cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Persistent Finger‐sucking in Twins

SUMMARY Persistent finger-sucking was somewhat more frequent in girls than in boys and in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins. Monozygotic twins were concordant for persistent finger-sucking more often than dizygotic twins but the difference was not statistically significant. A genetic basis for finger-sucking persisting after the third birthday is unlikely. RESUME La succion persistante du pouce est legerement plus frequente chez les filles que chez les garcons, chez les jumeaux monozygotes que chez les jumeaux dizygotes. Les paires de jumeaux mono sont plus souvent concordantes pour la succion persistante du pouce que les paires de jumeaux dizygotes, mais la difference n'est pas statistiquement significative. La possibilite d'une base genetique a la succion persistante du pouce apres trois ans est peu vraisemblable. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Anhaltendes Daumenlutschen fand sich bei Madchen ein biskhen haufiger als bei Knaben und bei monozygoten Zwillingen etwas haufiger als bei dizygoten. Bei den mono-zygoten Zwillingen war diese Eigenschaft haufiger gemeinsam zu finden als bei den dizygoten Zwillingen, aber der Unterschied war nicht statistisch signifikant. Es ist nicht wahrscheinlich, das dem Daumenlutschen nach dem dritten Lebensjahr ein genetischer Faktor zugrunde liegt. RESUMEN La persistente succion del pulgar era algo mas frecuente en ninas que en ninos y en monozigotos que en gemelos dizigotos. Los gemelos monozigotos eran concordantes en la succion persistente del pulgar con mas frecuencia que los gemelos dizigotos, pero la diferencia no era estadisticamente significativa. No es probable la posibilidad de una base genetica para la succion del dedo persistiendo despues de los 3 anos de edad.
Issues arising in using samples as evidence in trademark cases

Abstract This article reviews the use of survey evidence in cases involving alleged infringement of trademarks. Because courts do not admit “hearsay” evidence, at first, courts were reluctant to accept evidence based on a sample or portion of the relevant population. Some early cases that led to the legal acceptance of samples and surveys are described. The role of survey evidence in a variety of types of trademark litigation, e.g., dilution or deceptive advertising are illustrated with data from actual cases.
Prevalence, Clinical Significance, and Straln Specificity of Neutralizing Antibody to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus

A semiautomated microtiter assay has been developed to quantitate neutralizing antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus. This assay has been found to be highly specific. Forty-four sera that were negative by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were tested under code: 42 were negative (less than 1:2), and 2 had titers of 1:2. By contrast, of 178 sera positive by western blot, 92.7% had detectable neutralizing antibody, and 12.5% had titers greater than or equal to 1:128. Neutralizing antibody titers correlated poorly with clinical diagnosis and T4/T8 ratios. Different isolates differed quantitatively in their sensitivity to neutralization by antibodies obtained from different patients; however, all strains tested so far have been neutralizable by all the sera tested. Neutralizing antibody titers correlated weakly, if at all, with direct or competition ELISA titers.
Bladder irrigation using hydrogen peroxide for clot evacuation

Evacuation of clot from the bladder by irrigation can be difficult when significant clot burden or organized clot exists. We describe a novel technique for the evacuation of clot from the bladder using irrigation containing hydrogen peroxide that facilitated clot removal.
Nonstationary resource sharing with imperfect binary feedback: An optimal design framework for cost minimization

We develop a novel design framework for decentralized resource sharing among self-interested users, who adjust their resource usage levels to minimize the costs of resource usage (e.g. energy consumption or payment) while fulfilling minimum payoff (e.g. throughput) requirements. We model the users' interaction as a repeated resource sharing game with imperfect monitoring, which captures the following features of the considered interaction. First, the users are decentralized and self-interested, i.e. they aim to minimize their own costs based on their locally available information and will not “blindly” follow the prescribed resource sharing rules unless it is in their self-interests to do so. Second, the users coexist in the system for some time and interact with each other repeatedly. Finally, the players receive a binary feedback informing them about the imperfectly measured interference/congestion level. The key feature of our proposed policy is that it is nonstationary, namely the users choose time-varying resource usage levels. This is in contrast with all existing policies, which are stationary and dictate users to choose constant resource usage levels. The proposed nonstationary policy is also deviation-proof, in that the self-interested users find it in their self-interests to comply with the policy, and it can be constructed by a low-complexity online algorithm that is run by each user in a distributed fashion. Moreover, our proposed policy only requires the users to have imperfect binary feedback, as opposed to existing solutions based on repeated game models which require a large amount of feedback. The proposed design framework applies to many resource sharing systems, such as power control, medium access control (MAC), and flow control. As a motivating example, we investigate the performance improvement of our nonstationary policy over state-of-the-art policies in power control, and show that significant performance gain (up to 90% energy saving) can be achieved.
Increasing computed tomography use for patients with appendicitis and discrepancies in pain management between adults and children: an analysis of the NHAMCS.

Study objective Using a national sample of emergency department (ED) visits, we aim to describe use of CBC, computed tomography (CT), and pain medication among ED visits in which appendicitis was diagnosed. We describe use trends over time and identify use differences between adults and children. Methods The ED component of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey was analyzed for 1992 through 2006, comprising a sample of 447,011 visits (representing an estimated total of approximately 1.5 billion visits), from which a sample of 1,088 patients (representing an estimated 3.7 million patients) received a diagnosis of appendicitis. The frequency of CBC and CT use and frequency of pain medication administration were determined. Survey-adjusted regression analyses were used to determine the probability of a patient receiving CBC, CT, or pain medication. Use was compared between adults and children. Results During the course of the study, from 1996 to 2006, the percentage of patients with appendicitis who received a CT scan increased from 6.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0% to 15.3%) to 69% (95% CI 55.5% to 81.7%) for adults and from 0% to 59.8% (95% CI 31.6% to 87.9%) for children. CBC use for adults increased from 77.2% (95% CI 62.9% to 91.5%) to 92.8% (95% CI 85.8% to 99.7%) and decreased from 89.1% (95% CI 74.9% to 100.0%) to 68.4% (95% CI 41.9% to 94.9%) for children. The use of pain medications increased from 24.8% (95% CI 11.3% to 38.4%) to 69.9% (95% CI 56.7% to 83.1%) for adults and from 27.2% (95% CI 5.7% to 48.8%) to 42.8% (95% CI 18.1% to 67.5%) for children. The proportion of children who received parenteral narcotics (13.7% [95% CI 9.3% to 18.0%]) was less than that of adults (23% [95% CI 18.9% to 27.1%]). Conclusion CT use has increased for patients with appendicitis over time, and CBC use remains high. There has been an increase in analgesic administration, but more than half of all patients with appendicitis had not received pain medication over the course of the entire study period. Children received fewer parenteral narcotics than adults and appeared to be preferentially treated with nonparenteral nonnarcotic analgesics.
Electrocutaneous Stimulation in a Reading Aid for the Blind

Electrocutaneous stimulation has been investigated for use in the Optacon, a new reading aid for the blind. Results indicate that electrocutaneous stimulation is not practical as a replacement for tactile stimulation, which is presently being used.
Passive radar interferometry of meteor trails

We discuss the development of single site passive radar interferometry for the RAPID (Radio Array of Portable Interferometric Detectors) project and its application to the detection of meteor trails. We utilize antennas developed for the low frequency portion of the square kilometer array (SKALA) which are zenith pointing and cover the FM band.
Overexpression of ErbB2 Blocks Taxol-Induced Apoptosis by Upregulation of p21Cip1, which Inhibits p34Cdc2 Kinase

Abstract Overexpression of the receptor tyrosine kinase p185 ErbB2 confers Taxol resistance in breast cancers. Here, we investigated the underlying mechanisms and found that overexpression of p185 ErbB2 inhibits Taxol-induced apoptosis. Taxol activates p34 Cdc2 kinase in MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells, leading to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and, subsequently, apoptosis. A chemical inhibitor of p34 Cdc2 and a dominant-negative mutant of p34 Cdc2 blocked Taxol-induced apoptosis in these cells. Overexpression of p185 ErbB2 in MDA-MB-435 cells by transfection transcriptionally upregulates p21 Cip1 , which associates with p34 Cdc2 , inhibits Taxol-mediated p34 Cdc2 activation, delays cell entrance to G2/M phase, and thereby inhibits Taxol-induced apoptosis. In p21 Cip1 antisense-transfected MDA-MB-435 cells or in p21 −/− MEF cells, p185 ErbB2 was unable to inhibit Taxol-induced apoptosis. Therefore, p21 Cip1 participates in the regulation of a G2/M checkpoint that contributes to resistance to Taxol-induced apoptosis in p185 ErbB2 -overexpressing breast cancer cells.
High-Resolution Multinuclear NMR Structural Study of Binary Aluminosilicate and Other Related Glasses

The structure of homogeneous binary SiO2−Al2O3 glasses with 0.4 to up to 12.0 wt % Al2O3 have been studied using high-resolution 27Al, 17O, and 29Si NMR spectroscopic techniques. All glasses are found to contain a mixture of 4-, 5-, and 6-fold coordinated Al sites (AlIV, AlV, and AlVI). The relative proportions of these sites are strongly dependent on composition with AlIV (AlV) being most dominant in glasses with <1 wt % (≥7 wt %) Al2O3. On the other hand, no significant dependence of Al speciation on fictive temperature is observed. The coordination polyhedra of a significant fraction of the AlVI sites in these glasses are found to be unusually distorted, similar to that in the case of crystalline Al2SiO5 polymorphs. The 17O NMR spectra show the presence of three types of oxygen sites, Si−O−AlV, Si−O−AlIV, and Si−O−Si, in these glasses. The 29Si MAS NMR spectra corroborate these results and reveal the presence of Q4 sites with and without Al next-nearest neighbors. It is hypothesized that the tetrahedra...
On equivariant isometric embeddings

The representation p can be regarded as a Lie group homomorphism from G into the orthogonal group O(N) which acts on IE N by rotations and reflections; a smooth map X: M ~ I E N is equivariant with respect to p if and only if X(~p) =p(cr) X(p), for all ~r~G, pEM. The main theorem is true in both the C ~ and real analytic categories. We will work in the C ~ category for the time being, and return to the real analytic case in w 4. Moreover, the theorem holds for manifolds with boundary. The main analytic tool used by Nash to prove his isometric embedding theorem is an implicit function theorem based upon the Newton iteration method. The implicit function theorem applies to the equivariant case with virtually no change. In order to apply the implicit function theorem we need to approximate a given G-invariant Riemannian metric on M by a metric induced by an equivariant embedding; we will do this by using the theory of the Laplace operator on compact Riemannian manifolds. According to Gromov and Rokhlin [7], any n-dimensional compact Riemannian manifold can be isometrically embedded in IF, N, where N = (1/2) n(n + 1) + 3 n + 5. No such universal bound is possible in the equivariant case, and in fact, given any positive integer N, it is possible to construct a left invariant
On modulo (2 n +1) arithmetic logic

A novel format for representing modulo (2n+1) numbers, is shown to be helpful in achieving modular addition and complementation. Logic for fast addition using carry-look-ahead and modular complementation is also presented.
Histological and serum biochemical effects of 1-isothiocyanato-3- (methylsulphinyl)-propane in the F344 rat.

Abstract 1-Isothiocyanato-3-(methylsuphinyl)-propane (IMSP or iberin) is one of the major glucosinolate hydrolysis products found in cruciferous vegetables. The toxicity of IMSP after oral administration is unknown. This study examined the histological lesions and serum biochemical alterations resulting from intragastric administration of IMSP to male Fischer F344 rats. Rats were administered IMSP in corn oil by gavage at concentrations of 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0 and 2.0 mmol/kg body weight. Rats were anaesthetized and exsanguinated, and perfusion fixed at 4, 24 and 72 hr after dosing. IMSP caused a dose-dependent decrease in body weight for the first 24 hr after dosing. Multifocal haemorrhages and erosions of the mucosal portion of the stomach were grossly and histologically evident after 4 hr in rats dosed with more than 0.3 mmol IMSP/kg body weight, with severity increasing with dose. Mucosal lesions resolved by 72 hr in all but the 2 mmol/kg group. No significant lesions were observed in the liver or kidney. No physiologically significant haematocrit, electrolyte, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine or serum enzyme activity changes were observed. Urine collected after a dose of 1 mmol IMSP/kg body weight accounted for 1% of the IMSP, demonstrating that the compound was absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract.
A Congenital Haemolytic Anaemia with Thermal Sensitivity of the Erythrocyte Membrane

Microspherocytes, measuring 2-3 mum in diameter, and cells with blunted projections or triangular in shape characterized the erythrocoyte morphology in three children with congenital haemolytic anaemia. Since the erythrocyte morphology resembled that associated with thermal injury, heat-induced changes in erythrocyte morphology and membrane composition were studied. Erythrocytes developed filaments and spheroid bodies which fragmented, resulting in microspherocyte transformation. Normal cells required exposure to 49 degrees C, whereas the patients' cells fragmented at 45 degrees C. Fragmentation was also observed during incubation of patients' cells at 37 degrees C for 17h. The heat-induced transformation of the patients' cells was associated with an increase in the membrane cholesterol:phospholipid and cholesterol:protein ratios. The phospholipid:protein ratio was unchanged. This suggests that fragmentation produces a selective loss of membrane components. Splenectomy ameliorated the haemolytic process. We propose that the patients' red-cell morphology is the result of in vivo fragmentation, and that the spleen is the major site of microspherocyte and poikilocyte destruction.
The orientation tuning curve: variability of preferred orientation due to methodology.

Abstract Preferred or optimal orientation of a bar stimulus is a value of central tendency for a distribution of cellular responses and has been used to classify neurons in the visual cortex. The variability in estimation of preferred orientation is dependent upon both biological and methodological sources. This study covers methodology variability. Three different procedures for calculating the central tendency of tuning curves were evaluated on the same data sets. (Each data set consisted of a collection of points derived from a mathematically defined orientation function for a model cell with, in many cases, an added perturbation. The perturbations took the form of (1) spontaneous activity, (2) response variability or (3) instrumental error. The most variable method for calculating the central tendency was the method of finding the intersection of two straight lines fitted to the flanks of the tuning curve by linear regression. In general, the mode of a function fitted to the data points by the spline fit was less variable than the intersection method. A new procedure called preferred axis of movement is described and is shown to have less variability under all conditions.
Anti-apoptotic actions of cycloheximide: Blockade of programmed cell death or induction of programmed cell life?

Cycloheximide (CHX), long recognized for its ability to inhibit protein synthesis, has been widely employed in studies of cell death to the extent that prevention of cell death by CHX has been used as prima facie evidence for a subtype of apoptosis called 'programmed cell death'. However, very rarely have investigators determined the effects of CHX on protein synthesis in their particular cell death paradigms. Recent findings are revealing alternative mechanisms of action of CHX that involve, ironically, stimulation of cytoprotective signalling pathways. For example, in embryonic rat hippocampal cell cultures CHX protects neurons against oxidative insults by a mechanism involving induction of neuroprotective gene products including Bcl-2. CHX induces increases in immediate early gene mRNA levels, and can activate several different kinases and transcription factors that are also activated by various insults and in response to anti-apoptotic growth factors. Concentrations of CHX that cause only a modest and/or transient decrease in over-all protein synthesis may prevent cell death by inducing cytoprotective signalling pathways ('programmed cell life'), whereas higher concentrations of CHX may prevent cell death by blocking the expression of 'death genes'. Establishing which of these anti-apoptotic mechanisms of action of CHX is operative in each cell death paradigm is clearly essential for proper interpretation of experimental results.
Massively parallel surface rendering

In this parallel surface rendering algorithm based on dividing cube2 on a SIMD machine MasPar MP-1, we address the problem of load balancing and image composition. We divide a 3D array of Nx x Ny x Nz volume data into Nx x Ny columns, each Nz deep. Each processor in the mesh receives a subvolume of such data columns. All processors synchronously traverse its subvolume to determine the voxels intersecting the isosurface. Intersecting voxels are called isovoxels. Partial load balancing distributes the isovoxels contained in a row of processors evenly among the processors in that row to reduce the network traffic and complexity of the rendering phase. Each isovoxel is subdivided into point primitives using dividing cube algorithm. Rendering algorithm transforms the surface points and their normals and projects them into the view plane.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Association of American Geographers' Center for Global Geography Education

In the past decade the Association of American Geographers (AAG) has led several initiatives with funding from federal and private sponsors to develop and sustain international and interdisciplinar...
Direct fluid injection interface for capillary supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Abstract A new interface for capillary column supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SFC-MS) is described and initial results are presented. The advantages of SFC include the ability to separate high-molecular-weight, non-volatile and thermally unstable compounds not amenable to gas chromatography. Capillary column SFC-MS has potential advantages aver high-performance liquid chromatography-MS owing to the higher possible chromatographic efficiency, mobile phase volatility and the simplicity of the interface design. The direct fluid injection interface provides for transfer of the total capillary SFC effluent into a chemical ionization source. Initial results are presented to illustrate the separation and analysis of simple mixtures of aromatic hydrocarbons and styrene oligomers using n -pentane as the mobile phase.
The antigonadal properties of prolactin in birds: Failure of prolactin to inhibit the uptake of 32P by testes of cockerels in vivo☆

The antigonadal action of prolactin was investigated in White Leghorn cockerels. Administration of purified LH or FSH or a crude extract of adult rooster or mallard drake pituitaries resulted in an increased assimilation of 32PO43− into the testes of the experimental animals. Prolactin administered simultaneously with, or up to 18 hours previous to, the administration of the hormones and glandular extracts had no demonstrable inhibitory effect on the action of the gonadotropins. On the contrary, large doses of prolactin (500–750 μg/bird) acted synergistically with both purified LH (NIH-LH-S15) and crude mallard pituitary extracts, increasing the assimilation of radiophosphorous into the testes of assay animals. Prolactin, in small or large doses, had no demonstrable gonadotropic effect when administered alone.
FIXATIVE-SOLUBLE TRITIUM POOL SIZE AFTER TRITIATED THYMIDINE INJECTION INTO MICE WITH SKIN STIMULATED BY PLUCKING

Summary.— The size of the fixative-soluble tritium pool in skin has been studied in the hair growth cycle induced by plucking. The size of the pool appears to increase dramatically immediately after plucking and remains fairly high during the early phase of the growth cycle. In the middle of the cycle there is a second increase in size. Part of this radioactive pool is thought to be 3HTdR, or a substance capable of labelling S phase cells. The pool persists for several days. The thymidine incorporation quotient (T.I.Q.) shows much less scatter than the fresh or fixed tissue values or their difference. The T.I.Q. also changes during hair growth. The implications of these findings for cell kinetic studies using tritiated thyminine and autoradiography are discussed.
Serologic Evidence of Arboviral Infections in White-tailed Deer from Central Wisconsin

A survey conducted during 1979–1980 on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in central Wisconsin revealed serological evidence of infection by selected arboviruses. Among sera from 41 deer, antibody was detected for Jamestown Canyon virus (56%) and Bunyamwera group virus (80%), demonstrating their continuing endemic activity. Antibody for La Crosse virus, not found previously in sera from deer in central Wisconsin, also was detected (5%) in this study.
HUMORAL IMMUNITY IS NOT CRITICAL FOR PROTECTION AGAINST EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH SARCOCYSTIS NEURONA IN B-CELL–DEFICIENT MICE

Immunodeficient B-cell-deficient mice (mμMT) were infected with Sarcocystis neurona merozoites to determine the role of B cells and the humoral immune response in protective immunity. As expected, the mice did not seroconvert based on a direct agglutination test. Infected mice did not have significant changes in gross pathology at the time points examined. Histologic changes included mild perivascular and peribronchial infiltrate in the lungs; perivascular infiltrate and mild inflammatory sinusoidal foci in the liver; prominent high endothelial venules in the lymph nodes; and moderate cellular expansion of the periarteriolar sheaths (PALS) in the spleen. Changes resolved by day 60 postinfection. Mice developed significant CD4 and CD8 responses in lymphoid organs, including significant effector (CD45RBhigh) and memory (CD44high) CD4 and CD8 responses. Flow cytometry confirmed the lack of B cells. Overall, these data suggest that B cells are not critical to the protective immune response to SN infection.
The Adrenal Mass: Correlation of Histopathology with Imaging

Background Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can help diagnose benign adrenal adenomas, but prior studies rely on nonoperative follow-up as proof of a lesion’s benign nature. We examined adrenalectomy tissues to determine if imaging characteristics correlate with histopathologic findings.
The influence of introversion-extraversion on activity choice and satisfaction among the elderly☆

Abstract The present study investigated the optimum theory of aging. This theory predicts that individuals with different personality types will react differentially to the aging process. In the present study, 60 nursing-home residents were administered the Eysenck Personality Inventory and then randomly assigned to one of two experimental manipulations. Elderly subjects classified as extraverts showed a high level of satisfaction to an experimental manipulation which was of a high activity, interpersonal type; those classified as introverts evidenced more satisfaction with a low activity, non-interpersonal type manipulation. Inspection of records documenting actual participation in programs within the nursing home indicated that introverts were more often involved in low activity, non-interpersonal events whereas extraverts participated more often in high activity, interpersonal events. Implications of these results are discussed in relation to the optimum theory of aging.
The Influence of Ligamentous Laxity and Gender: Implications for Hand Surgeons

p In B ri ef XCESSIVE LAXITY OF THE ligaments and joints is a condition often noted incidentally during examination of the musculoskeletal sysem; however, the effect of laxity on soft tissues nd joints is not well defined. Children typically ave greater joint mobility than do adults, and omen have been shown to have increased joint axity compared with that of men. Pathologic ypermobility of the joints is also seen in collagen ascular diseases such as Ehlers-Danlos and arfan syndromes. There is some evidence that joint laxity causes bnormal joint biomechanics, leading to pain, disbility, and arthritis. The benign joint hypermobilty syndrome is a diagnosis based on criteria inluding standard laxity measures and arthralgia asting longer than 3 months in multiple joints and as been shown to be associated with disorders uch as fibromyalgia and chronic musculoskeletal ain and with a poor response to rehabilitative herapy after injury. Knee joint hyperlaxity in emale athletes was associated with a 5-fold reater risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury in prospective trial. Similarly, in a study of knee axity in older females, greater joint laxity showed positive correlation with radiographic changes of rthritis. In the spine, a comparative study showed hat persons with nonspecific low back pain have a ignificantly higher incidence of lumbar segment ypermobility than do asymptomatic control subects. Additionally, hypermobility in the knee and and has been shown to be associated with im-
Beam shaping system based on polymer spherical gradient refractive index lenses

A two-element laser beam shaping system based on spherical gradient refractive index (GRIN) lenses has been designed utilizing the optical design package CODE V®. The impetus for this design is the recent development of large diameter (~ 20 mm) layered polymer spherical GRIN lenses that can be fabricated with arbitrary index of refraction profiles between 1.490 and 1.573. A merit function is developed that includes the index range constraint, radius of curvature and thickness fabrication constraints, and a mapping function which maps the Gaussian irradiance profile into a flat-top profile. The designed system features high transmission efficiency, with nearly 100% of the energy transferred to the output beam and a variance of less than 3% in uniformity from the center to the edge of the beam. The adaptability of the lens making process allows for an additional degree of freedom in beam shaping.
Gender and Power in Irish History; Ireland’s Magdalen Laundries and the Nation’s Architecture of Containment

MARYANN GIALANELLA VALIULIS (Ed.) Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2008 Pp. vii + 244. £19.95. ISBN 978 0 7165 2963 7 JAMES M. SMITH Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2008 Pp. ix + 275. £18.99....
Moderating strict liability crimes in common law tradition countries

Strict Liability crimes require no proof of a mental element. Proving the forbidden act suffices for conviction. This is discomforting under the common law tradition, since defendants who intended ...
Iron Absorption and Transport

Iron is vital for living organisms because it is essential for multiple metabolic processes to include oxygen transport, DNA synthesis, and electron transport. However, iron must be bound to proteins to prevent tissue damage from free radical formation. Thus, its concentrations in body organs must be regulated carefully. Intestinal absorption is the primary mechanism regulating iron concentrations in the body. Three pathways for intestinal iron uptake have been proposed and reported. These are the mobilferrin-integrin pathway, the divalent cation transporter 1 (DCT-1) [or natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (Nramp2)] pathway, and a separate pathway for uptake of heme by absorptive cells. Each of these pathways are incompletely described. However, studies with blocking antibodies, observations in rodents with disorders of iron metabolism, and studies in tissue culture cells suggest that the DCT-1 pathway is dominant in embryonic cells and is involved with cellular uptake of ferrous iron, whereas the mobilferrin-integrin pathway facilitates absorption of dietary inorganic ferric iron. Thus, there are separate pathways for cellular uptake of ferric and ferrous inorganic iron. Body iron can enter intestinal cells from plasma via basolateral membranes containing the classical transferrin receptor pathway with a high affinity for holotransferrin. This keeps the absorptive cell informed of the state of iron repletion of the host. Intestinal mucosal cell iron seems to exit the cell via a distinct apotransferrin receptor and a newly described protein named hephaestin. Unlike the absorptive surface of intestinal cells, most other cells possess transferrin receptors on their surfaces and the vast majority of iron entering these cells is transferrin associated. There seem to be 2 distinct pathways by which transferrin iron enters nonintestinal cells. In the classical clathrin-coated pitendosome pathway, iron accompanies transferrin into the cell to enter a vesicle, which releases the iron to the cytosol with acidification (high affinity, low capacity). Under physiological conditions, a second transferrin associated pathway (low affinity, high capacity) exists which has been named the transferrin receptor independent pathway (TRIP). How the TRIP delivers iron to cells is incompletely described. In addition, tissue culture studies show that nonintestinal cells can accept iron from soluble iron salts. This occurs via the mobilferrin-integrin and probably the DCT-1 pathways. Cellular uptake of iron from iron salts probably occurs in iron overloading disorders and may be responsible for free radical damage when the iron binding capacity of plasma is exceeded. Radioiron entering the cell via the heme and transferrin associated pathways can be found in isolates of mobilferrin/paraferritin and hemoglobin. This interaction probably occurs to permit NADPH dependent ferrireduction so iron can be used for synthesis of heme proteins. Production of heme from iron delivered via these routes indicates functional specificity for the pathways.
Towards a general theory of reasoning with uncertainty. Part II: Probability

We look at procedures for representing information which has a probabilistic as well as a possibilistic component associated with it. Use is made of the theory of approximate reasoning as well as the Dempster-Shafer theory.
Saying Grace: Praying over the Loss of African-American Religious and Food Culture (and How They are Related)

Abstract This article investigates the joint losses of food and religious culture in the African-American community, which has had a significant impact on the African-American community. Beginning with a historical perspective on the role of food in both a religious and cultural context, the article offers an analysis of why the dual losses have occurred, identifies the consequences of the losses, and suggests strategies for redressing the problem.
Physiological Psychology and Psychophysics

OWING to my bookseller's habit of forwarding NATURE in monthly batches, I have only just seen the remarks appended to my letter in the issue of March 15. I think that the terminological question is sufficiently important to warrant a reply to these.
Managerial accounting in an early 19th century German-American religious commune

Abstract Managerial accounting is a product of its environment. Consequently, different forms of societal organizations will have differnet levels of sophistication in their accounting systems. This is evidenced by the accounting system of the Harmonists, a communistic religious society on the Indiana frontier (1814–1824). Whereas most of American society consisted of individual merchants, craftsmen and farmers, the Harmonists had an integrated economy with everyone working for the common welfare. The Harmony conglomerate necessitated a system with greater sophistication than those in other parts of America.
PERSONNEL SELECTION FOR PHYSICALLY DEMANDING JOBS: REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Improvement in personnel selection systems for physically demanding jobs is needed due to equal employment opportunity (EEO) considerations, concern for worker physical well-being, and the lack of alternative procedures. After addressing the special EEO sensitivities of physical abilities selection, the literature is reviewed from a variety of disciplines on: (1) the physiological background underlying the selection strategies, (2) the assessment of human physical abilities, (3) the measurement of physical requirements of jobs, and (4) the physical abilities personnel selection studies reported in the literature. Conclusions are provided in the form of recommendations for future research.
Laboratory Model with Chicks for Assay of Nutritional Factors Affecting Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Laying Hens

Abstract A laboratory model with chicks is described that is suggested as an assay for dietary factors affecting liver lipid accumulation in laying hens. The model utilizes growing White Leghorn male chicks injected with estrogen. Diets to be tested were fed ad libitum for 4 days following 2 days starvation. Liver lipid deposition was increased with increasing level of estradiol injected. Lipid deposition in livers of estrogenized chicks fed a diet containing fish meal, alfalfa meal, and torula yeast (FAY) was significantly less than that in chicks fed a corn-soybean meal (CS) diet. This correlated with a similar response in laying hens fed ad libitum FAY and CS diets for 30 days, suggesting the response of livers to dietary changes in fasted-refed-estrogenized chicks reflects the responses obtained with laying hens. Using the proposed laboratory model, fish meal, distillers dried grains with solubles, and alfalfa meal were shown to contain activity that reduced liver lipid deposition
Criminal Justice Education: A Suggestion for Conceptual Modification

A general review of criminal justice education yields the conclusion that it has not achieved some of its original goals, in particular, influencing the crime rate or substantially affecting the fu...
Pharmacokinetic profile of two aromatic retinoids (etretinate and acitretin) in the obese Zucker rat.

Etretinate accumulates in adipose tissue; this appears to account for its long terminal elimination phase in psoriatic patients. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic profile of etretinate and acitretin in a genetically obese rodent model, the Zucker rat. Pairs of obese and lean Zucker rats were dosed intravenously (0.5 mg/kg) and blood samples were collected. Plasma concentrations of etretinate and its major metabolites, acitretin and the cis isomer of acitretin (isoacitretin), were assayed by HPLC. The systemic clearance (CLs) of etretinate and the formation clearance (CLf) of the metabolite (acitretin) were lower in the obese rats (132 and 62.4 mL/min, respectively) compared with their lean littermates (197 and 126 mL/min, respectively). The remaining metabolic clearance (CLd) was identical for the lean and obese animals (70.9 and 69.9 mL/min, respectively). The ratio of metabolite-to-parent drug area under the plasma concentration–time curve (i.e., acitretin:etretinate) in the obese animal was less than that value in the lean animals (0.348 versus 0.811, respectively) following the administration of etretinate. Despite a doubling in the mean value (204 versus 87.9 mL), no statistically significant differences in the volume of distribution term for etretinate (Vdss) was observed in the obese animals, due to the large interanimal variability. The terminal phase half-life (t1/2) was significantly longer in the obese rats (3.52 versus 1.25 h). Following acitretin administration, no statistically significant differences were observed between the obese and lean animals for any of the parameters (CLs, Vdss, MRT, t1/2) of acitretin. The only exception was CLs, which was smaller in the obese group when normalized to body weight (416 versus 621 mL/min/kg). The results of the present study involving a genetically obese rodent model are consistent with human obesity with regard to the distribution of lipophilic compounds. The tendency towards a larger Vdss is indicative of a greater fraction of the dose of drug located outside the vascular space; presumably in the larger adipose tissue mass of these animals. The decrease in the clearance of etretinate to acitretin would suggest that the esterase activity in the obese animal is diminished. The net effect of the diminished CLf and larger Vdss is slower elimination of etretinate in the obese Zucker rat.
The role of queuine in the aminoacylation of mammalian aspartate transfer RNAs

Can a queuine-specific tRNA function normally without replacement of G by Q in its structure? To answer this, kinetics of aspartate queuine-containing tRNA (Q-tRNA) is compared with its queuine-deficient counterpart (G-tRNA). The results indicate that Asp Q-tRNA is a more effective substrate than the Asp G-tRNA. The Asp Q-tRNA exhibits a higher reaction velocity (Vmax greater than 30%) and a higher reaction rate (Km less than 55%) than its counterpart. The Asp tRNAs derived from human tumor lines and grown in athymic mice contain a full complement of queuine. This tumor tRNA exhibits aminoacylation kinetics similar to a normal liver tRNA. Reasons for observing the lack of a G-to-Q modification in cancer tRNAs by others are hypothesized. Two purified Asp isoacceptors from liver are compared for the aminoacylation reaction; small differences are noted in the Vmax, but none in the Km values.
Estrogen Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Rat Uterus: Pathways of Glucose Metabolism

The utilization of glucose-l-14C and glucose-6-14C by uterine segments removed from ovariectomized rats at various times after treatment with 5.0 μg of 17β-estradiol has been evaluated. Activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44) were also determined in these tissues. While total activity of both enzymes (U/uterus) remained constant for 6 hr after estrogen administration, a 2-fold increase occurred by the 12th hr. Specific activity (U/mg protein) of both enzymes decreased during the first 6 hr. Thus, induction of these enzymes is not among the very early uterine responses to 17β-estradiol. Formation of CO2 in vitro from carbon atoms 1 and 6 of glucose by uterine segments 2 hr after estradiol treatment is greater than that by control and 6-hr postestrogen- treated segments. Between 6 and 24 hr the increased CO2 production from glucose is primarily from carbon atom 1. The ratio of carbon 1 to carbon 6 incorporated into CO2 increases linear...
Estimation of Travel Times on Urban Freeways Under Incident Conditions

Travelers on urban freeways are interested in knowing how long it will take them to reach their destinations, especially under bottleneck, congested, and incident conditions. Travel time information is important for advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) applications and for assessing the performance of the transportation network. Though many advances have been made in the field of traffic engineering and intelligent transportation system applications, practical travel time estimation procedures for ATIS applications under incident conditions are lacking. An algorithm for travel time estimation on urban freeways for ATIS applications under incident conditions is presented. The algorithm is based on point estimates of traffic variables obtained from detectors placed on every link of the freeway network. The output required from the detectors is flow and occupancy aggregated for a short time interval (5 min). The system for travel time estimation is based on traffic flow theory rather than on statistical methods. The travel times calculated using this system are compared with the results obtained using the FHWA microsimulation computer package CORSIM in the Traffic Software Integrated System (TSIS) Version 5.0. The algorithm results are found to be reasonable and accurate compared with CORSIM results.
Social Support as Relationship Maintenance in Gay Male Couples Coping with Hiv or Aids

The purpose of this study was to explore how particular sources of social support (partners, friends, and family) affect the relationship maintenance of gay male couples in which one (HIV-discordant couples) or both partners have HIV or AIDS (HIV-concordant couples). Using a qualitative grounded theory approach (Glaser & Strauss, 1967), 40, one-hour, in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 gay male couples, 15 discordant and 5 concordant couples. Findings indicated that relational partners were the primary source of social support for both HIV-positive and HIV-negative partners, followed by close friends, and then family members. The support provided by relational partners was particularly salient to couples in this study. Contrary to past research that has found family members hesitant to provide social support, couples here reported moderate to high levels of support from families. Findings also indicated that gay male couples' social network support from close friends and family functioned both as i...
HMM-based efficient sketch recognition

Current sketch recognition systems treat sketches as images or a collection of strokes, rather than viewing sketching as an interactive and incremental process. We show how viewing sketching as an interactive process allows us to recognize sketches using Hidden Markov Models. We report results of a user study indicating that in certain domains people draw objects using consistent stroke orderings. We show how this consistency, when present, can be used to perform sketch recognition efficiently. This novel approach enables us to have polynomial time algorithms for sketch recognition and segmentation, unlike conventional methods with exponential complexity.
Association between number of prostate biopsies and patient-reported functional outcomes after radical prostatectomy: implications for active surveillance protocols.

Objectives To evaluate whether the number of preoperative prostate biopsies affects functional outcomes after radical prostatectomy (RP). Methods We identified patients treated with RP at our institution between 2008 and 2011. At 6 and 12 months postoperatively, the patients completed questionnaires assessing erectile and urinary function. Patients with preoperative incontinence or erectile dysfunction or who did not complete the questionnaire were excluded. Primary outcomes were urinary and erectile function at 12 months postoperatively. We used logistic regression to estimate the impact of number of prostate biopsies on functional outcomes after adjusting for demographic and clinical factors. Results We identified 2 712 patients treated with RP between 2008 and 2011. Most of the patients (80%) had one preoperative prostate biopsy, 16% had two, and 4% had at least three. On adjusted analysis, erectile function at 12 months was not significantly different for patients with two (odds ratio [OR] 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.90, 1.75) or three or more (OR 1.52; 95% CI 0.84, 2.78) biopsies, compared with those with one biopsy. Similarly, urinary function at 12 months was not significantly different for patients with two (0.84, 95% CI 0.64, 1.10) or three or more (0.99, 95% CI 0.60, 1.61) biopsies compared with those with one. Conclusions We did not find evidence that a greater number of preoperative prostate biopsies adversely affected erectile or urinary function at 12 months after RP.
Prisons, jobs and privatization: The impact of prisons on employment growth in rural US counties, 1997-2004.

Abstract In this study of prison privatization we draw on the insights of a recent body of literature that challenges a widespread belief that prisons help to spur employment growth in local communities. We look to these studies to provide an empirically and theoretically grounded approach to addressing our research question: what are the benefits, if any, to employment growth in states that have privatized some of their prisons, compared to states with only public prisons? Our research makes use of a large, national, and comprehensive dataset. By examining the employment contributions of prisons, as recent research has done, we were able to corroborate the general findings of this research. To study prison privatization we distinguish between states in which privatization has grown rapidly and those states in which privatization has grown slowly (or not at all). Our findings lend support to recent research that finds prisons do not improve job prospects for those communities that host them. We contribute to this literature by demonstrating that new prisons in states in which privatization is surging impede employment growth in the host community. To explain this we highlight the significant reduction in prison staffing – in both private and public prisons – where privatization is growing quickly.
The nonnegative inverse eigenvalue problem

Abstract Let σ =( λ 1 ,…, λ n ) be a list of complex numbers. The nonnegative inverse eigenvalue problem (NIEP) is the problem of determining necessary and sufficient conditions in order that σ be the spectrum of an entrywise nonnegative n × n matrix. Our purpose is to give an overview of the NIEP, its history, modern results, and subproblems with particular emphasis on symmetric realizing matrices. A substantial bibliography is included.