cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Potential for control of detrusor smooth muscle spontaneous rhythmic contraction by cyclooxygenase products released by interstitial cells of Cajal.

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) have been identified as pacemaker cells in the upper urinary tract and urethra, but the role of ICCs in the bladder remains to be determined. We tested the hypotheses that ICCs express cyclooxygenase (COX), and that COX products (prostaglandins), are the cause of spontaneous rhythmic contraction (SRC) of isolated strips of rabbit bladder free of urothelium. SRC was abolished by 10 μM indomethacin and ibuprofen (non-selective COX inhibitors). SRC was concentration-dependently inhibited by selective COX-1 (SC-560 and FR-122047) and COX-2 inhibitors (NS-398 and LM-1685), and by SC-51089, a selective antagonist for the PGE-2 receptor (EP) and ICI-192,605 and SQ-29,548, selective antagonists for thromboxane receptors (TP). The partial agonist/antagonist of the PGF-2α receptor (FP), AL-8810, inhibited SRC by ∼50%. Maximum inhibition was ∼90% by SC-51089, ∼80–85% by the COX inhibitors and ∼70% by TP receptor antagonists. In the presence of ibuprofen to abolish SRC, PGE-2, sulprostone, misoprostol, PGF-2α and U-46619 (thromboxane mimetic) caused rhythmic contractions that mimicked SRC. Fluorescence immunohistochemistry coupled with confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that c-Kit and vimentin co-localized to interstitial cells surrounding detrusor smooth muscle bundles, indicating the presence of extensive ICCs in rabbit bladder. Co-localization of COX-1 and vimentin, and COX-2 and vimentin by ICCs supports the hypothesis that ICCs were the predominant cell type in rabbit bladder expressing both COX isoforms. These data together suggest that ICCs appear to be an important source of prostaglandins that likely play a role in regulation of SRC. Additional studies on prostaglandin-dependent SRC may generate opportunities for the application of novel treatments for disorders leading to overactive bladder.
Human-centered computing: a new degree for Licklider's world

Combining computing and psychology, J.C.R. Licklider's prescient ideas are being applied in contemporary educational settings.
AACR Cancer Progress Report 2014: Transforming Lives Through Research

We are pleased to announce the arrival of the AACR Cancer Progress Report 2014 , which can be found here ( ). Past versions of the report are freely available to all CCR subscribers and the general public on the
Assessment of Protein Stability in Cerebrospinal Fluid Using Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Protein Profiling

Recent studies have evaluated proper acquisition and storage procedures for the use of serum or plasma for mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics. The present study examines the proteome stability of human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) over time at 23°C (room temperature) and 4°C using surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight MS. Data analysis revealed that statistically significant differences in protein profiles are apparent within 4 h at 23°C and between 6 and 8 h at 4°C. Inclusion of protease and phosphatase inhibitor cocktails into the CSF samples failed to significantly reduce proteome alterations over time. We conclude that MS-based proteomic analysis of CSF requires careful assessment of sample collection procedures for rapid and optimal sample acquisition and storage.
On ADHD and smoking.

With the explosion in the number of professional journals in print and online, it has become more and more difficult to keep abreast of research published in nursing outlets, never mind that published in journals for related disciplines. Despite this, everyone occasionally runs across an article that he or she would like to share and discuss with others. JCPN is inaugurating this column to bring research from other journals to the attention of readers, and to offer a springboard for discussion of topical issues raised by the research. Focus on Research will provide a summary and commentary on a recently published study. We hope you will find this column informative and stimulating. The editor welcomes letters in response to the commentaries. Please let us know if you agree or disagree, or if you have interesting articles that you would like to see summarized here.
Are male rhesus monkeys more aggressive than females

The justification for the “generalization that primate males are more aggressive than females” (Fedigan & Baxter, 1984) was tested in a troop of 24 captive rhesus monkeys. Males (N=9) were more dominant than females (N=15), i.e., they had more subordinate partners (\(\bar x\)m=17.0 vs.\(\bar x\)f=6.6;p 0.1). It was concluded that aggressiveness is an individual attribute that is (1) independent of dominance status, and (2) independent of sex.
Reproductive decision-making among HIV-positive couples in Taiwan

Purpose: To explore the gender-based power relationships and social and cultural influences on reproductive decision-making processes among HIV-positive couples in Taiwan. Methods: The study sample consisted of 14 HIV-positive couples in southern Taiwan. Data were analyzed using feminist ethnography to explore reproductive decisions made by these couples within the context of Taiwanese society. Findings: Self-knowledge of HIV status had a limited influence on decisions about child-bearing. More important was the Confucian values of filial piety and familial obligation a powerful norm that still dictates procreation decisions in Taiwan. The process by which the couples made reproductive decisions consisted of four stages: initial reproductive decisions between partners their search for information their encounters with medical systems and their weighing risks and benefits. Male and female partners expressed different concerns and gender-based power relationships were exercised during the decision-making process. Conclusions: HIV status was not the sole determinant of reproductive decisions made by HIV-positive couples. Rather the Confucian value of filial piety drove the couples reproductive decisions. (authors)
Application of logistic analysis to the history of physics.

Abstract Recently, two analyses have tried to put technological progress in a larger context. One interpretation hypothesizes that technological progress is likely to continue at increasingly higher rates of change. Another interpretation, which includes data from the beginning of the universe to the present, suggests that the universe is approaching a transition point in a logistic development of complexity. This logistic development is similar to the way ideas or products diffuse in a population, i.e., the rate of discovery in a field of knowledge is proportional to the amount discovered and the amount to be discovered. To test a part of this hypothesis, a leading indicator field (fundamental physics) was identified and the events in the history of this field were analyzed. Twelve subfields were identified and grouped into six stages. Each stage seemed to demonstrate a logistic-like development. By analyzing both the median time of development and the characteristic time of development of these stages, the overall development of this one field was found to suggest logistic development. These data seem to indicate that development in fundamental physics is slowing down, with at least one subfield beyond string physics yet to be developed. The data tend to support the hypothesis that a knowledge field can develop logistically.
Civic Disobedience: Anti-SB 1070 Graffiti, Marginalized Voices, and Citizenship in a Politically Privatized Public Sphere

With neither national nor local-level discussions of Senate Bill 1070 adequately addressing bottom line issues such as marginalization, access, and civic engagement, an exploration of marginalized rhetorical acts can provide an informative lens for understanding challenges among marginalized people, their rhetorical tools, and the public spheres in which they work from and in relation to. Through an exploration of anti-Senate Bill 1070 graffiti, this article examines how the practice of graffiti points to difference manifesting and playing out in the wider public sphere, calling for scholars and activists to recognize graffiti as a rhetorical tool worth of study and cross-cultural discourse.
Systematics and Natural History, Foundations for Understanding and Conserving Biodiversity

Enhanced by recent technical and conceptual advances, two classical endeavors in biology play vital roles in understanding, appreciating, and managing biodiversity. Systematics defines the fundamental units and relationships among living things; natural history chronicles the lifestyles of organisms in relation to environments. For example, analyses of evolutionary relationships emphasize the uniqueness of certain taxa, help prioritize groups of organisms for conservation, and enable us to estimate the biology of unstudied taxa. Radiotelemetry permits repeated location of snakes and other stealthy animals, facilitating previously impossible behavioral studies and thus laying the groundwork for effective management
Strain Rate Dependence and Short-Term Relaxation Behavior of a Thermoset Polymer at Elevated Temperature: Experiment and Modeling

The inelastic deformation behavior of polymerization of monomeric reactants-15 (PMR-15) neat resin, a high-temperature thermoset polymer, was investigated at 288°C. The experimental program was designed to explore the influence of strain rate changes in the 10 ―6 ―10 ―3 s ―1 range on tensile loading, unloading, and strain recovery behavior, as well as on the relaxation response of the material. The material exhibits positive, non-linear strain rate sensitivity in monotonic loading. Nonlinear, "curved" stress-strain behavior during unloading is observed at all strain rates. The strain recovery at zero stress is profoundly affected by prior strain rate. The prior strain rate is also found to have a strong influence on relaxation behavior. The rest stresses measured at the termination of relaxation tests form the relaxation boundary, which resembles a nonlinear stress-strain curve. The results suggest that the inelastic behavior of the PMR-15 solid polymer at 288°C can be represented using a unified constitutive model with an overstress dependence of the inelastic rate of deformation. The experimental data are modeled with the viscoplasticity theory based on overstress. A systematic procedure for determining model parameters is presented and the model is employed to predict the response of the material under various test histories.
Analyzing transaction activity to a large data base: an empirical study

Information systems that manage large data bases are becoming a major factor in the ability of organizations to cope with the demands of our society. An emerging problem with these information systems is that their overwhelming complexity breeds an inherent inflexibility to change. Hence, changes occur when forced by crises, and not in response to plans of graceful evolution.
Consumer Attitudes Toward Shoplifting

This paper reports the findings of a consumer survey on shoplifting conducted during October, 1976 in three shopping centers in Omaha, Nebraska. It explores consumer awareness of shoplifting, attitudes toward shoplifting, and factors affecting attitudes toward shoplifting. It concludes that an educational program to inform and change attitudes would be In the consumer interest.
Bilingual-bicultural interpreters as psychotherapeutic bridges: A program note†

A unique bilingual interpreter program aimed at expanding professional services to Spanish-speaking patients is described. Bilingual-bicultural community aides were trained to interpret for monolingual Spanish-speaking patients and non-Spanish-speaking therapists. Training emphasis and experiences with therapists and patients over a 5-year period are discussed. Particular benefits and difficulties encountered with the therapist-interpreter team approach are presented.
Linear interconnection architecture in parallel implementation of neural network models

ABSTRACT An architecture for VLSI/ULSI implementation of neural network models is presented. The architecture is of the linear and systolic type and can easily be expanded to a larger network size with more processing elements per layer and/or more layers per network model. The weights in this architecture are fullyadjustable. The weights must be pre-computed, with the help of a host computer, and downloaded to thesystem as a preinitialized process. This architecture is basically suitable for feed forward neural networkarchitecture. 1. INTRODUCTION An artificial Nural Network (NN) is a computational structure based upon simplified models of thehuman brain. The interconnection of so-called processing elements (or neurons) in the human brain is highlycomplex and is made from three-dimensional squishy cells; integrated circuits, on the other hand, are made in atwo-dimensional flat sheet. Even a simplified model of a portion of the human brain is impossible to directly implement using today's technology [Mead] considering the massive interconnection of processing elements( neurons). Since the development of powerful tools for tackling such problems is quite complex and not verywell understood, designers have been biased towards writing NN algorithms in software and for general
Period quotient maps of meromorphic 1-forms and minimal surfaces on Tori

Consider on a complex 1-dimensional torus Tλ an abelian differential of the second kind αλ. Assign to each λ the period quotient of αλ for two independent cycles on Tλ. For appropriate choices of αλ, the image of the modular sphere under this map is simple to describe, extending the classical case of holomorphic αλ Using this information for different αλ simultaneously, we discuss applications to existence and uniqueness questions for the Chen-Gackstatter surface, the Costa surface, and the translation invariant periodic helicoid with handles. In particular, there is now a conceptual and essentially non-computational proof for the uniqueness of the Chen-Gackstatter surface.
Alternative Sources of Social Support and Their Impacts on Institutional Risk

We examined the direct and buffering effects of different dimensions of social support on the risk of being institutionalized over a 2-year period. Multivariate analyses indicated that specific aspects of social support, such as having a spouse or adult child caregiver, or having a caregiving relationship of at least 3 years' duration, moderated the impact of one type of stress (being highly dependent on others for care) on the risk of entering a nursing home. Networks that included a paid provider modestly offset the impact that multiple IADL impairments had on being admitted at least once to a nursing home.
Light conversion efficiency of calcium tungstate using a light intensifier tube.

A technique which may be used to determine the light conversion efficiency (defined below) of thin fluorescent crystals is presented. The illuminance associated with the visible spectrum emitted by the material under a pulse of x rays and incident on a light intensifier tube is amplified by the tube and is eventually recorded by a photographic film placed on the other side of the tube. A calibration curve relating the conversion efficiency of the crystal (regarded as an unknown variable) and the resulting film density is first obtained analytically. This is then used, in conjunction with the experimentally measured film density, to yield the conversion efficiency. An application of this technique was made to the case of a calcium tungstate crystal, for which a conversion efficiency of (4.4+5.5−2.3)% was determined.
Subcutaneous immunoglobulin replacement in primary immunodeficiencies.

Abstract The use of small portable pumps for subcutaneous infusion of IgG in patients with primary immunodeficiencies was introduced more than 20 years ago. In the US, IVIG became more popular, but in other countries, many patients use the subcutaneous route. Pharmacokinetics of IgG differ when smaller doses are given more frequently, as is commonly done with subcutaneous regimens, as compared to the large boluses given every 21–28 days in most IV regimens. Differences include lower peaks and higher troughs, which may be preferable for some patients. Advantages of the subcutaneous route include increased patient autonomy, decreased systemic adverse effects, and the lack of a requirement for vascular access. Disadvantages include limitation in the volume that can be administered at any one time, necessitating frequent dosing; and the requirement for reliability if a patient is to self or home infuse. Obstacles may be encountered because no preparation of IgG is currently licensed for subcutaneous use in the US. Subcutaneous IgG replacement may be preferable to IV infusions or IM injections for carefully selected patients.
The yoked control in instrumental avoidance conditioning: An empirical and methodological analysis

Analysis of the cockroach experimental data clearly indicates that several of the transition probabilities “forbidden” in the theoretical analysis of Church et al. do in fact occur, and furthermore, that there is a distinct temporal trend to these transition probabilities suggesting that the behavior of headless cockroaches changes as a function of training. Although these changes in transition probabilities are not definite proof that learning has occurred, they are consistent with the concept that learning has occurred in the headless cockroach using a yoked control in instrumental learning.
The effect of pore size and porosity on thermal management performance of phase change material infiltrated microcellular metal foams

Abstract The effect of pore size and porosity on the performance of phase change material (PCM) infiltrated metal foams, especially when the pore size reduces to less than 100 μm, is investigated in this study. A three dimensional finite element model was developed to consider both the metal and PCM domains, with heat exchange between them. The pore size and porosity effects were studied along with other system variables including heat generation and dissipation of the PCM-based thermal management system. It is shown that both porosity and pore size have strong effects on the heating of PCM. At a fixed porosity, a smaller pore size results in a lower temperature at the heat source for a longer period of time. The effects of pore size and porosity were more pronounced at high heat generation and low convective cooling conditions, representing the situation of portable electronics. There is an optimal porosity for the PCM-metal foam system; however, the optimal value only occurs at high cooling conditions. The net effective thermal conductivity of a PCM-microcellular metal foam system could be doubled by reducing the pore size from 100 μm to 25 μm.
Long head biceps tenodesis with a knotless cinch suture anchor: a biomechanical analysis.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the initial fixation strength of 3 techniques of arthroscopic tenodesis of the long head of the biceps (LHB). Methods Eighteen human cadaveric shoulders were randomly assigned to one of 3 simulated arthroscopic biceps tenodesis techniques—simple suture (SS), Krakow stitch (KS), or lasso loop (LL)—combined with a knotless fixation implant (3.5-mm Piton Anchor; Tornier, Minneapolis, MN). Biomechanical parameters were evaluated by cyclic loading and load to failure. Results The mean failure load ( P = .007) was 158.3 ± 32.2 N, 109.8 ± 41.1 N, and 46.6 ± 3.8 N for the KS, SS, and LL techniques, respectively. Mean stiffness was greater (statistically significant) in the KS (21.4 ± 3.0 N/mm) and SS (20.7 ± 7.9 N/mm) treatment groups compared with the LL group (4.5 ± 1.5 N/mm) ( P = .011). Conclusions Biceps tenodesis performed with a more secure tendon suturing technique, such as the Krakow technique, provides superior ultimate and fatigue strength and thus may be more secure in clinical application and yield better clinical results. The mechanical properties of the LL technique were especially poor in comparison. Clinical Relevance Although more complex suturing techniques for arthroscopic biceps tenodesis can be technically challenging, more secure tendon fixation may improve clinical outcomes.
Work function variation versus alloy concentration for dispenser cathodes

Abstract The dependence of the work function (∅) of dispenser cathodes on the concentration of Ir and Re alloyed with the tungsten emitting surface has been determined for controlled porosity dispenser (CPD) cathodes and matrix type cathodes. ∅ versus concentration curves show a minimum with a distinct cusp near 50/50 concentration for CPD cathodes and near 40% tungsten for matrix cathodes. Our matrix cathode data (using Ir) is consistent (relative to the concentration at which a minimum occurs) with Os/W data derived from other work [6,15]. For all alloys the concentration at which the minimum occurs is independent of which noble metal is involved, but does depend on the nature of the tungsten substrate, and perhaps the deposition technique used to deposit the noble metal film. The data is interpreted in terms of a previously proposed model [7] involving enhanced bonding between Ba-Ir and O-W compared to Ba-W and O-Ir bonds. In addition we suggest a model which explains the cusp as well as other characteristics of the work function concentration curves in terms of a postulated surface phase transition.
Ingestion of a medusa (Aegina citrea) by the nematocyst-containing ctenophore Haeckelia rubra (formerly Euchlora rubra): phylogenetic implications

The rare ctenophore Haeckelia rubra (formerly Euchlora rubra) has long been known to have nematocysts rather than colloblasts in its tentacles. Five specimens were collected in the San Juan Archipelago, Washington State, USA in 1980 and 1981, and their feeding behavior was observed in the laboratory. We found that H. rubra readily eats the tentacles of a medusa, Aegina citrea, whose nematocysts (apotrichous isorhizas) are nearly identical in morphology to the nematocysts of the ctenophore. When H. rubra was offered 16 other species of hydromedusae and 1 siphonophore in the laboratory, the ctenophores showed little or no tendency to ingest these potential prey items. In addition to its routinely positive response to A. citrea, the ctenophore could be induced by manipulation and starvation to accept and ingest bits of the bodies of 4 additional species of hydromedusae and 1 siphonophore. These results, combined with the histological and rearing experiments of other investigators, leave little doubt that the nematocysts in H. rubra are not endogenous, but are “kleptocnidae” similar to those nematocysts retained and subsequently used by some species of nudibranchs that feed on Cnidaria. A close phylogenetic link between the Cnidaria and the Ctenophora is most unlikely.
Determinants of variability in acute to chronic toxicity ratios for aquatic invertebrates and fish

Variability in acute to chronic ratios (ACRs; median lethal or effect concentration divided by chronic value) has been of continuing interest in aquatic toxicology because of the reliance on ACRs to estimate chronic toxicity for chemicals and species with known acute toxicity data but with limited or no information for chronic toxicity. To investigate the variability and significant differences in ACRs, an extensive data set was compiled of 456 same-species pairs of acute and maximum acceptable toxicant concentrations for metals, narcotics, pesticides, and other organic chemicals. The overall median value for 456 aquatic invertebrate and fish ACRs analyzed in the present study was 8.3, with a 16,000-fold range in values (1.1-18,550) and a 32-fold range in 10th and 90th percentile values (2.5-79.5). Median ACRs for taxa, ambient habitat media, chronic test end point, and chemical mode of action (MOA)/class categories generally were similar but, in some cases, extremely variable (ranges of 1 to >10,000). No significant differences (p <or= 0.05) were found in median ACRs between taxa, although invertebrate ACRs generally were more variable than fish ACRs. Freshwater organisms had median ACRs significantly greater than those of saltwater species and also were more variable. No significant differences were found in median ACRs among chemical MOA/class data sets; however, ACR variance differed significantly among MOAs. Although few significant differences occurred among median ACRs for different groups, those categories that were highly variable are at an increased risk of underestimated chronic toxicity when mean or median ACRs are used.
Ergonomic issues in quality control

Abstract This paper explores the characteristics of the quality control function with a focus on ergonomics design to the production system. The objective is to provide a set of design attributes to aid in the work environment which enhances the quality control function. It is important to recognize the operator as being an important part of the man/machine interface. According to Biberman, “The human part of the system deserves special attention: As a critical part of any man/machine system, the human operator receives information, processes it, and takes some specific action upon the system” (1973, p. 92). The thought of quality usually forms a mental picture consisting of uniformity, the conformity to an established standard, or a degree of consistence in production. Another definition is the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its abilities to satisfy a given need (Stevens 1981).
Effects of 6-thioguanine on communication competence and factors affecting reversibility of phorbol ester inhibition in V79 cells measured by the metabolic cooperation assay and by dye coupling

One assay used to study the role of intracellular communication in tumor promotion examines chemically-induced inhibition of metabolic cooperation between 6-thioguanine (6-TG) sensitive (HGPRT+) V79 Chinese hamster cells in co-culture with 6-TG resistant (HGPRT-) cells. In the present study metabolic cooperation and Lucifer Yellow dye coupling were applied to detect intercellular communication. HGPRT+ cells were still communication competent when pre-incubated with 6-TG for up to 48 h before HGPRT- cells were plated. In both assays the phorbol esters 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) inhibited intercellular communication completely at 1 ng/ml. Using 6-TG metabolic cooperation, extensive washing of cells failed to reverse the inhibition caused by 100 ng TPA/ml after exposure for as little as 1 h. However, the effect of PDBu was completely eliminated if the drug was removed within 24 h. Complete blockade of dye coupling by 1, 10 or 100 ng TPA/ml was reversible after washing only at 1 ng/ml. Cells cultured in the presence of these TPA concentrations displayed significant reversal of dye coupling inhibition after 40 h. The results indicate that the onset of communication competence impairment between V79 cells by 6-TG is much slower than hitherto implied. Failure of intercellular communication to recover even from short exposure to 100 ng TPA/ml appears to be attributable to its lipophilic nature. Not enough TPA can be removed by washing to overcome its potent inhibitory action. These observations indicate that the physicochemical properties of a chemical must be taken into consideration before making judgements about the duration of inhibition.
Neural control of social behavior: prefrontal and anterior temporal cortex.

Abstract The behavior of individual rhesus monkeys constituting five separate social groups were studied for 13 months. The bilateral ablation of prefrontal or of anterior temporal cortex in specific animals led to critical alterations in social behavior and affect. These included decreased frequencies of allogrooming, facial expressions, vocalizations, maternal behavior, sexual behavior and other social interactions. By contrast, extensive bilateral removals of cingulate or of visual association cortex did not lead to such deficits of social behavior. These results indicate that the prefrontal and the anterior temporal cortical areas function importantly in the control and regulation of social behavior.
Controller Design for Flexible, Distributed Parameter Mechanical Arms Via Combined State Space and Frequency Domain Techniques

The potential benefits of the ability to control more flexible mechanical arms are discussed. A justification is made in terms of speed of movement. A new controller design procedure is then developed to provide this capability. It uses both a frequency domain representation and a state variable representation of the arm model. The frequency domain model is used to update the modal state variable model to insure decoupled states. The technique is applied to a simple example with encouraging results.
A numerical study of transient mixed convection in cylindrical thermal storage tanks

Abstract The natural stratification of turbulent flows in an axisymmetric, cylindrical, chilled-water storage tank has been investigated numerically. The calculations involve the injection of cold water through a slot in the base of an insulated tank, within which the fluid is initially at rest and at constant temperature. Calculations are presented for inlet Reynolds numbers ranging from 500–3000, and Archimedes numbers ranging from 0.5-5.0. Results obtained by employing both κ—e and full Reynolds stress turbulence closure models are presented and contrasted, and indicate that to ensure stratified flow the Archimedes number should be greater than two, independent of the inlet Reynolds number. In addition, considerable differences were found in terms of the thickness of the evolving thermocline between the predictions of the κ—e and Reynolds stress models.
The digital reference research agenda

A research agenda for the study of digital reference is presented. The agenda stems from a research symposium held at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts in August 2002. The agenda defines digital reference as "the use of human intermediation to answer questions in a digital environment." The agenda also proposes the central research question in digital reference: "How can human expertise be effectively and efficiently incorporated into information systems to answer user questions?" The definition and question are used to outline a research agenda centered on how the exploration of digital reference relates to other fields of inquiry.
Abstract 14: Low molecular weight heparin: Is there a difference between preoperative administration versus postoperative administration?

14: Low molecular weight heparin: Is there a difference between preoperative administration versus postoperative administration? L. Atasi, M. deLeon, N. O'Neill, J. Seitz, J. Schilder, F. Stehman, E. Rossi, G. Del Priore. Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,
Roles of SNARE Proteins in Synaptic Vesicle Fusion

Neurotransmitters are stored in small membrane-bound vesicles at synapses. Neurotransmitter release is initiated by depolarization of the neuron, which in turn activates voltage-gated calcium channels. Calcium influx then triggers the fusion of the synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane. Fusion of the vesicular and plasma membranes is mediated by SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment receptor) proteins. The SNAREs are now known to be used in all trafficking steps of the secretory pathway, including neurotransmission. This chapter describes the discovery of the SNAREs, their relevant structural features, models for their function, the specificity of interactions, and their interactions with the calcium-sensing machinery.
CMOS High Power SPDT Switch using Multigate Structure

A novel CMOS high power RF switch using the multi-gate structure in a 0.18-mum triple-well CMOS process is designed, implemented, and characterized. The receive switch incorporates the multi-gate structure in order to provide high power handling capability to the transmit switch side. In addition, the RF switch with the multi-gate structure reduces insertion loss more than the one with the stacked transistor by reducing parasitic capacitance to the substrate. For performance comparison purposes, a triple-gate, and dual-gate NMOS switch were fabricated and characterized. Experimental data show that the SPDT switch exhibits 26 dBm of P1dB with the triple gate structure, and 24 dBm of P1dB with the dual gate structure at 900 MHz and 1.9 GHz. The multi-gate switch demonstrates 0.2 dB lower insertion loss than the multi-stacked switch. The switch die is also minimized by employing the compact multi-gate layout structure. Compared to the multi-stacked structure using an RF NMOS device in standard CMOS process, the die size of the triple gate and the dual gate is reduced by 50 % in both cases.
IMPROVED INSTRUMENTATION FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PROTHROMBIN ACTIVITY.

The one-stage prothrombin method of Ware and Stragnell (2) has been semiautomated. This method employs an automatic pipetter-diluter and an end-point detector. These instruments materially increase the output per technician.
Beginning the Conversation: Discussing Scholarly Communication

Since the earliest scholarly journals began, journal literature answered a need to communicate scholarly and scientific findings and preserve a validated scholarly record of accomplishments and areas for further research. Scholars are profoundly interested in the transformation of scholarship and the implications for their disciplines. Librarian expertise within the digital serials realm and partnering with faculty to prioritize learning in the library will imaginatively create opportunities for learning with library resources. Discussing scholarly communication changes and traditions provides excellent common ground for serials librarians to begin conversations with disciplinary faculty.
Dual Kinase Inhibition of EGFR and HER2 Overcomes Resistance to Cetuximab in a Novel In Vivo Model of Acquired Cetuximab Resistance

Purpose: Acquired resistance to cetuximab, a chimeric epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)–targeting monoclonal antibody, is a widespread problem in the treatment of solid tumors. The paucity of preclinical models has limited investigations to determine the mechanism of acquired therapeutic resistance, thereby limiting the development of effective treatments. The purpose of this study was to generate cetuximab-resistant tumors in vivo to characterize mechanisms of acquired resistance. Experimental Design: We generated cetuximab-resistant clones from a cetuximab-sensitive bladder cancer cell line in vivo by exposing cetuximab-sensitive xenografts to increasing concentrations of cetuximab, followed by validation of the resistant phenotype in vivo and in vitro using invasion assays. A candidate-based approach was used to examine the role of HER2 on mediating cetuximab resistance both in vitro and in vivo . Results: We generated a novel model of cetuximab resistance, and, for the first time in the context of EGFR-inhibitor resistance, we identified increased phosphorylation of a C-terminal fragment of HER2 (611-CTF) in cetuximab-resistant cells. Afatinib (BIBW-2992), an irreversible kinase inhibitor targeting EGFR and HER2, successfully inhibited growth of the cetuximab-resistant cells in vitro . When afatinib was combined with cetuximab in vivo , we observed an additive growth inhibitory effect in cetuximab-resistant xenografts. Conclusions: These data suggest that the use of dual EGFR-HER2 kinase inhibitors can enhance responses to cetuximab, perhaps in part due to downregulation of 611-CTF. This study conducted in a novel in vivo model provides a mechanistic rationale for ongoing phase I clinical trials using this combination treatment modality. Clin Cancer Res; 17(18); 5935–44. ©2011 AACR .
Transforming Primary Care: From Past Practice To The Practice Of The Future

The gap between the supply of primary care physicians and the demand for primary care continues to grow. Primary care practices must find a way to increase their patient capacity without sacrificing quality of care or adding more work to already overburdened physicians. A transformed primary care practice addressing these issues must redefine the physician role such that the physician no longer sees all patients assigned to the practice but acts as a leader for a well-trained, highly functioning primary care team. The team's overall goal would be to advance the health of an entire patient panel. New payment models are among changes that will be central to this transformation.
Design of a wireless charging system used in light-duty electrified automobiles

This study proposes a design and development of Series-Series Compensated topology based (SSC) wireless power transfer system to charge the battery in light-duty electrified automobiles, e.g., electric scooters. An asymmetric resonant methodology is adopted by adjusting the secondary-side resonant capacitance to make the system resonate only at the secondary side, which is different from the prevalent symmetric resonant topology. The experimental data at 250W test matches the simulation result well, which improves the system efficiency.
Increased Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cyclooxygenase-2 in Barrett's Esophagus and Associated Adenocarcinomas

Barrett's esophagus is a premalignant condition arising in response to chronic reflux esophagitis. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; NOS-2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are mediators of inflammation and regulators of epithelial cell growth. Expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 are high in colorectal adenomas and carcinomas, and COX-2 expression is elevated in gastric cancers. To determine the involvement of iNOS and COX-2 in Barrett's-associated neoplasia, we measured expression of these genes in metaplastic Barrett's and esophageal adenocarcinomas. We detected elevated iNOS and COX-2 mRNA levels in Barrett's mucosa compared with paired gastric control tissues in 16 of 21 (76%) and 17 of 21 (80%) patients, respectively ( P < 0.001 for both genes). In esophageal adenocarcinomas, iNOS and COX-2 mRNA levels were increased in four of five and five of five cases, respectively. Furthermore, in 10 of 10 Barrett's patients, immunohistochemical staining for iNOS and COX-2 expression was strongly positive and higher than in matched gastric controls. Increased COX-2 expression was confirmed by Western blotting. These findings support the hypothesis that iNOS and COX-2 are involved early and often in Barrett's-associated neoplastic progression.
Current Use of Underage Alcohol Compliance Checks by Enforcement Agencies in the United States

Background Compliance checks conducted by law enforcement agents can significantly reduce the likelihood of illegal alcohol sales to underage individuals, but these checks need to be conducted using optimal methods to maintain effectiveness. Methods We conducted a national survey of local and state enforcement agencies from 2010 to 2011 to assess: (i) how many agencies are currently conducting underage alcohol compliance checks, (ii) how many agencies that conduct compliance checks use optimal methods—including checking all establishments in the jurisdiction, conducting checks at least 3 to 4 times per year, conducting follow-up checks within 3 months, and penalizing the licensee (not only the server/clerk) for failing a compliance check, and (iii) characteristics of the agencies that conduct compliance checks. Results Just over one-third of local law enforcement agencies and over two-thirds of state agencies reported conducting compliance checks. However, only a small percentage of the agencies (4 to 6%) reported using all of the optimal methods to maximize effectiveness of these compliance checks. Local law enforcement agencies with an alcohol-related division, those with at least 1 full-time officer assigned to work on alcohol, and those in larger communities were significantly more likely to conduct compliance checks. State agencies with more full-time agents and those located in states where the state agency or both state and local enforcement agencies have primary responsibility (vs. only the local law agency) for enforcing alcohol retail laws were also more likely to conduct compliance checks; however, these agency characteristics did not remain statistically significant in the multivariate analyses. Conclusions Continued effort is needed to increase the number of local and state agencies conducting compliance checks using optimal methods to reduce youth access to alcohol.
Cavum septum pellucidum in schizophrenia, affective disorder and healthy controls : a magnetic resonance imaging study

Many structural brain abnormalities have been described in schizophrenia, consistent with a neurodevelopmental model for this disease. We report here a study of the cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) in schizophrenia compared to control groups, as well as the clinical correlates of this congenital anomaly in schizophrenia. We conducted a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study to compare rates of CSP in schizophrenia (N = 67) v. psychiatric controls (bipolar and schizoaffective, N = 60) and healthy controls (N = 37). Of the controls 18.9%, and of all psychotic subjects 18.1% had a CSP of any size and there was no difference in the frequency of large CSP among the groups. Males had higher rates of CSP than females (25% v. 9.7%, P = 0.01) in all groups. Schizophrenics had higher CSP rates than affective patients (25%, v. 10%, P = 0.02). No clinical difference was found between schizophrenics with or without CSP.
ℓ2-homology of right-angled Coxeter groups based on barycentric subdivisions

Associated to any finite flag complex L there is a right-angled Coxeter group WL and a contractible cubical complex L on which WL acts properly and cocompactly, and such that the link of each vertex is L. It follows that if L is a triangulation of S n 1 , then L is a contractible n-manifold. We establish vanishing (in a certain range) of the reduced ‘ 2 -homology of L in the case where L is the barycentric subdivision of a cellulation of a manifold. In particular, we prove the Singer Conjecture (on the vanishing of the reduced ‘ 2 -homology except in the middle dimension) in the case of L where L is the barycentric subdivision of a cellulation of S n 1 , n=6,8.
Direct-write printing of an RF-MEMS Cantilever

This paper presents the manufacturing of a simple RF MEMS cantilever ohmic contact switch using only a custom made silver nanoparticulate ink and PMMA [poly(methyl methacrylate)]. The manufacturing is additive in nature and only the PMMA layer is subtractive. The MEMS switch is printed on Kapton substrate using an Optomec Aerosol Jet printer. Then, it is cured at 200°C. Finally it is soaked in chloroform to remove the PMMA layer and complete the process. The printed MEMS were tested successfully and results are presented here.
The Mental Rotation of Objects Presented in an Underwater Environment

Fifty-Six undergraduates completed a series of mental rotation exercises involving levels of underwater spatial mental model activation. The mental rotation exercises were performed after achieving ninety percent accuracy on a brief training exercise. It tested whether underwater experience had an effect on mental rotation performance. Same/different responses were measured using reaction time and accuracy. Results indicated differences based on background, stimulus type, position, and or gender. Future studies will explore types of training to alleviate the differences found in the current study.
Lactate: Friend or Foe

Lactic acid has played an important role in the traditional theory of muscle fatigue and limitation of endurance exercise performance. It has been called a waste product of anaerobic metabolism and has been believed to be responsible for the uncomfortable "burn" of intense exercise and directly responsible for the metabolic acidosis of exercise, leading to decreased muscle contractility and ultimately cessation of exercise. Although this premise has been commonly taught, it is not supported by the scientific literature and has led to a great deal of confusion among the sports medicine and exercise science communities. This review will provide the sports medicine clinician with an understanding of contemporary lactate theories, including lactate's role in energy production, its contributions to metabolic acidosis, and its function as an energy substrate for a variety of tissues. Lactate threshold concepts will also be discussed, including a practical approach to understanding prediction of performance and monitoring of training progress based on these parameters.
4-[(1E,3E,5E)-6-(4-Pyrid-yl)hexa-1,3,5-trien-yl]pyridine.

The two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C16H14N2, are planar [dihedral angle between the terminal pyridine rings = 1.76 (2)°] and each display an all-trans configuration of C=C double bonds. One of the two mol­ecules lies about a center of inversion. The dihedral angle between the two pyridine rings in the mol­ecule lying on a general position is 1.65 (2)°.
CORRESPONDENCE OF ISOZYME CHARACTERIZATION WITH MORPHOLOGY IN THE ASEXUAL GENUS LEPTOGRAPHIUM AND TAXONOMIC IMPLICATIONS

The similarity of 88 isolates of 27 species of Leptographium was studied using enzyme electrophoresis. UGPMA cluster analysis of similarity matrices (Nei genetic identity, I) generated from data of 267 electrophoretic forms (electromorphs) of 15 enzymes showed a close correspondence between electrophoretic similarity and morphology. Isolates of a species had high similarity and clustered at I > 0.60, and in cases where different taxa clustered at I > 0.60, an examination of the morphology and history of the isolates suggested conspecificity. Isozyme characterization was also useful for identifying the extent of morphologic variation within versus between species and for comparing isolates with degenerate morphology after prolonged culture.
Three Kinetically Distinct Ca2+-Independent Depolarization-Activated K+ Currents in Callosal-Projecting Rat Visual Cortical Neurons

Locke, Rachel E. and Jeanne M. Nerbonne. Three kinetically distinct Ca2+-independent depolarization-activated K+ currents in callosal-projecting rat visual cortical neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2309–2320, 1997. Whole cell, Ca2+-independent, depolarization-activated K+ currents were characterized in identified callosal-projecting (CP) neurons isolated from postnatal day 7–16 rat primary visual cortex. CP neurons were identified in vitro after in vivo retrograde labeling with fluorescently tagged latex microbeads. During brief (160-ms) depolarizing voltage steps to potentials between −50 and +60 mV, outward K+ currents in these cells activate rapidly and inactivate to varying degrees. Three distinct K+ currents were separated based on differential sensitivity to 4-aminopyridine (4-AP); these are referred to here as I A, I D, and I K, because their properties are similar (but not identical) K+ currents termed I A, I D, and I K in other cells. The current sensitive to high (≥100 μM) concentrations of 4-AP (I...
A Topological Characterization of the Real Numbers

(1969). A Topological Characterization of the Real Numbers. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 76, No. 2, pp. 184-185.