cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated Audiometry in Quiet and Simulated Exam Room Noise for Listeners with Normal Hearing and Impaired Hearing.

Background Up to 80% of audiograms could be automated which would allow more time for provision of specialty services. Ideally, automated audiometers would provide accurate results for listeners with impaired hearing as well as normal hearing. Additionally, accurate results should be provided both in controlled environments like a sound-attenuating room but also in test environments that may support greater application when sound-attenuating rooms are unavailable. Otokiosk is an iOS-based system that has been available for clinical use, but there are not yet any published validation studies using this product. Purpose The purpose of this project was to complete a validation study on the OtoKiosk automated audiometry system in quiet and in low-level noise, for listeners with normal hearing and for listeners with impaired hearing. Research Design Pure tone air conduction thresholds were obtained for each participant for three randomized conditions: standard audiometry, automated testing in quiet, and automated testing in noise. Noise, when present, was 35 dBA overall and was designed to emulate an empty medical exam room. Study Sample Participants consisted of 11 adults with hearing loss and 15 adults with normal hearing recruited from the local area. Data Collection and Analysis Thresholds were measured at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz using the Otokiosk system that incorporates a modified Hughson-Westlake method. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and also by a linear mixed-effects model to compare thresholds obtained in each condition. Results Across condition and participant group 73.6% of thresholds measured with OtoKiosk were within ± 5 dB of the conventionally measured thresholds; 92.8% were within ± 10 dB. On average, differences between tests were small. Pairwise comparisons revealed thresholds were ∼3.5–4 dB better with conventional audiometry than with the mobile application in quiet and in noise. Noise did not affect thresholds measured with OtoKiosk. Conclusions The OtoKiosk automated hearing test measured pure tone air conduction thresholds from 500 - 4000 Hz at slightly higher thresholds than conventional audiometry, but less than the smallest typical 5 dB clinical step-size. Our results suggest OtoKiosk is a reasonable solution for sound booths and exam rooms with low-level background noise.
Nutritional Impact of Economic Downturn: How the Great Recession Shaped Dietary Behaviors in US Adults

Objectives Food insecure individuals are at greater risk for nutrient insufficiency and subsequent increases in chronic disease risk. The Great Recession of 2007–2010 resulted in unprecedented increases in the proportion of US households that were food insecure. To date, little has been done to explore the impact of economic recession on dietary intake the population level. The goals of the present study were to assess changes in dietary behaviors and nutrient intake in a nationally representative sample of US residents in the years surrounding the Great Recession.
Risk factors for early morbidity and mortality following pancreatoduodenectomy with concomitant vascular reconstruction.

Abstract Background Locally advanced pancreatic tumors may require vascular reconstruction for complete resection. However, pancreatoduodenectomy with vascular resection (PDVR) remains a subject of debate due to increased complications. Methods Patients were identified using the ACS NSQIP Participant User Data Files from 2014 to 2019. Results The 30-day mortality rate was 2.7%; major complications occurred in 32.2%. There is an increasing trend of PDVR in patients requiring pancreatectomy. There were no significant differences in mortality between PDVR with vein, artery, or venous and arterial resections. High BMI and postoperative biliary stent were risk factors for early complications. High BMI and COPD increased risk of early mortality. Chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy were negative predictors for early morbidities and mortality, respectively. Conclusion This study identifies the predictors of early morbidity and mortality in PDVR. The results of this study may assist decision making in perioperative management to optimize overall survival and guide additional research.
Children's responses to emotional portrayals on television

Publisher Summary Young children encounter certain emotions and affective situations on television long before they experience these same phenomena in real life. Television plays a central role in children's beliefs about emotions, their own emotional experiences, and their overall emotional development. This chapter focuses on children's responses to emotional portrayals on television. The chapter begins by focusing on the developmental differences in children's processing of television. Then, the children's understanding of emotional portrayals on television is reviewed. Children acquire a more differentiated understanding of emotions as they develop. When applied to television, one can expect that preschoolers will understand simple portrayals in which characters experience basic emotions like happiness and sadness. During the school years, children increasingly should comprehend portrayals involving complex emotions, simultaneous emotional experiences, and idiosyncratic affective reactions to equivocal situations. These developmental improvements are consistent with the older child's increasing ability to (a) attend to conceptual information like a character's personal history and personality, (b) consider and integrate multiple pieces of information at one time, (c) role take with characters, and (d) draw inferences from emotional information that is not overtly depicted. The chapter also deals with long-term consequences of children's exposure to affective portrayals on television, such as desensitization and the development of parasocial relationships.
SYMMETRY BREAKING STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN THE DOCKING OF CYTOCHROME C AND PRIMARY ELECTRON TRANSFER IN REACTION CENTERS OF RHODOBACTER SPHAEROIDES

A striking feature of Rb sphaeroides (1–4) and Rps viridis (5,6) reaction center structures is the approximate two-fold symmetry which relates the L and M protein subunits and the positions of the chromophores. Two sets of bacteriochlorophyll, B, bacteriopheophytin, H, and quinone, Q, molecules are positioned at nearly equivalent positions about the bacteriochlorophyll dimer, P. The chromophores are labelled L or M, according to whether they belong to the set predominately associated with the L or M subunit. Each set of chromophores potentially functions as an electron transfer pathway leading away from P. However the two-fold symmetry is only approximate. Significant differences have been noted in the protein environment surrounding the chromophores (2,6,7). These differences arise from changes in the type of amino acid residues at specific, symmetry equivalent positions on the L and M subunits. Small differences in the distances between chromophores on the L and M pathways were found in the Rps viridis structure after refinement using high resolution data (8).
Scheduling precedence graphs to minimize total system time in partitionable parallel architectures

Two issues are introduced into the scheduling problem: each of the sub-tasks can be performed using one of a number of parallel algorithms running on different configurations; and there is an overhead time to move data (reconfiguration time) from the configuration required by one algorithm to the configuration required by the algorithm of the successor sub-task. The execution time for each algorithm and the reconfiguration times between all pairs of algorithms are provided along with the precedence graph. The problem is to find for each sub-task the algorithm to be executed such that the total system time, which is the sum of the execution times and the data movement times of all the selected algorithms, is minimized. The authors show that the problem is NP-hard even when the total degree, of each node of the precedence graph is at most three. They show that it can be solved in polynomial time if the total degree of each node is at most two, thus completely closing the gap between the polynomially solvable cases and the NP-hard cases in terms of the maximum degree of the precedence graph. >
Leveraging EAD for Low-Cost Access to Digitized Content at the University of Alabama Libraries

As funding shrinks and researcher demand for online access to primary source materials grows, many institutions seek the most cost-effective method of digitization, online delivery, and long-term access. One method of reducing costs is to leverage existing Encoded Archival Description (EAD) finding aids for search and retrieval, rather than creating item-level descriptions for digitized content. This provides Web access to manuscript materials while still providing context to the user. This article describes the Septimus D. Cabaniss Papers project at the University of Alabama Libraries which seeks to recreate the patron experience in the reading room via the Web. This project tested a model for lowering the costs of Web delivery of large collections using folder level descriptions.
Demonstration of error free operation up to 32 Gb/s from a CMOS integrated monolithic nano-photonic transmitter

We present a monolithic CMOS Integrated Nano Photonic transmitter with a link sensitivity comparable to a 25 Gb/s commercial reference transmitter, exhibiting a 5.2 dB extinction ratio, 4.9 dB insertion loss, and error free operation up to 32 Gb/s.
Waste Management Project Contingency Analysis

The purpose of this report is to provide the office of Waste Management (WM) with recommended contingency calculation procedures for typical WM projects. Typical projects were defined as conventional construction-type activities that use innovative elements when necessary to meet the project objectives. Projects involve treatment, storage, and disposal of low level, mixed low level, hazardous, transuranic, and high level waste. Cost contingencies are an essential part of Total Cost Management. A contingency is an amount added to a cost estimate to compensate for unexpected expenses resulting from incomplete design, unforeseen and unpredictable conditions, or uncertainties in the project scope (DOE 1994, AACE 1998). Contingency allowances are expressed as percentages of estimated cost and improve cost estimates by accounting for uncertainties. The contingency allowance is large at the beginning of a project because there are more uncertainties, but as a project develops, the allowance shrinks to adjust for costs already incurred. Ideally, the total estimated cost remains the same throughout a project. Project contingency reflects the degree of uncertainty caused by lack of project definition, and process contingency reflects the degree of uncertainty caused by use of new technology. Different cost estimation methods were reviewed and compared with respect to terminology, accuracy, and Cost Guide standards. The Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering (AACE) methods for cost estimation were selected to represent best industry practice. AACE methodology for contingency analysis can be readily applied to WM Projects, accounts for uncertainties associated with different stages of a project, and considers both project and process contingencies and the stage of technical readiness. As recommended, AACE contingency allowances taper off linearly as a project nears completion.
Exploratory Investigations of Empathy1

Publisher Summary It is possible for one person to experience an emotion when he or she perceives that another person is experiencing an emotion. The relationship between action and the sharing of feelings is obviously not a simple or direct one. It is possible to study so subtle and important a phenomenon as empathy in the laboratory and to examine some of the determinants of empathy. The process leading to empathy can be understood in terms of cognitive variables such as the mental set that the person has when he or she observes the other. The form or type of social relationships between one person and another influences the amount of empathy, presumably because the form of the social relationship influences the manner of perceiving the other and thinking about him or her. Individual differences in reactions to social situations, in perceiving the other, and in thinking about him or her must be considered in predicting how much empathizing will occur. These individual differences appear to be determined in part by the birth order of the person.
Classic Anthropology: Critical Essays: 1944‐1996

Classic Anthropology: Critical Essays: 1944-1996. John W. Bennett. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1998. 426 pp.
Highly redundant management of distributed data

An algorithm for redundant management of distributed data using a minimal amount of data replication is described and analyzed. The main results on storage space utilization, I/O (input/output) performance, and reliability are outlined. The recently introduced RAID (redundant array of inexpensive disks) concept is extended to a distributed computing system. The resulting distributed storage architecture, called RADD (redundant array of distributed disks), is shown to support redundant copies of data across a computer network at the same space cost as RAIDs do for local data. Thus, a RADD increases data availability in the presence of both temporary and permanent failures (disasters) at local sites. During normal operation, the RADD scheme offers performance comparable to the two-copies systems. As such, RADDs should be considered a possible alternative to traditional multiple-copy techniques as well as to other high-availability schemes. >
The Politics of Income Inequality in the United States: Macro Policy and Distributional Processes

The theoretical focus of the previous chapter was on power resources. There we saw that the fundamental predictions of power resources theory for distributional outcomes are borne out in the United States. Market and political power resources, as traditionally measured, have an impact on income inequality. Labor union strength influences income inequality measured prior to government redistribution. Left party control produces lower levels of inequality through both market conditioning and explicit redistribution. In this chapter, I shift the emphasis from power resources theory, an idea originating in the comparative study of welfare states, to the macro politics model, which has its roots in studies of American politics. As discussed in Chapter 1, the macro politics model examines relationships between parts of the U.S. governing system, such as public opinion, presidential approval, partisanship, elections, and public policy at the aggregate level. The argument is that the parts of the system behave predictably and orderly. Citizens express preferences about competing policy alternatives, the preferred alternatives are enacted, and citizens then judge the quality of the outcomes produced. Tests of this model show that liberal shifts in public opinion produce liberal shifts in policy because policymakers respond to changes in public opinion and, if they do not, they are replaced through popular elections. Aggregate public opinion influences the course of public policy in the United States, and this previous finding is an important underpinning of my work.
Technology and the World the Slaves Made

The study of American slavery is a crowded field and each year the historical profession witnesses the publication of several new books. Despite this steady onslaught of scholarship, significant gaps remain in our understanding of slavery and its influence on the South. One area that has lacked sustained attention is the nexus of slavery and technological development. Several new books demonstrate that changes in technology profoundly altered the lives and labor of slaves. Historians have approached the presence of technology in a slave society from several different traditions. Some scholars argued that plantation development and mechanical progress were difficult to wed together, while others noted the progressive nature of southern agricultural production, but discussions of white attitudes and behavior overshadowed the effects of machinery on the lives of slaves. An innovative approach has emphasized the employment of slaves in factories, but such works have done little to provide insight into how technological innovation influenced plantation slaves. Several new studies have reversed these trends and promise to lead us in important directions. Examinations of the cotton gin, steamboats, sugar plantations, and clocks have revealed that technology brought enormous change to the bulk of slaves, not just those living in urban areas or working in factories. Patterns and practices of work, opportunities for autonomy, and time away from the master's unstinting gaze, all changed because of mechanical innovation. Taken together, these new works also provide clues to the making and remaking of the southern economy and society.
Misappropriation of Trademark

The dominant view of misappropriation doctrine fits trademark law poorly. It is at odds with contemporary theory and the reasons for protecting intellectual property. A more nuanced view of the Supreme Court's germinal misappropriation case leads to a misappropriation doctrine consistent with both externality theory and public goods theory. IP theory and misappropriation doctrine then lead to rules reflecting a balance between incentive creation and free access. Applying this nuanced interpretation to the issue of Internet initial interest confusion suggests that keyword advertising promotes competition and reduces search costs more than it interferes with incentives to engage in trademarking activity.
Hypoplastic right-sided heart complex: A cluster of cases with associated congenital birth defects. A new syndrome?

Fourteen infants, all born within the same geographic area in a two-year period, had hypoplastic right-sided heart complex associated with a high incidence of other congenital defects. No common teratogenic exposure or genetic relationships were discovered. Twelve of the 14 infants were conceived in the spring or summer. Significant elevations in serum antibody titers against coxsackie group B virus and echoviruses were noted in the general referral population during those spring and summer quarters. Cardiac defects included a hypoplastic right ventricle in every case; three types were noted. Varying degrees of right-sided valvular lesions and other intracardiac defects accompanied the hypoplastic ventricle. Eleven infants had extracardiac congenital anomalies: 10 had microcephaly, two had micrognathia with posterior cleft palate, four had low-set ears, and one had arrhinencephaly. The high incidence of extracardiac defects in the syndrome (79%) is in distinct contrast to the incidence reported in the New England Regional Infant Cardiac Program in infants who had pulmonic atresia with intact ventricular septum.
Molecular probe techniques for studying diffusion and relaxation in thin and ultrathin polymer films

Two optically based, molecular probe techniques are employed to study relaxation and small-molecule translational diffusion in thin and ultrathin (thicknesses < ∼200 nm) polymer films. Second harmonic generation (SHG) is used to study the reorientational dynamics of a nonlinear optical chromophore, Disperse Red 1 (DR1) ( previously shown to be an effective probe of α-relaxation dynamics) either covalently attached or freely doped in polymer films. Our studies on films ranging in thickness from 7 nm to 1 μm show little change in T g with film thickness; however, a substantial broadening of the relaxation distribution is observed as film thickness decreases below approximately 150 nm. Experimental guidelines are given for using fluorescence nonradiative energy transfer (NRET) to study translational diffusion in ultrathin polymer films. Appropriate choice of a fluorescence donor species is important along with ensuring that diffusion is slow enough to be measured appropriately. Initial results on the diffusion of a small-molecule probe, lophine, in poly(isobutyl methacrylate) indicates that there is little change in probe diffusion coefficients in films as thin as 90 nm as compared to bulk films.
Spectral Tristimulus Values for the CIE (u,υ,w) Uniform Spacing System

The spectral tristimulus values, ūλ, ῡλ, w¯λ, of the uniform space adopted by the CIE in 1959 have two bimodal functions, ūλ and w¯λ. Because in 1963 the CIE recommended data for a 10° matching field as well as the 1931 2° data, spectral tristimulus values are given for both systems. The chromaticity coordinates of several standard sources, the locus of Planckian radiators, and the spectrum locus are also reported.
The Exodus of Behavior Analysis: Is "Splendid Isolation" the Way to Go?

Psychology as a discipline is theoretically fractionated and has neither a generally agreed upon set of defining principles that determine its subject matter nor a common methodology that guides research. In the absence of a unified framework, psychology is therefore best viewed as a group of subdisciplines that can be distinguished by a conceptual approach (biological, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, or psychodynamic) and content area (e.g., developmental psychology, learning, memory and cognition, or abnormal psychology). Each subdiscipline has its particular view of what counts as subject matter, what questions should be asked about this subject, and how one should go about finding answers to these questions (Lee, 1988). Despite this lack of agreement, I consider it reasonable to say that academic psychologists, regardless of their theoretical persuasion, adhere to an empirical epistemology and are committed to the principles and practices of science, albeit they are not all committed to the same kind of science. I assume Lawrence Fraley would disagree with me on this latter point because he chooses to characterize psychologists who subscribe to a traditional (meaning nonbehavioral) perspective as members of a "scientized" rather than scientific community. According to Fraley's viewpoint, these misguided individuals are spending their days studying the "interface between the metaphysical and physical worlds thought to reside in the mind of man," while behavior analysts in the meantime either are caught up in a futile struggle of "making over psychology," or are busy with practicing true science with the goal of developing a strictly natural science of behavior-environment relations that will gain them admission to the "coalition of natural sciences." Aside from its unnecessarily sarcastic tone, Fraley's juxtaposition of traditional psychology as a "pseudo science" and behavior analysis as a "truly scientific" discipline reveals either a misunderstanding or a deliberate rejection of the currently widely accepted conception of "science." According to this conception, behavior analysis differs from much of contemporary psychology in that its philosophical foundation, radical behaviorism, promotes an inductive rather than hypotheticodeductive scientific method, with the person standing in a dependent-variable relation
A microengraving method for rapid selection of single cells producing antigen-specific antibodies.

Monoclonal antibodies that recognize specific antigens of interest are used as therapeutic agents and as tools for biomedical research1. Discovering a single monoclonal antibody requires retrieval of an individual hybridoma from polyclonal mixtures of cells producing antibodies with a variety of specificities. The time required to isolate hybridomas by a limiting serial-dilution, however, has restricted the diversity and breadth of available antibodies. Here we present a soft lithographic method based on intaglio printing to generate microarrays comprising the secreted products of single cells. These engraved arrays enable a rapid ( 100,000 individual cells) system for identification, recovery and clonal expansion of cells producing antigen-specific antibodies. This method can be adapted, in principle, to detect any secreted product in a multiplexed manner.
Social Defeat Stress Produces Prolonged Alterations in Acoustic Startle and Body Weight Gain in Male Long Evans Rats

Individuals exposed to psychological stressors may experience a long-term resetting of behavioral and neuroendocrine aspects of their "stress response" so that they either hyper or hypo-respond to subsequent stressors. These effects of psychological or traumatic stressors may be mimicked in rats using the resident-intruder model of social defeat. The social defeat model has been characterized to model aspects of the physiology and behavior associated with anxiety and depression. The objective of this study was to determine if behaviors elicited following repeated social defeat can also reflect aspects of ethologically relevant stresses associated with existing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) models. Socially defeated rats displayed weight loss and an enhanced and prolonged response to acoustic startle which was displayed for up to 10days following repeated social defeat. These data indicate that the severe stress of social defeat can produce physiologic and behavioral outcomes which may reflect aspects of traumatic psychosocial stress.
A nonlinear physics model based on extended synergetics for the flow of infant actions during infant-mother face-to-face communications

The temporal ordering or flow of infant actions in the context of infant-mother face-to-face communications is discussed from a nonlinear physics perspective. The actions are considered as spatio-temporal patterns that emerge due to self-organization. The presence of a particular action is described in terms of a finite amplitude of the respective pattern. In line with benchmark models from synergetic sand population dynamics, nonlinear amplitude equations that determine the evolution of the infant actions are defined. The model is extended to take self-inhibition and forgetting into account. More precisely, it is shown that the flow of infant actions during infant-mother communications can be explained by assuming that the infant behavior inhibits itself such that after a certain period of time the performed behavior becomes unstable and a transition towards a new behavior occurs. The proposed model is applied to literature data about Three minute periods of infant-mother face-to-face communications. Since the model parameters determine the characteristic properties of the flow of infant actions, the conclusion is drawn that changes of the flow characteristics observed on the behavioral level during infant development correspond to changes of parameters on the neurobiological level that happen on the relative slow time scale of infant maturation Keywords: Use about five key words or phrases in alphabetical order, separated by commas.
A quadratic extremal problem on the dirichlet space

It is shown that there is a unique solution Fto the problem The function F is entire with a number of special properties. The number λ is the reciprocal of the smallest zero of the 0th Bessel function of the first kind.
Theory and Algorithms for Weighted Total Least-Squares Fitting of Lines, Planes, and Parallel Planes to Support Tolerancing Standards

We present the theory and algorithms for fitting a line, a plane, two parallel planes (corresponding to a slot or a slab), or many parallel planes in a total (orthogonal) least-squares sense to coordinate data that is weighted. Each of these problems is reduced to a simple 3 � 3 matrix eigenvalue/eigenvector problem or an equivalent singular value decomposition problem, which can be solved using reliable and readily available commercial software. These methods were numerically verified by comparing them with brute-force minimization searches. We demonstrate the need for such weighted total least-squares fitting in coordinate metrology to support new and emerging tolerancing standards, for instance, ISO 14405-1:2010. The widespread practice of unweighted fitting works well enough when point sampling is controlled and can be made uniform (e.g., using a discrete point contact coordinate measuring machine). However, we show by example that nonuniformly sampled points (arising from many new measurement technologies) coupled with unweighted least-squares fitting can lead to erroneous results. When needed, the algorithms presented also solve the unweighted cases simply by assigning the value one to each weight. We additionally prove convergence from the discrete to continuous cases of least-squares fitting as the point sampling becomes dense. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4024854]
Clobazam, Oxcarbazepine, Tiagabine, Topiramate, and Other New Antiepileptic Drugs

Clinical investigators recently have studied at least 21 new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in people with epilepsy. This review briefly examines 15 of these new AEDs: clobazam (CLB), dezinamide, flunarizine (FNR), loreclezole, milacemide (MLM), MK-801, nafimidone, ORG-6370, oxcarbazepine (OCBZ), progabide (PGB), ralitoline, stiripentol, tiagabine (TGB), topiramate (TPM), and zonisamide (ZNS). CLB, PGB, and TGB represent agents that act on the GABA system, and MLM acts on the glycine system. MK-801 and ZNS (in part) are excitatory amino acid antagonists, and FNR is a calcium-channel antagonist. OCBZ is a keto analogue of carbamazepine, which is not metabolized to the epoxide and may have fewer side effects. The remaining agents are novel compounds with a variety of suspected mechanisms. TPM appears especially effective for intractable partial seizures but has a high incidence of cognitive side effects. None of these new AEDs is useful for all patients with inadequate seizure control or ongoing toxicity. The role of each will require further clinical study and experience.
FriendlyRoboCopy: A GUI to RoboCopy for computer forensic investigators

One of the most pressing challenges in digital investigations today is the extraction and forensic preservation of a subset of data on computer clusters and other large storage systems. As the number and capacity of computer systems increases, it is no longer feasible to create forensic duplicates of every system in their entirety. Although forensic tools are being developed to cope with such situations, they do not support all file systems. Experienced digital investigators use tools such as RoboCopy to preserve a subset of data on target systems, and take steps to document their process and results. This paper explores the need for these tools in digital investigations, and demonstrates the strengths and weaknesses of using RoboCopy to acquire data on a network share. This paper then introduces FriendlyRoboCopy, which provides an effective, user-friendly interface to RoboCopy that addresses the requirements of forensic preservation.
The effect of profound umbilical artery acidemia in term neonates admitted to a newborn nursery

Abstract Objective: To determine whether there were immediate adverse effects of an umbilical artery pH ≤ 7.0 in term and near-term infants. Study Design: All infants triaged to the newborn nursery with an umbilical artery pH ≤ 7.0 from May 1993 through April 1994 ( n = 37) were prospectively identified; 35 of the 37 infants were enrolled and matched with nonacidemic control infants ( n = 35). Organ system dysfunction (neurologic, renal, hepatic, gastrointestinal) was evaluated either clinically or biochemically with selected blood and urine parameters. Results: Acidemic and control groups were similar for pregnancy complications before labor, but acidemic infants were more often delivered by cesarean section (20/35 vs 6/35, p = 0.001). No differences existed between acidemic and control infants in gestational age, birth weight, neurologic evaluations, hearing deficits, feeding tolerance, and hepatic function. The acidemic group had a higher mean serum creatinine than control infants on day 2 of life (0.90 ± 0.34 vs 0.71 ± 0.12 mg/dl, p = 0.005) and a greater number of infants with a urine Chemstrip positive for heme (14/35 vs 3/35, p = 0.005). No differences existed between groups in time to first void, urine specific gravity, and number of infants with microscopic hematuria. Conclusion: Term and near-term infants born with an umbilical artery pH ≤ 7.0 and triaged to the newborn nursery on the basis of a stable appearance in the delivery room do not have clinical manifestations of hypoxia-ischemia in the 48 hours after birth. The higher mean serum creatinine for acidemic compared with control groups is presumably prerenal in origin and results from processes responsible for profound fetal acidemia. Infants with an umbilical artery pH ≤ 7.0 and assessed to be clinically well can be treated similar to nonacidemic infants. (J Pediatr 1998;132:624-9)
The effect of nitric oxide on the hydrogen-atom induced decomposition of monogermane

The effect of low concentrations of nitric oxide on the hydrogenatom initiated decompositton of monogermane at room temperature has been studied by a mass-spcctrometrtc technique. Initiation by hydrogen atoms, formed by mercury photosensitization of hydrogen-rich mixtures, insure the primayy decomposition path to be one forming germyl free radicals. The nitric oxide reacts efficienlly with germyl radicals thereby completely suppressing the normal formation of digermane until the nitric oxide concentration has been greatly reduced. The producss of the suppressonn reaction are digermylether (digermoxane), nitrous oxide, nitrogen and a solid containing germanium, hydrogen and oxygen. A mechanssm to account for these experimental facts is proposed and some of the rate constanss of the elementary chemical reactions have been estimaeed.
IMC growth of Sn-3.5Ag/Cu system: Combined chemical reaction and diffusion mechanisms

Abstract The growth kinetics of intermetallic (IMC) compound layers formed between Sn-3.5Ag solders and Cu substrate in soldering process are investigated experimentally and analytically. In order to determine the governing mechanisms of IMC formation, an experiment is designed in which samples are fabricated with bonding temperature varied at three levels of 260, 310 and 360 °C while time is varied at seven levels between 1 and 240 min. Microstructural analysis is conducted to analyze the IMC thickness and morphology. A physics-based analytical model (Dybkov), in which net growth of each IMC phase is modeled as result of diffusion and partial chemical reaction, is modified for a case of liquid–solid state for two IMC layers. Dissolution of solid IMCs into liquid solder is included in the model. The model is then used to evaluate governing mechanisms of IMC formation and growth and determine the activation energies for formation and growth of different IMC compounds. The chemical reaction and diffusion rate constants have also been evaluated for different intermetallic compounds of Sn-3.5Ag/-Cu-substrate soldering system. Two intermetallic phases were observed during soldering at the interface: η-phase (Cu 6 Sn 5 ) and e-phase (Cu 3 Sn) IMC layers. The thickness of the η and e IMC phases increase with increasing the soldering time and/or soldering temperature. The increase in the IMC layer thickness during the process is found to obey linear relationship with time during the chemical reaction-controlled stage of formation of Cu 3 Sn IMC layer and it obeys a parabolic relationship with time during the diffusion-controlled growth stage of formation of both IMC layers. It was shown that as temperature increases, the chemical reaction and diffusion rate constants monotonically increase. Modeling results indicate clear distinction of governing mechanisms of growth at different IMC growth stages with chemical reaction-controlled growth at initial stage and diffusion-controlled growth at final stage of IMC formation. The apparent activation energy calculated for the chemical reaction-controlled growth stage is 20.59 (KJ/mol) for e IMC phase. For diffusion-controlled growth stage, the activation energy values obtained are 41.98 (KJ/mol) for η IMC phase and 50.10 (KJ/mol) for e IMC phase. These values slightly differ from values reported in literature where a simple power-law fit is used to extract those quantities. This is expected because unlike present study, the power-law fit does not explicitly incorporate the interaction between the chemical reaction and diffusion mechanisms in IMC growth. The values obtained in the current study are still within the range of the values found in the literature.
Role of Src family kinases in acquired resistance to EGFR therapies in cancer

Commentary to:Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor cooperates with Src Family Kinases in acquired resistance to cetuximab Deric L. Wheeler, Mar Iida, Tim J. Kruser, Meghan M. Nechrebecki, Emily F. Dunn, Eric A. Armstrong, Shyhmin Huang, Paul M. Harar
Diagnostic accuracy of diffusion tensor imaging for pediatric cervical spinal cord injury.

Cross-sectional non-experimental study. To examine diagnostic accuracy of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) for pediatric spinal cord injury (SCI). Pediatric Orthopedic Hospital. Thirty-five subjects, 10 SCI and 25 controls, mean age 13.38 years underwent two scans with 3.0 T MR scanner. Fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD) values were calculated. Subjects with SCI underwent examination of muscle strength, sensation and sacral sparing. Mean and s.d. values for FA, AD and RD were compared by group (controls, SCI with sacral sparing, SCI without sacral sparing) using analysis of variance for repeated measures. Comparisons were also made of DTI values at the injury site to values from cervical regions outside of the injury site. Specificity, sensitivity, receiver operating characteristics area under the curve (ROC AUC) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Resampling methods were used to validate the estimates from the final models. FA values differed among SCI subjects with intact sacral sparing, absent sacral sparing and controls, P<0.003 (adjusted). DTI values in combination showed the strongest diagnostic accuracy for predicting the presence of anal contraction (AD, RD; ROC AUC=0.90), deep anal pressure (FA; ROC AUC=0.88), S4-5 sensation (FA, RD; ROC AUC=0.93), motor level (FA, AD, RD; ROC AUC=0.92) and MRI level (FA, AD, RD; ROC AUC=0.92). Bootstrap and Jackknife median values indicated consistency of the parameter estimates. The predictive accuracy of DTI for sacral sparing end points and motor and MRI level of injury was good to strong.
Late Weichselian glacier retreat in Kongsfjorden, west Spitsbergen, Svalbard

The chronology of Late Weichselian to Holocene deglaciation of Kongsfjorden, west Spitsbergen has been reconstructed based on the geomorphic and stratigraphic record of ice retreat, relative sea-level relationships, and 14C dating of associated marine organic materials. The seaward extent of glacial drift and fjord bathymetry constrain a secure reconstruction for the ice sheet near the mouth of the fjord at ca. 13,000 yr B.P., but do not rule out the possibility that more extensive glaciation was achieved earlier during the Late Weichselian. Regional shoreline relations, rates of emergence, and radiocarbon dating of foraminifera deposited just above till indicate that deglaciation occurred in two steps: one beginning during or just prior to the Late Weichselian Marine Limit phase at 13,000–12,000 yr B.P. and another beginning at 10,000–9500 yr B.P. The fjord was completely deglaciated by 9440 ± 130 yr B.P. A period of stable relative sea level began 10,700 yr B.P. and ended between 10,000 and 9500 yr B.P., which we take to indicate renewed glacial loading during the Younger Dryas. Glacier readvance within Kongsfjorden at this time was diminutive, suggesting that most of the Younger Dryas ice-sheet growth was confined to the eastern part of the archipelago and/or to the Barents Shelf. The two-step deglaciation of Kongsfjorden occurred during intervals of accelerated global ice-sheet melting and rapid oceanic and atmospheric warming in more temperate latitudes of the circum-Atlantic region. This coincidence most likely resulted from contemporaneous increases in the poleward transport of oceanic heat.
On a group with three supersolvable subgroups of pairwise relatively prime indices

In this paper, we show that if G is a finite group with three supersolvable subgroups of pairwise relatively prime indices in G and G′ is nilpotent, then G is supersolvable. Let π(G) denote the set of prime divisors of |G| and max(π(G)) denote the largest prime divisor of |G|. We also establish that if G is a finite group such that G has three supersolvable subgroups H, K, and L whose indices in G are pairwise relatively prime, \({q \nmid p-1}\) where p = max(π(G)) and q = max(π(L)) with L a Hall p′-subgroup of G, then G is supersolvable.
The natural best L 1 -approximation by nondecreasing functions

Abstract We construct a candidate for the natural best L 1 -approximation to an integrable function, ƒ, by elements of an L 1 -closed convex proximinal set. If ƒ is a Lebesgue integrable function on [0, 1] and the approximating set is the set of all nondecreasing functions, we show that our construction gives an extension of the known natural best L 1 -approximation operator from ∪ p > 1 L p to L 1 . In the course of doing this, we also complete the characterization, given in (Huotari, Meyerowitz, and Sheard, J. Approx. Theory 47 (1986), 85–91) of the set of all best L 1 -approximations. Finally, in the case of isotonic approximation to a function of several variables, we extend a previous result concerning the almost everywhere convergence of the best L p -approximations, p > 1, to the natural best L 1 -approximation.
Expression of recessive Aprt- mutations in mouse CAK cells resulting from chromosome loss and duplication

Karyotypes of recessive mutants at the autosomal adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (Aprt) locus in a clone of the neardiploid mouse CAK cell line have been analyzed. The Aprt gene is located on chromosome 8. One copy of chromosome 8 was morphologically abnormal in the parental clone (CAK-B3-Toyr13) from whichAprt − mutants were isolated. Among 22 mutants, there were ten in which one copy of chromosome 8 had been lost. Four of these were monosomic, and in the others duplication of the remaining homolog had occurred. These findings indicate that newly induced recessive mutations in cultured mammalian cells can be expressed as the result of loss of one chromosome carrying a wild-type allele, with or without duplication of the homolog carrying the mutant allele. Loss and duplication would not be detcted in cell lines lacking morphologically marked chromosomes.
Free convection of binary liquid with variable Soret coefficient in thermogravitational column: The steady parallel base states

An exhaustive identification is made of the steady parallel base states which might occur in a thermogravitational column, with a constant horizontal thermal gradient, and a Soret coefficient depending both on temperature and composition, ST(T,C). It is shown that the horizontal dynamics is mainly governed by the Soret thermal sensitivity, and the vertical separation by its compositional one. Published ST(T,C) empirical laws are used to define a generic model which allows one to carry out a “normal mode” analysis of these flows. To account for the possible complete species vertical separation, the Boussinesq approximations are updated. To the leading order in the Soret coefficient amplitude, the horizontal dynamics is seen to be controlled by the solutal Peclet number, Pe, and a vertical stratification parameter, both drifting very slowly along the vertical. Stabilizing and potentially unstable vertical stratifications of the species are predicted, and, for each, the steady parallel flows are described for every thermal sensitivity of the Soret coefficient. Then an accurate determination of the vertical stratification profile is given for a constant and linear C-dependence of ST. The determinant peculiarity of the C-dependence is shown to be the number of zeroes that ST possesses in C∈]0,1[. Some suggestions are made regarding the way the Soret coefficient measurement could benefit from this first analysis. It is shown, in particular, that the vertical separation slope may be misleading in real molecular mixtures, such as the 0.5 N NaCl solution about T=12.09 °C, where the Soret term is mainly linear with temperature.
Some theoretical and methodological reasons for using Stephan-Deming adjustments in religious mobility tables

Abstract Sherkat's (1990) critique of the use of Stephan-Deming adjustments to control for the size of social networks in studies of religious mobility is flawed by his misinterpretation of the concepts of “opportunity structure,” “destination marginals,” and “model,” as used by Whitt, Crockett, and Babchuk (1988) . These concepts are clarified and the Stephan-Deming adjustments are shown to be a theoretically and methodologically sound approach for investigating religious switching. Substantive implications for data on black Americans are explored.
Nucleotide Composition of RNA hybridized to Homologous DNA from Cells transformed by Avian Tumour Viruses

PART of the evidence which indicates that RNA tumour viruses replicate through a DNA intermediate1 was the detection of DNA which is complementary to the viral RNA in leukaemic cells transformed by avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV)2 and in cells transformed in vitro by avian sarcoma viruses, Schmidt-Ruppin (SR-RSV) and B-77 (ref. 3). If this DNA serves as a template for the viral RNA, it must be a copy of the entire viral genome. One of the necessary requirements for this function is that the homologous DNA has the same nucleotide composition as the viral RNA. In this study, the average base composition of the RNA which had been hybridized to homologous DNA from transformed cells was compared with the base composition of the input viral RNA. Two experimental conditions had to be met: (1) the recovery of all the ribonucleotides which had been hybridized and (2) the absence of partially hybridized ribonucleotide sequences. The first requirement called for the deletion of the treatment of DNA-RNA hybrids with pancreatic ribonuclease fraction A and ribonuclease T1 which had been used in our previous experiments because such a treatment can cause the non-random loss of hybridized nucleotides4. The second requirement called for a hybridization and washing procedure in which only specifically hybridized ribonucleotide sequences would remain bound to the filters. Both of these conditions were met by using fragmented viral RNA and a modified washing procedure which excluded the use of ribonuclease. The results show that the average nucleotide composition of the hybridized RNA is identical to that of the input viral RNA.