cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Schooling tendency and foraging benefit in the ocean surgeonfish

Field observations of individuallytagged ocean surgeonfish (Acanthurus bahianus) indicated that schooling provided a foraging benefit: an increase in relative forging time. The magnitude of this increase differed among individuals, primarily due to time budgets of the fish when they were not in schools. The proportion of nonschooling time devoted to foraging was positively correlated with fish size, while the proportion of schooling time that was spent forging was similar for all individuals. Schooling tendency (percentage of time in schools) was positively related to magnitude of foraging benefit and negatively related to fish size. When fish size was held constant by partial correlation, schooling tendency remained positively related to foraging benefit. These results provide evidence that fish which derive a greater foraging benefit from school membership spend more time in schools.
Catalytic properties of lactate dehydrogenase in Homarus americanus.

Abstract Lobster tail and leg lactate dehydrogenases (LDH) have been characterized kinetically. The four binding sites for reduced coenzyme have been shown to be equivalent for the enzyme purified from lobster tail muscle. For the reduced form of 3-acetyl pyridineadenine dinucleotide, the K a = 1.4 × 10 7 M −1 S −1 . The activity of the enzyme purified from the tail muscle is severely inhibited (90%) by high levels of pyruvate (10 m m ) when assayed for pyruvate reductase activity at 11 °C; the reductase activity measured using the enzyme from the walking leg muscle was not inhibited by these high levels of pyruvate. Evidence is presented which indicates that the LDH from the tail muscle of the East Coast lobster forms an abortive ternary complex (enzyme-NAD + -pyruvate) which accounts for these inhibitory kinetics. The data suggest that the LDH from the tail muscles of the invertebrate lobster represents a “kinetic” heart-type l -specific LDH and that from the walking legs, a “kinetic” muscle-type l -specific LDH.
Direct laser measurement of the Lamb shift of 23S-2(3)P transitions in helium.

For the first time, Lamb shifts of the 2 $^{3}S_{1}$-2 $^{3}\mathrm{P}_{0}$,1,2 transitions in helium have been measured directly with an LNA laser. The absolute wavelengths have been measured to a precision of 1 part in ${10}^{8}$, or ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. The Lamb shifts have been determined to 6 parts in ${10}^{4}$. Our results agree well with previous, indirect measurements, but represent a fivefold improvement in precision. The experimental results are compared with recent precision calculations. The obtained experimental Lamb shifts are 1 order of magnitude more precise than current theory.
Drug treatment in New Jersey (and elsewhere?): in search of a paradigm.

In this article three points are made. First, a survey of drug treatment in New Jersey suggested that there was considerable conflict about how drug treatment should be conducted. Second, a case was made for developing paradigms or models of treatment as a guide for progress in treatment for addicts. Third, an example was given of a theoretical paradigm which tried to relate family therapy to the relief of self-esteem distress.
Synthesis and photophysical properties of polymer-bound hexanuclear molybdenum clusters

The coordination of [Mo{sub 6}Cl{sub 8}{sup i}(SO{sub 3}CF{sub 3}){sub 6}{sup a}]{sup 2-} (1) and [Mo{sub 6}Cl{sub 8}{sup I}Cl{sub 4}{sup a}(EtOH){sup a}{sub 2}] (2) to poly(e-vinylpyridine) (PVP) produces crosslinked materials. Formation of these materials occurs by displacement of axial ligands SO{sub 3}CF{sub 3}{sup -} or EtOH on the clusters by the vinylpyridine moieties. The availability of six coordination sites in 1 and two coordination sites in 2 offers control over the degree of crosslinking and solubility of the materials. Similarly, varying the ratio of cluster coordination sites (C) to polymer-pendent pyridine ligands (P) yields materials with a wide range of solubilities and glass transition temperatures (T{sub g}). Materials with C:P ratios of 1:100 are highly soluble in CH{sub 2}Cl{sub 2} and MeOH, with T{sub g} are obtained with C:P ratios of 1:5 and lower, indicating a high degree of crosslinks. Transient emission spectroscopy reveals that polymer-bound cluster 1 lacks the luminescent properties characteristic of many [Mo{sub 6}Cl{sub 8}]{sup 4+} based clusters. Conversely, polymer-bound cluster 2 displays intense luminescence and retains the unusually long-lived excited-state observed for the free clusters in solution. The emission lifetime of PVP-bound 2 fits a biexponential decay, with {tau}{sub 1} = 90 {mu}s (60%) and {tau}{sub 2}more » = 8 {mu}s (40%), while [Mo{sub 6}Cl{sub 8}{sup i}Cl{sub 6}{sup a}]{sup 2-} has a uniexponential decay of {tau} = 156 {mu}s in CH{sub 2}Cl{sub 2} solution.« less
Portable source identification device

U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is the primary enforcement agency protecting the nation’s ports of entry. CBP is enhancing its capability to interdict the illicit import of nuclear and radiological materials and devices that may be used by terrorists. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is providing scientific and technical support to CBP in their goal to enable rapid deployment of nuclear and radiation detection systems at U. S. ports of entry to monitor 100% of the incoming international traffic and cargo while not adversely impacting the operations or throughput of the ports. As the deployment of radiation detection systems proceeds, there is a need to adapt the baseline radiation portal monitor (RPM) system technology to operations at these diverse ports of entry. When screening produces an alarm in the primary inspection RPM, the alarming vehicle is removed from the flow of commerce and the alarm is typically confirmed in a secondary inspection RPM. The portable source identification device (PSID) is a radiation sensor panel (RSP), based on thallium-doped sodium iodide (NaI(Tl)) scintillation detector and gamma spectroscopic analysis hardware and software, mounted on a scissor lift on a small truck. The lift supports a box containing a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) sodium iodide detector that provides real-time isotopic identification, including neutron detectors to interdict Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and radiation dispersion devices (RDD). The scissor lift will lower the detectors to within a foot off the ground and raise them to approximately 24 feet (7.3 m) in the air, allowing a wide vertical scanning range.
Serum prolactin concentrations and the initiation of maternal behavior in the rat.

Abstract Maternal behavior and serum prolactin were measured in pregnant and virgin female rats. Pregnant rats were either ovariectomized or shamovariectomized on Day 17 of pregnancy, while virgin females were ovariectomized at the same age. Two days after surgery nests were rated and the three treatment groups were tested for responsiveness to rat pups. Both pregnant treatment groups built superior nests compared to the virgin group and also responded more frequently to rat pups within a 1 hr test period than the virgin controls. In addition, significantly more ovariectomized pregnant subjects responded to pups than did intact pregnant females. Serum prolactin levels did not differ among the three treatments nor did exposure to pups affect serum prolactin levels. In each treatment group serum prolactin was less than 15 ng/ml, well below the 139.7 ng/ml mean found on Day 23 of pregnancy. These data suggest that high levels of serum prolactin during late pregnancy are not essential for the initiation of maternal behavior in the rat.
Dynamic nodeID based heterogeneity aware p2p system

A lot of research papers discussed Distributed Hash Table (DHT) based p2p systems to promise that idle resources may be efficiently harvested. However, p2p systems are composed of components with extremely heterogeneous availabilities and they will generate heavy information maintenance traffic to keep the efficiency of DHT based p2p systems under churn. In this paper, we suggest a dynamic nodeID based heterogeneity aware p2p system to reduce the overhead by exploiting the heterogeneity of participant nodes efficiently. Unlike the DHT based p2p systems, the nodeID of a node changes on the fly according to its characteristic and each node takes different responsibility in accordance with its nodeID to support p2p systems efficiently. A nodeID is composed of Load-Balanced ID (LBID) which balances the loads of reliable nodes and Load-Free ID (LFID) which reduces the responsibility of normal nodes and eliminates compulsory maintenance overhead. We conduct an event-driven simulation and show that our p2p system reduces data maintenance traffic and makes routing process more efficient and more reliable.
Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Signaling Regulates Proper Embryonic Vascular Patterning

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) binds G-protein-coupled receptors (S1P1–5) to regulate a multitude of physiological effects, especially those in the vascular and immune systems. S1P receptors in the vascular system have been characterized primarily in mammals. Here, we report that the S1P receptors and metabolic enzymes are conserved in the genome of zebrafish Danio rerio. Bioinformatic analysis identified seven S1P receptor-like sequences in the zebrafish genome, including duplicated orthologs of receptors 3 and 5. Sphingolipidomic analysis detected erythrocyte and plasma S1P as well as high plasma ceramides and sphingosine. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of s1pr1 causes global and pericardial edema, loss of blood circulation, and vascular defects characterized by both reduced vascularization in intersegmental vessels, decreased proliferation of intersegmental and axial vessels, and hypersprouting in the caudal vein plexus. The s1pr2 gene was previously characterized as a regulator of cell migration and heart development, but its role in angiogenesis is not known. However, when expression of both s1pr1 and s1pr2 is suppressed, severely reduced vascular development of the intersegmental vessels was observed with doses of the s1pr1 morpholino that alone did not cause any discernible vascular defects, suggesting that s1pr1 and s1pr2 function cooperatively to regulate vascular development in zebrafish. Similarly, the S1P transporter, spns2, also cooperated with s1pr1. We propose that extracellular S1P acts through vascular S1P receptors to regulate vascular development. Background: Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signaling in vascular development is not well understood. Results: S1P is present in zebrafish plasma. Combined knockdown of S1P receptors 1 and 2 (s1pr1 and s1pr2) in the zebrafish results in synergistic perturbation of vascular patterning and development. Conclusion: Cooperative signaling between s1pr1 and s1pr2 regulates zebrafish vascular development. Significance: S1P receptor regulation of vascular development is conserved in evolution.
Resist compacting under SEM E-Beam

Resist critical dimensions (CD) and thickness are usually obtained by in-line CD SEM or in-line optical metrology measurements but varification or calibration of these is typically achived by cross sectional SEM. As we push CDs to 100nm and beyound, descrepencies between these two sources data can constitute a large percentage of the target dimension. Particularly for 193nm resists, the CD shrinkage under SEM has been well characterized, but the vertical and horizontal compaction behavior in across sectional SEM has not been explored. In this paper, the discussion is divided into two parts. One is for bulk resist and another is for patterned resist. For bulk case, the the only variable is vertical thickness. The experiments for I-line, 248nm and 193nm resist indicated that the resist thickness from the cross sectional image is strongly dependent on the resist polymer structure, the SEM conditions and the interrogration time under SEM E-beam. Therefore, the thickness comparison between optical and electronic is not always meaningful because the cross sectional thickness often shows a low thickness than the optically determined value. We have determined the optimum SEM condition to minimize vertical compaction. There are two variables for patterned resist, vertical thickness and lateral CD size. Our experiments for I-line and 248nm resists exhibited that the patterned resist thickness can be 30% lower than the optical thickness. However, the lateral CD sizes showed less variation relative to the different SEM conditions. The unique behaviors of 193nm patterned resist are also displayed and discussed in this paper. Based on all experimental data, different SEM conditions are recommended based on different purposes to generate accurate cross sectional resist images.
Antioxidant and protective effects of Amrit Nectar tablets on adriamycin- and cisplatin-induced toxicities.

Objectives: Maharishi herbal food supplements have been shown to inhibit the growth of mammary tumors and reduce free radical-mediated injuries. The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the effects of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Amrit Nectar tablets on rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation and compare to other antioxidants. The protective effects of dietary Amrit Nectar tablets (MA-7; containing 38 herbs) on cisplatin-induced changes in glutathione (GSH) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity in rat liver and kidney, and Adriamycin (Pharmacia S.p.A, Milan, Italy)-induced mortalities in mice were also investigated. Results: Both aqueous and alcoholic extracts of MA-7 were more potent than other antioxidants tested under our experimental conditions. Adriamycin (15 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) caused 60% mortality during the period of 4 weeks in CDF1 mice. Dietary MA-7 (0.7%) treatment decreased the mortality to 20%. Dietary MA-7 (0.7%) supplementation with cisplatin treatment reversed the...
A comparison analysis of edge-of-field run-off from two sugarcane fields

Agricultural run-off is an important source of nonpoint source pollution. Surface run-off driven by rainfall events was analyzed at two sugarcane fields (SC1 and SC2) in Louisiana, USA. The study site was within a watershed confined by the Mississippi River levee and a drainage canal (St. James Canal). In total, 14 representative rainfall run-off events were analyzed. For comparison with onsite monitoring, a modeling technique was used to estimate run-off. The results show that run-off/rainfall ratios at SC1 were significantly higher (p < 0.0001, n = 14) than at SC2, probably mainly due to a higher sand content of the soil and a higher infiltration rate at SC2 than at SC1. Model-calculated run-off showed substantial overestimation compared with the monitoring results, especially at SC2. Comparison analysis suggests that significant infiltration following precipitation is expected in sandy fields, and water discharge into the groundwater aquifer cannot be ignored. Without considering groundwater discharge ...
Tracer diffusion of Ba and Y in YBa2Cu3Ox

Tracer self-diffusion of Ba and Y and the diffusion of Dy, Ho, and Gd, which substitute for Y, have been measured in polycrystalline YBa2Cu3Ox over temperature and oxygen partial pressure ranges of 850 to 980 °C and 103 to 105 Pa, respectively. The diffusion of Ba is slower than that of oxygen or copper, with a high activation energy of about 890 ± 80 kJ/mole. Large anisotropy has also been observed, with diffusion along the c-axis being more than three orders of magnitude slower than diffusion in randomly oriented polycrystals. Diffusion coefficients of Ba were, within experimental uncertainty, independent of oxygen partial pressure over the range measured. The diffusion coefficients of the Y-site species were nearly identical and an activation energy of about 1.0 MJ/mole was estimated, in agreement with that for high-temperature deformation. Attempts to speed up the kinetics through creation of point defects on the Y site by doping proved to be unsuccessful. These results are compared to cation diffusion in cubic perovskites and simple oxides.
The relationship between gonadotrophic hormones and progesterone in the mid-luteal phase.

Summary Context: It is known that progesterone (PRG) exerts a negative feedback on gonadotrophic hormones in the mid-luteal phase. However, we are unaware of any data in the literature that states the nature of this relationship, for example, is it linear or not? Objective: To determine the relationship between gonadotrophic hormones and PRG in the mid-luteal phase using routine clinical assays and routine clinical patient data. Methods: Retrospective mid-luteal phase serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), leutinizing hormone (LH) and PRG data from 393 women were obtained from the laboratory computer system. Polynomial regression analysis was performed using this data to get the best fit curves. Using the best fit curve, the lowest PRG concentration on the linear phase of the best fit lines were determined with the corresponding gonadotrophic hormone concentrations. Results: The expected inverse relationships were observed. However, polynomial regression curves provided better data fits than linear regression for both LH and FSH. A scatter about the best fit curves was noted for both FSH and LH with the data for LH having a grater scatter around the curve than FSH. The lowest PRG concentration on the linear phase of the best fit curves were 53 and 45 nmol/l for the LH and FSH curves respectively. The LH and FSH concentrations in the linear phase were 4.78 and 3.10 μ/l respectively. Discussion: Our data shows that the relationships between LH or FSH and PRG are curvi-linear. Beyond PRG concentrations of 60 and 44 U/l, there is no further decrease in the LH and FSH concentrations respectively. These cut-offs could be physiologically significant. However, due to the large scatter around the curve, significant differences in FSH and LH concentrations may be found when such PRG concentrations are present and may include low concentrations.
Data partitioning techniques for pervasive multimedia platforms

In this paper, we propose a method for mapping multimedia applications on systems with very limited resources (i.e. memory, computing capability and battery lifetime) by combining adaptive data partitioning with content-based dynamic power management. The potential of the approach is illustrated through a case study of an object tracking application running on a resource constrained system which can be embedded in the environment (e.g. offices, home or conference rooms) to offer significantly more opportunities for ubiquitous information, seamless communication, enhanced security, etc. compared to today's portable or stationary devices. Besides power and performance trade-offs, we also explore the scaling effects on data partitioning and provide insights for possible optimization when designing such systems
Child Psychiatry and the Media

1. Impact of Media on Adolescent Body Image (Wiseman, Sunday and Becker) 2. Use of Music, Television and Movies in Child and Adolescent Treatment: Media Literacy for Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist (Bostic, Schlozman and Pataki) 3. The Use and Misuse of the Internet (Bremer) 4. Sexuality in Media and its Impact on Youth (Collins) 5. The Use of Media in Psychotherapy (Falzone and Beresin) 6. The Impact on Terrorism on Children and Families: Terror on TV, Terror in the Skies (Fremont) 7. Children's Exposure to Violent Video Games and Desensitization to Violence (Funk) 8. The Play's the Thing: A Clinical Developmental Perspective on Video Games (Gelfond and Salonius-Pasternak) 9. The Portrayal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders in Hollywood Films (Butler and Hyler) 10. Media Literacy for Parents: Can We Determine What Children Should and Should Not Watch (Villani and Jellinek) 11. Media Outreach for Child Psychiatrists (Kutner and Olson) 12. The Depiction of African American Children and Families in the Media (Martin) 13. The Use of Videotape in the Experience of Pediatric Illness (Rich) 14. Addicted to Media: Substances on Screen (Thompson)
Single-molecule tracking in live Vibrio cholerae reveals that ToxR recruits the membrane-bound virulence regulator TcpP to the toxT promoter.

Summary Vibrio cholerae causes the human disease cholera by producing a potent toxin. The V. cholerae virulence pathway involves an unusual transcription step: the bitopic inner-membrane proteins TcpP and ToxR activate toxT transcription. As ToxT is the primary direct transcription activator in V. cholerae pathogenicity, its regulation by membrane-localized activators is key in the disease process. However, the molecular mechanisms by which membrane-localized activators engage the transcription process have yet to be uncovered in live cells. Here we report the use of super-resolution microscopy, single-molecule tracking, and gene knockouts to examine the dynamics of individual TcpP proteins in live V. cholerae cells with < 40 nm spatial resolution on a 50 ms timescale. Single-molecule trajectory analysis reveals that TcpP diffusion is heterogeneous and can be described by three populations of TcpP motion: one fast, one slow, and one immobile. By comparing TcpP diffusion in wild-type V. cholerae to that in mutant strains lacking either toxR or the toxT promoter, we determine that TcpP mobility is greater in the presence of its interaction partners than in their absence. Our findings support a mechanism in which ToxR recruits TcpP to the toxT promoter for transcription activation.
Probabilistic model-building genetic algorithms

Probabilistic model-building algorithms (PMBGAs) replace traditional variation of genetic and evolutionary algorithms by (1) building a probabilistic model of promising solutions and (2) sampling the built model to generate new candidate solutions. PMBGAs are also known as estimation of distribution algorithms (EDAs) and iterated density-estimation algorithms (IDEAs).Replacing traditional crossover and mutation operators by building and sampling a probabilistic model of promising solutions enables the use of machine learning techniques for automatic discovery of problem regularities and exploitation of these regularities for effective exploration of the search space. Using machine learning in optimization enables the design of optimization techniques that can automatically adapt to the given problem. There are many successful applications of PMBGAs, for example, Ising spin glasses in 2D and 3D, graph partitioning, MAXSAT, feature subset selection, forest management, groundwater remediation design, telecommunication network design, antenna design, and scheduling.The tutorial Probabilistic Model-Building GAs will provide a gentle introduction to PMBGAs with an overview of major research directions in this area. Strengths and weaknesses of different PMBGAs will be discussed and suggestions will be provided to help practitioners to choose the best PMBGA for their problem.
Erythrocyte insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor tyrosine kinase activity in hypertension in pregnancy

We have shown that preeclampsia is associated with insulin resistance. In the present study, we examined young normal, preeclamptic (PE), and gestational hypertensive (GH) nulliparous African-American women at term to investigate cellular determinants of this resistance and insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) binding to partially purified erythrocyte receptors and receptor tyrosine kinase activity (TKA). Blood pressure was significantly elevated in PE and GH subjects as compared with controls. Insulin binding was similar in number and affinity in the three groups (femtomoles per microgram). IGF-I binding was increased in PE subjects as compared with either normals or GH subjects (0.2 ± 0.02, 0.15 ± 0.01, and 0.14 ± 0.02 fmol/μg protein). Insulin receptor TKA was increased in PE subjects as compared with normals when assessed either per microgram protein or per femtomole insulin binding (P < .01). In contrast, IGF-I-potentiated TKA was elevated in PE subjects only when assessed per microgram protein (P < .03). Thus, the increased number of IGF-I receptors in erythrocytes of PE subjects yields a net increase in receptor tyrosine kinase. Also, there is an augmentation of insulin receptor TKA in PE subjects. Together, these two alterations may be a compensatory mechanism for the insulin resistance associated with hypertensive diseases of pregnancy.
A Comparison of Feminist and Nonfeminist Women's and Men's Reactions to Nonsexist and Feminist Counseling: A Replication and Extension.

In Study 1 the authors examined the reactions of 159 feminist and nonfeminist college women to videotaped versions of nonsexist-humanistic, liberal feminist, and radical feminist approaches to counseling. College women rated all counselors similarly on the dimensions of attractiveness, expertness, and trustworthiness and on other measures of counselor preference. Feminist counselors, however, were rated as more likely than were nonsexist counselors to pursue various feminist goals. In Study 2 the authors used the same methods to examine the reactions of 123 men to nonsexist, liberal, and radical feminist counselors. In general, men's responses were similar to those of women.
Genetic-physical mapping of a photosynthetic gene cluster from R. capsulata

Summary Transposon mutagenesis and complementation analysis of the photosynthesis genes in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata is presented utilizing Tn5.7 mutagenized R-primes. The R-prime pRPS404 contains many of the genes necessary for the differentiation of the photosynthetic apparatus. Utilizing homologous recombination, 30 independent copies of Tn5.7 were inserted into the R. capsulata chromosome with subsequent deletion of wild-type alleles. Mutants were characterized by absorption spectroscopy, SDS-PAGE, and determination of capability for photosynthetic growth. Many mutations in the bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthetic pathways were isolated. A regulatory mutation was isolated affecting reaction-center synthesis as well as a 44 kd heme-containing polypeptide. Complementation analysis using various pRPR404::Tn5.7 plasmids has led to the postulation of transcriptional units.
The Law and Spirituality: How the Law Supports and Limits Expression of Spirituality on the College Campus.

Practitioners in student affairs must consider the legal implications of weaving spirituality and faith development into programs and the curriculum.
Terbium(III) Footprinting as a Probe of RNA Structure and Metal-binding Sites

Cations play a pivotal role in RNA structure and function. A functional RNA tertiary structure is stabilized by metal ions that neutralize and, in the case of multivalent ions, bridge the negatively charged phosphoribose backbone [1, 2]. This chapter describes the use of the trivalent lanthanide metal ion terbium(III), abbreviated Tb3+ in the following, as a versatile probe of RNA secondary and tertiary structure, as well as an indicator of high-affinity metal ion binding sites. Tb3+ was chosen over other lanthanide metals because aqueous Tb3+ complexes have a low pKa ∼ 7.9, which conveniently generates enough Tb(OH)(aq)2+ around neutral pH to hydrolyze the RNA backbone. Cleavage occurs via deprotonation of the 2′-hydroxyl group and nucleophilic attack of the resulting oxyanion on the adjacent 3′, 5′-phosphodiester to form 2′, 3′-cyclic phosphate and 5′-hydroxyl termini (Figure 12.1) [3]. In addition, Tb3+ has a similar ionic radius (0.92 A) as Mg2+ (0.72 A) and a similar preference for oxygen and nitrogen ligands over softer ones, while further generating a specific fluorescence signature upon binding toRNA [4–6]. Thus, Tb3+ binds to similar sites on RNA as Mg2+ but with 2–4 orders of magnitude higher affinity, commensurate with its higher charge density. As a consequence, low (micromolar) concentrations of Tb3+ ions readily displace medium (millimolar) concentrations of Mg2+ ions from both specific and non-specific high-affinity binding sites and promote slow phosphodiester backbone cleavage, revealing the location of Mg2+-binding sites in the RNA [6]. Higher (millimolar) concentrations of Tb3+ ions bind diffusely to RNA and result in backbone cleavage in a sequence-independentmanner, preferentially cutting solvent-accessible, single-stranded, or non-Watson-Crick base-paired regions. Incubation with high concentrations of Tb3+ provides a footprint of the RNA’s secondary and tertiary structure with nucleotide resolution [5–12]. Tb3+ can be a very straightforward and useful probe of metal binding and tertiary structure formation in RNA. However, there are several precautions that need to be considered in order to obtain a reliable and reproducible RNA footprinting pattern. As low (micromolar) concentrations of Tb3+ bind to high-affinity metal binding
Fast observers for spacecraft pointing control

This paper deals with designing fast stochastic observers for spacecraft pointing control. The motivation is to try to circumvent the long settling times associated with the optimal Kalman filter, which are often on the order of several hundred seconds in many typical spacecraft applications. For this purpose, the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker necessary conditions are used to solve for an optimal constrained stochastic observer which minimizes the variance of the attitude estimation error subject to the constraint that its poles lie to the left of a specified vertical line in the Laplace s-plane. A globally optimal analytical solution is found for the typical case where the attitude estimator is comprised of three decoupled single-axis observers, each of second-order form.
Carbon dioxide-enriched atmospheres during cold storage limit losses from Botrytis but accelerate rachis browning of ‘Redglobe’ table grapes

We evaluated a range of CO2 and O2 concentrations as a potential substitute to SO2 treatments for controlling decay development on ‘Redglobe’ table grape during storage. During the 1998 season, early (14% soluble solids concentration, SSC) and late harvested (17% SSC) ‘Redglobe’ grapes were stored in 16 controlled atmospheres of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 kPa CO2 combined with 3, 6, and 12 kPa O2. During the 1999 season, 10 or 15 kPa CO2 combined with 3, 6, and 12 kPa O2 were tested in comparison with air stored grapes as control. In the 2000 season, late harvested ‘Redglobe’ grapes were kept in 12 kPa CO2+ 6k Pa O 2 in comparison with standard commercial storage practices of SO2 fumigation. None of the atmospheres tested for up to 12 weeks at 0 °C influenced SSC, titratable acidity (TA), SSC:TA, or berry shatter and browning. Rachis browning was accelerated and trained judges perceived ‘off-flavor’ in grapes exposed to CO2 levels above 10 and 15 kPa for early and late harvested ‘Redglobe’ grapes, respectively. Atmospheres including above 10 kPa CO2 controlled decay incidence and spread among berries (nesting) independent of O2 concentrations during storage at 1 °C for up to 8 weeks and after 3 days at 20 °C, simulating a retail display period. Based on these data, a combination of 10 kPa CO2 with 3, 6 or 12 kPa O2 is suggested for up to 12 weeks storage for late harvested ‘Redglobe’ grapes. An atmosphere of 10 kPa CO2+ 6k Pa O 2 is suggested for early harvested ‘Redglobe’ grapes, but not to exceed 4 weeks. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
WORK ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS ON PUBLIC SECTOR GRIEVANCES

This study examines employee grievances filed in two unionized public sector organizations that differ markedly in their respective work environments. A total of 353 grievances were filed under seven articles of the labor contract. Statistically significant differences were found between the two organizations in terms of the issues of the labor contract that were grieved. Similarly, statistically significant differences in grieved issues were found among employees working at three sub-divisions of the same organization. The results are discussed in the context of work environment effects on grievances, and the replicability of the findings to previous research on grievances in private sector industrial organizations.
Incremental database systems: databases from the ground up

This paper discusses a new approach to database management systems that is better suited to a wide class of new applications such as scientific, hypermedia, and financial applications. These applications are characterized by their need to store large amounts of raw, unstructured data. Our premise is that, in these situations, database systems need a way to store data without imposing a schema, and a way to provide a schema incrementally as we process the data. This requires that the raw data be mapped in complex ways to an evolving schema.
Chemical Sensors Based on Individual In2O3 Nanowires

Single crystalline In2O3 nanowires were synthesized and then utilized to construct field effect transistors (FETs) consisting of individual nanowires. Chemical sensors based on these In2O3 nanowire FETs have been demonstrated. Upon exposure to gaseous molecules such as NO2 and NH3, the electrical conductance of the In2O3 nanowire FETs are found to dramatically decrease rapidly, accompanied by substantial shifts in threshold gate voltage. Our In2O3 nanowire sensors exhibit significantly improved sensitivity, as well as shortened response times compared to most existing solid-state gas sensors. In addition, ultraviolet (UV) light is found to be able to greatly enhance the surface molecular desorption kinetics and serve as a “gas cleanser” for the In2O3 nanowire chemical sensors. It has been demonstrated that the recovery time of our devices can be shortened to ∼30 s by illuminating the devices with UV light in vacuum.
Implications of an Incidental Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation

Introduction. Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) have been associated with life-threatening complications, such as stroke and massive hemoptysis, thus posing significant morbidity if left untreated. We report a case of an incidental finding of a PAVM in a trauma patient newly recognized to have suspected hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). Case Description. A 34-year-old man with a history of recurrent epistaxis presented with a sudden fall associated with seizure-like activity. Trauma imaging showed a large subdural hematoma and, incidentally, a serpiginous focus within the right upper lobe with a prominent feeding artery consistent with a PAVM. The patient was diagnosed with a simple PAVM related to possible or suspected HHT, an autosomal dominant trait with age-related penetrance. He underwent a pulmonary arteriography of the right upper and lower lobe with the use of a microcatheter system; however, the PAVM could not be visualized. Thus, he was managed medically. The patient was educated on the need for prophylactic antibiotics prior to dental procedures and surveillance imaging. Discussion. Our case highlights the importance of obtaining a complete past medical and family history in young patients with a history of recurrent epistaxis to elicit features of HHT. The diagnosis can be made clinically and directly affects family members, who would otherwise not receive appropriate screening.
A HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF SUCCINIC AND LACTIC DEHYDROGENASES IN THE REGENERATING FORELIMB OF THE ADULT NEWT, TRITURUS.

SummarySuccinic (SDH) and lactic (LDH) dehydrogenase activity was studied histochemically in the regenerating forelimb of adult Triturus. During the stages of wound healing and of blastemal cell ac...
History of Computing in Education

This paper provides an overview of the history of computing and its affect on computing in education. It describes the evolution of the history of computing through activities such as conferences, collection and archival activities, individual collections, books and journals, and websites. It also illustrates the use of computers in the history of education in areas such as computing education, engineering, home and office, and the classroom. The paper brings light the importance of history in fulfilling the legacy of different areas of learning.
Lung dust content and response in guinea pigs inhaling three forms of silica.

ABSTRACT Guinea pigs were exposed by inhalation to atmospheric suspensions of crystalline free silica (cristobalite), amorphous free silica (diatomaceous earth), and amorphous silicate (volcanic glass). Randomly selected animals were killed at 2-month intervals and their lungs were examined. Tissue samples were collected and analyzed for total silica content and total ash. Total silica content per lung increased linearly throughout at least 21 months in each experiment and total ash weight increased more rapidly than dust was accumulating. Crystalline silica produced a greater increment in ash weight that did the amorphous free silica and the silicate produced the least increase. Furthermore, although atmospheric dust concentrations were roughly comparable for the three preparations, the total amount of silica accumulated varied inversely with the degree of tissue damage occurring. Thus, the maximum total content of the crystalline silica reached only 68 mg per lung, while that of the amorphous silica and...
A Highly Reliable Multimedia QoS Network Management System

We introduce a network system which is ready to address the varied characteristics of multimedia traffic and assure a high quality of multimedia service demanded.Considering the need for reliable QoS services,the sys- tem is also equipped with fault tolerance capability by provisioning multiple QoS paths.It deploys measurement- based QoS path computation and call admission scheme whichis deemed ineffective for bursty multimedia traffic. However,results conclusively prove that providing multiple paths and utilizing them in parallel in our system not only provides high fault tolerance capability hut also effectively accommodates multimedia traffic by relieving its hurstiness with multiple paths.We present the architecture of the system and discuss the benefits gained for multi- media traffic.
Modelling and implementation of a fixed-length-extension to measure fluorescent intensity in bioprocesses using an optical sensor

Fluorescent proteins are often used as reporters of protein concentration in biology and biomedicine applications. They can be detected using a fluorimeter equipped with fiber optics for ease of access. However, small changes in the path length due to change in the position, or immersion depth of the optical fiber results in large changes in readings. To alleviate the situation, the fiber is equipped with a fixed-length-extension that provides constant path length. The operation of the fiber equipped fluorimeter is theoretically modelled and practically verified in this paper.
House Officer-Driven Reduction in Laboratory Utilization.

OBJECTIVES To determine whether sharing laboratory charge and personal utilization information with physicians can reduce laboratory test orders and expenditures, thereby decreasing the overutilization of laboratory testing. METHODS This was a prospective study. By querying our electronic medical records, we calculated the median laboratory charges per patient/per day (PP/PD) and median laboratory tests ordered PP/PD for the resident general internal medicine and hospitalist services. For 10 weeks, we shared this team-based information with physicians with weekly updates. We calculated total laboratory charges for the 10 most common discharge diagnoses to capture laboratory charges for entire episodes of care. RESULTS During the intervention, the mean number of laboratory tests ordered PP/PD by resident service decreased from 5.56 to 5.17 (-0.389, P <0.001); the mean charge PP/PD decreased from $488 to $461 (-$27, P < 0.001). The hospitalist service decreased the number of laboratory tests ordered PP/PD from 3.54 to 3.36 (-0.18, P = 0.77) and the mean charge PP/PD decreased from $331 to $301 (-$30, P = 0.96). The statistically significant decline in laboratory charges persisted after controlling for the 10 most common discharge diagnoses. Compared with the 3-month period before the study began, physicians in the 10-week intervention period ordered 1464 fewer laboratory tests, resulting in a $188,000 reduction in charges and a 3% to 4% reduction in utilization. CONCLUSIONS Informing physicians of the charges for laboratory tests and their personal utilization patterns can reduce the number of laboratory tests ordered and laboratory expenditures, especially for physicians in training.
Recyclable soluble polyisobutylene-bound oxidizing agents

Abstract This Letter describes the use of alkene-terminated polyisobutylene (PIB) as a support for oxidizing agents. Two oxidizing agents, an ionically immobilized PIB-bound perruthenate oxidation catalyst and a PIB-bound 2-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) oxidizing reagent, were studied. A perruthenate catalyst ionically bound to PIB was prepared by binding the perruthenate anion to PIB that contained either a terminal tetraalkylammonium or an imidazolium salt. The PIB supported ammonium and imidazolium perruthenate were both selectively soluble in heptane and effective in the oxidation of alcohols. While these PIB-bound perruthenate catalysts could be readily separated from products, recycling was less successful. A PIB bound 2-iodoxybenzoic (IBX) oxidizing agent was coupled to a PIB support with an ester bond. It was highly soluble in nonpolar and moderately polar organic solvents. By taking advantage of PIB’s heptane solubility, the spent IBX reagent could be easily separated from products by a liquid/liquid heptane/acetonitrile biphasic separation. The recovered IBX reagent could then be regenerated and used in multiple cycles for oxidation of both primary and secondary alcohols.
Spatial and temporal processing in patients with Turner's syndrome.

Thirteen females with Turner's syndrome were examined for spatial abilities and serial processing, and their performance was compared with that of normal females matched by age, intelligence, and socioeconomic class. Patients with Turner's syndrome performed significantly poorer on tests of spatial ability than controls, but only on spatial tests requiring the integration of isolated elements as synthetic wholes or the remembering of spatial configurations which could not be verbally mediated. Patients also performed less well than controls on tasks of serial processing when the tasks could not be mediated verbally. It was concluded that patients with Turner's syndrome may have a selective deficit in cortical junctions that are lateralized to the right cerebral hemisphere.
Discrepancies between fluid and crystallized ability in healthy adults: a behavioral marker of preclinical Alzheimer's disease

Measures of core cognitive processes (fluid abilities) are highly correlated with measures of knowledge (crystallized abilities) in healthy adults. In early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), fluid abilities, however, decline more rapidly than crystallized abilities. We hypothesized that cognitively normal older adults who evidenced lower fluid ability compared with crystallized ability (an ability discrepancy) would show evidence of early AD neuropathology indexed via in vivo measures of amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition and cortical thickness in AD-vulnerable regions. A sample of older adults (n = 112) aged 65 to 89 underwent a cognitive battery, structural magnetic resonance imaging, and a subset (n = 75) also completed positron emission tomography scanning to measure Aβ deposition using F-18 Florbetapir. Of this sample, 60 older adults (43 with available positron emission tomography scans) evidenced a discrepancy where fluid ability was lower than crystallized ability. The magnitude of the ability discrepancy was independently associated with a greater Aβ deposition and thinner cortex in AD-vulnerable regions, as well as age. The data suggest that such a discrepancy may be a marker of preclinical AD.
Fruit and vegetable intake and dietary variety in adult picky eaters

Abstract Picky eating has been associated with altered nutrient intake and reduced consumption of fruits and vegetables in middle childhood. Findings from two studies reported here provide empirical support for the perception that adult picky eaters also have significantly different diets from their peers. Adult picky eaters were compared to their non-picky peers on dietary variety (Study 1), and self-reported daily intake of fruits, vegetables, protein, dairy, starches and grains, desserts, snack foods, and soda (Study 2). In Study 1, picky eaters reported eating less varied diets than peers; their variety was particularly low for vegetables, fruits, and fish. In Study 2, picky eaters reported fewer daily servings of fruits and vegetables, and were more likely to report diets that omitted fruits and vegetables and/or failed to meet the recommended 5 daily servings; these findings were more pronounced among picky eaters who reported experiencing symptoms of Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder due to picky eating. Food neophobia and rigid, inflexible eating behavior, two characteristics of picky eating, were each negatively related to daily fruit and vegetable intake; eating inflexibilty was also associated with reduced dietary variety. Although as many as 35% of otherwise healthy adults identify themselves as picky eaters, very little research has explored dietary variety or daily fruit and vegetable intake in these individuals. This gap in the literature is striking given widespread public health concern with improving diet quality in an effort to fight rising rates of obesity and related morbidity.
The Use of the “Serious” Experiment in Child Psychiatric Research

It may seem somewhat anachronistic that a clinician should be attempting to foist the experimental approach on other clinicians at a time when behavioral scientists are seriously questioning the value of experiment in the behavioral sciences. Kelman (1967), for example, has recently wondered whether it was naive to expect principles of behavior to emerge from the laboratory rather than from life and whether the more important task for the future was to study the individual systematically in his natural environment. He was not depreciating the experiment as such but seeing it in a better perspective, as a useful adjunct to other research methods and not an end in itself. Near enough the same opinion was held by Brewster-Smith (1969), who maintained that insights can be gleaned from sources other than experiment and that common human experiences should not be underrated in this respect; there is no single royal road to truth, not even the experimental path, and the most promising strategy is to converge upon it from many points of vantage.
Pathological Case of the Month

N 11-YEAR-OLD asymptomatic white girl was seen for a pigmented conjunctival lesion of the left eye. The parents reported that the lesion had become noticeable 3 weeks earlier. Her ophthalmologic history was remarkable for infantile left dacryostenosis, which resolved spontaneously at 6 to 8 months of age, and mild myopia, corrected with lenses since age 10 years. On examination, a slightly elevated, movable, tanyellow nodule with a deep brown area was observed on the bulbar conjunctiva near the inner canthus of the left eye (Figure 1). No other bulbar or palpebral pigmentation was noted. An excisional biopsy was performed. A 0.5 30.3 30.15-cm conjunctival specimen was whiteyellow and contained a slightly eccentric dark brown pigmented lesion (Figures 2, 3, and 4).
Dynamics of Infectious Diseases: Epidemic Models and AIDS

The history of epidemics is an ever fascinating area; the 14th century Black Death is just the most famous epidemic historically (see Chapter 13, Volume II, which deals with the spatial spread of epidemics, for a brief history of it). In Europe, which had a population of around 85 million at the time, about a third of the population died.