cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The ATM Forum‘s private network/network interface

The ATM Forum completed the first version of its private network/network interface (PNNI) in March 1996 and many ATM switch manufacturers are now offering early implementations. PNNI offers a different type of internetwork or internodal interface from the traditional Signalling System No 7 based approach favoured to date by ‘public‘ network operators, such as BT. In spite of its name, however, PNNI may find its place in network service provider networks as well as in ‘private‘ or customer networks. Some of the perceived limitations of the current specification for such an environment are currently being addressed in version 2, tentatively due for completion in the second half of 1998. The PNNI really consists of two parts, a signalling protocol based around the ATM Forum‘s UNI signalling specification, and a dynamic source routeing protocol. This paper aims to provide an overview of the functionality and mechanics of PNNI, and to compare and contrast with the functionality offered by ITU-T‘s B-ISUP.
The time–covariance function: Properties and application

This note establishes the relationship between the time interval over which changes in two random variables are measured and the covariances between these changes for various intervals. It then shows that the properties of this relationship can be used to detect the presence of intertemporal cross serial correlations between time series data.
Integration of design and control for a large scale flowsheet

Abstract In order to design a process that operates close to tighter boundaries safely, much attention has been devoted to the integration of design and control, in which the design decisions, dynamics, and controlled performance are considered simultaneously in optimal fashion. However, rigorous methods for solving design and control simultaneously meet challenging mathematical formulations which become computationally intractable. In an earlier paper of our group, a new mathematical formulation to reduce the combinatorial complexity of integrating design and control was introduced. We showed that substantial reduction in the problem size can be achieved by embedded control for specific process designs. In this paper, we extend the embedded control to the plantwide process. This case will demonstrate the current capabilities of the methodology with integrated design and control under uncertainty.
Mendel and the Nature of Science

Abstract Students often have difficulty understanding inheritance patterns and issues associated with the nature of science as a process. To help address these issues, we developed a unit plan based on Gregor Mendel's well-known research on inheritance patterns among pea plants. The unit introduces students to Mendel's background and the questions he sought to address. Students then conduct their own investigation, using Virtual Genetics Lab II (VGLII) software to attempt to confirm Mendel's results. In the course of completing their investigations, students learn about alternative inheritance patterns to Mendelian genetics. The unit was created in the context of a college introductory biology course but could be implemented in a high school course.
Learning Disabilities and Inequality

Functionally speaking, students are labeled with learning disabilities (LDs) and placed into special education to enable them to achieve up to their potential. Nonetheless, potential links between LDs and inequality have been a dominant research theme. Inequality may determine who experiences LDs, or who receives the LD label, just as inequality may result from LDs, or from the LD label. This article reviews broad theoretical perspectives of LDs, as well as research focused specifically on LDs and inequality. With significant data and methodological limitations hindering this body of research, this article also demonstrates how theoretical perspectives and methodologies from sociology of education and sociology of health could make significant contributions to the literatures and policy focused on this group of students.
Alpha particle capture through the giant electric resonances in 90 Zr

The $^{86}\mathrm{Sr}(\ensuremath{\alpha}, {\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{0})^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$ reaction has been studied over the energy range $9.0\ensuremath{\le}{E}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}12.5$ MeV; there was no detectable yield below 9 MeV. Data were taken at three angles, thus making it possible to decompose the radiation into its $E1$ and $E2$ components. The $E1$ yield, which is at least 85% of the total, shows a broad peak centered at an excitation energy of about 17 MeV. Utilizing Hauser-Feshbach calculations, the magnitude and shape of the $E1$ yield is shown to be consistent with the $E1$ capture proceeding entirely through the compound nucleus. The $E2$ yield is small at the lower bombarding energies, but appears to be significant above about $E(^{90}\mathrm{Zr}^{*})=16.5$ MeV. Any observed $E2$ cross section is shown to be much too large for the reaction to proceed mainly through the compound nucleus.
CONNECTIONS BETWEEN LOWER BACK PAIN, INTERVENTIONS, AND ABSENCE FROM WORK: A TIME‐BASED META‐ANALYSIS

We conducted qualitative and quantitative reviews of the medical literature to develop an understanding of the linkages between nonspecific lower back pain (LBP) and employee absenteeism, and the efficacy of lower back pain interventions (LBPI) in reducing absenteeism. First, we offered a general time-based framework to clarify the causal flows between LBP and absence. Second, we inspected LBPIs designed to ameliorate LBP, which should, in turn, lead to reduced absence-taking. Third, we conducted a meta-analysis of 45 effect sizes involving 12,214 people, to examine the relationships between both LBP and LBPIs and absenteeism. Consistent with a presumption in the medical literature, we found support for the idea that chronic LBP has a positive overall relationship with absence-taking. The relationship was stronger for absence frequency measures than time lost measures. In addition, we found that increasing aggregation time (i.e., increases in the periods over which absence is observed) enhances the size of the chronic LBP-absence connection. Further, evidence showed that LBPIs were effective overall in reducing absenteeism. Finally, when there was a temporal mismatch between the form of LBP (acute vs. chronic) and the absenteeism aggregation period in LBPI studies, effect sizes were significantly smaller. We concluded with a discussion of these results, methodological limitations, and suggestions for future research that blends medical with organizational approaches to the etiology of absence.
Research for and by the electric power industry

Although the electrical utility industry has made an outstanding record in meeting the demands of its customers for electric service and the future seems extremely bright, the collective research effort of the industry does not appear adequate to insure its future against possible inroads of competition from other forms of energy delivery, possible new developments, and from encroachments by government. A broad program of basic research, conducted on a co-operative basis to supplement the existing research conducted by the manufacturers and the utilities themselves, is recommended strongly as a means of insuring the industry's future.
Considerations of power by graduate student nurse psychotherapists: a pilot study.

The purpose of this paper was to discuss the results of an exploratory pilot study of graduate student nurse psychotherapists' descriptions of power. A brief literature review was presented focusing on power in psychotherapy from the relationship, the therapist, and the client perspectives. Sample included 24 beginning nurse psychotherapists who had completed one year in two master's programs in psychiatric mental health nursing. Data obtained through a structured questionnaire was analyzed by content analysis. Results showed the nurses descriptions of definitions of power, sources of power, power methods, and effects of power.
Specific binding of 3H-estradiol to the cytosol of rat pancreas and uterus: bound sites in pancreatic extracts do not translocate 3H-estradiol to nuclei suggesting a basic difference in mode of action.

AbstractIn parallel sets of experiments, cytosol fractions from rat pancreas and uterus were incubated with 2 nM 3H-estradiol in the presence or absence of nuclei from pancreas and liver. After incubation for 1 hr at room temperature, the nuclei were removed by centrifugation and specific binding determined in the cytosol fractions as well as in the separated nuclei. The protein that binds 3H-estradiol in uterine extracts translocated the hormone to nuclei of pancreas and liver while the one in pancreas was devoid of this activity. It is presumed, therefore, that modification of trancription is not a primary action of the steroid-bound complex in pancreas.
Toxicity in vital fluorescence microscopy: effect of dimethylsulfoxide, Rhodamine-123, and DiI-Low density lipoprotein on fibroblast growth in vitro

Fluorescence microscopy performed on living cells is a valuable technique for elucidating patterns of cell growth in vitro over artificial biomaterials such as vascular grafts, and for in vivo studies such as identification and treatment of atherosclerotic plaques. Two fluorescent dyes of particular value for vital fluorescence studies are Rhodamine-123 and 3,3′-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine-labeled low density lipoprotein (DiI-LDL). We examined the toxicity of these two dyes and of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), a solvent used in Rhodamine-123 studies, on the growth of MRC5 human fetal fibroblasts in monolayer culture. Two parameters of cell growth were quantitated: Cell number (a measure of proliferation), and cell area (a measure of cell spreading), based on microscopic images obtained at the start and end of a 48-h growth period after brief exposure (0.5 h) to test solutions. We found that the recommended solvent for solubilization of Rhodamine-123, DMSO, caused cessation of cell proliferation and actual reduction in the area covered by adherent fibroblasts at concentrations of as low as 0.1% (vol:vol). Rhodamine-123 made up from an aqueous stock solution modestly retarded proliferation and spreading, and there was no significant effect of DiI-LDL on these parameters over prolonged periods of exposure (up to 24 h) in culture. These results demonstrate that the most toxic substance for growing fibroblasts was the solvent DMSO. We conclude that both the solvent vehicle and fluorescent dye should be carefully examined for potential toxicity before such dyes are used for vital fluorescence studies of living cells.
Commensurate and incommensurate conformations in a simple model of crystalline helical polymers

Abstract We investigate a simple model of crystalline helical polymers which includes interchain interactions and the effects of non-zero temperatures. The object is to determine the conditions under which incommensurate phases are possible at high temperatures. We find a fundamental difference between lattices of two-fold symmetry and those of the higher symmetry typified by a hexagonal lattice. For helices of a preferred handedness, only two-fold symmetry prevents the formation of incommensurate structures. In higher symmetries incommensurate helices are almost always formed at sufficiently high temperatures.
Advanced Acousto-Optic Signal Processors

The basic acousto-optic signal processing architectures (spectrum analyzer, space-integrating, time-integrating, and triple product processor) systems and algorithms such as the chirp-Z transform are reviewed. New acousto-optic data processing systems and applications that utilze these basic architectures and new ones are described. These include a matched spatial filter acousto-optic processor, two new hybrid time and space-integrating systems, a triple product processor, and four new matrix-vector iterative feedback systems.
Toward a reconceptualization of communication cues to action in the health belief model: HIV test counseling

In the present study, the persuasive communication of HIV test counselors as cues to action in clients’ decisions to practice safer sex was examined. Results indicated that contrary to expectations, hypothesized relationships inherent in the Health Belief Model (HBM) were not supported for the pre‐HIV test survey. However, clients’ perceptions of the severity of HIV/AIDS, their susceptibility to HIV/AIDS, the benefits of and barriers to practicing safer sex, and self‐efficacy were correlated with compliance with safer‐sex recommendations reported on the post‐HIV test survey. Intriguing results revolved around communication cues to action. HIV test counseling session transcripts were content analyzed to determine the persuasive messages used by HIV test counselors that may have cued clients’ health beliefs and safer‐sex behaviors. The inductively‐derived coding scheme emphasized the complexity of the interpersonal interaction taking place during counseling sessions. Results indicated that in some cases, us...
Indications for administration of parenteral nutrition in adults.

Background: Who benefits from parenteral nutrition (PN) has been the subject of much debate and 4 recent meta-analyses. Methods: We reviewed the 4 meta-analyses that examined the prospective, randomized, clinical trials (PRCT) that compared PN with no nutrition support (standard care) for design, study population, outcomes evaluated, and results. Results: Overall, a total of 113 PRCT were included in the 4 meta-analyses; however, only 4 studies were included in all of them. Despite the differences in populations studied and outcomes evaluated, some similarities emerged: (1) PN does not affect mortality; (2) PN does not reduce complications in normally nourished patients; (3) in malnourished patients, PN demonstrated a trend for reduced infections and complication rates; and (4) PN reduced postoperative complications in patients having surgery for cancer of the esophagus or stomach. Conclusion: PN does not appear to be beneficial for most hospitalized patients. Among those with malnutrition or with upper g...
Homology model-guided 3D-QSAR studies of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors.

In the present study, we report the exploration of binding modes of potent HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors MK-0518 (raltegravir) and GS-9137 (elvitegravir) as well as chalcone and related amide IN inhibitors we recently synthesized and the development of 3D-QSAR models for integrase inhibition. Homology models of DNA-bound HIV-1 IN were constructed on the basis of the X-ray crystal structure of the foamy virus IN-DNA complex (PDB ID: 3L2T) and used for docking. The binding modes of raltegravir and elvitegravir in our homology models are in accordance with those in the foamy virus structure revealing interactions important for inhibitor-IN binding. To gain further insights into the structural requirements for IN inhibition, three-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (3D-QSAR) studies were conducted using raltegravir, elvitegravir, and their analogs; our synthesized 3-keto salicylic acid IN inhibitor series; as well as other structurally related HIV-1 IN inhibitors. In the first part of ...
Blood pressure responses to feeding in infancy: spin-offs of serendipity.

This article summarizes results from a program of research that has focused on understanding the characteristics of, and factors that shape, acute cardiovascular responses to feeding in infants. The work developed from behavioral observations in rats suggesting a linkage between variations in maternal behavior and adult blood pressure. However, the hypothesis that specific types of interactions, in particular those associated with feeding, might alter cardiovascular function was greatly influenced by a serendipitous observation made by Myron Hofer several years earlier. Myron discovered that nutrient availability is a key regulator of cardiovascular function in newborn rats. Our spin-off studies established that, in newborn rats and human infants, ingestion of nutrient is associated with robust increases in heart rate and blood pressure. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 47: 268–277, 2005.
Pyocyanin effects on respiratory epithelium: relevance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway infections

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) uses several virulence factors to establish chronic respiratory infections in bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. One of its toxins, pyocyanin (PYO), is a redox-active pigment that is required for full virulence in animal models and has been detected in patients' airway secretions. PYO promotes virulence by interfering with several cellular functions in host cells including electron transport, cellular respiration, energy metabolism, gene expression, and innate immune mechanisms. This review summarizes recent advances in PYO biology with special attention to current views on its role in human airway infections and on its interactions with the first line of our airway defense, the respiratory epithelium.
United States Copper Companies, the State, and Labour Conflict in Mexico, 1900-1910

No topic encapsulates better the fundamental contradiction in capitalist development in Porfirian Mexico than the turbulent history of the copper industry. Within the space of a few years, the industry simultaneously experienced rapid growth, labour conflict and political controversy with international implications. This historical dynamic was unleashed, in part, by the Mexican government's policy of attracting overseas investors to Mexico through generous concessions and tax breaks that facilitated foreign control over key industries. The privileged position that public policy afforded foreign companies resulted in a nationalist backlash and exacerbated tension between native labour and foreign capital. The famous strike at Cananea, Sonora, in 1906 brought to national attention the grievances of Mexican workers over wage scales that favoured foreign workers over natives, falling real wages, and the power and arrogance of United States companies in Mexico. The strike became a scandal when armed North Americans from nearby Arizona crossed the border and assisted local authorities in crushing Mexican workers. This violation of Mexican sovereignty caused a storm of protest from both liberals and conservatives and unsettled the Diaz regime on the eve of the Mexican Revolution.
Stability criteria for a class of nonlinear systems

A general class of nonlinear systems is investigated from the stand-point of global asymptotic stability. It is shown that such stability of a unique equilibrium state is guaranteed if the system represented by the first approximation is either unconditionally stable or if the system of the first approximation is conditionally stable and the characteristic values (poles) lie in a limited region of the left-half complex plane. The systems considered are generalizations of the systems proposed by Lur'e and Letov. The stability criteria derived by these authors are shown to be, in general, more restrictive than it is necessary to assure global asymptotic stability. The generalization is achieved by replacing the discrete variables of multivariable autonomous dynamical systems by a parametrized continuum. The introduction of the continuum both broadens the class of systems under consideration and expedites the investigation of the problem of stability.
Local Pairing and Antiferromagnetism in High-T c Superconductors

The CuO2 planes in high-temperature superconductors are studied by a two-dimensional Hubbard Hamiltonian with a new proposed vacuum (d9p6). The superexchange energy between Cu sites and the hopping parameters of the carriers estimated in this new vacuum are in good agreement with experimental observations as well as numerical calculations with a finite cluster. Single carriers (electrons for n-type or holes for p-type) are localized due to the rigidity of the antiferromagnetic background. Local pairing in the CuO2 plane enables the paired states to move around without disturbing the antiferromagnetic background. The binding energy is estimated from the pair hopping energy, which causes the paired state to be lower in energy than the single carrier state.
Regulations and management practices for accelerator facilities in the U.S.

Abstract There are applications of accelerators in the fields of health, food preservation, energy, environmental monitoring and protection, and industrial processing. This paper discusses the regulations and guidelines that apply to design, construction, and operation of an accelerator facility. Emphasis is given to the management practices in personal and environmental protection and some examples of such practices applied at the U.S. Department of Energy accelerators are discussed.
The Neutronics Design and Analysis of a 200-MW(electric) Simplified Boiling Water Reactor Core

A 200-MW(electric) simplified boiling water reactor (SBWR) was designed and analyzed under sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Energy Nuclear Energy Research Initiative program. The compact size of a 200-MW(electric) reactor makes it attractive for countries with a less well developed engineering infrastructure, as well as for developed countries seeking to tailor generation capacity more closely to the growth of their electricity demand. The 200-MW(electric) core design reported here is based on the 600-MW(electric) General Electric SBWR core, which was first analyzed in the work performed here in order to qualify the computer codes used in the analysis. Cross sections for the 8 x 8 fuel assembly design were generated with the HELIOS lattice physics code, and core simulation was performed with the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission codes RELAP5/PARCS. In order to predict the critical heat flux, the Hench-Gillis correlation was implemented in the RELAP5 code. An equilibrium cycle was designed for the 200-MW(electric) core, which provided a cycle length of more than 2 yr and satisfied the minimum critical power ratio throughout the core life.
Transient renal failure following phenazopyridine overdose

Abstract A case of transient renal failure following an overdose of phenazopyridine (Pyridium) is described, with a brief review of the literature.
Rewrite cycles in CS courses: experience reports

The generally accepted wisdom among teachers of English composition is that a "rewrite cycle" should be used as a teaching strategy. Rather than expecting students to extrapolate from the grading comments on paper N what they should do differently on paper N + 1, it has become conventional to ask for a rewrite of paper N itself. Of course, there are many variations on this theme. For example, peer review may supplement or replace some of the rounds of grading.The panelists will explore some of the ways they have applied this pedagogic strategy in computer science courses. Most obviously, when we have our students write papers, we have them do rewrites. However, some of us don't stop there, but rather also apply the same idea to the writing of programs or mathematical analyses. This encourages our students to do a high-quality job, and to feel that they have truly mastered a topic.Clearly, there are tradeoffs and difficulties, principally involving time. The panelists will also discuss this aspect, indicating how they have coped with the pitfalls, and indicating what has worked well, and what not so well. Ultimately, however, all the panelists are optimistic about the value of rewrite cycles.After the panelists share their experiences, there will be some time for discussion with the audience. Based on the interest this topic provoked on the sigcse.members mailing list, and in ensuing private email, we look forward to an active audience. We will also make materials from the session available at http://www.gustavus.edu/~max/rewrite/
Fabricating a custom earpiece for hand-held radios

This article describes the fabrication of a custom earpiece for use with hand-held radios. The technique can be used to fabricate custom earpieces, as a public service, for law enforcement personnel, firefighters, emergency medical services (EMS) personnel, and others, improving safety and providing a valuable benefit to the community.
Neuroblastoma arising from the organ of Zuckerkandl: an unusual site with a favorable biologic outcome.

Background. Prognosis in neuroblastoma has been shown to correlate with age and stage at diagnosis and site of origin. Extra-abdominal tumors (chest, neck, pelvis) do better in terms of survival than tumors arising from the upper abdomen. Objective. We evaluated a subgroup of abdominal neuroblastomas arising near to the aortic bifurcation (commonly called organ of Zuckerkandl, O. Z.) to assess their biologic outcome and problems in diagnosis and therapy. Materials and methods. Sixteen O. Z. primary tumors were seen at three children's hospitals. Their clinical records and imaging studies were reviewed, including the sonographic, CT, and MRI findings. When available, MYCN amplification was noted (MYCN is the current term previously called N-MYC). Results. Despite more than half of the tumors being very large, survival was the rule, with only one fatality (following multiple local recurrences). Only one patient (who survived) had bone metastases. The larger masses were usually palpated in otherwise well children, while the smaller ones were found in the course of evaluation for unrelated problems such as urinary tract infection. Intraspinal extension was common, though usually asymptomatic. MYCN amplification was absent in the four patients studied. Conclusions. Lower abdominal (O. Z.) neuroblastomas present technical problems of surgical removal, but form a group with a favorable outcome similar to cervical and thoracic primary sites. MRI was useful in delineating intraspinal extension.
Third-order photon correlations from a quantum dot coupled to a photonic-crystal nanocavity

We measure the third-order autocorrelation function of a photon stream from a single quantum dot coupled to a photonic-crystal nanocavity. This is the first measurement of the higher-order photon correlation function on a solid state quantum emitter.
A HIGH-ORDER SPECTRAL METHOD FOR NONLINEAR WAVE-BODY INTERACTIONS

A high-order spectral method originally developed to simulate nonlinear gravity wave–wave interactions (Dommermuth & Yue 1987a), is here extended to study nonlinear interactions between surface waves and a body. The present method accounts for the nonlinear interactions among NF wave modes on the free surface and NB source modes on the body surface up to an arbitrary order M in wave steepness. By using fast-transform techniques, the operational count per time step is only linearly proportional to M and NF (typically NF [Gt ] NB). Significantly, for a (closed) submerged body, the exponential convergence with respect to M, NF (for moderately steep waves), and NB is obtained. To illustrate the usefulness of this method, we apply it to study the diffraction of Stokes waves by a submerged circular cylinder. Computations up to M = 4 are performed to obtain the nonlinear steady and harmonic forces on the cylinder and the transmission and reflection coefficients. Comparisons to available measurements as well as existing theoretical/computational predictions are in good agreement. Our most important result is the quantification of the negative horizontal drift force on the cylinder which is fourth order in the incident wave steepness. It is found that the dominant contribution of this force is due to the quadratic interaction of the first- and third-order first-harmonic waves rather than the self-interaction of the second-order second-harmonic waves, which in fact reduces the negative drift force.
Effect of cold storage on the response of guinea-pig taenia coli to certain catecholamines and other agents☆

Abstract Relaxation produced by phenylephrine, epinephrine, norepinephrine and isoproterenol on guinea-pig taenia coli was not modified after cold storage of up to 6 days. These responses of the cold stored strip to phenylephrine, epinephrine and norepinephrine were prevented by pretreatment with alpha-blocking agents (phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine) but not by treatment with beta-blocking agents (propranolol and MJ 1999). The opposite was observed for the response to isoproterenol. On the other hand, the contraction produced by methacholine, (10−7 M), physostigmine (10−7 M), KCl (10 mM), and Ba (1 mM) was decreased after 3–6 days cold storage. Similarly, the relaxation produced by ATP (10−6 - 10−8 M) and 3',5'-cyclic AMP (10−4 - 10−5 was also decreased after 3−6 days cold storage; the response of fresh preparations to these agents was not prevented by either alpha- or beta-blocking drugs. In low Ca media (0.6 mM) catecholamine-induced relaxation of fresh strip was not changed, but that of ATP and 3',5'-cyclic AMP was decreased. These results indicate that cold storage does not interfere with the inhibitory system related to catecholamine but does with ATP and 3',5'-AMP. Also, prolonged cold storage does affect the membrane system involved in methacholine, KCl, Ba and physostigmine-induced contractions. This data suggests that the relaxation mechanisms of catecholamines may be different from that of exogenous high energy substances.
Spin flip diffusion length and giant magnetoresistance at low temperatures.

Measurements at 4.2 K of the magnetoresistance of Co/AgMn, Co/CuMn, Co/AgPt, and Co/CuPt multilayers with the current perpendicular to the layer planes (CPP-MR) show effects of reduced spin diffusion lengths due to alloying of the nonmagnetic metal with impurities that produce spin-spin (Mn) or spin-orbit (Pt) scattering. Combining the data with a theory by Valet and Fert gives the spin diffusion lengths in the alloys.
The why, when, and how of cognitive simulation: A tutorial

Practical advice is given on cognitive simulation modeling; information is provided on why a simulation effort is worthwhile, when it should be undertaken, and how to do it. A cognitive simulation model is defined as a computer program that represents a hypothetical mental process that operates on symbolic structures.
Evaluation of coarse woody debris and forest vegetation across topographic gradients in a southern Ohio forest

In highly dissected landscapes, topographic gradients and their associated microhabitat conditions have been shown to greatly influence the distribution of woody vegetation. However, little is known about the influence of these gradients on the spatial distribution of coarse woody debris (CWD), especially in unglaciated eastern North America. The main goal of this study was to examine the influence of topography (slope aspect, percent slope, and slope position as calculated from a landform index (LI)) and plot characteristics (tree height, age, and canopy cover) on the distribution of trees (diameter at breast height, dbh≥10 cm), saplings (dbh<10 cm), and CWD in a mixed-oak forest of unglaciated southern Ohio (USA). CWD was defined in this study as any downed bole or limb with a diameter≥10 cm over a length≥0.5 m. Redundancy analysis (RDA) of the three structural layers revealed that the measured parameters explained a significant (P<0.05) percentage of the variation in individual species distributions. In all three structural layers, slope aspect and LI were consistently important in explaining individual taxa distributions. Total CWD density (pieces ha−1) was significantly (P<0.05) correlated with LI (r=0.299) and percent slope (r=−0.433). Total tree density was significantly negatively correlated with slope position (r=−0.469), slope aspect (r=−0.328), and canopy cover (r=−0.391), and total sapling density was significantly negatively correlated with height of the dominant tree in each plot (r=−0.283). According to an analysis of similarities between the three structural layers, species assemblages were significantly (P<0.05) different between all three layers. The tree and CWD strata showed the highest similarity (rho, R=0.216) while the CWD and sapling layers showed the lowest (R=0.762). Oak (Quercus spp.) dominated the tree and CWD layers while mesophytic species (maple (Acer spp.) and beech (Fagus grandifolia)) dominated the sapling layer. Analyses of CWD distributions in relation to both living vegetation and topographic gradients suggest that a complex interplay of factors dictate the distribution of CWD loads across the landscape. Differences in distributions were observed for total and individual CWD taxa. Given its importance in forested ecosystems, a better understanding of CWD spatial distribution is necessary if CWD dynamics and function (habitat and nutrient cycling) are to be fully understood.
Autoanticoagulation does not preclude pulmonary emboli.

Many clinicians expect naturally occurring defects in the hemostatic mechanism to afford protection from pulmonary embolism; however, this relationship has not been well studied. We undertook a retrospective chart review to determine if well-documented pulmonary embolism occurs in the face of “autoanticoagulation.’ Seventeen patients with arteriographically documented pulmonary embolism who had coagulation studies performed before arteriography or administration of pharmacologic anticoagulants were identified. Three of these patients had prolongation of prothrombin time or both prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin time beyond the control range of our laboratory. We conclude that autoanticoagulation does not preclude pulmonary emboli. Patients who have abnormally prolonged coagulation studies should receive prophylactic subcutaneous heparin if they are at risk for pulmonary embolism, aggressive diagnostic work-up if clinical findings suggest pulmonary embolism, and pharmacologic anticoagulation if pulmonary embolism is documented.
Degeneracies in trapped two-component Fermi gases.

We report on previously unobserved intersystem degeneracies in two-component equal-mass Fermi gases with interspecies zero-range interactions under isotropic harmonic confinement. Over the past 10 years, two-component Fermi gases consisting of ${n}_{1}$ spin-up and ${n}_{2}$ spin-down atoms with interspecies zero-range interactions have become a paradigm for modeling condensed matter systems, nuclear matter, and neutron matter. We show that the eigenenergies of the $({n}_{1}+1,{n}_{2}\ensuremath{-}1)$ system are degenerate with the eigenenergies of the $({n}_{1},{n}_{2})$ system for any $s$-wave scattering length ${a}_{s}$, including infinitely large, positive, and negative ${a}_{s}$. The existence of the intersystem degeneracies is demonstrated explicitly for few-body systems with ${n}_{1}+{n}_{2}=4$, 5, and 6. The degeneracies and associated symmetries are explained within a group theoretical framework.
L-arginine decreases the infiltration of the kidney by macrophages in obstructive nephropathy and puromycin-induced nephrosis

L-arginine decreases the infiltration of the kidney by macrophages in obstructive nephropathy and puromycin-induced nephrosis. We examined the effect of 1% L-arginine in the drinking water on the infiltration of the kidney by macrophages in rats with puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrosis (PAN) and in rats with bilateral ureteral obstruction (BUO) of 24 hours duration. Rats given L-arginine in the drinking water for three days before BUO or PAN was initiated had a greater glomerular filtration rate after release of BUO or induction of PAN than similar rats not given L-arginine (P In vitro , maximal chemotaxis induced by 7% zymosan-activated serum (ZAS) in peritoneal macrophages from SOR was enhanced by low (10 −6 to 10 −5 M) and decreased by high concentrations (10 −3 to 10 −2 M) of L-arginine in the incubation medium. Migration of macrophages from rats with urethral obstruction was increased by 7% ZAS but the increase diminished with high concentrations of L-arginine (10 −3 to 10 −2 M). Random migration of peritoneal macrophages obtained from rats with urethral obstruction given L-arginine prior to obstruction was significantly lower than that of peritoneal macrophages obtained from similar rats given tap water alone prior to obstruction. Plasma levels of corticosterone were greater (P
A full potential inverse method based on a density linearization scheme for wing design

A mixed analysis inverse procedure based on the full potential equation in conservation form was developed to recontour a given base wing to produce density linearization scheme in applying the pressure boundary condition in terms of the velocity potential. The FL030 finite volume analysis code was modified to include the inverse option. The new surface shape information, associated with the modified pressure boundary condition, is calculated at a constant span station based on a mass flux integration. The inverse method is shown to recover the original shape when the analysis pressure is not altered. Inverse calculations for weakening of a strong shock system and for a laminar flow control (LFC) pressure distribution are presented. Two methods for a trailing edge closure model are proposed for further study.
The growing role of eicosanoids in tissue regeneration, repair, and wound healing

Tissue repair and regeneration are essential processes in maintaining tissue homeostasis, especially in response to injury or stress. Eicosanoids are ubiquitous mediators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and angiogenesis, all of which are important for tissue growth. Eicosanoids regulate the induction and resolution of inflammation that accompany the tissue response to injury. In this review, we describe how this diverse group of molecules is a key regulator of tissue repair and regeneration in multiple organ systems and biologic contexts.
Single-particle analysis of ultrafine aerosol in College Station, Texas

[1] A single-ultrafine-particle mass spectrometer was deployed for size-resolved ultrafine aerosol composition measurements during the winter of 2002–2003 in College Station, Texas. Three separate experiments were held between December and March with 6 week intervals. Almost 128,000 mass spectra, corresponding to particles with aerodynamic diameters between 30 and 300 nm, were collected and classified. Fifteen statistically significant classes were identified and are discussed in this paper. Nitrate, potassium, carbon, and silicon/silicon oxide were the most frequently observed ions. Nitrate was present in most of the particles, probably because of the agricultural activity in the vicinity of the sampling site. The nitrate detection frequency was found to be sensitive to the ambient temperature and relative humidity. Another particle class, identified as an amine, exhibited a strong relative humidity dependence, appearing only during periods of low relative humidity. There is evidence that some of the detected particles originated from the large urban centers and were coated with nitrate, sulfate, and organics during transport.
Directional radiometry and radiative transfer: The convoluted path from centuries-old phenomenology to physical optics

This Essay traces the centuries-long history of the phenomenological disciplines of directional radiometry and radiative transfer in turbid media, discusses their fundamental weaknesses, and outlines the convoluted process of their conversion into legitimate branches of physical optics.
BEOL challenges for 14nm node and beyond

Scaling the BEOL into 14nm includes challenges in both the material selection and the integration. Metallization-induced degradation of the ULK is an issue regardless of dielectric choice, or the PVD vs. ALD selection, and options for possible recovery of characteristics are numerous. In barrier/liner/seed decisions, the integration choices play into material selection, and the deposition technique's impact upon microstructure, and hence reliability, is significant. For plating, conventional processes may not allow the high fill speeds necessary, and aspect ratio constraints are driving processes to new areas. Finally, we will also address how CPI is changing as interconnect evolves.
A note on prime k-th power nonresidues

Bounds for the second and third smallestprime k-th power nonresidues of odd primes p have been given by Alfred Brauer, Clifton Whyburn, and L. K. Hua. Bounds for the n-th prime residue, n≥4, do not appear in the literature and it would be difficult to obtain bounds as sharp as p1/4 if n is large and k is small. In this note we use the character sum estimates of D. A. Burgess to show that there are on the order of log p/log log pprime k-th power nonresidues less than p1/4 +∈ for every ∈>0 and sufficiently large p.
New approaches to respiratory infections in children: Bronchiolitis and croup

Croup is a disease that is commonly seen in children younger than the age of 6 years. The cause is viral, with parainfluenza viruses and RSV being the two most common pathogens. Treatment consists primarily of supportive care, and parents usually have tried humidification and cool air exposure before the child presents to the ED. Children with moderate to severe croup are usually seen in the ED. The use of steroids in an oral preparation results in a clinical improvement of outpatients with mild to moderate croup and reduces the need for hospitalization. The dosage range for oral dexamethasone is 0.15 mg/kg to 0.6 mg/kg. Nebulized budesonide may also be used. Racemic or L-epinephrine, both of which are equally effective, can be used for symptomatic treatment in severe croup. After administration of racemic or L-epinephrine, hospitalization is not automatic and patients can be discharged safely from the ED after a 3-hour of observation period. There should be no respiratory distress, and the patient should have access to follow-up and emergency care if needed.
Correlation of spectral and heat‐capacity Schottky contributions for Dy2O3, Er2O3, and Yb2O3

A self-consistent interpretation of existing and new Raman- and infrared spectra on oriented single crystals and heat-capacity measurements on Dy2O3, Er2O3, and Yb2O3, which have the cubic (bixbyite) structure is presented.
New Imaging and Sensing Techniques Base on Surface Plasmon Resonance

Methods to image local surface impedance and electrochemical current optically are developed. The principles of the new imaging techniques are based on the sensitive dependence of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) on local surface charge and current density. These imaging capabilities may be used as new detection platforms for DNA and protein microarrays, and new tools for imaging cells and tissues.
Release Methods forPerillus bioculatus(F.), a Predator of the Colorado Potato Beetle

Abstract Perillus bioculatus (F.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) provided excellent control of the Colorado potato beetle [ Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)] in small plots when released in the nymph stage and nearly as good control when it was released in the egg stage where eggs were protected in screened cups. When unprotected P. bioculatus eggs were scattered on the foliage, very few survived. Nine of 12 arthropod species, collected from the field and tested in petri dishes in the laboratory, ate more than 60% of P. bioculatus eggs, nymphs, or both. Thus, while P. bioculatus egg release shows promise as a method for controlling the Colorado potato beetle, effective methods for protecting eggs and newly hatched nymphs from predators need to be devised.
The Impact of Neighborhood Disadvantage on the Black–White Achievement Gap

Contextual analysis of the achievement gap has gained much momentum within the last few decades. This study furthers the discourse by examining the applicability of 2 sociological contextual development approaches on achievement. We analyzed 79 neighborhoods organized by the level of crime and poverty from both a social disorganization and social mobilization perspective. We found that the social mobilization perspective was more consistent with the experiences of Black students, whereas social disorganization theory better explained White achievement outcomes. The findings also suggest that White students in disadvantaged neighborhoods might be a grossly overlooked at-risk group.
Effects of mean arterial pressure and needle size on arterial sampler filling time.

BACKGROUND: Arterial blood sampling is subject to numerous pre-analytical errors, one of which is inadvertent venous blood sampling. Especially when assessing oxygenation and titrating ventilation, accidental venous blood sampling may lead to inappropriate respiratory care and repeated percutaneous punctures. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of mean systemic blood pressure and needle size on vented arterial sampler filling times, to distinguish venous and arterial sampling. METHODS: We constructed an extracorporeal laboratory model to circulate whole blood at 4 L/min. We used hemostats to create 6 pressures: 57 mm Hg (representing a patient in shock), 70 mm Hg (representing a patient with low-normal blood pressure), 93 mm Hg (normal), 107 mm Hg (high-normal), 133 mm Hg (severe hypertension), and 14 (peripheral venous pressure). We simulated percutaneous punctures with vented arterial samplers preset to 2 mL, with 2 common sampling needles. We compared the filling times of each pressure/needle combination and determined the correlation between the mean pressure and filling time. RESULTS: For all the tested arterial pressures combined, the mean ± SD sampler filling time was 15.8 ± 0.4 s; for venous pressures the time was 51.4 ± 1.4 s (P CONCLUSIONS: Lower blood pressure increased the sampler filling time. Measuring the filling time may enable therapists to confirm successful arterial puncture in adult patients. Confirming successful arterial puncture prior to blood analysis would expedite appropriate patient care decisions.
Behavior change and essential hypertension

Changes in the diagnostic criteria for essential hypertension and the development of effective behavior change approaches to its treatment raise new issues concerning the place of nonpharmacologic approaches in the management of high blood pressure.
Loop formation in polynucleotide chains. I. Theory of hairpin loop closure

A theoretical model to determine the probability of loop formation, based on an elaborated form of the Jacobson-Stockmayer theory of cyclization equilibria, has been developed and used on RNA chains of homogeneous puckering and lengths up to 27 residues. The probability Qx (q, γ0, e0) of occurrence of hairpin loops of a particular chain x is given by Qx (q, γ0, e0) = [W (q) δr][2Γq (γ0)δγ] [Eq,γ0 (e0) δe] where W(q) is the three-dimensional density distribution function of end-to-end vectors r centered about the ideal loop closure position q; Γq(γ0) is an angular correlation factor that restricts the orientation of terminal bonds (i.e., bond x and bond 1) in the loop to a specified value Δθ = cos−1 (γ0) when r adopts a value within a range δr from position q; and Eq,γ0(e0) is the probability that e falls within δe of e0 when r and γ assume the values denoted by the respective subscripts. The parameter e is related to the angle between a hypothetical bond (x + 1) and bond 1. In these calculations, Eqγ0(e0) was set equal to 1. For randomly coiling models previously developed to reproduce polynucleotide unperturbed dimensions, loop closure probability is maximized with chains of length 22 residues. Larger hairpin loops of 24–25 residues, also favored in C3′-endo random coils of this type, are potential models of tRNA unfolding. W(q) is a stronger determinant of loop closure than Γq(γ0). The angular correlation effect is most noticeable at chain lengths 22 and 23 where 2Γq(γ0) deviates from unity.
Defining the expressed breast cancer kinome.

Protein kinases are arguably the most tractable candidates for development of new therapies to treat cancer. Deep sequencing of breast cancer cell lines indicates each express 375 or so kinases, representing nearly 75% of the kinome. A rich network both downstream and upstream from key oncogenic kinases includes both tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases, giving plasticity and resiliency to the cancer cell kinome.