cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pre-conceptual design of automated systems for SRF cavity assembly and optical inspection

The International Linear Collider (ILC) will require -20,000 Superconducting Radio-Frequency (SRF) cavities. Improving the yield of high-gradient (>35 MV/m) cavities is currently one of the most critical issues for the ILC. LANL has been tasked to analyze SRF cavity failure and feedback the results to industry and academia. We have started a pre-conceptual design of an automated system for assembling and sealing the flanges on SRF cavities after high-pressure rinsing in a clean room. This should reduce particle contamination due to touch labor. We have also started a pre-conceptual design of an automated system to optically inspect precise locations (determined during testing) on the inner surface of SRF cavities for defects or contamination. This inspection will allow us to understand why a particular SRF cavity is substandard and potentially repair it. Using both automated systems should lead to field emission free cavities and higher yield of high-gradient cavities.
Prevalence and Colonization of Placobdella on Two Species of Freshwater Turtles (Graptemys geographica and Sternotherus odoratus)

It is generally accepted that bottom-dwelling turtles have a higher ectoparasite load than turtles that bask aerially because of effects of desiccation on ectoparasites, especially with regard to leeches. We compared number of leeches (primarily Placobdella parasitica) on field-caught Common Musk Turtles (Sternotherus odoratus) and Common Map Turtles (Graptemys geographica). The bottom-dwelling species S. odoratus had more than 20 times the number of leeches than the aerial-basking species G. geographica. We then exposed cleaned (leech-free) turtles to leeches in mesocosms (cattle tanks) to measure the rate of colonization. In this experiment, S. odoratus had more than four times the number of leeches as G. geographica after 24 h of exposure, even though G. geographica were unable to bask under these experimental conditions. We suggest that desiccation threat alone does not explain the species-specific differences in leech loads on aquatic turtles.
Markov chain approach to analyze the dynamics of pathogen fecal shedding—Example of Listeria monocytogenes shedding in a herd of dairy cattle

Fecal shedding is an important mechanism of spreading of a number of human and animal pathogens. Understanding of the dynamics of pathogen fecal shedding is critical to be able to control or prevent the spread of diseases caused by these pathogens. The objective of this study was to develop a model for analysis of the dynamics of pathogen fecal shedding. Fecal shedding of Listeria monocytogenes in dairy cattle was used as a model system. A Markov chain model (MCM) with two states, shedding and non-shedding, has been developed for overall L. monocytogenes fecal shedding (all L. monocytogenes subtypes) and fecal shedding of three L. monocytogenes subtypes (ribotypes 1058A, 1039E and 1042B) using data from one study farm. The matrices of conditional probabilities of transition between shedding and non-shedding states for different sets of covariates have been estimated by application of logistic regression. The covariate-specific matrices of conditional probabilities, describing the presence of different risk factors, were used to estimate (i) the stationary prevalence of dairy cows that shed any L. monocytogenes subtype or ribotypes 1058A, 1039E, and 1042B, (ii) the duration of overall and subtype specific fecal shedding, and (iii) the duration of periods without shedding. A non-homogeneous MCM was constructed to study how the prevalence of fecal shedders changes over time. The model was validated with data from the study farm and published literature. The results of our modeling work indicated that (i) the prevalence of L. monocytogenes fecal shedders varies over time and can be higher than 90%, (ii) L. monocytogenes subtypes exhibit different dynamics of fecal shedding, (iii) the dynamics of L. monocytogenes fecal shedding are highly associated with contamination of silage (fermented feed) and cows’ exposure to stress, and (iv) the developed approach can be readily used to study the dynamics of fecal shedding in other pathogen–host–environment systems.
THE BUMPY ROAD OF ASSIMILATION: GENDER, PHENOTYPE, AND HISTORICAL ERA

Gender, phenotype, and historical era powerfully shape the life experiences, identities, and cultures of Mexican-origin families. Using interview data from three-generation Mexican-American families, second-generation Mexican-American women were inclined to revivify their heritage upon marriage or childbearing whereas men underwent the gendered racialization process of U.S. military service. Among the third generation, skin color determines the relevance or irrelevance of “symbolic ethnicity.” Women engaged in a “third-generation return” to ethnicity far more than men, revealing gendered expectations of cultural transmission. This article advances assimilation theory by identifying fractures within generations—gender, phenotype and historical context—that steer incorporation processes.
Copula-Based Flood Frequency Analysis at Ungauged Basin Confluences: Nashville, Tennessee

AbstractMany cities are located at or near the confluence of streams where availability of water resources may be enhanced to sustain user needs while also posing an increased flooding risk from multiple tributaries. An accurate flood-frequency estimator that models the joint flood potential at a basin confluence is needed. Given that long-term flow observations are often unavailable, estimating flood-frequency at ungauged basin confluences proves challenging. Through the use of copulas, this case study demonstrates how an improved flood-frequency analysis can be performed for stream confluences at Nashville, Tennessee. The approach involves four major steps: initial data quality control, fitting of marginal distributions of tributary peak flows, construction of a suitable copula dependence structure, and identification of flood-frequency at the confluence point based on synthesized peak flows. This case study may help researchers and practitioners develop a better understanding of joint flood-frequency w...
Migration of a Greenfield filter to the pulmonary artery: A case report

Abstract A case of Greenfield filter migration to the left pulmonary artery is presented and the pertinent literature reviewed. Technical points are made regarding the prevention and the management of proximal filter migration. (J VASC SURG 1986;3:929-31.)
The vertical distribution of macrobenthos within the substratum of the Brazos river, Texas

Vertical stratification samplers were developed for sampling the grave-sand substrate of a Brazos River, Texas riffle. Fifteen of 25 species recovered, occurred below 10 cm. Mean percentages of total organisms recovered were 66.4%, 20%, 6.1% and 7.5% per 10 cm level, respectively, from the surface down. Dominant insects were Neochoroterpes mexicanas naiads and chironomid, Simulium, Cheumatopsyche and Stenelmis larvae. Seasonal population peaks of these five groups in the top 10 cm correspond with observed emergence peaks. The smaller size classes were generally predominant in the 0–10 cm level. Larvae of Stenelmis were the most evenly distributed among the various 10 cm levels in all size classes. A movement of Cheumatopsyche and Neochoroterpes to lower levels was observed following a large flood, suggesting an escape response to increased silt load and scouring.
Solar energy storage as hydrogen and bromine from hydrogen bromide

Abstract The use of hydrogen bromide as the working fluid for a one-step thermochemical solar energy storage device is considered. When dissociation of Br 2 into Br at moderately high temperatures is taken into account, the system becomes one in which high-temperature separation of hydrogen from bromine in one step appears attractive.
The American Dream Unhinged: Romance and Reality in The Great Gatsby and Fight Club

In 2005, Chuck Palahniuk added an afterword to his 1996 cult novel, Fight Club.By that time, the book had become something of a phenomenon in part because in 1999 it had been adapted into a major studio motion picture starring Edward Norton and Brad Pitt. The sexy actors and edgy film-making drew attention to the novel, but its popularity was a mixed blessing from Palahniuk’s perspective. Not only did the film significantly soften the radical ending of the novel, but the Hollywood machine also transformed the Fight Club ethic, which is rooted in guerilla-type resistance to commodity culture, into merely a successful marketing ploy. In the afterword, Palahniuk wrestles with the ironies of his situation. He marvels at the “fight club” look on Versace and Gucci fashion runways (imagine clothes with razor blades sewn into them and male models with dark make-up around their eyes to suggest bruising) and at the fact that “young men around the world” took “legal action to change their names to ‘Tyler Durden’” (the hero of the novel) (211). Although amused by the momentum and significance of the book in global public life, Palahniuk’s frustration is evident as he recalls the National Public Radio book reviewer who condemned the book because it “fails” to address the question of race directly and the flight attendant, who on a flight back to Palahniuk’s home base, Portland, conspiratorially shared with the author his theory that the book was “really about” gay men in public steam baths (216).
The role of custom design in ASIC Chips

Custom design, in which the designer controls the physical structure of the chip, can greatly improve the speed, power, and delay of an ASIC chip without affecting design time. Through floorplanning and tiling data paths, the designer places the critical wires first, before the logic is placed. Crafted datapath cells structure wiring at the other end of the spectrum by keeping local wires short enabling the use of minimum sized drivers. Routing the wires first gives early visibility of timing issues, allows the design to be optimized to drive the exact wire load, and enables the use of fast circuit styles.
Intelligent strategies and techniques for effective cyber security, infrastructure protection and privacy

There has been increasing challenges in the effective design of critical information infrastructures for effective security, privacy and data protection. The increase in transmission of highly sensitive data and challenges of data protection and of privacy, data loss prevention has major significant implications for systems engineering, systems integration, and systems analysis, design and validation. Furthermore, the design and development of complex integrated systems engineering and network systems lack effective transparency, auditability, validation and implementation of adequate security measures for transfers of highly sensitive metadata across global networks using third party and outsourced networks and the Internet and global privacy regulatory requirements for such data transfer across international borders. The major problem with current state of art approaches of controls for global critical infrastructures of Virtual Private Networks (VPN) depend on inadequate third-party systems. Thus current approaches lack transparency, auditability and validation of the implementation of adequate privacy and security controls for data transfers of highly sensitive metadata across global networks. The paper examines the effectivene strategies for effective critical information infrastructures protection, privacy and cyber security for complex large data transfers across multiple network zones.
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator is involved in airway epithelial wound repair

The role of cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in airway epithelial wound repair was investigated using normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells and a human airwa...
The Lorentz Group and Its Abstraction

In 1966 Ehlers, Rindler and Robinson [ERR66] proposed a new formalism for dealing with the Lorentz group. Their formalism, however, did not find its way to the mainstream literature. Therefore, thirty three years later, two of them suggested considering the “notorious Thomas precession formula” (in their words, p. 431 in [RR99]) as an indicator of the quality of a formalism for dealing with the Lorentz group. The idea of Rindler and Robinson to use the “notorious Thomas precession formula” as an indicator works fine for gyrogroup formalism, where the ugly duckling of special relativity, the “notorious Thomas precession formula”, becomes the beautiful swan of gyrogroup and gyrovector space theory, the Thomas gyration formula in Theorem 2.21, p. 49. Indeed, we will see in this Chapter that the formalism of gyrogroup and gyrovector space theory is well suited for the study of Lorentz groups.
Using iAnnotate to enhance feedback on written work

This paper discusses an iAnnotate feedback model used by the authors to comment on written work in first-year writing courses. We aim to show that the use of iAnnotate, like other emergent technologies, mitigated a number of issues that regularly undermine high-quality feedback (such as the time it takes for instructors to write detailed comments and the challenge for students to read illegible handwriting or to keep track of hard copies of their papers). Yet, we contend that our feedback model goes beyond these practical benefits and, more importantly, enhances student learning. Specifically, we argue that it aligns instructor and student standards, elucidates for students the different types of comments instructors make (and clarifies that they ought to prioritize some comments over others), helps students and instructors identify recurrences and patterns of comments (thus also helping students and instructors diagnose general writing strengths and weaknesses), and conditions students to engage with feedback not only as a justification of their grade, but as a launching point from which they can develop as thinkers and writers. The success of this feedback model is partly attributable to the features of iAnnotate and partly attributable to the classroom complements we designed as part of the feedback model.
Antiplatelet drug use in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes.

AbstractPatients with unstable angina pectoris/non–ST–segment elevation myocardial infarction have an acute coronary syndrome. These patients should be treated with dual antiplatelet therapy with the use of aspirin plus either clopidogrel, prasugrel, or ticagrelor, depending on the clinical circumstances. Prasugrel must not be used in patients with a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack. If ticagrelor is used, the dose of aspirin must not be > 100 mg daily. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors should not be used as part of triple antiplatelet therapy if there is an increased risk for bleeding or in non–high–risk patients, such as those with a normal baseline cardiac troponin level, those without diabetes, and those aged ≥ 75 years for whom potential benefit may be significantly offset by the potential risk for bleeding. Clinical trial data do not support the use of intravenous cangrelor or oral vorapaxar in the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes.
Local Climate Experts: The Influence of Local TV Weather Information on Climate Change Perceptions

Individuals who identify changes in their local climate are also more likely to report that they have personally experienced global climate change. One way that people may come to recognize that their local climate is changing is through information provided by local TV weather forecasters. Using random digit dialing, 2,000 adult local TV news viewers in Virginia were surveyed to determine whether routine exposure to local TV weather forecasts influences their perceptions of extreme weather in Virginia, and their perceptions about climate change more generally. Results indicate that paying attention to TV weather forecasts is associated with beliefs that extreme weather is becoming more frequent in Virginia, which in turn is associated with stronger beliefs and concerns about climate change. These associations were strongest for individuals who trust their local TV weathercaster as a source of information about climate change, and for those who identify as politically conservative or moderate. The findings add support to the literature suggesting that TV weathercasters can play an important role in educating the public about climate change.
News reports of bullying-related fatal and nonfatal injuries in the Americas

Bullying is a multifaceted and injurious form of maltreatment, prevalent across social settings and around the globe. Victims and perpetrators of bullying are at significant risk of suffering from an array of morbidity and dying young due to accidental injuries, suicide, and homicide. This study reviews news reports of nonfatal and fatal injuries linked to bullying throughout the Western Hemisphere during 12 months. News reports, obtained through a Google search, of episodes of fatal and nonfatal injuries related to school bullying and violence from July 2011 through June 2012 that affected children and adolescents (ages 5 to 19 years) throughout the Americas were analyzed. News reports were found of 82 cases of bullying-related fatal and nonfatal injuries, occurring in one year, across 24 countries and dependent territories in the Western Hemisphere, which have a combined total youth population of 225.5 million children and adolescents ages 5 to 19 years. Ninety-seven percent of the victims were between 10 and 19 years old; 60% of them were below age 15, with a male/female ratio of 2:1. News reports of fatal and nonfatal injurious events related to bullying and affecting children and adolescents in the Americas in one year represent the tip of the public health iceberg composing the unknown magnitude of injuries associated with this type of maltreatment. Data on the magnitude of mortality linked to bullying, which would be of the essence in developing public health policies for its prevention, have not been documented.
A mechanism of deep dielectric charging and discharging on space vehicles

Summary form only given, as follows. Motivated by the recent sudden loss of AT&T Telstar 401 satellite occurring after a huge solar coronal mass ejection event, we propose a mechanism of bulk charging build up and subsequent discharging on spacecraft. Very energetic plasma events in the Earth's space are often caused by solar coronal mass ejections. Catastrophies of spacecraft are often associated with such events. The idea proposed in this paper is basic and generic. Since high energy (MeV) electrons and ions, bombarding a dielectric surface, penetrate to different depths into the dielectric, a double layer may form inside the dielectric. The very low densities of high energy space plasmas render the layer formation a slow process. Since the ambient electron flux is usually orders of magnitude larger than that of ions, the electron layer is likely built up first and the ion layer much later, perhaps hours or days. The slow ion layer build up may continue well after the passage of an energetic storm. Paradoxically, a follow up period of higher density lower energy (keV) fluxes after the passage would favor an ion layer build up. The double layer formation increases the potential of a disastrous discharge. Also paradoxically, a follow up period of low spacecraft charging level after the passage of a highly energetic storm would also enhance the potential of a discharge, because the potential difference between the electron layer in a dielectric slab and the spacecraft ground would have increased.
A Thin, Vertical, Parallel Plate Capacitor with Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotube Electrodes

We propose a new capacitor structure which uses carbon nanotube electrodes and is suitable for use in advanced integrated circuit technologies. Metallic carbon nanotubes have characteristics which make them well suited for capacitor electrodes (low resistance and large surface area per unit volume). We demonstrate that our thin vertical plate carbon nanotube capacitor can exhibit a capacitance per unit area of 175 fF/mum2.
The Law of Nature's Resources

This casebook provides a survey of the laws governing human uses of nature. It organizes the law into those covering common resources, privately-owned resources, and publicly-owned resources. It investigates the manner in which environmental laws apply to nature's resources. It explores issues associated with our federal system. And it considers the emergence of laws seeking to integrate human interests in use and protection of nature's resources.
Zinc in Stroke: Time for a New Approach?

For centuries, stroke has been a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in developed countries. Substantial evidence supports the hypothesis that neural cell death occurring for days or weeks after the initial blockage or hemorrhage is the result of an excitotoxic cascade involving metal ions, especially calcium. Unfortunately, scores of drugs designed to interdict the cascade and shown to be neuroprotective in animal models have failed in human trials, suggesting our understanding is incomplete. Evidence is reviewed here that zinc is a potent toxin released from cellular sites during and after ischemia that can cripple the cell’s energy production and ability to defend itself from the well-known effects of oxidative stress. In particular, the protonation of histidinyl zinc ligands due to lactic acidosis and the oxidation of thiol ligands both can release bound intracellular zinc irrespective of any channel opening, and zinc has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial enzymes involved in energy production and the destruction of reactive oxygen species. There is disagreement as to whether elevated zinc ion levels induce apoptosis. These results suggest that zinc ion may play a substantial role in the toxic events following stroke, and may suggest alternative therapies.
Definitions of Kant's categories

The consensus view in the literature is that, according to Kant, definitions in philosophy are impossible. While this is true prior to the advent of transcendental philosophy, I argue that with Kant's Copernican Turn definitions of some philosophical concepts, the categories become possible. Along the way I discuss issues like why Kant introduces the ‘Analytic of Concepts’ as an analysis of the understanding, how this faculty, as the faculty for judging, provides the principle for the complete exhibition of the categories, how the pure categories relate to the schematized categories, and how the latter can be used on empirical objects.
Mencken on Mencken Edited by S.T. Joshi Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana State University Press, 2010, 263 pp

(2010). Mencken on Mencken Edited by S.T. Joshi Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana State University Press, 2010, 263 pp. American Journalism: Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 182-183.
Housing and unemployment: The search for the “American Dream”

This paper constructs a model of search and bargaining across two different markets: the labor market and the housing market. Interestingly, the model highlights that housing prices and frictions in the housing market have a profound impact on labor market activity through the desire of workers to eventually purchase a home, the “American Dream.” In particular, higher housing prices adversely affect workers’ incentives in the labor market as employment can eventually lead to access to housing through the ability to purchase a home. Similarly, labor market frictions can impact housing market activity. Notably, tighter housing markets are associated with higher unemployment rates and less job creation. Consequently, our work suggests that policymakers should be very careful in implementing policies targeted towards housing – housing markets are likely to generate significant external effects to other sectors of the economy, especially the labor market.
Evaluation of Selected Courses Intended to Internationalize the Curriculum in the College of Agriculture at Montana State University 1

Internationalization of the curriculum is increasingly important to many in higher education. Proponents cite cultural understanding, global knowledge, and a commitment to develop sustainable international food systems. However, there are a number of barriers to implementing international content in undergraduate courses. Agular (2002) suggested that curriculum, attitudes, policies, resources, and faculty training were among some of the key obstacles. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of internationalized curriculum on undergraduate students in the College of Agriculture at Montana State University. The objectives were to: 1) identify perceived benefits gained by students participating in internationally focused courses, and 2) identify long-term impact of student participation in the internationally focused courses. Evaluation of results indicated predominately positive responses toward international learning. Students indicated that they have a much better understanding of international agricultural markets, culture, broader worldview, and a greater understanding of global issues related to agriculture.
Survival and Mortality of Red Oak Borer Larvae on Black, Scarlet, and Northern Red Oak in Eastern Kentucky

Survival and mortality of 3 generations of the red oak borer, Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman), were studied over a 7-year period. The borers showed a preference for black oak over red and scarlet oaks. Larval mortality was about the same on all hosts. Tree vigor and size did not affect larval mortality; however, both factors did influence attack density. Potential brood trees are less than 29 cm dbh, small and large pole size, and are growing slower than 5.1 mm in diameter per year. Larval mortality was 40% in the early instars, primarily because of woodpecker predation. In the mid-instar stages, there was 51% mortality of the surviving larval population. This was due mainly to a sequence of events at the attack site: wound sap—insect invaders—fermenting medium. Lepidopterous wood borer larvae (largely Prionoxystus spp.) invaded wound sites when the red oak borer was in the mid- or late-larval stages and caused mortality by apparent direct killing of 5—10% of the surviving larvae.
Molar pregnancy after tubal ligation in a patient with neuroendocrine tumour: when a rare condition coincides with an unexpected diagnosis.

A 40-year-old woman with a history of bilateral tubal ligation and a recent diagnosis of metastatic neuroendocrine tumour in the liver presented with severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and dehydration. She had an inconclusive urine pregnancy test in the emergency department that was followed by an extremely high serum β-human chorionic gonadotropin. Transvaginal ultrasound, MRI and subsequent pathology from a dilation and curettage (D&C) revealed that the patient had a complete molar pregnancy. This is a case of an unusual patient who reminds us that one person can have a rare diagnosis and an unexpected obstetrical outcome. We could find no evidence in the medical literature of a causal link between these two diagnoses but present this case report of a reproductive age woman with neuroendocrine tumour and complete molar pregnancy. This case also serves as an example of the phenomenon of the ‘hook effect.’
JAG1-Mediated Notch Signaling Regulates Secretory Cell Differentiation of the Human Airway Epithelium

Basal cells (BC) are the stem/progenitor cells of the human airway epithelium capable of differentiating into secretory and ciliated cells. Notch signaling activation increases BC differentiation into secretory cells, but the role of individual Notch ligands in regulating this process in the human airway epithelium is largely unknown. The objective of this study was to define the role of the Notch ligand JAG1 in regulating human BC differentiation. JAG1 over-expression in BC increased secretory cell differentiation, with no effect on ciliated cell differentiation. Conversely, knockdown of JAG1 decreased expression of secretory cell genes. These data demonstrate JAG1-mediated Notch signaling regulates differentiation of BC into secretory cells.
Examining the effectiveness of virtual fitting with 3D garment simulation

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we report how the interactive process of garment fitting, as a component of the apparel development process, was impacted by the use of virtual fittings in place of live fittings. We created 3D garment simulations using five existing garment patterns, then conducted virtual fittings with the maker and the designer of each garment. Participants viewed the virtual fittings via WebEx. They responded to questions about fit and design details, and about the experience of participating in a virtual fitting. They had opportunities to suggest alterations and to see alternate style line markings on the virtual garments. Responses showed that elements inherent to both preparation and execution of a virtual fitting impacted the collaborative experience.
Grounding world society: Spatiality, cultural heritage, and our world as shared geographies

The concept of world society has elicited sharp criticism for being too diffuse and amorphous owing to its synonymy with all transborder social relations, equability with humankind, or conflation with solidarist international society. To overcome these shortcomings, this article reconfigures world society by attaching otherwise unmoored social activity to an understanding of the world as comprised of shared social spaces. This spatialised reading foregrounds constellations of relations that have emerged in conjunction with discrete geographies – natural, economic, cyberspatial, cultural, anthropic – within which humans interact, and demonstrates that the world has become an actionable, political concept generative of activities peculiar to the space itself. A review of English School literature extracts four theses – purposive, plural, spatial, and stewardship – that invite conceptual reconstruction of world society. The article then addresses the discursive construction of cultural heritage as a worldly space populated with distinctive institutions and cognitive and normative commitments, and is followed by reflections on the added value of such an approach and directions for future research.
Gender and Regional Differences in In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) in the United States: Results from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) 1993-2003.

Background: The purpose of this study was to use the NIS to describe hospital utilization and in-hospital mortality among adults with SCA in the US between 1993-2003. Methods: The NIS is designed to approximate a 20% stratified sample of U.S. community hospitals. We restricted our analyses to discharge records with ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes 28261 or 28262 (SCA without/with crisis), and where the age was listed as 18 or older. Analyses were conducted using tests of linear combinations of coefficients, χ 2 , and linear and logistic regression. Results: There were an estimated 705,080 hospitalizations over the time period (mean of 64,098 hospitalizations/year). 54% of all hospitalizations were for females. 50% of the hospitalizations were expected to be paid for by Medicaid. The mean patient age over the time period was 31.3 yrs. The mean patient age increased from 30.3 in 1993 to 32.1 in 2003 (p Conclusions: Our analysis shows that women with SCA have longer in-hospital LOS than men, and are older in age at death than men. While the median age at death among persons hospitalized with SCA has been increasing since 1993, this increase is seen exclusively in women. There has been no change in longevity in men hospitalized with SCA over the time period studied.
Ruthenium(0)-Catalyzed C-C Coupling of Alkynes and 3-Hydroxy-2-oxindoles: Direct C-H Vinylation of Alcohols.

Upon exposure to a ruthenium(0) catalyst, N-benzyl-3-hydroxy-2-oxindoles react with diverse alkynes to form products of C–H vinylation with complete control of regioselectivity and olefin geometry. This method contributes to a growing body of catalytic processes that enable direct conversion of lower alcohols to higher alcohols in the absence of stoichiometric organometallic reagents.
The C-Terminal Region of the G-CSF Receptor Is Required for Induction of Neutrophil Elastase Expression in Myeloid Cells: Implication for Understanding CSF3R Mutations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Evolving from Severe Congenital Neutropenia.

Severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) is characterized by early onset of bacterial infections and maturation arrest of myeloid cells at early stages of differentiation in the bone marrow. Point mutations in ELA2 encoding neutrophil elastase (NE) have been identified in 60% to 80% of patients with SCN. SCN patients are predisposed to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which occurs in approximately 15 % of cases. With rare exceptions, leukemic cells from these patients carry mutations in CSF3R encoding the G-CSF receptor, leading to C-terminal truncation of the receptor. Notably, the nonsense mutations in CSF3R are present only in SCN/AML patients, particularly those with ELA2 mutations, but not in other types of neutropenias and de novo AML. The mechanism for the exclusive presence of the nonsense CSF3R mutations in SCN/AML is unknown. In myeloid 32D cells transfected with the wild type (WT) G-CSF receptor (32D/WT), G-CSF treatment induced the expression of NE. However, NE expression was not upregulated by G-CSF in 32D cells expressing the truncated G-CSF receptor d715, derived from an SCN patient. It has been shown that myeloid cells from patients with SCN/AML express both the wild type and the truncated G-CSF receptors. Indeed, the d715 mutant acted in a dominant negative manner to suppress NE upregulation by the WT G-CSF receptor. In luciferase reporter assays, the WT G-CSF receptor, but not the d715 mutant, activated a 1.8-kb fragment of the mouse Ela2 promoter. Significantly, forced expression of an SCN-associated NE mutant G185R caused premature apoptosis of differentiating 32D/WT cells in response to G-CSF with no significant effect on IL-3-stimulated survival. To address whether the d715 mutant may abolish the proapoptotic effect of the G185R mutant via suppressing its expression, we transfected 32D/WT and 32D/d715 cells with an expression construct in which the expression of the G185R mutant was driven by the 1.8-kb fragment of the Ela2 promoter. G-CSF treatment induced the expression of the G185R mutant and subsequent apoptosis in 32D/WT cells. In 32D/d715 cells, however, the expression of the G185R mutant was not induced by G-CSF and accordingly its proapoptotic activity was not evident. We propose that acquisition of the nonsense mutations in CSF3R may represent a mechanism utilized by the myeloid cells harboring the ELA2 mutations to evade the proapoptotic effect of the NE mutants. However, expression of the truncated G-CSF receptors has other biological consequences: they transduce strong proliferative signals but are defective in inducing granulocytic differentiation, which may initiate the leukemogenic process.
Making the single city: the constitutive landscape and the struggle for ‘Greater Boston,’ 1891–1911

AbstractWhile historical studies of urbanisation tend to focus on the morphological and social changes of cities in transition, the very ontological status of the city itself can be historically located as an emergence dependent on specific political, cultural and technical conditions. This essay examines the attempt to create a single ‘Greater Boston’ entity at the end of the nineteenth century in response to forces which were ostensibly linking the separate communities of Massachusetts Bay together into a single whole. Using statistical methods, representational techniques, environmental transformation and appeals to community solidarity in order to make their case for the ‘real’ status of an enlarged Boston, this movement sheds light on how the limits of the ‘single’ city are historically contested. This essay argues against radical critiques of spatial boundedness and advances a theory of the ‘constitutive landscape’ which emphasises the way in which bounded, unitary geographic entities are historical...
The Kondo effect in C60 single-molecule transistors

We have used an electromigration technique to fabricate C60-based single-molecule transistors. We detail the process statistics and the protocols used to infer the successful formation of a single-molecule transistor. At low temperatures each transistor acts as a single-electron device in the Coulomb blockade regime. Resonances in the differential conductance indicate vibrational excitations consistent with a known mode of C60. In several devices we observe conductance features characteristic of the Kondo effect, a coherent many-body state comprising an unpaired spin on the molecule coupled by exchange to the conduction electrons of the leads. The inferred Kondo temperature typically exceeds 50 K, and signatures of the vibrational modes persist into the Kondo regime.
Social learning promotes nicotine self-administration by facilitating the extinction of conditioned aversion in isogenic strains of rats.

Both social environment and genetic factors are critical for smoking initiation and nicotine addiction. We reported that rats developed conditioned flavor (i.e., taste and odor) aversion to intravenously self-administered (IVSA) nicotine, and that social learning promoted nicotine IVSA with flavor cues. We thus tested the hypothesis that socially acquired nicotine IVSA is a heritable trait by using female rats of six inbred strains and six F1 hybrids. Each strain was tested for 10 daily IVSA sessions. We found that the intake of nicotine (15 and 30 μg/kg/inf) varied among these strains by 33.7–56.6-fold. The heritability of nicotine intake was estimated to be 0.54–0.65. Further, there was a strong correlation in nicotine intake (R2 = 0.85, p < 0.0001) between the two nicotine doses. Another cohort of rats was given three daily IVSA sessions followed by five sessions that tested conditioned flavor aversion. Nicotine intake was highly correlated with the extinction of the conditioned aversion (R2 = 0.58, p < 0.005). These data showed that nicotine intake in the socially acquired nicotine self-administration model is controlled by genetic factors and that the role of social learning is likely in facilitating the extinction of conditioned aversive response to nicotine.
The Association Between Cartenoid Status and Body Composition in Children 2 – 18 Years of Age – A Systematic Review

Abstract.The aim of this review was to determine the association between carotenoid status and body composition in children 2 – 18 years of age. Obesity is often related to poor dietary habits and lower fruit and vegetable consumption in children. Fruit and vegetables are the primary sources of antioxidant-rich dietary carotenoids; decreased intake may lead to increased risk of chronic diseases. Identifying those with lower carotenoid status in childhood could be an important target for public health intervention. Research methods for the review were conducted using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) checklist and the Central Michigan University library, via multiple scientific databases. Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms were utilized to identify relevant studies for inclusion. Twenty-three studies were included in the review (n = 16,285). Thirteen studies reported a significant inverse association between carotenoid status and body composition in children ...
Non-destructive reversible resistive switching in Cr doped Mott insulator Ca2RuO4: Interface vs bulk effects

A non-destructive reversible resistive switching is demonstrated in single crystals of Cr-doped Mott insulator Ca2RuO4. An applied electrical bias was shown to reduce the DC resistance of the crystal by as much as 75%. The original resistance of the sample could be restored by applying an electrical bias of opposite polarity. We have studied this resistive switching as a function of the bias strength, applied magnetic field, and temperature. A combination of 2-, 3-, and 4-probe measurements provide a means to distinguish between bulk and interfacial contributions to the switching and suggests that the switching is mostly an interfacial effect. The switching was tentatively attributed to electric-field driven lattice distortions which accompany the impurity-induced Mott transition. This field effect was confirmed by temperature-dependent resistivity measurements which show that the activation energy of this material can be tuned by an applied DC electrical bias. The observed resistance switching can potent...
Polymerase θ-helicase efficiently unwinds DNA and RNA-DNA hybrids

POLQ is a unique multifunctional replication and repair gene that encodes for a N-terminal superfamily 2 helicase and a C-terminal A-family polymerase. Although the function of the polymerase domain has been investigated, little is understood regarding the helicase domain. Multiple studies have reported that polymerase θ-helicase (Polθ-helicase) is unable to unwind DNA. However, it exhibits ATPase activity that is stimulated by single-stranded DNA, which presents a biochemical conundrum. In contrast to previous reports, we demonstrate that Polθ-helicase (residues 1–894) efficiently unwinds DNA with 3′–5′ polarity, including DNA with 3′ or 5′ overhangs, blunt-ended DNA, and replication forks. Polθ-helicase also efficiently unwinds RNA-DNA hybrids and exhibits a preference for unwinding the lagging strand at replication forks, similar to related HELQ helicase. Finally, we find that Polθ-helicase can facilitate strand displacement synthesis by Polθ-polymerase, suggesting a plausible function for the helicase domain. Taken together, these findings indicate nucleic acid unwinding as a relevant activity for Polθ in replication repair.
Das Impulsmoment des Elementarmagnets

Sowohl Amperes. Annahme, das der Elementarmagnet oder das Magneton ein permanenter Wirbel von Elektrizitat ist, als auch Webers Annahme, das Elektrizitat im allgemeinen und diejenige Amperes im besonderen Tragheit besitzt, fuhren zu der Konsequenz, das der Elementarmagnet ein Impulsmoment besitzen muste, es sei denn, das er sowohl aus positiver als auch aus negativer Elektrizitat aufgebaut ist, die in entgegengesetztem Sinne rotieren. In diesem Falle brauchte ein endliches magnetisches Moment nicht von einem Impulsmoment begleitet sein. Hat das Magneton ein Impulsmoment, so mus es die dynamischen Eigenschaften eines Kreisels aufweisen. Auserdem, haben alle Magnetonen in einem magnetisierten Korper oder Magnet ein Impulsmoment in derselben Richtung, oder ist es in einer Richtung uberwiegend, so muste sich der ganze Magnet wie ein Kreisel verhalten. Ahnlich muste eine Drahtspule, die von einem elektrischen, nur aus einer Art von Elektronen bestehenden Strome durchflossen wird, oder fur die das lineare Moment der einen Art uberwiegt, ein Impulsmoment haben.
Using an Integer Programming Model to Determine the Price of Combination Vaccines for Childhood Immunization

The Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule has become sufficiently crowded that the prospect of adding additional vaccines to this schedule may not be well received by either health-care providers or parents/guardians. This has encouraged vaccine manufacturers to develop combination vaccines that can permit new vaccines to be added to the schedule without requiring children to be exposed to an unacceptable number of injections during a single clinic visit. This paper develops an integer programming model to assess the economic premium that exists in having combination vaccines available. The results of this study suggest that combination vaccines provide a cost effective alternative to individual vaccines and that further developments and innovations in this area by vaccine manufacturers can provide significant economic and societal benefits.
Biochemical genetics of Neurospora.

Publisher Summary The Neurospora investigations have made clear that the gene is at the basis of the synthetic chemical activities of the cell. This chapter highlights the current status of Neurospors research and attempts to relate this to the general problem of gene action. For the purposes of chemical genetics, certain microorganisms have been found to offer some advantages over the classic materials; Drosophila and maize. One of the most useful of these has been the heterothallic ascomycete; Neurospora crassa. Neurospora as it is found in nature, the so-called wild-type, is capable of synthesizing all of its cellular constituents except biotin from carbohydrate and inorganic salts. By application of the usual treatments, it has been possible to induce gene mutations in the organism that result in the failure of certain biochemical syntheses to take place. The resulting mutant strains are unable to grow in the absence of the product whose synthesis has been abolished or in the absence of appropriate precursors of the substance. By taking advantage of the sexual mode of reproduction, the mutants can be analyzed genetically; at the same time, unlimited quantities of genetically pure material for the biochemical study can be obtained by asexual propagation.
The Education and Employment of Women Scientists and Engineers in the United States

This chapter focuses on a relatively small subset of the intellectual elite: women scientists. These women are products of advanced specialized education and are engaged in responsible and rewarding careers. What can we gain from examining the situation of such a highly distinctive group? The study of these women scientists allows us to delineate the fine structure of sex discrimination with exceptional clarity primarily because their training and work experience are so different from most women’s and because they also share the strictly gender-related problems which are common to all women in the paid work force (i.e., household work, child care, occupational segregation, the marriage tax penalty, and others). Further, the scientific professions are characterized by clear standards of achievement and widely shared values; therefore, it is possible to identify quite accurately the ways in which professional outcomes for women depart from the norm of male expectations and the extent to which they do so.
Direct numerical simulation of transitional flow in a finite length curved pipe

Transition to turbulent flow in a curved pipe has been well studied through experiments and numerical simulations. Numerical simulations often use a helical pipe with an infinite length such that t...
RNA Binding Protein Networks and Translational Regulation in Oocytes

Abstract After completing the growth phase in preovulatory follicles, oocytes remain arrested in meiotic prophase and are incompetent for fertilization. Upon gonadotropin stimulation, a subpopulation of oocytes reenters meiosis and complete nuclear maturation. At the same time, they undergo major, but poorly delineated, molecular and organelle remodeling, a process that is termed “cytoplasmic maturation” and is necessary to generate an egg competent for embryo development. Establishment of this developmental competence takes place in the absence of transcription and relies entirely on the translation of mRNAs transcribed earlier during growth. A large class of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), often unique to the oocyte, orchestrates this program of maternal mRNA unmasking, translation, and degradation. Thus, translational regulations are indispensable for progression through meiosis and nuclear maturation as well as for assembling the machinery required for transition to a totipotent cell. Elucidating the molecular details of translational control in oocytes is crucial to understanding female infertility, defects in embryonic development, and other human pathologies linked to defective gene expression, such as cancer. Here, we will review the components and major functions associated with translational regulation of maternal mRNAs in the oocytes and summarize the principles and functional significance of these regulations.