cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The dimensions of a transnational crime problem: the case of iuu fishing

Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing is a significant transnational crime problem that costs developing nations from $2 to $15 billion in economic losses annually. Perpetrators include established organized crime groups and commercial fishers, while the incidence of IUU fishing is often shaped by public corruption. Various economic drivers, such as the exceptionally high value of some species, and the Flag of Convenience (FOC) system of vessel registration contribute to the significance of the problem. Negative environmental impacts involve the depletion of fish stocks, damage to coral reefs, and stress on marine mammals and birds. Social and economic impacts are severe as well, and are most especially prevalent in developing nations. Theoretically, IUU fishing may be viewed as arising and proliferating due to “criminogenic asymmetries,” especially evident in the uneven patchwork of international laws governing the world’s oceans. A broad range of public and private responses have thus far generated limited success in thwarting IUU fishing.
From biological anthropology to applied public health: Epidemiological approaches to the study of infectious disease†‡

This article describes two large, multisite infectious disease programs: the Tuberculosis Epidemiologic Studies Consortium (TBESC) and the Emerging Infections Programs (EIPs). The links between biological anthropology and applied public health are highlighted using these programs as examples. Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the TBESC and EIPs conduct applied public health research to strengthen infectious disease prevention and control efforts in the United States. They involve collaborations among CDC, public health departments, and academic and clinical institutions. Their unique role in national infectious disease work, including their links to anthropology, shared elements, key differences, strengths and challenges, is discussed.
Subambient Infrared Spectra of Several Aminoglycoside Antibiotics

Subambient infrared (IR) spectroscopy has been discussed in the literatur, and this technique has been applied to sugars, mostly in the far IR region (500–50 cm−1), but also in the 4000–33 cm−1 range.
Anisotropic evaluation of synthetic surgical meshes.

Introduction The material properties of meshes used in hernia repair contribute to the overall mechanical behavior of the repair. The anisotropic potential of synthetic meshes, representing a difference in material properties (e.g., elasticity) in different material axes, is not well defined to date. Haphazard orientation of anisotropic mesh material can contribute to inconsistent surgical outcomes. We aimed to characterize and compare anisotropic properties of commonly used synthetic meshes.
Understanding children victimized by their peers

Because children who are bullied by their peers are at risk for a variety of psychosocial challenges, it is critical to better understand the nature and dynamics of peer victimization. This paper defines peer victimization, examines forms of victimization, classifies types of victims, and proposes a model to better understand the dynamic interplay among the variables that serve to develop and maintain peer victimization. Findings from this review highlight the cyclical nature of this problem and the prominent role of peers, parents, and school staff in victimization.
The Role of Benthic Fluxes of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Oceanic and Sedimentary Carbon Cycling

Benthic fluxes (sediment-water exchange) of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) represent a poorly quantified component of sedimentary and oceanic carbon cycling. In this paper we use pore water DOC data and direct DOC benthic flux measurements to begin to quantitatively examine this problem. These results suggest that marine sediments represent a significant source of DOC to the oceans, as a lower limit of the globally-integrated benthic DOC flux is comparable in magnitude to riverine inputs of organic carbon to the oceans. Benthic fluxes of DOC also appear to be similar in magnitude to other sedimentary processes such as organic carbon oxidation (remineralization) in surface sediments and organic carbon burial with depth.
Outcomes of acute myocardial infarction in nonagenarians.

To evaluate survival after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in nonagenarians, we conducted a retrospective chart review of 177 consecutive patients ≥90 years of age admitted from 2000 to 2006 with a primary diagnosis of AMI confirmed by peak troponin I ≥1.5 μg/L. Mean follow-up was 3.7 years (range 4 months to 6.7 years). Mean age was 93 years, 34% were men, and 60% were Caucasian. Common co-morbidities included hypertension (67%), dyslipidemia (28%), atrial fibrillation (28%), renal insufficiency (27%), dementia (23%), and previous cerebrovascular events (22%). Mean peak troponin was 20 μg/L (range 1.5 to 183 μg/L). Cardiac catheterization was performed within 48 hours in 42 patients (24%) and after 48 hours in 14 patients (8%); 40 patients (23%) received an intervention. Hospital mortality was 15% (n = 27). Survival at 30 days, 90 days, and 1 year were 78%, 69%, and 47%. Independent predictors of shorter survival time by Cox analysis included body mass index 2 (p
Effects of Exposure to a Grocery-Store Environment on Hunger in Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults

Abstract Time of day variables and exposure to food and food-related cues have been shown to impact our desire to eat. However, age and gender-related factors which likely affect appetite are rarely, if ever, examined. The purpose of the present study was to determine if younger, middle-aged, and older men and women differed in terms of hunger, dieting, and their reactivity to grocery store cues across the day. Hunger and dieting differences between the age groups were evident. Also, generally, middle-aged and older adults tended to report more hunger after strolling through a grocery store (especially during the afternoon and evening) while younger adults did not.
Which newborns missed the hepatitis B birth dose vaccination among U.S. children

Abstract Objectives Hepatitis B birth dose vaccination is a critical step in preventing perinatal hepatitis B virus infection. This study assesses the prevalence of children who missed the birth dose of hepatitis B vaccination and identifies socio-demographic factors associated with non-receipt of the birth dose among children in the United States. Methods A survey observation study was conducted with the national representative sample of 17,053 U.S. children aged 19–35 months obtained from the 2009 National Immunization Survey. Categorical data analysis and multivariable logistic regression in the context of complex sample survey were applied to evaluate the prevalence and determine the independent risk factors. Results 39.2% of children missed the birth dose of hepatitis B vaccination. Children who reside in states without a universal hepatitis B vaccine supply policy, are not covered by health insurance, and have only 1 vaccination provider are significantly associated with non-receipt of the birth dose hepatitis B vaccination. Conclusions Children who reside in states without a universal hepatitis B vaccine supply policy, and who are not covered by health insurance are two important modifiable risk factors for not receiving the birth dose hepatitis B vaccination. Future intervention studies could be needed to help control those modifiable risk factors.
Evolution Strategies for Matching Active Appearance Models to Human Faces

Face registration is a challenging problem due in part to the non-rigid nature of human faces. Active Appearance Models (AAMs) have been proposed as a useful technique for face registration in part because they can account for changes in shape. Fitting of AAMs to imagery is typically done using the Gauss-Newton method; however this approach is known to fail when either the initial shape estimate is to far off and/or the appearance model fails to direct search toward a good match. In this paper, we employ Evolution Strategies (ES) to search for a near optimal fit, i.e. set of model parameters, that relate an AAM to a novel face image. In addition, we dramatically reduce the dimensionality of the search problem by analytically determining the optimal texture parameters associated with any given shape. Experimental results reveal that the proposed approach outperforms the standard AAM parameter estimation technique and some of its variants. Further, the difference is statistically significant. Finally, some basic limitations of AAMs are identified using fitness landscape analysis.
Ionic organoboranes. Part 7. Molecular orbital study of electron distribution in the [7.102]hemiousenide ion; explanation for the anomalous 11B NMR spectrum

Abstract The 11B NMR spectrum of the [7.102]hemiousenide ion (C7H6B10H9−) demonstrates ground state +T cage to ring electron donation from the region of the two apical borons. The chemically non-equivalent apical borons give an apparent singlet NMR absorption and thus appear to be in very similar electronic environments, even though they are unsymmetrically arranged relative to the cationic ring. Ab initio 3-21G(∗) and semi-empirical PM3 calculations suggest that the π-system of the ring only interacts with cage molecular orbitals that are symmetrical relative to both apical borons in B10H102− and that the electron density about the two apical borons is essentially identical in the [7.102]hemiousenide ion. Significant ground state electron donation from cage to ring is observed, consonant with conclusions from previous polarographic studies.
Comparison of in vivo mutagenesis in the endogenous Hprt gene and the lacI transgene of Big Blue® rats treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene

The lacI transgene of Big Blue(R) (BB) rats was evaluated as a reporter of in vivo mutation by comparing mutant frequencies (MFs) in it and in the endogenous Hprt gene. Seven-week old female BB rats were given single doses of 0, 20, 75 and 130 mg/kg of 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) by gavage, and Hprt and lacI MFs in splenic lymphocytes were measured over a period of 18 weeks. The Hprt MFs in treated rats increased for 10 weeks and then declined; 130 mg/kg of DMBA produced a maximum Hprt MF of 168+/-11.4x10-6 clonable lymphocytes, while the MF in control rats was 7.4+/-1. 5x10-6. DMBA exposure of generic F344 rats resulted in a similar time-course of mutant induction but produced about 50% higher Hprt MFs with the 75 and 130 mg/kg doses. In contrast, the lacI MFs increased for 6 weeks and then remained relatively constant; 130 mg/kg of DMBA produced a maximum increase in lacI MF of 341+/-83x10-6 PFU compared with 25+/-5x10-6 PFU in control rats. The Hprt mutant frequencies in DMBA-treated BB and F344 rats were significantly increased over control values for every dose-time combination examined, while only the 130 mg/kg dose consistently produced lacI MFs that were significantly above the controls. In addition, the fold-increase in MF for treated vs. control rats was two times higher for the Hprt gene than the lacI gene due to the higher MFs in the lacI gene of control rats. Differences between the lacI and Hprt genes in the kinetics of mutant induction, in the frequency of induced mutants, and in the sensitivity of mutant detection could be explained at least partially by the properties of these two genes.
Bronchiectasis in chronic pulmonary aspiration: risk factors and clinical implications.

Introduction Bronchiectasis is a well-known sequela of chronic pulmonary aspiration (CPA) that can result in significant respiratory morbidity and death. However, its true prevalence is unknown because diagnosis requires high resolution computed tomography which is not routinely utilized in this population. This study describes the prevalence, time course for development, and risk factors for bronchiectasis in children with CPA. Materials and Methods Using a cross-sectional design, medical records were reviewed for all patients with swallow study or airway endoscopy-confirmed aspiration in our airway center over a 21 month period. All patients underwent rigid and flexible bronchoscopy, and high resolution chest computed tomography. Prevalence, distribution, and risk factors for bronchiectasis were identified. Results One hundred subjects age 6 months to 19 years were identified. Overall, 66% had bronchiectasis, including 51% of those less than 2 years old. The youngest was 8 months old. Severe neurological impairment (OR 9.45, P < 0.004) and history of gastroesophageal reflux (OR 3.36, P = 0.036) were identified as risk factors. Clinical history, exam, and other co-morbidities did not predict bronchiectasis. Sixteen subjects with bronchiectasis had repeat chest computed tomography with 44% demonstrating improvement or resolution. Discussion Bronchiectasis is highly prevalent in children with CPA and its presence in young children demonstrates that it can develop rapidly. Early identification of bronchiectasis, along with interventions aimed at preventing further airway damage, may minimize morbidity and mortality in patients with CPA. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:447–452. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamic Compensatory Pattern Matching in a Fuzzy Rule-Based Control System

In the recent years, fuzzy rule-based control systems have been receiving more and more attention because of their ability to capture the approximate nature of the real world. Moreover, the use of linguistic-valued rules largely reduced the size of rule bases and decreased the number of loopholes owing to human experts' episodic heuristics. In brief, fuzzy rule-based approach provides us a way to achieve comprehensibility, simplicity and robustness at the same time. Two common problem in fuzzy rule-based control systems are addressed in this paper. The first one regards to incomplete information which results from a noisy environment or a real-time constraint. The other one concerns about earning because an intelligent system should be able to adjust itself when more information is provided. The power of traditional matching techniques is limited when faced with these problems. We propose a dynamic pattern matching mechanism which has a sound semantic interpretation and is computationally efficient to provide a better solution. We first briefly review the basic matching techniques involved in rule-based control systems. They are divided into three phases: matching of pattern elements, aggregation of partial matching results, and interpolative matching. Within this framework, we identify the issues of incomplete information and learning. A learning mechanism based on generalized neural networks is introduced next. Lastly, we describe the proposed compensatory matching mechanism.
When blood tickles the brain: where is the argument?

here remains much controversy about the prevalence of seizures after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage T (ASAH), and the potential role of prophylactic anticonvulsants (PACs) in clinical practice in that setting. The arguments are beautifully summarized in the article by Raper et al. in this issue of WORLD NEUROSURGERY. Yet despite the absence of convincing proof about the efficacy of PACs in preventing early and late seizures, and plenty of concern about the side effects and potential lasting morbidity of PACs, surveys of current practice continue to document their routine use by a substantial fraction of neurosurgeons. As with most longstanding unsettled scientific controversies, this one has waned in recent years, and its arguments have tired. The reasons include the absence of data “settling the argument,” new practices that render the argument less relevant, and mostly that the argument has not been properly articulated. As one of those surgeons who has studied this problem, and who has not abandoned PACs after ASAH altogether, I am happy to explain why, in my opinion, this controversy has been overplayed, and the argument has often been misstated.
Magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancement of the trigeminal nerve in dogs without evidence of trigeminal neuropathy

Brain magnetic resonance images from 42 dogs imaged between 2002 and 2007 were reviewed retrospectively to establish the incidence of trigeminal nerve contrast enhancement. These dogs had otherwise normal MR images and no clinical evidence of trigeminal nerve disease. Contrast enhancement of the entire trigeminal nerve was seen in 39 dogs and in the region of the trigeminal ganglion in all 42 dogs. When contrast enhancement of the trigeminal nerve was observed, the intensity was subjectively less than or equal to that of the pituitary gland. Contrast enhancement of the trigeminal nerve was seen in 42 dogs with no clinical evidence of trigeminal nerve pathology.
Optimal buffer space size in two-stage machining systems with Markovian or non-Markovian tool life processes

SUMMARY This paper presents a model for obtaining the optimal buffer space size in two-stage machining systems. It is shown that the optimal buffer space size is the one necessary to keep the critical machine running even when there are tool failures and subsequent tool changes on the non-critical machine. An analytical expression for the optimal buffer space size is derived when tool failures follow a Markovian process and the objective function is the minimization of the unit cost. A simulation mode! is developed for obtaining the optimal buffer space size when tool failures follow a non-Markovian process. It is shown that the optimal buffer space size depends on the expected delay time per part due to tool failures on the non-critical machine (which depends on the probability of tool failure on the non-critical machine during machining on the critical machine), on the labour and the buffer space cost, and on the tool-change time. The model can be extended to cover the case of two or more identical para...
The effects of visual barriers used during auditory training on sound transmission.

Clinicians often use barriers such as paper or cardboard to eliminate visual cues during auditory training activities. Comparison of three commonly used barriers revealed substantial differences in...
Genetics of house-entering behaviour in East African populations of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) and its relevance to speciation

Samples of larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.) were collected in three principal habitats, domestic, peridomestic and feral, in the Rabai area in eastern Kenya. The samples from the domestic habitat represent the population of the domestic form, A. a. aegypti, and the feral samples from tree holes from Bejumwa Forest represent the feral subspecies, A. a. formosus (Wlk.). The peridomestic samples from steps cut into trunks of coconut palms most probably represent hybrids between the domestic and the feral forms. These samples were brought to the laboratory where they reproduced in high numbers, and crosses were made between the three populations. Adults of the parental populations and those resulting from the crosses were marked with different colours of fluorescent pigments, released in the peridomestic habitat in the Rabai area and subsequently recaptured in biting catches on man in the domestic and peridomestic habitats. The results indicate that domesticity, particularly house-entering behaviour, in A. aegypti is genetically controlled and is a product of the action of several genes. The gene action in terms of house-entering behaviour is additive as can be clearly seen from the recapture data for the various crosses. The percentage entering houses was highest among mosquitoes of the form from inside houses (the domestic A. a. aegypti population (D)) and the percentages decreased progressively through the peridomestic (P) and hybrid forms to the feral population of A. a. formosus (F) in the following manner: D (45·)DP (15 ·5), PD (13·9), P (9·8), DF (5·7), FD (73·), PF (1·5), FP. (0·6) and F (0·6).The recaptures outdoors were in the reverse order, the highest percentage being for F (187·) and the lowest for D (8·5), DP (8·0) and PD (7·7). The data suggest that the larvae from the peridomestic habitat may represent hybrids between the domestic and feral formsA model for the inheritance of behavioural characters in mosquitoes is presented. On the basis of isolating mechanisms and partial hybridisation, it is concluded that A. a. aegypti and A. a. formosus have developed as geographically isolated allopatric populations. This supports the existing polytypic concept of speciation in A. aegypti. Spatial distribution, non-random mating and the existing series of isolating mechanisms indicate that the domestic type form has been introduced into East Africa, most probably on ships.
A similarity theory of approximate deconvolution models of turbulence

We apply the phenomenology of homogeneous, isotropic turbulence to the family of approximate deconvolution models proposed by Stolz and Adams. In particular, we establish that the models themselves have an energy cascade with two asymptotically different inertial ranges. Delineation of these gives insight into the resolution requirements of using approximate deconvolution models. The approximate deconvolution model's energy balance contains both an enhanced energy dissipation and a modification to the model's kinetic energy. The modification of the model's kinetic energy induces a secondary energy cascade which accelerates scale truncation. The enhanced energy dissipation completes the scale truncation by reducing the model's micro-scale from the Kolmogorov micro-scale.
Electrocardiographic changes associated with allergic reactions to penicillin

Abstract Electrocardiographic changes, represented mainly by transient T-wave inversion, occurred in three patients who developed severe allergic reactions in the course of penicillin therapy. These changes resemble those previously reported in other allergic reactions.
Rotation domains in α-silicon nitride

Abstract A domain structure is abundant in as-grown chemically vapour-deposited α -Si3N4 crystals. Transmission electron microscopy has been employed to examine the nature of the domains and domain boundaries. Selected-area electron diffraction patterns taken from either side of the domain walls are essentially the same, but sometimes different convergent-beam electron diffraction patterns and image contrast are observed. They are not simple stacking faults or antiphase domain boundaries or inversion boundaries. Analysis shows that they are 60° rotation domains which can occur because the structure has threefold rotational symmetry instead of sixfold along the c axis of the trigonal unit cell. The domain boundaries often lie on low-index planes but can be curved and occur on any plane. Sometimes they give a stacking-fault-like contrast.
The Invisible Hands: Sex Roles and the Division of Labor in Two Local Political Parties

This is a study of the division of labor between men and women in the Democratic and Republican party organizations of a small New England town. Interviews, observations and logs kept by the town committee members revealed a difference in styles of performance that made men stand out more than women. Women's political activities more often took place in settings where they could not be seen, and the roles played by women were typically those without title or acknowledgement, while men usually held highly visible leadership positions. A similarity was observed between sex-linked roles and behavior patterns based in the family and the parts played in the political arena. Because of these differences women often were unnoticed and unrewarded even though they worked more than twice as many hours on political activities as did men during the study period. Also, women logged more than three times as many separate political interactions as men.
The relation of self-efficacy and interests: A meta-analysis of 60 samples.

Abstract This study empirically synthesizes and evaluates studies that have examined the relation between vocationally relevant domains of self-efficacy and interests. We conducted a meta-analytic review of 60 empirical independent samples ( N =39,154) in which relations between self-efficacy and interests had been examined. Fifty-three of these samples ( N =37,829) included parallel measures of the constructs. Relations between parallel measures of Holland’s RIASEC themes, the specific dimensions of art, math, science and math/science combined, and traditionally female and male occupations are also presented. Results demonstrated that self-efficacy and interests are independent constructs that correlate moderately. Differences by sex, measure, and age group are noted. Future directions for research regarding links between self-efficacy and interests are discussed.
Personality correlates of health locus of control with medical inpatients.

-Correlations berween the Health Locus of Control scale and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Self-rating Depression Scale, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were examined for 114 male, medical and surgical inpatients. Health Locus of Cantrol scores were partitioned into health internal scorers and health external scorers. Significant differences were obtained on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory neurotic triad, with health external scorers exhibiting more serious personality profiles. Considerable variance of scores on health internality could be accounted for by similar variance in responses to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and Self-rating Depression Scale. Implications for clinical treatment and differential health care intervention were discussed.
Increase of nanodiamond crystal size by selective oxidation

The control of the crystal size in nanodiamond (ND) powder is crucial, since most of its physical and chemical properties are size-related. In this work we demonstrate a simple method for increasing the crystal size of ND powder by selective oxidation in air. We analyze the oxidized powders by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy in order to monitor changes in the average crystal size distribution and identify the limitations of these techniques for crystal size measurements. Our studies show that none of these techniques alone is able to provide sufficiently accurate information on size distributions, but can produce complementary results for better understanding of the properties of ND powder.
Variational sums of infinitesimal systems

In this paper we consider the limits of variational sums of an infinitesimal system S={{X nj }}. For a function g we let $$V_n (g,S) = \mathop \Sigma \limits_j g(X_{nj} )$$ . When S is formed from the increments of a stochastic process with stationary independent increments, there has been much work done on conditions to insure convergence of V n (g, S). The methods used in these studies however fail in the case of a general system. We define an index a for the system S and show it is the natural index for studying convergence of V n (g, S). For systems formed by the domain of attraction of a stable distribution with index γ we have α=γ. For systems from increments of processes with (not necessarily stationary) independent increments a generalizes the Blumenthal-Getoor index. Convergence in distribution and convergence of expectations of V n (g, S) are studied.
Stability in the restricted problem of three bodies with Liapounov Characteristic Numbers

We have applied the method of Liapounov Characteristic Numbers (LCN) to the planar restricted three-body problem with various mass ratios μ and Jacobi constantsC, for various cases of satellite and asteroidal motion. Some results on the LCN's for both ordinary and regularized coordinate systems are obtained. The results indicate that there exists a maximum valueC* ofC, depending on μ, such that all the LCN's are zero within computational accuracy whenC>C*. The meaning of this is that all orbits whose initial conditions are located in the region for whichC>C* are effectively stable.
Clinical responses following nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation for renal cell carcinoma are associated with expansion of CD8+ IFN-γ-producing T cells

Clinical responses following nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation for renal cell carcinoma are associated with expansion of CD8 + IFN- γ -producing T cells
ISOTOPE SHIFTS IN HAFNIUM

Isotope shifts are here reported for all stable isotopes of hafnium. The ratios found are: Δσ(180–178):Δσ(178–176):Δσ(176–174)=100:82.6±3.5:87.6±3.7 and Δσ(180–178):Δσ(180–179):Δσ(178–177)=100:61±9:73±8. The variation of the shifts with neutron number and the even-odd staggering are well beyond experimental error, and are therefore real. Magnitudes of the shifts observed in the spectral lines ranged from 29 to 46 mK. Centroids of the hyperfine-structure patterns due to the odd isotopes were located by using known ratios of the nuclear moments or of the hyperfine-structure parameters. The difference in the electric quadrupole moments between isotopes are discussed from the point of view of isotope-shift anomalies.
Evaluation of a water concentration method for the detection of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in a fish hatchery

Summary A virus-adsorption-elution (viradel) method using electropositive microporous filters (Virosorb 1-MDS) was used for the concentration and detection of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) at a hatchery with a past history of IPNV infection. Samples of fish tissue and unconcentrated water were also examined for the presence of IPNV. Virus was isolated from three of the nine concentrated water samples taken from various locations at the hatchery. Virus was also isolated from pooled fish tissues, but not from unconcentrated water samples. Representative numbers of viruses isolated from water and fish tissues were examined for virus neutralization in the presence of anti-IPNV amiserum; resistance to acid, ether, and heat; and replication in the presence of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BUDR). When tested by dot-immunobinding assay using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MABs), the viral isolates were found to belong to the West Buxton serotype of IPNV.
Victor Hensen and the Development of Sampling Methods in Ecology

Why was Hensen unsuccesful in the quantification of ecological sampling? No aspect of plankton research itself seems to have hindered quantification; both collecting methods and taxonomy were sufficiently advanced. The reason is probably that at the time he began sampling, Hensen had to devise his own statistical methods for expressing the reproducibility and validity of samples. Hensen might have succeeded in this if he had overcome prevalent nineteenth-century attitudes toward randomness.
Minimal Disease in the Sentinel Lymph Node: How to Best Measure Sentinel Node Micrometastases to Predict Risk of Additional Non-Sentinel Lymph Node Disease

Background Volume of disease in the sentinel lymph node (SLN) is a significant predictor of additional nodal metastasis. This study assesses incidence of residual non-SLN disease in a large cohort of women with minimal SLN metastases and compares three methods of SLN micrometastasis volume measurement to determine which best predicts residual disease on completion axillary lymph node dissection (cALND).
Sojourn in excessively high oxygen saturation ranges in individual, very low-birthweight neonates.

Aim To investigate the variability in sojourn times at high oxygen saturations (SpO2) in individual patients and to examine whether there are subsets of patients or treatments that are associated with differing sojourn times at SpO2 ≥93%. Methods Pulse oximetry data (Masimo) were studied in 71 premature babies receiving supplemental oxygen. Outcome measure was proportion of time per 12-h shift that individual babies spent in the range SpO2 ≥93%. We studied whether an inordinate proportion of time spent at SpO2 ≥93% was attributable to any subset of babies, mode of ventilation or nursing shifts, whether sojourn times were statistically independent shift-to-shift and whether an educational intervention reduced the amount of time spent at SpO2 ≥93%. Results The proportion of time spent by the populations overall at SpO2 ≥93% was distributed equally among babies. However, high-frequency ventilation was associated with the least amount of time at SpO2 ≥93% compared with other modes of respiratory support (p < 0.0001), while nasal cannulae were associated with the highest proportion of time at SpO2 ≥93% (p < 0.001). Conclusion Measures to improve compliance with targeted SpO2 ranges should be applied universally although further improvement may be achieved by specifically targeting babies receiving supplemental oxygen via nasal cannula.
[Leu]Enkephalin Enhances Active Avoidance Conditioning in Rats and Mice

The effects of intraperitoneal (IP) administration of the endogenous opioid peptide, [Leu]enkephalin (LE), on avoidance conditioning in rodents were investigated. At a dose of 30 μglkg (IP), LE enhanced acquisition of a one-way step-through active avoidance response when administered 2 minutes before training to Swiss Webster mice. [Leu]enkephalin produced a U-shaped dose-response function because both lower and higher doses of LE did not affect avoidance responding. [Leu]enkephalin-induced enhancement of avoidance acquisition was also observed in Sprague-Dawley rats; the intraperitoneal injection of 10 μg/kg LE, administered 5 minutes before training, enhanced acquisition of a jump-up one-way active avoidance response. When administered to Sprague-Dawley rats immediately after training, LE (30 μg/kg IP) enhanced jump-up avoidance responding at test 24 hours after peptide injection. Previously, we found LE to impair acquisition in the same tasks in both rats and mice, also at microgram doses, and also in a U-shaped manner. Thus, LE can either enhance or impair learning within the same species and the same task; these findings are in agreement with recent theoretical proposals regarding the nature of compounds, such as LE, that modulate learning and memory.
Physiological Characterization of Hatchery-Origin Juvenile Steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss Adopting Divergent Life-History Strategies

Abstract Smoltification by juvenile Pacific salmonids has been described as a developmental conflict whereby individuals face several life-history decisions. Smoltification occurs as a result of interactions between organismal condition and environmental cues, although some fish may forgo ocean migration and remain in freshwater streams for some time (residualize). We compared the physiological profiles of steelhead that were actively migrating to the ocean (migratory fish) and those that remained in fresh water (residuals) for at least a period of between 2 wk and 3 mo after release from a hatchery facility. In addition, we investigated the physiological characterization of residuals that further differentiated into precocial freshwater residents or parr that will either precocially mature in fresh water or migrate to the ocean in the future. Residuals had higher condition factors and gonadosomatic index than migratory fish and were characterized as less prepared for saltwater due to low levels of gill N...
Journal publisher practices and attitudes on article copying: Summary of a survey

US publishers of 2500 scholarly and research journals were surveyed on behalf of the National Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyrighted Works by the Indiana University Graduate Library School. Questionnaires elicited information on attitudes toward photocopying and various methods for accomplishing photocopying not exempted by the Copyright Law of 1976 from copyright-owner authorization. The response rate was approximately 38 percent of the 2552 journals surveyed; 89 percent of those responding were copyrighted journals, whereas Copyright Office records indicate that only 60 percent of the nonresponding journals are being registered for copyright. Results are discussed as a function of journal and publisher characteristics.
The effects of response cost in the treatment of aberrant behavior maintained by negative reinforcement

Positive reinforcement contingencies can sometimes be used to decrease problem behavior maintained by negative reinforcement (e.g., escape). In the current study, we evaluated the extent to which response cost (i.e., contingent removal of a preferred stimulus) would compete with the negative reinforcer maintaining destructive behavior. The response cost contingency reduced destructive behavior by 87% from baseline levels even though the negative reinforcement contingency (i.e., escape) remained in place.
Temperature-dependent Gain and Loss in High Performance Quantum Cascade Lasers at 8.2 and 10.3μm

Temperature-dependent optical gain and waveguide loss were measured for Quantum Cascade lasers with wavelengths of ~8.2 and ~10.3 mum. The nature of the temperature dependence of the loss indicates an extra mechanism of resonant intersubband absorption.
Effects of Hydrophobic Barrier Films on the Mechanical Properties of Fiber Reinforced Composites Immersed in Water

Fiber reinforced composites are subjected to a wide range of mechanical loads and environmental conditions, such as wind, high/low temperature, moisture, UV light and aggressive solvents. Compared to other structural materials, polymers can absorb more moisture and UV light from outside environment and lose their material properties (e.g., mechanical, electrical, surface and thermal) and thus the service life. In this study, hydrophobic barrier films including polyvinylfluoride (PVF) and polyether ether ketone (PEEK) were applied on the carbon, Kevlar, and glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites (laminate and sandwich structures), and then the effects of moisture absorption on those films were investigated in detail. The coupons were immersed in water for a number of days in order to determine the changes in mechanical properties of the composites. Three point bending tests were applied to the laminate composites, while four point bending tests were conducted on the Nomex sandwich structured composites. We found that moisture absorption could be eliminated by using these hydrophobic films. We found that PEEK film could be an alternative barrier film for the aircraft industry.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
IMMIGRANT AND NATIVE-BORN AMERICAN ATTITUDES TOWARD AGED

Attitudes of 56 adults toward a person 25 to 35 yr. old and toward a person 70 to 78 yr. old were studied. Italian immigrants, Polish immigrants, Scottish immigrants, and native-born Americans rate...
Infrared spectra of lithium thioborate glasses and polycrystals

Abstract Glasses and polycrystals in the x Li 2 S + (1 − x )B 2 S 3 system have been prepared over the composition range 0 ≤ x Li 2 S ≤ 0.80. The glass-forming range was observed to be ≈0.48 ≤ x ≤ 0.80 for liquids splat-quenched from ≈ 850°C into films ≈ 0.25 mm in thickness. The infrared spectra of the glasses were interpreted as a progressive compositional shift from the glassesith x ≈ 0.5 being based upon a mixture of trigonal (probably six-membered rings) and a high fraction tetrahedral boron groups to glasses with x ≈ 0.80 being based upon isolated trigonal orthothioborate anions. As with nearly all alkali borate and thioborate glasses in the high alkali region, x > 0.5, a decreasing fraction of tetrahedral borons is observed. The fraction of tetrahedral borons for glasses with x ≈ 0.55 is very large, but diminishes to zero for glasses with x = 0.75 and 0.80. Polycrystals were prepared at x = 0.33(≈ c-Li 2 B 4 S 7 ), 0.5 (≈ c-LiBS 2 ) and 0.75 (c-Li 3 BS 3 ). For the first two phases, all borons were found to be tetrahedrally coordinated, whereas for the last phase all borons were found to be in trigonal coordination.
Coalescence behavior of oil droplets coated in irreversibly-adsorbed surfactant layers

Coalescence between oil caps with irreversibly adsorbed layers of nonionic surfactant is characterized in deionized water and electrolyte solution. The coalescence is characterized using a modified capillary tensiometer allowing for accurate measurement of the coalescence time. Results suggest two types of coalescence behavior, fast coalescence at low surface coverages that are independent of ionic strength and slow coalescence at high coverage. These slow coalescence events (orders of magnitude slower) are argued to be due to electric double layer forces or more complicated stabilization mechanisms arising from interfacial deformation and surface forces. A simple film drainage model is used in combination with measured values for interfacial properties to quantify the interaction potential between the two interfaces. Since this approach allows the two caps to have the same history, interfacial coverage and curvature, the results offer a tool to better understand a mechanism that is important to emulsion stability.
Analysis of angiographic trial data in women

There are few angiographic trials of cholesterol lowering in women. Two trials have included a sufficient number of women for meaningful assessment of lesion change, as determined by quantitative coronary angiography. In the University of California, San Francisco Specialized Center of Research in Arteriosclerosis (UCSF SCOR) trial, 72 patients (57% women) with familial hypercholesterolemia (90% of whom had no overt coronary heart disease) were randomised to receive either diet and intensive drug therapy (combinations of colestipol, nicotinic acid and lovastatin) or diet and modest doses of colestipol, according to baseline low density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Coronary angiograms were obtained at 2-year intervals. Change in percentage area of stenosis (the primary end-point) in women receiving intensive drug treatment was −2.06% compared with +1.07% for the controls (p = 0.05). For the intensively treated men, corresponding values were −0.88% compared with +0.41% for the controls (difference not significant). In a recently completed trial in Canada, 269 men and 62 women with established coronary heart disease were randomised to receive either diet alone, or diet and lovastatin (up to 80mg daily). In men, the increase in percentage diameter of stenosis was reduced by 43% (p = 0.05), and in women by 40% (not significant). By contrast, new lesions appeared in 4% of women assigned to intensive drug treatment, compared with 45% of those randomised to diet (p < 0.001). In men, new lesions appeared in 18% and 29% of patients, respectively (p = 0.047).
Reduction of nonspecific protein binding on surface plasmon resonance biosensors

Reduction of the nonspecific serum protein adsorption on a gold surface to levels low enough to allow the detection of biomarkers in complex media has been achieved using the N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester of 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid. Carboxymethylated dextran (CM dextran), which is widely used, nonspecifically adsorbs enough proteins to mask the signal from target biomarkers in complex solutions such as serum or blood. The use of short-chain thiols greatly reduces the amount of nonspecific protein adsorption. Mixed layers of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid or the NHS ester of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid mixed layers with either 11-mercaptoundecanol or undecanethiol, and 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid or the NHS ester of 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid with hexadecanethiol, were also investigated for nonspecific protein binding properties as well as for biomarker signal response. The NHS ester of 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid exhibits the largest signal for the biomarker myoglobin (including CM dextran) while offering a significantly diminished amount of nonspecific binding. The sensor has also been shown to detect interleukin-6 in cell culture media containing protein concentrations of at least 4 mg/mL.
Method for simultaneous measurement of diffusivity lifetime, and diffusion length, with application to heavily doped silicon

A novel experimental method is presented and demonstrated that allows simultaneous determination of minority-carrier diffusivity, lifetime, and diffusion length in semiconductors. This method is based on the lateral collection of photogenerated carriers by a semi-infinite junction. The semi-infinite nature of the problem makes possible the use of closed-form expressions that greatly simplify the analysis of the experimental results. The main advantages of this method are its analytical simplicity and the self-consistency test provided by the simultaneous measurement of all three transport parameters. The effects of the lifetime and the diffusion coefficient are separated by varying the distance between the illumination edge and the collecting junction. Results of measurements for heavily doped n/sup +/ silicon with doping density of 2.4*10/sup 19/ cm/sup -3/ are demonstrated. >
The @One service environment: information services for and by the millennial generation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss an academic library's need to engage all available resources to provide the services required by the changing uses, formats, and production of information.Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses the @One service environment as a case study. The service and staffing model employed a sample of 20 students and professionals who work at the @One desk. Attitudes toward the @One space were assessed through one‐on‐one interviews using two different interview protocols. Participants were asked open‐ended questions that allowed them to talk at length in response.Findings – It is found that the University of Nevada, Reno's Mathewson‐IGT Knowledge Center has implemented a highly interactive service environment in support of production‐intensive information technologies. Professionals from numerous information disciplines participate in staffing the department, but student staff constitute the core of service delivery.Originality/value – This paper provides infor...
Energetics of hydrogen storage in organolithium nanostructures

Abstract Ab initio calculations based on the second-order Moller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) were used to investigate the interaction of molecular hydrogen with alkyl lithium organometallic compounds. It is found that lithium in organolithium structures attracts hydrogen molecule with a binding energy of about 0.1 eV. The calculations also show that organolithium compounds bind strongly with graphitic nanostructures. Therefore, these carbon based nanostructures functionalized with organolithium compounds can be effectively used for storage of molecular hydrogen. Energetics and mechanisms for achieving high weight percent hydrogen storage in organolithium based nanostructures are discussed.
eae36, a locus on mouse chromosome 4, controls susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in older mice and mice immunized in the winter.

Genetic factors are believed to contribute to multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility; however, strong evidence implicating intrinsic and environmental factors in the etiopathogenesis of MS also exists. Susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), the principal animal model of MS, is also influenced by nongenetic factors, including age and season at immunization. This suggests that age- and season-by-gene interactions exist and that different susceptibility loci may influence disease as a function of the two parameters. In this study, linkage analysis based on genome exclusion mapping was carried out using age and season at immunization restricted cohorts of (B10.S × SJL/J) F2 intercross mice in an effort to identify such linkages. Significant linkage of EAE to eae4 and eae5 was detected with 6- to 12-week-old and summer cohorts. In contrast, significant linkage of EAE to eae4 and eae5 was not detected with the >12-week-old and winter/spring populations. Rather, significant linkage to D4Mit203 at 128.50 Mb on chromosome 4 was detected with animals that were >12 weeks old at the time of immunization or were immunized in the winter. This previously unidentified locus has been designated eae36. These results support the existence of age- and season-by-gene-specific interactions in the genetic control of susceptibility to autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system and suggest that late-onset MS may be immunogenetically distinct.