cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preventing and combating the onset of dark-side symptoms

Abstract Relationship marketing (RM) has assumed a prominent role within the marketing domain. However, there is an emergent body of literature that claims that there is a dark side to the RM strategy. The dark side of RM implies that, in spite of all of RM's noted benefits, employing such a relational strategy can actually, over time, produce negative effects for firms and their partners. The present article addresses the next logical question, namely, given the inevitable emergence of the dark-side symptoms over time, what corrective strategies can the relational partners utilise to arrest this deterioration of their relationships. RM literature has frequently invoked the marriage metaphor to describe relational exchange partnerships. Not surprisingly, then, even though the metaphor is not perfect, this paper draws on the twin related literature streams of marriage counselling and marriage and relationship education to make recommendations about preventative and combative strategies for countering the o...
II—Bas C. van Fraassen: Structuralism(s) about Science: Some Common Problems

Structuralist views of science can be realist or empiricist but face some of the same problems. The identity of indiscernibles: if not honoured in mathematics, nevertheless required to relate mathematics to the phenomena? Metaphysics: does Ladyman's ‘radically naturalized metaphysics’ still violate empiricist scruples? 'Structure is all there is’: can we accept the ‘disappearance’ of objects (things that bear structure but aren't themselves structure)? What could it mean to do without those sorts of entities in thinking about the world(-picture) of the physical sciences?
PER protein interactions and temperature compensation of a circadian clock in Drosophila

The periods of circadian clocks are relatively temperature-insensitive. Indeed, the perL mutation in the Drosophila melanogaster period gene, a central component of the clock, affects temperature compensation as well as period length. The per protein (PER) contains a dimerization domain (PAS) within which the perL mutation is located. Amino acid substitutions at the perL position rendered PER dimerization temperature-sensitive. In addition, another region of PER interacted with PAS, and the perL mutation enhanced this putative intramolecular interaction, which may compete with PAS-PAS intermolecular interactions. Therefore, temperature compensation of circadian period in Drosophila may be due in part to temperature-independent PER activity, which is based on competition between inter- and intramolecular interactions with similar temperature coefficients.
Evaluation of available P with different extractants on Guatemalan soils

Abstract The high P fixation capacity of soils rich in x‐ray amorphous minerals has been well documented. Some Andisols in central Guatemala which have received additions of volcanic ash have extraordinarily high extractable P levels with acidic extractant. These ash materials have low fixing capacities but they weather rapidly. This study examined the relationship between different soil P tests on soils from Guatemala. The study area has a strong volcanic influence. Some volcanos are still active, from which the ash being deposited is rich in apatite. Age and composition of the parent materials exert the strongest influence on soil properties. Thirty‐two soils from the southern part of Guatemala were divided according to their classification and soil properties. Chemical methods (Bray I and Mehlich I) were compared to two other soil test techniques (Pi strip and Resin‐strip). Phosphate retention characteristics were also measured. In general, very good correlations were found between all methods on soils...
Policy options to enhance agricultural irrigation in Afghanistan: A canal systems approach

Abstract In Afghanistan, where 80% of the population is rural, irrigated agriculture using surface water is an extremely important economic activity. With the advent of the New Water Law, highly localized and centuries-old agricultural water management traditions are giving way to more modern centralized institutions. The newly-created river basin councils need management tools to support decision-making at the watershed level. This study develops the Afghan Canal Irrigation Management and Policy Tool (ACIMAP), a versatile linear programming-based model that can be used to optimize crop selection and water allocation within Afghan irrigation districts. The model can further be used in the assessment of the benefits from various irrigation infrastructure improvements. This study describes the development of ACIMAP and applies it to an illustrative case study on the Balkhab River in Balkh Province, Afghanistan. The benefits to the district’s farmers of constructing a reservoir of various capacities are analyzed and compared with the benefits derived from increasing conveyance efficiencies in the canal networks and the assignment of water rights. It is found that while the construction of a reservoir could increase agricultural net revenues by up to 30%, even greater benefits may result from increasing distribution efficiencies. Further, property rights schemes may be implemented to distribute wealth more evenly through various canal sub-regions at minimal cost to the agricultural community as a whole. These results demonstrate the usefulness of ACIMAP in assessing alternative irrigation policies.
An integrated piezoelectric-insulator DMOST surface-acoustic-wave convolver

Abstract A detailed investigation and analysis of a new device, the PI-DMOST convolver, is presented. The feasibility of this type of convolver has been previously demonstrated [1]. In this paper, we present the experimental results of another configuration of the device, fabricated with a new process. The theory is presented in detail for operation of the convolver using first-order Rayleigh-mode waves, and then extended to include other SAW modes. The convolver measures 100 μm by 1 cm, has a dynamic range of 70 dB, and is realized using ZnO piezoelectric films on a planar-processed silicon wafer.
Death-Related Experiences, Attitudes, and Feelings Reported by Thanatology Students and a National Sample

Considering that death continues to be a taboo topic in most circles and that thanatology classes are relatively uncommon, what motivates anyone to choose voluntarily to confront the subject of death? Are such individuals unusually morbid? Have their experiences with death differed in some significant way from those of people in general? Are their attitudes and feelings about death significantly different from others? A 90-item questionnaire exploring death-related attitudes, feelings, experiences was administered to 82 thanatology students. Responses were compared to those given by Psychology Today readers to a similar questionnaire. Significant differences were found between the two groups which suggest areas for further research.
Feature activated molecular dynamics: an efficient approach for atomistic simulation of solid-state aggregation phenomena.

An efficient approach is presented for performing efficient molecular dynamics simulations of solute aggregation in crystalline solids. The method dynamically divides the total simulation space into “active” regions centered about each minority species, in which regular molecular dynamics is performed. The number, size, and shape of these regions is updated periodically based on the distribution of solute atoms within the overall simulation cell. The remainder of the system is essentially static except for periodic rescaling of the entire simulation cell in order to balance the pressure between the isolated molecular dynamics regions. The method is shown to be accurate and robust for the Environment-Dependant Interatomic Potential (EDIP) for silicon and an Embedded Atom Method potential (EAM) for copper. Several tests are performed beginning with the diffusion of a single vacancy all the way to large-scale simulations of vacancy clustering. In both material systems, the predicted evolutions agree closely ...
Driver personality and anthropomorphic attributions of vehicle personality relate to reported aggressive driving tendencies

Abstract Research in the area of driver anger and aggression has shown that several personality factors contribute to the growing problem. Pilot research indicated that drivers attribute human qualities such as a gender and name to their vehicles which suggested that this tendency to anthropomorphize the vehicle might predict aggressive driving tendencies. Two hundred four undergraduates completed personality inventories for both themselves and their vehicle along with several measures of driving anger and aggressive tendencies. Results suggest that driver and vehicle personalities were related but distinct, indicating that drivers were not just projecting their own personality onto the vehicle. Driver and vehicle personality scores were correlated with several indexes of aggressive driving tendencies. In some cases, vehicle personality predicted aggressive driving better than driver personality. However, initial decision of drivers to anthropomorphize did not relate to differences in aggressive driving tendencies.
Ghostwriters on the Court?: A Stylistic Analysis of U.S. Supreme Court Opinion Drafts

A common refrain among Supreme Court watchers is that today it is law clerks who are primarily responsible for drafting the justices’opinions. We search for traces of clerical drafting—identifiable stylistic “fingerprints”—in the first drafts of the opinions that two justices, Lewis F. Powell Jr., and Thurgood Marshall, circulated during the 1985 term of the Court. These two justices relied on their clerks to a different degree: Powell’s office procedures called for him and several clerks to participate in writing each opinion, whereas Marshall reputedly delegated most writing responsibilities to his clerks. We do detect the clerks’ distinct styles in the justices’ opinions, though; as expected, the fingerprints are clearer for Marshall’s clerks than for Powell’s. We also find differences across opinion type, with the clerks’unique style most easily discernible in separate opinions, as opposed to majority opinions.
Structure-function relationships in a type I antifreeze polypeptide. The role of threonine methyl and hydroxyl groups in antifreeze activity

Several analogs of an alanine-rich, alpha-helical type I antifreeze polypeptide from the winter flounder were synthesized and studied to evaluate the role of threonine residues on antifreeze activity. In this series, the four Thr residues in the wild type polypeptide were substituted with from one to four Ser, allo-Thr, or Val residues. Circular dichroism studies determined that these substitutions did not significantly diminish alpha-helicity. Thermal hysteresis data showed that substitution of Thr by Ser resulted in moderate to complete loss of antifreeze activity, depending on the number and position of the substituted Thr residue(s). Replacement by Val, in confirmation of other recent reports, or by allo-Thr had a much less detrimental effect on activity though there were qualitative differences in activity between the mutants and the wild type AFP. Based on these results, we propose that both the methyl and hydroxyl groups of Thr, particularly of the central two Thr residues, Thr13 and Thr24, play key roles in the ice-binding properties of the antifreeze peptide. Specifically, the methyls participate in hydrophobic interactions with ice, which provide the driving force for binding and stability, whereas the hydroxyls and other polar residues control binding specificity and impart additional stability through hydrogen bonding.
The pathology and treatment of peripheral nerve tumors and tumor‐likeconditions

Peripheral nerves are subject to a wide array of inflammatory, degenerative, hyperplastic, and neoplastic processes. Accurate pathologic assessment is essential for appropriate treatment. This article reviews the pathology and treatment of tumors and tumor-like conditions of the peripheral nerves.
Organ preservation for muscle-invasive bladder cancer by transurethral resection.

OBJECTIVES To determine the feasibility of bladder preservation using transurethral resection for patients with muscle-invasive cancer and to determine the proportion of patients with muscle-invasive disease who would be eligible for this approach. METHODS A retrospective review demonstrated that 327 patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer were treated in our institution from 1997 to 2002. Resection was repeated in all patients, and bladder preservation was offered to patients with no residual tumor, normal examination findings under anesthesia, and normal upper urinary tract findings. Patients were followed up by routine cystoscopy for a median of 2.45 years. The study endpoints included overall and disease-specific survival rates, the need for additional systemic chemotherapy, and cystectomy-free survival. RESULTS Of 327 patients, 35 (11%) were eligible for bladder preservation; 27 elected to pursue this approach and 8 opted for immediate cystectomy. Of the 27 patients, 15 experienced subsequent tumor recurrence, 8 of whom underwent radical cystectomy. Thus, the bladder was preserved in 19 (70%) of the 27 patients. Of the patients who underwent cystectomy, 5 also received chemotherapy. Five patients died, including three of unrelated diseases, one of metastatic cancer, and one of surgical complications. The overall and disease-specific survival rate was 81% and 93%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Bladder preservation using transurethral resection is feasible in selected patients. Only a small proportion of patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer, however, are candidates for this approach.
Microscale microbial fuel cells: Advances and challenges

Abstract The next generation of sustainable energy could come from microorganisms; evidence that it can be seen with the given rise of Electromicrobiology, the study of microorganisms’ electrical properties. Many recent advances in electromicrobiology stem from studying microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which are gaining acceptance as a future alternative “green” energy technology and energy-efficient wastewater treatment method. MFCs are powered by living microorganisms with clean and sustainable features; they efficiently catalyse the degradation of a broad range of organic substrates under natural conditions. There is also increasing interest in photosynthetic MFCs designed to harness Earth’s most abundant and promising energy source (solar irradiation). Despite their vast potential and promise, however, MFCs and photosynthetic MFCs have not yet successfully translated into commercial applications because they demonstrate persistent performance limitations and bottlenecks associated with scaling up. Instead, microscale MFCs have received increasing attention as a unique platform for various applications such as powering small portable electronic elements in remote locations, performing fundamental studies of microorganisms, screening bacterial strains, and toxicity detection in water. Furthermore, the stacking of miniaturized MFCs has been demonstrated to offer larger power densities than a single macroscale MFC in terms of scaling up. In this overview, we discuss recent achievements in microscale MFCs as well as their potential applications. Further scientific and technological challenges are also reviewed.
A restricted interaction account (RIA) of spoken word production: The best of both worlds

Theories of spoken word production generally assume that mapping from conceptual representations (e.g., [furry, feline, domestic]) to phonemes (e.g., /k/, /ae/, /t/) involves both a meaning-based process and a sound-based process. A central question in this framework is how these two processes interact with one another. Two theories that occupy extreme positions on the continuum of interactivity are reviewed: a highly discrete position (e.g., Levelt, Roelofs, & Meyer, 1999), in which the two processes occur virtually independently; and a highly interactive position (e.g., Dell et al., 1997) in which the two processes exert considerable mutual influence over one another. Critical examination of the empirical data reveals that neither position can account for the full range of findings. An alternative position, the restricted interaction account (RIA), is described. By combining aspects of both highly discrete and highly interactive accounts, RIA can account for the existing empirical data, as well as for mo...
Abstract LB-308: Monoubiquitination is critical for Otub1 to suppress UbcH5 and stabilize p53

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Otub1 regulates p53 stability and activity via non-canonical inhibition of the MDM2 cognate ubiquitin (Ub)-conjugating enzyme (E2) UbcH5. However, it is not clear how this activity of Otub1 is regulated in cells. Here we report that Otub1 is monoubiquitinated by UbcH5 in cells and in vitro, primarily at lysine 59 and 109 residues. This monoubiquitination in turn contributes to the activity of Otub1 to suppress UbcH5. The lysine-free Otub1 mutant (Otub1K0) fails to be monoubiquitinated and is unable to suppress the Ub-conjugating activity of UbcH5 in vitro and the MDM2-mediated p53 ubiquitination in cells. Consistently, this mutant is unable to stabilize p53, induce apoptosis, and suppress cell growth. Overexpression of Otub1K0 inhibits DNA-damage induced apoptosis. Adding either Lys 59 or Lys 109 back to the Otub1K0 mutant restored the monoubiquitination of Otub1 and its function to stabilize and activate p53. We further show that UbcH5 preferentially binds to the monoubiquitinated Otub1 via Ub interaction with its backside donor Ub-interacting surface, suggesting that this binding interferes with the self-assembly of Ub-charged UbcH5 (UbcH5∼Ub) conjugates, which is critical for the Ub transfer. Thus, our data reveal novel insights into the Otub1 inhibition of E2 wherein monoubiquitination promotes the interaction of Otub1 with and its function to suppress UbcH5. Citation Format: Yuhunag Li, Xiao-Xin Sun, Johannes Elferich, Ujwal Shinde, Larry David, Mushui Dai. Monoubiquitination is critical for Otub1 to suppress UbcH5 and stabilize p53. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-308. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-308
Building structure-activity insights through patent mining

One gap in current patent-mining practice is the lack of tools to build SAR knowledge. Here, we report a novel technique that enabled us to derive useful SAR information from the exemplified structures of a series of patents. In our approach, exemplified chemical structures were extracted from patent documents. They were grouped into structural series based on similarity and binding mode, after which the R-group table was generated. By analyzing R-group usages over time, we were able to build insights into SAR of a structural series, even though the biological activities were not available.
The Effect of Selected Phenols on the Formation of Hydrogen Peroxide by Calamine Liniment N. F. IX

When phenol, resorcinol, resorcinol monoacetate, betanaphthol, and pyrogallol were added to calamine liniment and the product irradiated with ultraviolet light, a variation in the amount of hydrogen peroxide produced was noted. The amount of hydrogen peroxide produced varies with the particular phenol, the concentration of phenol, and the age of the product.
Active-site residues move independently from the rest of the protein in a 200 ns molecular dynamics simulation of cytochrome P450 CYP119.

Abstract The conformational dynamics of cytochrome P450 enzymes are critical to their catalytic activity. In this study, the correlated motion between residues in a 200 ns molecular dynamics trajectory of the thermophilic CYP119 was analyzed to parse out conformational relationships. Residues that are structurally related, for example residues within a helix, generally have highly correlated motion. In addition, clusters of non-adjacent residues that show correlated motion (“hot spots”) are seen in various regions, including at the base of the F and G helices that make up the most dynamic region of the enzyme. A modified k-means algorithm that clusters residues based on their correlated motion indicates that functionally related residues are in the same cluster (e.g., the catalytic threonines and the heme). Tightly coupled clusters form a solvent-exposed “shell” around the enzyme, whereas less coupling between clusters is seen in regions that are critical to ligand interactions, redox partner interactions, and catalysis. Most notably, we find that residues in the active site move independently from the rest of the enzyme, effectively insulating the catalytic machinery from other regions of the protein.
Cumulative sexual intercourse patterns among middle adolescents: Problem behavior precursors and concurrent health risk behaviors

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to document associations among problem behaviors in childhood and early adolescence and several health risk behaviors in middle adolescence, including a cumulative index of sexual intercourse risk. Method: A nontreatment sample of 1167 10th and 11th grade students was recruited from three homogenous suburban high schools in western New York. Intercourse activity and number of sexual partners were assessed four times at 6-month intervals over a 2-year period via self-report questionnaires administered in classroom settings. Results: Sexual intercourse activity, once initiated, was found to be relatively persistent, rather than sporadic, for most adolescents. Repeated intercourse experience with multiple partners over the assessed time periods was associated with higher levels of externalizing childhood behavior problems, earlier onset of antisocial behaviors and substance use, and higher concurrent substance use. An avoidant, withdrawn behavioral style in childhood was associated with lower rates of sexual involvement in adolescence. Conclusions: Temporal linkages among childhood precursors and adolescent sexual behaviors were identified as critical to understanding adolescent risk behaviors. These cross-time relationships may identify potential targets for future intervention/prevention efforts among high risk subsamples of children and adolescents.
Integration of the trans abdominal technique into an ongoing chorionic villus sampling program

Data are presented on 869 patients undergoing chorionic villus sampling procedures by one of two sampling techniques: 544 by a transcervical catheter aspiration method and 325 by a transabdominal two-needle aspiration method. The transcervical approach was the only procedure used in the first 330 cases, at which time the transabdominal technique was incorporated into our program. After an initial learning curve in the first 100 procedures the transcervical fetal loss rate stabilized at 2.7%, the number of patients requiring more than one catheter insertion decreased to 11%, and tissue weights ≥10 mg were obtained in 88% of cases. The fetal loss rate for transabdominal chorionic villus sampling was 2.6%, indicating the addition of this new method did not significantly alter the fetal loss rate. Transabdominal chorionic villus sampling had an overall success rate of 99%, with only one insertion of the guide needle required for 98% of patients. Tissue weights of ≥10 mg were obtained in 99% of cases. These results demonstrate that the transabdominal procedure can be rapidly and effectively incorporated by an operator already experienced with transcervical chorionic villus sampling. Since several contraindications exist for either chorionic villus sampling method, the availability of both techniques at a single center greatly enhances the ability to offer first-trimester fetal diagnosis to a majority of patients.
Bonded composite repair structures multiple site damage analysis

Purpose – The purpose of this work is to describe the effects of the length of cracks and the patch size on the stress intensity factors in a bonded composite repair structure containing multiple site damage.Design/methodology/approach – Finite element method was applied to simulate a bonded repair of a cracked aluminum plate with multiple site damage. A two‐dimensional three‐layer technique was utilized to model damage in a typical aluminum plate with collinear twin cracks.Findings – This research has found that the stress intensity factors of collinear twin cracks can be reduced significantly through bonded composite repair, and their values strongly depend on the relative position of the cracks. Moreover, the composite patch should be 1.5 to two times longer than the crack length and the patch thickness should be 30‐40 percent of the plate thickness for the best repair performance.Research limitations/implications – Patch debonding can significantly reduce the repair efficiency and should be avoided if...
Effect of glycosylation on antibody function: implications for genetic engineering

Antibodies are able to both bind antigens and trigger the responses that eliminate them from circulation. All antibodies are glycosylated at conserved positions in their constant regions, and the presence of carbohydrate can be critical for antigen clearance functions such as complement activation. The structure of the attached carbohydrate can also affect antibody activity. Antibody glycosylation can be influenced by the cell in which it is produced, the conformation of the antibody and cell culture conditions. These variables should be considered in the design and production of antibodies with selected specificity and function.
Program to validate inspection technology for aging aircraft

This paper provides an overview of a program established at Sandia National Laboratories by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to validate nondestructive inspection (NDI) processes for application to aging aircraft. The paper describes an NDI Validation Center, an evolving library of specimens with typical defects, a validation process, ongoing related field experimentation, and current and future work activities.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Gas phase assembly and X-ray crystal structure of copper(I) 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoate network with corannulene

Abstract Gas-phase co-deposition of [Cu(O 2 C(3,5-CF 3 ) 2 C 6 H 3 )] ( 1 ) with C 20 H 10 at 170 °C affords crystals of the first copper(I)–corannulene adduct [Cu 6 (O 2 C(3,5-CF 3 ) 2 C 6 H 3 ) 6 ](C 20 H 10 ) 2 ( 2 ). The X-ray crystallographic characterization of 2 reveals its main structural building blocks: a planar hexanuclear metal core supported by bridging 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzoate groups and two corannulene molecules. The Cu⋯Cu distances within the core of 2.6826(8)–2.7607(8) A fall within the range of cuprophilic interactions. Several intermolecular Cu⋯C contacts between the cyclic Cu 6 -unit and corannulene ranging from 2.799(5) to 3.266(5) A can be identified. The shortest ones lying within the sum of the van der Waals radii for Cu and C (Σ r vdW (Cu, C) = 3.10 A) are to the rim sites of corannulene. A noticeable flattening of the C 20 H 10 -bowl in 2 is also observed.
Effects of Surface Roughness on Separated and Transitional Flows over a Wing

Laminar separation bubbles are often found over the wing of micro air vehicles at low Reynolds numbers and strongly influence the lift, drag, and other aerodynamic performance parameters. A numerical investigation of passive separation control techniques using roughness bumps on a low-Reynolds-number wing is conducted in the present study. A high-order spectral difference unstructured-grid Navier–Stokes solver is employed in the simulations. The study of surface roughness on laminar separation and turbulent transition can provide insights into the design of future passive control devices on wings. The transitional flow with laminar separation bubble past a SD7003 rectangular wing with Reynolds number of 60,000 is used as the baseline (uncontrolled) case. In the controlled cases, roughness bumps are strategically placed near the leading edge of the wing for the purpose of improving aerodynamic performance in terms of the lift-to-drag ratio. The location, bump size, number of bumps, and angle of attack are varied to study the effects. The pressure drag forces in the controlled cases are found to be reduced significantly when the separation is reduced or avoided, resulting in much improved lift-over-drag ratio.
Bird response to fire severity and repeated burning in upland hardwood forest

Prescribed burning is a common management tool for upland hardwood forests, with wildlife habitat improvement an often cited goal. Fire management for wildlife conservation requires understanding how species respond to burning at different frequencies, severities, and over time. In an earlier study, we experimentally assessed how breeding bird communities and species responded to fuel reduction treatments by mechanical understory reduction, low-severity prescribed fires, or mechanical understory reduction followed a year later by high-severity prescribed fires in upland hardwood forest. Here, we assess longer-term response to the initial mechanical treatment (M), and a second low-intensity burn in twice burned (B2) and mechanical + twice burned (MB2) treatments and controls (C). Initial (2003) higher dead fuel loadings and consequently high-severity fires in MB2 created open-canopy structure with abundant snags, resulting in much higher species richness and density of breeding birds compared to other treatments. Relative bird density and richness remained much higher in MB2 after a second burn, but few changes were evident that were not already apparent after one burn. The initial (2003) burn in B2 had cooler, low-severity fires that killed few trees. Delayed tree mortality occurred in both burn treatments after one burn, and continued in both after a second low-intensity burn. In B2, this resulted in gradual development of a ‘‘perforated,’’ patchy canopy structure with more snags. Abundance of total birds and most species in B2 was similar to C, but several additional species associated with open-forest conditions occurred at low levels, increasing richness in B2. In both burn treatments, burning temporarily reduced habitat suitability for ground-nesting birds. Bird communities in M were similar to C, as shrubs recovered rapidly. Results indicate that one or two relatively low-intensity burns with patches of hotter fire may result in gradual, subtle changes to canopy cover and structure that may slightly increase bird species richness over time. In contrast, a single high-intensity, high severity fire can create young forest conditions and a heterogeneous canopy structure that can be maintained by repeated burning and increase breeding bird relative abundance and richness by attracting disturbance-adapted species while retaining most other forest species. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Propeller^Wing Integration for Minimum Induced Loss

An analysis of propeller-win g combinations in inviscid incompressible flow reveals some of the fundamental interactions which affect the performance of an installed propulsion system. A generalized version of Munk's stagger theorem is used in a rapid, approximate calculation of optimal lift distributions and installed efficiency. Results indicate that the distribution of lift over the wing which maximizes overall efficiency differs markedly from elliptic loading. Swirl recovery by the wing leads to increments in net propeller efficiency of 6% in example cases. The maximum installed efficiency is computed for single-rotation (up-inboard and up-outboard designs) and counter-rotating systems. Results suggest that some of the performance advantages attributed to counterrotation may be less dramatic for well-integrated wing-propeller designs than for isolated systems. Nomenclature An = amplitude of nth harmonic of wing lift & = wing aspect ratio b = wingspan c =wing chord CL =wing lift coefficient CT = thrust coefficient, =ir2T/pw2R4 D =drag IU,IW = definite integrals, Eqs. (10) and (11), respectively / = advance ratio, = irU00/uR I = section lift L =lift N = number of blades Obj = objective function Q = propeller torque R = propeller radius r - radial coordinate T = thrust Uw = freestream velocity u = axial perturbation velocity V = induced velocity vt = tangential induced velocity w = induced downwash x = stream wise coordinate y = spanwise coordinate .Vprop = spanwise location of propeller F = circulation 6 =dimensionless spanwise coordinate K =Goldstein's radial velocity correction X =Lagrange multiplier p = density Subscripts int = interference component = wing w = propeller
Factors influencing the effectiveness of Trichosirocalus horridus (Panzer) in the control of Carduus thistles

Abstract Trichosirocalus horridus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Curcilionidae), a European weevil introduced for the biological control of Carduus thistles, was initially released in 1974 and has become established in Virginia, USA. Studies were conducted to examine the impact of the weevil on Carduus thistles in the field in spring and winter, and in the laboratory. Variables included two thistle species, two thistle sizes and three larval densities. Response of the thistle to larval infestation was influenced by thistle growth, thistle size and larval density. Thistle rosettes grown in the laboratory had the greatest percentage of plants developing necrosis (99%) with none recovering fully; the plant centre died in 89%, and 31% died completely, whereas no field-grown plants died. Spring rosettes developed the next largest percentage of necrosis (85%) and of death of centre (28%), but had the highest percentage of plants recovering (80%). Overwintering thistles developed the least amount of necrosis (43%) and of dead centres (2%), but had a lower recovery rate (61%) than spring thistle rosettes. Neither spring nor overwintering rosettes died even at the highest infestation level (50 larvae). Appearance of symptoms of infestation in overwintering thistle rosettes was influenced by plant species, plant size and rate of larval infestation. Thistle species was not a factor determining when laboratory rosettes manifested symptoms of infestation, and larval density did not influence spring rosettes. Small laboratory thistle rosettes were killed by infestations of 30 larvae (42%) and 50 larvae (100%). Although T. horridus larvae do not kill the majority of the thistles that they infest, they do weaken them by destroying crown tissues. The effectiveness of T. horridus may be greatly enhanced by the joint use of other stress factors.
Physical Restraint Use and Falls in Nursing Home Residents

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between restraint use and falls while controlling for the effect of psychoactive drug use among nursing home residents, including subgroups of nursing home residents with high rates of restraint use and/or falls. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data from a longitudinal clinical trial designed to reduce restraint use. SETTING: Three nursing homes. PARTICIPANTS: Subjects (n = 322) were either restrained (n = 119) or never restrained (n = 203) at each observation point during a 9.5-month data collection period that preceded the intervention phase of the clinical trial. MEASUREMENTS: We evaluated restraint status (independent variable) three times during the data collection period by direct observation over a 72-hour period. Incident reports documenting falls and fall-related injuries (dependent variables) were reviewed. Cognitive status was measured using the Folstein Mini-Mental State Exam and functional status (including ambulation status) by the Psychogeriatric Dependency Rating Scale. Psychoactive drug use profile was obtained through record review. MAIN RESULTS: Using multiple logistic regression, we compared the effect of restraint use on fall risk between a confused ambulatory subgroup and the remaining sample and found a significant difference in the odds ratio for falls and recurrent falls (P = .02; chi-square = 5.24, df = 1; P = .003, chi-square = 9.12, df = 1). In the confused ambulatory subgroup, restraint use was associated with increased falls (odds ratio: 1.65, 95% CI: 0.69, 3.98) as well as recurrent fall risk (odds ratio: 2.46, 95% CI: 1.03, 5.88). Increased falls and recurrent fall risk was not observed in the remaining sample (falls odds ratio: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.28,0.87; recurrent falls odds ratio: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.20,0.91). One subgroup, the nonconfused ambulatory residents, were never restrained; after removing this subgroup, the confused ambulatory continued to be associated, though not significantly, with a higher risk of falls and injuries. Only nonconfused nonambulatory restraints were associated with a lower risk of all three outcomes: falls (odds ratio: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.05, 1.58), recurrent falls (odds ratio: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.05, 4.72), and injurious falls (odds ratio: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.04, 4.01); these results, however, were not statistically significant. There was no evidence that the effect of restraint use on fall risk depended upon the use of psychoactive drugs (chi square = 4.43; df = 2, P = .11). CONCLUSION: Restraints were not associated with a significantly lower risk of falls or injuries in subgroups of residents likely to be restrained. These findings support individualized assessment of fall risk rather than routine use of physical restraints for fall prevention. Researchers and clinicians should continue to focus efforts on developing a variety of approaches that reduce risk of falls and injuries and promote mobility rather than immobility.
Antibodies to inherited &-lipoprotein antigens in the serum of multiply transfused patients

Sera from 223 multiply transfused patients have been tested for the piesence of prccip:tating antibodies to inherited β-lipoprotein antigens. Twelve sera containing strong precipitins were found, all but one originated from a group of 85 patients with thalassaemia. The last strong antiserum came from 1 of 19 patients with coagulation defects. No precipitating antibodies were found in the sera from 114 patients with different malignant diseares. The specificities of 10 of the 12 antisera were compared with one another, as well as with those of some of the previously described lipoprotein antisera. The existence of the spezificity Ld(a) was confirmed by the finding of two antisera containing antibody to this antigen and one possibly demonstrating the product of an allele to Lda. Two antisera contained precipitins not obviously related to the Ld or Ag antibodies. The remaining antisera demonstrated Ag antigens. Thus, the antigens demonstrated by the isoimmune sera of the present seriey apparently belong to 3 groups of related genetic factors.
Tissue engineering scaffolds based on photocured dimethacrylate polymers for in vitro optical imaging.

Model tissue engineering scaffolds based on photocurable resin mixtures with sodium chloride have been prepared for optical imaging studies of cell attachment. A photoactivated ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate was mixed with sieved sodium chloride (NaCl) crystals and photocured to form a cross-linked composite. Upon soaking in water, the NaCl dissolved to leave a porous scaffold with desirable optical properties, mechanical integrity, and controlled porosity. Scaffolds were prepared with salt crystals that had been sieved to average diameters of 390, 300, 200, and 100 μm, yielding porosities of approximately 75 vol %. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microcomputed tomography confirmed that the pore size distribution of the scaffolds could be controlled using this photocuring technique. Compression tests showed that for scaffolds with 84% (by mass fraction) salt, the larger pore size scaffolds were more rigid, while the smaller pore size scaffolds were softer and more readily compressible. The ...
Attracting Cracks for Arrestment in Bone-Like Composites

Abstract Osteonal bones are crack-tolerant due to their repair activity and special tissue structures formed by interstitial material and osteons. Crack-resistant engineering structures may be developed by mimicking bones. In this paper, bone-like composite materials were modeled by using circular inclusions as osteons and their cement lines. A two-inclusion model was investigated to see how crack location and inclusion size and property variations affect the propagation of an initial crack between the inclusions. A four-inclusion model was studied to determine conditions for attracting cracks to inclusions for arrestment. The four-inclusion model was optimized in order to arrest any crack initiated within the interstitial material between the inclusions. The optimized model was verified with the FRANC2D software. The results showed that inclusions with effective elastic moduli smaller than that of the interstitial material always tend to attract cracks. On the contrary, an inclusion with effective modulus greater than that of the interstitial material has a tendency to repel cracks. A crack’s propagation direction can be changed by varying inclusions’ sizes and elastic properties. At optimal point, any crack initiated within the interstitial material between the four inclusions can be attracted to two inclusions for arrestment.
Managerial cognitive capabilities and the microfoundations of dynamic capabilities

The microfoundations of dynamic capabilities have assumed greater importance in the search for factors that facilitate strategic change. Here, we focus on microfoundations at the level of the individual manager. We introduce the concept of “managerial cognitive capability,” which highlights the fact that capabilities involve the capacity to perform not only physical but also mental activities. We identify specific types of cognitive capabilities that are likely to underpin dynamic managerial capabilities for sensing, seizing, and reconfiguring, and explain their potential impact on strategic change of organizations. In addition, we discuss how heterogeneity of these cognitive capabilities may produce heterogeneity of dynamic managerial capabilities among top executives, which may contribute to differential performance of organizations under conditions of change. Finally, we propose possible directions for future research. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blockade of adenosine diphosphate receptors P2Y12 and P2Y1 is required to inhibit platelet aggregation in whole blood under flow

Using heparinized whole blood and flow conditions, it was shown that adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) receptors P2Y(12) and P2Y(1) are both important in direct shear-induced platelet aggregation and platelet aggregation subsequent to initial adhesion onto von Willebrand factor (vWf)-collagen. In the viscometer, whole blood was subjected to shear rates of 750, 1500, and 3000 s(-1) for 30 seconds at room temperature. The extent of aggregation was determined by flow cytometry. The P2Y(12) antagonist AR-C69 931MX (ARMX) reduced shear-induced aggregation at these rates by 56%, 54%, and 16%, respectively, compared to control samples. Adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate (A3P5P; P2Y(1) antagonist) inhibited shear-induced aggregation by 40%, 30% and 29%, respectively, compared to control samples. Blockade of both ADP receptors at 3000 s(-1) with ARMX plus A3P5P further reduced the platelet aggregation by 41% compared to the addition of ARMX alone (57% compared to control samples). Using a parallel-plate flow chamber, whole blood was perfused over bovine collagen type 1 at a wall shear rate of 3000 s(-1) for 60 seconds. Platelet deposition was quantified with epifluorescence video microscopy and digital image processing. Blockade of P2Y(12) alone or blockade of P2Y(1) alone did not reduce thrombus formation on vWf-collagen. In contrast, blockade of both P2Y(12) and P2Y(1) reduced platelet deposition by 72%. These results indicate that combinations of antagonists of the ADP receptors P2Y(12) and P2Y(1) are effective inhibitors of direct shear-induced platelet aggregation and of platelet aggregation subsequent to initial adhesion under flow conditions. Inhibitors of these pathways are potentially useful as antiarterial thrombotic agents.
Ratio of PICU versus ward cardiopulmonary resuscitation events is increasing.

Objectives:The aim of this study was to evaluate the relative frequency of pediatric in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation events occurring in ICUs compared to general wards. We hypothesized that the proportion of pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation provided in ICUs versus general wards has
The 3-state model of muscle regulation revisited: is a fourth state involved?

The 3-state model of muscle regulation has been useful in explaining the roles of Ca2+ and myosin heads in activation and relaxation of striated muscle contraction. However, there are some phenomena, which cannot simply be explained by the 3-state model. These include increased Ca2+-binding caused by strong-binding myosin heads and residual active force at low Ca2+ in the case of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Here, I review experimental data which provide evidence for an additional state, a myosin-induced Open state present in the absence of Ca2+ (Open−Ca2+) which like the normal Open+Ca2+ state, is an active state and can allow myosin heads to cycle and generate force. A schematic diagram is presented which shows that the formation of the Open−Ca2+ state is on a parallel path with the formation of the Open+Ca2+ state and can contribute to activation.
Sentence-structure priming in young children who do and do not stutter.

The purpose of this study was to use an age-appropriate version of the sentence-structure priming paradigm (e.g., K. Bock, 1990; K. Bock, H. Loebell, & R. Morey, 1992) to assess experimentally the ...
Platonic “True Belief and the Paradox of Inquiry

L'A. souleve le probleme propre a l'epistemologie platonicienne, sous la forme de deux questions distinctes: 1) celle de la fiabilite des opinions vraies sucesptibles de devenir la connaissance vraie, 2) celle du contenu de ces opinions vraies. Etablissant la distinction entre connaitre et ne pas connaitre la meme chose, connaitre que et connaitre pourquoi, l'A. examine les differents niveaux cognitifs dans le «Theetete» et le «Menon» de Platon
Spectra and structure of phosphorus–boron compounds. XXIII–Raman and infrared spectra, vibrational assignment and normal coordinate analysis of methyldifluorophosphineborane†

The Raman (3500−10 cm−1) and infrared (3500−20 cm−1) spectra of CH3PF2BH3 and CH3PF2BD3 were recorded for the gaseous and solid states. Additionally, the Raman spectrum of the liquid was recorded and qualitative depolarization values were measured. All the fundamental modes except the two internal rotations were assigned utilizing band contours, depolarization values, isotopic shifts and group frequencies. A normal coordinate calculation was carried out utilizing a modified valence force field to calculate the frequencies and the potential energy distributions. The observation of five Raman lines in the spectrum of the solid, and the observation of the doubling of several of the intramolecular fundamentals, indicate that there are at least two molecules per primitive cell. These results are compared with similar quantities in some corresponding molecules.
2′-nor-cGMP, a new cyclic derivative of 2′NDG, inhibits HSV-1 replication in vitro and in the mouse keratitis model

The present study examined the antiherpetic effect of 2′-nor-cGMP, a new cyclic phosphate derivative of 2′NDG, in vitro and in the mouse keratitis model. The 50% inhibitory dose (ID50) was determined with HSV-1 RE strain in Vero cell monolayers for 2′-nor-cGMP (6.9 mcg. /ml), 2′NDG (.06 mcg/ml), and trifluridine (F3T) (.72 mcg/ml). Balb C mice underwent bilateral ocular inoculation with HSV-1 RE strain, and then were treated with different therapeutic regimens. The antiviral efficacy of each drug was evaluated by ocular virus titers, clinical grading of epithelial keratitis, and histological evaluation of stromal keratitis. 2′-nor-cGMP was the most effective drug (P=. 0001) in reducing ocular viral titers. Both 2′-nor-cGMP and 2′NDG were significantly more effective (P=.000D than F3T in reducing epithelial keratitis, and as effective as F3T in reducing stromal keratitis.