cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carcinoma in situ of the cervix in Connecticut: A review, 1949–1962

Abstract Thirteen hundred and thirty cases of carcinoma in situ of the cervix have been reported in Connecticut between 1949 and 1962. The incidence rates for carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma of the cervix are presented and the pathology, treatment, follow-up, and survival experience in the cases of carcinoma in situ are discussed.
Reasoning about Actual and Hypothetical Occurrences of Concurrent and Non-Deterministic Actions

To perform nontrivial reasoning an intelligent agent situated in a changing domain needs the knowledge of causal laws that describe effects of actions changing the domain, the ability to observe and record occurrences of these actions, and the truth values of fluents1 at particular moments of time. Discovery of methods of representing this kind of information in a form allowing various types of reasoning about the dynamic world and at the same time tolerant to future updates is one of the central problems of knowledge representation.
Some Effects of a Sanctuary on an Exploited Fish Population

Abstract A 10.3-hectare impoundment at Auburn, Alabama, was stocked with bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus), and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) at densities of 1,852, 617, 247, 247, and 2,470 per hectare, respectively, during December, 1965 to June, 1966. When the impoundment was opened to public fishing in May 1967, half the shoreline and 90% of the impounded area were closed to fishermen. Compared with typical non-sanctuary ponds under similar fishing pressures, the initial catch rates of bass and sunfish were lower in the sanctuary pond. The presence of the sanctuary did not reduce the total catch per hectare, but the catch was spread over a longer fishing season.
Molecular mimicry of host structures by lipooligosaccharides of Neisseria meningitidis: characterization of sialylated and nonsialylated lacto-N-neotetraose (Galbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-3Galbeta1-4Glc) structures in lipooligosaccharides using monoclonal antibodies and specific lectins.

Neisseria meningitidis lipooligosaccharides (LOSs) are classified into 12 immunotypes. Most LOSs are heterogeneous in having a few components by SDS-PAGE analysis that differ antigenic ally and chemically. We have utilized a monoclonal antibody that recognizes lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and the lectin, Maackia amurensis leukoagglutinin (MAL), which is specific for NeuNAcα2-3GalβI-4GlcNAc trisacchride sequence to characterize the 12 N. meningitidis LOSs. Using the combination of ELISA, SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, and other chemical analyses, we have shown that the LNnT (Galβ1–4GlcNAcβ1–3Galβl–4Glc) sequence was present in the 4.0-kDa LOS components of seven immunotype LOSs seen on SDS-P AGE. Six of the seven LNnT -containing LOSs also bound the MAL lectin indicating that N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuNAc) was α2,3-linked to the LNnT sequence in the LOSs. Sialylation of the terminal Gal of LNnT-containing 4.0-kDa component caused only a slight increase in its apparent MW to 4100 on SDS-P AGE. The one LOS with the LNnT-containing component, but not MAL-binding, was from a Group AN. meningitidis, which does not synthesize CMP-NeuNAc, the substrate needed for LOS sialylation. Thus, it is concluded (1) a common LNnT sequence is present in seven immunotype LOSs in addition to their immunotype epitopes, and (2) NeuNAc is α2->3 linked to the terminal Gal of LNnT if a organism synthesizes CMP-NeuNAc such as Groups Band C organisms. The above conclusions are consistent with the published structures of N. meningitidis LOSs. The results also demonstrate that specific carbohydrate-binding lectins and monoclonal antibodies can be used as simple yet effective tools to characterize specific carbohydrate sequences in a bacterial LOS or LPS such as N. meningitidis LOS.
Tutorial 4: Mobile Ad Hoc Networking: Medium Access Control and Routing Protocols

A mobile ad hoc network is a collection of mobile wireless nodes that can dynamically form a network without necessarily using any pre-existing network infrastructure. In general, routes between nodes in an ad hoc network may include multiple hops. Due to the potential ease of deployment, many practical applications have been conceived for ad hoc networks, including personal area networking, home networking, search-and-rescue operations, and battlefield applications. When designing mobile ad hoc networks, several interesting and difficult problems arise due to shared nature of the wireless medium, limited transmission range of wireless devices, node mobility, and battery limitations. This tutorial will present an overview of issues related to medium access control (MAC) and routing in mobile ad hoc networks. Several techniques proposed to improve performance of MAC and routing protocols will be discussed. The tutorial will include a discussion of approaches for reducing energy consumption by nodes in a mobile ad hoc network.
Exploiting known taxonomies in learning overlapping concepts

Many real-world classification problems involve large numbers of overlapping categories that are arranged in a hierarchy or taxonomy. We propose to incorporate prior knowledge on category taxonomy directly into the learning architecture. We present two concrete multi-label classification methods, a generalized version of Perceptron and a hierarchical multi-label SVM learning. Our method works with arbitrary, not necessarily singly connected taxonomies, and can be applied more generally in settings where categories are characterized by attributes and relations that are not necessarily induced by a taxonomy. Experimental results on WIPO-alpha collection show that our hierarchical methods bring significant performance improvement.
Relationship Between the Location of Autolysin, Cell Wall Synthesis, and the Development of Resistance to Cellular Autolysis in Streptococcus faecalis After Inhibition of Protein Synthesis

Ten minutes after inhibition of protein synthesis with chloramphenicol (CAP) the ability of cells of Streptococcus faecalis (ATCC 9790) to autolyze decreased to less than 20% of the rate for exponential-phase cells. After threonine exhaustion, the time for a 50% drop in the rate of cellular autolysis was about 20 min. These rapid increases in resistance to cellular autolysis could not be accounted for by: (i) the relatively slow and small overall decrease in susceptibility of isolated cell walls to added autolysin, or (ii) a decreased content of either the active or latent (proteinase activatable) form of the autolysin in the wall fraction. Continued wall synthesis resulted in dilution of preexisting autolysin in the isolated wall fraction. The release of labeled “old” relative to “new” wall from CAP-treated cultures showed that wall synthesis shifted away from the areas of wall previously shown to be associated with wall synthesis (extension) in exponential-phase cells. A corresponding dispersal of active autolysin activity was not observed. By using actinomycin D and CAP, a requirement for ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis early in the recovery of cells from amino acid starvation was demonstrated for the recovery in the ability of cells to autolyze. Evidence was obtained which suggests that a protein is involved in the conversion of latent to active autolysin. During recovery from amino acid starvation, increase in wall synthesis and content of active autolysin was delayed (25 to 35 min), whereas an increase in turbidity and latent enzyme content began within 10 min. After treatment with CAP at 22 or 52 min of recovery, a further increase in levels of both active and latent autolysin was severely inhibited; however, the increase in rate of wall synthesis was indistinguishable from that of an untreated control. This suggests that an increase in rate of wall synthesis does not depend on an increase in level of active autolysin.
Production and metabolism of dopamine and norepinephrine in mesenteric organs and liver of swine

Concentrations of catecholamines and their metabolites in plasma entering and exiting mesenteric organs, liver, and kidneys were examined to assess the regional production and metabolism of catecholamines in anesthetized swine. Higher portal venous than arterial plasma concentrations of norepinephrine and its metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), and of dopamine and its metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA), indicated substantial production of both catecholamines by mesenteric organs, representing 45-50% of total body production. Most dopamine was not metabolized to norepinephrine, suggesting a large nonnoradrenergic contribution to total body dopamine production. Concentrations of norepinephrine, DHPG, normetanephrine, and MHPG were lower in plasma exiting than entering the liver, whereas concentrations of the end-product of norepinephrine metabolism, vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), were higher in outflowing than inflowing plasma. Over 94% of the VMA removed by the kidneys was produced in the liver, consistent with the hepatic source of this metabolite. Removal of DOPAC and HVA by the liver exceeded removal by the kidneys or production by mesenteric organs, indicating greater hepatic than renal elimination of these metabolites from the body and underestimation of mesenteric organ dopamine production based on summed spillovers of dopamine metabolites from the liver into the systemic circulation.
Genetic interactions within inositol-related pathways are associated with longitudinal changes in ventricle size.

The genetic etiology of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) has proven complex, involving clinical and genetic heterogeneity and gene-gene interactions. Recent genome wide association studies in LOAD have led to the discovery of novel genetic risk factors; however, the investigation of gene-gene interactions has been limited. Conventional genetic studies often use binary disease status as the primary phenotype, but for complex brain-based diseases, neuroimaging data can serve as quantitative endophenotypes that correlate with disease status and closely reflect pathological changes. In the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohort, we tested for association of genetic interactions with longitudinal MRI measurements of the inferior lateral ventricles (ILVs), which have repeatedly shown a relationship to LOAD status and progression. We performed linear regression to evaluate the ability of pathway-derived SNP-SNP pairs to predict the slope of change in volume of the ILVs. After Bonferroni correction, we identified four significant interactions in the right ILV (RILV) corresponding to gene-gene pairs SYNJ2-PI4KA, PARD3-MYH2, PDE3A-ABHD12B, and OR2L13-PRKG1 and one significant interaction in the left ILV (LILV) corresponding to SYNJ2-PI4KA. The SNP-SNP interaction corresponding to SYNJ2-PI4KA was identical in the RILV and LILV and was the most significant interaction in each (RILV: p = 9.13 × 10 −12 ; LILV: p = 8.17 × 10 −13 ). Both genes belong to the inositol phosphate signaling pathway which has been previously associated with neurodegeneration in AD and we discuss the possibility that perturbation of this pathway results in a down-regulation of the Akt cell survival pathway and, thereby, decreased neuronal survival, as reflected by increased volume of the ventricles.
Combinatorics of Barycentric Subdivision and Characters of Simplicial Two-Complexes

(2006). Combinatorics of Barycentric Subdivision and Characters of Simplicial Two-Complexes. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 113, No. 9, pp. 822-826.
Turbulence-chemistry interactions in a heavy-duty compression-ignition engine

Abstract The influences of unresolved turbulent fluctuations in composition and temperature (turbulence–chemistry interactions – TCI) on heat release, flame structure, and emissions are explored in unsteady Reynolds-averaged simulations for a heavy-duty diesel engine at four operating conditions. TCI are isolated and quantified by comparing results from a transported probability density function (PDF) method with those from a model that neglects the influence of fluctuations on local mean reaction rates (a well-stirred-reactor – WSR-model), with all other aspects of the modeling being the same (e.g., spray model, gas-phase chemical mechanism, and soot model). The simulations feature standard fuel-spray and turbulence models, skeletal-level gas-phase chemistry, and a semi-empirical two-equation soot model. Computed pressure and heat-release traces, turbulent flame structure, and emissions from the WSR and PDF models show marked differences, with the PDF-model results being in closer agreement with experiment in most cases. The soot results are especially striking. Computed soot levels from the PDF model are within a factor of five of the measured engine-out particulate matter, and computed soot levels from the WSR and PDF models differ by up to several orders of magnitude, with the PDF-model results being in much closer agreement with experiment. The results show that TCI are important in compression–ignition engines, and that accurate accounting for turbulent fluctuations is at least as important as accurate kinetic rate parameters in the gas-phase chemistry and soot models.
Quantitative aspects of the male courting response in the cockroach Byrsotria fumigata (Guérin) (Blattaria)

Male cockroaches, Byrsotria fumigata, respond to the female sex pheromone by increased locomotory activity. An initial peak in activity is followed by a linear decrease until a basal level is reached. Habituation occurs when males are constantly exposed to sex pheromone, and a period of 96 hr is required for complete recovery. The activity of males is proportional to the concentration of female sex pheromone. Females begin secreting quantities of pheromone detectable by males within 4 days after adult emergence, and males respond to pheromone sources on about the third day after emergence.
PLASMA PROTEIN AND HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION : DELETION OF INDIVIDUAL AMINO ACIDS FROM GROWTH MIXTURE OF TEN ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS. SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN URINARY NITROGEN.

Given healthy dogs fed abundant iron and protein-free or low protein diets with sustained anemia and hypoproteinemia, we can study the capacity of these animals to produce simultaneously new hemoglobin and plasma protein. Reserve stores of blood protein-building materials are measurably depleted and levels of 6 to 8 gm. per cent for hemoglobin and 4 to 5 gm. per cent for plasma protein can be maintained for weeks or months depending upon the intake of food proteins or amino acid mixtures. These dogs are very susceptible to infection and various poisons. Dogs tire of these diets and loss of appetite terminates many experiments. Under these conditions (double depletion) standard growth mixtures of essential amino acids are tested to show the response in blood protein output and urinary nitrogen balance. As a part of each tabulated experiment one of the essential amino acids is deleted from the complete growth mixture to compare such response with that of the whole mixture. Methionine, threonine, phenylalanine, and tryptophane when singly eliminated from the complete amino acid mixture do effect a sharp rise in urinary nitrogen. This loss of urinary nitrogen is corrected when the individual amino acid is replaced in the mixture. Histidine, lysine, and valine have a moderate influence upon urinary nitrogen balance toward nitrogen conservation. Leucine, isoleucine, and arginine have minimal or no effect upon urinary nitrogen balance when these individual amino acids are deleted from the complete growth mixture of amino acids during 3 to 4 week periods. Tryptophane and to a less extent phenylalanine and threonine when returned to the amino acid mixture are associated with a conspicuous preponderance of plasma protein output over the hemoglobin output (Table 4). Arginine, lysine, and histidine when returned to the amino acid mixture are associated with a large preponderance of hemoglobin output. Various amino acid mixtures under these conditions may give a positive urinary nitrogen balance and a liberal output of blood proteins but there is always weight loss, however we may choose to explain this loss. These experiments touch on the complex problems of parenteral nutrition, experimental and clinical.
cDNA sequence analysis of a 29-kDa cysteine-rich surface antigen of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica.

Abstract A gamma gt11 cDNA library was constructed from poly(U)-Sepharose-selected Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite RNA in order to clone and identify surface antigens. The library was screened with rabbit polyclonal anti-E. histolytica serum. A 700-base-pair cDNA insert was isolated and the nucleotide sequence was determined. The deduced amino acid sequence of the cDNA revealed a cysteine-rich protein. DNA hybridizations showed that the gene was specific to E. histolytica since the cDNA probe reacted with DNA from four axenic strains of E. histolytica but did not react with DNA from Entamoeba invadens, Acanthamoeba castellanii, or Trichomonas vaginalis. The insert was subcloned into the expression vector pGEX-1 and the protein was expressed as a fusion with the C terminus of glutathione S-transferase. Purified fusion protein was used to generate 22 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and a mouse polyclonal antiserum specific for the E. histolytica portion of the fusion protein. A 29-kDa protein was identified as a surface antigen when mAbs were used to immunoprecipitate the antigen from metabolically 35S-labeled live trophozoites. The surface location of the antigen was corroborated by mAb immunoprecipitation of a 29-kDa protein from surface-125I-labeled whole trophozoites as well as by the reaction of mAbs with live trophozoites in an indirect immunofluorescence assay performed at 4 degrees C. Immunoblotting with mAbs demonstrated that the antigen was present on four axenic isolates tested. mAbs recognized epitopes on the 29-kDa native antigen on some but not all clinical isolates tested.
Brook troot populations in Colorado beaver ponds

A habitat inventory and evaluation of the brook trout populations from 57 beaver ponds in Colorado permitted comparisons of stunted and non-stunted populations of fish and the environmental conditions under which the populations occurred. High standing crops of small fish were usually present in ponds with favorable spawning areas. Seep ponds with few gravel or sandy areas did not favor spawning. As a result, a smaller number of larger fish were recovered. Four-to five-inch stunted trout reached maturity at the end of their second growing season while non-stunted trout matured at the end of their third and fourth growing seasons at lengths of seven to eight inches.
Statistical phase space theory of polyatomic systems: application to the reactions NH+3 + NH3 → NH+4 + NH2 and NH+·3 + H2O → NH+4 + OH·

Abstract Statistical phase space theory has been applied to the reaction NH + 3 + NH 3 → NH + 4 + NH 2 and NH + · 3 + H 2 O → NH + 4 + OH·. The dependence of the cross section of these reactions on the vibrational energy content in the NH + · 3 ion has been computed and compared with experiment. In the first reaction, theory predicts little change in the cross section for energies in the range 0 ⩽ e v ⩽ 1.5 eV but the experimental cross section decreases by over 50% in this energy range. In the second reaction, theory predicts the cross section decreases by ca. 90% for the energy range 0 ⩽ e v ⩽ 1.5 eV while experiment indicates the cross section is independent of energy in this energy range. Hence both reactions appear to be nonstatistical. The mechanism of the reaction is discussed in some detail. The reasons for the quite different theoretical results for these two apparently similar reactions are also discussed.
Survival and Reproduction of Caribbean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Adults Immersed in Hot Water as Third In stars

Larvae of the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), were submerged in heated water to determine effects on subsequent adult survival and reproduction. No relationship was observed between overall percentage larval mortality and proportion of larvae that survived hot-water immersion in grapefruits, mangoes, and carambolas and then developed into adults. Longevity of adults that survived immersion as larvae in water at 43.0 +/-0.05 degrees C for 21 or 24 min was not consistently lower compared with the unheated controls. Neither numbers of eggs laid nor percentage eclosion of eggs of adults that were immersed as third instars in water at 43.0 +/- 0.05 degrees C for 21 or 24 min differed significantly compared with controls. Eclosion of eggs from control females mated to males that survived immersion as third instars in water at 43.0 +/- 0.05 degrees C for 24 min was significantly reduced compared with eclosion of eggs laid by control females mated to control males.
Analysis of Local Variation in Plant Size

Attempts to quantify local competitive interactions by examining size and growth of neighboring plants may suffer from several statistical difficulties: (1) when individuals are analyzed both as focal plants and as neighbors of other individuals, observations are not independent and tests of statistical significance may be invalid, (2) effects of competition and local site quality may be confounded. The techniques of path analysis and randomization tests are described; use of these procedures may permit more accurate estimation and testing of influences on individual plant growth. Analysis of results of field and greenhouse experiments with Impatiens capensis showed that conventional statistical tests may yield serious errors in estimates of significance, and that these errors are of unpredictable magnitude and direction. The results demonstrate that it is essential to measure or estimate the effects of site quality on variation in plant size. See full-text article at JSTOR
Moment-Conserving Decoupling Procedure for Many-Body Problems

A new, well-defined procedure for linearizing double-time, statistical Green's functions is proposed. The resultant spectral function automatically conserves the first several frequency moments. This compares very favorably with the usual mean-field decoupling results, which conserve only the first (and, rarely, up to three) frequency moments.
Characterization of Starburst Dendrimers by EPR. 4. Mn(II) as a Probe of Interphase Properties

Mn(II) has been used as a probe to investigate the interacting abilities of the various ligand sites at the surface of starburst dendrimers (SBDs) at different protonation conditions, and as a function of generation (G), both for half- and full-generation SBDs (n.5-SBDs and n-SBDs, respectively). The computer-aided analysis of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of Mn(II) provided information on the location of Mn(II) in the hydration layers of the internal and external SBD surface and on the physical status of water inside the dendrimer structure and at the surface/solution interface. Mn(II) did not show any interaction with the full-generation dendrimers and only interacted, at the second−third solvation shells, with the surface carboxylate groups (SBD-COO-) of n.5-SBDs. Two main components were identified in the EPR spectra: (1) a minor component due to Mn(II) that is localized in the solvation layers of the internal and external SBD surface and is in fast exchange with the bulk solution...
Taxes and the Efficiency-Rent Extraction Trade-off

This paper presents an adverse selection model in which progressive taxation enhances productive efficiency by encouraging a principal (buyer) to be less aggressive in contracting with an agent (seller). Wary of padded cost budgets, the buyer employs a hurdle-rate procurement policy. With a low cost hurdle, the buyer keeps greater profits when transactions are undertaken but trade occurs less often. While the hurdle is unaffected by a flat tax, a progressive tax tilts the buyer's preference: the buyer's benefit from a lower hurdle becomes less pronounced, since the marginal increase in his profits is muted in after-tax terms. The result is increased trade and the possibility of Pareto improvements.
The electronic meeting system and case study method for school principal preparation

The ambiguous nature of the school environment requires principals to have leadership skills that focus on the purpose of school. Case studies are being used more often as an instructional method in the preparation of school administrators because they encourage the development of critical thinking skills and develop systematic problem solving skills needed for the good school administrator. This study showed a very different result in both the identification of the problem and the solution over the traditional case study method when using an Electronic Meeting System (EMS). The results have implications for school administrator preparation programs.
Robotic correction of Östling folds as a rare cause of ureteropelvic junction obstruction in children

Ostling folds are considered to be normal variants of ureteral growth at a quicker rate than body lengthening and, therefore, have been reported to be of no clinical significance. We report a robotic correction of the first documented cases of Ostling folds causing a persistent ureteroplevic junction obstruction in children.
Photoelectron angular distributions for atomic chlorine.

Photoelectron angular distribution asymmetry parameters for photoionization to each of the three term levels of the ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{+}$ ion are calculated above the $^{1}\mathrm{S}$ ionic threshold with use of the open-shell transition-matrix method. Comparison is made with frozen-core Hartree-Fock asymmetry parameters and with the multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock results of Fielder and Armstrong. The calculated asymmetry parameters are used to estimate partial-cross-section branching ratios at 584 A\r{} from the relative experimental photoelec- tron intensity measurements of Kimura, Yamazaki, and Achiba.
Large-scale cultivation of acidophilic hyperthermophiles for recovery of secreted proteins

An electric water heater was modified for large-scale cultivation of aerobic acidophilic hyperthermophiles to enable recovery of secreted proteins. Critical changes included thermostat replacement, redesign of the temperature control circuit, and removal of the cathodic anticorrosion system. These alterations provided accurate temperature and pH control. The bioreactor was used to cultivate selected strains of the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus and other species within this genus. Reformulation of a basal salts medium facilitated preparation of large culture volumes and eliminated sterilization-induced precipitation of medium components. Substrate induction of synthesis of the S. solfataricus-secreted alpha-amylase during growth in a defined medium supported the utility of the bioreactor for studies of physiologically regulated processes. An improved purification strategy was developed by using strong cation-exchange chromatography for recovery of the alpha-amylase and the processing of large sample volumes of acidic culture supernatant. These findings should simplify efforts to study acidophilic hyperthermophilic microbes and their secreted proteins.
Influence of culture substrata on the differentiation of advanced passage glial cells in cultures from aged mouse cerebral hemispheres.

Abstract We have previously reported that glial cells derived from aged mouse cerebral hemispheres (MACH) in primary cultures and after several passages consist of protoplasmic astrocytes (Type 1), differentiated stellate astrocytes (Type 2), a few oligodendrocytes and also glial precursors. 4,33,34 In this study, we examined the influence of culture substrata: plastic, poly- l -lysine, laminin or collagen on the differentiation of MACH glial cells of advanced passages (P18–19) using glutamine synthetase (GS) and cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase (CNP) activity as biochemical markers for astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, respectively. Cultures were also examined morphologically using light microscopy. In general, GS activity was increased in cultures grown on the three chemical substrata versus plastic alone with the most striking effect being the 2-fold increase observed in those cells grown in laminin. No differences were noted in CNP activity. Morphologically, proliferation of protoplasmic (Type 1) astrocytes was enhanced by culture day 2 on polylysine substratum and stellate differentiated (Type 2) astrocytes were noted on collagen. The striking feature in cultures grown on laminin was the presence of astrocytes with markedly long processes. Thus, morphological astrocyte differentiation appears to correspond to the increased GS activity. We propose that the extracellular matrix components such as collagen and laminin may play an important role in promoting glial precursors to differentiate into astrocytes.
The Hemodynamics of Common (or Single) Ventricle

Data from 43 patients with common ventricle for whom satisfactory hemodynamic data are available are presented; these form 3.2% of the patients with congenital heart disease studied by means of catheterization at the Mayo Clinic. Selective biplane angiocardiography is essential for diagnosis of common ventricle. Associated cardiovascular anomalies are common, with transposition of the great vessels occurring in 84% of the patients. The right-to-left shunt present in all 43 patients results in desaturation of systemic arterial blood. The common ventricle receives all the systemic and pulmonary venous blood [see table in the PDF file] flows; yet complete mixing is uncommon in this chamber, for it occurred in only 16% of the patients who did not have severe pulmonary stenosis. Fifty-eight per cent had oxygenated blood directed preferentially to the systemic circuit ("favorable streaming"). This occurred most commonly with L-transposition and resulted in a higher oxygen saturation of systemic arterial blood. ...
Changes in Daily Mood and Self-Restraint among Undercontrolled Preadolescents: A Time-Series Analysis of “Acting Out”

ABSTRACT Objective Acting out among boys with disruptive behavior disorders was investigated by evaluating how changes in their daily moods predicted changes in their behavior. Method During a 6-week period, 20 preadolescent boys enrolled in day treatment programs rated their mood upon arrival at school, and teachers rated their behavior at the end of the day. Time-series and path-analytic methodologies were used to analyze the data. Results The boys did engage in emotional acting out, in that their morning moods predicted their subsequent disruptive behavior, controlling for both individual differences and their behavior the previous day. Boys' mood changes served as a mediator between the intensity of interpersonal conflicts in their lives (with peers and among significant adults) and decrements in their self-restraint. Acting-out behavior was associated with defensive processes, in that boys who reported low subjective distress and whom the teachers rated as high in denial of distress had the strongest links between their moods and behavior. Individual differences in levels of conduct problems, but not hyperactivity, also predicted acting out. Conclusion Emotional processes and defensive acting out may often be integral aspects of conduct-disordered behavior.
Childhood Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome

The current epidemic of obesity reflects environmental changes that have an impact on a genetically susceptible population. The scope of obesity and its associated comorbidities warrants its position among the most crucial global public health problems faced today. Society has gained better appreciation for the significance of this problem yet still has much to learn regarding how best to address the obesity crisis. Although strategies for treating individuals who have weight problems successfully continue to evolve, the most profound impacts ultimately will arise from societal changes dictating that all individuals strive to adopt a healthy lifestyle.
A CRITICAL STUDY OF PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN NORMAL FED, NORMAL FASTED, AND DIABETIC RAT LIVER.

Abstract Rat liver pyridine nucleotide concentrations were determined in diabetes and starvation by the use of a further modified fluorimetric technic, which corrects for auto-oxidation of reduced pyridine nucleotides. Studies of rat liver pyridine nucleotides in starvation and diabetes showed that NAD NADH 2 ratios decreased in both conditions. In contrast, NADP NADPH 2 ratios were found to be increased. The conflicting observations by earlier workers on pyridine nucleotides in diabetes were discussed in view of the difficulties in measuring pyridine nucleotides by whole tissue analysis. The significance of whole cell pyridine nucleotide analysis was discussed in the light of values obtained for pyridine nucleotides in subcellular fractions.
Information models for planning and scheduling of chemical processes

Abstract The Process Data Exchange Institute (pdXi) has developed an information model for process engineering data. The pdXi information model is designed to facilitate the storage and exchange of stead-state process engineering data. Batch and real-time operating data can be stored and exchanged using the pdXi model as snapshots (data that characterizes the process at a specific point in time). Snapshots are an inefficient method for storing and exchanging batch and real-time data. Also, snapshots do not contain data that describe the processes that occur betweeen snapshots. Sharma and Book modified the basic structure of the pdXi information model to make it efficient for storing and exchanging batch, real-time and steady-state process data and to include descriptions of the processes that occur. Large portions of the pdXi model that capture data describing chemical process equipment, process simulators, and process materials fit into the modified structure. The International Society for Measurement and Control (ISA) is developing an information model for batch scheduling and control [ISA 1995 S88.01. Batch control part 1: models and terminology. ISA.]. The current draft of the ISA model is not harmonized (designed to fit together) with the pdXi model (original or modified). The ISA model captures data that describe process equipment and materials and product recipes in a way that is not computer-interpretable. The data must be human-interpreted or a format must be defined for these data so that they can be parsed. The modified pdXi information model has been further extended to include planning and scheduling data. The model captures planning and scheduling data as well as the progress equipment and materials data in a computer-interpretable form. the model has been tested using representative scheduling problems from the chemical process industry.
Femtosecond dynamics of DNA-mediated electron transfer

Diverse biophysical and biochemical studies have sought to understand electron transfer (ET) in DNA in part because of its importance to DNA damage and its repair. However, the dynamics and mechanisms of the elementary processes of ET in this medium are not fully understood and have been heavily debated. Two fundamental issues are the distance over which charge is transported and the time-scale on which the transport through the pi-stack of the DNA base pairs may occur. With femtosecond resolution, we report direct observation in DNA of ultrafast ET, initiated by excitation of tethered ethidium (E), the intercalated electron acceptor (A); the electron donor (D) is 7-deazaguanine (Z), a modified base, placed at different, fixed distances from A. The ultrafast ET between these reactants in DNA has been observed with time constants of 5 ps and 75 ps and was found to be essentially independent of the D-A separation (10-17 A). However, the ET efficiency does depend on the D-A distance. The 5-ps decay corresponds to direct ET observed from 7-deazaguanine but not guanine to E. From measurements of orientation anisotropies, we conclude that the slower 75-ps process requires the reorientation of E before ET, similar to E/nucleotide complexes in water. These results reveal the nature of ultrafast ET and its mechanism: in DNA, ET cannot be described as in proteins simply by a phenomenological parameter, beta. Instead, the involvement of the base pairs controls the time scale and the degree of coherent transport.
Gene expression and silencing for improved islet transplantation.

Islet transplantation has great potential as an effective means of treating type 1 diabetes. However, its successful application greatly depends on the rapid revascularization of islets and prevention from their apoptotic cell death. We co-expressed human vascular endothelial growth factor (hVEGF) and human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (hIL-1Ra) after transduction of human islets with Adv-hVEGF-hIL-1Ra. Since hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) increases β-cell proliferation and promotes revascularization of islets, we also constructed Adv-hHGF-hIL-1Ra. There was dose and time dependent expression of hVEGF and hIL-1Ra or hHGF and hIL-1Ra by islets, which led to decrease in caspase-3 activity and apoptosis induced by a cocktail of TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ. Compared to non-treated islets, transduction of islets with these bipartite Adv vectors prior to transplantation under the kidney capsules of diabetic NOD-SCID mice reduced the blood glucose levels, and increased serum insulin and c-peptide levels. Immunohistochemical staining of the islet bearing kidney sections was positive for human insulin, growth factor (hVEGF or hHGF) and von Willebrand factor. Transduction with Adv-caspase-3-shRNA also prevented islets from cytokine induced apoptosis and improved islet transplantation. In conclusion, bipartite Adv vector efficiently co-expressed both growth factor and antiapoptotic genes or shRNA targeting pro-apoptotic genes, decreases apoptosis and improves the outcome of islet transplantation.
Estrogens in the breast tissue: a systematic review

The role of estrogens in breast carcinogenesis has been investigated at the level of whole body (plasma) and cell (molecular, receptors, etc.). Growing attention focused on the breast tissue being an intracrine organ, with potentially important local estrogen production in the breast. However, very little is known about the local breast tissue estrogen levels. Understanding the role of the tissue estrogens in breast carcinogenesis might open new avenues in breast cancer prevention. This systematic review summarizes published studies that measured local estrogen levels in the breast and offers suggestions for strategies to fill gaps in our existing scientific knowledge.
Optical Internet security

Technological developments in fiber-optic communications introduce new technologies with their own set of vulnerabilities. Vulnerability issues at the optical layer are explored to the degree necessary to lay a foundation for the development of security measures to protect the communications infrastructure and communications signal. Several means of infusing security into the development of new optical communication devices and optical fiber technology are presented.
Heavy metal concentrations in growth bands of corals: a record of mine tailings input through time (Marinduque Island, Philippines).

The impact of copper mining along the western coast of Marinduque Island was investigated. Historic input of mine tailings in the coastal region was traced through variations in heavy metal concentrations in Porites growth bands. Five samples were collected from three reefs showing different modes and extent of exposure to mine tailings. Baseline metal concentrations in Porites were established using a coral from a reef that is least exposed to contamination. The lowest mean values of Cu (0.7 μg/g), Mn (0.8 μg/g), and Zn (1.0 μg/g) were calculated from annual skeletal bands representing five years of growth. Conversely, a sample from a reef adjacent to an old tailings stockpile displayed consistently elevated metal values in its growth bands. Mean Cu, Mn, and Zn values for this coral are 3.1, 1.0 and 1.8 μg/g, respectively. Corals from the Ihatub reef showed a distinct metal concentration peak in their 1996 growth ring. These peaks coincide with a documented release of mine tailings in the Ihatub area during that year. Other metal peaks observed in coral samples correlate with years of high precipitation which may have resulted in increased sediment transport in the region. The metals are presumed to be mostly bound to the aragonite lattice of the coral skeleton, however, contribution from incorporated detrital materials to the observed metal signal (mainly of Fe) could not be easily discounted.
Casein gene expression in mouse mammary epithelial cell lines: Dependence upon extracellular matrix and cell type

Abstract The COMMA-D mammary cell line exhibits mammary-specific functional differentiation under appropriate conditions in cell culture. The cytologically heterogeneous COMMA-D parental line and the clonal lines DB-1, TA-5, and FA-1 derived from the COMMA-D parent were examined for similar properties of functional differentiation. In monolayer cell culture, the cell lines DB-1, TA-5, FA-1, and MA-4 were examined for expression of mammary-specific and epithelial-specific proteins by an indirect immunofluorescence assay. The clonal cell lines were relatively homogeneous in their respective staining properties and seemed to represent three subpopulations found in the heterogeneous parental COMMA-D line. None of the four clonal lines appeared to represent myoepithelial cells. The cell lines were examined for expression of β-casein mRNA in the presence or absence of prolactin. The heterogeneous COMMA-D line, but none of the clonal lines, was induced by the presence of prolactin to produce significantly increased levels of β-casein MRNA. The inducibility of β-casein in the COMMA-D cell line was further enhanced by a reconstituted basement membrane preparation enriched in laminin, collagen IV, and proteoglycans. Individual matrix components of laminin, fibronectin, heparan sulfate, heparan, or hyaluronic acid were not effective as substrata for the induction of β-casein mRNA. These results support the hypothesis that the functional response of inducible mammary cell populations is a result of interaction among hormones, multiple extracellular matrix components, and specific cell types.
Aspheric Elements For Performance Improvement And Cost Reduction In Infrared Systems

The use of aspheric elements in FLIR type infrared systems is shown to result in system performance improvement. Improved image quality, reduced shading and higher transmission can be obtained, while at the same time, reducing the system cost. The manufacturing and test technologies which allow for cost effective use of aspherics are described. An advanced small FLIR which uses aspherics is cited as an example of the concepts presented.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
“Systems biology and systems medicine: From reactive to predictive, personalized, preventive and participatory (P4) medicine”

The challenge of biology and medicine in the 21st century is complexity. A paradigm change that is currently emerging is the idea that biology is an informational science and that biological information is mediated by dynamic biological networks. The systems approach to biology and medicine is a general category of approaches that appear to be very effective in dealing with biological complexity. It requires a cross-disciplinary environment and the effective integration of biology, technology and computation/mathematics. I will discuss my view of systems biology. Then I will discuss a systems approach to disease and demonstrate how it profoundly alters our view of medicine. This approach is centered on the simple ideal that disease arises from disease-perturbed biological networks and that the dynamically altered patterns of information expressed explain the pathophysiology of disease. Moreover, they open new systems approaches to diagnostics and therapy. I will discuss prion infection in mice as an example of a systems approach to disease and I will discuss the implications these observations have for diagnosis and therapy. My prediction is that our current largely reactive medicine will be largely replaced with predictive, preventive, personalized and participatory (P4) medicine over the next 10 to 20 years.
Percutaneous cryoablation of hepatic tumors adjacent to the gallbladder: assessment of safety and effectiveness.

Abstract Purpose To assess safety and effectiveness of percutaneous image-guided cryoablation of hepatic tumors adjacent to the gallbladder. Materials and Methods Twenty-one cryoablation procedures were performed to treat 19 hepatic tumors (mean size, 2.7 cm; range, 1.0–5.0 cm) adjacent to the gallbladder in 17 patients (11 male; mean age, 59.2 y; range, 40–82 y) under computed tomography (n = 15) or magnetic resonance imaging (n = 6) guidance in a retrospective study. All tumors (mean size, 2.67 cm; range, 1.0–5.0 cm) were within 1 cm (mean, 0.4 cm) of the gallbladder; seven (33%) were contiguous with the gallbladder. Primary outcomes included complication rate and severity and postprocedure gallbladder imaging findings. Secondary outcomes included technical success and technique effectiveness at 6 months. Results Complications occurred in six of 21 procedures (29%); one (5%) was severe. Ice balls extended into the gallbladder lumen in 20 of 21 procedures (95%); no gallbladder-related complications occurred. The most common gallbladder imaging finding was mild, asymptomatic focal wall thickening after nine of 21 procedures (42%), which resolved on follow-up. Technical success was achieved in 19 of 21 sessions (90%). Six-month follow-up was available for 16 tumors; of these, all but two (87%) had no imaging evidence of local tumor progression. Conclusions Percutaneous cryoablation of hepatic tumors adjacent to the gallbladder can be performed safely and successfully. Although postprocedural gallbladder changes are common, they are self-limited and clinically inconsequential, even when the ice ball extends into the gallbladder lumen.
Signal regulatory protein-α interacts with the insulin receptor contributing to muscle wasting in chronic kidney disease

Insulin resistance from chronic kidney disease (CKD) stimulates muscle protein wasting but mechanisms causing this resistance are controversial. To help resolve this, we used microarray analyses to identify initiators of insulin resistance in the muscles of mice with CKD, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. CKD raised mRNAs of inflammatory cytokines in muscles and there was a 5.2-fold increase in signal regulatory protein-α (SIRP-α), a transmembrane glycoprotein principally present in muscle membranes. By immunoprecipitation we found it interacts with the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1). Treatment of myotubes with a mixture of inflammatory cytokines showed that SIRP-α expression was increased by a NF-κB-dependent pathway. Blockade of NF-κB using a small-molecule chemical inhibitor or a dominant-negative IKKβ reduced cytokine-induced SIRP-α expression. The overexpression of SIRP-α in myotubes impaired insulin signaling and raised proteolysis while SIRP-α knockdown with siRNAs in skeletal muscle cells increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and IRS-1 despite inclusion of cytokines. This led to increased p-Akt and suppression of protein degradation. Thus, SIRP-α is part of a novel mechanism for inflammation-mediated insulin resistance in muscle. In catabolic conditions with impaired insulin signaling, targeting SIRP-α may improve insulin sensitivity and prevent muscle atrophy.