cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-reported nutrition proficiency is positively correlated with the perceived quality of nutrition training of family physicians in Washington State

Background: Despite concerted scientific, educational, and congressional calls to increase nutrition coverage in medicine for more than half a century, most graduating medical students report an inadequate quality and quantity of nutrition training. Furthermore, practicing physicians report a lack of confidence and related proficiency in nutrition counseling skills because of inadequate training. Assessment of nutrition proficiency and related training of practicing physicians may support the prioritization of nutrition topics to be included in medical education. Objective: We tested the hypothesis that the perceived adequacy of nutrition training (quality and quantity) of family physicians in Washington State is positively correlated with self-reported nutrition proficiency in 5 nutrition factors determined after confirmatory factor analysis. Design: A randomized mail survey method (n = 778 possible respondents), which involved one mass-mailing follow-up, was used. Results: A 39.3% response rate was achieved (n = 306 respondents). The 31-item questionnaire was reduced to 5 factors, explaining 48.5% of the total variance (a = 0.916). Perceived quality (poor to excellent) of nutrition training was positively correlated with self-reported nutrition proficiency scores for all 5 factors (P < 0.01). No significant differences were noted between zip code or sex and mean nutrition proficiency scores for all 5 factors. Conclusion: The examination of correlations between perceived quality of education and self-reported proficiency may be a useful gauge of effectiveness of nutrition training in medicine. Prioritization of nutrition information based on proficiency levels, including information on complementary and alternative medicines and nutritional management of disease, merits further investigation.
Strength and stiffness of reinforced concrete containments subjected to seismic loading: Research results and needs

Abstract The primary purpose of this paper is to present results of an experimental investigation on the strength and stiffness of reinforced concrete subjected to combined biaxial tension and simulated seismic forces. The test specimens represent a section of a wall of a containment structure carrying combined pressurization and seismic loading. Shear stiffness and strength, and their degradation with shear cycling, are given, along with simple expressions for predicting strength and extensional stiffness. The secondary purpose of the paper is to discuss research needs for improved prediction of the response of containment structures to seismic effects.
Techniques for realizing reconfigurable RF building blocks for cognitive radio

Cognitive radio has emerged as an effective method for relieving the current problem of spectral crowding. One primary challenge in the field of cognitive radio design is the realization of highly frequency agile RF building blocks. This paper presents a new technique for realizing a multi-band low noise amplifier, reviews methods for realizing wide-band power amplifiers, and a new method for extending the tuning range of the voltage controlled oscillator. In addition, this paper presents a nonlinear analysis of concurrent multi-band mixers which will aid in future cognitive radio frequency planning.
Preventing Excessive Weight Gain During Pregnancy and Promoting Postpartum Weight Loss: A Pilot Lifestyle Intervention for Overweight and Obese African American Women

To test the feasibility and acceptability of a theory-based lifestyle intervention designed to prevent excessive weight gain during pregnancy and promote weight loss in the early postpartum period in overweight and obese African American women. Sixteen pregnant women (B18 weeks gestation) were recruited from prena- tal clinics in Columbia, South Carolina in 2011 and assigned to a lifestyle intervention program. The inter- vention, guided by formative research, consisted of an individual counseling session followed by eight group sessions alternated with telephone counseling contacts that continued through 36 weeks of gestation. At 6-8 weeks postpartum, participants received a home visit and up to three counseling calls through week 12. Medical charts were reviewed for 38 contemporary controls who met the same inclusion criteria and attended the same prenatal clinics. Compared to controls, study participants gained less total weight, had a smaller weekly rate of weight gain across the 2nd and 3rd trimesters (0.89 vs. 0.96 lbs), and were less likely to exceed weight gain recommendations (56.3 vs. 65.8 %). At 12 weeks postpartum, study partici- pants retained 2.6 lbs from their prepregnancy weight, half of study participants were at their prepregnancy weight or lower, and only 35 % retained C5 lbs. The intervention also demonstrated success in promoting physical activity and reducing caloric intake, and was well-received by participants. The initial results were promising. The lessons learned can help inform future studies. The efficacy of our intervention will be tested in a large randomized controlled trial.
Response to ‘Calculation of glomerular filtration rate using serum cystatin C in kidney transplant recipients’

We appreciate the work by Poge et al.1 to test the performance of our transplant equation.2 Remarkably, the equation performed well with little bias (-1.6 ml/min/1.73 m2) in their transplant recipients. There was also little bias with the Larsson3 and Hoek4 equations, which were not specifically developed using transplant recipients. However, we note that our finding of a higher glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in transplant recipients (kidney or other organ) compared to native chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients is consistent with reports by other investigators.5, 6 In these centers, one equation cannot accurately estimate GFR in both transplant and native CKD patients unless it includes variables for transplant status or variables that better model the non-GFR factors that affect cystatin C levels.
Comparative effects of early randomized immune or non-immune-enhancing enteral nutrition on cytokine production in children with septic shock

Objective To compare the effect of early enteral feeding using immune-enhancing (IE) vs. non-immune-enhancing (NIE) formulas on cytokines in children with septic shock.
Believing in both genetic determinism and behavioral action: a materialist framework and implications

A disparity exists between studies reporting that genetics discourse produces deterministic or fatalistic responses and studies reporting that the majority of laypeople do not hold or adopt genetically deterministic views. This article reports data from an interview study (n = 50), and an interpretation of those data grounded in materialist understandings of discourse, that explains at least part of the disparity. The article employs a detailed reading of an illustrative transcript embedded in a quantitative content analysis to suggest that laypeople have incorporated two sets of public discourses—one that describes genetic causation and another that describes behavioral causation. These different discourse tracks are presumed to be encoded in different sets of neural networks in people’s minds. Consequently, each track can be articulated upon proper cueing, but the tracks are not related to each other to produce a discourse for speaking about gene—behavior interactions. Implications for the effects of th...
Eating disorders and adolescents: an overview of a maladaptive behavior.

TOPIC. Eating disorders among the adolescent population are a serious health problem. The author prozlides an ovmiau of anorexia nmosa and bulimia neruosa. PURPOSE. To present information on eating disorders that includes DSM-IV criteria and typical profiles of the client. Current hypotheses about the etiology of eating disorders, medical complications, treatment approaches, morbidity and mortality data research, and outcome research of treatment are reviewed. Research, treatmait, and educational considerations for nursing care are discussed. SOURCES. Published literature, clinical experience. CONCLUSIONS. Advanced practice nurses are particularly suited for working with adolescents because of their holistic approach to client care. Inconsistencies and gaps in the knowledge base of eating disorders regarding incidence, etiology, treatment approaches, pharmacology, and outcome are areus for future nursing research.
Ultrastructure of bovine spermatozoa. II. The neck and tail of normal, ejaculated sperm

The normal bovine sperm tail consists of the classical 9 + 9 + 2 fiber pattern bound anteriorly by the mitochondrial helix and posteriorly by the fibrous helix except for the last 2 to 3 μ. The outer ring of nine coarse fibers originate as laminated columns, beginning from a common base which is located in a recess at the base of the head. The fibers taper posteriorly ending at different levels in the principal piece. Evidence is presented for the alternate contraction and expansion of the laminated segments of the coarse fibers in the neck — the probable mechanism for initiating the flagellar wave. The mitochondrial helix is composed of several mitochondrial strands of different length. Each strand consists of several elongated mitochondria positioned end to end. Apparently the strands of mitochondria may begin or end at various locations along the middle piece. The number of turns in the mitochondrial helix was found to vary from approximately 65 to 75 turns among cells. The helix binds the axial fiber bundle with a pitch of 20 to 25° over most of the middle piece. The mitochondria are double-walled and possess internal cristae that are vesicular or tubular in structure. The fibrous helix consists of dense, circumferential strands of variable thickness and shape with two longitudinal elements on opposite sides of the helix. Both the circumferential strands and the longitudinal elements become thinner as they progress posteriorly.
Decreased outer membrane permeability in imipenem-resistant mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The outer membrane of imipenem-resistant mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was shown to have decreased permeability to imipenem but not to cephaloridine. These experiments were performed with intact cells and liposomes containing imipenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase derived from Pseudomonas maltophilia, in both cases utilizing an imipenem concentration of 50 microM. In contrast, liposome swelling assays using imipenem at 8 mM detected no significant difference between the imipenem-resistant mutants and their parents. It was found that the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa has a saturable specific channel through which imipenem travels mainly at low concentrations, whereas at high concentrations this pathway is obscured by diffusion through nonspecific porin channels.
Digital Image Processing In Education

We present an overview of digital image processing (DIP) at universities in the United States. Thirteen were surveyed and the results are given here. We identify other universities with DIP activities, we describe a typical sequence of courses, and we list some of the research activities.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Probabilistic risk analysis in subsurface hydrology

[1] We present a general framework for probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) of subsurface contamination. PRA provides a natural venue for the rigorous quantification of structural (model) and parametric uncertainties inherent in predictions of subsurface flow and transport. A typical PRA starts by identifying relevant components of a subsurface system (e.g., a buried solid-waste tank, an aquitard, a remediation effort) and proceeds by using uncertainty quantification techniques to estimate the probabilities of their failure. These probabilities are then combined by means of fault-tree analyses to yield probabilistic estimates of the risk of system failure (e.g., aquifer contamination). Since PRA relies on subjective probabilities, it is ideally suited for assimilation of expert judgment and causal relationships.
Acid-linked respiratory inhibition in flight muscle mitochondria and its release by phosphate acceptor.

Abstract Flight muscle mitochondria subjected to a sudden pulse of acid exhibited a decline in respiratory rate, reduction of pyridine nucleotides, and characteristic changes in mitochondrial morphology (swelling). This acid-linked respiratory inhibition could be released by phosphate acceptor (ADP) in a reaction that was oligomycin sensitive.
A MAC SCHEME IN BOUNDARY-FITTED CURVILINEAR COORDINATES

Abstract An explicit finite-difference method has been developed for solving the equations of unsteady laminar natural convection in an arbitrarily shaped cavity. The method developed is an extension of the classical MAC (marker and cell) method to curvilinear quadralateral cells. These cells permit great geometric versatility. The boundary-fitted curvilinear coordinate system is used to generate a coordinate surface coincident with the boundary contours in the physical plane. The conservative form of the momentum equations in primitive variables are transformed to the rectangular computational plane. The MAC technique, formulated in the boundary-fitted coordinates, uses the contravariant velocity components to calculate the mass flux across the cells. A first-order forward difference approximation is used for the time derivative and second-order central difference approximation is used for the space derivatives. The finite-difference form of the continuity equation is satisfied for each cell, which is al...
Extraversion, attention, and startle response reactivity

The present study investigated the impact of directed attention tasks performed by introverts and extraverts, using the brainstem startle eyeblink response as a measure of automatic reactivity. Participants (23 introverts and 24 extraverts) were instructed to either attend to a startle-eyeblink-eliciting acoustic noise pulse (90 or 105 dB) or to a drawing of animals, or to ignore all stimuli, while their eyeblink reflex to the noise pulse was measured. In the no-task condition, introverts were generally more reactive than extraverts. When attention was directed to the startle-eliciting stimulus, startle response amplitude was potentiated in both introverts and extraverts. When attention was directed to a visual task, acoustic startle reactivity was reduced for introverts, but not for extraverts. Therefore, introverts were more able to focus their attention, and were less distractible than extraverts. These data support previous findings of a narrower focus of attention in introverts than in extraverts, based on differences in arousal as a function of extraversion.
Induced gamma oscillations differentiate familiar and novel voices in children with MECP2 duplication and Rett syndromes.

Normal levels of the methyl CpG–binding protein 2 (MeCP2) are critical to neurologic functioning, and slight alterations result in intellectual disability and autistic features. It was hypothesized that children with MECP2 duplication (overexpression of MeCP2) and Rett syndrome (underexpression of MeCP2) would exhibit distinct electroencephalographic (EEG) indices of auditory stimulus discrimination. In this study, gamma-band oscillatory responses to familiar and novel voices were examined and related to social functioning in 17 children (3-11 years old) with MECP2 duplication (n = 12) and Rett syndrome (n = 5). Relative to the stranger’s voice, gamma activity in response to the mother’s voice was increased in MECP2 duplication but decreased in Rett syndrome. In MECP2 duplication, greater mother versus stranger differences in gamma activity were associated with higher social functioning. For the first time, brain responses in a passive voice discrimination paradigm show that overexpression and underexpres...
Uterine necrosis after uterine artery embolization for leiomyoma

Abstract BACKGROUND: A potential complication of uterine artery embolization is diffuse uterine necrosis. CASE: A woman with a large uterine leiomyoma underwent elective uterine artery embolization and 2 months later developed diffuse uterine necrosis requiring exploratory laparotomy, total hysterectomy, and left salpingo-oophorectomy. CONCLUSION: Although elective uterine artery embolization is a procedure with a low reported rate of complications, diffuse uterine necrosis can occur.
Learning to Relate: Interweaving Creative Approaches in Group Counseling with Adolescents

This article describes three creative arts exercises designed to promote belonging, connectedness, and wellness among adolescents with and without disabilities. The scenarios are multifaceted and based on utilization of creative visual and performing arts. Creative outlets may help groups be more effective and meaningful for participants, particularly creative adolescents, adolescents with various learning styles, and those with learning differences.
A NEW PHOTOPRODUCT FROM FUROCOUMARIN PHOTOLYSIS IN DILUTE AQUEOUS SOLUTION: 5-FORMYL-6-HYDROXYBENZOFURAN

— This paper presents the analysis and identification of an unstable product previously undescribed from furocoumarin photolysis, 5-formyl-6-hydroxybenzofuran. Reverse-phase chromatography and solid-phase extraction techniques allowed its isolation.
Restoration of hydroperoxide-dependent lipid peroxidation by 3-methylcholanthrene induction ofcytochrome P-448 in hepatoma microsomes

Microsomal membranes from the slow-growing Morris hepatoma 9618A catalyze, in the presence of t-butyl hydroperoxide, lower rates of lipid peroxidation than rat liver microsomes. The cytochrome P-450 content of hepatoma microsomes is about 40% that of the liver. SKF 525-A, an inhibitor of mixed-function oxidase, produces in hepatoma microsomes a P-450 type I binding spectrum similar to that of hepatic microsomes. The concentration of the inhibitor required for half-maximal spectral change is about 2 microM in both microsome types. SKF 525-A or ethylmorphine inhibit lipid peroxidation of normal and tumor microsomes to the same extent (about 60%). Treatment of the tumor-bearing rats with 3-methylcholanthrene increases the hepatoma cytochrome P-450 to values comparable to those of control membranes, although the hemoprotein has a peak in the CO-reduced difference absorption spectrum at 448 nm. The cytochrome P-448 induction is accompanied by an almost complete restoration of the hydroperoxide-dependent lipid peroxidation.
P1.12 Frequency of genomic deletion mutations in collagen VI myopathies

mutations. We describe large genomic deletions on chromosome 21q22.3 as a novel type of mutation underlying recessively inherited UCMD. In patient 1 SNP based genomic array analysis revealed a 69 kb genomic deletion at 21q22.3 encompassing at least 18 exons of the COL6A2 gene on one allele. Exonic sequencing of the non-deleted allele found an intronic nucleotide change (G > A) at position c.1970-9. cDNA sequencing of COL6A2 revealed a 7 base pair insertion resulting from the use of a novel splice acceptor site in intron 25 created by the mutation, resulting in a frameshift and a premature stop codon (G656AfsX17). Patient 1’s asymptomatic mother is heterozygous for (G > A) at c.1970-9 of COL6A2; his asymptomatic father is heterozygous for the 69 kb deletion. Patient 2 has two genomic deletions at 21q22.3: a deletion of 1.61Mb encompassing the entire COL6A1 and COL6A2 genes plus surrounding genes on one allele and a smaller deletion of 47 kb encompassing the entire COL6A2 gene on the other allele. Patient 2’s asymptomatic mother is heterozygous for the 1.61Mb deletion; his asymptomatic father is heterozygous for the 47 kb deletion. In addition, we incidentally identified an asymptomatic father and his son who are heterozygous for a 1.09Mb deletion of both the COL6A1 and COL6A2 loci but do not carry a mutation on the other allele and, therefore, do not manifest signs of the disease. Large genomic deletions add to the complexity of genetic evaluations in the collagen VI related myopathies. Clinically unaffected parents carrying large genomic deletions of COL6A1 and COL6A2 provide conclusive evidence that haploinsufficiency for COL6A1 and COL6A2 does not result in clinical neuromuscular disease and, in particular, is not a disease mechanism for Bethlem myopathy.
The Lethal and Sub Lethal Effects of a Zirconium Process Effluent on Juvenile Salmonids

: An effluent (ZPE), with high concentrations of ammonia was compared with solutions of ammonium chloride in both lethal and sublethal tests. The ZPE was more toxic than were solutions of ammonium chloride in acute toxicity tests, although ammonia was shown to be the major toxicant. The secondary toxicants present in the effluent were not identified. Growth was used as a sublethal test parameter and ZPE was again more toxic than ammonium chloride solutions at the same ammonia concentration. Concentrations of ammonia less than 3 mg/liter in ammonium chloride solutions actually stimulated the growth of juvenile chinook salmon. Concentrations of ZPE in the river at extreme low river flow could have sublethal effects on juvenile salmonids below the outfall.
Crystallization of polycarbonate from the glassy state. part I. Thin films cast from solution

Abstract The morphology of glassy amorphous thin polycarbonate film cast from solution is affected by thermal treatments. Annealing above 80° C and below Tg results in an increase in the size of the ordered regions, nodules, up to several hundred Angstroms. The crystallization process from the glass, taking place at 145° C, is divided into three major steps. At first the nodules merge into patches which aggregate to form lamellar planar structures. In some cases the planar structures are well-formed single crystals. Following this, spherulitic arms develop from the planar structures as centers. These arms at first consist of aggregates of large nodules which recrystallize to form lamellae; the final morphology is spherulitic in nature. The effect of film thickness and of several substrates on the morphology has been observed. Applying stress at room temperature to the crystalline film results in a breaking up of the lamellae into small blocks.
Co-existent activity patterns in inhibitory neuronal networks with short-term synaptic depression.

Abstract A network of two neurons mutually coupled through inhibitory synapses that display short-term synaptic depression is considered. We show that synaptic depression expands the number of possible activity patterns that the network can display and allows for co-existence of different patterns. Specifically, the network supports different types of n – m anti-phase firing patterns, where one neuron fires n spikes followed by the other neuron firing m spikes. When maximal synaptic conductances are identical, n – n anti-phase firing patterns are obtained and there are conductance intervals over which different pairs of these solutions co-exist. The multitude of n – m anti-phase patterns and their co-existence are not found when the synapses are non-depressing. Geometric singular perturbation methods for dynamical systems are applied to the original eight-dimensional model system to derive a set of one-dimensional conditions for the existence and co-existence of different anti-phase solutions. The generality and validity of these conditions are demonstrated through numerical simulations utilizing the Hodgkin–Huxley and Morris–Lecar neuronal models.
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Risk Assessment: The UK experience

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) risk assessments undertaken in the United Kingdom have mainly had the objective of determining the risks posed to humans from exposure to the causal agents associated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and variant Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (vCJD). In this article, I examine 19 of these risk assessments published to date and consider how their results might be influenced by underlying model assumptions and methodology. Three separate aspects common to all the assessments are infective load estimation, exposure pathway identification, and risk estimation. These are each discussed in detail.
The Utility of Educational Resilience for Studying Degree Attainment in School Dropouts

Abstract The few studies that have compared dropouts with and without degrees have provided information that has limited application for policy and prevention, because factors identified as associated with degree attainment are ones that are difficult to affect. The present study examined diploma and GED attainment in Mexican American and non-Latino White dropouts, hypothesizing that utilization of the educational resilience framework would increase knowledge about degree attainment in dropouts and provide factors that are more easily affected by practitioners. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with degree attainment, and multiple imputation was used to account for sample bias due to nonparticipation. Results indicated that viewing the returning dropout as a resilient student does provide a more useful set of factors associated with degree attainment.
Tracking charge carriers through space and time in single silicon core-shell nanowires

We map space-and-time-dependent carrier dynamics in single silicon nanowires firstly, using ultrafast optical microscopy. This enables us to directly measure acoustic phonon oscillations and carrier velocities in Si and Si/SiO 2 core-shell nanowires.
Inhibition of synthesis of herpesvirus (HSV-1) glycoproteins and endogenous fusion by β-hydroxynorvaline in BHK-21 cells

Treatment of HSV-infected BHK-21 cells with 5-10 mM of beta-hydroxynorvaline (Hnv), an analog of threonine which blocked attachment of oligosaccharides at the Asn-X-Thr sites, markedly inhibited the synthesis of all viral glycoproteins as well as the major capsid protein. However, the synthesis of host-specific dolichol-linked oligosaccharides was not significantly affected by Hnv. Treatment of cells with 10 mM reduced the yield of virus greater than 95% and completely blocked endogenous fusion. Inhibition of Hnv could be reversed by simultaneous addition of threonine to the culture medium. It is likely that the incorporation of Hnv into HSV polypeptides at Asn-X-Thr (in place of Thr) sites blocked transfer of N-linked oligosaccharides.
An improved technique for estimating mean depth of lakes

Abstract We describe a technique for determining mean lake depth utilizing a systematically aligned dot grid. This technique is, on average, 55% faster than the traditional planimeter methods, depending on the type of planimeter and the size and complexity of the lake. No detectable bias is associated with results from this technique compared with those of traditional planimeter methods. The relationship N D = 4 √A ; where ND = the number of dots falling within the shoreline of the lake and A = the surface area of the lake in ft2, gives a quick estimation of the number of dots that should fall within the shoreline boundary of a lake for optimum sampling.
The use of an in vitro sperm activation assay to detect chemically induced damage of human sperm nuclei

A human sperm activation assay (HSAA) has recently been developed to assess sperm quality and functionality. The HSAA involves incubating lysolecithin-permeabilized sperm in Xenopus laevis ova cytoplasmic extract. Factors in the extract activate sperm nuclei; the activation involves sperm chromatin decondensation, DNA synthesis, and chromatin recondensation. We report that human sperm chemically damaged in vitro by treatment with a reversible crosslinker, ethylene glycolbis(sulfosuccinimidylsuccinate; SEGS), display abnormal chromatin decondensation when analyzed in the HSAA. Less than 20% of SEGS-treated sperm fully decondensed, vs. 97% of control sperm. Chemical reversal of the crosslinks by treatment with 5 microM hydroxylamine restored full decondensation in 76% of treated sperm. These results demonstrate that chemically damaged sperm respond abnormally in the HSAA, and that chemical damage to sperm nuclei can be detected using the HSAA. Thus, there is potential for the HSAA to be used to detect chemical alterations of sperm nuclei from men exposed to environmental toxicants.
A relational uncertainty analysis of jealousy, trust, and maintenance in long‐distance versus geographically close relationships

This study uses an uncertainty framework to uncover the patterns of relationships between uncertainty, jealousy, maintenance, and trust in two types of long‐distance relationships (LDRs; both those without face‐to‐face contact and those with some face‐to‐face contact) and geographically close relationships (GCRs). Data were collected from 311 individuals. Results supported the hypothesized relationships, with relational uncertainty positively related to cognitive and emotional jealousy, negatively related to five maintenance behaviors, and negatively related to trust. Counter to predictions, individuals in GCRs did not experience less relational uncertainty than individuals in LDRs with some face‐to‐face contact, but those in LDRs with some face‐to‐face contact were significantly more certain of their relationships than were those in LDRs without face‐to‐face contact. Finally, individuals in long‐distance relationships with no face‐to‐face interaction were significantly less likely to use the maintenance ...
Bone alterations associated with HIV.

HIV infection and initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) have been consistently associated with decreased bone mineral density (BMD), with growing evidence linking HIV to an increased risk of fracture. This is especially concerning with the expanding number of older persons living with HIV. Interestingly, recent data suggest that HIV-infected children and youth fail to achieve peak BMD, possibly increasing their lifetime risk of fracture. Elucidating the causes of the bone changes in HIV-positive persons is challenging because of the multifactorial nature of bone disease in HIV, including contribution of the virus, immunosuppression, ART toxicity, and traditional osteoporosis risk factors, such as age, lower weight, tobacco, and alcohol use. Thus, practitioners must recognize the risk of low BMD and fractures and appropriately screen patients for osteoporosis if risk factors exist. If fractures do occur or elevated fracture risk is detected through screening, treatment with bisphosphonate medications appears safe and effective in the HIV + population.
Optimal machining conditions and buffer space size for the two-stage case

Abstract This paper presents a model for calculating optimal cutting speeds and tool replacement policies for both operations of a two-stage machining problem when the unit cost is minimized or the profit rate is maximized. The tool life is assumed to be a stochastic variable and penalty costs are imposed for tool failures during production. The optimal size of buffer space between the two machines is also calculated analytically. It is shown that the unit cost increases as the tool variability and/or the penalty cost increase. The cutting speeds and tool replacement policies on both operations depend strongly on the tool variability and the penalty cost. The cutting speeds differ from those determined independently for each operation. Finally, the optimal buffer space size is the one necessary to keep the critical machine running when there is a tool change on the non-critical machine, and its optimal size can be calculated analytically.
A new species of Astomiopsis (Ditrichaceae) from Mexico

Astomiopsis saintpierrei Ther. ex Buck is described as new from Nevado de Toluca in Mexico. It is characterized by oblong-lanceolate leaves with recurved margins and a percurrent costa. The capsules are immersed, have a well-developed, deciduous annulus, and are covered with a large, cucullate calyptra. A key to the five known species ofAstomiopsis is given.
Mechanized fuel treatment effects on soil compaction in Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer stands

The immediate need to treat forest fuels is often justified as a need to reduce potential fire behavior as well as improve or maintain forest health. Millions of hectares are at risk of unusually severe fires in the United States, and fuel treatments are being prescribed at unprecedented scales. In many cases, mechanical treatments with heavy equipment are the most efficient or economical method to reduce fuels. Despite the large-scale emphasis on both mechanical fuel modifications and forest health, few studies of fuel treatment effects have examined impacts to forest soils. We evaluated fuel treatment effects on soil compaction in a managed Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest using a fully replicated study design with three treatments: Thin, Thin + Burn, and an untreated Control. To examine impacts of mastication equipment that travels throughout a stand to reduce fuels, soil sampling was stratified to address effects at the scale of the treatment unit, the skid trail network, and the non-skid trail area. At all scales, the Thin and Thin + Burn did not increase soil bulk density compared to the Control. At the treatment unit level, soil strength was increased in the Thin + Burn relative to Control, but this was attributed to increased strength in skid trails rather than in the non-skid portion of the stand. The compacting forces of the masticator were buffered by the debris bed it created, and no significant compaction due to mastication was observed away from skid trails. Soil strength appeared to be a more sensitive measure of compaction, although a very weak relationship was observed between soil bulk density and soil strength. Despite frequent stand entries prior to these fuel treatments, the cumulative extent of detrimental compaction was not increased as a result of the Thin and Thin + Burn treatments. Mean soil strength in skid trails was consistently greater than in non-skid trail areas to a depth of nearly 60 cm. Measures to avoid the creation of new skid trails will help curtail increased soil compaction in managed forest stands, and particularly in fuel treatment areas that may require repeated entries to remain effective.
Plant strategy theories: replies to Grime and Tilman

Summary 1 In response to my essay review that attempted to reconcile the plant strategy theories of Grime and Tilman, Grime rejects five tenets that I had identified in his theories that were incomplete, inconsistent, or incorrect. 2 Grime fails to adequately address three of these concerns. Regarding the other concerns, it is clear that the concept of relative importance needs to be developed further. For example, if both competition and the stress of low nutrient supplies can remove species from a given environment, then neither can be elevated over the other without being tautological. 3 With regards to Tilman's response, it is clear that it will be important to be explicit about the relationship between data and models. At times, Tilman is neither evaluating individual models with a Popperian approach nor comparing contrasting models in a Bayesian fashion. As it stands, it is unclear what is required for Tilman to reject R* as the mechanism of competition, or whether it passes some undetermined threshold of acceptability. 4 Comparing concentration reduction to supply pre-emption as the mechanism of competition recommends supply pre-emption on many fronts. Supply pre-emption better represents the movement of nutrients in soil solution. Assuming well-mixed soil solutions can theoretically lead to improper prediction of competitive outcomes. Empirically, there are examples where R* does not predict outcomes for competition for nutrients, and supply pre-emption appears to generate metrics (root length density) that are equivalent if not better than concentration reduction (R*) at explaining these outcomes. 5 The next plant strategies paradigm will not be a result of choosing either Grime's or Tilman's theories, but represent a synthesis of the two sets of theories while also incorporating novel concepts and research. I agree with Tilman that more research is needed in understanding mechanisms of coexistence, but there still remains large gaps in our understanding of plant traits and growth that limit our understanding of competition for nutrients and will likely constrain our understanding of coexistence even more.
Enhancement of avoidance learning by strychnine sulfate.

Using a .1% solution of strychnine sulfate in normal saline, the shock avoidance lever pressing of 3 groups of Wistar rats was tested with the following pre-trial intraperitoneal injections: (1) 1 mg/kg of strychnine, (2) .5 mg/kg of strychnine and (3) 1 mg/kg of normal saline. Over four successive test days avoidance learning as measured by latencies and number of avoidances was significantly enhanced in the 1-mg/kg strychnine group as compared with the .5-mg/kg strychnine and saline groups. The latter two groups did not differ significantly from each other.
Effects of periodical cicada emergences on abundance and synchrony of avian populations

We used 37 years of North American Breeding Bird Surveys to test for effects of periodical cicada (Magicicada spp.) emergences on the abundance and spatial synchrony of 24 species of avian predators in hardwood forests of the eastern United States. Fifteen (63%) of the bird species exhibited numerical changes in abundance apparently associated with emergences of the local periodical cicada brood, and intraspecific spatial synchrony of bird abundance was significantly greater between populations sharing the same cicada brood than between populations in the ranges of different broods. Species exhibited at least four partially overlapping temporal patterns. (1) Cuckoos ( Coccyzus spp.) occurred in high numbers only during emergence years and subsequently declined in abun- dance. (2) Red-bellied Woodpeckers (Melanerpes carolinus), Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cris- tata), Common Grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), and Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) increased significantly 1-3 years following emergences and then declined. (3) Red- headed Woodpeckers (Melanerpes erythrocephalus ), American Crows (Corvus brachyryn- chos), Tufted Titmice (Baeolophus bicolor), Gray Catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis), and Brown Thrashers (Toxostoma rufum) were found in significantly low numbers during emer- gence years, underwent significant numerical increases in the following year, and then stabilized. (4) Wood Thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina), Northern Mockingbirds (Mimus po- lyglottos), Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis), and House Sparrows (Passer do- mesticus) exhibited significantly deviant population numbers 1-2 years prior to emergences, below the long-term mean in the first two species and above the long-term mean in the latter two. These results suggest that the pulses of resources available at 13- or 17-year intervals when periodical cicadas emerge have significant demographic effects on key avian predators, mostly during or immediately after emergences, but in some cases apparently years following emergence events.
Habitat and hydrology condition indices for the upper Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio rivers

Abstract Habitat and hydrology indices were developed to assess the conditions in reaches of the impounded Mississippi river, the Fort Peck and Garrison reaches of the upper Missouri river, the Missouri National Recreational river (MNRR), the channelized lower Missouri river, and the Ohio river. Data were obtained from field sampling, air photo interpretation, and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) hydrologic records. Habitat and hydrology attributes were incorporated into four habitat indices (channel complexity, substrate quality, littoral cover, and riparian condition) and one hydrology index. Construction of habitat indices for these very large rivers was complicated by a lack of previous research demonstrating methods for choosing and weighting the metrics used to compose these indices. Many habitat metrics used to assess habitat quality in small rivers proved irrelevant or impractical for assessing habitat quality in the upper Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio rivers. In addition, these very large rivers, unlike smaller streams, were subject to physical and hydrological alterations due to channelization, revetment, levees, and dams. Because of the lack of proven indicators of habitat condition in very large rivers, we began with a large number of measures of natural and anthropogenic stress, eliminating only those metrics that failed tests of range, redundancy, and correlation with longitudinal position along the river. The lock and low-head dam sequences on the impounded Mississippi and Ohio influenced both hydrological patterns and the resident fish community, with conditions recovering with increased distance below dams, until hydrology was once again altered by impoundment from a downriver dam. Channel complexity and hydrology indices displayed the highest correlations with a multimetric fish index, possibly because these indices integrated habitat condition over a larger scale than the transect- and site-scaled littoral cover and riparian indices. Data limitations prevented the calculation of a littoral cover and a channel complexity index for the upper Missouri and Ohio rivers, respectively.
Elastic–plastic characterization of thin films using nanoindentation technique

Experimental determination of elastic and plastic properties of thin films with a thickness of 1 μm or less continues to be a challenging task. This article presents a methodology that combines the nanoindentation technique and finite element modeling to characterize the mechanical (elastic and plastic) properties of a titanium thin film. The experimental results show that the elastic property (Young's modulus) of the titanium thin film does not change compared to the bulk titanium. Results also show that the plastic properties (yield stress and strain hardening exponent) of the titanium thin film are higher than those of the bulk titanium. The methodology outlined in this article can also be used to study the mechanical properties of other thin films and small volume materials.
Maize gene review - A new on-line journal promotes community curation of phenotypes

The first formal phenotype summaries for maize can be found in early editions of theMaize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter (MNL). Prior to on-line databases, the MNLserved to systematize available mutant stocks, genetic maps, and addresses for maizegeneticists. In fact, the first phenotypic data entered into MaizeGDB, in 1991, was fromthe MNL stock center report. To support renewed, community submission of similardata, the MNL has initiated a new on-line journal, called the ‘maize gene review’ (MGR,www.maizegenereview.org). It represents an extension of the Mutants of Maize (1997),eds MG Neuffer, EH Coe, SR Wessler, where text summaries of individual mutantswere provided by experts in the field, often along with photographs. These weresubsequently incorporated into text descriptions and image files at MaizeGDB, withauthors credited. In the on-line journal MGR, each gene has a page, and an author(s),responsible for supplying a minimal set of information, and updating as new informationbecomes available. Reviewers familiar with the types of mutants described arerequested to provide criticism and updates, which are forwarded to the contributingauthor, as suggestions on updating their page(s). Reciprocal links are provided to theMaizeGDB for genome and map information and the short summary of each mutant isadded to the MaizeGDB locus record. This journal adds to the current communitycuration tools at MaizeGDB for community curation and has had an excellent response.The MNL is supported by an endowment at the University of Missouri provided by the MaizeCooperators. MaizeGDB is a USDA Agricultural Research Service funded database where thepresenting author is a curator.
Magnetic resonance imaging and extrapyramidal movement disorders.

High-field strength magnetic resonance imaging is an accurate clinical technique for detecting the relative distribution of ferritin in the brain. In normal adults, iron is found in highest concentrat
Precise stiction mapping

A technique for mapping the stiction on an entire disk is presented. A map is created by measuring the stiction at predetermined points on the disk. These points are precisely located and taken in a random order to prevent any alteration of the measurement occurring from sequential movement of the slider on the disk. From this map the statistical distribution of stiction on the disk is determined. Stiction mapping is also shown to reveal nonuniformities in the physical properties of the disk. Experimental mapping results show the effect of texture and start/stop wear on stiction. A special disk was fabricated with different textures in the inner and outer diameter regions. These two textures are easily detected by a stiction map even though both had the same coating types and thicknesses. A start/stop wear experiment is performed on the outer diameter region of this disk. >
Resonance Raman excitation profiles indicate multiple Cys → Cu charge transfer transitions in type 1 copper proteins

Nitrite reductase (NiR) from Achromobacrer cycloclastes and mutant yeast Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (with Cys substituted for His80 and Cu for Zn) have both been shown to contain type 1 Cu sites. However, they differ from other type 1 (blue) Cu proteins in that they are green: the absorption band at ∼460 nm is more intense than the one at ∼600 nm. Excitation within either of these absorption bands leads to resonance Raman (RR) spectra that are characteristic of type 1 Cu with a large number of peaks between 250 and 500 cm -1 . The RR spectra of NiR and mutant SOD are thus indicative of a Cu-cysteinate chromophore with a short Cu-S bond distance (∼2.1 A) and a coplanar cysteine moiety (Cu-S γ -C β -C α dihedral angle ∼180 o )
Effect of Pyran on Latency After Herpes Simplex Virus Infections

Abstract The immunomodulator pyran protected mice against both herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) infections. In infections of the lip with HSV-1, prophylactic administration of pyran reduced the severity of the herpetic lesions and enhanced their resolution, but did not decrease the high incidence of development of latent HSV-1 infection of the trigeminal ganglia. In vaginal infections with HSV-2, prophylactic administration of pyran either systemically or locally reduced mortality, reduced the incidence of mice with vaginal HSV-2 infection, and did not alter the low incidence of latent infection of the spinal dorsal root ganglia. Pyran treatment before systemic herpetic infection after intravenous inoculation of HSV-2 also reduced mortality and virus replication, as evidenced by a decreased antibody response in the survivors, and it either reduced latent infection in the spinal dorsal root ganglia or did not predispose mice to latent infection. Treatment with the immunomodulator appeared to inhibit or reduce HSV infection early in viral pathogenesis in all three model systems, producing protection from clinical disease and resulting in less virus to induce a systemic antibody response, with either a reduction in latent virus infection or no enhancement of development of latency. In all of the HSV models, the development of latent herpetic infection was closely correlated with sufficient virus replication early in the infection to induce a systemic neutralizing-antibody response.
Collaboration and communication tools used by the biodiversity heritage library

Through the application of multiple strategies and tools, the Biodiversity Heritage Library has created an effective and collaborative multi-institutional virtual organization. The purpose of this paper is to explore the communication and collaboration strategies used by the BHL to create, maintain, and provide open access to its corpus of biodiversity literature. BHL, in its seventh year, is a mature service and no longer a pilot project. Largely driven from the ground up, and without any institutional mandate, the BHL has successfully and organically fostered an organizational model that has encouraged innovation, user engagement, and global expansion.