cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observer/Kalman Filter Identification for Online System Identification of Aircraft

The observer/Kalman filter identification method is applied to the problem of online system identification of accurate, locally linear, aircraft dynamic models of nonlinear aircraft. It is a time-domain technique that identifies a discrete input-output mapping from known input and output data samples, without user imposed a priori assumptions about model structure or model order. The basic formulation of observer/Kalman filter identification specific to the aircraft problem is developed and implemented in a nonlinear, six-degree-of-freedom simulation of an AV-8B Harrier. A similar simulation of a generic uninhabited combat aerial vehicle is also used. Numerical examples are presented, consisting of longitudinal and lateral/directional successive online identifications at different nonperfect trim conditions, identification with sensor noise on multiple channels, and identification with discrete gusts. Accuracy of the identified linear system models to the nonlinear plant is quantified with comparison of eigenvalues, the Vinnicombe gap metric, and time history matching. Results demonstrate that the observer/Kalman filter identification method is suitable for aircraft online identification of locally linear aircraft models and is generally insensitive to moderate intensity Gaussian white sensor noise and for light to moderate intensity discrete gusts.
Holographic Fringe Linearization Interferometry For Defect Detection

In normal double-exposure holography with impulse loading, it is very difficult to locate defects because fringe clutter, which is due to random motion between exposures, often dominates the fringe shifts caused by the presence of subsurface defects (cracks, disbonds, etc.). We attempted to simplify the defect location problem by developing a concept more amenable to automatic readout techniques. Our approach to incorporate this change is quite simple. We swing the object beam between the two exposures, which adds a linear fringe to the reconstructed image. Proper selection of the fringe frequency (angle of object beam swing) and the loading force creates a reconstructed image laced with linear fringes that have fringe shifts at the defect locations that are highly visible. We describe the theory of the process. Experiments performed with static load illustrate that the defect is seen as fringe shifts on a linear carrier. Both through cuts and rear-surface cuts in a metal test plate were used to simulate defects. We further show that the defects have characteristic Fourier signatures different from those of the carrier.
Efficient PCR-based gene disruption in Saccharomyces strains using intergenic primers.

Gene disruptions are a vital tool for understanding Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene function. An arrayed library of gene disruption strains has been produced by a consortium of yeast laboratories; however their use is limited to a single genetic background. Since the yeast research community works with several different strain backgrounds, disruption libraries in other common laboratory strains are desirable. We have developed simple PCR-based methods that allow transfer of gene disruptions from the S288C-derived strain library into any Saccharomyces strain. One method transfers the unique sequence tags that flank each of the disrupted genes and replaces the kanamycin resistance marker with a recyclable URA3 gene from Kluyveromyces lactis. All gene-specific PCR amplifications for this method are performed using a pre-existing set of primers that are commercially available. We have also extended this PCR technique to develop a second general gene disruption method suitable for any transformable strain of Saccharomyces.
Moving toward NextGenetic Counseling

Many figurative hands have been wrung over how to reconcile the collision of an irresistible force with a seemingly immovable object. The force: the burgeoning amount of genetic informa-tion obtainable by genome-wide tests. The obstacle: the practical constraints imposed by the limited number of providers quali-fied to deliver it in clinically meaningful and ethical ways. This is not a new problem, and solutions have been proposed. One idea, popular for a while, was to expand our ranks to include other health professionals, effectively outsourcing the problem. But after several attempts to develop and provide training for “fill in your favorite health professional here”, and to train addi-tional genetic counselors and medical geneticists, our capacity has not appreciably swelled. Even so, this blip hardly registers in comparison with the imminent genomic tsunami hovering off our shores, threatening to drown us all in a downpour of sequence data.If the finite number of qualified professionals is largely static yet the number of people waiting to be counseled is increas-ing exponentially, the next logical target would be paring down the length of the session. Ignoring the option of simply talk-ing faster, one choice would be to present less information. This strategy runs exactly counter to the prevailing winds of the aforementioned genomic tsunami. Lacking any better ideas, we typically rely on auxiliary communication methods that sup-plement rather than supplant us. While the spectrum includes group counseling, teleconferencing, and computer modules, the most commonly used device is some variation of that old standby, the patient pamphlet.As a ubiquitous, side-car companion to the process of patient education, the pamphlet has shown remarkable resil-ience. When offered after a session, a well-designed pamphlet can be used to review and enhance information. Given before an appointment, it has the potential to prepare the necessary groundwork. Using established design techniques, a pamphlet (paper or virtual) can successfully introduce genetic content and, equally as important, can prime people for the potentially complex decisions we ask them to make.
A simple algorithm for generating multinomial random vectors with extravariation

An algorithm for generating vectors of counts with extravariation is presented. The algorithm produces a random vector whose distribution is a finite mixture of multinomial random vectors. The proposed distribution matches the first two moments of the Dirichlet-multinomial distribution and coincides with the latter when clusters contain two elements. In a Monte Carlo study, goodness-of-fit tests for data generated under both the Dirichlet-multinomial and the finite mixture distributions are examined.
Modification of the micropore characteristics of the desilicated ZSM-5 zeolite by thermal treatment

Controlled desilication of ZSM-5 zeolite, using an aqueous solution of 0.8 m sodium carbonate and 0.01 m sodium hydroxide, results in a significant decrease of the Si/Al atomic ratio, with sodium orthosilicate and its dimer, sodium pyrosilicate, being selectively removed from the zeolite framework. Micropores of 0.49 nm, i.e., those significantly smaller than those of the parent zeolite, are formed during desilication at the expense of the original micropores. Such a desilicated zeolite shows an ion-exchange activity (with Ca2+) much higher than that of the parent zeolite, owing to the increase of the density of Al tetrahedral sites. Activation of the desilicated zeolite at a temperature higher than 300°C results in the enlargement of the newly formed micropores. The final system is quite homogeneous with only one type of micropore, ca. 0.56 nm in diameter. This is probably at the origin of further improvements in the ion-exchange performance. There is no significant change of the ZSM-5 zeolite structure in this method of secondary synthesis: Thus, the function of the thermal treatment is to stabilize the framework and to homogenize the pore network of the desilicated zeolite.
User involvement to enhance expertise in system development

This paper considers the mediating effects of user participation activities that interact with crucial skills to explain the varying degrees of software success. Questionnaires were mailed to randomly selected Information System Special Interest Group (ISSIG) members of the Project Management Institute (PMI) in the USA. A total of 171 questionnaires were returned. The overall results of the analysis show that user hands-on activities lower the risks of certain skill deficiencies during the duration of the project to improve the successful implementation of software projects, while user partnering serves as a mediator between application expertise, general expertise, and software success.
Towards the specification of consecutive steps in macromolecular lignin assembly.

When Pinus taeda cell suspension cultures are exposed to 8% sucrose solution, the cells undergo significant intracellular disruption, irregular wall thickening/lignification with concomitant formation of an 'extracellular lignin precipitate. However, addition of potassium iodide (KI), an H202 scavenger, inhibits this lignification response, while the ability to synthesize the monolignols, p-coumaryl and coniferyl alcohols, is retained. Lignin synthesis (i.e. polymerization) is thus temporarily correlated with H202 generation, strongly implying a regulatory role for the latter. Time course analyses of extracellular metabolites leading up to polymer formation reveal that coniferyl alcohol, but not p-coumaryl alcohol, undergoes substantial coupling reactions to give various lignans. Of these, the metabolites, dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, shonanin (divanillyl tetrahydrofuran) and its apparent aryl tetralin derivative, cannot be explained simply on the basis of phenolic coupling. It is proposed that these moieties are the precursors of so-called reduced substructures in the lignin macromolecule. This adds a new perspective to the lignin assembly mechanism.
Hydrolysis of 1-alkyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, a common precursor of platelet-activating factor and eicosanoids, by human platelet phospholipase A2

The metabolism of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and arachidonic acid is linked through the common intermediate 1-alkyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (alkylarachidonoyl-GPC). Hydrolysis of alkylarachidonoyl-GPC by phospholipase A2 may initiate the biosynthesis of both PAF and eicosanoids, since alkyllyso-GPC is formed for acetylation to PAF and arachidonic acid is liberated for conversion to biologically active metabolites. In order to elucidate the regulation and functional role of human platelet phospholipase A2 in the pathway leading to the formation of both classes of lipid mediators, we have characterized its action upon alkylarachidonoyl-GPC. Human platelet phospholipase A2 was solubilized and then partially purified in the presence of n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (octyl glucoside). Hexadecylarachidonoyl-GPC was prepared biosynthetically using platelet sonicates, purified by two-step high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and suspended in buffer by sonication. Our results indicate that deacylation of alkylarachidonoyl-GPC by platelet phospholipase A2 has an absolute requirement for Ca2+. It occurs at submicromolar concentrations of free Ca2+ and exhibits a biphasic Ca2+-dependence with activity plateaus at 10 microM and 2 mM. Phospholipase A2-mediated hydrolysis of alkylarachidonoyl-GPC is increased 2-fold by albumin and is enhanced 5-fold if 1,2-dioleoylglycerol is incorporated into the substrate dispersion. The substrate dependence and specificity of platelet phospholipase A2 for 1-alkyl- vs. 1-acyl-linked subclasses of arachidonic acid containing phosphatidylcholine was examined with 1-O-hexadecyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (hexadecylarachidonoyl-GPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (palmitoylarachidonoyl-GPC). We found that the substrates were deacylated equivalently. We conclude that, in stimulated platelets, in the presence of increased levels of cytoplasmic free Ca2+ and newly generated diacylglycerol, alkylarachidonoyl-GPC may be rapidly hydrolyzed by phospholipase A2 and may serve as a precursor of both PAF and eicosanoids.
A Shannon sampling approach to form error estimation

AbstractForm error estimation is a critical step in verifying that a product satisfies design specifications. It is demonstrated how Shannon sampling can be used to reconstruct surface profiles if ...
Hemoprotein content and activity of solubilized steroid 11 β-hydroxylase preparations from adrenocortical mitochondria

Abstract Previous sutdies (1,2) have demonstrated that the unusual cytochrome P-450 (3) is the terminal oxidase of mixed function oxidase systems of adrenocortical and hepatic microsomes. Since the steroid 11 β-hydroxylase appears to be the only mixed function oxidase localized in mitochondria, we have studied the solubilized preparation of this enzyme (4) in order to determine whether this mitochondrial preparation would show the prominent spectrophotometric features of the adrenocortical microsomes preparations displaying steroid 21-hydroxylase activity (5).
Loosely packed hydroxyl-terminated SAMs on gold.

We report the preparation of loosely packed hydroxyl-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold by the adsorption of bis(11,11‘-dithioundecyl)perfluoroheptanoate and base-mediated cleavage of the fluorocarbon terminal group. As shown through complementary characterization methods, the partially fluorinated SAM exhibits a structure in which the outer surface contains mostly −CF3 groups, the fluorocarbon groups are slightly canted on average, and the hydrocarbon chains underneath are in a fluidlike state. Upon cleavage of the fluorocarbon group, the hydroxyl-terminated alkyl chains relax into an increasingly canted, fluidlike state. The resulting monolayer packing exposes both methylene and hydroxyl functionalities, yielding an intermediate surface energy (θa(H2O) ≈ 68°). As compared to a densely packed hydroxyl-terminated SAM prepared from bis(11-hydroxyundecyl)disulfide, the cleaved films are thinner because of the greater average chain cant and exhibit a ∼50% higher capacitance and a factor of 5...
Profiles of determination

ing technology. What compels these women to persevere, even when their voices are in the minority? I sought to discover the underlying characteristics that foster success by women in electronic and computer music through a series of interviews. Of the many women who persist in the field (Hinkle-Turner 1997), I interviewed Pauline Oliveros, Laurie Spiegel, Diane Thome, and Frances White. I selected these four because
Population Density and Seasonality Effects on Sin Nombre Virus Transmission in North American Deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus) in Outdoor Enclosures

Surveys of wildlife host-pathogen systems often document clear seasonal variation in transmission; conclusions concerning the relationship between host population density and transmission vary. In the field, effects of seasonality and population density on natural disease cycles are challenging to measure independently, but laboratory experiments may poorly reflect what happens in nature. Outdoor manipulative experiments are an alternative that controls for some variables in a relatively natural environment. Using outdoor enclosures, we tested effects of North American deermouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) population density and season on transmission dynamics of Sin Nombre hantavirus. In early summer, mid-summer, late summer, and fall 2007–2008, predetermined numbers of infected and uninfected adult wild deermice were released into enclosures and trapped weekly or bi-weekly. We documented 18 transmission events and observed significant seasonal effects on transmission, wounding frequency, and host breeding condition. Apparent differences in transmission incidence or wounding frequency between high- and low-density treatments were not statistically significant. However, high host density was associated with a lower proportion of males with scrotal testes. Seasonality may have a stronger influence on disease transmission dynamics than host population density, and density effects cannot be considered independent of seasonality.
Clinical presentation of rhabdoid tumors of the kidney

PurposeWe designed this study to differentiate the clinical presentation, particularly the incidence of hematuria, of a rhabdoid tumor of the kidney (RTK), a rare but highly malignant tumor, from a Wilms tumor.Patients and MethodsWe reviewed patient flow charts from the National Wilms Tumor Study Gr
The preparation and metabolism of tyrosine disulfonate.

The various viewpoints expressed in the literature concerning the metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine (1,2,3) have made any new approach seem worth investigating and have led to a study of tyrosine containing two sulfonic acid groups in the ring. This type of compound also raises questions with regard to the metabolism of the sulfur. Although the sulfur atom of sulfonates is not capable of any further oxidation, the bond between carbon and sulfur is a very stable one and sulfonates, as typified by cysteic acid, are not productive of urinary sulfate. Cysteic acid is very readily absorbed from the intestinal tract ($5) but is excreted unchanged (6,7,8), producing neither taurine to any great degree, nor any inorganic sulfate. The absorption and metabolism of tyrosine disulfonate is of interest therefore from two standpoints. It represents a sulfur compound hitherto uninvestigated and also a new derivative of tyrosine. No history of any previous preparation of tyrosine disulfonate has been found. It was noted by Andrews (9) that cystine and tyrosine, both highly insoluble in water, are readily soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid and, in the cold, can be recovered with even their optical cativity practically unchanged. At higher temperatures the tyrosine is readily sulfonated. Conklin and Johnson (10) prepared a monosulfonate of tyrosine with the sulfonic acid group ortho to the phenolic group. We have employed somewhat more drastic conditions (a higher ratio of acid to tyrosine and 100% acid instead of 96%) for preparing the disulfonate, obtaining the latter in the form of the barium salt by the following procedure.
Near-surface organic nitrogen in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean

Abstract During the second EASTROPAC survey (August–September, 1967) 94 water samples from a depth of 10 m in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean were analyzed for organic nitrogen by u.v. irradiation. Concentrations ranged from 3·4 to 13·8 μ g-at./l. and were signnificantly lower in water that contained nitrate as compared with nitrate-free water. Organic N concentrations were higher than concentrations of inorganic N in nitrate-free water and organic N could be a significant source of N for phytoplankton if it was available to these organisms. Enrichment experiments suggest that organic N is not available to phytoplankton and it is probable that this material consists of relatively refractory compounds that are heterocyclic and of high molecular weight.
A Dynamic Analysis of Prices in the U.S. Rice Marketing Channel

Granger causality tests and dynamic multipliers are used to explore the dynamic relationship among prices in the U.S. rice marketing channel. The dynamic multipliers provide information about the speed and magnitude of dynamic price adjustments that is not provided by the Granger causality tests. This information is shown to be useful in explaining the underlying economic relationship among the time series of prices.
Synthesis and spectroscopy of binuclear phosphine bridged palladium hydrides: Pd2HX3[dppm]2 (X=Br, I; dppm=bis[diphenylphosphino]methane)

Abstract Reactions of orange–red dichloromethane solutions of Pd2X2dppm2 (X=Br, I; dppm=bis{diphenylphosphino}methane) with aqueous, concentrated HBr or HI at ambient temperature yields dark green solids which analyze for Pd2HX3dppm2 (1a X=Br and 1b X=I). No reaction is observed between Pd2X2dppm2 and aqueous, concentrated HCl. Line shape analysis of dynamic 31P-NMR spectra for 1a and 1b over a 100 °C range indicates that in each case a system involving two sets of chemically equivalent 31P nuclei, mutually coupled, is exchanging 31P environments via initial exchange with a less populated intermediate system in which all four 31P nuclei are equivalent. From lineshape analysis of the 31P spectra, activation parameters for the rates going to the symmetrical intermediates are as follows: 1a: ΔG†(−78°)=7.8±0.2 kcal mol−1, ΔH†=7.5 kcal mol−1, ΔS†=−1.3 e.u. and for 1b: ΔG†(−78°)=9.7±0.3 kcal mol−1, ΔH†=8.9 kcal mol−1, ΔS†=−3.9 e.u. Similar analysis of dynamic 1H spectra for 1b over a 80 °C range reveals two exchanging Pd–H sites with activation parameters for the exchange: ΔG†(−78°)=9.5±0.3 kcal mol−1, ΔH†=8.2 kcal mol−1, ΔS†=−6.9 e.u. Compounds 1a and 1b decompose to a 1:2 mixture of Pd2X2dppm2 and PdX2dppm in solution with the evolution of hydrogen. Compound 1b reacts with PPh3 yielding [HPPh3+][I−] and Pd2I2dppm2 while reaction of 1b with KOH also yields Pd2I2dppm2. Decomposition of 1b is unchanged in the presence of styrene with no evidence for the formation of iodoethylbenzene or ethylbenzene.
Multidimensional scaling of color difference in the pigeon

Pigeons were required to discriminate between “identical” vs “different” pairs of lights in a yes/no signal-detection task with a symmetrical payoff matrix. If the two lights projected on the two halves of the bipartite field constituting the center response key in a three-key chamber were identical in wavelength composition, a single peck on the right key was reinforced with food. If the two lights differed in wavelength composition, then left-key pecks were reinforced. In Experiment 1, each of six pigeons experienced all possible pairs of 11 spectral lights and 1 purple light (66 pairs). In Experiment 2, the set of lights was expanded to 15 (105 pairs) and included a white light. The percentage of correct choices was taken as an index of the dissimilarity between the two lights constituting a pair. The rank-order information available in these dissimilarity measures was used to determine coordinate projections for each light in a two-dimensional Euclidean space. The configuration obtained in this manner was interpreted as a color circle for the pigeon.
The impact of anemia in moderate to severe traumatic brain injury.

Purpose The impact of anemia and restrictive transfusion strategies in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the outcome of varying degrees of anemia in patients who have sustained a TBI.
White-Collar Crime in Modern England: Financial Fraud and Business Morality, 1845-1929

List of tables Acknowledgments Introduction 1. The new economy: transformation of finance and opportunities for crime 2. The railway mania 3. Banking and credit fraud 4. Stock fraud 5. Company fraud: promotion 6. Company fraud: management 7. Company law and the courts 8. Business ethics and professionalization Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index.
Efficient target detection in cluttered FLIR imagery

In this paper, we investigated automatic target detection and classification of low and high contrast targets present in unknown forward looking infrared (FLIR) image sequence. The detection algorithm, based on morphology based preprocessing, acts as a prescreener that selects possible candidate target regions, comprising both true targets and false alarms and places expected target-sized marker to those preselected regions. The application of simple non-linear grayscale operations in the proposed detection algorithm leads to real-time implementations. By considering the known target and background specific attributes, extracted from the training samples, the clutter rejection module discriminates between true target and false alarms previously identified by the detection algorithm. Two approaches are employed for object classification where one uses local features of the image and the other uses template matching technique such as image correlation. For the first approach, to extract features, we employed two methods - nonlinear filtering for texture energy measurement and wavelet decomposition by expending Daubechies high and low pass filter coefficients. Then for classification, a neural network based classifier is used. In the second approach minimax distance transform correlation filter (MDTCF) is applied that minimizes the average squared distance from the filtered true-class training images to a filtered reference image while maximizing the mean squared distance (MSD) of the filtered false-class training images to this filtered reference image. Then classification is performed using the squared distance of a filtered test image to the chosen filtered reference image. The performance of the proposed technique is analyzed for i) neural network with nonlinear texture filtering, ii) neural network with wavelet decomposition and iii) correlation filtering. Preliminary results indicate that the proposed detection algorithms can locate both hot and cold targets from cluttered background. In addition, the clutter rejecters are capable of maintaining a low false alarm rate and excellent discrimination competence. The performance of the proposed techniques has been tested with real life FLIR imagery supplied by the Army Missile Command (AMCOM).
The Oct-1 homoeodomain directs formation of a multiprotein-DNA complex with the HSV transactivator VP16

The herpes simplex virus transactivator VP16 participates in the formation of a multiprotein-DNA complex with the ubiquitous octamer-motif-binding factor Oct-1. Complex formation is dependent on specific amino acids in the Oct-1 homoeodomain which are in positions analogous to positive control mutations in helix 2 of the lambda phage repressor helix-turn-helix motif, indicating that this structure is an ancient target for protein-protein interactions mediating transcriptional control.
Choroid plexus papilloma with osseous and adipose metaplasia

Rare cases of osseous and chondroid metaplasia in choroid plexus papillomas have been described. We report a case of left lateral ventricular choroid plexus papilloma presenting in a 25-year-old man. The tumor demonstrates prominent calcification with associated osseous metaplasia and a region of adipose metaplasia, which has not been previously described in these tumors. There is no evidence of mucin in the papilloma on mucicarmine and alcian blue stains. A MIB-1 labeling index (marker of cell proliferation) of 0.1% was noted. P53 immunoreactivity was not observed in the papilloma. Ann Diagn Pathol 5:43-47, 2001.
Polymerization of epoxides and vinyl monomers by nitrosyl hexafluorophosphate

The polymerization of certain 1,2-epoxides, styrene and n-butyl vinyl ether has been accomplished by the use of nitrosyl hexafluorophosphate as the initiator. Heretofor, nitrosyl hexafluorophosphate has been known as an initiator only for tetrahydrofuran. The polymers prepared had broad molecular weight distributions. Nitrosyl hexafluorophosphate (NOPP6) has been used to initiate the polymerization of tetrahydrofuran (ECKSTEIN and DREYFUSS, 1979; SEUNG, et al., 1981). In this communication we report on the use of NOPF6 for the polymerization of three 1,2-epoxides, namely styrene oxide (SO), cyclohexene oxide (CHO), and 1,2-epoxybutane (EB). In addition, styrene (S) and n-butyl vinyl ether (nBVE) were also polymerized with this initiator.
Stimulation of Adrenal Ornithine Decarboxylase by Adrenocorticotropin and Growth Hormone

The effects of ACTH and growth hormone on rat adrenal ornithine decarboxylase activity (ODA) were studied in hypophysectomized rats. Administered independently, each hormone produced an increase in ODA as compared to saline—injected hypophysectomized controls. ACTH caused a rise in ODA between 6 and 10 hr after stimulation with a peak at 8 hr. Increasing doses of ACTH from 2.5 IU to 10 IU produced progressive increases in ODA. The steroidogenic 1–24 portion of the ACTH molecule had full ODA—stimulating activity. There was a progressive fall in ODA responsiveness to a standard pulse of ACTH with increasing time after hypophysectomy. Growth hormone also produced a peak ODA response 8 hr after administration. Progressively increasing ODA responses were obtained by increasing doses of growth hormone from 1 to 5 mg. When ACTH and growth hormone were injected at the same time, a marked synergistic stimulation of ODA was observed. (Endocrinology 92: 1089, 1973)
AN APPROACH FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFICATIONS FOR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

[This abstract is based on the author's abstract.] An important task of a quality program is to understand the needs and/or expectations of customers and to provide products and services that meet those needs. Design engineers must translate these nee..
Enhancement of N- and L-type calcium channel currents by protein kinase C in frog sympathetic neurons

Abstract The effect of protein kinase C (PKC) stimulation on Ca 2+ channels was studied in frog sympathetic neurons. 12,13-Phorbol dibutyrate (PDBu) consistently augmented Ca 2+ channel currents in whole-cell recordings. This enhancement was blocked by staurosporine and PKC(19–31), but not produced by 4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, indicating that PDBu acts via PKC. Both N- and L-type currents, as isolated pharmacologically, were increased. PKC enhancement was independent of the extent of G protein activation, indicating that it was not caused by removal of tonic G protein inhibition. In unitary recordings PDBu produced dramatic increases in single N- and L-type channel activity by sharply decreasing closed time intervals between adjacent openings, but did not alter the unitary current size or mean open time. This up-modulation by PKC may constitute a positive feedback mechanism in the regulation of neuronal Ca 2+ channel activity.
Variation of gravity with depth in the Earth

The theoretical formula used by Stacey and others to infer the Newtonian gravitational constant from the measured gravity profile in a mine remains valid when the variation of ellipticity with depth in the Earth is taken into account.
Controlling Setting Events in the Classroom

Teachers face the challenging job of differentiating instruction for the diverse needs of their students. This task is difficult enough with happy students who are eager to learn; unfortunately students often enter the classroom in a bad mood because of events that happened outside the classroom walls. These events—called setting events—can increase the prevalence of challenging behavior that disrupts the classroom. Teachers often feel overwhelmed when thinking about these problems, but when they begin to see the relation between setting events, antecedents, behaviors, and consequences, they can begin to address these issues in a proactive way that helps prevent the challenging behavior from occurring. The purpose of this article is to (a) describe the relationship between behavior and the environment, (b) highlight reasons that students engage in challenging behavior, and (c) provide suggestions on how to tackle these setting events in the classroom.
Market revaluations of foreign listings' reconciliations to U.S. financial reporting

The Securities and Exchange Commission requires foreign firms wishing to list their securities on the U.S. exchanges to convert their financial statements to U.S.-based generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) in a reconciliation filing known as Form 20-F. This paper extends prior research analyzing the importance of the SEC requirement by examining the value relevance to U.S. capital markets of Form 20-F reconciliation information under two additional hypotheses: investors' anticipation of the reconciliation, and investors' perception of foreign countries' enforcement and reliability in applying local accounting rules. It is argued that the information content of the Form 20-F reconciliation data is preempted (at least partially) on the date of foreign earnings announcements because of investor anticipation of these reconciliations. Therefore, only significant unanticipated reconciliations exhibit value relevance on the date of filing. In addition, investor perception of the reliability of the reconciliations and the degree of confidence in foreign authorities enforcing local GAAP also affect the value relevance of the reconciliation data. This study hypothesizes that reconciliations made by firms from countries with mature and developed capital markets should be more value relevant to U.S. investors. The results show that both unexpected foreign earnings and anticipated reconciliations to U.S. GAAP are significantly associated with unexpected market returns during the week of earnings announcements. The region of the foreign country is also significantly associated with market returns. However, unexpected reconciliations are not significantly associated with unexpected market returns during the week of Form 20-F filing.
An Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Effects of Gas-Phase Ozone

This project evaluated the effects of exposing a variety of microorganisms on porous and non-porous materials to elevated gaseous ozone concentrations ranging from 100 – 1000 ppm. Gypsum wallboard (porous) and glass slide (non-porous) building materials were used. Two fungi organisms, two bacteria organisms and two levels of relative humidity (RH) were tested. Increased humidity and non-porous surface exposure were found to increase the biocidal capability of high levels of ozone. The results of this study indicate that even at relatively high concentrations of ozone, it is difficult to get significant reductions of microorganisms on surfaces, especially on porous materials.
Influence of warping-pretwist coupling on the torsional vibration of centrifugally-stressed cantilevers with thin-walled open-profiles

Abstract A nonlinear torsional vibration theory for multifilament models of centrifugally-stressed and pretwisted cantilevers with thin-walled open-profiles is developed from D'Alembert's principle. Warp deformation and a moderately large twist about the elastic axis are assumed in describing the dynamical torsional motion. The extensional strain is eliminated by invoking equilibrium of extensional stresses along the elastic axis. The refined derivation here reveals significant warping-pretwist coupling terms resulting from the Wagner effect and warping shear stresses, which have been ignored in thin-walled bar vibration theories hitherto. Approximate torsional frequencies are drawn from the linear terms of the resulting nonlinear boundary-value equations using a finite difference procedure with first- and second-order central differences. As the length-to-leg ratio (L/b) and leg-to-thickness ratio (b/t of typical open-profile cantilevers are varied, the individual and collective effects of warping and pretwist on the torsional frequencies are compared to exact solutions. Finally, the relative importance of centrifugal stiffening and/or softening terms, warping-pretwist coupling terms, and inertial warping-tension coupling terms is pointed out.
Successful reintroduction of an endangered veteran tree specialist: conservation and genetics of the Great Capricorn beetle (Cerambyx cerdo)

Habitat fragmentation is one of the main threats to biodiversity. Reintroductions or translocations may mitigate its effects by allowing species with limited dispersal ability to exploit otherwise inaccessible habitat patches. Despite the fact that reintroductions are among the most effective conservation measures, they are rarely used for invertebrates. In this study we investigate the potential of reintroductions as a conservation measure for beetles, and present the first genetic results for an endangered veteran tree specialist. After translocation of 10 adults in 1987, a population of the Great Capricorn beetle reappeared in Hluboka nad Vltavou (Czech Republic) in 1990s. Using population genetic analyses of 79 individuals based on nine microsatellite loci and 82 individuals based on the mitochondrial COI gene we assessed the origin of this population, and compared its genetic variation, population structure and demography to the alleged source population (southern Moravia) and to the closest autochthonous population (Třeboňsko). Although the reintroduced and the closest autochthonous populations are geographically close (24 km), their mutual genetic distance was much higher than that between each of them and the geographically distant (>150 km) potential source population in southern Moravia. The genetic diversity of the reintroduced population was the lowest from the three studied populations and represented a subset of the alleged source population suggesting its establishment due to a translocation from southern Moravia. Despite the lower genetic variation at the reintroduced site, our results suggest that reintroductions could serve as a highly effective measure in biodiversity conservation and in some cases it may be the only chance to prevent extirpation of many endangered populations.
Half-sandwich structure of cyclopentadienyl dialuminum [Al2(eta5-C5H5)] from pulsed-field ionization electron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations.

Cyclopentadienyl dialuminum [Al 2 Cp, Cp = C 5 H 5 ] was prepared in a pulsed laser ablation cluster beam source and identified with a time-of-flight photoionization mass spectrometer. The high-resolution electron spectrum of this complex was obtained using pulsed-field ionization zero electron kinetic energy (ZEKE) photoelectron spectroscopy. Three isomeric structures with two Al atoms residing on the same or opposite sites of the Cp plane were predicted by second-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory. A half-sandwich structure with an aluminum dimer perpendicular to the Cp plane was identified by the experiment. The ground electronic states of the neutral and ionized species are 2 A" in C s symmetry and 1 A 1 in C 5ν symmetry, respectively. In both the neutral and ionic states, one of the Al 2 atoms binds with five carbons, and the metal-ligand bonding consists of orbital and electrostatic contributions. Ionization of the 2 A" neutral state enhances the metal-ligand bonding but weakens the metal-metal interaction.
A simple empirical description of K±p elastic scattering combining regge and absorption models☆

Abstract The sums and differences of K+p and K−p elastic scattering angular distributions above 3 GeV/c incident momentum are analyzed. A simple factorization model, in which the t dependence and s dependence of the amplitudes are separated, is utilized to obtain a simple empirical description of these cross section combinations. Conventional values for the Pomeranchuk and ω trajectories are obtained. The Pomeranchuk and ω residue functions are quantitatively well described by a single exponential and the Bessel function J0, respectively. Additional crossovers of the K+p and K−p elastic cross sections are predicted at t = −1.1, −2.7 and −5.0 (GeV/c)2.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is inhibited in calcium-loaded cerebrocortical mitochondria

An impairment of mitochondrial functions as a result of Ca-loading may be one of the significant events that lead to neuronal death after an ischemic insult. To assess the metabolic consequences of excess Ca on brain mitochondria, pyruvate oxidation was studied in isolated cerebrocortical mitochondria loaded with Ca in vitro. The flux of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) ([1-14C]pyruvate decarboxylation) was inhibited as the mitochondria accumulated excess Ca under the conditions tested: the inhibition in state 3 (i.e., in the presence of added ADP) was greater than in state 4 (i.e., in the absence of added adenine nucleotides). In state 4, the inhibition of the PDHC flux was accompanied by a similar reduction of the in situ activity of PDHC, indicating a change in PDHC phosphorylation. In state 3, the inhibition of the PDHC flux was greater than the corresponding decrease of the in situ PDHC activity. Thus, mechanisms other than the phosphorylation of PDHC might also contribute to the inhibition of pyruvate oxidation. Measurement of PDHC enzymatic activity in vitro indicated that PDHC, similar to α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, was inhibited by millimolar levels of Ca. This observation suggests that PDHC may also be inhibited non-covalently in Ca-loaded mitochondria in a manner similar to that of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.
Ethically speaking - Should my daughter become an engineer? part I

This paper examines the different reasons for the decreasing number of female students who are interested in pursuing a career in engineering
Pats on the back or pointing the finger: Judgments of praise and blame

Interpersonal judgments of others may differ based on participants’ deterministic versus libertarian attitudes as well as the amount and kind of information provided about a target individual. The two studies reported here explored how four factors impact judgments of blame and praise: 1) deterministic attitudes, 2) perceived similarity to the judged individual, 3) the childhood background information provided, and 4) an ability-versus-effort explanation of behavior. Based on vignette portrayals, blame was reduced when disability versus lack of effort was described as a possible explanation, when participants perceived themselves as similar to the target individual, when information about childhood hardships was provided, and when libertarian attitudes were lower (Study 1 only). Fewer factors were related to praiseworthiness, with coming from an impoverished childhood being the only consistent finding across the two studies. Judgments of blame fit more clearly with hypotheses generated from psychological theories, but praiseworthiness predictions are not as easily explained.
Diffuse interfaces and the general minimization of the mean field free energy

Abstract A mean field pair interaction theory of interfaces is presented. The theory is related to diffuse interface theories based on gradient energy expansions, but avoids certain mathematical approximations. The theory consists of obtaining a general expression for the mean field pair interaction free energy of the system and obtaining that composition profile which minimizes this free energy. A condition for the minimization is obtained from variational principles and solved numerically. The interface profiles are compared with those of standard diffuse interface theory and are found to be similar. The theory is a mean field theory because the local configurational entropy is taken as ideal.
Multiphonon extraordinary-ray absorption coefficient for sapphire

Abstract Transmission measurements between 1400 and 2500 cm −1 using a Fourier transform spectrometer, combined with calculations from a uniaxial transmittance model developed by Lekner, are used to determine the absorption coefficient for the extraordinary-ray of sapphire. Thus, a straightforward new technique is demonstrated for determining the extraordinary-ray absorption coefficient. The results are used to calculate parameters for an empirical multiphonon absorption model.
A simple quantitative chemical recovery method of oxyfluorfen (2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl) (Goal®)* from laboratory fortified soil and water samples

Oxyfluorfen herbicide chemical extraction and analyses techniques from both soil and water are time consuming or/and require the use of HPLC. Our paper reports the results of a simple method for the extraction and gas chromatographic (GC) analyses in laboratory oxyfluorfen fortified soil and water samples. A representative field sample from a Byler silt loam (Typic fragiudalf, mixed, thermic) soil site was collected from the 0–10 cm depth, and appropriately air-dried and sieved (2-mm size). Soil had an organic matter (O.M.) content (Walkley Black) of 2% w/w, and pH of 6.5. The soil sample was fortified with 0.05 to 2.0 μg/g levels of oxyfluorfen herbicide, extracted (1:5 soil: acetonitrile), and directly injected into the HP 6890 gas chromatograph (μ-ECD detector). Deionized (DI) laboratory water samples were spiked at the 0.010 and 0.100 μg/mL levels. They were intermittently shaken by hand with n-hexane for 3 min., and the supernatant directly analyzed by GC. Quantitative recoveries of the herbicide in ...
Neuroblastoma Causing Acute Urinary Retention: A Rare Presentation

Background: Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children under the age of 5 years and, after acute lymphoblastic leukemia, is the second most prevalent malignancy in childhood. Acute urinary retention is rare in children, especially due to a neuroblastoma. Objectives: To present the potential complications of a pelvic neuroblastoma. Case report: A 9-month-old infant presented with urinary retention that had been attributed in the past to the infant's chronic constipation. She was catheterized and a large residual of urine was obtained; she was discharged home. She returned the following day with the same complaint. Plain radiographs suggested a soft tissue density in the pelvic region with no evidence of constipation. Rectal examination revealed a mass, and a computed tomography scan showed a large, solid mass. Pathological examination confirmed a pelvic neuroblastoma, which was resected. Conclusions: The most common causes of acute urinary retention are urinary tract infections, lower urinary stones, neurologic processes, trauma, and constipation. A detailed and focused history and physical examination can be very helpful in diagnosing a pathological cause of urinary retention, such as a pelvic neuroblastoma.
Prenatal Cerebral Ischemia Disrupts MRI-Defined Cortical Microstructure Through Disturbances in Neuronal Arborization

Children who survive preterm birth exhibit persistent unexplained disturbances in cerebral cortical growth with associated cognitive and learning disabilities. The mechanisms underlying these deficits remain elusive. We used ex vivo diffusion magnetic resonance imaging to demonstrate in a preterm large-animal model that cerebral ischemia impairs cortical growth and the normal maturational decline in cortical fractional anisotropy (FA). Analysis of pyramidal neurons revealed that cortical deficits were associated with impaired expansion of the dendritic arbor and reduced synaptic density. Together, these findings suggest a link between abnormal cortical FA and disturbances of neuronal morphological development. To experimentally investigate this possibility, we measured the orientation distribution of dendritic branches and observed that it corresponds with the theoretically predicted pattern of increased anisotropy within cases that exhibited elevated cortical FA after ischemia. We conclude that cortical growth impairments are associated with diffuse disturbances in the dendritic arbor and synapse formation of cortical neurons, which may underlie the cognitive and learning disabilities in survivors of preterm birth. Further, measurement of cortical FA may be useful for noninvasively detecting neurological disorders affecting cortical development.
Slouching towards Boeotia: Age and Age-Grading in the Hesiodic Myth of the Five Races

RECENT DISCUSSION OF Hesiod's "myth of the five races" (WD 106-201) has focused primarily on its structure and on the relation between the text as we have it and the tradition in which the poet worked.1 There is no need to re hearse here in detail the various accounts-most prominently those of Walcot, West, and Vernant2-which have identified the structure, coherence, and his tory of the text in such different ways. If one truth has emerged from these closely argued treatments of the text, it is that we will do well to speak not of the structure of the sequence but of a number of structures which coexist, peacefully or otherwise, with each other and that to some extent the artistry of the sequence is a product of the various directions in which the text is pulled.
Drug therapy for childhood epilepsy

Abstract 1. 1. The classification of epileptic seizures used at The Johns Hopkins Hospital Epilepsy Clinic is presented. 2. 2. The general principles of drug therapy for childhood epilepsy are discussed. 3. 3. The methods and anticonvulsant drugs employed for the treatment of specific types of epileptic seizures are given. 4. 4. The various anticonvulsant drugs are discussed in detail: available preparations, dosage, indications for use, and untoward reactions.