cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Desiderata for Major Eligibility Criteria in Breast Cancer Clinical Trials

Use of major eligibility criteria is a popular but unstudied folk practice for improving patient screening efficiency for clinical studies. This mixed-methods research study derived the desiderata for major eligibility criteria in breast cancer clinical trials. We randomly selected thirty interventional breast cancer clinical trials conducted at The New York-Presbyterian Hospital on the Columbia University Medical Center campus to create training (N=20) and testing (N=10) datasets. We utilized the Think-aloud protocol to gauge how clinical researchers identify and use major eligibility criteria to prescreen patients for clinical trials during an audio-recorded interview. A focus group session was held to understand the current prescreening process and investigate how it could be optimized to maximize recruitment rates. Using the grounded theory method, we annotated transcriptions to discover user rationale and desiderata behind major eligibility criteria in breast cancer clinical trials, which were later evaluated in a follow-up survey.
The genetics and immunology of Peyronie's disease

Peyronie’s disease (PD) is a condition characterized by localized and often progressive fibrosis and scarring of the penis. This condition has an unknown etiology although several hypotheses have been proposed. These include traumatic, immunologic and genetic causes. We studied the genetics and immunology of PD using both molecular biologic and molecular genetic techniques. Men (na 283) with PD were identified by retrospective chart review of one physician’s office practice. These men were contacted by telephone and asked to submit to an interview and blood test for genetic studies. Simultaneously, tissue and cells collected in the laboratory were examined by Western and Northern blot analysis for examination of protein and RNA for expression of HLA. Of the first 107 men contacted, 24 were available and consented to interview and blood testing. The mean age was 60.3 y with an average duration of PD of 4.9 y. One patient had a family history of PD while no patients had Dupuytren’s contracture. Twenty patients were considered to have primary disease while four were secondary. Eleven patients had tissue prepared for Northern blot analysis and nine patients were the subject of Western blot analysis. All tissue, both Peyronie’s and control expressed class I MHC while no tissue expressed class II MHC. The expression of mRNA of class I MHC was equal for Peyronie’s and control patients while the expression at the protein level was less in the PD patients. We conclude that PD may have multiple etiologic agents. One cannot exclude a class II MHC association but in our population, HLA DQ is not expressed. Class I MHC may be involved as the expression of class I MHC protein is different in Peyronie’s patients than in controls. Genetic studies are ongoing. International Journal of Impotence Research (2000) 12, Suppl 4, S127‐S132.
Simple Kinetic Theory for a Dense Planetary Ring

We apply a simple kinetic theory for a moderately dense gas of identical, slightly dissipative spheres to a nearly homogeneous shearing flow in a planetary ring. We phrase and solve a boundary-value problem for the determination the variation of the strength of the velocity fluctuations and the volume fraction normal to the mid-plane of the ring. We do this for a single value of the coefficient of restitution and several values of the optical depth and self-gravity. At a given value of the optical depth, we find two solutions, one of which is likely to be unstable. The stable solutions evolve towards a monolayer as the self-gravity increases.
The Problems of Hair Transplantation

In the quarter of a century since hair transplantation was developed it has become the most commonly performed plastic surgical procedure. Its risk to benefit ratio is overwhelmingly in favor of its benefits. However, no surgical procedure is without sequelae and because of the high frequency of performance of scalp hair transplants, a large number of problems have been observed. There are problems relating to patient, donor site, recipient site, doctor and instrumentation.
Roles of Rack1 Proteins in Fungal Pathogenesis

Pathogenic fungi cause diseases on various organisms. Despite their differences in life cycles, fungal pathogens use well-conserved proteins and pathways to regulate developmental and infection processes. In this review, we focus on Rack1, a multifaceted scaffolding protein involved in various biological processes. Rack1 is well conserved in eukaryotes and plays important roles in fungi, though limited studies have been conducted. To accelerate the study of Rack1 proteins in fungi, we review the functions of Rack1 proteins in model and pathogenic fungi and summarize recent progress on how Rack1 proteins are involved in fungal pathogenesis.
Building-Foundation Interaction Effects

The dynamic coupling between a building and its foundation medium during an earthquake type of motion is investigated by utilizing the solutions for the steady state response of a dynamically loaded rigid plate on an elastic half-space. The analysis considers both the translational and rotational stiffness of the foundation medium. The general formulation provides a rational approach for investigating the elastic interaction phenomenon of a building when its foundation is subjected to a periodic loading function in the horizontal direction. Numerical results are presented for the interaction response of some idealized buildings having properties which are representative of modern high-rise frame structures. All of the buildings were assumed to be supported on several different foundations, and the influence of the building-foundation phenomenon on the natural frequencies and motion of the building is examined for each case.
Real time machine coordination for instantaneous load smoothing and photovoltaic intermittency mitigation

Abstract With industrial equipment causing large and variable power loads, the industrial sector has a significant impact on the power quality in the United States. Also impacting power quality is the large growth of distributed intermittent renewable energy resources such as photovoltaics and windmills. Coupling factories' high demand variability with intermittent energy resources' high generation variability creates large unpredictable swings in net demand for the utility. While we cannot control the weather driven intermittency of renewable resources, in this paper we show it may be possible to control the power demands of industrial processes in order to reduce the variability in net demand observed by the utility. This research looks at a new alternative way to alleviate some of the burden imposed by renewable energy sources on the grid by coordinating a fleet of industrial machines. By smoothing a machine fleet's power demands over time we demonstrate a significant reduction in the variability of net power draws on the power grid of photovoltaic equipped factories. We demonstrate the impact of net demand variability reduction in both a stochastic and deterministic production setting using 10 months of 1 Hz solar irradiance data. When floor shop variability is high as in the stochastic system, net demand variability can be reduced by 7% while maintaining throughput with minimal impact to total energy consumed and part time in system. When shop floor variability can be highly controlled, such as in the deterministic system presented, the net demand variability can be reduced by 35%. By reducing the net demand variability of renewable energy equipped factories, the application of instantaneous load smoothing strategies provides a new alternative solution to mitigating the impact of renewable energy source intermittency on the grid, and could provide improved power quality to facilities with integrated renewables.
Advances in our Knowledge of MPTP Action and Mechanism

MPTP causes damage to substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) dopaminergic (DA) neurons as seen in Parkinson’s disease (PD). After systemic administration of MPTP, its active metabolite, MPP+, accumulates within SNpc DA neurons, where it inhibits ATP production and stimulates superoxide radical formation. The produced superoxide radicals react with nitric oxide (NO) to form peroxynitrite, a highly reactive tissue-damaging species that damages proteins by oxidation and nitration. Only selected proteins appear nitrated and among these, is found tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate limiting enzyme in DA synthesis. The process of nitration inactivates TH and consequently DA production. Peroxynitrite also nicks DNA, which, in turn, activates poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). PARP activation consumes ATP, and thus acutely depletes the cell energy stores. This latter event aggravates the preexisting energy failure due to MPP+-induced mitochondrial respiration blockade and precipitates cell death. Altogether, these findings support the view that MPTP’s deleterious cascade of events include mitochondrial respiration deficit, oxidative stress, and energy failure. Because of the similarity between the MPTP mouse model and PD, it is tempting to propose that a similar scenario applies to the pathogenesis of PD.
Improving three-dimensional mechanical imaging of breast lesions with principal component analysis.

Purpose Elastography has emerged as a new tool for detecting and diagnosing many types of diseases including breast cancer. To date, most clinical applications of elastography have utilized two-dimensional strain images. The goal of this paper is to present a new quasi-static elastography technique that yields shear modulus images in three dimensions Methods An automated breast volume scanner was used to acquire ultrasound images of the breast as it was gently compressed. Cross-correlation between successive images was used to determine the displacement within the tissue. The resulting displacement field was filtered of all but compressive motion through principal component analysis. This displacement field was usedto infer spatial distribution of shear modulus by solving a 3D elastic inverse problem. Results Three dimensional shear modulus images of benign breast lesions for two subjects were generated using the techniques described above. It was found that the lesions were visualized more clearly in images generated using the displacement data de-noised through the use of principal components. Conclusions We have presented experimental and algorithmic techniques that lead to three dimensional imaging of shear modulus using quasi-static elastography. This work demonstrates feasibility of this approach, and lays the foundation for images of other, more informative, mechanical parameters. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Resistance, reactance, and misinterpretation: Highlighting the challenge of persuading people with depression to seek help

Interventions that increase help-seeking among people with depression have the potential to save lives. Several efforts have been impressively successful; however, research has also chronicled inconsistent results, with some endeavors indicating boomerang effects. The goal of the current analysis is to synthesize select findings from cognitive theorizing on depression with persuasion scholarship to explain how and why the combination of unfavorable attitudes toward help-seeking, attitudes that are increasingly resistant to influence, psychological reactance, and cognitive errors can result in challenging responses to messages encouraging help-seeking among people with depression. In addition, we highlight the importance of utilizing theory-based approaches to circumvent resistance to persuasion and provide an explanation as to why the provision of immediate help-seeking mechanisms could be a key aspect of successful intervention efforts. We also stress the importance of formative research and pilot testing, and warn against the potentially harmful error of assessing messages targeting people with depression on those without heightened levels of depressive symptomatology. Ideally, this effort will draw attention to the challenge of persuading people with depression to seek help and also motivate social psychologists to consider the ways they can use their craft to positively influence the health and well-being of people with depression.
Sympathomimetic Effects of Acute E‐Cigarette Use: Role of Nicotine and Non‐Nicotine Constituents

BackgroundChronic electronic (e) cigarette users have increased resting cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and increased susceptibility to oxidative stress. The purpose of the present study is to d...
Assessing the Public Health Impact of the mHealth App Business

An introduction is presented for an article in the issue researching the response to mobile health apps.
Connections between preschoolers' temperament traits and social behaviors as observed in a preschool setting

A growing literature has focused on the role children's temperament traits play in social behavior, but associations have traditionally been explored through informant report. We utilized a longitudinal, observational approach to (a) examine how children's traits related to their social behaviors when aggregated across the school year; (b) explore how traits and social behavior relate to children's age and sex; and (c) test how prior traits predicted subsequent change in solitary, reticent, and social play, above and beyond mean-level change in play behavior over the course of the year. Fifty-three children were observed in their preschool classroom, where coders rated children's traits and social behaviors over the course of one school year (N = 26,673 observations). Results found positive age-related associations for positive emotionality (PE) and social play. In addition, aggregated traits explained a significant amount of the variance for every social behavior. Prior levels of lower PE, higher negative emotionality (NE), and higher effortful control (EC) predicted more subsequent time spent in reticent play, while NE and EC approached significance as predictors of solitary play. These results emphasize the role of early disposition on mean levels and rates of change in social behavior in a classroom.
Epilogue: Forging New Relationships, 1870–1914

By 1870 both physics and mathematics had become distinct academic specialties within universities across Europe and, in these forms, spread to the United States, Japan and elsewhere. The research center of physics was in the laboratory and in the pursuit of quantitative experiments of increasing accuracy tied consciously to the development of theory. Theory was an accepted research activity and its language was the calculus, that is, ordinary and partial differential and integral calculus as it stood within mathematics in the 1830s. This might be the end of the beginning except that theoretical physics as an accepted subfield within physics, with theoreticians forming a distinct subcommunity within physics, did not coalesce until the twentieth century. Theoretical physicists formed a loosely connected set of individuals within the discipline and profession of physics itself. To form a subfield within academic physics, theoreticians needed to develop a set of practices that were distinct from those of their experimental peers. They also had to replicate themselves by training students as theoreticians, rather than students merely taking courses in theory. Even if they did not develop their own specialist societies and journals, their work needed the recognition of experimentalists as valuable and complementary to their own research. These processes as well as the development of a sense of collective identity as theoreticians unfolded within physics during the forty odd years between 1870 and World War I.
Self-employment disadvantage in the working lives of blacks and females

Self-employment, regardless of its quality, offers the advantage of keeping individuals employed, thereby contributing to a continuous work history and earnings over the lifetime. But in the individual life cycle, how important is self-employment, particularly given evidence that self-employment spells tend to be of short duration? Also, to what extent does self-employment contribute to race and gender differences in lifetime employment? We use an increment-decrement life table to analyze the role of self-employment in differentiating the working lifetimes of blacks and women from those of white men. White men's average lifetime years spent in self-employment exceed black men's by as many as six years, thus accounting for nearly the entire difference between whiteand black men's lifetime years employed. White women's self-employment episodes,while almost as numerous as white men's, are shorter and less connected towage-employment episodes. Black women's self-employment episodes are bothinfrequent and of short duration.
Initial validation of the Russian version of the World Mental Health Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV.

BACKGROUND The Structured Clinical Interview for DSMIV (SCID) is a highly reliable diagnostic instrument used worldwide. However, there is little data as to its reliability and validity outside of the U.S. OBJECTIVE To create a Russian version of the World Mental Health (WMH) SCID and to test its validity among Russian Jewish emigres in the U.S. METHOD The author, a bilingual Board Certified psychiatrist who has been trained in the application of the original English SCID and WMH SCID, supervised the translation and adaptation of the WMH SCID into Russian. A convenience sample, consisting of 35 subjects, was interviewed by two clinicians trained by the author, yielding 54 diagnoses. All interviews were audio taped and blindly reviewed by the author, who served as the gold standard. RESULTS 32 subjects met criteria for one or more of 11 DSMIV depressive and anxiety disorder diagnoses. There was very good inter-rater agreement; median kappa was 0.75; seven disorders had kappas ranging from .65 (Depressive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified) to 1.0 (dysthymia and agoraphobia). Sensitivity was 88.9% and specificity was 77.1 %, compared to the "gold standard" diagnosis. CONCLUSION Initial data suggest that the Russian version of the WMH SCID is a valid instrument.
The Effect of Caloric Restriction on Physiological, Psychological and Behavioral Outcomes in Humans: Results from CALERIE

The focus of this chapter is on current research involving long-term calorie restriction (CR) in humans and the resulting physiological and behavioral changes. Special emphasis is given to the first completed clinical studies which have investigated the effects of controlled, high-quality energy-restricted diets on both biomarkers of longevity and on risk factors for the development of chronic diseases of aging. Prolonged CR has been shown to extend both the median and maximal lifespan in a variety of lower animal species such as worms, fish, rats, and mice. Mechanisms of this CR-mediated lifespan extension are not fully elucidated, but possibly involve significant alterations in energy metabolism, oxidative damage, insulin sensitivity, and functional changes in both the neuroendocrine and sympathetic nervous systems. In this brief report, we review some of the major physiological, psychological and behavioral changes after 6 months of CR in overweight otherwise healthy volunteers. Ongoing studies of prolonged CR in humans are now making it possible to analyze changes in “biomarkers of longevity” to unravel some of the mechanisms of its anti-aging phenomenon. With the incremental expansion of research endeavors in the area of energy restriction, data on the effects of CR in animal models and human subjects are becoming more accessible. Detailed analyses from controlled human trials involving long-term CR will allow investigators to link observed alterations from body composition down to changes in molecular pathways and gene expression, with their possible effects on the biomarkers of aging.
Consumer perceptions of recycled textile fibers

Abstract: This chapter provides an overview of consumer responses to recycled textile fibers set within the broader contexts of the environmental movement and the industry’s development of a new generation of sustainable products.
Precision Patterning of PDMS Thin Films: A New Fabrication Method and Its Applications

We present a novel fabrication method for patterning PDMS thin films on solid surfaces. The method allows microstructures with precise lateral dimensions and heights to be formed using PDMS. We have applied this technology to form microfluidic channel units, reaction chambers, and micro elastic gaskets. This new fabrication method could potentially give rise to an efficient and reliable approach of constructing microfluidic systems.
Comparison of two correlated ROC surfaces at a given pair of true classification rates

The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is typically employed when one wants to evaluate the discriminatory capability of a continuous or ordinal biomarker in the case where two groups are to be distinguished, commonly the "healthy" and the "diseased." There are cases for which the disease status has three categories. Such cases employ the ROC surface, which is a natural generalization of the ROC curve for three classes. In this paper, we explore new methodologies for comparing two continuous biomarkers that refer to a trichotomous disease status, when both markers are applied to the same patients. Comparisons based on the volume under the surface have been proposed before, but that measure is often not clinically relevant. Here, we focus on comparing two correlated ROC surfaces at given pairs of true classification rates, which are more relevant to patients and physicians. We propose delta-based parametric techniques, power transformations to normality, and bootstrap-based smooth nonparametric techniques to investigate the performance of an appropriate test. We evaluate our approaches through an extensive simulation study and apply them to a real dataset from prostate cancer screening.
Electronic phase separation and magnetic-field-induced phenomena in molecular multiferroic ( ND 4 ) 2 FeCl 5 · D 2 O

Electronic phase separation has been increasingly recognized as an important phenomenon in understanding many of the intriguing properties displayed in transition metal oxides. It is believed to produce fascinating functional properties in otherwise chemically homogenous electronic systems, e.g., colossal magnetoresistance manganites and high-${T}_{\mathrm{c}}$ cuprates. While many well-known electronically phase-separated systems are oxides, it has been argued that the same phenomenon should occur in other electronic systems with strong competing interactions. Here we report the observation of electronic phase separation in molecular $({\mathrm{ND}}_{4}{)}_{2}{\mathrm{FeCl}}_{5}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{\mathrm{D}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$, a type-II multiferroic. We show that two magnetic phases, one of which is commensurate and the other of which is incommensurate, coexist in this material. Their evolution under applied magnetic field produces emergent properties. In particular, our measurements reveal a field-induced exotic state linked to a direct transition from a paraelectric/paramagnetic phase to a ferroelectric/antiferromagnetic phase, a collective phenomenon that hasn't been seen in other magnetic multiferroics.
Minimal Resolutions Over Codimension 2 Complete Intersections

We construct an explicit free resolution T for a maximal Cohen-Macaulay module M over a local complete intersection of codimension 2 with infinite residue field. The resolution is minimal when the module M is a sufficiently high syzygy. Our starting point is a layered free resolution L, described in [7], of length 2 over a regular local ring. We provide explicit formulas for the differential in T in terms of the differential and homotopies on the finite resolution L. One application of our construction is to describe Ulrich modules over a codimension 2 quadratic complete intersection.
Making Law Intelligible in Comparative Context

This essay is the first chapter in an edited volume. It lays out the intellectual agenda for the project and situates the other essays in the volume. Here is the agenda for the volume as a whole: As British and Iberian empires expanded across the New World, differing notions of justice and legality played out against one another as settlers and indigenous people sought to negotiate their relationship. In order for settlers and natives to learn from, maneuver, resist, or accommodate each other, they had to grasp something of each other's legal ideas and conceptions of justice. This volume advances our understanding of how natives and settlers in both the British and Iberian New World empires struggled to use the other’s ideas of law and justice as a political, strategic, and moral resource. In so doing, indigenous people and settlers alike changed their own practices of law and dialogue about justice. Europeans and natives appealed to imperfect understandings of their interlocutors’ notions of justice and advanced their own conceptions during workaday negotiations, disputes, and assertions of right. Settlers’ and indigenous peoples’ legal presuppositions shaped and sometimes misdirected their attempts to employ each other’s law. Natives and settlers construed and misconstrued each other's legal commitments while learning about them, never quite sure whether they were on solid ground. Chapters explore the problem of “legal intelligibility”: How and to what extent did settler law and its associated notions of justice became intelligible — tactically, technically and morally — to natives, and vice versa? To address this question, the volume offers a critical comparison between English and Iberian New World empires. Chapters probe such topics as treaty negotiations, land sales, and the corporate privileges of indigenous peoples. Ultimately, Justice in a New World offers a dual comparative study of what it means for laws and moral codes to be legally intelligible.
The integration of Hispanic parishioners in US Catholic parishes with Hispanic ministry: Results from a national survey.

This article builds upon data from the National Study of Catholic Parishes with Hispanic Ministry to examine two questions: (1) what are the profiles of Catholic parishes with Hispanic Ministry? (2...
Reaction Networks, Kinetics, and the Induced Differential Equations

In the first three sections of this chapter, we’ll make precise some of the ideas that were introduced casually in Chapter 2. Section 3.1 contains our definition of a reaction network along with a small amount of auxiliary terminology. In Section 3.2 we introduce the notion of a kinetics for a network, and we discuss mass action kinetics as the archetypal example. In Section 3.3 we indicate in vectorial terms how a kinetic system—that is, a reaction network endowed with a kinetics—induces a system of differential equations.
Social Support and Caregiver Strain

Informal social supports have been consistently associated with the physical and mental well-being of the elderly. In this study the associations between sense of strain and three types of social support are described for a sample of 131 spouse caregivers. Adverse social contacts were associated with increased strain, while positive contacts were insignificant. When sources of social support were examined daughters figured prominently, as important sources of both positive and adverse social contacts. Findings also emphasize the importance of interventions which include friends, neighbors, and others.
Variations in the ionosphere-thermosphere system from tides, ultra-fast Kelvin waves, and their interactions

Abstract Large scale waves, such as the atmospheric tides and ultra-fast Kelvin waves (UFKW), have direct effects on the neutral wind and temperature fields of the ionosphere-thermosphere (I-T) system. In this study we examine the response of the I-T system to the atmospheric tides, one UFKW, and the secondary waves generated from their interactions using the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM). We find that forcing an UFKW at the lower boundary of the TIEGCM is all that is required for it to setup in the model. We see variations around 10% in the zonal winds that lead to similar variations in the total electron content (TEC) depending on the phase of the UFKW. From these simulations, we expect the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) mission will be able to fully capture these wave interactions by observing winds and temperatures at the mesopause and above.
The current status of molecular biomarkers in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.

Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is a common cancer worldwide with over 430,000 new cases in 2012 and 165,000 deaths and is currently the most expensive cancer per capita to treat in the U...
Magnetic domain dynamics in an insulating quantum ferromagnet

The statistics and form of avalanches in a driven system reveal the nature of the underlying energy landscape and dynamics. In conventional metallic ferromagnets, eddy-current back action can dominate the dynamics. Here, we study Barkhausen noise in Li(Ho,Y)F_4, an insulating Ising ferromagnet that cannot sustain eddy currents. For large avalanches at temperatures approaching the Curie point, we find a symmetric response free of drag effects. In the low-temperature limit, drag effects contribute to the dynamics, which we link to enhanced pinning from local random fields that are enabled by the microscopic dipole-coupled Hamiltonian (the Ising model in transverse field).
Performance and Priorities: A Cross-sectional Study of Local Health Department Approaches to Essential Public Health Services

Objectives:Despite a push for increased local public health capacity, no clear baseline for performance of local health departments (LHDs) exists. The objectives of this study were to quantify the ...
Opposite-Side Ambiguities in Radar Sounding Interferometry

We report the analysis of opposite-side ambiguities in single-pass radar sounding interferometry. Nadir pointing radar sounders suffer inherent cross track ambiguities that cannot be separated with the power image alone. Interferometry can be used to interpret these ambiguities when data are collected with multichannel receivers. However, opposite-side surface clutter, volume scattering, and cross track range misalignment create unique interferometric phase and correlation signatures. Such signatures are observed experimentally in data collected by the Polarimetric Airborne Radar Ice Sounder (POLARIS) P-band multichannel radar sounder. We derive analytic expressions to predict the observations and validate them with simulation. In addition, we observe and explain a correlation dropout feature that is due to volume scattering competing with surface clutter in the null of the cross track antenna pattern. The purpose of this article is to explain opposite-side ambiguity signatures in radar sounder interferometry and provide models and techniques for scientific interpretation of interferograms.
Intraoperative Use of Betadine Irrigation is Associated With a 9-Fold Increased Likelihood of Penile Prosthesis Infection: Results From a Retrospective Case-Control Study

Abstract Introduction Infection remains a persistent complication of penile prosthesis (PP) surgery. Despite popularity of Mulcahy’s PP washout protocol, Betadine has known tissue toxicity. Aim We evaluated PP infection rate based on the type of intraoperative irrigation used, ½ strength Betadine vs vancomycin/gentamicin. Methods We reviewed a prospective database of men undergoing primary, revision, and salvage PPs. No other changes to operative or perioperative techniques occurred after the change in irrigation solution. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate differences in infection rate with use of Betadine vs vancomycin/gentamicin irrigation. Potential confounders were reviewed. Main Outcome Measure The primary outcome was rate of PP infection before and after change of intraoperative irrigation. Results From 2014 to 2018, 217 patients underwent PP placement at our institution by a single surgeon; of whom, 21 (9.7%) experienced an infection (primary = 10 [7.1%], revision = 11 [17.19%], salvage = 0 [0%]). Overall, 152 (70%) received irrigation with Betadine and 65 (30%) with Vancomycin/Gentamicin. Univariate analysis demonstrated significantly increased infection rates with Betadine irrigation (odds ratio [OR]: 4.64, P = .006) and with revision surgery (OR: 2.68, P = .02). Significance of increased infection rate with Betadine was maintained (OR: 9.3; P = .025) after controlling for age, body mass index, Charlson comorbidity index, smoking, diabetes, primary vs revision/salvage, prior penile surgery, use of ectopic reservoir, and adjunctive glanulopexy. Conclusions Changing from intraoperative Betadine to vancomycin/gentamicin solution dramatically reduced infection rates among men undergoing PP placement in both primary and revision cases. We hypothesize that differences in infection rate may relate to the relative toxicity or non-sterile nature of Betadine. Manka MG, Yang D, Andrews J, et al. Intraoperative Use of Betadine Irrigation is Associated With a 9-Fold Increased Likelihood of Penile Prosthesis Infection: Results From a Retrospective Case-Control Study. Sex Med 2020;XX:XXX–XXX.
The Influence of Medical School Debt on Career Choices in Nephrology.

Every summer, as nephrology fellowship applications begin, research-oriented academic nephrology programs across the United States search the nation for something that has become extremely rare, an internal medicine resident who is interested in a career in nephrology as a physician scientist.
Learning Interpretable Concept-Based Models with Human Feedback.

Machine learning models that first learn a representation of a domain in terms of human-understandable concepts, then use it to make predictions, have been proposed to facilitate interpretation and interaction with models trained on high-dimensional data. However these methods have important limitations: the way they define concepts are not inherently interpretable, and they assume that concept labels either exist for individual instances or can easily be acquired from users. These limitations are particularly acute for high-dimensional tabular features. We propose an approach for learning a set of transparent concept definitions in high-dimensional tabular data that relies on users labeling concept features instead of individual instances. Our method produces concepts that both align with users' intuitive sense of what a concept means, and facilitate prediction of the downstream label by a transparent machine learning model. This ensures that the full model is transparent and intuitive, and as predictive as possible given this constraint. We demonstrate with simulated user feedback on real prediction problems, including one in a clinical domain, that this kind of direct feedback is much more efficient at learning solutions that align with ground truth concept definitions than alternative transparent approaches that rely on labeling instances or other existing interaction mechanisms, while maintaining similar predictive performance.
Dynamics and epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii oocyst shedding in domestic and wild felids

Oocyst shedding in domestic and wild felids is a critical yet understudied topic in Toxoplasma gondii ecology and epidemiology that shapes human and animal disease burden. We synthesized published literature dating from the discovery of felids as the definitive hosts of T. gondii in the 1960s through March 2021 to examine shedding prevalence, oocyst genotypes, and risk factors for shedding. Oocyst shedding prevalence in many geographic regions exceeded the commonly accepted 1% reported for domestic cats; crude prevalence from cross-sectional field studies of domestic cat shedding ranged from 0% in Australia to 18.8% in Africa, with greater variation in reports of oocyst shedding in free-ranging, wild felids. Shedding in wild felid species has primarily been described in captive animals, with attempted detection of oocyst shedding reported in at least 31 species. Differences in lifestyle and diet play an important role in explaining shedding variation between free-ranging unowned domestic cats, owned domestic cats, and wild felids. Additional risk factors for shedding include the route of infection, diet, age, and immune status of the host. It is widely reported that cats only shed oocysts after initial infection with T. gondii, but experimental studies have shown that repeat oocyst shedding can occur. Factors associated with repeat shedding are common amongst free-ranging felids (domestic and wild), which are more likely to eat infected prey, be exposed to diverse T. gondii genotypes, and have coinfections with other parasites. Repeat shedding events could play a significant yet currently ignored role in shaping environmental oocyst loading with implications for human and animal exposure. Oocyst presence in the environment is closely linked to climate variables such as temperature and precipitation, so in quantifying risk of exposure, it is important to consider the burden of T. gondii oocysts that can accumulate over time in diverse environmental matrices and sites, as well as the spatial heterogeneity of free-ranging cat populations. Key directions for future research include investigating oocyst shedding in under-sampled regions, genotyping of oocysts detected in feces, and longitudinal studies of oocyst shedding in free-ranging felids. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
From knowledge to models: Automated modeling in systems and synthetic biology

Abstract Building computational models of biological mechanisms involves collecting and synthesizing knowledge about the underlying system and encoding it in an appropriate mathematical form. While this process typically requires substantial manual effort from human experts, key aspects of the modeling process are increasingly being automated or augmented by software tools, allowing for the efficient creation of large models or model ensembles. In this review, we introduce a framework for discussing modeling automation by positioning recent work into three ‘levels’, with the human and the machine taking on different responsibilities at each level. We outline the strengths and weaknesses of current modeling approaches at the different levels and discuss the prospect of fully automated fit-to-purpose modeling of biological systems.
Health Communication in the Latino Community: Issues and Approaches

With reference to the Communication-Persuasion model, we describe various research issues and challenges when considering the health of Latinos, and implications for designing and evaluating health communication and behavior change efforts in this population. Latinos, collectively the nation's largest minority group, vary substantially in terms of socioeconomic and legal status, their country of origin and the extent of ongoing contact with that country, their region of residence within the United States, their generation status and levels of acculturation, and psychosocial factors. Health communication efforts with Latinos need to focus on family, cultural traditions, and collectivism while attending to acculturation, language, generation and national origin. The most extensive intervention topic in Latino health promotion has been the application of the lay health advisor model. This and other fundamental communication approaches, as well as audience and population characteristics, need to be considered within the context of dynamic and complex societal changes.
Determination of critical and permissible moisture content in line-grained ore concentrates and similar materials

In the paper applicability of different methods for determination of critical (FMP) and permissible (TML) moisture content in fine grained ore concentrates are discussed from the point of view of safe shipment in bulk of such cargoes. Test results of several floatation and sedimentation ore concentrates and coal samples of Polish as well as foreign origin, obtained with the use of four various methods, are presented. Results of earlier tests of ore concentrates and coal samples are also given for comparison. On this basis the methods are critically evaluated and the ranges of applicability of each of them stated.
Influence of Seeding Ratio, Planting Date, and Termination Date on Rye-Hairy Vetch Cover Crop Mixture Performance under Organic Management.

Cover crop benefits include nitrogen accumulation and retention, weed suppression, organic matter maintenance, and reduced erosion. Organic farmers need region-specific information on winter cover crop performance to effectively integrate cover crops into their crop rotations. Our research objective was to compare cover crop seeding mixtures, planting dates, and termination dates on performance of rye (Secale cereale L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) monocultures and mixtures in the maritime Pacific Northwest USA. The study included four seed mixtures (100% hairy vetch, 25% rye-75% hairy vetch, 50% rye-50% hairy vetch, and 100% rye by seed weight), two planting dates, and two termination dates, using a split-split plot design with four replications over six years. Measurements included winter ground cover; stand composition; cover crop biomass, N concentration, and N uptake; and June soil NO3--N. Rye planted in mid-September and terminated in late April averaged 5.1 Mg ha-1 biomass, whereas mixtures averaged 4.1 Mg ha-1 and hairy vetch 2.3 Mg ha-1. Delaying planting by 2.5 weeks reduced average winter ground cover by 65%, biomass by 50%, and cover crop N accumulation by 40%. Similar reductions in biomass and N accumulation occurred for late March termination, compared with late April termination. Mixtures had less annual biomass variability than rye. Mixtures accumulated 103 kg ha-1 N and had mean C:N ratio <17:1 when planted in mid-September and terminated in late April. June soil NO3--N (0 to 30 cm depth) averaged 62 kg ha-1 for rye, 97 kg ha-1 for the mixtures, and 119 kg ha-1 for hairy vetch. Weeds comprised less of the mixtures biomass (20% weeds by weight at termination) compared with the monocultures (29%). Cover crop mixtures provided a balance between biomass accumulation and N concentration, more consistent biomass over the six-year study, and were more effective at reducing winter weeds compared with monocultures.
Why Is the Distribution of Wealth More Unequal than the Distribution of Income: The Importance of Gifts and Bequests in Economic Inequality

Inequality in the distribution of wealth may be explained by differences in work effort, ability, savings behavior, rates of return, taxes and transfers, and gift and bequests (private transfers). The relative importance of these factors has important implications for public policy. Policy makers may wish to encourage saving and work effort, for example, but may be less sympathetic to inherited wealth and “windfall” gains. This paper is an attempt to sort out the relative importance in wealth inequality of private transfers and differential rates of return on the one hand and differential savings rates on the other. In particular, the paper employs panel data (The Panel Study on Income Dynamics) to test whether differences in savings rates can explain why, as has been commonly noted, the distribution of wealth is more unequal than the distribution of income. By concentrating on the difference between income and wealth inequality, the paper controls for the importance of work effort and ability: those factors that affect both wealth and income inequality. The paper finds that differential savings rates are a poor explanation for the extra inequality in the distribution of wealth. The paper concludes, therefore, that the degree to which wealth is more unequally distributed than income must be accounted for by private transfers and differential rates of return.
Roentgen studies of esophageal transport in patients with dysphagia due to abnormal motor function.

Summary Esophageal transport of a water-barium mixture was studied in 40 patients with dysphagia. From the changes produced in transport by parasympathetic stimulation or depression, we can divide these patients into two groups: one with cardiospasm and a second group which we propose to call dysrhythmia of the esophagus. Characteristic of cardiospasm was esophageal dilatation and retention of the water-barium mixture in the esophagus during the control period. Spasm of the lower esophagus, frequently associated with substernal pain and vomiting, occurred in this group after the administration of Urecholine. Dibuline relaxed the Urecholine-induced spasm and resulted in slightly better esophageal emptying. Xitroglycerin was the most effective drug in promoting esophageal evacuation in the cardiospasm group. The patients with dysrhythmia had greater intermittency of symptoms, and dilatation of esophagus was not found in this group. Hiatal hernia and/or constriction ring of the lower esophagus were found in 16 of 23 in this group, and esophagitis occurred in approximately 25 per cent. Characteristic of patients with dysrhythmia was the disorganization of esophageal motor waves. Urecholine administration resulted in improvement in esophageal emptying but Dibuline increased the esophageal retention. In conclusion, our results indicate that abnormal esophageal transport may result, aside from anatomical obstructive lesions, from one of two disturbances: one, cardiospasm, the result of damaged or absent parasympathetic plexuses of the lower esophagus including the sphincters and/or vestibule; the other due to disorganized motor function of the esophagus which we suggest be called dysrhythmia of the esophagus. These two varieties may be separated by their respective pharmacologic responses to parasympathomimetic and parasympatholytic drugs. The response to these drugs not only enables a differential diagnosis of the type of abnormal esophageal transport but also supplies a basis for therapy.
Non-Phonon Mechanisms of Superconductivity in High Tc Superconducting Oxides and Other Materials and their Manifestation

Low dimensionality and the unusual parameter values in the high Tc materials lead to a key contribution of the plasmon mechanism of superconductivity. In addition, these systems provide a unique opportunity to observe a multigap structure. The problem of the lattice instability is discussed. A manifestation of non-phonon mechanisms (NPM) in Nb3Ge and the contribution of the intramolecular vibrations are analyzed. Proximity systems containing high Tc superconductors are promising from the point of view of possible applications.
To Speak or Not to Speak—The Taboo of Communication

In this discussion, Dr. William Lubart's case presentation is discussed from two complementary points of view—nonlinear dynamic systems theory and the “taboo of communication.” The therapeutic couple is considered as a unitary system (the “analytic unity”), and the developmental trajectory of this particular process is discussed with an emphasis on choice points depending on whether painful subjects are spoken about openly or shrouded in silence. Brief consideration is given as to whether greater efforts to break the taboo around communication might have altered the life of this particular analytic unity. The importance of the struggle to find ways to speak about what is happening is highlighted, especially with difficult, shameful, and painful subjects that are ordinarily taboo.