cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural, electrical, and magnetic properties of Ba Co 1 − x Cu x S 2

Compounds of the layered transition-metal-sulfide series $\mathrm{Ba}{\mathrm{Co}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{x}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ $(0\ensuremath{\leqslant}x\ensuremath{\leqslant}0.5)$ were prepared, and structural, electrical, and magnetic properties were investigated. The semiconductor $\mathrm{Ba}\mathrm{Co}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ is antiferromagnetically ordered below $310\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. With increasing Cu content $x$ the structure becomes more anisotropic as the lattice parameter perpendicular to the layers elongates while the parallel parameter contracts. The resistivity is nonmetallic for all the compounds in this series. The N\'eel temperature ${T}_{N}$ decreases with $x$, reaching ${T}_{N}\ensuremath{\approx}0$ by $x\ensuremath{\approx}0.2$. The susceptibility in the high-temperature paramagnetic phase, which for $\mathrm{Ba}\mathrm{Co}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ is consistent with ${\mathrm{Co}}^{2+}$ ions in the low-spin $S=1∕2$ state, shows a Curie constant that is very much smaller than expected for ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{1+}$ and a mixture of ${\mathrm{Co}}^{2+}$ and ${\mathrm{Co}}^{3+}$ in the ratio of $1--2x$ to $x$. At sufficiently low temperatures there is a spin-glass phase for all $xg0$. The magnetic phase diagram obtained is remarkably similar to that of normal state ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}\mathrm{Cu}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ $(x\ensuremath{\leqslant}0.06)$.
Copper/low k dual damascene processLI

Dual damascene technology of Cu / low dielectric layer is introduced in this paper, andthis technology has been used in manufacturing DRAM and logic devices.
380 RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN SLEEP HYGIENE

Purpose Many epidemiological studies have reported that sleep problems are frequent in children. A common sleep disturbance, sleep disordered breathing, is also known to vary by ethnicity, but little is known about other sleep problems that may be affected by racial background. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of sleep disturbances in community children and determine if racial differences exist. Methods A detailed questionnaire related to sleep habits and sleep quality was mailed to parents of children enrolled in the community public school system. Children, aged 5 to 6 years of age, and who self-identified as Caucasian (C) or African American (AA) were eligible to participate. Results 2000 questionnaires were eligible for analysis. Demographic data were as follows: 6 year olds, 1119 (56%); males, 1059 (53%); C, 1582 (79%). The average hours of nighttime sleep was 9.2 ± 1.4 hours. The parents of C children reported more sleep hours than their AA counterparts (C, 9.4 ± 1.3 hours vs. AA, 8.5 ± 1.6 hours). Only 180 (9%) of parents reported no concerns with sleep issues, but of the remaining parents, racial differences did exist. More C parents reported that their children willingly went to bed (C, 60% vs. AA, 48%, p Conclusion Racial differences do exist in sleep habits and sleep quality. This study suggests AA children are more at risk for sleep disturbances than their C counterparts.
Cardiopulmonary bypass for patients with previously documented heparin-induced platelet aggregation

Heparin-dependent intravascular coagulation is a widely recognized syndrome in which heparin acts as a hapten for an antiplatelet antibody and causes accelerated intravascular thrombosis and thrombocytopenia that may culminate in organ loss, hemorrhagic diathesis, and even death. Diagnosis is made in vitro by observing beparin-stimulated aggregation of normal platelets suspended in the patient’s platelet-poor plasma. Treatment consists of cessation of heparin and use of antiaggregating agents with or without warfarin sodium. Management of patients with prior heparin-dependent intravascular coagulation who require cardiopulmonary bypass has not been reported. We now have successfully managed three such patients and herein present guidelines for management Each patient was undergoing heparin therapy and manifested hallmark heparin tachyphylaxis, thrombocytopenia, and increased thrombotic symptoms (further venous thrombosis after cardiac catheterization in two cases and exacerbation of unstable angina in the other). In vitro aggregation studies were abnormal. Heparin was stopped, and antiaggregative therapy was begun with good response in each instance. In vitro studies were done serially until the antiplatelet antibody reaction had vanished (usually 4 to 8 weeks), and coronary revascularization was then conducted with full beparinization. Further heparin exposure postoperatively was avoided. There was no perioperative evidence of intravascular thrombosis or bleeding diathesis, and in vitro heparin-dependent aggregation did not recur. We conclude that patients with previously documented heparin-dependent intravascular coagulation can safely sustain the massive heparin rechallenge of cardiopulmonary bypass, provided that in vitro aggregation has ceased and rechallenge therapy is not prolonged.
Discovering predictive association rules

Association rule algorithms can produce a very large number of output patterns. This has raised questions of whether the set of discovered rules "overfit" the data because all the patterns that satisfy some constraints are generated (the Bonferroni effect). In other words, the question is whether some of the rules are "false discoveries" that are not statistically significant. We present a novel approach for estimating the number of "false discoveries" at any cutoff level. Empirical evaluation shows that on typical datasets the fraction of rules that may be false discoveries is very small. A bonus of this work is that the statistical significance measures we compute are a good basis for ordering the rules for presentation to users, since they correspond to the statistical "surprise" of the rule. We also show how to compute confidence intervals for the support and confidence of an association rule, enabling the rule to be used predictively on future data.
The Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD): A Bridge to Heart Transplantation

Since its approval by the USFDA in 1998, the LVAD has been used primarily as a bridge to transplantation. It has been effective in improving the overall health and debilitated states in patients with cardiomyopathies and CHF by restoring them to a near normal hemodynamic state and improving end-organ blood flow. Recent studies indicate that the LVAD might be useful as a destination therapy, making transplantation unnecessary, providing one solution to the imbalance of heart donor supply to transplant candidate need.
Association of primary (1{degrees}) site and molecular features with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) after anti-epidermal growth factor receptor ({alpha}EGFR) therapy.

3506Background: CRCs originating in the right colon (RC) have features distinct from those in the rectum/left colon, including more frequent CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP-High) and BRAF mut...
The Perfect Storm, the Perfect Culprit: How a Metaphor of Fate Figures in Judicial Opinions

After the publication of a book and release of a movie, both titled “The Perfect Storm,” the phrase, “it was a perfect storm,” entered the popular culture in apparently limitless contexts, including at least 140 judicial opinions. Apparently even by those who have never read the book or seen the movie, a reference to “a perfect storm” is understood to embody the story of a fishing boat lost in a terrible storm, in which multiple forces converged in a singular event to produce devastating consequences that could not have been foreseen or prevented. Nothing could have been done to prevent the damage, and no one is to blame. This article discusses the construction of the perfect storm metaphor and examines how its narrative elements figure in judicial opinions. By emphasizing the convergence of forces, the metaphor promotes a view of multiple causation as “perfect” and separate from human agency. By emphasizing the singular quality of the storm, the metaphor invites arguments urging a highly contextualized reading and suggesting that since a perfect storm is unlikely to recur, any precedential effect of the case so described will be minimal. By conjuring up the awesome and mysterious forces of nature, the metaphor may work to absolve individuals of responsibility for the consequences of their own actions. In short, the perfect storm is the perfect culprit.
Eosinophilic Esophagitis From an Allergy Perspective: How to Optimally Pursue Allergy Testing & Dietary Modification in the Adult Population

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a clinicopathologic condition characterized by symptoms of esophageal dysfunction and eosinophil-predominant inflammation. In adults, the three most common treatment options are swallowed steroids, elimination diets, and periodic esophageal dilations. Many different elimination diets have been studied in adults, including elemental diets, allergy testing-directed diets, and empiric elimination diets. This article will review the existing data on these dietary therapies and will propose an approach to dietary management in adult EoE.
Cs2Hg3S4: A Low-Dimensional Direct Bandgap Semiconductor

Cs2Hg3S4 was synthesized by slowly cooling a melted stoichiometric mixture of Hg and Cs2S4. Cs2Hg3S4 crystallizes in the Ibam spacegroup with a = 6.278(1) A, b = 11.601(2) A, and c = 14.431(3)A; dcalc = 6.29 g/cm3. Its crystal structure consists of straight chains of [Hg3S4]n2n– that engage in side-by-side weak bonding interactions forming layers and are charge balanced by Cs+ cations. The thermal stability of this compound was investigated with differential thermal analysis and temperature dependent in situ synchrotron powder diffraction. The thermal expansion coefficients of the a, b, and c axes were assessed at 1.56 × 10–5, 2.79 × 10–5, and 3.04 × 10–5 K–1, respectively. Large single-crystals up to ∼5 cm in length and ∼1 cm in diameter were grown using a vertical Bridgman method. Electrical conductivity and photoconductivity measurements on naturally cleaved crystals of Cs2Hg3S4 gave resistivity ρ of ≥108 Ω·cm and carrier mobility-lifetime (μτ) products of 4.2 × 10–4 and 5.82 × 10–5 cm2 V–1 for electro...
Impact of caregiver activities and social supports on multidimensional caregiver burden: analyses from nationally-representative surveys of cancer patients and their caregivers

Purpose Informal caregivers of individuals with cancer may experience substantial burdens. To develop interventions to support these caregivers, it is crucial to quantify and understand the domains of burdens potentially experienced by caregivers and factors contributing to each domain.
The Management of Bacterial Infection-Associated Glomerulonephritis

Bacterial infection-associated immune complex glomerulonephritis (GN) has been a known entity for several centuries. Bacterial infection-associated GN may occur after the infection has resolved (post-infectious GN) or during the course of an active, usually subacute or chronic infection (GN associated with active infection). The most well-known and most completely characterized form of bacterial infection-associated GN is post-streptococcal GN. Post-streptococcal GN is the hallmark example of post-infectious GN and traditionally occurs several weeks after an infection with group A, β-hemolytic streptococcus species has resolved. Post-streptococcal GN usually carries an excellent prognosis. However, over the past several decades there has been a significant decline in the incidence of post-streptococcal GN and an emergence of GN associated with active infection and in particular staphylococcal-associated GN. There are many differences between post-streptococcal GN and staphylococcal-associated GN including differences in clinical presentation, histopathology, and prognosis. These differences affect how these conditions are diagnosed and treated. Specifically, immunosuppression should be avoided in patients with a GN that occurs during an active infection but can be considered in patients with severe post-infectious GN. In this chapter, we review the available evidence for the management of both post-streptococcal GN and staphylococcal-associated GN. Through these examples, we highlight important differences regarding the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of post-infectious GN and the GN associated with active infection. Finally, the potential confounder of antibiotic-associated nephrotoxicity is considered and how this form of acute kidney injury can be differentiated from an infection-associated GN is discussed.
Husband's Reaction to His Wife's Sexual Rejection Is Predicted by the Time She Spends With Her Male Friends but Not Her Male Coworkers.

Males among many species, including humans, evaluate cues of sperm competition risk and adjust accordingly their sperm competition tactics. The number of potential sexual rivals can serve as an ind...
Between-leg coupling schemes for passively-adaptive non-redundant legged robots

This paper studies the synthesis of between-leg coupling schemes for passively-adaptive non-redundant legged robots. Highly actuated legged robots can arbitrarily locate their feet relative to their bodies through active control, but often wind up kinematically over-constrained following ground contact, requiring complex redundant control for stable locomotion. The use of passive sprung joints can provide some minimal passive adaptability to terrain, but it is limited to relatively low terrain variability due to practical travel limits. In this paper, using a 4-RR platform as case study, we show that implementing parallel adaptive couplings between legs of a stance platform can yield substantial passive adaptability to rough terrain while still ensuring that the body is fully constrained in stance. This study uses screw theory-based mobility analysis methods to determine the number of constraints required to control the stance platform. Several coupling schemes are then considered and evaluated through a simulation of their stance capabilities over arbitrary terrain. An experimental validation of these simulation results is presented; it demonstrates the viability of the proposed scheme for passive adaptability.
Empirical Likelihood with Applications

The maximum likelihood method for regular parametric models has many optimality properties. As a result, it is one of the most popular methods in statistical inference. However, model mis-specification is a big concern since a misspecified model may lead to bias results.
Type II Secretion Substrates of Legionella pneumophila Translocate Out of the Pathogen-Occupied Vacuole via a Semipermeable Membrane.

Legionella pneumophila replicates in macrophages in a host-derived phagosome, termed the Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV). While the translocation of type IV secretion (T4S) effectors into the macrophage cytosol is well established, the location of type II secretion (T2S) substrates in the infected host cell is unknown. Here, we show that the T2S substrate ProA, a metalloprotease, translocates into the cytosol of human macrophages, where it associates with the LCV membrane (LCVM). Translocation is detected as early as 10 h postinoculation (p.i.), which is approximately the midpoint of the intracellular life cycle. However, it is detected as early as 6 h p.i. if ProA is hyperexpressed, indicating that translocation depends on the timing of ProA expression and that any other factors necessary for translocation are in place by that time point. Translocation occurs with all L. pneumophila strains tested and in amoebae, natural hosts for L. pneumophila It was absent in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and murine macrophage cell lines. The ChiA chitinase also associated with the cytoplasmic face of the LCVM at 6 h p.i. and in a T2S-dependent manner. Galectin-3 and galectin-8, eukaryotic proteins whose localization is influenced by damage to host membranes, appeared within the LCV of infected human but not murine macrophages beginning at 6 h p.i. Thus, we hypothesize that ProA and ChiA are first secreted into the vacuolar lumen by the activity of the T2S and subsequently traffic into the macrophage cytosol via a novel mechanism that involves a semipermeable LCVM.IMPORTANCE Infection of macrophages and amoebae plays a central role in the pathogenesis of L. pneumophila, the agent of Legionnaires' disease. We have previously demonstrated that the T2S system of L. pneumophila greatly contributes to intracellular infection. However, the location of T2S substrates within the infected host cell is unknown. This report presents the first evidence of a L. pneumophila T2S substrate in the host cell cytosol and, therefore, the first evidence of a non-T4S effector trafficking out of the LCV. We also provide the first indication that the LCV is not completely intact but is instead semipermeable and that this occurs in human but not murine macrophages. Given this permeability, we hypothesize that other T2S substrates and LCV lumenal contents can escape into the host cell cytosol. Thus, these substrates may represent a battery of previously unidentified effectors that can interact with host factors and contribute to intracellular infection by L. pneumophila.
Molecular Properties of Human Platelet Integrin αIIbβ3

This chapter discusses the molecular properties of human platelet integrin α IIb β 3 . The platelet membrane receptor α IIb β 3 is one of the most well-characterized of the integrins. The interaction of this receptor with various ligands has served as a paradigm for the activation dependence of integrin function. Progress in understanding α IIb β 3 function has closely paralleled the appreciation of the importance of this integrin to the immunogenicity of platelets. The integrin α IIb β 3 is a particularly important glycoprotein receptor complex as it is largely responsible for the final cohesive phase of platelet activation in vivo , that is, platelet aggregation supported by the binding of adhesive proteins, like fibrinogen or von Willebrand factor. As the genes that encode each of the integrin subunits α IIb and β 3 have been cloned and sequenced and the synthesis of these glycoproteins has now been studied in megakaryocyte cell lines and recombinant mammalian expression systems, considerable insight into the regulation of expression and function of this platelet adhesion receptor has been achieved.
Surgical clerkship or medical clerkship first: Does it make a difference?

Abstract Introduction This study compares NBME surgical clerkship scores of students who completed their medicine clerkship before their surgical clerkship with the performance of those who had not previously completed their medical clerkship. Methods The study included 815 New York University School of Medicine students from the years 2014–2018 (571 students took medicine first, while 244 took surgery first). Performance on the surgical clerkship was assessed using the NBME SHELF examination. Statistical comparisons were performed via 2-tailed, independent-samples, unequal-variance t-tests. Results Mean NBME surgical SHELF scores of the students who had previously taken medicine were significantly higher than students who had not (mean 78.6 vs. 73.5, p Conclusion Students who completed their core medical clerkship prior to their surgical clerkship scored significantly better on the NBME surgical SHELF examination.
Parametric resonance in linear microresonators using analog feedback

This paper reports on the design and implementation of an analog feedback controller for generating parametric resonance in linear microresonators that do not intrinsically demonstrate this phenomenon. It is shown that the controller produces a fundamental parametric resonance in a piezoelectric microresonator that is qualitatively similar to those found in MEMS resonators with intrinsic parametric resonances. The design of the controller is simple and has the potential to work with most resonators, even in the radio frequency range. As a result, it is possible to make use of parametric resonances in high-frequency, high quality factor resonators for oscillator applications in sensing, timing, and frequency control.
Coarctation of aorta with normal blood pressure.

Coarctation of aorta (COA) in adults usually manifests as uncontrolled severe hypertension, which may cause symptoms of heart failure, headaches, epistaxis, or aortic dissection. 12 We report an unusual case of coarctation of the aorta in a young male associated with normal blood pressure.
United States v. Microsoft: An Economic Analysis

In May, 1998, the U.S. Department of Justice filed suit against the Microsoft Corporation claiming a number of violations of Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act. The case was tried from October 19, 1998 through June 24, 1999. Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson ruled as to the findings of fact on November 5, 1999 and conclusions of law on April 3, 2000. As this paper is drafted, the remedy phase of the trial is about to begin. If the case does not settle, the appeals process will follow. This paper presents perspective and commentary on the economic issues from the viewpoint of two economists who were active in the case. Fisher was one of the U.S. Government's economic witnesses at the trial, and this paper is based in part on his testimony. Rubinfeld was Deputy Assistant Attorney General (DAAG) for Economics in the Antitrust Division during much of the investigation, and DAAG and then consultant for the U.S. Government during the trial. Our roles as testifying expert and chief economist at the Antitrust Division, respectively, carry with them the advantage of seeing the issues from the inside as participants, and the disadvantage that one's perspective is inevitably affected by one's own viewpoint. Because our goal is to explicate the merits of the Government's case and to highlight important issues, we are hopeful that the advantages will outweigh any disadvantages. Most of what follows summarizes our views at the time of trial; subsections that contain retrospective commentary are starred.
Neuroimaging of viral infections of the central nervous system.

Abstract Imaging plays a crucial role in the workup of patients with a suspected viral disease of the central nervous system. While computed tomography (CT) provides limited diagnostic information in this setting, the relative ease and speed at which images are obtained provide a rapid and accurate tool to demonstrate the potentially devastating consequences of severe illness. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on the other hand is excellent at showing the early imaging findings of infection/inflammation, often allowing clinicians to initiate the appropriate therapy with more confidence. The following chapter highlights the key CT and MRI findings in a variety of common, uncommon, and rare viral entities, with emphasis on pathophysiologic processes that lead to particular imaging findings.
Learning New Word Pronunciations from Spoken Examples

A lexicon containing explicit mappings between words and pronunciations is an integral part of most automatic speech recognizers (ASRs). While many ASR components can be trained or adapted using data, the lexicon is one of the few that typically remains static until experts make manual changes. This work takes a step towards alleviating the need for manual intervention by integrating a popular grapheme-to-phoneme conversion technique with acoustic examples to automatically learn highquality baseform pronunciations for unknown words. We explore two models in a Bayesian framework, and discuss their individual advantages and shortcomings. We show that both are able to generate better-than-expert pronunciations with respect to word error rate on an isolated word recognition task. Index Terms: grapheme-to-phoneme conversion, pronunciation models, lexical representation
Single-step catalytic conversion of furfural to 2-pentanol over bimetallic Co–Cu catalysts

The conversion of biomass derived furfural to 2-pentanol, a useful organic solvent and precursor for various types of fuels, was demonstrated with ∼71.1% yield in a single step over a Co–Cu/Al2O3 catalyst at 240 °C and 45 bar H2 pressure. The catalyst demonstrated sustained activity and selectivity for four subsequent recycles without regeneration. Co was proposed as the primary active site that enabled hydrodeoxygenation of furfural to produce methyl furan followed by ring opening, while Cu mitigated product degradation that occurred on pure Cu catalysts.
CO 2 Reduction Catalysts on Gold Electrode Surfaces Influenced by Large Electric Fields

Attaching molecular catalysts to metal and semiconductor electrodes is a promising approach to developing new catalytic electrodes with combined advantages of molecular and heterogeneous catalysts. However, the effect of the interfacial electric field on the stability, activity, and selectivity of the catalysts is often poorly understood due to the complexity of interfaces. In this work, we examine the strength of the interfacial field at the binding site of CO2 reduction catalysts including Re(S-2,2′-bipyridine)(CO)3Cl and Mn(S-2,2′-bipyridine)(CO)3Br immobilized on Au electrodes. The vibrational spectra are probed by sum frequency generation spectroscopy (SFG), showing pronounced potential-dependent frequency shifts of the carbonyl stretching modes. Calculations of SFG spectra and Stark tuning rates based on density functional theory allow for direct interpretation of the configurations of the catalysts bound to the surfaces and the influence of the interfacial electric field. We find that electrocataly...
Abstract 107: The Impact of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients on Hospital Quality Reporting of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; Can Prediction Models Do Better?

Objectives: This study aimed to develop a mortality risk model for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) specific to the Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) population and assess the influence...
Some of the Best Things Happen on Friday Afternoons: A Conversation With Vern Jones:

Dr. Vern Jones shares his reflections on a career that focused on providing avenues for encouragement for youth and teachers who daily face challenges. His career is marked by an unflagging work et...
Effects of L1/L2 Captioned TV Programs on Students’ Vocabulary Learning and Comprehension

This study investigated the effects of different types of captions on English as a Foreign Language Learners’ (EFL) vocabulary learning and comprehension. Eighty students in a Chinese university participated. Students were divided into four groups with two classes of freshmen, one class of juniors, and one class of graduate students. Each group watched four video clips with four caption conditions: L1 Chinese, L2 English, dual (L1 and L2), and no captions. The order and caption conditions were counterbalanced. The purpose of the study was to find which caption condition is more effective for EFL learners. Four by four mixed ANOVAs were used to compare the differences among the four conditions and groups. Results indicated that students’ performances were statistically significantly different across captions and class levels. In general, students in L1, L2, and dual captions statistically outperformed the no caption condition in vocabulary and comprehension. Results of the effects of L1, L2, and dual captions on vocabulary learning and comprehension were mixed. The pedagogical implications of using authentic TV series and multimedia captions were discussed.
Introduction to the Special Issue: The role of seed dispersal in plant populations: perspectives and advances in a changing world

Despite the importance of seed dispersal as a driving process behind plant community assembly, our understanding of the role of seed dispersal in plant population persistence and spread remains incomplete. As a result, our ability to predict the effects of global change on plant populations is hampered. We need to better understand the fundamental link between seed dispersal and population dynamics in order to make predictive generalizations across species and systems, to better understand plant community structure and function, and to make appropriate conservation and management responses related to seed dispersal. To tackle these important knowledge gaps, we established the CoDisperse Network and convened an interdisciplinary, NSF-sponsored Seed Dispersal Workshop in 2016, during which we explored the role of seed dispersal in plant population dynamics (NSF DEB Award # 1548194). In this Special Issue, we consider the current state of seed dispersal ecology and identify the following collaborative research needs: (i) the development of a mechanistic understanding of the movement process influencing dispersal of seeds; (ii) improved quantification of the relative influence of seed dispersal on plant fitness compared to processes occurring at other life history stages; (iii) an ability to scale from individual plants to ecosystems to quantify the influence of dispersal on ecosystem function; and (iv) the incorporation of seed dispersal ecology into conservation and management strategies.
Falling in Love in Later Life

We now recognize that the need to be recognized as special by others, and to experience touch and intimacy, persist throughout life. Much more research has focused on love, sex, courtship, and marriage during early adulthood than in later life. The topic of love in the later years constitutes a research gap. This chapter reviews quantitative research and qualitative, anecdotal evidence about how older adults experience attraction, dating, and decide how they will carry out relationships appropriate for this stage in life. New issues arise in later relationships: dealing with changes in sexual functioning; how much and in what ways to remain involved in each partner’s earlier family structures; determining the balance of togetherness and individual lives; planning estate decisions; and planning for the possibility of long-term (or nursing) care for a new partner. Gender differences are evident: men value sexual attractiveness and sexual activity more than do women; women value companionate characteristics more than do men. Many individuals (more women than men) are looking for a relationship they have not yet found; many others have found fulfilling additional relationships, or wonderfully different relationships in later life. Women seem more likely than men to be looking for a non-marital, companionate relationship in which they can maintain their autonomy and sense of economic control. Further research is needed to identify factors which help create and sustain nurturing, loving relationships in later life.
Tightness of Liouville first passage percolation for γ ∈ ( 0 , 2 ) $\gamma \in (0,2)$

We study Liouville first passage percolation metrics associated to a Gaussian free field $h$ mollified by the two-dimensional heat kernel $p_{t}$ in the bulk, and related star-scale invariant metrics. For $\gamma \in (0,2)$ and $\xi = \frac{\gamma }{d_{\gamma }}$ , where $d_{\gamma }$ is the Liouville quantum gravity dimension defined in Ding and Gwynne (Commun. Math. Phys. 374:1877–1934, 2020), we show that renormalized metrics $(\lambda _{t}^{-1} e^{ \xi p_{t} * h} ds)_{t \in (0,1)}$ are tight with respect to the uniform topology. We also show that subsequential limits are bi-Holder with respect to the Euclidean metric, obtain tail estimates for side-to-side distances, and derive error bounds for the normalizing constants $\lambda _{t}$ .
Development of formant frequency distributions in American English-speaking elementary school-aged children: A longitudinal study

Speech development enters a critical phase in the early elementary years, when learned patterns of phonology and motor control become increasingly entrenched, and developmental speech-language disorders become more difficult to treat. Much attention has been given to early speech development in the preschool years, and a few studies have examined the acoustics of speech development cross-sectionally from Kindergarten to adulthood. To the best of our knowledge, there are no longitudinal acoustic studies of the speech of typically developing children between 5 years and puberty. Although cross-sectional studies provide a general picture of growth, they cannot reveal specific patterns of development and variability. We present acoustic data from an annual, longitudinal study of 8 children between 6 and 10 years of age. All participants are native speakers of Midwest American English. Stimuli included words and sentences from the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation 3rd Edition, as well as a spontaneous speech sample and nonce syllables embedded in a carrier phrase. Frequencies for the first four formants were obtained across the entire stimulus set with Praat, and used to generate formant frequency distributions for each child, in each year.
Quantitative Studies of Traffic Noise Annoyance

This paper describes a continuing research program on traffic noise annoyance. The work involves a combination of laboratory, field, and computer modeling studies. Results are intended to provide a better fundamental understanding of noise-induced annoyance. Potential applications include the evaluation of various vehicle noise reduction programs.
Minnesota Regulatory Reform Study

Since President Ford, each president has attempted to make regulatory reform a significant part of his political and domestic agenda. The idea that extensive bureaucracy causes needless complexity for citizens regulated by government agencies is easily accepted by critics of both federal and state government. The political response to this perceived problem has been regulatory reform/deregulation. The Minnesota House of Representatives responded to this perceived problem in Minnesota by studying methods of legislative oversight and regulatory reform in Minnesota. The goal of the regulatory reform study was to examine the state rulemaking process and determine whether or not agencies are performing their functions or duties with a minimum of government interference, with maximum efficiency and with appropriate legislative oversight. The following report is a compilation of the study commissioned by the Minnesota House of Representative.
Physical Attractiveness and its Effects on Social Treatment and Inequality

Physical attractiveness has always played a role in how people are treated in a society. In its extreme sense, those who are the “best looking” are provided opportunities to exploit their features, in careers like acting and modeling. But what is the extent of how much attractiveness can affect everyday life? Studies suggest it can bias the way we are treated in the workplace, in school, in court, and in our personal lives like how much a person is paid attention to in their social circle, and the way they are treated in romantic relationships.The questions I would like to answer are broad and may be different depending on the sources. To break down my research, I will first attempt to study how physical attractiveness is measured. From my readings so far, many have studied facial symmetry, length of the nose, height, and in women especially, their body mass index and hip-to-waist ratio. Age, race and gender also seem to affect who someone thinks is attractive. For example, a male’s perception of female attractiveness sometimes differs from a female’s, and an ideal body shape and weight is different between African Americans and Caucasians.Next I will investigate some of the most important aspects of our lives that are affected because of our looks. Studies have suggested more attractive people not only more likely to find employment, but they also earn higher incomes and may move up the career ladder more easily. It is also theorized that attractive people are simply thought of as being more intellectually competent. Disparities in compensation have been studied closely, with one study examining the influence of gender and attractiveness in ultimatum games.Starting in school, a teacher forms expectations based on how attractive a child is and in turn the child's behavior will be shaped. In a study where young children rated popularity among their peers, the unattractive kids were less popular. In a group of friends, an attractive person will have more influence on and respect from the others, and this pattern may be more apparent in female groups; In one study, an opinion made by an attractive female was more likely to be agreed upon than when made by a female less attractive. When making marriage choices, attractiveness and education play important roles, but the degree of their importance are different between genders.The question of how physical features will influence human behavior, interaction and attitude is intriguing and important. The answers can play a significant role in explaining inequality and discrimination in every society, but especially why inequality is so prevalent in America.
Abstract 19028: Assessment of American Heart Association’s Ideal Cardiovascular Health Metrics Among Employees of Large Health Care Organization: the Baptist Health South Florida Employee Study

INTRODUCTION: Health care organizations and their employees are critical role models for healthy living for their communities. The American Heart Association (AHA) 2020 goals provide a national framework, which can be used as track success of employee wellness programs focued on improving the cardiovascular health. The current study aims to assess the baseline cardiovascular health among insured employees of Baptist Health South Florida (BHSF), a large not-for-profit health care organization. METHODS: CVD health metrics were categorized into ideal, intermediate, or poor categories based on 7 CVD risk factors/health behaviors estimated among individuals participating in a voluntary annual health risk assessment (HRA) and wellness fair available to all employees. RESULTS: The sample consists of 9996 employees who participated in 2013 annual HRA and wellness fair (mean age 43.1±12.1 years, 75% women). Screening participants on average met 4.25±1.14 ideal cardiovascular health metrics. The table describes the prevalence of ideal CVD metrics among the study participant across age and gender. Only 60 (0.6%) of participants met the AHA’s definition of ideal health in all metrics and 36% met 4 or more ideal health metric The prevalence of having “intermediate” cardiovascular health (at least 1 intermediate metric and no poor metrics) was also 29.4%. Majority (70%) had “poor” cardiovascular health (at least 1 poor health metric). Overall 3/4 th participants reached ideal status for smoking, physical activity levels, and glycemic control, whereas the majority of participants had poor to intermediate BMI and health diet score. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health is low among employees of a large health care organization. Future tracking of the CVD metrics will provide critical feedback on the impact of system wide wellness efforts as well identify proactive programs to assist in progress toward the AHA 2020 Impact Goal.
Chapter 1 Commentary: Memory and Meaning in The Laboratory and the Field

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the views and comments on a study related to memory and meaning in the laboratory and the field. Over the past decades, there has been continuing controversy over the best way to study memory. Should one study memory in the laboratory, where one can exert tight control over all the factors that one think may influence how and what people remember, or should one study memory in the field, where one can explore the rich variety and texture of memory for real events. Baker–Ward, Ornstein and Gordon argue that the dichotomy between the laboratory and the field may be a false one; rather than focusing on where research takes place, one need to focus on how the research setting and the child's own developing memory skills interact to produce memory performance. As Baker-Ward, Ornstein and Gordon point out, laboratory studies often allow more precise control than field studies. If one wants to understand memory development then one need to assess memory skills in situations that are meaningful for young children; as Margaret Donaldson has argued, young children must be assessed in situations that make “human sense.” Much of our everyday use of memory is for the express purpose of engaging in social interaction. Memory may not be best conceptualized as an internal capacity of the individual that increases with age and experience. Rather, memory is complexly intertwined with engaging in activities and accomplishing goals in meaningful social interactions.
Diagnosis of homocystinuria by gas chromatography.

Abstract A short gas chromatographic technique for the determination of urinary homocystine has been developed which should be applicable to other amino acids. This technique involves the formation of the N-trifluoroacetyl amino acid methyl ester following separation of the amino acids by ion-exchange chromatography, and has been successfully applied to the confirmation of three suspected cases of homocystinuria.
The Specific Growth Rates of Tissues: A Review and a Re-Evaluation

The first objective of this review and re-evaluation is to present a brief history of efforts to mathematically model the growth of tissues. The second objective is to place this historical material in a current perspective where it may be of help in future research. The overall objective is to look backward in order to see ways forward. It is noted that two distinct methods of imaging or modeling the growth of an organism were inspired over 70 years ago by Thompson's (1915, "XXVII Morphology and Mathematics," Trans. - R. Soc. Edinbrgh, 50, pp. 857―895; 1942, On Growth and Form, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK) method of coordinate transformations to study the growth and form of organisms. One is based on the solid mechanics concept of the deformation of an object, and the other is based on the fluid mechanics concept of the velocity field of a fluid. The solid mechanics model is called the distributed continuous growth (DCG) model by Skalak (1981, "Growth as a Finite Displacement Field," Proceedings of the 1UTAM Symposium on Finite Elasticity, D. E. Carlson and R. T. Shield, eds., Nijhoff, The Hague, pp. 348―355) and Skalak et al. (1982, "Analytical Description of Growth," J. Theor. Biol., 94, pp. 555―577), and the fluid mechanics model is called the graphical growth velocity field representation (GVFR) by Cowin (2010, "Continuum Kinematical Modeling of Mass Increasing Biological Growth," Int. J. Eng. Sci., 48, pp. 1137―1145). The GVFR is a minimum or simple model based only on the assumption that a velocity field may be used effectively to illustrate experimental results concerning the temporal evolution of the size and shape of the organism that reveals the centers of growth and growth gradients first described by Huxley (1924, "Constant Differential Growth-Ratios and Their Significance," Nature (London), 114, pp. 895―896; 1972, Problems of Relative Growth, 2nd ed., L. MacVeagh, ed., Dover, New York). It is the method with an independent future that some earlier writers considered as an aspect of the DCG model. The development of the DCG hypothesis and the mixture theory models into models for the predicted growth of an organism is taking longer because these models are complicated and the development and refinement of the basic concepts are slower.
Characteristics of adult celiac disease in the USA: results of a national survey.

OBJECTIVE: The clinical spectrum of adults with celiac disease in the United States, where the disease is considered rare, is not known. We sought this information by distributing a survey. METHODS: A questionnaire was distributed by way of a celiac newsletter, directly to celiac support groups, and through the Internet. RESULTS: Respondents (1612) were from all United States except one. Seventy-five percent (1138) were biopsy proven. Women predominated (2.9:1). The majority of respondents were diagnosed in their fourth to sixth decades. Symptoms were present a mean of 11 yr before diagnosis. Diarrhea was present in 85%. Diagnosis was considered prompt by only 52% and 31% had consulted two or more gastroenterologists. Improved quality of life after diagnosis was reported by 77%. Those diagnosed at age $60 yr also reported improved quality of life. Five respondents had small intestinal malignancies (carcinoma 2, lymphoma 3) accounting for a relative risk of 300 (60 ‐ 876) for the development of lymphoma and 67 (7‐240) for adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with celiac disease in the United States have a long duration of symptoms and consider their diagnosis delayed. Improved quality of life after diagnosis is common. An increased risk of developing small intestine malignancies is present. (Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96: 126 ‐131. © 2001 by Am. Coll. of Gastroenterology)
What is Testimony

C.A.J. Coady, in his book Testimony: A Philosophical Study (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), offers conditions on an assertion that p to count as testimony. He claims that the assertion that p must be by a competent speaker directed to an audience in need of evidence and it must be evidence that p. I offer examples to show that Coady’s conditions are too strong. Testimony need not be evidence; the speaker need not be competent; and, the statement need not be relevant or directed to someone in need of evidence. I give alternative conditions. Coady was led into the stronger conditions by investigating testimony as it occurs in legal contexts, where special steps are taken to ensure that testimony provides the jury or the judge with evidence by a competent speaker that is relevant to the disputed question of the guilt or innocence of the defendant.
Parametrization of a Universal Solvation Model for Molecules Containing Silicon

The SM5.42 solvation model is extended to include compounds containing Si. The new parameters are based on a data set of 13 octanol/water partition coefficients (which we convert into 13 differential free energies of solvation), three absolute solvation energies, and one pKa. The data set includes compounds containing C, H, O, and Si. We carried out parametrizations using compounds in the data set that do not contain bonds between Si and O (i.e., eight differential free energies of solvation and three absolute free energies of solvation for nine compounds) at the HF/MIDI!, HF/MIDI!6D, HF/6-31G*, HF/6-31+G*, HF/cc-pVDZ, BPW91/MIDI!, BPW91/MIDI!6D, BPW91/DVZP, B3LYP/MIDI!, AM1, and PM3 levels of theory. The mean unsigned errors over the eight differential free energies of solvation and three absolute solvation energies for these levels of theory are in the range of 0.48−0.53 kcal/mol. We used five additional differential free energies of solvation for five compounds that do contain O−Si bonds to parametrize...
Modifications of ribonuclease A induced by p-benzoquinone.

Abstract The nature of ribonuclease A (RNase) modifications induced by p -benzoquinone (pBQ) was investigated using several analysis methods. SDS–PAGE experiments revealed that pBQ was efficient in producing oligomers and polymeric aggregates when RNase was incubated with pBQ. The fluorescence behavior and anisotropy changes of the modified RNase were monitored for a series of incubation reactions where RNase (0.050 mM) was incubated with pBQ (0.050, 0.25, 0.50, 1.50 mM) at 37 °C in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, 50 mM). The modified RNase exhibited less intense fluorescence and slightly higher anisotropy than the unmodified RNase. UV–Vis spectroscopy indicated that pBQ formed covalent bonds to the modified RNase. Confocal imaging analysis confirmed the formation of the polymeric RNase aggregates with different sizes upon exposure of RNase to high concentrations of pBQ. The interaction between the modified RNase and salts affecting biomineralization of salts was also investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Overall, our results show that pBQ can induce formation of both RNase adducts and aggregates thus providing a better understanding of its biological activity.