cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local Least Squares Fitting for Surface Mesh Fairing in Automobile Panel Design

Three-dimensional laser scanning equipment is being used more frequently to convert clay model automobile designs to large, detailed meshes for computer-aided design of outer-body panels. The panels are generally composed of large, constant curvature patches with small local features, called character lines, superposed to give the car a distinctive look. Although modern laser scanners are very accurate and precise, their tolerances nevertheless admit meshes with geometric flaws that destroy the constant curvature of patches and make character lines nearly invisible in a reflection simulation. Thus, we require an algorithm to fair the mesh by restoring the intended curvature while minimizing the vertex displacemtents. Existing approaches such as Laplacian and curvature flow operators are not suitable because they tend to shrink the mesh and introduce a bias toward planar geometries. Our approach aims to solve both of these problems by fitting a least squares surface to a set of vertices adjacent to the target vertex and moving the target vertex vertically onto the least squares surface in a local coordinate system. This algorithm has linear time complexity in the number of vertices and makes convergence likely while eliminating the planar bias of other operators. We show the effectiveness of our operator with both geometric and real-world mesh examples.© 2002 ASME
Consequences of slow growth for 230Th/U dating of Quaternary opals, Yucca Mountain, NV, USA

Thermal ionization mass-spectrometry and data are reported for uranium-rich opals coating fractures and cavities within the silicic tuffs forming Yucca Mountain, NV, the potential site of a high-level radioactive waste repository. High uranium concentrations (up to 207 ppm) and extremely high activity ratios (up to about 106) make microsamples of these opals suitable for precise dating. Conventional ages range from 40 to greater than 600 ka, and initial activity ratios between 1.03 and 8.2. Isotopic evidence indicates that the opals have not experienced uranium mobility; however, wide variations in apparent ages and initial ratios for separate subsamples of the same outermost mineral surfaces, positive correlation between ages and sample weights, and negative correlation between ages and calculated initial are inconsistent with the assumption that all minerals in a given subsample was deposited instantaneously. The data are more consistent with a conceptual model of continuous deposition where secondary mineral growth has occurred at a constant, slow rate up to the present. This model assumes that individual subsamples represent mixtures of older and younger material, and that calculations using the resulting isotope ratios reflect an average age. Ages calculated using the continuous-deposition model for opals imply average mineral growth rates of less than 5 mm/m.y. The model of continuous deposition also predicts discordance between ages obtained using different radiometric methods for the same subsample. Differences in half-lives will result in younger apparent ages for the shorter-lived isotope due to the greater influence of younger materials continuously added to mineral surfaces. Discordant , and U–Pb ages obtained from outermost mineral surfaces at Yucca Mountain support this model.
The normalized compression distance and image distinguishability

We use an information-theoretic distortion measure called the Normalized Compression Distance (NCD), first proposed by M. Li et al., to determine whether two rectangular gray-scale images are visually distinguishable to a human observer. Image distinguishability is a fundamental constraint on operations carried out by all players in an image watermarking system. The NCD between two binary strings is defined in terms of compressed sizes of the two strings and of their concatenation; it is designed to be an effective approximation of the noncomputable but universal Kolmogorov distance between two strings. We compare the effectiveness of different types of compression algorithms? in predicting image distinguishability when they are used to compute the NCD between a sample of images and their watermarked counterparts. Our experiment shows that, as predicted by Li's theory, the NCD is largely independent of the underlying compression algorithm. However, in some cases the NCD fails as a predictor of image distinguishability, since it is designed to measure the more general notion of similarity. We propose and study a modified version of the NCD to model the latter, which requires that not only the change be small but also in some sense random with respect to the original image.
Relation between classical and quantum mechanics.

Expressions for the Lie derivatives of functions of non-commuting variables are derived and used to reformulate classical mechanics. This is possible only if the phase space variables commute, or if they satisfy Heisenberg's commutation relations.
Trace elements in recent and fossil bone apatite

The biomineral component of bones and teeth is synthesized within the body, under direct physiological control, and therefore the chemistry of bone (including the trace element chemistry) reflects aspects of the animal’s biology, particularly the trace metal load, but also the state of metabolism of specific trace metals. Bone mineral is relatively reactive due principally to its small crystal size, and consequently bone is unstable once removed from the body. Bone undergoes a complex set of diagenetic processes post mortem, which generally lead to dissolution, however bones and teeth are relatively common components in (post-Ordovician) rocks. The trace element content of bone is susceptible to alteration immediately upon exposure, and while these changes reduce the usefulness of ancient bone as a monitor of the physiology or diet of ancient animals the trace element composition of ancient bone can yield useful paleoenvironmental information. This chapter is concerned principally with archaeological and geological applications of trace element chemistry of bone, rather than physiological or medical implications. The inorganic (mineral) component of bone is carbonated calcium phosphate (Ca10(CO3,PO4)6(OH)2), similar to the mineral dahllite. The calcium phosphates form the vast majority of all vertebrate hard tissues (Young and Brown 1982), and exhibit a very wide range of physical and chemical properties. Stoichiometric hydroxyapatite is not known biologically, and is only produced artificially or geologically at high temperature and pressure. The mineralogy of bone, dentine, and enamel is reviewed in Elliott (this volume). Kohn and Cerling (this volume) highlight the fact that apatite crystal size and shape varies between bone and enamel, and point out that variations in crystal size are in part responsible for the greater diagenetic susceptibility of bone compared to enamel. Bone crystallites are essentially plate-shaped, with average dimensions of 350–400 A × …
Geographic Barriers Isolate Endemic Populations of Hyperthermophilic Archaea

Barriers to dispersal between populations allow them to diverge through local adaptation or random genetic drift. High-resolution multilocus sequence analysis revealed that, on a global scale, populations of hyperthermophilic microorganisms are isolated from one another by geographic barriers and have diverged over the course of their recent evolutionary history. The identification of a biogeographic pattern in the archaeon Sulfolobus challenges the current model of microbial biodiversity in which unrestricted dispersal constrains the development of global species richness.
Electron microscopic study of cadmium nephrotoxicity in the rat.

In rats given drinking water containing cadmium chloride, renal changes evidenced by electron microscopy were confined to the cells of proximal tubules, consisting of two distinct histologic features, increase of lysosomes and swelling of mitochondria. The size and number of lysosomes inereased in proportion to the amount of ingestion of cadmium. The usual elongated, rod-shaped mitochondria of the proximal tubular cells became oval or rounded and increased in volume. The cristae were vesicular, shortened, and marginal. There were some other changes, such as increase of microbodies, focal proliferation of the smooth endoplasmics reticulam, and appearance of intranuclear inclusions. It is considered that these alterations in the proximal tubular cells of cadmium-intoxicated rats indicate an activation of detoxifying process and impairment of energy metabolism.
THE INFLUENCE OF A LOW ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE ON THE ELECTROPHORESIS OF LYMPHOCYTES OF DIFFERENT AGES

1. Small lymphocytes in serum at 37 degrees C. migrate toward the anode under experimental conditions described. 2. The electromotive force of 0.8 volt per cm. under the same conditions produced a straight line velocity which approximated that reported by McCutcheon for spontaneous velocity after his preparation had been studied over 5 hours. 3. Keeping the lymphocytes on ice up to 30 hours did not produce an appreciable difference in velocity of straight line migration from that speed determined if the cells were studied immediately. 4. The possible relationships between the type and order of magnitude of the electromotive force passing between injured and normal tissues and the electromotive force used experimentally are briefly discussed.
SOURCES OF BLEEDING IN UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE: A RE-EVALUATION.

Two hundred fifty consecutive patients admitted for upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage were examined by endoscopy within 24 hr. of admission. The technic proved safe and was tolerated well. One hundred twenty-seven diagnoses (50.8%) were established by endoscopy alone. The incidence of duodenal ulcer (20%) as the bleeding source was strikingly below the figure usually quoted. Erosive gastritis and esophageal varices were the bleeding sources in 20% and 17.2% respectively, while 22% remained undiagnosed.
Cytoplasmic inheritance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Comparison of zygotic mitochondrial inheritance patterns

Mitochondrial movements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) zygotes were monitored with phase-contrast microscopy and compared to known mitochondrial inheritance systems. The mitochondria of Sc were convincingly identified by integrated use of phase-contrast, cytochemical and electron microscopic observations. Mitochondria in Sc appear to move by saltatory jumps, which appear to be oriented towards movement of mitochondria into developing buds. Tracking of mitochondria of different genotypes was made possible by positive identification of each mitochondrial population before zygosis, and by the low degree of mixing (less than 10%) of mitochondrial populations before first bud septation. A grande by grande cross demonstrated equal numbers of mitochondria from each haploid moving into the first zygotic bud. A grande by neutral petite cross gave a 2:1 ratio of grande to petite mitochondria. However, a grande by suppressive petite cross gave equal numbers of grande and petite mitochondria. Using drug resistance systems, a comparison was made of highly biased (97%) and moderately biased (71%) chloramphenicol resistant inheritance patterns. In both cases, the ratios of drug resistant to sensitive mitochondria were 1:1. When numbers of mitochondria moving into an individual bud were compared to the phenotypic content of the clone of that bud, no model could be constructed which could predict the latter from the former. The data indicate (with the exception of the neutral petite by grande cross) that the numbers of each mitochondrial type "inserted" into the first zygotic bud are equal, regardless of the degree of asymmetry of inheritance of mitochondrial markers.
Survey of Clostridium difficile in retail seafood in College Station, Texas

The incidence and severity of disease associated with toxigenic Clostridium difficile have increased in hospitals in North America with the emergence of newer, more virulent strains. Toxigenic C. difficile has been isolated from food animals and retail meat with potential implications of transfer to humans. The objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of C. difficile in retail seafood from grocery stores in College Station, Texas. C. difficile was found in 4.5% (3/67) of shellfish and finfish samples. The positive samples included one each from fresh mussel, frozen salmon and frozen shrimp. The mussel and salmon isolates were characterized as toxinotype V and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) type-NAP7. The shrimp isolate was identified as toxinotype XII, but had an unknown PFGE type. Susceptibilities to 11 antimicrobial agents were identical for the mussel and salmon isolates and were sensitive to eight of 11 antimicrobials (including ampicillin) and intermediate to clindamycin. However, the shrimp isolate was resistant to clindamycin and ampicillin. This study demonstrates that seafood, like other food commodities, can be contaminated by C. difficile.
EPR of Cu+2 binding to apo-yeast enolase.

We have studied the electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) spectra of complexes of apo-yeast enolase with 65Cu+2 in the presence and absence of substrate and magnesium ion. An unusual epr spectrum with large g, large g and A rhombicity and very narrow line-widths (10 G) is seen for the first two 65Cu+2 bound in the presence of substrate 2-phosphoglycerate (2PGA). The epr parameters, consistent with rhombic and tetragonal distortion of an octahedral geometry of the coordination sphere of the Cu+2 are g = (2.123, 2.042, 2.405) and A = (2.58, 4.19, 12.0) mK. The high g and absence of superhyperfine splitting are strong evidence for absence of nitrogen ligands. In the presence of Mg+2 and 2PGA, the Cu+2-enolase solutions exhibit a complex epr spectrum reflecting exchange and dipolar interaction between the first two Cu+2 ions bound. The spectra of Cu+2 plus enolase in the presence and absence of Mg+2 without 2PGA are distinct but not unambiguous, each reflecting at least two inequivalent binding sites. In addition to providing information on the geometry and location of the divalent cation binding sites, the data show unequivolcally that imidazole residues, previously found to have a role in catalysis, do not participate in Cu+2 binding. Although Cu+2 does not activate the enzyme, direct binding measurements show that Cu+2 competes stoichiometrically with the activating ion, Mg+2. A reinterpretation of earlier Mn+2 enolase studies is proposed to reconcile the Cu+2 and Mn+2 data. The observations can be schematically summarized as in Figure 7, where a change in geometric symbol indicates a change in the magnetic properties of the Cu+2 at a given site. If one adds Cu+2 to apo-enolase one sees the same epr spectrum over the range 0 to 4 Cu+2 per dimer. As discussed above, the complexity of the spectrum suggests two types of sites, designated by circles and squares in the figure. It should be emphasized that we have little data from the epr on the second site, depicted by squares, so the square notation is continued throughout the scheme for simplicity. The evidence for Cu-Cu interaction here is ambiguous, although it is suggested by the excess of lines in epr. Addition of 2PGA dramatically changes the tight site to a clearly defined rhombic epr site that is unchanged by addition of subsequent copper ions. The binding site of copper on enolase apparently has exclusively oxygen ligands and there is interaction between the two first bound Cu+2 ions. The first bound Cu+2 ions assume a unique geometry when substrate is present. The epr parameters fit neither type 2 nor type 1 cases and are characterized by a rhombic g tensor and extremely sharp lines. These parameters are characteristic of rhombic and tetragonally elongated octahedral coordination of the Cu+2. Addition of Mg+2 alone to the Cu-enolase complex causes some small change in the tight site indicated by wavy circle and square. Subsequent addition of 2PGA causes a dramatic interaction between the first two sites as evidenced by exchange and dipolar interactions in the epr spectrum.
Influence of management of variables, sampling zones and land units on LR analysis for landslide spatial prevision

Abstract. Several authors, according to different methodological approaches, have employed logistic Regression (LR), a multivariate statistical analysis adopted to assess the spatial probability of landslide, even though its fundamental principles have remained unaltered. This study aims at assessing the influence of some of these methodological approaches on the performance of LR, through a series of sensitivity analyses developed over a test area of about 300 km2 in Calabria (southern Italy). In particular, four types of sampling (1 – the whole study area; 2 – transects running parallel to the general slope direction of the study area with a total surface of about 1/3 of the whole study area; 3 – buffers surrounding the phenomena with a 1/1 ratio between the stable and the unstable area; 4 – buffers surrounding the phenomena with a 1/2 ratio between the stable and the unstable area), two variable coding modes (1 – grouped variables; 2 – binary variables), and two types of elementary land (1 – cells units; 2 – slope units) units have been tested. The obtained results must be considered as statistically relevant in all cases (Aroc values > 70%), thus confirming the soundness of the LR analysis which maintains high predictive capacities notwithstanding the features of input data. As for the area under investigation, the best performing methodological choices are the following: (i) transects produced the best results (0
Occurrence of focal three-dimensional proliferation in cultured human cells after prolonged infection with herpes simplex virus.

The occurrence of focal three-dimensional proliferation was observed in human conjunctiva cells in culture after prolonged infection with herpes simplex virus at 30°C. and in KB cells infected with herpes virus at 37°C. for several months in the presence of pooled human serum. This atypical growth pattern consisted of many discrete piles of cells 15 to 20 cells thick scattered over a monolayer of cells. Three-dimensional growth appeared only in the presence of 10 to 20 per cent of selected human sera. When horse serum was substituted for human serum growth was in an ordinary monolayer. The abnormal growth pattern of this cell line (C-4 line) has remained stable through continuous culture for over 2 years and was observed consistently in each of 25 clones isolated from the parent culture. Repeated tests for the presence of persisting infectious virus and for herpes virus antigen in the cells were negative. Comparison of the C-4 cell line with control conjunctiva cells revealed no significant difference in multiplication rate or in range of viral susceptibility, but the C-4 line was found to be more sensitive to ultraviolet irradiation.
National Kidney Foundation K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for nutrition in Chronic Renal Failure

The National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative Clinical Practice Guidelines for Nutrition in Chronic Renal Failure was recently published in the American Journal of Kidney Diseases. This publication provides 27 clinical practice guidelines for adults and 10 clinical practice guidelines for children. The adult guidelines focus primarily on patients undergoing maintenance dialysis therapy, although there are several clinical practice guidelines on nutritional issues for patients with advanced chronic renal failure (CRF) not undergoing dialysis therapy. The pediatric guidelines focus entirely on children undergoing maintenance dialysis treatment. The present article discusses a number of the more prominent clinical practice guidelines for the adults. Among these is the recommendation that the protein-energy nutritional status in these patients should be assessed by a panel of measures rather than by any single measure. Also, non-dialyzed patients with advanced CRF (ie, glomerular filtration rate /=60 years of age. Maintenance hemodialysis patients should be prescribed 1.2 g protein/kg/d; chronic peritoneal dialysis patients should be prescribed 1.2 to 1.3 g protein/kg/d. For non-dialyzed patients with CRF (glomerular filtration rate <25 mL/min), 0.60 g protein/kg/d should be prescribed. For patients who will not accept such a diet or are unable to maintain an adequate energy intake on that diet, a protein intake of up to 0.75 g protein/kg/d may be prescribed. At least 50% of the protein intake for all of these patients should be of high biologic value. A guideline concerning indications for inaugurating maintenance dialysis treatment or renal transplantation on the basis of deteriorating nutritional status is also given.
Growth of HeLa cells in heavy water.

‘WHERE have thus far been two reported attempts to study the effect of D,O on biological systems in tissue culture. Fischer [2] employed explanted chick embryo tissue in a medium of 20 per cent plasma and 10 per cent chick embryo extract in Ringer’s solution, and observed little effect on growth over a 72-hour period when the concentration of D,O was less than 20 per cent. The retardation of growth appeared to be a linear function of concentration above 20 per cent, and growth ceased entirely in concentrations approaching 100 per cent. Cagianut [l], culturing rabbit connective tissue by the double coverslip method, noted that the concentrations of over 30 per cent D,O in Tyrode’s solution retarded mitosis and led to the induction of round cells, nuclear pyknosis and cell destruction within 10 hours. In both cases ‘tissue fragments were employed; in the first instance in a rich growth medium and in the second instance in a medium which would provide minimal maintenance of the cultures. We have investigated recently the effect of heavy waters on the growth of a human cell line cultured in monolayers in a relatively simple medium. S3 clonal strain HeLa cells [ll], which had been through numerous passages since its receipt from Dr. Puck, were seeded 50,000 per tube with contained coverslip and grown for 3 days at 37°C in a milieu composed of 10 per cent human serum in 0.5 per cent lactalbumin yeast extract in Earle’s saline. The cells were then washed with Hank’s balanced salt solution and the medium replaced with 10 per cent human serum in 199 [7] containing concentrations (v/v) of D,O of 0,5 10, 20, 30, 50 and 90 per cent, respectively. The tubes were then incubated and examined daily over a 7 day period. Coverslips were removed at varying intervals and stained with May-Griinwald Giemsa stain. Five tubes were employed at each concentration, and the experiment was repeated twice. There was little visible change from the controls in any of the tubes in the first 24 hours. However, by 48 hours cells in 50 and 90 per cent D,O began to show cytopathic effects (CPE) in the form of rounding and clumping, and some giant cell formation was evident in the 50 per cent cultures. By 72 hours cytopathogenicity and giant cells were also observed in the 30 per cent D,O cultures. It should be noted that a few giant cells were usually observedin normal, untreated cell populations. With increasing D,O concentrations in the culture medium, however, there appeared to be augmented numbers of these giant cells. Growth in concentrations through 20 per cent D,O was comparable to the controls up to the 4th day and 5th day, when cytologic changes became apparent. By the 6th day all cultures in D,O above 20 per cent manifested complete cytopathogenicity, the cells becoming, in large part, detached
Capacity analysis of gusset plate connections using the Whitmore, block shear, global section shear, and finite element methods

Abstract The 2007 collapse of the I-35W Bridge in Minneapolis, Minnesota led to additional load rating requirements for gusset plates. The Federal Highway Administration provided the direct tension and block shear methods to assess tensile capacity for use in load rating, as well as a mechanics based method to assess shear capacity on critical planes. However, the three methods provide limited information about ultimate behavior for complex connections. Using finite elements, the authors modeled the connection from Whitmore’s 1952 study to evaluate the plate capacity and failure mechanism. The analysis showed that the direct tension method was conservative, but predicted neither capacity nor behavior. Model performance corresponded well with the critical block shear capacity load in the left diagonal, and shear capacity on the gross horizontal plane. Yielding on this plane began around critical bolt holes and spread to either side of the plate, forming the critical failure mechanism.
Diasporas as Non-Central Government Actors in Foreign Policy: The Trajectory of Basque Paradiplomacy

Today's Basque diaspora includes nearly 200 Basque communities in 22 countries around the world. This article addresses the political culture and institutional relations between regional governments and their ethnic diasporas. Quantitative and qualitative data highlight the Basque Autonomous Community regional government's laws, programs, subsidies, and voting rights granted to their diaspora community institutions and individuals. I argue that non-central government actors are flexing their formidable capacity to direct their own mutually beneficial transnational relations.
Moving beyond Parity — Mental Health and Addiction Care under the ACA

Enactment of the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act in 2008 improved insurance coverage for mental health and addiction treatment. Now, the Affordable Care Act could affect the financing and delivery of such care even more profoundly.
The Effect of Hydrogen Donor Additive on the Viscosity of Heavy Oil during Steam Stimulation

The effect of the hydrogen donor additive on the viscosity of the heavy oils in the process of steam stimulation was studied. The results indicate that the heavy oil obtained from the Liaohe oilfields in China can undergo aquathermolysis at 240 °C for 24 h. After aquathermolysis, the viscosity of the oil sample decreased by 80%, and the SARA compositions changed. However, when there is no hydrogen donor additive in the reaction system, the viscosity of the reacted oil measured at different times after reaction will regress rapidly. With 0.8% tetralin, one of the most popular hydrogen donor additives, the viscosity did not regress again. The results are very useful for the popularization and application of the new technology for the in situ upgrading of heavy oil by aquathermolysis.
[Comment on “COSOD: A critique”]

In his critique of the Conference on Scientific Ocean Drilling (COSOD), Roland von Huene claims that COSOD presented an ‘unbalanced’ viewpoint with emphasis on too many deep-ocean objectives at the expense of continental-margin drilling problems. Although we both fully agree that a future program of scientific ocean drilling is an essential component of research in the earth sciences, von Huene questions whether the emphasis on the deep-ocean basins in the COSOD report reflects a general consensus of the earth science community. Any subset of a community is, of course, suspect as a true sample of the entire community. However, I believe that the 150 scientists from nine different countries who participated in COSOD and in the compilation of the report do, in fact, reflect the mainstream of scientific drilling interests as presently constrained by available and potentially available drilling technology. In order to demonstrate that this is so, I shall first comment on von Huene's ‘Historical Review’ of scientific ocean drilling, expand on the organizational aspects of COSOD, and finally comment on the scientific recommendations.
Counting matrices over finite fields having a given number of rows of unit weight

Abstract We present a formula enumerating matrices over a finite field of a given rank and a given number of rows of unit weight, i.e., each having a single nonzero entry. We also determine the number of subspaces of a given dimension containing a given number of vectors of unit weight.
RHEOLOGY, PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, AND ASPHALTENE DEPOSITION OF VISCOUS ASPHALTIC CRUDE OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS FOR PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION

The rheology of an asphaltic heavy crude oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by an anionic (RN) and a nonionic (TEP) surfactants individually or in a mixture has been studied. The investigated crude oil has a non-Newtonian, time dependent, shear thickening, rheopectic behavior with a relatively high yield stress. The relatively high yield stress of this crude oil is attributed to the presence of a relatively high asphaltene and resins content. The viscosity ofhe crude oil decreases when it is emulsified with synthetic formation water in the form of an oil-in-water type of emulsion using a nonionic or an anionic surfactant. It has been found that, the maximum oil content required for forming an oil-in-water emulsion of acceptable viscosity is the 60% oil-containing emulsion. However, the 70% oil-containing emulsion is not an oil-in-water type of emulsion but it is rather a complicated mixture of oil-in-water-in-oil type of emulsion. The presence of the anionic and the nonionic surfactants together has a syne...
Melanoma differentiation associated gene-7, mda-7/IL-24, selectively induces growth suppression, apoptosis and radiosensitization in malignant gliomas in a p53-independent manner.

Malignant gliomas are extremely aggressive cancers currently lacking effective treatment modalities. Gene therapy represents a promising approach for this disease. A requisite component for improving gene-based therapies of brain cancer includes tumor suppressor genes that exhibit cancer constrained inhibitory activity. Subtraction hybridization identified melanoma differentiation associated gene-7 (mda-7) as a gene associated with melanoma cell growth, differentiation and progression. Ectopic expression of mda-7 by means of a replication-incompetent adenovirus (Ad), Ad.mda-7, induces growth suppression and apoptosis selectively in diverse human cancers, without producing any apparent harmful effect in normal cells. We presently demonstrate that Ad.mda-7 induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in malignant human gliomas expressing both mutant and wild-type p53, and these effects correlate with an elevation in expression of members of the growth arrest and DNA damage (GADD) gene family. In contrast, infection with a recombinant Ad expressing wild-type p53, Ad.wtp53, specifically affects mutant p53 expressing gliomas. When tested in early passage normal and immortal human fetal astrocytes, growth inhibition resulting from infection with Ad.mda-7 or Ad.wtp53 is significantly less than in malignant gliomas and no toxicity is evident in these normal cells. Moreover, infection of gliomas with Ad.mda-7 or treatment with purified GST-MDA-7 protein sensitizes both wild-type and mutant p53 expressing tumor cells to the growth inhibitory and antisurvival effects of ionizing radiation, and this response correlates with increased expression of specific members of the GADD gene family. Since heterogeneity in p53 expression is common in evolving gliomas, the present findings suggest that Ad.mda-7 may, in many instances, prove more beneficial for the gene-based therapy of malignant gliomas than administration of wild-type p53.
Effects of aerosol exposures to cadmium chloride on the clearance of titanium dioxide from the lungs of rats.

This study deals with the hypothesis that the lymphatic uptake of particles from the lung parenchyma increases when phagocytosis by pulmonary macrophages is inhibited. Cadmium chloride was chosen as the toxicant to inhibit phagocytosis and was administered as an aerosol to rats at concentrations of 1.5 mg Cd/m3 (mass median aerodynamic diameter = 0.4 μm, σg = 1.4) and 5.0 mg Cd/m3 (MMAD = 0.4 μm, σg = 1.6), each for 30 min. Control animals were exposed to a saline aerosol. Lung clearance and lymphatic uptake were assayed after exposing the cadmium-exposed rats to titanium dioxide (TiO2) dust at concentrations of 12-15 mg/m3 (MMAD = 1.0 μm, σg = 2.3) for 6 h. Preexposure to 5 mg Cd/m3 decreased the initial deposition of TiO2 by 40% compared to a saline preexposure. Although the overall clearance of TiO2 from the lungs was not different in the cadmium-exposed animals, the lymph node burden was 2.7 times higher in the CdCl2-exposed animals than in the controls. Exposures to 1.5 mg Cd/m3 had no effect on lung...
An Investigation of Time Course of Category and Semantic Priming

Low semantically similar exemplars in a category demonstrate the category-priming effect through priming of the category (i.e., exemplar-category-exemplar), whereas high semantically similar exemplars in the same category demonstrate the semantic-priming effect (i.e., direct activation of one high semantically similar exemplar by another). The author asked whether the category- and semantic-priming effects are based on a common memory process. She examined this question by testing the time courses of category- and semantic-priming effects. She tested participants on either category- or semantic-priming paradigm at 2 different time intervals (6 min and 42 min) by using a lexical decision task using exemplars from categories. Results showed that the time course of category priming was different from that of semantic priming. The author concludes that these 2 priming effects are based on 2 separate memory processes.
Design of PREVENCION: A population-based study of cardiovascular disease in Peru

Latin America is undergoing the epidemiologic transition that occurred earlier in developed countries, and is likely to face a gigantic epidemic of heart disease in the next few years unless urgent action is taken. The first essential component of any effective cardiovascular disease (CVD) control program is to establish reliable estimates of cardiovascular disease-related morbidity and mortality. However, such data from population-based studies in Latin America are still lacking. In this paper, we present the design and operation of PREVENCION (Estudio Peruano de Prevalencia de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, for Peruvian Study of the Prevalence of Cardiovascular diseases). PREVENCION is an ongoing population-based study on a representative sample of the civilian non-institutionalized population of the second largest city in Peru. Its population is comparable to the rest of the Peruvian urban population and closely resembles other Latin American populations in countries such as Bolivia and Ecuador. Our study will contribute to the enormous task of understanding and preventing CVD in Latin America.
VMote: A Wearable Wireless Health Monitoring System

A low-power, wireless, wearable physiological monitoring system has been developed and implemented using commercial off-the-shelf components. The non-invasive system supports physiological monitoring of skin temperature, oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate (HR), blood volumetric pressure (BVP) and galvanic skin resistance (GSR). The sensors are integrated into a wearable device that can be used to monitor the health and wellness of various patient populations. Data collected by the sensors are sent wirelessly to a personal computer.
The Baby-Friendly way: the best breastfeeding start

In 1991, the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund launched the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. "Baby-Friendly" is a designation that a hospital or birthing site can receive by demonstrating compliance with the "Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding." Baby-Friendly is more than a catchy name or a snappy slogan. With Baby-Friendly policies in place, breastfeeding initiation and duration rates increase and infant illness decreases. This article reviews the development of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, describes the components of the initiative, and evaluates current data that favor the universal implementation of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative.
Efficient optical probes for fast surface velocimetry: multiple frequency issues for Fabry and VISAR methods

We have in the past used several types of optical probe lenses for delivering and collecting laser light to an experiment for laser velocimetry. When the test surface was in focus, however, the collected light would fill mostly the laser fiber rather than the collection fiber(s). We have designed, developed and used for 8 years nested-lens probe assemblies that solve this problem. Our first version used a commercial AR-coated glass achromat, which we cored to remove the inner fourth of its area. The core was then reinserted with its optical center offset from that of annulus by an amount slightly less than the separation between the laser and collector fibers. The laser and collector fibers are placed in contact with each other behind the lens and have NA values of 0.11 and 0.22, respectively. Because most of the collected light now focused on the collection fiber, this system was far superior to the single lens systems, but was laborious. For the last five years we used injection-molded acrylic aspheric nested lenses, which are inexpensive in quantity and require little labor to install into a probe. Only an azimuthal rotation and positioning of the fiber plane are needed to incorporate the plastic lens into a probe. Special ray-trace codes were written and used to design the lens, and many iterations by the molder were required to develop the injection processing parameters to produce a good lens, since it was thick for its diameter. These probes have real light collection efficiencies of 75% of theoretical, work well over a wide range of distances, with collection depths of field matching theory. The lenses can take 100 watts of pulsed power many times without damage, since the lens is designed so that reflections from the lens surface do not focus within the lens. The collection fiber size is designed to work with our manybeam velocimeter facility reported in a previous Congress, where the collection NA times collection fiber size exceeds the acceptance of the velocimeter. The Doppler-shifted light enters the collection fiber with angles between 0.11 and 0.2, with little light in the 0 to 0.11 NA region. However, the manybeam velocimeter uses just the light in the 0 to 0.11 NA range, except when we link two analyzer tables together. A slight amount of mode scrambling of the Doppler shifted light converts the light into a uniformly filled NA equals 0.2 angular range before entering the velocimeter analyzer table. We have expended seven hundred plastic nested lenses in various experiments. The most recent version of the fiber cable assembly will be shown. Six situations will be discussed where multiple reflected frequencies were observed in experiments, illustrating an advantage of the Fabry-Perot vs. the VISAR method.
The SSSP — Engagements and Contradictions

The Society for the Study of Social Problems (SSSP) was born in opposition to the prevailing practices and spirit of the American Sociological Society. Many of its originators regarded the renamed ASA as aiming to be a “science,” paralleling the “hard sciences.” At the same time that this empirical false gold was pursued, some saw Parsonian grand theory as blocking more critical approaches. My impression was that most of those at the founding meeting of SSSP were critical of the quantication of sociology. Some sought greater relevance to issues of the day. Perhaps others may have felt pushed aside by the dominant intellectual and methodological leaders of the profession. My view was not incompatible with some of those outlooks, but had some important—to me at least—different emphases. I was the youngest, and certainly the least important, person at that rst meeting, and had cast myself as a sociologist only a few months earlier. That was not a principled decision. I had been teaching in both the Economics and Sociology departments at Brooklyn College. When I received my Ph.D. that spring, the Economics Department offered me an instructorship and the Sociology Department, headed by Alfred McClung Lee, the animating spirit in the formation of the SSSP and the person who invited me to that rst SSSP meeting, dangled an assistant professorship. I became a sociologist. That decision was not completely status-based because I had had a sociological education outside of graduate courses. My graduate work at Columbia and Princeton was in economics, but I was close to sociologists in both places. My important sociological education was mainly in the Citizens’ Social Research Council. Alvin Gouldner and Frank Riessman, graduate students in sociology at Columbia, formed that grandiose sounding Council. Its aim was to pursue a more relevant social science than the Social Science Research Council (this occurred in the exciting immediate post World War II years). I joined with them in the effort to distill the ndings of social science (yes, we had great hopes for its empirical and theoretical developments) so that they would be useful for people involved in labor unions and community action. We published a periodical entitled, Ideas for Action, where we interpreted social science ndings and distilled their action implications. I was also involved in political activities, most importantly for me, the 1948 Progressive Party presidential campaign of Henry Wallace. I offer this autobiographical glimpse because it inuenced the ways that I regarded the SSSP at its beginning, and now. What I hoped is that the SSSP would be more than an alternative to ASA sociology. That it would develop a different kind of social science—engaged and facing the contradictions of that engagement. Engaged, for me, means more than trying to clarify and explain the world. Engagement also involves seeking ways to improve the situations of people treated as “Others,” those losing out because of their race, class or gender. That kind of engagement is dif cult and dangerous, as well as exhilarating.
Reading, Laterality, and the Brain: Early Contributions on Reading Disabilities by Sara S. Sparrow

Although best known for work with children and adults with intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorders, training in speech pathology and a doctorate in clinical psychology and neuropsychology was the foundation for Sara Sparrow’s long-term interest in reading disabilities. Her first papers were on dyslexia and laterality, and the maturational lag theory of developmental dyslexia proposed with Paul Satz, her mentor. The research program that emerged from this work had a wide impact on early neuropsychological models of reading disabilities. Although Sara went on to research focused on children with other developmental disabilities after she moved to Yale University, this initial research influenced her career- long interests in assessment, developmental models of disabilities, and early screening methods.
New Approaches to Mental Health Services in Colleges and Universities

The "mental health field has been defined as that area of human endeavor devoted to helping persons with emotional or psychological problems (Mariner, 1967). The community mental health model is based on public health principles, and one of the central concepts of the public health approach is prevention (Caplan, 1964). This is quite different from the traditional role of the professional psychologist who operated within a disease model of "mental illness" and worked almost exclusively in the area of remediation. Possibly one of the harshest indictments of the counseling profession has been its emphasis upon remediation as opposed to prevention. In addition, the psychologist's typical dealings with clients have been in a one-to-one therapeutic relationship with the emphasis upon long-term treatment. These modes of interaction seem inefficient when viewed from the new community mental health perspective. Very recently mental health conceptions have been applied to university counseling settings. Iveyl has described a concept of mental health which is uniquely relevant to the educational process. He views the entire college experience as consisting of a series of developmental tasks and crisis periods; these can be intellectual, social, vocational, or personal in nature. This developmental emphasis is used by Oetting (1967) to define a role of the professional psychologist as counselor in the educational system. In this system a mental health problem is defined as anything that prevents or interferes with the individual's ability to engage in and utilize a developmental task for personal growth. Therefore, the focus is not on providing psychotherapy, vocational counseling, or any other remedial service. Rather the focus is on helping the individual to profit from the college experience. The college experience is broadly defined as including not only intellectual processes but equally important social, personal, and emotional processes. Thus the role of the counselor-psychologist or mental health professional is extended to cover interest in the whole person (student). This approach for the counselor-psychologist is in keeping with the educational goals of the university and is especially appropriate to a conception of mental health in this setting.
Price of Permits: Measuring the Economic Impacts of Wetland Development on Flood Damages in Florida

Floods continue to pose a significant threat to the property and safety of human populations in the United States. The economic impact from floods is estimated in the billions of dollars annually, and these losses are exacerbated by increasing development. This article examines the impact of wetland alteration on flood damage among local jurisdictions in Florida over a 7-year period. Specifically, we measure wetland loss through the record of permits granted under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. Results show that, after controlling for environmental and socioeconomic variables, the number, type, and location of wetland permits are a significant predictor of flood damages.
Refined molecular characterization of the breakpoints in small inv dup(15) chromosomes

Inv dup(15) is the most common supernumerary marker chromosome in humans. To investigate the mechanism responsible for this frequent chromosome rearrangement, we characterized the breakpoints in 18 individuals with small inv dup(15) chromosomes [i.e., negative for the Prader-Willi (PWS)/Angelman syndrome (AS) critical region]. Since two proximal breakpoint regions (“hotspots”) for PWS/AS deletions have been previously identified with the most proximal 15q markers D15S541/S542 and S543, we hypothesized that formation of the small inv dup(15) chromosomes may involve one or both of these breakpoint hotspots. By analysis with S542, both breakpoint regions were found to be involved in approximately equal frequencies. In ten cases, the inv dup(15) was negative for S542 (Class I), indicating the breakpoint is between the centromere and the most proximal marker on chromosome 15. For the other eight cases, S542 was positive by fluorescence in situ hybridization (5/5) and/or microsatellite analysis (7/7), but S543 was negative (Class II). These two breakpoint regions appear to be the same as the two proximal breakpoints reported in the common PWS/AS deletions. To initiate cloning and sequencing of the Class II breakpoint, the gap in the yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) contig between S541/S542 and S543 was filled by screening the CEPH YAC and mega-YAC libraries. YACs 705C2 and 368H3 were found to bridge this gap, and therefore contain the more distal breakpoint region. The finding of consistent breakpoints in small inv dup(15), like that found in PWS/AS deletions, provides strong evidence for hotspots for chromosome breakage in this region. In addition, our results show that two extra copies (tetrasomy) of the region from 15cen to the euchromatic region containing S542 are present in individuals with Class II breakpoints. Since most individuals carrying a small inv dup(15) are phenotypically normal, the euchromatin region included in the small inv dup(15) chromosomes does not appear to contain genes with clinically significant dosage effects.