cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cefatrizine Activity Compared with That of Other Cephalosporins

Cefatrizine, a new orally administered cephalosporin, was tested against 400 clinical isolates. Cefatrizine had excellent activity against gram-positive cocci, inhibiting all except enterococci at minimal inhibitory concentrations below 1 mug/ml. Cefatrizine inhibited the majority of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Salmonella at concentrations below 12.5 mug/ml. Although cefatrizine was not hydrolyzed by many beta-lactamases, it did not inhibit a number of strains of Enterobacter, Serratia, or indole-positive Proteus. Cefatrizine was more active than cephalothin or cephalexin against E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Salmonella, and Shigella. Its overall activity was less than that of cefoxitin against strains resistant to cephalothin, but its activity against cephalothin-susceptible strains was equivalent to that of cefamandole.
Ensemble modeling of E. coli in the Charles River, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

A case study of ensemble modeling of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) densities in surface waters in the context of public health risk prediction is presented. The output of two different models, mechanistic and empirical, are combined and compared to data. The mechanistic model is a high-resolution, time-variable, three-dimensional coupled hydrodynamic and water quality model. It generally reproduces the mechanisms of E. coli fate and transport in the river, including the presence and absence of a plume in the study area under similar input, but different hydrodynamic conditions caused by the operation of a downstream dam and wind. At the time series station, the model has a root mean square error (RMSE) of 370 CFU/100mL, a total error rate (with respect to the EPA-recommended single sample criteria value of 235 CFU/100mL) (TER) of 15% and negative error rate (NER) of 30%. The empirical model is based on multiple linear regression using the forcing functions of the mechanistic model as independent variables. It has better overall performance (at the time series station), due to a strong correlation of E. coli density with upstream inflow for this time period (RMSE =200 CFU/100mL, TER =13%, NER =1.6%). However, the model is mechanistically incorrect in that it predicts decreasing densities with increasing Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) input. The two models are fundamentally different and their errors are uncorrelated ( R 2 =0.02), which motivates their combination in an ensemble. Two combination approaches, a geometric mean ensemble (GME) and an “either exceeds” ensemble (EEE), are explored. The GME model outperforms the mechanistic and empirical models in terms of RMSE (190 CFU/100mL) and TER (11%), but has a higher NER (23%). The EEE has relatively high TER (16%), but low NER (0.8%) and may be the best method for a conservative prediction. The study demonstrates the potential utility of ensemble modeling for pathogen indicators, but significant further research is needed to establish the approach for the Charles River, as outlined in the paper.
Characterization and Modulation of Langmuir Circulation in Chesapeake Bay

AbstractMeasurements made as part of a large-scale experiment to examine wind-driven circulation and mixing in Chesapeake Bay demonstrate that circulations consistent with Langmuir circulation play an important role in surface boundary layer dynamics. Under conditions when the turbulent Langmuir number Lat is low (<0.5), the surface mixed layer is characterized by 1) elevated vertical turbulent kinetic energy; 2) decreased anisotropy; 3) negative vertical velocity skewness indicative of strong/narrow downwelling and weak/broad upwelling; and 4) strong negative correlations between low-frequency vertical velocity and the velocity in the direction of wave propagation. These characteristics appear to be primarily the result of the vortex force associated with the surface wave field, but convection driven by a destabilizing heat flux is observed and appears to contribute significantly to the observed negative vertical velocity skewness.Conditions that favor convection usually also have strong Langmuir forcing...
Digital Baroque: New Media Art and Cinematic Folds, by Timothy Murray. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008. 320 pp. $25 (paper). ISBN 978-0816634026

Before considering the arguments of this intriguing and ambitious volume, some background history is in order. Baroque is a historical term used to describe the art of the seventeenth century. Art ...
Joint orientation and function in great ape and human proximal pedal phalanges.

Previous studies have referred to the degree of dorsal canting of the base of the proximal pha- lanx as an indicator of human-like metatarsophalangeal joint function and thus a diagnostic trait of habitual bipedality in the fossil record. Here, we used a simple method to investigate differences in forefoot function on a finer scale. Building on Duncan et al.'s (Am J Phys Anthropol 93 (1994) 67-81) research, we tested whether dorsal canting reflects differences between sexes in loco- motor behavior, whether habitual shoe wear influences dorsal canting in humans, and whether proximal joint morphology differs between rays in Pan and humans. Our results corroborate previous research in showing that humans have proximal phalanges with joint orien- tations that are significantly more dorsal than, but over- lap with, those of great apes. We also found that male gorillas have significantly more dorsally canted second proximal phalanges than their female counterparts, while the opposite pattern between the sexes was found in Pan troglodytes. Inter-ray comparisons indicate that Pan have more dorsally canted first proximal phalanges than second proximal phalanges, while the opposite pat- tern was found in humans. Minimally shod humans have slightly but significantly more dorsally canted sec- ond proximal phalanges than those of habitually shod humans, indicating that phalanges of unshod humans provide the most appropriate comparative samples for analyses of early hominins. Overall, our analysis sug- gests that though the measurement of dorsal canting is limited in its sensitivity to certain intraspecific differen- ces in function, phalangeal joint orientation reflects interspecific differences in joint function, with the caveat that different patterns of forefoot function during gait can involve similar articular sets of metatarsophalangeal joints. Am J Phys Anthropol 141:116-123, 2010. V C 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multiple methods in the study of driving forces of land use and land cover change: a case study of SE Kajiado District, Kenya.

This landscape-scale study combines analysis of multitemporal satellite imagery spanning 30 years and information from field studies extending over 25 years to assess the extent and causes of land use and land cover change in the Loitokitok area, southeast Kajiado District, Kenya. Rain fed and irrigated agriculture, livestock herding, and wildlife and tourism have all experienced rapid change in their structure, extent, and interactions over the past 30 years in response to a variety of economic, cultural, political, institutional, and demographic processes. Land use patterns and processes are explored through a complementary application of interpretation of satellite imagery and case study analysis that explicitly addresses the local–national spatial scale over a time frame appropriate to the identification of fundamental causal processes. The results illustrate that this combination provides an effective basis for describing and explaining patterns of land use and land cover change and their root causes.
A Third Translation by Salio

THE opening leaf of text in Latin manuscript 10270 of the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, a paper folio of the fifteenth century, bears the old number 83 and introduces us in the middle of a text which soon ends at fol. 84r and appears to be an astrological geomancy. Fol. 83r is occupied by two figurae coeli. The text of fol. 83v opens, "In ascendenti debet esse humilis boni cordis diligens amicos habens bonos...." Soon we come to "Capitulum nonum quando erit multum in geomantica figura .. . " which covers only four lines; then to "Capitulum decimum, Scias quod anguli sunt fixi . . . " of five lines. A "Pars capituli quando volueris scire finem questionis . . . " consists of three lines, after which some six lines are introduced by the words, "Et si dubitaveris illa figura ..... "The treatise then closes with "Capitulum aliud, Accipe 4 matres et scias earum numerum. . . "of which I give the remaining text in full:
Functional equivalence between radial basis function networks and fuzzy inference systems

It is shown that, under some minor restrictions, the functional behavior of radial basis function networks (RBFNs) and that of fuzzy inference systems are actually equivalent. This functional equivalence makes it possible to apply what has been discovered (learning rule, representational power, etc.) for one of the models to the other, and vice versa. It is of interest to observe that two models stemming from different origins turn out to be functionally equivalent. >
Segmentation of anatomical branching structures based on texture features and graph cut

Segmentation of tree-like structure within medical imaging modalities, such as x-ray, MRI, ultrasound, etc., is an important step for analyzing branching patterns involved in many anatomic structures. However, images acquired using these different acquisition techniques frequently have features of poor contrast, blurring and noise, and therefore the segmentation result of traditional image segmentation methods may not be satisfactory. In this paper, we propose a framework for accurate segmentation of the ductal network in x-ray galactograms. Our approach is based on the graph cut algorithm and texture analysis to extract features of skewness, coarseness, contrast, energy and fractal dimension. The features are chosen to capture not only architectural variability of the enhanced ductal tree, but also spatial variations among pixels. The proposed approach was applied to a dataset of 20 galactographic images. We performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to assess the accuracy. The area under the ROC curve observed was 0.76, indicating that our approach may potentially assist clinicians in the interpretation of breast images and facilitate the investigation of relationships among structure and texture of the branching patterns.
Terabus: A 160-Gb/s Bidirectional Board-Level Optical Data Bus

A chip-to-chip optical interconnect on a printed circuit board achieves a 160-Gb/s aggregate bidirectional data rate through 32 parallel polymer waveguides at 13.5 mW/Gb/s. This is the fastest, widest, and most integrated optical bus ever demonstrated.
A review of intranasal ketorolac tromethamine for the short-term management of moderate to moderately severe pain that requires analgesia at the opioid level

AbstractBackground:An intranasal (IN) formulation of ketorolac was recently FDA approved in adult patients for the short-term management of moderate to moderately severe pain that requires analgesia at the opioid level.Scope:The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the clinical pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and tolerability of IN ketorolac. Databases used for this literature search include PubMed, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov from January 1980 to January 2012. All primary papers on IN ketorolac were eligible, including pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, clinical, outcomes, and meta-analyses. The approved product labeling was a source of information, as well as the bibliographies of published articles which were reviewed for additional pertinent literature.Findings:The search yielded six relevant studies all of which were selected for this review and included efficacy and safety trials, one pharmacokinetics study, and one preclinical stu...
Software environments for CAD systems

A high-level structure for a CAD modelling system development environment is proposed based on the thesis that domain independent and domain dependent modelling system functions can and should be separated. The thesis is supported by example functions drawn from a solid modelling system and a VLSI layout system.
Private Wealth and Public Life: Foundation Philanthropy and the Reshaping of American Social Policy from the Progressive Era to the New Deal

In Private Wealth and Public Life, historian Judith Sealander analyzes the role played by private philanthropic foundations in shaping public policy during the early years of this century. Focusing on foundation-sponsored attempts to influence policy in the areas of education, social welfare, and public health, she addresses significant misunderstandings about the place of philanthropic foundations in American life. Between 1903 and 1932, fewer than a dozen philanthropic organizations controlled most of the hundreds of millions of dollars given to various causes. Among these, Sealander finds, seven foundations attempted to influence public social policy in significant ways-four were Rockefeller philanthropies, joined later by the Russell Sage, Rosenwald, and Commonwealth Fund foundations. Challenging the extreme views of foundations either as benevolent forces for social change or powerful threats to democracy, Sealander offers a more subtle understanding of foundations as important players in a complex political environment. The huge financial resources of some foundations bought access, she argues, but never complete control. Occasionally a foundation's agenda became public policy; often it did not. Whatever the results, the foundations and their efforts spurred the emergence of an American state with a significantly expanded social-policy-making role. Drawing on a wealth of archival materials, much of it unavailable or overlooked until now, Sealander examines issues that remain central to American political life. Her topics include vocational education policy, parent education, juvenile delinquency, mothers' pensions and public aid to impoverished children, anti-prostitution efforts, sex research, and publicly funded recreation. "Foundation philanthropy's legacy for domestic social policy," she writes, "raises a point that should be emphasized repeatedly by students of the policy process: Rarely is just one entity a policy's sole author; almost always policies in place produced unintended consequences."
Regorafenib A Novel Multitargeted Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor for Colorectal Cancer and Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

Objective: To review currently available literature on the oral multikinase inhibitor regorafenib and its role in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), and imatinib- and sunitinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Data Sources: A comprehensive literature search was performed of PubMed/MEDLINE and American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) abstracts (through August 2013). Study Selection/Data Extraction: Preclinical pharmacological and phase I to III trials data analyzing regorafenib efficacy and safety in mCRC or imatinib- and sunitinib-resistant GIST patients were evaluated. All available English-language, peer-reviewed articles and ASCO abstracts with relevant information were reviewed. Data Synthesis: Regorafenib was approved for mCRC in September 2012 and for imatinib- and sunitinib-resistant GISTs in February 2013. Regorafenib is an inhibitor of stromal, angiogenic, and oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases, as well as the RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Phase III CORR...
Parallel algorithms for arrangements

We give the first efficient parallel algorithms for solving the arrangement problem. We give a deterministic algorithm for the CREW PRAM which runs in nearly optimal bounds ofO (logn log*n) time andn2/logn processors. We generalize this to obtain anO (logn log*n)-time algorithm usingnd/logn processors for solving the problem ind dimensions. We also give a randomized algorithm for the EREW PRAM that constructs an arrangement ofn lines on-line, in which each insertion is done in optimalO (logn) time usingn/logn processors. Our algorithms develop new parallel data structures and new methods for traversing an arrangement.
The theory and applications of the inners

The notion of the inners of a matrix is fully discussed. The inners applications to control theory, stability theory, communication theory, circuit theory, network theory, digital filters, bioengineering, sparse matrix theory, quantum physics, and some topics in mathematics are enumerated and analyzed. It is shown that the inners concept offers a theoretical as well as computational unification for these applications. In addition, the historical background and motivation is presented for the inners approach. The importance of the inners notion to education, computation, and research in system theory is surveyed and evaluated. Future research problems using this concept are enumerated. Finally, this survey is documented by many past and recent references.
Systolic cellular logic: architecture and performance evaluation

We describe a systolic cellular logic architecture implemented in the systolic cellular logic (SCL) VLSI chip. The SCL chip's hardware support for virtual processing is intended to provide low cost, high performance image processing. We present empirical performance data for the Abingdon Cross benchmark which indicate that the SCL chip successfully delivers high performance at a relatively low cost. We further substantiate the SCL's success with empirical performance data for a complete experimental shape extraction protocol based on mathematical morphology.
Inhibition of Gastrin Release by Somatostatin in Vitro

An in vitro system which uses perifused pieces from the antrum of rat stomach has been used to study the effect of dihydrosomatostatin on gastrin release. The gastrin concentration in fractions of the perfusate was measured by radioimmunoassay. Dihydrosomatostatin (2 × 10–7M) had no effect on basal gastrin levels but virtually abolished the biphasic response seen with arginine stimulation. The study demonstrates close functional similarities between G cells and pancreatic islet cells. (Endocrinology 96: $$$, 1975)
Indirect phase locking of RF clock to the beam for BNL booster BPM system

The beam position monitoring (BPM) system for the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) booster consists of 48 main pick-up electrodes (PUEs) symmetrically distributed around the ring and two special PUEs for the transverse dampers. The BPM system utilizes an integrator that is AC coupled to the PUE. The operation of the design relies upon the use of direct digital synthesis. To eliminate the cumulative error in the signal from the PUE introduced by the AC coupling, a base line restorer (BLR) is used to reestablish a reference value between the bunches. Three signals phase locked to the beam are needed to insure that the triggers to the BLRs occur between bunches. The triggers for the main PUEs require a clock of 48 times the revolution frequency as well as the RF frequency to time their occurrence. The quadrature components of RF frequency are used in a phase shifter to produce the triggers for the damper PUEs. By making use of the direct digital synthesis technology, all three signals produced were locked to the beam by using only a single phase locked loop. >
Airborne intercomparison of HO x measurements using laser-induced fluorescence and chemical ionization mass spectrometry during ARCTAS

Abstract. The hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxyl (HO2) radicals, collectively called HOx, play central roles in tropospheric chemistry. Accurate measurements of OH and HO2 are critical to examine our understanding of atmospheric chemistry. Intercomparisons of different techniques for detecting OH and HO2 are vital to evaluate their measurement capabilities. Three instruments that measured OH and/or HO2 radicals were deployed on the NASA DC-8 aircraft throughout Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) in the spring and summer of 2008. One instrument was the Penn State Airborne Tropospheric Hydrogen Oxides Sensor (ATHOS) for OH and HO2 measurements based on Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy. A second instrument was the NCAR Selected-Ion Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (SI-CIMS) for OH measurement. A third instrument was the NCAR Peroxy Radical Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (PeRCIMS) for HO2 measurement. Formal intercomparison of LIF and CIMS was conducted for the first time on a same aircraft platform. The three instruments were calibrated by quantitative photolysis of water vapor by ultraviolet (UV) light at 184.9 nm with three different calibration systems. The absolute accuracies were ±32% (2σ) for the LIF instrument, ±65% (2σ) for the SI-CIMS instrument, and ±50% (2σ) for the PeRCIMS instrument. In general, good agreement was obtained between the CIMS and LIF measurements of both OH and HO2 measurements. Linear regression of the entire data set yields [OH]CIMS = 0.89 × [OH]LIF + 2.8 × 104 cm−3 with a correlation coefficient r2 = 0.72 for OH, and [HO2]CIMS = 0.86 × [HO2]LIF + 3.9 parts per trillion by volume (pptv, equivalent to pmol mol−1) with a correlation coefficient r2 = 0.72 for HO2. In general, the difference between CIMS and LIF instruments for OH and HO2 measurements can be explained by their combined measurement uncertainties. Comparison with box model results shows some similarities for both the CIMS and LIF measurements. First, the observed-to-modeled HO2 ratio increases greatly for higher NO mixing ratios, indicating that the model may not properly account for HOx sources that correlate with NO. Second, the observed-to-modeled OH ratio increases with increasing isoprene mixing ratios, suggesting either incomplete understanding of isoprene chemistry in the model or interferences in the measurements in environments where biogenic emissions dominate ambient volatile organic compounds.
Movement Patterns of Adult Laughing Gulls Larus atricilla During the Nesting Season

Abstract. The foraging behavior of birds is often influenced by the development and dietary needs of their young. Laughing Gulls in New Jersey, USA, nest in highly productive salt marshes but adults commonly forage at inland sites when they have young in the nest. I monitored movements of individual Laughing Gulls using color-marking, banding and radio-telemetry combined with land-based and aerial surveys. I found that breeding adults were highly mobile and commonly flew inland to forage. Color-marked individuals were observed a mean of 16.6 km and a median of 11.0 km from the colony. Radio-tagged birds were located as far as 40 km inland. Laughing Gulls showed foraging site tenacity both within a given year and from year to year. Radio-tagged adults made as many as 11 foraging trips from the colony per day during both diurnal and nocturnal periods. Activity at the colony peaked during late evening and morning hours. Furthermore, Laughing Gull movement patterns changed with progression of the nesting seas...
Transformative Learning for Counselor Trainees: Implementation of the Multicultural Immersion Experience Model

In this qualitative inquiry, we studied the lived experiences of counselor trainees who participated in a short-term study abroad program in Dublin, Ireland. It was found that counselor trainees self-reported transformative growth as a result of their cultural immersion. Specifically, counselor trainees identified an increase in cultural self-awareness, other awareness, and global connection. The implications of applying transformative learning theory and the Multicultural Immersion Experience model to guide cultural immersion programs are discussed.
Dispute resolution: The mutual agreement procedure

Article 25 of the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries1 (United Nations Model Convention) is a very important procedural provision for the application and implementation of the bilateral treaties based on the Model Convention. It provides for the establishment of a “mutual agreement procedure” (MAP) which enables the parties to the treaty to better carry out the substantive provisions contained therein, which allocate taxing rights. The MAP is administered by the “competent authorities”, who are generally named in Article 3 (e) of the treaties based on the United Nations Model Convention. It is very important to make clear the persons who will be designated as competent authorities. Typically, they come from the ministry or tax authority (that is to say, the responsible branch of the governments of the contracting States). They are the persons who are normally responsible for administering the treaty and the mutual agreement procedure in Article 25 sets forth the agreed rules and principles for ensuring that the functions of the treaty are properly adhered to. The role of the competent authorities in Article 25 is to “endeavour to resolve” by mutual agreement any difficulties or doubts arising as to the application of the treaty. It applies in connection with all articles of the convention.
Effect of Age and Sex on Triglyceride Metabolism in the Rat

The effect of age and sex on triglyceride metabolism were investigated in 3-mo- and 1-year-old rats. Although 3-mo-old female rats produce as much triglyceride as comparably aged male rats, their plasma triglyceride levels are lower. This suggests that 3-mo-old female rats remove triglycerides from plasma more efficiently than do similar aged male rats, and this is supported by the observation that the t1/2 of very low density lipoprotein triglyceride removal is somewhat faster in female rats of this age (p less than 0.1 greater than 0.5). As rats grow to 1 year of age, the ability of both sexes to remove triglycerides from plasma deteriorates, resulting in a rise in plasma triglyceride levels. The decrease in efficiency of triglyceride removal from plasma in female rats is coupled with an increase in triglyceride production rate, leading to an even greater increase in triglyceride levels. These results indicate that both age and sex modify triglyceride metabolism in the rat.
DYNAMICS OF AMINO ACID TRANSPORT IN THE INTACT INTESTINE.

SummaryNet active absorption of amino acids, as mixtures at blood level, has been demonstrated. Both absorption and efflux occur simultaneously across the intact intestine. The transport of amino acids is an active process and is indeed dynamic.
Aldosterone synthesis in salt-wasting congenital adrenal hyperplasia with complete absence of adrenal 21-hydroxylase.

Abstract Background. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is a disorder of cortisol and aldosterone biosynthesis that results from mutations in the CYP21 gene encoding the adrenal 21-hydroxylase P-450c21. It can cause severe salt wasting in newborns that requires long-term treatment with glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. We describe a spontaneous partial recovery from this disorder in a 19-year-old woman who had discontinued treatment. Methods. We measured plasma and urinary levels of adrenal hormones, plasma renin activity, and sodium balance longitudinally in the patient and four other patients in whom adrenal hyperplasia had been diagnosed in infancy and in whom DNA analysis had predicted a complete absence of functional P-450c21. The ratio of plasma renin activity to urinary aldosterone was used as a measure of the response of the adrenal zona glomerulosa. Two patients underwent intravenous infusion of [3H]progesterone for the measurement of extraadrenal production of ...
Rydberg interaction assisted light shift blockade of collective excitations for quantum information processing

We show that semi-classical light-shift imbalance induced blockade (LSIIB) for collective excitation necessarily requires direct interaction between excited atoms. We then show an explicit scheme for semi-classical LSIIB by employing Rydberg interactions with Raman transitions.
Trait dispositions and situational determinants of behavior among gusii children of southwestern Kenya

This field study was done among the Gusii, a Bantu-speaking group numbering about half a million in the highlands of south-western Kenya. The invest-gator spent 16 months (September 1966- January 1968) doing field work. The social unit chosen for study was "Nyansongo," the same group of neighboring families which the LeVines chose as their primary social unit in 1956. A group of contiguous neighboring families who were members of a large work group in 1956 is the community which the LeVines chose to call Nyansongo (LeVine and LeVine, 1966:5). By and large, such communities are unnamed in Gusiiland. One end of Nyansongo is located 8 miles from Kisii Township, the district headquarters, and the other is a quarter of a mile from a market and a chief's camp. Now composed of 38 homesteads, Nyansongo lies on the slopes of the main road to Kericho. Except for one portion on the north-east end of the community, it is only "one homestead deep" on either side of the road and is a mile and a quarter long. In addition to the data collected for this particular study, basic data were systematically collected on the entire com-munity of Nyansongo. These data are a part of an ongoing file of panel communities of the Child Development Research Unit. These data were collected during a series of informal interviews with all the adults and many of the adolescent children of Nyansongo. They include census and genealogies, cross-referenced to maps, residence histories, initiation year, marriage histories, job histories, women's fertility histories, educational histories including baptism school, religious affiliations, church atten-dance, distance of in-marrying and out-marrying females from husband's home at the time of marriage, visiting patterns of matrilineally related kin, crop surveys, animals owned, land-holding, land-lending and -borrowing, estimates of income from cash crops, patterns of procuring water and firewood, marketing patterns, sleeping and eating arrangements, daily routines of people of different sex and age groups, and ethnosociological categories.
The U.S. Domestic Intelligence Enterprise: History, Development, and Operations

Much has been written about U.S. intelligence operations. However, intelligence, as it is conducted in the U.S. domestic environment, has usually been treated in a fractured and sensationalistic manner. This book dispassionately assesses the U.S. domestically oriented intelligence enterprise by first examining its individual components and then sho
Religion and Science in the Global Age — Their Essential Character and Mutual Relationship

It is almost impossible to deal with a problem of the magnitude of ‘Religion and Science in the Global Age’ in its full scale and depth. Nevertheless I would like to discuss what I consider essential to the issue and elucidate it from a Buddhist point of view.
A social morality for mortals: A review essay of the order of public reason: A theory of freedom and morality in a diverse and bounded world

This essay praises Gerald Gaus’s The Order of Public Reason as a building block for all normative explorations into the institutional foundations of human sociability. It evaluates the normative implications put forth by Gaus in terms of the Kirzner’s “finder’s keeper’s ethic.” This raises a question about the relationship between the moral order and the political order that underlies market processes. Examining the role of entrepreneurship in the market process in relation to Kirzner’s “finder’s keeper’s principle” suggests a deeper ethical foundation that underpins the institutional conditions of “social morality.”
Transformation of Neisseria meningitidis by deoxyribonucleates from cells and from culture slime.

Highly polymerized deoxyribonucleate (DNA) is a component of some slimes that accumulate in ordinary broth cultures of a variety of bacteria (Smithies and Gibbons, 1955; Catlin, 1956a). Such DNA, designated as extracellular, may be distinguished from intracellular DNA of the same culture by its accessibility to crystalline pancreatic deoxyribonuclease. Small quantities of this enzyme destroy the sticky consistency of the DNA-containing slime. DNA within intact cells, however, is not affected by added deoxyribonuclease and, subsequent to enzyme action, may be isolated in a highly polymerized form by disrupting the washed cells in a medium that inhibits deoxyribonuclease. The origin of extracellular DNA may be obscured, in some cases, by cryptic multiplication. Investigation of Micrococcus halodenitrificans using radioactive phosphorus-labeled cells has shown that the DNA in culture slime was of intracellular origin (Takahashi and Gibbons, 1957). When this halophilic organism was cultivated in suboptimal concentrations of sodium chloride, some cells of the population apparently ruptured, releasing nucleic acid; much of the DNA adhered to the cells, whereas the ribonucleate diffused into the medium. Cellular lysis, also, can account for the DNA present extracellularly in cultures of Pseudomonasfluorescens (Catlin, unpublished data) and Neisseria meningitidis. In other cases the source remains to be determined. Extracellular accumulation of highly polymerized DNA can occur only in the absence of deoxyribonuclease activity. Staphylococcus aureus, P. fluorescens, and Alcaligenes faecalis produce enzymes which are different, but which have
PURTSCHER-LIKE RETINOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH ADULT-ONSET STILL DISEASE.

Purpose:To describe clinical, laboratory, and funduscopic data of a patient presenting with newly diagnosed adult-onset Still disease and Purtscher-like retinopathy.Methods:Observational case report.Patient:A 43-year-old man presented with a 3-week history of daily high-spiking fever, diffuse arthra
New Capabilities for Hostile Environments on Z Grand Challenge LDRD - Final Status

The purpose of this project was to develop new physical simulation capabilities in order to support the science-based qualification of nonnuclear weapon components in hostile radiation environments. The project contributes directly to the goals of maintaining a safe, secure, and effective US nuclear stockpile, maintaining strategic deterrence at lower nuclear force levels, extending the life of the nuclear deterrent capability, and to be ready for technological surprise.
Berufliche Anfänge, Fichte-Studien und Sophie von Kühn

Wahrend mit dem Minister von Hardenberg uber eine Anstellung fur Friedrich im preusischen Dienst verhandelt wurde, hatte der Vater anscheinend doch starke Bedenken, seinen Sohn in das Haus eines so leichtlebigen Verwandten zu bringen (Hardenberg 1883, S. 64) — zumal der Berliner Hof unter Friedrich Wilhelm II. (1744–97) fur sein sittenverderbliches Leben beruchtigt war (Heilborn 1901, S. 55). Auf jeden Fall schlug der Vater Friedrich vor, er sollte vorlaufig praktische Erfahrung in einem Amt bekommen, was auserdem die Vorbedingung einer Aufnahme als kursachsischer Beamter war. Am 8. November 1794 begann sein Dienstjahr als Aktuarius in Tennstedt bei August Coelestin Just (1750–1822), der als Kreisamtmann fur das ganze Gebiet Kursachsen-Thuringen zustandig war und der als erfahrener und geschickter Ausbilder galt.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) - pathogenesis, classification, and effect on drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of liver disorders. It is defined by the presence of steatosis in more than 5% of hepatocytes with little or no alcohol consumption. Insulin ...
Noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Cochlear synaptopathy can result from various insults, including acoustic trauma, aging, ototoxicity, or chronic conductive hearing loss. For example, moderate noise exposure in mice can destroy up to ∼50% of synapses between auditory nerve fibers (ANFs) and inner hair cells (IHCs) without affecting outer hair cells (OHCs) or thresholds, because the synaptopathy occurs first in high-threshold ANFs. However, the fiber loss likely impairs temporal processing and hearing-in-noise, a classic complaint of those with sensorineural hearing loss. Non-human primates appear to be less vulnerable to noise-induced hair-cell loss than rodents, but their susceptibility to synaptopathy has not been studied. Because establishing a non-human primate model may be important in the development of diagnostics and therapeutics, we examined cochlear innervation and the damaging effects of acoustic overexposure in young adult rhesus macaques. Anesthetized animals were exposed bilaterally to narrow-band noise centered at 2 kHz at various sound-pressure levels for 4 h. Cochlear function was assayed for up to 8 weeks following exposure via auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and otoacoustic emissions (OAEs). A moderate loss of synaptic connections (mean of 12-27% in the basal half of the cochlea) followed temporary threshold shifts (TTS), despite minimal hair-cell loss. A dramatic loss of synapses (mean of 50-75% in the basal half of the cochlea) was seen on IHCs surviving noise exposures that produced permanent threshold shifts (PTS) and widespread hair-cell loss. Higher noise levels were required to produce PTS in macaques compared to rodents, suggesting that primates are less vulnerable to hair-cell loss. However, the phenomenon of noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy in primates is similar to that seen in rodents.
American College of Radiology-Compliant Short Protocol Breast MRI for High-Risk Breast Cancer Screening: A Prospective Feasibility Study.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of a short protocol for screening breast MRI that is noninferior to standard-of-care (SOC) MRI in image quality that complies with American College of Radiology accreditation requirements. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. In a prospective feasibility trial, 23 women at high risk underwent both an initial SOC MRI examination that included axial iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation (IDEAL) and T1-weighted volume imaging for breast assessment (VIBRANT) dynamic contrast-enhanced sequences and a separate short breast MRI protocol comprising a fast spin-echo (FSE) triple-echo Dixon T2 sequence for T2-weighted imaging and a 3D dual-echo fast spoiled gradient-echo two-point Dixon sequence for dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging from October 1, 2015, through May 2, 2016. Image quality assessment was performed by three radiologists, who scored the images for fat saturation, artifact severity, and quality of no...
Moving the lab into the field: The making of pathologized (non)citizens in US science education

This article examines how notions of health and citizenship have become entangled in US science education reforms targeting particular populations. Current science education policy assumes that mar...
On the strength of random fiber networks

Abstract Damage accumulation and failure in random fiber networks is of importance in a variety of applications, from design of synthetic materials, such as paper and non-wovens, to accidental tearing of biological tissues. In this work we study these processes using three-dimensional models of athermal fiber networks, focusing attention on the modes of failure and on the relationship between network strength and network structural parameters. We consider network failure at small and large strains associated with the rupture of inter-fiber bonds. It is observed that the strength increases linearly with the network volume fraction and with the bond strength, while the stretch at peak stress is inversely related to these two parameters. A small fraction of the bonds rupture before peak stress and this fraction increases with increasing failure stretch. Rendering the bond strength stochastic causes a reduction of the network strength. However, heterogeneity retards damage localization and increases the stretch at peak stress, therefore promoting ductility.
Capturing a Patient-Reported Measure of Physical Function Through an Online Electronic Health Record Patient Portal in an Ambulatory Clinic: Implementation Study

Background: Despite significant interest in the collection of patient-reported outcomes to make care more patient-centered, few studies have evaluated implementation efforts to collect patient-reported outcomes from diverse patient populations Objective: We assessed the collection of patient-reported outcomes from rheumatoid arthritis patients in an academic rheumatology clinic, using a paper and an online form through the electronic health record patient portal. Methods: We identified patients seen between 2012-2016 with ≥2 face-to-face encounters with a rheumatology provider and International Classification of Diseases codes for RA, ≥30 days apart. In 2013, our clinic implemented a paper version of the Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) physical function form that was administered to patients upon their check-in at the clinic. In 2015, an online version of the form became available by way of the electronic health record patient portal to patients with active portal accounts. We compared the proportion of visits with documented PROMIS scores across age, race and ethnicity, and language and examined trends over time using a control chart. Results: We included 1078 patients with rheumatoid arthritis with 7049 in-person encounters at the rheumatology clinic over 4 years, with an average of 168 visits per month. Of the included patients, 80.4% of patients (867/1078) were female and the mean age was 58 (SD 16) years. The overall PROMIS physical function score documentation increased from 60.4% (1081/1791) of visits in 2013 to 74.4% (905/1217) of visits in 2016. Online score documentation increased from 10.0% (148/1473) in 2015 to 19.3% (235/1217) in 2016. African American patients were least likely to have a PROMIS physical function score recorded (55/88, 62.5% compared to 792/990, 80.0% for other racial or ethnic groups; P<.001). Compared with white patients, both African American and Hispanic patients were less likely to have active online electronic health record portal accounts (44/88, 50% and 90/157, 57.3% respectively, compared to 437/521, 83.9% of white patients; P<.001) and, once activated, less likely to use the online survey (6/44, 13.6% and 16/90, 17.8% respectively, compared to 135/437, 30.9% of white patients; P=.02). There was no significant difference in the proportion of any PROMIS physical function forms recorded between non-English vs English preferred patients. No significant differences were found across age or gender. Conclusions: PROMIS physical function form completion improved overall from 2012-2016 but lagged among racial and ethnic minorities and non-English preferred patients. Future studies should address issues of portal access, enrollment, satisfaction, and persistence and focus on developing PRO implementation strategies that accommodate the needs and preferences of diverse populations.
Fundamental Aspects of Structure Control

Within the last decade control problems of flexible systems have attracted increasingly more interest and importance. By now, the well-known problems associated with computational difficulties, spillover, parameter uncertainties, robustness, high-dimensionality, actuator/sensor numbers and locations have been addressed by numerous investigators [1–4]. According to the way controls are designed, control techniques have been classified such as coupled-control (CC) and Independent Modal-Space Control (IMSC) and comparisons have been made regarding their advantages and disadvantages [5]. Mostly linear state feedback approaches dominated the field by utilizing pole-allocation techniques and linear optimal control theory, although output feedback schemes also appeared rather frequently. The highlight of the difficulties has been the control and observation spillover phenomena which invited a host of approaches to eliminate or minimize their effects. Almost across the board, whatever the control technique, the emphasis in controlling structural systems has been on control theories and approaches and on how the principles of these theories could be applied properly to the structural system. However, an important point has been and is being overlooked: it is that the controlled system, being a structurally dynamic system, does constitute a separate branch of science which has a particular discipline in its own right with its deep-rooted foundation in the ages-old “Principles of Mechanics.” In controlling such a physical system, which requires interdisciplinary attention, it is imperative to make sure not only how the principles of control theory are applied properly but also how the principles of mechanics are to be paid due respect and not violated by the control approach.
Renal Acidification Mechanisms

Acid–base homeostasis is fundamental to normal health and development, and the renal contribution is central to this process. Acid–base homeostasis involves regulated reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate and generation of new bicarbonate. The latter process involves titratable acid excretion, organic anion excretion, and intrarenal ammoniagenesis and urinary ammonia excretion. Bicarbonate reabsorption predominantly occurs in the proximal tubule, with lesser rates in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the collecting duct, the regulation mechanisms of which differ in different nephron/collecting duct segments. Titratable acid excretion involves buffering of secreting H+ by intraluminal buffers, of which phosphate is the primary component. Renal urinary ammonia excretion involves regulated ammoniagenesis, primarily utilizing glutamine as a source molecule, and involves regulated transport in multiple renal epithelial cell sites. This chapter summarizes the fundamental mechanisms and regulation of these processes.
Additive Layered Manufacturing of Reticulated Ti-6Al-4V Biomedical Mesh Structures by Electron Beam Melting

Porous coatings, notably thin, porous bead coatings, sintered mesh arrays, thermal-spray coatings and metallic foams have been incorporated into biomedical devices and appliances for several decades to improve bone compatibility, stability, and bone ingrowth. In this research program, we are concerned with the fabrication of reticulated mesh arrays as integral components of monolithic products using Ti-6Al-4V powder to build complex, 3D structures by electron beam melting (EBM). Utilizing software capable of building lattice-truss or cellular lattices with high symmetry, 3D-periodic reticulated arrangements such as hip stem and knee component prototypes have been fabricated with complete mesh arrays or with solid stems with a surrounding mesh structure completely fabricated as a monolithic product. The 3D mesh structures begin with so-called lattice elements which can be designed, computed, and attached to a CAD program for additive layered manufacturing by EBM. Mesh arrays with cortical bone density (1.9 g/cm3) can be fabricated with various lattice-truss structures and truss dimensions tailored to stress-strain and stiffness properties to optimize porous bone-replacement implants, including craniofacial replacements, etc. Mesh-to-mesh structures and functionally graded structures are also explored. Metallographic analysis of these structures using optical and electron microscopies illustrate their microstructural characteristics in association with measured mechanical properties such as microindentation hardness which can be related linearly to residual stress.