cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of sequences on the shape of protein energy landscapes

Protein folding is a long standing problem in biology, whose mechanism is still not completely understood. Funnel-shape energy landscape has been proposed as a plausible folding mechanism in which proteins can fold through multiple possible pathways from unfolded states to their specific three dimensional structures. However, the factors that determine the funnel-shape energy landscapes are largely unknown. In this study, we use the hydrophobic-hydrophilic (HP) model, a simplified model for studying protein folding, to investigate the factors that affect the shapes of protein energy landscapes. We designed a clustering method based on graph theory to analyze the conformations sampled using a recently developed Monte Carlo method, FRESS. We found that the way protein motions are modeled (the move sets) has a significant effect on the shape of protein energy landscapes. We also found that sequences with around 40--50% hydrophobic residues tend to have a stable state represented by a single dominant cluster, consisting of a large number of similar conformations. The energy landscapes resemble a funnel, where there are many paths to minimum energy conformations in the dominant cluster from conformations of higher energies. We also found that sequences with hydrophobic residues above or below the optimal range of 40--50% do not have a single stable state. Instead, there are numerous small clusters, representing multiple local energy minima. Our finding is consistent with the compositions of hydrophobic and polar residues in globular proteins (which fold to unique structures), where on average there are around 45% hydrophobic residues in globular proteins. Our study suggests that hydrophobic interaction is likely a major force leading to the funnel-shape energy landscape of proteins; and the composition of hydrophobic and polar residues is an important sequence feature for the formation of funnel-shape of protein energy landscapes.
Positive operators on the n-dimensional ice cream cone

Abstract Let K n = {x ϵ R n : (x 1 2 + · +x 2 n−1 ) 1 2 ⩽ x n } be the n-dimensional ice cream cone, and let Γ(Kn) be the cone of all matrices in R nn mapping Kn into itself. We determine the structure of Γ(Kn), and in particular characterize the extreme matrices in Γ(Kn).
The Basal Ganglia and Involuntary Movements: Impaired Inhibition of Competing Motor Patterns

The basal ganglia are organized to facilitate voluntary movements and to inhibit competing movements that might interfere with the desired movement. Dysfunction of these circuits can lead to movement disorders that are characterized by impaired voluntary movement, the presence of involuntary movements, or both. Current models of basal ganglia function and dysfunction have played an important role in advancing knowledge about the pathophysiology of movement disorders, but they have not contained elements sufficiently specific to allow for understanding the fundamental differences among different involuntary movements, including chorea, dystonia, and tics. A new model is presented here, building on existing models and data to encompass hypotheses of the fundamental pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying chorea, dystonia, and tics.
Legitimizing Neglect: Race and Rationality in Conservative News Commentary About Hurricane Katrina

This article examines the ways conservative news media, conservative commentators, and conservative leaders talked about the predominantly Black and poor residents of New Orleans who remained in the city as Hurricane Katrina struck. One month of conservative commentary was assembled from (a) the highest circulation daily newspapers that endorsed Bush in 2004; (b) leading conservative magazines; and (c) leading conservative commentators. A close reading of the materials revealed that the words of conservative commentators, even while sometimes condemning Federal government incompetence for failing to assist those stranded in New Orleans, highlighted the cultural boundaries and racial criteria for belonging to and exclusion from the rational, civilized community represented primarily by Whites. Conservative commentary crafted a narrative of irrationality within which Blacks violated norms of sound decision-making and accepted behavior. Thematic elements of this narrative—a “different breed,” socio-cultural ...
Effects of amobarbital on discrimination acquisition and reversal

Thirty-two rats injected with 20 mg/kg amobarbital and 32 given placebo were run 96 trials on a black-white discrimination followed by 160 trials of reversal training. Trials to the discriminanda were equated to provide speed data to the nonrewarded stimulus (S−) as well as to the rewarded stimulus (S+). Half the Ss were changed in drug state at the onset of reversal. The drug did not affect choice behavior or differential start speed to S+ and S− in acquisition although speeds closer to the goal were affected. In contrast, during reversal amobarbital Ss made fewer correct choice responses when compared to placebo Ss and displayed less pronounced differential start speed responding to S+ and S−. In addition to the main drug effect, a change of drug state facilitated reversal.
Paving the way forward: integrating the senses through phase-resetting of cortical oscillations.

Most, if not all, of the neocortex is multisensory, but the mechanisms by which different cortical areas—association versus sensory, for instance—integrate multisensory inputs are not known. The study by Lakatos et al. reveals that, in the primary auditory cortex, the phase of neural oscillations is reset by somatosensory inputs, and subsequent auditory inputs are enhanced or suppressed, depending on their timing relative to the oscillatory cycle.
Anticholinergic Agents Based on Ariën' Dual Receptor Site Theory: Nonester Antagonists

Additional compounds were prepared and evaluated for antimuscarinic activity as a test of Arien' dual receptor site theory. Consideration of the theory led to the conclusion that if an agonist moiety was added to the structure of classical muscarinic antagonists, then there might be an increased affinity for the receptor. Eleven such quaternary compounds, modeled after typical nonester antimuscarinic agents, were prepared. The pA2 values against acetylcholine were determined on rat jejunum and compared to the activities of the classical quaternary antagonists. Only the compounds having an agonist moiety modeled after methyl-furtrethonium consistently gave a significant increase in activity. The results do not allow a conclusion as to the validity of Arien' dual receptor site theory. Possible explanations for the results are considered.
Utility of the spread function in reflectometric applications and design

The macroscopic spread function describes the extent to which radiation is spread in a semitransparent material because of surface and subsurface scattering. The objective here is to investigate the effects of optical and geometrical parameters on the macroscopic spread function of plastic reference samples and reagent strip formats. A new feature is the use of a fast raster area scattering instrument (FRASI) instrument in measuring the spread function data of the plastic samples and reagent strip formats. Experimental measurements show that least spreading is associated with the off-white plastic samples using a wavelength of 700 nm and a reflected angle of 55 deg. The results for the Glucofilm™ reagent strip formats indicate that most spreading occurred with the 45-deg reflected angle and that least spreading is associated with measuring these reagent strips at 800 nm. The spreading curve determined from the experimental data can greatly assist the reflectometer designer in selecting the optimum optical parameters and geometrical dimensions of the reference sample and the reflectometer system.
Is Participation in Certain Sports Associated With Knee Osteoarthritis? A Systematic Review

Objective: Information regarding the relative risks of developing knee osteoarthritis (OA) as a result of sport participation is critical for shaping public health messages and for informing knee-OA prevention strategies. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the association between participation in specific sports and knee OA. Data Sources: We completed a systematic literature search in September 2012 using 6 bibliographic databases (PubMed; Ovid MEDLINE; Journals@Ovid; American College of Physicians Journal Club; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Review, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects; and Ovid HealthStar), manual searches (4 journals), and reference lists (56 articles). Study Selection: Studies were included if they met the following 4 criteria: (1) an aim was to investigate an association between sport participation and knee OA; (2) the outcome measure was radiographic knee OA, clinical knee OA, total knee replacement, se...
Numerical Computation of Low-Speed Concurrent Flow Flame Spread in Mixed Buoyant and Forced Flow

The effect of low-speed mixed convection (forced plus buoyant) on concurrent flow flame spread over a thin solid is examined. Computations are carried out using an existing model. Results indicate that seemingly small levels of gravity can significantly alter flame spread rates. Starting with a purely forced flow condition, as gravity is added, the entrainment due to buoyancy lengthens the flame and increases the spread rate significantly. Buoyancy has an influence on the extinction limits. At low speed, the presence of a small gravity level widens the flammability limit.
A connectionist approach to rule refinement

A novel approach to rule refinement based upon connectionism is presented. This approach is capable of performing rule deletion, rule addition, changing rule quality, and modification of rule strengths. The fundamental algorithm is referred to as the Consistent-Shift algorithm. Its basis for identifying incorrect connections is that incorrect connections will often undergo larger inconsistent weight shift that correct ones during training with correct samples. By properly adjusting the detection threshold, incorrect connections would be uncovered, which can then be deleted or modified. Deletion of incorrect connections and addition of correct connections then translate into various forms of rule refinement just mentioned. The viability of this approach is demonstrated empirically.
Personality characteristics of women scientists.

Women biologists and chemists listed in Who's Who in America and Who's Who of American Women (N:146) were studied with the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF). As a group, women scientists were found to be more serious, radical, confident, dominant, intelligent, and adventurous than women in the general population, and less sociable, group-dependent, and sensitive. Personality profiles on the 16 PF of men and women scientists showed strong similarity (p < .01).
The Effects of (L)-2-Oxothiazolidine-4-Carboxylate on Urinary Oxalate Excretion

AbstractPurpose: A phase I study was done to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of (L)-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate (OTZ). An ancillary objective was to compare the effects of treatment with 2 levels of OTZ to placebo on urinary oxalate excretion in healthy male subjects.Materials and Methods: Individuals underwent intravenous infusion of 70 (6) or 100 (6) mg./kg. body weight OTZ, or placebo for 2 hours at 4, 8-hour intervals. Urine was collected during the 12 hours before treatment, and at 0 to 4, 4 to 8, 8 to 24, 24 to 28, 28 to 32 and 32 to 48 hours after the initial infusion. Urine samples were assayed for creatinine, oxalate, citrate, sulfate, urate, phosphate and pH.Results: Urinary oxalate excretion relative to creatinine decreased significantly in the 100 mg./kg. dose group by 4.1 mg./gm. during the first 24 hours and by 4.6 mg./gm. in 24 to 48 hours compared to baseline values (p <0.05). Slight decreases of 0.9 and 1.1 mg./gm., respectively, in the 70 mg./kg. dose group, and 1.6 and 2.3 ...
Optimizing liquid ventilation as a lung protection strategy for neonatal cardiopulmonary bypass: full functional residual capacity dosing is more effective than half functional residual capacity dosing.

ObjectiveTo evaluate and compare the protective effects of two different perflubron doses on hemodynamics and lung function in a neonatal animal model of cardiopulmonary bypass-induced lung injury.DesignProspective, randomized, controlled study.SettingAnimal laboratory of the Department of Surgery,
Will electronic personal health records benefit providers and patients in rural America

A comprehensive literature review was done on personal health records. The evaluation looked at key areas such as barriers, attitudes, functions, adoption, architecture, privacy, safety, access, an...
Relationships between psychosocial factors and abusive parenting attitudes in low-income single mothers.

BACKGROUND: Linkages among family violence, maternal mental health, and parenting attitudes are not clearly understood. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationships of abuse (childhood and/or partner), everyday stressors, self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and anger with abusive parenting attitudes. METHOD: Cross-sectional analysis of data collected in interviews with 53 low-income, single mothers from wave two of a 3-wave study. A conceptual framework and bivariate correlations guided a series of multiple regressions to identify the best predictors for each variable. RESULTS: A high prevalence of abuse, depressive symptoms, and abusive parenting attitudes was found. Few women had ever received mental health treatment. Abuse (partner and childhood physical) predicted higher everyday stressors which in turn predicted lower self-esteem. Childhood abuse and lower self-esteem predicted more depressive symptoms. More depressive symptoms were related to higher levels of state anger. More everyday stressors and more depressive symptoms predicted higher levels of trait anger. Higher levels of anger expression were associated with higher everyday stressors and lower self-esteem. The presence of partner abuse best predicted higher levels of overall abusive parenting attitudes and more parent-child role reversal. Less parental empathy was associated with higher levels of state anger. CONCLUSIONS: This study partially explains the relationships of maternal abuse history and mental health status with parenting attitudes. Other predictors of parenting attitudes remain to be identified. The findings underscore the need for healthcare providers to consider the mental health status and abuse histories of low-income, single mothers. The potential disturbance in the parenting process of single mothers in abusive relationships warrants further investigation. Language: en
High performance wire‐array silicon solar cells

Nano/micro-wire silicon solar cells, consisting of wire-arrays of radial p–n junction structures, are expected to offer performance enhancement at lower costs, using smaller volumes of low carrier lifetime, cheaper silicon. Using inexpensive microsphere-lithography-based fabrication that is scalable to large areas, we have demonstrated wire-array solar cells that outperform the control cell. Key to the design of these cells is the impact of various parameters, such as wire diameter and junction depth, that influences the competing effects of light trapping ability of the wire-array, quantum efficiency, and series resistance of the resulting device. Using capacitance measurements we can identify two possible types of junction structure in a wire-array solar cell: radial and planar. We show that the former is the prerequisite for performance-enhancing wire-array solar cells. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hyperthermia induces 72kDa heat shock protein expression in rat brain in non-neuronal cells

The distribution of the nonconstitutive 72 kDa heat shock protein (HSP) in the brains of rats 24 h following graded periods of hyperthermia was studied immunocytochemically. Hyperthermia induced HSP-72 diffusely in cells throughout the cortex, hippocampus and basal ganglia in a dose dependent manner. The cell morphology and location in white matter appeared non-neuronal. Following ischemia, neuronal HSP expression was prominent. These data raise questions regarding prior reports of hyperthermic induction of neuronal HSP expression and the potential pathogenesis of prior hyperthermia in protection against subsequent neuronal injury from ischemia.
A Preliminary Study of Vocal Communication in Wild Long-Tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis). II. Potential of Calls to Regulate Intragroup Spacing

This study is a preliminary assessment of the potential of long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) calls to operate in systems of within-group spacing. Covariation in the rate of occurrence of calls with party spread, size, and activity among wild individuals of one group suggested that four classes of calls may function in intragroup spacing. Two of them are “clear” calls of long duration and pronounced frequency modulation. Calling rate increased with party spread for low- and high-frequency variants of these calls during resting and feeding respectively, suggesting possible utility in maintenance of spatial relations over moderately long distances. A third “harsh” call was negatively correlated with party spread during foraging and may thus function to increase dispersion among foraging individuals. Another harsh call with a tonal onset was unique among all calls in the vocal repertoire in being more frequently performed by lone, isolated individuals than by macaques accompanied by others, suggesting a possible function in reestablishing contact that has been severed. The functional significance of these calls with respect to their acoustic structures is discussed. Macaques that use calls to regulate intragroup spacing can control communication distance and direction by their choice of acoustically different vocalizations. This choice may be affected not only by varying environmental constraints on sound transmission, but also by social and ecological factors such as intragroup competition.
Should coauthors share liability

According to Donald Kennedy's Editorial “Next steps in the Schon affair” (18 Oct., p. [495][1]), “The hard question is this: If the benefits of authorship are enjoyed jointly and severally by all the authors, shouldn't the liability be shared in the same way?” Actually, this is not a hard
Teacher recording of deviant behavior: A stimulus for behavior change☆

Abstract This study reports a case where a teacher, helped by a psychologist, identified and recorded a deviant behavior, spitting. The teacher then spontaneously initiated a policy of ignoring the spitting, which effectively decreased it. The study demonstrates that often only initial assistance is needed to define and objectively appraise a problem; with this information antecedent and consequent conditions can be identified and behavior change implemented.
Is it acceptable to discharge a heroin user with an intravenous line to complete his antibiotic therapy for cellulitis at home under a nurse's supervision? Yes: supervised home care ensures continued treatment at lower cost.

We expect physicians to treat patients without doing harm, and we want them to do so at low cost. Therefore, sending this patient home sounds practical. But what about his heroin use? Is the physician condoning the patient's drug addiction by providing an easy means of heroin injection? Four issues need to be addressed. First, the patient needs treatment. Second, to keep costs to a minimum, home nursing is a reasonable option. Third, the patient's addiction may be stigmatizing, and some physicians might behave in a discriminatory way toward him. Finally, the patient's wishes and values need to be considered. The physician cannot deny the patient intravenous antibiotics for a condition that might lead to severe complications or death if left untreated. The physician has a duty of care toward this patient. Treatment with antibiotics prevents complications and the emergence and growth of resistant bacteria, which is of great public health value. Keeping him in hospital costs hundreds, and possibly thousands, of dollars of taxpayers' money that could be spent in other ways. Patients who have a heart transplant are sent home as soon as they are stabilized, and most rehabilitation after acute illness or injury is done at home with the help of a group of community health care workers. Why should a simple infection that can be treated easily with minimal help from a home nurse require inpatient treatment? The patient's physician might want to keep him in the hospital because of the patient's addiction. A patient with cellulitis who does not use heroin would most likely be discharged to finish the antibiotic course. Are we really naive enough to think that we are going to stop heroin use by keeping the patient in the hospital a little bit longer? He is a competent adult, and until he is ready to stop using heroin and to try abstention, treating him as an untrust-worthy second-class citizen is unjust. Perhaps by keeping him in the hospital, the physician is deliberately making a point of frowning on the patient's addiction. However, disapproval of his behavior is not grounds for discrimination. Finally, if the options are explained to this patient, perhaps his wishes could be taken into account. Physicians have this sort of conversation with their patients every day, so why should they treat drug users any differently? It is possible, for example, that the patient's living conditions will not allow for even basic personal hygiene. In this case, perhaps he should be sent to a nursing facility, where he could receive the medical care he needs at a lower cost than staying in the hospital. Talking with the patient and coming up with the best treatment plan is a reasonable option.
Current-dependent growth of silicon nitride lines using a conducting tip AFM

Abstract The measurement of a picoamp current accompanying silicon nitride line growth in an ammonia atmosphere, using a conducting tip atomic force microscope, is reported for the first time. The observed total charge per nanolithographed volume is found to be consistent with a process where the reduction of H + ions belonging to the ammonia gives rise to the nitridation of the silicon substrate.
Persistence, entrainment, and function of circadian rhythms in polar vertebrates

Polar organisms must cope with an environment that periodically lacks the strongest time-giver, or zeitgeber, of circadian organization–robust, cyclical oscillations between light and darkness. We ...
Microwave Polarimetric Signal From Hurricane Environment

This study presents the simulated and observed microwave polarimetric signals associated with atmospheric hydrometeors and ocean surfaces. It is shown that the spherical raindrops in the atmosphere produce a pronounced polarization difference and the magnitude increases as the viewing angle increases. Deformed raindrops (e.g., spheroids) also induce much larger polarization differences if their major axes are oriented horizontally. In hurricane conditions, polarimetric measurements at 10.7 GHz and 37 GHz, especially for the 3rd and 4th Stokes components, vary within a few degree of Kelvin and provide unique information on surface wind direction although the scattering and emission from atmospheric hydrometeors are much pronounced at 37 GHz.
Cellular organization and growth-related plasticity of the crayfish olfactory midbrain.

Little knowledge is available concerning the detailed anatomy of the crusctacean central olfactory pathway. We are using radiolabeling, Golgi and biocytin/neurobiotin tracer methodologies, at the correlated light and electron microscopical levels, to study the olfactory midbrain of the freshwater crayfish. We have found that primary afferent fibers from the antennular olfactory receptor cells branch extensively throughout the length of the glomerular columns within the olfactory lobes in the midbrain. Globuli cells of the lateral cell clusters ramify as dendritic arborizations within both the olfactory and accessory lobes; their axons project out the olfactory-globular tracts to the lateral protocerebrum, often branching to both sides. Developmental plasticity involving the connections made by afferent fibers within the olfactory lobes may permit detailed examination of organizational changes within the midbrain as the animal grows and adds new afferent input from the periphery. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Posttranscriptional Gene Regulation by Long Noncoding RNA

Eukaryotic cells transcribe a vast number of noncoding RNA species. Among them, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been widely implicated in the regulation of gene transcription. However, examples of posttranscriptional gene regulation by lncRNAs are emerging. Through extended base-pairing, lncRNAs can stabilize or promote the translation of target mRNAs, while partial base-pairing facilitates mRNA decay or inhibits target mRNA translation. In the absence of complementarity, lncRNAs can suppress precursor mRNA splicing and translation by acting as decoys of RNA-binding proteins or microRNAs and can compete for microRNA-mediated inhibition leading to increased expression of the mRNA. Through these regulatory mechanisms, lncRNAs can elicit differentiation, proliferation, and cytoprotective programs, underscoring the rising recognition of lncRNA roles in human disease. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of posttranscriptional gene regulation by lncRNAs identified until now.
A parabolic density profile for grafted polymers

We study the statistics of a grafted polymer brush, consisting of a set of monodisperse chains in solution, each attached irreversibly by one end to a flat surface. We use a self-consistent field method, valid in the limit of weak excluded volume and at moderately high surface coverage. Exploiting the fact that the chains are highly stretched, we map the problem (in the long-chain limit) onto one involving the motion of classical particles in an equal-time potential, which we can solve exactly. The resulting density profile for the brush takes a parabolic form.
Relationship between heterozygosity for enzyme loci and variation of morphological characters in natural populations.

THERE is little consensus among evolutionary biologists on the roles of morphological and protein variation within populations, and little consideration is given to their covariation. Morphological variation is known to be influenced by both the genetics of individuals and the environments in which they develop. Crosses between domesticated strains of plants and animals suggest that highly heterozygous individuals have enhanced developmental homeostasis1, but the implications of this phenomenon for natural populations have not been extensively explored. Reported here is an examination of the relationship between genetic heterozygosity of proteins and morphological variation in natural populations of the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. Results indicate that individuals heterozygous for an enzyme locus are likely to be less morphologically variable than individuals homozygous for that locus.
An improved Li6-loaded glass scintillator for neutron detection

A cerium activated, Li/sup 6/-loaded, glass scintillator of improved scintillation efficiency and Li/sup 6/ content was develope and used for detecting neutrons with energies from thermal to 80 kev by time-of-flight techniques. The following properties of a glass scintillator ( approximately 1.5" thick) with 0.045 x 10 Li/sup 6/ atoms/cm/sup 2/ were determined: an efficiency of 20% for detecting neutrons of 1-kev energy, a negligible background due to gamma -rays of energy < 1.3-Mev, a resolution of 25% for the Li/sup 6/(n, alpha )T peak, a pulse wdth rise time approximately 4 nanosec and a decay approximately 100 nanosec into an impedance of 100 ohms, and a time resolution <2 nanosec when using a fast-slow'' coincidence system and annihilation quanta from Na/sup 22/. These properties were exploited in measuring the neutron energy spectrum from the reaction Li/sup 7/(p,n)Be/sup 7/ using the ORNL pulsed Van de Graaff and the associated nanosec time-offlight spectrometer. For a proton energy 15 kev above the reaction threshold the neutron energy spectrum extended from 5 to 80 kev. Neutron transmission measurements up to several kev also demonstrate the use of the scintillator with a fast chopper neutron spectrometer. Lithium and boron loaded glass scintillators were comparedmore » and it is concluded that lithium glass is, in general, the more suitable for neutron detection. (auth)« less
Two-photon photochemical generation of reactive enediyne.

p-Quinoid cyclopropenone-containing enediyne precursor (1) has been synthesized by monocyclopropanation of one of the triple bonds in p-dimethoxy-substituted 3,4-benzocyclodeca-1,5-diyne followed by oxidative demethylation. Cyclopropenone 1 is stable up to 90 °C but readily produces reactive enediyne 2 upon single-photon (Φ300nm = 0.46) or two-photon (σ800nm = 0.5 GM) photolysis. The photoproduct 2 undergoes Bergman cyclization at 40 °C with the lifetime of 88 h.
Differing effects of short-chain alcohols on body temperature and coordinated muscular activity in mice.

Abstract Administration of single doses of ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol or 1-pentanol to mice caused hypothermia and impairment of rotarod performance. Repetitive doses, at 24–72 hr intervals led to development of tolerance to the hypothermic effects of ethanol but not of the other alcohols. No tolerance was seen in the impairment of rotarod performance with repeated doses of any of the alcohols. Ethanol did show an intersession tolerance on rotarod performance; at 20 and 80 min after injection, blood levels were similar, while performance was impaired at 20 but not at 80min.
A dwell position verification method for high dose rate brachytherapy.

Misplacement of dwell positions is a potential source of misadministration in high dose rate brachytherapy. In this work we present a dwell position verification method using fluoroscopic images. A mobile C-arm fluoroscopic machine is used to take a snapshot of the treatment machine’s check cable as it reaches the most distal dwell position. This fluoroscopic image is displayed side-by-side with a treatment planning image on a dual monitor relay station at the HDR treatment console. Any discrepancy between the check cable’s position on the verification image and the intended dwell position on the planning image can be identified immediately, thus avoiding the possibility of treating the wrong target volume.
Ambiguity in Identification of Polar Cap F-Region Patches: Contrasting Radio and Optical Observation Techniques

Abstract The phenomenon referred to as polar cap F-region patches can be observed by many different techniques, including measurements of the radio wave critical frequency, the 630 nm intensity, the in situ electron density, and radio wave coherent scatter from irregularities on the patches. Consequently, the definition of a patch may be technique-dependent or at least ambiguous. In this study we used a physical model of the ionosphere to study the relationship between ground-based 630 nm intensity and simulated critical frequency measurements of patches. The results show that the 630 nm intensity and N m F m are not well correlated without a knowledge of h m F 2 , the peak altitude of the F-layer. In the polar cap the variation of h m F 2 could well be ±100 km, resulting in variations of a factor of four in 630 nm intensity for a constant N m F 2 value. Hence, correlating patches observed in 630 nm with N m F 2 requires a detailed knowledge of h m F 2 . Ionospheric model simulations have been parameterized such that the model predictions of the 630 nm intensity — N m F 2 — h m F 2 dependencies are available as an aid in interpreting patch measurements. These results also indicate that the search for neutral atmospheric gravity waves via their effect on 630 nm emissions is even more difficult than anticipated previously.
Butterflies (Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) as potential ecological indicators of riparian quality in the semi-arid western United States

Abstract Ecological indicators can be used to detect, diagnose, and summarize information about environmental problems. Despite these important values, few indicators have been systematically validated. Broad information on relevance, feasibility, estimates of variance, and interpretation of the ecological indicator is needed for initial validation. Comparisons of ecological indicators can only be accomplished if they are contrasted with standard published criteria. In this paper, information on the potential use of butterflies as indicators of riparian quality is provided within a standard framework. Additionally, data from riparian areas along the Arkansas, Green, Pecos, Rio Grande, and Yampa rivers were collected to validate some specific criterion, such as ease of measurement and information on response to stressors. Information on sampling protocols and a butterfly metric, the Riparian Butterfly Index, is presented along with time needed to characterize butterfly sites. Sensitivity of butterfly assemblages to riparian environmental characteristics was examined using ordination of butterfly data and environmental variables. Characteristic assemblages were associated with high quality versus low quality riparian habitats. Response specificity to habitat and weather was tested with sites on the Arkansas river, which were repeatedly sampled over a 3-year period. An index of abundance varied between years and appeared to be related to weather; however, richness metrics for a given habitat type were consistent between years. Butterflies as ecological indicators were easily measured, integrated floodplain characteristics, and had low variability in response.
Monoclonal antibodies to cytochrome c from Paracoccus denitrificans: effects on electron transport reactions.

The effect of a monoclonal antibody to a soluble cytochrome c from Paracoccus denitrificans was tested on the membrane-bound electron-transport system of this bacterium. This antibody (F3-10.2) and one previously described (F3-29.4) (Kuo, L.M., Davies, H.C. and Smith, L. (1984) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 766, 472–482) were deduced to bind to the cytochrome c in the area including amino acid residue number 23 on a loop on the side of the heme crevice. In contrast to the observations with the previously tested antibody, the present data show the second antibody to block completely the reaction of the cytochrome c with cytochrome c oxidase but not that with cytochrome c reductase. Neither antibody has an appreciable inhibitory effect on the NADH oxidase of the isolated detergent-treated membranes. The two antibodies bind in different ways, giving insight into the interaction of a soluble protein with membrane-bound enzymes. The data indicate that the reaction sites on the cytochrome c for the oxidase and reductase moieties of P. denitrificans are different. They also argue against the need for a dissociable cytochrome c comparable to that which functions on the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Developing device models

Describes rapid implementation of semiconductor device models in SPICE using an MCAST compact model compiler. Device-model development is a vital component of circuit design and is traditionally a very challenging task. To overcome this challenge, it would be beneficial for model developers to use high-level behavioral language and model compilers. Implementations of MOS level-3 models and BSIMSOI models have demonstrated that this behavioral modeling approach is more efficient and practical than traditional C/FORTRAN methodologies and could save future model developers a significant amount of time and cost in implementation and maintenance. With the further enhancement and wider acceptance of this new approach, it is expected to promote more and better device models in the near future.
A 4–15-GHz ring oscillator based injection-locked frequency multiplier with built-in harmonic generation

This paper presents a new injection-locked frequency multiplier (ILFM) designed to achieve wide locking range and low power dissipation. The ILFM is constructed using an injection-locked ring oscillator (ILRO) without any inductors. It is injection-locked at each ILRO stage by an injection signal, which is generated by the harmonic generation integrated in each stage from the input signal, with a progressive phase shift. The multiphase injection locking scheme and built-in harmonic generation improve the injection efficiency, increase the locking range, and reduce the power consumption. A multiply-by-2 ILFM prototype is implemented on a test chip using 130-nm CMOS. The measured locking range is 116% (4-15 GHz) with 0.3-V input amplitude. The ILFM prototype consumes 8 mW at 1.8 V, and occupies a chip area less than 0.01 mm2.
Algorithms for the weighting matrices in sampled-data linear time-invariant optimal regulator problems☆

Abstract In this paper we develop Algorithms For Weighting Matrices required to implement the Sampled-Data Linear Optimal Regulator Problems. The knowledge of Continuous Optimal Regulator designs helps in producing digital state variable feedback control laws which satisfy the continuous system performance specifications on one hand, and are equally useful for implementing the equivalent Sampled-Data System on the other hand. Howeve, the difficulty in applying the Sampled-Data Regulator Theory lies in the fact that certain digital performance index weighting matrices need be computed. In this paper, a general form of the dynamical system is considered (including system disturbances). Infinite series representation is used. Only Time-Invariant Linear Optimal Sampled-Data Regulator Systems are considered. Results of error bounds are given. A typical Example is presented. Details of these and Computer program can be found in Ref. [11].
Uterine responsiveness to estrogen in 4-day cycling and in estrogen-primed ovariectomized rats as assessed by uptake and incorporation of (3H) leucine.

The degree of uterine responsiveness to exogenous estrogen was studied in 4-day cycling rats and in ovariectomized, estrogen-primed rats. Uterine tissue collected at different stages was incubated in medium-199 containing [3H]leucine at 37 C under 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide for 2 hr. Tissue uptake and protein incorporation of the radioactivity were measured to assess uterine activity. In cycling rats, the uterus was able to respond to 1.0 µg of 17β-estradiol by increases in both uptake and incorporation of [3H] leucine during estrus, metestrus and in the morning of diestrus but not during proestrus nor in the afternoon of diestrus. In ovariectomized rats, estrogen priming (1.0 µg) seemed to cause an immediate loss in uterine sensitivity to further hormonal stimulation. Subsequently, the estrogen-primed uterus gradually regained its estrogen responsiveness and eventually reached a degree even higher than that of unprimed uterus. The data suggest that the ability of the uterus to respond to exogenous ...
New coordination environments for yttrium formed in situ by heterometallic bridging: Crystal structures of (C5H4SiMe3)Y[(μ-OCMe3)(μ-Me)AlMe2]2 and (Me3SiCH2)Y[(μ-CH2)2 SiMe2][(μ-OR)Li(THF)2]2

Abstract The bimetallic yttrium complexes [(C5 R5)Y(μ-OCMe3)(OCMe3)]2 react with aluminum and lithium organometallic reagents to give complexes containing new combinations of ligands held together by heterometallic bridging atoms. [(C5H4SiMe3)Y(μ-OCMe3)(OCMe3) (OCMe3)]2, 1, reacts with AlMe3 to form the mixed-metal mixed-ligand complex (C5H4SiMe3)Y(μ-OCMe3)(μ-Me)AlMe2 ]2, 2, which contains a formally seven-coordinate yttrium linked to two four-coordinate aluminum atoms by bridging methyl and tert-butoxide ligands. Complex 2 contains two four-membered YOAlM e rings. [(C9H7)Y(μ-OR)(OR)]2, 3, reacts with LiCH2SiMe3 to give a mixture of products from which (Me3SiCH2)Y[(μ-CH2)2SiMe2][(μ-OR)Li(THF)2]2, 4, can be isolated by crystallization from hexane/THF. Complex 4 contains a pentacoordinate yttrium atom ligated by a terminal CH2SiMe3 group two bridging tert-butoxide ligands, and the two bridging methylene moieties of a (μ-CH2)2SiMe2 group. Each lithium atom is coordinated to two molecules of THF and the alkoxide and methylene bridges. The bridging groups combine to make three fused four-membered metallacyclic rings, two YOLiC rings and one YCSiC ring. The structures of 2 and 4 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies.
Endo-Lysosomal Vesicles Positive for Rab7 and LAMP1 Are Terminal Vesicles for the Transport of Dextran

The endo-lysosomal pathway is essential for intracellular transport and the degradation of extracellular cargo. The relationship between three populations of endo-lysosomal vesicles—Rab7-positive, LAMP1-positive, and both Rab7- and LAMP1-postive—was probed with fluorescence microscopy and single particle tracking. Of specific interest was determining if these vesicles were intermediate or terminal vesicles in the transport of extracellular cargo. We find that the major organelle in the endo-lysosomal pathway, both in terms of population and cargo transport, is positive for Rab7 and LAMP1. Dextran, a fluid phase cargo, shifts from localization within all three populations of vesicles at 30 minutes and 1 hour to primarily LAMP1- and Rab7/LAMP1-vesicles at longer times. This demonstrates that LAMP1- and Rab7/LAMP1-vesicles are terminal vesicles in the endo-lysosomal pathway. We tested two possible mechanisms for this distribution of cargo, delivery to mannose 6-phosphate receptor (M6PR)-negative vesicles and the fusion dynamics of individual vesicles. We find no correlation with M6PR but do find that Rab7-vesicles undergo significantly fewer fusion events than LAMP1- or Rab7/LAMP1-vesicles suggesting that the distribution of fluid phase cargo is driven by vesicle dynamics.
Purification of a Novel Protein (ps20) from Urogenital Sinus Mesenchymal Cells with Growth Inhibitory Properties in Vitro(

Our previous studies have characterized mesenchyme-derived proteins to identify biologically active proteins and novel markers for stromal cell paracrine action relative to stromal-epithelial interactions. Previous reports have characterized properties of a growth inhibitory activity (to bladder and prostatic epithelial cells), secreted by U4F fetal rat urogenital sinus mesenchymal cells, not cross-reactive with antibodies to known cytokines, and provisionally termed UGIF. The present study reports the characterization, purification, and biological properties of a 20-21-kDa protein responsible for UGIF activity. The 20-21-kDa protein (termed ps20) was purified to near homogeneity, the amino-terminal sequence was determined, and biological properties were characterized in vitro. Amino-terminal sequence analysis indicated no direct matches or regions of homology with known proteins. Purified ps20 induced a linear and saturable inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation in PC-3 prostatic carcinoma cells (half-maximal activity at 2.6 nM), inhibited cell proliferation (increased population doubling time from 19.8 to 25.8 h), and induced a 210% stimulation in the synthesis of secreted proteins. These data suggest that ps20 may be a candidate paracrine effector protein and may play a role in stromal-epithelial cell interaction in the prostate gland.
The impact of infrared arrays on 1–5 μM spectroscopy

Abstract The use of 2-dimensional infrared arrays for astronomical imaging and spectroscopy is now occurring and immensely changing the field. In view of this “revolution” in infrared astronomy, some of the implications for future infrared spectroscopy are discussed in this paper. A method is presented for comparing the infrared background to future spectrometers at 1–5 μm is presented. Some of the current developments in infrared spectroscopy at Mauna Kea are discussed.
Major Adenine Products from 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone-Sensitized Photoirradiation at 365 nm

Abstract In this article we report the isolation and characterization of major products of adenine in dinucleoside monophosphates upon 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (menadione)-sensitized UVA irradiation. Our results show that the major products form via the coupling between the menadione moiety and the exocyclic amino group of adenine. Similar reactions were not observed for cytosine. To our knowledge, this is the first report about the direct reaction between a DNA base and a photosensitizer under 365-nm ultraviolet light irradiation. Our results are consistent with previous observation showing that N 6 radical formed on adenine upon UVA irradiation.
Biobehavioral Management of Hot Flashes in a 48-Year-Old Breast Cancer Survivor

Hot flashes are among the most severe and frequent menopausal symptom experienced by postmenopausal women and breast cancer survivors. In fact, over 66% of healthy menopausal women and 78% of women treated for breast cancer experience hot flashes. Kronenberg et al. described a hot flash as “a transient episode of flushing, sweating, and a sensation of heat, often accompanied by palpitations and a feeling of anxiety, and sometimes followed by chills.” The onset of a hot flash is sometimes preceded by an aura, but it often manifests itself suddenly. The initial symptoms typically included a rise in heart rate and peripheral blood flow. The sensation of a wave of heat spreads over a person’s body, especially the upper body, causing him or her to sweat. Although there is a sensation of heat, evaporation of sweat from the forehead and chest results in a drop in temperature in these areas. As a result, the flash is sometimes followed by a chilled feeling. Several studies have identified hot flashes as the most frequently reported physiological and psychological experiences associated with menopause. Hot flashes can be severe and interfere with daily activities. For example, in a study examining the symptoms associated with hot flashes among breast cancer survivors, 89 of 102 women reported having severe hot flashes. Some physical symptoms included weakness, feeling faint, rapid heartbeat, and itching sensations. Over one third (37%) noted that the hot flashes interfered with their routines and disrupted their sleep. Thirty-seven percent of the women indicated that these hot flashes interfered with their daily activities and disrupted sleep. Pansini et al. reported similar symptom presentation of hot flashes and also identified headaches, irritability, palpitations, and vertigo as common symptoms.
Unexpectedly high defibrillation thresholds in an active can implantable cardioverter defibrillator system.

RAO, A., et al.: Unexpectedly High Defibrillation Thresholds in an Active Can Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator System. This case report describes a patient undergoing defibrillator generator replacement in whom the defibrillation thresholds were significantly higher with a can-active system than with a non-active can system.
Content of Zinc in Selected Muscles from Beef, Pork, and Lamb

Zinc concentration was measured in four muscles from beef, pork, and lamb: longissimus dorsi (LD), biceps femoris (BF), gluteus medius (GM), and triceps brachi (TB). Within a species, BF, GM, and LD had similar zinc concentrations but TB was significantly (P<0.01) higher in zinc. The means for the four muscles ranged from 39.8–53.5, 13.9–28.0, and 28.2–36.9 μg Zn/g wet weight for beef, pork, and lamb, respectively. The zinc concentration of muscle may relate to protein synthesis and the predominant type of energy metabolism occurring in the muscle. The mean zinc concentration of the four muscles between species was significantly (P< 0.01) different.