cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applications of dynamic programming and scan-rescan processes to nuclear medicine and tumor detection

Abstract Scan-rescan processes are assuming a more and more important role in applications of nuclear medicine to cancer detection as well as in detection of other medical abnormalities, especially when real time processing is desirable. In this paper it is shown that dynamic programming can both improve accuracy and decrease the time required for examination. Very interesting analytic questions arise in this fashion. The numerical resolution of these questions and the methods developed will have extensive application in other areas where pattern recognition and search are involved. In particular, a hierarchal application of scan-rescan processes, suitably generalized, could have extensive use in the national Medicare program.
The Uses of Theory in Health Advocacy: Policies and Programs:

This paper illustrates the utility of theory for health educators who advocate for health promotion policies and programs. It describes how diffusion of innovation and other social science theories were employed by a statewide coalition called the Health Promotion and Education Council of Virginia in its effort to reduce premature and preventable death and disability in the state. To this end the Council sought legislative action to accelerate the diffusion of health promotion throughout the state. Discussing elements of diffusion theory such as working through opinion leaders, creating information-exchange relationships, and tailoring the attributes of the innovation to achieve its objectives, the paper reviews the process through which the Council became an effective advocate, and the strategies it devised to communicate the innovation of health promotion to legislators. The legislation that was generated by the work of the legislative study committee and future uses of theory are also discussed.
Thermal conductivity of superconducting Th and Th--Gd alloys

Thermal conductivity measurements are reported for both the normal and superconducting states of pure Th and Th-Gd alloys. The pure Th results show significant deviations from the Bardeen-Rickayzen-Tewordt theory, but these deviations are consistent with the observed anisotropy of the energy gap. Measurements for the Th-Gd alloys agree well with the theory of Ambegaokar and Griffin for paramagnetic-impurity-doped superconductors.
IMOMO-G2MS Approaches to Accurate Calculations of Bond Dissociation Energies of Large Molecules

Accurate calculations were performed for single bond dissociation energies using the IMOMO (integrated MO + MO) method, a version of the ONIOM method, with a variety of molecular orbital (MO) combinations and were compared with the experimental values. The dissociation energies studied are for the C−H bond of benzene (with ethylene and butadiene as a model system), the C−F bond of fluorobenzene (model CH2CHF), the C−CH3 bond of toluene (model CH2CH−CH3), the Si−H bond of phenylsilane C6H5SiH2−H (models of CH2CHSiH2−H and SiH3−H), the O−H bond of n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, and t-butanol (model H2O), the C−S bond of PhCH2−SCH3 (model CH3−SH), and the O−O bond of SF5O−OSF3 (model HO−OH). The IMOMO(G2MS(R):ROMP2/6-31G(d)) calculation, which uses G2MS(R) for the model dissociation and ROMP2/6-31G(d) for the substituent effect, at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) (or sometimes /6-31G) optimized geometries (and zero-point corrections) using two non-hydrogen-atom model systems, A−B for the A−B bond or AB−H for the B−H...
Optical properties of crystalline tungsten

The optical properties of W are presented between 0.15 and 33 eV. The optical absorptivity or reflectivity was measured at near-normal incidence, and the data were Kramers-Kronig analyzed to determine the dielectric functions. Drude parameters were determined at low energy and were used to separate interband and intraband contributions to ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$. Structures in ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ were apparent at 0.42, 0.97, 1.82, 2.35, 3.42, 5.25, 8.8, 11.3, 16.5, 22.5, and 31.5 eV. These features were discussed in terms of recent calculations of Christensen and Feuerbacher and by analogy to other transtion metals studied. The loss functions were shown to have three volume plasmons (25.3, 15.2, and 10.0 eV) and three surface plasmons (20.8, 14.8, and 9.7 eV). Structure near 31.5 eV was interpreted as due to ${N}_{\mathrm{VII}}$ core transitions.
Towards an understanding of the nuclear potential

The formalism for investigating the /bar Q/q/bar Q/q system on the lattice is constructed. We describe how the model may be used to study the nuclear potential, and present some preliminary results on the range of the nuclear force. 6 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.
Tacrolimus (FK506) and methotrexate as prophylaxis for acute graft-versus-host disease in pediatric allogeneic stem cell transplantation

Currently, limited data exist on the role of tacrolimus (FK506) in pediatric allogeneic marrow transplantation. Forty-one patients who received tacrolimus as prophylaxis were reviewed, with a median age of 9 years (range 0.2-16 years). Twenty-one patients underwent related donor transplants and 20 underwent unrelated donor transplants. All patients received tacrolimus beginning the day prior to transplant at a dose of 0.03 mg/kg/day by continuous i.v. infusion. When clinically possible, patients were switched to oral therapy in two divided doses, at four times the intravenous dose. Tacrolimus levels were monitored twice a week, and dosages adjusted to maintain serum levels 5-15 ng/ml. Common adverse effects included hypomagnesemia (98%), hypertension (49%), nephrotoxicity (34%), and tremors (32%). Less common side-effects ( 500 x 106/l) was 15 days. For the related donor group, the incidence of grade II-IV acute GVHD was 33%, and grade III-IV GVHD 19%. For the unrelated donor group, the incidence of grade II-IV acute GVHD was 55%, and grade III-IV GVHD 30%. Overall, tacrolimus therapy was well tolerated as prophylaxis for acute GVHD in pediatric patients undergoing allogeneic transplantation.
Exploring the legacy effects of surface coal mining on stream chemistry

Surface coal mining results in dramatic alterations of the landscape in central Appalachia, leading to a myriad of environmental problems. In this study, we explore the long-term effects of surface coal mining on stream chemistry and endeavor to gain a better understanding of the efficacy of reclamation. We examined 30 sites in the Raccoon Creek watershed in southeastern Ohio, where the majority of surface mine sites are in various stages of reclamation. Our results show that conductivity (r = 0.862; P = 0.000), sulfate (r = 0.619; P = 0.000), and aluminum (r = 0.469; P = 0.009) levels increase linearly as a function of the areal extent of reclaimed mines in each subwatershed, suggesting limited success of reclamation to restore natural stream chemistry. In contrast, pH was not significantly linearly correlated with the areal extent of surface mines. This suggests that local acid mine drainage remediation projects are able to regulate acidity levels in the watershed but not conductivity and certain heavy metal concentrations. Many sites had conductivity levels high enough to impair aquatic biota via ionic and osmoregulatory stress. In sum, surface coal mining appears to have a strong legacy effect on stream chemistry in the Raccoon Creek watershed.
University Audit Departments in the United States

Internal auditors of public and private universities were asked about their selection processes, supervisors, and activities. At public institutions, the governing board selects the internal auditor, the president supervises the work and more audit findings are implemented. Private institutions have more audit committees that are involved with the internal auditors' activities and their auditors perform more program audits. Thus, although public universities are following professional guidelines more closely, suggesting more accountability, private universities have greater access to audit committees and perform more value-added audits.
Pharmacodynamics, clinical indications, and adverse effects of heparin.

Heparins are a heterogenous group of naturally occurring glycosaminoglycans characterized by anticoagulant activity and a wide range of molecular weights (low molecular weight or fractionated heparins evolving within the past two decades). Cofactors for endogenous inhibitors of coagulation (antithrombin III and heparin cofactor II), heparin administration results in a hypocoagulable state. Various platelet activities, including inhibition of activity induced by platelet-derived growth factors on vascular smooth muscle, also have been noted. Divorced of anticoagulant nature, novel applications may include a role in atherosclerosis prevention, acceleration of collateral coronary as well as peripheral circulation (i.e., angiogenesis), and continued (chronic) post-myocardial infarction therapy. Established indications include treatment of various thrombotic diseases, unstable angina, and thrombosis chemoprophylaxis in medical/surgical patients. The antithrombotic potential of the heparins is used also in thrombosis management related to extracorporeal circulatory assistance or dialysis devices. Heparin's therapeutic potential in the postphlebitic syndrome as well as in acute treatment of myocardial infarction (primarily and adjunctively with various thrombolytic agents) continues to undergo evaluation; however, early data review shows favorable trends for its inclusion in situations that favor thrombus generation (e.g., anterior myocardial infarction). Although associated with thrombocytopenia or hypertransaminasemia, the heparins are relatively well tolerated. In a small subset of patients, a severe thrombocytopenia may ensue, which generally resolves on medication withdrawal. As this class of glycosaminoglycans becomes better characterized, new indications may emerge for both native and the newer fractionated heparins.
Coherence enhanced transient lasing in XUV regime

We report the effect of a coherent drive on transient lasing in three-level Λ and Ξ configurations (c ↔ a ↔ b). We show that the presence of a resonant coherent drive on the a ↔ c optical transition can yield an order of magnitude enhancement of the output laser energy on a a → b extreme ultraviolet (XUV) or X-ray transition than with no coherent drive. We demonstrate the crucial role of coherence ac for the laser power enhancement. Contrary to the forward direction (with respect to the pump laser), where forward gain can be enhanced for some choice of the drive Rabi frequency Ωc, coherent drive on the ac transition always suppresses the backward gain.
Atypical forms of the Wenckebach phenomenon

Abstract Representative electrocardiograms and brief case histories from 5 patients are presented. In each case, the electrocardiogram reveals a Wenckebach phenomenon in either a relatively concealed form or associated with another arrhythmia. The salient features of each tracing are discussed and various diagnostic pitfalls are mentioned.
Dynamic modeling of automotive engine crankshafts

Abstract The vibratory behavior of automotive engine crankshafts is investigated. A new finite element model involving a new scheme for modeling the stiffness and damping properties of the journal bearings is proposed. Shear deformations, rotary inertia, hysteretic damping and flywheel and drive pulley inertias, are accounted for. The element is capable of modeling thin members up to aspect ratio of 100. The natural frequencies or the crankshaft of a four in-line cylinder engine are determined and compared with analytical and experimental values available in the open literature.
Trust without touch: jumpstarting long-distance trust with initial social activities

Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is thought to be inadequate when one needs to establish trust. If, however, people meet before using CMC, they trust each other, trust being established through touch. Here we show that if participants do not meet beforehand but rather engage in various getting-acquainted activities over a network, trust is much higher than if they do nothing beforehand, nearly as good as a prior meeting. Using text-chat to get acquainted is nearly as good as meeting, and even just seeing a picture is better than nothing
D-optimal designs for weighted polynomial regression

Abstract By utilizing the equivalence theorem and Descartes's rule of signs, we construct D-optimal designs for a weighted polynomial regression model of degree k , with specific weight function w ( x )=1/( a 2 − x 2 ) δ , on the compact interval [−1,1]. The main result shows that in most cases, the number of support points of the D-optimal design is k +1, while in other cases, the D-optimal design has k +2 support points.
Evaluation of changeover control policies by singular value analysis—Effects of scaling

A method for assessing control performance at different operating conditions in a chemical process is developed using singular value analysis. The control potential of the system is established by analyzing the singular values of the steady-state system matrix. Dynamic considerations and interaction analysis can be included in the framework of the method described. The approach enables the process engineer to consider controllability of the process as well as economics in synthesizing a changeover control policy. Singular values depend on the scaling of the system, i.e., the definition of the physical dimensions of the system. The effects of scaling on the analysis are first investigated by scaling the steady-state system matrix with empirical methods, equilibration, and geometric scaling. Using the insights gained from these studies a scaling method, variable normalization and equation equilibration, which is intuitively appealing and suited for the purpose, is devised. Two typical systems, continuous stirred tank reactor and a polymerization reaction system, demonstrate the usefulness of this method.
A stalk-specific localization of trehalase activity in Dictyostelium discoideum.

Abstract By utilizing ultra-microtechniques, trehalase activity was followed in specific cell types during the differentiation cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum . When whole organisms were assayed, trehalase activity was found to be high in the early stages of differentiation, decreased to its lowest point at 14 h, and then increased at the end of the cycle. By microdissection of freeze-dried individuals, the activity of trehalase could be followed during the migration of pre-stalk and pre-spore cells. No activity was observed at any stage of spore cell development, whereas stalk cells showed a rapid increase in activity upon maturation. An increasing gradient of activity was found from the apex of the stalk toward the base. This localization of trehalase in stalk cells resolves some contradictory results in the literature concerning the role of the enzyme during differentiation.
Formation of reverse rigor chevrons by myosin heads

THE uniform angle and conformation of myosin subfragment 1 (S1) bound to actin filaments (F-actin) attest to the precise alignment and stereospecificity of the binding of these two contractile proteins1,2. Because actin filaments are polar3, myosin heads must swing or rotate about the head–tail junction in order to bind. Electron microscopy of isolated thick filaments4 and of myosin molecules5 suggests that the molecules are flexible, but myosin fragments and crossbridges have been reported not to interact with inappropriately oriented actin filaments6,7. Here we describe myofibrillar defects engendered by a site-directed mutation within the flight-muscle-specific actin gene of the fruitfly Drosophila. The mutation apparently retards sarcomere assembly: peripheral thick and thin filaments are misregistered and not incorporated into the Z-line. Therefore, a myosin filament encounters thin filaments with the 'wrong' polarity. We show that myosin heads tethered in a single thick filament can bind with opposite rigor crossbridge angles to flanking thin filaments, which are apparently of opposite polarities. Preservation of identical actomyosin interfaces requires that sets of heads originating from opposite sides of the thick filament swivel 180° relative to each other, implying that myosin crossbridges are as flexible as isolated molecules.
Resuspension Properties of Sediments from the Fox, Saginaw, and Buffalo Rivers

Abstract The resuspension properties of sediments from the Fox, Saginaw, and Buffalo rivers were investigated by means of laboratory experiments and field measurements. In this work, an annular flume and a portable resuspension device (Shaker) were used. The advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of these devices are discussed. By a combination of laboratory and field tests, the resuspension properties of undisturbed sediments in each of these three rivers were approximately determined as a function of shear stress and time after deposition. The results show distinct and quantifiable differences in resuspension properties between sediments in each of the rivers and between muddy and sandy sediments within a river. For each type of sediment in a particular river, the resuspension data can be approximated by a simple equation.
Cardiac sympathetic afferent stimulation impairs baroreflex control of renal sympathetic nerve activity in rats.

It is well known that cardiac sympathetic afferent reflexes contribute to increases in sympathetic outflow and that sympathetic activity can antagonize arterial baroreflex function. In this study, ...
The human EMAP-like protein-70 (ELP70) is a microtubule destabilizer that localizes to the mitotic apparatus

Abstract In this report, we show that theechinoderm microtubule (MT)-associated protein (EMAP) and relatedEMAP-like proteins (ELPs) share a similar domain organization with a highly conservedhydrophobic ELP (HELP) domain and a large tryptophan-aspartic acid (WD) repeat domain. To determine the function of mammalian ELPs, we generated antibodies against a 70-kDa human ELP and showed that ELP70 coassembled with MTs in HeLa cell extracts and colocalized with MTs in the mitotic apparatus. To determine whether ELP70 bound to MTs directly, human ELP70 was expressed and purified to homogeneity from baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells. Purified ELP70 bound to purified MTs with a stoichiometry of 0.40 ± 0.04 mol of ELP70/mol of tubulin dimer and with an intrinsic dissociation constant of 0.44 ± 0.13 μm. Using a nucleated assembly assay and video-enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy, we demonstrated that ELP70 reduced seeded nucleation, reduced the growth rate, and promoted MT catastrophes in a concentration-dependent manner. As a result, ELP70-containing MTs were significantly shorter than MTs assembled from tubulin alone. These data indicate that ELP70 is a novel MT destabilizer. A lateral destabilization model is presented to describe ELP70's effects on microtubules.
New clinical protocol to evaluate craniomaxillofacial deformity and plan surgical correction.

Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery (CMF) involves the correction of congenital and acquired conditions of the head and face. In the United States, a significant number of patients require surgery for these types of conditions. They include patients with of congenital and developmental deformities of the CMF region (17 million) 1-7, defects after tumor ablation (28,000 new patients per year)8, post-traumatic defects (200,000 per year)9, 10 and deformities of the temporomandibular joint (6000 patients per year require prosthetic and autogenous TMJ reconstruction)11, 12. The latest figures indicate that 33,000 US servicemen and women have been wounded in action in both Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom.13 It is estimated the one fourth to one third of them suffered head and neck injuries.14 The surgical correction of CMF deformities is among the most challenging. The success of these surgeries depends not only on the technical aspects of the operation, but also, to a larger extent, on the formulation of a precise surgical plan.15-24 Over the last 50 years, there have been significant improvements in the technical aspects of surgery, i.e. rigid fixation, resorbable materials, distraction osteogenesis, minimally invasive approaches, etc. However, the planning methods have mostly remained unchanged.17, 18, 20, 24 It is clear that many of the unwanted surgical outcomes are the result of deficient planning. The need to improve the traditional surgical planning methods has led our group to develop a 3D computer-aided surgical simulation (CASS) system to plan CMF surgery. We have utilized this system in maxillofacial surgery23, 25-27, craniofacial surgery28, trauma, distraction osteogenesis28-30 and TMJ reconstruction31. Using this system, a doctor can perform “virtual surgery” and create a 3D prediction of the patient's surgical outcomes, as if they are performing surgery in the operating room. We have documented the clinical feasibility18, 24, the accuracy32 and cost-effectiveness33 of this system. Our CASS system incorporates 3 distinctive features and innovations: 1) multiple imaging modalities are used to create an accurate model of the craniofacial skeleton; 2) special techniques are employed to orient the computerized bone model in the natural head position (NHP); and 3) Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques are used to fabricate accurate surgical splints and templates to transfer the surgical plan to the operating room. The purpose of this article is to present our CASS planning protocol.
Electrical Properties of an Individual Chicken Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus

Over the past few years, virus detection techniques have become increasingly important because of the frequent occurrence of new pathogenic virus strains. At present, there are two well-established diagnostic techniques for viruses: immunoassay and DNA-/RNA-based methods. Immunoassay, considered the gold standard, uses either direct immunofluorescent assay or membrane enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to first isolate the virus and then characterize it using serological or other molecular biological tools. Typical drawbacks for immunoassay include poor specificity and low sensitivity. By comparison, DNA-/RNA-based methods such as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays are much more specific and sensitive. These methods, however, are typically very time consuming since the protocol requires a series of DNA/RNA isolation, concentration, and gel electrophoresis.
Structural Transformation in Ceria Nanoparticles during Redox Processes

Using an environmental transmission electron microscope, we followed and characterized the in situ atomic-level redox processes in individual ceria nanoparticles. This is a critical step to underst...
A framework for evaluating systems thinking interventions: an experimental approach to mental health system change

Researchers from the State University of New York at Albany and the New York State Office of Mental Health have been engaged in testing an experimental approach to evaluating systems thinking interventions. This research calls for a similar systems thinking intervention to be repeated in four counties with four control counties also selected and observed via pre- and post-intervention measures. The overall context of the project focuses on integration of mental health and vocational rehabilitation services. The experiment is designed to evaluate measurable outcomes, including shifts in goal structures and change strategies of the management team, shifts in relative alignment of the management team as a whole, perceived success of the intervention, and changes in systems and procedures necessary to improve client services. This article presents a framework for evaluating systems thinking interventions as well as preliminary findings from the pilot test. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Syst. Dyn. Rev. 13, 149‐169, 1997
Interaction between dispersive and inhomogeneous models for interpreting spectral ellipsometric data of thin films

Spectral ellipsometric data taken on thin-film samples are often used to obtain optical properties of the thin-film materials. A homogeneous model is usually used for the films and a dispersive refractive index is varied to fit the data. Often the data do not fit a homogeneous model. In this case the film is modeled by one or more layers to approximate an inhomogeneous film. A common procedure is to fix the dispersion curve for the film material and to model the indices of the various layers with density or porosity as the adjustable parameter. This paper demonstrates that dispersion and film inhomogeneity can affect ellipsometric data in a similar fashion in certain spectral regions. Thus, the dispersion curve derived using a homogeneous film model may be in error due to inhomogeneities in the film. An example is presented for a silica (SiO2) film on a silicon (Si) substrate. Ellipsometric data are calculated using handbook values for the refractive indices of the materials, but for an inhomogeneous silica film. These data are analyzed using a homogeneous film with a variable Cauchy dispersion equation. The best-fit dispersion curve is found to deviate significantly from the handbook data for silica.
A Cross-Cultural Comparison of the HURIER Listening Profile Among Iranian and U.S. Students

Understanding how members of different cultures perceive and process listening is fundamental to the enhancement of cross-cultural communication. This exploratory study is the first to compare Iranian students with U.S. students regarding their perceptions of their own listening competence using Brownell's HURIER Listening Profile. The study's hypothesis that the two groups perceive their listening competence differently was partially supported. Across the six processes of the HURIER Listening Profile, the U.S. students perceived themselves as slightly better listeners in the areas of hearing, remembering and responding as compared with their Iranian counterparts, although both groups perceived themselves as “good listener” in four areas of hearing, remembering, interpreting, and responding, and as “adequate listener” in two areas of understanding and evaluating.
Prevalence of External Injuries in Small Cetaceans in Aruban Waters, Southern Caribbean

Fieldwork was supported by grants provided by Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds, George Mason University, Cetacean Society International, Society for Marine Mammalogy, Lerner-Gray fund of the American Museum of Natural History, Humane Society International, Aruban Department of Agriculture, Husbandry and Fisheries, and K.M. Luksenburg-Bouwmeester. Publication of this article was funded in part by the George Mason University Libraries Open Access Publishing Fund.
An Investigation of the Shell Nosing Process by the Finite-Element Method. Part 2: Nosing at Elevated Temperatures (Hot Nosing)

The metal-forming processes of shell nosing at elevated temperatures were analyzed by the finite-element method. The strain-rate effects on materials properties and the flow stress dependence on temperatures were included in the finite-element analysis. A thermodynamic theory of visco-plasticity based on rational mechanics was adapted to a rigid-plastic material idealization. An implicit scheme is used for the time integration of heat transfer equations, which is coupled to the plasticity equations. The nine-node quadrilateral elements with quadratic velocity distribution were used for the workpiece, and four-node quadrilateral elements were used for the die in the heat transfer analysis and temperature calculations. The coupled analysis of heat transfer and deformation was applied to the forming of AISI 1045 steel shells. Correlation between simulation and experimental results are good.
Extraction of early perceptual structure in dot patterns: integrating region, boundary, and component gestalt

Abstract This paper presents a computational approach to extracting basic perceptual structure, or the lowest level grouping in dot patterns. The goal is to extract the perceptual segments of dots that group together because of their relative locations. The dots are interpreted as belonging to the interior or the border of a perceptual segment, or being along a perceived curve, or being isolated. To perform the lowest level grouping, first the geometric structure of the dot pattern is represented in terms of certain geometric properties of the Voronoi neighborhoods of the dots. The grouping is accomplished through independent modules that posses narrow expertise for recognition of typical interior dots, border dots, curve dots, and isolated dots, from the properties of the Voronoi neighborhoods. The results of the modules are allowed to influence and change each other so as to result in perceptual components that satisfy global, Gestalt criteria such as border and curve smoothness and component compactness. Such latera; communication among the modules makes feasible a perceptual interpretation of the local structure in a manner that best meets the global expectations. Thus, an integration is performed of multiple constraints, active at different perceptual levels and having different scopes in the dot pattern, to infer the lowest level perceptual structure. The local interpretations as well as lateral corrections are performed through constraint propagation using a probabilistic relaxation process. The result is a partitioning of the dot pattern into different perceptual segments or tokens. Unlike dots, these segments posses size and shape properties in addition to locations.
Emotion Knowledge, Emotion Utilization, and Emotion Regulation:

This article suggests a way to circumvent some of the problems that follow from the lack of consensus on a definition of emotion (Izard, 2010; Kleinginna & Kleinginna, 1981) and emotion regulation (Cole, Martin, & Dennis, 2004) by adopting a conceptual framework based on discrete emotions theory and focusing on specific emotions. Discrete emotions theories assume that neural, affective, and cognitive processes differ across specific emotions and that each emotion has particular motivational and regulatory functions. Thus, efforts at regulation should target the specific dysregulated emotions. The positive effects of emotion regulation are more likely to be optimized when they result from or lead to emotion utilization—the constructive use of the energy of emotion arousal. Effective processes for regulation differ for basic emotions and emotion schemas. This article identifies neural systems that facilitate emotion experiences and emotion regulation processes. It considers the implications of the developme...
Biblical Responses: Past and Present Retellings of the Enigmatic Mrs. Job

Her namelessness, her uneventful fulfillment of maternal duties, her short and unclear speech, and her departure after the second chapter of the book of Job have piqued, rather than quelled, interpreters' interest in Job's wife throughout history. This article first describes what little we can glean about Mrs. Job from the 'original' Masoretic Text (MT) and then tracks Mrs. Job's appearance in two post-biblical retellings: the ancient Testament of Job and a contemporary short story, “Job's Jobs,” by Aimee Bender. These retellings seem to be, in their own ways, addressing three important questions: “what kind of relationship does she have with her husband Job?,” “what effects do Job's series of tests have on her life?,” and “why might Mrs. Job have said such surprising and seemingly terrible words to her husband amidst his suffering?” It is suggested that the retellings respond in consonant ways—particularly through their development of her relationship with Job, the suffering she experiences because of his tests, and her various speaking parts. Because the similarities are found in more than one retelling, the article argues that readers can rightfully return to the biblical source material, in order to query whether the Bible implied those questions in the first place and to use their interpretations to re-read the book of Job, proffering a rich, viable, and alternative literary interpretation for the character of Mrs. Job.
Church and State in the United States: Competing Conceptions and Historic Changes

This article, originally written for a French audience, attempts to explain the American law of church and state from the ground up, assuming no background information. Basic legal provisions are explained. The relevant American history is periodized in three alignments of religious conflict: Protestant-Protestant, Protestant-Catholic, and religious-secular. Some frequently heard concepts are explained, distinguished, and related to each other-separation, voluntarism, equality, formal and substantive neutrality, liberty, toleration, and state action. Finally, the principal disputes over religious liberty are assessed in three broad areas-funding of religiously affiliated activities, religious speech (with and without government sponsorship), and regulation of religious practice. These disputes are reviewed in historical, political, and doctrinal terms, with brief comparisons to the substantially different French solutions to the same problems.
Quantum field theory constrains traversable wormhole geometries.

Recently a bound on negative energy densities in four-dimensional Minkowski spacetime was derived for a minimally coupled, quantized, massless, scalar field in an arbitrary quantum state. The bound has the form of an uncertainty-principle-type constraint on the magnitude and duration of the negative energy density seen by a timelike geodesic observer. When spacetime is curved and/or has boundaries, we argue that the bound should hold in regions small compared to the minimum local characteristic radius of curvature or the distance to any boundaries, since spacetime can be considered approximately Minkowski on these scales. We apply the bound to the stress-energy of static traversable wormhole spacetimes. Our analysis implies that either the wormhole must be only a little larger than Planck size or that there is a large discrepancy in the length scales which characterize the wormhole. In the latter case, the negative energy must typically be concentrated in a thin band many orders of magnitude smaller than the throat size. These results would seem to make the existence of macroscopic traversable wormholes very improbable. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
EFFECT OF ATROPINE ON THE GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT FOLLOWING THYROID MEDICATION1

IN A PREVIOUS EXPERIMENTAL STUDY (I) on the effect of the thyroid principle in the gastrointestinal tract we found that thyroid medication markedly accelerates gastrointestinal motility in the normal, in the thyroidectomid and in the thyroidectomized vagotomized animal. From these experiments however, we couldnot establish the exact mechanism of that action. Therefore, we repeated some of ourprevious work to determine whether thyroid action occurs at the nerve endings, sincein vagotomized animals thyroid action also stimulated motility. This investigationwas suggested by Dr. A. C. Ivy.In a previous attempt to determine the effect of the thyroid gland on the gastro intestinal tract we had sectioned the vagus nerves on the lower esophagus just belowthe diaphragm. After thyroid medication an acceleration of gastrointestinal motilitywas observed in both the thyroidectomized and normal animals. Even after the vagihad been severed the effect of thyroid medication was not altered.
Six-Minute Walk Is a Better Outcome Measure Than Treadmill Walking Tests in Therapeutic Trials of Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease

Lower-extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) affects 8 million people in the United States and >200 million men and women worldwide.1,2 PAD will become increasingly common as the US population survives longer with chronic disease. Although intermittent claudication is the most frequent classic symptom of PAD, many patients with PAD are asymptomatic or have exertional leg symptoms other than intermittent claudication.3,4 Patients with PAD have slower walking speed, poorer walking endurance, and substantially lower physical activity levels compared with people without PAD.3,5 Patients with PAD also have a faster decline in lower-extremity functional performance and higher rates of mobility loss compared with individuals without PAD.6-8 Even patients with PAD who are asymptomatic or who have exertional leg symptoms other than intermittent claudication have greater functional impairment, faster functional decline, and higher rates of mobility loss than people without PAD.3,9–11 The functional limitations experienced by people with PAD are associated with loss of independence, loss of mobility in daily life, increased hospitalization rates, and increased mortality.8,12–14 Therefore, an important treatment goal in patients with PAD is improving walking performance and preventing mobility loss. Response by Hiatt et al p 68 Despite the functional limitations present in PAD, few medical therapies exist for improving walking performance and preventing mobility loss in patients with PAD. There are just 2 US Food and Drug Administration–approved medications, pentoxifylline and cilostazol, for improving walking performance in patients with PAD.15–17 Of these 2 medications, pentoxifylline is not substantially better than placebo.15,17 Cilostazol provides only modest improvement in treadmill walking performance.16,17 Although supervised treadmill exercise significantly improves walking performance in patients with PAD,18,19 medical insurance typically does …
Far-infrared photon-assisted transport through quantum point-contact devices.

We analyse theoretically the phenomenon of photon-assisted quantum transport in split-gate quantum point-contact devices. Both the transverse and longitudinal polarisation configurations for the ac photon field are considered. We predict that ministeps should appear in the drain/source conductance versus gate voltage relation, as well as in the I-V DS curve in the nonlinear regime, for a quantum point contact irradiated with a coherent far-infrared radiation. The width of the ministeps is proportional to the radiation frequency and the height of the ministeps is a function of the radiation power
Acute Constrictive Pericarditis After Lung Transplantation for Lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare, cystic, progressive lung disease with many extrapulmonary manifestations, which may complicate allograft function after transplantation. We present a LAM patient with new dyspnea and declining spirometry without rejection, infection or recurrence one year after bilateral lung transplantation. Investigation revealed acute constrictive pericarditis, which has not been reported previously in a lung transplant patient with LAM. This represents a novel complication likely due to progression of extrapulmonary LAM and should be considered in LAM transplant patients with dyspnea.
Designing Traffic Signal Yellow and Change Intervals Considering Truck Impacts

This research quantifies the effect of heavy vehicles on the design of yellow and all-red intervals. With empirical data from previous studies and truck performance characteristics, models are developed to simulate driver perception-reaction times and truck deceleration levels at signalized intersections. These models consider roadway surface and weather conditions (dry, fog, or rain); driver attributes (age and gender); roadway grade; approach speed; and time and distance to the intersection at the onset of the yellow indication. An agent-based approach is used to develop driver- and vehicle-specific yellow times. The yellow timings for light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles are then combined and consider different percentages of heavy vehicles in the traffic stream. Lookup tables are developed for grades, precipitation types and levels, and percentages of trucks to provide practical guidelines for the design of yellow and all-red signal timings. In general, the research demonstrates that adding trucks to th...
Generalization gradients around SsD following errorless discrimination learning

Four pigeons were shaped by an errorless procedure to discriminate a blank key as SD and a key lit by 576 nm as SsD, and then discrimination training continued on a MULT RI 1 min, EXT schedule before generalization tests were conducted on wavelength and intensity dimensions. Generalization gradients along wavelength were flat at zero response rate, while intensity generalization gradients were sloped to high response rates at low intensities. Implications for defining generalization of inhibition were drawn.
HETEROEPITAXY OF RARE-EARTH HEXA-ALUMINATES ON SAPPHIRE

We have grown epitaxial thin films of rare-earth hexa-aluminates on basal plane sapphire from liquid precursors. LnAl11O18 (Ln = Gd3+, Nd3+) films form via the reaction of a perovskite intermediate phase and the sapphire substrate according to LnAlO3 + 5Al2O3 = LnAl11O18. Hexa-aluminate thin films with magnetoplumbite (MP) structure grow epitaxially with (0001)mp ‖(0001)s, 〈1120mp‖〈1010〉s orientation relationship. The a-axis of the film is rotated 30°with respect to the substrate. This rotation results in a smaller mismatch (∼1%) between the two oxygen sublattices. Thermodynamic and kinetic arguments pertaining to magnetoplumbite formation for the smaller Gd3+ cation are presented. These epitaxial thin films are likely to have application in higher temperature ion conduction, catalysis, fluorescence, and as laser host.
Mammary fibroadenoma and some phyllodes tumour stroma are composed of CD34+ fibroblasts and factor XIIIa+ dendrophages

Fibroadenomas and mammary phyllodes tumour arise by proliferation of mammary stroma and epithelial elements. However, it is the stromal element that determines the biology of these biphasic tumours. Normal mammary stroma, like most collagenous connective tissue, contains resident populations of CD34+ dendritic interstitial cells and scattered factor XIIIa+ collagen-associated dendrophages. Actin+myofibroblasts are usually absent from mammary stroma in non-disease states. To determine whether CD34+ and factor XIIIa+ cells proliferate in fibroadenomas and phyllodes tumours, and to study myofibroblastic differentiation in these lesions, we examined 19 fibroadenomas in 14 patients along with five low grade and two high grade phyllodes tumours. We employed antibodies against the human progenitor cell antigen CD34, coagulation factor XIIIa and HHF-35 actin. In three fibroadenomas and two phyllodes tumours, we used Ki-67 antigen to study cell proliferation and oestrogen and progesterone receptors to study possible hormonal influence on stromal cells. In all fibroadenomas, CD34 strongly stained interlobular, pericanalicular and intracanalicular fibroblasts with collagenous and/or myxoid features. Four low grade phyllodes tumours also had CD34+ fibroblasts as did one high grade tumour. Actin reactivity varied and was most pronounced in six fibroadenomas resembling the so-called cellular variant, while seven regular fibroadenomas had no actin+stromal cells and six had only focal and weak actin+stromal cells. Factor XIIIa+ cells were prominently admixed in the stroma of all tumours studied comprising from 5% to 20% in fibroadenomas and, focally, up to 50% in phyllodes tumours. Oestrogen and progesterone receptors were expressed only in glandular elements. Ki-67 index in stromal cells was 1% to 3% in fibroadenoma, 10% to 20% in low grade, and 20% to 40% in high grade phyllodes tumour. We conclude that fibroadenomas and some phyllodes tumours are composed of CD34+ fibroblasts that show varying myxoid, collagenous or myofibroblastic differentiation. The fibroblasts are accompanied by a subset of dendritic histiocytes that express factor XIIIa. Fibroadenoma variants show prominent collagenous actin+myofibroblastic differentiation of CD34+ stromal cells, sometimes with a gradient of CD34 down-regulation. Fine-needle or limited stereotactic core biopsy of these biphasic tumours, if they yield only stromal cells, must be distinguished from other CD34+ stromal tumours. Increased factor XIIIa+ dendrophage populations were seen in phyllodes tumours, especially in two high grade tumours that had malignant fibrous histiocytoma-like features, suggesting clonal evolution toward the fibrohistiocytic final pathway. Further study of CD34 and factor XIIIa+ mammary stromal cells in larger numbers of phyllodes tumours might ascertain whether increasing factor XIIIa reactivity correlates with differentiation and increased tumour aggressiveness.
Rapid and sensitive anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of radiolabeled inositol phosphates and inositol trisphosphate isomers in cellular systems.

Abstract A rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of multiple inositol phosphates and inositol trisphosphate isomers was developed. The separation of inositol phosphates was optimized by controlling the ionic strength with stepped gradient programs and the pH of mobile phase. Six inositol phosphates were determined within 22 min or the six compounds plus an inositol trisphosphate isomer within 24 min using a single anion-exchange column containing the quaternary ammonium functional group. This technique was successfully applied to the determination of inositol phosphatide turnover by AIF 4 − stimulation in a small amount (5 · 10 5 -1 · 10 6 cells) of cultured retinal capillary pericytes. Because of its efficiency, accuracy and applicability to the separation of inositol phosphates from biological samples, this method may be useful in signal transduction studies in cellular systems.
Towards optimal least square filters using the eigenfilter approach

In this paper, we propose a new eigenfilter approach to designing least square error filters. The filters are obtained by finding an eigenvector of a real, symmetric and positive definite matrix, which is numerically stable. The proposed algorithm has two advantages. First, we show that the least-square solution, which can only be obtained through matrix inversion in the literature, can be asymptotically reached with our algorithm. Second, when numerical errors break. the matrix inversion method, our algorithm can still find some ioptimali filter through tuning an internal parameter.
HyperX: topology, routing, and packaging of efficient large-scale networks

In the push to achieve exascale performance, systems will grow to over 100,000 sockets, as growing cores-per-socket and improved single-core performance provide only part of the speedup needed. These systems will need affordable interconnect structures that scale to this level. To meet the need, we consider an extension of the hypercube and flattened butterfly topologies, the HyperX, and give an adaptive routing algorithm, DAL. HyperX takes advantage of high-radix switch components that integrated photonics will make available. Our main contributions include a formal descriptive framework, enabling a search method that finds optimal HyperX configurations; DAL; and a low cost packaging strategy for an exascale HyperX. Simulations show that HyperX can provide performance as good as a folded Clos, with fewer switches. We also describe a HyperX packaging scheme that reduces system cost. Our analysis of efficiency, performance, and packaging demonstrates that the HyperX is a strong competitor for exascale networks.