cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Earth Science Week is coming soon

AGU along with other societies, federal agencies, and organizations is participating in Earth Science Week (ESW), being held 14–20 October 2012 (http://www.earthsciweek.org/index.html). This year's theme, “Discovering careers in the Earth sciences,” encourages young people everywhere to explore the natural world and learn about the geosciences. To find out more about how you can participate in ESW by planning an event, go to http://www.earthsciweek.org/forplanners/index.html. To learn about ESW events taking place in your area, visit http://www.earthsciweek.org/eventsnearyou/index.html.
Cranial base morphology in association with intentional cranial vault deformation

Comparison of vault and basal dimensions in 86 Amerind crania revealed that artificial deformation is associated with elevation of frontal orbital processes and temporal petrous crests, restriction of normal downward rotation of foramen magnum, and flattening of mid-saggital cranial base. Circumferentially deformed crania were modified to a greater degree than antero-posteriorly deformed skulls. While degree of basal deformation was dependent upon type of vault deformation, this study could not demonstrate the existence of a relationship between type of vault deformation and direction of cranial base modification.
Process mismatch analysis based on reduced-order models

This paper describes a methodology based on reduced-order models to investigate the effects of process mismatch in analog circuits in the presence of reliability degradation. Neural network-based reduced-order models for the DC drain current, I ds , of 65 nm n- and p-channel transistors have been generated in terms of six process parameters, temperature, and device age. The models identify the contribution of process parameters to the mismatch of n- and p-channel transistors as they age. Hot carrier injection (HCI) is considered as the main reliability degradation for n-channel devices and negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) is considered for p-channel devices. It is demonstrated that the variations of the effective channel length and intrinsic threshold voltage are major contributors to device mismatch in the absence of aging. Finally, a beta multiplier current reference is analyzed using the developed models for the impact of process mismatch with and without the aging effects. It is shown that in a cascode current mirror the variability of the reference current can be reduced by ensuring that the same rail transistors experience similar variations.
Insulin and dexamethasone effects on liver fructose bisphosphatase

Abstract Insulin perfusion of isolated diabetic rabbit liver and glucocorticoid perfusion of isolated normal rabbit liver resulted in an increased accumulation of immunoreactive fructose bisphosphate (nmol/g). The insulin effect was maximal at 30 min with concentration (nmol/g) and specific activity (units/nmol) returning to normal within 2 h after insulin removal. Similarly, dexamethasone perfusion increased enzyme concentration and decreased its specific activity; however, the effects were maximal at 60–120 min. The results parallel those previously demonstrated in whole animals and establish that both hormones influence the enzyme by direct effects on the liver.
Plasmodium gallinaceum: exflagellation stimulated by a mosquito factor.

Abstract Midgut tissue from Aedes aegypti stimulated exflagellation of gametocytes of Plasmodium gallinaceum in the absence of bicarbonate, a factor necessary for in vitro exflagellation. Exflagellation was also stimulated when washed infected red cells in a buffered saline (pH 7.4) not containing bicarbonate were introduced into the midgut by enema. The exflagellation-stimulating activity was neither sex nor species specific. Preparations of a mosquito exflagellation factor (MEF) were obtained without tissue disruption by collecting the fluid excreted by Anopheles stephensi females while they were feeding on warm saline. MEF was dialyzable and stable to boiling and decarbonation. Thus, MEF is not bicarbonate.
Two dimensional entropy and short time Fourier Transform application on ground penetrating radar data analysis

Accurate detection of rebar location using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) proves to be very useful in assessing roadway/bridge deck concrete structure. Due to large signal processing resource needed to locate and image rebar on a whole road structure, more efficient signal processing method is needed. This paper proposes to combine two-dimensional (2D) entropy algorithm to narrow down the scope of interested data from large radar data set and Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) algorithm to perform further feature characterization. To validate the analysis, experiments with different rebar setups are conducted.
BAC-derived SSR markers chromosome locations in cotton

Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries with large DNA fragment inserts have rapidly become the preferred choice for physical mapping. BAC-derived microsatellite or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers facilitate the integration of physical maps with genetic maps. The objective of this research was to identify chromosome locations of the BAC-derived SSR markers in tetraploid cotton. A total of 192 SSR primer pairs were derived from BAC clones of an Upland cotton genetic standard line TM-1 (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Metaphor agarose gel electrophoresis results revealed 76 and 59 polymorphic markers between TM-1 and 3–79 (G. barbadense) or G. tomentosum, respectively. Using deletion analysis method, we assigned 39 markers out of the 192 primer pairs to 17 different chromosomes or chromosome arms. Among them, 19 and 17 markers were localized to A-subgenomes (chromosome 1–13) and D-subgenomes (chromosome 14–26), respectively. The subgenome status for the remaining three markers remained unclear due to their two potential chromosome locations achieved by tertiary monosomic stocks deletion analysis. Chromosomal assignment of these BAC-derived SSR markers will help in integrating physical and cotton genetic linkage maps and thus facilitate positional candidate gene cloning, comparative genome analysis, and the coordination of chromosome-based genome sequencing project in cotton.
The AMANDA Neutrino Telescope

We present new results from the Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA), located at the South Pole in Antarctica. AMANDA-II, commissioned in 2000, is a multipurpose high energy neutrino telescope with a broad physics and astrophysics scope. We summarize the results from searches for a variety of sources of ultra-high energy neutrinos: TeV-PeV diffuse sources by measuring either muon tracks or cascades, neutrinos in excess of PeV by searching for muons traveling in the down-going direction, point sources, neutrinos originating from GRBs, and dark matter in the center of the Earth or Sun.
Evidence of Geobacter-associated phage in a uranium-contaminated aquifer

Geobacter species may be important agents in the bioremediation of organic and metal contaminants in the subsurface, but as yet unknown factors limit the in situ growth of subsurface Geobacter well below rates predicted by analysis of gene expression or in silico metabolic modeling. Analysis of the genomes of five different Geobacter species recovered from contaminated subsurface sites indicated that each of the isolates had been infected with phage. Geobacter-associated phage sequences were also detected by metagenomic and proteomic analysis of samples from a uranium-contaminated aquifer undergoing in situ bioremediation, and phage particles were detected by microscopic analysis in groundwater collected from sediment enrichment cultures. Transcript abundance for genes from the Geobacter-associated phage structural proteins, tail tube Gp19 and baseplate J, increased in the groundwater in response to the growth of Geobacter species when acetate was added, and then declined as the number of Geobacter decreased. Western blot analysis of a Geobacter-associated tail tube protein Gp19 in the groundwater demonstrated that its abundance tracked with the abundance of Geobacter species. These results suggest that the enhanced growth of Geobacter species in the subsurface associated with in situ uranium bioremediation increased the abundance and activity of Geobacter-associated phage and show that future studies should focus on how these phages might be influencing the ecology of this site.
Benefits and potential risks of atrial antitachycardia pacing after repair of congenital heart disease.

UNLABELLED Atrial reentry tachycardia is common after surgical repair of congenital heart disease. The arrhythmia is often difficult to treat and is occasionally life-threatening. This study reports experience with atrial antitachycardia (AAIT mode) pacing for the management of atrial reentry tachycardia, with emphasis on the risks and benefits of automatic pacing therapy. Eighteen patients (2-32 years of age) with a variety of congenital heart lesions underwent atrial antitachycardia pacemaker placement for recurrent atrial tachycardia that was amenable to pace termination prior to the implantation procedure. An appropriate antitachycardia program was determined by repeated induction and termination of atrial tachycardia using the noninvasive programmed stimulation mode of the pacemaker. Over 4-30 months of follow-up, 6 patients had 189 episodes of tachycardia successfully converted with AAI-T pacing, 4 patients had 8 episodes of tachycardia detected but not successfully converted, and 8 patients had no episodes of tachycardia with antibradycardia pacing alone. The number of patients receiving pharmacological therapy other than digoxin or beta blockade fell from 12 to 6. Two subjects died suddenly, 1 while wearing a Holter monitor. In both, tachycardia was detected and pace cardioversion attempted. CONCLUSIONS Atrial antitachycardia pacing is a useful tool in the management of patients with congenital heart disease and atrial arrhythmias; however, in selected cases, it may not prevent and may even exacerbate the lethal complications of the tachycardia. Antitachycardia function evaluation is recommended under varying levels of autonomic stress prior to institution of automatic therapy.
Increased risk of failure following revision total knee replacement in patients aged 55 years and younger

The aims of this retrospective study were to compare the mid-term outcomes following revision total knee replacement (TKR) in 76 patients (81 knees) < 55 years of age with those of a matched group of primary TKRs based on age, BMI, gender and comorbid conditions. We report the activity levels, functional scores, rates of revision and complications. Compared with patients undergoing primary TKR, those undergoing revision TKR had less improvement in the mean Knee Society function scores (8.14 (–55 to +60) vs 23.3 points (–40 to +80), p < 0.001), a similar improvement in UCLA activity level (p = 0.52), and similar minor complication rates (16% vs 13%, p = 0.83) at a mean follow-up of 4.6 years (2 to 13.4). Further revision surgery was more common among revised TKRs (17% vs 5%, p = 0.02), with deep infection and instability being the most common reasons for failure. As many as one-third of patients aged < 55 years in the revision group had a complication or failure requiring further surgery. Young patients undergoing revision TKR should be counselled that they can expect somewhat less improvement and a higher risk of complications than occur after primary TKR. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014; 96-B:1657–62
The Microstructure, Creep, and Tensile Behavior for Ti-5Al-45Nb (Atomic Percent) Fully- β Alloy

The microstructure, tensile, and creep behavior of a Ti-5Al-45Nb (at. pct) alloy was evaluated. The main objective of processing and characterizing this alloy was to obtain the constituent properties of a fully-β Ti-Al-Nb alloy to aid in modeling the tensile and creep properties of two-phase orthorhombic + body-centered-cubic (O + bcc) alloys. A second objective was to compare the tensile and creep behavior of this fully-β alloy to that for two-phase O + bcc alloys. This alloy exhibited a single-phase microstructure, containing the disordered bcc phase (β), after all the processing and heat treatments performed. This alloy was easily fabricated and workable; however, its creep resistance was significantly worse than that for fully-O and two-phase O + bcc alloys. The alloy exhibited little strain hardening along with a room-temperature yield strength (YS) of 545 MPa, an ultimate tensile stress (UTS) of 559 MPa, a Young’s modulus (E) of 86 GPa, and a tensile elongation to failure of 25 pct. Extensive surface slip was evident on the deformed material. Its room-temperature tensile properties were quite similar to those for a fully-β Ti-12Al-38Nb microstructure (YS = 553 MPa, UTS = 566 MPa, E = 84, and e f > 27 pct). Thus, the room-temperature tensile properties and behavior of fully-β Ti-Al-Nb microstructures containing 50 at. pct Ti are not sensitive to compositional variations between 5 to 12 at. pct Al and 38 to 45 at. pct Nb.
Be-7 decay scheme and the solar neutrino problem

The decay scheme of Be7 has been reinvestigated. Known numbers of Be7 nuclei were produced in targets via the Li7(p, n) reaction. Following activation, the yields of 478-keV γ rays from the targets were measured. From three such measurements, performed at different bombarding energies, the Be7 decay branching ratio to the first excited state of Li7 has been determined to be 10.8±0.4%. The implications of this result for the solar neutrino problem are discussed. RADIOACTIVITY Be7: measured Iγ; deduced branching ratio to first excited state in Li7. Neutron detector. Ge(Li) detector.
Secondary amyloidosis from long-standing bacterial endocarditis

Survival of patients with increasingly complex congenital heart disease has produced a population of children and adolescents who are susceptible to subactue bacterial endocarditis (SBE). We report a child whose endocarditis went unrecognised, and who developed amyloidosis. Asymptomatic proteinuria, haematuria and renal impairment are occasionally seen in SBE and usually indicate glomerulonephritis. Amyloidosis should also be suspected in children with long-standing bacterial endocarditis with proteinuria or other evidence of renal impairment, especially if associated with organomegaly. The diagnosis is made by renal biopsy.
Structural Basis for Endosomal Targeting by the Bro1 Domain

Proteins delivered to the lysosome or the yeast vacuole via late endosomes are sorted by the ESCRT complexes and by associated proteins, including Alix and its yeast homolog Bro1. Alix, Bro1, and several other late endosomal proteins share a conserved 160 residue Bro1 domain whose boundaries, structure, and function have not been characterized. The crystal structure of the Bro1 domain of Bro1 reveals a folded core of 367 residues. The extended Bro1 domain is necessary and sufficient for binding to the ESCRT-III subunit Snf7 and for the recruitment of Bro1 to late endosomes. The structure resembles a boomerang with its concave face filled in and contains a triple tetratricopeptide repeat domain as a substructure. Snf7 binds to a conserved hydrophobic patch on Bro1 that is required for protein complex formation and for the protein-sorting function of Bro1. These results define a conserved mechanism whereby Bro1 domain-containing proteins are targeted to endosomes by Snf7 and its orthologs.
X-ray peak profile analysis of crystallite size distribution and dislocation type and density evolution in nano-structured Cu obtained by deformation at liquid nitrogen temperature

X-ray peak profile analysis was employed to determine the crystallite size distribution and the evolution of dislocation type and density in pure Cu deformed by rolling at liquid nitrogen temperature for the following rolling reduction levels: 67, 74, 87, and 97%. The results show that as the deformation level increases, the variance and the median of the crystallite size distribution decreases. It was also found that the dislocation density decreases in the first segment of the deformation, and increases slightly after reaching a minimum. This can be explained by the fact that the mobility of the dislocations was limited by the low deformation temperature. In order to reduce the strain energy, the dislocations reorganize themselves into dislocation cell structure, which leads to the reduction of the X-ray coherent domain length. Furthermore, it was established that full dislocations dominate the deformation process at lower deformation levels, when the median of the crystallite size distribution is greater then 50 nm. At higher deformation levels and smaller crystallite size, the fraction of partial dislocations become significant, while the overall dislocation density increases slightly and the population of the full dislocation decreases. It is concluded that the increase in dislocation density is due to the emission of a new generation of partial dislocations, which become the leading deformation mechanism.
The best yeast

Thanks to G. Fink who suggested this article; to S. Bell, G. Fink, M. Latterich, M. McKeown, S. Pasion and T. Pollard for helpful comments, and the reviewers for further examples of the delightful differences between fission and budding yeasts. The author is a scholar of the Leukemia Society of America.
Portal Vein Thrombosis in Patients with Cirrhosis—Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management

Non-neoplastic portal vein thrombosis is common in cirrhosis. As our understanding of coagulopathy in cirrhosis evolves, clinicians are now recognizing that cirrhosis patients are not protected from thrombosis. In particular, factors innate to cirrhosis and portal hypertension promote a local environment conducive to portal vein thrombosis. Improvement in current diagnostic imaging has made diagnosis of portal vein thrombosis accurate, and we are now beginning to understand the incidence and prevalence. Development of occlusive portal vein thrombosis portends a worse outcome after transplant. Medical therapy for portal vein thrombosis in cirrhosis patients is effective and safe in certain circumstances. Furthermore, evidence is now emerging that prevention of portal vein thrombosis may reduce hepatic decompensation and progression of liver disease. Identifying patients that will benefit from therapy and improvement of diagnosis and prognostication should be the focus of future investigation.
THERMAL STIMULATION OF EXPERIMENTALLY VASOCONSTRICTED HUMAN SKIN.

Measures of cutaneous thermal threshold were made at several adapting temperatures above and below normal surface temperature under control and conditions of superficial vasoconstriction by adrenaline chloride. Three practiced Ss reported thresholds which varied systematically from control thresholds although the resting temperature of the vasoconstricted area was maintained at the level of adjacent surface by artificial means. The thermal threshold varied with the degree of vasoconstriction and the adapting temperature. High negative correlations were found between the empirically determined warm thresholds in normal skin, and the degree of vasomobility was calculated from data which treated cutaneous microcirculation. The paucity of knowledge of histology of the innervation of the microcirculatory systems prevented a complete integration of data and theory.
Controlling inelastic light scattering quantum pathways in graphene

Inelastic light scattering spectroscopy has, since its first discovery, been an indispensable tool in physical science for probing elementary excitations, such as phonons, magnons and plasmons in both bulk and nanoscale materials. In the quantum mechanical picture of inelastic light scattering, incident photons first excite a set of intermediate electronic states, which then generate crystal elementary excitations and radiate energy-shifted photons. The intermediate electronic excitations therefore have a crucial role as quantum pathways in inelastic light scattering, and this is exemplified by resonant Raman scattering and Raman interference. The ability to control these excitation pathways can open up new opportunities to probe, manipulate and utilize inelastic light scattering. Here we achieve excitation pathway control in graphene with electrostatic doping. Our study reveals quantum interference between different Raman pathways in graphene: when some of the pathways are blocked, the one-phonon Raman intensity does not diminish, as commonly expected, but increases dramatically. This discovery sheds new light on the understanding of resonance Raman scattering in graphene. In addition, we demonstrate hot-electron luminescence in graphene as the Fermi energy approaches half the laser excitation energy. This hot luminescence, which is another form of inelastic light scattering, results from excited-state relaxation channels that become available only in heavily doped graphene.
William Wordsworth and Women Poets

Despite his early interest in Helen Maria Williams and Charlotte Smith, Wordsworth is little remembered for any ongoing interest in British women poets. However, in 1829 he inquired about assisting with a possible second edition of Rev. Alexander Dyce's 1825 Specimens of British Poetesses. At about the same time, writing to Dionysius Lardner about a contributing an essay to Lardner's Cyclopaedia of Eminent Men, he suggested that he might prepare “an Account of the Deceased Poetesses of Great Britain – with an Estimate of their Works.” Both these plans, however, seem to have involved primarily poets of the eighteenth century. Still, throughout his later years Wordsworth took an active interest in several contemporary women poets, including Felicia Hemans, and attempted to promote the work of several lesser-known poets of his acquaintance. His interaction with these poets and their work reveals the extent to which his era's gendered attitudes colored both his advice and his cautious encouragement.
Presentation, clinical course, and outcome of childhood stroke

We reviewed the presentations, clinical courses, and outcomes of 42 children with unilateral hemispheric stroke. Infants with strokes identified within the first few days of life usually presented with seizures. These infants had few abnormal neurologic findings as neonates, but hemiparesis became evident as gross motor development proceeded. Infants with strokes identified later in the first year of life usually presented with pathologic early hand preference without a history of an ictus. During subsequent development, the motor deficits in these children became more evident, producing an apparent progression of the neurologic abnormalities. Strokes identified in older children typically presented as sudden hemiparesis, often associated with seizures. The hemiparesis in these children was most severe at the onset, followed by some improvement in strength in all patients. Functional outcome was variable. At last follow-up, all children were ambulatory, some with clinically apparent hemiparesis. Eight of the 42 children (19%) developed recurrent seizures with an onset ranging from 4 months to more than 10 years (median: 26 months) after the stroke.
Evaluating the presentation and usability of 2D and 3D maps generated by unmanned ground vehicles

Currently fielded small unmanned ground vehicles (SUGVs) are operated via teleoperation. This method of operation requires a high level of operator involvement within, or near within, line of sight of the robot. As advances are made in autonomy algorithms, capabilities such as automated mapping can be developed to allow SUGVs to be used to provide situational awareness with an increased standoff distance while simultaneously reducing operator involvement. In order to realize these goals, it is paramount the data produced by the robot is not only accurate, but also presented in an intuitive manner to the robot operator. The focus of this paper is how to effectively present map data produced by a SUGV in order to drive the design of a future user interface. The effectiveness of several 2D and 3D mapping capabilities was evaluated by presenting a collection of pre-recorded data sets of a SUGV mapping a building in an urban environment to a user panel of Soldiers. The data sets were presented to each Soldier in several different formats to evaluate multiple factors, including update frequency and presentation style. Once all of the data sets were presented, a survey was administered. The questions in the survey were designed to gauge the overall usefulness of the mapping algorithm presentations as an information generating tool. This paper presents the development of this test protocol along with the results of the survey.
Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty in Pigmentary Dispersion Syndrome with Glaucoma

Thirteen eyes in ten patients with pigmentary dispersion syndrome and glaucoma underwent argon laser trabeculoplasty. All eyes responded well initially with an average decrease in intraocular pressure of 10.6 mm Hg. The intraocular pressure in five of these eyes increased to levels higher than those before treatment after an average of nine months. This loss of control occurred in patients who were older (average age, 59 years vs 31 years) and who had had glaucoma for a longer period (10.2 years vs 2.5 years). There was no evidence of further pigment dispersion to explain failure. Trabecular sclerosis may have prevented the maintenance of an adequate trabecular "tightening effect" of argon laser trabeculoplasty. Because of its greater absorption in the deeply pigmented trabecular meshwork, the laser may actually cause further trabecular damage.
Expression of vasoactive mediators during mechanical ventilation in nitrofen-induced diaphragmatic hernia in rats

The high mortality in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) has been attributed to pulmonary hypoplasia and persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPH). Endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitric oxide (NO), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) have been reported to be important vasoactive mediators in the perinatal pulmonary circulation. The exact mechanism by which these vasoactive mediators interact to regulate the perinatal pulmonary vascular tone in CDH with PPH is not fully understood. We hypothesized that the altered pulmonary vascular reactivity in CDH is due to imbalance in vasoactive mediators. This study was designed to investigate mRNA expression of ET-1, eNOS, and CGRP in CDH lung in the perinatal period. A CDH model was induced in pregnant rats following administration of nitrofen. In control animals, the same dose of olive oil was given without nitrofen. Cesarean section was performed on day 21 of gestation. The newborn rats were intubated and ventilated, and ventilation was continued for 1-6 h. Left lungs were collected from both groups at 0, 1, and 6 h after ventilation (n=8 in each group). Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction on lung tissue was performed to evaluate the relative level of ET-1, eNOS, and CGRP mRNA expression. The results showed a significant increase in ET-1 mRNA in CDH lung at 1 and 6 h after ventilation compared with controls. In CDH lung, eNOS mRNA and CGRP mRNA levels were significantly increased at 1 h but were similar to control values at 6 h after ventilation. The increased expression of vasoconstrictor ET-1 mRNA and vasodilators eNOS mRNA and CGRP mRNA in the CDH lung at 1 h after ventilation suggests that pulmonary vascular tone is rapidly changing after birth. An imbalance in the production of vasoconstrictors and vasodilators by the CDH lung may contribute to high pulmonary vascular resistance.
Random array grid collimators

X‐ray collimators using grid patterns which are random offer several significant advantages over collimators using periodic grids. In particular, random array grid collimators (RAGC’s) eliminate the requirement that there be very closely spaced grids if a wide field of obscuration outside the central peak is desired. The RAGC should be less susceptible to systematic off‐axis leaks, and the RAGC has a better high energy response than a periodic grid collimator. The random array technique can also be used to produce converging or diverging collimators. A general theory is presented which predicts the angular response of a RAGC. It is shown that pure random arrays have two problems: there are strong wings in the response function and the patterns are not self‐supporting. Restrictions on the randomness of the pattern are suggested which eliminate these problems but at the price of putting an upper limit on the available throughput. However, even in the worst case, the upper limit for a two‐dimensional collimator is as high as 23%. In other cases, throughputs the order of 40% are possible with two‐dimensional collimators and of 50% with one‐dimensional collimators. These techniques can provide 10 arc second two‐dimensional collimators with a large collecting area. Suggestions are presented for easing the fabrication effort of the grids.
Reconstruction of a discontinuous function from a few Fourier coefficients using Bayesian estimation

The goal of this paper is the application of spectral methods to the numerical solution of conservation law equations. Spectral methods furnish estimates of the firstn Fourier coefficients of the solution. But since the solutions of conservation law equations can have discontinuities, the estimate of the solution by summing the firstn terms of the Fourier series will haveO(1/n) error, even if the Fourier coefficients are known to high accuracy. But if the solution could be accurately reconstructed from its Fourier coefficients, spectral methods could be used effectively in these problems. A method for doing this is to assume a probability distribution for functions. Functions which are smooth away from the discontinuity are assumed to be likely, and those which are not smooth away from the discontinuity are assumed to be unlikely. Then a reconstruction algorithm is chosen by minimizing the expected error over all algorithms. It is possible to put the smoothness assumptions mentioned earlier into an infinite-dimensional Gaussian probability distribution, and then the minimum-error algorithm is well-known and fairly simple to construct and apply. If the Fourier coefficients of the reconstructed function are known exactly, then this approach gives very good results. But when used with Fourier coefficients obtained from a spectral approximation to Burgers' equation, the results were much less impressive, probably because the coefficients were not known very accurately. It is possible to construct filters that reconstruct a function using Legendre or Chebyshev coefficients for information instead Fourier coefficients. It is found that the performance of these filters is similar to the Fourier case.
A model for thermocouple sensitivity during microwave heating

A mathematical model is proposed to understand the sensitivity of internal temperature measurements recorded by thermocouples during microwave heating experiments. In situations of internal heating, such as when microwaves are used, the portion of the metal thermocouple guard protruding from the material body remains relatively cool and represents an effective path for thermal loss. This suggests that the temperature recorded at the tip of the embedded portion of the thermocouple may be strongly dependent on the ability of the metal guard to transfer heat away from this tip. The analytical results derived here support this thesis.
Multivariate Mann–Whitney Estimators for the Comparison of Two Treatments in a Three-Period Crossover Study with Randomly Missing Data

This paper discusses the application of multivariate Mann-Whitney estimators to the comparison of two treatments for a strictly ordinal response variable in a crossover study with four sequence groups and three periods. Ways of managing randomly missing data and nonparametric covariance adjustment for no differences among groups for a baseline period have consideration as well. Estimators pertaining to treatment comparisons in linear logistic models for the Mann-Whitney estimators have determination through a Bradley-Terry model for dimension reduction and weighted least squares. These estimators can be the basis for both statistical tests and confidence intervals. The methods in this paper have their results presented for an example. Simulation studies for the methods show that they have reasonable control of type 1 error and power.
Translating among processable multi-media document formats using ODA

Introduction listing of the document format features that we supThis paper describes our experiences in translating ported in our translations, _, processable multi-media documents among diverse systems. We performed these translations using the interThe EXPRES Project ! national standard Office Document Architecture (ODA) In June 1986, the National Science Foundation (NSF) solicited proposals for the Experimental Research in : as an intermediate representation. The next two sections provide brief descriptions of the NSF-funded Electronic Submission (EXPRES) project. EXPRES EXPRES project (under which this work was was designed to promote the electronic interchange of performed) and our goals for this phase of the project, multi-media documents among the scientific research Following that is a brief description of the multicommunity. The NSF proposal submittal process was media document systems at Carnegie Mellon University chosen as a controlled sub-environment in which to (CMU) and the University of Michigan (UM), the two pursue the goals of the project, because this process institutions at which this work was performed. This is embodies many of the issues that must be addressed by _EXPRES. In particular, proposals are documents that -_ followed by a brief introduction to ODA and the ODA Tool Kit, a subroutine library that was used in the conusually contain information expressed in several media, struction of the translators, such as text, line drawings and raster images. These sections are followed by a discussion of In September of 1986, the NSF made equal three. general issues relating to the fidelity of document transyear awards to the Information Technology Center at lations. We then describe our approach to document CMU, and to the Center for Information Technology format translation using ODA, the problems we enIntegration at UM. In addition, several vendors have countered and our solutions. We provide some details donated equipment and provided technical support to about the implementation of the translators, our current the EXPRES project: IBM, DEC, Apollo Computer, status and our conclusions on the effort. The last secSun Microsystems and Apple. There are many issues that must be addressed to tion discusses some directions for further work on document interchange and an appendix contains a improve the ability of researchers to interchange multimedia electronic documents. To make the task Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted manageable, we are concentrating on the problem of provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of effective interchange of processable multi-media docuthe publication and its dateappear, and notice is given that copying ments among diverse systems. In particular, we are is by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific ignoring the method by which a document is transferred
Two Estrogen Response Element Sequences Near the PCNA Gene Are Not Responsible for Its Estrogen-Enhanced Expression in MCF7 Cells

Background The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is an essential component of DNA replication, cell cycle regulation, and epigenetic inheritance. High expression of PCNA is associated with poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer. The 5′-region of the PCNA gene contains two computationally-detected estrogen response element (ERE) sequences, one of which is evolutionarily conserved. Both of these sequences are of undocumented cis-regulatory function. We recently demonstrated that estradiol (E2) enhances PCNA mRNA expression in MCF7 breast cancer cells. MCF7 cells proliferate in response to E2. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we demonstrate that E2 rapidly enhanced PCNA mRNA and protein expression in a process that requires ERα as well as de novo protein synthesis. One of the two upstream ERE sequences was specifically bound by ERα-containing protein complexes, in vitro, in gel shift analysis. Yet, each ERE sequence, when cloned as a single copy, or when engineered as two tandem copies of the ERE-containing sequence, was not capable of activating a luciferase reporter construct in response to E2. In MCF7 cells, neither ERE-containing genomic region demonstrated E2-dependent recruitment of ERα by sensitive ChIP-PCR assays. Conclusion/Significance We conclude that E2 enhances PCNA gene expression by an indirect process and that computational detection of EREs, even when evolutionarily conserved and when near E2-responsive genes, requires biochemical validation.
Blood utilization: fostering an effective hospital transfusion culture

An effective hospital transfusion culture should encourage clinicians to consider the possibility of transfusion in their patients well before the need actually arises, and to plan ahead in an attempt to use blood products most efficiently. Strategies for improved blood utilization include timely and adequate preoperative assessment of risk, optimization of baseline hemoglobin, anticipation of potential transfusion problems, intraoperative techniques to minimize blood loss, blood conservation technologies, transfusion guidelines and targeted therapy, point of care testing, and massive transfusion protocols. Attention to these elements promotes a safe and cost-effective transfusion culture.
A versatile neutron beam filter facility with silicon and iron filters

Abstract A versatile neutron beam filter facility has been installed at the University of Missouri Research Reactor Facility (MURR). With this facility, the filter tubes can be changed easily and safely during a reactor shutdown while the components within a filter tube can be inserted or removed with the reactor operating at low power. To date two filters have been made for this facility. The Si filter provides a 144 keV neutron flux of about 106 n/cm2s, and the Fe filter a 24 keV neutron flux of about 107 n/cm2 s. Spectrum measurements through 210 cm of single crystal Si have shown that an increase in the thickness of Si significantly reduces the intensity of both the gamma and low energy neutron background.
Oral priming with Salmonella Typhi vaccine strain CVD 909 followed by parenteral boost with the S. Typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine induces CD27+ IgD−S. Typhi specific IgA and IgG B memory cells in humans

Abstract Attenuated live oral typhoid vaccine candidate CVD 909 constitutively expresses Salmonella Typhi capsular polysaccharide antigen (Vi). A randomized, double-blind, heterologous prime–boost clinical study was conducted to determine whether immunity to licensed parenteral Vi vaccine could be enhanced by priming with CVD 909. Priming with CVD 909 elicited higher and persistent, albeit not significant, anti-Vi IgG and IgA following immunization with Vi, than placebo-primed recipients. Vi-specific IgA B memory (B M ) cells were significantly increased in CVD 909-primed subjects. S. Typhi-specific LPS and flagella IgA B M cells were observed in subjects immunized with CVD 909 or with the licensed Vi-negative oral typhoid vaccine Ty21a. CVD 909-induced B M cells exhibited a classical B M phenotype (i.e., CD3 − CD19 + IgD − CD27 + ). This is the first demonstration of classical B M cells specific for bacterial polysaccharide or protein antigens following typhoid immunization. The persistent IgA B M responses demonstrate the capacity of oral typhoid vaccines to prime mucosally relevant immune memory.
Limonene in expired lung air of patients with liver disease

As part of an effort to examine the relationship between chemosensory disturbance and oral chemistry, we analyzed expired lung air samples from a series of 24 patients with liver disease and 24 healthy controls using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compared to samples from controls, lung air from patients with liver disease contained unusually high levels of limonene, a monoterpene that is a major component of the essential oil of citrus fruits (0.1 vs 7.0 micrograms/20 liters for controls and patients). Only half the patients showed high levels of limonene. Patients with noncholestatic liver disease were significantly more likely to have elevated lung air limonene levels than those with cholestatic liver disease (0.2 vs 13.8 micrograms/20 liters). Responses to food frequency and dietary behavior questionnaires indicated a pattern of diet selection and food preferences that were consistent with a dietary origin for the limonene in these patients.
Disproportionate exposure to early-life adversity and sexual orientation disparities in psychiatric morbidity

OBJECTIVES: Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) populations exhibit elevated rates of psychiatric disorders compared to heterosexuals, and these disparities emerge early in the life course. We examined the role of exposure to early-life victimization and adversity-including physical and sexual abuse, homelessness, and intimate partner violence-in explaining sexual orientation disparities in mental health among adolescents and young adults. METHODS: Data were drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, Wave 3 (2001-2002), a nationally representative survey of adolescents. Participants included gay/lesbian (n=227), bisexual (n=245), and heterosexual (n=13,490) youths, ages 18-27. We examined differences in the prevalence of exposure to child physical or sexual abuse, homelessness or expulsion from one's home by caregivers, and physical and sexual intimate partner violence according to sexual orientation. Next we examined the associations of these exposures with symptoms of psychopathology including suicidal ideation and attempts, depression, binge drinking, illicit drug use, tobacco use, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse. Finally, we determined whether exposure to victimization and adversity explained the association between sexual orientation and psychopathology. RESULTS: Gay/lesbian and bisexual respondents had higher levels of psychopathology than heterosexuals across all outcomes. Gay/lesbian respondents had higher odds of exposure to child abuse and housing adversity, and bisexual respondents had higher odds of exposure to child abuse, housing adversity, and intimate partner violence, than heterosexuals. Greater exposure to these adversities explained between 10 and 20% of the relative excess of suicidality, depression, tobacco use, and symptoms of alcohol and drug abuse among LGB youths compared to heterosexuals. Exposure to victimization and adversity experiences in childhood and adolescence significantly mediated the association of both gay/lesbian and bisexual orientation with suicidality, depressive symptoms, tobacco use, and alcohol abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to victimization in early-life family and romantic relationships explains, in part, sexual orientation disparities in a wide range of mental health and substance use outcomes, highlighting novel targets for preventive interventions aimed at reducing these disparities. Language: en
Wollstonecraft in Europe, 1792–1904: A Revisionist Reception History

Summary It has often been repeated that Wollstonecraft was not read for a century after her death in 1797 due to the negative impact of her husband William Godwin's Memoirs of the Author of a Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1798) on her posthumous reputation. By providing the first full-scale reception history of Wollstonecraft in continental Europe in the long nineteenth century—drawing on rare book research, translations of understudied primary sources, and Wollstonecraft scholarship from the nineteenth century to the present—this article applies a revised Rezeptionsgeschichte approach to tracing her intellectual influence on the woman question and organised feminism in Europe. Although the Memoirs and post-revolutionary politics everywhere dampened and even drove underground the reception of her persona and ideas in the first decades of the nineteenth century, Wollstonecraft's reception in nineteenth-century continental Europe, like the United States, was more positive and sustained in comparison t...
Axisymmetric Adhesive Contact under Equibiaxial Stretching

This article experimentally examines axisymmetric adhesive contact under equi-biaxial stretch of the substrate. It is motivated by recent theoretical models which predict that the contact radius decreases sharply beyond a critical strain, with an instability that can result in spontaneous detachment or gross slipping across the contact area. The model system in the present experiments consists of convex glass lenses resting on poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) sheets, which are subjected to equibiaxial stretch in a specially designed experimental setup. It is shown that the evolution of the contact area is well described by the theoretical model after accounting for the mode-mixity dependence of work of adhesion at the contact edge. More significantly, the conditions of instability observed in the experiments were well predicted by the model. The findings are expected to be significant in predicting soft material contact behavior, such as that in biological adhesion.
CYP2D6 poor metabolizer status can be ruled out by a single genotyping assay for the-1584G promoter polymorphism

Accurate prediction of CYP2D6 phenotype from genotype data is important for many clinically relevant drugs. Genotyping strategies targeting allelic variants with diminished or no activity to identify poor metabolizers generally works well in Caucasian (1)(2)(3) and Asian (4)(5) populations, but we have had more limited success (i.e., poor concordance) in African Americans, even after extensive testing (6). For example, genotype analysis predicted poor metabolizer status (by Caucasian-derived antimode definition) in only 4 of 14 individuals, and many individuals predicted to be extensive metabolizers presented as “intermediate” metabolizers (6). A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the CYP2D6 promoter region (−1584G) has been reported to confer higher CYP2D6 activity in vivo than −1584C (7), possibly as a consequence of higher expression of CYP2D6 protein (8). This polymorphism was first associated with CYP2D6*2 alleles, and the CYP nomenclature committee subsequently assigned * 2[−1584G] as CYP2D6 * 2A (and noting that −1584G is probably found on all CYP2D6 * 2 alleles) and * 2[−1584C] as CYP2D6 * 41 , respectively (9). However, −1584G also appears to be linked with the functional CYP2D6 * 35 allele, which has been found in many duplication-negative “ultrarapid” metabolizers (10). For simplicity, we refer to the * 2[−1584G] allele cumulatively as CYP2D6 * 2 because our genotyping procedure does not differentiate among variants CYP2D6 * 2A through K . For reference, −1584G corresponds to −1496G in Ref. (7). The goals of this investigation were ( a ) to explore whether −1584G is exclusively linked to functional allelic variants and hence would allow rapid “positive” identification of extensive metabolizers and reliably rule out poor metabolizer status, and ( b ) to reevaluate the genotype-to-phenotype correlation data in our Caucasian and African-American populations. The use of patients’ DNA samples was approved by the Pediatric Institutional Review Board of Children’s Mercy …
Space technology underwater undersea technology at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of the California Institute of Technology is a Federally Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC) whose primary mission is the unmanned exploration of the Universe, under contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This article describes the range of underwater technologies and geophysical measurement systems that this organisation has developed.