cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Negligent Homicide: How strategy professors signal the irrelevance of our own research

Strategy education is a prominent area within business schools where professors seek to demonstrate their courses are relevant, preparing future practitioners for their chosen careers. Accordingly,...
Antigen bridging in the interaction of T helper cells and B cells.

Antigen-bridging models of the interaction between T and B lymphocytes rose to prominence in the late 1960s, based principally on two different experimental approaches (1–3). One involved the “carrier effect”, in which physical association between hapten and carrier is required for a secondary antihapten antibody response in animals primed separately with hapten and carrier, and the other involved thymus-marrow reconstitution of irradiated animals, demonstrating that hapten and carrier were recognized by different cell types in the anti-hapten antibody response.
A review of training intraverbal repertoires: can precision teaching help.

Intraverbal behavior is common in conversation and academic and professional settings. Many individuals with disabilities fail to acquire intraverbal repertoires. Some individuals who do acquire intraverbal behavior fail to acquire responses that are functional and complete. Research has examined procedures to establish or increase intraverbal repertoires of individuals with impaired verbal repertoires. Several of these studies integrate a precision teaching methodology with Skinner’s (1957) conceptual framework. This paper reviews the literature on the most commonly examined methods of establishing or increasing intraverbal repertoires. Articles that incorporate precision teaching are emphasized. The review highlights the strengths (including the effectiveness) and limitations of each procedure. The review concludes with a discussion of the implications of using precision teaching to establish or increase an intraverbal repertoire and with suggestions for future research.
Sound production in Cyprinodon bifasciatus (Cyprinodontiformes)

Sound production in Cyprinodon bifasciatus, a pupfish endemic to the Cuatro Cienegas basin, Coahuila, Mexico, is documented. The average dominant frequency is 409 Hz, with an average duration of 55 msec. Calls were produced by males during pursuits of conspecifics and cichlids, during territory patrol, while following a female and after spawning. There are differences in call structure between contexts, especially postspawn calls versus pursuit and courtship calls. There may be differences between sites, especially Mojarral Oeste versus Becerra and Churince. Given sound production in this species of Cyprinodon and the related genus Fundulus, it is possible that sound production is more widespread than previously thought in Atherinimorpha. In addition, this is another documentation of sound production in a clear freshwater species indicating that sound production is widespread in clear freshwater fish.
Comfortably warm: A momentary lapse of reaffiliation after exclusion

Experiencing the tactile sensation of warmth can affect cognition and behavior across a variety of domains, including affiliation, aggression, and consumer choice. Yet few investigations have provided a theoretical rationale for when and why such effects occur. Five experiments tested the hypothesis that the tactile experience of warmth can satisfy a person's acutely active desire for social affiliation. Across 5 experiments, the tactile experience of warmth (vs. control temperatures) reduced outcomes that would otherwise be aimed at restoring a person's level of social affiliation, but this effect was observed only among people who had just been excluded (not those undergoing a control procedure) and only among people low in fear of negative evaluation-those people known to experience strongly activated affiliative motives following exclusion. Findings suggest that warmth-a sensation signaling the proximity of a close relationship partner-satisfies currently active affiliative motives. More broadly, findings provide a theoretical framework for understanding ways in which effects of sensory primes depend upon the motivational state of the perceiver. (PsycINFO Database Record
Comparison of Ultrasound-Guided and Landmark-Based Lumbar Punctures in Inexperienced Resident Physicians

Objectives We sought to determine whether US-guided lumbar puncture reduced the rate of lumbar puncture failures for providers at an academic teaching hospital with variable lumbar puncture and US experience compared to the traditional landmark-based technique. Methods We conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial to compare US-guided lumbar puncture to the traditional landmark technique in an academic emergency department. Thirty-five patients were randomized to either have their lumbar puncture performed either via the landmark or US-guided technique. All procedures were completed by an emergency medicine resident with variable lumbar puncture and US experience. Procedural failures, the number of attempts, the time to completion, and patient pain scores were all recorded. Results The adjusted odds ratio of successfully obtaining cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the US-guided lumbar puncture group was 2.31 compared to the landmark-based lumbar puncture group (P = .377). It took 1.54 times more attempts to obtain CSF in the landmark group as it did in the US group (P = .046). It seemed to have no effect on postprocedural pain or the time to obtain CSF. Conclusions The use of US guidance to assist in lumbar punctures did not improve the procedural success rate over traditional landmark techniques in an academic setting with novice providers. Although using US for procedural guidance significantly decreased the number of attempts, it seemed to have no effect on postprocedural pain or the time to obtain CSF.
Radiation dose reduction for musculoskeletal computed tomography of the pelvis with preserved image quality

To analyze the impact of pelvic computed tomography (CT) technique optimization on estimated dose and subjective and objective image quality. An institutional review board (IRB)-approved retrospective records review was performed with waived informed consent. Five CT scanners (various manufacturers/models) were standardized to match the lowest dose profile on campus via subjective assessment of clinical images by experienced musculoskeletal radiologists. The lowest dose profile had previously been established through image assessment by experienced musculoskeletal radiologists after a department-wide radiation dose reduction initiative. A consecutive series of 60 pre- and 59 post-optimization bony pelvis CTs were analyzed by two residents, who obtained signal-to-noise ratio for femoral cortex and marrow, gluteus medius muscle, and subcutaneous and visceral fat in a standardized fashion. Two blinded attending radiologists ranked image quality from poor to excellent. Pre- and post-optimization subjects exhibited no difference in gender, age, or BMI (p > 0.2). Mean CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose–length product (DLP) decreased by approximately 45%, from 39± 14 to 18± 12 mGy (p < 0.0001) and 1,227± 469 to 546± 384 mGy-cm (p < 0.0001). Lower body mass index (BMI) was associated with a larger dose reduction and higher BMI with higher DLP regardless of pre- or post-optimization examination. Inter-observer agreement was 0.64–0.92 for SNR measurements. Cortex SNR increased significantly for both observers (p < 0.02). Although qualitative image quality significantly decreased for one observer (p < 0.01), adequate mean quality (3.3 out of 5) was maintained for both observers. Subjective and objective image quality for pelvic CT examination remains adequate, despite a substantially reduced radiation dose.
The Nature of Data

Collecting and analyzing data allow us to better understand the world around us. Statistical analysis involves observing characteristics of some phenomenon, recording data in a highly organized matter, and then processing the data using formal equations based on probability theory. The first step of performing such analyses is to determine the type of data present and then to describe it. The manner in which you describe the data depends on what type of data it is. Describing data can take the form of reporting single numbers that describe properties of the data or creating visual displays of the data. Statistical tests based on the data allow us to answer specific hypotheses about relationships between observable characteristics. There are many different statistical tests for different types of data. Probability theory allows us to draw conclusions about populations from descriptive statistics and statistical tests based on a sample of data from the population.
Sairee Chahal: For She’s a Jolly Good SHERO!

Sairee Chahal is a serial entrepreneur and the founder of SHEROES. She has innovated pathways to build a favourable work ecosystem for women in India, relying heavily on technology to solve the pro...
Relationship quality and comfort talking about sex as predictors of sexual health among young women

Dating relationships of young adults have gained increased attention in recent years. However, the relationship characteristics and interpersonal factors that are associated with positive sexual he...
Excited-band Bloch oscillations for precision atom interferometry

A method based on Bloch oscillation in an excited band of a pulsed optical standing-wave lattice to increase the momentum separation between the arms of an atom interferometer is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. A significant improvement in measurement precision is achieved.
Telemedicine in Radiation Oncology: Is It Here to Stay? Impacts on Patient Care and Resident Education.

Purpose Telemedicine was rapidly and ubiquitously adopted during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there are growing discussions as to its role postpandemic. Methods and Materials We surveyed patients, radiation oncology (RO) attendings, and RO residents to assess their experience with telemedicine. Surveys addressed quality of patient care and utility of telemedicine for teaching and learning core competencies. Satisfaction was rated on a 6-point Likert-type scale. The quality of teaching and learning was graded on a 5-point Likert-type scale, with overall scores calculated by the average rating of each core competency required by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (range, 1-5). Results Responses were collected from 56 patients, 12 RO attendings, and 13 RO residents. Patient feedback was collected at 17 new-patient, 22 on-treatment, and 17 follow-up video visits. Overall, 88% of patients were satisfied with virtual visits. A lower proportion of on-treatment patients rated their virtual visit as “very satisfactory” (68.2% vs 76.5% for new patients and 82.4% for follow-ups). Only 5.9% of the new patients and none of the follow-up patients were dissatisfied, and 27% of on-treatment patients were dissatisfied. The large majority of patients (88%) indicated that they would continue to use virtual visits as long as a physical examination was not needed. Overall scores for medical training were 4.1 out of 5 (range, 2.8-5.0) by RO residents and 3.2 (range, 2.0-4.0) by RO attendings. All residents and 92% of attendings indicated they would use telemedicine again; however, most indicated that telemedicine is best for follow-up visits. Conclusions Telemedicine is a convenient means of delivering care to patients, with some limitations demonstrated for on-treatment patients. The majority of both patients and providers are interested in using telemedicine again, and it will likely continue to supplement patient care.
Air Pollution across the Cancer Continuum: Extending Our Understanding of the Relationship between Environmental Exposures and Cancer.

Previous studies of the environment and cancer have focused on etiology, showing that extrinsic factors in the environment contribute to 70% to 90% of cancers. Cancer patients and survivors often continue to live in the same neighborhoods they resided in before their cancer diagnosis. Thus, patients and survivors are exposed to the same environmental contexts that likely contributed to their original cancer, but little is known about the health effects of continued exposure to carcinogens after a cancer diagnosis. This commentary provides a summary of studies of the association between PM2.5 and cancer mortality among patients and PM2.5 and posttreatment morbidity among cancer survivors, and proposes new directions and opportunities for future research on such topics.See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, "Environmental Carcinogenesis: Pathways to Prevention."
Zippies and the Shift in Cultural Values in India

Economic liberalization, adopted in the early 1990s, is rapidly transforming India. The nation’s economic and social transformation is, in large part, driven by a growing number of young, educated, middle-class professionals. As young educated Indians, the agents of a new free market economy embrace economic liberalization and reap the benefits of globalization; it is imperative that we understand the impact of globalization on this large cohort. This study investigates the cultural shifts taking place in India as a result of the country’s economic transformation. Specifically, this study examines the impact of economic globalization on work and family collectivism for young middle-class Indians. The study surveys more than 1,000 individuals living in globalized and lesser globalized cities in India. Results suggest that in an increasingly globalizing India, young Indians will strive to preserve traditional values of collectivity when it comes to family but will loosen their reigns on workplace collectivism. Results provide critical insight as to how values are changing in a nation that promises to be a prominent feature on the global economic map this century. A clear understanding of how globalization affects young Indians has implications not only for those interested in India from a business and market perspective to predict behavior within firms and organizations but also to policy makers, as it informs them of impending infrastructure needs which must be met via public, private, and/or public–private ventures.
Chronicles from the Environmental Justice Frontline

Chronicles from the Environmental Justice Frontline, first published in 1991, provides a rare glimpse of the environmental justice movement as it plays out in four landmark struggles at the end of the twentieth century. The book describes the stories of everyday people who have decided to take to the streets to battle what they perceive as injustice: the unequal exposure of minorities and the poor to the 'bads' produced by our industrial society. In these struggles residents and local, state, and national environmental and social justice groups are on one side pitted against local and state government representatives and industry on the other. By employing historical and theoretical lenses in viewing these struggles, the book reveals how situations of environmental injustice are created and how they are resolved. These cases bear great similarity to battles occurring across the nation, and are setting precedents for national and state agencies as they handle these cases.
Canadiens, Acadiens, and Canada: Knowledge and Ethnicity in Labour History

By distinguishing between Canadien and Acadien workers, on the one hand, and Canada workers, on the other, this essay examines some of the cognitive implications of L/LT’s epistemological commitment to a Canada-centered interpretation of labour history, particularly with respect to francophone working-class minorities. It argues that this labour history journal is representative of how emphasis on Canada-based workers and labour yields its own definition of class experience, a geopolitical definition that does not necessarily correspond to the ethnically-grounded “national” aspirations and struggles of French-Canadian and Acadian workers. Resume Au fil des annees, la revue Labour/Le Travail a adopte une epistemologie de l’histoire de la classe ouvriere basee sur l’emplacement geo-politique des travailleurs au Canada plutot que sur l’identite ethnique et la solidarite “nationale” des ouvriers et ouvrieres francophones. Pourtant, la connaissance historique sur les travailleurs du Canada ne correspond pas toujours aux realites sociales et aspirations collectives de ces travailleurs francophones, surtout lorsqu’ils se dirigent vers les grands centres industriels de la Nouvelle-Angleterre. Nous voulons souligner dans cet article comment l’histoire du travail au Canada n’englobe pas aussi bien l’histoire du travail des Canadiens et des Acadiens.
Does Having Children Moderate the Effect of Child Sexual Abuse on Depression

Nearly 1 in 5 girls and 1 in 20 boys under the age of 18 will be the victim of child sexual abuse. As adults, these individuals are more likely to report myriad mental illnesses including depression. Testing the hypothesis that having children would moderate the depressive effects of child sexual abuse, the authors used public-use data of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health Wave IV (n = 5,114; mean age = 29.00 years; SD = 1.78). Results indicate that having children significantly moderates the relationship between child sexual abuse and depression for females. Though the risk of depression is increased for all females with a child sexual abuse history, this increase is less dramatic for mothers. Two potential explanations of this effect are presented: biological and psychosocial. The possible implications for mental health professionals working with mothers with a child sexual abuse history include highlighting the role of their children as possible support.
GREAT LAKES TRANSPORT OF WESTERN COAL: ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL ANALYSIS

An investigation into the economics of transporting Western coal to consumers in the Midwestern and Eastern demand regions has been conducted, with a particular emphasis on the Great Lakes waterborne link. The design characteristics of Great Lakes coal-carrying vessels are discussed in detail. Specific problems involved in the transport of coal in bulk are related to design decisions, particularly in the areas of cargo-handling gear, cubic requirements, ship maneuvering, cargo thawing, and dust control. The relative performance of taconite carriers, specially built colliers, and combination vessels in the coal trade is discussed, together with a consideration of potential problems facing coal carriers diverted to the taconite trade. The economic effects of systematic variations in ship characteristics, including dimensions, materials, proportions, and speed are considered. The impact of fuel price and of operation through the winter is also examined. A comparison of transport alternative for various pairs of sources and destinations, based on total delivered cost and energy expenditure, including rail transport and transshipment, is made. Finally, some conclusions are offered regarding the future of Great Lakes operations in view of the emerging coal traffic.
Two and Three Dimensions

In this chapter we study \(f(n) = P{S^1(0,n]\cap S^2(0,n] = {\O}}, \) where S 1, S 2 are independent simple random walks in Z 2 or Z 3.
Formaldehyde Crosslinking: A Tool for the Study of Chromatin Complexes

Formaldehyde has been used for decades to probe macromolecular structure and function and to trap complexes, cells, and tissues for further analysis. Formaldehyde crosslinking is routinely employed for detection and quantification of protein-DNA interactions, interactions between chromatin proteins, and interactions between distal segments of the chromatin fiber. Despite widespread use and a rich biochemical literature, important aspects of formaldehyde behavior in cells have not been well described. Here, we highlight features of formaldehyde chemistry relevant to its use in analyses of chromatin complexes, focusing on how its properties may influence studies of chromatin structure and function.
Short versus long echo time for cranial MR angiography in children and adults

PURPOSE To evaluate the ability of short-echo-time (TE) versus long-TE three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography sequences to decrease phase-related signal loss and refocus signal from blood in intracranial MR angiography of adults and children. METHODS We evaluated 3-D time-of-flight cranial MR angiography in 33 cases (18 children and 15 adults) using two sequences. The longer-echo reference sequence had a TE of 8.0 milliseconds and a field echo of 6.5 milliseconds; the shorter-echo sequence had a TE of 5.1 and a field echo of 4.2 milliseconds. Repetition time, flip angle, and matrix were constant. The bandwidth for the longer-echo sequence was 130 Hz, 195 Hz for the shorter-echo sequence. RESULTS The greatest improvement in diagnostic images was for children; significant and mildly improved signal recovery was demonstrated in 15 and 2 cases, respectively, of a total of 18 studies. This allowed improved diagnostic assessment. However, in the adult group significantly and mildly improved signal recovery were present in only 2 and 6 cases, respectively, of a total of 15 studies. In the group of children and adults combined, decreased lumen definition and peripheral vessel visibility were present in 24 and 30 of 33 cases, respectively, because of higher signal from background tissue when the shorter-TE field-echo sequence was used and, hence, reduced vascular contrast. CONCLUSION The use of a short-field-echo/TE sequence is therefore recommended as the initial study in children but as a secondary examination in areas of abnormality in adults. This study illustrates the improved signal recovery from phase-related sources and improved visibility of intracranial stenosis in children with the use of a short-echo sequence. In adults, the short-echo sequence should not be used for the initial screening but reserved for secondary evaluation.
Spatial Pattern of Ground-Level Ozone Concentration in Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan Area

The objective of this study was to analyze spatial patterns of ground-level ozone concentrationin the Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas metropolitan area. Average daily maximum eight-hour ozone concentration,number of days with concentrations exceeding 75 ppb, average outside air temperature, and resultant winddirection at 20 monitoring stations were compiled for January-December, 2013. Recent estimates of populationand vehicle miles traveled were also compiled for 12 counties with ozone monitoring station(s). Ozone levelsand resultant wind directions were mapped for representative months in each season. On several days fromMay-October, eight-hour ozone measurements exceeded 75 ppb. September, followed by August, producedthe highest ozone concentrations, as well as the most observations exceeding 75 ppb. Late spring and summermonths also showed the greatest range in ozone concentrations; during this time period, sustained southeasterlywinds caused distinct clusters of high ozone concentration at the northern perimeter of the study area.However, ozone concentrations at individual monitoring stations were not associated with population orvehicle miles traveled in counties occupied by those stations.
Genetic variations in Shiga toxin-producing abilities of bovine and human Escherichia coli O157:H7.

Summary Cattle are a primary reservoir of Escherichia coli O157:H7, a major foodborne pathogen. The organism causes haemorrhagic colitis which can lead to serious complications, including haemolytic–uraemic syndrome. Although E. coli O157:H7 is widely prevalent in cattle and cattle environments, the number of human cases remain relatively low, suggesting possible strain diversity and differences in virulence between human and bovine strains. Shiga toxins, Stx1 and Stx2, are the major virulence factors. Differences in Stx2 production between human and bovine strains have been demonstrated previously, and isolates possessing the stx2 gene, but not producing Stx2 [toxin non-producing (TNP) strains] have been identified. In this study, 150 isolates (56 human, 94 bovine) were tested by PCR for stx2 upstream regions associated with TNP and the Q933 gene, which has been previously associated with toxin production. A reverse passive latex agglutination test was used to evaluate 107 isolates (50 human, 57 bovine) for Stx1 and Stx2 production. The percentages of human and bovine isolates positive for presence of the TNP regions were similar (57.1% and 53.1% respectively), while a higher percentage of human isolates was positive for Q933 gene (89.3% versus 54.3%). Stx2 production of ≥1 : 8 was found in 86.0% of human isolates compared with 26.3% of bovine isolates. Bovine isolates with the presence of the TNP regions were associated with significantly lower Stx2 production (P 0.05) with low Stx2 production in human isolates. Therefore, Q933 was a better indicator of high Stx2 production by human and bovine isolates and may be a useful screening method to assess their potential to cause human disease.
Supporting the Health Care Transition From Adolescence to Adulthood in the Medical Home

Risk and vulnerability encompass many dimensions of the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Transition from pediatric, parent-supervised health care to more independent, patient-centered adult health care is no exception. The tenets and algorithm of the original 2011 clinical report, “Supporting the Health Care Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood in the Medical Home,” are unchanged. This updated clinical report provides more practice-based quality improvement guidance on key elements of transition planning, transfer, and integration into adult care for all youth and young adults. It also includes new and updated sections on definition and guiding principles, the status of health care transition preparation among youth, barriers, outcome evidence, recommended health care transition processes and implementation strategies using quality improvement methods, special populations, education and training in pediatric onset conditions, and payment options. The clinical report also includes new recommendations pertaining to infrastructure, education and training, payment, and research.
Characterization of seven xyloglucan oligosaccharides containing from seventeen to twenty glycosyl residues.

The complete primary structures of seven oligosaccharide subunits of the xyloglucan secreted by suspension-cultured Acer pseudoplatanus cells were determined. The oligosaccharides, ranging in size from 17 to 20 glycosyl residues, were generated by treatment of the xyloglucan with an endo-beta-(1----4)-glucanase. The oligosaccharide components of a fraction obtained by Bio-Gel P-2 chromatography of enzyme-treated xyloglucan were further purified by normal-phase h.p.l.c. and then converted to the corresponding oligoglycosyl alditols by reduction with NaBH4. The oligoglycosyl alditols, after purification to near homogeneity by reversed-phase h.p.l.c., were structurally characterized by 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy, fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry (f.a.b.-m.s.), and analysis of their glycosyl-residue and glycosyl-linkage compositions. Novel structural elements of xyloglucans were observed in this study, including beta-D-xylopyranosyl and alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1----3)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl sidechains. The results also extend our list of correlations between 1H-n.m.r. resonances and specific structural features of xyloglucans and thus enhance our ability to determine the structures of xyloglucans from various sources.
Higher order numerical discretizations for exterior and biharmonic type PDEs

A higher order numerical discretization technique based on Minimum Sobolev Norm (MSN) interpolation was introduced in our previous work. In this article, the discretization technique is presented as a tool to solve two hard classes of PDEs, namely, the exterior Laplace problem and the biharmonic problem. The exterior Laplace problem is compactified and the resultant near singular PDE is solved using this technique. This finite difference type method is then used to discretize and solve biharmonic type PDEs. A simple book keeping trick of using Ghost points is used to obtain a perfectly constrained discrete system. Numerical results such as discretization error, condition number estimate, and solution error are presented. For both classes of PDEs, variable coefficient examples on complicated geometries and irregular grids are considered. The method is seen to have high order of convergence in all these cases through numerical evidence. Perhaps for the first time, such a systematic higher order procedure for irregular grids and variable coefficient cases is now available. Though not discussed in the paper, the idea seems to be easily generalizable to finite element type techniques as well.
Synthetic studies on the DEF ring system of ristocetin A via ruthenium-promoted SNAr reaction: problems and solutions using arylserine–Ru complexes

Abstract Ruthenium-promoted intramolecular S N Ar reaction has allowed the construction of the 16-membered DEF model macrocycle of ristocetin A that incorporates the required arylserine residue as the E ring.
Encoding time and the mirror effect in recognition memory: Evidence from eyetracking

Abstract Low-frequency (LF) words have higher hit rates and lower false alarm rates than high-frequency (HF) words in recognition memory, a phenomenon termed the mirror effect . Visual word recognition latencies are longer for LF words. We examined the relationship between eye fixation durations during study and later recognition memory for individual words to test whether (1) increased fixation time on a word is associated with better memory, and (2) increased fixation times on LF words can account for their hit rate advantage. In Experiments 1 and 2, words of various frequencies were presented in lists in an intentional study design. In Experiment 3, HF and LF critical words were presented in matched sentence frames in an incidental study design. In all cases, the standard frequency effect on eye movements emerged, with longer reading times for lower frequency words. At test, studied words and new words from each frequency class were presented. The hit rate portion of the mirror effect was evident in all experiments. The time spent fixating a word did predict memory performance in the intentional encoding experiments, but critically, the frequency effect on hit rates was independent of this effect. Time spent fixating a word during incidental encoding did not predict later memory performance. These results suggest that the hit rate advantage for LF words is not due to the additional time spent on these words at encoding, which is consistent with retrieval-stage models of the mirror effect.
An acoustic correlate of syllabicity in English

The purpose of this research was to test three hypotheses (1) Increasing the duration of a nonsyllabic segment will cause the segment to be perceived as syllabic. (2) The perception of syllabicity is categorical. (3) Listeners will differ in their labeling responses to stimuli when told to judge them in different speech styles. Seven words were synthesized: “blow,” “plight,” “dress,” “crest,” “prayed,” “broke,” and “sport.” The steady‐state portion of the /l/ or the /r/ (for “sport,” aspiration Of /p/) was lengthened in 10‐msec increments. Subjects were asked to decide whether the word was monosyllabic or disyllabic: “blow‐below,” “plight‐polite,” “dress‐duress,” “crest‐caressed,” “prayed‐parade,” “broke‐baroque,” and “sport‐support.” Five groups of 15 listeners each participated in the labeling task. Four groups heard the stimuli with a precursor frame, “The word you will hear next is ___” in one of four speech styles: formal‐slow, formal‐fast, casual‐slow, casual‐fast. Each group was told to judge the words according to the criterion of being spoken in one of the designated styles. The fifth group heard the stimuli with no precursor and received no style instructions. Results showed that (1) increased durations of /r/ and /l/ did result in perception of the words as disyllabic, but increasing the duration of aspiration in “sport” did not; (2) perception of syllabicity appears to be categorical; and (3) there were no statistical differences among the four speech styles. [Work supported by NSF SOC75‐10043.]
Clostridium difficile increases the risk for venous thromboembolism

Abstract Background Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with a higher risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Whether Clostridium difficile infection similarly increases this risk is unknown. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (ICU) at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center from February 2011 to July 2013. The 2 groups were compared using standard statistical methodology. Results During the 30-month study period, a total of 1,728 patients were admitted to the surgical ICU. A total of 64 patients (3.7%) tested positive for C. difficile . The use of chemical prophylaxis for VTE was significantly higher in the C. difficile group (64.1% vs 46.2%, P = .005). Nonetheless, C. difficile patients had a higher risk for development of a VTE (23.4% vs 11.0%, adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.87 [1.01 to 3.48], P = .048). In a forward logistic regression model, C. difficile was found to be independently associated with the development of VTE (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.87 [1.00 to 3.47], P = .049). Conclusions C. difficile infection increases the risk for VTE in surgical patients admitted to the ICU.
Effects of ultraviolet-B enhancement on marine trophic levels in a stratified coastal system

We examined the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation (relative to ambient) on marine trophic levels inhabiting a stratified coastal ecosystem, using living models (13 000 liter marine enclosures) of a temperate estuarine water column. The experiment was carried out in June and July 1994 on a plankton community drawn from lower Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA. The effects of altered UV-B radiation (elevated 50% over ambient, tenfold DNA-weighted) on three trophic strata: the primary producers (photosynthetic algae), primary herbivores (copepods), and fish eggs and larvae (Anchoa mitchilli Cuvier and Valenciennes) were examined. The goal was to determine if UV-B–induced alterations at the base of the food chain had impacts on other elements of the trophic web. Phytoplankton abundance (P=0.02) and biomass (P=0.007) were significantly reduced in UV-B–enhanced treatments, above but not below the thermocline (2.25 m), during the second week of the study. Copepod nauplii were significantly less abundant in UV-B–enhanced mesocosms than in control treatments during the third and fourth weeks of the study (P=0.01). A portion of the impact on nauplii may be a result of alterations at the base of the food web. The greater mortality of nauplii in UV-B–enhanced systems did not translate to reduced abundance of copepodite (P=0.83) or adult (P=0.29) copepods. No significant effects were observed for microzooplankton (P=0.15). Neither the mortality rates nor the growth rates of larval anchovy were significantly affected by the experimental increase in UV-B (P>0.05). Despite the tenfold increase in biologically damaging UV-B, effects were not seen at higher trophic levels, most likely because of the rapid extinction of UV-B in the highly colored coastal water.
Loop Variables, the Renormalization Group and Gauge Invariant Equations of Motion in String Field Theory

We derive, within the framework of the renormalization group, gauge invariant equations of motion for the massive modes of the free open bosonic string. We present explicit results for the massive “spin-2” and “spin-3” fields. An auxiliary field analogous to the bosonized ghost enters the calculation as an extra space-time coordinate and the string modes are, in some sense, massless in D + 1 dimensions. The basic entity is a non-local loop variable and it is necessary to introduce an infinite number of new coordinates analogous to those in the K-P hierarchy, to describe reparametrizations of the boundary of the Riemann surface. The gauge transformations have a particularly simple form.
Historical Overview on Plant Neurobiology

The review tracks the history of electrical long-distance signals from the first recordings of action potentials (APs) in sensitive Dionea and Mimosa plants at the end of the 19th century to their re-discovery in common plants in the 1950s, from the first intracellular recordings of APs in giant algal cells to the identification of the ionic mechanisms by voltage-clamp experiments. An important aspect is the comparison of plant and animal signals and the resulting theoretical implications that accompany the field from the first assignment of the term "action potential" to plants to recent discussions of terms like plant neurobiology.
Production of new soy-based polyols by enzyme hydrolysis of bodied soybean oil

Abstract Polyols are one of the predominate reactants in polyurethane synthesis. Soy-based polyols are potentially low-cost materials in plastic and polymer industrials for decades. However, the performance of most commercial soy-based polyols is limited by their low molecular weights (low hydroxy equivalent weights), low alcohol reactivity due to the prominence of secondary moieties, and limited control on crystalline behavior due to large non-functional branches on the soy-based polyols. The objective of this investigation was to produce new soy-based polyols from enzyme hydrolysis. Soy-based polyols were synthesized by a two-step process consisting of heat bodying soybean oil followed by enzyme hydrolysis of bodied soybean oil. Possible advantages of this approach include the production of primary alcohol moieties, reduction of saturated fatty acid moieties, control of hydroxy equivalent weights, and elimination of organic co-reagents. Several commercial enzymes were investigated for removing saturated fatty acids and imparting the hydroxy functional groups in order to produce the better soy-based polyols. The lipase from Candida rugosa significantly hydrolyzed palmitic acid and was recommended to be used to produce the soy-based polyols. Burkholderia cepacia , Aspergillus niger , Mucor javanicus , and Rhizomucor miehei lipases showed some significance in the hydrolysis against palmitic acid and against stearic acid for some reaction conditions. The soy-based polyols were produced with a hydroxy number of about 50 mg KOH/g after only 3 h of the simple hydrolysis reaction by lipase C. rugosa . Higher hydroxy numbers could be obtained with the longer reaction time. However, polyol yield was reduced and undesirable acid residue was increased when the percent hydrolysis increased.
Androgyny and sex-typing: Differences in beliefs regarding gender polarity in ratings of ideal men and women

To test Bem's (1979) hypothesis that androgynous and sex-typed individuals are differentiated by the presence or absence of beliefs in “gender polarity,” 200 students rated themselves on the short Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). Of these 200, 20 androgynous women, 20 androgynous men, 20 feminine sex-typed women, and 20 masculine sex-typed men were randomly selected and asked to rate either the ideal woman or the ideal man on the short BSRI. As predicted, androgynous women did not rate the ideal man and woman differently, but, contrary to prediction, neither did feminine-typed women. As predicted, masculine-typed men rated the ideal man and woman differently, but, contrary to prediction, so did androgynous men. Thus, sex rather than sex-role distinguished subjects' beliefs in gender polarity. This finding may reflect women's desires for, and men's fears of, abandoning traditional modes of sex differentiation. The large initial subject pool was necessary because an extremely high percentage of subjects were classified as feminine sex-typed. An apparent feminine bias in the short BSRI is discussed.
Escort — an expert system for complex operations in real time

: Escort is a real time expert system which relieves the cognitive load on users of information systems generating large volumes of dynamic data. Escort is currently configured to help process plant operators in centralised control rooms. The system provides advice to the operators to help them handle and avoid crises. A demonstration system advising on a simulated oil production process has been implemented. Its key features are that it operates in real time, contains four domain knowledge bases, is controlled by a knowledge based scheduler and provides dynamic advice to the operator.
De Re Essentialism, Species, and Modal Ambiguity

As far as philosophical trends go, de re essentialism—the view that objects have essential properties and must have such properties in order to exist—has fallen out of fashion with a great many contemporary philosophers of biology. And by the lights of some philosophers of biology, analytic metaphysicians with de re essentialist leanings such as Saul Kripke, Hillary Putnam, and David Wiggins along with their more recent progeny have yet to get the memo. What might explain this apparent disconnect between modal metaphysics and recent work in the philosophy of biology? According to Samir Okasha (2002: 192), we can put our money on one of the following three explanations of this disconnect: either (i) ignorance of developments in modern biology, (ii) ignorance of contemporarymetaphysics, or (iii) different concepts of essentialism at work in each domain. Both Joseph LaPorte (2009) and Samir Okasha (2002) contend that in so far as all prominent species concepts in biology undermine the view that organisms essentially belong to their species, (i) is the most probable explanation when it comes to the continued vitality of such a view among contemporary metaphysicians in the last three decades.1 In the words of LaPorte (2009: 56), “essentialists have simply been uninformed about systematics.” My aim here is to show how a recurring argument against the application of de re essentialism in the biological domain reveals the exact opposite, and that in the particular case at hand (ii) is the more likely candidate when it comes to explaining at least one exaggerated report of the demise of de re biological essentialism. We start with a de re essentialist gloss on biological species-membership, a view that LaPorte andOkasha attribute to a host of contemporarymetaphysicians but whose philosophical lineage, of course, traces back to Aristotle.2 Since Okasha isolates the essentialist notion of species-membership in the thought of David Wiggins (1980) in particular, we can follow suit in formulating such a thesis as follows:
Differential effects of oligomeric and fibrillar amyloid-β1–42 on astrocyte-mediated inflammation

Activated glia, as a result of chronic inflammation, are associated with amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) deposits in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. In vitro, glia are activated by Aβ inducing secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules. Recent studies have focused on soluble oligomers (or protofibrils) of Aβ as the toxic species in AD. In the present study, using rat astrocyte cultures, oligomeric Aβ induced initial high levels of IL-1β decreasing over time and, in contrast, fibrillar Aβ increased IL-1β levels over time. In addition, oligomeric Aβ, but not fibrillar Aβ, induced high levels of iNOS, NO, and TNF-α. Our results suggest that oligomers induced a profound, early inflammatory response, whereas fibrillar Aβ showed less increase of pro-inflammatory molecules, consistent with a more chronic form of inflammation.
Speaking Well of the Dead: On the Aesthetics of Eulogies

Robert Solomon criticized the philosophy of death for abstracting from human reality to treat our mortality as a collection of metaphysical puzzles. Nowhere is death less abstract than in our response to the death of our loved ones. The public face of our response is the memorial service and the eulogies that move us. Our experience of a eulogy can be as cathartic as Aristotle theorized as part of great tragedy. However, treating the oration as a work of art seems inappropriate; seeking to understand our engagement in aesthetic terms disrespectful to the grieving. This paper attempts to resolve this paradox by exploring analogies between the structures of eulogies and those of tragedy, and showing that, rather than traditional aesthetics' "promise of happiness," our engagement is concerned with the "promise of meaning." Psychological research on the nature of empathy theorizes that humans are hard-wired to feel the experiences of others and this is undoubtedly at work in our emotional responses to literature and eulogies. Drawing on the work of Dacher Keltner, the paper argues that the key to the aesthetics of eulogies and literature lies in their power to invoke our "awe" in response to their words.
A New View of Coastal Oceans From the Space Station

[1] Understanding and quantifying the natural processes that occur along coasts are critical components of managing environmental resources and planning and executing coastal operations, from humanitarian relief to military actions. However, the coastal ocean is complicated, with dissolved and suspended matter that hinders water transparency, phytoplankton blooms that can be toxic, and bathymetry and bottom types that vary over spatial scales of tens of meters, all of which affect processes in an area that spans millions of square kilometers. A hyperspectral imager collects the spectrum of the light received from each pixel in an image. For environmental characterization the wavelength range typically spans the visible and shortwave infrared wavelengths, and the spectrum is collected in contiguous spectral intervals 1–10 nanometers wide. This spectral information is exploited to provide significantly more information about vegetation, minerals, and other components in the scene than can be retrieved from panchromatic or even multispectral imagery, which rely primarily on the shape of the object for detection [Goetz et al., 1985]. Such technology can also work over shallow seas. Over the past 2 decades, experiments with hyperspectral imagers on airborne platforms have demonstrated the ability to characterize the coastal environment [Davis et al., 2002, Davis et al. 2006] and produce maps of coastal bathymetry, in-water constituents, and bottom type.
Selective fluorescence detection of divalent and trivalent metal ions with functionalized lipid membranes.

A series of functionalized lipid membranes were shown to respond selectively to Fe3+, Cr3+, Cu2+, and Fe2+ with a distinctive change in bilayer fluorescence. The optical response is due to a change in the aggregational state of functionalized, pyrene-labeled lipids as they recognize and bind to the metal ion. Two new lipids are introduced with 2,2′-bipyridine (PSBiPy) and N-methylamide (PSMA) headgroups. These functionalized lipids, along with two other lipids having hydroxyl (PSOH) and iminodiacetic acid (PSIDA) headgroups, were incorporated into bilayers of distearylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) producing materials that exhibited an excellent range of sensitivity for the metal ions at low pH. At neutral pH the metal ion sensitivities were lost for PSOH and PSMA while the sensitivity and selectivity for Cu2+ increased for PSBiPy. In addition to optical sensing, the bilayers also can undergo restructuring of the membrane architecture. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscope images show that for the majority of the bilayers, metal ion addition caused only aggregation of the vesicles. However, for the PSBiPy/DSPC membranes extraordinary square-shaped assemblies of planar bilayers formed in the presence of 100 µM Cu2+.