cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zora Neale Hurston’s Craft and a Griot’s Refusal to Conform

This chapter discusses the ways that Hurston challenged the conventions of several forms. While she defied expectation through narrative voice in her fiction and nonfiction, she also defied expectation in writing her autobiography, Dust Tracks on the Road. Initially ignored because of its “lackluster” feel compared to her novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, a closer look at Hurston's memoir, in light of her tendency to experiment and not conform to genre convention, reveals a deeply layered text that challenges what it means to write a life. The chapter also discusses how Hurston's autobiographical text is not only experimental but also performative. Compared to the ways she challenged the anthropological community, her performative auto/biography suggests that Hurston’s commitment to writing Black language and culture was a refusal to both white and Black readers’ expectations of the Black esthetic of the Harlem Renaissance.
No Difference in Outcomes for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy Based on Pathologic Diagnosis.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) According to society guidelines, stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) can be delivered in patients who have a lung lesion that is clinically and radiographically consistent with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and refuse biopsy, have undergone a nondiagnostic biopsy, or are at prohibitive risk of biopsy. The purpose of this study is to report outcomes of patients with stage I-II NSCLC, with or without pathologic diagnosis, treated with SBRT at our institution. MATERIALS/METHODS We performed a single-institution retrospective review of patients with early-stage node-negative NSCLC who received curative-intent SBRT between 2005 and 2018. We included patients with biopsy-proven NSCLC or presumed NSCLC based on radiographic findings. We calculated outcomes using the Kaplan-Meier method and used a log-rank test to assess prognostic impact. RESULTS The study population consisted of 175 patients and 186 individual lung nodules with a median follow-up time of 2.6 (range, 0.1 - 12) years for all patients, and 3.5 (range, 0.2 - 8.4) years for living patients. The median age was 70.2 (range, 43 - 90) years and the median maximum tumor diameter was 1.9 (range, 0.7 - 5.6) cm. Twenty-three (13.1%) patients had a history of previously treated NSCLC, and more than a third (n = 66, 37.7%) of patients were oxygen-dependent at the time of SBRT. One hundred and seven (61.1%) patients were treated empirically with SBRT without a pathologic diagnosis. Most tumors were peripheral with only 9.7% (n = 18) centrally located, and most were located in the upper lobes (n = 123, 70.3%). The median prescription dose was 50 (range, 48 - 62.5) Gy in 5 (range, 4-10) fractions. Among the entire cohort, the 3-year rates (95% confidence interval) of local control, regional control, cause-specific survival, and overall survival were 81.0% (73.8% - 86.5%), 89.5% (82.7% - 93.8%), 72.4% (64.5% - 79.1%), and 48.3% (40.7% - 55.9%), respectively. There was no difference in local-regional control (P = 0.76), cause-specific survival (P = 0.75), or overall survival (P = 0.33) between patients with a pathologic diagnosis and those without. We observed late grade 3 toxicities in 2.3% of patients and no higher-grade toxicities. CONCLUSION Patients without a pathologic diagnosis of NSCLC had no difference in disease outcomes compared with patients that had biopsy-proven disease, suggesting that empirically treating patients with a radiographic diagnosis of NSCLC is a reasonable alternative when a biopsy cannot safely be attained.
Histone H1 isoforms purified from rat liver bind nonspecifically to the nuclear factor 1 recognition sequence and serve as generalized transcriptional repressors.

Two polypeptides with molecular masses of 34 and 30 kDa were copurified from rat liver during DNA affinity purification of a sequence-specific transcription factor binding to the footprint II sequence within the P2 promoter of the rat α1B adrenergic receptor (α1BAR) gene, and were identified by microsequencing their endoproteinase Lys-C-derived peptides as histone H1d and histone H1c, respectively. Histone H1 was previously reported to bind to the nuclear factor 1 (NF1) recognition sequence, although the specificity of this binding has been controversial. Here, DNA mobility shift and supershift assays, DNase I footprinting and mutational analyses indicated that the binding of histone H1 to the NF1 sites located within footprint II of the α1BAR gene P2 promoter is nonspecific. Transient cotransfections into Hep3B cells of histone H1d cDNA with CAT constructs containing promoter regions of different genes resulted in generalized and non-specific suppression of CAT activity. The histone H1d-mediated repression of the activities of the α1BAR gene P2/CAT or β2AR gene P(-186/1307)/CAT constructs was reversed by the cotransfection of a cDNA encoding the sequence-specific transcription factor NF1/X, and the fold increase in CAT activities was similar to that obtained in the absence of histone H1d. These results suggest that sequence-specific transcription factors counteract the histone H1-mediated transcriptional repression in vivo by a true activation, which is different from the in vitro antirepression in histone H1-repressed chromatin templates (Laybourn and Kadonaga, (1991) Science 254: 238-245).
Kalman filtering in the design of eye-gaze-guided computer interfaces

In this paper, we design an Attention Focus Kalman Filter (AFKF) - a framework that offers interaction capabilities by constructing an eye-movement language, provides real-time perceptual compression through Human Visual System (HVS) modeling, and improves system's reliability. These goals are achieved by an AFKF through identification of basic eye-movement types in real-time, the prediction of a user's perceptual attention focus, and the use of the eye's visual sensitivity function and eye-position data signal de-noising.
Roles of representation and verbalization in the teaching of multi-digit addition and subtraction

First- and second-grade children were successfully taught symbolic multi-digit addition and subtraction procedures by first doing the procedures with a physical embodiment of the first four places of the base-ten system. Relationships between the embodiment and the numerical symbols were supported by close linking of the physical and the symbolic procedures and by the use of base-ten, named-value (standard English), and embodiment-name words. Most children successfully extended the procedures to ten-digit symbolic problems done without the embodiment. For many children who made procedural errors on delayed tests, the mental representation of the procedure with the physical embodiment was strong enough for them to use it to selfcorrect their symbolic procedure. The physical embodiment also seems to support the learning of various other concepts related to place value.
Development of the skull of the Hawksbill Seaturtle, Eretmochelys imbricata

The embryonic development of the cranium of the Hawksbill Seaturtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is described on the basis of cleared and double-stained specimens. Illustrations and descriptions of the chondrocranium at Stage 25 form the basis of comparison with similar data for the Loggerhead Seaturtle, Caretta caretta. Morphological changes through prehatching ontogeny are described for all dermal and endochondral elements of the skull and jaws, and the sequence of appearance and ossification of these elements are compared with similar data for Chelonia mydas, Natator depressa, and Dermochelys coriacea. Comparisons among suggest that a possible remnant of the dorsal edge of the orbital cartilage remains and represents a portion of the posterior orbital cartilage in C. caretta, representing a novel pattern of development for the posterior orbital cartilage for this species. Anatomy of cartilages of the orbitotemporal region are described for E. imbricata and C. caretta. J. Morphol. 274:1124–1142, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Learning to Love Democracy: Electoral Accountability, Government Performance, and the Consolidation of Democracy

This paper examines the distinct challenges to electoral accountability faced by new democracies. I explain why dissatisfaction with the performance of individual politicians often turns into disillusionment with democracy as a political system, thereby precipitating its breakdown. After a transition to democracy, politicians have yet to form reputations, a condition that facilitates the entry into politics of those who see this period as their "one-time opportunity to get rich.'' After repeatedly disappointing government performance, voters may come to believe that "all politicians are crooks,'' stop discriminating among them based on their performance, to which politicians rationally respond by "acting like crooks.'' I call such an expectation-driven failure of electoral accountability the "trap of pessimistic expectations.'' Once politicians establish reputations for good performance however, they act as barriers to the entry to politics of low-quality politicians and strengthen voters' belief that elections can deliver accountability, thus facilitating the consolidation of democracy. These arguments generate new insights into the relationship between government performance in new democracies, public attitudes toward democracy, and democratic stability; and they suggest theoretical microfoundations for several prominent empirical associations in the literature on democratic transitions.
The cultural component of designing and evaluating international user interfaces

By and large, cultural diversity is not being addressed in the design and development of user interfaces for international markets. Localization efforts that merely translate language or units of measure are increasingly Being viewed as superficial. For example, authors such as de Galdo and Nielsen suggest two additional levels of focus: increasing the effectiveness of usability methods by modifying them for cultural appropriateness, and designing interfaces in accordance to a cultural model of product usage. It is suggested here that such efforts directed at international user interfaces will prove to be increasingly vital to successful globalization efforts.
Degradative Effect of Phenol on Endotoxin and Lipopolysaccharide Preparations from Serratia marcescens

Abstract It has been established that the well-known deproteinizing action of hot 45% aqueous phenol on whole cells or isolated and purified endotoxin of Serratia marcescens 08 is caused by the cleavage of a phenol-sensitive linkage within the lipid moiety. As a result of this degradation, both the lipopolysaccharide and simple protein fragments retained a part of the lipid moiety. Although not proceeding at the same fast rate as the cleavage of the lipid moiety, such phenol treatment also caused a partial hydrolysis of the O-specific side chain and ester-bound fatty acids. Hydrolysis of the O-specific side chain accounted for 5% of the lipopolysaccharide and that of ester-bound fatty acids accounted for 11% of the total fatty acid content after 60 min of treatment. It is suggested that the presence of these degradation products is one of the main causes of the heterogeneity of endotoxin and lipopolysaccharide preparations.
The interaction of ionic currents mediating single spike activity in retinal amacrine cells of the tiger salamander

We investigated the ionic interactions responsible for the characteristic nonrepetitive spike activity of amacrine cells. First we measured 4 pharmacologically separable ionic components: a voltage-gated, transient inward sodium current, a voltage-gated, sustained inward calcium current, a calcium-gated, sustained outward potassium current, and a voltage-gated, transient outward potassium current. The measurements provided the time course and magnitudes of the underlying conductances as functions of voltage. Each current was simulated following conventional Hodgkin-Huxley theory. A composite of the simulated currents was analytically reassembled to generate an approximation of the voltage response to a current step. By artificially varying the magnitude and kinetics of the different conductances in the simulation, we determined the range of values that supported the nonrepetitive spike-like response. Amacrine cells tend to remain refractory following an initial spike because (1) the entire activation range for potassium is located at positive potentials with respect to sodium inactivation, so sodium inactivation is never fully extinguished, and (2) the fully activated sodium conductance is of insufficient magnitude to subsequently reach threshold, given this residual inactivation. Shifting the sodium inactivation range by 10 mV, or increasing sodium conductance by 5 times, leads to a more repetitive form of activity. Changes in the magnitude, time course, or activation range of the potassium conductance cannot alter these conditions.
Rapid radiocarbon (14C) analysis of coral and carbonate samples using a continuous‐flow accelerator mass spectrometry (CFAMS) system

[1] Radiocarbon analyses of carbonate materials provide critical information for understanding the last glacial cycle, recent climate history and paleoceanography. Methods that reduce the time and cost of radiocarbon (14C) analysis are highly desirable for large sample sets and reconnaissance type studies. We have developed a method for rapid radiocarbon analysis of carbonates using a novel continuous-flow accelerator mass spectrometry (CFAMS) system. We analyzed a suite of deep-sea coral samples and compared the results with those obtained using a conventional AMS system. Measurement uncertainty is <0.02 Fm or 160 Ryr for a modern sample and the mean background was 37,800 Ryr. Radiocarbon values were repeatable and in good agreement with those from the conventional AMS system. Sample handling and preparation is relatively simple and the method offered a significant increase in speed and cost effectiveness. We applied the method to coral samples from the Eastern Pacific Ocean to obtain an age distribution and identify samples for further analysis. This paper is intended to update the paleoceanographic community on the status of this new method and demonstrate its feasibility as a choice for rapid and affordable radiocarbon analysis.
A Histological Method for Evaluating Tissue Structures from Muscles of Frozen Poultry

Abstract IN ORDER to study the physical changes which take place in muscle tissues during freezing, it is essential that, in fixing and preserving the tissues, a method be used which will show these changes as they actually exist in the frozen state when they are observed later with a microscope or in photomicrographs. The problem is to keep the tissue frozen or in a state of fixation to preserve the relation of the tissue elements as they were after freezing. The technique selected must be of such a nature that the tissue components and structures will be affected very little by any subsequent procedures. A relatively simple technique is described, similar to that introduced by Cook et al. (1926), which minimizes many of the problems encountered using the previously reported methods (Koonz and Ramsbottom, 1939; Hiner and Hankins, 1946; and Nicholas and MacIntosh, 1952) for fixing and staining tissues of…
Oncogene-specific activation of tyrosine kinase networks during prostate cancer progression

Dominant mutations or DNA amplification of tyrosine kinases are rare among the oncogenic alterations implicated in prostate cancer. We demonstrate that castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in men exhibits increased tyrosine phosphorylation, raising the question of whether enhanced tyrosine kinase activity is observed in prostate cancer in the absence of specific tyrosine kinase mutation or DNA amplification. We generated a mouse model of prostate cancer progression using commonly perturbed non-tyrosine kinase oncogenes and pathways and detected a significant up-regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation at the carcinoma stage. Phosphotyrosine peptide enrichment and quantitative mass spectrometry identified oncogene-specific tyrosine kinase signatures, including activation of EGFR, ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EPHA2), and JAK2. Kinase:substrate relationship analysis of the phosphopeptides also revealed ABL1 and SRC tyrosine kinase activation. The observation of elevated tyrosine kinase signaling in advanced prostate cancer and identification of specific tyrosine kinase pathways from genetically defined tumor models point to unique therapeutic approaches using tyrosine kinase inhibitors for advanced prostate cancer.
White-light reconstruction of holographic images using transmission holograms recorded with conventionally-focused images and `in-line' background

Abstract A new extension of Gabor's wavefront-reconstruction principle permits to reconstruct three-dimensional images by transmission of white light through a hologram recorded in a new arrangement using an ‘in-line’ coherent background superposed onto a conventionally focused.
The stability of the F2- ion: a model for dissociative attachment

Accurate potential energy curves have been calculated for both F2 and F2- with a view towards examining the stability of the molecular negative ion near the equilibrium position of F2. It is found that the F2- curve does cross the F2 curve in the Franck-Condon region of the ground vibrational state, and the implications of this crossing on the low-energy electron impact of F2 are discussed.
Effects of Supplemental Methionine and Potassium Sulfate on the Choline Requirement of the Turkey Poult

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to study the relationship of methionine and potassium sulfate (K2SO4) on the choline requirement of turkey poults from hatch to three weeks of age. A corn-soybean meal basal diet was used which contained no supplemental choline or methionine. Also sulfate-free trace minerals were used. In Experiment 1, a linear increase in body weight was obtained by adding supplemental choline up to 660 mg/kg when the diet did not contain supplemental methionine. No response was obtained from supplemental choline when the diet contained a level higher than required for methionine (.25%). Feed efficiency was not affected by supplemental choline regardless of the level of supplemental methionine. In Experiment 2, a linear response in body weight was obtained by adding supplemental choline up to 1100 mg/kg diet in the presence or absence of supplemental K2SO4. The addition of K2SO4 to the diet did not significantly increase body weight at any level of supplemental choline. However, when all levels of choline were combined, the addition of K2SO4 significantly increased body weight, which indicated that the response from the two supplements were additive.
Analysis and Design of Nanoscale CMOS Storage Elements for Single-Event Hardening With Multiple-Node Upset

The occurrence of a single event with a multiple-node upset is likely to increase significantly in nanoscale CMOS due to reduced device size and power supply voltage scaling. This paper presents a comprehensive treatment (model, analysis, and design) for hardening storage elements (memories and latches) against a soft error resulting in a multiple-node upset at 32-nm feature size in CMOS. A novel 13T memory cell configuration is proposed, analyzed, and simulated to show a better tolerance to the likely multiple-node upset. The proposed hardened memory cell utilizes a Schmitt trigger (ST) design. As evidenced in past technical literature and used in this work, simulation of all node pairs by current sources results in an assessment similar to 3-D device tools; the simulation results show that the proposed 13T improves substantially over DICE in the likely and realistic scenarios of very diffused or limited charge sharing/collection. Moreover, the 13T cell achieves a 33% reduction in write delay and only a 5% (9%) increase in power consumption (layout area) compared to the DICE cell (consisting of 12 transistors). The analysis is also extended to hardened latches; it is shown that the latch with the highest critical charge has also the best tolerance to a multiple-node upset. Among the hardened latches, the ST designs have the best tolerance, and in particular, the transmission gate configuration is shown to be the most effective. Simulation results are provided using the predictive technology file for 32-nm feature size in CMOS. Monte Carlo simulation confirms the excellent multiple-node upset tolerance of the proposed hardened storage elements in the presence of process, voltage, and temperature variations in their designs.
Alu and L1 sequence distributions in Xq24-q28 and their comparative utility in YAC contig assembly and verification

The contents of Alu- and L1-containing TaqI restriction fragments were assessed by Southern blot analyses across YAC contigs already assembled by other means and localized within Xq24-q28. Fingerprinting patterns of YACs in contigs were concordant, and using software based on that of M. V. Olson et al. (1986, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 7826) to analyze digitized data on fragment sizes, fingerprinting itself could establish matches among about 40% of a test group of 435 YACs. At 100-kb resolution, both repetitive elements were found throughout the region, with no apparent enrichment of Alu or L1 in DNA of G compared to that found in R bands. However, consistent with a random overall distribution, delimited regions of up to 100 kb contained clusters of repetitive elements. The local concentrations may help to account for the reported differential hybridization of Alu and L1 probes to segments of metaphase chromosomes.
Blind source separation (BSS) for fMRI analysis

The major goal of BSS and ICA (Independent Component Analysis) is to recover the source signals from the sensor observations under the following assumptions: (1) the source signals are statistically independent, and (2) the sensor observations are linear mixtures of source signals. Typically, BSS and ICA are based on higher-order statistics, e.g., 'parallel slices' of the fourth-order cumulant tensor (JADE algorithm) or Kurtosis (FastICA algorithm) for non-Gaussian source signals. A few techniques are based on lower-order statistics, e.g., Temporal Decorrelation SEParation (TDSEP) and Extended Spatial Decorrelation (ESD). Our approach reported in this paper is based on second-order statistics only. The spatial prototype patterns (i.e., the image-wise expanded versions of the region images) are considered as source signals and the images (or the sampled images) are considered as sensor observations. The cross-correlations between independent source signals as well as their spatially shifted versions vanish. The outcomes validate the basic requirements of BSS and ICA and lead to a simultaneous diagnolization of two symmetric correlation matrices of the observations. Then a demixing matrix is generated by standard techniques of numerical linear algebra. We have validated this method on simulated images and fMRI images. The result obtained by applying this method to simulated images indicates that the source signals (i.e., the region images) are correctly separated. The result from fMRI analysis by using this method, compared with the results obtained by using the SPM, demonstrates consistency. These results show the theoretical correctness and computational simplicity of this method.
Comparison of commercially available Escherichia coli enumeration tests : Implications for attaining water quality standards

Abstract Many states are replacing microbiological water quality standards based on “fecal” or thermotolerant coliforms (ThCs) with new standards that employ Escherichia coli as the indicator organism. Implicit in these new standards are assumptions about the equivalence of E. coli enumeration tests and the E. coli levels that will provide protection equivalent to former ThC standards. To investigate these assumptions, E. coli levels in split samples (tests conducted on portions of the same grab sample) collected from small urban streams were determined using enzyme-specific media (Colilert®, m-ColiBlue24®, and nutrient agar with MUG) and compared to levels determined with conventional culture media (m-FC and m-TEC). Although levels observed with all tests were highly correlated, significantly fewer E. coli were enumerated with m-TEC than with enzyme-specific media (paired Student's t-test, α > 99 % ). In addition, E. coli were found to comprise a larger fraction (84–104%, depending on the test) of the total presumptive ThC concentration than that suggested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (63%). Both of these observations (1) the improvement in E. coli yields observed with enzyme-specific media, and (2) the greater proportion of ThC organisms that are E. coli, indicate that more water quality violations will occur when enzyme-specific media are used for testing than if conventional culture media are used.
Looking outside and inside: Self-Concept Development of Gifted Adolescents:

The internal/external frame of reference model (Marsh, 1986) was proposed to explain the development of academic self-concepts for general ability samples. Recent research calls into question the model's applicability for gifted adolescents' academic self-concept development. This model was examined for 131 adolescents participating in a summer program for academically talented students. Results suggest that the model is useful in understanding the academic self-concept development of students who are gifted, with no significant differences among students with demonstrable strengths in mathematics, verbal areas, or both areas. Educators should be aware that exceptional performance in one area, such as mathematics, will probably have a positive impact in mathematics self-concept but a negative impact on other academic self-concepts, such as verbal self-concept.
Synthesis, structure, and luminescence of the “octahedral” cluster Cu4I4(rac-IsMePCH2PMeIs)2 (Is = 2,4,6-(i-Pr)3C6H2)

Abstract Reaction of the bis(phosphine) rac-IsMePCH2PMeIs (Is = 2,4,6-(i-Pr)3C6H2) with 2 equiv. of CuI gave the complex Cu4I4(rac-IsMePCH2PMeIs)2 (1) as a mixture of two diastereomers. The crystal structure of 1·4CHCl3 showed it adopted a distorted “octahedral” geometry with a rectangular Cu4 plane, two asymmetrically bridging μ4-iodides, two μ2-iodides and two bis(phosphines) bridging two copper atoms. On UV excitation in the solid state, cluster 1 showed temperature-dependent emission from 3XLCT (halide-to-ligand charge transfer) and 3CC (Cu4I4 cluster-centered) excited states.
New mathematical thinking about fetal heart rate characteristics

New Mathematical Thinking About Fetal Heart Rate Characteristics: Commentary on the article by Yum and Kim on page 915
A model for screening and classifying potential accounting majors

Abstract This study is concerned with developing an explicit methodology with which to screen potential admission into Bowling Green State University's (BGSU hereafter) accounting program. Rather than predicting success in a specific accounting course, the researchers predict success in the accounting program at BGSU. Discriminant analysis was conducted in conjunction with a split sample approach, wherein the model was specified and the parameters estimated on part of the split sample. Then this model was utilized to classify student success or failure on the remaining part of the split sample. The classification results were promising with 85.2% of the students correctly classified.
Designation and Reaction of Three Biotypes of the Greenbug Cultured on Resistant and Susceptible Species of Sorghum

Eight of 1761 varieties and hybrids among different species of sorghum were found to have a high degree of resistance to 3 biotypes of Schizaphis graminum (Rondani). When preference, fecundity, and longevity were studied. biotypes on the resistant and susceptible sorghum showed marked differences in development. Development of resistant sorghums by transfer of resistant germ plasm through breeding to adapted varieties would eliminate the need for insecticidal control of greenbugs attacking sorghum.
Effects of psychotropic medications on the pediatric electrocardiogram and recommendations for monitoring.

Reports of sudden unexpected death in pediatric patients taking selected psychotropic drugs have raised the possibility of ventricular dysrhythmias as the cause of these deaths. The use of psychotropic drugs in the pediatric population has increased significantly in recent years with increasing repo
Potassium tetra- and hexatitanates

Abstract Potassium hexatitanate, K2Ti6O13, m.p. 1370 ± 15°C congruent, is obtained from the K2OTiO2 system in supercritical water or molten KCl in the form of colourless fibrous crystals 0·1–5 μ, averaging about 1 μ, in cross sectional dimensions and up to more than 1 cm in length. Crystals of similar fibrous form obtained from K2OTiO2KF melt systems in molten KCl appear to be a thermally and hydrolytically unstable potassium oxyfluotetratitanate isostructural with potassium tetratitanate, K2Ti4O9. The fibrous potassium oxyfluotetratitanate is converted by water extraction followed by heat treatment to potassium hexatitanate without any change of crystal form. Syntheses, structural characteristics, and physical and chemical properties of new fibrous potassium titanates are described.
Oxidant production by hemocytes of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin)

Abstract In investigations of the oxygen metabolism of hemocytes of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica , oxygen uptake was recorded from cell suspensions. Additionally, hydrogen peroxide production by hemocytes was measured using a sensitive spectrofluorometric method. Additions of Concanavalin A or Zymosan significantly increased oxidant production over an endogenous level, whereas an increase with Phorbol Myristate Acetate was insignificant. Using a diaminobenzidine method, cytoplasmic deposits thought to be associated with peroxidase activity were observed. The results suggest a hydroperoxide metabolism capable of enhancing microbiocidal activities of oyster phagocytes.
Carbon dioxide-responsive laryngeal receptors in the dog.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to relate the carbon dioxide (CO2) response of laryngeal receptors to their behavior during the breathing cycle (i.e, their response to transmural pressure changes, laryngeal movement or decreases in temperature)_or during exposure to irritant stimuli (water or cigarette smoke). In 9 anesthetized mongrel dogs breathing spontaneously through a tracheostomy, unit activity from the superior laryngeal nerve was recorded while warmed and humidified gas mixtures (air or 10% CO2 in O2) were passed, for 1 min, through the functionally isolated upper airway in the expiratory direction. None of the 10 cold receptors studied were affected by CO2. Eleven of 20 laryngeal non-modulated mechanoreceptors were stimulated (from 0.3 to 1.6 imp/sec) by exposure to CO2. These CO2-responsive receptors were also stimulated by known irritant stimuli (cigarette smoke, water), although not all receptors which responded to these irritants were stimulated by CO2. Twelve of 33 respiratory-modulated receptors were affected by CO2; 4 were stimulated and 8 inhibited. Receptors inhibited by CO2 were also inhibited by negative pressure while receptors stimulated by CO2 were also stimulated by negative pressure. These results show that CO2-responsive laryngeal receptors are not specialized endings. Although it is not clear to what extent each separate group of laryngeal receptors is involved, each may contribute to the reflex bradypnea which has been observed during exposure of the upper airway to elevated levels of CO2. However, the importance of CO2-responsive laryngeal receptors in physiological conditions remains unclear.
Global null controllability of perturbed linear periodic systems

In this note we study the global null controllability with bounded controls of perturbed linear periodic systems in Rn. More explicitly, a globally null controllable periodic system is perturbed by suitably small terms V(t) and C(t) to obtain a system of the form \dot{x} = (A(t) + V(t))x + (B(t) + C(t))u and sufficient conditions are given to ensure the global null controllability of the resulting perturbed system.
Efficiency of a soil Mycobacterium during growth on hydrocarbons and related substrates

Hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria retained the ability to readapt to propane utilization after prolonged transfer on a non-hydrocarbon substrate. The organism studied most thoroughly (Mycobacterium vaccae strain JOB5) required 12–15 hr to readapt to propane oxidation. The amount of growth with propane as substrate by strain JOB 5 was proportional to the initial propane concentration when neither O2 nor substrate was limiting. Maximal cell yields were attained with an initial atmospheric O2 concentration of 40% when the propane concentration was 50%. The generation time for strain JOB 5 was 5 hr with propane and 3.5 hr with propionate as substrate. The molar growth yield with strain JOB 5 on gaseous alkanes and related substrates was consistently lower than predicted values.
Creation of Chimeric Hearts: A Tool for Testing the “Passenger Leukocyte” Hypothesis

Abstract Background . Bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are thought to be a migratory component of organ allografts that activate the rejection response, and recently they have been postulated to play a critical role in tolerance induction. Our goal was to create chimeric hearts (organs with parenchyma and APCs of differing genotype) for use in models of transplantation to test the "passenger leukocyte" theory. Methods . Murine bone marrow transplantations were performed in two fully major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mismatched strain combinations: C3H → B10 and CBA → BALB/c. Recipients were lethally irradiated (10 Gy) and then received 1 × 10 7 bone marrow cells intravenously. Bone marrow transplant survivors had their organ APCs isolated by digestion with collagenase D, followed by density gradient centrifugation. The APC-enriched fraction was stained with fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibodies specific for either donor (I-A k ) or recipient (I-A b/d ) class II MHC antigens, which are expressed by all APCs but not by parenchymal cells. Donor and recipient class II expression was determined by flow cytometry. Results . Sixty-nine of 100 (69.0%) of C3H → B10 and 52/107 (48.6%) of CBA → BALB/c bone marrow transplant recipients survived more than 100 days, whereas all B10 (n = 12) and BALB/c (n = 10) irradiation controls died within 14 days. Mortality appeared to be caused by engraftment failure as most recipients died before day 20. Flow cytometry demonstrated complete APC replacement in hearts (n = 17) and spleens (n = 40), as APC-enriched fractions stained only for donor class II MHC antigens. Conclusion . Bone marrow transplantation leads to replacement of heart APCs in two murine models. Chimeric hearts are now being used to test the role of APCs in allograft rejection and in tolerance induction.
Gasoline taxes or efficiency standards? A heterogeneous household demand analysis

Abstract Using detailed consumer expenditure survey data and a flexible semiparametric dynamic demand model, this paper estimates the price elasticity and fuel efficiency elasticity of gasoline demand at the household level. The goal is to assess the effectiveness of gasoline taxes and vehicle fuel efficiency standards on fuel consumption. The results reveal substantial interaction between vehicle fuel efficiency and the price elasticity of gasoline demand: the improvement of vehicle fuel efficiency leads to lower price elasticity and weakens consumers’ sensitivity to gasoline price changes. The offsetting effect also differs across households due to demographic heterogeneity. These findings imply that when gasoline taxes are in place, tightening efficiency standards will partially offset the strength of taxes on reducing fuel consumption.
Specificity of a phenobarbital-induced cytochrome P-450 for metabolism of carbon tetrachloride to the trichloromethyl radical☆

Abstract Evidence is presented which demonstrates that the first polypeptide to disappear in liver microsomes of phenobarbital-induced rats treated with CCl4 was the 52,000 dalton P-450 cytochrome. Data are also presented which show that this form of cytochrome P-450 was capable of generating the trichloromethyl radical from CCL4 in a reconstituted system containing the purified cytochrome, NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, NADPH, CCl4, and the spin-trapping agent, phenyl-t-butyl nitrone. Other cytochrome P-450 fractions not containing the 52,000 dalton form did not produce this radical. The formation of this highly reactive radical may have resulted in localized damage to the cytochrome, causing the cytochrome either to be released from the microsomal membrane or to form large aggregates which did not migrate in the gel electrophoretic procedures employed.
A molecular dynamics and grand canonical Monte Carlo study of silicalite-1 as a membrane material for energy-related gas separations

Hydrogen separation and combustion subsequent to coal gasification is highly attractive as an environmentally benign method of energy generation. Siliceous zeolites are thermally and chemically stable microporous materials that can satisfy the function of a gas separation membrane for such high temperature (>473 K) processes. Ensuing steam generation via hydrogen combustion can consequently occur without significant energy loss. Silicalite-1 is attractive for the separation of smaller H2 (2.89 A) from larger CO2, CH4, N2 and O2 molecules with kinetic diameters of 3.30, 3.80, 3.64 and 3.46 A, respectively. The current study employs molecular dynamics and grand canonical Monte Carlo approaches to predict single-component gas diffusivities and adsorption isotherms for H2, CO2, CH4, N2 and O2 in silicalite-1 at 273–1,073 K. The respective gas diffusivities and adsorption loadings determined in this study enable prediction of separation characteristics of silicalite-1 at relevant process conditions. Adsorption of all gases, excluding H2, is relatively high at ambient temperature and significantly affects overall mass transport and separation selectivity. Hydrogen adsorption is relatively low even at ambient temperature, and at elevated temperatures (>473 K), adsorption of all gases is low, resulting in mass transport and separation selectivity that is dependent upon molecular diffusivity.
A critical pathway for intimate partner violence across the continuum of care.

Objective The authors developed an interdisciplinary critical pathway for intimate partner violence (IPV) assessment and intervention for use across health care settings. Intimate partner violence may be emotional, physical, and/or sexual and involves coercion and control by one partner over the other. Design A pathway developed with input from focus groups of battered women was subjected to a modified Delphi technique to improve the pathway's scientific accuracy and feasibility. Setting The study was conducted in one urban, one suburban, and one rural hospital with IPV advocacy programs in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Patients/Participants Four researchers and 13 clinicians participated in the validation, with at least one physician, one nurse, and one social worker or IPV counselor from each hospital. Main Outcome Measures Each element of the pathway was analyzed for the degree of consensus on scientific accuracy and feasibility. Results Consensus on the scientific accuracy and feasibility of the pathway was achieved after three rounds of the Delphi process. Conclusions This is the first known critical pathway for IPV. It addresses physical and mental health and safety and has content validity affirmed by an interdisciplinary panel of experts. Further process and outcome evaluation is warranted and invited.
Surface modification of platinum by titanium dioxide overlayers: A case of simple site blocking

Abstract The suppression of CO and H 2 chemisorption on Pt surfaces when supported on TiO 2 carriers is well established. Recently, it has been suggested that migration of the support material onto the Pt surface is responsible for this effect. To test this hypothesis, the suppression of CO chemisorption on TiO 2 modified Pt foil has been studied. A combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), low energy inelastic ion scattering (LEISS) and temperature programmed desorption were used to fully characterize the composition, electronic structure and chemisorption properties of the modified surface. Surface TiO 2 was prepared by in situ evaporation of Ti from TaTi alloy in a background of 1 × 10 −6 mbar O 2 . Subsequent annealing (770 K) of this surface produced a stoichiometric TiO 2 . When oxygen vacancies (Ti 3+ centers) were introduced by chemical treatment, an ohmic contact was formed between the reduced TiO 2 and the Pt surface. However, no new major chemisorption states were observed in CO TPD on this modified Pt surface. Rather, a simple suppression of the total amount of chemisorption was observed. Combining LEISS with TPD established a clear linear relationship between the extent of chemisorption suppression and the number of sites physically blocked by the TiO 2 .
Antibiotic Response and Plasmid Profile of Bacteria Isolated from a Landfill

Bacteria isolates belonging to the genera Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Aeromonas, and Enterobacter were isolated from a municipal waste landfill in Durham, NC. Bacterial counts obtained with three general purpose media were log10 colony-forming units (cfu)/g of 9.30, 9.26, and 9.20 respectively for Plate Count Agar, Brain Heart Infusion Agar, and Nutrient Agar. Coliform count from MacConkey agar was log10 7.28/g sample. Isolates were generally sensitive to tetracycline and chloramphenicol (13 of 14 isolates) and generally resistant to ampicillin (9 of 9), erythromycin (10 of 14), streptomycin (8 of 14), with 3 of 14 isolates having multiple resistance to the last three antibiotics. A dose-independent growth response to ampicillin was observed for two isolates. The detection of a 22,000-bp plasmid in one but not in the second ampicillin-resistant isolate suggests more than one mechanism of antibiotic resistance.
Individual Leader Development: An Appreciative Inquiry Approach

The problem and the solution . Leader development, expanding an individual's leadership capacity, may include learning to transform perspectives as one objective.This paper explores how such transf...
Effects of Angiotensin on the Heart and Coronary Circulation of the Dog Before and After Beta-adrenergic Blockade

Rapid intravenous injections of angiotensin increased systemic pressure and reduced coronary flow while cardiac output remained unchanged or reduced. After a few seconds cardiac output and coronary flow increased. After β-adrenergic blockade, angiotensin produced only a reduction in cardiac output and the coronary flow increase per unit rise of pressure was diminished. These studies provide further evidence indicating an intimate association between angiotensin and the sympathetico-adrenal axis.
Comparison of surface structure and segregation in AgAu and NiPd alloys

Abstract The structure and composition of a single-crystal AgAu(1 0 0) alloy surface was studied using low energy electron diffraction. The surface was found to be moderately enriched in silver, while the second atomic layer has an essentially bulklike composition. The first interlayer distance exhibits a small contraction, with a small expansion found in the second interlayer. This structure composition behavior is compared to that found in the low index surfaces of the NiPd alloy, which has compositional oscillations and a more complex surface relaxation behavior.
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 179

Abstract Nuclear structure data pertaining to all nuclei with mass number A = 179 (Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl) have been compiled and evaluated, and incorporated into the ENSDF database. This evaluation for A = 179, which considers data available by 15 November 2008, supersedes the previous complete publication (E. Browne, Nuclear Data Sheets 55, 483 (1988), cutoff September 1987) and the update-mode publication (C. Baglin, Nuclear Data Sheets 72, 617 (1994), cutoff date September 1994), as well as the subsequent evaluations of Ta, Ir and Tl by C. Baglin (literature cutoff dates January 2000, October 1998 and February 2001, respectively). The newly evaluated literature provides new Coulomb excitation data for Hf, transfer reaction data for Hf and Ta, new information on Au and Hg from α decay and significant (HI,xnγ) reaction data for Hf, Ta, Re, Au and Hg. At the time of the 1994 evaluation, no γ-ray information was available for Au or Hg; that situation has now changed dramatically, although additional work on details of the low-lying structure of Au could be instructive.
Exploring Community Resilience in Workforce Communities of First Responders Serving Katrina Survivors

Community resilience activities were assessed in workplace teams that became first responders for Hurricane Katrina survivors. Community resilience was assessed by a survey, focus groups, and key informant interviews. On the survey, 90 first responders ranked their team's disaster response performance as high on community resilience activities. The same participants, interviewed in 11 focus groups and 3 key informant interviews, discussed how their teams engaged in community resilience activities to strengthen their ability to deliver services. Specifically, their resilient behaviors were characterized by: shared organizational identity, purpose, and values; mutual support and trust; role flexibility; active problem solving; self-reflection; shared leadership; and skill building. The implications for research, policy, practice, and education of professionals are discussed.
A comparison of the effects of dopexamine and prostacyclin in systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Forty critically ill patients fulfilling the definitions of systemic inflammatory response syndrome were enrolled in a double-blind cross-over interventional study assessing the effects of dopexamine and prostacyclin on splanchnic perfusion, cardiovascular function and oxygen flux. The cross-over design involved either dopexamine (1.25 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) or prostacyclin (0.5 ng.kg-1.min-1) being infused for 6 h followed by a 12-h washout period prior to an identical infusion sequence using the other agent. Preliminary analysis revealed a significant period effect, so data from the second infusion period were excluded from further analysis. Dopexamine caused a significant increase in heart rate (116 vs. 106 beat.min-1), and urine output (103 vs. 69 ml.h-1). Dopexamine produced a significant increase in oxygen delivery (infusion 548 ml O2.min-1.m-2; no infusion 492 ml O2.min-1.m-2) while prostacyclin caused a decrease (infusion 460 ml O2.min-1.m-2; no infusion 547 ml O2.min-1.m-2). The results indicate that dopexamine improves oxygen delivery and urine output more effectively than prostacyclin.