cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Respect for Cultural Diversity and Pluralism

In October 2005, the Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights was unanimously adopted by the 191 Member States of UNESCO in Paris. The Declaration formulates 15 general principles to guide decisions and practices in bioethics. Article 12 presents the principle of respect for cultural diversity and pluralism: “The importance of cultural diversity and pluralism should be given due regard. However, such considerations are not to be invoked to infringe upon human dignity, human rights, and fundamental freedoms, nor upon the principles set out in this Declaration, not to limit their scope” (UNESCO 2005, Art 12). The aim of this contribution is to clarify the background as well as the significance and limitations of this principle. To better understand why this principle is included in the Declaration as one of the fundamental principles of today’s bioethics, it is necessary to explain the specific context in which it has emerged. This context is determined on the one hand by the mission and perspective of UNESCO, as the only United Nations organization concerned with culture, education and science, on the other hand by the development of bioethics as a global endeavor that is no longer only a concern of more developed and resource-rich countries.
Effects of 3D Stabilization Exercise on the Muscle Activity and Static Balance of Patients with Lumbar Instability

Purpose: The paper presents an intervention for clinical applications in the future by examining the effects of 3D stabilization exercise on patients with lumbar instability, which causes problems in the muscles and balance, and analyzing the effects of balanced lumbar muscles on the static balance....
Performance Evaluation of Black Hole Attack Under AODV in Smart Metering Network

In this paper, we thoroughly investigate the impact of black hole attacks under Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing in smart metering network. Specifically, the impact of black hole attack is fully examined by adjusting AODV parameters such as Hello message interval, route lifetime and positions of malicious meters, which have been under explored so far. Two critical performance metrics including packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay are used to measure the impact. Extensive simulations are conducted in a topology based on an actual suburban neighborhood. Simulation results demonstrate that by carefully adjusting AODV parameters, it increases resistance against black hole attack. The position of malicious meters also plays a critical role to prevent black hole attack and is studied as well.
Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

PET/MR imaging has all the benefits of PET combined with the excellent soft tissue contrast and characterization of MR for non-small cell lung cancer. It also avoids unnecessary radiation and contrast needed for CT characterization. Small-sized malignant nodules may be difficult to detect with FDG PET/MRI.
Privacy and Security on Twitter: A Semantic Network Analysis

As the technologies advance rapidly, the privacy and the security have become one of top concern in the digital communication in this age. Thus, we are trying to understand and drawing a conceptual view depend on how is the people view privacy and security in this era which has been changed and still changing and expanding as the technology developed. In order to analyze and see what it the person's apprehension regarding the view of the privacy and security, we have used one of the widespread social media which is Twitter. Based on the Twitter’s users view we have constructed our project and draw our conclusions. We have collected more than 125000 tweets to analysis them based on different aspects. This project mainly focused on privacy and security then it takes into account the Health Information Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), Facebook, and online keywords. After collecting the tweets, we have analyzed them using AutoMap tool. In the initial analysis, AutoMap extracts all of the words which have been occurring in the tweets along with each word frequency. As a second step of the analysis, we have filtered out all about numbers, symbols, and non-relative wording. Then, we took the most frequent work and did discourse analysis to see how these words are emerging. Based on discourse analysis, we have wiped out some of the words that appear in different context. From that point, we have drawn our discussion and conclusions. Based on our analysis, the privacy is beyond the information control and access. The people have changed their view regarding the privacy with the advancement of the technology. The Twitter’s users get concerned about their Facebook and Google personal data privacy. Particularly, when the Facebook has posted the new term and privacy policy, the users become more worried about their privacy. In addition, Twitter users’ were discussing the privacy and security of the mobile device to further assist the people who plan to buy in the near further. Moreover, they have anxiety regarding different acts and lows that are developed, and whether these laws will protect them or the laws will work against them.
The 14N(n, n'γ) cross section of the 2.313-MeV first excited state

The neutron-induced gamma-ray production cross section for the first excited state of 14 N was measured for neutron energies from 2.65 to 3.55 MeV at intervals of 100 KeV An angular distribution from 45 to 135 deg in 10-deg steps was measured at an incident neutron energy of 3.45 MeV Neutrons were produced by the 7 Li(p,n) 7 Be reaction using a pulsed proton beam from the University of Massachusetts Lowell 5.5-MV Van de Graaff accelerator. The interaction of neutrons from the 7 Li(p,n) 7 Be* reaction in the sample was taken into account. A calibrated 235 U fission chamber was used to measure the absolute incident neutron fluence. Gamma rays were detected by a Ge(Li) crystal surrounded by a NaI(Tl) anti-Compton annulus. This spectrometer was used in conjunction with the pulsed-beam time-of-flight technique to attenuate background. The measured cross section compares favorably with other experimental data and with the ENDF/B- VI evaluation.
Testing for Anti-Competitive Behavior in Public Enterprises

The incremental cost floor is widely accepted among economists and policy makers as the appropriate basis for testing for cross-subsidy and predatory pricing. In recent papers, Lott (1999) and Sappington and Sidak (2002 and 2003) question this approach and argue that it is not appropriate for public enterprises. While these authors do not provide a specific replacement for the incremental cost floor, they do argue that the cost floor should be above incremental costs.
Sound, Sense and Sound

One of the lessons Beckett had learned from his study of the sources of Joyce’s works was enunciated by Giambattista Vico: before the concept was the metaphor, and before the articulation of metaphor was song. Whether or not this historical claim is true for the race of mankind, it rings true for the experience of every living man, who hears sounds of words long before he is capable of articulating the least of his thoughts. And this is as true of the mother tongue as it is of any adopted one. The poets amongst us needed no convincing, addicted already to the sense of sound as a means of conveying the sounds of sense; and Beckett has always been first and foremost a poet, an artist working with words.
Sustainability issues of U.S. swine production.

The incorporation of livestock into agricultural systems ensures a more sustainable agriculture. Sustainable swine production systems are defined as those that combine production and management techniques to enhance profit and improve the ecological and socioeconomic surroundings. Over the long term, the systems should maintain or enhance the environment and resource base, the quality of life for the producers and society as a whole, the profit level of producers, and the quality of pork produced. Swine production in the United States is rapidly changing to fewer and larger production units. At the interface of sustainable agriculture and swine production are several levels of issues. Four levels of issues are the farm, the rural community, the society or consuming public, and the ecosystem or environment. By examining each level, long-term sustainability issues for U.S. swine production emerge. Some of these issues include swine care and husbandry, producer health, management and production systems, access to markets, information, technology and genetics, producer entrance requirements, specialization, manure utilization, industry structure, pork quality and leanness, and the impact of modern intensive systems on the environment, farms, and rural communities. The challenge beyond identifying issues is to incorporate sustainable concepts into profitable, ecologically based swine production systems. Several major groups of issues are discussed, including swine industry structure change issues, access and entrance issues, manure, by-product and nuisance issues, and pork quality issues. Many of these issues can be addressed. The solutions often rely on increased education, management, or technology applications. These processes provide broad opportunities for animal scientists. Examples of current solutions are quality assurance programs, segregated age rearing techniques, educational and promotional commodity programs, manure management programs, phase feeding, diet manipulation to alter manure nutrient concentrations, young producer assistance programs, producer networking, and environmental awareness activities. There are many more opportunities for improving the sustainability of U.S. swine production, when a long-term, issue-oriented viewpoint is maintained.
Dynamic Behavior of Automotive Three-Way Emission Control Systems

The operation of warmed-up automotive three-way catalysts is considered. Special emphasis is given to the observation that significant fractions of CO, hydrocarbon, and NO emissions in urban driving tests occur during vehicle acceleration. The increased emissions during acceleration occur as a result of increased exhaust flow rates and rich air-fuel ratio excursions of the air-fuel ratio control system. A method is presented for displaying and analyzing catalyst response to dynamic changes in operating conditions. The inclusion of a rich air-fuel ratio excursion test in catalyst evaluation procedures is recommended.
Visiting death and life: Dark Tourism and Slave Castles

Abstract In dark tourism research there is a paucity of research given to the discussion of sites associated with African enslavement. This study is informed by combining qualitative data from interviews that were conducted with 14 individuals pre- and post-travel to Cape Coast Castle, Ghana, alongside elicited photographs from the site, and a narrative analysis on other visitations and reflections of coastal castles. In bringing the discussion of these sites into an overall conceptual discussion of dark tourism, careful consideration needs to be given to the nuances that is evident in the sites’ histories, the interactions and interpretations of tourists with those sites, and their management and oversight by the Ghanaian authorities and the UNESCO Slave Route Project.
Indifference Curves that Travel with the Choice Set

Normative and descriptive theories of choice assume that absolute attribute values are key determinants of preferences. Building on research on the compromise effect, we propose that absolute attribute values often play a relatively minor role in the construction of preferences and consumers rely primarily on the relative positions of product alternatives in particular choice sets. Consistent with this proposition, we present the results of three studies which show that consumers can predict with surprising accuracy the likelihood of selecting a compromise option based on the product category and relative positions of options on attributes, without knowing the absolute attribute values (i.e., the location of the set in the attribute space). We also show that providing information about the range of absolute values does not affect consumers' propensity to rely on the relative positions of options in choice sets. These results support the notion that, when constructing their preferences, consumers often retrieve global preference elements (e.g., the relative importance of attributes), and apply them locally with relatively little sensitivity to the location of the set - i.e. they behave as though their indifference curves “travel” with the choice set.
The Young Child: Failure to Thrive

The term “failure to thrive” (FTT) refers to the child who is “not up to expectations in general health,” and more specifically for the practicing pediatrician it refers to the child who fails to gain as expected in weight and height (Luzzatti, 1964). FTT is a syndrome that represents a combination of growth and developmental failure, often associated with social and emotional disturbances (Barbero and Shaheen, 1967).
Nitrogen Biogeochemistry of an Urban Rooftop Farm

Intensive agriculture represents a recent extension of green roof technology. Perceived ecosystem services provided by rooftop farming include stormwater management and the production of affordable and nutritious vegetables for local consumption. However, intensive agriculture can increase nutrient loads to surface water, yet there is little empirical data from full-scale operational rooftop farms. This study reports the N balance and N management efficiency of the Brooklyn Grange Navy Yard Farm, a 0.61-ha farm atop an 11-story building in New York City USA. We monitored atmospheric N deposition, soil N concentration, N output by harvest, N leaching from soil, and drainage N output, in addition to estimating net N mineralization and the N load to sewers during the combined sewer overflows. We found that the annual drainage N output was 1100% of the atmospheric bulk N deposition, and was 540% of the estimated total atmospheric N deposition, which makes the Brooklyn Grange a net N source in the urban environment. Annual N leaching from soil was 97% of fertilizer N input, and the efficiency of N management can be lower than in conventional vegetable production. For the Brooklyn Grange to integrate stormwater management and intensive agriculture, it will be important to use soil with greater water holding capacity within the range of readily available water, and to recycle drainage. This case study shows how the intensification of agriculture on rooftops should be managed for both the yield and quality of crops and to reduce N loss to storm drains, which affects aquatic ecosystems and water quality.
Case 4-2019: An 18-Year-Old Man with Abdominal Pain and Hematochezia

A Man with Abdominal Pain and Hematochezia An 18-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of fevers, abdominal pain, and hematochezia. After admission, temperatures as high as 40.2°C occur...
If We Don’t Look, We Won’t See: Measuring Language Development to Inform Literacy Instruction:

Oral language abilities enable children to learn to read, and they predict future academic achievement and life outcomes. However, children with language impairment frequently go unidentified because schools do not systematically measure oral language development. Given that identification paves the way for treatment, schools should increase attention to oral language development, particularly within response to intervention (RTI) frameworks, which aim to prevent learning disabilities by identifying and intervening at early stages. Formal schooling should address language comprehension (in addition to word reading) to ensure an adequate foundation for future reading comprehension. In support, we overview the developmental relations between oral language abilities and reading skills, review current school-based assessment frameworks, and discuss how these frameworks can include language assessments. Measuring language skills early and often benefits not only those who have language impairment but also all children, as it documents language variability to inform differentiated instruction.
The Marxian Vision of a (Better) Possible Future: End of a Grand Illusion?

What do we mean by ‘illusion’? Complementarily, what is disillusionment? Like Augustine concerning time, many of us may believe that we know the answers to these questions - until we start examining them more carefully. Then we become aware that the belief itself was illusory.
The real Poilus: Colette’s war dogs

ABSTRACTAlthough Colette was one of the first women to report from the frontlines, many literary critics have, until recently, dismissed her journalistic pieces as not worthy of serious study. Thes...
The Usability and Feasibility of Conjoint Analysis to Elicit Preferences for Distal Radius Fractures in Patients 55 Years and Older

Purpose Eliciting patient preferences is one part of the shared decision-making process—a process of decision making focused on the values and preferences of the patient. We evaluated the usability and feasibility of a point-of-care conjoint analysis tool for preference elicitation for shared decision making in the treatment of distal radius fractures in patients over the age of 55 years. Methods Twenty-seven patients 55 years of age or older with a displaced distal radius fracture were recruited from a hand and upper extremity clinic. A conjoint analysis tool was created describing the attributes of care (eg, return of grip strength) of surgical and nonsurgical treatment. This tool was administered to patients to determine their preferences for the treatment attributes when choosing between surgical and nonsurgical treatment. Patients completed a System Usability Scale (SUS) to evaluate usability, and time to complete the tool was measured to evaluate feasibility. Results Patients considered the conjoint analysis tool to be usable (SUS, 91.4; SD, 10.9). Mean time to complete the tool was 5.1 minutes (SD, 1.4 minutes). The most important attributes driving the decision for surgical treatment were return of grip strength at 1 year and time spent in a cast or brace. The most important attributes driving the decision for nonsurgical treatment were use of anesthesia during treatment and return of grip strength at 1 year. Conclusions A point-of-care conjoint analysis tool for distal radius fractures in patients 55 years and older can be used to elicit patient preferences to inform the shared decision-making process. Further investigation evaluating the effect of preference elicitation on treatment choice, involvement in decision making, and patient-reported outcomes are needed. Clinical relevance A conjoint analysis tool is a simple, structured process physicians can use during shared decision making to highlight trade-offs between treatment options and elicit patient preferences to inform treatment choices.
Fluctuation Effects in the Adam-Gibbs Model of Cooperative Relaxation.

A generalization of the Adam–Gibbs model of relaxation in glass-forming liquids is formulated that takes into account fluctuation in the number of molecules inside the cooperative region. The confi...
Comparing Delivery Methods of an Introductory Nutrition Course Using the Community of Inquiry

ABSTRACT Objective To compare student perceptions and final grades of online vs face-to-face nutrition courses using the community of inquiry (COI) framework. Methods Using a cross-sectional research design, students in 3 courses completed the 34-item COI questionnaire. One-way ANOVA compared the COI and final grades. Results One hundred eight students participated. There were no significant differences in the perception of teaching presence (F[2,103] = 0.214, P = .81), social presence (F[2,103] = 0.393, P = .68), cognitive presence (F[2,103] = 0.428, P = .65), and final grades (F[2,140] = 0.846, P =.43). Conclusions and Implications Online courses may provide similar perceptions of connection to the course content, peers, and the instructor similar to face-to-face courses and may result in similar grades. Instructor professional development may be warranted to ensure the use of instructional strategies that enhance connections and facilitate higher-level learning. Additional research is needed to replicate these findings with multiple instructors and a larger sample size.
Examining the Effects of STEM PBL on Students’ Divergent Thinking Attitudes Related to Creative Problem Solving

The opportunities for fostering divergent thinking and creativity are limited in traditional lecture-focused classrooms, which could discourage students’ from applying and developing their creativity and divergent thinking within an academic context. STEM project-based learning is an alternative to traditional instruction that can be used to challenge students to identify creative solutions to problems. This alternative involves an innovative instructional method that allows one to integrate engineering and technology into mathematics and science classrooms within a project that includes various teaching and learning practices grounded in constructivism. The purpose of this study was to understand the effect of STEM PBL on students’ attitudes toward engaging in divergent thinking and students’ perceptions of their creative problem-solving (CPS) skills. Therefore, we provided STEM PBL courses (e.g., coding, cryptography, microcontroller, bridge-building, 3D-printing) to secondary school students during the summer of 2018. Examining the differences between students’ pre-and post-test in SPSS-25 revealed that students (n = 48) who received two-week long STEM PBL intervention held more positive attitudes toward engaging in divergent thinking and demonstrated improved self-perceptions of their CPS skills. The implication of this study is that integrating STEM PBL into mathematics and science classrooms can help students develop positive attitudes toward engaging in divergent thinking and positive perceptions of their CPS skills, thus increasing their persistence and perseverance in engaging with complex problems that require the generation of original ideas.
Geometric optimization of plasmonic nanostructure arrays on MWIR HgCdTe (MCT)

Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT) is a primary absorber material used in most infrared (IR) detection technologies. Our previous studies show that the optical absorbance profile of MCT in the mid-infrared region can be enhanced by 13% under ambient conditions via integrating periodic Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) nanostructures. Here, we focus on the geometrical parameterization and optimization of ITO nanostructure arrays. We simulate several types of geometries, their corresponding effective absorption profiles, E-field distribution, and optimal geometric parameters. This work may lead to improved light collection and absorption edge engineering, as MCT continues to be the material of choice in IR detection architectures.
Fatigue Life of Weldment Details of Existing Orthotropic Steel Bridge Considering the Scour Effects

Abstract During the service life of the orthotropic steel bridges (OSBs), fatigue damage accumulations could impact the safety and reliability of the bridges in their lifecycles. Fatigue damage eva...
Evaluating the benefits of permeate recycling in a photobioreactor using multi-component, community-level modeling

Abstract While biodiesel production from photosynthetic algae is a promising form of non-fossil energy, the process often has high water and nutrient demands. We developed a mathematical model for a photobioreactor system in which the photobioreactor's effluent is membrane filtered, with most of the permeate returned to the photobioreactor (PBR). The model considers light attenuation and inhibition, nutrient limitation, preference for ammonia consumption over nitrate, production of soluble microbial products (SMP) and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), and the growth and impacts of heterotrophic bacteria that consume SMP. Increasing the rate of permeate recycling improves water- and nutrient-use efficiencies, but it also leads to an accumulation of more SMP in the photobioreactor and higher concentrations of heterotrophs. Increasing the dilution rate leads to increased production of photoautotrophs due to a lowering of the biomass concentration, thus increasing LI (light intensity) and μ (maximum specific growth rate). A high-enough dilution rate washes out the heterotrophs, leaving an almost mono-culture of photoautotrophs, because the heterotrophs do not benefit from the higher LI. Using high D (dilution rate) and re (ratio of permeate flow to total throughput) together gains the phototroph-productivity benefits of high D together with the substantially smaller water demand of high re. The best water- and nutrient-utilization efficiencies were associated with high re alone, but high D (alone or with high re) enriched the biomass in photoautotrophs.
Neurosurgical management of aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar system: increasing indications for endovascular therapy with a continued role for open microneurosurgery.

Aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar system remain among the most challenging subsets of aneurysms to treat with an open surgical approach. Since Charles Drake’s pioneering work in the 1960s, several advances in microsurgical techniques have improved outcomes and feasibility in the open surgical management of these aneurysms. In parallel, the field of endovascular neurosurgery has provided several safe and effective treatment options. Multiple trials have suggested that endovascular therapy for aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar system is superior to open surgical management in most cases. In some instances, however, open surgical management likely represents a more effective and durable option relative to endovascular therapy. Therefore, continued training of future cerebrovascular specialists in open surgery of vertebrobasilar aneurysms remains crucial. With widespread utilization of endovascular techniques, however, proper exposure of trainees to such aneurysms is growing increasingly difficult. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in the endovascular management of vertebrobasilar aneurysms while also emphasizing the continued importance of open microneurosurgery in such cases.
Anion-Coupled Na Efflux Mediated by the Na/K Pump in Human Red Blood Cells

Publisher Summary This chapter describes an experiment that investigates the anion-coupled Na efflux mediated by the Na/K pump in human red blood cells. The Na/K pump in human red blood cells is electrogenic. In the experiment, the cell's membrane potential is examined by means of the fluorescent dye technique. When red cells are suspended in a medium free of Na and K, an ouabain-sensitive efflux of Na is observed. Results indicate that the pump efflux of Na that occurs when cells are placed in a medium free of Na and K is electroneutral and not electrogenic.
Appendix P: IM Products in Mixers

Theoretical relationship between levels of intermods cause be two signals passing through a mixer and the levels of single-signal spurious products.
Toward Compiler Support for Scalable Parallelism Using Multipartitioning

Strategies for partitioning an application's data play a fundamental role in determining the range of possible parallelizations that can be performed and ultimately their potential efficiency. This paper describes extensions to the Rice dHPF compiler for High Performance Fortran which enable it to support data distributions based on multipartitioning. Using these distributions can help close the substantial gap between the efficiency and scalability of compiler-parallelized codes for multi-directional line sweep computations and their hand-coded counterparts. We describe our the design and implementation of compiler support for multipartitioning and show preliminary results for a benchmark compiled using these techniques.
Isolation of Thermophilic Fungi From Snuff

Fourteen samples of retail purchases of snuff were examined for the presence of viable thermophilic fungi; four species were found.
Stereochemistry of olefins—IX : Correlation of Mills' and Brewster's rules with the Cotton effects of cyclic olefins☆

Abstract The chiroptical properties of 74 substituted olefins are related to Mills' and Brewster's rules for optical activity via the olefin Octant rule. The latter rule provides a satisfactory solution for exceptional or difficult cases of distinction between epimers, and furthermore, can be used to derive the absolute configuration of a molecule without knowledge of the rotational properties of a diastereoisomer since a measurement of the sign of a Cotton effect rather than the relative magnitude of a rotation is involved for the majority of cases.
Are wave mechanics and matrix mechanics equivalent theories

The Eckart and Schrodinger proofs of 1926 are often described as having established the equivalence of wave mechanics and matrix mechanics as physical theories. The objective of this paper is to show that these “proofs” establish nothing of the kind. The Eckart-Schrodinger “proofs” have to do only with the formal identity of two different calculi. The question is, do the “proofs” establish the mathematical identity ofC1 andC2? Two views are possible: (1) Eckart and Schrodinger subsumed wave mechanics (C1) and matrix mechanics (C2) within a more comprehensive theory — which might be called “the operator calculus” (O). From this alone it does not follow thatC1 andC2 are formally identical. In general, the identity of two theories can never be established just by the fact that they both follow from the same premise. The other view (2) is thatO is simply a logical transformer which converts any statement ofC1 into a corresponding statement ofC2 — without adding any theoretical content of its own. That this is so could never beproved by an inductive selection of typical problems within microphysics; yet this is the actual procedure of Eckart and Schrodinger. Strictly speaking, one could consistently doubt thatC1 andC2 are ultimately identical even after sympathetically entertaining the Eckart-Schrodinger “proofs”. The really convincing argument for the equivalence asphysical theories of wave mechanics and matrix mechanics was provided by Born's statistical interpretation of theψ-function. Because here, in a frankly inductive procedure, Bornforces a physical interpretation onto bothC1 andC2 which at last makes it a matter of indifference which algorithm one chooses to express his predictions.
Your Eyes Say "No," But Your Heart Says "Yes": Behavioral and Psychophysiological Indices in Infant Quantitative Processing

Behavioral indices (e.g., infant looking) are predominantly used in studies of infant cognition, but psychophysiological measures have been increasingly integrated into common infant paradigms. The current study reports a result in which behavioral measures and physiological measures were both incorporated in a task designed to study infant number discrimination. Seven-month-old infants were habituated to several sets of stimuli varying in object type, but of a constant numerical value (either two or three items). Although looking time to each of the test trials revealed no differences, differences in heart rate defined measures of attention revealed infants’ ability to discriminate number. These findings imply that the inclusion of indices other than behavioral measures should become commonplace in studies of infant cognition.
Teaching wireless networking and security with java 2 micro edition (J2ME/sup TM)

1 Cheer-sun D. Yang, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, Anderson Hall 324, West Chester, PA 19383 cyang@wcupa.edu Abstract This work -in-progress paper presents a web classroom application to teach wireless data services with Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME). In the past, the evolution of 3G wireless systems leads to the study of various architectures and protocols for implementing data services on wireless devices such as cellular phones, palm computing devices, and wireless LANs. Since 1997, two major specifications have emerged in this area: The Wireless Application Protocol(WAP) and J2ME. Although both WAP and J2ME provide students capabilities to implement data service applications to run on the Internet, the installation process marks a difference in favor of J2ME. In a wireless communication course, J2ME is incorporated to teach a traditionally research-based wireless networking and security course. In summary, this pape describes the protocol structure, the development environment, the emulation software, and the experiences learned.
Resonant Collisions Between Two Rydberg Atoms

Resonant collisions, that is, those in which one of the two colliding atoms (or molecules) loses as much internal energy as the other gains, are expected to have far larger cross sections than nonresonant processes [1]. However, systematic studies of the effect of resonance have been difficult for several reasons. First, it is necessary to rely upon chance coincidence or the same atom for a resonance, and there is thus no good way to tune through a resonance. In addition, usual gas kinetic cross sections lead to collision times so short that the resonance is very broad and thus not pronounced.
Thermoresponsive release of viable microfiltrated Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) for precision medicine applications

Stimulus responsive release of Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs), with high recovery rates from their capture platform, is highly desirable for off-chip analyses. Here, we present a temperature responsive polymer coating method to achieve both release as well as culture of viable CTCs captured from patient blood samples.
Reconstruction within the Zeldovich approximation

Author(s): White, M | Abstract: The Zeldovich approximation, first-order Lagrangian perturbation theory, provides a good description of the clustering of matter and galaxies on large scales. The acoustic feature in the large-scale correlation function of galaxies imprinted by sound waves in the early Universe has been successfully used as a 'standard ruler' to constrain the expansion history of the Universe. The standard ruler can be improved if a process known as density field reconstruction is employed. In this paper, we develop the Zeldovich formalism to compute the correlation function of biased tracers in both real and redshift space using the simplest reconstruction algorithm with a Gaussian kernel and compare to N-body simulations. The model qualitatively describes the effects of reconstruction on the simulations, though its quantitative success depends upon how redshift-space distortions are handled in the reconstruction algorithm.
The Future (Imperfect) of Special Collections and Library School Education

Images now displace ideals.1 Our culture is saturated with images of information systems: information superhighways which some policy makers fear will become toll roads congested with data glut, sabotaged by guerrilla hackers working for outlaw information services. Theodore Roszak has dubbed computer-generated systems the cult of information. 2 This cult is composed of generations of post-World War II Americans raised on Star Trek, Star Wars, The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, and, more recently, Nintendo and video arcades. The future of information technology is so alluring that university administrators cannot wait to ride (or be led to) the e-waves, and panicked . . .
Will “Smarter” Marketing End Social Discrimination? A Critical Review

Purpose – There are two claims made by the web marketing/advertising industry. By collecting, managing, and mining data, companies serve consumer's best interests, and by adopting sophisticated analytics, web marketers avoid discriminations that disserve individuals. Although the paper shares an interest in ending social discrimination, the paper is more circumspect about pronounced individualism and technological fixes. Despite its appeal, or perhaps because of it, the paper should not accept the claim at face value. The paper argues that social discrimination may not disappear under smarter marketing; more overt forms may wane only to be replaced by more subtle forms. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The paper compares the two most important techniques of “smarter” marketing – predictive analytics and Facebook's social graph – with current discriminatory practices of weblining and e-scoring. While noting advances against overt discrimination, the paper describes how ...
The challenges and opportunities of collaborative practice.

I t is especially useful to analyze the challenges and opportunities of collaborative practice between physicians and nonphysicians on the eve of the 21st century, in light of the historical traditions of these two groups of health professionals. As professionals, we are shaped by these traditions. The marvelous scientific advances of the 20th century have not erased our inheritance. How we came to be what we are, how our therapeutic methods were developed, and how our ethical principles were established is vital to our discussion of collaboration t0day.l When Florence Nightingale wrote in Notes 012 Nursing’ that “every woman is a nurse,” she was reflecting a cultural reality that throughout the ages, all women universally assumed the role of caring for the sick and dying and for women giving birth. This role was assumed by women somewhere in the dawn of recorded history and occurred in cultures worldwide. Over time, within various geographical areas, some women gained more knowledge and skill than others and thus devoted themselves to healing.3 The practice of these early women-healers grew out of the tasks acquired by lifetimes of doing a practice that has been referred by some authors as “social medicine” or “social childbirth” to distinguish it from the practice of physicians.4,” Social medicine as practiced by these skilled women encompassed deep personal affiliation between practitioner and patient. From this tradition, nursing and midwifery developed. The practice of medicine and surgery developed in a different manner. It is documented that in ancient Mesopotamia, physicians were healing priests who were educated in schools associated with temples’ that included practical instruction and the use of medical texts. One hundred and fifty years ago, archaeologists discovered a seventh century BC medical library containing over twenty thousand clay tablets.’ Medical practice as a profession was regulated by law as evidenced in the code of Hammurabi.’ Charms and exorcisms were employed, along with drugs and operations, and the priest-physician administered to nobility primarily but did treat others such as slaves.’ Surgery was performed by barbers. i Ancient Hebrew physicians were members of the
Locomotor performance of insects with rudimentary wings

THE evolution of flight in insects triggered an unparalleled radiation and diversification such that flying insects comprise approximately two-thirds of all species1, yet a gap in the fossil record obscures the origins of wings and flight2. Among modern insects, stoneflies are morphologically primitive for several flight-related traits, which makes their locomotor behaviour and physiology of particular interest3. Here we show that Allocapnia vivipara stoneflies use a non-flying form of aerodynamic locomotion which may exemplify a precursor to flight. They raise their wings in response to wind, thereby sailing across water surfaces, but they are incapable of flapping. Sailing performance improves steadily with increasing wing size, and even the smallest wings significantly increase sailing velocity compared to wingless individuals. Performance during aerial gliding is less affected by wing size, which suggests that sailing is a more plausible setting for wing evolution. These results support the hypothesis that insect wings evolved from articulated gill plates of aquatic ancestors through an intermediate semi-aquatic stage4.
Nitric Oxide Synthase in Acute Alteration of Nitric Oxide Levels after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

OBJECTIVE: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is associated with acute decreases and Subsequent recovery of cerebral nitric oxide (NO) levels, but the mechanisms of these alterations are not known. In this study, we measure NO synthase (NOS) protein and kinetics to determine its involvement in the alterations of cerebral NO levels after SAH. METHODS: The endovascular rat model of SAH was used. The number of NOS-1 ineuronal) and NOS-2 (inducible)-positive cells (0-96 b) was determined by counting immunoreactive cells in 8-μm cryostat sections. The tissue content of active NOS and its kinetic parameters were studied with an enzymatic t-citrulline assay. RESULTS: The number of NOS-1-positive cells increased between 1 and 3 hours after SAH, decreased to and below control values at 6 and 72 hours after SAH, and increased to control values 96 hors after SAH. The number of NOS-2-positive cells increased 1 hour after SAH, decreased to control-values at 24 hours, and increased above control values 96 hours after SAH. The Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters (V max , K m , slope) of NOS remained unchanged at 10 and 90 minutes after SAH. CONCLUSION: NOS-1 and -2 proteins undergo a triphasic, alteration after SAH, whereas the amount of active NOS and its kinetic parameters remain unchanged during the first 90 minutes after SAH Depletion of NOS is not involved in in the acute alternations of cerebral NO levels after SAH.
Take Care to Do No Harm: Harmful Interventions for Youth Problem Behavior

Youth conduct problems, delinquency, and substance abuse pose serious consequences for the youth themselves, their victims and families, and the broader society. The widespread impact of these problem behaviors highlights the importance of preventing and treating them effectively. Despite this need, an emerging literature has demonstrated that certain intervention programs for these problem behaviors, particularly those that have used group-delivery formats, have produced iatrogenic effects. The potential for intervention to produce negative outcomes raises several ethical implications and dilemmas. In this article, the author provides illustrative examples of iatrogenic effects of interventions that target youth conduct problems, delinquency, and substance abuse; discusses the relevant ethical implications raised by these outcomes; and suggests recommendations to prevent, detect, and respond to their occurrence.
Note: Rainbow solutions to the Sidon equation

We prove that for every 4-coloring of {1,2,...,n}, with each color class having cardinality more than (n+1)/6, there exists a solution of the equation x+y=z+w with x, y, z and w belonging to different color classes. The lower bound on a color class cardinality is tight.
Comment on Witherspoon's Review of Blessingway

Professor Fagan's charges that my review was "ad hominem" are patently absurd. The merits of the book, cited by Professor Fagan, are included within those which I discussed initially. Criticisms which I made of the introductory chapter are, it seems to me, quite valid and can, in any event, be adjudicated by interested scholars. I hope Professor Fagan will continue to allow me to express my views in the American Anthropologist.
On the logical and physical combination of evidence in intelligent machines

We give a rigorous interpretation of the ways of combining evidence in Mycin-type expert systems. We demonstrate the probabilistic inexactness of the Mycin model and its incompleteness for combining evidence from quantitative data extracted in well-defined physical systems. Finally, we present a new method of combining evidence including both logical and physical combinations of evidence. the method is applicable to intelligent machines capable of gathering evidence via sensors.
Co-occurring cryptic species pose challenges for conservation: a case study of the African dwarf crocodile ( Osteolaemus spp.) in Cameroon

The conservation status of threatened taxa may be obfuscated by the detection of cryptic species complexes, in both vertebrate and invertebrate species. African dwarf crocodiles ( Osteolaemus spp.) are hunted throughout their range but their conservation status is unknown. Few population assessments have been carried out and there has been a taxonomic revision of the number of species in the genus. The similar morphologies of Osteolaemus tetraspis and Osteolaemus osborni pose a challenge for conservation in Cameroon, where they are still managed as a single species. Nocturnal spotlight surveys were conducted in three regions during August–November 2010 and December 2011–February 2012 to provide population assessments of O. tetraspis and O. osborni and raise awareness of the two species in Cameroon. The mean encounter rates of O. tetraspis and O. osborni were 1.02 ± SD 1.34 (65 individuals in 39 surveys) and 0.61 ± SD 0.38 (three in four surveys) crocodiles per km, respectively. The O. tetraspis population comprised juveniles predominantly and had a male-biased sex ratio. The few O. osborni detected comprised both adults and juveniles. Both species are threatened in Cameroon, based on low encounter rates, young population structures and the threats of habitat loss and hunting pressure. This study provides distribution maps and serves as a baseline to quantify population trends and inform conservation strategies.
Softlifting and piracy: behavior across cultures

Abstract As the use of information technology spreads throughout the world, as software becomes more complex and its cost increases, and as the ease with which software can be copied increases, ethical and financial risks also increase. Software ethics have received considerable attention in the literature, but most studies focus on a few variables or are ethnocentric. Some studies focus on several countries, but little of this research uses primary data, nor does it compare softlifting and piracy, and it makes no attempt to uncover why these activities take place. This study focuses on the attitudes of students in four countries: the United States, New Zealand, Hong Kong, and Pakistan. Respondents were asked to evaluate nine ethical scenarios of increasing consequence. An analysis of the data produced three significant findings: software ethics are country-dependent; softlifting and piracy are distinct ethical problems; and Hofstede's cultural dimensions suggest a relationship between one of the four dimensions and softlifting, and between three of the four dimensions and piracy.
Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Testicular Degeneration in Stallions

Testicular degeneration is a common cause of subfertility and infertility in stallions. The disease can broadly be divided into two categories: those cases resulting from a known testicular insult, and idiopathic (senile or age-related) testicular degeneration. This manuscript describes the problem of testicular degeneration in the equine breeding industry and summarizes what is known about the pathophysiology of the disease. Additionally, the clinical signs of testicular degeneration are reviewed so that the clinician can more quickly and accurately arrive at a diagnosis. Differences in the approach to treatment of testicular degeneration arising from a known cause and idiopathic testicular degeneration are discussed as are differences in prognoses. Finally, the practitioner is provided with practical information on how to more effectively manage affected stallions and what, if anything, can be done to improve reproductive performance of these animals both in the field and in a referral setting.
Nanocrystalline Binary, Ternary and Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors from Polychalcogenide Complexes

The molecular polychalcogenide complexes [M(Se4)2]2- (M=Mn, Zn, Cd, Hg), [Sn(Se4)3]2-, and [Cu4Se12]2- can be converted to the corresponding binary semiconducting solids. DMF and DMSO solutions of these complexes react with Se-abstracting reagents such as CN- and (n-Bu)3P to yield the corresponding binary solids at 155 °C or less. Appropriate stoichiometric mixtures of [Cu4Se12]2- and [In3Se15]3- react to give CuInSe2. Appropriate stoichiometric mixtures of [Cd(Se4)2]2- and [Mn(Se4)2]2- give solid solutions Cd1-xMnxSe where 0×<1. The Cd1-xMnxSe solid solutions were characterized by variable temperature magnetic measurements. Depending on the reaction conditions, metal precursor complex and Se-abstracting reagent used, the semiconductor particle size ranges from the quantum-size to the bulk regime. This method of synthesis produces the little known γ-MnSe in pure form.