cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wheeled and standard walkers in Parkinson's disease patients with gait freezing.

Objectives. Compare the efficacy of two walking assistance devices (wheeled walker and standard walker) to unassisted walking for patients with PD and gait freezing. Background. Although numerous walking devices are used clinically, their relative effects on freezing and walking speed have never been systematically tested. Methods. Nineteen PD patients (14 non-demented) walked under three conditions in randomized order: unassisted walking, standard walker, and wheeled walker. Patients walked up to three times in each condition through a standard course that included rising from a chair, walking through a doorway, straightway walking, pivoting, and return. Total walking time, freezing time and number of freezes were compared for the three conditions using mixed models (walking time) and Friedman's test (freezing). The wheeled walker was further studied by comparing the effect of an attached laser that projected a bar of light on the floor as a visual walking cue. Results. Use of either type of device significantly slowed walking compared to unassisted walking. Neither walker reduced any index of freezing, nor the laser attachment offered any advantage to the wheeled walker. The standard walker increased freezing, and the wheeled walker had no effect on freezing. Among the non-demented subjects (n=14), the same patterns occurred, although the walking speed was less impaired by the wheeled walker than the standard walker in this group. Conclusions. Though walkers may stabilize patients and increase confidence, PD patients walk more slowly when using them, without reducing freezing. Because the wheeled walker was intermediate for walking time and does not aggravate freezing, if walkers are used for these subjects, this type of walker should be favored.
Funding and Focus: Resource Dependence in Public Higher Education

Utilizing resource dependence theory, this study investigates the relationship between institutional reliance on net tuition dollars as a source of revenue and institutional expenditures for education and related activities at public, four-year institutions of higher education in the United States. Drawing on an 11-year panel of university-level data and utilizing an instrumental variables approach which acknowledges the potential endogeneity of institutional revenue structure, I find that institutional expenditures are quite responsive to changes in revenue patterns. This is a finding that is discussed within the context of the longstanding trend of decreased state support for public higher education, as well as the increasing popularity of market-oriented approaches to the management of public higher education systems observed in the United States and abroad.
Surveying the Boundaries of Historical Linguistics and Archaeology: Early Settlement in South Central Africa

Drawing on evidence from South Central Africa, this paper explores two methods for linking the linguistic and archaeological records. Since the 1960s, scholars have correlated the hypothesized spatial and temporal overlaps of linguistic speech communities and pottery traditions, with varying success in the face of revisions to linguistic classifications and debates over pottery typologies. This paper assesses similar correlations between speech communities within the Bantu-Botatwe family and ceramic traditions of South Central Africa. Then, it proposes direct associations for specific activities and tools attested in both the linguistic and archaeological records in order to test correlations between pottery traditions and speech communities as well as the reliability of glottochronology. The development of a dense cluster of direct associations between the two records converging on the “when and where” of historical processes allows for the incorporation of theoretical and historical interpretations founded on one body of evidence into narratives developed from another type of data and, therefore, facilitates a “peer” engagement between the disciplines.
Budgetary Control in a Decentralized System: Meeting the Criteria for Fiscal Stability in the European Union

This article provides a set of measures that are recommended to the leadership of the European Union to enhance budgetary balance and control within a highly decentralized system, one that requires the coordination of budgetary policy in more than a dozen nations. These measures are intended to be relevant to European budgetary coordination efforts but also appear to apply to U.S. federal initiatives to reduce the annual budget deficit and total debt. The individual measures recommended include holding increases in expenditures at or below the rate of GDP growth, establishing envelopes for major accounts, placing all entitlement on a pay-as-you-go basis, means testing of entitlements and elimination of automatic entitlement indexing, considering the option of marginal reductions in some entitlement programs, and voting on budgets as single, omnibus packages. The proposal to establish executive line-item budget authority also is evaluated-and rejected.
Accountability, resource allocation and the production of educational outcomes

Abstract In this chapter, the authors propose and evaluate an accountability system based on indicators that combine elements of both inputs and outcomes. The authors stress the importance of ensuring that accountability systems in education are flexible and sensitive to the sometimes competing ends that schooling systems pursue. This approach places considerable emphasis on open inquiry and discussion between centralized authorities and constituent schooling units. The authors envision a four phase accountability strategy which attempts to move the system away from a reliance on penalties and rewards and toward a system based on cooperation and communication. An overview of an effort to implement this kind of approach in New York State is provided.
Fluorescence energy transfer studies on the active site of papain

Abstract Measurements have been performed of the excited-state lifetimes and fluorescence yields of papain tryptophan units when acyl derivatives of Phe-glycinal are bound at the active site of the enzyme. The enhancement of tryptophan fluorescence in complexes of papain with the acetyl or benzyloxycarbonyl derivatives is not stereospecific with respect to the configuration of the phenylalanyl residue, and the L and D isomers are equally effective as active-site-directed inhibitors of papain action. Evidence is offered in favor of the conclusion that this enhancement is primarily a consequence of the interaction of the phenylalanyl side chain of the inhibitor with Trp-69 of the enzyme. This residue can exchange fluorescence energy with the other four tryptophans of papain (Trp-7, Trp-26, Trp-177, Trp-181) upon excitation near their absorption maxima, but such “homotransfer” is absent if they are excited at the long-wave edge of their absorption spectra. Crystallographic data indicate that Trp-26 is most favorably positioned for efficient energy exchange with Trp-69, and the fluorescence data have been used to calculate a distance of 11 A between the two residues; this value is in satisfactory agreement with that found by crystallography. When derivatives of Phe-glycinal bearing an amino-terminal mansyl [6-(N-methylanilino)-2-naphthalene sulfonyl] group are bound at the active site of papain, the tryptophan fluorescence is quenched, as compared with that of the complex of papain with acetyl-Phe-glycinal, indicating energy transfer from papain tryptophan (most probably via Trp-26) to the fluorescent probe group. Although the L and D isomers of mansyl-Phe-glycinal are equally effective as inhibitors of papain action, the fluorescence quenching by the two isomers is different.
Madame Wong Lives in a Cage

Abstract Few people outside of Hong Kong are aware of the plight of the thousands of poor Chinese elderly who live in cage-like structures in dimly lit old buildings in some of the most densely populated low-income neighborhoods in Hong Kong. This paper describes the living conditions of the cagewomen and the emergence of cagehouses and raises concerns about the future of the cagehouse elderly men and women after the transfer of sovereignty from Great Britain to the People's Republic of China on July 1, 1997.
Secondary ion mass spectrometry of nonvolatile isocyanide complexes of silver(I) and copper(I)

Abstract A series of silver and copper coordination complexes has been studied using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Results are presented for the monomeric silver(I) complexes [Ag(CNR)4]X, where R = cyclohexyl for X  ClO4−, and R = methyl or t-butyl for X  PF6−. Likewise, Cu(I) complexes [Cu(CNR)4]PF6, where R =methyl, t-butyl, or cyclohexyl, were examined. The presence of AgL2+ (L represents the intact RNC ligand) and the absence of AgL3+ and AgL4+ species attests to the gas phase stability of two-coordinate silver(I). Similar results to these were obtained for the Cu(I) complexes, with the exception of [Cu(CNCH3)4]PF6 whose spectrum contains CuL4+, CuL3+, CuL2+, CuL+, and Cu+ ions. The latter result reflects the enhanced stability of the tetrahedral Cu(I) geometry compared to Ag(I) in the gas phase. Cross labeling experiments and isotopic labeling studies have provided insights into fragmentation mechanisms. Ligand exchange occurs when mixtures are examined. These exchange reactions provide evidence for extensive molecular mixing which can accompany SIMS even under low primary ion dose conditions. Cluster ion formation as well as the observation of α-cleavage of the NC bonds of RNC ligands have been observed and these results are discussed. Granulated graphite and ammonium chloride were employed to study matrix effects. Granulated graphite enhanced NC cleavage for the silver complexes but had little effect on the relative abundance of silver cluster ions. On the other hand, copper cluster ions were more sensitive to matrix effects.
Shedding light on photoperiodism

In mammals, photoreception is restricted to the eye. By contrast, nonmammalian vertebrates possess photoreceptors in a wide array of extraocular tissues, including the pineal complex and brain (1). The identity of the deep brain photoreceptors has remained elusive. They continue to be the least studied of all nonvisual photoreceptor classes, although their existence in the vertebrates has been known for nearly a century. In this issue of PNAS, the Yoshimura laboratory presents a study that represents a significant stride toward identifying and characterizing encephalic photoreceptors (2).
Breast Cancer Risk Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Genotypes Do Not Correlate with Risk Estimates from Existing Prediction Models.

Background:Breast cancer risk assessment professionals employ models to estimate individual probabilities of developing breast cancer. The Gail, Claus and BRCAPro models integrate personal, reproductive and family history variables to generate absolute risk estimates. A number of common DNA variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) are associated with modest elevations (relative risk 0.05) in distribution of estimated breast cancer risk scores were found between women carrying 0, 1, or 2 risk alleles at any locus except 6q22.33, where AJ women homozygous for the risk allele rs2180341 were noted to have higher LT Claus (p=0.001) and BRCAPro (p=0.01) estimates. When comparing subjects with no risk alleles to those with 1-2 risk alleles for each SNP, no significant differences in distribution of estimated risk were noted at any loci, including 6q22.33. There was no significant correlation between the total number of risk alleles carried by a subject and her estimated lifetime Gail (ρ=-0.052, P=0.27), Claus (ρ=0.051, P=0.32), or BRCAPro (ρ=0.024, P=0.60) risk.Conclusions:In this analysis, risk allele genotype did not correlate with absolute breast cancer risk estimated by standard models. This suggests that the contribution to risk of genotype at these SNPs is insufficient to impact the modeled estimate. Further studies are necessary to evaluate whether incorporation of genotypic information can improve the calibration or discriminatory accuracy of existing models. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 901.
The Normal Lattice-A Cascade Digital Filter Structure

A normal lattice is defined as a cascade of two-input two-output second-order normal form digital filter modules. An analysis of this structure is presented along with an iterative algorithm for constructing the system eigenvectors, a scaling algorithm, and an explicit expression for roundoff noise gain. These expressions and algorithms provide an explicit design procedure for realizing arbitrary rational transfer functions for single-input single-output filters. Comparisons with other digital filter structures show that the normal lattice has very low roundoff noise and low coefficient sensitivity in realizations of narrow-band filters. This structure is also well adapted to the realization of complex filters.
The Handbook of Addictive Disorders

The Handbook of Addictive Disorders: A Practical Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment (Coombs, 2004) is a comprehensive and thoughtful text that addresses issues not normally included in addiction cour...
C. elegans meg‐1 and meg‐2 differentially interact with nanos family members to either promote or inhibit germ cell proliferation and survival

The closely related C. elegans MEG-1 and MEG-2 proteins localize to P granules during a brief period of embryogenesis when the germ lineage is being separated from the soma. Embryonic primordial germ cells still develop in the absence of MEG activity, but major defects emerge during larval stages when germ cells fail to proliferate or differentiate normally, resulting in sterility. To investigate meg-1 function, we conducted a targeted RNAi screen for enhancers and suppressors of meg-1 sterility. Here, we show that meg-1 interacts with multiple pathways that promote germ cell proliferation and survival. Surprisingly, we found that two nanos family members had opposing effects on the meg-1 phenotype. Loss of nos-3 suppressed the meg-1 phenotype, restoring fertility, while loss of nos-2 enhanced the meg-1 phenotype, abolishing proliferation and causing early and pronounced germ cell degeneration. Together, our analyses suggest that, under circumstances that favor proliferation, MEG function is not essential for germ cells to proliferate, although it is important for optimal proliferation. Additionally, MEG activity is likely more directly involved in germ cell survival than previously thought. genesis 49:380–391, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Degranulation of mast cells and inhibition of the response to secretory agents by phototoxic compounds and ultraviolet radiation

Abstract The symptoms of cutaneous phototoxicity from coal tar compounds and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug benoxaprofen are characterized by wheal and flare formation which is mediated by histamine released from dermal mast cells. Rat serosal mast cells were used as an in vitro model system to study the direct effect of phototoxic compounds on mast cell degranulation. The coal tar compounds studied included acridine and pyrene. Combined exposure of cells to acridine and UVA (320 to 400 nm) radiation caused mast cells to degranulate, as assayed by the release of [3H]serotonin. Maximum [3H]serotonin release (70 to 80%) was obtained with 50 μ m acridine and 300 kJ/m2 UVA. Pyrene (25 μ m ), when photoexcited with UVB (280 to 360 nm) radiation, caused about 80% release of [3H]serotonin. No degranulation occurred with 20 μ m benoxaprofen and UVB doses up to 7.2 kJ/m2. Trypan blue staining correlated well with degranulation caused by acridine plus UVA; however, with pyrene plus UVB there was greater [3H]serotonin release than dye uptake. Excitation of photosensitizers with doses of UV radiation that did not cause trypan blue staining suppressed degranulation of mast cells in response to chemical stimulation. Acridine, pyrene, and benoxaprofen in the presence of UV radiation inhibited the mast cells from responding to compound 48 80 or the calcium ionophore, chlortetracycline. Two other phototoxic compounds, chlorpromazine and deoxytetracycline, also abolished degranulation by compound 48 80 . These findings indicate that phototoxic compounds: (1) cause degranulation in the presence of high doses of UV radiation; and (2) suppress degranulation of mast cells in response to secretory stimuli at doses of UV radiation that do not cause release of mediator.
Pacemaker Spike Alternans: An Artifact of Digital Signal Processing

Marked variability in the amplitude or polarity of pacemaker artifacts may be a clue to generator malfunction or partial electrode fracture. We report a case where "pacemaker spike alternans" occurred factitiously as a result of a digital "roll-over" effect. The widespread introduction of digital electrocardiographs into clinical practice makes recognition of such artifacts important.
Submillimeter Wave Radiometry

The sensitivities of square-law detectors and superheterodyne receivers presently available at the shorter millimeter wavelengths are reviewed and extrapolated to the submillimeter region. It is concluded that, for applications which permit wide reception bandwidths, significantly more sensitivity will result from use of a direct-detection system consisting of a chopper, square-law detector and narrow-band amplifier than will be attainable with superheterodynes in the foreseeable future. The expected sensitivity of a direct-detection system at wavelengths of the order of 1 mm is compared with that of the most sensitive centimeter radiometers.
Coherent optical generation of Hartley transform of real images

Abstract A new method to generate optical Hartley transform (OHT) for 2D real images is proposed. The method is based on polarization encoding of the coherent optical beam. Different coherent optical image processing techniques are discussed.
A colony filter-hybridization procedure for the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa

A colony filter-hybridization procedure for the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa has been developed. The procedure is sensitive enough to detect Escherichia coli plasmid pBR322 DNA integrated into chromosomal DNA in a Neurospora transformant. Thus, it should facilitate the isolation of nuclear genes by plasmid-rescue procedures.
Initial post-buckling behaviour of a class of elastic structural systems

Abstract The stability and early stages of post-buckling of a class of conservative elastic structural systems is considered. Forms of the statical equilibrium paths of the ideal systems are first established and then the effect upon these forms of a certain type of initial imperfection is studied. Stability boundaries and the relationships between imperfections and critical loads are derived.
Thermodynamics Constrains Allometric Scaling of Optimal Development Time in Insects

Development time is a critical life-history trait that has profound effects on organism fitness and on population growth rates. For ectotherms, development time is strongly influenced by temperature and is predicted to scale with body mass to the quarter power based on 1) the ontogenetic growth model of the metabolic theory of ecology which describes a bioenergetic balance between tissue maintenance and growth given the scaling relationship between metabolism and body size, and 2) numerous studies, primarily of vertebrate endotherms, that largely support this prediction. However, few studies have investigated the allometry of development time among invertebrates, including insects. Abundant data on development of diverse insects provides an ideal opportunity to better understand the scaling of development time in this ecologically and economically important group. Insects develop more quickly at warmer temperatures until reaching a minimum development time at some optimal temperature, after which development slows. We evaluated the allometry of insect development time by compiling estimates of minimum development time and optimal developmental temperature for 361 insect species from 16 orders with body mass varying over nearly 6 orders of magnitude. Allometric scaling exponents varied with the statistical approach: standardized major axis regression supported the predicted quarter-power scaling relationship, but ordinary and phylogenetic generalized least squares did not. Regardless of the statistical approach, body size alone explained less than 28% of the variation in development time. Models that also included optimal temperature explained over 50% of the variation in development time. Warm-adapted insects developed more quickly, regardless of body size, supporting the “hotter is better” hypothesis that posits that ectotherms have a limited ability to evolutionarily compensate for the depressing effects of low temperatures on rates of biological processes. The remaining unexplained variation in development time likely reflects additional ecological and evolutionary differences among insect species.
Differential geometric methods in system theory

Discussion of certain problems in system theory which have been or might be solved using some basic concepts from differential geometry. The problems considered involve differential equations, controllability, optimal control, qualitative behavior, stochastic processes, and bilinear systems. The main goal is to extend the essentials of linear theory to some nonlinear classes of problems.
Sorption and modeling of mass transfer of toxic chemical vapors in activated-carbon fiber-cloth adsorbers

A new activated-carbon fiber-cloth (ACFC) adsorber coupled with an electrothermal regenerator and a cryogenic condenser was designed and developed to efficiently capture and recover toxic chemical vapors (TCVs) from simulated industrial gas streams. The system was characterized for adsorption by ACFC, electrothermal desorption, and cryogenic condensation to separate acetone and methyl ethyl ketone from gas streams. Adsorption dynamics are numerically modeled to predict system characteristics during scale-up and optimization of the process in the future. The model requires diffusivities of TCVs into an activated-carbon fiber (ACF) as an input. Effective diffusivities of TCVs into ACFs were modeled as a function of temperature, concentration, and pore size distribution. Effective diffusivities for acetone at 65 °C and 30-60 ppmv were measured using a chromatography method. The energy factor for surface diffusion was determined from comparison between the experimental and modeled effective diffusivities. The modeled effective diffusivities were used in a dispersive computational model to predict mass transfer zones of TCVs in fixed beds of ACFC under realistic conditions for industrial applications.
Feature selection for gaze, pupillary, and EEG signals evoked in a 3D environment

As we navigate our environment, we are constantly assessing the objects we encounter and deciding on their subjective interest to us. In this study, we investigate the neural and ocular correlates of this assessment as a step towards their potential use in a mobile human-computer interface (HCI). Past research has shown that multiple physiological signals are evoked by objects of interest during visual search in the laboratory, including gaze, pupil dilation, and neural activity; these have been exploited for use in various HCIs. We use a virtual environment to explore which of these signals are also evoked during exploration of a dynamic, free-viewing 3D environment. Using a hierarchical classifier and sequential forward floating selection (SFFS), we identify a small, robust set of features across multiple modalities that can be used to distinguish targets from distractors in the virtual environment. The identification of these features may serve as an important factor in the design of mobile HCIs.
Abridgment of voltage irregularities in D-C. generators

This paper enumerates the voltage irregularities which may occur in d-c. generators. It gives a description of these irregularities, the cause of their occurrence, the magnitude of their values, and their effects on radio circuits; it also states the problem encountered in their measurement. A method is described for the measurement of these voltage irregularities by the use of an oscillograph, a blocking condenser, and a current transformer. A number of oscillograph records illustrative of the voltage irregularities existent in various d-c. generators is shown, and an analysis of the wave form made for each component of slow and fast ripple. These records were taken under various electrical and mechanical conditions of the generators. Comparisons between these records are made. There are conclusions drawn as to features desirable in d-c. generators.
To Dive or Not to Dive: What Depth is Safe?

(1994). To Dive or Not to Dive: What Depth is Safe? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 65, No. 4, pp. 17-23.
Narrative and Medicine

A 36-year-old Dominican man with a chief symptom of back pain comes to see me for the first time. As his new internist, I tell him, I have to learn as much as I can about his health. Could he tell me whatever he thinks I should know about his situation? And then I do my best not to say a word, not to write in his chart, but to absorb all that he emits about his life and his health. I listen not only for the content of his narrative, but for its form — its temporal course, its . . .
A value based orientation to new product planning

Offers a framework which can assist managers to carry out new product planning and development activities with an explicit focus on consumer value perceptions. Describes how consumer perceptions of benefits and sacrifices are related to value perception. Presents conditions for successes of each orientation and provides directions for modifying strategic focus in response to changing conditions.
Beyond Test Scores Middle-Class Mothers, Cultural Capital, and the Evaluation of Urban Public Schools

The pursuit of high-quality schools for their children is one of the main factors motivating middle-class families to exit urban communities. This study draws on interviews with middle-class mother...
Climate science: Tropical expansion by ocean swing

The tropical belt has become wider over the past decades, but climate models fall short of capturing the full rate of the expansion. The latest analysis of climate simulations suggests that a long-term swing of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation is the main missing cause from the coupled climate models.
Approaching Civic Responsibility Using Guided Controversies About Environmental Issues

Abstract. We implemented a series of three guided controversies to provide experience in environmental problem solving to students in a science course designed for nonmajors. Students wrote essays in response to their experiences in each controversy; we analyzed these essays for five problem-solving criteria. A questionnaire administered at the end of the course supported an increased interest in civic engagement as a result of the integration of the controversies within the course. These teaching strategies and learning outcomes appear to be instrumental in equipping students as citizens with the skills needed to engage in decision making regarding environmental problems.
Negative Inotropic Effect of Nifedipine in the Immature Rabbit Heart Is Due to Shortening of the Action Potential

Contractions in neonatal rabbit ventricular myocytes seem to depend predominantly on Ca2+ influx through the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (NCX). Unexpectedly, neonates are sensitive to the negative inotropic effect of L-type Ca2+ channel blockers. L-type Ca2+ channel blockers depress contractile function indirectly in neonatal myocytes by shortening the action potential duration (APD), thereby decreasing the influx of activator Ca2+ through the NCX. Freshly isolated ventricular myocytes from adult and neonatal (1-5 d) rabbits were electrically stimulated (0.5 Hz; 35 degrees C) while action potential (AP) and Ca2+ transients (Indo-1) were recorded in the absence and presence of nifedipine (10 microM). In separate experiments, cells were voltage-clamped with a constant AP waveform (APD90=170 ms) to determine the effect of nifedipine on Ca2+ transients independent from effects on the AP. Voltage-clamp experiments confirmed that nifedipine blocks L-type Ca2+ current in neonatal myocytes. Nifedipine markedly reduced Ca2+ transient amplitude and APD in both adults (transient=20 +/- 7%; APD90=31 +/- 4% of control) and neonates (transient=38 +/- 10%; APD90=57 +/- 6% of control). When the AP was held constant by voltage clamping, nifedipine significantly reduced the amplitude of Ca2+ transients in adults (27 +/- 9% of control) but had no effect on Ca2+ transient amplitude in neonatal myocytes. These results are consistent with the concept that immature ventricular myocytes are less reliant on L-type calcium channels and are more dependent on NCX for contraction. The negative inotropic effect of L-type Ca2+ channel blockers in neonates is attributable to shortening of the AP.
Flow cytometric assessment of the cellular pharmacokinetics of fluorescent drugs.

Development of multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells decreases net doxorubicin uptake as a result of either increased efflux, or decreased intracellular sequestration, or decreased membrane permeability. Kinetic parameters of drug uptake can distinguish among these forms of altered transport. Cellular uptake of fluorescent drugs was monitored by a flow cytometric assay using a rapid-injection system and analyzed with a three-compartment model in which rapid diffusion from extracellular fluid into the cell was followed by uptake into a nonexchangeable pool. In agreement with our recent studies of 14C-doxorubicin distribution (Dordal et al.: J Pharmacol Exp Ther 271:1286–1290, 1994), sequestration of doxorubicin was decreased 2.7-fold in P-glycoprotein-expressing SU-4R lymphoma cells compared to drug-sensitive SU-4 cells (14.0 ± 4.8 vs. 5.0 ± 0.9 nl s−1) without a change in membrane permeability or evidence of active efflux. In contrast, sequestration of the highly fluorescent dye rhodamine 123 was decreased 20-fold (17.1 ± 8.3 vs. 0.9 ± 0.8 nl s−1). Resistant cells were significantly less permeable to rhodamine than sensitive cells (3.8 ± 1.2 vs. 10.2 ± 2.6 × 105 cm2 s−1), and rhodamine efflux was increased by 24%. Thus, SU-4R cells exhibit multiple alterations that cause decreased intracellular drug concentrations, of which decreased sequestration is quantitatively the most significant. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Partial nucleotide sequence of the Japanese encephalitis virus genome.

Abstract Approximately 10 kb of the estimated 10.9-kb genome of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JE; Nakayama strain) has been cloned as cDNA; the uncloned portion includes 430 bases at the 5′-terminus and 450 bases at the 3′-end. A map of the genome has been developed through nucleotide sequencing and in vivo expression with the Escherichia colt expression vector λτ11 and immunological identification. Sequence results for 4320 nucleotides suggest the JE genome organization is very similar to those of three other flaviviruses for which sequence information is available. Like the other flaviviruses, the JE proteins are encoded by a single open reading frame that continues uninterrupted throughout the region sequenced. Considerable homology exists between the JE RNA and protein sequences and those of the other characterized flaviviruses. Comparative nucleotide and (amino acid) homology values for the M-E-NS1-ns2 segment of JE are approximately MVE, 70% (80%), WN, 68% (76%), and YF, 50% (45%). Even greater homology is suggested when the protein hydrophobicity profiles are compared. The molecular relationships are consistent with the established serological relationships among JE, MVE, and WN viruses and argue that these flaviviruses may have been derived from a common evolutionary ancestor.
Teacher Practice in Multi User Virtual Environments: A Fourth Space.

Practicing teaching is an important aspect of teacher education, however, its implementation can be limited due to the constraints and risks related to practicing in actual schools. There is evidence in the literature of Multi User Virtual Environments (MUVEs) being used as spaces for training, especially in fields where the costs associated with making a mistake are high. Less has been written on their use for teachers’ professional development. This paper adds to the literature on teacher preparation and the use of MUVEs for professional development in a unique way by presenting a rationale and theoretical basis for why MUVEs might be a viable, alternative space for a range of teacher practice experiences.
Loss of the tight junction protein ZO-1 in dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis.

Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with increased intestinal permeability and decreased expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins in the inflamed mucosa. Whether this alteration in TJ expression is a prerequisite for the development of intestinal inflammation or a secondary result of that inflammation is unknown. This study looked at the expression of the TJ protein ZO-1 and the corresponding permeability changes in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced colitis in a mouse model. Materials and methods BALB/c mice were fed 3% DSS or water for 1, 3, 5, or 7 days. The animals were weighed, stool was checked for blood, and the colon length measured. Segments of the colon were used for histology, immunohistochemistry for ZO-1, or Western blot for TJ proteins. Colonic permeability was measured using Evan's Blue dye. Results DSS treated animals had heme positive stools, colitis by histology, significant weight loss, and colon shortening. There was an absence of ZO-1 by Western blot in the 7-day DSS treated animals, double the amount of claudin-1 and normal cytokeratin. The loss of ZO-1 started after 1 d of DSS treatment and was followed by a significant increase in permeability to Evan's blue by day 3. Conclusions The loss of ZO-1 and increased permeability preceded the development of significant intestinal inflammation suggesting that in DSS colitis alterations in the TJ complex occur before the intestinal inflammation and not as a consequence of it. These changes in the TJ complex may facilitate the development of the inflammatory infiltrate seen in colitis.
Catalytic combustion of hydrogen—III. Advantages and disadvantages of a catalytic heater with hydrogen fuel

Abstract An experimental study of a catalytic heater with hydrogen fuel was conducted for comparison with a hydrocarbon fuelled catalytic heater in initiating temperature of combustion, adjustable heat output and distribution of surface temperature of a catalyst. Hydrogen combustion was initiated at around room temperature even on pelletized oxides developed by us. There was no practical limitation of heat output on the lower side for hydrogen heaters, while 1.0 kcal cm−2 h−1 was the lower limit for LPG and natural gas heaters. Since hydrogen is extremely light in comparison with air and flows upwards across the catalyst body, the distribution of catalyst temperature tended to be considerably non-uniform.
Intestinal epithelial cells both express and respond to interleukin 15

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Interleukin (IL)-15 exerts functional effects on lymphocytes similar to those of IL-2. IL-15 is expressed by nonlymphoid cells and may integrate these cells into classical immune responses. The aim of this study was to characterize the expression of IL-15 by intestinal epithelial cells and determine the functional roles of IL-15 within the mucosal immune system. METHODS: Rat IL-15 was cloned from a rat jejunal library. Expression of IL-15 in rat and human intestinal epithelial cells was assessed by Northern and Western blotting. Tyrosine kinase activation in response to IL-15 in intestinal epithelial cells was determined by immunoprecipitation. RESULTS: Rat and human intestinal epithelial cells express IL-15 messenger RNA. IL- 15 activates Stat3 and stimulates the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells. The relevance of the observations for intestinal epithelial cell function in vivo was supported by the demonstration of transcripts for IL-15 in primary human intestinal epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: IL-15 is expressed by intestinal epithelial cells function. These experiments suggest that IL-15 is an important mediator that could integrate intestinal epithelial cell function with the intestinal immune system. (Gastroenterology 1996 Dec;111(6):1706-13)
Exact solutions of the unsteady hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic flows past an infinite plate

Exact solutions for the hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic unsteady flows of an incompressible viscous fluid with general free stream velocity [u∞=f(t)] are obtained. From the unsteady hydrodynamic solution, several existing solutions such as the steady-state solution of Meredith and Griffith for constant free stream velocity (u∞=u0) and the quasi-steady-state solution of Stuart for free stream oscillations [u∞=u0(1+eeiωt] are obtained. Also, the solutions are found for finite and large values oft and for their asymptotic cases. These results are obtained for both hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic cases and are compared at each stage.
An Overview on the Indium-Thallium (In-Tl) Shape Memory Alloy Nanowires

The binary indium–thallium (In–Tl) alloy is a classic type of shape memory alloy with a low melting temperature. In–Tl nanowires (NWs) were prepared by a simple mechanical injection of liquid metal method using anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) as a template. Sample preparation procedures are given in detail, including the AAO fabrication and mechanical injection techniques. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was utilized to characterize the NWs. It was revealed that the NWs were composed of polycrystals with high crystallinity. By in situ heating the NWs in the TEM, reversible transformations between the parent and the martensite phases were observed in both large and small NWs.
Endoscopic Sinus Surgery in the Developmentally Delayed Child

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) has gained widespread support as the treatment of choice for chronic sinusitis in children. Seven developmentally delayed children were evaluated for chronic sinusitis with symptoms of cough, chronic rhinorrhea, and head banging because of pain. All seven were nonresponsive to repeated courses of oral and sometimes intravenous antibiotics; computed tomography scans on all revealed sinus disease. FESS was performed on all of them. Three children had marked respiratory difficulty at the end of the procedure, with two requiring reintubation. Two children were not able to take oral feedings postoperatively. Because of the complicated postoperative course, a second-look procedure was performed in only two children. We believe that FESS for developmentally delayed children should be tailored accordingly and that a second-look procedure should not be a routine.
Progress in low-noise microwave tube design

Low-noise microwave amplifier tubes are used primarily in microway relay and radar receivers. A commercial S-band low-noise travelling-wave tube is used as an example to illustrate the basic components, their philosophy and design. Particular stress is laid on the tube processing and the design of the cathode-first-anode region of the electron gun. The wave theories for travelling-wave-tube noise figures are reviewed, and the significance of the older theory in the light of recent results is discussed. While the generalized noise theory of longitudinal-wave devices is well in hand, theories for the region of multi-velocity flow are still in the early stages. Noise figures of other types of longitudinal-wave tubes should theoretically be as low as those of travelling-wave tubes, but the latter have enjoyed greater development. Empirical results from the work on travelling-wave tubes are stated, although they are not fully understood. Finally, suggestions are made as to promising areas for noise-figure improvement.
Simultaneous gas-liquid chromatographic determination of aldoses and alduronic acids

Abstract Aldoses and alduronic acids can be simultaneously identified and quantitated by wide-bore capillary gas-liquid chromatography. The aldoses are converted to alditol acetates and the alduronic acids are converted to their corresponding N-propylaldonamide acetates. Standard mixtures containing as little as 100 ng each of arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose, inositol, mannuronic, glucuronic, and galacturonic acids can be readily analyzed. Inositol or phenyl-β- D -glucopyranoside can be used as internal standards.
Interview with Dr. Jerry W. Gilley

This essay contains a brief biography and an interview with Dr. Jerry W. Gilley, one of the leading writers and scholars in the field of Human Resource Development today. The interview was conducted in April 2011.
Automatic thresholding of three-dimensional microvascular structures from confocal microscopy images.

Summary We have combined confocal microscopy, image processing, and optimization techniques to obtain automated, accurate volumetric measurements of microvasculature. Initially, we made tissue phantoms containing 15-μm FocalCheck™ microspheres suspended in type I collagen. Using these phantoms we obtained a stack of confocal images and examined the accuracy of various thresholding schemes. Thresholding algorithms from the literature that utilize a unimodal histogram, a bimodal histogram, or an intensity and edge-based algorithm all significantly overestimated the volume of foreground structures in the image stack. Instead, we developed a heuristic technique to automatically determine good-quality threshold values based on the depth, intensity, and (optionally) gradient of each voxel. This method analyzed intensity and gradient threshold methods for each individual image stack, taking into account the intensity attenuation that is seen in deeper images of the stack. Finally, we generated a microvascular construct comprised of rat fat microvessel fragments embedded in collagen I gels and obtained stacks of confocal images. Using our new thresholding scheme we were able to obtain automatic volume measurements of growing microvessel fragments.
Slow waves in mutually inhibitory neuronal networks

Abstract A variety of experimental and modeling studies have been performed to investigate wave propagation in networks of thalamic neurons and their relationship to spindle sleep rhythms. It is believed that spindle oscillations result from the reciprocal interaction between thalamocortical (TC) and thalamic reticular (RE) neurons. We consider a network of TC and RE cells reduced to a one-layer network model and represented by a system of singularly perturbed integral-differential equations. Geometric singular perturbation methods are used to prove the existence of a locally unique slow wave pulse that propagates along the network. By seeking a slow pulse solution, we reformulate the problem to finding a heteroclinic orbit in a 3D system of ODEs with two additional constraints on the location of the orbit at two distinct points in time. In proving the persistence of the singular heteroclinic orbit, difficulties arising from the solution passing near points where normal hyperbolicity is lost on a 2D critical manifold are overcome by employing results by Wechselberger [Singularly perturbed folds and canards in R 3 , Thesis, TU-Wien, 1998].
Light-scattering detection in liquid chromatography

Abstract A novel detection system for liquid chromatography is described which consists of post-column solute precipitation and light-scattering measurement of the formed precipitate. Its efficiency is demonstrated by the sensitive detection of non-polar lipids of biological origin separated by reversed-phase chromatography. A linear relationship between the square root of the detector response and sample concentration was found for several lipid solutes. Detection sensitivity below 10 −6 g has been achieved with the present system. Some response-affecting factors were also investigated.
Faculty and Staff Partnering With Student Activists: Unexplored Terrains of Interaction and Development

In this study, we build on two recent works (Gaston-Gayles, Wolf-Wendel; Tuttle, Twombley, and Ward, 2004; Slocum & Rhoads, 2008) that examine faculty and staff work with student activists, but expand the scope to include new questions such as why and how they partner with students, the impact of institutional context, and what role it might play in student development. We use the tempered radical theory to frame the study. The research project involved case study research of five campuses and interviews with 165 grassroots leaders. We believe the main contribution of this study examining faculty/staff and student partnerships for change was being able to identify the everyday, common, and humble ways that these groups work to create change on an ongoing basis that is often missed in literature that focuses on dramatic and radical events of student activism. We also believe that it is through these common and every day experiences that students have the most opportunity for student development because they occur regularly, provide ongoing opportunities to practice activism, and teach students the everyday skills of being a good citizen.
An IRAS High Resolution Image Restoration (HIRES) Atlas of All Interacting Galaxies in the IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample

The importance of far-infrared observations for our understanding of extreme activity in interacting and merging galaxies has been illustrated by many studies. Even though two decades have passed since its launch, the most complete all-sky survey to date from which far-IR selected galaxy samples can be chosen is still that of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS). However, the spatial resolution of the IRAS all-sky survey is insufficient to resolve the emission from individual galaxies in most interacting galaxy pairs, and hence previous studies of their far-IR properties have had to concentrate either on global system properties or on the properties of very widely separated and weakly interacting pairs. Using the HIRES image reconstruction technique, it is possible to achieve a spatial resolution ranging from 30'' to 15 (depending on wavelength and detector coverage), which is a fourfold improvement over the normal resolution of IRAS. This is sufficient to resolve the far-IR emission from the individual galaxies in many interacting systems detected by IRAS, which is very important for meaningful comparisons with single, isolated galaxies. We present high-resolution 12, 25, 60, and 100 μm images of 106 interacting galaxy systems contained in the IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample (RBGS, Sanders et al.), a complete sample of all galaxies having a 60 μm flux density greater than 5.24 Jy. These systems were selected to have at least two distinguishable galaxies separated by less than three average galactic diameters, and thus we have excluded very widely separated systems and very advanced mergers. Additionally, some systems have been included that are more than three galactic diameters apart, yet have separations less than 4' and are thus likely to suffer from confusion in the RBGS. The new complete survey has the same properties as the prototype survey of Surace et al. We find no increased tendency for infrared-bright galaxies to be associated with other infrared-bright galaxies among the widely separated pairs studied here. We find small enhancements in far-IR activity in multiple galaxy systems relative to RBGS noninteracting galaxies with the same blue luminosity distribution. We also find no differences in infrared activity (as measured by infrared color and luminosity) between late- and early-type spiral galaxies.