cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biosynthesis of Prunasin, the Cyanogenic Glucoside of Peach

on the physiology of light action. II. The photodynamic action of riboflavin. Am. J. Botany 36: 773-80. 7. HARLEY-MASON, J. H. AND A. A. P. G. ARCHER. 1958. Use of p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde as a spray reagent for indole derivatives on paper chromatograms. Biochem. J. 69: 60. 8. HEATH, 0. V. S. AND D. VINCE. 1962. Some nonphotosynthetic effects of light on higher plants with special reference to wavelength. Symp. Soc. Exptl. Biol. No. 16: 110-37. 9. HILLMAN, W. S. AND A. W. GALSTON. 1957. Inductive control of IAA oxidase activity by red and near infrared light. Plant Physiol. 32: 129-35. 10. KEFFORD, N. P. 1962. Auxin-gibberellin interaction in rice coleoptile elongation. Plant Physiol. 37: 380-86. 11. LEOPOLD, A. C. 1955. Auxins and Plant Growth. Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 12. LOCKHART, J. A. 1959. Studies on the mechanism of stem growth inhibition by visible radiation. Plant Physiol. 34: 457-60. 13. MEIJER, G. 1959. The spectral dependence of flowering and elongation. Acta Botan. Neerl. 8: 189246. 14. NITSCH, J. P. AND C. NITSCH. 1956. Studies on the growth of coleoptile and first internode sections. A new, sensitive, straight-growth test for auxins. Plant Physiol. 31: 94-111. 15. VINCE, D., M. G. CLARKE, H. R. RUFF, AND R. H. STOUGHTON. 1956. Studies on the effects of light quality on the growth and development of plants. J. Hort. Sci. 31:8-15. 16. VINCE, D. AND R. H. STOUGHTON. 1957. Artificial light in plant experimental work. In: Control of the Plant Environment, J. P. Hudson, ed. Butterworths, London. p 72-83. 17. ZALIK, S. AND R. A. MILLER. 1960. Construction of large low cost filters for plant growth studies. Plant Physiol. 35: 696-99.
PROTECTIVE COATINGS FOR AERO ENGINE HOT SECTION COMPONENTS

ABSTRACT Aluminide coatings have been widely used in the aircraft industries for the protection of gas turbine engine hot section components against oxidation and/or hot corrosion. This paper considers modes of coating degradation under conditions of cyclic oxidation, hot corrosion and corrosion-erosion interactions during service, as well as the effects of interdiffusion between coating and substrate alloys either during service or coating application. It also discusses means of improving existing coatings as well as advanced coating systems currently under development. In assessing coating performance, consideration must be given to the influence that coatings may have on substrate properties such as mechanical strength, resistance to creep and resistance to mechanical and thermal fatigue. Finally, it is stressed that proven performance for a given coating/substrate combination is no guarantee that no deleterious reaction will occur when the same coating is used with a different substrate alloy. Therefo...
Recent thymic emigrants are biased against the T-helper type 1 and toward the T-helper type 2 effector lineage.

After intrathymic development, T cells exit the thymus and join the peripheral T-cell pool. Such recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) undergo both phenotypic and functional maturation during the first 3 weeks they reside in the periphery. Using a well-controlled in vitro polarization scheme, we now show that CD4+ RTEs are defective in T-helper (Th) type 0 (Th0), Th1, Th17, and regulatory T-cell lineage commitment, with dampened cytokine production and transcription factor expression. In contrast, CD4+ RTES are biased toward the Th2 lineage both in vitro and in vivo, with more robust interleukin-4, interleukin-5, and interleukin-13 production than their mature naive counterparts. Coculture experiments demonstrate that mature naive T cells influence neighboring RTEs in their Th responses. In adoptive hosts, CD4+ RTEs drive production of the Th2-associated antibody isotype immunoglobulin G1 and mediate airway inflammatory disease. This bias in RTEs likely results from dampened negative regulation of the Th2 lineage by diminished levels of T-bet, a key Th1 transcription factor. CD4+ RTEs thus represent a transitional population with a distinct interpretation of, and response to, immunologic cues. These characteristics may be beneficial during the postthymic maturation period by leading to the avoidance of inappropriate immune responses, particularly in lymphopenic neonates and adults.
Pain management in older adults.

Pain is a common complaint of older adults. Persistent pain has a significant negative impact on elderly individuals’ sense of well being, physical function, and quality of life. Increasing age and cognitive impairment are risk factors for undertreatment of persistent pain. Safe and effective therapy is available for pain syndromes that commonly affect older adults. Recognition of failure of health providers to appropriately assess and manage persistent pain has led to the recent development and adoption of regulatory guidelines for the implementation of effective pain management programs.
[RD] PRISM Library: Patient Registry Item Specifications and Metadata for Rare Diseases

Patient registries are important for understanding the causes and origins of rare diseases and estimating their impact; and they may prove critical developing new diagnostics and therapeutics. This paper introduces the [RD] PRISM resource , an NIH-funded project to develop a library of standardized question and answer sets to support rare disease research. The paper presents a project case-driven plan for creating a new registry using questions from an existing related registry, revising and expanding an existing registry, and showing interoperability of data collected from different registries and data sources. Each of the use cases involves the retrieval of indexed questions for re-use. Successful retrieval of questions can facilitate their re-use in registries, meaning new registries can be implemented more quickly, and the use of "standard" questions can be facilitated. The paper further discusses issues involved in encoding the sets with relevant data standards for interoperability and indexing encoded sets with metadata for optimal retrievability.
What Is Successful Writing? An Investigation into the Multiple Ways Writers Can Write Successful Essays.

This study identifies multiple profiles of successful essays via a cluster analysis approach using linguistic features reported by a variety of natural language processing tools. The findings from the study indicate that there are four profiles of successful writers for the samples analyzed. These four profiles are linguistically distinct from one another and demonstrate that expert human raters examine a number of different linguistic features in a variety of combinations when assessing writing proficiency and assigning high scores to independent essays (regardless of the scoring rubric considered). The writing styles in the four clusters can be described as action and depiction style, academic style, accessible style, and lexical style. The study provides empirical evidence that successful writing cannot be defined simply through a single set of predefined features, but that, rather, successful writing has multiple profiles. While these profiles may overlap, each profile is distinct.
Comparative evaluation of two air quality models: within–regime evaluation statistic

At the Workshop on Operational Short–Range Atmospheric Dispersion Models for Environmental Impact Assessment in Europe, Lee and Irwin (1994) presented a methodology for conducting an objective comparative evaluation of two or more air quality models. The methodology involved the use of bootstrap resampling to allow computation of confidence bounds on model comparison measures, and an inverse weighting to accommodate pooling of data from several field experiments. Mention was made that it would be useful to explore alternative choices for the primary within–regime statistic selected for defining the differences to be seen between the modelled and observed concentration values. In this discussion, we explore the differences to be seen in using the Robust Highest Concentration versus the median of the upper quartile of values as the primary statistic for defining differences between modelled and observed concentration values, and assess which might be less sensitive to natural variability (or uncertainty).
Serials exchanges: Streamlinging and elimination

Introduction Serial exchanges have been a fundamental component of the collection development and acquisitions programs of large research libraries, particularly those with strong programs in international studies. The most-cited rationale for exchanges is that expressed by Mark Kovacic. “The primary purpose of maintaining exchanges is the acquisition of those materials which are not available in any other way, or for which exchange is more economically advantageous than purchasing.” Beginning as early as 1970 (if not earlier), librarians were, and continue to be, ambivalent about the desirability of acquiring material via exchange. In 1970, William Huff indicated that 95% of the ARL libraries he surveyed had gift and exchange programs in operation. “Attitudes toward the programs were, on the whole, ambivalent. Many librarians thought it was useful, especially since it sometimes was the only way to obtain some serials; however, more believed the program did not pay its own way.” In 1979, Pamela Bluh and Virginia C. Haines expressed concern about exchange programs in light of fiscal responsibility and collection development:
Development and implementation of self-tuning tracking controller for DC motors

A self-tuning control strategy for tracking applications of DC drives is proposed. By this technique, the rotor speed and/or position of a DC motor can follow any arbitrarily selected track (or trajectory). The developed control strategy is adaptive and robust, i.e. insensitive to system variations, such as load changes, noise, and disturbances. This results in what is known as a high-performance drive system, which is required in applications such as robotics, actuation, and manipulation. The developed drive system was implemented and tested in the laboratory. The system was examined under various uncertainties such as load variations, noisy measurements, and field disturbances. All lab tests confirm the accuracy and the robustness of the proposed tracking controller. It is shown how such a powerful controller can be implemented by off-the-shelf hardware and software instead of by specially designed items that are often time consuming and costly. >
Towards mixed-initiative, multi-robot field experiments: Design, deployment, and lessons learned

With the advent of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) and other mobile platforms, marine robotics have had substantial impact on the oceanographic sciences. These systems have allowed scientists to collect data over temporal and spatial scales that would be logistically impossible or prohibitively expensive using traditional ship-based measurement techniques. Increased dependence of scientists on such robots has permeated scientific data gathering with future field campaigns involving these platforms as well as on entire infrastructure of people, processes and software, on shore and at sea. Recent field experiments carried out with a number of surface and underwater platforms give clues to how these technologies are coalescing and need to work together. We highlight one such confluence and describe a future trajectory of needs and desires for field experiments with autonomous marine robotic platforms. Our 2010 inter-disciplinary experiment in the Monterey Bay involved multiple platforms and collaborators with diverse science goals. One important goal was to enable situational awareness, planning and collaboration before, during and after this large-scale collaborative exercise. We present the overall view of the experiment and describe an important shore-side component, the Oceanographic Decision Support System (ODSS), its impact and future directions leveraging such technologies for field experiments.
FURTHER EVIDENCE THAT HYPERTHYROIDISM (GRAVES' DISEASE) IS NOT HYPERPITUITARISM: EFFECTS OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE AND SODIUM IODIDE

RECENT work in this laboratory (1,2) has suggested that Graves' disease is not the consequence of hyperpituitarism but rather is mediated by mechanisms apart from the anterior pituitary. The present study was undertaken to pursue this possibility. In the initial studies, thyroid and thyrotropin were given to patients with active Graves' disease following testing with I131. Large doses of thyroid failed to suppress the increased I131 uptake of the diseased thyroid, though markedly lessening uptake during a remission of the disease following treatment, and in euthyroid control subjects. Thyrotropin failed to increase I131 uptake by the thyroid of the patients with active Graves' disease, but caused a sharp increase in the serum precipitable iodine (SPI) level. Control subjects showed sharp increases in both uptake and SPI levels following thyrotropin injections. Morgans and Trotter (3) obtained results similar to those with thyroid, by administering l-thyroxine to euthyroid patients and those in a state of ...
Stream Simulation for Aquatic Organism Passage at Road–Stream Crossings

Historically, road-stream crossing structures were designed on the basis of the hydraulic capacity of the structure for a specific design flood without consideration of aquatic species or the swimming and jumping abilities of a single target fish species and life stage during its migration, and ignored the movement needs of other adult fish, juvenile fish, and aquatic organisms occupying the stream. Hydraulic designs typically constrict the channel, create flow hydraulics and channel conditions that are markedly dissimilar from those in the natural channel, and impede the movement of most other nontarget fish and aquatic organisms along the stream corridor. The stream simulation approach for designing road-stream crossing structures was recently adopted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service as a pragmatic and sustainable long-term solution to maintain passage for all aquatic organisms at all life stages at road-stream crossings while meeting vehicle transportation objectives. This study sho...
Social Learning Theory and Web-Based Learning Environments: A Review of Research and Discussion of Implications

Abstract Since the 1970s, cognitive psychological perspectives have dominated pedagogical frameworks and models for designing technology-mediated teaching and learning environments. More recently, social learning perspectives have received attention as viable or even desirable frames for research and practice related to teaching and learning, particularly in Web-based learning environments (WBLEs). In this article, the authors analyze these social learning perspectives and how they can be used in the design and implementation of online learning. This review and analysis of the research related to social learning perspectives on WBLEs provides several implications for future research and practice: (1) examining learners' individual characteristics in WBLEs, (2) identifying strategies for promoting social interaction in WBLEs, and (3) developing effective design principles for WBLEs.
Current GCMs’ Unrealistic Negative Feedback in the Arctic

The large spread of the response to anthropogenic forcing simulated by state-of-the-art climate models in the Arctic is investigated. A feedback analysis framework specific to the Arctic is developed to address this issue. The feedback analysis shows that a large part of the spread of Arctic climate change is explained by the longwave feedback parameter. The large spread of the negative longwave feedback parameter is in turn mainly due to variations in temperature feedback. The vertical temperature structure of the atmosphere in the Arctic, characterized by a surface inversion during wintertime, exerts a strong control on the temperature feedback and consequently on simulated Arctic climate change. Most current climate models likely overestimate the climatological strength of the inversion, leading to excessive negative longwave feedback. The authors conclude that the models’ near-equilibrium response to anthropogenic forcing is generally too small.
Effects of seasonal changes in the Midwest on Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) in Opuntia humifusa Raf.

Seasonal changes in the Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) activity and growth characteristics of Opuntia humifusa Raf. were examined under midwest climatic conditions. Twenty-four hour studies were done at monthly intervals for two years, with diurnal changes in transpiration, gas exchange, and titratable acidity monitored under natural conditions. CAM activity was observed only from April to September, but occurred regardless of changes in temperature or precipitation. The maximum rate of dark CO2 uptake occurred in May, while greatest acid fluctuations coincided with flowering, new growth, and high tissue water content in June. In spite of conditions favorable for CAM, acidification and rate of dark CO2 assimilation decreased progressively through September as stem water content dropped and shoot production ceased. No CAM was evident during sub-zero winter months and tissue water content decreased to only 65% (Ψ<-20 bars). Winter survival of plants in test plots was found to be affected by the amount of water received the preceding growing season; the driest group showing the lowest mortality rate.Although spring and autumn were considered periods likely to exhibit CAM, it was not observed during those months just prior to or immediately following winter (Oct. and March). Acid fluctuations were minimal with CO2 being taken up during the day and released at night, indicating some degree of flexibility in the CAM activity of Opuntia humifusa.
Tumors of the Pulmonary Vascular Bed

Primary or secondary tumors of the lung can affect all levels of the pulmonary vascular bed, including the pulmonary arteries, veins, and capillaries. Most primary tumors of the pulmonary vasculature are poorly differentiated, highly fatal sarcomas of the large main pulmonary arteries and veins. Pulmonary arterial sarcoma (PAS) is far more prevalent than its venous counterpart, although both arterial and venous sarcomas are quite rare. Secondary involvement of the pulmonary vasculature by other primary lung cancers or metastatic malignant neoplasm is not as rare, however. Direct extension of pelvic sarcomas to pulmonary arteries via the central venous system and the right side of the heart has been documented as well. Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH) is an elusive entity and has been considered either as a low-grade neoplasm or a as tumorlike lesion of pulmonary capillaries. PCH typically causes severe pulmonary hypertension that is often accompanied by fatal right-sided heart failure. Most aortic sarcomas and PASs are intimal sarcomas and that most sarcomas of the pulmonary veins and inferior vena cava are mural leiomyosarcomas. Mural sarcomas of the inferior vena cava constitute the largest subgroup of the primary tumors arising in the great blood vessels. The incidence of pulmonary vein sarcomas (PVSs) is far lower than that of PASs. Most intimal sarcomas of the aorta and the pulmonary arteries in that study were poorly differentiated or undifferentiated sarcomas with a prominent intraluminal growth pattern, immunohistochemical evidence of myofibroblastic differentiation, and a poorer prognosis than the mural leiomyosarcomas in the inferior vena cava and the pulmonary veins. This chapter focuses on the current clinicopathological concepts of the primary sarcomas of pulmonary arteries and veins. In light of the unclear biologic nature of PCH, nonneoplastic as well as neoplastic aspects of PCH are discussed although the main focus of this chapter is on the neoplastic diseases of the pulmonary vasculature. Manifestations of secondary tumors mimicking a primary pulmonary vascular tumor or idiopathic pulmonary hypertension are also covered briefly.
A Bibliometric Analysis of "School Psychology International" 1995-2007.

The present study examined all articles published in School Psychology International from 1995 to 2007 to obtain data relevant to seven research questions: (1) which nations contributed articles to SPI? (2) how many SPI manuscripts involved multi-author (and multi-national) collaboration? (3) which institutions were the most prolific contributors to SPI? (4) what is the self-citation rate in SPI? (5) how often does SPI cite other major school psychology journals? (6) which first authors or editors were most frequently cited in SPI? (7) which books were the most frequently cited in SPI? Results indicate that the journal is broad in scope, interdisciplinary and truly international with respect to its contributors. Moreover, a substantial number of its contributions involve authors from two or more nations. In these regards, SPI is unique and, in our opinion, uniquely important for the international community of school psychologists.
Ontology-guided Reference Data Alignment in Information Integration Projects

One of the hard problems in information integration projects (harmonizing data from various legacy sources into one or more targets) is the appropriate alignment of reference data values across systems. Without this alignment, the process of loading records into the target systems might fail because the target might reject any record with an unknown reference data value or different underlying data semantics. Today, detecting reference data tables and determining the relative alignment between a source and a target is largely manual, cumbersome, error-prone and costly. We propose a novel ontology-guided approach to detect reference data tables and their relative alignment across source/target systems to enable semi-automated creation of translation tables.
RESONANT MULTIPHOTON DISSOCIATION OF SMALL MOLECULES

Studies of multiphoton dissociation (MPD) over the past few years have led to a good semi-quantitative understanding of the process for SF6 and similar molecules. Several reviews have appeared recently.1 Applications have progressed to the point that a pilot plant is operating for the production of 13C by MPD of CF3I.2 The model developed for understanding MPD divides the vibrational energy levels of a molecule into three regions.3 Region I includes the lowest, “discrete” levels of the vibrational modes that are nearly resonant with the laser frequency. Vibrational anharmonicity prevents exact resonances for the sequential absorption of several photons. However, the combined effects of rotational energy compensation, Coriolis shifts, and other perturbations, along with power broadening, permit the absorption of several photons. In region II, strong coupling among vibrational modes drains energy from the pumped mode and broadens vibration-rotation levels so that absorption occurs over a broad frequency range. Sequential absorption of photons becomes possible. In region III, where levels are above the dissociation threshold, this absorption continues, but with the competing process of dissociation occurring simultaneously. The boundary between regions I and II is poorly defined. From an operational point of view, region II begins when absorption becomes non-frequency selective for any molecule at any laser frequency of interest to the experimenter. In region II and especially in region III there is good evidence that energy is transferred rapidly among all vibrations of the excited molecule and that the rate of dissociation as a function of energy may be estimated using the RRKM theory.4 The main features of the dynamics of molecules in regions II and III appear to apply rather generally to all types of molecules,5 with the possible exception of very large ones.6
Cardiac myxoma is rich in factor XIIIa positive dendrophages: immunohistochemical study of four cases

Cardiac myxoma is an enigmatic tumour thought to arise from primitive cardiac mesenchymal cells. Factor XIIIa+ dendrophages are tissue histiocytes that are active in tissue repair and thrombosis. To explore whether factor XIIIa+ dendrophages play a role in cardiac myxoma morphogenesis, we stained four cases with an antiserum against coagulation factor XIIIa (FXIIIa). We also used antibodies recognizing CD34, CD31, and S-100 protein. Samples of valvular endocardium from 12 and 16 week fetuses and two adult autopsies were compared with the four myxomas. All cardiac myxomas had rounded and dendritic FXIIIa+ cells admixed with more numerous CD34+ spindle and stellate myxoma cells. The CD34+ cells formed multicellular syncytia and capillary sprouts. Many of these syncytial structures also expressed CD31 and, to a lesser extent, S-100 protein, strongly in two cases and more focally in two. Fetal subendocardium was composed of CD34+ stellate fibroblast-like cells invested with scattered FXIIIa+ histiocytes; no S-100+ cells were detected. Our findings confirm that cardiac myxomas are composed of CD34+ primitive subendocardial cells. These cells show a capacity for CD31+ endothelial differentiation. In cardiac myxoma, the CD34+ myxoma cells are accompanied by numerous FXIIIa+ dendrophages, the presence of which suggests abnormal organizing thrombus-like differentiation in cardiac myxoma morphogenesis.
Non-uniform manual scanning for microwave nondestructive evaluation imaging

Wide-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technique, capable of producing three-dimensional (3D) volumetric images, is a robust imaging tool for microwave and millimeter wave imaging involving nondestructive evaluation (NDE) applications. Conventionally, a relatively large number of measurement samples are required to image even a small area. Thus, it may take a relatively long time to perform the required scan and obtain an image. There is a significant push in the nondestructive testing community towards real-time imaging, particularly when dealing with large and critical structures (i.e., aircraft, bridges, space vehicles, etc.). Here, a method involving non-uniformly sampled wide-band reflection measurements data is described that enables the production of complete SAR images using only a fraction of the required measured data. The imaging method is based on a fast 3D wide-band SAR algorithm that produces 3D SAR images in real-time. Finally, a reconstruction algorithm is used to post-process the data resulting in high quality images with considerably lower background noise/clutter. This paper presents the measurement methodology along with a few experimentally obtained images.
GPU-based power flow analysis with Chebyshev preconditioner and conjugate gradient method

a b s t r a c t Traditionally, linear equations in power system applications are solved by direct methods based on LU decomposition. With the development of advanced power system controls, the industrial and research community is more interested in simulating larger, interconnected power grids. Iterative methods such as the conjugate gradient method have been applied to power system applications in the literature for its parallelism potential with larger systems. Preconditioner, used for preconditioning the linear system for a better convergence rate in iterative computations, is an indispensable part of iterative solving process. This work implemented a polynomial preconditioner Chebyshev preconditioner with graphic processing unit (GPU), and integrated a GPU-based conjugate gradient solver. Results show that GPU-based Chebyshev preconditioner can reach around 46× speedup for the largest test system, and conjugate gradient can gain more than 4× speedup. This demonstrates great potentials for GPU application in power system
Analysis of output queued cell switches with random arbitration and generic arrival processes

The paper presents an analysis of output queued cell switches which are introduced with generic non-uniformly distributed traffic. Random arbitration is employed whereby non-empty queues compete equally for service within each switching interval. In particular, we study the case of two-state Markov-modulated arrivals in which input ports generate bursty streams that are non-uniformly distributed. Under the assumption of a memoryless server, the probability generating function of the interarrival process is utilized to derive closed-form expressions for the queue size distribution. The methodology established forms a flexible tool in determining bounds on the behavior and expected performance of output queued switches under a range of traffic scenarios. The validity of the analytical inference is established through simulation results.
A Devil On Each Shoulder: When (and Why) Greater Cognitive Capacity Impairs Self-Control?

This article examines how cognitive capacity influences self-control. Two studies demonstrated a cognitive capacity by visceral state interaction. Study 1 found that cognitive load impaired self-control for satiated smokers but increased self-control for craved smokers. Study 2 replicated this effect in the context of dieting. Hungry dieters who were given the opportunity to deliberate selected more unhealthy snacks compared to hungry dieters who were forced to make an immediate choice. Study 2 also demon- strated the process driving this effect. The authors found that visceral states bias information processing in ways that promote impulsive behavior, thereby turning cognition into a vehicle for impulsive action.
Incomes policies in an open flexprice and fixprice economy

Incomes policies have been increasingly called for as Western economies have experienced periods of stag-flation. Part of the attraction of incomes policies has been based on the belief that they are an appropriate instrument to deal with a country's unsatisfactory balance-of-payments position. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the appropriateness of an incomes policy in an open economy. An optimally structured incomes policy, derived for a simple inflation model, is examined under alternative exchange rate regimes. The model, in the tradition of models by Gordon, Hicks and Okun, is characterized by two output markets, one a flexible price market and one characterized by markup pricing, and a single labor (input) market. This model is then used as the constraint set in a dynamic optimization problem. Both analytical and simulation results are presented. The results suggest that a direct price control program is not appropriate in an open economy.
A nonpolymorphic class I gene in the murine major histocompatibility complex

DNA sequence analysis of a class I gene (Q10), which maps to the Qa2,3 locus in the C57BL/10 (H-2b haplotype) mouse, reveals that it is almost identical to a cDNA clone (pH16) isolated from a SWR/J (H-2q haplotype) mouse liver cDNA library. Exon 5, in particular, has an unusual structure such that a polypeptide product is unlikely to be anchored in the cell membrane. Our findings suggest that the two sequences are derived from allelic class I genes, which are nonpolymorphic, in contrast to H-2K allelic sequences from the same mice, and they may encode liver-specific polypeptides of unknown function. Our previous studies indicate that the Q10 gene is a potential donor gene for the generation of mutations at the H-2K locus by inter-gene transfer of genetic information. Thus the lack of polymorphism in class I genes at the Q10 locus implies either that they are not recipients for such exchanges or that selective pressure prevents the accumulation of mutations in genes at this locus.
Early matching of system requirements and package capabilities

The benefits of early package wirability analysis to the large system design process are discussed. The authors show that preliminary design exploration coupled with appropriate prediction tools provide designers with a powerful early evaluation methodology. PEPPER, an interactive package design and performance prediction tool, is described, which allows designers to quickly analyze system and technology tradeoffs very early in the design cycle. PEPPER has been evaluated on a number of large system components and the results have been very encouraging in terms of accurately predicting package wiring characteristics as well as providing insight into package design. >
Appearance and task success in novel avatars

Novel avatar bodies are ones that are not controlled in a one-to-one relationship between the user's body and the avatar body, for example, when the avatar's arms are controlled by the user's legs, or, when the avatar has a third arm. People have been shown to complete tasks more successfully when controlling novel avatar bodies than when controlling avatars that conform to the normal human configurations, when those novel avatars are better suited to the task Won, Bailenson, Lee, & Lanier, 2015. However, the novel avatars in such studies tend to follow two conventions. First, the novel avatars still resemble biological forms, and second, the novel extensions of the avatar are connected to the avatar body. In the following study, participants operated bodies with three arms. We examined the interaction between biological appearance of the third arm and whether it was attached to the body. There was a significant effect of biological appearance on performance, such that participants inhabiting an avatar with a biological appearance did worse overall. There was also an interaction with biological appearance and an extension that appeared detached from the participant's body such that participants in this condition performed most poorly overall. We propose a relationship between self-reported presence and task success, and discuss the implications of these findings for the design, implementation, and use of novel avatars.
Psoraleococcus browni: A New Species of Pit Scale from Papua New Guinea (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Lecanodiaspididae)

A new species of pit scale, Psoraleococcus browni , from Papua New Guinea is described and illustrated. P. browni is distinguished from other species in the genus by the cribriform plates arranged in two longitudinal rows each consisting of a mean of four (2–10) plates, by the presence of only one type of tubular duct, and by having the smallest spiracles in the genus. A key is provided to separate the adult females of the four known species of Psoraleococcus .
Early Pregnancy in Obese Women

Obesity affects many aspects of female reproduction. Studies have demonstrated a clear association between obesity and menstrual irregularities, anovulation, infertility, pregnancy loss, in addition to many pregnancy complications. In this chapter, we will focus on the impact of an elevated body mass index on early pregnancy. Evidence suggests that obesity increases the risk of early pregnancy loss following spontaneous conception, in women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss, and in women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies. We will also review the pathophysiology underlying these associations and propose that the effects of obesity are multifactorial, influencing the oocytes, embryonic development, and the endometrium.
Comparison of Two Situation Awareness Metrics: SAGAT and SA-SWORD

The role of situation awareness (SA) in aircrew safety and survivability continues to be of considerable interest to the aviation community. Various methods of measuring SA have been proposed. Amon...
Collecting Social Network Data from Mobile Phone SIM Cards.

I used a subscriber identity module card reader to copy the lists of saved contacts from 170 mobile phones in Fiji. This approach has both advantages and disadvantages compared to other techniques for collecting telephone network data. Copying phone contacts avoids recall biases associated with survey-based name generators. It also obviates the need to obtain calling records from network service providers or to provide research subjects with specialized phones. In markets with multiple service providers, or in contexts in which mobile phones are shared extensively, the contents of contact lists may represent personal networks more accurately than actual calling records do. However, owners’ varying durations of phone ownership and varying tendencies to save and delete contacts are sources of error. Also, copying contacts from phones relies on self-reports of tie strength, which are frequently inaccurate. I analyze the data I collected in rural Fiji to evaluate these sources of error.
Lifecycle Prognostics: Transitioning between information types

As nuclear power plants seek to extend their licenses and maintain a high level of performance and safety, online monitoring and assessment of system degradation are becoming a crucial consideratio...
The National Heart Institute Twin Study.

During the past two decades prospective epidemiologic studies have established the association between several risk factors and coronary heart disease. Elevations of serum cholesterol and blood pressure, obesity, lack of physical activity and cigarette smoking are among the factors which have been related to an increased risk of heart disease. We are now entering a period in which vigorous efforts will be made to modify these factors in order to prevent the occurrence of heart disease. An important part of this effort will be to determine to what extent these factors are genetically controlled and to what extent they can be modified by manipulation of the individual environment. Recognizing this need, the Field Epidemiological Research Section, National Heart Institute, NIH, has recently embarked on a study of cardiovascular disease risk factors in a large sample of adult male twins. The purpose of the present report is to describe the protocol and methods to be used and the importance of this study to current research in cardiovascular disease.
Teacher Perceptions of Learner-Learner Engagement at a Cyber High School.

Distance education has historically contained little or no learner–learner interactions. Currently the Internet allows for unprecedented levels of learner–learner interaction and has the potential to transform how students learn online. However, many courses offered online focus more on flexibility and independence than on interaction and collaboration. Often it is up to the teacher to decide how much learner–learner interaction their courses contain. However, little research has examined how online high school teachers perceive, value, and facilitate learner–learner interactions. This case study used teacher surveys and interviews at a full-time online charter high school to examine teacher perceptions of learner–learner interactions. The analysis identified four student behaviors that positively impact student engagement and learning: befriending, motivating, instructing, and collaborating. Teachers also identified several drawbacks to learner–learner interactions such as bullying and cheating. Furthermore, there appeared to be tension between providing for students’ individual needs and requiring collaborative learning opportunities.
The school health service. Making primary care effective.

School health services could play an important role in the future delivery of preventive primary health care. Barriers to the achievement of this goal are deeply rooted in the institutions of education and medicine, and include an unwillingness to change traditional ways, territoriality, protective professionalism, fragmentation of services, bureaucracy, and lack of trust and communication between school and health personnel. The roles of the various professionals and the system itself must be reevaluated.
LINEAR PROGRAMMING (A GEOMETRIC APPROACH)

This chapter describes a geometric approach to linear programming. To solve problems in linear programming, it is important to identify and label the quantities sought; identify the constraints and write them in mathematical form; and write the objective function. Any point ( x , y ) satisfying the constraints of a linear programming problem is called a feasible solution. A particular feasible solution may not give the largest or smallest value of the objective function. The inequalities (constraints) determine a convex set S of feasible solutions. This convex set S may be bounded or unbounded. If the convex set S is bounded, the objective function will have both a greatest and a least value. The greatest value will occur at some corner point and the least value will occur at a corner point. If the convex set S is not bounded, it may happen that the objective function does not have a maximum or a minimum value.
Affordance-based Active Belief: Recognition using visual and manual actions

This paper presents an active, model-based recognition system. It applies information theoretic measures in a belief-driven planning framework to recognize objects using the history of visual and manual interactions and to select the most informative actions. A generalization of the aspect graph is used to construct forward models of objects that account for visual transitions. We use populations of these models to define the belief state of the recognition problem. This paper focuses on the impact of the belief-space and object model representations on recognition efficiency and performance. A benchmarking system is introduced to execute controlled experiments in a challenging mobile manipulation domain. It offers a large population of objects that remain ambiguous from single sensor geometry or from visual or manual actions alone. Results are presented for recognition performance on this dataset using locomotive, pushing, and lifting controllers as the basis for active information gathering on single objects. An information theoretic approach that is greedy over the expected information gain is used to select informative actions, and its performance is compared to a sequence of random actions.
Soil carbon response to woody plant encroachment: importance of spatial heterogeneity and deep soil storage

Summary 1.Recent global trends of increasing woody plant abundance in grass-dominated ecosystems may substantially enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and could represent a strong carbon (C) sink in the terrestrial environment. However, few studies have quantitatively addressed the influence of spatial heterogeneity of vegetation and soil properties on SOC storage at the landscape scale. In addition, most studies assessing SOC response to woody encroachment consider only surface soils, and have not explicitly assessed the extent to which deeper portions of the soil profile may be sequestering C. 2.We quantified the direction, magnitude, and pattern of spatial heterogeneity of SOC in the upper 1.2 m of the profile following woody encroachment via spatially-specific intensive soil sampling across a landscape in a subtropical savanna in the Rio Grande Plains, USA, that has undergone woody proliferation during the past century. 3.Increased SOC accumulation following woody encroachment was observed to considerable depth, albeit at reduced magnitudes in deeper portions of the profile. Overall, woody clusters and groves accumulated 12.87 and 18.67 Mg C ha−1 more SOC compared to grasslands to a depth of 1.2 m. 4.Woody encroachment significantly altered the pattern of spatial heterogeneity of SOC to a depth of 5 cm, with marginal effect at 5-15 cm, and no significant impact on soils below 15 cm. Fine root density explained greater variability of SOC in the upper 15 cm, while a combination of fine root density and soil clay content accounted for more of the variation in SOC in soils below 15 cm across this landscape. 5.Synthesis: Substantial SOC sequestration can occur in deeper portions of the soil profile following woody encroachment. Furthermore, vegetation patterns and soil properties influenced the spatial heterogeneity and uncertainty of SOC in this landscape, highlighting the need for spatially specific sampling that can characterize this variability and enable scaling and modeling. Given the geographic extent of woody encroachment on a global scale, this undocumented deep soil C sequestration suggests this vegetation change may play a more significant role in regional and global C sequestration than previously thought. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Giving End-of-Life Spiritual Care

All health professionals (HPs)—especially those providing end-of-life care—have a duty to ensure patients receive the spiritual care they want. Spiritual care is an integral part of complete health care. The more serious the illness, the more important is the spiritual care. Circumstances usually allow spiritual care specialists such as chaplains, social workers, and pastoral counselors to give that care, but medically trained clinicians may occasionally need to give it. They should be prepared to do so. But, even when specialists give the spiritual care, the medically trained clinicians attending the patient should follow it as part of their responsibilities for coordinating all care.
X-ray ptychographic and fluorescence microscopy of frozen-hydrated cells using continuous scanning

X-ray microscopy can be used to image whole, unsectioned cells in their native hydrated state. It complements the higher resolution of electron microscopy for submicrometer thick specimens, and the molecule-specific imaging capabilites of fluorescence light microscopy. We describe here the first use of fast, continuous x-ray scanning of frozen hydrated cells for simultaneous sub-20 nm resolution ptychographic transmission imaging with high contrast, and sub-100 nm resolution deconvolved x-ray fluorescence imaging of diffusible and bound ions at native concentrations, without the need to add specific labels. By working with cells that have been rapidly frozen without the use of chemical fixatives, and imaging them under cryogenic conditions, we are able to obtain images with well preserved structural and chemical composition, and sufficient stability against radiation damage to allow for multiple images to be obtained with no observable change.
Nutritional Impact on the Nitric Oxide Pathway

The endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) pathway is highly modulated by nutrition. Dietary choices and interventions may modulate endothelial function. The Mediterranean diet enhances endothelial vasodilator function and reduces major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Increased dietary consumption of fish and other sources of omega-3 fatty acids improve NO activity, and also reduce MACE in those with cardiovascular disease. A number of nutritional supplements may improve endothelial function by reducing oxidative stress, by restoring elements of the NOS pathway, or by ameliorating insulin resistance, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia; however, their long-term effects on MACE are unknown. Some dietary supplements known to enhance the NOS pathway and improve endothelial vasodilator function in humans (Vitamin E, the B vitamins, and l-arginine) were ineffective at reducing MACE in large randomized clinical trials. Thus, dietary interventions that improve endothelial vasodilator function in the short term might not necessarily have long-term benefit.
Machine Learning Methods for Analysis of Metabolic Data and Metabolic Pathway Modeling

Machine learning uses experimental data to optimize clustering or classification of samples or features, or to develop, augment or verify models that can be used to predict behavior or properties of systems. It is expected that machine learning will help provide actionable knowledge from a variety of big data including metabolomics data, as well as results of metabolism models. A variety of machine learning methods has been applied in bioinformatics and metabolism analyses including self-organizing maps, support vector machines, the kernel machine, Bayesian networks or fuzzy logic. To a lesser extent, machine learning has also been utilized to take advantage of the increasing availability of genomics and metabolomics data for the optimization of metabolic network models and their analysis. In this context, machine learning has aided the development of metabolic networks, the calculation of parameters for stoichiometric and kinetic models, as well as the analysis of major features in the model for the optimal application of bioreactors. Examples of this very interesting, albeit highly complex, application of machine learning for metabolism modeling will be the primary focus of this review presenting several different types of applications for model optimization, parameter determination or system analysis using models, as well as the utilization of several different types of machine learning technologies.