cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advanced Compression‐Ignition Combustion for High Efficiency and Ultra‐Low NOX and Soot

Low temperature combustion of gasoline or gasoline-like fuels has significant advantages over conventional piston-engine combustion processes. This combustion process, which is based on the compression-ignition (CI) of a premixed or partially premixed dilute charge, is capable of achieving thermal efficiencies at or above those of diesel engines, engine-out NOX and soot emissions well below mandated standards, and loads as high as those typical of turbo-charged diesel engines. However, additional research and development are required to make this process commercially viable. There are many variations of this combustion process, involving charge mixtures that range from well premixed (homogeneous charge compression ignition, HCCI) to those that are mildly or even highly stratified. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of low temperature gasoline combustion (LTGC), beginning with the fundamentals, which are discussed primarily in terms of HCCI, the simplest form of LTGC. An emphasis is placed on explaining the physical and chemical processes responsible for key operating parameters such as load limits, fuel effects, and intake-pressure boosting. This approach is also applied to discussions of the use of controlled charge stratification to extend the operating limits and improve efficiency. Building on this understanding, methods for the practical implementation of LTGC are reviewed, along with two more-recently introduced techniques that show promise: one using two fuels with different autoignition reactivities and the other using diesel-type direct injection of gasoline-like fuels. Keywords: LTGC; HCCI; SACI; low temperature; high efficiency; gasoline; compression ignition; spark assist
User Charge Financing of Urban Public Services in Africa

Expansion and improvement of public services is essential to improving quality of life and productivity in developing countries. Some African countries have been diligent in expanding the infrastructure necessary to provide public services, but unfortunately, most have not done a very good job of paying for them. Imposition of user charges to fund public services would go far toward eliminating the financial problems faced by many African countries in providing services and would raise additional revenues that could be used to pay for other government expenditures. In addition to the financial benefits of user charges, there are many other benefits from their imposition. User charges have the potential to greatly improve the public sector’s efficiency, to impart a more equitable distribution of the financing burden of public services, to provide better information regarding infrastructure needs, and to improve the quality of existing services.This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the general nature of user charges: what they are, the services upon which they should be imposed, and evidence of the willingness to pay them. Section 3 discusses the extent to which user charges have been imposed in Africa in the past. Section 4 articulates the theory behind the efficient pricing of public services, resulting in a guide for setting appropriate user charges - in general as well as under special but common circumstances. Section 5 addresses the revenue implications of user charge financing, including the tendency of efficient prices to raise adequate revenues, ways to recover costs when efficient prices lead to deficits, and the attractiveness of user charges for taxation. Section 6 examines equity considerations of user charges. Finally, the analysis is brought together in section 7 by means of a case study of water supply services in Egypt. Throughout the paper, special attention is paid to the practical issues of levying user charges in Africa, issues which are too often overlooked in the literature. Concluding comments are provided in Section 8.
Health-related disabilities, pain, and employment: Initial impact of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

The primary goal of the ADA is to achieve a work environment without discrimination against individuals with disabilities. The act has encouraged awareness of the abilities of workers with disabilities from across the nation in the largest surge of civil rights implementation since the 1970s. Employers who only a brief time ago were unaware of the concept of job modifications are now beginning to adjust their workplaces to accommodate willing workers. It is obvious from the cases reported to date that individuals with disabilities have been given a strong tool to continue their employment and remain productive participants in society. Prior to the ADA, laws protecting people with disabilities from employment discrimination were only applied to federal contractors under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Several states had instituted protections, but there was no standardized protection across the country for people with disabilities to match the statutory coverage for racial and minority civil rights. Individuals with health-related disabilities are now receiving more defined due process in complaints with their employers. These changes may be tapered very efficiently with the imminent reform of health care systems. The growth of AIDS and the developing rulings surrounding the employment of individuals with this dreaded disease is benefiting individuals with many other types of disabilities.
The determination of far field antenna patterns using Fresnel probe measurements

Apparatus and method for the design and measurement of microwave antenna wave patterns. The far-field radiation pattern of a space fed aperture antenna is determined as a function of the measured radiation characteristics at the antenna focus and the design or measured illumination characteristics of the feed radiator of the antenna.
A Prognostic Gene Expression Signature in the Molecular Classification of Chemotherapy-naive Urothelial Cancer is Predictive of Clinical Outcomes from Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: A Phase 2 Trial of Dose-dense Methotrexate, Vinblastine, Doxorubicin, and Cisplatin with Bevacizumab in Urothelial Cancer

Abstract Background Gene expression profiling (GEP) suggests there are three subtypes of muscle-invasive urothelial cancer (UC): basal, which has the worst prognosis; p53-like; and luminal. We hypothesized that GEP of transurethral resection (TUR) and cystectomy specimens would predict subtypes that could benefit from chemotherapy. Objective To explore clinical outcomes for patients treated with dose-dense (DD) methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC) and bevacizumab (B) and the impact of UC subtype. Design, setting, and participants Sixty patients enrolled in a neoadjuvant trial of four cycles of DDMVAC + B between 2007 and 2010. TUR and cystectomy specimens for GEP were available from 38 and 23 patients, respectively, and from an additional confirmation cohort of 49 patients treated with perioperative MVAC. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Relationships with outcomes were analyzed using multivariable Cox regression and log-rank tests. Results and limitations Chemotherapy was active, with pT0N0 and ≤pT1N0 downstaging rates of 38% and 53%, respectively, and 5-yr overall survival (OS) of 63%. Bevacizumab had no appreciable impact on outcomes. Basal tumors had improved survival compared to luminal and p53-like tumors (5-yr OS 91%, 73%, and 36%, log-rank p =0.015), with similar findings on multivariate analysis. Bone metastases within 2 yr were exclusively associated with the p53-like subtype (p53-like 100%, luminal 0%, basal 0%; p ≤ 0.001). Tumors enriched with the p53-like subtype at cystectomy suggested chemoresistance for this subtype. A separate cohort treated with perioperative MVAC confirmed the UC subtype survival benefit (5-yr OS 77% for basal, 56% for luminal, and 56% for p53-like; p =0.021). Limitations include the small number of pretreatment specimens with sufficient tissue for GEP. Conclusion GEP was predictive of clinical UC outcomes. The basal subtype was associated with better survival, and the p53-like subtype was associated with bone metastases and chemoresistant disease. Patient summary We can no longer think of urothelial cancer as a single disease. Gene expression profiling identifies subtypes of urothelial cancer that differ in their natural history and sensitivity to chemotherapy.
Increased Frequency of Pre-germinal Center B Cells and Plasma Cell Precursors in the Blood of Children with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

We have analyzed the blood B cell subpopulations of children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and healthy controls. We found that the normal recirculating mature B cell pool is composed of four subsets: conventional naive and memory B cells, a novel B cell subset with pregerminal center phenotype (IgD(+)CD38(+)centerin(+)), and a plasma cell precursor subset (CD20(-)CD19(+/low)CD27(+/++) CD38(++)). In SLE patients, naive and memory B cells (CD20(+)CD38(-)) are approximately 90% reduced, whereas oligoclonal plasma cell precursors are 3-fold expanded, independently of disease activity and modality of therapy. Pregerminal center cells in SLE are decreased to a lesser extent than conventional B cells, and therefore represent the predominant blood B cell subset in a number of patients. Thus, SLE is associated with major blood B cell subset alterations.
A referral is worth a thousand ads: Job search methods and scientist outcomes in the market for postdoctoral scholars

The contributions postdoctoral scholars make to scientific production are well-documented. Increasingly in the USA, serving as a postdoctoral scholar is an expected component of a scientist's career. A notable feature of the job market for postdoctoral scholars is that it is ad hoc. Social network theory and supporting empirical evidence suggest that personal connections in job searches are beneficial for turnover, satisfaction, and productivity outcomes. This is particularly relevant given the large fraction of foreign postdoctoral scholars, who may naturally be more constrained in their search networks than their US-based counterparts. Using the Sigma Xi Scientific Research Society's data on postdoctoral scholars in the USA, we explore the relationship between job search methods and these outcomes, focusing on the differences in outcomes between domestic and foreign postdoctoral scholars. We find suggestive evidence of weaker networks for foreign postdoctoral scholars, who more often resort to 'impersonal' searches. The resulting difference in job match quality is related to differences in turnover, satisfaction, and productivity, which suggests that public policies to facilitate the job search of postdoctoral scholars (foreign ones especially) may yield substantial benefits. Copyright The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com, Oxford University Press.
Prototype selection rules for neural network training

Abstract Rules to select a set of training prototypes from a collection of training prototypes are developed so that a neural network classifier converges to a solution when pattern classes overlap in feature space. The rules are especially useful for selecting training prototypes in order to improve the network robustness and operational flexibility by retraining the network with noisy prototypes. The formulation of the selection rules are based on a distortion measure and the network response to the training prototype collection. The application and effectiveness of the selection rules are demonstrated on a synthetic pattern classification in a Gaussian noise problem and a practical automatic target recognition problem.
cw stimulated Brillouin gain spectroscopy of liquids

Abstract We demonstrate the use of cw stimulated Brillouin gain (SBG) spectroscopy to measure high resolution Brillouin spectra of liquids. Results are reported for thirteen liquids at room temperature, all obtained in a polarized (VV) configuration with a scattering angle of 178°. The observed Brillouin frequencies compare favorably with those predicted on the basis of previous spontaneous Brillouin light scattering measurements. The narrow Brillouin bands of carbon disulfide (70 MHz half-width at half-maximum) are easily resolved in the SBG experiment, and the sensitivity is sufficient to detect the Mountain mode in the SBG spectrum of carbon tetrachloride.
Aggregation behaviour in Rana cascadae tadpoles: association preferences among wild aggregations and responses to non-kin

Abstract In laboratory experiments, wild-caught Rana cascadae tadpoles preferred to associate with members of their natural aggregation over members from a second aggregation collected from the same pond. Laboratory-reared tadpoles also preferred to associate nearest to a sibling stimulus group over a stimulus group containing no tadpoles. However, when tadpoles were given a choice of associating between a stimulus group containing conspecific non-siblings and an empty compartment, there was random association. This suggests that tadpoles are gregarious with kin, but are not as likely to form aggregations composed solely of non-kin.
Compulsive use of alcohol among college students

Among college students alcohol consumption is associated with other high-risk behaviors that can lead to short- and long-term negative health consequences. Identification of college students consuming alcohol who are at high risk for problems may have important public health implications. This study examines the ability of the CHQ compulsive use of alcohol item to detect high-risk behaviors relative to other screening measures and its association with different dimensions of compulsive drinking. Three hundred thirty-two college students completed measures on compulsive drinking and hazardous behaviors. Results showed that among male students the CHQ compulsive use of alcohol item was not sensitive to detect hazardous alcohol consumption but co-occurred with the use of illicit drugs. Among female students it was sensitive to detect heavy drinking but not alcohol or drug problems. Among college students compulsive use of alcohol corresponds to an urge to consume alcohol that may be associated with use of illicit drugs in male students, with heavy drinking in female students and with substance use problems. This study suggest that the CHQ compulsive use of alcohol item should not be used as a stand-alone screening for alcohol or drug problems but it could be considered a marker for at-risk behaviors.
Detection by high pressure infrared spectrometry of hydrogen-bonding between water and triacetyl glycerol

Abstract The barotropic behavior of neat and aqueous 1,2,3-triacetyl glycerol was investigated by FT-IR spectroscopy over the pressure range 0.001 to 35 kbar. The infrared spectrum in the presence of water shows bands characteristic of hydrogen bonded carbonyl groups. An increase in hydrostatic pressure leads to a strengthening of the intermolecular hydrogen bond between water and the lipid ester C=O groups. The pressure-induced formation of ice VI at 9 kbar does not affect this hydrogen bond, however, the formation, at 20 kbar, of ice VII in which the water/water hydrogen bonds are stronger than the lipid C=O/water hydrogen bonds, frees the lipid carbonyl groups from the hydrogen-bonding to water.
Impact of sociodemographic factors and previous interactions with the health care system on institutional trust in three racial/ethnic groups

Objective Our objective was to explore whether there are differences in institutional trust across racial/ethnic groups and what factors might contribute to these differences. Methods We studied a convenience sample of 569 adults in Chicago grocery stores who self-identified as African American, Mexican-Hispanic, or white. We measured institutional trust and dichotomized responses into “high” and “low” trust. We used chi squared tests to examine differences in institutional trust across racial/ethnic groups and stepwise multivariable logistic regression to investigate how sociodemographic factors, health care access, health care usage, and previous negative experience with the health care system modified this relationship. Results In unadjusted analysis, race/ethnicity was significantly associated with institutional trust (p < 0.001). In the fully adjusted model, African Americans and Mexican-Hispanics had greater odds of reporting low trust compared to whites (OR: 1.90; 95%CI, 1.13–3.17; and OR: 2.34; 95%CI, 1.43–3.81, respectively); reporting a previous negative health care experience was the only other factor significantly related to having low trust (OR: 2.84; 95%CI, 1.83–4.41). Conclusion We found lower institutional trust in African Americans and Mexican-Hispanics and among participants reporting previous negative health care experiences. Practice implications Improving health care experiences, especially for racial/ethnic minority groups, could improve institutional trust and decrease health disparities in these populations.
Local Unions, “Primitive Democracy,” and Workers' Self-Activity

Unions need to reassess conventional ways of reaching out to workers. In every American community activists, often in new workplaces, are sharing broad objectives for social change. Unfortunately, these voices are frequently ignored.
Cataloguing general graphs by point and line spectra

Abstract Certain perturbative expansions in physics are sums over all multigraphs with loops — i.e., graph-like structures in which each point can be connected to any other point, including itself, by an arbitrary number of lines. We treat the problem of exhibiting, or at least counting, all such objects for all reasonably small numbers of points and lines, as well as the associated problem of determining the number of labeled graphs corresponding to a given unlabeled one. Symbolic computation (specifically, Mathematica ) has proven very useful here. It is helpful to classify the graphs further according to the distribution of the lines among the pairs of points ( line spectrum ) and simultaneously the distribution of the ends of the lines among the points ( point spectrum ). The basic tool is a generating function in which each coefficient is the number of general graphs with a given line spectrum and point spectrum.
Possibility of VLF-signal non-linear spectrum broadening in the magnetosphere

Abstract The interaction between oblique electrostatic whistler mode waves and thermal electrons in the magnetosphere results in generation of sidebands. Computer simulations show that sideband instabilities develop in non-monochromatic waves, though there is no trapped electron motion in the field of initially excited waves. Additional maxima in the wave spectrum appear at sideband frequencies that differ from the main frequency by ƒ t ~ 0.5 kHz for waves of amplitude E ~ 3 mV m−1. The amplitude of sideband maxima can be compared with the amplitude of the main mode. This means of modification of whistler wave spectra in the magnetosphere is complementary to the Doppler broadening mechanism, and is considerable for intense signals.
Anaesthesia and the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

Summary Infants with Beckwith-Wiedeman syndrome usually present different abnormalities which may require surgical correction. Anaesthetic management may be complicated by abnormal airway anatomy, congenital heart disease and severe hypoglycaemia. Careful preoperative evaluation, perioperative monitoring and suitable choice of anaesthetic technique are required for a successful outcome. We report the perioperative management of a patient with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome presenting for omphalocoele surgery on his first day of life and for bilateral inguinal hernia repair four months later.
Sorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants and trace metals on phytoplankton and implications for toxicity assessment

The partitioning of trace metals and hydrophobic organic contaminants to phytoplankton determines their toxicity as well as their fate and transport in aquatic ecosystems. Accurate impact assessments, therefore, depend on a good understanding of the factors regulating the sorption of these compounds to biotic particles. The accumulation of chlorinated organic compounds in phytoplankton is generally considered as being due solely to physical sorption, described by reversible equilibrium models based on Langmuir or Freundlich isotherms. On the other hand, the uptake of trace metals is a two phase process: a fast sorption component viewed as an ionexchange or a covalent bonding process with cell surface ligands, followed by an intracellular transport phase that is dependent on cellular metabolic activity. The uptake of inorganic and hydrophobic organic pollutants and their bioaccumulation are influenced in a complex manner by duration of exposure and cell density, by environmental factors such as pH, the concentration of cations and of dissolved and colloidal organic matter, as well as by phytoplankton physiological condition. High concentrations of H+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ ions will reduce trace metal sorption by directly competing for uptake sites on the cell's surface, whereas the presence of dissolved organic carbon such as natural and synthetic chelators and phytoplankton exudates will reduce the bioavailability of both trace metals and hydrophobic organic contaminants. Thus, the impact of toxic contaminants on phytoplankton may be determined as much by the factors influencing uptake and partitioning as by the potency of the toxicants and interspecies differences in sensitivity. Recommendations for improving toxicity assessments are presented.
Immunological reactivity of the lung. I. A guinea pig model for the study of pulmonary mononuclear cell subpopulations.

Abstract A simple and reproducible model for obtaining and characterizing macrophages and lymphoid cells from the whole lung of strain 13 guinea pigs has been described. In this model, the alveolar macrophage is characterized by cells having receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG and bearing surface immunoglobulin. Significant numbers of both B and T cells, as defined by various surface markers, were noted in the lungs of these animals as was a blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin. The percentage of B and T cells in the lymphoid population in this model is similar to those reported for lymphocytes obtained by bronchopulmonary lavage in man and monkey. This whole lung model involving a syngeneic strain of guinea pigs is well suited to the study of the immune response of the lung. A reliable and adequate yield of both macrophages and lymphocytes can be obtained and methods for separation of these cells have been presented.
Aminopyrine demethylase—Multiplicity shown by dieldrin and DDT inhibition

Abstract The inhibition of aminopyrine demethylase activity of rat liver microsomes by dieldrin and DDT suggests the presence of three components capable of demethylating aminopyrine. Two of these systems are sensitive to inhibition by DDT; however, not equally. One is sensitive to dieldrin inhibition. All three activities are present in microsomes from control animals. One component is extremely sensitive to DDT inhibition and is induced by pretreating the animals with phenobarbital. The activity of the component which is insensitive to inhibition by either dieldrin or DDT is slightly increased by 3-methylcholanthrene pretreatment.
“Between Jennings and Jones”: Jamey Johnson, Hard-Core Country Music, and Outlaw as Authenticating Strategy

In this essay, I examine how country artist Jamey Johnson rhetorically transformed himself from Nashville hopeful into a “hard-core,” “authentic” country outlaw. By associating himself with the original 1970s outlaw movement and including folklore elements of the American outlaw-hero in his songs, Johnson was successful in rhetorically crafting a “double outlaw” persona. This essay is the first scholarly examination of Jamey Johnson and his music. In addition, this essay provides an opportunity to study the rhetorical dimensions of the country outlaw as well as examine key rhetorical strategies employed to create an authentic, hard-core country artist.
Crystallization investigation of NiSi2 thin films

Recrystallizations of ion-irradiated single crystalline and polycrystalline NiSi2 films are investigated. In the single crystalline case, the irradiated surface portion of the NiSi2 film reorders epitaxially in a layer-by-layer manner, initiating from the remaining undamaged single crystalline NiSi2 seed near the NiSi2/Si interface. The irradiated polycrystal-line NiSi2 layer recrystallizes via growth from a fixed number of existing nuclei in the layer. In both cases, the recrystallization occurs with a relatively high velocity at very low temperatures (~ 100°C) and the activation energy of the growth rate is similar (1.2 to 1.4 eV). These results reflect the metallic bonding nature of NiSi2 and the fact that nucleation and mass transport are not required for growth from an amorphous mixture with a stoichiometric atomic composition and existing nuclei.
Dynamic modeling, control and stability analysis of microturbine in a microgrid

Distributed generation (DG) is playing a significant role in the power systems nowadays, which is closely related to the implementation of new demand-side services in a Smart Grid environment. It is widely accepted that microturbine generation (MTG) system is one of the most suitable means in this area. The most important outputs of a MTG system are total fuel consumption and speed transient response. This paper presents a brief description of the microturbine (MT), permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), and also power conditioning and voltage control system. Afterwards, as the fast and suitable control system design is one of the main requirements of Smart Grids, studies for the purpose of calculating the best parameters for speed governor system have been carried out. It is done by Differential Evolutionary (DE) optimization method with the objectives of minimizing total fuel consumption and speed variation after daily load changing. This paper defines a problem on transient response and fuel consumption of MTs for a 24-hour load. The aim is to optimize the speed governor in order to minimize the fuel consumption and transient response of permanent magnet (PM) generator simultaneously. Besides these two objectives, the stability issue of the MTG system is also discussed in the paper. Differential Evolutionary Algorithm integrated with a multi-objective handling technique is employed to solve the defined problem. Several simulations have been done and the result shows the effectiveness of a fine-tuned speed governor by using the proposed method. Finally, this MT model has been added to a hybrid Microgrid to analyze its effects on frequency response of the system.
Biomimetic Fabrication of Genetically-Engineered Collagen Peptide-Assembled Freestanding Films Reinforced by Quantum Dot Joints.

Genetically engineered collagen peptides were assembled into freestanding films when QDs were co-assembled as joints between collagen domains. These peptide-based films show excellent mechanical properties with Young's modulus of ∼20 GPa, much larger than most of the multi-composite polymer films and previously reported freestanding nanoparticle-assembled sheets, and it is even close to that reported for the bone tissue in nature. These films show little permanent deformation under small indentation while the mechanical hysteresis becomes remarkable when the load approaches near and beyond the rupture point, which is also characteristic of the bone tissue.
Development and calibration of a X-band dual polarization phased array radar

This paper describes the X-band dual polarization phased array radar developed at the University of Massachusetts. The high level system architecture is presented and an in-field calibration procedure is developed.
Stable calcium isotopic composition of meteorites and rocky planets

Abstract New measurements of mass-dependent calcium isotope effects in meteorites, lunar and terrestrial samples show that Earth, Moon, Mars, and differentiated asteroids (e.g., 4-Vesta and the angrite and aubrite parent bodies) are indistinguishable from primitive ordinary chondritic meteorites at our current analytical resolution (± 0.07‰ SD for the 44 Ca/ 40 Ca ratio). In contrast, enstatite chondritic meteorites are slightly enriched in heavier calcium isotopes (ca. + 0.5‰) and primitive carbonaceous chondritic meteorites are depleted in heavier calcium isotopes (ca. − 0.5‰). The calcium isotope effects cannot be easily ascribed to evaporation or intraplanetary differentiation processes. The isotopic variations probably survive from the earliest stages of nebular condensation, and indicate that condensation occurred under non-equilibrium (undercooled nebular gas) conditions. Some of this early high-temperature calcium isotope heterogeneity is recorded by refractory inclusions (Niederer and Papanastassiou, 1984) and survived in planetesimals, but virtually none of it survived through terrestrial planet accretion. The new calcium isotope data suggest that ordinary chondrites are representative of the bulk of the refractory materials that formed the terrestrial planets; enstatite and carbonaceous chondrites are not. The enrichment of light calcium isotopes in bulk carbonaceous chondrites implies that their compositions are not fully representative of the solar nebula condensable fraction.
THE DURATION OF IMMUNITY TO PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI MALARIA IN RHESUS MONKEYS

Rhesus monkeys with experimental Plasmodium knowlesi infections of varying duration were treated with sodium sulfathiazole to sterilize the infection and after differing lengths of time were reinoculated intraperitoneally with homologous strains of the plasmodium, for the purpose of determining whether there is any acquired immunity to malaria in hosts from whom all parasites have been removed. Two monkeys, one receiving sulfathiazole on the 2nd day of acute infection and the other on the 4th day, had no immunity at the time of reinoculation, 3 weeks and 10 weeks later, respectively. Both developed infections which followed the course usual in an acute attack in a normal monkey. In monkeys which survived acute infection with the aid of immune serum or quinine and in which a naturally acquired immunity had developed to the point where the acute infection was converted into a chronic one, there was an undoubted persistence of partial immunity up to about a year after sterilization of the infection with sulfathiazole, as indicated by recovery of reinoculated animals after mild or moderately severe infections differing widely in characteristics from the infection in the normal monkey. The end point at which immunity disappears seems to be independent of the length of the chronic infection.
A study of the linkage of phosphorus to protein in phosphoglucomutase.

Abstract 1. 1. Active rabbit muscle phosphoglucomutase and its dinitrophenyl derivative have been analyzed for histidine, lysine, and tyrosine. No free histidine, lysine, or tyrosine was found in DPN-phosphoglucomutase. 2. 2. The active mutase has one phosphate group per molecule. 3. 3. This phosphate is not cleaved off by treatment with Sanger's reagent. 4. 4. O -Phosphoserine and one or more of its peptides are obtained by partial acid hydrolysis of the enzyme.
Homozygous Brattleboro rats display attenuated conditioned freezing responses

In the present study we examined the influence of arginine vasopressin (AVP) on conditioned freezing behavior to aversive shock treatment by comparing the responses of Brattleboro homozygous (DI) rats, Brattleboro heterozygous (HZ) rats, and Long-Evans (LE) rats. Each animal was placed in a sound-attenuated shock chamber on the training day and given a series of 3 footshocks. On the following 4 consecutive days the rats were placed in the chambers where they had received their shock and levels of spontaneous freezing were evaluated. Levels of circulating vasopressin-associated neurophysin (NP) were subsequently determined in each rat strain. For each of the 4 test days, DI rats displayed significantly less freezing behavior when compared with LE rats and HZ rats. HZ rats displayed trends towards attenuated freezing responses when compared with LE rats. The data indicate that a relationship exists between the levels of central nervous system (CNS) and circulating AVP, and the amount of freezing displayed by each strain. These preliminary results suggest that vasopressin may be involved in appropriate autonomic and emotional responses to fearful stimuli in fear conditioning paradigms.
Heavily Nitrogen‐Doped Dual‐Phase Titanium Oxide Thin Films by Reactive Sputtering and Rapid Thermal Annealing

A novel nonequilibrium approach combining low-temperature reactive sputtering and rapid thermal annealing was developed to resolve the opposing requirements on crystallization and high dopant concentration for creating nitrogen-doped TiO2 (TiON) thin film with a mixture of anatase and rutile phases. The dual-phase TiON has a higher visible-light absorption and a smaller band gap than pure anatase TiON. Its superior photocatalytic performance was demonstrated by the highly hydrophilic conversion and faster photodegradation of organic pollutants under visible-light illumination. Our work demonstrates that the crystal structure is a major factor in determining the visible-light photocatalytic activity of TiON.
The effect of toluene on rat lung benzo[a]pyrene metabolism and microsomal membrane lipids.

Toluene (1 g/kg, i.p., 1 and 4 h) was shown to decrease total cytochrome P-450 (P450) content in rat lung. At both timepoints, reduction in pulmonary P450 content was associated with a decrease in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity, a detoxication pathway for benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). At 4 h, toluene increased the toxication/detoxication ratios of BaP metabolites in pulmonary microsomes, primarily via inhibition of hydroxy metabolite formation. The structurally analogous solvents p- and m-xylene have been previously shown to produce a similar pattern of MFO changes in rat lung; the inhibition of BaP metabolism was found to be related to alterations in pulmonary microsomal lipids following administration of p- but not m-xylene. In the present study, toluene-induced alterations in MFO parameters were not found to be associated with changes in microsomal lipids. Toluene did not affect either total phospholipid or cholesterol content at either timepoint. Similarly, no changes in speciated phospholipids were observed. Membrane integrity, expressed as conjugated diene formation, also remained unchanged following toluene administration. Toluene did, however, decrease microsomal inner-core membrane fluidity at 4 h but had no effect on membrane leaflet fluidity at either timepoint. These data suggest that the fatty acid composition of microsomal lipids may play a role in the metabolic alterations observed in pulmonary microsomes following toluene administration.
Efficient Calculation Of Propagation Delays In The Vlsi Multilevel Interconnections

We have developed a computer-efficient algorithm and carried out computer simulations on the single propagation and the delays in the multilevel high density interconnections on the GaAs-based VLSICs. The algorithm has been used to study the dependence of the load voltage waveforms and delay times on the various interconnection parameters.
A principal stress method of stress analysis.

Abstract The equations of equilibrium in a stress field as given by Lame are compared with those given by Cauchy. The (P − Q and P − R) terms of the Lame equations identified by the new words detend and double detend are invariant for any point in a stress field. The principal stresses are defined as real stress components. The ∂Xx ∂x terms of the Cauchy equations are considered as imaginary force components. Real and imaginary stress and force components are differentiated by the differences between ray vectors, as for example a force which has only one real value and direction, and diffuse vectors, as for example a gradient, which has a real value in any direction. Shear is differentiated from detend value by its variation with the direction in which it is taken. Shear is found to be an imaginary component of force parallel to a plane. The photoelastic equidetend (isochromatic) and isoclinic maps of a plane stress field define, for any point, a gradient triangle with the three maximum gradients, Δ(P − Q) ΔP and Δ − Q, for its sides. Five quantities, the detend (P − Q), the ratio of the detend to its gradient (r4), the ratio (r3) of the isoclinic normal ds3 to the stress axis direction change along its length dα, the direction of the equidetend normal (θ) and the orientation of an isoclinic line (ω) with reference to a principal stress direction, determine each gradient triangle. Five equations which define elements of the gradient triangle in terms of the five measurable quantities, are developed. Definition of the triangle can be complete with two of the five measurable quantities or two of the five equations omitted. Graphic integration of principal stress changes along any line in a stress field can be made by plotting the line straight and measuring the area swept out by the normal projections, along the line, of the sides of the gradient triangle, after it has been rotated through 90 degrees. Properties of the gradient triangle are used to solve several symmetrical stress problems and to integrate along two lines through a stress field.
Bicaudal-D is essential for egg chamber formation and cytoskeletal organization in drosophila oogenesis.

Abstract Bicaudal-D ( Bic-D ) is required for the transport of determinant mRNAs and proteins to the presumptive oocyte, an essential step in the differentiation of the oocyte. Bic-D protein contains four well-defined heptad repeat domains characteristic of intermediate filament proteins. We characterized the ovarian phenotypes of females expressing mutant Bic-D proteins (Bic-D H ) deleted for each of the heptad repeat domains. The altered migration of follicle cells we observe in mutant ovaries suggests that Bic-D functions in the germline and directs the inward migration of somatic follicle cells. In the germarium Bic-D is required for the organization of the egg chamber and the structural integrity of the oocyte and nurse cells. Examination of the polarized microtubule network in Bic-D H ovaries shows that Bic-D function is required for both the establishment of the polarized microtubule network and its maintenance throughout oogenesis. To explain the multiple functions suggested by the pleiotropic Bic-D phenotype, we propose that Bic-D protein could form itself a filamentous structure and represent an integral, essential part of the cytoskeleton.
Differential uptake of 3H-thymidine into the soluble fraction of single bone marrow cells, determined by autoradiography☆

Abstract The uptake of 3 H-thymidine into the soluble fraction and into DNA of mouse bone-marrow cells was studied autoradiographically. Cells known not to synthesize DNA, such as orthochromatic normoblasts, band-form and segmented neutrophiles, most of the small lymphocytes and mature plasma cells, do not appreciably concentrate 3 H-thymidine in the soluble fraction, while cells known to synthesize DNA, such as erythrocytic and myelocytic immature cells, accumulate 3 H-thymidine in the soluble fraction, mainly within the nucleus, perhaps before final incorporation into DNA. The data are discussed with regard to a regulatory mechanism of 3 H-thymidine uptake and catabolism in the various cell types.
Turbulent Mixed Convection Over an Isothermal Horizontal Flat Plate

Turbulent boundary layer flow adjacent to an isothermal horizontal flat plate is analyzed for the mixed convection regime. Results are presented for both air (Pr = 0.7) and water (Pr = 7) flowing above the heated plate at various velocities over a range of temperature differences between the plate and the free stream. Closure of the governing, time-averaged, turbulent equations for the mean flow quantities is attained by using a modified k-{epsilon} model that accounts for the influence of buoyancy-induced forces on the turbulent quantities. It is found that the local surface heat flux increases with increasing buoyancy force parameter. The numerical results are in qualitative agreement with available experimental measurements.
Implications of C/A code cross correlation on GPS and GBAS

This paper presents a systematic discussion on GPS C/A code cross correlation and its impact on signal acquisition, tracking and Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS) performance. Three types of cross correlation effects are investigated: 1) between two satellites that have approximately the same Doppler frequency; 2) between two satellites that have an offset at an integer number of kHz in Doppler frequency; 3) between a C/A code signal and a signal that consists of alternating zeros and ones. The first type of cross correlation has been well studied in the past decade, and its impact is often found similar to that of multipath. There exist some subtle, but important, differences between cross correlation and multipath, which will be discussed in this paper. Cross correlation cannot be treated as a random interference source, since it is inherently constrained by the Doppler frequency difference between the two satellites. Based on this constraint, the cross correlation functions will be analytically modeled in the time domain and in the frequency domain for each of the three types. All three types of cross correlation are potential threats to weak signal acquisition, PseudoRange tracking and carrier phase tracking. There are impacts on both mobile users and ground reference stations. More specifically, the PseudoRange tracking error will likely not be common between a ground reference and a mobile user, which becomes a concern for differential systems like GBAS. The PseudoRange error is not only a function of the Doppler offset and signal strength, but is also dependent on the tracking loop configuration. For example, the relative motion between the satellites and the antenna, the tracking loop bandwidth, coherent integration time and the carrier smoothing time constant all play key roles in the PseudoRange error model. It has been discovered in previous studies that a sufficiently large time constant in carrier smoothing provides effective mitigation for cross correlation errors. Most GPS users are protected against cross correlation in signal acquisition and tracking. In some worst-case scenarios, however, meter-level PseudoRange errors in GBAS may occur. As a result, cross correlation must be carefully monitored for high-accuracy safety of life applications. It can also falsely trigger other GBAS monitors, which may include the low power monitor and the signal deformation monitor. An overview of the implications of cross correlation on GBAS is provided in this paper.
CT of the renal mass

In recent years, computed tomography (CT) has been found to be extremely useful in the diagnosis and management of renal masses. It provides an accurate morphologic picture of the renal mass. The precise contrast resolution makes identification of characteristic attenuation values possible. This review addresses the many uses of CT for evaluation of renal masses. Its impact on the diagnostic process and management is also addressed.
2011 William Allan Award: Development and Evolution

To Susan and Emma (!); all the patients and their families, some maintaining contact over a half-century, the most important teachers in my professional life; academic teachers, among so many were Jacqueline A. Noonan, Hans Zellweger, Enid F. Gilbert-Barness, James F. Crow, “Charlie” Cotterman, and Sewall Wright; coworkers too numerous to mention but including Hans-Rudolf Wiedemann, Jurgen W. Spranger, Oswaldo Frota-Pessoa (and Vanessa), Newton Freire-Maia; all the Brazilians, Scott F. Gilbert, Leonard O. Langer, Jr., Elisabeth G. Kaveggia, Victor A. McKusick, Arno G. Motulsky, Angelo Serra S.J., Giovanni Neri, Laura Mazzanti; all the Italians, Klaus, Inger and Ivo Kjaer; all other Danes; Philip D. Pallister of Montana and Ben Katz of Idaho; John C. Carey; my students; graduate students; postdoctoral fellows; visiting scientists; and finally Meg Weist, Feliz Martinez, and Lindy Stokes in the American Journal of Medical Genetics office—you have given so much for so little in return, thank you!
The small GTPase Rap1 promotes cell movement rather than stabilizes adhesion in epithelial cells responding to insulin-like growth factor I.

The Ras-related GTPase Rap1 promotes cell adhesion and migration. Although the significance of Rap1 contribution to cell migration is increasingly being recognized, little is known about the biochemical mechanisms driving this process. In the present study, we discovered a previously unidentified regulatory role of insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-I) receptor (IGF-IR) in CRK Src homology 3 (SH3)-binding guanine-nucleotide-releasing protein (C3G)–Rap1–fascin–actin axis promoting cell movement. We demonstrate that a burst of Rap1 activity, rather than presumed hyperactivation, is imperative for the onset of cell movement. We show that while autophosphorylated IGF-IR signals to C3G to activate Rap1, subsequent IGF-IR internalization promotes gradual inactivation of Rap1 by putative Rap1 GTPase-activating protein (GAP). Additionally, IGF-IR signalling recruits active Rap1 at sites of cell motile protrusions. C3G depletion prevents IGF-I-induced fascin accumulation at actin microspikes and blocks protrusions. In the absence of IGF-IR activity, the wild-type (WT) Rap1 and the constitutively active V12Rap1 mutant remain in cell–cell contacts. Forced inactivation of Rap1 signalling by overexpressing dominant negative N17Rap1, Rap1GAP or by silencing C3G has a detrimental effect on filamentous (F)-actin and cell adhesion irrespective of IGF-IR signalling. We conclude that the basal levels of Rap1 activity holds up cell adhesion, whereas sequential regulation of C3G and GAP by IGF-IR reverses the labile Rap1 function from supporting adhesion to promoting migration.
Experimental comparison of base recombination currents in abrupt and graded AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors

The relative importance of the base bulk recombination current and the base-emitter junction space charge recombination current is examined for AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs with different grading schemes in the base-emitter junction. Experimental results demonstrate that, in abrupt HBTs, the base bulk recombination current is larger, and the base current increases with the base-emitter bias with an ideality factor of ∼1. In contrast, in graded HBTs, the space charge recombination current dominates and the base current ideality factor is ∼2. These experimental results agree well with a published theoretical calculation.
Oriented aligned rectangle packing problem

Abstract Given a collection R of n (= M × N) rectangles, we wish to pack it into M rows and N columns as the elements of an M × N matrix. The height of a row is defined to be the height of the tallest rectangle in that row, and the width of a column is defined to be the width of the widest rectangle in that column. The cost of a packing is the sum of the heights of the M rows plus the sum of the widths of the N columns. The oriented aligned rectangle packing problem is to find a packing with the minimum cost. In this paper we present an O( n ) time algorithm and an O( n 2 ) time algorithm for two non-trivial special cases. We also show how to extend the algorithms to handle other cost functions.