cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microscale frictional strains determine chondrocyte fate in loaded cartilage.

Abstract Mounting evidence suggests that altered lubricant levels within synovial fluid have acute biological consequences on chondrocyte homeostasis. While these responses have been connected to increased friction, the mechanisms behind this response remain unknown. Here, we combine a frictional bioreactor with confocal elastography and image-based cellular assays to establish the link between cartilage friction, microscale shear strain, and acute, adverse cellular responses. Our incorporation of cell-scale strain measurements reveals that elevated friction generates high shear strains localized near the tissue surface, and that these elevated strains are closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and cell death. Collectively, our data establish two pathways by which chondrocytes negatively respond to friction: an immediate necrotic response and a longer term pathway involving mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Specifically, in the surface region, where shear strains can exceed 0.07, cells are predisposed to acute death; however, below this surface region, cells exhibit a pathway consistent with apoptosis in a manner predicted by local shear strains. These data reveal a mechanism through which cellular damage in cartilage arises from compromised lubrication and show that in addition to boundary lubricants, there are opportunities upstream of apoptosis to preserve chondrocyte health in arthritis therapy.
Synthesis of SiO2-Al2O3 Xerogels: Effect of pH and Composition on the Surface Area, Pore Volume, and Pore Structure

SiO2-Al2O3 xerogels were prepared using the sol-gel process, where aluminum nitrate was mixed with prehydrolysized tetraethyl orthosilicate, and gelation was controlled by pH with addition of NH4OH. Following a prescribed recipe, the hydrogels were heat treated in air at temperatures up to 250 °C to form the xerogels. It was generally found that the higher gelation pH and lower Al2O3 content gels resulted in larger surface areas and pore volumes. The lower Al2O3 content gels also resulted in narrower pore size distributions, and their pore structures were different compared to the higher Al2O3 content gels. In contrast, the pore size distribution (PSD) and pore structure were relatively insensitive to the gelation pH; however, a slightly broader PSD resulted at a higher gelation pH. The pH also had an effect on the micro/mesopore volume relative to the macropore volume, the extent of which depended on the Al2O3 content.
Moving Beyond the Gold Standard: Epistemological and Ontological Considerations of Research in Science Literacy

What goes around, comes around is a maxim that seemingly applies more and more often to the current debate in the United States over what constitutes the scientific label in education research. At the time of writing this chapter, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB, 2002), which calls for, among other things, scientifically based reading methods and materials, is up for reauthorization. With it have come challenges to the federal government’s role in legislating what counts as scientifically valid research through the Education Sciences Reform Act of 2002 (ESRA, 2002). The provisions of this law, at least as enacted, have effectively equated scientifically valid research to randomized controlled trials (RCT)—or what is commonly known as the Gold Standard in education research circles. Prior to the passage of ESRA, the National Research Council (NRC) in its publication Scientific Research in Education had criticized the proposed bill for attempting to mandate “a list of ‘valid’ scientific methods . . . [a list which] erroneously assumes that science is mechanistic and thus can be prescribed” (US NRC, 2002, p. 130). More recently, groups—such as the Knowledge Alliance (a Washington, DC, firm representing a mix of researchers and research and development centers), the American Educational Research Association, and the Software & Information Industry Association—have voiced their opposition to ESRA’s definition of scientifically valid research. Perhaps not surprisingly, language in a recent House of Representatives draft of a bill to reauthorize NCLB would omit references to randomized studies. In its place, the proposal would define scientifically valid research as being “rigorous, systematic, and objective . . . [and] appropriate to the methods used” (Viadero, 2007, The Gold Standard section, para 6). Whether or not this attempt to move away from the one-size-fits-all Gold Standard makes its way into reauthorized legislation is yet to be seen. In the interim (and for the purpose of this chapter), we intend to explore how methodological border crossings among researchers in language, literacy, and science education can enrich curricular conversations about teaching and learning in science classrooms. To chart this terrain, we begin by providing a cursory view of
Cartography applications for autonomous sensory agents

This paper proposes a coverage scheme for the rapid mapping of an area’s characteristics by a group of mobile and autonomous sensory agents. It is assumed that the agents utilize the wireless medium for communication, and have limited computational, storage and processing capabilities. These wireless sensory agents collaborate among each other in order to optimize their coverage tasks and communications. In this paper, we present a scheme that helps maximize the system’s efficiency through an adaptive coverage algorithm, where agents share information and collectively build a spatio-temporal view of the activity patterns of the area. Our scheme is particularly useful in applications where the events of interest exhibit an oscillatory behavior. Relevant applications include distant scouting and exploratory missions where the size and number of the scouting agents are crucial to the success of the mission.
The radiology of necrotizing enterocolitis.

Plain radiograph findings of acute necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) are discussed, including early nonspecific findings and diagnostic findings of pneumatosis intestinalis, portal venous gas, and pneumoperitoneum. The value of contrast gastrointestinal studies in both the initial diagnosis of NEC and the subsequent development of strictures is described. Ultrasonography has become a helpful additional test in the equivocal case for the diagnosis of acute NEC. Balloon dilation of postinflammatory strictures may provide an alternative form of therapy to surgery.
The Cholecystokinin Receptor

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the physiology and biochemistry of the cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor. It also reviews the history of the ligand and presents some insight into the functions of its principal target, the pancreatic acinar cell. The information obtained from the analyses indicates that the major CCK-binding protein on pancreatic acinar cells is a sialoglycoprotein having an apparent M r of ∼81K that exists free or in disulfide linkage to a M r ∼40–55K protein. It has three N-linked complex-type oligosaccharide side chains that account for ∼20K of apparent molecular weight placing the M r of the deglycosylated protein at ∼61K. This protein is exclusively localized to the basolateral plasmalemma of the pancreatic acinar cell at a concentration of ∼5000–10,000 copies per acinar cell. These data provide a solid framework on which to base future studies directed at purifying the receptor and preparation of anti-receptor antibodies.
Milked and Feathered: The Regressive Welfare Effects of Canada's Supply Management Regime: A Comment

This comment addresses Cardwell, Lawley, and Xiang’s (2015) article that provides an estimate of the consumer burden caused by supply management. The main concern is regarding the strong assumption...
Patient Perceptions of a Heart Failure Action Plan: A Qualitative Study

Introduction Individuals with heart failure have difficulty evaluating their symptoms and understanding when to seek health care or to implement self-care activities. The purpose of this qualitative study is to inform the development of a Heart Failure Action Plan by individuals living with heart failure. Methods The proposed study used a prospective qualitative design using a grounded theory approach to understand the process of HF symptom management and the development of an action plan. Specifically, patients were interviewed regarding clinical indicators of self-reported symptoms, adherence to medication regimen, and physiologic changes to develop an individualized heart failure action plan. Demographic data of participants was collected including age, ethnicity, gender, medications, vital signs, heart failure history, and heart failure etiology. Results Participants reported that the color zones (red, yellow, green) of the action plan were helpful to “give you an idea of what you are supposed to do” with “weight, swelling, symptoms” and to evaluate “⋯target weight, keep tracking of medicine helps figure out symptom”. Participants suggested adding content for “more exercise, talk about what you eat, cough, chest tightness, dizziness, with swelling” and “more specifics, on a healthy diet, and encouragement, for, some form of activity, if only just walking” and “bigger letters, understandable,⋯contact someone to help you” and “I would like it to be small to be placed in a wallet.” Conclusions Participants provided their perceptions of the HF action plan and their feedback is instrumental in modifying the action plan for use in a broader HF patient population to assist patients in self-management of their condition, including the understanding of when to seek health care.
Bone-marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells contribute to vasculogenesis of pregnant mouse uterus†.

Angiogenesis is essential for cyclic endometrial growth, implantation, and pregnancy maintenance. Vasculogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels by bone marrow (BM)-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), has been shown to contribute to endometrial vasculature. However, it is unknown whether vasculogenesis occurs in neovascularization of the decidua during pregnancy. To investigate the contribution of BM-derived EPCs to vascularization of the pregnant uterus, we induced non-gonadotoxic submyeloablation by 5-fluorouracil administration to wild-type FVB/N female mice recipients followed by BM transplantation from transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under regulation of Tie2 endothelial-specific promoter. Following 1 month, Tie2-GFP BM-transplanted mice were bred and sacrificed at various gestational days (ED6.5, ED10.5, ED13.5, ED18.5, and postpartum). Bone-marrow-transplanted non-pregnant and saline-injected pregnant mice served as controls (n = 5-6/group). Implantation sites were analyzed by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. While no GFP-positive EPCs were found in non-pregnant or early pregnant uteri of BM-transplanted mice, GFP-positive EPCs were first detected in pregnant uterus on ED10.5 (0.12%) and increased as the pregnancy progressed (1.14% on ED13.5), peaking on ED18.5 (1.42%) followed by decrease in the postpartum (0.9%). The percentage of endothelial cells that were BM-derived out of the total endothelial cell population in the implantation sites (GFP+CD31+/CD31+) were 9.3%, 15.8%, and 6.1% on ED13.5, ED18.5, and postpartum, respectively. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that EPCs incorporated into decidual vasculature, and immunofluorescence showed that GFP-positive EPCs colocalized with CD31 in vascular endothelium of uterine implantation sites, confirming their endothelial lineage. Our findings indicate that BM-derived EPCs contribute to vasculogenesis of the pregnant mouse decidua.
Hsp104 and Potentiated Variants Can Operate as Distinct Nonprocessive Translocases.

Abstract Heat shock protein (Hsp) 104 is a hexameric ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities motor protein that enables cells to survive extreme stress. Hsp104 couples the energy of ATP binding and hydrolysis to solubilize proteins trapped in aggregated structures. The mechanism by which Hsp104 disaggregates proteins is not completely understood but may require Hsp104 to partially or completely translocate polypeptides across its central channel. Here, we apply transient state, single turnover kinetics to investigate the ATP-dependent translocation of soluble polypeptides by Hsp104 and Hsp104A503S, a potentiated variant developed to resolve misfolded conformers implicated in neurodegenerative disease. We establish that Hsp104 and Hsp104A503S can operate as nonprocessive translocases for soluble substrates, indicating a “partial threading” model of translocation. Remarkably, Hsp104A503S exhibits altered coupling of ATP binding to translocation and decelerated dissociation from polypeptide substrate compared to Hsp104. This altered coupling and prolonged substrate interaction likely increases entropic pulling forces, thereby enabling more effective aggregate dissolution by Hsp104A503S.
Spatial Clusters and Non-spatial Predictors of Tick-Borne Disease Diagnosis in Indiana.

The purpose of this study was two-fold. First, we sought to identify spatial clusters of self-reported tick-borne disease (TBD) diagnosis in Indiana. Secondly, we determined the significant predictors of self-reported TBD diagnosis in a sample of Indiana residents. Study participants were selected from existing online panels maintained by Qualtrics and completed a cross-sectional survey (n = 3003). Our primary outcome of interest was self-reported TBD diagnosis (Yes/No). Cases and background population were aggregated to the county level. We used a purely spatial discrete Poisson model in SatScan® to determine significant clusters of high-risk TBD diagnosis counties. We also used X2 tests in bivariate analyses, to identify potential predictor variables for inclusion in an initial model, and backward elimination selection method to identify the final model. Two clusters of counties with significant high relative risk of self-reported TBD diagnosis in the southeast and southwest of Indiana were detected. Males in Indiana were more likely to self-report TBD diagnosis compared to females. Study participants who conducted a thorough tick check after being outdoors were significantly less likely to report TBD diagnosis compared to those who did not. Increased positive perceptions of TBD personal protective measures were associated with reduced self-reported TBD diagnosis. Older study participants were less likely to self-report TBD diagnosis compared to younger participants. The identification of two clusters of TBD diagnosis in southern Indiana is consistent with a northern spread of TBDs and suggests a need for continued surveillance of the counties in the vicinity of the observed clusters. Future studies should be designed to identify risk factors for TBD diagnosis in the affected counties of Indiana.
Serine phosphorylation of the small phosphoprotein ICAP1 inhibits its nuclear accumulation

Nuclear accumulation of the small phosphoprotein integrin cytoplasmic domain–associated protein-1 (ICAP1) results in recruitment of its binding partner, Krev/Rap1 interaction trapped-1 (KRIT1), to the nucleus. KRIT1 loss is the most common cause of cerebral cavernous malformation, a neurovascular dysplasia resulting in dilated, thin-walled vessels that tend to rupture, increasing the risk for hemorrhagic stroke. KRIT1's nuclear roles are unknown, but it is known to function as a scaffolding or adaptor protein at cell-cell junctions and in the cytosol, supporting normal blood vessel integrity and development. As ICAP1 controls KRIT1 subcellular localization, presumably influencing KRIT1 function, in this work, we investigated the signals that regulate ICAP1 and, hence, KRIT1 nuclear localization. ICAP1 contains a nuclear localization signal within an unstructured, N-terminal region that is rich in serine and threonine residues, several of which are reportedly phosphorylated. Using quantitative microscopy, we revealed that phosphorylation-mimicking substitutions at Ser-10, or to a lesser extent at Ser-25, within this N-terminal region inhibit ICAP1 nuclear accumulation. Conversely, phosphorylation-blocking substitutions at these sites enhanced ICAP1 nuclear accumulation. We further demonstrate that p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) can phosphorylate ICAP1 at Ser-10 both in vitro and in cultured cells and that active PAK4 inhibits ICAP1 nuclear accumulation in a Ser-10–dependent manner. Finally, we show that ICAP1 phosphorylation controls nuclear localization of the ICAP1-KRIT1 complex. We conclude that serine phosphorylation within the ICAP1 N-terminal region can prevent nuclear ICAP1 accumulation, providing a mechanism that regulates KRIT1 localization and signaling, potentially influencing vascular development.
Implementation and Design Space Exploration of a Turbo Decoder in High-Level Synthesis

High-Level Synthesis (HLS) allows not only for quicker prototyping, but also faster and more widespread design space exploration. In this work we designed a turbo decoder using Vivado HLS, which has not previously been explored. Our turbo decoder was designed to allow for easy design space exploration, both of algorithmic turbo decoder parameters as well as HLS parameters. Data and analysis on the design space is presented for approximately 200,000 variations with an emphasis on the needed trade-offs when designing a turbo decoder.
The Instrumentalism-Realism Debate: A Case for a Diachronic Phase Theory

En sus valoraciones de las teorias cientificas, los filosofos de las ciencias exactas han optado por el apoyo que les ofrece, o bien, el instrumentalismo, o bien, el realismo. Sin embargo, un estudio del progreso actual de los conocimientos cientificos senala que varias teorias se desarrollan a partir de una fase inicial instrumentalista y emprenden el camino hacia una fase realista. En este trabajo se sostiene la tesis siguiente: el estudio diacronico de las teorias cientificas demuestra que no hay ninguna razon para mantener una rigida adherencia al realismo o al instrumentalismo en la valoracion de las teorias cientificas. Tambien se discuten los trabajos recientes sobre el tema de Putnam y Van Fraassen. [L.K.]
Toward critical nostalgia: performing African-American genealogical memory

This essay is an autoethnographic analysis of AfriGeneas.com and Africanancestry.com, two African-American genealogical websites that represent the poles of a spectrum ranging from resource sites t...
PELP1/SRC-3-dependent regulation of metabolic kinases drives therapy resistant ER+ breast cancer

ABSTRACT Recurrence of metastatic breast cancer stemming from acquired endocrine and chemotherapy resistance remains a health burden for women with luminal (ER+) breast cancer. Disseminated ER+ tumor cells can remain viable but quiescent for years to decades. Contributing factors to metastatic spread include the maintenance and expansion of breast cancer stem cells (CSCs). Breast CSCs frequently exist as a minority population in therapy resistant tumors. In this study, we show that cytoplasmic complexes composed of steroid receptor (SR) co-activators, PELP1 and SRC-3, modulate breast CSC expansion through upregulation of the HIF-activated metabolic target genes PFKFB3 and PFKFB4. Seahorse metabolic assays demonstrated that cytoplasmic PELP1 influences cellular metabolism by increasing both glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. PELP1 interacts with PFKFB3 and PFKFB4 proteins, and inhibition of PFKFB3 and PFKFB4 kinase activity blocks PELP1-induced tumorspheres and protein-protein interactions with SRC-3. PFKFB inhibitors exhibited combinatorial effects in conjunction with ER targeted therapies in breast cancer cells, including tamoxifen resistant (TamR) and paclitaxel resistant (TaxR) models and ER+ patient-derived organoids (PDxO). Finally, PFKFB4 knockdown resulted in decreased circulating tumor cell (CTC) populations in mammary intraductal (MIND) models. Together, our data suggest that PELP1, SRC-3, and PFKFBs cooperate to drive ER+ tumor cell populations that include CSCs and CTCs. Identifying non-ER pharmacological targets offers a useful approach to blocking metastatic escape from standard of care ER/estrogen (E2)-targeted strategies to overcome endocrine and chemotherapy resistance.
Conic Sections in Early Modern Europe. First Part: Philippe de la Hire on Circles

The early modern study of conic sections began with the publication of edited translations, into Latin, of the first four books of the Conics of Apollonius in the sixteenth century, especially the translation by Commandinus, of Urbino, in 1566. Books 5, 6, and 7 were later found in Arabic manuscripts. Book 8 seems lost, although that loss has prompted several mathematicians, over the centuries, to propose their own restorations.
Evidence-based Aerosol Clearance Times in a Healthcare Environment.

Background: As researchers race to understand the nature of COVID-19 transmission, healthcare institutions must treat COVID-19 patients while also safeguarding the health of staff and other patients. One aspect of this process involves mitigating aerosol transmission of the SARS-CoV2 virus. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides general guidance on airborne contaminant removal, but directly measuring aerosol clearance in clinical rooms provides empirical evidence to guide clinical procedure. Aim: We present a risk-assessment approach to empirically measuring and certifying the aerosol clearance time (ACT) in operating and procedure rooms to improve hospital efficiency while also mitigating the risk of nosocomial infection. Methods: Rooms were clustered based on physical and procedural parameters. Sample rooms from each cluster were randomly selected and tested by challenging the room with aerosol and monitoring aerosolized particle concentration until 99.9% clearance was achieved. Data quality was analysed and aerosol clearance times for each cluster were determined. Findings: Of the 521 operating and procedure rooms considered, 449 (86%) were issued a decrease in clearance time relative to CDC guidance, 32 (6%) had their clearance times increased, and 40 (8%) remained at guidance. The average clearance time change of all rooms assessed was a net reduction of 27.8%. Conclusion: The process described here balances the need for high-quality, repeatable data with the burden of testing in a functioning clinical setting. Implementation of this approach resulted in a reduction in clearance times for most clinical rooms, thereby improving hospital efficiency while also safeguarding patients and staff.
Improving Recruitment, Retention, and Cultural Saliency of Health Promotion Efforts Targeting African American Men: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND When health promotion efforts intend to include African American men, they experience challenges with recruitment and retention, in addition to limited cultural saliency-interventions that do not align the cultural preferences and experiences of the target population produce less effective results. PURPOSE This scoping review provides an understanding of (a) how health promotion efforts among African American men are developed and implemented, in addition to the (b) main outcomes, (c) retention rates, and (d) methodological rigor of those efforts. METHODS The following databases were used: PubMed, EMBASE (Ovid), PsycINFO (EBSCO), CINAHL (EBSCO), Web of Science (Clarivate), and ProQuest. Included studies were restricted to those: (a) conducted among African American men and (b) reported the effects of a health promotion intervention. Interventions using single-group pre-post study, post-test-only study, non-randomized controlled trial, and randomized controlled trial (RCT) study designs were included. RESULTS The results indicate that varying degrees of customization in the design and implementation of health promotion efforts targeting African American can improve recruitment, retention, and health-related outcomes. Results draw attention to the need for community input when designing and implementing efforts targeting these men. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that opportunities exist to innovate health promotion efforts among African American men, such as the intentional incorporation of the community's values, perspectives, and preferences in the effort (i.e., cultural saliency) and explicitly indicating how the efforts were culturally tailored to improve saliency. Opportunities also exist to innovate health promotion efforts among African American men based on literature-derived best practices.
Negative Solutions to Post's Problem, I

Publisher Summary For background in β-Recursion Theory, the version of Post's Problem is solved for a large class of ordinals β. It was conjectured that (*) holds for arbitrary limit ordinals β. The purpose of this note is to exhibit a failure of (*) for some primitive-recursively closed β. The results imply that such a β must be strong inadmissible and for such a β, β*=Σ 1 projectum of β must be singular with respect to β-recursive functions. Thus, the priority method can be applied to many but not all limit ordinals. At present, one is not able to determine exactly for which ordinals (*) holds, but make the Conjecture (*) holds if and only if β is weakly admissible or β* is regular with respect to β-recursive functions. Thus, one feels that positive results are best possible explanation for the Conjecture K=β to be β*-finite if K is β-finite of β-cardinality less than β*. Then, the Conjecture says that (*) holds if and only if β cannot be written as the β-recursive union of β*-finitely of many β-finite sets.
WE-D-213-04: Preparing for Parts 2 & 3 of the ABR Nuclear Medicine Physics Exam

Adequate, efficient preparation for the ABR Diagnostic and Nuclear Medical Physics exams is key to successfully obtain ABR certification. Each part of the ABR exam presents its own challenges: Part I: Determine the scope of basic medical physics study material, efficiently review this material, and solve related written questions/problems. Part II: Understand imaging principles, modalities, and systems, including image acquisition, processing, and display. Understand the relationship between imaging techniques, image quality, patient dose and safety, and solve related written questions/problems. Part III: Gain crucial, practical, clinical medical physics experience. Effectively communicate and explain the practice, performance, and significance of all aspects of clinical medical physics. All parts of the ABR exam require specific skill sets and preparation: mastery of basic physics and imaging principles; written problem solving often involving rapid calculation; responding clearly and succinctly to oral questions about the practice, methods, and significance of clinical medical physics. This symposium focuses on the preparation necessary for each part of the ABR exam. Although there is some overlap, the nuclear exam covers a different body of knowledge than the diagnostic exam. A separate speaker will address those unique aspects of the nuclear exam, and how preparing for a second specialty differs from the first. Medical physicists who recently completed each ABR exam portion will share their experiences, insights, and preparation methods to help attendees best prepare for the challenges of each part of the ABR exam. In accordance with ABR exam security policy, no recalls or exam questions will be discussed. Learning Objectives: 1. How to prepare for Part 1 of the ABR exam by determining the scope of basic medical physics study material and related problem solving/calculations 2. How to prepare for Part 2 of the ABR exam by understanding diagnostic and/or nuclear imaging physics, systems, dosimetry, safety and related problem solving/calculations 3. How to prepare for Part 3 of the ABR exam by effectively communicating the practice, methods, and significance of clinical diagnostic and/or nuclear medical physics.
Lipid Modifications of Proteins

A protein’s structure and function is determined by both its primary amino acid sequence and by covalent modifications of these amino acids. Among the very large number of such alterations, which can vary from simple inorganic substituents to complex arrays of oligosaccharides, are a group of lipids. The latter have been detected in many proteins that associate with cellular membranes and in a variety of virus structural polypeptides. Thus far, four distinct types of lipid modifications have been identified in eukaryotic cell and virus proteins (Fig. 1).
Polyribosomes from Bacillus subtilis During Amino Acid Starvation in the Presence and in the Absence of Actinomycin

Polysomes were extracted from Bacillus subtilis cells starved for a required amino acid. The monosome peak appeared soon after starvation; no difference in the rate of degradation was detected when the cells were starved for arginine or tryptophan in a double auxotroph. RNA production during starvation was not inhibited by actinomycin, but the molecular weight of the product made in the presence of the antibiotic was much lower. Indications that stable messenger ribonucleic acid is present for up to 90 min after amino acid starvation are also presented.
An escalating dose "binge" model of amphetamine psychosis: behavioral and neurochemical characteristics.

Stimulant-induced psychosis is most frequently associated with a chronic, high-dose, multiple daily (“binge”) exposure pattern of stimulant abuse. To simulate these conditions, rats were exposed to escalating doses of amphetamine (Escalating Dose phase, 1.0–8.0 mg/kg) before multiple daily injections of relatively high doses of the drug (Run phase, 8.0 mg/kg/2 hr × 4 injections). Behavior was monitored continuously during the course of these treatments as well as during subsequent amphetamine challenges at various times after discontinuation of drug treatment. With the Escalating Dose–Run pattern of administration, a unique behavioral profile emerged in which tolerance occurred to the amount of time spent engaged in continuous focused stereotypy simultaneous with a profound increase in ambulatory activity that appeared agitated and disorganized. Parallel in vivo microdialysis studies showed progressively declining extracellular dopamine and serotonin responses, both within and between successive runs, whereas the norepinephrine response remained relatively unaltered. We propose that this model more closely resembles clinical manifestations of amphetamine psychosis and that the alterations may reflect a shift in the relative activation of mesolimbic and nigro-striatal dopamine pathways.
Episodic Low Amplitude Events

ABSTRACT.In a series of 27 electroencephalograms from 22 patients, well-defined brief attenuations occurred interspersed among the background activity. These “episodic low amplitude events” (ELAEs) typically lasted 0.5–4 seconds. They were hemispheric or bisynchronous and occurred in patients with coma of various etiologies, including status epilepticus. The episodes of attenuation were brief and no bursts of activity were present, distinguishing this finding from burst-suppression. In the patients with coma other than status epilepticus, prognosis was poor. In the setting of status epilepticus, the prognosis depended on the etiology of status. ELAEs are a manifestation of seriously abnormal electroencephalographic activity and correlate with α 45% mortality.
A stochastic differential equation model of diurnal cortisol patterns

Circadian modulation of episodic bursts is recognized as the normal physiological pattern of diurnal variation in plasma cortisol levels. The primary physiological factors underlying these diurnal patterns are the ultradian timing of secretory events, circadian modulation of the amplitude of secretory events, infusion of the hormone from the adrenal gland into the plasma, and clearance of the hormone from the plasma by the liver. Each measured plasma cortisol level has an error arising from the cortisol immunoassay. We demonstrate that all of these three physiological principles can be succinctly summarized in a single stochastic differential equation plus measurement error model and show that physiologically consistent ranges of the model parameters can be determined from published reports. We summarize the model parameters in terms of the multivariate Gaussian probability density and establish the plausibility of the model with a series of simulation studies. Our framework makes possible a sensitivity analysis in which all model parameters are allowed to vary simultaneously. The model offers an approach for simultaneously representing cortisol's ultradian, circadian, and kinetic properties. Our modeling paradigm provides a framework for simulation studies and data analysis that should be readily adaptable to the analysis of other endocrine hormone systems.
Reverse Monte Carlo modeling of amorphous silicon

An implementation of the Reverse Monte Carlo algorithm is presented for the study of amorphous tetrahedral semiconductors. By taking into account a number of constraints that describe the tetrahedral bonding geometry along with the radial distribution function, we construct a model of amorphous silicon using the reverse monte carlo technique. Starting from a completely random configuration, we generate a model of amorphous silicon containing 500 atoms closely reproducing the experimental static structure factor and bond angle distribution and in improved agreement with electronic properties. Comparison is made to existing Reverse Monte Carlo models, and the importance of suitable constraints beside experimental data is stressed.
Gettin’ down with ubiquitin: turning off cell-surface receptors, transporters and channels

G-protein-coupled receptors and transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are modified with ubiquitin in response to ligand biding. In most cases, the proteasome does not recognize these ubiquitinated proteins. Instead, ubiquitination serves to trigger internalization and degradation of plasma membrane proteins in the lysosome-like vacuole. A number of mammalian receptors and at least one ion channel undergo ubiquitination at the plasma membrane, and this modification is required for their downregulation. Some of these cell-surface proteins appear to be degraded by both the proteasome and lysosomal proteases. Recent evidence indicates that other proteins required for receptor internalization might also be regulated by ubiquitination, suggesting that ubiquitin plays diverse roles in regulating plasma membrane protein activity.
Rehabilitative management of post-stroke visuospatial inattention.

Purpose : Visuospatial inattention or sensory neglect is a common impairment following cerebrovascular accident and is thought to negatively impact on functional recovery and longterm outcome. This review examines various rehabilitative interventions available for the management of visuospatial inattention and the literature that supports their efficacy. Method : Medical literature review. Results : Therapies geared toward improved visual scanning and 'retraining' of patients to attend to the neglected field are the mainstay of current therapy. While some studies support their efficacy, others have reported limited benefit. Newer approaches that may be efficacious include eye patching techniques, use of video feedback during therapy, training in visual imagery, and pharmacologic therapy with dopamine agonists. Protocols using vestibular, somatosensory and optokinetic stimulation have each been shown to produce transient improvements in neglect. However, therapeutic applications for these techniques have n...
Photoelectron study of the 4 d subshell of atomic tin between 35 and 115 eV

Partial cross sections σ and angular distribution parameters β have been measured for the 4d electrons of atomic tin between 35 and 115 eV. Our data for tin (Z=50) are compared with relativistic-random phase approximation (RRPA) calculations on the closed-shell atom cadmium (Z=48). Satisfactory agreement is found if the results are normalized to the same photoelectron energy. Comparison with RRPA calculations made for palladium (Z=46) and xenon (Z=54) reveals some differences. Other experimental data for the β parameter are in good agreement with our values.
Integrating Biological and Engineering Ontologies

As methods for engineering data acquisition improve, methods for storing, generating knowledge from, and sharing that data for efficient reuse have become more important. Knowledge management in the engineering community can greatly benefit from advancements made in knowledge management in biology. The biological community has already made progress in knowledge management through projects such as the Gene Ontology and CellML, and it behooves the engineering community to learn from their successes. Engineering and biology overlap in the field of biosimulation, (i.e. finite-element analysis of biological systems, see www.biomesh.org) which gives an opportunity to integrate successful ontologies from the biology community into the engineering community. Previous research has led to the creation of the Biomesh project, which is a collection of biological finite element (FE) models. These FE models relate to a particular anatomical structure of an organism, and to the set of biological material properties associated with the models. Thus, knowledge management for this application requires knowledge integration from three distinct fields: engineering (materials and models), anatomy, and biological classification. The existing e-Design Framework offers the Engineering Analysis Models ontology and Materials ontology to store knowledge about materials and FE models. Similarly, the existing Minimal Anatomical Terms ontology and the NCBI Organismal Classification taxonomy were used to store information about anatomy and biological classification, respectively. In this paper these ontologies are interlinked in a single, synergistic ontology to expose and integrate knowledge in a transparent manner between previously disparate domains. A case study is presented to demonstrate the usefulness of the approach in which knowledge from a biological material and FE model are methodically stored in the new ontology, and the organismal classification and anatomical structure of the model are immediately exposed to the user.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
An Integrative View of School Functioning: Transactions between Self-Regulation, School Engagement, and Teacher-Child Relationship Quality.

This study investigates the dynamic interplay between teacher–child relationship quality and children's behaviors across kindergarten and first grade to predict academic competence in first grade. Using a sample of 338 ethnically diverse 5-year-old children, nested path analytic models were conducted to examine bidirectional pathways between children's behaviors and teacher–child relationship quality. Low self-regulation in kindergarten fall, as indexed by inattention and impulsive behaviors, predicted more conflict with teachers in kindergarten spring and this effect persisted into first grade. Conflict and low self-regulation jointly predicted decreases in school engagement which in turn predicted first-grade academic competence. Findings illustrate the importance of considering transactions between self-regulation, teacher–child relationship quality, and school engagement in predicting academic competence.
CS–US interval determines the transition from overshadowing to potentiation with flavor compounds

The present series of five flavor aversion experiments with rat subjects examined compound conditioning at varying CS–US intervals. Using a taste–taste design, Experiments 1A and 1B demonstrated overshadowing at a 0-min CS–US interval and potentiation at a 120-min CS–US interval, and these effects occurred with both tastes of the compound. Experiment 2 showed that the aversion to a single element is reduced when the CS–US interval is increased to 120 min, but the aversion for a compound taste is not. Experiments 3A and 3B explored odor + taste compound conditioning; the results demonstrated odor potentiation across the trace interval and a transition from taste overshadowing to taste potentiation. Collectively, the data show that the change from overshadowing to potentiation was not due to changes in the aversions produced by compound conditioning but, instead, was due to a more rapid loss of conditionability across a trace interval prior to the US in single-element conditioning. These experiments suggest that following compound conditioning, the aversion to each element represents generalization decrement from the configured compound, but the designation of overshadowing or potentiation actually depends on the status of conditioning in the single-element control.
Simulation of high power-aperture Rayleigh lidar for upper atmospheric studies

Abstract The objective of this research effort is to investigate the use of a high power-aperture Rayleigh lidar to measure neutral density and temperature in the upper atmosphere, into the lower thermosphere (>100 km). The scientific interest with this system is to obtain measurements of atmospheric tides, planetary and gravity wave amplitudes and phase in the lower thermosphere. Measurement of waves into the lower thermosphere is accomplished using Rayleigh lidar methods with high power-aperture (PA) products using new technology lasers and large collecting apertures, resulting in PA of 50–700 W m 2 . This paper describes the simulation of high PA Rayleigh lidar systems and estimates their capability to measure gravity waves and tides in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Both traditional backscatter and bistatic (imaging) methods are simulated. Simulations show that substantive measurements can be achieved for characterizing gravity waves at altitudes >90 km and atmospheric tides at altitudes >100 km for this lidar system. Measurements of density and temperature to 10% precision are possible up to 120 km.
Faulty thinking patterns in two types of anxiety

This study examined the cognitive characteristics of an unselected clinical population to determine the extent to which two current conceptions of faulty thinking, irrationality and negative self-statements, were differentially associated with pervasive and situation-specific forms of anxiety. Subjects were 25 male and 33 female adults requesting therapy at a community clinic. They were assessed on two indices of anxiety, the Social Avoidance and Distress Scale and the Fear of Heights Survey, and on two measures of faulty thinking, the Irrational Beliefs Test and the Situations Questionnaire. Results indicated that the pervasive form of anxiety, social anxiety, is significantly correlated with only irrational thinking, while the situation-specific form of anxiety, acrophobia, is significantly correlated with both irrationality and negative self-statements. Several additional relationships were identified, notably, the greater tendency of phobic than socially anxious subjects to emit negative self-statements and, for phobic subjects, the greater tendency to emit negative self-statements than to think irrationally. The implications of these findings for cognitive behavioral theory and therapy are discussed.
Dyadic processes between mothers and preterm infants: Development at ages 2 to 5 years

De fac a identifier les antecedents de competence cognitive, linguistique et sociale a l'âge de 2 a 5 ans chez des enfants prematures a risque biologique et social, cette etude a utilise des procedures multiples, administrees au laboratoire, a 13 et 20 mois, pour mesurer les constituants des interactions sociales entre 51 meres et leurs nourrissons prematures. L'on a trouve que deux variables, la reaction maternelle a la vocalisation du nourrisson et l'irritabilite du nourrisson, etaient des facteurs de prediction importants de competence ulterieure. Alors qu'une reaction maternelle plus grande, comme prevu, menait a des capacites linguistiques et sociales plus elevees, une plus grande irritabilite du nourrisson pendant des situations stressantes predisait egalement une plus grande competence linguistique et sociale expressive et receptive. Les enfants nes ayant un poids de naissance plus eleve et de plus longues gestations avaient plus tendance a etre plus irritables que ceux nes avec un poids de naissance tres faible. Les resultats suggerent differentes implications pour l'affect negatif chez les prematures qui ont eu des problemes respiratories compare aux enfants nes a terme, mais indiquent des consequences positives similaires pour la reaction maternelle verbale.
The effect of precipitation on the vertical profiles of atmospheric ammonia: a modeling investigation

This paper describes theoretical calculations of atmospheric ammonia profiles during precipitation events. The PLUVIUS reactive storm model (Hales, 1982, Atmospheric Environment16,1775–1783) was used in a simplified form relevant to this specific system. Calculated NH3 profiles for dry atmospheres were consistent with distributions previously reported in the literature. NH3 profiles in the gas and cloud phases, following a simulated convective storm, showed large variations with height. These variations are strongly dependent on storm duration. In some cases, NH3 gas concentrations were depleted by more than 50% by the precipitation scavenging process. Modeled NH3 gas profiles regenerate slowly with time after storm termination.
Experimental confirmation of the Osipov-Terentjev theory on the viscosity of nematic liquid crystals

A simple electro-optical technique was developed for measuring the rotational viscosity of nematic liquid crystals. These results were then used to confirm the newly developed Osipov-Terentjev (OT) theory [M. A. Osipov and E. M. Terentjev, Z. Naturforsch. A 44, 785 (1989)]. Another theory frequently used, the Diogo-Martins theory [A. C. Diogo and A. F. Martins, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 66, 133 (1981)], is also used for comparison. By comparing the OT theory with experimental results of some Leslie coefficients, the activation energy, mean-field potential, fourth order of the nematic order parameter, and molecular length-to-width ratio of a liquid-crystal compound are obtained. The mean-field coupling constant is found to be about 1.8 ${\mathit{kT}}_{\mathit{c}}$, which is somewhat lower than the Maier-Saupe theoretical value of 4.5 ${\mathit{kT}}_{\mathit{c}}$.
The Dodo: from extinction to the fossil record

The dodo, Raphus cucullatus (Aves, Columbidae), has become one of the most famous birds in the world, a true icon of extinction. Known from a few contemporary illustrations and accounts, probably more has been written about it than any other species, yet we know practically nothing about the bird in life. Recent excavations on Mauritius are now revealing the ecology and habitat of this iconic bird, and providing new information as to why it was so vulnerable to human interference.
Behavioral and self‐reported aggression as a function of domain‐specific self‐esteem

On the basis of a domain-specific theory of self-esteem, it was hypothesized that functionally distinct domains of self-esteem would predict aggression differentially. Participants completed self-report measures of self-perceived superiority, mate value, social inclusion, and global self-esteem, as well as of aggression. Self-assessed mate value emerged as a reliable, positive predictor, and social inclusion as a reliable inverse predictor, of self-reported hostility and aggression. In a subsequent laboratory experiment, in which participants had an opportunity to aggress against the source of positive or negative feedback about a personal essay that they had written, mate value again predicted increased aggression, whereas global self-esteem predicted decreased aggression. These main effects were moderated by the feedback manipulation, such that their respective simple effects were only present among participants that received negative feedback.