cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding Organic Film Behavior on Alloy and Metal Oxides

Native oxide surfaces of stainless steel 316L and Nitinol alloys and their constituent metal oxides, namely nickel, chromium, molybdenum, manganese, iron, and titanium, were modified with long chain organic acids to better understand organic film formation. The adhesion and stability of films of octadecylphosphonic acid, octadecylhydroxamic acid, octadecylcarboxylic acid, and octadecylsulfonic acid on these substrates were examined in this study. The films formed on these surfaces were analyzed by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, contact angle goniometry, atomic force microscopy, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. The effect of the acidity of the organic moiety and substrate composition on the film characteristics and stability is discussed. Interestingly, on the alloy surfaces, the presence of less reactive metal sites does not inhibit film formation.
Self-perception of personality characteristics and the Type A behavior pattern

Two hundred fifty-one undergraduate college students (172 women, 79 men) were administered the modified Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS) and the Self-Perception Profile for College Students (SPP) to measure Type A characteristics and the self-perception of selected personality characteristics, respectively. Prior to analysis of the SPP scores, the subjects were categorized as Type A or Type B on the basis of their JAS scores. Analysis of the 13 SPP domains yielded several significant gender and Type A/B effects. The significant gender effects are seen as reflecting the perpetuation of sex-role stereotypes. Significant Type A/B effects indicate that these individuals differ in terms of how they perceive several aspects of their personality.
"Second" and "third operator" of the lac operon: an investigation of their role in the regulatory mechanism.

Abstract The influence of the two operator-like regions lying within or near the lac regulatory region on the binding of lac repressor to lac operator has been investigated. λdlac phages deleted either for the “second operator” in the beginning of the Z gene or deleted for the “third operator” at the end of the I gene were constructed. In in vitro binding experiments it could be shown that the deletion of secondary repressor binding sites from the lac regulatory region does not significantly alter the stability of the repressor—operator complex. Measuring the rate constant of association of repressor with operator in the presence of a 150-fold excess of unspecific DNA, we observed a concentration-dependent effect of the unspecific DNA, although the ratio of operator to non-operator DNA was kept constant. A small effect of the secondary binding sites is seen on the rate of association of repressor with operator, indicating that the secondary binding sites might play a role in facilitating association of repressor with operator under in vivo conditions.
Assessment of trunk balance in thoracic scoliosis.

Study Design.A retrospective radiographic review was undertaken in patients with idiopathic thoracic scoliosis.Objectives.To determine if a mathematical relationship exists between the 2 methods used to assess trunk balance (lateral trunk shift [LTS] and thoracic apical vertebral translation [AVT]),
Investigating the Utility of Measuring 11α‐Ketotestosterone and Vitellogenin in Surface Mucus as an Alternative to Plasma Samples in Assessments of the Reproductive Axis of White Bass

AbstractSex steroids and vitellogenin measured in plasma have been used in a variety of fish species to investigate the reproductive system. Surface mucus has been shown to be an effective substitute for plasma in several species of fish. The goal of this study was to investigate the utility of mucus sampling as an approach to investigating the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis in White Bass Morone chrysops. We measured 11α-ketotestosterone and vitellogenin in both surface mucus and plasma samples from White Bass collected from a wild population during their annual spawning migration. Mucus and plasma samples were collected from male and female White Bass that were treated to stimulate the HPG axis (carp pituitary extract, 10 mg/kg; estradiol, 10 mg/kg) or treated with saline injections. Mucus and plasma concentrations of both vitellogenin and 11α-ketotestosterone were positively correlated with one another. Treatments with estradiol led to higher amounts of vitellogenin in both plasma and mucus i...
Distance perception under binocular and monocular viewing conditions

First, third, and fifth graders and college adults made judgments of absolute distance in a binocular (full-information) condition and in one of three monocular conditions: redundant texture gradient, compression gradient, and control (no texture). No age-related differences in accuracy of judgment were observed in any of the conditions. Substantial differences in the effectiveness of different kinds of information were found, however. The results indicate that the ability to register information for distance is well developed by first grade, but that substantial limitations exist on the visual system’s ability to process various forms of redundant information.
Estimates of permafrost thickness from well logs in northern Alaska

Abstract The thickness of ice-bearing permafrost in northern Alaska has been determined by examination and interpretation of well logs obtained in the course of oil and gas exploration and production drilling. Logs used included the dual induction laterlog, borehole compensated sonic, self-potential, gamma ray, caliper, mud and temperature logs. Interpretation of these logs is not straightforward. The problems include availability, quality and completeness of the logs, disturbance of the formation by drilling, presence of freeze-back pressures, salty pore water, gas hydrates, lithological changes, presence of unfrozen soil water in the formation at temperatures less than 0°C as well as others. A tentative map of ice-bearing permafrost thickness was developed. It shows the presence of a thick section of permafrost along the coast from the Canning River to Oliktok. The permafrost thins rapidly toward the Brooks Range and is thinner in NPRA. This well log analysis shows that the ice-bearing permafrost thickness ranges from less than 200 m to more than 600 m over the North Slope. There is a strong correlation between permafrost thickness and distribution of major rock-stratigraphic units. Permafrost is thickest in the youngest Tertiary age deposits and thinnest in the Lower Cretaceous deposits. Tectonic setting does not appear to play a major role in controlling permafrost thickness. Gas hydrates appear to be present at the base of the permafrost in several wells. Subsea permafrost under Niakuk Island and Gull Island has what appears to be a layer with very salty pore water near the 180 m depth and realtively salty pore water in the formation above this depth. This implies lithological control for the two-layer subsea permafrost model proposed by Sellmann et al. (1980).
Sumatripan and 5-benzyloxytryptamine: contractility of two 5-HT1D receptor ligands in canine saphenous veins

Abstract Sumatripan and 5-benzyloxytryptamine are ligands with high affinity for 5-HT1D receptors in the caudate nucleus. Both compounds contracted canine saphenous veins, in vitro. Benzyloxytryptamine was less potent as a contractile agonist than sumatriptan which was less potent than serotonin. In high concentrations (>10−5 M) serotonin-induced contraction resulted, in part, from activation of α-adrenoceptors as determined by blockade of contraction with prazosin (10−6 M) and idazoxan (10−6 M). Likewise, benzyloxytryptamine but not sumatripan also activated contractile α-receptors in the canine saphenous vein. Furthermore, benzyloxytryptamine antagonized contraction to sumatriptan in an apparently non-competitive fashion. Thus, benzyloxytryptamine, although possessing some α-receptor agonist activity, like sumatriptan, can interact with serotonin receptors in canine saphenous veins. Although effects of sumatriptan and benzyloxytryptamine quantitatively differed in canine saphenous veins, both agents showed similar affinity and agonist efficacy at 5-HT1D receptors in brain. These studies may reflect potential differences between the 5-HT1D receptor in brain and the 5-HT1-like receptor in canine saphenous veins.
Modelling the proto-Jovian atmospheres by a simple analytical algorithm

This paper models the proto-Jovian atmospheres by a simple analytical algorithm, which does not require the use of a computer. This method, known as the MDV method, was used to model the present structures of the Jovian planets in Doorish (1992). The protoplanetary stages of the Jovian planets, known as stage 1 of development, can be described by the Stellar Interior Equations (SIE). These equations which basically dictate the structure of a star, can also be used to model the Jovian planets (Bodenheimer, 1986). We here include tabulated results.
Query change as relevance feedback in session search

Session search is the Information Retrieval (IR) task that performs document retrieval for an entire session. During a session, users often change queries to explore and investigate the information needs. In this paper, we propose to use query change as a new form of relevance feedback for better session search. Evaluation conducted over TREC 2012 Session Track shows that query change is a highly effective form of feedback as compared with existing relevance feedback methods. The proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art relevance feedback methods for the TREC 2012 Session Track by a significant improvement of >25%.
Design and synthesis of magnetic ladders: structure and magnetic properties of Cu(2,3-dimethylpyrazine)Br2

The compound copper(2,3-dimethylpyrazine)dibromide has been prepared and its structure solved by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound occurs as a coordination polymer with chains of Cu-2,3-dimethylpyrazine groups cross-linked into a ladder structure by the bromide ions. Magnetic susceptibility and magnetization data support a ladder model.
Urea production inRana pipiens effects of aldosterone on urea cycle enzymes

1. The rates of {14C}-HCO3− incorporation into liver urea cycle intermediates were measured in vitro in saline dehydrated (0.15 M NaCl) and aldosterone administered frogs,Rana pipiens, in the fall-winter and spring-summer. 2. No increase in the capacity for {14C}-HCO3− incorporation was observed in vitro between seasons or treatment groups, although increases in both unlabeled urea or {14C}-urea production were observed under in vivo or in vitro conditions following saline dehydration or aldosterone administration in spring-summer, but not fall-winter frogs. 3. Analysis of the pattern of incorporation by liver of {14C} into intermediates of the urea cycle revealed a significant build up of arginino-succinate in tap water treated spring-summer frogs, which was restored to levels characteristic of fall-winter frogs following saline dehydration or aldosterone administration. 4. Increases in urea production observed in spring-summer frogs following saline dehydration is mediated by aldosterone, which we propose acts by removing inhibition at the arginino-succinate lyase step of the urea cycle. 5. We propose that the traditional roles assigned in amphibia to aldosterone and corticosterone in mineral and carbohydrate metabolism be re-evaluated in this species.
Social Adjustment among Students Growing up in Foreign Mission-Field Contexts.

This study utilized a qualitative research method with a sample of 24 students at a private evangelical Christian university in the midwest. The students’ developmental years had been spent growing up in mission foreign-field contexts as missionary kids (MKs). In-depth interviews were conducted and transcribed, with coding and theme analysis applied to the data provided by the students. The intent of the project was to provide a phenomenological perspective of college-life adjustment for the students in our sample. Our findings suggest that MK students have particular desires to fit into American culture and not be seen as awkward among their peers who possess no foreign culture experiences. In addition, data suggest that MK students in our sample lacked adequate social support networks and/or did not take advantage of the resources available to them on campus. Suggestions are made for how college-life adjustments might improve based on the findings from the research study.
Backscattering properties of small layered plates: a model for iridosomes

The backscattering properties of small layered plates are studied for various size parameter values with respect to the plate thickness, plate aspect ratio, number of layers, incident direction, and polarization states of the incident light. The results are compared with the analytical results for semi-infinite plates. The phase functions and the corresponding backscattering efficiencies of the small plates are computed with the Discrete Dipole Approximation method. The angular width of the reflection peak is found to depend on both the size parameter and the aspect ratio. The criteria for using the reflectance of semi-infinite plates to approximate the backscattering efficiencies of finite size plates are quantified with respect to the number of layers, incident angle, and polarization state.
When encoding yields remembering: insights from event-related neuroimaging.

To understand human memory, it is important to determine why some experiences are remembered whereas others are forgotten. Until recently, insights into the neural bases of human memory encoding, the processes by which information is transformed into an enduring memory trace, have primarily been derived from neuropsychological studies of humans with select brain lesions. The advent of functional neuroimaging methods, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), has provided a new opportunity to gain additional understanding of how the brain supports memory formation. Importantly, the recent development of event–related fMRI methods now allows for examination of trial–by–trial differences in neural activity during encoding and of the consequences of these differences for later remembering. In this review, we consider the contributions of PET and fMRI studies to the understanding of memory encoding, placing a particular emphasis on recent event–related fMRI studies of the Dm effect: that is, differences in neural activity during encoding that are related to differences in subsequent memory. We then turn our attention to the rich literature on the Dm effect that has emerged from studies using event–related potentials (ERPs). It is hoped that the integration of findings from ERP studies, which offer higher temporal resolution, with those from event–related fMRI studies, which offer higher spatial resolution, will shed new light on when and why encoding yields subsequent remembering.
The Localization and Potential Function of Glycosyltransferases in Chick Embryos

synopsis. Intact, developing chick embryos (stages 9+ to 14) incorporate sugars from sugar nucleotides in patterns which vary according to the sugar nucleotide used, the area of the embryo, and the age of the embryo. Radioautographs of the notochord-somite-lateral plate mesoderm vicinity, the optic vesicle-skin ectoderm junc? tion, and the area vasculosa are presented. It is possible that these patterns repre? sent localized cell surface glycosyltransferase-glycosyl acceptor complexes. However, other possibilities have not been ruled out. The potential role of enzyme-substrate com? plexes in intercellular interactions is discussed.
The emerging roles of ARID1A in tumor suppression

ARID1A has emerged as a tumor suppressor gene, which is mutated in a broad spectrum of cancers, especially in those arising from ectopic or eutopic endometrium. As a subunit of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeler, ARID1A facilitates target-specific binding of SWI/SNF complexes to chromatin, thereby altering the accessibility of chromatin to a variety of nuclear factors. In human cancer, ARID1A possesses not only features of a gatekeeper, regulating cell cycle progression, but also features of a caretaker, preventing genomic instability. An increasing body of evidence suggests crosstalk between ARID1A and PI3K/Akt pathways, and between ARID1A and p53. In this review, we discuss the spectrum of ARID1A alterations in cancers, tumor suppression mechanisms of ARID1A, oncogenic pathways cooperating with ARID1A, and clinical implications of ARID1A mutation.
Vicarious Traumatization, Trauma‐Sensitive Supervision, and Counselor Preparation

Counselor educators have an ethical responsibility to prepare counselors and supervisors to detect and resolve vicarious traumatization in themselves and their supervisees. This article reviews relevant literature on vicarious traumatization and strategies to mitigate it. Also included is a review of the American Counseling Association's (2005) ACA Code of Ethics and the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs' (2007) proposed 2009 standards as each relates to trauma counseling and vicarious traumatization. Specific counselor preparation practices are suggested.
Multichannel Microchemical Reactor Comprising Replica-Molded Microplasma Devices: Chemiluminescence and Sulfur Deposition in $\hbox{Ar/CS}_{2}$ Flows

Microchemical reactors consisting of parallel linear arrays of interconnected cylindrical microcavity plasma devices have been fabricated by replica molding in ultraviolet-curable polymer. Tests of 10 times 10 arrays of 400-mum-diameter devices with 125-mum-wide gas flow channels have been conducted in rare gas and Ar/CS2 flows and excitation of the array with a sinusoidal voltage. Visible chemiluminescence (lambda ~ 505 nm) resulting from the A tilde rarr X tilde transition of CS2 + and the deposition of a (C-S)n microstructured polymer have been observed in the Ar/CS2 flow experiments.
Suppression of thymidine phosphorylase expression by promoter methylation in human cancer cells lacking enzyme activity.

Purpose Thymidine phosphorylase (TP, EC 2.4.2.4) activity varies in different human cancer cell lines. Nevertheless, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms of TP expression in such cancers. Promoter methylation of dinucleotide cytosine–guanine (CpG) sites is a known mechanism of reversible gene expression silencing.
Potential adverse effects of high-intensity focused ultrasound exposure on blood vessels in vivo

The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential adverse effects of high intensity ultrasound exposure on blood vessels during noninvasive focused ultrasound surgery. A hydraulic MR-compatible positioning device was used to manipulate a focused ultrasound transducer (frequency 1.49 MHz, f-number = 0.8) in an MRI scanner. The system was used to sonicate a branch of the femoral artery and vein of 19 rabbits (26 thighs) in vivo at intensity levels above the threshold for transient cavitation; i.e., between 4400 and 8800 W cm−2 with multiple 1 s pulses stepped across the vessels (step size = 0.7 mm). The vessels were located and followed by MR angiography. In 13 rabbits, x-ray angiograms were also performed after the animals were euthanized. The results demonstrated that the 1 s high-intensity exposures caused the arteries to constrict at all exposure levels tested. At the intensity of 5800 W cm−2 and above, the MRI angiogram immediately after the sonications showed no flow. The x-ray angiograms (1–2 h later) showed that the blood vessels were open, but constricted to about 50% or less of their diameter. Both the MR and x-ray angiograms showed that the vessel diameters relaxed toward their initial diameter during the first week after sonication. In five cases, hemorrhage or vessel rupture was caused by the sonication. This study demonstrates that short, high-intensity focused ultrasound exposure can cause vessel spasm and hemorrhage when transient cavitation is present. This condition should be avoided during noninvasive focused ultrasound surgery.
Leflunomide for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Autoimmunity

Leflunomide, a new oral immunomodulatory agent, is effective for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Its mechanism of action in suppressing inflammation is based in its inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme responsible for de novo synthesis of pyrimidine containing ribonucleotides. It is the first disease-modifying antirheumatic drug approved for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with an indication for retardation of joint damage by radiography. Side effects are generally mild and include diarrhea, rashes, reversible alopecia, and elevation of hepatic transaminases. Despite the concern about hepatotoxicity, combination use with methotrexate in treating patients with rheumatoid arthritis has been shown to be safe. Other autoimmune diseases in which leflunomide has been used successfully include Felty syndrome, vasculitis, Sjogren syndrome, Wegener granulomatosis, and bullous pemphigoid.
Investigation of the Effects of Controlled Periodic Illumination on the Oxidation of Gaseous Trichloroethylene Using a Thin Film of TiO2

Enhancement of gas-phase photocatalytic oxidation by controlled periodic illumination (CPI) was investigated. The oxidation of trichloroethylene (TCE) was studied in a versatile reactor designed to provide periodic illumination of the TiO2 films. The reactor was operated in two different geometric configurations, tubular and annular. Multiple flow regimes were investigated: kinetic- and diffusion-limited. No enhancement on the rate or the selectivity of TCE oxidation was observed at any of the CPI conditions investigated in the kinetically limited flow regime. The ratio of TCE oxidized to dichloroacetyl chloride (DCAC) produced was 0.59 at all light and dark times investigated for kinetically limited operation. In diffusion-limited regimes, CPI increased the rate of oxidation and decreased the relative amount of DCAC in the product stream. In the kinetic-limited regimes the apparent quantum yield was constant at around 150%; however, in the diffusion-limited regimes the apparent quantum yield almost doub...
MECHANICAL MODELS OF FRACTURE REACTIVATION AND SLIP ON BEDDING SURFACES DURING FOLDING OF THE ASYMMETRIC ANTICLINE AT SHEEP MOUNTAIN, WYOMING

Abstract We use finite element methods to investigate the reactivation of fractures (opening and shearing) and the development of bedding-surface slip during the deformation of the asymmetric anticline at Sheep Mountain, Wyoming. A series of numerical simulations were run to show the effect of mechanical stratigraphy, layer thickness, slip on bedding surfaces, and tectonic shortening of the fold on the response of a representative three-layer (ductile, brittle, ductile) two-dimensional system. The model uses large deformation frictional contact mechanics to capture the response of existing fractures and slip along bedding surfaces, and considers both elastic and elastoplastic layer properties. The computational results demonstrate the relationships among overall configuration of the multilayer, slip on bedding surfaces, and the sequence and mode of deformation (opening versus shearing) of bed-perpendicular fractures. We show that fractures located in the hinge are mainly reactivated as joints and that those in the forelimb are predominantly reactivated as thrust faults. A flexural-slip mechanism develops during folding when the layers bounded by frictional bedding surfaces have similar stiffnesses. In contrast, when the difference in the layer stiffnesses is significant (softer outer layers) the deformation is accommodated within the softer units without exceeding the frictional strength of the bedding surfaces. A reduction of the middle layer thickness from 100 m to 10 m has a minor quantitative effect on the slip along the bedding surfaces. We compare the numerical results with fracture data collected at Sheep Mountain Anticline, and discuss the similarities and differences between the field observations and the model results.
Variation in recombinant protein expression levels among clones of lepidopteran cell populations

Clones isolated from the heterogenous Spodoptera frugiperda IPLB-Sf-21-AE and Mamestra brassiace IZD-Mb-O503 insect cell populations have been compared in regards to their synthesis of recombinant Escherichia coli β-galactosidase (β-gal), human tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), and human kidney renin. Significant differences were found among the clones in their expression levels of these proteins. In addition, the expression levels oft-PA and renin were considerably less than that of β-gal. Clone BC5 was the best producer of t-PA and renin among the Mb-O503 clones, whereas clone BB5 was the best producer of β-gal. The Sf-9 cell line and clone 2 were the best producers of t-PA and renin, respectively, among the Sf-21 clones. The Mb-O503 clones generally were better producers of t-PA than the Sf-21 clones, with the BC5 clone producing twice the levels of any other Mb-O503 or Sf-21 clone. The Sf-21 clones were generally better renin producers; the Mb-O503 clones were generally found to have β-gal expression levels superior to those reported previously for the Sf-21 clones.
Gelfoam-Thrombin Dacryocystorhinostomy Stent

A Gelfoam-thrombin stent is useful in dacryocystorhinostomy. The sponge (20 × 60 × 7 mm) is soaked in 5,000 units of thrombin solution and placed in the rhinostomy site. This method achieves hemostasis, reduces postoperative bleeding, and eliminates the need to remove the stent.
Damage detection using wavelets

In the current work, an algorithm based on wavelet transformations is used to detect damage prior to the degradation of structural parameters of plates. Plates are of interest because they are basic building blocks for many structures, such as naval ships. Damage to the connecting joints and in the form of through thickness cracks, along with material and temperature variations are included in the analysis. Dynamic loading conditions consisting of impulse and chaotic oscillations are examined. The wavelet algorithm is applied to sensor data in the form of time histories (e.g. strain). These histories are either measured experimentally or generated via finite element analysis. Sensitivity, robustness, and potential uses of this wavelet algorithm for damage detection are discussed.
Uptake, turnover and transport of bone seeking elements in fishes.

The rate of uptake of Ca/sup 45/, Sr/sup 90/, and S/sup 35/ from the water in which they swim is linear with time for the male guppy (Lebistes). Similar results were obtained for the uptake of Ca/sup 45/ and Sr/sup 90/ by white cloud mountain fish (Tanichthys) and zebra fish (Danio) of mixed sexes. The rate of incorporation of the nuclides is also linear with time for various tissues of the body such as muscle, viscera, head and spine, but the distribution of the nuclides varies with the nature of the tissue and the element involved. The rate of uptake was found to be a function of the concentration of the nuclide in the water at constant ionic concentration. A series of double tracer experiments, using Ca/sup 45/ and Sr/sup 90/, indicated that fresh water fishes have little ability to discriminate between Sr and Ca when the isotopes are taken up from the water in which they swim. (C.H.)
A reinforcement learning based distributed search algorithm for hierarchical peer-to-peer information retrieval systems

The dominant existing routing strategies employed in peer-to-peer(P2P) based information retrieval(IR) systems are similarity-based approaches. In these approaches, agents depend on the content similarity between incoming queries and their direct neighboring agents to direct the distributed search sessions. However, such a heuristic is myopic in that the neighboring agents may not be connected to more relevant agents. In this paper, an online reinforcement-learning based approach is developed to take advantage of the dynamic run-time characteristics of P2P IR systems as represented by information about past search sessions. Specifically, agents maintain estimates on the downstream agents' abilities to provide relevant documents for incoming queries. These estimates are updated gradually by learning from the feedback information returned from previous search sessions. Based on this information, the agents derive corresponding routing policies. Thereafter, these agents route the queries based on the learned policies and update the estimates based on the new routing policies. Experimental results demonstrate that the learning algorithm improves considerably the routing performance on two test collection sets that have been used in a variety of distributed IR studies.
Integrating phase and composition of secondary organic aerosol from the ozonolysis of α-pinene

Airborne particles are important for public health, visibility, and climate. Predicting their concentrations, effects, and responses to control strategies requires accurate models of their formation and growth in air. This is challenging, as a large fraction is formed by complex reactions of volatile organic compounds, generating secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which grows to sizes important for visibility, climate, and deposition in the lung. Growth of SOA is particularly sensitive to the phase/viscosity of the particles and remains poorly understood. We report studies using a custom-designed impactor with a germanium crystal as the impaction surface to study SOA formed from the ozonolysis of α-pinene at relative humidities (RHs) up to 87% at 297 ± 2 K (which corresponds to a maximum RH of 70–86% inside the impactor). The impaction patterns provide insight into changes in phase/viscosity as a function of RH. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and aerosol mass spectrometry provide simultaneous information on composition changes with RH. The results show that as the RH at which the SOA is formed increases, there is a decrease in viscosity, accompanied by an increasing contribution from carboxylic acids and a decreasing contribution from higher molecular mass products. In contrast, SOA that is formed dry and subsequently humidified remains solid to high RH. The results of these studies have significant implications for modeling the growth, aging, and ultimately, lifetime of SOA in the atmosphere.
Quantum Plasmonics: Optical Properties of a Nanomatryushka

Quantum mechanical effects can significantly reduce the plasmon-induced field enhancements around nanoparticles. Here we present a quantum mechanical investigation of the plasmon resonances in a nanomatryushka, which is a concentric core–shell nanoparticle consisting of a solid metallic core encapsulated in a thin metallic shell. We compute the optical response using the time-dependent density functional theory and compare the results with predictions based on the classical electromagnetic theory. We find strong quantum mechanical effects for core–shell spacings below 5 A, a regime where both the absorption cross section and the local field enhancements differ significantly from the classical predictions. We also show that the workfunction of the metal is a crucial parameter determining the onset and magnitude of quantum effects. For metals with lower workfunctions such as aluminum, the quantum effects are found to be significantly more pronounced than for a noble metal such as gold.
Female Violence and Personality Evidence for a Pattern of Overcontrolled Hostility among One-Time Violent Female Offenders

The present study investigated the validity of the overcontrolled hostility construct in explaining violent crime among 186 female state-prison inmates who were classified as nonviolent (NV), one-t...
Effect of heparin administration on metabolomic profiles in samples obtained during cardiac catheterization

Background—Metabolic profiling holds promise for early detection of coronary artery disease and assessing risk for ischemic events. Heparin is frequently administered (1) to treat acute coronary sy...
Identifying Cytochrome P450 Functional Networks and Their Allosteric Regulatory Elements

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes play key roles in drug metabolism and adverse drug-drug interactions. Despite tremendous efforts in the past decades, essential questions regarding the function and activity of CYPs remain unanswered. Here, we used a combination of sequence-based co-evolutionary analysis and structure-based anisotropic thermal diffusion (ATD) molecular dynamics simulations to detect allosteric networks of amino acid residues and characterize their biological and molecular functions. We investigated four CYP subfamilies (CYP1A, CYP2D, CYP2C, and CYP3A) that are involved in 90% of all metabolic drug transformations and identified four amino acid interaction networks associated with specific CYP functionalities, i.e., membrane binding, heme binding, catalytic activity, and dimerization. Interestingly, we did not detect any co-evolved substrate-binding network, suggesting that substrate recognition is specific for each subfamily. Analysis of the membrane binding networks revealed that different CYP proteins adopt different membrane-bound orientations, consistent with the differing substrate preference for each isoform. The catalytic networks were associated with conservation of catalytic function among CYP isoforms, whereas the dimerization network was specific to different CYP isoforms. We further applied low-temperature ATD simulations to verify proposed allosteric sites associated with the heme-binding network and their role in regulating metabolic fate. Our approach allowed for a broad characterization of CYP properties, such as membrane interactions, catalytic mechanisms, dimerization, and linking these to groups of residues that can serve as allosteric regulators. The presented combined co-evolutionary analysis and ATD simulation approach is also generally applicable to other biological systems where allostery plays a role.
Nonlinear force-free magnetic fields

The nonlinear properties of force-free magnetic fields are reviewed with particular reference to the mechanisms for the sudden release of stored energy in flares during the quasi-steady evolution of solar fields. It is shown that in the solar atmosphere, force-free fields with a nonconstant scalar function in the field equations are more likely to occur than those with a constant scalar function, and the nonlinear properties of these fields may give rise to many interesting physical effects. Consideration is then given to two possible mechanisms of field evolution: a model in which a force-free field in a medium of infinite electrical conductivity evolves in response to slowly changing boundary conditions brought about by photospheric motions in the solar active region, and a model in which a field in a medium of small finite electrical conductivity evolves in response to the slow Ohmic dissipation of the electric current.
The prevalence of psychological distress by cancer site

Purpose: The goal of this project was to determine the prevalence of psychological distress among a large sample of cancer patients (n=4496). In addition, variations in distress among 14 cancer diagnoses were examined. Patients and methods: The sample was extracted from a database that consists of 9000 patients who completed the Brief Symptom Inventory as a component of comprehensive cancer care. Relevant data points for each case included age, diagnosis, gender, insurance status, marital status, race and zip code. Simple frequencies, percentages, measures of central tendency and variability were calculated. In addition, a univariate and multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationships of these relevant variables to psychological distress. Results: The overall prevalence rate of distress for this sample was 35.1%. The rate varied form 43.4% for lung cancer to 29.6% for gynecological cancers. While some rates were significantly different, diagnoses with a poorer prognosis and greater patient burden produced similar rates of distress. Pancreatic cancer patients produced the highest mean scores for symptoms such as anxiety and depression, while Hodgkin's patients exhibited the highest mean scores for hostility Conclusions: These results offer vital support for the need to identify high-risk patients through psychosocial screening in order to provide early intervention. To simply perceive cancer patients as a homogeneous group is an erroneous assumption. Failure to detect and treat elevated levels of distress jeopardizes the outcomes of cancer therapies, decreases patients' quality of life, and increases health care costs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activation of the male rat's sexual behavior by intracerebral implantation of androgen.

The hypothesis that sexual behavior in the male results from the direct action of testosterone on specific brain regions was tested, using intracerebral implantation of crystalline testosterone propionate in castrate male rats. Following establishment of a criterion for the loss of sex behavior in castrates, it was determined that the minimum effective dose of subcutaneously administered testosterone for stimulation of the accessory sex glands was less than that required for restoration of sex behavior. It was found that intracerebral implantation of testosterone could result in reappearance of the complete pattern of male sexual behavior in the absence of any histologically demonstrable stimulation of the seminal vesicles or prostate. These results never followed the implantation of cholesterol, showing that they were not due to lesion production by the implant. Although occasional responses were found following implants in other areas of the brain, all the most effective implants were in the hypothalami...
Rank constrained temporal-spatial matrix filters for CDMA systems

Efficient interference suppression techniques are needed to maximally utilize the potential gains of code-division multiple-access systems. In this letter, a receiver structure which combines multiuser detection (temporal filtering) and receiver beamforming (spatial filtering) in a multipath environment is considered. Following previous work, we model the receiver as a linear matrix filter and use the minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) as the performance criterion. Motivated by the high complexity of the optimum receiver, we propose rank constrained temporal-spatial filters which are simpler and near-optimum. The MSE is minimized subject to a structural constraint, using an iterative algorithm based on alternating minimization. The constraint on the receiver matrix filter narrows down the solution space, which helps to solve the optimization problem more efficiently. The constraint can be set appropriately by the system designer to achieve the desired tradeoff between performance and complexity. Numerical results indicate that a performance close to that of the optimum filter can be achieved with a simple iterative structure, even in highly loaded systems. Adaptive implementation of the rank constrained filters is derived. A new adaptive scheme is proposed which is a combination of the alternating minimization and the least mean squares methods. The convergence properties are investigated along with the effect of the number paths.
Dishonest ‘preemptive’ pursuit-deterrent signal? Why the turquoise-browed motmot wags its tail before feeding nestlings

Both sexes of the turquoise-browed motmot, Eumomota superciliosa, display their long-racketed tail in an exaggerated side-to-side wag display in two contexts. In the first, the wag display is performed in the presence of predators (predator-elicited wag display), and evidence supports the hypothesis that the signal functions as a pursuit-deterrent signal (Murphy 2006, Behavioral Ecology, 17, 547e553). In the second, the wag display is performed in the apparent absence of predators immediately before feeding nestlings (prefeeding wag display). I tested four hypotheses on the adaptive significance of the prefeeding wag display: (1) a dishonest, preemptive, pursuit-deterrent signal given in case predators are present; (2) a nonfunctional misfire of the predator-elicited wag display; (3) a signal that alerts nestlings to the delivery of food; (4) a sexually selected signal that advertises parental quality to potential mates. There was no support for the hypotheses that the prefeeding wag display was directed to nestlings or potential mates. The wag display was generally performed where nestlings could not detect the signal and the display did not vary with the sex of the displaying bird, the presence of the mate, or the size of the food carried in the signaller’s bill. Evidence presented in this paper is most consistent with the hypothesis that the predator-elicited wag display and the prefeeding wag display are performed as a response to the presence or the potential presence of a predator. I discuss the possibility that the prefeeding wag display functions as a dishonest, pursuit-deterrent signal.
Hybrid dynamical systems

Several aspects of model consistency are addressed. The discussion is put in the context of a particular hybrid system, the disk controller. This multilayer hybrid dynamical system is extended to include two other layers: a user layer at the top to define more complex tasks, and a sequencer between the supervisor and the servo layer to permit synchronous control. >
Water Concentration/Activity and Loss of Vitamins B1 and E in Pork Due to Gamma Radiation

When irradiated, increasing the water content of pork by partial rehydration of freeze-dried L. dorsi muscle resulted in increasing rate of thiamin loss from zero in dry tissue to ca 6%/kGy of irradiation in tissue with 70% water. Conversely, the rate of loss of alpha-tocopherol decreased from 44%/kGy at 0% to 32%/kGy at 70% water. Decreasing water activity in buffers or in ground or freeze-dried pork by salt or sucrose had no effect on rate of loss of either vitamin following irradiation. Salt decreased the loss of both vitamins in pork due to competition for the hydroxyl radical by chloride ions.
Living alkene polymerization : New methods for the precision synthesis of polyolefins

Abstract Precise control over product structure is the goal of all chemical synthesis. In the field of polymer synthesis, the structure of the resultant macromolecule is intimately linked to its material properties, which ultimately determines the potential applications for the polymeric material. Method development for alkene polymerization is becoming increasingly focused on achieving fine control over all aspects of macromolecular architecture; especially chain composition, molecular weight, and stereochemistry. One of the most powerful methods developed so far which is capable of furnishing a high degree of control over polymer architecture is living alkene polymerization catalyzed by transition metal complexes. Living polymerization is characterized by efficient initiation and chain termination/transfer rates that are negligible in comparison to the rate of propagation. Using living alkene polymerization methods, polymer chemists have synthesized materials with microstructures that were inaccessible just a decade ago. Specific examples include polyolefin-based block copolymers, end-functionalized polyolefins, and stereo/regioblock copolymers with well-defined block structures. This review is a comprehensive account of living alkene polymerization systems with special attention paid to systems developed in the last 5 years. The text is organized by polymer type, which will allow those seeking to construct a specific polymer architecture to quickly identify relevant methodologies.
The Rate (Time)-Dependent Behavior of Ti-7Al-2Cb-1Ta Titanium Alloy at Room Temperature Under Quasi-Static Monotonic and Cyclic Loading

Abstract : Uniaxial tests using a servocontrolled testing machine and strain measurement at the gage length were performed on a high-strength, low-ductility, Titanium Alloy. Tests involved monotonic and cyclic loadings with strain rates between 2 x 10 to the minus 8th power to 10 to the minus 3rd power s to the minus 1st power, stress rates from 10 to the minus 1st power to 100 MPa s to the minus 1st power and short-term relaxation and creep tests. The inelastic behavior is strongly rate-dependent. Ratchetting is shown to increase as the stress rate decreases. No strain-rate history effect was found. A unique stress-strain curve is ultimately reached for a given strain rate irrespective of prior history as long as only positive stresses are imposed. In the plastic range the relaxation drop in a given time period depends only on the strain rate preceding the test and is independent of the actual stress and strain. The results are qualitatively in accordance with the viscoplasticity theory based on total strain and overstress. (Author)
Employers' Importance Ratings of Student Characteristics: A Conjoint Analysis Approach

Importance ratings of student characteristics by employers are derived through the use of conjoint analysis. The relative benefits of conjoint analysis as compared to more typical methods of deriving importance characteristics are discussed. Implications for marketing education and the marketing curriculum are also presented.
Graph-Theoretic Independence as a Predictor of Fullerene Stability

The independence number of the graph of a fullerene, the size of the largest set of vertices such that no two are adjacent (corresponding to the largest set of atoms of the molecule, no pair of which are bonded), appears to be a useful selector in identifying stable fullerene isomers. The experimentally characterized isomers with 60, 70 and 76 atoms uniquely minimize this number among the classes of possible structures with, respectively, 60, 70 and 76 atoms. Other experimentally characterized isomers also rank extremely low with respect to this invariant. These findings were initiated by a conjecture of the computer program Graffiti.
Simplification of three-dimensional density maps

We consider scientific data sets that describe density functions over three-dimensional geometric domains. Such data sets are often large and coarsened representations are needed for visualization and analysis. Assuming a tetrahedral mesh representation, we construct such representations with a simplification algorithm that combines three goals: the approximation of the function, the preservation of the mesh topology, and the improvement of the mesh quality. The third goal is achieved with a novel extension of the well-known quadric error metric. We perform a number of computational experiments to understand the effect of mesh quality improvement on the density map approximation. In addition, we study the effect of geometric simplification on the topological features of the function by monitoring its critical points.