cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Yeast genes controlling responses to topogenic signals in a model transmembrane protein.

Yeast protein insertion orientation (PIO) mutants were isolated by selecting for growth on sucrose in cells in which the only source of invertase is a C-terminal fusion to a transmembrane protein. Only the fraction with an exocellular C terminus can be processed to secreted invertase and this fraction is constrained to 2–3% by a strong charge difference signal. Identified pio mutants increased this to 9–12%. PIO1 is SPF1, encoding a P-type ATPase located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or Golgi. spf1-null mutants are modestly sensitive to EGTA. Sensitivity is considerably greater in an spf1 pmr1 double mutant, although PIO is not further disturbed. Pmr1p is the Golgi Ca2+ ATPase and Spf1p may be the equivalent ER pump. PIO2 is STE24, a metalloprotease anchored in the ER membrane. Like Spf1p, Ste24p is expressed in all yeast cell types and belongs to a highly conserved protein family. The effects of ste24- and spf1-null mutations on invertase secretion are additive, cell generation time is increased 60%, and cells become sensitive to cold and to heat shock. Ste24p and Rce1p cleave the C-AAX bond of farnesylated CAAX box proteins. The closest paralog of SPF1 is YOR291w. Neither rce1-null nor yor291w-null mutations affected PIO or the phenotype of spf1- or ste24-null mutants. Mutations in PIO3 (unidentified) cause a weaker Pio phenotype, enhanced by a null mutation in BMH1, one of two yeast 14-3-3 proteins.
An Information-theoretic Interpretation of Stability and Observability

Many dynamical models which have been analyzed in the context of system theory, can also be viewed as communication channels with memory. In this interpretation, the system's input is a transmitted message and the observation, or output, is the received message. Information-theoretic measures like entropy, mutual information and capacity can therefore be employed, and key concepts in system thery, such as observability, controllability and stability, can be expressed in information-theoretic terms. In this paper we study certain linear Markovian models from this viewpoint Observability of a Markovian linear discrete-in system is shown to be related to entropies of the initial state and the output observation. Stability is found to pertain to the capacity of the channel which represents the system. The derived relations expose the role of information flow in dynamical system behavior and suggest applications for other liner and nonlinear models.
Assessing the Personalities of Soviet Politburo Members

Reporting on a content analysis of speeches and interviews of Soviet Politburo members, this study provides an initial assessment of the personal characteristics of these political leaders. The characteristics examined are ethnocentrism, belief in one's own ability to control events, need for power, need for affiliation, conceptual complexity, self-confidence, distrust of others, and task orientation. In addition to describing Politburo members and exploring the impact of situational variables on their personal characteristics, interrelations are reported between these characteristics and background data as well as position on detente.
Mindfulness and compassion training in adolescence: A developmental contemplative science perspective

Adolescence is a developmental period of risk, as well as a window of opportunity for cultivating positive development and thriving. It is characterized by simultaneous changes in the brain, body, mind, and social domains that offer a platform for building new skills and habits. This chapter discusses the role that secular forms of mindfulness and compassion training may play in fostering positive development in adolescence. The emerging discipline of "Developmental Contemplative Science" (DCS) is introduced, the theoretical and empirical basis of mindfulness in adolescence is illustrated in depth, and secular mindfulness and compassion practices for youth are portrayed. Last, this chapter offers an agenda for future research on connecting mindfulness to key developmental domains in adolescence.
The genetic basis of reproductive isolation: Insights from Drosophila

Recent studies of the genetics of speciation in Drosophila have focused on two problems: (i) identifying and characterizing the genes that cause reproductive isolation, and (ii) determining the evolutionary forces that drove the divergence of these “speciation genes.” Here, I review this work. I conclude that speciation genes correspond to ordinary loci having normal functions within species. These genes fall into several functional classes, although a role in transcriptional regulation could prove particularly common. More important, speciation genes are typically very rapidly evolving, and this divergence is often driven by positive Darwinian selection. Finally, I review recent work in Drosophila pseudoobscura on the possible role of meiotic drive in the evolution of the genes that cause postzygotic isolation.
Anti-inflammatory therapies in acute coronary syndromes: is IL-1 blockade a solution?

This editorial refers to ‘The effect of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist therapy on markers of inflammation in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes: the MRC-ILA Heart Study’[†][1], by A.C. Morton et al. , on page 377 Elevation of circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) at the time of hospital admission predicts a poor outcome in patients with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and is thought to reflect an important inflammatory component in the pathogenesis of this condition.1,2 C-reactive protein is also the preferred systemic inflammatory biomarker for risk stratification in heart disease.3 The link between inflammation and ACS is complex. Atherosclerosis, the primary cause of ACS, is a chronic inflammatory disease of coronary arteries,4 but exacerbations of the inflammatory process within the atherosclerotic plaque may lead to plaque rupture with thrombosis and subsequent myocardial ischaemia.5 Myocardial injury following an ischaemic event is an additional source for a local and systemic inflammatory response; importantly, the intensity of the systemic response is also a predictor of adverse events.6 There are therefore at least three potential sources of inflammation in ACS: (i) the baseline chronic inflammation seen in patients at risk and related to hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes, obesity, and others; (ii) the inflammatory events within the atherosclerotic plaques; and (iii) the systemic inflammatory response to ischaemic myocardial injury ( Figure 1 ). As such it is not surprising that inflammatory biomarkers predict adverse outcomes. Observational data and experimental studies reveal several candidate mediators; the role of each in patients with ACS is, however, unknown. The great majority of clinical studies are limited to associations between biomarker levels and outcomes, without any possibility of determining … [1]: #fn-2
Reproductive responses of male fathead minnows exposed to wastewater treatment plant effluent, effluent treated with XAD8 resin, and an environmentally relevant mixture of alkylphenol compounds

On-site, continuous-flow experiments were conducted during August and October 2002 at a major metropolitan wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to determine if effluent exposure induced endocrine disruption as manifested in the reproductive competence of sexually mature male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). The fathead minnows were exposed in parallel experiments to WWTP effluent and WWTP effluent treated with XAD8 macroreticular resin to remove the hydrophobic-neutral fraction which contained steroidal hormones, alkylphenolethoxylates (APEs), and other potential endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). The effluent composition varied on a temporal scale and the continuous-flow experiments captured the range of chemical variability that occurred during normal WWTP operations. Exposure to WWTP effluent resulted in vitellogenin induction in male fathead minnows, with greater response in October than in August. Concentrations of ammonia, APEs, 17β-estradiol, and other EDCs also were greater in October than in August, reflecting a change in effluent composition. In the October experiment, XAD8 treatment significantly reduced vitellogenin induction in the male fathead minnows relative to the untreated effluent, whereas in August, XAD8 treatment had little effect. During both experiments, XAD8 treatment removed greater than 90% of the APEs. Exposure of fish to a mixture of APEs similar in composition and concentration to the WWTP effluent, but prepared in groundwater and conducted at a separate facility, elicited vitellogenin induction during both experiments. There was a positive relation between vitellogenin induction and hepatosomatic index (HSI), but not gonadosomatic index (GSI), secondary sexual characteristics index (SSCI), or reproductive competency. In contrast to expectations, the GSI and SSCI increased in males exposed to WWTP effluent compared to groundwater controls. The GSI, SSCI, and reproductive competency were positively affected by XAD8 treatment of the WWTP effluent.
Spacecraft Reliability-Based Design Optimization Under Uncertainty Including Discrete Variables

computationally expensive sampling techniques. The computational cost of optimization approaches becomes prohibitivewhenconsideringdiscretetechnology andredundancychoicesasvariables.Thisworkpresentsagenetic algorithm with Monte Carlo sampling for probabilistic reliability-based design optimization of satellite systems. In thisapproach,confidence-levelconstraintsensurethatsystemreliabilityrequirementsaremetwithhighprobability. Thegeneticalgorithm–MonteCarlosamplingapproachiscomparedtoadeterministic margin-basedapproachthat enforcesmarginsorsafetyfactorsonthereliabilityofindividualcomponents.Thecomparisonshowsthatthegenetic algorithm–Monte Carlo sampling approach produces satellite designs that have low launch mass (a surrogate for cost) while achieving reliability requirements at specified high confidence levels, while the genetic algorithm– deterministic margin-based approach produces heavy satellite designs with excessive redundancy. Based on this work, extensions of a genetic algorithm-based approach for discrete optimization under uncertainty that may require less computational effort appear possible.
The Political Economy of Land Conflict in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon

Abstract An important goal of regional development in the Brazilian Amazon was to enhance social welfare and alleviate dire poverty in other parts of the country by providing land to the poor. Nevertheless, both poverty and landlessness have persisted despite development policies that distributed billions of dollars on highway construction, loans, and outright subsidies. Inequitable land distribution has been held as a prime factor in land conflict across the country. Although episodes of conflict over land are common in Brazilian history, this paper focuses on agrarian issues that arose with the opening of the Amazon frontier in the 1970s. The paper presents a political economy approach that considers the role of hierarchical forces interacting across spatial scales, in creating conditions ripe for land conflict at the local level. The premise is that the Brazilian government, intending to bring about economic and social development, promoted contradictory strategies creating land scarcity. These strateg...
Follistatin as an Inhibitor of Experimental Metastasis

Activin, a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, and its antagonist, follistatin, can regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and potentially tumor growth. Follistatin, a glycosylated single-chain protein ([1][1], [2][2]), is biologically
Novel Nanostructured Rare‐Earth‐Free Magnetic Materials with High Energy Products

Novel nanostructured Zr2 Co11 -based magnetic materials are fabricated in a single step process using cluster-deposition method. The composition, atomic ordering, and spin structure are precisely controlled to achieve a substantial magnetic remanence and coercivity, as well as the highest energy product for non-rare-earth and Pt-free permanent-magnet alloys.
Incorporation of Multi-Member Substructure Capabilities in FAST for Analysis of Offshore Wind Turbines

FAST, developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), is an aero-hydro-servo-elastic tool widely used for analyzing onshore and offshore wind turbines. This paper discusses recent modifications made to FAST to enable the examination of offshore wind turbines with fixed-bottom, multi-member support structures (which are commonly used in transitional-depth waters).; This paper addresses the methods used for incorporating the hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loading on multi-member structures in FAST through its hydronamic loading module, HydroDyn. Modeling of the hydrodynamic loads was accomplished through the incorporation of Morison and buoyancy loads on the support structures. Issues addressed include how to model loads at the joints of intersecting members and on tapered and tilted members of the support structure. Three example structures are modeled to test and verify the solutions generated by the modifications to HydroDyn, including a monopile, tripod, and jacket structure. Verification is achieved through comparison of the results to a computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-derived solution using the commercial software tool STAR-CCM+.
Stress crazing of transparent plastics. Computed stresses at a nonvoid craze mark

The mechanism of the stress crazing of transparent plastics is discussed in terms of a model suggested by recent publications in which the interior of the craze mark contains tenacious, elongated fibrils connecting the parallel faces. Internal and external stress distributions have been computed for a two-dimensional model of equilibrium crazes. Three shape parameters are used; the length of a uniform section, the thickness of the uniform section, and the length of a tapered tip section. The configuration of the tapered tip is determined in the model by the requirement that stresses remain finite. Stabilization of the craze is attributed to reduction of stress intensity by an increase in the ratio of tip length to thickness as the craze propagates. Two conditions are noted where craze stability is not predicted. Qualitative agreement was found between the model and growth kinetics reported in the literature, but the simple equilibrium model does not provide a basis for explaining the effects of stress level and temperature on the size of craze marks. The occurrence of crazing rather than general elongation is explained in this model by the stress intensification which occurs when the fibrils of the craze materials are elongated.
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium-infected pigs with different shedding levels exhibit distinct clinical, peripheral cytokine and transcriptomic immune response phenotypes

Foodborne salmonellosis costs the US $2.7 billion/year, including $100.0 million in annual losses to pork producers. Pigs colonized with Salmonella are usually asymptomatic with varied severity and duration of fecal shedding. Thus, understanding the responses that result in less shedding may provide a mechanism for control. Fifty-four pigs were inoculated with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) and clinical signs, fecal ST shedding, growth performance, peripheral cytokines and whole blood gene expression were measured. Persistently shedding (PS) pigs had longer pyrexia and elevated serum IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-γ compared with low shedding (LS) pigs, while LS pigs had brief pyrexia, less shedding that decreased more rapidly and greater serum CXCL8 than PS pigs. The PS pigs up-regulated genes involved with the STAT1, IFNB1 and IFN-γ networks on d 2, while up-regulation of genes involved in immune response regulation were only detected in LS pigs. This is the first study to examine host responses to ...
Imaging Error from Mislocation of Surface Sensors: Sensitivity, Detection, and Estimate Correction, with Application to EIT

The accuracy of the inverse solutions obtained by imaging modalities which use surface measurements can be significantly reduced by even small modeling errors. One important type of modeling error is inaccuracy in locating the sensors. In this paper, we first report on the sensitivity to sensor mislocation of a known-geometry inverse solution both through simulation and by calculating the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound on the estimate variance. We then introduce a method based on a likelihood ratio hypothesis test to use the statistical behavior of the residuals to identify potential sensor mislocation. Upon detection of sensor location error, we then propose an approach, based on Principal Component Analysis of the residuals, to reduce the sensitivity of the reconstruction algorithm to this kind of modeling error. We show the simulation results using a method, introduced in our previous work, for Electrical Impedance Tomography based on Boundary Element Methods.
Constructing Interaction Test Suites for Highly-Configurable Systems in the Presence of Constraints: A Greedy Approach

Researchers have explored the application of combinatorial interaction testing (CIT) methods to construct samples to drive systematic testing of software system configurations. Applying CIT to highly-configurable software systems is complicated by the fact that, in many such systems, there are constraints between specific configuration parameters that render certain combinations invalid. Many CIT algorithms lack a mechanism to avoid these. In recent work, automated constraint solving methods have been combined with search-based CIT construction methods to address the constraint problem with promising results. However, these techniques can incur a non-trivial overhead. In this paper, we build upon our previous work to develop a family of greedy CIT sample generation algorithms that exploit calculations made by modern Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solvers to prune the search space of the CIT problem. We perform a comparative evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of these algorithms on four real-world highly-configurable software systems and on a population of synthetic examples that share the characteristics of those systems. In combination our techniques reduce the cost of CIT in the presence of constraints to 30 percent of the cost of widely-used unconstrained CIT methods without sacrificing the quality of the solutions.
CASE STUDY: Molasses as the primary energy supplement on an organic grazing dairy farm1

ABSTRACT Organic dairies face many challenges, one of which is the high cost of purchased organic grains. Molasses may be a less expensive energy alternative. However, anecdotal results have been mixed for farms that used molasses as the sole energy source. This research project quantified animal performance on an organic dairy farm that fed molasses over 2 grazing seasons. During the 2008 grazing season, the farmer fed organic liquid molasses (1.36 kg of DM/d) and a corn-based grain mixture (0.45 kg of DM/d) per cow to the mixed-breed dairy herd. In 2009, dairy producer concerns about low BCS and milk production resulted in the farmer decreasing molasses (averaging 1.1 kg of DM/d) and increasing corn (1.0 kg of DM/d) supplementation per cow. Milk production and milk fat were similar (P > 0.05) across both years, whereas milk protein was greater (P
Empirical Relationships of Sea Surface Temperature and Vegetation Activity with Summer Rainfall Variability over the Sahel

AbstractRegional land surface and remote ocean variables have been considered as primary forcings altering the variability of summer rainfall over the Sahel. However, previous studies usually examined the two components separately. In this study, the authors apply statistical methods including correlation, multivariate linear regression, and Granger causality analyses to investigate the relative roles of spring–summer sea surface temperature (SST) and vegetation activity in explaining the Sahel summer rainfall variability from 1982 to 2006. The remotely sensed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is used as an indicator of land surface forcing. This study shows that spring and summer SSTs over the subtropical North Atlantic have significant positive correlations with summer rainfall. The spring and summer NDVIs over the Sahel have significant negative and positive correlations, respectively, with summer rainfall. Based on the multivariate linear regression analysis, the adjusted R2 for the integr...
Technology, Innovation and Commercialization

The issues of technology, innovation and commercialization are extremely important to the future of American manufacturing. It is also important that the discussion of these issues moves out from Washington’s beltway and becomes the province of businessmen and women, and not solely economists and politicians.
Do risk calculators accurately predict surgical site occurrences

Abstract Introduction Current risk assessment models for surgical site occurrence (SSO) and surgical site infection (SSI) after open ventral hernia repair (VHR) have limited external validation. Our aim was to determine (1) whether existing models stratify patients into groups by risk and (2) which model best predicts the rate of SSO and SSI. Methods Patients who underwent open VHR and were followed for at least 1 mo were included. Using two data sets—a retrospective multicenter database (Ventral Hernia Outcomes Collaborative) and a single-center prospective database (Prospective)—each patient was assigned a predicted risk with each of the following models: Ventral Hernia Risk Score (VHRS), Ventral Hernia Working Group (VHWG), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wound Class, and Hernia Wound Risk Assessment Tool (HW-RAT). Patients in the Prospective database were also assigned a predicted risk from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP). Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (area under the curve [AUC]) were compared to assess the predictive accuracy of the models for SSO and SSI. Pearson's chi-square was used to determine which models were able to risk-stratify patients into groups with significantly differing rates of actual SSO and SSI. Results The Ventral Hernia Outcomes Collaborative database (n = 795) had an overall SSO and SSI rate of 23% and 17%, respectively. The AUCs were low for SSO (0.56, 0.54, 0.52, and 0.60) and SSI (0.55, 0.53, 0.50, and 0.58). The VHRS (P = 0.01) and HW-RAT (P Conclusions All five existing predictive models have limited ability to risk-stratify patients and accurately assess risk of SSO. However, both the VHRS and ACS-NSQIP demonstrate modest success in identifying patients at risk for SSI. Continued model refinement is needed to improve the two highest performing models (VHRS and ACS-NSQIP) along with investigation to determine whether modifications to perioperative management based on risk stratification can improve outcomes.
Variations in the Growth-Promoting Power, for Planarian Worms, of Digestive Mucosa of Rabbit.

Through the use of the planarian worm as the test animal, according to the method developed by R. Wulzen,1 I have found that different regions of the digestive mucosa of the rabbit cause marked variations in growth when fed to planarian worms.According to this method, the worms were accurately measured at the beginning and at the end of the experiment, the result being the total gain in millimeters of the experimental group. Each experimental group consisted of 30 worms, 6, 7 and 8 mm. in length, and had an average total length of 200 mm. at the beginning of an experiment. Repeated measurements have shown that the total length of an experimental group can be duplicated with no greater error than 1%. The worms were fed twice a week upon portions of the digestive tract from freshly killed rabbits and each portion was placed in the respective bowl in such a manner that the worms could feed only upon the mucous membrane. Six parts of the digestive tract were used, as follows: the posterior half of the oesopha...
An Algebraic Interlude

Before we move on to the topics of resultants and an algorithmic treatment of real algebra, we shall take a short pause to study in this chapter the unique factorization domain, the principal ideal domain, and the Euclidean domain. Of course, readers familiar with these topics may safely skip this chapter and go directly to the next chapter.
Cyclin-dependent kinases as therapeutic targets for HIV-1 infection.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: A number of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) mediate key steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle and therefore have potential to serve as therapeutic targets for HIV-1 infection, especially in HIV-1 cure strategies. Current HIV-1 cure strategies involve the development of small molecules that are able to activate HIV-1 from latent infection, thereby allowing the immune system to recognize and clear infected cells.Areas covered: The role of seven CDK family members in the HIV-1 replication cycle is reviewed, with a focus on CDK9, as the mechanism whereby the viral Tat protein utilizes CDK9 to enhance viral replication is known in considerable detail.Expert opinion: Given the essential roles of CDKs in cellular proliferation and gene expression, small molecules that inhibit CDKs are unlikely to be feasible therapeutics for HIV-1 infection. However, small molecules that activate CDK9 and other select CDKs such as CDK11 have potential to reactivate latent HIV-1 and contribute to a functional...
Liver Resection with the Nd: YAG Laser: A Comparison of a New Contact Probe, the Laser Scalpel, with the Conventional Non-Contact Method

The technique of liver resection is well standardized, but recent reports still show that major liver resection is associated with an operative mortality of 4–20%. We recently compared the Nd:YAG laser and the Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) with the routine blunt dissection method of performing a liver resection (1). The non-contact Nd:YAG laser resulted in a significant reduction in operating time compared to the other two methods (p<0.01), decreased the perioperative blood loss, but caused more extensive tissue necrosis. The study compares the conventional non-contact with the new contact artificial sapphire designed as a laser scalpel (2) in performing a liver resection with the Nd:YAG laser. Assessment included technical feasibility, duration of resection, tissue changes, adhesions, smoke production and blood loss.
Catalytic Metallodrugs: Substrate-Selective Metal Catalysts as Therapeutics.

Metal complexes that catalyze inactivation and degradation of biomolecular targets can be developed into novel therapeutics (catalytic metallodrugs) against a variety of diseases. Despite recent advances in the field, a lack of substrate selectivity is a major hindrance to the development of catalytic metallodrugs for application in clinical practice. Improved targeting can minimize nonselective activity and the potential for side effects. Herein, we focus on recent developments toward novel metal catalysts that exhibit substrate selectivity against a variety of therapeutically-relevant biomolecules. Design strategies for developing selective catalytic metallodrugs are also highlighted.
Aggressive treatment for postcardiac transplant lymphoproliferation

Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a frequently fatal complication of organ transplantation, occurring in 2% to 6% of cardiac recipients. Treatment remains poorly defined. Reduction in immunosuppression is effective in a proportion of cases, but mortality on the order of 80% is reported for patients requiring chemotherapy. The reason for such poor outcomes is unclear, but may be partly caused by the concomitant use of immunosuppressives. Nineteen consecutive cardiac recipients with PTLD were studied retrospectively in terms of clinical features and outcome. Patients were managed according to a uniform treatment approach. Initial therapy was a trial of reduced immunosuppression with concomitant acyclovir followed, if unsuccessful, by aggressive combination chemotherapy. The regimen used was predominantly ProMACE-CytaBOM. Six patients with phenotypically polyclonal PTLD presented less than 6 months after transplantation (median 6 weeks). Only 1 of 4 (25%) treated patients responded to reduced immunosuppression; the remainder died of multiorgan failure. Thirteen patients presented with phenotypically monoclonal disease > or = 6 months after transplantation. In 8 of 12 (75%) treated patients initial therapy was reduction in immunosuppression. None achieved complete remission (CR) and 2 experienced fatal rejection. Two patients achieved durable surgical CR. The remaining 8 patients received chemotherapy; 2 of 8 (25%) died during treatment, 6 of 8 (75%) achieved CR. None have relapsed, at a median duration of follow-up of 38 months. Neutropenic sepsis and subclinical doxorubicin cardiotoxicity at a mean cumulative dose of 63 mg/m2 were the principal toxicities. Our data indicate that aggressive chemotherapy is both feasible and effective in phenotypically monoclonal PTLD refractory to reduced immunosuppression. ProMACE-CytaBOM is well suited to cardiac recipients, minimizing doxorubicin exposure and obviating the need for concurrent immunosuppressives.
Disorders of Central Respiratory Control

The respiratory control system is designed to regulate oxygen, CO2, and acid-base balance within a narrow range, under conditions of changing state, airway resistance, energy expenditure, and environmental conditions. The central respiratory pattern generator network is located in the brainstem and receives input from the cortex, hypothalamus, lung, chest wall, extremities, cardiovascular system, emotional centers, chemoreceptors (central/peripheral), and upper airway. The respiratory control system is highly redundant with neural or chemical inputs predominating under different circumstances. Voluntary control of respiration and various reflex patterns (swallowing, vocalizing, coughing, hiccupping) can override other inputs to the respiratory pattern generator. The peripheral chemoreceptors provide considerable input in seconds following a change in PCO2, but the central chemoreceptors play a larger role over periods of minutes to hours. Central respiratory output generates force in the upper airway and respiratory pump muscles to adjust airflow to meet physiologic demands. The minute ventilation can be adjusted to between 2 L/min during sleep and over 100 L/min during exercise. This chapter will focus on the influence of central respiratory control on perturbations to a variety of homeostatic mechanisms and disease processes.
Does prolonged severe hypercapnia interfere with normal cerebrovascular function in piglets

Hypercapnia causes cerebral vasodilation and increased cerebral blood flow (CBF). During prolonged hypercapnia it is unknown whether cerebral vasodilation persists and whether cerebrovascular function is preserved. We investigated the effects of prolonged severe hypercapnia on pial arteriolar diameters (PAD) and cerebrovascular reactivity to vasodilators and vasoconstrictors. Piglets were anesthetized, intubated and ventilated. Closed cranial windows were implanted to measure PAD. Changes in PAD were documented during hypercapnia (PaCO2 75–80 mm Hg). Cerebrovascular reactivity was documented during normocapnia and at 30, 60, and 120 min of hypercapnia. Cerebral vasodilation to hypercapnia was sustained over 120 min. Cerebrovascular responses to vasodilators and vasoconstrictors were preserved during hypercapnia. During hypercapnia, vasodilatory responses to second vasodilators were similar to normocapnia, while exposure to vasoconstrictors caused significant vasoconstriction. Prolonged severe hypercapnia causes sustained vasodilation of pial arteriolar diameters indicative of hyperperfusion. During hypercapnia, cerebral vascular responses to vasodilators and vasoconstrictors were preserved, suggesting that cerebral vascular function remained intact. Of note, cerebral vessels during hypercapnia were capable of further dilation when exposed to additional cerebral vasodilators and, significant vasoconstriction when exposed to vasoconstrictors. Extrapolating these findings to infants, we suggest that severe hypercapnia should be avoided, because it could cause/increase cerebrovascular injury.
Identification of Defect Levels in Copper Indium Diselenide (CuInSe2) Thin Films via Photoluminescence Studies

Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy has been used to study the defect levels in thin film copper indium diselenide (CuInSe2, CIS) which we are developing as the absorber layer for the bottom cell of a monolithically grown perovskite/CuInSe2 tandem solar cell. Temperature and laser power dependent PL measurements of thin film CIS for two different Cu/In ratios (0.66 and 0.80) have been performed. The CIS film with Cu/In = 0.80 shows a prominent donor-to-acceptor peak (DAP) involving a shallow acceptor of binding energy ∼22 meV, with phonon replica at ∼32 meV spacing. In contrast, PL measurement of CIS film for Cu/In = 0.66 taken at 20 K exhibited an asymmetric and broad PL spectrum with peaks at 0.845 eV and 0.787 eV. Laser intensity dependent PL revealed that the observed peaks 0.845 eV and 0.787 eV shift towards higher energy (aka j-shift) at ∼11.7 meV/decade and ∼ 8 meV/decade with increase in laser intensity respectively. The asymmetric and broad spectrum together with large j-shift suggests that the observed peaks at 0.845 eV and 0.787 eV were related to band-to-tail (BT) and band-to-impurity (BI) transition, respectively. Such a band-tail-related transition originates from the potential fluctuation of defect states at low temperature. The appearance of band related transition in CIS film with Cu/In = 0.66 is the indicator of the presence of large number of charged defect states.
The role of shared decision-making in shaping intent to access services for adolescents in protective custody

For adolescents in protective custody (e.g. foster care), decisions about living arrangements, education, and long-term planning are frequently made outside the courtroom, where involvement in deci...
Concrete Mathematical Incompleteness: Basic Emulation Theory

By the modern form of Godel’s First Incompleteness Theorem, we know that there are sentences (in the language of ZFC) that are neither provable nor refutable from the usual ZFC axioms for mathematics (assuming, as is generally believed, that ZFC is free of contradiction). Yet it is clear that the usual examples are radically different from normal mathematical statements in several glaring ways such as the mathematically remote subject matter and the essential involvement of uncharacteristically intangible objects. Starting in 1967, we embarked on the Concrete Mathematical Incompleteness program with the principal aim of developing readily accessible thematic mathematical research areas with familiar mathematical subject matter replete with examples of such incompleteness involving only characteristically tangible objects. The many examples developed over the years represent Concrete Mathematical Incompleteness ranging from weak fragments of finite set theory through ZFC and beyond. The program has reached a mature stage with the development of Emulation Theory. Emulation Theory, in its present basic developed form, involves finite length tuples of rational numbers. Only the usual ordering of rationals is used, and there is no use of even addition or multiplication. The basics are fully accessible to early undergraduate mathematics majors and gifted high school mathematics students, who will be able to engage with some simple nontrivial examples in two and three dimensions, with illustrations. In this paper, we develop the positive side of the theory, using various levels of set theory for systematic development. Some of these levels lie beyond ZFC and include familiar large cardinal hypotheses. The necessity of the various levels of set theory will be established in a forthcoming book (Concrete Mathematical Incompleteness in preparation).
Rural Broadband and Advanced Manufacturing: Research Implications for Information Studies

Advanced manufacturing (AM) is a vital driver of the U.S. economy. AM is also crucial in building U.S. competitiveness by strengthening the scientific and engineering enterprise and providing transformative science and technology solutions. AM anchors rural economies across the country and is especially important to rural America, where it accounts for a larger share of employment and earnings than in urban areas. Broadband Internet connectivity is essential affordance of the “smart” AM production technologies key to U.S. leadership because they enable manufacturers to precisely customize products and supply for increasingly segmented markets. However, our review of policy and research suggests that little is known about the extent to which the U.S. broadband environment can support and enable AM, especially in the prime rural locations. In this paper, we will explore rural communities’ AM readiness. Specifically, we synthesize research and policy documents relating to the centrality of broadband Internet to AM; the state of broadband in rural communities; and the potential for AM transform rural communities. We conclude with promising directions for information science researchers to further investigate the relationship between broadband and the potential for AM to benefit rural communities’ economic potential.
An Introduction to Second-Generation p-Values

Second generation p-values preserve the simplicity that has made p-values popular while resolving critical flaws that promote misinterpretation of data, distraction by trivial effects, and unreprod...
Tree-hugging utilities? The politics of phasing out coal and the unusual alliance that passed Oregon's clean energy transition law

Abstract In 2016, the state of Oregon passed the Oregon Clean Electricity and Coal Transition Plan, which doubles the state's renewable portfolio standard to 50% and eliminates the use of coal-fired electricity by 2030. The research presented here examines the central factors that contributed to passage of the legislation. Interviews were conducted with individuals closely involved in the bill's passage and who have extensive knowledge of energy policy in the state. The findings were analyzed using the Multiple Streams Approach, which analyzes public policy to understand how certain items emerge onto the political agenda, creating opportunities for policy change. The research found that cooperation between the utilities and environmental groups was crucial to its success. Another key factor was a threatened ballot initiative that prompted the utilities to negotiate the alternative that was eventually passed in the legislature. The collaboration between the state's utilities and environmental groups represents an example of passing environmental legislation that can be emulated elsewhere. However, the context of the bill's passage, which took place during a short legislative session that did not allow for extensive consideration and excluded the Public Utilities Commission, also contributed to an erosion of trust and damaged relationships.
Nonstationary Bayesian modeling for a large data set of derived surface temperature return values

Heat waves resulting from prolonged extreme temperatures pose a significant risk to human health globally. Given the limitations of observations of extreme temperature, climate models are often used to characterize extreme temperature globally, from which one can derive quantities like return values to summarize the magnitude of a low probability event for an arbitrary geographic location. However, while these derived quantities are useful on their own, it is also often important to apply a spatial statistical model to such data in order to, e.g., understand how the spatial dependence properties of the return values vary over space and emulate the climate model for generating additional spatial fields with corresponding statistical properties. For these objectives, when modeling global data it is critical to use a nonstationary covariance function. Furthermore, given that the output of modern global climate models can be on the order of $\mathcal{O}(10^4)$, it is important to utilize approximate Gaussian process methods to enable inference. In this paper, we demonstrate the application of methodology introduced in Risser and Turek (2020) to conduct a nonstationary and fully Bayesian analysis of a large data set of 20-year return values derived from an ensemble of global climate model runs with over 50,000 spatial locations. This analysis uses the freely available BayesNSGP software package for R.
The Structure of Complex Images: Kiarostami’s Tickets

William Empson once demonstrated how a writer can put into play apparently uncomplex words until their gathering meanings and associations begin to affect a reader in subtly powerful ways. In his section of Tickets (2004), Kiarostami works variations on the standard-shot/reverse-shot, while also withholding certain information about his characters. More than almost any director since Godard, Kiarostami blends documentary and fiction, creating films whose off-hand, documentary looks overlie strict formal plans involving repetitions, visual rhymes, and editing patterns that, while never hidden, asked to be overlooked.
Selecting Node-Positive Patients for Axillary Downstaging with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) can be avoided in node-positive patients who receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) if three or more negative sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) are retrieved. We evaluate how often node-positive patients avoid ALND with NAC, and identify predictors of identification of three or more SLNs and of nodal pathological complete response (pCR). From November 2013 to July 2019, all patients with cT1-3, biopsy-proven N1 tumors who converted to cN0 after NAC received SLN biopsy (SLNB) with dual mapping and were identified from a prospectively maintained database. 630 consecutive N1 patients were eligible for axillary downstaging with NAC; 573 (91%) converted to cN0 and had SLNB, and 531 patients (93%) had three or more SLNs identified. Lymphovascular invasion (LVI; odds ratio [OR] 0.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.24–0.87; p = 0.02) and increasing body mass index (BMI; OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.62–0.96 per 5-unit increase; p = 0.02) were significantly associated with failure to identify three or more SLNs. 255/573 (46%) patients achieved nodal pCR; 237 (41%) had adequate mapping. Factors associated with ALND avoidance included high grade (OR 2.51, 95% CI 1.6–3.94, p = 0.001) and receptor status (HR+/HER2− [referent]: OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.15–3.46 [p = 0.01] for HR−/HER2−, OR 3.93, 95% CI 2.40–6.44 [p < 0.001] for HR+/HER2+, and OR 8.24, 95% CI 4.16–16.3 [p < 0.001] for HR−/HER2+). LVI was associated with a lower likelihood of avoiding ALND (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.18–0.43; p < 0.001). ALND was avoided in 41% of cN1 patients after NAC. Increased BMI and LVI were associated with lower retrieval rates of three or more SLNs. ALND avoidance rates varied with receptor status, grade, and LVI. These factors help select patients most likely to avoid ALND.
A Molecular-Scale Approach to Rare-Earth Beneficiation: Thinking Small to Avoid Large Losses.

Summary Separating rare-earth-element-rich minerals from unwanted gangue in mined ores relies on selective binding of collector molecules at the interface to facilitate froth flotation. Salicylhydroxamic acid (SHA) exhibits enhanced selectivity for bastnasite over calcite in microflotation experiments. Through a multifaceted approach, leveraging density functional theory calculations, and advanced spectroscopic methods, we provide molecular-level mechanistic insight to this selectivity. The hydroxamic acid moiety introduces strong interactions at metal-atom surface sites and hinders subsurface-cation stabilization at vacancy-defect sites, in calcite especially. Resulting from hydrogen-bond-induced interactions, SHA lies flat on the bastnasite surface and shows a tendency for multilayer formation at high coverages. In this conformation, SHA complexation with bastnasite metal ions is stabilized, leading to advanced flotation performance. In contrast, SHA lies perpendicular to the calcite surface due to a difference in cationic spacing. We anticipate that these insights will motivate rational design and selection of future collector molecules for enhanced ore beneficiation.
Absolute elastic differential electron scattering cross sections in the intermediate energy region. IV. CO

Using a crossed electron beam–molecular beam scattering geometry and a relative‐flow technique, ratios of elastic differential cross sections of CO to those of He have been measured at electron impact energies of 3, 5, 7.5, 9.9, 15, 20, 30, 50, 75, and 100 eV. At each energy, an angular range of 15° to 130° has been covered. These ratios have been multiplied by previously known He elastic differential cross sections to obtain elastic differential cross sections for CO. Since pure rotational excitations were not resolved, the elastic differential cross sections are a sum of elastic and pure rotational excitations at room temperature. From a knowledge of differential cross sections (DCS), integral and momentum transfer cross sections have been calculated. Both the DCS and integral cross sections are compared at 50, 75, and 100 eV to a recent two‐potential theory of e–molecule scattering. Present results show that the isoelectronic molecules CO and N2 have very similar magnitudes and shapes of their differential cross sections.
Results of Linked Convertible Total Elbow Arthroplasty for the Management of Distal Humeral Fractures in the Elderly

Purpose Total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) is increasingly used for the management of comminuted distal humeral fractures in elderly patients. There are limited data on the outcome of modern elbow arthroplasty designs in larger patient cohorts. The aim of the current study was to review the outcomes and complications using a cemented convertible TEA system in a linked configuration in patients with distal humeral fractures. Methods Patients with distal humeral fractures treated with TEA and a minimum of 2 years’ follow-up were reviewed. Demographic information, patient-reported outcome, functional and radiographic outcome assessments, and complications were reported. Results Forty patients met inclusion criteria; 35 were female. Median follow-up was 4 years (range, 2–13 years). Average age of patients at the index procedure was 79 ± 9 years. All implants were linked. Range of motion was: extension 16° ± 13°, flexion 127° ± 14°, supination 79° ± 11°, and pronation 73° ± 20°. Patient-reported outcome scores were: Patient-Rated Elbow Evaluation 37 ± 35, Quick–Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand 31 ± 31, and Mayo Elbow Performance Index 90 ± 18. Seven patients had heterotopic ossification. Lucent lines were noted predominantly in humeral implant zone V. No lucent lines were noted around the ulnar component in any radiographic zone. Complications occurred in 9 patients (22%) and 2 revisions were performed: one for infection and one for a late periprosthetic fracture. Conclusions Total elbow arthroplasty for fracture in elderly patients provides pain relief, functional range of motion, and good patient-reported outcome scores. No implant-related complications of this convertible implant system were encountered, but longer-term follow-up is needed. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
The human voice, in all its idiosyncratic glory

The larynx is critical for two broad functions: one life-sustaining, aiding in respiration and preventing the aspiration of food into the lungs; and the other life-enhancing, contributing to phonation, an essential component of communication. There was a time when the latter was largely ignored by researchers. However, in recent years, there has been an explosion of interest in the voice by investigators from a diverse range of disciplines. In his new book, This Is the Voice, journalist John Colapinto creates a compelling narrative surrounding this vast and complex topic and investigates what makes the voice uniquely human.