cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microbial succession and dynamics in meromictic Mono Lake, California.

Mono Lake is a closed-basin, hypersaline, alkaline lake located in Eastern Sierra Nevada, California, that is dominated by microbial life. This unique ecosystem offers a natural laboratory for probing microbial community responses to environmental change. In 2017, a heavy snowpack and subsequent runoff led Mono Lake to transition from annually mixed (monomictic) to indefinitely stratified (meromictic). We followed microbial succession during this limnological shift, establishing a two-year (2017-2018) water-column time series of geochemical and microbiological data. Following meromictic conditions, anoxia persisted below the chemocline and reduced compounds such as sulfide and ammonium increased in concentration from near 0 to ~400 and ~150 µM, respectively, throughout 2018. We observed significant microbial succession, with trends varying by water depth. In the epilimnion (above the chemocline), aerobic heterotrophs were displaced by phototrophic genera when a large bloom of cyanobacteria appeared in fall 2018. Bacteria in the hypolimnion (below the chemocline) had a delayed, but systematic, response reflecting colonization by sediment "seed bank" communities. Phototrophic sulfide-oxidizing bacteria appeared first in summer 2017, followed by microbes associated with anaerobic fermentation in spring 2018, and eventually sulfate-reducing taxa by fall 2018. This slow shift indicated that multi-year meromixis was required to establish a sulfate-reducing community in Mono Lake, although sulfide oxidizers thrive throughout mixing regimes. The abundant green alga Picocystis remained the dominant primary producer during the meromixis event, abundant throughout the water column including in the hypolimnion despite the absence of light and prevalence of sulfide. Our study adds to the growing literature describing microbial resistance and resilience during lake mixing events related to climatic events and environmental change.
Biomarker and multigene assay testing in ER positive, HER-2 negative breast carcinomas: An international guidelines-based approach

Abstract As breast cancer treatment options continue to evolve, biomarker and multigene assay testing are now considered a standard part of the clinical evaluation of estrogen receptor (ER) positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) negative breast carcinomas. These methodologies are used to measure recurrence risk and to tailor both hormonal and chemotherapy treatment options. There are several international guidelines which address the use of biomarker and multigene assay testing for ER positive, HER-2 negative breast carcinoma. Each guideline has specific recommendations as to the prognostic and predictive value of the various biomarker and multigene assay methodologies, their clinical utility, and in some cases their cost effectiveness. In this review, we review the guideline recommendations from eight commonly referenced international organizations (American Joint Committee on Cancer, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Associazione Italiana di Oncologia Medica/ Italian Association of Medical Oncology, European Group on Tumor Markers, European Society for Medical Oncology, National Comprehensive Cancer Network, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, and the St Gallen International Consensus Guidelines) on biomarker and multigene assay testing in ER positive, HER-2 negative breast carcinomas, with a focus on the four most relevant breast cancer biomarkers (ER, progesterone receptor (PR), HER-2, and Ki-67), the five most commonly discussed multigene assays (Oncotype DX®, MammaPrint®, Prosigna®, EndoPredict®, and Breast Cancer IndexTM), with a brief discussion on the emerging BluePrint® multigene assay.
STRUCTURE-GROUND INTERACTION IN EARTHQUAKES

A method of analysis is presented for determining elastic structure-ground interaction effects of single-story structures under earthquake loads. The method derives an equivalent SDF model for the relative story displacement, incorporating the effects of horizontal and rotational base flexibility in a structure. The equivalent SDF model then permits the determination of the seismic interaction response directly from established or assumed response spectra, or from response calculations of ordinary SDF systems. Sample calculations are presented showing responses for the interaction system, the equivalent SDF model, and a SDF system with the same natural frequency as the interaction structure. A study of a wide range of parameters under earthquake-type disturbances establishes that, for the interaction systems considered, interstory displacements are reduced in relation to a SDF system with identical fundamental frequency and interstory damping.
Protein Structure Prediction by Protein Threading

The seminal work of Bowie, Luthy, and Eisenberg (Bowie et al., 1991) on “the inverse protein folding problem” laid the foundation of protein structure prediction by protein threading. By using simple measures for fitness of different amino acid types to local structural environments defined in terms of solvent accessibility and protein secondary structure, the authors derived a simple and yet profoundly novel approach to assessing if a protein sequence fits well with a given protein structural fold. Their follow-up work (Elofsson et al., 1996; Fischer and Eisenberg, 1996; Fischer et al., 1996a,b) and the work by Jones, Taylor, and Thornton (Jones et al., 1992) on protein fold recognition led to the development of a new brand of powerful tools for protein structure prediction, which we now term “protein threading.” These computational tools have played a key role in extending the utility of all the experimentally solved structures by X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), providing structural models and functional predictions for many of the proteins encoded in the hundreds of genomes that have been sequenced up to now.
Burnet, Frank Macfarlane (1899–1985)

First page of article Keywords: Burnet, Frank Macfarlane (staphylococcal toxin); “clonal selection theory of acquired immunity”
Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters and dimethylacetals from lipids with boron fluoride–methanol

Fatty acid methyl esters and dimethylacetals suitable for gas chromatographic analysis were prepared by treatment of lipids with boron fluoride–methanol (140 g BF3 per liter of methanol). This reagent is stable and easy to handle. Reaction conditions were investigated for triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides, free fatty acids, sterol esters, phosphatidyl ethanolamines, phosphatidyl serines, phosphatidyl cholines, monophosphoinositides, monogalactosyl glycerides, phosphatidal cholines (choline plasmalogens), digalactosyl glycerides, and sphingomyelins. The methyl esters and dimethylacetals were readily purified by thin-layer chromatography, and yields were quantitative. There were few undesirable side reactions, and they did not affect the validity of the method. The procedure developed is simple, rapid, and generally applicable to lipids.
Redeploy Illinois Program: The Impact on Juveniles, Families, and the Juvenile Justice System

The Redeploy Illinois (RI) pilot program was created to give Illinois counties financial support to provide community-based services for nonviolent youths who would otherwise be committed to the Department of Juvenile Justice, which oversees juvenile correctional institutions. The current project assesses: 1) the RI data in McLean County; 2) the attitudes and perceptions of the youths in the program; 3) the views of family members of RI youths; and 4) the views of the probation officers, attorneys, and service providers. This research will provide a comprehensive understanding of the impact of the RI program on youths, families, victims, and the justice system. Language: en
The effect of high ascorbic acid supplementation on body iron stores

The level of assimilation of dietary iron is believed to have an important influence on iron status. To examine the effect of enhancing the availability of dietary iron on iron balance, 17 adult volunteer subjects were given 2 g of ascorbic acid daily with meals for 16 weeks. Serum ferritin levels before and after the study averaged 46 and 43 micrograms/L, respectively, indicating a negligible effect on iron stores. When vitamin C supplementation was continued for an additional 20 months in five iron-replete and four iron-deficient subjects, serum ferritin determinations again failed to indicate any significant effect of the vitamin C on iron reserves. These findings were not explained by intestinal adaptation to the enhancing effect of the vitamin, because radioisotopic measurements of nonheme iron absorption showed no reduction in the enhancing effect of 1 g of ascorbic acid after four months of megadoses of vitamin C. It is concluded that altering the availability of nonheme dietary iron has little effect on iron status when the diet contains substantial amounts of meat.
Detection of antigens in urine during acute toxoplasmosis.

Abstract Toxoplasma antigens were detected in sera and urine of mice acutely infected with Toxoplasma gondii. The concentrations of antigens in the urine samples measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were similar to those detected in the sera of the corresponding mice. The major antigens were not dialyzable and were largely destroyed by treatment with trichloroacetic acid and heat (100 degrees C for 1 h). Toxoplasma antigens were demonstrable on Western blots (immunoblots) of the urine samples.
TIRE NOISE GENERATION: THE ROLES OF TIRE AND ROAD

A hemi-anechoic room and roadwheel facility, for the study of noise from small automobile tires, has been constructed at Stanford University. Through use of the signal average, (roadwheel) tire noise may be separated into tire-rotation correlated and roadwheel-rotation correlated components which account for essentially all of the sound. Level and spectral characteristics of these components are examined for three tires with very simple tread patterns and one commercial type tire. The "groove pipe resonance" is discussed. Problems in coastby-roadwheel noise measurement correlation are examined. /GMRL/
AORTIC STIFFNESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS: A CONTROLLED TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC STUDY

Background Aortic stiffness and left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction are common and associated with increased morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Hypothesis In SLE, aortic stiffness and LV diastolic dysfunction may be associated. Methods This 6-year-duration, cross-sectional, and controlled study was conducted in 76 SLE patients (69 women; mean age, 37 ± 12 years) and 26 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. All subjects underwent clinical and laboratory evaluations and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to assess LV diastolic function and stiffness of the descending thoracic aorta using the pressure-strain elastic modulus (PSEM). To validate results using PSEM, aortic strain, stiffness, and distensibility were assessed. Results Patients as compared with controls had higher PSEM (8.14 ± 4.25 vs 5.97 ± 2.31 U, P < 0.001) and had lower mitral inflow E/A and septal and lateral mitral annulus tissue Doppler E′/A′ velocity ratios, longer isovolumic relaxation time, lower septal and lateral mitral annulus E′ velocities, and higher mitral E/septal E′ and mitral E/lateral E′ velocity ratios (all P ≤ 0.03), all indicative of LV diastolic dysfunction. In patients, PSEM was correlated with parameters of LV diastolic dysfunction (all P < 0.05), was independently negatively associated with E/A and E′/A′ ratios and E′ velocities, and was positively associated with E/E′ ratios (P ≤ 0.02 for each parameter and P < 0.001 for all parameters as a profile). Aortic strain, stiffness, and distensibility were also worse in patients than in controls (all P < 0.05) and were correlated with parameters of LV diastolic dysfunction (all P ≤ 0.03). Conclusions Aortic stiffness is independently associated with LV diastolic dysfunction in young adult patients with SLE.
Mars Science Laboratory entry, descent, and landing system

In 2010, the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission will pioneer the next generation of robotic entry, descent, and landing (EDL) systems by delivering the largest and most capable rover to date to the surface of Mars. In addition to landing more mass than prior missions to Mars, MSL will offer access to regions of Mars that have been previously unreachable. By providing an EDL system capable of landing at altitudes as high as 2 km above the reference areoid, as defined by the Mars Orbiting Laser Altimeter (MOLA) program, MSL will demonstrate sufficient performance to land on a large fraction of the Martian surface. By contrast, the highest altitude landing to date on Mars has been the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) MER-B at 1.44 km below the areoid. The coupling of this improved altitude performance with latitude limits as large as 60 degrees off of the equator and a precise delivery to within 10 km of a surface target will allow the science community to select the MSL landing site from thousands of scientifically interesting possibilities. In meeting these requirements, MSL is extending the limits of the EDL technologies qualified by the Mars Viking, Mars Pathfinder, and MER missions. This paper discusses the MSL EDL architecture, system, and subsystem design and discusses some of the challenges faced in delivering such an unprecedented rover payload to the surface of Mars.
Effect of Thermal Cycling and Thermal Aging on the Mechanical Properties of, and Residual Stresses in, Ni‐YSZ/YSZ Bi‐Layers

In this paper we report the effect of thermal cycling, between 20 °C and 800 °C in a gas mixture of 4% H 2 and 96%Ar, on the physical and mechanical properties of Ni-YSZ/YSZ bi-layers. It was found that the porosity and Young's modulus of the bi-layers did not change significantly after thermal cycling. However, the characteristic biaxial strength, as determined by the ring-on-ring test method, was found to decrease by as much as 15% after 1250 thermal cycles. Similar trends were observed from the evaluation of test specimens that had been thermally aged in a similar environment at 800 °C for 625 hours. It was also found that the magnitude of the compressive residual stress in the YSZ layer changes significantly during thermal cycling and aging. Potential mechanisms responsible for this behavior are discussed.
AIDS and Divorce

*Mr. Schepard is an associate professor at Hofstra University School of Law. He received his J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1972. He is also Of Counsel to William S. Beslow, Esq., in New York City. Author's Note: This article is a revised and greatly expanded version of an article authored by Paul Nassar, M.D., Bernard Rothman, Esq., and myself and published in the November 1988 issue of the New York State Bar Journal. I thank Paul and Bernie for their many contributions to my thinking on the subject. I also thank Paul, a psychiatrist, for helping me construct the case studies of AIDS and divorce around which this article is focused. A number of friends and colleagues made valuable comments, including Barbara Woodhouse, John Regan, Monroe Friedman, Linda Silberman, Sherry Deren, and Janet Dolgin. Research assistants Terry Toto and Debra Gold also deserve thanks. Copyright ? 1989 Andrew Sche pard. All rights reserved.
Multicultural Training in CACREP Counselor Education Programs: A Survey

The researchers wanted to know the extent to which multicultural issues were addressed in coursework, practicum, and scholarship, as well as faculty members who participate in multicultural professional development, teaching, supervision, and research. Results show that the majority of programs surveyed have at least one multicultural course.
Literacy and Accountability: The High Stakes of High-Stakes Assessments

This inaugural issue of the Journal of Curriculum and Instruction (JoCI) highlights the efforts of teachers, teacher educators, and reading researchers as they seek to implement exemplary literacy practice during a time when such efforts have been seriously challenged, undermined, and impacted by a variety of political influences. Since the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was signed into law in January of 2002, federal, state, and local accountability mandates have mushroomed resulting in the administration of high-stakes assessments at alltime highs. Policymakers from both sides of the aisle echoed the sentiments of Democratic Senator Ted Kennedy who described this landmark legislation in apocalyptic terms.
Tailoring micropore dimensions in pillared clays for enhanced gas adsorption

Abstract A systematic investigation has been undertaken for tailoring the micropore structure of the pillared clay. Besides the type of metal oxide (e.g. Al 2 O 3 vs. ZrO 2 ) being used as the pillars, the important factors for determining the micropore structure are OH/Al ratio (for Al 2 O 3 -pillared clay), calcination temperature and the starting clay. The effect of the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the clay on the microporous structure (and consequently the adsorption properties) is reported for the first time. Two clays with widely different CECs are used: Arizona montmorillonite (CEC = 1.40 mequiv./g) and Wyoming montmorillonite (CEC = 0.76 mequiv./g). The interlayer spacings of the pillared clays from these different clays are essentially the same, since the interlayer spacing is controlled by the sizes of the oligomers that intercalate between the clay layers. However, the pillar density in the pillared clay is substantially higher with a high CEC in the starting clay, and is shown to be approximately proportional to the CEC. Consequently, the interpillar spacing is substantially lower resulting from the higher CEC. The CH 4 adsorption on the pillared clay is nearly doubled by the smaller interpillar spacing, due to the back-to-back overlapping potential in the micropores. The N 2 adsorption was not significantly influenced because of its low polarizability (hence low inductive potential). Increasing the calcination temperature of the Al 2 O 3 -pillared clay from 400°C to 600°C can decrease the interlayer spacing, but only by 1 (from 8.7 to 7.7 ). The CH 4 /N 2 adsorption ratio of 2.35 is reached on the Al 2 O 3 -pillared Arizona clay that is calcined at 600°C. Finally, the surface and pore volume are influenced by the OH/Al ratio (or pH) during pillaring, since this ratio determines the size and charge of the oligomers. A peak surface area is reached at OH/Al = 2.2.
The use of a respiratory rate biofeedback device to reduce dental anxiety: an exploratory investigation.

Anxiety experienced by individuals visiting the dental office to receive treatment is common. Evidence has shown biofeedback to be a useful modality of treatment for numerous maladies associated with anxiety. The purpose of the current pilot study was to investigate the use of a novel biofeedback device (RESPeRATE™) to reduce patients’ pre-operative general anxiety levels and consequently reduce the pain associated with dental injections. Eighty-one subjects participated in this study, forty in the experimental group and forty-one in the control group. Subjects in the experimental group used the biofeedback technique, while those in the control group were not exposed to any biofeedback. All subjects filled out a pre-injection anxiety survey, then received an inferior alveolar injection of local anesthetic. Post-injection, both groups were given an anxiety survey and asked to respond to four questions regarding the injection experience using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). With the use of the respiratory rate biofeedback device, there was a significant reduction of negative feelings regarding the overall injection experience, as measured by a VAS. Our findings demonstrate that this novel biofeedback technique may be helpful in the amelioration of dental anxiety, and may help produce a more pleasant overall experience for the patient.
Copernicus observations of interstellar matter in the direction of HR 1099

Results are reported for high-resolution Copernicus U1 and V2 scans of the bright RS CVn spectroscopic binary HR 1099. The observations reveal strong UV emission lines at L-alpha and Mg II h and k from the stars as well as interstellar H I and D I L-alpha absorption lines and interstellar Mg II h and k absorption in the direction of the binary system. Column densities, bulk velocities, and temperatures are derived for the interstellar features. A comparison of the derived number density of interstellar H I with data for the nearby star Epsilon Eri indicates an inhomogeneous distribution of interstellar hydrogen along the line of sight. The range of values obtained for the D/H ratio is shown to be consistent with results of other studies. A depletion factor of at least 5 with respect to the solar abundance is estimated for the interstellar magnesium.
Does microsomal glycerophosphate acyltransferase also catalyze the acylation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate

Rat liver microsomal dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase, in contrast to the glycerophosphate acyltransferase, was found to be active at low pH (SS), stable towards heat (SC, 15 min) and trypsin (in the absence of detergents) and was not inhibited by high concentrations of N-ethyl maleimide. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase is only slightly and non-competitively inhibited by sn-glycerol-3-phosphate whereas glycerophosphate acyltransferase is strongly inhibited by dihydroxyacetone phosphate in a competitive manner. Kinetic analysis indicates that this competitive inhibition is not due to the competition of two common substrates for the same active center of one enzyme. These results demonstrate that microsomal glycerophosphate acyltransferase and dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase are two distinct and separate enzymes. Liver microsome Glycerophosphate acyltransferase Dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase
Five SWI genes are required for expression of the HO gene in yeast.

Abstract High-frequency mating type interconversion in yeast requires the HO gene, which encodes a site-specific endonuclease that initiates the switching process. We have isolated and analyzed switching-defective mutants. These mutants define five complementation and linkage groups, SWI 1 to SWI 5. We have shown by two assays, Northern hybridization and β-galactosidase activity in strains containing an HO-lacZ fusion, that mutants defective any SWI gene fail to express the HO gene. In addition, all of the swi mutants exhibit other phenotypes. the most notable being the inviability of double mutants defective in SWI 4 and in either SWI 1, SWI 2 or SWI 3. These results indicate that the SWI genes function in some way as positive regulators of HO expression and have additional cellular roles.
Age-related osteoporosis in biglycan-deficient mice is related to defects in bone marrow stromal cells.

Biglycan (bgn) is an extracellular matrix proteoglycan that is enriched in bone and other skeletal connective tissues. Previously, we generated bgn-deficient mice and showed that they developed age-dependent osteopenia. To identify the cellular events that might contribute to this progressive osteoporosis, we measured the number of osteogenic precursors in the bone marrow of normal and mutant mice. The number of colonies, indicative of the colony-forming unit potential of fibroblasts (CFU-F), gradually decreased with age. By 24 weeks of age, colony formation in the bgn knockout (KO) mice was significantly more reduced than that in the wild type (wt) mice. This age-related reduction was consistent with the extensive osteopenia previously shown by X-ray analysis and histological examination of 24-week-old bgn KO mice. Because bgn has been shown previously to bind and regulate transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) activity, we also asked whether this growth factor would affect colony formation. TGF-β treatment significantly increased the size of the wt colonies. In contrast, TGF-β did not significantly influence the size of the bgn colonies. An increase in apoptosis in bgn-deficient bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) was observed also. The combination of decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis, if it occurred in vivo, would lead to a deficiency in the generation of mature osteoblasts and would be sufficient to account for the osteopenia developed in the bgn KO mice. The bgn KO mice also were defective in the synthesis of type I collagen messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein. This result supports the suggestion that the composition of the extracellular matrix may be regulated by specific matrix components including bgn.
Binding studies with bovine liver udp-d-glucose dehydrogenase

Abstract The direct binding of uridine 5′-(α- d -glucopyranosyluronic acid pyrophosphate) (UDP- d -glucuronic acid) and of uridine 5′-(α- d -xylopyranosyl pyrophosphate) (UDP- d -xylose) to bovine liver UDP- d -glucose:NAD oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.1.22) has been measured by equilibrium dialysis. At saturation, the hexameric enzyme binds six molecules of UDP- d -glucuronic acid to noninteracting sites. UDP- d -xylose binds to 2 distinct classes of sites, each class binding six molecules of ligand. UDP- d -xylose is able to displace either UDP- d -glucose or UDP- d -glucuronic acid and UDP- d -glucose is able to displace UDP- d -glucuronic acid from the enzyme. It is proposed that the enzyme displays half-of-the-sites reactivity toward both substrate (UDP- d -glucose) and cosubstrate (NAD) and all-of-the-sites reactivity toward UDP- d -glucuronic acid. UDP- d -xylose is considered to bind cooperatively with high affinity to six regulatory sites and independently with lower affinity to six catalytic sites on the enzyme. Active-enzyme centrifugation studies show that UDP- d -glucose: NAD oxidoreductase is hexameric at concentrations corresponding to those used in steady-state kinetic measurements.
Trouble in the valley? Instantons and multi-instantons in anomalous scattering

Abstract The valley method is a nonperturbative tool for summing final-state corrections in high-energy baryon number (B) violation. We use it to analyze recent claims that multi-instanton chains dominate the B-violating cross section σ b at energies for which the one-instanton contribution is still exponentially suppressed. We present a toy model in which this claim is incorrect, and is an artifact of retaining only nearest-neighbor instanton-anti-instanton forces. As a separate issue, we also examine the valley method itself, in the one-instanton sector. We show that for some choices of metric on configuration space, the valley bifurcates at a critical enegy, at which point the smooth exponential rise of σ b towards an observably large value apparently comes to a halt, and σ b remains unobservably small.
Two-stage integrated SQUID amplifier with series array output

A two-stage integrated DC superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) amplifier has been fabricated which uses a compact series array of 100 DC SQUIDs as the readout device for a low-noise single SQUID. The output noise is dominated by the amplified noise of the input SQUID and substantially exceeds the input noise of a good room-temperature preamp. The input stage is a low-inductance double-loop SQUID with energy sensitivity of approximately 30-h (equivalent flux noise phi /sub n/ approximately=0.3 mu phi /sub 0// square root Hz), with an input transformer having input inductance L/sub in/ approximately=0.25 mu H and net coupling to the SQUID of k/sup 2/ approximately=0.1. The bandwidth extends from DC to about 390 kHz. The series array has an output voltage swing of 3-4 mV, providing a dynamic range of over 50 dB at full bandwidth. The results suggest the general utility of series SQUID arrays as readout devices for SQUIDs. >
A Note on the Stability Limitations in “A Stable Price Adjustment Process”

In a recent paper Mukherji [1979] proposes a price adjustment process that does not require knowledge of the Jacobian of the excess demand functions. The informational requirements are limited to prices and excess demands. This does not seem so severe. In fact, Mukherji states that, "... . one may easily check whether the Walrasian postulate of raising the price of a good in excess demand and lowering the price of a good in excess supply is satisfied." Mukherji then establishes conditions (Assumptions A, B, and C) on the excess demand functions that guarantee convergence of prices to an equilibrium (his Theorem). However, his assumptions are inconsistent. To see this, let E indicate summation over j from 1 to n 1. Assumption C(i) states there exists a 8 0 for allj and that
Chromatin accessibility pre-determines glucocorticoid receptor binding patterns

Development, differentiation and response to environmental stimuli are characterized by sequential changes in cellular state initiated by the de novo binding of regulated transcriptional factors to their cognate genomic sites. The mechanism whereby a given regulatory factor selects a limited number of in vivo targets from a myriad of potential genomic binding sites is undetermined. Here we show that up to 95% of de novo genomic binding by the glucocorticoid receptor, a paradigmatic ligand-activated transcription factor, is targeted to preexisting foci of accessible chromatin. Factor binding invariably potentiates chromatin accessibility. Cell-selective glucocorticoid receptor occupancy patterns appear to be comprehensively predetermined by cell-specific differences in baseline chromatin accessibility patterns, with secondary contributions from local sequence features. The results define a framework for understanding regulatory factor-genome interactions and provide a molecular basis for the tissue selectivity of steroid pharmaceuticals and other agents that intersect the living genome.
Glial fibrillary acidic protein in radial glia of early human fetal cerebrum: a light and electron microscopic immunoperoxidase study.

Abstract In order to assess the nature of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity in the radial glia of early human fetal cerebrum, full thickness blocks from the midconvexity of the frontoparietal region of the cerebrum of 25 human fetuses ranging from ten to 20 weeks of ovulation age were studied by light and electron microscopic (EM) immunoperoxidase methods. The presence of GFAP within radial glia was demonstrated in vibratome sections, in de-eponized 1 micron sections and in paraffin-embedded sections both at light and EM levels in suitably fixed human fetal cerebral tissue. The results indicate that the pattern of GFAP immunoreactivity observed in "routinely" processed autopsy brains, in which fixation is suboptimal, must be interpreted with care.
Effects of total and regional fat loss on plasma CRP and IL-6 in overweight and obese, older adults with knee osteoarthritis

Summary Objective To describe associations between total and regional body fat mass loss and reduction of systemic levels of inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)) in obese, older adults with osteoarthritis (OA), undergoing intentional weight loss. Design Data come from a single-blind, 18-month, randomized controlled trial in adults (age: 65.6 ± 6.2; Body mass index (BMI): 33.6 ± 3.7) with knee OA. Participants were randomized to diet-induced weight loss plus exercise (D + E; n = 150), diet-induced weight loss-only (D; n = 149), or exercise-only (E; n = 151). Total body and region-specific (abdomen and thigh) fat mass were measured at baseline and 18 months. High-sensitivity CRP and IL-6 were measured at baseline, six and 18 months. Intervention effects were assessed using mixed models and associations between inflammation and adiposity were compared using logistic and mixed linear regression models. Results Intentional total body fat mass reduction was associated with significant reductions in log-adjusted CRP ( β = 0.06 (95% CI = 0.04, 0.08) mg/L) and IL-6 ( β = 0.02 (95% CI = 0.01, 0.04) pg/mL). Loss of abdominal fat volume was also associated with reduced inflammation, independent of total body fat mass; although models containing measures of total adiposity yielded the best fit. The odds of achieving clinically desirable levels of CRP ( Conclusions Achievement of clinically desirable levels of CRP and IL-6 more than double with intentional 5% loss of total body weight and fat mass. Global, rather than regional, measures of adiposity are better predictors of change in inflammatory burden. Clinical Trial Registration Number NCT00381290.
Periampullary adenocarcinoma: analysis of 5-year survivors.

OBJECTIVE: This single-institution experience retrospectively reviews the outcomes in a group of patients treated 5 or more years ago by pancreaticoduodenectomy for periampullary adenocarcinoma. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Controversy exists regarding the benefit of resection for periampullary adenocarcinoma, particularly for pancreatic tumors. Many series report only Kaplan-Meier actuarial 5-year survival rates. There are believed to be discrepancies between the actuarial 5-year survival data and the actual 5-year survival rates. METHODS: From April 1970 through May 1992, 242 patients underwent pancreaticoduodenal resection for periampullary adenocarcinoma at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. Follow-up was complete through May 1997. All pathology specimens were reviewed and categorized. Actual 5-year survival rates were calculated. The demographic, intraoperative, pathologic, and postoperative features of patients surviving > or =5 years were compared with those of patients who survived 5 years after resection.
Pool Boiling in Saturated and Subcooled FC-72 Dielectric Fluid From a Porous Graphite Surface

Experiments are conducted that investigated pool boiling of FC-72 liquid at saturation and 10, 20, and 30 K subcooling on porous graphite and smooth copper surfaces measuring 10 × 10 mm. The nucleate boiling heat flux, Critical Heat Flux (CHF), and surface superheats at boiling incipience are compared. Theses heat fluxes are also compared with those of other investigators for smooth copper and silicon, etched SiO2 , surfaces and micro-porous coating. No temperature excursion at boiling incipience on the porous graphite that occurred at a surface superheats of < 1.0 K. Conversely, the temperature excursions of 24.0 K and 12.4–17.8 K are measured at incipient boiling in saturation and subcooled boiling on copper. Nucleate boiling heat fluxes on porous graphite are significantly higher and corresponding surface superheats are much smaller than on copper. CHF on porous graphite (27.3, 39.6, 49.0, and 57.1 W/cm2 in saturation and 10 K, 20 K, and 30 K subcooled boiling, respectively) are 61.5%–207% higher than those on copper (16.9, 19.5, 23.6, and 28.0 W/cm2 , respectively). The surface superheats at CHF on the porous graphite of 11.5 K in saturation and 17–20 K in subcooled boiling are significantly lower that those on copper (25 K and 26–28 K, respectively). In addition, the rate of increase of CHF on porous graphite with increased subcooling is ~ 125% higher than that on copper.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The Intelligence Paradigm

Ephraim Kam, Surprise Attack: The Victim's Perspective (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988). Pp.266. $25.00.
Analytic Calculation of Higher-Order Quantum-Chromodynamic Corrections in e + e − Annihilation

Order-${{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}}^{2}$ corrections to the annihilation of ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ into hadrons are computed analytically. We briefly discuss the technique, which involves the extension to noninteger dimensions of Chebyshev expansions. In the energy range 15-30 GeV (five flavors) we find $R=3\ensuremath{\Sigma}{{e}_{Q}}^{2}{1+\frac{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}(q)}{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{-}0.94{[\frac{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}(q)}{\ensuremath{\pi}}]}^{2}+\dots{}},$ where ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}$ is the momentum-space subtracted strong-coupling constant. Our result agrees with that of Dine and Sapirstein, and Chetyrkin, Kataev, and Tkachov.
CuxCS2, a new mixed-conducting material

Abstract Cu x CS 2 is a new compound produced by reacting CS 2 with bulk Cu metal at 3.3 GPa near 230°C for an hour. Samples have been made with reproducible x ranging from 2.8 to 3.6. The resulting macroscopically homogeneous amorphous material is a hard, shiny grey substance which is a good conductor of Cu + ions and electrons. The ionic conductivity for all temperatures and concentrations measured obeys a universal relation having a constant activation energy and an activation entropy linear in concentration. The electronic conductivity appears to be dominated by activation from localized states, and is nearly equal to the ionic conductivity. Chemical diffusion enhanced by a factor of nearly 1000 over ionic diffusivity is of order 10 −5 cm 2 /s. ϖE ϖx is slightly variable near − 14 V, and is a function of temperature. This new material may be useful in secondary battery applications.
Putative quantitative trait loci associated with the probability of contracting infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis.

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, also known as pinkeye, is an economically important disease in cattle. The objective of this study was to detect QTL associated with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in offspring from a Brahman x Hereford sire. The sire was mated to Hereford, Angus, and F1 cows to produce 288 offspring in 1994 and mated to MARC III ([fraction one-quarter] Hereford, [fraction one-quarter] Angus, [fraction one-quarter] Red Poll, and [fraction one-quarter] Pinzgauer) cows in 1996 to produce 259 offspring (547 animals total). Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis was diagnosed by physical examination in 36 animals of the family. Records included unilateral and bilateral frequency, but not severity. Records were binary: 0 for unaffected and 1 for affected cattle. A putative QTL for infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis was identified on chromosome 1, with a maximum F-statistic (F = 10.15; P = 0.0015) at centimorgan 79 of the linkage group. The support interval spanned centimorgans 66 to 110. There was also evidence suggesting the presence of a QTL for infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis on chromosome 20, with a maximum F-statistic (F = 10.35; P = 0.0014) at centimorgan 16 of the linkage group. The support interval ranged from centimorgan 2 to 35. This report provides the initial evidence of QTL for infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Although a candidate gene was identified for one of the regions of interest, further studies are needed to identify the genetic basis of resistance to the disease.
On The Measurement Of Mm-Wave Propagation Characteristics Of GaAs Microstrip Lines

A thorough analytical procedure is developed for evaluating the frequency dependent loss characteristics and effective permittivity of millimeter-wave microstrip lines. The technique is based on the measured reflection coefficient of microstrip resonator pairs. Experimental data including Q factor, effective relative permittivity, and fringing for 50 Ω lines on GaAs was obtained. Effects of an imperfect open circuit, coupling losses, and loading of the resonant frequency are considered. A cosine tapered ridge guide fixture was used to characterize the resonators.
After the Birth: Providing Comprehensive Services in a Hospital Outpatient Center

In 1996, Overlake Hospital in Bellevue, Washington, began evaluating services for post—birth care and began designing a program that would result in a successful out—patient clinic run by nurses providing care to postpartum women and their babies. Here's how they did it.
Indication of charge-density-wave formation in Bi(111).

Photoemission spectroscopy of Bi(111) reveals a small hexagonal two-dimensional Fermi surface (FS) associated with an electron band centered in the surface Brillouin zone. Along the hexagon the Fermi momentum ${k}_{F}$ ranges from 0.053 to $0.061\text{ }{\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Temperature dependent valence band spectra show an anisotropic energy gap $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ near the Fermi level. We find a transition temperature of about 75 K. At 11 K, the gap is $\ensuremath{\Delta}=4\text{ }\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}\text{ }$ at the corner and $\ensuremath{\Delta}=7.5\text{ }\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}\text{ }$ at the side of the hexagon. Arguments based on susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{q})$ calculations of a hexagonal FS are used to discuss an incommensurate charge-density-wave (CDW) formation associated with a ${q}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{W}}=0.106\text{ }{\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
The dynamic synthesis of general non-conservative structures from separately identified substructure models

Abstract The idea of synthesizing a number of directly identified substructure models is developed. Each substructure is tested separately and a substructure model is determined from time domain test data. Structural modeling concepts significantly affect the substructure identification and substructure coupling. The effects are examined in detail.
Congruences for Bernoulli, Euler, and Stirling Numbers

Abstract We use properties of p -adic integrals and measures to obtain congruences for higher-order Bernoulli and Euler numbers and polynomials, as well as for certain generalizations and for Stirling numbers of the second kind. These congruences are analogues and generalizations of the usual Kummer congruences for the ordinary Bernoulli numbers.
The effect of temperature and Fe: Al ratio on the flow and fracture of FeAl

Abstract Mechanical testing of large-grained binary FeAl alloys as a function of temperature showed that the yield stress decreased rapidly from 77 to 300 K, followed by a slower decrease up to 500 K. For iron-rich alloys (⩽45at.%Al), the yield stress exhibited a valley at ~500K and a peak at ~675K before declining rapidly at higher temperatures. The stoichiometric alloys showed the highest yield stress at all temperatures. The ductility of the off-stoichiometric alloys in vacuum increased with increasing temperature until at 900 K elongations up to ~150% were obtained; the reduction in area showed a sharp transition from 80% above 600 K. All off-stoichiometric alloys displayed a mixture of intergranular fracture plus transgranular cleavage below 600 K; the amount of cleavage increased with both decreasing iron concentration and increasing temperature. At temperature ⩾600K the fracture mode changed to ductile rupture.
The Collisional History of Asteroid 253 Mathilde

Abstract Asteroid 253 Mathilde is found to have a collisional lifetime of approximately 4 billion years, essentially indistinguishable from the age of the Solar System. However, uncertainties in our knowledge of collisional physics of large bodies and the number of small asteroids could allow an age as young as 2 billion years. This result is consistent with general asteroid collisional evolution studies which show that a Mathilde-sized asteroid has about equal probability of being either an eroded primordial body or a more recently produced collisional fragment from a larger parent body. Assuming a weak, porous structure for Mathilde, projectiles 0.7–3.0 km in diameter are needed to form the largest craters on Mathilde, significantly smaller than the 4- to 5-km projectile needed to fragment and disperse the asteroid. If a 3-km-diameter projectile is needed to form the largest crater, then this collision could have despun Mathilde if it was initially a more rapid rotator. If a smaller,
Removal of the Instrument Makar shoulder staple

When confronted with the challenge of hardware removal during revision shoulder stabilization procedures, specialized instrumentation such as the Instrument Makar staple driver/extractor may become necessary. The Synthes DHS/DCS coupler screw may be more readily available, and can effectively substitute for the Instrument Makar staple driver/extractor.
Diffusion of a nonionic surfactant through polymeric nonporous and porous membranes

Abstract In this work some characteristics of diffusion of a nonionic surfactant, Nonoxynol-9 (N-9, used as a spermicide) through a variety of biocompatible membranes, both nonporous (ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer membrane) and porous (Celgard 2500 polypropylene film and Mitex filter), are studied. The experiments are conducted in a standard glass diffusion cell, the two chambers of which, i.e., “reservoir” and “sink,” are separated by the interposed membrane. The nonporous membrane is found to be impermeable to the surfactant micelle. The diffusion coefficient of the surfactant in this membrane, obtained from the observed “lag time,” therefore, corresponds to that of the nonaggregated molecule (the “monomer”). An increase in the vinyl-acetate content of the membrane results in a higher diffusivity. The experiments with porous membranes are of two basic types. In type I experiments, the initial reservoir concentration of N-9 is slightly below the CMC while in type II experiments it is above CMC, the initial sink concentration (i.e., that on the other side of the membrane) being zero for both. In the former, the only species diffusing is the monomer. However, in the latter type of experiment two stages of transport are observed, and in the second stage only micellar diffusion takes place. The permeability of the porous membranes to the monomer and the micelle are extracted separately from these two types of experiment. The following observations are made on micellar permeability: (i) it is independent of the surfactant concentration, (ii) it increases by 20%, against a predicted value of 30% (by Stokes-Einstein equation) for a change of temperature from 23 to 37°C, and (iii) its value for the Celgard membrane (pore size = 400 A) is about 0.53 times that of the Mitex filter (pore size = 10 5 A, the micelle diameter being about 100 A). The permeability to the monomer, whose size is small (∼50 A) compared to the membrane pore sizes, is consistent with the value of the free diffusion coefficient reported for a similar surfactant.
Ionic model for the stability of the Y-Ba-Cu high-temperature superconductors

The structural stability of the Y-Ba-Cu high-temperature superconductors is described using a modified ionic model. The necessary and sufficient interatomic forces required for static stability within this model are determined and the resulting energy parameters are used to calculate the phonon frequencies. The best-fit parameters are determined for the different Y-Ba-Cu-O structures, and the differences in their internal forces are explained. The possibility of a three-chain material is explored.
Tragic Ending and Inversion in The Tale of Orchid Dream

This essay examines the representation of gender conflict in the late Qing novel Lanhua meng qizhuan (The tale of orchid dream) through an analysis of the novel's responses to its two literary models: Cao Xueqin's Honglou meng (Dream of the red chamber) and Wen Kang's Ernu yingxiong zhuan (A tale of heroes and lovers, 1878). Written as an imitation of Cao Xueqin's masterpiece and a reversal of Wen Kang's novel (itself also a rewriting of Cao Xueqin's work), Lanhua meng qizhuan consciously returns to the tragic mode of representation while it re-polarizes the themes of heroism and love (or ritualized morality versus private feeling) in its portrayal of the married life of a female hero, Song Baozhu. Through the deterioration of the heroine's marriage and her death, the novel exposes the deep-seated male centeredness in Chinese society and culture. At the same time, it reveals the ideological and artistic clashes of the hero-lover model promoted by Wen Kang and undermines his effort of assimilating qing (love, feelings) into the domain of public morality. The author's effort in Lanhua meng qizhuan, while seriously tackling the social problem of gender inequality in its time, also challenged old conventions and opened new avenues in Chinese fiction.