cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nuclear Safety and the Naturalistic Fallacy

The practical world of industry, technology, and government is haunted by numerous theoretical errors. One of the most ominous of these, ‘the naturalistic fallacy’, informs and guides the actions of persons who take themselves to be hardheaded, pragmatic, free of theory, and common-sensical in making public policy regarding technology. Since this error is usually unrecognized, it is particularly dangerous because it often goes uncriticized.1 My object in this chapter is to point out, analyze, and therefore exorcize the methodology responsible for a peculiar type of moral blindness known as the ‘naturalistic fallacy’. As we shall see, this fallacy plays a key role in the technology assessments which are used to support current public policy governing nuclear power. Perhaps more than any other methodological problem, the naturalistic fallacy is responsible for the ethically questionable assumptions criticized thus far in the book. Although part of this chapter requires the reader to follow the particulars of somewhat abstract logical analysis, it is of great importance in understanding the precise problems inherent in assessment both of nuclear technology and of many other technologies where this same difficulty arises.
A Survey of Multi-Sensor Systems for Online Fault Detection of Electric Machines

A survey of the existing multi-sensor systems for condition monitoring and fault detection of electric motors is presented in this paper. Various types of sensors and their capability of serving as information sources are discussed and compared. This paper then listed a series of different type of multi-sensor systems examples. Different fusion models and their best fitted situation are detailed. At the end of the paper, feasibility of different type of systems is compared. The potentials and shortcoming of multi-sensor systems are also discussed.
Cultural Variation and Similarities in Cognitive Thinking Styles Versus Judgment Biases: A Review of Environmental Factors and Evolutionary Forces:

Cultural psychological research has compellingly demonstrated that reliable East-West differences exist in basic cognitive styles: in contrast to the analytic, focal, linear thinking prevalent in t...
Meniscal allograft transplantation: a review of indications, techniques, and outcomes.

When compared to meniscectomy, meniscus allograft transplantation (MAT) may provide superior long-term benefits to young, active patient populations who have lost meniscal function because of irreparable damage, such as, an avascular tear, previous repair failure, and unsalvageable tear types. Positive outcomes are most likely to be achieved when meniscus allograft transplantation is performed in appropriately selected patients. Indications include patients younger than 50 years of age, with a history of subtotal or total meniscectomy without concomitant articular cartilage defects, uncorrectable joint malalignment, and/or knee instability. Outcomes for meniscal allograft transplantation are promising with studies reporting long-term graft survivorship as high as 89% at 10 years and significant improvements in multiple patient reported outcome measures. Level V.
Charge for a whole day: Extending Battery Life for BCI Wearables using a Lightweight Wake-Up Command

Commercially available EEG-based Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) wearable headsets are always-on and are thus power hungry, requiring users to charge the headsets multiple times a day. In this paper, we tackle the problem of wake-up command design and detection for BCI headsets, and explore how battery life can be made to last for approximately a whole day. The key challenge that we address is enabling the headset to operate in a near-sleep mode but still reliably detect and interpret an EEG-based wake-up command from the user. Towards addressing the challenge, we present a solution that is built upon eye-blinks. Our core contribution is Trance, a user-friendly and robust wake-up command for BCI headsets that is computationally lightweight. We show using experimental results coupled with multiple data sets collected through user-studies that Trance can extend battery life by approximately 2.7x or to approximately 10 hours for a typical wearable battery, while remaining user-friendly.
Pixel Invisibility: Detecting Objects Invisible in Color Images

Despite recent success of object detectors using deep neural networks, their deployment on safety-critical applications such as self-driving cars remains questionable. This is partly due to the absence of reliable estimation for detectors' failure under operational conditions such as night, fog, dusk, dawn and glare. Such unquantifiable failures could lead to safety violations. In order to solve this problem, we created an algorithm that predicts a pixel-level invisibility map for color images that does not require manual labeling - that computes the probability that a pixel/region contains objects that are invisible in color domain, during various lighting conditions such as day, night and fog. We propose a novel use of cross modal knowledge distillation from color to infra-red domain using weakly-aligned image pairs from the day and construct indicators for the pixel-level invisibility based on the distances of their intermediate-level features. Quantitative experiments show the great performance of our pixel-level invisibility mask and also the effectiveness of distilled mid-level features on object detection in infra-red imagery.
Transitioning a technology-assisted stepped-care model for traumatic injury patients to a fully remote model in the age of COVID-19

Each year nearly three million individuals require inpatient hospitalization following a traumatic injury (e.g. gunshot wounds, injuries sustained in motor vehicle collisions, burns) in the United ...
Urine single cell RNA-sequencing in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis reveals inflammatory signatures in immune cells and podocytes

Abstract The diagnosis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) requires a renal biopsy, which is invasive and can be problematic in children and in some adults. We used single cell RNA-sequencing to explore disease-related cellular signatures in 23 urine samples from 12 FSGS subjects. We identified immune cells, predominantly monocytes, and renal epithelial cells, including podocytes. Analysis revealed M1 and M2 monocyte subsets, and podocytes showing high expression of genes for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We confirmed M1 and M2 gene signatures using published monocyte/macrophage data from lupus nephritis and cancer. Using renal transcriptomic data from the Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE), we found that urine cell immune and EMT signature genes showed higher expression in FSGS biopsies compared to minimal change disease biopsies. These results suggest that urine cell profiling may serve as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in nephrotic syndrome and aid in identifying novel biomarkers and developing personalized therapeutic strategies.
Improved Localization Precision and Angular Resolution of a Cylindrical, Time-Encoded Imaging System From Adaptive Detector Movements

To the first order, the localization precision and angular resolution of a cylindrical, time-encoded imaging (c-TEI) system is governed by the geometry of the system. Improving either measure requires increasing the mask radius or decreasing the detector diameter, both of which are undesirable. We propose an alternative option of repositioning the detector within the mask to increase the detector-to-mask distance in the direction of a source, thereby improving the localization precision and angular resolution in that direction. Since the detector-to-mask distance only increases for a small portion of the field of view (FOV), we propose implementing adaptive imaging where one leverages data collected during the measurement to optimize the system configuration. This article utilizes both simulations and experiments to set upper bounds on the potential gain from adaptive detector movements for one and two sources in the FOV. When only one source is present, adaptive detector movements can improve the localization precision and angular resolution by 20% for a source at 90 cm and by 32% for a far-field source. When two sources are present, adaptive detector movements can improve localization precision and angular resolution by up to 50% for sources that are ~10° apart (90 cm from the system). We experimentally verify these results through maximum likelihood estimation of the source position(s) and image reconstruction of point sources that are close together. As a demonstration of an adaptive imaging algorithm, we image a complex arrangement of special nuclear material at the Zero Power Physics Reactor facility at Idaho National Laboratory.
Enhanced production surveillance using probabilistic dynamic models

Production surveillance is the task of monitoring oil and gas production from every well in a hydrocarbon field. A key opportunity in this domain is to improve the accuracy of flow measurements per phase (oil, water, gas) from a multi-phase flow. Multi-phase flow sensors are costly and therefore not instrumented for every production well. Instead, several low fidelity surrogate measurements are performed that capture different aspects of the flow. These measurements are then reconciled to obtain per-phase rate estimates. Current practicesmay not appropriately account for the production dynamics and the sensor issues, thus, fall far short in terms of achieving a desired surveillance accuracy. To improve surveillance accuracy, we pose rate reconciliation as a state estimation problem. We begin with hypothesizing a model that describes the dynamics of production rates and their relationship with thefield measurements. The model appropriately accounts for the uncertainties in field conditions and measurements. We then develop robust probabilistic estimators for reconciliationto yield the production estimates and the uncertainties therein. We highlight recent advancements in the area of probabilistic programming that can go a long way in improving the performance and the portability of such estimators. The exposition of our methods is accompanied by experiments in a simulation environment to illustrate improved surveillance accuracy achieved in different production scenarios.
Fake Images: The Effects of Source, Intermediary, and Digital Media Literacy on Contextual Assessment of Image Credibility Online

Fake or manipulated images propagated through the Web and social media have the capacity to deceive, emotionally distress, and influence public opinions and actions. Yet few studies have examined how individuals evaluate the authenticity of images that accompany online stories. This paper details a 6-batch large-scale online experiment using Amazon Mechanical Turk that probes how people evaluate image credibility across online platforms. In each batch, participants were randomly assigned to one of 28 news-source mockups featuring a forged image, and they evaluated the credibility of the images based on several features. We found that participants’ internet skills, photo-editing experience, and social media use were significant predictors of image credibility evaluation, while most social and heuristic cues of online credibility (e.g., source trustworthiness, bandwagon, intermediary trustworthiness) had no significant impact. Viewers’ attitude towards a depicted issue also positively influenced their credibility evaluation.
Differentiation and Integration over the Sphere

In this chapter, we discuss some properties and formulas for differentiation and integration involving spherical harmonics.
Informational Size and Incentive Compatibility without Negligible Aggregate Uncertainty

In McLean and Postlewaite (2001), we analyzed a general equilibrium model with asymetrically informed agents. We presented a notion of informational size and showed (among other things) that when agents' information as a whole resolved nearly all the uncertainty, the conflict between incentive compatibility and (ex post) efficiency can be made arbitrarily small if agents are sufficiently small informationally. This paper extends the analysis of the relationship between informational size and efficiency to the case in which there is nontrivial aggregate uncertainty, that is, when there is significant uncertainty about the world even when the information of all agents is known. We further show that the conflict between incentive compatibility and efficiency asymptotically vanishes when an economy is replicated.
The antigenic structure of psittacosis and feline pneumonitis viruses: I. Isolation of complement-fixing antigens with group and species specificity

Abstract Alkali-soluble and ether-soluble complement-fixing antigens were isolated by chemical fractionation of purified psittacosis and feline pneumonitis elementary body suspensions disrupted by sonic vibration. Both group- and species-specific serological activity were demonstrated in the alkali-soluble fractions by means of cross absorption and cross complement fixation tests. The destruction of the group activity with either potassium periodate or lecithinase produced psittacosis and feline pneumonitis species-specific antigens. In comparable experiments, the ether-soluble antigens exhibited only group serological activity. The alkali-soluble and ether-soluble group-specific complement-fixing antigens are serologically related. However, they show differences in heat stability, hemagglutinating properties, and prozone manifestation.
Hormonal Control of Glycogenolysis and Gluconeogenesis in Isolated Rat Liver Cells

Abstract The carbohydrate metabolism of isolated rat liver parenchymal cells was investigated. Cells isolated from fed rats retained glycogen and released glucose into the suspending medium at a rate of about 25 µg of glucose per mg of cell protein per hour. Glucagon, epinephrine, or cyclic nucleotides stimulated glycogenolysis about 220 to 250%. Cells isolated from rats fasted 18 to 24 hours synthesized glucose from lactate, pyruvate, alanine, glycerol, dihydroxyacetone, and fructose, but not from glutamate, aspartate, or citric acid cycle intermediates. The rates of gluconeogenesis by the liver cells from all substrates tested were comparable to those measured in intact, perfused livers. Glucagon, epinephrine, or cyclic nucleotides stimulated glucose synthesis from lactate, pyruvate, alanine, fructose, and dihydroxyacetone, but not from other substrates. The basal levels of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate in fed and fasted cells were similar to those reported for intact liver. Time course experiments with the cells showed that glucagon increased the levels of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate within 30 s, and that measurable increases in glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis from lactate occurred within 2 to 4 min. The results suggest that the carbohydrate metabolism of the isolated liver cells closely resembles that of the intact, perfused liver.
Retrograde ilioaortic dissection: A complication of common femoral artery perfusion during open heart surgery

Summary Retrograde ilioaortic dissection was recognized at surgery in 3 per cent of 378 patients forty years old or more undergoing open heart procedures with femoral arterial perfusion. Treatment of this complication was inadequate. Therefore, to prevent this complication of open heart surgery, the site of arterial cannulation was changed from the femoral artery to the ascending aorta. Subsequently 197 patients, of whom eighty-eight were forty years old or more, have been operated upon without occurrence of this complication.
Soft X-ray microscopy at the NSLS

Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopes are used to image 0.1-10 micron thick specimens at 20-50 nm resolution using zone plate focusing. Many of the applications of these instruments make use of the elemental and chemical sensitivity of XANES spectroscopy combined with microscopy. Recent instrumentation developments are described, including cryoSTXM for frozen hydrated specimens, tomography, configured detector for multiple contrast recording, etc. Diffraction-based imaging is being developed for high resolution 3D microscopy.
Immunoprophylaxis of Viral Diseases

1 Introduction 2 Immunoprophylaxis of Viral Infections 3 Types of Viral Vaccines 4 Prelicensure Vaccine Evaluation 5 Principles of Immunization Programs 6 Passive Immunoprophylaxis 7 Vaccines Recommended for Routine use in Children 8 Other Viral Vaccines 9 Vaccines in Development 10 Sources of Information on Vaccines Keywords: immunoprophylaxis of viral diseases; vaccines-most effective and cost-effective means for preventing disease; primary objectives of viral immunoprophylaxis-preventing viral infection; two classic approaches to active viral immunization-inactivated viruses, live-attenuated vaccines; DNA vaccines (plasmid vaccines); inactivation of viral vaccines; live-attenuated viral vaccines; host factors affecting immune response-genetic factors (MHC polymorphism), age, nutritional and immune status, gender, pregnancy, and smoking
Obstetric emergencies at the United States-Mexico border crossings in El Paso, Texas

Objective. To describe the frequency, characteristics, and patient outcomes for women who accessed Emergency Medical Services (EMS) for obstetric emergencies at the ports of entry (POE) between El Paso, Texas, United States of America, and Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico. Methods. A descriptive study of women 12-49 years of age for whom an EMS ambulance was called to an El Paso POE location from December 2008-April 2011 was conducted. Women were identified through surveillance of EMS records. EMS and emergency department (ED) records were abstracted for all women through December 2009 and for women with an obstetric emergency through April 2011. For obstetric patients admitted to the hospital, additional prenatal and birth characteristics were collected. Frequencies and proportions were estimated for each variable; differences between residents of the United States and Mexico were tested. Results. During December 2008-December 2009, 47.6% (68/143) of women receiving EMS assistance at an El Paso POE had an obstetric emergency, nearly 20 times the proportion for Texas overall. During December 2008-April 2011, 60.1% (66/109) of obstetric patients with ED records were admitted to hospital and 52 gave birth before discharge. Preterm birth (23.1%; No. = 12), low birth weight (9.6%; No. = 5), birth in transit (7.7%; No. = 4), and postpartum hemorrhage (5.8%; No. = 3) were common; fewer than one-half the women (46.2%; No. = 24) had evidence of prenatal care. Conclusions. The high proportion of obstetric EMS transports and high prevalence of complications in this population suggest a need for binational risk reduction efforts.
3D printable multilayer phased array design

To achieve high gain and electronic beam steering, phased array systems are commonly used. The phased array technique plays an important role in sensing and communication systems. Practical phased array system usually consists of many components including RF power feeding networks, antennas, and active parts such as phase shifters and amplifiers. Single-layer implementation of phased arrays usually leads to large system size and limited applicability as the functionality becomes more complex. Multilayer structure is useful to make the system compact. In addition, it increases the flexibility to add more functions by increasing the total structure thickness without increasing the footprint size. However, it is more challenging to design and fabricate multilayer phased array. The vertical transitions between layers require careful design to have low loss and conventional fabrication technique may not be cost effective. Additive manufacturing (AM), which enables 3D objects of arbitrary shape to be printed automatically layer by layer, is a potentially promising technique to manufacture multilayer phased array that has reduced size and cost but still possesses good electromagnetic performance.
A generalized Poisson based model for defect spatial distribution in WSI

Discusses the use of the modified generalized Poisson binomial limit in modeling defect spatial distribution in WSI (wafer scale integration) and large-area VLSI chips. This model demonstrates the usefulness of generalized Poisson distributions for effectively taking into account the issues of the distribution of clusters and cluster sizes. The strength of the proposed model lies in its simplicity and its close adherence to the forms of defect patterns on a wafer. The model shows excellent fits to the data from simulated wafer maps with high clustering of defects. It also exhibits good fits to data from wafers with small-area, highly dispersed clusters. >
Residue dynamics of quinaldine and TFM in rainbow trout

Abstract Study of the residue dynamics of 2-methylquinoline (quinaldine) and 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) in rainbow trout yielded the following findings: 1. 1. Uptake and distribution of TFM by trout was influenced by the biotransformation of the lipidsoluble free phenol. No such effect was observed with quinaldine. 2. 2. Disappearance of quinaldine and TFM from gallbladder bile was slower than from plasma or muscle during 24 hr of withdrawal in fresh water. 3. 3. The concentration of TFM conjugate may exceed that of free TFM in bile by a factor of 103.
Frontiers of information technology

Every year, the IBM Research Division undertakes a year-long process to analyze and map out important trends and future directions shaping the advances and the applications of information technology (IT). The results are summarized in a document called the Global Technology Outlook (GTO), which influences IBM's strategy and technology roadmaps. Coinciding with the IBM Centennial, a special chapter was commissioned in the 2011 GTO, which was designed to both reflect on the historical evolution of computers and computation as well as to look a few decades ahead to explore the new frontiers of IT. This paper presents the results of this study. It provides a vision of the future in which advances in technology will enable the creation of a new class of "learning" systems, i.e., designed with people as an integral and central element of the process, and which are explicitly aimed to enhance human cognition. These systems will learn from both structured and unstructured data, find important correlations, create hypotheses for these correlations, and suggest and measure actions to enable better outcomes for users. Systems with these capabilities will transform our view of computers from "calculators" to "machines that learn," which is a shift that will radically alter our expectations of what computing ought to do for us as humans and that will equip us to successfully navigate the increasing complexity of our globally interconnected world.
Validity of the Rytov Approximation in Optical Propagation Calculations

The applicability of the Rytov approximation to the calculation of the characteristics of optical propagation in a weakly inhomogeneous random medium is investigated. The condition that the mean square value of the second term in the associated perturbation expansion be smaller than that of the first is adopted as a criterion for the validity of the Rytov approximation. It is shown that there is a very severe range limitation on the validity of the Rytov approximation for optical propagation in the lower portions of the earth’s atmosphere. Furthermore, comparison of the limiting form for large x/kl2 of the validity condition derived in this paper with the condition on the validity of the Born approximation obtained independently by Mintzer, and by Kay and Silverman reveals that the Rytov and Born approximations have the same domain of validity in this limiting case. The equivalence of the validity conditions for the Rytov and Born approximations contradicts the statements of Tatarski and Chernov who contend that the Rytov approximation is superior to the Born approximation. It is conjectured that the Rytov and Born approximations have the same domain of validity for all x/kl2.
Correcting the secondary focus of Fresnel zone plate antennas

The large aperture Fresnel zone plate antenna has been extensively investigated in recent years for application at frequencies from the microwave range to the terahertz region. These zone plate antennas have a focal length (F) and diameter (D) that are comparable (F/D = 0.3 to 2.5). The results of these investigations show that the phase-correcting zone plate gives performance comparable to a true lens. There is one limitation, however, in that most cases a secondary focus occurs on-axis at one-third the focal distance from the zone plate. The intensity is 10 dB or more down from the main focus. A method has now been developed to essentially eliminate this secondary focus by properly adjusting the amount and location of the phase-correcting grooves or rings. A revised positioning of the grooves and degree of correction can reduce the secondary focus, but maintain the integrity of the main focus. Specific examples have been analyzed and will be presented at the conference.
Models for Deep Hydrodesulfurization (HDS). Remote Activation of C−S Bonds in Alkylated Benzothiophenes and Dibenzothiophenes by Metal Coordination to a Carbocyclic Ring

A series of alkylated benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene complexes containing a manganese tricarbonyl moiety coordinated to a carbocyclic ring have been synthesized. Reaction of these with the mil...
The Unusual Abundance of Copper in the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy and Implications for the Origin of ω Centauri

We present copper abundances for 14 red giant stars in the Sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy (Sgr dSph), showing that [Cu/Fe] is deficient by ~0.5 dex, relative to the Galactic trend. This is most easily understood as due to an enhanced contribution of iron peak nucleosynthesis products from Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). The deficient [Cu/Fe] ratios might also be the result of a metallicity-dependent yield from SNe Ia, similar to previous conclusions for Mn, although SN Ia nucleosynthesis predictions suggest a negligible Cu yield. The enhanced SN Ia products, suggested by our low [Cu/Fe] ratios, fit a leaky box chemical evolution scenario for the Sgr dSph, where ejecta from the old, metal-poor, population overwhelmed nucleosynthesis products from younger generations, resulting in young stars with uncharacteristic compositions. The only other system known to have unusually low [Cu/Fe] is the Galactic globular cluster ω Cen, which, like the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy, has strong enhancements of s-process elements. Thus, our copper abundances lend support to the idea that ω Cen is the remaining nucleus of an accreted dwarf galaxy.
Dominance in the Family The Black and White Experience

By examining data that are controlled for race and social class, this analysis not only refutes categorically the myth of the Black matriarchy but indicates that the equalitarian pattern of decision making appears to be the norm for American households, and that the cultural lag, if any, is found not among Blacks but among middle- class White households that now are struggling toward the equalitarian goal.
Nursing's perspective on improving communication about nursing home residents' preferences for medical treatments at end of life.

Abstract Oregon has developed a concise, 1-page medical order form, now widely used in nursing homes and hospice programs throughout the state, that conveys individual preferences for life-sustaining treatments or comfort-oriented treatments at the end of life. This article describes nursing's role in the multidisciplinary development, refinement, testing and implementation of the form and briefly summarizes results from descriptive research that demonstrated the effectiveness of the POLST in a nursing home sample. Nurs Outlook 2000;48:109–15.
An extension to the circle criterion

Recent developments in the formulation of Nyquist-type stability criteria by Desoer and Wu allow the formulation of an improved circle criterion. In particular, the impulse response of the linear time-invariant plant may include a step function (integrator) and an infinite sequence of impulses.
Sol-gel derived nitric oxide-releasing oxygen sensors

An amperometric sol–gel derived sensor that both releases nitric oxide (NO) and measures physiologically relevant concentrations of oxygen (PO2) is described. The sensor consists of a platinum electrode coated with an aminosilane/ethyltrimethoxysilane hybrid xerogel film. Hydrophilic polyurethane (HPU) is doped into the hybrid film to reduce sensor hydration time and increase oxygen permeability. Diazeniumdiolate NO donors are formed within the polymer matrix by exposing the cured film to high pressures of NO. These coatings release up to 7.2 pmol s−1 cm−2 of NO over the first 12 h and maintain detectable levels of NO release through 48 h. Sensors modified with HPU-doped, NO-releasing xerogels exhibit a linear response to O2 within 30 min of polarization at −0.65 V vs. Ag/AgCl, and have a sensitivity of ∼6 nA/mmHg O2. The xerogel coating is stable in buffer solution with minimal fragmentation over 48 h. In vitro biocompatibility studies indicate that these materials effectively reduce platelet adhesion.
Effect of subatmospheric pressure on the performance of an automated packed-column nitrogen desorption system

Abstract A portable vacuum degasser was developed to satisfy seasonal hatchery pretreatment needs. Dissolved-gas pressures in water exiting a packed column were regulated automatically with a unique feedback control loop incorporating a gasometer, pressure transducer, electronic (PID) controller and an electrically actuated pump discharge valve. The flow capacity of the system was 160 l/min with a total power requirement of 0·81 kW. Following controller tuning, field tests demonstrated the ability of the feedback loop to set appropriate column vacuum levels quickly in response to varying inlet dissolved-gas pressures or changes in selected controller set points. The degasser's ability to reduce dissolved nitrogen (DN) and increase dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations was also assessed at four or five pure-oxygen feed rates under each of four column vacuum levels (−4·5, −9·0, −14·6 and −20·0 cm Hg). Performance was then compared with that predicted with a multicomponent gas transfer model. Relative error of model projections averaged just 7·7% for DO and 2·3% for DN (n = 19). Effluent DN ranged between 60·6 and 96·4% of saturation concentrations at 8·8°C with the influent DN at 135% of saturation. The high DN desorption rates achieved allow side-stream pretreatment with blending.
Data Assimilation with Gaussian Mixture Models Using the Dynamically Orthogonal Field Equations. Part II: Applications

AbstractThe properties and capabilities of the Gaussian Mixture Model–Dynamically Orthogonal filter (GMM-DO) are assessed and exemplified by applications to two dynamical systems: 1) the double well diffusion and 2) sudden expansion flows; both of which admit far-from-Gaussian statistics. The former test case, or twin experiment, validates the use of the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm and Bayesian Information Criterion with GMMs in a filtering context; the latter further exemplifies its ability to efficiently handle state vectors of nontrivial dimensionality and dynamics with jets and eddies. For each test case, qualitative and quantitative comparisons are made with contemporary filters. The sensitivity to input parameters is illustrated and discussed. Properties of the filter are examined and its estimates are described, including the equation-based and adaptive prediction of the probability densities; the evolution of the mean field, stochastic subspace modes, and stochastic coefficients; the f...
Shelf life of raw French-fry potato strips in consumer bags

Pre-peeled raw French-fry strips are highly perishable and have a very short shelf life at warm temperatures. An adequate shelf life for retailing can be obtained only through refrigeration at 40° F. or lower. Pre-peeled potatoes packaged in either perforated or nonperforated polyethylene bags kept for less than 1 day at 85° F., from 3 to 6 days at 50°, whereas at 32° they kept from 12 to 15 days in perforated bags, and at least 15 days in nonperforated bags
EIGHTH GRADE MATHEMATICS TEACHERS’ FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT PRACTICES IN SES-DIFFERENT CLASSROOMS: A TAIWAN STUDY

In this qualitative case study, the researchers explored 3 8th grade teachers’ formative assessment practices as it occurred during their mathematics instruction at socioeconomic status (SES)-different schools in Taiwan. Instructionally embedded formative assessment we refer to as discourse-based assessment practice (DAP). In Taiwan, there is a large mathematics achievement gap among high SES and low SES and minority students in 8th grade. Addressing this issue at the level of classroom practice, we attempt to document teachers’ DAP using a parsimonious, but practical framework for analyzing classroom discourse in 23 lessons. For the purpose of this study, 3 lessons for each teacher are represented. The extended sequence (Mehan, 1979) was the primary unit of analysis, to which we applied our framework for illuminating and differentiating the teachers’ press for student understanding through questions and feedback. The analysis of the teacher’s instruction at the high SES indicated that it was more formative than the others, pressing for mathematical understanding. The 2 teachers at the low SES schools pressed for rote understanding, though there were qualitative differences between them. The findings raise more questions and implications for research and education policy. In Taiwan where there is scant research on classroom practices, DAP as an instructional improvement may be a starting point for educational improvement for all its students.
Targeted for drug delivery

The concept of targeted drugs is not new, but dates back to 1906 when Ehrlich 1 first postulated the ‘magic bullet’. The durability of this concept is a strong indication of its appeal, but the ‘magic bullet’ continues to be a challenge to implement in the clinic. The challenge has been on three fronts: finding the proper target for a particular disease state; finding a drug that effectively treats this disease; and finding a means of carrying the drug in a stable form to specific sites while avoiding the immunogenic and nonspecific interactions that efficiently clear foreign material from the body. Nanoparticles are potentially useful as carriers of active drugs and, when coupled with targeting ligands, may fulfill many attributes of a ‘magic bullet’. This review focuses on targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles as a modality that couples a ligand to a nanosized, drug-loaded vehicle as a potential means to achieve increased efficacy of a drug at the site of interest.
Abstract 997: Stability of β-catenin decides the tumor suppressive effect of MRJ

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Mammalian relative of DnaJ (MRJ), is a member of the heat shock protein 40 family. We have found that MRJ is lost in advanced grades of breast cancer. Functional studies showed that ectopic expression of the large spliced variant of MRJ, MRJ(L), results in reduced malignant properties as indicated by reduced motility, migration, invasion and soft agar colonization. Furthermore, xenograft studies in athymic mice showed that MRJ(L) expression reduced tumor growth and metastasis. Our investigations also revealed that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is one of the pathways impacted by MRJ(L) expression. Specifically, we found that MRJ(L) expression led to enhanced degradation of β-catenin. Our studies showed that MRJ(L) mediated its tumor suppressive effects by upregulation of DKK1, a negative regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which promotes proteosome mediated degradation of β-catenin. Hence, we hypothesized that introduction of a degradation-resistant form of β-catenin will lead to restoration of malignant attributes of the MRJ(L) expressing cells. S37A mutation of β-catenin has been known to render it insensitive to ubiquitination-mediated proteosomal degradation. We established stable clones co-expressing S37A β-catenin and MRJ(L). Our analysis of these clones showed that the TCF/LEF activity, as a measure of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, was elevated 10 fold, as measured by the increased activity of the luciferase reporter, TOPFlash. We also found that downstream transcriptional target of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, cyclin D1 showed increased expression in S37A β-catenin clones as compared to the MRJ(L) expressors. Synchronized cell cycle analysis demonstrated that cells co-expressing S37A β-catenin and MRJ(L) resulted in marked increase in S phase at 2 and 24 hours after the release of cell cycle block. The MRJ(L) expressors; did not go through an increase in the S phase in the 24 hour period after the release. Analysis of tumor growth in vivo (xenograft model) revealed that S37A β-catenin was able to restore the malignant activity overriding the suppressive effect of MRJ(L). Thus controlled degradation of β-catenin, brought about by MRJ(L), is an important event in maintaining cells in a non-tumorigenic state. Acknowledgement: We acknowledge grant support from the NCI: 1R01CA140472 Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 997. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-997
An oxygen-isotope study of water-rock interaction in the granite of Cataract Gulch, western San Juan Mountains, Colorado

Oxygen-isotope analyses of a 37-km 2 exposure of Precambrian granite adjacent to the Miocene Lake City caldera are used to document interactions with a 23-m.y.-old meteoric-hydrothermal system established within the caldera. The granite δ 18 O values range from +0.7 to +9.2, all lower than for the original granite (∼ +9.5), indicating pervasive exchange with a low- 18 O fluid. Primary muscovite exchanged oxygen with the fluid faster than did quartz, but much more slowly than did K-feldspar, and primary biotites were altered to variable mixtures of low- 18 O chlorite and sericite. The granite was altered over a wide range of water/rock ratios in two distinct regimes, a sericite alteration regime and a chlorite alteration regime. Granite in the highly faulted Eureka graben exhibits the lowest whole-rock δ 8 O values and the highest degree of biotite alteration; this zone was a main channel for fluid flow through the granite. Groups of samples (3) are defined relative to the graben axis: (1) a “graben group” with whole-rock δ 18 O=0 to +4; (2) an intermediate group (5.5 to 9.0 km from the graben axis) with δ 18 O=+2 to +8 that shows a positive correlation between sample elevation and whole-rock δ 18 O; (3) a distal group (>9.0 km) with δ 18 O=+6 to +9 that also shows a positive correlation between elevation and δ 18 O. These δ 18 O-elevation trends (∼0.7 per mil/100 m) imply a systematic vertical thermal gradient in the near-surface portions of the granite during hydrothermal activity, as well as a lateral gradient in water/rock ratio outward from the graben. A subgroup of samples within the intermediate group is from a postcaldera structural dome, and the δ 18 O-elevation trends in the granite are offset by the uplift.
High DC current gain InGaP/GaAs HBTs grown by LP-MOCVD

The high current gain of InGaP/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) grown under optimised growth conditions using MOCVD is demonstrated. Large area (60 µm × 60 µm) samples of InGaP/GaAs HBTs are grown and fabricated for DC characterisation. These devices show Gummel plots with nearly ideal I-V characteristics (nc = 1.00 and nb = 1.09). Measured current gain of the devices with a base sheet resistance Rb of 236 Ω/sq is 130 at a collector current Ic of 1 mA and 147 at the collector current density of 1 kA/cm2 (Ic = 39.1 mA). The current gain to base sheet resistance ratio is 0.623 at 1 kA/cm2, which is the highest value ever reported. The optimised growth condition improves the current gain in the entire range of the collector current. The current gain is as high as 92 at an Ic of 10 µA. These results are the best that have ever been demonstrated with InGaP/GaAs HBTs. The data show that the MOCVD growth condition is an important factor in achieving high current gain in InGaP/GaAs HBTs.
A Fast JPEG2000 EBCOT Tier-1 Architecture That Preserves Coding Efficiency

Embedded block coding, EBCOT tier-1, is the most computationally intensive part of the JPEG2000 image coding standard. Past research on fast EBCOT tier-1 hardware implementations has concentrated on cycle efficient context formation. These pass-parallel architectures require that JPEG2000's three mode switches be turned on; thus, coding efficiency is sacrificed for improved throughput. In this paper a new fast EBCOT tier-1 design is presented: it is called the split arithmetic encoder (SAE) process. The proposed process exploits concurrency to obtain improved throughput while preserving coding efficiency. The SAE process is evaluated using two methods: clock cycle estimation, and FPGA hardware implementation. Both methods achieve throughput improvement; the hardware implementation exhibits the largest speedup.
The unstable Adams spectral sequence for two-stage towers

Abstract Let KP denote a generalized mod 2 Eilenberg–MacLane space and let Y be the fiber of a map X→KP to which the Massey–Peterson theorem applies. We study the relationship of the mod 2 unstable Adams spectral sequence (UASS) for X and for Y. Given conditions on X, we split the E2-term for Y, and we use a primary level calculation to compute d2 for Y up to an error term. If the UASS for X collapses at E2 (for example, if X is an Eilenberg–MacLane space), the UASS for Y collapses at E3, and we have the entire UASS for Y. We also give examples and address a conjecture of Bousfield on the UASS for the Lie group SO.
Bone tissue engineering by way of allograft revitalization: mechanistic and mechanical investigations using a porcine model.

Purpose “Allograft revitalization” is a process in which cadaveric bone is used to generate well-vascularized living bone. We had previously found that porcine allograft hemimandibles filled with autologous adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2–soaked absorbable collagen sponge (rhBMP-2/ACS) were completely replaced by vascularized bone, provided the construct had been incubated within a periosteal envelope. The present study sought to deepen our understanding of allograft revitalization by investigating the individual contributions of ASCs and rhBMP-2 in the process and the mechanical properties of the revitalized allograft. Materials and Methods Porcine allograft hemimandible constructs were implanted bilaterally into rib periosteal envelopes in 8 pigs. To examine the contributions of ASCs and rhBMP-2, the following groups were assessed: group 1, periosteum alone; group 2, periosteum+ASCs; group 3, periosteum+rhBMP-2/ACS; and group 4, periosteum+ASCs+rhBMP-2/ACS. After 8 weeks, the allograft constructs were harvested for micro-computed tomography (CT) and histologic analyses and 3-point bending to assess the strength. Results On harvesting, the constructs receiving rhBMP-2/ACS had significantly greater bone shown by micro-CT than those receiving periosteum only (51,463 vs 34,310 mm 3 ; P = .031). The constructs receiving ASCs had increased bone compared to group 1 (periosteum only), although not significantly ( P = .087). The combination of rhBMP-2/ACS with ASCs produced bone (50,399 mm 3 ) equivalent to that of the constructs containing rhBMP-2/ACS only. The 3-point bending tests showed no differences between the 4 groups and a nonimplanted allograft or native mandible ( P = .586), suggesting the absence of decreased strength of the allograft bone when revitalized. Conclusions These data have shown that rhBMP-2/ACS significantly stimulates new bone formation by way of allograft revitalization and that the revitalized allograft has equivalent mechanical strength to native bone.
Swallowing and Respiratory Distress in Hospitalized Patients with Bronchiolitis

The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of airway and/or pulmonary food or saliva aspiration in infants with moderate respiratory distress who are hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis. This prospective, descriptive study was conducted during two epidemic RSV seasons at the Ricardo Gutierrez Children’s Hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Included were otherwise healthy infants in their first wheezing episode with a modified Tal clinical score between 5 and 9. Swallowing was evaluated using a dynamic technetium-99 m colloid radionuclide salivagram using a gamma camera, followed by video fluoroscopy using nonionic and ionic contrast material. Fifteen patients (7 boys) were included. Age at evaluation (mean ± SD) was 4.3 ± 1.5 months; clinical score was 7.5 ± 1.4. Patients required (mean ± SD) supplemental oxygen and hospitalization 7.5 ± 3.7 and 8.8 ± 4.3 days, respectively. All technetium-99 m salivagram (10/10, as the gamma camera equipment was out of service during part of the study) and video fluoroscopy (15/15) studies were normal. No episodes of aspiration or laryngeal penetration were detected in any patient. Our study found that infants hospitalized with moderate respiratory distress due to RSV bronchiolitis did not show aspiration.
An exploratory analysis of select predictors of concern for law and order

Within the last decade concern for law and order has become a major domestic issue. Presidential candidates have campaigned on the issue. Opinion polls have charted the growing public concern. Crime statistics have reported startling growth in the number of serious crimes committed in the United States. This paper attempts to assess the ability of different variables to predict and explain this high concern. Two aspects of concern will be discussed: (1) awareness of and (2) willingness to do something about crime. Theoretically little is known about how awareness for a social problem can be translated into forms of action to deal with the perceived problem. Methodologically, a technique is needed for assessing the relative importance of different variables related to the problem area. Path analysis is discussed as a possible technique. The data was collected through a random sample of heads-of-households in the State of Washington during the summer of 1970 (N=3101; response rate=75%).
Intramolecular transacetylation in salvinorins D and E.

Extraction of fresh Salvia divinorum leaves afforded salvinorins E and D as potential biosynthesis precursors of salvinorin A, a major metabolite and a potent hallucinogen. Attempts at HPLC purification of salvinorin E (2) with acetonitrile as a solvent revealed an equilibrium with its regioisomer, salvinorin D (3), in a 3:5 ratio. The presence of both compounds was readily observed in the 1H NMR spectrum. This spontaneous formation of the mixture of isomers occurs via a dynamic intramolecular transacetylation process.
The Moral Neoliberal: Welfare and Citizenship in Italy

Andrea Muehlebach, (2012) (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), 228 pp, ISBN 9780226545400, $27.50, soft cover Recounting the vicissitudes of Milanese Italians who have become gradually more invo...
Reversions induced by base analogues in Salmonella typhimurium

THE base analogues, 5-bromouracil and 2-aminopurine, employed by Freese1 to study the rII region of the genetic material of bacteriophage T4 were also found to induce reversions from auxotrophy to prototrophy in Salmonella typhimurium. It was determined that 5-bromouracil can be incorporated into the deoxyribonucleic acid of this organism, replacing thymine specifically.