cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Speculation on martian north polar wind circulation and the resultant orientations of polar sand dunes

When seen at frost cap minimum, Martian north polar erg dunes north of 80 deg N record east winds, while those south of that latitude record west winds. Many of the transverse dunes are considered to be reversing dunes, and dunes in the two fields may have reversed at least once during the lifetime of the Viking Orbiters. It is proposed that the average polar winds are strong, off-pole northwest winds in the fall, moderate west winds in winter, latitude-dependent weak-to-strong off-pole northeast winds in spring, and weak west winds in summer, as has been largely confirmed by Viking images of near polar clouds. Over millenia, the combination of reversing west and east winds could produce the biomodal distributions of dune orientations observed at the north pole.
A health IT application domain course for a traditional IT program

IT2008 specifically mentioned health care as an area of probable interest for "application domain classes". This paper documents our initial foray into providing a domain specific course in Health Information Technology (HIT) for Seniors in an IT Program. Many believe that IT can be a major contributor to improving efficiency of health care delivery. The increasing use of IT in health care promises to transform services with improved quality and reduced cost. Publicly and privately funded projects are aiming to speed up the adoption and meaningful use of HIT and to protect privacy, enhance security, while improving interoperability. The buildup of infrastructure and the ongoing operation and maintenance require additional HIT workforce to deliver the promised benefits. Studies estimate that tens of thousands of IT professional will be needed in the coming years in the United States alone. However, most of the "health informatics" courses currently in academic curriculum are offered in health science programs targeted for future health care professionals who are IT users. Little curriculum has been developed to train engineering and technology students who are already fluent in the core IT competencies for a profession in the health care domain. We have piloted a senior level course to introduce current HIT topics, standards, requirements and issues with hands-on lab activities and programming exercises where students learn some common technical skills required for an HIT professional.
Two Arabidopsis Mutants That Overproduce Ethylene Are Affected in the Posttranscriptional Regulation of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid Synthase

The Arabidopsis mutants eto1 (ethylene overproducer) and eto3 produce elevated levels of ethylene as etiolated seedlings. Ethylene production in these seedlings peaks at 60 to 96 h, and then declines back to almost wild-type levels. Ethylene overproduction in eto1 and eto3 is limited mainly to etiolated seedlings; light-grown seedlings and various adult tissues produce close to wild-type amounts of ethylene. Several compounds that induce ethylene biosynthesis in wild-type, etiolated seedlings through distinct 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase (ACS) isoforms were found to act synergistically with eto1 and eto3, as did the ethylene-insensitive mutation etr1 (ethylene resistant), which blocks feedback inhibition of biosynthesis. ACS activity, the rate-limiting step of ethylene biosynthesis, was highly elevated in both eto1 and eto3 mutant seedlings, even though RNA gel-blot analysis demonstrated that the steady-state level of ACS mRNA was not increased, including that of a novel Arabidopsis ACS gene that was identified. Measurements of the conversion of ACC to ethylene by intact seedlings indicated that the mutations did not affect conjugation of ACC or the activity of ACC oxidase, the final step of ethylene biosynthesis. Taken together, these data suggest that the eto1 and eto3 mutations elevate ethylene biosynthesis by affecting the posttranscriptional regulation of ACS.
Postischemic free radical production in the venous blood of the regionally ischemic swine heart. Effect of deferoxamine.

BACKGROUNDWe tested the hypothesis that secondarily produced free radicals can be detected in venous coronary effluent without the need for direct exposure of postischemic tissue to the spin trapping agent alpha-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone (PBN).METHODS AND RESULTSThe left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) of pigs was ligated for 15, 30, 40, or 60 minutes, and the tissue was subsequently reperfused for 60 minutes. Venous effluent (6.5 ml) from the risk area was withdrawn sequentially at 1.5-minute intervals during reperfusion. The effluent blood was immediately infused (4.5 ml/min) with an isotonic saline solution containing 120 mM PBN: Preischemic control effluent samples were collected in an identical fashion. Plasma from each sample was extracted in organic solvent and subsequently analyzed by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Another group of pigs received an infusion of the metal chelator deferoxamine mesylate (25 mg/kg/hr) into the right atrium starting 1 hour before the 40-minute lig...
Dynamics of asynchronous random Boolean networks with asynchrony generated by stochastic processes

Abstract An asynchronous Boolean network with N nodes whose states at each time point are determined by certain parent nodes is considered. We make use of the models developed by Matache and Heidel [Matache, M.T., Heidel, J., 2005. Asynchronous random Boolean network model based on elementary cellular automata rule 126. Phys. Rev. E 71, 026232] for a constant number of parents, and Matache [Matache, M.T., 2006. Asynchronous random Boolean network model with variable number of parents based on elementary cellular automata rule 126. IJMPB 20 (8), 897–923] for a varying number of parents. In both these papers the authors consider an asynchronous updating of all nodes, with asynchrony generated by various random distributions. We supplement those results by using various stochastic processes as generators for the number of nodes to be updated at each time point. In this paper we use the following stochastic processes: Poisson process, random walk, birth and death process, Brownian motion, and fractional Brownian motion. We study the dynamics of the model through sensitivity of the orbits to initial values, bifurcation diagrams, and fixed-point analysis. The dynamics of the system show that the number of nodes to be updated at each time point is of great importance, especially for the random walk, the birth and death, and the Brownian motion processes. Small or moderate values for the number of updated nodes generate order, while large values may generate chaos depending on the underlying parameters. The Poisson process generates order. With fractional Brownian motion, as the values of the Hurst parameter increase, the system exhibits order for a wider range of combinations of the underlying parameters.
Hypoxia-Selective Antitumor Agents: Norsesterterpene Peroxides from the Marine Sponge Diacarnus levii Preferentially Suppress the Growth of Tumor Cells under Hypoxic Conditions

As part of an ongoing research program to discover natural products that suppress the hypoxia-activated tumor survival pathways, the lipid extract of the Papua New Guinea marine sponge Diacarnus levii was found to suppress hypoxia-induced HIF-1 activation and hypoxic tumor cell survival. Bioassay-guided isolation of D. levii yielded four new norsesterterpene peroxides, diacarnoxides A−D. Diacarnoxide B exhibits a significantly enhanced ability to suppress the growth of tumor cells under hypoxic conditions.
Dry lab practice leads to improved laparoscopic performance in the operating room.

Background Research has demonstrated that practice in surgical simulators leads to improved performance in that simulator. Our hypothesis is that skills acquired in simulators are transferable to the operating room. Materials and methods Twenty-three laparoscopically naive surgical interns performed two standardized tasks in a simulator: pegboard transfer and intracorporeal knot tying. Performance was measured using a validated scoring system. On the same day as this initial assessment, subjects were videotaped performing two tasks in a live porcine model: running the small bowel and intracorporeal knot tying. Performance in the porcine model was measured using a modified version of a validated skills assessment tool by two blinded experts. Following a 6-wk proficiency-based dry lab laparoscopic training course, task performance was re-evaluated. No interval live operative laparoscopic experience occurred between the first and second assessment. Results After training, mean pegboard transfer scores increased from 118.7 to 181.8 (theoretical maximum = 300; P Conclusion Practice in a simulator leads to improved performance in that simulator and in a live operative model. We believe that this is evidence that laparoscopic skills developed in a dry laboratory setting are transferable to the operating room.
Plasma Electron Drift in a Magnetic Field with a Velocity Distribution Function

Previous calculations of the drift motion of electrons moving through a gas under the combined action of electric and magnetic fields and concentration gradient have been based upon inexact averaging methods. For electrons which, like arc plasma electrons, have a Maxwell distribution to a first approximation, the first-order correction to the distribution function which arises from drift motion is now calculated. This permits exact averaging of component velocities to be carried out. The resulting equations are compared with Townsend's earlier results. Tonks' theorem that "the drift speed is the same as would occur if the components of concentration gradient and electric field perpendicular to it, as well as the magnetic field itself did not exist" is found to hold within 12 percent.
Ten Years of Peer‐Reviewed Articles in Counselor Education: Where, What, Who?

Although counselor educators may be called on to justify publication venues, authorship order, and types of articles for purposes of promotion and tenure, there are few sources of data regarding norms for publication in counselor education. The current study examined peer-reviewed publication venues, article types, and authorship order of 317 faculty members who were employed by 49 doctoral programs in counselor education accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. The study reviewed 1,547 articles published between January 1997 and December 2006. Results are presented, and implications for counselor education are discussed.
Shallow-water asteroids, echinoids, and holothuroids at 6 sites across the tropical west Pacific, 1988-1989

Species richness of asteroids, echinoids, and holothuroids was surveyed on shallow reefs at 6 sites across the tropical west Pacific: Seto, on the west coast of the Kii Peninsula, Honshu Island; Okinawa, Ryukyus Islands; Madang, Papua New Guinea; Palm Islands, Queensland, Australia; ‘Upolu, Western Samoa; and Moorea, French Polynesia. A total of 113 nominal species were recorded. No species was unambiguously found at all 6 sites, only 17 (15%) were found at 4 or more sites, and 63 (56%) were found at only one site. Single-site finds represented 48% of the species at Seto, 21-32% of the species at 4 other sites, and only 4% (1 species) at ‘Upolu. Madang had the most species (74), followed by Okinawa (54), Moorea (34), Samoa (25), Seto (23), and the Palm Islands (15). Although Seto had a diverse echinoid fauna (17 species), including several temperate forms, there was a dearth of asteroids (4) and holothuroids (2). In contrast, all 3 classes were well represented on the reefs of Okinawa (11 asteroids, 16 echinoids, and 27 holothuroids) and Madang (22 asteroids, 17 echinoids, 35 holothuroids), both of which had a rich diversity of widespread tropical oceanic species. Substantially fewer species were found farther to the east, at Samoa and Moorea, consistent with the pattern seen in other taxa. Species richness was surprisingly low around the Palm Islands on the inner portion of the Great Barrier Reef, perhaps because of human disturbance causing run-off from the land and siltation.
Sustainability as the core principle of ethical conduct

Environmentally sustainable industry practices have an ethical dimension, a sense of "rightness" opposed to the "wrongness" of ecologically destructive practices. Still, we face a challenge in demonstrating to skeptical audiences the connection between environmental ethics and more familiar ethical values: honesty, due diligence, quality assurance, etc. However, we can show, using C.S. Peirce's epistemological model of ethics, that sustainability of practice, in one form or another is the driving principle of all ethical conduct, both in familiar rules such as "be honest" as well as in less conventional contexts such as whether paper, plastic, or reusable cloth is the best shopping bag choice. We will examine ethics policies of various professional-communication societies and translate these collectively into terms of sustainability, showing these codes to be direct analogues of environmental sustainability. Truth, as Peirce defined it, consists of claims that can be repeated indefinitely in the environment of available data. In other words, true claims are propositions sustainable over the long term.
Soft tissue Langerhans cell histiocytosis with secondary bone involvement in extremities: evolution of lesions in two patients

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is an uncommon disorder of unknown etiology with a wide spectrum of biological behavior. The most common sites of involvement are bone, skin, and lung. While osseous LCH can result in secondary soft tissue involvement, primary soft tissue LCH in extremities with secondary bone involvement is rare, and little is known about its natural course. We report two adult patients with multi-organ system LCH who had primary soft tissue lesions with secondary involvement of adjoining bones in lower extremities, and illustrate the important role played by various imaging modalities in detection and monitoring of treatment response. We also document spontaneous clinical resolution of LCH lesions without therapy, and positive response of these lesions to chemotherapy.
Annexin B9 binds to βH-spectrin and is required for multivesicular body function in Drosophila

The role of the cytoskeleton in protein trafficking is still being defined. Here, we describe a relationship between the small Ca 2+ -dependent membrane-binding protein Annexin B9 (AnxB9), apical β Heavy -spectrin (β H ) and the multivesicular body (MVB) in Drosophila . AnxB9 binds to a subset of β H spliceoforms, and loss of AnxB9 results in an increase in basolateral β H and its appearance on cytoplasmic vesicles that overlap with the MVB markers Hrs, Vps16 and EPS15. Similar colocalizations are seen when β H -positive endosomes are generated either by upregulation of β H in pak mutants or through the expression of the dominant-negative version of β H . In common with other mutations disrupting the MVB, we also show that there is an accumulation of ubiquitylated proteins and elevated EGFR signaling in the absence of AnxB9 or β H . Loss of AnxB9 or β H function also causes the redistribution of the DE-Cadherin (encoded by shotgun ) to endosomal vesicles, suggesting a rationale for the previously documented destabilization of the zonula adherens in karst (which encodes β H ) mutants. Reduction of AnxB9 results in degradation of the apical–lateral boundary and the appearance of the basolateral proteins Coracle and Dlg on internal vesicles adjacent to β H . These results indicate that AnxB9 and β H are intimately involved in endosomal trafficking to the MVB and play a role in maintaining high-fidelity segregation of the apical and lateral domains.
Preference for flavoured foods by lambs conditioned with intraruminal administration of nitrogen

We suggested that food preference depends on the interplay between flavour and post-ingestive effects, and we predicted that protein-restricted lambs would acquire preferences for foods paired with supplemental sources of N, including urea (Expts 1 and 2), casein (Expt 3), and gluten (Expt 4). In each experiment, twenty lambs, in two groups of ten, were conditioned as follows: on odd-numbered days, lambs in group 1 received wheat straw (Expts 1, 3, and 4) or ground barley (Expt 2) flavoured with a distinctive flavour, and lambs in group 2 received the same food but with a different flavour. On even-numbered days, flavours were switched and lambs received capsules containing different amounts of urea (ranging from 0.12 to 0.92 g N/d), casein (ranging from 0.23 to 0.69 g N/d), or gluten (ranging from 0.23 to 0.69 g N/d). After conditioning periods of 8 d, lambs were given a two-choice test to determine preference for flavours paired with N. In Expts 1 and 2, lambs preferred the flavours conditioned with urea at lower doses (0.12 g N/d in Expt 1. 0.23 and 0.46 g N/d in Expt 2), but they avoided the flavour associated with urea at the highest dose (0.23 g N/d in Expt 1 and 0.92 g N/d in Expt 2). In Expts 3 and 4, lambs avoided the flavours associated with the lowest doses of casein or gluten (0.23 g N/d), but they preferred the flavours paired with casein or gluten at higher doses (0.46 and 0.69 g N/d). After conditioning, N administrations were suspended and lambs in Expts 3 and 4 were offered a choice of the two flavours at weekly intervals for 2 weeks (extinction); preferences persisted during extinction. Collectively, these results suggest that the post-ingestive effects of N in different forms and concentrations influenced the development of food preferences by lambs.
Fluorescence spectra of matrix-isolated Se2

Abstract Laser induced fluorescence spectra are reported for samples of natural selenium and of the separated 78 Se and 80 Se isotopes in Ar and Kr matrices. The B (0 u + ) → X (0 g + ) and B (1 u ) → X (1 g ) systems of Se 2 , already known in the gas, are observed by both single photon and biphotonic excitation considerably red-shifted in the matrices. The A (0 u + ) → X (0 g + ) emission of Se 2 , not observed in the vapor, appears in the matrices with its origin near 15 100 cm −1 . Another system with ν 00 = 24 429 cm −1 and ω ″ e = 538 cm −1 is thought to belong most probably to some polyatomic Se n molecule.
Influence of Corticosterone on the Integrity of Salivary Glands and the Incidence of Dental Caries in the Rat

Intact weanling rats were given daily subcutaneous injections of 1.0 mg, 2.0 mg, or 3.0 mg of corticosterone or 0.5 mg of hydrocortisone acetate for 11 weeks. All hormone treatments resulted in a significant decrease in weight and tubular diameter of the submandibular gland. A significant increase in caries incidence was observed in all the hormone-treated rats, except those receiving 1.0 mg of corticosterone. Although corticosterone caused a decrease in thyroid gland weight, the protein-bound iodine (PBI) levels of the treated rats were normal. This indicated that corticosterone-induced increase in caries incidence and interference with the salivary gland integrity were not due to the decreased thyroid function.
Evaluating prospective elementary teachers' understanding of science and mathematics in a model preservice program

Two cohorts of students preparing to become elementary teachers participated in a model program in science and mathematics. These students were compared to other students taking similar courses on their conceptual understandings of science and mathematics, their investigative proficiencies, and their beliefs about effective methods of teaching these subjects. Instruments included newly developed tests of understanding, existing standardized achievement tests, and instruments devised for the evaluation to elicit conceptions of appropriate ways to teach science and mathematics to elementary children. Results from individual courses indicated that students participating in the model program developed more thorough understandings and more reform-minded beliefs related to teaching science and mathematics. Issues associated with the assessment and evaluation of innovative programs in science and mathematics are discussed, and recommendations for teacher preparation are offered.
Confirmation of a convoluted flow over the southeastern bering sea shelf

Abstract Data from 16 CTD sections during spring 1979–1981 were used to derive mean geopotential topography and geostrophic flow (and its variability). Inshore of 100 m, there was a weak (∼1.5 cm s -1 ) but quite stable southeastward flow, with a horizontal extent of at least 60 km. Offshore of 100 m, an even wider northwestward flow of 4–6 cm s -1 was present, with a suggestion of anticyclonic eddies in the region ∼20% of the time. Inshore of 100 m, however, eddy activity was quite rare. The main features from the synoptic data are virtually identical to those in a recent study using spatially averaged climatological data.
Proliferative capacity and DNA content of aging human diploid cells in culture: A cytophotometric and autoradiographic analysis†‡

Using a combination of DNA-cytophotometry and tritiated thymidine-autoradiography, we have shown that the majority of nondividing cells in serially propagated human diploid cell populations have the 2C DNA content consistent with their being arrested in the G1 phase of the diploid cell cycle. Unlabeled 4C cells appear increasingly with time in culture. These may be arrested G2 diploids or they may be G1 tetraploids, since there is an associated increase in polyploidy in older cultures as evidenced by the appearance of labeled 8C cells.
Baseline monitoring for astrometric interferometry

One of the science goals of NASA's Navigator program is ground-based narrow-angle astrometry for extra-solar planet detection, which could be done as part of the proposed Outrigger Telescopes Project. The narrow-angle measurement process, which would use the outrigger telescopes, starts with the determination of the conventional interferometer astrometric baseline, determined from wide-angle astrometry of Hipparcos stars. A baseline monitor system would be employed at each outrigger telescope. This system monitors the pivot point of each telescope - the end point of the astrometric baseline - to measure telescope imperfections that would cause the baseline to vary with telescope rotation. The baseline monitor includes azimuth and elevation cameras that monitor runout along the azimuth and elevation axes of the telescopes. In conjunction with the baseline monitor system, a pivot monitor camera in the dual-star module is used to register the laser metrology corner-cube reflector to the telescope pivot, tying the narrow-angle baseline, which applies to the narrow-angle astrometric measurement, to the wide-angle baseline. In this paper we present the proposed designs for the baseline monitor and pivot-point camera.
Empathy requires the development of the self

Two major problems exist in studying development: Similar behaviors do not need to reflect the same underlying process, different behaviors can reflect the same process; earlier behaviors do not necessarily lead to later behaviors. Empathy, rather than social contagion, is supported by different processes; contagion supported by prewired species behavior, empathy by cognitions, in particular, the cognitions about the self – a meta-representation.
Deuterium solvent isotope effects in reactions catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase

Abstract The result of substituting deuterium oxide for water on the rates of the overall and partial reactions catalyzed by the pig heart TPN-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase has been studied. Although the overall oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate proceeds 4.9 times as fast in H 2 O as in D 2 O, the rate of the separately measured oxalosuccinate decarboxylation reaction is only 1.4–1.7 times greater in water. In contrast, the oxalosuccinate reduction reaction proceeds 5.0 times faster in H 2 O. These results suggest that dehydrogenation is the slow reaction in the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate and that a proton transfer is involved in this rate determining step.
Somatic embryogenesis from leaf of witloof chicory through suspension culture

A procedure for regeneration of somatic embryogenesis from witloof chicory leaf has been developed. Explants were taken from the distal third part of leaf vein and cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) containing 100 mg/1 casein hydrolysate 1.3 μM 2,4-D, and 1.3 μM kinetin. A pale yellowisl nodular callus was formed after 4 weeks which was maintained in the same medium for 8-12 weeks with one change to a fresh medium every 4 weeks. Callus was then suspended in the same medium without agar for 4-6 weeks with one change to a fresh medium every 2 weeks. Embryo-like structures appeared upon transfer to liquid MS containing 1.8 μM benzyladenine. Embryo germination was accomplished in half strength MS medium with or without 1 g/l activated charcoal.
A new construction for free inverse semigroups

Several constructions exist for the free inverse semigroup FIX with a set X of free generators. We offer a new construction that describes elements of FIX as shortest words in the classes of equivalent words over the alphabet X∪X−1 and produce an algorithm that transforms any word into its shortest equivalent form. Both known and new properties of FIX follow.
SIRTF: Capabilities for the study of planetary systems

The Space Infrared Telescope Facility, to be launched into a near-Earth heliocentric orbit in the year 2001, will open broad new vistas for the study, at infrared wavelengths, of the objects in the Solar System and planetary systems around other stars. This paper focuses on the study of Kuiper-belt comets and circumstellar planetary debris disks.
The new story about job rotation

The article reports on a collaborative study which focused on job rotation in relation to career development. Research by Michael A. Campion and Michael J. Stevens of Purdue University and Lisa Cheraskin of Eli Lilly & Company found that job rotation enhanced promotion and salary rates and the acquisition of new business and technical skills. Interviews with executives from one organization in the pharmaceutical industry provided information about work history and background factors such as job tenure.
Hypothalamic control of prolactin secretion

Neutralized acid extract of median eminence tissue from male rats and female turtles (Pseudemys scripta elegans) stimulated prolactin secretion by Pseudemys adenohypophysis in organ culture. A similar extract of turtle cerebrum was also stimulatory, but one of male rat cerebrum was not. Extract of male rat median eminence inhibited prolactin secretion by male rat adenohypophysis in vitro during the first 4 hours of incubation. However, between the fourth and twelfth hours of incubation, the male rat adenohypophyses, which were incubated with extract of male rat median eminence, secreted prolactin at a rate three times greater than that of the control incubates. The significance of these observations is discussed.
Semi-global finite-time stabilisation via output feedback of planar non-linear systems with application to MPPT in photovoltaic systems

This paper investigates the problem of using output feedback to semi-globally stabilise a class of planar non-linear systems with unknown control coefficients. For any given bounded set of initial condition, a non-smooth output feedback controller using a reduced-order observer is explicitly constructed to stabilise the planar system in a finite time. We also show that the proposed non-smooth output feedback controller can be used to solve the problem of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) in Photovoltaic (PV) arrays for certain solar radiation and temperature.
Career transition in the Chinese context: a case study

This study explores career transition in the transitioning Chinese context. Given the transitioning nature in the overall Chinese society and the affected individuals involved in equally massive career transitions, this study investigates the career transition phenomenon through the lens of an MBA case in China. We examine career transition types and associated constraints and challenges. Two distinctive types of career transitions emerged as context specific career transitions that have not been documented in the literature. As the study only presented the tip of the iceberg of the large-scale career transition taking place in China, we further discuss the implications and future research directions on the career transition phenomenon.
AN EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT OF READ-ONLY DATA IN A DISTRIBUTED INFORMATION SYSTEM

When dealing with massive amounts of primarily read-only data, significant improvements can be made over distributed DBMS for making these data available to a large network. This paper outlines some methods for heuristic query routing and cooperative caching which manage read-only replicas of data in a fully distributed manner on a network of arbitrary topology. These methods insure that query throughout increases steadily as nodes are added to the network while maintaining good response time. The resulting system is capable of providing automatic resource discovery and information retrieval over a wide area network without relying on resource directories.
Modulators Using DPS-DNG-Layered Structure

The influence of an applied electric field on a periodic structure composed of alternating layers of isotropic DPS (double positive index of refraction) and anisotropic DNG (double negative index of refraction) has been studied and shown that in the presence of an external electric field, one can convert the polarization state of the incident electromagnetic wave into a desired polarization state, change the phase and amplitude, and induce birefringence. Here, theoretical and numerical results of investigation of phase and amplitude modulator in the presence of an applied electric field are presented.
Can Fourier transform mass spectral resolution be improved by detection at harmonic multiples of the fundamental ion cyclotron orbital frequency

Abstract In has been suggested that resolution of closely spaced peaks in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry could be improved by performing detection at frequencies that are integer multiples (harmonic orders) of the fundamental ICR frequencies of the ions of interest. In general, these detection schemes employ modified ion traps that possess higher symmetry than the D4h symmetry of standard orthorhombic or cylindrical traps. If the frequency-domain peak width for a given ion packet were independent of harmonic order, mass resolving power would indeed increase linearly with harmonic order. In this paper, we analyze ICR peak width (and thus mass resolving power) as a function of harmonic order, for various ICR signal exponential decay models. For example, if the signal from an excited ion packet loses coherence by exponential decrease in ICR orbital radius, then the long-term behavior of the Mth harmonic (i.e., signal at M-fold higher frequency) decays M times faster than the fundamental (first harmonic) signal as detected in the standard mode. Thus, for radial decay, mass resolving power should be approximately independent of M. Alternatively, if ion coherence is lost by means of orbital phase randomization, it is necessary to specify a model for the time-dependence of the ICR orbital phase distribution. We have calculated the FT-ICR spectral linewidth of the Mth frequency multiple for six different functional forms for the time dependent phase distribution. In each case, the phase distribution was forced to evolve so as to produce exponential decay in the magnitude of the signal at the fundamental frequency (i.e., the experimentally observed behavior). For all six de-phasing models, mass resolving power at the Mth frequency multiple was less than that at the fundamental as detected in the standard mode. Yet another signal decay mode is an exponential decrease in the number of ions in a coherently orbiting packet, e.g., collisions of light ions with heavy neutrals (mion ⪡ mneutral). In this case, it can be shown that linewidth is independent of harmonic order, and mass resolving power indeed increases linearly with increasing harmonic order. However, high-resolution FT-ICR experiments more typically involve mion ⩾ mneutral. Finally, additional practical complications associated with ion traps designed to enhance multiple-frequency detection are discussed. We conclude that multiple-frequency detection will in general not improve (and will in general degrade) ultimate mass resolving power and consequently mass accuracy.
Fate of Mitral Regurgitation Following Repair of Atrioventricular Septal Defect

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fate of mitral regurgitation (MR) following repair of atrioventricular septal defects (AVSDs). Echocardiograms of all survivors of isolated AVSD surgery between 1986 and 1996, who had had ≥2 postoperative color Doppler studies (39 patients), were reviewed. On each study, MR severity was graded on a 1+ to 4+ scale, based upon the size of the MR jet. Median age at surgery was 9 months (range 3 to 169); median age at postoperative follow-up was 45 months (range 3 to 107). Mild deterioration of mitral valve function was fairly common. MR severity increased by ≥1 grade in 16 patients (41%) during the course of the study. However, the deterioration in mitral valve function occurred primarily during the early postoperative time intervals. After the initial 32 postoperative months, MR worsened on only 4 occasions and in each instance worsened by only 1 grade. Deterioration to 4+ MR occurred in only 3 patients, and was not observed after the initial 30 postoperative months. Survival curve analysis predicted a 90% probability of not having severe (4+) MR after 30 months (lower 95% confidence bound: 80%). Postoperative MR remains fairly stable following AVSD repair. Serious deterioration is rare, especially after the initial 30 postoperative months.
Material constraints to popular imaginaries: The extractive economy and resource nationalism in Bolivia

Abstract Widespread neoliberal-era privatizations in South America's extractive economies rekindled longstanding social movement demands for nationalist control of non-renewable resources and propelled the region's left political turn over the last decade. In Bolivia, where resource extraction has dominated exports since colonial times, social movements employing resource nationalist master frames overturned governments in 1952, 2003, and 2005. In 2005 indigenous leader Evo Morales was elected president promising to direct resource wealth to generate economic development, but the structural constraints created by an extractive economy have made these goals impossible to achieve over the short and medium term. This article suggests that the clash between resource nationalist imaginaries embedded in contentious social movements and the realities of long-term extractive dependent economies not only limits government policy options but also fuels continued social protest.
Low concentrations of the soy phytoestrogen genistein induce proteinase inhibitor 9 and block killing of breast cancer cells by immune cells.

The risks and benefits of diets and supplements containing the estrogenic soy isoflavone genistein are not well established. We report that 10 nm genistein potently induces the granzyme B inhibitor, proteinase inhibitor 9 (PI-9) in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. By inducing PI-9, genistein inhibits the ability of human natural killer (NK) cells to lyse the target breast cancer cells. In ERαHA cells, stably transfected MCF-7 cells, which contain elevated levels of estrogen receptor-α (ERα), 100 pm genistein or 17β-estradiol potently induce PI-9 and prevent NK cells from killing the target breast cancer cells. The concentrations of genistein that fully induce PI-9 in MCF-7 cells, and in ERαHA cells, are far lower than those previously reported to elicit estrogenic responses through ERα. Because 4-hydroxytamoxifen, raloxifene, and ICI 182,780/Faslodex all block genistein induction of PI-9 and elevated levels of ERα enhance induction of PI-9, genistein acts via ERα to induce PI-9. Increasing levels of ERα in breast cancer cells results in a progressive increase in induction of PI-9 by genistein and in the cell’s ability to evade killing by NK cells. Moderate levels of dietary genistein and soy flour effectively induce PI-9 in human breast cancers grown in ovariectomized athymic mice. A significant population consumes levels of genistein in soy products that may be high enough to induce PI-9, perhaps potentiating the survival of some preexisting breast cancers by enabling them to evade immunosurveillance.
Ethical Consumerism or Reified Neoliberalism? Product (RED) and Private Funding for Public Goods

Launched in 2006, the Product (RED) campaign claims to offer an innovative approach to raising funds for AIDS drugs in Africa: selling specially branded consumer goods and having the companies donate a portion of their proceeds from those products to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria. Its supporters call this a revolution in using consumer power for public good. Critics chastise the campaign for glossing over serious concerns about the international political economy and the consequences of increased consumption with celebrities and a shallow form of “activism.” Examining the arguments of the critics, this article argues that their claims are largely overstated and divorced from experience. Product (RED) may not necessarily represent a revolution in providing public goods, but it does offer a pragmatic solution to augmenting funds for AIDS treatment in Africa.
Lack of agreement between office and ambulatory blood pressure responses to hydrochlorothiazide

Background Differences between the antihypertensive responses to drug therapy measured by office blood pressure (OBP) and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) techniques have been noted but rarely analyzed. We studied whether the OBP and 24-h ABPM responses to hydrochlorothiazide differ and, if so, the relevance of these differences. Methods The OBP and ABPM responses to hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg/d, for 4 weeks) were measured in 228 subjects with essential hypertension, and mean responses were compared between methods using the Student paired t test. To assess variation in the agreement between OBP and ABPM responses among subjects, the limits of agreement were calculated as the mean difference between OBP and ABPM responses ±2 standard deviations. Results The mean systolic OBP response was 4.8 mm Hg greater than the response measured by ABPM (−14.3 v −9.5 mm Hg, P < .001), and the mean diastolic OBP response was 2.1 mm Hg greater than the response measured by ABPM (−7.5 v −5.5, P < .001). The limits of agreement between the OBP and ABPM responses ranged from −18.7 to +28.2 mm Hg for systolic response and from −12.9 to +17.1 mm Hg for diastolic response. The systolic and diastolic OBP and ABPM responses were in opposite directions in 22.8% and 23.7% of the subjects, respectively. Conclusions Compared to ABPM, OBP overestimates the mean systolic and mean diastolic blood pressure responses to hydrochlorothiazide. Variation among subjects in the magnitude and direction of responses renders OBP an unreliable predictor of ABPM responses.
A simple relationship between the nuclear magnetic shielding tensor and the electronic g tensor

Abstract A simple, exact equation which expresses a fundamental relationship between the electronic g tensor and the nuclear magnetic shielding tensor is obtained for a one-electron system. This equation is used to predict new numerical values for the components of the g tensor for H 2 + .
A new lumped-parameter model for flow in unsaturated dual-porosity media

Abstract A new lumped-parameter approach to simulating unsaturated flow processes in dual-porosity media such as fractured rocks or aggregated soils is presented. Fluid flow between the fracture network and the matrix blocks is described by a non-linear equation that relates the imbibition rate of the local difference in liquid-phase pressure between the fractures and the matrix blocks. Unlike a Warren-Root-type equation, this equation is accurate in both the early and late time regimes. The fracture/matrix interflow equation has been incorporated into an existing unsaturated flow simulator, to serve as a source/sink term for fracture gridblocks. Flow processes are then simulated using only fracture gridblocks in the computational grid. This new lumped-parameter approach has been tested on two problems involving transient flow in fractured/porous media, and compared with simulations performed using explicit discretisation of the matrix blocks. The new procedure seems to accurately simulate flow processes in unsaturated fractured rocks, and typically requires an order of magnitude less computational time than do simulations using fully-discretised matrix blocks.
Family focus or career focus: controlling for infertility

Abstract In order to shed light on the direction of causality between fertility timing and earnings, this paper uses medical diagnoses of infertility as instruments for age at first birth (for those women who did give birth) and childlessness among married women. Although multivariate ordinary least squares regression results find a positive correlation between childbirth at later ages and higher wages as well as between childlessness and increased wages, delays in childbearing due to infertility do not significantly increase a woman's wages. Thus, data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) indicate that delaying childbirth does not, by itself, guarantee higher wages in the labor market. Therefore, this study does not support the conventional notion of the ‘mommy track’ in which career success and motherhood are incompatible.
SELECTION OF METHODOLOGY FOR NEURAL NETWORK MODELING OF CONSTITUTIVE HYSTERESES BEHAVIOR OF SOILS

Classic constitutive modeling of geomaterials based on the elasticity and plasticity theories suffers from limitations pertaining to formulation complexity, idealization of behavior, and excessive empirical parameters. This article capitalizes on the modeling capabilities of neural networks as substitutes for the classic approaches. The neural network-based modeling overcomes the difficulties encountered in understanding the underlying microscopic processes governing the material's behavior by redirecting the efforts into learning the cause-effect relations from behavioral examples. Several methodologies are presented and cross-compared for effectiveness in approximating a theoretical hysteresis model resembling stress-strain behavior. The most effective methodology was used in modeling the constitutive behavior of an experimentally tested soil and produced models that simulated the real behavior of the soil with high accuracy. Although these models are empirical, they are retrainable and thus, unlike classic constitutive modeling techniques, can be revised and generalized easily when new data become available.
Policing domestic violence: Does officer gender matter?

This research assessed whether female officers respond to domestic violence differently from male officers. Though many studies had analyzed police responses to domestic violence since the 1980s, very few had empirically examined different types of actions, especially noncoercive actions, employed by women and men in handling domestic violence. Using data collected by a large-scale observational project, this research analyzed police supportive and control actions toward citizens involved in domestic violence. Findings showed that female officers were more likely than male officers to provide support to citizens involved in domestic violence. Female and male officers, however, did not differ significantly in exercising control actions toward citizens. Regression results from separate models for female and male officers revealed that some of the variables are predictive of police actions for one gender but not the other. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.
Fitting the Rasch Model to Account for Variation in Item Discrimination

Building on the Kelley and Gulliksen versions of classical test theory, this article shows that a logistic model having only a single item parameter can account for varying item discrimination, as well as difficulty, by using item–test correlations to adjust incorrect–correct (0–1) item responses prior to an initial model fit. The fit occurs through the application of least squares to the logits of the adjusted item responses. Iteration transforms each of the item–test correlations to an item–Θ correlation, of which the discrimination parameter a is shown to be a function. Comparing this response-adjusted model with the traditional Rasch model, a simulation study involving 10-, 20-, and 30-item tests showed that correlations of Θ estimates with their true values were uniformly higher for this model than for the Rasch model, whereas the reverse was true regarding b estimates. A hybrid of the two models proved to have the estimation advantages of both. Particularly notable in this study is that the correlat...
Challenges to Lay Judges in Germany

Scepticism about the role of juries in the American judicial process has prompted consideration of alternative ways of involving lay persons in adjudication. One possibility is to incorporate into American courts a mixed tribunal of the type common to European judicial systems; in these tribunals, which have nearly displaced the traditional jury of the Anglo-Saxon tradition, there is a mixed bench composed of both professional (legally trained) judges and lay persons who serve temporarily in the role of judge. A prerequisite to evaluating the advantages or disadvantages of American adaptation of the mixed tribunal is to discern the controversial issues in jurisdictions where it already exists. As in the United States, there is in the Federal Republic of Germany a possibility of challenging a lay judge. The focus of this paper is on the grounds for such challenges and the stages of the judicial process at which challenges can be made. Differences in the procedures for selection of lay judges in Germany and...
Infants at Social Risk: Maternal Depression and Family Support Services as Mediators of Infant Development and Security of Attachment

31 infants at high social risk due to the combined effects of poverty, maternal depression, and caretaking inadequacy were assigned to weekly home-visiting services. At 18 months infant age, the home-visited infants were compared with 2 groups of socioeconomically similar unserved infants on measures of infant development, infant attachment, mother-infant interaction, maternal depression, and maternal social contacts. Home-visited infants of depressed mothers outperformed unserved infants of depressed mothers by an average of 10 points on the Bayley Mental Scale and were twice as likely to be classified as securely attached, with unserved high-risk infants showing a high rate of insecure-disorganized attachments. Duration of services was positively correlated with maternal involvement at 12 months. Results of the study point both to the negative developmental consequences associated with severe social risk conditions and to the buffering effects of developmentally oriented home-visiting services for infants at greatest social risk.
An expeditious procedure for the accurate alignment and assembly of stereo micrographs

SUMMARY A simple procedure is described for the reproducible and convenient assembly of stereo micrographs, particularly as transparencies, with the help of an apparatus developed for this purpose. Technical features and applications are discussed.