cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Skin Tenting in Displaced Midshaft Clavicle Fractures

Background: The objectives of this study were to (1) identify factors associated with skin tenting in displaced midshaftclavicle fractures and (2) analyze individual surgeon variation in this diagnosis.Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed at two Level I trauma centers of 396 patients with displacedmidshaft clavicle fractures treated by 47 surgeons with open reduction internal fixation from January 2010 to March2019. Our main outcome measure was skin tenting, as diagnosed by the treating surgeon and used as an indicationfor surgical treatment.Results: Skin tenting was diagnosed by the treating surgeon in 34 out of 396 patients (9%) with displaced midshaftclavicle fractures. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that lower BMI (P=0.002) and fracture shortening(P=0.03) were independently associated with skin tenting in displaced midshaft clavicle fractures. There was widevariation among surgeons in the rate of diagnosis of skin tenting, ranging from 0% to 41% prevalence of skin tentingdepending on the treating surgeon (p <0.0001).Conclusion: Although lower BMI and greater fracture shortening were associated with skin tenting, the diagnosisis subjective. We found wide variation in the diagnosis of skin tenting, even among surgeons within a singlemetropolitan area.Level of evidence: III
Informality and Gender Gaps Going Hand in Hand

In sub-Saharan Africa women work relatively more in the informal sector than men. Many factors could explain this difference, including women's lower education levels, legal barriers, social norms and demographic characteristics. Cross-country comparisons indicate strong associations between gender gaps and higher female informality. This paper uses microdata from Senegal to assess the probability of a worker being informal, and our main findings are: (i) in urban areas, being a woman increases this probability by 8.5 percent; (ii) education is usually more relevant for women; (iii) having kids reduces men's probability of being informal but increases women's.
Quantum Melting of the Quasi-Two-Dimensional Vortex Lattice in κ - ( ET ) 2 Cu ( NCS ) 2

We report torque magnetization measurements in regions of the mixed state phase diagram ( $\mathbf{B}\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{o}{\mathbf{H}}_{c2}$ and ${T}_{c}{/10}^{3}$) of the organic superconductor $\ensuremath{\kappa}\ensuremath{-}(\mathrm{ET}{)}_{2}\mathrm{Cu}(\mathrm{NCS}{)}_{2}$, where quantum fluctuations are expected to dominate thermal effects. Over most of the field range below the irreversibility line ( ${\mathbf{B}}_{\mathrm{irr}}$), magnetothermal instabilities are observed in the form of flux jumps. The abrupt cessation of these instabilities just below ${\mathbf{B}}_{\mathrm{irr}}$ indicates a quantum melting transition from a quasi-two-dimensional vortex lattice phase to a quantum liquid phase.
Shopping Malls: Predicting Who Lives, Who Dies, and Why?

This paper discusses the state of shopping malls in the United States with the goal to identify factors that contribute to the health of malls and why some fail and others survive. A model is devel...
ELASTIC STABILITY OF CONTINUOUS BEAMS

Although the flexural-torsional buckling of simply supported I-beams has been investigated extensively, both theoretically and experimentally, comparatively few studies have been made of continuous beams. The theoretical work on this subject is summarized, and a series of experimental studies of small scale continuous I-beams described. This includes 86 buckling tests on four two-span beams and three symmetrical three-span beams, and a number of subsidiary tests. The model beams were of aluminum, and two different cross sections were tested. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical predictions of the elastic critical loads and good agreement is demonstrated for most cases. These experimental results support a simple approximate analysis of the elastic interaction buckling of continuous beams in which three significant combinations of critical loads are used to predict the full range of critical load combinations.
UNEMPLOYMENT, INFLATION, AND THE LIMITS OF MACROPOLICY

This chapter discusses unemployment, inflation, and the limits of macropolicy. There are two key theoretical findings about the interaction between policy and economic behavior. The first is that any policy move that is widely expected will have no impact at the time it is taken; and second is the corollary that only policy moves will cause changes in the current behavior, just as the only thing that moves a stock's price is some new information that has not been previously anticipated. There are only two ways in which monetary policy can have any impact on output and employment, say the rationalists. Either the public systematically makes mistakes in forecasting the policy and its impact, or the moves that the government actually makes come as a complete surprise. Nevertheless, the rationalists flatly reject the idea that people are so foolish that they consistently make those mistakes. Almost all economists agree that the rationalists have made a major contribution by alerting both forecasters and policymakers to the in-adequacies of policy that does not consider expectations. In conclusion, the rationalists have raised serious questions about the effectiveness of stabilization policy. As monetarist Allan H. Meltzer says, one needs evidence that is a lot more empirical before knowing that rational expectations cripple stabilization policy.
Adaptation of mouse leukemic cells (L5178Y) to anisotonic media. II. Cell growth.

Abstract In hypotonic media, with o smolarity as low as 185 mosM, mouse leukemic cells (L5178Y) are able to grow indefinitely but at a reduced rate compared with cells in normal medium. The change in growth rate is immediate, readily reversible, and dependent upon the initial cell concentration in the culture. At osmolarities below 185 mosM cells may undergo a few divisions, but some loss of viability is evident even if the cells are returned to normal medium after a short exposure. Failure of growth below 185 mosM is due to the reduction in osmotic pressure rather than the NaCl concentration of the medium, because the cells can grow at salt concentrations lower than 124 mosM if the osmotic pressure is maintained with sucrose. The factor that limits growth is probably the reduction in cellular K + associated with adaptation to media of reduced osmolarity. Growth is also inhibited when the osmolarity is raised above 400 mosM. Manipulation of the external K + concentration cannot extend the range of osmolarities that can support growth, although the rate of growth can be influenced.
Assessing geologic image interpretations errors occurring in extraterrestrial robotic exploration

Measuring the error introduced by the machine and human in a man-machine system is an important step in understanding and improving the system. Two experiments assessed the error from the total system in length measurements and shape classification. A separate analysis calculated the error introduce by the camera. The average error for length measurements was 2.33 pixels with a standard deviation of 2.399. The error in edge location introduce by the camera was 5-10 pixels. This indicates that humans generally are good at measuring lengths, but have difficulty near the threshold of resolution. Results from the classification task indicate that humans have lower then expected intra and inter geologist consistency. The study indicates that increasing the resolution of the camera system increases length measurement accuracy and that training may be the best way to improve classification consistency.
Direct Democracy and the Courts. By Kenneth P. Miller

Direct Democracy and the Courts. By Kenneth P. Miller. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. 278 pp. $24.99 paper. Direct Democracy and the Courts comes at a time when the conflict between courts and direct democracy is particularly visible, as evidenced by the passage of California's Proposition 8 banning samesex marriage and its subsequent challenge in federal court. This lucidly written, rich, and important book effectively explores the politics that result from a political system that blends strong judicial review with strong direct democracy. The author, Kenneth P.Miller, evaluates this hybrid system from a Madisonian perspective of appreciation for deliberative, representative democracy, and neither the courts nor the initiative process are immune from criticism. In the end, however, Miller posits that ''direct citizen lawmaking has been largely contained by the constitutional system in which it operates,'' largely through judicial counterbalancing (p. 216). The book's greatest strength is the extensive research on the history of initiatives. Because of Miller's thorough research, the book will serve as a resource for scholars of both direct democracy and judicial politics. Miller's framing of the Progressive Era's push for voter initiatives as being driven by a very different view of democratic politics than that of the Founders is particularly useful. Elite deliberation with passive publics was replaced, or partially replaced, by a system that values active citizen engagement and control. This, of course, creates a tension in the U.S. polity, particularly over majoritarian power and the rights of the minority. Indeed, this concern for minority rights that are, and have been, threatened by the initiative process is, appropriately, one of the central themes of the book. As Miller notes, ''A fair reading of the record suggests that direct democracy's consequential impact on rights has been to limit the expansion of rights in a numbers of areas, including affirmative action, bilingual education, marriage, and certain areas of the criminal law'' (pp. 154-5; emphasis in original). Miller is careful to point out that the normative implications of this depend on one's view of what rights are, or should be, but he clearly notes that rights expansion is complicated by the presence of direct democracy. The role of the courts in constraining the initiative process complicates this process even further, and in a way unintended by the Progressives, according to Miller. Indeed, the several chapters that Miller devotes to the exploration of judicial attempts to limit direct democracy will be of great interest to law and society scholars. He chronicles the process of unfavorable judicial response to the constraining of rights or initiative interference with the constitutional allocation of governmental powers, as reflected in the U. …
Exocarp Properties and Transcriptomic Analysis of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Fruit Expressing Age-Related Resistance to Phytophthora capsici.

Very young cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruit are highly susceptible to infection by the oomycete pathogen, Phytophthora capsici. As the fruit complete exponential growth, at approximately 10–12 days post pollination (dpp), they transition to resistance. The development of age-related resistance (ARR) is increasingly recognized as an important defense against pathogens, however, underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Peel sections from cucumber fruit harvested at 8 dpp (susceptible) and 16 dpp (resistant) showed equivalent responses to inoculation as did whole fruit, indicating that the fruit surface plays an important role in defense against P. capsici. Exocarp from 16 dpp fruit had thicker cuticles, and methanolic extracts of peel tissue inhibited growth of P. capsici in vitro, suggesting physical or chemical components to the ARR. Transcripts specifically expressed in the peel vs. pericarp showed functional differentiation. Transcripts predominantly expressed in the peel were consistent with fruit surface associated functions including photosynthesis, cuticle production, response to the environment, and defense. Peel-specific transcripts that exhibited increased expression in 16 dpp fruit relative to 8 dpp fruit, were highly enriched (P<0.0001) for response to stress, signal transduction, and extracellular and transport functions. Specific transcripts included genes associated with potential physical barriers (i.e., cuticle), chemical defenses (flavonoid biosynthesis), oxidative stress, penetration defense, and molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered or effector-triggered (R-gene mediated) pathways. The developmentally regulated changes in gene expression between peels from susceptible- and resistant- age fruits suggest programming for increased defense as the organ reaches full size.
Modulation of chemical carcinogen-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis by dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in the primary rat hepatocytes.

Modulation of unscheduled DNA synthesis by dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) after exposure to various chemical carcinogens was investigated in the primary rat hepatocytes. Unscheduled DNA synthesis was induced by treatment of such direct acting carcinogens as methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) or procarcinogens including benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). Unscheduled DNA synthesis was determined by measuring [methyl-3H]thymidine radioactivity incorporated into nuclear DNA of hepatocytes treated with carcinogens in the presence or absence of DHEA. Hydroxyurea (5×10−3 M) was added to growth medium to selectively suppress normal replication. DHEA at concentrations ranging from 1×10−6 M to 5×10−4 M did not significantly inhibit unscheduled DNA synthesis induced by either MMS (1×10−4 M) or EMS (1×10−2 M). In contrast, DHEA significantly inhibited unscheduled DNA synthesis induced by BaP (6.5×10−5 M) and DMBA (2×10−5 M). DHEA-induced hepatotoxicity in rats was examined using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release as an indicator of cytotoxicity. DHEA exhibit no significant increase in LDH release compared with the solvent control at 18 h. These data suggest that nontoxic concentration of DHEA does not affect the DNA excision repair process, but it probably influence the enzymatic system responsible for the metabolic activation of procarcinogens and thereby decreases the amount of the effective DNA adducts formed by the ultimate reactive carcinogenic species.
Clinical Presentation and Laboratory Diagnosis of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) type II is an immune mediated reaction in which pathologic antibodies develop to a complex composed of heparin and the platelet-derived alpha granule protein, platelet factor 4 (PF4). HIT must be recognized quickly so as to eliminate all heparin exposure from a patient's clinical care. Thrombosis (HITT) may accompany thrombocytopenia resulting in limb and life-threatening complications. Despite a higher incidence of subclinically detectable heparin-PF4 antibody formation in the cardiac care setting, the development of the full clinicopathologic syndrome occurs in approximately 2% to 3% of patients, similar to the incidence in other clinical scenarios.
Continous wave Nd:YAG laser deposition of CdS thin films

We report new results on continuous wave Nd:YAG laser deposition of CdS thin films. As-deposited films have optically smooth surfaces and uniform thicknesses. X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that the as-deposited films on glasses are highly oriented with respect to the C-axis. Raman spectrum measurements revealed several longitudinal-optical modes in the films.
Tidal observations at Millstone Hill for the August 1974 and October 1975 special periods

Abstract The Millstone Hill (42.6°N, 71.5°W) incoherent scatter radar, and the data analysis techniques used to determine temperature are described. Results for 10–15 August 1974 and 14–17 October 1975, are presented. Specific attention is given to the semidiural tide, which was found to have substantial differences in amplitude and phase in the two observing periods, with the amplitude being greater in October.
Flavonoid and flavonol glycoside metabolism in Arabidopsis

The molecular genetic analysis of Arabidopsis promises to add greatly to our understanding of secondary product pathways and their biological roles. This review focuses on flavonoid metabolism in Arabidopsis, a particularly relevant pathway for such analysis because it is so highly conserved in plants. Several of the biosynthetic enzymes of the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways have been cloned and/or mapped to specific loci. Recent advances concerning the regulation of anthocyanin metabolism by light and by possible transcriptional activators (Myc- and Myb-like elements) are discussed as well as the possible roles of flavonols in cold acclimation, ultraviolet light protection and male fertility. The use of HPLC profiling for the discovery of additional metabolic and regulatory mutants is described. The identification of the major flavonol glycosides in wild-type Arabidopsis is given and the partial characterization of two new flavonol glycoside mutants discussed. The biochemical genetics for flavonol glycoside formation in soybean is presented as an example, and the high degree of specificity of the glycosyl transferases and the interesting diversity of the resulting flavonol glycosides are discussed. Hypotheses regarding the potential biological activities of the flavonoid conjugates and the possible regulatory roles of highly aglycone-specific glucosidases are presented.
Nonnegative principal component analysis for mass spectral serum profiles and biomarker discovery.

Background As a novel cancer diagnostic paradigm, mass spectroscopic serum proteomic pattern diagnostics was reported superior to the conventional serologic cancer biomarkers. However, its clinical use is not fully validated yet. An important factor to prevent this young technology to become a mainstream cancer diagnostic paradigm is that robustly identifying cancer molecular patterns from high-dimensional protein expression data is still a challenge in machine learning and oncology research. As a well-established dimension reduction technique, PCA is widely integrated in pattern recognition analysis to discover cancer molecular patterns. However, its global feature selection mechanism prevents it from capturing local features. This may lead to difficulty in achieving high-performance proteomic pattern discovery, because only features interpreting global data behavior are used to train a learning machine.
Resolving seasonality in tropical trees: multi-decade, high-resolution oxygen and carbon isotope records from Indonesia and Thailand

Abstract Dendrochronological techniques have found limited applications in the tropics because of invisible or indistinct banding in wood. The seasonal cycles of rainfall and relative humidity in these regions, while not sufficient to produce distinct visible rings, may still generate seasonal signals in the oxygen isotopic composition of tree cellulose which can be used for climate reconstruction and chronology. We explore this approach using trees from Indonesia and Thailand, from three different families. Multi-decade δ18O records from Javanese cross-dated teak rings and bomb radiocarbon-dated Suar wood lacking visible rings demonstrate the reproducibility of the signal between trees grown at the same locality as well as from wider geographical regions. These results confirm predictions that the trees oxygen isotopic signatures reflect an external climatic forcing. High-resolution δ18O records reveal large seasonal cycles: up to 4‰ for Javanese Suar samples and up to 18‰ for a Thai Podocarpus sample. We show that the six δ18O and δ13C cycles measured on a Podocarpus match the number of growth years for the period spanning the time of wounding and cutting of the wedge section. This result demonstrates that the isotopic cycles found in this tree with indistinct annual rings are indeed seasonal and could be used for chronology. We present evidence that stable isotope chronologies of tropical trees also contain insights in tropical tree physiology and growth dynamics.
Demographics of carotid atherosclerotic plaque features imaged by computed tomography.

Summary Objectives This was a prospective, cross-sectional study to evaluate the risk factors and symptoms associated with specific carotid wall and atherosclerotic plaque features as seen on computed tomography-angiography (CTA) studies. Materials and methods A total of 120 consecutive consenting patients admitted to the emergency department with suspected cerebrovascular ischemia, and receiving standard-of-care CTA of the brain and neck on a 64-slice CT scanner, were prospectively enrolled in the study. The carotid wall features observed on CT were quantitatively analyzed with customized software using different radiodensities for contrast-phase acquisition of the carotids. Clinical datasets, including a complete medical history and examination, were obtained by research physicians or specially trained associates blinded to any findings on CT. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the degree of association between clinical indicators and quantitative CT features of carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Results Men tended to have increased carotid lumen (coefficient: 608.7; 95% CI: 356.9–860.6; P P = 0.008), and hypertension was associated with increased wall volume (260.6; 88.7–432.6; P = 0.003). Advanced age was associated with increases in maximum wall thickness (0.02; 0.003–0.05; P = 0.029), fibrous cap thickness (0.005; 0.001–0.008; P = 0.016) and number of calcium voxels (2.7; 1.25–4.2; P P = 0.009). Exercise was inversely related to the number of calcium (−37.1; −71.5–−2.7; P = 0.035) and lipid (−7.9; −15.1–−0.7; P = 0.032) voxels. ACE inhibitor use was associated with fibrous cap thickness (0.1; 0.04–0.23; P = 0.005). Conclusion Significant associations were found between clinical descriptors and carotid atherosclerotic plaque features as revealed by CT. Future studies are needed to validate our findings, and to continue investigations into whether CT features of carotid plaques can be used as biomarkers to quantify the impact of strategies aiming to correct vascular risk factors.
Stem cell engineering in bioreactors for large-scale bioprocessing

Stem cells are promising cell sources for many biomedical applications including cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and drug discovery. However, the commonly used static tissue culture vessels can only generate a low number of cells. To provide an adequate number of stem cells for clinical applications, a scalable process based on bioreactors is needed. Stem cells can be either cultured as free cells/aggregates in suspension or as adherent cells on the solid substrates. Based on the cell property, different bioreactor configurations are developed to better expand stem cells while maintaining their differentiation capacity. In this review, several major types of bioreactor systems and their applications in stem cell engineering are discussed. Continued advancements in bioprocess and bioreactor research and development are important to engineer stem cells for their use in biomedical applications.
SEMIAUTOMATIC SYSTEM FOR TIMING ROTAROD PERFORMANCE.

An electronic circuit automatically stops the timer when the animal falls to a platform beneath the rod. This system improves the accuracy and convenience of recording rotarod performance time. The investigator may test several animals simultaneously with only periodic observation.
The effect of methyl oleate hydroperoxide, a possible toxic ozone intermediate, on human normal and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient erythrocytes

Erythrocytes of both normal and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD)-deficient humans responded in a dose-dependent manner to the oxidant stress of methyl oleate hydroperoxide (MOHP) as measured by decreases in G-6-PD activity, increases in methemoglobin (METHB) levels, and decreases in reduced glutathione (GSH). The G-6-PD-deficient erythrocytes displayed a markedly enhanced sensitivity to MOHP-induced decreases in G-6-PD activity and METHB increases while being less sensitive than normal erythrocytes to changes in GSH levels.
Low-stress gold electroplating for x-ray masks

Abstract We present a method for obtaining electrodeposited Au films of uniform thickness, low stress, and fine grain using a safe, commercially-available plating solution. In our electroplating set-up, the plating geometry is fixed by inserting an annular spacer ring between the Pt anode and the sample to be plated. Plating using this electrode configuration and a stagnant solution yields uniform-thickness Au films with a simple linear relationship between film stress and plating current density. Such films are well-suited as mask absorbers for x-ray nanolithography (sub-100-nm feature sizes).
Visco-plastic modeling of mechanical responses and texture evolution in extruded AZ31 magnesium alloy for various loading conditions

Abstract Mechanical responses and texture evolution of extruded AZ31 Mg are measured under uniaxial (tension–compression) and multiaxial (free-end torsion) loadings. Compression loading is carried out in three different directions: along the extrusion direction (ED), perpendicular to the extrusion direction (PED), and 45° to the extrusion direction (45ED) at temperature and strain rate ranges of 77–423 K and 10 −4 –3000 s −1 , respectively. Texture evolution at different intermediate strains reveals that crystal reorientation is exhausted at smaller strains with increase in strain rate while increase in temperature retards twinning. In addition to the well-known tension–compression yield asymmetry, a strong anisotropy in strain hardening response is observed. However, this anisotropy is negligible at smaller strain so that compressive yield stress does not change with loading directions at each temperature and strain rate. Strain hardening during the compression experiment is intensified with decreasing and increasing temperature and strain rate, respectively. Even though the strain hardening response during the free-end torsion experiment resembles that in tension, the shear yield stress is significantly smaller than prediction of von-Mises criterion. This complex behavior is explained through the understanding roles of deformation mechanisms using the Visco-Plastic Self Consistent (VPSC) model. In order to calibrate the VPSC model’s constants as accurate as possible, in contrast to previous studies, this paper employs the VPSC model to simulate a vast number of mechanical responses and crystallographic characteristics including stress–strain curves in tension, compression in three directions, and free-end torsion, texture evolution at different strains, lateral strains of compression samples, twin volume fraction, and axial strain during the torsion experiment. The modeling results show that depending on the number of measurements used for calibration, roles of different mechanisms in plastic deformation change significantly.
The recent warming of permafrost in Alaska

Abstract This paper reports results of an experiment initiated in 1977 to determine the effects of climate on permafrost in Alaska. Permafrost observatories with boreholes were established along a north–south transect of Alaska in undisturbed permafrost terrain. The analysis and interpretation of annual temperature measurements in the boreholes and daily temperature measurements of the air, ground and permafrost surfaces made with automated temperature loggers are reported. Permafrost temperatures warmed along this transect coincident with a statewide warming of air temperatures that began in 1977. At two sites on the Arctic Coastal Plain, the warming was seasonal, greatest during “winter” months (October through May) and least during “summer” months (June through September). Permafrost temperatures peaked in the early 1980s and then decreased in response to slightly cooler air temperatures and thinner snow covers. Arctic sites began warming again typically about 1986 and Interior Alaska sites about 1988. Gulkana, the southernmost site, has been warming slowly since it was drilled in 1983. Air temperatures were relatively warm and snow covers were thicker-than-normal from the late 1980s into the late 1990s allowing permafrost temperatures to continue to warm. Temperatures at some sites leveled off or cooled slightly at the turn of the century. Two sites (Yukon River Bridge and Livengood) cooled during the period of observations. The magnitude of the total warming at the surface of the permafrost (through 2003) was 3 to 4 °C for the Arctic Coastal Plain, 1 to 2 °C for the Brooks Range including its northern and southern foothills, and 0.3 to 1 °C south of the Yukon River. While the data are sparse, permafrost is warming throughout the region north of the Brooks Range, southward along the transect from the Brooks Range to the Chugach Mountains (except for Yukon River and Livengood), in Interior Alaska throughout the Tanana River region, and in the region south of the Alaska Range from Tok westward to Gulkana (in the Copper River Valley) and beyond to the Talkeetna Mountains. Thermal offset allows permafrost to survive in the presence of positive annual mean ground surface temperatures and was observed repeatedly since 1987 at two sites. The observed warming has not produced an increasing trend in maximum active layer thicknesses due to its seasonality. Near Healy, permafrost has been thawing at the top since the late 1980s at about 10 cm/yr. At Gulkana, permafrost was thawing from the bottom at a rate of 4 cm/yr that accelerated to 9 cm/yr after 2000.
Ab initio Study of Metal Atoms on SWNT Surface

Abstract : Interactions of metal atoms (Al, Ti) with semiconducting single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) are investigated using first-principles pseudopotential calculations. Six different adsorption configurations for aluminum and titanium atoms are studied. Comparison of the energetics of these metal atoms on (8,0) SWNT surface shows significant differences in binding energy and diffusion barrier. These differences give an insight to explain why most of metal atoms (such as Al) form discrete particles on nanotube while continuous nanowires are obtained by using titanium in the experiment.
Abstract 1165: PKC epsilon modulated miRNAs profiling during development of prostate cancer in transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate model

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small nucleotides endogenously expressed non-coding RNAs that have been implicated in a wide range of cellular processes. Dysregulation of miRNA expression has been identified in a number of cancers including prostate. Evidence indicates that miRNAs are involved in prostate cancer (PCa) development and metastasis via activating several oncogenes and inhibiting tumor suppressor genes. However, the molecules’ targeting these microRNAs is poorly understood. Protein kinase C epsilon (PKC∈), a novel PKC isoforms, is over-expressed in both human and mouse PCa. We have previously shown that PKC∈ expression correlates with the aggressiveness of PCa. We generated PKC∈-deleted TRAMP mice by crossbreeding transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) (TG//WT) mice with PKC∈ knock out (TG//KO) mice. Sixteen weeks old TG Wild-type (TG//WT), TG//PKC∈ Heterozygous (TG//Het) and TG//PKC∈ KO (TG//KO) mice were evaluated for PCa development and metastasis. We observed that deletion of PKC∈ in TRAMP mice inhibited PCa development and metastasis as observed by CT-PET scanning, tumor weight and histopathology of livers, lungs, kidneys and lymph nodes. To determine the clues about the miRNAs, which are modulated by PKC∈, we performed global miRNA profiling in prostate tissues of TG//WT and TG//KO mice by using miRNA Microarray chip containing transcripts of 750 miRNAs (Listed in Sanger miRBase Release 15.0). We observed a significant down-regulation of 7 miRNAs (miRNA762, miR125b-5p, miR-16, miR-467a-1, miR-574-3p, miRNA-451 and miR-669f) and up-regulation of 6 miRNAs (miR-1187, miR-1195, miR-2133, miR-574-5p, miR-690 and miR-709) in prostate tissues of TG//KO mice compared to TG//WT mice. It has been reported that miRNA-451 plays a role in the induction of mTOR signaling, which is well documented for its role in human PCa progression. Importantly, we observed 20-fold decreased expression of miRNA-451 in prostate tissues of TG//KO mice compared to TG//WT mice. It has been reported that up-regulation of miRNA-709 inhibits expression of BORIS, a tumor promoting transcription factor. We observed two fold induction of miRNA-709 in TG//KO mice. Taken together these finding suggest that PKC∈ plays an important role in PCa development and metastasis via up-regulating oncogenic miRNA and down regulating tumor suppressing miRNA. We suggest that these miRNAs modulated by PKC∈ have role in PCa development and metastasis. However further studies warranted to understand the functional implication of these miRNAs in human PCa. (Support: NIH Grant, CA35368). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1165. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1165
Perturbed Gamma-Gamma Directional Correlation in Cd 114

The directional correlation of the 722-556 kev gamma-gamma cascade in ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{114}$ following $K$-capture in ${\mathrm{In}}^{114}$ has been observed as a function of physical and chemical state of the source. Dry In${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$ and frozen solutions thereof are consistent in giving an attenuation factor 0.77\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08 in the anisotropy. The lifetime of the intermediate state is found to be \ensuremath{\le}2.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ sec. Assuming that the perturbing interaction is electric and making a crude estimate of an upper limit in the electric field gradient at the nucleus, one obtains a quadrupole moment $|Q|g~0.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}24}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for the intermediate state of the cascade.
A molecular basis for the increased vulnerability of substantia nigra dopamine neurons in aging and Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder of unknown etiology. There is no cure or proven strategy for slowing the progression of the disease. Although there are signs of pathology in many brain regions, the core symptoms of PD are attributable to the selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. A potential clue to the vulnerability of these neurons is an increasing reliance with age upon L-type Ca(2+) channels with a pore-forming Cav1.3 subunit to support autonomous activity. This reliance could pose a sustained stress on mitochondrial ATP generating oxidative phosphorylation, accelerating cellular aging and death. Systemic administration of isradipine, a dihydropyridine blocker of these channels, forces dopaminergic neurons in rodents to revert to a juvenile, L-type Ca(2+) channel independent mechanism to generate autonomous activity. This "rejuvenation" confers protection against toxins that produce experimental Parkinsonism, pointing to a potential neuroprotective strategy for PD. Their decades-long track record of safe use in the treatment of hypertension makes dihydropyridines particularly attractive as a therapeutic tool in PD.
Uses and abuses of color spaces for digital photography

The range of color spaces for possible use with digital photography presents challenges and opportunities for engineers, developers and users of digital cameras. This paper will provide an overview and comparison of a sub-set of these color spaces, with specific consideration for digital photography. Primarily the RGB or red, green and blue color spaces will be compared and although other spaces, such as CIELAB and Yu’v’, will be mentioned. Background will be provided with respect to key considerations for design and use of color spaces for digital photography. Data will be presented on color space uniformity using a radial sampling of the OSA Uniform Color Scales and tritanopic confusion lines. In addition, color difference statistics across a fixed sampling will be used to assess the similarity of color spaces and to quantify the resulting error when color spaces are incorrectly assigned. Finally, the gamut shapes will be compared using procrustes analysis of a set of gamut landmark colors. The resulting dendrogram provides a means of visualizing relative similarities of the gamut shapes.
Social spider defense against kleptoparasitism

Because of the large amount of webbing they provide, social spider colonies often host other satellite spider species referred to as kleptoparasites or food stealers. Such kleptoparasites may take advantage of increased prey capture rates associated with large spider aggregations. This study investigated the relationship between a cooperatively social spider species, Anelosimus eximius (Araneae: Theridiidae), which lives in the undergrowth of tropical rainforests in Peru, and its kleptoparasite, Argyrodes ululans (Araneae: Theridiidae), which specializes in foraging in An. eximius webs. Although large aggregates of spiders may be more attractive to kleptoparasites, the benefits of group defense may offset this cost. Natural colonies were observed, and enclosed field colonies containing fixed numbers of host spiders were manipulated in order to determine whether kleptoparasite success is affected by the number of social spiders that are available for defense. Prey was less likely to be stolen by Ar. ululans when a greater number of host An. eximius spiders were involved in prey capture. When hosts detected a kleptoparasite earlier and chased it more often, prey was more likely to be successfully defended. Ar. ululans was more successful in stealing small prey items in all colonies and gave up more readily on very large prey (> 11 mm). I conclude that communal living and group defense in An. eximius confer protection from the kleptoparasite Ar. ululans.
A Comprehensive Assessment of Transfusion in Elective Pancreatectomy: Risk Factors and Complications

Background Specific data are needed regarding the impact of transfusion on operative complications in pancreatectomy. The objectives of this study were to determine risk factors for transfusion and to evaluate the potential association between transfusion and operative complications in elective pancreatectomy procedures.
Clearing algorithms for barter exchange markets: enabling nationwide kidney exchanges

In barter-exchange markets, agents seek to swap their items with one another, in order to improve their own utilities. These swaps consist of cycles of agents, with each agent receiving the item of the next agent in the cycle. We focus mainly on the upcoming national kidney-exchange market, where patients with kidney disease can obtain compatible donors by swapping their own willing but incompatible donors. With over 70,000 patients already waiting for a cadaver kidney in the US, this market is seen as the only ethical way to significantly reduce the 4,000 deaths per year attributed to kidney diseas.The clearing problem involves finding a social welfare maximizing exchange when the maximum length of a cycle is fixed. Long cycles are forbidden, since, for incentive reasons, all transplants in a cycle must be performed simultaneously. Also, in barter-exchanges generally, more agents are affected if one drops out of a longer cycle. We prove that the clearing problem with this cycle-length constraint is NP-hard. Solving it exactly is one of the main challenges in establishing a national kidney exchange.We present the first algorithm capable of clearing these markets on a nationwide scale. The key is incremental problem formulation. We adapt two paradigms for the task: constraint generation and column generation. For each, we develop techniques that dramatically improve both runtime and memory usage. We conclude that column generation scales drastically better than constraint generation. Our algorithm also supports several generalizations, as demanded by real-world kidney exchanges.Our algorithm replaced CPLEX as the clearing algorithm of the Alliance for Paired Donation, one of the leading kidney exchanges. The match runs are conducted every two weeks and transplants based on our optimizations have already been conducted.
Free-fall periodic orbits connecting Earth and Mars

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Thesis. 1970. Sc.D.
It’s All Formal: Understanding the Nuances of Mindfulness-Based Practice

“Psychology Moment by Moment: A Guide to Enhancing your Clinical Practice with Mindfulness and Meditation” was written by Labbe (Psychology moment by moment: A guide to enhancing your clinical practice with mindfulness and meditation. New Harbinger, CA, 2011) to review the literature supporting many mindfulness-based interventions and to highlight evidence-based practices. It is written for the mental health clinician who is interested in integrating mindfulness-based interventions into their practice. Chapters range from an initial description of the construct of mindfulness to later chapters that introduce treatment protocols for special populations (children, aging adults, couples) and specific illnesses (chronic illness, stress, anxiety, depression, eating disorders).
Double logistic curve in regression modeling

The logistic sigmoid curve is widely used in nonlinear regression and in binary response modeling. There are problems corresponding to a double sigmoid behavior which consists of the first increase to an early saturation at an intermediate level, and the second sigmoid with the eventual plateau of saturation. A double sigmoid behavior is usually achieved using additive or multiplicative combinations of logit and more complicated functions with numerous parameters. In this work, double sigmoid functions are constructed as logistic ones with a sign defining the point of inflection and with an additional powering parameter. The elaborated models describe rather complicated double saturation behavior via only four or five parameters which can be efficiently estimated by nonlinear optimization techniques. Theoretical features and practical applications of the models are discussed.
Nonlinear Reduced-Order Simulation Using Stress-Free and Pre-Stressed Modal Bases

A study is undertaken to determine the advantages and disadvantages associated with application of stress-free and pre-stressed modal bases in a reduced-order finite-element-based nonlinear simulation. A planar beam is chosen as an application example and its response due to combined thermal and random pressure loadings is examined. Combinations of two random pressure levels and two thermal conditions are investigated. The latter consists of an ambient temperature condition and an elevated temperature condition in the post-buckled regime. It is found that stress-free normal modes establish a broadly applicable modal basis yielding accurate results for all the loading regimes considered. In contrast, the range of applicability for a thermally pre-stressed modal basis is found to be limited. The behavior is explained by scrutinizing the coupling found in the linear stiffness and the effect this coupling has on the structural response characteristics under the range of loading conditions considered.
Cervical skin flaps for intraoral and pharyngeal repair following cancer surgery

Summary Twenty cases are described where the repair following extensive resections of the mouth and pharynx for carcinoma was facilitated by the use of cervical skin flaps. The planning and design of such flaps are discussed, and a plea is made for their more frequent (but cautious) use, to prevent the functional disabilities which tend to make the patient an "oral cripple" and bring the surgical treatment of oral and pharyngeal cancer into disrepute.
Heme oxygenase-1 gene promoter polymorphism is associated with reduced incidence of acute chest syndrome among children with sickle cell disease.

Sickle cell disease is a common hemolytic disorder with a broad range of complications, including vaso-occlusive episodes, acute chest syndrome (ACS), pain, and stroke. Heme oxygenase-1 (gene HMOX1; protein HO-1) is the inducible, rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of heme and might attenuate the severity of outcomes from vaso-occlusive and hemolytic crises. A (GT)n dinucleotide repeat located in the promoter region of the HMOX1 gene is highly polymorphic, with long repeat lengths linked to decreased activity and inducibility. We examined this polymorphism to test the hypothesis that short alleles are associated with a decreased risk of adverse outcomes (hospitalization for pain or ACS) among a cohort of 942 children with sickle cell disease. Allele lengths varied from 13 to 45 repeats and showed a trimodal distribution. Compared with children with longer allele lengths, children with 2 shorter alleles (4%; ≤ 25 repeats) had lower rates of hospitalization for ACS (incidence rate ratio 0.28, 95% confidence interval, 0.10-0.81), after adjusting for sex, age, asthma, percentage of fetal hemoglobin, and α-globin gene deletion. No relationship was identified between allele lengths and pain rate. We provide evidence that genetic variation in HMOX1 is associated with decreased rates of hospitalization for ACS, but not pain. This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00072761.
UV Photodesorption of Novel Molecular Beam Induced NO Layers on NiO(111)/Ni(111)

The photodesorption and photoreactivity of the molecular beam dosed NO/NiO(111)/Ni(111) system has been examined using high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). The molecular beam dosed surface exhibits three major vibrational peaks, which we attribute to a linear bonding NO species at 230 meV, a bent bonding NO species at 197 meV, and a stretching mode of NO 2 at 160 meV. UV photon irradiation causes the attenuation of these peaks accompanied by simultaneous emergence of a fourth vibrational peak at 215 meV. The emergence of this peak is explained by a mechanism of selective desorption of the original, linear-bound NO species and a reaccommodation of the beam-induced, bent NO structure to a new state on the lower coverage surface. The measured desorption cross sections and wavelength dependence are consistent with those of other studies of photochemical processes on such interfaces, indicating that photoinduced electron transfer from the substrate to the adsorbate is the mechanism responsible for the observed behavior.
THE ONTOGENY OF THE PRIMARY THICKENING MERISTEM OF ATRIPLEX HORTENSIS L. (CHENOPODIACEAE)

Seedlings of Atriplex hortensis were studied to ascertain; 1) in which organ the primary thickening meristem (PTM) first differentiates; 2) the direction of differentiation of the PTM, and 3) the pattern of differentiation of conjunctive tissue. The PTM initially differentiates in pericycle of the primary root base 11 days after emergence of the primary root. It then differentiates in the transition region of the hypocotyl, mostly in cells of pericycle between pairs of vascular bundles. In the upper hypocotyl, PTM differentiates by day 20 in the inner layer qf cortical parenchyma. In the epicotyl, PTM apparently differentiates in the inner layer of cortex, by day 24. Desmogic xylem differentiates from radial files of internal conjunctive tissue cells and desmogic phloem differentiates opposite desmogic xylem strands from newly formed cells of external conjunctive tissue. No interfascicular cambium differentiates in the root, hypocotyl, or epicotvl. ATRIPLEX HORTENSIS L., a member of the Chenopodiaceae, is an example of a dicotyledonous plant that grows in diameter principally by a primary thickening meristem (PTM), instead of a vascular cambium. These two lateral meristems differ in that: 1) PTM differentiates outside of primary phloem whereas vascular cambium differentiates centripetally of primary phloem; 2) PTM produces parenchymatous cells mainly to the inside, internal conjunctive tissue, and fewer cells to the outside, external conjunctive tissue (Stevenson and Popham,