cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linear Waves and Nonlinear Wave Interactions in a Bounded Three‐Layer Fluid System

We investigate possible linear waves and nonlinear wave interactions in a bounded three-layer fluid system using both analysis and numerical simulations. For sharp interfaces, we obtain analytic solutions for the admissible linear mode-one parent/signature waves that exist in the system. For diffuse interfaces, we compute the overtaking interaction of nonlinear mode-two solitary waves. Mathematically, owing to a small loss of energy to dispersive tails during the interaction, the waves are not solitons. However, this energy loss is extremely minute, and because the dispersively coupled waves in the system exhibit the three types of Lax KdV interactions, we conclude that for all intents and purposes the solitary waves exhibit soliton behavior.
Interplay of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthases modulates the vascular response to ischaemia–reperfusion in the rabbit lung

Aim: Lung ischaemia–reperfusion induces nitric oxide synthesis and reactive nitrogen species, decreasing nitric oxide bioavailability. We hypothesized that in the ventilated lung, this process begins during ischaemia and intensifies with reperfusion, contributing to ischaemia–reperfusion-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction. The aim was to determine whether ischaemia–reperfusion alters inducible and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression/activity, reactive nitrogen species generation, and nitric oxide bioavailability, potentially affecting pulmonary perfusion. Methods: Ischaemia–reperfusion was induced for various times in anesthetized rabbits with ventilated lungs by reversibly occluding the right pulmonary artery and initiating reperfusion. Nitric oxide synthase activity/expression and phosphorylation, reactive nitrogen species generation and total nitrate/nitrite were determined in lung tissue. Results: Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and activity, and reactive nitrogen species formation coincided with increased pulmonary vascular resistance during reperfusion and increased with ischaemia duration, further increasing after 2-h reperfusion. Total nitrate/nitrite also increased with ischaemia but decreased after 2-h reperfusion. Pre-treatment with an inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (1400W; Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) attenuated inducible nitric oxide synthase activity, reactive nitrogen species generation and pulmonary vascular resistance, but did not affect total nitrate/nitrite. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression was unchanged by ischaemia–reperfusion; however, its phosphorylation on serine 1177 and dephosphorylation on threonine 495 was uncoupled, suggesting decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity. 1400W prevented uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation, maintaining its activity during reperfusion. Conclusion: Ischaemia–reperfusion up-regulates inducible nitric oxide synthesis and/activity, which coincides with reduced endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity as suggested by its uncoupling and may contribute to ischaemia–reperfusion-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction.
Long-Term Potentiation in Distinct Subtypes of Hippocampal Nonpyramidal Neurons

We have investigated NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) in distinct subtypes of nonpyramidal neurons of the CA1 hippocampus using induction protocols that permitted the differentiation between a direct form of LTP and plasticity resulting simply from the "passive propagation" of LTP occurring on CA1 pyramidal neurons. Two types of stratum (st.) oriens/ alveus interneurons received passive propagation of synaptic potentiation via the recurrent collaterals of CA1 pyramidal cells, but neither subtype possessed direct plasticity. In st. radiatum, two distinct classes of cells were observed: st. radiatum interneurons that showed neither direct nor propagated forms of synaptic plasticity, and "giant cells" for which EPSPs were robustly potentiated after a pairing protocol. This potentiation is similar to the LTP described in pyramidal cells, and its induction requires NMDA receptor activation. Thus, a large heterogeneity of synaptic plasticity exists in morphologically distinct neurons and suggests that complex changes in the CA1 network properties will occur after the induction of LTP.
Neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies: A link between primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis

Whether serum autoantibodies to neutrophil cytoplasmic components, previously found in ulcerative colitis, are also associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis was determined. In an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin G neutrophil antibodies, neutrophil binding by primary sclerosing cholangitis sera was significantly greater than that for primary biliary cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis B, and chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. Similar differences were seen when sera from patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis without evidence for ulcerative colitis were compared with sera from liver disease controls. Perinuclear immunofluorescence staining of neutrophils was exhibited by the majority of ulcerative colitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis without ulcerative colitis sera. The combination of elevated immunoglobulin G neutrophil antibodies and a perinuclear pattern was 65% sensitive and 100% specific for primary sclerosing cholangitis compared with the liver disease control sera. It is concluded that neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis may be markers of shared underlying immunopafho-genic mechanisms. Identification of the target antigene) may facilitate understanding of the underlying immune response and development of an improved disease marker assay.
Blog and Wiki Discourse

Blogs and wikis are part of a larger category of discourse called computer-mediated communication. Blogs and wikis share some features common to all computer-mediated communication, yet they also demonstrate certain unique characteristics. Blogs often employ first-person narratives and place high value on individual interaction, while wikis are normally written in the third person and encourage collective authorship and editing. Keywords: blogs, blogging, bloggers; computer-mediated communication; digital culture; digital media; language and social interaction
Exergy analysis of discharging multi-tank thermal energy storage systems with constant heat extraction

Abstract In this work, an exergy analysis of discharging multi-tank thermal energy storage systems with constant heat extraction is studied. Theoretical models are developed to analyze the effect of the induced stratification through storage division into several tanks for different system configurations: multi-tank systems with even mass distribution, and two-tank systems with uneven and variable mass distribution. The instantaneous and the process efficiencies are defined to assess the performance of the system as function of operation parameters. For two- and four-tank systems with mass evenly distributed, efficiency increments around 4% and 7%, respectively, are possible. For two-tank systems, higher efficiencies are accomplished for short times when the mass is unevenly distributed and larger amount of the mass is in the hotter tank. For longer times, the even distributed mass situation provides the highest performance. To achieve superior efficiency of two-tank systems during the entire timespan, a time varying mass distribution χ = 0.5 ( 1 + e - 2 t ∗ ) is proposed. Finally, the energy losses as well as the pumping effects on the performance of one- and two-tank systems are analyzed. It is found that, both, the pumping effects and the energy losses are generally negligible and the efficiency can be improved dividing the storage system, rather than increasing the mass flow rate.
EFFECT OF OXYGEN ON GROWTH AND THE SYNTHESIS OF BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLL IN RHODOSPIRILLUM MOLISCHIANUM.

Abstract Sistrom, W. R. (University of Oregon, Eugene). Effect of oxygen on growth and the synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll in Rhodospirillum molischianum. J. Bacteriol. 89:403–408. 1965.—The basis of the strict anaerobiosis of the nonsulfur purple bacterium Rhodospirillum molischianum was investigated. The bacterium is unable to grow aerobically in the dark. In the light, the only immediate effect of oxygen is to inhibit the biosynthesis of bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid pigments. Growth and protein synthesis are not inhibited directly, nor are the cells killed by oxygen. The inhibition of bacteriochlorophyll synthesis ultimately leads to inhibition of growth. Oxygen inhibits photopigment synthesis by means of a metabolic control system which is apparently identical with the one already known in facultatively aerobic species such as R. rubrum. Whole cells of R. molischianum respire in the dark; illumination inhibits respiration by about 50%. Cell-free extracts display significant levels of dark reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase activity. Both these properties are in accord with the physiological behavior of the organism.
How do insect nuclear ribosomal genes compare to protein-coding genes in phylogenetic utility and nucleotide substitution patterns?

The expanding data set on insect molecular systematics allows exam- ination of phylogenetic performance and molecular evolution of different types of gene. Studies combining more than one gene in the same analysis allow examina- tion of the relative contribution and performance of each gene partition and can help inform gene choice for resolving deep and/or problematic divergences. We compared results obtained from analyses of twelve insect data sets in which authors combined one or more nuclear ribosomal genes (28S and/or 18S) with one or more protein-coding genes (elongation factor-1a (EF-1a), histone H3, carbamoylphosphate synthetase domain (CPS domain of CAD, or rudimentary), long-wavelength rhodopsin (LW opsin), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6pd), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), arginine kinase, and white). Data sets examined spanned eight orders of insects (Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera), providing a broad range of divergence times and taxonomic levels. We estimated the phylogenetic utility of the individual genes (using parsimony methods) and characterized the nucleotide substitution patterns (using Bayesian methods) to ask which type of data is preferable for phylogenetic analysis in insects. Nuclear ribosomal and protein coding genes differed little in our measures of phylogenetic performance and patterns of nucleotide sub- stitution. We recommend combining nuclear ribosomal gene data with nuclear protein-coding gene data because each data set has distinct advantages. We do not recommend using mitochondrial genes for higher-level studies of insect phylogeny because reviewed studies demonstrate substitution patterns that lead to high levels of homoplasy.
INTEGRATING REMOTELY ACQUIRED AND FIELD DATA TO ASSESS EFFECTS OF SETBACK LEVEES ON RIPARIAN AND AQUATIC HABITATS IN GLACIAL-MELT WATER RIVERS

Setback levees, in which levees are reconstructed at a greater distance from a river channel, are a promising restoration technique particularly for alluvial rivers with broad floodplains where river-floodplain connectivity is essential to ecological processes. Documenting the ecological outcomes of restoration activities is essential for assessing the comparative benefits of different restoration approaches and for justifying new restoration projects. Remote sensing of aquatic habitats offers one approach for comprehensive, objective documentation of river and floodplain habitats, but is difficult in glacial rivers because of high suspended-sediment concentrations, braiding and a lack of large, well-differentiated channel forms such as riffles and pools. Remote imagery and field surveys were used to assess the effects of recent and planned setback levees along the Puyallup River and, more generally, the application of multispectral imagery for classifying aquatic and riparian habitats in glacial-melt water rivers. Airborne images were acquired with a horizontal ground resolution of 0.5 m in three spectral bands (0.545-0.555, 0.665-0.675 and 0.790-0.810 μm) spanning from green to near infrared (NIR) wavelengths. Field surveys identified river and floodplain habitat features and provided the basis for a comparative hydraulic analysis. Broad categories of aquatic habitat (smooth and rough water surface), exposed sediment (sand and boulder) and vegetated surfaces (herbaceous and deciduous shrub/forest) were classified accurately using the airborne images. Other categories [e.g. conifers, boulder, large woody debris (LWD)] and subdivisions of broad categories (e.g. riffles and runs) were not successfully classified either because these features did not form large patches that could be identified on the imagery or their spectral reflectances were not distinct from those of other habitat types. Airborne imagery was critical for assessing fine-scale aquatic habitat heterogeneity including shallow, low-velocity regions that were not feasible or practical to map in the field in many cases due to their widespread distribution, small size and poorly defined boundaries with other habitat types. At the reach-scale, the setback levee affected the amount and distribution of riparian and aquatic habitats: (1) the area of all habitats was greater where levees had been set back and with relatively more vegetated floodplain habitat and relatively less exposed sediment and aquatic habitat, (2) where levees confine the river, less low-velocity aquatic habitat is present over a range of flows with a higher degree of bed instability during high flows. As river restoration proceeds in the Pacific Northwest and elsewhere, remotely acquired imagery will be important for documenting its effects on the amount and distribution of aquatic and floodplain habitats, complimenting field data as a quantitative basis for evaluating project efficacy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon Dioxide and pH Requirements of Non‐Photosynthetic Tissue Culture Cells

Maximum growth of suspension cultures of Paul's Scarlet rose required a low pH (5.2 to 5.4) during the division phase (day 0 to 7) and a higher pH (5.8 to 6.0) during the expansion phase (day 7 to 14). The fresh weight increase was reduced by approximately 22%, but the dry weight was not influenced when cells were grown for 14 days in a CO2 deficient environment. Kinetic studies showed that the first five days of growth was the critical period of nonautotrophic CO2 fixation when cells were grown in medium buffered at pH 5.4. The phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity was highest (0.50 × 106 cpm min−1· g−1 fresh weight) during the period when nonautotrophic CO2 fixation appeared to be critical for growth.
Measuring Excellence: A Closer Look at Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Winners in the Manufacturing Category

TThe Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award is the nation’s highest quality award. The application and review process is outlined in this work. The objective of this study was to examine the five previous winners in the Manufacturing category and to establish a firm conclusion about the award’s impact. The impact of the award was examined in several categories including financial performance, market share, and employee productivity. This study explored the accomplishments of each company and compared the common factors they shared with one another. It was found that all five companies experienced tremendous financial growth on average of 100% in either sales or revenue as a result of their dedication to quality which ultimately led to winning the MBNQA.
Fiber Structure Study by Polarized Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy: Orientation Development of Nylon 66 at Various Spinning Speeds

It has been shown that the use of a polarized attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared technique affords a means to study structure/frequency relationships and orientational behavior in partially oriented nylon (PON) yarns. In continuing studies, efforts have been directed toward the study of orientational development in the high-speed spinning of high-viscosity (HV) and low-viscosity (LV) Nylon 66 yarns. Infrared dichroism was used to study fiber orientation, and a relationship between infrared dichroism and orientation factor has been developed. The relationship between orientation measured by infrared and by x-ray diffraction is also shown. These are used to obtain the transition moment direction of a molecular vibration, which would otherwise be impossible to obtain by a single technique. Transition moment angles determined for crystalline vibrations were 39° and 41° with respect to the molecular chain axis for high- and low-viscosity PONs, respectively. Crystalline orientation factors obtained with these values are in excellent agreement with x-ray results. Infrared data indicate a sharp increase in crystalline orientation at slower spinning speeds up to a point (transition point); then orientation increases monotonically with increasing speeds. Beyond the transition point, high-viscosity yarn showed less orientation; below this point it showed higher orientation than lower-viscosity yarn. This transition is interpreted to be related to the molecular relaxation phenomenon. Amorphous orientation was also estimated from the fIR and birefringence data, following the relationship proposed by Samuels. It was found that amorphous orientation was less than crystalline orientation at all speeds and practically insignificant at slower speeds, which leads us to the conclusion that, at low-to-moderate spinning speed, crystalline orientation predominates.
A Mirrored Test Tube for Fluorescence Analysis

Various techniques have been used to increase the fluorescence energy from a cuvette by making part of the cuvette a mirror (1). This is particularly important when one tries to record the fluorescent spectra of weakly fluorescing solutions. The use of most mirror materials (aluminum foil, evaporated aluminum, silver, etc.) provides a convenient but fragile mirror surface. Evaporated Nichrome V however, provides a mirror of 50% reflectivity at 500 millimicrons which is impervious to all laboratory chemicals. It is an extremely hard film and withstands normal handling.
Induction of motility in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) spermatozoa by sugars.

Es wird gezeigt, dass frischgewonnenes Sperma der HonigbieneApis mellifera L. in 0,85% NaCl-Losungen mit Rohr-, Frucht- und Traubenzuckerzusatz bewegungsfahig bleibt, wahrend in 0,85% NaCl nur wenige Spermien bewegungsfahig sind.
Transcription of the HSV-1 genome in neurons in vivo

Abstract Transcription of the genome of HSV-1 during latency is limited to a single transcription unit of 8.3 kb. From this primary transcript two 3′ co-terminal introns are spliced. The promoter for this transcription unit contains possible neuronal as well as non-tissue specific transcription factor binding sites. In addition, some region in the repeat sequences near this promoter may function to keep transcription active during latency. A product of transcription, or the process of transcription through the LAT region, aids in reactivation from the latent state.
Dutch Investment in France, 1781-1787

A survey of the financial history of France in the years from 1781 through 1787 reveals two interrelated developments: an unprecedented series of loans opened by the state in an effort to meet growing war and postwar expenses and to service a burdensome debt, and a speculative boom which thrived on the confusion of public and private finance which the French revenue system allowed. Both developments are of central importance in any inquiry into public finance in the decade, and thus in any explanation of the financial origins of the French Revolution. Both were fed in part by the unprecedented volume of capital and credit available on the Parisian Bourse as on other European capital markets in this decade. But to an extent too little comprehended, both the increase in public indebtedness and the speculative boom were assisted by investments from abroad, investments which helped to obscure the enormous and onerous public debt in a mask of apparent soundness by responding readily to repeated calls for credit, and which likewise helped sustain the speculative mania through the extension of credit to the speculators themselves. It is known that Genevan, Genoan, and Dutch credit played some role in these events. Indeed, Genevan commitments have, to a degree, been clarified. But the Genoan and Dutch roles have remained vague, always cited but never detailed. What will be attempted here is an analysis of the Dutch role, of the structure and method of Dutch investments in France during this period in which such investments made some contribution to maintaining the appearance of public solvency while assisting Bourse expansion.
Task instructions as a determiner of the GSR index of the orienting reflex

Twelve college students in each of three groups were instructed to (1) sit quietly and listen while innocuous words and an occasional tone were heard, (2) covertly think pleasant thoughts whenever they heard a tone, or (3) perform an overt pedal response whenever they heard a tone. Twenty different neutral words were presented prior to the tone. Habituation of the GSR induced by these different words varied significantly as a function of the task instructions. Pedal group students displayed mean magnitude GSRs significantly larger than those of the control group. Think group students did not differ significantly from either of the two remaining groups. Basal conductance levels did not differ significantly among the three groups, which indicates that differences in the phasic GSR cannot be attributed to differences in arousal level. An interpretation of the results was offered in terms of the orienting reflex (OR) and its predeterminers.
Microbial reduction of sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide

Abstract Two process concepts have been developed for a microbial contribution to the problem of flue gas desulfurization and NOx removal. We have demonstrated that the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans can be grown in a mixed culture with fermentative heterotrophs in a medium in which glucose served as the only carbon source. Beneficial cross-feeding resulted in vigorous growth of D. desulfuricans, which used SO2(g) as a terminal electron acceptor, with complete reduction of SO2 to H2S in 1–2 s of contact time. We have proposed that the concentrated SO2 stream, obtained from regeneration of the sorbent in regenerable processes for flue gas desulfurization, could be split with two-thirds of the SO2 reduced to H2S by contact with a culture of sulfate-reducing bacteria. The resulting H2S could then be combined with the remaining SO2 and used as feed to a Claus reactor to produce elemental sulfur. However, the use of glucose as an electron donor in microbial SO2 reducing cultures would be prohibitively expensive. Therefore, if microbial reduction of SO2 is to be economically viable, less expensive electron donors must be found. Consequently, we have evaluated the use of municipal sewage sludge and elemental hydrogen as carbon and/or energy sources for SO2 reducing cultures. Heat and alkali pretreated sewage sludge has been successfully used as a carbon and energy source to support SO2 reduction in a continuous, anaerobic mixed culture containing D. desulfuricans. The culture operated for nine months with complete reduction of SO2 and H2S. Another sulfate-reducing bacterium, Desulfotomaculum orientis, has also been grown in batch cultures on a feed of SO2, H2 and CO2. Complete reduction of SO2 to H2S was observed with gas-liquid contact times of 1–2 s. We have also demonstrated that the facultative anaerobe and chemoautotroph, Thiobacillus denitrificans, can be cultured anoxically in batch reactors using NO(g) as a terminal electron acceptor with reduction to elemental nitrogen. We have proposed that the concentrated stream of NOx, as obtained from certain regenerable processes for flue gas desulfurization and NOx removal, could be converted to elemental nitrogen for disposal by contact with a culture T. denitrificans. Two heterotrophic bacteria have also been identified which may be grown in batch cultures with succinate or heat and alkali pretreated sewage sludge as carbon and energy sources and NO as a terminal electron acceptor. These are Paracoccus denitrificans and Pseudomonas denitrificans.
Timeless advice: Daniel Defoe and small business management

Purpose – Daniel Defoe, best known as the author of Robinson Crusoe, was also an early entrepreneur who late in his life published a business text called The Complete English Tradesman. The purpose of this paper is to argue that The Complete English Tradesman should be given renewed consideration as an early predecessor to the great works in management literature.Design/methodology/approach – The paper compares the content found in The Complete English Tradesman with topics and content typically found in modern small business management texts.Findings – The paper finds considerable overlap between Defoe's advice and modern small business management principles. Besides the overall relevant content, the paper also finds unique insights offered by Defoe that could be applied by the modern small business entrepreneur. The paper presents possible reasons why Defoe's work is not widely known today.Research limitations/implications – Defoe's work may be reflective of the general eighteenth‐century entrepreneuria...
Future Considerations in Aspiration Pneumonia in the Critically Ill Patient: What Is Not Known, Areas for Future Research, and Experimental Methods

The medical literature supports the use of enteral feeding to provide nutrition and improve patient outcomes. A major complication of enteral feeding is aspiration and associated morbidity and mortality. Many knowledge gaps exist that inhibit our ability to define and diagnose aspiration, identify patients at risk, and develop prevention techniques. Several areas of inquiry should be explored to help us define and prevent the disorder-for instance, standardized criteria should be developed for diagnosing aspiration pneumonia and for differentiating it from other types of pneumonia, and accurate tests should be devised for detecting it. Research also is needed to evaluate the influence of (1) various enteral feeding sites on aspiration risk, (2) the effects of risk reduction techniques such as selective decontamination and use of promotility agents, and (3) potential benefits of immunonutrition. Current parameters used in decisions about when to initiate enteral feeding in critically ill patients are defined.
A high-resolution geological and geophysical investigation of the Dry Tortugas carbonate depositional environment

Geophysical surveys and ground truth data are compared from a site in the Dry Tortugas, Florida. Seismic data reveal six depositional sequences bounded by high-amplitude reflectors interpreted as subaerial unconformities. Chirp sonar data reveal structure within the Holocene depositional sequence that is correlated to ground truth data. Sedimentary units within the Holocene sequence record a transition from a low-energy, lagoonal environment, to a high-energy, shallow marine environment, to a moderate-energy, slightly deeper marine environment. Forward modeling and impedance inversion reveal good agreement between sediment physical properties, acoustic properties measured by the electric logger, and the chirp sonar data.
A Pilot Study of Atomoxetine in Young Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness and tolerability of atomoxetine during acute treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in 5 and 6 year olds. Method: Twenty two children (male n = 19, 86%) with ADHD were treated with atomoxetine for 8 weeks in a three-site, open-label pilot study. Dosing was flexible, with titration to a maximum of 1.8 mg/kg per day. Parent education on behavior management was provided as part of each pharmacotherapy visit. Results: Subjects demonstrated a mean decrease of 20.68 points (SD = 12.80, p < 0.001)) on the ADHD Rating Scale-IV (ADHD-IV-RS) total score, 10.18 (SD = 7.48, p < 0.001) on the inattentive subscale and 10.50 (SD = 7.04, p < 0.001) on the hyperactive/impulsive subscale. Clinical Global Impression–Severity (CGI-S) was improved in 82% of the children (95% CI, 66–98%) and Children's Global Assessment (CGAS) scores improved 18.91 points on average (SD = 12.20, p < 0.001). The mean final dose of atomoxetine was 1.25 mg/...
Selection and properties of alternative forming fluids for TRISO fuel kernel production

Abstract Current Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) designs incorporate TRi-structural ISOtropic (TRISO) fuel, which consists of a spherical fissile fuel kernel surrounded by layers of pyrolytic carbon and silicon carbide. An internal sol–gel process forms the fuel kernel using wet chemistry to produce uranium oxyhydroxide gel spheres by dropping a cold precursor solution into a hot column of trichloroethylene (TCE). Over time, gelation byproducts inhibit complete gelation, and the TCE must be purified or discarded. The resulting TCE waste stream contains both radioactive and hazardous materials and is thus considered a mixed hazardous waste. Changing the forming fluid to a non-hazardous alternative could greatly improve the economics of TRISO fuel kernel production. Selection criteria for a replacement forming fluid narrowed a list of ∼10,800 chemicals to yield ten potential replacement forming fluids: 1-bromododecane, 1-bromotetradecane, 1-bromoundecane, 1-chlorooctadecane, 1-chlorotetradecane, 1-iododecane, 1-iodododecane, 1-iodohexadecane, 1-iodooctadecane, and squalane. The density, viscosity, and surface tension for each potential replacement forming fluid were measured as a function of temperature between 25 °C and 80 °C. Calculated settling velocities and heat transfer rates give an overall column height approximation. 1-bromotetradecane, 1-chlorooctadecane, and 1-iodododecane show the greatest promise as replacements, and future tests will verify their ability to form satisfactory fuel kernels.
Preferential uptake of 6, 7-H3-estradiol by the endometrium of the rat uterus

Abstract The uptake of tritiated estradiol by the endometrium and myometrium of the rat uterus has been studied following intravenous administration. These data demonstrate the preferential uptake of radioactivity by the endometrium. Preferential uptake by the endometrium may explain the greater sensitivity of the endometrium to changes in the levels of circulating estrogens.
Intellectual property rights considerations for US software firms with business interests in China

US technology firms have ventured into the Chinese market over the past couple of decades only to find that their potential market opportunities have been sharply curtailed by governmental, social, technology adoption and competitive barriers that they did not anticipate or that they were too quick to dismiss as non-consequential. In this paper, we highlight some of the challenges faced by US software firms with business interests in China. After outlining the major issues faced by these firms and a pithy survey of the relevant academic literature, we delve into our main research question, to-wit: how can US software firms profitably operate in China without compromising their IP portfolios and stem the losses from piracy and other emerging threats?
Measurements of Cosmic-Ray Li, Be and B Nuclei in the Energy Range 100 MeV/NUC to >22 BeV/NUC

We report on new measurements of the spectra of Li, Be and B nuclei in the primary cosmic radiation in the energy range 100 MeV/nuc to >22 BeV/nuc. The differential spectrum of these light nuclei is found to have a maximum at ∼400 MeV/nuc in 1966. The L/M ratio is found to be equal to 0.25±0.01, constant over the entire energy range of the measurement. Atmospheric and solar modulation effects on the L nuclei and the L/M ratio are discussed. It is concluded that this ratio is representative of conditions in interstellar space. Using the most recently available fragmentation parameters gives a material path length of 3.6 g/cm2 of hydrogen for the particles producing the L nuclei. The absence of any variation of the L/M ratio with energy places severe constraints on models for the propagation of cosmic rays. Models in which the material path length is a strong function of energy — or that exhibit an exponential path-length distribution for a fixed energy are incompatible with these results. An examination of the abundance ratios of the individual L nuclei separately reveals major discrepancies with the predictions of interstellar diffusion theory based on presently accepted fragmentation parameters. The constancy of the measured Li/M and B/M ratios with energy is not in accord with the large energy dependence of these ratios expected from the energy dependence of the fragmentation cross-sections. The low Li/M ratio and high B/M ratio to be expected if these nuclei are created at a much lower energy than we observe are also not found. This presents difficulties for theories which suggest that the passage through matter has occurred at low energies subsequently followed by considerable acceleration. The Be/M ratio in cosmic rays is anomalous in that it is ∼40% larger than expected on the basis of the fragmentation cross-sections. Evidence presented here on the isotopic composition of Be nuclei suggests that this discrepancy is due to an enhanced abundance of Be9 or Be10 in cosmic rays. This discrepancy complicates the determination of a cosmic-ray ‘age’ using the decay of Be10 into B. Nevertheless the Be/B ratio is observed to remain constant at 0.42±0.03 over the energy range from 100 MeV/nuc to over 10 BeV/nuc. Unless the fragmentation parameters into the various isotopes of Be and B are such that e.g. Δ(Be/B) 3×108 years or <106 years. The further observation that the mass to charge ratio of all Be nuclei of energy ∼1 BeV/nuc is =2.05±0.1 suggests that Be10 is present at these energies. This supports the idea of a short lifetime.
Fabrication of 50 nm period gratings with multilevel interference lithography

We have developed a multilevel interference lithography process to fabricate 50 nm period gratings using light with a 351.1 nm wavelength. In this process multiple grating levels patterned by interference lithography are overlaid and spatial-phase aligned to a common reference grating using interferometry. Each grating level is patterned with offset phase shifts and etched into a single layer to achieve spatial-frequency multiplication. The effect of the multilayer periodic structure on interference lithography is examined to optimize the fabrication process. This process presents a general scheme for overlaying periodic structures and can be used to fabricate more complex periodic structures.
Abstract 3037: Adipokines modulate human mammary stem cell self-renewal throughmTOR

Rationale: Excess visceral adiposity is associated with an increased incidence of a variety of human ailments, including cancer. We tested the hypothesis that adipose-derived factors drive normal mammary stem cell self-renewal. Methods: Visceral adipose tissue explants from obese F344 rats and cultured mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes were grown with serum-free media for 48 hours. Primary human mammary epithelial cells, MCF10A, SUM149 and MCF7 cells were exposed to rhleptin (500 ng/ml), or adipocyte conditioned media and expanded in a non-adherent sphere forming assay for 10 days. Spheres were counted and size was quantified in Image J. Adipokine concentrations were assayed with the Proteome Profiler Adipokine Array. Other cultures were pre-treated with mTOR inhibitors rapamycin (100 nM) or everolimus (100 nM) for 2 hours prior to exposure to rhleptin or adipocyte conditioned media for 2 hours. S6 protein phosphorylation was quantified from Western blots. Results: Data shown in Table 1 suggest that conditioned media from adipose tissue and from 3T3-L1 adipocytes increase human mammary stem cell self-renewal by 103% and 189%, respectively, whereas rhleptin increases stem cell self-renewal by 37%. Blockade of leptin activity with neutralizing antibodies or chimeric soluble receptors reduced the adipocyte conditioned media9s stimulation of mammary epithelial cell self-renewal by 10-15%. Media conditioned by the mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes or primary rat visceral adipose explants increased pS6 protein by 170% in MCF10A cells. mTOR inhibitors reduced rhleptin and adipocyte conditioned media stimulation of self-renewal in MCF10A and normal human mammary stem cells by 78-85%. Conclusion: Adipocyte secreted factors and rhleptin promote increased mammary epithelial cell self-renewal through a process involving the activation of mTOR. Leptin contributes to a small fraction of the activity in adipocyte conditioned media, and is sufficient but not required for mammary stem cell self-renewal. Citation Format: Ray Esper, Dame Michael, Zora Djuric, William Smith, Max Wicha, Dean Brenner. Adipokines modulate human mammary stem cell self-renewal through mTOR . [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3037. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3037
Computational Study of a Subsonic Aircraft Design: Basic CFD Methods and CAD Designs

This investigation explores the methodology, using various computational tools and processes, involved in designing the fuselage of an aircraft. The design begins using 3-Dimensional modeling software and a basic understanding of aerodynamics. The form of the aircraft is built using only a few simple features and is then ready for the meshing process. Picking a simple tetrahedral mesh, rather than a more complicated hexahedral mesh, will allow this process to proceed even faster and also requires only a basic understanding of meshing. Once the geometry is completed the mesh may be moved into Computational Fluid Dynamics software and a wind tunnel simulation can be preformed. Developing a connection between each of these steps will allow the design to be manipulated in many different ways.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Accelerated protection of distribution systems with tapped off loads

The paper presents a technique for accelerated protection of distribution systems with tapped off loads. In the technique, the sequence and superimposed signals are used to determine the remote circuit breaker operation, from which a decision on whether a fault is inside the protected section can be made. Extensive simulation studies with respect to a typical ring main system with tapped off loads show that the proposed technique is able to significantly increase the speed of response of the conventional time-grading-based protection scheme.
The North Carolina State University Libraries Search Experience: Usability Testing Tabbed Search Interfaces for Academic Libraries

Creating a learnable, effective, and user-friendly library Web site hinges on providing easy access to search. Designing a search interface for academic libraries can be particularly challenging given the complexity and range of searchable library collections, such as bibliographic databases, electronic journals, and article search silos. Library Web designers must decide whether to present users with a single search interface—one that searches across content silos by default—or to offer an interface that exposes the various silos available. Designers must also contend with the user's entire search experience and determine how search should appear on the library home page as well as in global navigation systems. In the spring of 2010, the North Carolina State University Libraries sought to answer search design questions for an upcoming Web site design effort. The Libraries evaluated two different search interfaces to determine whether a tabbed search approach with options to pre-select silos is an effecti...
Measurement and comparison of T1 relaxation times in native and transplanted kidney cortex and medulla.

Purpose: To measure and compare cortical and medullary T1 values in native and transplanted kidneys with a wide range of function as measured by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Materials and Methods: A total of 27 subjects (12 native and 15 transplants) were studied. Two magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams of T1 measurement were performed on separate days for reproducibility study. Group-wise comparisons of renal T1 on day 1 were performed between subjects with native and transplanted kidneys and also between subjects based on an eGFR threshold of 60 mL/min/1.73m2. Results: Transplanted kidneys had higher cortical renal T1 (1183 ± 136 msec) than native kidneys (1057 ± 94 msec) with similar results in the medulla. Subjects with an eGFR 60 mL/min/1.73m2 (cortical T1: P < 0.0001; medullary T1: P = 0.008). Renal T1 was highly reproducible for both native and transplant groups (with percent differences less than 10%). Conclusion: There are differences in cortical and medullary T1 between native and transplanted kidneys at different levels of function. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:1241–1247. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Plush Animals and the Elderly

We used an experimental design to test the hypotheses that the introduction of self-selected, plush animals to male residents of an intermediate-skill nursing home care unit will improve health self-concept, life satisfaction, psychologic well-being, psychosocial and mental function, and will decrease depression. The Roy adaptation model provided the theoretical basis; the plush animals were viewed as focal stimuli to improve environmental adaptation. We tested 62 subjects (mean age 75) from a Veterans Administration medical center. There were significant positive changes for the experimental group in all six variables from pretest to first posttest eight weeks later. The improvement was maintained to second posttest at 16 weeks except for mental function. The six variables are viewed as indicators of quality of psychosocial life.
Restructuring Serials Management to Generate New Resources and Services—With Commentaries on Restructurings at Three Institutions

Restructuring serials management along access-versus-ownership lines does not solve the serials crisis, but it does alleviate inflationary pressures and has other significant outcomes. The main economic outcome is the cancellation of low-use, high-cost-per-use titles to create a large pool of savings for reinvestment in new resources and services. The main service outcome is a fully subsidized, unmediated document delivery system—for a fraction of the cost savings. The main political outcome is a resolution of the “tragedy of the commons” phenomenon, which tends to dominate library–faculty relations based on conventional serials management.
Quantum groups at roots of 1

We extend to the not necessarily simply laced case the study [8] of quantum groups whose parameter is a root of 1.
Global-local structural optimization using response surfaces of local optimization margins

A general decomposition method developed by Haftka and Watson is applied to global-local structural optimization problems. First, a large number of component optimizations for maximization of margins are performed. Response surface approximations (RSAs) for maximum margins of component optimization are constructed. At the system-level optimization, the RSAs of maximum margins are used as surrogates for the components. One advantage of the decomposition approach is that it allows much of the search for a global optimum to be conducted in low dimensions for each component separately. Minimization of a portal frame weight with eight local optima is used to demonstrate the approach.
Racial differences in sarcoidosis granuloma density.

Study Objectives While sarcoidosis generally inflicts a greater morbidity on African-American compared with Caucasian patients, no studies have examined whether racial differences exist in the intensity of the histologic hallmark of sarcoidosis, noncaseating granulomas. Design and Setting The study was conducted as a retrospective case series in a tertiary referral center. Patients The study included 187 patients with histopathologic confirmation of sarcoidosis by trans- and/or endobronchial biopsy between July 1991 and December 2001. Measurements and Results Granuloma density was the average number of granulomas per biopsy piece on the slide with the most intense granulomatous inflammation at fourfold magnification. Overall, African-American patients had a twofold greater median granuloma density than Caucasians (p = 0.005). In a negative binomial multivariate model, radiographic pattern had the strongest association with granuloma density, with Scadding stage II and III patients having adjusted granuloma densities of 60% (p = 0.005) and 105% (p = 0.0001) higher than stage I patients. In the specific-tissue types, radiographic stage–adjusted granuloma densities in African-American patients were 49% greater in bronchial tissue (p = 0.03), but only a 27% greater in alveolar tissue (p = 0.51). Conclusions A greater granuloma density in bronchiolar lung tissue of African-American sarcoidosis patients may explain racial differences in diagnostic yield by lung biopsy and disease severity at diagnosis. This association persists even after controlling for Scadding radiographic stage, a measure of disease severity strongly associated with granuloma density.
Comparisons of the formation of cytochrome P-450 complexes absorbing at 455 nm in rabbit and rat microsomes.

Abstract The formation of 455 nm complexes during the metabolism of various drugs has previously been studied in the rat. The formation of 455 nm complexes during the metabolism of amphetamine congeners and other compounds has now been studied in the rabbit to determine the differences that exist between these two species. Rabbit microsomes, in contrast to those from rat, show stereochemical preference for the l -isomer over the d -isomer of amphetamine. In both species, benzyl and hydroxyl substitutions on the nitrogen increased the rate of 455 nm complex formation, while methyl substitution did not. Much lower rates of 455 nm complex formation from SKF 525-A and propoxyphene were observed in rabbit microsomes than in rat microsomes. Both rat and rabbit were incapable of forming a 455 nm complex from p -hydroxyamphetamine. These and other differences in 455 nm complex formation parallel, in part, the qualitative and quantitative differences observed in the metabolism of these compounds in the two species.
A room for living: Private and public aspects in the experience of the living room

This paper presents findings from a study on people's uses and experiences of their living rooms. The researcher conducted in-depth interviews with sixteen middle-class residents of the Metropolitan New York area. Interviews were conducted in participants' living rooms, and were supplemented by observations, sketches and still-photographs. In the past, social scientists have viewed the living room as serving the purpose of communicating the dwellers' image to guests. Findings from the present study show that dwellers may use their living rooms not only to host guests, but also for their own solitary uses, as well as for sharing time with partners. All uses were found to be meaningful and pertinent to the dwelling experience. Findings also reveal that the living room may provide opportunities for intimacy between dwellers and their partners, as well as between dwellers and their guests. For all participants living rooms contained objects that were highly meaningful to them. It is suggested that objects in the living rooms are used to instigate and mediate contemplation about significant others, as well as to regulate the amount of intimacy desired with guests.