cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preliminary validation of a point‐of‐care ethylene glycol test for cats

Objective – To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a newly available, semi-quantitative, cage-side test for the detection of ethylene glycol (EG) toxicosis in cats. Design – Prospective, laboratory study. Setting – University teaching hospital. Animals – This study utilized samples from 57 cats, whose blood had been anticoagulated with EDTA and submitted to the hospital’s laboratory for a complete blood count. Samples were centrifuged, and the plasma separated, aliquoted, and immediately frozen at 30 1C. Interventions – Samples were randomly divided into 2 primary groups (Group 1: no EG added, Group 2: EG added). Twenty microliters of plasma from each of the Group 1 samples was applied directly to the test strip. Plasma samples from Group 2 had EG added at different concentrations to achieve approximate final concentrations of 20, 60, or 80mg/dL. These samples were then applied to the test strip. Measurements – Two readers who were blinded to the sample preparation procedure and isolated from each other were asked to categorically interpret the colorimetric reaction on the randomly presented test strips. Main Results – The agreement of the 2 reviewers at the 3 different levels of EG concentrations (20, 60, 80mg/ dL) were 0.7, 0.7, and 0.5, respectively. Thus, the readers demonstrated substantial agreement while reading the 2 lower concentrations, while at 80mg/dL the level of agreement was moderate. Overall, the sensitivity of the assay increased as the concentration of EG increased (reviewer 1: 67%, 67%, 86%; reviewer 2: 56%, 89%, 100%), while the specificity of the assay decreased with increasing concentrations of EG (reviewer 1: 77%, 45%, 50%; reviewer 2: 77%, 53%, 25%). Conclusions: Because of the likelihood for false negatives and false positives, results from this test must be viewed in light of clinical data and should not be relied upon as a lone diagnostic test.
Alternative Routes to Representation Theory

The correspondence between Dedekind and Frobenius makes it clear that if Dedekind had not decided to introduce and study group determinants—a subject with no established tradition and really outside his main interests in algebraic number theory—or if he had decided not to communicate his ideas on group determinants to Frobenius, especially given Frobenius’ complete lack of curiosity about Dedekind’s allusion to a connection between hypercomplex numbers and groups, it is unlikely that Frobenius would be known as the creator of the theory of group characters and representations. This is not to say that the theory would have remained undiscovered for a long time. On the contrary, three lines of mathematical investigation were leading to essentially the same theory that Frobenius had begun to explore: (1) the theory of noncommutative hypercomplex number systems; (2) Lie’s theory of continuous groups; and (3) Felix Klein’s research program on a generalized Galois theory. The main purpose of this chapter is to briefly indicate how these lines of investigation were leading—or in some cases did lead—to the results of Frobenius’ theory.
Topology-Based Kernels With Application to Inference Problems in Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) research has recently witnessed a great deal of activity focused on developing new statistical learning tools for automated inference using imaging data. The workhorse for many of these techniques is the support vector machine (SVM) framework (or more generally kernel-based methods). Most of these require, as a first step, specification of a kernel matrix K between input examples (i.e., images). The inner product between images Ii and Ij in a feature space can generally be written in closed form and so it is convenient to treat K as “given.” However, in certain neuroimaging applications such an assumption becomes problematic. As an example, it is rather challenging to provide a scalar measure of similarity between two instances of highly attributed data such as cortical thickness measures on cortical surfaces. Note that cortical thickness is known to be discriminative for neurological disorders, so leveraging such information in an inference framework, especially within a multi-modal method, is potentially advantageous. But despite being clinically meaningful, relatively few works have successfully exploited this measure for classification or regression. Motivated by these applications, our paper presents novel techniques to compute similarity matrices for such topologically-based attributed data. Our ideas leverage recent developments to characterize signals (e.g., cortical thickness) motivated by the persistence of their topological features, leading to a scheme for simple constructions of kernel matrices. As a proof of principle, on a dataset of 356 subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative study, we report good performance on several statistical inference tasks without any feature selection, dimensionality reduction, or parameter tuning.
Deep Sequencing and Ecological Characterization of Gut Microbial Communities of Diverse Bumble Bee Species

Gut bacterial communities of bumble bees are correlated with defense against pathogens. Further understanding this host-microbe association is vitally important as bumble bees are currently experiencing global population declines, potentially due in part to emergent diseases. In this study, we used pyrosequencing and community fingerprinting (ARISA) to characterize the gut microbial communities of nine bumble species from across the Bombus phylogeny. Overall, we delimited 74 bacterial taxa (operational taxonomic units or OTUs) belonging to Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Bacilli, Actinobacteria, Flavobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria. Each bacterial community was taxonomically simple, containing an average of 1.9 common (relative abundance per sample > 5%) bacterial OTUs. The most abundant and prevalent (occurring in 92% of the samples) bacterial OTU, based on 16S rRNA sequences, closely matched that of the previously described Betaproteobacteria species Snodgrassella alvi. Bacteria that were first described in bee-related external environments dominated a number of gut bacterial communities, suggesting that they are not strictly dependent on the internal gut environment. The ARISA data showed a correlation between bacterial community structures and the geographic locations where the bees were sampled, suggesting that at least a subset of the bacterial species may be transmitted environmentally. Using light and fluorescent microscopy, we demonstrated that the gut bacteria form a biofilm on the internal epithelial surface of the ileum, corroborating results obtained from Apis mellifera.
Optimal FIR pre- and postfilters for decimation and interpolation of random signals

A technique for the design of finite-impulse-response (FIR) filters for decimation and interpolation in multirate systems is introduced. FIR prefilters and postfilters that jointly minimize a frequency-weighted mean-square error between the original and reconstructed signals can be designed. There is no need for ideal filter prototypes: the optimal pre-postfilter pair is determined from the signal and noise spectra and the up-sampling and down-sampling factors. Some examples of image and speech processing show that the mean square optimal filter pair leads to typical SNR improvements of 2-6 dB, in comparison to other commonly used filters. >
Signal strength based indoor geolocation

We have investigated the indoor geolocation based on signal strength modeling. Linear, compensated linear, and multiple regression methods have been applied to set up signal strength models by using simulated data. We have also analyzed this modeling method to better understand the relation between the location error and the signal strength error. Some important results have been obtained to help us determine proper placement of access points (APs) and evaluate the range of location error. A simulation experiment has been conducted based on typical parameters of IEEE802.11b MAC.
From Grassroots Movement to State-Coordinated Market Strategy: The Transformation of Organic Agriculture in China

The production, certification, and marketing of organic agriculture developed slowly in the West as a nongovernmental, community-based response to concerns over food safety and the environmental impacts of chemical agriculture. The current emergence of organic agriculture in less-developed nations is following a very different trajectory owing to the presence of an established global market for organic products and the developmental goals of interventionist states. In this paper I examine the emergence of state-sponsored organic marketing and certification programs in the Peoples' Republic of China as an extreme case of developmental state intervention in organic agriculture. I find that the predominance of state and market instead of community and ecology in the Chinese organic ‘movement’ has profound implications for the ability of organics to promote environmentally sustainable agriculture in less-developed nations. Direct state intervention may overcome some of the public-goods and collective-action p...
Adrenoleukodystrophy: Molecular Genetics, Pathology, and Lorenzo's oil

Knowledge about adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), a disorder which was described first in 1923, has increased greatly during recent years. The principal biochemical abnormality, the presumed enzyme defect, and the gene defect, have been defined. A dietary therapy has been proposed and attracted world-wide attention through a motion picture. Nevertheless, many questions remain and cannot be answered without a more fundamental understanding of pathology and pathogenesis. This article will provide a review of the history, clinical features, pathology, biochemistry, and the gene defect, and then appraise current efforts to clarify pathogenesis and develop therapeutic approaches.
A multinational assessment of complications in type 1 diabetes: the DiaMond substudy of complications (DiaComp) Level 1

The objectives of this study were to describe the global geographic variation of microvascular and macrovascular complications in childhood onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) and to relate any such variation to diabetes care activities such as self blood glucose monitoring and intensive insulin therapy. The DiaComp study is a multinational (17 countries) cross-sectional study of complications in T1D (n=2,657). All participants were diagnosed at < 15 years of age and had a diabetes duration of 5‐24 years when surveyed. Complications were assessed by self-report of physician diagnosis. Twenty-two centres in 17 countries achieved at least a 67% response rate and are included in the analyses. Central European centres exhibited high rates of retinopathy (Lithuania=31.6%, Romania=24.2%), laser treatment (Lithuania=25.4%) and neuropathy (Lithuania=29.9%, Romania=12.4%) in those with short duration of diabetes (5‐15 years), as did Cuba for neuropathy (15.4%). For retinopathy the geographic variation in the short-duration group was also pronounced, ranging from 1.6% in Italy to 41.6% in Lithuania, and from 0% in Brazil, Italy and Australia, to 29.9% in Lithuania for laser treatment. Variation was less dramatic for the prevalence of complications in the long-duration group (15‐25 years). Hypertension and duration were strong consistent predictors of all complications, while women had higher prevalence for half the complications (retinopathy, laser treatment and renal disease). Intensive insulin therapy and self-monitoring of blood glucose showed little association with prevalence of complications. In conclusion, this first population-based account of the geographic variation of T1D complications has demonstrated substantial variation. However, the healthcare practice variables that were measured contributed little toward explaining this variation. Diabetes Vasc Dis Res 2006;3:84‐92
Bacterial endocarditis: An analysis of factors affecting long-term survival

The records of 108 patients treated for bacterial endocarditis were reviewed. Six were diagnosed at autopsy and had not been treated for endocarditis. Of the 102 treated patients, 32 died during the first 30 days and 32 more were dead by 365 days. Although some reports indicate a much greater survival rate, our findings are more in keeping with those reports giving a rather poor long-term outlook for patients with endocarditis.
Relationships among Middle-School Adolescents' Vocational Skills, Motivational Approaches, and Interests

This study examined gender differences in relationships among vocational skills, motivational approaches, and same-gender and cross-gender interests for urban adolescents. Results showed gender differences in interests, with males having greater Realistic interests and females having greater Artistic and Social interests, based on Holland's (1997) theory of interest types. Structural equation modeling revealed that males tended to approach the occupational world with assertiveness, the desire to create opportunities, and the use of instrumental support. Females tended to approach the occupational world by being adaptable, capitalizing on their skills and abilities, actively preparing themselves for the future, exploring options, and using emotional support. Recommendations for career development practice are provided.
Priority-driven, preemptive I/O controllers for real-time systems

Current I/O controller architectures inhibit the use of priority-driven preemptive scheduling algorithms that can guarantee hard deadlines in real-time systems. This paper examines the effect of three I/O controller architectures upon schedulable utilization, which is the highest attainable resource utilization at or below which all deadlines can be guaranteed. FIFO request queueing, priority queueing, and priority queueing with preemptable service are simulated for a range of CPU computation to I/O traffic ratios. The results show that, for I/O bound tasks sets and zero preemption costs, priority queueing with preemptable service can provide a level of schedulable utilization 35% higher than that attainable with FIFO queueing and 20% higher than priority queueing and nonpreemptable service. Although the potential gain for priority queueing with preemptable service is large, further simulations that incorporate a time penalty for each preemption show that the gain is very sensitive to preemption cost. With preemption cost represented as a ratio of preemption time to the minimum task period, the level of schedulable utilization for priority queueing with preemptable service degrades to that of priority queueing with nonpreemptable service, for a preemption cost ratio of 0.04. A high level design of a preemptable I/O controller is described and the issues determining preemption cost are detailed along with techniques for its minimization.*
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical tracheobronchoplasty for tracheobronchomalacia

From the Divisions of Thoracic Surgery and Pulmonary Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Los Angeles, Calif. Disclosures: Authors have nothing to disclose with regard to commercial support. Received for publication Sept 21, 2010; revisions received Nov 10, 2010; accepted for publication Nov 23, 2010; available ahead of print Jan 31, 2011. Address for reprints: David G. Tse, MD, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, 6041 Cadillac Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90034 (E-mail: david.g.tse@kp.org). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011;142:714-6 0022-5223/$36.00 Copyright 2011 by The American Association for Thoracic Surgery doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2010.11.037
An inverse finite‐element technique to determine the change of phase interface location in two‐dimensional melting problems

This paper is concerned with a two-dimensional inverse phase change problem of particular importance to the analysis and design of welding processes. Specifically, a deforming finite-element technique is proposed to calculate the change of phase interface location in two-dimensional melting problems from temperature measurements at points inside the solid phase. The method is based on a minimization of the error between the measured and modelled temperatures at the sensor locations. It contains smoothing in time by utilizing future temperature data to calculate current values of the interface location as well as spatial smoothing. Several two-dimensional examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed numerical model.
The Determination of Lunar Daily Geophysical Variations by the Chapman-Miller Method

Summary The Chapman-Miller method is the one most widely used for the determination of lunar daily variations in geophysical data. The joint IAGA/ IAMAP committee on lunar variations has suggested that the method would be still more widely applied if a simple up-to-date account were available. This note is an attempt to provide such an account. The Chapman-Miller method is described with minimum mathematical detail, the method of determination of probable errors is improved, and a computer program is appended.
Six Related Nucleoside/Nucleobase Transporters from Trypanosoma brucei Exhibit Distinct Biochemical Functions*

Abstract Purine nucleoside and nucleobase transporters are of fundamental importance for Trypanosoma brucei and related kinetoplastid parasites because these protozoa are not able to synthesize purines de novo and must salvage the compounds from their hosts. In the studies reported here, we have identified a family of six clustered genes in T. brucei that encode nucleoside/nucleobase transporters. These genes, TbNT2/927,TbNT3, TbNT4, TbNT5,TbNT6, and TbNT7, have predicted amino acid sequences that show high identity to each other and to TbNT2, a P1 type nucleoside transporter recently identified in our laboratory. Expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes revealed that TbNT2/927, TbNT5, TbNT6, and TbNT7 are high affinity adenosine/inosine transporters with K m values of <5 μm. In addition, TbNT5, and to a limited degree TbNT6 and TbNT7, also mediate the uptake of the nucleobase hypoxanthine. Ribonuclease protection assays showed that mRNA from all of the six members of this gene family are expressed in the bloodstream stage of the T. brucei life cycle but that TbNT2/927 andTbNT5 mRNAs are also expressed in the insect stage of the life cycle. These results demonstrate that T. bruceiexpresses multiple purine transporters with distinct substrate specificities and different patterns of expression during the parasite life cycle.
The effect of East African topography on flow driven by zonally symmetric forcing.

Abstract The low-level circulation in summer over the western Indian Ocean is characterized by southeast trades that are channeled near the African coast into a concentrated southerly flow across the equator and thence north-eastward into the southwest monsoon over the Arabian Sea. It is widely accepted that deflection by the East African highlands is responsible for this flow configuration. Existing theoretical models to a greater or lesser extent, build in this deflection by imposing a western boundary extending all the way to the top of the fluid or by prescribing longitudinally dependent sources and sinks for driving the flow. The purpose of this study is to determine what flow configuration occurs when these constraints are removed. For this we use zonally symmetric forcing to drive a planetary boundary layer model formulated in a terrain-following coordinate system that permits fluid to flow over as well as along, a topographic barrier. The results support the conclusion that East African topography...
Gay Acres: Sexual Orientation Differences in Health Indicators Among Rural and Nonrural Individuals.

Purpose Geographic location is a significant factor that influences health status and health disparities. Yet, little is known about the relationship between geographic location and health and health disparities among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) persons. This study used a US population-based sample to evaluate the associations of sexual orientation with health indicators by rural/nonrural residence. Methods Data were pooled from the 10 states that collected sexual orientation in the 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys. Rural status was defined using metropolitan statistical area, and group differences by sexual orientation were stratified by gender and rural/nonrural status. Chi-square tests for categorical variables were used to assess bivariate relationships. Multivariable logistic regression models stratified by gender and rural/nonrural status were used to assess the association of sexual orientation to health indicators, while adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, education, and partnership status. All analyses were weighted to adjust for the complex sampling design. Findings Significant differences between LGB and heterosexual participants emerged for several health indicators, with bisexuals having a greater number of differences than gay men/lesbians. There were fewer differences in health indicators for rural LGB participants compared to heterosexuals than nonrural participants. Conclusions Rural residence appears to influence the pattern of LGB health disparities. Future work is needed to confirm and identify the exact etiology or rural/nonrural differences in LGB health.
Characterization of Particulate Matter with Computer-Controlled Scanning Electron Microscopy

Particulate matter samples were obtained from three upper Midwest locations with a Burkard spore-sampling device and automatic cartridge collection unit (ACCU) filter for computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy analysis. The sites consisted of two rural sites and one urban site. All samples from the Burkard sampler contained high levels of organic components such as topsoil, spores, wheat chaff, and others. The inorganic components consisted of quartz, clays, feldspars, and carbonates. Approximately 15% of the particles collected by the ACCU filter at Rural Site B had a shape factor that suggests the particles may be from a combustion process. In addition, the level of sulfates in the ACCU sample was 16%, with calcium and ammonium sulfates being most abundant.
Society of surgical oncology presidential address: friendships, partnerships, and teams--keys to academic success.

After productive careers at the Massachusetts General Hospital and Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, I accepted the position of Director and CEO of the Lucille P. Markey Cancer Center at the University of Kentucky in Lexington. I was impressed by the state, the institutional commitment to the Cancer Center, and the outstanding physical plant that involved four relatively new high-quality buildings. In the 3 years that I have been in Lexington, I have grown to greatly enjoy my new lifestyle and the many new friends that I have made at the University and in the “Bluegrass.” Lexington is known for the “three H’s”—history, horses, and hoops. History goes back to 1775, when Lexington was established and named for the first battle of the Revolutionary War. Most children have read about the life of Daniel Boone, who helped establish the state of Kentucky. The equine industry, particularly thoroughbred racehorses, is an integral component of Kentucky, particularly the Central Bluegrass region within which Lexington is situated. Keeneland Race Track is a beautiful facility that provides the venue for a very large number of the thoroughbred horse auctions that occur during the year. The last H is for hoops, which has to do with the University of Kentucky being the “winningest” basketball team in the United States. The basketball team plays in Rupp Arena, 6000 seats larger than my prior venue at Madison Square Garden. My life in Lexington is dramatically different, my having moved from an apartment in New York City to a thoroughbred horse farm in Lexington. Although only 25 minutes from the University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, I live in a rural environment. My academic career has proceeded in various venues—Boston, Bethesda, New York, Chicago, and, most recently, Lexington. As I thought about the opportunities to share some insights gained over the years with the membership of the Society of Surgical Oncology, it became clear to me that an important unifying theme has been my ability to leverage sequential friendships, partnerships, and teams as keys to academic success. It is very difficult to start an academic career and define an academic or business model for a career that will survive unchanged through a lifetime. It is the purpose of my address to share with readers the success factors that I have had in my academic career that provide what I believe are useful paradigms for others in academic surgical oncology.
Preliminary Tests of Toxicity of Synechocystis sp. Grown on Wastewater Medium

A toxic, coccoid Cyanobacteria 1.4 to 1.6 μm in diameter, was found to be dominant during summer in an algal culture used to recycle swine wastes. It has been referred to the genus Synechocystis, without species designation. Electron micrographs and phase microscopy suggest its identity with strain 6714 of Stanier et al. (1971), a chemo- and photo-heterotrophic species of Synechocystis formerly included in Aphanocapsa. It most closely resembles S. limnetica as described by Komarek (1976). The alga typically occurs as a diplococcoid uniformly distributed in the water column at densities up to 0.3 × 109 cells/ml. The whole cell absorption spectrum shows a pronounced phycocyanin peak at 630 nm. Use of the dried alga in poultry feeding trials resulted in high mortality in one instance and very low mortality in another, indicating the variable presence of toxic strains. Injection of the toxic strain i.p. at 1000 mg/kg into mice was lethal in all cases. Survival time ranged from 5 to 7 hours, liver damage was evident, and lethargy and paleness of the extremities preceded collapse. Symptoms resembled those of anatoxin-c but were attenuated. A 30 day feeding trial with 18 grower swine on diets containing 16.5% algae of the toxic strain produced no sign of toxicity in any of the experimental animals. Swine appeared to be immune to the toxin at cumulative dosages of 0.14 kg/kg. The apparent widespread occurrence of this species of Synechocystis in wastewater cultures intended for the production of animal feeds and water treatment renders its toxicological properties of special interest.
Controlling ion motion in polymer light-emitting diodes containing conjugated polyelectrolyte electron injection layers.

The properties and function of an anionic conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE)-containing ion-conducting polyethylene oxide pendant (PFPEOCO2Na) as electron injection layers (EILs) in polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) are investigated. A primary goal was to design a CPE structure that would enable acceleration of the device temporal response through facilitation of ion motion. Pristine PLEDs containing PFPEOCO2Na exhibit luminance response times on the order of tenths of seconds. This delay is attributed to the formation of ordered structures within the CPE film, as observed by atomic force microscopy. Complementary evidence is provided by electron transport measurements. The ordered structures are believed to slow ion migration within the CPE EIL and hence result in a longer temporal response time. It is possible to accelerate the response by a combination of thermal and voltage treatments that “lock” ions within the interfaces adjacent to PFPEOCO2Na. PLED devices with luminance response times of microse...
Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio: Predicting cardiovascular and renal complications in patients with diabetes.

IntroductionDiabetes mellitus (DM) is predicted to affect 7.7% of the world population by the year 2030 (Shaw, Sicree, & Zimmet, 2010). Roglic and Unwin (2010) found that DM accounted for 15.7% of deaths in the North American region. Of these deaths, the vast majority of them were caused by card
A Multiobjective Optimization Perspective on the Stability of Economic MPC

Abstract We interpret economic MPC as a scheme that trades off economic performance and stability. We use this notion to design an economic MPC controller that exploits the inherent robustness of a stable auxiliary MPC controller to enhance economic performance. Specifically, we incorporate a flexible stabilizing constraint to the economic MPC formulation that preserves stability of the auxiliary controller. We use multiobjective optimization concepts to argue that the dual variable of the stabilizing constraint can be interpreted as a price of stability and we establish an equivalence between the proposed controller and regularized economic MPC controllers. We demonstrate that nontrivial gains in economic performance can be achieved without compromising stability.
Competitive advantage of intrapreneurs in start-up business: A dynamic model

Intrapreneurs, defined as the active and creative force in the entrepreneurs, starts new business as projects, groups, or departments within an existing firm. They represent the frontier of innovation in a current standing firm and explore new growth points for the hosting organization. On the other side, entrepreneurs that start new business compete with intrapreneurs in the same pool of potential clients in the broad market. This paper attempts to explore the competitive advantages of intrapreneurs relative to entrepreneurs when starting a new area of business. The paper employs a dynamic model to identify the necessary conditions that intrapreneurs ought to be endowed to dominate entrepreneurs. This study also identifies the conditions of providing innovation-friendly environment for intrapreneurs to dominate entrepreneurs.
Exercise-mediated peripheral tissue and whole-body amino acid metabolism during intravenous feeding in normal man.

1. The effect of a daily submaximal exercise regimen on whole-body and peripheral tissue amino acid metabolism during weight-stable intravenous feeding (IVF) was evaluated in 11 normal volunteers. Five of the subjects performed 1 h of daily bicycle exercise at 75 W during IVF, while the remaining six subjects received IVF without daily exercise. Body nitrogen balance, leg and forearm plasma amino acid flux and whole-body kinetics were measured before and on day 10 of IVF using a [1- 13 C]leucine and [ 15 N]glycine tracer. 2. At the end of the IVF period, exercised subjects demonstrated leg uptake of total amino acids (237 ± 103 nmol min −1 100 ml −1 of tissue, mean ± sem) which was significantly ( P −1 100 ml −1 of tissue). 3. In the non-exercised forearm, a significant ( P −1 100 ml −1 of tissue) compared with non-exercised subjects (−460 ± 105 nmol min −1 100 ml −1 of tissue) on day 10 of IVF. 4. Efflux of 3-methylhistidine significantly ( P −1 100 ml −1 of tissue) compared with those subjects receiving IVF without daily exercise (− 1.46 ± 0.35 nmol min −1 100 ml −1 of tissue). 5. Although IVF increased whole-body leucine turnover in both exercised and non-exercised subjects, only exercised subjects demonstrated a significant ( P 15 N]glycine, was significantly ( P 6. These data demonstrate that daily submaximal exercise produced a systemic as well as limb-specific enhancement of amino acid balance in muscle, providing an anti-catabolic response under conditions of partial immobility induced by hospitalization.
4533 The detection of celiac lymphadenopathy in esopahgeal cancer by endosonography is synonymous with malignant involvement.

Background: EUS-guided FNA is the most accurate method of confirming loco-regional malignant lymphadenopathy. The additional yield of FNA beyond endosonographic characteristic is unknown. Aims: 1) To determine if the detection of a CLN by EUS, independent of FNA, indicates malignant involvement. 2) To evaluate the accuracy of EUS in detecting CLN metastasis. Methods:We reviewed all cases of esophageal cancer that underwent EUS at our institution from 1/26/94 to 11/1/99. All staging was performed with a radial scanning echoendoscope (UM-20 or UM-130). FNA was performed of all accessible CLN with a linear scanning echoendoscope (UC-30 P, UCT-30, UM-30P). Patients were included in this study if they underwent surgery (n= 59), or if they had FNA of a celiac LN (n=44). The accuracy of EUS compared to cytology or histology was subsequently determined. Results: 103 patients with esophageal cancer met inclusion criteria. Seventy eight percent were male and 76% were Caucasian. Fifty five percent had adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and 79% of the tumors were confined to the distal esophagus or GE junction. Twenty five percent underwent dilation to 45 Fr to complete the examination. No complications were encountered. EUS imaging identified 48 true positive patients with CLN, 6 false positive, 14 false negative and 35 true negative. Therefore, the sensitivity of EUS in detecting CLN was 77% (95% CI, 67-88), the specificity 85% (95% CI, 75-96), the negative predictive value 71%, and the positive predictive value 89%. The overall accuracy of EUS was 81%. EUS FNA confirmed the nature of a CLN in 88% of the cases. Seventy eight percent (21/27) of EUS-detected CLN ≤ 1cm were malignant while 100% (25/25) of EUS-detected CLN >1 cm were malignant (p=0.02). Conclusions: Approximately ninety percent of CLN detected by EUS in patients with esophageal cancer are ultimately proven to be malignant. Since cytological proof of malignant involvement is critical in clinical decision making, all visible CLN should undergo FNA. IF a CLN (>1 cm) is imaged by EUS and FNA is not technically feasible, this study suggests that the patient should be considered to have CLN malignant involvement and should be managed accordingly.
Physical Functioning and Disability Trajectories by Age of Migration Among Mexican Elders in the United States

Objectives To address a gap in our understanding of the long-term consequences of nativity and age of migration for the health of the Mexican elderly population. Method We employ age graded latent growth curve models stratified by gender to examine the extent of physical functioning and disability, measured in terms of performance-oriented mobility assessments (POMAs) and activities of daily living (ADLs) after age 65 in a large longitudinal sample of Mexican-origin individuals. Results Self-care measured ADLs show no age of migration differences. However, physical capacity measured POMAs differ significantly for men and women by age of migration. Migrants who arrived in midlife have fewer functional limitations at age 65 but have steeper increase in POMAs with age. Discussion With a rapidly changing demographic profile that includes a large number of aging Mexican-origin immigrants, our society must implement social and health policies to ameliorate the negative health outcomes among immigrant and U.S.-born minority groups.
Modern methods of analysis for three-dimensional orientational data

Abstract Structural geology studies commonly include data about orientations of objects in space. By “orientation” we mean not just a single direction, such as a foliation pole or the long axis of an ellipsoid, but a complete three-dimensional orientation of a body such as a foliation-lineation pair, a fold, an ellipsoid, etc. Over the past four decades, researchers in various fields have developed theory and algorithms for dealing with such data. In this paper, we explain how to apply orientation statistics to common geologic data types. We review plotting systems, measures of location and dispersion, inference (confidence/credible regions and hypothesis tests) for population means, and regression. We pay special attention to methods that work for small sample sizes and widely dispersed data. Our original contributions include a concept of Kamb contouring for orientations, a technique for handling anisotropy in confidence/credible regions, and large-scale numerical experiments on the performance of various inference methods. We conclude with a detailed study of foliation-lineations from the western Idaho shear zone, using statistical results to argue that the data are not consistent with a published model for them.
Theory of the Spatial Distributions of Ion Range and Energy Deposition

This paper reviews the current status of the theory of the spatial distributions of range and energy deposition by energetic atomic projectiles incident on semiconductor and metal targets. Recent advances in calculations by several techniques are considered. It is now possible to determine these distributions quite accurately; for any ion-target combination over a wide range of energies, although additional work is needed for heavy ions incident on light targets at moderate energies. Depth distributions of energy deposited into ionization for ions incident on silicon and germanium targets are presented for the first time here.
Defects in Rho GTPase Signaling to the Spine Actin Cytoskeleton in FMR1 Knockout Mice

Abstract Dendritic spines undergo actin-mediated morphological changes in association with long-term potentiation (LTP), a form of synaptic plasticity thought to underlie learning. Proper engagement of several Rho and Ras GTPase signaling pathways that regulate the actin cytoskeleton is critical for these spine changes and enduring synaptic plasticity. While protein defects in the cytoskeleton regulatory pathways are associated with intellectual disabilities, few studies have investigated how disturbances in signaling contribute to morphological and functional deficits. Here we discuss advances in our understanding of these processes in fragile X syndrome, the most prevalent form of inherited intellectual disability, from studies of Fmr1 knockout mice. Our results demonstrate that the Rac GTPase pathway is critical for the stabilization of activity-induced cytoskeletal remodeling and defective in the mutants resulting in impaired LTP stabilization. This abnormal actin regulation, coupled with a heightened induction threshold for LTP, likely contribute to learning defects in fragile X syndrome.
The Development and Validation of the University Belonging Questionnaire

ABSTRACTAlthough belonging in K–12 school settings has been abundantly researched and clearly defined, at the university level the research and construct definition is still in its infancy (Tovar & Simon, 2010). The present study sought to develop and validate an instrument measuring university belonging—the University Belonging Questionnaire (UBQ). In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted with a sample of university students (N = 421), finding a reliable scale with three factors: (a) university affiliation, (b) university support and acceptance, and (c) faculty and staff relations. In Study 2, a confirmatory factor analysis on a new sample (N = 290), confirmed the final 3-factor, 24-item model. Further analyses demonstrated the convergent and incremental validity of the UBQ, as it positively correlated with measures of perceived social support, social connectedness, and general belonging. Implications and recommendations for university belonging research are discussed.
Regulatory Logic Underlying Diversification of the Neural Crest

The neural crest is a transient, multipotent population of cells that arises at the border of the developing nervous system. After closure of the neural tube, these cells undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to delaminate and migrate, often to distant locations in the embryo. Neural crest cells give rise to a diverse array of derivatives including neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, melanocytes, and bone and cartilage of the face. A gene regulatory network (GRN) controls the specification, delamination, migration, and differentiation of this fascinating cell type. With increasing technological advances, direct linkages within the neural crest GRN are being uncovered. The underlying circuitry is useful for understanding important topics such as reprogramming, evolution, and disease.
Diversity as an Orientalist Discourse

The goal of promoting diversity is deep-rooted in the post-civil rights activities of U.S. educational institutions. Universities across the country attempt to foster diversity by seeking a diverse student body, creating initiatives that promote diversity, institutionalizing committees and administrative positions with the sole purpose of overseeing diversity, and implementing curricular strategies to support academic diversity. The pursuit of diversity is so integral to the survival and attractiveness of college campuses that some universities even lie in order to appear diverse to potential students and public supporters. Such was the case of the University of Wisconsin, Madison whose officials digitally inserted the face of a black student into an image of white football fans in order to portray a diverse picture of the university9s student body. Etemonstrating that diversity is valued is a staple of any academically competitive US university.
Constructing point form mass operators from vertex interactions

Abstract A relativistic few-body theory is formulated using point form quantum mechanics, in which all of the interactions are in the four-momentum operator and Lorentz transformations are kinematic. The four-momentum operator is written as a product of mass and four-velocity operators, where the mass operator is the sum of free and interacting mass operators. Interacting mass operators are constructed from vertices, products of local field operators, evaluated at the space–time point zero. Matrix elements of such mass operators, evaluated on four-velocity eigenstates of a truncated Fock space, which is the space of the few-body theory, are shown to behave like relativistic potentials. Examples for a simple vertex are given.
Introduction and Brief Theory

There are many texts available which deal with the theory of molecular vibrations and infrared spectra. Complete treatments are given in the books by Herzberg (1945) and by Wilson et al. (1955). Other texts that can be highly recommended are referred to in Chapter 20, which deals with information sources.
Melatonin: detoxification of oxygen and nitrogen-based toxic reactants.

In the last decade, melatonin has been found to be highly protective against damage to macromolecules resulting from oxygen and nitrogen-based reactants. Considering this. numerous studies have examined the mechanisms whereby this indoleamine directly detoxifies these damaging agents. The evidence is compelling that melatonin scavenges several oxygen-derived reactive agents including the hydroxyl radical (OH), hydrogen peroxide (H207), singlet oxygen (’02) and hypochlorous acid (HOCI). Additionally, melatonin reportedly reacts with nitric oxide (NO), the peroxynitrite anion (ONOO“) and/or peroxynitrous acid (ONOOH) to detoxify them. In some cases the products that are formed as a consequence of melatonin’s scavenging actions have been identified. Whereas the ability of melatonin to neutralize these toxic agents likely accounts, in part, for the antioxidant activity of melatonin, it is not the only means by which melatonin serves to protect molecules from oxygen and nitrogen-based reactive metabolites.
The Acute Abdomen and Laparoscopy

Use of laparoscopy in the case of the acute abdomen is advantageous as both a diagnostic and interventional tool. Gynecologic emergencies and the specialists treating them have pioneered the way for more widespread application of laparoscopy to acute abdominal pathology treated in general surgery. Laparoscopic treatment of acute cholecystitis is safe and efficacious. Efficacy of laparoscopic appendectomy is still debated but appear to be on the horizon of acceptance. Difficult diagnostic dilemmas in the acute abdominal case of any patient with atypical history or examination are best addressed by laparoscopy.
A Flexible Problem Definition for Event-Based Missions for Evaluation of Autonomous System Behavior

The design and evaluation of autonomous system behavior is commonly based on an archetypal representation of a mission within a modeling and simulation environment. In real-world operation however, autonomous systems may encounter a multitude of examples of a given mission, each a variation on the theme. From a design standpoint, it is desirable to simulate the system on many instances of a mission to evaluate robustness, and, at times, the need arises to test an autonomous behavior on a completely different mission for which the behavior is hypothesized to be applicable. The amount of time and effort required to construct new mission models can be a challenge preventing such robust investigations. In response, we describe a flexible problem definition for what we term “event-based missions” to enable evaluation of single- and multi-vehicle autonomous behaviors across a set of missions within the category. Data structures arising from the problem definition enable rapid construction of new models of event-based missions, and the flexibility of the approach is demonstrated on three missions representing extreme cases within the category.
Is now the time to invest in emergency smart-navigated multiple-response quadcopter fleets?

With increased development of unmanned aerial vehicle technology and its application during humanitarian response to emergencies, the issue of smart navigation as a better alternative to manual ope...
Acoustic trap-and-release for rapid assessment of cell motility

Functional cilia and flagella are crucial to the propulsion of physiological fluids, motile cells, and microorganisms. Motility assessment of individual cells allows discrimination of normal from dysfunctional behavior, but cell-scale analysis of individual trajectories to represent a population is laborious and impractical for clinical, industrial, and even research applications. We introduce an assay that quantifies swimming capability as a function of the variation in polar moment of inertia of cells released from an acoustic trap. Acoustic confinement eliminates the need to trace discrete trajectories and enables automated analysis of hundreds of cells in minutes. The approach closely approximates the average speed estimated from the mean squared displacement of individual cells for wild-type Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and two mutants (ida3 and oda5) that display aberrant swimming behaviors. Large-population acoustic trap-and-release rapidly differentiates these cell types based on intrinsic motility, which provides a highly sensitive and efficient alternative to conventional particle tracing.
“To me what’s important is to give respect. There is no respect in cheating”: Masculinity and Monogamy in Latino Men

Twenty Hispanic-/Latino-identifying men participated in a qualitative–quantitative mixed design study centrally focused on the melding of masculinity, masculine performances, and sexuality. Participants completed an in-depth, biographic interview and a questionnaire packet which included standard sexuality-based survey measures and other items assessing sexual attitudes and sexual history. Interviews explored men’s perceptions of masculinity, extracted meanings of romantic relationships, and attitudes about infidelity. Interpretive analyses from interview data revealed that two core traits, responsibility and respect, were central both to men’s conceptualization of masculinity and how they demonstrated intimacy in long-term relationships. Men believed their attitudes and values about relational monogamy and sexual infidelity were based foundationally on their efforts to personify responsibility and respect. Men rejected the social stereotype of the philandering Latino male. Men preferred and sought monogamous romantic and sexual relationships and characterized cheating as a demonstrable failure to honor the values of respect and responsibility.