cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infrapetiole Exploration of the Supraglottis for exposure of the Anterior Glottal Commissure

Effective microlaryngoscopic surgery of the anterior glottal commissure depends on adequate exposure of this region. Despite the use of elevated vector suspension and external laryngeal counter-pressure, there are some individuals in whom inadequate exposure precludes execution of the planned surgery. To solve this problem, a procedure was designed in which the anterior vestibular folds and the infrapetiole region of the supraglottis are resected to facilitate complete exposure of the Broyle's ligament. The microspot carbon-dioxide laser is used with cold instruments to resect the anterior vestibular folds and thyroepiglottic ligament in continuity. After this tissue is removed, external counter-pressure then provides clear visualization of the anterior-superior thyroid lamina as well as the superior surface of the anterior commissure of the glottis. This procedure was used in ten cases in which the pathology included carcinoma, keratosis with atypia, and papillomatosis. This approach allows for a clear determination about whether early glottic cancer has invaded the thyroid lamina (T1 versus T4) without altering the structural integrity of Broyle's ligament, which avoids significant impairment of the voice. The exposure also allowed for en-block endoscopic resection of two anterior commissure carcinomas. Endoscopic resection of the infrapetiole region and anterior vestibular folds provides a gateway to the superior surface of the anterior glottal commissure. Furthermore, the procedure establishes an effective means to assess the depth of invasion of epithelial neoplasia to the underlying cartilage framework, as well as to facilitate en-block resection of carcinoma if it is appropriate.
A Biological Clock Controlling the Estrous Cycle of the Hamster1

Onset of estrus was observed every 4 days in the same hamsters exposed either to 24-hr light:dark cycles (LD 16:8) or to constant light (LL). Regression analysis indicated that only LL hamsters maintained estrous cycle periods significantly greater than 96 hr (p >0.05). These “circa-quadridian” (CQ) rhythms indicate that an endogenous timing mechanism capable of entrainment by 24-hr LD cycles (the Zeitgeber) controls the estrous cycle. Pituitary gonadotropin release and ovulation maintained constant time relationships to onset of estrus in both LD and LL. Pregnancy and pseudopregnancy reset the CQ rhythm to an earlier hr. However, spontaneous extensions from a 4- to 5-day estrous cycle followed by a day of vaginal cornification did not cause a phase shift in the CQ rhythm. This indicates that the endogenous timer functions with circadian rather than CQ rhythmicity. In LL, periods of the endogenous circadian timer ranged from 23.84 to 24.39 hr. Most values are significantly greater than 24 hr (p > 0.05). I...
Analytic Philosophy And Science

If scientism were true, i.e., if science were the whole truth about everything, then what would be the role or function of philosophy? If scientism were true then every meaningful intellectual activity would be a science or a part of science. In order for philosophy to be a meaningful intellectual activity, philosophy must be either itself a science or a part of science.2 As Russell expressed it: The first characteristic of the new philosophy is that it abandons the claim to a special philosophical method... It regards philosophy as essentially one with science, differing... merely by the generality of its problems, and by the fact that it is concerned with the formation of hypotheses where empirical evidence is still lacking.... The new philosophy... is constructive, but as science is constructive, bit by bit and tentatively. It has a special technical method of construction, namely mathematical logic....3
Introversion, attention and the late positive component of event-related potentials.

Abstract Variation in P3 amplitude across normal individuals under the same experimental conditions has been routinely observed. The possibility that such variation reflects individual differences in the allocation of attention was examined by comparing P3 amplitude in introverts and extraverts, who are thought to differ in the allocation of attention during monotonous tasks. Event-related potentials were recorded while the subjects participated in a lengthy stimulus prediction task. P3 amplitude was determined by principal components analysis and it was found to be significantly larger for the introverts than for the extraverts. This finding is interpreted as evidence that P3 amplitude is sensitive to individual differences in the allocation of attention.
Preliminary clinical results from an electroenzymatic glucose sensor implanted in subcutaneous tissue

A glucose-oxidase based electroenzymatic glucose sensor has been developed using thin/thick film processing techniques. This processing scheme has provided the ability to mass-produce the sensors in a cost effective and reproducible manner. The small, flexible sensors are designed for implantation in the subcutaneous tissue. Previous in vitro characterization studies and in vivo rabbit studies have shown the sensor's performance to be acceptable. Glucose measurements obtained with sensors implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of normal human subjects showed an excellent correlation with glucose measurements obtained from capillary, finger-stick blood and intravenous blood.
On the Green’s function for a one-dimensional random walk

The Green’s function of a random walk on a lattice is defined as the inverse of the operatorK-z1, whereK is the matrix of transition rates and z is an arbitrary complex parameter. The Green’s function for a symmetrical random walk in one dimension is here explicitly given in closed form for reflecting, periodic, and absorbing boundaries, and also for an infinite lattice.
Formation of nylon particles and fibers using precipitation with a compressed antisolvent

Micrometer-sized particles and fibers of nylon 6/6 were produced by the means of precipitation with a compressed antisolvent (PCA). Specifically, nylon 6/6 micron-sized particles were produced by expanding a nylon/formic acid solution through various capillary nozzles into compressed carbon dioxide antisolvent. The effect of various operating parameters, such as the nylon/formic acid solution concentration, nozzle length and diameter, and nylon solution injection velocity, were examined, and no significant effect of varying operating conditions in the mean particle size, and particle size distribution was observed. In almost all of the cases, spherical particles were obtained. However, under certain circumstances, oblong particles (short fibers), fibers, and thin film morphologies were observed by manipulating various process parameters, including nylon solution concentration and the manner of spraying the solvent/nylon solution into the carbon dioxide antisolvent. The lack of significant influence of the...
An electronic prosthesis mimicking the dynamic vestibular function

This paper reports our progress toward development of a unilateral vestibular prosthesis. The sensing element of the prosthesis is a custom designed one-axis MEMS gyroscope. Similarly to the natural semicircular canal, the microscopic gyroscope senses angular motion of the head and generates voltages proportional to the corresponding angular accelerations. Then, voltages are sent to the pulse generating unit where angular motion is translated into voltage pulses. The voltage pulses are converted into current pulses and are delivered through specially designed electrodes, conditioned to stimulate the corresponding vestibular nerve branch. Our preliminary experimental evaluations of the prosthesis on a rate table indicate that the device's output matches the average firing rate of vestibular neurons to those in animal models reported in the literature. The proposed design is scalable; the sensing unit, pulse generator, and the current source can be potentially implemented on a single chip using integrated MEMS technology.
Gas phase atomic hydrogen reacting with molecular and atomic oxygen to form water on the Pt(111) surface

Abstract Gas phase atomic hydrogen is more reactive than coadsorbed hydrogen during reaction with both adsorbed atomic and molecular oxygen on the Pt(111) surface. The increased reactivity of gas phase atomic hydrogen is demonstrated by complete conversion of all adsorbed molecular oxygen to water below 180 K. In contrast, coadsorbed hydrogen induces less water formation under similar conditions. Preferential hydroxyl formation is observed for low gas phase atomic hydrogen exposures as evidenced by the predominance of water formed by hydroxyl recombination at 200 K. Under these conditions the sharp reduction in the intensity of the molecular oxygen desorption peak at 150 K together with an increase in the atomic oxygen desorption peak at 800 K provide direct evidence for gas phase atomic hydrogen-induced O–O bond cleavage. Adsorbed atomic oxygen is also completely converted to water at 110 K even for low exposures of gas phase atomic hydrogen.
Micromachined Oblique Incidence Refleciometry (OIR) Probe for Skin Cancer Detection

We present the design, fabrication and in-vivo testing of a new micromachined probe for skin cancer detection based on oblique incidence reflectometry (OIR). The device miniaturization and fabrication precision provided by micromachining ensure reliable and repeatable high performance of the probe. The developed probe has been tested in a pre-clinical condition. An overall sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 93% haven been achieved in the classification of malignant and benign skin lesions.
Radical hysterectomy for treatment of cervical cancer: Aprospective study of two methods of closed-suction drainage

Summary Two closed-suction drainage methods were prospectively compared in 96 patients after radicalhysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy in stage IB cervical cancer. In group 1 ( n = 49) two pelvic sidewall drains and a vaginal drain were used, and in group 2 ( n = 47) only the vaginal drain was used. The groups were similar for mean age, preoperative weight, hemoglobin and serum albumin level, operating time, operative blood loss, and blood transfusions. The febrile morbidity rates and the operative site infection rates were similar in the two groups. Ninety vaginal drains were removed by day 3. By day 6 55% of patients in group 1 had at least one sidewall drain, with a mean drainage of 150 ml/day. The median postoperative stay was similar in both groups. A pelvic lymphocyst developed in one patient in each group. The single vaginal closed-suction drain is safe, efficient, more acceptable to patients, and more cost-effective
Left-hand Rule for Synoptic Eddy Feedback on Low-frequency Flow

[1] In this study, scale interaction between synoptic eddies and low-frequency flow is investigated. The synoptic eddy feedback is a key process in sustaining the low-frequency flow. We show clear evidence using NCEP reanalysis data that there is a general underlying rule—the ‘‘left-hand rule’’, governing the synoptic eddy feedback onto low-frequency flow. This rule states that eddy-vorticity fluxes are directed preferentially about 90 degrees toward their left-hand side, so that they converge into cyclonic flow and diverge from anticyclonic flow. Therefore, the eddy vorticity flux plays a positive role in reinforcing low-frequency flow. Citation: Kug, J.-S., and F.-F. Jin (2009), Left-hand rule for synoptic eddy feedback on low-frequency flow, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L05709, doi:10.1029/2008GL036435.
The deconvolution of the thermal, dilution, and chemical effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the reactivity of engine and flame soot

Abstract In a recent paper, we demonstrated that the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) enhanced the oxidative reactivity of diesel engine soot. In this paper, we show that simulated EGR, via carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) addition to the intake air to an engine at concentrations of 0, 2, 4, and 8 vol.% and to the oxidizer stream of an ethylene diffusion flame at concentrations of 0, 5, and 10 vol.%, affects the reactivity of the soot in the same manner as actual EGR. Motivated by this fact, post-flame ethylene soot was produced from a co-flow laminar diffusion flame to better understand the mechanism by which the CO 2 affects soot reactivity. This objective was accomplished by successfully isolating and examining the thermal, dilution, and chemical effects of the CO 2 on soot reactivity. These three effects account for 45%, 35%, and 20% of the total reactivity of soot respectively, with the thermal effect being the most important factor governing the soot reactivity. The results showed that all of these effects account for a measurable increase in soot reactivity.
Growth and Phenotoypic Characteristics of Human Nevus Cells in Culture

Nevus cells were isolated from the three cutaneous components, epidermis, basal layer, and dermis, of nonmalignant pigmented lesions and were cultured separately in the presence or absence of the phorbol ester 12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate in medium that supports the rapid proliferation of melanocytic cells. The separation procedure used provided cultures that were essentially free from normal melanocytes (dermis) or fibroblasts (epidermis). In short term culture, nevus cells of all skin compartments expressed markers associated with differentiated melanocytes, such as presence of premelanosomes and melanosomes and elevated tyrosinase levels. Nevus cells also expressed melanoma-associated antigens, such as NGF-receptor, transferrin-related p97, proteoglycan, and HLA-DR as detected with monoclonal antibodies. After several subpassages, cells showed a decreased expression of melanoma-associated antigens, decreased tyrrosinase levels, and melanosomes could no longer be detected. Morphologically, these cells were similar to fibroblasts. The disappearance of melanoma-associated cell surface antigens was concomitant with the appearance of a melanocyte-associated 145 kd protein that might serve as a marker of fibroblast-like differentiation in nevus cells and normal melanocytes. Nevus cell cultures grown in the presence of 12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate maintained a stable differentiated phenotype throughout their lifespan. As reported earlier, nevus cells in culture, irrespective of the presence or absence of 12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate, have a finite lifespan in vitro, grow anchorage-independent in soft agar, but do not form tumors when xenografted to nude mice. These studies demonstrate that nevus cells isolated from the epidermal, basal layer, and dermal components of lesional skin can serve as models to characterize the initial steps of tumor progression in a human cell system.
Quantum search algorithms in science and engineering

The kinds of search algorithms that can run on quantum computers are qualitatively different from those that run on classical computers. As this article shows, quantum searches are thus vastly more efficient on certain kinds of problems.
Measurement of Fourier harmonics associated with the long-range correlations in p+Pb collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Abstract Measurements of the first five azimuthal harmonics, v 1 to v 5 , are presented, using 28 nb − 1 of p + Pb collisions at s NN = 5.02 TeV measured with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The results are presented as a function of transverse momentum ( p T ) in the range 0.4 p T 12 GeV and in different intervals of event activity defined by the number of reconstructed tracks. The extracted v n values for n = 2 to 5 decrease with n. The v 2 and v 3 values are found to be positive in the measured p T range. The v 1 is also measured as a function of p T and is observed to change sign around p T ≈ 1.5 – 2.0 GeV and then increase to about 0.1 for p T > 4 GeV . The v 2 ( p T ), v 3 ( p T ) and v 4 ( p T ) are compared to the v n coefficients in Pb + Pb collisions at s NN = 2.76 TeV with similar event multiplicities. Reasonable agreement is observed after accounting for the difference in the average p T of particles produced in the two collision systems.
Regulatory effects of insulin and liver on brain glucose metabolism.

Glucose uptake and metabolism in brain have been studied in 3 groups of eviscerated rats: 1) hyperglycemic rats with insulin deficiency (infused with glucose, 15 mg/100 g/ hr); 2) normoglycemic rats with sufficient insulin (infused with glucose, 50 mg/100 g/hr, and insulin); and 3) hypoglycemic rats with insulin excess (infused with glucose, 25 mg/100 g/ hr, and insulin). In the insulin-deficient rats, glucose accumulated in brains to concentrations 6 times those found previously in normal rats, and the brain/blood ratio of glucose concentrations was increased 3-fold. In these rats the glucose uptake in brain at 15 min after injection of glucose-U-14C was 6.08 μmoles/g (expressed as blood glucose equivalent) and was similar to that in normal rats, but the glucose metabolites in brain represented only 2.88 μmoles/g or half that in normal rats. Thus, glucose accumulated in brains of the hyperglycemic eviscerated rats because of decreased utilization. In the normoglycemic rats the glucose concentration in br...
TU‐A‐218‐04: Phantom Studies of a Newly Developed Solid State X‐Ray Image Intensifier (SSXII) for X‐Ray Image Guided Neurovascular Interventions

Purpose: X‐ray image‐guided interventional treatment of vascular pathology such as aneurysms involves precise delivery of devices such as stents and hence may require very high‐resolution imaging capability. We report the first fluoroscopy and angiography phantom studies using a new high‐resolution x‐ray detector that has been developed to address this need. Methods: The Solid State X‐ray Image Intensifier (SSXII) detector is based on Electron‐Multiplying Charge Coupled Device (EMCCD) technology (E2V Technologies, Chelmsford, England). An EMCCD with 13‐ μm pixels and fiber optic window is coupled to a fiber‐optic taper with a taper ratio of 3.3 that views a 300‐μm thick CsI x‐ray scintillator, thus making an effective pixel size of 42.9 μm and a Nyquist frequency of 11.8 lp/mm for this detector. A small aneurysm insert that was part of a flow loop was placed in the base of the brain region of an anthropomorphic head phantom (RS‐230, Supertech, Elkhart, IN) to simulate pathology in the Circle of Willis of a patient and interventional procedures were done with similar attenuation and anatomical characteristics that would be experienced in the clinic. A guidewire was threaded into the aneurysm under fluoroscopic image guidance with the SSXII. Digital Subtraction Angiography(DSA) was performed using a standard contrast injection (iodine 350 mg/ml) into the flow loop and angiographic sequences were recorded with the new detector.Results: The operation of the new SSXII detector in both fluoroscopy and angiography exposure ranges was demonstrated for the first time on human phantoms. The resolution of this detector is substantially higher than current‐state‐of‐the‐art flat panel detectors with 150 to 200 μm pixels. Conclusions: The newly developed high‐resolution EMCCD‐based detector can potentially be used for both fluoroscopy and angiography to address the high‐resolution imaging needs of x‐ray image‐guided neuro‐ vascular interventions. Supported in part by: NIH Grants R01‐EB008425, R01‐EB002873 and an equipment grant from Toshiba Medical Systems Corp.
Measurement of the polarization in backward-angle π - p elastic scattering at 2.93 and 3.25 GeV/c

Abstract Polarization in π − p elastic scattering, with emphasis over the backward region, has been measured at 2.93 and 3.25 GeV/ c . We observe large changes in polarization compared with existing data above and below these energies. Our data may be useful in determining the properties of resonances and in understanding baryon exchanges.
Micromachined resonant multiple gas sensor

Abstract This paper introduces a novel resonant MEMS sensor for carbon dioxide and humidity detection and discusses its performance. The sensor is composed of a resonant silicon nitride diaphragm and a nanostructured gas sensitive film with high adsorption capability and specificity to the analyte. The diaphragm is driven into transverse vibrational resonance by means of Lorentz electromagnetic forces. Upon exposure to the gas analyte, the functional material adsorbs gas molecules inducing a dimensional and mass change in the material and hence a measurable change in the resonant frequency of the sensor. We systematically study the performance of the sensor as a function of geometrical parameters such as membrane size and thickness. Two different adsorbents were used in conjunction with the resonant sensor to detect H 2 O vapor and CO 2 . A thin film of polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSSA) H + was used to detect moisture while a thin layer of dispersed single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) was used to sense CO 2 . Results indicate high performance for low dew point moisture detection and CO 2 measurements within a broad range of concentrations (−60 to 15 °C dew points, 0–20 CO 2 vol.%) with resolutions as low as 1 ppm water vapor and 0.7 vol.% CO 2 .
Measurement of breakdown potentials and Townsend ionization coefficients for the Penning mixtures of neon and xenon

The Townsend primary ($\ensuremath{\alpha}$) and secondary ($\ensuremath{\gamma}$) coefficients and Paschen curves for neon, xenon, and their mixtures are reported. The primary coefficient was determined by measuring the variation in the luminous flux in a self-sustained Townsend discharge between two parallel-plate nickel electrodes spaced 21.5 mm apart. The values of the reduced primary coefficient, $\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{{p}_{0}}$, for Ne and Xe are about 10-20% lower than published values obtained by the classical method of Townsend. The $\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{{p}_{0}}$ values obtained for Ne agree with previous work using the same luminous-flux method. The ionization efficiency function $\ensuremath{\eta}$ $\ensuremath{\eta}=\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{E}$, where $E$ is the electric field) has a maximum value for Ne and 0.01% Xe. Also, the value of $\ensuremath{\eta}$ for this gas mixture is larger than that for Ne + 0.1% Ar, especially at small values of $\frac{E}{{p}_{0}}$ (1-10 V ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ${\mathrm{Torr}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$).
Hydrodynamics of binary coalescence. 1: Polytropes with stiff equations of state

We performed a series of three-dimensional hydrodynamic calculations of binary coalescence using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. The initial conditions are exact polytropic equilibrium configurations on the verge of dynamical instability. We consider synchronized equilbria only and concentrate on stiff equations of state, with adiabatic Gamma greater than 5/3. We assume that the polytropic constants (K identically equal to P/(rho(exp Gamma)) are the same for both components. These conditions apply well to models of neutron star binaries. Accordingly, we discuss our results in the context of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) project, and we calculate the emission of gravitational radiation in the quadruple approximation. The fully nonlinear development of the instability is followed using SPH until a new equilibrium configuration is reached by the system. We find that the properties of this final configuration depend sensitively on both the compressibility and mass ratio. An axisymmetric merged configuration is always produced when the adiabatic exponent Gamma approximately less than 2.3. As a consequence, the emission of gravitational radiation shuts off abruptly right after the onset of dynamical instability. In contrast, triaxial merged configurations are obtained when Gamma approximately greater than 2.3, and the system continues to emit gravitational waves after the final coalescence. Systems with mass ratios q not equal to 1 typically become dynamically unstable before the onset of mass transfer. Stable mass transfer from one neutron star to another in a close binary is therefore probably ruled out. For a mass ratio q approximately less than 0.5, however, dynamical mass transfer can temporarily retard the coalescence by causing a rapid reexpansion of the binary into a new, slightly eccentric but dynamically stable orbit. The maximum amplitude h(sub max) and peak luminosity L(sub max) of the gravitational waves emitted during the final coalescence are nearly independent of Gamma, but depend sensitively on the mass ratio q. The approximate scalings we find are h(sub max) varies as q(exp 2) and L(sub max) varies as q(exp 6) for q close to unity.
A systematic study on latent semantic analysis model parameters for mining biomedical literature

Background and rationale Latent semantic analysis (LSA) is considered to be an efficient text mining technique [1] but most approaches developed on this paradigm are based on adhoc principles. A systematic study on the parameters affecting the performance of LSA is expected to provide guidelines to objectively select the LSA model parameters in a way that is consistent with the data and the application. In this study, empirical analyses were conducted using a previously published 50 gene data set [2] to examine the effects of the following parameters (outlined in Figure 1): Parameters are: (i) stemming, stop-words and word counts (to discard abstract with not enough information), (ii) corpus content (e.g., abstracts with and without titles), (iii) inclusion or exclusion of the dc component or 1st Eigen vector (that adds bias to the model), (iv) objective criteria to choose the number of factors (Eigen vectors) to create the model, (v) information theoretic criteria to select features (words in the corpus) instead of considering complete set of features.
Do you see what I see? The search for consensus among executives’ perceptions of IT business value

Since firms rarely collect data on the precise economic or financial impacts of information technology (IT), perceptions play a key role in assessing IT impacts. To the extent that executives in the same firm evaluate IT impacts similarly, it can be easier to approve future IT investments or to initiate corrective action for failing IT investments. In this study, we use distributed sensemaking theory to investigate the conditions under which executives will reach a consensus as to the extent and locus of firm and process-level IT impacts in their firm. Using data from surveys of 133 top-level business executives in 13 firms, we show that consensus is a function of CIO-led sensegiving in the form of IT promotion, CIO leadership, information systems (IS) engagement with end users, and IS-business communications. The absence of consensus – discord – suggests IS disengagement, a lack of effective CIO leadership, weak IT-business communications, and ineffective promotion of the role of IT. Sensegiving does not mean telling executives what to think about IT but rather how to think about IT and its impacts at various points within the firm. Whether IT impacts are rated high or low, efforts to create increased consensus among executives can greatly enhance value from IT.
Variation Aware Design of Post-Silicon Tunable Clock Buffer

Process variation is a major limiting factor in designing high performance circuits in advanced CMOS technologies. Over optimizing data paths to provide adequate design margin is leading to increased area and power overhead. In this work, we present a variation aware design of Post-Silicon Tunable (PST) clock buffers to redistribute clock skew and mitigate impact of process variation on chip performance. Conventional PST buffers are designed for linear delay values. We estimate a set of non-linear delay intervals of PST buffer based on slack variation in each critical path. The configuration device sizes are mapped to the non-linear delay intervals using a set of equality conditions and solved using Linear Programming (LP). The variation aware device sizing provides many small delay intervals within one standard deviation of slack distribution and fewer large delay intervals to compensate for larger slack variations. This helps in optimal tuning of PST buffers to fix hold time, as well as better skew distribution to achieve maximum possible performance in a chip. The proposed PST buffer design technique was implemented for ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits. Non-linear delay PST buffers improve performance binning yield by more than 4%. They also provide optimum buffer circuits with an area reduction of 30% and leakage power reduction of 20%. The proposed technique can be implemented by designing dedicated buffers for each critical path or using a smaller set of pre-designed buffers with non-linear delay values.
What's in a move?: normal disruption and a design challenge

The CHI community has led efforts to support teamwork, but has neglected team disruption, as may occur if team members relocate to another institution. We studied moves in 548 interdisciplinary research projects with 2691 researchers (PIs). Moves, and thus disruptions, were not rare, especially in large distributed projects. Overall, one-third of all projects experienced at least one member relocating but most moves reflected churn across high-ranking institutions. When collaborators moved, the project was disrupted. Our data suggest that moves exemplify normal disruptions. A design challenge is to help projects adapt to disruption.
Comparative ontogeny of social behaviour in three South American canids, the maned wolf, crab-eating fox and bush dog: Implications for sociality

Aspects of behavioural development were investigated to determine how a relatively social canid like the bush dog Speothos venaticus differs from the moderately social crab-eating fox Cerdocyon thous or the relatively solitary maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus. Differences emerged that were surprising in light of conventional ideas about sociality. The behavioural repertoire of Speothos was more limited than those of the other two species and Speothos' interaction sequences were simpler, comprised fewer different elements, and were more rigidly determinate. Submissive behaviours, biting, vocalizing, and object play were prominent in Speothos. Cerdocyon and Chrysocyon interaction sequences were more like the play behaviour described for Canis species, being characterized by vigorous wrestling, frequent switching between behavioural categories, and manoeuvring to upset the partner. Although Speothos pups spent a greater percentage of their time interacting, there were no interspecific differences in the length of interaction sequences. In contrast to what has been seen in some polygamous mammals, no sex differences in behaviour were found here, indicating that in monogamous, monomorphic species with little adult social role differentiation, the young are behaviourally alike as well. Dominance hierarchies among pups were only very weakly indicated and unstable in these intact litters raised by both parents.
Economic Theories of Crime and Delinquency

This brief literature review highlights three key economic frameworks that can be used to explain a persistent social problem in modern society, crime and delinquency: the rational model, the present-oriented or myopic model, and the radical political economic model. Based on a cost-benefit analysis, an individual's decision to engage in crime in the rational model is consistent in the short-and long-term. Present-oriented individuals, however, focus on the short-term benefits without particular concern for the long-term consequences of their actions. The radical political economic model focuses on the following key political and socio-economic factors that sustain crime: relative deprivation, poverty and inequality, unemployment, and class conflict. The conclusion includes a conceptual map integrating the three frameworks.
Glucocorticoid regulation of branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase E2 subunit gene expression

Regulation of the mammalian branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKAD) occurs under a variety of stressful conditions associated with changes in circulating glucocorticoids. Multiple levels of regulation in hepatocytes, including alteration of the levels of the structural subunits available for assembly (E1, alpha-ketoacid decarboxylase; E2, dihydrolipoamide acyltransferase; and E3, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase), as well as BCKAD kinase, which serves to phosphorylate the E1alpha subunit and inactivate complex activity, have been proposed. The direct role of glucocorticoids in regulating the expression of the murine gene encoding the major BCKAD subunit E2, upon which the other BCKAD subunits assemble, was therefore examined. Deletion analysis of the 5' proximal 7.0 kb of the murine E2 promoter sequence, using E2 promoter/luciferase expression minigene plasmids introduced into the hepatic H4IIEC3 cell line, suggested a promoter proximal region responsive to glucocorticoid regulation. Linker-scanning mutagenesis combined with deletion analysis established this functional glucocorticoid-responsive unit (GRU) to be located near the murine E2 proximal promoter site at -140 to -70 bp upstream from the transcription initiation site. The presence of this region in plasmid minigenes, containing varying amounts of the murine genomic sequence 5' upstream from proximal E2 promoter sequences, conferred 2-10 fold increases in luciferase reporter gene expression in H4IIEC3 cells, whether introduced by transient transfection or following co-selection for stable transfectants. The GRU region itself appeared to contain multiple interacting elements that combine to regulate overall E2 promoter activity in response to changing physiological conditions associated with varying concentrations of glucocorticoids and likely other hormonal effectors.
Isolation of two pure polysaccharides from the hemicellulose of Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii)

Abstract Two pure, acidic polysaccharides have been isolated from the hemicellulose of slash pine in yields of 1–2% and 4–5%. Their properties are compared, and the structure of one of them has been investigated by methylation analysis. The results indicate that the glycan is a β- D -(1→4)-linked xylan chain with many branch points. 4- O -Methyl- D -glucopyranosyluronic acid, L -arabinofuranose, and D -xylopyranose residues occur as non-reducing end groups. The uronic acid occurs as single-unit attachments to the main chain. Some of the D -xylose residues in the polysaccharide are doubly branched. The total hemicellulose components of the wood probably represent a complex mixture of chemical types, from which the two pure fractions described above may be separated fortuitously by careful, fractional precipitation.
Differential scanning calorimetry analysis of an enhanced LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 cathode with single wall carbon nanotube conductive additives

Abstract The replacement of traditional conductive carbon additives with single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in lithium metal oxide cathode composites has been shown to enhance thermal stability as well as power capability and electrode energy density. The dispersion of 1 wt% high purity laser-produced SWCNTs in a LiNi 0.8 Co 0.2 O 2 electrode created an improved percolation network over an equivalent composite electrode using 4 wt% Super C65 carbon black; evidenced by additive connectivity in SEM images and an order of magnitude increase in electrode electrical conductivity. The cathode with 1 wt% SWCNT additives showed comparable active material capacity (185–188 mAh g −1 ), at a low rate, and Coulombic efficiency to the cathode composite with 4 wt% Super C65. At increased cycling rates, the cathode with SWCNT additives had higher capacity retention with more than three times the capacity at 10 C (16.4 mA cm −2 ). The thermal stability of the electrodes was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry after charging to 4.3 V and float charging for 12 h. A 40% reduction of the cathode exothermic energy released was measured when using 1 wt% SWCNTs as the additive. Thus, the results demonstrate that replacing traditional conductive carbon additives with a lower weight loading of SWCNTs is a simple way to improve the thermal transport, safety, power, and energy characteristics of cathode composites for lithium ion batteries.
Community Characteristics and Violence Against Homeless Women in Los Angeles County

Research on violence against homeless women has focused mainly on individual rather than community-level risk factors. Using an ecological conceptual framework, we estimated the independent association of community characteristics with sexual and physical assault in a probability sample of 974 homeless women. Participants were interviewed at 66 assistance programs in Los Angeles County, California in 1997. Individual responses were linked to community-level data from land use files and the U.S. Census by the facility ZIP codes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that women using service providers in closer proximity to Skid Row had higher odds of physical assault (OR=1.48; 95% CI=1.03, 2.14). A number of individual characteristics were also associated with violent victimization. To reduce violence against homeless women, ensuring the safety of locations for shelters and other assistance programs should be a planning priority for local housing authorities.
Emotional, cognitive, and interpersonal confrontation among children with birth defects.

It was hypothesized that for the child with a birth defect, the accomplishment of certain specific tasks of confrontation of the defect is associated with the child's selfesteem and overall adjustment. These tasks include: (a) emotional confrontation, involving the awareness and free expression of negative feelings associated with the defect; (b) cognitive confrontation, involving the active seeking for an accurate and comprehensive understanding of the causes and manifestations of the defect; and (c) interpersonal confrontation, involving open communication with peers on the subject of the defect. Moreover, it was hypothesized that maternal confrontation of the reality of the child's defect is a factor in facilitating the child's accomplishment of his tasks of confrontation. To test these hypotheses, 35 pre and early adolescent children with birth defects and their mothers were each independently assessed by means of questionnaires and quantitative ratings of semistructured interviews. The results consistently support the hypotheses for cognitive and interpersonal confrontation, but not for emotional confrontation.
Indirect assessment of myocardial oxygen consumption in the evaluation of mechanisms and therapy of angina pectoris

Abstract Exercise testing, applied in a systematic, standardized manner, is a more reliable means of assessing angina pectoris than clinical evaluation. In utilizing exercise testing to determine functional impairment In angina, it is essential to distinguish between external stress, or the load on the skeletal muscles, and internal or cardiac stress. This distinction is critical to meaningful evaluation of angina since the performance of the heart is of primary concern in this syndrome. Evaluation of external exercise capacity alone is limited as a measure of cardiac performance since the relationship between external function and cardiac performance may not be direct. A readily applicable approach to determination of cardiac functional capacity in angina is afforded by indirect assessment of myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO 2 ). This is achieved through derived indexes of heart rate and blood pressure, two major determinants of MVO 2 , usually in the form of the product of heart rate × systolic blood pressure × systolic ejection period (triple product) or the product of the first two variables (double product). Although these indexes do not encompass all the major determinants of MVO 2 , they demonstrate a constancy at the point of angina in each individual that is consistent with the occurrence of this syndrome at a peak, critical threshold of MVO 2 above which regional myocardial perfusion cannot rise. Utilization of indirect indexes of MVO 2 allows evaluation of the mechanisms of action of a variety of conditions and therapeutic interventions in angina. Thus, enhanced perfusion of ischemic myocardium is suggested by augmentation of the triple product when angina occurs during exercise, as observed after successful aortocoronary bypass graft surgery. Medical therapy of angina acts through a fundamentally different mechanism demonstrated by reduction in the triple product at given levels of exercise with no increase at the point of angina, thus indicating a major effect on the circulatory response to the physical stress. Indirect indexes of MVO 2 are thus useful in interpreting mechanisms and evaluating therapy of angina but they must be applied with appropriate caution because of their inherent limitations.
Adverse effects and laboratory parameters of high-dose olanzapine vs. clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia

Patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia pose a major challenge to caregivers since only clozapine is documented as having superior efficacy in this population. Although olanzapine is similar to clozapine in structure and receptor profile, it has not been proven to have superior efficacy for this patient group. Nonetheless, olanzapine is being increasingly used in higher doses as clinicians attempt to find a more effective and tolerable therapy for refractory patients. Furthermore, there are little data comparing olanzapine and clozapine in this population. Thirteen patients participated in a randomized double-blind 16-week crossover study of clozapine therapy (450 mg/day) compared to high doses of olanzapine (50 mg/day). No patients on olanzapine responded while 20% responded to clozapine treatment. Olanzapine patients tended to experience higher rates of anticholinergic effects such as dry mouth (80 vs. 20%) and blurry vision (40 vs. 0%). Clozapine-treated patients had higher rates of sialorrhea (80 vs. 10%), sweating (50 vs. 10%), dyspepsia (70 vs. 30%), and lethargy (90 vs. 60%). Neither treatment was associated with significant akathisia. Liver enzyme elevation and lipids were higher with clozapine treatment. Mean weight gain in the initial 8 weeks was 3.4 kg for olanzapine and 1.2 kg for clozapine. High doses of olanzapine during 8 weeks of treatment did not increase lipids and liver enzymes like clozapine did. Olanzapine at 50 mg/day may be associated with more anticholinergic effects and weight gain than clozapine.
Stress-induced roughness development during oxide scale growth on a metallic alloy for SOFC interconnects

The metallic alloys employed in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) interconnects rely on the growth of a protective oxide scale to sustain the aggressive functioning environment at high temperature. The morphology of the oxide/metal interface is critical to the mechanical resistance of the material system upon cooling and therefore to the component lifetime. This work investigates the development of a roughness at the oxide/metal interface, under the influence of a non-uniform stress field along the phase boundary. A small initial roughness is assumed along with a mechanism of growth stress generation with time, and a previously derived formulation accounts for the influence of the stress and strain situation at the sharp metal/oxide phase boundary on the local oxidation kinetics. A continuum mechanics/diffusion framework is formed to complete the model, and a specifically developed simulation tool is used, based on a finite element method coupled with an external routine for the phase boundary propagation. The non-uniform growth of a chromia scale over a ferritic stainless steel used in a SOFC interconnect is simulated, and coupled stress and roughness developments are investigated. The consequences regarding mechanical failure and the influence of the main parameters are discussed.
Regional gravity analysis of Burkina Faso: Implications for the location of metallic ore deposits

Abstract Gravity data were analyzed in conjunction with available geological data to determine the origin of observed gravity anomalies and their possible relationship to metallic ore deposits. The gravity data analysis included the construction of a Bouguer gravity anomaly, isostatic residual gravity anomaly and enhanced horizontal gravity gradient maps, and two and one-half dimensional gravity models. The isostatic residual gravity anomaly field could be broken down into five distinct regions based on anomaly amplitude, trend and wavelength. The analysis of these regions showed that both the Birimian and granitoid provinces consist mainly of a series of short wavelength gravity maxima and minima with a few large scale anomalies which suggests that the subsurface geology is more complicated than is currently known. Two gravity models roughly oriented north-south also implied this complicated subsurface geology and showed that most source bodies have depths up to 5 km. The known base metal deposits occur on the edge of small-scale gravity maxima within the Birimian province with the exceptions of the deposits within the Bouroum-Yalogo belt which occur next to a large amplitude gravity maximum related to an ultramafic complex.
607 DEFECTIVE MICROTUBULE RELATED FUNCTIONS OF PHAGOCYTES IN GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE DEFICIENT RATS

Peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) obtained from rats rendered glutathione peroxidase (GPX) deficient after an eight week selenium deficient diet exhibited defective chemotaxis and degranulation and enhanced spontaneous surface glycoprotein capping. To compare the phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophages (PM) to PMN, cells were obtained from the peritoneal cavity of rats and purified on a Ficoll-hypaque gradient. PMN and PM GPX activity after 10 weeks of diet was 7% and 15% of control respectively. Similar to the PMN, the PM exhibited negligible chemotaxis, elevated spontaneous capping of 28.6 ± 6.3% compared to 12.8 ± 1% for controls and impaired intracellular killing of StaphyTococcus aureus 502A. Unlike the PMN, regurgitation of the lysosomal enzyme Beta-glucuronidase during phagocytosis was normal. The proportion of cytoplasmic depolymerized microtubules as determined by a radioactive colchicine binding assay was increased during phagocytosis in the GPX deficient PMN rather than decreased as observed in control. These studies show that rat PM rendered GPX deficient share certain functional abnormalities dependent upon intact microtubules but unlike PMN, degranulation appears less dependent on microtubules. Furthermore, in the GPX deficient PMN, microtubules appear to be susceptible to peroxidative damage during phagocytosis.
Proteases during the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor. III. Effect of e-aminocaproic acid (EACA) and heparin.

Abstract The effect of heparin and e-aminocaproic acid (EACA) on the in vivo growth of Ehrlich ascites tumors was studied. The drugs were administered intraperitoneally every 8 hr for 8 consecutive days beginning 16 hr after transplant of 10 million tumor cells. Heparin doses studied ranged from 50 to 800 units/kg and EACA doses were 125–2000 mg/kg . Criteria for therapeutic effect included measurement of total ascites volume (TAV) and total packed cell volume (TPCV) determined 16 hr after the last drug injection. Both heparin and EACA exerted a dose-dependent chemotherapeutic effect. Heparin, at the highest dose of 800 units/kg significantly reduced TAV by an average of 46.9% (P 0.01– ) and reduced the TPCV by an average of 46.1% (P 0.01– ). At the lowest heparin dose of 50 units/kg a biphasic inhibitory response was obtained reflected by a decrease in both TAV ( 26.1% , P 0.025– ) and TPCV ( 26.3% , P 0.05– ). EACA, at the highest dose of 2000 mg/kg , inhibited TAV by 56.3% (P 0.001 ) and TPCV by 48.1% (P 0.001 ).