cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The well-lighted theater or the semi-darkened room? Transparency, opacity and participation in the institution of cinema

While film historians have applied Foucauldian notions of discipline and surveillance and Habermassian ideals of a public sphere to studies of early cinema and its audiences, there has been less emphasis on the fact that makeshift and purpose-built theaters alike were designed and operated to make the identities of the audience opaque. Even though some reformers attempted to introduce technologies and regulations that would ensure the lighting of theater auditoriums, exhibitors successfully pushed back against this initiative, leaving theaters in semi-darkness. At the same time, exhibitors and many other agents of the nascent motion picture industry encouraged moviegoers to visibly participate in the cinema, often through entering screenwriting and star contests. Using the work of Edouard Glissant and Gilles Deleuze, I suggest that these discourses of transparency and opacity in early cinema presaged a ‘society of control’ in which an individual modulates their own identity in relationship to a complex an...
Product deactivation in recombinant Streptomyces.

The production of tyrosinase by Streptomyces antibioticus (p1J7O2) was investigated as a model system for recombinant protein production by Streptomyces. Product deactivation was found to have a severe effect on the levels of tyrosinase obtained. Tyrosinase deactivation was detected during all phases of batch cultures, with higher specific deactivation rates observed during the stationary phase. The specific deactivation rate exhibited an Arrhenius dependence on temperature, with approximately a twofold increase in the deactivation rate between 25°C and 30°C. The effect of deactivation on the determination of tyrosinase production kinetics is discussed. A strategy was implemented to increase tyrosinase productivity by enriching the growth medium and reducing the culture temperature during the period of maximum tyrosinase production. This strategy resulted in a shorter culture time and a 2.5-fold increase in tyrosinase activity compared to a culture grown at 25°C using a standard growth medium.
Pathogenesis and therapy of peptic ulcer disease.

The epithelial cells of the stomach and duodenum are normally protected from the damaging effects of acid and pepsin by a balancing mechanism of mucosal resistance. If an imbalance occurs, peptic ulcer may result. Traditional teaching has emphasized the importance of acid (and pepsin) as the cause of this imbalance; however, it is clear that acid and pepsin are not the only important factors in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer. More recent investigative efforts have been directed at what constitutes mucosal resistance and how it can be disrupted to produce, in the presence of gastric acid, a peptic ulcer. Depletion of endogenous prostaglandins and Helicobacter pylori gastritis have emerged as prominent theories. As evidence exists both to support and refute these theories in humans, any definitive conclusions cannot be made at this time. The acute management of peptic ulcer disease is directed at relieving pain, accelerating ulcer healing, and preventing complications. Peptic ulcers can be healed with antisecretory agents (i.e., H2-receptor antagonists, omeprazole), antacids, prostaglandins, and sucralfate. Because they are effective, safe, and convenient, the H2-receptor antagonists are the most widely used agents for the management of peptic ulcer disease. Because the H2-receptor antagonist agents are equally effective in their indicated uses and are equally safe based on scientifically valid data, selection should be based primarily on cost. Omeprazole is the newest antisecretory agent: a single morning dose of 20 mg suppresses acid secretion for 24 h. The agent offers little advantage over H2-receptor antagonists for the majority of patients with peptic ulcer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Rayleigh hypothesis in scattering off photonic crystal interfaces

Abstract We examine the Rayleigh hypothesis in the context of scattering of light off photonic crystal interfaces. First, the hypothesis – which was initially suggested for scattering of waves off rough surfaces between homogeneous media – is rephrased to apply to photonic crystal interfaces. Next, an exact and explicit functional form is presented that maps plane photonic crystal surfaces to periodic rough surfaces in free space, so that known criteria for the validity of the Rayleigh hypothesis for scattering at rough surfaces can be applied directly to scattering at the photonic crystal surfaces. The same map also allows the scattering problem to be solved exactly.
The Contemporary Presidency: The Obama Presidential Transition: An Early Assessment

Transitions to the presidency bear wide-ranging consequences for the successes—and failures—of the administrations that follow. Barack Obama's effort in 2008 and early 2009 is no exception. In many ways, it was a successful transition to office. Despite severe economic constraints, the transition paved the way for an ambitious post-inaugural agenda and the first steps toward fleshing out Obama's campaign themes of “hope” and “change.” But all was not perfect. It was a transition that also offers cautionary lessons about how early mistakes, errors, and omissions potentially can hinder that success.
Semantic Feature Analysis Treatment for Anomia in Two Fluent Aphasia Syndromes

The effect of semantic feature analysis (SFA) treatment on confrontation naming and discourse production was examined in 2 persons, 1 with anomic aphasia and 1 with Wernicke's aphasia. Results indicated that confrontation naming of treated nouns improved and generalized to untreated nouns for both participants, who appeared to have different lexical access impairments. Both participants demonstrated improvement in some aspects of discourse production associated with the confrontation naming SFA treatment. However, there was no change in most manifestations of lexical retrieval difficulty during discourse for either participant. These findings support previous work regarding improved and generalized naming associated with SFA treatment and indicate a need to examine effects of improved confrontation naming on more natural speaking situations.
Effects of positive pressure ventilation on intrarenal blood flow in infant primates.

Extract: Measurement of intrarenal distribution of renal blood flow by injection of radionuclides in 3—5-day-old infant monkeys showed a preponderance of outer cortical over inner cortical flow with flow rates of 4.23 and 2.54 ml/min/g, respectively. Intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) causes a reversal of this flow pattern. The theoretical difference in nephron function in these two areas suggests that this reversal in intrarenal flow induced by IPPV may have important clinical implications. Speculation: Extrarenal stimuli such as IPPV causes a redistribution of intrarenal blood flow in infant primates. Any stimuli that results in increased production of epinephrine or similar compounds may be responsible for this redistribution by a local effect on outer cortical blood vessels. Our data further suggest that antidiuretic hormone may influence intrarenal blood flow in addition to altering tubular membrane permeability.
Pheromone binding and inactivation by moth antennae

The antennae of male silk moths are extremely sensitive to the female sex pheromone such that a male moth can find a female up to 4.5 km away1. This remarkable sensitivity is due to both the morphological and biochemical design of these antennae. Along the branches of the plumose antennae are the sensilla trichodea, each consisting of a hollow cuticular hair containing two unbranched dendrites bathed in a fluid, the receptor lymph2,3. The dendrites and receptor lymph are isolated from the haemolymph by a barrier of epidermal cells which secreted the cuticular hair4–6. Pheromone molecules are thought to diffuse down 100 A-wide pore tubules through the cuticular wall and across the receptor lymph space to receptors located in the dendritic membrane6,7. To prevent the accumulation of residual stimulant and hence sensory adaptation, the pheromone molecules are subsequently inactivated in an apparent two-step process of rapid ‘early inactivation’ followed by much slower enzymatic degradation8,9. The biochemistry involved in this sequence of events is largely unknown. We report here the identification of three proteins which interact with the pheromone of the wild silk moth Antheraea polyphemus: a pheromone-binding protein and a pheromone-degrading esterase, both uniquely located in the pheromone-sensitive sensilla; and a second esterase common to all cuticular tissues except the sensilla.
Moderating and Mediating Roles of Nurses' Beliefs Information Systems Use Among Ohio Nurses

Health care is rapidly increasing the types of information systems (IS) that are used to manage patient care. The extent to which nurses move to a paperless system will be contingent on their beliefs about IS. The study explores the moderating and mediating effects of nurses' beliefs about IS use on the relationship between IS use and perceived benefits and satisfaction. A descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional design is used, and a random sample of 201 staff nurses working in hospitals was surveyed via a mail questionnaire. Nurses' beliefs have mediating effects on the relationship between nurses' IS use and their perceptions of IS benefits and satisfaction. The results can guide nurse administrators to improve nurses' perceptions about IS by using such methods as providing a training program to increase nurses' computer self-efficacy. Enhancing nurses' use of IS and their perceptions of IS benefits can ultimately improve patient safety and outcomes.
Sea target detection using passive DVB-T based radar

This paper presents a new approach to passively detect targets using noise-like emitters of opportunity. This method combines Wiener filtering to improve clutter rejection and an adapted direct data domain (D3) method. This theoretical approach is confirmed by the detection of a boat by a bistatic radar using a digital video broadcasting terrestrial (DVB-T) transmitter.
SPACE CHARGE EFFECT IN AN ACCELERATED BEAM

It is usually assumed that the space charge effects in relativistic beams scale with the energy of the beam as ∞ i2 , where ∞ is the relativistic factor. We show that for a beam accelerated in the longitudinal direction there is an additional space charge effect in free space that scales as E/∞, where E is the accelerating field. This field has the same origin as the “electromagnetic mass of the electron” discussed in textbooks on electrodynamics. We then consider the effect of this field on a beam generated in an RF gun and calculate the energy spread produced by this field in the beam.
Complementary reliability-based decodings of binary linear block codes

This correspondence presents a hybrid reliability-based decoding algorithm which combines the reprocessing method based on the most reliable basis and a generalized Chase-type algebraic decoder based on the least reliable positions. It is shown that reprocessing with a simple additional algebraic decoding effort achieves significant coding gain. For long codes, the order of reprocessing required to achieve asymptotic optimum error performance is reduced by approximately 1/3. This significantly reduces the computational complexity, especially for long codes. Also, a more efficient criterion for stopping the decoding process is derived based on the knowledge of the algebraic decoding solution.
Penetration of faba bean sieve elements by pea aphid does not trigger forisome dispersal

Immediately after their stylets penetrate a phloem sieve element, aphids inject saliva into the sieve element for approximately 30–60 s before they begin to ingest phloem sap. This salivation period is recorded as waveform E1 in electrical penetration graph (EPG) monitoring of aphid feeding behavior. It has been hypothesized that the function of this initial period of phloem salivation is to reverse or prevent plugging of the sieve element by one of the plant's phloem defenses: formation of P-protein plugs or callose synthesis in the sieve pores that connect adjacent sieve elements. This hypothesis was tested using the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and faba bean, Vicia faba L. (Fabaceae), as a model system, and the results do not support the hypothesis. In legumes, such as faba bean, P-protein plugs in sieve elements are formed by dispersal of proteinaceous bodies called forisomes. Contrary to the hypothesis, the great majority of sieve element penetrations by pea aphid stylets do not trigger forisome dispersal. Thirteen sieve elements were cryofixed early in phloem phase before the aphids could complete their salivation period and the forisomes were not dispersed in any of the 13 samples. However, in these samples, the aphids completed on average a little over half of their normal E1 salivation period before they were cryofixed. Thus, it is possible that sieve element penetration triggered forisome dispersal in these samples but the abbreviated period of salivation was still sufficient to reverse dispersal. To rule out this possibility, 17 sieve elements were cryofixed during R-pds, which are an EPG waveform associated with sieve element penetration but without the characteristic E1 salivation that occurs during phloem phase. In 16 of the 17 samples, the forisomes were not dispersed. Thus, faba bean sieve elements usually do not form P-protein plugs in response to penetration by pea aphid stylets. Consequently, the characteristic E1 salivation that occurs at the start of each phloem phase does not seem to be necessary to prevent a plugging response because penetration of sieve elements during R-pds does not trigger forisome dispersal despite the absence of E1 salivation. Furthermore, as P-protein plugs do not normally form in response to sieve element penetration, E1 salivation that occurs at the start of each phloem phase is not a response to development of a P-protein plug. Thus, the E1 salivation period at the beginning of the phloem phase appears to have function(s) unrelated to phloem sealing.
Black-hole normal modes: A WKB approach. IV. Kerr black holes

Using the higher-order WKB method developed by Iyer and Will, we have computed the low-lying normal modes of Kerr black holes for both scalar and gravitational perturbations. For the gravitational modes, we compare our results to previously published numerical results. For some of these modes, we find agreement to within 1% for both the real and imaginary parts of the normal-mode frequency over a wide range of values for the rotation parameter $a$ of the black hole. For other modes, good agreement is limited to lower values of $a$. The difficulties of the method for higher values of the rotation parameter are discussed.
Adaptive time-domain filtering for real-time spectral discrimination in a Michelson interferometer.

We present a method of spectral discrimination that employs time-domain processing instead of the typical frequency-domain analysis and implement the method in a Michelson interferometer with a nonlinear mirror scan. The technique yields one analog output value per scan instead of a complete interferogram by directly filtering a measured scan with a reference function in the time domain. Such a procedure drastically reduces data-processing requirements downstream. Additionally, using prerecorded interferograms as references eliminates the need to compensate for scan nonlinearities, which broadens the field of usable components for implementation in miniaturized sensing systems. With our efficient use of known spectral signatures, we demonstrate real-time discrimination of 633- and 663-nm laser sources with a mirror scan length of 1 mm, compared with the Rayleigh criterion of 7 mm. © 2002 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 300.6190, 300.6300, 350.5730. In recent years there has been a dramatic increase in the generation, transmission, storage, and processing of hyperspectral imagery in sensing applications by use of a variety of optical systems including grating, prism, and Fourier-transform spectrometers. 1 Such imagery can be a rich source of detailed spectral information that is useful in chemical analysis, materials characterization, and target identification. The challenge of processing the large volumes of information has motivated the development of new methods for handling data. There have been attempts at advanced data compression with and without loss, 2 data processing by use of neural network concepts, 3
Molecular epidemiology: applications of nucleic acid amplification and sequence analysis.

Microorganisms were first recognized as a cause of disease more than a century ago by the pioneering laboratory work of Koch and Pasteur. From then until the present day, the microbiology laboratory has made significant contributions to the epidemiology of infectious diseases. Repeated isolation of a specific microorganism from patients with a given disease or syndrome helped prove infectious etiologies. Isolation and identification of microorganisms from animals, vectors, and environmental sources is invaluable in identifying reservoirs and verifying modes of transmission. Despite remarkable scientific and technologic advances, outbreaks of infectious diseases still occur and new infectious diseases continue to emerge (1). Many factors contribute to disease emergence (2), and the epidemiology of many infectious diseases is becoming more complex. Fortunately, extremely sensitive and specific molecular techniques have recently been developed to facilitate epidemiologic studies. Nucleic acid amplification and analysis have emerged as particularly powerful analytic methodologies. These methodologies have prompted scientists to modify Koch's postulates as the standard of proof for a microbial etiology of a given disease (3). In this review we use the terms nucleotide sequence, nucleic acid sequence, and gene sequence interchangeably but we recognize subtle distinctions. The respective terms all
Severity of viral infection is promoted by hyperthermic pretreatment

The aim of this study was to determine if prior heat shock and consequential heat shock protein (HSP) accumulation would inhibit viral infection. Confluent cultures of Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells were subjected to 30 mins of hyperthermia at 42°C then allowed to recover at 37°C for six hrs. During the six hrs, HSP concentrations increased by 232% in heat-shocked cultures. Following the recovery period, six replicates of heat-shocked (HS) and six replicates of non-heat-shocked (CON) cultures were infected with Bovine Herpes virus 1. After 72 hours, severity of infection was assessed by counting formed viral plaques in cell cultures. CON cultures averaged 172.0±34.3 plaques per culture and HS cultures averaged 339.3±96.1 plaques per culture, representing a significant increase in infected cells (p=0.0044). These data provide evidence that physiological stressors related to extreme or exhaustive exercise, specifically hyperthermia, may increase risk of viral infection.
Prostatic fluid electrolyte composition for the screening of prostate cancer: a potential solution to a major problem

Early detection is the key to effective treatment of prostate cancer, and to the prevention of deaths due to progression to untreatable advanced stage cancer. Because of mitigating factors, especially benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), that result in a low accuracy (about 60%) of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, there is an urgent need for a more reliable biomarker for the identification of early stage through advanced stage prostate cancer and ‘at-risk’ individuals. To address this issue we propose that changes in prostatic fluid composition could provide accurate and reliable biomarkers for the screening of prostate cancer. Most notable is the consistent and significant decrease in citrate and zinc that is associated with the development and progression of prostate cancer. In this review we provide the clinical and physiological basis and the evidence in support of the utility of prostatic fluid analysis as an effective approach for screening/detection of prostate cancer, especially early stage and ‘at-risk’ subjects. The problem of BPH interference that plagues PSA testing is eliminated in the potential prostatic fluid biomarkers. The potential development of rapid, simple, direct, accurate clinical tests provides additional advantageous conditions. Further exploration and development of citrate, zinc and other electrolytes as prostatic fluid biomarkers are urgently needed to address this critical prostate cancer issue.
Subcapital fractures: a changing paradigm

Options for the treatment of subcapital femoral neck fractures basically fall into two categories: internal fixation or arthroplasty (either hemiarthroplasty or total hip arthroplasty). Historically, the treatment option has been driven by a diagnosis-related approach (non-displaced neck fractures versus displaced neck fractures). More recently, the traditional paradigm has changed. Instead of a diagnosis-related approach, it has become more of a patient-related approach. Treatment options take in to consideration the patient’s age, functional demands, and individual risk profile. A simple algorithm can be helpful in terms of directing the treatment. Non-displaced fractures, regardless of age of the patient, should be treated with closed reduction and internal fixation. For displaced femoral neck fractures, the treatment differs depending on the age of the patient. The younger patient should be treated with urgent ORIF with the goal of an anatomic reduction. For displaced femoral neck fractures in the elderly, cognitive function should be determined. For those who are cognitively functioning, total hip arthroplasty appears to be the best option. In the cognitively dysfunctional, a bipolar hemiarthroplasty or a total hip arthroplasty with use of larger heads (32 mm or 36 mm) and/or constrained sockets are a viable option.
Measurement of intraocular and intracranial pressure: is there a relationship?

Objective: To study whether noninvasive, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements significantly correlate with standard intracranial pressure (ICP) measurements. Methods: This prospective, blinded study enrolled 46 patients who were undergoing medically indicated lumbar puncture (LP). IOP was measured by applanation tonometry immediately prior to measuring LP opening pressure. One patient was excluded due to unsuccessful ICP measurement. Results: In the 45 patients to successfully undergo IOP and ICP measurement, there was no significant relationship between ICP and average IOP for both eyes (r = −0.005). There was no significant relationship between ICP and IOP in either eye, when studied individually(r = 0.03 ocular dexter [OD], r = −0.05 ocular sinister [OS]). There was no significant relationship between ICP and IOP when the eye best correlated to the patient's ICP was chosen (r = −0.01). Interpretation: No significant relationship between ICP and IOP was observed. Noninvasive IOP measurements do not predict ICP.ANN NEUROL 2011;
Atypical Cross Talk Between Mentalizing and Mirror Neuron Networks in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Importance Converging evidence indicates that brain abnormalities in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) involve atypical network connectivity, but it is unclear whether altered connectivity is especially prominent in brain networks that participate in social cognition. Objective To investigate whether adolescents with ASD show altered functional connectivity in 2 brain networks putatively impaired in ASD and involved in social processing, theory of mind (ToM) and mirror neuron system (MNS). Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional study using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging involving 25 adolescents with ASD between the ages of 11 and 18 years and 25 typically developing adolescents matched for age, handedness, and nonverbal IQ. Main Outcomes and Measures Statistical parametric maps testing the degree of whole-brain functional connectivity and social functioning measures. Results Relative to typically developing controls, participants with ASD showed a mixed pattern of both over- and underconnectivity in the ToM network, which was associated with greater social impairment. Increased connectivity in the ASD group was detected primarily between the regions of the MNS and ToM, and was correlated with sociocommunicative measures, suggesting that excessive ToM-MNS cross talk might be associated with social impairment. In a secondary analysis comparing a subset of the 15 participants with ASD with the most severe symptomology and a tightly matched subset of 15 typically developing controls, participants with ASD showed exclusive overconnectivity effects in both ToM and MNS networks, which were also associated with greater social dysfunction. Conclusions and Relevance Adolescents with ASD showed atypically increased functional connectivity involving the mentalizing and mirror neuron systems, largely reflecting greater cross talk between the 2. This finding is consistent with emerging evidence of reduced network segregation in ASD and challenges the prevailing theory of general long-distance underconnectivity in ASD. This excess ToM-MNS connectivity may reflect immature or aberrant developmental processes in 2 brain networks involved in understanding of others, a domain of impairment in ASD. Further, robust links with sociocommunicative symptoms of ASD implicate atypically increased ToM-MNS connectivity in social deficits observed in ASD.
Everyday Wars of Position Social Movements and the Caracas Barrios in a Chávez Era

This article identifies the ways that urban social movements in Caracas have sought to engage the hybrid state during the presidency of radical leftist leader Hugo Chavez. Chavez’s election has created avenues for previously disenfranchised groups to participate in gover nance and decision-making. The structures and discourses of exclusion are being contested in multiple arenas since Chavez has come to power. But, what lines of conflict are emerging as barrio-based movements demand inclusion in the state? In this article, I argue that as urban movements engage with the political arena, they come up against the instrumental rationalities—both liberal and neoliberal—of state administrators. Barrio-based social move ments counter the utilitarian logics of technocrats with alternative visions based in “lo co tidiano” (the everyday), local culture and historical memory. We need to combine Foucault’s insights about the operation of power through governmentality with Gramsci’s insistence on practical politics, in order to account more fully for the contested nature of power. In this article, I suggest the reframing of a Gramscian notion of hegemony in a positive sense as “everyday wars of position,” to think about the quotidian and subterranean spaces where technocrats are confronted with alternative visions from below. I use the example of com munity media in Caracas to illustrate the ways that social movements engage with the state.
Statistical mechanical deconvolution of thermal transitions in macromolecules. I. Theory and application to homogeneous systems

The theoretical basis for the statistical mechanical deconvolution of a thermally induced macromolecular melting profile is presented. It is demonstrated that all the thermodynamic quantities characterizing a multistate macromolecular transition can be obtained from the average excess enthalpy function, 〈ΔH〉, of the system, without any assumption of the particular model or mechanism of the reaction. Experimentally, 〈ΔH〉 is obtained from scanning calorimetric data by direct integration of the excess apparent molar heat capacity function, ΦCp. Once 〈ΔH〉 is known as a continuous function of the temperature, the partition function, Q, of the system can be calculated by means of the equation From the partition function all the thermodynamic quantities of the system can be obtained. It is shown that the number of discrete macroscopic energy states, the enthalpy and entropy changes between them, and the relative population of each state as a function of temperature can be calculated in a recursive form.
Exploring the Link Between Stereotypic Images and Intimate Partner Violence in the African American Community

This study investigated the link between stereotypic images of African American women and intimate partner violence in the African American community. Abrief questionnaire was given to a community-based sample of 221 African American men to (a) examine the degree to which African American men endorsed stereotypic images of African American women and (b) explore whether a belief in these images related to a belief that it is justified to use violence against an intimate partner. Results indicated that a large percentage of African American men endorsed stereotypic images of African American women. Endorsement of the stereotypes positively related to justification of violence against women.
Remote meta ‐CH Olefination of Phenylacetic Acids Directed by a Versatile U‐Shaped Template

meta-CH olefination of phenylacetic acid deriva- tives has been achieved using a commercially available nitrile- containing template. The identification of N-formyl-protected glycine as the ligand (Formyl-Gly-OH) was crucial for the development of this reaction. Versatility of the template approach in accommodating macrocyclopalladation processes with different ring sizes is demonstrated. CH activation directed by chelating groups has been exploited to develop a diverse range of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond-forming reactions. (1) While these reactions display reliable and useful ortho-selectivity, achiev- ing meta-selectivity through various approaches will greatly expand the synthetic utility of CH activation reactions by providing novel disconnections. (2-5) We have recently devel- oped a nitrile-based template to direct meta-CH activation of phenols, anilines, and carboxylic acids. (4, 5) These nitrile- containing templates successfully override the intrinsic elec- tronic and steric biases of substrates as well as the ortho- directing effect via a metallocyclophane-like transition state. However, a significant remaining challenge is to demonstrate that this template can direct the activation of meta-CH bonds that are located at different distance from the directing nitrile group. For example, our meta-CH activations of hydrocinnamic acids and a-phenoxyacetic acids involve abstraction of hydrogen atoms that are 12 bonds away from the directing nitrogen atom. Therefore, a 13-membered cyclic transition state is proposed for the palladation step. As one might expect that the assembly of these macrocyclic transition states is sensitive to ring size, we wondered if the meta- selectivity could be reproduced when the CH bonds are closer to the directing nitrile. In this context, phenylacetic acid is an ideal test substrate, as the same template linkage can be adopted. In addition, ortho-CH functionalizations of phe- nylacetic acids have been extensively developed in recent years and their synthetic utility has also been demonstrated (Scheme 1 a). (6) Thus, extending these reactions to meta-CH
Novel Fusion Reactor For Space Power And Propulsion

Space exploration and other exotic applications of space have recently drawn attention to the need for multimegawatt power producing systems and other systems that could deliver gigawatts of power for short periods of time. Several nuclear fission schemes have been proposed but power to weight ratios and other considerations may open the door to other innovative approaches that may develop in the not too distant future. One such scheme is the "Magnetically Insulated Inertial Confinement Fusion" (MICF) reactor which combines the favorable aspects of both inertial and magnetic fusions in that physical containment of the burning plasma is provided by a metallic shell while thermal insulation is provided by a strong, self-generated magnetic field. Because of these unique properties the lifetime of the plasma is sufficiently longer than conventional, implosion type inertial fusion that very attractive energy gains can be achieved. In this paper we utilize a quasi one-dimensional, time-dependent set of appropriate equations to investigate the dynamic and reactor properties of this system and apply the results to a space-based power reactor, and to an advanced space propulsion device. In both instances we find that MICF can meet the space needs of the next century.
Empirical wave run-up formula for wave, storm surge and berm width

Abstract An empirical model to predict wave run-up on beaches considering storm wave and surge conditions and berm widths (dry beach) has been derived through a synthetic data set generated from a one-dimensional Boussinesq wave model. The new run-up equation is expressed as a function of a new Iribarren number composed of three regions: the foreshore, the berm or dry beach width, and the dune. The dissipative effect of the berm is included as a reduction factor expressed as a function of the berm width normalized by the offshore wavelength. The equation is relatively simple but is shown to be applicable for a fairly wide variety of berm widths and storm wave conditions associated with extreme events such as hurricanes, and it is shown to be an improvement over existing empirical run-up models that do not consider the berm width explicitly. In addition, the new parameterization of the Iribarren number considering the three regions and the berm width reduction factor are shown to improve other empirical models.
The Decline of Life: The activities of the “helmsman”: self-reliance, work, and community expectations of the elderly

There is no substance at all, then, to the claim of those who say that old age takes no part in life's activities. They are like people – if such there be – who would declare that the helmsman “engages in no activities” in the sailing of a ship: after all, here are men climbing the rigging, others hurrying up and down the decks, still others bailing the bilges, and what is he doing? Why just sitting peacefully in the stern-sheets with his hand on the tiller! Granted that an old man does not do what young men do: still, the things he does are vastly more significant and more worthwhile. It is not by the strong back or the nimble foot or the muscular physique that important questions are settled, but by consultation, by personal influence, by expression of opinion, and from these activities, old age is not ordinarily cut off; on the contrary, it usually acquires an even greater share in them. The gerontocratic ideals expressed in this quotation from Cicero's De Senectute also existed in eighteenth-century England. As we saw in the last chapter, however, in the eighteenth century, motifs of power, dignity, and influence in old age would have had to compete with common associations of old age with decrepitude and dependence. There was no single style of representation of old people in the English past: both positive characterizations of the elderly and vicious ageism have been evident throughout English history.
Fracture Toughness of PVC/NBR Blends Evaluated by the J-Integral

Abstract The effect of gel on the fracture toughness of four PVC/NBR (50/50) blends was characterized by two different J- integral methods. Three of these blends are compatible blends with 33% acrylonitrile in NBRs, and the fourth with 21% acrylonitrile content, is an incompatible blend. Two types of gel are involved in this study microgels and macrogels. The J-integral methods are (1) conventional method proposed by Bagley and Landes and (2) crack initiation locus method proposed by Kim and Joe. The same load-displacement curves are used in both methods. However, the latter eliminates the energy dissipation away from the crack tip in the determination of Jc, while the former does not. Both methods produced almost the same results indicating that the energy dissipation away from the crack tip is negligible in these samples. The fracture toughness of a macrogel-containing blend is much greater than that of a microgel-containing blend, which, in turn, is only slightly greater than that of a gel-free blend. ...
Cash on delivery aid for health: What indicators would work best?

The idea of applying a Cash on Delivery Aid (COD Aid) approach to the health sector has been raised many times particularly in relation to addressing malaria HIV / AIDS maternal health and water. After assessing the challenges of applying COD Aid in the health sector this paper considers 10 indicators related to reducing child mortality maternal mortality and infections of malaria and HIV / AIDS. It provides guidance to those interested in designing COD Aid approaches to improve health outcomes in developing countries.
Molecular dynamics simulations of the stable structures of single atomic contacts in gold nanojunctions

Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate the breaking forces and stable atomic contacts in different gold nanojunctions. These forces and structures are obtained through repeated jump-to-contact and jump-out-of-contact trainings with the aid of a simple driving-spring model, which can reasonably represent the long-range elasticity of the gold electrode. For the three stable trained atomic contacts obtained in this work, we find that the breaking force and binding energy of a gold dimer in the 3-1-1-3 contact are 0.87 nN and 0.38 eV, respectively, which are much smaller than those of the 3-1-3 and 3-1-2 contacts. The binding energies of these stable nanojunctions vary from 0.38--0.74 eV, consistent with other experimental measurements.
Seasonal Distribution of the Hoary Bat

Distributional records of hoary bats, Lasiurus cinereus Peale and Beauvois, were assembled and mapped for each month. In North America females are seen to migrate northward somewhat earlier than males and to occupy an eastern summering ground where young are born, while males are concentrated in western North America. Fall migration begins in August. Spring and fall migratory waves have been noted, some segregated as to sex. Some South American hoary bats migrate, while others may be non-migratory.
Effects of dislocations and sub-grain boundaries on X-ray response maps of CdZnTe radiation detectors

The imperfect quality of CdZnTe (CZT) crystals for radiation detectors seriously diminishes their suitability for different applications. Dislocations and other dislocation-related defects, such as sub-grain boundaries and dislocation fields around Te inclusions, engender significant charge losses and, consequently, cause fluctuations in the detector’s output signals, thereby hindering their spectroscopic responses. In this paper, we discuss our results from characterizing CZT material by using a high-spatial-resolution X-ray response mapping system at BNL’s National Synchrotron Light Source. In this paper, we emphasize the roles of these dislocation-related defects and their contributions in degrading the detector’s performance. Specifically, we compare the effects of the sub-grain- and coherent twin-boundaries on the X-ray response maps.
More on Testing the Howard-Sheth Model of Buyer Behavior

Farley and Ring's use of simultaneous-equation estimation procedures in testing the Howard-Sheth model is an ingenious approach to the treatment of comprehensive models of buyer behavior [1], and from this standpoint it is a valuable contribution. However, some shortcomings of the article make it less valuable than it could be. Our criticisms fall into three cate
Obstacles and foliage discrimination using lidar

A central challenge to autonomous off-road navigation is discriminating between obstacles that are safe to drive over and those that pose a hazard to navigation and so must be circumnavigated. Foliage, which can often be safely driven over, presents two important perception problems. First, foliage can appear as a large impenetrable obstacle, and so must be discriminated from other objects. Second, real obstacles are much harder to detect when adjacent to or occluded by foliage and many detection methods fail to detect them due to additional clutter and partial occlusions from foliage. This paper addresses both the discrimination of foliage, and the detection of obstacles in and near foliage using Lidar. Our approach uses neighboring pixels in a depth image to construct features at each pixel that provide local surface properites. A generative model for obstacles is used to accumulate probabilistic evidence for obstacles and foliage in the vicinity of a moving platform. Detection of obstacles is then based on evidence within overlapping cells of a map without the need to segment segment obstacles and foliage. High accuracy obstacle and foliage discrimination is obtained and compared with the use of a point scatter measure.
Industrial Ethernet Module Based On PLC

Take Ethernet communication module of PLC(Programmable Logic Controller)as object,research the features of modularization,high real-time quality,hot standby of PLC Ethernet communication module,through elaborating design summary,software design ideas and thinking of several key issues,and finally put up a kind of application Method in industrial controller area of Ethernet technology,to adapt to the development needs of intelligent hydropower station.
Pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea.

Because pelvic pain of psychic origin is much more frequent than pain resulting from organic disorders in the young, dysmenorrhea can present a frustrating therapeutic challenge. Diagnosis and treatment are carried out over a longer period of time, and successful therapy will depend on the conscientiousness, understanding, and sensitivity of the physician, and his willingness to devote sufficient time to the patient and her problem.
Fetal serine fluxes across fetal liver, hindlimb, and placenta in late gestation.

Eleven studies of fetal serine fluxes were performed in chronically catheterized fetal lambs by continuous infusion of [1-13C]- and [U-14C]serine into a fetal brachial vein. At tracer serine steady state, samples were collected from the fetal abdominal aorta, umbilical vein, fetal hepatic vein, and fetal femoral vein and from the maternal femoral artery and uterine vein. Analyses were performed for plasma serine and glycine concentration, for serine and glycine 13C mole percent enrichment, and for whole blood 14CO2 and O2 concentrations. Uterine and umbilical blood flows were also measured. The placenta had a significant net uptake of fetal serine (2.1 +/- 0.5 mumol.min-1.kg-1, P < 0.01). Fetal plasma serine disposal rate (DR) was 42.5 +/- 3.9 mumol.min-1.kg-1.CO2 production from decarboxylation of fetal plasma serine represented 7.9 +/- 0.5% of DR, or 10.1 +/- 1.2 mumol CO2.min-1.kg-1. Fetal plasma glycine enrichment was 59.7 +/- 4.9% of fetal plasma serine enrichment. There was a significant loss of tracer serine from the fetal circulation into the placenta accounting for approximately 45% of infused tracer. Fifteen percent of this was converted to glycine and released into the umbilical circulation. There was a significant uptake of tracer serine by both fetal liver and fetal hindlimb with a significant CO2 production by both sites with serine oxidation predominantly in the carcass. These results indicate a high fetal serine disposal rate in the lamb, with rapid fetoplacental serine exchange, resulting in a net uptake of fetal serine by the placenta.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The structures of the [M−H] anions of the CH3NO2 isomers nitromethane and methyl nitrite

The 60-u anion observed in the ion/molecule chemistry of methyl nitrite is shown to have the structure O=NCH2O−, and not that of the expected deprotonation product −CH2ONO, by the use of mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry, ion/molecule reactivity, and ab initio calculations.
Treatment Options for the Adolescent Patient Experiencing Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is one of the most common reasons adolescent patients present for gynecologic care. A new classification system has been created to provide a universally accepted system of nomenclature to describe uterine bleeding causes in reproductive-aged women. The acronym PALM-COEIN (polyp, adenomyosis, leiomyoma, malignancy and hyperplasia, coagulopathy, ovulatory dysfunction, endometrial, iatrogenic and not yet classified) was introduced in 2011. This classification will help to target not only treatment but also future research into treatment options in the AUB population. In order for treatments to be effective, an accurate diagnosis is paramount. Adolescents tend to have anovulatory, infectious, or pregnancy-related causes of AUB. Traditional treatment modalities have been hormonal in nature, the most common being the use of oral contraceptive pills. The latest development has been the recognition of the effective use of the levonorgestrel intrauterine systems (LNG-IUS) in successful treatment of AUB in the adolescent population.
Self-consistent simulations and analysis of the coupled-bunch instability for arbitrary multibunch configurations

A parallel tracking code with a Fokker-Planck solver and perturbation theory are used to study transverse coupled bunch instabilities with nonuniform filling pattern.
Application of Multidisciplinary Systems-of-Systems Optimization to an Aircraft Design Problem

A generic mathematical formulation for Systems-of-Systems SoS optimization problems is presented. SoS optimization problems resemble the structure of a tree of Multidisciplinary Design Optimization MDO problems with additional unique features. The framework for solving such problems involves features from evolutionary computing, platform-based design, and evolving design spaces. One important aspect of SoS Engineering, often overlooked, is the role it plays in improving the design of individual systems. In this vein, this work has sought to exemplify such a synergistic approach for aircraft design. A large-scale SoS optimization problem for designing noise-optimal aircraft and improved procedures for the approach phase is studied. Modules involving Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD, noise modeling, multifidelity analysis, topology optimization, and autotuned control systems are used to obtain optimal solutions.
In vivo coherent Raman imaging of the melanomagenesis-associated pigment pheomelanin

Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer with a yearly global incidence over 232,000 patients. Individuals with fair skin and red hair exhibit the highest risk for developing melanoma, with evidence suggesting the red/blond pigment known as pheomelanin may elevate melanoma risk through both UV radiation-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Although the ability to identify, characterize, and monitor pheomelanin within skin is vital for improving our understanding of the underlying biology of these lesions, no tools exist for real-time, in vivo detection of the pigment. Here we show that the distribution of pheomelanin in cells and tissues can be visually characterized non-destructively and noninvasively in vivo with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy, a label-free vibrational imaging technique. We validated our CARS imaging strategy in vitro to in vivo with synthetic pheomelanin, isolated melanocytes, and the Mc1re/e, red-haired mouse model. Nests of pheomelanotic melanocytes were observed in the red-haired animals, but not in the genetically matched Mc1re/e; Tyrc/c (“albino-red-haired”) mice. Importantly, samples from human amelanotic melanomas subjected to CARS imaging exhibited strong pheomelanotic signals. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that pheomelanin has been visualized and spatially localized in melanocytes, skin, and human amelanotic melanomas.
The opioid epidemic and neonatal abstinence syndrome in the USA: a review of the continuum of care

As the prescription opioid epidemic grew in the USA, its impact extended to pregnant women and their infants. This review summarises how increasing rates of neonatal abstinence syndrome resulted in a need to improve care to pregnant women and opioid-exposed infants. We discuss the variations in care delivery with particular emphasis on screening at-risk mothers, scoring systems for neonatal drug withdrawal, type and duration of pharmacotherapy, and discharge safety.