cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glaucophane chloritoid-bearing assemblages from NE Oman: petrologic significance and a petrogenetic grid for high P metapelites

Pelitic layers and lenses interbedded with blueschists and eclogites in Saih Hatat, NE Oman contain chloritoid- and sodic amphibole-bearing mineral assemblages that are useful for reconstructing the P-T history of the area. Textural and mineral chemical relations suggest that coexisting glaucophane (Gln) and chloritoid (Ctd) formed at the expense of chlorite (Chl)+paragonite (Pg) and later broke down to garnet (Gt)+Pg during prograde metamorphism according to the reaction: Gln+Ctd+Qz=Gt+Pg+H2O. During retrogression, Gln and Chl first formed at the expense of Gt and Pg, followed by the breakdown of Ctd and Gt to Chl. The final stages of retrogression are marked by the breakdown of Gln to an aggregate of Chl+albite (Ab). A projection from quartz (Qz), H2O and phengite (Ph) on the (Al2O3+Fe2O3)-(FeO+MgO)-Na2O plane in the system NFMASH is best suited for the representation of the phase relations in high P metapelites. Petrogenetic grids for the model systems NMASH and NFASH were calculated using program GEO-CALC (Berman et al. 1987) and its database (Berman 1988) after the retrieval of S i o and ΔH f o for Gln and Ctd by mathematical programming and calculating all possible reactions among Gln, Ctd, Chl, jadeite (Jd), Ab, Gt, Pg, talc (Tc), pyrophyllite (Prl) and kyanite (Ky). The calculated petrogenetic grid for the system NFASH shows that Fe-Ctd and ferroglaucophane coexist at P>6.5 kbar and T 6 kbar. This grid is consistent with the P-T estimates for high P metapelites from Oman, New Caledonia, Seward Peninsula, Ile de Groix, Sifnos and Peloponnese, where Gln+Ctd bearing units are interbedded with cofacial mafic blueschists and eclogites. The grid also explains the observed textural relations in the metapelites of Oman, and is consistent with the “clockwise” P-T path proposed for this area, but differs from the grids of Guiraud et al. (1990) in showing a larger stability field for Gln+Ctd that overlaps with the stability fields of Jd+Qz as well as Ab. The petrogenetic grid calculated for the system NMASH shows that Mg-Ctd+Gln-bearing assemblages require unusually low geothermal gradients to form in metapelites. It also shows that Mg-rich Ctd+Tc coexist at high pressures over a wider P-T range than predicted by Guiraud et al. (1990). This grid can therefore be applied to high P metamorphic assemblages from the eastern and western Alps.
Can Cocaine Craving Be a Medication Development Outcome

Craving, which ranges from a sustained desire for drugs persisting for weeks to an acute desire passing within minutes, has been described as an important clinical precipitant of relapse in cocaine and opioid abusers and may be a useful surrogate outcome for developing new drug abuse pharmacotherapies. Whereas craving for opioids frequently has been conceptualized as the negative reinforcer of protracted withdrawal or “drug hunger,” craving for cocaine has been conceptualized as the positive reinforcer of remembered euphoria. Medications can reduce both sustained cocaine craving and acute craving induced by a single dose of cocaine, and reductions in both types of craving are correlated with reductions in cocaine use. Furthermore, high levels of craving during treatment or during cue-induced challenges predict poor treatment response and later relapse to cocaine abuse in those who have attained abstinence.
Mixed oxide catalysts for pollution control

Abstract The following mixed oxide catalysts have been investigated for auto exhaust control: LaRhO 3 , SrRuO 3 , SrY 0.5 Ru 0.5 O 2.75 , LaNi 0.5 Ru 0.5 O 3 and NiOCr 2 O 3 spinel. For auto exhausts, LaRhO 3 had equivalent oxidation activity as platinum; SrRuO 3 and SrY 0.5 Ru 0.5 O 2.75 were superior for NO reduction and low NH 3 formation.
microRNA-206 in rat medial prefrontal cortex regulates BDNF expression and alcohol drinking.

Escalation of voluntary alcohol consumption is a hallmark of alcoholism, but its neural substrates remain unknown. In rats, escalation occurs following prolonged exposure to cycles of alcohol intoxication, and is associated with persistent, wide-ranging changes in gene expression within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Here, we examined whether induction of microRNA (miR) 206 in mPFC contributes to escalated alcohol consumption. Following up on a microarray screen, quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qPCR) confirmed that a history of dependence results in persistent (>3weeks) up-regulation of miR-206 expression in the mPFC, but not in the ventral tegmental area, amygdala, or nucleus accumbens. Viral-mediated overexpression of miR-206 in the mPFC of nondependent rats reproduced the escalation of alcohol self-administration seen following a history of dependence and significantly inhibited BDNF expression. Bioinformatic analysis identified three conserved target sites for miR-206 in the 3′-UTR of the rat BDNF transcript. Accordingly, BDNF was downregulated in post-dependent rats on microarray analysis, and this was confirmed by qPCR. In vitro, BDNF expression was repressed by miR-206 but not miR-9 in a 3′-UTR reporter assay, confirming BDNF as a functional target of miR-206. Mutation analysis showed that repression was dependent on the presence of all three miR-206 target sites in the BDNF 3′-UTR. Inhibition of miR-206 expression in differentiated rat cortical primary neurons significantly increased secreted levels of BDNF. In conclusion, recruitment of miR-206 in the mPFC contributes to escalated alcohol consumption following a history of dependence, with BDNF as a possible mediator of its action.
Investigating uptake of water-dispersible CdSe/ZnS quantum dot nanoparticles by Arabidopsis thaliana plants.

Interest on the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials has rapidly increased over the past years because it is expected that these materials will eventually be released into the environment. The present work investigates the potential root uptake of water-dispersible CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) by the model plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana. Experiments revealed that Arabidopsis exposed to QDs that are dispersed in Hoagland's solution for 1–7 days did not internalize intact QDs. Analysis of Cd and Se concentrations in roots and leaves by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry indicated that Cd and Se from QD-treated plants were not translocated into the leaves, and remained in the root system of Arabidopsis. Furthermore, fluorescence microscopy showed strong evidence that the QDs were generally on the outside surfaces of the roots, where the amount of QDs adsorbed is dependent on the stability of the QDs in suspension. Despite no evidence of nanoparticle internalization, the ratio of reduced glutathione levels (GSH) relative to the oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in plants decreased when plants were exposed to QD dispersions containing humic acids, suggesting that QDs caused oxidative stress on the plant at this condition.
Neonatal short bowel syndrome

Neonatal short bowel syndrome is a disease with a high morbidity and mortality. The management of these patients is complex and requires a multidisciplinary approach. Recent advances in medical and surgical treatment options have improved outcomes. The following review highlights salient points in the management of this challenging patient population.
Commercial facilities, social cognitive variables, and physical activity of 12th grade girls.

Background Recent studies have found a relationship between access to neighborhood physical activity (PA) facilities and physical activity in youth.
The essential trace elements

Essential trace elements are required by man in amounts ranging from 50 micrograms to 18 milligrams per day. Acting as catalytic or structural components of larger molecules, they have specific functions and are indispensable for life. Research during the past quarter of a century has identified as essential six trace elements whose functions were previously unknown. In addition to the long-known deficiencies of iron and iodine, signs of deficiency for chromium, copper, zinc, and selenium have been identified in free-living populations. Four trace elements were proved to be essential for two or more animal species during the past decade alone. Marginal or severe trace element imbalances can be considered risk factors for several diseases of public health importance, but proof of cause and effect relationships will depend on a more complete understanding of basic mechanisms of action and on better analytical procedures and functional tests to determine marginal trace element status in man.
Imaging the unimaginable

3D Prestack Depth Imaging will become the standard seismic exploration tool used by oil and gas companies exploring for hydrocarbons. Recent successes, such as the Crazy Horse and Mad Dog Prospects in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico, are increasing exploration activity. The complex geological structures, the presence of allochthonous salt and wells costing 50 million-dollars or more are common. Balancing exploration potential, risk and return is key to a successful exploration program in the deepwater. Risk can be reduced using 3D prestack depth imaging technologies, especially in structurally complex and subsalt areas. Recent 3D depth imaging in the Green Canyon / Walker Ridge areas of the Gulf of Mexico show clearly imaged subsalt horizons (Figure 1). With improved data acquisition, depth processing and close collaboration with the interpreters the unimaginable is being imaged (Figures 2 and 3).
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A MECHANICAL AIRBAG SYSTEM SENSOR

Abstract All-mechanical sensors for automotive airbag systems offer a compact and low cost yet highly reliable alternative to electrical sensors. In this paper, a non-linear dynamic model is presented that was used to improve the hammer-blow immunity of an all-mechanical ball-in-tube sensor without jeopardizing its endurance performance. Hammer-blows are impacts from within an automobile to the steering wheel or inflator shell that can occur during system installation or from aggressive driving. Sensor endurance is measured by the stability of calibration after being subjected to a sustained vibration environment. Numerical simulations of the model have elucidated the dynamics and mechanisms of operation of such sensors. Experimental hammer-blow tests and endurance tests, as well as simulations of these tests, have been performed. It is found that hammer-blow immunity can be improved without compromising endurance performance when a ball-seat spring is introduced with at least a 2·0 mm allowable deflection. Results which show the effect of varying the spring stiffness, allowable deflection, and pre-load are presented.
Effect of precursors on lithium containing silicate gels studied by 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance

Lithium containing silica gels were prepared by hydrolysis of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) with a methanol-water-LiNO3 or LiOH solution and by infiltration of silica gel with LiOH or LiNO3 solution. Gels prepared in this way, dried and heat treated between 200 and 850°C were studied by solid state 7Li static and magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. There are dramatic differences in the 7Li NMR spectra of the various gels. The lineshape of the NMR spectra for gels prepared from LiOH (both via hydrolysis of TEOS and infiltration of prepared silica gel) is similar to that of crystalline Li2SiO3 where the lithium ions are associated with the silica network. The spectra do not change significantly with increasing temperature up to 850°C. For gels prepared from LiNO3, the 7Li NMR spectra indicate the presence of two different Li species; one of the Li species is attributed to hydrated lithium ions trapped in the pores of the gels, the other Li species is due to crystalline LiNO3. When the LiNO3 gels are heat treated above 650°C, the lineshape of the NMR spectra becomes similar to that of Li2SiO3.
Event-related potential measures of visual working memory.

Visual working memory is a limited capacity system that temporarily maintains information about objects in the immediate visual environment. Psychophysical experiments have shown that most people a...
The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Regulates Interaction of the Human DF3/MUC1 Carcinoma Antigen with c-Src and β-Catenin

The DF3/MUC1 mucin-like, transmembrane glycoprotein is aberrantly overexpressed in most human carcinomas. The MUC1 cytoplasmic domain interacts with the c-Src tyrosine kinase and thereby increases binding of MUC1 and beta-catenin. In the present work, coimmunoprecipitation studies demonstrate that MUC1 associates constitutively with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) in human ZR-75-1 breast carcinoma cells. Immunofluorescence studies show that EGF-R and MUC1 associate at the cell membrane. We also show that the activated EGF-R phosphorylates the MUC1 cytoplasmic tail on tyrosine at a YEKV motif that functions as a binding site for the c-Src SH2 domain. The results demonstrate that EGF-R-mediated phosphorylation of MUC1 induces binding of MUC1 to c-Src in cells. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that EGF-R increases binding of MUC1 and beta-catenin. These findings support a novel role for EGF-R in regulating interactions of MUC1 with c-Src and beta-catenin.
Global dispersal of Pb by large-volume silicic eruptions in the Paraná-Etendeka large igneous province

Volcanism from large igneous provinces is often inferred to have had a significant global environmental impact, but demonstrating synchronicity between the volcanism and sedimentary records of environmental change is not straightforward. Several studies use sediment Pb isotopes to fingerprint the timing of input of volcanic Pb from a particular large igneous province. Published data on Ocean Drilling Program Site 1149B sediments in the Pacific Ocean, associated with the Valanginian δ 13 C excursion that has been linked to the Parana-Etendeka volcanism in central South America and Namibia, require input of radiogenic Pb. The Pb isotope analyses of Parana-Etendeka lavas show that this radiogenic Pb is uniquely associated with the large-volume silicic eruptions rather than the effusive basaltic lavas. This strengthens the case for a temporal link between the Parana-Etendeka volcanism and the Valanginian δ 13 C excursion. Although basaltic magmatism dominates the province (>95%), there is no evidence for Pb associated with volatile metal degassing from such eruptions in the Site 1149B sediments on the other side of the globe, suggesting that eruption columns produced by the basaltic eruptions did not reach the stratosphere. Instead, the widespread global dispersal of Pb is apparently linked to the ability of large-volume (>1000 km 3 ) silicic eruptions to loft aerosols into the upper stratosphere.
Chronic scopolamine treatment and brain cholinergic function

Scopolamine was either continuously infused or injected once daily into C3H mice. Chronic infusion resulted in mice that were supersensitive to the hypothermia and tremor produced by the muscarinic agonist, oxotremorine. Chronic scopolamine infusion did not alter brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) or choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activities but it did produce an increase in brain muscarinic receptors, as measured by quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) binding. The maximal increase in QNB binding was seen at the 0.2 mg/kg/hr dose. Further increase in dose resulted in a return to control QNB binding in all brain regions studied except cortex. These animals were still supersensitive to oxotremorine, suggesting a dissociation between receptor number and response to agonist. Animals injected once daily for 10 days with 5 mg/kg exhibited an increase in QNB binding while no increase was seen at 20 mg/kg/day. Chronic oxotremorine infusion resulted in tolerance to the hypothermia-producing effects of oxotremorine. This was accompanied by a decrease in brain QNB binding. Coinfusion of scopolamine with oxotremorine blocked both the tolerance development and receptor changes. These experiments demonstrate that chronic scopolamine treatment can elicit an increase in brain muscarinic receptors which is accompanied by supersensitivity to agonists. However, this effect is not clearly dose related, and a strict relationship between receptor number and agonist response does not exist.
Introducing granularity-dependent quantitative distance and diameter measures in common-sense reasoning contexts

In this paper, I will present a method for constructing correlated series of granularity-dependent distance and diameter measures on the basis of a theory of qualitative spatial concepts. Each granularity-dependent measure function has as its range a discrete subset of R. As we proceed through a series of such functions, the distance between the values in the range will become smaller and the measurements returned by the functions will become correspondingly more precise. My method for constructing the series of functions is partially based on work in Kranz, Luce, Suppes, and Tversky, The Foundations of Measurement, Vol. 1. I use a result from that volume to prove that my series of distance and diameter measures converge to continuous, extensive distance and diameter measures. But it is the discrete measures in the series, not the continuous limit measures, that should be used in analyses of common-sense concepts. Unlike the continuous measure functions, arbitrary values for the discrete measure functions can, in most contexts, be determined through practical procedures. Moreover, the ability to move from one granularity-level to the next is appropriate for common-sense contexts in which the level of precision is typically kept at the minimum necessary to accomplish the task at hand.
Y/sub 1/Ba/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7//MgO/Y/sub 1/Ba/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ edge Josephson junctions

Josephson edge junctions have been fabricated using thin sputtered films of MgO (8-32 AA) to produce a weak connection between high-T/sub c/ electrodes. The current-voltage characteristics of these junctions can be well modeled by the resistively shunted junction (RSJ) equation, and they possess excellent Josephson properties, exhibiting strong magnetic field modulation and microwave response at 10 and 100 GHz up to 85 K. The best high temperature (T>70 K) operation has been obtained with devices which have critical current densities in excess of 10/sup 5/ A/cm/sup 2/ at 4.2 K, and junction critical current resistance products I/sub c/R/sub n/ equivalent to 0.10 mV at 83 K. Experiments indicate that improvements in device quality are expected as the base electrode junction surface is improved. Preliminary results indicate that the cyclability of these junctions is good. >
Superlattice-based quantum devices: from theory to practical applications

The concepts of resonant tunneling and superlattices were first developed by Esaki and Tsu. What started with the new physics of the Esaki tunnel diode has matured into nanoscale engineering of semiconductors superlattices to create whole synthetic band structures. While working at Thomson CSF in France, Manijeh Razeghi went on to develop the metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and molecular beam epitaxy growth of superlattice material as reported in my seminal volumes of The MOCVD Challenge. After years of considerable effort to bring this technology to maturity, we now see the results of this formidable new science in almost every electronic and photonic device that we encounter. Among the most successful triumphs are the type-II superlattice photodetectors and quantum cascade lasers – these technologies have demonstrated the beauty of turning fundamental concepts into practical devices, thanks to advanced growth technologies. This enables us to design and realize compact devices capable of ...
Effect of temperature on separation efficiency in capillary gel electrophoresis

Abstract The effect of the separation temperature on the peak efficiency in capillary gel electrophoresis has been investigated. Low-molecular-mass pharmaceutical and carbohydrate molecules as well as high-molecular-mass biopolymers such as dsDNA and protein molecules were tested. The simple reciprocal relationship between the separation temperature and the theoretical plate numbers is distorted when the charge of the analyte changes with the temperature. Furthermore, the theoretical plates in capillary gel electrophoresis with temperature-susceptible pH buffers and complexation were found to be affected by temperature variations.
A Testing Plan for First-Year German Classes

The average teacher of Elementary German, by applying the techniques used in the construction of standardized tests to the making of short quizzes, can save himself a good deal of time.
Book Review: Intentional Changes: A Fresh Approach to Helping People Change, by Allen Tough, Chicago: Follette Publishing Co., 1982.

I found this book, as well as his previous book (Tough, 1979), to be inspirational. His work led to an intentional change for me. This was to try a strategy that Tough has been using in teaching his own courses. He grades solely on the basis of the time spent in learning. This removes external evaluation and makes the student responsible for the expenditure of the major educational resource, time. I started to do research on this and have now used it in nine courses since 1978 (Armstrong, 1983). Compared to students in traditional courses, time contract students reported feeling more responsibility for their learning. They also were much more likely to describe specific changes in a critical incidents follow-up survey administered six months after the course ended. Furthermore, I have observed a dramatic difference in the learning atmosphere, compared with that found when I used traditional approaches. The time contract students seemed much more interested in self-change. Tough's work has attracted much attention in the field of education. It deserves the attention of those in management education and also those who view themselves as change agents.
Page placement in hybrid memory systems

Phase-Change Memory (PCM) technology has received substantial attention recently. Because PCM is byte-addressable and exhibits access times in the nanosecond range, it can be used in main memory designs. In fact, PCM has higher density and lower idle power consumption than DRAM. Unfortunately, PCM is also slower than DRAM and has limited endurance. For these reasons, researchers have proposed memory systems that combine a small amount of DRAM and a large amount of PCM. In this paper, we propose a new hybrid design that features a hardware-driven page placement policy. The policy relies on the memory controller (MC) to monitor access patterns, migrate pages between DRAM and PCM, and translate the memory addresses coming from the cores. Periodically, the operating system updates its page mappings based on the translation information used by the MC. Detailed simulations of 27 workloads show that our system is more robust and exhibits lower energy-delay2 than state-of-the-art hybrid systems.
Data prefetching on the HP PA-8000

Memory latency is a major issue for many modern microprocessor based systems, including the Hewlett-Packard PA-8000. Due to its fast clock rate and wide issue capability, cache misses in the PA-8000 are very expensive. The PA-8000 combines out-of-order execution with multiple outstanding memory requests to tolerate memory latency; however, this approach has its limitations. In order to substantially reduce much of the memory latency penalty, the PA-8000 uses software-based data cache prefetching. In this paper, we discuss the implementation of the data prefetch generation algorithm in the Hewlett-Packard Precision Architecture (HP-PA) compiler. We present performance results for SPECfp95 on a PA-8000 system that show speedups, due to data prefetching, of up to 100%.
Quantitative Model for Clusters of String-like Cooperative Motion in a Coarse-Grained Glass-Forming Polymer Melt

We apply a living polymerization theory to describe cooperative string-like particle rearrangement clusters observed in simulations of a coarse-grained polymer melt. The theory quantitatively describes the interrelation between the average string length L, configurational entropy S conf, and the order parameter for string assembly Φ without free parameters. Combining this theory with the Adam-Gibbs (AG) model allows us to predict the relaxation time τ in a lower temperature T range than accessible by current simulations. In particular, the combined theories suggest a return to Arrhenius behavior near T g and a low T residual entropy, thus avoiding a Kauzmann ‘entropy crisis’.
Understanding Annual Reports of Hospitality Firms: Part II

This is the second article in a two-part series on understanding annual reports published by publicly-held hospitality firms. Part I in the Spring 1988 issue established the informational content of such reports while this article will focus on the examination and understanding of annual reports, suggested guidelines on how to use them for decision making, and recent developments affecting these reports.
New pharmacological treatment options for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation.

Introduction: Constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C) is a common disorder and accounts for a large number of ambulatory visits. Sensory abnormalities, that is, presence of abdominal pain and discomfort, distinguish IBS-C from chronic idiopathic constipation.Area covered: This review focuses on the pharmacology, efficacy, safety, and future of prucalopride, YKP-10811, DSP-6952, dexloxiglumide, linaclotide, plecanatide, tenapanor, and elobixibat.Expert opinion: It is now well established that treatment focusing only on bowel transit provides incomplete relief to patients with IBS-C. Improved understanding of pathophysiology of IBS-C has led to use of sensory end points like complete spontaneous bowel movements and the FDA combined end point (abdominal pain and complete spontaneous bowel movements) in clinical trials. A number of drugs are in development and provide hope for this challenging group of patients. However, because of recent failures secondary to ineffectiveness and/or adverse ...
Emittance growth of an intense electron beam in a focusing channel

We use the single-particle radial equation of motion to identify nonlinear forces which lead to an emittance growth in a focusing channel consisting of solenoids. For a uniform density beam, the two dominant effects are the axial velocity variations within a solenoid due to the particles' azimuthal velocity and changes in the particle's energy due to radial motion and the radial electric space-charge field. We derive estimates for the emittance growth for a space-charge dominated beam due to these effects, both for the case of a hard focus to a small beam waist and for the case where there is gentle beam scalloping. We also briefly catalog less important emittance growth mechanisms.
Observation of velocity overshoot in silicon inversion layers

Employing a test structure, velocity overshoot in silicon inversion layers is observed at room temperature. For channel lengths longer than 0.3 mu m, the velocity/field relation follows the well-known behavior with no channel length dependence. The first indication of velocity overshoot is seen at a channel length of 0.22 mu m, while at L=0.12 mu m, drift velocities up to 35% larger than the long-channel value are measured. >
Synthesis of high-strength W–Ta ultrafine-grain composites

Bulk samples of an ultrafine-grained tungsten–tantalum composite alloy have been synthesized by consolidating mechanically milled composite powders. The grain growth during densification is limited due to the submicron-scale layering of the individual metals in the composite particles and the relatively low sintering temperature (1300 °C). The ultrafine microstructure of the high-density (∼99% theoretical density) samples leads to a high yield stress of ∼3 GPa under quasi-static uniaxial compression. A tendency for Ta-rich solid-solution formation during densification was observed, and the high-temperature phase equilibria in the composite powders were examined further using high-energy x-ray diffraction at temperatures up to 1300 °C.
Invasive Disease Due to Group B Streptococcus in Pregnant Women and Neonates from Diverse Population Groups

From 1993 through 1996, surveillance for invasive disease due to group B Streptococcus (GBS) in neonates aged <7 days and in peripartum pregnant women was performed in a racially and ethnically diverse cohort in 4 cities in the United States. In a birth population of 157,184, 130 neonatal cases (0.8 per 1000) and 54 maternal cases (0.3 per 1000) were identified. Significant correlates with neonatal disease were black or Hispanic race and a birth weight <2500 g. The attack rate for peripartum maternal infection varied widely by city and may have been influenced by the frequency of administration of intrapartum antibiotics or of evaluating febrile women by performance of blood cultures. Pregnancy loss or GBS disease in the infant occurred in 28% of these maternal cases. Among neonatal and maternal GBS isolates, serotypes Ia (34%-37%) and III (25%-26%) predominated, and type V was frequent (14%-23%). These results provide a description of invasive GBS perinatal infection during the period in which guidelines for prevention were actively disseminated.
Genotoxic and developmental effects in sea urchins are sensitive indicators of effects of genotoxic chemicals

Purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) gametes and embryos were exposed to three known mutagenic chemicals (phenol, benzidine, and pentachlorophenol) over concentration ranges bracketing the effect levels for fertilization success Normal development and cytogenetic effects (anaphase aberrations) were assessed after the cultures were allowed to develop for 48 h Using radiolabeled chemicals, we also characterized concentrations in the test water as well as doses in the embryos following 2 and 48 h exposures We observed dose responses for all chemicals and all responses, except for phenol, which showed no significant effect on development Fertilization success was never the most sensitive end point Anaphase aberrations were the most sensitive response for phenol, with an LOEC of 2 5 mg/L exposure concentration Anaphase aberrations and development were equivalent in sensitivity for benzidine within the tested dose range, and an LOEC of <0 1 mg/L was observed Development was the most sensitive response for pentachlorophenol (LOEC 1 mg/L) The LOEC values for this study were generally lower than comparable data for aquatic life or human health protection We conclude that genotoxicity and development evaluations should be included in environmental management applications and that tests developed primarily for human health protection do not reliably predict the effects of toxic substances on aquatic life
Family Counseling as an Alternative to Legal Action for the Juvenile Status Offender.

The problem of the juvenile status offender (JSO) continues to arouse the concern of professional and lay persons alike. Most problematic is the question of what constitutes an appropriate response to these so-called offenders. In the past these juveniles have been dealt with as a legal problem by the court system. This strategy of functionally categorizing the JSO with the more serious juvenile offenders is harmful to the juveniles and burdensome to society as well. The present paper describes an alternate response to the problem. The intervention is based on a psychological conception of the problem rather than a legal one. Specifically, family therapy is the core of the intervention strategy. An evaluation of this program is reported. It was found that juveniles treated under the new program were referred to the court system significantly less often than a similar sample obtained before the inception of the program.
Performance evaluation of decoding algorithms for multilayered STBC-OFDM systems

In this paper, we study and compare the performance of several detection algorithms for high data rate OFDM based systems, such as WLANs. The proposed architecture combines transmit diversity and spatial multiplexing. The single user's data are demultiplexed into layers of information and each layer is encoded independently by a space time block coder. The output is OFDM modulated and transmitted over multiple transmit antennas. At the receiver, after OFDM demodulation, group nulling/ interference cancellation and joint maximum likelihood detection algorithms are employed to detect the transmitted symbols. The performance and tradeoff of the algorithms are compared and evaluated.
Organometallic complexes on alumina

Abstract Three aspects of the surface chemistry and catalytic activity of organometallic complexes on alumina are covered with particular attention to the effect of the surface concentration of OH− present after various degrees of dehydroxylation. (1) The formation of Lewis acid-Lewis base pair sites during dehydroxylation of alumina. (2) The effect of the degree of dehydroxylation upon the course of the reaction of Mo(CO)6 with the surface of alumina during heating in He and in H2. Variously activated Mo(CO) 6 Al 2 O 3 are catalysts for the hydrogenation of propylene, the exchange of alkanes with D2, the hydrogenolysis of alkanes, the hydrogenolysis of cyclopropane, the hydrogenation of CO, and the metathesis of olefins. Metallic Mo(0) Al 2 O 3 is among the most active catalysts known for the first three reactions. (3) Organoactinide complexes on alumina. The complexes (Cp′)2Th(CH3)2, (Cp′)2U(CH3)2, and (Cp′)2ThH2 (where Cp′ is pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) lead to very active catalysts for the hydrogenation of propylene at −63 °C and the polymerization of ethylene at 25 °C. The surface chemistry of the reactions of the complexes with the surface of alumina during activation has been partially elucidated. High catalytic activity is favored by nearly complete dehydroxylation of the alumina support.
ATST near-IR spectropolarimeter

The development of new solar IR instrumentation in the past decade had opened new windows of opportunity for solar physics research which were not accessible before. Many spectral lines in the near-IR wavelength range from 1 to 2 microns offer powerful diagnostics for the study of solar magnetism in the photosphere, the chromosphere, and the corona. Significant progress and breakthroughs were made in areas such as the generation of weak background magnetic fields by small-scale surface dynamos, the physics of the sunspot, and the direct measurement of magnetic fields in the corona. The combination of these new IR diagnostics tools, and the unprecedented 4-meter aperture and versatile photospheric and coronal capabilities of the Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST), will greatly enhance our capability to study the Sun. It further promises breakthrough observations that can help to resolve many of the long-standing mysteries of solar physics. The instruments for the ATST will need to accommodate a broad range of science subjects, each with its unique observational requirements. This paper examine the near-IR instrumentation required to achieve the ATST science goals, and present conceptual designs of a near-IR SpectroPolarimeter (NIRSP) aimed at addressing the new challenges of observational solar physics brought upon by the ATST.
Shrub Effects on Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor Fluxes Over Grasslands

Temperate grasslands are a species-rich ecosystem that may be important in mitigating the increase in atmospheric CO2. The effect of shrub invasion on CO2 fluxes in Northern Great Plains grasslands is not known. The objectives of this research were to determine CO2 and water vapor fluxes over a grazed mixed-grass prairie (prairie site) and a mixed-grass prairie that has extensive invasion of shrubs (shrub prairie site). The Bowen ratio/energy balance (BREB) technique was used to determine CO2 and water vapor (ET) fluxes during a 4-year period from 1 May to 17 October in 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002. Aboveground biomass and leaf area index (LAI) were measured about every 21 days throughout the growing season. Peak biomass occurred during July to early August and averaged 1763 kg ha 1 for the prairie and 1808 kg ha 1 for herbaceous locations in the shrub prairie site. LAI of the herbaceous locations averaged 0.39 for the prairie site and 0.56 for the shrub prairie site. LAI for the shrubs in the shrub prairie site averaged 4.28. Total growing season CO2 fluxes were similar in prairie and shrub prairie sites, averaging about 350 g CO2 m 2 (positive flux is CO2 uptake). However, the presence of shrubs altered the seasonal pattern of fluxes. Carbon dioxide fluxes over the shrub prairie site were higher than over the prairie site early in the growing season in May and June, and were often lower than those of the prairie site late in the growing season in August, September, and October. Evapotranspiration rates from May to mid-October were higher in the prairie (521 mm) than the shrub prairie site (461 mm). These results suggest that shrub invasion on Northern Great Plains grasslands does not reduce the potential of grasslands to sequester atmospheric CO2.
BLANC: Learning Evaluation Metrics for MT

We introduce BLANC, a family of dynamic, trainable evaluation metrics for machine translation. Flexible, parametrized models can be learned from past data and automatically optimized to correlate well with human judgments for different criteria (e.g. adequacy, fluency) using different correlation measures. Towards this end, we discuss ACS (all common skip-ngrams), a practical algorithm with trainable parameters that estimates reference-candidate translation overlap by computing a weighted sum of all common skip-ngrams in polynomial time. We show that the BLEU and ROUGE metric families are special cases of BLANC, and we compare correlations with human judgments across these three metric families. We analyze the algorithmic complexity of ACS and argue that it is more powerful in modeling both local meaning and sentence-level structure, while offering the same practicality as the established algorithms it generalizes.
Neighborhood income, health insurance, and prehospital delay for myocardial infarction: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study.

Background Outcomes following an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are generally more favorable if prehospital delay time is minimized. Methods We examined the association of neighborhood household income (nINC) and health insurance status with prehospital delay among a weighted sample of 9700 men and women with a validated, definite, or probable AMI in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) community surveillance study (1993-2002). Weighted multinomial regression with generalized estimation equations was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and to account for the clustering of patients within census tracts. Results Low nINC was associated with a higher odds of long vs short delay (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.09-1.96) and medium vs short delay (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.12-1.81) compared with high nINC in a model including age, sex, race, diabetes, hypertension, presence of chest pain, arrival at the hospital via emergency medical service, distance from residence to hospital, study community, and year of AMI event. Meanwhile, compared with patients with prepaid insurance or prepaid plus Medicare, patients with Medicaid were more likely to have a long vs short delay (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.10-3.19) and a medium vs short delay (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.13-2.74). Conclusions Both low nINC and being a Medicaid recipient are associated with longer prehospital delay. Reducing socioeconomic and insurance disparities in prehospital delay is critical because excess delay time may hinder effective care for AMI.
Evaluation of the accuracy of the four-point bend end-notched flexure test for mode II delamination toughness determination

Results are presented from an experimental study to investigate the accuracy of the four-point bend end-notched flexure (4ENF) test for the determination of mode II delamination toughness. In previous studies, 4ENF tests have yielded higher delamination toughnesses than the more commonly used three-point bend end-notched flexure (ENF) test. In a recent finite-element study, it was found that the higher toughnesses found by the 4ENF test cannot fully be attributed to frictional effects. This current study was performed in order to examine if the difference between ENF and 4ENF results is due to current methods used to determine crack length and compliance during a 4ENF test. It was found that if these two parameters are measured accurately then the 4ENF test yields toughnesses similar to those obtained from ENF testing.
Collaborative Team Testing to Support Individual Learning: Can Teamwork Motivate Learning?.

A challenge in the contemporary classroom is that many students do not prepare for class. While technology is a boon in the classroom it can often be an apathy-fostering distraction. To encourage greater student preparation a course was designed with 4 quizzes to be taken first as individuals and then as members of predetermined teams. We reasoned that students knowing they would be quizzed on the chapter material would be motivated to prepare for the quiz on the assigned day. It was hypothesized that team spirit would lead students to higher levels of performance. We reasoned that students, believing other members of the team were depending on them, would be motivated to prepare for the quiz. While a majority showed no improvement, a minority who expressed team spirit did show gains.
PKP differential travel times: Implications for 3-D lower mantle structure

Differential PKP AB‐DF travel‐time measurements are compared directly with predicted residuals for mantle tomographic models to investigate the heterogeneity of the lowermost mantle. Much of the AB‐DF time is accumulated in the lowermost portions of the mantle, resulting in heavy weighting of 3‐D lowermost mantle structure on the differential travel‐time perturbations. Comparisons of the observations with tomographic models show strong model dependence. The best variance reductions are achieved using the recent P‐wave model of van der Hilst et al. [1997] (up to 20%), but the heterogeneity in the lowermost mantle may be 8 times larger than what shown by the tomographic model. The predictions for present S‐wave tomographic models correlate poorly with the observations if we assume P‐velocity anomalies are proportional to S‐velocity anomalies. We argue that S‐velocity anomalies in the lowermost mantle do not always track P‐velocity anomalies. Our study shows no obvious evidence of slab effect on the observed AB‐DF anomalies and, thus, the use of PKP phases is likely to provide a powerful tool in mapping the P‐velocity structure in the lowermost mantle.
Performance analysis of the attenuation-partition based iterative phase retrieval algorithm for in-line phase-contrast imaging

The phase retrieval is an important task in x-ray phase contrast imaging. The robustness of phase retrieval is especially important for potential medical imaging applications such as phase contrast mammography. Recently the authors developed an iterative phase retrieval algorithm, the attenuation-partition based algorithm, for the phase retrieval in inline phase-contrast imaging [1]. Applied to experimental images, the algorithm was proven to be fast and robust. However, a quantitative analysis of the performance of this new algorithm is desirable. In this work, we systematically compared the performance of this algorithm with other two widely used phase retrieval algorithms, namely the Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) algorithm and the Transport of Intensity Equation (TIE) algorithm. The systematical comparison is conducted by analyzing phase retrieval performances with a digital breast specimen model. We show that the proposed algorithm converges faster than the GS algorithm in the Fresnel diffraction regime, and is more robust against image noise than the TIE algorithm. These results suggest the significance of the proposed algorithm for future medical applications with the x-ray phase contrast imaging technique.
Patterns of convergence in general shell form among Paleozoic gastropods

Abstract Recent phylogenetic studies of Paleozoic gastropods show the classification provided by the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology to include numerous highly polyphyletic taxa. Here we test whether this classification reflects limits on the range of possible designs, general architectural constraints, or common functional solutions for Paleozoic gastropods. Our test evaluates whether superfamilial/subordinal level archetypes as defined by the Treatise evolved more frequently than expected among 626 Late Cambrian–Middle Devonian species. Using a previously established phylogeny and five general shell features (spire angle, exhalent current position, base angle, umbilical width, and apertural inclination) we show that there are fewer gastropod morphotypes than expected given the frequency of change in these features. This is true even after accounting for architectural constraints implied by the data. Moreover, the most common morphotypes include significantly more species and evolved significantly ...
Human marrow erythropoiesis in culture: II. Heterogeneity in the morphology, time course of colony formation, and sedimentation velocities of the colony‐forming cells

Time course examination on human marrow erythxoid colony formation was carried out in methylcellulose culture by scoring colonies with clear signs of hemoglobinization. The colonies were arbitrarily divided into 3 categories: small colony, containing fewer than 50 cells; medium-sized colony, containing 50-500 cells; and large colony, containing more than 500 cells. The majority of the large colonies assumed the morphology of bursts consisting of several subcolonies. Small colonies became hemoglobinized, reached their peak on Day 4, and rapidly disappeared. Medium-sized colonies gradually increased, reached their peak on Day 8, and then slowly declined. Large colonies became hemoglobinized beginning on Day 11 and continued to be present until Day 18. We then examined the cell sizes of the erythropoietic precursor using sedimentation velocity analysis. Bone marrow nucleated cells were separated in a Staput apparatus and fractions of equal volume were analyzed for their content of colony-forming units (CFU). The mean of modal sedimentation velocities of late erythroid precursors, CFU-E4 (CFU-E for 4-day-old small colonies), was 6.46 mm/hour, while that of CFU-E14 (CFU-E for 14-day-old large colonies) was 5.17 mm/hour. These studies demonstrate the heterogeneity of human erythroid precursors assayable in culture and emphasize the necessity for clear standardization of scoring colonies.
The relationship between income, education and hypertension.

A sample survey was conducted in South Carolina to determine how income and education relate to hypertension, independently of age, race and sex. The results indicated that there was a significant inverse relationship between income and hypertension for Whites (P < 0·0001), but not for Blacks. There was also a statistically significant inverse relationship between education and hypertension for Whites (P < 0·0001) and for Blacks (P < 0·001).