cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Percutaneous technique for creation of tricuspid regurgitation in an ovine model

Experimental models of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) are needed to study the percutaneous placement of prosthetic atrioventricular valves. The purpose of this study was to develop an appropriate simple and reproducible percutaneous experimental model for creation of tricuspid regurgitation. Tricuspid regurgitation was successfully created through papillary muscle avulsion using a guide-wire loop in seven sheep with regurgitation documented on right ventricular angiograms and a significant increase in heart rate and right atrial pressures. Acute onset of tricuspid regurgitation was poorly tolerated in one animal that died. Autopsy examinations showed avulsion of one papillary muscle in four animals and two papillary muscles in three animals.
The pelvic kidney of male Ambystoma maculatum (Amphibia, urodela, ambystomatidae) with special reference to the sexual collecting ducts.

This study details the gross and micro- scopic anatomy of the pelvic kidney in male Ambystoma maculatum. The nephron of male Ambystoma macula- tum is divided into six distinct regions leading sequen- tially away from a renal corpuscle: (1) neck segment, which communicates with the coelomic cavity via a ven- trally positioned pleuroperitoneal funnel, (2) proximal tubule, (3) intermediate segment, (4) distal tubule, (5) collecting tubule, and (6) collecting duct. The proximal tubule is divided into a vacuolated proximal region and a distal lysosomic region. The basal plasma membrane is modified into intertwining microvillus lamellae. The epithelium of the distal tubule varies little along its length and is demarcated by columns of mitochondria with their long axes oriented perpendicular to the basal lamina. The distal tubule possesses highly interdigitat- ing microvillus lamellae from the lateral membranes and pronounced foot processes of the basal membrane that are not intertwined, but perpendicular to the basal lamina. The collecting tubule is lined by an epithelium with dark and light cells. Light cells are similar to those observed in the distal tuble except with less mitochon- dria and microvillus lamellae of the lateral and basal plasma membrane. Dark cells possess dark euchromatic nuclei and are filled with numerous small mitochondria. The epithelium of the neck segment, pleuroperitoneal funnel, and intermediate segment is composed entirely of ciliated cells with cilia protruding from only the cen- tral portion of the apical plasma membrane. The collect- ing duct is lined by a highly secretory epithelium that produces numerous membrane bound granules that stain positively for neutral carbohydrates and proteins. Apically positioned ciliated cells are intercalated between secretory cells. The collecting ducts anastomose caudally and unite with the Wolffian duct via a common collecting duct. The Wolffian duct is secretory, but not to the extent of the collecting duct, synthesizes neutral car- bohydrates and proteins, and is also lined by apical cili- ated cells intercalated between secretory cells. Although functional aspects associated with the morphological variation along the length of the proximal portions of the nephron have been investigated, the role of a highly secretory collecting duct has not. Historical data that implicated secretory activity concordant with mating ac- tivity, and similarity of structure and chemistry to sex- ual segments of the kidneys in other vertebrates, lead us to believe that the collecting duct functions as a secondary sexual organ in Ambystoma maculatum. J. Morphol. 271:1422-1439, 2010. 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Prevention of Childhood Behavior Disorders

The idea of preventing behavioral disorders has great intuitive appeal. In addition to sparing children and their families needless suffering, the prevention of behavioral problems would ease the service burden on overextended educational and community treatment services and would constitute a social and an economic blessing. There are many different types of potential preventive measures, and prevention programs can be aimed at various points in the development of a behavioral disorder. Caplan (1964) has suggested distinguishing among prevention efforts in terms of their temporal focus. The term primary prevention is used for programs intended to reduce the incidence of new cases of various types of disorders. Two other types of intervention occur after individuals have been identified as exhibiting problems. Programs aimed at reducing the duration or severity of a problem are termed secondary prevention efforts; andtertiary prevention consists of attempts to reduce long-term disability such as that leading to chronic institutionalization. While useful, Caplan’s scheme does not entirely resolve classification problems, since variations in definitions of target behavior and stated program goals can result in differing category placement for essentially identical programs. For example, a project dealing with children who have committed criminal acts might be conceived as a secondary prevention effort to see that an existing problem does not worsen.
Th17 Cells Induce Th1-Polarizing Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells

In chronically inflamed tissues, such as those affected by autoimmune disease, activated Th cells often colocalize with monocytes. We investigate in this study how murine Th cells influence the phenotype and function of monocytes. The data demonstrate that Th1, Th2, and Th17 subsets promote the differentiation of autologous monocytes into MHC class II+, CD11b+, CD11c+ DC that we call DCTh. Although all Th subsets induce the formation of DCTh, activated Th17 cells uniquely promote the formation of IL-12/IL-23–producing DCTh (DCTh17) that can polarize both naive and Th17 cells to a Th1 phenotype. In the inflamed CNS of mice with Th17-mediated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Th cells colocalize with DC, as well as monocytes, and the Th cells obtained from these lesions drive the formation of DCTh that are phenotypically indistinguishable from DCTh17 and polarize naive T cells toward a Th1 phenotype. These results suggest that DCTh17 are critical in the interplay of Th17- and Th1-mediated responses and may explain the previous finding that IL-17–secreting Th cells become IFN-γ–secreting Th1 cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and other autoimmune disorders.
On the Applications of the Finite Element Method in Unsteady Aerodynamics

Treatment of difficulties related to the application of the finite element method for numerical solutions of the Navier-Stokes equation is discussed. The unsteady flow around a stationary and an oscillating NACA 0012 airfoil was analyzed. In an effort to establish the range of applicability of the developed numerical method, the accuracy and stability problems in representing unsteady flow patterns and determining pressure distribution around the airfoil were investigated. Errors involved in determining the velocity field and in the numerical integration of the discretized form of the vorticity transport equation were analyzed in terms of geometry of the finite element gridwork, boundary conditions for stationary and oscillating airfoils, angles of attack, and flow conditions.
Risk of mortality with vitamin E supplements: the Cache County study.

Abstract Purpose A recent meta-analysis reported increased mortality in clinical trial participants randomized to high-dose vitamin E. We sought to determine whether these mortality risks with vitamin E reflect adverse consequences of its use in the presence of cardiovascular disease. Methods In a defined population aged 65 years or older, baseline interviews captured self- or proxy-reported history of cardiovascular illness. A medicine cabinet inventory verified nutritional supplement and medication use. Three sources identified subsequent deaths. Cox proportional hazards methods examined the association between vitamin E use and mortality. Results After adjustment for age and sex, there was no association in this population between vitamin E use and mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74-1.15). Predictably, deaths were more frequent with a history of diabetes, stroke, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, or myocardial infarction, and with the use of warfarin, nitrates, or diuretics. None of these conditions or treatments altered the null main effect with vitamin E, but mortality was increased in vitamin E users who had a history of stroke (aHR 3.64; CI, 1.73-7.68), coronary bypass graft surgery (aHR 4.40; CI, 2.83-6.83), or myocardial infarction (aHR 1.95; CI, 1.29-2.95) and, independently, in those taking nitrates (aHR 3.95; CI, 2.04-7.65), warfarin (aHR 3.71; CI, 2.22-6.21), or diuretics (aHR 1.83; CI, 1.35-2.49). Although not definitive, a consistent trend toward reduced mortality was seen in vitamin E users without these conditions or treatments. Conclusions In this population-based study, vitamin E use was unrelated to mortality, but this apparently null finding seems to represent a combination of increased mortality in those with severe cardiovascular disease and a possible protective effect in those without.
Characterization of a spray acid tool for selectively etching under bump metallurgy films used in flip chip applications

A methodology for optimizing and characterizing processes for selectively etching Cu underbump metallurgy in the presence of Pb-Sn solder in spray acid tools is discussed. Wafers with the following UBM and bump structure were used in this study: sputtered TiW/sputtered Cu/electroplated Cu stud/electroplated Pb-Sn solder. The development of a manufacturable etch process is illustrated by discussing the method used to establish the process for selectively etching the sputtered Cu film using a commercial, two-component, ammoniacal Cu etch chemistry. The average etch rate on monitors with blanket sputtered Cu films, placed in all slots of the tool clamshell, was used to establish a non-uniformity factor (/spl eta/), which is defined as the ratio of the etch rate in the slot displaying the fastest etch rate to the etch rate in the slot displaying the slowest etch rate. Under ideal conditions the non-uniformity factor should be unity. Over the parameter space investigated it was found that the non-uniformity factor was minimized with the following conditions: temperature of 27/spl deg/C, RPM of 20, pump pressure of 52 psi, etchant flow rate of 6 liters/min, and a 25% solution of the two-component etch chemistry, with the two-components in a 1:3 proportion. Flip chip packages containing electroplated Cu stud and solder bump structures require selective etching of the underlying underbump metallurgy layers that serve as a diffusion barrier and as an electrical bus layer for the electroplating process. In this paper the characterization of a spray acid tool for selectively etching the sputtered Cu bus layer from multiple wafers simultaneously is discussed. The use of the non-uniformity parameter, /spl eta/, defined earlier, to establish the preliminary process is presented. /spl eta/ was also used to understand the parameters that controlled the uniformity of the spray pattern. In particular the effect of pump pressure, flow rate, and etchant composition on /spl eta/ was used to establish the levels of these variables for the Cu etch process. The preliminary Cu etch process was confirmed with a full lot containing 25 blanket Cu wafers. A maximum overetch of 39% was obtained for the full lot.
Beyond Women and Economics: Rereading “Women’s Work”

Cet article fait part de considerations epistemologiques et methodologiques concernant les etudes feministes en economie. Les economistes feministes sont confrontes a une vision masculine dominante de la discipline, et c'est pourquoi l'A. analyse ici les specificites des domaines d'etudes de ces economistes iconoclates
Adjustments in Tornado Counts, F-Scale Intensity, and Path Width for Assessing Significant Tornado Destruction

AbstractThe U.S. tornado record is subject to inhomogeneities that are due to inconsistent practices in counting tornadoes, assessing their damage, and measuring pathlength and path width. Efforts to improve the modern tornado record (1950–2012) have focused on the following: 1) the rationale for removing the years 1950–52, 2) identification of inconsistencies in F0, F1, and F2 counts based on implementation of the Fujita scale (F scale) and Doppler radar, 3) overestimation of backward-extrapolated F-scale intensity, and 4) a change in path-width reporting from mean width (1953–94) to maximum width (1995–2012). Unique adjustments to these inconsistencies are made by analyzing trends in tornado counts, comparing with previous studies, and making an upward adjustment of tornadoes classified by mean width to coincide with those classified by maximum width. Such refinements offer a more homogeneous tornado record and provide the opportunity to better evaluate climatological trends in significant (F/EF2–F/EF5)...
Race and cognitive decline among community-dwelling elders with mild cognitive impairment: findings from the Memory and Medical Care Study.

Objective: Previous studies have reported conflicting findings on the relationship between race and cognitive decline in elders with dementia. Few studies have examined the role of race in cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We investigate the relationship between race and cognitive decline in participants with MCI in a community-based, longitudinal study of cognitively impaired elders. Method: Based on a validated method utilizing a neuropsychiatric battery, 133 subjects [mean age: 78.7 years (SD = 6.5); female: 112 (76.7%); black: 59 (44.4%)] out of 512 participants in the Memory and Medical Care Study were diagnosed with MCI. The main outcome measure was the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS) score over three years. Other baseline subject characteristics (demographics, health-related variables, behavioral, and psychiatric symptoms) were included in the analysis. Results: Overall, the three-year decline in mean TICS score was significantly higher among African Americans th...
Women's Experiences and Ways of Knowing: Implications for Teaching and Learning in the Organizational Behavior Classroom

This article, based on the author's teaching experiences and relevant research on gender, explores the implications of women's ways of knowing for the organizational behavior classroom. The article traces historical, cultural, and developmental roots for the feelings of self-doubt, novelty, terror, and alienation that often accompany women into the management classroom. The article explores the implications for teaching organizational behavior effectively and suggests ways for creating a more equitable and successful classroom learning environment for women and men.
The Ponzo illusion and the perception of orientation

A new theory, called thetilt constancy theory, claims that the Ponzo illusion is caused by the misperception of orientation induced by local visual cues. The theory relates the Ponzo illusion—along with the Zollner, Poggendorff, Wundt-Hering, and cafe wall illusions—to the mechanisms that enable us to perceive stable orientations despite changes in retinal orientation or body orientation. In Experiment 1, the magnitude of the misperception of orientation was compared with the magnitude of the Ponzo illusion. In Experiment 2, predictions of the tilt constancy theory were compared with accounts based on (1) low spatial frequencies in the image, (2) memory comparisons (pool-and-store model), and (3) relative size judgments. In Experiment 3, predictions of the tilt constancy theory were tested against predictions of the assimilation theory of Pressey and his colleagues. In the final experiment, the orientation account was compared with theories based on linear perspective and inappropriate size constancy. The results support the tilt constancy theory.
Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act Banning Outdoor Tobacco Advertising Near Schools and Playgrounds

Background The tobacco industry has challenged new FDA rules restricting outdoor tobacco advertising near schools and playgrounds on First Amendment grounds, arguing that they would lead to a near complete ban on tobacco advertising in dense urban areas. Purpose To examine how the 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (FSPTCA) rules banning outdoor tobacco advertising near schools and playgrounds would affect tobacco retailers. Methods GIS spatial analyses of two different states (Missouri, New York), along with more detailed analyses of two urban areas within those states (St. Louis, New York City), were conducted in 2010. The percentage of tobacco retailers falling within 350-, 500-, and 1000-foot buffer zones was then calculated. Results 22% of retailers in Missouri and 51% in New York fall within 1000-foot buffers around schools. In urban settings, more retailers are affected, 29% in St. Louis and 79% in New York City. Sensitivity analyses demonstrate that smaller buffers decrease the proportion of affected retailers. That is, 350-foot buffers affect only 6.7% of retailers in St. Louis and 29% in New York City. Conclusions The effects of new outdoor tobacco advertising restrictions vary by location and population density. In Missouri and New York, outdoor tobacco advertising would still be permitted in many locations if such advertising was prohibited in a 1000-foot buffer zone around schools and playgrounds. Much smaller buffer zones of 350 feet may result in almost no reduction of outdoor advertising in many parts of the country.
Rituximab Treatment Prevents the Early Development of Proteinuria following Pig-to-Baboon Xeno-Kidney Transplantation

We previously reported life-supporting α 1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout (GalTKO) thymokidney xenograft survival of >2 months in baboons. However, despite otherwise normal renal function, recipients developed proteinuria with morphologic changes (podocyte effacement), a condition that presents a major obstacle to long-term studies in this model. A recent clinical study showed that rituximab therapy after allogeneic transplant prevented proteinuria possibly associated with loss of sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase acid–like 3b (SMPDL-3b). Here, we demonstrate that rituximab prevents the disruption of pig podocytes in an SMPDL-3b–dependent manner in vitro and the early development of proteinuria after xenogeneic kidney transplantation in baboons. Immunofluorescence showed SMPDL-3b expression in pig glomerular epithelium; immunoprecipitation demonstrated rituximab binding to SMPDL-3b in glomeruli. Culture of isolated pig podocytes with naive baboon sera, which has preformed antipig natural antibodies, reduced SMPDL-3b expression, disrupted podocyte morphology, and decreased podocyte proliferation, whereas pretreatment with rituximab prevented these effects. Six baboons received rituximab before transplantation to deplete B cells and again in the peri-transplant period; 18 baboons treated only before transplantation served as historical controls. The onset of post-transplant proteinuria was significantly delayed in a B cell–independent manner in the animals that received peri-transplant rituximab treatment. Although further optimization of this protocol is required, these data provide intriguing clues to the mechanisms of post-transplant proteinuria in xenogeneic kidney transplantation and a potential strategy for its prevention.
Harnessing gene expression to identify the genetic basis of drug resistance

The advent of cost-effective genotyping and sequencing methods have recently made it possible to ask questions that address the genetic basis of phenotypic diversity and how natural variants interact with the environment. We developed Camelot (CAusal Modelling with Expression Linkage for cOmplex Traits), a statistical method that integrates genotype, gene expression and phenotype data to automatically build models that both predict complex quantitative phenotypes and identify genes that actively influence these traits. Camelot integrates genotype and gene expression data, both generated under a reference condition, to predict the response to entirely different conditions. We systematically applied our algorithm to data generated from a collection of yeast segregants, using genotype and gene expression data generated under drug-free conditions to predict the response to 94 drugs and experimentally confirmed 14 novel gene–drug interactions. Our approach is robust, applicable to other phenotypes and species, and has potential for applications in personalized medicine, for example, in predicting how an individual will respond to a previously unseen drug.
A combined omics study on activated macrophages—enhanced role of STATs in apoptosis, immunity and lipid metabolism

Background: Macrophage activation by lipopolysaccharide and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has been studied extensively because this model system mimics the physiological context of bacterial infection and subsequent inflammatory responses. Previous studies on macrophages elucidated the biological roles of caspase-1 in post-translational activation of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 in inflammation and apoptosis. However, the results from these studies focused only on a small number of factors. To better understand the host response, we have performed a high-throughput study of Kdo2-lipid A (KLA)-primed macrophages stimulated with ATP. Results: The study suggests that treating mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages with KLA and ATP produces ‘synergistic’ effects that are not seen with treatment of KLA or ATP alone. The synergistic regulation of genes related to immunity, apoptosis and lipid metabolism is observed in a time-dependent manner. The synergistic effects are produced by nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) and activator protein (AP)-1 through regulation of their target cytokines. The synergistically regulated cytokines then activate signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) factors that result in enhanced immunity, apoptosis and lipid metabolism; STAT1 enhances immunity by promoting anti-microbial factors; and STAT3 contributes to downregulation of cell cycle and upregulation of apoptosis. STAT1 and STAT3 also regulate glycerolipid and eicosanoid metabolism, respectively. Further, western blot analysis for STAT1 and STAT3 showed that the changes in transcriptomic levels were consistent with their proteomic levels. In summary, this study shows the synergistic interaction between the toll-like receptor and purinergic receptor signaling during macrophage activation on bacterial infection. Availability: Time-course data of transcriptomics and lipidomics can be queried or downloaded from http://www.lipidmaps.org. Contact: ude.dscu@raknahs Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Landscape form and millennial erosion rates in the San Gabriel Mountains, CA

Abstract It has been long hypothesized that topography, as well as climate and rock strength, exert first order controls on erosion rates. Here we use detrital cosmogenic 10 Be from 50 basins, ranging in size from 1 to 150 km 2 , to measure millennial erosion rates across the San Gabriel Mountains in southern California, where a strong E–W gradient in relief compared to weak variation in precipitation and lithology allow us to isolate the relationship between topographic form and erosion rate. Our erosion rates range from 35 to 1100 m/Ma, and generally agree with both decadal sediment fluxes and long term exhumation rates inferred from low temperature thermochronometry. Catchment-mean hillslope angle increases with erosion rate until ∼ 300 m/Ma, at which point slopes become invariant with erosion rate. Although this sort of relation has been offered as support for non-linear models of soil transport, we use 1-D analytical hillslope profiles derived from existing soil transport laws to show that a model with soil flux linear in slope, but including a slope stability threshold, is indistinguishable from a non-linear law within the scatter of our data. Catchment-mean normalized channel steepness index increases monotonically, though non-linearly, with erosion rate throughout the San Gabriel Mountains, even where catchment-mean hillslope angles have reached a threshold. This non-linearity can be mostly accounted for by a stochastic threshold incision model, though additional factors likely contribute to the observed relationship between channel steepness and erosion rate. These findings substantiate the claim that the normalized channel steepness index is an important topographic metric in active ranges.
The Histone Demethylase, Jmjd1a, Interacts With the Myocardin Factors to Regulate SMC Differentiation Marker Gene Expression

We and others have previously shown that the myocardin transcription factors play critical roles in the regulation of smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation marker gene expression. In a yeast 2-h...
The Importance of Fashions in Taste to Business History: An Introductory Essay

Viewing the evolution of business through the unique perspective of the student of fashion behavior, this essay recasts many traditional generalizations and seeks a meeting ground for fashion study and business history.
Drafting New York Civil-Litigation Documents: Part X – Bill of Particulars

This article, the tenth in a series on drafting civil-litigation documents in New York, continues with a discussion of bills of particulars.
Multiple pulse photoconductive semiconductor switching

The authors discuss the use of PCSSs (photoconductive semiconductor switches) to create bursts of high-power pulses above 10 MHz. Three methods are considered; (1) circuit reflections which are produced when a switch closes and opens on a charged transmission line; (2) directly driven PCSSs which follow an RF modulated light source, and (3) oscillations induced by the negative-differential-conductivity characteristics of some semiconductors at high fields. Of these techniques, directly driven PCSSs which use RF-modulated light sources appear to be the most straightforward to develop. Experiments to test feasibility of PCSSs to drive a pulsed linear induction accelerator are described and preliminary results are given. >
Primate MicroRNAs miR-220 and miR-492 Lie within Processed Pseudogenes

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a new and abundant class of small, noncoding RNAs. To date, the evolutionary history of most of these loci appears to be marked by duplication and divergence. The ultimate origin of miRNAs remains an open question. A survey of the genomic context of more than 300 human miRNA loci revealed that two primate-specific miRNAs, miR-220 and miR-492, each lie within a processed pseudogene. In silico and in vitro examinations of these two loci suggest that this is a rare phenomenon requiring the juxtaposition of a specific combination of factors. Thus it appears that, while processed pseudogenes are good candidates for miRNA incubators, it is unlikely that more than a very small percentage of new miRNAs arise this way.
Acoustic reflection of vorticity waves at a shrouded-jet exit in "howling" resonances

At some operating conditions shrouded jets are observed to undergo an intense howling resonance. The coupling of vortical modes in the jet with acoustic modes at the shroud exit, which potentially close the resonance loop, are investigated with a vortex sheet model, which is solved using scalar Wiener-Hopf techniques. Peculiar sensitivities to flow parameters are observed that might explain the sporadic character of the observed howling resonance. So-called howling resonances have been observed in several shrouded jets, 1–4 all sharing the basic configuration shown in figure 1. Shocks cells in the jet are thought to sometimes play a role, 5 but for subsonic jets the mechanism is expected to involve interaction with the jet and its shroud. 1 To close a resonance, vortical jet structures must couple with the acoustic modes of the shroud. The most likely place for this to occur is at the exit, which is the focus of our investigation. We consider a semi-infinite cylindrical shroud with a co-flowing inner jet issuing out of it. The uniform inner, outer and ambient flows are separated by vortex sheets, with the outer vortex sheet originating at the shroud exit. A scalar Wiener–Hopf method is used to calculate how vorticity waves on the inner shear layer scatter at the shroud exit into reflected upstream propagating acoustic waves. The interaction of interest is fundamentally finite wavelength and apparently asymmetric, so high- or low-frequency approximations can not be made to simplify the analysis. This finite-wavelengths analysis builds upon an existing theoretical framework for edge scattering problems. 6–11
Working with Students Where Theory and Practice Intersect

The Digital Future Lab enables University of Washington Bothell students to apply multiple interactive media skills in a wide range of endeavors--from creating a commercial transmedia game franchise to developing a simulation that raises awareness about bullying.
Black-Body Radiation

1. W. Wien, O. Lummer: Methode zur Prufung des Strahlungsgesetzes absolut schwarzer Korper. Annalen der Physik, 3rd ser., 56 (1895) 451–456; reprint in: idem: Das Wiensche Verschiebungsgesetz. Die Verwirklichung des schwarzen Korpers. Ostwalds Klassiker vol. 228, Frankfurt/Main 1997. 2. O. Lummer, E. Pringsheim: Die Strahlung eines “schwarzen Korpers” zwischen 100◦ und 1,300 ◦C. Annalen der Physik, 3rd ser., 63 (1897) 395–410. 3. O. Lummer, E. Pringsheim: Der electrisch gegluhte “absolut schwarze” Korper und seine Temperaturmessung. Annalen der Physik, 4th ser., 17 (1898) 106–111. 4. O. Lummer, E. Pringsheim: Die strahlungstheoretische Temperaturskala und ihre Verwirklichung bis 2,300 ◦C. Annalen der Physik, 4th ser., 1 (1903) 3–13.
Aligning Chinese-English Parallel Parse Trees: Is it Feasible?

We investigate the feasibility of aligning Chinese and English parse trees by examining cases of incompatibility between Chinese-English parallel parse trees. This work is done in the context of an annotation project wherewe construct a parallel treebank by doingword and phrase alignments simultaneously. We discuss the most common incompatibility patterns identified within VPs and NPs and show that most cases of incompatibility are caused by divergent syntactic annotation standards rather than inherent cross-linguistic differences in language itself. This suggests that in principle it is feasible to align the parallel parse trees with somemodification of existing syntactic annotation guidelines. We believe this has implications for the use of parallel parse trees as an important resource for Machine Translation models.
Current Trends in the Management of Neonates With Ebstein's Anomaly.

Background: The optimal management strategy for neonates with Ebstein's anomaly is unknown. This analysis was undertaken to assess current trends in the management and prognosis of neonates born wi...
Combination therapy of malignant glioma cells with 2-5A-antisense telomerase RNA and recombinant adenovirus p53

Malignant gliomas of astrocytic origin have commonly expressed several features such as alterations in the tumor-suppressor gene p53 or p16 or the acquisition of telomerase activity, which are distinctive from astrocytes. Therefore, restoration of the tumor-suppressor gene or telomerase inhibition is expected to provide a cure for malignant gliomas. We have recently demonstrated that the treatment with a 19-mer antisense oligonucleotide against human telomerase RNA linked to a 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A-anti-hTR) inhibited the growth of malignant glioma cells. From a therapeutic point of view, it is very important to investigate the antitumor efficacy of 2-5A-anti-hTR combined with the restoration of p53 or p16 gene. In this study, we evaluated the antitumor effect of 2-5A-anti-hTR in combination with recombinant adenoviruses bearing p53, its associated p21WAF1/CIP1, or p16CDKN2 gene (Ad5CMV-p53, Ad5CMV-p21, or Ad5CMV-p16) against malignant glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. Five malignant glioma cell lines expressing the mutant p53 gene (A172, GB-1, T98G, U251-MG and U373-MG) were more sensitive to the combination of 2-5A-anti-hTR and Ad5CMV-p53 than to other combinations. The additive effect of the combination therapy was due to induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis and cell growth arrest. Furthermore, the 2-5A-anti-hTR treatment when combined with Ad5CMV-p53 showed greater efficacy against subcutaneous U251-MG tumors in nude mice. In contrast, U87-MG cells expressing the wild-type p53 gene were insensitive to Ad5CMV-p53, although the treatment with 2-5A-anti-hTR was significantly effective. These results indicate that combining 2-5A-anti-hTR with Ad5CMV-p53 has the most therapeutic potential for malignant gliomas with mutant p53. For tumors exhibiting wild-type p53, it may be useful to treat with 2-5A-anti-hTR. Gene Therapy (2000) 7, 2071-2079.
UV absorption spectrum and photodissociation channels of the simplest Criegee intermediate (CH2OO).

The lowest-lying singlet states of the simplest Criegee intermediate (CH2OO) have been characterized along the O–O dissociation coordinate using explicitly correlated MRCI-F12 electronic structure theory and large active spaces. It is found that a high-level treatment of dynamic electron-correlation is essential to accurately describe these states. A significant well on the B-state is identified at the MRCI-F12 level with an equilibrium structure that differs substantially from that of the ground X-state. This well is presumably responsible for the apparent vibrational structure in some experimental UV absorption spectra, analogous to the structured Huggins band of the iso-electronic ozone. The B-state potential in the Franck–Condon region is sufficiently accurate that an absorption spectrum calculated with a one-dimensional model agrees remarkably well with experiment.
Contemporary Reflections on the Safety of Long-Term Aspirin Treatment for the Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease.

Aspirin has been the cornerstone of therapy for the secondary prevention treatment of patients with cardiovascular disease since landmark trials were completed in the late 1970s and early 1980s that demonstrated the efficacy of aspirin for reducing the risk of ischemic events. Notwithstanding the consistent benefits demonstrated with aspirin for both acute and chronic cardiovascular disease, there are a number of toxicities associated with aspirin that have been showcased by recent long-term clinical trials that have included an aspirin monotherapy arm. As an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX), aspirin impairs gastric mucosal protective mechanisms. Previous trials have shown that up to 15–20 % of patients developed gastrointestinal symptoms with aspirin monotherapy, and approximately 1 % of patients per year had a clinically significant bleeding event, including 1 in 1000 patients who suffered an intracranial or fatal bleed. These risks have been shown to be compounded for patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) who are also treated with other antithrombotic agents during the acute care/procedural period, as well as for an extended time period afterwards. Given observations of substantial increases in bleeding rates from many prior long-term clinical trials that have evaluated aspirin together with other oral platelet inhibitors or oral anticoagulants, the focus of contemporary research has pivoted towards tailored antithrombotic regimens that attempt to either shorten the duration of exposure to aspirin or replace aspirin with an alternative antithrombotic agent. While these shifts are occurring, the safety profile of aspirin when used for the secondary prevention treatment of patients with established cardiovascular disease deserves further consideration.
Determination of bromate in drinking water by gas chromatography

Objective:To establish a convenient,quick and accurate method for the determination of bromate in drinking water by gas chromatography.Methods:After bromate was derivatized into bromomethylethylketone,the derivatives was detected with ECD after separated with DB-1 capillary column.Quantification was done through standard curve method.Results:Linear range of the method was 0.0040~0.080 mg/L.Detection limit of the method was 4.9×10-4 mg/L with RSD of 2.9%~4.9%,and recoveries of 92.1%~100.0%.Conclusion:The method is simple,sensitive,precise and accurate.With wide linear range,It is suitable for determination of bromate in drinking water.
Consolidation of municipality-owned water suppliers in Japan

This study examines the characteristics of municipalities owning water utilities that took advantage of incentives provided by the Japanese government to consolidate. We find that economies of scale and government transfers were some of the main factors leading to consolidation of government services. This is expected given the Central Government's efforts to equalize public service levels, and the large cost savings available to municipal level water monopolies.
Beyond the classroom: integrating improvement learning into health professions education in Norway.

Article-at-a-Glance Background Students in the health professions must internalize the subject matter–professional knowledge–to acquire the necessary skills to serve as practitioners. Yet the ability to engage in continuous improvement is attainable only when combining professional knowledge with improvement knowledge. It is a challenge to strike a balance between theoretical teaching and practical training when working with personal quality improvement (QI), observing processes, and employing new methods and tools for problem solving and improvement work. Evolution of efforts to integrate improvement knowledge into health professions education In February 1995 A National Strategy for Quality Improvement in Health Care stipulated that training in quality improvement be an integral part of the education of health care personnel. A program was developed at Bergen College in 1998 to integrate the philosophy and methodology of quality improvement (improvement knowledge) into students' learning of professional knowledge. This program involves a variety of pilot projects in personal improvement, practice-related instruction on training wards, observation practice, clinical studies, cross-education student projects, and thesis writing. Personal improvement projects With the starting point "quality is personal," students can work on personal change and improvement. If students learn methods and tools for improvement in their personal realm, they can transfer and use this knowledge in their professional work. Problems experienced by students in relation to their studies can be addressed by the Plan-Do-Check-Act problem-solving method. Discussion A longitudinal, personal-then-clinical, approach enables students to learn techniques and tools they can use as professionals, both in the care for patients and in contributing to organizational improvement.
Striving Towards the Big Questions

When I was a young academic, my maternal grandfather, a seasoned scholar, used to ask me to describe my research. After listening patiently to my recitation, he would puff on his pipe and ask, “But when are you going to tackle the Big Questions?” His own scholarship was very much focused on Big Questions, such as whether socialism was a more humane economic system than capitalism, and whether competing governments were likely to blow up the world in the next few years.
A Method to In Vitro Differentiate Th9 Cells from Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cells.

CD4+ T helper cells with the ability to produce effector cytokines provide host protection by regulating immune responses against pathogens. In contrast, these cells are responsible for the development of various inflammatory disease if not regulated properly. Previous studies using naive CD4+ T cell activation in vitro have shown the requirement of various cytokine combinations in addition to TCR activation to differentiate naive CD4+ T cells into various effector T helper lineages. The recently discovered CD4+ T helper subset is IL-9-producing Th9 cells. Since Th9 cell differentiation in vitro is essential in understanding the molecular mechanism in regulating Th9 cell development, it is critical to develop a basic protocol in polarizing naive CD4+ T cells to Th9 cells in vitro. Here we describe a simple method for Th9 cell culture conditions in vitro that can be used for other molecular analyses.
Established Perennial Vegetation Provides High Resistance to Reinvasion by Exotic Annual Grasses

Exotic annual grasses have invaded millions of hectares of sagebrush (Artemisia L.) steppe in the Great Basin region and degraded wildlife habitat, reduced forage production, and promoted increasingly frequent wildfires. Revegetation after control of exotic annual grasses is needed to restore ecosystem services and break the annual grass-fire cycle. The ability of different common revegetation species and combinations of species to limit reinvasion of annual grasses is relatively unknown. We evaluated five species/combinations of perennial native and introduced bunchgrass and shrub species planted as seedlings after exotic annual grass control at two sites in southeast Oregon. To evaluate resistance to reinvasion, exotic annual grasses were seeded into all treatment plots in the fall two growing seasons after planting. Vegetation characteristics were measured in the third and fourth years after annual grass seeding. Exotic annual grass cover and density were greatly reduced in all treatments where perennial seedlings were planted compared with the control (no seedlings planted). Treatments including crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum [Fisch. Ex Link] Schult) generally limited annual grasses more than other treatments. Most notably, forage kochia (Bassia prostata [L.] A. J. Scott) reduced exotic annual grasses less than crested wheatgrass and crested wheatgrass planted with forage kochia. This suggests that if forage kochia will be planted, it should be used in conjunction with perennial bunchgrasses in efforts to revegetate exotic annual grass—invaded sagebrush steppe. Established native vegetation also greatly reduced exotic annual grass reinvasion. Though some differences existed among established vegetation treatments, our study highlights that established perennial vegetation prevents redomination by invasives after exotic annual grass control.
Next generation membranes —using tailored carbon

Abstract Carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes are a special class of nanoporous membranes with angstrom-level molecular discrimination properties, which make them appealing for separating a wide spectrum of gas-pairs. The mechanism of pyrolysis by which a polymer coil is transformed into these rigid sieves is complex; however, we present a framework that can explain this transformation. Representative polymer precursors and pyrolysis conditions are discussed that yield attractive CMS membrane separation performance for extremely challenging gas pairs. Control of penetrant motions in the diffusion activated state, reflected in the entropy of activation of subtly different penetrants, enables the attractive diffusion selectivity of such membranes. This control, virtually absent even in rigid state-of-the-art polymeric membranes, makes CMS materials extraordinarily attractive. Moreover, unlike other rigid sieving materials, CMS membranes have the added advantage of being processable into highly productive, flexible hollow fibers with good mechanical properties and long-term stability under constant gas feeds. In this article, we also identify some key areas of CMS which would greatly benefit from expertise from other fields like computation or materials characterization that can potentially complement transport-based studies.
Emergent coordination underlying learning to reach to grasp with a brain-machine interface.

Given that motor cortex undergoes reorganization after amputation, our work focuses on training nonhuman primates with chronic amputations to use neurons that are not reach or grasp related to cont...
Experimental study of laser irradiated graphite oxidation using IFTS

Abstract Graphite oxidation is investigated at varying porosity and laser irradiance, resulting in surface temperatures of 1500–3100 K. Samples are irradiated using a 1.07 µm fiber laser at irradiances of 1000 and 3600 W/cm2 in dry air environment (20% O2, − 1 spectral resolution, 0.5 mm/pixel spatial resolution, and data cube rates of 1 Hz. Spectral signatures from CO and CO2 are predominant in the 1800–2500 cm − 1 spectral region. A radiative transfer model is used to infer species concentration and temperature from the hyperspectral data, resulting in 2D characterization of the reacting boundary layer. Plume temperatures of up to 2500 K are observed. CO and CO2 populations are correlated with surface temperature, with a general trend of [ CO ] / [ CO 2 ] = 10 exp ( − 5 , 200 / T s ) . A simplified model incorporating diffusion transport and surface kinetics is presented to assess the relative strengths of the S1) 2 C + O 2 ⇒ 2 CO , S2) C + CO 2 ⇒ 2 CO , and S3) C + O 2 ⇒ CO 2 surface oxidation mechanisms. The role of kinetic and transport mechanisms is discussed.
Growth kinetics of Bacillus stearothermophilus BR219.

Bacillus stearothermophilus BR219, a phenol-resistant thermophile, can convert phenol to the specialty chemical catechol. The growth kinetics of this organism were studied in batch, continuous, and im-mobilized-cell culture. Batch growth was insensitive to pH between 6.0 and 8.0, but little growth occurred at 5.5. In continuous culture on a dilute medium supplemented with 10 mM phenol, several steady states were achieved between dilution rates of 0.25 and 1.3 h-1. Phenol degradation was found to be uncoupled from growth. Immobilized cells grew rapidly in a rich medium, but cell viability plummeted following a switch to a dilute medium supplemented with 5 mM phenol.
SPATIAL ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES FOR PRECIPITATION ANALYSIS - APPLICATION TO A REGION IN INDIA

Precipitation data from northern India was analyzed using three different spatial estimation techniques, viz. Kriging, Lowess and Smoothing Spline ANOVA. Annual precipitation was considered as a function of latitude and longitude. Various quantitative measures were considered for comparison for these techniques.
Max Weber and the Sociology of Music

The sociology of music has been an area largely left to European sociologists. In an effort to generate greater domestic interest in the field, an examination of Max Weber's methodology and an update to his study of music is proposed. Fewer occupations or cultural projects are more social than making music, and the domestic sociological community's absence from the debate is deplorable given the dominant position our country possesses regarding musical production. Weber's Sociology of Music, which combines urban theory, class/labor theory, rationalization theory, and even climatic changes, is an excellent place to begin a thorough discussion of the social components of music. Our present understanding of cultural theories, urban theories, and Habermas's Communicative Action Theory can be employed to improve on Weber's theory; toward a new approach for the study of the sociology of music.
Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations to Investigate the Shock Response of Liquid Nitromethane

We use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with the ReaxFF reactive force field to investigate the thermomechanical, chemical, and spectroscopic response of nitromethane (NM) to shock loading. We s...