cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Climate Silence on the Web Sites of US Health Departments

[ ]what should that content be? WHY THE LACK OF CLIMATE CONTENT The people who staff the nation's health departments and manage their Web sites are neither lazy nor incompetent Structural, budgetary, and, in some cases, legal changes are needed to enable environmental health sections to transcend their traditional sanitarian siloes (taking on not just climate but also housing, transportation, greenspace, and other 21st-century environmental health issues) 1,2 * Lack of content: WHAT SHOULD BE SAID ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE Research has shown that the five most important climate change facts for members of the public to understand are 1 it's real (our climate is changing, rapidly), 2 it's us (primarily our fossil fuel use and deforestation), 3 experts agree (97% or more of the experts, based on overwhelming evidence, are convinced that humancaused climate change is happening),4 4 it's bad (climate change is harming us in many ways), and 5 there's hope (there are actions we can take to protect ourselves and our climate) 5 Public health voices can and should reinforce that it's real, it's us, and experts agree, and we must also take the lead in explaining how it's bad for our health (including who is most likely to be harmed) and why there's hope-because the most important actions that must be taken will help stabilize our climate and thereby avert future harm, and they will help clean our air and water and improve our health, locally, as soon as we take them
Truck Drivers' Cigarette Smoking and Preferred Smoking Cessation Methods.

Introduction:Some studies show that truck drivers use tobacco and other stimulants to stay awake as they drive. Despite their increased risks for many of tobacco-related health disparities, there i...
Study of blood donation campaign communication methods and attributes of donors: A data analytics approach

Blood cannot be produced artificially. This life-saving liquid is the most precious thing a human being can donate for another human being to save life. The world is even realizing this now more du...
Suppression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma growth and metastasis by fibrillar collagens produced selectively by tumor cells.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a collagen-rich dense extracellular matrix (ECM) that promotes malignancy of cancer cells and presents a barrier for drug delivery. Data analysis of our published mass spectrometry (MS)-based studies on enriched ECM from samples of progressive PDAC stages reveal that the C-terminal prodomains of fibrillar collagens are partially uncleaved in PDAC ECM, suggesting reduced procollagen C-proteinase activity. We further show that the enzyme responsible for procollagen C-proteinase activity, bone morphogenetic protein1 (BMP1), selectively suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in cells expressing high levels of COL1A1. Although BMP1, as a secreted proteinase, promotes fibrillar collagen deposition from both cancer cells and stromal cells, only cancer-cell-derived procollagen cleavage and deposition suppresses tumor malignancy. These studies reveal a role for cancer-cell-derived fibrillar collagen in selectively restraining tumor growth and suggest stratification of patients based on their tumor epithelial collagen I expression when considering treatments related to perturbation of fibrillar collagens. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has a collagen-rich dense extracellular matrix that promotes malignancy of cancer cells. Here, the authors show that fibrillar collagen that is cancer-cell-derived, but not stroma-derived, selectively restrains tumor growth under control of their pC-proteinase, BMP1.
Bulk volume susceptibility difference between deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin for HbA and HbS: A comparative study.

Purpose Sickle cell anemia is a blood disorder that alters the morphology and the oxygen affinity of the red blood cells. Cerebral oxygen extraction fraction measurements using quantitative BOLD contrast have been used for assessing inadequate oxygen delivery and the subsequent risk of ischemic stroke in sickle cell anemia. The BOLD signal in MRI studies relies on Δ χ do , the bulk volume susceptibility difference between fully oxygenated and fully deoxygenated blood. Several studies have measured Δ χ do for normal hemoglobin A (HbA). However, it is not known whether the value is different for sickle hemoglobin. In this study, Δ χ do was measured for both HbA and sickle hemoglobin. Methods Six sickle cell anemia patients and 6 controls were recruited. Various blood oxygenation levels were achieved through in vivo manipulations to keep the blood close to its natural state. To account for the differences in oxygen affinity, Hill's equations were used to translate partial pressure of oxygen to oxygen saturation for HbA, sickle hemoglobin, and fetal hemoglobin (HbF) separately. The pH and PCO2 corrections were performed. Temperature and magnetic field drift were controlled for. A multivariate generalized linear mixed model with random participant effect was used. Results Assuming that Δ χ do is similar for HbA and HbF and that Δ χ metHb is 5/4 of Δ χ do for HbA, it was found that the Δ χ do values for HbA and sickle hemoglobin were not statistically significantly different from each other. Conclusion The same Δ χ do value can be used for both types of hemoglobin in quantitative BOLD analysis.
Paraesophageal hernia

The definitive management of paraesophageal hernia is surgical repair. The current standard of care is the laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair in patients who are medically fit for general anesthesia and operation. When patients are considered for operative repair, they should undergo diagnostic testing, including upper endoscopy, upper gastrointestinal series, and esophageal manometry.
Risk Factors for Infection After Minor Dermatologic Procedures: A Case-Control Study.

Background There are limited published data regarding the incidence and risk factors for infection after minor dermatologic procedures, such as skin biopsy, shave, and curettage. Prior studies of infection risk after dermatologic procedures have often not specified the method of preparation of local anesthetic. Objective To assess the incidence and risk factors for infection after minor procedures performed in a general dermatology clinic using buffered lidocaine prepared in office. Materials and methods In this retrospective case-control study, the medical record was searched for cases of infection after skin biopsies, shaves, conventional excisions, and destructions performed in a general dermatology clinic over a 4-year period. Patient and procedure characteristics were compared with uninfected controls. Results Of 9,031 procedures performed during the study period, there were 34 infections (0.4%). The odds of infection for procedures on the arm and leg were 5.29 and 9.28 times higher, respectively, than those on the head/neck. There was no significant effect of age, sex, smoking, immunosuppression, diabetes, or anticoagulation. Conclusion The incidence of infection is low after minor dermatologic procedures performed with local anesthesia using buffered lidocaine prepared in office. There is a higher risk of infection on the arm and leg compared with the head and neck.
Measurement of solar-stimulated fluorescence in natural waters

The oceanic Fraunhofer line discriminator (OFLD), designed to measure the solar-stimulated inelastic scattering in the ocean, has been deployed in various types of water in Florida Bay and the Dry Tortugas to measure Fraunhofer lines and oxygen-absorption lines near 689 nm in the solar spectrum. The line-filling principle and previous work enable us to partition the measured light into elastic, Raman scattering, and fluorescence components. We show that in optically deep, oligotrophic water, where chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration is as low as 0.1 mg m -3 , fluorescence near 689 nm was still measurable by the OFLD. In moderately eutrophic shallow waters, where Chl a concentration ranges from 0.2 to 0.8 mg m 3 , the fluorescence from either Chl a or dissolved organic matter in the water column was found to be a negligible component of the total light field due to the additional light reflected from the bottom. We also include measurements of the solar-stimulated fluorescence for benthic surfaces, such as brain coral, and have found these to be saturated under normal solar illumination.
What College Students Do Not Know: Where Are the Gaps in Sexual Health Knowledge?

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to understand the gaps in college students’ knowledge regarding sexual health information. Participants: A sample of 242 participants enrolled in an introductory college course participated in this study in the Fall 2009 semester. Methods: Students participated in 1 of 2 brief interventions and wrote a response paper about their experience. The papers were analyzed using conventional content analysis for information that was new to participants by looking for key words that suggested learning took place. Results: The findings indicated that the majority of participants learned new information. Most learning occurred regarding sexually transmitted infections (ie, types, symptoms, prevalence, treatment, testing) and correct condom use. There were also demographic differences regarding reported new information. Conclusions: Findings can be used to develop future sex education programs for college students by providing college educators with an understanding of where stude...
Implementation of a fuzzy logic controller on an FPGA for a DC motor

In this paper, the implementation of a fuzzy logic controller for the DC motor control is presented. Fuzzy logic controllers are generally implemented on general-purpose microprocessors or fuzzy chips. This paper presents the implementation of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) using Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL). The advantage of using an FPGA over a microprocessor is that the designer can make modifications to the design easily and quickly.
MDT - The Molecular Dynamits Test Set

Over the past two decades, computational scientists have turned increasing attention to the field of molecular modeling. Advances have been made in the design of efficient algorithms for problems such as fast summation methods for computing non-bonded atomic interactions, long-time numerical intergration of equations of motion, non-Newtonian dynamical formulations for simulation in a projects have often involved methematicians and/of computer scientists who, though adept at algorithm and software development, may possess limited or no pysicial or chemical knowledge.The molecular dynamics test set is a collection of model problems for aiding numerical analysts, code developers and others in the design of computational methods for molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Common types of calculations and desirable features of algorithms have been considered, and these were used to guide selection of representative models. By including essential features of certain classes of molecular systems.but otherwise limiting the physical and quantitative details, it is hoped that the test set will help to facilitate cross-disciplinary algorithm and code development efforts.
Hyperstable adaptive recursive decision feedback equalizer

An adaptive recursive decision feedback equalizer (ARDFE) which utilizes the hyperstable adaptive recursive filter algorithm is described. The ARDFE is named as the hyperstable adaptive recursive decision feedback equalizer (HARDFE). The authors deal with the theoretical analysis of the HARDFE algorithm. To prove the correctness of the theoretical derivations, a comparison of the analytical results and the results from the computer simulations is given. >
A new Isolated Hybrid Boosting Converter

A new Isolated Hybrid Boosting Converter (IHBC) is proposed in this paper. It employs fly-back structure at primary side of transformer and a Bipolar Voltage Multiplier (BVM) structure at secondary side to increase the voltage gain. The circuit alternates between forward and fly-back modes, which avoids the use of magnetic reset winding. The proposed converter has symmetrical configuration with interleaving capability at secondary side. Due to the cascading flying capacitors, the high voltage rating output filter capacitor which exists in most of other converters can be eliminated. In addition, an energy regenerative snubber is utilized to recycle the leakage energy at primary side. A 200W prototype that converts 35V to 400V was built and efficiency of 91.2% was achieved at rated power. The simulation and experimental results both verified the feasibility of proposed converter.
Researching the hybrid geographies of climate change: reflections from the field

This special section grew out of a series of sessions on ‘Mixed methods and hybrid epistemologies’ at the Association of American Geographers annual meetings in 2013 and 2014. The five papers that comprise it each examine climate change as a mixed or hybrid entity, and consider some of the theoretical and methodological tensions associated with contemporary climate change research. In so doing, the authors reflect on the challenges of field-based observation and measurement, and they draw on a rich array of conceptual resources in attempting to capture climate's multidimensional character. In this brief introduction, I consider the contributions of the papers in the context of three areas of climate change scholarship: climate knowledge, ontologies of climate and the methodologies of climate change research. Taken as a whole, the collection suggests the value of a methodological and epistemological pluralism, one capable of registering the hybrid character of climate change and coping with the fact that multiple measurements, understandings and enactments of climate may be equally valid.
Unique and selective mitogenic effects of vanadate on SV40-transformed cells

Vanadate and insulin both function as unique complete mitogens for SV40-transformed 3T3T cells, designated CSV3-1, but not for nontransformed 3T3T cells. The mitogenic effects induced by vanadate and insulin in CSV3-1 cells are mediated by different signaling mechanisms. For example, vanadate does not stimulate the tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor β-subunit nor the 170 kDa insulin receptor substrate-1. Instead, vanadate induces a marked increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of 55 and 64 kDa proteins that is not observed in insulin-stimulated CSV3-1 cells. Perhaps most interestingly, vanadate-induced mitogenesis is associated with the selective induction ofc-jun andjunB expression without significantly inducingc-fos orc-myc. Furthermore, treatment of CSV3-1 cells with genistein abolishes the effects of vanadate on protein tyrosine phosphorylation andc-jun induction. These and related data suggest that modulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation andc-jun andjunB expression may serve the critical roles in mediating vanadate-induced mitogenesis in SV40-transformed cells.
Alexithymia, Emotional Disclosure, and Health: A Program of Research

This article reviews a program of research on alexithymia, emotional disclosure, and health. The article first describes two lines of research and then outlines current work attempting to integrate these lines. The first research line involves basic correlational studies on alexithymia's link to health problems; these studies suggest that alexithymia is a potential risk factor for symptoms and illness behavior, although not necessarily organic disease. The second research line involves experimental studies of the health effects of emotional disclosure via expressive writing or talking; these studies suggest that disclosure improves health on average, but that the effects are not that robust and that various moderators likely are involved. The next section of the article describes recent attempts to integrate the two research lines by examining how baseline levels of alexithymia influence the effects of emotional disclosure; these analyses suggest that alexithymia interferes with or attenuates the health benefits of disclosure. Finally, the article describes initial forays into research on interventions with the alexithymic patients. This evolving program of research demonstrates the value of integrating emotion, personality, and health, and highlights the bidirectional relationship between clinical problems and basic research.
Oriented growth of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals beneath phospholipid monolayers

Oriented calcium oxalate crystals have been grown beneath phospholipid monolayers at the air-solution interface from supersaturated calcium oxalate solutions. Mature calcium oxalate crystals grown beneath zwitterionic dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) monolayers exhibit the characteristic morphology of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals with the elongated (101) crystal face preferentially oriented parallel to the plane of the monolayer. Calcium oxalate crystals grown beneath negatively-charged dimyristoylphosphatidylserine (DMPS) monolayers also show a preferential orientation with respect to the monolayer; they do not, however, exhibit the characteristic COM morphology. Raman spectroscopy strongly suggests that the crystals grown beneath either DPPC or DMPS monolayers are the monohydrate phase of calcium oxalate; therefore, differences in crystal morphology are not due to differences in the crystalline phase. Dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE), dimyristoylphosphatidic acid (DMPA), eicosanoic acid (C20), and eicosanol (C20-OH) monolayers have also been studied to help elucidate the mechanisms of interaction between the lipid monolayers and the calcium oxalate crystals. We discuss the roles of lattice matching, hydrogen bonding, stereochemistry and electrostatics on crystal orientation and morphology.
Syntheses, structures and electrochemistry of two complexes containing quadruply bonded dimolybdenum atoms

Abstract The syntheses, electrochemistry and structures of Mo2(O2CCH2-p-C6H4OH)4, (1·2THF), and Mo2(O2CC(OH)(C6H5)2)4, (2·4THF), as determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, are reported. Both molecules crystallized with two axially coordinated THF molecules and 2 contained two additional THF molecules hydrogen bonded to two of the OH groups on the benzilato ligands. Complex 1 crystallized in an extended geometric arrangement involving hydrogen bonds between layers of molecules. The MoMo distance in 1 at 2.0972(8) A is shorter than that in 2 at 2.1044(10) A. There was also a large difference in the oxidation potentials of these two compounds with 1 and 2 exhibiting E1/2 (ox) of 526 and 820 mV, respectively. These effects are attributed to differences in the electron donation ability in the ligands (p-hydroxy phenylacetic and benzilic acids) as assessed by their pKa values.
3-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase-2 and ferritin-H synergistically regulate intracellular iron.

Siderophores are best known as small iron-binding molecules that facilitate iron uptake in bacteria and fungi. In our previous study, we demonstrated that eukaryotes also produce siderophore-like molecules via a remarkably conserved biosynthetic pathway. A member of the short-chain dehydrogenase family of reductases, 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase-2, catalyzes a rate-limiting step in the biogenesis of the mammalian siderophore. Physiologically, depletion of the mammalian siderophore by inhibiting expression of the 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase-2 gene (Bdh2) results in abnormal accumulation of intracellular iron, increased oxidative stress, and mitochondrial iron deficiency. Thus, the mammalian siderophore is an important regulator of cellular iron homeostasis. The cellular iron storage protein ferritin also regulates iron metabolism and protects cells from oxidative stress. Depletion of ferritin results in intracellular iron accumulation, predisposes to oxidative stress, and confers a growth advantage to cells. We therefore hypothesize that the siderophore and ferritin coregulate cellular iron metabolism/homeostasis in eukaryotes. We tested this prediction by depleting both the siderophore and ferritin. This resulted in a marked accumulation of cellular iron, and caused increased sensitivity to oxidants. Interestingly, cells lacking both the siderophore and ferritin proliferated at a higher rate than cells lacking either of these components alone. Taken together, our findings suggest that the siderophore and ferritin synergistically regulate cellular iron levels.
A generalized l1 greedy algorithm for image reconstruction in CT

The sparse vector solutions for an underdetermined system of linear equations Ax=b have many applications in signal recovery and image reconstruction in tomography. Under certain conditions, the sparsest solution can be found by solving a constrained l"1 minimization problem: min||x||"1 subject to Ax=b. Recently, the reweighted l"1 minimization and l"1 greedy algorithm have been introduced to improve the convergence of the l"1 minimization problem. As an extension, a generalized l"1 greedy algorithm for computerized tomography (CT) is proposed in this paper. It is implemented as a generalized total variation minimization for images with sparse gradients in CT. Numerical experiments are also given to illustrate the advantage of the new algorithm.
Oxidative-addition reactions of d10 nitrosyl complexes

Abstract Oxidative addition reactions of complexes of the type M(NO)L 3 where M = Co, Rh, Ir, and L = tertiary phosphine are described. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the starting complexes are consistent with C 3ν pseudo-tetrahedral structure in solution. Infrared νNO frequencies for a range of nitrosyl complexes are discussed in terms of the nature of the NO ligand.
Paramagnetic resonance of Gd 3 + as a probe of exchange and crystal-field effects in singlet-ground-state systems

We have studied the use of paramagnetic resonance of dilute Gd impurities as a probe of exchange and crystal-field effects in the singlet-ground-state systems $\mathrm{Tm}X$ and $\mathrm{Pr}X$ (where $X$ is one of the group-$\mathrm{V}A$ elements, P, As, Sb, Bi), i.e., the thulium and praseodymium monopnictides of NaCl structure. Analysis of the temperature-dependent resonance $g$-value behavior yields values for the Gd-Tm and Gd-Pr exchange interactions. The Gd-Tm exchange changes sign with increasing lattice parameter (on going from the phosphide and arsenide to the antimonide and bismuthide); while the Gd-Pr exchange becomes increasingly negative with increasing lattice parameter. Analysis of the temperature dependence of the linewidth yields values for the crystal-field splitting of ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$ in agreement with those from neutron scattering. We briefly mention recent experiments using EPR of Gd in TbP to probe the behavior of the staggered susceptibility in the critical region.
A circuit simulation model for high-frequency power MOSFETs

A circuit simulation model suitable for modeling the static and dynamic switching characteristics of high-frequency power MOSFETs is reported. The model parameters were obtained from physical device layout, silicon doping, and measured electrical characteristics of power MOSFETs. Accurate voltage dependencies of the interelectrode capacitances were obtained from extensive two-dimensional device simulations. The voltage dependence of gate-drain capacitance was modeled using an analytic expression. The measured static current-voltage and transient-switching responses under resistive switching conditions are in excellent agreement with simulation results obtained from SPICE. The MOSFET subcircuit model was used to accurately predict the performance of a series-parallel resonant DC-DC converter using a multilevel system simulator. >
From Adolescence to Later Adulthood: Femininity, Masculinity, and Androgyny in Six Age Groups

We drew from developmental theory regarding the timing of historical events in individuals’ lives to examine age-related differences in self-reported masculine, feminine, and androgynous personality traits in a cross-sectional sample of American men (N = 357) and women (N = 404) representing six age groups (adolescents [12–17 years], younger [18–29 years], middle-aged [40–59], young-old [60–69], old-old [70–79], and oldest-old [80 and older] adults). Oldest-old women were less likely than younger and middle-aged women to endorse masculine and androgynous traits. Men in their 70s (old-old) were more likely than adolescents and younger men to endorse androgynous traits. Discussion of the results emphasizes the implications of the second wave of the women’s movement for understanding life-span gender development.
Specification and synthesis of real-time embedded distributed and parallel multiprocessor-based signal processing systems

codesign of embedded real-time signal processing systems is complex. In certain application domains requiring high computational throughput, this complexity is due to the need to employing parallel processing and perhaps using heterogeneous processors. The use of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) multiprocessor (MP) hardware and software can reduce codesign complexity. Further complexity reduction can be obtained with emerging synthesis frameworks, which can generate deployable code by leveraging vendor communication and computation libraries. However, these synthesis frameworks are inadequate in providing a sound specification and design methodology (SDM) because they require the designer to first choose the implementation target before specification and design exploration. We have developed a new SDM known as MAGIC that allows the designer to capture the specification in an executable model that can then be used in design exploration to find the optimal COTS MP technology and architecture before committing to that technology. The MAGIC SDM exploits emerging open-standards based VSIPL computation middleware and MPI communication middleware to provide connectivity between specification and design with synthesis frameworks for implementation. This SDM is also shown to be applicable to the system-on-chip (SOC) domain, especially as embodied in a new framework called Virtual Component Co-design from Cadence Design Systems.
Overview: Health and the planning of health care systems☆

Abstract Implicit functions of a health care system which are often omitted or improperly emphasized are the study and promotion of individual health. This situation stems from the fact that health care systems are primarily based on the concept of disease, while the attributes of health (positive health) have not been investigated and objectively defined. However, an operational definition of the elusive concept of health appears possible today and is discussed in this paper. If the hypotheses that health can be improved and deterioration due to age can be retarded are accepted, then the consequences of these possibilities must be analyzed in relation to the planning of health care systems and to the planning of national health care programs. Thus, any attempt to describe the natural history of the health process must include the effects of interventions aimed at the promotion of health in the absence of disease. These effects must be defined so that quantitative criteria, which would serve as the basis for predictive medicine, can be established. Quantitative predictive medicine is necessary in order to evaluate the effectiveness of preventive measures. While it is widely recognized that the prevention of disease is one of the major goals of a health care delivery system, the methods presently used to evaluate alternative courses of action are notoriously limited.
A Polarized Clutter Measurement Technique Based on the Governing Equation for Polarimetric Remote Sensing in the Visible to Near Infrared

Polarization adds another dimension to the spatial intensity and spectral information typically acquired in remote sensing. Polarization imparted by surface reflections contains unique and discriminatory signatures which may augment spectral target-detection techniques. While efforts have been made toward quantifying the polarimetric bidirectional reflectance distribution function (pBRDF) responsible for target material polarimetric signatures, little has been done toward developing a description of the polarized background or scene clutter. An approach is presented for measuring the pBRDF of background materials such as vegetation. The governing equation for polarized radiance reaching a sensor aperture is first developed and serves as a basis for understanding outdoor pBRDF measurements, as well as polarimetric remote sensing. The pBRDF measurements are acquired through an imaging technique which enables derivation of the BRDF variability as a function of the ground separation distance (GSD). An image subtraction technique is used to minimize measurement errors resulting from the partially polarized downwelled sky radiance. Quantifying the GSD-dependent BRDF variability is critical for background materials which are typically spatially inhomogeneous. Preliminary results from employing the measurement technique are presented.
Tachistoscopic recognition of syllabicated words.

In Experiment I, two-syllable words were presented in a multi-channel tachisto-scope. The whole word (W), first syllable (S1), and second syllable (S2) were displayed independently according to various schedules of successive 50-ms exposures; the exposures were in immediate succession, with no break apparent to the subject. Accuracy of identifying the words was facilitated by presenting a syllable before or after the whole word (S1W, S2W or WS1, WS2) in comparison with presenting the whole word alone (W). Presentation of the whole word for 100 ms (WW) produced better performance than sequential presentation of the first syllable, the whole word, and the second syllable for 50 ms each (S1WS2); the whole-word presentation (WW) was also superior to the reverse sequence (S2WS1). In Experiment II, strings of random digits were presented in the formats of S1WS2, WW, and S2WS1. Unlike the results of Experiment I, performance in the sequential conditions was not different from that in the simultaneous condition. ...
Orthogonal superposition of small and large amplitude oscillations upon steady shear flow of polymer fluids

The orthogonal superposition of small and large amplitude oscillations upon steady shear flow of elastic fluids has been considered. Theoretical results, obtained by numerical methods, are based on the Leonov viscoelastic constitutive equation. Steady-state components, amplitudes and phase angles of the oscillatory components of the shear stress, the first and second normal stress differences as functions of shear rate, deformation amplitude and frequency have been calculated. These oscillatory components include the first and third harmonic of the shear stresses and the second harmonic of the normal stresses. In the case of small amplitude superposition, the effect of the steady shear flow upon the frequency-dependent storage modulus and dynamic viscosity has been determined and compared with experimental data available in literature for polymeric solutions. The predicted results have been found to be in fair agreement with the experimental data at low shear rates and only in qualitative agreement at high shear rates and low frequencies. A comparison of the present theoretical results has also been made with the predictions of other theories. In the case of large amplitude superposition, the effect of oscillations upon the steady shear flow characteristics has been determined, indicating that the orthogonal superposition has less influence on the steady state shear stresses and the first difference of normal stresses than the parallel superposition. However, in the orthogonal superposition a more pronounced influence has been observed for the second difference of normal stresses.
Initiation of the polypeptide chain in the rII B cistron of bacteriophage T4

The internal initiator x of the rII B cistron of bacteriophage T4 (Sarabhai & Brenner, 1967) can be made to initiate protein synthesis in the absence of a nearby terminating triplet by deleting a particular group of 3n nucleotides to its left. This shows that free ribosomes can directly initiate protein synthesis at an internal initiation sequence, when the initiator is in a structurally favorable configuration.
Size-fractionated iron distribution on the northern Gulf of Alaska

[1] Concentrations of soluble ( 0.4 μm) and colloidal (0.025–0.4 μm) Fe size fractions were removed from surface waters within the inner and mid shelf. As a result the contribution of soluble Fe to the total Fe concentration increased from the inner shelf to the shelf break/slope waters. Surface water dissolved Fe concentrations on the northern GoA continental slope were higher than those previously observed in the central GoA gyre. Variations in surface water Fe concentrations from spring through summer appear to result from the changes in freshwater discharge and physical processes on the shelf.
Factors Influencing RBC Alloimmunization: Lessons Learned from Murine Models

Red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization may occur following transfusion or pregnancy/delivery. Although observational human studies have described the immunogenicity of RBC antigens and the clinical significance of RBC alloantibodies, studies of factors influencing RBC alloimmunization in humans are inherently limited by the large number of independent variables involved. This manuscript reviews data generated in murine models that utilize transgenic donor mice, which express RBC-specific model or authentic human blood group antigens. Transfusion of RBCs from such donors into nontransgenic but otherwise genetically identical recipient mice allows for the investigation of individual donor or recipient-specific variables that may impact RBC alloimmunization. Potential donor-related variables include methods of blood product collection, processing and storage, donor-specific characteristics, RBC antigen-specific factors, and others. Potential recipient-related variables include genetic factors (MHC/HLA type and polymorphisms of immunoregulatory genes), immune activation status, phenotype of regulatory immune cell subsets, immune cell functional characteristics, prior antigen exposures, and others. Although murine models are not perfect surrogates for human biology, these models generate phenomenological and mechanistic hypotheses of RBC alloimmunization and lay the groundwork for follow-up human studies. Long-term goals include improving transfusion safety and minimizing the morbidity/mortality associated with RBC alloimmunization.
Essential Nursing Competencies for Genetics and Genomics: Implications for Critical Care

The implications of genetics and genomics for critical care nurses are becoming more evident, not only in the care provided but also in the numerous medications administered. Genetic causes are being discovered for an increasing number of chronic illnesses and diseases, such as Huntington disease. Because of the scientific and pharmacological advances, leading nursing organizations, such as the American Nurses Association, have established competencies in genetic knowledge for nurses. Such competencies help ensure quality care. Recent advances in the pharmacogenomics of therapy for human immunodeficiency virus disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and malignant hyperthermia have indicated a genetic linkage; therefore treatments are targeted toward the genetic aspect of the abnormality. Critical care nurses need knowledge of these genetic conditions and of medications affected by genetic factors.
BACK EXTRUSION OF POWER LAW FLUIDS

A mathematical model, using dimensionless terms, was developed to describe the behavior of power law fluids in a back extrusion (annular pumping) device. A graph and a table were prepared to determine rheological properties from experimental data. Expressions to calculate shear stress and shear rate at the plunger wall were obtained. The model was experimentally validated by comparing values obtained with the back extrusion device to those obtained with a concentric cylinder viscometer.
Nephrolithiasis In Childhood: Clinical and Etiologic Considerations

Nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis in childhood, though relatively uncommon, are more prevalent than reported cases would indicate. Their presence not only may lead to serious disturbances in renal function, but may also direct attention to underlying metabolic or anatomic ab normalities such as hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis or urethral valves.
German Castles, Customs, and Culture: Introducing a New Approach to the Undergraduate Culture Course

Courses on the culture of the German-speaking world (GSW) have long dotted the landscape of undergraduate course offerings at North American colleges and universities. The primary purpose of this article is to share information about a new kind of undergraduate culture course that uses castles as a vehicle for introducing students to past and present aspects of GSW culture.
Role reversal by rhesus monkeys, but no evidence of empathy.

Abstract Four adult rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta , were individually trained to interact with a human partner on a social task. In each macaque-human dyad, one of the participants (the informant) could see where a food reward was hidden on an apparatus, but was unable to retrieve it. The other participant (the operator) could operate the apparatus by pulling one of three handles, but could not see where the food was hidden. Two of the macaques were initially trained to be informants, and their behaviour was shaped until they adopted an unambiguous ‘pointing’ gesture in front of the correct cup. The other two were trained as operators and responded to the pointing gestures of their human partner. The subjects were trained until their performances were almost errorless. Finally, the operator-informant roles in each dyad were reversed. None of the subjects showed an immediate comprehension of their new role. This result contrasts with previous research with chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes , and indicates potentially important species differences in social intelligence.
Estimating flow-rates for sub- and supercritical fluid extractions with linear restrictors

Abstract The fluid flow-rate through a linear capillary restrictor depends on the type, pressure and temperature of the fluid as well as the length and internal diameter of the restrictor. A simple mathematical correlation was established for calculating the flow-rate of CO 2 and water through a capillary restrictor during dynamic flowing sub- and supercritical fluid extractions. Calculated flow-rate values compared favorably with the experimentally determined values for three cases: supercritical CO 2 extraction with the entire restrictor out of the supercritical fluid extraction oven, supercritical CO 2 extraction with restrictor inlet inside the supercritical fluid extraction oven, and sub- and supercritical water extraction.
Note on Electron-Neutron Interaction

Assuming a possible short-range interaction between electrons and neutrons of the form V = Kδ(r N - r e ) where δ is the Dirac delta function and r N and r e are the vector positions of electron and neutron, respectively, it is shown that probably |K| < 30mc 2(e 2 /mc 2)3 from consideration of the effect of the interaction on slow neutron scattering cross sections. If K is positive and a little less than this upper limit this interaction could be responsible for the observed isotope displacement or spectral energy levels.
A new Higgs trigger in e+e− collisions

Abstract A 10 GeV Higgs boson is produced in Z decays at 1–2% of the Z → μ+μ− rate in events containing four long-lived particles It should be possible to trigger on these events at the SLAC Linear Collider in view of the micron size of the beams.
Electron-vibration effects in Cs2GeF6:Mn4+ using two-photon absorption

Abstract Consequences of electron-vibration coupling have been investigated using one- and two-photon spectra of Mn 4+ in cubic Cs 2 GeF 6 and Cs 2 SiF 6 . The observations clearly demonstrate a linear Jahn-Teller effect, a Ham effect in electronic and vibronic energy levels, and a quadratic Jahn-Teller or Satten effect.
Changes in Peroxidase Activity, Hexanal, Ascorbic Acid and Free Sulfhydryl in Blanched Asparagus During Frozen Storage

Asparagus spears were water blanched at 88°C for 1 to 4.5 min and stored at - 18°C. Hexanal, ascorbic acid, free sulfhydryl and peroxidase activity were monitored during storage. Blanching for 2 min resulted in a 98% reduction in peroxidase activity. No hexanal was detectable in product blanched for 2 min or longer. Ascorbate stability during storage increased with increase in blanching time although not in direct relation to peroxidase activity loss. Free sulfhydryl was sensitive to heating and also decreased during storage of unblanched asparagus. However, there appeared to be a stable fraction of free sulfhydryls.
Diesel and biodiesel exhaust particle effects on rat alveolar macrophages with in vitro exposure.

Abstract Combustion emissions from diesel engines emit particulate matter which deposits within the lungs. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) encounter the particles and attempt to engulf the particles. Emissions particles from diesel combustion engines have been found to contain diverse biologically active components including metals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons which cause adverse health effects. However little is known about AM response to particles from the incorporation of biodiesel. The objective of this study was to examine the toxicity in Wistar Kyoto rat AM of biodiesel blend (B20) and low sulfur petroleum diesel (PDEP) exhaust particles. Particles were independently suspended in media at a range of 1–500 μg mL−1. Results indicated B20 and PDEP initiated a dose dependent increase of inflammatory signals from AM after exposure. After 24 h exposure to B20 and PDEP gene expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) increased. B20 exposure resulted in elevated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release at lower particle concentrations compared to PDEP. B20 and PDEP demonstrated similar affinity for sequestration of PGE2 at high concentrations, suggesting detection is not impaired. Our data suggests PGE2 release from AM is dependent on the chemical composition of the particles. Particle analysis including measurements of metals and ions indicate B20 contains more of select metals than PDEP. Other particle components generally reduced by 20% with 20% incorporation of biodiesel into original diesel. This study shows AM exposure to B20 results in increased production of PGE2 in vitro relative to diesel.
The lasting impact of fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effect on children and adolescents

The estimate is that thousands of infants are born each year with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) or fetal alcohol effect (FAE). The nursing literature has frequently treated FAS/FAE as something that happens only to infants; the effects of FAS/FAE do not end during infancy but persist into childhood, adolescence, and throughout adulthood. It is possible that many children and adolescents who have FAS or FAE are frequently seen by health care professionals for various reasons, but the fact that they have FAS/FAE may not be recognized. As a result, these children and their caretakers may not receive the care and counseling they need. This article describes how FAS/FAE occurs; how it may be recognized; the potentially devastating effects it can have on children, adolescents, and their caretakers; and how FAS/FAE can be prevented.
Steroid receptors in human brain and spinal cord tumors.

Previous investigators have shown evidence of hormonal receptor protein in human brain tumors. In spite of conflicting results, antiestrogen agents (e.g., tamoxifen) have been used in clinical trials of recurrent unresectable meningiomas. In an effort to accrue further comprehensive in vitro data on this subject, we have evaluated 50 human brain and spinal tumors for estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptor markers. Twenty-nine of the 50 tumors were meningiomas. The other 21 included 11 gliomas of various grades, 5 schwannomas, 3 metastatic carcinomas, 1 angiofibroma, and 1 craniopharyngioma. Only 8 tumors, all meningiomas, were positive for both progesterone and androgen receptors. The 8th tumor was positive for all three receptor proteins. Our study did not find a significant relationship between meningiomas and the presence of steroid receptor protein. We conclude that the use of antiestrogen agents is not indicated in the treatment of meningioma. No significant relationship to sex, menopausal status, tumor type, or tumor location was observed.
Effects of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) during high-dose interleukin-2 treatment for metastatic cancer

Patients treated with high doses of interleukin-2 (IL-2) develop profound anorexia, malaise, loss of energy, mucositis, nausea, and vomiting, which may contribute to poor nutrition. We hypothesized that total parenteral nutrition (TPN) administration would ameliorate these changes and could improve fluid and electrolyte balance. A retrospective analysis of protein and energy intake was performed in 21 sequential patients who received a normal diet (controls) and 16 subsequent patients who received TPN during IL-2 treatment. The effect of TPN on laboratory abnormalities induced by IL-2 was also evaluated. Within 24 h of starting IL-2, mean energy intake declined to 2.5-2.8 kcal/kg in controls in contrast to the energy intake of 25-29 kcal/kg in patients receiving TPN. Protein nutrition was affected in a similar fashion, with a markedly lower protein intake in controls (0.08-0.12 g/kg) than in the TPN group (1.02-1.10 g/kg). TPN improved serum calcium and potassium concentrations, particularly during spontaneous diuresis after completion of IL-2 treatment. Unexpectedly, TPN decreased the frequency and severity of cholestatic jaundice caused by IL-2. Patients receiving TPN had an increased propensity for hyperglycemia and hypophosphatemia. High-dose intravenous bolus IL-2 therapy resulted in a markedly negative nutritional balance in control patients. A brief period of TPN during IL-2 treatment was well tolerated and corrected calorie and protein malnutrition. TPN administration also improved control of serum electrolytes. TPN did not adversely affect tumor progression or patient survival.
Optically induced quasiparticle density profiles in superconducting thin films

We present numerical solutions of the coupled phonon-quasiparticle rate equations, with quasiparticle (qp) and phonon diffusion included, for a superconducting thin film illuminated by a temporally pulsed and spatially inhomogeneous optical intensity pattern. We consider optical intensities in the form of both a finite circular spot with a Gaussian cross section and a sinusoidal interference pattern. Thereby we demonstrate that spatially well-defined qp density profiles, including a qp grating, can be optically induced on nanosecond time scales. For the qp grating we use the ${\mathit{T}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ formalism to calculate the resulting conductivity grating in the film, and then calculate the grating diffraction peaks for incident microwaves.