cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induced sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage and blood from mild asthmatics: inflammatory cells, lymphocyte subsets and soluble markers compared

Airway inflammation in asthma can be measured directly by invasive bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), directly and relatively noninvasively by induced sputum and indirectly from peripheral blood. We compared cellular and fluid phase indices of inflammation in induced sputum, BAL and blood from 11 adults with mild stable asthma. On one day, induced sputum selected from saliva was collected and on the next, blood and BAL. Median results of sputum compared with BAL showed a higher number of nonsquamous cells (53 versus 0.8 x 10(6) cells x mL(-1), p=0.003), more neutrophils (34.3 versus 1.0%, p<0.001), CD4+ and CD19+ T-cells (76.5 versus 54.7%, p=0.01 and 5.2 versus 1.1%, p=0.03, respectively), fewer macrophages (603 versus 95.0%, p=0.002) and markedly higher levels of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) (264 versus 2.0 microg x L(-1), p<0.001), tryptase (17.6 versus 2.2 UI x L(-1), p<0.001) and fibrinogen (1,400 versus 150 microg x L(-1), p=0.001). Sputum and BAL neutrophils and CD4+ T-cells were strongly correlated. Sputum and BAL differed from blood by having higher proportions of T-cells (94.9 and 98.9% versus 87.7%, p=0.002) and lower proportions of CD19+ T-lymphocytes (p=0.04 and 0.006). Sputum also differed from blood by having higher proportions of CD4+ T-cells (76.5 versus 51.4%, p=0.001), lower proportions of CD8+ cells (24.0 versus 403%, p=0.04) and a higher CD4+/CD8+ ratio (3.3 versus 1.4, p=0.01). We conclude that in mild asthmatics, sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage and blood measure different compartments of inflammation. Induced selected sputum has the advantage over bronchoalveolar lavage of higher density of cell recovery and stronger signal for fluid-phase markers.
Liquid jet propeller integrated with reservoir, channel, and cover

This paper describes a liquid jet propeller (based on a focused ultrasonic beam) that is integrated with a reservoir, microchannel, and cover. The integration allows continuous supply of a liquid thin film (through surface tension) to the jet propeller, and we have obtained continuous propulsion of an atomized liquid jet.
Enhanced sedimentation in settling tanks with inclined walls

Using the principles of continuum mechanics, a theory is developed for describing quantitatively the sedimentation of small particles in vessels having walls that are inclined to the vertical. The theory assumes that the flow is laminar and that the particle Reynolds number is small, but c0, the concentration in the suspension, and the vessel geometry are left arbitrary. The settling rate S is shown to depend upon two dimensionless groups, in addition to the vessel geometry: a sedimentation Reynolds number R, typically O(1)-O(10); and Λ, the ratio of a sedimentation Grashof number to R, which is typically very large. By means of an asymptotic analysis it is then concluded that, as Λ → ∞ and for a given geometry, S can be predicted from the well-known Ponder-Nakamura-Kuroda formula which was obtained using only kinematic arguments. The present theory also gives an expression for the thickness of the clear-fluid slit that forms underneath the downward-facing segment of the vessel walls, as well as for the velocity profile both in this slit and in the adjoining suspension.The sedimentation rate and thickness of the clear-fluid slit were also measured in a vessel consisting of two parallel plates under the following set of conditions: c0 ≤ 0·1, R ∼ O(1), O(10)5 ≤ Λ ≤ O(107) and 0° ≤ α ≤ 50°, where α is the angle of inclination. Excellent agreement was obtained with the theoretical predictions. This suggests that the deviations from the Ponder-Nakamura-Kuroda formula reported in the literature are probably due to a flow instability which causes the particles to resuspend and thereby reduces the efficiency of the process.
Influence of Stabilizer Concentration on Transport Behavior and Thermopower of CNT-Filled Latex-Based Composites

The influence of the stabilizer/SWNT ratio on the transport behavior of latex-based polymer nanocomposites is examined in an effort to improve electrical conductivity while maintaining or improving the Seebeck coefficient (i.e., thermopower). Results show that phonon and electron transport are significantly affected by tube/tube junctions, and the carrier transport across the junctions can be manipulated by altering the stabilizer concentration. Electrical conductivity of composites containing 10 wt.-% SWNT nearly doubles, becoming greater than 900 S · m−1, by changing the SWNT:GA ratio from 1:3 to 10:1, while thermal conductivity and Seebeck coefficient remain relatively constant (near 0.25 W · m-K−1 and 40 µV · K−1, respectively).
Chitosan based advanced hemostatic dressing is associated with decreased blood loss in a swine uncontrolled hemorrhage model.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to compare standard gauze (SG) and advanced hemostatic dressings in use by military personnel in a no-hold model. Methods A randomized, controlled trial was conducted using 36 swine. Animals underwent femoral arteriotomy, followed by 60 seconds of uncontrolled hemorrhage. After hemorrhage, packing with 1 of 3 dressings—SG, Combat Gauze (CG), or Celox Rapid gauze (XG)—and a 500-mL bolus of Hextend were initiated. Pressure was not held after packing, and animals were followed for 120 minutes. Physiologic parameters were monitored continuously, and electrolyte and hematologic laboratory assessments were performed before injury and 30 and 120 minutes after injury. Dressing failure was determined if bleeding occurred outside the wound. Results All animals survived to study end. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. No statistical difference was seen in initial blood loss or dressing success rate (SG, 10 of 12; CG, 10 of 12; and XG, 12 of 12). Secondary blood loss was significantly less with XG (median, 12.8 mL; interquartile range, 8.8 to 39.7 mL) compared with SG (median, 44.7 mL; interquartile range, 17.8 to 85.3 mL; P = .02) and CG (median, 31.9 mL; interquartile range, 18.6 to 69.1 mL; P = .05). Packing time was significantly shorter with XG (mean, 37.1 ± 6.2 seconds) compared with SG (mean, 45.2 ± 6.0 seconds; P P = .01). Conclusions XG demonstrated shorter application time and decreased secondary blood loss in comparison with both SG and CG. These differences may be of potential benefit in a care-under-fire scenario.
Low-Frequency Equatorial Waves in Vertically Sheared Zonal Flow. Part I: Stable Waves

Abstract The mechanism by which a vertically sheared zonal flow affects large-scale, low-frequency equatorial waves is investigated with two-level equatorial,β-plane and spherical coordinates models. Vertical shears couple barolinic and barotropic components of equatorial wave motion, affecting significantly the Rossby wave and westward propagating Yanai wave but not the Kelvin wave. This difference results from the fact that the barotropic component is a modified Rossby mode and can be resonantly excited only by westward propagating internal waves. The barotropic components emanate poleward into the extratropics with a pronounced amplitude, while the baroclinic components remain equatorially trapped. A westerly vertical shear favors the trapping of Rossby and Yanai waves in the upper troposphere, whereas an easterly shear tends to confine them in the lower troposphere. As such, their westward propagation is slowed down by both westerly and easterly shears. When the strength of the vertical shear varies w...
The question of spiral axes and brachiopod shell growth: a comparison of morphometric techniques

Abstract An example of actual shell growth in the pentameride brachiopod Lycophoria nucella (Dalman) reveals that the axis-computing morphometric technique (Aldridge 1998; Van Osselaer and Grosjean 2000) produces hypothetical ideal logarithmic spirals that fail to morphometrically characterize the biological realities determined by the actual geometry of the shells to which the axis-computing technique is applied. In contrast, the actual-outline morphometric technique (McGhee 1980) links the measurement coordinate system directly to the ontogeny of the animal under analysis, and it yields morphometric parameterizations of geometric aspects of the shell of direct biological significance to the animal (the presence or absence of ontogenetic alterations in shell convexity, rates of change of shell convexity in the case of anisometric growth, and the nature of anisometric changes in shell convexity—i.e., whether the shell becomes increasingly more convex with growth, or whether the shell becomes increasingly ...
Abstract 320: Accuracy of ICD-9 Codes for Identifying Acute Heart Failure Hospitalizations

Background: Hospitalization for acute decompensated heart failure (AHDF) is an important outcome, either as a primary or composite endpoint, in clinical trials and large heart failure (HF) registries. However, it remains unclear how accurately International Classification of Diseases-9 (ICD-9) discharge codes can identify clinically significant episodes of acute HF hospitalizations. Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of principal ICD-9 discharge codes associated with HF in identifying hospitalizations for ADHF. Methods: ICD-9 codes associated with HF were identified from previous studies. All 2,202 hospitalizations within the Minneapolis VA Medical Center between 2009 and 2014 containing a principal discharge ICD-9 code of interest were identified. Of these, 446 were adjudicated. Using the electronic medical records, two independent reviewers (HH, MT) classified each case as probably ADHF, probably not ADHF, or cannot be determined. Agreement between the reviewers was considered to represent a true outcome (i.e. true positive or true negative). The sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) for identifying ADHF was then calculated for the ICD-9 discharge codes. Results: The reviewers agreed on 399 of the 446 adjudications (89.5%). Among the 399, the sensitivity and PPV of the ICD-9 codes were: 402.91 (unspecified hypertensive heart disease with HF): .03 (95% CI: 0.02-0.06) and .73 (95% CI: .45-.91); 404.x (hypertensive heart and chronic kidney disease): .07 (95% CI: .05-.11) and .87 (95% CI: .68-.96); and 428.x (congestive HF): .87 (95% CI: .83-.90) and .92 (95% CI: .89-.95); and 428.x excluding chronic HF codes (428.22 and 428.32): .68 (95% CI: .63-.73) and .98 (95% CI: .94-.99). Conclusion: ICD-9 codes 428.x was reasonably sensitive for identifying ADHF and, if chronic HF codes were excluded, had high predictive value. More evaluation is needed to assess the ability of secondary codes to further categorize hospitalizations coded as chronic HF.
Hydration Mediation in Supported Aqueous-Phase Catalysis for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Hydrated sodium montmorillonite (Na-clay) and silica gel are used as solid supports for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of benzyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate. The catalyst comp...
Microfabrication of Field Emission Devices for Vacuum Integrated Circuits using Orientation Dependent Etching

Vacuum integrated circuits and field emission (FE) devices with geometries on the micron and submicron scale have been discussed as alternatives to solid state devices for high speed and hostile environment application as well as for miniature electron sources for CRTs. These miniaturized vacuum devices have been developed on the basis of the advances in micromachining technology, i.e. orientation-dependent etching (ODE) of lithographically patterned silicon. This paper describes the ODE methods used to fabricate pyramidal electron emitter points 1.5 μm high, with radius of curvature of 20 to 100 nm from silicon. In order to reduce operating voltages, an integral extraction electrode (grid) was fabricated by a self-aligned technique. With a single gate mask level the extraction and planar collector structures were fabricated on chip, to form a planar vacuum triode. The final mask step provided the flexibility for fabricating a variety of planar vacuum integrated circuit elements.
‘Selective’ reel syndrome? Reply

We appreciate hearing about Dr Vražic and colleagues’ additional case of spontaneous lead retraction. I would like to bring to their attention a manuscript by Von Bergen et al. ,1 which demonstrates two additional principles. In this case report, described as ‘ratchet syndrome', an 11-year-old girl had a dual-chamber transvenous pacemaker implanted. After 5 weeks, despite proper post-implant care by the patient, the right ventricular (RV) pacemaker lead had completely retracted to the device pocket without any change in the position or orientation of the right atrial lead or the submuscular pacemaker generator. This case demonstrates that …
Designer illumination for microscopy

We demonstrate improved imaging by shaping the illumination to match the object. The nonlinear feedback can surpass trade-offs in linear imaging, e.g. resolution vs. contrast, and lays the foundation for more general designer illumination.
State-of-the-Art Metabolic Toxicity Screening and Pathway Evaluation

Routine in vitro bioassays and animal toxicity studies of drug and environmental chemical candidates fail to reveal toxicity in ∼30% of cases. This Feature article addresses research on new approaches to in vitro toxicity testing as well as our own efforts to produce high-throughput genotoxicity arrays and LC-MS/MS approaches to reveal possible chemical pathways of toxicity.
Influence of Protein Jelly Supplementation on Protein Metabolish and Wound Healing in Post-Operated Children

Objective To explore the influence of protein jelly supplementation on protein metabolish and wound healing in post-operated children.Methods After operated,90 cases of 3-7 years old children were divided into three groups,and they were given supplemented balance diet,high protein+diet and high protein plus protein jelly.The serum albumin,hemoglobin(Hb) and wound healing in 3 groups were measured after supplementation for 3 weeks.Results Compared with other 2 groups,the concentrations of serum albumin and whole blood Hb significantly increased in high protein plus protein jelly group.The rate of wound healing was obviously higher in high protein+plus protein jelly group than those in other 2 groups,but there were no significant difference(Pa0.05).And the increasing of weight in high protein+plus prolein jelly group was significantly higher than those of other two groups(Pa0.05).Conclusion The supplementation of protein jelly can promote protein metabolism and improve wound healing in post-operated children.
Significance of uterine lipofuscin in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciurea)

Lipofuscin pigment was identified histochemically as extracellular granules in the endometrium, and within macrophages in the myometrium, and also in many other organs often in considerable quantities in all of the animals studied. The origin of the uterine pigment is considered, and it is concluded that macrophages are probably involved in its transport to and from the endometrium and that deposition of pigment in the endometrium, followed by menstruation, provides a possible mechanism by which insoluble residues of cellular digestion may be eliminated from the body.
The ALAMO approach to machine learning

Abstract ALAMO is a computational methodology for learning algebraic functions from data. Given a data set, the approach begins by building a low-complexity, linear model composed of explicit non-linear transformations of the independent variables. Linear combinations of these non-linear transformations allow a linear model to better approximate complex behavior observed in real processes. The model is refined, as additional data are obtained in an adaptive fashion through error maximization sampling using derivative-free optimization. Models built using ALAMO can enforce constraints on the response variables to incorporate first-principles knowledge. The ability of ALAMO to generate simple and accurate models for a number of reaction problems is demonstrated. The error maximization sampling is compared with Latin hypercube designs to demonstrate its sampling efficiency. ALAMO's constrained regression methodology is used to further refine concentration models, resulting in models that perform better on validation data and satisfy upper and lower bounds placed on model outputs.
Structural analysis of Notch-regulating Rumi reveals basis for pathogenic mutations

Structural and biochemical studies of the Notch O-glucosyltransferase Rumi in complex with its substrates inform on the catalytic mechanism for Rumi substrate recognition, and characterization of cancer mutations in Rumi reveals loss of enzyme activity. Rumi O-glucosylates the EGF repeats of a growing list of proteins essential in metazoan development, including Notch. Rumi is essential for Notch signaling, and Rumi dysregulation is linked to several human diseases. Despite Rumi's critical roles, it is unknown how Rumi glucosylates a serine of many but not all EGF repeats. Here we report crystal structures of Drosophila Rumi as binary and ternary complexes with a folded EGF repeat and/or donor substrates. These structures provide insights into the catalytic mechanism and show that Rumi recognizes structural signatures of the EGF motif, the U-shaped consensus sequence, C-X-S-X-(P/A)-C and a conserved hydrophobic region. We found that five Rumi mutations identified in cancers and Dowling–Degos disease are clustered around the enzyme active site and adversely affect its activity. Our study suggests that loss of Rumi activity may underlie these diseases, and the mechanistic insights may facilitate the development of modulators of Notch signaling.
Effects on flavonoids with lipid-modulating properties on ApoE4-induced A? production

The initial trigger of the disease is largely unknown, but several studies reported that the apolipoprotein (apo) E4 is a major risk factor for AD. Others have suggested that ApoE4 has isoform-specific effects on the deposition or clearance of Aβ peptides. Thus, investigating new ways to slow or reverse the neurodegenerative pathways involved, will guide new strategies for drug development. The present in-vitro studies,investigated the effects of cholesterol modulating agents and flavonoidson ApoE4induced APP processing into Aβ peptides in neuronalcells stably transfected with human wild-type APP695.Our present data support a therapeutic potential for these agents in inhibitngApoE4-induced Aβ production
Breastfeeding and employment: A propensity score matching approach

ABSTRACTIt is well established within the scholarship on work and the family that many women experience difficulty juggling work and family responsibilities. Challenges to breastfeeding after giving birth are a specific manifestation of this work–family conflict. Many women report that they are unable to continue breastfeeding upon return to paid work. In this article, I analyze a subsample of 746 women from the United States Infant Feeding Practices Survey II to assess the effect of new mothers’ employment status and workplace characteristics on breastfeeding duration. This research reveals that new mothers who return to paid employment within three months of giving birth breastfeed an average of five fewer weeks than new mothers who do not return to paid work for three months or more. In addition, among mothers who return to paid work within three months, full-time workers breastfeed an average of more than 15 fewer weeks than part-time workers. These substantial differences in the duration of breastfee...
Personal Perceptions and Perceived Public Opinion About Stuttering in the United States: Implications for Anti-Stigma Campaigns

Purpose This exploratory study was the first to obtain quantitative and qualitative data on both personal perceptions and perceived public opinion about stuttering in order to identify topics to in...
Hardina Smythe and the Healthcare Investment Conundrum

Hardina Smythe, a recent MBA graduate, has just joined a top-tier venture capital firm in the difficult environment of late 2010. Her first assignment is to evaluate three different deals and make recommendations to the partners. Each potential investment has strengths and drawbacks for both the firm and Hardina.Learning Objective:To introduce students to the many facets of deal evaluation and the fact that a "good" deal depends on many factors.
Efficacy of Copper and New Bactericides for Managing Olive Knot in California

Baseline sensitivities were established for kasugamycin and oxytetracycline for 147 strains of Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi collected from olive knots throughout California. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for ≥95% growth inhibition ranged from 1.86 to 11.52 and 0.13 to 0.40 µg/ml for kasugamycin and oxytetracycline, respectively. In copper sensitivity evaluations, 95.3% of the strains collected grew at concentrations of metallic copper equivalent (MCE) of 50%. Our findings indicate that kasugamycin is an effective bactericide for controlling olive knot and that the time of any bactericide application after inoculation is critical in managing the disease.
Spacing Effect on Energy Cane Growth, Physiology, and Biomass Yield

Energy cane is a specialized sugarcane (Sacharum spontaneum L.) hybrid developed for high lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel production. The optimum planting spacing for energy cane is not known; hence, it has been planted with sugarcane planting spacing. We examined the effect of six plant spacings derived from three inter- (1.22, 1.52, and 1.83 m) and two intra-row (0.61 and 0.91 m) spacings on energy cane growth, physiology, and biomass yield. Energy cane was planted in fall 2012, was harvested after establishment in 2013, and was allowed to ratoon for biomass yield in 2014 and 2015. The plant spacing had varied effects on energy cane growth and physiology, but no effect on biomass yield. Wide spacing resulted in increased tiller and leaf numbers, but spacing had no effect on other growth and physiological parameters at the p < 0.05 level. The results suggested that energy cane possesses the ability to adjust plant growth according to plant spacing without compromising its biomass yield and can effectively use wide spacing (1.83 × 0.91 m) commonly adopted for sugarcane planting. Wide spacing can reduce seeding cost and energy during planting and will allow the use of existing sugarcane farm machinery for energy cane production. The high biomass yield (18.8–25.1 Mg ha⁻¹) of energy cane obtained in this study also suggests that energy cane can be successfully produced for lignocellulosic feedstock.
Dipstick Assay for Rapid Detection of Beer Spoilage Organisms.

Background: Beer spoilage caused by wild yeast and bacteria is a major concern to both commercial and home brewers. Objective: To address this problem, Molecular Epidemiology Inc. (MEI, Seattle, WA) has developed a beer spoilage organism detection kit consisting of an enrichment media (BSE) and a multiplex PCR DNA dipstick that simultaneously detects these organisms within 2 h following enrichment. Methods: The kit was tested by using samples obtained from breweries located in the Greater Seattle area. Samples were spiked with the target microbes, when necessary, and used for assessing the performance characteristics of the DNA dipstick assay. Microbial enumerations were performed as per the standard microbiological plating methods. The suitability of the BSE medium to support the growth of beer spoilage microbes was compared with the industry-approved NBB-C medium (Dohler, Darmstadt, Germany). Results: Inclusivity (a panel of 50 isolates) and Exclusivity (a panel of 92 isolates) testing indicated that the dipstick assay can exclusively detect the indicated target beer spoilage microbes. When compared with the NBB-C medium (Dohler, Darmstadt, Germany) approved by the European Brewers Convention for beer spoilage organisms, the BSE medium supported faster growth of critical spoilage lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus brevis, L. lindneri, and Pediococcus damnosus. Conclusions: The beer spoilage organism detection kit has a detection limit of 10 cells/mL. Highlights: The kit can be used at different stages of the brewing process, thus offering a convenient, cost effective, and faster test system for brewers interested in monitoring the quality of their product.
Drivers and Barriers to Drug Discovery: Insights from a Cross-sectional Survey

Motivated by stagnant new drug approval rates, this study explores the drivers and barriers to drug discovery to extract policy-relevant advice. As part of a doctoral dissertation, an online survey was administered to drug discovery experts between July and November 2017. Respondents came from patents, startup managers/founders, conference speakers, consultants, and LinkedIn profiles, contingent on finding respondent emails from a web search. Respondents ranked drivers and barriers to drug discovery and judged R&D and drug approval trends. Pooling responses based on frequency of mentions, indicate that respondents deem “skilled R&D scientists”, “R&D investments”, and “good R&D management” as the top three drivers of drug discovery. The “depth” of specialized knowledge is mentioned more than the “diversity” of knowledge available to the discovery team. Likewise, “complex clinical trials”, “companies pursuing the same drug targets”, and “designing drug substances with a single or narrow therapeutic benefits” are top ranked barriers to drug discovery. The majority view is that R&D spending has been stagnant for the past decade. New drug approval trend is judged to be improving in the past 5 years. Ninety percent of respondents believe their responses are generalizable to other therapeutic areas, indicating instrument’s validity in capturing general drug discovery issues. There are traces of hard and soft institutional problems, firm capability development failures, networking failures, and institutional rigidities (i.e., lock-in failures) in the drug discovery innovation system.
A New Distributed Brute-Force Password Cracking Technique

In earlier incarnations of computing, security was not yet a concern. Now, because of the distribution of knowledge, malicious individuals have cleverly learned to take advantage of the loopholes. White hat hackers must constantly stay one step ahead of their black hat counterparts. When all other avenues of password cracking fail, brute force is the only option. Since the advent of secure hashing algorithms, passwords continue to become increasingly more difficult to crack. In this paper, we have presented an algorithm to crack passwords with brute force technique using parallel distribution. It is implemented on an IBM super computer to implement parallel distribution. It is a fact that with a distributed approach, diffusing intense computations across multiple nodes, millions of computations can be processed in a fraction of time.
The effect of medium-fill and slow-fill saline cystometry on detrusor pressure in infants and children with myelodysplasia.

AbstractA total of 38 infants and children with myelodysplasia was selected for statistical comparison of the effects of medium-fill and slow-fill saline cystometry on detrusor pressure. Medium-fill cystometry was performed at 20% of estimated bladder capacity per minute (up to 25cc per minute) and slow-fill cystometry at 2% (up to 2.5cc per minute). In 26 cases the filling rate did not determine the change in detrusor filling pressure while in 12 the change in detrusor filling pressure was greater than 15cm. water during medium-fill but not slow-fill cystometry (p = 0.001). In 24 cases the filling rate did not determine the occurrence of maximal detrusor pressure greater than 40cm. water but in 14 such pressure was noted during medium-fill but not slow-fill cystometry (p = 0.0005). Excluding 10 children with coexisting vesicoureteral reflux, differences in the change of detrusor filling pressure greater than 15cm. water and maximal detrusor pressure greater than 40cm. water remained statistically signifi...
Dune: safe user-level access to privileged CPU features

Dune is a system that provides applications with direct but safe access to hardware features such as ring protection, page tables, and tagged TLBs, while preserving the existing OS interfaces for processes. Dune uses the virtualization hardware in modern processors to provide a process, rather than a machine abstraction. It consists of a small kernel module that initializes virtualization hardware and mediates interactions with the kernel, and a user-level library that helps applications manage privileged hardware features. We present the implementation of Dune for 64- bit x86 Linux. We use Dune to implement three user-level applications that can benefit from access to privileged hardware: a sandbox for untrusted code, a privilege separation facility, and a garbage collector. The use of Dune greatly simplifies the implementation of these applications and provides significant performance advantages.
How to Teach Surgical Residents during Damage Control Surgery

Damage control can be difficult to teach. Residents have few operative trauma experiences. During damage control situations, the resident’s education may be lost in the stressful and fast, paced operating room due to patient care taking priority. Fortunately, there are numerous other opportunities to teach this important concept outside of the operating room. Damage control can be taught in a three step cycle from war games to intraoperative teaching during a crisis and ending with an after action review. This process is also applicable to other intraoperative crises and acute medical conditions such as a code event. This manuscript describes multiple opportunities for education both in and outside the operating room when during the stressful moment, patient care takes priority.
373 RETRANSPLANTATION FOR HEART FAILURE WITH PRESERVED SYSTOLIC FUNCTION.

Purpose Retransplantation has been considered for heart transplant patients with severe systolic dysfunction mainly due to underlying cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) or severe rejection. However, some patients develop heart failure symptoms (shortness of breath, low cardiac output, fatigue, etc.) with preserved systolic function (defined as left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥ 40%). Similar to restrictive cardiomyopathic patients, these patients have symptoms refractory to medical therapy, which severely reduces their quality of life, necessitating retransplantation. This study describes these patients and their candidacy for retransplantation. Methods Between January 1994 and December 2004, 31 heart transplant patients underwent retransplantation. Twenty-four of the 31 patients were found to have severe heart failure with preserved systolic function. These transplant patients were all on triple immunosuppresion: cyclosporine (n = 15) or tacrolimus (n = 9) in combination with azathioprine (n = 7) or mycophenolate mofetil (n = 11) or sirolimus (n = 1) plus or minus corticosteroids. Results These 24 patients with preserved systolic function all had significant symptoms of shortness of breath, fatigue, and decreased exercise tolerance. Echocardiography showed 8 patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Nineteen patients (5 had no rejection episodes) had an average of 1.4 rejection episodes, and 20 patients developed epicardial CAV. For these 24 patients, 5-year survival after retransplantation was 66.7%, which is comparable to survival of the 7 retransplant patients with severe systolic dysfunction. Conclusions Retransplantation in patients with severe heart failure symptoms but preserved systolic function (similar to restrictive cardiomyopathic patients) appears acceptable. These patients have comparable survival to patients retransplanted due to systolic dysfunction and therefore should be considered candidates for retransplantation.
Measurement of TiO 2 /p-Si Selective Contact Performance Using a Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor with a Selective Contact Emitter

In a photovoltaic device, the evaluation and understanding of carrier-selective contacts are difficult, because in both terminals the current measured represents the sum of both electron and hole currents at that contact. We seek to independently know the electron current and hole current across a carrier-selective contact. In this work, we demonstrate a heterojunction bipolar transistor structure using the selective contact as the emitter-base junction, allowing one to separately measure the electron and hole currents at that contact. The method is then used to evaluate the properties of a TiO 2 /p-type crystalline Si electron-selective heterojunction contact, and the information learned is used to understand a TiO 2 /p-Si heterojunction PV cell, where the TiO 2 /p-Si replaces the n+-p junction.
Intellectual Property Valuations for License and Other Transfer Purposes Part 2

This discussion is part two of a two-part series of discussions. Part one described the licensing analyst (analyst) use of the market approach to value intellectual property for license, sale, financing, and other purposes. In particular, part one of this discussion described the analyst’s use of intellectual property license agreement databases to extract market-derived royalty rate data for use in the relief from royalty (RFR) valuation method. This final installment of this discussion illustrates the analyst’s use of the license agreement databases to select royalty rate data. And, this discussion illustrates the use of that data in an intellectual property valuation.
First microsatellite markers developed and applied for the genetic diversity study and population structure of Didymella pisi associated with ascochyta blight of dry pea in Montana

Didymella pisi is the predominant causal pathogen of ascochyta blight of dry pea causing yield losses in Montana, where 415 000 acres were planted to dry pea in 2018. Thirty-three microsatellite markers were developed for dry pea pathogenic fungus, Didymella pisi, these markers were used to analyze genetic diversity and population structure of 205 isolates from four different geographical regions of Montana. These loci produced a total of 216 alleles with an average of 1.63 alleles per microsatellite marker. The polymorphic information content values ranged from 0.020 to 0.990 with an average of 0.323. The average observed heterozygosity across all loci varied from 0.000 to 0.018. The gene diversity among the loci ranged from 0.003 to 0.461. Unweighted Neighbor-joining and population structure analysis grouped these 205 isolates into two major sub-groups. The clusters did not match the geographic origin of the isolates. Analysis of molecular variance showed 85 % of the total variation within populations and only 15 % among populations. There was moderate genetic variation in the total populations (PhiPT = 0.153). Information obtained from this study could be useful as a base to design strategies for improved management such as breeding for resistance to ascochyta blight of dry pea in Montana.
An in situ method on kinetics of gas hydrates.

Gas hydrate formation is a high-risk and common flow assurance problem in subsea oil production plants. The modern strategies to mitigate hydrate formation have switched from thermodynamic inhibition to risk management. In this new mitigation strategy, hydrate formation is allowed as long as it does not lead to plugging of pipelines. Thus, understanding the growth kinetics of gas hydrates plays a critical role in risk management strategies. Here, we report a new accurate and in situ approach to probe the kinetics of gas hydrate formation. This approach is based on the hot-wire method, which probes the thermal properties of the medium surrounding the hot-wire. As the thermal properties of gas hydrate and its initial constituents are different, variation in these properties is used to probe kinetics of hydrate growth front. Through this in situ method, we determine kinetics of cyclopentane hydrate formation in both mixing and flow conditions. The findings show that at ambient pressure and a temperature of 1-2 °C, the hydrate formation rate under mixing condition varies between 1.9 × 10−5 and 3.9 × 10−5 kg m−2 s−1, while in flow condition, this growth rate drops to 4.5 × 10−6 kg m−2 s−1. To our knowledge, this is the first reported growth rate of cyclopentane hydrate. This in situ approach allows us to probe kinetics of hydrate formation where there is no optical access and provides a tool to rationally design risk management strategies for subsea infrastructures.
Examining Genetic Variation in Maize Inbreds and Mapping Oxidative Stress Response QTL in B73-Mo17 Nearly Isogenic Lines

Screening crop plants under elevated ozone concentrations ([O3]) is a pre-requisite for identification of tolerant lines, but few studies have mapped maize responses to elevated [O3]. B73-Mo17 nearly isogenic lines (NILs) were screened in the field under ambient (~40 ppb) and elevated (~100 ppb) [O3] at the Free Air gas Concentration Enrichment (FACE) research facility in Champaign, IL to identify maize leaf damage QTL associated with variation in O3-induced oxidative stress response. In Mo17 NILs, a significant leaf damage QTL was identified at 161Mb on chromosome 2. To assess the feasibility of high-throughput phenotyping and fine mapping of early season O3 leaf damage QTL, a subset of the nested association mapping founder lines were screened in a growth chamber experiment under ambient and elevated [O3]. Results showed that elevated [O3] decreased the number of green leaves while increasing the number of lesioned and dead leaves. Most lines showed the same general response to elevated [O3], but the degree of damage varied among lines. Next, tolerant and sensitive B73-Mo17 NILs identified from the FACE study, and hybrid crosses of the identified NILs with Mo17 (n= 20) were grown under elevated O3 (~150 ppb) in growth chambers (n=7). In the chambers, O3-sensitive lines could be distinguished from tolerant lines based on leaf lesions, but there was not a continuous degree of damage like that seen in the field. This research identified a repeatable O3-induced leaf damage QTL and developed populations and markers that can be used in future growth chamber fine mapping experiments. These results demonstrate the feasibility of high-throughput phenotyping and fine mapping of O3 leaf damage QTL in a controlled environment.
Who Benefits from a Resource Boom? Evidence from the Marcellus and Utica Shale Plays

Abstract We analyze the impact of the recent energy boom in the Marcellus and Utica shale formations on local labor markets in Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Unique to our analysis is the use of origin-destination files (LODES) from the U.S. Census Bureau which provide employment statistics at the census block level based on where jobs are located and where workers live who hold those jobs. The richness of this data enables us to identify cross border mobility of workers as labor demand increases due to greater resource extraction. We find that increases in the value of new oil and gas production significantly increases local workplace employment and average earnings in the county, but that job gains go mostly to workers who reside outside of the county. Specifically, a one standard deviation increase in the value of new oil and gas production per capita in a county-year increases workplace employment by 283 jobs, decreases the fraction of jobs held locally, and increases the flow of workers from counties 25-200 miles away. Furthermore, we find some positive employment spillovers across industries but these new jobs appear to go to non-local residents as well. We do find evidence that the earnings distribution shifts to the right for both local residents and workers who reside outside the county.
ULTRASOUND GUIDED AXILLARY VEIN ACCESS: AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH FOR VENOUS ACCESS FOR CARDIAC DEVICE IMPLANTATION

Ultrasound (US) guided axillary vein access (UGAVA) is an emerging approach to venous access for cardiac device implantation. Although US guidance is commonly utilized for central venous catheter placement, it is utilized less frequently for the implantation of cardiac devices. There is limited
Dynamic Equivalence of Large-Scale Power Systems Based on Boundary Measurements

Parallel computing helped speed up many tasks that can be done independently. The advance in gaming industry did not produce a technology that helps the power industry to reduce the computation time for dynamic simulation in individual cases. To perform faster than real-time simulation for the purpose of predicting power system dynamic trajectory, power industry continues to struggle to reduce the system size and simulation time of large-scale power systems while keeping its dynamic behavior under various disturbances. There is also an acute need for real-time dynamic model reduction as more renewables enter the generation mix with dramatic changes in the generation outputs. All existing model reduction solutions are based on having access to a detailed dynamic model of the system. The system changes by the minutes, dynamic models are only updated annually. To solve this problem, wide-area measurements obtained by the phasor measurement unit (PMU) at the boundaries between the reduced system and the study system is used to represent the external area. An artificial neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is established to perform the mapping of the measurement to the external equivalent model. Here the external area is regarded as a black-box. Model reduction studies are conducted on the Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC) under various types of contingencies, by using a co-simulation approach between PSS/E and MATLAB. The results look very promising and will be discussed in this paper.
Insurance Status as a Predictor of Treatment in Human Papillomavirus Positive Oropharyngeal Cancer.

OBJECTIVES The link between human papillomavirus (HPV) and oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) is well known. Locally advanced, HPV-positive OPC (HPV OPC) can be treated with either chemoradiation or primary surgery with or without adjuvant therapy. Head and neck cancer patients with government insurance or uninsured have been shown to have worse prognosis than similar patients with private insurance. In this study, we aimed to determine if insurance status would predict treatment modality in patients with HPV OPC. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective analysis using the National Cancer Database (NCDB). METHODS The National Cancer Database was used to identify patients with HPV OPC who underwent primary surgery or primary chemoradiation from 2010-2015. Insurance status was categorized as government, private, or no insurance. The relationship between insurance status and treatment was investigated using Chi square and multivariate regression models. Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed comparing overall survival (OS) by insurance status. RESULTS There were 10,606 patients were included. There was a statistically significant correlation between insurance status and primary treatment modality for HPV OPC (P < .001). Patients with government insurance were 19.3% less likely to undergo surgery and uninsured patients were 36.9% less likely to undergo primary surgery when compared to those with private insurance (P < .001), even after correcting for TNM stage in multivariate analysis. There was an improved 5-year OS for patients with private insurance (86.6%) versus both government insurance (68.4%) and no insurance (69.9%) (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Patients with private insurance are more likely to undergo primary surgery in HPV OPC and have improved overall survival. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 131:776-781, 2021.
Experiences Receiving HIV-Positive Results by Phone: Acceptability and Implications for Clinical and Behavioral Research

Improving HIV testing rates and increasing early detection among men who have sex with men (MSM) are critical strategies for enhancing overall health and decreasing HIV transmission. Remote testing and phone delivery of HIV test results may reduce barriers such as geographic isolation or HIV-related stigma. In 2018-19, 50 MSM completed qualitative interviews about their experience receiving a positive HIV test result via phone through their participation in a research study that included remote HIV testing. Interview topics included the acceptability of, and concerns about, phone delivery of HIV results, as well as suggestions for improvement. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and analysed using an inductive thematic approach. Overall, participants reported high acceptability of phone delivery of HIV-positive results. Participants praised the support and information provided by study staff. Benefits identified included increased convenience compared to in-person medical visits, allowing participants to emotionally process their test results privately, as well as receiving the results from supportive and responsive staff members. A few participants indicated drawbacks to phone-based HIV test result delivery, such as logistical concerns about receiving a phone call during the day (e.g., while at work), reduced confidentiality, and the lack of in-person emotional support. Overall, participants described phone delivery of positive HIV-results as acceptable. At-home testing with phone delivery has the potential to increase HIV testing access, especially to geographically isolated or medically underserved patients.
Sensorization of a Continuum Body Gripper for High Force and Delicate Object Grasping

The goal of achieving ‘universal grasping' where many objects can be handled with minimal control input is the focus of much research due to potential high impact applications ranging from grocery packing to recycling. However, many of the grippers developed suffer from limited sensing capabilities which can prevent handing of both heavy bulky items and also lightweight delicate objects which require fine control when grasping. Sensorizing such grippers is often challenging due to the highly deformable surfaces. We propose a novel sensing approach which uses highly flexible latex bladders. By measuring changes in the air pressure of the bladders, normal force and longitudinal strain can be measured. These sensors have been integrated into a ‘Magic Ball' origami gripper to provide both tactile and proprioceptive sensing. The sensors show reasonable sensitivity and repeatability, are durable and low-cost, and can be easily integrated into the gripper without affecting performance. When the sensors are used for classification, they enabled identification of 10 objects with over 90% accuracy, and also allow failure to be detected through slippage detection. A control algorithm has been developed which uses the sensor feedback to extend the capabilities of the gripper to include both delicate and strong grasping. It is shown that this closed loop controller enables delicate grasping of potato chips; 80% of those tested were grasped without damage.
Penis and Scrotum Pathology

Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) account for the vast majority of malignant tumors of penis, which originate in the inner mucosal lining of the glans, coronal sulcus, or foreskin. Other tumors are very rare. A wide variety of different subtypes of penile SCCs have been integrated into World Health Organization (WHO) 2016 classification, each with distinctive clinical, morphological, or molecular features. In this chapter, we discuss WHO 2016 classification of SCC of penis and the microscopic features of each subtype of SCCs, with emphasis of the association with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Distinctive clinicopathologic features and ancillary tests between pairs of differential diagnoses are listed in individual tables. Grading and staging parameters for SCCs and recommendation of reporting the pathologic findings as well are highlighted. Two actual cases are presented to demonstrate rare and benign penile lesions, which may clinically mimic malignant tumors.
Firm size and the effect of R&D on Tobin's q

Significant market value effects of research and development (R&D) are generally apparent, but aggregate evidence has the potential to obscure meaningful differences according to firm size. Consistent with findings reported by Chauvin and Hirschey (1993) for the late 1980s, valuation effects of R&D remain somewhat greater for larger as opposed to smaller firms.