cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mouridism: A Local Re-Invention of the Modern Senegalese Socio-Economic Order

These words start the essay, “Jazâ'u sakur” (The Exile to the Sea), the magnum opus of Serigne Moussa Ka, who can be considered the master of all mouride poets and historians and the pioneer of the commentary of the treatises of Cheikh Amadou Bamba Mbacke (Serigne Touba). Serigne Moussa Ka was Serigne Touba’s disciple. His master named him Cheikh in charge of the exegesis of Mouride Philosophy. For Ka’s ordination, Serigne Touba asked him to translate his philosophy into Wolof and to explain his doctrine to the masses who did not have access to Arabic: “Musa, Leeralal mbir mi talibee yi!” (Mousa, clarify the subject to the Talibees!). Moussa Ka’s essay, “Jazâ'u sakur'' narrates the exile of Serigne Touba to Gabon and is considered to be the most accurate commentary and explanation of the foundation of Mouridism. Serigne Touba’s exile to Gabon is considered by Mourides, to be a spiritual and physical contest between the colonial Western European organization of society and the Wolof traditional culture.
Epigenetics of pain mediators.

Purpose of reviewThe field of epigenetics continues its influential rise as a means to better understand an organism's unique developmental identity over a lifespan. Whereas a genome is constant and unchanging, an epigenome is dynamic and alterable. Epigenetic changes are in response to innumerable
Illuminating Mobile Zinc with Fluorescence: From Cuvettes to Live Cells and Tissues

With the aid of chemoselective sensors, fluorescence microscopy has emerged as an indispensable tool to visualize the distribution and dynamics of various biologically important molecules in live specimens. Motivated by our interest in understanding the chemistry and biology of mobile zinc underlying its physiological and pathological roles, over the past decade, our laboratory has developed an extensive library of zinc fluorescence probes. In this chapter, we provide essential information about our sensor toolbox in order to assist investigators interested to apply our constructs to study various aspects of mobile zinc biology. We illustrate their use with several examples of imaging both exogenous and endogenous mobile zinc in live cells and tissues using various versions of fluorescence microscopy, including confocal and two-photon microscopy.
Synthetic Estimation in Followback Surveys at The National Center for Health Statistics

The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) through its vital registration system collects and publishes data on vital events (births and deaths) for the United States (NCHS 1989). NCHS produces national, State, county, and smaller area vital statistics for sociodemographic and health characteristics which are available from birth and death certificates. The Division of Vital Statistics of NCHS produces annual summary tables for the United States showing trends in period and cohort fertility measures and characteristics of live births. Also, NCHS produces detailed tabulations by place of residence and occurrence for each State, county, and city with a population of 10,000 or more; by race and place of delivery and place of residence for population-size groups in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties within each State by race, attendant and place of delivery, and birth weight. These statistics are based on a complete count of vital records.
Fibronectins and Their Receptors in Cancer

The extracellular matrix protein fibronectin and its receptors (integrins α5β1, α4β1, α9β1, αvβ3, αvβ1, and αvβ6) play an active role in tumor growth and metastasis. Numerous tumors exhibit increased expression of fibronectin and its receptors, thereby promoting proliferation, survival, and motility of tumor cells as well as their subsequent metastasis. Additionally, fibronectin and integrins on endothelial cells promote tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, thereby contributing to tumor metastasis. Antibodies against fibronectin are under development for cancer imaging and for targeted therapy. Antibodies directed against select fibronectin-binding integrins are also under clinical investigation, as these integrins are expressed on tumor cells and tumor neovessels.
Pathology of the Sub-Retinal Space

The sub-retinal space is bounded externally by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), internally by the external limiting membrane, proximally by the intermediary tissue of Kuhnt at the peripapillary region, and distally by cell junctions between RPE and Mueller cells at the ora serrata. Each of theses boundaries is distinctive structurally and reacts differently to disease conditions.
Incorporating spatial variability of pavement foundation layers stiffness in reliability-based mechanistic-empirical pavement performance prediction

Abstract Adequate pavement quality and performance are critical for road users’ safety, ride comfort, vehicle operation and travel delay costs, and vehicle durability. An accurate and robust pavement design is essential for realistic life cycle cost analysis, as well as overall management of the infrastructure. Compared to deterministic design methods, probabilistic methods are more realistic and can capture the inherent uncertainty in pavement and foundation materials; and loading conditions. In this study, spatial variability and systematic measurement errors in foundation layers’ (including the base and subgrade layers) stiffness are incorporated in reliability-based mechanistic-empirical (ME) pavement performance models. Geospatial models are used to characterize both, the spatial variability and systematic measurement errors. To predict the long term pavement performance, the geospatial models were used to construct stochastic finite element (FE) models, which were then used to predict the performance based on the mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide equations (MEPDG). It is found that the typical covariance functions, also known as semivariograms or variograms, should be handled carefully when used in probabilistic performance modeling. Separating the inherent spatial variability from other uncertainties is necessary for performing risk and reliability analysis. Moreover, incorporating the inherent spatial variability in the stochastic FE models can alter the location of the critical response as described in the MEPDG.
A Semiliquid Lithium Metal Anode

Summary Solid electrolytes are considered to be key components for next-generation lithium metal-based rechargeable batteries. However, to implement a solid electrolyte with lithium metal still remains a challenge because of the insufficient contact between the solid/solid interface. To address this shortcoming, we have created a novel suspension-based liquid/solid interface by employing solid electrolytes with a semiliquid lithium metal anode (SLMA) that is flowable at room temperature. The SLMA consists of lithium microparticles evenly distributed in a dual-conductive polymer matrix. In a symmetric cell with a garnet based solid electrolyte, the SLMA shows stable lithium stripping and plating behavior with low overpotential at the current density of 1 mA/cm 2 and 1 mAh/cm 2 for nearly 400 h. This work shows a significant improvement over previous work based on lithium anode with the same type of solid electrolyte. The method used in this work has great potential for building reliable alkaline metal-based rechargeable batteries.
Ideological Constraint: History and Current Status of the Concept

Fifty years ago, Converse (1964) introduced the principle of ideological constraint. While references to this concept are still prevalent in the political science literature, its import largely rests on one's acceptance of Converse's classic formulation of political sophistication, about which there has been a voluminous literature and persistent debate. Here the origins and conceptual foundations of this concept are reviewed to assess its precise relevance to what it means to be politically ‘sophisticated.’
Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma in the molecular age and the potential of targeted therapies: a review

Pediatric adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas (ACPs) are histologically benign brain tumors that often follow an aggressive clinical course. Arising in the sellar/suprasellar region, they grow in close proximity to critical neurological and vascular structures and can result in significant neuroendocrine morbidity. First-line treatment often involves surgical resection with or without radiotherapy and has been associated with significant morbidity and poor quality of life outcomes. As a result, the discovery of alternative effective and safe treatments is clearly desirable. In recent years, laboratory studies have harnessed sophisticated techniques to identify the upregulation of several markers that may represent potential therapeutic targets. These targets include IL-6, PD1/PD-L1, MEK, IDO-1, and others. Agents that target these pathways exist, and there is an opportunity to investigate their potential efficacy in the treatment of ACP. Trials investigating some of these agents as monotherapy and in combination for the treatment of pediatric ACP are underway or in development. If positive, these trials may result in a paradigm shift in treatment that will hopefully result in reduced morbidity and better outcomes for patients.
Beyond Post-Tonal: A Broader Approach to the Fourth Semester Course

In this article, I argue for organizing the undergraduate curriculum around topics that are applicable to a wide variety of repertoires. Doing so allows students to continue to learn the central concepts and skills that theorists seek to impart via the core curriculum but through a wider variety of musical styles and traditions. Pairing this approach to the curriculum with a wide range of musical activities and projects that extend beyond analysis to include improvisation, arranging, performance, composition, and research helps students connect the content to their own instruments, degree programs, and musical interests. I describe my application of this philosophy towards curricular reform within the context of a fourth semester course on twentieth-century music, where twentieth-century music was treated as a broad category encompassing post-tonal and avant garde music alongside jazz, popular, and world music. This article presents a broad overview of the course, discusses the successes and failures of this approach, and offers some suggestions for how it may be implemented and adapted for various teaching contexts.
Bandwagon Investment Equilibrium of Investment Timing Games

Empirical research reports various behaviors exhibited by investors, including voluntary concurrent investments, which are called bandwagon investments. However, the current theoretical understandi...
Chapter 11 Fusion Activity of the Hemagglutinin of Influenza Virus

Publisher Summary This chapter describes cell fusion mediated by influenza virus and discusses genetic approaches to this process. Influenza viruses, with the potential to cause new pandemics or epidemics in an immune population, carry antigenically novel hemagglutinins (HAs). The HA glycoprotein is the major antigen of the influenza virus. It is the ability of these viruses to synthesize antigenically novel HAs that explains the difficulty in controlling the disease. At the same time, the advent of recombinant DNA technology, knowledge of the gene encoding the HA, and X-ray analysis of the structure of the ectodomain of the HA molecule have provided substantial information on its physical domains, the location of antigenic and glycosylation sites, its trimeric structure, and orientation with respect to the plasma membrane. The HA molecule, therefore, constitutes an excellent model system for the study of membrane fusion. Monoclonal antibodies, raised against influenza viruses, have allowed a detailed analysis of the antigenic structure of the protein, and from the studies of the recognition of HA and other viral polypeptides by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes is emerging a complex picture of the cellular immune response to influenza virus. Recently, assays have been developed to monitor the state of folding and oligomerization of nascent and mature forms of HA.
Different Types of Intimate Partner Violence Likely Require Different Types of Approaches to Prevention: A Response to Buzawa and Buzawa

Buzawa and Buzawa (this issue) assert that there are different typologies of intimate partner violence (IPV) defined by the extent to which the violence is part of a general pattern of coercive control. They center their discussion on batterers, who are understood to be responsible for the most severe forms of abuse and injury. Economic factors are believed to be "only a weak predictor of violence" in these cases. Thus, they argue that, in the face of severe budget constraints, there is a need to focus on the chronically violent offender and support-coordinated services for IPV victims. We agree that there are different types of IPV distinguishable by the extent to which the violence is occurring within a pattern of general coercive control and that each type has different risk and protective factors. We also agree economic factors interact with other factors in complex ways and vary in the extent to which they predict different types of IPV. However, we argue economic factors should not be ignored as an important strategy in preventing situational couple violence (SCV) and helping victims to escape from intimate terrorists (ITs). Relying on response (rather than prevention) strategies, such as coordinated community response-for which there is limited evidence of effectiveness-is unlikely to significantly impact rates of all types of IPV.
Entropy in a Social Science Context

The paper will give an overview of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, entropy, and relative entropy. There will be a listing of areas where the latter two concepts are being employed today. The principle discussion will be in terms of the social sciences. The author will give brief examples drawn from prior research in economics. However, the emphasis will be on the research technique employed. The hope is that others will be motivated to try the technique in their endeavors.
ABIOTIC REGULATION OF INVESTMENT IN SEXUAL VERSUS VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION IN THE CLONAL KELP LAMINARIA SINCLAIRII (LAMINARIALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE)1

Clonal kelp taxa may reproduce both sexually and vegetatively resulting in a potential trade-off in the allocation of acquired carbon and nitrogen resources. Such trade-offs may dictate a different response of clonal kelps to varying environmental conditions relative to aclonal kelp taxa. Laboratory temperature and nutrient manipulation experiments demonstrated that investment in sexual and vegetative reproduction in Laminaria sinclairii (Harv. ex Hook. f. et Harv.) Farl., C. L. Anderson et D. C. Eaton was regulated by different abiotic factors. Sorus production (investment in sexual reproduction) and blade growth were significantly higher at 12°C compared to 17°C, regardless of nutrient concentration. Net carbon storage and depletion in rhizomes were observed in the low- and high-temperature treatments, respectively, suggesting that carbon stores were not responsible for increased growth. Rhizome elongation (investment in vegetative reproduction), on the other hand, was significantly higher in 12 μM NO3 (-) than in 2 μM NO3 (-) , irrespective of temperature. This increase in rhizome growth was concurrent with elevated rhizome percent tissue nitrogen levels also observed in treatments with higher nutrients, again indicating a growth response to treatment independent of previous nutrient stores. These results suggest that regulation of growth and investment in sexual reproduction in L. sinclairii is similar to that in aclonal kelps (i.e., warmer temperatures result in decreased reproductive output). Additionally, depletion of carbon and nitrogen from rhizomes in suboptimal conditions confirms the role of clonal kelp rhizomes in carbon and nutrient storage.
Fuzzing the Boundary of Animal Life

The Extended Organism The Physiology of Animal-Built Structures. J. Scott Turner. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2000. 247 pp. $47.50. ISBN 0-674-00151-6. Turner applies the idea of an extended phenotype to discuss structures animals use to capture and channel physical and chemistry energy from their environments.
Power supply requirements for a tokamak fusion reactor

The power supply requirements for a 7-m major radius commerical tokamak reactor have been examined, using a system approach combining models of the reactor and poloidal coil set, plasma burn cycle and magnetohydrodynamics calculations, and power supply characteristics and cost data. A conventional system using a motor-generator flywheel set and solid-state rectifier-inverter power supplies was studied in addition to systems using a homopolar generator, superconducting energy storage inductor, and dump resistors. The requirements and cost of the power supplies depend on several factors but most critically on the ohmic heating ramp time used for startup. Long ramp times (greater than or equal to 8 s) seem to be feasible, from the standpoint of resistive volt-second losses, and would appear to make conventional systems quite competitive with nonconventional ones, which require further research and development.
On the lumpability of regional income convergence

This paper examines how “lumping”, the aggregation of different states of a Markov chain into one state, affects the underlying properties of the Markov process. Specifically, a Markov chain model of income convergence for US states is estimated, and different quantile lumpings are tested to determine if they preserve the Markov property. This work ties into the broader literature on modelling regional income convergence using Markov processes, specifically with attempts to quanity how reasonable choices about state space compression are and the quantification of these choices’ consequences. First, we estimate a rank Markov model. From this, we find that Markov models for regional income convergence lose the Markov property when quantile lumps are large and contain many states, but perform well when lumps get smaller, containing fewer states. This new positive finding and technical work paves the way for broader studies of lumpability of discrete Markov models for geographic or policy regions.
On the Construction of Sets of Integers with Equal Power Sums

Abstract In this paper we give a new method for constructing sets of integers having equal t th power sums. Using the method, some new results are derived concerning the Tarry-Escott Problem.
Long-term follow-up of Greenfield inferior vena cava filter placement in children.

Abstract Objective: The long-term results of Greenfield inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement have been well documented in adults; however, similar data do not exist for pediatric patients. The potential for growth and the increased life expectancy in younger patients may contribute to a difference in the natural history of filters placed in children. The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcome of pediatric patients with IVC filters. Methods: At the University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, medical records and radiographs of patients 18 years old or younger at the time of IVC filter placement were reviewed. Follow-up data were obtained by interview, physical examination, and venous duplex ultrasound scanning. Results: A total of 15 IVC filters were placed in children 18 years old or younger between 1983 and 1999. In 10 patients the indications for IVC filter placement were lower-extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and/or pulmonary embolism. In five patients, prophylactic filters were placed in the absence of DVT because of a high risk for the development of pulmonary embolism. Surgical exposure of the right internal jugular vein was used to place the first eight filters. The remainder were inserted percutaneously through the right internal jugular vein or the right common femoral vein. There were no complications or mortality related to filter insertion. Follow-up of the surviving 14 patients ranged from 19 months to 16 years. During long-term follow-up, no patient had a pulmonary embolus. Of the nine patients who had lower-extremity DVT, three developed mild common femoral venous reflux documented by duplex scan. Of the five patients who had prophylactic filters, four had no symptoms or duplex evidence of reflux. The other patient, who was paraplegic, had bilateral leg edema but no venous varicosities and no reflux on duplex scan 11 years after filter placement. No patient in either group had chronic venous obstruction. Conclusion: In long-term follow-up there were no instances of pulmonary embolism, IVC thrombosis, significant postphlebitic symptoms, or significant filter migration among 14 pediatric patients with Greenfield IVC filters. This suggests a safety profile and efficacy similar to that seen in adults. (J Vasc Surg 2001;34:820-5.)
Food restriction in female Wistar rats. VII. Mitochondrial parameters in resting and proliferating splenic lymphocytes

The effect of food restriction on the mitochondria of resting and proliferating rat splenocytes was examined, measuring the membrane potential and mass of these organelles, by means of the specific fluorescent probes Rhodamine-123 and Nonyl Acridine Orange, respectively. Food restriction was applied on an every-other-day schedule (EOD) starting at the age of 3.5 months. The ad libitum fed (AL) animals were killed when they were 4, 11 and 24 months old, whereas the EOD rats were killed at 11 and 26 months. Resting lymphocytes from AL rats showed an age-dependent increase of both membrane potential and mass of their mitochondria. However, the mitochondrial mass increased to a larger extent when compared with the membrane potential resulting in a decrease of the respiratory quotient (RQ), i.e. of the respiratory activity per unit of mitochondrial mass. In EOD animals, the mitochondrial membrane potential was lower and the mitochondrial mass was higher in the corresponding age-matched controls, resulting in a further decrease of RQ. Following mitogenic stimulation, most of the cells from young and adult AL rat showed an increase of membrane potential and mass of their mitochondria. In contrast about 50% of cells from old AL rats had depolarized organelles after 72 h from the stimulation. Food restriction was able to prevent these alterations allowing the majority of cells, including those from old animals, to maintain the hyperpolarization of their mitochondria during the 3-day culture. In light of the well known sensitivity of mitochondrial membrane potential to peroxidative stress, present data suggest that the increase of respiration occurring during mitogenesis may increase free radical production, which is better tolerated by cells from EOD animals than by those from AL animals.
Massive Hemoptysis and Tension Pneumothorax following Pulmonary Artery Catheterization

We report a case of massive hemoptysis and bilateral tension pneumothorax immediately following placement of a fiberoptic pulmonary artery catheter. We postulate air entry into a traumatic communication caused by the catheter, traversing a parenchymal artery, the contiguous airspace and the interstitial space. Dissection of air through the perivascular sheath and into tissue planes of the thorax and abdomen followed. This sequence was rapidly fatal. Tension pneumothorax should be considered if dynamic respiratory system compliance remains poor despite aggressive evacuation of blood from the trachea of a patient with a recently inserted balloon-type catheter.
Modelling and visualizing morphology in the fungus Alternaria

Alternaria is one of the most cosmopolitan fungal genera encountered and impacts humans and human activities in areas of material degradation, phytopathology, food toxicology, and respiratory disease. Contemporary methods of taxon identification rely on assessments of morphology related to sporulation, which are critical for accurate diagnostics. However, the morphology of Alternaria is quite complex, and precise characterization can be laborious, time-consuming, and often restricted to experts in this field. To make morphology characterization easier and more broadly accessible, a generalized statistical model was developed for the three-dimensional geometric structure of the sporulation apparatus. The model is inspired by the widely used grammar-based models for plants, Lindenmayer-systems, which build structure by repeated application of rules for growth. Adjusting the parameters of the underlying probability distributions yields variations in the morphology, and thus the approach provides an excellent tool for exploring the morphology of Alternaria under different assumptions, as well as understanding how it is largely the consequence of local rules for growth. Further, different choices of parameters lead to different model groups, which can then be visually compared to published descriptions or microscopy images to validate parameters for species-specific models. The approach supports automated analysis, as the models can be fit to image data using statistical inference, and the explicit representation of the geometry allows the accurate computation of any morphological quantity. Furthermore, because the model can encode the statistical variation of geometric parameters for different species, it will allow automated species identification from microscopy images using statistical inference. In summary, the approach supports visualization of morphology, automated quantification of phenotype structure, and identification based on form.
Recording single motor unit activity of human nasal muscles with surface electrodes: applications for respiration and speech.

Abstract A method is presented for recording nasal single motor unit (SMU) potentials from the skin surface using a 3-pole ‘branched’ bipolar electrode. Stable, high-quality recordings of single motor unit activity were obtained for up to 3 h. Branched electrode arrays were capable of locating an SMU's maximal voltage point within 5 mm. We examined nasal SMU discharge patterns in relation to respiration in 9 adult humans. The majority of SMUs which discharged during quiet breathing began firing late in expiration and ceased mid-ng in mid-inspiration, other SMUs dischargedonly during expiration, and a few fired continually with frequency modulation during breath cycles. With increased ventilation, new SMUs were recruited, and previously active SMUs increased the frequency and duration of their discharge. We examined the discharge of 13 units (5 adults) which dischaage during speech but were never active during quiet or moderately increased breathing. Some of these SMUs fired during production of nasal consonants, and others were actve for articulations involving facial movements (bilabial stops, labio-dental fricatives, and vowels produced with lip movement). By providing information about motor neuron recruitment which cannot be obtained from gross EMG recordings, surface recording of unit potentials may be useful in studying central nervous control of the nasal upper airway, face, and neck for respiration and speech.
Radiation from and panel response to a supersonic turbulent boundary layer

Abstract When the convection velocity of the turbulence exceeds the local speed of sound in the medium the coupling of the panel modes to the acoustic field becomes very strong. The structural damping which is usually constant for all modes is overshadowed by the acoustic damping which increases with frequency. For a boundary layer of nearly zero pressure gradient the linear theory is still useful in predicting the panel response and compares well with experiment. Using Kirchhoff's theorem the acoustic power radiated from a turbulent boundary layer was expressed in terms of the cross spectral density of the pressure field over a rigid plane surface. Computation shows that by using this method the acoustic power level agrees satisfactorily with the measurement.
Heterogeneous nucleation of bubbles at solid surfaces in gas-supersaturated aqueous solutions

Abstract CH 4 , Ar, and N 2 supersaturation thresholds for cavitation in saturated aqueous solutions of succinic acid, potassium nitrate, and potassium chloride were determined at room temperature in the presence and absence of crystalline precipitates. To avoid the introduction and interference of preformed gaseous nuclei, crystals were formed in situ by cooling prior to decompression, after the solutions had been equilibrated with gas at elevated pressure and temperature. In the succinic acid and potassium nitrate systems, bubbles first occurred during decompressions in exclusive association with crystals. At ambient pressure, such cavitation occurred with supersaturations below 10 atm, while cavitation without crystals required supersaturations over 100 atm. In contrast, cavitation with potassium chloride crystals required supersaturations exceeding 100 atm. It is concluded that thresholds with succinic acid and potassium chloride crystals accurately reflected particular properties of the crystal-liquid interfaces, while the low thresholds observed with potassium nitrate crystals may also have reflected certain effects of the preceding crystallization processes per se. Results may be of particular biological significance because thresholds with succinic acid crystals at atmospheric pressure were within 5 atm of the supersaturations which elicit bubble-induced trauma in animals and man.
RECONSTITUTING THE DEMOCRATIC SUBJECT: SEXUALITY, SCHOOLING, AND CITIZENSHIP

In this review essay, Robert Rhoads and Shannon Calderone consider how liberalism, as a guiding principle for school practices and educational policy making, reinforces heteronormativity through a doctrine of professed neutrality that circumscribes sexual expression and subjectivity. Through an analysis of Carol Vincent’s Social Justice, Education, and Identity; Cris Mayo’s Disputing the Subject of Sex: Sexuality and Public School Controversies; and Susan Birden’s Rethinking Sexual Identity in Education, Rhoads and Calderone argue that the form of liberalism espoused by schools operates in contradiction to any pluralistic democratic project emphasizing social justice and inclusion of the “other.” By highlighting the discursive contradictions and structural conditions of schools that lead to the marginalization and disenfranchisement of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, and queer students, each book proposes alternative forms of educational praxis that attempt to disrupt the liberal status quo of schools. Such praxis, Rhoads and Calderone argue, offers possibilities for new forms of democratic organization within schools that conform with a more robust and inclusive notion of citizenship.
Evaluation of Lactuca Germplasm for Resistance to the Northern Root-knot Nematode

Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood, the northern root-knot nematode, is a major pest on lettuce (Lactuca spp.) in the northeastern United States. In order to identify resistant germplasm, 494 lettuce accessions (443 L. sativa, 36 L. serriola, 7 L. virosa. and 8 L. saligna) were evaluated in the greenhouse in two trials. Six-week-old Lactuca spp. seedlings were inoculated with 5000 M. hapla eggs per plant and evaluated after 12 weeks. Galling severity and fresh root weight were measured. Of the 443 L. sativa accessions, only two, PI 508476 and PI 419140, repeatedly exhibited a root galling index of ≤2, indicating up to 20% galling, in two screening trials. Four wild Lactuca accessions, L. saligna PI 281876, L. saligna PI 491000, L. saligna 261653, and L. virosa PI 273579, were also considered highly resistant, suggesting that these accessions may be useful in hybrid breeding studies.
Do conditional cash transfer programs shift votes? Evidence from the Honduran PRAF

How do national social programs influence local voting? This study utilizes the experimental set up of a conditional cash transfer program to show that small, targeted cash transfers can have large electoral effects. The Honduran PRAF program allocated an average of $18 per capita per year to poor households within municipalities that were randomly assigned to receive the program. Although the program was administered at the national level, the program increased an incumbent mayor's re-election probabilities by 39%, without significantly influencing voting behavior in presidential elections. Moreover, the evidence suggests that transferring cash to poor households were more effective at increasing political support than interventions providing public goods for poor villages.
Magnetic properties of polycrystalline FeBSi alloys with ultrafine grains

Abstract It has been found that the Curie temperature T c and saturation magnetic induction B s decrease with decreasing grain size while the coercivity H c increases significantly with decreasing grain size. The observations are attributed to the specific vibrational spectrum of grain boundary atoms results in the increase of their mean square displacements and the latter may induce the magnetic disorder. The increase of H c can be interpreted by the significant enhancement of defects density with the reduction of grain size. We also found that the optimum soft magnetic properties can be obtained when only a small amount of α-Fe crystallites precipitated during well-adjusted heat treatment. This can be interpreted in terms of an additional magnetic anisotropy energy.
Stimulation of somatosensory cortex locked to whisker motions in a mouse model of active sensing

Active sensing incorporates closed-loop behavioral selection of information during sensory acquisition. The rodent whisker tactile system provides an ideal platform for studying these processes. We developed methods to deliver optogenetic feedback to mouse primary somatosensory cortex (SI), time-locked to active sensing motions (whisking) estimated through facial electromyography (EMG). To explore the impact of SI activity on individual whisker motions, we delivered stimulation locked to EMG threshold crossings at multiple delays. We found that stimulation regularized whisking (increasing overall periodicity), and shifted whisking frequency. These behavioral changes emulate changes observed when rodents actively contact objects, suggesting a role for SI in action selection that could guide design of sensory neuroprostheses sensitive to active sensing context.
Morphometric analysis of Cartesian coordinates of the human skull

A method for locating the three dimensional coordinates of cranial landmarks with respect to the Frankfort, midsagittal, and coronal planes is presented. Sliding calipers were used to obtain the distances from left and right porion and apex to each landmark, except for a few points where spreading calipers are required. In the present example, 35 landmarks (for a total of 105 measurements) were located for each of 35 Peruvian precolumbian skulls. These distances were entered into a program (SKULL) which calculates the Cartesian coordinates of each landmark. The XYZ coordinates of each landmark contain all the information necessary for calculation of the distances between any two landmarks, and these distances may also be obtained as output from program SKULL, if desired (595 distances if all 35 landmarks are used). Reliability of the location of coordinates was determined by comparing computed distances among selected landmarks from program SKULL with traditional anthropometric measurements. Satisfactory agreements were found. Direct multivariate analysis of the coordinates of the landmarks produced insights not available in traditional multivariate analysis of conventional anthropometric measurements.
Serum gonadotropins and follicular development in the Syrian hamster.

Hamster serum gonadotropins were measured by RIA at 4 h intervals during the estrous cycle. On the afternoon of proestrus both LH and FSH exhibited a surge, but unlike the situation in the rat and mouse FSH returned to “baseline” with LH by early evening of proestrus. Shortly following this return FSH concentrations increased and reached a second peak by noon on estrus which was equal in magnitude and longer in duration than that occurring on proestrus. FSH fell to its lowest levels on diestrus 2 (D2) and early proestrus. Serum gonadotropins were measured by RIA 6 h following unilateral ovariectomy on D2. A slight elevation of LH resulted while FSH increased to a level equal in magnitude to that found during the proestrous surge. In intact females administration of a total of 45 μg FSH in 5 injections on D2 resulted in ovulation of twice the normal number of eggs. The t½ of this rat FSH in the male hamster was found to be 122 minutes. The low levels of FSH during the cycle between D2 and proestrus, the la...
Accuracy of polyether and addition silicone after long-term immersion disinfection

Abstract Statement of problem. Some studies have demonstrated that short-term immersion disinfection does not affect the accuracy of polyether or addition silicone materials. Impressions are often disinfected for longer than recommended time periods. Purpose. This study evaluated these materials after simulating overnight disinfection. Material and methods. Impressions were made of a master model with Extrude Extra material with Extrude Wash addition silicone and Impregum F material in combination with Permadyne Garant polyether material. Nondisinfected impressions served as controls, whereas the disinfected samples were immersed for 18 hours in a full strength 2% acid glutaraldehyde solution. Anteroposterior and cross arch dimensions of the working cast and occlusogingival, mesiodistal, and buccolingual dimensions of working die were assessed. The data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance at "alpha" = 0.05. Results. No significant differences were observed for anteroposterior and cross arch dimension when compared with the master model. However, significant differences were found for occlusogingival dimension at 18 hours of disinfection for both materials. The addition silicone 18-hour disinfection group was significantly less accurate in the mesiodistal dimension. Conclusion. Accuracy of both impression materials was adversely affected with 18 hours of immersion disinfection. Long-term (18 hours) immersion disinfection will affect the fit of fixed partial prostheses. (J Prosthet Dent 1997;78:245-9.)
Self-Patterned Gold-Electroplated Multicapillary Gas Separation Columns With MPG Stationary Phases

Gas chromatography (GC) is a powerful analytical method to accurately and reliably identify the constituents of a complex mixture. There are numerous efforts to miniaturize GC system, in general, and separation columns, in particular, for rapid, dependable, and portable on-site analysis. This paper reports the development of two diverse self-patterned gold electrodeposition fabrication techniques for high-aspect-ratio microfluidic channels including multicapillary GC columns. First approach involves geometry-dependent tuned electroplating conditions to self-pattern gold along the vertical sidewalls without any deposition on horizontal top and bottom surfaces, while the second method provides highly conformal gold deposition inside the 3-D microchannels. Both reported approaches do not require a postdeposition patterning step while affording at the same time excellent bonding and stationary phase coating yields. The ability of thiol to self-assemble on gold surface is also utilized to form monolayer-protected gold (MPG) surfaces and is used as a stationary phase for micro GC. To evaluate the chromatographic performance of both schemes, 250-μm -deep 30-μm-wide 25-cm-long microfabricated multicapillary columns (μMCCs) with 16 channels are functionalized by self-assembly of octadecanethiol (C18H37 SH) to form the MPG surface. With about 7300-plate/m theoretical plates, these columns demonstrate the highest reported separation efficiency on 16-channel μMCCs and are capable of separating complex gas mixtures containing compounds with wide range of boiling points.
Strength in the periphery: growth cone biomechanics and substrate rigidity response in peripheral and central nervous system neurons.

There is now considerable evidence of the importance of mechanical cues in neuronal development and regeneration. Motivated by the difference in the mechanical properties of the tissue environment between the peripheral (PNS) and central (CNS) nervous systems, we compare substrate-stiffness-dependent outgrowth and traction forces from PNS (dorsal root ganglion (DRG)) and CNS (hippocampal) neurons. We show that neurites from DRG neurons display maximal outgrowth on substrates with a Young's modulus of ∼1000 Pa, whereas hippocampal neurite outgrowth is independent of substrate stiffness. Using traction force microscopy, we also find a substantial difference in growth cone traction force generation, with DRG growth cones exerting severalfold larger forces compared with hippocampal growth cones. The traction forces generated by DRG and hippocampal growth cones both increase with increasing stiffness, and DRG growth cones growing on substrates with a Young's modulus of 1000 Pa strengthen considerably after 18–30 h. Finally, we find that retrograde actin flow is almost three times faster in hippocampal growth cones than in DRG. Moreover, the density of paxillin puncta is significantly lower in hippocampal growth cones, suggesting that stronger substrate coupling of the DRG cytoskeleton is responsible for the remarkable difference in traction force generation. These findings reveal a differential adaptation of cytoskeletal dynamics to substrate stiffness in growth cones of different neuronal types, and highlight the potential importance of the mechanical properties of the cellular environment for neuronal navigation during embryonic development and nerve regeneration.
Magnetic study of superconductivity in YBa2Cu3O7−x thin films

Abstract Magnetic and transport measurements on 0.3 micron thick films of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−x made by a laser ablation technique show critical current densities of up to 40×10 6 amps/cm 2 . At 77K the transport data gives J c ≈5×10 6 amps/cm 2 while magnetic data is 40% lower. Comparison is made with evaporated films.
RESPONSE OF TOMATO PLANTS TO β‐NAPHTHOXYACETIC ACID

IN A previous paper /)-naphthoxyacetic acid was reported as a growth-substance, stimulating growth or inhibiting it, according to the concentration used, as indicated by curvatures resulting from unilateral treatment, and later inducing the formation of rootprimordia (Bausor, 1939). The present paper is a further analysis of the activityof f8-naphthoxyacetic acid. METHODS AND MATERIALS.-Potted Marglobe tomato plants about eight inches high were used as experimental plants. These were treated with lanolin solutions of ,6-naphthoxyacetic acid in concentrations of 1.0, 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 per cent. Anhydrous lanolin, employed as the solvent for the experimental material, was used pure as a control. The 1.0 per cent solution of /8-naphthoxyacetic acid in lanolin was made by weighing both substances (100 mg./,10 g.), while the other concentrations were made by dilution (1 g. of 1 per cent plus lanolin to make 10 g. = 0.1 per cent; 1 g. of 0.1 per cent to make 10 g. 0.01 per cent; and 1 g. of 0.01 per cent to make 10 g. 0.00 1 per cent). The material was applied unilaterally, and resulting curvatures were indicated as negative when the organ bent away from the paste or positive when it bent toward the paste, as is the convention. Seventy-four plants were used in all, eight of which served as controls. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS.-Range of activity.-In an experiment designed to test the relativeactivitv of various dilutions of /8-naphthoxyacetic acid, four 1 Received for publication July 1,2, 1939. groups of eight plants each were used, four of the plants in a group being treated on one side of the stem, the other four on the lower side of the petiole. The groups were treated, respectively, with 1.0, 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 per cent dilutions. A fifth group of four plants served as controls and was treated with pure lanolin. It was found that concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 0.01 per cent were physiologically effective, while a 0.001 per cent dilution was inactive. This was true whether the lanolin pastes were applied unilaterally at the apex of a stem, several internodes removed from the apex, or to the lower or upper sides of a petiole. (In a previous experiment various concentrations were applied to the upper side of the petiole, but since the lanolin gravitated to the lower side after a day or so, this method was discontinued.) Rooting response.-About ten days after treatment an abundance of root primordia were in evidence on those plants whose stems or petioles were treated with 1.0 per cent fl-naphthoxyacetic acid (fig. 1). Roots appeared not only on the stems or petioles where the material was smeared, but also below it, extending to the base of the stem. When the paste was applied at the apex, growth in height ceased, and eventually root primordia developed to the very apex of the plant (fig. 2). Stems treated with a 0.1 per cent paste also produced root primordia but not so abundantly as with 1.0 per cent, and only where the paste was applied to the stem. However, the plants on which petioles were treated with
The anthropological genetics of the Black Caribs “Garifuna” of Central America and the Caribbean

The Black Caribs “Garifuna” originated on St. Vincent Island, in the West Indies, as a cultural and biological amalgam between Amerindians “Arawak and Island Caribs” and West Africans. A total of 2,026 of the Black Caribs were deported by the British in 1797 to the Bay Islands, from which they further emigrated to Honduras, Central America. The Garifuna provide an example of evolutionary success by a colonizing population with one of the highest observed fertility levels “a mean of 10.9 children per woman 45 years of age or older” in the world. The Central American Black Carib population has increased from fewer than 2,000 persons in 1800 to approximately 70,000 at present. It has been estimated that an additional 20,000 Black Caribs have immigrated to England, the United States, and other parts of the world. This review focuses upon the observed genetic variation and population structure of the Black Caribs. The population structure is characterized by a series of fissions and fusions of the gene pool. Fusion and genetic hybridization play a major role in the early development of this society. Subdivision of the hybrid gene pool occurs as the Black Caribs colonize the coast of Central America, rapidly expanding their domain to an area over 1,000 kilometers of the coast. Blood genetic analyses reveal that the St. Vincent Black Caribs' gene pool contains the highest proportion of Amerindian genes “approximately 50%”, while the coastal communities exhibit a more African ancestry “up to 80%”. This apparent discrepancy can be explained in one of three ways: “1” the original Black Caribs of St. Vincent had a higher proportion of Amerindian genes. However, gene flow and incorporation of African populations residing along the coast into the Black Carib gene pool resulted in more African coastal groups; “2” those Black Caribs displaying African phenotypes were selectively deported; “3” that natural selection, in a malarial environment, operated in favor of those individuals with the more African phenotypes and resistance to Plasmodium falciparum.
Understanding Energetic Origins of Product Specificity of SET8 from QM/MM Free Energy Simulations: What Causes the Stop of Methyl Addition during Histone Lysine Methylation?

Biological consequences of histone lysine methylation depend on the methylation states of the lysine residues on the tails of histone proteins that are methylated by protein lysine methyltransferas...
A Signer Writes a Letter in Verse

Coad brings to our attention two letters written in verse in the Rutgers Library by signers of the Declaration of Independence.Â There are a letter from James McHenry ( 1753â€“1816) to Charles Carroll ( 1737â€“1832) and Carroll's reply to McHenry.Â The Carroll letter is transcribed.