cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DNA fragmentation is increased in non-GABAergic neurons in bipolar disorder but not in schizophrenia.

Abstract Apoptosis is thought to contribute to neuronal loss in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, although empiric evidence in support of this idea has been lacking. In this study, we investigated whether or not apoptosis is associated with GABAergic interneurons in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia (n = 14) and bipolar disorder (n = 14) when compared to normal controls (n = 14). A double-labeling technique using the Klenow method of in situ end-labeling (ISEL) of single-stranded DNA breaks was combined with an in situ hybridization localization of mRNA for the 67 kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67) and applied to the anterior cingulate cortex of 14 normal controls, 14 schizophrenics, and 14 patients with bipolar disorder matched for age and postmortem interval. An increase in Klenow-positive, GAD67-negative nuclei were observed in layer V/VI of patients with bipolar disorder, but not schizophrenics. Klenow-positive cells that were also positive for GAD67 mRNA did not show differences in either patient group. Conclusions: This is the first demonstration that there is more DNA fragmentation in cells showing no detectable GAD67 mRNA in patients with bipolar disorder than in schizophrenics or controls. These findings suggest that non-GABAergic cells may be selectively vulnerable to oxidative stress in patients with bipolar disorder.
Homozygous Transthyretin Mutation in an African American Male

Cardiac amyloidosis of transthyretin type in the elderly may be senile or familial. The senile form is not typically associated with specific genetic changes. However, the familial form is and also occurs more frequently in African Americans than in the general population. One transthyretin mutation, V122I, is common in the African-American population, has a carrier frequency of 4%, and has marked cardiac specificity. Symptoms generally develop in the eighth and ninth decades. Here, we report the case of a 60-year-old African-American man who had a 2-year history of dyspnea and diffuse left ventricular wall thickening. Endomyocardial biopsy showed interstitial deposits of amorphous material confirmed as amyloid by Congo red staining and electron microscopy. Mass spectrometry showed a shift in protein mass of 14 d, indicative of transthyretin and confirming the production of abnormal protein. Bidirectional whole gene sequencing showed a homozygous mutation leading to a valine 122 isoleucine substitution (V122I). The 14-d mass shift observed using mass spectrometry is consistent with the V122I mutation. Homozygosity for the V122I mutation may be associated with earlier onset of cardiac disease. Transthyretin analysis should be considered for older African Americans with amyloid heart disease of transthyretin type.
Paternal leukocyte alloimmunization as a treatment for hemolytic disease of the newborn in a rabbit model

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate maternal alloimmunization to paternal leukocytes as a treatment for hemolytic disease of the fetus/newborn in a rabbit model. Study Design: Twelve does and paired red blood cell-incompatible bucks underwent the experimental protocol. Fetal hematologic parameters that were obtained by ultrasound-guided intracardiac sampling were compared from unaffected, compatible litters; from affected, incompatible litters (after alloimmunization to red blood cell antigens); and from affected, incompatible litters after alloimmunization to paternal leukocytes. Generalized estimation equations were used for statistical analysis. A probability value of Results: Six of 12 does had at least one affected litter after alloimmunization to paternal leukocytes. After an adjustment for the mating cycle, the fetuses of does that underwent white blood cell immunization exhibited higher hemoglobin and hematocrit levels (β = 4.6, P P =.006, respectively) compared with the fetuses of does that were immunized only to red blood cells. Conclusion: Maternal alloimmunization to paternal leukocytes decreases the severity of hemolytic disease and may play a role in the treatment of severe hemolytic disease of the newborn in humans. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:977-80.)
Truncated Orexin Peptides: Structure-Activity Relationship Studies.

Orexin receptors are involved in many processes including energy homeostasis, wake/sleep cycle, metabolism, and reward. Development of potent and selective ligands is an essential step for defining the mechanism(s) underlying such critical processes. The goal of this study was to further investigate the structure–activity relationships of these peptides and to identify the truncated form of the orexin peptides active at OX1. Truncation studies have led to OXA (17–33) as the shortest active peptide known to date with a 23-fold selectivity for OX1 over OX2. Alanine, d-amino acid, and proline scans have highlighted the particular importance of Tyr17, Leu20, Asn25, and His26 for agonist properties of OXA(17–33). The conformation of the C-terminus might also be a defining factor in agonist activity and selectivity of the orexin peptides for the OX1 receptor.
Stimulation of colonic blood flow in pentagastrin.

AbstractPentagastrin, a synthetic gastrointestinal hormone, stimulates relative blood flow to the upper, middle, and lower third of the rat colon by two-, four-, and sixfold, respectively. Much smaller inductive effects are seen in the lung (30% increase) and kidney (62% increase), while no significant effects on relative blood flow are observed in the liver after pretreatment with pentagastrin. These effects on blood flow are consistent with pentagastrin-induced effects on DNA synthesis and benzo[α]pyrene hydroxylation activity.
Intranodal Lymphangiography: Feasibility and Preliminary Experience in Children

Abstract Purpose To review an initial experience studying the lymphatic system using direct injection of ethiodized oil contrast medium into lymph nodes (ie, intranodal lymphangiography) in children with chylous disorders. Materials and Methods Children with chylous disorders who underwent intranodal lymphangiography were included in this retrospective study. Under general anesthesia, ultrasonography was used to guide the placement of a small-bore (22–25-gauge) needle into an inguinal lymph node. Ethiodized oil contrast medium was very slowly injected into the node. Opacification of the lymphatic system was documented with fluoroscopic and digital substraction imaging and videofluoroscopic clips. Results Five children (age range, 6 wk to 17 y) with chylous vaginorrhea (n = 1), postoperative chylothorax (n = 2), or spontaneous chylothorax (n = 2) underwent intranodal lymphangiography. The amount of ethiodized oil injected was 0.5–4.5 mL. Intranodal lymphangiography was successfully completed in four patients. One procedure was terminated because of patient motion and extravasation of contrast medium. Lymphangiographic findings included a spectrum of lymphatic channel disorders including incompetence, obstruction, collateralization, chylous reflux, and chylous leak. There were no complications. Conclusions The simplified technique of injecting contrast medium into a lymph node to opacify the lymphatic system in children can be an alternative to the more elaborate conventional lymphangiography.
Alcohol ingestion impairs host defenses predisposing otherwise healthy mice to Pneumocystis carinii infection.

Pulmonary infection with Pneumocystis carinii, an opportunistic pathogen, is associated with a variety of immunosuppressive states, Including human immunodeficiency virus infection. We hypothesized that alcohol ingestion might compromise host defenses against this pathogen and, in an immunocompromised host, increase the severity of infection. This hypothesis was tested in both acute and chronic ethanol-treated normal and CD4+ T-cell-depleted mice challenged with P. carinii organisms. Normal and CD4+ T-cell-depleted mice were given an intraperitoneal injection of ethanol or saline 0.5 hr before P. carinii challenge and killed 3 hr later for bronchoalveolar lavage. Acute alcohol treatment decreased significantly tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity and the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) recovered in the lavage in response to the pathogen. Depletion of CD4+ T-cells did not potentiate the effect of alcohol on the early inflammatory response to the pathogen any further. In normal animals, in vivo interferon (IFN)-γ pretreatment augmented significantly the P. carinii- stimulated lung TNF response and PMNL recruitment. However, IFN-γ pretreatment prevented the alcohol-induced suppression of TNF secretion without affecting the PMNL recruitment. The effect of chronic alcohol consumption on the severity of infection was studied in long-term, alcohol-fed normal and CD4+-depleted mice challenged with P. carinii organisms. Lung histopathology showed that P. carinii infection was present in >60% of the alcohol-fed mice and in none of the controls. Also, a significantly higher number of PMNLs were recovered in the lavage fluid of alcohol-fed mice with persistent infection. There was no difference in lavage fluid and cell culture supernatant TNF and reactive nitrogen intermediates release between the two groups. CD4+ T-cell depletion did not alter significantly the effect of alcohol on any of the aforementioned parameters. We conclude that chronic alcohol ingestion alone induces immunosuppression sufficient to permit pulmonary infection with P. carinii. One possible mechanism for the adverse effects of alcohol on host defenses against P. carinii may be through suppressed host release of cytokines including TNF-α and IFN-γ.
The determination of electron density by the dual‐energy Compton scatter method

The intensity of Compton scattered photons is directly proportional to the electron density of a substance; therefore it is possible to detect changes in electron density by this noninvasive method. The source-detector geometry has been varied to study the effects of geometry on the calculated electron density values, using a 90 degrees scattering angle. The dual-energy Compton scatter method provides a determination of electron density in known samples, with an uncertainty of less than 1% for the optimal geometry. The effective linear attenuation coefficient for Compton scatter has been determined with an uncertainty of 2.1%-3.6% for the optimal geometry used. The applications of the dual-energy Compton scattering technique in radiotherapy dosimetry and skeletal bone densitometry are being investigated.
Higher-Order Implicit Dynamic Time Integration Method

A general procedure is presented for the use of higher-order approximations of a system’s dynamic response using new time integration schemes. An implicit method is developed and presented that makes use of higher-order polynomial acceleration variations for multi-degree-of-freedom dynamic structural analyses. A variable θ is used to increase the stability and accuracy of the method. The relative merits and stability aspects of the method are described. The higher-order method is compared with two traditional implicit methods, the Wilson- θ Method and the Constant Average Acceleration Method of the Newmark family. The peak displacement percent difference and percent time difference to peak displacement are used to measure the accuracy of the methods when applied to a multi-degree-of-freedom frame problem.
Inflammatory and infectious lesions of the neck

Diagnostic imaging is frequently used to evaluate the patient who has or may have an infection or other inflammatory lesion in the neck. In fact, these diagnoses and their differentiation from tumor may only be made after a careful radiological evaluation. This review will illustrate the imaging appearance of many of the common inflammatory conditions that may arise in the neck. In most, but not all cases, CT is the imaging study of choice in the initial work-up of this patient population.
Nicotine alters the biological activities of developing mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs)

Cigarette smoke contains nicotine, an immunomodulatory component that is thought to affect immune surveillance and increase the progression of diseases. Dendritic cells (DCs) constitute a family of antigen-presenting (APCs) with inherent abilities to sense and translate environmental cues and to shape host immunity. We recently reported on the effects of nicotine on human DCs and proposed a possible mechanism that links cigarette smoke to higher incidences of respiratory tract infection and asthma. To establish the causal relationship between nicotine-induced DC alterations and immunomodulation in vivo, we translated our in vitro human results to the mouse system and studied the direct effects of nicotine exposure on the biological and functional properties of mouse bone marrow (BM) DCs differentiated in vitro from their precursors. We report that while the presence of nicotine in the microenvironment has no direct effect on competent mouse BM-derived DCs function, it promotes the development of mouse BM DC precursors into DCs (thereafter called nicDCs) with a semi-mature phenotype revealed by higher expression of costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, CD40, MHC II molecules and the lymph node homing receptor, CCR7. Consistent with their maturational status, these nicDCs have reduced capacity for antigen uptake and produce substantially less Th1-promoting cytokine, IL-12, in response to Th1-polarizing adjuvant, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Interestingly, we found that nicDCs preferentially support the proliferation and differentiation of ovalbumin (OVA)-specific naive T cells into effector memory cells, producing significantly less IFN-gamma and more IL-4. These results provide evidence for the similarity in the effects of nicotine on mouse and human DCs, particularly the ability to modulate DC differentiation towards developing Th2 immunity.
Evaluation of a diet free of animal protein in germfree swine.

: Background: Two experiments were conducted in which germfree pigs or pigs monoassociated with Lactobacillus paracasei subspecies paracasei were fed either a traditional milk-based diet (Esbilac) or an experimental diet free of animal protein (DFAP). Methods: Throughout the 16-day study, animals’ clinical condition, total weight gain, feed conversion, and bacterial contamination were monitored. At the conclusion of the study the animals were killed, necropsied and tissues sampled for L. paracasei isolation. Results: General pig disposition remained consistent between treatment groups and trials, except for two animals that developed mild diarrhoea during trial 1. All pigs remained viable during the study irrespective the diet fed or probiotic inoculation. Germfree pigs fed the Esbilac diet gained on average a total of 1034 ± 63.0 g, and had a feed conversion ratio of 0.17 ± 0.01 g of gain per 1 ml of diet. Germfree pigs fed the experimental diet gained on average a total of 599 ± 151 g, and had a feed conversion ratio of 0.10 ± 0.02 g of gain per 1 ml of diet. Monoassociated pigs fed the Esbilac diet gained on average a total of 862 ± 70.3 g, and had a feed conversion ratio 0.14 ± 0.01 g of gain per 1 ml of diet. Monoassociated pigs fed the experimental diet gained on average a total of 563 ± 96.8 g, and had a feed conversion ratio of 0.09 ± 0.02 g of gain per 1 ml of diet. Lactobacillus paracasei established extensively in pigs fed either the Esbilac or experimental diets. Lactobacillus paracasei had no effect (P > 0.05) on piglet growth and did not display any interactions based on the diet fed. Measured growth parameters were statistically different (P < 0.05) based on the diet fed and variance seen between trials. Conclusion: In conclusion, a DFAP has been developed and has been shown to be capable of sustaining life in piglets up to 16 days of age.
Human Growth Hormone (GH) Receptor Is Characterized as the 134-Kilodalton Tyrosine-Phosphorylated Protein Activated by GH Treatment in IM-9 Cells*

Activation of the GH receptor (GHR) results in tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins, and this tyrosine phosphorylation is believed to be important in GH action. We have shown previously that GH rapidly stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of 134-, 120-, and 93-kilodalton (kDa) proteins in the human IM-9 lymphocyte line. We now provide three lines of evidence indicating that the 134-kDa tyrosine-phosphorylated protein, not the 120- or 93-kDa proteins, is the GHR. 1) A monoclonal antibody that interacts with the extracellular domain of the GHR (Mab263) immunoprecipitated a 134-kDa phosphotyrosine-containing protein, but not a 120- or 93-kDa protein, from GH-treated IM-9 cells. 2) The GHR contains N-linked carbohydrates. When total cell lysates from GH-treated IM-9 cells were treated with endoglycosidases to remove these carbohydrates, the majority of the 134-kDa phosphotyrosine-containing protein was no longer detected. Furthermore, the immunoprecipitated 134-kDa protein was completely deglycosylated and resulted in a single band of approximately 100 kDa. Neither the 120- nor 93-kDa tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins were affected by endoglycosidase treatment. 3) The Mab263 antibody immunoprecipitated a 134-kDa phosphotyrosine-containing protein from GH-treated 293 cells (human embryonic kidney cell line) that stably express the full-length rabbit GHR. This protein was not detected in control cells expressing the neomycin resistance gene alone. We conclude that the 134-kDa protein that is tyrosine phosphorylated upon GH stimulation of IM-9 cells is the GHR.
LIPID EXTRACTION CONDITIONS TO DIFFERENTIATE AMONG HARD RED WINTER WHEATS THAT VARY IN BREADMAKING

Extractability of total, nonpolar, or polar lipids from five hard red winter (HRW) wheat flours increased linearly with extraction temperature. Any increases in amounts of total extracted lipids, by varying solvent or extraction temperature, were mainly due to increases in the extracted polar lipids. Proper selection of solvent and/or extraction temperature was of major importance for polar lipid extractability. Extractability of lipid-phosphorus increased with temperature more rapidly than extractability of lipid-galactose, and the effect of temperature on the extractability of lipid-galactose was more pronounced with Skellysolve B or benzene than with acetone or 2-propanol. The amounts of polar lipids extracted with 2-propanol by a shaker at 75°C or by a Soxhlet were the most effective in differentiating the HRW flours according to their mixing times. The ratio of nonpolar to polar lipids extracted with petroleum ether or Skellysolve B, which extract free lipids, or the galactose content of free lipids best differentiated the HRW flours according to loaf volume potential.
Optical excitations in novel conjugated organic materials for electronics

The optical properties of multi-chromophore systems such as conjugated polymers and dendrimers have attracted great interest because of the possibility of these structures displaying enhanced electronic and optical effects. In this manuscript the optical and electronic properties of novel organic materials for possible applications in optical switching, coherent energy transfer, as well as for enhanced emission from metal nanoparticles are presented. Measurements of the steady state absorption and emission, as well as the time-resolved fluorescence of selected novel organic materials are probed in order to provide a comparison of their use in electronic applications.
Closure of ascending aorta pseudoaneurysm to right atrium fistula.

A 75-year-old man presented with worsening right heart failure on the background of previous supracoronary ascending aortic replacement and bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement for bicuspid aortopathy. Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated continuous flow on color Doppler from an ascending
Proper use of skin tests with food extracts in diagnosis of hypersensitivity to food in children

This study was undertaken to determine the proper use of skin tests with food extracts in diagnosis of hypersensitivity to food in children. Cutaneous reactions evoked by graded amounts of food extracts were compared with results of double-blind food challenge and in vitro release of histamine from leucocytes. A 3 mm or greater weal reaction in skin tests by puncture technique using food extracts of 1:20 w/v concentration was found to indicate the degree of hypersensitivity likely to be associated with clinically significant hypersensitivity reactions to food. Proper use of this simple technique will facilitate accurate diagnosis of food hypersensitivity in children by identifying the group among whom all positive reactions to food challenges will be found. Nevertheless, double-blind food challenge is essential to establish a diagnosis of symptomatic hypersensitivity to food.
Properties of sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatases of rat brain--effect of cyclopropane and other agents modifying enzyme activity.

Abstract Two ATP-hydrolyzing enzyme systems (ATPases), possibly lipoprotein in nature have been isolated from particulate fractions of rat cerebral cortex homogenates. They consist of at least two components, one Mg ++ dependent and the other Mg ++ , Na ++ and K ++ dependent. ATP hydrolysis is measured both by orthophosphate and hydrogen ion liberation and a lack of stoichiometry exists (H ++ ion release two times orthophosphate formation) over the first 90 sec of the reaction. H ++ ion and phosphate release are sensitive to strophanthin, but only in the presence of Na ++ and K ++ . Sulfhydryl inhibitors including p -hydroxymercuribenzoate (POMB) and iodoacetate (IAA) inhibit both basic and Na + -K ++ -activated ATP hydrolysis, but the enzyme system is more resistant to N -ethylmaleimide (NEM), especially the initial “spurt” of H + ion release. Certain gases have an action on enzyme activity, both to decrease (cyclopropane) or increase it (air, nitrogen) at pressures above one atmosphere. The significance of the lack of stoichiometry between H + ion and orthophosphate release and the action of inhibitory agents are discussed.
The relationship of closure, mean centering and matrix rank interpretation

This paper describes an investigation into the relationship of closure, a baseline offset and mean centering to the interpretation of matrix rank. The equivalence of a certain type of closure to a constant baseline (i.e. a simple numerical offset which may vary between response channels but is constant over all samples) is demonstrated. A systematic approach to the interpretation of the rank of a matrix is given.
Effects of substrate bias on the resistivity and microstructure of molybdenum and molybdenum silicide films

Abstract A continuous series of Mo-Si alloys (MoxSi1−x), with 0.3 ⩽ x ⩽ 1, have been deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering of molybdenum in silane and argon plasma. The effects of sputter deposition parameters such as the deposition rate, substrate temperature, substrate bias and gas flow conditions on the resistivity of molybdenum and molybdenum silicide films are reported. The resistivity of molybdenum films shows a pronounced decrease with an increase in the negative substrate bias and the rate of film growth. An electrical resistivity as low as 7.8 μΩ cm has been obtained in molybdenum films by optimizing the deposition conditions. The resistivity of MoSi2 films, measured after annealing them at 1000°C for 1 h in nitrogen ambient, shows a broad minimum at −75 V bias. However, the effect of bias is not as pronounced as for molybdenum. The changes in the resistivity of molybdenum and MoSi2 films are attributed to the degree of oxygen contamination and microstructural modifications during growth.
Towards a collective layer in the big data stack

We generalize MapReduce, Iterative MapReduce and data intensive MPI runtime as a layered Map-Collective architecture with Map-AllGather, Map-AllReduce, MapReduceMergeBroadcast and Map-ReduceScatter patterns as the initial focus. Map-collectives improve the performance and efficiency of the computations while at the same time facilitating ease of use for the users. These collective primitives can be applied to multiple runtimes and we propose building high performance robust implementations that cross cluster and cloud systems. Here we present results for two collectives shared between Hadoop (where we term our extension H-Collectives) on clusters and the Twister4Azure Iterative MapReduce for the Azure Cloud. Our prototype implementations of Map-AllGather and Map-AllReduce primitives achieved up to 33% performance improvement for K-means Clustering and up to 50% improvement for Multi-Dimensional Scaling, while also improving the user friendliness. In some cases, use of Map-collectives virtually eliminated almost all the overheads of the computations.
Thermophilic bacteria: Ecology, physiology and technology

Abstract Thermophilic bacteria are common in soil and volcanic habitats and have a limited species composition. Yet they possess all the major nutritional categories and metabolize the same substrates as mesophilic bacteria. The ability to proliferate at growth temperature optima well above 60°C is associated with extremely thermally stable macromolecules. As a consequence of growth at high temperature and unique macromolecular properties, thermophilic bacteria can possess high metabolic rates, physically and chemically stable enzymes, and lower growth but higher end product yields than similar mesophilic species. Thermophilic processes appear more stable, rapid and less expensive, and facilitate reactant activity and product recovery. Thermophilic bacteria have application in chemical feedstock and fuel production, bioconversion of wastes, enzyme technology, and single cell protein production. This paper reviews the fundamental and applied aspects of thermophilic bacteria that are of potential industrial interest.
Cutting Edge: Critical Role for PYCARD/ASC in the Development of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which self-reactive T cells attack oligodendrocytes that myelinate axons in the CNS. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, is dependent on caspase-1; however, the role of Nod-like receptors upstream of caspase-1 is unknown. Danger- and pathogen-associated molecular patterns activate Nod-like receptor 3, which activates caspase-1 through the adaptor protein, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC). We report that the progression of EAE is dependent on ASC and caspase-1 but not Nod-like receptor 3. ASC(-/-) mice were even more protected from the progression of EAE than were caspase-1(-/-) mice, suggesting that an inflammasome-independent function of ASC contributes to the progression of EAE. We found that CD4(+) T cells deficient in ASC exhibited impaired survival; accordingly, ASC(-/-) mice had fewer myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific T cells in the draining lymph nodes and CNS.
Chemistry of gene silencing: the mechanism of NAD+-dependent deacetylation reactions.

The Sir2 enzyme family is responsible for a newly classified chemical reaction, NAD+-dependent protein deacetylation. New peptide substrates, the reaction mechanism, and the products of the acetyl transfer to NAD+ are described for SIR2. The final products of SIR2 reactions are the deacetylated peptide and the 2‘ and 3‘ regioisomers of O-acetyl ADP ribose (AADPR), formed through an α-1‘-acetyl ADP ribose intermediate and intramolecular transesterification reactions (2‘ → 3‘). The regioisomers, their anomeric forms, the interconversion rates, and the reaction equilibria were characterized by NMR, HPLC, 18O exchange, and MS methods. The mechanism of acetyl transfer to NAD+ includes (1) ADP ribosylation of the peptide acyl oxygen to form a high-energy O-alkyl amidate intermediate, (2) attack of the 2‘-OH group on the amidate to form a 1‘,2‘-acyloxonium species, (3) hydrolysis to 2‘-AADPR by the attack of water on the carbonyl carbon, and (4) an SIR2-independent transesterification equilibrating the 2‘- and 3...
Interaction of waves and currents with kelp forests (Macrocystis pyrifera): Insights from a dynamically scaled laboratory model

The interaction of surface waves and currents with kelp forests was examined under controlled conditions using a dynamically matched 1/25-scale physical model in a laboratory flume. In experiments with kelp mimics, waves increased the time-averaged drag by a factor of 2 and altered the shape of current profiles. Relative motion between model kelp and water under waves increased wake generation of turbulence, resulting in turbulent kinetic energies 2–5 times larger, and eddy viscosities 20–50% larger, than for experiments without waves. Because mixing lengths were reduced to wake-scales in the model kelp forest, eddy viscosities were 25–50% smaller than when kelp was absent. In the model kelp-forest surface canopy where solid obstacles were most densely spaced, wave orbital velocities were reduced by , 10% from linear wave theory predictions. This decrease in wave orbital velocities is thought to result primarily from inertial forces exerted on water by model kelp. Stokes drift was reduced by , 20% as a result of the change in wave orbital velocities. Although hydrodynamics within kelp forests are more complex than in the laboratory experiments and a wide range of flow conditions can occur, laboratory results suggest that (1) kelp forest drag is increased by waves; (2) wave properties can be altered by drag and inertial forces; and (3) wake production of turbulence caused by waves may be the main source of turbulence in dense kelp stands. Interactions between kelp and waves must therefore be taken into account when developing models for drag and mixing in these systems.
In vivo effects of glucagon on hepatic glycogen, phosphorylase and glucose-6-phosphatase.

RECENT studies in our laboratory on rat liver slices have revealed a critical time relationship between the addition of glucagon to the medium and the observed levels of phosphorylase activity. This study in dogs was therefore undertaken to determine in vivo the degree and duration of alterations in this enzyme and the secondary changes in hepatic glycogen content. Also measured were hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity, blood sugar and lactate, and serum sodium, potassium and inorganic phosphorus.
Effect of exercise intensity and volume on persistence of insulin sensitivity during training cessation

The purpose of this study was to determine whether exercise prescriptions differing in volume or intensity also differ in their ability to retain insulin sensitivity during an ensuing period of tra...
Age differences between minors who give birth and their adult partners

The role of adult men in adolescent childbearing has received heightened attention in recent years, and a new policy efforts have focused on statutory rape laws as a way to reduce adolescent childbearing. Analyses of the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey indicate, however, that these policies would not apply to most teenage births. Among mothers aged 15-17 who had a child in 1988, 27% had a partner at least five years older than themselves. In addition, since 23% of minors with older partners were married at the time of the infant's birth, 21% of babies born to unmarried minors were fathered by substantially older men. While births to young mothers and older men raise social concerns, these births make up a small share of all teenage childbearing: Only 8% of all births to 15-19-year-olds are to unmarried minors with a partner five or more years older.
Bank Behavior in Response to Basel III: A Cross-Country Analysis

This paper investigates the impact of the new capital requirements introduced under the Basel III framework on bank lending rates and loan growth. Higher capital requirements, by raising banks’ marginal cost of funding, lead to higher lending rates. The data presented in the paper suggest that large banks would on average need to increase their equity-to-asset ratio by 1.3 percentage points under the Basel III framework. GMM estimations indicate that this would lead large banks to increase their lending rates by 16 basis points, causing loan growth to decline by 1.3 percent in the long run. The results also suggest that banks’ responses to the new regulations will vary considerably from one advanced economy to another (e.g. a relatively large impact on loan growth in Japan and Denmark and a relatively lower impact in the U.S.) depending on cross-country variations in banks’ net cost of raising equity and the elasticity of loan demand with respect to changes in loan rates.
Block spreading for MUI/ISI-resilient generalized multi-carrier CDMA with multirate capabilities

The potential increase in capacity along with the need to provide multimedia services and cope with multiuser interference (MUI) and intersymbol interference (ISI) arising due to wireless multipath propagation, motivate well multirate wideband code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. This paper develops an all-digital block-spread filterbank framework capable of encompassing single- or multi-rate transceivers for asynchronous or quasi-synchronous CDMA transmissions through multipath channels. Thanks to symbol blocking and through appropriate design of user codes, the resulting generalized multi-carrier (GMC) CDMA system guarantees symbol recovery irrespective of the (possibly unknown) FIR multipath channels in both downlink and uplink setups with low complexity FIR receivers. Simulations corroborate that the novel GMC-CDMA system outperforms existing multirate alternatives in the presence of asynchronism and multipath.
Research in Taxation

INTRODUCTION Research in taxation covers a broad spectrum of topics and research paradigms. In this commentary I briefly provide an overview of the field of tax research before narrowing to a discussion of archival-empirical tax research. In my discussion of empirical tax research I use the framework referred to as the Scholes and Wolfson (1992) framework and illustrate the framework by reference to the extant empirical literature. I conclude by offering some thoughts on directions for future research in the tax field. An alternative approach to structure my discussion is to select a particular topic, such as international tax or mergers and acquisitions, and then discuss many of the same issues (e.g., how different paradigms are used to address questions within the topic area). However, by taking the overview approach I hope to appeal to a broader audience than just current tax researchers.
A theory of photometric stereo for a general class of reflectance maps

The authors present the main results of a theory of photometric stereo for non-Lambertian surfaces. First, they propose a class of reflectance maps that can be used for a realistic representation of real-world reflection. Second, they ask how many light sources are needed for inverting this class of reflectance maps. It is shown that three light sources are sufficient for a globally unique inversion for the entire class of reflectance maps. Finally, the authors address the issue of completeness of reconstruction. They show that if k lights are sufficient for a globally unique inversion, 2k lights are necessary for a complete inversion. >
Recursive principal components analysis using eigenvector matrix perturbation

Principal components analysis is an important and well-studied subject in statistics and signal processing. The literature has an abundance of algorithms for solving this problem, where most of these algorithms could be grouped into one of the following three approaches: adaptation based on Hebbian updates and deflation, optimization of a second-order statistical criterion (like reconstruction error or output variance), and fixed point update rules with deflation. In this paper, we take a completely different approach that avoids deflation and the optimization of a cost function using gradients. The proposed method updates the eigenvector and eigenvalue matrices simultaneously with every new sample such that the estimates approximately track their true values as would be calculated fromthe current sample estimate of the data covariance matrix. The performance of this algorithm is compared with that of traditional methods like Sanger's rule and APEX, as well as a structurally similar matrix perturbation-based method.
Petitioning the International: A ‘Pre-history’ of Self-determination

Conventionally, self-determination is understood to have evolved in a linear progression from a political principle during World War I into an international right after World War II. The history of the right to self-determination before 1945 is thus part of "pre-history". This article explores that "pre-history" and finds the conventional linear narrative unconvincing. During the first three decades of the 20th century and in particular during the interwar period, non-Western lawyers, politicians, and activists articulated international law claims to support the demand for self-government. In this process, they appropriated and transformed the international law discourse. Removing the legal obstacles that prevented self-government beyond the West - that is, by eliminating the standard of civilization - interwar semi-peripherals made possible the emergence of a right to self-determination later, when the international political context changed after the second post-war reconstruction of international law.
Distinct glycan structures of uroplakins Ia and Ib : Structural basis for the selective binding of FimH adhesin to uroplakin Ia

Although it has been shown that mouse uroplakin (UP) Ia, a major glycoprotein of urothelial apical surface, can serve as the receptor for the FimH lectin adhesin of type 1-fimbriated Escherichia coli, the organism that causes a great majority of urinary tract infections, the glycan structure of this native receptor was unknown. Using a sensitive approach that combines in-gel glycosidase and protease digestions, permethylation of released glycans, and mass spectrometry, we have elucidated for the first time the native glycoform structures of the mouse UPIa receptor and those of its non-binding homolog, UPIb, and have determined the glycosylation site occupancy. UPIa presents a high level of terminally exposed mannose residues (located on Man(6)GlcNAc(2) to Man(9)GlcNAc(2)) that are capable of specifically interacting with FimH. We have shown that this property is conserved not only in the mouse uroplakins but also in cattle and, even more importantly, in human UPIa, thus establishing the concept that UPIa is a major urothelial receptor in humans and other mammals for the mannose-specific FimH variant. In contrast, our results indicate that most terminally exposed glycans of mouse UPIb are non-mannose residues, thus explaining the failure of FimH to bind to this UPIb. In cattle, on the other hand, complex carbohydrates constituted only about 20% of the UPIb N-linked glycans. Human UPIa contained exclusively high mannose glycans, and human UPIb contained only complex glycans. The drastically different carbohydrate processing of the UPIa and UPIb proteins, two closely related members of the tetraspanin family, may reflect differences in their folding and masking due to their interactions with their associated proteins, UPII and UPIIIa, respectively. Results from this study shed light on the molecular pathogenesis of urinary tract infections and may aid in the design of glyco-mimetic inhibitors for preventing and treating this disease.
Cognitive Cover, Copy, and Compare Subvocal Responding to Increase Rates of Accurate Division Responding

A within-subjects, across-tasks, multiple-baseline design was used to evaluate the effects of a cognitive cover, copy, and compare (C-CCC) intervention on the division fact performance of three elementary students in a self-contained classroom for students with behavioral disorders. Students were trained to look at a division problem and answer, cover the problem and answer, say the problem and answer to themselves (subvocally), uncover the problem and answer, and evaluate their subvocalizations from memory. If students made an error, they were instructed to repeat the procedure with that item, until correct, before proceeding to the next item. The data showed that two of the three students increased their rate of correct responding to mastery level following the C-CCC intervention. The third student required feedback and goal setting to reach mastery level. Assessment data, collected 8 months following the intervention phase, showed that all three students maintained increased rates of correct responding...
Coherence The Comprehension and Production Abilities of College Writers Who Are Normally Achieving, Learning Disabled, and Underprepared

The ability to understand and produce coherent text structure was assessed across three groups of college writers, normally achieving, learning disabled, and underprepared. It was found that college writers with learning disabilities were more like the normally achieving writers on an assessment of comprehension of text structure. On the production of a coherent text, normally achieving writers performed better than either of the other groups, but the writers with learning disabilities (LD) performed better than the underprepared writers. These results suggest that the writers with LD demonstrate greater discrepancies between their comprehension and production of written form than either of the other groups. The writers with LD appear to understand text structure like normally achieving writers but, like the underprepared writers, they experience difficulty in the production processes.
Opioid-Induced Cardioprotection Occurs via Glycogen Synthase Kinase β Inhibition During Reperfusion in Intact Rat Hearts

Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) inhibition produced by ischemic preconditioning has been previously shown to be regulated through phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K). Therefore, we determined whether opioid-induced cardioprotection (OIC) occurs during reperfusion by altering GSK phosphorylation through PI3K and target of rapamycin (TOR). Furthermore, we determined if selective GSK inhibitors, SB216763(SB21) or SB415286(SB41), emulate OIC. Rats were treated with the nonselective opioid agonist, morphine (MOR, 0.3 mg/kg), the delta-selective opioid agonist BW373U86 (BW, 1 mg/kg), or the GSK inhibitors, SB21 (0.6 mg/kg) or SB41(1.0 mg/kg), either 10 minutes before ischemia or 5 minutes before reperfusion. Five minutes before opioid or SB21 treatment, some rats received either the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin (15 microg/kg) or LY294002 (0.3 mg/kg) or the TOR inhibitor rapamycin (3 microg/kg). After 30 minutes of ischemia followed by 2 hours of reperfusion, infarct size was assessed. MOR, BW, SB41, and SB21 reduced infarct size compared with vehicle when administered before ischemia (42.9+/-2.6, 40.3+/-2.3, 46.6+/-1.6, 42.2+/-1.8 versus 60.0+/-1.1%, respectively; P<0.001) and showed similar protection when administered 5 minutes before reperfusion (43.6+/-2.3, 40.2+/-2.6, 44.8+/-2.8, 39.4+/-0.8%, respectively; P<0.001). Wortmannin, LY294002, and rapamycin were found to inhibit OIC; however, they did not abrogate SB21-induced infarct size reduction. At 5 minutes of reperfusion, both MOR and BW increased P-GSKbeta at Ser9 in the ischemic zone compared with vehicle (181+/-20, 178+/-15 versus 75+/-17 DU, respectively; P<0.05), and this effect was abrogated by prior administration of wortmannin or rapamycin in MOR-treated rats. Furthermore, no differences were seen in phosphorylation of GSKalpha (Ser21 or Tyr279) or phosphorylation of GSKbeta (Tyr216). These data indicate that OIC occurs via the phosphorylation of GSKbeta at Ser9 during reperfusion.
Nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation using alternative donors.

BackgroundThe reduced intensity of nonmyeloablative stem cell transplant (NMSCT) has enabled older patients to benefit from allogeneic therapy. Identification of suitable donors remains an obstacle...
Spermatogenesis and Germ Cell Death

The ability to produce functional gametes is essential for the survival of a species. Spermatogenesis is a dynamic process in which stem spermatogonia, through a series of events become mature spermatozoa and occurs continuously during the reproductive lifetime of the individual (Russell et al, 1990; Sharpe, 1994). Stem spermatoginia undergo mitosis to produce two types of cells: additional stem cells and differentiating spermatogonia which undergo rapid and successive mitotic divisions to form primary spermatocytes. The spermatocytes then enter a lengthy meiotic phase as preleptotene spermatocytes and proceed through two cell divisions (meiosis I and II) to give rise to haploid spermatids. These in turn undergo a complex process of morphological and functional differentiation resulting in the production of mature spermatozoa. Not all germ cells, however, achieve maturity, and such spontaneous death of certain classes of germ cells appears to be a constant feature of normal spermatogenesis in a variety of mammalian species, including the human (Allan et al, 1987; Russell et al, 1990; Sharpe, 1994). As will be addressed below, a growing body of evidence has now demonstrated that apoptosis is the underlying mechanism of germ cell death during normal spermatogenesis, and can be triggered by a wide variety of regulatory stimuli. In this chapter, we will focus on the role of programmed germ cell death in spermatogenesis, as well as highlight the similarities and differences in the pathways by which germ cell death is repressed or activated in various model systems. We will also address the recent advances in the intratesticular regulatory mechanisms that control germ cell apoptosis.
Evaluation of Sand Waves in an Estuary

The Bella-Williamson rate of sediment turnover-organic content of sediment (RST-OCS) dissection plane method integrates relevant physical, chemical, and biological analyses in order to estimate the chronic impacts of dredging on estuarine ecosystems. A spectral analysis by a finite Fourier transform of estuarine sand waves is presented which only requires a spatial sand wave record that is relatively easy to measure in contrast to stochastic analyses which require both spatial and temporal observations of sand wave profiles. The total energy content (or, equivalently, the statistical variance of the spatial sand wave profile) and the equilibrium subrange of the wave number spectrum provide readily observable measures of the RST in an estuary; economic savings, promise to be significant. In addition, a uniform “-3 power law” for the wave number equilibrium subrange is presented which offers an opportunity to obtain a sand wave frequency spectrum without a temporal sand wave profile record through a dispersion transformation proportional to the bed shear velocity.
Emerging Goals and the Self-Regulation of Behavior

We agree with the general thrust of Carver and Scheier’s position on self-regulation and applaud their important effort to integrate complexity models in their synthesis.
Realization of High-Q Fano Resonances in Ceramic Dielectric Metamaterials for Sensing Applications

Ceramic all-dielectric metamaterials are found to support very high Q resonances of the Fano-type, which until recently were largely attributed to the atomic physics phenomena. It is shown that proper arrangement of ceramic resonators in the metamaterial array allowsd for obtaining Q factors up to 15000. Thus high Q factors could be employed for new applications, in particular, for advanced sensing. An opportunity to design compact arrays that could be incorporated in a microwave sensor fed by a microstrip line is demonstrated. Numerical experiments have confirmed that Fano resonances in such arrays conserve high sensitivity to the dielectric permittivity of the controlled media.