cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hilbert space techniques for reactive power compensation in polyphase systems with unequal line resistances

The paper considers the problem of reactive power compensation in polyphase systems with unequal line resistances. It is suggested that a weighted Hilbert space offers a natural framework for loss minimization problems, as they can be solved using projections on appropriate subspaces. The paper discusses the concepts of weighted real (active), reactive and apparent power, and introduces orthogonal current and power decompositions. The particular case of symmetric lines is addressed in more detail, as it sheds additional light on definitions used in IEEE standard 1459. A simple resistive example is used to illustrate the special case of sinusoidal voltage and current.
Comparison of Mental Health Service Utilization by Asian Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites versus Their Cardiovascular Care Utilization.

Introduction This study will determine whether racial/ethnic disparities persist in various psychiatric disorders among Asian Americans. Methods Secondary analyses of data from the second largest public health system in the US (total N=22294) were performed. Chi-squared statistics were used to compare the race for mental health service utilization for five psychiatric diagnoses. Cardiovascular care utilization by Asian Americans and non-Hispanic whites was used as a proxy for overall healthcare utilization rates between the two racial groups and constituted the expected values for the analysis. Results Asian Americans were less likely to utilize mental health services for bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, and intellectual disabilities. Conclusion The results of this study call for ways to increase mental health service utilization on par with cardiovascular healthcare utilization among Asian Americans.
σ‐holes and π‐holes: Similarities and differences

σ-Holes and π-holes are regions of molecules with electronic densities lower than their surroundings. There are often positive electrostatic potentials associated with them. Through these potentials, the molecule can interact attractively with negative sites, such as lone pairs, π electrons, and anions. Such noncovalent interactions, "σ-hole bonding" and "π-hole bonding," are increasingly recognized as being important in a number of different areas. In this article, we discuss and compare the natures and characteristics of σ-holes and π-holes, and factors that influence the strengths and locations of the resulting electrostatic potentials. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
VCR-As-Paradigm: a Study and Taxonomy of Errors in an Interactive Task

The error-prone task of programming a VCR is representative of a growing number of end-user programmable devices. To help understand this task a display-based model of VCR programming was developed and implemented as a computational cognitive model. The model accurately predicts the vast majority of correct and error recovery keypresses collected from 9 subjects during 56 successfully programmed shows. The model supports two taxonomies for classifying errors; one at the keypress level, the other at the goal and subgoal level. The taxonomies have descriptive utility and are being used to understand the non-random nature, discovery, and recovery of errors in programmable devices.
Identifying web strategies for large-scale firms

The World Wide Web has become increasingly important in helping businesses stay competitive. Hence, in the current business environment, it is essential for large firms in established industries to take advantage of the Web and all it has to offer in order to stay competitive. Integrating the Web into business processes may enable companies to operate more effectively and efficiently while doing the same things that they have always done before. While the Web has transformed many industries, organizations need to make conscious and informed decisions on what aspects of the Web they believe will positively impact their organizations. Our goal is to provide a framework in addressing issues of how to use the Web as a platform to develop various strategies. This research will address various web strategies that can be used by large organizations to support various business functions.
Plato's Timaeus and the Latin Tradition

This book focuses on the development of Platonic philosophy at the hands of Roman writers between the first century BCE and the early fifth century CE. It discusses the interpretation of Plato's Timaeus by Cicero, Apuleius, Calcidius, and Augustine, and examines how these authors created new contexts and settings for the intellectual heritage they received and thereby contributed to the construction of the complex and multifaceted genre of Roman Platonism. It takes advantage of the authors' treatment of Plato's Timaeus as a continuous point of reference to illustrate the individuality and originality of each writer in his engagement with this Greek philosophical text; each chooses a specific vocabulary, methodology, and literary setting for his appropriation of Timaean doctrine. The authors' contributions to the dialogue's history of transmission are shown to have enriched and prolonged the enduring significance of Plato's cosmology.
Ex-situ training of large memristor crossbars for neural network applications

Memristor crossbar arrays carry out multiply–add operations in parallel in the analog domain, and can enable neuromorphic systems with high throughput at low energy and area consumption. Neural networks need to be trained prior to use. This work considers ex-situ training where the weights pre-trained by a software implementation are then programmed into the hardware. Existing ex-situ training approaches for memristor crossbars do not consider sneak path currents, and they may work only for neural networks implemented using small crossbars. Ex-situ training in large crossbars, without considering sneak paths, reduces the application recognition accuracy significantly due to the increased number of sneak current paths. This paper proposes ex-situ training approaches for both 0T1M and 1T1M crossbars that account for crossbar sneak paths and the stochasticity inherent in memristor switching. To carry out the simulation of these training approaches, a framework for fast and accurate simulation of large memristor crossbars was developed. The results in this work show that 0T1M crossbar based systems can be 17–83% smaller in area than 1T1M crossbar based systems.
Beyond the Choir? The Need to Understand Multiple Publics for Science

Understanding different publics for science communication is more important than ever before. The articles in this special issue lay important groundwork for our field to develop a better understan...
Author Correction: Recent increases in tropical cyclone intensification rates

The original version of this Article contained an error in the second sentence of the first paragraph of the ‘Quantile mapping’ section of the Methods, which incorrectly read ‘We primarily focus on results produced using an additive version of QDM26 by making use of R programming language code contained in the CRAN MBC package version 0.10–438.’ The correct version states ‘QDM29’ in place of ‘QDM26’. Also, the third sentence of the first paragraph of the ‘Quantile mapping’ section of the Methods originally incorrectly read ‘As reported in Appendix A of Cannon et al.26 the additive version of QDM is functionally very similar to the equidistant CDF matching algorithm of Li et al.39.’ The correct version states ‘Cannon et al.29’ in place of ‘Cannon et al.26’. This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
High-throughput sequencing reveals distinct regional genetic structure among remaining populations of an endangered salt marsh plant in California

Conservation of rare species requires careful consideration to both preserve locally adapted traits and maintain genetic diversity, as species’ ranges fluctuate in response to a changing climate and habitat loss. Salt marsh systems in California have been highly modified and many salt marsh obligate species have undergone range reductions and habitat loss with concomitant losses of genetic diversity and connectivity. Remaining salt marshes are threatened by rising sea levels, and so these habitats will likely require active restoration and re-establishment efforts. This study aims to provide a reference point for the current status of genetic diversity and range-wide population structure of a federally and state listed endangered plant, salt marsh bird’s-beak (Chloropyron maritimum subsp. maritimum) that can inform future preservation and restoration efforts. We used historical data and current monitoring information to locate and sample all known occurrences throughout the range of this subspecies in southern California, and three additional occurrences from Baja California, Mexico. We used flow cytometry and single nucleotide polymorphic markers (SNPs), generated by double-digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD), to assess relative ploidy, and estimate genetic diversity and population structure across the region. Overall, we found five distinct genetic clusters that coincide with geographic regions. Genetic diversity was greatest in the southern part of the range including Baja California and San Diego. These findings can bolster management and restoration efforts by identifying potentially isolated occurrences and areas that are the richest sources of allelic diversity, and by providing insight into the amount of genetic differentiation across the taxon’s range.
Reweighting Oranges to Apples: Transported RE-LY Trial Versus Nonexperimental Effect Estimates of Anticoagulation in Atrial Fibrillation.

Background Results from trials and nonexperimental studies are often directly compared, with little attention paid to differences between study populations. When target and trial population data are available, accounting for these differences through transporting trial results to target populations of interest provides useful perspective. We aimed to compare two-year risk differences (RDs) for ischemic stroke, mortality, and gastrointestinal bleeding in older adults with atrial fibrillation initiating dabigatran and warfarin when using trial transport methods versus nonexperimental methods. Methods We identified Medicare beneficiaries who initiated warfarin or dabigatran from a 20% nationwide sample. To transport treatment effects observed in the randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulation trial, we applied inverse odds weights to standardize estimates to two Medicare target populations of interest, initiators of: (1) dabigatran and (2) warfarin. Separately, we conducted a nonexperimental study in the Medicare populations using standardized morbidity ratio weighting to control measured confounding. Results Comparing dabigatran to warfarin, estimated two-year RDs for ischemic stroke were similar with trial transport and nonexperimental methods. However, two-year mortality RDs were closer to the null when using trial transport versus nonexperimental methods for the dabigatran target population (transported RD: -0.57%; nonexperimental RD: -1.9%). Estimated gastrointestinal bleeding RDs from trial transport (dabigatran initiator RD: 1.8%; warfarin initiator RD: 1.9%) appeared more harmful than nonexperimental results (dabigatran initiator RD: 0.14%; warfarin initiator RD: 0.57%). Conclusions Differences in study populations can and should be considered quantitatively to ensure results are relevant to populations of interest, particularly when comparing trial with nonexperimental findings. See video abstract: http://links.lww.com/EDE/B703.
Canine Model for Selective and Superselective Cerebral Intra-Arterial Therapy Testing

PURPOSE With advancing endovascular technology and increasing interest in minimally invasive intra-arterial therapies such as stem cell and chemotherapy for cerebral disease, the establishment of a translational model with cerebral circulation accessible to microcatheters is needed. We report our experience catheterizing canine cerebral circulation with microcatheters, present high-resolution angiographic images of the canine vascular anatomy, describe arterial branch flow patterns and provide measurements of canine arterial conduits. MATERIALS AND METHODS Angiograms were performed on 10 intact purpose-bred hounds. Angiography, measurements of arterial conduits and catheterization information for intracranial arterial branches were obtained. RESULTS Selective and superselective cerebral angiography was successful in all subjects. Relevant arterial mean diameters include the femoral (4.64 mm), aorta (9.38 mm), external carotid (3.65 mm), internal carotid arteries (1.6 mm), vertebrobasilar system and Circle of Willis branches. Catheterization of the Circle of Willis was achieved via the posterior circulation in all subjects tested (n=3) and the use of flow directed microcatheters resulted in reduced arterial tree deformation and improved superselection of intracranial vessels. Catheterization of the intracranial circulation was attempted but not achieved via the internal carotid artery (n=7) due to its tortuosity and subsequent catheter related vasospasm. CONCLUSION The canine cerebral vasculature is posterior circulation dominant. Anterior circulation angiography is achievable via the internal carotid artery, but direct cerebral arterial access is best achieved via the posterior circulation using flow-directed microcatheters. It is feasible to deliver intra-arterial therapies to selective vascular territories within the canine cerebral circulation, thus making it a viable animal model for testing novel intra-arterial cerebral treatments.
Leaking information to gain entanglement.

Entanglement lies at the root of quantum theory. It is a remarkable resource that is generally believed to diminish when entangled systems interact with their environment. On the contrary, we find that engaging a system with its environment increases its ability to retain entanglement. The maximum rate of retaining entanglement is given by the quantum channel capacity. We counter-intuitively boost the quantum capacity of a channel by leaking almost all quantum information to the channel's environment. This boost exploits two-letter level non-additivity in the channel's coherent information. The resulting non-additivity has a far larger magnitude and a qualitatively wider extent than previously known. Our findings have a surprising implication for quantum key distribution: maximum rates for key distribution can be boosted by allowing leakage of information to the eavesdropping environment.
Impact of HIV Infection on COVID-19 Outcomes Among Hospitalized Adults in the U.S

Background: Whether HIV infection is associated with differences in clinical outcomes among people hospitalized with COVID-19 is uncertain. Objective: To evaluate the impact of HIV infection on COVID-19 outcomes among hospitalized patients. Methods: Using the American Heart Association's COVID-19 Cardiovascular Disease registry, we used hierarchical mixed effects models to assess the association of HIV with in-hospital mortality accounting for patient demographics and comorbidities and clustering by hospital. Secondary outcomes included major adverse cardiac events (MACE), severity of illness, and length of stay (LOS). Results: The registry included 21,528 hospitalization records of people with confirmed COVID-19 from 107 hospitals in 2020, including 220 people living with HIV (PLWH). PLWH were younger (56.0+/-13.0 versus 61.3+/-17.9 years old) and more likely to be male (72.3% vs 52.7%), Non-Hispanic Black (51.4% vs 25.4%), on Medicaid (44.5% vs 24.5), and active tobacco users (12.7% versus 6.5%). Of the study population, 36 PLWH (16.4%) had in-hospital mortality compared with 3,290 (15.4%) without HIV (Risk ratio 1.06, 95%CI 0.79-1.43;risk difference 0.9%, 95%CI -4.2 to 6.1%;p=0.71). After adjustment for age, sex, race, and insurance, HIV was not associated with in-hospital mortality (aOR 1.13;95%CI 0.77-1.6;p 0.54) even after adding body mass index and comorbidities (aOR 1.15;95%CI 0.78-1.70;p=0.48). HIV was not associated with MACE (aOR 0.99, 95%CI 0.69-1.44, p=0.91), severity of illness (aOR 0.96, 95%CI 0.62-1.50, p=0.86), or LOS (aOR 1.03;95% CI 0.76-1.66, p=0.21). Conclusion: HIV was not associated with adverse outcomes of COVID-19 including in-hospital mortality, MACE, or severity of illness. Condensed Abstract: We studied 21,528 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 at 107 hospitals in AHA's COVID-19 registry to examine the association between HIV and COVID-19 outcomes. More patients with HIV were younger, male, non-Hispanic Black, on Medicaid and current smokers. HIV was not associated with worse COVID-19 in-hospital mortality (Risk ratio 1.06, 95%CI 0.79-1.43;p=0.71) even after adjustment (aOR 1.15;95%CI 0.78-1.70;p=0.48). HIV was also not associated with MACE (aOR 0.99, 95%CI 0.69-1.44, p=0.91) or severity of illness (aOR 0.96, 95%CI 0.62-1.50, p=0.86. Our findings do not support that HIV is a major risk factor for adverse COVID-19 outcomes.
Comparison of Postoperative Opioid Consumption and Pain Scores in Primary Versus Repeat Cesarean Delivery in Opioid Naïve Patients.

Background: Cesarean deliveries represent a large percentage of deliveries worldwide. Patients undergoing repeat cesarean deliveries are known to have increased risks for surgical complications. However, little is known regarding potential differences in pain. We sought to compare postoperative opioid consumption and pain scores in opioid naive patients undergoing primary versus repeat non-emergent cesarean delivery. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study. Patient inclusion criteria included: having a non-emergent cesarean delivery, receiving a spinal procedure for surgical anesthesia without general anesthesia, and following the same postoperative pain management protocols. Exclusion criteria included: history of opioid tolerance, illicit drug use, or prior, non-obstetric, major abdominal surgery. The primary outcome marker was total morphine equivalents consumed 0–72 h post-procedure compared between the primary versus repeat cesarean delivery groups. Secondary outcome markers were opioid consumption and pain scores in 24-h period increments for the first 72 h postoperatively. Results: 1617 patients were screened. 217 primary and 377 repeat cesarean deliveries met criteria for comparison. Reduced opioid consumption was demonstrated for the total opioid consumption 0–72 h for the repeat cesarean delivery group (median = 35) compared to the primary cesarean delivery group (median = 58), p = 0.0005. When divided into 24-h periods, differences were demonstrated for the 24–48 and 48–72 h periods but not the 0–24 h period. Pain scores did not differ statistically. Conclusion: Opioid naive obstetric patients who undergo non-emergent repeat cesarean delivery demonstrate lower opioid consumption in the postoperative period. Providers should be aware of this potential difference in order to better educate patients and provide adequate pain management. Highlights: The study reviewed differences in opioid consumption between primary and repeat cesarean deliveries. All patients received the same protocol for spinal dosage and pain management. Repeat cesarean deliveries were associated with lower opioid consumption.
Spectral Mode Analysis of Non-Hermitian Phased Microcavity Laser Array

A coupled 2x1 microcavity laser array is experimentally investigated. We show that the spectral mode profile can identify the coherent region and is consistent with the coupled power enhancement.
Glycolytic preconditioning in astrocytes mitigates trauma-induced neurodegeneration.

Concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury that results from a sudden blow or jolt to the head. Symptoms can include a passing headache, dizziness, confusion or sensitivity to light, but experiencing multiple concussions can have drastic repercussions in later life. Studies of professional athletes have shown that those who experience one or more concussions are prone to developing Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, two well-known neurodegenerative diseases. Both conditions involve the progressive loss or breakdown of nerve cells, called neurons. But exactly how this so-called neurodegeneration of brain cells stems from the original, physical injury remains unclear. Head trauma may cause damage to the structural support of a cell or disrupt the flow of electrical impulses through neurons. Energy use and production in damaged cells could shift into overdrive to repair the damage. The chemical properties of different types of brain cells could also make some more vulnerable to trauma than others. Besides neurons, star-shaped support cells in the brain called astrocytes, which may have some protective ability, could also be affected. To investigate which cells may be more susceptible to traumatic injuries, Solano Fonseca et al. modelled the impacts of concussion-like head trauma in roundworms (C. elegans) and mice. In both animals, one type of neuron was extremely vulnerable to cell death after trauma. Neurons that release dopamine, a chemical involved in cell-to-cell communication and the brain’s reward system, showed signs of cell damage and deteriorated after injury. Dopaminergic cells, as these cells are called, are involved in motor coordination, and the loss of dopaminergic cells has been linked to both Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Astrocytes, however, had a role in reducing the death of dopaminergic neurons after trauma. In experiments, astrocytes appeared to restore the balance of energy production to meet the increased energy demands of impacted neurons. Single-cell analyses showed that genes involved in metabolism were switched on in astrocytes to produce energy via an alternative pathway. This energetic shift facilitated via astrocytes may help mitigate against some damage to dopamine-producing neurons after trauma, reducing cell death. This work furthers our understanding of cellular changes in the concussed brain. More research will be required to better characterise how this immediate trauma to cells, and the subsequent loss of dopaminergic neurons, impacts brain health long-term. Efforts to design effective therapies to slow or reverse these changes could then follow.
Dimensional control over metal halide perovskite crystallization guided by active learning

Metal halide perovskite (MHP) derivatives, a promising class of optoelectronic materials, have been synthesized with a range of dimensionalities that govern their optoelectronic properties and determine their applications. We demonstrate a data-driven approach combining active learning and high-throughput experimentation to discover, control, and understand the formation of phases with different dimensionalities in the morpholinium (morph) lead iodide system. Using a robot-assisted workflow, we synthesized and characterized two novel MHP derivatives that have distinct optical properties: a one-dimensional (1D) morphPbI3 phase ([C4H10NO][PbI3]) and a 2D (morph)2PbI4 phase ([C4H10NO]2[PbI4]). To efficiently acquire the data needed to construct a machine learning (ML) model of the reaction conditions where the 1D and 2D phases are formed, data acquisition was guided by a diverse-mini-batch-sampling active learning algorithm, using prediction confidence as a stopping criterion. Querying the ML model uncovered the reaction parameters that have the most significant effects on dimensionality control. Based on these insights, we propose a reaction scheme that rationalizes the formation of different dimensional MHP derivatives in the morph-Pb-I system. The data-driven approach presented here, including the use of additives to manipulate dimensionality, will be valuable for controlling the crystallization of a range of materials over large reaction-composition spaces.
Electro-optic spatial light modulator from an engineered organic layer.

Tailored nanostructures provide at-will control over the properties of light, with applications in imaging and spectroscopy. Active photonics can further open new avenues in remote monitoring, virtual or augmented reality and time-resolved sensing. Nanomaterials with χ(2) nonlinearities achieve highest switching speeds. Current demonstrations typically require a trade-off: they either rely on traditional χ(2) materials, which have low non-linearities, or on application-specific quantum well heterostructures that exhibit a high χ(2) in a narrow band. Here, we show that a thin film of organic electro-optic molecules JRD1 in polymethylmethacrylate combines desired merits for active free-space optics: broadband record-high nonlinearity (10-100 times higher than traditional materials at wavelengths 1100-1600 nm), a custom-tailored nonlinear tensor at the nanoscale, and engineered optical and electronic responses. We demonstrate a tuning of optical resonances by Δλ = 11 nm at DC voltages and a modulation of the transmitted intensity up to 40%, at speeds up to 50 MHz. We realize 2 × 2 single- and 1 × 5 multi-color spatial light modulators. We demonstrate their potential for imaging and remote sensing. The compatibility with compact laser diodes, the achieved millimeter size and the low power consumption are further key features for laser ranging or reconfigurable optics. Spatial light modulators (SLM) provide tailored light fields for many applications. Here, the authors present an SLM device based on an organic electro-optic material that manipulates the properties of individual pixels by electronic signals at speeds up to 50 MHz.
States and Contact Forces Estimation for a Fabric-Reinforced Inflatable Soft Robot *

Soft robots can operate effectively inside confined spaces because their soft bodies can adapt to accommodate the geometry around them. When they interact with the environment, the presence of contact forces can dramatically change the dynamics of the robots. If a soft robot is in contact and the contact force is not known, the control action is still targeted for a free robot. Hence the robot may perform improper actions. Because a soft robot is deformable, it is quite challenging to determine the contact forces and the system states from sensor measurements. This paper proposes an observer design to estimate the states of a fabric-reinforced inflatable soft robot as well as the external contact forces. The soft robot is represented by the disc-thread model which results in a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). A linear parameter-varying (LPV) system including some subsystems is formed to represent the nonlinear robot. The observer is based on the sliding mode approach and includes a set of sub-observers corresponding to the subsystems in the LPV system. The observer is validated through simulations and an experiment. The simulation results show that the observer can estimate the angular positions and their rate of changes as well as assumed contact forces with no error in steady states. The experiment results display good tracking of the robot’s configurations compared to the ground truth data from the motion tracking system.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Parent Activation: Implications for Developing Interventions Addressing Early Childhood Obesity

Abstract Objective : Examine racial/ethnic differences in parent activation and associations with child obesity risk behaviors in low-income families. Methods : Cross-sectional survey study of 300 low-income Black, Latinx and white parents of patients aged 2-5 years receiving primary care within two healthcare systems (Systems 1& 2). In-person and phone surveys were conducted. Parent activation, defined as parents’ knowledge, confidence, and willingness to act concerning their child's health, was measured using the standardized 13-item Parent Patient Activation Measure (P-PAM). Differences in parent activation by race/ethnicity were assessed using ANOVA. Multivariate regression analyses were used to test associations between parent activation and child obesity risk behaviors. Results : In pooled unadjusted analyses, Latinx parents had significantly lower activation compared to Black parents (p=0.023), but these differences were no longer statistically significant after adjusting for other sociodemographic characteristics (p=0.06). Higher activation was associated with slightly greater odds of consuming ≥ 5 daily servings of fruits and vegetables for System 2 only (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01. 1.07). Associations between parental activation and child screen time or physical activity were not significant. Conclusions : Findings highlight potential measurement limitations of the P-PAM including the inability of the measure to capture barriers to health system navigation and cultural and linguistic considerations. Further attention to the nuanced interplay between parental activation and contextual and sociodemographic risk factors (e.g., food availability, immigrant status, economic opportunity, language proficiency) should be considered in the development of early childhood obesity interventions in primary care settings. What's New : This is the first investigation of the role of parent activation on obesity risk behaviors among low-income racially/ethnically diverse families. Additional consideration of the intersection between parent activation and sociodemographic factors is needed to address obesity risk in early childhood.
The Investigation of Source Area Controls for the Treatment of Urban Stormwater Toxicants

This paper summarizes some of the information obtained during research projects sponsored and directed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Storm and Combined Sewer Research Program. The first phase of the project investigated typical toxicant concentrations in stormwater, the origins of the toxicants, and rain and land-use factors that influenced the toxicant concentrations. All metals investigated were found in all samples, including most filtered sample fractions. Thirteen of the base-neutral and pesticide organic compounds were found in at least ten percent of the samples. The most frequently detected organics were 1,3-dichlorobenzene (maximum concentration of 120 µg/l) and fluoranthene (maximum concentration of 130 µg/l). Both of these compounds were detected in 23 percent of the samples. The second phase of the project investigated the control of stormwater toxicants (measured using the Microtox® screening test) through treatment unit processes. The benefits of the treatment processes varied for different samples. However, some of the treatment processes consistently provided the greatest benefits. The most beneficial treatment tests included settling for at least 24 hours (generally 40-90% reductions), screening through at least 40 µm screens (20-70% reductions), and aeration and/or photo-degradation for at least 24 hours (up to 80% reductions). The current project phase, which is just beginning, is testing a prototype treatment device that would be useful for controlling runoff from automobile service facilities, probably the most widespread and significant toxicant source in urban areas. This device is also intended for pretreatment before infiltration of source area runoff from other areas.
Effect of Ulnar Ostectomy on Intra‐Articular Pressure Mapping and Contact Mechanics of the Congruent and Incongruent Canine Elbow Ex Vivo

Objective To determine (1) the effect of elbow incongruity on contact mechanics and (2) the effect of treatment of this incongruity with 1 of 2 ulnar ostectomies in the canine elbow. Study Design Ex vivo biomechanical study. Sample Population Unpaired cadaveric canine forelimbs (n = 17). Methods In a servohydraulic testing frame, thin-film pressure sensors were placed into the lateral and medial compartments of the elbow. Specimens were tested in 135° of elbow joint flexion at 200 N of cyclic axial force, followed by a 20 seconds hold. Intra-articular contact area (CA), mean contact pressure (mCP) and peak contact pressure (pCP) were measured in each compartment. After radial shortening, testing was repeated and limbs randomized into proximal ulnar ostectomy with IM pin (PUO) or sequential distal ulnar ostectomy (DUO), interosseous ligament release (DUO-L), and ulnar attachment of the abductor pollicis longus muscle and interosseous membrane release (DUO-ML). Paired t-tests were used to compare each treatment to baseline values. Differences between treatment groups were evaluated with a mixed model with random effect to adjust for the clustering of limbs within dog. P < .05 was considered significant. Results Radial shortening resulted in shift of mCP and pCP from the lateral to the medial compartment. The PUO group resulted in normalization of medial compartment mCP and decrease of pCP, whereas in the DUO group return to baseline was achieved only after DUO-ML. Conclusion PUO is effective in unloading medial compartment pCP in an incongruent joint.
Mutual Inhibition of the Insulin Absorption-Enhancing Properties of Dodecylmaltoside and Dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin Following Nasal Administration

Purpose. To determine if a nasal insulin formulation containing two distinct absorption–enhancing agents exhibits an additive or synergistic increase in the rate of systemic insulin absorption.
Biosynthesis of abnormal collagens with amino acid analogues. II. Inability of cartilage cells to extrude collagen polypeptides containing L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid or cis-4-fluoro-L-proline.

Abstract Autoradiographic studies demonstrated that the abnormal collagen polypeptides synthesized in the presence of l -azetidine-2-carboxylic acid or cis-4-fluoro- l -proline are retained intracellularly, and they are not extruded into the extracellular matrix. The proline analogues did not in themselves prevent the extrusion of previously accumulated normal protocollagen after the protocollagen was hydroxylated to collagen, and the results indicated that the failure to extrude the abnormal collagens is directly related to the incorporation of the proline analogues into the polypeptide chains. In exploring the reasons why the collagens containing either analogue are not extruded, it was found that the abnormal collagens not only have a decreased content of hydroxyproline, but also have a decreased content of hydroxylysine and glycosylated hydroxylysine.
Kinetic Mechanism for Assembly of the m7GpppG·eIF4E·eIF4G Complex

Interaction of the mRNA cap with the translational machinery is a critical and early step in the initiation of protein synthesis. To better understand this process, we determined kinetic constants for the interaction of m7GpppG with human eIF4E by stopped-flow fluorescence quenching in the presence of a 90-amino acid fragment of human eIF4G that contains the eIF4E-binding domain (eIF4G(557–646)). The values obtained, kon = 179 × 106 m–1 s–1 and koff = 79 s–1, were the same as reported previously in the absence of an eIF4G-derived peptide. We also used surface plasmon resonance to determine kinetic constants for the binding of eIF4E to eIF4G(557–646), both in the presence and absence of m7GpppG. The results indicated that eIF4G(557–646) binds eIF4E and eIF4E·m7GpppG at the same rate, with kon = 3 × 106 m–1 s–1 and koff = 0.01 s–1. Our data represent the first full kinetic description of the interaction of eIF4E with its two specific ligands. The results demonstrate that the formation of the m7GpppG·eIF4E·eIF4G(557–646) complex obeys a sequential, random kinetic mechanism and that there is no preferential pathway for its formation. Thus, even though eIF4G(557–646) binds eIF4E tightly, it does not increase the affinity of eIF4E for m7GpppG, as has been claimed in several previous publications. We did, in fact, observe increased binding to m7GTP-Sepharose in the presence of eIF4G(557–646), but only with recombinant eIF4E that was prepared from inclusion bodies.
Dealing with Decoupled Nuclear Explosions Under a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

The detonation of nuclear explosions in huge underground cavities so as to muffle or decouple the seismic waves they generated has been debated for more than 35 years. This paper reviews the history of the decoupling concept, assesses what countries have the technological capabilities to carry out such a test of a given yield, and evaluates several decoupling scenarios. I conclude that testing with huge decoupling factors, DF, is feasible for yields of a few kilotons (kt) or larger only in cavities in salt domes. Past nuclear explosions conducted in salt that are large enough for the full decoupling of explosions with yields ≥ 0.5 kt are concentrated in only a few areas of Kazakhstan and Russia. The existence of all cavities of that size that were created by past explosions is known since the events that created those cavities must be at least 20 times larger in yield than the size of a fully decoupled event that can be detonated in them. Monitoring of cavities created in that way that may remain standing should be relatively easy at the 1 kt level if appropriate verification measures are put in place. While large cavities can be created in salt by solution mining, no country is known to have evacuated the brine from such a cavity and then conducted a decoupled nuclear explosion in it. Air-filled cavities in salt suitable for significant decoupled testing are stable over only a very narrow range of depths from about 200 m to a maximum of 900 to 1300 m. Most areas of thick salt deposits in the Former Soviet Union and the U.S. are typified by efficient transmission for seismic waves and low natural seismic activity. The scaled cavity radius of 20 m cited in the literature for full decoupling in granite is poorly determined, probably is too small, and has resulted in overestimates of the potential to employ cavities in hard rock for decoupled nuclear testing. For cavities in hard rock, lack of any known experience in conducting decoupled nuclear testing in them, insuring containment in the presence of large differences in principal stresses and the presence of joints and other inhomogeneities on a scale of 1 to 100 m, and the excavation of such a large cavity without being detected are factors that make clandestine decoupled testing of a few kt or larger very unlikely for sites in hard rock, even for countries with considerable testing experience. Decoupled testing of large DF in any media at such yields by countries lacking containment experience would be difficult to carry out in secrecy.
Partitioning Analog and Digital Processing in Mixed-Signal Systems

Shrinking feature sizes, combined with the need for low-power and lightweight components, fuel the desire to place large mixed-signal systems onto a single die. A major design issue in mixed-signal systems is the effect of digital switching noise coupled to sensitive analog circuits through the substrate. A method is presented for minimizing this effect by partitioning digital and analog processing into separate time blocks. The resulting trade-off between lost signal and increased energy consumption is explored. As an example, a GPS synchronizer design is analyzed with respect to modifications that can be made to increase performance, while minimizing any associated energy penalty. Application of the partitioning method to other communications systems is discussed.
Rosacea, Use of Tetracycline, and Risk of Incident Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Women

Background & Aims Rosacea is an inflammatory skin disease. Case reports have shown rosacea as a comorbidity of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but no epidemiologic studies have examined rosacea and risk of subsequent IBD. The association between tetracycline use and risk of IBD was assessed, but this study produced limited findings. We examined the association between rosacea, use of tetracycline, and risk of incident Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Methods We analyzed data from 96,314 participants in the Nurses' Health Study II (1991–2011). Information on IBD was confirmed by medical review. Participants were asked in 2005 about their lifetime histories of clinician-diagnosed rosacea and year of diagnosis. Information on ever use of tetracycline was collected in 1993. Results During 1,856,587 person-years (1991–2011), we identified 149 cases of CD and 215 cases of UC. Rosacea was not associated with risk of UC. In contrast, rosacea was significantly associated with increased risk of subsequent CD (hazard ratio [HR], 2.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15–4.18), which appeared particularly stronger for a longer duration after a diagnosis of rosacea ( P trend = .01). Tetracycline use was associated with increased risk of CD (HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.09–2.24) and UC (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.00–1.80); there was a trend toward increased risk with increased duration of use (both P trend Conclusions On the basis of an analysis of data from the Nurses' Health Study II, ever use of tetracycline at baseline is associated with an increased risk of CD and UC. Personal history of rosacea is associated with an increased risk of only CD.
Meaning of 'now' and other temporal location adverbs

This paper provides an analysis of the temporal location adverb now. The core data comes from free indirect discourse, where now often co-occurs with the past tense and has an affinity for stative sentences. Building on Kamp & Reyle's (1993) analysis, I propose that now is a perspective setting anaphor: it requires an eventuality described by an aspectual phrase to hold throughout a salient event that serves as a the 'current perspective.' The proposed meaning is compatible with both the past and present tenses and it has the same semantic type and uses the same ingredients as other temporal location adverbs.
Flow-Based and Density-Based Time-Dependent Demand Estimation for Congested Urban Transportation Networks

This paper compares the estimation quality of two time-dependent origin–destination demand estimation methods in congested networks. The first method uses time-dependent link flow rate observations, whereas the second uses time-dependent link density observations. The developed methods adopt a bilevel formulation framework in which the lower-level problem solves for the time-dependent link proportions by using a simulation-based dynamic traffic assignment model. The upper-level problem is in the form of a least squares error minimization program that minimizes the difference between the observations and their corresponding estimated values. The solution algorithm integrates a simulation-based dynamic traffic assignment model and a linear approximation of the least squares error formulation by using a separable programming approach. An iterative solution algorithm is developed to achieve consistency between the estimated demand and the link proportions. A set of experiments conducted with hypothetical and ...
A positive theory of foreign currency debt

Abstract This paper makes a case for foreign currency debt as a hedging device in an open economy subject to stochastic shocks to output. A government can reduce uncertainty in wealth and in consumption by issuing foreign or domestic currency debt if unexpected domestic and foreign inflation are negatively correlated with domestic output. Foreign currency debt is desirable in comparison to domestic currency debt if growth rates of output of both countries are closely related and if domestic inflation is relatively uncertain. It has an additional advantage if domestic debt creates time-consistency problems.
Reactions of CO2 and related heteroallenes with CF3-substituted aromatic silylamines of tin

Abstract In this report we detail the synthesis and characterization of new Sn(II) complexes containing the –N[(SiMe3)(ArF)] ligand [ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3)], specifically designed to provide both an electron-withdrawing –ArF group as well as the –SiMe3 group required for migration to oxygen. As well, we have also examined the reaction of the LiN[(SiMe3)(ArF) precursor with CO2 and observed the formation of a bicyclic lithium carbamate consisting of two 8-membered rings characterized by single crystal X-ray crystallography. The desired starting complex Sn[N(SiMe3)(ArF)]2 could be prepared directly via a metathesis reaction, although X-ray quality crystals could not be grown. The reactions of this complex with CO2, OCS, and CS2 are described. Reaction with CO2 results in an unexpected insertion reaction quite dissimilar to those seen in the literature. A proposed route that explains the surprising CO2 reaction chemistry and products is given. Reactions of Sn[N(SiMe3)(ArF)]2 with OCS led to multiple products, while reaction with CS2 led to simple insertion to form a dithiocarbamate. Interestingly, an attempt to purify Sn[N(SiMe3)(ArF)]2 by distillation led to an unexpected cyclization reaction with activation of an aromatic H atom. This ortho-metallated product from this cyclization reaction was clearly identified via X-ray crystallography.
MATERNAL WITNESSING VIOLENCE AND BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS IN 24 MONTH CHILDREN. † 78

The relationship between being a victim of domestic violence and maternal report of child behavior problems is well documented. The effects of maternal“witnessing violence” and child behavior, however, has not yet been evaluated. In a sample of 97 inner-city women (75.2% African-American) who are part of a study of the developmental outcome of their children, with and without in utero cocaine exposure, the Exposure to Violence Interview(EVI-measures maternal direct witnessing punching, stabbing, shooting etc.), the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Achenbach Children's Behavior Checklist (CBCL) for 2-3 year olds, were administered to mothers when their children were 24 months. 10.0% of the mothers had witnessed violence (+WV) in the last 12 months by report on the EVI. Women who were victims of violence were excluded (n=5). The group who witnessed violence did not differ significantly in terms of ethnicity, parity, gender of child, marijuana and cocaine use during pregnancy (self-report and biological markers), number of days they drank alcohol during the pregnancy(self-report), birthweight of child (Z-score), educational level of mother, average daily cigarette use during pregnancy (self-report), or Hobel pre-partum risk score, compared to those who did not witness violence (-WV). They did differ significantly on self-reported alcohol use in the past 30 days prior to delivery of the child (67% +WV were non-drinkers compared to 74%-WV; p=0.003) and maternal age at delivery (23.5 yr. for +WV, 26.2 yr. for -WV, p=0.002). Since these two latter variables were not associated with the outcome variable (CBCL Total score), they were excluded from the analyses. A multivariate analysis, controlling for cocaine use during pregnancy and CES-D, showed a significant relationship between maternal +WV and increased behavior problems (total CBCL increase of 5.8 points with p=0.04) While these findings need to be replicated, violence that mothers are exposed to may affect their parenting practices and/or perceptions of their children's behavior. Intervention programs for high risk families must address witnesses of violence as well as the victims.
Fatigue in the patient with multiple sclerosis

Three hundred thirty-five multiple sclerosis patients and 30 healthy persons completed a questionnaire retrospectively about their fatigue experiences throughout a usual day. Using a Type I design (Lindquist, 1956) to analyze differences in daily fatigue feelings, five subject groups (four patient groups with different levels of mobility and one healthy control group) were compared. A significant difference in the degree of fatigue feelings felt by the groups was found. The patients with multiple sclerosis, regardless of mobility level, experienced more severe feelings of fatigue throughout the day than did the healthy subjects. Also, the less mobile groups experienced more severe levels of fatigue. No significant difference was noted in the patterns of the five groups' fatigue progression. No significant differences in types of fatigue symptoms were found between the subject groups. The following characteristics were more apparent in the patient groups than in the healthy subjects when fatigued: () disease symptoms appeared to be accentuated and () there were greater indications of emotional stress.