cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Student Divestment Movement in the United States and Tactical Diffusion: The Shantytown Protest

A recent trend in the literature on social movements is the focus on how social movement organizations influence not only their challengers but also other social movement organizations, both in other movements and movements in diffrent countries. This article shows how diffusion theory helps us to better understand this process by specifing ways in which social movement organizations within the same movement may influence one another through indirect network ties. More specifically, I show that a new tactic of protest, the shantytown, spread rapidly among U.S. campuses between 1985 and 1990. Recent advances in the modeling of diffusion in an event historyframework allow me to testfor the diffsion of this innovative strategy of protest among certain groupings of colleges and universities. Specifically, my results indicate that the tactic spread among colleges and universities with similar size endowments, of roughly the same level of prestige, and of the same institutional type. My analysis also indicates that high prestige, liberal arts colleges with smaller numbers of Afican American students had higher rates of shantytown protest.
Temporal-Contrast Discrimination and its Neural Correlates

Reported differences in neuronal contrast processing between the parallel magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) visual pathways invite the hypothesis that contrast discrimination in the human visual system is more sensitive at low contrasts and less sensitive at high contrasts, for stimuli modulated at high compared with low temporal frequencies. In the present study, an edgeless temporally modulated uniform field was selected as the stimulus for psychophysical contrast discrimination, and contrast-increment thresholds for pedestal contrasts ranging from 5.5% to 78.2% were determined with a temporal two-alternative forced-choice staircase procedure. The increment thresholds for five normal subjects were adequately fit by power functions with exponents that shifted continuously from about 0.5 (square-root-law behavior) to about 1.0 (Weber's-law behavior) as stimulus temporal frequency increased from 1 to 30 Hz. A neural simulation, with the use of published contrast-response functions of magnocellular an...
Performance analysis of inclusion effects in multi-level multiprocessor caches

Using multiple levels of cache memory is becoming increasingly popular to bridge the gap between CPU and memory cycle times, but the design of a multi-level cache hierarchy is challenging. One complication is maintaining the inclusion property, where each cache contains a superset of the data contained in all the smaller caches whose requests it services. Inclusion is important for minimizing the coherence overhead; if it is maintained, first level caches will receive coherence signals only for those blocks or lines that they actually contain. The authors show that the straightforward method of maintaining inclusion can lead to unrealistic set associativity requirements in the second level caches. The authors describe weak inclusion, an alternate method of ensuring inclusion with reduced set associativity requirements. >
Genetic and shared environmental influences on children's 24-h food and beverage intake: sex differences at age 7 y

Background: The genetics of habitual food and beverage intake in early childhood is poorly understood. Objective: The objective was to test the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on 24-h food and beverage intake in 7-γ-old children. The association between intake of specific food-beverage categories and child body mass index (BMI; in kg/m 2 ) was also tested. Design: A classic twin design was conducted, using the MacArthur Longitudinal Study of Twins. There were 792 children, including 396 boys from 102 monozygotic and 96 dizygotic twin pairs and 396 girls from 112 monozygotic and 86 dizygotic twin pairs; Children's 24-h dietary intake was estimated by parental recall, from which 9 composite food-beverage categories were derived. Height and weight were converted to BMI. Biometrical analyses of children's daily intake of food-beverage categories and BMI were conducted. Results: There was consistent evidence of genetic influences on children's 24-h intake of food and beverages (servings/d), especially among boys. Seven categories showed significant heritability estimates among boys, ranging from 12% (fish and lemon) to 79% (peanut butter and jelly). Only 3 categories showed significant heritability estimates among girls, ranging from 20% (bread and butter) to 56% (fish and lemon). BMI showed a genetic correlation only with bread and butter intake in girls. Conclusion: The magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on children's 24-h food and beverage intake differed for boys and girls, which suggests sex differences in the development of eating patterns. Heritability estimates were generally large, although other eating phenotypes may be necessary for identifying genetic correlations with adiposity.
Folkbiological reasoning from a cross-cultural developmental perspective: Early essentialist notions are shaped by cultural beliefs.

In 2 experiments, the authors examined the evolution of folkbiological reasoning in children (4 to 10 years of age) and adults from 4 distinct communities (rural Native American, rural majority culture, and suburban and urban North American communities). Using an adoption paradigm, they examined participants' intuitions regarding the inheritance of properties and the mechanisms underlying the transmission of kindhood. Across all communities and ages, there was a strong biological component underlying reasoning about the inheritance of properties. There were also differences in children's intuitions about the mechanisms underlying kindhood: Native American children were more likely than their counterparts to consider blood as a candidate biological essence. This suggests that as children search to discover the underlying essence of a biological kind, they are guided by broad essentialist notions that are shaped by discourse within their community.
Comparative adaptations in oxidative and glycolytic muscle fibers in a low voluntary wheel running rat model performing three levels of physical activity

A unique polygenic model of rat physical activity has been recently developed where rats were selected for the trait of low voluntary wheel running. We utilized this model to identify differences in soleus and plantaris muscles of sedentary low voluntary wheel running rats and physically active low voluntary wheel running rats exposed to moderate amounts of treadmill training. Three groups of 28‐day‐old male Wistar rats were used: (1) rats without a running wheel (SEDENTARY, n = 7), (2) rats housed with a running wheel (WHEEL, n = 7), and (3) rats housed with a running wheel and exercised on the treadmill (5 days/week for 20 min/day at 15.0 m/min) (WHEEL + TREADMILL, n = 7). Animals were euthanized 5 weeks after the start of the experiment and the soleus and plantaris muscles were excised and used for analyses. Increases in skeletal muscle gene expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha and fibronectin type III domain‐containing protein 5 in WHEEL + TREADMILL group were observed. Also, WHEEL + TREADMILL had higher protein levels of superoxide dismutase 2 and decreased levels of oxidative damage. Our data demonstrate that the addition of treadmill training induces beneficial muscular adaptations compared to animals with wheel access alone. Furthermore, our data expand our understanding of differential muscular adaptations in response to exercise in mitochondrial, antioxidant, and metabolic markers.
Glucoprivation induces anestrus and lipoprivation may induce hibernation in Syrian hamsters

Previous results supported the notion that estrous cycles in Syrian hamsters are responsive to the general availability of metabolic fuels, rather than to either fatty acid or glucose availability per se. To test this idea, we monitored estrous cycles in hamsters that were fed ad libitum and treated with a range of doses of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), an inhibitor of glucose utilization. Hamsters treated with 2-DG at doses ranging from 750-1,250 mg/kg showed normal estrous cycles, but higher doses (1,750 or 2,000 mg/kg) induced anestrus. While it is clear from these data that estrous cycles are affected by glucoprivation, it is not clear whether they are responsive to decreased fatty acid availability. Groups of hamsters were fed ad libitum and treated with a range of doses of methyl palmoxirate (MP), an inhibitor of fatty acid utilization. Some of the hamsters that received the highest doses became torpid and thus were not tested for lordosis. None of the euthermic, MP-treated hamsters became anestrous. Other experiments examined the role of glucose availability in fasted hamsters. Hamsters with a high body fat content were protected from fasting-induced anestrus. In contrast, fat food-deprived hamsters treated with low doses of 2-DG (750 mg/kg) became anestrous. Thus fatty acids mobilized from adipose tissue did not prevent fasting-induced anestrus when glucose utilization was blocked. One interpretation is that during fasting fatty acid utilization spares glucose for other tissues involved in the control of estrous cycles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
WiscKey: separating keys from values in SSD-conscious storage

We present WiscKey, a persistent LSM-tree-based key-value store with a performance-oriented data layout that separates keys from values to minimize I/O amplification. The design of WiscKey is highly SSD optimized, leveraging both the sequential and random performance characteristics of the device. We demonstrate the advantages of WiscKey with both microbenchmarks and YCSB workloads. Microbenchmark results show that WiscKey is 2.5×-111× faster than LevelDB for loading a database and 1.6×-14× faster for random lookups. WiscKey is faster than both LevelDB and RocksDB in all six YCSB workloads.
Vivir la medicina: carencia de recursos

Es probable que pocos recuerden mi nombre. Es irrelevante, porque muy poca gente alguna vez lo supo. Fui mejor conocido en el Instituto como el Jolin. Despues de cinco anos en el INNSZ, probablemente los mejores de mi vida, algun interno se me acerco y me pregunto: �?Oye, Jolin, sabes en donde puedo encontrar al Dr. Hector Ferral?� Despues del internado de pregrado en el INNSZ en Medicina Interna, 1984, y superados los dificiles examenes de admision, incluyendo el psicologico y las temidas entrevistas, fui aceptado a un programa piloto de residencia de radiologia, en la que era necesario completar dos anos de medicina interna antes de iniciar propiamente la residencia de radiologia. Acepte gustoso la posicion. Complete dos anos de medicina interna e inicie la radiologia en 1988, aquel que vio la llegada al poder del Presidente Salinas.
Patron-driven acquisitions at the City University of New York: A case study

In this article, the authors describe a patron-driven acquisitions plan successfully implemented at the City University of New York. The authors provide background on the City University of New York and the plan's suitability for such a large consortial library group using examples from the literature and their own experience. The planning, implementation, and outcomes of the plan are discussed as well as thoughts for the future.
Four-dimensional flow magnetic resonance imaging-based characterization of aortic morphometry and haemodynamics: impact of age, aortic diameter, and valve morphology

Aims Four-dimensional (4D) flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was employed for the simultaneous assessment of morphometry and flow parameters along the thoracic aorta to investigate associations between flow, age, aorta diameter, and aortic valve morphology. Methods and results One hundred and sixty-five subjects, 65 controls, 50 patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), and 50 patients with a dilated aorta, and a tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) underwent 4D flow MRI. Following 3D segmentation of the aorta, a vessel centreline was calculated and used to extract aorta diameter, peak systolic velocity, and normalized systolic flow displacement. Validation of 4D flow MRI-based morphometric measurements compared with manual diameter measurements from standard contrast-enhanced MR angiography in 20 controls showed good agreement (mean difference = 0.4 mm, limits of agreement = ±1.31 mm) except at the sinus of valsalva. BAV showed significant differences in average peak velocity (PV; P < 0.016) compared with TAV and controls between the left ventricle outflow tract to sino-tubular junction (BAV: 1.3 ± 0.3 m/s; TAV: 1.2 ± 0.2 m/s; controls: 1.0 ± 0.1 m/s) and the ascending aorta for average normalized flow displacement (BAV: 0.11 ± 0.02; TAV: 0.09 ± 0.02; controls: 0.06 ± 0.01, P < 0.016) despite similar average aortic dimensions for BAV (37 ± 1 mm) and TAV (39 ± 1 mm). Multivariate linear regression showed a significant correlation of maximal aortic diameter to age, PV, and normalized flow displacement ( R 2 = 0.413, P < 0.001). Conclusion A single acquisition of 4D flow MRI characterized local morphological and haemodynamic differences between groups along the aorta. BAV showed altered haemodynamics when compared with TAV in spite of having similar aorta dimensions. Maximal aorta diameter was associated with age, PV, and normalized flow displacement.
Concept of character revisited: an ego-psychological view with some thoughts on the "depressive" character.

Summary.-The concept of character in the psychosnalytic literature is reviewed with reference to differentiation of character and its theoretical derivatives from thc concept of neurotic adaptation. Developments in psychoanalytic ego psychology and cognitive psychology are incorporated into a proposed framework for viewing character strucrure in light of socialization processes and the role of ego functions. This formulation of character more consonant with generalized life-styles is applied to an apparent "type" of character structure and organization at post-genital levels, labeled "depressive character." Some preliminary implications for tactical issues in the therapy process are noted. Developments in psychoanalytic ego psychology and object relations have resulted in modification in the techniques of psychoanalysis and analytic psychotherapy. These changes have focused on the extension of treatment to more severe forms of psychopathology and more developmental primitive disorders (Giovacchini, 1975; Guntrip, 1969; Masterson, 1976; Kohut, 1971). These syndromes such as character disorders, borderline states, and narcissistic personality disorders were considered at one time to be beyond the scopes and limits of psychoanalytic treatment. Instead they have recently become the focus of major extension of treatment which has led to significant revisions and extensions of theory. This expansion of applicability of psychoanalytic ego psychology has been, however, rather exclusively focused on pregenital or pre-moral levels of development and (fixation). In this paper we propose an extension of theory and concomitant revisions of technique to incorporate psychopathology at levels advanced beyond genital-level development, i.e., an ontogenetic expansion to incorporate such factors as psychosocial issues and life-style dimensions within an ego-psychological framework. The implications of such an attempt are, of course, sweeping and profound. We note here that such a proposal derives from experience in treatment of a group of patients whose presenting problems raised major questions in their lack of fit with widely accepted ego-analytic concepts and diagnostic criteria. In our search for a paradigm which would provide a sound theoretical as well as empirical explanation, we have traveled a circuitous and at times convoluted path. What that path has indicated to us is the importance of a re-examination of the concept of character in light of the last twenty years' developments in ego psychology. This we propose to do, as to present justification for post-genitallevel pathological adaptations and to relate to this the data derived from treatment of those patients whose status led us to re-examine our basic concepts.
Clinical Observation of Ziyinqingre Method on Promoting Semen Liquifaction

In order to observe the therapeutic efficacy of Ziyinqingre method on nonliquefaction of semen disease,we observed 136 cases of nonliquefaction of semen disease patients before and after treatment,semen liquefaction time,sperm density,sperm motility,chronic prostatitis NIH-CPSI score and other aspects were compared.The results showed:Ziyinqingre method can shorten the time of the liquefaction and lower the viscosity of semen,increase sperm motility and reduce inflammation and promote secretion of the prostate.
Judicial Accountability and Immunity in Roman Law

I. Magistrates, In General: 1. Introduction; 2. Coercitio of the Magistrates; 3. The Role of the Senate; 4. Immunity while in Office; 5. The Issue of Deposition from Office; 6. Conclusion. II. Judges, In Particular: A. The Notion of Judge in Roman Law; B. Duties of Judges; C. Liability of Judges; D. Conclusion on the Liability of the Iudex ; E. Summary
Scuffing Characteristics of High-Load Rolling/Sliding Contacts Operating in Liquid Oxygen: Effects of Materials and Surface Roughness

This research reports on an experimental study of the effects of materials and surface roughness on the scuffing characteristics of rolling/sliding contacts cooled and lubricated with liquid oxygen. Experiments were carried out under heavy loading with a Hertzian pressure in the range of 2.0 GPa to 3.0 GPa and with a high rolling velocity of up to 48 m/s. For contacts between AISI 440 C stainless-steel elements, the results showed that the scuffing behavior of the system was fairly consistent under a wide range of rolling velocity. Scuffing commenced at a small slide-to-roll ratio of around 0.02, and the scuffing behavior of the contact was not sensitive to surface roughness for the test-sample RMS roughness ranging from 0.02 microns to 0.10 microns. For contacts between 440 C and Si3N4 elements, on the other hand, the scuffing behavior of the system was not very consistent and somewhat unpredictable. The results were sensitive to surface roughness particularly that of the Si3N4 test sample. With well polished test samples, consistent results were obtained; the level of traction was lower than that with a 440 C toroid and scuffing did not take place up to a slide-to-roll ratio of near 0.03. The results strongly suggest that significant hydrodynamic effect can be generated by liquid oxygen under heavy loading and high velocity conditions. The results also suggest that the hydrodynamic action is likely generated by the conventional viscous mechanism as it can be largely destroyed by a narrow circumferential surface scratch running through the central region of the contact.
Impact of biofuel policies on the use of land and energy in U.S. agriculture

Abstract The goal of this study is to evaluate the importance of biofuel policies on the price levels of grains that compete for the use of limited resources, as well as to the use of alternative inputs in grains production in the United States. A theoretical 2-inputs, 2-outputs model is developed to provide foundation of the relationship between ethanol policy and grains prices and agricultural inputs use. Simulations are run using the theoretical model results and empirical values of the demand and supply elasticities for given crops and inputs, and input and output shares in production, to determine the indirect and direct effects of ethanol policy on grain prices and input use. Results suggest that corn prices increase leading to an increase in wheat prices. Both land and energy use in corn production increases disproportionally more than what they decrease in wheat production. The relative increase of energy used in agriculture following the adoption of ethanol policies is especially interesting since it stands in contrast to the proclaimed goals of the policy. The results of this study may give greater knowledge to policy makers, who can be better informed with respect to the secondary effects of ethanol legislation.
A Wideband Low-Power-Consumption 22–32.5-GHz 0.18- $\mu \text{m}$ BiCMOS Active Balun-LNA With IM2 Cancellation Using a Transformer-Coupled Cascode-Cascade Topology

A low-power-consumption wideband 0.18- $\mu \text{m}$ BiCMOS active balun-low noise amplifier (LNA) with linearity improvement technique for millimeter-wave applications is proposed. The linearity technique utilizes constant Gm transconductance structure with the second-order intermodulation (IM2) cancellation that provides robustness to input and output variations. The constant Gm is established with equal emitters’ area ratios and proper base-emitter biasing voltage, thus improving linearity. Furthermore, power saving is achieved using inductive coupling boosting the overall Gm structure and reducing the current consumption for the auxiliary gain stage. The measured balun-LNA’s power gain between the input and two outputs is 15.4 and 15.6 dB with input return loss greater than 8.7 dB. The gain and phase mismatches are less than 1.8 dB and 12°, respectively. The balun-LNA noise figures between the input and two outputs are less than 5.5 and 6 dB at 32.5 GHz. The measured input points [referred 1-dB gain compressions ( $P_{\mathrm {{in}}}1$ dB’s), input referred third-order intercept IIP3’s] and the input referred second-order intercept points (IIP2’s) are more than −14.6, −5.7, and 42 dBm across 22–32.5 GHz, respectively, and the total power consumption is less than 9 mW drawn from 1.8 V power supply.
Induction Mortality In Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): a Retrospective Cohort Analysis From the Pediatric Health Systems Information (PHIS) Database, 1999–2009

Abstract 3239 We sought to define factors identifying children at increased risk for mortality during the induction phase of chemotherapy for ALL. We identified a cohort of 11,145 pediatric patients with newly diagnosed ALL using PHIS data from 1999–2009. The PHIS database contains de-identified records of all admissions from 42 children9s hospitals across the United States, representing 85% of pediatric admissions to freestanding children9s hospitals. Data are internally validated by PHIS, and participating hospitals must have an error rate of Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Carenet: building regulation-compliant home-based healthcare services with software-defined infrastructure

Healthcare network and computing infrastructure is rapidly changing from closed environments to open environments that incorporate new devices and new application scenarios. Home-based healthcare is such an example of leveraging pervasive sensors and analyzing sensor data (often in real-time) to guide therapy or intervene. In this paper, we address the challenges in regulatory compliance when designing and deploying healthcare applications on a heterogeneous cloud environment. We propose the CareNet framework, consisting of a set of APIs and secure data transmission mechanisms, to facilitate the specification of home-based healthcare services running on the software-defined infrastructure (SDI). This work is a collaboration among computer scientists, medical researchers, healthcare IT and healthcare providers, and its goal is to reduce the gap between the availability of SDI and meeting regulatory compliance in healthcare applications. Our prototype demonstrates the feasibility of the framework and serves as testbed for novel experimental studies of emerging healthcare applications.
Sub-wavelength stabilization of long, deployed optical fibers for quantum networks

We implemented an active feedback scheme to stabilize an ∼84 km deployed optical fiber between Lincoln Laboratory and MIT Campus. The residual fluctuations of less than 193 attoseconds RMS enable quantum networking and quantum secure communications.
Abstract P230: Uncoupling of NOS3 is Involved in Diminished Flow-induced No Production in Dahl Salt-sensitive Rat Thick Ascending Limbs

Increased luminal flow enhances nitric oxide (NO) production in thick ascending limbs (TALs). NO produced by NO synthase 3 (NOS3) inhibits Na transport. However, its effect on transport is reduced in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) vs salt-resistant rats (SR). In Sprague-Dawley rat TALs, angiotensin II can acutely cause NOS3 to uncouple to produce superoxide (O 2 - ) thereby reducing NO production. We hypothesized that flow-induced NO production is decreased in SS TALs and that this is due to NOS3 uncoupling. We measured flow-induced NO in isolated perfused TALs using the fluorescent dye DAF-FM and performed Western blots of renal medullary lysates. Flow-induced NO production was reduced 69% in TALs from SS (11±2 arbitrary units (AU)/min, n=6) vs SR (35±6 AU/min, n=8, p 2 - ) scavenger tempol (19±2 vs 30±5 AU/min for SS and SR, respectively; n=9 for each strain, p 2 - plays only a minor role in the difference in flow-induced NO production between SS and SR thick ascending limbs. We next investigated whether NOS3 uncoupling could account for the difference between strains by using the fluorescent dye dihydroethidium to measure flow-induced O 2 - before and after treatment with the NOS inhibitor L-NAME. Blocking NOS3 reduced O 2 - production in SS TALs by 21±7%, from 38±5 to 30±5 AU/min (n=6, p 2 - , but rather in large part due to uncoupling of NOS3. Impaired flow-induced NO production in TALs could contribute to the Na retention associated with salt-sensitive hypertension.
The Health Care Institution / Patient Relationship

Over the last quarter century, the field of bioethics has proceeded with a primary focus on the sorts of moral problems and quandaries that surface within the individual provider-patient relationship. To be sure, a parallel focus on more systemic issues, such as justice and equity within health care, or the allocation of scarce medical resources, has also occurred. Equally, focus has been given to more extraordinary, “sexy” sorts of issues, e.g., stem cell research and surrogate motherhood. But if one performed a tally of the number of pages produced within bioethics proper over this period, the total count for issues such as informed consent, truth-telling, confidentiality, beneficence and paternalism, and death and dying, cast within the specific frame of the provider-patient relationship, would surely dwarf the number of pages dedicated to the more systemic or extraordinary issues.
Information technology literacy in the ERA of the ubiquitous information technologist: panel discussion

In the near future, everyone will be an information technologist. However, realization of the relevance of information technology literacy is more widespread in higher education than are well-articulated institutional programs to assess and amplify IT competencies. There is a cultural and historical momentum behind the assessment of reading, writing and arithmetic; not so for information technology. As such, IT competencies are not emphasized in some high schools, not assessed at many universities, and not included in assessments such as the SAT and ACT. Moreover, there are no generally accepted standards for what constitutes IT literacy. In this panel, we will discuss the complex IT literacy construct and its various incarnations (i.e., information literacy, computer literacy, and so on), provide an overview of the proposed NAEP Technological Literacy Framework to be implemented in 2014, introduce a model of IT literacy, make recommendations for the proliferation of IT literacy standards, and prescribe strategies for moving toward broad implementation of IT assessment and amplification at all levels of education.
Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide: Indications and Interpretation

Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) is a marker for eosinophilic airway inflammation. The correlations between fraction of exhaled NO (FENO) and eosinophils in blood, sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, and mucosal biopsies of the airway have been well studied. A quantitative, noninvasive, and simple methodology has been developed to determine how best to assess FENO as a measure of airway inflammation. FENO measurement has been standardized by the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171(8):912–930, 2005). The gold standard for measuring FENO is the single-breath online method, which can be performed in young children from the age of 4–5 years. A chemiluminescence-based analyzer or a portable analyzer using an electrochemical sensor can be used to measure FENO. Many studies have shown that FENO has potential diagnostic and therapeutic roles in various respiratory diseases, particularly asthma. In asthma, FENO is useful to diagnose and monitor eosinophilic airway inflammation, and predict steroid responsiveness. It also can be helpful in supporting the diagnosis of asthma and in guiding adjustment of anti-inflammatory medication. ATS Clinical Practice Guidelines have been published for interpretation and clinical applicability of FENO (Dweik et al., 184(5):602–615, 2011). FENO can provide additional information on underlying airway inflammation, and is complementary to respiratory symptoms, lung function tests, and bronchial provocation tests for asthma and other respiratory diseases in the clinical setting.
Breaking the Scaling Limit: A Parallel-in-Space-and-Time Method for Transient Electromagnetic Problems

In this paper, we propose a new time-domain method to harvest parallelism in both spatial and temporal dimensions for transient electromagnetic problems. The objective is obtained through the investigation of space-time domain decomposition formulation and rational approximation of time-domain Green's function. Comparing to traditional space-only parallel algorithms, the method provides high parallelism and significant speedup on high performance computers with a large number of processors. Moreover, it opens up new means of addressing the temporal multi-scale challenge in time-dependent multiphysics problems. Experiments validate the hypothesis and illustrate the great potential of the method.
Synthesis of conformationally restricted sulfonamides via radical cyclisation

Abstract A convenient synthesis of conformationally restricted sulfonamides such as compounds ( 12 ) and ( 40 ) with seven- and eight-membered ring structures has been achieved using radical reaction. These compounds and their analogs are expected to serve as important pharmacophores in drug discovery.
Synthesis of Optically Pure Cyclic Lipoidal Ammonium Salts and Evaluation of Inhibition of Protein Kinase C

Stereoisomeric cyclic analogues of hexadecylphosphocholine (Miltefosine) and phosphatidylcholine, (2S,4S)-, (2R,4S)-, (2R,4R)-, and (2S,4R)-2,6,6-trimethyl-2-oxo-4-pentadecyl-1,3-dioxa-6-aza-2-phos...
Banach-Space Operators Acting on Semicircular Elements Induced by Orthogonal Projections

The main purposes of this paper are (i) to construct-and-study weighted-semicircular elements from mutually orthogonal $$\left| \mathbb {Z} \right| $$ -many projections, and the Banach $$*$$ -probability space $$\mathbb {L}_{Q}$$ generated by these operators, (ii) to establish $$*$$ -isomorphisms on $$ \mathbb {L}_{Q}$$ induced by shifting processes on the set $$\mathbb {Z}$$ of integers, (iii) to consider how the $$*$$ -isomorphisms of (ii) generates Banach-space adjointable operators acting on the Banach $$*$$ -algebra $$\mathbb {L}_{Q}$$ , (iv) to investigate operator-theoretic properties of the operators of (iii), and (v) to study how the Banach-space operators of (iii) distorts the original free-distributional data on $$\mathbb {L}_{Q}$$ . As application, one can check how the semicircular law is distorted by our Banach-space operators on $$\mathbb {L}_{Q}$$ .
Optimizing Contact Precautions to Curb the Spread of Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria in Hospitals: A Multicenter Cohort Study to Identify Patient Characteristics and Healthcare Personnel Interactions Associated With Transmission of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Background Healthcare personnel (HCP) acquire antibiotic-resistant bacteria on their gloves and gowns when caring for intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Yet, contact precautions for patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains controversial despite existing guidelines. We sought to understand which patients are more likely to transfer MRSA to HCP and to identify which HCP interactions are more likely to lead to glove or gown contamination. Methods This was a prospective, multicenter cohort study of cultured HCP gloves and gowns for MRSA. Samples were obtained from patients' anterior nares, perianal area, and skin of the chest and arm to assess bacterial burden. Results Among 402 MRSA-colonized patients with 3982 interactions, we found that HCP gloves and gowns were contaminated with MRSA 14.3% and 5.9% of the time, respectively. Contamination of either gloves or gowns occurred in 16.2% of interactions. Contamination was highest among occupational/physical therapists (odds ratio [OR], 6.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.51, 13.79), respiratory therapists (OR, 5.34; 95% CI, 3.04, 9.39), and when any HCP touched the patient (OR, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.04, 6.51). Touching the endotracheal tube (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.38, 2.19), bedding (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.20, 1.70), and bathing (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.01, 1.75) increased the odds of contamination. We found an association between increasing bacterial burden on the patient and HCP glove or gown contamination. Conclusions Gloves and gowns are frequently contaminated with MRSA in the ICU. Hospitals may consider using fewer precautions for low-risk interactions and more for high-risk interactions and personnel.
Interaction effect of alcohol consumption and Alzheimer disease polygenic risk score on the brain cortical thickness of cognitively normal subjects.

Abstract Alcohol consumption and genetic risk for Alzheimer disease (AD) are among many factors known to be associated with brain structure in cognitively healthy adults. It is unclear, however, whether the effect of alcohol consumption on brain structure varies depending on a person's level of genetic risk for AD. We hypothesized that there is an interaction effect of alcohol consumption and a 33-SNP AD polygenic risk score (PRS) on the cortical thickness of brain regions known to be affected early in the course of AD. Studying 6,213 cognitively healthy subjects from the UK Biobank, we found a significant interaction effect of the 33-SNP AD PRS and alcohol consumption on this AD Cortical Thickness Signature. Stratified, among those who consume 12–24 g/day of alcohol, the 33-SNP AD PRS had a significant, positive association with AD Cortical Thickness Signature, with high-risk subjects having the greatest AD Cortical Thickness Signature. There were no significant associations of the 33-SNP AD PRS with AD Cortical Thickness Signature among the nondrinker or 48 g/day groups. It is unclear whether this interaction is due to a detrimental or beneficial effect of moderate alcohol consumption in those with the highest genetic risk for AD.
What We Must Learn from Alverno.

Unusual educational specimen or innovative model? For years many people have viewed Alverno College as something to observe with interest, but impossible to emulate. Now they are taking a second lo...
Third-trimester in utero fetal brain diffusion tensor imaging fiber tractography: a prospective longitudinal characterization of normal white matter tract development

White matter is responsible for inter-neuronal connections throughout the brain that are a driving force in cognitive development. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) fiber tractography has been used to evaluate white matter development in the fetal brain; however, longitudinal studies of DTI fiber tractography to assess white matter development in the third trimester are lacking. To characterize in utero longitudinal changes in the fetal brain DTI fiber tracts of normal third-trimester fetuses. For this single-center prospective longitudinal observational pilot study, we recruited 28 pregnant females with normal third-trimester pregnancies who had routine prenatal ultrasound. MRI of the in utero fetal brain was performed with a Siemens 1.5-tesla (T) Espree scanner at 31 weeks, 33 weeks and 36 weeks of gestation, with 14 DTI tractography parameters quantified in 7 brain regions using DTI-studio version 2.4 (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; n=98 measurements). We used multilevel mixed models to examine the relationship between longitudinal changes in DTI measurements and between 98 DTI measurements at 31 weeks and 4 routine fetal brain anatomical biometrics (n=392 assessments). We observed statistically significant decreases in radial diffusivity and apparent diffusion coefficient in 13 of 14 brain regions from 31 weeks to 36 weeks of gestation (P<0.001 for all regions except the genu of the corpus callosum). Significant decreases in radial diffusivity from weeks 33 to 36 and weeks 31 to 36 were seen in the corticospinal tracts, centrum semiovale, posterior limb of the internal capsule, and crus cerebri (P<0.001 for all). When considering all possible combinations of DTI fiber tract measurements and the routine morphological fetal brain biometrics, only 6% (24/392) had a significant association (P<0.05), indicating relative independence of the DTI fiber tract measurements from anatomical biometrics. In utero longitudinal changes in fetal brain DTI fiber tractography are quantifiable in normal third-trimester fetuses and are largely independent of morphological brain changes.
Improving the fatigue performance of vanadium and silicon alloyed medium carbon steels after nitriding through increased core fatigue strength and compressive residual stress

Abstract The fatigue performance of nitrided medium carbon steels, alloyed with V and Si, and heat treated to form martensite and bainite microstructures, was evaluated using cantilever bending fatigue testing. Hardness testing and X-ray diffraction residual stress measurements were used in conjunction with an analysis of the applied stress distributions to determine vulnerable regions of crack initiation. The analysis was correlated with experimental scanning electron microscopy observations of crack initiation location. Increases in V and Si content lead to higher core hardness and higher core fatigue strength which increase the applied stress needed to initiate fatigue failure originating subsurface below the case. Increases in V and Si content also increase the magnitude of compressive residual stress, which increases the applied stress needed for surface initiated failure. The combination of increased core fatigue strength and magnitude of compressive residual stress improve the fatigue performance after nitriding compared to other nitrided medium carbon steels reported in literature.
Nanoparticle Biosynthesis and Interaction with the Microbial Cell, Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Effects, and Environmental Impact

Nanotechnology is a rapidly emerging field provoking immense research interests due to its wide applications in the areas of technology and science. Nanotechnology has enabled the synthesis and development of various metal nanoparticles (NPs) through physical, chemical, and biological methods. Biosynthesis of metal NPs using microbes has gained wide attention because of its ability to synthesize NPs in a simple, clean, cost-effective, and eco-friendly manner. Several types of metal NPs (such as silver, gold, zinc, titanium, iron) synthesized through extracellular or intracellular mechanisms possess low toxicity and antimicrobial properties, enabling its use in medical imaging, drug delivery, antibacterial and antiviral agents, and water treatments. The interactions of such metal nanoparticles with the extra- and intracellular structures of microbes (gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria) occur through membrane disruption and reorganization. These biosynthesized metal NPs exhibit strong antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity, and other impacts of quorum sensing and chemotaxis in cellular signaling pathways. The environmental impact of these metal NPs, particularly the toxicity of NPs, in marine organisms are discussed in this chapter.
Biomarkers of Esophageal Cancers and Precancerous Lesions

Esophageal cancer is one of most deadly cancers worldwide although the two subtypes differ in their geographical distribution and natural history. The challenge is to intercept the disease in its premalignant stages to improve the curative effect and survival rate. To this end, most efforts have been focused on finding biomarkers for early diagnosis and early treatment of esophageal cancer. In this chapter, we reviewed biomarkers of esophageal cancer and precancerous lesions that have already been in clinical application as well as those that are in different stages of discovery and validation. In addition, we briefly introduce the microbiome and other less conventional biomarkers of esophageal cancers.
Expression of MCP-1 and its receptors in glioblastoma multiforme

1770 Inflammation in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) involves infiltration of hematopoietic cells, tissue edema, and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The mechanisms underlying tumor-associated inflammation remain poorly defined. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a dominant chemoattractant cytokine for monocytes and macrophages in response to inflammation. Higher expression of MCP-1 was seen in GBM than in low-grade glioma, and expression of MCP-1 by tumor cells is thought to be responsible for recruitment of macrophages that could induce angiogenesis and white matter edema, two hallmark histopathological features of GBM. Using immunohistochemistry, we investigated the expression of MCP-1 and its receptors, CCR2A and CCR2B, in 31 human GBM specimens. We found that all three proteins were detected in almost every tumor specimen examined, and in most cases the neoplastic cells positive with MCP-1 are also immunoreactive with CCR2A and CCR2B. We hypothesized that MCP-1 can directly affect the biology of glioma cells, potentially through autocrine-activating loops. We tested this hypothesis further in vitro using U87 glioma cells as a model and demonstrated that overexpression of CCR2A gene increases cell migration, suggesting that CCR2A expression might regulate glioma cell motility in response to MCP-1.
Resection Status Does Not Impact Recurrence in Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma of the Extremity.

Background Well-differentiated liposarcoma (WDLPS) is a low-grade soft tissue sarcoma with a propensity for local recurrence. The necessity of obtaining microscopically free surgical margins (R0) to minimize local recurrence is not clear. This study evaluates recurrence-free survival (RFS) of extremity WDLPS in relation to resection margin status. Methods A retrospective review of adult patients with primary extremity WDLPS at seven US institutions from 2000 to 2016 was performed. Patients with recurrent tumors or incomplete resection (R2) were excluded. Clinicopathologic factors were analyzed to assess impact on local RFS. Results 97 patients with primary extremity WDLPS were identified. The majority of patients had deep, lower extremity tumors. Mean tumor size was 18.2±8.9cm. Patients were treated with either radical (76.3%) or excisional (23.7%) resections; 64% had R0 and 36% had microscopically positive (R1) resection margins. Ten patients received radiation therapy with no difference in receipt of radiation between R0 vs R1 groups. Thirteen patients (13%) developed a local recurrence with no difference in RFS between R0 vs R1 resection. Five-year RFS was 59.5% for R0 vs 85.2% for R1. Only one patient died of disease after developing dedifferentiation and distant metastasis despite originally having an R0 resection. Discussion In this large multi-institutional study of surgical resection of extremity WDLPS, microscopically positive margins were not associated with an increased risk of recurrence. Positive microscopic margin resection for extremity WDLPS may yield similar rates of local control while avoiding a radical approach to obtain microscopically negative margins.
Exposition by Emil Artin: A Selection

Introduction by M. Rosen Books by Emil Artin: The Gamma Function by E. Artin Galois Theory by E. Artin Theory of Algebraic Numbers by E. Artin Papers by Emil Artin: Axiomatic characterization of fields by the product formula for valuations by E. Artin and G. Whaples A note on axiomatic characterization of fields by E. Artin and G. Whaples A characterization of the field of real algebraic numbers by E. Artin The algebraic construction of real fields by E. Artin and O. Schreier A characterization of real closed fields by E. Artin and O. Schreier The theory of braids by E. Artin Theory of braids by E. Artin On the theory of complex functions by E. Artin A proof of the Krein-Milman theorem by E. Artin The influence of J. H. M. Wedderbum on the development of modern algebra by E. Artin.
Contexts Matter: The Relationship Between School Wide Student Demographics and Graduation Rates

Nearly 60 years after the Supreme Court Decision in Brown, segregation is still an ingrained facet of American public education. This study investigated the extent to which these continued patterns of segregation influenced graduation rates from high school. The study used data provided by the Virginia Department of Education (VDOE) on the 2011 graduating cohorts in 302 public high schools across the state. The results indicate that graduation rates for all students vary significantly as a function of the overall socioeconomic and racial composition of high schools. In addition, low-income students are significantly more likely to graduate in low-poverty high schools and minorities are significantly more likely to graduate in high schools that are not highly segregated by race. Finally, school level demographic variables explain a significant, independent share of the variance in graduation rates among high schools. These results lend weight to policies designed to integrate high schools as a way to equalize educational opportunity.
Auctions with type-dependent and negative externalities: the optimal mechanism

We analyze optimal auction design in the presence of negative externalities. We assume that externalities are a function of both the valuation of the agent who suers it and the valuation of the agent who obtains the good. This introduces two dierent sources of countervailing incentives: the reservation utility of each bidder becomes type-dependent and the equilibrium utility is not necessarily increasing in the agent’s valuation. We characterize the properties of the optimal mechanism when externalities are “strongly decreasing”, “weakly decreasing” and “increasing” in the agent’s valuation. Last, we discuss its implementation with sealed-bid auctions. Interestingly, bidding strategies are not necessarily increasing in valuations, and the optimal mechanism can be implemented by setting a price ceiling instead of a reserve price.