cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Making of the Maori: Culture Invention and Its Logic

“Traditional culture” is increasingly recognized to be more an invention constructed for contemporary purposes than a stable heritage handed on from the past. Anthropologists often participate in the creative process. Two distinct inventions of New Zealand Maori culture are analyzed, together with the role of anthropologists in each of them. The conclusion explores the logic of culture invention and some of its implications for the practice of anthropology.
XPairIt Docking Protocol for peptide docking and analysis

The mechanics of peptide–protein docking has long been an area of intense interest to the computational community. Here we discuss an improved docking protocol named XPairIt which uses a multitier approach, combining the PyRosetta docking software with the NAMD molecular dynamics package through a biomolecular simulation programming interface written in Python. This protocol is designed for systems where no a priori information of ligand structure (beyond sequence) or binding location is known. It provides for efficient incorporation of both ligand and target flexibility, is HPC-ready and is easily extensible for use of custom code. We apply this protocol to a set of 11 test cases drawn from benchmarking databases and from previously published studies for direct comparison with existing protocols. Strengths, weaknesses and areas of improvement are discussed.
Niacin requirement for optimum growth, feed conversion and protection of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, from ultraviolet-B irradiation

Triplicate groups of 75 rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, (mean weight 0–76 g) were fed a semipurified diet containing added niacinamide in amounts of 0.0, 1.25, 2.5. 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 or 160 mg/kg diet (ppm), for 16 weeks to determine the amount of niacinamide needed for optimum growth, feed conversion, and prevention of dermatopathy induced by UV light. At the end of the study, fish were exposed to a 275-W sun lamp limiting in the UV-B spectrum (280–360 UV) for 20h. Trout fed no supplemental niacinamide grew significantly slower than all other fish. Growth increased with each niacinamide increment through 10ppm. but not at higher increments. Feed conversion paralleled growth response to niacinamide. Exposure to UV light induced dermal lesions in trout fed less than 10ppm niacinamide. Initially, focal white spots appeared anterior to the dorsal fin, and caudal and pectoral fins became depigmented and translucent. Later, extensive erosion in caudal and pectoral fins was accompanied by desquamation of the epidermis and underlying tissues of the caudal peduncle, head and snout. Results indicated that rainbow trout need at least 10ppm niacinamide for optimum growth, feed conversion and protection against 'sunburn’caused by UV light.
Role of free radicals in the mechanisms of hemolysis and lipid peroxidation by silica: Comparative ESR and cytotoxicity studies

Electron spin resonance (ESR) and cytotoxicity measurements were made on newly fractured silica to examine specifically the role of the fracture‐induced, silicon‐based radicals (Si· and SiO·) and silica‐generated hydroxyl (·OH) radicals in the mechanism of the cell membrane damage by silica. The concentration of the Si· and SiO· radicals was controlled through decay processes, thermal annealing, and boiling, while that of the ·OH radicals was varied by using catalase, superoxide dismutase, KMnO4, Na2SeO3, ascorbic acid, and metal ions, and monitored via ESR spectroscopy. The dust's cytotoxicity potential was evaluated by measuring the silica‐induced hemolysis and also by determining lipid peroxidation (using linoleic acid). From the comparison of hemolysis and ESR results it is deduced that the radicals play little or no role in the silica‐induced hemolysis. However, the lipid peroxidation data indicate that the radicals might be involved in the initiation of an oxidative chain reaction leading to the mac...
Generalized scale independence through incremental precomputation

Developers of rapidly growing applications must be able to anticipate potential scalability problems before they cause performance issues in production environments. A new type of data independence, called scale independence, seeks to address this challenge by guaranteeing a bounded amount of work is required to execute all queries in an application, independent of the size of the underlying data. While optimization strategies have been developed to provide these guarantees for the class of queries that are scale-independent when executed using simple indexes, there are important queries for which such techniques are insufficient.Executing these more complex queries scale-independently requires precomputation using incrementally-maintained materialized views. However, since this precomputation effectively shifts some of the query processing burden from execution time to insertion time, a scale-independent system must be careful to ensure that storage and maintenance costs do not threaten scalability. In this paper, we describe a scale-independent view selection and maintenance system, which uses novel static analysis techniques that ensure that created views do not themselves become scaling bottlenecks. Finally, we present an empirical analysis that includes all the queries from the TPC-W benchmark and validates our implementation's ability to maintain nearly constant high-quantile query and update latency even as an application scales to hundreds of machines.
Interaction between Polyketide Synthase and Transporter Suggests Coupled Synthesis and Export of Virulence Lipid in M. tuberculosis

Virulent mycobacteria utilize surface-exposed polyketides to interact with host cells, but the mechanism by which these hydrophobic molecules are transported across the cell envelope to the surface of the bacteria is poorly understood. Phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM), a surface-exposed polyketide lipid necessary for Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence, is the product of several polyketide synthases including PpsE. Transport of PDIM requires MmpL7, a member of the MmpL family of RND permeases. Here we show that a domain of MmpL7 biochemically interacts with PpsE, the first report of an interaction between a biosynthetic enzyme and its cognate transporter. Overexpression of the interaction domain of MmpL7 acts as a dominant negative to PDIM synthesis by poisoning the interaction between synthase and transporter. This suggests that MmpL7 acts in complex with the synthesis machinery to efficiently transport PDIM across the cell membrane. Coordination of synthesis and transport may not only be a feature of MmpL-mediated transport in M. tuberculosis, but may also represent a general mechanism of polyketide export in many different microorganisms.
Precise measurements of the proton and deuteron structure functions from a global analysis of the SLAC deep inelastic electron scattering cross sections

Abstract We report new values of the proton and deuteron structure functions F2(x, Q2) based on a global analysis of eight SLAC experiments on deep inelastic e-p and e-d scattering. These functions were determined over the entire SLAC kinematic range: 0.06⩽x⩽0.9 and 0.6⩽Q2⩽30.0 (GeV/c)2. The data are compared with high-Q2 measurements of F2(x, Q2) made in deep inelastic μ-p and μ-d scattering experiments at CERN. New results for the ratio F n 2 F p 2 are also reported.
Lanosterol and cholesterol have different effects on phospholipid acyl chain ordering

2H nuclear magnetic resonance (2H-NMR) spectra of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine labelled at positions 9 and 10 in the acyl chains of the phospholipid were obtained in the presence of cholesterol and lanosterol. The spectra show in all cases three quadrupole splittings. One is due to the deuterium on position 10 of the sn-1 chain and another to the deuterium on position 10 of the sn-2 chain. The third deuterium quadrupole splitting arises from the deuterium at position 9 of both chains. Cholesterol, at increasing concentration, produces an increase in the quadrupole splitting from position 9, corresponding to an increase in order of that C-D bond segment arising from the inclusion of cholesterol in the membrane. Little effect is noted on the quadrupole splittings arising from position 10 of either chain. Lanosterol appears to have no effect on the quadrupole splittings from position 9. Lanosterol, likewise, has no effects on the quadrupole splittings from position 10 of both chains. These data therefore suggest little disorganization of the membrane structure due to the 14-methyl group. However, the 14-methyl group prevents lanosterol from causing the increase in motional order of the phospholipid hydrocarbon chains characteristic of cholesterol.
Quantitation of articular surface topography and cartilage thickness in knee joints using stereophotogrammetry.

Abstract An analytical stereophotogrammetry (SPG) technique has been developed based upon some of the pioneering work of Selvik [Ph.D. thesis, University of Lund, Sweden (1974)] and Huiskes and co-workers [J. Biomechanics18, 559–570 (1985)], and represents a fundamental step in the construction of biomechanical models of diarthrodial joints. Using this technique, the precise three-dimensional topography of the cartilage surfaces of various diarthrodial joints has been obtained. The system presented in this paper delivers an accuracy of 90 μm in the least favorable conditions with 95% coverage using the same calibration method as Huiskes et al. (1985). In addition, a method has been developed, using SPG, to quantitatively map the cartilage thickness over the entire articular surface of a joint with a precision of 134 μm (95% coverage). In the present study, our SPG system has been used to quantify the topography, including surface area, of the articular surfaces of the patella, distal femur, tibial plateau, and menisci of the human knee. Furthermore, examples of cartilage thickness maps and corresponding thickness data including coefficient of variation, minimum, maximum, and mean cartilage thickness are also provided for the cartilage surfaces of the knee. These maps illustrate significant variations over the joint surfaces which are important in the determination of the stresses and strains within the cartilage during diarthrodial joint function. In addition, these cartilage surface topographies and thickness data are essential for the development of anatomically accurate finite element models of diarthrodial joints. The geometric data obtained in this study may also be useful for other bioengineering applications such as the determination of joint contact areas [Ateshian et al., ASME Biomech. Symp.98, 105–108 (1989); Soslowsky et al., ASME Adv. Bioengng15, 129–130 (1989); Soslowsky et al., Biomechanics of Diarthrodial Joints, pp. 243–268. Springer, NY (1990)] and the development of anatomically accurate artificial joints.
Editorial: Nosocomial Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis—Global Spread of the Third Epidemic

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a recent interloper in the annals of a disease that has afflicted humankind for millenniums. MDR-TB cases are those in which the infecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms are resistant to isoniazid and rifampin and, usually, to other drugs. MDR-TB was characterized in the 1980s (after rifampin was joined with isoniazid to become the treatment of choice for TB) as a chronic infection, with a prolonged downhill course, that was highly resistant to treatment [1]. From the start, MDR-TB was acknowledged as a devastating personal health problem for infected persons and their families; however, it was not previously viewed as an important public health problem. Until recently, MDR-TB arose mainly in exceptional instances in which there was sustained failure to successfully administer treatment for drug-susceptible TB to individual patients, who thus acquired stepwise resistance to isoniazid, rifampin, and other drugs [2]. Early studies even suggested that as M. tuberculosis acquires drug resistance, it loses virulence and is poorly, if at all, capable of being transmitted from person to person [3]. So prevalent was that view, that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has gone to considerable lengths to disprove it [4]. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection altered the pathogenesis of TB in an unprecedented manner [5]; in effect, it created a new disease, "the new tuberculosis" [6]. However, even in view of the profound changes wrought on the face of TB by HIV infection, the medical world was shocked by the events that occurred almost simultaneously in several US cities in the early 1990s as MDR-TB erupted as a rapidly progressive, fatal, and untreatable nosocomial infection in persons with HIV infection [7-9]. It was the specter of spread of this deadly form of TB throughout the United States that focused the attention of this nation on TB for the first time in decades [10]. It was then that MDR-TB was declared "the third epidemic" [11], a title which accorded this new infection a status independent from and co-equal to that of its formidable predecessors, HIV infection and resurgent TB?the first and second epidemics. Owing to a heroic public health effort [12], the epidemic of nosocomial MDR-TB in New York and other US cities was
Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium and endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary associated with pregnancy

Nine well-accepted cases of endometrial carcinoma associated with pregnancy have been reported. A 10th patient is added and the cases are briefly summarized. At the time of her definitive surgery 6 weeks postpartum, our patient was also found to have a Stage I endometrioid ovarian carcinoma. Nine of the 10 cases have been well-differentiated adenocarcinoma or adenoacanthoma and the lesions have tended to be focal with minimal or no invasion. Given the small number of patients, conclusions regarding prognosis and treatment are difficult to make. However, in younger patients with noninvasive adenocarcinoma of the endometrium, the adnexa may be spared. Endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the ovary, discovered incidentally in our patient, is associated with a concomitant adenocarcinoma of the endometrium in 5-29% of cases, but the present case in which the lesions coexisted with pregnancy appears to be the first such report in the literature.
Exclusion and identity in Lebanon’s Palestinian refugee camps: a story of sustained conflict

This paper describes the events that have taken place over the last 50 years since the establishment of the first Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon, and the relationship between these events and the endemic inter-communal violence within these camps. It explains the exclusionist policies of the Lebanese state and the resulting levels of tension and conflict that have undermined peace processes and social reconciliation following the Lebanese civil war. A case study of one camp, Chatila, illustrates how these realities play out in the daily lives of Palestinian refugees and other residents within the camp, stimulating conflicts over identity and continuing hostility.
Effects of magnitude of model’s apparent pain on observer reaction time

Forty-eight undergraduate males participated in an experiment designed to investigate the effects of magnitude of apparent pain shown by a live peer model on O reaction time (RT). It was hypothesized that the degree of emotional arousal vicariously induced among Ss would increase as the magnitude of pain cues emitted by the model increased. Thus, it was predicted that O RT would decrease as the suffering of the model appeared to grow in intensity. Results indicated that contrary to this prediction, O RT actually increased significantly as the magnitude of pain shown by the model increased.
Topiramate Treatment of Bipolar Spectrum Disorders: A Retrospective Chart Review

The objective of this paper was to determine if topiramate is effective as treatment for bipolar spectrum disorders in a naturalistic setting. All charts of outpatients treated with topiramate (n = 76) were reviewed, and clinical response was assessed retrospectively using the Clinical Global Impressions Scale for Improvement. Mild improvement was seen in 47% (n = 36) and moderate-to-marked improvement in 13% (n = 10) Responders received a higher mean dose (180 mg/day) than did nonresponders (83.2 mg/day, p = 0.002). Topiramate dose was also higher in those who lost weight (138.3 mg/day) than in those who did not (70 mg/day, p = 0.007). Weight loss was experienced by 50% of the sample, with a mean loss of 14.2 lbs. Side effects were reported by 82% n = 62) of the population, including cognitive effects, sedation, parasthesias, nausea, insomnia, headache, and dizziness. Adverse effects led 36% (n = 27) of the total sample to discontinue treatment with topiramate. Topiramate led to significant weight loss in about half of this bipolar population, while also improving mood symptoms at least mildly in most patients. Topiramate response and weight loss were both dose-related, with efficacy, in particular, associated with higher doses (mean = 18 0 mg/day) than frequently used in current clinical practice.
Temporal analysis of appetitive behavior following VMH lesions in conscious rats

The ventromedial hypothalamus was electrolytically destroyed in 18 conscious, sated rats. Operant responding for food reward on an FR-5 reinforcement schedule increased 2 h after the lesions were produced. Performance during the hour immediately following the lesions was not affected.
Analysis of Space-Periodic Electrostatic Devices

Some electrostatic devices may be analyzed by considering them to be periodic in space. Analyses of other devices may be made using a space-periodic method although the device itself does not exhibit any space-periodicity. A helpful tool in these cases appears to be the steady-state transform employed in time-periodic analyses. A brief description of the direct and inverse transform is presented along with the methods of evaluating the inverse transform. The two types of solutions obtainable from the inverse transform are also discussed. The first application of the transform is of a space-charge configuration that varies in a one-dimensional manner and that is space-periodic. Curves of the resulting distributions of the potential and electric field intensity are presented. The second application is that of determining the potential in a shielded box assumed two-dimensional for convenience. Two different dielectrics are present and curves of the potential distribution are presented.
Using the Tg(nrd:egfp)/albino zebrafish line to characterize in vivo expression of neurod.

In this study, we used a newly-created transgenic zebrafish, Tg(nrd:egfp)/albino, to further characterize the expression of neurod in the developing and adult retina and to determine neurod expression during adult photoreceptor regeneration. We also provide observations regarding the expression of neurod in a variety of other tissues. In this line, EGFP is found in cells of the developing and adult retina, pineal gland, cerebellum, olfactory bulbs, midbrain, hindbrain, neural tube, lateral line, inner ear, pancreas, gut, and fin. Using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, we compare the expression of the nrd:egfp transgene to that of endogenous neurod and to known retinal cell types. Consistent with previous data based on in situ hybridizations, we show that during retinal development, the nrd:egfp transgene is not expressed in proliferating retinal neuroepithelium, and is expressed in a subset of retinal neurons. In contrast to previous studies, nrd:egfp is gradually re-expressed in all rod photoreceptors. During photoreceptor regeneration in adult zebrafish, in situ hybridization reveals that neurod is not expressed in Muller glial-derived neuronal progenitors, but is expressed in photoreceptor progenitors as they migrate to the outer nuclear layer and differentiate into new rod photoreceptors. During photoreceptor regeneration, expression of the nrd:egfp matches that of neurod. We conclude that Tg(nrd:egfp)/albino is a good representation of endogenous neurod expression, is a useful tool to visualize neurod expression in a variety of tissues and will aid investigating the fundamental processes that govern photoreceptor regeneration in adults.
Reading between the lines

Cet article montre comment est mise au point la critique et l'appreciation d'un CD-ROM lors de la parution de listes de CD-ROm sur d'autres medias tel qu'Internet. Les procedes de critique sont tout d'abord exposes, puis il presente les modes de publication de ces critiques, ceci pour aider le lecteur a lire ces appreciations
Resistance Minimum in Magnesium: Magnetoresistance

The magnetoresistance of two specimens of magnesium has been measured at liquid helium temperatures in transverse magnetic fields up to 25 kilogauss. One specimen, containing 0.013% iron as the predominant impurity and previously shown to possess a minimum in the electrical resistivity at 4.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, demonstrated a magnetoresistance which followed Kohler's rule quite exactly. The second specimen, containing 0.043% manganese and previously shown to have a rather large negative $\frac{\mathrm{dR}}{\mathrm{dT}}$ at helium temperatures, showed a small departure from Kohler's rule. The magnetoresistance observed in these specimens is in fair agreement with the majority of results previously reported by Thomas and Mendoza and by Yntema.
Intrauterine growth retardation: altered hepatic energy and redox states in the fetal rat

ABSTRACT: We determined the extent to which ligating both maternal uterine arteries affects fetal hepatic energy and redox states in the fetal rat. Bilateral maternal uterine artery ligation on d 18 of the rat's 21.5-d gestation significantly inhibits fetal growth; sham surgery limits growth to a lesser extent. Within 12 h of surgery and persisting to d 19, small-for-gestational age (SGA) fetuses had significantly diminished ATP/ADP and adenylate charge ratios, whereas sham fetuses had values intermediate between SGA and normal. Hepatic mitochondrial redox state demonstrated similar changes. Cytosolic redox state in SGA fetuses at 12 and 24 h after surgery was significantly elevated. SGA fetuses had significantly diminished plasma insulin and elevated glucagon concentrations. On d 19 and 20, hepatic ATP/ADP and cytosolic NAD+/NADH correlated directly for sham and normal but not SGA fetuses. Alterations in glucose, insulin, and glucagon availability and hypoxia were responsible for the changes in energy and redox states. They may also have disassociated hepatic cytosolic from mitochondrial redox states and altered the equilibrium between adenine and nicotinamide nucleotides. These altered cellular functions retarded fetal growth. Newborn SGA, sham, and normal rat pups had similar hepatic ATP/ADP, cytosolic, and mitochondrial redox states at 10 and 240 min after delivery suggesting that the hypoglycemia which developed in SGA pups was not attributable to alterations in these variables.
FIBRIN GLUE AS A DELIVERY VEHICLE FOR AUTOLOGOUS UROTHELIAL CELL TRANSPLANTATION ONTO A PREFABRICATED POUCH

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate how in vivo expanded urothelium can be transplanted onto a prefabricated capsule-pouch for urinary reconstruction.Materials and Methods: Urothelial cells from 40 rats were harvested for culture. A tissue expander was used to induce a capsule-pouch on which the cell culture were reimplanted ten days later. As delivery vehicle we compared standard culture media and fibrin glue.Results: The histology demonstrated viable, multilayered clusters of urothelium cells only in the group using the fibrin glue delivery vehicle.Conclusion: We conclude that cultured urothelial cells can be successfully reimplanted onto a prefabricated capsule-pouch via fibrin glue, showing potential for urinary reconstructions.
Russell's Theory of Definite Descriptions

The theory of definite descriptions Bertrand Russell presented in “On Denoting” one hundred years ago was instrumental in defining the then newly emerging philosophy of language, but a more remarkable achievement is that this centenarian theory is the currently dominant theory of definite descriptions. But what, ex actly, is this theory? The question needs to be asked because the theory Russell presented in 1905 is not acceptable in the form in which he then stated it, and while we have little trouble in deciding whether a theory of definite descriptions is sufficiently like the one Russell formulated to be worth calling Russellian, it happens that what question one thinks a semantic theory of definite descriptions needs to answer will depend on how one thinks certain foundational issues in the theory of meaning need to be resolved. There is no consensus as to how those issues should be resolved. I elaborate on this a little in section I and in section II propose as a working hypothesis a conception of meaning for which I have argued elsewhere and in terms of whose architecture a Russellian theory of definite descriptions may be formulated. How the theory should be formulated in terms of that architecture is then the topic of section III. Section IV confronts my formulation of the Russellian theory with the apparent problem for it implied by certain referential uses of definite descriptions. There are at the most general level of abstraction two possible Russellian responses to this problem, and one of them is the standard Russellian response to the referential-use problem. Section V critically discusses that response and argues for its rejection. Section VI critically discusses the other possible Russellian response and argues for its rejection, too. The final section, VII, gives a brief summary and discusses what the correct positive theory of definite descriptions might be, if it is not the Russellian theory.
Using path prediction to improve TCP performance in wireless/mobile communications

The operation of TCP in wireless mobile environments is discussed. After presenting previous efforts to ameliorate TCP performance in the considered environments, we propose a new mechanism for tackling the transmission slowdown problems caused by handovers. Our proposal is based on stochastic datagram relocation. Traffic destined to the mobile terminal is tunneled to and cached into adjacent cells according to the output of a path prediction algorithm. To reduce the associated overhead, only percentages of inbound traffic are copied to the cell's neighborhood on the basis of estimated probabilities. The time scheduling for datagram relocation is also taken into account. Simulations of the proposed architecture show substantial performance improvements for TCP traffic.
Parental agreement of reporting parent to child aggression using the Conflict Tactics Scales.

Abstract Objectives This study examined mothers’ and fathers’ reporting congruency using the Parent–Child Conflict Tactics Scales. We asked if the mother's report of the father's parenting aggression was consistent with the father's self-report of parenting aggression and if the father's report of the mother's parenting aggression was consistent with the mother's self- report of those same behaviors. We assessed moderators of parental reporting congruency: severity of the aggression, interparental conflict, child temperament, and child gender. Methods Participants were from the Child Development Project, a longitudinal study beginning when children were in kindergarten. The analyses herein included 163 children for whom 2 parents provided data about their own and their spouse or partner's behavior toward the child. Most parents (87%) were married. Mothers and fathers independently completed the Parent–Child Conflict Tactics Scale, both with respect to their own behavior toward the child and with respect to their partner's behavior toward the child. Mothers completed the retrospective Infant Characteristics Questionnaire to assess child temperament. Mothers and fathers completed measures of interparental conflict. Results Both fathers and mothers self-reported more frequently engaging in each behavior than the other parent reported they did. Parents were more congruent on items assessing harsher parenting behavior. Furthermore, there was more agreement between parents regarding fathers’ behavior than mothers’ behavior. Analyses of interparental conflict, child difficult temperament, and child gender as moderators yielded findings suggesting that mothers’ and fathers’ reports of their own and their spouses’ harsh parenting behaviors were more concordant in couples with low levels of conflict, for children with easy temperaments, and for boys versus girls. Conclusions Prior studies indicate only a moderate level of agreement in couples’ reports of violence between intimate partners and suggest that perpetrators tend to underreport their use of aggression. The results of this study suggest that parents may be more consistent in their reports of parent to child violence using the Parent–Child Conflict Tactics Scales than they are when reporting intimate partner violence. The results suggest that parental reports of their spouse's parent to child aggression are reliable.
Alternative Strategies for Identifying the Link Between Unemployment and Crime

National-level time series data are a crude tool for distinguishing between two alternative behavioral explanations for a link between unemployment and crime. Consequently, inferences drawn from aggregate time series estimates are likely to be misleading. A more fruitful approach to learning about the link between unemployment and crime would be to utilize a menagerie of different methodological approaches such as cross-section and panel data analysis of less geographically aggregated areas, natural experiments, international data, individual-level data, and ethnography.
A numerical method for the solution of the energy equation for steady turbulent heat transfer

A method is presented for solving the basic energy expression for the temperature distribution for turbulent heat transfer in a circular conduit with a digital computer. The method assumes a knowledge of the velocity distribution, the eddy conductivity term as a function of the radial position, and a constant wall temperature. For illustrative purposes only a dimensionless expression is derived from Reichardt's relationship which gives the eddy conductivity term as a function of radial position with Reynolds and Prandtl numbers as parameters. Incorporated in the computer program is Richardson's three-point extrapolation formula which permits the determination of a more accurate eigenvalue from three previously computed values which were obtained by using three different values of the reduced radial increment. Agreement with the Crank-Nicholson method is quite good, although the method with eigenvalues is considered to be superior. Eigenvalues determined from the analytical solution of the energy expression for the laminar flow case and those computed by the numerical method are in excellent agreement. This is indicative of the accuracy and reliability of the proposed numerical method.
Analysis of the Communication Components Found within the Situational Leadership Model: Toward Integration of Communication and the Model:

This article identifies and assesses the effectiveness of communicating expectations, listening, delegating, and providing feedback in relation to the Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership model....
Petrographic and Trace Element Analysis of Nonreef Silurian Carbonates, Northern Lower Michigan: ABSTRACT

Carbonate sediments of the northern reef trend in Michigan have been the subject of serious scientific scrutiny since the discovery of significant hydrocarbon reservoirs in pinnacle reefs in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The reef trend is a complex of reef and nonreef carbonate facies capped by an evaporite/carbonate sequence. The reef and the evaporite/carbonate sequence have been extensively described and discussed over the last decade. However, the nonreef (interreef) facies has received little more than brief descriptions throughout this time. As these nonreef carbonates are virtually barren of hydrocarbons, their analysis has been neglected. Most exploration for pinnacle reefs centers around geophysical techniques; however, it should be considered that patterns of textural or geochemical gradients may occur between the reef masses and surrounding nonreef deposits. This study examines, in detail, the petrographic and geochemical character of these nonreef (interreef) sediments. These characteristics can provide additional data and a potential exploration tool for determining the spatial facies relationship between pinnacle reefs and interreef carbonates in the Michigan northern reef trend. End_of_Article - Last_Page 518------------
An integrated system for studying residue coevolution in proteins

Residue coevolution has recently emerged as an important concept, especially in the context of protein structures. While a multitude of different functions for quantifying it have been proposed, not much is known about their relative strengths and weaknesses. Also, subtle algorithmic details have discouraged implementing and comparing them. We addressed this issue by developing an integrated online system that enables comparative analyses with a comprehensive set of commonly used scoring functions, including Statistical Coupling Analysis (SCA), Explicit Likelihood of Subset Variation (ELSC), mutual information and correlation-based methods. A set of data preprocessing options are provided for improving the sensitivity and specificity of coevolution signal detection, including sequence weighting, residue grouping and the filtering of sequences, sites and site pairs. A total of more than 100 scoring variations are available. The system also provides facilities for studying the relationship between coevolution scores and inter-residue distances from a crystal structure if provided, which may help in understanding protein structures. Availability: The system is available at http://coevolution.gersteinlab.org. The source code and JavaDoc API can also be downloaded from the web site. Contact: mark.gerstein@yale.edu Supplementary information: Additional materials can be found at http://coevolution.gersteinlab.org/coevolution/supp.jsp
Suffering and charity in the dark night of the soul

Eleonore Stump's solution to the problem of suffering fails to show how God could be justified in permitting persons to suffer the dark night of the soul. In this article, I explain why and offer an amendment. I contend that a person who responds to the dark night in the right way experiences positive feedback between suffering and charity. This feedback not only enables the sufferer ultimately to attain his heart's desire but also explains why God is justified in permitting persons to suffer the dark night.
How polar are room-temperature ionic liquids?

The solvent strength and polarity of four imidazolium and pyridinium based ionic liquids, as measured using two different fluorescent probes, indicate that these liquids are more polar than acetonitrile but less polar than methanol.
Thinking about Methods to Capture Effective Collaborations

Peers do not learn because they are two, but because they ­perform some activities which trigger specific learning mechanisms Dillenbourg (1999, p. 5).
Lipid Mediators: Overview

Abstract Lipid mediators comprise a family of enzymatically generated phospholipid hydrolysis products that act via receptors to elicit a wide spectrum of biological responses. The best known of these are platelet-activating factor , the eicosanoids (oxygenated metabolites that include prostanoids , leukotrienes , and lipoxins ), and the specialized pro-resolving mediators resolvins, protectins, and maresins. These molecules are synthesized and secreted within minutes to hours of agonist stimulation by virtually all cell types of bone marrow and lung origin, and exert autocrine and paracrine effects that influence almost every conceivable category of biological response. Lipid mediator synthesis is modulated by, and mediates many of the actions of, polypeptides such as hormones and cytokines. By virtue of their diverse actions, lipid mediators are implicated in a variety of lung diseases, including asthma, interstitial lung disease , pulmonary vascular disease , and acute lung injury . They also contribute to homeostatic or protective responses, such as innate immunity . Precedent exists for disease states to reflect both the relative overproduction of pathogenic lipids as well as the underproduction of protective lipids. A variety of pharmacologic agents that block either the synthesis of, or the receptors for, lipid mediators are currently employed in the clinic, and additional applications for such therapy are on the horizon.
Reasoning about plans and actions

Publisher Summary Humans spend a great deal of time deciding and reasoning about actions, some with much deliberation and some without any forethought. They may have numerous desires that they wish fulfilled, some more strongly than others. It is often necessary to accommodate conflicting desires, to choose among them, and to reason about how best to accomplish those that are chosen. This choice and the means chosen to realize these ends will depend on currently held beliefs about present and future situations and any commitments or intentions that may have been decided upon earlier. Often it will be necessary to obtain more information about the tasks to be performed either prior to choosing a plan of action or during its execution. Furthermore, the knowledge of the world itself is frequently incomplete, making it necessary to have some means of forming reasonable assumptions about the possible occurrence of other events or the behaviors of other agents. All this has to be accomplished in a complex and dynamic world populated with many other agents. The agent planning or deciding upon possible courses of action can choose from an enormous repertoire of actions and these in turn can influence the world in exceedingly complicated ways. Moreover, because of the presence of other agents and processes, the environment is subject to continuous change—even as the planner deliberates on how best to achieve its goals.
Erratum to: Selection-based instruction and the emergence of topography-based responses to interview questions.

Erratum To:The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 30, 178–183 DOI: 10.1007/s40616-014-0013-z O’Neill, J., & Rehfeldt, R. A. (2014). Selection-based instruction and the emergence of topography-based responses to interview questions. The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 30, 178–183. This article was inadvertently published without an abstract. The abstract and key words appear below. Abstract Two individuals with learning disabilities were exposed to a selection-based instructional protocol intended to teach participants to identify accurate responses to interview questions. At posttest, all participants engaged in higher levels of accurate topography-based responses to mock interview questions. Results are discussed in terms of the multiple control of verbal behavior and the distinction between selection-based and topography-based responding. Keywords interview training, lag reinforcement schedule, selection-based responding, topography-based responding
A history of police and masculinities, 1700–2010

Masculinity has largely been studied in its relation to shaping the modern culture of policing, through the monopoly of coercive force against citizens and the social exclusion of women and ‘others...
Time-resolved identification of intermediate and stable species in energetic materials decomposition

The determination of the energy release mechanisms and the associated decomposition kinetics of advanced energetic materials imposes very challenging requirements on the experimental techniques employed. Previously unstudied solid, liquid, and gas phase samples must be accommodated with a fairly general detection capability for transient as well as stable decomposition products. This report describes the combination of sensitized infrared laser pyrolysis with step-scan fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as applied to gas phase samples. This approach provides 10 degree/sec heating rates to initiate decomposition with mid-infrared spectra recorded every 50 ns. Stable (40 microsecond) translational temperatures in the 1000K range are achieved in less than 2 microseconds and no evidence of extraneous chemistry from the SF6 sensitizer is observed at 10 W/cm laser fluences.
Epitaxial Growth of LaVO3/(Ba, Sr)TiO3/(Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O3/(La, Sr)CoO3 Semiconductor/Ferroelectric/Conductor Heterostructures

The feasibility of using LaVO3 as a semiconducting layer in all-oxide semiconductor/ferroelectric/conductor heterostructures was explored by growing epitaxial LaVO3/(Ba, Sr)TiO3/(Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O3/(La, Sr)CoO3 heterostructures on (001) LaAlO3 single crystal substrates by pulsed laser deposition. A high degree ofc-axis orientation and strong in-plane texture revealed by x-ray diffraction indicated the epitaxial crystallographic relationships between the layers. With a 30 nm layer of (Ba, Sr)TiO3, the heterostructure showed optimal ferroelectric hysteresis with remanent polarizations over 30 C/cm2. The capacitance measurement as a function of voltage might reveal the modulation of the depletion layer in the semiconducting LaVO3.
Purification of CD47-streptavidin fusion protein from bacterial lysate using biotin-agarose affinity chromatography

CD47 is a widely expressed transmembrane glycoprotein that modulates the activity of a plethora of immune cells via its extracellular domain. Therefore, CD47 plays important roles in the regulation of immune responses and may serve as targets for the development of immunotherapeutic agents. To make sure CD47 functionality is intact under the process of protein conjugation, CD47-streptavidin fusion protein was expressed and purified because it can easily bind to biotin-tagged materials via the unique biotin-streptavidin affinity. In this study, gene sequences of CD47 extracellular domain (CD47ECD) and core streptavidin (coreSA) with a total 834 bp were inserted into pET20b plasmid to construct recombinant plasmid encoding CD47-SA fusion gene. After bacteria transformation, the CD47-SA fusion protein was expressed by isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) induction. The collected bacteria lysate was loaded on biotinylated agarose to proceed the purification of CD47-SA fusion protein. Due to the unexpected high affinity between biotin and coreSA, standard washing and elution approaches (e.g., varying pH, using biotin, and applying guanidine hydrochloride) reported for biotin-streptavidin affinity chromatography were not able to separate the target fusion protein. Instead, using low concentration of the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 followed with alkaline buffer could efficiently weaken the binding between biotin and coreSA, thereby eluting out CD47-SA fusion protein from the biotin agarose column. The purified CD47-SA fusion protein was further characterized by molecular biology methods and its antiphagocytic functionality was confirmed by the phagocytosis assay. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:949-958, 2016.
Study on the Bioactivities of Extracts From Asparagus Peel

The antioxidant activities of extracts from Asparagus peel were investigated in the present study.The separated extracts were tested for antioxidant activity using total reduction ability,reduction ability,DPPH· and O2-·scavenging activity,and lipid peroxdiant inhibition ability.The results showed that three fractions exhibited antioxidant activities in different evaluating systems.The decreasing order of antioxidant activities is n-butanol fraction ethyl acetate fraction aqueous fraction.With the increase of the concentration from 0.0625 to 2 g·L-1 antioxidant capacity increased.The similar order of the contents of flavonoids in fractions was also found.The extent of antioxidant activities was in accordance with the amount of flavonoids existing in each fraction.
Using Data to Individualize a Multicomponent, Technology-Based Self-Monitoring Intervention

Technology in schools is abundant as is the call for evidence-based interventions for students who need additional support to be successful. One promising use of technology is for self-monitoring i...
Elastic WDM crossbar switch for data centers

A fast WDM crossbar switch suitable for interconnecting electronic packet switches in scalable data centers is proposed and analyzed. It is capable of elastic multiple-wavelength interconnection of any node pair. The switch is compatible with silicon-photonic integration; thus it promises small size, power and cost.
Amalgam: dead or alive?

The use of dental amalgam is on the decline, yet its many advantages, including the contrast in colour with the tooth, increase the possibility that the patient's dentition will lasta lifetime.
Effects of Zinc Chelators on Aflatoxin Production in Aspergillus parasiticus.

Zinc concentrations strongly influence aflatoxin accumulation in laboratory media and in food and feed crops. The presence of zinc stimulates aflatoxin production, and the absence of zinc impedes toxin production. Initial studies that suggested a link between zinc and aflatoxin biosynthesis were presented in the 1970s. In the present study, we utilized two zinc chelators, N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl) ethane-1,2-diamine (TPEN) and 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS) to explore the effect of zinc limitation on aflatoxin synthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus. TPEN but not DMPS decreased aflatoxin biosynthesis up to six-fold depending on whether A. parasiticus was grown on rich or minimal medium. Although we observed significant inhibition of aflatoxin production by TPEN, no detectable changes were observed in expression levels of the aflatoxin pathway gene ver-1 and the zinc binuclear cluster transcription factor, AflR. Treatment of growing A. parasiticus solid culture with a fluorescent zinc probe demonstrated an increase in intracellular zinc levels assessed by increases in fluorescent intensity of cultures treated with TPEN compared to controls. These data suggest that TPEN binds to cytoplasmic zinc therefore limiting fungal access to zinc. To investigate the efficacy of TPEN on food and feed crops, we found that TPEN effectively decreases aflatoxin accumulation on peanut medium but not in a sunflower seeds-derived medium. From an application perspective, these data provide the basis for biological differences that exist in the efficacy of different zinc chelators in various food and feed crops frequently contaminated by aflatoxin.
Inhibition of bradykinin of the vascular effects of pressor hormones in the canine kidney: relationship to prostaglandins.

1. Renal arterial injection of bolus doses of angiotensin II or noradrenaline, (0.06, 0.12 and 0.25 μg) caused renal vasoconstriction and decreased blood flow to the kidney in a dose-related manner in dogs anaesthetized by sodium pentobarbital. 2. The effect of angiotensin II and noradrenaline in lowering renal blood flow was reduced during renal arterial infusion of either bradykinin (10 ng min −1 kg −1 ) or prostaglandin E 2 (4 ng min −1 kg −1 ). 3. Pretreatment of the dogs with an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, sodium meclofenamate (5 mg/kg), blunted the inhibitory action of bradykinin, but not that of prostaglandin E 2 , on renal vascular reactivity to angiotensin II and noradrenaline. 4. These results indicate that bradykinin reduces the renal vasoconstriction induced by angiotensin II and noradrenaline in the dog by a mechanism dependent upon synthesis of prostaglandins.