cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Record of Solar and Galactic Radiations in the Ancient Lunar Regolith and their Implications for the Early History of the Sun and Moon

The paper reviews research into the nature and history of the lunar environment, as recorded in rocks and core samples, performed by studying effects produced by the energetic nuclear particles constituting the solar wind, solar flares, and galactic cosmic rays. Results obtained with lunar rocks are discussed which suggest a remarkable constancy of the lunar environment at least over the last several million years. Analyses of lunar core samples are examined which indicate an apparent secular change in the N-15/N-14 ratio with time in solar-wind-related nitrogen, possibly due to greatly enhanced solar flare activity in the past. Lunar and meteoritic breccias are proposed as obvious candidates for extending the radiation record much further back in time, perhaps even close to the beginning of the solar system.
Tungsten oxide-coated copper oxide nanowire arrays for enhanced activity and durability with photoelectrochemical water splitting

The deposition of crystalline CuWO4 and WO3 layers on copper oxide nanowire arrays resulted in a five-fold improvement of the photocurrent density (∼1.7 mA cm−2 at −0.1 V vs. RHE) over titania-coated copper oxide NW arrays. The deposition of WO3 or CuWO4 reduced the CuO phase impurities in Cu2O. The improvement in the phase purity of the nanowire arrays led to a considerable enhancement in the resulting photoactivity. These protective coatings have been shown to play a dual role of marginally extending the durability of the electrode and promoting charge separation.
Chase combining for on-off-keying FSO communications

In this paper, the concept of Chase Combining (CC) is extended to photon communications systems. It is assumed that intensity modulation (IM) along with on-off-keying (OOK) schemes are utilized to generate signals at the transmitter. At the receiver, direct-detection (DD) mechanisms are utilized to recover the transmitted signal. In particular, it is assumed that the optical detection is achieved via an avalanche photo-detector (APD). It is assumed that the photon channel is impacted by clear-air (log-normal) turbulence and that the major impairments of the receiver include receiver thermal noise, shot noise due to optical detection, background radiation, and random gain distortion caused by APD. Performance is established in terms of bit error rate (BER) using analytical and simulation means. The numerical results demonstrate that CC technique offers a significant improvement in performance at a cost of increased hardware complexity.
Matched-condition robust Dynamic Noise Adaptation

In this paper we describe how the model-based noise robustness algorithm for previously unseen noise conditions, Dynamic Noise Adaptation (DNA), can be made robust to matched data, without the need to do any system re-training. The approach is to do online model selection and averaging between two DNA models of noise: one that is tracking the evolving state of the background noise, and one clamped to the null mis-match hypothesis. The approach, which we call DNA with (matched) condition detection (DNA-CD), improves the performance of a commerical-grade speech recognizer that utilizes feature-space Maximum Mutual Information (fMMI), boosted MMI (bMMI), and feature-space Maximum Likelihood Linear Regression (fMLLR) compensation by 15% relative at signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) below 10 dB, and over 8% relative overall.
Influence of drugs on the human electroencephalogram

Abstract The interrelationships of pharmacology seizures and dysrhythmia are discussed. Correlations have been made between clinical and electroencephalographic improvement in 100 patients receiving drug therapy. The two follow a broadly parallel course, changes in seizures and tracings being grouped simply as normal, improved or inimproved. In 66 percent of 108 periods of treatment, there was complete correlation. In 30 percent clinical improvement, in four percent the reverse was true. Clinical improvement and also complete correlation between seizures and dysrhythmia was more evident in patients with petit mal (73 percent correlation) than in those with other types of seizures (57 percent correlation). Medication seems to influence seizures, or an “externalizing mechanism” before it influences the dyrhythmia of an interseizure recording. Broadly speaking, repeated electroencephalograms assist in judging the progress of treatment and the prognosis of epilepsy.
Mechanical Support for Pulmonary Veno-occlusive Disease: Combined Atrial Septostomy and Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

The use of atrial septostomy for refractory pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure results in an adequate left ventricular preload and improved cardiac output at the expense of a profound hypoxic shunt. Combined dual-lumen venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and atrial septostomy provides extracorporeal gas exchange of venous return before the directional right atrial to left atrial shunt, can be deployed percutaneously, and results in an ambulatory patient with stable hemodynamics.
The effect of ionophores on proton flux in the ruminal bacterium, Streptococcus bovis

NonenergizedStreptococcus bovis cells, which were washed in potassium-phosphate buffer and incubated in Tris buffer containing 200mm potassium chloride (pH 6.5), did not take up tetraphenylphosphonium ion (TPP+), but the same cells took up TPP+ when they were incubated in Tris buffer lacking potassium. This result indicated that passive potassium diffusion was creating an electrical potential (ΔΨ) across the cell membrane. Neither cells took significant amounts of 9-aminoacridine (9-AA), an intracellular pH marker. Cells that were incubated in Tris buffer and treated with carbonyl cyanidem-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) took up 9-AA, and this result indicated that this protonophore was facilitating proton influx. The ionophores monensin and lasalocid also caused 9-AA uptake, and it appeared that they were responsible for or responsive to potassium/proton antiport. However, there was also a rapid accumulation of 9-AA when the cells were treated with valinomycin, a potassium uniporter that cannot translocate protons. This latter result indicated that potassium efflux was associated with another avenue of proton influx (e. g., potassium/proton symport). Because cells treated with dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCCD) also exhibited valinomycin-dependent 9-AA uptake, it is unlikely that the F1F0ATPase or ATP formation was responsible for proton flux across the cell membrane.
A supersymmetric left-right confining model of the weak interactions

Abstract We extend the supersymmetric, confining theory of weak interactions to a left-right symmetric model. This model is based on the gauge group SU(M)SC×SU(2)R×SU(2)L×SU(3)c×U(1) and is more natural as far as supersymmetry breaking is concerned. Supersymmetry protects chiral symmetries from spontaneous breakdown and allows a solution to the strong CP problem. This model can accommodate at most three generations of quarks and leptons.
White-Light Prefiltering For Real-Time Digital Image Transmission Of Still And Moving Color Video Images

Signal-dependent noise encountered when sampling video signals at low sampling rate, while using an adaptive video delta modulator both as a source encoder and a video digitizer, is combated by using a white-light reflective transform optical preprocessor. While the white-light preprocessor works on black and white images, its main advantage is that it can simultaneously process, using a single source, many color channels. Further, the relative lack of both spatial and temporal coherence aids in reducing speckle and interference noise effects. Experimental results on color video images, that have been preprocessed using a white-light optical transform preprocessor and digitally encoded by sampling with an adaptive delta modulator close to the Nyquist rate, are presented.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Recombination-Based In Vivo Expression Technology Identifies Helicobacter pylori Genes Important for Host Colonization

Here we undertook to identify colonization and gastric disease-promoting factors of the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori as genes that were induced in response to the stomach environment. Using recombination-based in vivo expression technology (RIVET), we identified six promoters induced in the host compared to laboratory conditions. Three of these promoters, designated Pivi10, Pivi66, and Pivi77, regulate genes that H. pylori may use to interact with other microbes or the host. Pivi10 likely regulates the mobA, mobB, and mobD genes, which have potential roles in horizontal gene transfer through plasmid mobilization. Pivi66 occurs in the cytotoxin-associated gene pathogenicity island, a genomic region known to be associated with more severe disease outcomes, and likely regulates cagZ, virB11, and virD4. Pivi77 likely regulates HP0289, an uncharacterized paralogue of the vacA cytotoxin gene. We assessed the roles of a subset of these genes in colonization by creating deletion mutants and analyzing them in single-strain and coinfection experiments. We found that a mobABD mutant was defective for murine host colonization and that a cagZ mutant outcompeted the wild-type strain in a coinfection analysis. Our work supports the conclusion that RIVET is a valuable tool for identifying H. pylori factors with roles in host colonization.
Petroleum geochemistry in exploration and development; Part 2, Applications

Dry holes show that our exploration tools are not perfect. A trap containing petroleum is the end product of a sequence of events that involved deposition of a reservoir rock, seal formation, development of a trapping configuration, generation of petroleum, migration to the trap, and preservation of the trapped petroleum. Together, these form a “petroleum system.”
The substrate-dependent photoinactivation of urocanase from rat liver.

— Rat liver urocanase was readily inactivated by near-UV light in the presence of the substrate. Irradiation of substrate or enzyme alone was ineffective. The purpose of this study was to examine the conditions which influenced this inactivation and to investigate the mechanism. The urocanate concentration needed for 50% of the maximum inactivation for a 15 min irradiation was 0.09 μM. Temperatures from 0 to 30°C during irradiation had little influence. Inactivation occurred at -75°C, which indicated a photochemical reaction. The pH had little influence on inactivation. Photoinactivation was the same in nitrogen and air. Dialysis experiments showed that unbound small molecules were probably not involved. Inactivated enzyme did not inhibit active enzyme. Chelators, reducing agents, and pyridoxal phosphate did not affect the inactivation. Visible light was not effective. An action spectrum was established with the aid of a monochromator. The action spectrum had a peak at 280 nm and a shoulder extending from 300 to 340 nm which rules out flavins. pyridoxal phosphate, a simple protein, and free urocanate as the chromophore. The results suggest that this photochemical process is not photodynamic action. It appears that only substrate and enzyme are needed for this photoinactivation. The enzyme-substrate complex may be the chromophore.
An automated design flow framework for delay-insensitive asynchronous circuits

This paper introduces a design flow framework for the Multi-Threshold NULL Convention Logic (MTNCL) circuits, which addresses several optimization problems in the existing flow in order to generate designs with enhanced performance. One problem is buffering feedback loops where searching for the optimal gate replacement is difficult due to interdependencies. Another problem is buffering the MTNCL sleep signal tree which requires certain degrees of prediction while the gate selection is not yet certain. Optimization is achieved by adhering to a specific timing constraint throughout the design utilizing a set of appropriately sized gates. A custom tool has been developed for resolving these issues and automates the process of gate replacement and buffering. The tool combines an iterative approach to gate replacement and a method for inserting starting points in buffering feedback loops. The sleep signal tree is processed using a similar approach. This flow has been successfully applied to a number of test circuits.
In search of an alternative placebo: Estimating alcohol content of nonalcoholic, light, and regular beer

Abstract Alcohol research has demonstrated that expectancies about what one has consumed may supercede pharmacological effects of the drink. The present study sought to expand the scope of the placebo designs by examining an alternative manipulation, using widely available nonalcoholic beverages. The nonalcoholic beers used in this study have recently become marketed and made available to consumers by two major breweries. Subjects were provided with a total of four beer samples: two nonalcoholic samples (“O'Doul's” and “Sharp's”), one light sample (“Busch Light”), and one regular sample (“Busch”). Results indicated that subjects estimated the alcohol content in “O'Doul's” as significantly lower than that of the light and regular beers; the estimate of alcohol content in Sharp's was not significantly lower than either the light or regular beers. In addition, the mean alcohol estimates for both nonalcoholic beers approximated the actual alcohol content of a light beer (roughly 3%). the results indicate that nonalcoholic beers may provide a viable alternative to the placebo manipulations currently in vogue.
Spinal evoked potential in the monkey.

Computer-averaged evoked potential responses (EPs) to stimulation of the sciatic nerve and cervical spinal cord were recorded from the dura and skin over the cauda equina and spinal cord in seven monkeys, three with chronic spinal cord lesions. Sciatic EPs consisted of predominantly negative triphasic propagated potentials recorded at all spinal levels and greatest in amplitude over the cauda equina and caudal spinal cord. The conduction velocity of this EP was faster over the cauda equina and rostral spinal cord than over caudal cord segments. Triphasic potentials were succeeded by small negative potentials over the cauda equina and larger negative potentials over the lumbar enlargement. Sciatic EPs over the upper lumbar and thoracic cord were more sensitive to asphyxia than the initial triphasic potentials recorded over cauda equina and caudal cord but resisted changes from increasing the rate of stimulation up to 100 per second. Propagated thoracic EPs were preceded by nonpropagated potentials. The longer latency negative potentials occurring locally over the cauda equina and lower lumbar enlargement were abolished at levels of asphyxia and were attenuated at rates of stimulation that did not affect the preceding triphasic potentials. Following complete spinal cord transection, nonpropagated sciatic EPs were recorded in leads rostral to the section. In preparations with chronic partial cord hemisection involving dorsal and lateral quadrants, ipsilateral sciatic EPs had increased latency, reduced amplitude, and poor definition in the vicinity of and rostral to the lesion. Direct cervical cord stimulation elicited caudally propagated potentials which were followed by large, broad potentials over the lumbar enlargement.
An in Vitro Study of Choline Uptake by Intestine from Neonatal and Adult Rats

We studied choline uptake by slices of adult and 10-day-old rat intestine which were exposed on their mucosal surface to radiolabeled choline. Both neonatal and adult intestine transported choline. Choline uptake was observed in duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon of the adult rat. In the small intestine, choline uptake consisted of two components: a saturable and a nonsaturable process. The kinetic variables for saturable transport (Km, Vmax) were not significantly different in adult and neonatal small intestine. Some of the transported choline was converted to phosphatidylcholine, glycerophosphocholine, phosphocholine, and betaine. However, most of the transported choline (79-85%) was not metabolized within the intestinal slice during a 15-min period. We conclude that the capacity for choline transport in the rat small intestine is present early in neonatal life. The characteristics of this transport mechanism for choline are similar in the neonate and in the adult small intestine. Neonates should therefore be able to absorb the large amounts of unesterified choline that are present in milk.
Effect of Alumina on the Strength, Fracture Toughness, and Crystal Structure of Fluorcanasite Glass‐Ceramics

The influence of alumina content (0-15 wt% Al2O3) on the indentation strength, fracture toughness (KIc), and crystal structure of fluorcanasite (Al2O3-CaO-F-K2O-Na2O-SiO2) glass-ceramics was analyzed. Increasing the Al2O3 content from 0 wt% (CAN0) to 8 wt% (CAN8) caused the mean indentation strength and KIc values to decrease from 213 ± 14 MPa and 2.7 ± 0.1 MPa·m1/2, respectively, for the CAN0 glass-ceramic to 78 ± 16 MPa and 1.3 ± 0.2 MPa·m1/2, respectively, for the CAN8 glass-ceramic. Increased Al2O3 concentrations (0-15 wt%) significantly affected the crystal size, crystal shape, aspect ratio, and crystal aggregation characteristics of the fluorcanasite glass-ceramics. The addition of greaterthan equal to8 wt% of Al2O3 to fluorcanasite glass caused a transformation from canasite to leucite.
Steroidogenic factor 1, an orphan nuclear receptor, regulates the expression of the rat aromatase gene in gonadal tissues.

In a concerted analysis of the genes encoding three mouse steroid hydroxylases, we identified and characterized a transcriptional regulatory protein, designated steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1), that contributes to the coordinate expression in adrenocortical cells. SF-1, an orphan member of the nuclear receptor family, binds to PyCAAGGPyCPu motifs upstream of the steroid hydroxylases to regulate their expression. In the present study, we extend these findings by examining the role of SF-1 in regulation of the rat P450 aromatase gene in gonadal tissues. The 5'-flanking region of the rat aromatase gene was isolated by a polymerase chain reaction-based approach, using primers corresponding to the 5'- and 3'-ends of a published aromatase sequence. DNA sequence analysis revealed three differences between our sequence and the previously published sequence, including a 44-base pair (bp) insertion. Moreover, the transcription initiation site, as determined by primer extension analysis, differed from that previously ...
Cyathostome fecal egg count trends in horses treated with moxidectin, ivermectin or fenbendazole

Commercial preparations of fenbendazole (Safe-Guard®, Intervet), ivermectin (Eqvalan®, Merial) or moxidectin (Quest®, Fort Dodge) were administered once to horses scheduled for routine parasiticide treatment. In total, 93 horses from six cooperating farms were used in the study. Computer generated, random allocation of horses to treatment group was conducted at each farm. Fecal egg counts were determined for all horses on trial days 0, 56, 84 and 112, with corresponding calendar dates that were unique to each farm. Only strongyle egg counts from animals which were positive at day 0 were used for analysis of variance and comparisons. Counts for the three treatment groups were similar at day 0, moxidectin<ivermectin<fenbendazole for days 56 and 84, and moxidectin<ivermectin=fenbendazole on day 112 (P<0.05). Reductions of geometric mean egg counts from day 0 levels were 99.1, 97.6 and 94.9% for moxidectin, 16.4, −27.0 and −32.0% for fenbendazole and 85.9, 24.2 and −8.1% for ivermectin on trial days 56, 84 and 112, respectively. Adverse reactions to treatment were not observed for any of the parasiticides.
Intracrine and Autocrine Effects of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

In order to elucidate the effects of the different basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) isoforms on vascular smooth muscle, we examined aorta-derived vascular smooth muscle cells from transgenic mice expressing the human isoforms of bFGF. Four cell lines were examined from mice in which transgene expression was driven by the ubiquitous phosphoglycerate kinase promoter. Overexpression and cellular localization was confirmed by Western blot analysis in vascular smooth muscle cells from mice expressing: all four human bFGF isoforms (24, 22, 21, and 18 kDa); all three nuclear targeted isoforms (24, 22, and 21 kDa); only the 24 kDa isoform; and the only secreted/non-nuclear targeted isoform, 18 kDa. All lines showed approximate four-fold increases in bFGF expression, nuclear localization of all nuclear targeted bFGF isoforms, and cytosolic localization of only the 18 kDa bFGF. Measurement of [3H]thymidine incorporation into quiescent cells stimulated with increasing concentrations of serum, showed increased DNA synthesis in cell lines expressing any bFGF isoform when compared to non-transgenic control cells, and a further increase in DNA synthesis in cells expressing the nuclear targeted isoforms (24, 22, and 21 kDa) over the 18 kDa bFGF expressing cell line at any concentration of serum. All cells showed equal label incorporation when stimulated with 10 ng/ml of platelet-derived growth factor confirming an equal potential for DNA synthesis. Neutralizing the bFGF antibody markedly decreased serum-stimulated DNA synthesis, but only in the cell lines overexpressing the secreted/non-nuclear targeted 18 kDa isoform. These results suggest amplification of DNA synthesis through synergistic intracrine and autocrine effects of the nuclear targeted and non-nuclear targeted bFGF isoforms in vascular smooth muscle cells.
Thermal stabilities of americium and cerium tetrafluorides

Abstract The thermal stabilities of americium and cerium tetrafluorides were determined by mass spectrometry, monitoring their gaseous vaporization and/or decomposition products as a function of temperature. For americium tetrafluoride, the dominant high temperature (less than or equal to 700 °C) process is thermal decomposition to the trifluoride AmF 4 (s) → δ AmF 3 (s) + 1 2 F 2 (g) In contrast, with cerium tetrafluoride, the most prominent process at high temperature (less than or equal to 850 °C) is congruent sublimation CeF 4 (s) → δ CeF 4 (g) The results of these studies are interpreted in terms of the relevant thermodynamic parameters for each process and are compared with predictions and results which have been reported in the literature.
Epistemological and ontological issues in counseling: Implications of social systems theory

Abstract Philosophical issues related to theoretical and methodological developments in counseling are addressed, especially related to epistemology (theory of knowledge) and ontology (theory of reality). Social systems theory is described as an epistemologically and ontologically significant challenger to psychological theory, which has traditionally predominated as a foundation for counseling approaches. Recent developments from cognitive biology are used to demonstrate how systems theory may be metatheoretical to the psychological point of view, accounting for all that psychological theory can account for, and more.
Legal issues associated with international Internet marketing

Marketing organizations are establishing Websites at an unprecedented rate. Despite this rapid growth, many firms are developing Websites with an inadequate understanding of the domestic and international legal issues associated with having a presence on the Internet. This lack of knowledge can result in firms facing expensive and time‐consuming litigation. We therefore present the major legal issues that may arise as a result of creating, maintaining, and protecting Websites. In particular, we discuss and provide managerial recommendations regarding consumer protection, defamation and disparagement, intellectual property violations, and jurisdictional issues for international Internet marketers.
The regulation of regional blood flow in the brain by visual input.

Abstract The blood supply to several regions of the chick brain is rapidly decreased following reduction of visual input by monocular eyelid Suture. This decrease is not confined to the primary visual area (the optic lobe) contralateral to and innervated by the sutured eye but is also apparent in the indirectly innervated cerebral hemispheres contralateral to the treated eye. After periods of bilateral eyelid suture, exposure of a single eye to patterned light by suture removal results in a rapid increase of blood flow through contralateral cerebral regions directly or secondarily innervated by the exposed eye. This response appears to be more closely related to the intensity rather than to the information content of incident light. The ability to regulate regional cerebral blood flow is lost following reduction of brain catecholamine levels with reserpine. However, cerebral blood flow is still responsive to afferent sensory input, in the presence of a concentration of carbon dioxide sufficient to cause near maximal dilation of cerebral blood vessels. This suggests that variations of vascular supply to specific brain regions may in part be effected by direct autonomic nervous mechanisms regulating the diameter of blood vessels within the brain.
Toward ecosystem modeling on computing grids

Grid-based ecosystem modeling holds great promise for aiding the investigation of complex environmental systems. A prototype framework and generic software architecture provide increased interoperability and productivity for spatially explicit ecosystem modeling on heterogeneous grids.
Show Me the Money: Academic Research as Currency

We have all experienced the moment when we are obliged to explain accounting research to a ‘lay’ person. The longer you are in this community, the more glib you get at this somewhat tortured descri...
Ocular side effects of drugs.

Abstract This paper is intended as a guide for toxicologists engaged in the design and conduct of preclinical studies. General background information is provided regarding a wide variety of ocular side effects which have been reported in man and animals after administration of drugs. Consideration is given to factors which may affect experimental results, such as species, dosage and route of administration, duration of exposure and laboratory lighting conditions. Human ocular techniques available for animal study are mentioned and specific examples of ocular drug toxicity are discussed in some detail. Problems encountered in predicting ocular side effects in future studies are touched upon.
Nasal Airflow Characteristics During Speech in Prosthetically Managed Cleft Palate Speakers

This study was designed to provide descriptive aerodynamic articulatory data regarding prosthetically managed cleft palate speakers. The results suggest that (1) prosthetic management of cleft pala...
Last interglacial period experienced highly variable climate

The climate of our planet is naturally variable and experiences cycles spanning decadal to multi-millennial timescales. Understanding these natural variations is key for assessing how humans affect natural climate variability and how climate might change in the coming centuries.
AUTONOMY AND INFORMATIONAL PRIVACY, OR GOSSIP: THE CENTRAL MEANING OF THE FIRST AMENDMENT

My thesis is simple. The right of informational privacy, the great modern achievement often attributed to the classic Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis article, “The Right to Privacy” (1890), asserts an individual's right not to have private personal information circulated. Warren and Brandeis claimed that individual dignity in a modern society requires that people be able to keep their private lives to themselves and proposed that the common law should be understood to protect this dignity by making dissemination of private information a tort. As broadly stated, this right not to have private information distributed directly conflicts with a broadly conceived freedom of speech and of the press. My claim is that, in cases of conflict, the law should reject the Warren and Brandeis innovation. Speech and press freedom should prevail; the privacy tort should be ignored. This conclusion requires a normative argument concerning the appropriate basis and status of speech freedom that this essay will not really provide but for which I have argued elsewhere. Here, instead, I will describe that theory of speech freedom, explore its implications for informational privacy, and finally suggest some reasons to think that rejection of the privacy tort should not be so troubling and is, in fact, pragmatically desirable.
Evidence suggesting that insulin-like growth factor-I is necessary for the trophic effects of insulin on cartilage growth in vivo.

The possibility that insulin-stimulated cartilage growth in hypophysectomized rats involves local production of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) was investigated. Osmotic minipumps with attached catheters were used to infuse insulin into the right hindlimb of rats via the common iliac artery for 7 days starting 14 days after pituitary removal. The left, noninfused limb served as an internal control. Doses of insulin ranging from 0.25 to 50 mU/day caused significant increases in the tibial epiphyseal plate width (TEPW) of the infused limbs. The optimal dose of 1.25 mU/day increased the TEPW by 51 microns. Immunohistochemical analysis with an antiserum to human IGF-I showed that the growth response to the optimal dose was accompanied by the accumulation of IGF-I in the chondrocytes in the tibial plate. Infusion of insulin at a dose of 10 mU/day increased the TEPW by 18.6 +/- 3.0 microns. When the same dose of insulin was infused with the antiserum to human IGF-I, the growth response was completely nulli...
Case files of the Medical Toxicology Fellowship at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center in Worcester, Massachusetts: stumbling through a blue haze.

Glaucopsia, or “Blue Haze,” is a transient disturbance of vision resulting from exposure to the vapor of certain industrial chemicals, notably amines that can be found in products such as spray-on polyurethane foams. Visual effects such as halos around bright objects, blue-grey vision, and fogging of vision typically appear within a few hours of exposure and resolve without permanent sequelae a few hours after removal of the exposure agent, although symptoms have been known to last up to 2–3 days. Effects are due to local corneal contamination leading to epithelial edema with associated microcysts that cause forward light scattering. The changes in vision can predispose individuals to accidents at the workplace as well as while driving. Measures to reduce or completely prevent ocular exposures to tertiary amines include wearing the proper personal protective equipment, avoiding wearing contact lenses that can act as reservoirs for amines, limiting exposure times, and keeping workplaces well ventilated to reduce vapor concentrations [17, 22].
Differential impact of repression on social movements: Christian organizations and liberation theology in South Korea (1972–1979)

During the height of authoritarianism in South Korea (1972–1979), Christian activists challenged the state along two dimensions. First, protesting Christians formed formal social movement organizations to better garner the resources to sustain their social movement. Second, they waged a discursive battle that challenged the legitimizing rhetoric of the state. By 1979, Christians developed a social movement industry involving the network of formal organizations as well as systematizing their rhetoric of protest in the guise of a Korean liberation theology; Minjung Theology. Drawing upon archival data and social movement theory, this study traces the rise and development of both the Christian social movement industry and Minjung Theology. We find that the emergence and evolution of mobilizing structures and movement frames were influenced by the state's repressive apparatuses and legitimizing rhetoric, respectively. Likewise, Christians’ attempts to mobilize and challenge the legitimizing rhetoric of the state further contributed to the closing of the political opportunity structure. This study empirically verifies recent theoretical work emphasizing the importance of considering the differential impact of repression on various components of a social movement.
REDfly 2.0: an integrated database of cis-regulatory modules and transcription factor binding sites in Drosophila

The identification and study of the cis-regulatory elements that control gene expression are important areas of biological research, but few resources exist to facilitate large-scale bioinformatics studies of cis-regulation in metazoan species. Drosophila melanogaster, with its well-annotated genome, exceptional resources for comparative genomics and long history of experimental studies of transcriptional regulation, represents the ideal system for regulatory bioinformatics. We have merged two existing Drosophila resources, the REDfly database of cis-regulatory modules and the FlyReg database of transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs), into a single integrated database containing extensive annotation of empirically validated cis-regulatory modules and their constituent binding sites. With the enhanced functionality made possible through this integration of TFBS data into REDfly, together with additional improvements to the REDfly infrastructure, we have constructed a one-stop portal for Drosophila cis-regulatory data that will serve as a powerful resource for both computational and experimental studies of transcriptional regulation. REDfly is freely accessible at http://redfly.ccr.buffalo.edu.
The effect of source/drain processing on the reverse short channel effect of deep sub-micron bulk and SOI NMOSFETs

This study presents a systematic investigation of the effects of source/drain processing on the reverse short channel effect (RSCE) and is the first to demonstrate significant differences in the electrical behavior of identically processed silicon-on-insulator (SOI) and bulk devices due to dopant diffusion kinetics. In bulk and SOI devices, the RCSE due to implantation damage enhanced diffusion is minimized if a high temperature rapid thermal anneal follows the source/drain implantation. The magnitude of the V/sub th/ roll-up is significantly smaller in SOI than in bulk. When arsenic concentrations greater than 2.5/spl times/10/sup 20/ cm/sup -3/ are used, arsenic deactivation enhanced diffusion can cause a significant increase in V/sub th/ rollup.
Assessment and Management of Chemical Coping in Patients With Cancer

Chemical coping is a working definition that describes patients' intake of opioids on a scale that spans the range between normal nonaddictive opioid use for pain all the way to opioid addiction. Most patients will fall somewhere between the two extremes in using opioid analgesics to cope with their psychological or spiritual distress. The degree to which patients use their medications in a maladaptive manner will determine their susceptibility to drug toxicity and harm. When there are no obvious cancer-related causes for increased pain intensity, chemical coping and other patient-related factors such as delirium, somatization, and depression should be considered. As part of the initial evaluation of patients with cancer-related pain, a brief screening tool such as the CAGE questionnaire should be used to identify patients who may be at risk for chemical coping. Identifying patients at risk will allow clinicians to avoid unnecessary opioid toxicity, control pain, and improve quality of life. A structured ...
A two-port analytical model for thermal characterization boards

Thermal characteristics of packaged semiconductor devices are difficult to compare, especially between suppliers and sometimes even across packages from the same supplier. Yet at a fundamental level, "standard" thermal test boards are relatively simple thermal systems characterized by just a few critical parameters, and they should respond simply and consistently to thermal inputs (that is, a heat source of certain dimensions and power level). There should be a means by which data taken on one style of board could be extrapolated quickly and reasonably accurately to any other type of standard test board. To this end, an axisymmetric thermal model (essentially a 1D cylindrical "fin") is developed and its closed-form solution expressed as a two-port network (heat flow and temperature, in and out). The resulting two-port network is utilized to describe a more complex thermal model consisting of multiple regions of differing thermal properties. Its application to thermal characterization of semiconductor devices is discussed, as an example demonstrating the relationship between so called "min pad" and "1-inch pad" device characteristics. The model is also compared to other experimental data, where the "best fit" of the axisymmetric model shows a reasonable correlation with the normalized temperature values of the experiment.
Transverse-to-longitudinal emittance exchange to improve performance of high-gain free-electron lasers.

The ability to generate small transverse emittance is perhaps the main limiting factor for the performance of high-gain x-rays free-electron lasers (FELs). Noting that beams from an rf photocathode gun can have energy spread much smaller than required for efficient FEL interaction, we present a method to produce normalized transverse emittance at or below about 0.1 {micro}m, which will lead to a significantly shorter length undulator as well as a lower electron beam energy for an x-ray FEL project. The beam manipulation consists of producing an unequal partition of the initially equal emittances into two dissimilar emittances by a flat beam technique and exchanging the larger transverse emittance with a small longitudinal emittance. We study various issues involved in the manipulation. In particular, a new emittance exchange optics we found enables an exact emittance exchange necessary for this scheme.
Body Mass Index and Blood Pressure Influences on Left Ventricular Mass and Geometry in African Americans: The Atherosclerotic Risk In Communities (ARIC) Study

A unique interaction between the influences of body mass index and blood pressure on left ventricular mass index and geometry may contribute to the higher prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in African Americans. This cross-sectional study assessed separate and joint influences of body mass index and blood pressure on left ventricular mass index and geometry in 1729 African American participants of the Atherosclerotic Risk in Communities Study. The association between both left ventricular mass index and relative wall thickness and body mass index in each blood pressure category and between these variables and blood pressure in each body mass index category was assessed adjusting for age, diabetes status, hypertension medication, and smoking status. We found that left ventricular hypertrophy and concentric geometry were highly prevalent and that body mass index and blood pressure were independently associated with left ventricular mass index. The adjusted association between blood pressure and left ventricular mass index was stronger with higher body mass index categories; however, there was no significant interaction suggesting merely an additive relationship (not synergistic/multiplicative as tested for in the interaction analysis). Although relative wall thickness was greater with higher categories of body mass index and blood pressure, the mean difference in relative wall thickness between body mass index and blood pressure categories was not statistically significant. The effect on left ventricular geometry as measured by relative wall thickness supports the theory that there is a pathophysiological component in the mechanism of hypertrophy.
Slab dehydration in the Earth's mantle transition zone

Abstract Because of the high water solubility in wadsleyite and ringwoodite, the mantle transition zone is possibly a large water reservoir. The potentially high water content of the Earth's mantle transition zone is a key element of several global mantle dynamic models. Nevertheless, to keep the transition zone relatively wet, the tendency for convection to distribute water over the entire mantle has to be offset by other mechanisms. One such mechanism could be linked to the dehydration of the slab. Studies of slab dehydration mainly focus on hydrous minerals phase diagrams that provide the depth of water exsolution. In this study, we investigate the water diffusion process that occurs prior to such exsolution. The diffusion process is controlled by both chemical gradients and thermal gradients via the temperature dependence of water solubility. We have addressed how this diffusion phenomenon influences slab water transport into the transition zone by developing a theoretical model of coupled thermal and chemical diffusion in a flat lying slab stalled in the transition zone. Model solutions demonstrate that even if intrinsic water solubility is decreasing with increasing temperature (which normally would act to impede a chemical diffusion from the slab), the water concentration profile adjusts to reduce the adverse effects of temperature-dependent solubility. The self-adjustment entails the concentration of water reaching a local maximum below the top edge of the stagnant slab; under specific conditions, this concentration maximum can reach the solubility limit and thus exsolve fluid (i.e. create of hydrous melt or aqueous silicate fluid). Consequently, model water flux computations are relatively independent of solubility variation and indicate that much of the water flux introduced by relatively well hydrated slabs is taken up into the transition zone by diffusion.
Mitochondrial dynamics in differentiating fiber cells of the mammalian lens.

The distribution of mitochondria was investigated in living rat and monkey lenses using rhodamine 123 staining and confocal microscopy. In both species, epithelial cells contained abundant small mitochondria scattered throughout the cell volume. Mid-sagittal slices of the living monkey lens revealed that, at the lens equator, mitochondria were only present in fiber cells to a depth of approximately 100 μm. Mitochondria were not present in fiber cells that had already reached the suture line or fibers abutting the central epithelium. Dual-staining with rhodamine 123 and the vital nuclear stain thiazole orange revealed that the loss of nuclei and mitochondria was coincident during fiber cell differentiation.
Oxidative dehalogenation during a copper complex mediated hydroxylation reaction

We report a novel case of a metal ion induced oxidative dehalogenation ,the first copper mediated hydroxylation induced dechlorination of an aromatic substrate.
Pregnancy-associated breast cancer and increased risk of pregnancy-associated recurrence: a case report

Pregnancy-associated breast cancer refers to breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy, lactation, or within twelve months postpartum. Recent studies suggest that, when matched for age and stage, the prognosis of pregnancy-associated breast cancer is comparable to non-pregnancy-associated breast cancer. However, the risk for breast cancer recurrence associated with subsequent pregnancies in this population is not clear. We describe the case of a Caucasian woman who was initially treated for pregnancy-associated breast cancer at age 23, three months after the birth of her third child. She underwent a total mastectomy with axillary node dissection, followed by chemotherapy and hormonal therapy. Ten years later, when the patient was 24 weeks pregnant with her fourth child, she presented with an ipsilateral chest wall recurrence of breast cancer. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first reported case of a pregnancy-associated recurrence in a patient previously treated for pregnancy-associated breast cancer. The case described here is the first report of a second occurrence of pregnancy-associated breast cancer. This case raises the possibility that pregnancy may represent a unique trigger for breast malignancy in a specific cohort of women. Although there is data showing no increase in the risk of recurrence for women who become pregnant after breast cancer treatment, pregnancy-associated breast cancer may be a distinct clinical category where subsequent pregnancies after treatment may confer an increased risk of recurrent disease.
Proton‐Coupled Self‐Assembly of a Porphyrin‐Naphthalenediimide Dyad

The construction of an n–p heterojunction through the self-assembly of a dyad based on tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) and 1,4,5,8-naphthalenedimide (NDI) (1) is described. Proton transfer from the lysine head group of 1 to the porphyrin ring occurs concomitantly with self-assembly into 1D nanorods in CHCl3. TEM and AFM studies showed that the nanorods are formed by the lateral and vertical fusion of multilameller vesicles into networks and hollow ribbons, respectively. These intermediate structures transitioned to nanorods over the course of 4–6 days. Time-resolved spectroscopy revealed that photoinduced charge separation occurs with rate constants that depend on the nature of the aggregation.
Effects of strategy on visual working memory capacity

Substantial evidence suggests that individual differences in estimates of working memory capacity reflect differences in how effectively people use their intrinsic storage capacity. This suggests that estimated capacity could be increased by instructions that encourage more effective encoding strategies. The present study tested this by giving different participants explicit strategy instructions in a change detection task. Compared to a condition in which participants were simply told to do their best, we found that estimated capacity was increased for participants who were instructed to remember the entire visual display, even at set sizes beyond their capacity. However, no increase in estimated capacity was found for a group that was told to focus on a subset of the items in supracapacity arrays. This finding confirms the hypothesis that encoding strategies may influence visual working memory performance, and it is contrary to the hypothesis that the optimal strategy is to filter out any items beyond the storage capacity.
Reactivity in the Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions of Pyridinium Ions

The “element effect” in nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions (SNAr) is characterized by the leaving group order, L = F > NO2 > Cl ≈ Br > I, in activated aryl substrates. A different leaving group order is observed in the substitution reactions of ring-substituted N-methylpyridinium compounds with piperidine in methanol: 2-CN ≥ 4-CN > 2-F ∼ 2-Cl ∼ 2-Br ∼ 2-I. The reactions are second-order in [piperidine], the mechanism involving rate determining hydrogen-bond formation between piperidine and the substrate-piperidine addition intermediate followed by deprotonation of this intermediate. Computational results indicate that deprotonation of the H-bonded complex is probably barrier free, and is accompanied by simultaneous loss of the leaving group (E2) for L = Cl, Br, and I, but with subsequent, rapid loss of the leaving group (E1cB-like) for the poorer leaving groups, CN and F. The approximately 50-fold greater reactivity of the 2- and 4-cyano substrates is attributed to the influence of the electron withdrawing cyano group in the deprotonation step. The results provide another example of β-elimination reactions poised near the E2-E1cB mechanistic borderline.