cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Postscript: Further Comments on what Einstein, Lorentz, Planck, and Poincaré Did — circa 1905

Zahar’s (1978) rejoinder to Essay 5 is based on historical and scientific points that are substantively incorrect. I address this Postscript to these points, which also affords me the opportunity to enlarge on certain aspects of the reception of special relativity that are at times misunderstood.
Ion Permeation through a Phospholipid Membrane: Transition State, Path Splitting, and Calculation of Permeability.

We investigate the thermodynamics and kinetics of the permeation of a potassium ion through a phospholipid membrane. We illustrate that the conventional reaction coordinate (the position of the ion along the normal to the membrane plane) is insufficient to capture essential elements of the process. It is necessary to add coarse variables that measure membrane distortion. New coarse variables are suggested, and a two-dimensional coarse-space is proposed to describe the permeation. We illustrate path splitting and two transition states of comparable barrier heights. The alternative pathways differ by the extent of water solvation of the ion-phosphate pairs. The permeation process cannot be described by a local one-dimensional reaction coordinate, and a network formulation is more appropriate. We use Milestoning with Voronoi tessellation in two dimensions to quantify the equilibrium and rate of the permeation of the positively charged ion. The permeation coefficient is computed and compared favorably to expe...
Primes of the form \(4k+1\)

The main goal of this chapter is to prove that there are infinitely many primes of the form \(4k+1\). We will also state the Law of Quadratic Reciprocity.
Integrated Low Power 4- Phase Double Charge Pump Circuit using 45nm Dynamic Threshold Voltage MOSFET (DTMOS)

Recent years have seen a transition from centralized computation systems to distributed wireless system network and computations. The primary success of such architecture depends on processors embedded with energy harvesting nonvolatile memory architecture which are capable of ultra-long operation time with less maintenance. The primary technique of energy harvesting is having low power computations and zero standby current which is achieved by writing data during standby time in embedded nonvolatile memory (eNVM). However, eNVMs are unable to perform read-write operations due to failure of charge pump circuits to operate in low supply voltage. Moreover, high efficiency with integrated charge pump is difficult to obtain due to very low value of capacitance of integrated capacitor and also power loss in parasitic capacitors. In this paper we havepresentedanintegratedlow power double 4-phase Dickinson charge pump circuit implemented with DTMOS and parasitic charge reusetechnique. Simulation results are verified with 45nm PTM MOSFET model in LTspice with a supply voltage of 0.5V. An efficiency improvement of 80% is obtained w.r.t conventional Dickinson charge pump with same operating conditions.
The Relationship Between the Grading of Reflective Journals and Student Honesty in Reflective Journal Writing.

AIM The aim of this study was to examine the existence of a relationship between the grading of reflective journals and student honesty in reflective journal writing. BACKGROUND Journal writing is often used to gauge skills and knowledge. However, disagreement exists as to whether journals should be graded as students may embellish experiences or write what the instructor wants to read. If students are not engaged in honest reflection, the benefit of reflective practice is reduced. METHOD Data were collected using an anonymous online survey. The nonprobability sampling technique was used to examine the existence of a relationship between the grading of reflective journals and student honesty in reflective journal writing. RESULTS Findings indicated a statistically significant positive relationship between grading of reflective journals and student honesty. CONCLUSION Instead of grading the written component, the process of reflective practice should be assessed, possibly changing to a grade of complete/incomplete.
Error-correcting Bacon-Shor code with continuous measurement of noncommuting operators

Author(s): Atalaya, J; Korotkov, AN; Whaley, KB | Abstract: We analyze the continuous operation of the nine-qubit error-correcting Bacon-Shor code with all noncommuting gauge operators measured at the same time. The error syndromes are continuously monitored using cross correlations of sets of three measurement signals. We calculate the logical error rates due to X, Y, and Z errors in the physical qubits and compare the continuous implementation with the discrete operation of the code. We find that both modes of operation exhibit similar performances when the measurement strength from continuous measurements is sufficiently strong. We also estimate the value of the crossover error rate of the physical qubits, below which continuous error correction gives smaller logical error rates. Continuous operation has the advantage of passive monitoring of errors and avoids the need for additional circuits involving ancilla qubits.
Obesity in African-Americans: The role of physiology.

The disproportionate obesity in African-American (AA) women has a physiologic basis, and can be explained by the interactive effects of insulin secretion, insulin clearance, insulin sensitivity, and the glycemic load of the diet. This review will present data supporting a physiologic basis for obesity propensity in obesity-prone AA women that resides in their unique metabolic/endocrine phenotype: high beta-cell responsiveness, low hepatic insulin extraction, and relatively high insulin sensitivity, which together result in a high exposure of tissues and organs to insulin. When combined with a high-glycemic (HG) diet (that stimulates insulin secretion), this underlying propensity to obesity becomes manifest, as ingested calories are diverted from energy production to storage. Our data indicate that both weight loss and weight loss maintenance are optimized with a low-glycemic (LG) vs an HG diet in AA. Whether greater obesity in AA is mechanistically related to their greater prevalence of type 2 diabetes is debatable. This review provides data indicating that obesity is not strongly related to insulin resistance in AA. Rather, insulin resistance in AA is associated with relatively low adipose tissue in the leg, consistent with a genetic predisposition to impaired lipid storage. Greater bioenergetic efficiency has been reported in AA, and via resultant oxidative damage, could plausibly contribute to insulin resistance. In summary, it is proposed here that a subset of AA women are predisposed to obesity due to a specific metabolic/endocrine phenotype. However greater diabetes risk in AA has an independent etiology based on impaired lipid storage and mitochondrial efficiency/oxidative stress.
Amyloidosis in the head and neck: CT findings with clinicopathological correlation

Abstract Purpose To characterize the CT imaging features of head and neck amyloidosis and correlate with extent of disease and clinical outcomes. Materials and methods This retrospective study included 80 patients with head and neck amyloidosis who underwent soft tissue neck CT imaging between November 2003 and April 2018. The CT imaging features including lesion distribution, morphology (focal, diffuse/circumferential, or combined), presence and pattern of calcification, (punctate or diffuse), and thickness of airway lesion were evaluated and compared with the extent of amyloidosis (localized or systemic), and clinical course (stable, no recurrence, or progression requiring repeated surgical treatment). Results Localized disease (83.8%, 67/80) was most common with AL type (97.6%, 41/42) representing nearly all cases of head and neck amyloidosis. The larynx was the most frequently affected organ (60.0%, 48/80), specifically the glottis (43.8%, 35/80). Calcification was seen in 65.0% of cases (52/80). Non-airway or tongue lesions were significantly associated with systemic (92.3%, 12/13) as opposed to localized amyloidosis (4.5%, 3/67; P Conclusion Knowledge of the imaging features of head and neck amyloidosis can aid the diagnosis, disease monitoring, and prediction of patients requiring repeated surgical intervention.
High-Power 1700 nm Femtosecond Laser Based on Optical Parametric Chirped-Pulse Amplification

We present a high-power, all-fiber optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier working at 1700 nm. The laser delivers 1.42 W average power and ∼40 nJ pulse energy. The pulses can be de-chirped to ∼450 fs.
Comparison of separation modes for microchip electrophoresis of proteins

Separation of a set of model proteins was tested on a microchip electrophoresis analytical platform capable of sample injection by two different electrokinetic mechanisms. A range of separation modes-microchip capillary zone electrophoresis, microchip micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and nanoparticle-based sieving-was tested on glass and polydimethylsiloxane/glass microchips and with silica-nanoparticle colloidal arrays. The model proteins calmodulin (18 kiloDalton), bovine serum albumin (66 kDa), and concanavalin (106 kDa) were labeled with Alexa Fluor 647 for laser-induced fluorescence detection. The best separation and resolution were obtained in a silica-nanoparticle colloidal array chip.
lncRNA involvement in cancer stem cell function and epithelial-mesenchymal transitions

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular process in which cells composing epithelial tissue lose requirements for physical contact with neighboring cells and acquire mesenchymal characteristics consisting of increased migratory and invasive behaviors. EMT is a fundamental process that is required for initial and later events during embryogenesis. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) possess multipotency sufficient for their differentiation into bulk tumor cells and also have the capacity to undergo EMT. When CSCs initiate EMT programs the resulting cancerous mesenchymal cells become invasive and this migratory behavior also poises them for metastatic activity. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are functional RNA molecules that do not encode proteins, yet regulate the expression of protein-coding genes through recruitment or sequestration of gene-regulatory proteins and microRNAs. lncRNA exhibit tissue-specific patterns of gene expression during development and specific sets of lncRNAs are also involved in various cancer types. This review considers the interplay between lncRNAs and the biogenesis of CSCs. We also review function of lncRNAs in EMT in CSCs. In addition, we discuss the utility of lncRNAs as biomarkers of cancer progression, and their potential use as therapeutic targets for treatment of cancer.
Characterizing the mechanical behavior of lithium in compression

Next-generation batteries owe their energy increases to lithium anodes, whose mechanical properties, such as flow stress, are poorly understood and yet critical to the design of long life, stable electrodes. The purpose of this study was to determine the main sensitivities of lithium metal’s compression flow stress as a function of aspect ratio (AR), strain rate (SR), and temperature. The flow stress at room temperature increased with a decreasing AR (1.86 MPa at the AR of 0.045 and the SR of 1 × 10–3) and increasing SR (1.39 MPa at 1.0 s−1 SR and a base AR of 2). The impact of geometric size (AR) and SR was shown to be cumulative with a peak flow stress of 1.91 MPa at the AR of 0.23 and 1.0 s−1 SR at room temperature. Additionally, as temperature increased, the flow stress significantly decreased (i.e., 0.21 MPa at 132 °C, TH = 0.90 and base SR and AR) across all ARs.
Studer Group's Evidence-Based Leadership Initiative: Comparing Success and Sustainability in Two Health Systems

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the implementation of an organizational change initiative – Studer Groups’s Evidence-Based Leadership (EBL) – in two large, US health systems by comparing and contrasting the factors associated with successful implementation and sustainability of the EBL initiative.Design/methodology/approach – This comparative case study assesses the responses to two pairs of open-ended questions during in-depth qualitative interviews of leaders and managers at both health systems. Qualitative content analysis was employed to identify major themes.Findings – Three themes associated with success and sustainability of EBL emerged at both health systems: leadership; culture; and organizational processes. The theme most frequently identified for both success and sustainability of EBL was culture. In contrast, there was a significant decline insalience of the leadership theme as attention shifts from success in implementation of EBL to sustaining EBL long term. Within the culture theme, accountability, and buy-in were most often cited by interviewees as success factors, while sense of accountability, buy-in, and communication were themost reported factors for sustainability.Originality/value – Cultural factors, such as accountability, staff support, and communication are driving forces of success and sustainability of EBL across both health systems. Leadership, a critical factor in several stages of implementation, appears to be less salient as among factors identified as important to longer term sustainability of EBL.
Fish Tumor Pathology and Aromatic Hydrocarbon Pollution in a Great Lakes Estuary

The relationship between polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination of the aquatic environment and its potential as a persistent health hazard for the associated biota has been the subject of recent research in this laboratory and others (Payne et al, 1978; Dunn and Stich, 1976). We report here studies of a waterway contaminated with industrial organic compounds, including PAH; these studies present evidence that the pollution is mutagenic and has a point source. In addition, there is a high incidence of fish tumor pathology in the immediate outflow area.
Field Emission in Image Tubes

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the extraneous emission—thermionic and field emission—in image tubes. All data were taken on image tubes with the silver–oxygen–cesium (SI) type of cathode. While the thermionic emission density from the antimony–cesium type (SII) will be approximately two orders of magnitude less than that of the SI type, the field emission characteristics of image tubes are essentially identical regardless of the type of cathode. The term “field emission” is used in the broad sense and implies all extraneous emission excluding thermionic. To produce an image tube free of field emission, the cathode should be formed previous to assembly in the final tube to avoid contamination of tube parts by cesium and consequently producing emission sources.
Internal carotid artery back pressure to determine shunt requirement

During the early experience with carotid endarterectomy, performed under local anesthesia, it was noted that there was a small percentage of patients who would develop a prompt neurologic deficit when the carotid artery was clamped in preparation for arteriotomy and endarterectomy. This occurred in approximately 10 % of patients, and the deficit could be promptly reversed with the placement of an internal shunt. It was generally assumed that this small but identifiable group of patients had inadequate collateral circulation in the distribution of the clamped artery. Therefore, collaterals were insufficient to provide for blood flow during the carotid endarterectomy. It was further assumed that to continue the operation without the use of an internal shunt would inevitably result in ischemic brain damage and probable cerebral infarction in the affected hemisphere. While it is easy to identify the patient who needs a shunt under local anesthesia, this was not so under general anesthesia. Since there was an increasing trend to perform this operation under general anesthesia, the surgeons at that time were left with little choice but to do all carotid endarterectomies with an internal shunt. A shunt was regarded as being an additional step in the operation. At best it was a cumbersome inconvenience. At worst it was a source of additional risk from arterial injury or from cerebral embolization with either air bubbles or atheromatous debris. Attempts were made to identify the small but finite percentage of patients who would require a shunt. Selective shunting could be used in those patients with inadequate collateral blood flow in order to protect them from ischemic brain damage during clamping.
Students as change agents in a town-wide sustainability transformation: the Oberlin Project at Oberlin College

An increasing number of colleges and universities are playing a crucial role in driving societal transformations and creating the physical and social conditions for accelerating progress towards sustainability. The potential of multi-stakeholder partnerships to enrich sustainability education through experiential learning is well documented. Yet there is less knowledge about the impacts on partnerships that result from student participation and the models that facilitate students to serve as agents of change and research. To address this knowledge gap, we examine the Oberlin Project at Oberlin College, an ambitious community partnership aimed at town-wide climate neutrality and sustainability. Findings show that contributions to stakeholder learning and partnership progress can occur through student participation models such as project-based learning, transacademic research, and internships.
Convex clustering: an attractive alternative to hierarchical clustering.

The primary goal in cluster analysis is to discover natural groupings of objects. The field of cluster analysis is crowded with diverse methods that make special assumptions about data and address different scientific aims. Despite its shortcomings in accuracy, hierarchical clustering is the dominant clustering method in bioinformatics. Biologists find the trees constructed by hierarchical clustering visually appealing and in tune with their evolutionary perspective. Hierarchical clustering operates on multiple scales simultaneously. This is essential, for instance, in transcriptome data, where one may be interested in making qualitative inferences about how lower-order relationships like gene modules lead to higher-order relationships like pathways or biological processes. The recently developed method of convex clustering preserves the visual appeal of hierarchical clustering while ameliorating its propensity to make false inferences in the presence of outliers and noise. The solution paths generated by convex clustering reveal relationships between clusters that are hidden by static methods such as k-means clustering. The current paper derives and tests a novel proximal distance algorithm for minimizing the objective function of convex clustering. The algorithm separates parameters, accommodates missing data, and supports prior information on relationships. Our program CONVEXCLUSTER incorporating the algorithm is implemented on ATI and nVidia graphics processing units (GPUs) for maximal speed. Several biological examples illustrate the strengths of convex clustering and the ability of the proximal distance algorithm to handle high-dimensional problems. CONVEXCLUSTER can be freely downloaded from the UCLA Human Genetics web site at http://www.genetics.ucla.edu/software/
Nil Semi-Groups of Rings with a Polynomial Identity

The basic properties of associative rings R satisfying a polynomial identity p[x 1…, xn ] = 0 were obtained under the assumptions that the ring was an algebra [e.g., [4] Ch. X], or with rather strong restrictions on the ring of operators ([1]). But it is desirable to have these properties for arbitrary rings, and the present paper is the first of an attempt in this direction. The problem is almost trivial for prime or semi-prime rings but quite difficult in arbitrary rings. The known proofs for algebras have to be modified and in some cases new proofs have to be obtained as the existing proofs fail to exploit the known structure. In the present paper we extend the results of [1] on the nil subalgebras of a ring with an identity for arbitrary multiplicative nil semi-groups of the ring and for arbitrary rings.
Suchtprobleme im Allgemeinkrankenhaus: Kurzinterventionen im psychiatrischen Konsiliar-Liaison-Dienst

In der vorliegenden Kasuistik wird ein Patient einer Aufnahmestation im Allgemeinkrankenhaus vorgestellt, dessen Unfallverletzung durch Alkohol verursacht worden war. Das Beispiel zeigt, dass bei angemessener Ansprache des Patienten (wie es in der Motivierenden Gesprachsfuhrung gelehrt wird) durch geeignete Kurzinterventionen und Therapieempfehlungen mit geringem Aufwand viel fur den Patienten und seine Familie erreicht werden kann. Ein psychiatrischer Konsiliar-Liaisondienst mit guter Vernetzung in weiterfuhrende Hilfen, der das Thema Sucht im Blick behalt, ist ein wichtiger Baustein einer umfassenden Versorgung im Allgemeinkrankenhaus.
Robust optimization of graph partitioning and critical node detection in analyzing networks

The graph partitioning problem (GPP) consists of partitioning the vertex set of a graph into several disjoint subsets so that the sum of weights of the edges between the disjoint subsets isminimized. The critical node problem (CNP) is to detect a set of vertices in a graph whose deletion results in the graph having the minimum pairwise connectivity between the remaining vertices. Both GPP and CNP find many applications in identification of community structures or influential individuals in social networks, telecommunication networks, and supply chain networks. In this paper, we use integer programming to formulate GPP and CNP. In several practice cases, we have networks with uncertain weights of links. Some times, these uncertainties have no information of probability distribution. We use robust optimization models of GPP and CNP to formulate the community structures or influential individuals in such networks.
A Universal Domain Technique for Profinite Posets

We introduce a category of what we call profinite domains. This category of domains differs from most of the familiar ones in having a categorical coproduct as well as being cartesian closed. Study of these domains is carried out through the use of an equivalent category of pre-orders in a manner similar to the information systems approach advocated by Dana Scott and others. A class of universal profinite domains is defined and used to derive sufficient conditions for the profinite solution of domain equations involving continuous functors. Necessary conditions for the existence of such solutions are also given and used to derive results about solutions of some important equations. A new universal bounded complete domain is also demonstrated using a functor which has bounded complete domains as its fixed points.
A comparison of time- and frequency-domain wireless channel sounding techniques

Modeling the wireless channel involves using a known probing signal to estimate channel parameters such as multipath attenuation and arrival times. A general form for the probing signal is introduced for channel sounding. Four specific techniques are described and their accuracy in measuring the channel impulse response is compared. The time domain techniques are the sliding correlator method and the direct pulse technique. The frequency domain techniques described are the single tone method and the frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar technique.
“Who am I to bring diversity into the classroom?” Learning communities wrestle with creating inclusive college classrooms

This study explored the experiences of gateway course instructors during the implementation of pedagogical changes aimed at improving the success of diverse students. A detailed case study was built through analysis of peer observations, focus groups, oral and written reflections, student grades, in-depth interviews, and pre and post student surveys. Results showed that instructors faced three major challenges in implementing pedagogical changes: pragmatic challenges, student-centered challenges, and challenges to instructor self-concept. Embracing a learning paradigm and participating in a learning community helped instructors to manage these challenges and create more inclusive learning environments for students.
Country-of-Origin Effects and Global Brand Trust: A First Look

This article reports the results of a global survey that explored the relationship between country of origin and brand trust in 22 product categories. The product categories of interest ranged from...
Long Distance Truck Transport of Intensively Reared Largemouth Bass

Abstract Five lots of advanced fingerling largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) shipped from the San Marcos National Fish Hatchery and Technology Center in 1981 were in transit 30 hours or longer. Three of the five lots were successfully transported; nearly all fish of the other two lots died. It appears that the weight per unit volume suitable for shipment of largemouth bass about 12.7 cm long is less than that for fish about 20.3 cm long. Blood samples from fish in one successful shipment showed that plasma corticosteroid and plasma glucose levels, remained high for 24 hours after transport, and that plasma chloride continued to decrease for 24 hours after transport. Plasma chloride returned to nearly normal levels after 63 hours. Advanced largemouth bass fingerlings seemed to require a substantial acclimatization period of 64 hours or more to recover from long periods in transit. When the fish were not permitted to recover completely, a second, normally nonfatal, stressful occurrence, was fatal.
Comparison of calculated surface core-level energy shifts with empirical heats of segregation

Two seemingly disparate expressions for heats of surface segregation, one involving surface core-level binding-energy shifts, the other dominated by surface energy differences, are shown to agree across the d-band transition series. This result is generalized to predict differences in heats of adsorption on transition metals.
Enhanced protein binding on a surface plasmon resonance sensor using a plasma-deposited functionalization film

A thin, organic film has been applied to the sensing area of a surface plasmon resonance sensor to provide specific sites for the covalent immobilization of proteins. Previously, protein binding experiments were carried out on the bare gold surface of this probe, or using a gold- thiol coupling technique. There has been great interest in increasing the probe sensitivity to protein binding reactions as well as maximizing the amount of protein immobilized in the sensor area. A new surface chemistry has been especially developed to meet these goals. This thin (approximately 200 angstroms) film is comprised primarily of a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-like layer which provides a non-fouling base that resists non-specific protein uptake. Amine groups are distributed throughout this base, providing sites to which specific proteins can be immobilized using established chemistries. The two film components are deposited simultaneously by a radio frequency plasma deposition reaction. Film surface chemistry was studied by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). By derivatizing the surface layer with pentafluorobenzaldehyde, using ESCA, we could relate surface fluorine signal to amine content. Data will be presented on the immobilization of biotin and the dynamic reaction of the immobilized biotin with streptavidin.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
What is APHA's Future in Public Health?

S I write this (August i9, I99I), it is Day 5z with no A; cA budget for the State of Connecticut, now the only State of the 5o in such a dilemma. Political maneuvering continues in Hartford, with the outcome uncertain. Connecticut has had no income tax, but has had the L t~& highest, most regressive sales tax in the nation. The burden on the poor, working poor and unemployed has been given little consideration in most of the plans our legislators have proposed in their attempt to avoid a state income tax. What effect does all of this have on public health? Services are and will be cut, and the poor have to choose between food, shelter, dothing, fuel and other essentials with attention to their health needs running last on their list of priorities. How is it that in the richest state in the country (per capita income) we can let this happen? How is it that in this wealthiest state we also have three of the ten poorest cities in the country?
Chestnut species and jasmonic acid treatment influence development and community interactions of galls produced by the Asian chestnut gall wasp,Dryocosmus kuriphilus

Jasmonic acid (JA) is a plant—signaling hormone involved in defenses against insects and pathogens as well as the regulation of nutrient partitioning. Gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) induce the formation of galls on their host plants, which house immature wasps and provide them with nutrition and protection. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of JA application on gall development and defenses. Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) galls on American chestnut, Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkhausen (Fagales: Fagaceae), and Chinese chestnut, C. mollissima Blume, were treated with JA or a JA– inhibitor, diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DIECA), to determine the effects of these treatments on gall characteristics and defenses. Chinese chestnut galls treated with JA had greater volume and dry weight, thicker sclerenchyma layers, and fewer external fungal lesions compared with controls. Galls from both chestnut species treated with JA contained a lower proportion of empty chambers, and elevated tannin levels compared with controls. The effects of DIECA on galls were generally opposite from those of JA. American chestnut galls treated with DIECA had lower dry weight and fewer feeding punctures caused by the lesser chestnut weevil compared with controls. Galls from both chestnut species that were treated with DIECA were smaller and had more external fungal lesions compared with controls. Compared to American chestnut galls, Chinese chestnut galls had increased parasitism rates and fewer gall wasps. This study is the first to investigate the effects of JA on an insect gall, and indicates that JA treatments benefit gall wasps by increasing gall size and defenses.
Organic single-crystal field-effect transistors

Organic molecular crystals hold great promise for the rational development of organic semiconductor materials. Their long-range order not only reveals the performance limits of organic materials, but also provides unique insight into their intrinsic transport properties. The field-effect transistor (FET) has served as a versatile tool for electrical characterization of many facets of their performance. In the last few years, breakthroughs in single-crystal FET fabrication techniques have enabled the realization of field-effect mobilities far surpassing amorphous Si, observation of the Hall effect in an organic material, and the study of transport as an explicit function of molecular packing and chemical structure.
Analysis of stochastic mimetic finite difference methods and their applications in single-phase stochastic flows

Abstract Stochastic modeling has become a widely accepted approach to quantify uncertainty in applications where diffusion plays a central role. In many of these applications the geometry is complex, and important properties of the underlying deterministic continuum model need to be captured accurately. To address these problems we present a stochastic mimetic finite difference (MFD) method for diffusion equations with random input data. Specifically, we use the MFD methodology for the spatial approximation to ensure the necessary accuracy and robustness is achieved. To treat the high-dimensionality of the stochastic approximation efficiently, we use a stochastic collocation method. We consider the stochastic MFD approximation in hybrid form, and perform a rigorous analysis of its semi-discretization and full discretization for the pressure, flux and Lagrange multipliers. Convergence rates are developed for statistical moments of the quantities of interest. Numerical results are presented for single-phase flow in random porous media, and support the efficiency of the stochastic MFD.
Automation Programs for Archival and Manuscript Repositories

Recent developments in information technology present the archival profession unprecedented challenges and opportunities to accomplish its principal goals and to fulfill its responsibilities for administering and making accessible the historical records in its custody. It also raises important questions regarding the basic tenets of archival theory and methodology. This essay explores the current status of archival automation on both the national and local level, and discusses its implications for the control and access of historical documentation:
Diagnostic radiology of maxillary sinus defects

Simulated radiolucent and radiopaque defects were placed in the maxillary sinus. Periapical dental radiographs could detect radiopacities of 0.25 mm in diameter; however, such defects were not revealed by occlusal radiography or the posterior-anterior view. Panoramic dental radiographs detected simulated radiopaque lesions more frequently than the other techniques tested, but generally distorted the position of the defect and consistently did not reveal radiolucent defects. Computerized tomography proved to be the most accurate technique used in detection of simulated lesions on all the surfaces of the maxillary sinus.
Demand-Withdraw Communication in Couples: An Attachment Perspective

ABSTRACT Research has demonstrated that a difference between partners in desired level of intimacy appears to be a factor in the development of the problematic demand-withdraw communication pattern. Generally, such research has taken an individual approach, exploring one partner's desires and preferences, rather than examining the couple as the unit of analysis. Prior to the current study, demand-withdraw communication had not been explored from the perspective of adult attachment, particularly a couple's specific attachment style pairing. To examine the possible connection between attachment styles in couples and demand-withdraw communication, we asked 147 couples to complete self-report measures of attachment style, discrepancy in desired intimacy, and demand-withdraw communication. Results suggest that compared with securely attached couples, insecure and mixed couples (in which one or both partners are insecurely attached) exhibit high discrepancies in desired level of intimacy and high levels of dema...
Cocaine's Long March North, 1900–2010

This essay charts the entanglements and “blowback” effects of U.S. policy toward Latin American drug exports over the last century as the backdrop to today’s cascading drug violence in northern Mexico. The history of cocaine reveals a series of major geopolitical shifts (closely related to U.S. interdictionist drug war policies) that bring drug commodity chains, illicit trafficking centers, and conflicts, over the long run, closer to the United States. It analyzes shifts from initial legal cocaine and small-time postwar smuggling of the central Andes to the concentrating 1970s–1990s “cartel” epicenter in northern Andean Colombia, to the 1990s political shift north to Mexican transhipment and organizational leadership. Violence around cocaine has intensified at every step, and the present conflict portends another shift in the chain.
CO2 adsorption capacity of argonne premium coals

Abstract Adsorption and desorption isotherms of CO2 on dried Argonne Premium coal samples were investigated. A small hysteresis was detected between the adsorption and desorption isotherms. The hysteresis was small or negligible for high rank coals but discernable for low rank coals. The isotherms were found to be rectilinear and to fit the conventional adsorption equations poorly. The rectilinear shape of the adsorption isotherms was related to the solubility of the CO2 in the coal and to coal swelling. Using an adsorption model that accounted for volumetric effects provided good agreement between the surface areas calculated from the high-pressure isotherms and the literature values obtained under traditional low-pressure conditions. Ignoring the volumetric effects resulted in estimated surface areas that were 40% larger for the higher-ranked coals and 60–100% larger for the lower-ranked coals. The heat of adsorption, after correcting for volumetric effects, was fairly constant (26±1 kJ/mol) regardless of rank. The adsorption capacity, average pore size, and volume effect for each of the Argonne coals were also estimated employing the same model. The model equation explicitly accounts for volumetric effects, attributable to the solubility of CO2 in the organic matrix and the coal swelling, and estimates the actual adsorbed amount.
Websites of Interest to Culinary Teachers and Culinarians

We all have that someone in our lives for whom, when it comes to gift giving, we are perplexed as to what to get. Yes, the person who has absolutely everything or, if not everything, then too much ...
A biomechanical study of bankart lesion fixation - biodegradable ArthroRivet tack vs. suture repair.

Bioabsorbable fixation is commonly used in soft tissue procedures performed in the shoulder. ArthroRivet™ tacks (referred to as rivets here), made from a copolymer of 82% poly-L-lactic acid and 18% polyglycolic acid, were developed for the Bankart procedure. Although a previous in vivo study demonstrated favorable comparison of the fixation strength and absorption characteristics of this device with that of polyglyconate bioabsorbable tacks, there have been no published biomechanical studies of this rivet in the shoulder. Fourteen shoulders were harvested from fresh-frozen cadavers of average age 74 years (46–89). Biomechanical testing was performed by measuring the energy, or work, required to anteriorly displace the humeral head 6 mm from the glenoid. Each shoulder was tested intact, vented, and before and after repair of a simulated Bankart lesion at 0, 45, and 90 degrees of abduction with and without maximal external rotation. Overall, the average work required ranged from 54.7 N-mm to 178.27 N-mm. Al...
Racial identification in the context of prehistoric-historic biological continua: Examples from South Asia

Abstract The practice of ‘racial palaeontology’ disappeared 50 years ago with the fall of the biological race concept in systematics and population genetics. However, certain ethnic minorities claim close biological affinities with extinct (sometimes Pleistocene) populations. Forensic anthropologists may be involved in this issue through analyses of prehistoric and modern populations in circumstances where a biological continuum may exist. Skeletal evidence from South Asia is discussed.
Measurement of the silicon (111) surface contraction.

Distinct differences have been found in the response of LVV and KLL Auger yields from 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 and 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 Si(111) surfaces probed with x-ray standing-wave excitations. By the taking into account of the shorter mean free path of the LVV electrons, the differences can be explained by a contraction of the top two (111) atom planes by approximately 0.5 A\r{}. This agrees well with earlier analyses of ion-scattering measurements, but such a contraction has not been detected in other surface measurements or predicted by pseudopotential calculations. Current stacking-fault models of the 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 reconstruction may require modification in order to be consistent with these standing-wave measurements.
High-performance aromatic polyimide fibres: 2. Thermal mechanical and dynamic properties

Abstract A family of high-temperature, high-modulus aromatic polyimide fibres has been dry-jet wet spun from either its gel state or isotropic solution, followed by high-temperature drawing. In this report, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of one of the family members, a segmented rigid-rod polyimide synthesized from 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA) and 2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl (PFMB), are presented in detail. Mechanical properties of these BPDA-PFMB fibres can be improved remarkably by drawing due to drastic increases in overall orientation, crystal orientation and crystallinity. These three structural parameters, however, do not show parallel changes with increasing draw ratio. It has been observed that the linear coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of BPDA-PFMB fibres after drawing generally show negative values in the solid state when low stresses are applied during measurements. For as-spun fibres, the CTEs are constant over a certain applied stress region, which is on the same order of magnitude as CTEs of in-plane oriented BPDA-PFMB films along the film surface. This may be an indication that within this region the stress applied is at the same level as the internal stress frozen into the fibres during spinning and drawing. Glass transition temperatures (Tg) of as-spun fibres show a linear decrease at low applied stress region, then level off when the applied stress becomes high. Dynamic mechanical data indicate two relaxation processes in as-spun fibres above room temperature: an α relaxation corresponding to the glass transition and a β relaxation which is a subglass transition. In the fibres with a draw ratio of above three times, the α relaxation is totally suppressed. This reveals a rigid fraction (above Tg) dependence of this relaxation in the fibres. The β relaxation is, on the other hand, crystallinity dependent. The Arrhenius activation energy (about 160 kJ mol−1) of the β relaxation in as-spun fibres is about 50 kJ mol−1 lower than that of drawn fibres, indicating that the cooperativity of molecular motion in the fibre changes with orientation and crystallinity.
Photoelectron flux variations observed from the FAST satellite

Abstract This paper examines high resolution (Δ E / E = 0.15) photoelectron energy spectra from 10 eV to 1 keV, created by solar irradiances between 1.2 and 120 nm. The observations were made from the FAST satellite at ∼3000 km, equatorward of the auroral oval for the July–August, 2002 solar rotation. These data are compared with the solar irradiance observed by the Solar EUV Experiment (SEE) on the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite and fluxes calculated using the Field Line Interhemispheric Plasma (FLIP) code. The 41 eV photoelectron flux, which corresponds to solar EUV fluxes near 20 nm, shows a clear solar rotation variation in very good agreement with the EUV flux measurements. This offers the possibility that the 41 eV photoelectron flux could be used as a check on measured solar EUV fluxes near 20 nm. Because of unexpected noise, the solar rotation signal is not evident in the integral photoelectron flux between 156 and 1000 eV corresponding to EUV wavelengths between 0.1 and 7 nm measured by the SEE instrument. Examination of daily averaged photoelectron fluxes at energies between 25 and 500 eV show significant changes in the photoelectron spectra in response X and M class flares. The intensity of photoelectrons produced in this energy region is primarily due to two very narrow EUV wavelength regions at 2.3 and 3 nm driving Auger photoionization in O at 500 eV and N 2 at ∼360 eV. Comparison of calculated and daily averaged electron fluxes shows that the HEUVAC model solar spectrum used in the FLIP code does not reproduce the observed variations in photoelectron intensity. In principle, the 21 discrete photoelectron energy channels could be used to improve the reliability of the solar EUV fluxes at 2.3 and 3 nm inferred from broad band observations. In practice, orbital biases in the way the data were accumulated and/or noise signals arising from natural and anthropogenic longitudinally restricted sources of ionization complicate the application of this technique.
PROFESSIONALISM IN EMERGENCY MEDICINE

At its root, medical professionalism is service delivered according to patient's interest. It is essential to reinforce this notion because financial pressures threaten the integrity of the patient-physician relationship. Excessive commercialism directly contrasts the ideals of medical professionalism. This fact necessitates re-examination and reaffirmation of professional behavior. If historical standards of professionalism give way to market-driven incentives, the provision of medical care will become a commodity and the practitioners will be only agents of service delivery. Such a model not only threatens the the physician's identity, but also threatens the patient's interests. Medicine can never succeed as a transaction; it can only succeed as a partnership, a trusting exchange with patients, which is the hallmark of professionalism.
DOPA decarboxylase from visceral ganglion and gill of two lamellibranch molluscs as it relates to ciliary activity

Abstract 1. DOPA decarboxylase was measured in the visceral ganglion and gill epithelium of Mytilus edulis and Elliptio complanata. 2. DOPA decarboxylase inhibitors (STH, HMD, and α-methyl-DOPA) reduced decarboxylase activity in extracts of visceral ganglion and gill in both species. 3. DOPA decarbroxylase activity was decreased by ligating or severing the branchial nerve in gill preparations. 4. 5-HTP decarboxylase in the visceral ganglion is about 15–20 per cent of DOPA decarboxylase activity. 5. Intramuscular injection of STH, HMD causes the rate of beating of the lateral cilia to become independent of stimulation. 6. The cilio-excitatory effect of branchial nerve stimulation in vitro decreased after ligation of the branchial nerve and intramuscular injection of 6-OH-DOPA and of DOPA decarboxylase inhibitors. 7. Therefore, it appears that ciliary activity in the gill is dependent upon the decarboxylase activity of the visceral ganglion and branchial nerve.
Future Projections in Biotherapy

Objectives: To review barriers to effective biotherapy and future trends in biotherapy and the expertise needed by oncology nurses to address the challenges that will result from these changes. Data sources: Review articles and book chapters related to biotherapy. Conclusions: To sustain the progress made in biotherapy, barriers that limit the effectiveness of treatment must be addressed and basic research continued. Targeted areas for new biotherapy strategies are interference with cellular communication, control of the cell cycle, and interference with the process of metastasis. Implications for nursing practice: Nurses with creativity and motivation will continue to lead the way in developing management strategies for patients receiving future therapies.
Triggers, templates and twitches in the tracking of emerging strategic issues

A longitudinal investigation of group tracking of potential new applications and markets created by an emerging technology (cellular telephones) is used to gain more understanding of the shifts of cognitive frames of reference in the environmental tracking of emerging strategic issues. The dynamics of frame of reference shifts is examined through the derivation and operationalization of the concepts of templates, triggers and twitches. The results posit that examining the frame of reference shifts can be more informative than examining the frames themselves. Implications for strategic management practice and research are addressed.