cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heating up relations between cold fish: competition modifies responses to climate change

[ Example of an Arctic charr, in spawning colouration, collected by gill nets in a Norwegian lake whilst studying differences in physiological response to ice-cover. Image by Anders Finstad. ] Helland, I.P., Finstad, A.G., Forseth, T., Hesthagen, T. & Ugedal, O. (2011) Ice-cover effects on competitive interactions between two fish species. Journal of Animal Ecology, 80, 539–547. Most predictions about species responses to climate change ignore species interactions. Helland and colleagues (2011) test whether this assumption is valid by evaluating whether ice cover affects competition between brown trout [Salmo trutta (L.)] and Arctic charr [Salvelinus alpines (L.)]. They show that increasing ice cover correlates with lower trout biomass when Arctic charr co-occur, but not in charr’s absence. In experiments, charr grew better in the cold, dark environments that typify ice-covered lakes. Decreasing ice cover with warmer winters could mean more trout and fewer charr. More generally, their results provide an excellent example, suggesting that species interactions can strongly modify responses to climate change.
Sodium-azide-induced learning deficits in rats: Time course and corresponding pathology

Systemic administration of sodium azide, a selective inhibitor of the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome oxidase, has been reported to produce deficits in memory and long-term potentiation (Bennett, Diamond, Stryker, Parks, & Parker, 1992; Bennett & Rose, 1992). We have further characterized the memory deficits observed during the period of infusion of this toxin and have evaluated learning and memory following the termination of infusions to assess the permanence of deficits. In addition, the brains of sodium-azide-infused rats were examined histologically to evaluate neuropathological changes that might accompany the learning deficits. We confirmed the deficit in water-maze acquisition observed previously during sodium-azide infusion (Bennett & Rose, 1992) but found that azide-infused animals were as capable as vehicle-infused animals of remembering the platform location once they had learned it. In addition, during sodium-azide infusion, we found a short-term passive-avoidance retention deficit that slowly improved with longer delays. Sodium-azide-infused animals showed deficits in water-maze reversal retention shortly after the infusion was terminated, but they recovered by 6 months postinfusion. No significant locomotor differences were detected between azide- and vehicle-infused animals, but a significant fine sensorimotor deficit was detected during azide infusion. Histological analyses revealed no obvious neuronal cell loss after sodium-azide infusion, but rather a loss of myelinated fiber staining in the retrosplenial (posterior cingulate) cortex. The sodium-azide-infused rat may thus serve as an animal model of learning deficits resulting from metabolic and structural alterations in the limbic cortex.
Knowledge-based errors in anesthesia: a paired, controlled trial of learning and retention.

Optimizing patient safety by improving the training of physicians is a major challenge of medical education. In this pilot study, we hypothesized that a brief lecture, targeted to rare but potentially dangerous situations, could improve anesthesia practitioners’ knowledge levels with significant retention of learning at six months. In this paired controlled trial, anesthesia residents and attending physicians at Massachusetts General Hospital took the same 14-question multiple choice examination three times: at baseline, immediately after a brief lecture, and six months later. The lecture covered material on seven “intervention” questions; the remaining seven were “control” questions. The authors measured immediate knowledge acquisition, defined as the change in percentage of correct answers on intervention questions between baseline and post-lecture, and measured learning retention as the difference between baseline and six months. Both measurements were corrected for change in performance on control questions. Fifty of the 89 subjects completed all three examinations. The post-lecture increase in percentage of questions answered correctly, adjusted for control, was 22.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 16.0–28.4%; P < 0.01], while the adjusted increase at six months was 7.9% (95% CI 1.1–14.7%; P = 0.024). A brief lecture improved knowledge, and the subjects retained a significant amount of this learning at six months. Exposing residents or other practitioners to this type of inexpensive teaching intervention may help them to avoid preventable uncommon errors that are rooted in unfamiliarity with the situation or the equipment. The methods used for this study may also be applied to compare the effect of various other teaching modalities while, at the same time, preserving participant anonymity and making adjustments for ongoing learning.
The Impact of Text-Structure Strategy Instruction on the Text Recall and Eye-Movement Patterns of Second Language English Readers.

Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of the Text Structure Strategy for improving text recall. The strategy emphasizes the identification of text structure for encoding and recalling information. Traditionally, the efficacy of this strategy has been measured through free recall. The present study examined whether recall and eye-movement patterns of second language English readers would benefit from training on the strategy. Participants’ free recall and eye-movement patterns were measured before and after training. There was a significant increase in recall at posttest and a change in eye-movement patterns, reflecting additional processing time of phrases and words signaling the text structure.
Are fish oils beneficial in the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease

The n-3 fatty acids of fish and fish oil have great potential for the prevention and treatment of patients with coronary artery disease. Unlike many of the pharmaceutical agents used in patients with coronary artery disease that have just a single mechanism of action, the eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids of fish oil have multifaceted actions. One of their most important effects is the prevention of arrhythmias, with documentation derived from experiments in cultured myocytes, experiments in animals, epidemiologic correlations, and clinical trials. Especially important is the ability of these n-3 fatty acids to inhibit ventricular fibrillation and consequent cardiac arrest. Eicosapentaenoic acid has several antithrombotic actions, particularly in inhibiting the synthesis of thromboxane A 2 , the prostaglandin that causes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction. Fish oil retards the growth of the atherosclerotic plaque by inhibiting both cellular growth factors and the migration of monocytes. The n-3 fatty acids promote the synthesis of the beneficial nitric oxide in the endothelium. Experiments in humans indicate a profound hypolipidemic effect of fish oil, especially lowering of plasma triacylglycerol. Both very-low-density lipoprotein production and apolipoprotein B synthesis are inhibited by fish oil. Finally, fish oil has a mild blood pressure-lowering effect in both normal and mildly hypertensive individuals. These composite effects suggest a prominent therapeutic role for fish oil in the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease.
Too Big to Ale? Globalization and Consolidation in the Beer Industry

The global beer industry has transformed dramatically in recent decades. Two key trends include (1) consolidation resulting from mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures, and (2) the largest firms expanding into new regions. While beer was previously a very local product, these trends have combined to result in approximately half of global sales being controlled by just four firms: AB InBev, SABMiller, Heineken, and Carlsberg. Notably, these top four companies are all headquartered in Western Europe. The primary products of the largest firms are pale lagers, with ales and numerous other potential beer varieties produced only in much smaller quantities, if at all. Why are these changes occurring now? Many other industries, including soft drinks, have seen a small number of companies achieve global dominance earlier than the beer industry. Recent policy and technological changes, however, have eroded many barriers to consolidation and geographic expansion for beer firms. They have enabled the largest firms to exert more political and economic power, and to move closer to the endgame of a global monopoly. These trends are not inevitable, however, and are countered by (1) the rise of specialty brewers and their much more diverse selection of beer varieties, and (2) cultural barriers to the global branding and marketing of beer.
A new penalty function method for constrained minimization

During recent years it has been shown that the performance of penalty function methods for constrained minimization can be improved significantly by introducing gradient type iterations for solving the dual problem. In this paper we present a new penalty function algorithm of this type which offers significant advantages over existing schemes for the case of the convex programming problem. The algorithm treats inequality constraints explicitly and can also be used for the solution of general mathematical programming problems.
G protein signaling in the parasite Entamoeba histolytica

The parasite Entamoeba histolytica causes amebic colitis and systemic amebiasis. Among the known amebic factors contributing to pathogenesis are signaling pathways involving heterotrimeric and Ras superfamily G proteins. Here, we review the current knowledge of the roles of heterotrimeric G protein subunits, Ras, Rho and Rab GTPase families in E. histolytica pathogenesis, as well as of their downstream signaling effectors and nucleotide cycle regulators. Heterotrimeric G protein signaling likely modulates amebic motility and attachment to and killing of host cells, in part through activation of an RGS-RhoGEF (regulator of G protein signaling–Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor) effector. Rho family GTPases, as well as RhoGEFs and Rho effectors (formins and p21-activated kinases) regulate the dynamic actin cytoskeleton of E. histolytica and associated pathogenesis-related cellular processes, such as migration, invasion, phagocytosis and evasion of the host immune response by surface receptor capping. A remarkably large family of 91 Rab GTPases has multiple roles in a complex amebic vesicular trafficking system required for phagocytosis and pinocytosis and secretion of known virulence factors, such as amebapores and cysteine proteases. Although much remains to be discovered, recent studies of G protein signaling in E. histolytica have enhanced our understanding of parasitic pathogenesis and have also highlighted possible targets for pharmacological manipulation.
Large Strain Mechanical Behavior of HSLA-100 Steel Over a Wide Range of Strain Rates

High-strength low alloy steels (HSLA) have been designed to replace high-yield (HY) strength steels in naval applications involving impact loading as the latter, which contain more carbon, require complicated welding processes. The critical role of HSLA-100 steel requires achieving an accurate understanding of its behavior under dynamic loading. Accordingly, in this paper, we experimentally investigate its behavior, establish a model for its constitutive response at high-strain rates, and discuss its dynamic failure mode. The large strain and high-strain-rate mechanical constitutive behavior of high strength low alloy steel HSLA-100 is experimentally characterized over a wide range of strain rates, ranging from 10^(−3) s^(−1) to 10^4 s^(−1). The ability of HSLA-100 steel to store energy of cold work in adiabatic conditions is assessed through the direct measurement of the fraction of plastic energy converted into heat. The susceptibility of HSLA-100 steel to failure due to the formation and development of adiabatic shear bands (ASB) is investigated from two perspectives, the well-accepted failure strain criterion and the newly suggested plastic energy criterion [1]. Our experimental results show that HSLA-100 steel has apparent strain rate sensitivity at rates exceeding 3000 s^(−1) and has minimal ability to store energy of cold work at high deformation rate. In addition, both strain based and energy based failure criteria are effective in describing the propensity of HSLA-100 steel to dynamic failure (adiabatic shear band). Finally, we use the experimental results to determine constants for a Johnson-Cook model describing the constitutive response of HSLA-100. The implementation of this model in a commercial finite element code gives predictions capturing properly the observed experimental behavior. High-strain rate, thermomechanical processes, constitutive behavior, failure, finite elements, Kolsky bar, HSLA-100.
Distribution of antigenic determinants recognized by three monoclonal antibodies (Q2/70, Q5/6 and Q5/13) on human Ia-like alloantigens and on their subunits

The distribution of antigenic determinants recognized by the anti-Ia-like antigen monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) Q2/70, Q5/6 and Q5/13 on molecules coded for by theDR locus and by non-DR loci was investigated using a binding assay with125I-labeled Ia-like antigens isolated from four B lymphoid cell lines. The determinants reacting with the MoAb Q2/70 and Q5/13 are expressed on all DR alloantigens tested and on BR4X7 specificities, while those reacting with the MoAb Q5/6 are not detectable on DRw7 and BR4X7 molecules. None of the monoclonal antibodies reacted with DC1 molecules. The MoAb Q5/6 and Q5/13 reacted with the isolatedβ subunit of the Ia-like antigenic complex, while the MoAb Q2/70 did not react with the isolated chains.
Population structure and food habits of white crappie Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque in a turbid Oklahoma reservoir

We assessed population structure and food habits of white crappie Pomoxis annuluris Rafinesque in Lake Carl Blackwell, a turbid reservoir in north-central Oklahoma, U.S.A. White crappie [n= 8549; total length (t.l.) mean = 147 mm, s.d.= 28 mm, range = 73–445 mm] were collected with gillnets, frame nets, and hoop nets. Proportional stock density was 2, as 97% of the fish were under 200 mm t.l. Relative stock density was 96, 2, 1, and 1 for ‘stock-quality’, ‘quality-preferred’, ‘preferred-memorable’, and ‘memorable-trophy’ lengths. Total annual mortality rate was 54% for fish older than 2 years. Growth was poor and lower than the Oklahoma-Arkansas regional averages (P<0.01). Relative weights were 79, 86, 106, 109, and 123 for fish in the stock-quality, quality-preferred, preferred-memorable, memorable-trophy, and trophy size categories. Ephemeroptera nymphs were an important dietary component for fish 150 mm t.l. or smaller. Gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum (Lesueur) was a major forage item, especially for fish greater than 150 mm t.l. (P<0.01). Empirical information on prey availability indicates that the white crappie population is forage limited and that gizzard shad are not available in appropriate sizes or sufficient numbers to sustain the predator population. Poor fish condition, slow growth, and high mortality are probably the result of inadequate forage.
A Reggio-Inspired Music Atelier: Opening the Door Between Visual Arts and Music

The Reggio Emilia approach is based on the idea that every child has at least, “one hundred languages” available for expressing perspectives of the world, and one of those languages is music. While all of the arts (visual, music, dance, drama) are considered equally important in Reggio schools, the visual arts have been particularly central in the development of the approach. This article explores how a Reggio-inspired atelier (art studio) can be expanded to include music. Commonalities between visual art and music are discussed, as well as the use of music learning techniques, materials, and documentation for the music atelier.
Response of composite materials to the Space Station orbit environment

The rationale for selecting composite materials with an anodized aluminum foil coating for the Space Station is presented. Data on the effects of the space service environment on these materials are given. Results are also presented on the effect of optical properties of an aluminum/aluminum oxide coating on the thermal balance of the cylindrical structural members. The resistance of this coating to solar ultraviolet degradation is discussed.
The cytoskeleton of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: Phagocytosis and degranulation

Current evidence indicates that polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotaxis and phagocytosis are effected by an actin-myosin contractile system. However, the structural relationship of the contractile cytoskeleton to cell motility is still in question. In addition, while evidence suggests that microtubules are responsible for orientation during chemotaxis, the role of microtubules in degranulation is unresolved. To determine the organizational relationship between these cytoskeletal elements and phagocytosis, we examined whole-mount preparations of PMNs engulfing bacteria. These preparations were examined in the transmission electron microscope (EM) and photographed as stereo pairs. Two important observations were made. First, there was an increased density of cytoskeletal elements in the pseudopod surrounding bacteria. Second, microtubule elements were intimately associated with lysosomal granules, vesicles, and phagosomes. Lysosomal granules and vesicles aligned along microtubules and clustered around phagosomes. This suggests that the microtubules may provide a tracking mechanism whereby lysosomes are specifically parceled out to phagocytic vacuoles. These results also suggest that phagocytosis and degranulation may involve different effector mechanisms.
The poverty of the Patriarchate of Grado and the Byzantine–Venetian Treaty of 1082

The imperial chrysobull granted to the Venetian state in 1082 provided the Venetians with considerable economic advantages throughout the Byzantine Empire, and had a major impact on the political relationship of the two powers down to the Fourth Crusade. Yet the chrysobull also granted considerable monies to the metropolitan of Venice, the Patriarch of Grado. In the decades prior to 1082 Grado had suffered from systemic poverty, and various attempts by the Doge to solve this problem failed. The grant of large sums in gold in the chrysobull was aimed at solving this problem. Even this ultimately failed, and another proviso of the chrysobull, the grant of a merchant quarter in Constantinople to Venice, eventually became a funding tool for Grado and other Venetian ecclesiastical institutions.
Characterization of Xenopus laevis proenkephalin gene.

Abstract Enkephalins are opiate peptides found in a variety of tissues including brain and pituitary. In brain, they function as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and neurohormones. Recent studies show that proenkephalin mRNA is expressed early in development both in mammals and the amphibian, suggesting that enkephalins may play a unique role in embryogenesis. In order to characterize factors which regulate the onset and patterning of expression of this gene in adult and developing frog embryos, the proenkephalin A gene was cloned from Xenopus laevis . The clones have been characterized by DNA sequencing and restriction endonuclease mapping. The gene is made up of three exons which span approximately 12 kb. Exon I encodes the 5′ untranslated region of the mRNA. Exon II contains the signal peptide and the N terminus of the mature protein. Biologically active opioid peptides are generated from exon. III. Comparison to mammalian proenkephalin genomic sequence indicated that nucleotide sequences of the 5′ flanking region, noncoding exon I and exon II were not well conserved but exon III was highly conserved. Primer extension and RNase protection assay analyses of the RNA transcripts revealed two major 5′ ends. The putative TATA box, CAAT box, CRE and Pit 1 elements have been identified on this gene by sequence homology to published consensus sequences. To assay for sequences that could potentially regulate Xenopus proenkephalin expression, we transfected constructs that contained upstream genomic sequences linked to the CAT reported gene into various eukaryotic cell lines. The expression of the fusion gene constructs were detected and could be induced 10- to 30-fold upon treatment with forskolin. Although the Xenopus proenkephalin gene promoter does not share sequence homology with the mammalian promoter, it was found to be transcriptionally active upon transfection into mammalian cell lines, indicating that at least some of the transacting factors required for expression are conserved through evolution.
From civil war to soft authoritarianism: Sri Lanka in comparative perspective

In May 2009 Sri Lanka's government proclaimed that the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), which spent 26 years waging a brutal war to create a separate state, had been defeated.1 Amidst the j...
WAY-100635 reverses 8-OH-DPAT-induced performance impairment in the radial maze.

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of the 5-HT 1A receptor agonist, (8-OH-DPAT), alone and in combination with the selective 5-HT 1A antagonist, WAY-100635, were assessed in Fischer-344 rats in an 8-arm radial maze. 2. 2. At a dose of 1.0 mg/kg, 8-OH-DPAT significantly reduced both efficiency of performance (% correct arm entries) and response rate (arms/min) compared with the saline condition. 3. 3. These effects were completely blocked by WAY-100635 which by itself had no effect on efficiency or response rate. 4. 4. WAY-100635 inhibits 8-OH-DPAT-induced impairment in radial maze performance.
Managed Pollinator CAP Coordinated Agricultural Project

Keith Delaplane is Professor of Entomology at the College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Athens Campus, the University of Georgia. He is also a Director of this National Research and Extension Initiative to Reverse Pollinator Decline. A substantially similar version of this article was published in the November 2009 issues of Bee Culture and the American Bee Journal. It is reproduced here with the kind permission of the editors of those journals.
Distribution of muscle spindles in a simply structured muscle: Integrated total sensory representation

BACKGROUND The distribution of muscle spindles (Sps) in a small muscle of simple architecture, the capsularis at the cat's hip joint, was quantified to reveal the patterns of proprioceptive representation in the transverse and sagittal planes as well as to model the effect a local disturbance in muscle length would have on total Sp discharge. METHODS Locations in serial cross-sections of the 32 and 38 Sps in 2 muscles, 1 perfused with the hip joint flexed and the other extended, were plotted, and their patterns of integrated sensitivity calculated assuming that (1) the discharge rate of a Sp afferent varies linearly with change in length along the Sp's axis, and (2) that within a local disturbance produced by contraction of a motor unit (MU), lengths decrease either linearly or as the square of the distance from its center. RESULTS The isomeric pattern of "integrated, total Sp representation on cross-section" showed two peaks of sensitivity in the half of the muscle that had been next to the joint capsule, offset by low representation in a small, central area and along the extensive zone bordering the laterally facing "superficial surface." The equivalent radius of an idealized symmetrical MU territory was estimated from distributions of the few fast, oxidative-glycolytic fibers found in two muscles, and the effect of a MU's contraction on net Sp discharge predicted when the unit was positioned at distinctive sites within the pattern. As an index of Ia and II afferent representation in the sagittal plane, the distribution of the nucleated regions of Sps and the summed lengths of segments of Sp axial bundles and capsules, respectively, within successive 1-mm segments of the muscle were graphed. CONCLUSIONS The longitudinal representation and structure of the muscle are not suited for reflex adjustment of differences in length along the muscle. The isomeric pattern of high relief in the transverse plane suggests that in this approximately 0.2 g muscle, the localization of myotatic reflexes might be accommodated but the need for adjustment in activation of MUs seems minimal. This is because the muscle is not compartmentalized, its fibers extend between the muscle's origin and insertion, their angle of pinnation is low, and greater than 90% are of slow type. The distribution of Sps is consistent with gauging length of the entire muscle and hence angulation at the hip joint.
Upregulation of Nitric Oxide Synthase Correlates Temporally With Onset of Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in the Hypoxic Rat

Alterations in nitric oxide signaling have been hypothesized to have an etiologic role in the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. However, changes in the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in hypoxic lungs remains controversial. In this study, we used (1) Northern and Western analyses to measure NOS mRNA and protein expressions, (2) lung histology together with measurements of lung and heart weights to monitor pulmonary vascular remodeling, and (3) immunohistochemistry to localize NOS proteins. The data demonstrated that endothelial NOS mRNA and protein were upregulated over 1 to 7 days of hypoxia that temporally correlated with and preceded the vascular remodeling that occurred in the course of the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Hypoxia also induced brain NOS in bronchial epithelium and inducible NOS in vascular smooth muscle but did not affect inducible NOS expression in macrophages or basal guanylyl cyclase activity in the lung. These findings showed that upregulation of endothelial NOS was tightly correlated with the vascular remodeling induced by hypoxia, suggesting a role for nitric oxide in the development of pulmonary hypertension.
THE GLUCOSE TRANSPORT SYSTEM OF AMPHORA COFFEAEFORMIS (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1

Amphora coffeaeformis (Ag.) Kutz. var. perpusilla (Grun.) Cleve took up glucose by an inducible transport system. The system was induced by d-fructose, d-mannose, as well as glucose. Some d-pentoses also induced a glucose uptake system but it may not be the same one as that induced by hexose. d-fructose, d-mannose and 2-deoxy-d-glucose inhibited 2 mM glucose uptake at equimolar concentration, but d-pentoses did not. The uptake system decayed in ca. 5 h in the absence of glucose. The half-saturation constant for uptake, K8 was ca. 0.1 mM glucose with a maximum uptake rate, Vmax= 0.4 nmol/106 cells-min−1.
Effects of alternate routes of epinephrine delivery in experimental bradycardia-hypotension

The magnitude and rapidity of response to epinephrine given by various routes were evaluated using a new model of bradycardia and hypotension. In ten animals, left ventricular (LV) injection of 10 micrograms/kg of epinephrine was superior to right ventricular (RV) injection in regard to time to attain a 20% increase in heart rate (HR), a 10% increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and time to reach peak MAP, although the peak MAP itself did not significantly differ. Similar results occurred with a 15 micrograms/kg dose. Aortic injection in seven of the animals resulted in a much longer time to target HR, an equal time to target MAP and a longer time to peak MAP compared to LV injection. LV injection of epinephrine results in a significantly more rapid onset of action than RV injection in the bradycardic, hypotensive animal. Epinephrine's beneficial effect appears to be derived from its vasoconstrictive, chronotropic and inotropic properties.
Maternal effects on fatty acid composition of soybean seed oil.

The success of genetically altering the fatty acid composition of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seed oil is determined by the rate of genetic gain through selection. Maternal effects can influence genetic gain. Objectives of this study were to investigate the presence and magnitude of maternal effects on fatty acid content of soybean oil. Maternal effects for unsaturated fatty acid content were evaluated over 2 yr using reciprocal F 1 soybean seed from crosses between the mid-oleic/low-linolenic line 'N98-4445A' and six cytoplasmically diverse cultivars. Maternal effects were significant across genetically diverse materials and likely the result of the phenotype of the maternal plant. The magnitude of the maternal effect was typically less when N98-4445A was used as the maternal parent. These data suggest that selection based on the oil composition of single F 2 seeds might be ineffective but less so if the altered fatty acid parent is the maternal parent. Maternal effects on saturated fatty acid content were evaluated both in the field and in vitro using reciprocal F 1 soybean seed from the cross between the high-palmitic line 'N02-4441' and 'Dare'. Maternal effects were significant when grown in the field. When reciprocal F 1 and parental 25 d old embryo seeds were grown in vitro, maternal effects between reciprocal crosses were not apparent, while significant differences between the parents were maintained. This suggests that factors translocated from the maternal plant may be causing the maternal effect on developing F 1 seeds.
Lack of Iron Abundance Evolution in High-Redshift QSOs

We analyze the spectra of 12 high-redshift QSOs in the region of Mg II λ2798. Two six-spectrum composites, with z=4.47 and 3.35, are compared with the Francis et al. Large Bright Quasar Survey (LBQS) composite (z~0.8) and show remarkable similarity. The equivalent width of Mg II is somewhat larger in the LBQS composite than in the high-redshift composites; this may be identified as a weak Baldwin effect. The equivalent width of the Fe II blends to either side is the same in the z=3.35 composite as in the LBQS composite and marginally larger in the z=4.47 composite. We derive strong confidence limits on the absence of a significant increase in either the Fe II equivalent width or the Fe II/Mg II line ratio from the earliest epoch to the present. Hamann & Ferland predicted that the Fe II/Mg II ratio at high redshift should be a factor of ~3 lower than for low-redshift QSOs if the age of the universe at the earlier epoch is much less than 1 Gyr. This is due to the delayed contribution of supernovae type Ia to the iron abundance. A 1 Gyr minimum age of the universe at z=4.47 gives interesting upper limits to q0 for a given H0 (e.g., q0<0.20 for H0=75 km s-1 Mpc-1). The lack of change in Fe II/Mg II between the two high-redshift epochs indicates that 1 Gyr may be an underestimate of the universe age at z=4.47. We also discuss alternate explanations. The abundance evolution in the central regions of galaxies that host QSOs may follow a significantly different path to that in the solar neighborhood, perhaps from the dominance of short-lived type Ia supernovae progenitors or through the lack of any significant type Ia contribution, in which case we are yet underestimating the efficiency of Fe+ ions in QSO broad-line clouds for production of the observed Fe II. Cosmologies with terms beyond zero-pressure matter are also briefly discussed. These considerations notwithstanding, the lack of observed Fe II evolution at high redshifts puts unique constraints on luminous QSO broad-line physics, nucleosynthesis in the QSO host galaxies, and/or cosmological parameters.
Cohesive modeling of bone fracture at multiple scales

Abstract Bone is a hierarchical material that involves fracture mechanisms at multiple scales ranging from nano- to macroscale. The fracture behavior of bone is altered by aging, diseases or therapeutic treatments, therefore, robust predictive methods are necessary to evaluate the changes affecting the fracture risk of bone. Although cohesive modeling has been widely used in various engineering disciplines, it has recently been applied to bone fracture. In this paper, the application of cohesive modeling to the assessment of macro- and microscale fracture mechanisms in bone is presented. The macroscale simulations focus on predicting the fracture risk at the whole bone level whereas the microscale simulations evaluate the influence of microstructural features on crack propagation behavior in bone. These studies demonstrate the strength of cohesive modeling in providing insight into bone's fracture behavior.
The ideology of “Sex Love” in postrevolutionary Russia: Lenin, Kollontai, and the politics of lifestyle liberation

This paper examines the experience of the Soviet Union just after the Revolution of 1917 when there were official, although ambiguous and inconsistent, efforts to open up lifestyle options. These efforts were based in Marxian theory, especially Engels' work,The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1884), but most of the revolutionary Bolsheviks were not enthusiastic about activism in this area. The views of Marx and Engels, Lenin, and Aleksandra Kollontai (the leading Bolshevik exponent of lifestyle freedom), and the implications of their own lifestyles, are discussed in this paper as they interacted to form early Soviet family policy. The utopian vision of Kollontai was ousted from the official sphere with the ascendancy of Stalin in the USSR, and the discussion of the fate of these efforts provides the basis for delineating six dilemmas in developing ideology and policy in the area of the family and alternative lifestyles.
Herpesvirus transcription: altered regulation induced by FUdR.

Abstract The effect of inhibition of viral DNA replication on the regulated production of specific classes of viral transcripts was examined in equine herpesvirus type 1 infected L-M cells. 5-Fluoro-2-deoxyuridine (FUdR) was shown to inhibit viral DNA synthesis and to alter the synthesis of the two classes of viral transcripts that differ in abundance (molar concentration) [Cohen, J. C., Randall, C. C., and O'Callaghan, D. J., Virology68, 561–565 (1975)]. In uninhibited infection, the ratio of the molar concentration of the major RNA class (most abundant) to minor RNA class (less abundant) was regulated by initiation of viral DNA synthesis since a ratio of 82.7 to 1 for “early” infection (before viral DNA synthesis) decreased to 24 to 1 for “late” infection (after initiation of viral DNA synthesis). Studies employing both standard and summation Scatchard analyses of RNA-DNA hybridization saturation data as well as RNA competition hybridization analysis revealed that in the presence of FUdR viral transcripts comprising the minor RNA class were synthesized in large amounts as compared to uninhibited infection and that sequences usually not transcribed until late were synthesized early in the FUdR-inhibited infection. In addition, it was found that the synthesis of a significant portion of transcripts that comprise the major class of uninhibited infection was blocked in the FUdR-inhibited infection. The ratios of molar concentration of major to minor RNA class present in the FUdR-inhibited infection was found to be 13.9 and 9.2 for early and late times of the infection; these low ratios (as compared to uninhibited infection) and the data of summation Scatchard analysis indicate that reiterated synthesis of certain minor class sequences occurs prematurely (early instead of late) in the presence of FUdR. These findings reveal the importance of the initiation of viral DNA synthesis in the regulation and programming of herpesvirus transcription.
Affective Meaning of Words as Rated by Stuttering and Nonstuttering Readers

Semantic Differential ratings on Evaluative and Anxiety scales for a set of most-stuttered and least-stuttered words were compared for 9 stuttering and 5 nonstuttering readers, all of whom stutter ...
Determination of f 0 NN and gNN Coupling Constants

Using backward $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ dispersion relations (BDR) and sum rules derived from BDR we obtain the spin-flip ${f}^{0}\mathrm{NN}$ and a combination of the flip and nonflip $\mathrm{gNN}$ coupling constants, and fit certain backward $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ data. Our results have implications in the one-boson-exchange theory of the nucleon-nucleon force and in theories of elementary particles which assume universal coupling to the stress tensor.
Magnetic properties of Civ Doppler shift patterns

The relationship between Doppler shift patterns observed in the transition region and magnetic field patterns observed in the photosphere is studied using coaligned pairs of Civ Dopplergrams and Fei magnetograms. Categories of magnetic features are defined - including neutral lines, unipolar regions, strong field regions, weak field regions, and magnetic boundaries - and from these, magnetic associations are determined for 159 V 0 lines separating areas of relative blueshift and redshift observed in and around active regions. The cases are subdivided on the basis of whether blueshifts or redshifts are observed on the side of the V 0 line nearest the solar limb. Two main results are that V 0 lines associated with neutral lines tend to have limbward blueshifts, while V 0 lines associated with unipolar regions tend to have limbward redshifts. These and other results provide supportive evidence for the active region model proposed recently by Klimchuk, in which relative redshifts occur where strong vertical fields penetrate the surface, and relative blueshifts occur where these same fields have spread out to become horizontal. It is likely that the relative blueshifts correspond to absolute Doppler shifts of very small amplitude, possibly even absolute redshifts.
Nonlinear transport in quantum point contact structures

We have investigated the magnetotransport properties under nonlinear conditions in quantum point contact structures fabricated on high mobility A1GaAs/GaAs two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) layers. Non-linearities in the I-V characteristics are observed at the threshold for conduction when biased initially from the tunneling regime as observed previously. We observe that this non-ideality is enhanced by a magnetic field normal to the plane of the 2DEG. This behavior is interpreted in terms of corrections to the Landauer model extended to nonequilibrium conditions.
Aberrations in pulmonary function due to lymphangiography.

SUMMARY Ten patients without underlying pulmonary disease were studied before and after lymphangiography on 11 occasions. Each showed a modest decrease in total lung diffusion and capillary volume as measured by the single breath carbon monoxide technique. These changes persisted for periods up to 28 days and were still measurable in two of three patients more than one year later. This probably represents a minimal but permanent alteration in the pulmonary capillary bed. An additional case, presenting as a pulmonary embolus after lymphangiography, in whom oily contrast media was visualized in the pulmonary arteries was described. Although this procedure generally may be considered to be benign in people with normal lungs, it does cause a modest, consistent, and possibly persistent decrease in diffusing capacity. In patients with severe underlying lung disease, increased morbidity and possible mortality must be anticipated.
Arterial Baroreflexes and Cardiovascular Modeling

Many cardiovascular models involve prediction of changes that occur when a subject is perturbed in some way, to move from one state to another. A successful, predictive model should involve at least two elements: First, the model should include some index of the intensity of the perturbation that elicits the response; effective responses should, in some fashion, be linearly or nonlinearity related to perturbations. Second, the model should factor in subjects’ abilities to meet the challenges posed by the perturbations. This review indicates that these two basic components of a successful model may be difficult to incorporate. In the simple case of passive upright tilt, blood pressure measurements may not accurately indicate the stimulus, because blood pressure reductions are reversed by rapidly occurring reflex blood pressure increases. Since not all subject populations respond identically to hemodynamic challenges, it also may be important to characterize baroreflex responsiveness, and include such a term in a model. Although vagal and sympathetic baroreflex responses to stereotyped challenges can be measured accurately, recent research points to extraordinary variability of baroreflex responsiveness. The complexities discussed in this review should be considered, whether they are, or even can be incorporated into cardiovascular models.
Laser cutting of flexible glass

In this invited talk, we review our cutting research on flexible glass substrates using both laser ablation and laser crack propagation methods. The methods are evaluated in terms of cut edge quality, speed and path to manufacturing.
Impact of interleaving on EMI noise reduction of paralleled three phase voltage source converters

This paper presents a systematic design method to select the interleaving angle to reduce the EMI noise in a paralleled three-phase voltage-source converters motor drive system. The EMI noise analysis equivalent circuits for a motor drive system are given and double Fourier integral analysis is used to analyze the impact of interleaving on EMI noise sources. With the consideration of noise propagation path impedance, the design method of interleaving angle selection is analyzed in detail. When system switching frequency and system load and source impedance are determined, the optimal interleaving angle can be calculated based on the system impedance resonant frequency and system switching frequency. Verifications are carried out through both the simulation of a 100kW motor drive system and the experiment on a scale-downed 2kW system. The results show that by using calculated optimal interleaving angle based on the method proposed in this paper, the EMI noise can be reduced by 10~12dB in the impedance resonant frequency range which can reduce the EMI filter size significantly.
Music Education 1966 and Forward

This hard-hitting, seldom com- forting, personal evaluation of music education during the year 1966 by a leading music administrator will disturb, stimulate thought and debate, and hopefully, evoke...
Diversification, Exchange Risk and Corporate International Investment

All international investments inevitably have some diversification consequences. Yet, the literature on foreign direct investment accords only a limited role to diversification or financial variables. This paper develops a theory of corporate international investment from the standpoint of finance in an environment where the segmentation of international capital markets for individuals or the presence of agency costs provide some independence to corporate decisions separate from shareholders. The model does not depend on any particular advantage of multinational firms, and is specifies the stochastic properties of domestic and foreign output and input prices. It is found that real exchange risk and diversification gains affect corporate international investment in a significant way. It is also shown that the model embodies several existing explanations based on behavioral and economic variables.
Efficient Function Evaluations with Lookup Tables for Structured Matrix Operations

A hardware efficient approach is introduced for elementary function evaluations in certain structured matrix computations. It is a comprehensive approach that utilizes lookup tables for compactness, employs interpolations with adders and multipliers for their adaptivity to non-tabulated values and, more distinctively, exploits the function properties and the matrix structures to claim better control over numerical dynamic ranges. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach with simulation and synthesis results on evaluating, in particular, the cosine function, the exponential function and the zero-order Bessel function of the first kind.
Noble gas contents of marine waters

Abstract Noble gas analyses of sea waters collected in the North Pacific, North Atlantic and Antarctic Oceans have confirmed our previous observations that measureable deviations from saturation occur. The deep waters of the North Atlantic appear to be supersaturated in argon to an upper limit of around 3% while their counterparts in the North Pacific are undersaturated to a similar figure. Individual stations show supersaturation in the thermocline region for argon and krypton, a phenomenon related to mixing processes. Excess helium levels in the Atlantic deep waters are less than those for the Pacific, a result explainable by the relative ages of these two water masses. Unexpected are the similar excess helium values for the North and South Pacific deep waters.
God Diagnosed with Narcissistic Personality Disorder

This article endorses the contention that God suffers from a mental disorder, but challenges J. Henry Jurgens’ diagnosis of bipolar disorder as reported in The Onion (“God diagnosed with bipolar disorder”, 2001) and proposes narcissistic personality disorder instead. It uses the diagnostic criteria for narcissistic personality disorder from The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, 1994) and various biblical citations in support of this diagnosis. It rejects the idea that a major personality change is reflected in the New Testament and claims that God did not experience a major transformation of his narcissistic personality structure as described by Heinz Kohut (Forms and transformations of narcissism, in A. P. Morrison, Ed., Essential papers on narcissism, pp. 61–87, New York University Press, New York, 1966/1986). However, it concludes that God’s creativity accounts for the stability of his narcissistic personality structure and helps to explain his lack of empathy toward human beings.
Assessing team performance in the operating room: Development and use of a “black-box” recorder and other tools for the intraoperative environment

Background The objective of this research was to develop a digital system to archive the complete operative environment along with the assessment tools for analysis of this data, allowing prospective studies of operative performance, intraoperative errors, team performance, and communication. Ability to study this environment will yield new insights, allowing design of systems to avoid preventable errors that contribute to perioperative complications. Study design A multitrack, synchronized, digital audio-visual recording system (RATE tool) was developed to monitor intraoperative performance, including software to synchronize data and allow assignment of independent observational scores. Cases were scored for technical performance, participants' situational awareness (knowledge of critical information), and their comfort and satisfaction with the conduct of the procedure. Results Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (n = 10) was studied. Technical performance of the RATE tool was excellent. The RATE tool allowed real time, multitrack data collection of all aspects of the operative environment, while permitting digital recording of the objective assessment data in a time synchronized and annotated fashion during the procedure. The mean technical performance score was 73% ± 28% of maximum (perfect) performance. Situational awareness varied widely among team members, with the attending surgeon typically the only team member having comprehensive knowledge of critical case information. Conclusions The RATE tool allows prospective analysis of performance measures such as technical judgments, team performance, and communication patterns, offers the opportunity to conduct prospective intraoperative studies of human performance, and allows for postoperative discussion, review, and teaching. This study also suggests that gaps in situational awareness might be an underappreciated source of operative adverse events. Future uses of this system will aid teaching, failure or adverse event analysis, and intervention research.