cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catawba Indians’ Adaptive Response to Colonialism

In the early 1700s, the Lords Proprietors of the colony of South Carolina were unsuccessful in regulating Indian trade, which shaped the lives of Native Americans who lived in this colony, particularly the Yamasee at the town of Pocataligo near present-day Beaufort, South Carolina. As early as 1713, the Board of Indian Trade began hearing complaints from Indians concerning abuse committed by Carolina traders. The growing crisis that occurred between the traders and the Native American population was a by-product of ecological and economic changes taking place within the colony, reflecting the depopulation of the whitetail deer. Furthermore, it was common practice for traders to incite native groups to attack one another within the colony in an attempt to acquire native slaves. The colony’s attempt to regulate trade served to create factionalism between the traders based on economic competition. Trader factionalism also led to an increase in abuse by the traders, resulting in the development of a pan-Indian confederacy – the Yamasee War, April 15, 1715. In the years from 1715 to 1716, South Carolina was rife with war that took a devastating toll financially and defensively on the colony. Trade came to a standstill during these years, and tribes that had once been a buffer for the colony against Spain and France were either eradicated or removed. This chapter argues the importance of reporting on indigenous warfare as part of the Catawba Indians’ adaptive response to colonialism.
Price Discovery and Trading After Hours

We examine the effects of trading after hours on the amount and timing of price discovery over the 24-hour day. A high volume of liquidity trade facilitates price discovery. Thus prices are more efficient and more information is revealed per hour during the trading day than after hours. However, the low trading volume after hours generates significant, albeit inefficient, price discovery. Individual trades contain more information after hours than during the day. Because information asymmetry declines over the day, price changes are larger, reflect more private information, and are less noisy before the open than after the close. Technology has dramatically changed the way stock markets operate by allowing investors to trade directly with each other, both during and outside of exchange trading hours. Although it is now relatively easy to trade after hours, in reality most investors do not. Only 4% of Nasdaq trading volume occurs after hours. This article examines how investors’ decisions to trade after hours or during the trading day affect the process through which new information is incorporated into security prices. We find that relatively low after-hours trading volume can generate significant price discovery, although prices are noisier after hours, implying that the price discovery is less efficient. Variation in the amount of informed and uninformed trading is relatively small, both within the trading day [Admati and Pfleiderer (1988), Wood, McInish, and Ord (1985), Madhavan, Richardson, and Roomas (1997)] and across trading days [Foster and Viswanathan (1993)]. In contrast, there are large shifts in the trading process at the open and at the close. These large shifts make it possible to examine price discovery under conditions very different from those studied previously and allow us to address the following four questions regarding the relationship between trading and price discovery. First, how does the trading process affect the
Mechanism for muscarinic inhibition of ICa(L) is determined by the path for elevating cyclic AMP in cardiac myocytes

Objective: Does carbachol (CCh) require NO/cGMP for inhibition of L-type calcium current ( I Ca(L)) when either adenylyl cyclase activation or phosphodiesterase suppression is used to raise cAMP? Methods: The effects of the NO donor SIN-1 (3-morpholino-sydnonimine), CCh and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were evaluated when I Ca(L) had been stimulated by isoproterenol (ISO) or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) in guinea pig isolated ventricular myocytes (35°C). Results: Carbachol, SIN-1 or ANP did not affect basal I Ca(L); each inhibited IBMX-stimulated I Ca(L). Dialyzed (30–100 μM) ODQ (1 H -(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one), a soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inactivator, blocked inhibition of IBMX-stimulated I Ca(L) by SIN-1 (10 μM) but not by CCh (1–100 μM) or ANP (100 nM). Dialysis with 3 μM LY83583 (6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione), a particulate (pGC) and sGC inactivator, opposed muscarinic-, ANP- and SIN-1-induced inhibition of IBMX-stimulated I Ca(L). Thus CCh can increase cGMP synthesis via pGC. Even with 100 μM [LY83583]pip, CCh inhibited ISO-stimulated I Ca(L), an effect referable to suppression of adenylyl cyclase activity. However, 3 μM [LY83583]pip prevented inhibition of ISO-stimulated I Ca(L) by ANP. [LY83583]pip did not affect inhibition by 8 bromo-cGMP (100 μM) of ISO- or IBMX-stimulated I Ca(L). The observations indicate that: (1) myocytes have ODQ-sensitive sGC activated by NO and LY8353-sensitive pGC activated by ANP, (2) CCh does not inhibit I Ca(L) via NO, (3) the mechanism for muscarinic inhibition depends upon the cAMP-elevating agent and (4) LY83583 distinguishes between two pathways for muscarinic inhibition. Conclusion: The nature of the stimulant pathway that increases cAMP determines intracellular transduction of muscarinic inhibition. This hypothesis accords with distinct cyclic nucleotide compartments for the differential expression of muscarinic inhibition of I Ca(L).
Sudocodes ߝ Fast Measurement and Reconstruction of Sparse Signals

Sudocodes are a new scheme for lossless compressive sampling and reconstruction of sparse signals. Consider a sparse signal x isin RopfN containing only K Lt N non-zero values. Sudo-encoding computes the codeword via the linear matrix-vector multiplication y = Phix, with K < M Lt N. We propose a non-adaptive construction of a sparse Phi comprising only the values 0 and 1; hence the computation of y involves only sums of subsets of the elements of x. An accompanying sudodecoding strategy efficiently recovers x given y. Sudocodes require only M = O(Klog(N)) measurements for exact reconstruction with worst-case computational complexity O(Klog(K) log(N)). Sudocodes can be used as erasure codes for real-valued data and have potential applications in peer-to-peer networks and distributed data storage systems. They are also easily extended to signals that are sparse in arbitrary bases
Design Status of a Separated-Sector Cyclotron Booster Accelerator for the Holifield Heavy Ion Research Facility

A separated-sector cyclotron booster accelerator is being designed for the Holifield Heavy Ion Research Facility as a Phase II project to be started in 1978. Phase I of the HHIRF, now under construction, includes a 25 MV tandem electrostatic accelerator, a beam transport and injection system to enable use of the Oak Ridge Isochronous Cyclotron as an energy booster for tandem beams, and some additional experiment areas and associated beam transport systems. The Phase I facility using the ORIC-25 MV tandem combination will provide energies up to about 25 MeV/amu for light ions such as oxygen and more than 5 MeV/amu up to the region of mass 160. The new Phase II separated-sector cyclotron will provide energies up to 100 MeV/amu for light ions and up to 12 MeV/amu for the heaviest ions such as uranium.
Eggshell Pimpling in Young Hens as Influenced by Dietary Vitamin D3

Abstract An investigation of the relationship between dietary level of vitamin D3 and egg shell pimpling was conducted using 450 Single Comb White Leghorn hens. Hens were approximately 4 wk into lay at the initiation of the study and were maintained at one of nine treatment levels (0, 138, 275, 550, 1, 100, 2,200, 22,000, 44,000 and 88,000 ICU vitamin D3/kg) for 9 mo. Egg production, egg specific gravity, egg pimple score, egg weight, and feed consumption were determined weekly for the first 6 wk and monthly thereafter. Electrolyte concentrations of serum and tissue samples were determined at termination of the experiment. Egg pimple scores increased in a linear pattern (P= .05) when regressed on vitamin D3 level of the diet at each monthly test period following Month 1. Egg specific gravity and egg production values responded quadratically, with declines at the high levels of vitamin D3 supplementation. Feed consumption was significantly depressed with 0 vitamin D supplementation but rates were not significantly different in remaining treatments. Egg weights, as well as sodium and potassium levels of tissue and serum, were not significantly influenced by dietary treatment. Magnesium levels increased in a linear fashion (P≤.05) in both uterine and isthmic tissues, with increased vitamin D3. These data indicate that the degree of egg shell pimpling in young hens was altered by manipulating the dietary level of vitamin D3.
Mothers' Speech to Hearing‐Impaired Infants and Children With Cochlear Implants

This study investigated the effects of age, hearing loss, and cochlear implantation on mothers' speech to infants and children. We recorded normal-hearing (NH) mothers speaking to their children as they typically would do at home and speaking to an adult experimenter. Nine infants (10–37 months) were hearing-impaired and had used a cochlear implant (CI) for 3 to 18 months. Eighteen NH infants and children were matched either by chronological age (10–37 months) or hearing experience (3–18 months) to the CI children. Prosodic characteristics such as fundamental frequency, utterance duration, and pause duration were measured across utterances in the speech samples. The results revealed that mothers use a typical infant-directed speech style when speaking to hearing-impaired children with CIs. The results also suggested that NH mothers speak with more similar vocal styles to NH children and hearing-impaired children with CIs when matched by hearing experience rather than chronological age. Thus, mothers are s...
The Rise of Adversarial Legalism in Europe

At least since Montesquieu (1989) published his The Spirit of Laws in 1748, scholars of comparative law have used metaphors relating to climate and soil when explaining differences in national legal systems (Watson 2003, p.293). The law is described as a sensitive plant that reflects the terroir – the combined effects of the local soil, climate and topography – in which it is grown. As a result, transfers or ‘transplants’ of legal norms and practices from one country to another may not produce the intended effects, as the plants wither or mutate in foreign climes.
Compressed Sensing Framework for EEG Compression

Many applications in signal processing require the efficient representation and processing of data. The traditional approach to efficient signal representation is compression. In recent years, there has been a new approach to compression at the sensing level. Compressed sensing (CS) is an emerging field which is based on the revelation that a small collection of linear projections of a sparse signal contains enough information for reconstruction. In this paper, we propose an application of compressed sensing in the field of biomedical signal processing, particularly electroencophelogram (EEG) collection and storage. A compressed sensing framework is introduced for efficient representation of multichannel, multiple trial EEG data. The proposed framework is based on the revelation that EEG signals are sparse in a Gabor frame. The sparsity of EEG signals in a Gabor frame is utilized for compressed sensing of these signals. A simultaneous orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm is shown to be effective in the joint recovery of the original multiple trail EEG signals from a small number of projections.
A micromachined high-Q X-band resonator

The authors present a new structure which can be used as a microwave high-Q resonator for the development of narrow-band low-loss filters in a planar environment. The resonator is made of a low-loss micromachined cavity which is easy to integrate with monolithic circuits. Compared to conventional metallic resonators, the performance of this resonator is similar, but the weight and size are significantly reduced.
Activity of Imipenem with Relebactam against Gram-Negative Pathogens from New York City

Imipenem with relebactam was active against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter spp., including K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing isolates. Loss of OmpK36 in KPC-producing K. pneumoniae isolates affected the susceptibility of this combination. Enhanced activity was evident against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including isolates with depressed oprD and increased ampC expression. However, the addition of relebactam to imipenem did not provide added benefit against Acinetobacter baumannii. The combination of imipenem with relebactam demonstrated activity against KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae and multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa.
Hydride transfer catalyzed by xylose isomerase: Mechanism and quantum effects

We have applied molecular dynamics umbrella-sampling simulation and ensemble-averaged variational transition state theory with multidimensional tunneling (EA-VTST/MT) to calculate the reaction rate of xylose-to- xylulose isomerization catalyzed by xylose isomerase in the presence of two Mg2+ ions. The calculations include determination of the free energy of activation profile and ensemble averaging in the transmission coefficient. The potential energy function is approximated by a combined QM/MM/SVB method involving PM3 for the quantum mechanical (QM) subsystem, CHARMM22 and TIP3P for the molecular mechanical (MM) environment, and a simple valence bond (SVB) local function of two bond distances for the hydride transfer reaction. The simulation confirms the essential features of a mechanism postulated on the basis of kinetics and X-ray data by Whitlow et al. (Whitlow, M.; Howard, A. J.; Finzel, B. C.; Poulos, T. L.; Winborne, E.; Gilliland, G. L. Proteins 1991, 9, 153) and Ringe, Petsko, and coworkers (Labie, A.; Allen, K.-N.; Petsko, G. A.; Ringe, D. Biochemistry 1994, 33, 5469). This mechanism involves a rate-determining 1,2-hydride shift with prior and post proton transfers. Inclusion of quantum mechanical vibrational energy is important for computing the free energy of activation, and quantum mechanical tunneling effects are essential for computing kinetic isotope effects (KIEs). It is found that 85% of the reaction proceeds by tunneling and 15% by overbarrier events. The computed KIE for the ratio of hydride to deuteride transfer is in good agreement with the experimental results. The molecular dynamics simulations reveal that proton and hydride transfer reactions are assisted by breathing motions of the mobile Mg2+ ion in the active site, providing evidence for concerted motion of Mg2+ during the hydride transfer step. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 177–190, 2003
Encoded descriptions at face value

Information resources seem to be neither fully abstract universals, nor particular concrete arrangements of matter and energy. The subjects of our metadata statements are therefore elusive. This puzzle presents few practical problems for traditional documents, but applications such as scientific data management call for more precise accounts. The problem of relating fully abstract properties to events in time is explored through a comparison of encoding strategies.
Early Occupational Restriction: An Examination of Elementary School Children's Expression of Vocational Preferences

A total of 387 boys and girls in Grades 1 through 5 were questioned on occupational preferences. The results demonstrated that the thinking of young children is generally sexist oriented.
Manual-based treatments: The clinical application of research findings

In addition to their now required use in controlled outcome studies, treatment manuals offer important advantages for clinical practice. Manual-based treatments are often empirically-validated, more focused, and more disseminable. They are useful in the training and supervision of therapists. Criticisms of manual-based treatments center on five main themes: they are conceptually at odds with fundamental principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy; they preclude idiographic case formulation; they undermine therapists' clinical artistry; they apply primarily to research samples which differ from the patients practitioners treat; and they promote particular 'schools' of psychological therapy. This paper emphasizes the inherent limitations of idiographic case formulation. It is argued that treatment manuals are consistent with an actuarial approach to assessment and therapy, which, on average, is superior to individual clinical judgment. Available data suggest that standardized treatment is no less effective than individualized therapy. Manual-based treatment demands therapist skill in its implementation. In suitably chosen therapists these skills are more a function of training than amount of clinical experience. Treatment manuals are likely to encourage a pragmatic approach to therapy and should not discourage clinical innovations.
Visualizing live text streams using motion and temporal pooling

The informational context in which we live and work is becoming increasingly complex and rich, with information much more plentiful and accessible than ever before. Our informational context is also faster paced, with news and developments spreading across media and the Internet at an often astounding rate. In today's competitive world, the first response to a trend is usually the most effective. Thus far, the technology responsible for this information complexity offers little to help us quickly understand and act upon it. Although visualization is useful, its techniques are typically too slow or simply not designed to help users understand highly time-sensitive and dynamic information streams. To address this, we developed TextPool, a system that uses temporal pooling to visualize live text streams such as newswires and system telemetry. In temporal pooling, systems gather recent stream content into a buffer (pool) to use for visualization. Because the stream continues to flow through the pool in real time, the visualization must be dynamic, using motion to respond to the pool's changing content. The TextPool system processes live text streams in real time using information retrieval techniques, extracts the most frequently occurring salient terms from the buffered streams, and displays related terms next to one another in a dynamic text collage.
Intranasal Malignant Melanoma in a Dog

A 10-year-old, female Newfoundland-cross dog was presented for evaluation of chronic intermittent unilateral epistaxis, nasal stertor, and sneezing. Nasal magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 3 x 5-cm mass in the left nasal cavity. Histopathological evaluation of nasal biopsies determined that the mass was a malignant melanoma. The mass was surgically resected and treated with bilateral opposed photon-beam radiation. This is the first report to describe the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of an intranasal malignant melanoma in a dog.
Cyberjacking, Mousetrapping, and the FTC Act: Are Federal Consumer Protection Laws Helping or Hurting Online Consumers?

The law, as a regulatory mechanism, has always struggled to keep up with technological advances. With the rapidly increasing technological advances related to the Internet, this struggle has been magnified exponentially. It would be foolish, then, to expect to find a perfect solution to all of the ills the Internet also creates. Indeed, it is unreasonable to condemn as ineffectual customary law and governmental regulations for their failures to achieve the impossible. But such a caveat should not preclude the search for a better solution. This Note offers one possible regulatory solution to protect consumers from the ills spawned by the rapidly evolving Internet economy. Through an exploration of the background of the Internet, its technical aspects, and the current state of Internet regulation, this note recommends that the FTC Act should be amended to give private citizens a cause of action against deceptive trade practices and fraud on the Internet. This note further argues that such an amendment should offer enhanced damages and attorneys’ fees in order to incentivize the use of this private cause of action. This regime would broaden the regulatory ability of the FTC Act without damaging the vibrant and competitive free market of the Internet.
Mechanistic Study of Lithium Aluminum Oxide Atomic Layer Deposition

There is significant interest in developing lithium conductive thin films that have potential applications as lithium-permeable electrode barrier coatings and as solid electrolytes in thin film batteries. In this work, we demonstrate the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of lithium aluminum oxide (LiAlOx) thin films and provide a thorough characterization of the growth mechanism. LiAlOx thin films were deposited by combining the ALD processes for Al2O3 (trimethylaluminum and water) and LiOH (lithium tert-butoxide and water). The composition of the films was controlled by adjusting the percentage of LiOH cycles. Both the pure LiOH process and the combined LiAlOx process were characterized by a combination of quartz crystal microbalance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and film deposition studies. These studies revealed a complex growth mechanism that is strongly affected by the hygroscopic and reactive LiOH component. Stable ALD with a constant growth rate as a function of ALD cycles was only achieved...
Cloning, expression of HIV-1 NCp15 and anti-NCp15 IgY preparation in chicken

Objective:To prepare HIV-1 nucleocapsid(NC) protein(NCp15) and its antibody IgY for studying the biological activity of HIV-1 NCp15. Methods: The full length gene fragment of NCp15 was amplified by PCR, and then cloned into PGEX4T1 prokaryotic expressing vector. The recombinant protein NCp15 -GST was induced by IPTG in E. coli BL21 and the expressed protein was detected by Western blot assay. The purified protein was used to immune chicken to prepare egg yolk immunoglubin(IgY), and the specificity was identified by Western blot assay. Results: The plasmid PGEX4T1-NCp15 was successfully constructed and HIV-1 NCp15 protein could be expressed in E. coli BL21 with high efficiency. The recombinant protein was characterized with HIV-1 positive plasma by Western blot. Chicken immunized with the purified protein produced high titer IgY. Conclusion: Purified protein HIV-1 NC p15 with high antigenicity was obtained,and the prepared IgY could be used to detect the HIV-1 viral protein, which provided reliable tools for the future HIV-1 research.
Preparation of lignin-polyethyleneimine and its sorption properties for Cu~(2+)ion

In this paper the sorbent of lignin-polyethyleneimine(lignin-PEI)was successfully synthesized by means of crosslinking lignin and polyethyleneimine(PEI)by glutaraldehyde.We characterized lignin-PEI by SEM,XRD,FT-IR and XPS,then investigated the use of lignin-PEI for the removal of Cu2+from water. These results indicated that the nitrogen content of prepared lignin-PEI was 10.61wt% at lignin,PEI and GA reaction ratio m(g)∶V(mL)∶V(mL)of 2∶5∶20,at 25 ℃for 2h.We found sorption isotherms for ligninPEI better fitted Langmuir equation.Sorption of Cu2+ion on lignin-PEI followed pseudo second-order kinetics. The maximum sorption capacity was 54.15mg/g for Cu2+ion.
Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistor-Based Photodetectors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the five types of CNT field-effect transistors CNTFETs to investigate and improve the performance of CNT-based IR detectors. In the Au–CNT–Au CNTFET back-gate, the detector performance is improved by applying voltages to the back-gate, resulting in smaller dark current and higher Iphoto. Back-gate is capacitative-coupled to the CNT, and thus, application of Vg can electrostatically modulate the Fermi energy of CNT so as to control the Schottky barriers that are responsible for Iphoto generation. The Ag–CNT–Ag CNTFET back-gate produces higher Voc under IR illumination, since the built-in potential between Ag and CNT is higher than that of Au and CNT, showing the significance of metal workfunction. The two CNTFETs have symmetric metal structures, that constrain the performance of the detectors, because separated electrons and holes from one Schottky barrier need to tunnel through another barrier. In the Au–CNT–Ag CNTFET back-gate, an asymmetric metal structure is used, and both Iphoto and Voc are highly improved. The reason is that the electrons and holes from the Ag-CNT interface only needed to pass through a small barrier between Au and CNT before being collected. CNTFET with back-gate structure is easy to fabricate and provide valuable information for improving detector performance. However, the back-gate structure is not suitable for larger scale detector arrays, because the back-gate will modulate all detectors simultaneously. A middle-gate CNTFET was fabricated in order to control each detector independently. But a CNT detector with middle-gate structure and symmetric metal structure cannot deliver optimal performance. In order to find the optimal detector design, an asymmetric multigate CNTFET is introduced, with asymmetric metal structure and multiple gates, including back-gate, gates for source and drain, and middle gates.
Death and the Afterlife

There is one matter about which all human beings can be assured: physical death is inevitable. Regardless of whether one is a religious devotee or an ardent atheist, and regardless of one’s conception of what constitutes the human person, mortality confronts us all. Our physical bodies will die and decay. But is that the end? Does consciousness cease to exist when the body, or at least the brain, dies? Or do we, in some sense, survive physical death? Does the soul, if there exists such a thing, continue beyond the cessation of the body? It is not uncommon to desire to live forever, but is such a longing mere wishful thinking—a hope unfulfilled? Among the major world religions, physical death is not the end. There is hope for continuation, though for some traditions what such a “continuation” after death is like far transcends anything we can now conceive or imagine. But hope for some form of continuation beyond the grave is not limited to religious adherents. Atheists too may wish that consciousness continues after physical death. If so, as we will see, such hope may not be a mere flight of fancy.
Political awareness and support for redistribution

Traditional research on preferences for redistributive social policy suggest increasingly complex models of public opinion formation that envision individuals balancing normative concerns against sophisticated calculations of economic self-interest. This research largely ignores the large body of evidence demonstrating significant differences in levels of political awareness across the population that strongly influence the quality, structure, and determinants of political preferences. Analyzing public opinion data for 14 European countries reveals that large sections of the population do not appear to hold or express social policy preferences that are internally consistent or well-grounded in either their self-interests or ideological predispositions. At low levels of political awareness, little discernible connection exists between seemingly related preferences for redistribution, levels of social spending, left–right positioning, tolerance for inequality, or overall support for the welfare state. Moreover, income, a theoretically central causal variable, has no effect on attitudes toward redistribution when political awareness is low. These results pose a significant challenge to existing models of social policy preferences.
Semi-discrete error estimates and implementation of a mixed method for the Stefan problem

We analyze a dual formulation and finite element method for simulating the Stefan problem with surface tension (originally presented in [C.B. Davis and S.W. Walker, Int. Free Bound. 17 (2015) 427–464]). The method uses a mixed form of the heat equation in the solid and liquid (bulk) domains, and imposes a weak formulation of the interface motion law (on the solid-liquid interface) as a constraint. The computational method uses a conforming mesh approach to accurately capture the jump conditions across the interface. Preliminary error estimates are derived, under reduced regularity assumptions, for the difference between the time semi-discrete solution and the fully discrete solution over one time step. Moreover, details of the implementation are discussed including mesh generation issues. Several simulations of interface growth (in two dimensions) are presented to illustrate the method.
Exploratory study of barriers to successful office contacts for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

The American Academy of Pediatrics published attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) guidelines, but significant variability exists in care. This exploratory study aimed to understand barriers to compliance with primary care office contacts for ADHD medication management. The study was conducted at a single academic medical center via retrospective chart review between 6/1/15 and 5/31/16 in combination with telephone interviews. Participants included 306 children 6–12 years old with an ADHD-related ICD-9/ICD-10 diagnosis. Factors affecting compliance were assessed via multivariable linear regression using the outcome of unsuccessful office contacts based on the percentage of missed, canceled, or rescheduled appointments. ADHD patients averaged 28.3% (SD 23.8%) unsuccessful office contacts. Unsuccessful contacts significantly increased by 15% for Hispanic ethnicity, 8% for public insurance, 8% for inattentive subtype, and 3% for every 10 miles additional distance from the office. Telephone interviews were attempted for those missing ≥ 3 appointments, which represented 18.3% (56/306) of the sample. Interviews were successfully completed with 37.5% (21/56). Of these, 52.3% (11/21) of parents preferred in-person visits. Structural barriers were not a concern, but 52.3% (11/21) reported high caregiver strain and fatigue. The results indicate that cultural barriers to understanding of ADHD and its management must be reconsidered. Use of Internet-based platforms may be a novel approach to address issues of distance, financial difficulty, and parental stress.
A comparison of overtime patrol stops made inside and out of cluster identified hotspots.

Objective: The annual rate of impaired driving crashes in the United States has remained nearly constant over the last decade. While engineers, educators, enforcement, and emergency response person...
Going far to go further: Offshoring, exploration, and R&D performance

Abstract Despite its many benefits, firms may not conduct exploration because of inhibitive costs. We maintain that offshoring provides a cost-leveraging strategy that can help firms overcome this constraint, and enhance their RD second, the degree to which firms benefit from offshoring is contingent on their RD and third, greater exploration confers an RD and (2) offshoring enhances exploration, which, in turn, increases R&D performance.
Ketamine has distinct electrophysiological and behavioral effects in depressed and healthy subjects

Ketamine’s mechanism of action was assessed using gamma power from magnetoencephalography (MEG) as a proxy measure for homeostatic balance in 35 unmedicated subjects with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 25 healthy controls enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized cross-over trial of 0.5 mg/kg ketamine. MDD subjects showed significant improvements in depressive symptoms, and healthy control subjects exhibited modest but significant increases in depressive symptoms for up to 1 day after ketamine administration. Both groups showed increased resting gamma power following ketamine. In MDD subjects, gamma power was not associated with the magnitude of the antidepressant effect. However, baseline gamma power was found to moderate the relationship between post-ketamine gamma power and antidepressant response; specifically, higher post-ketamine gamma power was associated with better response in MDD subjects with lower baseline gamma, with an inverted relationship in MDD subjects with higher baseline gamma. This relationship was observed in multiple regions involved in networks hypothesized to be involved in the pathophysiology of MDD. This finding suggests biological subtypes based on the direction of homeostatic dysregulation and has important implications for inferring ketamine’s mechanism of action from studies of healthy controls alone.
Anxiety sensitivity and suicide risk among firefighters: A test of the depression-distress amplification model.

Abstract Background Firefighters represent an occupational group at increased suicide risk. How suicidality develops among firefighters is poorly understood. The depression-distress amplification model posits that the effects of depression symptoms on suicide risk will be intensified in the context of anxiety sensitivity (AS) cognitive concerns. The current study tested this model among firefighters. Methods Overall, 831 firefighters participated (mean [SD] age = 38.37 y [8.53 y]; 94.5% male; 75.2% White). The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Anxiety Sensitivity Index—3 (ASI-3), and Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire—Revised (SBQ-R) were utilized to assess for depression symptoms, AS concerns (cognitive, physical, social), and suicide risk, respectively. Linear regression interaction models were tested. Results The effects of elevated depression symptoms on increased suicide risk were augmented when AS cognitive concerns were also elevated. Unexpectedly, depression symptoms also interacted with AS social concerns; however, consistent with expectations, depression symptoms did not interact with AS physical concerns in the prediction of suicide risk. Conclusions In the context of elevated depression symptoms, suicide risk is potentiated among firefighters reporting elevated AS cognitive and AS social concerns. Findings support and extend the depression-distress amplification model of suicide risk within a sample of firefighters. Interventions that successfully impact AS concerns may, in turn, mitigate suicide risk among this at-risk population.
Prognosis and monitoring of giant cell arteritis and associated complications

Introduction: Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the most common systemic vasculitis in people over the age of 50 years. Prospective imaging studies in GCA highlight the systemic nature of this vasculit...
Successful Diabetic Control as Measured by Hemoglobin A1c Is Associated with Lower Urine Risk Factors for Uric Acid Calculi.

Abstract Introduction and Objectives: To examine the association of glycemic control, including strict glycemic control, with 24-hour urine risk factors for uric acid and calcium calculi. Materials and Methods: With institutional review board (IRB) approval, we identified 183 stone formers (SFs) with 459 twenty-four-hour urine collections. Hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c) measures were obtained within 3 months of the urine collection. Collections were categorized into normoglycemic (NG, HgbA1c < 6.5) and hyperglycemic (HG, HgbA1c ≥ 6.5) cohorts; 24-hour urine parameters were compared. The NG cohort was further divided into patients with and without a history of diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2. Variables were analyzed using chi-square, Welch's t-test and multivariate linear regression to adjust for clustering, body mass index (BMI), age, gender, thiazide use, and potassium citrate use. Results: Patients in the HG group were older with higher BMI. Multivariate analysis of the total study population revealed that hyper...
Nineteenth Colorado Mathematical Olympiad: April 19, 2002

The nineteenth Colorado Mathematical Olympiad (CMO-2002) took place on April 19, 2002, the day before the third anniversary of the Columbine tragedy. It brought together 614 middle and high school students (a 28% increase from the previous year). Contestants came from all over Colorado: Agate, Aurora, Benett, Black Forest, Brighton, Canon City, Cascade, Centennial, Colorado Springs, Deer Trail, Denver, Dinosaur, Divide, Englewood, Falcon, Fort Collins, Fort Lupton, Fort Morgan, Fountain, Fowler, Las Animas, Littleton, Luatkins, Manitou Springs, Monument, Pueblo, Rangely, Weldona, Widefield, andWoodland Park. The organizers were unable to explain how kids from Bagg, Wyoming, slipped into the competition :-).
The Demand for Transportation Services in Natural Gas Markets-The Market Power of a Natural Gas Pipeline

Koch Gateway Pipeline (Koch) is an interstate natural gas transmission system operating over 9,000 miles of pipeline. The system extends from South Texas through Louisiana, Mississippi, southern Alabama, and southern Florida. Koch is located in one of the nation’s largest natural gas producing areas and is tied into a number of the largest gas producing regions. The Koch system is best visualized as a giant hub rather than a traditional longline interstate pipeline.
Collapsar: a VM-based architecture for network attack detention center

The honeypot has emerged as an effective tool to provide insights into new attacks and current exploitation trends. Though effective, a single honeypot or multiple independently operated honeypots only provide a limited local view of network attacks. Deploying and managing a large number of coordinating honeypots in different network domains will not only provide a broader and more diverse view, but also create potentials in global network status inference, early network anomaly detection, and attack correlation in large scale. However, coordinated honeypot deployment and operation require close and consistent collaboration across participating network domains, in order to mitigate potential security risks associated with each honeypot and the non-uniform level of security expertise in different network domains. It is challenging, yet desirable, to provide the two conflicting features of decentralized presence and uniform management in honeypot deployment and operation. To address these challenges, this paper presents Collapsar, a virtual-machine-based architecture for network attack detention. A Collapsar center hosts and manages a large number of high-interaction virtual honeypots in a local dedicated network. These honeypots appear, to potential intruders, as typical systems in their respective production networks. Decentralized logical presence of honeypots provides a wide diverse view of network attacks, while the centralized operation enables dedicated administration and convenient event correlation, eliminating the need for honeypot experts in each production network domain. We present the design, implementation, and evaluation of a Collapsar testbed. Our experiments with several real-world attack incidences demonstrate the effectiveness and practicality of Collapsar.
Remaining populations of an upland stream fish persist in refugia defined by habitat features at multiple scales

This research was partly funded by a State Wildlife Grant from the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (VDGIF), and carried out under the auspices of Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee protocol 10‐094‐FIW. We thank M. Pinder, D. Dodge, L. Longanecker, J. Cline, G. Anderson, J. Argentina, A. Villamagna, J. Roberts, B. MogollD? and L. Zseleczky for assistance. Recommendations from Emmanuel Frimpong improved earlier drafts. The Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is jointly sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey, Virginia Tech,
Brain MRI abnormalities in patients with infantile spasms and Down syndrome.

Abstract Introduction Infantile spasms (IS) are the most frequent epilepsy syndrome in children with Down syndrome (DS). In DS, cellular (synaptic/dendritic changes) and molecular mechanisms are believed to contribute to epileptogenesis, rather than gross structural anomalies. Neuroimaging is a standard part of the evaluation of newly diagnosed infantile epilepsy including IS and, in this age group, often requires sedation. It is unclear if neuroimaging provides additional clinically useful etiologic information in IS associated with DS. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review and detailed neuroimaging review in 36 patients (24 males) with IS and DS, cared for at Boston Children's Hospital. Results Incidental imaging abnormalities were common (42%), but potentially relevant etiologic abnormalities were rare (16%). Structural congenital or acquired abnormalities were associated with ongoing antiepileptic drug (AED) use (p = 0.02), as well as refractory epilepsy (p = 0.04). However, neuroimaging did not alter the treatment plan for any of these patients. Conclusions Clinicians must carefully weigh the benefits and risks of neuroimaging in infants with DS and IS, as neuroimaging did not lead to any changes in clinical management in our patients but may offer information regarding prognosis.
Effect of salt valency and concentration on shear and extensional rheology of aqueous polyelectrolyte solutions for enhanced oil recovery

The injection of polymer solutions into an oil basin can lead to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) by increasing the microscopic sweep of the reservoir, improving the water-oil motility ratio, and thus leading to greater yield from oil fields. In this contribution, we characterize both shear and extensional rheological response of aqueous solutions of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), the most commonly used polymer for EOR, for velocity gradients in both the flow direction (extensional) and perpendicular to flow (shear) arise in EOR applications. As HPAM is a charged polymer, to better emulate the environment in oil basins, the rheological response was investigated in presence of salt, sodium chloride, and calcium chloride, with concentrations 3.7 × 10−4 − 1.5 M, as a function of polymer molecular weight (2–10 million g/mol) and concentration (0.005–0.3 wt%). The extensional relaxation times and extensional viscosity are measured using dripping-onto-substrate (DoS) rheometry protocols, and a commercial shear rheometer was utilized for characterizing the shear rheology response. The polyelectrolyte solutions formed by HPAM exhibit shear thinning in steady shear, but show strain hardening in response to extensional flow. Even though an increase in monovalent salt concentration leads to a decrease in both shear viscosity and extensional relaxation times, an increase in divalent salt concentration leads to an increase in extensional viscosity and relaxation time, implying that ion coordination can play a role in the presence of multivalent ions.
Context-dependence of abiotic and biotic factors influencing performance of juvenile clams

Abstract Post-settlement survival and growth of bivalves can be limited by abiotic and biotic factors, both of which are spatially variable. Rarely has the importance of these factors been tested concurrently in the field. Our study spanned three spatial scales in estuarine waters of Washington state (Region: north vs. south; Within-region: fresher vs. saline; Within-site: mid- vs. low-tidal elevation). Predator access and sediment conditions were manipulated in a crossed experimental design, with juvenile (3-mm and 6-mm) Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) outplanted in open- or closed-top mesh tubes. We found differences between treatments that appeared only at sites with cancrid crabs, suggesting that predators, rather than emigration, likely reduced numbers of clams in open tubes. We had hypothesized that clams at lower tidal elevations, which experience longer immersion times, would show improved growth but reduced survivorship because of greater exposure to marine predators. However, these patterns were evident at only one of three sites (lower-elevation treatments were lost at the fourth). The larger size class of clams was more tolerant of abiotic stressors at all sites, but the magnitude of difference in survival between size classes was sometimes dependent on other treatments. The maximum predator effect on survival was 74% (north, high salinity, low-intertidal site), whereas the maximum abiotic effect appeared as 62% lower survival and 59% slower growth for 3-mm clams at another site (north, fresher). In laboratory trials, high water temperatures (28–32 °C) and low salinity (5–15) acted synergistically to cause juvenile clam (6–12 mm) mortality, whereas clams tolerated each of these stressors alone. Context-dependence in the relative importance of predation and abiotic stressors was apparent in our results, but contrary to expectations, abiotic stressors did not characterize southern or fresher sites. Instead, extreme high temperatures occurred at the site with the wide tidal flat rather than in the south, and the within-region salinity differences appeared not to exceed tolerances of juvenile clams.
Is green land cover associated with less health care spending? Promising findings from county-level Medicare spending in the continental United States

Abstract Green land covers (e.g., forests and parks) are associated with better human health. Better health, in turn, may lead to lower spending on healthcare, an increasingly large portion of the budget of both American citizens and the government. There is a significant gap in our knowledge on the direct association between green covers and health care costs. We estimated associations between the percentage of green land cover in a county and its age- and risk-adjusted Medicare fee-for-service expenditures for each of five types of green land cover (forest, shrub, grass, agriculture, and urban vegetation) drawn from the 2011 National Land Cover Database. Generalized linear mixed models were used to predict median regionally standardized per-capita Medicare expenditures for 2010–2014 for 3,086 counties (comprising over 30 million Medicare fee-for-service users), with state as a random effect and controls for environmental, behavioral, and healthcare access covariates. We found associations between two types of green land cover and healthcare spending. Forest and shrub covers were significantly and inversely associated with median Medicare fee-for-service spending with small effect sizes. Grass land cover did not have a statistically significant association with expenditures. For agriculture and urban vegetation land covers, the results were unclear. Counties with more forest and shrub land cover may hold both health and economic benefits for the elderly and disabled. This study demonstrates that exposure to green land cover may be linked to lower healthcare spending. However, more definitive studies, particularly those that use individual-level data, are needed.
Genome Sequences of Bacteriophages KaiHaiDragon and OneinaGillian, Isolated from Microbacterium foliorum in Riverside, California.

ABSTRACT KaiHaiDragon and OneinaGillian are two bacteriophages which have been recovered from soil samples using the bacterial host Microbacterium foliorum. Their genome lengths are 52,992 bp and 61,703 bp, with 91 and 104 predicted open reading frames, respectively. KaiHaiDragon belongs to cluster EC, and OneinaGillian is a member of cluster EG.