cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redundant Elements in the Adenovirus Type 5 Inverted Terminal Repeat Promote Bidirectional Transcription in Vitro and Are Important for Virus Growth in Vivo

The adenovirus inverted terminal repeat (ITR) contains a number of cis-acting elements that are involved in the initiation of viral DNA replication, as well as multiple binding motifs for the cellular transcription factors SP1 and ATF. In this study, we utilized a Hela cell transcription extract to demonstrate that the adenovirus type 5 ITR promotes bidirectional transcription in vitro. Primer extension analyses demonstrated that the ITR directed transcription at initiation sites both within the terminal repeat and at fixed distances outside of the ITR. The ITR also strongly stimulated transcription at the early region 1A (E1A) initiation site when it was situated immediately upstream of the E1A TATA box region. Deletion and point mutational analyses demonstrated that two distinct cis-acting elements were involved in these ITR-dependent transcriptional activities in vitro. Cellular transcription factors SP1 and ATF were previously shown to bind to these two regions. Analysis of viral mutants in vivo demonstrated that the NFIII/OCT-1 binding site and a conserved ATF motif were important for efficient viral growth. Regulatory elements in the ITR flanking region were found to functionally substitute for these sites.
Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Evaluation of a Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer and Its Gel as Preconcentrating Media for [ReI(DMPE)3]+, Where DMPE = 1,2-Bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane

The interaction of [ReI(DMPE)3]+, where DMPE = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane, a nonradioactive analogue of a heart imaging agent, with Nafion gel, which is Nafion plasticized with tri-n-butyl phosphate, has been evaluated spectroscopically and electrochemically. Thin-layer spectroelectrochemistry on the rhenium compound yields a linear Nernst plot with an n value of 0.99 and E°‘ of 0.049 V vs Ag/AgCl. The electrochemistry is consistent with a reversible one-electron transfer between the mono- and dicationic forms of the complex. The UV−visible spectrum of electrogenerated [ReII(DMPE)3]2+ is identical to that obtained by air oxidation of [ReI(DMPE)3]+. Thin, free-standing films of Nafion gel and Nafion that were sufficiently clear to record visible spectra were cast. Spectroscopic measurement of the partitioning of [ReI(DMPE)3]+ from aqueous solution into these films shows a more rapid uptake of the complex by the Nafion gel. Preconcentraion factors into Nafion gel and Nafion were 350 and 50, respective...
Fixed-effects modeling of Cohen's weighted kappa for bivariate multinomial data

Cohen's kappa and weighted kappa statistics are the conventional methods that are used widely in measuring agreement for categorical responses. In this paper, we propose a general framework for the fixed-effects modeling of Cohen's weighted kappa for bivariate multinomial data which reduces to Cohen's weighted kappa under certain conditions and hence can be considered as a generalization of the conventional Cohen's weighted kappa. Properties of the proposed method are investigated followed by an evaluation of the asymptotic performance through bootstrap simulation studies and two illustrative examples. Our derivation shows that the Fleiss-Cohen weights, one of the popular weight schemes for Cohen's weighted kappa, might have some unappealing analytical properties, although these do not appear to cause an issue in application.
Chloroform in drinking water prevents hepatic cell proliferation induced by chloroform administered by gavage in corn oil to mice.

Abstract Chloroform administered by gavage in corn oil, but not when administrated in drinking water, has been shown to induce liver cancer in female B6C3F 1 mice and to enhance cell proliferation. Since humans are exposed to chloroform in their drinking water, we evaluated whether exposure by this route would interact with the activity of chloroform when administered by gavage in corn oil. Female B6C3F 1 mice were exposed to chloroform in drinking water for 33 days at 0, 300, or 1800 ppm (Experiment 1) or for 31 days at 0, 120, 240, or 480 ppm (Experiment 2) and for 3 days prior to termination also received a daily dose of 263 mg/kg chloroform administered by gavage in corn oil. Exposure to chloroform in drinking water reduced both the hepatotoxicity and the enhanced cell proliferation (bromodeoxyuridine-labeling index and mitotic index) elicited in response to chloroform administered by gavage in corn oil. Hence, chloroform administered in drinking water reduced the activity of chloroform administered by gavage in corn oil, suggesting that it would also reduce the hepatocarcinogenic activity of chloroform administered by gavage.
Transforming the First-Year Engineering Experience through Authentic Problem-Solving: Taking a Models and Modeling Perspective

A models and modeling perspective led to Model-Eliciting Activities (MEAs), authentic mathematical modeling problems, being introduced into a first-year engineering program in 2002. A design research perspective then led to iterative improvements in the design of these activities, strategies for their implementation, and strategies for assessing student work to promote effective learning across multiple learning objectives. This paper describes two different research threads that have lead to significant transformation of the first-year engineering experience. The first thread relates to problem formulation. The second thread relates to the dimensions along which instructors evaluate students’ open-ended problem solutions.
Subgrouping young stutterers: preliminary behavioral observations.

The purpose of this investigation was to identify speech and nonspeech behaviors associated with stuttering of young persons and to use these behaviors in attempts to discern and describe subgroups...
Metabolism of acid mucopolysaccharides of rabbits with serum sickness.

SummaryStudies of incorporation of C14-labeled acetate into MPS, hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate from skin and chondroitin sulfate from cartilage of rabbits with and without serum sickness, indicated little difference effected by serum sickness. Specific activities of skin MPS were possibly increased. Greater incorporation of the isotope was observed in liver and muscle glycogen from rabbits with serum sickness. Further study of other hypersensitivity reactions and of tissues more specifically involved by such reactions need investigation. Such experiments, currently in progress utilizing the local Shwartzman lesion, do indicate a considerable increase of metabolic activity of the MPS.
A spatially explicit model for mapping headwater streams

Headwater streams are the primary sources of water in a drainage network and serve as a critical hydrologic link between the surrounding landscape and larger, downstream surface waters. Many states, including North Carolina, regulate activity in and near headwater streams for the protection of water quality and aquatic resources. A fundamental tool for regulatory management is an accurate representation of streams on a map. Limited resources preclude field mapping every headwater stream and its origin across a large region. It is more practical to develop a model for headwater streams based on a sample of field data that can then be extrapolated to a larger area of interest. The North Carolina Division of Water Quality has developed a cost-effective method for modeling and mapping the location, length, and flow classification (intermittent and perennial) of headwater streams. We used a multiple logistic regression approach that combined field data and terrain derivatives for watersheds located in the Triassic Basins ecoregion. Field data were collected using a standard methodology for identifying headwater streams and origins. Terrain derivatives were generated from digital elevation models interpolated from bare-earth Light Detection and Range data. Model accuracies greater than 80% were achieved in classifying stream presence and absence, stream length and perennial stream length, but were not as consistent in predicting intermittent stream length.
Affect, Memory, and Materiality: A Review Essay on Archival Mediation

In Society Must Be Defended, Michel Foucault characterizes the permanent, conflictual relationship that exists “between the two groups that constitute the social body and shape the State [as] in fact one of … permanent warfare” (2003: 88). Foucault argues that acknowledging that “race wars” constitute the substructure of the state enables a new conception of power, one that is simultaneously implicated in knowledge regarding the source of that power: re-conceptualizing the bases of power also demands a shift in knowledge practices. This problem (of power/knowledge) was administrative/managerial from the start: it constituted the conditions of possibility for the exercise of sovereign power, and was itself sovereign-like. “The administration allows the king to rule the country at will, and subject to no restrictions. And conversely, the administration rules the king thanks to the quality and nature of the knowledge it forces upon him” (ibid.: 128–29). Foucault asserts that historical knowledge is produced at precisely this juncture, as a form of counter-knowledge that is the outgrowth of a race war or class war, in which the nobility seek to defend society—their society—from new challengers, “the people,” for example, as well as from the sovereign himself. Thus, modern history germinated as a form of knowledge against absolutist sovereign power, but it was grafted onto the edifice of the state to buttress the sovereign's threatened legitimacy. Thus, “From 1760 onward we see the emergence of institutions that were roughly the equivalent of a ministry of history” (2003: 130 ff).
Complications After Unintentional Intra-arterial Injection of Drugs: Risks, Outcomes, and Management Strategies

Unintentional intra-arterial injection of medication, either iatrogenic or self-administered, is a source of considerable morbidity. Normal vascular anatomical proximity, aberrant vasculature, procedurally difficult situations, and medical personnel error all contribute to unintentional cannulation of arteries in an attempt to achieve intravenous access. Delivery of certain medications via arterial access has led to clinically important sequelae, including paresthesias, severe pain, motor dysfunction, compartment syndrome, gangrene, and limb loss. We comprehensively review the current literature, highlighting available information on risk factors, symptoms, pathogenesis, sequelae, and management strategies for unintentional intra-arterial injection. We believe that all physicians and ancillary personnel who administer intravenous therapies should be aware of this serious problem.
Synthesis of Penta-alkoxy- and Penta-aryloxy Silicates Directly from SiO 2

It is likely that the utility of silicon chemistry would be greatly expanded, if new, general routes to organosilicon compounds could be developed. In particular, synthetic routes stemming from the use of silica (sand) would be particularly attractive because of the modest cost of pure starting material. To this end, we have developed novel chemistry that offers considerable opportunity as a general synthetic technique for the synthesis of unique hypervalent, penta-alkoxy and penta-aryloxy silicates. These species can be further elaborated to form novel compounds that exhibit a wide variety of properties including charge transfer from anionic silicon to cationic pyridinium counterions.
Calculations of the superconducting properties of 32 metals with Z ≤ 49

The results of self-consistent band-structure calculations and the measured Debye temperatures are used in conjunction with the theory of Gaspari and Gyorffy to determine the electron-phonon interaction $\ensuremath{\eta}$, and the mass-enhancement factor $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ for 32 metals with $Z=1$ to $Z=49$. A correction to $\ensuremath{\eta}$ which accounts for the overestimated $d\ensuremath{-}f$ contribution is included in a manner consistent with the work of Boyer et al., and of Pettifor. The Coulomb pseudopotential ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{*}$ is found from the empirical formula of Bennemann and Garland, and is used with our calculated $\ensuremath{\lambda}'\mathrm{s}$ in the McMillan expression to calculate the superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ for these materials. The calculations of $\ensuremath{\eta}$ are based on the self-consistent potentials generated by Morruzi et al. in which they have treated those metals that are noncubic in a fcc or bcc structure having the same density as the real material. Agreement between our calculations and experiment are generally good, with the exception of some of the non-fcc or -bcc materials. In particular our calculations are in excellent agreement with the Matthias rules. To the extent that one can generalize to compounds, our results show that this computational approach provides a reliable guide in the search for higher-${T}_{c}$ materials.
Temperature, temporal and concentration dependence of the laser-narrowed 5D0 → 7F0 fluorescence limeshape of Eu3+ in glasses

Abstract Time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence line-narrowing -techniques employing gated vidicon detection have been used to study the homogeneous resonance fluorescence linewidth of the 5 D 0 → 7 F 0 transition of Eu 3+ at low concentration in Inorganic glasses. The linewidth is shown to be determined by the rate of phase-interrupting, two-phonon Raman scattering processes. The efficiency of these processes is found to be sensitive to the strength of the crystal field of the particular site in which a Eu 3+ ion sits. At higher concentrations, the laser-narrowed fluorescence lineshape becomes time-dependent, due to site-to-site phonon-assisted energy transfer processes. Its Intensity is found to decrease (retaining the same value for its half-width) while a growth of the inhomogeneous line profile is observed as time elapses after the initial laser excitation. From this behavior, the transfer rate is determined and studied as a function of concentration, temperature, and wavelength of excitation. We conclude that the electronic coupling mechanism is dipolar in nature and the phonon assistance occurs via a two-phonon Raman process with one phonon scattered at each of the coupled sites.
EUV telecentricity and shadowing errors impact on process margins

Monte Carlo simulations are used in the semiconductor industry to evaluate variability limits in design rule generation, commonly for interaction between different layers. The variability of the geometry analyzed is determined mainly by the lithography, process and OPC used. Monte Carlo methods for design rule evaluation can provide the requisite level of accuracy, and are suitable for two or more layer interactions because the variations on one can be assumed to be independent of variations on the other(s). The variability parameters and budget utilized in optical Monte Carlo simulations is well-established. With the upcoming implementation of EUV lithography the variability budget will be impacted. EUV has an off-axis illumination angle that complicates the lithography process by causing telecentricity and shadowing errors. Telecentricity errors manifest as a printed feature being shifted relative to the design. The amount the feature is shifted is a function of the pattern density and design. Shadowing is caused by the 3D nature of the mask combined with EUV reflective mask technology. A shadow occurs at feature edges, where the source does not fully illuminate. Telecentricity and shadowing errors, although small at the 10 nm node, will increase in relative size compared to the features printed beyond the 7 nm node. Telecentricity and shadowing errors are complex in nature and can’t be compensated for with a flat bias. These errors unique to EUV are incorporated into Monte Carlo simulations and evaluated against the standard cell design layers. The effect of these variability parameters is evaluated on critical 7 nm node layout clips.
Risks of Capsule Endoscopy

Capsule endoscopy is a noninvasive technology that allows for direct visualization of the entire small intestine and esophagus. It is generally a safe procedure with few complications. Clinically significant complications, including symptomatic capsule retention and aspiration, occur in less than 2% of examinations. Although there is currently no widely accepted means of accurately predicting capsule retention, the Agile patency capsule recently has been developed to determine patency in patients who have possible strictures. The use of this device however, has not been widely accepted. Aside from capsule retention, incomplete small bowel examinations occur in 15% of examinations. The risks of a capsule examination should be carefully reviewed with each patient as part of the informed consent process.
Sexual Identity Development of Female-to-Male Transgender Individuals: A Grounded Theory Inquiry

This study is a grounded theory study of the sexual identity development of 11 female-to-male (FTM) transgender people. Data collection included semistructured interviews with participants. A three-member research team conducted axial and selective coding to identify salient interactions between participants’ gender identity and sexual identity development. A model of these interactions is provided, in addition to thick descriptions of participant voices. The model describes the antecedents and consequences of sexual identity development. This includes the interactions between sexual identity and gender identity. Implications for research and theory are discussed.
Total dose response studies of n-channel SOI MOSFETs for low power CMOS circuits

Abstract A rad-sensitive sub-threshold model for the partially depleted, SOI n-channel MOSFET, based on existing pre-irradiated device models is presented for applications in low power CMOS circuit designs. The model is continuous from sub-threshold to strong inversion regions and includes the radiation-induced oxide trapped charge, interface state charge, floating body effects and associated parasitic such as BJT. To demonstrate the applicability of the model, we have made an attempt to explain the sub-threshold current–voltage characteristics of a typical SOI n-MOSFET under a total dose condition. The calculated shift of sub-threshold characteristics to more negative values with dose with respect to pre-irradiated condition agrees with the experimentally observed behavior reported in the literature.
Oxysilane polymers from silanediol–bisdimethylaminosilane polycondensations: Synthesis and properties

The solution polycondensation of 1,4-bis(hydroxydimethylsilyl)benzene with six bis(dimethylaminosilanes) was carried out by the aminosilane deficient method to give a series of high polymers. The bis(dimethylaminosilanes) were bis(dimethylamino)dimethylsilane, bis(dimethylamino)methylphenylsilane, bis(dimethylamino)diphenylsilane, 1,4-bis(dimethylaminodimethylsilyl)benzene, 1,3-bis(dimethylamino)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane, and 1,5-bis(dimethylamino-1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethyltrisiloxane). The condensation of dihydroxymethylphenylsilane with bis-(dimethylamino)methylphenylsilane to give polymethylphenylsiloxane was also performed. A detailed description of the monomer syntheses and polymerization reactions is provided, since this paper represents the first detailed and systematic description of this polycondensation as an alternative to disilanol or disilanol-dichlorosilane condensation routes. The thermal properties (i.e., Tg, TGA, DSC) of poly(p-phenylenetetramethylsiloxane) are compared to those of poly[1,4-bis(oxydimethylsilyl)benzenel] (where a Si(Me)2O group has been inserted between the silylphenylene units) as well as others in this series, polydimethylsiloxane, and polymethylphenylsiloxane. Similarly, these properties are compared with those of related polymers which include in-chain ferrocene units. Introduction of Si(Me)2O units into poly(tetramethyl-p-silylphenylenesiloxane) systematically decreases Tg and thermal stability. Replacing SiCH3 with SiC6H5 groups increases Tg and thermal stability. Replacing in-chain C6H4 with ferrocene increases Tg and slightly decreases thermal stability. The values of K and A in the Mark-Houwink equation were determined for several polymers.
Through the Eyes of Preservice Teachers: Implications for the Multicultural Journey from Teacher Education.

Abstract This study investigated preservice early childhood education students' a) definitions of multicultural education, b) sources of information from which to construct their definition, c) perceptions of multicultural education in schools, and d) perceptions of the ways that multicultural education should be implemented. The 103 participants at different levels of a four-year undergraduate program completed an open-ended, four-item questionnaire that revealed important findings and insights into students' developmental thinking. Responses indicated that students' definitions illustrated minimal understanding and conceptualizations of multicultural education, which were limited to, mainly, race and ethnicity. A majority of respondents constructed their definitions from college courses, suggesting that universities may have a tremendous influence on student attitudes toward diversity. Participants witnessed multicultural education on a limited basis in school sites and were confronted with incongruenci...
Alternation bounded auxiliary pushdown automata

Languages accepted by alternating auxiliary pushdown automata using simultaneously a(n) alternations and s(n) space are shown to be members of the class of languages accepted by nondeterministic Turing machines using a(n) 2es(n) space for some c > 0. This result is used to show that the hierarchy of classes of languages accepted by pushdown automata based on the number of alternations collapses at the second level of the hierarchy. The power of alternation bounded pushdown automata without auxiliary storage is also investigated.
Lessons Learned From the U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study at Tuskegee: Incorporating a Discourse on Relationships Into the Ethics of Research Participation Among Asian Americans

Central to the lessons learned from the public discourse on the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) Syphilis Study at Tuskegee is the importance of trust between communities and researchers in under...
A theory of individual-level predicates based on blind mandatory scalar implicatures

Predicates such as tall or to know Latin, which intuitively denote permanent properties, are called individual-level predicates. Many peculiar properties of this class of predicates have been noted in the literature. One such property is that we cannot say #John is sometimes tall. Here is a way to account for this property: this sentence sounds odd because it triggers the scalar implicature that the alternative John is always tall is false, which cannot be, given that, if John is sometimes tall, then he always is. This intuition faces two challenges. First: this scalar implicature has a weird nature, since it must be surprisingly robust (otherwise, it could be cancelled and the sentence rescued) and furthermore blind to the common knowledge that tallness is a permanent property (since this piece of common knowledge makes the two alternatives equivalent). Second: it is not clear how this intuition could be extended to other, more complicated properties of individual-level predicates. The goal of this paper is to defend the idea of an implicature-based theory of individual-level predicates by facing these two challenges. In the first part of the paper, I try to make sense of the weird nature of these special mismatching implicatures within the recent grammatical framework for scalar implicatures of Chierchia (Structures and beyond, 2004) and Fox (2007). In the second part of the paper, I show how this implicature-based line of reasoning can be extended to more complicated properties of individual-level predicates, such as restrictions on the interpretation of their bare plural subjects, noted in Carlson (Reference to kinds in English. Doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 1977), Milsark (Linguistic Analysis 3.1: 1–29, 1977), and Fox (Natural Language Semantics 3: 283–341, 1995); restrictions on German word order, noted in Diesing (Indefinites, 1992); and restrictions on Q-adverbs, noted in Kratzer (The Generic Book, ed. Carlson and Pelletier, 125–175, 1995).
The suitable restriction enzymes for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of Bordetella pertussis

We searched the restriction enzymes with rare cutting sites on the genome of Bordetella pertussis strain Tohama I using the Restriction Digest Tool software provided in the Institute for Genomic Research web site. The usefulness of 5 enzymes for pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis was evaluated with 68 B. pertussis isolates. The results indicated that AflII, DraI, SpeI, and XbaI were useful enzymes, and AflII was the best one for PFGE analysis of B. pertussis isolates.
A Holistic/Wellness Model of Reading Assessment: An Alternative to the Medical Model.

For many years in remedial settings it has been the practice to use a medical model, also referred to as a diagnostic or prescriptive model, to describe reading and other language behaviors. In this article, the failure of the traditional medical model in reading diagnosis is discussed in detail. As an alternative to the medical model, I present a conceptualization of reading diagnosis consistent with a holistic I wellness model and compare this holistic I wellness model with the traditional medical model. A four‐step diagnostic process derived from the holistic/wellness model is presented to guide the development of alternative approaches to assessment. Variables to be assessed and tools for diagnosis consistent with a holistic /wellness model are discussed.
Studies on the Xanthine Oxidase Activity of Mammalian Cells

Xanthine oxidase in man is confined to but a few tissues and is absent from cultured cell strains. In rodents, however, the enzyme is more widely distributed among the tissues and can be demonstrated in most cell lines. Rodents possess the enzyme uricase and are therefore able to carry purine catabolism one step further than man. Preliminary results suggest that uricase is restricted to but a few rodent tissues and is absent from cultured rodent cells. Hence it may be that in each species only the final enzyme of purine catabolism is tissue restricted. In other experiments, mammalian cells were grown in the presence of compounds known to induce xanthine oxidase in a eukaryotic fungus (Aspergillus nidulans). These compounds did not induce the enzyme in mammalian cells.
Using forward osmosis to teach mass transfer fundamentals to undergraduate chemical engineering students

Abstract A crossflow forward osmosis (FO) system was constructed to introduce senior-level chemical engineering students to key facets of membrane separations and mass transport. Undergraduate students tested a commercial FO membrane at various draw solution concentrations while monitoring mass flow rate into the draw solution, feed solution concentration, and temperature. Ultimately, students used the data they collected to estimate each membrane's hydraulic permeability coefficient (A) and the salt permeability (B). Mass transport boundary layer theory was utilized to predict theoretical hydraulic flux at system operating conditions. These values were compared to experimental results and discrepancies are discussed, drawing attention to potentially erroneous simplifying assumptions. While an excellent illustration of mass transport on its own, coupling this system with a reverse osmosis (RO) experiment granted students a complete understanding of hydraulic membrane separations and mass transport boundary layer phenomena.
Toennies and Social Change

Toennies' views on social change were never systematically brought together by Toennies himself, but they are implicit in many of his writings, from Geimeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887) to his posthumous fragment Geist der Neuseit (1936). In Toennies' parlance, they are identical with "applied sociology," but must be considered in the light of the concepts of "pure sociology." According to Toennies, the principle of change is inherent in the contradictory or dialectical nature of human nature which is based on communal or shared feelings but disturbed by arbitrary or reflective will. In other words, individualism as the carrier of change arises out of genieienschaft and sustains gesellschaft. Individualistic striving primarily becomes operative in trade, secondarily in politics and in science; it is in evidence throughout history, but becomes extraordinarily virulent in the modern age, through the medium of capitalism. The increase of trade and population and the growth of cities are indicators of this development. Toennies differs from Durkheim because he is a typologist and from Weber because he is a dialectician. He shares Weber's pessimistic appraisal of present trends, but envisages a possible reversal in the future.
The globalization of pediatric clinical trials.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the characteristics of pediatric trials conducted under US legislation and to compare results with data from 2002 to 2007. METHODS: We reviewed all pediatric trials provided to the US Food and Drug Administration in submissions that were approved between September 28, 2007 and December 21, 2010. We extracted data for each trial including age range, therapeutic indication, design, duration, and patient and center enrollment by location. RESULTS: Overall 346 studies on 113 drugs and biologicals enrolled 55 819 pediatric patients. The United States participated in 86% of the studies, providing 71% of the centers and 74% of the patients. Corresponding percentages for non-US countries were 43%, 29%, and 26% respectively. Developing or transition countries participated in 22% of the studies, providing 12% of the centers and 10% of the patients; our earlier analysis found corresponding percentages of 38%, 12%, and 23%. The most common therapeutic areas studied in the latter countries were infectious, neurologic, and pulmonary diseases. Seventy-eight vaccine studies enrolled 147 692 patients. The United States participated in 40% of the studies, providing 39% of the centers and 22% of the patients. Corresponding percentages for non-US countries were 74%, 61%, and 78% respectively. Developing or transition countries participated in 27% of the studies, providing 15% of the centers and 52% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: The United States remains an important location for pediatric trials. Developing country involvement in pediatric drug development is not increasing, although these countries participate significantly in vaccine trials. * Abbreviations: BPCA — : Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act EEA — : European Economic Area EU — : European Union FDA — : Food and Drug Administration JIA — : juvenile idiopathic arthritis PREA — : Pediatric Research Equity Act
Implications of Stroke Risk Criteria on the Anticoagulation Decision in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation

To the Editor: Go et al1 made the important point that the age threshold used to assign patients to a high-risk group for stroke with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) markedly affects the number of people who will be candidates for warfarin. The number of those having a low enough risk to be candidates for aspirin rather than warfarin may vary widely depending on which age cutoff …
Performance of Steel Moment Connections under a Column Removal Scenario. I: Experiments

AbstractThis paper presents an experimental study of two full-scale steel beam-column assemblies, each comprising three columns and two beams, to (1) define their response characteristics under a column-removal scenario, including the capacity of the beams and their connections to carry loads through catenary action, and (2) provide experimental data for validation of beam-to-column connection models for assessing the robustness of structural systems. The assemblies represent portions of the exterior moment-resisting frames of two 10-story steel-frame buildings. One test specimen had welded unreinforced flange, bolted web connections, and the other had reduced beam–section connections. When subjected to monotonically increasing vertical displacement of the unsupported center column, both specimens exhibited an initial elastic response dominated by flexure. With increased vertical displacement, the connections yielded, and axial tension developed in the beams. The axial tension in the beams increased until...
Some factorization properties of Krull domains with infinite cyclic divisor class group

In this paper, we study factorization properties of Krull domains with divisor class group Z. This continues a preliminary study of Dedekind domains with class group Z in Section IV of [7]. In section 1, using the Φ-function we introduce the notion of a Φ-finite domain and then determine the relationship between these domains and BFDs and RBFDs (see [1]). In particular, we show that a Φ-finite domain need not be an RBFD. In Section 2, we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions on the set S of divisor classes of D which contain height-one prime ideals so that D is Φ-finite. This leads to the following result: if D is a Krull domain with divisor class group Z, then D is Φ-finite if and only if D is an RBFD. We also find a bound for the elasticity, ϱ(D), of the domain D and show in Section 3 that, unlike the case where the divisor class group of D is finite, the elasticity of D may not be “attained” by the factorization of a single element.
Secondary prevention: screening and surveillance of persons at average and high risk for colorectal cancer

Secondary prevention of colorectal cancer with FOBT and endoscopy with polypectomy decreases cancer deaths. Other available modalities include genetic tests and imaging studies, but outcomes data are not yet available. Issues remain concerning the most appropriate test, the optimal intervals, and cost-efficacy. Patients may be stratified by personal and family risk, and specific strategies may be used. Newer developments in genetic tests and imaging, including virtual colonoscopy, hold promise for the future. The most important issue at present is to have people screened or surveilled by any of the recommended modalities.
Constructive Criticisms of Methodological and Editorial Practices

Abstract Thompson (1999a and elsewhere) has taken strong positions on a variety of methodological issues. In this article, the authors critique some of those positions and provide alternative views for each.
Hydrogen peroxide lifetimes in south Florida coastal and offshore waters

Abstract Hydrogen peroxide is ubiquitous in the surface mixed layer of the ocean and is an important chemical intermediate of aerobic systems. Due to its reactive nature and numerous chemical redox processes, H 2 O 2 decomposition has been suggested to occur mainly through abiotic pathways involving various seawater constituents. Its decomposition rates in natural seawater show considerable spatial variability and generally obey first order kinetics with half-lives ranging from less than 10 hours in coastal waters to greater than 120 hours in surface waters of the open ocean. This study demonstrates that hydrogen peroxide decomposition in natural seawater appears primarily to be biologically mediated by microorganisms less than 1μm diameter. Cultured microorganisms added to seawater, especially the prokaryotes Vibrio pelagius and Synechococcus sp. were very efficient mediators of H 2 O 2 decomposition.
Perforated peptic ulcer treated by the nonoperative method.

One hundred and forty-nine cases of perforated peptic ulcer have been treated by the nonoperative method by two surgeons in U.S. Public Health Service hospitals. Of these, 107 were consecutive cases; the remaining 42 were selected cases. The mortality rate of the 149 cases was 1.34 per cent.
The Effect of Impact Damage on the Room-Temperature Fatigue Behavior of γ-TiAl

The relationship between impact damage and the fatigue behavior of γ-TiAl has been examined. Axial fatigue specimens fabricated from cast Ti-47.9Al-2.0Cr-1.9Nb (to be referred to as 48-2-2) and Ti-47.3Al-2.2Nb-0.5Mn-0.4W-0.4Mo-0.23Si (to be referred to as WMS) alloys were damaged by impact under controlled conditions with a 60 deg wedge-shaped indenter to simulate assembly-related damage in low-pressure turbine blades. The level of damage produced was quantified and found to correlate well with the peak load of the impact event. The WMS alloy exhibited a greater resistance to impact damage due to its higher yield strength and lamellar microstructure. A measure of the ambient-temperature fatigue failure stress in the alloys was obtained by standard fatigue testing employing a step-loading approach. The failure stress of the WMS alloy was greater than that of the 48-2-2 alloy in the undamaged state. The relationship between impact damage and failure stress was examined using a threshold-based approach. These studies indicate that, for damage levels below a transitional flaw size, the failure stress is near that for undamaged specimens. At damage levels greater than the transitional flaw size, the failure stress can be adequately approximated using the threshold stress-intensity range (ΔK TH ) from long-crack growth testing. Fractographic studies were performed to investigate impact damage and crack-advance mechanisms, which match those observed in other alloys tested at room temperature.
Sexuality and Parrhesia in the Phenomenology of Psychological Development: The Flesh of Human Communicative Embodiment and the Game of Intimacy

In the three published volumes of his History of Sexuality Foucault reflects on themes of anxiety situated in the Christian doctrine of the flesh that led to a pastoral ministry establishing the rules of a general social economy—rules that enabled, over time, a discourse on the flesh that took thrift, prudence, modesty, and suspicion as essential ethical premises in the emerging “art of the self.” Rather than sensing flesh as a charged, motile potentiality of attachment and intimacy, it came to be seen as skin—as the limit of a sovereign body, embedding guilt and shame into the texture of its expression. This essay pursues the psychological and communication problematic of intimacy as a critical and developmental experience of the flesh. Foucault's concept of self-care and parrhesia, Merleau-Ponty's concept of flesh and embodiment, and Bataille's concept of glory and eroticism contribute to a phenomenology of human development that seeks to articulate an idea of a self diffierentiated from the unspoken binds of familial anxiety and emotionality.
The two envelope membrane glycoproteins of Tomato spotted wilt virus show differences in lectin-binding properties and sensitivities to glycosidases

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV, Genus: Tospovirus, Family: Bunyaviridae) is a major constraint to the production of several different crops of agronomic and horticultural importance worldwide. The amino acid sequence of the two envelope membrane glycoproteins, designated as G(N) (N-terminal) and G(C) (C-terminal), of TSWV contain several tripeptide sequences, Asn-Xaa-Ser/Thr, suggesting that the proteins are N-glycosylated. In this study, the lectin-binding properties of the viral glycoproteins and their sensitivities to glycosidases were examined to obtain information on the nature of potential oligosaccharide moieties present on G(N) and G(C). The viral proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and probed by affinoblotting using a battery of biotinylated lectins with specificity to different oligosaccharide structures. G(C) showed strong binding with five mannose-binding lectins, four N-acetyllactosamine-binding lectins and one fucose-binding lectin. G(N) was resolved into two molecular masses and only the slow migrating form showed binding, albeit to a lesser extent than G(C), with three of the five mannose-binding lectins. The N-acetyllactosamine- and fucose-specific lectins did not bind to either molecular mass form of G(N). None of the galactose-, N-acetylgalactosamine-, or sialic acid-binding lectins tested showed binding specificity to G(C) or G(N). Treatment of the denatured virions with endoglycosidase H and peptide:N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) resulted in a significant decrease in the binding of G(C) to high mannose- and N-acetyllactosamine-specific lectins. However, no such differences in lectin binding were apparent with G(N). These results indicate the presence of N-linked oligosaccharides of high mannose- and complex-type on G(C) and possibly high mannose-type on G(N). Differences in the extent of binding of the two envelope glycoproteins to different lectins suggest that G(C) is likely to be more heavily N-glycosylated than G(N). No evidence was observed for the presence of O-linked oligosaccharides on G(N) or G(C).
0057 Qualitative findings from a safety communication and recognition program on safety awareness and teambuilding in construction

Objectives To qualitatively explore the impact of a safety communication and recognition program (“B-SAFE”) on safety attitudes and beliefs among construction workers. Method B-SAFE consisted of weekly, detailed feedback to foremen and workers on safe and unsafe work practices. B-SAFE ran for approximately 5 months on three commercial construction sites in Eastern Massachusetts. Sites were paired with a similar worksite (and same owner or general contractor), and data collection methods were identical at each site. Focus groups and key informant interviews were conducted to qualitatively assess the program’s impact on workers’ perception of site safety. Transcripts of focus groups and key informant interviews were coded and analysed for thematic content using Atlas.ti (V7). Results At B-SAFE intervention sites, workers noted increased levels of safety awareness, communication, and teamwork, when compared to experiences on-site before the program, and to past worksites. Workers attributed an increase in morale to B-SAFE, noting that increasing safety performance feedback helped to improve safety conditions. One worker stated, “[B-SAFE] increased the level of awareness around safety conditions on-site (...) Instead of cutting corners, we’d do it right.” Workers at sites without B-SAFE noted that the safety level was comparable to past worksites. Conclusions The B-SAFE program led to many positive changes on-site, including an increase in safety awareness, teambuilding, and collaborative competition. Future quantitative data analysis to evaluate program effectiveness including worker surveys, safety inspections, and injury reports will augment these qualitative results.
An oilspill, alcohol and the captain: A possible misapplication of forensic science

Abstract Good scientific principles, and the results of otherwise valid research, sometimes can be misused in forensic investigations. The case history of the EXXON VALDEZ tanker disaster illustrates this problem. In March 1989, the vessel left Alaska under the command of Captain Joseph Hazelwood; about 3 h later, it was aground on Bligh Reef and leaking oil. Emergency procedures were instituted but the spill was extensive; indeed, environmental cleanup is not yet complete. Attempts were made to identify those responsible for the accident. The ship's master was almost immediately charged with negligence and, later, intoxication. He was discharged and ultimately tried but acquitted (of intoxication) in an Alaska court. Independently, the U.S. National Transportation and Safety Board issued a report wherein three teams of specialists judged Captain Hazelwood to be intoxicated at the time of the accident. They did so by analyzing samples of his (transmitted) speech. Yet, individuals who were with him during that period testified that he was not intoxicated. Whether he was or was not, is not the primary issue here. Rather, the question to be asked relates to the possibility that the NTSB groups misapplied otherwise good scientific procedures in reaching their opinion.
PREDICTION OF MEMBRANE SEPARATION CHARACTERISTICS BY PORE DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENTS AND SURFACE FORCE-PORE FLOW MODEL

Pore size distribution of polyamide thin film composite reverse osmosis membranes and a cellulosic ultrafiltration membrane were obtained from vapor adsorption data of CO2 and N2 gases. The surface: force-pore flow model previously reported in the literature was utilized in this work. The pore distribution data were further used with solutes separation data at a particular pressure to obtain the values of solute-solvent-membrane wall forces involved. The interaction parameters were obtained by the simultaneous solution of the ordinary differential equations describing the model using the software package COLSYS. From the knowledge of the pore distribution data and the interactions forces, the solutes separation data (for nonionized organics and sodium chloride) were predicted over a wide range of pressures and showed excellent agreement with experimental separation data.
Sarcoidosis: report of a case presenting as dysphagia.

A case in which sarcoidosis presented as dysphagia caused by compression of the esophagus is reported. In addition, four previously reported cases of sarcoidosis involving the esophagus are summarized. Three of the four previously reported cases presented as dysphagia and one presented as esophageal pain without dysphagia. The present case is reported because it is unusual for sarcoidosis with bilateral hilar adenopathy to compress the esophagus and to present as dysphagia.
A reliable technique for solving the wave equation in an infinite one-dimensional medium

In this paper, the initial value problem of the one-dimensional wave equation, where the domain of the space variable is unbounded, will be handled by using the reliable decomposition method. The solution is obtained in the form of a rapid convergent power series with elegantly computable terms. Comparing the decomposition method we used with several other methods that have been advanced for solving this model, shows that the new technique is reliable, powerful and promising.
Taxation, imperfect competition, and discontinuities

Most work on taxation assumes that market adjustments to taxation will be small and continuous and so analyzes the effects of taxation using standard marginal methods. However, the world often changes in large and discontinuous ways. This paper looks at the effects of taxation when discontinuities in market adjustments are allowed because market structure is determined endogenously by the discrete entry and exit decisions of firms. The results indicate that the potential for discontinuities generates tax effects that are considerably different from those that emerge when adjustments are small and continuous. With discontinuities, taxes can have large and discrete effects, for example, by increasing prices far in excess of the tax itself or by changing utility in a highly nonmarginal way. Of more significance, with discontinuities taxes can actually increase welfare even when they lessen competition and raise prices. Taxes can also have markedly different effects on the income and welfare of different groups. Consumers are always made worse off by a tax, but a tax may be supported by the firms in an industry if the tax limits entry and thereby increases firm profits.
An Experiment in Exporting U.S. Values Abroad: The Sullivan Principles and South Africa

The traditional role of business as essentially fulfilling a limited economic role has its articulate proponents (Milton Friedman, 1962; Theodore Levitt, 1958; Frederick Hayek, 1944). Friedman and others who see business as having a very central but limited role in society contend that the business of business is business — not social issues or politics.