cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of short-term indomethacin therapy on amniotic fluid volume

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of short-term (48 hour) indomethacin therapy on amniotic fluid volume. Study design Patients who were admitted to Northwestern Memorial Hospital in preterm labor and who received indomethacin tocolysis were eligible for the study. Thirty-five patients with singleton gestations and 26 patients with twin gestations were enrolled. Amniotic fluid volumes were measured at baseline, at 48 hours after the initiation of indomethacin, and then every 24 hours thereafter for a maximum of 7 days. Results There were no significant changes in mean amniotic fluid volume subsequent to the administration of indomethacin at any of the time points that were measured. Among the 61 patients who received indomethacin, there were 2 cases of oligohydramnios (3.3%; 95% CI, 0.03%, 11.3%). In both cases, the amniotic fluid index returned to normal within 24 hours after the discontinuation of indomethacin. Conclusion Short-term indomethacin therapy, in either singleton or twin gestations, does not cause a clinically significant change in amniotic fluid volume.
Synthesis and structures of perthio- and polymeric metal complexes with the tetrathio- and dithioterephthalate ligands

Abstract The thioterephthalate anions [1,4-(CS 2 ) 2 C 6 H 4 ] 2− , TTT, ( I ); [1,4-(CS 2 )(CO 2 )C 6 H 4 ] 2− , DTT, ( III ); and, [1,4-(COS)(COS)C 6 H 4 ] 2− , DCT, ( IV ) have been synthesized and isolated as tetraphenylphosphonium (Ph 4 P) + salts, ( I , III , IV ), tetra n -butylammonium ( n -Bu 4 N) 2 TTT ( II ) and tetra-ethyl ammonium (Et 4 N) 2 TTT salts ( IIa ). I , IIa and IV have been characterized structurally. The S 2 C–C 6 H 4 dihedral angles Φ vary from 7° to 44°. The electronic spectra of the green Ph 4 P + ( I ) ( Φ = 16) and the red Et 4 N + ( IIa ) ( Φ = 44) salts in CH 3 CN solution are identical and indicate a low energy barrier to rotation about the S 2 C–C 6 H 4 bond. The (–CS 2 ) groups in I and III react with either Cu(I)/S or with Cu(II) and undergo a sulfur addition reaction to give the “sulfur-rich” (–CS 3 ) − units that are coordinated to Cu(I) as bidentate chelates in the diamagnetic [ClCuS 3 C–C 6 H 4 –CS 3 CuCl] 2− , ( V ) and [XCuS 3 C–C 6 H 4 –CO 2 ] 2− , ( VI ), (X = Cl − , Br − ) complexes. In the latter the Cu(I) ions are bound to halide ligands and display a distorted trigonal planar coordination. Generation of S 2− , or S 2 2 - , by cleavage of the C–S bonds, also occurs in the solid state synthesis of the unique [( n -BuS) 2 Ni 12 (S) 8 (S 2 ) 6 ] 2− cluster ( IX ), at 140 °C, by the reaction of Ni(OAc) 2 ·4H 2 O with II . The [Ni 12 (S) 8 (S 2 ) 6 ] core in IX is best described as a distorted S 8 cube with 12 Ni(II)S 4 square planar units located at the centers of the cube edges. Six S 2 2 - ligands one on each of the six, S 8 , cube faces, are quadruply bridging the Ni ions. Two n -Bu + groups are bound, to two of the S 2− ligands that define one of the S 8 cube diagonals. A bridging mode of IV and III is found in {[Cu(DCT)(PPh 3 )] − } n , ( X ) and {Ni(DTT) 3 Zn 2 (DMSO) 6 } n , ( XI ), respectively. In the polymeric X , the trigonal planar Cu(I) ions are bound to the S donors of two IV ligands and one PPh 3 . In XI , the Ni(II) ion is octahedrally coordinated by three CS 2 groups from two “bridging” and one “terminal” type DTT ligands. The CO 2 groups of the “bridging” ligands are bound in a mono-dentate bridging fashion to one of the four-coordinate Zn(II) ions and the “terminal ligand” is coordinated in a bi-dentate fashion to a non-bridging six-coordinate Zn(II) ion. Dimethylsulfoxide molecules complete the coordination spheres around the Zn(II) ions.
Taking Learning to the Learner: Using Audio Teleconferencing for Postclinical Conferences and More

Clinical educators are often burdened by conflicts that occur as they try to balance multiple postclinical scheduling demands with students' varying timetables. The purpose of this article is to inform educators how to use teleconferences to deliver valuable postclinical debriefing, model professional growth experiences, and more. The innovative use of teleconferencing as a pedagogical method enables educators to take learning to the learners.
Photodetachment of Isolated Bicarbonate Anion: Electron Binding Energy of HCO3(.).

We report the first direct photodetachment photoelectron spectroscopy of HCO3– in the gas phase under low-temperature conditions. The observed photoelectron spectra are complicated due to excitations of manifolds in both vibrational and electronic states. A long and single vibrational progression with a frequency of 530 ± 20 cm–1 is partially resolved in the threshold of the T = 20 K, 266 nm spectrum. The adiabatic electron detachment energy (ADE) of HCO3–, or, in other words, the electron affinity (EA) of neutral HCO3, is experimentally determined from the (0,0) transition to be 3.680 ± 0.015 eV. The computed values of the Franck–Condon integral and intensity are favorable for observing the (0,0) transition. High-level ab initio calculations at the CCSD(T) level of theory produce an estimated anharmonic frequency of 546 cm–1 for HCO3 and a value of 3.79 eV for the (0,0) transition, both in good agreement with the experimentally determined values.
Reliable road vehicle collision prediction with constrained filtering

The reliability of collision prediction for host vehicle-based collision warning systems relies heavily on the accuracy of estimated future paths of target vehicle kinematics. This paper presents a constrained filtering scheme that incorporates roadway information into a radar-based vehicle tracking process. Our proposed method makes use of the geometric structure of the road (the clothoid model) to form constraints on target vehicle kinematical variables. These constraints are used to generate an independent estimation of a state variable subset, and the inclusion of the constraints into a Kalman filter is materialized by a fusion process, which yields current state estimates. With the assistance of unconstrained filtering, a hypothesis testing scheme is performed every sampling instant to remove constraints when the target vehicle is not following the road or is changing lanes. A multiple constraint scheme is used to determine the current lane of the target vehicle, which enables a lane adaptive hypothesis testing procedure. Simulation shows that the proposed method can effectively reduce estimation errors and improve the prediction of in-lane collisions without degrading the prediction of cross-lane collisions.
Interaction of atomic hydrogen with the surface of liquid /sup 4/He

The Euler-Lagrange equation for an impurity interacting with an inhomogeneous fluid is derived and applied to a description of the polarized hydrogen system, ${\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\uparrow}}}$, ${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\uparrow}}}$, and ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\uparrow}}}$ on the surface of liquid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$. We find well-defined, strongly bound physisorbed states for ${\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\uparrow}}}$, and ${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\uparrow}}}$ and a weakly bound physisorbed state for ${\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\uparrow}}}$.
Foraging behaviour in the jumping spider Phidippus audax: bases for selectivity

The hunting and feeding behaviour of the jumping spider Phidippus audax was examined in the laboratory under single and multi-prey conditions. When given the choice, spiders consistently selected insects with high activity levels and crawling velocities. Selection was not correlated with insect length, mass, or length/width ratio. However, cine analysis of single predator-prey encounters indicated that, at the time of detection, prey size (length and mass) was evaluated by the predator; spiders pursued large insects at significantly slower rates (i.e. more cautiously) than small insects. Prey size also significantly affected handling times. Time invested in handling preferred items was similar whether these were encountered alone or with alternate prey available. However, as predicted by the optimal foraging theory, spiders spent significantly less time feeding on lower ranked items in the presence of alternative prey.
Some Aspects of Scale Economies Among Missouri Area Vocational Schools

O NE of the most significant contributions of the Vocational Education Act of 1963 was the authorization of federal funds for construction of area vocational-technical school facilities. In Missouri some 37 school districts have in operation or have secured approval for the establishment of area vocational-technical schools. During the 1966-1968 biennium some $42 million was spent on vocational-technical education in Missouri. This expenditure, from local, state, and federal sources, represented a 58 percent increase over the 1964-1966 biennium. Because of the magnitude of resources involved and their rapid growth, inquiry into scale economies in facilities for public vocational education has not received adequate treatment by researchers. This investigation of economies of size was confined to the regular day vocational program offered in the area vocational-technical schools of Missouri. Cost data collected pertained to shared-time type of secondary area vocationaltechnical schools with permanent separate plant facilities in operation during fiscal year 19681969. Fifteen schools met these qualifications. Costs incurred by these schools consisted of current operating expenditures (administrative costs, operation and maintenance cost) and capital outlay expenditures associated with equipment and physical facilities. Annual depreciation of plant and equipment was estimated by the straight-line method, then converted to a per student cost. Plant depreciation was distributed equally among total enrollment; equipment depreciation was allocated by enrollment with respect to curriculum and program area. Current expenditures per student ranged from $387 to $609. The mean and weighted mean were $468 and $455 respectively. Complete equipment inventories was a prerequisite for estimating total cost, and only seven schools had such inventories. Mean and weighted mean for total cost per student were $568 and $545 respectively; the range was from $464 to $735. In short, fixed cost per student was approximately $100. In order to quantify the relationship between expenditures per student and size, expenditures per student (dependent variable) were regressed on selected independent variables hypothesized to be correlated with expenditures. Stepwise regression techniques were used for the analyses. Number of students (X1), number of students squared (X2), average teacher salary (X,), tax levy (X4), assessed valuation per student (X5), studentteacher ratio (X6), and number of classes (X7) were the independent variables chosen. Two separate models were investigated. Model 1: This regression equation included only variables X1 and X2 (size of school and size of school squared). Estimated parameters for the equation were: Y = 764.65 1.808X1 + .00227X2. R2 was .51. The "optimum" size, or size with the least cost per student, was found to be 398 students, computed by taking the partial derivative of the above equation, setting it equal to zero, and solving for the number of students. Model 2: This model included all the selected
Microprocessor-based controller for pharmacodynamical applications

To design an automatic drug delivery system for the purpose of keeping the output as close as possible to a desired value, the system input-output is first represented as an autoregressive model. A minimum variance controller is then designed to solve the control problem. The implementation of the controller is performed on a microprocessor. As a specific application, the control of the mean arterial blood pressure in dogs using a vasodilator drug is presented. An automated drug deliver system is constructed; it contains a microprocessor (Motorola 6800), A/D and D/A converters. The output of the microprocessor drives a pump, which injects the drug at an appropriate rate into the blood circulation of the dog. The algorithms for the microprocessor are based on the on-line parameter estimation and optimal controller equations. The resulting closed-loop system was tested on dogs using nitroprusside as the drug which decreases the blood pressure. The tests were performed over the range of 90-170 mm Hg of the mean arterial blood pressure and over time periods of 6-10 rain. The system constructed maintains the mean arterial blood pressure within ± 10 mHg from the desired constant value. Results from typical experiments are presented and discussed.
Indigenous research and on-farm trials

Abstract Two studies exploiting indigenous research found that farmers adapted a dryland rice variety to flooded lowland conditions and that farmers evaluated sweet potato varieties to give new breeding objectives. UPL-Ri5 can be grown in flooded conditions under lowland husbandry practices with comparable performance to IR36 or IR42. Farmers prefer vigorous vining, extended underground storage, and extended sequential harvesting in their sweet potato crop. When farmers do the research; researchers' activities change considerably. Here, considerable time was spent on informal interactions with farmers in their homes and fields through which research topics were elicited. Locating participants and distributing materials followed. Finally, and most time-consuming, came the many farm visits to gather information about farmer typology, nature of problems or purpose, description of practices, and farmer assessment. The findings support arguments that indigenous research is a viable resource for developing on-farm experimental methods that permit and promote farmer participation particularly in roles of adapting technologies to specific farming conditions and providing feedback on basic research needs.
Clinical disorders of fibrinolysis: A critical review

Much progress has recently been made in understanding the biochemistry and physiology of endogenous fibrinolysis. As a result, a better understanding of the mechanisms and clinical consequences of disordered fibrinolysis has emerged. Increased fibrinolytic activity is an uncommon but important cause of hemorrhagic disease. Congenital disorders of fibrinolysis which cause bleeding include increased plasma plasminogen activator activity and deficiency of alpha-2 antiplasmin. Acquired disorders associated with increased fibrinolytic activity and bleeding include liver cirrhosis, amyloidosis, acute promyelocytic leukemia, some solid tumors, and certain snake envenomation syndromes. Increased fibrinolysis is important to recognize because epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) may be required to prevent or control bleeding. Diminished fibrinolytic activity has been associated with a variety of thrombotic disorders, but a direct cause-and-effect relationship has yet to be established. Congenital abnormalities of fibrinolysis associated with thrombosis include plasminogen deficiency, decreased endothelial generation of plasminogen activator activity, and certain abnormal fibrinogens. Thrombosis in these disorders is effectively managed with warfarin. Diminished fibrinolysis has also been reported in “idiopathic” venous thrombosis, oral contraceptive-induced and postoperative venous thrombosis, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, but the significance of abnormal fibrinolysis in these disorders is uncertain. Large, prospective studies of fibrinolytic variables as risk factors for vascular and thrombotic disease are needed to determine whether pharmacologic augmentation of impaired fibrinolysis could be useful in the prevention or treatment of these disorders.
The effects of disconnecting the subfornical organ on behavioral and physiological responses to alterations of body sodium

Rats with knife cuts transecting the subfornical organ efferent projections were examined for behavioral and renal responses to experimental alterations in body sodium. Lack of subfornical organ efferent projections did not impair behavioral and renal compensatory responses either in the latency to respond or in magnitude of the response.
Assessing Competency in Practice-Based Learning: A Foundation for Milestones in Learning Portfolio Entries

Background Graduate medical education is undergoing a dramatic shift toward competency-based assessment of learners. Competency assessment requires clear definitions of competency and validated assessment methods. The purpose of this study is to identify criteria used by surgical educators to judge competence in Practice-Based Learning and Improvement (PBLI (2) identification and thorough description of learning goals; (3) cases used as catalyst for reflection; (4) reconceptualization with appropriate use and critique of cited literature; (5) communication skills/completeness of entry template; (6) description of future behavioral change; and (7) engagement in process—identifies as personally relevant. Conclusions The identified themes are consistent with and complement other criteria emerging from reflective practice literature and experiential learning theory. This study provides a foundation for further development of a tool for assessing learner portfolios consistent with the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education’s Next Accreditation System requirements.
Strong mucosal and systemic immunities induced by nasal immunization with anthrax protective antigen protein incorporated in liposome-protamine-DNA particles.

The very lengthy and complicated dosing schedule of the current anthrax vaccine adsorbed, which was licensed in the USA for the prevention of cutaneous anthrax infection, calls for the development of an efficacious and easily administrable vaccine to prevent against the most lethal form of anthrax infection, the inhalation anthrax. We propose to develop a nasal anthrax vaccine using anthrax protective antigen (PA) protein carried by liposome–protamine–DNA (LPD) particles. PA was incorporated in LPD particles and nasally dosed to mice. The resulting PA-specific immune response and lethal toxin neutralization activity were measured. Mice nasally immunized with PA incorporated into LPD particles developed both systemic and mucosal anti-PA responses. The anti-PA immunities induced included the production of anti-PA antibodies (IgG and IgM in the serum and IgA in nasal and lung mucosal secretions) and the proliferation of splenocytes after in vitro stimulation. The anti-PA IgG subtype induced was mainly IgG1. Finally, anthrax lethal toxin neutralization activity was detected both in the serum and in the mucosal secretions. The anti-PA immune response induced by nasal PA incorporated in LPD was comparable to that induced by nasal PA adjuvanted with cholera toxin or subcutaneously injected PA adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide.
Active-Site Analysis of Ferric P450 Enzymes: Hydrogen-Bonding Effects on the Circular Dichroism Spectra

Active-site CD spectra were analyzed for P450's with known x-ray structures (P450terp, P450BM-3, P450cam). CD spectral patterns for Fe(3+)-substrate-free P450's reflect structure/function properties of the distal pocket. P450terp and P450BM-3 have an H-bond between 6th ligand and I-helix [Hasemann, C.A., et al. (1995) Structure, 3, 41-62], and the Soret CD band at approximately 410 nm is approximately 2-fold larger than that at approximately 350 nm. For P450cam, the two CD bands are more nearly equal, and the 6th ligand is not H-bonded to the I-helix. The CD spectral pattern can be used to predict active-site structural properties, e.g., H-bonding and polarity.
Agonist-induced Rise in Intracellular Calcium of Lens Epithelial Cells: Effects on the Actin Cytoskeleton

Primary cultures of rabbit and skate lens epithelia were used to investigate the effect of calcium release from intracellular stores upon the actin cytoskeleton. Primary cultures were loaded with fura-2 AM and intracellular calcium, i.e. (Ca2+)i, quantitated using a Hamamatsu Photonics digital imaging system. Agonists used were bombesin, inositol-2.4.5-trisphosphate (IP3), thapsigargin (Tg), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and calcium chloride. Recordings were typically made on seven cells in each case. We found that IP3 caused a 6-8-fold immediate release of (Ca2+)i in rabbit cells, but skate cells showed no response unless permeabilized with saponin, whereupon an increase of about 50% occurred. Tg induced release from internal stores in rabbit cells, but had no effect on skate cells. Bombesin caused a large increase in (Ca2+)i release in both, while NPY had no effect in either. Skate cells incubated in calcium-free EGTA-Ringer's solution responded rapidly to addition of 5 mM CaCl2, whereas only three of 35 rabbit cells responded, and in gradual fashion. After calcium imaging, the cells were fixed and stained with rhodamine phalloidin or with an antibody against IP3 receptor (IP3R) conjugated to FITC. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that the actin cytoskeleton had reorganized from the normal stress fiber pattern into polygonal networks. Tg caused the same structures to form in rabbit cells, but bombesin had no effect. IP3 receptor was located intracellularly, presumably on endoplasmic reticulum, and was not associated with plasma membranes. The rapid response of rabbit cells may have been caused by the DMSO in which fura-2 was dissolved. We have found an interesting difference in agonist-induced calcium release between rabbit and skate cells. The latter may utilize either a Ca-Na exchanger or capacitative calcium entry, which could reflect a difference in lens accommodative mechanisms. This seems relevant in view of the fact that the rabbit lens accommodates through change in shape, whereas the skate lens does so through translation of position.
Observation of a Stable Water-Soluble Lithium Porphyrin

The deprotonated form of the water-soluble porphyrin 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octabromo-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin, H2OBT(4-N-MePy)P4+, has a strong affinity for lithium and f...
Soot formation study in a rapid compression machine

A rapid compression machine was used to study the soot formation process under diesel enginelike conditions. The apparatus creates accurately controlled conditions at the end of compression (uniform mixture, temperature, and well-defined mixture composition) and, by decoupling chemistry with mixing, provides an unambiguous data interpretation for kinetics study. The soot evolution was studied by the line-of-sight absorption method (at 632.8 nm), which measured the soot volume concentration evolution in the initial stage of soot growth before the optical path became opaque. For a rich butane mixture at fuel equivalence ratio of 3, the ignition delay showed a negative temperature dependence at intermediate temperatures. The soot volume fraction showed an initial exponential growth, with a growth rate depending on the compressed charge fuel concentration. A substantial amount of soot was formed after the soot cloud became opaque. By weighing the total soot particles after the experiment, only ∼10-15 % of the soot mass was formed when the beam transmission was reduced to 5%. The final soot mass was ∼15-18 % of the total carbon mass for compressed charge density of 250 mol/m 3 and temperature from 740 to 930 K.
Synthesis of environmentally relevant fluorinated surfactants—a review

In the past years there has been a growing interest in fluorinated persistent organic pollutants such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, perfluorooctanesulfonamides, perfluorinated carboxylic acids and fluorotelomer alcohols. Although these compounds have probably been present in the environment for many decades, we are only now beginning to realize that these environmental contaminants may have serious environmental and health effects. This article gives a state-of-the-art review of synthetic approaches that have been employed for the synthesis of these environmentally relevant fluorinated compounds. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid derivatives, in particular, pose a problem because only a few perfluorooctanesulfonic acid derivatives are available from commercial sources--a fact that limits the ability of researchers worldwide to further study these compounds. Because of the limited literature available, this article also describes synthetic approaches for shorter chain homologues or perfluoroether analogues that can potentially be applied for the synthesis of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid derivatives. The preparation of typical starting materials for the synthesis of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid derivatives such as the perfluoroalkanesulfonyl fluorides and chlorides will be discussed. Subsequently, their conversion into relevant perfluoroalkane sulfonate salts (R(F)SO3M), sulfonamides (R(F)SO2NH2), N-alkyl sulfonamides (R(F)SO2NHR, R = alkyl), N,N-dialkyl sulfonamides (R(F)SO2NR2, R = alkyl), sulfonamidoethanol (R(F)SO2NRCH2CH2OH, R = -H, -CH3 or -C2H5) and sulfonamidoacetates (R(F)SO2NRCH2CO2H, R = -H, -CH3 or -C2H5) will be described. Many perfluorinated carboxylic acids and fluorotelomer alcohols are available from commercial sources. The review of the synthesis of these two classes of fluorinated compounds includes a review of their industrial synthesis and the synthesis of relevant degradation products.
Shared characteristics of stereopsis and the purely binocular process

Wolfe and Held (1981) Vision Res. 21, 1755-1759 demonstrated the existence in the human visual system of a purely binocular process. A purely binocular process is defined as a process that responds only to binocular stimulation and not to stimulation of either eye alone. In this paper, some of the characteristics of the purely binocular process are investigated. We find: (1) the process is less sensitive to high spatial frequencies than is the visual system as a whole. (2) It is insensitive to stimuli near the detection threshold for the visual system as a whole. (3) It makes a greater contribution to the appearance of vertically oriented stimuli than to the appearance of horizontally oriented stimuli. (4) The function of the purely binocular process can be disrupted by blurring the image in one eye (artificial anisometropia). Each of these properties of the purely binocular process is similar to the known characteristics of stereopsis. This suggests that the purely binocular process is a necessary stage in stereopsis.
The role and interests of the French state in the housing policy field in Guadeloupe and Martinique

Abstract This paper analyzes housing conditions, and interrogates the role and interests of the French state in the housing policy field, in two French overseas administrative divisions, Guadeloupe and Martinique. The analysis reveals that housing conditions on the two Caribbean islands have been improving since they became integral parts of France in 1974. It is shown that the French state has invested enormously by way of material, financial and intellectual resources in the housing policy field of the islands. The central argument in the paper is that the French state's role in this policy field has been necessitated by a need to protect its political, economic, ideological and social interests within the French polity in particular and the global politico-economic environment in general.
Growth Factor Effects on Corneal Wound Healing

ABSTRACT Corneal wound healing and the many factors which may promote or prevent it are of concern to both clinicians and researchers. Ophthalmologists are often confronted with corneal dystrophies...
Biodegradation of a colloidal ester-based polyurethane by soil fungi

Four species of fungi were isolated from soil and found to degrade ester-based polyurethane in a polyurethane-agar clearing assay. One of these isolates, Curvularia senegalensis, secreted an extracellular enzyme-like factor with esterase properties, as determined by fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, and this active factor was partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation. The polyurethane-clearing factor had an isoelectric point of 5·1 and a molecular weight of 28 kDa. It was stable to heating at 100°C for 10 min and was inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride.
A simple proof of some congruences for colored generalized Frobenius partitions

Abstract In this paper we present a very simple analytic proof of some congruences for generalized Frobenius partitions with k colors. The proof highlights yet another combinatorial property of these objects.
Simulation of environmental flow problems in geometrically complex domains. Part I: a general coordinate transformation

Abstract A two-part presentation is given in which a combination of domain splitting, coordinate transformation, and an implicit algorithm is suggested as a versatile three-dimensional program for accurate simulation of geometrically complex environmental flow problems. In part 1, a numerical method for solving the time-dependent laminar Navier-Stokes equations posed in general curvilinear coordinates is presented. The issues of equation form, consistency, and accuracy are considered as they relate to numerical simulation of incompressible flows on curvilinear grid systems. The method is applied to flows in square and polar cavities and evaluated in terms of corresponding benchmark physical and numerical experiments.
Enzymatic patterns in the developing frog embryo

Abstract Methods are presented for the determination of twelve enzymes as found in homogenates of the R. pipiens embryo. The determinations are primarily based on the spectrophotometric or fluorometric estimation of pyridine nucleotides and can be easily performed, if necessary on very small amounts of material. The activities of these twelve enzymes as found in homogenates of the developing embryo are presented. In most cases these activities remain relatively constant until hatching, at which time they begin to increase (aldolase, lactic dehydrogenase, glutamic-aspartic transaminase, malic dehydrogenase, glutamic-alanine transaminase TPNH-cytochrome c reductase, pyruvate kinase). Four enzymes (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase, α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, isocitric dehydrogenase) begin to increase in activity around neurulation, however, and a fifth enzyme (DPNH-cytochrome c reductase) does not begin to increase in activity until the closing of the larval opercular folds. The significance of the developmental curves obtained is discussed in terms of those factors that would contribute to enzymatic activities as found in crude homogenates of a developing system. The preferential synthesis of an enzyme in a specific area, the existence of multiple enzyme forms, and morphological changes within cells are all seen as factors that would complicate any definite interpretation. These phenomena are highly relevant to differentiating systems, however and need to be extensively investigated after general patterns have been established. At the same time, information is brought to bear on the regulation of metabolic pathways in the early frog embryo. Specifically, it is suggested that isocitric dehydrogenase may be the rate-limiting enzyme of the citric acid cycle and that glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase may have a role in the regulation of glycolysis during early development. These enzymes are not considered “regulatory” as such, however, but rather as expressions of a dynamic state.
Primary enzyme quantitation using substrates labeled with a second indicator enzyme. I. Elastase determination using peroxidase-labeled elastin

Abstract Quantitation of proteolytic enzyme concentration can be accomplished by measuring the release, due to primary enzyme catalysis, of a second enzyme bound to a particulate substrate. As the primary enzyme acts on the substrate, release of the indicator enzyme into the surrounding medium occurs, which in turn can be quantitated colorimetrically, and under suitable reaction conditions the amount of indicator enzyme released is directly proportional to the amount of primary enzyme present. A specific example of such an assay is that for elastolytic activity using powdered elastin labeled with horseradish peroxidase. The detection sensitivity of the system described is 1 ng/ml of pancreatic elastase, and the dynamic range of the assay is 2 orders of magnitude. The reaction time for optimal elastase detection sensitivity is 3 h. For the assay, horseradish peroxidase is coupled to insoluble elastin. Labeled elastin is incubated with varying amounts of pancreatic elastase. The elastase in the test sample solubilizes the elastin and the horseradish peroxidase bound to it. The amount of peroxidase released is then quantified using the colorimetic reaction produced by catalysis of 2,2′-azino- d i-(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulfonate)-H 2 O 2 . For a fixed, nonsaturating concentration of elastase, the amount of peroxidase released is proportional to the elastase concentration.
Apprenticing a Career.

twelve months of involvement with projects, some of which are of little interest, and with people, some of whom exhibit little talent, can become a wearisome burden.) But in addition to the sheer difficulties for the instructor engendered by the shorter period, there is another at least potential problem that makes us judge the single semester (or worse, single quarter) course as less than ideal. Fieldwork efforts shorter than about five months virtually may force investigators to focus on very microscopic units of social organization-small social acts, tiny behaviors in public places, short-term episodes, and the like. There is nothing wrong with such a focus per se, of course. The problem lies with the possibility of students coming to define fieldwork as invariably and necessarily involved only with social minutiae. Classic and much important contemporary fieldwork addresses much larger units; ideally, our training ought to be structured such that work on them is a live option for students. 3. Professor Bogdan teaches in the context of a program in education, while we teach in sociology. Our expectations of and our demands on our students thus are rather different. Our stress on conceptualization and analysis as a process in its own right (in our second "focusing" cluster with its attention to thinking units of social organization, asking questions, and being interesting) may, in part, reflect our differing teaching contexts. On the other hand, we would like to suggest that our analytic stress is by no means incompatible with fieldwork performed outside of sociology. We believe that most qualitative work, in traditional disciplines and in applied fields, might well benefit from much more self-conscious attention to matters such as the scale of social organization being addressed, the exact character of the question or questions being asked, and the possibilities for creative answers being proffered. We would hope, in fact, that symposia such as this one might encourage all teachers of fieldwork and all fieldworkers to strive to articulate their own approaches to the doing of analysis as clearly and concretely as they detail their approaches to the gathering of data.
Reinforcement learning approach for controlling power system stabilizers

In this paper, a framework for applying reinforcement learning (RL) to the design and control of power system stabilizers (PSSs) is proposed. A near-optimal coordinated design for several PSSs is achieved using reinforcement learning. The objective of the control policy is to enhance the stability of a multi-machine power system by increasing the damping ratio of the least-damped modes. An RL method called Q-learning is applied to find a near-optimal control policy for controlling PSSs. With this control policy, the agent can change the gain of PSSs automatically in such a way that a predefined goal is nearly always satisfied. A modified Q-learning algorithm is proposed to enhance the convergence speed of the conventional algorithm toward a near-optimal policy. This is achieved by using selective initial state criteria instead of choosing the initial state randomly in each episode. The validity of the proposed method has been tested on a two-area, four-machine power system using nonlinear time-domain simulation under severe disturbances.
Adaptive Auto-Regulation of Androgen Receptor Provides a Paradigm Shifting Rationale for Bipolar Androgen Therapy (BAT) for Castrate Resistant Human Prostate Cancer

Cell culture/xenograft and gene arrays of clinical material document that development of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells involves acquisition of adaptive auto-regulation resulting in >25-fold increase in Androgen Receptor (AR) protein expression in a low androgen environment. Such adaptive AR increase paradoxically is a liability in castrated hosts, however, when supraphysiologic androgen is acutely replaced. Cell synchronization/anti-androgen response is due to AR binding to replication complexes (RC) at origin of replication sites (ORS) in early G1 associated with licensing/restricting DNA for single round of duplication during S-phase. When CRPC cells are acutely exposed to supraphysiologic androgen, adaptively increased nuclear AR is over-stabilized, preventing sufficient degradation in mitosis, inhibiting DNA re-licensing, and thus death in the subsequent cell cycle. These mechanistic results and the fact that AR/RC binding occurs in metastatic CRPCs directly from patients provides a paradigm shifting rationale for bipolar androgen therapy (BAT) in patient progressing on chronic androgen ablation. BAT involves giving sequential cycles alternating between periods of acute supraphysiologic androgen followed by acute ablation to take advantage of vulnerability produced by adaptive auto-regulation and binding of AR to RC in CRPC cells. BAT therapy is effective in xenografts and based upon positive results has entered clinical testing.
Technology-Based Assessments and Interventions Targeting Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders: Innovations and Opportunities

Technology, such as the Internet and mobile devices, offers tremendous promise in the assessment, treatment, and recovery management of psychiatric and substance use disorders. Empirically supporte...
Propagating Fronts for Competing Species Equations with Diffusion

1. The notion of a traveling wave front in the context of population dynamics is a natural one and has undoubtedly been in existence a long time. This concept, however, was apparently first modeled by a differential equation by FISHER in 1937 [1]. Fisher had in mind a community in which the processes of natural selection and random spatial migration were evident. The front then represented a wave of spatial advance of a favorable gene. In the final analysis, FISHER'S equation was simply the usual logistic growth equation, supplemented by an extra term uxx representing the effect of spatial diffusion:
Cholesterol and Alzheimer's disease.

Recent studies indicate that cholesterol plays an important part in the regulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) production, with high cholesterol levels being linked to increased Aβ generation and deposition. The mechanisms underlying the role(s) of cholesterol are not fully understood at present, but from the evidence currently available, it appears that there are many different ways in which abnormalities in cholesterol metabolism can affect the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Polymorphisms in genes involved in cholesterol catabolism and transport have been associated with an increased level of Aβ and are therefore potential risk factors for the disease. The best known of these genes is the apolipoprotein E gene (apoE), which encodes a protein involved in cholesterol transport. The existence of a particular allele of apoE, e4, is the major genetic risk factor known for late-onset AD. Other genes implicated include cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (Cyp46), the LDL receptor related protein (LRP), the cholesterol transporters ABCA1 and ABCA2, acyl-CoA:cholesterol acetyl transferase (ACAT), and the LDL receptor (LDLR).
The induction of maturation and ovulation in American eels, Anguilla rostrata (LeSueur), and the relevance of chemical and visual cues to male spawning behaviour

Female American eels, Anguilla rostrata (LeSueur), were artificially matured with injections of salmon and carp pituitary and human chorionic gonadotropin. In vivo ovulation was induced with 4-pregnene-17α,20β-diol-3-one and eggs were spontaneously released. Eggs were fertilized in vitro and survived to the gastrula stage. Males were matured with injections of human chorionic gonadotropin. They were attracted by the sight and odour of maturing and mature females. Ovulated females released a sex pheromone which was especially attractive to mature males and triggered the release of sperm.
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells promote lung epithelial proliferation.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) causes significant morbidity and mortality each year. There is a paucity of information regarding the mechanisms necessary for ARDS resolution. Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Foxp3+ Treg cells) have been shown to be an important determinant of resolution in an experimental model of lung injury. We demonstrate that intratracheal delivery of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) elicits alveolar epithelial damage from which the epithelium undergoes proliferation and repair. Epithelial proliferation coincided with an increase in Foxp3+ Treg cells in the lung during the course of resolution. To dissect the role that Foxp3+ Treg cells exert on epithelial proliferation, we depleted Foxp3+ Treg cells, which led to decreased alveolar epithelial proliferation and delayed lung injury recovery. Furthermore, antibody-mediated blockade of CD103, an integrin, which binds to epithelial expressed E-cadherin decreased Foxp3+ Treg numbers and decreased rates of epithelial proliferation after injury. In a non-inflammatory model of regenerative alveologenesis, left lung pneumonectomy, we found that Foxp3+ Treg cells enhanced epithelial proliferation. Moreover, Foxp3+ Treg cells co-cultured with primary type II alveolar cells (AT2) directly increased AT2 cell proliferation in a CD103-dependent manner. These studies provide evidence of a new and integral role for Foxp3+ Treg cells in repair of the lung epithelium.
Benthopelagic macrozooplankton communities at and near deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the eastern Pacific ocean and the Gulf of California

Abstract Benthopelagic zooplankton communities at hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise and in Guaymas Basin are enriched in terms of both biomass and abundance with respect to non-vent areas, but depleted relative to biomass of surface zooplankton communities. Larval and juvenile stages of many benthic species, including Calyptogena spp., Bathymodiolus thermophilus, Nuculana sp., two undescribed species of limpets, Dahlella caldariensis, Bythograea sp., Munidopsis sp., epicaridean isopods, and lysianassid amphipods, were collected in the water column 1–5 m above vent areas. Since much of the zooplankton community is derived from the benthic community, macrozooplankton abundance and composition differ among vent sites in accordance with the nature and extent of development of the benthic community and depend, ultimately, on the history of hydrothermal activity at each site.
Large Eddy Simulation of the Turbulent Flow Past a Backward Facing Step

Abstract : The heat transfer and fluid mechanics of a turbulent separating and reattaching flow past a single-sided backward-facing step are studied using large eddy simulation. A fully coupled, low Mach number preconditioned, collocated-grid, central differenced, compressible, finite volume formulation was developed to conduct the simulations. A sixth-order compact filter was used to prevent pressure-velocity decoupling. A compressible version of the dynamic subgrid scale model was used to model the effects of the smaller eddies. Navier-Stokes characteristic boundary conditions designed by Poinsot and Lele were used to provide boundary conditions. The isothermal turbulent flow past the step, at a Reynolds number of 5,540 (based on the step height and upstream centerline velocity) and a Mach number of 0.006, was simulated to validate the formulation. Subsequently, the bottom wall downstream of the step was supplied with constant wall heat flux levels of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 kW/m2. The viscous sub-layer played a critical role in controlling the heat transfer rate. Streamwise and wall-normal turbulent heat fluxes were of the same order of magnitude. The Reynolds analogy did not hold in the recirculation region. However, the Stanton number profiles showed a striking similarity with the fluctuating skin-friction profiles.
Decisionmaking in hospital earthquake evacuation: does distance from the epicenter matter?

Study objective: Over large expanses, the risk for hospital damage from an earthquake attenuates as the distance from the epicenter increases, which may not be true within the immediate disaster zone (near field), however. The following study examines the impact of epicenter distance and ground motion on hospital evacuation and closure for those structures near the epicenter of the 1994 Northridge Earthquake and the implications for patient evacuation. Methods: This is a retrospective case-control study of all hospitals reporting off-site evacuations or permanent closure because of damage from the January 17, 1994, earthquake in Northridge, CA. Control hospitals were randomly identified from those facilities that did not evacuate patients. Distances from the epicenter and peak ground accelerations were calculated for each hospital from Trinet ShakeMap data and compared. Results: Eight hospitals evacuated patients (study group); 4 of these hospitals were condemned. These were compared to 8 hospitals that did not evacuate patients (control group). The median epicenter-to-hospital distance for evacuated facilities was 8.1 miles (interquartile range [IQRs] 4.0 to 17.2 miles), whereas that for nonevacuated facilities was 14.1 miles (IRQ 10.5 to 17.0 miles). The difference in the median distances was 6.0 miles (95% confidence interval -4.8 to 11.9 miles). The peak ground acceleration had a median of 0.77g (IQR 0.53 to 0.85g) for study hospitals and a median of 0.36g (IQR 0.24 to 0.50g) for control hospitals, where 1g equals the force of gravity. The difference in median acceleration of 0.41g (95% Cl 0.14 to 0.55g) was significant (P=.009). Conclusion: The distances from the epicenter for evacuated or condemned facilities and control hospitals do not appear to differ in the near field. Peak ground acceleration is a superior indicator of the risk for hospital damage and evacuation. Physicians can obtain these data in real time from the Internet and should transfer patients to facilities in areas of lower recorded peak ground acceleration regardless of distance from the epicenter.
A short proof of the Tietze-Urysohn Extension Theorem

Tietze [8] proved the extension theorem for metric spaces, and Urysohn I10] for normal topological spaces. Urysohn first proves his Lemma, which is a special case of the theorem. The proof of the lemma uses a set-theoretic argument which constructs a family of sets indexed by the rationals, and defines a continuous real-valued function using infima of subsets of the indices. In rather surprising contrast, the full extension theorem then makes use of infinite series, the Weierstrass M-test, and uniform convergence. The purpose of this note is to extend the method of Urysohn's Lemma so as to obtain the extension theorem directly, without the use of uniform convergence, and without first proving the lemma. Urysohn's Lemma itself is then no longer required, being an immediate corollary of the theorem.