cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exercise as a Therapeutic Intervention for Hypertension

Increasing levels of physical activity, together with reduced sodium intake, weight loss, and limited alcohol consumption are therapeutic lifestyle changes known to effectively reduce blood pressure (1). Data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study support the fact that cardiovascular fitness is inversely related to the development of hypertension, diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and hypercholesterolemia (2). Dynamic aerobic training, in particular, has been shown to lower conventional and daytime blood pressure readings among hypertensive patients (3). In general, exercise provides a substantial benefit for patients with both hypertension and cardiovascular disease and reduces the 10-year cardiovascular risk by 25% (4). From a clinical standpoint, a reduction of as little as 3mmHg in average population systolic blood pressure (SBP) has been estimated to reduce coronary heart disease by 5-9%, stroke by 8-14%, and all-cause mortality by 4%. Two other advantages of exercise as a therapeutic intervention are its positive effect on multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors and the fact that moderate exercise is low risk and has very few contraindications for most people.
Follicular CD8+ T cells: a novel subset in immune protection and antibody responses. (VAC3P.1062)

Endogenous antigen-specific CD8 T cells have been detected within B cell zones of the splenic white pulp during the primary response to multiple infections. The physiologic implications of CD8 T cell recruitment to B cell zones are unknown. However, such CD8 T cell localization may be beneficial for immunity in multiple ways, including, but not limited to: 1) direct CD8 T cell-mediated costimulation of B cells, 2) CD8 T cell-derived signals lowering the threshold of help required from CD4 follicular helper T cells (Tfh) for B cell maturation, and/or 3) direct CD8 T cell-mediated support of Tfh cells. We show here that after a combined TLR agonist and anti-CD40 antibody immunization (TLR/CD40) the follicular-homing CD8 T cell population is increased compared to infection, particularly at 2-3 days post-immunization. Concurrently, CD8 T cells upregulate Tfh cell-associated markers including CXCR5, PD-1, and ICOS. IL-21 is secreted robustly by CD8 T cells at this time point, which could help support B cell germinal center maintenance, class-switching, and Tfh cell differentiation. Indeed, in the context of TLR/CD40 immunization, the absence of CD8 T cells does not affect the IgM response, but reduces an isotype thought to be directed by IL-21, IgG2c, to levels seen in CD4 T cell-depleted animals. Our data indicates that CD8 T cells can assume a Tfh-like phenotype, we call follicular cytotoxic T cells (Tfc), early after challenge and direct antibody responses.
The Flipped Classroom in a Terminal College Mathematics Course for Liberal Arts Students.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of flipping the classroom on final exam scores in a terminal general education college mathematics course for a diverse student population. We emp...
Dosimetric characteristics of the University of Washington Clinical Neutron Therapy System

The University of Washington (UW) Clinical Neutron Therapy System (CNTS), which generates high linear energy transfer fast neutrons through interactions of 50.5 MeV protons incident on a Be target, has depth-dose characteristics similar to 6 MV x-rays. In contrast to the fixed beam angles and primitive blocking used in early clinical trials of neutron therapy, the CNTS has a gantry with a full 360° of rotation, internal wedges, and a multi-leaf collimator (MLC). Since October of 1984, over 3178 patients have received conformal neutron therapy treatments using the UW CNTS. In this work, the physical and dosimetric characteristics of the CNTS are documented through comparisons of measurements and Monte Carlo simulations. A high resolution computed tomography scan of the model 17 ionization chamber (IC-17) has also been used to improve the accuracy of simulations of the absolute calibration geometry. The response of the IC-17 approximates well the kinetic energy released per unit mass (KERMA) in water for neutrons and photons for energies from a few tens of keV up to about 20 MeV. Above 20 MeV, the simulated model 17 ion chamber response is 20%-30% higher than the neutron KERMA in water. For CNTS neutrons, simulated on- and off-axis output factors in water match measured values within ~2% ± 2% for rectangular and irregularly shaped field with equivalent square areas ranging in a side dimension from 2.8 cm to 30.7 cm. Wedge factors vary by less than 1.9% of the measured dose in water for clinically relevant field sizes. Simulated tissue maximum ratios in water match measured values within 3.3% at depths up to 20 cm. Although the absorbed dose for water and adipose tissue are within 2% at a depth of 1.7 cm, the absorbed dose in muscle and bone can be as much as 12 to 40% lower than the absorbed dose in water. The reported studies are significant from a historical perspective and as additional validation of a new tool for patient quality assurance and as an aid in ongoing efforts to clinically implement advanced treatment techniques, such as intensity modulated neutron therapy, at the UW.
Women's knowledge about the conditional cash incentive program and its association with institutional delivery in Nepal.

Background and purpose Home deliveries increase the risk of maternal and child mortality. To increase institutional deliveries, South Asian countries have introduced various forms of Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) schemes that offer women cash if they come to deliver at a health facility. In 2005, Nepal introduced its Safe Delivery Incentive Programme (SDIP)—a cash incentive program nationwide to boost the rate of institutional delivery and care from health professionals at childbirth. This study asks the following research questions: How informed were Nepalese women about the cash incentive program? Does knowledge about the cash incentive program correlate with institutional delivery? Methods Data to answer these questions come from the 2011 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). This is a nationally representative data collected from 12,674 women between 15 and 49 years of age, of which 4,036 had given births in the past five years. Multiple logistic regression was employed to predict if knowledge about the cash incentive program increased the odds of institutional delivery controlling for sociodemographic and geographic factors. Results Approximately 90% of the women knew about the SDIP. About 42% of the women who knew about the SDIP and 13% of the women who did not know about the SDIP had their most recent delivery at a health institution. The odds of institutional delivery increased nearly three-fold (OR = 2.70; CI: 1.59–4.59) among women who knew about the SDIP compared to women who did not know about the SDIP. Other factors that predicted institutional delivery included education, wealth, urban status, first birth, the number of antenatal care visits, and exposure to news media. Conclusion This study shows that there is a correlation between women’s knowledge about the SDIP and increased institutional delivery. Nepal’s health and social work professionals should inform all women of reproductive age about the program so that they can make more informed delivery decisions.
Percutaneous Procedures for Trigeminal Neuralgia

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) refractory to medical management may be treated by percutaneous rhizotomy via radiofrequency, glycerol, or balloon compression. These procedures are minimally invasive with a high rate of pain relief with low procedural risk and are preferred to microvascular decompression in patients with advanced age, medical comorbidities, symptomatic TN from multiple sclerosis, and failure of other surgical treatments. An understanding of the anatomic relationship of the foramen ovale to its surrounding structures is essential for safe insertion of the needle, and the treatment selectivity of the trigeminal nerve distribution differs based on the procedure chosen. Rates of acute pain relief are excellent, although some degree of hypesthesia is usually seen and symptoms frequently recur in the years after treatment, which can make repeat procedures necessary. This chapter will address patient selection, perioperative considerations, surgical techniques, complications, and outcome after percutaneous procedures for TN.
Pediatric melanoma in melanoma‐prone families

Background In the United States, only approximately 0.4% of all melanomas are diagnosed in patients aged Methods For this non-population-based study, families were followed prospectively for up to 40 years. A total of 60 families with ≥ 3 patients with melanoma were included for analysis: 30 CDKN2A mutation-positive (CDKN2A+) and 30 CDKN2A mutation-negative (CDKN2A-) families. Age at the time of first melanoma and number of melanomas were obtained for each patient and summarized by family or sets (CDKN2A + vs CDKN2A-). For set comparisons and categorical variables (occurrence of melanoma in pediatric patients, number of melanomas, number of patients with single or multiple melanomas), the Pearson chi-square or Fisher exact test was used. Results Regardless of CDKN2A status, melanoma-prone families were found to have 6-fold to 28-fold higher percentages of patients with pediatric melanoma compared with the general population of patients with melanoma in the United States. Within CDKN2A + families, pediatric patients with melanoma were significantly more likely to have multiple melanomas compared with their relatives who were diagnosed at age >20 years (71% vs 38%, respectively; P = .004). CDKN2A + families had significantly higher percentages of pediatric patients with melanoma compared with CDKN2A- families (11.1% vs 2.5%; P = .004). Conclusions These observations have implications for the prevention of melanoma as well as clinical care for its early detection. Children in melanoma-prone families should have careful sun protection from an early age and skin surveillance to reduce their risk of melanoma.
The impact of climate change and natural disasters on vulnerable populations: A systematic review of literature

Climate change is acknowledged as being a crucial determinant of public health. The United States is experiencing an increase in the frequency and intensity of natural disasters as a result of clim...
Cost-Effectiveness of Operative Versus Nonoperative Treatment of Displaced Midshaft Clavicle Fractures: A Decision Analysis.

BACKGROUND While previous studies have shown higher union rates and a quicker return to work with operative treatment of substantially displaced clavicle fractures, there is disagreement whether operative treatment results in improved clinical outcomes. Patients who undergo operative treatment sometimes require additional surgery for implant removal. Nonoperative treatment may fail so that delayed surgical intervention is ultimately required. The duration for which the clinical benefits of operative treatment remain superior to those of nonoperative treatment has not been well established in the literature. Considering these uncertainties, surgeons are faced with a difficult decision regarding whether operative treatment of a midshaft clavicle fracture will be cost-effective. The purpose of this study was to identify the most cost-effective strategy by considering these uncertain parameters with use of decision-analysis techniques. METHODS An expected-value decision tree was built to estimate the quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and costs for operative and nonoperative treatment of substantially displaced midshaft clavicle fractures. Values for parameters in the decision model were derived from the literature. Medical costs were obtained from the Medicare database. A Markov model was used to calculate the QALYs for the duration of life expectancy. The decision model was used to analyze the duration for which the clinical results of operative treatment were superior to those of nonoperative treatment during the first 5 years after the operation and during a lifetime. Sensitivity analysis was performed to determine which parameters have the most influence on cost-effectiveness. RESULTS Operative treatment was more cost-effective than nonoperative treatment in 54% and 68% of the Monte Carlo trials in the 5-year and lifetime analyses, respectively. The cost per QALY with operative management was <$38,000 and <$8,000 in the 5-year and lifetime analyses, respectively. This is below the willingness-to-pay threshold of $50,000 per QALY. For operative treatment to remain cost-effective, its clinical benefits must persist for at least 3 years. CONCLUSIONS Operative treatment is more cost-effective than nonoperative treatment for substantially displaced midshaft clavicle fractures. The clinical benefits derived with operative treatment must persist for at least 3 years for operative treatment to remain cost-effective. This research should not be used to conclude that all clavicle fractures should be treated surgically. It is best that such a decision is made through a patient-surgeon shared decision-making process. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Economic and Decision Analysis Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Disability: Sociological Aspects

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by G.L. Albrecht, volume 6, pp. 3710–3713, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Osteosarcoma of the Upper Extremities: A National Analysis of the US Population.

Background/aim Osteosarcoma of the upper extremities is rare, and characteristics in this location have not been described before. We aimed to analyze the characteristics and survival rate of osteosarcoma of the upper extremities. Materials and methods A retrospective cohort study was performed by querying the National Cancer Database. Statistical analysis was performed using a multivariate logistic regression model and Kaplan-Meier log-rank tests for survival. Results A total of 991 patients were diagnosed with osteosarcoma of the upper extremities. Most tumors were osteogenic and osteoblastic (66.8%), larger than 8 cm (47.9%), high grade (64.3%), lymph node-negative (7.9%), and without metastasis to lungs (39.0%). Osteosarcomas of the hand and wrist were less likely to be high-grade when compared to osteosarcomas of the forearm, arm, and shoulder. Conclusion The results of this study help us to approach patients promptly and avoid total amputation, increasing functionality and prognosis of the disease.
Increased Ovulation Rate of Adult Ewes Treated with Anti-Bovine LH Antiserum During the Normal Breeding Season

Adult Suffolk ewes (n = 14) were treated on d 10 of the estrous cycle with anti-bovine luteinizing hormone (LH) antiserum. Control ewes (n = 10) were treated with normal horse serum. Estrous behavior and the number of corpora lutea and ovarian follicles were examined at the subsequent estrous cycle. Daily plasma concentrations of progesterone (P4), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol were determined before and after treatment. Ewes treated with antiserum had a higher (P less than .05) ovulation rate (2.7 +/- .2) than did controls (2.1 +/- .1). No differences were found in the numbers of large (greater than 5 mm) or small (less than 5 mm) follicles between treatment groups. Estrus was delayed (P less than .025) approximately .6 d/in ewes treated with antisera. Immunoreactive FSH increased (P less than .05) within 1 d after treatment and remained higher than the controls for 5 d. Peak estradiol concentrations occurred on d 17 for treated ewes compared with peak concentrations on d 15 or 16 for control ewes. The P4 concentrations were generally less (P less than .025) in treated ewes throughout the luteal phase of the treatment cycle. These data demonstrate that ovulation rate is increased in ewes treated with LH antiserum. The marked increase in plasma FSH suggests a possible mechanism whereby ovulation rate is enhanced.
Chapter 12 – Compact Operators

In this chapter the class of compact linear operators is introduced, and studied in detail for the case of a Hilbert space. It is shown that the compactness condition is equivalent to the property that the operator maps weakly convergent to strongly convergent sequences, and that a uniform limit of compact operators is also compact. Properties of the spectrum of a compact operator are proved (Riesz-Schauder theory), and additional theory is presented for the case of compact self-adjoint operators, including the important result that there exists an orthonormal basis of the Hilbert space consisting of eigenvectors. The singular value decomposition of a compact operator is also discussed.
Use of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) for Operative Shoulder Outcomes.

Background:Few studies have investigated the relationship between the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) and legacy patient-reported outcome (PRO) measurements.Purpos...
Critical Thinking about Information Credibility in the Management Classroom

The ability to evaluate the credibility of information is a fundamental part of critical thinking that students need to access knowledge and to learn using evidence. Yet, studies show that business...
Finding “Bright Spots”: Using Multiple Measures to Examine Local-Area Racial Equity in Cancer Mortality Outcomes

In this article, we present a variety of measures that quantify equity in cancer mortality outcomes, demonstrate how the measures perform with various cancer types, and identify counties, or "bright spots," that meet the criteria of those measures. Using county-level age-adjusted mortality rates for 2007-2016 from the National Center for Health Statistics, we identified counties that had both equitable and optimal outcomes for Black and White death rates across 5 types of cancer: cancers of the lung/bronchus, prostate, female breast, colorectum, and liver. The number of counties that met the criteria ranged from 0 to 442, depending on cancer type and measure used. Prostate cancer and male liver cancer consistently had the lowest number of "bright spots," with a maximum of 3 counties meeting the most lenient criteria. This paper presents several ways to examine equity, using rate ratios and standard error measures, in cancer mortality outcomes. It highlights areas with positive progress toward equity and areas with a potential need for equity-focused cancer-control planning. Examining local areas of positive deviance can inform cancer-control programming and planning around health equity.
Thermal Aging Reliability of Socketable BGA Packages With Ni–Au-Coated SAC305 Spheres

Land grid arrays (LGAs) and ball grid arrays (BGAs) constitute the board-level interconnect technologies for a large number of packaged ICs. These technologies are used in socketing and surface mount (SMT) applications, respectively. The concept of socketable BGA packages, with solder spheres coated with a barrier layer/noble metal coating, was introduced to develop a single package design for processor ICs that are used in both socketing and SMT applications. While this concept has previously been demonstrated, the feasibility of these packages in socketing conditions has not yet been studied. This article assesses the applicability of these packages in socketing by subjecting the packages to thermal aging at a temperature of 120 °C. The change in microstructure with thermal aging along with the consumption of the barrier layer was understood. The joint shear strength evolution with thermal aging and the contamination of the top surface of the spheres was studied by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. It was found that the trend for experimental consumption of the barrier layer closely follows the theoretical model predictions. Solid-state solder wicking of the Sn57.6Bi0.4Ag (SBA) solder joint due to creep was confirmed at high homologous temperature for the solder. This, along with grain coarsening over time, led to a decrease in the joint shear strength from 33.5 to 16 MPa. Polymer collars are suggested as a potential solution to prevent the solder wicking and make the package feasible for socketing applications.
Parameter Identification of RANS Turbulence Model Using Physics-Embedded Neural Network

Identifying the appropriate parameters of a turbulence model for a class of flow usually requires extensive experimentation and numerical simulations. Therefore even a modest improvement of the turbulence model can significantly reduce the overall cost of a three-dimensional, time-dependent simulation. In this paper we demonstrate a novel method to find the optimal parameters in the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) turbulence model using high-fidelity direct numerical simulation (DNS) data. A physics informed neural network (PINN) that is embedded with the turbulent transport equations is studied, physical loss functions are proposed to explicitly impose information of the transport equations to neural networks. This approach solves an inverse problem by treating the five parameters in turbulence model as random variables, with the turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate as known quantities from DNS simulation. The objective is to optimize the five parameters in turbulence closures using the PINN leveraging limited data available from costly high-fidelity DNS data. We validated this method on two test cases of flow over bump. The recommended values were found to be \(C_{\epsilon 1}\) = 1.302, \(C_{\epsilon 2}\) = 1.862, \(C_{\mu }\) = 0.09, \(\sigma _K\) = 0.75, \(\sigma _{\epsilon }\) = 0.273; the mean absolute error of the velocity profile between RANS and DNS decreased by 22% when using these neural network inferred parameters.
A note on orbit categories, classifying spaces, and generalized homotopy fixed points

We give a new description of Rosenthal’s generalized homotopy fixed point spaces as homotopy limits over the orbit category. This is achieved using a simple categorical model for classifying spaces with respect to families of subgroups.
The Role of Endoscopic Therapy in the Minimally Invasive Management of Pancreatic Necrosis

Pancreatic necrosis is among the most frequently encountered local complica tions of acute pancreatitis and associates with severe disease. Infected pancreatic necrosis further enhances the risk for morbidity and mortality. Pancreatic fluid collections that result from pancreatic necrosis evolve from acute necrotic col lections to walled off necrosis and are defined by their distinct characteristics on cross sectional imaging. A variety of interventions spanning multiple disciplines are available for the drainage and debridement of pancreatic necrosis. Prospec tive, randomized trials have identified management strategies that incorporate minimally invasive interventions as having the best outcomes for patients with symptomatic pancreatic necrosis. The scientific literature has confidently posi tioned endoscopic drainage and necrosectomy among the most effective inter ventions for patients with symptomatic walled off necrosis. Innovations such as the use of metallic stents, chemical debridement and multiple modalities for drainage of pancreatic necrosis show promise in improving outcomes for patients managed with endoscopic interventions.
Fabrication Process for Free-Standing Smart Hydrogel Pillars for Sensing Applications

Smart hydrogel structures can be used as chemical sensing components to measure the changes in the environmental concentration of analytes of biomedical relevance. Sensing schemes using smart hydrogels rely on the transduction of the stimulated change of the hydrogels’ physical properties into a usable signal. Recently, we reported on such a sensing technique employing resonance absorption of ultrasound in smart hydrogel microresonator structures as well as in a hydrogel sheet using medical ultrasound imaging as the transduction method. However, the mold-based fabrication process limited the possible geometries of the hydrogel structures, which resulted in a constrained response time. In this publication, we present an improved fast and cost-efficient fabrication process to create arrays of free-standing stimuli-responsive hydrogel pillars that can be used to address this challenge along with first preliminary experimental results using these smart hydrogel structures for ionic strength sensing.
Mixed Poisson Traffic Rate Network Tomography

We extend network tomography to traffic flows that are not necessarily Poisson random processes. This assumption has governed the field since its inception in 1996 by Y. Vardi. We allow the distribution of the packet count of each traffic flow in a given time interval to be a mixture of Poisson random variables. Both discrete as well as continuous mixtures are studied. For the latter case, we focus on mixed Poisson distributions with Gamma mixing distribution. As is well known, this mixed Poisson distribution is the negative binomial distribution. Other mixing distributions, such as Wald or the inverse Gaussian distribution can be used. Mixture distributions are overdispersed with variance larger than the mean. Thus, they are more suitable for Internet traffic than the Poisson model. We develop a second-order moment matching approach for estimating the mean traffic rate for each source-destination pair using least squares and the minimum I-divergence iterative procedure. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach by several numerical examples. The results show that the averaged normalized mean squared error in rate estimation is of the same order as in the classic Poisson based network tomography. Furthermore, no degradation in performance was observed when traffic rates are Poisson but Poisson mixtures are assumed.
Defects in Superlattices

Doping and compositional superlattices are explained with examples given. Isolated lattice defects are identified. Delta function doping is shown. Strained Layer superlattices are discussed. Superlattice induced phase changes are indicated. Doping superlattice detail is given.
Intervention to Reduce Unhelpful Beliefs about Sleep

Publisher Summary Intervention is an approach to challenging unhelpful beliefs about sleep and developing/testing new (and helpful) beliefs about sleep. The “fear of poor sleep” experiment may involve some short-term sleep deprivation. Unhelpful beliefs about sleep held by patients with insomnia relate to the amount of sleep required. There are an enormous variety of unhelpful beliefs about sleep held by patients with insomnia. A belief commonly held by patients with insomnia is that poor sleep is dangerous. This belief needs to be pulled out by the roots. It is only then that fewer episodes of tiredness will be noticed. Patients will always feel somewhat tired unless the deal with the belief, because they’ll always be monitoring for/watching out for tiredness and then, of course, they’ll notice it more.
Some Optimization Models and Techniques for Electric Power System Short‐term Operations

This article introduces modern optimization models and solution methods for two fundamental decision-making problems in electric power system short-term operations, namely the optimal power flow (OPF) problem and the unit commitment (UC) problem. This article reviews basic formulations and surveys some of the most recent advances, including global optimization techniques for exact solution of the OPF problem, adaptive robust optimization models for the UC problem under uncertainty of renewable generation and demand-side response, contingency analysis for large-scale power systems, and distributed optimization schemes for decentralized operation. Keywords: optimal power flow; unit commitment; security-constrained; contingency; L agrangian duality; semidefinite programming; branch-and-bound; adaptive robust optimization; B enders decomposition; distributed algorithm
Worksite influences on obesogenic behaviors in low-wage workers in St Louis, Missouri, 2013-2014

Introduction More than one-third of US adults are obese. Workplace programs to reduce obesity and improve overall health are not available or accessible to all workers, particularly low-wage workers among whom obesity is more prevalent. The goal of the study was to identify modifiable workplace factors and behaviors associated with diet and exercise to inform future workplace interventions to improve health. Methods We distributed paper and online surveys to 2 groups of low-wage workers, hospital workers and retail sales workers, at the worksites. The surveys assessed obesity, obesogenic behaviors, workplace factors, and worker participation in workplace health programs (WHPs). Descriptive and regression analyses were conducted to examine workplace factors associated with obesogenic behaviors. Results A total of 529 surveys were completed (219 hospital workers and 310 retail workers). More than 40% of workers were obese and 27% were overweight. In general, workers had poor diets (frequent consumption of sugary and high-fat foods) and engaged in little physical activity (only 30.9% met recommended physical activity guidelines). Access to and participation in workplace health programs varied greatly between hospital and retail sales workers. We identified several modifiable workplace factors, such as food source and work schedule, that were associated with diet, exercise, or participation in workplace health programs. Conclusion This study illustrates the high prevalence of obesity and obesogenic behaviors workers in 2 low-wage groups. The differences between work groups indicated that each group had unique facilitators and barriers to healthy eating and exercise. An understanding of how socioeconomic, demographic, and work-related factors influence health will help to identify high-risk populations for intervention and to design interventions tailored and relevant to the target audiences.
Simple Endogenous Binary Choice and Selection Panel Model Estimators

This paper provides numerically trivial estimators for short panels of either binary choices or of linear models that suffer from confounded, nonignorable sample selection. The estimators allow for fixed effects, endogenous regressors, lagged dependent variables, and heterokedastic errors with unknown distribution. The estimators, which converge at rate root n, are based on variants of the Honore and Lewbel (2002) panel binary choice model and Lewbel's (2005) cross section sample selection model.
Perceived reality and media entertainment

Most media entertainment is in the form of narrative. It is important to understand user perceptions of narrative reality in entertainment design. While physical reality is an important element of perceived reality, starting in middle childhood perceptions of reality are increasingly associated with more abstract, conceptual, and even hypothetical aspects or reality. This paper reports on a program of research examining mental processes in making perceived reality judgments while viewing media. Typicality, pacing, and attributions about the causes of character behavior influence perceived reality. In addition, users make different perceived reality judgments about self and others. These findings are applied to the design of entertainment media.
The Price of Pretrial Release: Can We Afford to Keep Our Fourth Amendment Rights?

This Article looks at the intersection of the Fourth Amendment, which protects Americans' personal security against arbitrary and oppressive searches by law enforcement officials, and the Eighth Amendment, which proscribes excessive bail. The focus is on the validity and effectiveness of an arrested person's agreement to relinquish some or all of her Fourth Amendment rights as a means of gaining freedom from pre-trial detention. In other words, can an arrested person validly "consent" to waive some of her Fourth Amendment rights to avoid pre-trial detention? Recently, in a case of first impression in the federal courts of appeal, the Ninth Circuit invalidated a search of a home that rested on such a waiver. In United States v. Scott, the Ninth Circuit concluded that such a waiver is not always effective. In borderline cases, in which the judicial officer is leaning toward detention, the waiver issue can be the deciding factor. The ability of arrested persons to bargain away some of their Fourth Amendment rights may prove especially important to indigent defendants who have little or no money, property or means to offer as collateral. With the capacity to relinquish some of their Fourth Amendment protections, indigent defendants would gain an additional bargaining tool to obtain their release from jail. This Article contends that such waivers are legally effective and can be properly limited. The Fourth Amendment, the Eighth Amendment, the Bail Reform Act, the Unconstitutional Conditions Doctrine, and basic offer and acceptance principles of contract law will confine waivers and protect pre-trial defendants from potential abuse by the government, which might otherwise capitalize on an arrested person's vulnerability to subordinate one constitutional right to protect another.
Patent Reviews: 6,570,696 B2; 6,570,710; 6,580,513 B2; 6,580,554 B2; 6,583,880; 6,583,916; 6,587,288; 6,590,649 B1; 6,594,091; 6,597,510

The patent number, date of issuance by the U.S. Patent Office, and classification are shown on the first line. The filing date is that of the first application (although some patents may derive from earlier applications with earlier claim dates). Any opinions expressed are those of the reviewers and do not reflect the opinions of the organizations with which they are associated, the Optical Society of America, or this journal. Printed copies of these patents may be ordered from the Commissioner of Patents, Washington, DC 20231: telephone (703) 557-3158, URL http://patents.uspto.gov. Inquiries about patents should be addressed to the Patents Office, not to this journal or to OSA.
Supporting multicast deployment efforts: a survey of tools for multicast monitoring

As the Internet is expected to better support multimedia applications, new services will need to be deployed. An example of one of these next-generation services is multicast communication, the one-to-many delivery of data. Over the last ten years, multicast research as well as deployment efforts have both been major areas of interest. In order to bridge the gap between the initial deployment experiments and the availability of multicast as a robust network service, there needs to be a full complement of multicast monitoring tools. In this paper we first survey the debugging, modeling, and management tools that have evolved along side the Internet's multicast infrastructure. Through this survey, we have observed important generalizations in three areas: (1) the challenges unique to monitoring multicast, (2) a methodology common to many multicast monitoring tools/systems, and (3) a set of considerations important to the development of new tools/systems. Using these generalizations we present two of our efforts to evaluate multicast reachability in the Internet. We also use these generalizations to evaluate some of the more recent efforts to develop large-scale management platforms.
An Ensemble Approach to Investigate Tropical Cyclone Intensification in Sheared Environments. Part I: Katia (2011)

AbstractThe mechanisms responsible for tropical cyclone (TC) intensification in the presence of moderate vertical shear magnitudes are not well understood. To investigate how TCs intensify in spite of moderate shear, this study employed a 96-member ensemble generated with the Advanced Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (AHW) Model. In this first part, AHW ensemble forecasts for TC Katia (2011) were evaluated when Katia was a weak tropical storm in an environment of 12 m s−1 easterly shear. The 5-day AHW forecasts for Katia were characterized by large variability in the intensity, presenting an opportunity to compare the underlying mechanisms between two subsets of members that predicted different intensity scenarios: intensification and weakening. The key difference between these two subsets was found in the lower-tropospheric moisture north of Katia (i.e., right-of-shear quadrant). With more water vapor in the lower troposphere, buoyant updrafts helped to moisten the midtroposphere and enhanced t...
Reconsidering Inuit presence in southern Labrador

Cet article reconsidere la question vieille de plus de cent ans de la presence des Inuit au sud de Hamilton Inlet et l’affirmation qu’il ne s’agissait que d’une courte presence lors de la traite avec les Europeens. Un resume des sources d’archives non disponibles en anglais en conjonction avec des donnees archeologiques publiees et non publiees sont a la base de ce reexamen de la nature et de l’etendue de la presence inuit dans le sud de cette region. Une discussion du mode de subsistance des Inuit ainsi que des donnees archeologiques et d’archives suggere qu’il y a assez de preuves d’une occupation hivernale et estivale de groupes familiaux plutot que de groupes allant strictement a la traite, ainsi que d’un mode de vie ayant incorpore des produits europeens mais restant base sur des modes de subsistance saisonniers. Bien qu’incorporant des donnees archeologiques jusqu’ici non publiees concernant la region de Blanc Sablon et de la baie Sandwich, cette mise a jour supporte l’idee presentee dans Martijn et Clermont, dir. (1980) que les Inuit occuperent la region sud du Labrador avant la fin du 18e siecle.
Three models of collaborative child protection: what is their influence on short stays in foster care?

The paper articulates three models of collaboration between child protection services and law enforcement agencies on investigations of child maltreatment, and examines the relative impact of each model on child removals and short-term foster care placements. An extensive review of the research literature is used to derive lessons for jurisdictions using the different models. Promising strategies from several jurisdictions are described as they relate to collaborative investigations, child removal and short-term placements. Finally, we provide recommendations to improve child protection investigations and reduce the use of short-term foster care placements. Language: en
Electron capture into excited states by Ar5+ ions from He and Ne

Abstract Translational energy-gain spectra for single and double electron capture by Ar 5+ ions from He and Ne have been measured at an impact energy of 15 keV. In all collision systems studied here, the dominant reaction channel is due to capture into excited states of the projectile. Single electron capture is found to selectively populate the states whose crossings occur between 4 and 8 a.u., while in double electron capture processes it occurs between 4 and 6 a.u. The collisional energy spectra for single electron capture processes are interpreted qualitatively in terms of the reaction windows, which are calculated using a multichannel Landau-Zener model. The measured energy gain spectra are in good agreement with calculations.
Evaluation in school‐based health centers

School-Based Health Centers (SBHCs) are ideal primary care settings for improving children's access to and utilization of health care services. In this era of shrinking funding for social service programs, SBHCs may provide services to youth from low-income families, who otherwise might lack access to health care services. However, the growth of SBHCs has outpaced evaluation efforts. More information is needed about what services are being provided, and for whom services are effective. This article reviews information that will assist in the development of evaluation efforts for SBHCs. A review of evaluation theory, ideas for evaluation in SBHCs, challenges to implementing research in schools, and future directions for evaluation efforts are presented. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 40: 309–320, 2003.
Phase II study of an alternate carboplatin and gemcitabine dosing schedule in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.

Abstract We conducted a phase II single-institution trial in a homogenous patient population with advanced non–smallcell lung cancer to determine whether changing the carboplatin schedule in the carboplatin/gemcitabine doublet would enhance tolerability and/or results. Thirty patients with stage IIIB (with malignant effusion) or stage IV disease received gemcitabine 1100 mg/m 2 , days 1 and 8 plus carboplatin at an area under the curve of 5 on day 8. Cycles were repeated every 28 days, up to 6 cycles. A response rate of 10% was demonstrated (none complete), but an additional 45% of patients had stable disease. The median time to progression was 5.8 months and the median survival was 8.3 months. A 1-year survival rate of 27% and a 2-year survival rate of 16% were seen. The main nonhematologic toxicity was non-neutropenic infection. Thrombocytopenia occurred in 8 patients (27%; 7 grade 3, 1 grade 4). Carboplatin/gemcitabine with a day 8 administration of carboplatin is well tolerated with a similar survival to established platinum-based doublets.
Linking product functionality to historic failures to improve failure analysis in design

Prior research has shown that similar failure modes occur within products (or components) with similar functionality. To capitalize on this finding, a knowledge base-driven failure analysis tool, the function-failure design method (FFDM), has been developed to allow designers to perform failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) during conceptual design. The FFDM can offer substantial improvements to the design process since it enhances failure analysis thus giving it the ability to reduce the number of necessary redesigns. The FFDM, however, is only as good as the knowledge base that it draws from, and one fundamental question that arises in using the FFDM is: at what level of detail should functional descriptions of components be encoded? This paper explores two approaches to populating a knowledge base with actual failure occurrence information from Bell 206 helicopters. Results indicate that encoding failure data using more detailed functional models allows for a more robust knowledge base. Interestingly however, when applying FFDM, high level descriptions continue to produce useful results when using the knowledge base generated from the detailed functional models.
Structural and immunological relationships among mammalian arylsulfatase A enzymes

Abstract 1. 1. Structural and immunological properties of numerous arylsulfatase A enzymes (EC 3.1.6) were examined in order to assess the relationships among these enzymes in animals. 2. 2. Arylsulfatase A enzymes from all animals bind to a Concanavalin A-Sepharose column, consistent with the conclusion that they are all glycoproteins. 3. 3. At pH 7.5 the apparent mol. wts of the enzymes are 80–182 kDa, while at pH 4.5 the mammalian arylsulfatase A enzymes dimerize and exhibit apparent mol. wts in the range of 297–348 kDa, but the enzymes from opossum and other lower classes of animals do not aggregate at pH 4.5. 4. 4. The mammalian arylsulfatase A enzymes, which aggregate at pH 4.5, also bind to rabbit liver arylsulfatase A monomers immobilized on an Affi-Gel 10 matrix. 5. 5. The arylsulfatase A enzymes that were studied all exhibit the anomalous kinetic behavior regarded as characteristic of these enzymes. However, not all of the inactivated enzymes are reactivated by sulfate ions. 6. 6. Goat antiserum raised against homogeneous rabbit liver arylsulfatase A cross-reacts with all of the mammalian enzymes in Ouchterlony gel diffusion experiments, whereas the enzymes from lower classes of animals do not cross-react. 7. 7. Quantitative immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate that the mammalian enzymes are very similar to each other, with greater than 60% primary sequence homology indicated, while arylsulfatase A from opossum and other lower classes of animals show only a partial immunological similarity with the mammalian enzymes. 8. 8. Taken together, the data suggest that the active site of the enzyme and the structural features of the protein are highly conserved during the evolution of the enzyme molecule. However, other complex molecular properties, including monomer-dimer association equilibrium and immunological relatedness, which are primarily controlled by surface properties, are systematically changed in higher mammals.
Getting from here to there: information practices of immigrants in urban environments

This project addresses the information practices of the immigrant community in terms of the processes related to gaining, interpreting and disseminating information about host neighborhoods in urban environments. Using in-depth interviews and participatory mapping (a methodology involving analysis of maps produced by interviewees), accounts of immigrants are analyzed to gain an of how migrational individuals with limited access to formal information networks navigate urban environments. Main themes from initial analysis include: the use of multiple information sources to learn about local environments, the influence of personal experiences (such as work history) on interpreting surroundings, and the importance of wandering in becoming familiar with new environments. Further work in this area can lead to important developments for public libraries and acculturation programs in terms of providing improved services for the immigrant community.
First wall thermal hydraulic models for fusion blankets

Abstract Subject to normal and off-normal reactor conditions, thermal hydraulic models of first walls, e.g., a thermal mass barrier, a tubular shield, and a radiating liner, are reviewed. Under normal operation the plasma behaves as expected in a predicted way for transient and steady-state conditions. The most severe thermal loading on the first wall occurs when the plasma becomes unstable and dumps its energy on the wall in a very short period of time (milliseconds). Depending on the plasma dump time and the area over which the energy is deposited melting of the first wall surface may result, and if the temperature is high enough, vaporization.
Sensitivity derivatives for static test loading boundary conditions

Attention is given to the application of the adjoint variable method under the special combination of displacement and stress boundary conditions which occur when static test conditions are simulated. In the two-step problem-solving method employed, calculation of internal stresses, displacements and total reaction force at the boundary is followed by the calculation of the applied load and the total reaction force due to unit displacements.
The Dawn of a New Eos

Today's Eos marks a historic pivot point in the publication's history: After 35 years as a weekly newspaper, this is the last tabloid issue.
Haversian bone formation rates determined by a new method in a mastodon, and in human diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis.

Counts of the population densities of secondary osteons allow the determination of the haversian bone formation rate without the use of a tissue marker and can do so in paleontological as well as contemporary bone specimens. Using this technique, together with tetracycline markers, such rates were measured in 180 normal humans, in 10 diabetics, in 5 patients with osteogenesis imperfecta, and in 17 women with symptomatic osteoporosis; the new technique alone was used on a mastodon. In the normals, excellent agreement in values occurred between the tetracycline and population-based techniques. In diabetes, population-based formation rates were decreased, but to a lesser extent than tetracycline-based rates, implying that decreased bone formation accompanied development of the disease rather than existing throughout life. In osteoporosis, the rate fell below normal when measured by both methods, implying that it was low while the disease developed and the same after it had produced symptoms. In the mastodon, the mean bone formation rate was similar to that of comtemporary dogs and man when averaged between puberty and the middle of the total life span.