cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Theory of Civilian Decision-Making in Civil War

“Many people wrongly think it is [just] the Association that should come to the defense of each individual, but it should be the opposite.” – Resident of La India, Santander, 1995 (ATCC Archives) “The guerrilla respects the thinking of the Association [ATCC]. There's no reason why it should disappear. On the contrary, it should be strengthened.” – FARC Commander, 2001, near La India, Santander (ATCC Archives) “The mentality of the armed groups has changed a lot and we respect certain things.” – Paramilitary Subcommander, 2001, near La India, Santander (ATCC Archives) One Saturday morning in La India, an elder conciliator invited me to join him at the Adventist mass. Since the church had a strong influence on the ATCC's nonviolent approach, I jumped at the chance. From the main street, we walked a few minutes through a small wooded area and came upon a clearing and the church. I watched as the congregation greeted each other, then we entered and sat in a pew in the front row. As the service began, the people sang hymns and read along from the prayerbook. I quickly lost my place, however, so I quietly nudged my companion to ask him where we were. So as not to disturb the songs, he whispered, “I don't know.” Since he was following along and skimming the pages with his finger, I quizzically asked, “What do you mean you don't know?” He looked over at me sheepishly, shrugged his shoulders, and said, “I don't read.” His reply was stunning, and was an epiphany for how impressive the mobilization of the ATCC and other communities around Colombia truly was. Indeed, how is it that ordinary people like this elder conciliator are able to confront violence? The answer is a story of organization. Civil wars are not fought in social vacuums. They are fought in social landscapes. These landscapes are often variable, with notable social differences from one town or village to the next. My central argument is that these differences shape how civilians cope with civil war conflict and, in turn, how they are treated by armed actors. In this chapter, I outline a theory of when, how, and why variation in cross-community characteristics, such as organization, affect outcomes for civilians in civil war settings.
SOYBEAN FOLIAGE CONSUMPTION BY PSEUDOPLUSIA INCLUDENS (WALKER) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) LARVAE INFECTED WITH NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS

Consumption of greenhouse and field grown ‘Bragg’ soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, foliage was determined for Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) larvae treated with varying dosages of Pseudoplusia n...
Neutrinoless double- β decay matrix elements in light nuclei

We present the first ab initio calculations of neutrinoless double-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay matrix elements in $A=6\ensuremath{-}12$ nuclei using variational Monte Carlo wave functions obtained from the Argonne ${v}_{18}$ two-nucleon potential and Illinois-7 three-nucleon interaction. We study both light Majorana neutrino exchange and potentials arising from a large class of multi-TeV mechanisms of lepton-number violation. Our results provide benchmarks to be used in testing many-body methods that can be extended to the heavy nuclei of experimental interest. In light nuclei we also study the impact of two-body short-range correlations and the use of different forms for the transition operators, such as those corresponding to different orders in chiral effective theory.
Indoor air quality (IAQ) evaluation of a Novel Tobacco Vapor (NTV) product.

Abstract The impact of using a Novel Tobacco Vapor (NTV) product on indoor air quality (IAQ) was simulated using an environmentally-controlled chamber. Three environmental simulations were examined; two non-smoking areas (conference room and dining room) and one ventilated smoking area (smoking lounge). IAQ was evaluated by (i) measuring constituents in the mainstream NTV product emissions, (ii) and by determining classical environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and representative air quality markers. Analysis of the mainstream emissions revealed that vapor from the NTV product is chemically simpler than cigarette smoke. ETS markers (RSP, UVPM, FPM, solanesol, nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine), volatile organic compound (toluene), carbon monoxide, propylene glycol, glycerol, and triacetin were below the limit of detection or the limit of quantification in both the non-smoking and smoking environments after using the NTV product. The concentrations of ammonia, carbonyls (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone), and total volatile organic compounds were the same levels found in the chamber without NTV use. There was no significant increase in the levels of formaldehyde, acetone or ammonia in exhaled breath following NTV use. In summary, under the simulations tested, the NTV product had no measurable effect on the IAQ, in either non-smoking or smoking areas.
Operant GSR conditioning with cool air reinforcement.

Two groups of 20 Ss each were run individually in a soundproof chamber heated to 115 F and humidified to 100%. Ss in the experimental group received brief presentation of cool air contingent upon emitted GSRs during 20 min of acquisition. Control Ss were matched one at a time in operant rate and were yoked one at a time to receive the cool air on a response-independent schedule. Both groups increased significantly in rate of unelicited GSRs during acquisition, with the experimental Ss’ curve rising more rapidly and both groups attaining equivalent terminal levels. During extinction, the groups maintained high levels of responding and did not differ. Examination of basal skin conductance data ruled out an activation hypothesis. In the control Ss, terminal response frequency was significantly correlated with percentage of fortuitous response-contingent reinforcement. It was concluded that both groups were conditioned, with the controls receiving intermittent reinforcement sufficiently often to elevate their responding. The cool air was judged to be an effective reinforcer of unelicited GSRs, perhaps more effective than those used in previous studies.
Scent Marking in Free-Ranging Mammals. Examples: Beaver or Badger

Scent marking plays a central role in the social organization and mating behavior of mammals. This exercise on scent marking can start as a general ecological project that addresses many aspects of behavior and ecology of a particular mammal species in the wild. Once the overall social organization of the species and the particular population has been sketched out, we can narrow the project down to scent communication as essential part of the fabric of an animal’s daily life. We can study dogs on campus, cats in our neighborhood, badgers in agricultural areas, or beavers in wooded areas, depending on where we live. Badgers, for example, defend a territory, maintain latrine sites, and mark with their subcaudal gland. The scent marking follows a seasonal pattern, and latrine site use is also correlated with food abundance (Pigozzi 1990).
Expression of muscarinic receptor subtype mRNA in the human ciliary muscle.

Purpose. To investigate the expression of the muscarinic receptor (mAChR) subtypes (ml, m2, m3, m4, and m5) in the human ciliary muscle. Methods. cDNA probes specific for the ml to m5 subtypes were used to characterize the expression of subtype-specific mRNAs by in situ hybridization and Northern blot analysis on a cell line derived from human ciliary muscle tissue (H7CM), sectioned tissue from four donors, and fresh human ciliary muscle tissue from three donors. Results. Messenger RNA for m2, m3, and m5 was detected by in situ hybridization and Northern blot analysis in the H7CM cell line and in human ciliary muscle tissue from the donors. In human ciliary muscle tissues, the expression of mRNA of the m2 and m3 subtypes was more prominent in the circular portion than in the longitudinal portion. In contrast, mRNA for the m5 subtype was greater in the longitudinal portion than in the circular portion. Additionally, Northern blot analysis showed that ml and m4 were expressed in ciliary muscle tissue. Conclusion. These studies show that the human ciliary muscle definitely expresses the mRNA of subtypes m2, m3, and m5, and may also express the mRNA of ml and m4. Although the expression of mRNA for the m2, m3, and m5 subtypes differed between the circular and longitudinal portions of the ciliary muscle, the strong expression of all three subtypes of muscarinic receptors by both portions demonstrates that the differential distribution of muscarinic subtypes probably is not responsible for the dissociation between outflow facility and accommodation that can occur under certain conditions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 ;36 :1645-1657.
Survival After Pediatric Emergency Department Thoracotomy Following an Abdominal Gunshot Wound

Abstract We report the case of a 3-year-old male who presented in cardiac arrest with a self-inflicted gunshot wound (GSW) to the abdomen. Upon arrival by private vehicle to our hospital, an emergency department thoracotomy (EDT) was performed in addition to standard resuscitative efforts. Despite prolonged initial hypotension, multiple episodes of cardiac arrest, and several postsurgical complications, the patient was eventually discharged from the hospital with no residual neurological deficits.
VARIATION IN BLOOD PRESSURE AND GLUCOSE AMONG LOW-SOCIOECONOMIC URBAN DWELLERS IS ASSOCIATED WITH DISTANCE FROM HOME TO PHARMACY

Hypertension and diabetes are common among poor urban dwellers. We hypothesized that blood pressure and glucose are higher for patients living farther from the pharmacy they typically use. Medical records of adult South Side dwellers who received care at the University of Chicago's outpatient
Bi-organ paired exchange—Sentinel case of a liver-kidney swap

Organ transplantation is the optimal treatment for patients with end stage liver disease and end stage renal disease. However, due to the imbalance in the demand and supply of deceased organs, most transplant centers worldwide have consciously pursued a strategy for living donation. Paired exchanges were introduced as a means to bypass various biologic incompatibilities (blood- and tissue-typing), while expanding the living donor pool. This shift in paradigm has introduced new ethical concerns that have hitherto been unaddressed, especially with nondirected, altruistic living donors. So far, transplant communities have focused efforts on separate liver- and kidney-paired exchanges, whereas the concept of a transorgan paired exchange has been theorized and could potentially facilitate a greater number of transplants. We describe the performance of the first successful liver-kidney swap.
Restriction of HIV-1 and other retroviruses by TRIM5

Mammalian cells express a variety of innate immune proteins — known as restriction factors — which defend against invading retroviruses such as HIV-1. Two members of the tripartite motif protein family — TRIM5α and TRIMCyp — were identified in 2004 as restriction factors that recognize and inactivate the capsid shell that surrounds and protects the incoming retroviral core. Research on these TRIM5 proteins has uncovered a novel mode of non-self recognition that protects against cross-species transmission of retroviruses. Our developing understanding of the mechanism of TRIM5 restriction underscores the concept that core uncoating and reverse transcription of the viral genome are coordinated processes rather than discrete steps of the post-entry pathway of retrovirus replication. In this Review, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of the molecular mechanism of TRIM5-mediated restriction, highlight recent advances and discuss implications for the development of capsid-targeted antiviral therapeutics. TRIM5 is a potent restriction factor for HIV-1 and other retroviruses. In this Review, Ganser-Pornillos and Pornillos provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of the molecular mechanism of TRIM5-mediated restriction, highlight recent advances and discuss implications for the development of capsid-targeted antiviral therapeutics.
Architecting Systems-of-Systems for Operational Feedback: A Study of Army Infantry Training Analysis

Army tactical units are best viewed as an acknowledged system of systems (SoS) that are in constant development and evolution. The constituent systems involve material, soldiers, and tactical procedures that combine to produce operational capability. Unfortunately, each of these types of systems follow a different development methodology and time-line and are rarely developed as a complete SoS. This paper identifies the challenges to the development of these SoS and the opportunities present within the current organizational context. Namely, this paper describes the necessity to reframe the idea of training as not only a developmental process, but as a formal part of the test and evaluation procedure within SoS development. We also present the results and insights gained from experiments aimed at gathering and fusing evaluation scores and performance metrics from two SoS training events. This effort demonstrates the inability to rely on human evaluators for precise or even consistent data collection on SoS and further illuminates the difficulty in obtaining objective measures of performance within the tactical environment. If SoS engineers and practitioners want to leverage the training paradigm for more formal test and evaluation feedback, significant efforts will be needed develop integrated and effective mechanisms of collection and analysis.
Rapid Evolution and Rupture of an Incidental Aneurysm During Hyperdynamic Therapy for Cerebral Vasospasm

Background Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Among the most common sequelae of aSAH is delayed cerebral ischemia. Hyperdynamic therapy (fluid supplementation and hypertension) is used to increase cerebral perfusion. However, the safety of hyperdynamic therapy in patients with separate unruptured, unsecured intracranial aneurysms is not well-established. Herein, a rare case demonstrating the rapid evolution and rupture of an incidental unsecured aneurysm in the setting of hyperdynamic therapy is presented. Case Description A 56-year-old woman without significant medical history presented with aSAH secondary to rupture of a 3-mm left posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm. After endovascular treatment of this aneurysm, she developed symptomatic vasospasm prompting initiation of hyperdynamic therapy. Seven days after initiation of hyperdynamic therapy, she experienced rupture of an incidental pericallosal artery aneurysm that was found to have increased in size during the hyperdynamic therapy. She ultimately survived and was functionally independent approximately 1 year after her initial ictus. Conclusions This case demonstrates that enlargement and rupture of an incidental, previously unruptured aneurysm may occur during hyperdynamic therapy.
Comparison of image correlation algorithms for hidden damage laser speckle photometry

This paper explores laser speckle photometry (LSP), a recent optical-based image analysis tool, as a method for detecting barely visible impact damage (BVID) in composite structures. This non-contact optical-based method provides the potential for large-scale scanning of aircrafts in real time to unearth BVID which would typically go unnoticed during routine inspections. In exploring LSP, various image correlation algorithms were tested to determine the most effective. The typical error-based correlation algorithm of mean squared error (MSE) was compared to two more advanced algorithms, normalized cross-correlation (NCC) and structural similarity (SSIM) index. Thermal LSP was conducted on a composite honeycomb panel with a surface dent of maximum depth 0.5 mm. The underlying damage was around 30 mm in diameter. When compared to the baseline experiments conducted using C-Scan and a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV), it was found that only with limited cooling (around 2 seconds) did the algorithms produce consistently accurate results. Among the three imaging conditions, MSE and certain configurations of SSIM provided results that aligned the best with the baselines. Upon extended cooling, LSP produces too many false positives to be useful regardless of correlation algorithm used. Nevertheless, LSP shows great promise as a real-time non-destructive inspection tool not only in the aerospace industry but also in industries such as additive manufacturing where defects are prevalent.
Non-photorealistic ray tracing with paint and toon shading

We present a modification to traditional ray tracing that stylistically renders a scene with cartoon and painterly styles. Previous methods rely on post-processing, materials, or textures to achieve a non-photorealistic look. Our method uses a ray tracer to combine cel animation art styles with complex lighting effects, such as reflections, refractions, and global illumination. The ray tracer collects information about objects and their properties to dynamically switch between cartoon and painterly rendering styles. The renderer generates the styles by shooting additional rays for each pixel and collecting information such as normals, distance, slope, object identifiers, and light gradients from neighboring areas of the image. The resulting algorithm produces images with visual and artistic characteristics that allow artists to take advantage of rendering techniques that are not commonly supported in production ray tracers.
Resilience-based integrated IBD care is associated with reductions in health care use and opioids.

Abstract Background and Aims Integrated IBD care is effective but not routinely implemented. Validated methods that simultaneously address mind and body targets such as resilience may improve access and outcomes. We describe the development and implementation of the GRITTTM Method and its impact on resilience, health care resource utilization (HCRU) and opioid use in IBD. Methods Consecutive patients from an academic IBD center were evaluated for low resilience based on provider referral. Low resilience patients were invited to participate in the GRITTTM program. Primary outcome was % reduction in HCU. Secondary outcomes were change in resilience, corticosteroid and opioid use. Patients were allocated into 2 groups for analysis: GRITT Participants (GP) and Non-Participants (NP). Clinical data and HCU in the year prior to enrollment were collected at baseline and 12 months. One-way repeated measures MANCOVA evaluated group X time interactions for the primary outcome. Effect size was calculated for changes in resilience over time. Results Of 456 screened IBD patients 394 were eligible; 184 GP and 210 NP. GP had greater reduction in HCU than NP: 71% reduction in ED visits; 94% reduction in unplanned hospitalizations. There was a 49% reduction in opioid use and 73% reduction in corticosteroid use in GP. Resilience increased by 27.3 points (59%), yielding a large effect size (d=2.4). Conclusion Mind-body care that focuses on building resilience in the context of IBD care may be a novel approach to reduce unplanned health care utilization and opioid use but large, multi-center, randomized, controlled trials are needed.
Tele-Technology Evaluation and User Testing with Persons Aging with Long-Term Mobility Disabilities:

Persons aging with mobility disabilities are at risk of social isolation, which is associated with negative health outcomes. Tele-technology is well-suited for supporting social connectedness by fa...
Pressure Dependence of the Thermal Conductivity of Complex Dielectric Solids

The pressure dependence of the thermal conductivity at high temperatures is determined in the case of complex dielectric crystals. As in the theory of Mooney and Steg, the thermal conductivity is expanded in a Taylor series as function of dilatation, but the changes in the position of the zone boundaries are considered. The results are similar to that of the previous theory which applied to simple lattices. The changes in thermal conductivity depend upon the Gruneisen parameter and its first derivative with respect to dilatation or pressure. The theory is applied to minerals at high temperatures and high pressures.
Biomarkers of Heart Failure

Biomarkers can provide insights into underlying mechanisms and lead to better understanding of complex disease states. This enhanced understanding can then be integrated into disease management, which can lead to better therapies and ultimately to improved patient outcomes. The natriuretic peptides (NPs) are established cost-effective biomarkers in heart failure and have set the standard for how a well-validated biomarker can be useful in the diagnosis/prognosis, monitoring of response to therapy, and management of chronic disease. Newer biomarkers such as midregional pro-adrenomedullin, ST2, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin are emerging as adjuncts to NPs in the management of heart failure patients.
Monetary Policy Risk and the Cross-Section of Stock Returns

The effects of monetary policy shocks on the equity premium and the cross-section of stock returns are analyzed in general equilibrium. Policy shocks affect real stock returns as a result of nominal product price rigidities. Two opposite effects determine the impact of policy shocks on stock returns. A contractionary shock increases the marginal utility of consumption, reduces aggregate output, and increases production markups. The output reduction requires a positive premium in expected returns. The markup increase acts as a consumption hedge and involves a negative premium. Low elasticities of intertemporal substitution of consumption and labor amplify the markup effect and can generate a negative net effect on the equity premium. In the cross-section, a contractionary shock reduces the relative output and expands the relative markup of a more rigid price industry with respect to a more flexible price industry. If the relative markup expansion dominates the relative output decline, the expected stock return of the more flexible price industry is higher than that of the more rigid price one. As the responsiveness of the policy to economic conditions increases, the effects of policy shocks on the equity premium and the cross-section decline. In addition, the policy-induced markup variation generates time variation in expected returns.
Self-Defense and the Psychotic Aggressor

This brief essay, written for the Criminal Law Conversations Project, examines whether one can justifiably kill a faultless, insane assailant to save oneself or another from imminent and serious harm. Although scholars on both sides of the Atlantic agree that the person attacked should not be punished for defending herself from the psychotic aggressor, there is significant disagreement with regards to whether the defensive response should be considered justified or merely excused. Furthermore, amongst those who argue that the appropriate defense in such cases is a justification, there is disagreement regarding whether the specific ground of acquittal should be self-defense or necessity. These issues are explored in three parts. Part I discusses the facts that give rise to the problem of the psychotic aggressor and summarizes the basic questions posed by the case. Part II surveys and rejects five theories that would lead to acquitting the victim of the attack if he were tried for killing the psychotic aggressor. Part III advances an autonomy-based conception of self-defense that would justify the victim's use of force against the insane assailant and would allow third-party intervention in favor of the defending party. According to this theory, the roots of the right to use defensive force are not in the culpability of the aggressor, but in the wrongful invasion of the autonomy of the defender. Given that the psychotic assailant's attack amounts to an unjustifiable attack on the victim's autonomy, the victim's reciprocal obligation to show consideration for the psychotic aggressor's autonomy weakens. As a result, the law affords him a right to use whatever force is necessary to repel the unlawful attack. The fact that the psychotic actor would be acquitted on grounds of insanity if he were tried for his aggression is beside the point, for excuses such as insanity do not negate the wrongfulness of the act. Our right to be free from unlawful interferences with our person should not be compromised merely because the threat to our autonomy originates in the acts of an inculpable person. In such a confrontation on the street, the aggressor loses the protections that he would get during a trial, that is, the right to plead excuses such as insanity or duress.
Expression of Cell Cycle-regulated Proteins in Prostate Cancer

Abstract Markers of cellular proliferation have proven to be useful prognostic markers in several tumor types. Recently, immunoreactivity for cyclins was found to provide an independent marker of tumor proliferation in breast cancer. In this study, we sought to determine the pattern of immunoreactivity for cyclins A, B, E, and Ki-67 in surgically resected prostate cancer and to determine their possible prognostic significance. Twenty-eight tumors of American Urological Association stages B and C were selected for study. Immunoreactivity for cyclins A and B was detected in most tumors and was present at significantly reduced levels as compared with breast cancer. Staining for cyclin E was present in four tumors and was present only in focal areas in two of the four. Such focal variation in expression of cell cycle regulators may reflect genetic instability in a tumor. Immunoreactivity for cyclins A and B was correlated with both Ki-67 index (the percentage of cells with Ki-67 immunoreactivity) and with each other. A Ki-67 index greater than 4.0 was associated with shorter time to prostate-specific antigen-detected relapse ( P = 0.026). The fraction of cells staining for cyclins A and B divided by the fraction of cells staining for Ki-67 [( A + B )/ K ] was highly predictive of relapse, with values less than 0.50 associated with more rapid progression ( P
The flash devolatilization of cocoa butter

A water-induced flash devolatilization process has been developed for the deodorization of cocoa butter. Per flash devolatilization efficiencies of 65⊋ash;75% are high enough to give commercial quality products in a single flash.
Technology Assessment in Emergency Radiology

Driven by rising medical costs and pressure to practice evidence-based medicine, practicing emergency radiologists are often required to perform technology assessments. These assessments are not only crucial in developing practice guidelines and determining new equipment purchases, but are important in determining the most appropriate strategy for imaging individual patients to evaluate specific pathologic conditions.
Calibration of the Thickness of the Solar Tachocline

Material circulation in the solar tachocline mixes the tachocline material with the convection zone, which causes the sound speed in and immediately beneath the tachocline to exceed what one would expect from current standard solar models. Calibration against a helioseismic determination of the sound speed from SOI/MDI data of a sequence of solar models having mixed layers of different thicknesses yields a value of 0.019 R☉ for the mean tachocline thickness Δ, with a formal standard error of about 5%. This value for Δ is somewhat smaller than previous estimates based on measuring shear in the seismically inferred angular velocity, and it has important implications concerning our understanding of the magnetohydrodynamics of the tachocline.
Studies on the transition of the cristal membrane from the orthodox to the aggregated configuration. 3. Loss of coupling ability of adrenal cortex mitochondria in the orthodox configuration.

When the cristae of adrenal cortex mitochondria are stabilized in the orthodox configuration by the binding of 20–25 mμmoles/mg protein of either Ca2+ or free fatty acids (oleic acid), both the capacity for carrying out coupled reactions and the capacity for undergoing energized configurational transitions are lost. The coupled reactions studied included ATP synthesis, divalent cation translocation, monovalent cation trnaslocation, and reversed electron transfer. The coupled processes and energized configurational changes are fully operative when the cristae of adrenal cortex mitochondria are in the aggregated configuration. However, two processes that have been shown to depend on conformational changes (the anaerobic-aerobic proton ejection and energized accumulation of inorganic phosphate) still proceed when mitochondria are in the orthodox configuration. When the mitochondria are initially in the orthodox configuration, addition of divalent cations (Mg2+ or Mn2+) or albumin induces a transition of the cristae to the aggregated configuration and leads to restoration of all the coupled processes. the orthodox to aggregated transition is reversible and the modulation of this reversibility appears to be one of the key points of control in the mitochondrion and possibly of cellular functions.
Mandatory vaccination of health care workers.

Alexandra Stewart writes that mandatory vaccination of health care workers raises important questions about a state's power to compel individuals to engage in particular activities in order to protect the public.
Perception and production of rise-fall intonation in American English.

At the segmental level, the rate of speaking affects the degree of physical undershoot of articulatory targets and the resulting perception. Little is known regarding evidence of these effects at the suprasegmental level, particularly in intonation. In this study, the effect of rate of speaking on fundamental frequency and on perceptual judgments of peak pitch in a rise-fall intonation pattern was investigated. First, speakers produced rise-fall intonations in sentence contexts at slow, normal, and fast speaking rates. Peak fundamental frequencies (F 0) of the slow productions were significantly lower than those of the normal or fast productions. The mean normal rate production of the wordMiami was used as a model for the target word in a series of subsequent perceptual experiments. Altering the duration of the target word to represent slow, normal, and fast rates of speaking did not affect listener judgment of peak pitch. Finally, the pitch of the target word was measured in a sentence context. No differences between peak pitch in isolation or in sentence context were found. It was concluded that the production and perception of this form of intonation was not subject to the effects of rate that are seen at the segmental level.
Project Program Development and Implementation

This article presents the project's processes and activities by describing the steps that were taken in its development and implementation. The first step was the planning and conceptualization of the program. The second step was carrying out the planned program. This has been repeated four times. Thus, the third step was examining each trial, modifying the program based on this examination, and conducting subsequent trials.
The Importance of Goals, Objectives, and Values in the Fisheries Management Process and Organization: A Review

Abstract We review the managerial concepts of goals, objectives, and values, and their importance and function in fisheries management. Fishery management is a process aimed at accomplishing predetermined goals and objectives. Throughout the history of fisheries management, goals have been rarely stated explicitly or have been stated in generalized terms of “best” or “wise” use with no supporting objective statements. Goals are ideals, major accomplishments, ends, or states of affairs to be achieved. They direct a manager's planning, development of strategies, and direction of his or her organization's activities. Objectives operationally support goals and are measurable, verifiable statements of intermediate tasks that must be accomplished for goal attainment. Objectives help define goals, identify conflicting activities, guide elements of the decision-making process, and ensure accountability of personnel within an organization. Without clearly defined goals and supporting objectives, goal displacement ...
Quantitative stereochemical analysis of subnanogram amounts of 12-hydroxy-(5,8,10,14)-eicosatetraenoic acid by sequential chiral phase liquid chromatography and stable isotope dilution mass spectrometry

Abstract The two enantiomers of 12-hydroxy-(5,8,10,14)-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) are products of different biosynthetic pathways and have distinct biologic actions. Conventional methods of stereochemical analysis of 12-HETE require multimicrogram amounts of material and cannot be applied to systems where the availability of tissue is limited and only trace quantities of 12-HETE are generated. We have developed a method capable of measuring subnanogram amounts of 12-HETE enantiomers which involves addition of racemic, 18 O 2 -labeled 12-HETE as an internal standard, chiral phase HPLC of the pentafluorobenzyl ester derivative of 12-HETE, and stable isotope dilution gas chromatographic-negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometric quantitation of the resolved stereoisomers. This method has been employed to determine the stereochemical composition of 12-HETE produced by isolated pancreatic islets.
Evaluation of delayed auditory feedback (DAF) effect: comparison between subjective judgments and objective measures

The effect of Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF) on speech duration was evaluated subjectively and measured objectively in 30 subjects (10 normals, 10 nonfluent aphasics and 10 fluent aphasia). The average correlation coefficient between the subjective and objective data was .52 for 180 msec. delay and .46 for 360 msec. delay. Analysis of variance of data derived from the two methods showed the same highly significant differences among groups, delay and tasks. We conclude from these results that both objective and subjective procedures are equally useful in evaluating DAF effect on speech duration, and that both may also be valuable in assessing other types of behavior.
Gravity-Driven Thin Film Flow of an Ellis Fluid

The thin film lubrication approximation has been studied extensively for moving contact lines of Newtonian fluids. However, many industrial and biological applications of the thin film equation involve shear-thinning fluids, which often also exhibit a Newtonian plateau at low shear. This study presents new numerical simulations of the three-dimensional (i.e. two-dimensional spreading), constant-volume, gravity-driven, free surface flow of an Ellis fluid. The numerical solution was validated with a new similarity solution, compared to previous experiments, and then used in a parametric study. The parametric study centered around rheological data for an example biological application of thin film flow: topical drug delivery of anti-HIV microbicide formulations, e.g. hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) polymer solutions. The parametric study evaluated how spreading length and front velocity saturation depend on Ellis parameters. A lower concentration polymer solution with smaller zero shear viscosity (η0), τ1/2, and λ values spread further. However, when comparing any two fluids with any possible combinations of Ellis parameters, the impact of changing one parameter on spreading length depends on the direction and magnitude of changes in the other two parameters. In addition, the isolated effect of the shear-thinning parameter, λ, on the front velocity saturation depended on τ1/2. This study highlighted the relative effects of the individual Ellis parameters, and showed that the shear rates in this flow were in both the shear-thinning and plateau regions of rheological behavior, emphasizing the importance of characterizing the full range of shear-rates in rheological measurements. The validated numerical model and parametric study provides a useful tool for future steps to optimize flow of a fluid with rheological behavior well-described by the Ellis constitutive model, in a range of industrial and biological applications.
Application of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining to evaluate injury volume after controlled cortical impact brain injury: role of brain edema in evolution of injury volume.

ABSTRACT A reliable method for measuring injury volume after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is of great importance when studying pharmacological protective agents in the field of head trauma research. Utilization of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) has gained extensive acceptance in stroke research and has recently been applied to injury volume measurement in the lateral fluid percussion model. The present study was undertaken to apply this method to the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model and to study the role of brain edema. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to CCI brain injury at a velocity of 3 m/sec and 1 mm (mild), 2 mm (moderate), and 3 mm (severe injury) deformation, while rats in the control group were subjected to the same surgical procedure but received no injury. Absolute and corrected injury volumes with TTC staining and brain edema measurements with the wet-dry method were evaluated at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 days after TBI. The most prominent injury volume in the moderate injury g...
New imaging algorithm in diffusion tomography

A novel imaging algorithm for diffusion/optical tomography is presented for the case of the time dependent diffusion equation. Numerical tests are conducted for ranges of parameters realistic for applications to an early breast cancer diagnosis using ultrafast laser pulses. This is a perturbation-like method which works for both homogeneous a heterogeneous background media. Its main innovation lies in a new approach for a novel linearized problem (LP). Such an LP is derived and reduced to a boundary value problem for a coupled system of elliptic partial differential equations. As is well known, the solution of such a system amounts to the factorization of well conditioned, sparse matrices with few non-zero entries clustered along the diagonal, which can be done very rapidly. Thus, the main advantages of this technique are that it is fast and accurate. The authors call this approach the elliptic systems method (ESM). The ESM can be extended for other data collection schemes.
Calibration of SWAT models using the cloud

This paper evaluates a recently created Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) calibration tool built using the Windows Azure Cloud environment and a parallel version of the Dynamically Dimensioned Search (DDS) calibration method modified to run in Azure. The calibration tool was tested for six model scenarios constructed for three watersheds of increasing size each for a 2 year and 10 year simulation duration. Results show significant speedup in calibration time and, for up to 64 cores, minimal losses in speedup for all watershed sizes and simulation durations. An empirical relationship is presented for estimating the time needed to calibration a SWAT model using the cloud calibration tool as a function of the number of Hydrologic Response Units (HRUs), time steps, and cores used for the calibration. A cloud-based, parallel SWAT calibration algorithm is evaluated.1000 runs are sufficient for flow calibration using up to 256 cores in parallel.Speedup of the parallel SWAT calibration tool is linear for up to 64 cores.Cost to calibrate a SWAT model can be estimated from HRU and time step counts.
On the generation of hydrogen peroxide in erythrocytes by acetylphenylhydrazine

Abstract The catalase inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole was employed to detect hydrogen peroxide within erythrocytes; inhibition of catalase requires the presence of H2O2. H2O2 was detected during incubation of erythrocytes with the hemolytic drug acetylphenylhydrazine (APH). This result refutes a prior suggestion that APH does not generate H2O2, and supports the concept of H2O2 involvement during druginduced hemolysis of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient cells. The following agents were more active than APH in generating H2O2: phenylhydrazine (100-fold), ascorbate (10-fold), and hydroquinone (3-fold). The reasons why a system based on methemoglobin formation in catalase-deficient cells failed to detect the H2O2 generated by APH are discussed.
Telehealth nurse practitioner student clinical experiences: an essential educational component for today's health care setting.

Summary In order to meet the continuous changes and innovations within the health care system, nurse practitioner faculty must look to the future and prepare nurse practitioner graduates who deliver safe, quality patient care addressing the realities of a global society with a fast-paced expansion of technologies. Preparing nurse practitioner students for practice must include more than information technology knowledge in graduate nursing programs. Formal clinical experiences using various telehealth applications must be integrated into nurse practitioner training. Innovative strategies must be explored by nurse practitioner faculty to assure that graduates can meet the demanding technological demands of our current health care society.
Intersection numbers, transfers, and group actions

Abstract We introduce a new definition of intersection number by means of umkehr maps. This definition agrees with an obvious definition up to sign. It allows us to extend the concept parametrically to fibre bundles. For fibre bundles we can then define intersection number transfers. Fibre bundles arise naturally in equivariant situations, so the trace of the action divides intersection numbers. We apply this to equivariant projective varieties and other examples. Also we study actions of nonconnected groups and their traces.
Toughness of tempered upper and lower bainitic microstructures in a 4150 steel

The effects of tempering on the Charpy impact toughness and tensile properties of upper and lower bainite in a 4150 steel have been studied. The results correlate with quantitative measurements taken from both the fracture surfaces and the microstructures of Charpy test specimens. The fracture surfaces from impact specimens having a lower bainitic microstructure were characterized by quasicleavage fracture, whereas those having an upper bainitic microstructure exhibited only cleavage fracture. The quasicleavage facet size and cleavage facet size correlate with bainite packet size and bainite block size. After tempering at high temperatures, the impact toughness is greatly improved for both the upper and lower bainitic microstructures. Changes in toughness correlate with the microstructural change in carbide shape and distribution resulting from the different tempering operations.
Suppression of Death Receptor-mediated Apoptosis by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Revealed by Microarray Analysis

Recent studies suggest that growth inhibition by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 represents an innovative approach to ovarian cancer therapy. To understand the molecular mechanism of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 action, we profiled the hormone-induced changes in the transcriptome of ovarian cancer cells using microarray technology. More than 200 genes were identified to be regulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Reverse transcription-PCR analyses confirmed the regulation of a group of apoptosis-related genes, including the up-regulation of the decoy receptor that inhibits tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) action, TRAIL receptor 4, and the down-regulation of Fas, the receptor that mediates the action of Fas ligand. The regulation was further confirmed at the protein level. Consistent with the regulation of the death receptors, pretreatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 decreased apoptosis induced by TRAIL and Fas ligand. Because persistent 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatment has been shown to induce apoptosis in ovarian cancer, the hormone appears to exert a dual effect on the death of ovarian cancer cells. Knockdown of TRAIL receptor 4 by RNA interference or ectopic expression of Fas relieved the suppressive effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, showing that molecular manipulation of death receptors is a viable approach to overcome the protective effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the apoptosis of ovarian cancer. These strategies may allow ovarian cancer patients to benefit from therapy with both 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and ligands for death receptors, such as TRAIL, shown to selectively induce apoptosis in cancer but not normal cells.
Poly(oxyphosphazenes): A unifying look at structure and morphology

Variations in thermotropic behavior have been investigated for many crystalline polyphosphazenes. Experimental results obtained from DSC, solid-state MAS NMR, dilatometry, mechanical property (creep and dynamic) measurements, birefringence, X-ray (wide and small-angle), and electron diffraction have been made as a function of temperature in an attempt to elucidate the structure-morphology behavior in these polymers. Initially all polyphosphazenes described in this study crystallize from dilute or moderately concentrated solutions in the monoclinic form with relatively low crystallinity (≤50%). When heated, these specimens expand atT(1) and adopt a chain-extended 2D mesophase morphology in order to relieve congestion. Above this first-orderT(1) temperature a chain-extended −P=N− chain backbone morphology transforms into an isotropic phase at the melting temperatureTm. When cooled, samples transform into the mesostate. However, crystallization from the mesophase belowT(1) takes place into a 3D orthorhombic state. These two modes of ordering/disordering are in accordance with (i) a hexatic chain packing [betweenT(1) andTm] with variously mobile side groups that also exhibits smectic features when mesogenic side groups are present and (ii) a 3D orthorhombic structure of high crystallinity belowT(1). The initial monoclinic phase is accessible only via a solution crystallization route. Solid-state MAS NMR, crystallization kinetic measurements, and optical microscopy studies obtained from oriented and unoriented polymers have been especially germane in providing a unifying picture for mesophase formation and ordering in polyoxyphosphazenes. X-ray and electron diffraction evidence is complicated by critical overlapping peaks that are found under these same conditions. They demonstrate that (a) positional disorder exists along the chain direction and (b) the side chain above, as well as below, theT(1) transition is governed by the mobility, size, and type of side group in circumstances where phase transformations occur.
Indigenous Language Education and Literacy: Introduction to the Theme Issue

(1995). Indigenous Language Education and Literacy: Introduction to the Theme Issue. Bilingual Research Journal: Vol. 19, Indigenous Language Education and Literacy, pp. 1-4.
Experimental investigation of gamma effects on heat transfer to a 0.006 scale Shuttle Orbiter at Mach 6

Real-gas effects on heating to the windward centerline of the Shuttle Orbiter and shock shape were simulated by testing a 0.006-scale Orbiter model in Mach 6 air and CF4 flows. The range of free-stream Reynolds number, based on model length, was 0.4 x 10 to the 6th to 5.3 x 10 to the 6th for air, resulting in laminar and turbulent heating. The Reynolds number for CF4 was 0.3 x 10 to the 6th and gamma was equal to 1.13, corresponding to a normal shock density ratio of 12 as compared to 5.25 in air. Angle of attack was varied from 15 deg to 45 deg in 5 deg increments. Centerline heating distributions were compared for the two gases, and to Mach 8 wind-tunnel data, predictions, and flight (STS-1 and STS-2) data. The present results revealed a significant increase in heating with increasing density ratio and decreasing Reynolds number at the lower angles of attack; the effects of density ratio and Reynolds number diminished with increasing angle of attack and were relatively small at the angles of attack for the hypersonic portion of Space Shuttle Orbiter flights STS-1 and STS-2. Wind-tunnel and flight heating distributions were in relatively good agreement, and the present heating rates in air were accurately predicted by a local infinite swept cylinder analysis.