cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control methodology for single inverter, parallel connected dual induction motor drives for electric vehicles

The objective of this paper is to present a methodology for controlling the transient as well as steady state torque production from each rotor of a dual induction motor drive with parallel connected stator windings fed by a single power inverter. This type of drive topology is targeted towards electric vehicle applications where the expected benefits are: (1) a simple drive train design (no mechanical differential required); (2) traction control; and (3) lower cost and smaller size compared to a two inverter, two motor alternative. This paper includes the theoretical formulation of a suitable "dual motor" machine model from which the required control relations are derived. The control relations are similar in form to the single motor field-oriented control laws, but allow mean and differential drive torques to be directly controlled. Experimental test results demonstrate the transient torque splitting capabilities of the control but also indicate sensitivities to parameter variations. >
Working on the short grass: A qualitative analysis of fundraiser roles and experiences at public historically Black colleges and universities

The former president of Morehouse College, Dr Benjamin E. Mays, once said, ‘Higher education for Blacks has always been in a precarious position. These institutions were founded on short grass financially, and they live today on short grass.’ Today, many public and private historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) have found success in fundraising endeavors, with the schools taking advantage of the opportunities extended to them. Although these colleges are not on the same long, financial grass as are other institutions with larger endowments, larger advancement staff and larger alumni pools, the advancement offices and top fundraisers at public HBCUs are striding toward greater fiduciary goals and heights. This paper examines the experiences of 27 institutional advancement officers at public HBCUs. The practitioners interviewed believed that they were in the dominant coalition that guided the university's decisions. However, practitioners were constrained or limited in their roles by the lack of financial or personnel support for their function. The fundraisers enacted the expert prescriber, problem-solving facilitator and technician roles described by Kelly (1998).
Genetic control of house fly NADPH-dependent oxidases: relation to insecticide chemical metabolism and resistance.

Studies with 9 insecticide chemicals establish that gene (s) on autosome 2 in one resistant house fly, Musca domestica L., strain (R-Baygon) and on autosome 5 in another (R-Fc) control the level of activity of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent oxidases which detoxify certain chlorinated hydrocarbon, pyrethroid, organophosphate, and methylcarbamate insecticides. Resistance to several of these insecticides in each strain is conferred, in part, by gene (s) on the same autosome as that conferring high oxidase activity. Apparently, a small number of mutants in the house fly control the level of oxidative metabolism of many insecticide chemicals and a portion of the resistance to them.
State-to-state measurements of the vibrational predissociation dynamics of HeCl 2

Well-resolved state-to-state data are reported for the vibrational predissociation of specific rotational levels of ${\mathrm{HeCl}}_{2}$(B) with eight vibrational quanta in the Cl-Cl stretching mode. The state resolution is sufficient to clearly reveal the symmetry constraints on the dynamics as well as a node in the product-rotational-state distribution. ``Parity-selected'' excitation spectra are obtained which reduce spectral congestion and aid in the assignment of individual rovibronic transitions.
Size selection of colloidal gold aggregates by filtration: effect on surface‐enhanced Raman scattering intensities

The effect of colloidal Au particle aggregation on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra was probed by SERS filtration experiments. In this approach, SERS and optical spectra were recorded for trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (BPE)-aggregated solutions of colloidal Au filtered through straight-channel membranes with successively smaller diameters. This allowed the overall SERS intensity to be factored into aggregate size-dependent contributions. Experiments were carried out as a function of adsorbate concentration (0.5–2.5 µM BPE) and initial particle size (12–50 nm diameter colloidal Au). The key findings are as follows: (i) under conditions of minimal aggregation, appreciable SERS intensity derives from aggregates with effective diameters less than 200 nm; (ii) the amount of aggregant clearly controls the average aggregate size; and (iii) similarly aggregated solutions based on different diameter colloidal Au particles give different distributions of aggregates. These studies provide an insight into the dynamics of colloidal Au aggregation, suggest a procedure for signal optimization in colloid SERS experiments, and set the stage for controlled surface confinement of SERS-active particle clusters. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Relation between Students' Motivational Beliefs and Their Use of Motivational Regulation Strategies.

Abstract The goal of this study was to investigate the relation between a set of pre-decisional beliefs including students’ task value, self-efficacy, and learning and performance goal orientations and five post-decisional, implementation strategies students use to regulate their effort and persistence for the academic tasks assigned for a specific class. A group of eighth grade students (N=114) completed a self-report survey that assessed these four motivational beliefs and the frequency that they used five motivational regulation strategies including self-consequating, environmental control, interest enhancement, and mastery and performance self-talk. Results from a series of multiple regressions indicated that the motivational beliefs, as a group, could be used to explain students’ reported use of each of the regulatory strategies examined. Further, results indicated that task value, learning goal orientation, and performance goal orientation individually explained three or more of the regulatory strategies, whereas self-efficacy was not related significantly to any of the five regulatory strategies studied. Findings are presented and interpreted in light of their significance for models specifying both motivational and volitional aspects of self-regulation.
Planetary science: Occam's origin of the Moon

Following almost three decades of some certainty over how the Moon was formed, new geochemical measurements have thrown the planetary science community back into doubt. We are either modelling the wrong process, or modelling the process wrong.
Oxygen sensing by the global regulator, FNR: the role of the iron-sulfur cluster.

FNR is a global regulator that controls transcription of genes whose functions facilitate adaptation to growth under O2 limiting conditions. It has long been appreciated that the activity of FNR must be regulated by O2 availability, since FNR dependent gene expression is observed in vivo only under anaerobic conditions, while similar levels of this protein are present in both aerobic and anaerobic grown cells. Recent progress in this field has shown that anaerobically purified FNR contains a [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster and that this [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster is sufficiently unstable toward O2 to make it suitable as an O2 sensor. The presence of the [4Fe-4S] cluster increases dimerization of FNR which is correlated with an increase in site-specific DNA binding of FNR, a property expected of transcription factors of the FNR/CRP family. According to Mossbauer spectroscopy on purified FNR and cells containing overexpressed FNR, the [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster of FNR is converted by O2 to a [2Fe-2S]2+ in high yield. The [2Fe-2S]2+ cluster can be reconverted to the [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster on reduction with dithionite in vitro raising the possibility that the [2Fe-2S]2+ cluster is a biologically inactive intermediate which may be more readily available for reconstitution into the [4Fe-4S]2+ form than the Fe-free apoform. The ability to observe, by Mossbauer spectroscopy, the Fe-S clusters of FNR in cells containing high levels of FNR should be of value in further unraveling how FNR functions in vivo. Attempts to reduce the [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster of FNR with dithionite indicated that the redox potential of the +1/+2 couple is ≤−650 mV and that the [4Fe-4S]+ cluster form is, therefore, not likely to occur in vivo.
A Comprehensive Treatment Program for a Case of Disturbed Anger.

Abstract Santanello (2011) presented the case of a man with long-term anger problems who does not meet the criteria for any DSM-IV-TR diagnosis for treatment recommendations by several authors. This paper presents a comprehensive treatment package applied to this case. Of crucial importance is the building of a therapeutic alliance. In addition to refusing to agree to the goals and tasks of therapy, this client has intimidated several previous therapists. Strategies to build the alliance are discussed. Cognitive restructuring techniques aimed at the client's narcissistic needs for recognition by others and resentment about past abuses are all detailed. The use of imaginal exposure to anger triggers and strategies to learn new adaptive behaviors are also explored.
Frequency-response-based damage detection approach using a shunted piezoelectric transducer with variable inductance

Since damage usually reduces stiffness, frequency responses of a structure can be used to detect damage where the variation/decrease in natural frequencies is used as indicator. Although frequency responses are easy to measure with a small number of sensors, they are global reflections of the system dynamic property and one single FRF oftentimes lacks the sensitivity for local damage detection. In addition, locating damage is difficult as it normally requires a large number of measured natural frequency shifts. In this paper we propose a new frequency response based approach by integrating piezoelectric transducer with variable inductance to the host mechanical structure. A piezoelectric shunt circuit could significantly change the system dynamic responses. While frequency responses can be easily measured for such system (for example, by applying voltage to the piezoelectric actuators), varying the inductance can lead to a family of frequency responses . By doing so, one can get much more complete "scanned" reflection of the possible damage within the mechanical structure. The family of frequency responses provides a much larger dataset for more accurate and reliable damage detection. In this paper, an inverse sensitivity based detection algorithm is formulated and the performance improvement due to the integration of variable inductive piezoelectric shunt is demonstrated.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Incidence and epidemiology of anal cancer in the multicenter AIDS cohort study.

OBJECTIVE:: To examine the incidence and risk factors for anal cancer in a multicenter cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive and HIV-negative men who have sex with men followed between 1984 and 2006 (Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study). METHODS:: Prospective analysis using Poisson regression and Cox proportional hazard models and a nested case-control study using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS:: There were 28 cases of anal cancer among the 6972 men who were evaluated. The incidence rate was significantly higher in HIV-positive men than in HIV-negative men (incidence rate = 69 vs 14 per 100,000 person-years). Among HIV-positive men, anal cancer incidence was higher in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era than the pre-HAART era (incidence rate = 137 vs 30 per 100,000 person-years). In multivariate analysis restricted to the HAART era, anal cancer risk increased significantly with HIV infection (relative hazard = 4.7, 95% confidence interval = 1.3 to 17) and increasing number of unprotected receptive anal sex partners at the first 3 study visits (P trend = 0.03). Among HIV-positive men, current HAART use did not decrease anal cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS:: HIV-positive men had increased risk of anal cancer. Improved survival of HIV-positive individuals after HAART initiation may allow for sufficient time for human papillomavirus-associated anal dysplasias to develop into malignancies, thus explaining the increased incidence of anal cancer in the HAART era. © 2008 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Species specificity of nonimmunologic contact urticaria: guinea pig, rat, and mouse.

In order to find the most suitable animal species for studies on nonimmunologic contact urticaria (NICU), human NICU agents: 20% benzoic acid (BA), 10% sorbic acid (SA), 15% cinnamic acid (CA), 20% cinnamic aldehyde (CAL), 1.0% diethyl fumarate (DEF), 0.2% methyl nicotinate (MN), all in absolute ethyl alcohol, and 100% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were each applied to the earlobes of guinea pigs, rats, and mice. Guinea pig ear reacted wih swelling to all agents tested. The mean maximal increase in thickness of the guinea pig ear, measured with a micrometer, was 114 ± 46%. No response to BA, SA, CA, DEF, or MN was noted in the rat or mouse ear. However, DMSO and CAL caused significant ear swelling both in the mouse and the rat. Thus, the guinea pig ear is more sensitive to a variety of human NICU agents than is rat or mouse ear. The striking differences in species reactivity to NICU agents suggest the possibility that there are several mechanisms (mediators) involved in reactions to different substances. The guinea pig ear swelling test remains the best quantitative animal method available for screening human NICU agents.
A non-transgenic mouse model for B-cell lymphoma: in vivo infection of p53-null bone marrow progenitors by a Myc retrovirus is sufficient for tumorigenesis.

The c-Myc oncoprotein is strongly implicated in B-cell neoplasms such as human Burkitt lymphomas and mouse plasmocytomas. Transgenic mice in which the myc gene is juxtaposed to an immunoglobulin enhancer (Eμ-myc) also develop B-cell lymphomas, but relatively late in life. In addition, these neoplasms are invariably clonal, suggesting the involvement of additional mutations. Such mutations frequently affect the p53 tumour suppressor gene or its positive regulator Arf, hinting that inactivation of the p53 pathway might be the second hit required for the progression towards malignancy. However, even tumours arising in Eμ-myc/Arf-null animals are thought to be clonal. This observation raised doubts whether overexpression of Myc in p53-null B-cell precursors is sufficient for tumorigenesis. To address this question, we have established a new, non-transgenic mouse model of B-lymphoma. This model is based on isolation of primary bone marrow (BM) cells, admixing them with packaging cells producing a Myc-encoding retrovirus (LMycSN), and subcutaneous injection into a host with which BM cells are syngeneic. Predictably, wild type BM cells infected in vivo by LMycSN were not tumorigenic. However, LMycSN-infected p53-null BM cells readily gave rise to B-cell lymphomas composed predominantly of late pro-B/small pre-B-cells. In these tumours, heavy chain gene rearrangements were analysed using two independent PCR-based assays. All neoplasms with DJ-rearrangements were found to be polyclonal. This result suggests that inactivation of p53 and overexpression of Myc is all that is necessary for the development of full-fledged B-lymphomas. Our model would also be instrumental in assessing the transforming potential of Myc mutants and in studying cooperation between Myc and other oncogenes.
Laboratory Earth: The Planetary Gamble We Can't Afford to Lose

Written for a popular audience, Laboratory Earth: The Planetary Gamble We Can't Afford to Lose gives an overview of the Earth system and its evolution over time. The book answers questions about climate change and climate modeling and assesses options for dealing with the potential effects of the ever-increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases. Author Stephen Schneider indicates that large concentrations of greenhouse gases made the early Earth much warmer than it is today, despite the fact that solar radiation was 25% weaker. He presents various ideas about biological and inorganic feedbacks that might have operated on geological times-cales to bring carbon dioxide levels down to present levels.
A high performance linear emitter follower

Abstract An emitter follower for photomultiplier dynode signals is described using the feedback technique of a familiar tube circuite to improve the performance of inexpensive transistors.
Transaction Costs, Suboptimal Termination and Default Probabilities

The same option-based methodology now commonly used to value mortgages and their termination features also can be applied to calculate the probabilities that mortgage default will occur. This paper pursues that idea, and furthermore, enriches the idealized option-based approach by introducing both transaction costs and “suboptimal” termination. These latter features capture the individual considerations that cause a mortgage holder's actions to differ from what rationality would indicate based solely on the market value of the mortgage. These features are of considerable importance if the results of options-based models are to be made comparable to those calculations of default probabilities occurring in the empirical literature.
Empirical Correlations in Transition-Metal Binary Alloys

In the transition-metal binary alloys the superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ as a function of concentration has either a maximum closer to the metal with the larger ${T}_{c}$ or a minimum closer to the metal with the smaller ${T}_{c}$. This empirical correlation is of a general nature and should hold for all electronic properties.
So Much to Be Done: Women Settlers on the Mining and Ranching Frontier.

Praise for the first edition: "Another fine addition to the history of women in the Wild West. Strong and keen, these women responded to the frontier with imagination, pleasure, courage, humor and pride. They will inspire the same in readers of this volume."-Booklist. "This is history at its best-on and between the lines. Buy it and read it."-Listener. "To the editors' great credit, they have given us writings that retain each author's idiosyncrasies, prejudices, wit, petulance, anger, confusion, and resilience."-Gateway Heritage. "This is the best collection of its kind I know."-Lillian Schlissel, author of Women's Diaries of the Overland Trails. In this new and enlarged edition the editors have built on an already strong collection with four new accounts. Colorado pioneer Augusta Tabor gives a sense of the heady days as Leadville became a major mining center. Abigail Duniway describes the challenges of life for women in the Pacific Northwest. Effie Wiltbank's short selection is a reminiscence of her grandmother's "receet" for washing clothes, a chore that epitomizes the practical skill, determination, and common sense required of so many Western women. Apolinaria Lorenzana offers a rare glimpse of the operations of the mission system while illuminating the perils of living with the acquisitive Americans. Ruth B. Moynihan is an independent historian and writer. She is the editor of Second to None: A Documentary History of American Women. Susan Armitage is a professor of history at Washington State University and series editor for the University of Nebraska Press's "Women in the West" series. Christiane Fischer Dichamp, an independent scholar, is editor of Let Them Speak forThemselves: Women in the American West, 1849-1900.
Kinetics and mechanics of cell adhesion.

Abstract Cell adhesion is mediated by specific interaction between receptors and ligands. Such interaction provides not only physical linkage but also communication between the cell and its environment. The kinetics and mechanics of cell adhesion are coupled, because force can influence the formation and dissociation of receptor–ligand bonds. The kinetic rates and their force dependence determine how likely, how rapidly and how strongly cells bind as well as how long they remain bound. Since adhesion molecules are linked to apposing cellular membranes, their interaction is governed by two-dimensional (2D) kinetics. This is in contrast to the three-dimensional (3D) binding of soluble ligands to cell surface receptors. Unlike the 3D case in which many methods are available for measuring kinetic rates, not until recently have the 2D kinetic rates become experimentally measurable. In this review, I will discuss the recent progress in the experimental methods that enable quantification of the relevant kinetic and mechanical parameters, the fundamental concepts that underlie the physics of the biological phenomena, and the mathematical models that relate functions to the intrinsic properties of the adhesion molecules.
Primate life histories and dietary adaptations: A comparison of Asian colobines and Macaques

Primate life histories are strongly influenced by both body and brain mass and are mediated by food availability and perhaps dietary adaptations. It has been suggested that folivorous primates mature and reproduce more slowly than frugivores due to lower basal metabolic rates as well as to greater degrees of arboreality, which can lower mortality and thus fecundity. However, the opposite has also been proposed: faster life histories in folivores due to a diet of abundant, protein-rich leaves. We compared two primate taxa often found in sympatry: Asian colobines (folivores, 11 species) and Asian macaques (frugivores, 12 species). We first described new data for a little-known colobine (Phayre's leaf monkeys, Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus) from Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. We then compared gestation periods, ages at first birth, and interbirth intervals in colobines and macaques. We predicted that heavier species would have slower life histories, provisioned populations would have faster life histories, and folivores would have slower life histories than frugivores. We calculated general regression models using log body mass, nutritional regime, and taxon as predictor variables. Body mass and nutritional regime had the predicted effects for all three traits. We found taxonomic differences only for gestation, which was significantly longer in colobines, supporting the idea of slower fetal growth (lower maternal energy) compared to macaques and/or advanced dental or gut development. Ages at first birth and interbirth intervals were similar between taxa, perhaps due to additional factors (e.g., allomothering, dispersal). Our results emphasize the need for additional data from wild populations and for establishing whether growth data for provisioned animals (folivores in particular) are representative of wild ones.
An analytic study of compactons structures in a class of nonlinear dispersive equations

In this work, we present an analytic study of the compactons structures in a class of nonlinear dispersive equations. The compactons: new form of solitary waves with compact support and width independent of amplitude, are formally constructed. We further establish solitary patterns solutions for the defocusing branches of these dispersive models.
Criteria for maximizing steady-state population of the lowest excited triplet state

A critical enumeration of the experimental criteria which make a molecule most suitable for triplet-triplet absorption studies using steady-state excitation is given, and methods for optimizing these criteria are delineated. An analysis of the competitive effect on triplet-triplet observability, of increasing the strength of the spin-orbital perturbation for two independent paths in the system, is presented. A comparison of theory is made with some recent data in the literature on environmental spin-orbital perturbation of triplet-triplet absorption, for both steady-state and flash excitation methods.
CLASSIFYING FACES BY RACE : THE STRUCTURE OF FACE CATEGORIES

This article explored the finding that cross-race (CR) faces are more quickly classified by race than same race (SR) faces. T. Valentine and M. Endo (1992) modeled this effect by assuming that face categories can be explained on the basis of node activations in a multidimensional exemplar space. Therefore, variations in exemplar density between and within face categories explain both facilitated classification of CR faces and the relationship between typicality and classification RT within face categories. The present findings from classification and visual search tasks suggest that speeded classification of CR faces is instead caused by a quickly coded race feature that marks CR but not SR faces. Also, systematic manipulations of facial typicality cause no variation in classifiability aside from slowed classification of very distinctive faces. These results suggest that the exemplar model cannot explain important aspects of face classification. Although face perception is usually studied from the standpoint of our amazing ability to differentiate a large number of faces, representations of face categories are also important. The process of categorizing individual faces has a number of implications both for general models of classification and for understanding face identification. The focus here is on the apparently paradoxical finding that participants are faster to classify faces they have difficulty recognizing. In the present case, this means that White participants classify Black or Asian faces faster than White faces (Levin, 1989; Valentine & Endo, 1992). In attempting to understand facilitated classification of cross-race faces (hereinafter referred to as the CR [cross-race] classification advantage), the present research considers explanations for the CR classification advantage as they relate to the basic structure of face categories, both in terms of discrimination between categories and in terms of their internal structure. Three explanations for the CR classification advantage are tested here. The first, stemming from Valentine's (1991) multidimensional space framework, places the advantage in the context of an exemplar model of face classification and recognition. This model uses simple assumptions based on
Automatically tracking and analyzing the behavior of live insect colonies

We introduce the study of {\it live} social insect colonies as a relevant and exciting domain for the development and application of multi-agent systems modeling tools. Social insects provide a rich source of {\it traceable} social behavior for testing multi-agent tracking, prediction and modeling algorithms. An additional benefit of this research is the potential for contributions to experimental biology --- the principled techniques developed for analyzing artificial multi-agent systems can be applied to advance the state of knowledge of insect behavior. We contribute a novel machine vision system that addresses the challenge of tracking hundreds of small animals simultaneously. Fast color-based tracking is combined with movement-based tracking to locate ants in a real-time video stream. We also introduce new methods for analyzing the spatial activity of ant colonies. The system was validated in experiments with laboratory colonies of {\it Camponotus festinatus} and several example analyses of the colonies' spatial behavior are provided.
Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) in microRNA genes are enriched for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder association signals.

Background Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) have substantial negative impact on the quality of human life. Both, microRNA (miRNA) expression profiling in SZ and BD postmortem brains [and genome-wide association studies (GWAS)] have implicated miRNAs in disease etiology. Here, we aim to determine whether significant GWAS signals observed in the Psychiatric Genetic Consortium (PGC) are enriched for miRNAs. Method A two-stage approach was used to determine whether association signals from PGC affect miRNAs: (i) statistical assessment of enrichment using a Simes test and sum of squares test (SST) and (ii) biological evidence that quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping to known miRNA genes affect their expression in an independent sample of 78 postmortem brains from the Stanley Medical Research Institute. Results A total of 2567 independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (R 2 > 0.8) were mapped locally, within 1 Mb, to all known miRNAs (miRBase v. 21). We show robust enrichment for SZ- and BD-related SNPs with miRNAs using Simes (SZ: p ≤ 0.0023, BD: p ≤ 0.038), which remained significant after adjusting for background inflation in SZ (empirical p = 0.018) and approached significance in BD (empirical p = 0.07). At a false discovery rate of 10%, we identified a total of 32 eQTLs to influence miRNA expression; 11 of these overlapped with BD. Conclusions Our approach of integrating PGC findings with eQTL results can be used to generate specific hypotheses regarding the role of miRNAs in SZ and BD.
Analysis of empirical rain attenuation models for satellite communications at Q to W band frequencies

This paper examined the use of existing empirical rain attenuation models for earth-space paths links for frequencies at Q band and greater. Extrapolation of these models that are based on low frequency (< 20 GHz) data results in significant spread in attenuation predictions at 50 GHz and higher. Extrapolation of models based on the p = 0.01% rainfall rate to higher frequencies is limited due to the power law dependence of rain attenuation. Models that use the full rainfall rate to map attenuation to the corresponding rainfall rate distribution are subject to inaccuracies due to the artificial mapping of all sources of attenuation to a single rainfall rate. Comparison of the ITU-R P.618 attenuation model to available Q/V band data suggests limitations on the useful frequency range and highlights the importance of attenuation combining methodology.
A design for high-performance flash disks

Most commodity flash disks exhibit very poor performance when presented with writes that are not sequentially ordered. We argue that performance can be significantly improved through the addition of sufficient RAM to hold data structures describing a fine-grain mapping between disk logical blocks and physical flash addresses. We present a design that accomplishes this.
Beyond truth and method: On misreading Gadamer's praxical Hermeneutics

This essay argues for the priority of a “praxical hermeneutics” over both an ontological and a methodological one. Focusing on and pushing further Gadamer's notion of practice, it attempts to register a praxical dimension to the hermeneutic tradition within communication studies. By bringing together philosophical hermeneutics and other critical discourses, this essay attempts to offer some new possibilities or directions for the study of communication and mass communication.
STUDIES IN STOCHASTIC LEARNING THEORY. II. INTERPRETATION OF RESPONSE PROBABILITIES.

Response probabilities are interpreted from two points of view. One corresponds to fluctuations in physical parameters suggestive of a neurological basis, and the other corresponds to fluctuations in stimulus sample constitution. The two interpretations are shown to be equivalent under rather general conditions, giving the same type of relation between response and training states. This relation is different from that obtained via the response strength concept used in Part I. As a step toward evaluating the difference in predicted behavior for these different response-training relations, a general functional-difference equation is derived that describes the moments of the corresponding stochastic process in experimenter-subject controlled experiments. As an immediate application, it is used to obtain the continuity condition for the solution of the functional equation treated in Part I, and to justify the differentiability conditions assumed in establishing asymptotic properties of the solution as a function of the reinforcement parameter.
Bisphenolic compounds that enhance cell cation transport are found in commercial phenol red.

We have isolated two bisphenolic compounds (4 and 5) that have a marked effect on K+ and Na+ concentrations in human cells from commercial preparations of the pH indicator dye phenol red (phenolsulfonphthalein). We used a bioassay to identify active chromatographic fractions from the lipophilic impurities present in phenol red, and we determined the structure of two active components (4 and 5) by 1H and 13C NMR and mass spectrometry. When added to human fibroblasts in serum-free medium, the bisphenol fluorene derivative 9,9-bis(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxyfluorene (5) produced a rapid loss of K+ and a gain of Na+, at low concentrations, with an EC50 between 30 and 60 ng/mL (80-160 nM). The 2- and 4-hydroxy isomers of the fluorene 5 (i.e., compounds 6 and 7), prepared by synthesis, had similar activity, although compound 6 was somewhat less potent. The bisphenol xanthene derivative 9,9-bis(4'-hydroxyphenyl)xanthene (4) elicited a similar biological response but was less potent than 5-7; it also had a strong effect on cell adhesion, causing release of cells from the plastic substrate at concentrations as low as 2-5 microg/mL (5.5-14 microM). The structures of xanthene (4) and fluorene (5) bisphenols have been confirmed by synthesis from xanthone and hydroxyfluorenone, respectively, by Friedel-Crafts alkylation with phenol. In the latter case, the desired 3-hydroxyfluorene isomer was formed in situ by rearrangement of the 1-hydroxy isomer.
Photochemical hydrogen iodide gas generation from iodomethane and 2-iodopropane

Abstract The photochemistry of iodomethane has been widely studied, but quantitative product yields for hydrogen iodide gas have not been reported. The photochemistry of 2-iodopropane has not been as widely studied, but it has been reported that trace amounts of hydrogen iodide gas are formed. However, quantitative product yields for hydrogen iodide gas have not been reported for this reactant either. In this paper, we report results for the percentage yields of hydrogen iodide gas, as obtained by potentiometry, when iodomethane or 2-iodomethane are photolyzed at 253.7 nm. For iodomethane, the statistical most likely estimator is 3.8 × 10 −3 %, and the set maximum is 0.049%. For 2-iodopropane, the statistical most likely estimator is 0.26%, and the set maximum is 3.68%.
Long-term successes of various sinus surgeries: a comprehensive analysis.

Outcome studies often examine the efficacy of sinus surgery with 1 year of follow-up data, while longer-term postoperative data is less easily available. This article reviews long-term outcomes of various endoscopic techniques to further delineate risk factors for surgical failure. A systematic review of the literature was performed and studies were stratified based on surgical technique and recognized risk factors of postoperative failure. A total of 126 abstracts were identified, 82 articles were retrieved for full review, and 56 were included in this report. A total of 30 studies had longer than 1 year of follow-up data and the longest follow-up period was 10 years. Based on the available evidence, endoscopic sinus surgery has a high success rate, but with well-recognized risk factors for failure. Aggressive postoperative local care and medical therapy should be tailored to each patient’s particular disease process, and form an integral part of surgical management.
Technical knowledge as value added in business markets: Implications for procurement and marketing

Abstract For many businesses, competitiveness is highly dependent on the technical knowledge of its operating personnel. This article presents the view that vendors able to offer cutting-edge technological expertise relevant to customers' operations as part of their overall “bundled” offering add more value for customers than competitors emphasizing product supply alone. Concurrently, it is suggested that purchasing and materials management should view technical knowledge as a strategic resource and adopt procurement strategies that encourage knowledge acquisition. An exploratory study was undertaken to determine the degree to which technical knowledge is linked to more desirable decision-making styles and outcomes using a sample of key buying center members (operating/manufacturing managers). The results of a mail survey indicate that higher levels of technical knowledge are linked to more desirable decision styles and decision outcomes, suggesting that managers' technical knowledge is an important asset for firms with manufacturing or process operations. Implications for procurement and marketing are discussed.
Synthesis of multimetallic nanoparticles using a solution-based pulsed laser deposition approach

Multicomponent noble metal nanoparticles were synthesized using a novel laser-assisted dry processing approach. Combining attributes from conventional pulsed laser deposition and matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation, nanoparticles of Au-Ag and Au-Ag-Pd were deposited on Si substrates and electron microscopy grids from metal precursors. The mean diameter of Au-Ag particles was approximately 2.8 nm, while that of Au-Ag-Pd particles was approximately 2.2 nm. Significant compositional non-uniformity was observed in deposited particles and is attributed to the inhomogeneity of the target solutions and the decomposition behavior of the selected material systems.
The effects of behavioral history on cocaine self-administration by rhesus monkeys.

The purpose of the present study was to examine whether a history of responding under schedules that generate either high or low response rates could modify previously established cocaine self-administration. Eight experimentally naive rhesus monkeys were trained to respond on one of two levers under a fixed-interval (FI) 5-min schedule of intravenous cocaine (0.03 mg/kg per injection) presentation. When responding was stable a cocaine dose-response curve (saline, 0.01–0.3 mg/kg per injection) was determined. Following completion of the dose-response curves, the monkeys were randomly assigned to one of two groups (n=4/group) and trained to respond on the other lever under either a fixed-ratio (FR) 50 or inter-response times (IRT) > 30-s schedule of cocaine (0.03 mg/kg per injection) presentation. After 65 sessions responding was again maintained under the FI5-min schedule of 0.03 mg/kg per injection cocaine for 60 sessions, followed by redetermination of the cocaine dose-response curve. During the initial exposure to the FI schedule, the mean rate of responding was 4.02 (± 0.33) responses/min and the cocaine dose-response curve was characterized as an inverted-U shape function of dose, with peak responding at 0.03 mg/kg per injection. The FR50 schedule generated high rates (66.80 ± 5.6 responses/min), while response rates under the IRT > 30-s schedule were low (2.62 ± 0.2 responses/min). Following different behavioral histories, response rates under the FI5-min schedule were significantly higher for 60 sessions in FR-history monkeys compared to IRT-history subjects. Compared to the initial FI baselines, cocaine intake (mg/kg per session) was significantly higher following an FR-history and significantly lower following training under an IRT schedule, for 60 consecutive sessions. In addition, there was a significant effect of behavioral history on the cocaine dose-response curve, such that descending limb was shifted farther to the right in FR-history subjects compared to IRT-history monkeys. Results from the present study indicate that previously established “drug-seeking” behavior can be modified by training under different reinforcement schedules. Knowledge of such historical variables may be important in understanding the determinants of drug self-administration.
Social Cognitive Personality Assessment: A Case Conceptualization Procedure and Illustration ☆

Abstract Although social cognitive theory has strongly influenced cognitive behavioral models of psychopathology and treatment, it has had far less influence on approaches to clinical personality assessment and case conceptualization. A primary obstacle has been the difficulty of translating social cognitive assessment principles into practical clinical assessment methods. The purpose of the present paper was to describe a cognitive behavioral case conceptualization procedure informed by a social cognitive personality assessment, one that the average cognitive behavioral therapist would be able to implement. To execute a social cognitive personality assessment, we argue that the clinician must perform four tasks: (a) identify personality structures, (b) identify if-then personality signatures, (c) map personality structures to if-then personality signatures, and (d) integrate social cognitive assessment data to form an evidence-based case conceptualization. For each of these four social cognitive personality assessment tasks, we describe an assessment procedure and then illustrate it using a case illustration of a depressed and anxious woman who presented at a psychology clinic. We conclude by discussing advantages, limitations, and possible future directions for further development of social cognitive personality assessment measures and case conceptualization procedures.
Digestive plasticity of the marine benthic omnivore Nereis virens

Abstract We investigated plasticity in the digestive chemistry of the omnivorous marine benthic polychaete Nereis virens . We sought to compare the previously observed variability among species (genotypic plasticity) versus the variability within a species (phenotypic plasticity) in response to changes in diet. We found statistically significant changes in enzyme activities between worms given carnivorous versus detritivorous diets. These changes were smaller in magnitude than the among-species range, but consistent in direction. The surface tension of the gut fluid was largely unaffected by diet. However, the presence of surfactant micelles was closely linked to the presence of sediment in the diet. These results suggest that sediment ingestion induced the introduction of high concentrations of surfactants into the gut lumen, perhaps related to the adsorption of digestive agents and products onto the mineral matrix. In the context of the among-species trends found by Mayer et al. (Digestive environments of benthic macroinvertebrate guts: enzymes, surfactants and dissolved organic matter. J. Mar. Res. 1997;55(4):785–812.), Nereis virens shows greater phenotypic plasticity in its surfactant secretion than in its enzymatic response to varying food types.
Formal verification and testing of protocols

We adopt a formalism to describe protocols that is close to the human way of thinking and can be easily used to perform reachability analysis of the described protocol in a state-transition format. This formalism allows for an execution tree (ET) to be generated from a set of assertions such that all paths from the root to the leaves are well-defined formulas. We then extend the formalism with regards to real-time properties. Finally, we present a software verification tool, that implements the aforementioned features in the analysis of protocols.
Monotone solutions of the parametric linear complementarity problem

The parametric linear complementarity problem under study here is given by the conditionsq + αp + Mz ≥ 0,α ≥ 0,z ≥ 0,z T (q + αp + Mz) = 0 whereq is nonnegative. This paper answers three questions including the following one raised by G. Maier: What are the necessary and sufficient conditions onM guaranteeing that for every nonnegative starting pointq and every directionp the components of the solution to the parametric linear complementarity problem are nondecreasing functions of the parameterα?
Detection of Snow Cover Using Millimeter-Wave Imaging Radiometer (MIR) Data

Abstract Millimeter-wave Imaging Radiometer (MIR) data, collected from a NASA ER-2 flight over the Great Lakes region and New England in February 1997, are used to identify snow cover. Data at 89 GHz, 150 GHz, and 220 GHz are compared with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover product. Additional data sets used in this analysis are the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) land cover classification and the MODIS cloud cover mask. Results show that for cloud-free scenes, the MIR data are well related to the snow and vegetation cover. Under cloudy conditions the MODIS snow mapping algorithm, which uses visible and near-infrared data, is unable to detect snow cover. However, the surface cover is still clearly discernible in the MIR images. It is suggested that high frequency microwave data may be used to supplement the MODIS, or other visible and near-infrared derived snow cover products, during cloudy conditions. The development of snow cover algorithms combining future Earth Observing System (EOS) microwave, visible, and infrared data are discussed.
Oxazolidinones Mechanism of Action: Inhibition of the First Peptide Bond Formation

Abstract Oxazolidinones are potent inhibitors of bacterial protein biosynthesis. Previous studies have demonstrated that this new class of antimicrobial agent blocks translation by inhibiting initiation complex formation, while post-initiation translation by polysomes and poly(U)-dependent translation is not a target for these compounds. We found that oxazolidinones inhibit translation of natural mRNA templates but have no significant effect on poly(A)-dependent translation. Here we show that various oxazolidinones inhibit ribosomal peptidyltransferase activity in the simple reaction of 70 S ribosomes using initiator-tRNA orN-protected CCA-Phe as a P-site substrate and puromycin as an A-site substrate. Steady-state kinetic analysis shows that oxazolidinones display a competitive inhibition pattern with respect to both the P-site and A-site substrates. This is consistent with a rapid equilibrium, ordered mechanism of the peptidyltransferase reaction, wherein binding of the A-site substrate can occur only after complex formation between peptidyltransferase and the P-site substrate. We propose that oxazolidinones inhibit bacterial protein biosynthesis by interfering with the binding of initiator fMet-tRNA to the ribosomal peptidyltransferase P-site, which is vacant only prior to the formation of the first peptide bond.
The effect of dorsally angulated distal radius fractures on distal radioulnar joint congruency and forearm rotation

A biomechanical cadaver study was performed to evaluate the effect of dorsally angulated distal radius fractures on the distal radioulnar joint. Frykman I distal radius fractures were simulated, and laxity measurements were taken with and without sectioning the triangular fibrocartilage complex and the interosseous membrane. The findings of this study were threefold. First, measured in terms of radial diastasis, incongruency of the distal radioulnar joint occurred with increasing dorsal tilt of the distal radius. It became most dramatic with a change of more than 20° of dorsal angulation of the distal radius. This corresponds to approximately 10° of dorsal tilt of the articular surface of the distal radius, as measured on an x-ray film. Second, increased dorsal angulation caused interosseous membrane tightness and limited maximum pronation and maximum supination. Third, distal radioulnar joint dislocation did not occur until both the triangular fibrocartilage complex and interosseous membrane were sectioned. These results reveal the importance of anatomic reduction of the distal radius fracture and evaluation of damaged soft tissue structures.
Social Capital and Citizen Interpretation of Political Ads, News, and Web Site Information in the 1996 Presidential Election:

In 1996, citizens made heavy use of political ads and news. Expressions of mistrust of candidates and the electoral process are widespread among viewers who recall political ads. Combining information and solidarity-building functions, the World Wide Web offers the promise of re-building social capital.