cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spiritual Knowing: Another Pattern of Knowing in the Discipline

Fundamental patterns of knowing in nursing have historically served to clarify the substance and structure of the discipline, significantly contributing to nursing's body of knowledge. In this article, we continue the scholarly conversation on patterns of knowing in nursing by advancing spiritual knowing as a pattern of knowing that helps advance nursing's agenda toward universal well-being and critical during this time toward interdisciplinarity. Implications for nursing are explored in relation to enduring and new questions that require our attention related to human beings, their environments, and healing.
Social Capital’s Influence on Environmental Concern in China: An Analysis of the 2010 Chinese General Social Survey:

This study examines the ways in which social capital influences people’s environmental concern in China. Using data obtained from the 2010 Chinese General Social Survey, we measure social capital t...
Insights into the psychology of mobile apps as the new home screen: Evidence from cutting-edge research in Chinese societies

There is “no place like home” according to the cliche. How about a home built with screens and supported by smart devices, mobile technology, and wireless internet connections? As a portal, will th...
The Val66Met BDNF Polymorphism and Peripheral Nerve Injury: Enhanced Regeneration in Mouse Met-Carriers Is Not Further Improved With Activity-Dependent Treatment

Activity-dependent treatments to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration after injury have shown great promise, and clinical trials implementing them have begun. Success of these treatments requires activity-dependent release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the bdnf gene known as Val66Met, which is found in nearly one third of the human population, results in defective activity-dependent BDNF secretion and could impact the effectiveness of these therapies. Here, we used a mouse model of this SNP to test the efficacy of treadmill exercise in enhancing axon regeneration in animals both heterozygous (V/M) and homozygous (M/M) for the SNP. Axon regeneration was studied 4 weeks after complete transection and repair of the sciatic nerve in both male and female animals, using both electrophysiological and histological outcome measures. Regeneration was enhanced significantly without treatment in V/M mice, compared with wild type (V/V) controls. Unlike V/V mice, treatment of both V/M and M/M mice with treadmill exercise did not result in enhanced regeneration. These results were recapitulated in vitro using dissociated neurons containing the light-sensitive cation channel, channelrhodopsin. Three days after plating, neurites of neurons from V/M and M/M mice were longer than those of V/V neurons. In neurons from V/V mice, but not those from V/M or M/M animals, longer neurites were found after optogenetic stimulation. Taken together, Met-carriers possess an intrinsically greater capacity to regenerate axons in peripheral nerves, but this cannot be enhanced further by activity-dependent treatments.
89. PEDIATRICIANS AT THE CAPITOL: PEDIATRIC RESIDENT LEGISLATIVE ADVOCACY TRAINING

Background The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requires legislative advocacy education in residency. However, due to the relatively recent emergence, structure and content requirements for curriculum in advocacy training are lacking. In 2014, the residency program at Phoenix Children's developed an annual curricular event “Pediatricians at The Capitol” to actively engage residents in advocacy training and demystify the state legislative process. Methods The event at the State Capitol includes training on interacting with legislators, overview of pediatric health issues, an opportunity meet with individual district Representatives and attend health committee meetings. Advocacy tools and materials developed by the national AAP are utilized. Child health issues are based on local legislative priorities in collaboration with the Arizona Chapter of the AAP. Participants complete a pre- and post-event survey to assess the quality of the experience. Results To date, 169 medical professionals have participated (136 residents). Only 22% of participants knew who their local representatives were prior to the event, 100% knew after. Over 70% of participants met with at least one of their representatives and felt confident and prepared in discussing child health issues with them. Overall, the event received 4.47 out of 5 indicating it is both informative and highly valued by participants. More than 60% of participants anticipate that their engagement in advocacy activities will increase as a result of participating. Conclusion Legislative advocacy curriculum is an essential component of pediatrics residency. Adapting existing advocacy tool from the AAP and collaborating with local pediatric focused organizations to provide a structured, hands-on experience proves to be well received and leaves residents prepared and confident in ongoing legislative advocacy.
Traditionalization as a response to state-induced development in rural Tibetan areas of Qinghai, PRC

The current state-induced and top-down-implemented development and modernization of the predominantly rural areas of western China can be perceived as a clear demonstration of Chinese power in Tibe...
Self-Reported Health in HIV-Positive African American Women: The Role of Family Stress and Depressive Symptoms

This prospective study examined the association between stressful life events and self-reported health in 72 inner-city, low-income African American women with HIV. Depressive symptoms were examined as a potential mediator of this association. Findings indicated that family stressors predicted deterioration in self-reported health status over the 15-month assessment period. Additionally, the association between family stress and self-reported physical health was mediated by depressive symptoms such that the strength of the association between family stress and self-reported health was no longer statistically significant after depressive symptoms were entered in the model. This study suggests a potentially important target for prevention and intervention efforts aimed at enhancing the quality of life of women with HIV.
Epidemiology of Gallbladder Cancer in Saudi Arabia.

Background Gallbladder cancer is generally rare but can be more common in some populations. The aim of this study was to present an analysis of gallbladder cancer epidemiology in Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods A retrospective study of gallbladder cancer cases in Saudi Arabia from 2004 to 2015 was conducted. The gallbladder cancer data were accessed through the Saudi Cancer Registry (SCR) reports for 13 administrative regions. The number of gallbladder cancer cases with percentage, the crude incidence rate (CIR) and the age-standardised incidence rate (ASIR), stratified by regions, gender, and the years of diagnoses were analysed. Results A total of 1678 gallbladder cancer cases, 702 in males and 976 in females, were registered between 2004 and 2015. Saudi women and men in the 75 and above age-group were found to have the highest diagnosis rate of gallbladder cancer. In males, the overall ASIR among Saudi males was 1.1 per 100,000 (95% CI, 0.9 to 1.2). The Eastern region had the highest overall ASIR at 1.5 per 100,000 males, followed by Tabuk and Riyadh at 1.4 and 1.3 higher than other regions (F(12,143)=1.930, P<0.001). The overall ASIR among Saudi females was 1.6 per 100,000 (95% CI, 1.4 to 1.7). Riyadh had the highest overall ASIR at 2.4 per 100,000 females, followed by the Eastern region, and Qassim at 1.9 and 1.5, respectively, all higher than other provinces of the country (F(12,143)=2.496, P<0.005). The ASIR and CIR were lower among males than females (ratio 0.7). Conclusion Gallbladder cancer incidence is relatively low in Saudi Arabia. The rates were higher in females than males. ASIR showed variations between different provinces of Saudi Arabia. In females, the highest ASIR was in Riyadh. In males, ASIR was highest in the Eastern region of Saudi Arabia.
Non-real eigenvalues of the harmonic oscillator perturbed by an odd, two-point interaction

We consider the perturbations of the harmonic oscillator operator by an odd pair of point interactions, z(δx−b−δx+b). The spectrum of such operators is analyzed as a set of roots of the properly constructed entire (meromorphic) function. If z = ir, r real, as r → ∞, the number of non-real eigenvalues tends to infinity.
The Distributional Impact of Recessions: the Global Financial Crisis and the COVID-19 Pandemic Recession

Abstract Using U.S. Current Population Survey data, this paper compares the distributional impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis and those of Global Financial Crisis in terms of (i) worker characteristics, (ii) job characteristics–“social” (where individuals interact to consume goods), “teleworkable” (where individuals have the option of working at home), and “essential” jobs (which were not subject to government mandated shutdowns during the recent recession), and (iii) wage distributions. We find that young and less educated workers have always been affected more in recessions, while women and Hispanics were more severely affected during the Pandemic Recession. Surprisingly, teleworkable, social and essential jobs have been historically less cyclical. This historical acyclicality of teleworkable occupations is attributable to its higher share of skilled workers. Unlike during the Global Financial Crisis, however, employment in social industries fell more whereas employment in teleworkable and essential jobs fell less during the Pandemic Crisis. During both recessions, workers at low-income earnings have suffered more than top-income earners, suggesting a significant distributional impact of the two recessions. Lastly, a large share of unemployed persons was on temporary layoff during the COVID-19 recession, unlike the Global Financial Crisis.
Understanding bovine mammary gland niches for staphylococci using different milk sampling techniques

Mastitis is usually caused by a bacterial intramammary infection (IMI) with Staphylococcus being the most commonly isolated genus. The standard method for diagnosing an IMI is to aseptically prepare the teat end and collect milk via the teat orifice into a sterile vial for bacterial culture. While this method has been advocated for decades, there has been debate about the importance of some bacteria isolated from such samples when the milk somatic cell count (SCC) in the mammary quarter is < 200,000 cells/ml (threshold for a healthy mammary gland). Recently, Hiitio et al. (2016) showed that milk samples collected directly from the gland cistern were less likely to contain staphylococcal DNA when using a commercial PCR diagnostic test kit than milk samples that were collected via the teat orifice. Unfortunately, the PCR only differentiated staphylococci into Staphylococcus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus, and so it is unknown which of the nonaureus staphylococcal (NAS) species may be more likely to inhabit the teat canal than those that cause a true IMI. These data provide preliminary evidence that some staphylococci in milk may be teat canal inhabitants and not intramammary pathogens that cause mastitis. The objective of this study was to determine if some species of staphylococci isolated from milk are only isolated when the sample is collected through the teat orifice and absent in cisternal milk collected using the method described by Hiitio et al. (2016).
Perinatal blood biomarkers for the identification of brain injury in very low birth weight growth-restricted infants

To determine if blood biomarkers measured at delivery and shortly after birth can identify growth-restricted infants at risk for developing severe brain injury. In a cohort of very low birth weight neonates, fetal growth restricted (FGR) (birth weight <10%) were compared to non-FGR neonates, and within the FGR group those with brain injury were compared to those without. Biomarkers were measured in cord blood at delivery, and daily for the 1st 5 days of life. FGR was associated with significantly higher levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, and lower levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). FGR and brain injury were associated with significantly higher levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Interleukins may be involved in a common pathway contributing to both the development of growth restriction and brain injury, and GFAP may help identify brain injury within this growth-restricted group.
Orienting an Organic Semiconductor into DNA 3D Arrays by Covalent Bonds.

A quasi-one-dimensional organic semiconductor, hepta(p-phenylene vinylene) (HPV), was incorporated into a DNA tensegrity triangle motif using a covalent strategy. 3D arrays were self-assembled from an HPV-DNA pseudo-rhombohedron edge by rational design and characterized by X-ray diffraction. Templated by the DNA motif, HPV molecules exist as single-molecule fluorescence emitters at the concentration of 8mM within the crystal lattice. The anisotropic fluorescence emission from HPV-DNA crystals indicates HPV molecules are well aligned in the macroscopic 3D DNA lattices. Sophisticated nanodevices and functional materials constructed from DNA can be developed from this strategy by addressing functional components with molecular accuracy.
Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation: A Non-Invasive Method To Augment Locomotor Function and Limit Spasticity after Spinal Cord Injury (P03.268)

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to characterize the effect of transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) on motor function in spinal cord injury (SCI). BACKGROUND: Stimulation of the nervous system to modulate motor function has a long history but the application of this therapeutic intervention in SCI has been limited. Recently, tSCS has been shown to activate similar structures as epidural spinal cord stimulation making possible a non-invasive method to influence motor function in SCI. DESIGN/METHODS: Varying degrees of SCI were studied in and out of the robotic gait orthosis, the Lokomat. Constant current stimulation was applied over the lumbar enlargement to activate multiple posterior roots. Indiviudal stimuli generated monosynaptic reflexes in all lower extremity muscles. Tonic stimulation was applied at sub-motor threshold strengths at frequencies ranging from 5 to 50 Hz and, when patients were in the Lokomat, in different combinations with gait training parameters (body weight support, treadmill speed and hip angle). RESULTS: Tonic tSCS generated motor effects in both complete and incomplete SCI. In complete SCI, stimulation freqencies between 25-30 Hz enhanced rhythmic firing of leg muscles but not necessarily with coordination between flexors and extensors or in coordination with stepping periodicity. In incomplete SCI, stimulation frequencies around 10 Hz enhanced extensor tone but stimulation frequencies of 25-30 Hz enhanced leg muscle EMG patterns and forces for stepping. tSCS enhanced the effects of increasing loading and treadmill speed during stepping in the Lokomat. Clonus was eliminated with tSCS in cases of both complete and incomplete SCI. 50 Hz stimulation of incomplete SCI subjects out of the Lokomat reduced spasticity/dysynergias during passive and voluntary movements but did not reduce appropriate voluntary motor control. CONCLUSIONS: tSCS is a novel and impactful method with which to generate and study the augmentation of motor control in the spinal cord following injury. Supported by: Hulse Spinal Cord Injury Laboratory. Disclosure: Dr. Tansey has nothing to disclose.
Polarization in Heme Proteins and Cytochrome C Oxidase

Communication at the molecular level is the basis for all forms of biological control. This may range from simple dipole interactions that alter a chemical equilibrium to a complex series of interactions that lead to control of electron transport in the cytochrome system in mitochondria. All of these processes can be analyzed into a series of steps, which in turn can be described in terms of simple molecular force fields. Infrared spectroscopy1 has been an excellent tool for the study of molecular interactions in biological molecules, since chemical bonding, and therefore vibrational force constants, are very sensitive to changes in local molecular interactions. Our understanding of cytochrome c oxidase has been greatly enhanced by direct spectroscopic studies, and by comparisons with metal coordination complexes and simpler heme proteins and hemocyanins.
Interannual variability of the Indian summer monsoon associated with the air–sea feedback in the northern Indian Ocean

Using observation-based analyses, this study identifies the leading interannual pattern of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) independent of ENSO and examines the potential mechanisms of its formation. For this purpose, an objective procedure is used to isolate the variability of the summer precipitation associated with the contemporary ENSO state and in previous winter–spring, which influence the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) region in opposite ways. It is shown that the leading pattern of these ENSO-related monsoon rainfall anomalies reproduces some major ISMR features and well represents its connections to the global-scale ENSO features in both lower and upper troposphere. On the other hand, the leading pattern derived from the precipitation anomalies with the ENSO component removed in the ISM and surrounding region also accounts for a substantial amount of the monsoon precipitation centered at the eastern coast of the subtropical Arabian Sea, extending into both the western Indian Ocean and the Indian subcontinent. The associated atmospheric circulation change is regional in nature, mostly confined in the lower to mid troposphere centered in the Arabian Sea, with a mild connection to an opposite tendency centered at the South China Sea. Further analyses show that this regional pattern is associated with a thermodynamic air–sea feedback during early to mid summer season. Specifically, before the monsoon onset, an anomalous atmospheric high pressure over the Arabian Sea causes excessive shortwave radiation to the sea surface and increases SST in May. The warm SST anomalies peak in June and reduce the sea level pressure. The anomalous cyclonic circulation generates regional convection and precipitation, which also induces subsidence and anticyclonic circulation over the South China Sea. The combined cyclonic–anticyclonic circulation further transport moisture from the western Pacific into the Indian Ocean and causes its convergence into the Arabian Sea. As a result, the regional cyclone is further enhanced and expanded to the Indian subcontinent in July. The substantial reduction of the solar radiation, however, cools down the sea surface and causes the decay of the circulation in August. This study suggests that the pre-monsoon Arabian Sea condition may be an important contributor to the ISM predictability from monthly to seasonal scales.
Activation of Ca2+ permeability by cAMP is coordinated through the pHi increase induced by speract.

The egg peptide speract activates sperm K channels by transient stimulation of guanylyl cyclase (see the accompanying paper, Cook, S.P., and Babcock, D.F. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 22402-22407). Behavioral responses to speract are thought to require the brief elevations of cAMP and cytosolic [Ca2+] (Cai) also evoked by speract through yet unknown mechanisms. Here we present evidence that cAMP mediates activation of a putative, Mn(2+)-permeable Ca channel that is responsible for increased Cai. We find that: 1) prolonged elevation of Cai was produced by treatments previously shown to selectively enhance accumulation of cAMP; 2) elevation of Cai and entry of Mn2+ are prevented by those manipulations of external [Na+] and [K+] previously shown to prevent accumulation of cAMP; 3) the blockade to Ca2+ entry imposed by increased external K+ is bypassed by elevation of cytosolic pH (pHi) with NH4Cl; 4) in the absence of speract, NH4Cl allows Mn2+ entry that is enhanced by papaverine, an inhibitor of sperm cAMP phosphodiesterase. These results thus also suggest that elevation of pHi is both necessary and sufficient to activate adenylylcyclase. This study provides tentative identification of sperm Ca channels as downstream targets of cAMP action and indicates that pHi may determine whether cGMP- or cAMP-mediated second messenger pathways predominate in speract signal transduction.
Nonoxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Veillonella alcalescens

Abstract Crude cell-free extracts of Veillonella alcalescens C1, an anaerobe unable to ferment glucose, were assayed for individual enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activities were not detectable. Constituent enzymes of the nonoxidative limb of the pentose phosphate pathway were demonstrable. The presence of transaldolase, transketolase, phosphoribose isomerase, and phosphoribulose epimerase in this organism suggests a primarily biosynthetic role for these enzymes. It is postulated that ribose is synthesized from lactate in V. alcalescens C1 via a modified reversal of glycolysis and the nonoxidative limb of the pentose phosphate pathway.
Recurring Goals: The Effect of Divisibility and Goal Attainment on Self-Efficacy and Effort

People often take on tasks again and again that lead to identical outcomesâ"what we refer to as recurring goals (e.g., getting up in time to catch the early train and arrive at work on time). This research documents how effort increases in response to goal attainment in a recurring goal framework. Most loyalty programs are structured as a series of recurring goals (awards). The effectiveness of a loyalty program depends directly on the number of rewards offered and the amount of an alternative currency required to redeem each reward, what we have labeled a program's divisibility. We show how goal attainment and thus the effort exerted toward future rewards depends on a program's divisibility. Our results suggest the observed increase in effort occurs due to an increase in self-efficacy, or the impact that success has on perceptions of one's particular aptitude at completing an endeavor.
Prostaglandin signalling in cerebral ischaemia

The inducible cyclooxygenase COX-2 exerts neurotoxic effects in a wide spectrum of neurological disease models, including models of cerebral ischaemia and chronic neurodegeneration. As COX-1 and COX-2 catalyse the first committed step in prostaglandin synthesis, recent efforts have focused on identifying the downstream prostaglandin signalling pathways responsible for mediating the toxic effect of COX-2. Recent studies in models of in vitro excitotoxicity or hypoxia demonstrate that certain prostaglandin receptors mediate toxic effects, but a large number appear to mediate paradoxically protective effects. In vivo studies have begun to confirm initial in vitro findings, with selected prostaglandin receptors eliciting either neurotoxic or protective effects in models of cerebral ischaemia. In the present issue, Ikeda-Matsuo et al. examine the function of the PGE2 EP3 receptor in a model of transient focal ischaemia and explore its potential signalling through Rho kinase activation. This article is a commentary on Ikeda-Matsuo et al., pp. 847–859 of this issue. To view this paper visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00711.x
View-Dependent Adaptive Cloth Simulation with Buckling Compensation

This paper describes a method for view-dependent cloth simulation using dynamically adaptive mesh refinement and coarsening. Given a prescribed camera motion, the method adjusts the criteria controlling refinement to account for visibility and apparent size in the camera’s view. Objectionable dynamic artifacts are avoided by anticipative refinement and smoothed coarsening, while locking in extremely coarsened regions is inhibited by modifying the material model to compensate for unresolved sub-element buckling. This approach preserves the appearance of detailed cloth throughout the animation while avoiding the wasted effort of simulating details that would not be discernible to the viewer. The computational savings realized by this method increase as scene complexity grows. The approach produces a $2\times$ speed-up for a single character and more than $4\times$ for a small group as compared to view-independent adaptive simulations, and respectively $5\times$ and $9\times$ speed-ups as compared to non-adaptive simulations.
Three-Dimensional Intersection—A Vector Approach

Systems of equations are derived and computational routines are outlined that can be used to determine the geodetic coordinates and elevation of a point by three-dimensional intersection using horizontal and vertical angles only. Equations are similarly derived and a computational routine is outlined that can be used to compute the geodetic coordinates and elevation of a point using horizontal angles, vertical angles, and slope distances. In both cases angles are used that have been measured from two or more points having known geodetic coordinates and elevations to a point of unknown position. All data consist of direct field measurements in the form of horizontal angles, vertical angles, and slope distance corrected only for refraction. The equations are exact with respect to a reference ellipsoid, but corrections may be required wherever the actual topographic surface differs significantly from the surface of the reference ellipsoid.
Structure of the Cell Wall of Bacillus stearothermophilus: Mode of Action of a Thermophilic Bacteriophage Lytic Enzyme

The mode of action of a bacteriophage lytic enzyme on cell walls of Bacillus stearothermophilus (NCA 1503-4R) has been investigated. The enzyme is an endopeptidase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the l-alanyl-d-glutamyl linkage in peptide subunits of the cell wall peptidoglycan. Preliminary studies on the soluble components in lytic cell wall digests indicate that the glycan moiety is composed of alternating glucosamine and muramic acid; one half of the muramic acid residues contain the tripeptide, l-alanyl-d-glutamyldiaminopimelic acid, and the remaining residues contain the tetrapeptide, l-alanyl-d-glutamyldiaminopimeyl-d-alanine. Almost one half of the peptide subunits are involved in cross-linkages of chemotype I. A structure for the cell wall peptidoglycan is proposed in the light of these findings.
Ecological considerations for the use of dispersants in oil spill response

A multidisciplinary task force with membership from government agencies, academia, and industry is developing ecologically based guidelines for dispersant use in marine and estuarine environments. The guidelines are organized by habitat type (e.g., coral reefs, rocky shores, bird habitats) and consider dispersant use to protect the habitats from impact, to mitigate impacts, and to clean the habitats after a spill. Each guideline contains a description of the habitat type covered, recommendations for dispersant use, and a background section reviewing the relevant literature. The goal is to minimize the ecological impacts of oil spills. Aesthetic, socioeconomic, and political factors are not considered, although it is recognized that these are important concerns during spill response. Use of dispersants is considered along with other appropriate countermeasures and compared with the ''no cleanup'' alternative.
A formative evaluation of two evidence-based psychotherapies for PTSD in VA residential treatment programs.

Thirty-eight U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) residential treatment programs for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) participated in a formative evaluation of their programmatic services, including evidenced-based treatments (EBTs), between July 2008 and March 2011. Face-to-face qualitative interviews were conducted with over 250 staff by an independent psychologist along with on-site participant observations. This evaluation coincided with a national VA dissemination initiative to train providers in two EBTs for PTSD, Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT). A substantial proportion of eligible (based on professional background) residential treatment providers received training in PE (37.4%) or CPT (64.2%), with 9.5% completing case consultation or becoming national trainers in each therapy respectively. In semi-structured interviews, providers reported that their clinical programs had adopted these EBTs at varying levels ranging from no adoption to every patient receiving the full protocol. Suggestions for improving the adoption of PE and CPT are noted, including distilling manualized treatments to essential common elements.
On melatonin suppression from polychromatic and narrowband light.

Dear Editor,The recent study published by Revell and Skene (2007) follows other studies demonstrating that multiple photopigments contribute to the spectral sensitivity of the human circadian syste...
Some results on quasi-cyclic codes

In this paper a class of linear error-correcting block codes is investigated. These quasicyclic codes are closely related in structure to cyclic codes although they are not nearly as well understood. It is shown that an important subclass of the class of cyclic codes is almost equivalent to quasicyclic codes. Also, a short computer generated list of the best quasicyclic codes of rate ½ is given. The last result is a proof that there exist very long quasicyclic codes which meet the Gilbert bound.
Inhibition of kinesin motor proteins by adociasulfate-2.

Kinesin motor proteins are involved in cell division and intracellular transport of vesicles and organelles, and as such, they play a role in neurological disease, cancer, and developmental disorders. Inhibitors of kinesin would be valuable as probes of cell physiology and as potential therapeutics. Adociasulfate-2 (AS-2) is the only known natural product inhibitor of kinesins, but its mechanism of action is unknown. We utilized kinetic studies, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the inhibitory action of AS-2. Our data suggest that AS-2 is not a classical 1:1 inhibitor. Instead, a rodlike aggregate that mimics microtubules is complexed with kinesin and inhibits its ATPase activity. An intriguing implication of this hypothesis is that aggregates of a chiral natural product can have interesting and biologically relevant properties. This mode of action might represent one way in which a small molecule can disrupt a protein−protein interaction.
The field independent‐dependent cognitive style and beginning reading

Studies investigating field independence‐dependence and reading are reviewed. A meta‐analysis of 25 correlational studies revealed a moderate relationship which indicated that field independent children tend to be more efficient readers than field dependent children. Additional research showed that some measures of field dependence are successful in identifying good and poor readers at beginning stages of learning to read, and that field dependent children are likely to develop more severe reading problems. It was suggested that the influence of field independence‐dependence is greatest during the initial acquisition of many reading skills. Some possible instructional implications of the research are discussed.
Quantum-Mechanical Rate Equations for Semiconductor Lasers

Quantum-mechanical rate equations are derived for semiconductor lasers (SL). Fluctuation operators with shot-noise character describe the quantum nature of the transitions. These equations are treated in the high-temperature limit for pure and highly doped III-V compound semiconductors. Numerical calculations are carried out for GaAs. From the mean rate equations we determine (a) the temperature dependence of the threshold pump rate for pure bulk SL and the threshold current for SL junctions and (b) the temperature and pump dependences of the mean light intensity and of the mean quasi-Fermi-level. By linearizing the fluctuations around the mean values, the noise spectrum for the light intensity is obtained. The general form of the noise spectrum is the same as that obtained by McCumber for a four-level laser system. Above threshold a sharp resonance is found in the GHz region. The temperature and pump dependences of the spectrum and especially of the resonance frequency are calculated in detail. The results from the mean equations and from the noise calculations which are obtained for highly doped GaAs are compared with experimental results for junction lasers, and good agreement is found. For pure SL the present numerical results are in good agreement with former analytical results of Haug and Haken for the mean intensity and for the low-frequency part of the noise spectrum, which have been found for the regions below and above threshold. The results for pure bulk SL are applicable to experiments with optical or electron-beam excitation.
Recursive protein modeling: A divide and conquer strategy for protein structure prediction and its case study in CASP9

After decades of research, protein structure prediction remains a very challenging problem. In order to address the different levels of complexity of modeling structure, two types of modeling techniques — template-based modeling and template-free modeling — have been developed. Template-based modeling can often generate a moderate to high resolution model when a similar, homologous template structure is found for a query protein but fails if no template or only incorrect templates are found. Template-free modeling such as fragment-based assembly may generate models of moderate resolution for small proteins of low topological complexity. Seldom have the two techniques been integrated together to improve protein modeling. Here we develop a recursive protein modeling approach to selectively and collaboratively apply template-based and template-free modeling methods to model template-covered (i.e., certain) and template-free (i.e., uncertain) regions of a protein. A preliminary implementation of the approach was tested on a number of hard modeling cases during the 9th Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP9) and successfully improved the quality of modeling in most of these cases. Recursive modeling can significantly reduce the complexity of protein structure modeling and integrate template-based and template-free modeling to improve the quality and efficiency of protein structure prediction.
Ago HITS-CLIP Expands Understanding of Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus miRNA Function in Primary Effusion Lymphomas

KSHV is the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and a subset of multicentricCastleman's disease (MCD). The fact that KSHV-encoded miRNAs are readily detectable in all KSHV-associated tumors suggests a potential role in viral pathogenesis and tumorigenesis. MiRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression is a complex network with each miRNA having many potential targets, and to date only few KSHV miRNA targets have been experimentally determined. A detailed understanding of KSHV miRNA functions requires high-through putribonomics to globally analyze putative miRNA targets in a cell type-specific manner. We performed Ago HITS-CLIP to identify viral and cellular miRNAs and their cognate targets in two latently KSHV-infected PEL cell lines. Ago HITS-CLIP recovered 1170 and 950 cellular KSHVmiRNA targets from BCBL-1 and BC-3, respectively. Importantly, enriched clusters contained KSHV miRNA seed matches in the 3′UTRs of numerous well characterized targets, among them THBS1, BACH1, and C/EBPβ. KSHV miRNA targets were strongly enriched for genes involved in multiple pathways central for KSHV biology, such as apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, lymphocyte proliferation, and immune evasion, thus further supporting a role in KSHV pathogenesis and potentially tumorigenesis. A limited number of viral transcripts were also enriched by HITS-CLIP including vIL-6 expressed only in a subset of PEL cells during latency. Interestingly, Ago HITS-CLIP revealed extremely high levels of Ago-associated KSHV miRNAs especially in BC-3 cells where more than 70% of all miRNAs are of viral origin. This suggests that in addition to seed match-specific targeting of cellular genes, KSHV miRNAs may also function by hijacking RISCs, thereby contributing to a global de-repression of cellular gene expression due to the loss of regulation by human miRNAs. In summary, we provide an extensive list of cellular and viral miRNA targets representing an important resource to decipher KSHV miRNA function.
705 KILLER (K) CELLS RESPONSIBLE FOR ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT CELL MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY EXPRESS HUMAN T LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGENS

The designation of K cells, effector cells of antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), as T, B, or null cells has been controversial. Using reciprocally absorbed rabbit antisera to autologous T and B lymphoblast cell lines HSB and SB which detect human T and B lymphocyte antigens (HTLA and HBLA) (Blood 49:371, 1977; Clin. Immunol. Immunopath. 8:530, 1977) we now demonstrate that K cells are HTLA-positive/HBLA-negative. Peripheral lymphocytes purified by nylon column filtration were incubated with anti-HTLA, anti-HBLA or normal rabbit serum plus complement. Viable cells remaining were then tested in a 51Cr-release assay for cytotoxicity against antibody coated Chang liver cells. Treatment with anti-HTLA + C but not anti-HBLA + C abrogated ADCC. This was due to lysis of K cells rather than antigen-antibody complex inhibition since no effect was seen with heat-inactivated complement. These findings support the concept that K cells belong to the T cell lineage. (Supported by NIH Grant CA17534. J.K is recipient of NIH RCDA CA00188).
Electrophoretic behaviour of an aminopeptidase of human tissues and serum.

A SERUM aminopeptidase* (LAP) that hydrolyses L-leucyl-β-naphthylamide migrates as a single component to the α1-globulin region in the electrophoretic pattern of normal serum and the serum of the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Additional components of LAP which migrate to other areas have been found in the serum of many patients with hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases and in the third trimester of pregnancy1–3. The origin of these ‘isoenzymes’ of serum LAP was sought in an examination of the electrophoretic mobility of LAP from various tissues which exhibited high specific activity of this enzyme.
Analysis of Two-Dimensional Diffusion-Controlled Moving Boundary Problems

This paper presents a technique for the analysis of unsteady, two-dimensional diffusive heat- or mass-transfer problems characterized by moving irregular boundaries. The technique includes an immobilization transformation and a numerical scheme for the solution of the transformed equations. Specifically, the immobilization consists of transforming the governing partial differential equations into a coordinate system where the phase boundaries correspond to fixed coordinate surfaces. An example problem involving the solidification or melting of a finite cylinder is analyzed, and results for a range of conditions are presented.
The Effect of pH and Certain Additives on Heat Denaturation of Turkey Meat Myoglobin 1. Model System

Abstract The effect of pH and certain additives on the denaturation of various turkey meat myoglobins was studied in a model system. The nature of the myoglobin derivative appeared to have an effect on the amount of pigment denatured by temperature in a crude myoglobin extract. This denaturation was increased by the lowering of the pH or the addition of Neo-Cebitate. The addition of Kena to the extract reduced the amount of denaturation at any given temperature studied. MetMb appeared to be more stable to heat denaturation than either Mb or MbO2. This was possibly due to the increase in polarity of MetMb caused by the positive charge on the iron of the heme group. Mb and MbO2 formed green precipitate, possibly cholemyoglobin, when heated to 70°C. in the presence of Neo-Cebitate. MetMb in solution (normally brown in color) formed a green pigment in solution when in the presence of Neo-Cebitate + Kena at temperature of 70° to 90°C. This pigment was undefined.
Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Cyclic Phosphopeptide on Solid Support

Phosphopeptides are important tools for studying intracellular signal transduction events in vitro and in vivo and are also potential drugs due to their direct competition with phosphoprotein recognition elements. Cyclization has been demonstrated to improve peptide selectivity, metabolic stability, and bioavailability. However, cyclic phosphopeptide synthesis may not be straightforward due to the sterically hindered phosphorylated side-chain amino acid derivatives. One option to overcome this hurdle is to use microwave-assisted synthesis, which has been shown to increase efficiency and reduce synthesis time. Herein, a detailed protocol is provided for synthesizing cyclic phosphopeptides using automated microwave. The overall synthesis duration was reduced and yields increased compared with a manual conventional method. This method provides a general, fast and facile way to synthesize cyclic peptides, demonstrating the synthesis of cyclic phosphorylated peptides which are known to be among the most challenging to produce.
Culture as control: Work and self in modern organizations

Shortly before 7 a.m. on a June morning Dorinne Kondo (Crafting Selves) found herself standing in front of a group of her co-workers and others, facing Mt. Fuji, and shouting, "Father! Mother! Good morning!" This was just one of the humiliating rituals required of participants in the six-day youth seminar -a program for those under forty years of age -he ld at the Ethics School in the shadow of Japan's Mt. Fuji. The theme of the seminar was bodily mortification. Other exercises included arising at dawn, ablutions with icy water, beatings with a stick while sitting meditation-style on the floor for long periods of time, cleaning the floors of the school on hands and knees, walking barefoot at night over sharp gravel and rocks, and, the culminating ordeal, a 7.5 kilometer marathon.
Current Issues and Problems in Welding Science

Losses of life and property due to catastrophic failure of structures are often traced to defective welds. However, major advances have taken place in welding science and technology in the last few decades. With the development of new methodologies at the crossroad of basic and applied sciences, the promise of science-based tailoring of composition, structure, and properties of the weldments may be fulfilled. This will require resolution of several contemporary issues and problems concerning the structure and properties of the weldments as well as intelligent control and automation of the welding processes.
A weighted mean approach to smooth parametric representation of polygon meshes

A method for representing genus-zero polygon meshes by smooth parametric surfaces is described. A surface is defined by a weighted sum of linear functions, each describing a polygon face in parametric form. Rational Gaussian blending functions that adapt to the size and shape of mesh faces are used as the weights. The proposed representation has a very high degree of continuity everywhere and provides a smoothness parameter that can be varied to produce surfaces at varying resolutions. It is shown that the representation facilitates geometry processing of meshes. The use of locally supported weight functions as an alternative to rational Gaussian weights is also discussed.
Rigid Sternal Fixation Improves Postoperative Recovery

Introduction: During the past five years, ridged sternal fixation has been utilized for sternal closure after cardiac surgery. It is known that this procedure provides better sternal stability; however, its contribution to patient recovery has not been investigated.
Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography Method for Measurement of Procainamide and Three Metabolites in Serum and Urine: Percent of Dose Excreted as Deethyl Metabolites

We report a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of procainamide (PA) and three of its metabolites, n-acetylprocainamide (NAPA), deethylprocainamide (DEPA), and deethyl-n-acetylprocainamide (DENAPA), in serum and urine. (p-Amino)-n-(2-dipropylaminoethyl)-benzamide was the internal standard. A phenyl column (1.0-mL/min flow rate) and a mobile phase consisting of 0.075 M acetate buffer (pH 4.3):acetonitrile (20:3) resulted in a total chromatography time of 21.6 min. The optimum detector wavelength was 270 nm. Maximum linear concentrations were 37.8, 34.2, 20.0, and 16.3 mg/L for DEPA, DENAPA, PA, and NAPA, respectively. Minimum detectable concentrations were 0.05 mg/L or less for all four compounds. One-tenth milliliter of sample was extracted into methylene chloride:2-propyl alcohol (9:1). Extraction efficiencies were independent of concentration or biological fluid for each compound. Standard curves were linear and best-fit by dividing the curve into two portions and/or using weighted linear regression. Within-day and day-today precison were excellent. No interfering substances were observed in the serum or urine of normal subjects with the exception of caffeine, which was resolved by alteration of the mobile phase. Advantages of this method include a small sample volume, low minimum detectable concentrations, and an order of elution which enhances the detectability of the deethyl metabolites. Urinary excretion of DEPA and DENAPA accounted for an average of only 0.58 and 0.53%, respectively, of PA doses administered intravenously to six normal volunteers.
Some observations on the nature of magnetite in the Orgueil meteorite

Abstract Morphological and compositional evidence suggests that at least two generations of magnetite are present in Orgueil. Formation of magnetite on the parent body cannot be ruled out, however the observations seem to favour a pre-accretionary origin for both major varieties.
Solid-phase rhodium carbenoid N-H insertion reactions: the synthesis of a diverse array of indoles.

A solid-phase synthesis of an array of indoles is reported. The key step in our approach involves a N−H insertion reaction of N-alkylanilines into a highly reactive polymer-bound rhodium carbenoid intermediate to yield the corresponding α-arylamino-β-ketoester. These insertion products were then treated under acid-catalyzed cyclodehydration conditions to yield a series of polymer-bound indole esters, which were subsequently cleaved from the resin under Lewis acid-promoted amidation conditions to yield the desired indoles in good yields and with excellent purities.
Temperature Sensitivity of Daily Respiratory Patterns Entrained through Phytochrome Action in Lemna paucicostata Strain 6746

The respiration rate of heterotrophic Lemna paucicostata Hegelm. 6746 cultures at 26–27°C and given a brief pulse of red light, assumes patterns with properties dependent on the nitrogen source supplied. In a search for conditions specifically affecting features of those patterns expressing photperiodic timing, their amplitudes have been measured as relative peak height (RPH) — the increased height at the daily peak as a proportion of the average daily minimum — at both 21°C and 28°C. On nitrate, ammonium or aspartate medium, RPH is reduced roughly 70% at 21°C as compared to 28°C, but on nitrogen-deficient medium the reduction is only 20–30%. Yet growth and the actual intensity of respiration are not differently temperature sensitive on NO3 and N-deficient media. Nor does RPH itself correlate with growth rate. Previous evidence indicates that patterns on NO3 and NH4 media reflect photoperiodic timing and that those on aspartale and N-deficient media do not; hence the temperature sensitivity of RPH does not correlate with whether or not a pattern reflects photo-periodic timing. However, different daily patterns arc elicited by pulses of red or far-red on NO3. NH4 and aspartale media but not on the N-deficient. Hence the temperature sensitivity of RPH does correlate with the degree to which the patterns distinguish between red and far-red, which is to say between high anti low levels of Pfr-phytochrome. This suggests that high temperature sensitivity in RPH reflects a reaction limited by N assimilation and saturating only at relatively high levels of Pfr.