cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward singlet fission for excitonic solar cells

Sensitizer dyes capable of producing two triplet excited states from a singlet excited state produced by the absorption of a single photon would allow an increase of the efficiency of photovoltaic cells by up to a factor of 1.5, provided that each triplet injects an electron into a semiconductor such as TiO2. Although singlet fission in certain crystals and polymers was reported long ago, little is known about its efficiency in dyes suitable for use as sensitizers of photoinduced charge separation on semiconductors surfaces. Biradicaloids and large alternant hydrocarbons are desirable parent structures likely to meet the requirement E(T2), E(S1) > 2E(T1) for the excitation energies of the lowest excited singlet (S1) and the two triplet (T1, T2) states. We report results for 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran, a model compound of the biradicaloid type. Its energy levels satisfy the desired relation, and in solution it shows no triplet formation by intersystem crossing. In the neat solid state, it forms triplets efficiently, and indirect evidence suggests that this is due to singlet fission. This appears to be the first compound displaying SF by design. When two such chromophores were combined into dimers, triplet formation yields of up to 9% were observed in polar solvents, possibly due to singlet fission, but possibly due to intersystem crossing. The triplet formation occurs in two steps, via an intermediate assigned as an intramolecular charge-transfer state and responsible for most of the observed excitation loss.
Review of Rolf A Jacobson’s ‘Many are Saying’: The Function of Direct Discourse in the Hebrew Psalter

Sean Burt reviews ‘Many are Saying’: The Function of Direct Discourse in the Hebrew Psalter , by Rolf A Jacobson. (Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series; 397; New York: T & T Clark International; 2004. ISBN 0567081931.)
GaN power electronics for automotive application

Gallium Nitride power devices are poised to replace silicon-based MOSFETs and IGBTs in automotive power switching applications. With its projected 100× performance advantage over silicon, GaN is a game changing technology for power electronics. This paper reviews the advantages of GaN material and devices, the performance of these devices in power circuits, and the remaining challenges facing the technology.
Protein phosphatase 2A dephosphorylates CaBP4 and regulates CaBP4 function.

PURPOSE CaBP4 is a neuronal Ca(2+)-binding protein that is expressed in the retina and in the cochlea, and is essential for normal photoreceptor synaptic function. CaBP4 is phosphorylated by protein kinase C zeta (PKCζ) in the retina at serine 37, which affects its interaction with and modulation of voltage-gated Ca(v)1 Ca(2+) channels. In this study, we investigated the potential role and functional significance of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in CaBP4 dephosphorylation. METHODS The effect of protein phosphatase inhibitors, light, and overexpression of PP2A subunits on CaBP4 dephosphorylation was measured in in vitro assays. Pull-down experiments using retinal or transfected HEK293 cell lysates were used to investigate the association between CaBP4 and PP2A subunits. Electrophysiologic recordings of cotransfected HEK293 cells were performed to analyze the effect of CaBP4 dephosphorylation in modulating Ca(v)1.3 currents. RESULTS PP2A inhibitors, okadaic acid (OA), and fostriecin, but not PP1 selective inhibitors, NIPP-1, and inhibitor 2, block CaBP4 dephosphorylation in retinal lysates. Increased phosphatase activity in light-dependent conditions reverses phosphorylation of CaBP4 by PKCζ. In HEK293 cells, overexpression of PP2A enhances the rate of dephosphorylation of CaBP4. In addition, inhibition of protein phosphatase activity by OA increases CaBP4 phosphorylation and potentiates the modulatory effect of CaBP4 on Ca(v)1.3 Ca(2+) channels in HEK293T cells. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that CaBP4 is dephosphorylated by PP2A in the retina. Our findings reveal a novel role for protein phosphatases in regulating CaBP4 function in the retina, which may fine tune presynaptic Ca(2+) signals at the photoreceptor synapse.
Paradoxical Hyperadiponectinemia is Associated With the Metabolically Healthy Obese (MHO) Phenotype in African Americans.

Background: It has been suggested that adiponectin may offer protection against the adverse health effects of obesity. In this study, we determined the prevalence of paradoxically high adiponectin or paradoxical hyperadiponectinemia (PHA) among obese African Americans and investigated its relationship with the metabolically healthy obese (MHO) phenotype. Methods: Total adiponectin and metabolic markers including fasting glucose, insulin, serum lipids and obesity measures were determined in 822 unrelated participants from the Howard University Family Study (HUFS). Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between MHO phenotype and PHA while adjusting for relevant covariates. Results: Overall, men had significantly lower adiponectin levels than women. However, adiponectin level was associated with obesity measures, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance index in both men and women. Equal proportion of the obese male and female subjects (19.2%; 66 / 343) had PHA; these obese individuals with PHA had a healthier metabolic profile including higher HDL-cholesterol, lower insulin levels and smaller waist circumference and insulin levels compared to those without PHA. Also, 28% (96 / 343) of the study participants met the criteria of MHO phenotype. Interestingly, 42% (28 / 66) of the obese individuals with PHA also had the MHO phenotype. Finally, the MHO phenotype was associated with PHA in both men and women. Conclusions: These findings confirm the presence of MHO in African Americans and demonstrate the association of PHA with the MHO phenotype. In all, our findings along with other published results provide evidence for a more systematic investigation of the mechanisms underlying the protective function of adiponectin and its potential therapeutic applications in human metabolic disorders. doi:10.4021/jem95w
Q-factor measurements of the bulk resistivity and nonmetal-metal transitions in LaHx and CeHx (x >= 2.70).

The resistivity \ensuremath{\rho}(T) of ${\mathrm{CeH}}_{\mathrm{x}}$, x=2.70, 2.78, and ${\mathrm{LaH}}_{\mathrm{x}}$, x=2.70, 2.80 2.90, and 2.93, was measured in the temperature range 100\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}500 K, using an indirect Q-meter technique. The measured values of ${\mathrm{CeH}}_{2.78}$ are in excellent agreement with the previous direct-contact measurements of Libowitz, Pack, and Binnie. In all cases except ${\mathrm{LaH}}_{2.93}$, \ensuremath{\rho}(T) peaks at 240\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}270 K, in rough agreement with the onset of the slight tetragonal distortion of the fcc phase and/or the formation of an ordered hydrogen superlattice. Thus, the temperature coefficient of the resistivity \ensuremath{\alpha} is positive below the peak but negative above. In ${\mathrm{LaH}}_{2.90}$ the peak is very sharp and the behavior semiconductinglike above 250 K. In ${\mathrm{LaH}}_{2.93}$ the behavior is semiconductinglike throughout the measured range. The room-temperature resistivity of ${\mathrm{LaH}}_{\mathrm{x}}$ rises sharply with x, from around 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ \ensuremath{\Omega} cm at x=2.70 to around 0.5 \ensuremath{\Omega} cm at x=2.93. These results are discussed in light of previous experimental results and band-structure calculations of ${\mathrm{LaH}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{LaH}}_{3}$. It is suggested that the peak in \ensuremath{\rho}(T) is induced by an order-disorder transition, and the density of states at the Fermi level rapidly decreases to zero and a gap is consequently opened up as the concentration x approaches the trihydride stoichiometric limit.
Atmospheric and oceanic heat transport: Simulations versus observations

Poleward transport of heat by the atmosphere as simulated by a recently developed general circulation model (GCM) is consistent with earlier GCM studies in being significantly greater than indicated from radiosonde (weather balloon) observations. However, total heat transport by the combined ocean-atmosphere system appears to be approximately the same in the models and in satellite observations of irradiances at the top of the atmosphere: in the models most of this transport takes place in the atmosphere whereas the combined satellite and radiosonde observations indicate that half or more of the transport takes place in the oceans. It is argued here that the atmospheric model results are generally closer to the truth than the radiosonde observations. If this is true, then the oceans transport less heat than often supposed, and conventional ideas about the genesis of climatic change through alterations in oceanic heat transport must be reexamined.
Virus-induced diabetes in mice

Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus, Mengovirus 2T and Coxsackie virus B4 can induce diabetes in mice by infecting and destroying pancreatic beta cells. The destruction of beta cells in EMC virus-infected mice is not dependent on the immune responses but the genetic background of the host and genetic makeup of the virus. In addition to the acute metabolic alterations, mice with diabetes for six months show some long-term complications, including glomerulosclerosis, ocular changes and decreased bone formation and mineralization. EMC virus-induced diabetes in mice can be prevented by interferon and/or a live attenuated vaccine. In contrast to EMC induced diabetes, reovirus type I may cause a polyendocrine disease characterized by a mild and transient type of diabetes that can be prevented by immunosuppression. It is concluded that there are at least two different pathogenic mechanisms for virus-induced diabetes in mice: the one is direct cytolytic infection of beta cells and the other is the autoimmune mediated destruction of beta cells.
Leadership vernacular as a communication device

This articles proposes that the leadership role for the future is one of teaching organizational members to think about their thinking to solve complex problems. Organizational members must realize how they create reality, and how they can go about changing it. They must come to understand that one's thinking and subsequent actions create one's problems, and problems can no longer be solved with the same mentality which created them. The article offers a number of specific communicative devices for the leader as teacher. Language for leaders includes questioning, modelling dialogue, using metaphor, and telling stories. The way in which these communicative devices function as leader‐teacher tools is explained.
Haematological consequences of parvovirus B19 infection

Parvovirus B19, a member of the Erythrovirus genus, is the only member of the Parvoviridae family known to be pathogenic in humans. Erythroviruses are so named because of their tropism and selective replication in erythroid progenitor cells. Haematological consequences of B19 infection arise due to a direct cytotoxic effect on erythroid progenitors in bone marrow with interruption of erythrocyte production. In addition, the physiology of host haematopoiesis and competence of the immune response each determines clinical manifestations of B19 infection: in individuals with underlying haemolytic disorders, B19 infection causes transient aplastic crisis; in immunocompromised patients, persistent B19 infection may develop that manifests as pure red cell aplasia and chronic anaemia; B19 infection in utero may result in fetal death, hydrops fetalis, or congenital anaemia. Diagnosis is based on examination of bone marrow and B19 virological studies. Treatment of persistent infection with immunoglobulin leads to a prompt resolution of the anaemia.
Demonstration of the first 4H-SiC avalanche photodiodes

Abstract 4H-SiC visible-blind reach-through avalanche photodiodes (RAPDs) were designed and fabricated with mesa edge termination and thermal oxide passivation techniques. The devices show “hard” avalanche breakdown with a positive temperature coefficient. The photo response spectra, measured at different biases, displayed a maximum responsivity of 106 A/W, and a corresponding optical gain of about 500.
Studies on Mammalian Cells Exposed to Electrons at Ultrahigh Dose Rates from a 600 KV Field Emission Pulsed Source

Radiobiological experiments on cultured mammalian cells employing a 600 kV field emission accelerator as the radiation source will be described. The accelerator provides single 3 ns pulses of electrons with dose rate capability several orders of magnitude higher than the 1011 rad/sec dose rates employed in the studies reported here. Experimental data will be presented which yield new information on cellular oxygen diffusion time, lifetimes of radiation-induced reactive species, radiolytic oxygen depletion, and on repair of sublethal cellular damage.
Retention of the structure underlying sentences

The present study investigated memory retention of the structural aspects of sentences. Participants studied five sets of eight syntactically identical but nonsensical strings of words (e.g., ‘BEAUTIFUL TRANSPORTATION SHEDS TEMPORARY PLANTS’ and ‘HARSH CLOTHING REQUIRES PORTABLE PENS’). Participants were subsequently presented with a recognition test containing studied strings, non-studied strings that adhered to the same syntactical structure as a studied set of strings (critical lures), and non-studied strings that adhered to a non-studied syntactical structure (new lures). Participants’ recognition confidence ratings were higher for critical than for new lures, but only when the word strings used in the experiment adhered to a legal grammatical structure (e.g., ‘BEAUTIFUL TRANSPORTATION SHEDS TEMPORARY PLANTS’). No such confidence ratings effect was found between critical and new lures that corresponded to ungrammatical sets (e.g., ‘SOUR A KICK CLEAN BALLOON HARD’ and ‘FLIMSY AT THROW HANG TREE CHEAP’).
Kinetic analysis of rat liver sorbitol dehydrogenase

Abstract 1. 1. A steady state kinetic investigation was performed on an improved preparation of rat-liver sorbitol dehydrogenase ( l -iditol: NAD-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.14). 2. 2. Data analyses indicate the enzyme follows a rapid equilibrium random mechanism in the direction of sorbitol oxidation and a random mechanism in the direction of fructose reduction. 3. 3. Kinetic constants were: K m NAD 0.082 mM; K m sorbitol 0.38 mM; K m NADH 67 μm; K m fructose 136 μM. 4. 4. Evidence is adduced to indicate the more rapid reverse (fructose reduction) reaction is susceptible to metabolic control by formation of abortive enzyme-fructose-NAD and enzyme-NADH-sorbitol complexes.
Light scattering and absorption by randomly-oriented cylinders: dependence on aspect ratio for refractive indices applicable for marine particles

Typically, explanation/interpretation of observed light scattering and absorption properties of marine particles is based on assuming a spherical shape and homogeneous composition. We examine the influence of shape and homogeneity by comparing the optics of randomly-oriented cylindrically-shaped particles with those of equal-volume spheres, in particular the influence of aspect ratio (AR = length/diameter) on extinction and backscattering. Our principal finding is that the when AR > ~3–5 and the diameter is of the order of the wavelength, the extinction efficiency and the backscattering probability are close to those of an infinite cylinder. In addition, we show the spherical-based interpretation of extinction and absorption can lead to large error in predicted backscattering.
A Case for Targeting Marketing and Availability in School Food Policy: Adolescents' Food Purchases at School and Exposure to Television, Internet, and Video Games

In this brief, we report the association between eighth-grade students' purchases of sugar-sweetened beverages and snack foods and 2 policy targets: (1) exposure to food marketing through screen-based media and (2) availability of sugar-sweetened beverages and snack foods in schools. Data were obtained from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study eighth-grade panel (n = 8945). Multinomial logistic regressions were used to estimate associations among hours spent using screen-based media, availability of beverage and snacks for purchase, and adolescent sugar-sweetened beverage and snack purchases at school. Exposure to media and school availability were significantly associated with higher risk of daily and occasional purchases of in-school beverages and snacks. Limiting the availability of sweetened beverages without limiting marketing may not lead to effective policy.
Surgical treatment of vertical ocular motility disorders of supranuclear origin.

Vertical ocular motility disorders of supranuclear origin can be congenital or acquired later in life. They produce complex forms of strabismus that require specialized surgical management to resto...
Supercritical and subcritical dynamic flow-induced instabilities of a small-scale wind turbine blade placed in uniform flow

Abstract There is a growing interest in extracting more power per turbine by increasing the rotor size in offshore wind turbines. As a result, the turbine blades will become longer and therefore more flexible, and a flexible blade is susceptible to flow-induced instabilities. In order to design and build stable large wind turbine blades, the onset of possible flow-induced instabilities should be considered in the design process. Currently, there is a lack of experimental work on flow-induced instabilities of wind turbine blades. In the present study, a series of experiments were conducted and flow-induced instabilities were observed in wind turbine blades. A small-scale flexible blade based on the NREL 5 MW reference wind turbine blade was built using three-dimensional printing technique. The blade was placed in the test section of a wind tunnel and was subjected to uniform oncoming flow, representing the case of a parked wind turbine blade. The blade׳s tip displacement was measured using a non-contacting displacement measurement device as the oncoming wind speed was increased. At a critical wind speed, the blade became unstable and experienced limit cycle oscillations. The amplitude of these oscillations increased with increasing wind speed. Both supercritical and subcritical dynamic instabilities were observed. The instabilities were observed at different angles of attack and for blades both with and without a geometric twist. It was found that the blade twist had a significant influence on the observed instability: a blade without a twist experienced a strong subcritical instability.
Promoting Nutrition at the Point of Choice: A Review:

The modification of dietary behaviors on a community-wide basis requires broad-based, multilevel approaches. Dietary interventions at the point of choice have the potential, as one approach, of reaching a large number of individuals at minimal cost. This article presents the potential advantages and limitations of point-of-choice interventions, and describes the controlled evaluations of their efficacy in restaurants/cafeterias and supermarkets. Discussion addresses the refinement and extension of successful restaurant-based strategies and the challenge of developing more powerful strategies for influencing supermarket purchases.
On a New Approach to Frequency Sounding of Layered Media

Frequency sounding of layered media is modeled by a hyperbolic problem. Within the framework of this model, we formulate an inverse problem. Applying the Laplace transform and introducing the impedance function, the latter is first reduced to the inverse boundary value problem for the Riccati equation and then to the Cauchy problem for a first-order quadratic equation. The advantage of such transformations is that the quadratic equation does not contain an unknown coefficient. For a specific class of data, it is shown that the Cauchy problem is uniquely solvable. Based on the asymptotic behavior of solutions to both the Riccati and quadratic equations, a stable reconstruction algorithm is constructed. Its feasibility is demonstrated in computational experiments.
Hazardous Products in the Older Adult Home

Older adults appear to be particularly susceptible to hazards in the home environment. While some studies have investigated the hazards associated with structural elements in the home environment or specific products such as throw rugs or major appliances, we used a focus group approach to investigate the full range of products with which older adults come in contact and the hazards associated with these products. We conducted six focus groups in the Atlanta area, with 6–8 older adults (age 65–80) in each group. The group discussions were guided by several key topics, including hazardous products in the home and associated hazards. Participants also completed a product usage questionnaire, establishing the representativeness of the sample, as well as providing measures of product hazard perception and product usage frequency. By assessing older adults' awareness and perceptions of hazards through a naturalistic methodology, we provide an initial step in learning how older adults adjust to hazards in the home.
How variation in management perceptions affects organizational performance

This research project uses innovative techniques (multiple respondents and partial relative standard deviations) to examine organizational management ratings of their implementations of market orientation, learning orientation, entrepreneurial management, and organizational flexibility. This study included manufacturers and service businesses, and also not-for-profits in education and healthcare to reflect the 21st century economy. The major finding of this study was larger than the expected response variation within management teams and how this correlated negatively with performance. The results are eye-opening and should be a concern for both management in organizations and the research community.
The practical element in ancient exact sciences

When ancient mathematical treatises lack expositions of numerical techniques, what purposes could ancient mathematical theories be expected to serve? Ancient writers only rarely address questions of this sort directly. Possible answers are suggested by surveying geometry, mechanics, optics, and spherics to discover how the mathematical treatments imply positions on this issue. This survey shows the ways in which these ancient theoretical inquiries reflect practical activity in their fields. This account, in turn, suggests that the authors may have intended their theorems not to predict, but to explain phenomena. We may then consider what kind of explanations they were seeking.
Correct correspondence between self-avoiding random walks and a magnetic system as n-->0 on a lattice

It is pointed out that if one considers the $n=0$ limit of a magnetic system consisting of $n$-component classical spins on a lattice, one indeed obtains a correspondence with a system of self-avoiding random walks, that is, polymer chains with excluded volume in a solution, but the correspondence is not isomorphic. It turns out that $K$ and $H$ do not serve as the activities for the polymer system, which in fact are given by $\frac{K}{z}$ and $\frac{H}{\sqrt{z}}$, where $z=1+\frac{{H}^{2}}{2}$. Moreover, the polymer free energy $\stackrel{^}{W}$ is also different from the magnetic free energy ${W}_{0}$ in the limit $n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$. It is also pointed out that $\stackrel{^}{W}$ satisfies the proper convexity properties, even though ${W}_{0}$ need not.
Free-Space Optical Interconnects

A simple and efficient optical interconnection consisting of only a laser, two lenses, and a detector has been used to connect two high-speed digital circuits separated by over 24 cm. No external laser driver, detector preamplifier, or other interface circuitry was required. The interconnection operates at data rates of 400 Mb/s.
Forward and Reverse Electron Transfer with the Y356DOPA-β2 Heterodimer of E. coli Ribonucleotide Reductase

E. coli ribonucleotide reductase catalyzes the conversion of nucleotides to deoxynucleotides, and consists of two subunits, α2 and β2. β2 contains a stable diiron tyrosyl radical (Y122•) that is essential for catalysis. α2 harbors the active site, where nucleotide reduction occurs, as well as effector and activity sites which control substrate specificity and turnover rates. In this study, we have used intein methodology to generate a heterodimer of β2 containing the unnatural amino acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) at residue 356 (DOPA-ββ‘). In this heterodimer, the β-monomer is full-length (residues 1−375), whereas the β‘-monomer is truncated and only contains residues 1−353. DOPA-ββ‘, upon addition of α2, CDP, and ATP effector, generates a DOPA• concomitant with loss of the Y122•. Analysis of DOPA• stability by EPR reveal that DOPA•-ββ‘ can reoxidize Y122 thereby regenerating the Y122•. These results, for the first time, directly demonstrate back electron transfer from residue 356 to Y122.
Portable optical actuator for photodynamic therapy

This paper presents a low cost semiconductor red laser light delivery system for esophagus cancer treatment. The system is small enough to slide inside the patient’s body and it produces up to 4 Watts of optical power from several semiconductor lasers. Specifically, the paper presents optimized high power 635 nm semiconductor laser array design with testing results. The laser array is more powerful than conventional ridge waveguide and more reliable than the broad area lasers at this wavelength. The design optimization is based on i) thermal analysis using finite element analysis as well as analytical calculations for minimizing laser array temperature, and ii) specially designed scattering elements with nanoparticles, to achieve uniform illumination.
Expanding the phenotype of alveolar capillary dysplasia (ACD).

Objectives To define the phenotype of congenital alveolar capillary dysplasia (ACD) as a first step toward mapping the responsible gene(s). Study design Analysis of pathology reports and microscopic slides of 23 subjects with ACD and sequence analysis of two candidate genes. Results Our review of the pre- and postmortem records delineates both the natural history of this condition and the associated anomalies. Our collection of families corroborates the likely autosomal recessive nature of this condition in some families and provides additional data for genetic and prenatal counseling. Anomalies of many organ systems were detected either in the prenatal period or during the hospital course. However, some major anomalies were not detected until postmortem examination. Left-right asymmetry and gastrointestinal malrotation emerge as important, previously recognized but underappreciated phenotypic features of ACD. Finally, we used sequence analysis to exclude mutations in the coding region of two candidate genes, bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor (BMPR2) and endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide II (EMAP II), as candidates for ACD. Conclusions Understanding the clinical spectrum of ACD and the cloning of an "ACD gene" both have implications for counseling, for prenatal testing, and for understanding the molecular pathophysiology of ACD and other organ malformations that are associated with this condition.
Some applications of particle accelerators to cancer research and treatment

Abstract The applications of physics to medicine are reviewed and the responsibilities of the physicist in the three areas of radiological physics (radiotherapy, diagnostic radiology, and nuclear medicine) are outlined. The main part of the paper deals with the applications of accelerators in medicine, in particular radiotherapy and isotope production. For radiotherapy, a brief review of the history of the use of various types of accelerators in therapy is given and then a number of problems including beam shaping, neutron measurements around accelerators, and electron beam measurements are discussed as examples of the application of physics to cancer treatment. The physical and biological factors are then considered which may result in an advantage of neutrons, pions, or other heavy charged particles in (with respect to) cancer therapy over X-rays or electrons and a brief outline of work already underway in this area is presented. The production of isotopes by cyclotrons is then discussed. The advantage that these isotopes might have and a list of typical procedures that might be performed with them is given.
Propagation of Gaussian-apodized paraxial beams through first-order optical systems via complex coordinate transforms and ray transfer matrices.

We investigate the linear propagation of Gaussian-apodized solutions to the paraxial wave equation in free-space and first-order optical systems. In particular, we present complex coordinate transformations that yield a very general and efficient method to apply a Gaussian apodization (possibly with initial phase curvature) to a solution of the paraxial wave equation. Moreover, we show how this method can be extended from free space to describe propagation behavior through nonimaging first-order optical systems by combining our coordinate transform approach with ray transfer matrix methods. Our framework includes several classes of interesting beams that are important in applications as special cases. Among these are, for example, the Bessel–Gauss and the Airy–Gauss beams, which are of strong interest to researchers and practitioners in various fields.
Evaluation of Predictive Methods for Airblast Propagation Through an Enclosed Structure

Accurate predictions of peak pressure and impulse values of explosivelygenerated shock waves within a structure are both of interest to structural engineers and are difficult to generate analytically. On one hand, rudimentary scoping programs, such as BlastX, are simple to use and obtain general pressure-impulse predictions for a given scenario. The primary drawback to such programs is their lack of detail and their inability to account for any complexity within a structure. On the other hand, existing advanced hydrocodes, such as CTH, are capable of accurately modeling blast-wave characteristics in a very detailed environment. The tradeoff in this instance is that CTH requires advanced training, tools, and resources that are often not readily available. As a result, the structural engineer is often required to determine whether a simple "scoping" of the blast environment is sufficient, or whether the additional resources and expenditures are justified in providing a more accurate model. The focus of this...
Coccidioides Species Determination: Does Sequence Analysis Agree with Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism?

Fifteen Coccidioides isolates were previously examined for genetic diversity using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP); two fragment patterns were observed. Two isolates demonstrated one banding pattern (designated RFLP group I), while the remaining 13 isolates demonstrated a second pattern (designated RFLP group II). Recently, molecular studies supported the division of the genera Coccidioides into two species: Coccidioides posadasii and Coccidioides immitis. It has been assumed that the species division corresponds to the RFLP grouping. We tested this hypothesis by amplifying the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region as well as the dioxygenase, serine proteinase, and urease genes from 13 isolates previously examined by RFLP and then sequencing the PCR products. The appropriate species for each isolate was assigned using phylogenetically informative sites. The RFLP grouping agreed with the Coccidioides species assignment for all but one isolate, which may represent a hybrid. In addition, polymorphic sites among the four genes examined were in agreement for species assignment such that analysis of a single gene may be sufficient for species assignment.
An ESR study of hole species in γ-irradiated K2NbOF5·H2O

Abstract Single crystals of K2NbOF5·H2O γ-irradiated at either 77 K or 190 K and observed at 190 K show ESR spectra centered near g = 2.02, characteristic of two new paramagnetic species. A central intense decet, which is nearly isotropic, is also the only analyzable feature of the spectrum of the polycrystalline material at 109 K ( g av = 2.022, A iso ( 93 Nb ) = (−)21.3 G ). A much weaker doublet of decets, whose lines could be followed for only ±40° from the b axis in rotations about a, yielded ESR parameters g = 2.025, A( 93 Nb )=(−)15.7 G , A( 19 F ) = 267 G for orientation H|b, where the fluorine splitting was a maximum. Although the complete tensors could not be obtained, the experimental data indicate that the central, nearly isotropic decet and the doublet of decets arise, respectively, from the hole species NbOF4 (rapidly reorienting) and [NbOF5]−; both of these have the odd electron in a degenerate eb orbital with predominantly oxygen 2pπ character. The ESR parameters and electronic structures of these postulated species are discussed.
Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the brief symptom inventory among substance abusers

The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) is a multidimensional measure of psychological and somatic distress that is used to obtain detailed symptom profiles. The BSI has been questioned regarding its ability to differentiate among its proposed nine dimensions, and the factor structure underlying the BSI has not been confirmed with substance abusers. Exploratory factor analyses were completed on substance abusers (ntotal = 453; nwomen = 121; nmen = 332); nine factors were not identified. Five models were then submitted to confirmatory factor analyses using an independent sample of substance abusers (ntotal = 456; nwomen = 127; nmen = 329). A one-factor model (i.e., global psychological distress) best represented the data. Implications for using the BSI in research and counseling are discussed.
On shear band nucleation and the finite propagation speed of thermal disturbances

Abstract This paper examines the onset of shear flow localization in thermal viscoplastic materials at high rates of loading while accounting for the finite speed of thermal wave propagation. It is well known that the Fourier's classical law of heat conduction implies that thermal disturbances travel with infinite speed. We introduce a modification to the classical Fourier law which renders a finite speed for thermal wave propagation. We then utilize the energy viewpoint of dynamic localization introduced in Shawki (Shawki, T. G. (1994). An energy criterion for the onset of shear localization in thermal viscoplastic materials, part I: Necessary and sufficient initiation conditions. ASME J. Appl. Mech. 61 , 530–537) and (Shawki, T. G. (1994). An energy criterion for the onset of shear localization in thermal viscoplastic materials, part II: Applications and implications. ASME J. Appl. Mech. 61 , 538–547) as well as a linear stability analysis to determine the necessary conditions for the onset of localization. An exact linear solution is obtained for adiabatic deformations of thermal viscoplastic materials with no strain dependence. A matched asymptotic expansion is obtained for the general case involving non-adiabatic deformations of the foregoing class of materials. The foregoing solutions illustrate the effect of finite speed of thermal wave propagation on localization initiation.
Kleisthenes and Aigeis

Before we can assess the work of Kleisthenes we must first learn which demes constituted each of the thirty trittyes. Normally the geographical position of a deme will tell us whether it belonged to the city, coastal, or inland trittys of its tribe, but sometimes we must turn to inscriptions, such as prytany lists, which group demes according to trittyes. This is true of the smaller demes which have not yet been securely located by the topographers and of those tribes in which the demes of two trittyes lie so closely together that only an official document can show to which they belong. This is the situation of Aigeis, where several of the inland and coastal demes are neighbors. To fix the exact membership of each trittys in this tribe we must rely on fourth century inscriptions, prytany lists and a roster of bouleutai published in Hesperia several years ago (S. E. G. 19, 149) *). These inscriptions fall into three categories. In the first there is no discrepancy between the arrangement of demes in the inscriptions and their geographical locations (as far as they are known) : coastal demes form one group, city demes another, and inland demes a third. The inscriptions of this category presumably are ordered in accordance with the trittyes of Kleisthenes. In the second category the groupings of demes show minor deviations from their geographical locations, such as a coastal deme grouped with several city demes, while in the third there is no connection between a deme's location and its position in the inscription, and the layouts of the inscriptions appear to be haphazard2). We can, i) Hesperia31 (i960), 31-3. 2) To the first category belong the roster of Erechtheis in S. E. G. 19, 149 (with the city trittys listed at the top of the left column, the inland trittys at the top of the right column, and the coastal trittys, Anagyrous and Lamptrai, at the bottom of both columns) and the prytany lists of Pandionis I.G. II2 1753 (cf. S. E. G. 23, 89) and Antiochis I.G. II2 1750. To the
Analysis of Pit-1 in regulating mouse TSH β promoter activity in thyrotropes

Abstract TSHβ gene expression is restricted to pituitary thyrotropes. Since Pit-1 is present in these cells, we characterized Pit-1 RNA and protein in thyrotropes, and tested its function in regulating TSHβ promoter activity. We demonstrate that both TtT-97 thyrotropic tumors and pituitaries contain four Pit-1 transcripts of 3.2, 2.6, 2.4, and 1.9 kb, respectively. Only two transcripts of 2.7 and 2.1 kb were detected in αTSH cells, a thyrotrope derived cell that no longer expresses TSHβ. Western analysis revealed Pit-1 protein in TtT-97 cells but not in αTSH cells. DNase I protection assays localized Pit-1 binding to three areas of the mouse TSHβ promoter. However, basal TSHβ promoter activity was minimally stimulated when αTSH cells or TtT-97 thyrotropes were co-transfected with mouse Pit-1 and a mTSHβ luciferase construct. These studies suggest that Pit-1 is not limiting for cell-specific expression of the TSHβ gene in thyrotrope-derived cells and implies that additional thyrotropic factors are likely required.
The Small Molecules AZD0530 and Dasatinib Inhibit Dengue Virus RNA Replication via Fyn Kinase

In this study, we characterized the antiviral mechanism of action of AZD0530 and dasatinib, two pharmacological inhibitors of host kinases, that also inhibit dengue virus (DV) infection. Using Northern blot and reporter replicon assays, we demonstrated that both small molecules inhibit the DV2 infectious cycle at the step of steady-state RNA replication. In order to identify the cellular target of AZD0530 and dasatinib mediating this anti-DV2 activity, we examined the effects of RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated depletion of the major kinases known to be inhibited by these small molecules. We determined that Fyn kinase, a target of both AZD0530 and dasatinib, is involved in DV2 RNA replication and is probably a major mediator of the anti-DV activity of these compounds. Furthermore, serial passaging of DV2 in the presence of dasatinib led to the identification of a mutation in the transmembrane domain 3 of the NS4B protein that overcomes the inhibition of RNA replication by AZD0530, dasatinib, and Fyn RNAi. Although we observed that dasatinib also inhibits DV2 particle assembly and/or secretion, this activity does not appear to be mediated by Src-family kinases. Together, our results suggest that AZD0530 and dasatinib inhibit DV at the step of viral RNA replication and demonstrate a critical role for Fyn kinase in this viral process. The antiviral activity of these compounds in vitro makes them useful pharmacological tools to validate Fyn or other host kinases as anti-DV targets in vivo.
Comparison of Independent Double Readings and Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) for the Diagnosis of Breast Calcifications

Rationale and Objectives The aim of the study is to compare independent double readings by radiologists and computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) in diagnostic interpretation of mammographic calcifications. Materials and Methods Ten radiologists independently interpreted 104 mammograms containing clustered microcalcifications. Forty-six of these were malignant and 58 were benign at biopsy. Radiologists read the images with and without a computer aid by using a counterbalanced study design. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated from observer biopsy recommendations, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were computed from their diagnostic confidence ratings. Unaided double-reading sensitivity and specificity values were derived post hoc by using three different objective rules and an additional rule of simulated-optimal double reading that assumed that consultations for resolving two radiologists' different independent diagnoses always produce the correct clinical recommendation. ROC curves of unaided double readings were obtained according to the literature. Results Single reading without computer aid yielded 74% sensitivity and 32% specificity, whereas CAD reading yielded 87% sensitivity and 42% specificity and appeared on a higher ROC curve ( P Conclusion Independent double readings of mammographic calcifications may not improve diagnostic performance. CAD reading improves diagnostic performance to an extent approaching the maximum possible performance.
Guaranteed reachable domain and control design for a cable robot subject to input constraints

cable-suspended robots are structurally similar to parallel actuated robots but with the fundamental difference that cables can only pull the end-effector but not push it. From a scientific point of view, this feature makes feedback control of cable-suspended robots a lot more challenging than their counterpart parallel-actuated robots, in this paper, we present a computationally efficient control design procedure for a fully actuated cable robot with positive input constraints. The basic idea is to calculate a set of reachable domain analytically, where a neighboring domain possesses common points. This allows to expand the region of feasible reference signals by simply connecting adjacent feasible domains. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated by numerical simulations and laboratory experiments on a six degree-of-freedom cable suspended robot.
Enabling geographic research for health professionals at Harvard University

This paper will detail how the Center for Geographic Analysis, Harvard Map Collection, and Harvard Geospatial Library work together to enable medical and public health research across Harvard University. It will discuss geographic concepts that apply to medicine and public health, pertinent data available in geographic format, and analytical techniques. The workflow methodology the CGA has developed for conducting medical research with geographic data will be presented, highlighting successful practices to follow and pitfalls to avoid. Applications of this workflow will be illustrated through the documentation of specific projects in medical and public health research at the University.
Management of pulmonary vasodilator therapy in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension during critical illness

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is commonly treated with pulmonary arteriolar vasodilator therapy. When a patient on PAH medication is admitted to intensive care, determining how to manage their medication during the critical illness is often complicated. There may be considerations related to the inability to take medication by mouth, related to acute renal failure or acute liver injury, related to altered mental status or delirium, or related to hypotension and bacteremia. Decisions of how to manage these medications can have a major impact on the patient’s clinical course. Presently, provider experience is the major tool in navigating the decisions regarding these medications. In this review, we offer our recommendations of how to manage PAH patients with critical illness who are on PAH medications. These recommendations include how to deliver medications via feeding tubes, how to dose medications in the setting of acute renal failure or acute liver failure, and how to manage medications during hypotension or when a tunneled catheter needs to be removed.
ANCHOR: a web server and database for analysis of protein–protein interaction binding pockets for drug discovery

ANCHOR is a web-based tool whose aim is to facilitate the analysis of protein–protein interfaces with regard to its suitability for small molecule drug design. To this end, ANCHOR exploits the so-called anchor residues, i.e. amino acid side-chains deeply buried at protein–protein interfaces, to indicate possible druggable pockets to be targeted by small molecules. For a given protein–protein complex submitted by the user, ANCHOR calculates the change in solvent accessible surface area (ΔSASA) upon binding for each side-chain, along with an estimate of its contribution to the binding free energy. A Jmol-based tool allows the user to interactively visualize selected anchor residues in their pockets as well as the stereochemical properties of the surrounding region such as hydrogen bonding. ANCHOR includes a Protein Data Bank (PDB) wide database of pre-computed anchor residues from more than 30 000 PDB entries with at least two protein chains. The user can query according to amino acids, buried area (SASA), energy or keywords related to indication areas, e.g. oncogene or diabetes. This database provides a resource to rapidly assess protein–protein interactions for the suitability of small molecules or fragments with bioisostere anchor analogues as possible compounds for pharmaceutical intervention. ANCHOR web server and database are freely available at http://structure.pitt.edu/anchor.
Roles of Board of Directors in Organizational Ambidexterity

Organization theory scholars have identified diverse antecedents to organizational ambidexterity including structure, context, and leadership characteristics. Each antecedent has been conceptualized as an alternative solution to organizational ambidexterity. This study argues that these distinct antecedents can have complementary effects on organizational ambidexterity. Differentiation mechanisms can generate new ideas, which are necessary for change and adaptation. Integration mechanisms make it possible to reconcile and address trade-offs and contradictions to achieve organizational ambidexterity. The aim of this research is to examine the interaction effect of these two distinct mechanisms on organizational ambidexterity in restaurant chain industry. Drawing on franchising and corporate governance literature, this paper proposes that the adoption of the franchising system can work as a differentiation mechanism and board of directors can be an integration mechanism. The results show when the number of outside directors and the average tenure of directors are combined with the adoption of the franchising system, chain performance increases.