cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Youth language at the intersection: From migration to globalization

This special issue examines the linguistic production of youth identities under conditions of cultural mobility. Building on theories of migration, transnationalism, and globalization that have emerged in anthropology, cultural studies, and other fields, the contributions to the special issue investigate not simply the large-scale cultural and political processes that shape the lives of youth but equally how youth identities emerge through the fine-grained details of interactional work and local linguistic practice. The
Organization and expression of viral genes in adenovirus-transformed cells.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the organization and expression of viral genes in adenovirus-transformed cells. Not all human adenoviruses are tumorigenic when inoculated into newborn rodents. Although adenoviruses display differences in their ability to induce tumors in animals, they transform the cells in culture. The transformation by adenoviruses is an outcome of a rare interaction between the virus and cells that either fail completely to support replication or are semi-permissive for virus growth, cells that are usually of rodent origin. Adenovirus-transformed cells exhibit an altered morphology and express virus-specific proteins (T-antigens). They also possess many other properties typical of mammalian cells transformed by viruses, including the tumorigenicity in nude mice. Viral products made during productive infection, perhaps in combination with signals present in an intact viral genome, possess the ability to override the signals recognized when segments of the viral genome become integrated.
A Survey on the Status and Risk of Pneumoconiosis among Workers Exposed to Dust in A Machinery Plant

[Objective] To investigate occupational hazards of workers exposed to dust in a machinery plant,and to assess the risk of pneumoconiosis so as to explore an effective strategy for the control and prevention of occupational diseases.[Methods] A field survey of occupational health was conducted in the dust workshops of a machinery plant in 2009,in combination with physical examination and questionnaires among 216 workers exposed to dust.[Results] Protection facilities at the worksite were inadequate,and the personal respiratory protection provided to the workers was poor.Occupational health examination found no cases of pneumoconiosis,but there were 66(30.56%) with chest radiograph abnormalities,with 6 subjects categorized under the group that need medical surveillance.Compared with last year,there were 16 chest radiographs indicating progression of lung damages.With the extension of dust exposure duration,the percentage with chest radiograph abnormalities of workers went significantly higher(P 0.001).[Conclusion] The risk of pneumoconiosis among the workers exposed to dust in this plant is increasing.The establishment of occupational disease prevention and management system,as well as other techniques,is imperative.Furthermore,an early risk assessment of pneumoconiosis can be conducted through the monitoring and dynamic observation among the dust-exposed workers with abnormal chest radiographic images,including those with small opacities though not qualified to be involved into group of medical surveillance.
Key Management Strategy in Ad Hoc Network

Mobile Ad hoc network is a new kind of wireless mobile self-organization network.Its key management is quite different from that in traditional networks.Based on the properties of the key management in Ad Hoc network,it analyzes the used mechanism and proposes a new key management scheme——YWCR,which is effective and more suited to Ad Hoc network.Experimental results show that the strategy is effective.
The 75-year Contribution to Sinology by Harvard-Yenching Institute

Harvard-Yenching Institute,Harvard-Yenching Library and Department ofEastern Asia have been devoting great efforts to carrying out research plans ofsending scholars to both sides of China and US and cultivating a big number ofcelebrities both in China and Western countries.Harvard-Yenching has offeredgreat contribution,which has its outstanding status in the formation of theone-hundred-year modernization of China,to the research of Sinology.Harvard-Yenching Institute has enriched the system of history and culture for bothHarvard and the world with tremendous achievements.
Heterogeneity in filamentous actin content among individual human blood platelets.

The content of filamentous actin in individual platelets was measured by flow cytometry, using a fluorescent probe specific for filamentous actin (F-actin), 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-phallacidin (NBD-phallacidin). NBD-phallacidin binding to fixed platelets was specific in that either pretreatment of platelets with unlabeled phallacidin or absorption of NBD-phallacidin by rabbit skeletal F-actin, but not globular actin (G- actin), resulted in a significant loss in the bound fluorescent probe. Mean NBD-phallacidin binding to fixed platelets varied with the agonist and paralleled the changes in F-actin reported with the DNAse I inhibition assay. (1) NBD-phallacidin binding increased with stimulation by ADP, U46619 (a prostaglandin H2 analogue), or collagen and paralleled shape change. (2) Epinephrine did not increase NBD- phallacidin binding. (3) Platelets treated at 4 degrees C contained more F-actin than did platelets kept at 37 degrees C. (4) Cytochalasin D (10 mumol/L) inhibited the increase of phallacidin binding to individual platelets stimulated by either ADP or U46619. In measurements of cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) by flow cytometry in Indo-1-loaded platelets, ADP9s dose-response for actin polymerization was similar to that for calcium mobilization. As shown by flow cytometry, a tail population that had a minimal increase in F- actin upon stimulation with ADP or U46619 also contained the platelets with the least forward and right angle light scattering, which are functions of platelet size and shape. When platelets treated with NBD- phallacidin were incubated with S12-murine monoclonal antibody (a marker of alpha-granule secretion detected by phycoerythrin-conjugated antimouse IgG second antibody), phallacidin fluorescence paralleled S12 binding. Thus, human blood platelets are heterogeneous in regard to actin polymerization at rest and in association with platelet activation; different degrees of phallacidin binding may identify functionally different platelet populations.
Prevalence, risk factors, and sequelae of long-term chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) among breast cancer survivors.

e21661Background: CIPN is a common toxicity associated with chemotherapy, but its prevalence and risk factors in long-term breast cancer survivors are rarely studied. We aimed to determine CIPN pre...
Sexual Isolation between Two Sympatric Desmognathus in the Gulf Coastal Plain

A substantial body of work exists examining courtship in lungless salamanders (family Plethodontidae), but there are many species and population pairs that have not been tested for sexual isolation. Spotted (Desmognathus conanti sensu lato [SL]) and Southern Dusky Salamanders (D. aff. auriculatus) occur sympatrically within drainages in South Mississippi. I crossed individuals from three populations of D. aff. auriculatus (n = 6 individuals) and seven populations of D. conanti (SL) (n = 10) occurring in the Pascagoula and Pearl River basins. I alternated homospecific (n = 23) and heterospecific (n = 23) trials across nights in the spring and summer of 2014 and 2015, and I used GoPro™ HERO3 cameras and time-lapse photography to record the behaviors of a random subset of these pairs, as well as to determine the stage of courtship reached. Seventeen of the 23 homospecific trials resulted in spermatophore deposition and 14 in insemination. None of the 23 heterospecific trials (D. aff. auriculatus ♂ x D. conan...
CPU cooling with a thermosiphon loop with tapered manifold (OMM)

Data center cooling presents unique challenges to reduce global energy consumption and fluid inventory. The current work addresses these challenges by employing a thermosiphon system using two-phase cooling which improves the system efficiency through a drastic increase in heat dissipation ability. The latent heat transfer is more effective than its sensible heat counterpart. The system performance is typically characterized by its Critical Heat Flux (CHF) and Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC). An increase in CHF offers wider operating ranges while HTC dictates the efficiency of the heat transfer process. In the current design of the cooling solution, a tapered manifold with a gap over the heater surface is employed to effectively remove the vapor away from the surface. A 3.43° tapered manifold is analyzed with HFE7000 as the working fluid in a benchtop thermosiphon. A copper chip with microchannels of width and depth of 200 μm was used for the heater surface, resulting in a CHF of 44.2 W/cm2 at a wall superheat of 16.4°C, and a maximum HTC of 27.3 kW/m2°C. This design is then arranged to be implemented as a thermosiphon Central Processing Unit (CPU) cooler. The results are compared to current cooling techniques tested on a data center server. The efficacy of the system is evaluated against its air-cooling and liquid-cooling counterparts. The thermal footprint and the system performances are evaluated for each case in this study. The cooling solution presented here has immense potential to replace existing technologies, although certain obstacles identified here will need to be considered going forth.
Durability and Reliability of Electro-Mechanical Relays for Oil and Gas

Abstract Electro-mechanical relays (EMRs) are widely used in variety of manufacturing industries including oil and gas. One of their applications in the oil and gas industry is in the design of downhole logging wireline and measurement-while-drilling/logging-while-drilling (MWD/LWD) instruments such as magnetic resonance instruments, formation testing instruments, cement bond tools, etc. EMRs are mainly electrically operated switches that multiplex high-powered circuits using a low-power signal. Typically, EMRs consist of one or two wire coils wrapped around magnetic cores, a movable armature, and a set of contact(s) that reside inside a sealed vacuum compartment. The structural durability and reliability of EMRs has been the subject of research for many years, and these characteristics are considered a prime reliability concerns in the oil and gas industry. Their poor reliability has been documented by their several inherent failure modes, e.g., limited life expectancy due to shock, vibration, temperatur...
Routine contrast imaging after bariatric surgery and the effect on hospital length of stay

Abstract Background Although multiple studies demonstrate that routine postoperative contrast studies have a low yield in diagnosing patients with early gastrointestinal (GI) leak after bariatric surgery, the practice pattern is unknown. Additionally, routine imaging may hinder procedural pathways that lead to accelerated postoperative discharge. Objectives To report on the nationwide use of routine upper GI studies (UGI) and evaluate the effect on hospital resource utilization. Setting Nationwide analysis of accredited centers. Methods The Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation Quality and Improvement Program public use file for 2015 was used to identify patients who underwent routine UGI after nonrevisional Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy. Multivariable logistic regression models were developed to identify risk factors for early hospital discharge. Results Bariatric surgery was performed on 130,686 patients. Routine UGI was performed in 30.9% of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and 43% of sleeve gastrectomy patients (P Conclusions Routine UGI evaluation after bariatric surgery remains a common practice in accredited centers. This practice is associated with prolonged hospital length of stay, with no effect on the diagnosis of leak rate.
Washington state satellite HIV clinic program: a model for delivering highly effective decentralized care in under-resourced communities*

To improve access to high-quality HIV care in underserved regions of Western Washington (WA) State, we collaborated with the WA State Department of Health (DOH) and community partners to launch fou...
Chapter 4 Discussion of three statistics papers by Willem van Zwet

I discuss three statistics papers of willem van Zwet: van Zwet(1964a), Fabius and van Zwet (1970), and van Zwet (1985).
The Moral Dilemmas Debate, Deontic Logic, and the Impotence of Argument

In this paper I argue for modesty concerning what theoretical reason can accomplish in the moral dilemmas debate. Specifically, I contend that philosophers' conclusions for or against moral dilemmas are driven less by rational argument and more by how the moral world intuitively appears to them.
Case 35-2018: A 68-Year-Old Woman with Back Pain and a Remote History of Breast Cancer

A Woman with Back Pain and a Remote History of Breast Cancer A 68-year-old woman presented with back and pelvic pain. Twenty-five years earlier, she had received a diagnosis of invasive carcinoma o...
Whole-Body Vibration and Trunk Posture During Operation of Agricultural Machinery

Exposure to whole-body vibration (WBV) is common among agricultural workers and is associated with musculoskeletal health outcomes such as low back pain. Little is known, however, about the characteristics of exposure experienced during actual production practices. We measured WBV levels during agricultural machinery use among a sample of farmers (n = 55) performing routine agricultural activities and explored machinery attributes that may explain WBV summary measures. We also measured trunk posture to provide additional information about physical exposures during machinery operation. Measurements were made on-farm and during actual work conditions of a sample of agricultural machines (n = 112), including tractors, combines, heavy utility vehicles, and all-terrain vehicles (ATVs). Results indicated the presence of high levels of vibration (median frequency-weighted root-mean-square acceleration of approximately 0.8 m s-2) with time signatures that include high-amplitude mechanical shocks (median crest factor of nearly 23). Compared to other machinery types, combines exhibited the lowest WBV levels and among the most favorable trunk postures. Substantial variability was observed in both the WBV and trunk posture summary measures, suggesting for future studies that alternative sampling strategies are needed to fully capture temporal patterns of machinery use.
Considerations for Cooling Dairy Cows With Water

Heat stress results in substantial economic losses to the dairy industry and is problematic for animal welfare. Soaking cattle with water is an effective form of heat abatement. This technique cools cattle when water evaporates from the skin and drips from the animal, and cools the microclimate. To evaluate cooling effectiveness and make appropriate adjustments to heat abatement, animal-based indicators should be recorded in addition to environmental measures. Ideally, heat abatement should be provided to all life stages of dairy cattle and soakers should be combined with shade.
Diploid Genome Assembly of the Wine Grape Carménère.

In this genome report, we describe the sequencing and annotation of the genome of the wine grape Carmenere (clone 02, VCR-702). Long considered extinct, this old French wine grape variety is now cultivated mostly in Chile where it was imported in the 1850s just before the European phylloxera epidemic. Genomic DNA was sequenced using Single Molecule Real Time technology and assembled with FALCON-Unzip, a diploid-aware assembly pipeline. To optimize the contiguity and completeness of the assembly, we tested about a thousand combinations of assembly parameters, sequencing coverage, error correction and repeat masking methods. The final scaffolds provide a complete and phased representation of the diploid genome of this wine grape. Comparison of the two haplotypes revealed numerous heterozygous variants, including loss-of-function ones, some of which in genes associated with polyphenol biosynthesis. Comparisons with other publicly available grape genomes and transcriptomes showed the impact of structural variation on gene content differences between Carmenere and other wine grape cultivars. Among the putative cultivar-specific genes, we identified genes potentially involved in aroma production and stress responses. The genome assembly of Carmenere expands the representation of the genomic variability in grapes and will enable studies that aim to understand its distinctive organoleptic and agronomical features and assess its still elusive extant genetic variability. A genome browser for Carmenere, its annotation, and an associated blast tool are available at http://cantulab.github.io/data.
Improved Lexically Constrained Decoding for Translation and Monolingual Rewriting

Lexically-constrained sequence decoding allows for explicit positive or negative phrase-based constraints to be placed on target output strings in generation tasks such as machine translation or monolingual text rewriting. We describe vectorized dynamic beam allocation, which extends work in lexically-constrained decoding to work with batching, leading to a five-fold improvement in throughput when working with positive constraints. Faster decoding enables faster exploration of constraint strategies: we illustrate this via data augmentation experiments with a monolingual rewriter applied to the tasks of natural language inference, question answering and machine translation, showing improvements in all three.
Experimental and theoretical studies of critical heat flux of flow boiling in microchannels with microbubble-excited high-frequency two-phase oscillations

Abstract Critical heat flux (CHF) during flow boiling in silicon microchannels (H = 250 μm, W = 200 μm, L = 10 mm) using self-excited and self-sustained high frequency two-phase oscillations is studied both experimentally and theoretically. Tests are performed on deionized water over a mass flux range of 200–1350 kg/m2 s. An enhanced CHF of 1020 W/cm2 is achieved experimentally at a mass flux of 1350 kg/m2 s in the present study. Since no existing CHF models and correlations on parallel mini/microchannels considered high frequency two-phase oscillations, hence are not applicable to predict CHF in the present microchannel configuration. Adopting Helmholtz and Rayleigh instability theories and based on experimental study of liquid thin film dry-out phenomena in two-phase oscillations, a semi-theoretical CHF model is proposed. The proposed theoretical predictions show satisfactory agreement with experimental data with a reasonable low mean absolute error (MAE) of 25–32%.
Energy Optimization For Hybrid ARQ With Turbo Coding: Rate Adaptation and Allocation

We consider incremental redundancy (IR) hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) over independent block-fading channels with turbo coding. We consider different cases of channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter: the transmitter has no knowledge of any CSI, or knows the CSI in previous transmission rounds through a perfect feedback channel, or knows both current and previous CSI. The transmitter decides the forward error correction code rate based on the CSI it has. We minimize the energy consumption of turbo-coded HARQ, subject to a packet loss rate constraint. Numerical results show that the energy consumption of HARQ decreases when more CSI information is available at the transmitter. We also compare IR combining with Chase combining and the system without combining, and IR combining yields the least energy consumption.
The Impact of COVID-19 on Clinical Trial Execution at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.

Interventions designed to limit the spread of COVID-19 are having profound effects on the delivery of healthcare, but data showing the impact on oncology clinical trial enrollment, treatment, and monitoring are limited. We prospectively tracked relevant data from oncology clinical trials at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) from January 1, 2018 to June 30, 2020, including the number of open trials, new patient enrollments, in-person and virtual patient visits, dispensed investigational infusions, dispensed/shipped oral investigational agents, research biopsies, and blood samples. We ascertained why patients came off trials and determined on-site clinical research staffing levels. We used two-sided Wilcoxon rank sum tests to assess the statistical significance of the reported changes. Nearly all patients on interventional treatment trials were maintained, and new enrollments continued at just under half the pre-pandemic rate. The median number of investigational prescriptions shipped to patients increased from 0-74 (range: 22-107) per week from March-June 2020. The median number of telemedicine appointments increased from 0-107 (range: 33-267) per week from March-June 2020. Research biopsies and blood collections decreased dramatically after DFCI implemented COVID-19-related policies in March 2020. The number of research nurses and clinical research coordinators on-site also decreased after March 2020. Substantial changes were required to safely continue clinical research during the pandemic; yet, we observed no increases in serious adverse events or major violations related to drug dosing. Lessons learned from adapting research practices during COVID-19 can inform industry sponsors and governmental agencies to consider altering practices to increase operational efficiency and convenience for patients.
Effect of Latitude of Sunspots on Earth-Intersecting Trajectory of Plasma

Solar flares and Coronal Mass Ejections form around the edges of sunspots. If the plasma from such events is incident on the Earth’s magnetosphere, significant disruptions to electrical systems can occur. However, sunspots occur around the surface of the Sun and don’t always produce plasma that reaches the Earth. The latitude and longitude of the source of the plasma on the Sun will be evaluated to determine the likelihood that random events will intersect with the Earth. The size of the typical plasma balloon will be found to find its path. Comparing data from locations of sunspots to data of Earth’s orbit will provide a likelihood of incidence based on latitude or origin. The latitudes of sunspot centroids vary significantly through the solar cycle as they tend to migrate from mid-latitudes towards the equator. Sunspots from all latitudes are capable of producing plasma that reaches the Earth. However, as a solar event rotates in longitude away from the Earth, events at higher latitudes are less likely to have a trajectory that intersects the Earth. From analysis, 27% of dangerous events on the Sun should have trajectories towards Earth. The latitude has a small effect on this. It was determined that that the plasma balloon released from the Sun had a large spread of impact. Plasma from all latitudes could reach the Earth. However, if the Sun is rotated away, the combined effects of latitude and longitude can make the plasma trajectory pointed away from Earth.
Ethical Compass: Three Different Judicial Treatments for Settlement Fever

This is the first of a three-part series that examines different aspects of the settlement fever that has stricken our just system. What can we learn from judicial decision about how individual judges assess the settlement means that lawyers, in consultation with their clients, have chosen to resolve their case? This column will provide snapshots of how judges, as part of their thought oversight obligation, have deal with three different dispute resolution processes in three different types of cases. the negotiation class in the opioid multi-district litigation; the request for mediation in the bankruptcy case of The Diocese of Buffalo, N.Y. v. The Continental Insurance Co.; and the request to compel the arbitration of sexual harassment in Latif v. Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC. Unlike the majority of cases where parties can choose to settle cases using whatever means they feel appropriate, these three cases involved judicial approval that considers the selected means of settlement. The first two cases involve statutes regarding multi-district litigation and bankruptcy that require judicial oversight of the chosen settlement means. Distinguishably, the third case, involving the motion to compel arbitration, required judicial intervention to decide if the parties’ pre-dispute resolution arbitration agreement was still in force after a state law was enacted that proscribed such arbitration. The goal of this column is to help guide lawyers and their clients in their selection of the appropriate means to achieve the client’s settlement objectives when their cases require judicial oversight.
Lung transplantation for pulmonary hypertension: management of pulmonary hypertension on the waiting list

Despite the apparent improvement in outcomes for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) with current medical therapy, for many patients, lung transplantation remains as an important therapeutic option. Such patients are at high risk for clinical deterioration while awaiting lung transplantation. Thus, the medical management is crucial to keep these tenuous patients acceptable on the waitlist. This includes optimization of PAH-targeted therapy and adjunctive therapies. For select patients, atrial septostomy may further expand the transplant window. Clinical deterioration of PAH, usually in the form of decompensated right-sided heart failure, often requires careful critical care management. Care of such patients is limited by high in-hospital mortality and a dearth of guiding evidence. Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) has been increasingly utilized to bridge select decompensated and otherwise moribund patients to lung transplantation. Overall, careful pre-transplant management may be contributing to the reduced waitlist mortality in recent years despite higher disease acuity.
A dynamic market conceptualization for entrepreneurial marketing: the co-creation of opportunities

The entrepreneurial marketing domain should consider opportunity co-creation as a foundational construct for advancing the discipline. This paper integrates emerging views in entrepreneurship with an evolving, service-dominant logic of marketing to develop a market conceptualization for exploring uncertainty in dynamic social and economic environments. With this market conceptualization, opportunities are continually co-created through the development and communication of value propositions, the derivation and determination of value, and the (re)formation of markets. Emerging research around the process of opportunity co-creation is used to create an initial definition and theoretical considerations.
Optimization schemes for neural network training

Neural networks are parameterized by a set of synaptic weights. The task of an optimization scheme for a neural network is to find a set of synaptic weights that make the network perform the desired function. The backpropagation learning method, quasi-Newton method, non-derivative quasi-Newton method, Gauss-Newton method, secant method and simulated Cauchy annealing method have been investigated. According to the computation time, convergence speed, and mean-squared error between the network outputs and desired results, the comparison of these learning methods has been presented. For learning a sine function, the quasi-Newton method can yield the best performance and the Gauss-Newton method also can provide a good promising result. >
4. Industrial Policy for the Twenty-first Century

Unlike what is commonly believed, the last two decades have not witnessed the twilight of industrial policy. Instead, incentives and subsidies have been refocused on exports and direct foreign investment, in the belief that these activities are the source of significant positive spillovers. The challenge in most developing countries is not to rediscover industrial policy, but to redeploy it in a more effective manner. This paper lays out an institutional framework for accomplishing this objective. A central argument is that the task of industrial policy is as much about eliciting information from the private sector on significant externalities and their remedies as it is about implementing appropriate policies. The right model for industrial policy is not that of an autonomous government applying Pigovian taxes or subsidies, but of strategic collaboration between the private sector and the government with the aim of uncovering where the most significant obstacles to restructuring lie and what type of interventions are most likely to remove them.
Revisiting a School of Military Government: How Reanimating a World War II-Era Institution Could Professionalize Military Nation Building

In the last decade, the United States has found itself fully immersed in nation building, despite its alleged distaste for such endeavors. U.S. military forces in particular have been at the center of these efforts, building schools in Iraq, staffing Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs) throughout Afghanistan and training soldiers in Mozambique. U.S. Army platoon leaders hand out micro grants to small business owners and help stand up city councils. Civil servants who once trained for peacetime development work now find themselves mediating tribal disputes in remote mountain provinces. Regardless of the efficacy of such efforts, public statements by both President Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton suggest that nation building and related activities are preferred solutions in the war against terrorism. Yet despite the enormous complexity and ambition of such efforts, there remains a gap in the training and education for nation building.This paper details the U.S. Army-established School of Military Government and its related Civil Affairs Training Program that prepared forces for occupational duties in Europe and Asia. It highlights the demonstrated effectiveness both of its curriculum and approach to education and of its impact on the occupation of Germany and Japan, which offer important lessons for today’s military faced with similar challenges. If nation building, particularly with economic growth as a key component, is to assume a greater role as a component of foreign policy or national security strategy, it needs to consume a greater role of our planning, analysis, and organizational design. Civil Affairs and several other functional areas within the military play a significant role in aspects of nation building today and would benefit from education focused on such matters. Other beneficial initiatives would include creating a mechanism for drawing experts into and out of the military to serve as nation-builders at a level commensurate with their experience, providing a more effective and less expensive option than hiring contractors.
New fields of application for xylocaine as applied to dentistry. I. Xylocaine ointment as a topical anesthetic in dentistry. II. Current research regarding toxicity of xylocaine.

Abstract 1. 1. A brief history of the development of local anesthetics is shown. 2. 2. A new potent and nontoxic anesthetic agent, Xylocaine ointment, for dentistry for the purpose of topical anesthesia is presented: 2.1. A. The proper niche for Xylocaine ointment should show promise for 2.1.1. 1. Pre-injections 2.1.2. 2. Pedodontia 2.1.3. 3. Periodontia 2.1.4. 4. Other potentialities for use in the dental armamentarium of anesthesia. 3. 3. Bibliographic summation for the current research in the field of toxicity for Xylocaine is given.
The biochemical basis for the apparent defect of soluble mutant tissue factor in enhancing the proteolytic activities of factor VIIa.

Tissue factor (TF), an integral membrane protein, is the cofactor for the serine protease, coagulation factor VIIa (FVIIa). Previous studies of the isolated extracellular domain of TF (sTF) reported a kcat for factor X (FX) activation by the sTF.VIIa complex only 4% that of wild-type TF.VIIa and furthermore, a complete inability of sTF to support FVII autoactivation. We now report that in the presence of poly(L-lysine), sTF promoted both FX activation and FVII autoactivation, the latter with an apparent second-order rate constant higher than reported previously for wild-type TF in phospholipid vesicles. This led us to reexamine the cofactor ability of sTF, using high concentrations of phospholipid to promote nearly quantitative binding of sTF.VII(a) complexes to the phospholipid surface. Rate constants for the activation of FX or FVII by sTF.VIIa were similar to those of wild-type TF.VIIa, indicating that the apparent deficiency of sTF is largely attributable to kinetic consequences of relatively weak affinity of FVIIa (and sTF.VIIa) for phospholipid surfaces in these surface-dependent reactions, compared with TF being embedded in the membrane. This supports the notion that sTF recapitulates the protein-protein interactions of wild-type TF with high, and possibly full, catalytic activity. It also provides a biochemical explanation for the specificity of our recently described, sTF-based clotting assay for plasma FVIIa.
Regulation of neural cell adhesion molecule and L1 by the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. Selective effects of the bone morphogenetic proteins

The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily plays a role in embryogenesis and regeneration. We have reported that osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) promotes cell aggregation and induces the expression of the neural cell adhesion molecules N-CAM and L1 in proliferating neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid NG108-15 cells (Perides, G., Safran, R. M., Rueger, D. C., and Charness, M. E. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 10326-10330; Perides, G., Hu, G., Rueger, D. C., and Charness, M. E. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 25197-25205). Here we show that the structurally homologous bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) BMP-2 and BMP-4 are 10-50-fold more potent in these actions than the subfamily comprising BMP-5, BMP-6, and OP-1 (BMP-7). In contrast, members of the TGF-beta subfamily, activin-A, inhibin-A, and 29 additional growth factors and cytokines did not induce N-CAM. The addition of serum to cells growing in serum-free medium caused a concentration-dependent increase in N-CAM and L1 expression; however, serum did not potentiate the induction of N-CAM and L1 by 40 ng/ml OP-1. These findings suggest the presence in NG108-15 cells of a BMP-2/BMP-4 receptor that discriminates subtle differences in structure among homologous members of the TGF-beta superfamily. An endogenous ligand for this receptor may be present in serum.
The Power of Direct Writing

In a direct-write approach, micrometer-scale structures are built directly without the use of masks, allowing rapid prototyping. Direct-write approaches are enabling faster, cheaper manufacture of electronic components and are also used for tissue engineering and array-based biosensors. In his Perspective, Chrisey provides a short overview of current research in the area of direct-write technologies, focusing on the materials science aspects.
PHYSIOLOGIC VARIANTS, BENIGN PROCESSES, AND ARTIFACTS FROM 106 CANINE AND FELINE FDG‐PET/COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCANS

18F-Fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) is an emerging diagnostic imaging modality in veterinary medicine; however, little published information is available on physiologic variants, benign processes, and artifacts. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe the number of occurrences of non-neoplastic disease-related FDG-PET/CT lesions in a group of dogs and cats. Archived FDG-PET/CT scans were retrieved and interpreted based on a consensus opinion of two board-certified veterinary radiologists. Non-neoplastic disease-related lesions were categorized as physiologic variant, benign activity, or equipment/technology related artifact. If the exact cause of hypermetabolic areas could not be determined, lesions were put into an indeterminate category. A total of 106 canine and feline FDG-PET/CT scans were included in the study. In 104 of the 106 scans, a total of 718 occurrences of physiologic variant, areas of incidental benign activity, and artifacts were identified. Twenty-two of 23 feline scans and 82 of 83 canine scans had at least one artifact. Previously unreported areas of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake included foci associated with the canine gall bladder, linear uptake along the canine mandible, and focal uptake in the gastrointestinal tract. Benign activity was often seen and related to healing, inflammation, and indwelling implants. Artifacts were most often related to injection or misregistration. Further experience in recognizing the common veterinary FDG physiologic variation, incidental radiopharmaceutical uptake, and artifacts is important to avoid misinterpretation and false-positive diagnoses.
Simulations of NSTX with a Liquid Lithium Divertor Module

A strategy to develop self-consistent simulations of the behavior of lithium in the Liquid Lithium Divertor (LLD) module to be installed in NSTX is described. In this initial stage of the plan, the UEDGE edge plasma transport code is used to simulate an existing NSTX shot, with UEDGE's transport coefficients set using midplane and divertor diagnostic data. The LLD is incorporated into the simulations as a reduction in the recycling coefficient over the outer divertor. Heat transfer calculations performed using the resulting heat flux profiles provide preliminary estimates on operating limits for the LLD as well as input data for subsequent steps in the LLD modeling effort.
Effect of epinephrine on ethanol metabolism by isolated rat hepatocytes

The effect of epinephrine on ethanol metabolism was determined in isolated rat hepatocytes. Epinephrine (10 μM) enhanced an initial rapid rate of ethanol elimination observed in the first 5 min. Thereafter, between 5 and 90 min, the rate of ethanol elimination was slower and not affected by epinephrine. Epinephrine resulted in higher acetaldehyde concentrations at 2 min, but not thereafter. Acetaldehyde production in the presence and absence of epinephrine was inhibited by 4-methylpyrazole, by a low free extracellular calcium concentration, and by the α1-adrenergic blocker prazosin. Ethanol alone and epinephrine alone increased oxygen consumption, but the effects were not additive. The ethanol-induced decreases in the cytosolic NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH ratios and in the mitochondrial NAD+/NADH ratio were delayed by the presence of epinephrine. An accelerated initial alcohol dehydrogenase activity sufficient to account for the rapid initial rate of ethanol elimination shown with epinephrine was demonstrated by coupling ethanol oxidation with lactaldehyde reduction, a system which increases the rate of dissociation of NADH from the enzyme and its oxidation back to NAD+. The findings in this study indicate that an increased reoxidation of NADH during ethanol oxidation by alcohol dehydrogenase is the basis for the rapid transient increase in ethanol elimination produced by epinephrine.
Role of the Genomics Revolution in Pharmaceutics

The genomics revolution, which has seemingly pervaded all of the biological and biomedical sciences, has brought about its most impressive advances in the pharmaceutical sciences. The technological advances in high-throughput DNA sequencing, in assessing gene expression for thousands of transcripts, and in RNA construFcts to silence specific genes have not only been the driving force behind genomic studies, but have also contributed to an emerging paradigm shift that is occurring in pharmacology, drug development, and pharmacotherapeutics. The molecular tools now readily available to laboratories have hastened the shift from drug development based largely on chemistry to one based on our growing biological knowledge of the physiological and molecular effects of compounds.1 It is now becoming possible with these tools to assess at the cellular level the nature of drug action, toxicity, and tolerance. Similarly, our understanding of human disease is being refined, which will lead to more precise therapeutic interventions based on more precise understandings of disease states. Ironically, the area of genomic-driven advances in pharmacy that enjoys the most public press is also the area where the advances are the least certain. Much has been written about the age of personalized medicine where each patient’s genetic makeup will determine an individual-specific course of drug treatment designed to be the most efficacious and safe. Pharmacogenetics, which has been an active area of research for over 50 years,2 seeks to provide patients efficacious therapeutics with minimal adverse drug reactions based on their genetic makeup (genotype) at one or more genes determining drug metabolism and/or drug transport (drug metabolism or transport pharmacogenetics) or in genes that are the direct targets of drug action (drug target pharmacogenetics). The literature is extensive, including several new journals detailing studies showing gene-drug relationships and the importance of including a patient’s genetic makeup in guiding …
The Effects of Warning Message Highlighting on Novel Assembly Task Performance

A review of examples and specifications relating to critical operating procedures revealed considerable variation in recommended standards for highlighting warning messages. An experiment was therefore conducted to examine the effectiveness of various methods of highlighting warning messages contained in the instructions for a novel assembly task. Findings indicated that the presence of warning messages shortened task completion times and reduced error rates between the experimental and control groups. Language: en
TERRESTRIAL EVALUATION OF THE GPS STANDARD POSITIONING SERVICE

During the period of January through April and also in August 1985, an engineering test team from the Transportation Systems Center (TSC) conducted a static and underway assessment of radionavigation systems in the Boston area. Sponsored by the Research and Special Programs Administration, the object of the tests was to gather data to determine the viability of the Global Positioning System, Standard Positioning Service (SPS), to provide navigation for terrestrial users. Concurrent data were also obtained on the LORAN-C system to provide a current assessment of its capabilities. Four receivers, two GPS and two LORAN-C, were used in the evaluation. Tests assessed the capabilities of receivers for conducting static survey and underway navigation. Test units were exposed to operating conditions representative of the rural, suburban and urban terrestrial environments. Parameters of interest included navigation accuracy (absolute and repeatable), interference susceptibility and signal availability. GPS results obtained with signals from the current constellation of satellites were compared with those expected from 18 and 21 satellite configurations. This paper presents a discussion of the conduct of the evaluation and a summary of the results.
Accommodation and Adjudication in Student–Administration Conflicts: The Difficult Legacy of the U.S. Supreme Court

In this article, we consider a series of U.S. Supreme Court rulings that place public school students under an expansive shield of constitutional rights while often hampering the ability of administrators to engage in flexible and creative conflict resolution in the context of the school's mission. The court's readiness to adjudicate a large range of student–administration conflicts has weakened schools’ ability to pragmatically accommodate conflicts that, by their nature, do not have principled solutions at the level of the law. We argue that as long as adjudication is the privileged course of action, the court seems locked into a philosophical zigzag, now endowing 8th graders with due process and constitutional rights, now framing them as mere “subjects.” To strengthen schools as educational and moral institutions, school leaders need to be able to construct systems of accommodation that are sensitive to their special educational nature and mission.
Transparent logging as a technique for debugging complex distributed systems

As any battle-scarred veteran will testify, debugging a distributed system in production use is an enterprise fraught with great difficulty and frustration. By the time the system is released for production use, most of the easy bugs have been found and fixed. The remaining bugs are typically non-deterministic in nature, and will only manifest themselves under conditions of heavy use. Although rare, such bugs cannot be ignored because they often have serious consequences.In this position paper, we put forth the thesis that logging is a flexible, powerful, and convenient tool for debugging complex distributed systems. We substantiate this thesis in three steps. First, we argue that logging is particularly well suited for debugging distributed systems. Next, we observe that logging is already used in distributed systems for reasons independent of debugging. Finally, we show that the latter uses of logging can be transparently extended to support debugging.
Some uses of a grammatical concordance

The computer-generated concordance is probably the earliestdeveloped, least problematic, and most useful application of electronic data processing to literary texts. Not only do computers prepare concordances quickly and accurately, but they allow great flexibility of format and provide more information in their output than the traditional manual concordance. Freedom in formatting can be found in a "combinatorial" concordance program that produces contexts where words with identical roots cluster in groups of two or three.1 The possibility of increased output information is exemplified by the fact that in a concordance of dramatic works one can include the speaker of each line or word as well as the usual location.2 Such concordances can serve more than the customary needs of literary scholars. With the aid of a conventional concordance, one can trace the peculiar meaning given by an author to certain words; classify his vocabulary as nominal or verbal, concrete or abstract; or study his method of associating words in sets to create image patterns and themes. The words that yield this kind of information are usually nouns and verbs, adjectives and adverbs. The compiler of the concordance calls them "significant" words and lists every instance of them in an appropriate context; other words, the "most common" ones, are altogether omitted or listed partially. But these common words, which linguists call "structure" or "function" words (as opposed to "content" or "lexical" words), constitute the sole headings of a grammatical concordance. They consist of prepositions, conjunctions, determiners, quantifiers, whwords, the various kinds of pronouns, and the modal and tense auxiliary verbs.3 They mark syntactic relations and give formal