cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brüche als Verhältnisse

Neben dem Grosen- und dem Operatoraspekt (einen Anteil von etwas zu betrachten) ist der Verhaltnisaspekt die dritte wichtige Grundvorstellung zum Bruchrechnen. Hier gibt es kein von vorn herein eindeutiges Ganzes, mit dem man alle auftretenden Bruchen (einschlieslich des Ergebnisses einer Rechnung) in Beziehung setzt. Bruche als Verhaltnisse spielen daher erst spater in der Schule eine Rolle, etwa bei der Behandlung der Proportionalitat (doppelter Preis fur die doppelte Menge und ahnliches).
Pre-injury depression and anxiety in patients with orthopedic trauma and their treatment.

Abstract Purpose Depressive symptoms have a known negative impact on outcomes following musculoskeletal injury. This study determined the pre-injury prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses of depression and anxiety, medication lapses and psychiatric consult services among patients admitted for orthopaedic trauma. Methods This is a retrospective study of data from our Level-1 trauma center. Patients admitted to the orthopaedic trauma service during 2010–2015 were included (N = 4053). Demographics, Injury Severity Scores (ISS), mental health diagnoses, psychotropic medications, medication type and delay, psychiatric consultation use, intensive care unit (ICU) stay and total hospital length of stay (LOS) were abstracted from medical records and the institutional trauma registry. Results The 12-month prevalence of a major depressive episode is 6.6%–8.6% in adults in the United States. In our database, only 152/4053 (3.8%) of the patients had documented medical history of depression (80%) or anxiety (30%), and these patients had a 32% longer LOS (p Conclusion The prevalence of depression and anxiety is grossly under-reported in our registry compared to national prevalence data. Patients with pre-existing disease had longer LOS and a higher rate of extended ICU care. Further studies are needed to characterize the true prevalence of disease in this patient population and its effect on patient outcomes after traumatic orthopaedic injury.
The Affordances and Challenges to Incorporating Visual Methods in Mixed Methods Research

Mixed methods researchers are increasingly utilizing visual methods, including portraiture, symbolic drawing, and photo-elicitation. Such methods have been used to capture that which is not observa...
Saliency-Based Feature Selection Strategy in Stereoscopic Panoramic Video Generation

In this paper, we present one saliency-based feature selection and tracking strategy in the feature-based stereoscopic panoramic video generation system. Many existing stereoscopic video composition approaches aim at producing high-quality panoramas from multiple input cameras; however, most of them directly operate image alignment on those originally detected features without any refinement or optimization. The standard global feature extraction threshold always fails to guarantee stitching correctness of all human interested regions. Thus, based on the originally commonly identified feature set, we incorporate the saliency map into the distribution of control points to remove the redundancy in texture-rich regions and ensure the adequacy of selected features in visual sensitive regions. Intuitively, under the guidance of saliency change in the video sequence, one grid-based feature updating strategy is operated between consecutive frames instead of the standard global feature updating. The experiments show that our method can improve the stitching quality of visual important region without impairment to the human less-interested regions in the generated stereoscopic panoramic video.
Antegrade Colonic Enema (ACE)

Retrograde rectal irrigation through various enema techniques is a well-accepted practice to empty the lower bowel and to relieve constipation and fecal soiling in patients with functional bowel disorders [1]. However, retrograde enemas can be technically challenging for elderly and disabled patients and may require caregiver assistance. For the patient with severe bowel dysfunction who is contemplating a permanent colostomy, the antegrade colonic enema (ACE) procedure may be a viable option.
Time, memory, and the legacy of Howard Eichenbaum.

Over the past 15 years, there has been an explosion of new research on the role of the hippocampus in the representation of information about time in memory. Much of this work was inspired by the ideas and research of Howard Eichenbaum, who made major contributions to our understanding of the neurobiology of episodic memory and the neural representation of time. In this article, I will review evidence regarding the role of time in understanding hippocampal function. This review will cover a broad range of evidence from studies of humans and nonhuman animals with a narrative arc that follows Howard's major discoveries. These studies demonstrate that the hippocampus encodes information in relation to an episodic context, and that time, as well as space, serves to define these contexts. Moreover, the research has shown that the hippocampus can encode temporal, spatial, and situational information in parallel. Building on this work, I present a new framework for understanding temporal structure in human episodic memory. I conclude by outlining current controversies and new questions that must be addressed by the field in the years to come.
A model nurse practitioner-managed smoking cessation clinic.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To describe an intensive nurse practitioner (NP)-managed smoking cessation clinic that evolved from a primary-care quality-management initiative. DATA SOURCE Published articles, abstracts, books, clinical experience, and clinical data. DATA SYNTHESIS Smoking continues to be the leading cause of preventable deaths in the United States and accounts for 87% of all lung cancers. Although smoking is responsible for nearly 30% of all cancer deaths, smoking prevalence rates remain stagnant in adults and are continuing to increase in adolescents. Twenty-five percent of all Americans smoke. An NP-managed clinic was developed within a large teaching hospital located in the southeastern United States based on the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research guideline for smoking cessation. The clinic provided effective smoking cessation interventions that can be replicated by experienced nurses with a smoking cessation background. All nurses have opportunities to assist patients to stop smoking through brief counseling and minimum interventions. CONCLUSIONS Nurses can effectively manage an intensive smoking cessation clinic that is utilized by the interdisciplinary team to treat referrals. Cessation rates were high because therapies combined intensive behavioral sessions and pharmacologic approaches rather than either single modality. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Nurses can replicate this practice in a variety of healthcare settings. Innovations in clinical practice often facilitate research studies to further define effective approaches for smoking cessation. Nurses need to identify and target smoking as the serious health problem it is and conduct much-needed research on cessation approaches within the inpatient and outpatient settings.
Protein Kinase C in Cancer Signaling and Therapy: Introduction and Historical Perspective

The identification of Protein Kinase C (PKC) some thirty years ago was a landmark discovery in the field of signal transduction, and ushered an era of intense research in this signaling pathway that we now know controls virtually aspects of cellular physiology. In this brief introduction, I discuss some of the landmark discoveries in the PKC field beginning with the discovery of the enzymatic activity by the late Yasutomi Nishizuka, and end with some comments regarding the therapeutic potential of targeting PKC in human pathophysiologies.
Modeling granular sediments—Experimental results that support the physics included in “Biot-like” models, other possible experiments that could be interesting

Under the “all models are wrong but some are useful” philosophy, one may at times allow some abuse of the basic physics if the predictions are accurate. However, few would start with a flawed model when they need not. We start with a thought experiment that indicates a fundamental requirement for capturing the correct dynamics in modeling porous granular media and show that this physics is captured in Biot and Pierce/Carey models as well as models that use them as a starting point. Ocean and laboratory propagation experiments that test the predictions of those models are then described. Since other modeling choices can, given free parameters, predict both granular sound speed and attenuation, we continue by looking at both back and forward scattering results. These results further mandate the need for a model that correctly treats the sediment dynamics. Finally, we present possible additional laboratory experiments that could alter some of the most important parameters inherent in Biot-like models and thu...
Stochastic modelling of star-formation histories I: the scatter of the star-forming main sequence

We present a framework for modelling the star-formation histories of galaxies as a stochastic process. We define this stochastic process through a power spectrum density with a functional form of a broken power-law. Star-formation histories are correlated on short timescales, the strength of this correlation described by a power-law slope, $\alpha$, and they decorrelate to resemble white noise over a timescale that is proportional to the timescale of the break in the power spectrum density, $\tau_{\rm break}$. We use this framework to explore the properties of the stochastic process that, we assume, gives rise to the log-normal scatter about the relationship between star-formation rate and stellar mass, the so-called galaxy star-forming main sequence. Specifically, we show how the measurements of the normalisation and width ($\sigma_{\rm MS}$) of the main sequence, measured in several passbands that probe different timescales, give a constraint on the parameters of the underlying power spectrum density. We first derive these results analytically for a simplified case where we model observations by averaging over the recent star-formation history. We then run numerical simulations to find results for more realistic observational cases. As a proof of concept, we use observational estimates of the main sequence scatter at $z\sim0$ and $M_{\star}\approx10^{10}~M_{\odot}$ measured in H$\alpha$, UV+IR and the u-band, and show that combination of these point to $\tau_{\rm break}=178^{+104}_{-66}$ Myr, when assuming $\alpha=2$. This implies that star-formation histories of galaxies lose "memory" of their previous activity on a timescale of $\sim200$ Myr, highlighting the importance of baryonic effects that act over the dynamical timescales of galaxies.
“Let’s talk about the real issue”: Localized perceptions of environment and implications for ecosocial work practice

This interpretive study investigated how residents from socioeconomically challenged communities in North St. Louis understand and make meaning of environmental change and its impact on their well-...
Designing Inclusive Physical Education with Universal Design for Learning

As a society the growth in working with students with disabilities in schools has improved immensely, although there is a long way to go. Inclusion, integration and mainstreaming have continued to ...
Polymeric nanoassemblies for enrichment and detection of peptides and proteins in human breast milk

Human breast milk is an understudied biological fluid that may be useful for early detection of breast cancer. Methods for enriching and detecting biomarkers in human breast milk, however, are not as well-developed as compared with other biological fluids. In this work, we demonstrate a new enrichment method based on polymeric nanoassemblies that is capable of enhancing the mass spectrometry-based detection of peptides and proteins in human breast milk. In this method, positively charged nanoassemblies are used to selectively deplete abundant proteins in milk based on electrostatic interactions, which simplifies the mixture and enhances detection of positively charged peptides and proteins. Negatively charged nanoassemblies are used in a subsequent enrichment step to further enhance the detection and quantification of trace-level peptides and proteins. Together the depletion and enrichment steps allow model biomarkers to be detected at low nM levels, which are close to instrumental limits of detection. This new method not only demonstrates the ability to detect proteins in human breast milk but also provides an alternative approach for targeted protein detection in complex biological matrices. Graphical abstract.
Impact of Heavy-rail-based Rapid Transit on House Prices: Evidence from the Fremont, CA, Warm Springs BART Extension Project:

This study estimates households’ willingness to pay for single-family houses and condominiums/townhouses located within 2 miles of Warm Springs (WS) BART Station in Fremont, CA. The study finds tha...
Ultra thin Al 2 O 3 passivation for hetero-junction Si solar cell

This work focuses on ultra thin (≤ 1nm) Al 2 O 3 passivation for silicon hetero-junction solar cell. We developed a post annealing process compatible with the hetero-junction structure. We accomplished effective minority lifetime over 3 ms and implied open circuit voltages over 700 mV using a 10 nm thick Al 2 O 3 . To promote carrier transportation across the Al 2 O 3 layer we had to reduce the layer thickness by a factor of 10. The 1 nm thin layer alone provides very poor passivation as demonstrated by the low effective minority carrier lifetime (50µs) and low implied open circuit (590mV). To improve both passivation and carrier transportation, a ultra thin stack of SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 (1.7 nm/1 nm) was developed successfully and effective minority carrier lifetimes up to 350 µs and implied open circuit voltage up to 648mV were demonstrated without post annealing optimization.
On the Management of Non-Whites: Deportation and Exclusion as Techniques of White Supremacy

Deportation and exclusion have been used throughout American history to define the borders of white communities. During colonial times and later, American Indians and free blacks were deported and excluded to protect white communities. Formerly colonial powers were later vested in the federal government as plenary powers. Thus the plenary powers of Congress include powers over immigration, naturalization, territories and admission of states. These broad powers have been used primarily for overt racial management. This article discusses prominent examples, including the outright exclusion of Chinese migrants, the delay in statehood for New Mexico, the reluctance to incorporate Puerto Rico, up to the contemporary vilification and exclusion of undocumented migrants and refugees.
Knowledge-Guided Reinforcement Learning Control for Robotic Lower Limb Prosthesis

Robotic prostheses provide new opportunities to better restore lost functions than passive prostheses for trans-femoral amputees. But controlling a prosthesis device automatically for individual users in different task environments is an unsolved problem. Reinforcement learning (RL) is a naturally promising tool. For prosthesis control with a user in the loop, it is desirable that the controlled prosthesis can adapt to different task environments as quickly and smoothly as possible. However, most RL agents learn or relearn from scratch when the environment changes. To address this issue, we propose the knowledge-guided Q-learning (KG-QL) control method as a principled way for the problem. In this report, we collected and used data from two able-bodied (AB) subjects wearing a RL controlled robotic prosthetic limb walking on level ground. Our ultimate goal is to build an efficient RL controller with reduced time and data requirements and transfer knowledge from AB subjects to amputee subjects. Toward this goal, we demonstrate its feasibility by employing OpenSim, a well-established human locomotion simulator. Our results show the OpenSim simulated amputee subject improved control tuning performance over learning from scratch by utilizing knowledge transfer from AB subjects. Also in this paper, we will explore the possibility of information transfer from AB subjects to help tuning for the amputee subjects.
Thematic Analysis: Milennial Generation Retention in United States Public Sector Organizations

The Millennial generation is expected to comprise nearly 34% of the labor force in 2024 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). A significant catalyst for the growth pattern is exhibited by Baby Boomer cohort retirement and deaths among them in the United States (Pew Research Center, 2016). The majority of the Baby Boomer generation is historically connected with public sector work, but the composition of the generational workplace/workforce has been altered to exhibit diverse needs and contributions. The Millennial cohort has characteristics that directly align with the premise of Public Sector Organizations. However, other attributes fail to align with the Public Sector Organization's core characteristic of bureaucracy. Based on the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2014) the Millennial generation only made up 24.5% of government or public sector employees, compared to 33.7% in the private sector, and this statistic continues to be contemporarily disproportionate. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify and assess Public Sector Management strategies and interventions that would increase retention among the Millennial cohort in Public Sector Organizations. A qualitative study using a Thematic Analysis was done to examine whether a productive relationship between the United States Public Sector Organization and Millennial generation characteristics could increase retention. Based on an analysis of the research, the study finds that there is a significant relationship between the Millennial generation and the Public Sector Organization, which may cause an increase in retention if Public Sector Management aligns certain Public Sector Organization attributes to meet the needs of the Millennial generation.
Tachyons and Representations of Open image in new window

Lacking in the mathematical physics literature is a detailed treatment of tachyonic representations of the Poincare group along lines similar to that for its real mass, positive and negative energy representations. Such representations Wigner did not consider in any detail in his 1939 paper on the unitary representations of the inhomogeneous Lorentz group (Wigner, Ann Math 40:149–204, 1939), and Bargmann and Wigner in their paper on the group theoretical classification of relativistic wave equations did not consider them either because “they are …unlikely to have a simple physical interpretation” (Bargmann and Wigner, Proc Nat Acad Sci (USA) 34(5):211–223, 1948). We are making a detailed study of tachyonic representations of the Poincare group in four space-time dimensions and we describe some of our results here. In particular, we relate tachyonic representations of the Poincare group to representations of the anti-de Sitter group, in a way analogous to the way in which positive energy, real mass representations of the Poincare group are related to unitary principal series representations of the de Sitter group via group contraction and deformation.
Delivery Ghost: Effects of Language Immersion and Interactivity in a Language Learning Game

One of the most effective ways to learn a second language is to immerse oneself in it in the country where it is spoken. While this is not feasible for most language learners, language learning games may be able to replicate an immersive language learning experience. We developed Delivery Ghost, a web-based game to teach Mandarin Chinese to beginner-level learners, including complete beginners. In a 2x2 experiment (N=159), we tested how immersion and interactivity affect learning gains (pre-post test) and experiences (enjoyment, flow, perceived learning, cognitive load). Participants in all conditions showed significant learning gains even though no explicit, lecture-style teaching was provided. We also found evidence of substantial learning gains and positive learning experiences independent of the level of immersion (i.e., availability of hints in English) and interactivity (i.e., animation vs. gameplay). These results suggest that interactivity and immersion are less critical to learning at the beginner-level than a well-structured curriculum.
High-resolution mapping of a major effect QTL from wild tomato Solanum habrochaites that influences water relations under root chilling

Key message QTLstm9controlling rapid-onset water stress tolerance inS. habrochaiteswas high-resolution mapped to a chromosome 9 region that contains genes associated with abiotic stress tolerances.
Identification of the RNA Cis-Elements that Interact with SRp30a to Regulate the Alternative Splicing of Caspase 9 Pre-mRNA

IDENTIFICATION OF THE RNA CIS-ELEMENTS THAT INTERACT WITH SRP30A TO REGULATE THE ALTERNATIVE SPLICING OF CASPASE 9 PRE-MRNA By Prabhat Mukerjee, M.S.. A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2005 Major Director: Dr. Charles E. Chalfant, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Biochemistry Studies have shown that the alternative splicing of caspase 9 and the phosphostatus of SR proteins, a conserved family of splicing factors, are regulated by chemotherapy and de novo ceramide via the action of protein phosphatase-1 (PP1). Two RNA splice variants are derived from the caspase 9 gene, pro-apoptotic caspase 9a and anti-apoptotic caspase 9b, via alternative splicing by either the inclusion or exclusion of an exon 3, 4, 5 , and 6 cassette. In this study, the link between SR proteins and the alternative splicing of caspase 9 was established. Sequence analysis of the exon 3, 4, 5 , and 6 cassette of the caspase 9 gene identified five possible high affinity sequences for interaction with
Infestation and Quantification of Ochratoxigenic Fungi in Barley and Wheat Naturally Contaminated with Ochratoxin A.

Cereal grains are a significant source of ochratoxin A (OTA) in the human diet. Multiple ochratoxigenic Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. have been reported as contaminants on various cereal grains around the world, although relatively few species dominate in any given location. Efforts to mitigate the risk of fungal contamination and OTA accumulation can be made pre- and postharvest. Still, a rapid and reliable screening method is sought that can be used to predict the OTA level of a sample and to inform risk assessments prior to processing. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of two OTA-related indices for OTA level prediction. Infestation rates were determined by direct plating for freshly harvested and stored barley, durum, and hard red spring wheat samples (n = 139) with known OTA levels. Presumptive ochratoxigenic isolates were tested for their ability to produce OTA. The nonribosomal peptide synthase (otanpsPN) involved in OTA biosynthesis was used to quantify ochratoxigenic fungi in barley and ...
Putting Children First: How Low-Wage Working Mothers Manage Child Care

Since the passage of the welfare reform bill in 1996, the issue of moving single mothers from welfare to work has been a policy priority. Yet there has always been a formidable obstacle in attempting to achieve this goal the lack of affordable, dependable, and decent quality child care for such families. Examining this fundamental problem is the central theme behind Putting Children First by Ajay Chaudry. As Chaudry states, "With the changes following welfare reform leading to more single mothers working and with a continuing shortage of child care funds, what are low-income mothers doing about child care?" Chapter 1 begins by providing an overview and background of the study. The sample consisted of 42 low-income single mother families in New York City. They were evenly divided between African-American and Latina women. At the time of first contact, mothers had a child between the ages of 2 and 3, and all were employed at low wage jobs. They were then followed over the course of two to three years. During this time the women in the study moved in and out of different jobs as well as different types of child care arrangements. Chaudry conducted at least three semistructured in-depth interviews with each mother during the study period, along with more informal conversations and participant observation to document how their situations changed over time. The interview material is then used throughout the chapters in order to provide insight and understanding into the problems and issues facing these women as they juggle their child care needs with their employment needs. Chapter 2 looks at the types of child care arrangements that mothers made for their young children. Often times they had to settle for whatever they could find in a relatively short period of time, rather than what they would have preferred. Their options were severely constrained by the care that was available in their communities, what they could afford, and what they could quickly arrange as they transitioned to work. The types of child care most commonly used were kin and informal care, family day care, center-based care, and father care arrangements. Chapter 3 examines the spell dynamics of child care use. Chaudry finds that the length of each child care spell is relatively short 7.5 months on average. In addition, a majority of children experienced five or more primary nonmaternal care spells between the ages of 0 and 4. One of the major reasons for the frequency and short term nature of these spells was the inherent instability and changing circumstances that mothers faced at work as well as in other aspects of their lives. Throughout the book, Chaudry constructs several timelines that graphically illustrate the fluctuating circumstances of work, child care, and housing for specific families. Chapter 4 details the concerns that mothers expressed regarding their children's child care arrangements. These included having to start a child too early in care, the difficulty in finding a first child care arrangement, and children spending too much time in child care as well as being in too many different
ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF DIELECTRIC GASES

The increasing usage of dielectric gases requires studies of their environmental effects and long-range stability. Results are presented and discussed on the following aspects of the environmental effects of dielectric gases/mixtures: (i) identification, by time-of-flight mass spectrometry, of fragment negative ions resulting from collisions of low-energy electrons (0 to 12 eV) with the perfluorocarbons 2-C/sub 4/F/sub 8/, c-C/sub 4/F/sub 8/, 2-C/sub 4/F/sub 6/, c-C/sub 4/F/sub 6/, and 1,3-C/sub 4/F/sub 6/, and the chloro-fluorocarbons 1,1,1-C/sub 2/Cl/sub 3/F/sub 3/ and 1,1,2-C/sub 2/Cl/sub 3/F/sub 3/;(ii) study of the transient species produced in a high pressure discharge by quadrupole mass spectromery with special emphasis on SF/sub 6/ breakdown; (iii) analyses of the final stable breakdown products of the gases 2-C/sub 4/F/sub 6/ and c-C/sub 4/F/sub 8/ and the gas mixtures 2-C/sub 4/F/sub 6//SF/sub 6/, 2-C/sub 4/F/sub 6//N/sub 2/ and c-C/sub 4/F/sub 8//SF/sub 6/ for varying concentrations of perfluorocarbon utilizing gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; (iv) study of the effects of prolonged electrical stress on gas dielectrics; and (v) evaluation of the toxicity of some new gaseous dielectrics.
OS support for general-purpose routers

This paper argues that there is a need for routers to move from being closed, special-purpose network devices to being open, general-purpose computing/communication systems. The central challenge in making this shift is to simultaneously support increasing complex forwarding logic and high performance, while using commercial hardware components and open operating systems. This paper introduces the hardware and software architecture for such a general-purpose router. The architecture includes two key innovations. First, it better integrates the router's switching capacity and compute cycles. We expect this to result in significantly better scaling properties, and an order of magnitude improvement in performance for packets that require only minimum processing cycles. Second, the architecture supports a hierarchy of forwarding paths, ranging from fast/fixed paths implemented entirely in hardware to slow/programmable paths implemented entirely in software, but also including intermediate paths that exploit the improved integration of cycles and switching.
Intraocular lens material evaluation by iris abrasion in vitro: a scanning electron microscope study.

Abstract Prosthetic posterior chamber intraocular lenses can abrade the iris pigmented epithelium, resulting in pigment dispersion, callus formation, and iris adhesions. To evaluate iris abrasion from intraocular lens materials, we developed an in vitro test and studied three materials: polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), silicone, and PMMA surface-modified by covalent binding of a hydrophilic polymer (surface-modified PMMA). Each lens was rubbed 1,000 times on the posterior iris of pigmented rabbits using a total force of 0.5 gram. Scanning electron micrographs of the abraded irides were scored using a subjective, nonparametric numerical scale. Polymethylmethacrylate lenses removed iris epithelium completely, exposing underlying connective tissue. Silicone lenses damaged an area longer and narrower than the PMMA lens and also exposed connective tissue. Surface-modified PMMA lenses caused only slight surface damage, including flattening or breaking of protruding suspensory ligaments. The test conditions used cannot precisely mimic prolonged lens implantation in living subjects. Nevertheless, the results indicate that iris-lens interaction may be reduced in viva by using a surface-modified PMMA lens. This hypothesis should be further verified by animal implantation studies.
A bidirectional coupling procedure applied to multiscale respiratory modeling

In this study, we present a novel multiscale computational framework for efficiently linking multiple lower-dimensional models describing the distal lung mechanics to imaging-based 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) models of the upper pulmonary airways in order to incorporate physiologically appropriate outlet boundary conditions. The framework is an extension of the modified Newton's method with nonlinear Krylov accelerator developed by Carlson and Miller [1], Miller [2] and Scott and Fenves [3]. Our extensions include the retention of subspace information over multiple timesteps, and a special correction at the end of a timestep that allows for corrections to be accepted with verified low residual with as little as a single residual evaluation per timestep on average. In the case of a single residual evaluation per timestep, the method has zero additional computational cost compared to uncoupled or unidirectionally coupled simulations. We expect these enhancements to be generally applicable to other multiscale coupling applications where timestepping occurs. In addition we have developed a ''pressure-drop'' residual which allows for stable coupling of flows between a 3D incompressible CFD application and another (lower-dimensional) fluid system. We expect this residual to also be useful for coupling non-respiratory incompressible fluid applications, such as multiscale simulations involving blood flow. The lower-dimensional models that are considered in this study are sets of simple ordinary differential equations (ODEs) representing the compliant mechanics of symmetric human pulmonary airway trees. To validate the method, we compare the predictions of hybrid CFD-ODE models against an ODE-only model of pulmonary airflow in an idealized geometry. Subsequently, we couple multiple sets of ODEs describing the distal lung to an imaging-based human lung geometry. Boundary conditions in these models consist of atmospheric pressure at the mouth and intrapleural pressure applied to the multiple sets of ODEs. In both the simplified geometry and in the imaging-based geometry, the performance of the method was comparable to that of monolithic schemes, in most cases requiring only a single CFD evaluation per time step. Thus, this new accelerator allows us to begin combining pulmonary CFD models with lower-dimensional models of pulmonary mechanics with little computational overhead. Moreover, because the CFD and lower-dimensional models are totally separate, this framework affords great flexibility in terms of the type and breadth of the adopted lower-dimensional model, allowing the biomedical researcher to appropriately focus on model design. Research funded by the National Heart and Blood Institute Award 1RO1HL073598.
Cytogenetic studies in barley chromosome 1 by means of telotrisomic, acrotrisomic and conventional analysis

Genetic and cytogenetic techniques were applied to linkage analysis of chromosome 1. Eight marker genes, including five on the short arm and three on the long arm, were analyzed with two telotrisomic lines, Triplo 1S and 1L, and one acrotrisomic line, Triplo 1L1S. Telotrisomic analysis confirmed the position of ac2, gs3, f3, br, f5, and f8 on the short arm, and 1k2 and n on the long arm of the linkage map of chromosome 1. Conventional three-point tests with two triple genetic marker stocks showed that fcis located between br and gs3, and n is located in the middle of f8 and 1k2. Acrotrisomic for 1L1S was used for cytogenetic linkage mapping. Giemsa N-banding technique showed that the long (1L) and short (1S) arm had deficiencies of 37.5% and 73%, respectively. Genes f5, br, fc, gs3 and f8 in 1S and 1k2 in 1L were located in the deficient segments of 1L1S. A trisomic ratio obtained with n indicated an association of this gene with the long arm of the acrocentric chromosome. Cytological behavior, morphological characteristics, fertility, and transmission in the acrotrisomic 1L1S are also reported.
Costs and cost-effectiveness of a telemedicine intensive care unit program in 6 intensive care units in a large health care system.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study is to estimate the costs and cost-effectiveness of a telemedicine intensive care unit (ICU) (tele-ICU) program. Materials and Methods We used an observational study with ICU patients cared for during the pre–tele-ICU period and ICU patients cared for during the post–tele-ICU period in 6 ICUs at 5 hospitals that are part of a large nonprofit health care system in the Gulf Coast region. We obtained data on a sample of 4142 ICU patients: 2034 in the pre–tele-ICU period and 2108 in the post–tele-ICU period. Economic outcomes were hospital costs, ICU costs and floor costs, measured for average daily costs, costs per case, and costs per patient. Results After the implementation of the tele-ICU, the hospital daily cost increased from $4302 to $5340 (24%); the hospital cost per case, from $21 967 to $31 318 (43%); and the cost per patient, from $20 231 to $25 846 (28%). Although the tele-ICU intervention was not cost-effective in patients with Simplified Acute Physiology Score II 50 or less, it was cost-effective in the sickest patients with Simplified Acute Physiology Score II more than 50 (17% of patients) because it decreased hospital mortality without increasing costs significantly. Conclusions Hospital administrators may conclude that a tele-ICU program aimed at the sickest patients is cost-effective.
Performance of a pulsed-light feedback preamplifier for semiconductor detector X-ray spectrometers

Abstract Experimental results are reported for the energy resolution and counting-rate performance of an X-ray spectrometer using pulsed light feedback to restore the input of a charge-sensitive preamplifier when required.
Insulin activation of rat prolactin promoter activity

Abstract The role of insulin regulation of rat prolactin (rPRL) gene transcription was studied using GH 4 rat pituitary tumor cells transiently transfected with plasmids containing proximal rPRL promoter fragments ligated to the reporter gene luciferase. Here we show that insulin, at nanomolar concentrations, has a rapid effect on the rPRL promoter stimulating its activity about 1.8-fold within 4 h after hormone addition. Furthermore, we have mapped the rPRL promoter element responsible for mediating insulin hormone action between positions −212 and +73. The stimulation of rPRL gene transcription by insulin was abolished when insulin doses extended into the micromolar range. Thus, rPRL promoter sequences downstream of −212 are sufficient to mediate increased rPRL gene transcription in response to insulin.
Technique for Repair of Left Ventricular Free Wall Rupture

A case of postinfarction left ventricular free wall rupture is reported. The technique used to repair the rupture is described, along with a modification of the technique.
Carbamazepine and electroconvulsive shock attenuate β-adrenoceptor and muscarinic cholinoceptor coupling to G protein in rat cortex

Abstract We have recently found that lithium attenuates the function of G proteins, suggesting these proteins as the common site for both the antimanic and antidepressant therapeutic effects of lithium. Perturbation of G protein function may thus be a general characteristic of treatments effective in bipolar affective disorder. In the present study, we demonstrate that both chronic carbamazepine and repeated electroconvulsive shock treatment inhibit the coupling of both muscarinic cholinoceptors and β-adrenoceptors to pertussis toxin-sensitive and cholera toxin-sensitive G proteins, respectively.
Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of hydrocarbon chain packing in bilayers of polyunsaturated phospholipids

2H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) on chain-deuterated phospholipids has been used to study the influence of the degree of unsaturation on lipid chain packing and on area per molecule at the lipid water interface. Order and motions of deuterated stearic acid in position sn-1 of phosphatidylcholines (PC) containing 18:0, 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, or 22:6n-3 in position sn-2 were investigated in pure PC and in mixtures of PC in a phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) matrix. Results reveal that lipid packing in bilayers is mainly controlled by packing requirements at the lipid water interface. Increasing degrees of unsaturation lower chain order and increase area per PC molecule, whereas inclusion of PE in model membranes has the opposite effect. Chain order and motions in highly unsaturated lipid membranes are less sensitive to changes in temperature. Temperature sensitivity decreases further upon incorporation of PC into a PE matrix. Unsaturation induces chain disordering, which may be interpreted as an increase in area per molecule of lipids toward the center of the bilayer. This may result in a lower packing density of unsaturated lipids at the lipid water interface. We hypothesize that these differences in lipid packing and dynamics may influence activity of membrane proteins.
flagellation and fundamentalism: (trans)forming meaning, identity, and gender through Pakistani women's rituals of mourning

In addition to the expansion of their ritual involvement resulting from the growth of religious transnationalism, Shi'a Muslim women in Peshawar, Pakistan have increasingly faced restrictive ritual constructions of femininity and fundamentalist ideology. In mourning rituals they have encountered symbolic complexes that reinforce men's role as repositories of holy power and succor and remind them of their own unworthiness to shed blood on behalf of Imam Husein and his cause. Because of binding ties to family, religious group, and representatives of the sacred, the women have not been inclined to protest overtly male authority and dogma. Rather than denying or contradicting symbolic and verbal deprecations of femininity outright, they have devoted themselves to the commemorative rites for the Shi'a martyr, Imam Husein. They have used these rituals to develop their own self-confidence, performance abilities, entertainment, fame, and social support, disclosing through the performative aspects of their ritual activity their agency and transformative achievements. When we examine what individuals make of religion and rituals in practice, self-flagellation and religious fundamentalism may present potential for agency and individual creativity, together with renewal of cultural and power structures, [gender, ritual performance, Pakistan, Shi'a Muslims, the body, agency, fundamentalism, religious transnationalism]
Brooding and Reflection Reconsidered: A Factor Analytic Examination of Rumination in Currently Depressed, Formerly Depressed, and Never Depressed Individuals

The tendency to engage in depressive rumination is typically measured with the Ruminative Response Styles (RRS) scale. Treynor et al. (2003) reported that this scale is composed of two 5-item factors, reflection and brooding, and that the brooding but not the reflection factor is associated with more severe depression over time. These two factors were derived using data from a randomly selected community sample, and it is not clear if these factors would be obtained in samples of currently depressed, formerly depressed, and never depressed individuals. We conducted factor analyses on scores on the RRS scale from three such samples. We found support for the distinction between reflection and brooding in never depressed and formerly depressed individuals; we did not obtain this distinct factor structure in the currently depressed sample. We did, however, find evidence of a second factor in the depressed sample that we labeled ‘intentional rumination.’ The results of this study also suggested that an item from the reflection factor should be replaced with another item from the RRS scale. These findings indicate that the distinction between brooding and reflection is blurred in currently depressed individuals.
Experimental analysis of protein precipitation by polyethylene glycol and comparison with theory

Abstract Mahadevan H. and Hall. C.K., 1992. Experimental analysis of protein precipitation by polyethylene glycol and comparison with theory. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 78: 297-321. We have been attempting for some time to develop a fundamental theory of protein precipitation by non-ionic polymer, the goal being to predict protein solubilities as a function of various process parameters. As a supplement to these efforts, we present in this paper an experimental analysis of the solubility of three globular proteins, bovine serum albumin, catalase and thyroglobulin in solutions containing polyethylene glycol (PEG). These systems were chosen because they represent a wide range in protein sizes. The variation in the precipitation behavior is studied by systematically altering the polymer molecular weights, pH and ionic strength. Our aim is to isolate the effect of each of these process variables on protein solubility. Four different molecular weights of PEG are used. Solubility curves are generated at three different pHs and two ionic strengths for each protein-polymer pair. We verify the reported trends in solubility with both protein and polymer size, and pH and the ionic strength. We find also that the effect of the ionic strength is diminished as the pH approaches the isoelectric point. These results are in accord with the predictions of our theory. Finally, we compare the experimental data with theoretical predictions and find qualitative agreement.
The Corner Poggendorff

With the classic Poggendorff illusion a set of parallel ‘induction lines’ will cause a set of oblique line segments to look misaligned even though they are collinear. A different kind of misalignment can be produced by placing the induction lines so that they form a corner. Under these conditions the obliques will appear to be angled slightly, one relative to the other. The effects are small, but can be seen and reliably reported by a group of naive subjects. The influence of the induction lines drops sharply as their relative position is moved from parallel to orthogonal, but there is a small residual influence which may be called the corner Poggendorff effect.
Coupled Orbital and Thermal Evolution of Ganymede

We explore the hypothesis that passage through an eccentricity-pumping resonance could lead to the resurfacing of Ganymede. To do so, we couple R. Malhotra's (1991, Icarus 94, 399–412) orbital model for the tidal evolution of the Laplace resonance to an internal model of Ganymede. Our model explores the conditions under which Ganymede can undergo global thermal runaway, assuming that the Q/k of Ganymede is strongly dependent on internal temperature. (Here Q is the tidal dissipation function and k is the second-degree Love number.) We allow the system to pass through the ω_1/ω_2≈ 2 or ω_1/ω_2≈ 1/2 resonance, where ω_1≡ 2n_2−n_1, ω_2≡ 2n_3−n_2, and n_1, n_2, and n_3 are the mean motions of Io, Europa, and Ganymede. If Ganymede's initial internal temperature is either “too hot” or “too cold,” no runaway occurs, while for intermediate temperatures (∼200 K in the upper mantle), conditions are “just right,” and runaway occurs. The range of mantle temperatures that allows runaway depends on the model for tidal Q; we use the Maxwell model, which ties Q to the creep viscosity of ice. Runaways can induce up to ∼50–100 K warming and formation of a large internal ocean; they occur over a 10^7 to 10^8-year period. Assuming carbonaceous chondritic abundances of radionuclides in Ganymede's rocky portion, however, we find that the interior cannot cool to the initial temperatures needed to allow large runaways. If our model is correct, large runaways cannot occur, although small runaways are still possible. Different formulations of tidal Q or convective cooling may allow large runaways. Large runaways are also possible if radionuclides are substantially depleted, although this is unlikely. We next consider the consequences of a large runaway, assuming it can occur. Ganymede can undergo 0.5% thermal expansion (by volume) during the largest thermal runaways. Melting of the ice mantle provides up to 2% expansion despite the fact that contraction produced by melting ice I offsets expansion produced by melting high-pressure ice phases. Solid–solid phase transitions cause negligible satellite expansion. Lithospheric stresses caused by expansion of 2% over 10^7 to 10^8 years are ∼10^2 bars at the surface, and drop to a few bars at several kilometers depth. Such stresses could cause cracking to depths of several kilometers. The cracking and near-surface production of warm or partially molten ice make resurfacing a plausible outcome of a large thermal runaway. The tidal heating events proposed here may also be relevant for generation of Ganymede's modern-day magnetic field.
Endocarditis in Hemodialysis Patients with Systemic Disease

The presence of systemic disease may further increase the risk of bacterial endocarditis in the patient on chronic hemodialysis. Three patients are described; one with primary amyloidosis, a second with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, and a third with heroin nephropathy who developed S.B.E. While the presence of the uremic state may hinder the recognition of endocarditis, the development of transient neurologic deficits, recent access infections and recurrent bacteremic episodes should be looked for as early clues to the diagnosis in this patient population.
Engineering a Ligand-Dependent RNA Transcriptional Activator

RNA has recently been shown to play diverse roles in gene regulation, including the small molecule-dependent inhibition of translation in prokaryotes. To create an artificial genetic switch that acts at the level of transcription, we fused a small molecule binding aptamer to a previously evolved RNA that activates transcription when localized to a promoter. We designed a conformational shift in which a helical element required for transcriptional activation was stabilized upon ligand binding. Selection and screening in S. cerevisiae optimized the linker region, generating an RNA that is 10-fold more active in the presence of tetramethylrosamine (TMR). TMR increases the activity of this evolved RNA in a graded, dose-dependent manner. Our results exemplify a strategy for controlling the activity of laboratory-evolved RNAs in living cells.