cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Guoshi Killing: The Continuum of Criminal Intent in Qing and Republican China

During the legal revision process of the late Qing and Republican eras, basic homicide categories were condensed from six to two, resulting in a simpler categorization than had been in place during the Qing. One of the categories that remained was guoshi killing, defined as negligent homicide in the Republican era. This article compares the treatment of guoshi killing in both the Qing and the Republic in legal codes, commentaries, and cases. It finds that the streamlining of Republican homicide categories brought crimes of intent and negligence into confusion for the first time. The troubles the Republican-era courts encountered as a result help to illuminate the nuance and sophistication of the system that had come before.
Thiopental binding to serum albumin.

Die Bindungskapazitat und die Anlagerungskonstante von Thiopental an Rinderalbumin wurde bei pH 7,42 in Trispuffer bei einer Temperatur von 7°C nach der Methode der Gleichgewichtsdialyse gemessen. Die Bindungskapazitat betrug 5 und die Vergleichskonstante war 12000. Durch Zugabe von EDTA wurde die Bindungskapazitat auf 4 reduziert; gleichzeitig verringerte sich die Anlagerungskonstante auf 10000.
Genetic models of sex effect in unipolar affective illness

Family study data on unipolar affective illness are analyzed by multiple threshold models of inheritance that incorporate sex effect. In these models males and females share a common genetic-environmental liability, but the less prevalent sex, i.e., males, has a higher genetic threshold for the disorder. Neither single major locus (SML) nor multifactorial-polygenic (MFP) transmission can account for the sex differences in the morbid risk for unipolar disorder. The implications for genetic research in affective disorders are discussed.
Algal “gardening” behavior by nereid polychaetes: Effects on soft-bottom community structure

Nereid polychaetes (Nereis vexillosa and Platynereis bicanaliculata) attach pieces of drift algae to their tube surfaces. The presence of permanent algal cover increases the predictability of the food supply for at least the herbivores (including the nereids) and the deposit feeders, and modulates the temperature and salinity stresses of the marine intertidal soft-bottom environment. However, it may affect the access of organisms to the oxygenated water layers above the sediment surface. This is true for polychaetes that live head downwards in vertical tubes. It is suggested that the attachment behavior of the nereid polychaetes increases the ability of the plant to colonize habitats both temporally and spatially.
ATOMIC AND MAGNETIC SHORT RANGE ORDER IN Cu-Mn ALLOYS

In this paper we discuss four interesting features of the Cu(Mn) alloy systems : 1) The character and temperature dependence of the diffuse neutron scattering and its relation to electronic structure. 2) The persistence of the short-range atomic ordering over a broad temperature range. 3) The high critical concentration for antiferromagnetism in fcc systems. 4) Mictomagnetic behavior in these fcc alloys.
Dye Tracers Define Differential Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Coupling Patterns Within the Arteriolar Wall

Abstract Dye tracers were chosen, based on net charge, chemical structure, and reactive groups, to test for the existence of and to provide novel insight into channel selectivities of junctional pathways connecting smooth muscle and endothelial cells of the arteriolar wall. Dyes were injected into individual smooth muscle or endothelial cells of hamster cheek pouch arterioles using microiontophoresis. Coupling, independent of tracer net charge, was seen both within and between cell layers. Endothelial cells were well coupled by all of the tested dyes. Smooth muscle junctions appeared less effective in dye transfer than endothelial junctions. Lucifer yellow was confirmed to be a poor tracer of smooth muscle gap junctions, and remarkably this dye and other related sulfate-containing molecules interfered with dye movement through smooth muscle but not endothelial junctions. Myoendothelial junctions showed a striking polarity of dye movement, with dye transfer from endothelial to smooth muscle cells but littl...
Scattering, Trapping, and Ionization of HCl at the Surface of Liquid Glycerol

A model for the interactions between HCl and liquid glycerol, based on the Empirical Valence Bond (EVB) approach, is developed and used to investigate by molecular dynamics computer simulations the early events following the collision of an HCl molecule with the glycerol surface. The calculated trapping probability at 2.4 and 22 kcal/mol collision energies and the fractional energy loss of scattered HCl molecules agree well with experiments. The potential of mean force for HCl in the bulk and at the glycerol surface exhibits a low barrier to the formation of the contact ion pair, suggesting the possibility of proton transfer at the interface. Trapped HCl molecules undergo rapid relaxation and solvation and begin to form contact ion pairs on the picosecond time scale, which is consistent with the low barrier to the formation of the ion pair derived from the equilibrium potential of mean force calculations.
Intelligent Control System of Water Washing Robot for Substation

This paper provides an intelligent control system of water washing robot for Substations, which is based on the Internet of Things Technology and uses WIFI network as the link, effectively solves the problem that building control system of hydraulic manipulator under the environment of high voltage and strong magnetic in substation. This system uses Multi-Sensor Fusion Technology to construct a insulation protection control system of water washing robot, it can ensures the safe operation of the robot and the substation equipments. By utilizing this system to replace the operators, it can wash the equipments in substation for live working so that it can effectively reduce the heavy labor by manual and ensure safety of operators. And also, it can prevent equipments from pollution flash-over accidents happening and guarantee the power grid safe operation.
A Semi-Staggered Numerical Procedure for the Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations on Curvilinear Grids

An accurate and efficient finite difference method for solving the three dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on curvilinear grids is developed. The semi-staggered grid layout has been used in which all three components of velocity are stored on the corner vertices of the cell facilitating a consistent discretization of the momentum equations as the boundaries are approached. Pressure is stored at the cell-center, resulting in the exact satisfaction the discrete continuity. The diffusive terms are discretized using a second-order central finite difference. A third-order biased upwind scheme is used to discretize the convective terms. The momentum equations are integrated in time using a semi-implicit fractional step methodology. The convective and diffusive terms are advanced in time using the second-order Adams-Bashforth method and Crank-Nicolson method respectively. The Pressure-Poisson is discretized in a similar approach to the staggered gird layout and thus leading to the elimination of the spurious pressure eigen-modes. The validity of the method is demonstrated by two standard benchmark problems. The flow in driven cavity is used to show the second-order spatial convergence on an intentionally distorted grid. Finally, the results for flow past a cylinder for several Reynolds numbers in the range of 50–150 are compared with the existing experimental data in the literature.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Early Experiences in Cross-Disciplinary Education in Biomedical Technology Innovation at Stanford University*

This paper describes two new educational programs at Stanford that address some of the unique issues in teaching medical technology innovation and design. The first is a team-based medical device design and prototyping course that is based on clinical immersion and “hands-on” device prototyping. Medical device innovation at Stanford is further encouraged by means of a series of university-wide competitions, called Invention Challenges, to invent solutions to defined clinical problems with the potential for real-world impact.
Harmonic analysis of two-tone discharge patterns in cochlear nerve fibers.

Discharges in cochlear nerve fibers evoked by low frequency phase-locked sinusoidal acoustic stimuli are synchronized to the stimulus waveform. Excitation and suppression regions of single units were explored using a stimulus composed of either a fixed intensity test tone at the characteristic frequency, a variable intensity interfering tone with a simple integer frequency relation to the characteristic frequency, or both. Compound period histograms were constructed from period histograms in response to normal and reversed polarity stimuli. Discharge patterns were characterized by Fourier components of the histogram envelopes. The two stimulus frequencies constituted the principal harmonics in the histogram envelopes and their combination accounted for observed rate changes. Suppression of the test tone harmonic as a function of interfering tone intensity was always seen; rate suppression was not. The harmonic was typically suppressed by 20–30 dB compared to the value for the test tone alone and often reached the 40–60 dB resolution limit of the experiment. Suppression plots were nearly linear on a power scale with an average slope of-0.8. The onset of suppression occurred for an interfering tone 9 dB greater on average than the test tone intensity. Information transfer through the peripheral system was described by the ratio of the principal harmonic amplitudes versus the ratio of the intensities of the two stimulus tones. These plots were nearly linear on a power scale with an average slope of 0.9. Neither the onset of suppression nor the slopes of the harmonic plots displayed strong dependence on characteristic frequency or interfering tone frequency. These features of harmonic behavior, however, are closely related to system nonlinearity. Comparison of measured harmonics to the predictions of two phenomenological models suggest the presence of complex nonlinear transformations in the peripheral auditory system.
UV-visible reflection absorption spectroscopy in the presence of convective flow

A spectroelectrochemical technique is herein described in which the surface of a rotating disk electrode is used as a mirror to reflect a focused beam of light in the UV-vis range at a near normal incidence angle. This approach makes it possible to probe quantitatively the presence of absorbing species in the diffusion boundary layer under well-defined hydrodynamic conditions. Good agreement between theory and experiments was obtained using the oxidation of Fe(CN) 6 4- as a model system
De Vries Algebras and Compact Regular Frames

By the de Vries theorem, the category DeV of de Vries algebras is dually equivalent to the category KHaus of compact Hausdorff spaces. By the Isbell theorem, the category KRFrm of compact regular frames is dually equivalent to KHaus. The proofs of both theorems employ the axiom of choice. It is a consequence of the de Vries and Isbell theorems that DeV is equivalent to KRFrm. We give a direct proof of this result, which is choice-free. In the absence of the axiom of countable dependent choice (CDC), the category KCRFrm of compact completely regular frames is a proper subcategory of KRFrm. We introduce the category cDeV of completely regular de Vries algebras, which in the absence of (CDC) is a proper subcategory of DeV, and show that cDeV is equivalent to KCRFrm. Finally, we show how the restriction of the equivalence of DeV and KRFrm works in the zero-dimensional and extremally disconnected cases.
Noninvasive somatosensory monitoring of the injured inferior alveolar nerve using magnetic source imaging

Abstract Purpose: This study evaluates magnetoencephalography (MEG) as an objective] monitor for the evaluation of post-traumatic inferior alveolar nerve injuries. Materials and Methods: Six patients with unilateral inferior alveolar nerve injuries were assessed using conventional sensory examination techniques. All damaged nerves, and their contralateral controls, were then reexamined using MEG technology. Regions of somatosensory-induced magnetic activity were superimposed on three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans to give cortical magnetic source images (MSI). All patients subsequently underwent surgical exploration of the damaged nerves. Results: All six patients had no sensitivity to conventional testing on the damaged side. On evaluation with MEG, all six control nerves had an appropriate cortical signal in response to repetitive lip stimulation. Somatosensory stimulation of two of the six damaged nerves resulted in cortical magnetic field changes. Surgical exploration showed that the four nerves with negative MEG tests had discontinuity defects. In contrast, the two patients with positive MEG signals had intact nerves. Conclusion: This technology may differentiate between intact but damaged nerves and transected nerves.
Frontal organs in the Acoelomorpha (Turbellaria): Ultrastructure and phylogenetic significance

Using characters discernible through electron microscopy, we redefine the organ traditionally identified as the frontal organ in acoelomorph turbellarians as being a collection of two to several large mucus-secreting glands whose necks emerge together through a frontal pore at the exact apical pole of the body, i.e. at the point where the pattern of epidermal ciliary rootlets converges. Representatives that we have studied of each of the acoel families Paratomellidae, Diopisthoporidae, Solenofilomorphidae, Convolutidae, Otocelidae, and Mecynostomidae, as well as a representative of the Nemertodermatida, have such glands. Up to five additional types of glands that open anteriorly outside of the frontal pore, some of which are indistinguishable from glands of the general body wall, could be seen in the nemertodermatid, in Hesiolicium inops (Paratomellidae), and in representatives of the latter four acoel families. In Paratomella, three different types of glands open in diffuse fashion in a frontal glandular complex reminiscent of that in the Macrostomida.
Facilitated diffusion with consecutive reaction: Optimal carrier affinity☆

Abstract The interplay between facilitated diffusion of a substrate through a membrane and a consecutive enzymic reaction, both of which follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics, has been theoretically investigated and the effect of the kinetic and transport parameters on the rate of substrate uptake is graphically illustrated. At steady state two characteristic features of the system have been identified. First, the substrate concentration at the internal enzymic side of the membrane cannot exceed a given value even at much higher external substrate concentrations. Second, the uptake rate is maximum at a given value of K T , the kinetic parameter of the transport system that expresses the reciprocal carrier affinity of the substrate. The optimum value of K T is approximately equal to the external substrate concentration. This particular dependence of the uptake rate on the carrier affinity is expected to play an important role in hormonal regulation.
Solar neutrinos and neutrino mixing

Abstract The recent suggestion that mixing of many neutrino types accounts for the solar neutrino puzzle is discussed. We find that in general the suppression due to mixing of k species is by less than a factor k.
Heterogeneity, Spatial Population Dynamics, and the Migration Rate

The literature on the impacts of heterogeneity and selection in population analysis has been limited largely to the conventional unistate perspective in which only decrements are considered; and their temporal (selectivity) impacts on independent subpopulations examined. In this paper, the focus is on the evolutionary dynamics of (multistate) multiregional populations whose interdependent subpopulations can experience increments as well as decrements. It is shown that in such instances migration rates that are not true occurrence-exposure rates are ambiguous, because they depend on the relative weightings existing during the initial model-fitting period. Net migration rates, lifetime migration rates, and return migration proportions all are imperfect measures of migration propensities, and their use as input measures to an analysis should be avoided whenever possible.
Local detection of tropospheric OH and HO2

As the primary oxidizing agent responsible for the removal of most trace gases, including CH4 and other hydrocarbons, CO, H2, and hydrogenated halocarbons, the hydroxyl radical, OH, is central to the chemistry of the troposphere. OH oxidizes SO2 to sulfuric acid, NH3 to NO, and NO2 into the inactive HNO3 reservoir. OH is formed primarily following O3 photolysis by sunlight at wavelengths below 315 nm, producing O(1D) atoms that react with H2O to make OH. It is destroyed largely by reaction by CO and CH4 in the clean troposphere, although other reactants play roles near forests or in polluted areas. A simple balance between approximate production and destruction rates indicates a chemical lifetime for an individual OH molecule of about 1 s and a typical daytime concentration of about 3×106 molecules/cm3. OH is also closely linked to the HO2 radical through reactions with NO, O3, and hydrocarbons, and the two form the so-called HOx family. HO2 is present typically at concentrations about a hundred times that of OH and has a chemical lifetime of a few minutes; this is the effective lifetime of the HOx family because of the rapid cycling between the two radicals.
Kinetics of the amylase system of Schwanniomyces castellii

The extracellular amylases produced by Schwanniomyces castellii were studied to characterize the product distributions and starch hydrolysis rates. During amylose hydrolysis, the action of α-amylase produced short chain oligomers. The subsequent hydrolysis of these oligomers by glucoamylase produced glucose as the end product. During amylopectin hydrolysis, rate limiting dextrins with α-1,6 glucosidic linkages were formed. These dextrins remained in the hydrolysate until their α-1,6 linkage was hydrolysed by glucoamylase. Kinetic parameters of glucoamylase varied with chain length resulting in reduced hydrolysis rates at low degrees of polymerization.
A REDUCTION THEOREM FOR CERTAIN SEQUENTIAL EXPERIMENTS.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a restricted, but fairly wide, class of sequential experiments, and presents their relationship to nonsequential analogues. In some cases, the selection of the stopping rule can be approximated by a similar problem on a suitable limit stochastic process. For instance, in regular cases where the nonsequential limits are Gaussian experiments, the problem is reduced to a problem involving stopping times of Brownian motion. The chapter describes some applications to testing and estimation. It discusses some results of Ibragimov and Has'minskii, and the observation that for standard estimation problems, sequential procedures are often no better than their nonsequential counterparts.
PROSTATIC TUMOR RELAPSE IN PATIENTS WITH SUPERFICIAL BLADDER TUMORS: 15-YEAR OUTCOME

AbstractPurpose: We assessed the outcome of patients with superficial bladder tumors with relapse in the prostate and defined prognostic variables of survival.Materials and Methods: A cohort of 186 men with superficial bladder tumors was followed for 15 years. Tumor relapse in the prostate was classified as noninvasive (prostatic urethra and ducts) or invasive (stroma) with intraurethral or direct prostatic invasion. Bladder tumor stage at the time of prostatic relapse was defined as confined or not confined to the bladder. The end point of the study was disease specific survival. The effects of covariates on survival were estimated on multivariate analysis.Results: Of the 186 patients 72 (39%) had relapse in the prostate after a median followup of 28 months (range 3 to 216), including 45 (62%) with noninvasive prostatic tumor and 27 (38%) with stromal invasion. The survival rate was 82% in patients with prostatic urethra or duct involvement compared to 48% with stromal invasion. Intraurethral stromal inv...
A study of oral pain experience in sickle cell patients

This study was designed to measure the degree of association between dental pain and its frequency during sickle cell crisis. Randomized study and control groups, each consisting of outpatient clinic patients, were selected. Each subject was interviewed via a questionnaire designed to record information describing immediate and past experiences of dental pain and its characteristics. The results were analyzed statistically. This investigation showed that there is an increase of dental pain, in the apparent absence of specific pathosis, in sickle cell patients during crisis. It was found that 36% of these patients had experienced some significant transitory pain in the oral-maxillofacial complex either alone or as part of the crisis syndrome.
A three-dimensional assembly task quantification with application to machine dexterity

Quantification of assembly tasks is a key element in finding the net dexterity of a task/effector system. Three-dimensional task models of a general kind have been constructed for nonrotational and nonsymmetrical peg-and-hole problems. The square-peg-and-hole model developed extends the two- dimensional wedging and jamming diagrams into their three-dimensional counterparts. Contact constraint equations and contact modalities have been expressed in terms of line algebra. New transformations of line coordinates have been introduced to facilitate the production of constraint equations. A taxonomy of contacts has been developed based on con straint equations, which recognizes conditions under which special cases occur, such as line-plane and plane-plane con tacts.
Staying in the loop: structure and dynamics of Wikipedia's breaking news collaborations

Despite the fact that Wikipedia articles about current events are more popular and attract more contributions than typical articles, canonical studies of Wikipedia have only analyzed articles about pre-existing information. We expect the co-authoring of articles about breaking news incidents to exhibit high-tempo coordination dynamics which are not found in articles about historical events and information. Using 1.03 million revisions made by 158,384 users to 3,233 English Wikipedia articles about disasters, catastrophes, and conflicts since 1990, we construct "article trajectories" of editor interactions as they coauthor an article. Examining a subset of this corpus, our analysis demonstrates that articles about current events exhibit structures and dynamics distinct from those observed among articles about non-breaking events. These findings have implications for how collective intelligence systems can be leveraged to process and make sense of complex information.
Current Epidemiology of Candida Infection

Candidemia and candidiasis are among the most frequent healthcare care-associated infections and lead to significant morbidity and mortality. The predominant species causing candidemia remains Candida albicans, but it has declined from the majority species to causing less than 50% of U.S. cases. Increasing proportions of infections are being caused by C. glabrata, which now causes almost 30% of U.S. cases, as well as C. parapsilosis and other non-C. albicans species. Outside the United States, the predominant species is dependent upon the region. Pediatric candidemia rates are declining in the U.S., but the cause of this decline has not been fully elucidated. While overall resistance to antifungal agents has remained low among Candida species, there is some concern for echinocandin resistance, as well as multidrug resistance, in C. glabrata. Although some aspects of candidemia and candidiasis have remained constant, rates, species, and susceptibility are in a constant state of flux.
Characterization of the in vitro expressed autoimmune rippling muscle disease immunogenic domain of human titin encoded by TTN exons 248-249.

Abstract Autoimmune rippling muscle disease (ARMD) is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease associated with myasthenia gravis (MG). Past studies in our laboratory recognized a very high molecular weight skeletal muscle protein antigen identified by ARMD patient antisera as the titin isoform. These past studies used antisera from ARMD and MG patients as probes to screen a human skeletal muscle cDNA library and several pBluescript clones revealed supporting expression of immunoreactive peptides. This study characterizes the products of subcloning the titin immunoreactive domain into pGEX-3X and the subsequent fusion protein. Sequence analysis of the fusion gene indicates the cloned titin domain (GenBank ID: EU428784 ) is in frame and is derived from a sequence of N2-A spanning the exons 248–250 an area that encodes the fibronectin III domain. PCR and EcoR1 restriction mapping studies have demonstrated that the inserted cDNA is of a size that is predicted by bioinformatics analysis of the subclone. Expression of the fusion protein result in the isolation of a polypeptide of 52 kDa consistent with the predicted inferred amino acid sequence. Immunoblot experiments of the fusion protein, using rippling muscle/myasthenia gravis antisera, demonstrate that only the titin domain is immunoreactive.
Reduced-Order Optimal Feedback Control Law Synthesis for Flutter Suppression

A method of synthesizing reduced-order optimal feedback control laws for a high-order system is developed. A nonlinear programming algorithm is employed to search for the control law design variables that minimize a performance index defined by a weighted sum of mean-square steady-state responses and control inputs. An analogy with the linear quadratic Gaussian solution is utilized to select a set of design variables and their initial values. An input-noise adjustment procedure is used in the design algorithm to improve the stability margins of the system. The method is applied to the synthesis of an active flutter-suppression control law for an aeroelastic wind tunnel wing model. The reduced-order control law is compared with the corresponding full-order control law. The study indicates that by using the present algorithm, near optimal low-order flutter suppression control laws with good stability margins can be synthesized.
Integrating Boolean queries in conjunctive normal form with probabilistic retrieval models

Abstract Most commercial document retrieval systems require queries to be valid Boolean expressions that may be used to split the set of available documents into a subset consisting of documents to be retrieved and a subset of documents not to be retrieved. Research has suggested that the ranking of documents and use of relevance feedback may significantly improve retrieval performance. We suggest that by placing Boolean database queries into Conjunctive Normal Form, a conjunction of disjunctions, and by making the assumption that the disjunctions represent a hyperfeature, documents to be retrieved can be probabilistically ranked and relevance feedback incorporated, improving retrieval performance. Experimental results compare the performance of a sequential learning probabilistic retrieval model with both the proposed integrated Boolean-probabilistic model and with a fuzzy-set model.
Solvation of a Flexible Biomolecule in the Gas Phase: The Ultraviolet and Infrared Spectroscopy of Melatonin−Water Clusters

The neural hormone melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an indole derivative with a flexible peptide-like side chain that presents five distinct hydrogen-bonding sites for water: the carbonyl oxygen, the amide NH, the indole NH, the methoxy oxygen, and the indole π cloud. Using a combination of two-color resonant two-photon ionization (2C-R2PI), UV−UV hole-burning spectroscopy, and resonant ion-dip infrared spectroscopy (RIDIRS), the conformational preferences of melatonin upon sequential solvation with water have been examined. Density functional theory calculations are used to identify structural minima and to aid in the infrared spectral assignments. This work builds on previous results on the melatonin monomer (Florio et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10236), which identified five monomer conformations: three dominant trans-amide conformers and two minor cis-amide conformers. Four distinct melatonin−(water)1 complexes and two melatonin−(water)2 clusters are observed. All of these feature wa...
Performance of on-site pilot static granular bed reactor (SGBR) for treating dairy processing wastewater and chemical oxygen demand balance modeling under different operational conditions

The performance and operational stability of a pilot-scale static granular bed reactor (SGBR) for the treatment of dairy processing wastewater were investigated under a wide range of organic and hydraulic loading rates and temperature conditions. The SGBR achieved average chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and total suspended solids (TSS)-removal efficiencies higher than 90 % even at high loading rates up to 7.3 kg COD/m3/day, with an hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 9 h, and at low temperatures of 11 °C. The average methane yield of 0.26 L CH4/g CODremoved was possibly affected by a high fraction of particulate COD and operation at low temperatures. The COD mass balance indicated that soluble COD was responsible for most of the methane production. The reactor showed the capacity of the methanogens to maintain their activity and withstand organic and hydraulic shock loads.
Obsessional Neurosis, Marriage, Sex and Fertility: Some Transcultural Comparisons

In a study of 82 obsessional neurotics, it was found that Indian obsessives, unlike their counterparts in other countries, do not display a higher than expected rate of celibacy, bachelorhood, and low fertility. Some socio-cultural explanations have been offered for these findings.
Defeating symmetry in combinatorial optimization via objective perturbations and hierarchical constraints

This article introduces the concept of defeating symmetry in combinatorial optimization via objective perturbations based on, and combined with, symmetry-defeating constraints. Under this novel reformulation, the original objective function is suitably perturbed using a weighted sum of expressions derived from hierarchical symmetry-defeating constraints in a manner that preserves optimality and judiciously guides and curtails the branch-and-bound enumeration process. Computational results are presented for a noise dosage problem, a doubles tennis scheduling problem, and a wagon load-balancing problem to demonstrate the efficacy of using this strategy in concert with traditional hierarchical symmetry-defeating constraints. The proposed methodology is shown to significantly outperform the use of hierarchical constraints or objective perturbations in isolation, as well as the automatic symmetry-defeating feature that is enabled by CPLEX, version 11.2.
A ubiquitin-interacting motif from Hrs binds to and occludes the ubiquitin surface necessary for polyubiquitination in monoubiquitinated proteins

The ubiquitin-interacting motif (UIM) is a short, approximately 20 residue, structural element, which is present in, but not limited to, the proteins involved in endocytotic and proteasomal degradation. UIMs facilitate endocytotic vesicular sorting of the monoubiquitinated proteins and may be important for the targeting of the polyubiquitinated proteins to the proteasome. Using heteronuclear NMR backbone and side-chain chemical shift mapping of the ubiquitin interaction surface, the UIM from the hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate, Hrs, specifically binds to the ubiquitin hydrophobic surface using UIM's well-conserved central helical LALAL motif. Molecular modeling of the ubiquitin:UIM_Hrs complex suggests that binding occurs through a specific interaction of Leu263 and Leu267 of the UIM_Hrs with two ubiquitin hydrophobic patches located in close proximity to the ubiquitin major polyubiquitination site, Lys48. Intramolecular binding of ubiquitin to a UIM in monoubiquitinated proteins would render Lys48 unavailable for further ubiquitination, thus, explaining the absolute requirement of UIMs for monoubiquitination. Two leucines, Leu265 and Leu269, located on the opposite face of UIM_Hrs can also interact, albeit less favorably than Leu263 and Leu267, with the ubiquitin hydrophobic patches, suggesting a possible mode for polyubiquitin:UIM binding and apparent preference of UIMs for polyubiquitins.
Cable imaging with an active W-band millimeter-wave sensor

A system that can detect wires and cables suspended in the air and give fair warning of such obstacles on approach is highly desirable for both commercial and military helicopter pilots alike, given the recent increase in wire strike accidents. This paper discusses the recent development of a flight capable active millimeter-wave imaging system as a candidate and potential solution for such a system. The development methodology and flight test results presented validate the functionality of this flight system as a useful development platform for advanced system concept applications even beyond cable detection and imaging.
What Languages Are Our Soldiers Up Against

In an article appearing in the December 1943 issue of the National Geographic Magazine (“The World's Words”) mention is made of the languages that our troops are facing all over the world. A map that accompanies the article (this map was later reproduced in the New York Herald-Tribune of January 16, 1944) purports to indicate: 1. the localities where American troops are stationed throughout the globe; 2. the world's “great language empires.” These are said to be six in number—English, Chinese dialects, Russian, Spanish, Portuguese and Arabic. No mention is made in the map of French, with its seventy million native speakers, its vast colonial empire, in all of which French is current, or its even vaster intellectual empire, arising from the fact that the educated classes all over the world have some knowledge of French; or of German, with its one hundred million speakers on the European continent and its numerous emigrant and cultural speakers throughout the globe; or of Italian, with its sixty million speakers in Italy and abroad and its dominant position in the Mediterranean basin; or of Japanese, with its seventy-five million native speakers and its control, even though temporary, over populations numbering another three hundred million. The present article is meant to restore the proper balance as to the strategic importance of the world's tongues, up to the time of writing.
Analysis of phase boundary motion in diffusion‐controlled processes: Part II. Application to evaporation from a flat surface

In an earlier paper (1), three general methods of approaching the moving-boundary problems were developed. In the present work, these three methods are applied in detail to the solution of the problem of evaporation from a flat surface into a vapor phase of infinite depth. While this particular problem has been solved before (2,3), it has been chosen as an example here because all three methods apply directly.
Multiple Transient Faults in Combinational and Sequential Circuits: A Systematic Approach

Transient faults in logic circuits are becoming an important reliability concern for future technology nodes. Radiation-induced faults have received significant attention in recent years, while multiple transients originating from a single radiation hit are predicted to occur more often. Furthermore, some effects, like reconvergent fanout-induced glitches, are more pronounced in the case of multiple faults. Therefore, to guide the design process and the choice of circuit optimization techniques, it is important to model multiple faults and their propagation through logic circuits, while evaluating the changes in error rates resulting from multiple simultaneous faults. In this paper, we show how output error probabilities change with increasing number of simultaneous faults and we also analyze the impact of multiple errors in state flip-flops, during the cycles following the cycle when fault(s) occurred. The results obtained using the proposed framework show that output error probability resulting from multiple-event transient or multiple-bit upsets can vary across different outputs and different circuits by several orders of magnitude. The results also show that the impact of different masking factors also varies across circuits and this information can be valuable for customizing protection techniques.
Peripheral Insensate Neuropathy—A Tall Problem for US Adults?

The relation between height and lower extremity peripheral insensate neuropathy among persons with and without diabetes was examined by use of the 1999-2002 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with 5,229 subjects aged 40 or more years. A monofilament was used to determine whether any of three areas on each foot were insensate. Peripheral insensate neuropathy was defined as the presence of one or more insensate areas. Its prevalence was nearly twice as high among persons with diabetes (21.2%) as among those without diabetes (11.5%; p < 0.001). Men (16.2%) had 1.7 times the prevalence of peripheral insensate neuropathy as did women (9.4%), but the difference was not significant after adjustment for height. Greater height was associated with increased peripheral insensate neuropathy prevalence among persons with and without diabetes (p < 0.001). This association was characterized by a sharp increase in prevalence among persons who were taller than 175.5 cm. Peripheral insensate neuropathy risk was significantly higher among those taller than 175.5 cm (adjusted odds ratio = 2.3, 95% confidence interval: 1.5, 3.5). The authors conclude that body height is an important correlate of peripheral insensate neuropathy. This association largely accounts for the difference in peripheral insensate neuropathy prevalence between men and women. Height may help health-care providers to identify persons at high risk of peripheral insensate neuropathy.
Aspectual Support for Specifying Requirements in Software Product Lines

We present an aspect-oriented requirements specification system for software product lines. We encapsulate non-functional concerns as a set of advices for transforming parameterized requirements to product-specific requirements. We apply our system to the Health Watcher case study to demonstrate our approach. We sort out system requirements, exception handling requirements (alternate flows) and non-functional requirements and represent them as aspects in our framework. We have implemented a prototype transformation tool which takes these aspects along with the basic functional requirements as input and produces a requirements document with all applicable aspects woven in.
Geology of the Tuscarora geothermal prospect, Elko County, Nevada

The Tuscarora geothermal prospect is located at the north end of Independence Valley in northern Nevada. Thermal springs issue from Oligocene tuffaceous sediments near the center of an area of high thermal gradient. The springs, are associated with a large siliceous sinter mound and are currently depositing silica and calcium carbonate. Measured fluid temperatures range up to 95 °C, and chemical geothermometers indicate a reservoir temperature of 216 °C. The Independence Valley contains 35- to 39-m.y.-old tuffs and tuffaceous sediments which overlie Paleozoic clastic and volcanic rocks and are overlain by Miocene lava and pyroclastic flows. The rocks have been deformed by normal faults trending north-south and northwest and by folds trending north-south which have been active in the Pleistocene.
The Eemian stage in the Netherlands : history, character and new research

A historical outline of the Eemian research in the Netherlands is presented as an introduction to recent research in the type area. At the end of the 19th and during the first part of the 20th century, Eemian sediments were recognized because of the presence of lusitanian and mediterranean mollusc species. From 1930 onwards, pollen analysis made it possible to identify also non-shell-bearing deposits and to equate them with the Eemian. At the same time this technique proved a valuable tool for understanding the vegetation development during this interglacial. Pollen zonation offered a unique possibility for the correlation of terrestrial sequences in North-West Europe. The type area of the Eemian, near Amersfoort, was described by Harting in 1874 and was comprehensively restudied by Zagwijn (1961). A pollen zonation was introduced as a standard for the Netherlands, allowing the correlation of pollen records from both marine and non-marine depositional environments. This enabled a more detailed temporal resolution, resulting in a better understanding of the distribution of the various environments in the type area. In the northern and central parts of the Netherlands, the identification of the marine sequence was, apart from the occurrence of the specific mollusc fauna, facilitated by the presence of a till of Saalian age underlying the Eemian deposits. The presence of deep glacial basins in these areas enabled the deposition and preservation of a complete Eemian record in a marine setting. Sediment accumulation in the basins began immediately following deglaciation at the end of the Saalian. The Eemian type sections at Amersfoort are situated near the margin of one of these basins. Recent research of the Eemian focused on the integration of lithostratigraphic evidence and information on the sedimentary environment as derived from diatoms, dinoflagellates, foraminifers, molluscs and pollen.
Theory of the double-edge molecular technique for Doppler lidar wind measurement.

The theory of the double-edge lidar technique for measuring the wind with molecular backscatter is described. Two high-spectral-resolution edge filters are located in the wings of the Rayleigh–Brillouin profile. This doubles the signal change per unit Doppler shift, the sensitivity, and improves measurement accuracy relative to the single-edge technique by nearly a factor of 2. The use of a crossover region where the sensitivity of a molecular- and an aerosol-based measurement is equal is described. Use of this region desensitizes the molecular measurement to the effects of aerosol scattering over a velocity range of ±100 m/s. We give methods for correcting short-term, shot-to-shot, frequency jitter and drift with a laser reference frequency measurement and methods for long-term frequency correction with a servo control system. The effects of Rayleigh–Brillouin scattering on the measurement are shown to be significant and are included in the analysis. Simulations for a conical scanning satellite-based lidar at 355 nm show an accuracy of 2–3 m/s for altitudes of 2–15 km for a 1-km vertical resolution, a satellite altitude of 400 km, and a 200 km × 200 km spatial resolution.
Net Ecosystem CO2 Exchange Measured by Autochambers During the Snow-Covered Season at a Temperate Peatland

Net ecosystem exchange of CO2 was measured at a temperate peatland in southeastern New Hampshire. Classified as a mineral-poor fen owing to deep, water-logged peats that are influenced to a limited extent by groundwater, the ecosystem is dominated by plants such as sedges (Carex spp.) and evergreen shrubs. Ten automatic chambers measured fluxes every 3 h by sampling changes in headspace concentration of CO2 from November 2000 through March 2001. The fen was covered in snow for most of this period and CO2 was emitted from the snow pack throughout the winter. The largest fluxes were associated with ground temperatures of 0 °C and with declining atmospheric pressure. CO2 eff luxes up to 3µmol m � 2 s � 1 were recorded when the ground temperature reached the thaw point. Fluxes were lower when the ground temperature rose above 0 °C, however, suggesting that the large fluxes were associated with a build up and release of stored CO2 degassing as soon as the ground thawed, or by enhanced microbial activity associated with freeze– thaw dynamics. The large number of thaw events coupled with frequent short-term releases of CO2 suggest that degassing occurred on a regular basis with changes in atmospheric pressure and/or microbial decomposition occurred beneath the snowpack. The extent of soil freezing prior to thaw was also an important factor, with colder soils yielding smaller CO2 emissions upon thaw. Although most of the observed CO2 flux was efflux from the ecosystem, occasional CO2 uptake by the ecosystem of up to 1 µmol m � 2 s � 1 was also observed, indicating small rates of photosynthesis even during winter. Photosynthesis occurred only when the ground temperature was >0 °C. The implications for a warmer climate are unclear. If warmer winter temperatures yield less snow in the temperate region, then soils could freeze more deeply and result in lower CO2 emissions. However, if less snow results in a higher frequency of freeze– thaw events, then winter CO2 emissions could be larger with a warmer climate. Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell Cycle-Dependent Localization and Properties of a Second Mitochondrial DNA Ligase in Crithidia fasciculata

The mitochondrial DNA in kinetoplastid protozoa is contained in a single highly condensed structure consisting of thousands of minicircles and approximately 25 maxicircles. The disk-shaped structure is termed kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) and is located in the mitochondrial matrix near the basal body. We have previously identified a mitochondrial DNA ligase (LIG kβ) in the trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata that localizes to antipodal sites flanking the kDNA disk where several other replication proteins are localized. We describe here a second mitochondrial DNA ligase (LIG kα). LIG kα localizes to the kinetoplast primarily in cells that have completed mitosis and contain either a dividing kinetoplast or two newly divided kinetoplasts. Essentially all dividing or newly divided kinetoplasts show localization of LIG kα. The ligase is present on both faces of the kDNA disk and at a high level in the kinetoflagellar zone of the mitochondrial matrix. Cells containing a single nucleus show localization of the LIG kα to the kDNA but at a much lower frequency. The mRNA level of LIG kα varies during the cell cycle out of phase with that of LIG kβ. LIG kα transcript levels are maximal during the phase when cells contain two nuclei, whereas LIG kβ transcript levels are maximal during S phase. The LIG kα protein decays with a half-life of 100 min in the absence of protein synthesis. The periodic expression of the LIG kα transcript and the instability of the LIG kα protein suggest a possible role of the ligase in regulating minicircle replication.
Measuring afterschool program quality using setting-level observational approaches.

The importance of afterschool hours for youth development is widely acknowledged, and afterschool settings have recently received increasing attention as an important venue for youth interventions, bringing a growing need for reliable and valid measures of afterschool quality. This study examined the extent to which the two observational tools, that is, Caregiver Interaction Scales (CIS) and Promising Practices Rating Scales (PPRS), could serve as reliable and valid tools for assessing the various dimensions of afterschool setting quality. The observation data of 44 afterschool programs were analyzed using both standard psychometric procedures (i.e., internal consistency, interrater reliability, and factor analysis) and generalizability theory. The results show the potential promise of the instruments, on one hand, and suggest future directions for improvement of measurement design and development of the field, on the other hand. In particular, our findings suggest the importance of addressing the effect ...