cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Developments in Hypertensive Encephalopathy

This review summarizes the latest science on hypertensive encephalopathy and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). We review the epidemiology and pathophysiology of these overlapping syndromes and discuss best practices for diagnosis and management. Diagnosis of hypertensive encephalopathy largely relies on exclusion of other neurological emergencies. We review the extensive causes of PRES and its imaging characteristics. Management strategies have not changed substantially in the past decade, though newer calcium channel blockers simplify the approach to blood pressure reduction. While this alone may be sufficient for treatment of hypertensive encephalopathy in most cases, management of PRES also depends on modification of other precipitating factors. Hypertensive encephalopathy and PRES are overlapping disorders for which intensive blood pressure lowering is critical. Further research is indicated to both in diagnosis and additional management strategies for these critical conditions.
Differential growth of Mycobacterium leprae strains (SNP genotypes) in armadillos.

Leprosy (Hansen's Disease) has occurred throughout human history, and persists today at a low prevalence in most populations. Caused by Mycobacterium leprae, the infection primarily involves the skin, mucosa and peripheral nerves. The susceptible host range for Mycobacterium leprae is quite narrow. Besides humans, nine banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) and red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) are the only other natural hosts for M. leprae, but only armadillos recapitulate the disease as seen in humans. Armadillos across the Southern United States harbor a single predominant genotypic strain (SNP Type-3I) of M. leprae, which is also implicated in the zoonotic transmission of leprosy. We investigated, whether the zoonotic strain (3I) has any notable growth advantages in armadillos over another genetically distant strain-type (SNP Type-4P) of M. leprae, and if M. leprae strains manifest any notably different pathology among armadillos. We co-infected armadillos (n = 6) with 2 × 109 highly viable M. leprae of both strains and assessed the relative growth and dissemination of each strain in the animals. We also analyzed 12 additional armadillos, 6 each individually infected with the same quantity of either strain. The infections were allowed to fulminate and the clinical manifestations of the disease were noted. Animals were humanely sacrificed at the terminal stage of infection and the number of bacilli per gram of liver, spleen and lymph node tissue were enumerated by Q-PCR assay. The growth of M. leprae strain 4P was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than 3I when each strain was propagated individually in armadillos. Significantly (P < 0.0001) higher growth of the 4P strain also was confirmed among animals co-infected with both 3I and 4P strain types using whole genome sequencing. Interestingly, the zoonotic strain does not exhibit any growth advantage in these non-human hosts, but the varied proliferation of the two M. leprae strains within armadillos suggest there are notable pathological variations between M. leprae strain-types.
The delta neighborhood

In this chapter, the relative scores, under certain conditions, are measured for the example of eight homogenous airports from the previous chapter. As discussed in the previous chapters, each supposed condition can result different relative scores and ranks for airports. In other words, the relative scores of firms are completely dependent upon the supposed relationship between factors or the supposed weight/worth/price for each factor. The optimization approach is applied while the weights/prices of factors are the same for the airports and one of the conditions such as decreasing the overall input values, increasing overall output values or both decreasing the input values and increasing the output values are assumed. After that, a delta neighborhood of a firm is introduced to find a bridge between the concepts ‘doing the job rights’ and ‘doing the job well’. Mathematical arguments are provided as well as computer programming with detailed illustrations. At the end of this chapter, readers are completely prepared to utilize the performance evaluation of a set of homogenous firms with multiple input factors and multiple output factors.
The challenges of developing articulatory synthesis models of early vocal production in humans

At birth, human infants can cry, but they cannot articulate anything like the sound patterns of their mothers' speech that they have been hearing in the last month or so in the womb. Learning to speak involves a re-tuning of the muscle systems for breathing, crying, and suckling in order to be able to articulate a rapid sequence of exquisitely coordinated movements of the speech articulators—gestures of the larynx, velum, tongue, and lips—in synchrony with a lengthened expiratory phase of the breathing cycle, to acoustically shape the air flowing from the lungs to produce the sound patterns that are the words of a specific language. Models of speech production developed using data on articulator movement and coordination in adults cannot be applied directly, because this learning takes place in the context of substantial changes to the size and shape of the vocal tract over the course of physical maturation. This talk describes the changes in vocal tract morphology in human development, and then reviews how articulatory synthesis systems developed for adults have been adapted to model the expanding repertoire of vocalizations that have been observed in infants with normal hearing over the first year of life.At birth, human infants can cry, but they cannot articulate anything like the sound patterns of their mothers' speech that they have been hearing in the last month or so in the womb. Learning to speak involves a re-tuning of the muscle systems for breathing, crying, and suckling in order to be able to articulate a rapid sequence of exquisitely coordinated movements of the speech articulators—gestures of the larynx, velum, tongue, and lips—in synchrony with a lengthened expiratory phase of the breathing cycle, to acoustically shape the air flowing from the lungs to produce the sound patterns that are the words of a specific language. Models of speech production developed using data on articulator movement and coordination in adults cannot be applied directly, because this learning takes place in the context of substantial changes to the size and shape of the vocal tract over the course of physical maturation. This talk describes the changes in vocal tract morphology in human development, and then reviews h...
Particularist moral reasoning and consistency in moral judgments

Critique de la presentation methodique de la these particulariste de J. Dancy, affirmant que nos jugements moraux relevent de faits particuliers et non pas de principes generaux. Au-dela de l'objection phenomenologique de McDowell concernant la variete des situations morales, l'A. montre que Dancy defend un holisme des raisons fonde sur sa propre metaphysique de la pertinence et des proprietes morales, d'une part, et sur sa propre phenomenologie de la valeur, considerant les situations de la vie courante (la pratique du jugement moral et la motivation), d'autre part. Cependant, l'obligation generee par les jugements passes remet en cause la conception de la coherence developee par Dancy, ainsi que l'ensemble de sa position
Shared control of maltose induction and catabolite repression of the MAL structural genes in Saccharomyces

Maltose utilization in yeast requires the presence of any one of the five unlinked, homologous MAL loci. Transcription of the two structural genes MALT (permease) and MALS (maltase) is induced by maltose and catabolite-repressed by glucose. MAL6T and MAL6S share a common 5′ intergenic sequence; deletion studies within this sequence revealed a bi-directionally functioning upstream activation sequence (UASM) consisting of four 11bp homologous sites. Activation of these sites by the MALR protein results in the coordinate expression of MAL6T and MAL6S. The basal promoter activates MALS expression to a greater extent than MALT and is located in a region that overlaps UASM. Deletion of several subsites within the UASM has an asymmetric effect on MAL gene expression, having a greater affect on MALT than on MALS. Catabolite repression of MAL6T and MAL6S by glucose is controlled at several levels. Using disruption mutants, the positively acting MAL1R protein was also found to play a role in catabolite repression of MAL6T and MAL6S.
Background and Motivation for Homology Theory

Homology theory is a subject whose development requires a long chain of definitions, lemmas, and theorems before it arrives at any interesting results or applications. A newcomer to the subject who plunges into a formal, logical presentation of its ideas is likely to be somewhat puzzled because he will probably have difficulty seeing any motivation for the various definitions and theorems. It is the purpose of this chapter to present some explanation, which will help the reader to overcome this difficulty. We offer two different kinds of material for background and motivation. First, there is a summary of some of the most easily understood properties of homology theory, and a hint at how it can be applied to specific problems. Secondly, there is a brief outline of some of the problems and ideas which lead certain mathematicians of the nineteenth century to develop homology theory.
Interval Based Finite Elements for Uncertainty Quantification in Engineering Mechanics

This paper illustrates how interval analysis can be used as a basis for generalized models of uncertainty. When epistemic uncertainty is presented as a range and the aleatory is based on available information, or when random variables are assigned an interval probability, the uncertainty will have a Probability Bound (PB) structure. When Interval Monte Carlo (IMC) is used to sample random variables, interval random values are generated. Interval Finite Element Method (FEM) is used to propagate intervals through the system and sharp interval solutions are obtained. Interval solutions are sorted and PBs of the system response are constructed. All relevant statistics are calculated characterizing both aleatory and epistemic uncertainty. The above mentioned sequence is presented in this work and illustrative examples are solved.
Dizygotic opposite-sex twins with surgically repaired concordant myelomeningocele conceived by in vitro fertilization using intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a case report and review of the literature.

Myelomeningocele (MMC) is a common subtype of congenital neural tube defects (NTD). Although congenital malformations including NTD are more common in twins, concordance, especially in dizygotic twins, is extremely rare and is found mostly in same-sex twins. The role of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of MMC is unclear. Dizygotic twins of opposite sex were born at term to a 35-year-old woman conceived with in vitro fertilization (IVF) using intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Prenatal ultrasonography (US) revealed concordant lumbosacral MMC at 18 weeks of gestation as well as ventriculomegaly and Arnold-Chiari malformation type II at 28 weeks. Both twins underwent surgical repair of the MMC within 48 h after birth and required a ventriculoperitoneal shunt in the second week of life. The case presented raises questions concerning the etiology of MMC, since in twins, it is compelling to attribute the etiology to genetic factors. In the literature, 22 pairs of twins with concordant MMC have been reported, and of the 10 dizygotic twins described, four were of opposite sex. However, in monozygotic twins, most of the cases are non-concordant; therefore, the role of genetics remains unclear. In addition, environmental factors such as nutrition, metabolic folic acid deficiency, and assisted conception with IVF and ICSI might play a role as well. The appearance of concordant MMC in opposite-sex dizygotic twins, conceived by IVF using ICSI, intrigues questions concerning the etiology of MMC. In such cases, genetic counseling and evaluation should be considered.
Powder-processing linkages to properties for complex titanium shapes by injection molding

Abstract Metal powder injection molding offers access to high production quantities of complex-shaped titanium components, with an economic benefit by avoiding machining. At first a detailed science base was required to deliver titanium via powder injection molding with competitive properties. The production process details have considerable impact on properties, and everything is important. Typical response parameters include the sintered density, tensile properties, and fatigue strength. The key focus in linking powder and processing is on four success factors – density, purity, alloying, and microstructure. The role of impurities and the inability to remove impurities during sintering compel attention to specific starting alloy powders and binder compositions. With these powders, the baseline process delivers competitive mechanical properties. This chapter details the new standardized process, showing how each parameter influences properties, especially for demanding applications in the aerospace and medical fields. Although capable of forming large components, economics generally limit the MIM approach to small components, typically smaller than 10 g.
Rearing of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in BFT system with different photoperiods: Effects on the microbial community, water quality and zootechnical performance

Abstract In Biofloc Technology (BFT) Systems, there are changes in microbial communities during a shrimp culture cycle; usually, heterotrophic bacteria are replaced by a photoautotrophic or chemoautotrophic community, depending on the management employed. When the water is exposed to sunlight, it can abruptly change from a heterotrophic system (dominated by bacteria and protozoa) to a predominantly photoautotrophic system, with a dominance of microalgae. However, there is little information on the characterization and quantification of the microbial community in the culture of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in a BFT system with light restriction, especially the contribution of these microrganisms to the zootechnical performance of shrimp. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial community in a rearing environment with light restriction. The study was conducted in 12 tanks (800 L) with a storage density of 500 shrimp m−3 and an initial shrimp weight of 0.053 g. The experiment was designed with three treatments and four replicates distributed into the following groups: i) natural photoperiod - 12 h light/12 h dark (NP); ii) 24 h light (24hLI); and iii) 24 h dark (24hDA). Significant differences were found in water quality parameters (lower values of ammonia and nitrite in the 24hDA treatment), and higher values of CO2, light (Ix) and chlorophyll were observed for the NP and 24hLI treatments than for the 24hDA treatment (p
Lorazepam versus chlordiazepoxide for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome and prevention of delirium tremens in general medicine ward patients.

Abstract Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a serious complication of abrupt alcohol cessation. Severe AWS can develop into delirium tremens (DT), which is potentially life-threatening. Lorazepam (LOR) and chlordiazepoxide (CDE) are mainstays of therapy for AWS. Current literature lacks studies comparing outcomes between the two drugs for patients who are not in a de-addiction ward specifically for withdrawal treatment. The primary objective of the study was to determine the incidence rate of DT between the groups. Of 2112 patients screened, 142 met inclusion criteria (LOR = 74, CDE = 68). Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. No significant difference in the primary outcome of DT development was observed (7% LOR, 9% CDE; p = 0.76). No significant differences in cumulative doses of scheduled LOR or CDE were observed (LOR 14.6 ± 8 mg, CDE 15.4 ± 12; p = 0.64). However, significant differences were found in the amount of “as needed” (PRN) LOR required for the two groups (LOR 3.2 ± 4 mg, CDE 6.6 ± 13 mg; p = 0.03) and the amount of scheduled plus PRN LOR required (LOR 17.7 ± 10 mg, CDE 21.9 ± 14 mg; p = 0.04). Doses are reported in LOR equivalents. There were no observed differences in duration of treatment (LOR 3.6 ± 1.3 days, CDE 3.9 ± 2.1 days; p = 0.3) or length of stay (LOR 5.28 ± 3.8 days, CDE 4.73 ± 4.2 days p = 0.4). No adverse events related to BZD were noted in either group. Hospital outcomes did not differ between the groups, but patients treated with CDE may require more adjuvant therapy to control symptoms of AWS. Both agents appear equally effective at preventing the development of DT in those patients admitted to general medicine wards.
Data analysis of vascular surgery instrument trays yielded large cost and efficiency savings.

Abstract Background Surgical procedures account for 50% of hospital revenue and ∼60% of operating costs. On average, Methods During a 3-month period, vascular surgery cases were monitored using a cloud-based technology product (OpFlow, Operative Flow Technologies, Raleigh, NC) as a part of a hospital-wide project. Given the diversity of the cases evaluated, we focused on two main vascular surgery trays: vascular and aortic. An assessment was performed to evaluate the exact instruments used by the operating surgeons across a variety of cases. The vascular tray contained 131 instruments and was used for the vast majority of vascular cases, and the aortic tray contained 152 instruments. Actual instrument usage data were collected, a review and analysis performed, and the trays optimized. Results During the 3-month period, 168 vascular surgery cases were evaluated across six surgeons. On average, the instrument usage per tray was 30 of 131 instruments (22.9%) for the vascular tray and 19 of 152 (12.5%) for the aortic tray. After review, 45.8% of the instruments were removed from the vascular tray and 62.5% from the aortic tray, for 1255 instruments removed from the versions of both trays. An audit was performed after the removal of instruments, which showed that none of the removed instruments had required reinstatement. The instrument reduction from these two trays alone yielded an estimated costs savings of $97,781 for repurchase and $97,444 in annual resterilization savings. Annually, the removal of the instruments is projected to save 316.2 hours of personnel time. The time required for operating room table setup decreased from a mean of 7:44 to 5:02 minutes for the vascular tray (P Conclusions Given increasing cost constraints in healthcare, sterile processing remains an untapped resource for surgical expense reduction. A comprehensive data analytics solution provided the ability to make informed decisions in tray management that otherwise could not be reliably performed.
Controlled Ovarian Stimulation Protocols Alter Endometrial Histomorphology and Gene Expression Profiles

Although it is well appreciated that ovarian stimulation protocols for in vitro fertilization (IVF) alter endometrial receptivity, the precise cellular mechanisms are not known. To gain insights into potential mechanisms by which different ovarian stimulation protocols alter the endometrium, we compared histologic and gene expression profiles of endometrium from women undergoing conventional ovarian stimulation for IVF (C-IVF) with those undergoing minimal stimulation with clomiphene citrate (MS-IVF). Sixteen women undergoing MS-IVF (n = 8) or C-IVF (n = 8) were recruited for endometrial biopsy at the time of oocyte retrieval. Endometrial glands were large, tortuous, and secretory with C-IVF but small and undifferentiated with MS-IVF. Whereas RNA sequencing did not reveal changes in estrogen receptor or its co-regulators or classic proliferation associated genes in MS-IVF, together with immunohistochemistry, Wnt signaling was disrupted in endometrium from MS-IVF cycles with significant upregulation of Wnt inhibitors. Secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (sFRP1) was increased fourfold (p < 0.01), and sFRP4 was upregulated sixfold (p < 0.01) relative to C-IVF. Further these proteins were localized to subepithelial endometrial stroma. These data indicate that MS-IVF protocols with CC do not seem to impact endometrial estrogen signaling as much as would be expected from the reported antiestrogenic properties of CC. Rather, the findings of this study highlight Wnt signaling as a major factor for endometrial development during IVF cycles.
Back to the Future: The Köhler Motivation Gain in Exergames

Abstract The seminal research of the Kohler motivation gain was conducted in the 1920s with members of a Berlin rowing club. Seven decades later, social psychologists initiated intensive laboratory research to explore why and when the gain occurs. In this chapter, we review a recent, more applied program of research that has taken the fruits of the basic laboratory research back to its roots—to better understand how to increase the motivation to exercise. These studies extend earlier basic research in several interesting ways: The exercise takes place within exergames, video games designed to enhance physical activity; in some studies, motivational effects are examined across extended periods (days or weeks); and in the most recent studies, the motivational effects of having a nonhuman, virtual exercise partner are explored. Confirmations and qualifications of conclusions reached under laboratory conditions are featured, as well as promising areas for future research.
Emoscapes and commercial university rankers: the role of affect in global higher education policy

A concerted attempt to offer an affect (emotions, desires, moods, and/or attitudes) lens underlying the global university rankings (GURs) phenomenon remains absent. Using two commercial ranker case...
Log-Based Malicious Activity Detection Using Machine and Deep Learning

This chapter describes the application of intelligent computational techniques to the problem of malicious activity detection. It is proposed to embed machine and deep learning models for malicious activity detection into the framework of a log-based decision support system (DSS) for information security administrators. It is expected that such a solution will enable organizational-wide protection of informational assets, by providing accurate and comprehensive real-time insights into violations of information security policies. In this work, we present experiments and results on database systems’ log analysis using traditional machine learning (ML) methods and deep learning (DL) on the synthetic log dataset simulating user activity in a hypothetical company.
Interleukin-1 and Transforming Growth Factor Beta: Commonly Opposing, but Sometimes Supporting, Master Regulators of the Corneal Wound Healing Response to Injury

Purpose Interleukin (IL)-1α/IL-1β and transforming growth factor (TGF)β1/TGFβ2 have both been promoted as "master regulators" of the corneal wound healing response due to the large number of processes each regulates after injury or infection. The purpose of this review is to highlight the interactions between these systems in regulating corneal wound healing. Methods We conducted a systematic review of the literature. Results Both regulator pairs bind to receptors expressed on keratocytes, corneal fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts, as well as bone marrow-derived cells that include fibrocytes. IL-1α and IL-1β modulate healing functions, such as keratocyte apoptosis, chemokine production by corneal fibroblasts, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) production by keratocytes and corneal fibroblasts, expression of metalloproteinases and collagenases by corneal fibroblasts, and myofibroblast apoptosis. TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 stimulate the development of myofibroblasts from keratocyte and fibrocyte progenitor cells, and adequate stromal levels are requisite for the persistence of myofibroblasts. Conversely, TGFβ3, although it functions via the same TGF beta I and II receptors, may, at least in some circumstances, play a more antifibrotic role-although it also upregulates the expression of many profibrotic genes. Conclusions The overall effects of these two growth factor-cytokine-receptor systems in controlling the corneal wound healing response must be coordinated during the wound healing response to injury or infection. The activities of both systems must be downregulated in coordinated fashion to terminate the response to injury and eliminate fibrosis. Translational relevance A better standing of the IL-1 and TGFβ systems will likely lead to better approaches to control the excessive healing response to infections and injuries leading to scarring corneal fibrosis.
Pediatric Patient Safety: Shared Learning to Improve Patient Outcomes

* Abbreviation: SSE — : serious safety event Two decades ago, the seminal Institute of Medicine (now the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine) report To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System first highlighted the influence of poorly designed health care delivery systems and suboptimal processes as contributors to patient safety.1 Substantial progress has occurred since then, including creation of a federally mandated Child Health Patient Safety Organization,2 which uses a standardized taxonomy for patient safety events, contributory factors, and severity of harm,3 with shared learning by dissemination of reports to individual institutions and to the public.4 In this issue of Pediatrics , Burrus et al analyze and report on 4 years of serious safety events (SSEs) from 44 Child Health Patient Safety Organization–participating hospitals regarding the types of safety events, severity of … Address correspondence to Prof Prashant Mahajan, CS Mott Children’s Hospital of Michigan, 1540 East Hospital Dr Room 2-737, SPC 4260, Ann Arbor MI 48109-4260. E-mail: pmahajan{at}med.umich.edu.
Modification of pea protein isolate functionality by freeze–thaw cycling

Plant protein isolates are used as functional ingredients in food products. To suit the final application, various physical, chemical, and enzymatic approaches are commonly used to modify the properties of these proteins. Chemical and enzymatic methods have the disadvantage of leaving behind residues during treatment, affecting the purity and labeling of the final product. Physical methods offer the advantage of being clean label and are not as specific in action as enzymatic approaches. Freezing is a less severe approach to protein modification, as compared to conventional thermal approaches that involve the addition of heat on the protein. Freezing and related changes in molecular mobility could be explored as approaches to protein modification with minimum impact. In this study, we examined the effects of different freezing treatments on select functional properties of commercial pea protein isolate. Solutions were prepared based on the least gelling concentration values of the untreated pea protein isolate and subjected to three treatments: freezing (N = 0, no cycling), freeze–thaw cycling (N = 5), and freeze–thaw cycling (N = 10), where N is the number of freeze–thaw cycles. The treated pea protein isolates were then freeze-dried. The untreated and treated pea protein isolates were tested for specific functional properties. Several functional properties increased significantly after treatment (p < 0.05), including fat absorption capacity increasing from 98 to 234%, water holding capacity increasing from 163 to 283%, foam stability index increasing by 33%, and emulsion stability index increasing from 44 to 54%. The study demonstrated that freeze–thaw cycling is a viable option to improve the functionality of protein isolates and thereby find suitable applications in food matrices as a functional ingredient.
Topological Frequencies in Dynamical Systems

In this work the presence of a seemingly anomalous peak at a non 2n frequency in the power spectrum of the period doubling attractor at the onset of chaos is discussed. Using tools from the theory of knots we study the behaviour of the topological invariant responsible for that effect in a wide class of systems.
Actin binding proteins that change extent and rate of actin monomer-polymer distribution by different mechanisms.

Actin binding proteins control actin assembly and disassembly by altering the critical concentration and by changing the kinetics of polymerization. All of these control mechanisms in some way or the other make use of the energy of hydrolysis of actin-bound ATP. Capping of barbed filament ends increases the critical concentration as long as ATP hydrolysis maintains a difference in the actin monomer binding constants of the two ends. A further increase in the critical concentration on adding a second cap, tropomodulin, to the other, pointed filament end also requires ATP hydrolysis as described by the model presented here. Changes in the critical concentration are amplified into much larger changes of the monomer pool by actin sequestering proteins, provided their actin binding equilibrium constants fall within a relatively narrow range around the values for the two critical concentrations of actin. Cofilin greatly speeds up treadmilling, which requires ATP hydroysis, by increasing the rate constant of depolymerization. Profilin increases the rate of elongation at the barbed filament end, coupled to a lowering of the critical concentration, only if ATP hydrolysis makes profilin binding to the barbed end independent of its binding constant for actin monomers. (Mol Cell Biochem 190: 67–74, 1999)
Zusammenfassung und Ergebnisse

Der Begriff der Innovationsdynamik wird in der Literatur vielfaltig und meist nur oberflachlich verwendet. Eine eindeutige, allgemeingultige Definition kann aus der Literatur nicht entnommen werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Versuch unternommen, die Innovationsdynamik unter Zuhilfenahme der in der Literatur bekannten Innovations- und Dynamikbegriffe zu definieren und naher zu beschreiben. Innovationsdynamik ist die Anzahl der Erneuerungen von Innovationsobjekten im weitestgehenden Sinn je Zeiteinheit. Als Innovationsobjekte sollen in erster Linie Produkte, Prozesse, Strukturen und Humanbereiche betrachtet werden. Fur jedes Innovationsobjekt kann ein sog. Innovationsdynamik-Portfolio erstellt werden. Dieses Innovationsdynamik-Portfolio kann in vier Bereiche eingeteilt werden. Die in der Literatur ublichen Klassifikationen fur Innovationen konnen in der Regel im Portfolio eingeordnet werden. Ist die Innovationsdynamik eines Objektes fur mehrere Unternehmungen einer Branche bekannt, so konnen Vergleiche in einem entsprechenden Diagramm angestellt werden (eigene Position, Position der Branche und des Marktfuhrers).
New Regularized Algorithms for Transductive Learning

We propose a new graph-based label propagation algorithm for transductive learning. Each example is associated with a vertex in an undirected graph and a weighted edge between two vertices represents similarity between the two corresponding example. We build on Adsorption, a recently proposed algorithm and analyze its properties. We then state our learning algorithm as a convex optimization problem over multi-label assignments and derive an efficient algorithm to solve this problem. We state the conditions under which our algorithm is guaranteed to converge. We provide experimental evidence on various real-world datasets demonstrating the effectiveness of our algorithm over other algorithms for such problems. We also show that our algorithm can be extended to incorporate additional prior information, and demonstrate it with classifying data where the labels are not mutually exclusive.
From STEM to STEAM: Toward a Human-Centered Education

The 20th century was based on local linear engineering of complicated systems. We made cars, airplanes and chemical plants for example. The 21st century has opened a new basis for holistic non-linear design of complex systems, such as the Internet, air traffic management and nanotechnologies. Complexity, interconnectivity, interaction and communication are major attributes of our evolving society. But, more interestingly, we have started to understand that chaos theories may be more important than reductionism, to better understand and thrive on our planet. Systems need to be investigated and tested as wholes, which requires a cross-disciplinary approach and new conceptual principles and tools. Consequently, schools cannot continue to teach isolated disciplines based on simple reductionism. Science; Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) should be integrated together with the Arts1 to promote creativity together with rationalization, and move to STEAM (with an "A" for Arts). This new concept emphasizes the possibility of longer-term socio-technical futures instead of short-term financial predictions that currently lead to uncontrolled economies. Human-centered design (HCD) can contribute to improving STEAM education technologies, systems and practices. HCD not only provides tools and techniques to build useful and usable things, but also an integrated approach to learning by doing, expressing and critiquing, exploring possible futures, and understanding complex systems.
Inflammatory Breast Cancer

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is an uncommon and usually rapidly fatal disease. The published literature consists mostly of reports by individual institutions or investigators on their isolated experiences. Early reports on therapy of IBC addressed the question of which modes of treatment were most palliative. All attempts at a surgical cure were denigrated [1]. Therefore, radiation therapy was considered the primary treatment of choice followed followed by chemotherapy and hormonal therapy when metastatic disease occurred.
Comparison of Acute Histologic and Biomechanical Effects of Radiofrequency Ablation and Cryoablation on Periarticular Structures in a Swine Model.

Abstract Purpose To compare the acute effects of radiofrequency (RF) ablation and cryoablation on the structural integrity of nontarget periarticular tissues that may be placed at risk during percutaneous bone ablation. Materials and Methods RF ablation and cryoablation were separately performed on tendon, articular cartilage, and ligament in an ex vivo porcine model by using standard bone ablation protocols. Gross and histopathologic analysis was performed on cartilage and tendon (n = 6 for each treatment group, n=5 controls). Tendon lengths were measured before and after ablation. Biomechanical tensile testing was performed on each ligament sample after ablation, with quantification of ultimate load at failure and linear stiffness (n = 7 ligaments in treatment and control groups). Results RF ablation and cryoablation injured chondrocytes within the ablation zones but caused minimal effects on gross and histologic cartilage architecture. Cryoablation resulted in minimal gross and histologic effects on tendon whereas RF ablation resulted in marked disruption of collagen fibers and significant longitudinal shortening ( P = .002). Similarly, cryoablation did not alter ligament strength or stiffness compared with control, whereas RF ablation resulted in a significant decrease in tensile strength and stiffness compared with control and cryoablation samples ( P Conclusions Neither RF ablation nor cryoablation resulted in significant acute changes in cartilage architecture. However, RF ablation resulted in marked disruption of tendon architecture, tendon shortening, ligament weakening, and loss of ligament stiffness, whereas cryoablation had no significant effect on any of these parameters. These findings suggest that cryoablation may have fewer negative acute effects than RF ablation, although long-term outcomes are currently unknown.
Fractional quantum Hall effect at ν=1/2 in hole systems confined to GaAs quantum wells.

We observe the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) at the even-denominator Landau level filling factor $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/2$ in two-dimensional hole systems confined to GaAs quantum wells of width 30 to 50 nm and having bilayerlike charge distributions. The $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/2$ FQHE is stable when the charge distribution is symmetric and only in a range of intermediate densities, qualitatively similar to what is seen in two-dimensional electron systems confined to approximately twice wider GaAs quantum wells. Despite the complexity of the hole Landau level structure, originating from the coexistence and mixing of the heavy- and light-hole states, we find the hole $\ensuremath{\nu}=1/2$ FQHE to be consistent with a two-component, Halperin-Laughlin (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Psi}}}_{331}$) state.
“Off the Straight Path”: Illicit Sex, Law, and Community in Ottoman Aleppo – By Elyse Semerdjian

Both Western media and radical Islamists have supported visions of Islamic law as a static, monolithic entity rendering vicious corporal punishments on women who transgress sexual boundaries. This ...
CHRNB2 promoter region: association with subjective effects to nicotine and gene expression differences

Smoking behavior is a complex, which includes multiple stages in the progression from experimentation to continued use and dependence. The experience of subjective effects, such as dizziness, euphoria, heart pounding, nausea and high, have been associated with varying degrees of persistence and subsequent abuse/dependence of marijuana, cocaine, tobacco and alcohol (Grant et al. 2005, Wagner & Anthony 2002). Previous studies have reported associations between neuronal nicotinic receptor (CHRN) genes and subjective effects to nicotine. We sought to replicate and expand this work by examining eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a sample of adult smokers (n = 316) who reported subjective effects following cigarette smoking in a controlled laboratory environment. Two SNPs each in the CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNA6 and CHRNA4 genes were examined. A significant association was found between two SNPs and physical effects reported after smoking the first experimental cigarette. SNP rs2072658 is upstream of CHRNB2 (P-value = 0.0046) and rs2229959 is a synonymous change in exon 5 of CHRNA4 (P value = 0.0051). We also examined possible functional relevance of SNP rs2072658 using an in vitro gene expression assay. These studies provided evidence that the minor allele of rs2072658 may lead to decreased gene expression, using two separate cell lines, P19 and SH-SY5Y (18% P < 0.001 and 26% P < 0.001 respectively). The human genetic study and functional assays suggest that variation in the promoter region of CHRNB2 gene may be important in mediating levels of expression of the β2 nicotinic receptor subunit, which may be associated with variation in subjective response to nicotine.
The evolutionary implications of qualitative variation in the grooming behaviour of the Hymenoptera (Insecta).

Abstract The grooming behaviour of 115 species of Hymenoptera (including castes and sexes) was recorded on an event recorder. Twenty-eight primary and secondary grooming movements are described, and eighteen are illustrated. An analysis of the grooming behaviour revealed consistent qualitative behavioural differences between virtually every super-family. The pattern of these differences parallels an existing hymenopteran phylogeny. Limited data suggest possible qualitative differences at the family and sub-family level in some instances. Possible use of grooming data in phylogenetic interpretatons is suggested.
The pion-nucleus many-body problem

Abstract Low energy pion-nucleus elastic scattering is discussed within the framework of many-body theory. In these considerations exchange of virtual ρ ad π mesons, as well as the π meson, are found to play an important role, producing effects like the Ericson-Ericson Lorentz-Lorenz effect. By inclusion of interactions in channels other than the pionic one, the pion-nucleus problem is brought into the context of other nuclear many-body problems, and various relations to the nucleon problem made use of . Some of the necessary parameters here are drawn from pionic atom work. With these and our deduced interactions the theoretically predicted cross-sections are found to be in good agreement with the experimental work.
The “String sign” on computerized tomography

With the increasing use of computerized tomography (CT), it has become more important to recognize patterns of diseased bowel on CT. We report the CT appearance of the “string sign,” which represents narrowing of the bowel lumen by thickening of the bowel wall or mesentery.
Spectrum of single bunch longitudinal dipole modes

A mode of coherent longitudinal dipole motion of the beam in the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) vacuum ultraviolet (vuv) ring with small frequency is observed by Biscardi {ital et al.} [Rev. Sci. Instrum. {bold 66}, 1856 (1995)]. We point out in this paper that the coherent motion observed is, although a solution to the well-known secular equation for Robinson instability, a distinct mode of beam dipole motion from what is normally known as the Robinson mode. In this paper the mode{close_quote}s properties and its relationships with the usual Robinson mode are developed. The collision of the two modes is understood analytically and observed experimentally in the NSLS vuv ring. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Nonperturbative renormalization group approach to quantum X Y spin models

We present a lattice nonperturbative renormalization group (NPRG) approach to quantum $XY$ spin models by using a mapping onto hardcore bosons. The NPRG takes as initial condition of the renormalization group flow the (local) limit of decoupled sites, allowing us to take into account the hardcore constraint exactly. The initial condition of the flow is equivalent to the large $S$ classical results of the corresponding spin system. Furthermore, the hardcore constraint is conserved along the RG flow, and we can describe both local and long-distance fluctuations in a nontrivial way. We discuss a simple approximation scheme, and solve the corresponding flow equations. We compute both the zero-temperature thermodynamics and the finite temperature phase diagram on the square and cubic lattices. The NPRG allows us to recover the correct critical physics at finite temperature in two and three dimensions. The results compare well with numerical simulations.
Suppression of Male Characteristics of Mosquitoes by Thermal Means

Dimorphism in Aedes stimulans, a northern floodwater mosquito, may be decreased possibly to obliteration by exposing larvae for most of their lives to abnormally high temperature. Determiners for maleness fail to express themselves when larvae are exposed to a temperature of 29 degrees C throughout their lives. Not only are male characteristics eliminated, but normal female ones such as ovaries, spermathecae, and cerci develop. The resultant adult is structurally a female. Forms showing characteristics of both sexes occur when the number of days of exposure to 29 degrees C is lessened.
Dopamine receptor binding in vivo: The feasibility of autoradiographic studies

Abstract Several minutes after the injection of small quantities of 3 H-spiroperidol into the tail vein of the rat, radioactivity in the brain exhibited the characteristics of a major association with dopamine receptors. These characteristics included: a regional distribution paralleling that of dopamine receptors; saturability; an appropriate pharmacology in that only dopaminergic drugs blocked the accumulation; lack of metabolism of 3 H-spiroperidol. Autoradiographs revealed a great density of 3 H-spiroperidol binding sites in the neuropil of the striatum, nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle, all areas receiving a dopaminergic input. Other areas without such an input exhibited background levels of autoradiographic grains.
Hypoxaemia − think of the liver! Every internist should be aware of the hepatopulmonary syndrome

Hepatopulmonary syndrome is characterised by arterial hypoxaemia, liver disease, and intrapulmonary vascular dilatation. A case is reported in which severe hypoxaemia, detected by chance, led to the diagnosis of liver disease and hepatopulmonary syndrome.
The Change of Ferromagnetic Curie Points with Hydrostatic Pressure

The effect of pressure on the Curie temperature has been measured for 13 ferromagnetic materials, comprising 4 elements (Fe, Co, Ni, Gd), 7 metallic alloys, a ferrite, and a perovskite. Curie points ranged from 16\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C (Gd) to 1120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C (Co), and pressures up to 9000 atoms. The results are in disagreement with two common forms of the interaction curve. The result obtained for Fe is not in agreement with the prediction of Kornetzki, based on volume magnetostriction measurements between 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C.
Dynamic musculo-skeletal model for FES-aided gait applications

A musculoskeletal model has been developed for use in designing controllers for FES-aided gait applications. The model contains a set rigid links coupled by ideal joints to model the limb segments, and dynamic torque generators at the joints to represent the actions of electrically stimulated muscle. The model is parameterized experimentally for customizing to individual subjects. This parameterization includes experimental estimation of the static and dynamic torque generation properties of the muscle.
Computer-Aided Manufacturing of Laminated Engineering Materials (CAM-LEM) and its Application to the Fabrication of Ceramic Components Without Tooling

Advanced ceramics such as alumina, silicon carbide and silicon nitride (monolithics and composites) have properties that suggest application in gas turbine engines. However, the production of components from these materials is very different from that typical of superalloys and this has limited the range of applications for ceramics in gas turbines. The manufacturing freedom offered by the recently developed technologies termed “rapid prototyping,” RP, or equivalently, “solid freeform fabrication,” SFF, may enable a much wider range of applications to be served in the future. RP was developed to allow production of form-and-fit models without the need for tooling and has proven to be a key assel in the design of new components as well as for the implementation of design changes to existing ones. Direct SFF using engineering materials to prototype components is undergoing continued development and is expected to provide an enabling technology that promises to change design philosophies for components made from ceramics (and other powder-based materials). In this paper, the opportunities for SFF in gas turbine applications are discussed, a brief state-of-the-art overview of RP and its application to engineering ceramics is provided, and a particular process, CAM-LEM, is highlighted.Copyright © 1997 by ASME
Growth, growth efficiency, and assimilation efficiency of the Tahoe sucker in cyclic and constant temperature

Tahoe sucker, Catostomus tahoensis, were fed at three ration levels (starvation, 50% of repletion, and repletion) at three constant and cyclic temperature regimes (4–12°, 8°, 8–18°, 13°, and 13°–23°, 18° C) to examine growth rate and gross growth efficiencies. Growth rates increased with increasing temperature and ration level. Growth rates were not different between cyclic temperatures and the constant temperature equivalent to the mean of the cycle. Growth efficiencies were similar for cyclic and constant temperature regimes. Maintenance rations increased from 0.9% of the initial wet weight per day at low temperatures to 2.0 and 1.7% at intermediate and high temperatures, respectively. Assimilation efficiencies (not measured at low temperatures) did not differ between constant and cyclic temperatures. Tahoe sucker growth rates and assimilation efficiencies may not be enhanced in small streams because of this species' inability to mediate temperature cycles through behavioral thermoregulation.
An Exploratory Study Comparing the Effectiveness of Lecturing versus Team-Based Learning.

Lecturing has been criticized for fostering a passive learning environment, emphasizing a one-way flow of information, and not adequately engaging students. In contrast, active-learning approaches,...