cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Standardised measurement of self-awareness deficits in FTD and AD

Background Diminished ability to perceive one9s own impairments, whether cognitive or social, is common in dementia, in particular frontotemporal dementia (FTD), where ‘lack of insight’ is listed as a core diagnostic feature. Yet, there is no currently accepted method for measuring insight in dementia. The most commonly used methods, which involve comparing patients9 opinions of their level of impairment with the opinions of care givers or close family members, are subjective and require the participation of a knowledgeable informant. Here, the authors introduce a new method that allows objective quantification of an individual9s awareness of their cognitive abilities and relies upon objective bedside testing. Methods The authors administered several tests of everyday, real-world functions to patients with FTD (n=10) and Alzheimer9s disease (AD, n=10) and to control subjects (n=10). Prior to the tasks, participants were asked to predict their performance using a percentile-based rating system. They were also asked to estimate their performance after task completion. Differences between their self-rated and actual performances were calculated. Results Whereas the control group showed very little discrepancy between pretest predictions, post-task estimates and actual performance (mean difference of 3.9 percentile points for prediction/3.0 percentile points for post-task estimate), both patient groups overpredicted and overestimated their performance, with a significantly greater discrepancy for FTD (49.0/54.3 percentile points) than AD (27.2/28.3 percentile points). Discussion Failures of insight and self-awareness of cognitive dysfunction can be objectively measured in dementia without the assistance of an informant, which will facilitate further study of this key component of higher cognitive functioning.
The Importance of Membrane Properties and Synaptic Location in Octopus Cells of the Mammalian Cochlear Nucleus: A Modeling Study

The cochlear nucleus (CN) is the gateway to the central auditory system. The auditory nerve branches and terminates in the CN forming separate tonotopic maps in each of the nucleus’s three subdivisions. Octopus cells are found exclusively in the posteroventral cochlear nucleus and project to the inferior colliculus. These cells are sensitive to physical properties of sound, such as frequency, intensity, and amplitude fluctuations, although their role in auditory processing is unknown. Over a 40 dB dynamic range, the octopus cell always fires an action potential at the onset of a pure tone and then fires randomly at much lower rates throughout the rest of the tone. This onset response has not yet been explained in terms of the cell’s known physiological and anatomical properties, which include a fast membrane, highly convergent primary afferent inputs, and few inhibitory inputs. A better understanding of the properties underlying this response will provide increased, quantitative insight into auditory processing.
Implementing a Pediatric Obesity Care Guideline in a Freestanding Children's Hospital to Improve Child Safety and Hospital Preparedness

Medical and surgical care of children with severe obesity is complicated and requires recognition of the problem, appropriate equipment, and safe management. There is little literature describing patient, provider, and institutional needs for the severely obese pediatric patient. Nonetheless, the limited data suggest 3 broad categories of needs unique to this population: (a) airway management, (b) drug dosing and pharmacology, and (c) equipment and infrastructure. We describe an opportunity at the Children's Hospital Colorado to better prepare and optimize care for this patient population by creation of a Pediatric Obesity Care Guideline that focused on key areas of quality and safety.
Description of Generator Auxiliaries

This chapter contains sections titled: Lubrication System Hydrogen Seal Oil System Stator Water-Cooling System Hydrogen System ]]>
Role of Grid Adaptation in Optical Turbulence Prediction

New grid adaptation approaches have been developed for the dynamic solution adaptation grid algorithm (DSAGA) to improve grid refinement for optical turbulence prediction. The grid adaptation algorithm and a four-equation hybrid LES/RANS turbulence model developed earlier have been incorporated into the numerical weather prediction code MM5 (adaptive version) to provide a new approach for the calculation of C 2 n, a quantitative measure of atmospheric optical turbulence. By comparing with observation, the numerical results suggest that combination of the new grid adaptation scheme and the turbulence model is capable of improving C 2 prediction with dynamic grid refinement in the stratosphere with little increase in computational eort.
Feeding and Nutrition of the Milkweed Bug, Oncopeltus Fasciatus (Dallas)

Feeding behavior of fifth-instar nymphs was studied utilizing a photographic technique with exposures on color film made, usually, at 60-second intervals. On the natural diet of milkweed seed, feeding occurred in cycles averaging about 22 hours, separated by inactive intervals of 2 to 6 hours. Feeding activities occupied about 75% of each major feeding cycle. No feeding was done during the 48 hours preceding the imaginal (final) ecdysis. Intensity of feeding and characteristics of feeding behavior were markedly influenced by the presence or absence of the milkweed seed coat. The seed coat factors important to normal feeding have not been identified, but are presumed to be chemotactic in nature. The apparent deficiencies of a purified diet developed in earlier work were shown not to be nutritional; instead, they were related to a failure of this diet to meet the feeding requirements of the bug.
Clinical Effects of Testosterone Supplementation Among Hypo-Androgenic Men With Preexisting Severe Coronary Artery Disease: The Intermountain Heart Collaborative Study

Low serum testosterone (T) is an independent risk factor for CV and total mortality. The impact of T therapy on CV outcomes, especially among older men with pre-existing severe CAD, is unknown. All men >50 yrs of age, with severe CAD (≥70% stenosis), a low (<212 ng/dL) baseline T level, 1 follow-
Anterior Tibial Stress Fracture: Case Report

Cet article rapporte le cas d'une fracture de fatigue sur la partie anterieure de la diaphyse tibiale chez une sportive de haut niveau. La scintigraphie osseuse permet de visualiser le processus de cicatrisation
Yoga, quality of life, anxiety, and trauma in low-income adults with mental illness: A mixed-methods study

ABSTRACTWe used a mixed-methods convergent parallel design to explore the effect of yoga on quality of life, trauma, and anxiety in low-income adults with mental illness. Participants included a convenience sample (N = 18) of parents at a community mental health agency who participated in a six-week yoga intervention. Participants completed standardized measures of quality of life, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) pre- and post-intervention. Focus groups were conducted to further explore barriers to and the effects of participation in the yoga intervention. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Tests indicated a statistically significant decrease in anxiety and PTSD after the yoga intervention, but no significant changes in quality of life or trait anxiety. Qualitative results reveal five themes related to participation in yoga classes, including barriers to participation and ways to improve the class. Qualitative results corroborate quantitative findings, suggesting improved relaxation and anger manage...
Quantitative measures of facial expression for patients with head and neck cancer

In addition to changes in facial morphology, head and neck cancer treatment can impact the facial expression. Quantification of changes in facial expression, particularly of smiling, would enable a deeper understanding of the relationship between physical changes and psychosocial adjustment in patients being treated for facial cancer. This study proposes 48 quantitative facial expression measures, which consist of the length normalized distances and slopes between 27 manually annotated fiducial points on standard 2D clinical photographs of patients with head and neck cancer. Using the proposed measures, the maximum intensity of smiling for patients with head and neck cancer prior to their treatments was compared to that of a sample from a healthy population. A total of 7 facial expression measures captured statistically significant differences between patients with head and neck cancer and healthy individuals. These measures suggest that patients with head and neck cancer are less expressive than people without head and neck cancer. This study is the first attempt to quantify the facial expression of patients with head and neck cancer and to build a foundation for studying how surgical interventions may affect their facial expressions. Moreover, this study lays the groundwork for future investigation of the relationship between facial expression and psychosocial adjustment in cancer patients.
The past, present and future of microbiome analyses

This Perspective from Janet Jansson and colleagues reviews the development of microbiome analysis technologies over the last decade, and comments on the future potential of this fast-moving field. Over the last decade, technical advances in nucleic acid sequencing and mass spectrometry have enabled faster and more informative metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, metaproteomic and metabolomic measurements. Here we review key improvements in multi-omic environmental and human microbiome analyses, and discuss developments required to address current measurement shortcomings.
Risk and Rehabilitation: Management and Treatment of Substance Misuse and Mental Health in the Criminal Justice System, by Aaron Pycroft and Suzie Clift (Eds.)

Understanding risk as a treatment variable and how this affects individuals and communities provide central themes to Risk and Rehabilitation, edited by Pycroft and Clift. To sufficiently address t...
Salvage Therapy with Flag/Idarubicin/Mylotarg (Flag-IM) Results in a Superior CR/CRp Rate and Low Toxicity When Compared to Mitoxantrone/Etoposide/Cytarabine (MEC) in Patients with Relapsed and Refractory AML.

Salvage therapy for relapsed AML has been historically unsatisfactory. Response to salvage therapy for AML was investigated using a retrospective chart review of patients at the Siteman Cancer Center who failed standard induction therapy. We identified and studied 42 patients with relapsed (N=24) or refractory (N=18) AML who received either (33/42 patients) Mitoxantrone 8mg/m2, Etoposide 100 mg/m2, Cytarabine 1000 mg/m2 (days 1–5) (MEC) or (9/42 patients) Mitoxantrone 10 mg/m2, Etoposide 100 mg/m2 (days 1–5) (MV) as salvage therapy. 40/42 patients were evaluable for response by formal restaging after day +30. 13/40 entered a CR and 7/40 entered a CRp. Only 7/20 (35%) CR/CRp remained progression free with a median follow up of 5.3 months (range = 2–10 months). 6/7 who remained in CR/CRp received an allogeneic stem cell transplant and/or donor lymphocyte infusion after treatment. Median follow up for transplanted patients is 38 months with a range of 10–80 months. A similar analysis was performed on 16 patients with relapsed (N= 12) or refractory (N= 4) AML that received Fludarabine 25mg/m2, Cytarabine 2000 mg/m2, Idarubicin 12mg/m2 (days 1–5), G-CSF 5mcg/kg (day 1+), and Gemtuzumab 9 mg/m2 (day 8) (Flag-IM) for CD33+ AML. Only 15/16 patients were evaluable for response by formal restaging after day +30. Flag-IM treatment resulted in 12/15 patients achieving CR/CRp (6 CR, 6CRp). This group included 3 patients that had previously failed MEC or MV salvage therapy. 10/12 CR/CRp patients received allogeneic transplants (4 sib, 6 unrelated) and 5 (50%) are alive and disease-free with a median survival of 13.4 months (range2–27) months. In spite of a short median duration of only two months (range 1–4) from Flag-IM to allogeneic transplant, no veno-occulsive disease (0/10) was observed, and only 4/10 patients developed mild hyperbilirubinemia (range 1.3–3.8) after myeloablative conditioning for allogeneic transplant. In conclusion, in this limited retrospective analysis, Flag-IM results in a superior CR/CRp rates when compared to MEC/MV (80% versus 50%) (p = 0.045 by 2 sided t-test) in patients with relapsed/refractory AML. Thirty day treatment related mortality after MEC/MV (2/42) and Flag-IM (1/16) were similarly low, as was VOD in patients receiving myeloablative allotransplant after Flag-IM (0/10). DFS after allogeneic transplant in those patients achieving CR/CRp after MEC/MV (6/20) and Flag-IM (4/10) (p=0.34) were similar. No patient survived greater then 10 months without allogeneic transplant. Flag-IM is an effective salvage therapy associated with acceptable toxicity in patients with relapsed refractory AML.
Exploring the Molecular Mechanisms for Enhancing MSC Homing and Lodgement within Sites of Liver Damage/Fibrosis.

Abstract Exogenous stem cells such as human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) have been reported to be applicable for tissue repair, as in the case of chronic liver injury. However, one of the limitations in achieving high enough level of stem cell engraftment at these damaged sites is the low level of recruitment of exogenous stem cells. Our goals in the current studies are to enhance recruitment of human MSC to sites of tissue damage and to equip the MSC with high enzymatic activity to digest through areas of fibrosis surrounding of the damaged tissue, in this case, an immune deficient mouse model of CCl4-mediated liver damage as we have previously reported (Wang et al, 2003). Pretreatment of HepG2 cells with hypoxia significantly increased the levels of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor, c-met. Since HGF is both a growth factor and a chemotactic agent found at high levels within sites of hypoxic liver injury, we hypothesized that pre-treatment of MSC with hypoxia would increase the expression of c-met and thus, would enhance the sensitivity of MSC to the chemotactic effect of HGF. First, we demonstrated that in the absence of serum and any exogenous growth factor, a 16-hr hypoxic treatment of MSC increased the total cellular protein level of c-met, as well as the total cellular phosphotyrosine activity following HGF stimulation. 3T3 fibroblasts engineered to secrete human HGF were plated in the bottom well of the transmigration assay and human PKH26-labeled MSC pre-incubated in hypoxic vs. normoxic conditions were added to the upper transwell. Transmigrated cells were enumerated after 3 hours to measure the functional role of c-met induction. Preliminary results show enhanced directional transmigration of hypoxia pre- treated MSC toward an HGF gradient, when compared to normoxic treated MSC. Next, we addressed the issue of liver fibrosis as a possible physical barrier that could block the entry of exogenously recruited MSC into the sites of liver damage. We demonstrated that the combination of hypoxia and HGF modulated the degree of matrix metalloproteinase (mmp2 and mmp9) activity in MSC. In addition, recent studies identified the presence of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) on hematopoietic stem cells. We show here for the first time, that uPAR can also be found on MSC. Ongoing studies are assessing the changes in uPAR and uPA activity following hypoxic culture. We hypothesize that changes in MMP and uPA activity can affect the ability of MSC to engraft/lodge within the fibrotic tissue. In conclusion, we propose that the pre-treatment of MSC with hypoxia and HGF might not only enhance the migration of exogenous stem cells to the site of liver damage but also enhance their ability to degrade the accumulated fibrosis at sites of injury for entry into the regions of damaged tissue.
Lattice QCD exploration of parton pseudo-distribution functions

We demonstrate a new method of extracting parton distributions from lattice calculations. The starting idea is to treat the generic equal-time matrix element $\mathcal{M}(P{z}_{3},{z}_{3}^{2})$ as a function of the Ioffe time $\ensuremath{\nu}=P{z}_{3}$ and the distance ${z}_{3}$. The next step is to divide $\mathcal{M}(P{z}_{3},{z}_{3}^{2})$ by the rest-frame density $\mathcal{M}(0,{z}_{3}^{2})$. Our lattice calculation shows a linear exponential ${z}_{3}$-dependence in the rest-frame function, expected from the $Z({z}_{3}^{2})$ factor generated by the gauge link. Still, we observe that the ratio $\mathcal{M}(P{z}_{3},{z}_{3}^{2})/\mathcal{M}(0,{z}_{3}^{2})$ has a Gaussian-type behavior with respect to ${z}_{3}$ for 6 values of $P$ used in the calculation. This means that $Z({z}_{3}^{2})$ factor was canceled in the ratio. When plotted as a function of $\ensuremath{\nu}$ and ${z}_{3}$, the data are very close to ${z}_{3}$-independent functions. This phenomenon corresponds to factorization of the $x$- and ${k}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$-dependence for the TMD $\mathcal{F}(x,{k}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}^{2})$. For small ${z}_{3}\ensuremath{\le}4a$, the residual ${z}_{3}$-dependence is explained by perturbative evolution, with ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}/\ensuremath{\pi}=0.1$.
Biotreatability of Blow Heat Condensates with and without Hydrogen Peroxide Pretreatment

Pulp mill modifications implemented by kraft mills for the purposes of controlling air emissions, such as the installation of indirect secondary condensers installed in blow heat handling systems, may result in altered characteristics of wastewater treatment plant influents. This study examines the impacts on biological treatment processes associated with the presence of blow heat condensates in the influent stream. In addition, the effectiveness of pretreatment of the condensate stream with hydrogen peroxide, in the presence of the ferric ion, is examined under controlled conditions through the use of bench-scale bioreactors. The study results indicate that the presence of blow heat condensates may adversely impact the mixed liquor settleability properties in the activated sludge process, although subsequent trials conducted to re-create this condition were not successful. Effluent soluble BOD5 was not affected by the presence of the condensates. Ferric/peroxide pretreatment was found not to be effective at destroying either the methanol or the turpentine present in the condensate stream. However, a significant improvement in Microtox biological response was observed, presumably due to a reaction between the ferric ion and reduced sulfur compounds. Furthermore, no adverse impacts on settleability were observed in a bio-reactor receiving condensates which were pretreated with ferric/ieroxide.
Light-emitting diodes in dermatology: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE In dermatology, patient and physician adoption of light-emitting diode (LED) medical technology continues to grow as research indicates that LEDs may be used to treat skin conditions. The goal of this systematic review is to critically analyze published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and provide evidence-based recommendations on the therapeutic uses of LEDs in dermatology based on published efficacy and safety data. METHODS A systematic review of the published literature on the use of LED treatments for skin conditions was performed on September 13th 2017. RESULTS Thirty-one original RCTs were suitable for review. CONCLUSIONS LEDs represent an emerging modality to alter skin biology and change the paradigm of managing skin conditions. Acne vulgaris, herpes simplex and zoster, and acute wound healing received grade of recommendation B. Other skin conditions received grade of recommendation C or D. Limitations of some studies include small patient sample sizes (n < 20), absent blinding, no sham placebo, and varied treatment parameters. Due to few incidences of adverse events, affordability, and encouraging clinical results, we recommend that physicians use LEDs in clinical practice and researchers continue to explore the use of LEDs to treat skin conditions. Lasers Surg. Med. 9999:1-16, 2018. © 2018 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Death Genes in T Cells

Apoptosis is a general phenomenon which occurs in many organisms and in many cell types. It is characterized by chromosomal condensation, cleavage of DNA into nucleosome size fragments and subsequent cell death (Cohen et al. 1992; Ellis et al. 1991; Oppenheim 1991; Wyllie et al. 1984). Apoptosis occurs in more than 95% of thymocytes during development as a consequence of negative selection or lack of positive selection. Apoptosis is also likely to occur during peripheral tolerance in mature T cells (for review, see Cohen et al. 1992; Korsmeyer 1992). In vitro, T cell apoptosis can be initiated using antibodies for the CD3 T cell receptor complex, steroids, irradiation, and antibody specific for the Fas antigen (see below). The many cell death processes differ in their requirements and pathways. For example, the p53 gene is required for irradiation-induced T cell death but not for anti-CD3- or glucocorticoid-induced death (Lowe et al. 1993). Apoptosis by anti-CD3 and glucocorticoid requires gene transcription whereas Fas-mediated cell death does not (Cohen and Eisenberg 1992).
The Discreet Charm of the Nonprofit Form: Service Professionals and Nonprofit Organizations (Poland 1989-1993)

This paper examines the role of social proximity (nonprofit) organizations in the process of professional innovation that involved a transfer of human service technologies from Western Europe and the United States to Poland during the 1989 political–economic reform. To explain that role, the paper introduces a theoretical model that posits the existence of elective affinity between the social proximity form and occupational interests of service providers. As the existing system of professions is no longer sufficient to legitimate expert services and curb competition among different types of providers, the social proximity form bestows social legitimacy on novel or controversial types of services, and is thus instrumental in marketing those services. The proposed model is supported by quantitative data and in-depth interviews. Theoretical implications are discussed.
Abstract B07: Asian American women's perspectives toward donating healthy breast tissue: Implications for recruitment methods and messaging

As long as they remain in their homelands, Asian women have a lower risk than Caucasians, African Americans, and Latinas of developing breast cancer (BC). Yet once Asians move to the U.S. their risk rates measurably increase. The Susan G. Komen® Tissue Bank at the IU Simon Cancer Center (KTB) is the only biobank of its kind in the world that collects healthy breast tissue from women of all racial groups to use as controls in BC research. The KTB represents a critical tool in efforts to treat and prevent BC; however, Asian American (AA) women display marked reticence towards donating breast tissue to the KTB. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to use the basic components of Grounded Practical Theory to explore potential messaging that may result in AAs9 more positive outlook on breast tissue donation. This study recruited seventeen (N=17) AA women to share their perspectives on donating breast tissue for research purposes. Participants took part in an interactive focus group exploring potential messaging for successfully recruiting AA women to the KTB study. Findings revealed that: a) participants retained a culturally embedded discomfort with donating, and a general distrust that their donation would be handled ethically and appropriately; b) the women possessed an extraordinary need for knowledge about all facets of the donation process; c) participants perceived that they lack a personal connection to BC, making it difficult for them to generate any truly altruistic tendencies to perform the desired behavior, or to understand a need to do so; and d) they possess a strong desire to learn why it seems important to the KTB to collect their tissue, and especially about the increased BC rates and risk for Asians who move to or are born in the U.S. The findings from this study have important implications for others who work in applied clinical settings and are interested in addressing racial disparities in medical research through more effective and targeted recruitment messaging. Citation Format: Katherine E. Ridley-Merriweather. Asian American women9s perspectives toward donating healthy breast tissue: Implications for recruitment methods and messaging [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Tenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2017 Sep 25-28; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018;27(7 Suppl):Abstract nr B07.
High-Resolution Pulse Oximetry (HRPO): A Cost-Effective Tool in Screening for Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in Acute Stroke and Predicting Outcome.

Abstract Introduction Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a well-known risk factor for stroke. This is attributed to multiple mechanisms such as endothelial dysfunction, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, and comorbid obesity. STOP questionnaire alone is unreliable to diagnose OSA and in-hospital sleep study is costly and can be technically challenging. We used high-resolution pulse oximetry (HRPO) to test the feasibility of screening for OSA and predicting outcome. Methods Data from 115 stroke patients who underwent HRPO was collected including Oxygen desaturation index (ODI) Results Overall 115 patients with valid HRPO data were included in the study. Mean age was 64±12years with 68% white, 22% black, and 10% Hispanic population. Of this cohort of 115 patients, 56% were males. Of the subjects enrolled 22 had atrial fibrillation, 27 had type 2 diabetes, 7 had resistant hypertension, and 7 had patient foramen ovale. Of the 115 patients, 75 patients were found to have ODI of >10 and the mean ODI was 29±30. The NIHSS on admission was 6.14±6.93 and on discharge was 4.46±4.59, mRS on discharge was 1.70±1.67 with 52% being discharged home, 43% to rehab, 2% nursing home, and 3% to long-term acute care facility. In this study, we show a strong association between atrial fibrillation and increasing ODI (P Conclusions Our study showed that there is a significant burden of OSA in acute stroke patients. ODI emerged as a predictor of atrial fibrillation and discharge disposition in our study. HRPO may be a cost-effective tool to screen and evaluate for OSA in acute stroke patients.
Independence after stroke: Mind over matter.

Stroke is currently the fifth highest cause of death in the United States and a leading cause of long-term disability.1 While physicians, patients, and their families crave answers regarding potential prognosis immediately after infarct, few tools currently exist for such predication, especially in the acute setting. For many years, the recovery literature focused on improvement in motor function. More recently, attention has shifted toward cognition, which can be substantially impaired after even minor stroke.2,3 This dysfunction can be progressive4 and may therefore affect long-term prognosis and reduce quality of life.2,3,5 Cognitive dysfunction, however, not only may be an important component of a poor long-term outcome but also may serve as a predictor for those at highest risk of functional decline after stroke.
Design and Synthesis of Hybrid Materials with POSS

This chapter describes essential aspects related to design and fabrication of organic–inorganic hybrid structure based on polymeric materials and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS). POSS is a class of organosilicic three-dimensional compounds with cage or non-cage framework. The POSS nanoparticle possesses size of few nm and has monodisperse and rigid structure. The POSS nanoparticle also has unique capability to reinforce numerous polymers (polyamide, epoxy, polyurethane, poly(vinyl chloride), poly(ethylene glycol), etc.). Various strategies have been adopted for the incorporation of POSS into polymer matrices via chemical cross-linking or physical blending. The design and structure of final hybrids have been found to influence by POSS surface functional groups and POSS content. Owing to POSS nanometer size and exceptional features, the hybrid materials own superior structural and functional properties such as mechanical strength, thermal stability, optical properties, low toxicity, and biocompatibility. The state of POSS-containing polymer hybrids with respect to current challenges and future prospects has also been described. The focus of this article is to present an account of fundamental understanding of structure, functional properties, synthesis, and design challenges of POSS-containing polymer hybrids.
The Pythagorean Theorem and the Angle Sum and Difference Identitites

The trigonometric identities sin(α+β)=sin(α)cos(β)+cos(α)sin(β) and cos(α-β)=cos(α)cos(β)+sin(α)sin(β) each imply the Pythagorean identity and consequently the Pythagorean theorem by setting α + β ...
Regulatory Requirements for Cell-Based Therapy for Degenerative Retinal Disease

Cell therapies present many unique challenges to regulators. The science is continuing to advance. Cell replacement therapy is part of the Audacious Goals Initiative of the U.S. National Eye Institute, and viewed as having great promise in restoring vision through regeneration (Levin et al., Ophthalmology 124:926–934, 2017). However, the risks to patients, including unethical promotion by unscrupulous organizations, are real. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) each have published guidance on many aspects of the investigational use of cell therapy—part of the larger group of human cells, tissues, or cellular or tissue-based products (HCT/Ps). HCT/Ps are regulated primarily as biologics.
Relationships Among Dietary Cognitive Restraint, Food Preferences, and Reaction Times.

Objective To assess the associations between dietary cognitive restraint, disinhibited eating, and how taste and health perceptions relate to food preference; and further, whether cognitive restraint and disinhibited eating are associated with food preference decision reaction time. Methods Five hundred and seventeen adults participated in the study. Dietary cognitive restraint and disinhibited eating were assessed using the shortened Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R18). Participants also completed a dietary decision-making task to examine their food-related decisions. Participants were presented with 50 food items and asked to rate them for health and for taste. Participants were then presented with a reference food item and comparison items one at a time and asked to indicate which of the two foods they would prefer to eat. Results Participants with higher levels of cognitive restraint were more sensitive to health perceptions whereas those with higher levels of disinhibited eating were more sensitive to taste perceptions when indicating food preference. Reaction time analysis corroborated these results. Being classified as high for cognitive restraint was associated with faster reaction times if the preferred food was rated as healthier than the referent food. Conversely, being classified as high for disinhibited eating was associated with faster reaction times if the preferred food was rated as tastier than the referent food. Conclusion The dietary decision-making task appears to capture distinct aspects of dietary restraint and disinhibition and may be useful in future studies to measure and/or alter levels of dietary restraint and disinhibition.
Identifying misbonded atoms in the 2019 CoRE metal–organic framework database

Databases of experimentally-derived metal–organic framework (MOF) crystal structures are useful for large-scale computational screening to identify which MOFs are best-suited for particular applications. However, these crystal structures must be cleaned to identify and/or correct various artifacts. The recently published 2019 CoRE MOF database (Chung et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 2019, 64, 5985–5998) reported thousands of experimentally-derived crystal structures that were partially cleaned to remove solvent molecules, to identify hundreds of disordered structures (approximately thirty of those were corrected), and to manually correct approximately 100 structures (e.g., adding missing hydrogen atoms). Herein, further cleaning of the 2019 CoRE MOF database is performed to identify structures with misbonded or isolated atoms: (i) structures containing an isolated atom, (ii) structures containing atoms too close together (i.e., overlapping atoms), (iii) structures containing a misplaced hydrogen atom, (iv) structures containing an under-bonded carbon atom (which might be caused by missing hydrogen atoms), and (v) structures containing an over-bonded carbon atom. This study should not be viewed as the final cleaning of this database, but rather as progress along the way towards the goal of someday achieving a completely cleaned set of experimentally-derived MOF crystal structures. We performed atom typing for all of the accepted structures to identify those structures that can be parameterized by previously reported forcefield precursors (Chen and Manz, RSC Adv., 2019, 9, 36492–36507). We report several forcefield precursors (e.g., net atomic charges, atom-in-material polarizabilities, atom-in-material dispersion coefficients, electron cloud parameters, etc.) for more than five thousand MOFs in the 2019 CoRE MOF database.
Protocol for In Vivo Evaluation and Use of Destabilizing Domains in the Eye, Liver, and Beyond

Destabilizing domains (DDs) have been used successfully to conditionally control the abundance of proteins of interest (POIs) in a small-molecule-dependent manner in mice, worms (Caenorhabditis elegans), and Drosophila. However, development of such systems must account for delivery of the DD-POIs to the target tissue, accessibility of the target tissue to the small molecule, and quantification of stabilization. Here, we describe the considerations and steps to take in order to effectively implement a DD-POI in mouse ocular and hepatic tissue. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Datta et al. (2018), Ramadurgum and Hulleman (2020), and Ramadurgum et al. (2020).
Military Coalitions and the Politics of Information

When can diplomatic communication facilitate military cooperation? I analyze a formal model in which states may form coalitions for war but are uncertain about a partner’s willingness to fight. I d...
Expectable environments in early life

Humans develop in the context of environmental information that can be considered either experience-expectant or experience-dependent. Though the exact timing of sensitive period closures and consequences of environmental experiences have not been well delineated, early life is a period of increased vulnerability. While some forms of care (e.g., institutional care for children; representing the absence of experience-expectant caregiving) are not present in the evolutionary history of humans, it is likely that what is considered significant hardship today may have been more typical experience-dependent environmental information in the evolutionary timescale. Thus, assumptions that threatening or neglectful experiences are unexpected for the human child may not fit well in the scope of the broader timescale of human history. We argue that it is important to consider early caregiving experiences from the context of what has been expected in our evolutionary past rather than what is expected in modern sociocultural terms.
An Examination of Software Tool Features Needed to Help Secure Energy Delivery Industrial Control Systems

In December 2015, coordinated cyberattacks targeting Ukrainian power distribution systems’ information technology (IT), industrial control systems (ICS), and operational technology (OT) resulted in physical damage to Ethernet serial converters, intentional disabling of distribution facility backup generators, denial of service attacks on customer support call centers, and permanent destruction of workstation hard drive data, causing temporary citywide power grid failure that affected 225,000 people. It was discovered the attack in Ukraine took place months after initial network penetration, after extensive surveillance and data gathering was first performed, indicating cyber attackers are attempting to prolong intrusions and avoid detection in an effort to practice, simulate, and perfect militarized-style attack architectures to maximize damages. In March of 2018, after joint collaboration, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and FBI released an alert that documented details of a multi-year, extensive surveillance and intrusion campaign from state sponsored “threat actors” that widely penetrated U.S. energy distribution systems with malware designed to enable covert remote access and technical manipulation abilities, to be able to perform similar attacks on American power grids. The growing number of cyber-physical intrusions to energy distribution systems require preventative, structured cybersecurity analysis to produce attack scenarios, causal factors, design changes, and new requirements to secure energy systems before systems are compromised, ideally at system design and development time. Hazard analysis, safety analysis, and reliability analysis must no longer be considered solely from the point of view of single component, engineering-based failures, but must all evolve to foresee premeditated, malicious, and coordinated actions of human organizations that intentionally cause disastrous multi-component failure scenarios after careful reconnaissance and reverse engineering. In this paper, we explain systems theoretic cybersafety, we document an exploration of software tool features that support systems theoretic cybersafety analysis automation, provide a detailed list of STAMP software tool specification requirement areas to consider when designing future systems theoretic cybersafety tools, and finally we include some data structures for systems theoretic cybersafety analysis information organization. Through an energy distribution system example in Section 3, we also demonstrate how one currently may use software tool features to perform systems theoretic cybersafety analysis using STAMP, and produce system changes to defend and defeat when analyzing existing systems or designing new ones.
THE BIONIC WOMAN AND FEMINIST ETHICS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE 1970s TELEVISION SERIES By David Greven. McFarland, 2020. 178 pp. $39.95 softcover.

In the realm of 1970s sci-fi futurist themes, few concepts reverberated across the landscape of American popular culture with greater reach than the promise of human bionics. Beginning with a trilo...
Pictures in Perspective

Perspective is the simplest and most direct way of creating the illusion of depth in a picture of spatially extended objects. The more or less correctly placed vanishing points of parallel lines, the estimated regression of evenly spaced points on a line, the elliptically compressed circles: all these tricks of perspective do more than merely please the eye. They help the viewer guess correctly where the artist meant to place things relative to each other. For example, even a modest amount of perspective convergence prevents you from mistaking a three-dimensional picture for a two-dimensional diagram.
A Review of “Cheating Lessons: Learning from Academic Dishonesty”

Lang offers an optimistic principle: educational practices that reduce academic dishonesty can also support learning. In Cheating Lessons, he outlines ways to create environments that discourage ch...
Conceptual Framework for Changes of Extremes of the Hydrological Cycle with Climate Change

A physically based conceptual framework is put forward that explains why an increase in heavy precipitation events should be a primary manifestation of the climate change that accompanies increases in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increase downwelling infrared radiation, and this global heating at the surface not only acts to increase temperatures but also increases evaporation which enhances the atmospheric moisture content. Consequently all weather systems, ranging from individual clouds and thunderstorms to extratropical cyclones, which feed on the available moisture through storm-scale moisture convergence, are likely to produce correspondingly enhanced precipitation rates. Increases in heavy rainfall at the expense of more moderate rainfall are the conseqUence along with increased runoff and risk of flooding. However, because of constraints in the surface energy budget, there are also implications for the frequency and/or efficiency of precipitation. It follows that increased attention should be given to trends in atmospheric moisture content, and datasets on hourly precipitation rates and frequency need to be developed and analyzed as well as total accumulation.
Jet Physics at CDF

Jets have been studied by the CDF Collaboration [1] as a means of searching for new particles and interactions, testing a variety of perturbative QCD predictions, and providing input for the global parton distribution function (PDF) fits. Unless otherwise indicated below, the jets were reconstructed using a cone algorithm [2] with cone radius R = 0.7 from data taken at the Fermilab Tevatron collider in Run 2, 2001-2003, with {radical}s = 1.96 TeV. Central jets, in the pseudorapidity range relative to fixed detector coordinates 0.1 < |{eta}| < 0.7, are used.
A result on C 4 -star Ramsey numbers

Abstract In this paper, we will show that the Ramsey number r(C4,K1,n+1)⩽r(C4,K1,n) + 2 for all positive integers n. This result answers a question proposed by Burr, Erdos, Faudree, Rousseau, and Schelp.
Inhibition of growth, transformation, and expression of human papillomavirus type 16 E7 in human keratinocytes by alpha interferons.

Abstract We used a model system of normal human keratinocytes (HKc) and HKc immortalized with human papillomavirus type 16 DNA (HKc/HPV16) to investigate the effects of alpha interferons (IFN-alpha) on the growth of HPV16-immortalized human epithelial cells, on HPV16-mediated immortalization of normal HKc, and on HPV16 gene expression. Normal HKc and HKc/HPV16 were treated with several recombinant human IFN-alpha subtypes (IFN-alpha B, IFN-alpha D, and IFN-alpha B/D). These IFN-alpha subtypes inhibited proliferation of both normal HKc and HKc/HPV16 in a dose-dependent fashion; however, although 1,000 to 10,000 U of IFN-alpha per ml were required to inhibit growth of normal HKc, HKc/HPV16 were substantially growth inhibited by 100 U/ml. In addition, 100 U of IFN-alpha B/D per ml inhibited transformation of normal HKc by HPV16 DNA. Northern (RNA) blot analysis showed no effect of IFN-alpha on the mRNA levels of the HPV16 E6 and E7 open reading frames. However, immunofluorescence studies of the HPV16 E6 and E7 proteins with anti-E6 and anti-E7 monoclonal antibodies showed significant inhibition of E7 protein expression in cells treated with IFN-alpha, whereas E6 protein expression was not altered. The inhibition of E7 protein expression in cells treated with IFN-alpha was further confirmed by Western immunoblot analysis. These results suggest that IFN-alpha may inhibit HPV16-mediated transformation of HKc and proliferation of HKc/HPV16 through an inhibition of HPV16 E7 protein expression.
Passive transfer of Lambert-Eaton syndrome to mice induces dihydropyridine sensitivity of neuromuscular transmission.

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a paraneoplastic disorder in which autoantibodies apparently target the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels that regulate acetylcholine (ACh) release at motor nerve terminals. P/Q-type Ca2+ channels are primarily involved in ACh release at mammalian neuromuscular junctions. Passive transfer of LEMS to mice by repeated administration of plasma from LEMS patients reduces the amplitude of the perineurial P/Q-type current, and unmasks a dihydropyridine (DHP)-sensitive L-type Ca2+ current at the motor nerve terminal. The present study sought to determine if this DHP-sensitive component contributes to ACh release. Mice were treated for 30 days with plasma from healthy human controls or patients with LEMS. For some studies, diaphragms from naive mice were incubated with LEMS or control human plasma for 2 or 24 h. End-plate potentials (EPPs) and miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs) were recorded from neuromuscular junctions in the hemidiaphragm. Treatment of mice with LEMS plasma evoked the characteristic electrophysiological signs of LEMS: reduced quantal content and facilitation of EPP amplitudes at high-frequency stimulation. Quantal content was also reduced in muscles incubated acutely with LEMS plasma. Nimodipine, a DHP-type blocker of L-type Ca2+ channels, did not significantly affect the quantal content of muscles treated for 2 or 24 h with either control or LEMS plasma, or following chronic treatment with control plasma. However, following 30 days treatment with LEMS plasma, nimodipine significantly reduced the remaining quantal content to 57.7 ± 3.3% of pre-nimodipine control levels. Thus, DHP-sensitive Ca2+ channels become involved in synaptic transmission at the mouse neuromuscular junction after chronic, but not acute treatment with LEMS plasma. However, reductions in quantal release of ACh occur even after very short periods of exposure to LEMS plasma. As such, development of the L-type Ca2+ channel contribution to ACh release during passive transfer of LEMS appears to occur only after quantal release is significantly impaired for an extended duration, suggesting that an adaptive response of the ACh release apparatus occurs in LEMS.
Involvement of the right hemisphere in reading comprehension: A DTI study

The Simple View of reading emphasizes the critical role of two factors in normal reading skills: word recognition and reading comprehension. The current study aims to identify the anatomical support for aspects of reading performance that fall within these two components. Fractional anisotropy (FA) values were obtained from diffusion tensor images in twenty-one typical adolescents and young adults using the tract based spatial statistics (TBSS) method. We focused on the arcuate fasciculus (AF) and inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) as fiber tracts that connect regions already implicated in the distributed cortical network for reading. Our results demonstrate dissociation between word-level and narrative-level reading skills: the FA values for both left and right ILF were correlated with measures of word reading, while only the left ILF correlated with reading comprehension scores. FA in the AF, however, correlated only with reading comprehension scores, bilaterally. Correlations with the right AF were particularly robust, emphasizing the contribution of the right hemisphere, especially the frontal lobe, to reading comprehension performance on the particular passage comprehension test used in this study. The anatomical dissociation between these reading skills is supported by the Simple View theory and may shed light on why these two skills dissociate in those with reading disorders.
A general treatment of solubility 4. Description and analysis of a PCA model for ostwald solubility coefficients.

Principal component analysis (PCA) of a large data matrix (153 solvents × 396 solutes) for Ostwald solubility coefficients (log L) resulted in a two-component model covering 98.6% of the variability. Analysis of the principal components exposed the structural characteristics of solutes and solvents that codify interactions which determine the behavior of a chemical in the surrounding media. The pattern revealed by PCA analysis distinguishes solutes according to the molecular size, functional groups, and electrostatic interactions, such as polarity and hydrogen-bonding donor and acceptor properties.
Physiology, reductionism, and translational medicine: the right mix.

we the editors of the American Journal Physiology: Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology were delighted to be able to read ([4][1]) comments on the current status of physiology by Dr. Michael Joyner, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, that were originally communicated as part of his Edward Adolph Lecture