cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A fast adder design using signed-digit numbers and ternary logic

The advantage of carry free addition offered by signed-digit numbers is exploited in designing a fast adder circuit. Signed-digit numbers with radix 2 and digit set (-1,0,1), called redundant binary signed-digit (RBSD) numbers, are used in the design. Ternary logic circuits using an MOS/CMOS combination are employed. The ternary logic and RBSD number system complement each other well because one ternary bit can support one RBSD digit. This provides an advantage over using binary logic where more than one bit would be needed to support one RBSD digit. While the RBSD number system offers faster add times because of carry free addition, ternary logic offers reduced circuit complexity in terms of both transistor count and interconnections. All circuit implementations were simulated and verified for satisfactory performance using SPICE software on a SUN workstation. >
A Qualitative Examination of Juvenile Probation Officers as Gateway Providers to Mental Health Care

Despite significant rates of psychopathology, less than 10% of court-involved youth are connected to appropriate care on release from detention. The majority are mandated to probation on release, p...
Headaches in the elderly

Headache prevalence and etiology vary dramatically with age. The prevalence of primary headache disorders, such as migraine and cluster, declines with age, while the prevalence of secondary headache disorders, such as temporal arteritis and mass lesions, increases. In evaluating elderly patients with new onset of headache, a high index of suspicion for organic disease is required. Headache symptomatology also varies with age. For example, migraine may evolve into a pattern of chronic daily headache, or auras may occur in the absence of headache (late-life migraine accompaniments). A careful longitudinal headache history is therefore important. Headache management is also influenced by age. Elderly people are more susceptible to medication side effects and are often treated with several drugs. Medications may cause headaches and drug interactions may complicate therapy. For these reasons, age of onset and duration of illness are critical headache features that guide the subsequent approach to diagnosis and treatment.
Visions and visualizations in the here and hereafter

On 10 March 2005, Professor Bernard McGinn delivered the William James Lecture on Religious Experience at the Harvard Divinity School. The founding bequest of this annual lectureship was made for the purpose of having an outstanding scholar or scholars lecture on some aspect of this subject, which received classic treatment in William James's The Varieties of Religious Experience. James's aim was not to defend religion by scientific proof, but to stake out his own position as a “piecemeal supernaturalist, one who admits miracles and providential leadings, and finds no intellectual difficulty in mixing the ideal and real worlds together” to locate where the “ideal region” interacts with “the real world's details” to cause experiences—prayer, epiphany, or visions—that generate faith.
Potential Solutions to Public Deliberation Problems: Structured Deliberations and Polarization Cascades

Some deliberative theorists advocate for increased public participation to improve the health and vitality of democracy, but skeptics warn that public deliberation may fall prey to multiple decision-making pathologies. We describe a research program based on structured public deliberations about science and technology policies that was designed to explore the validity of critics' worst fears. In this research, we specifically test the complaint that group deliberations often bias toward the original majority preferences because of cognitive and affective errors in decision making, such as deference to the numerical majority opinion held within a group. Our results, based on data collected from a set of small-group public deliberations about nanotechnology, offer weak support to the polarization hypothesis. We explain this finding as the likely consequence of manipulating two key variables of deliberations: task facilitation and the quality of the argument pool. As a result, we argue that it is possible to structure public deliberations about policy to mitigate known decision-making problems. We conclude by also warning scholars of the dangers in assuming that opinion change consistent with polarization effects is inherently the result of undesirable decision-making qualities.
The Graded Screen Technique for Measuring the Diffusion Coefficient of Radon Decay Products

ABSTRACT The main focus of this paper is the graded screen array (GSA) sampler, a specialized diffusion battery developed modified at our Laboratory to measure the size distribution of unattached 218Po, a naturally occurring “atomic aerosol,” implicated in causing lung cancer. The GSA, as used in this study, consists of four stainless steel wire screens with increasing mesh count, each positioned on a circular mount. For sampling, the four mounted screens are stacked into a holder and air is drawn through them in the direction of increasing mesh count. A backup filter is placed behind the fourth screen. After sampling, the alpha radioactivity on each screen, and on the backup filter, is measured by standard methods. Size distributions are retrieved from these data using both the Nelder-Mead downhill simplex method and the expectation-maximization algorithm. To illustrate the usefulness of the GSA sampler, size distributions from 218Po samples taken from the radon chamber at Clarkson University, Potsdam, N...
Accessory navicular: A heritable accessory bone of the human foot

The accessory navicular is a supernumerary bone of the human foot located medial to the navicular tuberosity and represents a secondary center of ossification that has failed to fuse to the main body of the navicular. Three forms of the accessory bone have been identified: Type I is an independent ossicle that is often embedded within the tibialis posterior tendon; Type II is a triangular accessory bone that attaches to the navicular tuberosity by means of a cartilaginous or fibrocartilaginous bridge; and Type III represents a fused Type II, which forms a hook-like protuberance extending from the tuberosity. The Type II accessory navicular is the most common of the three forms and is the most readily identifiable in skeletal material since it causes the navicular tuberosity to become abnormally flattened and porous. The purpose of this study was to describe the various manifestations of the accessory navicular in dry bone, to present and compare frequency data for several skeletal populations, and to consider questions of laterality and sex bias in trait expression. In total, the skeletons of 497 Danes, 460 Euro-Americans, 300 African Americans, 100 Japanese, and 205 Europeans were examined for the presence of the Type II accessory navicular. Overall frequencies for the five groups ranged from 2% in the African American sample to 5% in the Japanese sample. Since several family pedigrees have documented the accessory navicular as being an inherited skeletal defect, the relatively low frequency found in the present study makes this trait a potentially useful indicator of genetic relatedness within archaeological cemeteries. In addition, the trait was found to occur more often unilaterally than bilaterally and there was nearly equal incidence among males and females. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aberration-Corrected Z-Contrast Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy of CdSe Nanocrystals

Aberration-corrected atomic number contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (Z-STEM) was used to study CdSe nanocrystals prepared using different surfactants. With an optimal probe size of 0.8 A, unprecedentedly detailed images of the nanocrystal's lattice structure and surface morphology were obtained. This level of detail is important for the characterization of nanomaterials because of the high sensitivity of the nanocrystal's properties to minute changes in structure. As an example of the power of this technique, a sample of CdSe nanocrystals prepared using trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) as the surfactant was compared to a sample of CdSe prepared using a mixture of TOPO and hexadecylamine (HDA). Z-STEM reveals striking differences in nanocrystal morphology as the result of the addition of HDA.
Meningococcal meningitis, dexamethasone, and Class III evidence

In bacterial meningitis, lysis of bacteria during treatment triggers the release of cytokines that increase intrathecal inflammation. Studies with animals have shown that adjunctive treatment with glucocorticoids reduces both the inflammatory response and neurologic sequelae.1 Such treatment in humans, however, has been controversial for decades despite 44 clinical trials (29 randomized) and 10 meta-analyses.1–4 The most recent Cochrane review concluded that adjunctive dexamethasone significantly reduced mortality in meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae but not Neisseria meningitidis , with benefit in adults and children in high-income but not low-income countries.5 Dexamethasone was not associated with serious adverse effects, and the authors recommended a 4-day regimen of 0.6 mg/kg/day given before or with the first dose of antibiotic.
Understanding recreational ecstasy use in the United States: a qualitative inquiry.

Abstract Background Ecstasy use has increasingly become popular among young adults, many of whom view it as a safe drug with no or limited negative social and health consequences. In this paper, we explore the perceptions of ecstasy users about its recreational use as well as regarding the normalisation of use. Methods The study participants were recruited using targeted and theoretical sampling. To be eligible, they had to be between 18 and 25 years and have used ecstasy at least four times within the past 90 days. In-depth interviews were conducted with 112 individuals. Data analysis included the constant comparison method commonly used in modified grounded theory. Results The study participants associated their recreational ecstasy use with control, shaping both the timing and setting of their use. In addition, they supported that easy access/availability and social accommodations of use contributed to their acceptance of ecstasy use as a normal part of life. Moreover, low risk perceptions of the social and health consequences of ecstasy used were identified as resulting in normalisation. Conclusion The study findings reveal the importance of considering recreational ecstasy use from the perspective of the users themselves for prevention efforts and when providing social and health services, including intervention strategies. In addition, the potential normalisation of ecstasy use must be considered.
Solar power simulations for a renewable integration study in New Mexico using sparse input data

Since solar PV power generation is growing rapidly, it is important to accurately model solar power production in renewable generation integration studies which look at the impact of variable renewable generation on electric grid operations. However, solar irradiance or power measurements are often sparse both spatially and temporally, making it difficult to simulate PV power output. Here, we describe the technique used to simulate generation from up to 40 utility-scale PV plants and 9 areas of distributed PV in the state of New Mexico given only five hourly irradiance measurements plus a sixth irradiance measurement at 1-minute resolution that was used as a lookup library. Spatial smoothing based on the plant size was applied, then this area-average irradiance was converted to PV power output using irradiance to power models. In this way, PV power output profiles for each location, and for the aggregate of all locations, were produced and supplied to the integration study. Also for use in the study, day-ahead solar power output forecasts were created by adding errors representative of the current state of solar forecasting to the actual power output values.
An Analysis of the Work of the National Information Systems Task Force

This article contains a summary of the history of the National Information Systems Task Force (NISTF; 1977-82), a statement of the primary products of NISTF's work, and an assessment of the progress made in information exchanged since 1982. The history of NISTF's changing view of its mission is more than past history. Many readers will find that their view of information networks is similar to NISTF's naive starting point. It is hoped that these readers will follow the development of the NISTF mission and gain insight into what is happening now, based on the MARC format and other results of NISTF's work.
Role of Self-Efficacy in Reducing Residential Energy Usage

AbstractEnergy usage continues to increase across the globe, which has resulted in increased methods for conserving energy. However, most of these methods for decreasing energy consumption focus on political and economic policies, as well as curtailing usage by promoting individual energy-efficient products and practices such as appliances, electronics, and improved building envelope maintenance. To determine better methods and policies to conserve energy, individual habits and perceptions of energy usage need to be considered. One such consideration is a household’s perception of energy usage habits and the belief or self-efficacy that becoming an energy saver can make an impact. For this research, a field study was completed in the rural community of Woodbine, Iowa, to determine if self-efficacy via perceptions of energy consumption could predict actual energy usage. To examine the impact of self-efficacy on energy usage, perceptions of energy consumption were compared with actual changes in energy usag...
SEASONAL DIFFERENCES IN IMMUNOLOGICAL CONDITION OF THREE SPECIES OF THRUSHES

Abstract Migratory birds are exposed to a diverse pathogen fauna by virtue of their long-distance travels. Although the immune system is an organism's primary defense against pathogenic microorganisms, few studies have investigated avian immune function during migration, much less shown seasonal differences in immune function. We describe the immunological condition of three intercontinental migratory species, Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus), Veery (C. fuscescens), and Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) during spring migration. In addition, we compare their immunological condition with conspecifics captured during fall migration and during the breeding season to provide a frame of reference for the spring immunological data. Measures of immunological condition presented include total leukocyte count, heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) ratio, heterophil and lymphocyte counts, hematocrit, and IgG titers. In addition, we assessed each bird's energetic condition by measuring body mass and calculating a size-c...
Foreword: Pro-Life Progressivism and the Fourth Option in American Public Life

This article is the foreword to a symposium, "Can the Seamless Garment Be Sewn? The Future of Pro-Life Progressivism," held at the University of St. Thomas School of Law and published in volume 2, issue 2 of the University of St. Thomas Law Journal. Pro-life progressivism is an approach that combines opposition to abortion and euthanasia with a number of positions typically deemed progressive or leftward-leaning, such as support for strong anti-discrimination (including sex-discrimination) laws, strong anti-poverty programs with governmental involvement, strong environmental protection, skepticism about the use of American military force, and concern for the rights and dignity of those accused and convicted of crimes. In political debate today these positions are typically seen as contradictory. But this symposium examines the combination of positions, for virtually the first time in legal scholarship, and examines whether the approach has intellectual coherence and political viability. Symposium contributors, both proponents and critics of pro-life progressivism, include legal scholars, moral philosophers, social scientists, political activists, and a member of Congress. This Foreword introduces the symposium papers by first describing three main streams of thought that flow into pro-life progressivism: the Catholic social-justice tradition, especially the consistent ethic of life articulated by Joseph Cardinal Bernardin; pro-life feminism represented by groups such as Feminists for Life; and the left wing of evangelical Protestantism, represented by figures such as Jim Wallis, the symposium's keynote speaker. The Foreword then notes that this approach faces daunting political hurdles as it seeks to offer a missing fourth option in American public life in distinction to the familiar political options of conservatism, liberalism, and libertarianism. After describing other aspects of the intellectual and political atmosphere for pro-life progressivism, the Foreword summarizes the papers from the three symposium panels: an overview panel with both proponents and critics (from the left and right) of pro-life progressivism, a law and policy panel advancing and critiquing specific proposals in a pro-life progressive agenda, and a politics panel assessing the viability and future of this approach in politics and culture.
A Rising Industry's Battle for the Morrill Tariff

The number of historians who have touched upon the Morrill Tariff in 1861 is equaled only by the variety of ways in which they have interpreted it. Such a complex subject obviously cannot be treated definitively in the two documents that are presented in this note. On the other hand, it does seem reasonable that these two documents may prove of interest to every student of tariff history and hold a warning for all historians: that the simplified interpretation of our economic development in terms of sections or large economic groups frequently is not borne out by factual evidence. Indeed, most careful historians will agree that it is impossible to dismiss a major tariff law with a generalization like “this section was for it, and that section was against it.”
Screening for Bacteriuria in Pregnancy

The Griess nitrite test, a colorimetric technic, effectively (less than 1 percent false positives) screens outpatients with more than 100,000 colonies per cubic centimeter of urine. This degree of bacteriuria of ten indicates pyelonephritis.
Study on the Treatment of Severe Pregnancy Vomiting

Objective To study the best treatment method for severe pregnancy vomiting by comparing two treatment methods and analyzing physical and relative treatment medicine. Methods Retrospectively analyzing 50 cases with severe pregnancy vomiting from Oct 2001 to Oct.2005. Method 1 was the treatment method that was used before Oct 2003, method 2 was the treatment method that was used after Oct 2003. Results The average age of 50 patients was 25.3years old. The incident rate of severe pregnancy vomiting was 22%. For nullipara women, curative rate of method 1 was 66.7%, suspending pregnancy rate was11.1%, the others had no improvement; curative rate of method 2 was 95%, improvement rate was 5%. For patients who used to suspending pregnancy because of severe pregnancy vomiting, method 1 made no improvement, the suspending pregnancy rate was 66.7%; curative rate of method 2 was 66.7%, improvement rate was 33.3%. For patients who used to recovering from severe pregnancy vomiting, curative rate of method 1 was 50%, method 2 was 100%. Hospitalization period:Method 1 was 4～9 days, average 6.3 days, method 2 was 2～4 days, average 3 days. Urine ketobody existing period:method 1 was 5～9 days, 3 cases persisted urine ketobody(+) after treatment for 9 days;method 2 was 1～2 days. Conclusion Method 2 was significantly superior to method 1. It was a scientific, reasonable and effective treatment method for severe pregnancy vomiting.
Transcranial motor evoked potentials

History, methodology and description of recording motor action potentials elicited by magnetic stimulation of the cortex through the skull. Summary of clinical results published in the literature and those carried out by the author.
Evaluation of psychotherapy with alcoholics. A critical review.

A review of 49 studies published in the United States and Canada from 1952 through 1963 which reported evaluation of psychotherapy with alcoholics was undertaken. These studies fail to live up to t...
Resident Research, Part-Time

AbstractDuring residency training, research must be cost-effective in these times of constraint. Its value lies in helping the resident critically analyse each clinical problem and understand the basic physiopathologic processes, in adding new skills, in preparing the resident for an academic career, in improving abilities in writing and speaking, and in providing the satisfaction of accomplishment. The principal limitations on a full year in research are inadequate funds for support and the unwillingness of residents to take that much time out of their clinical training.Alternatives are for the resident to take 1 or 2 afternoons each week during clinical training to work on an ongoing project in an established laboratory or, preferably, to formulate an original project and carry it out under supervision in the departmental laboratory, or in the cystoscopic, operating or outpatient facilities. To do this requires an interested, available preceptor, a stimulatingidea (preferably the resident’s), a limited ...
SP0246 Rheumatology Education - The U.S. Experience

The American College of Rheumatology has demonstrated a strong commitment to rheumatology education in the United States through the creation of the Rheumatology Research Foundation9s Clinician Scholar Educator Award (CSE). The CSE provides grant support for clinician educators in their mission to educate, mentor, and inspire trainees. Since 1999, the Rheumatology Research Foundation has funded more than 60 educators and created a community of educational scholars who are dedicated to advancing education in rheumatology and the musculoskeletal diseases. Awardees have developed educational products for trainees of all levels, ranging from medical student to fellow. This lecture will briefly discuss the impact of the CSE on rheumatology education in the United States and highlight the scholarly work of three CSE awardees whose projects demonstrate educational innovation. Topics discussed in this lecture include the state of undergraduate musculoskeletal education in the United States, the use of novel assessment methods in web-based rheumatology modules for residents, and collaborative efforts between fellowship programs to develop a rheumatology objective standardized clinical examination (ROSCE). Disclosure of Interest None declared
Factors affecting myocardial storage and release of catecholamines.

The factors affecting myocardial storage and release of catecholamines were investi gated. The catecholainine concentration of heart muscle of normal dogs averaged 0.617 g. per Gm. of heart muscle....
A Legal History of the Civil War and Reconstruction: Enslaved Americans, Emancipation, and the Future Legal Order

Although slavery figured prominently in the rhetoric of political leaders on the eve of the Civil War, enslaved African Americans did not. When Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860, he promised not to touch slavery in those states where it already existed. He did oppose the extension of slavery into western territories, in keeping with the Republican Party platform. But, otherwise, he vowed to keep the federal government out of the institution, leaving its regulation and the status of enslaved African Americans to the states. “I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists,” promised Lincoln in his inaugural address. “I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so.” Those words provided no consolation to Confederate leaders, who thought Lincoln’s election would lead inevitably to slavery’s demise. Even so, they gave surprisingly little consideration to the implications of war for those they held in bondage. Enslaved African Americans felt differently. They began leaving slavery in the summer of 1861, even before secession devolved into war. More accurately, they left slavery for freedom, which moved geographically closer in 1861 than it had ever been before, particularly for those along the coast of the eastern seaboard. Where they once had to travel hundreds of miles to free states in the North, they were now within hailing distance of those states’ representatives: the U.S. Navy, which patrolled the Confederate coast in its blockade, and the U.S. Army, which occupied federal forts offshore in Virginia, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Enslaved African Americans along the South Carolina coast began fleeing to U.S. naval vessels as soon as the state seceded. By July 1861, about nine hundred of slavery’s refugees had sought asylum with General Benjamin Butler’s army at Fortress Monroe, Virginia.
Histone Deacetylases in Cartilage Homeostasis and Osteoarthritis

The involvement of the epigenome in complex diseases is becoming increasingly clear and more feasible to study due to new genomic and computational technologies. Moreover, therapies altering the activities of proteins that modify and interpret the epigenome are available to treat cancers and neurological disorders. Many additional uses have been proposed for these drugs based on promising preclinical results, including in arthritis models. Understanding the effects of epigenomic drugs on the skeleton is of interest because of its importance in maintaining overall health and fitness. In this review, we summarize ongoing advancements in how one class of epigenetic modifiers, histone deacetylases (Hdacs), controls normal cartilage development and homeostasis, as well as recent work aimed at understanding the alterations in the expression and activities of these enzymes in osteoarthritis (OA). We also review recent studies utilizing Hdac inhibitors and discuss the potential therapeutic benefits and limitations of these drugs for preventing cartilage destruction in OA.
Iran: Ace of the Axis of Evil

A decade before the Berlin Wall descended into fragments, Washington and Tehran were already locked into a life-and-death struggle in the Persian Gulf arena. The Islamic Republic of Iran through a blend of shrewd regional strategies, adroit application of terrorism, and religious fervor differed from the decayed communist regimes in North Korea and Cuba or the secular authoritarian governments in Iraq, Syria, and Libya. Except for North Korea, Iran shared a lengthier, more hostile history with the United States than the other major rogue states. But unlike its fellow rogues, Iran interpreted its venomous feud against the United States through a Manichaean prism. Other outlier regimes confronted the United States as a classic opponent to be diplomatically checked, strategically outflanked, and kept at bay in order to preserve their rule from international interference. By contrast, the religious clerics, who ousted the shah in 1979, played a violent chess game against the United Stated as they worked for the elimination of their arch nemesis from the Middle East and for a Pax Iranica over the Persian Gulf region.
Congenital Heart Disease Genetics Uncovers Context-Dependent Organization and Function of Nucleoporins at Cilia

Summary Human genomics is identifying candidate genes for congenital heart disease (CHD), but discovering the underlying mechanisms remains challenging. In a patient with CHD and heterotaxy (Htx), a disorder of left-right patterning, we previously identified a duplication in Nup188. However, a mechanism to explain how a component of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) could cause Htx/CHD was undefined. Here, we show that knockdown of Nup188 or its binding partner Nup93 leads to a loss of cilia during embryonic development while leaving NPC function largely intact. Many data, including the localization of endogenous Nup188/93 at cilia bases, support their direct role at cilia. Super-resolution imaging of Nup188 shows two barrel-like structures with dimensions and organization incompatible with an NPC-like ring, arguing against a proposed "ciliary pore complex." We suggest that the nanoscale organization and function of nucleoporins are context dependent in a way that is required for the structure of the heart.
Brief Amici Curiae of Intellectual Property Professors in Support of Petitioners

The Supreme Court has made clear that, absent a clear expression from Congress, U.S. laws do not apply extraterritorially. The Court has noted that the presumption against extraterritoriality has particular force in the context of patent law. The Federal Circuit has given short shrift to this argument. This brief argues that this case presents the opportunity for the Court to strike the appropriate extraterritorial reach for a U.S. patent under 35 U.S.C. § 271(f) and to signal to the Federal Circuit to take the presumption against extraterritoriality seriously.On the merits, the brief offers two approaches to answer this question. The first, following the typical approach to extraterritoriality, argues that the Federal Circuit’s interpretation was unnecessarily broad in light of the presumption against extraterritoriality.Second, the brief offers an alternative approach for patent law, drawing on academic literature, criminal law, and trademark law: courts should consider the potential for conflicts with foreign law in assessing whether liability for patent infringement is appropriate.
Abstract B022: cDNA microarray analysis of genes associated with reduced annexin A6 expression in invasive breast cancer cells

Recent studies have shown that the calcium-dependent membrane binding protein, annexin A6 (AnxA6) is involved in cell proliferation, membrane dynamics, calcium fluxes across the plasma membranes and cell-cell and cell extracellular matrix interactions and cell motility. Together with our recent observation that AnxA6 is down regulated in breast cancer, this suggests that AnxA6 may influence the expression of a very diverse set of genes. We therefore, investigated changes in gene expression profiles associated with AnxA6 depletion in invasive breast cancer cells. To do this we generated AnxA6 depleted BT-549 cells with varying extents of AnxA6 down regulation. Two of the cell lines designated BT-A6sh2 and BT-A6sh5 as well as pGIPZ transfected control cells were used in the cDNA microarray analysis. Analysis of the microarrays revealed that a total of 558 genes were significantly down-regulated of which 38 were down regulated by at least 2.0-fold and p 80% depletion of AnxA6. Validation of some of these genes by quantitative RT-PCR suggests that AnxA6 influences Ras signaling, cadherin-mediated cell-cell interactions, solute transport, cell-extracellular matrix interactions, calcium signaling and more interestingly, cancer stem cell phenotypes. Down-regulation of CD24 and up-regulation of N- and P-cadherin suggest that reduced AnxA6 expression as previously shown in breast cancer tissues also facilitates the transformation of tumor cells into CD24-low mesenchymal stem cell-like phenotypes. These data suggest that reduced AnxA6 expression in invasive breast cancer is accompanied by modulation of a wide range of genes that influence several aspects of breast cancer progression, some of which are potentially useful targets for prognosis and therapeutic intervention. Citation Format: Amos M. Sakwe. cDNA microarray analysis of genes associated with reduced annexin A6 expression in invasive breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Breast Cancer Research: Genetics, Biology, and Clinical Applications; Oct 3-6, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2013;11(10 Suppl):Abstract nr B022.
Protein Phosphatase 5 Contributes to the Overexpression of Epigenetically Regulated T-Lymphocyte Genes in Patients with Lupus.

Objective: Lupus develops when genetically predisposed people encounter certain drugs or environmental agents causing oxidative stress such as infections and sun exposure, and then typically follows a chronic relapsing course with flares triggered by the exogenous stressors. Current evidence indicates that these environmental agents can trigger lupus flares by inhibiting the replication of DNA methylation patterns during mitosis in CD4+ T cells, altering the expression of genes suppressed by this mechanism that convert normal “helper” cells into auto reactive cells which promote lupus flares. How environmental stressors inhibit T cell DNA methylation though is incompletely understood. Protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) is a stress induced inhibitor of T cell ERK and JNK signaling in “senescent” CD4+CD28- T cells, also characterized by DNA demethylation and altered expression of genes that promote atherosclerosis. We tested if PP5 is increased in CD4+CD28+ T cells by oxidative stress, if PP5 transfection causes overexpression of methylation sensitive genes in T cells, and if PP5 is overexpressed in lupus T cells.Results: PP5 was found to be overexpressed in CD4+CD28+ T cells treated with H2O2 and ONOO- and in T cells from lupus patients.Conclusion: The results indicate that PP5 increases expression of methylation sensitive T cell genes , and may contribute to the aberrant gene expression in CD4+CD28+ T cells that characterize lupus flares as well as the aberrant gene expression in CD4+CD28- T cells that promote atherosclerosis.
Diversity and Philanthropy: Expanding the Circle of Giving by Lilya Wagner

Wagner, L. (2016). Diversity and Philanthropy: Expanding the Circle of Giving. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. $60.00 (hard cover), ISBN: 987-1-4408-4044-9.
Glut 1 expression in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is associated with poor patient survival.

Cancer cells show increased glucose uptake compared to normal cells. Glut1 has been shown to be expressed in many human cancers, including transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (TCCB). The aim of this study was to determine the biologic significance of Glut1 expression, as determined by immunohistochemistry, in TCCB. Using the polyclonal anti-Glut1 antibody MYM, microwave-aided antigen retrieval, and standard immunoperoxidase ABC technique, we immunostained sections of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue from cystectomy specimens from 40 patients with TCCB, who received no adjuvant therapy. The percent of positive cancer cells was scored on a semiquantitative scale as 1) 0%, 2) 1-10%, 3) 11-25%, 4) 26-50%, 5) 5.1-75%, and 6) > 75%. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier survival method, the Log rank test, and Fisher's exact test. Glut1 immunoreactivity was detected in 58% of the cases. Glut1 expression in > 10% of cancer cells was associated with worse patient survival than expression in 10% Glut1-positive cancer cells were more likely to be of pT2 stage or higher than tumors with < 10% Glut1-positive cells (100% vs 68%, respectively, p = 0.0109), but showed no significant difference in the incidence of nodal metastasis (p = 0.4258). Our results suggest that Glut1 expression in TCCB is a marker of aggressive biologic potential in patients undergoing cystectomy.
The Convent of Wesel: The Event that Never was and the Invention of Tradition

The Convent of Wesel was long believed to be a clandestine assembly of Protestant leaders in 1568 that helped establish foundations for Reformed churches in the Dutch Republic and northwest Germany. However, Jesse Spohnholz shows that that event did not happen, but was an idea created and perpetuated by historians and record keepers since the 1600s. Appropriately, this book offers not just a fascinating snapshot of Reformation history but a reflection on the nature of historical inquiry itself. The Convent of Wesel begins with a detailed microhistory that unravels the mystery and then traces knowledge about the document at the centre of the mystery over four and a half centuries, through historical writing, archiving and centenary commemorations. Spohnholz reveals how historians can inadvertently align themselves with protagonists in the debates they study and thus replicate errors that conceal the dynamic complexity of the past.
Techniques for Mitigating Thermal Fatigue Degradation, Controlling Efficiency, and Extending Lifetime in a ZnO Thermoelectric Using Grain Size Gradient FGMs

A functionally graded material (FGM) in terms of grain size gradation is fabricated using zinc oxide (ZnO) with spark plasma sintering and an additive manufacturing technique by diffusion bonding layers of material sintered at different temperatures to achieve a thermoelectric generator (TEG) material that can dissipate heat well and retain high energy conversion efficiency for longer-lasting and comparably efficient TEGs. This FGM is compared to a previously made FGM with continuous grain size gradation. Uniform and graded grain size conditions are modeled for thermoelectric output by using thermoelectric properties of the uniform grain size as well as the varying properties seen in the FGMs. The actual thermoelectric output of the samples is measured and compared to the simulations. The grain size has a large effect on the efficiency and efficiency range. The samples are thermally cycled with a fast heating rate to test the thermal stress robustness and degradation, and the resistance at the highest temperature is measured to indicate degradation from thermal stress. The measured efficiency after cycling shows that the FGMs survive longer lifetime than that with uniform small grains.
Study of Mechanisms of Social Interaction Stimulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder by Assisted Humanoid Robot

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been proved to have a great impact in enhancing social, communicative, and language development in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) as demonstrated by plenty of effective technological tools reported in the literature for diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of such neurological diseases. On the contrary, there are very few works exploiting ICT to study the mechanisms that trigger the behavioral patterns during the specialized sessions of treatment focused on social interaction stimulation. From the study of the literature it emerges that the behavioral outcomes are qualitatively evaluated by the therapists making this way impossible to assess, in a consistent manner, the worth of the supplied ASD treatments that should be based on quantitative metric not available for this purpose yet. Moreover, the rare attempts to use a methodological approach are limited to the study of one (of at least a couple) of the several behavioral cues involved. In order to fill this gap, in this paper a technological framework able to analyze and integrate multiple visual cues in order to capture the behavioral trend along an ASD treatment is introduced. It is based on an algorithmic pipeline involving face detection, landmark extraction, gaze estimation, head pose estimation and facial expression recognition and it has been used to detect behavioral features during the interaction among different children, affected by ASD, and a humanoid robot. Experimental results demonstrated the superiority of the proposed framework in the specific application context with respect to leading approaches in the literature, providing a reliable pathway to automatically build a quantitative report that could help therapists to better achieve either ASD diagnosis or assessment tasks.
Christian Evangelization and Its Legacy

This chapter discusses the importance of the creation and maintenance of social-welfare institutions (such as schools, hospitals, and poor houses) for the expansion of Christianity in Europe, and shows how Christians in Africa essayed to build similar institutions towards similar goals. Following the strategy, Protestant missions began to build Christian communities in Africa at the end of the eighteenth century. One problem missions encountered was the competitive determination of Ethiopianists (that is, African Christians who believed that Africa could and should be converted to Christianity through African agency) to likewise build social welfare institutions. Missions came to team up with colonial governments to ensure missionary control over evangelization through poor relief. In response, African Christians developed similar but different strategies for evangelizing other Africans.
Systematic Errors and θ13 Sensitivity

This chapter begins with an estimation of all the systematic uncertainties affecting the background and signal predictions. These are divided into uncertainties in the physics models and in the detector models, and are addressed respectively in Sects. 8.1.2 and 8.1.3. The contributions from each source of systematic error, as well as the total uncertainty in each component and in the totals, are calculated in Sect. 8.1.4. From this information it is possible to study the sensitivity to θ13, as done in Sect. 8.2.
Herbert C. Brown — A Biographical Note

This is a good time to look back on the life and accomplishments of H. C. Brown. He is, formally, retired but his mind is as quick, tenacious and inventive as ever and the passage of years, each leaving it residue of experience, has served only to consolidate his skills in research. We expect him to be productive for many years and can look to the past for clues to the future.
Image-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration of Intra-abdominal Masses and Organs: Liver, Kidney, and Adrenal Gland

Image guided fine needle aspiration techniques of the liver, kidney, and adrenal gland are presented. Indications and contraindications of these procedures are discussed.
On the Road: A Physician's Response to a Call for Voluntary Service.

Fictional narrative of a physician who decides to leave the state for safety with his pregnant wife and son when a flu epidemic breaks out. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Realtime On-Board Attitude Estimation of High-Frequency Flapping Wing MAVs Under Large Instantaneous Oscillation

Unlike conventional aerial vehicles of fixed or rotary wings, realtime on-board attitude estimation of insect or hummingbird scale Flapping Wing Micro Aerial Vehicles (FWMAVs) is very challenging due to the severe instantaneous oscillations (approximately ten times of gravity on our platform) induced by high-frequency wing flapping. In this work, we present a novel sensor fusion algorithm for realtime on-board attitude estimation of FWMAVs. The algorithm is proposed with adaptive model-based compensation for both sensing drift and aerodynamic forces induced by flapping wings. We validated our approach on a 12.5 grams hummingbird robot. The experimental results demonstrated the accuracy, convergence, and robustness of the proposed algorithm.
The Foundations of Hip-Hop Encyclopedia

Deejaying, emceeing, graffiti writing, and breakdancing. Together, these artistic expressions combined to form the foundation of one of the most significant cultural phenomena of the late 20th century — Hip-Hop. Rooted in African American culture and experience, the music, fashion, art, and attitude that is Hip-Hop crossed both racial boundaries and international borders. The Foundations of Hip-Hop Encyclopedia is a general reference work for students, scholars, and virtually anyone interested in Hip-Hop’s formative years. In thirty-six entries, it covers the key developments, practices, personalities, and products that mark the history of Hip-Hop from the 1970s through the early ‘90s. All entries are written by students at Virginia Tech who enthusiastically enrolled in a course on Hip-Hop taught by Dr. Anthony Kwame Harrison, author of Hip Hop Underground, and co-taught by Craig E. Arthur. Because they are students writing about issues and events that took place well before most of them were born, their entries capture the distinct character of young people reflecting back on how a music and culture that has profoundly shaped their lives came to be. Future editions are planned as more students take the class, making this a living, evolving work.
Predictors of mortality and endoscopic intervention in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the intensive care unit.

Background The outcomes of patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in the intensive care unit (ICU) for upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) are not well described. Our aims were to determine predictors of 30-day mortality and endoscopic intervention, and assess the utility of existing clinical-prediction tools for UGIB in this population. Methods Patients hospitalized in an ICU between 2008 and 2015 who underwent EGD were identified using a validated, machine-learning algorithm. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with 30-day mortality and endoscopic intervention. Area under receiver-operating characteristics (AUROC) analysis was used to evaluate established UGIB scoring systems in predicting mortality and endoscopic intervention in patients who presented to the hospital with UGIB. Results A total of 606 patients underwent EGD for UGIB while admitted to an ICU. The median age of the cohort was 62 years and 55.9% were male. Multivariate analysis revealed that predictors associated with 30-day mortality included American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class (odds ratio [OR] 4.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2-7.9), Charlson score (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0-1.3), and duration from hospital admission to EGD (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.07). Rockall, Glasgow-Blatchford, and AIMS65 scores were poorly predictive of endoscopic intervention (AUROC: 0.521, 0.514, and 0.540, respectively) and in-hospital mortality (AUROC: 0.510, 0.568, and 0.506, respectively). Conclusions Predictors associated with 30-day mortality include ASA classification, Charlson score, and duration in the hospital prior to EGD. Existing risk tools are poorly predictive of clinical outcomes, which highlights the need for a more accurate risk-stratification tool to predict the benefit of intervention within the ICU population.
Pharmacotherapeutic management of asthma in the elderly patient.

Asthma is a heterogeneous syndrome with variable phenotypes. Reversible airway obstruction and airway hyper-responsiveness often with an atopic or eosinophilic component is common in the elderly as...
Design and evaluation of a new electrostatic precipitation-based portable low-cost sampler for bioaerosol monitoring

The importance of bioaerosols to human and ecosystem health is evident as we tackle the on-going coronavirus pandemic. Understanding the airborne migration of pathogens and the consequent transmiss...
Two-level game operational code: analysis of foreign and domestic policy preferences of national leaders

While previous literature on two-level game theory of decision making focuses on individual issues and cases, we argue that leaders possess a stable hierarchy of preferences that includes both domestic and foreign policy preferences arranged so that they mutually reinforce one another. These preferences remain stable over time, even in face of dramatically changed circumstances in the form of emerging foreign or domestic threats to power. Whereas some leaders are mainly preoccupied with the preservation of the domestic social order, others recognize that dealing with emerging foreign threats may demand extensive domestic reforms that will upset the internal social order. To validate the theory, we conduct text analysis of speeches made by Herbert Hoover and Franklin Delano Roosevelt in order to reveal the stable hierarchy of domestic and foreign policy preferences informing their political decisions. Our analysis provides strong support for our hypotheses, though the rhetoric of political leaders is also affected by network effects and the growing or waning salience of political issues at the time the speech was given.