cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectral graph multisection through orthogonality

Although the spectral modularity optimization algorithm works well in most cases, it is not perfect, due to the characteristic of its recursive bisection, which loses "global" view. In this paper, we propose a spectral multisection algorithm, which cuts the graph into multisections directly, with acceptable time complexity. Instead of using −1 and +1 in the modularity bisection algorithm, we propose using orthogonal vectors of the Hadamard matrix, as to denote the group assignments in the graph division. Then the modularity matrix is "inflated" to higher order through the Kronecker product, which is able to coordinate with the vectors that represent the group assignments of the nodes. The relaxation method is also employed in our algorithm. The eigenvector, which corresponds to the largest eigenvalue of the inflated modularity matrix, reflects the final group assignment of the nodes. The proposed algorithm can be viewed as a natural extension of the original bisection algorithm, which also succeeds its properties. In sparse graphs, the time complexity of the proposed algorithm is O(K4n2), where K is a carefully designed input parameter that reveals the estimated number of communities. Finally, the simulations show that the proposed algorithm achieves outstanding performances in the LFR benchmarks of different settings.
Applied Research and Social Theory

Applied research has the potential for greatly enriching social theory Many of the metatheoretical assumptions that underlie social theory are seldom explicitly stated. The attempted application of theory and postapplication analysis often bring these assumptions to the fore. Applied research also allows for a more rigorous testing of theory than that which is possible in nonapplied research. In this paper an effort is made to delineate some aspects of the relationship between applied social research and theory through the use of cultural deprivation theorizing and investigations.
Overview of the Long Term Objectives of the Journal Actuators

It is a great opportunity to provide leadership and focus for the creation of a badly needed journal for intelligent actuators. Certainly, the field is just emerging from a nominal state of science, performance, cost, and universality. [...]
The Border between Word and Image

Proceeding from Lessing’s distinction between poetry and visual art, Boris Groys argues that language is not external to, but resides behind, the image. The image constitutes the scene of a frustrated linguistic desire. Modern visual art sought to avoid the obscenity of staging this unfulfilled desire by conducting a systematic ascetic repression of the linguistic impulse. This negation of linguistic desire culminated in Judd’s ‘specific ob jects’. Y et the modern image, Groys emphasizes with reference to Greenberg and McLuhan, still transmits a message, namely that of its medium bearer. Modern artists torture the image and put it into a state of emergency or exception in which it confesses its interior. In the image’s sub-medium space, in turn, resides language. Avantgarde artists and modern media theorists share the wish to achieve durability by becoming the media of the media. The border between the image and language, Groys closes, can neither be stabilized nor abolished.
An analysis of interactions between fluorescently-tagged mutant and wild-type SOD1 in intracellular inclusions.

Background By mechanisms yet to be discerned, the co-expression of high levels of wild-type human superoxide dismutase 1 (hSOD1) with variants of hSOD1 encoding mutations linked familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS) hastens the onset of motor neuron degeneration in transgenic mice. Although it is known that spinal cords of paralyzed mice accumulate detergent insoluble forms of WT hSOD1 along with mutant hSOD1, it has been difficult to determine whether there is co-deposition of the proteins in inclusion structures. Methodology/principal findings In the present study, we use cell culture models of mutant SOD1 aggregation, focusing on the A4V, G37R, and G85R variants, to examine interactions between WT-hSOD1 and misfolded mutant SOD1. In these studies, we fuse WT and mutant proteins to either yellow or red fluorescent protein so that the two proteins can be distinguished within inclusions structures. Conclusions/significance Although the interpretation of the data is not entirely straightforward because we have strong evidence that the nature of the fused fluorophores affects the organization of the inclusions that form, our data are most consistent with the idea that normal dimeric WT-hSOD1 does not readily interact with misfolded forms of mutant hSOD1. We also demonstrate the monomerization of WT-hSOD1 by experimental mutation does induce the protein to aggregate, although such monomerization may enable interactions with misfolded mutant SOD1. Our data suggest that WT-hSOD1 is not prone to become intimately associated with misfolded mutant hSOD1 within intracellular inclusions that can be generated in cultured cells.
Effects of Complete Ensiled Ration on Milk Production, Milk Composition, and Rumen Environment of Dairy Cattle

Abstract Corn silage from the same field was stored in two upright silos. The silage in the first silo contained no additive and was the control. In the second silo, a complete ensiled ration was developed by blending concentrate mixture with chopped corn at ensiling to attain a 60:40 forage to concentrate ratio of dry matter. As fed 1kg of concentrate mixture was blended with every 4.55kg of wet forage. The complete ensiled ration was 39.0% dry matter and the mean proximate composition (dry matter) was 15.2% crude protein, 18.2% crude fiber, 1.54 Mcal/kg estimated net energy, 75.2% total digestible nutrients, .60% calcium, and .47% phosphorus. The complete ensiled ration went through a normal fermentation with no signs of heating, molding, or deterioration. Two groups of 10 Holstein cows were assigned to treatments in a double reversal experiment with three 28-day periods. The two rations fed were complete ensiled ration ad libitum and corn silage fed ad libitum with the concentrate portion fed individually at each milking. No differences were significant in dry-matter intake, mean daily fat-corrected-milk yields, percent milk fat, protein, or total solids. Higher concentrations of volatile fatty acids were produced by cows on the complete ensiled ration (95.2 μ mol/ml) as compared to cows on the control ration (85.4 μ mol/ml). Protozoa population was 7.0×10 5 and 7.8×10 5 per ml rumen fluid for the control and experimental groups.
Stock return volatility in an emerging market: a case study of the Karachi Stock Exchange

Reports concerns that the lifting of restrictions on portfolio investment by foreigners would lead to overheating or excessive volatility in the capital markets of developing countries. Describes the abrupt lifting of restrictions on the Karachi Stock Exchange in Pakistan, given six notable developments in 1991. Examines the homogeneity of variance on weekly returns on the market index from 1988 to 1993 (over the period of liberalization). Finds that stock market volatility will reflect economic variables in the long run, while the market is shown to be information‐efficient.
Pure autonomic failure: an immaculate misconception?

In this issue of Neurology , Kaufmann et al.1 describe two patients who presented with isolated autonomic failure; years later, one developed features of Parkinson disease and the other features of dementia with Lewy bodies. Pure autonomic failure is now the preferred name for the disorder characterized by isolated peripheral autonomic failure.2 This disorder was previously called progressive autonomic failure, idiopathic orthostatic hypotension, and the Bradbury-Eggleston syndrome. Pure autonomic failure is characterized by gradually progressive autonomic dysfunction with prominent orthostatic hypotension in the absence of cognitive, motor, or sensory impairment.3 Bradbury and Eggleston comprehensively described three patients with an “extensive and peculiar disturbance in the functional activity of the vegetative nervous system.”4 These patients all had incapacitating postural hypotension with cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, urogenital, thermoregulatory, sudomotor, and pupillomotor dysfunction with “signs of slight and indefinite changes in the nervous system.” Their insightful description remains the paradigm for the disorder, characterized by isolated autonomic dysfunction without signs of central or peripheral nervous system disease, now known as pure autonomic failure. But cases such as …
Scalable mining and link analysis across multiple database relations

Relational databases are the most popular repository for structured data, and are thus one of the richest sources of knowledge in the world. In a relational database, multiple relations are linked together via entity-relationship links. Unfortunately, most existing data mining approaches can only handle data stored in single tables, and cannot be applied to relational databases. Therefore, it is an urgent task to design data mining approaches that can discover knowledge from multi-relational data. In this thesis we study three most important data mining tasks in multi-relational environments: classification, clustering, and duplicate detection. Since information is widely spread across multiple relations, the most crucial and common challenge in multi-relational data mining is how to utilize the relational information linked with each object. We rely on two types of information—neighbor tuples and linkages between objects—to analyze the properties of objects and relationships among them. Because of the complexity of multi-relational data, efficiency and scalability are two major concerns in multi-relational data mining. In this thesis we propose scalable and accurate approaches for each data mining task studied. In order to achieve high efficiency and scalability, the approaches utilize novel techniques for virtually joining different relations, single-scan algorithms, and multi-resolutional data structures to dramatically reduce computational costs. Our experiments show that our approaches are highly efficient and scalable, and also achieve high accuracies in multi-relational data mining.
NMR studies on gluconeogenesis and metabolism of [13C]2-pyruvate in Manduca sexta

Abstract NMR spectroscopy was applied to the study of gluconeogenesis and pyruvate metabolism in Manduca sexta. [13C]2-Pyruvate injected into early 5th instar larvae was incorporated into a variety of metabolic intermediates including trehalose. The labelled pyruvate was completely metabolized within 4 hr and no significant label was detected in any metabolite after 24 hr. The predominant flux of 13C into the Krebs cycle appreared to result from the formation of [13C]1-acetyl CoA and 13C quickly accumulated in C5 of glutamate and glutamine. [13C]2-Pyruvate was directly incorporated into alanine C2, citrate C3, α ketoglutarate C3 and C3 of glutamate and glutamine. As a result of reverse malate-fumarate exchange and isomerization, 13C was also incorporated, but to a far lesser degree, into citrate C4 and C2 of glutamate and glutamine. 13C was incorporated into C1-6 of glucose in trehalose. The distribution of label indicated gluconeogenesis directly from [13C]2-pyruvate and following reverse isomerization with approximately equal incorporation into C2,5 and C1,6, respectively. Synthesis from [13C]1-acetyl CoA following passage through the Krebs cycle was also noted. Starvation for 24 hr had little apparent effect on the metabolism of [13C]2-pyruvate or on the distribution of label in glucose, indicating that insects may not regulate de novo carbohydrate synthesis in response to diet in a manner similar to higher animals.
Simple test vehicle for metal fill and resistance of sub-8nm nanowire

Assessing metal gap fill capability and electrical behavior in patterned features ahead of full integration is valuable in interconnect process development as feature sizes scale beyond the 14 nm technology node. In this work a simple device is fabricated with existing silicon patterning recipes to achieve an electrical test vehicle that can test a range of metal candidates for interconnects. The vehicle is characterized using electron microscopy and electrical measurements.
Interpretation of the Southern California uplift in terms of the dilatancy hypothesis

The 25-cm uplift in Southern California is interpreted as being due to dilatancy of the crust, which started in 1961 along the San Andreas fault and spread laterally during 1964–69. The San Fernando earthquake of 1971 occurred in part of the dilatant volume, and is interpreted as a sideshow of a future repetition of the 1857 San Andreas break, which had a magnitude > 8.
Office-based Management of Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer is extremely common in the United States and extremely costly because of the high cost of surveillance. In some patients, office-based surveillance may be a safe, cost-reducing alternative. This article attempts to identify ideal candidates and highlights surveillance strategies that can be employed in an office-based setting.
Tables for cascade-summing corrections in gamma-ray spectrometry

Abstract Calculations of the spectral distortion caused by the simultaneous detection of cascade radiations in gamma-ray spectrometry involve terms containing the relative probability for the coincident emission of the radiations involved. Here we present tables of these probabilities (“summing coefficients”) for the most probable gamma rays of some frequently encountered radionuclides, to be combined with measured full-energy-peak or total efficiencies of a particular system to calculate emission rates that would be measured without cascade summing.
Modulation of stromal cell function in DBA/2J and B6C3F1 mice exposed to benzene or phenol.

Abstract Inbred B6C3F1 (B6) mice are more resistant to benzene myelotoxicity than are inbred DBA 2J (D2) mice. This difference may be due to increased sensitivity of the hemopoietic microenvironment in D2 mice to benzene or benzene metabolites relative to B6 mice. The objectives of this investigation were to determine whether stromal cells which support hemopoiesis in the marrow were more sensitive to benzene in D2 mice than in B6 mice and to determine whether these strains would continue to express differences in susceptibility to phenol, an oxidative metabolite of benzene. Mice Were given benzene (100 mg/kg) or phenol (100 mg/kg) intraperitoneally, twice a day for four consecutive days. On Day 5 marrow cell suspensions were removed from mice given benzene or phenol and from controls, plated in culture and assayed for (1) the relative number of adherent stromal cell (ASC) colonies present, (2) the number of granulocyte/monocyte precursors from benzene or phenol treated mice that could be supported by ASC from normal mice in coculture, and (3) the number of granulocyte/monocyte precursors from normal mice which could be supported by ASC from benzene or phenol treated mice. After benzene administration, only reductions in body weight and marrow cellularity followed the expected pattern and were reduced to a greater extent among D2 mice than B6 mice. Benzene had no significant effect on ASC colonies or on the number of granulocyte/monocyte precursors present. In contrast, the ability of ASC to support hemopoiesis of granulocyte/monocytes from normal donors was reduced to a greater degree among B6 mice than among D2 mice which paradoxically showed an increase in the ability to support hemopoiesis in coculture. Phenol significantly reduced the ability of ASC to support hemopoiesis of granulocyte/monocyte precursors but no preferential effect between strains was evident. These results suggest that benzene, but not phenol, is metabolized differently between the two strains and that bone marrow stromal cells, components of the hemopoietic microenvironment, are sensitive targets for benzene or its oxidative metabolites.
Simplification of network theory for polymer melts in nonlinear oscillatory shear

Giacomin and Oakley (1991) have shown that an upper convected Maxwell model with a structure-dependent relaxation spectrum incorporating the three-parameter kinetic rate equation proposed by Mewis and Denn (1983) works remarkably well for a molten LDPE in large-amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS). In a search for a simpler framework for interpreting LAOS based on network theory, four nonlinear, differential constitutive equations, each with less than three parameters, were evaluated. These models are compared with the Mewis-Denn model, and a two-parameter model has been found to work just as well for molten IUPAC LDPE X. The LAOS behavior of molten LLDPE is also adequately described by this model.
Tuning magnet current-conditioning system for RF cavity in a high-intensity proton accelerator

The development of a current-conditioning system for the tuning magnet of an RF cavity in a high-intensity proton accelerator is described. The conceived system has a bridge configuration consisting of a power amplifier, transistor switch, and power diodes. It works as a power amplifier during the acceleration period and recovers into the capacitor bank the inductive energy stored in the tuning magnet during the reset period. The system operation concept was verified by computer simulation, and the system design was based on the test results of a 1/100th scale model, which was built to evaluate the feasibility of hardware realization. The hardware system was built with commercially available components and tested in connection with a prototype RF cavity at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. This system can provide an accurate current waveform (low ripple), recover the inductive energy in the tuning magnet, and easily control the DC bias level. >
Glucose hydrolysis and oxidation in supercritical water

Glucose hydrolysis and oxidation occurred rapidly in supercritical water at 246 bar and at 425 to 600°C. A diverse set of products, present in the liquid-phase reactor effluent and also subject to hydrolysis, was formed. At 600°C and a 6-s reactor residence time, glucose is completely gasified, even in the absence of oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, destruction of liquid-phase products is enhanced, with none found above 550°C at a 6-s reactor residence time. Major products formed wee acetic acid, acetonylacetone, propenoic acid, and acetaldehyde in the liquid phase, and carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, ethylene, and hydrogen in the gas phase. Methane and hydrogen were present among the products at temperatures up to 600°C for reactor residence times of 6 s.
An Encompassing Test of Real Interest Rate Equalization

Much confusion about the real interest rate connection amongst different countries may result from a narrow approach to analyzing the data. Using an encompassing methodology that accommodates many different types of times-series processes, we find that real interest rates are mean-reverting long-memory variables. We show that cointegration methodology can often fail in this environment. Using a more general approach, we detect a limited connection between real interest rates across countries. In particular, Germany is connected with several European countries, but the US is connected only with Canada and possibly the United Kingdom.
A COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS OF IN-PRISON THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY TREATMENT AND RISK CLASSIFICATION

Policy makers need scientifically based information to help them to determine which correctional treatment alternatives are effective and economically viable. Three-year outcome data from 394 parolees (291 treated, 103 untreated comparison) were examined to determine the relative cost-effectiveness of prison-based treatment and aftercare, controlling for risk of recidivism. Findings showed that intensive services were cost-effective only when the entire treatment continuum was completed, and that the largest economic impact was evident among high-risk cases. Therefore, assignments to correctional treatment should consider an offender's problem severity level, and every effort should be made to engage them in aftercare upon release from prison.
Who’s Segregated Now? Latinos, Language, and the Future of Integrated Schools

Background: Since the passage of Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, the demographic landscape of American schools has changed dramatically. By 2011, there were 12.4 million Latinos enrolled in prekindergarten to 12thgrade public schools, which constitutes 23.9% of the U.S. student population. A primary challenge that faces schools today is the increasing segregation of these Latinos, who are now the most segregated group of students in the West. Despite the Supreme Court decision to address the plight of segregation of Latino students, desegregation and language programming to assist English learners has been viewed as contradictory and competing with each other. Implications: The authors contend that school and community leaders should focus on the promotion of dual immersion, International Baccalaureate, and magnet programs to provide Latino, and particularly, English learners, the opportunity to attend strong integrated schools.
Stratigraphy, Depositional Rates, and Other DSDP Leg 96 Conclusions: Mississippi Fan: ABSTRACT

The Quaternary Mississippi fan consists of at least seven seismically mappable fan lobes. Eight sites were drilled into the youngest fan lobe during DSDP Leg 96. The Holocene (Ericson Zone Z) is capped by a marly foraminiferal ooze. Assuming an age of 12,000 yr for the Holocene/Pleistocene boundary, a minimum accumulation rate of 3-30 cm/1,000 yr (1-12 in./1,000 yr) is computed for the Holocene. The youngest fan lobe was deposited during the upper part of Ericson Zone Y (late Wisconsin glacial, 12,000-85,000 y.B.P.). Deposition rates for the Y Zone are extremely high for the middle fan sites, averaging 12 m/1,000 yr (39 ft/1,000 yr). Lower fan accumulation rates are 7 m/1,000 yr (23 ft/1,000 yr) for the channel sites and 6 m/1,000 yr (20 ft/1,000 yr) for the channel-mouth depositional lobes. These rates are not corrected for compaction. Foraminifera are scarce; the occurrence of shallow-water benthic species indicates a displaced inner and middle neritic origin for the sediments. Drilling on the youngest fan lobe shows that most of the silts and sands were transported through the upper and middle fan channel onto the lower fan, producing a 6 to 10-km (4 to 6-mi) wide, 135-m (443-ft) thick aggradational channel deposit. Much of the fine-grained sediment spilled out of the channel onto the adjacent overbank areas, constructing a broad marginal plain. The channels on the lower fan are smaller and shift position frequently. Channel-mouth depositional lobes are constructed at the end of the active channels and are composed of more than 50% net sand. End_of_Article - Last_Page 463------------
Japonica Brown-Saracino 2009: A Neighborhood That Never Changes: Gentrification, Social Preservation, and the Search for Authenticity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

A review of the book "A Neighborhood That Never Changes: Gentrification, Social Preservation, and the Search for Authenticity," by Japonica Brown-Saracino is presented.
The Deposition of Nickel Boride Thin Films by Borane and Metallaborane Cluster Compounds

The deposition of high purity and controlled stoichiometry metal boride thin-film materials has recently received considerable interest. Borane clusters and their corresponding metal complexes are currently being investigated in our laboratories for their utility as unique source materials for the formation of metallic boride thin films by MOCVD. Variable composition nickel boride thin films ranging from 0.1 micron to several microns have been prepared. These new materials have been characterized by SEM, AES and XES. The magnetic properties of these new films have been investigated with torque magnetometry and magneto-optic Kerr effect magnetometry.
Language Intervention: Computer Training for Young Children with Special Needs.

Three studies that explore the usefulness and effectiveness of computers for training language skills of young children with communication disabilities are reviewed. A study of eight toddlers with Down syndrome compared traditional individual language intervention with computer-based instruction for developing comprehension of vocabulary and early grammatical patterns over a period of three months. Both approaches showed a similar, highly significant effect, indicating that computer-based intervention was as successful as traditional one-to-one language therapy. A second study used 52 children (ages 4‐10) who were enrolled in special education classes for children with severe language, learning and behavioral disabilities. The effectiveness of adding twice a week, 30-minute interactive computer language training sessions to the regular classroom language curriculum was examined. Children showed significantly more progress in vocabulary, general language ability and social communication during the 10 week period they were receiving the computer training. Lastly, the effectiveness of using a parent volunteer to work with toddlers on computer-based language tasks was compared with language progress when these children worked with a professional speech language pathologist. Four out of five of the children showed more progress when working with the parent volunteer. The article concludes with a discussion of educational considerations for planning computer-based language intervention and includes a sample language lesson for the computer as well as software evaluation guidelines.
Liking Violence and Action: An Examination of Gender Differences in Children's Processing of Animated Content

It is widely assumed that children like violence in cartoons, but this assumption has not been supported in existing studies that show nonviolent programs are liked just as much or more than violent programs. The present experiment extended enjoyment of media violence research by testing whether violence and action (independently manipulated) influenced children's liking of slapstick cartoons. We also proposed a path model to test potential indirect effects of violence and action on liking. Using animation software, four versions of a slapstick cartoon were created that varied in terms of violence (present, absent) and action (high, low). A total of 128 elementary school children watched one of the four versions of the program. Violence had no direct effect on the liking of the cartoon, but did indirectly decrease liking for males by decreasing boys' wishful identification with the anthropomorphized characters. Action increased liking for males but not for females.
Oligonucleotide hybridization and free-solution electrokinetic separation in a nanofluidic device.

There is significant interest in developing on-chip DNA hybridization assays to leverage the advantages of lab-on-a-chip systems, which include smaller sample and reagent volumes, faster processing speeds, and greater opportunities for large-scale integration. While much research has explored ways to integrate DNA microarrays on-chip, little work has been done to incorporate hybridization with existing microscale separation platforms. We present the first separation of single-stranded and double-stranded oligonucleotides in a nanofluidic device. We couple this separation with free-solution hybridization to develop a simple, electrokinetic technique that detects DNA hybridization without sample labeling. The technique is used both to detect target DNA sequences and to quantitatively measure hybridization kinetics. To demonstrate the method, we measured the second order reaction coefficient of complementary 20-mer oligonucleotides as a function of sodium ion concentration, which ranged from 0.0048 mol−1·sec−1 at 5 mM sodium to 0.42 mol−1·sec−1 at 50 mM. We also distinguished between a pair of complementary oligonucleotides and a pair with a single nucleotide mismatch, observing a two-fold difference in hybridization rate. Additionally, we observed a relative change in the mobility of single-stranded and double-stranded DNA with increasing sodium concentration, suggesting that our device may provide a useful platform for studying biomolecule transport in nanochannels.
Insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2 (IGF1, IGF2) expression in human microglia: differential regulation by inflammatory mediators

Recent studies in experimental animals show that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) plays a trophic role during development and tissue injury and that microglia are important sources of IGF1. However, little information is available regarding the expression, regulation, and function of IGF1 and related proteins in human brain cells. In the current study, we examined the expression of IGF1 and IGF2 in human microglia in vivo and in vitro. Expression of IGF1 and IGF2 was examined by immunohistochemistry in post-mortem human brain sections derived from HIV+ and HIV− brains. In primary cultures of human fetal microglia, IGF1 and IGF2 mRNA and protein expression was examined by Q-PCR, ELISA, and Western blot analysis. Additionally, the role of IGF1 and IGF2 in neuroprotection was examined in primary human neuronal glial cultures. Immunohistochemistry of human brain tissues showed that nonparenchymal cells (vessels and meninges), as well as parenchymal microglia and macrophages were positive for IGF1, in both HIV encephalitis and control brains, while IGF2 was undetectable. Cultured microglia expressed IGF1 mRNA and produced pg/ml levels of IGF1 protein; this was significantly suppressed by proinflammatory mediators, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), poly(I:C), and IFNγ. The Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 had no significant effect, but the cAMP analog (dibutyryl cAMP) significantly increased IGF1 production. In contrast, microglial IGF2 mRNA and protein (determined by Western blot) were upregulated by LPS. IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) immunoreactivity was predominantly expressed by neurons, and both IGF1 and IGF2 significantly protected neurons from cytokine (IL-1/IFNγ) induced death. Our study in human brain tissues and cells indicates that microglia are important sources of neurotrophic growth factors IGF1 and IGF2, and that microglial activation phenotypes can influence the growth factor expression. Importantly, our results suggest that chronic neuroinflammation and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines could lead to neurodegeneration by suppressing the production of microglia-derived neuronal growth factors, such as IGF1.
A review of evidence-based follow-up care for suicide prevention: where do we go from here?

Context: Follow-up services are an important component of a comprehensive, national strategy for suicide prevention. Increasing our knowledge of effective follow-up care has been identified as an Aspirational Goal by The National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention’s Research Prioritization Task Force. Evidence acquisition: Several recent comprehensive reviews informed the selection of studies included in this brief review. Studies of follow-up services that reported significant effects for the outcomes of death by suicide, suicide attempts, or suicidal ideation were included. Evidence synthesis: Although there is a paucity of research in this area, promising paradigms that have demonstrated effectiveness in preventing suicide and suicide attempts and reducing suicidal ideation will be discussed. The major limitations of the literature in this area include numerous methodological flaws in the design and analyses of such studies and the lack of replication of studies with positive findings. Conclusions: This paper identifies several breakthroughs that would be helpful for advancing this area of research and describes a comprehensive research pathway for achieving both short- and long-term research objectives. (Am J Prev Med 2014;47(3S2):S209–S215) & 2014 American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Synthetic α-Helix Mimetics as Agonists and Antagonists of Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Aggregation

The development of small molecules that can modulate the damaging effects of protein aggregation processes remains a high priority goal in contemporary medicinal chemistry.[1] An important class of these aggregates, called amyloids, has been implicated in numerous degenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s, type II diabetes, senile systemic amyloidosis (SSA), prion diseases and rheumatoid arthritis. The attribute shared by these symptomatically unrelated diseases is that a normally soluble protein undergoes a conformational change resulting in self-assembly into cytotoxic forms culminating in a β-sheet rich fibrillar structure. Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), or amylin, is one such protein that has been implicated in amyloidogenesis in type II diabetes.[2] IAPP is cosecreted with insulin by the β-cells of the islets of Langerhans and an aggregated form of IAPP is believed to play a role in β-cell toxicity in the pathology of type II diabetes.[3]
Prospective randomized multicenter comparison of in situ and reversed vein infrapopliteal bypasses

Abstract We have performed a prospective, randomized, multicenter study to compare in situ and reversed vein grafts for long limb salvage bypasses from the proximal thigh to an infrapopliteal artery. Three hundred eighty-four patients required an infrapopliteal bypass for critical lower extremity ischemia. Of these, 259 were excluded because a short vein bypass was performed or because the vein was considered inadequate. The remaining 125 patients had a randomized vein bypass, 63 reversed, 62 in situ. The two groups were similar with regard to risk factors, indications, graft dimensions, and outflow. Secondary patency at 30 months was similar for both techniques: reversed 67% ± 9% (±SE); in situ 69% ± 8%. For veins ≤3.0 mm in minimum distended diameter 24-month patency rates were 61% ± 22% for 12 in situ veins and 37% ± 29% for 10 reversed veins ( p > 0.05). Angiographic evaluation of failing grafts revealed lesions similar in type and frequency in both types of grafts. These included focal (in situ, n = 4; reversed, n = 7 and diffuse vein hyperplasis (in situ, n = 2; reversed, n = 1), and inflow and outflow stenoses (in situ, n = 4; reversed, n = 3). The incidence of wound complications and the mortality rate were similar for the two groups. These data show no significant difference in overall patency rates for the two types of vein grafts at 2½ years. Because of the poor preliminary patency of reversed vein grafts ≤3.0 mm in minimum distended diameter, we suggest the in situ method be used preferentially when such small veins are encountered. Thirty percent of patients requiring a long infrapopliteal bypass had no vein suitable for an in situ graft, although an ectopic vein bypass was feasible. Thus surgeons performing these operations should be adept at both procedures. (J VASC SURG 1991;13:189-99.)
Secondary structure of bacteriophage T4 gene 60 mRNA: implications for translational bypassing.

Translational bypassing is a unique phenomenon of bacteriophage T4 gene 60 mRNA wherein the bacterial ribosome produces a single polypeptide chain from a discontinuous open reading frame(ORF). Upon reaching the 50-nucleotide untranslated region, or coding gap, the ribosome either dissociates or bypasses the interruption to continue translating the remainder of the ORF, generating a subunit of a type II DNA topoisomerase. Mutational and computational analyses have suggested that a compact structure, including a stable hairpin, forms in the coding gap to induce bypassing, yet direct evidence is lacking. Here we have probed the secondary structure of gene 60 mRNA with both Tb 3+ ions and the selective 2 ′ -hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) reagent 1M7 under conditions where bypassing is observed. The resulting experimentally informed secondary structure models strongly support the presence of the predicted coding gap hairpin and highlight the benefits of using Tb 3+ as a second, complementary probing reagent. Contrary to several previously proposed models, however, the rest of the coding gap is highly reactive with both probing reagents, suggesting that it forms only a short stem–loop. Mutational analyses coupled with functional assays reveal that two possible base-pairings of the coding gap with other regions of the mRNA are not required for bypassing. Such structural autonomy of the coding gap is consistent with its recently discovered role as a mobile genetic element inserted into gene 60 mRNA to inhibit cleavage by homing endonuclease MobA.
Supervised Learning of Edges and Object Boundaries

Edge detection is one of the most studied problems in computer vision, yet it remains a very challenging task. It is difficult since often the decision for an edge cannot be made purely based on low level cues such as gradient, instead we need to engage all levels of information, low, middle, and high, in order to decide where to put edges. In this paper we propose a novel supervised learning algorithm for edge and object boundary detection which we refer to as Boosted Edge Learning or BEL for short. A decision of an edge point is made independently at each location in the image; a very large aperture is used providing significant context for each decision. In the learning stage, the algorithm selects and combines a large number of features across different scales in order to learn a discriminative model using an extended version of the Probabilistic Boosting Tree classification algorithm. The learning based framework is highly adaptive and there are no parameters to tune. We show applications for edge detection in a number of specific image domains as well as on natural images. We test on various datasets including the Berkeley dataset and the results obtained are very good.
Cilia of neonatal articular chondrocytes incidence and morphology

Cilia in neonatal canine articular chondrocytes were studied using morphometric techniques and transmission electron microscopy. The cilia in chondrocytes were morphologically similar to cilia in a variety of other cell types. A chondrocytic cilium consisted of a basal body and a ciliary shaft. The cylindrical basal body was 0.21 micron (S.D. = 0.01 micron) in diameter, 0.50 micron (S.D. = 0.03 micron) in length and contained nine microtubular triplets. The ciliary shaft was 0.196 micron (S.D. = 0.02 micron) in diameter and 1.76 micron (S.D. = 0.80 micron) in length. The number of microbtubular doublets in the ciliary shaft varied depending on where along the length of the shaft the section was taken. This study demonstrates that on the average the frequency of cilia in neonatal articular chondrocytes, as estimated sterologically, was about one cilium per cell.
FLASHFLOOD: A 3D Field-based similarity search and alignment method for flexible molecules

A three-dimensional field-based similarity search and alignment method for flexible molecules is introduced. The conformational space of a flexible molecule is represented in terms of fragments and torsional angles of allowed conformations. A user-definable property field is used to compute features of fragment pairs. Features are generalizations of CoMMA descriptors (Silverman, B.D. and Platt, D.E., J. Med. Chem., 39 (1996) 2129.) that characterize local regions of the property field by its local moments. The features are invariant under coordinate system transformations. Features taken from a query molecule are used to form alignments with fragment pairs in the database. An assembly algorithm is then used to merge the fragment pairs into full structures, aligned to the query. Key to the method is the use of a context adaptive descriptor scaling procedure as the basis for similarity. This allows the user to tune the weights of the various feature components based on examples relevant to the particular context under investigation. The property fields may range from simple, phenomenological fields, to fields derived from quantum mechanical calculations. We apply the method to the dihydrofolate/methotrexate benchmark system, and show that when one injects relevant contextual information into the descriptor scaling procedure, better results are obtained more efficiently. We also show how the method works and include computer times for a query from a database that represents approximately 23 million conformers of seventeen flexible molecules.
The Cycles Of The Accounting Cycle

Early in the first course in financial accounting, students learn the accounting cycle. The accounting cycle is very simple. It is just a list of the basic actions of accountants that lead to the financial statements. However, students beginning the study of accounting seem to find it difficult to understand and remember. I believe the difficulty stems from the way is which the accounting cycle is presented in accounting texts. In this paper, I reviewed principles of accounting and financial accounting texts and some intermediate accounting texts to summarize the way the accounting cycle is currently presented. I then proposed a method of teaching the accounting cycle that focuses on the substance of the steps, not just their form. I further proposed that this method be used as a framework to teach many of the subjects in financial accounting. Lastly, I surveyed accounting students regarding the presentation of the accounting cycle. The results have been very favorable.
Percutaneous Transcatheter Therapy of Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Just as the previous decade comprised of marked explosion in the utility and maturity of transcatheter interventions for coronary artery disease, the next decade will bear a similar focus on transcatheter approaches to heart valve disease. The MitraClip system represents a first-generation step in this direction and is remarkable for its success as such. As is true with many things, the pendulum of excitement for these novel technologies will initially swing a bit farther than where the real utility of these approaches will truly lie, and careful patient selection will be imperative.
En1 directs superior olivary complex neuron positioning, survival, and expression of FoxP1

Little is known about the genetic pathways and transcription factors that control development and maturation of central auditory neurons. En1, a gene expressed by a subset of developing and mature superior olivary complex (SOC) cells, encodes a homeodomain transcription factor important for neuronal development in the midbrain, cerebellum, hindbrain and spinal cord. Using genetic fate-mapping techniques, we show that all En1-lineal cells in the SOC are neurons and that these neurons are glycinergic, cholinergic and GABAergic in neurotransmitter phenotype. En1 deletion does not interfere with specification or neural fate of these cells, but does cause aberrant positioning and subsequent death of all En1-lineal SOC neurons by early postnatal ages. En1-null cells also fail to express the transcription factor FoxP1, suggesting that FoxP1 lies downstream of En1. Our data define important roles for En1 in the development and maturation of a diverse group of brainstem auditory neurons.
Book Review of The People's Courts: Pursuing Judicial Independence in America

This Book Review of Jed Handelsman Shugerman’s, The People’s Courts: Pursuing Judicial Independence in America, focuses on the crucial relationship between judicial independence and the times in which a judge rules. In each era of American history, judges have faced challenges to their independence. At some points in our history, judicial elections have been designed to safeguard the judge’s independent role. At other times, it has been viewed as an attack. What is most important for students and scholars is that they understand the historical and political forces confronting judges as they attempt to follow the rule of law.
Case Study: The Temperature Variability of Refrigerators Storing Animal Health Products12

Data loggers were used to record temperatures at 10-min intervals for 48 h in 191 refrigerators of producers (75.9%), retail stores (18.3%), and veterinary clinics (5.8%). Refrigerator types included freezer-on-top (45.5%), side-by-sides (20.4%), and mini-refrigerators (18.3%). The refrigerator ages were ≤ 5 yr (22.0%), 6 to 10 yr (35.1%), 11 to 15 yr (22.5%), and >15 yr (20.4%). Refrigerator locations included miscellaneous places (54.4%), kitchens (20.9%), barns (14.1%), mud rooms (5.2%), and tack rooms (4.2%). Of the 1,800 animal health products in refrigerators of producers, 11.8% were expired and 29.3% were opened. The overall temperature was 3.4 ± 3.82°C (mean ± SD). There were no differences (P > 0.10) in average temperatures across refrigerator type and age. Refrigerators located in barns (2.0 ± 0.73°C; mean ± SE) were colder (P 0.10) in location, type, or age in the number of recorded temperatures inside the acceptable range. In conclusion, only 26.7% of the refrigerators kept the temperature within the acceptable range. No refrigerator type, location, or age was superior. Refrigerators storing animal health products should be carefully monitored, and expired and opened products should be disposed of properly.
A Process for Deglutination of Insect Eggs

A process for deglutination and removal from host plants of eggs of the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), with a solvent under air agitation is described. A 10-fold increase in egg recovery per man-day was realized using the process, compared with removing eggs from plant leaves by hand. Deglutinated eggs of the cereal leaf beetle used for production of Anaphes flavipes (Forester), were shown to be as acceptable to this parasite as handprocessed eggs.
Distribution and Parasitization of Some Lygus Spp. in Western United States and Central Mexico

Lygus hesperus Knight was the predominant species of lygus bugs collected from alfalfa in New Mexico, Arizona, California, Oregon, Washington, and Utah; it was especially abundant in the Southwest. L. elisus Van Duzee, L. desertus Knight, and L. shulli Knight, in that order, were most abundant in northwestern collections, where they occasionally outnumbered L. hesperus . The tarnished plant bug, L. lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), occurred sparingly in alfalfa collections from the arid regions of 5 western States. Important wild hosts of L. hesperus and L. elisus in California were winter mustard, sowbane, Russian thistle, and burro weed. Parasitization of Lygus spp. by Leiophron pallipes Curtis was low in several western States, and attempts to establish this parasite in southern California in 1964-65 were apparently unsuccessful. In a limited survey in central Mexico, many specimens of an undescribed Lygus sp. and Proba spp. were obtained from alfalfa and weeds on the high central plateau near Mexico City. Also, weed collections yielded a few L. lineolaris in the State of Michoacan and some Taylorilygus sp. in the States of Morelos and Nayarit. Only 3 braconids (apparently Leiophron sp.) were reared from the collections near Mexico City.
OPTIMAL DURATION OF DUAL ANTIPLATELET THERAPY AMONG PATIENTS UNDERGOING DRUG ELUTING STENT PLACEMENT: A BAYESIAN NETWORK META-ANALYSIS

The optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) among patients undergoing drug-eluting coronary stent placement is not well established. We evaluated the contemporary literature to determine the comparative efficacy and safety of different durations of DAPT in this patient population. We