cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Child, Parenting, and Situational Characteristics Associated with Toddlers' Prosocial Behaviour

The infant and toddler years are crucial for the development of prosocial behaviour, such as helping, sharing, comforting and cooperation. Recent evidence suggests that the correlates of different types of prosocial behaviour may differ. The current study investigated whether child, maternal parenting and situational characteristics were differentially associated with toddlers' cooperation and concern with a peer. The sample, drawn from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care, included the 612 children who participated in the 36-month dyadic play session and their mothers. The results indicated that girls were more cooperative and expressed more concern than boys. Greater sustained attention to toys was associated with lower cooperation. Children were more cooperative with peers who engaged in more positive social interaction, and expressed more concern with peers that they had a close relationship with. Maternal sensitivity at 24 months was associated with greater cooperation when the peer engaged in more positive social behaviour. Finally, both maternal sensitivity and cognitive stimulation at 15 months indirectly influenced toddlers' cooperation through maternal sensitivity at 24 months, underscoring the predictive power of early parenting when children are rapidly developing the capacity to engage in prosocial behaviour. Overall, the results highlight some differences in the correlates of toddlers' cooperation and concern. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning-Induced Receptive Field Plasticity in the Primary Auditory Cortex

Abstract Primary sensory cortex in the adult is modified by learning. The primary auditory cortex is retuned when a tone is paired with a behaviorally relevant reinforcer. Frequency receptive fields are shifted toward or to the frequency of the signal stimulus, yielding enhanced processing and representation of important frequencies. Receptive field plasticity constitutes “physiological memory” because, like much memory, it is associative, highly specific, rapidly-induced, and retained indefinitely, at least for months. The basal forebrain cholinergic system may be a substrate because its paired activation is sufficient to induce receptive field plasticity in the absence of actual behavioral learning experiences.
Academic Research on FIN 48: What Have We Learned? Prepared for the Financial Accounting Foundations’ Post-Implementation Review of Financial Accounting Standards Board Interpretation No. 48

This paper is the academic literature review delivered to the Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF) in October 2011 as part of a post-implementation review (PIR). The FAF determined in 2009 that the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) standard setting process required a formal review to monitor and address issues that can arise after the implementation of accounting standards. The FAF selected FASB Interpretation No. 48 (FIN 48), Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes, as the initial PIR standard. Moreover, the FAF identified academic research related to the chosen standard as an important input into the PIR. As such, academics with expertise on the selected standard are identified to provide a written summary of the literature, with the objective of making the research more accessible.
Integration of Fly Baits, Traps, and Cords to Kill House Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) and Reduce Annoyance

Abstract Combinations of commercial fly baits, traps, and cords were evaluated for integration into a fly management system. Imidacloprid granular and sprayable baits caused house fly, Musca domestica L., mortality at a faster rate than methomyl granular fly bait; however, the methomyl granular bait had the highest overall mortality at 24 h. Commercial fly traps had a variety of designs that resulted in differences in efficiency for retaining house flies. Among 6 commercial traps tested, the Trap n' Toss™ (Farnam Companies, Inc., Phoenix, AZ) captured the most flies, and the design was selected for our field cage studies. These cage studies with flies (~300) determined that without treated cord or attractant, fly traps captured and killed 5% of the fly population; whereas, fly traps with attractant captured and killed only 14% of the population in the first 24 h. A 46-cm cord (6 mm diam.) dipped in 2.5% imidacloprid was looped around a fly trap (identical to the Trap n' Toss), and the trap was baited with...
‘Myth of Origin,’ Civil Religion and Presidential Politics

During the decades of the 1950s and 1960s Paul Tillich was widely considered the premier American theological inter preter of culture. Since his death in 1965 this view has steadily yielded to the power of American faddism, which finds Tillich's thought no longer "fashionable." Even current citations of the writings of Paul Tillich are too often nothing more than polite, lackluster forms of homage to a departed master of a past epoch. A very notable exception to this trend is a recent work of Lang don Gilkey, called simply Gilkey on Tillich.1 While Gilkey was a former student of Tillich, the book is far more than an affection ate salute to a great teacher. For in this compact overview of Tillich's thought, Gilkey persuasively argues that the key ele ments of Tillich's method and insights, once suitably reworked, continue to throw important theological light on many of the urgent problems and challenges of our times. Like Gilkey, this author also numbers among those theolo gians who have never been persuaded that Tillich's theology is out of date or that his major insights are no longer relevant to contemporary concerns. One such insight is Tillich's notion of "Myth of Origin" — an idea that served him as an important hermeneutic tool in his 1933 German work, The Socialist Deci sion (Die Sozialistishe Entscheidung). In this pivotal work of the Weimar period, Tillich argues that all political thought is rooted in human nature itself, which ultimately means in that most distinctive feature of humanity called "consciousness." Human consciousness reveals a duality between its sense of
Calcium Homeostasis in the Laying Hen. 1. Age and Dietary Calcium Effects

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of age of laying hens (young = 22 wk vs old = 120 wk) in maintaining Ca homeostasis during periods of Ca depletion then repletion with Ca. Plasma Ca and P, tibia breaking strength and percentage ash, renal 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase (1 alpha-hydroxylase), and parathyroid hormone (PTH)-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities were studied during 28 d of Ca depletion on a .08% Ca diet (LC) and 28 d of Ca repletion on a 3.75% Ca diet (HC). When laying hens on a HC diet were placed on a LC diet, plasma Ca and P, tibia breaking strength and ash percentage, and renal PTH-dependent adenylate cyclase activity were significantly depressed, but renal 1 alpha-hydroxylase activity was significantly stimulated. These changes were greater in the young hens than in the older hens; therefore an interaction between age and dietary Ca was found. These changes were of a lesser magnitude at 28 d of Ca depletion, probably due to the cessation of egg laying and to the desensitization of hormone-mediated function. 1 alpha-Hydroxylase activity was significantly less during the repletion period. The age effect was most pronounced for 1 alpha-hydroxylase, with the younger birds expressing significantly higher activity and ability to respond to hypocalcemia. There was a significant increase in kidney weights in Ca-deficient groups at 14 and 28 d of Ca depletion. It is concluded that younger hens have greater adaptive responses to Ca restriction than do older hens.
A normal life with a colostomy or ileostomy.

Can a person with an intestinal stoma lead a normal life? Most patients can. But they must be rehabilitated quickly. If patients undergoing colostomy are instructed before and after surgery about irrigating the stoma, most can stop using an appliance in days or weeks. Patients with ileostomies present more of a problem, but they too can return to a useful life.
Image Guided Planning for Prostate Carcinomas With Incorporation of Anti-3-[18F]FACBC (Fluciclovine) Positron Emission Tomography: Workflow and Initial Findings From a Randomized Trial.

Purpose 18 F-Fluciclovine (anti-1-amino-3-[ 18 F]fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid) is a novel positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) radiotracer that has demonstrated utility for detection of prostate cancer. Our goal is to report the initial results from a randomized controlled trial of the integration of 18 F-fluciclovine PET-CT into treatment planning for defining prostate bed and lymph node target volumes. Methods and Materials We report our initial findings from a cohort of 41 patients, of the first enrolled on a randomized controlled trial, who were randomized to the 18 F-fluciclovine arm. All patients underwent 18 F-fluciclovine PET-CT for the detection of metabolic abnormalities and high-resolution CT for treatment planning. The 2 datasets were registered first by use of a rigid registration. If soft tissue displacement was observable, the rigid registration was improved with a deformable registration. Each 18 F-fluciclovine abnormality was segmented as a percentage of the maximum standard uptake value (SUV) within a small region of interest around the lesion. The percentage best describing the SUV falloff was integrated in planning by expanding standard target volumes with the PET abnormality. Results In 21 of 55 abnormalities, a deformable registration was needed to map the 18 F-fluciclovine activity into the simulation CT. The most selected percentage was 50% of maximum SUV, although values ranging from 15% to 70% were used for specific patients, illustrating the need for a per-patient selection of a threshold SUV value. The inclusion of 18 F-fluciclovine changed the planning volumes for 46 abnormalities (83%) of the total 55, with 28 (51%) located in the lymph nodes, 11 (20%) in the prostate bed, 10 (18%) in the prostate, and 6 (11%) in the seminal vesicles. Only 9 PET abnormalities were fully contained in the standard target volumes based on the CT-based segmentations and did not necessitate expansion. Conclusions The use of 18 F-fluciclovine in postprostatectomy radiation therapy planning was feasible and led to augmentation of the target volumes in the majority (30 of 41) of the patients studied.
The fine structure ofCorynebacterium minutissimum

Die charakteristischen Ultrastrukturen vom Erythrasma verursachendenCorynebacterium minutissimum waren: 1) dreifache Zellwand, 2) Mesosomen und 3) leicht elektronendurchlassige cytoplasmische Einschlusse («volutin»). Im Laboratorium kultivierte Zellen und solche aus der Haut von Patienten mit Erythrasma zeigten die gleichen Strukturmerkmale.
George Eliot and the ‘Hidden Wound’

If the Brontes brought the living spring of female passion to the British novel, it cannot be said that the waters merged smoothly into that wider, calmer stream. No one was better suited to this latter task, however, by the intelligence and care of her method, by her deep attraction to the subject, and by the respect and popular enthusiasm accorded her on all sides, than George Eliot.
Management of Exotropia in Childhood

Exotropia is an outward deviation of the eye that may be constant or intermittent. Exotropia may be present in infancy (infantile or congenital exotropia) or may become manifest later in childhood or adulthood. Intermittent exotropia, the most common form, can be classified into (1) basic (distance = near deviation), (2) divergence excess (distance > near), (3) pseudodivergence excess (distance angle appears greater than near deviation) secondary to tenacious proximal fusion or a high accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio, and (4) convergence insufficiency (near > distance). This chapter will focus primarily on the diagnosis and management of intermittent exotropia. Subjective and objective assessment of the magnitude and patient’s control of the deviation guides management, which can be medical or surgical. Some controversy exists as to the most effective form of treatment and the optimal timing of interventions to promote and to maintain binocular visual development.
Mycobacterium fortuitum infection of the scalp after a skin graft

Mycobacterium fortuitum is a non-tuberculous mycobacterium found in the soil and water of most regions of the world, and it can cause disease in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. We present a 52-year-old man who developed a scalp abscess under a free flap for cranium coverage after a motor vehicle accident. Culture of material drained from the abscess grew M. fortuitum.
A Taxonomy for Designing Walking-based Locomotion Techniques for Virtual Reality

Designers have yet to find a fully general and effective solution to solve the problem of walking in large or unlimited virtual environments. A detailed taxonomy of walking-based locomotion techniques would be beneficial to better understand, analyze, and design walking techniques for virtual reality (VR). We present a taxonomy that can help designers and researchers investigate the fundamental components of locomotion techniques. Researchers can create novel locomotion techniques by making choices from the components of this taxonomy, analyze and improve existing techniques, or perform experiments to evaluate locomotion techniques in detail using the organization we present.
Lookit (Part 1): A New Online Platform for Developmental Research

Many important questions about children’s early abilities and learning mechanisms remain unanswered not because of their inherent scientific difficulty but because of practical challenges: recruiting an adequate number of children, reaching special populations, or scheduling repeated sessions. Additionally, small participant pools create barriers to replication while differing laboratory environments make it difficult to share protocols with precision, limiting the reproducibility of developmental research. Here we introduce a new platform, “Lookit,” that addresses these constraints by allowing families to participate in behavioral studies online via webcam. We show that this platform can be used to test infants (11–18 months), toddlers (24–36 months), and preschoolers (36–60 months) and reliably code looking time, preferential looking, and verbal responses, respectively; empirical results of these studies are presented in Scott, Chu, and Schulz (2017). In contrast to most laboratory-based studies, partic...
It's the Right Brain: The Impact of Education on Higher-Level Brain Organization in Healthy Elders Performing an Executive Function Task (P01.006)

OBJECTIVE: Decline in executive function is the most prominent age-related cognitive deficit and may be associated with increased risk for neurodegenerative disease. BACKGROUND: The antisaccade (AS) task, which involves inhibition of a prepotent motor response, is a well-validated test of executive function. However, little is known about the neural basis of AS performance in healthy elders. DESIGN/METHODS: The goal of this study was to investigate the functional connectivity of the cortical oculomotor network during successful AS task performance. fMRI was used to measure brain activity related to AS task performance in 43 healthy elders (70.4±7.1 years; range 55-85 years). Graph theoretical metrics based on the functional connectivity between nodes were computed for betweenness centrality (a measure of nodal importance for network efficiency) and total flow (a measure of overall network connectedness). RESULTS: Greater BOLD activity was observed in several frontal and parietal regions in the AS condition when compared to the prosaccade condition (p CONCLUSIONS: The rlatFEF is a critical hub of a cortical oculomotor network that subserves executive function in healthy elders. The organization of this network during task performance is strongly associated with prior education. Because education is often used a surrogate measure of cognitive reserve, these results provide a potential mechanism for how cognitive function is preserved in aging. Disclosure: Dr. Pa has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dutt has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mirsky has nothing to disclose. Dr. Heuer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kong has nothing to disclose. Dr. Trujillo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Keselman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Seeley has received personal compensation for activities with Korea Novartis, Summer Street Research Partners and Bristol-Myers Squibb for speaker, consulting and scientific advisory boards. Dr. Gazzaley has received personal compensation for activities with Akili Interactive Labs as a consultant. Dr. Kramer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Miller has received personal compensation for activities with Allon Therapeuctics, Inc. and TauRx Therapeutics, Ltd. Dr. Miller has received research support from Novartis. Dr. Boxer has received personal compensation from BMS, Plexxikon and Phloronol for consulting. Dr. Boxer has received research support from Elan, Forest, Genentech, Medivation, BMS, Janssen and Pfizer Pharmaceuticals.
ARE DRIVER-SIDE CONVEX MIRRORS HELPFUL OR HARMFUL?

This analysis of accident data was designed to replicate and extend an earlier analysis that investigated the effects of different types of driver–side mirrors on lane–change accidents (Luoma, Sivak and Flannagan, 1995). The present analysis was based on 3038 lane–change accidents that occurred in Britain between 1989 and 1992. Mirror information for the most popular car models in Britain was collected to identify different types of exterior mirrors. Data analysis was based on the odds ratio of cars with different types of driverside mirrors (plane or convex) being involved in a lane–change accident to the driver side. Because all cars were equipped with the same type of passenger–side mirror (convex), lane–change accidents to the passenger side served as baseline data to control for exposure. The results can be summarised as follows: 1) Convex driver–side mirrors do not increase the risk of being involved in lane–change accidents to the driver side. 2) Consistent with the findings of Luoma el al. (1995), accident data for the largest cars revealed a tendency, albeit not statistically significant, for a decrease in lane–change accidents to the driver side when equipped with convex driver–side mirrors. 3) Convex driver–side mirrors tended to be beneficial for the highest risk groups – the youngest and the oldest drivers.
Oral Digestion and Perception of Starch: Effects of Cooking, Tasting Time, and Salivary α-Amylase Activity

Since starch is a significant part of human diet, its oral detection would be highly beneficial. This study was designed to determine whether starch or its degradation products can be tasted and what factors influence its perception. Subjects were asked 1) to taste 8% raw and cooked starch samples for 5, 15, and 35 s and rate perceived intensities of sweetness and "other" taste (i.e., other than sweet), 2) to donate saliva to obtain salivary flow rate (mg/s) and salivary α-amylase activity (per mg saliva), and 3) to fill out a carbohydrate consumption survey. Subsequently, in vitro hydrolysis of starch was performed; saliva was collected from 5 subjects with low and high amylase activities and reacted with 8% raw and cooked starch at 2, 15, and 30 s. Hydrolysis products were then quantified using a High performance liquid chromatography. The results showed cooking increased the digestibility of starch such that the amount of hydrolysis products increased with reaction time. However, cooking did not influence taste ratings, nor were they influenced by tasting time. Subjects' salivary amylase activities were associated with the efficacy of their saliva to degrade starch, in particular cooked starch, and thus the amount of maltooligosaccharide products generated. Effective α-amylase activity [i.e. α-amylase activity (per mg saliva) × salivary flow rate (mg/s)] and carbohydrate consumption score (i.e. consumption frequency × number of servings) were also independently associated with sensory taste ratings. Human perception of starch is undoubtedly complex as shown in this study; the data herein point to the potential roles of salivary α-amylase activity and carbohydrate consumption in the perception of cooked starch.
Inline Shunt Flow Monitor for Hydrocephalus

In hydrocephalus, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) builds up in the cranial cavity causing swelling of the head and potentially brain damage. A shunt to drain the fluid into a body cavity is now universally used, but failure is all too common. Techniques for ascertaining shunt failure are time-consuming, expertise-dependent, and often inconclusive. We report here an inline system that reliably and quantitatively measures the CSF flow rate. The system uses a single thermistor to both heat the surrounding and to sense the temperature. In the heating mode, the thermistor is subjected to a 5 s voltage pulse. In the sensing mode, it is part of a Wheatstone’s bridge, the output being proportional to temperature. The signal, Vi – Vf, which is the net change ΔV in the bridge output immediately before and after the heat pulse, depends both on the flow rate and the surrounding temperature. In vitro, a single equation, flow rate = 3.75 × 10–6 × ΔV(−9.568+1.088 Vi) provided good prediction for the flow rate, with 6.3% RMS r...
Intrinsically disordered sequences enable modulation of protein phase separation through distributed tyrosine motifs

Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) is thought to contribute to the establishment of many biomolecular condensates, eukaryotic cell structures that concentrate diverse macromolecules but lack a bounding membrane. RNA granules control RNA metabolism and comprise a large class of condensates that are enriched in RNA-binding proteins and RNA molecules. Many RNA granule proteins are composed of both modular domains and intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) having low amino acid sequence complexity. Phase separation of these molecules likely plays an important role in the generation and stability of RNA granules. To understand how folded domains and IDRs can cooperate to modulate LLPS, we generated a series of engineered proteins. These were based on fusions of an IDR derived from the RNA granule protein FUS (fused in sarcoma) to a multivalent poly-Src homology 3 (SH3) domain protein that phase-separates when mixed with a poly-proline–rich-motif (polyPRM) ligand. We found that the wild-type IDR promotes LLPS of the polySH3–polyPRM system, decreasing the phase separation threshold concentration by 8-fold. Systematic mutation of tyrosine residues in Gly/Ser-Tyr-Gly/Ser motifs of the IDR reduced this effect, depending on the number but not on the position of these substitutions. Mutating all tyrosines to non-aromatic residues or phosphorylating the IDR raised the phase separation threshold above that of the unmodified polySH3–polyPRM pair. These results show that low-complexity IDRs can modulate LLPS both positively and negatively, depending on the degree of aromaticity and phosphorylation status. Our findings provide plausible mechanisms by which these sequences could alter RNA granule properties on evolutionary and cellular timescales.
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma. A comparison to aldosteronoma and incidentaloma.

Background: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a safe and effective treatment for most surgical diseases of the adrenal gland. However it has been suggested that catecholamine effects associated with pheochromocytoma render the laparoscopic approach a more challenging and a more morbid procedure. The purpose of this study was to compare the operative characteristics and outcomes of laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma to those of aldosteronoma and incidentaloma. Method: Patient records and operative reports were retrospectively reviewed for demographics, diagnoses, operative management, and outcomes for patients undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy between June 1994 and July 2002 at two academic medical centers. A total of 74 patients were included and analyzed by diagnosis. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results: Twenty-eight patients with pheochromocytoma, 27 with aldosteronoma, and 19 with incidentally discovered nonfunctioning adrenal masses underwent laparascopic adrenalectomy. Patients undergoing resection for pheochromocytoma trended toward more operative blood loss (150 ml) compared to aldosteronoma (88 ml) and incidentaloma (75 ml). Eight patients were converted to an open procedure for a 10.8% conversion rate. The mean operative time was 171 min and there was a 10.8% perioperative complication rate. The mean hospital stay was 3.4 days. These results were not statistically significant between diagnostic groups. Conclusion: Despite concern about increased operative times and morbidity associated with pheochromocytoma, our experience supports that laparoscopic adrenalectomy may be performed as safely as, and achieve outcomes similar to, those for other diseases.
Hormone—Brain Interactions and Their Influence on Agonistic Behavior

Although most specialists would agree that hormones affect aggressive behaviors by acting on the brain mechanisms of those behaviors, beyond that there would be little agreement on details. The best that can be done at this stage of our knowledge is to build hypothetical models of the brain and put them to the test of experiments. Having recently published a hypothetical model of the neural circuitry of offense, defense, and submission (Adams, 1979a), I am in a position to speculate on how specific hormones may act on that neural circuitry.
Forelimb morphology and substrate use in extant Cercopithecidae and the fossil primate community of the Hadar sequence, Ethiopia

It is suggested that joint architecture of the extant cercopithecid forelimb differentiates terrestrial from arboreal quadrupedal species. Linear dimensions of forelimb joint morphology have also been used to assign fossil species to locomotor categories. However, many primates use a mix of terrestrial and arboreal behaviors, which can be problematic when developing models of behavior reconstruction using morphological variation. The current study uses multivariate analyses to identify morphology related to substrate use in primates, including determination of semiterrestriality. Measurements collected from distal humeri and proximal ulnae of 49 extant cercopithecid primate species were selected based on studies indicating that they could individually predict substrate use. Analyses including one-way analysis of variance, principal components, and discriminant functions were conducted to assess their ability to differentiate between arboreal and terrestrial substrate use. The functions created in these analyses are then applied to data from fossil specimens from the Hadar sequence, Ethiopia, sampling both the Hadar and overlying Busidima Formations, to retrodict possible substrate behavior of fossil monkeys at Hadar through time. As this study is designed to identify function and behavior rather than phylogeny, the taxonomic assignment of the fossil specimens is sometimes uncertain, but substrate behavior can still be inferred. Results suggest that substrate use, including semiterrestrial behavior, in extant and extinct primates can be inferred successfully from multivariate analyses based on joint morphology of the monkey elbow. This study reveals that the ecological distribution of primarily terrestrial fossil primate species of the Hadar sequence is comparable to modern-day communities in habitats similar to those reconstructed for the Hadar members.
VcRR2 regulates chilling-mediated flowering through expression of hormone genes in a transgenic blueberry mutant.

The molecular mechanism underlying dormancy release and the induction of flowering remains poorly understood in woody plants. Mu-legacy is a valuable blueberry mutant, in which a transgene insertion caused increased expression of a RESPONSE REGULATOR 2-like gene (VcRR2). Mu-legacy plants, compared with nontransgenic ‘Legacy’ plants, show dwarfing, promotion of flower bud formation, and can flower under nonchilling conditions. We conducted transcriptomic comparisons in leaves, chilled and nonchilled flowering buds, and late-pink buds, and analyzed a total of 41 metabolites of six groups of hormones in leaf tissues of both Mu-legacy and ‘Legacy’ plants. These analyses uncovered that increased VcRR2 expression promotes the expression of a homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana ENT-COPALYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHETASE 1 (VcGA1), which induces new homeostasis of hormones, including increased gibberellin 4 (GA4) levels in Mu-legacy leaves. Consequently, increased expression of VcRR2 and VcGA1, which function in cytokinin responses and gibberellin synthesis, respectively, initiated the reduction in plant height and the enhancement of flower bud formation of the Mu-legacy plants through interactions of multiple approaches. In nonchilled flower buds, 29 differentially expressed transcripts of 17 genes of five groups of hormones were identified in transcriptome comparisons between Mu-legacy and ‘Legacy’ plants, of which 22 were chilling responsive. Thus, these analyses suggest that increased expression of VcRR2 was collectively responsible for promoting flower bud formation in highbush blueberry under nonchilling conditions. We report here for the first time the importance of VcRR2 to induce a suite of downstream hormones that promote flowering in woody plants.
2629 IV Iron in the Setting of Value-Based Care: Quality-of-Life Improvement and Perioperative Optimization of Anemia in The Gynecologic Population

Study Objective To study the improvement of quality-of-life measures and hematologic response to intravenous iron in patients with chronic blood anemia undergoing gynecologic surgery Design Prospective observational study was performed with 31 patients with hemoglobin level less than 11 g/dL and/or ferritin less than 200ug/L. Our primary outcome was to assess hematologic response (hemoglobin and iron studies) and quality of life (Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) and 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-30) questionnaires) at 30 days and 90 days. Exclusion criteria included severe hepatic impairment, malignancy or hypersensitivity to parental iron. Setting Iron deficiency anemia is a common occurrence in women of reproductive age, especially due to blood loss from menstrual bleeding. These women frequently require gynecological surgery. However, their anemia is not frequently optimized preoperatively at the time of presentation due to poor tolerance of oral iron supplementation. Anemia increases risk of perioperative morbidity such need for blood transfusion and poor wound healing. Intravenous iron is an underutilized entity that can be used to prevent such complications with excellent patient compliance. Patients or Participants Women with chronic blood loss anemia undergoing gynecologic surgery Interventions Intravenous iron dextran at a fixed dose of 1000 mg following a test dose Measurements and Main Results For hematologic response, we noted a significant improvement in hemoglobin and ferritin at 30 and 90 days. The quality-of-life scores correlated with an upward trend in T-score for physical health and mental health. An adverse reaction was noted in one patient. Conclusion Intravenous iron is an effective low cost treatment of chronic blood loss anemia in patients who do not tolerate oral iron. In today's world of value-based care, it is imperative to use safe, cost effective and convenient interventions to optimize patients’ quality of life.
The British Garden

The Royal Horticultural Society/Garden Club of America Interchange Fellowship was established in 1952 and is awarded to one American and one British student annually. It was formerly known as the Martin McLaren Scholarship and was created to help encourage the exchange of ideas and information in the horticultural world. Terry Huang was selected as the American 2013–2014 Royal Interchange Fellow. His travels and placements solidified for him the important role that botanic and public gardens play as interpreters of the plant world. He describes some of his experiences and examples of excellence that he saw while in Britain. He goes on to explain that the work placements have influenced and inspired the work he does today in the Botany Greenhouse at the University of Washington.
Distracted Driving Laws and Motor Vehicle Crash Fatalities

BACKGROUND: Motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) continue to be the leading cause of death in youth 16 to 24 years old in the United States. Distracted driving has been shown to increase the risk of MVCs in all drivers, particularly teenagers. We aimed to determine the association between fatal MVC rates involving 16- to 19-year-old drivers and state distracted driving laws. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective time series analysis of fatal MVCs in the United States involving drivers and passengers 16 to 19 years old from 2007 to 2017 using the Fatality Analysis Reporting System. Multivariable negative binomial regression analysis was performed to compare MVC rates across states on the basis of different types and strengths of distracted driving laws. RESULTS: There were 38 215 drivers 16 to 19 years old involved in fatal MVCs from 2007 to 2017. Incidence of fatal MVCs was highest for 19-year-old drivers (27.2 out of 100 000 19-year-old persons) and lowest for 16-year-olds (10.7 out of 100 000). States with primarily enforced texting bans had lower MVC fatality rates overall involving 16- to 19-year-old drivers (adjusted incidence rate ratio: 0.71; 95% confidence interval: 0.67–0.76). Texting bans and handheld bans for all drivers were associated with decreased MVC fatalities in all age groups. CONCLUSIONS: In the United States, primarily enforced distracted driving laws are associated with a lower incidence of fatal MVCs involving 16- to 19-year-old drivers. Bans on all handheld device use and texting bans for all drivers are associated with the greatest decrease in fatal MVCs. Adoption of universal handheld cellphone bans in all states may reduce the incidence of distracted driving and decrease MVC fatalities.
INFLUENCE OF SUBSTRATES OF HEPATIC MIXED FUNCTION OXIDASES ON SPIN EQUILIBRIUM OF CYTOCHROME P-450

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the influence of substrates of hepatic mixed function oxidases on spin equilibrium of cytochrome P-450. In the study, cytochrome P-450 was purified to a content of 12 nmoles per mg of protein. The enzyme contained 1 nmol of phospholipids per nmol of P-450 and was free of detectable levels of fatty acid. Temperature-difference spectra relative to 9°C were obtained. The chapter illustrates the increase in the magnitude of the spin state change with increasing temperature. In the experiment described in the chapter, Glycerol, which effects conformational changes in some enzymes in the region of the active site, did not affect the spin equilibrium of P-450 between 9°C and 40°C. Thus, like the microbial P-450, the purified hepatic enzyme undergoes temperature-dependent spin equilibration in the total absence of substrates. Purified hepatic cytochrome P-450 undergoes reversible temperature-dependent spin equilibration, in both the presence and absence of substrates, to an extent and direction dependent upon both the substrate and species of hemoprotein. It is also shown that some substrate bound P-450 species are in a temperature-independent spin equilibrium.
Serum thyroid stimulating hormone level for predicting utility of thyroid uptake and scan.

Thyroid uptake and scan (TUS) is a clinical tool used for differentiation of thyrotoxicosis etiologies. Although guidelines recommend ordering a TUS for evaluation of low TSH levels, no specific va...
Chronic alcohol exposure reduces acetylated histones in the sleep-wake regulatory brain regions to cause insomnia during withdrawal

Abstract Background Alcohol use disorder (AUD) develops after chronic and heavy use of alcohol. Insomnia, a hallmark of AUD, plays a crucial role in the development of AUD. However, the causal mechanisms are unknown. Since chronic alcohol reduces acetylated histones and disrupts the epigenome, we hypothesized that chronic alcohol exposure will reduce acetylated histones in wake-promoting regions of the brain to cause insomnia during alcohol withdrawal. Methods Adult male C57BL/6J mice, surgically instrumented for electrophysiological monitoring of sleep-wakefulness, were exposed to chronic alcohol (6.8%) consumption using Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet. Three experiments were performed. First, the effect of chronic alcohol consumption was examined on sleep-wakefulness during 7 days of withdrawal. Second, the expression of acetylated histones, H3 lysine 14 (AcH3K14), was examined in two major sleep-wake regulatory brain regions: basal forebrain (BF) and lateral hypothalamus (LH) of the brain by using western blotting. Next, blockade of histone deacetylase, via systemic administration of TSA was examined on alcohol-induced changes in sleep-wakefulness. Results Alcoholic mice displayed a significant reduction in the quality and quantity of NREM sleep coupled with a significant increase in wakefulness that lasted for several days during alcohol withdrawal. In addition, alcoholic mice displayed a significant reduction in the expression of AcH3K14 in both BF and LH. Systemic administration of TSA significantly attenuated insomnia and improved the quality and quantity of sleep during alcohol withdrawal. Conclusions Based on our results, we suggest that a causal relationship exists between reduced histone acetylation and insomnia during alcohol withdrawal.
STAT1 Dissociates Adipose Tissue Inflammation From Insulin Sensitivity in Obesity.

Obesity fosters low-grade inflammation in white adipose tissue (WAT) that may contribute to the insulin resistance that characterizes type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the causal relationship of these events remains unclear. The established dominance of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) function in the immune response suggests an obligate link between inflammation and the co-morbidities of obesity. To this end, we sought to determine how STAT1 activity in white adipocytes affects insulin sensitivity. STAT1 expression in WAT inversely correlated with fasting plasma glucose in both obese mice and humans. Metabolomic and gene expression profiling established STAT1 deletion in adipocytes (STAT1a-KO) enhanced mitochondrial function and accelerated TCA cycle flux coupled with reduced fat cell size in subcutaneous WAT depots. STAT1a-KO reduced WAT inflammation, but insulin resistance persisted in obese mice. Rather, elimination of type I cytokine interferon gamma (IFNγ) activity enhanced insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obesity. Our findings reveal a permissive mechanism that bridges WAT inflammation to whole-body insulin sensitivity.
SISTEM PEMBAYARAN DANA PENSIUN NASABAH PADA PT BANK BTPN PURNA BAKTI KC MATARAM

Bank Tabungan Pensiunan Nasional (BTPN) sebagai lembaga bank devisa yang memfokuskan diri untuk melayani masyarakat yang berpendapatan rendah yang terdiri dari pensiunan, pelaku usaha mikro kecil dan menengah, serta komunitas prasejahtera produktif. BTPN meluncurkan sebuah aplikasi yang berbasis Androit maupun Iphone Operating System (IOS) untuk mempermudah melakukan transaksi perbankan seperti, simpanan, tarik tunai, transfer dana, pembayaran tagihan dan pengajuan permohonan kredit mikro, sehingga sistem pembayaran dalam transaksi ekonomi sangat dibutuhkan dan mengalami kemajuan yang pesat seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi yang canggih. Dalam pembayaran pensiun secara konvensional Bank BTPN terlebih dahulu melakukan penerimaan calon nasabah pensiun. Calon nasabah pensiun harus memenuhi syarat administratif. Calon nasabah yang telah memenuhi syarat tersebut berhak menjadi nasabah BTPN. Nasabah BTPN mendapat nomor rekening serta buku tabungan untuk dapat mengambil gaji pensiun setiap bulannya. Nasabah akan dilayani oleh bagian teller dalam pembayaran dana pensiun. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi bagian masukan bagi PT Bank BTPN Purna Bakti KC Mataram dalam menentukan langkah-langakah kebijakan sebagai upaya meningkatkan kualitas dan produktifitas. Kata Kunci : Pembayaran, Pensiun, Nasabah, Bank BTPN
How to Train Your Robot: Project-Based AI and Ethics Education for Middle School Classrooms

We developed the How to Train Your Robot curriculum to empower middle school students to become conscientious users and creators of Artificial Intelligence (AI). As AI becomes more embedded in our daily lives, all members of society should have the opportunity to become AI literate. Today, most deployed work in K-12 AI education takes place at strong STEM schools or during extracurricular clubs. But, to promote equity in the field of AI, we must also design curricula for classroom use at schools with limited resources. How to Train Your Robot leverages a low-cost ($40) robot, a block-based programming platform, novice-friendly model creation tools, and hands-on activities to introduce students to machine learning. During the summer of 2020, we trained in-service teachers, primarily from Title 1 public schools, to deliver a five-day, online version of the curriculum to their students. In this work, we describe how students' self-directed final projects demonstrate their understanding of technical and ethical AI concepts. Students successfully selected project ideas, taking the strengths and weaknesses of machine learning into account, and implemented an array of projects about everything from entertainment to science. We saw that students had the most difficulty designing mechanisms to respond to user feedback after deployment. We hope this work inspires future AI curricula that can be used in middle school classrooms.
The Effects of Feedback Accuracy and Trainer Rules on Performance during an Analogue Task

Feedback is the most commonly used intervention in Organizational Behavior Management (OBM), and recent research has examined both the effects of inaccurate feedback on performance as well as rumor...
You Can Play, but Will You Win?

This case follows Jason, a high school student who is looking forward to going to college. He is an excellent student and a basketball star, which allowed him to receive two full-ride scholarships: the first to play Division 1 basketball at Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) and the second to attend the University of Virginia (UVA). This leaves Jason with a huge decision to make. Should he attend Penn State and try to fulfill his dream of playing in the NBA, or should he attend UVA and fulfill his passion for engineering?To gain more information to guide his decision, Jason solicits advice from two of his mentors: his basketball coach, Coach Roberts, and his math teacher, Ms. Humphries. Excerpt UVA-F-1894 Jul. 6, 2020 You Can Play, but Will You Win? Introduction Jason was exhausted as he jumped off the bus at 7:30 that night. After two hours of studying for his English final exam, and then another two-hour basketball practice, he'd fallen asleep on the bus and almost missed his stop. As he was walking up to his house, he almost forgot to check the mail. His mom would lose it if he forgot again. He reached into the mailbox, and along with some letters and magazines, he pulled out two thick packets. He carried the mail into the house to get a better look. The first packet was from Pennsylvania State University (Penn State). He opened it and after briefly reading, he realized it was his acceptance to the school on a full scholarship to play basketball. He was ecstatic. After two years of being captain of the varsity squad, his work had paid off. Now he could work toward fulfilling his dream—one he shared with many of his friends—of someday playing for the NBA. . . .
The Affective Growth of Computer Vision

The success of deep learning has led to intense growth and interest in computer vision, along with concerns about its potential impact on society. Yet we know little about how these changes have affected the people that research and practice computer vision: we as a community spend so much effort trying to replicate the abilities of humans, but so little time considering the impact of this work on ourselves. In this paper, we report on a study in which we asked computer vision researchers and practitioners to write stories about emotionally-salient events that happened to them. Our analysis of over 50 responses found tremendous affective (emotional) strain in the computer vision community. While many describe excitement and success, we found strikingly frequent feelings of isolation, cynicism, apathy, and exasperation over the state of the field. This is especially true among people who do not share the unbridled enthusiasm for normative standards for computer vision research and who do not see themselves as part of the "incrowd." Our findings suggest that these feelings are closely tied to the kinds of research and professional practices now expected in computer vision. We argue that as a community with significant stature, we need to work towards an inclusive culture that makes transparent and addresses the real emotional toil of its members.
Stochastic Physics-Informed Neural Networks (SPINN): A Moment-Matching Framework for Learning Hidden Physics within Stochastic Differential Equations.

Stochastic differential equations (SDEs) are used to describe a wide variety of complex stochastic dynamical systems. Learning the hidden physics within SDEs is crucial for unraveling fundamental understanding of the stochastic and nonlinear behavior of these systems. We propose a flexible and scalable framework for training deep neural networks to learn constitutive equations that represent hidden physics within SDEs. The proposed stochastic physics-informed neural network framework (SPINN) relies on uncertainty propagation and moment-matching techniques along with state-of-the-art deep learning strategies. SPINN first propagates stochasticity through the known structure of the SDE (i.e., the known physics) to predict the time evolution of statistical moments of the stochastic states. SPINN learns (deep) neural network representations of the hidden physics by matching the predicted moments to those estimated from data. Recent advances in automatic differentiation and mini-batch gradient descent are leveraged to establish the unknown parameters of the neural networks. We demonstrate SPINN on three benchmark in-silico case studies and analyze the framework's robustness and numerical stability. SPINN provides a promising new direction for systematically unraveling the hidden physics of multivariate stochastic dynamical systems with multiplicative noise.
Analysing the Surface Urban Heat Island Effect with Copernicus Data

To ensure that the great opportunities of Copernicus satellite data offered, in open and free mode, are fully grasped, a major awareness of them must be widespread among European citizens, companies, and public administrations. To this end, initiatives such as the EO-UPTAKE Ligurian regional project aim at studying application scenarios centered on the use of Copernicus data and the dissemination of their outcomes to citizens and local authorities. As an example of this activity, the paper focuses on an application scenario for monitoring the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, considered among the most impacting effects on urban ecosystems, analyzed in the metropolitan area of Genoa. We discuss some strengths and weaknesses in the use of Copernicus satellite data and services, intending to provide a preliminary set of guidelines, useful not only for analyzing the UHI phenomenon in other urban contexts but also as a concrete example of exploitation of the Copernicus ecosystem.