cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capacitive wireless powering for electric vehicles with near-field phased arrays

This work demonstrates a simple approach for mitigating the high fringing electromagnetic fields produced by high-frequency capacitive wireless powering of electric vehicles. A 6.78 MHz (ISM band) single module Capacitive Wireless Power Transfer (CWPT) system based on GaN on Si inverters and rectifiers provides an output power of 110W with an efficiency of 90%. The electric field produced by the single module is measured to be above the safety exposure limits provided by ICNIRP, consistent with previously reported CWPT. To reduce the E-field produced, while maintaining the required power transfer, a multimodule approach is introduced in which the separate modules are phased to provide a measured field reduction of over 24% and 43% for two and four module systems, respectively.
Early developments in muscle research and the role of new structural technologies.

Over the last fifty years or so, then, it has been very remarkable, and encouraging, to see how the well-directed scientific efforts of many people and many laboratories have been so successful in providing the tools for what were originally almost unimaginable opportunities to explore molecular reality.
The Microbead: A Highly Miniaturized Wirelessly Powered Implantable Neural Stimulating System

An implant that can electrically stimulate neurons across different depths and regions of the brain currently does not exist as it poses a number of obstacles that need to be solved. In order to address the challenges, this paper presents the concept of “microbead,” a fully integrated wirelessly powered neural device that allows for spatially selective activation of neural tissue. The prototype chip is fabricated in 130-nm CMOS technology and currently measures 200 μm × 200 μm, which represents the smallest remotely powered stimulator to date. The system is validated experimentally in a rat by stimulating the sciatic nerve with 195-μs current pulses. To power the ultrasmall on-silicon coil, 36-dBm source power is provided to a highly optimized transmitter (Tx) coil at a coupling distance of 5 mm. In order to satisfy the strict power limit for safe use in human subjects, a pulsed powering scheme is implemented that enables a significant decrease in the average power emitted from the Tx.
Accelerated exposure of pigmented anti-corrosion coating systems

Two coating systems were investigated under QUV-340®/Prohesion (ultraviolet/salt fog) alternating exposure. One coating was a conventional primer high-gloss (HG) polyurethane topcoat, and the other was a single ‘self-priming’ (SP) polyurethane coating. Both coating surfaces oxidised from the exposure, but the coating bulk remained intact. Cracks developed in the ‘self-priming’ coating surface, but it remained adhering. The other topcoat showed good weathering resistance, but its primer lost adhesion after exposure. Both coatings initially developed nanoblisters, then increasing surface roughness. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed similar corrosion-protective properties during much of the exposure. Evidently, electrochemical measurements alone are not sufficient to monitor deterioration in corrosion-protective coatings.
Factor Measures: Their Construction, Scoring, Psychometric Validity, and Consistency

Once having reached unique resolution of factors in a domain and—by matching and interpretation—established them as replicated and meaningful concepts, the psychologist can enter many useful directions of pure and applied research. Indeed, it is here that multivariate and bivariate experimentalists can most profitably come together, for the latter can now avail themselves, in their ANOVA designs, of meaningful factor scores, as independent and dependent variables. To take these steps the next requirement is to set up measuring batteries and scales appropriately scored and of definable reliability and validity. To serve that need we turn in this chapter to the principles of scoring, to the salient issues of battery construction in the light of those principles, and to the evaluation and maximizing of psychometric properties of factor scales, as reflected in validity and consistency coefficients.
Life Histories and the Desert Environment

Deserts have long captured our imaginations with their inaccessible and inhospitable nature. Even a casual visit to the desert will expose an individual to feelings of vastness, solitude, and one’s own frailty. As one becomes more familiar with the surroundings it becomes increasingly evident that you are not as alone as you had imagined. You begin to see and hear sounds of life all around you, especially in the early morning and evening hours. You are struck by the awesome beauty of the desert landscape even as you view it in the relentless glare of the midday sun. It is at once a kaleidoscope of images, a land of contrasts and paradoxes. Killing heat and freezing cold. Lethal drought interrupted by flash floods. Arid lowlands and moist, riparian montane woodlands. The ground gives birth to heat waves that seem to flicker above the surface as they dance toward the sky. The desert landscape often appears as if it had been painted in a myriad of soft color tones, browns and tans, which contrast sharply with bright reds, radiant whites, deep blacks, and soft purples. Mounds of volcanic ash seem to throw their glimmering white prominences against the shadows of hills. Flat topped mesas rise up at intermittent intervals across the desert floor. In some places mudflats stretch along the ground, tortured and cracked by the dry desert air. Gulleys and ravines, carved by the persistent force of erosion caused by flood fronts, dot the landscape. Some desert places are as dry as you can possibly imagine. Some are stony or sandy, barren, or with varying degrees of vegetative ground cover. Many desert areas are characterized by vast, endlessly shifting dunes of sand.
A User-Intention Based Adaptive Manual Guidance with Force-Tracking Capabilities Applied to Walk-Through Programming for Industrial Robots

The paper describes a manual guidance controller with force-tracking requirements to perform human-robot interaction tasks. The developed method allows to (i) manually perform the free-motion manipulator positioning along free-motion Cartesian task direction(s), while (ii) perform force-tracking along constrained Cartesian task direction(s). In (i) the set-point of the impedance control is set in real-time for manual guidance purposes defining a variable set-point deformation law for fine or large robot positioning. In (ii) the set-point of the impedance control is set in real-time for force-tracking purposes implementing an impedance force-tracking control law. A rule has been defined to activate/de-activate the force-tracking controller (i.e., to define constrained directions). The proposed control method has been applied to a walk-through programming application, to teach a force-tracking task (a polishing-like task) to an industrial manipulator (a UR10 manipulator has been used as test platform). The teaching phase highlights the achieved behaviors both along free-motion direction(s) and the force-tracking direction(s). The execution phase highlights the proper autonomous execution of the learned task by the robot.
Evaluation of the Outcome Questionnaire-45.2 with a Mexican-American Population

We reported the evaluation of the Outcome Questionnaire 45.2 (OQ 45.2; Lambert et al., 1996) with a Mexican-American population for use in research and practice settings. Participants were 186 wome...
PSXIII-37 A comparison of different methods of estimation of dry fecal output in dogs.

Total fecal collection (TFC) is the gold standard to estimate nutrient digestibility; however, it is difficult to collect all fecal material, especially for animals housed in confined space or that are prone to coprophagy. Instead, markers can be used to estimate digestibility. Markers can include intrinsic diet components like acid insoluble acid (AIA) or added to the diet like chromium sesquioxide (CR) or titanium dioxide (TI). These elements don’t have a physiological function, and are not digested, or absorbed by the animal. Chromium sesquioxide is most commonly used. However, it is a known carcinogen to workers and animals over extended exposure periods. Titanium dioxide (TI) is a food coloring generally recognized as safe (GRAS) that conforms to the required features needed for a marker. Our hypothesis was that TI would be a preferred marker to estimate digestibility among the other methods. Therefore, the objective of this meta-analysis was to compare the different methods to estimate digestibility across several studies. Data from four different digestibility experiments using the same animals, experimental procedures, and design were compiled and analyzed. Using the GLM procedure (SAS v. 9.4) Pearson correlation coefficients for dry fecal output between TFC, CR, TI, and AIA were calculated with multivariate analysis of variance, on two response variables: experiment and dog. All method correlations were significant (P<0.0001). Although significant, TFC dry fecal output had a low correlation with AIA (R=0.5878), while highly correlated with CR and TI (R=0.8041 and R=0.8771, respectively). Acid insoluble ash had moderate correlation with CR and TI (R=0.7282 and R=0.7472, respectively). Fecal output of CR was highly correlated with TI (R=0.8834). Titanium oxide had the highest correlation coefficients with all methods and given it is GRAS; it should be considered a preferred method to estimate dry fecal output and nutrient digestibility in dogs.
The Theoretic Life and the Challenge of American Pragmatism: Dewey and the Greeks in Contention

One can say that the modern revolution that began in Europe culminates in America. The promise and dangers of modern commercial-technical civilization are found in their most acute highly developed form in America, which has become perhaps the most Baconian of nations. What has been the American project if not a great applied experiment in all the dominant ideas of modern thought? Where else do we find in greater degree or with greater success the advocacy of democracy, technological innovation, economic and political liberalism, and the valorization of commerce?
Epitaxial integration of ferroelectric and conductive perovskites on silicon

BaTiO3 (BTO) and LaxSr1 − xTiO3 (x ≤ 0.15) perovskite heterostructures are deposited epitaxially on SrTiO3 (STO)-buffered Si(001) via atomic layer deposition (ALD) to explore the formation of a quantum metal layer between a ferroelectric film and silicon. X-ray diffraction and scanning transmission electron microscopy show the crystallinity of the heterostructure deposited by ALD. After postdeposition annealing of the La-doped STO film in ultrahigh vacuum at 600 °C for 5 min, x-ray photoelectron spectra show the lack of La-dopant activation when the film is deposited on 10 nm-thick BTO. The same postdeposition annealing condition activates the La-dopant when LaxSr1 − xTiO3 films are deposited on STO-buffered Si(001) surfaces consisting of 2.8 nm of STO(001) on Si(001). Annealing of LaxSr1 − xTiO3 films sandwiched between BTO and STO-buffered Si(001) layers in air at temperatures ≤350 °C preserves the La-dopant activation. Piezoresponse force microscopy demonstrates the ferroelectric behavior of BTO films grown on LaxSr1 − xTiO3 surfaces. Sheet resistance and capacitance-voltage measurements further demonstrate the conductivity of the LaxSr1 − xTiO3 films sandwiched between the BTO film and the Si(001) substrate.
Epidemiological features of brucellosis from 2010 to 2016 in Weinan, Shaanxi Province

Objective To analyze the trend and epidemiological features of human brucellosis from 2010 to 2016 in Weinan, Shaanxi Province, and to provide scientific data for effective control of human brucellosis. Methods The data were obtained from the China Disease Surveillance Information Management System and the brucellosis monitoring and epidemic survey of Weinan City from 2010 to 2016. The "three distribution" of brucellosis, the positive rate of serological test of the key group and the infecting route of the epidemic were analyzed using descriptive epidemiology method. Results A total of 1 624 brucellosis cases were reported in Weinan City from 2010 to 2016 and none death case occurred. The morbidity rose from 1.96/100 000 in 2010 to 11.16/100 000 in 2014. The morbidity fallen from 5.46/100 000 in 2015 to 3.33/100 000 in 2016. The reported cases distributed in 10 counties of Weinan and mainly concentrated in Dali County (682 cases), Chengcheng County (269 cases) and Pucheng County (225 cases), accounting for 72.41% (1 176/1 624). There were brucellosis occurring in all months of the year. The age group distributed mainly from 40 to 64 years old which accounted for 63.67% (1 034/1 624) of the total reported cases. The peasants accounted for 91.75% (1 490/1 624) in all cases. Men were significantly higher than women and the morbidity ratio of male to female was 3.28∶1.00 (1 245 ∶ 379). A total of 15 126 key occupational persons were tested and the positive rate of serology was 2.21% (335/15 126) annually. The feeding and delivery process were the main ways of infection. Conclusions The brucellosis epidemic in Weinan shows a trend from rise to decline. The middle-aged male peasants account for major population in all cases and the ways of infection are diversified. Key words: Brucellosis; Epidemiological features; Data collection
A History of the Distance Library Services Conference

The Distance Library Services Conference was founded in 1982 by the librarians of the Off-Campus Library Services department at Central Michigan University. From its inception through its 18th conf...
Evaluation of cardiac allograft vasculopathy by positron emission tomography

Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) remains one of the most important late occurring complications in heart transplant (HT) recipients significantly effecting graft survival. Recently, there has been tremendous focus on the development of effective and safe non-invasive diagnostic strategies for the diagnosis of CAV employing a wide range of imaging technologies. During the past decade multiple studies have been published using positron emission tomography (PET) myocardial perfusion imaging, establishing the value of PET myocardial blood flow quantification for the evaluation of CAV. These independent investigations demonstrate that PET can be successfully used to establish the diagnosis of CAV, can be utilized for prognostication and may be used for serial monitoring of HT recipients. In addition, molecular imaging techniques have started to emerge as new tools to enhance our knowledge to better understand the pathophysiology of CAV.
Maternal Methadone Destabilizes Neonatal Breathing and Desensitizes Neonates to Opioid-Induced Respiratory Frequency Depression.

Pregnant women and developing infants are understudied populations in the opioid crisis, despite the rise in opioid use during pregnancy. Maternal opioid use results in diverse negative outcomes for the fetus/newborn, including death; however, the effects of perinatal (maternal and neonatal) opioids on developing respiratory circuitry are not well understood. Given the profound depressive effects of opioids on central respiratory networks controlling breathing, we tested the hypothesis that perinatal opioid exposure impairs respiratory neural circuitry, creating breathing instability. Our data demonstrate maternal opioids increase apneas and destabilize neonatal breathing. Maternal opioids also blunted opioid-induced respiratory frequency depression acutely in neonates; a unique finding since adult respiratory circuity does not desensitize to opioids. This desensitization normalized rapidly between postnatal days 1 and 2 (P1 and P2), the same age quantal slowing emerged in respiratory rhythm. These data suggest significant reorganization of respiratory rhythm generating circuits at P1-2, the same time as the preBotzinger Complex (key site of respiratory rhythm generation) becomes the dominant respiratory rhythm generator. Thus, these studies provide critical insight relevant to the normal developmental trajectory of respiratory circuits and suggest changes to mutual coupling between respiratory oscillators, while also highlighting how maternal opioids alter these developing circuits. In conclusion, the results presented demonstrate neurorespiratory disruption by maternal opioids and blunted opioid-induced respiratory frequency depression with neonatal opioids, which will be important for understanding and treating the increasing population of neonates exposed to gestational opioids.
Comparison of hemagglutination inhibition and hemagglutinin pseudovirus neutralization titres in relation to protection against influenza in a mouse model

The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test has long been used as a standard measure of antibody response for inactivated influenza vaccines. However, the HI test has limitations, such as insensitivity when using some H3N2 virus strains and failure to detect neutralizing antibodies that target regions distant from the receptor binding site. We therefore examined a hemagglutinin pseudovirus neutralization (PVN) test as a possible supplement or alternative to the HI test. We evaluated the association of HI or PVN titres with protection against influenza infection in mice based on morbidity (where the illness was defined as 25% body weight loss). We assessed this relationship using dose-response models incorporating HI or PVN titres as a variable. The morbidity was correlated with the pre-exposure titres, and such a correlation was well described by a modified dose-response model. The mathematical modelling suggests that PVN titres consistently show a stronger association with in vivo protection as compared to HI titres in mice. Given our findings, the PVN test warrants further investigation as a tool for evaluating antibody responses to influenza vaccines containing hemagglutinin. The resulting models may also be useful for analyzing human clinical data to identify potentially protective antibody titres against influenza illness.
Effects of March of Dimes Supportive Pregnancy Care on Social Support and Postpartum Depression.

PurposeGroup prenatal care, which integrates medical care with patient education and empowerment in a group setting, has the potential to build social support among pregnant women and reduce the ri...
Quantifying COVID-19's Impact on Telemedicine Utilization.

Background While telemedicine has been expanding over the past decade, the COVID-19 pandemic era restrictions regarding in-person care have led to unprecedented levels of telemedicine utilization. To the authors' knowledge, no studies to date have quantitatively analyzed both national and regional trends in telemedicine utilization during COVID-19, both of which have key implications for informing health policy. Objective To investigate how trends in telemedicine utilization changed across the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Using data from doxy.me, the largest free telemedicine platform, and the NIH Clinical Center, the largest U.S. clinical research hospital, we assessed changes in total telemedicine minutes, new provider registrations, monthly sessions, and average session length from March-November 2020. We also conducted state-level analysis of how telemedicine expansion differed by region. Results National telemedicine utilization peaked in April 2020 at 291 million minutes and stabilized at 200-220 million monthly minutes from May to November 2020. Surges were strongest in New England and weakest in the South and West. Greater telemedicine expansion during COVID-19 was geographically associated with lower COVID-19 cases per capita. The nature of telemedicine visits also changed, as the average monthly visits per provider doubled and average visit length decreased by 60%. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic led to an abrupt and subsequently sustained uptick in telemedicine utilization. Regional and institute-level differences in telemedicine utilization should be further investigated to inform policy and procedures for sustaining meaningful telemedicine use in clinical practice.
VeloViz: RNA velocity informed embeddings for visualizing cellular trajectories.

Motivation Single cell transcriptomics profiling technologies enable genome-wide gene expression measurements in individual cells but can currently only provide a static snapshot of cellular transcriptional states. RNA velocity analysis can help infer cell state changes using such single cell transcriptomics data. To interpret these cell state changes inferred from RNA velocity as part of underlying cellular trajectories, current approaches rely on visualization with principal components, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding, and other 2D embeddings derived from the observed single cell transcriptional states. However, these 2D embeddings can yield different representations of the underlying cellular trajectories, hindering the interpretation of cell state changes. Results We developed VeloViz to create RNA-velocity-informed 2D and 3D embeddings from single cell transcriptomics data. Using both real and simulated data, we demonstrate that VeloViz embeddings are able to capture underlying cellular trajectories across diverse trajectory topologies, even when intermediate cell states may be missing. By taking into consideration the predicted future transcriptional states from RNA velocity analysis, VeloViz can help visualize a more reliable representation of underlying cellular trajectories. Availability Source code is available on GitHub (http://github.com/JEFworks-Lab/veloviz) and Bioconductor (http://bioconductor.org/packages/veloviz) with additional tutorials at https://JEF.works/veloviz/. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Ex vivo normothermic perfusion in heart transplantation: a review of the TransMedics® Organ Care System.

Cardiac transplantation is the gold standard for treatment for select patients with end-stage heart failure, yet donor supply is limited. Ex vivo machine perfusion is an emerging technology capable of safely preserving organs and expanding the viable donor pool. The TransMedics® Organ Care System™ is an investigational device which mimics physiologic conditions while maintaining the heart in a warm, beating state rather than cold storage. The use of Organ Care System allows increased opportunities for using organs from marginal donors, distant procurement sites, donation after cardiac death, and in recipients with complex anatomy. In the future, bioengineering technologies including use of mesenchymal stem cells, viral vector delivery of gene therapy, and alternate devices may further broaden the field of ex vivo machine perfusion.
Practice and Theory: The Diffusion of State Legislative Budget Reform

We question why some state legislatures responded to public discourse promptly while other state legislatures resist change. We use the choice of performance-based budgeting (PBB) to set the stage in answering this compelling question. We employ a logit model as a discrete event history analysis (EHA). We use the EHA to determine how and what variables influence the probability of an organization’s qualitative change (or “event”) at a given point in time. In this study, the organizations are states, and the event to be analyzed is the enactment of PBB law. Our data set is a modified panel of 50 states between the years 1993 and 2008. We study the factors that would influence state legislators to pass PBB laws across the nation. While our empirical result shows that political preferences are not statistically significant factors for states to pass PBB law, state legislators seem to favor the factors associated with the financial management explanation to adopt PBB. Also, the factors of path dependence and mimicking influence states to adopt PBB.
Organic and inorganic components in estuarine colloids: implications for sorption and transport of pollutants.

Natural waters contain a wide range of dissolved and particulate materials that are rich in organic components. These organic components may include small molecules such as the dissolved gas methane, soluble compounds such as amino acids and short-chain fatty acids, and particulates that contain both living unicellular bacteria or algae and nonliving detritus. All organic matter in aquatic environments typically has been separated into two operationally defined generic groups. These groups are: (i) particulate organic matter (POM), or that fraction of the total organic matter present that is retained on a filter of specified pore diameter (usually 0.2 to.45 µm); and (ii) dissolved organic matter (DOM), or that fraction that passes through the specified filter pore diameter. Although many organic substances that pass through a 0.45 µm filter may not be truly dissolved species because of their high molecular weight (> 2000 daltons), the specific characterization of this intermediate-size fraction of aquatic organic matter has been fairly limited (Means and Wijayaratne 1984). Among the characteristics of this organic fraction, which occupies the size range generally defined as colloidal (> 1 nm to < 0.4 µm), are the ability to complex or sorb other chemical species from solution, the ability to serve as reducing reagents in chemical reactions, and the ability to either enhance or retard photochemical reactions occurring in solution. Each of these properties has implications for a variety of processes that occur in aquatic systems, including the fate and transport of toxic substances, and the geochemistry of metals in the environment.
Studies on the formation of transfer ribonucleic acid-ribosome complexes. 8. Survey of the effect of antibiotics of N-acetyl-phenylalanyl-puromycin formation: possible mechanism of chloramphenicol action.

Abstract The effect of several antibiotics on N -acetyl-phenylalanyl-puromycin formation was examined. Chloramphenicol, sparsomycin, amicetin, gougerotin, vernamycin A, PA114A, streptogramin, and tylosin substantially inhibited N -acetyl-phenylalanyl-puromycin synthesis from N -acetyl-phenylalanyl-tRNA, puromycin, and ribosomes. The data indicate that both sparsomycin and chloramphenicol may be competitive inhibitors of puromycin. Furthermore, it is suggested that chloramphenicol and these other antibiotics inhibit the binding of the aminoacyl-adenylylterminus of charged tRNA to ribosomes as their primary site of action in interfering with peptidyl transfer.
Microbial biomass, activity, and community structure of water and particulates retrieved by backflow from a waterflood injection well

Oil field injection water was allowed to back flow from two wells at the Packard drill site in Los Angeles, Calif., and was sampled at various times to obtain information about the biomass, potential activity, and community structure of the microbiota in the reservoir formation and in the injection water. Biomass was greatest in water samples that came from the zone near the injection site and dropped off sharply in subsequent samples, which were assumed to come from zones farther away from the well. Samples obtained from near the well also had visible exopolysaccharide blankets, as seen in scanning electron microscopic preparations. In one of the wells that was sampled, rates of glucose or acetate incorporation into microbial lipids correlated with biomass; but in the other well, activities correlated with the sampling time (volume of water that back flowed). Transmission electron micrographs showed a diverse, gram-negative bacterial population in a variety of physiological states. The analysis of the phospholipid ester-linked fatty acid profiles of the samples revealed consistently large proportions of 18:1omega7c fatty acids, indicating the presence of many anaerobes, facultative organisms, or both. Proportions of cyclopropyl fatty acids and ratios of trans/cis monoenoic compounds increased with the volume of water that back flowed (analogous with the distance into the formation), while the ratio of unsaturated/saturated compounds decreased, possibly indicating higher levels of stress or starvation in the microbial communities farthest from the injection well. Greater than 90% of the total biomass was trapped on glass fiber filters, indicating that the microbiota were largely attached to particles or were clumped. These sampling techniques and analytical methods may prove useful in monitoring for problems with microbes (e.g., plugging) in waterflood operations and in the preparation of water injection wells for enhanced oil recovery by the use of microbes.
Styles of Medical Consultation

Medicine departments at many academic institutions have created Medicine Consult Services that provide consultative and perioperative care in the hospital. At some institutions consult services are engaged in both pre- and postoperative care, providing continuity for patients. At other institutions, solely preoperative evaluations and recommendations are provided for surgeons to incorporate into their care. In yet another model, consultations are only available postoperatively. Other models have included comanagement agreements for certain situations, commonly with orthopedic or neurosurgical colleagues. This chapter reviews the approach for medicine consultation at the University of Washington Medical Center.
Primary structure of human β-lipotropin

AFTER the discovery and isolation of β-lipotropin from sheep pituitary glands1,2, the hormone has also been obtained in highly purified form from bovine3, porcine4–6, and human7,8 pituitaries. The complete amino acid sequences of ovine9,10 and porcine11–13 hormones have been proposed. To gain insight into the evolutionary history of lipotropins and their structure–function relationships, and in view of recent data on the opiate agonist activity of peptide fragments from β-lipotropin14,15, we report here the complete amino acid sequence of the human hormone.
PbS colloidal quantum dot photodiodes for low-cost SWIR sensing

RTI has developed a photodiode technology based on solution-processed PbS colloidal quantum dots (CQD). These devices are capable of providing low-cost, high performance detection across the Vis-SWIR spectral range. At the core of this technology is a heterojunction diode structure fabricated using techniques well suited to wafer-scale fabrication, such as spin coating and thermal evaporation. This enables RTI’s CQD diodes to be processed at room temperature directly on top of read-out integrated circuits (ROIC), without the need for the hybridization step required by traditional SWIR detectors. Additionally, the CQD diodes can be fabricated on ROICs designed for other detector material systems, effectively allowing rapid prototype demonstrations of CQD focal plane arrays at low cost and on a wide range of pixel pitches and array sizes.
Chapter 1 – The Impacts of X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy on Understanding Soil Processes and Reaction Mechanisms

During the last two decades, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) has developed into a mature technique for obtaining the speciation (e.g., oxidation state) and short-range structure of elements present in soils and sediments. XAS encompasses both X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. XAS has a number of advantageous qualities for studying soils and sediments, which include elemental specificity, sensitivity to the local chemical and structural state of an element, and the ability to analyze materials in situ. This information allows accurate determination of oxidation state, type of nearest neighbors, coordination number, bond distance, and orbital symmetries of the X-ray absorbing element. In this review, we examine the application of a wide variety of synchrotron X-ray techniques to fundamental issues in environmental soil chemistry. Additionally, we examine the application of microfocused and time-resolved XAS to determine speciation (e.g., oxidation state and/or local coordination environment) and transformation kinetics of contaminants in heterogeneous environmental systems. During the last three decades, XAS has a played a critical role in furthering our understanding of a myriad of environmental systems and will continue to do so into the foreseeable future.
WHY AND HOW ARE CHILDREN FAT

IN SONG AND STORY, obesity has always had an association with the positive and happy values of life. The fat person was the image of the one to be trusted. He was kind, happy, jolly, and successful. If he were lazy, it was a good sort of laziness. If he were the butt of a joke, the jokester was the eventual loser. In the female, two standard deviations above mean weight was a sign of beauty. Today all this, for not easily discernible reasons, is changed. The pediatrician who would begin the study of obesity today could well start with a study of Piggy in the "Lord of the Flies." Either by intent or intuition, Golding has made him physically inept, myopic, frightened, and carried to an early and violent death, his wisdom and foresight unheeded.
A physical and analytical model for substrate noise coupling analysis

This work presents a new approach for computing the equivalent circuit models for substrate noise coupling in mixed-signal integrated circuits,. An analytical model is derived from a physical understanding of the various coupling paths in a heavily doped silicon substrate. The approach has been validated with measured data from a 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS process and demonstrates that the coupling mechanisms are complex whereby simple resistance expressions cannot be used to predict substrate noise coupling without the need for extensive computer simulations using three-dimensional finite difference or Green's function solvers.
Malodorous consequences: What comprises negligence in anosmia litigation?

Background Our objectives were to evaluate factors raised in malpractice litigation in which plaintiffs alleged that physician negligence led to olfactory dysfunction. Methods We analyzed publically available federal and court records using Westlaw, a widely used computerized legal database. Pertinent jury verdicts and settlements were comprehensively examined for alleged causes of malpractice (including procedures for iatrogenic causes), defendant specialty, patient demographics, and other factors raised in legal proceedings. Results Of 25 malpractice proceedings meeting inclusion criteria, 60.0% were resolved for the defendant, 12.0% were settled, and 28.0% had jury-awarded damages. Median payments were significant ($300,000 and $412,500 for settlements and awards, respectively). Otolaryngologists were the most frequently named defendants (68.0%), with the majority of iatrogenic cases (55.0%) related to rhinologic procedures. Associated medical events accompanying anosmia included dysgeusia, cerebrospinal fluid leaks, and meningitis. Other alleged factors included requiring additional surgery (80.0%), unnecessary procedures (47.4% of iatrogenic procedural cases), untimely diagnosis leading to anosmia (44.0%), inadequate informed consent (35.0%), dysgeusia (56.0%), and psychological sequelae (24.0%). Conclusion Olfactory dysfunction can adversely affect quality of life and thus is a potential area for malpractice litigation. This is particularly true for iatrogenic causes of anosmia, especially following rhinologic procedures. Settlements and damages awarded were considerable, making an understanding of factors detailed in this analysis of paramount importance for the practicing otolaryngologist. This analysis reinforces the importance of explicitly including anosmia in a comprehensive informed consent process for any rhinologic procedure.
Dynamic modeling as a multidiscipline collaborative journey

Motivated by a medical diagnosis problem that generates a wide range of problem-solving behaviors, three social scientists with different domains of expertise and different perspectives collaborated using a system dynamics modeling approach to do theory building in the social sciences. The collaboration led to a model of dynamic problem solving grounded in a unique dataset of 39 anesthesia residents confronting a simulated patient with a breathing problem, drawing upon and linking together theories of sensemaking and decision making. In this paper, we describe the collaborative journey, show glimpses of several models that we produced along the way, and reflect on some lessons that we learned about linking models, theory and data, about model-based collaboration, and about communication. Copyright © 2013 System Dynamics Society
A nanoindentation study of serrated flow in bulk metallic glasses

Abstract Plastic deformation of two Pd- and two Zr-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) is investigated through the use of nanoindentation, which probes mechanical properties at the length scale of shear bands, the carriers of plasticity in such alloys. These materials exhibit serrated flow during nanoindentation, manifested as a stepped load-displacement curve punctuated by discrete bursts of plasticity. These discrete “pop-in” events correspond to the activation of individual shear bands, and the character of serrations is strongly dependent on the indentation loading rate; slower indentation rates promote more conspicuous serrations, and rapid indentations suppress serrated flow. Analysis of the experimental data reveals a critical applied strain rate, above which serrated flow is completely suppressed. Furthermore, careful separation of the plastic and elastic contributions to deformation reveals that, at sufficiently low indentation rates, plastic deformation occurs entirely in discrete events of isolated shear banding, while at the highest rates, deformation is continuous, without any evidence of discrete events at any size scale. All of the present results are consistent with a kinetic limitation for shear bands, where at high rates, a single shear band cannot accommodate the imposed strain rapidly enough, and consequently multiple shear bands must operate simultaneously.
A factorial design analysis of a biomass to ethanol production system

Abstract A least cost, dynamic programming solution was derived by an algorithm for ethanol production from woody biomass. Conversion of the feedstock was based on an enzymatic hydrolysis/fermentation process. The final cost of ethanol from this system, prior to any sensitivity analysis, was $0.45 L −1 . A sensitivity analysis, using a factorial design, compared the relative impact of various model parameters on production costs. The factorial design analysis can be used as a guide for lowering final product costs. Three factors were incorporated into the first factorial design: the size of the manufacturing facility, storage retention, and the price of alternative feedstocks. Each of the main factors had an impact on the solution cost. Facility size had the largest effect, representing 45.3% of total cost variability. Storage deterioration and the price of alternative feedstocks had lower effects of 17.4% and 17.6%, respectively. The largest interaction effect, at 17.4%, illustrated that storage deterioration and facility size have a joint effect on production costs. The second factorial design employed five factors. Ethanol yield from the woody feedstock accounted for 44.0% of the total variability in final product cost. Harvesting equipment capability placed a 36.8% effect on the final product cost. The third largest effect, at 8.7%, was plantation yield. Although plantation yields are of key importance to feedstock prices, they had a lesser impact than the other factors on the final product cost over an entire production process. Storage retention and facility size had a reduced impact on total costs when considered in combination with other design factors. Based on this study the focus for research and technological improvements should be on conversion yields from wood, harvester equipment capabilities, and plantation yields.
Simulation of one-dimensional correlated fields using a matrix-factorization moving average approach

The simulation of one-dimensional stationary correlated fields is of increasing importance in the earth sciences. A new method for repeated generation of independent realizations, which are long and dense relative to the correlation scale of the underlying stochastic process, is examined here. This method is conceptually simple and easy to apply. It consists of a matrix-factorization technique for derivation of moving average coefficients which are used as weights in the construction of successive observations from linear combinations of random normal deviates. The matrix-factorization procedure is fast and need be performed only once for a given correlation function and density of observations. This technique can be used to generate evenly spaced observations in time or a single space dimension for any prescribed correlation function and marginal distribution which is Gaussian with arbitrary mean and variance. Tests of ensemble properties of generation procedures have been developed and results for this method compared with those for a popular generation technique. For correlation functions and generation conditions examined, the matrix-factorization moving average approach more accurately produces ensemble characteristics of the prescribed underlying process. For repeated generation of 2001 observations spaced evenly over realizations with length equal to 100 times the correlation scale, the moving average approach requires only about one fifth the CPU time used by the Shinozuka and Jan method to obtain similar accuracy.
Abstract 2031: Effect of 2-Deoxyglucose on colorectal cancer cell lines

Aerobic glycolysis (Warburg Effect) has long been regarded as a hallmark of many types of cancers. Colorectal cancer is known to exist in hypoxic conditions and hence, it is believed that most of the colorectal carcinoma tumors depend more on glycolysis than other tumors. A number of drugs have been developed in the past to target the up-regulated glycolytic pathway of the tumor cells, including 2-Deoxy-glucose (2DG). Being structurally similar to D-Glucose, it is utilized in the glycolytic pathway and is phosphorylated to 2DG-phosphate, which starts to accumulate in the cells. The accumulated 2DG-phosphate, inhibits key glycolysis enzymes - hexokinase and phospho-glucoisomerase leading to inhibition of glycolysis, and thus starving the cells of ATP. Although this has been regarded as the major mechanism of 2DG, various observations question this being the sole mechanism of action. To further investigate the molecular mechanism of 2DG, we studied its effect on colorectal carcinoma cell lines (GC3/Cl, SW620 and SW480) alone or in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5FU). We have observed that colorectal carcinoma cells are highly susceptible to 2DG compared to other cancer cells or non-cancerous cells and exert an additive effect in combination with 5FU. 2DG treatment arrested cell cycle at G1/G0 checkpoint and promoted apoptosis. The treatment of 2DG also resulted in a transient increase in the expression of p21. A reduced expression of other cell cycle proteins such as cyclin D1 and cyclin A was also observed following the 2DG treatment. Here, we provide evidence that in colorectal carcinoma cell lines, the 2DG causes a cell cycle arrest in addition to glycolysis inhibition and this additional activity may be responsible for an increased susceptibility of colorectal cancer cell lines to 2DG. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2031. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2031
Nutrient monitoring of chlorotic pin oaks

Abstract Five initially chlorotic pin oaks (Quercus palustris Muenchh.) were monitored for foliar nutrient concentrations for periods up to seven years. Prior to chlorosis elimination, all five trees exhibited estimated deficiency levels of more than one micronutrient. In the four trees with estimated Mn deficiencies, elimination of chlorosis was associated with decreases in foliar P to levels typical of green control trees. Simultaneously, depending on which micronutrients were estimated to be deficient, these deficiencies were eliminated. In the one tree with no estimated deficiency levels of Mn during seven years of monitoring, persistent chlorosis was associated with almost constant estimated deficiency levels of Zn and frequently recurrent estimated excessive levels of K. Soil treatments that include acidification can correct multi‐nutrient imbalances in pin oak leaves and can result in complete elimination of chlorosis.
Variably spaced superlattice energy filter, a new device design concept for high-energy electron injection

A new variably spaced superlattice energy filter is proposed which provides high‐energy injection of electrons into a bulk semiconductor layer based on resonant tunneling between adjacent quantum well levels which are brought into alignment by an applied bias. Applications of this concept to a variety of optoelectronic devices and to thin‐film electroluminescent devices and photodetectors are discussed.
Understanding liquids: reflections about Melbourne, 1966–67

The progress in the development of the theory of liquids from early lattice or cell theories, which were fashionable until the 1960s, the formulation of perturbation theories that employ a hard sphere reference fluid, and a simple method of estimating the second-order term is reviewed. With the present availability of several useful simulation methods and theories, it may be difficult for modern scientists to realize that this work with John Barker during my stay in Melbourne in 1966–1967 was the first successful theory of the liquid state. Ironically, perturbation theory is similar to the van der Waals theory, which until recently was regarded, incorrectly, as only of pedagogical interest.
Near‐infrared fluorescent probe traces bisphosphonate delivery and retention in vivo

Bisphosphonate use has expanded beyond traditional applications to include treatment of a variety of low-bone-mass conditions. Complications associated with long-term bisphosphonate treatment have been noted, generating a critical need for information describing the local bisphosphonate-cell interactions responsible for these observations. This study demonstrates that a fluorescent bisphosphonate analogue, far-red fluorescent pamidronate (FRFP), is an accurate biomarker of bisphosphonate deposition and retention in vivo and can be used to monitor site-specific local drug concentration. In vitro, FRFP is competitively inhibited from the surface of homogenized rat cortical bone by traditional bisphosphonates. In vivo, FRFP delivery to the skeleton is rapid, with fluorescence linearly correlated with bone surface area. Limb fluorescence increases linearly with injected dose of FRFP; injected FRFP does not interfere with binding of standard bisphosphonates at the doses used in this study. Long-term FRFP retention studies demonstrated that FRFP fluorescence decreases in conditions of normal bone turnover, whereas fluorescence was retained in conditions of reduced bone turnover, demonstrating preservation of local FRFP concentration. In the mandible, FRFP localized to the alveolar bone and bone surrounding the periodontal ligament and molar roots, consistent with findings of osteonecrosis of the jaw. These findings support a role for FRFP as an effective in vivo marker for bisphosphonate site-specific deposition, turnover, and long-term retention in the skeleton.
A re-examination of the advertising and industrial concentration relationship

This paper examines the issue of whether there is an identifiable relationship between advertising and concentration using a specification that reflects the fact that consumers are different from producers rather than the erroneous presumption that consumer goods are different from producer goods. The results, properly estimated, suggest that as concentration increases, advertising intensity increases, reaches a maximum and then declines (as concentration further increases).