cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A software development process laboratory for CS1 and CS2

Typical introductory courses emphasize programming constructs and language features, and are built around many simple programming assignments that encourage students to use those constructs and features, on a feature-by-feature basis. This has the effect of inculcating a quick and dirty, programming-in-the-small mentality. Even if responsible development methods are carefully taught in class, the assignments tend to be so small and simple, any methods, other than just writing the code, come to be seen as a nuisance, rather than an aid to the process.Introductory students are usually required to work individually, rather than in teams, to ensure each acquires a minimum understanding of the fundamentals. This has the effect of encouraging students, during the formative stages, to develop individualistic work habits, which are often inconsistent with working in teams. Even though group programming projects may be imposed on students in later course work, these experiences are often too late, or otherwise insufficient, to offset the habits and styles established during the CS1 and CS2 courses.Although laboratory components are becoming more common for upper division Computer Science courses, they are still relatively uncommon at the CS1 and CS2 level. We propose a laboratory component for CS1 and CS2 that will emphasize programming-in-the-large and group projects. These and other aspects of the lab will help students, in a positive way, to become comfortable with practices and processes considered essential to do software development. They will not only learn the fundamentals more successfully, but they will also develop habits and styles that will better server them in their careers as Computer Scientists.
Stories of Schools/Teacher Stories: A Two-Part Invention on the Walls Theme

AbstractPatterned in the style of a musical invention, this work adopts Clandinin and Connelly’s metaphor of a professional knowledge landscape (1995), Olson’s conceptualization of the narrative authority (1993, 1995) of teacher knowledge, and my idea that teachers develop their knowledge in knowledge communities (Craig 1992, 1995a, 1995b, 1998). The first invention outlines the stories of school (Clandinin & Connelly 1996) that Riverview School and Evergreen School were given and the changes that take place over time. The second invention features beginning teacher, Benita Dalton, and her narratives of experience lived and told in the two school contexts. Relating the teacher’s stories to the narrative accounts of the two campuses illustrates the extent to which context shapes teachers’ practices and bounds their knowing. The work sheds much light on the subtle complexities of teachers’ professional knowledge landscapes and adds to the conceptual base of a line of inquiry that focuses on the shaping effe...
Pulmonary Edema in a Woman Following Fetal Surgery

Most cases of acute lung injury in pregnancy are attributed to hydrostatic pulmonary edema. In this report, however, we describe a 20-year-old pregnant woman who developed a unique case of increased permeability pulmonary edema following surgery for the repair of a fetal congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Two days after surgery, the patient developed acute respiratory failure and diffuse alveolar edema, requiring intubation and positive pressure ventilation for 5 days. The diagnosis of increased permeability pulmonary edema was confirmed by the ratio of pulmonary edema fluid to plasma protein (ratio=0.99). The patient received IV nitroglycerine for tocolysis. As a nitric oxide donor, the nitroglycerine may have combined with exogenous oxygen to form peroxynitrite, a known impediment to alveolar epithelial cell function. Many cases of pulmonary edema in pregnancy are diagnosed as hydrostatic based on clinical parameters, such as positive maternal fluid balance. In this case, these parameters would have been misleading. Measurement of the protein concentration in the pulmonary edema fluid allowed us to accurately determine that the patient had increased permeability pulmonary edema as the cause of her acute respiratory failure. Sampling of pulmonary fluid can differentiate the type of edema formation and in some cases help to identify mechanisms of acute lung injury.
Smeared lattice fermions: Local, chiral, undoubled

Abstract A discretization of fermions is obtained which is local, hermitian, and chiral, but avoids species-multiplicity. The usual obstacles encountered on a lattice are caused by overlocalization which fails to respect the most basic characteristic of the space: a fundamental length. Once we eliminate operations more local than this length, they disappear.
An Automatic Real-Time Optical Pattern Recognition System

A microcomputer-based real-time programmable optical pattern recognition system utilizing two magneto-optic spatial light modulators (MOSLM) with a liquid crystal light valve (LCLV) is presented. The proposed system has the advantage of high speed processing capability. Since the proposed system utilizes a microcomputer-based concept, it offers the advantages of flexibility and versatility. With reference to the joint correlation property, the system is capable of performing cross-correlation with various reference image patterns in real-time. Thus this hybrid optical architecture can be applied to image correlation with a wide variety of reference images. With appropriate design of interfacing units, hardware and software, the system is capable of learning new patterns, once it has encounted. Simple experimental demonstrations of this proposed system is provided.
Patents and Standards in the ICT Sector: Are Submarine Patents a Substantive Problem or a Red Herring?

This article examines the role of law reform in promoting the development of technical standards for the authentication of parties engaged in Internet commerce. Law reforms intended to improve the security of Internet commerce can only succeed if they address business, technical and legal issues simultaneously. The EU has used commercial law reform and formal standard development to coordinate work on authentication standards, while the U.S. has allowed the market to determine what type of authentication technology is appropriate and has left the development of standards to private consortia. While the EU approach may solve collective action problems more effectively, the U.S. approach may discover end user requirements and may allow business judgments about risk to inform the law more effectively. Neither approach has yet resolved the authentication problems facing businesses engaged in online commerce.
Channel codes for digital holographic data storage

Various channel codes, including binary, gray-scale, threshold, and differential techniques, are compared for digital holographic data storage. The tradeoffs among bit error rate, storage capacity, and system complexity are discussed.
GAUGE TRANSFORMATIONS OF TYPE (0,2) TENSOR FIELDS AND ASSOCIATED VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES

ABSTRACT This article is concerned with variational problems whose field variables are functions on a product manifold M x G of two manifolds M and G. These field variables are denoted by ψhαj in local coordinates (h, j = 1,…,n = dim M, α = 1,…,r = dim G), and it is supposed that they behave as type (0,2) tensor fields under coordinate transformations on M. The dependance of ψhαj on the coordinates of G is specified by a generalized gauge transformation that depends on a map h: M → G. The requirement that the action integral be independent of the choice of this map imposes conditions on the matrices that define the gauge transformation in a manner that gives rise to a Lie algebra, which in turn imposes a Lie group structure on the manifold G. As in the case of standard gauge theories (whose gauge potentials consist of r type (0,1) vector fields on M) certain combinations of the first derivatives of the field variations ψhαj give rise to a set of r tensors on M, the so-called field strengths, that can be r...
Methanobacillus omelianskii, a Symbiotic Association of Two Species of Bacteria*

Two bacterial species were isolated from cultures of Methanobacillus omelianskii grown on media, containing ethanol as oxidizable substrate. One of these, the S organism, is a gram negative, motile, anaerobic rod which ferments ethanol with production of H2 and acetate but is inhibited by inclusion of 0.5 atm of H2 in the gas phase of the medium. The other organism is a gram variable, nonmotile, anaerobic rod which utilizes H2 but not ethanol for growth and methane formation. The results indicate that M. omelianskii maintained in ethanol media is actually a symbiotic association of the two species.
Software assurance for systems of systems

Justified confidence in system and SoS behavior requires software assurance theories and principles that don't exist today. Using such theories and principles, organizations would have a better basis for confidence in deployed system behavior, and at the same time, these theories and principles could be used to make the assurance process more efficient and effective.
Architectural Diversity via Metal Template-Assisted Polymer Synthesis: A Macroligand Chelation Approach to Linear and Star-Shaped Polymeric Ruthenium Tris(bipyridine) Complexes

Polymeric metal complexes are constructed by combining living polymerization techniques with coordination chemistry. These metal-centered linear and star-shaped materials combine the film-forming p...
Carbon Dioxide Corrosion and Acetate: A Hypothesis on the Influence of Microorganisms

Abstract It is our hypothesis that fermentative, acetogenic, and sulfate-reducing bacteria residing in pipeline facilities can influence corrosion through the production of carbon dioxide and acetate under the prevailing anaerobic conditions. The exacerbation of carbon dioxide corrosion of carbon steel in the presence of acetic acid is a well-known phenomenon in the oil industry. Both chemical compounds can be produced and consumed by microorganisms during the anaerobic biodegradation of organic matter—including hydrocarbons. We contend that the principles governing anaerobic biodegradation activity can be extrapolated to aboveground oil production facilities and that the microbial diversity inherent in petroleum reservoirs largely reflects that in pipelines.
Effect of Absorption of D-Glucose and Water on Paracellular Transport in Rat Duodenum-Jejunum

Paracellular transport is thought to be a major absorptive pathway for small nutrient molecules. The authors used in vivo in situ perfusion of rat duodenum-proximal jejunum to examine paracellular transport using lactulose as a probe. They perfused solutions with a constant lactulose concentration but varied initial D-glucose concentration (range 12-176 mM) to open paracellular pathways and to increase water absorption, thereby optimizing potential for paracellular transport of lactulose and other solutes in its molecular weight range. All solutions contained sodium chloride to approach isotonicity. Water absorption was measured as the difference in weight of solution perfused and sample collected. Absorption of D-glucose increased with mean luminal D-glucose concentration, and water absorption more than doubled (from 0.12 +/- 0.03 to 0.26 +/- 0.05 mL/min per g dry wt of segment) as mean luminal glucose concentration was increased from 10 to 80 mM. Lactulose absorption was at the threshold of detection and did not correlate with D-glucose or water absorption. Expressed as percent per segment, D-glucose absorption ranged from 29-50%, and the lactulose absorption rate was 4-5%. The fraction of D-glucose absorption that could be attributed to lactulose absorptive pathways was 12% at the highest rate of water absorption. In conclusion, based on lactulose as a probe, under conditions of opening tight junctions by D-glucose, the paracellular component of D-glucose absorption was of the order of 1/10 of total D-glucose absorption (ie, not a major absorptive pathway.
Long-wavelength analysis of near-field irradiation of prolate spheroidal models of man and animals

Expressions are derived for the induced internal electric fields and average specific absorption rate (s.a.r.) in prolate spheroidal models of man and experimental animals irradiated by electromagnetic (e.m.) fields having arbitrary orientation and arbitrary impedance. These expressions are of value in estimating the s.a.r. in man and test animals exposed to e.m. near fields when the wavelength is long compared to the dimensions of the body.
In vivo evidence that the rise in plasma IL 6 following injection of a fever-inducing dose of LPS is mediated by IL 1[beta]

Although it has often been speculated that Interleukin (IL) 1 alpha and IL 1 beta are circulating endogenous pyrogens (EP), there are few data demonstrating an elevation of these cytokines in the plasma of febrile animals. We hypothesized that IL 1 is released locally and may act to stimulate the release of another pyrogen, IL 6, which circulates to the brain to cause fever. The major purpose of the present study was to determine whether pretreatment of rats with antiserum to IL 1 beta, which attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced fever, also results in an attenuation of the rise in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of IL 6. Our results show that injection of IL 1 beta produced dose-dependent rises in temperature and increases in plasma and CSF IL 6 activity, and that pretreatment of rats i.v. with antiserum to IL 1 beta produced a 55% decrease in the fever caused by LPS injection, a 68% decrease in plasma IL 6, and a 67% decrease in CSF IL 6. These data confirm the findings of previous studies that IL 1 beta is required for a portion of LPS-induced fever and also provide the first in vivo demonstration that the rise of IL 6 in rats injected with a fever-inducing dose of LPS can be significantly blocked by antiserum to IL 1 beta. Overall, the data in our study can be interpreted as being consistent with the hypothesis that the pyrogenic effect of IL 1 beta is mediated mainly through the release of IL 6, but conclusive confirmation of this hypothesis must await studies with antibodies to IL 6.
The structure of four- and five-year-olds' narratives in pretend play and storytelling:

In order to examine under what circumstances preschool children invent plotted narratives this study looked at the effects on narrative structures of pretend play and storytelling settings. The inclusion of a conflict or problem was also studied. Forty middle-class American children (nineteen 4-year-olds and twenty-one 5-year-olds) played with replica toys and made up stories based on drawings of characters. It was observed that 66% of plotted narratives occurred in storytelling and that 5-year-olds were more likely to produce them (33%, compared to 5% of 4-year-olds). While age was not associated with including a conflict or problem, plotted narratives were most likely to have these. Analyses suggest that 4- and 5-year-olds both understand the demands of telling a story, but that 5-year-olds have a usable mental model of a story.
Entity resolution with evolving rules

Entity resolution (ER) identifies database records that refer to the same real world entity. In practice, ER is not a one-time process, but is constantly improved as the data, schema and application are better understood. We address the problem of keeping the ER result up-to-date when the ER logic "evolves" frequently. A naive approach that re-runs ER from scratch may not be tolerable for resolving large datasets. This paper investigates when and how we can instead exploit previous "materialized" ER results to save redundant work with evolved logic. We introduce algorithm properties that facilitate evolution, and we propose efficient rule evolution techniques for two clustering ER models: match-based clustering and distance-based clustering. Using real data sets, we illustrate the cost of materializations and the potential gains over the naive approach.
Resolution of terfenadine enantiomers by β‐cyclodextrin chiral stationary phase high‐performance liquid chromatography

Enantiomers of terfenadine were resolved by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a chiral stationary phase (CSP) column packed with beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) covalently bound to silica. Separation was achieved in both the reverse phase and normal phase modes. Resolution of enantiomers was confirmed by ultraviolet-visible absorption, circular dichroism, and mass spectral analysis.
Proton NMR study of the heme environment in bacterial quinol oxidases.

Abstract The heme environment and ligand binding properties of two relatively large membrane proteins containing multiple paramagnetic metal centers, cytochrome bo 3 and bd quinol oxidases, have been studied by high field proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The oxidized bo 3 enzyme displays well-resolved hyperfine-shifted 1 H NMR resonance assignable to the low-spin heme b center. The observed spectral changes induced by addition of cyanide to the protein were attributed to the structural perturbations on the low-spin heme (heme b ) center by cyanide ligation to the nearby high-spin heme (heme o ) of the protein. The oxidized bd oxidase shows extremely broad signals in the spectral region where protons near high-spin heme centers resonate. Addition of cyanide to the oxidized bd enzyme induced no detectable perturbations on the observed hyperfine signals, indicating the insensitive nature of this heme center toward cyanide. The proton signals near the low-spin heme b 558 center are only observed in the presence of 20% formamide, consistent with a critical role of viscosity in detecting NMR signals of large membrane proteins. The reduced bd protein also displays hyperfine-shifted 1 H NMR signals, indicating that the high-spin heme centers (hemes b 595 and d ) remain high-spin upon chemical reduction. The results presented here demonstrate that structural changes of one metal center can significantly influence the structural properties of other nearby metal center(s) in large membrane paramagnetic metalloproteins.
Heat transfer model of semi-transparent ceramics undergoing laser-assisted machining

Abstract A three-dimensional, unsteady heat transfer model has been developed for predicting the temperature field in partially-stabilized zirconia (PSZ) undergoing laser-assisted machining. The semi-transparent PSZ is treated as optically thick within a spectral band from approximately 0.5 to 8 μm. After comparing the diffusion approximation and the discrete ordinates method for predicting internal radiative transfer, suitability of the diffusion approximation is established from a comparison of model predictions with surface temperature measurements. The temperature predictions are in good agreement with measured values during machining. Parametric calculations reveal that laser power and feedrate have the greatest effect on machining temperatures.
Intracranial magnetic resonance angiography.

Intraarterial angiography remains the “gold standard” for the evaluation of the intracranial vasculature, but it carries with it the risks of local vascular damage, systemic reactions, transient neurologic deficits, permanent neurologic compromise, and even death. To date, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has been applied to a variety of different manifestations of intracranial vascular disease. Presently, MRA studies and flow measurement techniques serve to compliment the more traditional spin-echo evaluation of patients with small aneurysms, arterial and venous occlusions, vascular malformations, and in some cases of neoplastic vascular invasion. Practically, the limitations of these techniques must be taken into account such that the appropriate method is applied to answer a specific clinical question and the acquisition parameters are chosen to maximize the sensitivity and specificity of the study. The intent of this review is to summarize the technical approaches, clinical role, pitfalls, and potential improvements in the MRA techniques as they apply to the intracranial circulation.
Interconnecting computers with the high speed parallel interface

Abstract A variety of local computer network architectures have been evaluated for use in the Los Alamos National Laboratory Central Computing Facility in support of scientific research at this laboratory. A store-and-forward switched message system built around hardware products known as high speed parallel interfaces (HSPIs) was determined to be superior in this application to the more conventional contention bus systems. The HSPIs, together with some dedicated computers used as intermediate switching nodes, implement this store-and-forward architecture and form the backbone of the integrated computer network. The HSPI channel standard was developed at Los Alamos for the interconnection of computers of different manufacture. This standard intercomputer interface is used for passing data and messages via the input-output channels of the different computers. Reliable full-duplex point-to-point data transfers at speeds of up to 50 Mbits s −1 are accommodated. Extensive error detection and error correction capabilities are included in the HSPI hardware. HSPIs are currently in around-the-clock use at Los Alamos, interconnecting the computers of one of the world's most powerful computer networks. In this paper the HSPI specifications and use of the HSPIs in the network are discussed. The Los Alamos network architecture and comparisons to a contention bus architecture are also discussed.
Inconsistencies in US consumers' attitudes toward and use of electronic banking: An empirical investigation

The purpose of the study was to empirically investigate the factors that influence US consumers' attitudes toward and use of electronic banking (e-banking) and to explore the reasons that a magnitude discrepancy exists between the impact of the specific factors on consumers' attitudes and the impact on their actual behaviours. Using the data from the 2003 Survey of Consumers commissioned by the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan, the current study found that consumers' perceptions of the characteristics of e-banking, namely the perceived advantages and problems, had different impacts on consumers' attitudes toward and their use of such service. While the perceived problems were more important in forming consumers' attitudes toward e-banking, the perceived advantages had the greatest impact on consumers' use of such service. The conclusions and discussions section also includes theoretical and practical implications drawn from the results.
Generators for decompositions of tensor products of modules

If K is a field of finite characteristic p, G is a cyclic group of order q = p α , U and W are indecomposable KG-modules, and p ≥ dim U + dim W − 1, we describe how to find a generator for each of the indecomposable components of the KG-module $${U \otimes W}$$ .
The effects of product differentiation on collusive pricing

Abstract Using the spatial competition framework of Hotelling (1929), this paper explores the relationship between the degree of product differentiation and the ability of firms to collude with respect to price. We show that the minimum discount factor required to support the joint profit maximum as an equilibrium outcome monotonically increases as products become better substitutes. When the joint profit maximum cannot be supported, the optimal collusive price is shown to decline as products become more substitutable. These findings suggest that firms producing stronger substitutes tend to find it tougher to collude in terms of their product price.
Controlling deformation and microstructure on machined surfaces

Abstract The deformation history and state of machined surfaces in low-speed cutting of metals with sharp, wedge-shaped tools have been characterized using high-speed image analysis, complemented by hardness and microstructure study. Large surface and subsurface strains are observed, and have been shown to arise from the severe plastic deformation intrinsic to chip formation. The deformation history of the chip and the near-surface region during the process of surface generation are found to be equivalent. The dependence of surface and subsurface deformation on parameters such as tool rake angle and undeformed chip thickness has been explored. The subsurface strain distribution is shown to scale with undeformed chip thickness (self-similarity), and to be influenced by the rake angle. Based on the observations, and process–deformation–microstructure correlations, a framework is developed for directly engineering surfaces with controlled deformation levels and microstructures by machining. The results also offer scope for enhanced validation of machining simulations and future development of multiscale models of machining.
Whole-Body FDG PET Imaging in Oncology: Clinical Reports

P.F. Rambaldi New York, NY: Springer, 2014, 352 pages, $99 By presenting a picture of human anatomy on which biologic information is added, PET/CT allows better delineation of disease within or between structures, as well as guiding surgical and radiation planning and biopsy. It also allows
Relative departures in July temperatures in northern Canada for the past 6,000 yr

There has been concern about recent temperature trends and the future effects of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere1,2; but instrumental records only cover a few decades to a few centuries and it is essential that proxy data sources, such as pollen spectra from peats and lake sediments, be carefully interpreted as climate records. Several workers have shown statistically significant associations between the modern pollen rain and climatic parameters, an approach that by-passes the recognition of pollen/vegetation units. Statistically defined equations that associate abiotic and biotic elements are called transfer functions. We report here on the application of transfer function equations to nine middle and late Holocene peat and lake sediment sequences from northern Canada (Fig. 1).
Monosomal karyotype in Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

A monosomal karyotype (MK) is defined by the presence of two or more autosomal monosomies or one autosomal monosomy and one or more structural abnormality.1 MK has been shown to have a negative impact on survival in patients with acute myeloid leukemia,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 primary myelofibrosis7 and myelodysplastic syndromes.8 In several studies, the negative prognostic significance of MK in myeloid neoplasms persisted after treatment with allogeneic stem cell transplantation.9, 10 A recent analysis from Spain failed to demonstrate an independent prognostic significance of MK in myelodysplastic syndromes.11
Covariance among Multiple Health Risk Behaviors in Adolescents

Purpose In a diverse group of early adolescents, this study explores the co-occurrence of a broad range of health risk behaviors: alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use; physical inactivity; sedentary computing/gaming; and the consumption of low-nutrient energy-dense food. We tested differences in the associations of unhealthy behaviors over time, and by gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Methods Participants were 8360 students from 16 middle schools in California (50% female; 52% Hispanic, 17% Asian, 16% White, and 15% Black/multiethnic/other). Behaviors were measured with surveys in Spring 2010 and Spring 2011. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess if an underlying factor accounted for the covariance of multiple behaviors, and composite reliability methods were used to determine the degree to which behaviors were related. Results The measured behaviors were explained by two moderately correlated factors: a ‘substance use risk factor’ and an ‘unhealthy eating and sedentary factor’. Physical inactivity did not reflect the latent factors as expected. There were few differences in the associations among these behaviors over time or by demographic characteristics. Conclusions Two distinct, yet related groups of health compromising behaviors were identified that could be jointly targeted in multiple health behavior change interventions among early adolescents of diverse backgrounds.
Hotel Customer Perceptions of Biometric Door Locks: Convenience and Security Factors

ABSTRACT A biometric indicator is any human physiological feature (e.g. fingerprint) or behavioral feature (e.g. voice) that can be measured and used for the purpose of automated identification (Nanavati, Thieme, & Nanavati, 2002). This technology has been used in many settings because of its advantages in providing enhanced convenience and security to users. The purpose of this study is to examine one form of biometric technology, a fingerprint door lock, and to provide an empirical study of potential advocates and opponents of this application. Using the modified TAM framework, 310 participants were sampled via an in-room TV survey system from an upscale hotel in Las Vegas. Findings suggest that while convenience, physical security and data security are key determinants for an advocacy group, personal concerns (overall image of technology) weigh more for opponents. The results will help operators understand customer perceptions and opinions of biometrics in a manner that can inform key decisions on the ...
Some investigations of the accuracy of knee joint kinematics

Abstract A previous paper on the kinematics of the human knee established the loci of points which were the intersections of the instantaneous axis of rotation and sagittal planes. This paper is a study of the effects and magnitudes of three possible errors in examining those kinematics. The sources of error are: 1. (1) the influence of the preservative on the tissue, 2. (2) the effect of error in locating the points from photographic data, 3. (3) the effect of mechanical data reduction techniques. In order to remove the influence of the preservatives, a fresh cadaver joint was used in this study, eliminating error of the first type. Care was taken to minimize error of the second type. A computer program was written to replace the mechanical construction technique, thereby eliminating the possibility of error of the third type. This program, used as a sub-routine, facilitated analysis of the magnitude of errors of the second type. As a final step another computer program was used to evaluate the construction technique used in the previous paper.
The presence of home-cage stimuli attenuates spontaneous-alternation deficits in rats with septal lesions

The present experiment examined the effects of the olfactory context on spontaneous-alternation performance of young adult, female rats following septal lesions. Separate groups of rats were given either septal lesions (n=24) or control surgery (n=24), and then tested on the 8th postoperative day for spontaneous alternation across three trials. Half of the rats in each surgical group were tested in the presence of home-cage nest shavings located in a tray beneath the apparatus; the other septal and control groups were tested over clean, unsoiled wood shavings. Rats tested in the novel, clean-shavings environment showed the typical perserverative deficits in spontaneous alternation associated with septal lesions. Rats with septal lesions tested in the presence of the familiar olfactory stimuli from the home-litter shavings alternated at rates similar to those of controls. The training context had no effect on the alternation performance of controls. These results were interpreted as indicating that rats with septal lesions are differentially responsive to sensory conditions. In particular, the familiar olfactory stimuli may be especially potent in reducing the “hyperreactivity” resulting from the altered sensory processing following septal lesions. Differential salience of olfactory stimuli following such lesions may be related to reports of shifts in social behavior following disruption of septal functioning.
The age/gender interface in geriatric pharmacotherapy.

Women substantially outnumber men among older Americans. Among the noninstitutionalized U.S. population age 65–74, for every 100 men there are 120 women. Among those age 75–84, for every 100 men th...
Lifelines and Livelihood: a Social Accounting Matrix Approach to Calamity Preparedness

This paper1 describes a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM)-based method for evaluating disaster preparedness and recovery strategies. The first section of the paper explains the overall approach and its extension to the evaluation of specific components of lifeline systems in a small Caribbean island. The next section explains the relationship between the physical and economic parameters of the energy-electricity-water lifelines and the tourism sector on the island and describes the construction of the corresponding accounting framework. The diachronic multipliers calculated from this extended matrix are used to determine the impact of potential hazards for tourism and other economic activities on the island. The case of a water storage tank, providing back-up supply to the major hotels, is used to illustrate the approach. In the final sections, the example is elaborated to highlight trade-offs between economic and non-economic costs for particular businesses or households. The events and strategies described then may be combined into an event-based scenario analysis.
A Comparative Study on Language Model Adaptation Techniques Using New Evaluation Metrics

This paper presents comparative experimental results on four techniques of language model adaptation, including a maximum a posteriori (MAP) method and three discriminative training methods, the boosting algorithm, the average perceptron and the minimum sample risk method, on the task of Japanese Kana-Kanji conversion. We evaluate these techniques beyond simply using the character error rate (CER): the CER results are interpreted using a metric of domain similarity between background and adaptation domains, and are further evaluated by correlating them with a novel metric for measuring the side effects of adapted models. Using these metrics, we show that the discriminative methods are superior to a MAP-based method not only in terms of achieving larger CER reduction, but also of being more robust against the similarity of background and adaptation domains, and achieve larger CER reduction with fewer side effects.
Erythropoietin, a hypoxia-regulated factor, elicits a pro-angiogenic program in human mesenchymal stem cells

Objective The ability of erythropoietin (EPO) to elicit a pro-angiogenic effect on human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) was tested. hMSC are currently under study as therapeutic delivery agents that target tumor vessels. Hypoxia favors the differentiation of hMSC towards a pro-angiogenic program. However, the classical angiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, are not fully capable of restoring this effect. The hypoxia-regulated factor, EPO, induces angiogenesis in endothelial cells. Here, EPO's pro-angiogenic effect on hMSC was analyzed. Methods hMSC were tested for EPO receptor expression by western blot, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry assays. Downstream receptor signaling components JAK and STAT were measured by standard assays. Pro-angiogenesis effects mediated by EPO treatment of hMSC were measured by proliferation, cytokine, or pro-angiogenesis factor secretion, metalloprotease activation, migration, invasion, wound healing, and tubule formation assays. Results hMSC express the cognate EPO receptor and are capable of promoting angiogenesis following EPO treatment in all the angiogenesis assays tested. EPO-treated hMSC proliferate and secrete pro-angiogenesis factors more readily than untreated hMSC. EPO leads to increased hMSC chemotaxis, migration, and activation of matrix metalloprotease-2. This treatment causes greater recruitment of vessels as measured in an in vivo angiogenesis assay. Conclusion EPO is capable of eliciting a pro-angiogenesis program in hMSC that instigates secretion of angiogenic factors and the subsequent recruitment of endothelium. This study defines a novel mechanism for tumor cell recruitment of blood vessels that is important to consider in the design of stem cell–based therapies.
Phenylacetylglutamine May Replace Urea as a Vehicle for Waste Nitrogen Excretion

ABSTRACT: Phenylacetylglutamine (PAG), the amino acid acetylation product of phenylacetate (or phenylbutyrate after β-oxidation) was evaluated as a waste nitrogen product in patients with inborn errors of urea synthesis. A boy with carbamyl phosphate synthetase deficiency receiving a low nitrogen intake excreted SO-90% of administered phenylacetate or phenylbutyrate as PAG. The amount of PAG nitrogen excreted varied from 38–44% of his dietary nitrogen, similar to the relationship between urea nitrogen and dietary nitrogen found in normal subjects receiving low dietary nitrogen. With few exceptions, neither phenylacetate nor phenylbutyrate accumulated in plasma. Treatment with relatively high dose phenylacetate or phenylbutyrate (0.5–0.6 g/kg/d) resulted in normal daytime levels of glutamine. These data suggest that PAG may replace urea as a waste nitrogen product when phenylbutyrate is administered at a dose that yields PAG nitrogen excretion equal to 40–44% of a low nitrogen intake.
Energy Efficiency and Rebound Effects: An Econometric Analysis of Energy Demand in the Commercial Building Sector

It is widely recognized that the adoption of energy saving innovations can induce an increase in the usage of the corresponding technologies and thus can possibly increase energy consumption. Among other concerns is that uncertainties regarding the magnitude of this “rebound effect” can deter policy makers from promoting energy efficiency. This paper analyzes the rebound effects of the adoption of energy efficient technologies in commercial buildings. Based upon a structural model of technology adoption and subsequent energy demand at the building level, the empirical results are that energy efficiency can reduce electricity use by about 35 % and natural gas consumption by about 50 %.
Impact of memory systems on computer architecture and system organization

The largest part of computer architecture, in both the central processing unit and the overall system, has been and continues to be directly influenced in one way or another by the types of memory systems available. This is readily apparent in certain areas such as I/O architecture and memory hierarchies. However the pervasiveness of this influence throughout the entire system is not so obvious. This paper demonstrates this relationship and shows how it has affected computer architecture over the years. Two approaches are used, the first being a direct look at how specific architectures attempt to circumvent the limitations of the associated memory system. This includes such topics as the internal architecture of CPUs: memory hierarchies and virtual memory, I/O architecture, file structuring, and data base architecture. Second, a gedanken (thought) experimentis used to predict future trends. It is assumed that very large-scale integration will evolve to the point at which we can have nearly any main memory system we desire with some reasonable constraints. The architectural changes that might take place will be seen to be precisely related to the weaknesses in current memory systems which various architectures currently attempt to circumvent.
LGBTQ Responsive School Counseling Supervision

There remains a lag in the development and implementation of effective strategies to serve lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) adolescents in schools. Although practitioners and scholars have begun to discuss how school counselors can provide effective services for LGBTQ students, there is minimal supervision literature to guide this work. This article presents an application of supervision that integrates LGBTQ Responsive School Counseling across the supervision of a comprehensive developmental school counseling program. Using the American School Counseling Association's National Model as a guideline, the authors provide a vehicle for supervisors to structure their work with professional school counselors.
Customers' relational models as determinants of customer engagement value

Purpose – The authors apply Alan P. Fiske's relational models framework to customers' engagement with service firms – specifically, they propose that customers who hold different relational models for the service firm are likely to engage with the firm in dissimilar ways, thus generating different types of customer engagement value for the firm. Fiske's relational models framework is eminently suitable for studying customer-service firm engagement because it is widely adopted in the social sciences as a rigorously developed framework for conceptualizing social interactions. Design/methodology/approach – The article bridges Fiske's relational models framework and Kumar et al.'s customer engagement value framework, and conceptually demonstrates that customers employing different relational models for the service firm are likely to generate different types of customer engagement value for the firm. Findings – The article demonstrates conceptually that customers' relational models, schemata, and scripts influ...
A Framework for the Evaluation of Secondary Impacts of Public Investments

A LL OF THE sessions on this set of programs reflect a single general problem, namely, the neglect by the economics profession of the question of economic (or social) criteria for resource allocation in the public sector. In short, we have only imperfect analytic techniques for comparing the merits of one project or activity with another; we have no theory of how the allocation of public funds among programs and purposes is determined; and we have clear differences in acceptable philosophies as to why governments should spend at all. It is the intention of this paper to consider some of the problems involved in formulating analytic techniques for program selection-not the need for more cogent theories or philosophies of government spending. It is also the intention to focus on the allocation of resources through government1 and resource allocation mainly for developmental purposes, at that. Nonetheless, some theoretical and philosophical issues and some consideration of the problems of analyzing government spending, in general, will emerge in the discussion. To begin, it will be helpful to distinguish between developmental and nondevelopmental government programs. A nondevelopmental government activity consists simply of the allocation of resources to the provision of a good or service which, for a variety of reasons, is more appropriately provided through other than market channels. This could be because of a tendency to monopolization where regulation is not feasible, where the "exclusion" principle operates [4, pp. 9-10], or simply where marginal costs are zero. In any event, the nondevelopmental public good is simply a way of providing a commodity that is more efficient than an ordinary market. A devel-
The Development of the Ducted Fan Noise Propagation and Radiation Code CDUCT-LaRC

The development of the ducted fan noise propagation and radiation code CDUCT-LaRC at NASA Langley Research Center is described. This code calculates the propagation and radiation of given acoustic modes ahead of the fan face or aft of the exhaust guide vanes in the inlet or exhaust ducts, respectively. This paper gives a description of the modules comprising CDUCT-LaRC. The grid generation module provides automatic creation of numerical grids for complex (non-axisymmetric) geometries that include single or multiple pylons. Files for performing automatic inviscid mean flow calculations are also generated within this module. The duct propagation is based on the parabolic approximation theory of R. P. Dougherty. This theory allows the handling of complex internal geometries and the ability to study the effect of non-uniform (i.e. circumferentially and axially segmented) liners. Finally, the duct radiation module is based on the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) equation with a penetrable data surface. Refraction of sound through the shear layer between the external flow and bypass duct flow is included. Results for benchmark annular ducts, as well as other geometries with pylons, are presented and compared with available analytical data.
The impact of thalamic stimulation on activities of daily living for essential tremor

Abstract Background Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) of the ventro-intermedius nucleus of the thalamus is the treatment of choice for drug-refractory essential tremor (ET). This study evaluated the effectiveness of thalamic stimulation in improving the patient’s quality of life through activities of daily living. Methods Sixteen ET patients completed a health questionnaire, the “Tremor Activities of Daily Living Scale” (TADLS) measured by the patient, a 10-item subset of the TADLS measured by the clinician, and the Fahn-Tolosa-Marin tremor rating scale (TRS). Each patient was evaluated with the stimulator on and off with the average evaluation occurring 13 months after surgery. Additionally, improvements on the TADLS were compared to electrode positioning on the axial plane and stimulation parameters. Results There was a 44.0% improvement in the patient-rated TADLS, a 45.2% improvement in the clinician-rated TADLS, and a 33.9% improvement in the TRS. The average electrode location was 5.65 mm anterior to the posterior commissure (AC-PC), 13.4 mm lateral from the midline, and 2.0 mm below the AC-PC line. The average stimulation parameters were 2.74 Volts, 160 Hertz, and 119 μsec. There was no correlation between improvements on the TADLS, electrode location, and stimulation parameters. Of the 16 patients, 10 patients would repeat the surgery, two were unsure, and four would not repeat the surgery. Conclusions Tremor is significantly controlled with DBS and activities of daily living are highly correlated with patient satisfaction. The degree of improvement in the four patients who would not repeat the surgery was outweighed by the negative factors associated with the surgery.
Convergent Kinetic Equation for a Classical Plasma

A general quantum-mechanical transport equation is used to derive a kinetic equation for an electron gas which in the classical limit is not subject to the usual short-range divergence and is exact to first order in the plasma parameter. The method is based on a direct analogy with the well-known equilibrium theory of the electron gas. No arbitrary separations or cutoffs are necessary. The resulting collision integral is similar to that of Weinstock and of Frieman and Book, but the Boltzmann and Fokker-Planck terms are evaluated for the static screened Coulomb potential instead of the bare Coulomb potential. It is shown that the equation of Guernsey, although convergent, does not contain all first-order contributions in the plasma parameter, and that the equations of Weinstock and of Frieman and Book must be carefully interpreted to achieve correct results. Numerical results, given in the classical limit for the dc electrical conductivity, explicitly exhibit the dominant and nondominant terms.
Developmental factors influencing exceptional status at age six years

Abstract A multivariate analysis of exceptional states in 384 children aged 6 years is presented. Predictors were six items of information in the domain of child development, four items were in the domain of social factors, and three items were maternal traits. Criteria were six of nine exceptional states on which there were enough cases for multivariate analysis. The AID-4 interaction regression method was the technique of analysis applied to data gathered by prospective longitudinal study. No consistent sets of predictors were found for the criteria. However, Coddington's Life Changes scores were frequently observed as prime sources of variance. Social class scores were also important influences on criteria of exceptionality.