cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Vasovagal” Response during Ventricular Fibrillation: Incidence and Implications

Background The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between changes in sinus node cycle length (SNCL) during ventricular fibrillation (VF) and the peripheral changes in blood pressure (BP) and sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in human subjects. We hypothesized that patients with no SNCL shortening during VF have a vasovagal-like response with a greater decrease in BP and SNA when compared to patients with SNCL shortening. Methods SNCL, BP, and SNA recordings were attempted in 24 patients undergoing the implantation of a dual-chamber implantable defibrillator. Changes were measured during the first 5 seconds of VF and compared with the 5 seconds prior to VF induction. Results SNCL shortened during VF in nine patients (mean%∆SNCL = –12 ± 8%) and remained unchanged or lengthened in seven patients (mean%∆SNCL = 7 ± 7%). Eight patients had ventriculoatrial (VA) conduction prohibiting assessment of SNCL changes. In patients with SNCL shortening, the %∆MBP (mean BP) was –47 ± 6% compared to –58 ± 8% in patients with no SNCL shortening (P < 0.01). In patients with VA conduction, the %∆MBP was –54 ± 3%. SNA recordings were successfully obtained in four patients. When compared to baseline, SNA increased by 34 ± 30% in two patients with SNCL shortening, decreased by 25% in one patient with SNCL lengthening, and by 90% in the fourth patient with VA conduction. Conclusions We have shown that patients with no SNCL shortening have a significantly greater decrease in MBP during VF when compared to patients with SNCL shortening. The underlying mechanism appears to be reflex mediated with a vasovagal-like response in patients with no SNCL shortening.
Cooperation, Conflict, and Canadian Identity in the Interpretation of the Arctic Region

The Arctic - the undiscovered, expanse, at the top of the world. In a world that has seen unprecedented change and development, the Arctic is still an undiscovered, underappreciated, and understudied realm. This region has become an increasingly important area as Russia and Canada, struggle for control over the frozen mass that sits conveniently on top of the world, while also exploring conceptions of national identity. This paper will discuss what control of the region means in a geopolitical sense and how it plays into Canada's sense of identity, balanced against Russian designs on the region which also concern a sense of national identity. Historical, military, environmental, and cultural forces are all at play, but this article will delve into an analysis of national identity politics, developing connections between the Arctic and Canada that warrant increased Canadian awareness of the Arctic's geopolitical significance. The article's hypothesis is that control of the Arctic is an important cultural representation of power, and that Canada's cultural identity is intertwined with the region to such an extent that Canada must exert strong influence in the area in order to promote its sovereignty and to encourage the appreciation of Canadian identity and the development of Canada's expanded presence in the international arena.
The Importance of Research Design in Political Science

R eceiving five serious reviews in this symposium is gratifying and confirms our belief that research design should be a priority for our discipline. We are pleased that our five distinguished reviewers appear to agree with our unified approach to the logic of inference in the social sciences, and with our fundamental point: that good quantitative and good qualitative research designs are based fundamentally on the same logic of inference. The reviewers also raised virtually no objections to the main practical contribution of our book-our many specific procedures for avoiding bias, getting the most out of qualitative data, and making reliable inferences. However, the reviews make clear that although our book may be the latest word on research design in political science, it is surely not the last. We are taxed for failing to include important issues in our analysis and for dealing inadequately with some of what we included. Before responding to the reviewers' most direct criticisms, let us explain what we emphasize in Designing Social Inquiry and how it relates to some of the points raised by the reviewers.
Fusion and Frustration: Dimensions in the Cross- Cultural Ethnopsychology of Suicide

“Sociological” explanations of suicide have not been adequate to explain the varying forms and rates of suicide cross-culturally. Viewing the interrelationship of child rearing, social structure, and cultural values in light of a theory that stresses the “magical thinking” aspect of suicide offers an alternative explanation for cross-cultural variation.
Component duration effects in multiple schedules

Previous research has produced conflicting results regarding the effects of component duration on interactions in multiple schedules. In Experiment 1, potential sources of this conflict were evaluated. Both the effects of absolute reinforcement rate and carry-over effects (hysteresis) from a preceding condition were isolated. When 10-sec components were used, the sensitivity of relative response rate to relative reinforcement rate was affected very little by hysteresis effects and absolute reinforcement rate, but it was systematically reduced as a function of the number of prior conditions. Sensitivity to relative reinforcement rate was also substantially higher with the 10-sec components than with 2-min components. In Experiment 2, this effect of component duration was decomposed into two separate effects. Contrast effects during presentation of a target component with a constant reinforcement rate were greater the shorter the target component was itself; but they were smaller the shorter the alternative component in which reinforcement rate was varied. The latter effect was smaller and more unreliable across subjects. The existence of these two separate effects demonstrates that the usual method of studying component duration—that is, holding all components equal in duration—systematically causes underestimation of the effects of the component duration, and obscures the different processes controlling the two effects.
The public health approach to occupational injury research: From surveillance to prevention

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in the US uses the public health model as the framework for occupational injury prevention research. This model is described, along with where we have made progress in this research process, and where we need to focus our efforts in the future. The specific role of surveillance in research and prevention of occupational injuries is also discussed, as well as the importance of partnership efforts to facilitate the transfer of research to practice. Suggestions are provided for stimulating a global approach to surveillance and to the transfer of research to practice.
Design and operation of an algal photobioreactor system.

Abstract A photobioreactor system has been designed, constructed, and implemented to achieve efficient oxygen production for a closed ecological life support system (CELSS). The special features of this system are the optical transmission system, uniform light distribution, continuous cycling of cells, gravity-independent gas exchange, and an ultrafiltration unit. The fiber optic based optical transmission system illuminates the reactor internally and includes a light source which is external to the reactor, preventing heat generation problems. Uniform light distribution is achieved throughout the reactor without interfering with the turbulent regime inside. The ultrafiltration unit exchanges spent with fresh media and its use results in very high cell densities, up to 10 9 cells/ml for Chlorella vulgaris . The prototype photobioreactor system was operated in a batch and continuous mode for over two months. The oxygen production rate measured at 4–6 mmoles per liter of the culture per hour under continuous operation, is consistent with the expected performance of the unit for the provided light intensity.
Childhood abuse, chronic pain, and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey

OBJECTIVE: The current study examined the effects of childhood sexual and physical abuse on reports of pain in men and women (N=1,727). METHODS: Data from the National Comorbidity Survey, a nationally representative sample, were utilized. Childhood experiences of physical and sexual abuse were assessed, and pain reports in relation to current health problems were obtained. Regression and mediation analyses were used to examine the relationship between childhood abuse and current pain reports and to determine whether depression mediated this relationship. RESULTS: Individuals who experienced abuse reported more health problems compared to those participants without abuse histories. Among participants with a current health problem, those who experienced abuse reported more pain compared to those participants without abuse histories. Because childhood abuse is associated with depression and depression is associated with more reported pain, the influence of depression on the relationship between childhood abuse and adult pain reports was examined. After controlling for differences between the abused and non-abused participants on specific health problems, depression was not found to have mediated the relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood abuse was associated with more reported pain. The higher rate of depression found among adults who experienced childhood abuse was not the primary factor for these increased pain reports. Rather, childhood abuse and depression independently contributed to pain reports. Treatment of both underlying problems (i.e., pain and depression) is recommended in addressing the needs of abused individuals with these comorbid disorders. Language: en
Embedding a function into a haar space

Conditions de plongement d'une fonction continue dans un espace de Haar de fonctions continues
Hierarchy in the assembly of HLA-B27 and HLA-Cw3 molecules in transgenic mice

Cell surface expression of human class I molecules in transgenic mice is dependent upon the available pool of β2-microglobulin (β2m) and the affinity between mouse β2m and human class I molecules. HLA-B27 and HLA-Cw3 transgenes can be expressed in mouse strains of the H-2 haplotypes b,f,k, and s which encode two endogenous class I genes mapping to H-2K and H-2D. The human class I genes cannot be expressed on H-2dand H-2qhaplotypes which encode three endogenous class I molecules (K,D,L). This suggests that there may be only enough mouse β2m molecules to support three class I molecules. When both the HLA-B27 and HLA-Cw3 genes are introduced into H-2bmice, only HLA-Cw3 reaches the cell surface. This suggests that HLA-Cw3 has a higher affinity than HLA-B27 for mouse β2m. The possible implications of our findings regarding the assembly, transport, and expression of class I MHC molecules in vivo are discussed.
Stacked lattice boxes

We study the number of solutions of the Diophantine equationn=x1x2+x2x3+x3x4+...+xkxk+1 The combinatorial interpretation of this equation provides the name “stacked lattices boxes”. The study of these objects unites three separate threads in number theory: (1) the Liouville methods, (2) MacMahon's partitions withk different parts, (3) the asymptotics of divisor sums begun by Ingham.
Finding process in product: Prewriting and revision in timed essay responses

Abstract It is widely assumed that the constraints of timed essay exams will make it virtually impossible for students to engage in the major hallmarks of the writing process, especially revision, in testing situations. This paper presents the results of a study conducted at Washington State University in the Spring of 2008. The study examined the occurrence of prewriting and revision in 890 timed essay responses as well as the impact of writing process on student scores. It was found that both prewriting and revision occur more frequently in timed essays than was previously realized. While prewriting corresponded to higher scores, revision corresponded to lower scores. These results encourage composition scholars to reevaluate their assumptions about both the validity of timed writing exams and the efficacy of current practices in teaching the writing process.
Immunodetection of Africanized honey bee (Hymenoptera: apidae) specific proteins

Abstract Four native honey bee proteins (AMP-1, -2, -3, -4) were detected on the IEF gel by the polyclonal antiserum at 1:1000 dilution in immunoblotting. AMP-1 and/or AMP-2 were found in all Africanized honey bees (AHB). AMP-3 was found in 88% of AHB. All European honey bees (EHB) had only AMP-4. However, AMP-4 was also found in 53% of AHB. The same antiserum detected three denatured proteins on the SDS-PAGE gel with M r s around 39,000, 42,000 and 60,000. All three were found in AHB and EHB.
The host range of beet yellowing viruses among common arable weed species

Twenty common arable weed species were inoculated using Myzus persicae to transmit beet yellows virus (BYV), beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV), and an isolate of beet western yellows viruses (BWYV) that did not infect beet. The viruses were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in which monoclonal antibodies distinguished between BMYV and BWYV, and by aphid transmissions to indicator host plants. Spergula arvensis, Stellaria media, Lamium purpureum and Papaver rhoeas were susceptible to all three viruses whereas Senecio vulgaris, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Anagallis arvensis and Chrysanthemum segetum were susceptible to both BMYV and BWYV, and Matricaria perforata, Raphanus raphanistrum, Veronica persica, Urtica urens and Viola arvensis were susceptible to BWYV only. Atriplex patula, Chenopodium album and Portulaca oleracea were susceptible to BYV only. Myosotis arvensis, Silene alba, Poa annua and Solanum nigrum were not susceptible to any of the viruses. Portulaca oleracea was shown for the first time to be a host of BYV, and C. segetum a host of BMYV and BWYV. In spring 1991, 8% of weeds sampled in a field of autumn-sown oilseed rape contained BWYV. Tests on weeds collected from an area of ‘set-side’ adjacent to sugar beet showed that 3% contained BMYV and 3% BWYV. No sampled weeds were infected with BYV. The role of weeds in the epidemiology of sugar beet virus yellows is discussed.
Subpicosecond probing of vibrational energy transfer at surfaces

Subpicosecond infrared pump-probe techniques are applied to the excited vibrational state dynamics of adsorbed CO on Pt(111). The CO (v = 1) adlayer is probed as a function of IR pump fluence and CO coverage (0.1 ≤ ΘCO ≤ 0.5 ML). Spectral shifts in the transient CO vibrational spectrum are observed, indicative of a shift to lower frequency of the CO internal stretch mode as the degree of excitation of the adlayer is increased. The observed transient spectral response is discussed in terms of density matrix models which address the coherence time of the adlayer (v = 1) excitation, and in terms of the excited state spectral characteristics of strongly coupled anharmonic oscillators. The two-to-three picosecond recovery time of the transient response is consistent with relaxation through electron-hole pair creation.
Self-organized growth, ripening, and optical properties of wide-bandgap II–VI quantum dots

Abstract We discuss the formation of self-assembling II–VI quantum dots during MBE growth, with emphasis on CdSe dots grown on ZnSe. AFM measurements on specimens with uncapped dots show relatively narrow dot size distributions, with typical dot diameters of 35 ± 5nm. Uncapped CdSe dots are unstable with time, showing clear evidence of ripening. Photoluminescence from capped dots indicates strong exciton localization, as evidenced by very intense PL emission even at relatively high temperatures.
Divorce transition differences of midlife women.

Divorce transition experienced by and its influence upon midlife women's health is not fully understood. Interviews were conducted with 24 divorced women who self-classified into decider status groups: initiator (who first decided to end marriage), non-initiator (recipient of end of marriage decision), and mutual decider (shared decision to end marriage). Interpretive content analysis involving pattern coding was conducted. The divorce transition by initiators (n = 8) included self-focused growth, optimism, and social support losses and opportunities, while the divorce transition by non-initiators (n = 8) included being left, ruminating, vulnerability, and spiritual comfort. No profile emerged for the mutual-decider group (n = 8). This study supports that differences in divorce transition exist for initiators and non-initiators.
Delirium: an embedding coordination language

Parallel programs consist of a group of sequentially executing sub-computations which cooperate to solve a problem. To exploit existing sequential code and available optimization tools, programmers usually choose to write these sub-computations in traditional imperative languages such as C and Fortran. A coordination language expresses data exchange and synchronization among such sub-computations. Current coordination languages support a variety of interaction models. Delirium introduces a new, more restrictive coordination model that provides the benefit of deterministic execution without requiring programmers to re-write large amounts of code. Current coordination languages are embedded; they work through the insertion of coordination primitives within a host language. Delirium is the first example of an embedding coordination language. A Delirium program is a compact representation of a framework for accomplishing a task in parallel.
Reference and Crop Evapotranspiration in South Central Nebraska. II: Measurement and Estimation of Actual Evapotranspiration for Corn

In planning, designing, and managing of surface and groundwater supply, it is essential to accurately quantify actual evapotranspiration ( ETc ) from various vegetation surfaces within the water supply areas to allow water management agencies to manipulate the land use pattern alternatives and scenarios to achieve a desired balance between water supply and demand. However, significant differences among water regulatory agencies and water users exist in terms of methods used to quantify ETc . It is essential to know the potential differences associated with using various empirical equations in quantifying ETc as compared with the measurements of this critical variable. We quantified and analyzed the differences associated with using 15 grass ( ETo ) and alfalfa-reference ( ETr ) combination, temperature and radiation-based reference ET ( ETref ) equations in quantifying grass-reference actual ET ( ETco ) and alfalfa-reference actual ET ( ETcr ) as compared with the Bowen ratio energy balance system (BREBS)...
70.4L: Late-News Paper: Flexible Amorphous Silicon PIN Diode Sensor Array Process Compatible with Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide Transistors

A flexible PIN diode sensor array process has been successfully demonstrated. Device fabrication of the thin film transistor (TFT) backplane occurred below 200 °C on a polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrate using indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) with a saturation mobility of 13.5 cm2/V-s as the active semiconductor. The increased mobility enables the fabrication of higher speed and higher resolution sensor arrays in comparison to current amorphous silicon (a-Si) technology.
Using survival curve comparisons to inform patient decision making can a practice exercise improve understanding

BACKGROUND: Patients often face medical decisions that involve outcomes that occur and change over time. Survival curves are a promising communication tool for patient decision support because they present information about the probability of an outcome over time in a simple graphic format. However, previous studies of survival curves did not measure comprehension, used face-to-face explanations, and focused on a VA population.
Role of software in developing managerial decision strategies

Model management systems (MMS) empower decision makers throughout the problem‐solving phases by providing operations research and management science (OR/MS) models as well as the knowledge to build or use such models. Managerial problem solving typically involves a wide range of modeling activities, i.e., definition, retrieval, modification, execution, modification, and integration of decision models. This research stems from the basic premise that, given the problem, decision aiding software such as MMS can reach its highest level of performance when the necessary modeling activities are adequately supported, subsequently enhancing the quality of the decisions made by the users. Reported in this paper are the results from an experiment involving two versions of MMS used by naive modelers in two decision‐making settings. Through this study, we learn that the decision‐making behavior of software users, especially the way they develop their decision strategies, is considerably influenced by the capability of the software.
Optimal photon energies with respect to absorbed dose for visualization of soft tissue masses within adipose tissue

The photon energies which maximize the signal to noise ratio per unit absorbed dose (optimal photon energies) have been calculated for detection of soft tissue masses within adipose tissue 3--15 cm thick. The detection task simulates mammography in women with fatty breasts. Ideal, plain film and calcium tungstate screen-film systems were considered in the analysis. Net photographic density is not incorporated into this model; therefore, the optimal photon energy with respect to the signal to noise ratio per unit absorbed dose may not be the same as the photon energy which results in maximum film density per unit absorbed dose. Therefore, the model has limited applicability to film or screen-film systems. However, it is directly applicable to digital systems where brightness and contrast can be adjusted.
Modeling granular segregation in flow from quasi-three-dimensional, wedge-shaped hoppers

Granular materials may segregate upon processing and handling based on differences in particle properties such as size, density, or shape. In most instances, this segregation is problematic in that product quality is usually dependent on maintaining homogeneity of the blend. The present work investigates the causes and extent of segregation of granular materials during discharge from a hopper using the discrete element method. A quasi-three-dimensional, wedge-shaped hopper is modeled using two parallel periodic boundary conditions. The effects of various particle properties, such as diameter ratio, mean size, and mass fraction of each species, as well as hopper geometries, such as the height, width, outlet width, and wall angle, on the segregation results are examined. Additionally, the effects of friction coefficient and hopper fill methods are investigated. Results show that many factors affect the extent of segregation during hopper discharge, but some of the key factors include the particle diameter ratio, mass fraction, and ratio of hopper outlet to mean particle diameter as well as the hopper wall angle and wall roughness. Additionally, the method used to fill the hopper is shown to play a significant role in determining the segregation upon discharge. Visualization of the internal hopper flow patterns gives insight into the causes of segregation, which then aids in the proposal of various recommendations for reducing the extent of segregation during hopper discharge.
Thermal modeling of multi-gate field effect transistors based on a reduced order model

A dynamic reduced-order thermal model based on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is presented and applied to semiconductor structures, including a multi-fin multi-gate field effective transistor (MuGFET) structure with metal contacts and metal/poly wires. It is shown that the dynamic POD models generated under the conditions of synchronized power pulses are able to respond to unsynchronized pulses with shifts in time. It has been demonstrated that the accurate POD model offers thermal solution as detailed as direct numerical simulation (DNS) and is able to reduce numerical degrees of freedom by 5 to 6 orders of magnitude.
Hetastarch increases the risk of bleeding complications in patients after off-pump coronary bypass surgery: a randomized clinical trial.

Objective Hetastarch is an artificial colloid widely used intraoperatively in fluid-replacement regimens. Previous studies have found that the intraoperative administration of hetastarch may increase the risk of postoperative bleeding in patients who undergo coronary artery bypass graft surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Previous published reports have not examined this risk in patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods In a randomized clinical trial, 156 patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting were assigned to receive either 1 liter of hetastarch or 1 liter of albumin as part of intraoperative volume replacement. Sample recruitment was halted in a review per protocol by the study's Data Safety Monitoring Committee. We assessed the rate of postoperative bleeding by monitoring the number of units of blood products transfused in the first 24 postoperative hours in the intensive care unit and the hourly chest tube drainage in the first 12 postoperative hours. Results Intraoperative administration of 1 liter of hetastarch was associated with statistically significant increases in 3 measures: transfusion requirements on postoperative day 1 (red blood cells, 1.14 vs 0.40 units, P = .017; fresh-frozen plasma, 0.57 vs 0.15, P = .009; platelets, 0.35 vs 0.10, P = .013); the overall likelihood of receiving transfusion on postoperative day 1 (46.2% vs 25.6%, P = .012); and the volume of chest tube drainage in the first 12 hours postoperatively (732.0 vs 563.6 mL, P Conclusion In patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass, the intraoperative administration of hetastarch increases the postoperative transfusion requirement and the volume of blood drained postoperatively.
Human Herpes Viruses in Pregnancy: Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr Virus, and Varicella Zoster Virus

Viruses of the human herpesvirus family can have profound effects on pregnancy. Primary maternal infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) and varicella during pregnancy has been associated with fetal abnormalities and neonatal disease. Public awareness of the role of cytomegalovirus in the etiology of developmental disorders and chronic disabilities needs to increase. With time, we may see new interventions for treatment of infected pregnant women and prevention of long-term effects. Attention must be focused on development of a safe and effective vaccine. With the introduction of an efficacious varicella vaccine, the rate of varicella in pregnancy is expected to decrease dramatically. Physicians caring for women have the opportunity to prevent the complications of varicella by identifying and vaccinating susceptible women.
Update on OSHA's PSM national emphasis programs

Since 2007, the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has initiated two major national emphasis programs (NEPs) in process safety. The Petroleum Refinery Process Safety Management (PSM) NEP (Refinery NEP) was effective on June 7, 2007; the PSM Covered Chemical Facilities NEP (Chemical NEP) was effective on July 27, 2009. This article provides an update on the findings of these NEPs, including specific items cited and challenges encountered. Published 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Intersections of coarse shear bands in polystyrene

Three types of intersection between coarse shear bands are described. The first is the most numerous and happens in a single compression. The two bands shear each other. The reason why a new band can be sheared by an existing old band seems to be that it is easier for the new band to propagate along the striation direction of the old band rather than along its own direction. The merging of striations, the stretching of molecules, and the displacement of bands are described in some detail. The second type of intersection can be created by two mutually perpendicular compressions. As in the first type, the material inside the intersection is sheared twice, first by the old band and then by the new band. However, unlike the first, the two shears are in opposite directions in the second type of intersection. Both intersections cause sufficient disturbances so that microcracks and new shear bands (both coarse and fine bands) are generated to relieve some stresses. A third type of intersection which takes place also during two mutually perpendicular compressions has a small angle of intersection. The two shears of the material in the intersection are also in nearly opposite directions. However, the disturbance is so small that no microcracks or new shear bands are generated. As a result the bands offer little resistance to each other at the intersection of the third type. For all three types of intersection, the displacement of one band corresponds approximately to the shear strain of the other intersecting band. These observations suggest that molecular ordering or directional defects exist in the coarse shear bands in polystyrene.
Exploiting communication concurrency on high performance computing systems

Although logically available, applications may not exploit enough instantaneous communication concurrency to maximize hardware utilization on HPC systems. This is exacerbated in hybrid programming models such as SPMD+OpenMP. We present the design of a "multi-threaded" runtime able to transparently increase the instantaneous network concurrency and to provide near saturation bandwidth, independent of the application configuration and dynamic behavior. The runtime forwards communication requests from application level tasks to multiple communication servers. Our techniques alleviate the need for spatial and temporal application level message concurrency optimizations. Experimental results show improved message throughput and bandwidth by as much as 150% for 4KB bytes messages on InfiniBand and by as much as 120% for 4KB byte messages on Cray Aries. For more complex operations such as all-to-all collectives, we observe as much as 30% speedup. This translates into 23% speedup on 12,288 cores for a NAS FT implemented using FFTW. We also observe as much as 76% speedup on 1,500 cores for an already optimized UPC+OpenMP geometric multigrid application using hybrid parallelism.
Rotational autoionization and energy levels of triplet nf, v=0 Rydberg states of H 2 s

We have measured the energy levels and purely rotational autoionization rates of 25 different triplet Rydberg states of the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecule with quantum numbers n=14--29, L=3, v=0, and R=2--4. Electron impact excites the ground-state molecules in a beam to the metastable c(2p)${\mathrm{}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Pi}}}_{\mathrm{u}}$ states. Two-color laser excitation from two counterpropagating single-mode cw dye laser beams excites the metastable molecules through an intermediate (3d)${\mathrm{}}^{3}$ \ensuremath{\Sigma} or (3d)${\mathrm{}}^{3}$ \ensuremath{\Pi} state to the triplet nf Rydberg states. The linewidths of the transitions to the Rydberg states give the autoionization rates, which vary widely and agree satisfactorily with the quadrupole-moment-polarizability long-range Coulomb interaction model. The laser transitions have been measured to 0.002 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ . We use these measurements, the model, and an extrapolation of the Rydberg series to derive the ionization potential of the metastable c(2p)${\mathrm{}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Pi}}}_{\mathrm{u}}$ v=0 states with an accuracy of 0.020 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and the energy difference between the singlet ground state and the triplet metastable c(2p)${\mathrm{}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Pi}}}_{\mathrm{u}}$ states with an accuracy of 0.025 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ . This allows the whole singlet and triplet manifolds of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ to be linked together with higher accuracy: our correction to Dieke's ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ triplet term values is -149.704(25) ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ .
Direct and indirect lymphocyte participation in the immunity and immunopathology of tropical canine pancytopenia—A review

Erlichia canis, a rickettsial pathogen which infects monocytes, induces generalized lymphocyte activation. Activated T lymphocytes differentiate into effector cells capable of destroying infected and uninfected monocytes and platelets. Activated B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells associated with plasmocytosis, hypergammaglobulinemia with high levels of specific antibody and a platelet migration inhibition factor. These effector mechanisms, aimed at parasite destruction, contribute to the pathogenesis of acute tropical canine pancytopenia and do not completely eliminate the etiologic agent. A carrier state of ‘infection-immunity’ exists between the immunocompetent host and virulent parasite. E. canis has evolved mechanisms of ‘tolerant-symbiosis’ with hostile macrophages and other effector cells in the immune host.
Improved Techniques in Using the Swan-Ganz Catheter

Abstract Techniques of fixation, isolation, changes of position, and passing to the distal pulmonary artery of the Swan-Ganz catheter are described. They have been used in 210 patients requiring long-term hemodynamic monitoring at the Deborah Heart and Lung Center.
The Chemistry of Social Life

Drawing on complexity theory, network autocatalytic mechanisms, and original historical case studies, the authors argue for the importance of intertwined networks in social and organizational transformations.
A Euclidean Perspective on the Unfolding of Azurin: Spatial Correlations.

We investigate the stability to structural perturbation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin using a previously developed geometric model. Our analysis considers Ru(2,2′,6′,2″-terpyridine)(1,10-phenanthroline)(His83)-labelled wild-type azurin and five variants with mutations to Cu-ligating residues. We find that in the early stages of unfolding, the β-strands exhibit the most structural stability. The conserved residues comprising the hydrophobic core are dislocated only after nearly complete unfolding of the β-barrel. Attachment of the Ru-complex at His83 does not destabilize the protein fold, despite causing some degree of structural rearrangement. Replacing the Cys112 and/or Met121 Cu ligands does not affect the conformational integrity of the protein. Notably, these results are in accord with experimental evidence, as well as molecular dynamics simulations of the denaturation of azurin.
Deformation following the 1994 Northridge Earthquake (M=6.7), Southern California

Following the 1994 Mw=6.7 Northridge earthquake, a 65-km-long, north-south array of 11 geodetic monuments was established across the rupture. The array was surveyed with GPS ten times in the 4.25 yr after the earthquake. Although there is evidence for modest nonlinear postseismic relaxation in the first few weeks after the Northridge earthquake, the deformation in the subsequent four years can be adequately described by constant station velocities. The observed S70°E velocity components are consistent with the deformation expected from steady strain accumulation on the San Andreas fault. The N20°E velocity components indicate that the southern Northridge fault block is moving almost as a unit N20°E with repect to the northern fault block, the motion being accommodated by a zone of convergence (width 20 km) at the north end of the Northridge rupture.
Algal growth in warm temperate reservoirs: kinetic examination of nitrogen, temperature, light, and other nutrients

Abstract Nutrient limited growth of the phytoplankton assemblage in two Texas reservoirs was studied by a combination of nutrient addition experiments and statistical modeling. Dilution bioassays were run to ascertain the qualitative and quantitative patterns in nutrient limitation. Algal growth was frequently and strongly nutrient limited, particularly when temperature was >22°C. By itself, N was more often stimulatory than P, though strong additional enhancement of growth by P and trace nutrients was often detected. Monod growth kinetics indicated that half-saturation constants for N limited growth for the entire algal assemblage were in the range 20–200 μg N/L, relatively high compared to literature values, and increased with increasing temperature. Maximal growth was also an increasing function of temperature. A single temperature-dependent model was fit to the growth dynamics for all experiments showing N-limitation. The model μ=0.0256·T([DIN]/66.0+[DIN]) where μ is specific growth rate (d−1), T is temperature (°C) and [DIN] is dissolved inorganic N (μmol/L) fit the experimental results reasonably well (r2=0.82). However, only a modest predictive power for growth in the controls (our best estimate of growth in situ) was achieved (r2=0.26). Thus, even with unusually detailed, site-specific fitting of model parameters, accurately modeling algal growth in natural ecosystems can remain a challenge.
Lexicographic History of “anesthesia”

When the first successful demonstration of ether anesthesia took place at the Massachusetts General Hospital on October 16, 1846, none of the surgeons present knew what agent was being used and the process had no name. The operative notes of the first three cases make no mention of the use of anesthesia at al1.t In later notes, there is a statement that “Dr. Morton’s preparation was exhibited” and it is only on December 12, 1846, that ether is mentioned.’ A suitable description of both agent and its use was assiduously explored by those involved. By early November, these physicians knew that sulfuric ether was being used and William Morton, who was applying for patents, was anxious to preserve the secrecy of the preparation employed. On November 2, at the home of Dr. A.A. Gould, where Morton boarded, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Henry Jacob Bigelow, and Morton met to propose a series of names for the procedure. Morton selected Z&eon, named for the underworld river Lethe, the waters of which induce forgetfulness. Holmes was not satisfied with the choice of terms and on November 21,1846, he wrote Morton his oft-quoted letter’:
Serum regulation of acetylcholinesterase in cultured myotubes.

Abstract A large (20S) collagen-tailed form of acetylcholinesterase associated with the neuromuscular junction appears in cultures of chick embryo muscle cells when horse serum is withdrawn from the medium. In this report, 10-day-old cultures were incubated 2 days in serum-free medium or in medium containing either horse, bovine, fetal calf, chicken, heat-treated horse or chicken serum, low ( 100K) molecular weight fractions of horse serum, or fibronectin. Total acetylcholinesterase activity and activity of the 20S form increased in medium without serum, with fetal calf serum and with the low-molecular-weight fraction of horse serum. The largest increase occurred with fibronectin. The results suggest that a factor(s) greater than 100K in adult sera inhibits total acetylcholinesterase production and formation of the 20S form of the enzyme.
Rayleigh-brillouin scattering and relaxation in hexafluoroethane (C2F6)☆

Abstract By using the generalized hydrodynamic theory of Weinberg, Kapral and Desai for C2F6, we have measured its vibrational relaxation time, τV = (2.1±0.1) × 10−8 sec-atm/p, and, for the first time, its rotational relaxation time, τr = (2.5±0.5) × 10−10 sec-atm/p.
Giant spin-isospin vibrations and the continuum spectra from the (p,n) reaction at forward angles☆

Abstract The giant Gamow-Teller (GT) resonance and the spin-isospin multipole vibrations are calculated in terms of the continuum RPA. The effective particle-hole interaction consists of the Migdal parameter g′ = 0.7 ( in units of ƒ; 2 μ π 2 ≈390 MeV · fm 3 ) and the one-pion exchange potential. The RPA response functions are obtained within the full 1p-1h space. In addition to the natural escaping width of the single particle, a constant spreading width for 1p-lh states is incorporated into the correlation function, which makes numerical calculations fast and feasible. The giant GT resonances in 90Zr and 208Pb collect, respectively, about 80% and 93% strengths of the sum-rule limit within the nucleon degrees of freedom. It is found that the strengths are further quenched by about 30% due to the coupling with the isobar Δ(1230)-hole configuration. The total quenching thus amounts to 0≈45% and ≈40% respectively in two cases, which is in fair agreement with experiment. The continuum cross section of the 90Zr(p, n) reaction at forward angles are calculated for spins up to J = 4 with both parities in the distorted-wave Born approximation. While the giant GT resonance is located at a low excitation energy h ω ≈ 17 MeV , the broad peaks of the dipole and quadrupole modes are found to dominate at h ω ≈ 25 and 35 MeV , respectively. The calculation fairly reproduces the experimental inclusive cross sections up to h ω ≈ 50 MeV .
Alterations in enrichment of NO3− and reduced-N in xylem exudate during and after extended plant exposure to 15NO3−

Distinctly different patterns of 15N enrichment were observed in the nitrate and reduced-N fractions of xylem exudate from soybean plants during and after 5 to 6 days of exposure to 15NO 3 − . Within 1 d after changes in solution NO 3 − label, more than 90% of the exudate NO 3 − originated from the exogenous supply. Alterations in the enrichment of exudate reduced-N were much slower, however, and the enrichment reached only 40% even after 5 d of continuous exposure to 15NO 3 − . Taking into account possible reduction of endogenous NO 3 − and delayed translocation of NO 3 − reduction products, it was concluded that root reduction could have contributed only 30 to 42% of the reduced-N found in the exudate.
Comparisons between finite element calculations and field measurements of room closure and pillar stress during retreat mining

Abstract Computer simulation of mine development and subsequent pillar extraction is used to generate quantitative estimates of room closure and pillar stresses at each stage of the mining sequence. These are compared with field measurements made in an underground coal mine worked by the room and pillar system of mining. The agreement between calculated and measured closures based on laboratory rock properties as input is encouraging; agreement between calculated and measured pillar stress changes is less so.
Detection of pathogens in foods: the current state-of-the-art and future directions

Over the last fifty years, microbiologists have developed reliable culture-based techniques to detect food borne pathogens. Although these are considered to be the "gold-standard," they remain cumbersome and time consuming. Despite the advent of rapid detection methods such as ELISA and PCR, it is clear that reduction and/or elimination of cultural enrichment will be essential in the quest for truly real-time detection methods. As such, there is an important role for bacterial concentration and purification from the sample matrix as a step preceding detection, so-called pre-analytical sample processing. This article reviews recent advancements in food borne pathogen detection and discusses future methods with a focus on pre-analytical sample processing, culture independent methods, and biosensors.
An Exact Solution of the Compressible-Flow Characteristics in Constant-Area Passages With Simultaneous Friction and Constant Heat Flux

An exact solution is presented for the flow of a compressible fluid in a constant-area passage in which wall friction is present and the total temperature of the fluid rises linearly with distance through the passage. For fluid properties that are invariant with temperature, this is specifically the case of constant heat flux. From this exact solution, an approximate simplified form is derived that should be applicable to predicting flow performance for most types of operatiom of constant-area heat exchangers. (auth)
Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 expression in the human corneal epithelium.

Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 (IGFBP3) is a high-affinity binding protein shown to regulate cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis in a variety of cellular systems. The primary aim of this study was to characterize IGFBP3 expression in the human corneal epithelium and in a corneal epithelial cell line and to establish a potential role for IGFBP3-mediated apoptotic signaling in corneal epithelial cells. Using a telomerase-immortalized human corneal epithelial (hTCEpi) cell line cultured in serum-free media and fresh human eye bank donor tissue, expression and localization of IGFBP3 were established in situ and in vitro by indirect immunofluorescence and western blotting. Real-time PCR was used to measure IGFBP3 mRNA levels following Trichostatin A (TSA) treatment and as a function of confluence. IGFBP3 protein levels were assessed in resting human tears and in conditioned media by western blotting as was the ability of recombinant human IGFBP3 protein to associate with the cell surface. Apoptotic signaling was assessed in vitro using TSA and recombinant human (rh)IGFBP3. Apoptosis was measured by Viability/Cytotoxicity, Annexin V, and TUNEL assays. IGFBP3 was localized to the plasma membrane of human corneal epithelial cells in situ and was upregulated in surface cells in the central cornea. IGFBP3 was secreted in conditioned media of growing cells, with a robust upregulation following confluence (P = 0.014) and differentiation. IGFBP3 was undetectable in human tears. Addition of TSA to the culture media resulted in an upregulation of IGFBP3 mRNA (P < 0.001) and protein. In addition, TSA treatment led to a significant increase in Annexin V positive cells at 18 and 24 h (P < 0.001) and TUNEL positive cells at 24 and 48 h (P < 0.001). The addition of rhIGFBP3 to the cell culture media appeared to induce occasional membrane blebbing, but cells failed to become positive with Annexin V or TUNEL. Taken together, these results demonstrate that cell membrane-associated IGFBP3 is produced by corneal epithelial cells and associates with the plasma membrane of superficial cells in situ and in cultured cells, but not present in human tears. The differential localization and effect(s) on apoptosis suggest that the effects of IGFBP3 are likely tissue compartment and receptor specific and may be regulated by glycosylation.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Growth Mechanism of Self-Assembled Dendritic CdS Nanorods

A simple evaporation-condensation method was used to investigate self-assembled CdS nanorods with different geometrical configurations. At the evaporation temperature of 800 °C, the growth of branc...
Actualización en la epidemiología de la preeclampsia: update

Preeclampsia is a complication of pregnancy characterized by inadequate placentation, resultant ischemia and failure of several maternal organs. Preeclampsia is one of the most serious conditions in pregnancy and a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Various risk factors and some protective factors have been reported associated to preeclampsia. Finally, women who develop preeclampsia during pregnancy are at higher risk of future diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular complications. In this article an update on the epidemiology of preeclampsia is presented. Keywords: Preeclampsia, prevalence, risk factors, protective factors, complications, maternal mortality, perinatal mortality.