cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical differences between neurofilaments in perikarya, dendrites and axons. Immunofluorescence study with antisera raised to neurofilament polypeptides (200K, 150K, 70K) isolated by anion exchange chromatography.

Neurofilament (NF) proteins (70K, 150K and 200K D) were isolated from 2 M urea extracts of bovine spinal cord by anion exchange chromatography. Antisera to the individual NF polypeptides were produced in rabbits and affinity-purified on Sepharose columns prepared with their own antigen. The NF antisera were completely absorbed by their own antigen at protein concentrations that did not decrease the staining when the absorption was conducted with the heterologous NF antigens. Partial absorption (decrease in immunofluorescence titer) occurred at higher concentrations of the heterologous antigens. Cross-reactivity between the polypeptides of the NF triplet could not be detected by double immunodiffusion. The antisera formed immunoprecipitin lines only when reacted with their own antigen. Conversely, cross-reactivity was demonstrated by the immune blotting procedure. Anti-70K stained all three NF polypeptides. Anti-200K and anti-150K stained both 200K and 150K but not 70K, the main reaction being with their own antigen. The antisera were rendered monospecific by adsorption of the common antigenic determinants on Sepharose columns prepared with the heterologous NF antigens. The localization of the NF proteins was studied by immunofluorescence on cryostat sections of rat brain, cerebellum, spinal cord and posterior root ganglia. All NF antisera (anti-70K, anti-150K and anti-200K) stained axons including Purkinje cell baskets with identical pattern. Spinal cord motor neurons, posterior root ganglia neurons and pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex stained with anti-70K and anti-200K. No staining of neuronal perikarya and dendrites was observed with anti-150K. Aluminium-induced neurofibrillary tangles in rabbit spinal cord stained with anti-70K and anti-200K. The tangles were not decorated by anti-150K. It is concluded that a marked difference exists in the concentration of 150K depending on the location, i.e., cell body or axon; or, alternatively, that 150K undergoes modification of antigenic sites within the axon so that it may not be recognized immunologically as a component of the neurofilament within perikarya and dendrites.
CiAN: a workflow engine for MANETs

The practice of using workflows to model complex activities in stable networks is commonplace and is supported by many commercially available workflow management systems (WfMSs). However, the use of workflows to model collaborative activities in mobile environments, while possible at the model level, has not gained traction due to the lack of a suitable WfMS for mobile networks and devices. This paper seeks to address this need. We present CiAN, a choreography-based workflow engine that is designed with MANETs in mind. We describe the design, architecture, and communication protocols used by CiAN as well as its implementation using Java. An evaluation of the communication protocol used to coordinate among various workflow participants across MANETs is also presented.
Organometalloidal derivatives of the transition metals: X. Photochemical, thermal, and SO2induced 1,2-phenyl and 1,2-sulphinatophenyl migratons from lead to transition metals in the system [(η5-C5H5)M(CO)nPbPh3] (M = Fe, Cr, Mo, W)

Abstract The complexes [(η 5 -C 5 H 5 )M(CO) n PbPh 3 ] (M = Fe, Cr, Mo, W) have been studied with respect to their thermal and photochemical stability and their reactivity with respect to SO 2 . The iron complex is the only complex that exhibits the ability to decompose via a 1,2-phenyl migration to the transition metal under thermal conditions, but photochemically the tungsten complex also exhibits this behaviour. All complexes react readily with SO 2 to yield the corresponding sulphinatophenyl complexes, LMSO 2 Ph, in high yield.
Power Sharing and Inclusive Politics in Africa's Uncertain Democracies

Power sharing agreements have been widely used in Africa as paths out of civil war. However the research focus on conflict mitigation provides an inadequate guide to recent cases such as Kenya and Zimbabwe. When used in response to flawed elections, pacts guaranteeing political inclusion adversely affect government performance and democratization. Political inclusion in these cases undermines vertical relationships of accountability, increases budgetary spending, and creates conditions for policy gridlock. Analysis using three salient dimensions highlights these negative effects: origin distinguishes extra-constitutional pacts from coalitions produced by more stable institutions, function contrasts post-war cases from scenarios where the state itself faces less risk, and time horizon refers to dilemmas which weigh long term costs versus short term benefits. The conclusion suggests that the drawbacks of inclusive institutions can be moderated by options such as sunset clauses, evenhanded prosecution of human rights violations, and by strengthening checks on executive authority.
Applied Counterfactual Reasoning

This chapter addresses two goals: The development of a structured method to aid intelligence and security analysts in assessing counterfactuals, and forming a structured method to educate (future) analysts in counterfactual reasoning. In order to pursue these objectives, I offer here an analysis of the purposes, problems, parts, and principles of applied counterfactual reasoning. In particular, the ways in which antecedent scenarios are selected and the ways in which scenarios are developed constitute essential (albeit often neglected) aspects of counterfactual reasoning. Both must be addressed to apply counterfactual reasoning effectively. Naturally, further issues remain, but these should serve as a useful point of departure. They are the beginning of a path to more rigorous and relevant counterfactual reasoning in intelligence analysis and counterterrorism.
Triple arthrodesis in adults

Surgical fusion of the subtalar, talonavicular, and calcaneocuboid joints historically evolved for the treatment of paralytic deformities of the foot where there was often notable bone deformity. Today most of these procedures are performed in adults for posttraumatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or end-stage posterior tibial tendon rupture with fixed bone deformity. Triple arthrodesis is a technically demanding procedure that generally involves a prolonged recovery time. When proper alignment is obtained, predictable and significant improvement in symptoms occurs, but the resultant loss of hindfoot motion is not without consequence. Residual discomfort and secondary arthrosis of the ankle and tarsometatarsal joints should be expected. Because of the complications of residual deformity, pseudarthrosis, avascular necrosis of the talus, and ankle and midtarsal arthritis, it has been recommended that it be used only as a salvage operation in older patients who have a painful, fixed deformity or disabling instability refractory to other treatment options. Despite these caveats, most patients who undergo triple arthrodesis for appropriate indications report significant improvement in their symptoms and level of function.
Play and cognition among young children reared in an institution.

The relationship between cognitive functioning and play behaviors of children residing in an orphanage was examined. Twenty-six young children (15 boys) between 10 and 38 months of age participated. More developmentally competent play behaviors were highly related to better performance on cognitive functioning as measured by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (r = .78, p or =.05). The findings suggest that the relationship between thinking and playing is robust, even in an institutional environment. Additionally, practitioners assessing children from institutions who cannot engage in standardized testing may consider observing play behaviors to make an initial estimate of developmental status.
Integrative public leadership: Catalyzing collaboration to create public value

Abstract Integrative public leadership is a process of developing partnerships across organizational, sectoral and/or jurisdictional boundaries that create public value. This paper explores the concept in the context of the literature and illustrates some salient features of integrative public leadership through three cases involving extensive multi-sector collaboration in the western (Smoky Mountain) region of North Carolina. The cases are different in subject matter—sewer lines to a rural community, broadband infrastructure across a network of rural schools and colleges, and a major environmental preservation effort—but they all share some key elements. Leadership in each case is enacted through structure, process, and people. Boundary organizations provide a structural context for partnership development; boundary experiences and boundary objects serve to bridge differences and create a common purpose; and boundary spanners exhibit entrepreneurial qualities and leverage relationship capital in order to facilitate integration.
The initiation of simian virus 40 DNA replication in vitro.

AbstractDNA replication is a complicated process that is largely regulated during stages of initiation. The Siman Virus 40 in vitro replication system has served as an excellent model for studies of the initiation of DNA replication, and its regulation, in eukaryotes. Initiation of SV40 replication requires a single viral protein termed T-antigen, all other proteins are supplied by the host. The recent determination of the solution structure of the T-antigen domain that recognizes the SV40 origin has provided significant insights into the initiation process. For example, it has afforded a clearer understanding of origin recognition, T-antigen oligomerization, and DNA unwinding. Furthermore, the Simian virus 40 in vitro replication system has been used to study nascent DNA formation in the vicinity of the viral origin of replication. Among the conclusions drawn from these experiments is that nascent DNA synthesis does not initiate in the core origin in vitro and that Okazaki fragment formation is complex. ...
Civil Service Reform Today Symposium Introduction

A nonpartisan public service is a priceless asset in American governance. The articles in this issue provide insight into contemporary civil service reform. How the debate is finally resolved will affect the integrity of democracy in the years ahead.
How times have changed: racial discrimination in the market for sports memorabilia (baseball cards)

Since the early days of racial integration in baseball, the issue of fan prejudice has been in question. Evidence of fan reaction to an individual players' race, however, has been nearly impossible to distinguish through means such as game attendance or ticket revenue. Looking at baseball card valuation, however, allows us to parse out effects of race from other variables that contribute to a card's value. We use the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition to explore an original data set consisting of all single-player, nonpitcher baseball cards issued in 1969 and 2 years of pricing data on those cards (1981 and 2008) to find evidence of a reduction in discriminatory preferences among card collectors.
Self-consistent model for switching in polycrystalline ferroelectrics electrical polarization only

In this paper a self-consistent model for the switching of a ferroelectric polycrystal will be presented. We will assume that the polycrystal is made up of spherical grains or crystallites. Each crystallite is made up of two domain types separated by 180 degree domain walls. The linear dielectric properties of the domains are assumed to be isotropic. When the electric field in the crystallite reaches a critical level the domain walls are allowed to sweep through the crystallite. This gradual domain wall motion causes the tangential dielectric permittivity of the crystallite to be transversely isotropic. Each spherical crystallite is given a distinct orientation and embedded in a matrix material. The tangential dielectric permittivity of the matrix is taken to be consistent with the overall averaged incremental response of the crystallites taking into account the constraint or depolarization fields imposed by the matrix. Hysteresis loops and switching surfaces are presented for the polycrystal.
Cost Effectiveness in Providing a Weight Reduction and Exercise Program to African Americans With Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To examine the cost effectiveness of providing a weight reduction and exercise intervention program to achieve glycemic control in a group of older African Americans with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. A randomized controlled trial of weight reduction and exercise was designed and implemented to improve glycemic control in older African Americans who were 55 to 79 years of age. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ) was used as the measure for glycemic control. For the intervention group, the first 3 months included 12, weekly group sessions with 8 to 10 participants (60 minutes of nutrition education followed by 30 minutes devoted to exercising). Six 60 minute biweekly group sessions were offered during the subsequent three months. The biweekly follow-up sessions provided additional information and support in a format with less didactic instruction and more sharing and problem solving among participants compared to the initial weekly sessions. Each participant received an individualized weight reduction diet using the American Diabetes Association and the American Dietetic Association diabetic exchange lists for meal planning. The control group received one group session and two mailings of nutrition education materials. Cost-effectiveness of the intervention compared with the control group was calculated using per-patient costs and HbA 1c outcome for the 6 months of the study. Per-patient costs included salary for one registered dietitian and one exercise physiologist with fringe benefits, one support staff, overhead cost, HbA 1c , and supplies/educational materials. Per-patient cost for the intervention was $175. Mean change in % HbA 1c at 6 months of follow up was a decrease of 1.1 (intervention) and an increase of 1.4 (control group). The % HbA 1c net decrease (intervention minus control) was 2.4. The cost-effectiveness ratio was calculated as cost per unit of improvement in % HbA 1c levels and net % HbA1c. The cost effectiveness ratio for the intervention was $159. The net cost-effectiveness ratio was $70. These findings suggest that a weight reduction and exercise intervention given in an outpatient group setting can provide improvements in glycemic control within reasonable cost.
Cancer induction in the DMBA hamster cheek pouch: a modified technique using a promoter.

Objective: To evaluate a modified method of carcinogenesis induction using the 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA) sustained-release suture technique followed by arecaidine promotion in the hamster cheek pouch model. Study Design: Prospective, controlled animal study. Methods: Number 3-0 cotton sutures were impregnated with DMBA and coated with silicone elastomer. These sutures were placed in the cheek pouch of Syrian hamsters in the submucosal space to a length of approximately 1.5 cm. The suture placement was confirmed every 2 weeks and replaced if lost. After 12 weeks, the DMBA-coated sutures were removed. The cheek pouches were everted and painted with a solution of arecaidine three times weekly for up to an additional 4 weeks or until the tumor reached a size of 100 mm 2 . Results: We placed sutures in 165 Syrian hamster cheek pouches. Of these, 133 hamsters (80.6%) produced squamous cell carcinomas that reached a size of 100 mm 2 and then were randomly selected for treatment in a new drug trial. Twenty-six hamsters (15.8%) were found dead and 6 (3.6%) were killed because of severe inflammation. Conclusions: The DMBA hamster cheek pouch model is a reliable and efficient animal model for inducing squamous cell carcinoma and can be used to study upper aerodigestive tract tumors.
Developmental Aspects of Renal |[beta]|-Amino Acid Transport I. Ontogeny of Taurine Reabsorption and Accumulation in Rat Renal Cortex

Summary: Newborn Sprague-Dawley rat pups were found to have reduced net tubular reclamation of the β-amino acid taurine in vivo. The reabsorption of this compound increased between the 2nd and 4th week of life and the excreted taurine fell despite a rise in glomerular filtration rate indicative of increased transport with maturation. Kidney cortex in vivo accumulated taurine from plasma against a large chemical gradient. Newborn cortex slices in vitro accumulated taurine to higher levels at steady state at <0.4 mM, but uptake was less efficient at higher taurine concentrations. Further metabolism of taurine by cortex slices was not found at any age. Accumulation in adult and newborn cortex was greatest at 10–15 mEq/liter K in the external medium. Slices from younger animals had slightly higher pH optima for uptake and temperature elevation increases uptake more in neonatal than in adult kidney. Speculation: If the newborn rat is in part dependent on the transfer of taurine from mother to pup via milk, the process of weaning may require greater renal tubular reabsorption in order to maintain tissue and plasma pools of taurine. The improved reabsorption of taurine found in 4-week-old and adult animals may reflect maturational changes brought about by the reduction in dietary taurine (and other sulfur containing amino acids) after weaning.
Physical Characteristics of a New Cleaning and Polishing Agent for Use in a Prophylaxis Paste

A prophylaxis composition containing a sodium-potassium aluminum silicate abrasive system was evaluated in the laboratory in comparison with several different commercial prophylaxis pastes. The in vitro data indicate that the new composition increases enamel polish and decreases abrasion characteristics without sacrifrcing cleaning efficacy when compared with the commercial products tested.
Fragmentation and the growth of local government

An assumption of the post-World War II metropolitan reform movement was that fragmentation of metropolitan regions into multiple local governments was wasteful and inefficient, increasing the cost and size of government. More recently, ‘polycentrists’ have argued that the competition between multiple governments in metropolitan regions can in factreduce the growth in government by providing a competitive check on the excessive demands of local bureaucrats for more resources. In this article, I explore the effects of fragmentation on growth in the size of suburban municipal government budgets and in the number of services offered. Competition inherent in more fragmented metropolitan regions is shown to slow the expansion in local government expenditures and service levels.
Regulation of AMP deaminase by 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid: a possible mechanism for the control of adenine nucleotide metabolism in human erythrocytes.

Abstract 1. 1.AMP deaminase (AMP aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.6) activities of dialyzed and undialyzed hemolyzates of human erythrocytes in the presence of optimal concentrations of K+ were measured. Whereas the activity of the dialyzed hemolyzate was a linear function of the hemolyzate concentration, that of the undialyzed hemolyzate was not. These results suggested the presence of a dialyzable inhibitor of the enzyme in the hemolyzate. 2. 2.Effects of several organic phosphates of erythrocytes on AMP deaminase were studied, 2,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid, at concentrations usually found in erythrocytes, was found to be an inhibitor of the enzyme. 3. 3.The substrate-velocity curve of AMP deaminase is a sigmoid. In the presence of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid the curve became more sigmoidal in shape. The effects of varying concentrations of 2,3 diphosphoglyceric acid on AMP deaminase in the presence and absence of ATP were also determined. In the presence of ATP, when the per cent inhibition of velocity was plotted against the concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid a sigmoidal curve was obtained. 4. 4.The data suggest that 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid may control the adenine nucleotide content of the intact erythrocyte through an allosteric regulation of the AMP deaminase activity.
Transnationalism Reversed: Women Organizing Against Gendered Violence in Bangladesh

Chowdhury, Elora Halim Transnationalism Reversed: Women Organizing Against Gendered Violence in Bangladesh 2011, ISBN: 9781438437521, 222 pp. Acts of gender-based violence such as acid attacks, “ho...
Relationship between chemical properties and biological properties of pyridoxalated hemoglobin-polyoxyethylene.

Pyridoxalated hemoglobin-polyoxyethylene (PHP) is a conjugate of human hemoglobin with alpha-carboxymethyl, omega-carboxymethoxypolyoxyethylene(POE). This conjugate is selected as an oxygen carrier for blood substitute because it can survive for a long time in the circulation and also it can transport the same amount of oxygen as red cell. Optimization of PHP has been done by changing the degree of the modification and reaction procedures in order to adjust viscosity and colloid osmotic pressure to physiological values.The oxygen carrying capacity was physically evaluated by oxygen equilibrium curves and biologically by an ATP content in perfused isolated liver. Structural relationship of PHP to the binding properties to haptoglobin was studied and the effect of the POE modification on the binding properties was observed when the number of POE per one hemoglobin molecule is over six.Based on the comparative study of solubility of met-PHP and met-SFH, the POE modification was suggested to reduce the toxici...
Neutron activation by neutrons produced via proton-induced spallation in a liquid-mercury target: Measurements and assessment of uncertainties

A preliminary test of a liquid mercury target for the production of neutrons by spallation was undertaken at the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron facility at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Neutron activation of elemental foils placed on the target demonstrates that a range of neutron energies does exist, as expected, and that the neutron flux is at a maximum 10–20 cm from the front of the target, moving deeper with increasing proton energy. Uncertainties in the activity calculations are in general significantly <10%. Impurities in some of the foils are a significant source of interference for some reactions, although there is no interference for most of the reactions. The presence of many interference-free reactions, along with the low uncertainties indicates that the foils will be useful benchmarks to validate the neutronics codes utilized in the target design.
In Citing Chaos: A Study of the Rhetorical Use of Citations

Research on citations has generally examined citations as part of a system of rewards or as a rhetorical tool for strengthening arguments. This study examines the role of citations both as reward and as rhetoric. The reward system was examined by tracing over time the citation patterns of 13 research articles by two groups of scientists in chaos theory. The rhetorical practices were examined by determining how these articles were cited, by reviewing 609 citations of the 13 research articles. The analysis revealed that scientists consistently used five rhetorical practices: (1) using citations in the introduction, (2) using authors' names in the citation, (3) using the citation in a statement that asserts a high level of certainty, (4) using citations to create a research space, and (5) combining the use of the authors' names with placement in the introduction. These features indicated the articles' centrality in scientific discourse.
Finger motion, wrist motion and tendon travel as a function of keyboard angles.

Abstract Objective . This study assessed the impact of keyboard angles (in terms of Pitch, Roll and Yaw) on tendon travel and wrist and finger joint kinematics for the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum superficialis. Design. A repeated measures, laboratory study was conducted. Independent variables were three Pitch angles, three Roll angles, three Yaw angles, and three keyboard separation distances. Dependent variables were tendon travel, wrist deviation, wrist and finger joint kinematics, and Borg comfort rating. Background. The increased usage of computers and the risk of cumulative trauma disorders have led to the development of alternate keyboards. This study is a biomechanical assessment of several keyboard designs. Methods. Lightweight wrist and finger goniometers were used to measure motion of the wrist in three planes, and for three finger joints. Fifteen experienced typists (eight women, seven men) typed a standard text on 30 keyboard conditions. Regression equations were used to calculate tendon travel from joint positions. Results. Tendon travel is sensitive to changes in Pitch, Roll and Yaw angles with ∼13% difference between the minimal and maximal tendon travel. A flat keyboard produced more tendon travel than keyboards with greater Pitch and Roll angles. Conclusions. There is a trade-off between wrist and finger positions; as the wrist extends more, the finger joints flex more to compensate. Keyboards imposed different trade-offs between the wrist and finger positions , affecting the overall tendon travel. Relevance Alternate keyboard designs can significantly affect tendon travel and may address reduced repetitiveness in typing by reducing the amount of tendon travel.
A 1,10-hofmann elimination. Synthesis of a [6.6]paracyclopane tetraene

Abstract The synthesis of ( E , E , E , E ) - [6.6]paracyclophane-1,5,13,17-tetraene via the [10+10] cyclodimerization of 7,8-divinyl-p-quinodimethane is described.
Typical and Atypical Development of Functional Human Brain Networks: Insights from Resting-State fMRI

Over the past several decades, structural MRI studies have provided remarkable insights into human brain development by revealing the trajectory of gray and white matter maturation from childhood to adolescence and adulthood. In parallel, functional MRI studies have demonstrated changes in brain activation patterns accompanying cognitive development. Despite these advances, studying the maturation of functional brain networks underlying brain development continues to present unique scientific and methodological challenges. Resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) has emerged as a novel method for investigating the development of large-scale functional brain networks in infants and young children. We review existing rsfMRI developmental studies and discuss how this method has begun to make significant contributions to our understanding of maturing brain organization. In particular, rsfMRI has been used to complement studies in other modalities investigating the emergence of functional segregation and integration across short and long-range connections spanning the entire brain. We show that rsfMRI studies help to clarify and reveal important principles of functional brain development, including a shift from diffuse to focal activation patterns, and simultaneous pruning of local connectivity and strengthening of long-range connectivity with age. The insights gained from these studies also shed light on potentially disrupted functional networks underlying atypical cognitive development associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. We conclude by identifying critical gaps in the current literature, discussing methodological issues, and suggesting avenues for future research.
Contemporary Hoisan-wa Language Maintenance in Northern California: Evidence From Fourteen Frog Story Narratives

This article explores uninvestigated issues in Cantonese and Hoisan-wa language maintenance from an ethnic Chinese diaspora point of view. Data come from a larger study looking at Frog Story narratives from 140 Cantonese–English bilingual children in California. Fourteen of these children were found to display uniquely Hoisan-wa phonology and lexicon in their narratives. Focusing on these 14 children, this article attempts to answer the following questions: Due to low prestige factors and lack of support for the maintenance of Hoisan-wa, have these speakers assimilated to the standard Cantonese-speaking community? Are there any signs that Hoisan-wa language backgrounds are still reflected in elementary school students attending schools with a relatively high Cantonese-speaking enrollment? If yes, what are these signs? Because nearly nothing is known about Hoisan-wa maintenance in the United States, the author documents markedly Hoisan-wa lexicon and phonology, and offers evidence of intergenerational lang...
Short communication: Addition of sodium bicarbonate to maternal colostrum: Effects on immunoglobulin g absorption and hematocrit in neonatal calves

Abstract Twenty-six Holstein bull calves born from primiparous and multiparous cows without dystocia were assigned in a randomized complete block design to 1 of 2 treatments: pooled maternal colostrum (PMC) or PMC supplemented with 30g of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ). Calves were fed PMC from 9 different batches containing (mean ± SD) 82.05±8.45g/L of IgG. Calves were fed 2.68L of PMC at birth (referred to as 0h) and 1.32L of PMC 6h later. The total amount of IgG fed was 329.89±34.56g. Calves were fed 2L of milk replacer at 24, 36, and 48h postpartum. The addition of NaHCO 3 had no effect on IgG absorption. Serum IgG concentrations at 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48h postpartum were not different between calves supplemented with or without 30g of NaHCO 3 to colostrum. Area under the curve, apparent efficiency of absorption, and hematocrit were not affected by the NaHCO 3 treatment.
Simulations of a multipactor-inhibited waveguide geometry

Studies of multipactor resonances in coaxial and hollow waveguide via standard particle trajectory and secondary emission numerical simulation techniques are presented. Agreement between simulations and experimentally observed multipactor barriers gives confidence in results of simulation studies of a wedge-shaped hollow waveguide geometry that shows promise of being far less susceptible to multipactor resonances than standard coax and hollow rectangular waveguides.
FIELD-ALIGNED ION STREAMS IN THE EARTH'S MIDNIGHT REGION

Plasma measurements from the University of California at San Diego auroral particles experiment on the geosynchronous Applied Technology Satellite 6 in the midnight region show that the low-energy ion fluxes (1-100 eV) are field aligned and are well characterized as thermal populations (1-10 eV) with a streaming velocity of 30-100 km/s along the magnetic field line. The lowest energies are found prior to injections, on quiet days, with an increase of the streaming velocity evident when an injection occurs near the satellite. Multiple peaks in the ion distribution functions are attributed to the presence of different ions species (H/+/, He/+/, O/+/, O/2+/) streaming at similar velocities, both during quiet times and as the plasma velocity increases in response to an injection.
Neurologic complications of cancer and its treatment.

The central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) are very susceptible to cancer and its treatment. The most direct involvement of the nervous system manifests in the development of primary brain and spinal cord tumors. Many cancers exhibit a propensity toward spread to the CNS, and brain metastases are common problems seen in malignancies such as lung, breast, and melanoma. Such spread may involve the brain or spine parenchyma or the subarachnoid space. In the PNS, spread is usually through direct infiltration of nerve roots, plexi, or muscle by neighboring malignancies. In some cases, cancer has sudden, devastating effects on the nervous system: epidural spinal cord compression or cord transection from pathologic fractures of vertebra involved by cancer; increased intracranial pressure from intracranial mass lesion growth and edema; and uncontrolled seizure activity as a result of intracranial tumors (status epilepticus), which are neuro-oncologic emergencies. The best known indirect or remote effects of cancer on the nervous system are the neurologic paraneoplastic syndromes. Cancer can also result in a hypercoagulable state causing cerebrovascular complications. Treatment of cancer can have neurologic complications. The commonest of these complications are radiation-induced injury to the brain, spine, and peripheral nerves and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. The suppressant effect of cancer and its treatment on the body’s immune system can result in infectious complications within the nervous system.
Implications in the maintenance of pregnancy: I. presence of immunoreactive glycodelin in human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells

Abstract Objective: We previously reported an antipeptide antibody to human glycodelin that recognizes glycodelin in amniotic fluid and epithelial glands of the endometrium. The objective of this study was to determine the presence of glycodelin in human umbilical cord. Design: Controlled clinical study. Setting: Healthy women undergoing normal delivery at Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia. Patient(s): Healthy women undergoing normal delivery. Intervention(s): None. Main Outcome Measure(s): Umbilical cord vein was isolated from the cord and used for immunohistochemical studies. Human umbilical cords and placentae were collected after full-term delivery. Cords were washed and fixed with formal sucrose. Decidua tissues and blood vessels from placentae were dissected out and fixed. Cryostat sections were immunostained with anti–glycodelin peptide antibody and anti–von Willebrand factor antibody. Result(s): Endothelial cells of human umbilical cord vein and artery were strongly immunostained with antiglycodelin antibody. Endothelial cells of the vein were more strongly stained than those of the artery. These cells were confirmed as endothelial cells by positive immunostaining with anti–von Willebrand factor. The epithelial cells outlining the cord were stained with antiglycodelin antibody but not with anti–von Willebrand factor antibody. Conclusion(s): This is the first study showing that immunoreactive glycodelin is present in endothelial cells of the umbilical cord. Glycodelin in the umbilical cord may have immunosuppressive or other, unknown functions affecting the physiology or pathophysiology of pregnancy. Whether umbilical vein endothelial cells synthesize glycodelin or serve as reservoir for glycodelin is currently under investigation.
Answers to the Carbon–Phosphorus Lyase Conundrum

Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for all living organisms owing to its central role in cellular metabolism. Whereas the use of phosphorus in biology is mostly confined to phosphate derivatives, compounds containing reduced forms of phosphorus such as organophosphonates are important in many organisms.1 Prominent examples are phosphonolipids, which are found in a wide variety of species including microorganisms, invertebrates, and vertebrates, and account for as much as 30% of the membrane lipids in Tetrahymena.1–2 The carbon–phosphorus (C–P) linkage is very stable and resistant to chemical hydrolysis, thermal decomposition, and photolysis. The stability of the C–P bond could explain the use of organophosphonates in membrane lipids and exopolysaccharides. A structurally diverse set of organophosphonates and phosphinates are produced as secondary metabolites by bacteria, including the clinically used antibiotic fosfomycin and the herbicides phosphinothricin tripeptide (bialaphos) and phosphonothrixin.3 These represent an underexploited class of bioactive compounds with promise for the treatment of human disease.
Doing effective evaluations: a case study of family empowerment due to welfare reform

Abstract Effective evaluation of human service programs is rapidly becoming more critical as more and more stakeholders demand dependable documentation of a program’s impact. Comprehensive evaluation, done purposefully, improves services to our clientele and, ultimately, increases the chances a program will be sustained long-term. To meet this requirement for more rigorous program assessment, program planners and evaluators can benefit from theoretically sound tools that help them evaluate the impact of social service programming has for clients, organizations, states, and federally based programs. This manuscript presents an evaluation framework and applies it to a family empowerment program in Montana called Educating Families to Achieve Independence in Montana (EDUFAIM), developed in response to welfare reform. The framework is sufficiently broad in that it has applications within a variety of activities and settings.
A novel core lipid isolated from the aceticlastic methanogen, Methanothrix concilii GP6

Abstract The membrane lipids of Methanothrix concilii are based on two types of core lipid structures, namely, the ubiquitous 2,3-di- O -phytanyl- sn -glycerol and a second previously unidentified diether core lipid, each accounting for 70 and 30% (wt. %), respectively, of the total polar lipids. Preparation of the novel diether core lipid from either purified glycolipid-1 (GL-1) or total polar lipid in 2.5% methanolic HCl resulted in the formation of several lipid artifacts, thereby necessitating the utilization of new hydrolytic conditions. We found that mild acid hydrolysis in 0.18% methanolic HCl produced only one core lipid product from GL-1 or two core lipids from the total polar lipid fraction. This new core lipid material differed from the authentic C 20,20 diether in that it contained a hydroxyl group on C-3 of the phytanyl chain at the sn -3 position of glycerol. The full chemical designation for this novel diether is: 2- O -[3,7,11,15-tetramethyl]hexadecy l -3- O -[3′ -hydroxy-3′,7′,11′,15′-tetramethyl]hexadecyl- sn -glycerol. 1 H-NMR of the total polar lipid extract could detect the presence of this new core lipid by exploiting the appearance of the methyl (C-17′) singlet at 1.24 ppm. The presence of this methyl singlet in the 1 H-NMR spectrum would subsequently determine whether a strong or a mild acid hydrolysis should be used for the preparation of core lipids in methanogens.
Corporate Diversification: A Universal Construct Across International Boundaries?

ABSTRACT Although diversification has been the subject of a large amount of research (Bettis & Hall, 1982; Dess, Gupta, Hennart, & Hill, 1995; Montgomery, 1985; Varadarajan & Ramanujam, 1987) very little consensus exists in the strategic management literature. One possible reason for such confusion is the incomplete conceptualization of the construct. The present study proposes the use of an international-based perspective of diversification. Utilizing a multinational sample comprised of firms from the United States, Japan, and Korea, we tested the relationships between a variety of diversification measures and firm performance. Results suggest that countries differ with regard to resource profiles and their inherent perspectives when diversifying.
Petiole mechanics, light interception by Lamina, and "Economy in Design".

Computer simulations were used to assess the influence of palmate leaf morphology, decussate phyllotaxy, and the elastic moduli of petioles on the capacity of turgid and wilted twigs ofAesculus hippocastanum to intercept direct solar radiation. Leaf size, morphology, orientation, and the Young's and shear moduli (E and G) of petioles were measured and related to leaf position on 8 twigs whose cut ends were placed in water (“turgid” twigs) and 8 twigs dried for 8 h at room temperature (“wilted” twigs). Petioles mechanically behaved as elastic cantilevered beams; the loads required to shear petioles at their base from twigs were correlated with the cross-sectional areas of phyllopodia but not with petiole length or tissue volume. Empirically determined morphometric and biomechanical data were used to construct “average” turgid and wilted twigs. The diurnal capacity to intercept direct sunlight for each was simulated for vertically oriented twigs for 15 h of daylight, 40° N latitude. The daily integrated irradiance (DII) of the wilted twig was roughly 3% less than that of the otherwise comparable twig bearing turgid leaves. Simulations indicated that the orientation of turgid leaves did not maximize DII. More decumbent (wilted) petioles increased DII by as much as 4%. Reduction in the girth, E, or G of petioles, or an increase in petiole length or the surface area of laminae (with attending increase in laminae weight), increased petiolar deflections and DII. Thus, the mechanical design of petioles ofA. hippocastanum was found not to be “economical” in terms of investing biomass for maximum light interception.
Neurological presentations of conversion disorders in a group of Singapore children.

Background: Neurological presentations of conversion disorders in children are not uncommon. Conversion disorders mimicking neurological conditions constitute a group of underdiagnosed conditions. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 13 children with neurological presentations of conversion disorders who were admitted to hospital. Patients were followed for 1–4 years. Results: Paralysis was the most common neurological symptom, patients presented with multiple, complex conversion symptoms and other neurological symptoms such as seizures and headache. The affected children underwent complete physical, neurological examination and psychological evaluation. Investigations included blood tests, cranial imaging and electroencephalography. Most common external environmental factors detected were school stress and change in family situation. Five of 13 patients had family members who were reported to have medical conditions with presentations similar to patients’ neurological and psychological problem. All the patients were admitted, five patients required multiple admissions. Ten patients eventually had good outcome in terms of academic grades and social functioning. Conclusion: Diagnosis of conversion disorders mimicking neurological conditions can be challenging. There is a need to heighten awareness of this entity for early recognition and diagnosis. Awareness of this entity coupled with a high index of suspicion can facilitate accurate and earlier diagnosis.
Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus

This chapter provides an overview of the classification and description of the Eastern Equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus, its hosts, the key developments regarding the virus, and the diagnostic techniques and reagents. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus has multiple serotypes. The disease is primarily encephalitis. The hosts that are infected by the Eastern Equine encephalomyelitis virus include man, monkeys, horses, donkeys, mules, dogs, and many domestic and wild birds. The reservoirs for Eastern EEE virus are birds and mosquitoes. The roles of other vertebrates, invertebrates, and poikilotherms, such as reptiles and amphibians, are under study. Retrospective study showed that hundreds of horses died in the Northeast United States in 1831. Sporadic episodes have occurred in the Eastern and Southern United States from then until today. Outbreaks were reported in Caribbean in 1949 and in South America since 1937.
Dementia Health Care Facility Design

Alzheimer's disease and the related dementias have become serious public health problems afflicting approximately 5 million Americans (Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association, 1988). The design of health care facilities can play an active role in shaping and supporting human lives. A basic understanding of the behavioral characteristics of persons with a dementing disease is required in order to design a safe and secure physical environment. Behavioral characteristics of dementia most important to the design of the physical environment have been extrapolated and synthesized from the medical literature for this report. Planning an effective support environment requires consideration of several architectural elements and living areas. The criteria are applicable to a wide range of environmental types, from traditional nursing homes to special care units. This report is intended to increase awareness among educators, architects, and interior designers about ways the physical environment can serve as a therapeutic tool, supporting meaningful intervention for long-term care recipients.
Initial treatment outcomes in chronic sixth nerve palsy

Introduction: We conducted a prospective multi-center, nonrandomized, data-collection study of patients with chronic sixth cranial nerve palsy. We evaluated success rates with conservative nonsurgical management, botulinum toxin (botox) treatment, strabismus surgery, and a combination of botox treatment and surgery. Methods: All members of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus and the North American NeuroOphthalmology Society were invited to enroll patients with sixth nerve palsy or paresis of more than 6 months duration over a 2-year period (between March 1998 and February 2000). The botox and surgical groups received intervention within 3 months of enrollment. Success at 6 months from enrollment was defined as absence of diplopia in primary position and no more than 10 prism diopters (pd) distance esotropia in primary position. Patients with no follow-up were excluded. Results: Fifty-six eligible patients were enrolled by 33 investigators. Eighteen (32%) were traumatic in etiology, 15 (27%) were unknown (including presumed hypertensive), 14 (25%) were neoplastic, 2 (4%) were diabetic, and 7 (13%) were other. Twenty (35%) were managed conservatively without surgery, 10 (18%) with botox treatment, 19 (33%) with surgery, and 8 (14%) with a combination of botox treatment and surgery. Success at 6 months from enrollment was 15% in the conservatively managed cases, 10% with botox alone, 39% with surgery alone, and 25% with a combination of botox and surgery. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that management of chronic sixth nerve palsy and paresis remains challenging. Spontaneous recovery occurs but is uncommon. Botox treatment alone was rarely successful, and a single surgical procedure had a lower-than-expected success rate. Care should be taken in directly comparing success rates between treatment groups because of bias in patient selection. (J AAPOS 2001;5:370-6)
Data reduction methods for flow tagging velocity measurements

Data reduction algorithms for flow tagging velocity measurements are presented. Laser induced photochemical anemometry (LIPA) is the flow tagging technique used for the current experiments. This technique yields temporally and spatially resolved velocity and vorticity information. LIPA is first demonstrated in a laminar boundary layer. More complicated applications include a laminar boundary layer interacting with a flush-mounted, rotating disc, as well as a shear wake interaction with a circular cylinder. Advancements of the current study include the use of improved photoluminescent chemicals, as well as implementation of accurate image processing/data reduction algorithms. These yield typical errors in the instantaneous velocity data of less than 4%.
Effect of fiber misorientation on the tensile strength of compression molded continuous fiber composites

Resin cross-flow during compression molding of unidirectional sheet molding compound composites, such as CSMC and XMC, may cause severe misorientation of the continuous fibers in the outer layers. The extent of fiber misorientation depends on the type of molding compound, the length of cross-flow, and the location of the charge in the mold. The tensile strength is reduced in the direction of cross-flow with decreasing mold surface coverage. However, since severe fiber misorientation is generally restricted to the outer layers, increasing the number of plies improves the tensile strength to the level observed with little or no misorientation.
Louis J. Lanzerotti receives 2011 William Bowie Medal: Citation

Louis J. Lanzerotti was awarded the 2011 William Bowie Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 7 December 2011 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “outstanding contributions to fundamental geophysics and for unselfish cooperation in research.”