cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Korean Nationalism in a Divided Nation: Challenges to US Policy

Korean nationalism poses challenges for Koreans dwelling in each half of the divided Korean nation because each half of the nation must simultaneously deal with both their own and the other half's form of semi-nationalism and also with peninsular pan-nationalism. Coping with these three forms of nationalism is also a problem for US policy toward each Korean state and toward inter-Korean relations. Understanding the historical evolution of these dynamics is crucial to all three players, but their perspectives on that historical legacy differ – adding to the complexity of the issue. The ways in which China, Russia and Japan cope with Korean nationalism further complicates matters for US policy. Over time, as a unified Korea's nationalism becomes more likely, the USA shall have to adapt its policy toward Korea in a more creative manner.
The management of EGFR inhibitor adverse events: a case series and treatment paradigm.

Background Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors are widely used medications in the treatment of cancers. Objective To review the cutaneous adverse events related to EGFR inhibitors. Methods A retrospective chart review of all cases referred for the management of cutaneous adverse events after the initiation of EGFR inhibitor therapy between the years of 2006 and 2009 was performed. The study was approved by the institutional review board. Results Four men and 11 women had cutaneous adverse events while receiving erlotinib (mean dose: 112.5 mg) for lung and pancreatic cancer. The most common cutaneous adverse reaction observed was a papulopustular rash in 12 cases (80%). Eczema and xerosis were the only findings in three patients, alopecia in one case, and nail changes in three cases. The treatment modalities prescribed were doxycycline and topical antibiotics for the papulopustular rash; topical high potency steroids, tacrolimus, pimecrolimus, and moisturizers for xerosis and eczema; and cetirizine for the pruritus. The paronychia was treated with warm soaks, topical steroids, and podiatry referral. The majority of patients improved with symptomatic therapy, with the exception of one patient who experienced herpes zoster super infection and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. The patient was hospitalized and required discontinuation of the erlotinib therapy. Conclusion The most common cutaneous adverse event in our cohort was papulopustular rash, followed by eczema and xerosis. Patients were managed with symptom target therapy, and suspension of the EGFR inhibitor was rarely required. As the use of EGFR inhibitors increases, it is important to promptly identify and treat adverse events. Further studies are necessary to develop targeted therapeutic and preventative measures.
Partitioning of CO2 production between glucose and lactate in excised sympathetic ganglia, with implications for brain.

Chains of lumbar sympathetic ganglia from 15-day-old chicken embryos were incubated for 4 h at 36°C in a bicarbonate-buffered salt solution equilibrated with 5% CO 2 -95% O 2 . Glucose (1-10 mM), lactate (1-10 mM), [U- 14 C]glucose, [1- 14 C]glucose, [6- 14 C]glucose, and [U- 14 C] lactate were added as needed. 14 CO 2 output was measured continuously by counting the radioactivity in gas that had passed through the incubation chamber. Lactate reduced the output of CO 2 from [U- 14 C] glucose, and glucose reduced that from [U- 14 C]lactate. When using uniformly labeled substrates in the presence of 5.5 mM glucose, the output of CO 2 from lactate exceeded that from glucose when the lactate concentration was >2 mM. The combined outputs at each concentration tested were greater than those from either substrate alone. The 14 CO 2 output from [1- 14 C] glucose always exceeded that from [6- 14 C]glucose, indicating activity of the hexose monophosphate shunt. Lactate reduced both of these outputs, with the maximum difference between them during incubation remaining constant as the lactate concentration was increased, suggesting that lactate may not affect the shunt. Modeling revealed many details of lactate metabolism as a function of its concentration. Addition of a blood-brain barrier to the model suggested that lactate can be a significant metabolite for brain during hyperlactemia, especially at the high levels reached physiologically during exercise.
Retrograde facilitation of verbal memory by trihexyphenidyl in healthy elderly with and without the APOE ε4 allele

Retrograde facilitation (RF) of information learned prior to acute oral administration of trihexyphenidyl, a preferential muscarinic M1 receptor antagonist which impairs new learning, was studied in 24 healthy elderly subjects. The relationship between the RF induced by this anticholinergic drug and the APOE epsilon4 allele was also examined. Acute adverse performance effects of trihexyphenidyl (1- and 2mg) were determined using the Buschke Selective Reminding Test administered pre-drug and at 1, 2.5, and 5h post-drug. Recall of pre-drug words at the end of the fifth hour neuropsychological assessment (end-of-session recall) was of primary interest. Words studied before drug administration were better recalled following 2mg trihexyphenidyl compared to placebo, and this RF effect was not affected by the APOE epsilon4 allele. Better recall of pre-drug words following 2-mg trihexyphenidyl was associated with a greater amnestic effect of this dose. Our findings demonstrated that RF induced by trihexyphenidyl was related to anterograde amnestic effects of the drug and resulted in part from drug-induced reduction of retroactive interference.
NusA interferes with interactions between the nascent RNA and the C-terminal domain of the alpha subunit of RNA polymerase in Escherichia coli transcription complexes.

Abstract The effects of NusA on the RNA polymerase contacts made by nucleotides at internal positions in the nascent RNA in Escherichia coli transcription complexes were analyzed by using the photocrosslinking nucleotide analog 5-[(4-azidophenacyl) thio]-UMP. It was placed at nucleotides between +6 and +15 in RNA transcribed from the phage lambda PR' promoter. Crosslinks of analog in these positions in RNAs which contained either 15, 28, 29, or 49 nt were examined. Contacts between the nascent RNA and proteins in the transcription complex were analyzed as the RNA was elongated, by placing the crosslinker nearest the 5' end of the RNA 10, 23, 24, or 44 nt away from the 3' end. The beta or beta' subunit of polymerase, and NusA when added, were contacted by RNA from 15 to 49 nt long. When the upstream crosslinker was 24 nt from the 3" end of the RNA (29-nt RNA), alpha was also contacted in the absence of NusA. The addition of NusA prevented RNA crosslinking to alpha. When the crosslinker was 44 nt from the 3' end (49-nt RNA), alpha crosslinks were still observed, but crosslinks to beta or beta' and NusA were greatly diminished. RNA crosslinking to alpha, and loss of this crosslink when NusA was added, was observed in the presence of NusB, NusE, and NusG and when transcription was carried out in the presence of an E. coli S100 cell extract. Peptide mapping localized the RNA interactions to the C-terminal domain of alpha.
Anomalous luminescence behaviour of Michler's ketone in solid solutions

Abstract Michler's ketone shows phosphorescence from two levels which are populated by intersystem crossing from two connected singlet levels. This is indicated by the dependence of phosphorescence spectra, decay time, and fluorescence-to-phosphorescence intensity ratio on the wavelength of the exciting light.
Enhancement of the LC/MS analysis of fatty acids through derivatization and stable isotope coding

This paper focuses on the development of an enhanced LC/ESI-MS method for the identification and quantification of fatty acids through derivatization. Fatty acids were derivatized with 2-bromo-1-methylpyridinium iodide and 3-carbinol-1-methylpyridinium iodide, forming 3-acyloxymethyl-1-methylpyridinium iodide (AMMP). This process attaches a quaternary amine to analytes and enabled ESI-MS in the positive mode of ionization with common LC mobile phases. Moreover, detection sensitivity was generally 2500-fold higher than in the negative mode of ionization used with underivatized fatty acids. The limits of detection were roughly 1.0−4.0 nM (or 10 pg/injection) for standard fatty acids from C10 to C24 and spanned ∼2 orders of magnitude in linearity. AMMP derivatives had unique tandem mass spectra characterized by common ions at m/z 107.0, 124.0, and 178.0. Individual fatty acids also had unique fingerprint regions that allowed identification of their carbon skeleton number, number of double bonds, and double b...
Casteel−Amis Equation: Its Extension from Univariate to Multivariate and Its Use as a Two-Parameter Function

The report describes the background of the empirical Casteel−Amis equation and its application to fitting experimental data of conductivity as a function of salt content in electrolytes. It further summarizes the attempts since its publication to extend the equation from a univariate to a multivariate function to include additional variables such as temperature and solvent composition, focusing on that to extend it to a bivariate function of salt content and solvent composition with examples from the solutions of LiPF6, LiBF4, LiBOB, Et4NPF6, and Et4NBF4 in propylene carbonate (PC) + diethyl carbonate and in PC + ethylene carbonate and LiClO4 in PC + acetonitrile. In addition, I discuss, along with experimental data and functional analysis, the validity of using this equation as a two-parameter function in relation to the range of salt content.
Theoretical and experimental studies of electrostatic effects in reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Abstract Electrostatic effects are important in many reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separations involving surfactants and ion-pair reagents. To give better understanding of such systems the Poisson—Boltzmann equation has been solved for two cases. The first is that of an infinitely long cylinder with charge density on the inner wall, and two phases in the interior, one in the center and the other around it. Salts with ions of various solubilities in each phase may be present. The solution is obtained for the low-potential case (Δψe / kT ⪡ 1). The second case is that of a planar sandwich, wall/phase 1/phase 2/phase 1/wall, with the same chemistry as case 1 but without the low-potential restriction. In case 2, there is also a Langmuir adsorption isotherm for each ion. The theory shows that the information gained from the Stern—Gouy—Chapman theory, which is mathematically semi-infinite, only applies when the diffuse layer thickness is much smaller than the pore radius, an unlikely circumstance in chromatography. The volume-averaged electrostatic potential difference can be measured experimentally with the solutes o4Si, o4As+, o4B− (o = phenyl). The results are in agreement with theory. They show that the electrostatics of the system is dominated by fixed charges on the silica when the salt present is insoluble in the stationary phase, but when ions with some solubility in the stationary phase are used, mixed effects are obtained.
Altered hypothalamic dopamine depletion rate and LHRH content in noncyclic hamsters.

Abstract Effect of light deprivation on hypothalamic dopamine (DA) depletion rate and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) content was evaluated in golden hamsters. Hamsters maintained in continuous darkness (CD) became acyclic after about 6 weeks while another group of hamsters maintained vaginal cyclicity under 20 lux light intensity for 14 hours a day. All hamsters were ovariectomized subsequently. Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone levels were significantly higher in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and the serum gonadotropin levels were significantly lower in CD hamsters when compared with 20 lux group. However, gonadotropin release in response to exogenous LHRH was not significantly different in CD or 20 lux group of hamsters. Examination of hypothalamic catecholamine levels one hour after α-methyl-p-tyrosine injection indicated that the DA depletion was higher in CD animals. Results indicate that light deprivation probably enhances DA depletion rate in the MBH, suggesting that increased activity in dopaminergic neurons may inhibit the release of MBH LHRH in hamsters kept in continuous darkness.
Combined bearing and bypass loading on a graphite/epoxy laminate

A combined experimental and analytical study was conducted to determine the behavior of a graphite/epoxy laminate subjected to combined bearing and bypass loading. Single-fastener quasi-isotropic specimens were loaded at various bearing-bypass ratios until damage was produced at the fastener hole. Damage-onset strengths and damage modes were then analyzed using local hole-boundary stresses calculated by a finite-element analysis. The tension data showed the expected linear interaction for combined bearing and bypass loading with damage developing in the net-section tension mode. However, the compression bearing-bypass strengths showed an unexpected interaction involving the bearing mode. Compressive bypass loads reduced the bearing strength by decreasing the bolt-hole contact arc and thus increasing the severity of the bearing loads. The bearing stresses at the hole boundary were not accurately estimated by superposition of the stress components for separate bearing and bypass loading. However, superposition produced reasonably accurate estimates for tangential stresses especially near the specimen net-section.
Action-Based Learning of Multistate Objects in the Medial Temporal Lobe

Actions constrain perception by changing the appearance of objects in the environment. As such, they provide an interactive basis for learning the structure of visual input. If an action systematically transforms one stimulus into another, then these stimuli are more likely to reflect different states of the same persisting object over time. Here we show that such multistate objects are represented in the human medial temporal lobe--the result of a mechanism in which actions influence associative learning of how objects transition between states. We further demonstrate that greater recruitment of these action-based representations during object perception is accompanied by attenuated activity in stimulus-selective visual cortex. In this way, our interactions with the environment help build visual knowledge that predictively facilitates perceptual processing.
The Use of Nucleation and Growth as a Tool in Chemical Physics

The possibility of employing nucleation and growth for the amplification and detection of a variety of chemical physical phenomena is discussed. Preliminary experiments, employing a diffusion cloud chamber, and aimed at the studies of (1) the gas phase photooxidation of SO2 and (2) gas phase photopolymerization are described. In the first case an interesting reaction, periodic in time, has been discovered. It appears unlikely that single neutral monomeric molecules can be detected by gas phase nucleation, although very small traces of H2SO4 are detectable. Preliminary cloud chamber studies confirm the order of magnitude of previous estimates of the pseudo unimolecular rate constant for the SO2 photooxidation. Specialized design problems for a cloud chamber to be used in connection with these various studies are discussed.
California Verbal Learning Test-II performance in schizophrenia as a function of ascertainment strategy: comparing the first and second phases of the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS)

The first phase of the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS-1) showed performance deficits in learning and memory on the California Verbal Learning Test, Second Edition (CVLT-II) in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ), compared to healthy comparison subjects (HCS). A question is whether the COGS-1 study, which used a family study design (i.e. studying relatively intact families), yielded "milder" SZ phenotypes than those acquired subsequently in the COGS-2 case-control design that did not recruit unaffected family members. CVLT-II performance was compared for the COGS-1 and COGS-2 samples. Analyses focused on learning, recall and recognition variables, with age, gender and education as covariates. Analyses of COGS-2 data explored effects of additional covariates and moderating factors in CVLT-II performance. 324 SZ subjects and 510 HCS had complete CVLT-II and covariate data in COGS-1, while 1356 SZ and 1036 HCS had complete data in COGS-2. Except for recognition memory, analysis of covariance showed significantly worse performance in COGS-2 on all CVLT-II variables for SZ and HCS, and remained significant in the presence of the covariates. Performance in each of the 5 learning trials differed significantly. However, effect sizes comparing cases and controls were comparable across the two studies. COGS-2 analyses confirmed SZ performance deficits despite effects of multiple significant covariates and moderating factors. CVLT-II performance was worse in COGS-2 than in COGS-1 for both the SZ and the HCS in this large cohort, likely due to cohort effects. Demographically corrected data yield a consistent pattern of performance across the two studies in SZ.
The Stagnancy of Family Studies in Modern Academia: Resistances Toward the Integration of Evolutionary Theory

The theory of natural selection has been vital in unifying the biological sciences and their research with a single testable metatheory. Despite a plethora of research supporting natural selection, teaching the theory of evolution remains controversial in high schools and higher education (Wilson et al. 2009; Scott 1997). In this article, we sample the attitudes toward evolution of 170 faculty and graduate and undergraduate students in family studies and human development programs from across the United States to determine whether resistances toward evolution remain and to describe the correlates of these resistances. Results reveal that an individual’s prosocial meliorist attitudes, religious ideation, and his or her reported interest in and knowledge of evolution all uniquely contribute to whether they report evolutionary theory as being applicable to their area of research interests. We discuss the relevance of including evolutionary theory within family studies and human development research programs and make suggestions for how to implement an evolutionary studies program (Wilson et al. 2009).
Interference with spatial working memory: An eye movement is more than a shift of attention

In the present experiments, we examined whether shifts of attention selectively interfere with the maintenance of both verbal and spatial information in working memory and whether the interference produced by eye movements is due to the attention shifts that accompany them. In Experiment 1, subjects performed either a spatial or a verbal working memory task, along with a secondary task requiring fixation or a secondary task requiring shifts of attention. The results indicated that attention shifts interfered with spatial, but not with verbal, working memory, suggesting that the interference is specific to processes within the visuospatial sketchpad. In Experiment 2, subjects performed a primary spatial working memory task, along with a secondary task requiring fixation, an eye movement, or an attention shift executed in the absence of an eye movement. The results indicated that both eye movements and attention shifts interfered with spatial working memory. Eye movements interfered to a much greater extent than shifts of attention, however, suggesting that eye movements may contribute a unique source of interference, over and above the interference produced by the attention shifts that accompany them.
Spatial analysis of global urban extent from DMSP-OLS night lights

Abstract Previous studies of DMSP-OLS stable night lights have shown encouraging agreement between temporally stable lighted areas and various definitions of urban extent. However, these studies have also highlighted an inconsistent relationship between the actual lighted area and the boundaries of the urban areas considered. Applying detection frequency thresholds can reduce the spatial overextent of lighted area (“blooming”) but thresholding also attenuates large numbers of smaller lights and significantly reduces the information content of the night lights datasets. Spatial analysis of the widely used 1994/1995 stable lights data and the newly released 1992/1993 and 2000 stable lights datasets quantifies the tradeoff between blooming and attenuation of smaller lights. For the 1992/1993 and 2000 datasets, a 14% detection threshold significantly reduces blooming around large settlements without attenuating many individual small settlements. The corresponding threshold for the 1994/1995 dataset is 10%. The size–frequency distributions of each dataset retain consistent shapes for increasing thresholds while the size–area distributions suggest a quasi-uniform distribution of lighted area with individual settlement size between 10 and 1000 km equivalent diameter. Conurbations larger than 80 km diameter account for 90% can often reconcile lighted area with built area in the 1994/1995 dataset but there is not one threshold that works for a majority of the 17 cities considered. Even 100% thresholds significantly overestimate built area for the 1992/1993 and 2000 datasets. Comparison of lighted area with blooming extent for 10 lighted islands suggests a linear proportionality of 1.25 of lighted to built diameter and an additive bias of 2.7 km. While more extensive analyses are needed, a linear relationship would be consistent with a physical model for atmospheric scattering combined with a random geolocation error. A Gaussian detection probability model is consistent with an observed sigmoid decrease of detection frequency for settlements
XUV frequency comb

We have produced frequency comb in the extreme ultraviolet spectral region with spectral resolution of 1 Hz. This has opened the door for high resolution spectroscopy and precision measurement in the XUV. Article not available.
Characterizing Distributed Concurrent Engineering Teams: A Descriptive Framework for Aerospace Concurrent Engineering Design Teams

As aerospace missions grow larger and more technically complex in the face of ever tighter budgets, it will become increasingly important to use concurrent engineering methods in the development of early conceptual designs because of their ability to facilitate rapid assessments and trades in a cost-efficient manner. To successfully accomplish these complex missions with limited funding, it is also essential to effectively leverage the strengths of individuals and teams across government, industry, academia, and international agencies by increased cooperation between organizations. As a result, the existing concurrent engineering teams will need to increasingly engage in distributed collaborative concurrent design. This paper is an extension of a recent white paper written by the Concurrent Engineering Working Group, which details the unique challenges of distributed collaborative concurrent engineering. This paper includes a short history of aerospace concurrent engineering, and defines the terms 'concurrent', 'collaborative' and 'distributed' in the context of aerospace concurrent engineering. In addition, a model for the levels of complexity of concurrent engineering teams is presented to provide a way to conceptualize information and data flow within these types of teams.
Positive Boolean dependencies

Abstract The class of Boolean dependencies for a relational database corresponds under a natural interpretation to the family of all Boolean terms that can be formed using the attributes of the relational as variables. It is shown that the consequence relation for this class of dependencies is not the same as the consequence relation for proportional logic. However, if positive Boolean terms are considered only, then the two consequence relations are equivalent. Examples are given to illustrate how positive Boolean dependencies can be used to represent some familiar combinatorial objects.
An analysis of finite elastic-plastic deformation under biaxial compression

Abstract Plane strain compression experiment using rectangular specimens is widely used in the study of finite plasticity. A theoretical analysis of this experimental configuration is needed which takes into consideration the elastic strain of the specimen and the stiffness of the apparatus. This elastic-plastic analysis is provided in this paper. The elastic strain of the specimen and the deformation of the experimental apparatus have significant effects on the explanation of some of the experimental results. It has been shown that the classical Prandtl-Reuss equations fail to provide satisfactory predictions of the experimental results even after inclusion of the two above-mentioned elastic deformations.
Macroeconomic dynamics and econometric modelling

Abstract The analysis of the dynamic behavior of macroeconomic systems is the focus of many macroeconometric studies. The question of whether business cycles are due to internal properties of the system or caused by external shocks is of particular interest. We discuss some of the problems that arise when tackling this question with standard econometric methods. An approach, based on system theoretic realization theory, is proposed as an alternative to conventional macroeconometric modelling.
A microanalysis study of the bainite reaction at the bay in Fe-C-Mo

Abstract A microanalysis study of the eutectoid decomposition of austenite to ferrite and M2C (bainite) at the bay in Fe-0.24C-4Mo is reported. The carbon remaining in the austenite showed little variation with position at any given reaction time, which ruled out carbon diffusion as a rate-limiting process. Fine-probe EDS at bainite-austenite growth fronts revealed Mo enrichment in the interface and up to 15 nm in the austenite. EDS of extracted M2C carbides always revealed Mo enrichment, but with a non-equilibrium Fe/Mo ratio at early reaction times. It was concluded that alloy element partition between ferrite and alloy carbides at the reaction front is largely responsible for the slow kinetics in this and related alloys. A thermodynamic analysis showed that ferrite-carbide interfacial energy and non-equilibrium carbide compositions reduce the thermodynamic driving force for diffusive processes (Mo partition) by up to 20%, further slowing the kinetics.
Serotonin receptors in the tissues of adult Ascaris suum

Abstract Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors in the muscle and intestinal tissues of adult Ascaris suum have been investigated. [ 3 H] lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) exhibited specific and saturable binding to membranes prepared from both intestine and muscle. The intestinal tissue membranes had an equilibrium dissociation constant ( K d ) of 2.70 nM for LSD and a K d of 2.50 μM for 5-HT. As compared to the intestine, the muscle membranes had comparatively higher affinity for both LSD ( K d = 1.80 nM) and 5-HT ( K d = 0.68 μ M). The muscle membranes also had a high binding affinity for ketanserin, a 5-HT 2 antagonist, ( K d = 16.7 nM) whereas intestinal membranes exhibited no specific binding of ketanserin. Serotonin significantly inhibited the binding of LSD to the intestinal and muscle tissue membranes while adrenergic and cholinergic drugs and histamine did not. This suggested that the binding of LSD, 5-HT and ketanserin to the parasite membranes was specific. Collectively, the data demonstrated the presence of a serotonin receptor in the muscle and intestinal tissues of the adult A. suum . The receptor in the muscle was pharmacologically similar to the mammalian serotonin type 2 receptor.
β-Amyloid Peptide Vaccination Results in Marked Changes in Serum and Brain Aβ Levels in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 Mice, as Detected by SELDI-TOF-Based ProteinChip® Technology

Although the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not fully understood, growing evidence indicates that the deposition of beta-amyloid (Abeta) and the local reactions of various cell types to this protein play major roles in the development of the disease. Immunization with the Abeta 1-42 peptide has been reported to decrease Abeta deposits in the brains of mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP/V717F) transgenic (tg) mice (Schenk et al. Immunization with amyloid-beta attenuates Alzheimer-disease-like pathology in the PDAPP mouse. Nature 1999;400:173-177). We have replicated this finding in APPswe/PS1DeltaE9 tg mice, which also develop Abeta deposits in the brain. The immunized animals developed high titers of antibodies against Abeta 1-42 in serum, and Abeta deposits in the brains were significantly reduced. Using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) mass spectrometry and ProteinChip((R)) technology, we detected trends toward increased soluble Abeta peptide in the brain and a decrease in assayable Abeta peptide in the serum of immunized compared with control animals. This last finding raises the possibility that anti-Abeta antibodies in the periphery sequester Abeta peptides or target them for degradation and in this way contribute to the enhanced Abeta clearance from the brain in immunized animals.
The Impact of Party Control on the Diffusion of Parental Involvement Laws in the U.S. States

The authors examine the impact of political party control of government on the restrictiveness of a U.S. state’s abortion policy, measured by the enactment of a parental involvement law. The empiri...
Search-theoretic and ocean models for localizing drifting objects

This paper investigates the combined use of ocean models, such as idealized surface current flows, and search models, including expanding area and discrete myopic search methods, to improve the probability of detecting a near-surface, drifting object over time. Enhanced search effectiveness is facilitated by the use of robotic search agents, such as a tactical unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), leveraging simulation methods to inform the search process. The presented work investigates the impact of using naive vs. optimized search patterns on localizing a drifting object, including a surrogate ocean model using idealized flow with Weibull-distributed perturbations. Numerical studies and extensive analysis using different permutations of model parameters (including the relative speed of the drifting object, time late in the searcher's arrival to the search area, sensor sweep width, and duration of the search mission) identify the significant factors affecting the overall probability of detection. Such insights enable further explorations using empirical datasets for specific oceanographic regions of interest.
Trehalose 6-phosphate synthase from Dictyostelium discoideum: partial purification and characterization of the enzyme from young sorocarps.

Abstract Trehalose 6-phosphate synthase was solubilized from young sorocarps of the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum, by a freeze-thaw cycle and was subsequently purified about 160-fold using streptomycin sulfate precipitation, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, heat treatment in the presence of heparin, and molecular sieve chromatography on columns of Bio-Gel A-1.5m. The purified enzyme was maximally active at pH 6.5, showed an absolute specificity for glucose 6-phosphate as glucosyl acceptor and a relative specificity for the glucosyl donor in the order: UDP-glucose, GDP-glucose, and ADP-glucose. Although heparin and chondroitin sulfate activated the synthase, the order of glucosyl donor specificity was not affected. Other activators of trehalose 6-phosphate synthase were KCL, Mg2+, and EDTA, while detergents had little effect. Although synthase activity was reduced 60 to 80% upon the omission of Mg2+ from the assay mixture, an absolute dependency for Mg2+ could not be demonstrated. Evaluation of the apparent Km values for partially purified synthase preparations demonstrated that for each of the synthase substrates, the Line weaver-Burk plots displayed complex bimodal kinetics. Estimation of the Michaelis constants after extrapolation of the straight line portions of these plots yielded values of (a) 0.2 and 3.2 m m glucose 6-phosphate and (b) 0.5 and 2.2 m m UDP-glucose. Comparison of the latter parameters with the cellular levels of UDP-glucose and glucose 6-phosphate in Dictyostelium suggests that if the observed bimodal kinetics are the consequence of multiple kinetically distinct forms of the synthase, the activation of trehalose synthesis during slime mold culmination could provide a rationale for the presence of these isozymes.
Within inequality characteristics and adaptation of immigrants in the United States

Until recently, in works of literature, the assimilation of immigrants had been viewed as an individualistic rather than a community-based process. However, Hatton and Leigh (2011) showed that immigrants integrate to their host country as communities, not as individuals; hence, group characteristics play as much of a role as individual characteristics in terms of adaptation. This paper introduces another dimension to the immigrant adaptation proxies that reflect community-based characteristics. The fundamental assertion of this paper is that inequality can be used as a proxy of adaptation within immigrant groups. Immigrant groups that exhibit income and education distributions similar to those of the natives can be regarded as well-adapted groups, while those who exhibit vastly different distributions should be considered to be groups with limited adaptation. Using the American Community Survey (ACS) 2010 cohort, this paper presents the initial findings of the within-group inequality of immigrants. Then, a cross-sectional regression analysis is employed to analyze the determinants of inequality across these immigrant groups. The results suggest that immigrant community-based characteristics, such as average income, education, and number of years that the immigrants have spent in the US, can indeed explain most of the variation in inequality.
Detection of various freshwater cyanobacterial toxins using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Several freshwater cyanobacteria species have the capability to produce toxic compounds, frequently referred to as cyanotoxins. The most prevalent of these cyanotoxins is microcystin LR. Recognizing the potential health risk, France, Italy, Poland, Australia, Canada, and Brazil have set either standards or guidelines for the amount of microcystin LR permissible in drinking water based on the World Health Organization guideline of one microg/L of microcystin LR. Recently, the United States Environmental Protection Agency has begun to evaluate the occurrence and health effects of cyanotoxins and their susceptibility to water treatment under the Safe Drinking Water Act through the Contaminant Candidate List (CCL). A recent update of the Contaminant Candidate List focuses research and data collection on the cyanotoxins microcystin LR, anatoxin-a, and cylindrospermopsin. Liquid Chromatography/Tandem-Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is a powerful tool for the analysis of various analytes in a wide variety of matrices because of its sensitivity and selectivity. The use of smaller column media (sub 2 microm particles) was investigated to both improve the speed, sensitivity and resolution, and to quantify the CCL cyanotoxins, in a single analysis, using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) combined with tandem mass spectrometry. Natural waters and spiked samples were analyzed to show proof-of-performance. The presented method was able to clearly resolve each of the cyanotoxins in less than eight minutes with specificity and high spike recoveries.
Attitudes of early childhood educators on multicultural/multiethnic education

This study was designed to investigate the attitudes of early childhood educators on multicultural/multiethnic education. Early childhood teacher training students and teachers and administrators of preprimary programmes had similar responses to questions concerning attitudes about perspectives, curriculum, social dimensions, and academic success related to multicultural/multiethnic education.
Thermal preconditioning protocols for cartilage tissue engineering

Successful creation of cartilaginous engineered tissues is often limited by insufficient cellular proliferation and formation of extracellular matrix. Stress conditioning protocols using heat have been shown to induce up-regulation of molecular chaperones called heat shock proteins (HSP) [1]. These proteins have been linked to enhanced cell proliferation and collagen synthesis which is critical for formation of the extracellular matrix. Therefore, identification of effective thermal stress preconditioning protocols that enhance HSP expression could substantially advance development of replacement tissues for cartilaginous tissues [2]. Our project focused on identifying thermal preconditioning protocols that enhance HSP70 expression while minimizing cellular injury for ultimate use in improving cell proliferation and extracellular matrix formation for cartilage.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Polymer-ceramic nanocomposites for high energy density applications

Next-generation capacitive energy storage requires novel materials with engineered nano-architectures to compete with conventional methods for energy storage. While current materials and processing strategies produce capacitors with enhanced dielectric permittivity, their breakdown strengths are low. The new fabrication route described in this paper provides flexible, free-standing nanocomposite films with high dielectric permittivity and high breakdown strength. Monodispersed ceramic fillers [BaTiO3, Ba1−xCaxTiO3 (X = 0.3 ± 0.05), and BaZr1−xTixO3 (X = 0.2 ± 0.05)] were synthesized via solvothermal method. Surface-exchanged nanoparticles were combined with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) to fabricate stable polymer-ceramic blends. The PVDF/ceramic nanocomposites resulting from this approach have high dielectric permittivity, low loss tangent, and high electric breakdown strength. The calculated maximum energy densities for the BaTiO3, Ba1–xCaxTiO3 [X = 0.3 ± 0.05], and BaZr1–xTixO3 [X = 0.2 ± 0.05] nanocomposite films are 3.24, 4.72, and 7.74 J cm−3 respectively. This a result of the interplay between the dependencies of permittivity and breakdown strength on volume fraction. It is proposed that the interaction, enhanced by functionalized surface hydroxyl groups, between ceramic and polymer components is the main reason for the improved dielectric properties. This approach is versatile and is readily applicable to other combinations of polymer-ceramics composites so that cooperative properties can be exploited.
Holistic Join for Generalized Tree Patterns

We consider the problem of evaluating an XQuery query Q (involving only child and descendant axes) on an XML document D. D is stored on a disk and is read from there, in document order. Chen et al. [From Tree Patterns to Generalized Tree Patterns: on efficient evaluation of XQuery, Proceedings of International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (VLDB), 2003, pp. 237-248] presented an algorithm to convert Q (from a large fragment of XQuery) into a Generalized Tree PatternGTP(Q), and a set J(Q) of value join conditions on its vertices. Evaluating Q on D reduces to finding the matches for GTP(Q) in D. We present an efficient algorithm for finding these matches. Excluding the computation of the value joins J(Q), our algorithm performs two linear passes over the data, and runs in O(d|Q|) memory space, where d denotes the depth of D; runtime and disk I/O are O(|Q@?D|). If separate input streams of document nodes for the individual vertices in GTP(Q) are available, our runtime and disk I/O are linear in the input size; this runtime and disk I/O are trivially optimal.
Nonlinear spin dynamics in superfluid /sup 3/He

A previous approach to spin dynamics in superfluid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ is generalized to the nonlinear regime, where the direction of the order parameter has large deviations from its equilibrium position. The results are used to study the hydrodynamic regime, to derive an equation for the nonlinear regime in the ringing experiments, and to consider the nonlinear effects arising in spin-echo experiments for small tipping angles. The results for the NMR linewidths (in the linear regime) are compared with a very recent work of Leggett and Takagi. Finally, the behavior of these linewidths is investigated at low temperature, where the hydrodynamic assumption $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\ll}1$ is no longer valid.
Biology of a Duplicate Gene System with Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity in Drosophila melanogaster: Genetic Analysis and Differences in Fitness Components and Reaction to Environmental Parameters Among Zw Genotypes

There are two structural forms of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in Drosophila melanogaster. Whether one or the other or both show in vitro (and probably in vivo) activity depends on the genotype of a sex-linked locus (Zw). In this article, the relative fitnesses of heterozygotes (with both electromorphs active) and homozygotes (with activity demonstrable for only one or the other electromorph) for the Zw locus are described. It is shown that the relative fitness of heterozygotes increases with increase in population density, or degree of crowding and trophic stress, and that the mean development times of Zw heterozygotes are lower than those of the Zw homozygotes. In addition, and perhaps accounting for the fitness and viability excess of the heterozygotes, one set of evidence strongly suggests that they are better buffered against trophic stress than the homozygotes.
Subject-specific, whole-body models of the stooped posture with a personal weight transfer device

A prior laboratory study found that when wearing a weight transfer device in the stooped posture, trunk flexions were reduced, and subjects who did not experience flexion–relaxation of the erector spinae had reduced back muscle activity. Whole-body musculoskeletal models, which included individual passive torso stiffness and anthropometry, were implemented to predict loads in the passive tissues of the back and the leg joints. Results predicted that when wearing the device in the stooped posture, compression and shear forces at the L5–S1 level were reduced by 13% and 12% respectively. Internal loads in the leg joints were reduced between 10% and 31%. Much of the reduction in joint loads may be a result of the device’s ability to limit torso flexion during stoop, rather than a transferring of load. While these results show possible benefit in the short-term, further study is needed on the long-term effects to determine if the device is an effective intervention for those who use the stooped posture routinely.
Pregnancy outcomes in women who have undergone an atrial switch repair for congenital d-transposition of the great arteries.

Objective Women who underwent an atrial switch procedure (Senning or Mustard) for repair of d-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) are now of reproductive age. We sought to assess their ability for a successful pregnancy. Study Design Clinical data were reviewed for all women of reproductive age who carried a diagnosis of d-TGA and atrial switch procedure who were observed at 2 tertiary care centers over 10 years. Results Among 25 women who were identified, there were 21 pregnancies that resulted in 14 live births. The preterm birth rate was 50%. Pregnancy complications occurred in 5 women. There were no deaths. Serial echocardiographic data demonstrated a fall in right ventricular function during pregnancy, with some improvement postpartum. Intracardiac baffle obstruction that required postpartum stenting occurred in 36% of the completed pregnancies. Conclusion Women who have undergone an atrial switch procedure for d-TGA have high rates of pregnancy and cardiac complications and should be counseled accordingly.
Disturbance propagation in strings of vehicles with limited leader information

This paper considers the problem of disturbance propagation in a string of vehicles, where each vehicle has access to the position error with respect to its preceding vehicle. In addition, the followers in the string may receive coded information sent by the leader over finite capacity side channels. A lower bound on the integral of the sensitivity function of the position errors with respect to a stochastic disturbance acting on the lead vehicle is presented. This bound depends on the open-loop unstable modes of the system, as in the classical Bode integral formula for single-input single-output systems. However, in this case, the bound also depends on the capacities of the side communication channels. Simulation results illustrating the tightness of the proposed bound are presented.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ABRAMS-GRIFFITHS NOMOGRAM AND THE LINEAR PASSIVE URETHRAL RESISTANCE RELATION TO DETERMINE BLADDER OUTLET OBSTRUCTION

AbstractPurpose: The Abrams-Griffiths and linear passive urethral relationship (PURR) nomograms are commonly used to diagnose bladder outlet obstruction. To the best of our knowledge there are no clinical studies comparing these 2 evaluations to determine if they similarly predict the findings of bladder outlet obstruction.Materials and Methods: From October 1994 through December 1996 multichannel urodynamic studies were performed in 72 men with lower urinary tract symptoms. The data from each urodynamic study were plotted on the Abrams-Griffiths and PURR nomograms.Results: Using the Abrams-Griffiths nomogram 23 patients (46%) were unobstructed, 15 (21%) were equivocal for obstruction and 24 patients (33%) were obstructed. When the linear PURR nomogram was applied to the pressure-flow data in each group all unobstructed cases were categorized into grade 0 or 1 (no obstruction), equivocal into grade 2 (mild obstruction) and obstructed into grades 3 through 6 (moderate to severe obstruction).Conclusions: Th...
Estrous cyclicity in nonlactating and lactating Holsteins and Jerseys during a Pakistani summer.

Abstract Data from 36 cows were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to determine the effects of breed and lactation status on estrous cyclicity during a Pakistani summer (June through October). Cows were selected from a herd of Holsteins and Jerseys imported from the United States 5 yr earlier. Ambient temperatures were highest in June and declined in the ensuing months with the onset of the rainy season. Relative humidity increased in July and August and them remained stable until the end of the study. Although early morning rectal temperatures gradually declined from June through October, late afternoon rectal temperatures were highest in August. Average early morning rectal temperatures were higher in Holsteins than in Jerseys (38.5 vs. 38.3°C). Even though all cows were cyclic throughout the study, as indicated by patterns of progesterone secretion, observed expression of estrus was low (36.8%) and unaffected by breed or lactation status. Average serum progesterone concentrations were lower (2.4 vs. 3.1ng/ml), and cortisol concentrations were higher (4.1 vs. 3.9ng/ml), in Holsteins than in Jerseys. Breed by lactation status interactions were significant for lengths of the luteal phase and estrous cycle. Lengths for lactating Holsteins were longer than those of other groups.
Treatment of ventricular tachycardia using an automatic scanning extrastimulus pacemaker

A patient with recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia that was resistant to both conventional and experimental antiarrhythmic agents was treated with a programmable automatic scanning extrastimulus pacemaker. The antitachycardia pacemaker was implanted only after many episodes of spontaneous and laboratory-induced ventricular tachycardia were reliably and re-producibly terminated with programmed ventricular ex-trastimuli. In the 6 months since implantation of the automatic scanning pacemaker, all episodes of ventricular tachycardia have been terminated successfully by the pacemaker. Acceleration of rate of ventricular tachycardia or induction of ventricular fibrillation did not occur at any time during attempted termination of ventricular tachycardia by the pacemaker. The advantages of the automatic scanning extrastimulus pacemaker over other antitachycardia pacemakers are discussed.