cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linking of Items in Two Function-related Questionnaires to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Shoulder Pain

Purpose: This study was to identify international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF) categories that could be linked conceptually to disability of arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) items and short form of health survey 36 (SF-36) items for persons with shoulder pain. Methods: Linkage between each item in DASH and SF-36 and the categories in the ICF were assessed. The linking process was performed by ten health professionals following the linking rule. One hundred four patients with shoulder pain were enrolled from 12 private clinic outpatient departments and participated in this study. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationships between each scale item and the linked ICF code. Results: Thirty DASH items were able to be linked to 30 ICF codes, whereas the 36 items in SF-36 were only linked to 17 ICF codes. General health items included in SF-36 could not be linked to a relevant ICF concept. There was a high correlation between the two measurement tools and the linked ICF codes, DASH and its ICF code list (r =0.91), SF-36-Physical Health and its code list (r =-0.62), and SF- 36-Mental Health and its code list (r =-0.72). Conclusion: The results suggest that concepts within each item in DASH can be linked to ICF codes for patients with shoulder pain, however, the concepts in the SF-36 items had limited linkage to ICF codes. The shoulder-specific functional tool, DASH can be expressed with ICF codes and, therefore, its use can promote data standardization and improve communication between professionals.
Medical Errors Cause Harm in Veterinary Hospitals.

Medical errors are a leading cause of mortality in human medicine. In contrast, errors in veterinary medicine are rarely discussed, and there is little known about their nature and frequency. This study aimed to evaluate the type and severity of medical errors reported in three veterinary hospitals. The voluntary online incident reporting systems of a small animal teaching hospital, large animal teaching hospital, and small animal multi-specialty practice were reviewed. Reports were included if they were entered between February 2015 and March 2018, and involved an incident pertaining to patient safety. The reporting systems classified errors into the following categories: drug, iatrogenic, system, communication, lab, oversight, staff, or equipment errors. In addition, all incidents were classified as resulting in either a near miss, harmless hit, adverse incident, or unsafe condition. Adverse incidents were further evaluated retrospectively for error severity. A total of 560 incident reports were included for analysis. Drug errors were the most frequently reported in all three hospitals, followed by failures of communication. Errors most commonly reached patients without causing harm (45%); however, 15% of all incidents resulted in patient harm. Eight percent of patients harmed suffered permanent morbidity or death. A higher proportion of adverse incidents were reported in the small animal teaching hospital than in the other two practice settings. This study demonstrates that medical errors have a substantial impact on veterinary patients. Establishing that drug and communication errors are most frequent in a variety of hospitals is the first step towards interventions to improve patient safety and outcomes in veterinary medicine.
Abstract 1685: Effects of anti-ctla-4 and anti-pd-1 on memory T-cell differentiation and resistance to tumor relapse

The FDA has begun to expand the approved uses of immune checkpoint blockade antibodies targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1. Blocking either checkpoint relieves the negative regulation of T-cells resulting in significant responses in patients with cancer. Data has now begun to emerge regarding differences between these two therapies. While αPD-1 therapy has a greater response rate (~30% vs. 11%) according to RECIST criteria, recent reports have suggested responses to αPD-1 may not be as durable as αCTLA-4. 25% of patients who initially responded to αPD-1 have tumor relapse within 24 months. In contrast, the 3-year survival rate of patients treated with αCTLA-4 is at least ~25% suggesting a durable response. Previous studies in bacterial or chronic LCMV infectious models have shown that αCTLA-4 can increase CD8+ memory T-cell formation, whereas genetic ablation of PD-1 on T-cells often promotes the terminally differentiated exhausted CD8+ T-cell phenotype, while attenuating memory T-cell formation. However, the mechanism which leads to relapse following αPD-1 treatment in tumor models is not clear. The goal of this project is to understand how immunotherapies shape memory T-cell formation and how that relates to the mechanism of tumor relapse. To test whether αCTLA-4 or αPD-1 can induce a better memory T-cell response, mice were vaccinated with irradiated B16F10 murine melanoma cells and treated αCTLA-4 or αPD-1. Mice were re-challenged with B16F10 80 days after vaccination. Although both αCTLA-4 and αPD-1 improved tumor rejection compared with controls, αCTLA-4 treated mice exhibited superior tumor control compared to αPD-1 (p 0.5). To test whether the frequency of memory T-cells recruited to the re-challenged tumor could affect memory T-cell response, antigen-specific pmel-1 T-cells were infused to mice following vaccination with αCTLA-4 or αPD-1. Our result suggested that there were more tumor-infiltrating pmel-1 T-cells in the αCTLA-4 treated group compared to the αPD-1 treated group (p 0.05) during re-challenge, indicating that the effect of the combined treatment is dominated by αCTLA-4. Collectively, our studies facilitate the design of combination immunotherapy treatments that enhance both response rates and generation of memory T-cells to prevent relapse. Citation Format: Stephen Mok, Colm R. Duffy, James P. Allison. Effects of anti-ctla-4 and anti-pd-1 on memory T-cell differentiation and resistance to tumor relapse [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1685. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1685
Implications of an invasive fish barrier for the long‐term recovery of native fish assemblages in a previously degraded northeastern Illinois River system

Barriers to fish movement have been used to prevent the spread of invasive fishes but may also limit the movements of native fishes. We evaluated the potential consequences of a proposed barrier on the Illinois River Waterway, meant to inhibit the spread of silver and bighead carps, to the continued recovery of native fishes in the Des Plaines River following water quality improvements. We compared changes in upstream cumulative species richness and community structure from 1983 to 2013 in the DuPage River, an adjacent tributary with an impassable dam, to the area upstream of a newly proposed barrier on the Des Plaines River where fish can currently pass through a navigational lock. Fewer species displayed truncated distributions upstream of the passable lock and dam (n = 18) compared with the impassable dam (n = 23). Due to water quality improvements in the Illinois River as a whole, cumulative species richness downstream of both dams steadily increased over time. Richness also increased upstream of the passable dam but plateaued upstream of the impassable dam. Fifteen to 18 species accounted for differences in community structure between areas downstream and upstream of either dam. Most species (78–100%) were found in greater relative abundance downstream of the impassable dam, and only 53% were found in greater relative abundance downstream of the passable dam. The truncation in species richness and abundance at the impassable dam foreshadows the potential consequences of an indiscriminate barrier on native fishes and the continued recovery of native assemblages.
Ephemeral histories: public art, politics, and the struggle for the streets in Chile

The Socialist project that Salvador Allende led in Chile from 1970 to 1973 was an era of unprecedented activism, radical transformations, ambitious planning, intense conflicts, and imperial reactio...
Studying health care institutions: Using paperwork as ethnographic research tools:

Checklists, memos, reports, and other standardized forms take up much space on ethnographers’ desks and pervade the lives of their research respondents. Despite the omnipresence and significance of...
Adsorption of crude oil from crude oil–water emulsion by mesoporous hafnium oxide ceramics

We report a mesoporous hafnium oxide (MHO) ceramic synthesized via a sol–gel process that has exhibited 99.9% removal capacity of crude oil from an oil-in-water emulsion at a concentration of 3 mg mL−1. The as-prepared MHO ceramic was regenerated after crude oil sequestration via calcination at 800 °C under ambient conditions. The scalability of the synthetic method and thermal stability of the MHO ceramic material makes it a promising, underexplored, and reusable adsorbent for efficient oil spill clean-up.
Nonstructural protein 1 of SARS-CoV-2 is a potent pathogenicity factor redirecting host protein synthesis machinery toward viral RNA

Summary The COVID-19 pandemic affects millions of people worldwide with a rising death toll. The causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), uses its nonstructural protein 1 (Nsp1) to redirect host translation machinery to the viral RNA by binding to the ribosome and suppressing cellular, but not viral, protein synthesis through yet unknown mechanisms. We show here that among all viral proteins, Nsp1 has the largest impact on host viability in the cells of human lung origin. Differential expression analysis of mRNA-seq data revealed that Nsp1 broadly alters the transcriptome in human cells. The changes include repression of major gene clusters in ribosomal RNA processing, translation, mitochondria function, cell cycle and antigen presentation; and induction of factors in transcriptional regulation. We further gained a mechanistic understanding of the Nsp1 function by determining the cryo-EM structure of the Nsp1-40S ribosomal subunit complex, which shows that Nsp1 inhibits translation by plugging the mRNA entry channel of the 40S. We also determined the cryo-EM structure of the 48S preinitiation complex (PIC) formed by Nsp1, 40S, and the cricket paralysis virus (CrPV) internal ribosome entry site (IRES) RNA, which shows that this 48S PIC is nonfunctional due to the incorrect position of the 3’ region of the mRNA. Results presented here elucidate the mechanism of host translation inhibition by SARS-CoV-2, provide insight into viral protein synthesis, and furnish a comprehensive understanding of the impacts from one of the most potent pathogenicity factors of SARS-CoV-2. Highlights ORF screen identified Nsp1 as a major cellular pathogenicity factor of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 broadly alters the gene expression programs in human cells Nsp1 inhibits translation by blocking mRNA entry channel Nsp1 prevents physiological conformation of the 48S PIC
Introductory Tutorial for SPSA and the Quantum Approximation Optimization Algorithm

This short tutorial provides an introduction to the Quantum Approximation Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). Specifically, how to use QAOA with the Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation (SPSA) algorithm to solve the Max-Cut problem. All steps of the algorithm are explicitly shown and no theory or complex mathematics are used. The focus is entirely on setting up a practical implementation. Fully functional examples in both R and python (using Qiskit) are provided, both using roughly 100 lines of code.
A Practical Approach to Management of Acute Pancreatitis: Similarities and Dissimilarities of Disease in Children and Adults

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and it substantially contributes to the healthcare burden of gastrointestinal disease and quality of life in children and adults. AP across the lifespan is characterized by similarities and differences in epidemiology, diagnostic modality, etiologies, management, adverse events, long-term outcomes, and areas in greatest need of research. In this review, we touch on each of these shared and distinctive features of AP in children and adults, with an emphasis on recent advances in the conceptualization and management of AP.
Examination of Pre-Pandemic Measures on Youth Well-Being During Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has affected our lives in numerous ways. How youth have been impacted by the pandemic and which preexisting factors best relate to COVID-19 responses are of high importance for effective identification and treatment of those most vulnerable. Youth with pre-pandemic mental health difficulties such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) could be at risk for worse well-being during and after the pandemic. Methods The current study tested potential risk factors (i.e., pre-pandemic mental health, age, and parental education) and their relationship to family experiences during early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were previously enrolled in an ongoing, yearly longitudinal study examining the relationship between mental health and executive functions in youth. Families with 1–4 annual pre-pandemic lab visits filled out an online COVID-19 survey in May–July 2020 to assess how the pandemic impacted their well-being (n = 135 youth). Results Youth pre-pandemic mental health difficulties, especially ADHD symptoms, related to worse well-being during the early pandemic. Trajectories of recent ADHD symptoms over time also predicted cognitive difficulties during the pandemic. We found that youth age was a strong predictor of pandemic response, with younger youth showing fewer negative responses. Parental education level buffered family economic impact during early COVID-19. Families showed synchrony in their pandemic responses. Conclusions Pre-pandemic ADHD severity and slope, youth age, and parental education (a proxy for socioeconomic status) were risk factors that influenced youth or family well-being early in the COVID-19 pandemic; this information can help identify those who may need more community and educational support.
Simulation of dynamic loads from different vehicle configurations

This paper presents the findings of a two–year study funded through the Midwest Transportation Center and the Iowa Department of Transportation that focused on the determination of appropriate design standards for commercial highway networks. The research project developed a procedure for estimating the effects of heavy axle loads and alternative multiple trailer configurations on existing pavement designs. This paper summarises the work dealing with the estimates of dynamic vehicle loads for two different truck types. Dynamic load coefficients are compared for different parameters such as pavement roughness, truck speeds, payload, and wheelbase.
Optical diagnostics for epitaxial growth and processing

Increasing complexity, more stringent tolerances on layer compositions and thicknesses, the trend toward chemical deposition methods, and the need to maintain satisfactory yields despite increasing economic pressures have created the need to obtain real-time information about epitaxial growth. Optical probes are attractive for real-time applications because they are noninvasive and can be used in any transparent ambient, including the high pressure ambients used for organometallic chemical vapor deposition (OMCVD). Traditional difficulties regarding surface sensitivity have been overcome by the invention of new, submonolayer-sensitive techniques such as reflectance-difference (-anisotropy) spectroscopy (RDS/RAS) and surface photoabsorption (SPA) and by the improvement of existing techniques such as laser light scattering (LLS) and spectroellipsometry. Recently invented minimal-data algorithms have provided a new, near-surface analytic capability that allows information to be obtained about the outermost region of a layer during deposition or etching, even if nothing is known about the underlying structure.
Studies on the respiratory system of the poky strain of Neurospora.

It was shown recently that the poky strain of Neurospora accumulates large amounts of cytochrome c, but is deficient in cytochromes a and b and thus in cytochrome oxidase and succinic acid oxidase activities (1). These findings, which suggest that respiration in poky does not utilize the cytochrome system, led to a study of the respiratory system of poky compared with that of wild type. The experiments reported here are concerned with the effects of the inhibitors cyanide and azide on the respiration of intact mycelium of poky and wild type, the oxygen uptake of cell-free extracts in the oxidation of their endogenous substrates, the cofactor requirement for this oxidation, and the effects of azide and of oxygen tension. Evidence presented confirms that, in poky, respiration does not depend upon the cytochromes, but upon another terminal oxidase system in which flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) enzymes appear to be concerned.
Overcoming Citizenship: Six Practical Steps for Overcoming the Hierarchy of Nationality

The legal concept of citizenship is employed almost exclusively to justify differential treatment of otherwise identically-situated individuals. Legal interventions around the world attempt to mitigate this discrimination. The discriminatory aspects of citizenship may be substantially mitigated by a six-step program: avoid the word citizen; disaggregate its legal consequences; advance transnational human rights as a source of rights; proliferate multiple citizenship; replace naturalization oaths and ceremonies with automatic registration; and ultimately treat all remaining distinction between citizen and noncitizen as suspect, presumed driven by no policy other than hatred or ethnic superiority.
Development of a Tool for Eliciting Patient Priority from Among Competing Cardiovascular Disease, Medication-Symptoms, and Fall Injury Outcomes

In patients with multiple health conditions, the treatment of one condition may worsen another one. Clinical decision-making should incorporate patients’ priorities when faced with these potentially competing health outcomes.1 The older adult with coexisting hypertension and fall risk represents a common clinical situation for which a method for eliciting patient priorities would be useful. Falls and hypertension are both major causes of disability. The 3-year incidence of all nonfatal cardiovascular events in older adults with hypertension is 16.2%,2 similar to the incidence of serious fall injury in elderly persons with fall risk.3,4 Treatment of hypertension in elderly patients decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes.2,5–7 Although the relationship between antihypertensive medications and fall risk is complex and as yet inadequately studied, most studies adjusting for appropriate confounders have reported a greater risk of falls, fall injuries, or fall risk factors with antihypertensive medications. Conversely, the risk of falls may be decreased if medications are reduced.8 Cardiovascular medications, including antihypertensives, are the drugs most commonly implicated in medication-related symptoms and adverse effects.9 Furthermore, falling and fall risk factors such as postural unsteadiness, weakness, dizziness, and postural hypotension are among the most common adverse effects of medications, including antihypertensive medications.10,11 The co-occurrence of hypertension and fall risk, therefore, can serve as a model for studying health priorities in the face of potentially competing health conditions, although eliciting priorities raises concerns about well-known challenges, including reluctance to articulate feelings about outcomes not yet experienced, the tendency to select all outcomes as equally important, and change in priorities with time and changing health status.12,13 Limited health literacy, the effects of framing and ordering, and inadequate numeracy and communication skills of patients and clinicians further complicate efforts to elicit patient priorities and preferences reliably.14–16 If, as precepts of patient-centered care espouse, clinical decision-making is to incorporate patients’ priorities and individualize therapy to meet these priorities,1 then an approach must be found that addresses these challenges. Conjoint analysis,17 which elicits priorities by asking respondents to make explicit tradeoffs between competing outcomes, is one possible approach that has been applied in several health-related areas. Conjoint analysis has been used successfully in older individuals with visual deficits, limited education, and lack of computer experience.18–20 The aim of the present study was to describe the development and testing of a choice-based conjoint analysis task designed to elicit older individuals’ priorities in the face of competing CVD outcomes, medication-related symptoms, and fall injuries.
Science and Technology, Social Study of: Computers and Information Technology

This article reviews aspects of research since 1980 where STS has been important in assessing, critiquing, and helping design computer and information systems of various sorts. The intersection of fields currently involved in STS—Information and Computer Science (ICS) is complex. Covered in this article are artificial intelligence, workplace studies (Luff et al. 2000) including automation, design and co-design, activism and critical approaches, including the impact of the Cold War, and finally a brief review of sources and ‘sister travelers’—disciplines and research areas that incorporate STS or its practitioners. Issues that have overlap, but that are not covered here, include intellectual property rights in an electronic environment, telecommunications and Web policy work, and electronic commerce. Rather, an attempt is made to limn the ‘invisible college’ of STS–ICS linkages that have extensive impact on STS (or vice versa) at the time of this writing. A note on access concludes the article, meant to help interested social scientists find easier access to the acronym-filled and gray literature where much of this research has been published.
The Design and Development of a More Effective Child Restraint Concept

CONCEPT AND ENGINEERING FEASIBILITY OF A NEW CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEM HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED BY VARIOUS DYNAMIC TESTS. TESTS INDICATE THAT THE RESTRAINT SYSTEM WILL RETAIN A CHILD-LIKE DUMMY IN ROLLOVERS, SIDE IMPACTS AT 17 MPH, AND FRONTAL IMPACTS AS SEVERE AS A 30 MPH BARRIER CRASH. THIS UNIQUE SYSTEM THAT CAN BE USED IN ANY PASSENGER SEAT POSITION HAVING A LAP BELT CONSISTS OF A PARTIALLY ENCAPSULATING SHIELD AND AN INTERNAL BOX-LIKE 3-INCH HIGH SEAT. THE SHIELD CAN BE INSTALLED IN ANY VEHICLE SEAT HAVING A LAP BELT. THE SHIELD PROVIDES SUFFICIENT FREEDOM FOR REASONABLE COMFORT. EMERGENCY REMOVAL OF THE SHIELD CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED IN SECONDS WITH ONE HAND. THE SHIELD CAN BE CLEANED AND MAINTAINED EASILY. /AUTHOR/
Pulsation modes in B stars with variable line profiles

In this paper several observational characteristics of the line profile variable B stars (“53 Persei variables”) are discussed. These stars reside between 08 and B5 on the main sequence and extend perhaps to class I. We believe the 53 Per variables are a separate group related to the classical β Cephei variables.
Effects on Voter Participation and Unionization Activity from Changes in Railway Labor Act Election Rules

In 2010 the National Mediation Board changed the process by which airline and railroad employees certify a union. To install a collective bargaining entity, new election rules require that the majority of ballots cast be in favor of unionization. This procedure differed from the previous one, which required the majority of a craft or class of laborers to vote in favor of unionization. This study investigated the effects of the voting change on unionization and voter participation for industries covered under the Railway Labor Act. Data from airline- and railroad-related union elections were mined before and after the procedural change and analyzed. Chi-square analysis revealed no significant change in union certification efforts. The t-test results indicated a significant increase in voter participation in Railway Labor Act elections under the new election rules (p < .001).
Geometric signal processing and applications to brain mapping

Discusses spatial transformation techniques for multidimensional image registration. Examples from brain mapping are given. The authors illustrate the problem by reviewing point matching, which is the 'gold standard' in this area. The point matching formulation is not adequate for all applications, and they describe various extensions and generalizations. One important issue is multi-set registration, others are more general nonlinear models, as well as the problems of registration on the basis of intensity data and when the geometrical objects to be registered are curves, surfaces, or volumes. This leads to many interesting problems that deserve further study. Finally, the authors discuss the accuracy in registration.
Mathematical Problem Solving for Youth with ADHD, with and without Learning Disabilities

The mathematical achievement of youth with learning disabilities, attention deficit disorders, and attention-deficit hyperactive disorders is lower than that of their peers. Cognitive ability (including memory) and reading contribute to the comprehension skills needed to eliminate extraneous information, handle multiple operations, and transform verbal information within problems. Further, slow computation affects problem solving by increasing attentional load. Through our work and a review of other studies, we have documented that when IQ and reading are controlled, “true” math deficits are specific to mathematical concepts and problem types. Implications for instruction are drawn from learner characteristics as these interact with the current mathematics curriculum.
Grain boundary mobility in Y2O3 : Defect mechanism and dopant effects

The effects of the dopants, Mg2+, Sr2+, Sc3+, Yb3+, Gd3+, La3+, Ti4+, Zr4+, Ce4+, and Nb5+, on the grain boundary mobility of dense Y2O3 have been investigated from 1500° to 1650°C. Parabolic grain growth has been observed in all cases over a grain size from 0.31 to 12.5 μm. Together with atmospheric effects, the results suggest that interstitial transport is the rate-limiting step for diffusive processes in Y2O3, which is also the case in CeO2. The effect of solute drag cannot be ascertained but the anomalous effect of undersized dopants (Ti and Nb) on diffusion enhancement, previously reported in CeO2, is again confirmed. Indications of very large binding energies between aliovalent dopants and oxygen defects are also observed. Overall, the most effective grain growth inhibitor is Zr4+, while the most potent grain growth promoter is Sr2+, both at 1.0% concentration.
The application of neutron activation analysis to leach rate studies

The applicability of neutron activation analysis to the determination of element release from simulated nuclear waste forms during leaching is described for three different glasses. Potential neutron irradiation effects are discussed and shown, through a series of leach tests on activated and nonactivated glass samples, to have no discernible effect on the release of silicon and cesium during leaching. The radioisotopes best suited for analysis with this method and their associated detection limits are identified and the method's applicability to waste forms other than glass is discussed.
What are confidence judgments made of? Students' explanations for their confidence ratings and what that means for calibration

Abstract Although calibration has been widely studied, questions remain about how best to capture confidence ratings, how to calculate continuous variable calibration indices, and on what exactly students base their reported confidence ratings. Undergraduates in a research methods class completed a prior knowledge assessment, two sets of readings and posttest questions, and rated their confidence in their responses to each posttest item. Students also wrote open-ended responses explaining why they marked their confidence as they did. Students provided confidence ratings on a 100-mm line for one of the passages and through magnitude scaling for the other counterbalanced passage. Calibration was calculated using a rho coefficient and yielded acceptable measures of calibration. No within-subject differences were found between 100-mm line responses and magnitude scaling responses, p = .54. Open-ended responses revealed that students base their confidence ratings on prior knowledge, characteristics of the text, characteristics of the item, guessing, and combinations of these categories. Future studies including calibration should carefully consider implicit assumptions about students' sources of confidence and how those sources theoretically relate to calibration.
Steroid-Induced Sex Determination at Incubation Temperatures Producing Mixed Sex Ratios in a Turtle with TSD

Previous studies have shown that exogenous steroid hormones can affect sex determination in reptiles with temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). These studies have also suggested that the sensitivity of TSD to exogenous steroids may vary with incubation temperature. The majority of these studies, however, have utilized incubation temperatures producing all males or all females in the control groups, rather than temperatures which produced mixed sex ratios in control groups. The goals of the current study were to examine the effects of steroids on sex determination in a turtle (Trachemys scripta) at temperatures which produced mixed sex ratios in the control groups. Collectively, the results of single-treatment experiments indicate that at incubation temperatures producing mixed sex ratios in control groups, (1) estradiol-17 beta, tamoxifen, norethindrone, and testosterone all showed a similar "type" of effect (i.e., feminizing) as in previous studies utilizing male-producing temperatures, (2) sex determination has significantly increased sensitivity to estradiol-17 beta in comparison to its effect at temperatures producing all males, and (3) sex determination is sensitive to the masculinizing effects of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (in previous studies utilizing female-producing temperature DHT did not affect sex determination). Last, a set of double-treatment experiments was performed in which eggs received both estradiol-17 beta and DHT treatments. No significant increases in the production of males were detected. Significant increases in the production of females were detected, but only in the groups receiving the highest dosage of estradiol-17 beta (1.0 micrograms).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Hubbard model: Insulator or conductor for narrow band regime?

Abstract A ground state energy relation is derived for the Hubbard model and used to show that if the model is ducting for narrow bandwidths with one electron per site, then there must be significant deviation from any single particle description.
Gene order in the qa gene cluster of Neurospora crassa.

Four different types of crosses have been used to establish the order of the four genes in the qa gene cluster of Neurospora crassa, which encode the following proteins involved in the inducible catabolism of quinic acid: a regulatory (activator) protein (qa-1), catabolic dehydroquinase (qa-2), quinate dehydrogenase (qa-3), and dehydroshikimate dehydrase (qa-4). The four crosses involved (1) the ordering of the four qa genes relative to the closely-linked me-7 locus; (2) the ordering of the three other qa genes relative to a qa-1 S mutant; (3) the use of a three factor cross-qa-3xqa-4 qa-2 and (4) the use of four factor crosses-qa-1 S xqa-3 qa-4 qa-2. The results of all four types of crosses agree in establishing an apparently definitive proximal to distal order, within the right arm of linkage group VII, i.e., qa-1 qa-3 qa-4 qa-2 me-7. The significance of a definitive establisment of the gene order within the qa cluster for an understanding of the organization and mechanism of genetic regulation in this cluster is discussed.
Accelerated liver regeneration and hepatocarcinogenesis in mice overexpressing serine-45 mutant beta-catenin.

Wnt/β-catenin signaling is evolutionarily well-conserved pathway and important in liver health and repair (1). In adult liver, β-catenin signaling is essentially quiescent with active-β-catenin restricted to hepatocytes in centrizonal area where it regulates expression of genes such as glutamine synthetase (GS) and others involved in xenobiotic metabolism (2). In other hepatocytes, β-catenin steady state is achieved by phosphorylation at key serine/threonine residues and subsequent degradation, and is predominantly localized to membrane to mediate cell-cell adhesion by forming a bridge between E-cadherin and actin cytoskeleton (3). Activation of β-catenin signaling during liver regeneration has been reported in rats and mice (4–7). While a positive regulator in the activity of normal liver growth, aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis, although exact mechanism remains elusive. A significant subset of hepatocellular cancers (HCC) and hepatoblastomas display Wnt pathway activation due to various mechanisms including mutations in CTNNB1, the gene encoding for β-catenin (8, 9). Missense point mutations observed in tumors affect key phosphorylation sites involved in β-catenin degradation, with serine-45 being commonly altered (10). We sought to overexpress serine-45-mutated CTNNB1 in the liver to characterize these animals for hepatic growth. Here, we report the generation and characterization of serine-45 mutated-β-catenin overexpressing transgenic mouse, which exhibit hepatocyte growth advantage both in culture and after partial hepatectomy (PH). We also demonstrate that in vivo induction of β-catenin signaling through hydrodynamic delivery of Wnt-1 naked DNA in normal mice increases hepatocyte proliferation. We also report accelerated chemical-induced hepatic tumorigenesis in transgenic mice, which may elucidate mechanisms of β-catenin-dependent hepatocarcinogenesis.
Numbing and Hyperarousal as Mediators of Exposure to Community Violence and Depression in Urban African-American Youth

Among urban African-American 6th, 7th, and 8th grade students (n = 320), the specific posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTS) of numbing and hyperarousal were expected to mediate the relationship between exposure to community violence (ECV) and depressive symptoms in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses utilizing structural equation modeling. We found that cross-sectionally, numbing and hyperarousal were consistently robust mediators between ECV and depressive symptoms across time points. In addition, numbing and hyperarousal symptoms were found to partially mediate the relationship between ECV and depressive symptoms from 6th to 7th grade and 7th to 8th grade, but not from 6th to 8th grade. Findings are discussed for the clinical treatment of PTS and depressive symptoms among low-income urban African-American youth.
The rate of capillary penetration and the applicability of the washburn equation

Abstract A rigorous formulation is presented for the rate of capillary penetration by a liquid, and the resultant differential equation is solved numerically. The computed results explain an apparent anomaly posed by the Washburn equation. It is shown that the Washburn equation would be appropriate for the interpretation of capillary penetration rates for most systems of practical interest. Some printing operations represent a potential exception to this rule.
Perimeter-area Power-law Relationship of Pores In Sedimentary Rocks And Implications For Permeability

Perimeter-area power-law relationships of pores in five sedimentary rocks are determined from scanning electron photomicrographs of thin sections. These relationships for the pores of four sandstones were found to lie between 1.43 and 1.49, while that of an Indiana limestone was found to be 1.67. The authors discuss how the perimeter-area power-law relationship of pores, along with a pore-size distribution, can be used to estimate the hydraulic permeability.
Counselors' and Counselor Educators' Practice of Mindfulness: A Qualitative Inquiry

The Buddhist practice of mindfulness is being used more often both to help clients and to facilitate counselor effectiveness. A growing body of research supports these uses of mindfulness. Most authors also emphasize that those who teach mindfulness must also apply it themselves. However, little is known about how counselors and counselor educators incorporate mindfulness into their personal and professional lives. The current study used semistructured interviews to elicit such information from 6 counselors and counselor educators. A constant comparative method was used to analyze the data and synthesize themes. Emergent themes included practices used to cultivate mindfulness and the results of mindfulness practices.
Chiral 6-NHC Ligand and Copper Complex: Properties, Application, and Mechanism

We demonstrated the synthesis of chiral annulated six-membered-ring N-heterocyclic carbenes (6-NHC) and their adducts with water and alcohol. We also have shown the donating properties of chiral annulated 6-NHCs is between that of typical 5-NHCs and 6-NHCs. We have shown the synthetic conditions for 6-NHC–copper complex formation. Using the chiral 6-NHC–copper complex, we synthesized unsaturated chiral bimetallic allylic boronate reagents with high enantioselectivity. Finally, we propose a catalytic cycle that justifies observed reactivity and provides a new explanation for the role methanol has in the reaction cycle; our cycle is supported by a primary kinetic isotope effect.
Meta‐Power, Social Organization, and the Shaping of Social Action

hteractionist analyses of social organization stimulate examination of how social situations and collective activity are shaped. Meta-power, the creation and control of distal situations, and organization as a structuration of metapower are used as tools for exploring the shaping of situations. Five metapower processes are presented: strategic agency, rules and conventions, structuring situations, culture construction, and empowering delegates. These processes illustrate how situations are created or altered. This paper offers a view of social organization that emphasizes relations among situations, linkages between consequences and conditions, and networks of collective activity across space and time. The conclusion calls for additional research to make more explicit the nature of social organization and its social conditions. I NTRO D U CT I0 N Interactionists have a strong tradition of examining the dialectical relationship between social action and social organization. We have demonstrated vividly how actors respond to social conditions. We have theorized insightfully about social activity and shown how actors construct their situations. Additionally, while perhaps not as frequently, we have examined how social organization emerges from that activity, and we have conceptualized social organization as recurrent networks of collective activity. In this paper, I want to strengthen our attention to that view of social organization and focus upon an important and often neglected topic: the consequence of social organization for social action. I emphasize the directing, conditioning, and shaping influences of social organization. Too often, such influences are minimized as mere background or passive context in order to dramatize situated activity. I envision strong active effects through the utilization and ramifications of power. These enacted influences may not be apprehended by actors, but I will argue that they cannot be ignored or denied. George Herbert Mead (1 934, p. 245) made the following observation:
An application of a simple coupled ocean-atmosphere model to the study of seasonal climate prediction

Abstract A 50-year integration of a simple two-layer atmospheric model coupled to a prognostic-depth ocean mixed layer is used for a preliminary exploration of the potential for global climate prediction on seasonal to interannual time scales. Despite a number of quantitative deficiencies, the model simulation permits the investigation of a wider range of climate predictors and predictands than is usually possible from observations: ocean mixed-layer temperature, depth, heat content, and surface heat fluxes are tested as statistical predictors of atmospheric thickness, static stability, and zonal/meridional winds. The field significance of correlations of the atmospheric predictands lagging ocean predictors in different latitude sectors is assessed, and the predictive power and consistency of the ocean variables are determined as a function of time lag, latitude, atmospheric predictand, and season. It is found that the ocean variables demonstrate a modest potential for predicting atmospheric climate at la...
The effect of triangular fibrocartilage complex injury on extensor carpi ulnaris function and friction.

Abstract Background It has been previously shown that injury to the triangular fibrocartilage complex increases the moment arm of the extensor carpi ulnaris. This will reduce the force producing capacity of the muscle in some situations, but will also increase its mechanical advantage. It is also possible that the change in the tendon path may increase tendon friction, predisposing the patient to future repetitive motion injury. It is the purpose of this study to determine the effects of triangular fibrocartilage complex injury on extensor carpi ulnaris moment producing capacity and tendon friction. Methods A simple simulation was used to examine muscle moment producing capacity throughout the range of motion, at varying speeds and in both injured and healthy states. Six fresh frozen human cadaveric wrists were used to determine the effect of injury on tendon friction. A custom made device was used to move the wrists through a range of motion, while a constant force was applied to the proximal tendon and force was recorded at the distal tendon. Friction was measured before and after the creation of injury. Findings The decreases in muscle force following injury were small, even in the worse case. The moment producing capacity of the muscle was increased following injury. Tendon friction during flexion–extension was decreased following injury. The friction during radial-ulnar deviation was unchanged. Interpretation When making surgical decisions about triangular fibrocartilage complex repair, it is not necessary to consider extensor carpi ulnaris moment producing capacity or tendon friction.
Analysis of cycling within a PV sourced battery energy storage system

With continued demand for “smart” technologies, implementation of hardware such as batteries and renewable energy sources (i.e. solar panels) has become a huge economic undertaking. In order to better utilize these resources and thus maximize their lifetimes, control schemes looking to both maximize the economic/financial gains while also preventing over usage have become even more important. Past works from the authors examined an optimization without placing limits on cycling. Continuing from a software perspective, this work aims to place limits on the battery dispatch specifically relating to the cycling of the storage. The goal is to study dispatches for the battery and grid to see what changes occur while increasing the allowable number of cycles. Work discussed here will eventually be applied within the alternative source lab setup within Drexel's Center for Electric Power Engineering (CEPE). 1
Condensed-matter physics: Glasses made from pure metals

The experimental realization of amorphous pure metals sets the stage for studies of the fundamental processes of glass formation, and suggests that amorphous structures are the most ubiquitous forms of condensed matter. See Letter P.177 If the cooling rate is sufficiently fast, it is thought that any metallic liquid can be frozen into a glassy state, which can in turn yield a solid metal with unusual and potentially useful mechanical properties. In practice, such glass formation is mainly limited to metals composed of two or more elements: the cooling rates required to produce a monatomic metallic glass are usually too high to be achieved experimentally. Li Zhong et al. have found a way around this experimental difficulty. They have developed a nanoscale heating system in which a pulsed electrical current can locally melt the metal (briefly forming a small volume of metallic liquid), which then rapidly loses its heat into the surrounding solid bulk and leaves behind a sample of monatomic metallic glass amenable for study of its structure and properties.
Writing the disaster: substance activism after Bhopal

In 2008, survivors of the 1984 Bhopal Gas Disaster in India undertook a 500-mile march to New Delhi, protesting a long history of governmental neglect of the survivors of the event. This is one episode of a 25-year-old organized international campaign that continues in the present. This article examines the ways in which three bodily substances – blood, hearts and ketones – were produced and circulated through the 2008 protests. Placed within a broader history of substance-politics in the region, this article suggests that these protests produced an imagination of bodily substances that surfaced messy contradictions that became difficult for the Indian State to disregard. This article also shows how these protests distanced themselves from the cynicism attached to similar modes of corporeal activism in the contemporary Indian landscape. In sum, this article traces the production of an activist corporeal counter-discourse that, for at least a time, contaminated the procedures through which the Indian State...
Primary Angioplasty in the Acute Myocardial Infarction Setting

Management of patients experiencing an acute myocardial infarction has evolved dramatically during the past 2 decades. The role and timing of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in patients experiencing a myocardial infarction has remained controversial and under investigation. In recent studies, it was revealed that direct use of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in the presence of an acute myocardial infarction appears to be a safe, effective, and economical method of reperfusion.
Together we stand: Bolivian initiatives.

The purpose of this article is to describe recent initiatives designed to improve outcomes for Bolivian women and children. It discusses the high infant and maternal mortality rates of Bolivia and stresses the importance of the international community partnering with the Bolivian government and healthcare personnel to provide support and assistance in a coordinated fashion to make a difference in the health and well-being of women and children.
Low-Temperature Rate Coefficients of C2H with CH4 and CD4 from 154 to 359 K

Rate coefficients for the reaction C2H + CH4 → C2H2 + CH3 and C2H + CD4 → C2HD + CD3 are measured over the temperature range 154−359 K using transient infrared laser absorption spectroscopy. Ethynyl radicals are produced by pulsed laser photolysis of C2H2 in a variable temperature flow cell, and a tunable color center laser probes the transient removal of C2H (X2Σ+ (0,0,0)) in absorption. The rate coefficients for the reactions of C2H with CH4 and CD4 both show a positive temperature dependence over the range 154−359 K, which can be expressed as kCH4 = (1.2 ± 0.1) × 10-11 exp[(−491 ± 12)/T] and kCD4 = (8.7 ± 1.8) × 10-12 exp[(−650 ± 61)/T] cm3 molecule-1 s-1, respectively. The reaction of C2H + CH4 exhibits a significant kinetic isotope effect at 300 K of kCH4/kCD4 = 2.5 ± 0.2. Temperature dependent rate constants for C2H + C2H2 were also remeasured over an increased temperature range from 143 to 359 K and found to show a slight negative temperature dependence, which can be expressed as kC2H2 = 8.6 × 10-1...
Context and Rhetorical Reading Strategies Haas and Flower (1988) Revisited

The authors twice replicated C. Haas and L. Flower's 1988 think-aloud reading study, which found that graduate students used “rhetorical” reading strategies to interpret a passage, whereas first-ye...