cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Analysis of Wind-Driven Ocean Circulation with a Limited Number of Fourier Components

Abstract The equations of motion for a square ocean basin of dimension L on the β-plane are solved approximately for the case where a wind-strew curl of the form sin (x/L) sin (y/L)[0≤x,y≤πL] is applied to the surface. The stream function is expanded in a double Fourier sine series and this representation is truncated after only four terms. The resulting set of equations contains the effects of non-linearity, time dependence, linear variation of the Coriolis parameter, friction, and wind-stress. Multiple solutions to the steady-state equations exist when the wind-stress is sufficiently strong. One of the solutions can be related to Sverdrup's (1947) solution for an ocean basin with one longitudinal boundary. A second solution is dominated by the non-linear interactions of the system. Integration of the non-linear transient equations are carried out for the case where the wind-stress starts at some initial time. In some cases the system goes through a series of oscillations of decreasing amplitude before i...
Leading-Following Perspectives

When I think of my own leadership journey, I credit philosopher Simone De Beauvoir with having shaped my thinking in fundamental ways. Not only did her groundbreaking book The Second Sex (1952) provide the theoretical underpinnings for my book The Growth and Development of Mothers (1973), the first well-regarded analysis of motherhood in light of the women's movement, but her critique of masculine-feminine universals has proven useful in a continuing way to my development as a leader. She was the first person I read to question the notion that the man is destined to be the head of the family and the woman the heart. Her reflections on how this kind of dualistic thinking gets in the way of fully realizing one's potential got me to thinking early in my career about nurse leadership (McBride, 1972).
Lymphotoxins — A Multicomponent System of Growth Inhibitory and Cell-Lytic Glycoproteins

Activated lymphocytes from experimental animals and man can release materials, termed lymphotoxins, which cause growth inhibi tion and cell lysis in vitro. These molecules, from human lympho cytes, are glycoproteins which can be divided into five molecular weight classes. These forms are heterogeneous, for each MW class can be further subdivided into multiple charge subclasses. It is now clear certain MW classes are interrelated and form a system of cell toxins. The larger classes (>140,000 d) are associated with nonclassical antigen-binding receptors (R), which can be of T cell origin. The smaller forms (>90,000 d) do not express R function and are derived from the larger forms, possibly by enzymatic action. Two MW classes, one receptor-associated and one non receptor associated, have been purified to homogeneity and their peptide composition is being studied. Functional studies reveal the larger MW forms derived from alloimmune cell populations; can induce selective and nonselective destruction of cells invitro. Antibodies which inhibit the in vitro cell lytic ability of various human LT forms can block different classes of human lymphocyte cell killing reactions in vitro.
Standing Firm on Slippery Slopes: Understanding Ethical Boundaries in Student Affairs Work

AbstractUnderstanding ethical boundaries in student affairs work can be challenging and difficult to navigate for student affairs professionals. The purpose of this article is to examine the complexities of dual relationships and the ethical issues that may arise. As a result, the authors offer tools to (a) identify various perspectives in resolving ethical problems and (b) examine the issues using a theoretical model. The article includes a case study embedded throughout the article, a brief overview of ethics in the profession, and tools for ethical analysis that will assist supervising practitioners, graduate faculty, and graduate students under their supervision.
Free Energy as a Parameter in Biological Treatment

A basic approach to the problem of activated sludge synthesis and substrate oxidation has been taken by using the thermodynamic concept that free energy change is a measure of the maximum work of which a process is capable. As a consequence, synthesis is proportional to substrate free energy of oxidation. The relationship was verified experimentally and by means of computations using data from the literature. Calculations also showed synthesis as being proportional to substrate COD. Finally, derivation indicated that the fraction of substrate oxidized is a function of the ratio of the COD to the carbon content of the substrate.
Carrot Beetle: Pest Status and Bionomics on Cultivated Sunflower

Bothynus gibbosus (De Geer) is a serious pest of cultivated sunflowers in the High Plains area of Texas, It recently has destroyed small experimental plantings of sunflower in this area and has caused severe damage to the limited commercial acreage. Commercial production of the crop currently is not feasible in the High Plains, since measures are not available for control of the pest. Light-trap records showed 2 major seasonal population peaks which corresponded to emergence of over wintering adults in the spring and flight of 1st-generation adults. Damage to sunflowers by 1st-generation adults increased in late August. Sunflowers planted June 17 or earlier received less damage than sunflowers planted at a later date, hut even earlier plantings were damaged severely. Adults showed a preference to attack young immature plants. Adults of B. gibbosus entered plots of sunflower at night, burrowed to the plants’ root zone, and fed on the lateral roots at a mean depth in the soil of 355 cm. The adults left the soil after a mean period of 3.64 days following entry. An adult apparently will attack only 1 plant during the feeding period. Reproduction was not observed to occur in sunflower fields. Hibernating adults were found in early spring in a field of sunflowers that was not harvested the preceding fall. Response by B. gibbousus and plant damage was not different among 7 sunflower varieties and 1 hybrid tested in the field.
Assessment as a Magnification of Internal, Parallel, and External Reflection

Abstract Assessment is a critical component of classroom instruction (Moon, 2002; Nelson, 1993); yet, research indicates that preservice teachers are inadequately trained in assessment procedures (Campbell & Evans, 2000; Stiggins, 2002). For teachers to effectively utilize various assessment approaches they need opportunities to experience these strategies (Yeager & Wilson, 1997) and this is best achieved through the use of modeling in methods courses (Allen & Flippo, 2002; Liebers, 1999). This article describes an experiential assessment approach that utilizes internal, parallel, and external reflection to build self-knowledge within a social studies methods course.
Artefacts in Ceramics Produced During Preparation and Examination of TEM Specimens

A brief review of possible causes of artefacts in ceramic TEM specimens is illustrated with examples from oxide, silicate and titanate ceramics.
Abstract B121: Low dose, metronomic cyclophosphamide therapy sensitizes tumors to CpG-1826 immunotherapy in a preclinical glioma model

Metronomic chemotherapy, in which cytotoxic drugs are delivered at low doses at regular, intermittent intervals, has shown promising clinical results in several cancers and offers the benefit of reduced patient toxicity compared to conventional maximum tolerated dose chemotherapy. We previously showed that cyclophosphamide (CPA) treatment on a 6-day repeating metronomic schedule regresses implanted gliomas by an immune-mediated mechanism. Here, we examine whether this immune-stimulatory metronomic chemotherapy can be enhanced by combination with TLR9-stimulating CpG-1826 immunotherapy in GL261 gliomas implanted in immunocompetent BL6 mice. CpG-1826 treatment activated an anti-tumor immune response in ~50% of mice, associated with a strong increase in tumor-associated macrophages. CpG-1826 was ineffective against GL261 tumors implanted in T cell- and B cell-deficient scid mice, suggesting that adaptive immunity is essential. Combination of CpG-1826 with metronomic CPA sensitized GL261 gliomas in both CpG-1826-responsive and CpG-1826-non-responsive mice, increasing infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells and increasing anti-tumor activity. Further, the combination treatment elicited long-term regression and immune memory in a subset of glioma-bearing mice. To identify potential mechanisms for this enhanced response to the combination therapy, we assayed a number of immune-related genes in the treated tumors, including feedback inhibitory immunosuppressive T cell factors that are induced by metronomic CPA treatment. Combination of CpG-1826 with metronomic CPA failed to induce several of these factors, suggesting that TLR9-based immunotherapy can enhance the anti-tumor activity of metronomic CPA by interdicting feedback immune inhibition mechanisms. Grant support: CA49248 (to DJW). Citation Format: Marie Jordan, David J. Waxman. Low dose, metronomic cyclophosphamide therapy sensitizes tumors to CpG-1826 immunotherapy in a preclinical glioma model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR Inaugural International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 16-19, 2015; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B121.
Reduction of spectral interferences and noise effects in laser ablation molecular isotopic spectrometry with partial least square regression – a computer simulation study

Abstract The fundamental analytical accuracies and precisions attainable by laser ablation molecular isotopic spectrometry (LAMIS), with emphasis on the impacts from spectral interferences and measurement noise, were investigated by means of computer simulation. The study focused on the analysis of a minor isotope at sub- to single-percentage abundance level. With a natural abundance about 1.1% for 13 C, the C 2 Swan band ( d 3 Π g – a 3 Π u ) with Δν = + 1 was selected as a representative system. The characteristics (e.g., noise amplitude and distribution, signal strength, and signal-to-background ratio) of the simulated spectra were experimentally characterized. Partial least square (PLS) regression was used to extract isotopic information from the simulated molecular spectra. In the absence of any spectral interference and with the use of a calibration set consisting of eleven isotopic standards, the theoretical accuracies and precisions with signal accumulation from 100 laser shots are about 0.002% and 0.001%, respectively, in absolute percentage abundance of 13 C. The theoretical analytical accuracies slightly degrade, but are adequate for many applications, to 0.004% and 0.008% respectively, for calibrations involving only three and two isotopic standards. It was found that PLS regression is not only immune to both source-flicker and photon-shot noise, but is also effective in differentiating the spectral patterns from the analyte against those from spectral interferences. The influences of spectral interference from single or multiple atomic emission lines were simulated, and new ways to minimize their impacts were formulated and demonstrated. It was found that the wavelength range selected for the computation of the normalization factor should not contain any spectral-interfering peak, and a properly chosen wavelength range increases the tolerance of spectral interference by at least one order of magnitude. With matrix-matched calibration standards, the precisions (expressed as RSDs of the determined 13 C isotopic abundances) degrade from ~ 1‰ in the absence of spectral interference, to ~ 3‰, 10‰ and 20‰ with multiple spectral-interfering peaks that are 10 ×, 100 × and 1000 ×, respectively, stronger than the molecular bandhead of the analyte. The study concluded that PLS regression is a powerful and indispensable tool for extraction of isotopic information from LAMIS spectra.
Effect of clove extract pretreatment and drying conditions on lipid oxidation and sensory discrimination of dried omena (Rastrineobola argentea) fish

Summary Sun-drying is a low-cost, low-technology fish preservation method frequently employed in developing areas. However, the process promotes lipid oxidation and its associated undesired flavours and odours. This study investigated low-technology solutions for impact on lipid oxidation and sensory attributes of oven-dried omena fish (Rastrineobola argentea). Two oven-drying conditions and four doses of clove water extract ‘dip’ pretreatments were studied in a complete factorial design. Lipid oxidation in dried fish was assessed by TBARS, peroxide value and fatty acid analysis by GC-FID. Results showed that soaking in 10 g L−1 clove water extract for 1 h and oven-drying at 150 °C × 30 min significantly reduced TBARS and peroxide values in omena fish by 77% and 79%, respectively, and polyene index showed improved retention of long-chain polyunsaturated fats, compared to original drying condition. Lastly, panellists of a triangle test were able to discriminate between biscuits made with the modified and original dried fish.
Using Community-Based Social Marketing to Change Youth Littering Behavior

In this paper, we discuss the effectiveness of community-based social marketing by using a successful youth littering abatement program called “Be the Street” as an example. A precampaign online survey was conducted to assess motivators for and barriers to littering behavior and perceived social norms of target audience, Gen Y youth in California Bay Area. The collected data was established as a baseline against a follow-up survey, which mirrored the precampaign survey to ensure data compatibility and to determine the overall impact of the program.
Optimization-Based Prediction of the Motion of a Soldier Performing the ‘Going Prone’ and ‘Get Up from Prone’ Military Tasks

In this work, an optimization based 3-D motion prediction of the motion of a soldier transitioning between a “Standing” posture and a “Prone” posture is presented. Based on the time discretization strategy between these two postures, a set of motion frames are defined such that they include important moments of time during the motion (such as moments when the parts of soldier’s body that touch the ground alter). Then every frame of the motion is analyzed, predicted and certified to be both feasible and optimal considering all dynamic properties of a motion frame such as velocities, accelerations and all higher derivatives of the human’s position. The digital human model is a full-body, three dimensional model with 55° of freedom. Six degrees of freedom specify the global position and orientation of the coordinate frame attached to the pelvic point of the digital human and 49° of freedom represent the revolute joints which model the human joints and determine the kinematics of the entire digital human. Motion is generated by a multi-objective optimization approach minimizing the mechanical energy and joint discomfort simultaneously. The optimization problem is subject to constraints which represent the limitations of the environment, the digital human model and the motion task. Design variables are the joint angle profiles. All the forces, inertial, gravitational as well as external, are known, except the ground reaction forces. The feasibility of the generation of that arbitrary motion by using the given ground contact areas is ensured by using the well-known Zero Moment Point (ZMP) constraint. During the kneeling motion, different parts of the body come in contact and lose contact with the ground which is modeled using a general approach. The ground reaction force on each transient ground contact area is determined using the equations of motion. Using these ground reaction forces, the required torques at all joints are calculated by the recursive Lagrangian formulation. This simulation is able to predict feasible and optimal motions that vary when loading (such as backpack, etc.) or the equipment that the human model carries change as or when the human model’s strength, size or weight is altered.
On the characterization of thermal coupling resistance in a current mirror

In this work, the thermal coupling resistance (R12) between the reference transistor and the output transistor in a current mirror is characterized by two different measurement techniques: the constant voltage, and the constant current R12 extractions. The extracted R12 from both methods are very similar. The constant voltage method is deemed to be more physical or accurate than the constant current method. Further TCAD simulation agrees well with R12 measurement data.
Effect of Chemical Treatments on Microbiological, Sensory and Physical Qualities of Individually Shrink-Wrapped Produce

Effects of four chemical treatments on microbiological, sensory and physical qualities of individually shrink-wrapped bell peppers, tomatoes, peaches and cantaloupes stored at 0 to 21°C were determined. With the exception of produce treated with guazatine, higher populations of microorganisms were detected on shrink-wrapped produce than on unwrapped produce as storage time increased. Treatment of wrapped produce with guazatine generally controlled microbial populations at about the same levels or at lower levels than those detected on unwrapped produce treated with imazalil, chlorine and a quaternary ammonium compound. Little inhibition of microbial growth compared to untreated produce was observed on fruits and vegetables treated with the latter three chemicals. None of the chemicals had deleterious effects on sensory or physical qualities of produce, with the exception of imazalil which caused severe brown discoloration on wrapped and unwrapped peaches. Shrink-wrapping retarded loss of firmness of chemically treated and untreated bell peppers, but had little effect on changes in firmness of the other produce during storage.
Rubidium D 1 collision shift by heavy noble gases

Using an isoclinic-point technique, we measured the ${D}_{1}$ collision shift by Xe, $\ensuremath{\partial}[\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\nu}]/\ensuremath{\partial}P$, and the exponent $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ of the shift's temperature dependence (i.e., $\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\sim}{T}^{\ensuremath{\kappa}}$). As demonstrated in our examination of the Rb-Kr system [N. P. Wells et al., Phys. Rev. A 89, 052516 (2014)], the isoclinic point provides (arguably) the only means of assessing $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ unambiguously: ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\mathrm{Kr}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}0.36\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}0.06$ and in the present work ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{\mathrm{Xe}}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}=0.32\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$. With our estimate of $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ for the Rb-Kr and Rb-Xe systems, we were able to combine our Kr and Xe collision shift measurements with those of Rotondaro and Perram [M. D. Rotondaro and G. P. Perram, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 57, 497 (1997)] (another set of high quality $\ensuremath{\partial}[\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\nu}]/\ensuremath{\partial}P$ measurements) to obtain a highly accurate experimental estimate for the ${D}_{1}$ collision shift resulting from Rb's interaction with the heavy noble gases: For the Rb-Kr interaction $\ensuremath{\partial}[\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\nu}]/\ensuremath{\partial}P{|}_{T=323\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}}=\ensuremath{-}5.02\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}/\mathrm{torr}$ and for the Rb-Xe interaction $\ensuremath{\partial}[\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\nu}]/\ensuremath{\partial}P{|}_{T=323\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}}=\ensuremath{-}5.46\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{MHz}/\mathrm{torr}$. These measured values for the collision-shift coefficient are approximately $20%$ smaller (in magnitude) than the best theoretical estimates, suggesting that there is room for theoretical improvement regarding our present understanding of how noble-gas collisions perturb the alkali-metal ${P}_{1/2}$ state.
Morphologic Patterns Formed by the Anomalous Fibers Occurring Along the Anterior Capsule of the Crystalline Lens in People With the Long Anterior Zonule Trait.

People with the long anterior zonule (LAZ) trait, which may have prevalence near 2%, have zonular fibers that extend more central than usual along the anterior capsule of the crystalline lens. The anomalous fibers can be observed in vivo with clinical slit lamp biomicroscopy after pharmacologic pupil dilation, and although minimally studied, the LAZ trait may have importance to glaucoma, retinal degeneration, and cataract surgery. To further characterize LAZ morphology, a custom computer program was used to trace LAZ fibers seen on retro-illumination photos acquired during previous study at an academic, urban eye care facility in Chicago, IL. There were 59 African-Americans (54 female; median age = 70 years, 53-91 years) included in the analysis. After initial review of the zonule tracings, we identified three basic LAZ patterns. We called one pattern (47% of right eyes) a "non-segmental LAZ pattern," which was predominated by fibers that could be visually traced to the dilated pupil border where they became obscured by the iris. Another pattern (35% of right eyes), the "segmental LAZ pattern," was predominated by fibers that appeared to terminate abruptly without detectable extension to the pupil border. The third pattern (18% of right eyes), the "mixed LAZ pattern," had a more equivalent mixture of the other two fiber morphologies. Compared to the "non-segmental" group, the "segmental" LAZ eyes had smaller central zonule-free zones (P < 0.0001), and they tended to exhibit fewer LAZ fibers (P = 0.07). These data improve understanding of LAZ clinical anatomy and may be helpful to future investigation. Anat Rec, 300:1336-1347, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Multi-Horizon Dynamics of Risk and Returns

I study the effects of changes in risk on asset prices across different time horizons (or time-scales) and provide a new insight into the dynamics of equity premia. I find that, contrary to the implication of standard models such as the Consumption-CAPM, risk premia are weakly related to consumption volatility at short horizons whereas long-run past volatility strongly determines the long-run dynamics of expected stock returns. More importantly I show that a model specified at a fixed time-scale may not necessarily lead to obtain a significant long-term risk-returns relation upon aggregation of the one-period dynamics of volatility and returns. I thus develop a consumption-based model that simultaneously characterizes both the short- and long-term behaviors of risk and returns and successfully replicates the pattern observed in the data. Whereas previous empirical literature has mainly focused on stock market volatility, when I estimate the model I am able to relate movements of equity premia at specific frequency intervals to sources of macroeconomic risk, as measured by conditional volatility of consumption. The empirical results emphasize the importance of simultaneously modeling consumption at multiple time-scales and point to changing consumption volatility as an important long-run priced factor.
Clinicopathologic feature and outcome of appendiceal goblet cell carcinoid and neuroendocrine tumor.

e14170 Background: Goblet cell carcinoid (GCC) of the appendix is a rare tumor comprising 5% of primary appendiceal tumors. GCC shares histological features of both neuroendocrine tumor (NET) and a...
Map the gap: alternative visualisations of geographic knowledge production

The main purpose of this paper is to develop a new method for visualizing knowledge production which is attentive to the multiple elements embedded in research processes. In particular, we seek to problematise the representation of scholarship indicators by depicting theoretical contributions and field sites along a spectrum, rather than as discrete points, recursively and relationally constituted. The primary aim of our visualisations is to capture text and context, and codified and tacit knowledge. First, we offer a conventional representation of the location of selected dominant critical theories in Geography, arguing that current methods reinforce ‘lopsided’ geographies of knowledge production. Normative practices of data visualisation and representation captured in our two examples privilege certain elements centred on authorship and tend to silence the contexts informing research. Second, we borrow the term and method of chromatography, a tool used in the natural sciences but here conceived in its more literal sense of ‘writing the separations’. Our ‘chromatographical’ representations attempt to unbundle components currently absorbed by formal indicators of knowledge production. Such counter mappings attempt to convey the relational aspect of research between countries imbricated in the propagation of exemplary critical geographic theories. We conclude with a discussion of the implications that the disaggregation of value has for scholars and their research.
Senescence and carryover effects of reproductive performance influence migration, condition, and breeding propensity in a small shorebird.

Breeding propensity, the probability that an animal will attempt to breed each year, is perhaps the least understood demographic process influencing annual fecundity. Breeding propensity is ecologically complex, as associations among a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic factors may interact to affect an animal's breeding decisions. Individuals that opt not to breed can be more difficult to detect than breeders, which can (1) lead to difficulty in estimation of breeding propensity, and (2) bias other demographic parameters. We studied the effects of sex, age, and population reproductive success on the survival and breeding propensity of a migratory shorebird, the piping plover (Charadrius melodus), nesting on the Missouri River. We used a robust design Barker model to estimate true survival and breeding propensity and found survival decreased as birds aged and did so more quickly for males than females. Monthly survival during the breeding season was lower than during migration or the nonbreeding season. Males were less likely to skip breeding (range: 1–17%) than females (range: 3–26%; βsex = −0.21, 95% CI: −0.38 to −0.21), and both sexes were less likely to return to the breeding grounds following a year of high reproductive success. Birds that returned in a year following relatively high population-wide reproductive output were in poorer condition than following a year with lower reproductive output. Younger adult birds and females were more likely to migrate from the breeding area earlier than older birds and males; however, all birds stayed on the breeding grounds longer when nest survival was low, presumably because of renesting attempts. Piping plovers used a variety of environmental and demographic cues to inform their reproduction, employing strategies that could maximize fitness on average. Our results support the “disposable soma” theory of aging and follow with predictions from life history theory, exhibiting the intimate connections among the core ecological concepts of senescence, carryover effects, and life history.
Simultaneous target state and sensor bias estimation: Is more better?

This paper provides an analysis of several scenarios of target tracking state estimation when additionally estimating the biases of the measuring sensors in the state. Line of Sight (LOS) sensors are used with noisy data and angle biases that are unknown to the estimator. The addition of new state components can potentially be a drawback to the estimator and this is addressed by comparing the accuracy of estimation with 2, 3, and 4 sensors. Of particular interest to us is whether “more” is worth it: More sensors? Is bias estimation even worth doing? The answers are a qualified “yes” and a definite “sometimes.”.
Mechanical Properties of Tooth Enamel: Microstructural Modeling and Characterization

Human tooth enamel possesses unique morphology characterized by repeated cell arrangement. Due to its complex structure, various investigators have reported diverse mechanical models and properties in their experimental and numerical studies. In this paper, the proper behavior described by the monoclinic model is reported and the effects of hydroxyapatite fibers and prism rods on the effective properties of tooth enamel are presented. The results are obtained from 3D finite element analysis with a novel procedure to construct periodic cell models and impose boundary conditions. This specialized approach allows determinations of 13 independent material constants needed for the monoclinic model. These constants may be used to construct homogenized models to study the mechanical behavior of entire tooth under abrasion, erosion, wear and fracture. In addition, a large scale 3D analysis was also performed to simulate instrumented micro-indentations of tooth enamel. The computed results are compared with experimentally obtained load-displacement measurements to verify the proposed model for the tooth enamel.
Counting Borel Orbits in Symmetric Spaces of Types BI and CII

This is a continuation of our combinatorial program on the enumeration of Borel orbits in symmetric spaces of classical types. Here, we determine the generating series the numbers of Borel orbits in $${\mathbf {SO}}_{2n+1}/{\mathbf {S(O}}_{2p}\times {\mathbf {O}}_{2q+1} \mathbf {)}$$ (type BI) and in $${\mathbf {Sp}}_n/{\mathbf {Sp}}_p \times {\mathbf {Sp}}_q$$ (type CII). In addition, we explore relations to lattice path enumeration.
Relationship of deoxycytidine kinase and cytoplasmic 5'-nucleotidase to the chemotherapeutic efficacy of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine

The agent 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA) has chemotherapeutic activity in hairy cell leukemia (HCL) and in refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The cytotoxic activity of 2-CdA requires the intracellular accumulation of 2-CdA nucleotides. Deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) and cytoplasmic 5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT) are the principal enzymes that phosphorylate 2-CdA and dephosphorylate 2-CdA 5'-monophosphate, respectively. The net accumulation of 2-CdA nucleotides may therefore depend on both dCK and 5'-NT. The purpose of the present experiments was to determine if there is a relationship between pretreatment levels of dCK and 5'-NT in HCL and in CLL cells, and the clinical outcome of 2-CdA treatment. As measured by a direct immunoassay for dCK in 25 CLL patients, and by a 5'-NT activity assay in 23 patients, mean dCK levels were significantly higher in 2-CdA responders than in nonresponders (P < .01), whereas mean 5'-NT levels were significantly lower in 2-CdA responders than in nonresponders (P < .05). Mean dCK levels were higher in six HCL 2-CdA responders than in one nonresponder, whereas mean 5'-NT levels were lower in the 2-CdA responders than in the nonresponder. These results suggest that both dCK and 5'-NT are determinants of 2-CdA responsiveness.
Osada, Natsuki (b. 1920)

This article deals with Osada Natsuki, an outstanding Japanese linguist of the second part of the 20th century, who has contributed significantly to our knowledge of numerous East and Central Asian languages and their historical and descriptive linguistics. His major publications deal with Japanese, Chinese, Mongolian, and Tungusic languages and linguistics.
The Way Forward : Beyond Agenda 21

Agreements from the Rio Summit major groups major issues for the future perspectives on the future.
Surface polarized reflectance analysis for aerosol remote sensing

We study the Earth surface polarized reflectance using data collected by a space-based lidar. Accurate modelling of the surface reflectance supports retrieval algorithm development for the current and future Earth Science missions. Strong polarization of the laser light from Cloud-Aerosol Transport System (CATS) instrument, operated in 2015-2017, and nighttime measurements yield higher signal-to-noise ratio for polarization compared to the previous analysis of reflected, initially unpolarized, solar light.
Single-Access Laparoscopic Surgery (SALS)

The concept of single-access laparoscopic surgery is to perform the procedure through one skin access (port). Several acronyms have been used to describe this concept, such as our single-access laparoscopic surgery (SALS), single port access (SPA) laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS), and single incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS), and they all refer to the same procedure.
Gender Differences in the Marital Plans and Union Transitions of First Cohabitations

In an era of changing relationship norms, plans for marriage are an increasingly complex yet important indicator of the link between cohabitation and marriage. Despite qualitative evidence on this complexity, little is known about the nuances of marital plans and gender differences at the population level. This study introduces the concept of “informal” marital plans—cohabitations beginning with some intentions to marry that had yet to be formalized. Drawing on data of heterosexual cohabitors in their first coresidential union from the National Survey of Family Growth (2011–2015, n = 5545), I examine the sociodemographic correlates of marital plans as well as their consequences for men’s and women’s union transitions. The results show significant gender differences in reports of marital plans at the time of moving in together, with women more likely to report engagement and men more likely to report informal marital plans. Although having any marital intentions is positively associated with transitioning to marriage for both genders, engagement is a significantly stronger predictor of marriage than informal marital plans. Pronounced gender differences are found with respect to the dissolution of first cohabitations, as both informal and formal marital plans are more protective against dissolution for men than for women. Distinguishing informal marital plans from engagement provides meaningful new insights into the role of cohabitation in modern American union formation.
“No Med School!” Black Resistance to The New Jersey College of Medicine and Dentistry (NJCMD) Urban Renewal Proposal, Between 1960 and 1970

This article is a historiographical study of urban renewal in Newark, New Jersey. The paper offers a cross-sectional view of policymaking and appropriation at the federal and local levels, which is critical when analyzing the delimitations of ethnic coalition building. The article centers on a typological study of Black resistance to the New Jersey College of Medicine and Dentistry (NJCMD) construction project that was slated to commence around 1965-1966. NJCMD, renamed the University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey (UMDNJ) in 1981, was initially proposed as a revitalization project that would stymie urban decay in Newark. However, the project proposal would also displace close to 22,000 people in the Central Ward—a predominately poor, majority Black section of Newark. Using social movement scholarship, specifically the literature on resource mobilization during the mid-twentieth century Civil Rights Movement, this article examines the distinct ways that Black residents of Newark responded to the NJCMD project. The response involved community board meetings, rallies, and surveys that ultimately led to significant overhauls of NJCMD’s initial design. Black resistance to NJCMD also culminated in the 1970 election of Kenneth Gibson, Newark’s first Black mayor. Key concepts such as “collective action framing” and “frame diffusion” inform this study of grassroots mobilization and community resistance. Also included in this work is an exploration of Black Power politics, its key figures in Newark, and the impact that such solidarity movements had on municipal politics. A thorough analysis of “pressure politics” and “protest politics” in the public sphere will also shed light on how racial exclusion frames elections and electorates.
Heat pipe heat exchangers and heat sinks: Opportunities, challenges, applications, analysis, and state of the art

Abstract Heat pipes (HPs) and thermosyphons (TSs) are widely recognized as being excellent passive thermal transport devices that can have effective thermal conductivities orders of magnitude higher than similarly-dimensioned solid materials. The integration of heat pipes into heat exchangers (HXs) and heat sinks (HPHXs and HPHSs, respectively) have been shown to have strong potential for energy savings, especially in response to the significant reduction in the manufacturing costs of heat pipes in recent years. This review documents HPHXs applications, general design procedures, and analysis tools based on the thermal network approach. The thermal network approach is a robust engineering tool that is easy to implement and program, is user friendly, straightforward, computationally efficient, and serves as a baseline methodology to produce results of reasonable accuracy. Three practical case studies are presented in which the predicted results reveal potential advantages of heat pipe heat exchangers. Various HPHX and HPHS systems, including a potential thermal energy storage option using a phase change material, are presented along with the corresponding thermal networks. This review also discusses the opportunities and challenges related to current HPHX and HPHS applications.
Campus STEM Innovation from a Foothold in Mathematics: Lessons Learned from a Place Where it Happened

Abstract A metropolitan university, has had a productive journey in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), which eventually led to a campus STEM priority, endowed STEM Community Chairs, an increase in external grants, disciplinary degree pathways for high school teachers and even a Citywide STEM Ecosystem organization. Much of this journey surfaced from collaborations originating in mathematics education, which then synergized into campus wide efforts. This article describes one campusâ€™ journey into STEM and how transforming the mathematics teacher education program represented a â€œspringboardâ€ for formalizing STEM collaboration and innovation. It is offered to aid other institutions who want to make STEM more of a priority on campus and to assist in their institutional journey toward a collaborative STEM effort both on and off campus.
DNAzyme Cleavage of CAG Repeat RNA in Polyglutamine Diseases

CAG repeat expansion is the genetic cause of nine incurable polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases with neurodegenerative features. Silencing repeat RNA holds great therapeutic value. Here, we developed a repeat-based RNA-cleaving DNAzyme that catalyzes the destruction of expanded CAG repeat RNA of six polyQ diseases with high potency. DNAzyme preferentially cleaved the expanded allele in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) cells. While cleavage was non-allele-specific for spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) cells, treatment of DNAzyme leads to improved cell viability without affecting mitochondrial metabolism or p62-dependent aggresome formation. DNAzyme appears to be stable in mouse brain for at least 1 month, and an intermediate dosage of DNAzyme in a SCA3 mouse model leads to a significant reduction of high molecular weight ATXN3 proteins. Our data suggest that DNAzyme is an effective RNA silencing molecule for potential treatment of multiple polyQ diseases.
Antibiotics to modify sickle cell disease vaso-occlusive crisis?

Abstract Despite the availability of hydroxyurea, the clinical use of the medication among patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) remains low in the United States. Given the high healthcare utilization cost, SCD requires new therapeutic approaches. Recent studies demonstrated bacterial overgrowth and dysbiosis-related intestinal pathophysiological changes in SCD. Intestinal microbes regulate neutrophil ageing. Aged and activated neutrophils contribute to the pathogenesis of vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) in SCD. In this paper, we will review the pre-clinical and clinical data on how antibiotics might reduce the intestinal microbial density and influence the course of VOC. Based on these observations, we will discuss rationales for and potential challenges to antibiotic-based therapeutic approaches that may modify the clinical course of VOC in SCD.
Safe ship automatic control taking into consideration fuzzy properties of the process

In the next decade fully automated surface ships will be seen on major world shipping routes. In order to have an intelligent supporting system for collision avoidance automation we need to carry out research in this field by simultaneously incorporating navigational environment, ships manoeuvrability and subjectivity of decisions made by the navigator who has a considerable role in the decision-making process. The present paper is a continuation of the paper published in the proceedings of IFAC workshop CAMS'92 in Genova. In this paper the authors present a model of the process, control algorithm, simulation, sensitivity analysis of the algorithm and a functional model of a safe ship manoeuvre system.
The Ungar Gyrovector Space

Special relativity theory is commonly studied by considering a single geometrical model in terms of spacetime coordinate transformations parametrized by coordinate velocities which, in turn, are determined by coordinate time t. It would be useful, however, to understand the special theory of relativity through more than a single model. In this chapter we propose to study special relativity in terms of proper velocities, which are determined by proper time τ, leading us to consider a new, interesting model of hyperbolic geometry.
Microchip immunoaffinity electrophoresis of antibody–thymidine kinase 1 complex

Thymidine kinase-1 (TK1) is an important cancer biomarker whose serum levels are elevated in early cancer development. We developed a microchip electrophoresis immunoaffinity assay to measure recombinant purified TK1 (pTK1) using an antibody that binds to human TK1. We fabricated poly(methyl methacrylate) microfluidic devices to test the feasibility of detecting antibody (Ab)-pTK1 immune complexes as a step towards TK1 analysis in clinical serum samples. We were able to separate immune complexes from unbound antibodies using 0.5X phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4) containing 0.01% Tween-20, with 1% w/v methylcellulose that acts as a dynamic surface coating and sieving matrix. Separation of the antibody and Ab-pTK1 complex was observed within a 5 mm effective separation length. This method of detecting pTK1 is easy to perform, requires only a 10 μL sample volume, and takes just 1 minute for separation.
Descriptive epidemiology of non-syndromic complete atrioventricular canal defects.

Background: Complete atrioventricular canal defects (CAVC) are a common heart defect, but few epidemiologic studies have evaluated non-syndromic CAVC. Risk factors for non-syndromic CAVC have not been well established. Methods: To assess the relationship between risk for non-syndromic CAVC in offspring and several sociodemographic and reproductive parental factors, including maternal diabetes and obesity, we conducted Poisson regression analyses, using data ascertained through the Texas Birth Defects Registry, a large, population-based birth defects registry. Data were evaluated for 563 non-syndromic cases with CAVC. Results: Significant associations were observed between non-syndromic CAVC in offspring and maternal pregestational diabetes (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) 6.74; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.67, 12.37), gestational diabetes (aPR 1.69; 95% CI 1.03, 2.79) and obesity (aPR 1.69; 95% CI 1.24, 2.30). Conclusions: Our findings add non-syndromic CAVC to the growing list of birth defects that appear to be associated with maternal diabetes and obesity.
Periodic coherence-peak height modulations in superconducting Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 + δ

In this paper we analyze, using scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), the local density of electronic states (LDOS) in nearly optimally doped ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CaCu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ in zero magnetic field. We see both dispersive and nondispersive spatial LDOS modulations as a function of energy in our samples. Moreover, a spatial map of the superconducting coherence peak heights shows the same structure as the low-energy LDOS. This suggests that these nondispersive LDOS modulations originate from an underlying charge-density modulation, which interacts with superconductivity.
Biochemistry of Serotonin and Other Indoleamines

Publisher Summary Although the exact functions of serotonin are not known, it has been implicated in a variety of physiologic and pathologic conditions including gastrointestinal activity, the function of the central nervous system, anaphylaxis, kidney function, and others. Tryptamine formation was first reported in animal tissues by Werle and Mennicken in 1937. Although it was reported in urine of pellagrins by Sullivan, its presence in normal human urine and in animal tissues was only recently shown. Its physiologic significance also remains to be determined. Indoleamines hydroxylated in other than the 5-position have been reported to be formed enzymatically from tryptamine. The identity of these products and their physiological significance remain to be determined. This chapter presents the available evidence for the chemical transformations starting from tryptophan and discusses the properties of the various tissue catalysts responsible for these chemical changes. It also discusses those biochemical findings which have specific physiologic, pharmacologic, and clinical implications.
Meiotic Copy Number Changes at CUP1 r are Mediated by Gene Conversion

This study presents a comparative molecular and genetic analysis of copy number changes in two hybrids that differ in the extent of homologies at the yeast CUP1 r locus. Hybrid JW1020 is a diploid wherein each parent contributed 12 identical, tandemly arrayed 2.0 kb repeat units. Genomic DNA was isolated from each of the spore colonies in a sample of 202 unselected tetrads. About 11% displayed copy number changes, i.e., increases or decreases of one or more complete units.
Analytic Modeling of Antibody versus Nanocell Delivery of Photosensitizer

Delivery of therapeutic agents to solid tumors is challenging, and the issues that govern this can be distilled down into parameters which allow computational modeling. In this paper, the basic rate equations and diffusion kernel for the time and space modeling of delivery are developed, along with an analytical solution to this equation. The model is then used to compare delivery of Avastin antibody relative to delivery encapsulated in a nanocell delivery vehicle. The key factors are the plasma clearance or excretion rates, and the binding, or not, as it transports into the tumor tissue. A reduction in the plasma clearance rate inherently increases available delivery over time, and additionally the reduction in binding from antibody to nanocell allows higher penetration into the tumor at the longer circulation times.
Sulfur, ultraviolet radiation, and the early evolution of life

The present biosphere is shielded from harmful solar near ultraviolet (UV) radiation by atmospheric ozone. It is suggested that elemental sulfur vapor could have played a similar role in an anoxic, ozone-free, primitive atmosphere. Sulfur vapor would have been produced photochemically from volcanogenic SO2 and H2S. It is composed of ring molecules, primarily S8, that absorb strongly throughout the near UV, yet are expected to be relatively stable against photolysis and chemical attack. It is also insoluble in water and would thus have been immune to rainout or surface deposition over the oceans. Since the concentration of S8 in the primitive atmosphere would have been limited by its saturation vapor pressure, surface temperatures of 45 C or higher, corresponding to carbon dioxide partial pressures exceeding 2 bars, are required to sustain an effective UV screen. A warm, sulfur-rich, primitive atmosphere is consistent with inferences drawn from molecular phylogeny, which suggest that some of the earliest organisms were thermophilic bacteria that metabolized elemental sulfur.