cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors that influence the development of cultured neurons from the brain of the moth Manduca sexta

During metamorphic adult development, neurons and glial cells in the developing olfactory (antennal) lobes of the moth undergo characteristic and extensive changes in shape. These changes depend on an interplay among these two cell types and ingrowing sensory axons. All of the direct cellular interactions occur against a background of changing steroid hormone titers. Antennal-lobe (AL) neurons dissociated from stage-5 (of 18 stages) metamorphosing animals survive at least 3 wk in primary cell culture. We describe here the morphological influences on AL neurons of (1) exposure to the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone, (2) exposure to sensory axons, and (3) interactions among the AL neurons. Cultured AL neurons respond only weakly, if at all, to 20-hydroxyecdysone. They do, however, show greater total outgrowth and branching when they had been exposed in vivo to sensory axons. Because there is no direct contact between some of the neuronal types and the sensory axons at the time of dissociation, the increase in outgrowth must have been mediated via a diffusible factor(s). When AL cells (neurons and glia) are plated at high density in low volumes of medium, or when the cells are plated at low density but in the presence of medium conditioned by high-density cultures, neurite outgrowth and cell survival are increased. Nerve growth factor (NGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor-basic (bFGF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF β ) and insulin-like growth factor (ILGF) had no obvious effect on neuronal morphology and thus are unlikely to underlie these effects. Our results suggest that the mature shape of AL neurons depends on developmental interactions among a number of diffusible factors.
Outcomes of plastic closure in gastroschisis.

Background Gastroschisis is a congenital abdominal wall defect in which the intestines develop outside the abdomen and are exposed to amniotic fluid. When the defect is small, lymphatic, venous, and intestinal obstruction may occur and contribute to the formation of intestinal edema, atresia, ischemia, and a thick inflammatory peel. Treatment requires early coverage of abdominal contents either by primary closure or by the placement of temporary Silastic silo followed by abdominal wall closure. Currently, both traditional suture closure and the sutureless plastic closure are being employed to repair the gastroschisis defect. The goal of the current study is to evaluate plastic closure. We predict no difference will be found in clinical outcomes between plastic closure and traditional suture closure. Methods A retrospective review of 80 patients treated between 2000 and 2009 was performed. Plastic closure was used in 52 (65%) and traditional suture closure in 28 (35%) babies. The surgical procedure was determined by surgeon preference. Of the 31(39%) babies who required silos, 15 (19%) were treated with plastic closure and 16 (20%) underwent traditional closure. We collected the following demographic data and clinical progression data. Using SAS 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC), we conducted linear regression, logistic regression, and time to event models to compare the following outcomes: days on ventilator, days to start enteral feeds, days to reach goal enteral feeds, days on total parenteral nutrition, hospital charges, duration of stay, mortality, and complications. Results The mean duration of follow-up was 11.4 months. Patients spent an average of 6 days on the ventilator. There were 2 mortalities. A multivariate analysis demonstrated that no differences were found between the 2 closures with most of the outcomes; however, when compared with traditional suture closure, those babies treated with plastic closure spent 4 days fewer days on the ventilator (P Conclusion Plastic closure of abdominal wall defects in gastroschisis is effective both as a primary procedure and after silo placement. A multivariate analysis shows plastic closure to be associated with fewer days of mechanical ventilation and less likelihood of developing infection or sepsis.
State-by-state investigation of destructive interference in resonance Raman spectra of neutral tyrosine and the tyrosinate anion with the simplified sum-over-states approach.

UV resonance Raman scattering is uniquely sensitive to the molecular electronic structure as well as intermolecular interactions. To better understand the relationship between electronic structure and resonance Raman cross section, we carried out combined experimental and theoretical studies of neutral tyrosine and the tyrosinate anion. We studied the Raman cross sections of four vibrational modes as a function of excitation wavelength, and we analyzed them in terms of the contributions of the individual electronic states as well as of the Albrecht A and B terms. Our model, which is based on time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), reproduced the experimental resonance Raman spectra and Raman excitation profiles for both studied molecules with good agreement. We found that for the studied modes, the contributions of Albrecht’s B terms in the Raman cross sections were important across the frequency range spanning the La,b and Ba,b electronic excitations in tyrosine and the tyrosinate anion. Furthe...
Mixing and heat conduction in rotating tumblers

Abstract Slow granular flows play an important role in industries ranging from food to pharmaceuticals to ceramics. This subject has received much attention in recent literature; however, heat transfer in even the simplest particle flows is poorly understood. Heat transfer depends on the flow of granular materials: the bed conductivity is a function of the (changing) micro-structure; heat redistribution also depends on particle mixing/segregation. In this work, a multi-scale, multi-physics modeling technique, thermal particle dynamics (TPD), is used to examine the interplay between transient heat transfer and particle mixing in rotating tumblers. We study the effect of the mixing rate on the heating rate of the granular material by changing the tumbler cross-sectional shape and operation parameters—rotation rate and tumbler filling level. We use the Peclet number in the granular bed to determine the dominant heating mechanism—conduction or convection—and to predict conditions that will favor more rapid flow of thermal energy in the granular bed. The rate of heat transport is characterized using the Nusselt number and a fluids-inspired relationship correlating this quantity with the Peclet values is attempted. Finally, we use a continuum model to study the relationship between the mixing patterns and temperature contours.
The depth resolution of sputter profiling

Abstract Depth profiles of impurity markers and overlayers obtained by sputter-sectioning techniques such as secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) are modeled by a diffusion theory incorporating atomic mixing and preferential sputtering effects. The model explains very well the broadening and shifts frequently observed in experimental depth profiles.
Variation in river multi-element chemistry related to bedrock buffering: an example from the Adirondack region of northern New York, USA

Water from four north-flowing rivers (Oswegatchie, Grasse, Raquette, and West Branch of the St. Regis) traversing three distinct geologic terranes (Adirondack Highlands, Adirondack Lowlands, St. Lawrence Valley), originating in the acidified northern Adirondack region, display rapid spatial changes in downriver multi-element chemistry and physical parameters. Downriver, most soluble elements increase (Ba, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Na, Rb, S, and Sr) while statistically significant decreases in insoluble elements (Al, Ce, Dy, Er, Fe, Gd, La, Mn, Nd, Pr, and Y) also occur. Lithium, Si, and Zr did not show a consistent increasing or decreasing trend. Concentrations of most elements measured on June 5, 2008 were greater than 7 weeks later; however, greater discharge and lower pH enhanced Al concentrations occurred during the later sampling date. Elemental ratios track changes in lithology, anthropogenic influence, and pH. The Raquette River shows the least variation in elemental concentrations because of storage in numerous hydropower reservoirs and has non-detectable concentrations of some redox sensitive elements such as Co, Ni, and V. Oswegatchie tributaries display similar geochemical trends dependent upon their location and local bedrock and show geochemical trends along the trunks of major rivers that are also evident in smaller drainage basins. Comparison with analytical results from the Western Adirondack Stream Survey also indicates acidification is prevalent in the Adirondack Highlands, particularly in the Oswegatchie headwaters during periods of high flow, but acidity is rapidly buffered downriver due to interaction with marble in the Adirondack Lowlands.
Effects of negative ion generators on radon- and thoron-progeny concentrations in an occupied residence

Operation of negative ion generators in three rooms of an occupied residence caused decreases in indoor concentrations of the radon decay products218Po,214Pb and214Bi, and of the thoron progeny212Pb. Activity levels of212Pb were lowered more than those of214Pb, resulting in a decrease in the potential alpha energy concentration ratio, PAEC(Tn:Rn). The change in PAEC(Tn:Rn) is a function of the halflives of214Pb and212Pb and their respective precursors and is similar to the effect brought about by increased room ventilation. Decay products are also removed from indoor air by plateout of charged particles on room walls. Plateout rates calculated for214Pb suggest that even in well-ventilated houses, the potential alpha energy concentration of radon is affected as much by wall plateout as by infiltration of outside air.
Maturational changes in steroidogenesis in the inner and outer zones of the guinea pig adrenal cortex

Abstract Studies were done to determine the effects of age on steroidogenesis in the inner (zona reticularis) and outer (zona fasciculta plus glomerulosa) zones of the guinea pig adrenal cortex. In 35-day-old animals, cortisol production by adrenal outer zone cells was approximately twice as great as that by inner zone cells. With aging, cortisol secretion by inner zone cells decreased to very low levels, but there was no detectable change in the capacity for cortisol production by the outer zone. However, the outer zone comprised a progressively decreasing fraction of the total adrenal mass in older animals. To determine the basis for the decline in cortisol production by inner zone cells with aging, the activities of several steroidogenic enzymes were determined. Microsomal 21-hydroxylase activity was greater in the inner than outer zone but was not significantly affected by age. By contrast, 17α-hydroxylase activity was greater in the outer zone at all ages, and decreased with aging in the inner but not the outer zone. Mitochondrial cholesterol sidechain cleavage and 11β-hydroxylase activities were also higher in the outer than inner zone and declined in the zone only in older animals. The decrease in inner zone cholesterol sidechain cleavage activity with aging was proportionately greater than the age-dependent changes in other enzyme activities. The results indicate that the effects of aging on steroidogenesis are both zone- and enzyme-specific. The overall decline in cortisol secretion by the guinea pig adrenal cortex with aging is attributable to both a decrease in cortisol production by the cells of the zone reticularis and a disproportionate increase in the mass of the gland comprised by this zone. The decrease in cortisol secretion correlates closely with a decline in cholesterol sidechain cleavage activity in the zona reticularis, and may be causally related.
A two-dimensional mathematical model of the insulated-gate field-effect transistor

Abstract This paper is concerned with the mathematical details of a numerical model of the insulated-gate field-effect transistor; a computer-aided analysis of the device, based on this model, appears separately. A finite-difference scheme is presented for obtaining an approximate solution of a system of nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations describing the carrier distribution in such a device model. In particular, our scheme allows the device current, as a function of the applied bias voltages, to be reliably calculated. The results of numerical experiments appraising the accuracy of the method are also included.
Spectrofluorometric Assay of Apomorphine in Brain Tissue

Abstract A fluorometric technique has been developed that accurately and reliably measures submicrogram quantities of apomorphine in brain tissue. The assay involves an immiscible solvent extraction procedure which is highly efficient and makes possible the detection of apomorphine in concentrations of 0.1 mcg./g. tissue. The fluorometric assay is about 40 times more sentisive than the spectrophotometric method currently in use.
Low resistive gallium doped nanocrystalline zinc oxide for gas sensor application via sol–gel process

Abstract This paper reports the effect of low concentration of Ga doping on the performance of ZnO thin-film based gas sensors. The ZnO films were synthesized on the alkali-free glass substrates by employing a sol–gel process. Different concentrations of Ga were added to the sol–gel mixture for systematic comparison of doping effect. The effect of Ga doping on the microstructure, optical properties, surface morphology, electrical conductivity and gas sensing characteristics was investigated comparing undoped and Ga-doped ZnO thin films. The results revealed that the grain size decreased after the doping of Ga in ZnO. The optical transmittance and bandgap of ZnO films were not affected by the doping of Ga. The Ga doping resulted in a significant increase in electrical conductivity of ZnO thin films. The gas sensing behavior was studied under different concentrations of H2 exposure in the air at an operating temperature of 130 °C. The results indicated that the sensing response for H2 was enhanced after the doping of a trace amount of Ga. It was found that 0.3 at.% was the optimum Ga doping concentration for ZnO sensors in the low Ga doping concentrations, which exhibited both high response and short response time. The selectivity of 0.3 at.% Ga-doped ZnO sensor was investigated for important industrial gas mixtures. It was found that the Ga-doped ZnO sensors exhibited a better detection capability of H2 than NH3 and CH4.
Increased atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction in mice bearing constitutively deacetylated alleles of Foxo1 gene.

Complications of atherosclerosis are the leading cause of death of patients with type 2 (insulin-resistant) diabetes. Understanding the mechanisms by which insulin resistance and hyperglycemia contribute to atherogenesis in key target tissues (liver, vessel wall, hematopoietic cells) can assist in the design of therapeutic approaches. We have shown that hyperglycemia induces FoxO1 deacetylation and that targeted knock-in of alleles encoding constitutively deacetylated FoxO1 in mice (Foxo1KR/KR) improves hepatic lipid metabolism and decreases macrophage inflammation, setting the stage for a potential anti-atherogenic effect of this mutation. Surprisingly, we report here that when Foxo1KR/KR mice are intercrossed with low density lipoprotein receptor knock-out mice (Ldlr−/−), they develop larger aortic root atherosclerotic lesions than Ldlr−/− controls despite lower plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The phenotype is unaffected by transplanting bone marrow from Ldlr−/− mice into Foxo1KR/KR mice, indicating that it is independent of hematopoietic cells and suggesting that the primary lesion in Foxo1KR/KR mice occurs in the vessel wall. Experiments in isolated endothelial cells from Foxo1KR/KR mice indicate that deacetylation favors FoxO1 nuclear accumulation and exerts target gene-specific effects, resulting in higher Icam1 and Tnfα expression and increased monocyte adhesion. The data indicate that FoxO1 deacetylation can promote vascular endothelial changes conducive to atherosclerotic plaque formation.
Demineralizing Effects of Cooked Food-Saliva Mixtures on Fluoride-Treated and Nontreated Enamel

The effect of three fluoride agents on decalcification of human enamel incubated in a food-saliva mixture was investigated. Microscopic examination of ground sections showed that one fluoride agent reduced decalcification, another increased it, and a third had no effect.
Leadership Development Programs for Minorities: An Evaluation

This is a study of four leadership development programs for minorities to determine whether such programs are more effective when operated by a minority-group-controlled agency or a majority-group-controlled agency, when consisting of internships only or internships and an educational component, when operated as an internship and educational program by an educational institution or by a free-standing voluntary association. The most effective program is one that has an educational component and an internship and is offered by a college or university. An unanticipated finding is the significance of a placement service for minorities who complete such programs.
Effect of Cu and Ga additions on the anisotropy of R2Fe14B/α-Fe nanocomposite die-upset magnets (R=Pr, Nd)

Abstract Fully dense nanocomposite magnets containing hard R 2 Fe 14 B and soft α-Fe phases were produced from both melt-spun and mechanically milled alloys by hot pressing and subsequent die upsetting. Although R-lean R–Fe–B alloys that do not contain the grain-boundary R-rich phase are known not to be susceptible to texture development by means of die upsetting, we found that small additions of Cu make the texturing possible. The resulting microstructure of oriented platelet grains is similar to that of the R-rich die-upset magnets. Properties of the Cu-containing R 2 Fe 14 B/α-Fe die-upset magnets can be further improved by adding Ga. The anisotropic Pr 12 Fe 80 Cu 1 Ga 1 B 6 magnet made from mechanically milled alloy and containing 17.2 wt% α-Fe had a remanence of 13 kG and a maximum energy product of 23.4 MG Oe. The Pr 11.25 Fe 80.75 Cu 1 Ga 1 B 6 magnet made from melt-spun alloy and containing 16.2 wt% α-Fe had a maximum energy product of 19.9 MG Oe. The low coercivity of 3–4 kOe typical for the Cu-containing R 2 Fe 14 B/α-Fe die-upset magnets is due to the relatively coarse α-Fe grains. The latter grains are too large for intergranular exchange interaction, but, nevertheless, they are well coupled with the R 2 Fe 14 B grains by a long-range magnetostatic interaction.
Ontogeny of muscle mechanical advantage in capuchin monkeys (Cebus albifrons and Cebus apella)

Terrestrial locomotion requires that animals maintain postural stability against the flexing force of gravity. To counteract volume/area relationships that limit muscle force and may compromise stability, larger animals increase the effective mechanical advantage of their extensor musculature by walking on more extended limbs and showing allometric increases in extensor muscle lever arm lengths. Assuming these size-related principles are uniform, similar adaptations should characterize ontogenetic increases in size. Previous research on non-primate mammals has shown, however, that extensor muscle mechanical advantage is greater early in ontogeny and decreases with negative allometry during growth. This study extended this work by investigating patterns of relative elbow lever arm growth in two capuchin monkeys, Cebus albifrons and Cebus apella. Unlike previously studied mammals, growing capuchin monkeys face unique anatomical constraints, including relatively long limb bones and positively allometric limb growth. These constraints could augment the flexing torque of gravity at the limb joints and require compensatory increases in extensor muscle mechanical advantage as size increases through growth. Forearm length and the length of elbow extensor and flexor muscle lever arms were measured in longitudinal radiographic series of growing capuchin monkeys. In contrast to other mammals, all lengths scaled to body mass with positive allometry. Anatomical mechanical advantage (lever arm length/forelimb length) scaled with negative allometry, however, matching the non-primate mammalian trend. Greater muscle mechanical advantage during early locomotion may help young mammals overcome relatively weak extensor muscles and other growth-related limits on locomotor performance. Additional data on ontogenetic changes in gait dynamics and musculoskeletal growth are required to validate this hypothesis.
The linguistic and cognitive profile of Down syndrome: evidence from a comparison with fragile X syndrome.

In this paper, we report on the results of our research, which is designed to address two broad questions about the cognitive and linguistic profile of Down syndrome: (1) Which domains of functioning are especially impaired in individuals with Down syndrome? and (2) Which aspects of the language and cognitive profile of Down syndrome are syndrome specific? To address these questions, we focused on three dimensions of the Down syndrome profile - receptive language, expressive language, and theory of mind ? and made comparisons to individuals with fragile X syndrome, which is an X-linked form of intellectual disability. We identified Down syndrome impairments on all three dimensions that were substantially greater than those seen in nonverbal cognition and that were not shared by individuals with fragile X syndrome. Clinical implications of these findings are considered.
Gastric Alkalinization After Major Trauma

Background: Gastric function in trauma patients is poorly understood. In animals, shock causes gastric luminal alkalinization and bile reflux. In trauma patients, studies of stress gastritis prophylaxis demonstrated with continuous gastric pH monitoring that the stomach became alkaline even without antisecretory therapy. Therefore, we hypothesized that trauma patients have an alkaline gastric environment that may be because of bile reflux. Methods: A prospective observational study at an urban Level I trauma center was performed. All major torso trauma patients (severe head injuries excluded) who met the criteria for standardized shock resuscitation were eligible for inclusion. A 12.5 Fr silastic pH probe (Sandhill Scientific) was placed in the stomach and the gastric pH continuously monitored for 7 days. Patients received no stress gastritis prophylaxis. Gastric samples were obtained each day and assayed for total bile acids and pH. Results: Twelve patients were entered into the study. Mean age was 31 years ± 4 years, 67% men, 75% blunt mechanism of injury, and mean Injury Severity Score 28 ± 3. Three patients (25%) developed multiple organ failure and four acquired ventilator-associated pneumonia. During the first day of continuous pH monitoring, 9 of 12 patients had a gastric pH >4 for the majority of the day with 7 patients having essentially no acid production. During subsequent days, gastric pH began to drop and by the 4th day the majority of each day was spent at a pH <4. Additionally, gastric pH of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia or multiple organ failure tended to be more alkaline. Bile acid was present in the gastric fluid of all patients in varying amounts. However, there was no significant correlation between gastric pH and bile acid concentration. Conclusions: Traumatic injury causes gastric luminal alkalinization that may be related, only in part, to bile acid reflux. Other alkalinizing factors remain to be elucidated.
Effects of extracellular pressure and alcohol on the microglial response to inflammatory stimulation.

Abstract Background Traumatic brain injury induces a neuroinflammatory response frequently associated with increased intracranial pressure. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of alcohol and increased extracellular pressure on murine BV-2 microglial proliferation and cytokine responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Methods BV-2 cells were cultured under 0 or 30 mm Hg increased extracellular pressure without or with ethanol (100 mmol/L) or LPS (10 ng/mL) for 24 hours. Cell proliferation was assessed using MTS assay and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–α, interleukin (IL)–6, and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)–1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Increased pressure and LPS stimulation each promoted proliferation. Ethanol pretreatment blocked these effects. Basal TNF-α and IL-6 secretion was at the limits of delectability. Basal MCP-1 production was stimulated by pressure, which was blocked by ethanol. Even this low LPS dose stimulated microglial secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1. Pressure inhibited LPS-stimulated production of these proinflammatory cytokines, while ethanol pretreatment blocked LPS-stimulated cytokine production. The combination of pressure and ethanol further reduced TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 secretion by LPS-stimulated microglial cells. Conclusion Alcohol's anti-inflammatory effects may contribute to the reduced mortality from traumatic brain injury that some have described in acutely intoxicated patients, while pressure down-regulation of inflammatory cytokine release could create a negative feedback that ameliorates inflammation in traumatic brain injury.
THE HARMS SHOE COMPANY: DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPUTER MODEL FOR THE CLASSROOM

This paper describes a case that examines five key topics in production and operations management [1]—forecasting, inventory control, transportation planning, aggregate planning, and the disaggregation of the aggregate plan—in an integrated, realistic manner for upper-level undergraduate business majors [3]. The case structure stresses the linkage of these interrelated subjects and supplements the regular classroom presentations dealing with them. The case relies on computer calculations at each stage to provide the information input for calculations at the next stage. It is a static model with a twelve-month planning horizon. Students complete several exercises and assume several roles as the case unfolds. They act on their own in filling some roles and as members of teams in performing others. They do not compete with each other, as the purpose of the case is to help them develop an appreciation of the factors that persons performing the role must consider.
The Application of Deutectomy for Reducing Initial Vitamin A Reserves in Newly Hatched Chicks, and Some Observations on the Apparent Consumption of These Reserves

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE effect of deutectomy upon the stores of vitamins A, D and E in newly hatched chicks was studied by Sloan et al. (1934) with a view towards determining whether the variations among birds in biological assays and similar studies might be reduced. It was concluded that, while the vitamin reserves appeared to be lowered, individual variations, as measured by growth and mortality, were not eliminated. Preparatory to using deutectomy for reducing vitamin A reserves of newly hatched chicks in vitamin A metabolism studies, the present authors also investigated the influence of the operation on the magnitude and variability of the initial reserves, and on subsequent utilization of vitamin A for liver storage. Also, some aspects of the apparent utilization of the major bodily vitamin A stores and their involvement in consumption of the residual yolk were investigated. Parrish et al. (1950) found that transfer of vitamin A from …
Islam in Social Studies Education: What We Should Teach Secondary Students and Why It Matters

(2006). Islam in Social Studies Education: What We Should Teach Secondary Students and Why It Matters. The Social Studies: Vol. 97, No. 4, pp. 139-144.
Consumer brand relationships

The topic of consumer brand relationships (CBR) continues to be of critical importance to marketers in all types of industries and markets all over the world. Fortunately, academic researchers have continued to investigate the topic to provide important new insights and inspiration. The five articles in this special issue of the Journal of Brand Management represent another step in that journey, helping to highlight various issues likely to be of great interest to both academics and industry practitioners.
On the effect of vertical mixing on the determination of absolute currents by the beta spiral method

Abstract The method proposed by Stommel and Schott ( Deep-Sea Research , 24 , 325–329, 1977) to calculate absolute currents from density data is extended to take into account the effect of vertical mixing. It is shown that a reasonable amount of vertical mixing suffices to remove a depth tendency in the results for the absolute currents that Schott and Stommel ( Deep-Sea Research , 25 , 961–1010, 1978) found in an application of the immiscible method to data sets from different oceans. A mixing term with different analytical profiles of the diffusion coefficient was also introduced into the model fit but only some of the results were significant. The major problem was that the necessary higher-order vertical derivatives of the density profile could not be determined well enough from the hydrographic station data. A grid of STD (salinity-temperature-depth) stations is needed to clarify further the situation.
Perceptions of Risk Factors for Colorectal Cancer and Colorectal Cancer Risk-Related Behaviors Among Current, ex-, and Nonsmokers

Smoking significantly increases risk for colorectal cancer (CRC). We examined smokers' and nonsmokers' perceptions of behavioral factors for the increased risk of CRC and evaluated how these related to CRC screening. Self-reported questionnaire data were obtained from a random, average CRC risk sample of women and men (aged 50-75 years) during 2004. Smokers less frequently reported recent CRC screening than nonsmokers (p = 0.03). Smokers not adherent to screening less frequently agreed that smoking and alcohol consumption (both strongly linked to CRC) increased the risk for CRC (p values < 0.05) than nonsmokers. Notably, the number of concurrent CRC risk behaviors reported by smokers not adherent to CRC screening increased with the number of cigarettes smoked per day, identifying heavy smokers who do not screen as a subgroup most in need of intervention. Findings extend current understanding on processes underlying smokers' perceptions of risk for CRC and how these relate to screening utilization, which can guide provider efforts to improve CRC screening among smokers and reduce their CRC risk-related behaviors.
A solution to a problem of Cameron on sum-free complete sets

Abstract For any subsets A and B of an additive group G, define A + B = { a + b: a ϵ A and b ϵ B} and −A = {−a: a ϵ A}. A subset S of G is said to be sum-free, complete, and symmetric respectively if S + S ⊂ Sc, S + S ⊃ Sc, and S = −S. Cameron asked if for all sufficiently large moduli m there exists a sum-free complete set in Z mZ that is not symmetric. We answer Cameron's question by showing there exists such a set for all moduli greater than or equal to 890626. We also show that every sum-free complete set in Z mZ that is not symmetric can be used to construct a counter-example to a conjecture of Conway disproved by Marica. Conway conjectured that for any finite set S of integers, |S + S| ⩽ |S  S|.
Diagnosis of cytomegalovirus hepatitis by histopathology and in situ hybridization in liver transplantation

Hematoxylin-eosin staining (H&E) of cytomegalovirus (CMV) inclusion bodies was compared with in situ hybridization using a biotinylated DNA probe for the detection of CMV. Of 29 biopsy specimens selected from 23 patients with clinical CMV hepatitis and typical CMV inclusions on histopathologic examination, 23 (79%) were positive by DNA probe and 17 (59%) were detected in cell cultures. The mean number of CMV foci per tissue section was higher by DNA probe (12) compared with H&E (5). We do not recommend in situ hybridization in microbiology laboratories as a replacement for histopathology for the diagnosis of CMV in tissue specimens.
Theory of a critical point in the blue-phase-III-isotropic phase diagram.

In low to moderate chirality systems, there is a first-order phase transition between the isotropic phase and the blue phase III (BP III) in chiral liquid crystals. Recent experiments [Z. Kutnjak, C. W. Garland, J. L. Passmore, and P. J. Collings, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 4859 (1995); J. B. Becker and P. J. Collings, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 265, 163 (1995) on high chirality systems show no transition. This suggests that the isotropic phase and BP III have the same isotropic symmetry and that there is a liquid-gaslike critical point in the temperature-chirality plane terminating a line of coexistence. In this case the averaged alignment tensor 〈Q(x)〉 is zero in both the isotropic phase and BP III. We introduce a scalar order parameter 〈\ensuremath{\psi}〉=〈(\ensuremath{\nabla}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}Q)\ensuremath{\cdot}Q〉 to describe both phases and develop a Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson Hamiltonian in \ensuremath{\psi} and Q, which can be motivated by a coarse-graining procedure. Our model predicts that the isotropic-to-BP-III transition is in the same universality class (Ising) as the liquid-gas transition. By looking at the fluctuations of Q around the critical point, we obtain formulas for the light scattering and the rotary power, which are in qualitative agreement with experiments [J. B. Becker and P. J. Collings, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 265, 163 (1995) and need to be checked quantitatively. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Moyamoya disease in a patient with hereditary spherocytosis.

Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare cerebral vasculopathy characterized by occlusion of the supraclinoid portion of the internal carotid artery and proximal portions of the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. Patients develop an extensive collateral network of parenchymal, transdural and leptomeningeal vessels to supply the compromised brain. These collateral channels, also known as “moyamoya vessels,” may be seen in a number of disorders which lead to intracranial vascular occlusion. We report a case of MMD in a child with hereditary spherocytosis.
Using THEMIS data to resolve the discrepancy between CRISM/OMEGA and TES modeled phyllosilicate abundance in Mawrth Vallis

Abstract We explore the effects of spatial resolution on the detectability of phyllosilicates in the thermal infrared dataset from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES). Data from the Mars Odyssey THermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) instrument is used to resolve spatial resolution driven discrepancies between detection of phyllosilicates in the infrared and visible/near-infrared wavelength range. The 100-m/pixel spatial resolution offered by THEMIS, even with its limited spectral resolution, significantly improves the likelihood of phyllosilicate detection. Furthermore, spectral unit mapping techniques provide the first phyllosilicate abundance maps of the Mawrth Vallis phyllosilicate-bearing units, which indicate phyllosilicate abundances of >50% with heterogeneous spatial distributions. Derived abundances are used to evaluate the proposed formation mechanisms for phyllosilicates in this region and are found to be consistent with intermediate weathering of mafic primary material.
Evidence for an interaction of neuronostatin with the orphan G-protein coupled receptor, GPR107

Neuronostatin, derived from the somatostatin preprohormone, is a recently described peptide that is produced by several tissues involved in cardiovascular regulation and metabolism, including the hypothalamus. Injection of neuronostatin into the lateral cerebroventricle led to a dose-related increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) in rats. Any attempt to inhibit the production of neuronostatin would alter somatostatin production as well, making determination of the physiological relevance of the peptide's pharmacologic effects by compromise of production approaches impossible. Therefore, we employed an alternative approach to identify and compromise the production of the neuronostatin receptor. Because neuronostatin was shown to signal via a PKA-dependent mechanism, we hypothesized that the neuronostatin receptor was a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), in particular, one of the orphan GPCRs for which the ligand is unknown. Therefore, we screened neuronostatin-responsive tissues, including hypothalamus, heart, pancreatic α-cells, and the gastric tumor cell line KATOIII, for expression of orphan GPCRs. Four orphan GPCRs were expressed by all cell types, including GPR56 and GPR107. Knockdown of GPR107, but not GPR56 or GPR146, led to a loss of responsiveness to neuronostatin by KATOIII cells. Rats injected with siRNA directed against GPR107 (2 μg/day for 2 days) into the lateral cerebroventricle did not exhibit an increase in MAP in response to neuronostatin treatment. Rats with compromised GPR107 expression also displayed blunted reactivity in a baroreflex sensitivity test, indicating that GPR107 and neuronostatin may be important regulators of cardiovascular function. Thus, GPR107 is a promising candidate receptor for neuronostatin, and neuronostatin, interacting with GPR107, may play an important role in the central control of cardiovascular function.
Plasma and submandibular saliva lysosomal enzymes in cystic fibrosis

This study determined in a blind fashion the activity levels and thermostability properties of two lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes, acid phosphatase and alpha-mannosidase, in plasma samples from 25 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and 25 age- and sex-matched normal controls. Mean alpha-mannosidase activity (3.2 +/- 1.0 mU/ml) and acid phosphatase activities (6.5 +/- 2.9 mU/ml) in CF patients were not significantly different from those found in normal individuals (2.8 +/- 0.7 and 7.6 +/- 3.4 mU/ml, respectively). Using stringent conditions no differences in thermostability properties of these enzymes were found between plasma from CF patients as compared to that of normal controls. When activity levels of these enzymes and of four additional hydrolytic enzymes, alpha-L-fucosidase, alpha-galactosidase, alpha-glucosidase and beta-galactosidase, were determined in submandibular saliva, no significant differences in enzyme levels between CF and age- and sex-matched controls were noted nor were thermostability differences found. Our data do not support the concept that altered properties of these enzymes are useful as markers for detection of CF homozygotes and heterozygotes, nor the hypothesis that the defect underlying this disease is a deficiency of post-translational modification of glycoproteins leading to their mis-compartmentalization and qualitative alteration.
Performative Masculinities in Eric Bogosian's Sex, Drugs, Rock & Roll

Eric Bogosian's Sex, Drugs, Rock & Roll provides a case study of masculinities as they were performed in society in the 1980s and performative directions for masculinities in the future. In this article, using Arthur Frank's sociology of the body as an organizing lens, I examine the rich narratives Bogosian wrote and performed. The problematization of the performance of the male form provides fertile ground for testing what it meant to be a man at the time and more importantly how masculinities danced across popular culture using consumer, aggressive-consumer, aggressive, and communicative forms. I interrogate Bogosian's performance as a text that argues against the “sex,” “drugs,” “rock & roll” lifestyle of the era in favor of a more communication-based orientation.
Uphill transport in mass separation devices with reactive membranes: counter-transport

Abstract Coupled transport of two species can occur in a system if both species react with an active mobile carrier. When two species fluxes are in the opposite direction, the phenomenon is called counter-transport. If the coupling of the fluxes causes a species to be moved against its concentration difference, the transport is known as uphill transport. For fully developed, one-dimensional, laminar flow of a Newtonian fluid in either a parallel plate or a hollow fiber mass separator, with equilibrium chemical reactions inside the membrane, the counter-transport rate in the separator is analysed. The effect of diffusion and reaction parameters on uphill transport and the optimum length of the mass separator are investigated. The separation perfomance of the mass separator is shown to depend on the wall Sherwood numbers, the maximum facilitation factors, the maximum facilitation factors, the maximum counter-transport factor, the dimensionless equilibrium constants of the chemical reactions and the concentration differences of the solutes. The criteria for designing membrane mass separators to get efficient uphill transport are discussed.
Effect of creep substructure on the stress exponent of Al following stress reductions

Abstract The mechanical and substructural behaviour of aluminium was investigated in the temperature range 573–600 K using both uninterrupted and stress-change tests. The present results, like those most recently reported for Al in the temperature range 610–923 K, show that the subgrain size has the ability to coarsen after a stress reduction. However, unlike the data on Al in the range 610–923 K, the present data at high stresses (τ > 1·8 MPa, where τ is the shear stress) indicate that the stress exponent obtained from stress reduction teats is slightly higher than that obtained from uninterrupted tests; at low stresses (τ < 1·8 MPa), there is no difference between the two exponents. Careful and detailed electron microscopic examination of the interiors of subgrains developed in Al in the whole temperature range of 923–573 K reveals the presence of cellular substructure at temperatures lower than 650 K and high stresses. Based on a correlation between the characteristics of the cellular substructure and ...
Making the call: the diagnosis of acute community-acquired bacterial sinusitis.

BACKGROUND: Although one of the most common illnesses encountered in the primary care setting, acute community-acquired bacterial sinusitis (ACABS) can be a challenge to diagnose. METHODS: Existing diagnostic modalities ranging from clinical history to imaging studies used to diagnose ACABS are discussed. RESULTS: Numerous methods exist but they do not distinguish well between viral and bacterial illness. CONCLUSION: Diagnosis of ACABS should primarily be made based on the clinical history. Other modalities provide useful information in select cases.
Gerontological Knowledge and Elderly Health Care Services in Alaska: Aging in the Last Frontier.

The current research assessed Alaskan health and mental health care professionals’ perceptions regarding Alaska's elderly health care services as well as professional educational and training needs. Fifty‐four percent of community professionals sampled indicated that preexisting services in their community were not adequate to meet the needs of the elderly population. In addition, 55% indicated that the knowledge level of community professionals regarding the elderly and the aging process was insufficient and 51% believed they were not well educated in meeting the needs of Alaskan native elders. An overall 91.8% indicted that they were in need of further training in the field of aging and geriatrics. They noted in particular the lack of knowledge and training opportunities in mental health and Alzheimer's disease. The significance of these findings is discussed in terms of the broader social implications associated with meeting gerontological and geriatric education and training needs, as well as the spec...
A re-examination of the residual calcium theory for facilitation of transmitter release.

Abstract An analysis is presented which shows that the residual calcium hypothesis is compatible with facilitation of transmitter release from the frog neuromuscular junction is spite of a dependence of 4 calcium ions per release site and the absence of apparent lag in its onset. This is because trains which generate a steady-state facilitation below 13 will not show enough points along the rising phase to make a lag apparent.
Upward fluxes of particulate organic matter in the deep North Pacific

The flux of particulate matter through the oceanic water column is a primary component in elemental cycling and is generally perceived as being in one direction: downward1, 2. The organic matter constituting these particles is produced through photosynthesis in surface waters and either sinks directly as phytoplankton and products3, 4 or undergoes various trophic transformations through the water column. A large proportion of the particulate organic matter produced in surface waters is regenerated in the euphotic zone5–7. A fraction of this organic matter, however, leaves the surface waters and settles through the water column, generally decreasing in quantity and changing in quality with increasing distance from the surface8–11. Although the net transport of organic matter must be downward to fuel the lower portions of the water column, there is also an upward component to transport. Positively buoyant particles, including lipid-rich eggs, larvae and, possibly, carcasses of deep-sea animals are examples of particles which undergo upward transport12–13. A previous attempt to quantify the upward mass flux indicated rates of 1–4% of the downward mass flux14. Here we report the first evidence that there is a significant upward flux of particulate organic matter, up to 66.7% of the concurrently measured downward flux, at two stations in the deep North Pacific. Given this magnitude, the previously ignored upward flux of such organic matter must be considered in models of carbon and nitrogen cycling in the open ocean.
Two Feasibility Studies for Introduction of Multimicronutrient Soy/Whey-Based Supplements in Rural Homes in Honduras

The objectives of the 2 studies were to determine the feasibility of providing home-based multimicronutrient supplements and their comparative effects on infants and children (6–36 months) in rural Honduras. Four multimicronutrient supplements were tested in 2008 and 2009. Anthropometric and hemoglobin values were main outcome variables. In 2008 and 2009, 188 and 143 children completed the study, respectively. Anemia was substantially reduced from 44% to 48% at baseline to 24% to 11% at the end of treatment. Weight-for-age and height-for-age scores were not significantly different among supplements tested. In conclusion, our studies demonstrate the feasibility of home-based micronutrient fortification with a significant reduction in anemia.
Equivalent continuum modeling for non‐linear wave propagation in jointed media

This paper describes a methodology to build equivalent continuum (ECC) models to represent jointed media for non-linear wave propagation. In the present work, we study the response of randomly jointed rock media both to quasi-static and dynamic loadings. We have found that, unlike in the quasi-static case where no relaxation is observed, during dynamic loading, the deviatoric stress drops in the plastic wave after reaching its peak. Such stress relaxation phenomenon is calculated in jointed media, although the model used for intact rock blocks is rate-independent. This is a strong indication that EC models for jointed rock should include some rate-dependence when used in wave propagation simulations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Childhood Cancers: Hepatoblastoma

Hepatoblastoma is the most common primary liver tumor in children, accounting for just over 1% of pediatric cancers. The etiology is unknown, but it has been associated with Beckwith-Weidemann syndrome, familial adenomatosis polypi, and low birth weight. The primary treatment is surgical resection, however, chemotherapy plays an important role by increasing the number of tumors that are resectable. The prognosis for patients with resectable tumors is fairly good, however, the outcome for those with nonresectable or recurrent disease is poor.