cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stopping the Bully: An Analysis of Texas House Bill 1942

Bullying is prevalent in our culture and can be recognizable through a competitive, capitalistic economy and a dominance hierarchy. Based on dominance, bullying continues to be a problem in our public schools as witnessed through nationally televised stories in Colorado (Columbine), Vermont (Ryan Halligan), and Missouri (Megan Meier), to name a few. Therefore, it is important to analyze legislation seeking to eliminate bullying in our schools. This project intends to analyze Texas House Bill 1942 (HB 1942). In Texas, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that 19.1 percent of students were bullied on school property and 13.8 percent of students were bullied electronically. In 2011, the 82nd Texas Legislature passed the first antibullying measure. With the passage of Texas HB 1942, the state sought to define acts of bullying, create stronger parental notification requirements, and increase accountability. Overall, results indicate that Texas HB 1942 provides adequate guidance for school districts to establish antibullying policies. However, no specific method for measuring effectiveness of the legislation was established. In addition to suggestions for solving the problem of measurement, other recommendations are made for strengthening the legislation. Language: en
Factors associated with recovery of meat products following recalls due to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli

Food-product recall data for recalls due to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) from 2000 to 2012 were obtained for establishments regulated by the United States Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). Statistical tests were used to assess the factors associated with recovery of product following STEC recalls along with the relationship between cluster detection and jurisdictions. Our results indicated that the percentage of recalled product recovered following a recall action due to STEC was dependent on the complexity of distribution, type of distribution, amount of time between production and recall dates, and the number of pounds of product recalled. Illness-related STEC recalls were associated with a lower percentage of product recovery which was probably impacted by larger amounts of product recalled, broader production scope, and delays from epidemiological and traceback investigations. Further, detection of illnesses related to STEC recalls seemed to be enhanced in states with additional resources and a history of successful foodborne investigations. This makes an argument for additional resources dedicated to public health agencies specifically for the surveillance of foodborne illnesses.
Investigation of 2 Types of Self-administered Acupressure for Persistent Cancer-Related Fatigue in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance Fatigue is a common and debilitating late-term effect of breast cancer that is associated with poor sleep and decreased quality of life, yet therapies remain limited. Acupressure has reduced fatigue in previous small studies, but rigorous clinical trials are needed. Objectives To investigate if 6 weeks of 2 types of self-administered acupressure improved fatigue, sleep, and quality of life vs usual care in breast cancer survivors and to determine if changes were sustained during a 4-week washout period. Design, Setting, and Participants Phase 3 randomized, single-blind, clinical trial conducted from March 1, 2011, through October 31, 2014. Women were recruited from the Michigan Tumor Registry. Interventions Randomization (1:1:1) to 6 weeks of daily self-administered relaxing acupressure, stimulating acupressure, or usual care. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was change in the Brief Fatigue Inventory score from baseline to weeks 6 and 10. Secondary analyses were sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) and quality of life (Long-Term Quality of Life Instrument). Results A total of 424 survivors of stages 0 to III breast cancer who had completed cancer treatments at least 12 months previously were screened, and 288 were randomized, with 270 receiving relaxing acupressure (n = 94), stimulating acupressure (n = 90), or usual care (n = 86). One woman withdrew owing to bruising at the acupoints. At week 6, the percentages of participants who achieved normal fatigue levels (Brief Fatigue Inventory score Conclusions and Relevance Both acupressure arms significantly reduced persistent fatigue compared with usual care, but only relaxing acupressure had significant effects on sleep quality and quality of life. Relaxing acupressure offers a possible low-cost option for managing symptoms. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01281904
E-017 Pure Tentorial Subdural Hematoma from Rupture of Aneurysm along the Transmastoid Branches of the Occipital Artery

Background Pure subdural hematoma (without subarachnoid, intraventricular, or intraparenchymal hemorrhage) due to a rupture intracranial aneurysm is a rare pathology. Most reported cases involve an aneurysm along the internal carotid artery, posterior communicating artery, or middle cerebral artery. No reports have documented an aneurysm along the intracranial portion of a branch from the occipital artery. Case presentation Patient is a 70 year old female, history of hypertension, congestive heart failure, renal artery stenosis, gout, who presented with sudden onset severe excruciating headaches, associated with spinning sensation, nausea, and emesis. No history of trauma. Neurological examination was unremarkable. CT head demonstrated a tentorial subdural hematoma. CTA head revealed a 4 mm aneurysm along the peripheral left inferior cerebelllum and 3 mm aneurysm adjacent to the right sigmoid sinus, both without clear visualization of the parent vessels. Diagnostic angiogram revealed bilateral aneurysms along the transmastoid branches of the intracranial portion of both occipital arteries. Consequently, these branches were embolized, with no residual filling of the aneurysms. Post-procedure, she remained neurologically well. She was monitored appropriately for vasospasm, and discharged home 10 days after presentation. Conclusion Rupture of aneurysms along intracranial branches of the occipital artery can lead to pure subdural hematoma along the tentorium. For non-traumatic acute subdural hematoma, vigilance should be directed towards a vascular etiology. Disclosures H. Nguyen: None. N. Doan: None. S. Shabani: None. M. Gelsomino: None. O. Zaidat: None.
Illinois Cross-Lingual Wikifier: Grounding Entities in Many Languages to the English Wikipedia.

We release a cross-lingual wikification system for all languages in Wikipedia. Given a piece of text in any supported language, the system identifies names of people, locations, organizations, and grounds these names to the corresponding English Wikipedia entries. The system is based on two components: a cross-lingual named entity recognition (NER) model and a cross-lingual mention grounding model. The cross-lingual NER model is a language-independent model which can extract named entity mentions in the text of any language in Wikipedia. The extracted mentions are then grounded to the English Wikipedia using the cross-lingual mention grounding model. The only resources required to train the proposed system are the multilingual Wikipedia dump and existing training data for English NER. The system is online at http://cogcomp.cs.illinois.edu/page/demo_view/xl_wikifier
Investigating magnetic susceptibility of human knee joint at 7 Tesla.

Purpose To evaluate the magnetic susceptibility properties of different anatomical structures within the knee joint using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM). Methods A collagen tissue model was simulated and ex vivo animal cartilage experiments were conducted at 9.4 Tesla (T) to evaluate the B0 orientation-dependent magnetic susceptibility contrast observed in cartilage. Furthermore, nine volunteers (six healthy subjects without knee pain history and three patients with known knee injury, between 29 and 58 years old) were scanned using gradient-echo acquisitions on a high-field 7T MR scanner. Susceptibility values of different tissues were quantified and diseased cartilage and meniscus were compared against that of healthy volunteers. Results Simulation and ex vivo animal cartilage experiments demonstrated that collagen fibrils exhibit an anisotropic susceptibility. A gradual change of magnetic susceptibility was observed in the articular cartilage from the superficial zone to the deep zone, forming a multilayer ultrastructure consistent with anisotropy of collagen fibrils. Meniscal tears caused a clear reduction of susceptibility contrast between the injured meniscus and surrounding cartilage illustrated by a loss of the sharp boundaries between the two. Moreover, QSM showed more dramatic contrast in the focal degenerated articular cartilage than R2* mapping. Conclusion The arrangement of the collagen fibrils is significant, and likely the most dominant source of magnetic susceptibility anisotropy. Quantitative susceptibility mapping offers a means to characterize magnetic susceptibility properties of tissues in the knee joint. It is sensitive to collagen damage or degeneration and may be useful for evaluating the status of knee diseases, such as meniscal tears and cartilage disease. Magn Reson Med 78:1933–1943, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Technology-Related Sexual Solicitation of Adolescents: A Review of Prevention Efforts

Information and communication technologies (ICTs), particularly the internet and internet-enabled devices, have rapidly become integral to adolescents' lives in high-income countries. ICTs are associated with many benefits, but there are risks associated with digital technology. This paper examines one such risk: When adults use ICTs, including social networking sites, mobile phones and smartphones, to sexually solicit adolescents. We describe youth who appear to be more vulnerable to technology-related sexual solicitations from adults and examine the developmental factors that place adolescents at particular risk. Perpetrators who use technology to electronically groom youth are described, including adults working in youth-serving organisations. Current digital media safety lessons and messages are described, and suggestions for additional ways to safeguard youth from technology-related sexual solicitations are offered. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ‘Examines… when adults use ICTs… to sexually solicit adolescents’ Key Practitioner Messages Although known cases of technology-related sexual solicitation are few in number, public concern about ‘online predators’ has amplified and considerable resources have been put toward legal responses and prevention resources. Cyber-safety resources lack evidence of effectiveness and many contain inaccurate warnings that do not address the real dynamics of this type of sexual crime against youth. Few safety messages inform youth and parents about grooming using mobile phones, and fewer address the dangers of youth having romantic relationships with adults. ‘Cyber-safety resources… do not address the real dynamics of this type of sexual crime against youth’
SOSMAC: Separated operation states in Medium Access Control for emergency communications on IEEE 802.11-like crowded networks

We propose a sequential staging access scheme to minimize the occurrence of channel-access collisions in infrastructure IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) networks under emergency and crowded scenarios in this paper. The proposed scheme is based on separating the functions performed by station for channel access and dedicating states for contention and transmission separately rather than using a single shared state as done in IEEE 802.11. The result is an increase in access success ratio and avoidance of throughput collapse 802.11. The proposed scheme overcomes the throughput and utilization collapse of IEEE 802.11 under crowded scenarios and increases bandwidth utilization. This access is critical for crowded networks under emergency scenarios where many stations suddenly and intensively contend for network access. This scheme may also fits as a fallback mechanism of IEEE 802.11 networks to avoid throughput collapse under crowded scenarios and thus, to enable reliable communications in critical situations. Our simulation results show significant improvements on bandwidth utilization and throughput as compared to IEEE 802.11 under crowded conditions.
Regenerative mechanisms of the adult injured and failing heart

Many adult mammals’ organs—from the skin to skeletal muscle, bone marrow, liver, and intestine—have strong regenerative capacity. Even the heart in lower organisms has been shown to have an ability to regenerate, often observed in invertebrates such as salamander species. In recent years, some cardiac regenerative capacities have been observed in newts, salamanders, frogs, and neonatal rodents. This begs the question: What is the human heart’s potential for regeneration? Studies have firmly established that the adult mouse heart and human heart have the capacity for cardiomyocyte turnover and replacement. Increased cardiomyocyte content is expected to enhance vascular regeneration, given its role in promoting a microvascular endothelial network to provide oxygen and nutrients. Strategies to stimulate cardiac regeneration include reprogramming fibroblasts to cardiomyocytes, or converting them back to a stem cell state or to terminated lineages by forced expression. Signaling pathways and factors have been shown to modulate the capacity of cardiomyocyte proliferation. In addition, engineering strategies are being researched to either stimulate cardiac regeneration or replace lost myocardium. Examples include the use of “scaffolds” to deliver cells and the generation of sheets of cardiomyocytes for transplantation. With millions of people living with heart failure, the ability to promote new cardiomyocytes would be a life-changing therapy.
Rates, Patterns, and Processes of Landscape Transformation and Extinction in Madagascar

Inferring cause and effect from the fossil record is not a wholly satisfying enterprise. The evidence is stale. Many useful details are missing, perhaps never to be found. Sequential events may be collapsed together, inverted, or mixed with evidence from other times. Few relevant parameters can be measured directly. Paleoecologists must forge ahead despite these obstacles, however, as extinction and environmental change are subjects too important to ignore.
Orthognathic Surgery and Rhinoplasty to Address Nasomaxillary Hypoplasia.

Summary:The treatment of nasomaxillary hypoplasia is challenging. The phenotype of Binder “syndrome” includes the following: midfacial hypoplasia, class III malocclusion, small or absent anterior nasal spine, flattened nose, horizontal nostrils, short columella, acute nasolabial angle, and a flat fr
Implications for the future of palliative care for pancreatic cancer: A retrospective institutional study.

153Background: Five year overall survival rate for localized and metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) is discouraging at 31.5% and 2.7%, respectively. Evidence supports that early palliative ...
“Courage Unparalleled Opened Her Utterly”: A Practical Theodicy

Mothers are positioned to experience the hard truths of the human condition with great immediacy. Theology often teaches us that the root structure of sin is selfishness, or the soul turned in on itself, but when mothers love their children, the root problem of life is how to bear the anguish of having one’s great love exposed to vulnerability and ambiguity. Spiritual practices in this context require a warrior spirit that keeps the heart open even while facing suffering in raw and intimate forms. This chapter examines how practices of courageous love can reveal the innate beauty and preciousness of every being and in this remind us of the universality of divine love for humanity, in effect reconstructing Christian thought from the ground up.
Interventional endoscopy in the diagnosis and management of pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic cancer accounts for approximately 3% of all cancers in US, and is the fourth leading cause of mortality in both men and women. It is a silent killer due to lack of early symptoms and the majority of patients present at advanced stage at the time of initial diagnosis. Only 15-20% of patients are candidates for curative resection and even then, the 5-year survival rates range from 10-25%. Despite recent advances in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer, the prognosis remains grim with 5-year overall survival (OS) of approximately 10%. Early detection is key for improving patient outcomes in this lethal disease. Contributing to the difficulty in the diagnosis and management is the anatomic location of the pancreas within the abdomen (retroperitoneal location and being adjacent to hollow viscus, solid organs and major vessels), and suboptimal response to systemic chemotherapy. Multimodality imaging (pancreatic protocol CT and MRI/MRCP) is often used for the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Interventional endoscopy is a relatively new field, and with Endoscopic techniques becoming more advanced, their role in diagnosis and management of pancreatic cancer is expanding rapidly. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) are the two main modalities used in cases of pancreatic neoplasms.
Photonically integrated spectroscopy platform using grating-to-grating coupling (Conference Presentation)

In the pursuit of developing a portable wavelength reference, a photonically integrated chip (PIC) was developed to perform high resolution spectroscopy in a small package. The PIC outcouples light from one grating into free space where it is reflected and directed into an adjacent grating that couples into a separate waveguide. These gratings are extreme-mode-converters which convert the confined mode with a characteristic mode size of less than a micron to a collimated 100 micron diameter beam in order to mitigate transit time broadening for high resolution spectroscopy as well as reduce the diffraction angle. A miniature atomic vapor cell is inserted in the path of the beam to complete the spectroscopic platform. Preliminary results demonstrate sub-Doppler features. Coupling into the chip is achieved using fiber arrays enabling the spectroscopic signal to be routed back through an optical fiber and monitored. A laser is then locked to these sub-Doppler features completing an integrated wavelength reference. Analysis of the atom-light interactions made available by this platform will be discussed with an emphasis on the application of such structures to portable wavelength metrology.
An Empirical Analysis of Mobile Learning Acceptance in Puerto Rico's Higher Learning Institutions

This empirical research article employs a quantitative research methodology based on existing research on the Technology Acceptance Model TAM to model how college students in Puerto Rico perceive, accept and reject mobile learning technologies before university implementation. This study identifies the factors, perceptions, and attitudes of mobile learning acceptance at the individual level. The TAM themes included in this study are: attitude A, behavioral intentions BI, ease of access EoA, ease of use EoU, external influence EI, quality of service QoS, student readiness SR, university support US and usefulness U. The article's objective is to examine the determinants and behavioral intentions to use M-learning in higher learning institutions in Puerto Rico. By understanding the determinants, universities, and organizations that deliver educational content can develop intervention programs aimed at increasing user acceptance of M-learning.
Peer assessment of professional performance by hospitalist physicians

BACKGROUND The clinical collaborations among hospitalist physicians create opportunities for peer evaluation. We conducted this study to generate validity evidence for a scale that allows for peer assessment of professional performance. METHODS All of the hospitalist physicians working for >1 year at our hospital were asked to assess each of their physician colleagues along eight domains and name three colleagues whom they would choose to care for a loved one needing hospitalization. A mean composite clinical performance score was generated for each provider. Statistical analyses using the Pearson coefficient were performed. RESULTS The 22 hospitalist physician participants were confident in their ability to assess their peers' clinical skills. There were strong correlations between the domains of clinical excellence (r > 0.5, P 0.5, P < 0.05). High scores on the Press Ganey questions correlated with peer assessment of humanism (r = .78, P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS The correlation among scale items, the composite clinical performance score, and the variable "a doctor whom you would choose to care for a loved one" provides validity evidence to our assessment scale. Such measurements may allow hospitalist groups to identify top performers who could be recognized, rewarded, and held up as role models and weaker performers who may need focused training or remediation.
Marginal to Mainstream: Alternative Medicine in America

List of tables List of acronyms Preface 1. Introducing CAM and the many questions it raises 2. Understanding CAM: the problem of knowledge and the power of words 3. The growth of CAM: patterns of use and meaning 4. Physicians: learning new ways 5. Medical research: science and interpretation 6. Investigating CAM: the devil in the details 7. The road ahead: accommodation or integration? Notes Bibliography.
Extracellular matrix involvement in epithelial branching morphogenesis.

Branching morphogenesis is a major developmental process used by a large array of embryonic organs. Examples of organs whose development involves branching morphogenesis include submandibular, sublingual, and parotid sali vary glands, mammary glands, lungs, pancreas, and kidneys. In each case, an epithelium undergoes repeated branching activity, in concert with mitotic growth, that results in the formation of an organ-specific pattern of clefts or branch points and the generation of large amounts of epithelial surface area for the available amount of organ space. The advantage would appear to be that epithelial surface area for such functions as secretory activity and gas exchange is maximized, resulting in highly efficient compact organs.
Radiative corrections in Kℓ30 decays

Abstract We calculate the long-distance radiative corrections δ LD e and δ LD μ to the K0 → π−e+νe and the K0 → π−μ+νμ decay rates. This analysis includes contributions to the long-distance radiative corrections from outside the kinematically allowed three-body Dalitz region and tests the sensitivity of the radiative corrections to the hadronic K–π form factors. A program, KLOR , was written to numerically evaluate the radiative corrections and to generate Monte Carlo events for experimental acceptance studies. The K e 3 0 and the K μ 3 0 long-distance radiative correction parameters are determined to be (1.3 ± 0.3)% and (1.9 ± 0.3)%, respectively. We also present predictions for the fraction of radiative K l 3 0 events satisfying various requirements on final-state photon kinematics.
Reproductive freedom, coercion and justice. Some ethical aspects of population policy and practice.

The conceptions of rights freedom coercion and justice in relation to reproduction and contraception are discussed. Reproduction cannot be considered an absolute human right when poverty and other socioeconomic disadvantages limit the exercise of that right. The freedom to reproduce must at times be modified by the needs of the total society. The justice of national and international population policies is considered. The rights of children to a quality upbringing and life must be considered. Provision of pregnancy termination services aids in the achievement of a right not to reproduce which is a right of equal importance to the right to reproduce.
Tidal Forces in a Highly Asymmetric Taub Universe

Wheeler has given a highly asymmetric model universe that is a specific case of Taub space chosen to exhibit both a long lifetime and a small spatial volume. Here I show that the high asymmetry causes tidal forces to act on forming stars, but these tidal forces are too weak to disrupt the condensation process. Since stars can form, presumably life can, also. This example— so very unlike the real Universe—therefore is a difficulty for the anthropic principle.
Clinical Science Oral Colonization and Susceptibility Testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Oral Isolates from Cystic Fibrosis Patients

Microbial samples from the oral cavities of cystic fibrosis (C.F.) patients and 20 age-matched normal control subjects were characterized. Mucoid variant Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from the tongue, buccal mucosa, and saliva of C.F. patients only. Analysis of the data suggests that the oral cavity is a potential reservoir for this organism. Aspiration and cross-contamination from this reservoir may be important in perpetuating chronic pulmonary infection in C.F. patients. Susceptibility testing was performed on 20 mucoid variant P. aeruginosa oral isolates obtained from the patients according to standardized broth dilution procedures. The in vitro antimicrobial effects of sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, and chlorhexidine were measured. Analysis of the data suggests that clinically safe and achievable levels of chlorhexidine and stannous fluoride may be antimicrobial.
Independent effects of dietary fat and sucrose content on chondrocyte metabolism and osteoarthritis pathology in mice

ABSTRACT Obesity is one of the most significant risk factors for knee osteoarthritis. However, therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat obesity-associated osteoarthritis are limited because of uncertainty about the etiology of disease, particularly with regard to metabolic factors. High-fat-diet-induced obese mice have become a widely used model for testing hypotheses about how obesity increases the risk of osteoarthritis, but progress has been limited by variation in disease severity, with some reports concluding that dietary treatment alone is insufficient to induce osteoarthritis in mice. We hypothesized that increased sucrose content of typical low-fat control diets contributes to osteoarthritis pathology and thus alters outcomes when evaluating the effects of a high-fat diet. We tested this hypothesis in male C57BL/6J mice by comparing the effects of purified diets that independently varied sucrose or fat content from 6 to 26 weeks of age. Outcomes included osteoarthritis pathology, serum metabolites, and cartilage gene and protein changes associated with cellular metabolism and stress-response pathways. We found that the relative content of sucrose versus cornstarch in low-fat iso-caloric purified diets caused substantial differences in serum metabolites, joint pathology, and cartilage metabolic and stress-response pathways, despite no differences in body mass or body fat. We also found that higher dietary fat increased fatty acid metabolic enzymes in cartilage. The findings indicate that the choice of control diets should be carefully considered in mouse osteoarthritis studies. Our study also indicates that altered cartilage metabolism might be a contributing factor to how diet and obesity increase the risk of osteoarthritis.
Iatrogenic CNS demyelination in the era of modern biologics

The number of reported cases of iatrogenic demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS) is on the rise. This is, in part, related to the recent expansion in the use of biologics. Review of literature from the past decade suggests that in addition to vaccines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibitors and checkpoint inhibitors are the most frequently cited inducers of central inflammation. About one-third of demyelinating cases in the setting of TNF-alpha inhibitors evolve into full-blown multiple sclerosis. In addition to demyelination, checkpoint inhibitors may also cause accelerated paraneoplastic encephalitis and other antibody-mediated conditions. Luckily, the overall prognosis of iatrogenic central inflammation is favorable, with most cases having partial or complete response to steroids and discontinuation of the offending agent. Long-term monitoring and initiation of maintenance immune-modulating therapy may be necessary in some patients. In this article, we provide an updated review of biologic-induced inflammation of the CNS.
Structures and Magnetism of Some Polycomponent 2:17 Rare Earth- Transition Metal Systems

Structures and magnetic properties of the polycomponent systems Er2−xPrxCo13 (Fe,Mn)4 are presented. Replacement of Er by Pr and Co by Fe and/or Mn both increase the anisotropy fields; the effects are not quite additive.
The Relevance of Inositide Degradation and Protein Kinase C in Platelet Responses

The interaction of a wide range of cell activators with specific membrane receptors induces the phosphodiesteratic cleavage (phospholipase C) of the phosphoinositides. The breakdown of the phosphoinositides produces formation of 1,2-diacylglycerol and myo-inositol phosphates. The 1,2-diacylglycerol is rapidly phosphorylated to phosphatidic acid by the action of 1,2-diacylglycerol kinase. Both 1,2-diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid remain inside the cell and could have important roles as cellular modulators. 1,2-Diacylglycerol and phorbol esters activate a phospholipid- and \(C{{a}^{{{{2}^{ + }}}}}\)-dependent protein kinase C which is implicated in trans-membrane signalling, tumor promotion and cellular differeptiation. On the other hand, phosplatidic acid is a \(C{{a}^{{{{2}^{ + }}}}}\)-ionophore and a fusogen at low \(C{{a}^{{{{2}^{ + }}}}}\) concentration. The fact that there is a close correlation between the amount of phosphatidic acid formed (reflecting stimulation of phospholipase C and formation of 1,2-diacylglycerol), protein kinase C activity and the degree of platelet activation indicates that these reactions have a key role in the transduction and amplification of the signals. Furthermore, phosphatidic acid might be related to the initiation of the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol by the action of phospholipases of the A2-type. The liberated arachidonic acid is converted to active products of the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activities.
Multi-objective optimization of water treatment operations for disinfection byproduct control

This paper introduces a novel decision-making framework for the optimization of water treatment plant operations. Managers at water utilities face increasing tensions between cost, public health risk, public perception, and regulatory compliance. Multi-objective optimization techniques have been developed to generate innovative solutions to environmental problems with competing objectives. By integrating these optimization techniques with water quality scenarios, water treatment modeling, and interactive visualization, our framework enables water managers to choose among an ensemble of optimal treatment operations. By automating the generation of treatment options, this paradigm represents a shift toward exploration and insight discovery in drinking water decision making. To illustrate this framework, we create a disinfection byproduct (DBP) management problem that incorporates the influence of competing risks and cost objectives on decision making. Using data from the Cache la Poudre River—a source water in Colorado with seasonally-varying water quality—and a hypothetical conventional treatment plant, we evaluate the impact of organic carbon increases on the performance of optimal treatment operations. These results suggest that the hypothetical utility should consider infrastructural improvements if organic carbon concentrations increase more than approximately 25% of maximum historical levels. An interactive exploration of the optimization results reveal to what extent there are tradeoffs between solids handling costs, chemical costs, and DBP exposure. A k-means clustering of these data illustrates that the utility can achieve compliance through a variety of treatment strategies depending on decision maker preferences for cost and risk.
It Is a Man’s World

This chapter explores both the female and male characters of Tiempo de silencio and Tiempo de destruccion with special emphasis on the male ones, to understand their difficult road to happiness. It particularly studies how the idea of hegemonic masculinity by R. W. Connell has a strong impact on their identity development and the role it plays into their pursuit of freedom and joy. Through an analysis of their behavior and thought it focuses on the reasons for their unhappiness, relying on those related to how patriarchy defines masculinity. Later the chapter reflects on the Freudian influence present in Martin-Santos’ character construction, applying one of his theoretical essays on love and sex to the different couples in his creative writings.
A generalized model for correcting bias due to permeability using emergent fry traps in mesocosm experiments

Abstract Relative abundance, or CPUE, is a commonly used metric for fisheries conservation and management. Interpreting CPUE data requires understanding the probability that a fish will be caught (catchability) by a particular type of gear and factors that affect catchability. Escape is often not considered in catchability studies, and there is little to no mention of this phenomenon in fisheries textbooks. However, most passive sampling gear, particularly traps, is ‘permeable’, so the number of organisms actually collected will fluctuate based on probability of escapement. Because high or variable escape rates have the potential to bias measures of abundance, the use of passive traps requires recognition and assessment of permeability. To better understand these dynamics, and particularly how they apply to salmonid emergent fry traps, we conducted a series of mesocosm experiments with early-life stage lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). We assessed entry and exit rates by fitting daily capture data to a hierarchical state-space model. We also evaluated a trap modification and the effect of thiamine deficiency on capture rates; thiamine-deficient fish can be lethargic and unlikely to enter traps, so deficiency in the wild may be underestimated. Results revealed distinct temporal trends, with low initial entry rates that rose around the third week after hatch and remained constant thereafter. Thiamine deficiency decreased entry rates but appeared to have no effect on exit rates. Conversely, a minor trap design change had an unexpectedly large effect on exit rates. We developed a generalizable model for estimating abundance using passive traps based on soak time and entry/exit rates, as well as specific rate estimates for lake trout in emergent fry traps. Such corrections should be performed whenever feasible, as abundance estimates may otherwise be biased by exit-related equilibrium.
Drug development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: challenges in research, regulatory pathways, and study endpoints.

The growing prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and its association with obesity as a metabolic disease contributes to harmful outcomes a...
Urogenital Lesions in Nonhuman Primates at 2 National Primate Research Centers

Given their genetic and anatomic similarities to humans, nonhuman primates (NHPs) may serve as animal models for urogenital diseases of humans. The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency of spontaneous urogenital lesions occurring over a 30-year period at the Yerkes and Southwest National Primate Research Centers and to compare and contrast lesions occurring in Old World versus New World primates. Lesions occurring in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), baboon (Papio spp.), rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis), pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina), sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys), common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), cotton-top tamarin (Sanguinus oedipus), and squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) are discussed. The most common lesions of the kidney were medullary amyloidosis, renal cysts, renal tubular degeneration, glomerulonephritis or glomerulopathy, nephritis, nephrocalcinosis, pyelonephritis, and hydronephrosis. Specific causes of renal tubular disease included pigmentary nephrosis and tubular lipidosis. Renal tumors, including renal adenoma and carcinoma, lymphoma, and nephroblastoma, were infrequent diagnoses in all species. Endometriosis was the most frequently diagnosed lesion of the female genital tract. Of the animals examined in this study, it was most frequent in Old World primates. Leiomyoma was the most common uterine tumor. Granulosa cell tumor was the most frequently observed neoplasm of the ovaries, followed by teratoma. Of animals included in the study, most ovarian tumors occurred in baboons. Neoplasms of the male reproductive tract included interstitial cell tumor, seminoma, penile squamous cell carcinoma, penile papilloma, and histiocytoma. In New World monkeys, renal lesions were reported more frequently than genital lesions.
Discussion of Some Real and/or Theoretical Effects of Captured Satellites on Both Terrestrial Planets and Gaseous Planets

The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate pathways to make Mars more habitable. Mars as it exists today is not habitable but it probably had habitable conditions for a brief era in the history of the planet. Prograde gravitational capture of a 0.1 moon-mass (~0.01 mars-mass) planetoid would cause high tidal amplitudes and ranges in both the ocean and lithosphere of the planet. The high tides would cause the crust in the equatorial zone to be recycled via subduction into the mantle of the planet and would also cause degassing of the mantle. A magnetic field generator could be energized via the dynamics of the capture process. Tidal amplitudes would diminish as the post-capture orbit circularizes but the tidal activity would continue for the lifetime of the planet-planetoid system. The tectonically degassed atmosphere and the global magnetic flux would be conducive to habitability. Because the planet has a fairly slow initial rotation rate (~24.6 hr/day) the long day/night syndrome would set in fairly early in the history of the planet. In about 1 billion years after capture the rotation rate would be about 40 hr/day and organisms would have trouble with the long days and long nights even in the equatorial zone of the planet. In general, prograde gravitational capture of a more massive satellite (about 0.2 moon-mass) would lead to more habitable conditions but for a shorter period of marologic time because the rotation rate of the planet would decrease more rapidly. In general, although prograde gravitational capture of a sizeable satellite is more favorable than no satellite, the duration of habitable conditions is very limited.
Reasoning about knowledge in artificial intelligence

This talk looks at work on reasoning about knowledge within what might be termed "classical" AI. That is, it is assumed that the information contained in an intelligent system is for the most part embodied in data structures that explicitly represent the propositions that the system knows or believes, and that queries to this "knowledge base" are handled by applying inference rules in a way that amounts to searching for a derivation of an answer to the query.
International diffusion of steel technologies: Time-lag and the speed of diffusion

Abstract The article deals with the diffusion of two major innovations in the world's steel industry, the oxygen steel process and continuous casting. Twenty-one countries, including the socialist countries of Eastern Europe, are analyzed from the point of view of their ability to adopt technology from pioneering countries. Among capitalist countries, Great Britain and the United States appear to be slower than others. Eastern European countries and the Soviet Union as a group show a lower ability to adopt technologies than capitalist countries, even the slowest ones. G. Ray's hypothesis that countries that are late-comers in adopting a particular technology benefit from that and are faster in spreading it over their industry is challenged. The correlation analysis shows that at least in one case, the oxygen steel process, the late-comers are not faster in diffusion than countries that were first in introducing new technology. It is concluded from empirical findings that late-comers may not be faster in diffusion if there is a lack of good communication (the Eastern European countries case) or when the technology in question is relatively simple and benefits from being late are insignificant (the case of oxygen steel process).
Transinfection: a method to investigate Wolbachia–host interactions and control arthropod‐borne disease

The bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia manipulates arthropod host biology in numerous ways, including sex ratio distortion and differential offspring survival. These bacteria infect a vast array of arthropods, some of which pose serious agricultural and human health threats. Wolbachia-mediated phenotypes such as cytoplasmic incompatibility and/or pathogen interference can be used for vector and disease control; however, many medically important vectors and important agricultural species are uninfected or are infected with strains of Wolbachia that do not elicit phenotypes desirable for disease or pest control. The ability to transfer strains of Wolbachia into new hosts (transinfection) can create novel Wolbachia-host associations. Transinfection has two primary benefits. First, Wolbachia-host interactions can be examined to tease apart the influence of the host and bacteria on phenotypes. Second, desirable phenotypes induced by Wolbachia in a particular insect can be transferred to another recipient host. This can allow the manipulation of insect populations that transmit pathogens or detrimentally affect agriculture. As such, transinfection is a valuable tool to explore Wolbachia biology and control arthropod-borne disease. The present review summarizes what is currently known about Wolbachia transinfection methods and applications. We also provide a comprehensive list of published successful and unsuccessful Wolbachia transinfection attempts.
Technology for Bayton-cycle powerplants using solar and nuclear energy

Brayton cycle gas turbines have the potential to use either solar heat or nuclear reactors for generating from tens of kilowatts to tens of megawatts of power in space, all this from a single technology for the power generating system. Their development for solar energy dynamic power generation for the space station could be the first step in an evolution of such powerplants for a very wide range of applications. At the low power level of only 10 kWe, a power generating system has already demonstrated overall efficiency of 0.29 and operated 38 000 hr. Tests of improved components show that these components would raise that efficiency to 0.32, a value twice that demonstrated by any alternate concept. Because of this high efficiency, solar Brayton cycle power generators offer the potential to increase power per unit of solar collector area to levels exceeding four times that from photovoltaic powerplants using present technology for silicon solar cells. The technologies for solar mirrors and heat receivers are reviewed and assessed. This Brayton technology for solar powerplants is equally suitable for use with the nuclear reactors. The available long time creep data on the tantalum alloy ASTAR-811C show that such Brayton cycles can evolve to cycle peak temperatures of 1500 K (2240 F). And this same technology can be extended to generate 10 to 100 MW in space by exploiting existing technology for terrestrial gas turbines in the fields of both aircraft propulsion and stationary power generation.
Reply to Comments by T. N. Srinivasan

Since our discussant's intemperate remarks risk detracting attention from the interesting questions at hand, let us try to clarify where the important disagreements are so that the reader can make up his or her own mind. First, it is worth listing the areas of agreement. Our discussant does not deny any of the following important points we make in the paper: (1) India's economic growth rate rose significantly around 1980, and the pace of economic expansion and productivity increase during the 1980s was on the whole indistinguishable from that experienced during the 1990s. (This may have been well known to economists in India, but it certainly has not been common knowledge among reasonably well informed analysts of economic growth and economic reform elsewhere.) (2) India's major liberalizing reforms came after 1991. Before that date, India was a practically closed economy. (3) While there was some liberalization during the latter part of the 1980s, it was not significant enough to have been the driving force behind the higher growth of the 1980s.
On the Problems Associated with the Rapidly Varying Compact Nonthermal Sources

Difficulties and possible interpretations are discussed for observations of extragalactic compact nonthermal radio sources. The sources considered are those which have been identified optically with normal and peculiar galaxies, quasars, N galaxies, and BL Lacertae objects. Optical, infrared, and radio flux variations in different sources are noted along with difficulties associated with determining angular sizes from interferometric measurements. It is suggested that the ultimate origin of the infrared flux is probably a nonthermal synchrotron mechanism in some sources and absorption and reradiation of ultraviolet synchrotron radiation by dust in others. Model calculations of compact sources are reviewed, emphasizing equipartition of energy, total energies, the importance of the Compton effect, and sources which present severe difficulties for the theory of a canonical incoherent electron-synchrotron source.
Structuration Theory and Critical Consciousness: Potential Applications for Social Work Practice

Anthony Giddens' structuration theory provides concepts that can be used to think differently about oppression and consciousness raising. Structuration sees society as being recursively created through its members' social practices, and oppression as being but one of these social practices. Consciousness raising, then, is recognizing that a given social practice is oppressive, and then deliberately working to change the practice. This is done by altering one's social performance and disrupting the recursive process that maintains the oppressive practice. Implications follow for empowerment-oriented social work practice and narrowing the gap between clinical and community social work practice.