cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adhesion Protein Profile of Lung-Derived Microvesicles

Abstract 4803 We have previously shown that murine bone marrow cells co-cultured opposite murine lung cells, but separated from them by a cell-impermeable membrane, express pulmonary epithelial cell-specific mRNAs, including Surfactants A-D, Aquaporin-5 and Clara Cell Specific Protein. This effect appears to be enhanced when the lungs used in co-culture are harvested from previously-irradiated mice. We have also shown that lung cells release membrane-bound particles called microvesicles which contain lung cell-specific proteins and mRNA. Microvesicles are capable of entering marrow cells in culture and inducing lung-specific mRNA and protein expression in marrow cells that have internalized them (Aliotta JM, et al, Stem Cells, 2007). Currently, it is not known how microvesicles gain entry into marrow cells and if this process involves the binding of specific adhesion proteins present on the marrow cells and/or the surface of microvesicles. Microvesicles derived from sources other than the lung have been described as expressing various adhesion proteins which facilitate their entry into target cells. In order to determine the presence of adhesion proteins on lung-derived microvesicles, we ultracentrifuged (100,000 g) cell-free conditioned media made from the lungs of C57BL/6 mice. Pelleted material was labeled with one of several directly-conjugated antibodies to an adhesion protein. Microvesicles which were positive for the adhesion protein of interest were identified by flow cytometry and quantified relative to its isotype control. Adhesion proteins that were found to be present on lung-derived microvesicles included CD29 (β1 integrin), CD41 (α2b integrin), CD49e (α5 integrin), CD49f (α6 integrin), CD51 (αv integrin), CD54 (ICAM-1), CD61 (β3 integrin), CD62L (L-selectin), CD81 (TAPA-1), CD107a (LAMP-1), CD154 (CD40 ligand), CD184 (CXCR4) and CD309 (VEGFR2). Those not present included CD9 (p24), CD11b (Mac-1), CD18 (β2 integrin), CD31 (PECAM-1), CD49d (α4 integrin), CD62P (P-selectin) and CD162 (PSGL-1). Lung-derived microvesicles isolated from mice that had been exposed to 500 centigrey total body irradiation five days prior to sacrifice were enriched with certain populations of adhesion protein positive microvesicles compared to those isolated from non-irradiated mice. These populations included ICAM-1 (78% increase), TAPA-1 (45% increase), CD40 ligand (108% increase) and VEGFR2 (136% increase) positive microvesicles. We are attempting to determine if lung-derived microvesicle entry into marrow cells is mediated by interactions with these adhesion proteins. These data indicate that adhesion proteins are present on lung-derived microvesicles. It is possible that differences in mRNA expression seen in marrow cells exposed to microvesicles derived from irradiated and non-irradiated lung in be related to qualitative and quantitative differences in those microvesicles. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Initial spreaders in online social networks

The advent of social media has generated tremendous interest in ways that organizations or companies use social networks to maximize information or product adoption by users. In this paper, we are interested in finding powerful information initial spreaders. We utilize a ubiquitous feature of social networks, namely the existence of communities (i.e., tight-knit groups of nodes), and design a community-based distributed algorithm to find initial spreaders which maximize information spreading. In addition to the rigorous analysis, we also demonstrate our result with experiments over real network topologies.
Population attributable fraction (PAF) in repeated measures design: Childhood traumas as predictors of psychotherapy outcomes

Introduction Population attributable fraction (PAF) represents the proportion of treatment failure, which could be avoided, if the individuals at high risk were similar to the individuals at low risk. The PAF, however, has not been available for repeated measures designs. A relatively prevalent and strong risk factor for many adulthood disorders, such as depression and anxiety, are adversities and traumas experienced in childhood. Little is, however, known of their implications for common treatments such as psychotherapy. Objectives To develop PAF for repeated measures, and to provide a useful tool in various research fields to provide decision-makers results, which are easier to interpret. This study will examine the relative importance of different childhood traumas as predictors of psychotherapy outcome in a patient population with depressive and anxiety disorders. Methods PAF was calculated using generalized linear mixed models and Bayesian predictive distributions. The data is based on 326 outpatients, randomized in one long-term and two short-term psychotherapies by the Helsinki Psychotherapy Study. Patients were assessed up to 10 times during a 5-year follow-up. A combination of psychiatric symptoms measured, is used as the outcome measure. Results The repeated measures PAF will provide a useful aggregate measure over the follow-up time and over the patient population. Conclusions The repeated measures PAF will provide insight on the relative importance of the different domains of childhood traumas on therapy outcome. Associations of individual-level risk factors do not provide guidelines for policy decisions, which should acknowledge also prevalences of the risk factors in the patient population.
WeLi: A Smartwatch Application to Assist Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

To explore the potential of smartwatches in special education, we designed, developed and evaluated WeLi - a wearable application that assists students with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) in educational environments. By integrating a mobile and a wearable solution, the WeLi application assists students with IDDs and their assistants, facilitating collaboration, communication and planning. WeLi provides features for intervention, self-regulation for mood and reminders. The findings from the user studies show that the students and their assistants are enthusiastic about adopting the novel technology in classroom settings.
Effects of gap-based silviculture on thermal biology of a terrestrial reptile

Context Terrestrial reptiles require varied thermal environments to promote optimal physiological performance, growth, reproduction, and survival. Aims Our study was designed to determine whether gap-based silvicultural practices offer suitable thermal environments for eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina) by examining environmental temperature variation and body temperature of eastern box turtles in, and adjacent to, canopy gaps. Methods We recorded box turtle body temperature from 20 radio-tracked turtles and environmental temperatures (canopy gaps and undisturbed habitat) using temperature loggers from June to September 2014 in a managed forest after canopy gaps (0.28–1.13 ha gap–1) were created via gap-based silviculture. Key results Over the four-month study period, gap temperatures were generally higher than adjacent undisturbed microhabitats. Box turtle body temperatures were closely correlated with environmental temperatures in undisturbed habitat in June and July. Turtle body temperatures were, however, closely correlated with environmental temperatures in canopy gaps in August and September. In addition, box turtles in our study had activity areas that overlapped canopy gaps from 0 to 65%, depending on the individual. As percentage overlap of canopy gaps increased, turtle body temperatures were increasingly correlated with canopy gap temperatures. Furthermore, as percentage overlap of canopy gaps increased, daily mean body temperature records consistently stayed within the preferred box turtle body temperature range (20.2–26.2°C). Conclusions Our study suggests that gap-based silviculture can create thermally compatible environments for box turtles depending on the time of day and year, and that box turtles use these microhabitats to thermoregulate. Implications The application of relatively small-scale silvicultural practices (≤1 ha gap–1) that provide heterogeneity in forest structure, composition, and function may be a useful alternative to clearcutting and other intensive harvesting methods that are associated with declines in terrestrial reptile populations.
Perspective and Logical Pluralism in Hegel

In this paper, I consider the role of perspective in Hegel’s metaphysics, and in particular the role that multiple perspectives play within the ultimate structure in Hegel’s metaphysics, which Hegel calls ‘the idea [die Idee]’. My (somewhat anachronistic) way into this topic will be to inquire about Hegel’s stance on what Adrian Moore has called ‘absolute representations’. I argue for the claim that perspective is maintained, even in the absolute idea, which generates the task of understanding the nature of that perspective and its compatibility with absoluteness. I attempt to accomplish this task by asking what a logical perspective could be, and how it might be related to visual perspective. Then I inquire into the relation that perspectives have to each other, i.e., to the system of perspectives. I construe those relations in reciprocal and dynamic terms, so that absoluteness takes the form of a structured round of perspectives rather than a relation to reality ‘once and for all’.
High-resolution 3D volumetric contrast-enhanced MR angiography with a blood pool agent (ferumoxytol) for diagnostic evaluation of pediatric brain arteriovenous malformations

OBJECTIVE Patients with brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) often require repeat imaging with MRI or MR angiography (MRA), CT angiography (CTA), and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The ideal imaging modality provides excellent vascular visualization without incurring added risks, such as radiation exposure. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of ferumoxytol-enhanced MRA using a high-resolution 3D volumetric sequence (fe-SPGR) for visualizing and grading pediatric brain AVMs in comparison with CTA and DSA, which is the current imaging gold standard. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, 21 patients with AVMs evaluated by fe-SPGR, CTA, and DSA between April 2014 and August 2017 were included. Two experienced raters graded AVMs using Spetzler-Martin criteria on all imaging studies. Lesion conspicuity (LC) and diagnostic confidence (DC) were assessed using a 5-point Likert scale, and interrater agreement was determined. The Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to assess the raters' grades and scores of LC and DC, with subsequent post hoc pairwise comparisons to assess for statistically significant differences between pairs of groups at p < 0.05. RESULTS Assigned Spetzler-Martin grades for AVMs on DSA, fe-SPGR, and CTA were not significantly different (p = 0.991). LC and DC scores were higher with fe-SPGR than with CTA (p < 0.05). A significant difference in LC scores was found between CTA and fe-SPGR (p < 0.001) and CTA and DSA (p < 0.001) but not between fe-SPGR and DSA (p = 0.146). A significant difference in DC scores was found among DSA, fe-SPGR, and CTA (p < 0.001) and between all pairs of the groups (p < 0.05). Interrater agreement was good to very good for all image groups (κ = 0.77-1.0, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Fe-SPGR performed robustly in the diagnostic evaluation of brain AVMs, with improved visual depiction of AVMs compared with CTA and comparable Spetzler-Martin grading relative to CTA and DSA.
Validating a Trust-based Access Control System

Over the last few years researchers have recognized the need for adaptive access control mechanisms for dynamic collaborative environments. As a result, several mechanisms have been proposed and demonstrated in academic literature. Although these mechanisms have been verified to perform as advertised, few of them have been validated to work within an operational environment. Using a decentralized trust-based access control system of their own design, the authors validated their system using a narrative technique to develop a realistic operational scenario. They tested the system within the scenario and then applied a cost and a success metric to the results to determine the efficiency of their mechanism. The results show how the authors’ narrative approach and success metric combine to provide more efficient and effective analysis of how an access control mechanisms will perform when used in an operational environment
Analysis of Web Design Guidelines

There are numerous design guidelines and study results to provide guidance on the way to design web sites so that they are usable and accessible. However, practitioners experience difficulty in applying guidelines, at least in the format in which they are typically presented; they are often discussed vaguely and sometimes conflict with one another. For instance, there is a wide gap between the recommendation “make the site consistent” and its application. Automated evaluation tools, guideline review tools in particular, were developed to assist practitioners with conforming to design guidelines. However, we have demonstrated throughout Part III that the tools have not evolved to the point where they adequately simplify this process. How might we help practitioners to better adhere to guidelines in the interim?
DISCUSSION OF THE “GRADUATE PROGRAMS IN STATISTICS” SESSION

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the teaching of statistics and statistical consulting. The primary objective of a graduate program in statistics is to provide training that will enable students to develop the ability for statistical thinking. Such programs should be oriented to students with a broad undergraduate background in areas of application of statistics, basic knowledge of mathematics, and a genuine interest in addressing potentially difficult problems of scientific or social concern. The content of such programs should be balanced with respect to applied and theoretical topics, and these should be taught at a basic mathematical level. Advanced topics of either type can be covered through specialized seminars or individualized study programs. Another important component of a graduate program in statistics is that all students have as much work experience in statistical consulting as possible throughout it. This will not only enhance their effectiveness in statistical practice during their careers but will also stimulate their understanding of statistical thinking.
Parent-Child Interaction Approaches to the Treatment of Child Behavior Problems

Behavioral parent training, or parent management training (PMT), refers to procedures in which parents are trained to alter their child’s behavior at home (Kazdin, 1996). The recognition that parents can become effective agents of therapeutic change in their children has resulted in the development and empirical evaluation of numerous parent training programs. Today, PMT is considered the treatment of choice for child conduct problems (Azar & Wolfe, 1989; Kazdin, 1987) and is gaining popularity as a component in the treatment of child internalizing problems as well (Albano & Barlow, 1996; Brent et al., 1996; Kendall & Treadwell, 1996; Lewinsohn, Clark, Rohde, Hops, & Seeley, 1996; Stark, Swearer, Kurowski, Sommer, & Bowen, 1996).
Experience of Teaching Advanced Touch Sensing Technologies

A touchscreen is an electronic visual display that users can control by touching the screen with a special stylus or fingers. It allows the rapid, accurate and direct interaction by the user with display contents, which existing keyboard and mouse systems cannot. Touchscreens are popular in many information appliances such as tablet computers, smartphones, and personal digital assistants (PDAs). In fact, many display manufactures and chip vendors around the world, such as Samsung, Chimei, Atmel, ST Microelectronics, and Texas Instruments, have recognized the trend of using touchscreens as a highly desirable user interface component and started to integrate the touch-sensing technology into their products. There are many touch sensing technologies. Among them, analog resistive, surface capacitive, projected capacitive, infrared grid, optical imaging, and surface acoustic wave are the most important ones. We feel the importance and need to teach engineering students the touch sensing technology. This paper presents our experience of teaching touch sensing technology in our second microprocessor course. This course taught the touch-sensing technology in slightly over 5 weeks. As the start of the course, we introduced the working principles of each touch technology to students. We then conducted a comparison among these technologies and their applications in real-world electronic devices. Students were taught to program a touchscreen through a series of lab exercises. The Atmel SAM 4S-EK board was the main development board employed in the course for practicing touchscreen programming. This board includes four QTouch buttons and slides which utilize capacitive sensing technology, and a resistive touch panel on a color LCD display. Atmel provides a royalty free software library for developing touch applications in C. Students learned to link the library into their applications so as to provide touch sensing capability in their projects. During the course our students have shown great interests in touch sensing technologies and are capable of incorporating touch devices to improve the human machine interface of their capstone projects.
Association between buprenorphine/naloxone and high-dose opioid analgesic prescribing in Kentucky, 2012-2017

Abstract Introduction Buprenorphine/naloxone treatment is a highly effective treatment for opioid use disorder decreasing illicit opioid use and both all-cause and opioid-involved overdose mortality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between buprenorphine/naloxone prescribing and high-dose opioid analgesic prescribing (HDOAP) over time. Methods This longitudinal study used 2012–2017 Kentucky All Schedule Prescription Electronic Reporting data and cross-lagged structural equation analysis. For each quarter-county observation, HDOAP rate (per 1,000 residents with opioid analgesic prescriptions) was used to predict buprenorphine/naloxone prescribing rate at the next quarter, and simultaneously buprenorphine/naloxone prescribing rate was used to predict HDOAP at the next quarter, accounting for baseline socioeconomic status, medical needs for opioid analgesics, and heroin availability. Results On average, HDOAP rates in Kentucky decreased by more than 10% (p Conclusions Our results indicate a significant reciprocal relationship between HDOAP and buprenorphine/naloxone prescribing and a clinically meaningful effect of buprenorphine/naloxone prescribing on reducing HDOAP. Future studies on buprenorphine/naloxone treatment expansion should take into account this bi-directional association in the context of longitudinal data and evaluate for public health benefits beyond the reduction of HDOAP.
The Role of Hypermasculinity as a Risk Factor in Sexual Assault Perpetration

Sexual assault victimization continues to pose a significant public health concern in the United States. The identification of risk factors for sexual violence is fundamental for the development of prevention and intervention efforts. Yet, investigations of preventative methods for sexual assault perpetration have largely focused on victim characteristics, perpetrator personality traits, alcohol consumption, and beliefs and attitudes about sexuality. A significantly smaller number of studies have examined the role of hypermasculinity in sexual assault perpetration. Hypermasculinity has been found to be associated with endorsement of rape myths and sexual assault perpetration (Locke & Mahalik, Journal of Counselling Psychology. 52:279–283, 2005; Zinzow & Thompson, Aggressive Behavior, 41, 34–43, 2015). This chapter provides an overview of the theoretical framework of hypermasculinity, identifies the sociocultural correlates of hypermasculinity that are associated with the perpetration of sexual assault, and reviews limitations in the literature as well as promising prevention programs and intervention strategies.
Non-Synchronized Integration using Multiple Radars via Least Squares Fitting

In this paper, the non-synchronized integration of multiple frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radars is presented. A phase error deduction method on different non-synchronized radars using trust-region-reflective least squares algorithm is introduced. Better angle of arrival (AoA) estimation, better angular resolution and better side lobes deduction are realized in experimental result. Therefore, integrating multiple independent radar systems to emulate a large aperture is achieved.
Radiative corrections for (e,e'p) reactions at GeV energies

A general framework for applying radiative corrections to ${(e,e}^{\ensuremath{'}}p)$ coincidence reactions at GeV energies is presented, with special emphasis to higher-order bremsstrahlung effects, radiation from the scattered hadron, and the validity of peaking approximations. The sensitivity to the assumptions made in practically applying radiative corrections to ${(e,e}^{\ensuremath{'}}p)$ data is extensively discussed. The general framework is tested against experimental data of the ${}^{1}\mathrm{H}{(e,e}^{\ensuremath{'}}p)$ reaction at momentum transfer values larger than $1.0 (\mathrm{GeV}{/c)}^{2},$ where radiative processes become a dominant source of uncertainty. The formulas presented here can easily be modified for any other electron-induced coincidence reaction.
Mechanisms of cell damage due to mechanical impact: an in vitro investigation.

The dynamic response of cells when subjected to mechanical impact has become increasingly relevant for accurate assessment of potential blunt injuries and elucidating underlying injury mechanisms. When exposed to mechanical impact, a biological system such as the human skin, brain, or liver is rapidly accelerated, which could result in blunt injuries. For this reason, an acceleration of greater than > 150 g is the most commonly used criteria for head injury. To understand the main mechanism(s) of blunt injury under such extreme dynamic threats, we have developed an innovative experimental method that applies a well-characterized and -controlled mechanical impact to live cells cultured in a custom-built in vitro setup compatible with live cell microscopy. Our studies using fibroblast cells as a model indicate that input acceleration ($${a}_{in}$$) alone, even when it is much greater than the typical injury criteria, e.g., $${a}_{in}>1{,}000$$ g, does not result in cell damage. On the contrary, we have observed a material-dependent critical pressure value above which a sudden decrease in cell population and cell membrane damage have been observed. We have unambiguously shown that (1) this critical pressure is associated with the onset of cavitation bubbles in a cell culture chamber and (2) the dynamics of cavitation bubbles in the chamber induces localized compressive/tensile pressure cycles, with an amplitude that is considerably greater than the acceleration-induced pressure, to cells. More importantly, the rate of pressure change with time for cavitation-induced pressure is significantly faster (more than ten times) than acceleration-induced pressure. Our in vitro study on the dynamic response of biological systems due to mechanical impact is a crucial step towards understanding potential mechanism(s) of blunt injury and implementing novel therapeutic strategies post-trauma.
Are Alcohol Excise Taxes Overshifted to Prices? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Empirical Evidence From 29 Studies

This paper conducts the first comprehensive review and meta-analysis for estimates of alcohol tax pass-through rates. The review examines data coverage by country; econometric models; and results for under- or overshifting by beverage. Several primary studies indicate substantial over-shifting of alcohol taxes. Median rates also suggest taxes are overshifted. Precision weighted-averages calculated for two samples show beer taxes are overshifted and wine-spirits taxes are fully shifted. Meta-regressions corrected for publication bias indicate, however, that full-shifting of alcohol taxes cannot be rejected for any beverage. Results are useful for alcohol tax policy and future research on tax incidence.
Report on a novel bone registration method: A rapid, accurate, and radiation-free technique for computer- and robotic-assisted orthopedic surgeries.

Abstract Introduction Computer- and robotic-assisted technologies have recently been introduced into orthopedic surgery to improve accuracy. Each requires intraoperative “bone registration,” but existing methods are time consuming, often inaccurate, and/or require bulky and costly equipment that produces substantial radiation. Methods We developed a novel method of bone registration using a compact 3D structured light surface scanner that can scan thousands of points simultaneously without any ionizing radiation. Visible light is projected in a specific pattern onto a 3 × 3 cm2 area of exposed bone, which deforms the pattern in a way determined by the local bone geometry. A quantitative analysis reconstructs this local geometry and compares it to the preoperative imaging, thereby effecting rapid bone registration. A registration accuracy study using our novel method was conducted on 24 CT-scanned femur Sawbones®. We simulated exposures typically seen during knee/hip arthroplasty and common bone tumor resections. The registration accuracy of our technique was quantified by measuring the discrepancy of known points (i.e., pre-drilled holes) on the bone. Results Our technique demonstrated a registration accuracy of 0.44 ± 0.22 mm. This compared favorably with literature-reported values of 0.68 ± 0.14 mm (p-value = 0.009) for the paired-point technique 13 and 0.86 ± 0.38 mm for the intraoperative CT based techniques( Carl et al., 2019 Dec 1) 14 (not enough reported data to calculate p-value). Conclusion We have developed a novel method of bone registration for computer and robotic-assisted surgery using 3D surface scanning technology that is rapid, compact, and radiation-free. We have demonstrated increased accuracy compared to existing methods (using historical controls).
Single-cell analysis of erythropoiesis in Rpl11 haploinsufficient mice reveals insight into the pathogenesis of Diamond-Blackfan anemia.

Rpl11 haploinsufficient mice develop a macrocytic anemia similar to patients with DBA. Here, we fully characterize this model from clinical and pathophysiological perspectives. Early erythroid precursors have increased heme content and high cytoplasmic reactive oxygen species, impairing erythroid differentiation at the colony-forming unit–erythroid (CFU-E)/proerythroblast stage and subsequently. Using single-cell analyses that link a cell's surface protein expression to its total transcriptome and unbiased analyses, we found GATA1, GATA1 target gene, and mitotic spindle pathway gene transcription were the pathways that decreased the most. Expression of ribosome protein and globin genes was amplified. These changes, as well as the other transcriptional changes that were identified, closely resemble findings in mice that lack the heme export protein FLVCR and, thus, suggest that heme excess and toxicity are the primary drivers of the macrocytic anemia. Consistent with this, treating Rpl11 haploinsufficient mice with corticosteroids increased the numbers of earliest erythroblasts but failed to overcome heme toxicity and improve the anemia. Rpl11 haploinsufficient mice uniquely upregulated mitochondrial genes, p53 and CDKN1A pathway genes, and DNA damage checkpoint genes, which should contribute further to erythroid marrow failure. Together our data establish Rpl11 haploinsufficient mice as an excellent model of DBA that can be used to study DBA pathogenesis and test novel therapies.
Resource Prospector Lander Control Design Using Sliding Mode Control Toolbox

In this work, problem of pinpoint soft landing of the “Resource Prospector Lander” (RPL) on the moon's surface is presented using the sliding mode control (SMC) Aero toolbox. The use of SMC Aero toolbox for the RPL control design simplifies the implementation of such a complicated control paradigm as relative degree-based SMC. The SMC Aero toolbox that include first order sliding mode control (1-SMC), second order sliding mode control (2-SMC), higher order sliding mode control (HOSMC), adaptive 1-SMC/2-SMC/HOSMC as well as higher order sliding mode differentiators are employed for the attitude and descent off-pulse controller design to achieve RPL soft landing on the moon's surface in the presence of the model perturbations caused by center of mass misalignments and actuator/thruster malfunctions. Adaptive SMC implementation of the RPL pulse-off strategy is facilitated using SMC Lunar Lander library of the SMC Aero toolbox. The efficacy of RPL control design using SMC Aero toolbox is illustrated via numerical simulations.
Cross-race responses to mental illness cues.

Much research suggests mental health diagnoses elicit stigmatization of individuals. The current study builds upon this literature at the intersection of same- and cross-race perceptions. Black and...
COVID-19 and Firearms: Public Health Considerations

The global SARS-CoV-2 (otherwise known as COVID-19) pandemic has wreaked havoc across the world, infected over 100 million people and resulted in the deaths of approximately 2 million people to dat...
Nonlinear Light Generation from a Single Plasmonic Nanorod Strongly Coupled to a WSe2 Monolayer

Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides, coupled to metal plasmonic nanocavities, have recently emerged as new platforms for strong light–matter interactions. These systems are expected to have nonlinear-optical properties that will enable them to be used as entangled photon sources, compact wave-mixing devices, and other elements for classical and quantum photonic technologies. Here, we report the first experimental investigation of the nonlinear properties of these strongly coupled systems, by observing second harmonic generation from a WSe2 monolayer strongly coupled to a single gold nanorod. The pump-frequency dependence of the second-harmonic signal displays a pronounced splitting that can be explained by a coupled-oscillator model with second-order nonlinearities. Rigorous numerical simulations utilizing a nonperturbative nonlinear hydrodynamic model of conduction electrons support this interpretation and reproduce experimental results. Our study thus lays the groundwork for understanding the nonlinear properties of strongly coupled nanoscale systems.
Impact of High Deductible Health Plans on Continuous Buprenorphine Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder.

Long-term, continuous treatment with medication like buprenorphine is the gold standard for opioid use disorder (OUD). As high deductible health plans (HDHPs) become more prevalent in the commercial insurance market, they may pose financial barriers to people with OUD. To estimate the impact of HDHPs on continuity of buprenorphine treatment, concurrent visits for counseling/psychotherapy and OUD-related evaluation and management, and out-of-pocket spending. Difference-in-differences analysis comparing trends in outcomes among enrollees whose employers offer an HDHP (treatment group) to enrollees whose employers never offer an HDHP (comparison group). Enrollees with OUD from a national sample of commercial health insurance plans during 2007–2017 who initiate buprenorphine treatment. Number of days of continuous buprenorphine treatment; probabilities of continuous buprenorphine treatment ≥30, ≥90, ≥180, and ≥365 days; probability of concurrent (i.e., within the same month) behavioral therapy (i.e., counseling or psychotherapy); probability of concurrent OUD-related evaluation and management visits; proportions of buprenorphine treatment episodes with counseling/psychotherapy and evaluation and management visits; and out-of-pocket (OOP) spending on buprenorphine, behavioral therapy, and evaluation and management visits. HDHPs were associated with an average increase of $98 (95% CI: $48, $150) on OOP spending on buprenorphine per treatment episode but no change in the number of days of continuous buprenorphine treatment or concurrent use of related services. HDHPs do not reduce continuity of buprenorphine treatment among commercially insured enrollees with OUD but may increase financial burden for this population.
Using Computer-Managed Instructional Software to Increase Motivation and Achievement in Elementary School Children.

AbstractThis study provides evidence that the use of computer-managed instructional (CMI) feedback can have a positive effect on student motivation and achievement. An experimental research study, based on the Cognitive Evaluation Theory’s proposition that extrinsic, informational feedback will result in higher levels of achievement, compared two groups of students. One of the groups received computer-generated, graphical grade feedback for 27 weeks, while the other received traditional achievement feedback. In this study, the group receiving the computer-generated feedback showed a significant increase in intrinsic motivation and achievement, thereby supporting the theory and demonstrating the efficacy of CMI in a heretofore untested manner.
Inercia en las tasas de interés de El Salvador y Guatemala

This paper investigates the response of lending interest rates of changes in money market rates in El Salvador and Guatemala. The empirical results obtained by means of cointegration and error correction models indicate that in the case of El Salvador there exist a weak response from lending rates to changes in interbank rates, but in Guatemala no response was found. In El Salvador the two market rates employed in the analysis, the interbank rate and the comercial paper rate, shower immediate response. It was also found that there exist reciprocal Granger causality between the money market rate of both countries, which could be stronger than that existing between the leading and market rates at the national levels.// Este trabajo investiga la respuesta de las tasas activas de prestamo de los sectores bancarios de El Salvador y Guatemala a cambios en las tasas de los respectivos mercados monetarios. La evidencia empirica obtenida por medio de la estimacion de vectores de cointegracion y modelos de correccion de errores indica que, en el caso de El Salvador, existe una respuesta muy lenta de las tasas bancarias a cambios en las tasas de los mercados monetarios, a la vez que en Guatemala no existe ninguna respuesta. En El Salvador, sin embargo, las dos tasas de mercado empleadas en el analisis, la interbancaria y la de papel comercial cotizado en la Bolsa, mostraron respuestas inmediatas reciprocas. Se encontro, asimismo, que existe causalidad de Granger reciproca entre las tasa de papel comercial de ambos paises y que los nexos trasnacionales entre ambos paises pueden ser mas solidos que aquellos entre estas tasas y las respectivas tasas activas en cada pais.
How Superintendents and School Board Members View School Restructuring.

Although school restructuring and school reform are widely talked about topics in educational administration, a difficulty exists in coming to an agreement about definitions of terms. This paper presents findings from a study that surveyed school district superintendents and school board members from 362 school districts in a seven-state area'(Missouri, Iowa, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, and Wyoming). The purpose of the study was to determine: information about their perception of what school restructuring will accomplish; what they view as important ingredients of school restructuring; what factors will influence restructuring; and what current educational or political emphasis they associate with restructuring. Responses were received from approximately 74 percent of the superintendents and 40 percent of the board members. Findings showed that both groups were in general agreement on issues associated with school restructuring. They agreed about the key words they used to describe school reform and the factors influencing reform. Outcome-based education, strategic planning, cooperative learning, site-based decision making, and total quality management were viewed as the top five descriptors of school restructuring techniques. School vouchers, home schooling, the New America Schools Corporation, and the Edison Project were not reported as terms associated with school reform. In general, officials from smaller schools viewed restructuring less positively than did those in larger schools. Ironically, although most respondents supported the perceived outcomes of restructuring, only slightly more than 4 percent indicated that most or alL of the current components of the public educational system needed to be changed. Change may be slow in coming if left to those on the "inside" to facilitate reform. Contains 8 tables and 13 references. (LMI) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ***********************************************************************
Uncertain Privacy: Communication Attributes After The Digital Telephony Act

This article argues that the coming tide of electronic Federal law protects the privacy of transmitted communications under a two-tiered system. The actual contents of communications occupy the first tier, where they enjoy fairly effective protection against disclosure. Communication attributes encompass all of the other information that can be learned about a communication, such as when and where it occurred, to whom and from whom it was sent and how long it lasted. They occupy a lowly second tier, where the protections against disclosure are weak, ambiguous and in some cases non-existent. This bifurcated system becomes increasingly untenable as advances in communications technology such as the Internet expand both the range and quantity of communication attribute data. In this Article, Professor Freiwald explores the history of the two-tiered system, and its persistence after the recent passage of the Digital Telephony Act. She demonstrates that the Act's few provisions designed to improve the privacy of communication attributes will likely prove ineffectual due to their vagueness. Professor Freiwald argues that inadequate information prevents Congress from appreciating the threat to communication attributes and recommends steps to improve that problem. She also recommends that future legislation delineate exactly what information is to be protected, as in the Video Privacy Protection Act of 1988
Scanning electron microscopy.

In studying, describing, and classifying diatoms, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) has become an indispensable tool for diatom taxonomists (1,2). The diatom surface, composed of organic materials and silica, provides excellent working material for use in scanning electron microscopy when properly preserved and fixed. The siliceous cell wall, also called a frustule, is often covered with organic material that can obscure key morphological details if not properly removed prior to viewing with the SEM (3). There are several procedures that will allow diatoms to be stripped of their outer organic coverings while keeping the frustule intact. Here, we describe the most common techniques used for SEM analysis of diatoms. Whenever possible, we have included slight derivations suggested in the current literature to these classical techniques.
DIAMINOPIMELIC ACID DECARBOXYLASE OF THE AGENT OF MENINGOPNEUMONITIS.

Moulder, James W. (University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.), Dorothy L. Novosel, and Ilse C. Tribby. Diaminopimelic acid decarboxylase of the agent of meningopneumonitis. J. Bacteriol. 85:701–706. 1963.—Evidence is presented for the presence in meningopneumonitis particles and extracts of an enzyme decarboxylating α, e-diaminopimelic acid to lysine and for the absence of a corresponding enzyme in the uninfected host. Properties of the enzyme are described and compared with those of bacterial diaminopimelic acid decarboxylases. The significance of these observations with respect to the mode of lysine biosynthesis in the psittacosis group and to its phylogenetic origin is pointed out.
Coordinating advice and actual treatment

The author focuses on identifying the current treatment, allowing time for therapy to take effect, and coordinating the advice with the actual execution of treatment plans. These problems were encountered during the implementation of an expert system for treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. The programming system, called the temporal control structure (TCS), is a temporal data dependency manager that maintains a temporal database and automatically updates decisions that are based on information that changes. Data can be stored either as point events or as intervals. When an expert system is programmed, the data dependencies of all of the decisions are declared. By tracing the dependency structure, the TCS can assure the complete propagation of information as it arrives and changes. The programmer is relieved of the burden of explicitly calling for the recalculation of affected decisions. The use of the TCS allows the flexible implementation of reasoning systems that manipulate data that arrives during the course of the consultation. >
Dynamic grating formation in As/sub 2/S/sub 3/

Summary form only given. This work focuses on using the photoexpansion effect to fabricate surface-grating structures and studying their applicability in photonic circuitry. Surface gratings with periods ranging from 2.95 /spl mu/m to 0.377 /spl mu/m were written holographically using 514.5-nm light from an argon ion laser. Gratings with 2.95 /spl mu/m period were also written for different exposure times to study the dose effect on surface-relief structures. Atomic force microscope (AFM) images of the irradiated surfaces were obtained. A He-Ne laser operating at 632.8 nm was used to measure diffraction efficiencies.
Longitudinal Faculty Study Groups: A Model For Developing Comprehensive Teacher Preparation Programs

Teacher preparation programs nationwide struggle to meet rigorous national standards, particularly as they relate to the assessment standard of the National Council of Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE). There are many issues which make decisions about program improvement complex, often confusing and frustrating faculty. These include the challenge of orchestrating interdisciplinary studies through multiple college/university organizational structures, meeting the specialized requirements of competing professional organizations, communicating and coordinating these efforts with partner P-12 schools, and systematically acquiring data on multiple assessments to make informed decisions about program improvement. Only when faculty and program planners come to grips with the organic nature of the process does it begin to crystallize and fall into place. The realization that this is an evolutionary process and one that cannot be forced is fundamental to healthy and seamless program development. The authors propose to share a study process spanning three years and in continuance that has allowed faculty at a regional university to develop and monitor the teacher preparation program through the reasoned and studied involvement of each faculty member.
Tradition and Authenticity in Popular Music

Authenticity has been a central issue for scholars and critics of popular culture for decades. Early critical theorists juxtaposed the supposed purity and authenticity of folk and traditional culture against the plastic and inauthentic cultural offerings mass mediated and mass marketed for an increasingly homogeneous consumer society. Walter Benjamin (1935), for example, warned against the homogenizing forces of mass production and mechanization when they threatened to colonize the autonomous world of art and music. Frankfurt school theorists (see Adorno 1991) posited that the rise of the culture industry led to the standardization and pseudoindividualism of popular culture. Business interests, marketing departments, and corporate boardrooms increasingly guided the production, distribution, and performances in their quest to profit from the sale and consumption of mass culture. The rising influence of modernization, industrialization, and bureaucratization on social and cultural life, these theorists argued, led to the mass production and consumption of products guided by bland and standardized formulas. REVIEW ESSAY
Phenotyping of Lipemias by Ultrafiltration and Nephelometry of Serum Lipoproteins

Nephelometry of serum before and after ultrafiltration through cellulose membranes affords a simple and rapid physical method for separately estimating pre-β-lipoproteins and chylomicrons in their native state. The method was rigorously evaluated through correlative studies with chemical analyses, electron microscopy, and electrophoresis. Together, the data indicate that this technique, combined with the determination of cholesterol as an estimate of β-lipoprotein concentration, allows the phenotyping of hyperlipemias.
Synthesis of peptide-nanotube platinum-nanoparticle composites.

Nanotubes prepared by the self-assembly of D-Phe-D-Phe molecules are investigated by electron microscopy and Monte Carlo simulations; the nanotubes appear to be porous and are capable of forming novel peptide–nanotube platinum–nanoparticle composites.
An anti-aliasing technique for splatting

Splatting is a popular direct volume rendering algorithm. However, the algorithm does not correctly render cases where the volume sampling rate is higher than the image sampling rate (e.g. more than one voxel maps into a pixel). This situation arises with orthographic projections of high-resolution volumes, as well as with perspective projections of volumes of any resolution. The result is potentially severe spatial and temporal aliasing artifacts. Some volume ray-casting algorithms avoid these artifacts by employing reconstruction kernels which vary in width as the rays diverge. Unlike ray-casting algorithms, existing splatting algorithms do not have an equivalent mechanism for avoiding these artifacts. The authors propose such a mechanism, which delivers high-quality splatted images and has the potential for a very efficient hardware implementation.
New approaches and old problems in the shadow of bioterrorism

Abstract The third biennial Cold Spring Harbor ‘Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Response' meeting was held at Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA from 10–14 October, 2001.
Head trauma in children with congenital coagulation disorders

Bleeding is the most frequent cause of death in children with congenital coagulation disorders, and intracranial (IC) hemorrhage accounts for the majority of mortality in all age groups. Even minor head trauma may produce significant IC pathology. Immediate diagnosis and rapid medical management are mandatory if morbidity and mortality are to be minimized. Although computed tomographic (CT) scans provide accurate diagnostic information, reliable criteria for the use of this expensive technology in children with hemophilia and von Willebrand's disease have not been defined. In this study the clinical symptoms and the time of initial assessment and therapy of head-injured children with congenital coagulopathies were evaluated and correlated with CT findings. Between 1985 and 1992, 123 patients with hemophilia A, hemophilia B, or von Willebrand's's disease received follow-up at this institution. One hundred nine episodes of head injury were recorded in 43 patients, and 66 CT scans were obtained. The most frequent mechanism of injury was a simple fall at play (62%). Only 5 patients had an IC injury demonstrable with CT (4.5% of 110 episodes). Vomiting was reported in 4 of 5 patients with IC hemorrhage (ICH), and all 5 presented with an altered mental status (Glasgow coma scale [GCS] (mean) = 10) and focal neurological deficit. These findings were infrequently observed (vomiting, 5 of 105; GCS (mean) = 15; neurological deficits 0 of 105) in children who either did not undergo CT or whose CT scan results were normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)