cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Explicit Poincare embedding of the harmonic-oscillator model of composite elementary particles

There are two unitarily inequivalent realizations of the Poincar\'e Lie algebra of the recently proposed harmonic-oscillator model of elementary particles. One of these, which may be called the usual type, is trivial. The nature of the second type of realization, in which the structural information carried by continuous internal variables is not lost, suggests a very general method for avoiding the pitfalls suggested by the analyses of Wigner and O'Raifeartaigh for the construction of Poincar\'e states with nontrivial internal structure.
The effects of access to pediatric care and insurance coverage on emergency department utilization.

Objective. To compare children who used the emergency department (ED) in a rural, border community with those who did not over a 1-year period to estimate the effects of access to pediatric care, insur- ance coverage, ethnicity, gender, age, and area of resi- dence on ED utilization. Design. Multivariate logit models are used to esti- mate the independent influence of demographic charac- teristics, insurance coverage, and access to pediatric care on ED utilization during 1999 by children 0 to 19 years of age. Results. Controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, and area of residence, children who received care from a private practice pediatric group were 73% less likely to utilize the ED if insured and 93% less likely if uninsured to use the ED than children who had not visited a pedi- atrician. Uninsured children were nearly 4 times more likely to use the ED than insured children. Among in- sured children, those covered by Medicaid were 54% less likely to use the ED than children with private insurance. Compared with white, non-Hispanic children, Asian or Hispanic children were no more likely to use the ED. Insured Native American children were more than twice as likely as white, non-Hispanic children to utilize the ED. Conclusions. Access to pediatric care is associated with a marked decrease in ED utilization regardless of insurance status. This decrease in ED utilization is espe- cially large for uninsured children. Pediatrics 2004;113: 483- 487; emergency care, health insurance, adolescence, uninsured children.
Transition States, Analogues, and Drug Development

Enzymes achieve their transition states by dynamic conformational searches on the femtosecond to picosecond time scale. Mimics of reactants at enzymatic transition states bind tightly to enzymes by stabilizing the conformation optimized through evolution for transition state formation. Instead of forming the transient transition state geometry, transition state analogues convert the short-lived transition state to a stable thermodynamic state. Enzymatic transition states are understood by combining kinetic isotope effects and computational chemistry. Analogues of the transition state can bind millions of times more tightly than substrates and show promise for drug development for several targets.
DWDM reconfigurable optical delay buffer for optical packet switched networks

We proposed and demonstrated a novel scheme to realize wavelength-selective reconfigurable optical delay buffers using optical fiber delay in a folded-path architecture. The experimental results show that multiple wavelength 10-Gb/s dense wavelength-division-multiplexed packets with 50-GHz channel spacing can individually be delayed a variable amount of time simultaneously with a power penalty less than 1 dB using the proposed reconfigurable buffer architecture
Light degradation in I-layers in the glass/TCO/a-Si:H/Pt structure

Abstract Light degradation is studied by quantum efficiency and a.c. I–V measurements, with measuring light entering from either side of the cell. Collection length in the I-layer is reduced by a factor of three after 48 hours of AM-1 light soaking. Blue light response is much better viewed from the glass side, but degrades to the same level as the metal side after light soaking. Hence the glass side cell shows more degradation even thought the final result is the same when viewed from either side. The large change in blue response on the glass side is ascribed to the introduction of the originally suppressed back diffusion at the TCO/a-Si interface.
Dependence of the gas composition in a microwave plasma-assisted diamond chemical vapor deposition reactor on the inlet carbon source: CH4 versus C2H2

Molecular beam mass spectrometry was used to measure the gas-phase composition near a growing diamond surface in a microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition reactor. The dependencies of the gas composition on changes in: (1) the carbon mole fraction in the reactor feed, Xc; (2) the identity of the inlet carbon source (CH, versus C,H,); and (3) the surface temperature, T,, were studied. Unlike the hot-filament case, the gas composition was independent of the identity of the inlet hydrocarbon source over the entire range of Xc. As expected from gas-composition measurements, films grown using either hydrocarbon exhibited similar growth rates, morphology and Raman spectra. The gas composition was also generally insensitive to changes in surface temperature suggesting that reported temperature sensitivities of film growth properties are primarily due to changes in the kinetics of surface processes rather than changes in the gas composition near the surface. For Xc GO.01, the gas compositions measured in this study and in our previous studies conducted in a hot filament-assisted chemical vapor deposition *~-et,,\* Q-P n,,nnt;tst;.rel.r .im;l~v imnlwinn mlc~r mo._nh QQP rhm4rtr.r in hnth ,.esr+nm ..,hnn a,,ffi,.innt atnmir h.rrlrnnr=n ;o IIc&“~“I CAL” yuYYc’,u” .V’, U111111WI ““y”J’u6 UllllllUl 6YY-y“uY’ .AL”““Y”J 111 “V&U lVUVC”lY VTUIll UUYI~IUII~ UL”llllV UJU’“~‘” 10 present. However, attempts to simulate the gas composition in the plasma environment using a numerical model based only on neutral-neutral gas-phase chemistry were generally unsuccessful over a wide range of Xc.
An atmospheric photochemical source of the persistent greenhouse gas CF4

A previously uncharacterized atmospheric source of the persistent greenhouse gas tetrafluoromethane, CF4, has been identified in the UV photolysis of trifluoroacetyl fluoride, CF3C(O)F, which is a degradation product of several halocarbons currently present in the atmosphere. CF4 quantum yields in the photolysis of CF3C(O)F were measured at 193, 214, 228, and 248 nm, wavelengths relevant to stratospheric photolysis, to be (75.3 ± 1) × 10−4, (23.7 ± 0.4) × 10−4, (6.6 ± 0.2) × 10−4, and ≤0.4 × 10−4, respectively. A 2-D atmospheric model was used to estimate the contribution of the photochemical source to the global CF4 budget. The atmospheric photochemical production of CF4 from CF3CH2F (HFC-134a), CF3CHFCl (HCFC-124), and CF3CCl2F (CFC-114a) per molecule emitted was calculated to be (1–2.5) × 10−5, 1.0 × 10−4, and 2.8 × 10−3, respectively. Although CF4 photochemical production was found to be relatively minor at the present time, the identified mechanism demonstrates that long-lived products with potential climate impacts can be formed from the atmospheric breakdown of shorter-lived source gases.
Advanced control strategies for wind energy systems: An overview

Wind energy systems have been emerging as a highly significant solution to the problem of limited traditional energy sources. In this paper, control methodologies adapted to wind energy systems are topically reviewed. oHard computing or control techniques such as proportional-integral-derivative (PID), optimal, nonlinear, adaptive and robust and soft computing or control techniques such as neural networks, fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms and on the fusion or hybrid of hard and soft control techniques are primarily focused. This overview concludes with some possible future directions are also suggested. This overview is not intended to be an exhaustive survey on this topic and any omissions of other works is purely unintentional.
Isolation and characterization of mutations in Bacillus subtilis that allow spore germination in the novel germinant D-alanine.

Bacillus subtilis spores break their metabolic dormancy through a process called germination. Spore germination is triggered by specific molecules called germinants, which are thought to act by binding to and stimulating spore receptors. Three homologous operons, gerA, gerB, and gerK, were previously proposed to encode germinant receptors because inactivating mutations in those genes confer a germinant-specific defect in germination. To more definitely identify genes that encode germinant receptors, we isolated mutants whose spores germinated in the novel germinant d-alanine, because such mutants would likely contain gain-of-function mutations in genes that encoded preexisting germinant receptors. Three independent mutants were isolated, and in each case the mutant phenotype was shown to result from a single dominant mutation in the gerB operon. Two of the mutations altered the gerBA gene, whereas the third affected the gerBB gene. These results suggest that gerBA and gerBB encode components of the germinant receptor. Furthermore, genetic interactions between the wild-type gerB and the mutant gerBA and gerBB alleles suggested that the germinant receptor might be a complex containing GerBA, GerBB, and probably other proteins. Thus, we propose that the gerB operon encodes at least two components of a multicomponent germinant receptor.
Hydraulic conductivity of model soil–bentonite backfills subjected to wet–dry cycling

The potential for changes in hydraulic conductivity, k, of two model soil–bentonite (SB) backfills subjected to wet–dry cycling was investigated. The backfills were prepared with the same base soil...
ASSESSMENT OF CHICANO CHILDREN'S PERFORMANCE ON THE COGNITIVE INDEX SCALE*

AUTHOR Laosa, Luis M. TITLE Assessment of Chicano Children's Performance on the Cognitive Index Scale. INSTITUTION Educational Testing Service, Princeton, N.J. SPONS AGENCY Administration for Children, Youth, and Families (DHHS), Washington, D.C. REPORT NO ETS-RR-88-19 PUB DATE Mar 88 CONTRACT 90-C-1257 NOTE 14p.; Invited paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association (95th, New York, NY, August 1987). PUB TYPE Reports Research/Technical (143) Speeches/Conference Papers (150)
Bait and switch or double-edged sword? The (sometimes) failed promises of calling

How people talk about their work and careers matters. Desiring meaningful work, people increasingly describe work and careers as a calling. Such callings may be secular or sacred. Popular ways of talking about calling often create problematic, rather than positive, career and life outcomes. In this article, we examine five common, historically influenced assumptions underlying contemporary talk about secular and sacred callings: necessity; agency and control; inequality; temporal continuity; and neoliberal economics. We showcase some of the likely downsides of calling as these underlying assumptions interact with people’s everyday lives. We suggest possible solutions for rehabilitating calling to help people find some of the career and quality-of-life benefits that calling promises. In sum, this essay contributes to a more nuanced understanding of calling and agency in contemporary careers while also offering a framework and direction for developing research and practice on calling.
Magnetic susceptibility tomography for three-dimensional imaging of diamagnetic and paramagnetic objects

A tomographic technique for reconstructing the three-dimensional distribution of magnetic susceptibility in an object is described, A SQUID magnetometer may be used to measure the perturbations imposed by the object on an applied magnetic field and these data contain information about the susceptibility distribution. To assess the technique, a model object was defined, simulated magnetic field data were generated, and a matrix inversion was carried out with singular value decomposition to yield a least-squares solution for the susceptibility distribution. Various relative geometries of the three interacting physical systems (the applied field, the object and the measurement space) were used and the algorithm's performance was investigated for each of the cases in which one of the systems was moved while keeping the other two fixed. With either strategy involving relative motion between the object and the measurement space, accurate, convergent solutions were obtained, but the algorithm failed when only the direction of the uniform applied field was varied. A suitable nonuniform applied field may make the algorithm robust. Applications for a tomographic imaging susceptometer in biomedical imaging, nondestructive evaluation, and geophysics are envisaged. >
Trace metal (Cu and Zn) adaptation of organ systems of the American eel, Anguilla rostrata, to external concentrations of cadmium.

Abstract 1. The impact of external cadmium on the concentrations of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in seven tissues of the American eel, Anguilla rostrata was investigated. Even after a week in freshwater with undetectable levels of Cd, the tissues of eels caught in fresh and/or brackish waters of the United States east coast contained Cd in kidney, liver, gut, and brain. 2. When the eels were exposed up to 16 weeks to low and high sublethal concentrations of Cd (75 and 150 μg/l, respectively), the highest tissue concentrations of Cd were found after two weeks of exposure. The accumulation was dose-related in all tissues studied except for the kidney. After 8 weeks of Cd exposure, the tissue levels of Cd were markedly reduced, and they were in a similarly low range after 16 weeks. At this time, the highest Cd concentrations were found in the gills and kidney. 3. After two weeks of Cd exposure, there was a drop of the tissue concentrations of Cu in liver and heart, and of Zn in gut and liver. The low concentrations of the two metals in other organs did not allow an evaluation of the Cd impact. After 16 weeks, the Cu concentrations in all tissues, with the exception of the liver, were similar to, or even higher than control levels. At the same time, Zn concentrations exceeded the control levels in heart and kidney of eels exposed to 75 and 150 gmgCd/l, respectively. 4. It is clear that some tissues of the eel are able to maintain or restore normal levels of Cu and Zn, up to 16 weeks, despite concomitant Cd accumulation.
AN INTERVIEW WITH PAUL A. VOLCKER

Paul A. Volcker has spent most of his life in public service, at the Treasury under President Kennedy (1962–1965) and then as Undersecretary for Monetary Affairs under President Nixon (1969–1974), as President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (1975–1979), and finally as Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System under both President Carter and President Reagan (1979–1987). Born in 1927, his world view was formed by childhood experience of the Great Depression and World War II, times of great national trial that led ultimately to recommitment and reconstruction. He went into public service in order to be a part of the rebuilding effort, but it was his fate instead to be involved mainly in managing pressures that would ultimately lead to the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system internationally and the Glass–Steagall banking system domestically. Consequently, there is some sadness today when he looks back on his career, but there is also a sense of accomplishment. In spite of everything, there was no depression and there was no world war. The possibility and hope for progress in years to come remains alive. The interview took place in Volcker's office at Rockefeller Center in New York City. His fourth-floor windows look out over the sunken plaza to the gold-leafed statue of Prometheus stealing fire from the gods, and then on farther to the elegant GE building, which is familiar to anyone who has visited New York. Over the front entrance it is just possible to see the inscription adapted from Isaiah 33:6, “Wisdom and Knowledge shall be the stability of thy times.” It strikes me as an appropriate inscription for the building, reminding one that this most beautiful complex was built in the years of the Great Depression. Today, with the forthcoming interview in mind, it reminds me also of the stakes involved in the conduct of monetary policy.
Vibrational analysis of the inelastic neutron ascattering spectra of electron donor-acceptor complexes. II. Tetracyanoethylene-perylene by electronic structure calculations

The vibrational spectra of the electron donor–acceptor complex, tetracyanoethylene–perylene were measured at 4 K by inelastic neutron scattering (INS) using the filter analyzer neutron spectrometer (FANS) and at 20 K using the TOSCA instrument. A direct comparison of the measured spectrum was made to density functional calculations using the B3LYP/6-31G** treatment for the isolated complex, the PW91 pseudopotential plus plane-wave basis and the BLYP/dnd atom-centered basis solid-state methods. In general, comparisons of the observed and simulated spectra revealed that the PW91 method is slightly superior to the B3LYP/6-31G** and BLYP/dnd methods in predicting both vibrational frequency and intensity above 200 cm K1 . Below 200 cm K1 , the BLYP/dnd calculations gave slightly better intensity agreement. Six intermolecular vibrations were theoretically predicted with the three calculation methods and were experimentally confirmed. In addition, the molecular motions of the vibrations observed in the INS spectrum were tentatively assigned. Our calculations show that solid-state calculations are not required, at least in the case of the TCNE–perylene complex, to obtain reasonably accurate vibrational frequency information of electron donor–acceptor complexes. q 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
COLONY STRUCTURE OF A SLAVEMAKING ANT. II. FREQUENCY OF SLAVE RAIDS AND IMPACT ON THE HOST POPULATION

The parasite pressure exerted by the slavemaker ant Protomognathus americanus on its host species Leptothorax longispinosus was analyzed demographically and genetically. The origin of slaves found in colonies of the obligate slavemaker was examined with nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers to make inferences about the frequency and severity of slave raids. Relatedness of enslaved L. longispinosus workers in the same nest was very low, and our data suggest that, on average, each slavemaker nest raids six host colonies per season. Therefore, the influence of slavemaker species on their hosts is much stronger than simple numerical ratios suggest. We also found that slave relatedness was higher in small than in large slavemaker nests; thus, larger nests wield a much stronger influence on the host. We estimated that in the study population, on average, a host nest has a 50% chance of being attacked by a slavemaker colony per year. Free-living Leptothorax colonies in the vicinity of slavemaker nests did not represent the source of slaves working in P. americanus colonies, which suggests that raided nests either do not survive or migrate after being raided. Colony composition and intranest relatedness of free-living L. longispinosus colonies differed markedly between areas with slavemakers and those that are parasite-free. In the presence of slavemakers, host colonies were less likely to be polygynous and had fewer workers and a higher relatedness among worker brood. Host nests with slavemaker neighbors allocated more resources into sexuals, possibly caused by these shifts in nest demography. Finally, enslaved Leptothorax workers in P. americanus nests appeared to be less efficient than their counterparts in free-living colonies. Thus, slavemakers exert a much stronger impact on their hosts than had previously been suspected and represent an unique system to study parasite-host coevolution.
Spatially distributed cellular neural networks

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology for the design of cellular neural networks with interconnection topologies optimized and suitable for spatially distributed implementation.Design/methodology/approach – The authors perform combinatorial optimization on the neural network's topology to obtain a sparser network, in which the links between the components of the network that reside in different physical locations are minimized. The approach builds on existing computationally efficient tools for the design of cellular neural networks and uses the concept of the network's stability parameters to assess the performance of the network prior to testing.Findings – It turns out that the sparser cellular neural networks thus produced exhibit performance that can be on par with that of networks with full connectivity, and that for implementations of modest size, communication delays are not that significant to affect the stability of the dynamical system.Originality/value – The novelty of...
Beyond Semantics and the Immediate Postdisaster Period: Community Quality of Life as an Overarching Theme for Sustaining Collective Action

The concept of “quality of life” has broad appeal to a variety of professions and disciplines, with increasing centrality to local sustainability. This paper highlights the negative impacts of disasters on quality of life in communities, which are defined as encompassing small neighborhoods to regions. This paper also describes a set of indicators that can be used to assess changes in community quality of life. A matrix of opportunities for enhancing quality of life and promoting tenets of sustainability during the postdisaster recovery period is presented as well as examples of success in communities throughout the United States. The paper concludes that quality of life can serve as the guiding principle for sustainable redevelopment, given its centrality to other ongoing community planning and development initiatives and goals.
A RAID-BASED SECURE AND FAULT-TOLERANT MODEL FOR CLOUD INFORMATION STORAGE

Cloud computing allows for access to ubiquitous data storage and powerful computing resources through the use of web services. There are major concerns, however, with data security, reliability, and availability in the cloud. In this paper, we address these concerns by introducing a novel security mechanism for secure and fault-tolerant cloud information storage. The information storage model follows the RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) concept by considering cloud service providers as independent virtual disk drives. As such, the model utilizes multiple cloud service providers as a cloud cluster for information storage, and a service directory for management of the cloud clusters including service query, key management, and cluster restoration. Our approach not only supports maintaining the confidentiality of the stored data, but also ensures that the failure or compromise of an individual cloud provider in a cloud cluster will not result in a compromise of the overall data set. To ensure a correct design, we present a formal model of the security mechanism using hierarchical colored Petri nets (HCPN), and verify some key properties of the model using model checking techniques.
Some hormones involved in elaboration or activation of the mammary spreading factor.

Summary1. Hormones which stimulate mammary gland growth cause elaboration or activation of the mammary gland spreading factor. 2. Increasing amounts of estradiol benzoate caused increasing amounts of the spreading factor to be elaborated or activated in the mammary glands of castrate animals, but little or no spreading factor was found to be present in the mammary gland extracts of estradiol-benzoate treated, castrate-adrenal-ectomized animals. 3. Increased amounts of progesterone alone caused increased production of the spreading factor, however, the largest amount of progesterone employed did not give as good response as half the level of progesterone plus a little estrogen. 4. Best elaboration or activation of the spreading factor in response to treatment was with a combination of 1 μg estradiol benzoate and 5 mg progesterone. Other combinations of estrogen and progesterone gave graded responses. The castrate-adrenalectomized animals showed as good production of the spreading factor in response to estr...
Evaluation of Synchronous Twin Pulse Technique for Shock Wave Lithotripsy: Determination of Optimal Parameters for In Vitro Stone Fragmentation

ABSTRACTPurpose: The Twinheads extracorporeal shock wave lithotriptor (THSWL) is composed of 2 identical shock wave generators and reflectors. One reflector is under the table and the other is over the table with a variable angle between the axes of the 2 reflectors. The 2 reflectors share a common second focal point, making it possible to deliver an almost synchronous twin pulse to the targeted stone. We studied the optimal parameters for in vitro stone fragmentation.Materials and Methods: Two types of 1 cm artificial stones were used, namely Bon(n)-stones of 3 compositions (75% calcium oxalate monohydrate [COM] plus 25% uric acid, struvite and cystine) and plaster of Paris. The parameters tested were shock wave number (100, 500 and 1,000), shock wave power (8, 11 and 14 kV) and angle between the reflector axes (67, 90 and 105 degrees). After the optimal parameters were determined we studied the disintegrative efficacy of THSWL for 3 types of human urinary calculi, including COM, calcium hydrogen phospha...
An integrated neural network method for market clearing price prediction and confidence interval estimation

Market energy clearing prices (MCPs) play an important role in a deregulated power market, and good MCP prediction and interval estimation will help utilities and independent power producers submit effective bids with low risks. MCP is a non-stationary process, and an adaptive algorithm with fast convergence is important. A common method for MCP prediction is neural networks, and the extended Kalman filter (EKF) can be used as an integrated adaptive learning and interval estimation method, with fast convergence and small confidence interval. However, the EKF learning is computationally expensive because it involves high dimensional matrices. This paper presents a modified U-D factorization method within the framework of decoupled EKF. The computation speed is significantly improved and also is the numerical stability. EKF learning can then be used for high dimensional practical problems. Testing results show that the integrated learning and confidence interval algorithm provides better prediction than the back propagation algorithm and the confidence interval is smaller than that of a Bayesian inference-based interval estimation method.
Implications of two Holocene time-dependent geomagnetic models for cosmogenic nuclide production rate scaling

Abstract The geomagnetic field is a major influence on in situ cosmogenic nuclide production rates at a given location (in addition to atmospheric pressure and, to a lesser extent, solar modulation effects). A better understanding of how past fluctuations in these influences affected production rates should allow more accurate application of cosmogenic nuclides. As such, this work explores the cosmogenic nuclide production rate scaling implications of two recent time-dependent spherical harmonic geomagnetic models spanning the Holocene. Korte and Constable (2011, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 188, 247–259) and Korte et al. (2011, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 312, 497–505) recently updated earlier spherical harmonic paleomagnetic models with new paleomagnetic data from sediment cores in addition to new archeomagnetic and volcanic data. These updated models offer improved resolution and accuracy over the previous versions, in part due to increased temporal and spatial data coverage. In addition, Pavon-Carrasco et al. (2014, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 388, 98–109) developed another time-dependent spherical harmonic model of the Holocene geomagnetic field, based solely on archeomagnetic and volcanic paleomagnetic data from the same underlying paleomagnetic database as the Korte et al. models, but extending to 14 ka. With the new models as input, trajectory-traced estimates of effective vertical cutoff rigidity ( R C – the standard method for ordering cosmic ray data) yield significantly different time-integrated scaling predictions when compared to each other and to results using the earlier models. In addition, predictions of each new model using R C are tested empirically using recently published production rate calibration data for both 10Be and 3He, and compared to predictions using corresponding time-varying geocentric dipolar R C formulations and a static geocentric axial dipole (GAD) model. Results for the few calibration sites from geomagnetically sensitive regions suggest that the Pavon-Carrasco et al. (2014) time-varying dipolar model tends to predict sea level, high latitude production rates more in line with those from calibration sites not affected by geomagnetic variations. This suggests that uncertainties arising from hemispheric and temporal sampling biases in the Holocene spherical harmonic models considered here, combined with the currently limited spatial and temporal distribution of production rate calibration sites as empirical tests, limit the robustness of the non-dipole aspects of these models for production rate scaling. These analyses should be revisited as such models improve and additional calibration sites become available.
Endovascular treatment of near-fatal neonatal superior vena cava syndrome.

OBJECTIVE We describe the endovascular management of an 8-wk-old previously healthy female who developed superior vena cava syndrome secondary to Pseudomonas septic shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Doppler ultrasound confirmed near-total thrombotic occlusion of the superior vena cava and right internal jugular vein. She was taken emergently for cardiac catheterization, which confirmed the large superior vena cava thrombus extending into the right internal jugular vein and innominate vein with almost complete occlusion of the innominate vein. The superior vena cava to right atrium gradient was 14 mm Hg with very little antegrade flow into the right atrium, right femoral artery occlusion, and branch pulmonary artery emboli. Intervention involved serial balloon dilation inflations across the superior vena cava and innominate vein with improvement in the superior vena cava to right atrium gradient to 5 mm Hg and significant improvement in left ventricular function. Anticoagulation included heparin infusion for 48 hrs followed by enoxaparin for 1 month, alteplase for 48 hrs, eptifibatide (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor) for 9 days followed by aspirin. DATA SOURCES Chart review. Case reports are exempt from approval of our Institutional Review Board. STUDY SELECTION None. DATA EXTRACTION None. DATA SYNTHESIS None. CONCLUSIONS Daily head ultrasounds were performed without evidence of intracranial hemorrhage. All thromboses resolved within 3 wks. Her organ function recovered and she was discharged to home. The etiology of her colitis is still unknown. At 9-month follow-up, she was doing well with no residual organ dysfunction.
Predicting and Comparing Electromigration Failure for Different Test Structures

Electromigration and stress migration are important reliability concerns in the semiconductor industry. Relative and absolute assessments of lifetimes generally rely on the accelerated testing of ‘standard’ test structures. However, the sensitivity to various important electromigration phenomena is found to depend strongly on the type of test structure. Two common structures for electromigration testing are (i) a long line with large pads at either end and (ii) a more realistic interconnect line with W-studs at the line end. The effects of (a) different flux divergences at the line end, (b) interfacial diffusion, and (c) Cu-depletion generally result in different lifetimes for the two types of test structures under the same testing conditions. In this paper, we compare void growth rates and mean times to failure for both types of test structure taking these effects into account. Our results are used to explain differences in MTF values reported in the literature for different test structures.
Sensing the world with a Raspberry Pi

The Raspberry Pi is a credit-card sized computer designed by The Raspberry Pi Foundation and the University of Cambridge's Computer Laboratory. Since its release in 2012, the Pi has provided universities, K12 schools, and hobbyists with a low-cost platform for developing a range of applications, from games to embedded systems. With 512 Megabytes of RAM and a powerful ARM processor, the Raspberry Pi offers the computational horsepower needed for a wide range of educational projects. Its HDMI capable graphics card and Linux-based GUI, provide an easy-to-use environment for application development; and its out-of-the-box support of networking enable the development of server applications.
Das Standardmodell der Teilchenphysik

Das Standardmodell der Teilchenphysik fast das heutige Wissen und die Modellvorstellungen uber die Struktur der Materie zusammen. Solange Physiker durch Streuexperimente den Aufbau der Materie erforschen, versuchen sie zu jeder Zeit, die jeweils tiefste Schicht einer Folge immer feiner sich darstellender Strukturen zu ergrunden (Atome und Molekule, kondensierte Materie → Atomhulle und -kern → Nukleonen, Hadronen und Leptonen → Quarkstruktur der Hadronen → fundamentale Teilchen). Sie denken und arbeiten seit Generationen (mindestens seit Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts) auf der Grundlage und in Kategorien eines Teilchenkonzeptes der Materie. Der Erkenntnisfortschritt ist immer auch durch das Auflosungs- und Leistungsvermogen der jeweils verfugbaren Instrumente bedingt.
To Identify Terrorism — A Consequential Ambiguity

An essential question for studies and practices on counterterrorism is to ask how particular oppositional identity constructions come to be temporarily stabilized and accepted as bounded entities given the propensity of such configurations to frequently (mis)guide collective meaning and action.1 As explained by James Der Derian, “for one reason or many — or, as we seem forced to relearn in every generation, for no reason at all — they come to be recognized as the ‘other’: the barbarian, infidel, heretic, savage, revolutionary, traitor; the racist, sexist, lunatic, alien cyborg. In turn, our collective identity — citizens, patriots, believers — becomes dependent upon these differences”.2 Our task here is to interrogate such mutually reinforcing perceptions of difference so that any damaging dependencies through which they are formed and continually reproduced can be appropriately disrupted. As much as identities may seem to indicate timeless truths or essences and exert formidable power over outcomes, identity is not about “a false consciousness opposed to a true one”.3 Instead, what we understand as identities results from ongoing processes of meaning making influenced by social structures and agential decision making: it would be a mistake to privilege structure or agency; the key is to somehow analytically manage both in considering how different outcomes have come to be in the way that they have.
Arms Over Plowshares

The Security Council’s enfeeblement of UNAMIR soon produced a backlash at the United Nations, leading to renewed efforts to resolve the Rwandan crisis. Nevertheless, there was a notable lack of progress due to protracted bureaucratic wrangling, limited funds, and the absence of a sense of urgency despite continued mass killings. From May 22–27, Boutros-Ghali’s personal two-man mission (director of peacekeeping operations Iqbal Riza and military adviser J. Maurice Baril) surveyed the Rwandan quagmire and concluded that a political rather than a military solution was the only way out of the morass1. The UN then proved to be incapable not only of effecting such a solution but of accomplishing steps in that direction such as arranging a ceasefire or separating the combatants. The genocide then subsided, not because of any UN accomplishment, but as a result of the battlefield advances made by the RPE The Security Council did authorize French military intervention in Rwanda, but its narrow success in saving lives within the southwestern security zone had little impact on stopping the broader genocide. The RPF’s victory ending the devastating conflict was achieved despite France’s role, not as its consequence.
Feasibility, tolerability and safety of pediatric hyperpolarized (129)Xe magnetic resonance imaging in healthy volunteers and children with cystic fibrosis.

Hyperpolarized 129Xe is a promising contrast agent for MRI of pediatric lung function, but its safety and tolerability in children have not been rigorously assessed. To assess the feasibility, safety and tolerability of hyperpolarized 129Xe gas as an inhaled contrast agent for pediatric pulmonary MRI in healthy control subjects and in children with cystic fibrosis. Seventeen healthy control subjects (ages 6–15 years, 11 boys) and 11 children with cystic fibrosis (ages 8–16 years, 4 boys) underwent 129Xe MRI, receiving up to three doses of 129Xe gas prepared by either a commercially available or a homebuilt 129Xe polarizer. Subject heart rate and SpO2 were monitored for 2 min post inhalation and compared to resting baseline values. Adverse events were reported via follow-up phone call at days 1 and 30 (range ±7 days) post-MRI. All children tolerated multiple doses of 129Xe, and no children withdrew from the study. Relative to baseline, most children who received a full dose of gas for imaging (10 of 12 controls and 8 of 11 children with cystic fibrosis) experienced a nadir in SpO2 (mean –6.0 ± standard deviation 7.2%, P≤0.001); however within 2 min post inhalation SpO2 values showed no significant difference from baseline (P=0.11). There was a slight elevation in heart rate (mean +6.6 ± 13.9 beats per minute [bpm], P=0.021), which returned from baseline within 2 min post inhalation (P=0.35). Brief side effects related to the anesthetic properties of xenon were mild and quickly resolved without intervention. No serious or severe adverse events were observed; in total, four minor adverse events (14.3%) were reported following 129Xe MRI, but all were deemed unrelated to the study. The feasibility, safety and tolerability of 129Xe MRI has been assessed in a small group of children as young as 6 years. SpO2 changes were consistent with the expected physiological effects of a short anoxic breath-hold, and other mild side effects were consistent with the known anesthetic properties of xenon and with previous safety assessments of 129Xe MRI in adults. Hyperpolarized 129Xe is a safe and well-tolerated inhaled contrast agent for pulmonary MR imaging in healthy children and in children with cystic fibrosis who have mild to moderate lung disease.
Paratonia and Frontal Lobe Cognitive Function

Paratonia, an alteration of tone to passive movement, was assessed in 25 adult patients with degenerative dementia and correlated with other tests of frontal lobe function (echopraxia, distractibility, word fluency) and cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination) in a study at Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH.
Numerical Manipulation of Digital Holograms for 3-D Imaging and Display: An Overview

In the last two decades, thanks to the considerable technological development of solid-state sensors, digital holography (DH) has gained credits as the elective imaging technique for applications in various research fields, e.g., material science, biotechnology, as well as a diagnostic tool for applications at lab-on-a-chip scale. However, since its beginning, the intrinsic coherent nature of holography made 3-D imaging and display one of its preferred applications. Still today, several research groups around the world are working to develop novel numerical solutions in the framework of DH-based 3-D imaging and display technology. In this paper, we report an overview of the most important contributions given to this field over the last years.
Chapter 8 – The Group IA and IIA Metals

The metals found in Group IA and IIA have low ionization potentials and low electronegativities. As a result, they are reactive reducing agents. Because the oxides of these metals contain O2−, they are bases. Although most of the halides of these metals are ionic, those of beryllium are more covalent. Because of its high charge to size ratio, Be2+ forms stable complexes. Several of the carbonates, nitrates, and sulfates of the Group IA and IIA metals are important industrial compounds. There is an extensive organic chemistry of these metals. In particular, magnesium halides are widely used in organic chemistry in forming Grignard reagents.
Group Problem Solving in Class Improves Undergraduate Learning

Developing methods for improving student learning is a long-standing goal in undergraduate science education. However, the extent to which students working on problems in small groups versus individually results in improved learning among undergraduate science students has not been evaluated in a randomized controlled trial. We have performed such a trial with 80 students in an undergraduate biochemistry class, in which students were randomized to either learning in groups or learning individually. All students participated in the same class, which consisted of a lecture with periodic breaks for students to solve problems using an audience response system. Students in the individual learning condition answered these questions on their own, but students in the group-based learning condition answered these questions in an assigned group of four students. At the end of the class, all students then took the same exam as individuals. The exam had two types of questions—recall questions, in which students had t...
RNAi therapy to the wall of arteries and veins: anatomical, physiologic, and pharmacological considerations

Cardiovascular disease remains a major health care challenge. The knowledge about the underlying mechanisms of the respective vascular disease etiologies has greatly expanded over the last decades. This includes the contribution of microRNAs, endogenous non-coding RNA molecules, known to vastly influence gene expression. In addition, short interference RNA has been established as a mechanism to temporarily affect gene expression. This review discusses challenges relating to the design of a RNA interference therapy strategy for the modulation of vascular disease. Despite advances in medical and surgical therapies, atherosclerosis (ATH), aortic aneurysms (AA) are still associated with high morbidity and mortality. In addition, intimal hyperplasia (IH) remains a leading cause of late vein and prosthetic bypass graft failure. Pathomechanisms of all three entities include activation of endothelial cells (EC) and dedifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). RNA interference represents a promising technology that may be utilized to silence genes contributing to ATH, AA or IH. Successful RNAi delivery to the vessel wall faces multiple obstacles. These include the challenge of cell specific, targeted delivery of RNAi, anatomical barriers such as basal membrane, elastic laminae in arterial walls, multiple layers of VSMC, as well as adventitial tissues. Another major decision point is the route of delivery and potential methods of transfection. A plethora of transfection reagents and adjuncts have been described with varying efficacies and side effects. Timing and duration of RNAi therapy as well as target gene choice are further relevant aspects that need to be addressed in a temporo-spatial fashion. While multiple preclinical studies reported encouraging results of RNAi delivery to the vascular wall, it remains to be seen if a single target can be sufficient to the achieve clinically desirable changes in the injured vascular wall in humans. It might be necessary to achieve simultaneous and/or sequential silencing of multiple, synergistically acting target genes. Some advances in cell specific RNAi delivery have been made, but a reliable vascular cell specific transfection strategy is still missing. Also, off-target effects of RNAi and unwanted effects of transfection agents on gene expression are challenges to be addressed. Close collaborative efforts between clinicians, geneticists, biologists, and chemical and medical engineers will be needed to provide tailored therapeutics for the various types of vascular diseases.
Resolving uncertainty in plural predication.

Abstract Plural predications (e.g., “the boxes are heavy”) are common sources of ambiguity in everyday language, allowing both distributive and collective interpretations (e.g., the boxes each are heavy vs. the boxes together are heavy). This paper investigates the role of context in the disambiguation of plural predication. We address the key phenomenon of “stubborn distributivity,” whereby certain predicates (e.g., big , tall ) are claimed to lack collective interpretations altogether. We first validate a new methodology for measuring the interpretation of plural predications. Using this method, we then analyze naturally-occurring plural predications from corpora. We find a role of context, but no evidence of a distinct class of predicates that resists collective interpretations. We further explore the role of context in our final experiments, showing that both the predictability of properties and the knowledgeability of the speaker affect disambiguation. This suggests a pragmatic account of how ambiguous plural predications are interpreted. In particular, stubbornly distributive predicates are so because the collective properties they name are unpredictable, or unstable, in most contexts; this unpredictability results in a noisy collective interpretation, something speakers and listeners recognize as ineffective for communicating efficiently about their world. We formalize the pragmatics of utterance disambiguation within the Bayesian Rational Speech Act framework.
The Leadership Imperative: A Collaborative Approach to Professional Development in the Global Age of More for Less

Notwithstanding the increasing importance of technology, the practice of corporate law is — and is likely to remain for the foreseeable future — a human capital business. As a result, law firms must continue to attract, develop, and retain talented lawyers. Unfortunately, the traditional approach, which divides responsibility for professional development among law schools, which are supposed to teach students to think like a lawyer; law firms, which are expected to train associates to “be” lawyers; and corporate clients, whose job it is to foot the bill, is no longer well aligned to the current realities of the marketplace. In this Article, we document the causes for this misalignment and propose a new model of professional development in which law schools, law firms, and corporate clients collaborate to train lawyers to be lifelong learners in the full range of technical, professional, and network-building skills they will need to flourish throughout their careers. We offer specific proposals for how to achieve this realignment and confront the resistance that will inevitably greet any attempt to do so.
The pointwise Eshelby force on the interface between a transformed inclusion and its surrounding matrix

Eshelby showed that the pointwise force F on and normal to the interface between a transformed inclusion and its surrounding matrix is the jump in the normal component of the elastic energy-momentum tensor across the interface. Gavazza later showed, using an entirely different approach, that this thermodynamic driving force F has a much simpler form involving only the average of the stress tensors at adjacent points on opposite sides of the interface and the “transformation strain” tensor. The equivalence of and connection between the two formulae was apparently first shown by Eshelby in a personal letter to Gavazza (attached as an appendix to this paper), although the brevity of the letter makes following Eshelby’s proof a little difficult. Here we expand Eshelby’s hitherto unpublished proof of the equivalence of the two expressions in what we believe is a clearer fashion.