cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The environmental costs of modernism: an assessment of Canadian cities

Abstract In the modern era, resource-intensive consumption practices and human-activity patterns have emerged as one of the defining elements of the North American city. This paper examines the extent to which the incorrect pricing of private and public urban goods have shaped the characteristics of these consumption practices, with a particular emphasis placed on Canadian cities. The work will also examine the extent to which distortions in the pricing mechanism have facilitated low-density development patterns. For instance, if consumers were asked to bear the correct cost of providing single-family detached housing in the outskirts of cities, along with the necessary infrastructure, a new cost would be associated with any bundle of housing service which might make homebuyers reconsider their demand for land-extensive, non-contiguous developments. Beyond the distortions in urban form, however, this paper will show that the under-pricing of urban commodities has produced both inequities and inefficiencies in consumption practices and human activities in general.
Moments-Based Reduced Spectral Wave Modeling of Frequency-and-Directional Spreading Effects on Wave-Induced Longshore Currents

Often, nearshore radiation stresses are approximated using the monochromatic wave assumption, although this can have significant errors when the incident waves have finite frequency and/or directional spread. Consequently, the resulting wave-driven currents could be predicted erroneously or, when fitting to observations, biased model parameters such as the bottom friction coefficient may result. We develop and test a moments-based reduced spectral wave model which includes the leading order effects of wave frequency and directional spreading. This model solves the evolution equations of wave moments, which are integrations of the wave action balance equation multiplied by weighting functions over frequencies and directions. An assumption of analytical Gaussian distribution for the frequency-direction spectrum is made to develop a simple five-parameter system that contains information on the wave height, period, direction, frequency bandwidth, and directional bandwidth. Using this model, we investigate the finite bandwidth effects on the wave field and radiation stresses. The directional spreading is found to have a strong impact on the radiation stress, with a larger directional bandwidth resulting in smaller radiation stresses. However, the frequency spreading has much less impact. The spectral wave breaking based on the roller concept is considered in this wave model. After coupling with a circulation model based on the shallow water equations, simulation results compare favorably with the DUCK94 field data for waves and longshore currents but show strong dependence on the directional bandwidth.
Logical Foundations and Fast Implementation of Probabilistic Tractography

Although tractography can noninvasively map axonal pathways, current approaches are typically incomplete or computationally intensive. Fast, complete maps may serve as a useful clinical tool for assessing neurological disorders stemming from pathological anatomical connections such as epilepsy. We re-frame tractography in terms of logic and conditional probabilities. The formalism inherently includes global constraints and can compute connections between any two arbitrary regions of the brain. The formalism also lends itself to a fast implementation using standard partial differential equation solvers, which makes whole-brain probabilistic maps of anatomical connectivity feasible. We demonstrate results of our implementation on in vivo data and show that it outperforms Monte Carlo approaches in both computation time and identification of pathways.
Nonchondritic Pt/Pd ratios in arc mantle xenoliths: Evidence for platinum enrichment in depleted island-arc mantle sources

Mantle-derived spinel harzburgites from the Kamchatka arc have fractionated Pd- group element patterns, and Pt is clearly enriched relative to Pd and Rh. This fractionation is also consistent with chondritic Ir-group–platinum-group element distribution and super- chondritic Pt/Pd, chondrite-normalized (Pt/Os)N and (Pt/Ir)N found in harzburgite xenoliths from the Tubaf seamount in the Lihir island group of the Tabar-Lihir-Tanga-Feni island arc in Papua New Guinea. The nonchondritic Pt/Pd ratios and Pt enrichment in the island-arc mantle are best explained by extraction of melt in a back-arc volcanic-arc setting, which left refractory Pt-Fe alloys in the residual mantle. Pt-Fe alloys selectively concentrate Pt relative to Pd and, overall, increase the Pt/Pd in a subarc mantle wedge. Partial melting of this Pt-enriched mantle wedge above the subduction zone, due to hydrous flux from the subducting lithosphere, is potentially capable of producing Pt-rich primitive melts parental to the Alaskan-type ultramafic-mafic complexes.
Mechanisms of Yogic Practices in Health, Aging, and Disease

Mechanisms underlying the modulating effects of yogic cognitive-behavioral practices (eg, meditation, yoga asanas, pranayama breathing, caloric restriction) on human physiology can be classified into 4 transduction pathways: humoral factors, nervous system activity, cell trafficking, and bioelectromagnetism. Here we give examples of these transduction pathways and how, through them, yogic practices might optimize health, delay aging, and ameliorate chronic illness and stress from disability. We also recognize that most studies of these mechanisms remain embedded in a reductionist paradigm, investigating small numbers of elements of only 1 or 2 pathways. Moreover, often, subjects are not long-term practitioners, but recently trained. The models generated from such data are, in turn, often limited, top-down, without the explanatory power to describe beneficial effects of long-term practice or to provide foundations for comparing one practice to another. More flexible and useful models require a systems-biology approach to gathering and analysis of data. Such a paradigm is needed to fully appreciate the deeper mechanisms underlying the ability of yogic practice to optimize health, delay aging, and speed efficient recovery from injury or disease. In this regard, 3 different, not necessarily competing, hypotheses are presented to guide design of future investigations, namely, that yogic practices may: (1) promote restoration of physiologic setpoints to normal after derangements secondary to disease or injury, (2) promote homeostatic negative feedback loops over nonhomeostatic positive feedback loops in molecular and cellular interactions, and (3) quench abnormal "noise" in cellular and molecular signaling networks arising from environmental or internal stresses.
The Proximate 5′ and 3′ Ends of the 120-Base Viral RNA (pRNA) Are Crucial for the Packaging of Bacteriophage Ø29 DNA

Abstract In vitro mutagenesis was performed to identity the DNA packaging domain of the 120-base pRNA essential and specific for DNA encapsidation by bacteriophage o29 of Bacillus subtilis . All deletions and mutations targeted the 5′ and 3′ ends of the pRNA. DNA templates of a control or mutant pRNAs used for in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase were generated by PCR. Fourteen mutant pRNA molecules were synthesized from DNA templates either directly after PCR or after cloning the PCR fragments into the pCR II vector. Ten of the mutant pRNA species were inactive in packaging of the o29 genome. Mutation of base one at the 5′ end did not affect the pRNA packaging activity. Mutation of the first two bases at the 5′ end of the pRNA to noncomplementary bases in the predicted RNA secondary structure (U 1 C 2 /A 117 G 116 to G 1 G 2 /A 117 G 116 ) resulted in a pRNA with no detectable DNA-gp3 packaging activity assayed by either sucrose gradient sedimentation or agarose gel electrophoresis, and 10 5 -fold reduction in activity was found when measured by plaque-forming units with a new highly sensitive assay system. Changing bases 116 and 117 so that they were complementary to the mutated bases, 1 and 2, from the previous mutant (G 1 G 2 /A 117 G 116 to G 1 G 2 /C 117 C 116 ) generated an RNA molecule with restored DNA packaging ability. Our results show that, although not essential for procapsid binding, both the 5′ and 3′ ends of the pRNA were proximate and crucial for o29 DNA packaging.
The addicted brain craves new neurons: putative role for adult-born progenitors in promoting recovery

Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder associated with compulsive drug taking, drug seeking and a loss of control in limiting intake, reflected in three stages of a recurrent cycle: binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation ("craving"). This review discusses the role of adult-born neural and glial progenitors in drug seeking associated with the different stages of the addiction cycle. A review of the current literature suggests that the loss of newly born progenitors, particularly in hippocampal and cortical regions, plays a role in determining vulnerability to relapse in rodent models of drug addiction. The normalization of drug-impaired neurogenesis or gliogenesis may help reverse neuroplasticity during abstinence and, thus, may help reduce the vulnerability to relapse and aid recovery.
PREPARATION, PURIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF 10‐OXO‐TRANS‐8‐DECENOIC ACID FROM THE CULTIVATED MUSHROOM, AGARICUS BISPORUS

A procedure was developed to isolate 10-oxo-trans-8-decenoic acid (ODA) from mushrooms. ODA was produced by homogenizing mushrooms in phosphate buffer with added linoleic acid, extracted from the supernatant after centrifugation, and purified using column and thin-layer chromatography. The purified compound was then characterized using ultraviolet, infrared and mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The purified compound, containing 97.5% ODA, was a white, waxy solid with a pKa of 4.68. ODA was soluble in acetone, chloroform, ethanol, ethyl ether, methanol, methylene chloride and water, and slightly soluble in pentane, hexane, heptane and benzene. The TBA test was found to be a viable method for the quantification of ODA.
The Efficacy of Group Therapy for Depression: A Review of the Literature

This article reviews the empirical research on the efficacy of group therapy for depressive disorders from 1970 to 1986. The review was undertaken in light of a multidimensional classification syst...
Some effects of a partially purified toxin of Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus on chicken erythrocytes.

Abstract 1. 1. A partially purified hemolytic fraction was obtained from a crude preparation of M. pyogenes var. aureus toxin by dialysis and precipitation with 20 per cent acetone. 2. 2. A respiratory acceleration previously reported in the crude toxin was removed by dialysis. 3. 3. Prior to hemolysis there is no loss of lipid from the membranes of chicken erythrocytes exposed to this toxin. 4. 4. The permeability of these cells to glycerol is unaffected. 5. 5. The present data are not incompatible with the hypothesis that these cells hemolyze in the presence of this toxin by colloidal osmotic hemolysis.
Application of Change Detection to Dynamic Contact Sensing

The forces of contact during manipulation convey substan tial information about the state of the manipulation. Textures, slip, impacts, grasping, and other contact conditions produce force and position signatures that can be used for identifying the state of contact. This article addresses the fundamental problems of interpreting the force signals without any addi tional context on the state of manipulation. Techniques based on forms of the generalized sequential likelihood ratio test are used to segment individual strain signals into statistically equivalent pieces. The results of the segmentation are designed to be used in a higher level procedure that will interpret the results within a manipulation context. We report on our ex perimental development of the segmentation algorithm and on its results for detecting and labeling impacts, slip, changes in texture, and condition. The sequential likelihood ratio test is reviewed, and some of its special cases and optimal properties are discussed. Finally, we conclude by discussing extensions to the techniques and lessons for sensor design.
The linear regression line as a judgmental aid in visual analysis of serially dependent A-B time-series data

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different types and magnitudes of serial dependence (first-order moving average and autoregression) and of linear regression lines within experimental phases on the agreement between results of visual and results of statistical data analyses. The stimulus material consisted of computer-simulated A-B-design data graphs. The time series were generated with a constant variance, varying degrees of treatment effects (changes in level), five conditions of serial dependency, and with or without linear regression lines. The material was presented to three groups of student raters (n1=52, n2=14, n3=17) who rated the treatment effect in the graphs on a five-point scale. These ratings were compared with statistical results (time-series analyses). Each group had to interpret 70 graphs, 35 of which had regression lines. Data were analyzed by means of two three-factor and one four-factor ANOVA and by graphic display. The linear regression lines generally enhanced the agreement between the raters' estimations and the statistical results. Serial dependency also increased the agreement between the two analysis methods. However, with strong autoregression processes in the data, the raters tended to overestimate treatment effects relative to time-series analysis.
Exploiting multi-level parallelism for low-latency activity recognition in streaming video

Video understanding is a computationally challenging task that is critical not only for traditionally throughput-oriented applications such as search but also latency-sensitive interactive applications such as surveillance, gaming, videoconferencing, and vision-based user interfaces. Enabling these types of video processing applications will require not only new algorithms and techniques, but new runtime systems that optimize latency as well as throughput. In this paper, we present a runtime system called Sprout that achieves low latency by exploiting the parallelism inherent in video understanding applications. We demonstrate the utility of our system on an activity recognition application that employs a robust new descriptor called MoSIFT, which explicitly augments appearance features with motion information. MoSIFT outperforms previous recognition techniques, but like other state-of-the-art techniques, it is computationally expensive -- a sequential implementation runs 100 times slower than real time. We describe the implementation of the activity recognition application on Sprout, and show that it can accurately recognize activities at full frame rate (25 fps) and low latency on a challenging airport surveillance video corpus.
Adding Specificity to Artificial Transcription Activators

In this issue, Mapp and colleagues describe a significant advance in the design of artificial transcription activators that function in a cell-type-specific manner. [1] The authors show that peptides selected for binding a component of the yeast transcription complex require its presence for effective transcriptional activation.
Interannual, solar cycle, and trend terms in middle atmospheric temperature time series from HALOE

[1] Temperature versus pressure or T(p) time series from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) have been generated and analyzed for the period of 1991–2004 and for the mesosphere and upper stratosphere for latitude zones from 40N to 40S. Multiple linear regression (MLR) techniques were used for the analysis of the seasonal and the significant interannual and solar cycle (or decadal-scale) terms. An 11-yr solar cycle (SC) term of amplitude 0.5 to 1.7 K was found for the middle to upper mesosphere; its phase was determined by a Fourier fit to the de-seasonalized residual. This SC term is largest and has a lag of several years for northern hemisphere middle latitudes of the middle mesosphere, perhaps due to the interfering effects of wintertime wave dissipation. The SC response from the MLR models is weaker but essentially in-phase at low latitudes and in the southern hemisphere. An in-phase SC response term is also significant near the tropical stratopause with an amplitude of about 0.4 to 0.6 K, which is somewhat less than predicted from models. Both sub-biennial (688-dy) and QBO (800-dy) terms are resolved for the mid to upper stratosphere along with a decadal-scale term that is presumed to have a 13.5-yr period due to their predicted modulation. This decadal-scale term is out-of-phase with the SC during 1991–2004. However, the true nature and source of this term is still uncertain, especially at 5 hPa. Significant linear cooling trends ranging from −0.3 K to −1.1 K per decade were found in the tropical upper stratosphere and subtropical mesosphere. Trends have not emerged so far for the tropical mesosphere, so it is concluded that the cooling rates that have been resolved for the subtropics are likely upper limits. As HALOE-like measurements continue and their time series lengthen, it is anticipated that better accuracy can be achieved for these interannual, SC, and trend terms.
Viscosity of metglas 2826 near the glass transition using rapid heating

Abstract An attempt was made to measure the temperature dependence of viscosity of Metglas 2826 near the glass temperature using rapid heating. This temperature region is normally inaccessible to viscous flow measurements due to crystallization. The melt viscosity, heat of fusion at the melting temperature, and the melting temperature itself were also measured. These parameters are used to calculate the critical cooling rate needed to avoid crystallization via standard nucleation/crystal growth/transformation theory.
Higher New York Heart Association classes and increased mortality and hospitalization in patients with heart failure and preserved left ventricular function.

Background The association between higher New York Heart Association (NYHA) class and outcomes in patients with heart failure and preserved systolic function is not well known. Methods We performed a retrospective follow-up study of 988 patients with heart failure with ejection fraction >45% who participated in the DIG trial. Using Cox proportional hazard models, we estimated risks and all-cause mortality, heart failure mortality, all-cause hospitalization, and hospitalization due to worsening heart failure during a median follow-up of 38.5 months. Results Patients had a median age of 68 years; 41.2% were women and 13.9%, nonwhites. Overall, 23.4% of patients died, and 19.9% were hospitalized because of worsening heart failure. Proportion of patients with NYHA classes I, II, III, and IV were 19.9%, 58.0%, 20.9%, and 1.2%, respectively, and 14.7%, 21.1%, 35.9%, and 58.3%, respectively, died of all causes ( P P P = .042), 2.56 (95% CI 1.64-24.01, P P P = .502), 2.27 (1.45-3.56) ( P P = 018). New York Heart Association classes II through IV were also associated with higher risk of all-cause hospitalization. Conclusion Higher NYHA classes were associated with poorer outcomes in patients with heart failure and preserved systolic function.
Posttraumatic Cervical Dystonia

Posttraumatic cervical dystonia has been described as a distinct syndrome with some similarities to idiopathic nontraumatic cervical dystonia (torticollis). We describe five patients in whom cervical dystonia developed immediately after relatively mild trauma to the neck. Four of the five patients had persistent contractions of all cervical muscles including the trapezius muscles, which almost completely prevented motion of the neck and resulted in muscle hypertrophy. The condition persisted unabated in all patients for the entire period of follow-up (duration, 1 ½ to 3 years). Pharmaceutical interventions, which had been used previously for idiopathic nontraumatic cervical dystonia, failed to benefit these patients. Two patients who received injections of botulinum toxin had no more than mild benefit. Selective denervation was inapplicable because of the widespread involvement of all cervical muscles in all but one patient. Physical therapy was essentially ineffective. Because of the unusual features and possible medicolegal setting, clinicians may tend to diagnose this condition as a psychogenic disorder or litigation-oriented behavior. The clinical picture, however, is consistent with an organic dystonia that may render the patient functionally and occupationally disabled.
What cognitive psychologists should find interesting about tax.

People have to pay taxes, and usually they do—even though they would rather not. What determines whether and how much they decide to pay depends on more than a cost—benefit calculation. Results from the literature at the intersection of economics and psychology suggest that many factors are relevant, including people’s perceptions of how the money is being spent, and who (else) is being asked to pay taxes. The results also suggest ways in which government may be able to use framing and various biases to influence payment of and attitudes toward tax. But much remains unknown, including, importantly, the extent to which tax incentives influence behavior.
Percentage Rent in Retail Leasing: The Alignment of Landlord-Tenant Interests

Only retail tenants pay their landlord a percentage of revenue in addition to the traditional fixed rent. The latter has often been shown to vary widely across stores–inverse to the sales externalities generated by the store. This paper demonstrates that revenue percentages vary widely as well, and positively with fixed rent (sales externalities). It is then argued that existing theoretical explanations for percentage rent (involving generic risk sharing and tenant effort issues) are not specific to the retail sector and apply to all tenant–landlord relationships. Instead, a model is proposed where percentage rent gives the correct incentive to landlords–rather than to tenants. In this model, percentage rent ensures that with sales externalities, landlords do not act opportunistically and always have the interest of existing tenants in mind when expanding, altering or reletting space in a shopping center.
A Revision of the Spider Genus Zorocrates Simon (Araneae, Zorocratidae)

Abstract The spider genus Zorocrates is revised, and comprises at least 31 species found from the southern United States south to Central America; it provides a notable example of the loss of a functional cribellum within a relatively small (but seemingly monophyletic) group of species. Two specific names are removed from synonymy: Z. gnaphosoides O. P.-Cambridge and Z. mordax O. P.-Cambridge (from Z. fuscus Simon and Z. mistus O. P.-Cambridge, respectively). Two other specific names are newly synonymized: Z. isolatus Gertsch and Davis, with Z. unicolor (Banks), and Z. petersi Kraus, with Z. gnaphosoides O. P.-Cambridge. Males are newly described for Z. badius Simon and Z. pictus Simon; females are newly described for Z. karli Gertsch and Riechert. Twenty new species are described from Texas and Mexico.
Effect of switching delay on a networked control system

A networked control system (NCS) typically consists of a collection of controllers and sensors that can be connected to a plant across a network that supports a limited number of connections. A communication policy determines when to switch the connections between the different controllers, sensors and the plant. In this work we consider the scenario where each switch takes a finite amount of time to complete; during this time there are no active connections. We establish conditions under which the properties of observability and reachability are maintained and present detailed results for single-input, single-output systems.
Influence of geoengineered climate on the terrestrial biosphere

Various geoengineering schemes have been proposed to counteract anthropogenically induced climate change. In a previous study, it was suggested that a 1.8% reduction in solar radiation incident on the Earth’s surface could noticeably reduce regional and seasonal climate change from increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). However, the response of the terrestrial biosphere to reduced solar radiation in a CO2-rich climate was not investigated. In this study, we hypothesized that a reduction in incident solar radiation in a Doubled CO2 atmosphere will diminish the net primary productivity (NPP) of terrestrial ecosystems, potentially accelerating the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere. We used a dynamic global ecosystem model, the Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS), to investigate this hypothesis in an unperturbed climatology. While this simplified modeling framework effectively separated the influence of CO2 and sunlight on the terrestrial biosphere, it did not consider the complex feedbacks within the Earth’s climate system. Our analysis indicated that compared to a Doubled CO2 scenario, reduction in incident solar radiation by 1.8% in a double CO2 world will have negligible impact on the NPP of terrestrial ecosystems. There were, however, spatial variations in the response of NPP-engineered solar radiation. While productivity decreased by less than 2% in the tropical and boreal forests as hypothesized, it increased by a similar percentage in the temperate deciduous forests and grasslands. This increase in productivity was attributed to a ∼1% reduction in evapotranspiration in the Geoengineered scenario relative to the Doubled CO2 scenario. Our initial hypothesis was rejected because of unanticipated effects of engineered solar radiation on the hydrologic cycle. However, any geoengineering approaches that reduce incident solar radiation need to be thoroughly analyzed in view of the implications on ecosystem productivity and the hydrologic cycle.
Media optimization for maximum biomass production in cell cultures of pacific yew

Three cell lines of Taxus brevifolia Nutt. with differing growth rates were used to assess the effects of basal salt mixtures, carbohydrates, organic nitrogen additives, vitamin formulations, and plant growth regulators on callus growth. Gamborg's B5 major salts provided significantly better growth than all other salt formulations tested. The greatest biomass was obtained with 1% total carbohydrate. The best carbohydrate combination, 0.5% fructose + 0.5% sucrose, was significantly better than all other combinations of carbohydrates tested. A complex vitamin mixture was significantly better than any one previously published vitamin formulation. Greatest rates of callus growth were obtained with 4.14 μM (1 mg l-1 picloram, 0.46 μM (0.1 mg l-1 kinetin, and 0.38 μM (0.1 mg l-1) abscisic acid or 0.29 μM (0.1 mg l-1 gibberellic acid. Our final medium, TM5, is superior to published methods for the general callus culture of T. brevifolia. This medium has improved growth in three tested cell lines to provide doubling times of 3.5 to 5.6 days, an average 5.3-fold increase over our previously published medium.
Size and density sorting of metal and silicate grains under microgravity conditions and the origin of chondrites

[1] We report here experiments on NASA's KC-135 microgravity facility aimed at investigating metal-silicate fractionation in chondrites. Metal and sand particle mixtures, with sizes and relative proportions approximating chondritic values, were allowed to undergo density and aerodynamic sorting as air was passed through 310, ten-centimeter long 2.54 cm diameter columns under microgravity conditions. Metal and silicate fractionation was found to occur when gases passed through the mixtures and when the particle diameter ratio was large (∼3.0), with sand being enriched near the surface of the beds. This is contrary to experiments performed under terrestrial gravity and the semi-empirical Ergun equation. While the reason for this discrepancy is not well understood, the present results do suggest that separation of metal and silicates will readily occur under microgravity conditions on the surface of asteroids.
Ultrahigh-pressure structural phase transitions in Cr, Mo, and W.

On the basis of first-principles total-energy calculations, we predict the ultrahigh-pressure destabilization of the bcc structure in the group-VIB elements Cr, Mo, and W through a bcc\ensuremath{\rightarrow}hcp phase transition at pressures of about 7.0, 4.2, and 12.5 Mbar, respectively. In Mo and W, a subsequent hcp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}fcc transition is also predicted at about 6.2 and 14.4 Mbar, respectively. The overall driving mechanism for these transitions is a continuous sp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}d transfer of electrons upon compression, although other factors play an important quantitative role, especially the hard-core-like interaction between the large cores of these elements, which disfavors the bcc structure and serves to lower the bcc\ensuremath{\rightarrow}hcp transition pressures. While the actual predicted transition pressures are sensitive to the details of the calculations, the qualitative trends are not, and the bcc\ensuremath{\rightarrow}hcp transition in Mo should be within reach of static diamond-anvil-cell experiments. In this regard, we have also calculated accurate 300-K isotherms for bcc Cr, Mo, and W valid up to the 5--6-Mbar pressure range.
Aggregate mutual fund flows and security returns

Abstract In this paper I find that aggregate security returns are highly correlated with concurrent unexpected cash flows into mutual funds, but unrelated to concurrent expected flows. An unexpected inflow equal to 1% of total stock fund assets ($4.75 billion) corresponds to a 5.7% increase in the stock price index. Further, fund flows are correlated with the returns of the securities held by the funds, but not with the returns of other types of securities. I find evidence of a positive relation between flows and subsequent returns and evidence of a negative relation between returns and subsequent flows.
Trusting Doctors: The Decline of Moral Authority in American Medicine

Preface: A Sociological Perspective xi Introduction xvii Part One: Religious Foundations of Trust in Medicine Chapter 1: Protestantism, Piety, and Professionalism 3 Chapter 2: The Infl uence of Catholic Perspectives 22 Chapter 3: The Scientifi c Challenge to Faith 43 Chapter 4: Public Health, Public Trust, and the Professionalization of Medicine 65 Part Two: Beyond the Golden Age of Trust in Medicine Chapter 5: The Growth of Popular Distrust in Medicine 107 Chapter 6: The Evolution of Bioethics 130 Chapter 7: Anxiety in the Age of Epidemiology 144 Chapter 8: Trust and Mortality 167 Acknowledgments 197 Appendix 1: Extant Addresses, Sermons, and Eulogies by Clergymen 201 Appendix 2: Philadelphia Medical Sermons 208 Appendix 3: Long Island College Hospital Commencements, 1860-1899 210 Notes 213 Index 265
Batswana adolescents’ interpretation of American music videos: So that’s what that means!

Understanding the impact of mass media communication from developing countries on Black populations continues to be an important research topic. This study assessed the impact of television, specifically, music video programming from the United States, on 191 Black adolescents from Botswana, a developing country located in southern Africa. Results indicated that television programming originating in America has a significant impact on the Batswana youth, with greater than two thirds of adolescents having weekly exposure to this form of American culture. However, the majority of African youth failed to demonstrate accurate perceptions of culture-specific language and images contained in the music videos. Findings also suggest that American entertainment figures are replacing the influence of African entertainers on the Batswana youth. Relations between media technology and shifts in cultural values of developing countries are discussed.
Jewish Quotas in Clinical Psychology? The Journal of Clinical Psychology and the Scandal of 1945:

In 1945 Frederick Thorne, editor of the Journal of Clinical Psychology, proposed to limit the acceptance of Jewish applicants to clinical psychology graduate schools. A public scandal erupted over ...
US immigration policy in the 1980s

Vernon Briggs, Jr., IMMIGRATION POLICY AND THE AMERICAN LABOR FORCE, Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984, 294 pp. Richard Lamm and Darrell Imhoff, THE IMMIGRATION TIME BOMB, New York: Dutton, 1985, 271 pp. Milton Morris, IMMIGRATION‐THE BELEAGUERED BUREAUCRACY, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1985. 150 pp. David Reimers. STILL THE GOLDEN DOOR: THE THIRD WORLD COMES TO AMERICA, New York: Columbia University Press, 1985, 319 pp.
Time Series and Forecasting: Brief History and Future Research

(2000). Time Series and Forecasting: Brief History and Future Research. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 95, No. 450, pp. 638-643.
Enzyme Defects in the Porphyrias and their Relevance to the Biochemical Abnormalities in these Disorders

Defects in enzymes of the heme biosynthesis pathway underlie the biochemical abnormalities which occur in the porphyrias. Porphyrins and porphyrin precursors are accumulated and excreted in excessive amounts because of the enzyme defects. This is illustrated by studies in protoporphyria and variegate porphyria, disorders in which the biochemical abnormalities indicate a defect(s) in the terminal part of the heme biosynthesis pathway. The activity of heme synthease (ferrochelatase), which catalyzes the chelation of ferrous iron to protoporphyrin, is deficient in tissues of patients with protoporphyria. This causes protoporphyrin to be accumulated and excreted excessively. In variegate porphyria protoporphyrinogen oxidase, which catalyzes the oxidation of protoporphyrinogen to protoporphyrin, appears to be defective. As a result, protoporphyrinogen may be excreted in increased amounts in bile, where it is subsequently auto-oxidized to protoporphyrin. The following questions have arisen as a result of the demonstrations of enzyme defects in tissues of patients with porphyria: (1) Will different defects in the same enzyme be found among patients who fulfill the clinical and biochemical criteria for diagnosis of a specific porphyria? That is, does genetic heterogeneity exist in each of the porphyrias? (2) Why do some patients with an enzyme defect not have biochemical abnormalities? (3) Why is one type of tissue, usually the liver, the major site of expression of the biochemical abnormality, when the enzyme defect can be demonstrated in all tissues?
Water characteristics of Atlantic Ocean and of world ocean

Abstract The volume of Atlantic Ocean water in each bivariate class with potential-temperature range of 0·5 C and salinity range of 0·1 per mille has been estimated from 105 uniformly distributed hydrographic stations. The resulting statistics are presented on a pair of characteristic diagrams, each having potential temperature and salinity as co-ordinates, potential specific-volume anomaly being represented by isopleths. Several water types stand out distinctly as separate modes. These statistics are then combined with Cochrane's for the Pacific Ocean and Pollak's for the Indian Ocean to form a pair of diagrams for the world ocean. These diagrams provide the first ocean-wide frequency distributions of water characteristics. It is found that the mean potential temperature is 3·52 C, the mean salinity is 34·72 per mille, and the mean potential specific-volume anomaly is 56 cl/ton ; these values accord with the mean temperature and salinity estimated by Krummel in 1907.
Quantitative phase imaging using a partitioned detection aperture

We present a technique to quantitatively image the phase of thin quasi-transparent samples using extended source incoherent illumination and off-axis detection apertures. Our technique is achromatic and polarization independent, requires no active elements, and can be readily adapted to standard bright-field microscopes. We demonstrate our technique by quantitatively reconstructing the phase of cheek cells and a microlens. The light efficient, single-shot nature of our technique enables phase imaging at frame rates that are camera limited.
Magmas expression in neoplastic human prostate.

Magmas, is a 13-kDa mitochondrial protein which is ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic cells. It was identified as a granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) inducible gene in hematopoietic cells and has a key role in the transport of mitochondrial proteins in yeast. Because GM-CSF receptor levels are elevated in prostate cancer, Magmas expression was examined in normal and neoplastic tissue. Magmas protein levels were barely detectible in non-neoplastic prostate glands. Increased amounts were observed in some samples of intraepithelial neoplasia. Approximately one half of the adenocarcinoma samples examined had weak Magmas expression, while the remainder had intermediate to high levels. The increased Magmas observed in malignant tissue was a result of higher protein expression and not from changes in mitochondrial content. Interestingly, in some patients, the normal prostate tissue had more Magmas message than the malignant portion. The results indicated that Magmas expression in prostate cancer is heterogeneous and independent of clinical stage and Gleason score. Further studies are needed to determine if Magmas expression has prognostic significance in prostate cancer.
The Relationship Between Online Social Network Use, Sexual Risk Behaviors, and HIV Sero-Status Among a Sample of Predominately African American and Latino Men Who have Sex with Men (MSM) Social Media Users

Social networking technologies have emerged as potential platforms to reach HIV(+) MSM in HIV interventions. This study sought to compare use of online social networking sites (SNSs) and sexual risk behaviors between HIV(+) and HIV(-) individuals among a sample of predominately African American and Latino SNS-using MSM. A total of 112 MSM Facebook users were recruited online and offline and completed an online survey. We performed regression models to assess the association between HIV status, SNS use, and sexual risk behaviors. After adjusting for age, race, and employment status, being HIV positive was significantly associated with a greater number of sexual partners (ARR = 2.84, p = 0.0017) and lower comfort levels of discussing HIV/STI status on SNSs (AOR: 0.23, p = 0.011). Findings suggest that HIV status is associated with sexual risk behaviors and SNS use among SNS-using MSM. We discuss the implications for online HIV prevention.
Endocrine profile in the long-term phase of converting-enzyme inhibition.

Captopril is a potent antihypertensive whose mechanism of action may involve changes in several vasoactive hormonal systems (renin-angiotensin, kallikrein-kinin, prostaglandin). Since these potential mediators of the captopril hypotensive effect may vary with duration of therapy, we studied the changes in these vasoactive systems during the short- and long-term phases of captropril treatment in 31 patients with essential hypertension, most of whom were treated for over 9 mo. We related the captopril blood pressure-lowering effect to changes in these systems, and also determined whether sodium restriction and diuretic therapy had any modifying effect. During short-term administration of captopril in the sodium-restricted state, supine diastolic blood pressure (SDBP) fell 18 ± 2 mm Hg (p < 0.01), and was associated with decrements in angiotensin II (A II) (−9 ± 3 pg/ml) and increments in plasma kinins (1.0 ± 0.2 ng/ml) (p < 0.05). During long-term administration of captopril and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), the fall in blood pressure (−23 ± 2 mm Hg, p < 0.01) was sustained for at least 9 mo of therapy. Combined capotopril and HCTZ therapy results in a greater reduction in SDBP (−23 ± 2 mm Hg) than with captopril alone (−11 ± 2 mm Hg) (p < 0.01). In contrast to the immediate hormonal changes, during long-term therapy plasma A II levels were slightly higher than control (11 ± 3 pg/ml) presumably because of a reactive increase in plasma renin activity, and plasma kinins continued to rise (2.6 ± 1.0 ng/ml, p < 0.01), while prostaglandin E2 metabolites were also elevated (20 ± 8 pg/ml, p = 0.0083). Captopril is therefore a potent antihypertensive agent when used in combination with sodium restriction or a diuretic. During the short-term phase of administration, the fall in blood pressure is associated with reduction in A II generation and an increase in kinin levels. In the long-term phase, however, A II seems to play a smaller role, if any, while kinins and potentially prostaglandins assume a more prominent role in mediating the captopril hypotensive effect. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1980) 28, 499–508; doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.194
Mixed-mode interfacial adhesive strength of a thin film on an anisotropic substrate

Abstract The mixed-mode interfacial adhesion strength between a gold (Au) thin film and an anisotropic passivated silicon (Si) substrate is measured using laser-induced stress wave loading. Test specimens are prepared by bonding a fused silica (FS) prism to the back side of a 〈1 0 0〉 Si substrate with a thin silicon nitride (Si x N y ) passivation layer deposited on the top surface. A high-amplitude stress wave is developed by pulsed laser ablation of a sacrificial absorbing layer on one of the lateral surfaces of the FS prism. Due to the negative non-linear elastic properties of the FS, the compressive stress wave evolves into a decompression shock with fast fall time. Careful selection of the incident angle between the pulse and the FS/Si interface generates a mode-converted shear wave in refraction, subjecting the Si x N y /Au thin film interface to dynamic mixed-mode loading, sufficient to cause interfacial fracture. A detailed analysis of the anisotropic wave propagation combined with interferometric measurements of surface displacements enables calculation of the interfacial stresses developed under mixed-mode loading. The mixed-mode interfacial strength is compared to the interfacial strength measured under purely tensile loading.
Solar wind observations on the lunar surface with the Apollo-12 ALSEP

Abstract The Apollo-12 ALSEP solar wind spectrometer obtained data from the lunar surface starting November 20, 1969. To a first approximation, the general features of the positive ion flux depend only on the instrument's orientation and location in space relative to the Sun-Earth system. However, there are some detectable effects of the interaction of the solar wind with the local magnetic field and surface, including the deceleration of incident positive ions and the enhancement of fluctuations in the plasma. The expected asymmetry of sunset and sunrise times due to the motion of the Moon about the Sun is not observed. On one occasion, the solar wind was incident on the ALSEP site as early as 36 hr (18°) before sunrise.
Genetics of somatic mammalian cells. XII. Mutagenesis by carcinogenic nitroso compounds.

Four known carcinogenic compounds, all of which contain the nitroso group, have been found to be effective in producing cell killing, chromatid breaks, mutagenesis and chromatid rearrangements in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Single cell survival curves revealed these agents to exhibit a 50,000-fold difference in their mean lethal dose (Do) values. However, all agents yielded constant values for their efficiencies of production of chromatid breaks and single gene mutagenesis, but not chromatid rearrangements, when these were expressed in terms of the Do value of each agent. Three of the carcinogens produced single-hit and one produced a multiple-hit survival curve. The system offers distinct advantages in study of the interrelationships between mutagenic and carcinogenic actions in mammalian cells.
Inattention, hyperactivity, and symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing.

Objective. Inattention and hyperactivity are frequent among children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and often improve when SDB is treated. However, the frequency of SDB symptoms among inattentive and hyperactive children has received little study. Design. Cross-sectional survey. Setting. Two university-affiliated but community-based general pediatrics clinics. Patients. Patients consisted of N = 866 children (469 boys), aged 2.0 to 13.9 years (mean: 6.8 ± 3.2 years), with clinic appointments. Measures. A validated Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire assessed for habitual snoring (1 item), snoring severity (a 4-item subscale), sleepiness (4 items), and overall risk of SDB (16 items). Parents also completed 2 common behavioral measures, an inattention/hyperactivity scale (IHS) derived from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, and the hyperactivity index (HI, expressed as a t score) of the Conners’ Parent Rating Scale. Results. Habitual snoring was reported in 16% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 13, 19) of the participants. High HI scores (>60) were found in 13% (95% CI: 11, 16) of all participants, 22% (95% CI: 15, 29) of habitual snorers, and 12% (95% CI: 9, 14) of nonsnorers. Odds ratios between HI >60 and each of the following were: habitual snoring, 2.2 (95% CI: 1.4, 3.6); 1 additional positive symptom-item on the snoring scale, 1.3 (95% CI: 1.1, 1.5); 1 additional positive item on the sleepiness scale, 1.6 (95% CI: 1.4, 2.0); and a 1-standard deviation increase in the overall SDB score, 1.7 (95% CI: 1.4, 2.0; all odds ratios age- and sex-adjusted). Results were similar for high IHS scores (>1.25). Stratification by age and sex showed that most of the association with snoring (but not sleepiness) derived from boys Conclusions. Inattention and hyperactivity among general pediatric patients are associated with increased daytime sleepiness and—especially in young boys—snoring and other symptoms of SDB. If sleepiness and SDB do influence daytime behavior, the current results suggest a major public health impact.
In situhybridization for detection of chicken anaemia virus in peripheral blood smears

Blood smears, obtained from chickens known to be infected with or free from chicken anaemia virus (CAV), were tested to detect CAV DNA by in situ hybridization (ISH). A double-stranded, 1485 base-pair (bp) DNA probe was prepared employing polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The probe was labelled with digoxigenin or biotin by nick translation. In situ hybridization employing simple specimen preparation, using both digoxigenin- and biotin-labelled probes, provided a rapid and inexpensive method for diagnosis of CAV infection. Infection with CAV was detected by ISH prior to seroconversion by indirect immunofluorescence assay.
Making student pharmacists indispensable: The added value of introductory pharmacy practice experience students to patient care

Abstract Purpose This study evaluated the impact of an admission medication reconciliation process conducted by student pharmacists during an introductory pharmacy practice experience (IPPE). Methods Patients aged 18 years or older admitted to a general medicine service and who received medication reconciliation from a student pharmacist were included. Data were collected retrospectively from electronic medical records. Results Student pharmacists performed medication reconciliation on 21.8% of 6395 patients admitted to the target service, directly involving the majority of patients/caregivers (78.9%) in the process. Potential medication discrepancies were found in 43.8% of patients; the average number of potential discrepancies found per patient was 1.0 ± 1.6. The most common potential discrepancy was “omitted prescription medication.” Prescribers responded to notification about potential discrepancies by correcting or clarifying 74.9% of all potential discrepancies and 77.2% of discrepancies with the potential to causes severe patient discomfort or clinical deterioration. Conclusion IPPE student pharmacists contributed to patient care by performing medication reconciliation on patient admission to hospital. Student pharmacists identified and facilitated correction of unrecognized medication issues that could have adversely impacted patient well-being.