cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning How to Say What One Means: A Longitudinal Study of Children's Speech Act Use*

In this paper we present a set of methods for describing development in the expression of communicative intents. Studying children in interaction with a parent, we found children improved from age 14 to 32 months in the number of communicative attempts per minute they made, in the intelligibility of their attempts, as well as in the repertoire of intents they expressed. Correlations with other language measures suggest that a complete picture of language development requires a description of pragmatic skills in addition to syntactic and lexical indices. Our two-level coding scheme revealed that the social-interactive interchanges most commonly engaged in by the youngest children were negotiating immediate activity, discussing a joint focus of attention, and directing hearer's attention. Within these social interchanges, a small but widely shared set of communicative intents was expressed by the younger children; surprisingly, questions were quite late emerging communicative intents, as were agreeing, disagreeing, and giving reasons
Human cytomegalovirus microRNAs

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are approximately 22 nucleotide RNAs that mediate the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. miRNAs regulate diverse cellular processes such as development, differentiation, cell cycling, apoptosis, and immune responses. More than 400 miRNAs have been identified in humans and it is predicted that over 30% of human gene transcripts are regulated via miRNAs. Since 2004, many viral miRNAs have been described in several families of viruses. More than half of currently known viral miRNAs are encoded by viruses of the human Herepsviridae and 14 miRNAs have been found to be encoded by Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Thus far, HCMV is the only betaherpesvirus in which miRNAs have been described and these miRNAs possess many characteristics, including their genomic arrangement and temporal/spatial expression, which distinguish them from the other known herpesvirus miRNAs described. As a herpesvirus, HCMV establishes infection for the life of the host characterized by latent infection with periodic reactivation for production and spread of infectious progeny. This multifaceted life cycle of the herpesvirus requires an abundance of gene products and regulatory elements that makes cytomegalovirus genomes one of the most complex among human viruses. The defining characteristics of the cytomegalovirus and the minimal impact on genome size afforded by miRNAs inform the logic of virus-encoded miRNAs.
Resolution complete rapidly-exploring random trees

Trajectory design for high-dimensional systems with nonconvex constraints has considerable success recently; however, the resolution completeness analysis for various methods is insufficient. In this paper, based on Lipschitz condition and the accessibility graph, conditions for resolution completeness are derived. By combining the systematic search with randomized technique, a randomized planner is transformed to be a deterministic resolution complete planner, which shows reliable performance in the simulation.
The Kinetic Behavior of Xanthine Oxidase Containing Chemically Modified Flavins

The steady-state and rapid kinetic properties of xanthine oxidase containing a series of FAD analogs of varying reduction potential have been investigated. From steady-state analysis, Vmax is found to exhibit a sigmoidal dependence on the flavin midpoint potential in the homologous series. This dependence is accurately described by a model in which the rate of catalysis is attenuated by the amount of partially reduced enzyme generated during turnover possessing an unfavorable distribution of reducing equivalents among the several redox-active centers of the protein. The model assumes that reducing equivalents equilibrate among these centers rapidly compared to the limiting rates for the reductive and oxidative half-reactions. This assumption is borne out by a quantitative analysis of the reductive and oxidative half-reactions of the several enzyme forms investigated in detail. It is demonstrated in these studies that xanthine oxidase containing low potential flavin derivatives such as 1-deaza, 6-hydroxy, or 8-hydroxy FAD exhibits low turnover not because of inherently slow rates of reduction by xanthine or oxidation by molecular oxygen, but because in partially reduced enzyme generated in the course of turnover reducing equivalents are distributed within the enzyme in such a way that the enzyme can participate in neither the reductive nor oxidative half-reactions. These results provide confirmation of the operation of a thermodynamic control mechanism in a simple electron-transferring system.
Angiocrine factors from Akt-activated endothelial cells balance self-renewal and differentiation of haematopoietic stem cells

Endothelial cells establish an instructive vascular niche that reconstitutes haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) through release of specific paracrine growth factors, known as angiocrine factors. However, the mechanism by which endothelial cells balance the rate of proliferation and lineage-specific differentiation of HSPCs is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Akt activation in endothelial cells, through recruitment of mTOR, but not the FoxO pathway, upregulates specific angiocrine factors that support expansion of CD34(-)Flt3(-) KLS HSPCs with long-term haematopoietic stem cell (LT-HSC) repopulation capacity. Conversely, co-activation of Akt-stimulated endothelial cells with p42/44 MAPK shifts the balance towards maintenance and differentiation of the HSPCs. Selective activation of Akt1 in the endothelial cells of adult mice increased the number of colony forming units in the spleen and CD34(-)Flt3(-) KLS HSPCs with LT-HSC activity in the bone marrow, accelerating haematopoietic recovery. Therefore, the activation state of endothelial cells modulates reconstitution of HSPCs through the modulation of angiocrine factors, with Akt-mTOR-activated endothelial cells supporting the self-renewal of LT-HSCs and expansion of HSPCs, whereas MAPK co-activation favours maintenance and lineage-specific differentiation of HSPCs.
Going and Coming and Going Again: Second-Generation Migrants in Dubai

Absract The government of the United Arab Emirates requires all foreign migrant workers to reside on temporary visas. This affects transnational mobility patterns among the one class of residents whom we should expect to show the least degree of transnationalism: second-generation migrants. While the degree of transnationalism varies, a very high number of these migrants leave, then return and then leave again from Dubai. Drawing on 51 semi-structured interviews conducted in Dubai amongst second-generation migrants, most of them of South Asian origin, I argue that the state’s policy towards migrants is important, and more determining than other factors such as ethnic/nationality communities in understanding these migrants’ transnational behaviour.
Studying Architectural Structures Using BIM Tools

Structure is an essential component of architecture, and has always been. However, studying building structures appears to be deceptively complex. This stems from the roles and meanings that buildings possess in human history and civilizations. Buildings provide shelter, inspire productivity, embody cultural history, and certainly play an important part in many aspects of life. In fact, the role of architectural structures is constantly changing in building design as buildings today are life support systems, communication and data terminals, centers of education, justice, and community, and so much more. Thus, for AEC (Architecture, Engineering, and Construction) students, the subject is quite often marked by difficulty. Knowledge, technology and information sharing encompass areas that have significantly affected the learning process for 21 st century students. In this environment, computational and simulation tools play a vital supporting and inspiring role. This research proposes a method to develop and enhance the understanding of fundamental principles of architectural and structural analysis using Building Information Modeling (BIM) tools. Without the traditional teaching emphasis on first understanding single elements such as beams, columns, bearing walls, etc., two dimensionally, using the laws of statics and strength of materials, this research will utilize BIM tools to help students create whole three dimensional structural systems and then investigate structural solutions. BIM tools enhance the understanding of structural analysis fundamentals such as the force equilibrium, support reactions, shear force, and bending moment diagrams in an integrated and much inspiring fashion. This approach will allow AEC students to advance a deep learning and long-term retention in studying architectural structures. Understanding the whole structural systems concepts at an earlier stage will enable students to think and later practice in an integrated fashion to meet the demands of today's as well as tomorrow's high-efficient building structures.
Can an Insect Speak? The Case of the Honeybee Dance Language

In this paper I investigate the scientific understanding of the honeybee dance language. I elucidate the implicit and explicit reasons why the honeybees’ communication system has been referred to as a ‘language’, and examine the ways this designation has entangled the themes of animal mind and human– animal continuity. I end with an investigation of a scientific controversy surrounding the honeybee dance language. I argue that this controversy was a battle over assumptions regarding insect capacities, and a willingness or unwillingness to abandon those assumptions in the face of a phenomenon that undermined them.
Presidential Staffing and Public Opinion: How Public Opinion Influences Politicization

Scholars traditionally frame presidential efforts to politicize the federal bureaucracy as the result of divergence between the president's preferences and an agency's output. The authors argue tha...
Asynchronous SNR estimation of PSK/QAM modulated signals in flat-fading channels

The majority of prior work in signal-to-noise ratio estimation makes fairly strong assumptions concerning a priori knowledge of the channel state and signal. For instance, many of these estimators assume knowledge of the modulation scheme of the signal, or even complete knowledge of the transmitted set of modulated data symbols (typically through the use of training sequences). Even more universally, perfect time synchronization between the transmitter and receiver is assumed. The purpose of this paper is to remove some of these commonly stated assumptions through the presentation of a novel asynchronous, noncoherent, and non-data-aided method-of-moments based signal-to-noise ratio estimator for PSK/QAM modulated signals in flat-fading channels. This estimator requires no a priori knowledge of the channel gain, phase, and delay, nor the specific modulation scheme (PSK or QAM) and modulation order used.
Constraints on the Invariant Functions of Axisymmetric Turbulence

Constraints are derived for the two invariant functions Q1 and Q2 that occur in Chandrasekhar's (1950) development of the axisymmetric turbulence theory. These constraints must be satisfied for the correlation tensor derived from Q1 and Q2 to be that of a stationary random process, i.e., for the turbulence to be realizable. The equivalent results in spectrum space are also developed. Applications of the constraints in aerodynamic noise modeling are discussed. It is shown that significant errors in prediction can be introduced by the use of turbulence models which violate the constraints.
Akt up-regulation increases resistance to microtubule-directed chemotherapeutic agents through mammalian target of rapamycin

Chemotherapeutic agents induce apoptosis in cancer cells through effects on multiple intracellular targets. Recent observations suggest that a consistent cellular response to chemotherapeutic agents of disparate classes is down-regulation of glycolytic metabolism. Inhibition of glycolytic activity has been linked to apoptotic induction in several models. The serine/threonine kinase Akt (protein kinase B) promotes both glycolytic metabolism and survival, and these functions have been shown to be linked. Because of its key role in both glycolysis and survival, we examined the function of Akt in the cellular response to cytotoxic agents. Following exposure to any of several chemotherapeutic agents, an initial up-regulation in endogenous Akt activity is rapidly suppressed. Using cells containing constitutively active myristoylated Akt, dominant-negative kinase-dead Akt, or an empty vector control, we show here that Akt activation markedly increases resistance to microtubule-directed agents, including vincristine, colchicine, and paclitaxel. Akt also maintains increased glycolytic rate in response to antimicrotubule treatment. Rapamycin inhibits Akt-mediated maintenance of glycolysis and therapeutic resistance, indicating that these effects are dependent on mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Furthermore, an activated mTOR mutant confers resistance to antimicrotubule agents. Taken together, these observations suggest that activation of the Akt-mTOR signaling pathway can augment glucose utilization and promote resistance to chemotherapeutic agents that do not directly target metabolic regulation. These data provide insight into potentially synergistic combinations of anticancer therapies.
Asynchronous discussion forums in the changing landscape of the online learning environment

Purpose – This report seeks to address the preliminary findings from a large‐scale study of the different ways in which the asynchronous discussion forum (ADF) is being used in the online learning environment.Design/methodology/approach – A conceptual approach is taken.Findings – The structural and functional variation of the ADF is depicted within a framework of institutional and instructional models. Epistemological distinctions are made with respect to the role of the instructor, student requirements, and the assessment of student learning.Originality/value – The paper brings to light fundamental aspects of instructional quality and best practices involving the use of the ADF.
Twos Company, Threes A Cloud: Challenges To Implementing Service Models

Although three models are currently being used in cloud computing (Software as a Service, Platform as a Service, and infrastructure as a service, there remain many challenges before most business accept cloud computing as a reality. Virtualization in cloud computing has many advantages but carries a penalty because of state configurations, kernel drivers, and user interface environments. In addition, many non-standard architectures exist to power cloud models that are often incompatible. Another issue is adequately provisioning the resources required for a multi-tier cloud-based application in such a way that on-demand elasticity is present at vastly different scales yet is carried out efficiently. For networks that have large geographical footprints another problem arises from bottlenecks between elements supporting virtual machines and their control. While many solutions have been proposed to alleviate these problems, some of which are already commercial, much remains to be done to see whether these solutions will be practicable at scale up and address business concerns.
Ultrasound-Guided Peripheral Nerve Blocks

First described in 1978, ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blockade continues as a new and rapidly growing field in anesthesiology, due in part to the advent of more advanced ultrasound technology developed in the 1990s. This chapter describes commonly performed ultrasound-guided techniques in an easy to follow step-by-step manner. The chapter goals are to impart a recognition and appreciation of how ultrasound use in peripheral nerve block procedures may enhance the application of understanding of human anatomy by anesthesia practitioners and clinicians. Additional references are needed to better understand ultrasound terminology, physics of ultrasound, ultrasound probe selection and equipment, ultrasound knobology, and how to optimize image quality.
Lifestyle and Pharmacology Approaches for the Treatment of Hypertension and Hyperlipidemia

Hypertension and hyperlipidemia are two of the most common risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and are often present in individuals with the metabolic syndrome and/or diabetes mellitus. Lifestyle modifications including regular exercise and alterations in diet can help to minimize or eliminate the need for medication. Emerging evidence suggests that important structural changes in the blood vessels, or vascular remodeling, can often predate the onset of overt hypertension. In this chapter, the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and approaches toward treating these cardiovascular risk factors are reviewed.
Oncogenes, growth factors and phorbol esters regulate Raf-1 through common mechanisms

We have uniformly examined the regulatory steps required by oncogenic Ras, Src, EGF and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) to activate Raf-1. Specifically, we determined the role of Ras binding and the phosphorylation of serines 338/339, tyrosines 340/341 and the activation loop (491-508) in response to these stimuli in COS-7 cells. An intact Ras binding domain was found to be essential for Raf-1 kinase activation by each stimulus, including PMA. Brief treatment of COS-7 cells with PMA was found to rapidly promote accumulation of the active, GTP-bound form of Ras. Furthermore, loss of the serine 338/339 and tyrosine 340/341 phosphorylation sites also blocked Raf-1 activation by all stimuli tested. Loss of the serine 497 and serine 499 PKCalpha phosphorylation sites failed to significantly reduce Raf-1 activation by any stimulus including PMA. Alanine substitution of all other potential phosphorylation sites within the Raf-1 activation loop had little or no effect on kinase regulation by Ras[V12] or vSrc although some mutants were less responsive to PMA. These results suggest that in mammalian cells, Raf-1 can be regulated by a variety of different stimuli through a common mechanism involving association with Ras-GTP and multiple phosphorylations of the amino-terminal region of the catalytic domain. Phosphorylation of the activation loop does not appear to be a significant mechanism of Raf-1 kinase regulation in COS-7 cells.
Intentions modify program impact after a nutrition education intervention.

OBJECTIVE To examine whether expressed intentions modified program impact on diet. METHODS A nutrition education intervention was conducted with African American women in Washington, DC. Dietary recalls and surveys at post-intervention and follow-up were analyzed. RESULTS At 20-week follow-up, frequent attenders reported .13 more fruit and vegetable servings per additional point post-intervention behavioral intentions score (p = .03) and .10 servings per point on follow-up intentions score (p = .07). CONCLUSIONS Sustained intentions predicted dietary change, informing measurement and theory for nutrition interventions.
Depolicing: Rhetoric or Reality?:

While the topic of depolicing is often discussed in political rhetoric, media reporting, and reports on police behavior, there exists little empirical analysis of the phenomenon at the police offic...
The survey and analysis of lead and cadmium content in farm land soil of some towns in Minbei area

Objective To learn the pollution of heavy metal lead and cadmium in the country and town of Minbei,providing scientific proof for environment pollution treatment. Methods Integrating with the tasks of soil supervising in country side from province authority,farmland soil samples from 20 towns and countries governed by Shaowu and Jianyang were collected for examination and evaluation. The lead and cadmium content were determined in 80 soil samples,four from each town,by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Results The pH values in soil of the two towns is from slightly acidic to neutral. The content of lead is between 11 mg / kg ~ 121 mg / kg. Soil in 30 villages is at the nature background level. The content of cadmium is between 0. 027 mg / kg ~ 1. 12 mg / kg with soil in 13 villages beyond 0. 30 mg / kg. Conclusion The heavy metal lead content in soil is less than the second-rank standard of national soil quality; while the pollution of cadmium is comparatively serous.This situation should attract attention of relevant departments to strengthen the treatment and protection of environment.
Study on mechanism and institutions for food safety accident investigation and disposal

According to the regulations of food safety accident investigation and disposal in "food safety law(Revised Draft)", through the analysis of system history and influence of investigation and disposal for food poisoning, accident in-vestigation and handling characteristics of food safety and the requirements in investigation and disposition mechanism, in-sufficient actual power of disease control agencies to perform their duties, we discussed relative terms of the draft and concluded that integrated investigation and disposal the food safety accident should be implemented and food and drug regulatory authorities are the subjects of law enforcement with suitable function and power.
CT diagnosis of congenital cystic lung lesions

Objective:To analyze the CT manifestations of congenital cystic lung lesions so as to explore the diagnostic value of CT.Methods:17 patients with pathologically proven congenital cystic lung lesions,which consisted of 9 cases of congenital lung cyst;2 cases of congenital lobar emphysema,3 cases of;congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation(1 case with funnel chest) and 3 cases of congenital pulmonary sequestration associated with lung cysts,were enrolled in this work.The CT findings of these 17 patients,including the lesion location,size,shape,margin,quantity,the internal structure,etc.,were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Most of lung cysts were located in both lower lungs,more common in single with shape formulated,homogeneous density and clear edge,while,multiple cysts were irregular.Most of congenital lobar emphysema were located in both upper lungs containing gas lung-markings,and clear edge.The shape of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation was irregular containing gas and cable strip structure.Congenital pulmonary sequestration was located adjacent to the mediastinum,which may contain gas,liquid,soft tissue,and other ingredients.Conclusion:Combining congenital cystic lung lesions with the location,size,number of cysts and shape in CT can help to improve the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis of the diseases.
Effective utilization of tunable diode lasers: the laser heterodyne spectrometer

Realizing the full potential Inherent in optical heterodyne spectrometers requires the effective utilization of high-quality tunable local oscillators. One of the most attractive laser sources in the middle IR is the lead-salt tunable diode laser (TDL). Small size, simple operation, reasonable power, unrestricted wavelength access, and moderate support requirements all make for easy application of TDLs in heterodyne systems. Nevertheless, various attempts to develop optical heterodyne spectrometers with TDLs have yielded highly variable performance in demonstrated SNR. Much of the variability in system performance can be traced to the peculiarities of the TDL, particularly optical power instabilities (called excess noise) and multi-modedness.
The Impact of Laser Evolution on Modern Fluorescence Spectroscopy

The judicious use of traditional spectroscopy light sources throughout the postwar era led to the foundations of fluorescence spectroscopy, both theoretically and experimentally. Those principles provided many tools for understanding the structure and dynamics of macromolecules, cells, and even tissues. In the last four decades those tools have been supplemented and sometimes extended by the availability of novel light sources, advanced electronics, and burgeoning computing power. This chapter will chronicle the former – the impact of four decades of laser evolution upon biological fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy. It is necessarily focused on only the systems that were most popular and influential (many other sources were of great value) and (for space concerns) it also summarizes only a few of the many linked technological advances.
Causes of Death and Heart Weights in Adults at Necropsy in a Tertiary Texas Hospital, 2013-2015.

The causes of death and heart weights at death appear to be quite different in the USA today than in the first few decades of the last century. We determined the causes of death and heart weights at necropsy in 231 adults and compared the heart weights to those reported in several studies in the first half of the 20th century. Of the 231 patients, 91 (39%) died of a cardiovascular (CV) condition, and 140 (61%), of a non-CV condition. Of the 91 fatal CV disease cases, 48 had fatal coronary artery disease (CAD); of the remaining 183 cases without fatal CAD, 25 had narrowing >75% of 1 or more major epicardial coronary arteries. Thus, 73 of the 231 (32%) patients at necropsy had severe CAD. Comparison between the fatal CV and fatal non-CV cases disclosed variable age (mean 64 years vs mean 57 years) and heart weight (529 g vs 449 g) to be significantly different. Heart weight was found to be the only significantly variable between men and women. Comparison of the heart weights in this study to those recorded as "normal" hearts 75 to 115 years earlier showed that today's "average" heart is much larger than those reported earlier. In contrast to the earlier studies, heart weight presently appears to increase with age and with an increase in body mass index. In conclusion, early studies in heart weight did not take into account today's longer survival and therefore a high prevalence of systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity (and cardiac adiposity), and the presence of atherosclerotic CAD. Additionally, the cause of death (CV vs non-CV) was rarely considered in the early studies of heart weight.
Low IQ, UBOs on MRI, and Neurofibromatosis I

The relationship between cognitive impairment and unidentified bright objects (UBOs) on the MRI in children with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF-1) was studied at the Kennedy Krieger Institute, and the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
Characterization of Graphene Gate Electrodes for Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Devices

We fabricate and characterize metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices with graphene as the gate electrode, 5 or 10 nm thick silicon dioxide as the insulator, and silicon as the semiconductor substrate. We find that Fowler-Nordheim tunneling dominates the gate current for the 10 nm oxide device. We also study the temperature dependence of the tunneling current in these devices in the range 77 to 300 K and extract the effective tunneling barrier height as a function of temperature for the 10 nm oxide device. Furthermore, by performing high frequency capacitance-voltage measurements, we observe a local capacitance minimum under accumulation, particularly for the 5 nm oxide device. By fitting the data using numerical simulations based on the modified density of states of graphene in the presence of charged impurities, we show that this local minimum results from the quantum capacitance of graphene. These results provide important insights for the heterogeneous integration of graphene into conventional silicon technology.
Issues related to interdisciplinary undergraduate research

In 1998, the Boyer Commission produced a report [1] that challenged universities to utilize the expertise in their graduate and research programs to create research learning experiences for undergraduate students that foster critical thinking, clear writing, and coherent speaking. Subsequently, Fechheimer et al [2] showed that for undergraduate students "[E]xtended participation in research for more than a single semester is correlated with an increase in GPA ...."
Social capital and the cost of equity

Abstract We find that a firm's cost of equity is inversely related to the level of social capital in the state where the firm is headquartered. Further, the cost of equity declines when firms move their headquarters from a low-social-capital state to a state with higher social capital. The negative relation between social capital and the cost of equity is statistically significant only for firms facing relatively low levels of product–market competition and is not significant for firms with good firm-specific reputations. We interpret these findings as indicating that social capital serves as a societal monitoring mechanism, and can be value-enhancing for firms that are perceived as having greater agency problems and face weak product market monitoring.
The art and science of planting seeds of mindfulness

This article explores the Art and Science of Mindfulness from the perspective of a Buddhist Monk, Thich Nhat Hanh, an author of five books in the Mindfulness Essentials series and that of an Americ...
Findings of CT-Derived Bone Strength Assessment in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients Undergoing CT Enterography in Clinical Practice.

BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients are at risk of developing complications from metabolic bone disease, but the exact prevalence is unknown. We evaluated fracture risk in IBD patients using (1) biomechanical CT analysis (BCT) using bone strength and bone mineral density (BMD), (2) Cornerstone guidelines, and (3) other clinical features predicting fracture risk. METHODS A retrospective review of consecutive IBD patients who underwent CT enterography (CTE) with BCT from March 2014 to March 2017 was performed. Measured outcomes were overall fracture risk classification (not increased, increased, or high) and femoral neck BMD World Health Organization classification (normal, osteopenia, or osteoporosis). RESULTS Two hundred fifty-seven patients with IBD underwent CTE and BCT. Fracture risk was classified as not increased in 45.5% (116/255) of patients, increased in 44.7% (114/255), and high in 9.8% (25/255). Femoral neck BMD was classified as normal in 56.8% (142/250), osteopenia in 37.6% (94/250), and osteoporosis in 5.6% (14/250). In multivariate analysis, only increasing age was associated with increased fracture risk (odds ratio, 1.06; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.08; P < 0.001). Cornerstone guidelines were met by 35.3% (41/116), 56.1% (64/114), and 76.0% (19/25) of patients in the not increased, increased, and high-risk groups, respectively (P = 0.0001). No Cornerstone criteria were met by 40% (56/139) of patients in the increased and high-risk groups. CONCLUSIONS Using BCT, increased or high fracture risk was detected in more than half of this cohort, the prevalence being associated with increased age. A significant proportion of patients with increased or high fracture risk did not meet Cornerstone guidelines. Therefore, IBD patients who do not meet Cornerstone guidelines may benefit from BCT screening.
Why Are Medical Education Literature Reviews So Hard to Do

Medical education reviews are difficult, but helpful resources for novice as well as experienced authors exist (see Table 2). A team effort yields the best results while diffusing the workload. JGME editors are interested in receiving new review papers for consideration. We respectfully ask potential authors to consider our “editor pet peeves” list before submission (see Box 2). Table 2 Resources for Reviews
Cover cropping and no-till increase diversity and symbiotroph:saprotroph ratios of soil fungal communities

Fungi are important members of soil microbial communities in row-crop and grassland soils, provide essential ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and soil structure, but fungi are also more sensitive to physical disturbance than other microorganisms. Adoption of conservation management practices such as no-till and cover cropping shape the structure and function of soil fungal communities. No-till eliminates or greatly reduces the physical disturbance that re-distributes organisms and nutrients in the soil profile and disrupts fungal hyphal networks, while cover crops provide additional types and greater abundance of organic carbon sources. In a long-term, row crop field experiment in California's Central Valley we hypothesized that a more diverse and plant symbiont-enriched fungal soil community would develop in soil managed with reduced tillage practices and/or cover crops compared to standard tillage and no cover crops. We measured the interacting effects of tillage and cover cropping on fungal communities based on fungal ITS sequence assigned to ecological guilds. Functional groups within fungal communities were most sensitive to long-term tillage practices, with 45% of guild-assigned taxa responding to tillage, and a higher proportion of symbiotroph taxa under no-till. In contrast, diversity measures reflected greater sensitivity to cover crops, with higher phylogenetic diversity observed in soils managed with cover crops, though only 10% of guild-assigned taxa responded to cover crops. The relative abundance of pathotrophs did not vary across the management treatments. Cover cropping increased species diversity, while no-till shifted the symbiotroph:saprotroph ratio to favor symbiotrophs. These management-induced shifts in fungal community composition could lead to greater ecosystem resilience and provide greater access of crops to limiting resources.
Understanding overactive bladder and urgency incontinence: what does the brain have to do with it?

Understanding the pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for overactive bladder (OAB) and urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) is critical to advancing the treatment options available to men and women with this prevalent and bothersome condition. Development of novel technologies and advanced functional neuroimaging modalities has provided us with new information to support and refine existing mechanistic theories. Emerging research on central pathophysiologic mechanisms of OAB from functional magnetic resonance imaging may provide new targets for therapeutic interventions and opens the door for novel treatment strategies. Several regions of interest—specifically the anterior cingulate gyrus, insula, and frontal cortices—have been implicated as areas of activation in women with OAB, suggesting a neural correlate of the experience of urgency. The cerebellum and parietal lobe have demonstrated increased activation during inhibition of voiding, and increased connectivity between the cerebellum and parietal lobe and the right insula and anterior cingulate gyrus has been demonstrated in women with UUI compared with controls. Evolving literature is beginning to shed light on the prerequisite effective connections between regions of interest in the healthy bladder and negative connectivity in OAB and UUI. Precision medicine with individualized care pathways may better select available treatment modalities for rightful recipients, thus improving efficacy with prescribed treatment approaches and adherence to therapy.
Radiotherapy for parotid malignancies: patterns of care and impact on overall survival

Parotid tumors are rare, and no clinical trial data exists to guide postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) usage. We sought to determine the impact of PORT on the overall survival (OS) of patients with parotid malignancies. Patient data was queried from the National Cancer Database. Patients with surgical resection of parotid gland carcinomas from 2004 to 2012 were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards were used to assess OS among those receiving PORT or not. Additionally, variables affecting OS and use of PORT were evaluated. A total of 12,439 patients were identified for analysis. Increasing T stage, N stage, tumor grade, and positive margin status were predictive of PORT. Survival for patients receiving PORT versus surgery only at 5 and 10 years was 65.5% and 50.3% versus 74.4% and 61.2% for surgery only (p ≤ 0.001). After multivariable adjustment, PORT improved OS (adjusted hazard ratio 0.79, 95% confidence interval 0.70–0.89). In subgroup analysis, PORT provided benefit for certain histologic subtypes and all other patient groups except those with T1 tumors and undifferentiated/anaplastic tumor grades. Our data suggests that PORT was associated with improved survival. Additionally, some subgroups may receive additional benefit and patients with small (T1), low-grade disease may be able to forgo PORT.
Drug-Induced Steatosis and Steatohepatitis: The Search for Novel Serum Biomarkers Among Potential Biomarkers for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis

Drug-induced steatosis (DIS) and drug-induced steatohepatitis (DISH) are two of several types of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). They can be caused by various drugs and may present as acute, potentially lethal disorders or as chronic slowly progressive liver injury. Despite the fact that they are distinct disorders, the slow progressive forms of DIS and DISH are often confused with or misdiagnosed as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which are much more common and, by definition, not caused by drugs. Currently the only way to identify DIS is via imaging studies or a liver biopsy, while DISH can be identified only through liver biopsy. In addition, diagnosis of either DIS or DISH requires an exhaustive clinical evaluation and comprehensive causality assessment to rule out other possible causes and determine the association with the suspected drug. Furthermore, it is difficult, using existing methods, to monitor the progression of DIS and DISH and to determine the underlying mechanism. Therefore, there is a great unmet need for non-invasive biomarkers that will be able to identify the development of DIS or DISH during drug development and to monitor for progression or regression of the disorder during treatment or following drug discontinuation. Recent developments in the fields of NAFLD and NASH have introduced several novel biomarkers that show promise for the diagnosis, monitoring, and severity assessment of these common diseases. Given the significant overlap in possible underlying mechanisms and histological pattern between NAFLD/NASH and DIS/DISH, these postulated NAFLD and NASH biomarkers may have a potential application to DIS and DISH. This article reviews the existing medical literature and other publically available information pertaining to novel serum biomarkers for NAFLD and NASH, and explores the concurrent identification of these biomarkers for DIS and DISH.
Implementation of a Dynamic Teaching File Using the Software Application Microsoft OneNote in an Academic Neuroradiology Division

Background: As a neuroradiology section it came to our attention that each member of our group was independently saving cases encountered during daily practice in their own personal manner. This wealth of information was essentially being underutilized as it was not readily available among the other members of the team. The need for a teaching file to collectively archive all these cases brought on the idea of developing a teaching file using Microsoft OneNote. Methods: Microsoft OneNote is a note-taking program that provides access using an online portal or free-to-download mobile application. The program allows the user to create unlimited folders and subfolders that can be subclassified at the group’s discretion. In our case we have organized it according to etiology of the condition, i.e. infectious, congenital, etc. We propose the development of a template for the purposes of maintaining uniformity. The template includes space for demographic information, symptoms, four illustrative images, imaging findings, differential diagnoses, pearls and pitfalls, and embedded multimedia. Results: Ultimately, a dynamic, customizable, and continually- expanding teaching file was created to suit the specific needs and objectives of our department. As part of their neuroradiology rotation, medical students and visiting trainees are encouraged to contribute to the file. Conclusion: The potential applications of the Microsoft OneNote program as a teaching file, as well as its design flexibility and the ability to access the file from virtually any mobile device represent a truly innovative take on radiologic teaching files. The format, classification and customization options can adapt to the department’s individual needs. Keywords: TEACHING FILES, RADIOLOGY, MOBILE APPLICATIONS, ARCHIVING
Morice’s Beginnings, 1704–1719

A look at Humphry Morice’s antecedents and early career in the European coastal trades reveals his longstanding emphasis on delivering high-quality goods as quickly as possible. Bringing this emphasis into the African trade, Morice over the years devised and perfected his multiple-ship strategy. By having his ships work together, Morice was able to have many of them return directly to England, speeding his cycles of working capital while staying in constant contact with what African merchants wanted in exchange for the goods and slaves they offered. Meanwhile, Morice responded to the rising threat of piracy by accepting that some of his ships would inevitably be taken, rather than investing in costly and ultimately unprofitable additional security.
Switch to Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation During Cardiac and Tracheal Repair

Simultaneous repair of congenital tracheal and cardiovascular lesions remains challenging in small patients. We describe two infants weighing less than 3 kg who underwent successful tracheoplasty with concomitant correction of complex heart anomalies. In both operations, cardiopulmonary bypass was switched to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after cardiac repair to optimize hemostatic function with transfusion and maintain activated clotting time at 200 to 240 seconds. Slide tracheoplasty was performed in a bloodless field, which prevented intraoperative hemorrhage from running down the divided lower trachea into the lung and causing airway obstruction. Both patients were weaned from extracorporeal support during surgery and extubated within 9 days.
Goodbye: New begining

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Biliary restoration using a combined endoscopic-percutaneous approach following “orphan duct syndrome” after pediatric liver transplantation

Abstract A 2-year-old male with arginosuccinate lyase deficiency underwent left lateral segment liver transplantation complicated by “orphan duct syndrome (Celik et al., 2019) [1]” and biliary leak. After revision of the Roux-en-Y anastomosis, biliary drainage was still impaired. The excluded bile duct was diagnosed and a biliary restoration (or neo-duct) using a combined endoscopic and percutaneous approach was created by Gastroenterology and Interventional Radiology. To our knowledge, this case report represents the first combined endoscopic-percutaneous biliary restoration procedure performed in a pediatric patient.
Psilocybin acutely alters the functional connectivity of the claustrum with brain networks that support perception, memory, and attention

Abstract Psychedelic drugs, including the serotonin 2a (5-HT2A) receptor partial agonist psilocybin, are receiving renewed attention for their possible efficacy in treating a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. Psilocybin induces widespread dysregulation of cortical activity, but circuit-level mechanisms underlying this effect are unclear. The claustrum is a subcortical nucleus that highly expresses 5-HT2A receptors and provides glutamatergic inputs to arguably all areas of the cerebral cortex. We therefore tested the hypothesis that psilocybin modulates claustrum function in humans. Fifteen healthy participants (10M, 5F) completed this within-subjects study in which whole-brain resting-state blood-oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal was measured 100 ​min after blinded oral administration of placebo and 10 mg/70 ​kg psilocybin. Left and right claustrum signal was isolated using small region confound correction. Psilocybin significantly decreased both the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations as well as the variance of BOLD signal in the left and right claustrum. Psilocybin also significantly decreased functional connectivity of the right claustrum with auditory and default mode networks (DMN), increased right claustrum connectivity with the fronto-parietal task control network (FPTC), and decreased left claustrum connectivity with the FPTC. DMN integrity was associated with right-claustrum connectivity with the DMN, while FPTC integrity and modularity were associated with right claustrum and left claustrum connectivity with the FPTC, respectively. Subjective effects of psilocybin predicted changes in the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations and the variance of BOLD signal in the left and right claustrum. Observed effects were specific to claustrum, compared to flanking regions of interest (the left and right insula and putamen). This study used a pharmacological intervention to provide the first empirical evidence in any species for a significant role of 5-HT2A receptor signaling in claustrum functioning, and supports a possible role of the claustrum in the subjective and therapeutic effects of psilocybin.
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Clear Wood from Red Oak and White Oak

Red oak and white oak are common names of species that grow in the eastern United States with great economic importance. This study aimed to evaluate the visual, physical, and mechanical properties of small clear wood specimens of red oak (Quercus spp.) and white oak (Quercus spp.). The experiments were carried out on defect-free specimens extracted from boards supplied by the Stairbuilders Manufacturers Association (SMA) members. The material was obtained from sawmills located in the eastern half of the United States. A total of 181 boards (90 boards of red oak and 91 boards of white oak) were submitted for tests. Compression strength was found to be higher than the values published in past studies. Red oak exhibited higher MOE and MOR values compared to white oak. The mechanical properties for red oak and white oak have not changed substantially because the average values remain in a range that is very close to the values published in the past 100 years. Thus, the values from the Wood Handbook can still be used for engineering purposes.
PPARG in osteocytes is essential for sclerostin expression, bone mass, marrow adiposity and TZD-induced bone loss

PPARG role in regulation of osteocyte function is largely unknown. We report that PPARG is essential for sclerostin production, a recently approved target to treat osteoporosis. There is an excellent correlation in osteocytes between Sost/sclerostin and PPARG at the transcript and protein levels, and increased bone mass in mice with osteocyte-specific deletion of PPARG ({gamma}OTKO) correlated with increased WNT signaling and bone forming activity of endosteal osteoblasts and decreased marrow fat. The 8 kb sequence upstream of Sost gene transcription start site possesses multiple PPARG binding elements (PPREs) with at least two of them binding PPARG with dynamics reflecting its activation and the levels of Sost transcript and sclerostin protein expression. Older {gamma}OTKO female mice are largely protected from TZD-induced bone loss providing proof of concept that PPARG in osteocytes can be pharmacologically targeted. Our study opens the possibility to consider repurposing PPARG as a target for treatment of osteoporosis.