a graph G is a routing set if it ensures some kind of connectivity between all pairs of vertices outside of S. Additional constraints may apply; a connected dominating set, for instance, is a special case of a routing set. We determine the size of a minimum routing set in subgraphs of the integer lattice, as well as (asymptotically) for the lattice itself.
Consumption of O2 and early detection of fa/fa genotype in rats.

Abstract Oxygen consumption was determined in 10–12-wk-old fa fa and non-fa fa rats at ambient temperatures of 10°–40°C. The fa fa rats exhibited a lower oxygen consumption than non-fa fa rats from 10°–30°C, but not at 35°C and 40°C. A lower oxygen consumption was also observed among fa fa rats as early as 18 days of age, prior to the phenotypic expression of apparent obesity. Fourteen hundred μliter O2 consumed/hr/g body weight at STP was used as a value, below which future obese rats could be identified among 18-day-old pups from fa/+ × fa/+ crosses. Only a 10% error was found in the use of this value for the early identification of the fa fa genotype.
A Peek Inside the Black BoxThe Monetary Transmission Mechanism in Japan

This paper uses vector autoregressions to examine the monetary transmission mechanism in Japan. The empirical results indicate that both monetary policy and banks` balance sheets are important sources of shocks, that banks play a crucial role in transmitting monetary shocks to economic activity, that corporations and households have not been able to substitute borrowing from other sources for a shortfall in bank borrowing, and that business investment is especially sensitive to monetary shocks. We conclude that policy measures to strengthen banks are probably a prerequisite for restoring the effectiveness of the monetary transmission mechanism.
Inaugural structure from the DUF3349 superfamily of proteins, Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv0543c

The first structure for a member of the DUF3349 (PF11829) family of proteins, Rv0543c from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has been determined using NMR-based methods and some of its biophysical properties characterized. Rv0543c is a 100 residue, 11.3 kDa protein that both size exclusion chromatography and NMR spectroscopy show to be a monomer in solution. The structure of the protein consists of a bundle of five α-helices, α1 (M1-Y16), α2 (P21-C33), α3 (S37-G52), α4 (G58-H65) and α5 (S72-G87), held together by a largely conserved group of hydrophobic amino acid side chains. Heteronuclear steady-state {¹H}-¹⁵N NOE, T₁, and T₂ values are similar through-out the sequence indicating that the backbones of the five helices are in a single motional regime. The thermal stability of Rv0543c, characterized by circular dichroism spectroscopy, indicates that Rv0543c irreversibly unfolds upon heating with an estimated melting temperature of 62.5 °C. While the biological function of Rv0543c is still unknown, the presence of DUF3349 proteins predominantly in Mycobacterium and Rhodococcus bacterial species suggests that Rv0543 may have a biological function unique to these bacteria, and consequently, may prove to be an attractive drug target to combat tuberculosis.
A Simple Calculation of Process‐Zone Toughening by Microcracking

The method introduced by Evans and colleagues to calculate transformation toughening resulting from a dilatant transformation is extended, using the Eshelby “equivalent inclusion” approach, to treat the case of toughening resulting from microcracking.
A Spring Suspended and Thermostated Littrow Spectrograph

A system is described for mounting a Littrow spectrograph so as to overcome both mechanical vibration and temperature variation.
Vertical nutrient transport and its effects on epilimnetic phosphorus in four calcareous lakes

The influence of vertical nutrient transport on epilimnetic phosphorus was studied comparatively in four calcareous Wisconsin lakes during 1972. In the two lakes with steep metalimnetic nutrient gradients (Mendota, Delavan), upward fluxes by entrainment and eddy diffusion exceeded all other influxes combined; here epilimnetic total-P concentrations increased during period of high windpower and thermocline migration, and decreased during comparatively stagnant intervals. In the two lakes lacking upper metalimnetic P gradients (Green, Fish), higher windpower had little or no effect on epilimnetic phosphorus.
Monoclonal antibodies which recognize native and denatured forms of the adenovirus DNA-binding protein

Abstract Two hybridoma cell lines were obtained, A1 and B6, which produced monoclonal antibodies reacting with the 44,000-MW C-terminal domain of the adenovirus type 5 DNA-binding protein (DBP). Clone A1 antibodies reacted with the native form of the DBP, but failed to recognize this protein after denaturation (by exposure to sodium dodecylsulfate, or production of the DBP at 39.5° by H5ts107, a temperature-sensitive DBP mutant). Clone B6 antibodies bound to both the native and denatured forms of the DBP. Immunofluorescent staining of wild-type-virus infected cells revealed the DBP located in discrete nuclear patches. A1 and B6 antibodies detected this patched localization of the DBP in nuclei of H5ts107-infected cells grown at 32°. However, at the nonpermissive temperature of 39.5°, A1 antibodies failed to detect the DBP, and B6 antibodies gave a uniform nuclear fluorescent distribution of the DBP. Thus the nuclear pattern of localization for the DBP synthesized by H5ts107 was temperature dependent in this mutant.
Model Development and Analysis of a Cricket Filiform Hair Socket Under Low Velocity Air Currents

Cricket filiform hairs are very sensitive to air currents in the animal’s immediate environment generated by movement of other animals or objects. When an air current is experienced by the animal, filiform hairs located on a pair of abdominal appendages called cerci deflect from their original position, activating the sensing mechanism. Though the flow sensing mechanism of the hair has been studied previously and flow sensors have been fabricated based on the same principle, the socket structure in which the hair base sits and which encompasses the hair below the skin of the cricket has not been characterized in terms of deformation and stress transfers. This paper presents a preliminary study on the response of the socket under a given loading or displacement the hair experiences. If the socket is characterized well, the mechanical principles can be applied in the design of a highly-responsive MEMS senor.© 2012 ASME
Natural orifice cholecystectomy using a miniature robot

Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is surgically challenging. Current endoscopic tools provide an insufficient platform for visualization and manipulation of the surgical target. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using a miniature in vivo robot to enhance visualization and provide off-axis dexterous manipulation capabilities for NOTES. The authors developed a dexterous, miniature robot with six degrees of freedom capable of applying significant force throughout its workspace. The robot, introduced through the esophagus, completely enters the peritoneal cavity through a transgastric insertion. The robot design consists of a central “body” and two “arms” fitted respectively with cautery and forceps end-effectors. The arms of the robot unfold, allowing the robot to flex freely for entry through the esophagus. Once in the peritoneal cavity, the arms refold, and the robot is attached to the abdominal wall using the interaction of magnets housed in the robot body with magnets in an external magnetic handle. Video feedback from the on-board cameras is provided to the surgeon throughout a procedure. The efficacy of this robot was demonstrated in three nonsurvivable procedures in a porcine model, namely, abdominal exploration, bowel manipulation, and cholecystectomy. After insertion, the robot was attached to the interior abdominal wall. The robot was repositioned throughout the procedure to provide optimal orientations for visualization and tissue manipulation. The surgeon remotely controlled the actuation of the robot using an external console to assist in the procedures. This study has shown that a dexterous miniature in vivo robot can apply significant forces in arbitrary directions and improve visualization to overcome many of the limitations of current endoscopic tools for performing NOTES procedures.