cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of a stochastic predator-prey model with applications to intrahost HIV genetic diversity.

During an infection, HIV experiences strong selection by immune system T cells. Recent experimental work has shown that MHC escape mutations form an important pathway for HIV to avoid such selection. In this paper, we study a model of MHC escape mutation. The model is a predator–prey model with two prey, composed of two HIV variants, and one predator, the immune system CD8 cells. We assume that one HIV variant is visible to CD8 cells and one is not. The model takes the form of a system of stochastic differential equations. Motivated by well-known results concerning the short life-cycle of HIV intrahost, we assume that HIV population dynamics occur on a faster time scale then CD8 population dynamics. This separation of time scales allows us to analyze our model using an asymptotic approach. Using this model we study the impact of an MHC escape mutation on the population dynamics and genetic evolution of the intrahost HIV population. From the perspective of population dynamics, we show that the competition between the visible and invisible HIV variants can reach steady states in which either a single variant exists or in which coexistence occurs depending on the parameter regime. We show that in some parameter regimes the end state of the system is stochastic. From a genetics perspective, we study the impact of the population dynamics on the lineages of an HIV sample taken after an escape mutation occurs. We show that the lineages go through severe bottlenecks and that in certain parameter regimes the lineage distribution can be characterized by a Kingman coalescent. Our results depend on methods from diffusion theory and coalescent theory.
Strong duality and sensitivity analysis in semi-infinite linear programming

Finite-dimensional linear programs satisfy strong duality (SD) and have the "dual pricing" (DP) property. The DP property ensures that, given a sufficiently small perturbation of the right-hand-side vector, there exists a dual solution that correctly "prices" the perturbation by computing the exact change in the optimal objective function value. These properties may fail in semi-infinite linear programming where the constraint vector space is infinite dimensional. Unlike the finite-dimensional case, in semi-infinite linear programs the constraint vector space is a modeling choice. We show that, for a sufficiently restricted vector space, both SD and DP always hold, at the cost of restricting the perturbations to that space. The main goal of the paper is to extend this restricted space to the largest possible constraint space where SD and DP hold. Once SD or DP fail for a given constraint space, then these conditions fail for all larger constraint spaces. We give sufficient conditions for when SD and DP hold in an extended constraint space. Our results require the use of linear functionals that are singular or purely finitely additive and thus not representable as finite support vectors. We use the extension of the Fourier---Motzkin elimination procedure to semi-infinite linear systems to understand these linear functionals.
A Database of 2MASS Near-Infrared Colors of Magellanic Cloud Star Clusters

The (rest-frame) near-IR domain contains important stellar population diagnostics and is often used to estimate masses of galaxies at low, as well as high, redshifts. However, many stellar population models are still relatively poorly calibrated in this part of the spectrum. To allow an improvement of this calibration we present a new database of integrated near-IR JHKs magnitudes for 75 star clusters in the Magellanic Clouds, using the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS). The majority of the clusters in our sample have robust age and metallicity estimates from colormagnitudediagramsavailableintheliterature,andpopulatearangeofagesfrom10Myrto15Gyrandarangein[Fe/H] from � 2.17 to +0.01 dex. A comparison with matched star clusters in the 2MASS Extended Source Catalog (XSC) reveals that the XSC only provides a good fit to the unresolved component of the cluster stellar population. We also compare our results with the often-cited single-channel JHK photometry of Persson and coworkers and find significant differences, especially for their 30 00 diameter apertures, up to � 2.5 mag in the K band, more than 1 mag in
A Theoretical Problem in Comparative Administration

It is well known that the developmental model has encountered severe empirical, methodological, and theoretical difficulties. It is, however, not easy to discard an idea when there are no substitutes. Accordingly, an alternative theory-one borrowing biological notions of evolution-is offered as a replacement. Because many scholars have failed to distinguish "development" from "evolution," the properties of the two models are spelled out and their differences specified. To illustrate the new model, it is shown how the problem of developmental stages can be reformulated in evolutionary terms. Finally, two methodological problems of evolutionary theory, its falsifiability and its predictive and explanatory power, are briefly discussed.
Border Bias The Belief That State Borders Can Protect Against Disasters

In this research, we documented a bias in which people underestimate the potential risk of a disaster to a target location when the disaster spreads from a different state, but not when it spreads from an equally distant location within the same state. We term this the border bias. Following research on categorization, we propose that people consider locations within a state to be part of the same superordinate category, but consider locations in two different states to be parts of different superordinate categories. The border bias occurs because people apply state-based categorization to events that are not governed by human-made boundaries. Such categorization results in state borders being considered physical barriers that can keep disasters at bay. We demonstrated the border bias for different types of disasters (earthquake, environmental risk) and tested the underlying process in three studies.
Multi-scale primal feature based facial expression modeling and identification

In this paper, we present our newly developed face expression modeling system for expression analysis and identification. Given a face image at a front view, a realistic facial model is created using our extended topographic analysis and model instantiation approach. Our facial expression modeling system consists of two major components: (1) facial feature representation using the coarse-to-fine multiscale topographic primitive features and (2) an adaptive generic model individualization process based on the primal facial surface feature context. The algorithms have been tested using both static images and facial expression sequences. The usefulness of the generated expression models is validated by our 3D facial expression analysis algorithm. The accuracy of the generated expression model is evaluated by the comparison between the generated models and the range models obtained by a 3D digitizer.
Are batteries ready for plug-in hybrid buyers?

The notion persists that battery technology and cost remain as barriers to commercialization of electric-drive passenger vehicles. Within the context of starting a market for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), we explore two aspects of the purported problem: (1) PHEV performance goals and (2) the abilities of present and near-term battery chemistries to meet the resulting technological requirements. We summarize evidence stating that battery technologies do not meet the requirements that flow from three sets of influential PHEV goals due to inherent tradeoffs among power, energy, longevity, cost, and safety. However, we also show that part of this battery problem is the overly ambitious PHEV performance goals thought to be necessary to meet consumer priorities. We elicited PHEV designs from potential early buyers among U.S. new car buyers; most of those who are interested in a PHEV are interested in less technologically advanced PHEVs than assumed by experts. Using respondents’ PHEV designs, we derive peak power density and energy density requirements and show that current battery chemistries can meet them. By assuming too aggressive PHEV goals, existing policy initiatives, battery research, and vehicle development programs mischaracterize the batteries needed to start commercializing PHEVs. To answer the question whether batteries are ready for PHEVs, we must first answer the question, “whose PHEVs?”
The development of non-steroidal dual inhibitors of both human 5α-reductase isozymes

Abstract The design, synthesis and biological properties of homochiral non-steroidal inhibitors of both isozymes of human 5α-reductase are described. The o-hydroxy aniline moiety of the initial lead (1) can be replaced by a 3-acyl indole isostere, whilst the minimum energy conformation of the benzyl ether in the potent inhibitor (3) is mimicked by the conformationally locked benzodioxolane system in the potent non-steroidal inhibitor (7). Pharmacokinetics and oral efficacy in a rat model of BPH are presented for (3) and (7).
Approximations of Stochastic Hybrid Systems

This paper develops a notion of approximation for a class of stochastic hybrid systems that includes, as special cases, both jump linear stochastic systems and linear stochastic hybrid automata. Our approximation framework is based on the recently developed notion of the so-called stochastic simulation functions. These Lyapunov-like functions can be used to rigorously quantify the distance or error between a system and its approximate abstraction. For the class of jump linear stochastic systems and linear stochastic hybrid automata, we show that the computation of stochastic simulation functions can be cast as a tractable linear matrix inequality problem. This enables us to compute the modeling error incurred by abstracting some of the continuous dynamics, or by neglecting the influence of stochastic noise, or even the influence of stochastic discrete jumps.
The p-adic L-functions of evil Eisenstein series

We compute the $p$ -adic $L$ -functions of evil Eisenstein series, showing that they factor as products of two Kubota–Leopoldt $p$ -adic $L$ -functions times a logarithmic term. This proves in particular a conjecture of Glenn Stevens.
The impact of the National Credit Act 34 of 2005 on the enforcement of a mortgage bond: Sebola v Standard Bank of South Africa ltd 2012 5 SA 142 (CC)

When a mortgagor is in default and the mortgagee wants to enforce the debt the National Credit Act (hereafter the NCA) may apply. A credit agreement may be enforced in court by a credit provider against a defaulting debtor only once the requirements of sections 129 and 130 of the NCA have been adhered to. If a mortgagor (who is a protected consumer in terms of the NCA) is in default, the mortgagee must deliver a section 129(1) notice to the consumer, thereby drawing the default to the attention of the consumer. For a number of years there has been uncertainty about the interpretation of section 129(1) and how it affects the execution procedure in the case of a mortgage bond over immovable property. The recent Constitutional Court judgment of Sebola v Standard Bank 2012 5 SA 142 (CC) overturns, to my mind, the more reasonable approach to such notices in Rossouw v Firstrand Bank Ltd (2010 6 SA 439 (SCA)). It was held in Sebola that before instituting action against a defaulting consumer, a credit provider must provide proof to the court that a section 129(1) notice of default (i) has been despatched to the consumer's chosen address and (ii) that the notice reached the appropriate post office for delivery to the consumer, thereby coming to the attention of the consumer. In practical terms the credit provider must obtain a post-dispatch "track and trace" print-out from the website of the South African Post Office. There is now a much heavier burden on a bank to ensure that proper proof is provided that the notice was sent and delivered to the correct address. Consequently it places another hurdle in the path of a mortgagee who wishes to foreclose.
Confined crystallization of fenofibrate in nanoporous silica

Producing stable nanocrystals confined to porous excipient media is a desirable way to increase the dissolution rate and improve the bioavailability of poorly water soluble pharmaceuticals. The poorly soluble pharmaceutical fenofibrate was crystallized in controlled pore glass (CPG) of 10 different pore sizes between 12 nm and 300 nm. High drug loadings of greater than 20 wt% were achieved across all pore sizes greater than 20 nm. Nanocrystalline fenofibrate was formed in pore sizes greater than 20 nm and showed characteristic melting point depressions following a Gibbs-Thomson relationship as well as enhanced dissolution rates. Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was employed to characterize the crystallinity of the confined molecules. These results help to advance the fundamental understanding of nanocrystallization in confined pores.
Using image warping for time-lapse image domain wavefield tomography

ABSTRACTTime-lapse seismic data are widely used for monitoring subsurface changes. A quantitative assessment of how reservoir properties have changed allows for better interpretation of fluid substitution and fluid migration during processes such as oil and gas production and carbon sequestration. Full-waveform inversion (FWI) has been proposed as a way to retrieve quantitative estimates of subsurface properties through seismic waveform fitting. However, for some monitoring systems, the offset range versus depth of interest is not large enough to provide information about the low-wavenumber component of the velocity model. We evaluated an image domain wavefield tomography (IDWT) method using the local warping between baseline and monitor images as the cost function. This cost function is sensitive to volumetric velocity anomalies, and it is capable of handling large velocity changes with very limited acquisition apertures, where traditional FWI fails. We described the theory and workflow of our method. La...
Experimental verification of the “rainbow” trapping effect in adiabatic plasmonic gratings

Direct measurements on graded grating structures show that light of different wavelengths in the 500–700nm region is “trapped” at different positions along the grating, consistent with theoretical predictions, thus verifying the “rainbow” trapping effect.
The Geometry of Two Generator Groups: Hyperelliptic Handlebodies

A Kleinian group naturally stabilizes certain subdomains and closed subsets of the closure of hyperbolic three space and yields a number of different quo- tient surfaces and manifolds. Some of these quotients have conformal structures and others hyperbolic structures. For two generator free Fuchsian groups, the quotient three manifold is a genus two solid handlebody and its boundary is a hyperelliptic Riemann surface. The convex core is also a hyperelliptic Riemann surface. We find the Weierstrass points of both of these surfaces. We then generalize the notion of a hyperelliptic Riemann surface to a "hyperelliptic" three manifold. We show that the handlebody has a unique order two isometry fixing six unique geodesic line segments, which we call the Weierstrass lines of the handlebody. The Weierstrass lines are, of course, the analogue of the Weierstrass points on the boundary surface. Further, we show that the manifold is foliated by surfaces equidistant from the convex core, each fixed by the isometry of order two. The restriction of this involution to the equidistant surface fixes six generalized Weierstrass points on the surface. In addition, on each of these equidistant surfaces we find an orientation reversing involution that fixes curves through the generalized Weierstrass points.
Use of an Aminosilyllithium for the Diastereoselective Synthesis of Diphenyl Oxasilacyclopentane Acetals and Polyols

[reaction: see text] The conjugate addition reaction of a stable, in situ generated silyllithium gives a beta-hydroxysilyl ester with high diastereoselectivity. Conversion of the beta-hydroxysilyl ester to a beta-fluorosilyl ester affords the precursor to the oxasilacyclopentane acetal in high yields under mild conditions. A hydride reduction and subsequent intramolecular silylation lead to the acetal in excellent yields. Finally, highly selective nucleophilic substitution affords oxasilacyclopentanes, which undergo a mild oxidation to afford 1,3-trans diols with high selectivity.
Detached Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer in a Ribbed Duct

Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) of a hydrodynamic and thermally developed turbulent flow is presented for a stationary duct with square ribs aligned normal to the main flow direction. The rib height to channel hydraulic diameter (e/D h ) is 0.1, the rib pitch to rib height (P/e) is 10 and the calculations have been carried out for a bulk Reynolds number of 20,000. DES calculations are carried out on a 96 3 grid, a 64 3 grid, and a 48 3 grid to study the effect of grid resolution. Based on the agreement with earlier LES computations, the 64 3 grid is observed to be suitable for the DES computation. DES and RANS calculations carried out on the 64 3 grid are compared to LES calculations on 96 3 /128 3 grids and experimental measurements
The aromatic sidechains of amino acids as neutral donor groups for alkali metal cations

An aromatic residue that can serve as a pi-donor occurs in all known protein sequences about one out of every 11 amino acids. Benzene, phenol, and indole, the sidechains of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, are particularly important in protein structure. Solid state structures confirm the interactions of these neutral arenes, along with double and triple bonds, with sodium and potassium cations.
Degree Complexity of a Family of Birational Maps: II. Exceptional Cases

We determine the degree complexity for all elements of a family kF of birational maps which was introduced and studied in Bedford et al. (Math Phys Anal Geom 11:53–71, 2008).
Modeling video sources for real-time scheduling

What is the impact of the autocorrelation of variable-bit-rate (VBR) sources on real-time scheduling algorithms? Our results show that the impact of long term, or interframe, autocorrelation is negligible, while the impact of short term, or intraframe, autocorrelation can be significant. Such results are essentially independent of the video coding scheme employed. To derive these results, video sequences are modeled as a collection of stationary subsequences called scenes. Within a scene, a statistical model is derived for both the sequence of frames and of slices. The model captures the distribution and the autocorrelation function of real-time video data. In previous work, the pseudoperiodicity of the slice level auto-correlation function made it difficult to develop a simple yet accurate model. We present a generalization of previous methods that can easily capture this pseudoperiodicity and is suited for modeling a greater variety of autocorrelation functions. By simply tuning a few parameters, the model reproduces the statistic behavior of sources with different types and levels of correlation on both the frame and the slice level.
Linear-time recognition of circular-arc graphs

A graph G is a circular-arc graph if it is the intersection graph of a set of arcs on a circle. That is, there is one arc for each vertex of G, and two vertices are adjacent in G if the corresponding arcs intersect. We give a linear time bound for recognizing this class of graphs. When G is a member of the class, the algorithm gives a certificate in the form of a set of arcs that realize it.
Arbitration and Assimilation

Arbitration, I argued in a recent article, allows parties to privatize law. This has important benefits. Consider, for example, a hypothetical trade association—the Widget Dealers Association. The Widget Dealers Association could require, as a condition of membership in the Association, that all members agree to arbitrate all their disputes with each other. The arbitrators would be widget dealers, themselves. These arbitrators, unlike judges or jurors, would know and respect the norms and customs of the widget industry. The arbitrators would be inclined to decide cases in accord with these norms and customs and could even be contractually required to do so. Alternatively the Widget Dealers Association might choose to codify some of its norms and customs by creating written rules that would amount to privately-created statutes. The arbitrators could then be contractually required to decide cases in accord with these written rules.
A Baker−Figgis Isomer of Conventional Sandwich Polyoxometalates. H2Na14[FeIII2(NaOH2)2(P2W15O56)2], a Diiron Catalyst for Catalytic H2O2-Based Epoxidation

A new structural type of sandwich polyoxometalate has been synthesized and characterized. The X-ray structure of this diiron complex, [FeIII2(NaOH2)2(P2W15O56)2], reveals that the junction between the central unit (Fe2Na2) and the trivacant POM units is rotated 60° from that observed in all other known sandwich POMs of this type. The tetra-n-butylammonium salt is an effective catalyst for the H2O2-based epoxidation of alkenes.
New plasma tools for antimatter science

Much progress has been made recently to create cold antimatter plasmas and to exploit them for a variety of fundamental scientific studies and technological applications. In particular, single-component plasmas are a unique medium with which to manipulate antimatter without the usual deleterious effect of annihilation with matter. The work described here focuses on the development of new plasma tools for the trapping and manipulation of antimatter plasmas and beams, with immediate applications to positron science. Progress is described in three key areas: radial compression of single-component plasmas using rotating electric fields in a novel, strong-drive regime [1]; experiments and complementary theoretical modeling of the extraction of beams with small transverse spatial extent from single-component plasmas [2]; and work to develop a multicell trap to increase by orders of magnitude the capacity for antiparticle storage [3]. Potential applications of these tools and challenges for future research are discussed.
Reduced self-referential neural response during intergroup competition predicts competitor harm

article i nfo Article history: Accepted 31 March 2014 Available online 12 April 2014 Why do interactions become more hostile when social relations shift from "me versus you" to "us versus them"? One possibility is that acting with a group can reduce spontaneous self-referential processing in the moral do- main and, in turn, facilitate competitor harm. We tested this hypothesis in an fMRI experiment in which (i) par- ticipants performed a competitive task once alone and once with a group; (ii) spontaneous self-referential processing during competition was indexed unobtrusively by activation in an independently localized region of themedial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) associated with self-reference; and (iii) we assessed participants'willing- ness to harm competitors versus teammates. As predicted, participants who showed reduced mPFC activation in response to descriptions of their own moral behaviors while competing in a group were more willing to harm competitors. These results suggest that intergroup competition (above and beyond inter-personal competition) can reduce self-referential processing of moral information, enabling harmful behaviors towards members of a competitive group.
Monsters at the Heart of Galaxy Formation

Supermassive black holes (BHs) have long been implicated in explaining active galactic nuclei such as quasars. In his Perspective, [Kormendy][1] discusses recent work that suggests a larger role for these objects. The Hubble Space Telescope has provided many new detections of BHs, and these new results indicate that they play an important role in the galaxy formation processes. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/289/5484/1484
A finite element analysis of a subject specific single-leg drop landing at varied heights

The pathomechanics of the knee joint related to the female athlete is of high interest due to the high incidence of knee injuries compared to males. The mechanisms of knee injury are still not completely understood. Single-leg landings, stopping and cutting at high velocity are some of the non-contact mechanisms that are causing these injuries. This study looks at a subject specific analysis of a single-leg drop landing that was performed by a female subject at 60%, 80% and 100% of their maximum vertical jump. The subject's femur, tibia, articular cartilage, and menisci were modeled as 3D structures and then analyzed in a finite element package to look at the contact stresses in the cartilage and the meniscus as well as the forces being produced in the anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and the lateral collateral ligament. The joint reaction forces in the knee were analyzed and compared to the varied heights from which the subject landed with arms across the chest. The ground reaction force varied from 2.9x – 3.4x the bodyweight of the subject and time to peak ground reaction force was reached in about 0.06s.
PROFITABILITY AND RISK OF U.S. AGRICULTURAL BANKS

Study of profitability and risk of agricultural banks is very important in assessing the ability to adequately finance agricultural production and rural development. A recursive system of profitability and risk equations is estimated to compare the performance of agricultural with nonagricultural banks and to identify factors which affect performance. A linear regression model which measures risk-adjusted profitability confirms the results from the recursive system. Results show that agricultural banks perform better than nonagricultural counterparts on average even after controlling for risks and other factors. Further, off-balance-sheet business is found to be negatively related to the risk-adjusted profitability of agricultural banks.
Finite difference time domain calculations of antenna mutual coupling

The finite-difference-time-domain (FD-TD) technique is applied to calculations of self and mutual admittances between wire antennas. The results are compared with results obtained using the method of moments. The agreement is quite good, indicating the possibilities for FDTD application to antenna impedance and coupling. >
Street-facing Dwelling Units and Livability: The Impacts of Emerging Building Types in Vancouver's New High-density Residential Neighbourhoods

The city of Vancouver, British Columbia, is building new high-density residential neighbourhoods around its downtown. Working within the context of large-scale corporate development projects, public sector planners are proactively shaping development to be dense but also conform to notions of livability that derive from traditional urbanism, such as ‘eyes on the street’ and pedestrian scale. Design guidelines have resulted in new building types that integrate ground-floor townhouses into very large buildings. This study analysed how the new embedded townhouse forms are contributing to life on the street and neighbourhood livability, using environmental measurements, behaviour observations and surveys. The findings conclude that the embedded townhouses do contribute to livability, although other aspects of the building types and neighbourhoods may pose concerns.
Optimal tail estimates for directed last passage site percolation with geometric random variables

In this paper, we obtain optimal uniform lower tail estimates for the probability distribution of the properly scaled length of the longest up/right path of the last passage site percolation model considered by Johansson in [12]. The estimates are used to prove a lower tail moderate deviation result for the model. The estimates also imply the convergence of moments, and also provide a verification of the universal scaling law relating the longitudinal and the transversal fluctuations of the model.
Bucket elimination: a unifying framework for probabilistic inference

Probabilistic inference algorithms for finding the most probable explanation, the maximum aposteriori hypothesis, and the maximum expected utility and for updating belief are reformulated as an elimination-type algorithm called bucket elimination. This emphasizes the principle common to many of the algorithms appearing in that literature and clarifies their relationship to nonserial dynamic programming algorithms. We also present a general way of combining conditioning and elimination within this framework. Bounds on complexity are given for all the aigorithms as a function of the problem's structure.
Ensemble Density Functional Theory for Inhomogeneous Fractional Quantum Hall Systems

The fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) occurs in a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in a strong magnetic field oriented perpendicular to the plane of the electrons [1]. The effect was discovered as a transport anomaly. In a transport measurement it is noted that at certain strengths B*(n), which depend on the density n of the 2DEG, current can flow without any dissipation. That is, there is no voltage drop along the flow of the current. At the same time, the Hall voltage perpendicular to both the direction of the current and of the magnetic field is observed to attain a quantized value for a small, but finite, range of magnetic field or density, depending on which quantity is varied in the experiment. The effect is understood to be the result of an excitation gap in the spectrum of an infinite 2DEG at these magnetic fields. A convenient measure of the density of a 2DEG in a strong magnetic field is given by the filling factor v = 2πl2 B n, with \({\ell _B}{\mkern 1mu} = {\mkern 1mu} \sqrt {\hbar c/(eB)} \) the magnetic length. The filling factor gives the ratio of the number of particles to the number of available states in a magnetc sub-band (Landau level), or, equivalently, the number of particles per flux quantum Φ0 = hc/e. The quantum Hall effect was first discovered [2] at integer filling factors. In this integer quantum Hall effect, the energy gap is nothing but the kinetic energy gap ħω c = ħeB/(m*c). Later, the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) was discovered [3] at certain rational filling factors of the form v = p/q, with p and q relative primes, and q odd. In the FQHE, the excitation gap is a consequence of the strong electron-electron correlations. Therefore, any computational approach to the quantum Hall effect must accurately treat the electron correlations in order to capture the FQHE at all
Chiral Phosphoric Acid Directed Regioselective Acetalization of Carbohydrate-Derived 1,2-Diols†

In control: A chiral phosphoric acid catalyst significantly enhances or completely overrides the inherent regioselective acetalization profiles exhibited by monosaccharide-derived 1,2-diol substrates. This study represents the first example of chiral-catalyst-directed regio- and enantioselective intermolecular acetalizations, which are complementary to existing methods for substrate-controlled functionalization of polyols.
Large-scale service overlay networking with distance-based clustering

The problem of service routing (or dynamic service composition) has recently emerged as a consequence of the distributed composable services model residing in middleware layer(s). However, existing solutions are mostly suitable for small- or medium-scale service overlay networks, as service routing is performed over flat overlay topologies such as a mesh. Due to their increasing routing information maintenance costs, these flat (single-level) topology solutions cannot cope with large-scale service overlay networking. For better scalability, in this paper, we provide a hierarchical service routing framework, which comprises three parts. In the first part, we organize the overlay network nodes into clusters based on their Internet distances. We then construct a hierarchically fully connected (HFC) topology based on the clustering result. In such a topology, nodes within a cluster are considered fully connected, and the clusters themselves are also fully connected by their border nodes. In the second part, a hierarchical state information distribution protocol will be provided so that each node in the system maintains full state of the nodes in its own cluster and aggregate state of other clusters in the system. In the third part, we present how service paths can be computed hierarchically in a divide-and-conquer fashion. Through simulation tests, we demonstrate that while achieving much better scalability, our framework provides also as good and efficient service paths as single-level mesh solutions.
Capital Theory and the Process of Inter-Temporal Coordination: The Austrian Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth

Appreciation of the necessity of the inter-temporal coordination of heterogeneous capital goods is the chief contribution of Austrian economics to the theory of economic growth. Austrian theory illustrates why an institutional environment of freely formed prices predicated on private property is essential for economic growth. This leads Austrians to have a unique take on Solow growth theory, the financing gap model, national economic planning, and aggregative development measures.
Non-isoenergetic Turbulent Jet Mixing in a Constant-Area Duct

A = M. = C = CH = D e e L / M m m n p R r r rl f T Tt AT U AC/ *k x y Nomenclature cross-sectional area of the duct, m2 (ft2) area ratio experimental constant of turbulence (main region) experimental constant of turbulence (initial region) specific heat at constant pressure, cal/kg-K (Btu/lb-°R) diameter of the duct, m (ft) eccentricity (e/R) length of the duct, m (ft) nondimensional length of the duct (L/D) Mach number (Uh/U1) mass flow rate, kg/s (Ib/s) bypass ratio (m2/m;) pressure radius of the duct, m (ft) radial coordinate radius of the free jet radius of the primary ejectory nozzle, m (ft) (y/R)
Neural Network Approaches Versus Statistical Methods In Classification Of Multisource Remote Sensing Data

Neural network learning procedures and statistical classificaiton methods are applied and compared empirically in classification of multisource remote sensing and geographic data. Statistical multisource classification by means of a method based on Bayesian classification theory is also investigated and modified. The modifications permit control of the influence of the data sources involved in the classification process. Reliability measures are introduced to rank the quality of the data sources. The data sources are then weighted according to these rankings in the statistical multisource classification. Four data sources are used in experiments: Landsat MSS data and three forms of topographic data (elevation, slope, and aspect). Experimental results show that two different approaches have unique advantages and disadvantages in this classification application.
Hinged dissection of polyominoes and polyforms

A hinged dissection of a set of polygons S is a collection of polygonal pieces hinged together at vertices that can be rotated into any member of S. We present a hinged dissection of all edge-to-edge gluings of n congruent copies of a polygon P that join corresponding edges of P. This construction uses kn pieces, where k is the number of vertices of P. When P is a regular polygon, we show how to reduce the number of pieces to ⌈k/2⌉ (n - 1). In particular, we consider polyominoes (made up of unit squares), polyiamonds (made up of equilateral triangles), and polyhexes (made up of regular hexagons). We also give a hinged dissection of all polyabolos (made up of right isosceles triangles), which do not fall under the general result mentioned above. Finally, we show that if P can be hinged into Q, then any edge-to-edge gluing of n congruent copies of P can be hinged into any edge-to-edge gluing of n congruent copies of Q.
America's Graduation from High School: The Evolution and Spread of Secondary Schooling in the Twentieth Century

Secondary-school enrollment and graduation rates increased spectacularly in much of the United States from 1910 to 1940; the advance was particularly rapid from 1920 to 1935 in the nonsouthern states. This increase was uniquely American; no other nation underwent an equivalent change for several decades. States that rapidly expanded their high school enrollments early in the period had greater wealth, more homogeneity of wealth, and less manufacturing activity than others. Factors prompting the expansion include the substantial returns to education early in the century and a responsive “state.” This work is based on a newly constructed state-level data set.
Studies on α-sialylation using sialyl donors with an auxiliary 3-thiophenyl group

Abstract Reaction of the methyl ester of 2-chloro-3-S-phenyl-3-thiosialic acid (4) with sodium thiomethoxide in acetonitrile at 0 °C affords the methyl ester of 2- S -methyl-3- S -phenyl-2,3-dithio-α-sialic acid (6a) in quantitative yield. Sialylation of tetrahydropyran-2-methanol (7) and 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2,2′,3,6,6′-penta- O -benzyl-α-lactoside (8) with 6a in the presence of phenylsulfenyl triflate (PST) as promotor in CH 3 CN at −40 ° C gives α-sialosides 9 and 10 in good yield and excellent stereoselectivity. No β-sialosides are formed in either case. Acetylation of product 10, and the subsequent reductive removal of the 3-thiophenyl group using Ph 3 SnH, affords 12 - protected GM3 trisaccharide - in 82% yield after two steps. Sialylation of acceptor 8 with chloride 4 using silver triflate as promotor afforded 10 in 48% yield after two days at −15 °C in THF. A possible mechanism of sialylation with 6a that involves intermediate α- and β-nitrilium ions is discussed.
ENVIRONMENTS and EOL: identification of Environment Ontology terms in text and the annotation of the Encyclopedia of Life.

Summary: The association of organisms to their environments is a key issue in exploring biodiversity patterns. This knowledge has traditionally been scattered, but textual descriptions of taxa and their habitats are now being consolidated in centralized resources. However, structured annotations are needed to facilitate large-scale analyses. Therefore, we developed ENVIRONMENTS, a fast dictionary-based tagger capable of identifying Environment Ontology (ENVO) terms in text. We evaluate the accuracy of the tagger on a new manually curated corpus of 600 Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) species pages. We use the tagger to associate taxa with environments by tagging EOL text content monthly, and integrate the results into the EOL to disseminate them to a broad audience of users. Availability and implementation: The software and the corpus are available under the open-source BSD and the CC-BY-NC-SA 3.0 licenses, respectively, at http://environments.hcmr.gr Contact: rg.rmch@silifap or kd.uk.rpc@nesnej.lhuj.sral Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Extensive-form games and strategic complementarities

I prove the subgame-perfect equivalent of the basic result for Nash equilibria in normal-form games of strategic complements: the set of subgame-perfect equilibria is a nonempty, complete lattice—in particular, subgame-perfect Nash equilibria exist. For this purpose I introduce a device that allows the study of the set of subgame-perfect equilibria as the set of fixed points of a correspondence. My results are limited because extensive-form games of strategic complementarities turn out—surprisingly—to be a very restrictive class of games.
Activation of carbon-hydrogen bonds and dihydrogen by 1,2-CH-addition across metal-heteroatom bonds.

The controlled conversion of hydrocarbons to functionalized products requires selective C–H bond cleavage. This perspective provides an overview of 1,2-CH-addition of hydrocarbons across d0 transition metal imido complexes and compares and contrasts these to examples of analogous reactions that involve later transition metal amide, hydroxide and alkoxide complexes with d6 and d8 metals.
Naming Games in Spatially-Embedded Random Networks

We investigate a prototypical agent-based model, the Naming Game, on random geometric networks. The Naming Game is a minimal model, employing local communications that captures the emergence of shared communication schemes (languages) in a population of autonomous semiotic agents. Implementing the Naming Games on random geometric graphs, local communications being local broadcasts, serves as a model for agreement dynamics in large-scale, autonomously operating wireless sensor networks. Further, it captures e ssential features of the scaling properties of the agreement process for spatially-embedded autonomous agents. We also present results for the case when a small density of long-range communication links are added on top of the random geometric graph, resulting in a “small-world”-like network and yielding a significantly reduced time to reach global agreement.
Prospects for Determining the Equation of State of the Dark Energy: What Can Be Learned from Multiple Observables?

The dark energy that appears to produce the accelerating expansion of the universe can be characterized by an equation of state p ¼ wwith w < � 1 . A number of observational tests have been proposed to study the value or redshift dependence of w, including Type Ia supernova distances, the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, cluster abundances, strong and weak gravitational lensing, galaxy and quasar clustering, galaxy ages, the Lyforest, and cosmic microwave background anisotropies. The proposed observational tests based on these phenomena measure either the distance-redshift relation d(z), the Hubble parameter H(z), the age of the universe t(z), the linear growth factor D1(z), or some combination of these quantities. We compute the evolution of these four observables and of the combination H(z)d(z) that enters the Alcock-Paczyznski aniso- tropy test in models with constant w, in quintessence models with some simple forms of the potential V(� ), and in toy models that allow more radical time variations of w. Measurement of any of these quantities to a precision of a few percent is generally sufficient to discriminate between w ¼� 1 and � 2 . However, the time dependence predicted in quintessence models is extremely difficult to discern because the quintessence com- ponent is dynamically unimportant at the redshifts where w departs substantially from its low-z value. Even for the toy models that allow substantial changes in w at low redshift, there is always a constant-w model that produces very similar evolution of all of the observables simultaneously. We conclude that measurement of the effective equation of state of the dark energy may be achieved by several independent routes in the next few years but that detecting time variation in this equation of state will prove very difficult except in special- ized cases. Subject headings: cosmological parameters — cosmology: theory
The Virtual Driver: Integrating Task Planning and Cognitive Simulation with Human Movement Models

Digital human modeling has traditionally focused on the physical aspects of humans and the environments in which they operate. As the field moves towards modeling dynamic and more complex tasks, cognitive and perceptual aspects of the human’s performance need to be considered. Cognitive modeling of complex tasks such as driving has commonly avoided the complexity of physical simulation of the human, distilling motor performance to motion execution times. To create a more powerful and flexible approach to the modeling of human/machine interaction, we have integrated a physical architecture of human motion (the Human Motion Simulation Ergonomics Framework—HUMOSIM) with a computational cognitive architecture (the Queueing network model human processor—QN-MHP). The new system combines the features of the two separate architectures and provides new capabilities that emerge from their integration.
Asymmetric reduction of ketones by phosphoric acid derived catalysts.

Enantioenriched secondary alcohols represent an important class of molecules found in numerous intermediates, chiral building blocks, and biologically active compounds. Asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones constitutes the most straightforward way to form these important moieties. Traditionally, stoichiometric amounts of chiral ligands were used together with an aluminium or a boron hydride to achieve high levels of enantioselectivity. Various catalytic processes have been developed in the past three decades in an effort to eliminate the use of stoichiometric amounts of chiral regents. The Corey–Bakshi–Shibata (CBS) catalyst and Noyori s ruthenium catalyst represent two of the most wellknown methods for this purpose. Both catalytic systems have been further developed by altering the ligand or by employing different metals in efforts to enhance the selectivity or improve practicality. Despite extensive research, the utilization of simple chiral Bronsted acids as precatalysts for this asymmetric process is still unknown. Chiral phosphoric acids have emerged as highly efficient and selective catalysts for a variety of transformations since their first reports, through independent studies by Akiyama and Terada. Early publications using these catalysts relied on the activation of imine electrophiles. Recently, additional discoveries have shown an ability for these catalysts to activate vinyl ether, aziridines, nitroso compounds, enones, and glyoxylates. However, general carbonyl compounds, like ketones, have not been used as substrates in the presence of chiral phosphoric acid. Recently, our group reported the first highly enantioselective allylboration of aldehydes catalyzed by a chiral phosphoric acid. Protonation of the boronate oxygen by the catalyst was proposed to rationalize both the activation and the enantioselectivity. The broadening of the limited scope of this type of activation is highly desired. Herein, we describe, to the best of our knowledge, the first example of highly enantioselective reduction of ketones catalyzed by a chiral phosphoric acid derivative. However, this chemistry is believed to differ mechanistically in comparison to our previous allyboration. The formation of a new phosphoryl catechol boronate is proposed based on preliminary spectroscopic evidence. The phosphoryl borate formed in situ is believed to act as a novel chiral bifunctional catalytic system. The reduction of acetophenone (1a) with catecholborane was chosen as the starting point for optimization of the reaction conditions. A series of binol-derived phosphoric acids were screened in toluene at room temperature in the presence of 5 molecular sieves (Table 1, entries 1–6). Catalyst P3, with a 9-anthryl group in the 3,3’-position of binol, provided the product with the highest enantioselectivity (Table 1, entry 3). Chiral N-triflyl phosphoramide P7, which is a stronger Bronsted acid than its phosphoric acid counterpart, provided the product with reverse absolute configuration and low ee (Table 1, entry 7). Further solvent