cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical studies of the anti-tumor drug FR900482

Hartree-Fock and density functional theory (B3LYP) calculations were applied to the study of the anti-tumor drug FR900482 and some of its analogs. Optimum geometries were obtained and it was found that the most stable conformations feature the N-H bond of the aziridine ring nitrogen “down” and the oxygen bridge and aziridine nitrogen “up”. It was also found that the analog containing NH2 (in place of the -CHO of the natural product) is the most prone to oxidation.
Externalities, Public Goods, and Counternormal Effect

This article draws attention to the kind of externalities that can only be used as inputs for multi-input public goods. It contrasts the effect on relative prices of a corrective Pigovian scheme for these externalities with those for the more familiar types. Implications of the results are suggested .
Joining titanium materials with tungsten inert gas welding, laser welding, and infrared brazing

Titanium has a number of desirable properties for dental applications that include low density, excellent biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance. However, joining titanium is one of the practical problems with the use of titanium prostheses. Dissolved oxygen and hydrogen may cause severe embrittlement in titanium materials. Therefore the conventional dental soldering methods that use oxygen flame or air torch are not indicated for joining titanium materials. This study compared laser, tungsten inert gas, and infrared radiation heating methods for joining both pure titanium and Ti−6Al−4V alloy. Original rods that were not subjected to joining procedures were used as a control method. Mechanical tests and microstructure analysis were used to evaluate joined samples. Mechanical tests included Vickers microhardness and uniaxial tensile testing of the strength of the joints and percentage elongation. Two-way analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test were used to compare mean values of tensile strength and elongation for significant differences ( p ≤0.05). Tensile rupture occurred in the joint region of all specimens by cohesive failure. Ti−6Al−4V samples exhibited significantly greater tensile strength than pure titanium samples. Samples prepared by the three joining methods had markedly lower tensile elongation than the control titanium and Ti−6Al−4V rods. The changes in microstructure and microhardness were studied in the heat-affected and unaffected zones. Microhardness values increased in the heat-affected zone for all the specimens tested.
Über aus wäßrigen Lösungen zu erhaltende Zinkphosphate und die Synthese des Tarbutits, Zn2OHPO4

Aus wasrigen Zinksalzlosungen fallt bis zu einem PH ≤ 7 die Verbindung Zn3(PO4)2 · 4 H2O, die der rhombischen Form des Minerals Hopeit entspricht. Aus ihr bildet sich zwischen 50 und 100° das Dihydrat, oberhalb 150° das Anhydrid. Bei PH > 7 entstehen Mischungen von Zn3(PO4)2 · 4 H2O NaZnPO4 · H2O und wasserhaltigem ZnO. Die Synthese des Tarbutits, Zn2OHPO4 gelingt durch Behandeln von Gemischen aus Zn3(PO4)2 und ZnO in Gegenwart von Wasser bei 190° und 12 Atu im Autoklaven. Das Zn2OHPO4 verliert erst oberhalb 450° das Konstitutionswasser und ist daher als basisches Salz aufzufassen.
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF EPITAXIAL FE/PT MULTILAYERS

Epitaxial Fe/Pt layered films were produced by DC magnetron sputtering onto polished [001] MgO single crystal substrates. A 100 A Fe, 100 A Pt single bilayer film and a multilayer with 30 bilayers of 46 A Fe and 59 A Pt were examined using transmission electron microscopy. Plan-view electron diffraction and x-ray diffraction results from the bilayer indicate an orientation relationship such that Pt (001) || Fe (001), and Pt [100] || Fe [110]. Cross-section electron diffraction from the multilayer shows a superlattice structure along [001] (out-of-plane) and indicates partial in-plane strain relaxation of the layers away from the average in-plane lattice spacing, implying a slight tetragonal distortion of the layers. High resolution cross section imaging indicates an epitaxial structure consisting of BCC Fe and FCC Pt, with the same orientation relationship as seen in the bilayer. These results show that high quality epitaxial Fe/Pt multilayer films can be produced in this way.
On elastic interactions between spherical inclusions by the equivalent inclusion method

Abstract In this work three-dimensional stress distributions around interacting spherical inclusions embedded in an isotropic elastic matrix are investigated. The stress distributions around the interacting inclusions are computed by using Eshelby’s equivalent inclusion method (EIM) with constant, linear, or quadratic eigenstrains. A Taylor series expansion is employed to find the approximate solution of the EIM consistency equations. The effect of the location of a point around which a Taylor expansion is carried out on the accuracy of the EIM solution is also investigated. In addition to the EIM, finite element computations are performed to establish the robustness and accuracy of the analytical method. After validating the EIM approach, the effect of the distribution pattern of the inclusions on the radial interface stresses around several interacting inclusions is examined.
Inversion without grammar.

MacWhinney’s paper focuses on the role of input and learning strategies in explaining how language is acquired, essentially denying the poverty of stimulus assumption on which the so-called ‘logical problem of language acquisition’ is based. I believe that MacWhinney is right in his opposition to UG, but I disagree with his decision to place so much of the explanatory burden on the input and on learning. Although a large number of phenomena no doubt are acquired in just this way, an input-based approach falls short on a number of counts in the long run. The notorious phenomenon of structure dependence is a case in point. The puzzle is as simple as it is intriguing: how does a child who is exposed to sentences such as (1) realize that question patterns in English are formed by ‘fronting’ the verb in the main clause rather than the first verb in the sentence?
Paternal Care in Propithecus verreauxi coquereli

Alloparental behavior is documented for several anthropoid primates, but few researchers have investigated the extent or variability of such behavior in prosimians. We report results from a study of male-infant interactions in 2 groups of Coquerel’s sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi coquereli) at the Duke University Primate Center (DUPC). Both groups contained 1 adult pair, 2 juveniles, and a newborn. The adult males exhibited paternal behavior toward their offspring in the form of grooming and holding the infant, though males differed in the amount of time they spent engaged in these activities. Group differences in the proximity maintained between the infants’ parents suggest that the relationship between adult males and females may help account for the variation. The presence of juveniles appeared to diminish paternal behavior in the group exhibiting a higher overall rate of male-infant interaction.
Efficacy of Acupuncture for Treating Cocaine Addiction: A Review Paper

Acupuncture is being used in more than three hundred treatment facilities for treating substance abuse including cocaine addiction. Previous review papers could not evaluate the role of acupuncture for treating cocaine addiction because of lack of clinical trials at the time. Since then, several important studies were conducted in the field. This paper reviews existing clinical trials using acupuncture to treat cocaine addiction. The existing evidence fails to document the benefit of acupuncture in treating cocaine addiction as the sole treatment. Further efforts to document the efficacy of the NADA protocol to treat cocaine addiction as the sole treatment should be re-evaluated. There is a limited amount of evidence showing possible benefits of acupuncture when used as an adjunctive therapy to complement existing substance abuse treatment program. Future efforts should concentrate on systematic studies investigating the role of acupuncture as an adjunctive treatment for cocaine addiction. In addition, more formative research exploring the efficacy of different types and protocols of acupuncture treatments for cocaine addiction should be thoroughly investigated.
Morphometry of capillaries in three zones of rabbit lungs fixed by vascular perfusion

Background In large lungs in the upright position, three functional conditions originated by gravity-related changes in the arterial (Pa) and venous (Pv) pressures with respect to alveolar air pressure (PA) are defined as follows: Zone 1 (apex), where PA > Pa > Pv, Zone 2 (middle), where Pa > PA > Pv, and Zone 3 (bottom), where Pa > Pv > PA. This article attempts to clarify the anatomic correlates of these “zonal” changes. Methods Rabbit lungs were placed in one of these zones by adjusting the inflation, pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures and fixed by vascular perfusion of osmium to preserve the original configuration of alveolar surfaces and blood vessels. The specimens were analyzed by electron and scanning microscopy and by morphometry of the capillary lumina and septal thickness. Results We noticed the existence of large isolated corner vessels and of corner pleats of the alveolar wall in Zones 1 and 2, but not in Zone 3. These pleats and corner vessels contained bundles of dilated capillaries. By reconstruction of serial sections we found that these always represent functional, not anatomically-fixed shortcuts between arteries and veins which permit a bypass of parts of the alveolar capillary network. In Zones 1 and 2, which showed similar morphology, septal capillaries outside of the corners were partly closed and when open, frequently had slit-like configuration. In Zone 3, all septal capillaries were wide open, of circular outline and of similar dimensions. Morphometry showed great dissimilarities of capillary size in Zones 1 and 2, and homogeneity in Zone 3, as proven by analysis of the size distribution curve of capillary sizes. Conclusions There are substantial reversible morphological changes in the configuration and dimensions of capillaries in the three zones, involving differences in capillary diameter, number of capillaries open and homogeneity of capillary size. Of particular interest are the corner vessels and septal corner pleats present in Zones 1 and 2, which represent multiple, small functional arteriovenous shortcuts whose function is to maintain the patency of the right-to-left vascular path during high alveolar air pressures. It is noted that human patients placed in a respirator have their whole lungs in Zone 2. The pleat has a potential for working as an efficacious gas exchanger. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Social support and caregiving burden in family caregivers of frail elders.

This study assessed the relationships between six different types of social support and five measures of caregiving burden. Two questions were addressed: Are all types of social support equally associated with burden, and do the same types of support correlate with different types of burden? Family caregivers (N = 217) to frail elders composed the sample. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that all types of social support for caregivers of frail elders are not equal. Engaging in social interaction for fun and recreation appears to be the most important in diminishing the burden of caregiving. These findings are instructive both theoretically and clinically. The theoretical import of greater social participation under a condition of chronic stress is discussed. Further, interventions that focus on caregivers regularly experiencing pleasant activity with friends and other family would seem to go a long way toward managing the burden of caregiving. Language: en
Short communication: Application of an N-acetyl-l-cysteine-NaOH decontamination method for the recovery of viable Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from milk of naturally infected cows

Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is shed into the milk of cattle affected by Johne's disease and, therefore, is a route of transmission for infection in young stock in dairy herds. The objective of this study was to validate a decontamination and culture protocol for the recovery of MAP from individual bovine milk samples from known infected herds. Decontamination of milk samples (n = 17) with either 0.75% hexadecylpyridinium chloride for 5h or N-acetyl-L-cysteine-1.5% sodium hydroxide (NALC-1.5% NaOH) for 15 min before culture in BACTEC 12 B (Becton Dickinson, Franklin, NJ), para-JEM [Thermo Fisher Scientific (TREK Diagnostic Systems, Inc.), Cleveland, OH], and Herrold's egg yolk (HEY; Becton Dickinson) media was compared. Treatment with NALC-NaOH resulted in a lower percentage (6%) of contaminated samples than did treatment with hexadecylpyridinium chloride (47%), regardless of culture medium. The decontamination protocol (NALC-1.5% NaOH) was then applied to milk samples (n = 144) collected from cows at 7 US dairies. Recovery of viable MAP from the milk samples was low, regardless of culture medium, with recovery from 2 samples cultured in BACTEC 12 B medium, 1 sample cultured in para-JEM medium, and no viable MAP recovered on HEY medium. However, 32 cows were fecal culture positive and 13 milk samples were positive by direct PCR, suggesting that several cows were actively shedding MAP at the time of milk collection. Contamination rates were similar across media, with 39.6, 34.7, and 41.7% of samples contaminated after culture in BACTEC 12 B, para-JEM, and HEY media, respectively. Herd-to-herd variation had a major effect on sample contamination, with the percentage of contaminated samples ranging from 4 to 83%. It was concluded that decontamination of milk with NALC-1.5% NaOH before culture in BACTEC 12 B medium was the most efficacious method for the recovery of viable MAP from milk, although the ability to suppress the growth of contaminating microorganisms varied greatly between herds.
Collective Tree Spanners for Unit Disk Graphs with Applications

Abstract In this paper, we establish a novel balanced separator theorem for Unit Disk Graphs (UDGs), which mimics the well-known Lipton and Tarjan's planar balanced shortest paths separator theorem. We prove that, in any n-vertex UDG G, one can find two hop-shortest paths P ( s , x ) and P ( s , y ) such that the removal of the 3-hop-neighborhood of these paths (i.e., N G 3 [ P ( s , x ) ∪ P ( s , y ) ] ) from G leaves no connected component with more than 2 / 3 n vertices. This new balanced shortest-paths—3- hop-neighborhood separator theorem allows us to build, for any n-vertex UDG G, a system T ( G ) of at most 2 log 3 2 n + 2 spanning trees of G such that, for any two vertices x and y of G, there exists a tree T in T ( G ) with d T ( x , y ) ⩽ 3 ⋅ d G ( x , y ) + 12 . That is, the distances in any UDG can be approximately represented by the distances in at most 2 log 3 2 n + 2 of its spanning trees. Using these results, we propose a new compact and low delay routing labeling scheme for UDGs.
Pathologic changes following transurethral canine prostatectomy with a cylindrically diffusing fiber

Transurethral laser prostatectomy was performed on eight mongrel dogs employing a cylindrically diffusing fiber delivery system and a 1.06 μ Nd:YAG laser. Each dog received 15,000 joules of laser energy delivered to the prostate in one continuous dose of 25 watts for 10 minutes. Gross and histopathologic examinations of serial sections of the prostate were performed postoperatively after intervals of 2 hours to 7 weeks. Grossly, a spherical zone of destruction averaging 2.8 cm in diameter was present in dogs except one. Histopathologic changes in the prostate consisted of acute coagulative necrosis with interstitial edema at 2 hours, becoming hemorrhagic by 24 hours. A prominent circular area of acute coagulative necrosis with progressively larger areas of liquefaction and hemorrhage was present in prostates harvested from 4 days to 1 week after lasing. Initial re-epithelization of the resulting cavity was observed at 3 weeks with nearly complete epithelialization 7 weeks after laser treatment. The simplified fiber placement and lack of postoperative complications in this small group of dogs suggest that the cylindrically diffusing fiber could offer significant advantages over laterally deflecting fibers for transurethral prostatectomies in the dog model. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, inc.
Combining Technical Competence and Stakeholder Impact in Environmental Education: The Gambia All Schools Nursery Competition

Under the guidance of the Department of Forestry, the Regional Education Directorate, and Peace Corps/The Gambia, the Gambia All Schools Tree Nursery Competition, an environmental education program, was developed to introduce practical environmental education in The Gambia. Data for this report were collected using a rapid appraisal approach. Specific, predetermined information on each nursery including its management and community support were collected using a mixed team of researchers. Data were verified for consistency with other sources. The technical elements of nursery management (water supply, fencing, daily care, pest protection) are significant for positive outcomes of a nursery. However, the extent to which they work or the motivation behind them are heavily reliant on stakeholder support. Successful schools in the competition combined technical and stakeholder components.
STELLAR PHOTOMETRY SOFTWARE

We describe the Stellar Photometry Software (SPS), which combines in a single program procedures for locating stars, computing a mean stellar point-spread function (PSF), and performing aperture and/or multiple PSF-fitting photometry, along with related bookkeeping functions. The software can be run either interactively or in batch mode on computers using the UNIX operating system. The performance of SPS is compared to that of the photometry programs DoPHOT and IRAF/DAOPHOT, using both real and simulated CCD observations. A direct comparison of the instrumental magnitudes shows that all three programs produce comparable results.
Lightweight searchable screen video recording

Command logging of maintenance and operation activities of modern computer systems has become an integral component of customer and audit requirements. In recent years, this logging has usually been achieved via desktop video recording. However, the conventional approach of video recording requires high computation overhead, high network bandwidth, and a large storage size. Searching through video files is also a challenge. In this paper, we present a lossy, but text text-preserving, compression scheme that meets these challenges by creating a sparse bitonal image suitable for optical character recognition (OCR). Using our system for auditing, the bitonal image gets stored on a server. Due to the mechanism's text-preserving compression, we can apply OCR off-line to create annotations of each video frame, making the output searchable. Compared to state-of-the-art compression of raw video, our approach can reduce file size by 50–80%, while using CPU and memory resources similar to other methods.
Direct observation of the phenomenology of a solid thermal explosion using time-resolved proton radiography.

We present a new phenomenology for burn propagation inside a thermal explosion based on dynamic radiography. Radiographic images were obtained of an aluminum cased solid cylindrical sample of a plastic bonded formulation of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine. The phenomenology observed is ignition followed by cracking in the solid accompanied by the propagation of a radially symmetric front of increasing proton transmission. This is followed by a further increase in transmission through the sample, ending after approximately $100\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$. We show that these processes are consistent with the propagation of a convective burn front followed by consumption of the remaining solid by conductive particle burning.
Transforming Growth Factor ॆ Peptide Antagonists and Their Conversion to Partial Agonists

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Synthetic TGF-beta antagonists therefore could have therapeutic utility. Here we show the development of such compounds. Three synthetic pentacosapeptides designated beta125-(41-65), beta225-(41-65), and beta325-(41-65), whose amino acid sequences correspond to the 41st to 65th amino acid residues of TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, and TGF-beta3, respectively, inhibit the binding of 125I-labeled TGF-beta isoforms to TGF-beta receptors in mink lung epithelial cells with IC50 of approximately 0.06-2 microM. beta125-(41-65) blocks TGF-beta1-induced growth inhibition and TGF-beta1-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in these cells. The variants designated beta125-(41-65)W52A/D55A and beta325-(41-65)R52A/D55A, in which both Trp52/Arg52 and Asp55 are replaced by alanine residues, do not have TGF-beta antagonist activity. Multiple conjugation of beta125-(41-65) to carrier proteins enhances its antagonist activity but also confers partial agonist activity as measured by DNA synthesis inhibition. These results suggest that the (W/R)XXD motif is important for the activities of these TGF-beta peptide antagonists and that this motif may be the active site sequence of TGF-beta.
Pathogen Inactivation A New Paradigm for Preventing Transfusion-Transmitted Infections

Remarkable improvements have been made in blood safety since the onset of the HIV epidemic. However, the current paradigm does not prevent all transfusion-transmitted infections and is reactive to new agents, thus accepting that some patients may be harmed before preventive measures are introduced. Several methods are now available that selectively damage DNA and RNA, thus inactivating pathogens contaminating blood components while not damaging the cells or plasma proteins of the blood component. Clinical trials have been completed and pathogeninactivated platelets and plasma are widely used in Europe. A recent consensus conference recommended implementation of pathogen inactivation when a feasible and safe method is available that inactivates a broad spectrum of pathogens. The shortcomings of our present paradigm for preventing transfusiontransmitted diseases are described, along with a summary of the status of pathogen inactivation. It is time for a critical look at pathogen inactivation. Although this article is not intended to be a complete review, a summary of the status of the developmental work of pathogen inactivation is necessary to provide a perspective in which to consider this new paradigm.
‘Second generation’ antidepressant drugs

Abstract After a long period of clinical use abroad, the “second generation” of antidepressant drugs has reached the United States. Although no claims are made that these new agents are more effective overall than the tricyclics, various advantages are claimed for them: more rapid onset of action, less sedative and anticholinergic side-effects, and less cardiotoxicity. The true test of their worth will await widespread clinical use. Some of these drugs may prove, because of their pharmacologic differences from conventivnai drugs, to be useful tools for testing various hypotheses about depression.
Evidence for Adenosine Triphosphate Degradation in Critically-Ill Patients

Alterations of cellular energy metabolism may provide important markers during the clinical course of critically ill patients. To determine whether adenosine triphosphate (ATP) degradation occurs in critically ill patients, we measured levels of adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine in 18 patients and seven control subjects. The mean concentration of hypoxanthine (3.8 μM) in the critically ill patients was elevated (p
Animating the 3D structure and function of brain

Abstract Three dimensional (3D) reconstructions of brain anatomy and physiology have greatly improved our understanding of complex spatial and densitometric relationships. The complexity and sophistication of these imaging techniques has steadily improved in the last few years and there are many situations in which the static display of 31) models contains more information than can be easily appreciated. Animating a sequence of these displays adds another dimension to the visualization, understanding and communication of 3D data. This paper describes those situations that warrant animations, the techniques necessary to compute them and the results that can be obtained.
552: Breech presentation at delivery: an indicator of congenital anomaly?

an indicator of congenital anomaly? Fang Bai, Dorothea Mostello, Jen Jen Chang Saint Louis University School of Public Health, Department of Community Health in Epidemiology, Saint Louis, MO, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, St Louis, MO, Saint Louis University School of Public Health, Department of Community Health in Epidemiology, St. Louis, MO OBJECTIVE: To determine if breech presentation at delivery is associated with congenital anomalies. STUDY DESIGN: A population-based, retrospective cohort study was conducted using Missouri birth certificate and Birth Defects Registry data. The cohort included 459,051 women with singleton live births at 24 weeks gestation or greater between 1993 and 1999. Chi-square statistic and t-test were used for assessing characteristics and bivariate analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: The fetal presentation was breech in 3.2% of the cohort. Women whose fetus presented breech at delivery were more likely to be older, white, have a higher educational level, deliver preterm, and deliver female infants or infants with lower birth weight. Congenital anomalies were more common among preterm births than full-term births for both breech (4.6% vs. 2.5%) and cephalic presentations (2.8% vs. 1.1%). Breech presentation was significantly associated with congenital anomalies (Table). Gestational age was the only significant covariate in our analyses (for preterm birth group). The relationship between breech presentation and congenital anomalies generally was stronger among full-term births. CONCLUSION: Breech presentation at delivery is a predictor of congenital anomalies. Infants delivered from breech presentation deserve special scrutiny for the presence of malformation.
Effects of 100 and 300 Units of Onabotulinum Toxin A on Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Phase II Randomized Clinical Trial

Purpose: We conducted a 2-stage, multicenter, double-blind, randomized phase II clinical trial of 100 and 300 unit doses of onabotulinum toxin A to treat the lower urinary tract symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia.Materials and Methods: Men 50 years old or older with clinically diagnosed benign prostatic hyperplasia, American Urological Association symptom index 8 or greater, maximum urinary flow rate less than 15 ml per second, voided volume 125 ml or greater, and post-void residual 350 ml or less were randomized to prostatic transrectal injection of 100 or 300 units of onabotulinum toxin A. The primary outcome was at least 30% improvement from baseline to 3 months in American Urological Association symptom index and/or maximum urinary flow rate and safety. The men were followed for 12 months.Results: A total of 134 men were randomized and treated (68 with 100 units, 66 with 300 units), with 131 assessed at 3 months and 108 assessed at 12 months. Each dose met the 3-month primary outcome criteria. I...
Correlation of Positron Emission Tomography Standard Uptake Value and Pathologic Specimen Size in Cancer of the Head and Neck

Purpose To correlate positron emission tomography (PET) standard uptake value (SUV) with pathologic specimen size in patients with head-and-neck cancers. Methods and Materials Eighteen patients with Stage II–IVB head-and-neck cancer with 27 tumors who underwent PET and computed tomography (CT) imaging of the head and neck followed by surgical resection were selected for this study. Various SUV thresholds were examined, including the software default (SUV def ), narrowing the window by 1 standard deviation (SD) of the maximum (SUV-1SD), and SUV cutoff values of 2.5 or greater (SUV2.5) and 40% or greater maximum (SUV40). Volumetric pathologic data were available for 12 patients. Tumor volumes based on pathologic examination (gold standard), CT, SUV def , SUV-1SD, SUV2.5, and SUV40 were analyzed. Results PET identified five tumors not seen on CT. The sensitivity of PET for identifying primary tumors was 94% (17 of 18). The Sensitivity of PET for staging the neck was 90% (9 of 10), whereas the specificity was 78% (7 of 9). The SUV2.5 method was most likely to overestimate tumor volume, whereas SUV def and SUV-1SD were most likely to underestimate tumor volume. Conclusions The PET scan provides more accurate staging of primary tumors and nodal metastases for patients with advanced head-and-neck cancer than CT alone. Compared with the gold standard, significant variability exists in volumes obtained by using various SUV thresholds. A combination of clinical, CT, and PET data should continue to be used for optimal treatment planning. The SUV40 method appears to offer the best compromise between accuracy and reducing the risk of underestimating tumor extent.
Efficient DNA transfection and rapid assay for thymidine kinase activity and viral antigenic determinants.

We describe DEAE dextran-mediated DNA transfection in suspension which routinely gives transient gene expression in 0.1–1 % of the transfected cells. We have used normal diploid human skin fibroblasts, monkey BSC cells, and mouse L or 3T6 cells with almost equal efficiency. Gene expression is detected 1–3 days after addition of the DNA. SV40 and polyoma T and V antigen are detected by in situ immunofluorescence and thymidine kinase gene expression is detected by in situ autoradiography. The high efficiency of transfection and the speed of detection together provide a means to study transfecting gene functions that does not rely on selection to obtain stable transformants. It should be possible to screen for the expression of any gene product which can be assayed by in situ immunofluorescence or autoradiographic techniques.
Ethanol Ingestion in Two Infants Under 2 Months Old: A Previously Unreported Cause of ALTE

The differential diagnosis for the infant presenting with an apparent life-threatening event (ALTE) is broad. Toxic ingestions are a relatively uncommon cause of an ALTE, although several over-the-counter, prescription, and illicit drugs have been implicated. We present 2 cases of ethanol intoxication in infants as a previously unreported cause of an ALTE. Additionally, serial ethanol levels for these patients offer novel insight into the pharmacokinetics of ethanol metabolism in infants. Ethanol ingestion may be an underrecognized cause of an ALTE and should be considered if the history or physical examination is suggestive.
A preliminary study of the growth of fungi and bacteria from temperate and antarctic soils in relation to temperature

Abstract The growth of fungi isolated from a lowland temperate site (Roudsea Wood National Nature Reserve), an upland temperate moorland (Moor House National Nature Reserve) and an oceanic Antarctic island (Signy, S. Orkneys) was compared at 1, 14 and 25°C. This showed that low temperatures caused greatest retardation of growth in fungi from the warmest site (Roudsea) and least from the coldest site (Signy Island). At Moor House, fungi which were isolated most frequently in winter were able to grow better at 1°C than summer forms. The fungal flora of Signy Island was restricted and consists of cold tolerant cosmopolitan species which have been selected by or become adapted to the prevailing low temperatures. Of fungi isolated from any two of the sites, Mortierella alpina and Mucor hiemalis showed temperature adaptation correlated with prevailing site temperature, while Trichoderma viride, Penicillium thomii , and P. frequentans showed no adaptation. The growth of bacteria isolated from Moor House and Signy Island was also compared at 1,13 and 25°C, and 56 per cent of the Moor House isolates grew best at 25°C compared with 2 per cent of the bacteria from Signy Island. The majority of the latter grew best at 13°C and were Gram-negative rods.
Carbon isotope ratio of Cenozoic CO2: A comparative evaluation of available geochemical proxies

[1] The carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) of plant material is commonly used to reconstruct the relative distribution of C3 and C4 plants in ancient ecosystems. However, such estimates depend on the δ13C of atmospheric CO2 (δ13CCO2) at the time, which likely varied throughout Earth history. For this study, we use benthic and planktonic δ13C and δ18O records to reconstruct a long-term record of Cenozoic δ13CCO2. Confidence intervals for δ13CCO2 values are assigned after careful consideration of equilibrium and non-equilibrium isotope effects and processes, as well as resolution of the data. We find that benthic foraminifera better constrain δ13CCO2 compared to planktonic foraminiferal records, which are influenced by photosymbiotes, depth of production, seasonal variability, and preservation. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses designed to quantify the effects of temperature uncertainty and diagenesis on benthic foraminifera δ13C and δ18O values indicate that these factors act to offset one another. Our reconstruction suggests that Cenozoic δ13CCO2 averaged −6.1 ± 0.6‰ (1σ), while only 11.2 million of the last 65.5 million years correspond to the pre-Industrial value of −6.5‰ (with 90% confidence). Here δ13CCO2 also displays significant variations throughout the record, at times departing from the pre-Industrial value by more than 2‰. Thus, the observed variability in δ13CCO2 should be considered in isotopic reconstructions of ancient terrestrial-plant ecosystems, especially during the Late and Middle Miocene, times of presumed C4 grassland expansion.
Women and Men as Class and Race Actors: Comment on England

Paula England's ambition in "The Gender Revolution: Uneven and Stalled" (2010) is to explain why occupational sex segr gation and the gender division of familial labor are still robust despite decades of egalitarian values and policies. But because the explanations she offers "have the status of hypotheses rather than well-documented conclusions" (England 2010, p. 150), her article raises many questions for which we have few answers. Still, there is perhaps more evidence about some of these questions than England considers. In particular, England incorporates notions of class and social mobility into her explanations, grappling with how these intersect with gender identi ties and gendered jobs. The main argument to which I will respond is the one that treats men and women as gendered economic actors in pursuit of gender-typical jobs and family responsibilities. She proposes that occupa tion integration occurred primarily because a typically gendered path was unavailable to women from a middle-class background. The class positions of all other men and women were compatible with pursuing gendered occu pations, thus maintaining much of the gender order. Although England does not discuss counterfactuals, we must assume that if a typically female set of occupations sat atop the hierarchy alongside elite male occupations, no change whatsoever would have occurred since women would have entered those jobs. Similarly, had there been greater demand in men's blue-collar jobs, commensurate with the demand in upper white-collar jobs that pulled in women (an important factor England does not mention), women still would not have entered them because of their preference for female-dominated pinkand lower white-collar jobs. Without evidence to support these counterfactuals, England's framework rests on shaky ground, and other interpretations of the trajectory of occu pational segregation and gender inequality seem at least as plausible. Those
Drive properties of mineralocorticoid-induced sodium appetite

Abstract The strength of the sodium drive of desoxycorticosterone-treated rats was compared with that of adrenalectomized (sodium deficient) rats by bar pressing and “quinine tolerance” tests. When rats of the 2 groups were matched for amount of NaCl solution ingested during daily drinking sessions, they bar pressed for NaCl reinforcement at approximately equal rates and manifested the same resistance to extinction of the bar pressing response. Saline intake of desoxycorticosterone-treated rats was not as greatly suppressed by adulteration with quinine as was that of adrenalectomized rats. This difference was probably not due to a difference in drive but to a general intolerance of adrenalectomized rats for aversive tasting substances.
Evaluation of sialic acid-analogs for the attenuation of amyloid-beta toxicity

Abstract Background Amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) is the main constituent of senile plaques and is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To that end, agents which either sequester Aβ or interfere with Aβ interaction/binding to cells have been investigated as a means to reduce the pathological effects of Aβ. Methods Different structural analogs of sialic acid (N-acetylneuramic acid) were used to decorate a chitosan backbone using EDC chemistry. FTIR and colorimetric assays were used to characterize the complexes. The ability of these complexes to attenuate Aβ toxicity was investigated in vitro using a model neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. Results Oxygen substitution in ring structure is responsible for the increase in toxicity and increase in protective properties of the complexes. Also, the multi OH tail present in sialic acid is critical to attenuate toxicity. Analogs show no protective properties which reinforces the conclusion that clustering of sugars in cellular membranes play a significant role in Aβ binding. Conclusions Successfully produced compounds that showed varying degree of efficacy in attenuating Aβ toxicity to cells in culture. This work elucidates the impact that certain structures of sialic acid and its analogs can have on Aβ binding. It will allow for more specific and detailed improvements in the therapeutic polysaccharide structures that can be developed and modified to overcome other shortcomings of AD therapeutic development, particularly of penetrating the blood–brain barrier. General significance Oxygen atom plays crucial role on therapeutic effectiveness. This work can help as a general guideline for further therapeutic development.
TH‐A‐213CD‐11: Backscatter Imaging: Obtaining Images at Multiple Depths From a Single View

Purpose: To demonstrate that by changing cut‐off planes of a Scatter X‐ray Imaging (SXI) system and that through successive image subtraction, the depth and density information about an object can be derived from a single view. Methods: Phantoms of various thickness and complexity were simulated in a Monte Carlo based transport code MCNPx. An analytic mathematical model of the system was created in MATLAB to verify the initial MCNP results. When necessary, MCNP ptrac files were extracted using a code written in MATLAB for details of all photon interactions. To verify the proposed method, an air cavity and a piece of bone were simulated in a water phantom. Multiple simulations were performed by varying the collimation length and depth of the objects inside water. Initially, only the central axis signal from the phantom was considered, and later a series of backscatterradiographs were obtained using MCNP to validate the method. Results: It was shown that introducing bone and air into a phantom reduced the detector signal. Collimating to the surface plane eliminated a plethora of surface scatter. The near surface slices contributed the most scatter signal, which attenuated exponentially deeper in the phantom. Image subtraction of multiple collimated cut‐off planes showed an expected 60% and 100% drop in signal when bone and air, respectively, were present. However, in successive images, the water signal was misestimated due to attenuation by the object above. This was reduced, in both cases to less than 5%, by applying attenuation corrections for these images. Conclusions:Monte Carlo simulations verify the possibility of obtaining depth and density information of objects in a phantom from a single view using SXI systems if necessary attenuation corrections were applied. There is a need for a sophisticated iterative algorithm that assess these attenuation corrections for each slice.
Optical properties of solid and liquid sulfur at visible and infrared wavelengths

The real part of the refractive index of liquid sulfur and solid orthorhombic sulfur was measured in the 0.4-2.0 micron range, with reference to applications to Venus, Jupiter, Amalthea, Io, and the earth. The imaginary part of the refractive index of liquid sulfur was also measured, and the reflectance of semiinfinite slabs of solid and liquid sulfur was calculated on the basis of the measured values of the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index. The conclusion that liquid sulfur melts on Io would be classified as 'black' by the Voyager spectrophotometric analysis is confirmed.
Analyzing and scaling parallelism for network routing protocols

The serial nature of legacy code in routing protocol implementations has inhibited a shift to multicore processing in the control plane, even though there is much inherent parallelism. In this paper, we investigate the use of multicore as the compute platform for routing applications using BGP, the ubiquitous protocol for routing in the Internet backbone, as a representative application. We develop a scalable multithreaded implementation for BGP and evaluate its performance on several multicore configurations using a fully configurable multicore simulation environment. We implement several optimizations at the software and architecture levels, achieving a speedup of 6.5 times over the sequential implementation, which translates to a throughput of ∼170K updates per second. Subsequently, we propose a generic architecture and parallelization methodology which can be applied to all routing protocol implementations to achieve significant performance improvement.
Polychlorinated biphenyl release from resuspended Hudson River sediment.

Three shear turbulence resuspension mesocosms (STORM tanks) were used to examine the release of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from resuspended Hudson River sediment. Twenty-two percent of the resuspended PCBs desorbed after 2 h, and 35% ± 8% of PCBs were in the dissolved phase after apparent steady state was reached in 2 days. After the first resuspension event, the solids were allowed to settle and the quiescent time was varied to determine whether the labile pool of PCBs is recharged during sediment consolidation. The steady-state log Koc values for the third subsequent resuspension were higher than for the first event due to lower dissolved PCB concentrations; the particulate PCB concentrations were constant between events. With 1 day of consolidation between resuspension events, the dissolved concentration of all congeners decreased an average of 8% ± 5% between subsequent resuspension events. With 4 days between events, only the dissolved pentachlorinated PCBs decreased significantly (p = 0.002), ...
Sediment dynamics and the burial and exhumation of bedrock reefs along an emergent coastline as elucidated by repetitive sonar surveys: Northern Monterey Bay, CA

Abstract Two high-resolution bathymetric and acoustic backscatter sonar surveys were conducted along the energetic emergent inner shelf of northern Monterey Bay, CA, USA, in the fall of 2005 and the spring of 2006 to determine the impact of winter storm waves, beach erosion, and river floods on biologically-important siliclastic bedrock reef habitats. The surveys extended from water depths of 4 m to 22 m and covered an area of 3.14 km 2 , 45.8% of which was bedrock, gravel, and coarse-grained sand and 54.2% was fine-grained sand. Our analyses of the bathymetric and acoustic backscatter data demonstrates that during the 6 months between surveys, 11.4% of the study area was buried by fine-grained sand while erosion resulted in the exposure of bedrock or coarse-grained sand over 26.5% of the study area. The probability of burial decreased with increasing water depth and rugosity; the probability of exhumation increased with increasing wave-induced near-bed shear stress, seabed slope and rugosity. Much of the detected change was at the boundary between bedrock and unconsolidated sediment due to sedimentation and erosion burying or exhuming bedrock, respectively. In a number of cases, however, the change in seabed character was apparently due to changes in sediment grain size when scour exposed what appeared to be an underlying coarser-grained lag or the burial of coarser-grained sand and gravel by fine-grained sand. These findings suggest that, in some places, (a) burial and exhumation of nearshore bedrock reefs along rocky, energetic inner shelves occurs over seasonal timescales and appears related to intrinsic factors such as seabed morphology and extrinsic factors such as wave forces, and (b) single acoustic surveys typically employed for geologic characterization and/or habitat mapping may not adequately characterize the geomorphologic and sedimentologic nature of these types of environments that typify most of the Pacific Ocean and up to 50% of the world's coastlines.
Ab initio prediction of the vibration spectra of the deuterated species of H+3

Abstract Ab initio calculated values of the most intense vibration band centers and electric-dipole Einstein coefficients for spontaneous emission are reported for the molecular ions D+3, H2D+, and HD+2. The eigenenergies and wavefunctions for nuclear motion were obtained by a superposition of configurations consisting of products of three eigenfunctions of model one-dimensional hamiltonians. The Born-Oppenheimer potential-energy and electric-dipole-moment surfaces were obtained from an electronic configuration-interaction calculation with near-Hartree-Fock limit orbitals expanded in a floating gaussian basis.
Current Status of Liposomal Anthracycline Therapy in Metastatic Breast Cancer

Doxorubicin is a mainstay for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC); however, its use is limited by toxicity, particularly cardiotoxicity. Novel drug delivery systems using liposomes have been developed to maintain the clinical utility of conventional doxorubicin while minimizing cardiotoxicity. Three liposomal anthracyclines have been developed: liposomal daunorubicin, nonpegylated liposomal doxorubicin, and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin. Liposomal daunorubicin, currently approved in the United States for the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma, has shown preliminary activity in MBC in a phase I trial; further investigation is ongoing. Nonpegylated liposomal doxorubicin, which is not available in the United States, has demonstrated activity similar to that of conventional doxorubicin (both as a single agent and in combinations). Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin has demonstrated activity in phase II and III trials when used alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents in patients with MBC. It is currently approved in the United States and Europe for AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma and platinum/paclitaxel-refractory ovarian carcinoma; in Europe and Canada, it is also approved as monotherapy for MBC. In addition, accumulating evidence suggests that the combination of liposomal anthracyclines (pegylated and nonpegylated) and trastuzumab is active, with acceptable toxicity. Based on these encouraging experiences, randomized clinical trials are ongoing or planned to further assess the therapeutic potential of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin as a single agent and in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents and targeted agents, such as trastuzumab, for MBC.