cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient, Parallel At-scale Correlation Analysis for Atom Probe Tomography on Hybrid Architectures

Atom probe tomography (APT) is a material probing technique that has undergone dramatic improvements in its capability to map individual atoms within a material sample resulting in data files with hundreds of millions of atoms. Understanding the nano-structural features hidden in these massive amounts of atomic data is a crucial analysis task for materials scientists. However, fast analysis capabilities for large APT workloads remains a critical bottleneck. In this paper, we present the design, implementation and detailed performance evaluations of a parallel software capable of efficiently performing extremely time-consuming correlation analyses of massive high density APT data. Starting with shared memory implementations to motivate our design choices, we extend the implementation to hybrid architectures keeping realistic APT workloads in mind. Detailed performance analyses of three different parallel implementations of the software are supported by empirical results on a Cray XC30 and a Cray XC40 architecture. Its usefulness is demonstrated by reducing the turnaround time of an end-to-end APT correlation analysis on 100 millions atoms by three orders of magnitude using 2048 MPI ranks on 1024 nodes (24 cores per node) of a Cray XC30. The software reported here equips material scientists for the first time with a high-speed scalable capability for efficient and timely analyses of massive APT data.
Organizational Responses of U.S. Multinationals to EC-1992: An Empirical Study:

Issues of standardization of products and marketing programs, and the degree of centralization of marketing decision making and planning, are of vital interest to multinational corporations as they...
Heart-Lung Transplant via an Eighth-Time Sternotomy

We report a combined heart-lung transplantation following seven prior sternotomies in a patient born with a transitional atrioventricular septal defect. Previous surgeries to repair and replace the mitral valve led to pulmonary vein stenosis and pulmonary vascular disease. Eighth-time sternotomy and significant vascular adhesions led to a prolonged operation and to placing the heart-lung block anterior to the phrenic nerves. Despite this, the patient was ready for discharge after two weeks and continues to do well over nine months later. As more patients survive multiple cardiac palliations with some developing pulmonary vascular disease, heart-lung transplantation may become relevant again.
Dermatitis herpetiformis resistant to dapsone due to dietary iodide ingestion.

Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is an intensely pruritic skin disease characterized by the presence of papulovesicles and excoriations on extensor surfaces in the presence of gluten ingestion. Exacerbation of DH may be induced by oral or topical potassium iodide and was used as a diagnostic test before direct immunofluorescence became available.1 There is less evidence supporting an association between dietary iodide in the form of iodide-rich foods and supplements, such a kelp, and flares of DH.2 We present a case of a patient with DH that was poorly controlled with a gluten-free diet (GFD) and dapsone until her use of a kelp-containing dietary supplement was discovered.
The Jaffna Medical Journal as a forum for undergraduate research

It is unfortunate that over the last 65 years many factors have contributed to the sporadic publication of the Jaffna Medical Journal (JMJ). To sustain publication as a regular periodical, it is important to explore avenues to increase the number of submissions of high-quality manuscripts. One untapped source that could significantly enhance the number of submissions to JMJ are manuscripts arising from research undertaken by undergraduate students. To enable such students to produce high quality manuscripts from the work they carry out, students have to be adequately trained and mentored. We are of the view that if appropriate training is provided for undergraduates it will not only help JMJ in the short-term but also nurture the aspirations of future clinicians and researchers who have an interest in inquiry. Moreover, such an investment in student training and capacity building will ensure the future continuity of the Journal.
CatSper and Two-Pore channels (version 2019.4) in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology Database

CatSper channels (CatSper1-4, nomenclature as agreed by NC-IUPHAR [13]) are putative 6TM, voltage-gated, alkalinization-activated calcium permeant channels that are presumed to assemble as a tetramer of α-like subunits and mediate the current ICatSper [21]. In mammals, CatSper subunits are structurally most closely related to individual domains of voltage-activated calcium channels (Cav) [36]. CatSper1 [36], CatSper2 [33] and CatSpers 3 and 4 [25, 19, 32], in common with a putative 2TM auxiliary CatSperβ protein [24] and two putative 1TM associated CatSperγ and CatSperδ proteins [42, 11], are restricted to the testis and localised to the principle piece of sperm tail. The novel cross-species CatSper channel inhibitor, RU1968, has been proposed as a useful tool to aid characterisation of native CatSper channels [37].Two-pore channels (TPCs) are structurally related to CatSpers, CaVs and NaVs. TPCs have a 2x6TM structure with twice the number of TMs of CatSpers and half that of CaVs. There are three animal TPCs (TPC1-TPC3). Humans have TPC1 and TPC2, but not TPC3. TPC1 and TPC2 are localized in endosomes and lysosomes [4]. TPC3 is also found on the plasma membrane and forms a voltage-activated, non-inactivating Na+ channel [5]. All the three TPCs are Na+-selective under whole-cell or whole-organelle patch clamp recording [44, 7, 6]. The channels may also conduct Ca2+ [29].
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia with Alterations in TP53

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is the most common leukemia in the Western world. A minority of patients with CLL present with aberrations of the TP53 gene (mutations and/or 17p deletion), which represents a significant negative prognostic indicator. In the relapsed/refractory setting, TP53 aberrations become more common, given that prior chemoimmunotherapy can select for small, previously undetectable TP53 clones. This chapter discusses the epidemiology of TP53-aberrant CLL and then focuses on treatment paradigms for patients with this disease. Careful attention will be paid to novel therapeutics, including the small-molecule inhibitors, ibrutinib, idelalisib, and venetoclax.
Research as clinical practice: Creating a positive research experience for survivors of sexual abuse by professionals

A team of practitioners created a research process that we hoped would be educational and healing for survivors of sexual abuse by professionals. In order to look at the impact of the study, we included a follow-up debriefing questionnaire designed to gather data about respondents' experiences. Nearly all respondents found the study both helpful and difficult. The potential for research to be educational or healing is demonstrated by these findings. The fact that research on trauma is likely to be painful or upsetting even when it is helpful to respondents underscores the importance of making potential risks of participation very clear.
Effects of Video Discharge Instructions on Patient Understanding: A Prospective, Randomized Trial

Previous studies demonstrated that patients have difficulty understanding and retaining discharge instructions due to the lack of time spent counseling patients and low health literacy rates. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of video instructions on patient understanding of their discharge instructions. This was a prospective, randomized, controlled trial of a convenience sample conducted in a military hospital emergency department. Adult patients with a diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infection, pharyngitis, or gastroenteritis were included into the study. Investigators randomized subjects to either standard discharge procedures or standard discharge procedures plus video discharge instructions, using a random number generator. Ten minutes after receiving one of these 2 discharge education methods, subjects demonstrated their knowledge of their discharge instructions using a predefined 5-question, multiple-choice questionnaire. From October 1, 2015, to January 8, 2016, a total of 60 subjects volunteered to participate in the study. Zero subjects were excluded, and all subjects completed the study protocol. Baseline characteristics between groups were not significantly different (30 video discharge instructions and 30 standard discharge instructions). We found a significant difference between groups with respect to discharge instructions knowledge in favor of the video discharge instructions group (4.53 vs. 4; p = 0.009). Video discharge instructions, used as an adjunct to standard verbal and written discharge methods, improved patient understanding and retention of their discharge instructions.
A Novel Tool for Teaching Cardiac Point-of-Care Ultrasound: An Exploratory Application of the Design-Based Research Approach.

Objectives To develop a competency-based educational tool for cardiac point-of-care ultrasound image interpretation using the design-based research approach. Design In accordance with design-based research, multiple methods were used to determine that learners would benefit from achieving competency in cardiac point-of-care ultrasound image interpretation before they attempted it at the bedside. A competency-based educational tool was designed and underwent a rapid prototyping process with experts. Evaluative data was used to redesign and reevaluate the educational tool with a new group of learners to improve its effectiveness. Setting Large, university-based children's hospital. Subjects Pediatric critical care attending physicians, fellow physicians and advanced practice providers, and pediatric resident physicians. Interventions Integrating mastery learning and deliberate practice as theoretical frameworks, the authors designed an online "Image Library" composed of 90 questions of cardiac point-of-care ultrasound image clips with varying degrees of pathology that were organized into three levels of difficulty. Learners answered a set of 10 questions, learned from feedback, and repeated an additional set in the same difficulty until achieving a predefined level of mastery. Measurements and main results Two learning cycles were implemented with a total of 41 learners. Forty learners (98%) were able to demonstrate mastery on the Image Library and required a range of 30 to 210 questions to do so. On a 10-question final assessment, learners scored an average of 72%, while experts and novices scored 83% and 17%, respectively. On a 5-point scale, learners rated the quality of the Image Library for facilitation of learning (median 5), enjoyment of learning (5), and useful knowledge and skills to improve clinical practice (5). Conclusions An effective and innovative tool for teaching cardiac point-of-care ultrasound image interpretation was developed using the design-based research approach. Our results demonstrate the importance of individualized learning timelines for ultrasound image interpretation.
Analysis of laser focusing effect on quantification of LII images

Abstract Laser-induced incandescence (LII) is a widely used technique for measuring soot concentrations. For flame applications LII is frequently deployed as a planar diagnostic to measure the two-dimensional soot field. However, when the laser sheet is focused, as is typical to reach the requisite laser fluence level and achieve good spatial resolution, the complex laser power dependence of the LII signal generation process can introduce a large variation in LII signal sensitivity across an LII image. In this work, this effect is quantified for the first time as a function of laser pulse fluence, using a typical planar LII excitation scheme with a clipped Gaussian YAG laser beam focused with a 1 m focal length lens. Furthermore, the cross-sectional energy distribution in the laser sheet was measured across the image plane, to relate the details of the laser sheet focal properties with the resultant LII behavior. The results show that a unique laser fluence level (referenced to the focal plane) exists whereby there is essentially no dependence of LII signal on position relative to the focal plane. However, at lower or higher fluences, the radial signals either decrease (low fluence) or increase (high fluence) rapidly with increasing distance away from the focal point. For measurements using an LII ‘plateau’ laser fluence level, as is usual in environments with significant optical depth (i.e. sufficiently strong soot levels), the LII signals are found to be 2.5X larger 40 mm away from the focal point. An analysis conducted by combining a previously measured LII fluence dependence for a top-hat laser profile with the laser sheet cross-sections measured in this work shows general agreement with the measured results for LII signal variation. Further, the sensitivity of LII signals at high fluences to the laser beam spatial profile, particularly away from the sheet focus, is highlighted.
Reflections on a Health System's Telemedicine Marathon

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) public health emergency necessitated changes in health care delivery that will have lasting implications. The University of Pennsylvania Health System is a l...
Dual Disasters: Recovery and Repair After Flooding

Recovery from a disaster is always a difficult process. But what happens when a second disaster befalls the library soon after the recovery from one is completed? In February and May 2020, the Enso...
In vivo delineation of human carotid plaque structure and composition by Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) ultrasound

Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) imaging employs sound impulses to induce and track tissue motion that conveys mechanical property. In application to carotid atherosclerotic plaque, ARFI noninvasively delineates features that convey risk for ischemic stroke: intraplaque hemorrhage, lipid-rich necrotic core, thin or ruptured fibrous cap, diffuse collagen, and calcium deposits. This talk will feature recent advances to in vivo ARFI atherosclerosis imaging technology, including the use of machine learning for automated feature classification, which are validated histologically in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. New developments, including incorporating vector blood flow estimation for combined shear strain assessment, will be highlighted.
Federal Demand and Local Choice: Safeguarding the Notion of Federalism in Education Law and Policy

As the ESEA undergoes its next transformation under a new presidential administration, this article explores the appropriate federal and state roles in promoting and enforcing laws related to academic achievement, and the appropriate judicial role in interpreting them. Part I of this article provides an overview of how the modern federal role in education law and policy was shaped through politics and litigation. Part II explores the drastic changes that No Child Left Behind brought to education federalism through the lens of cooperation, coercion (enforcement), and competition. It then analyzes the appropriate role of the executive branch in enforcing educational access and achievement and the appropriate role of the courts in adjudicating issues of education law and policy. Finally, Part III provides recommendations that will result in a more workable model of accountability by sketching out clearer boundaries related to the federal and state roles in the effort to improve the nation’s academic achievement. This new model of accountability uses national assessment and reporting requirements to shift much of the enforcement responsibility of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act to the states while allowing districts the flexibility to experiment with educational approaches. It also sets forth parameters that allow for general federal oversight of national education policy while respecting the boundaries integral to cooperative federalism.
Studies on the mechanism of serotypic transformation in Paramecium aurelia. I. The effects of actinomycin D, puromycin, and chloramphenicol on an antiserum-induced transformation.

Antiserum-induced transformation in Paramecium aurelia can be inhibited or stimulated by the addition of actinomycin D, puromycin, or chloramphenicol. In general, simultaneous treatment with high concentrations of both the antibiotics and the inducer (antiserum) inhibits transformation. As the concentration of antiserum is reduced while that of the antibiotic remains high or as the concentrations of both antiserum and antiobotics are reduced, points are reached where further reduction stimulates the transformation. The same low concentration of an antibiotic may inhibit the transformation if added after the antiserum yet stimulate it if added before the antiserum. Low concentrations of the antibiotic can inhibit the transformation at one temperature (31 °C) and stimulate it at another (19 °C). All these seemingly paradoxical findings can be reconciled on the assumption that the antibiotics inhibit the synthesis of the existing antigen when they stimulate transformation, inhibit the synthesis of the induced antigen when they interfere with transformation.
HPC Opportunities and Challenges in e-Science

In the last few years a new paradigm has emerged in science: extensively use of simulation techniques and software modeling, running on a distributed high performance computing electronic infrastructure. This paradigm is referred to as electronic Science or e-Science. Besides computer simulation, it uses huge amounts of distributed and shared data captured by instruments or sensors and/or stored in databases, analyzed to provide new results for science. This distributed HPC and data ecosystem enables the sharing of acquired knowledge, remote access to resources and above of all a world-wide scientific collaboration.
Distributed-Feedback Lasers

All of the lasers that have been described so far depend on optical feedback from a pair of reflecting surfaces, which form a Fabry-Perot etalon. In an optical integrated circuit, in which the laser diodes are monolithically integrated within the semiconductor wafer, it is usually very difficult to form such reflecting surfaces. They can be formed by etching or cleaving, as described in Chap. 12. However, the planar surface of the wafer is then disrupted, which leads to difficulties in fabricating electrical connections and heat sinks. An alternative approach, which utilizes distributed feedback (DFB) from a Bragg-type diffraction grating, provides a number of advantages while still utilizing a planar surface geometry.
Formation, Fusion, and Regeneration of Protoplasts from Wild-Type and Auxotrophic Strains of the White Rot Basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

A preparation of two commercial enzymes was used to liberate protoplasts from 16-h-old mycelium of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Regeneration frequencies of up to 5% were attained when the protoplasts were plated in a medium containing 10% sorbose and 3% agar. Fusion of protoplasts from different auxotrophic strains in polyethylene glycol-Ca/sup +2/ produced heterokaryons. Separation of the heterokaryons into their constituent homokaryotic strains could be effected through protoplast release and formation of colonies on regeneration agar. 18 references
Level of Information in the Diagnostic Process

Results of studies investigating the presence of bias in psychotherapy and diagnosis are equivocal. Past studies have not taken into consideration the amount of information provided to clinicians and, therefore, this factor was varied unsystematically from study to study. The current study explored the effects of the sex of the therapist, sex of the client, and level of information provided on diagnostic and treatment decisions. A nationwide sample of psychologists read case descriptions, in which client sex and specificity of information were manipulated, and then selected a diagnosis. Using log-linear analysis, the fit of the obtained data with the hypothesized interaction model and other less complex models was tested. The amount of information resented was the most influential component of the decision making process. The sex of the psychologist, that of the client, and their interaction did not play significant roles in diagnosis.
Diversification and senescence of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

The fate of Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells responding during autoimmunity is not well defined. We observed a marked elevation in KLRG1(+) (where KLRG1 stands for killer cell lectin-like receptor G1) CNS-infiltrating Treg cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and assessed their origin and properties. KLRG1(+) Treg cells showed increased activation marker expression, Foxp3 and CD25 levels, and more rapid cell cycling than KLRG1(-) cells. KLRG1(-) Treg cells converted into KLRG1(+) cells and this was increased in autoimmune inflammation. Conversion was unidirectional; KLRG1(+) Treg cells did not revert to a KLRG1(-) state. KLRG1(+) but notKLRG1(-) Treg cells survived poorly, indicative of terminal differentiation. This was associated with diminished BCL2 and increased apoptosis of isolated cells. KLRG1 was also upregulated on iTreg cells after transfer and EAE induction or on iTreg cells developing spontaneously during EAE. KLRG1(+) Treg cells produced more IL-10 and had altered effector cytokine production compared with their KLRG1(-) counterparts. Despite their differences, KLRG1(+) and KLRG1(-) Treg cells proved similarly potent in suppressing EAE. KLRG1(+) and KLRG1(-) populations were phenotypically heterogeneous, with the extent and pattern of activation marker expression dependent both on cellular location and inflammation. Our results support an extensive diversification of Treg cells during EAE, and associate KLRG1 with altered Treg-cell function and senescence.
Intraoperative Imprint Cytology in Assessment of Sentinel Lymph Nodes and Lumpectomy Surgical Margins

Intraoperative imprint cytology (IIC) in the assessment of sentinel lymph nodes (SNs) allows immediate, cost-effective axillary lymph node dissection. IIC diagnosis is accurate in up to 100% of grossly abnormal SNs. Despite overall low sensitivity for grossly negative SNs, the benefits of immediate complete axillary lymph node dissection offset the increased risk of missing micrometastases or loss of isolated tumor cells (ITCs) by performing frozen section. IIC of the lumpectomy margins is rapid, accurate, and cost effective. It allows re-excision during initial surgery if needed with better cosmetic result. It is a useful adjunct to, and frequently a replacement for frozen section in many centers. Cytopathologists must familiarize themselves with both advantages and pitfalls of IIC to avoid errors.
Magnetic circular dichroism from the impurity band in III-V diluted magnetic semiconductors

The magnetic circular dichroism of III-V diluted magnetic semiconductors, calculated within a theoretical framework suitable for highly disordered materials, is shown to be dominated by optical transitions between the bulk bands and an impurity band formed from magnetic dopant states. The real-space Green's functions incorporate spatial correlations in the disordered conduction band and valence-band electronic structure, and include extended and localized states on an equal basis. Our findings reconcile unusual trends in the experimental magnetic circular dichroism in III-V diluted magnetic semiconductors with the antiferromagnetic p-d exchange interaction between a magnetic dopant spin and its host.
Differential factors that influence applicant selection of a prosthodontic residency program.

Purpose: The main objectives of this study were to identify current prosthodontic resident demographics and to analyze factors that may influence applicants in selecting prosthodontics as a career, as well as a specific prosthodontic program. We also investigated the influence of age, gender, relationship status, and year in program on applicant decisions. Materials and Methods: Two questionnaires were mailed to all prosthodontic residents (N = 304) registered with the American College of Prosthodontists (ACP) Central Office. Part I assessed resident demographics and factors influencing choice of specialty. Part II assessed factors influencing the selection of a specific prosthodontic program. Results: Completed surveys were obtained from 193 of 304 (63.4%) of all prosthodontic residents registered at the ACP Central Office. The completed surveys represented approximately 48% of the total population of prosthodontic residents in the United States. Demographic data revealed that 37% and 62% of the respondents were female and male, respectively (1% did not report gender). The mean age of the respondents was 30.3 years. More residents reported being married than either single or in a relationship. Most residents were accepted to their top choice program. Part I of the survey revealed that the complexity and challenge of treatment planning/treatment, ability to lead multidisciplinary cases, possession of skills/talents suited to the specialty, enjoyment of clinical work, and the intellectual content of the specialty were reported to be the five most influential factors in choosing prosthodontics as a career. Part II demonstrated that applicants place a high emphasis on clinical education, their impression of the program director, advice from predoctoral mentors, their impression of resident satisfaction and happiness, and the opportunity to place dental implants. The factors of least importance are climate and opportunities to moonlight, teach, and conduct research. Conclusions: Dental students consider the complexity and challenge of treatment planning and execution of prosthodontic treatment to be the most important factors in the decision to specialize in prosthodontics. Mentors and predoctoral instructors also strongly influence students. Applicants consider clinical education to be the most important determinant in program selection, but are also influenced by their impression of the program director and his/her philosophy of training. Faculty board certification and the opportunity to place dental implants are also important factors. Relationship status can significantly affect an applicant's choice of program. Teaching and research opportunities appear to be of minor importance to applicants. These findings can be used by the ACP and/or program directors to understand which factors are important to students, enabling them to assess the compatibility of their programs with applicants and modify existing curricula to make their programs more attractive to top candidates.
Expressive motion with x, y and theta: Laban Effort Features for mobile robots

There is a saying that 95% of communication is body language, but few robot systems today make effective use of that ubiquitous channel. Motion is an essential area of social communication that will enable robots and people to collaborate naturally, develop rapport, and seamlessly share environments. The proposed work presents a principled set of motion features based on the Laban Effort system, a widespread and extensively tested acting ontology for the dynamics of “how” we enact motion. The features allow us to analyze and, in future work, generate expressive motion using position (x, y) and orientation (theta). We formulate representative features for each Effort and parameterize them on expressive motion sample trajectories collected from experts in robotics and theater. We then produce classifiers for different “manners” of moving and assess the quality of results by comparing them to the humans labeling the same set of paths on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Results indicate that the machine analysis (41.7% match between intended and classified manner) achieves similar accuracy overall compared to a human benchmark (41.2% match). We conclude that these motion features perform well for analyzing expression in low degree of freedom systems and could be used to help design more effectively expressive mobile robots.
Efficacy of the live attenuated Francisella tularensis vaccine (LVS) in a murine model of disease

A live attenuated vaccine Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS), that confers protection against tularemia infection in a number of animal models including man was developed during the 1960s in the US. In this study, we have established the median lethal dose (MLD) after intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intravenous (i.v.) delivery of NDBR Lot 4 F. tularensis LVS to be 4 cfu and 2.24 x 10(4) cfu, respectively, in BALB/c mice and less than 1 cfu and 1.29 x 10(4) cfu, respectively, in C57BL/6 mice. When delivered subcutaneously, the MLD for F. tularensis LVS was greater then 1 x 10(8) cfu in both strains of mouse. Using mouse models of systemic tularemia infection it was demonstrated that F. tularensis LVS immunised BALB/c mice were fully protected after challenge with approximately 1000 MLD of a strain of F. tularensis subsp. tularensis or a strain of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica. Under similar challenge conditions, protection in C57BL/6 mice was only evident against a subsp. holarctica strain. In BALB/c mice, protection against a subsp. holarctica strain was achieved 4 days after F. tularensis LVS immunisation whereas protection against a subsp. tularensis strain was only evident 14 days after F. tularensis LVS immunisation.
Correlation between morphology, chemical environment, and ferromagnetism in the intrinsic-vacancy dilute magnetic semiconductor Cr-doped Ga 2 Se 3 /Si(001)

Chromium-doped gallium sesquiselenide, Cr:Ga${}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$, is a member of a new class of dilute magnetic semiconductors exploiting intrinsic vacancies in the host material. The correlation among room-temperature ferromagnetism, surface morphology, electronic structure, chromium concentration, and local chemical and structural environments in Cr:Ga${}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$ films grown epitaxially on silicon is investigated with magnetometry, scanning tunneling microscopy, photoemission spectroscopy, and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Inclusion of a few percent chromium in Ga${}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$ results in laminar, semiconducting films that are ferromagnetic at room temperature with a magnetic moment $\ensuremath{\geqslant}4{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}/\text{Cr}$. The intrinsic-vacancy structure of defected-zinc-blende $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}$Ga${}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$ enables Cr incorporation in a locally octahedral site without disrupting long-range order, determined by x-ray absorption spectroscopy, as well as strong overlap between Cr $3d$ states and the Se $4p$ states lining the intrinsic-vacancy rows, observed with photoemission. The highest magnetic moment per Cr is observed near the solubility limit of roughly one Cr per three vacancies. At higher Cr concentrations, islanded, metallic films result, with a magnetic moment that depends strongly on surface morphology. The effective valence is Cr${}^{3+}$ in laminar films, with introduction of Cr${}^{0}$ upon islanding. A mechanism is proposed for laminar films whereby ordered intrinsic vacancies mediate ferromagnetism.
God's Wilds: John Muir's Vision of Nature

In "God's wilds" John Muir found beauty, inspiration, and the courage to battle governmental powers for the preservation of natural landscapes. In his writing and his activism as the founding president of the Sierra Club, countless others have also found a call to enjoy and preserve the natural world. Muir, still one of the most popular American nature writers, was instrumental in the creation of Yosemite National Park and other western parks. For years, environmentalists have used him as a bellwether for their objectives, making him into a wilderness man, a pantheist, and an ascetic. In God's Wilds, Dennis C. Williams, unlike other interpreters, suggests that Muir's ambition to save nature from development emerged out of his commitment to nineteenth-century evangelical Christian theology. Muir embodied the uneasy relationship of metaphysics and natural science of his time. It is the melding of these two visions, Williams suggests, that continues to make his work appealing and gives it power to fuel environmental activism and an appreciation of the value of nature and the environment in the modern world.
Possible species differences between Sarcocystis from mule deer and cattle.

In preliminary studies with Sarcocystis from bovine (Bos taurus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus), a coccidia-free laboratory dog (Canis familiaris) and captive coyote (Canis latrans) were fed flesh from a local Sarcocystis-infected bovine and later fed flesh from an infected mule deer from Eastern Oregon. Sporocysts were passed in the feces of both canine hosts 10-15 days after ingestion of infected meat. There was a statistical difference in the size of sporocysts derived from bovine and deer. It was concluded that the Sarcocystis from bovine and mule deer probably constitute distinct species with a life cycle dependent on the respective ruminant host and a canine host.
Ecosystem planning in Florida: solving regional problems through local decision-making

Ecosystem planning in Florida: solving regional problems through local decision-making, by Samuel David Brody, Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Co., 2008, 212 pp., US$102.81 (hardback), ISBN 978-...
Extra-Nuclear Estrogen Receptors: Functions in Breast Cancer.

Pools of classical estrogen receptors alpha and beta exist in various cellular locations including the nucleus, plasma membrane, and in cytoplasmic organelles (e.g.-mitochondria). The roles and importance of the extra-nuclear receptors are under investigation but in some women with breast cancer, membrane ERalpha greatly exceeds the nuclear ER pool. To understand how these receptors traffic to the plasma membrane and function, we took a proteomic approach that identified Heat Shock Protein 27 (Hsp27) as an important promoter of membrane ER localization. Hsp27 physically interacts with the ERalpha monomer, promoting palmitoylation of the sex steroid receptor, leading to enhanced association with caveolin-1 in cytoplasm and subsequent trafficking to the membrane. Using RNAi for Hsp27, this protein was shown to be necessary for ERalpha to localize to the membrane and signal through ERK and PI3 kinase, accounting for about 50% of total cell proliferation induced by estradiol. Membrane ERalpha and not nuclear ERalpha also blocks DNA repair signaling through ATR and ATM kinases in both normal breast epithelial cells and breast cancer cells (Mol Biol Cell 20:3374,2009).This occurs in the setting of radiation or chemotherapy-induced cell damage, in-vitro. Inhibiting kinase signaling leads to loss of cell cycle checkpoints, delay of DNA repair, inhibition of p53 function, and enhanced chromosomal damage upon exposing cells to gamma radiation. As for ERbeta, we find that this receptor exists mainly in extra-nuclear, mitochondrial locations in breast cancer cell lines. There is evidence that the cytoplasmic ERbeta 2 isoform correlates to a poor prognosis in women with breast cancer (Clin Canc Res, 2008). We found that mitochondrial ERbeta regulates reactive oxygen species formation. This function importantly participates in the response to tamoxifen, sensitivity (apoptosis) versus resistance (survival and growth), in several breast cancer cell lines. Mechanisms involved will be explored at the meeting. In summary, new and potentially important functions of extra-nuclear ERalpha and ERbeta could contribute to breast pathobiology. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr BS2-1.
Teratocarcinoma differentiation: plasminogen activator activity associated with embryoid body formation.

Abstract Changes in plasminogen activator activity have been examined as a clonal line of mouse embryonal carcinoma cells aggregate and differentiate to form cystic embryoid bodies in vitro. Within the first 10 days of study, the pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cells aggregate; a layer of endodermal cells appears on the outside of the aggregate forming an embryoid body; a basement membrane forms between the outer layer of endodermal cells and the internal cells; a cyst forms within the embryoid body; and the internal cells assume a columnar appearance along the inner portion of the basement membrane. After the formation of the endodermal layer, there is a rise in intracellular plasminogen activator activity. This rise continues for up to 25 days in culture, providing that the three-dimensional integrity of the embryoid bodies is maintained by culturing them on bacterial petri dishes. Selective removal of the outer endodermal layer of cells reduces the plasminogen activator activity of the resulting embryoid body cores. Intracellular and secreted plasminogen activator activity of simple embryoid bodies composed of only two cell types can be increased by culturing the embryoid bodies in dbcAMP, theophylline, or cholera toxin. These results suggest that the embryoid body endodermal cells are the source of a cAMP-inducible plasminogen activator activity.
Structure, Stability, and Decomposition of Nickel Cyanide-Ammonia Clathrates

Abstract The nickel cyanide-ammonia complex forms clathrate compounds with aniline, benzene, pyridine, pyrrole, and thiophene. The structure is tetragonal and the unit cell contains atoms corresponding to twice the formula when benzene is enclosed in nickel complex. Each benzene molecule is comparatively remote from nickel atoms. It is contained in a cavity where it makes contacts at van der Waals distances with other benzene molecules and with atoms of cyanide and ammonia groups. It is not linked by chemical bonds to the nickel complex. The clathrated molecules in this system are easily evolved when the compound is ground or heated to high temperatures. These clathrates are not particularly stable systems. The stability and decomposition of nickel cyanide-ammonia clathrates are described.
Predicting earthquakes by analyzing accelerating precursory seismic activity

During 11 sequences of earthquakes that in retrospect can be classed as foreshocks, the accelerating rate at which seismic moment is released follows, at least in part, a simple equation. This equation (1) is $$d(\Sigma \sqrt {M_0 } )/dt = C/(t_f - t)^n$$ ,where $$\Sigma \sqrt {M_0 }$$ is the cumulative sum until time,t, of the square roots of seismic moments of individual foreshocks computed from reported magnitudes;C andn are constants; andt fis a limiting time at which the rate of seismic moment accumulation becomes infinite. The possible time of a major foreshock or main shock,t f,is found by the best fit of equation (1), or its integral, to step-like plots of $$\Sigma \sqrt {M_0 }$$ versus time using successive estimates oft fin linearized regressions until the maximum coefficient of determination,r 2,is obtained. Analyzed examples include sequences preceding earthquakes at Cremasta, Greece, 2/5/66; Haicheng, China 2/4/75; Oaxaca, Mexico, 11/29/78; Petatlan, Mexico, 3/14/79; and Central Chile, 3/3/85. In 29 estimates of main-shock time, made as the sequences developed, the errors in 20 were less than one-half and in 9 less than one tenth the time remaining between the time of the last data used and the main shock. Some precursory sequences, or parts of them, yield no solution. Two sequences appear to include in their first parts the aftershocks of a previous event; plots using the integral of equation (1) show that the sequences are easily separable into aftershock and foreshock segments. Synthetic seismic sequences of shocks at equal time intervals were constructed to follow equation (1), using four values ofn. In each series the resulting distributions of magnitudes closely follow the linear Gutenberg-Richter relation logN=a−bM, and the productn timesb for each series is the same constant. In various forms and for decades, equation (1) has been used successfully to predict failure times of stressed metals and ceramics, landslides in soil and rock slopes, and volcanic eruptions. Results of more recent experiments and theoretical studies on crack propagation, fault mechanics, and acoustic emission can be closely reproduced by equation (1). Rate-process theory and continuum damage mechanics offer leads toward understanding the physical processes.
Observer Agreement of Mammographic Interpretation

: The purpose of this study was to determine the inter- and intraobserver agreement of mammographic interpretation among three board-certified radiologists with different levels of expertise in mammography who interpret mammograms, and to use the data to improve quality assurance of mammography. Four hundred and ninety-five randomly selected mammograms from a pool of 9, 326 mammograms performed between 1987 and 1990 were reexamined by three board certified radiologists without prior knowledge of the original interpretations. Each radiologist was asked to assign the mammogram to any of the three categories of normal, indeterminate, and suspicious for malignancy, and also to provide recommendations for further workup (breast physical examination, short-term follow-up mammography, ultrasound, etc.). In addition, 120 mammograms were reinterpreted for the second time by the same radiologist in order to determine the intraobserver variability. Results were also compared with the original readings. Kappa statistics was used in the analysis of the agreement. The interobserver agreement for the overall diagnosis was 83.6% between radiologists #1 and #2, 86.5% between #1 and #3, and 81% between radiologist #2 and #3. The intraobserver agreement was 98.7%, 89.1%, and 100% for radiologists #1, #2, and #3, respectively. The overall agreement between the three radiologists for the interpretation of 495 mammograms was good to excellent. Some disagreement was seen in detecting suspicious calcifications, short-term follow-up recommendations, and further diagnostic workup. The study demonstrated that the overall reading of mammograms by each radiologist was significantly different from the original interpretation (p < 002). The p-value indicates that the agreement was significantly greater than would be expected by chance alone.?
Use of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in treatment of executive functioning deficits and chronic fatigue syndrome: A double blind, placebo-controlled study

The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) for the treatment of executive functioning deficits in adults (ages 18-60) with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). The study's primary outcome measure was the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult (BRIEF-A). Secondary outcome measures were standardized assessments of fatigue, pain and global functioning. Twenty-six adults who met criteria for CFS and had clinically significant executive functioning deficits were randomly assigned to a flexible morning dose (30, 50, 70 mg/day) of either placebo or LDX for a 6-week trial. The data were analyzed with standard analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedures. Participants in the LDX group showed significantly more positive change in BRIEF-A scores (Mchange=21.38, SD=15.85) than those in the placebo group (Mchange=3.36, SD=7.26). Participants in the active group also reported significantly less fatigue and generalized pain relative to the placebo group. Although future studies with LDX should examine whether these benefits generalize to larger, more diverse samples of patients, these results suggest that LDX could be a safe and efficacious treatment for the executive functioning deficits often associated with CFS. The possibility that dopaminergic medications could play an important role addressing the symptoms of CFS is also discussed.
Structural Determination and Promoter Analysis of the Chicken Mitogen-Inducible Prostaglandin G/H Synthase Gene and Genetic Mapping of the Murine Homolog

We have previously reported the isolation and characterization of a new form (PGHS-2) of prostaglandin G/H synthase (PGHS, cyclooxygenase) from chicken embryo fibroblasts. To further study the regulation and structure of the gene, we have cloned the entire chicken PGHS-2 (previously termed miPGHSch) gene with its 5'-flanking region from a chicken genomic library. A genomic Southern blot showed the existence of a single PGHS-2 gene. The size of the gene was estimated at 8.9 kb through DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction analysis. The PGHS-2 gene was found to contain 10 exons, giving it a structure similar to that of the human PGHS-1 and murine PGHS-2 genes. The transcription start site was determined by primer extension, and the nucleotide sequence of 1.6 kb of the 5'-flanking region immediately upstream of the transcription start site was determined. The promoter sequence contained a TATA box and a variety of enhancer elements, including a serum response element, an AP-1, an NF-kappa B, and several SP-1 and AP-2 sites. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) assays showed that the first 158 nucleotides of the promoter efficiently drove transcription of the CAT reporter gene in serum-stimulated cells. Dexamethasone, a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, had no effect on CAT activity, although this drug is known to markedly decrease PGHS-2 mRNA in vivo. This suggests that dexamethasone may inhibit PGHS-2 mRNA expression at the post-transcriptional level. Analysis of hamster/mouse somatic cell hybrids with radiolabeled cDNA probes demonstrated that PGHS-1 mapped to chromosome 2 and PGHS-2 mapped to chromosome 1 of the mouse genome.
Personality and gender differences: Comparing clinicians and researchers∗

Abstract An empirical study of dichotomous personality differences distinguishing social work clinicians and researchers is reported. The personality differences were confirmed. Several gender differences were also confirmed. However, these differences were weakpredictors of research attitudes compared to terminal degree. Implications for practice and education are offered.
Ground penetrating radar polarization and scattering from cylinders

Abstract Ground penetrating radar (GPR) polarization is an important consideration when designing a GPR survey and is useful to constrain the size, shape, orientation, and electrical properties of buried objects. The polarization of the signal measured by the receive antenna is a function of the polarization of the transmit antenna and scattering properties of subsurface targets. Circular cylinders represent important environmental and engineering targets such as buried pipes, wires, and rebar. The backscattered fields from cylinders may be strongly depolarized depending on the orientation of the cylinder relative to the antennas, the electrical properties of the cylinders, and the radius of the cylinder compared to the incident wavelength. These polarization dependent scattering properties have important implications for target detection, survey design, and data interpretation. As the radius-to-wavelength ratio of metal and plastic pipes decreases, the backscattering properties become more polarization dependent. When using linearly polarized dipole antennas, metallic pipes and low impedance dielectric pipes are best imaged with the long axis of the dipole antennas oriented parallel to the long axis of the pipes. High impedance, dielectric pipes, are best imaged with the long axis of the dipoles oriented orthogonal to the long axis of the pipes.
Virtual input device with diffractive optical element

As a portable device, such as PDA and cell phone, a small size build in virtual input device is more convenient for complex input demand. A few years ago, a creative idea called 'virtual keyboard' is announced, but up to now there's still no mass production method for this idea. In this paper we'll show the whole procedure of making a virtual keyboard. First of all is the HOE (Holographic Optical Element) design of keyboard image which yields a fan angle about 30 degrees, and then use the electron forming method to copy this pattern in high precision. And finally we can product this element by inject molding. With an adaptive lens design we can get a well correct keyboard image in distortion and a wilder fan angle about 70 degrees. With a batter alignment of HOE pattern lithography, we’re sure to get higher diffraction efficiency.