cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Model of Estimating Winter Wheat Yield Based on TM Image and Yield Formation

By analyzing the relationships between remote sensing information and climate factors,an estimating model of winter wheat yield was developed based on yield formation process,and jointed with remote sensing information using software engineering and component technique.The model was validated using the data sets of different sites and TM image in heading stage,with the root mean square error(RMSE) of 354.18 kg ·ha-1 for winter wheat yield.The results indicated that the model was accurate and applicable for estimating winter wheat yield under different conditions.Yet,more experiment data in different eco-environments are required for wide testing of the present model.
Abstract B156: TP53 loss creates therapeutic vulnerability in colorectal cancer

TP53, a well-known tumour suppressor gene, is frequently inactivated by mutation or deletion in a majority of human tumours. A tremendous effort has been made to restore p53 activity in cancer therapies. However, no effective p53-based therapy has been successfully translated into clinical cancer treatment due to the complexity of p53 regulators and their poor drugability. Here, we demonstrate that genomic deletion of TP53 frequently encompasses neighbouring essential genes, rendering cancer cells with hemizygous TP53 deletion vulnerable to further suppression of such genes. POLR2A is identified as such an essential house-keeping gene that is virtually co-deleted with TP53 in many types of human cancer. It encodes the largest and catalytic subunit of RNA polymerase II complex, which is specifically inhibited by α-Amanitin. Our analysis of clinical samples and cancer cell lines in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Cancer Cell Line Encyclopaedia (CCLE) reveals that POLR2A expression levels are tightly correlated with its gene copy numbers in human colorectal tumours. Suppression of POLR2A with α-amanitin or short-hairpin RNAs, selectively inhibits proliferation, survival and tumorigenic potential of colorectal cancer cells with hemizygous TP53 loss in a p53-independent manner. Previous clinical applications of α-amanitin have been limited due to its liver toxicity. However, we found that α-amanitin-based antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are highly effective therapeutic agents with dramatically reduced toxicity. Here, we show that low doses of α-amanitin-conjugated anti-EpCAM (Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule) antibody lead to complete tumour regression in murine models of human colorectal cancer with hemizygous deletion of POLR2A. We anticipate that inhibiting POLR2A will be a novel therapeutic approach for cancers harbouring such common genomic alterations. Citation Format: Yunhua Liu, Xiongbin Lu. TP53 loss creates therapeutic vulnerability in colorectal cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr B156.
Uterine uptake of amino acids throughout gestation in the unstressed ewe

The uterine uptake of 21 amino acids was determined in chronically catheterized ewes from 35 to 145 days of gestation. Total uptake of amino acids increased as gestation progressed as described by the equation: Q (mmoles/kg · day) = 0.19 gestational age (days) + 0.30. We were unable to detect a statistically significant correlation of uterine A-V concentration difference and gestational age for most amino acids. The uptakes of only eight amino acids contributed to the total increase (arginine, glutamine, valine, leucine, ornithine, isoleucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine). The amino acids which made the largest contribution to uterine uptake are similar to those which furnish the largest contributions to umbilical uptake previously reported, except for glycine, which exhibits significant umbilical uptake, but no uterine uptake. Glutamate, which is removed by the placenta from the umbilical circulation, exhibited no significant uterine uptake nor production. The total amino acid nitrogen uptake by the uterus extrapolated to 130 days’ gestation, 1.20 gm/kg fetal weight · day, closely approximates the previously reported value for umbilical amino acid nitrogen uptake at 130 days. Comparison of the individual amino acids removed from the uterine circulation with those which enter the umbilical circulation, however, suggests that metabolic conversions which involve glutamate and glycine occur in the placenta.
Reduction in inadequate empiric antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia: impact of a unit-specific treatment pathway.

Empiric antibiotic therapy is routinely initiated for patients with presumed ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Reported mortality rates for inadequate empiric antibiotic therapy (IEAT) for VAP range from 45 to 91 per cent. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a unit-specific pathway for the empiric management of VAP on reducing IEAT episodes and improving outcomes in trauma patients. Patients admitted with VAP over 36-months were identified and stratified by gender, age, severity of shock, and injury severity. Outcomes included number of IEAT episodes, ventilator days, intensive care unit days, hospital days, and mortality. Three hundred and ninety-three patients with 668 VAP episodes were identified. There were 144 (22%) IEAT episodes: significantly reduced compared with our previous study (39%) (P < 0.001). Patients were classified by number of IEAT episodes: 0 (n = 271), 1 (n = 98) and ≥ 2 (n = 24). Mortality was 12 per cent, 13 per cent, and 38 per cent (P < 0.001), respectively. Multivariable logistic regression identified multiple IEAT episodes as an independent predictor of mortality (odds ratio = 4.7; 95% confidence interval: 1.684-13.162). Multiple IEAT episodes were also associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit stay (P < 0.001). Trauma patients with multiple IEAT episodes for VAP have increased morbidity and mortality. Adherence to a unit-specific pathway for the empiric management of VAP reduces multiple IEAT episodes. By limiting IEAT episodes, resource utilization and hospital mortality are significantly decreased.
Overproduction and attrition: the fates of songs memorized during song learning in songbirds

Most songbirds learn their songs through imitation. However, what a male sings as an adult is not necessarily a complete inventory of what he memorized at some earlier point in time: songbirds commonly memorize more material than they eventually sing as adults. Work with swamp sparrows, Melospiza georgiana, first confirmed that males rehearse many of the song models to which they are exposed during the sensory phase of song acquisition but subsequently include only a subset of those rehearsed songs in their adult repertoire. This process of overproduction and selective attrition has since been demonstrated in other species as well. More recently, the persistent memory of tutor songs rehearsed but not included in the adult repertoire has been demonstrated at the neural level. Furthermore, memories of song models heard during the sensory phase of acquisition but never detected during rehearsal in the sensorimotor phase also may persist into adulthood. Here we review behavioural and neural studies of overproduction and attrition in song learning. We discuss factors that may trigger the persistence of some models and the rejection of others in an individual's repertoire and possible functional consequences of this phenomenon. Data from human speech research indicates that humans also may unconsciously retain memories of features of languages heard early in life but never spoken.
Drug-Induced Liver Disease: Clinical Course.

Abstract Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a term used to describe a spectrum of clinical presentations and severity that ranges from mild elevation of liver enzymes on routine blood work to acute liver failure and death. Approximately 10% of all patients with DILI develop acute liver failure resulting in death or liver transplantation. DILI may be prolonged with persistence of elevated liver enzymes for longer than 6 months in approximately 5% to 20% of cases. Cirrhosis and long-term liver-related morbidity and mortality have also been described but are rare, occurring in 1% to 3% of cases.
The effects of unstable surface balance training on postural sway, stability, functional ability and flexibility in women.

BACKGROUND This study examined the effects of balance training routine, using both sides utilized balance trainer (BOSU) and aerobic step (STEP) on postural sway and functional ability in middle-aged women. METHODS Twenty-seven females participated in the study, age 40.6±12.0 years, body mass 72.0±14.0 kg, height 164.0±7.7 cm, BMI 26.5±4.5 kg/m2, and relative body fat 33.1±7.4%. Participants were divided into two groups and performed progressive exercise routine on either STEP or BOSU for three weeks. Pre- and post-test consisted of Postural Sway Test performed on the Biodex Balance System, Functional Ability Test, Sit and Reach Test and Plank. RESULTS A significant time effect was observed for both groups for sway index(P=0.029) and center of pressure antero-posterior (AP) displacement (P=0.038) but not for sway area or medio-lateral (ML) displacement (P>0.05). In addition, BOSU group had significantly lower Sway Index(P=0.048) and ML range (P=0.035) scores when vision and surface was altered compared to STEP group. A significant time effect was observed in walking-up the stairs (P=0.020), sit and reach test (P=0.035), and plank (P<0.001), but not for walking down the stairs. However, no other significant interactions were observed. CONCLUSIONS Programs that incorporate multisensory balance training have a potential to induce adaptive responses in neuromuscular system that enhances postural control, balance and functional ability of women. The training using BOSU may help improve static balance and functional ability in women.
The growth inhibitory activity of metallothionein-3 correlates with its novel β domain sequence rather than metal binding properties

A neuronal survival assay consisting of cultured neonatal rat cortical neurons supplemented with Alzheimer brain extracts was used to identify a protein designated growth inhibitory factor (GIF) as a candidate growth inhibitory component in normal brain tissue [1]. Subsequent characterization of GIF revealed a 70% sequence homology with mammalian metallothionein (MT) including the 20 metal-binding cysteine residues in conserved Cys-X-Cys and Cys-X-XCys motifs. The GIF gene also has a similar intron/exon structure to that of mammalian MT-1 and MT-2 leading to its classification as MT-3 [2]. Relative to mammalian MTs, MT-3 contains two inserts, a single threonine residue in the N-terminal β-domain and a glutamine rich hexapeptide in the C-terminal α-domain.
Emerging information standards and technologies: cataloging and metadata professionals’ perspectives

Purpose This paper aims to report on the survey results relating to the current experience of cataloging and metadata professionals with emerging information standards and technologies, as well as the state of professional training and existing barriers to continuing education (CE) in these emerging areas. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents a quantitative analysis of the data collected in the online survey, supplemented with a qualitative analysis of some open-ended responses. Findings There was a wide interest in leveraging emerging Semantic Web and Linked Data approaches. Training activities on newer information standards and technologies were reported by more than half of the respondents. The survey data suggested the importance of increasing field-wide collaborations and institution- or organization-level support for professional development. Improving the discoverability of relevant CE resources and programs was also considered to be the key, as were affordability and the ability to incorporate ongoing learning into everyday practice. Originality/value There are currently no comprehensive studies or benchmarked data on how the existing CE system meets the needs of cataloging and metadata professionals. This study establishes a baseline for an understanding of their ongoing professional development preferences and requirements relating to new information standards and technologies.
Multifunctional nanotherapeutics for treatment of ocular disease.

The eye is an important organ, it provides vision and it is an important component of our facial identity (1,2). There is an old saying “ The eye is the window of the soul ”, clear and bright eyes bring esthetic pleasure to people. Human eye is globular and consists of two main parts, the anterior and posterior segments (1,2). Although the posterior part of the eye is comfortably located in the orbit, they are delicate because its anterior segment including the cornea is exposed to the outside world, thus accessible to wear and tear. To protect and maintain the eye functions while reduce the disruptions from outside and inside the body, the eyes are equipped with defense mechanisms for both the anterior and posterior segments (1,2). For the cornea region, the eyes are associated with precorneal factors including eyelids, tear film, blinking, tear turnover, induced lacrimation and nasolacrimal drainage. Cornea itself contains multilayers of corneal epithelial cells with tight junctions, which severely limit ocular penetration of molecules (3,4). For intraocular environment (mostly the posterior parts), it contains two main barriers, blood-aqueous and blood-retina barrier with epithelial and endothelial tight junctions, which restrict penetration of molecules into the intraocular chamber (5). All these features make the eye an isolated and well-protected organ, however, they also make it hard to treat during ocular diseases (1,2).
Examining relationships among consumer participative behavior, employee role ambiguity, and employee citizenship behavior: the moderating role of employee self-efficacy

Research question: This study examines (a) the effect of consumer participative behavior (CPB) levels (low vs. high) on employee role ambiguity, (b) the influence of employee role ambiguity on empl...
Challenges in Estimating Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage Among Humans Enrolled in Surveillance Studies.

Evaluating carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, an opportunistic pathogen of humans and animals capable of causing antibiotic-resistant infections, is epidemiologically important. However, clinical and epidemiological surveillance studies of S. aureus typically rely on characterizing one isolate per individual, which may not represent the actual population diversity in a carrier. The objective of this study was to determine if one isolate is sufficient for determining carrier status of particular strains or characteristics of S. aureus in a healthy (non-hospitalized) human population. We compared spa types, genetic markers (mecA, scn), and antibiotic resistance profiles of ten S. aureus isolates recovered from a single nasal swab for each of 19 participants (190 isolates total) selected from a cohort of industrial hog operation workers and their household members. Participants included both persistent (n=10) and intermediate (n=9) carriers of S. aureus. Among the participants, 17 (89%) carried a single S. aureus spa type intranasally and the other two carried dominant spa types. Less similarity was observed for genes encoded on mobile genetic elements (mecA, scn) and antibiotic resistance profiles. Statistical modeling, based on area under the curve (AUC) values of receiving operating characteristic curves, suggests that three to five isolates may be necessary to accurately assign nasal carriage status for these more variable characteristics. Variability was observed for both persistent and intermediate carriers of S. aureus. These results suggest that surveillance studies that rely on testing one S. aureus isolate are likely to identify predominant spa types but may not fully capture more variable characteristics of S. aureus, including antibiotic resistance. Surveillance studies that rely on testing one isolate may underestimate prevalence of nasal carriage of S. aureus with these more variable characteristics.
Slip transmission of high angle grain boundaries in body-centered cubic metals: Micropillar compression of pure Ta single and bi-crystals

Abstract Here we seek to probe and understand the mechanical behavior of grain boundaries in pure Ta as a model bcc material using micropillar compression experiments. Three high angle grain boundaries are chosen with varying crystal orientations. Multiple bi-crystal pillars are prepared containing a single, nearly vertical grain boundary in the approximate center of the pillar and compared against their single crystalline pillar counterparts. The main phenomenon of interest was slip transmission or strain transfer in the bi-crystals which was considered to occur when slip traces aligned across the grain boundary. This occurred in two of the three bi-crystals. These observations were compared against two slip transmission factors, m ' = cos ( ψ ) cos ( κ ) and L R B = cos ( θ ) cos ( κ ) , where ψ , θ , a n d κ are the angles between the slip vectors, slip plane normals, and the intersection of the slip planes with the grain boundary from the slip systems on either side of the grain boundary. Additionally, transmission was compared against the stress-strain response and overall deformation (i.e., sheared boundary) of the bi-crystal. The transmission factors exhibited a consistent behavior with slip transmission occurring for high transmission factors and not occurring for low transmission factors. For example, slip transmission occurred for m ' ≥ 0.85 and did not occur for m ' ≤ 0.46. The engineering stress-strain response and overall deformation behavior did not show correlations with the presence or absence of slip transmission. High angle boundaries in bcc metals are shown to represent a diverse set of responses in bi-crystalline micropillar compression experiments.
Technē und Politeia: die technische Verfassung der Gesellschaft

Zu Beginn der westlichen politische Theorie last sich eine interessante Analogie zwischen technischer und politischer Praxis feststellen. In „Der Staat“, „Die Gesetze“, „Der Staatsmann“ und anderen Dialogen behauptet Plato, das die Staatskunst eine technē, eine der praktischen Kunstformen, sei. Ahnlich wie in der Architektur, im Schiffsbau und in anderen allgemein anerkannten Kunsten und Handwerken sei Politik ein Bereich mit eigenen charakteristischen Kenntnissen und speziellen Fahigkeiten. Ein Ziel von Platos Argumentation bestand darin, diejenigen zu widerlegen, die glaubten, das die Angelegenheiten des offentlichen Lebens reinen Amateuren uberlassen werden oknnten. Daruberhinaus ist es klar, das er annahm, die Kunst der Politik konne auf dieselbe Weise nutzlich sein, wie jede andere technē, indem sie vollendete Werke von dauerndem Wert hervorbringt. Die Werke, die er im Sinn hatte, waren vorteilhafte Verfassungen als moglichst gut ausgearbeitete Resultate politischer Architektur. „Politeia“, der griechische Titel des Dialogs „Der Staat“ weist auf die Verfassung einer Polis hin, d. h. auf die zweckmasige Ordnung der menschlichen Beziehungen innerhalb eines Stadtstaates. In diesem Buch beschreibt und rechtfertigt Plato das, was er als die geeigneten institutionellen Vereinbarungen fur das beste Staatswesen betrachtet.
Interkulturalität und Sozialisation

Interkulturalitat ist ein grundlegender Aspekt des Aufwachsens von Kindern und Jugendlichen unter den aktuellen gesellschaftlichen Bedingungen. Die grosen Wanderungsbewegungen und der damit einhergehende demographische Wandel fuhren dazu, dass mehr und mehr Menschen mit unterschiedlichen Hintergrunden und Traditionen mit einander in Beruhrung kommen.
Modeling the Pressure-Flow Relation of Bifurcating Networks

Despite a considerable number of measurements of the variation of pressure drop with flow rate through the bronchial tree (or physical models of it), reducing the data to a single relation is difficult. Much of the difficulty arises because of differences in geometry and experimental method. Integration of data obtained in vivo or in excised lungs depends strongly on controlling the experiment under isodimensional conditions. For example, during graded expirations the increasing pressure gradient with flow and the resulting decrease in bronchial caliber suggest that isovolume conditions may not be isodimensional. Consequently, experiments investigating pressure gradient in rigid models may be helpful in modeling the more complex situation in vivo.
Bioactive components in human milk are differentially associated with rates of lean and fat mass deposition in infants of mothers with normal vs. elevated BMI.

OBJECTIVE To model breastfed infant growth and body composition patterns over the first 4 months with multiple bioactive components of human milk (HM) and clinical factors (including maternal BMI status), which are related to growth. METHODS Longitudinal observation of infant growth and body composition from 0 to 4 months among 41 predominantly breastfed infants (25 mothers of Normal-weight and 16 mothers with overweight/obesity). Fasted morning HM samples were collected at 5 time-points. Macronutrients, leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, insulin, cytokines and n-6:n-3 esterified fatty acid ratio were measured. Infant weight-for-length Z-score (WLZ) trajectory, fat-free mass (FFM) gain, fat mass gain and %fat gain were modelled controlling for clinical covariates. RESULTS HM insulin negatively associated with WLZ trajectory among infants of NW mothers (P = 0.028), but not associated with WLZ trajectory among infants of OW/Ob mothers. HM glucose (P < 0.001) was associated with slower rates of infant FFM gain. Infants of mothers with OW/Ob exhibited slower rates of FFM gain. HM protein, adiponectin and insulin concentrations, and n-6:n-3 ratio were all significant predictors in the model of infant fat mass gain (P < 0.03). Any amount of formula supplementation was associated with faster fat gain (P = 0.002). The model of %fat gain was similar to that of fat mass gain, excepting HM adiponectin was not a significant covariate, and a trend for maternal OW/Ob to correlate with faster %fat gain (P = 0.056). CONCLUSIONS Bioactive components in HM may contribute to regulation of partitioning of body composition, and these contributions may differ between mothers of normal-weight vs. with OW/Ob.
Formulation of High-Performance Dry Powder Aerosols for Pulmonary Protein Delivery

Pulmonary delivery of biologics is of great interest, as it can be used for the local treatment of respiratory diseases or as a route to systemic drug delivery. To reach the full potential of inhaled biologics, a formulation platform capable of producing high performance aerosols without altering protein native structure is required. A formulation strategy using Particle Replication in Non-wetting Templates (PRINT) was developed to produce protein dry powders with precisely engineered particle morphology. Stability of the incorporated proteins was characterized and the aerosol properties of the protein dry powders was evaluated in vitro with an Andersen Cascade Impactor (ACI). Model proteins bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme were micromolded into 1 μm cylinders composed of more than 80% protein, by mass. Extensive characterization of the incorporated proteins found no evidence of alteration of native structures. The BSA formulation produced a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 1.77 μm ± 0.06 and a geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 1.51 ± 0.06 while the lysozyme formulation had an MMAD of 1.83 μm ± 0.12 and a GSD of 1.44 ± 0.03. Protein dry powders manufactured with PRINT could enable high-performance delivery of protein therapeutics to the lungs.
Returning to server-centric hospitality system applications.

Application service provider models represent an alternative to in-house information systems and are gaining favor within the hospitality industry: The models, which place technical system components at a remote site, are described as server-centric. ASPs allow hospitality management to share investment dollars, system costs, and technical staff expenditure with an ASP operator, thereby concentrating on providing enhanced guest services. Although considered a viable alternative to in-house processing, not everyone agrees this is a favorable trend. This article is available in Hospitality Review: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/hospitalityreview/vol19/iss2/7 Returning to servercentric hospitality system applications by Michael L. Kasavana Application service provider models represent an alternative to in-house information systems and are gaining favor within the hospitality industry: The models, which place technical system components at a remote site, are deszfibw' as sewer-centric. ASPs allow ho~~italih' management to share rnvestmeni dollirs, systeh costs, and rechn~cal staff expendrtures w;th an ASP operator; thereby concentrating on enhancedguest services. Although considered a viable alternative to in-house processing, not everyone agrees this is a favorable trend. G iven the escalating cost of purchasing and maintaining specialty software, hiring and retaining qualified staff, and obtaining and configuring robust hardware, many hospitality companies are investigating alternative information system architecture (data integration) and infrastructure (physical connectivity). The application service provider (ASP) model allows hospitality management to share initial capital outlay, application sofiware, and ongoing technical expertise with a specialty operator. Requisite hardware, sofiware, netware, training, and technical support are fundamental business tools with relatively short life cycles. An ASP contracts activities and expertise aimed at managing information technology for a predetennined level of expenditure. ASPs supply software and softwarerelated services over the Internet or via a virtual private network (WN) on a fee-per-use basis. The ASP model is a server-centric scheme in which remotely hosted applications are provided via a secure data exchange channel. ASP decisions, which tend to be based on economic factors, are driven largely by frequency of use, processing costs, staffing requirements, on-going maintenance, and enhancement expenses, and represent a return to some of the computer processing modes of the past. An ASP is capable of simultaneously serving an array of proprietary customers and is likely to
Neuropathologic basis of frontotemporal dementia in progressive supranuclear palsy

Author(s): Sakae, Nobutaka; Josephs, Keith A; Litvan, Irene; Murray, Melissa E; Duara, Ranjan; Uitti, Ryan J; Wszolek, Zbigniew K; Graff-Radford, Neil R; Dickson, Dennis W | Abstract: BackgroundProgressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neuronal loss in the extrapyramidal system with pathologic accumulation of tau in neurons and glia. The most common clinical presentation of PSP, referred to as Richardson syndrome, is that of atypical parkinsonism with vertical gaze palsy, axial rigidity, and frequent falls. Although cognitive deficits in PSP are often ascribed to subcortical dysfunction, a subset of patients has dementia with behavioral features similar to the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. In this study we aimed to identify the clinical and pathological characteristics of PSP presenting with frontotemporal dementia.MethodsIn this study, we compared clinical and pathologic characteristics of 31 patients with PSP with Richardson syndrome with 15 patients with PSP with frontotemporal dementia. For pathological analysis, we used semiquantitative methods to assess neuronal and glial lesions with tau immunohistochemistry, as well image analysis of tau burden using digital microscopic methods.ResultsWe found greater frontal and temporal neocortical neuronal tau pathology in PSP with frontotemporal dementia compared with PSP with Richardson syndrome. White matter tau pathology was also greater in PSP with frontotemporal dementia than PSP with Richardson syndrome. Genetic and demographic factors were not associated with atypical distribution of tau pathology in PSP with frontotemporal dementia.ConclusionsThe results confirm the subset of cognitive-predominant PSP mimicking frontotemporal dementia in PSP. PSP with frontotemporal dementia has distinct clinical features that differ from PSP with Richardson syndrome, as well as differences in distribution and density of tau pathology. © 2019 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Flexible Layouts for Fiducial Tags

Fiducials are artificial features with a variety of uses in computer vision such as object tracking and localization. We propose the idea of flexible tag layouts for visual fiducial systems. In contrast to traditional square tags, flexible tag layouts allow circular, annular, or other shapes as desired. One use of layout flexibility is to increase the data density of standard square shaped tags. In addition, we describe a detector that is faster and has higher recall than both the AprilTag 2 and ArUco detectors while maintaining precision.
Simulation of Thermal Photocarrier Escape in Quantum Well Solar Cells: Electron-Electron vs. Electron-Phonon Interaction

Hot carrier photocurrent flow from a selectively contacted semiconductor quantum well illuminated with a high-intensity monochromatic photon flux is simulated using a quantum transport approach that considers on equal footing the effects of electron-photon, electron-phonon, and electron-electron interactions. While the inclusion of carrier-carrier scattering conserves the density of states, it modifies the spectral current flow strongly by increasing the non-equilibrium occupation at energies above the quantum well, inducing a pronounced hot carrier escape current. The elevated carrier temperature in the presence of carrier-carrier scattering is confirmed by the slope of the high-energy tail in the simulated photoluminescence spectra.
Understanding the Role of Cohesive Interaction in Mechanical Behavior of a Glassy Polymer

Understanding the mechanical behavior of glassy polymers at a fundamental molecular level is of critical importance in engineering and technological applications. Among various molecular parameters...
DEVELOPMENT OF LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET FOR WRITING POETRY BASED ON NATIONALISM VALUES IN THE POETRY OF TRADITIONAL LAMPUNG SONGS FOR JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

The principles and approaches to the development of education, culture, and national character emerge to form whole people as educational goals. This principle and approach aims to instill nationalism values among students. Writing is one of the language skills. Through writing one can convey what is in his mind. The poems of traditional Lampung songs created by Syaiful Anwar are full of nationalism values, especially those with the theme of custom and culture of Lampung. The values of nationalism instilled through the lyrics of these songs can shape the character of the students if properly interpreted. To achieve this goal, the author made worksheet (LKS) learning to write poetry based on the lyrics of traditional Lampung songs created by Syaiful Anwar that could raise the spirit of nationalism for VII class of junior high school students.
History and the Origin of Meaning

Philosophy, in Merleau-Ponty’s view, always comprises a return “to an intersubjectivity which, ever more closely, binds us to the whole of history” (S 141). Accordingly, history is a subject with which Merleau-Ponty is concerned again and again throughout his works, from the earliest up to the very last writings. Across these texts, he is concerned to argue that history provides intersubjectivity with temporal depth by (i) furnishing a dimension of historicity to an individual consciousness, by (ii) anchoring our incarnate freedom in an established order of sedimented meanings, and finally by (iii) elaborating our relationships with others in the creation of truth, meaning, and rationality.
STATISTICAL THEORY OF HETEROGENEOUS MEDIA

ABSTRACT In this paper we shall first outline what we consider to be the statistical solution to a problem in which the material medium is described from a stochastic point of view. Subsequent to this we shall discuss the hierarchy of moment equations that result from averaging the basic governing equation. Here we indicate the solution for small perturbations in the elastic constants when the material is statistically homogeneous and isotropic and the average stress field is uniform. Effective constants will next be defined. Using variational principles and the statistical perturbation solutions previously obtained, expressions for bounds will be determined which contain higher order statistical information. The bulk modulus will be considered as an example. Finally, simple algebraic formulas will be obtained for the bounds by using a cell model for materials. The cell model was applied by Miller.(1)
Principles of Postoperative Spine MRI

This chapter summarizes the basic principles of postoperative spine MRI. These include technical considerations and imaging protocols, interpretation of the postoperative spine, indications for intravenous contrast, and descriptions of acute and delayed complications. After reading this chapter, the reader should gain a basic understanding of how MRI in conjunction with a patient’s clinical presentation can be used as a troubleshooting tool to identify potential causes of postoperative symptoms.
The ultimate cost of carbon

We estimate the potential ultimate cost of fossil-fuel carbon to a long-lived human population over a one million–year time scale. We assume that this hypothetical population is technologically stationary and agriculturally based, and estimate climate impacts as fractional decreases in economic activity, potentially amplified by a human population response to a diminished human carrying capacity. Monetary costs are converted to units of present-day dollars by multiplying the future damage fractions by the present-day global world production, and integrated through time with no loss due from time-preference discounting. Ultimate costs of C range from $10k to $750k per ton for various assumptions about the magnitude and longevity of economic impacts, with a best-estimate value of about $100k per ton of C. Most of the uncertainty arises from the economic parameters of the model and, among the geophysical parameters, from the climate sensitivity. We argue that the ultimate cost of carbon is a first approximation of our potential culpability to future generations for our fossil energy use, expressed in units that are relevant to us.
Tutorial: avoiding and correcting sample-induced spherical aberration artifacts in 3D fluorescence microscopy.

Spherical aberration (SA) occurs when light rays entering at different points of a spherical lens are not focused to the same point of the optical axis. SA that occurs inside the lens elements of a fluorescence microscope is well understood and corrected for. However, SA is also induced when light passes through an interface of refractive index (RI)-mismatched substances (i.e., a discrepancy between the RI of the immersion medium and the RI of the sample). SA due to RI mismatches has many deleterious effects on imaging. Perhaps most important for 3D imaging is that the distance the image plane moves in a sample is not equivalent to the distance traveled by an objective (or stage) during z-stack acquisition. This non-uniform translation along the z axis gives rise to artifactually elongated images (if the objective is immersed in a medium with a higher RI than that of the sample) or compressed images (if the objective is immersed in a medium with a lower RI than that of the sample) and alters the optimal axial sampling rate. In this tutorial, we describe why this distortion occurs, how it impacts quantitative measurements and axial resolution, and what can be done to avoid SA and thereby prevent distorted images. In addition, this tutorial aims to better inform researchers of how to correct RI mismatch–induced axial distortions and provides a practical ImageJ/Fiji-based tool to reduce the prevalence of volumetric measurement errors and lost axial resolution. This tutorial describes the main causes of sample-induced spherical aberration artifacts in 3D microscopy. In addition, the authors provide a practical ImageJ/Fiji-based solution to correct these aberrations during or after image acquisition.
Extracellular vesicle-cargo miR-185-5p reflects type II alveolar cell death after oxidative stress

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a devastating syndrome responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. Diffuse alveolar epithelial cell death, including but not limited to apoptosis and necroptosis, is one of the hallmarks of ARDS. Currently, no detectable markers can reflect this feature of ARDS. Hyperoxia-induced lung injury is a well-established murine model that mimics human ARDS. We found that hyperoxia and its derivative, reactive oxygen species (ROS), upregulate miR-185-5p, but not miR-185-3p, in alveolar cells. This observation is particularly more significant in alveolar type II (ATII) than alveolar type I (ATI) cells. Functionally, miR-185-5p promotes expression and activation of both receptor-interacting kinase I (RIPK1) and receptor-interacting kinase III (RIPK3), leading to phosphorylation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) and necroptosis. MiR-185-5p regulates this process probably via suppressing FADD and caspase-8 which are both necroptosis inhibitors. Furthermore, miR-185-5p also promotes intrinsic apoptosis, reflected by enhancing caspase-3/7 and 9 activity. Importantly, extracellular vesicle (EV)-containing miR-185-5p, but not free miR-185-5p, is detectable and significantly elevated after hyperoxia-induced cell death, both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, hyperoxia-induced miR-185-5p regulates both necroptosis and apoptosis in ATII cells. The extracellular level of EV-cargo miR-185-5p is elevated in the setting of profound epithelial cell death.
Dia1 Coordinates Differentiation and Cell Sorting in a Stratified Epithelium

Although implicated in adhesion, few studies address how actin assembly factors guide cell positioning in multicellular tissue. The formin, Dia1, localizes to the proliferative basal layer of epidermis. In organotypic cultures, Dia1 depletion reduced basal cell density and resulted in stratified tissue with disorganized differentiation and proliferative markers. Since crowding induces differentiation in epidermal tissue, we hypothesized that Dia1 allows cells to reach densities amenable to differentiation prior to stratification. Consistent with this hypothesis, forced crowding of Dia1-deficient cells rescued transcriptional abnormalities. Dia1 promotes rapid growth of lateral adhesions, a behavior consistent with the ability of cells to remain monolayered when crowded. In aggregation assays, cells sorted into distinct layers based on Dia1 expression status. These results suggested that as basal cells proliferate, reintegration and packing of Dia1-positive daughter cells is favored while Dia1-negative cells tend to delaminate to a suprabasal compartment. These data demonstrate how formin expression patterns play a crucial role in constructing distinct domains within stratified epithelia.
A Crumbling Pyramid: How the Evolving Jurisprudence Defining 'Employee' Under the ADEA Threatens the Basic Structure of the Modern Large Law Firm

Under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, as well as other federal antidiscrimination laws, only “employees” as defined by the statute are permitted to sue. In recent years, the U.S. Supreme Court and lower courts have provided guidance regarding when partners in large law firms might be deemed “employees” protected by these laws. What has emerged from the courts’ decisions in these cases is a test that places significant emphasis on the amount of power and control that a partner has within a firm: Partners deemed to lack a sufficient amount of power and control within their firms may be characterized as “employees” for purposes of these federal antidiscrimination laws. Such partners thus would be permitted to sue their firms under the ADEA, including if they were subject to a mandatory retirement policy - a common feature within many large firms. Scholars and practitioners have expressed disparate views regarding whether the courts adopted the right test for determining a partner’s ability to sue his or her firm. This Article, however, bypasses the question of whether these courts “got it right” in crafting this test and instead focuses on an area that has received scant attention - the impact that the courts’ analysis might have on many aspects of large law firms, from firms’ hiring patterns, to their compensation schemes, to their established tracks for promotion. Existing assumptions regarding when associates should expect to make partner, the percentage of firm profits they might receive upon reaching this status, and the level of turnover among older partners all may be undermined by these court decisions.
Mitigating ion migration in perovskite solar cells

Intrinsic ion migration in the metal halide perovskite (MHP) absorber layer and its interfaces seriously limits the device stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Despite considerable efforts to mitigate the ion migration issue, it remains a formidable challenge in the commercialization of PSCs. Here, we provide a short review of the device failure mechanisms induced by intrinsic ion migration and discuss the detrimental effects of ion migration on the different component layers of PSCs. We outline the corresponding strategies to mitigate ion migration in PSCs and provide an insight on materials engineering to attain long-term stabilized perovskite photovoltaics (PVs).
Validating the Representational Space of Deep Reinforcement Learning Models of Behavior with Neural Data

Abstract Deep Reinforcement Learning (Deep RL) agents have in recent years emerged as successful models of animal behavior in a variety of complex learning tasks, as exemplified by Song et al. [2017]. As agents are typically trained to mimic an animal subject, the emphasis in past studies on behavior as a means of evaluating the fitness of models to experimental data is only natural. But the true power of Deep RL agents lies in their ability to learn neural computations and codes that generate a particular behavior—factors that are also of great relevance and interest to computational neuroscience. On that basis, we believe that model evaluation should include an examination of neural representations and validation against neural recordings from animal subjects. In this paper, we introduce a procedure to test hypotheses about the relationship between internal representations of Deep RL agents and those in animal neural recordings. Taking a sequential learning task as a running example, we apply our method and show that the geometry of representations learnt by artificial agents is similar to that of the biological subjects’, and that such similarities are driven by shared information in some latent space. Our method is applicable to any Deep RL agent that learns a Markov Decision Process, and as such enables researchers to assess the suitability of more advanced Deep Learning modules, or map hierarchies of representations to different parts of a circuit in the brain, and help shed light on their function. To demonstrate that point, we conduct an ablation study to deduce that, in the sequential task under consideration, temporal information plays a key role in molding a correct representation of the task.
The European Market: Success or Obstacle to Integration?

The single market is one of the greatest achievements of the European Union. The restrictions on trade and free competition between Member States have been progressively eliminated, which has led to an increase in the standard of living. The Treaty establishing the European Economic Community was the one that made it possible to eliminate customs barriers within the Community and establish a common customs tariff that would apply to goods from non-EU countries. The single market has not yet become a unique economic space. Some sectors of the economy (public services) are still subject to national laws. The Member States of the EU still assume most of the powers in taxation and social welfare. The single market is supported by a series of related policies, established by the EU over the years. These policies help to ensure that the liberalization of markets is beneficial for as many companies and consumers as possible.
Income or inconvenience? Digital video advertising adoption lags among U.S. community newspapers

This study reviews diffusion of video and video advertising on the Web sites of 400 community news outlets in the United States. Results suggest that while a significant number of community news outlets publish editorial videos online, video advertising lags behind larger publications. The study argues that elements such as circulation and size of a media corporation have little influence on the development and use of video and video advertising on community media Web sites in the U.S.
Visualizing protein import into the plant cell nucleus

Protein nuclear import is basic to all eukaryotic organisms. While this process has been studied extensively in animal and yeast systems, it is only now being addressed in plants. For these studies in plants, it is critical to develop a simple, reliable and sensitive assay to monitor nuclear import. Recently, an assay that involves a histochemical analysis of the enzymatic activity of β-glucuronidase (GUS) fused to a test protein has emerged [3–5, 11, 21, 24, 27].
A Q-band RF-MEMS tapered true time delay line for fusion plasma diagnostics systems

In this work, we present the design and demonstration of a novel MEMS-based true-time delay (TTD) unit for microwave imaging reflectometry (MIR) diagnostics of thermonuclear fusion plasmas. The TTD unit is designed using a coplanar waveguide loaded with extended tuning range cantilever-type varactors. The capacitance value of the varactors are tapered at the input and output ports, allowing for better impedance matching in the highly loaded case. More than 360° and 600° phaseshift was demonstrated at 30GHz and 50 GHz, respectively with a figure of merit better than 60°/dB over the entire frequency range. As a TTD unit, the device can provide near constant delay of 0–33 ps adjustable in an analog fashion. To the authors' knowledge, this is the best TTD unit demonstrated to date in terms of maximum adjustable delay range and FoM in Q-band.
Molecular Epidemiology of Foodborne Pathogens

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the basic principles and advancements in the molecular epidemiology of foodborne pathogens. Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of infectious diseases and/or the dynamics of disease transmission. The goals of epidemiology include the identification of physical sources, routes of transmission of infectious agents, and distribution and relationships of different subgroups. Molecular epidemiology is the study of epidemiology at the molecular level. It has been defined as “a science that focuses on the contribution of potential genetic and environmental risk factors, identified at the molecular level, to the etiology, distribution and prevention of diseases within families and across populations” .