cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of transects for resilient design: core theories and contemporary projects

The concept of the transect is derived from a scientific method of investigating a sequence of environments by sampling geographical cross-sections of the target region. Many environmental theorists, including Patrick Geddes and Ian McHarg, have adopted the transect to pursue an ideal relationship between nature and human settlement. Transect planning provides an essential perspective on and transdisciplinary platform for mitigating today's urban problems and social changes. Transects have been especially widely used in urban resilience projects designed to prepare for future uncertainties stemming from climate change. In this context, this study reveals the strengths of the transect method for urban resilience and landscape sustainability in the current era. This study first examines the theoretical background of the transect as evidenced in the history of environmental planning, including in the work of Patrick Geddes and Ian McHarg, as well as the study of contemporary urbanism. Additionally, this work describes the distinctive characteristics of the transect method through an analysis of recent urban resilience projects. Historically, transect use has furthered the pursuit of a synergistic relationship between nature and human beings. Leading theorists have adopted different perspectives on the environment and pursued various philosophies of urban planning. Many urban and landscape projects have actively taken advantage of the transect method and its foundation in ecological thinking. Through an examination of certain contemporary urban resilience projects, the main characteristics of the transect method can be deduced, including: (1) multiscale and multidirectional analysis, (2) spatiotemporal design, and (3) heterogeneous patterning. This method-oriented research offers new insights into the current study of landscape ecology, landscape architecture, and environmental planning, and reveals the potential of the transect method for resilient design.
The Invention of the Maghreb: Between Africa and the Middle East

Under French colonial rule, the region of the Maghreb emerged as distinct from two other geographical entities that, too, are colonial inventions: the Middle East and Africa. In this book, Abdelmajid Hannoum demonstrates how the invention of the Maghreb started long before the conquest of Algiers and lasted until the time of independence, and beyond, to our present. Through an interdisciplinary study of French colonial modernity, Hannoum examines how colonialism made extensive use of translations of Greek, Roman, and Arabic texts and harnessed high technologies of power to reconfigure the region and invent it. In the process, he analyzes a variety of forms of colonial knowledge including historiography, anthropology, cartography, literary work, archaeology, linguistics, and racial theories. He shows how local engagement with colonial politics and its modes of knowledge were instrumental in the modern making of the region, including in its postcolonial era, as a single unit divorced from Africa and from the Middle East.
Implementation of a Multi-Modal Palliative Care Curriculum for Pediatric Residents.

Objectives:To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of a new multi-modal pediatric palliative care curriculum. We sought to determine the effect on comfort in palliative care, knowledge, and change...
Transglutaminase 2 Inhibition for Prevention of Mucosal Damage in Celiac Disease.

Celiac disease is a T-cell–mediated enteropathy induced by dietary gluten that shares many features with organ-specific autoimmune disorders.1 Celiac disease requires the presence of autoantibodies...
The Role of Exercise in Parkinson’s Disease:

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system. While it primarily affects motor function, patients eventually develop non-motor symptoms including depression, anxiety, and eventually dementia. Although there is currently no cure, treatment is aimed largely at improving quality of life though medication or surgical techniques to reduce motor symptoms. However, there is vast evidence of the benefits of physical activity as adjunct therapy for Parkinson's disease. In this review, we analyze 31 studies or reviews and highlight the role of exercise and rehabilitation in PD treatment. This study serves to provide clinicians with a comprehensive resource of the wide variety of exercises with proven benefit for patients affected by Parkinson's disease. Specifically, patients report significant improvements in motor function, cognition, mood and sleep habits.
Neural pathways linking hypoxia with pectoral fin movements in Danio rerio

Abstract Zebrafish larvae respond to hypoxia by increasing a number of ventilatory behaviors. During development, these animals switch from skin-resident to gill-resident neuroendocrine cells around 7 days post fertilization (d.p.f.) to detect hypoxia and drive adaptive behaviors. Here, we probe the neural pathways that receive inputs from skin-resident neuroendocrine cells and alter pectoral fin movements. We first show that a 5 d.p.f. larva increases its pectoral fin movements and heart activity upon hypoxia exposure. Next, we map the downstream neural circuitry and show that individual vagal sensory neurons receive inputs from multiple oxygen-sensing neuroendocrine cells. We then use calcium imaging to show that neurons in the second, but not third, vagal sensory ganglia show increases in the magnitude of their hypoxia-evoked responses. Finally, we link purinergic signaling between neuroendocrine cells and second vagal sensory neurons to increases in pectoral fin movements. Collectively, we suggest that vagal sensory neurons transform hypoxic stimuli into respiratory behaviors.
A Trajectory Analysis of Billy Dixon's Long Shot

At the Second Battle of Adobe Walls, in June 1874, Billy Dixon shot an Indian at a range of 1538 yd, give or take just a few. A computer analysis of this trajectory indicates that the bullet drop would have been 3823.8 in., the time of flight 4.838 s, and the windage adjustment would have been 337.8 in.
Health Insurance Reforms: Once in a Lifetime Change or Same as it Ever Was?

In this article, we consider how the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (PPACA) will change the nature of health insurance. To do so, we begin with a discussion of private health insurance basics: what is insurance and how is it regulated today? We then consider the overall health reform package with particular emphasis on the role insurers play in the quest to expand access to quality care while controlling costs. We examine the game-change which looms in 2014: the institution of insurance exchanges combined with promises of guaranteed issue and an individual mandate. Next, we review the underwriting and consumer protection reforms built into PPACA. With this backdrop, we look into the crystal ball to consider whether health reform will, indeed, change the nature of insurance.
Design rationale: concepts, techniques, and use

From the Publisher: The design of computer systems capable of understanding and effectively meeting human needs is of great importance to our economy and well-being. It is generally agreed by those who have studied design that we can greatly improve the ultimate systems by improving the way we go about designing them. Researchers and practitioners in a variety of fields have been involved in this effort. The concept of design rationale, the why of designing, has emerged as a key to making design processes more intelligible and easier to deal with. Design rationale refers broadly to issues in the methods, documentation, and communication of design thinking. This book offers the most comprehensive account to date on research into design rationale. The authors report on leading-edge theory and empirical studies of the nature and use of design rationale. They also describe the significance of design rationale for creating design tools and for teaching designers. Finally, they discuss the nature of system design and the use of design rationale in real design settings in industry.
Antibodies to native and denatured DNA: Quantitation using an immuno-slot-blot technique

The attachment of DNA to nitrocellulose by suction filtration has been used as a prelude to DNA hybridization experiments, and several filter manifolds for this purpose are available. One suction manifold, the ‘Minifold II slot-blotter’, creates small, rectangular slots of bound DNA which can be probed using immunoenzymatic techniques and then evaluated with quantitative scanning densitometry. We applied this technique to the detection and quantitation of naturally occurring anti-DNA antibodies. After probing slot-blots of native or denatured DNA with human sera, the slot-blots were stained using an alkaline phosphatase second antibody system. The serum concentration of anti-DNA antibodies was determined by comparing the peak areas of the positive blots to a standard IgG curve. When native DNA was used as a substrate, these serum concentrations correlated well with the anti-DNA titer as measured by the Crithidia luciliae indirect immunofluorescence assay.
Knowledge, Strategy, and the Theory of the Firm

This paper argues that firms have particular institutional capabilities that allow them to protect knowledge from expropriation and imitation more effectively than market contracting. I argue that it is these generalized institutional capabilities that allow firms to generate and protect the unique resources and capabilities that are central to the strategic theory of the firm.
Redesigning the Identities of Teachers and Leaders: A Framework for Studying New Professionalism and Educator Resistance.

Neoliberal reforms of public education do more than shape policy and curriculum; they also influence educators’ understanding of themselves as professionals, driving at the very core of what it means to be a teacher or leader. This article explores the effects of Neoliberal policies and New Public Management pracitces on teachers and principals and the ways they result in a “new professionalism.” The authors provide a framework for studying how these new polices and practices might be resisted, as well as a description of characteristics of the new professional and what professionalism might look like if it were grounded in community and advocacy.
Is There a Latin American Foreign Policy

Latin American Nations in World Politics Edited by Heraldo Munoz and Joseph S. Tulchin Foreign Policy and Regionalism in the Americas Edited by Gordon Mace and Jean-Philippe Therien
Association tendency of β-lactoglobulin AB purified by gel permeation chromatography as determined by dynamic light scattering under quiescent conditions*

Abstract Association properties of β-lactoglobulin AB (β-Lg) fractionated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was studied using dynamic light scattering (DLS) at a concentration of 5% w/v and pH 7.0 from 25 to 70°C. β-Lg fraction with a molecular weight of 18.4 kDa by GPC (monomeric) showed self-association at 25°C. At 25°C ~58% of the protein had an apparent mean diameter 45°C indicating that some degree of denaturation occurs even at 45°C. The amount of aggregate 65°C. Data indicate that β-Lg that was monomeric during GPC, where a linear velocity gradient may exist, was associated even at 25°C under quiescent conditions of the DLS experiments. Association increased progressively with temperature and denaturation, as observed by the formation of large aggregation, starting at 45°C.
The systems FeCr and FeNi: Thermochemistry and phase equilibria

Abstract A computerized linear programming technique has been utilized to analyze phase diagram data together with other solution thermochemistry information in order to deduce heats, excess entropies and free energies of mixing as functions of temperature and composition in the systems FeNi and FeCr. The excess free energy functions deduced are ΔF Liq XS = N Fe N Ni [N Fe (−3065 + 0.528 T) + N Ni (−5960 + 1.095 T)] for the liquid ΔF Sol XS = N Fe N Ni [N Fe (−1920 + 0.208 T) + N Ni (−5255 + 0.875 T)] for the f.c.c. solid solution and ΔF Liq XS = N Fe N Cr [N Fe (521 − 0.732 T) + N Cr (5090 − 2.530 T)] for the liquid ΔF Sol XS = N Fe N Cr [N Fe (5940 − 3.235 T) + N Cr (5950 − 2.154 T)] for the b.c.c. solid solution. The equilibrium segregation coefficient of Cr in dilute solution with Fe as the solvent has been shown to be significantly larger than previously believed.
Assessment of ethanol production options for corn products

Abstract The production of ethanol from corn fiber has the potential to increase ethanol yields by a maximum of 0.3 gal/bushel in a wet-milling process. Incremental yields would be 0.13 gal/bushel from hexose, 0.1 from d -xylose and 0.07 from l -arabinose, at 100% hydrolysis and fermentation efficiency. At 80% efficiency for hexose hydrolysis and fermentation, and 70% for pentose, an incremental yield of 0.22 gallons/bushel of corn is expected. Of this total, 0.1 gal/bushel would be from hexoses, 0.07 from d -xylose, and 0.05 from l arabinose. A maximum practical incremental yield would probably fall between 0.22 and 0.3 gallons/bushel. These calculations are based on published compositional analyses of cellulose, starch, mono-saccharides, hemicellulose, protein and oil as distributed between the compartmentalized components of the corn kernel and published yield factors for hexose and pentose fermentations. Experimental yield factors for xylose (0.36 g ethanol/g xylose) and arabinose (0.34) fermenting microorganisms are lower than that for glucose (0.45–0.50), and significantly less than the theoretical yield of 0.51 g ethanol/g pentose. Nonetheless, we estimate that a wet-milling facility which currently produces 100 million gallons/year of ethanol from starch could generate an additional $4–8 million of annual income if the fiber components were processed into ethanol. Hence, advances in fiber pretreatment and pentose fermentation are likely to have a major impact on enhancing productivity of corn ethanol plants. An engineering framework for assigning economic consequences of the additional utilization of fiber is presented.
Cells of origin of the spinohypothalamic tract in the rat.

We recently demonstrated that large numbers of neurons in the spinal cord of rats project directly to the hypothalamus. In the present study, we used the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG) to examine this projection more completely. In the first series ofss studies, we attempted to label the entire population of spinal cord neurons that project to the hypothalamus. Injections that virtually filled the hypothalamus on one side without spreading into any other diencephalic area labeled a large number of neurons (estimated to be more than 9,000 in the case with the most neurons labeled) bilaterally at all levels of the spinal cord. Approximately 60° of the labeled neurons were contralateral to the injection. The greatest number of labeled neurons was found within the deep dorsal horn. Many were also found within the lateral spinal nucleus, the superficial dorsal horn, and the gray matter surrounding the central canal. A small number of labeled cells was located in the intermediate zone and ventral horn of the spinal gray matter. Labeled neurons were distributed bilaterally within the sacral parasympathetic nucleus and trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Injections of FG restricted to the medial hypothalamus labeled neurons within the spinal cord in a distribution similar to that produced by injections that filled the hypothalamus. However, fewer neurons were labeled in the spinal cord (estimated to be more than 6,200) and trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Injections of FG restricted to the lateral hypothalamus also labeled fewer neurons (approximately 3,300) than did injections that filled the hypothalamus. In these cases, also, the pattern of labeled neurons within the spinal cord was similar to that produced by injections within either medial or both medial and lateral hypothalamus. However, few neurons were labeled in the sacral parasympathetic nucleus following injections into the lateral hypothalamus. These findings show the distribution of a large number of spinal cord neurons that project directly to medial or lateral hypothalamic regions that are involved in autonomic, neuroendocrine, and emotional responses to somatosensory stimulation, including painful stimuli.
Effect of defect structure upon the mechanical behavior of β-LiAl through dislocation damping and hardness studies

The effect of the defect structure on the internal friction and microhardness of the intermetallic compound β-LiAl has been studied. Internal friction of β-LiAl decreased with increasing lithium content. The decrease in the amplitude-independent decrement was attributed to the decrease in effective dislocation loop length caused by the increasing concentration of lithium antistructure defects. The decrease in amplitude dependent decrement and the increase in dislocation breakaway strain with increasing lithium composition were qualitatively in agreement with G-L theory; however, curved G-L plots were observed. The microhardness increased monotonically in β-phase region with increasing lithium content; no strength minimum was observed near stoichiometric composition. Vacancies in the lithium sublattice did not show strengthening effect. Dislocation motion was mainly impeded by lithium antistructure point defects.
Reciprocal regulation controlling the expression of CPI-17, a specific inhibitor protein for the myosin light chain phosphatase in vascular smooth muscle cells

Cellular activity of the myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) determines agonist-induced force development of smooth muscle (SM). CPI-17 is an endogenous inhibitor protein for MLCP, responsible for mediating G-protein signaling into SM contraction. Fluctuations in CPI-17 expression occur in response to pathological stresses, altering excitation-contraction coupling in SM. Here, we determined the signaling pathways regulating CPI-17 expression in rat aorta tissues and the cell culture using a pharmacological approach. CPI-17 transcription was suppressed in response to the proliferative stimulus with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) through the ERK1/2 pathway, whereas it was elevated in response to inflammatory, stress-induced and excitatory stimuli with tranforming growth factor-β, IL-1β, TNFα, sorbitol, and serotonin. CPI-17 transcription was repressed by inhibition of JNK, p38, PKC, and Rho-kinase (ROCK). The mouse and human CPI-17 gene promoters were governed by the proximal GC-boxes at the 5′-flanking region, where Sp1/Sp3 transcription factors bound. Sp1 binding to the region was more prominent in intact aorta tissues, compared with the SM cell culture, where the CPI-17 gene is repressed. The 173-bp proximal promoter activity was negatively and positively regulated through PDGF-induced ERK1/2 and sorbitol-induced p38/JNK pathways, respectively. By contrast, PKC and ROCK inhibitors failed to repress the 173-bp promoter activity, suggesting distal enhancer elements. CPI-17 transcription was insensitive to knockdown of myocardin/Kruppel-like factor 4 small interfering RNA or histone deacetylase inhibition. The reciprocal regulation of Sp1/Sp3-driven CPI-17 expression through multiple kinases may be responsible for the adaptation of MLCP signal and SM tone to environmental changes.
X-ray thermal diffuse scattering measurement of the transverse acoustic [0h0] dispersion curve of sodium chloride

Abstract The thermal diffuse scattering (T.D.S.) of X-rays from sodium chloride has been measured by a photographic technique, and analysed to yield the transverse acoustic [0h0] phonon dispersion curve. A reliable lattice dynamical model has been used to calculate the second order T.D.S. correction, and two new methods for the higher order corrections. The frequencies are compared with other neutron and X-ray results, and theoretical predictions.
Effects of purified porcine relaxin on the uterus of gilts during early pregnancy

Abstract Twenty-three gilts were assigned io receive a 1.0 mi injection of either saline (C) or 0.5 mg purified porcine relaxin in saline (pRLX) every 6 h on Days 6–11 of gestation. All 12 gilts assigned to relaxin treatment were pregnant on Day 11. Following hysterectomy on Day 11, mean uterine wet weight was greater (P 0.10) in pRLX and C gilts, respectively. Uterine volumes and circumferences were also increased (P
Singing to Estranged Lovers: Runa Relations to Plants in the Ecuadorian Amazon

This article examines Runa relation to plants in the Ecuadorian Amazon. By examining ritual songs to plants as well as gardening behavior it argues that plants are treated like dangerous lovers or difficult children. To find out why this should be the case it then examines Quichua and Shuar language accounts of the origins of plant species. These accounts suggest that plant species evolve from a previously human state in which the plants were lovers or children who became estranged. The emotional estrangement then hardened into a physical transformation giving rise to a new species. Under certain circumstances plants continue to be treated as though they were moody estranged children or lovers. The paper concludes by suggesting that treating plants as high maintenance lovers leads to a kind of gardening that is more costly in terms of time and dedication than many women can afford under conditions of modernity.
Closed-form analysis of intra/inter-band cross-modulation in multiband radio-over-fiber systems

A theoretical and experimental investigation of the nonlinear behaviors of intra- and inter-band cross-modulation (XM) in a multiband radio-over-fiber (RoF) system is presented for the first time. A closed-form theoretical analysis is proposed to characterize and validate the data XM induced by the nonlinearity of optical Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM). Nonlinear behaviors of the intra-band XM between the in-phase and quadrature (I/Q) components of a single-band vector signal, as well as the inter-band XM between multiband combinations of scalar and vector signals are investigated, and consistent agreement has been verified between the theory and experiments. It was confirmed that scalar signals only suffer from inter-band XM; whereas vector signals suffer from both intra- and inter-band XMs. Intra-band XM induces constellation compression to vector signals; while inter-band XM induces eye diagram degradation to scalar signals, as well as nonlinear constellation scaling to vector signals. Moreover, QPSK shows superior tolerance to MZM nonlinearity than higher order QAM formats due to it intrinsic resistance to intra-band XM.
Energy dense, protein restricted diet increases adiposity and perturbs metabolism in young, genetically lean pigs.

Animal models of obesity and metabolic dysregulation during growth (or childhood) are lacking. Our objective was to increase adiposity and induce metabolic syndrome in young, genetically lean pigs. Pre-pubertal female pigs, age 35 d, were fed a high-energy diet (HED; n = 12), containing 15% tallow, 35% refined sugars and 9.1–12.9% crude protein, or a control corn-based diet (n = 11) with 12.2–19.2% crude protein for 16 wk. Initially, HED pigs self-regulated energy intake similar to controls, but by wk 5, consumed more (P<0.001) energy per kg body weight. At wk 15, pigs were subjected to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); blood glucose increased (P<0.05) in control pigs and returned to baseline levels within 60 min. HED pigs were hyperglycemic at time 0, and blood glucose did not return to baseline (P = 0.01), even 4 h post-challenge. During OGTT, glucose area under the curve (AUC) was higher and insulin AUC was lower in HED pigs compared to controls (P = 0.001). Chronic HED intake increased (P<0.05) subcutaneous, intramuscular, and perirenal fat deposition, and induced hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, and low-density lipoprotein hypercholesterolemia. A subset of HED pigs (n = 7) was transitioned back to a control diet for an additional six weeks. These pigs were subjected to an additional OGTT at 22 wk. Glucose AUC and insulin AUC did not improve, supporting that dietary intervention was not sufficient to recover glucose tolerance or insulin production. These data suggest a HED may be used to increase adiposity and disrupt glucose homeostasis in young, growing pigs.
Carbachol-induced increases in locus coeruleus spontaneous activity are associated with an altered pattern of response to sensory stimuli

Abstract In order to evaluate the relationship between locus coeruleus (LC) spontaneous activity and LC activity in response to sensory stimuli, the effects of carbachol on both types of LC neuronal activity were investigated in anesthetized rats. Carbachol increased LC spontaneous discharge rate and altered the pattern of LC discharge in response to sciatic nerve stimulation, while saline had no effect. Moreover, the magnitudes of increases in LC spontaneous discharge rate produced by carbachol were highly correlated ( r =0.79) with a measure of simultaneous effects on LC sensory responses. These results suggest that drugs which increase LC spontaneous activity will also disrupt the pattern of LC discharge to sensory stimuli.
Hemodynamic Effects of Petrinitrol in Man

The hemodynamic effects of petrinitrol, a new antianginal agent, were evaluated in 30 patients during cardiac catheterization. The administration of 5 mg and 10 mg doses, both sublingually and orally, caused significant reductions of systemic arterial pressure, cardiac index, stroke index, and pulmonary arterial pressure that were prominent 15 to 30 minutes after administration of the drug. All but the 5 mg oral dose produced an increment of heart rate. The 10 mg sublingual dose also caused a significant reduction of left ventricular work. Total systemic resistance, and the product of blood pressure and heart rate did not change significantly. It appears that petrinitrol and nitroglycerin have several similar effects upon the cardiovascular system; but in the doses administered, petrinitrol caused changes of greater magnitude and longer duration.
Long-term posttreatment changes measured by the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system.

Background: The American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) developed the objective grading system (OGS) to evaluate cases submitted as part of the phase III examination for board certification. This study examines the long-term changes in 6 of the 8 criteria measured by the board, with an emphasis on the relationship between posttreatment results and subsequent improvement or worsening. Material: One hundred subjects were randomly chosen from the postretention archives of the Department of Orthodontics at the University of Washington. Pretreatment peer assessment rating (PAR) scores and posttreatment and postretention OGS scores were measured on study casts. The ABO criteria studied were alignment, marginal ridges, buccolingual inclinations, occlusal contacts, occlusal relationships, and overjet. Interproximal contacts and root angulations were not scored. Results: The mean overall OGS score at posttreatment was 21.5 points. At postretention, this score had improved significantly, by approximately 4 points. When comparing posttreatment scores and long-term changes, similar patterns were seen for all criteria, except alignment; increased posttreatment scores were associated with increased long-term improvement. Well-treated cases tended to deteriorate, and poorly finished cases tended to improve, illustrating a regression to the mean. Alignment was the only criterion associated with a mean long-term worsening, as well as a less predictable pattern of change. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that settling occurs after orthodontic treatment, and that the attainment of perfect occlusal results does not ensure stability.
On commutative algebra and characteristic-free representation theory

Abstract A description of the thread holding together commutative algebra, homological algebra and representation theory. A discussion of some of the developments in the area of determinantal ideals, Schur and Weyl modules, and their interrelationships.
Effects of Plot Size and Habitat Characteristics on Breeding Success of Scarlet Tanagers

We studied the effects of forest patch size and habitat characteristics on breed- ing success of Scarlet Tanagers (Piranga olivacea) in western New York in 1995 and 1996. Twenty forest stands were grouped into four size classes: Group I ( 50 to 150 ha, n = 5), and Group IV (>1,000 ha, n = 2). Group I, II, and III sites were habitat patches located in fragmented landscapes, whereas Group IV sites were located in continuous forests. Although densities of male tanagers were similar in Group II, III, and IV sites, tanagers were absent from all forest patches smaller than 10 ha. Territory size did not differ among males in Group II, III, and IV sites. Pairing success exceeded 75% in all forest size classes in 1995 and 1996, and 100% of the observed males were paired in continuous forest sites. Pairing success differed significantly among forest size classes in 1995 and approached significance in 1996. Fledging success increased significantly with area and was highest (64%) in continuous forest sites. Stepwise multiple regression and principal components analysis indicated that male tanagers breeding in for- est patches with higher canopy cover and lower density of oaks had higher pairing success than males in patches with lower canopy cover and higher density of oaks, and that males breeding in larger forest patches with more surrounding forest cover had higher fledging success than males in small patches with less surrounding forest cover. Our results indicate that: (1) breeding density is not a good indicator of habitat quality for forest-interior Neo- tropical migrants, and (2) large tracts of continuous forest are important for maintaining populations of these species. Received 19 March 1997, accepted 5 May 1998.
Multidose/Observational, Comparative Clinical Analgetic Evaluation of Buprenorphine

: Ninety-eight patients completed a double-blind, multidose, randomized parallel study in which buprenorphine (Temgesic) was compared to morphine. Drugs were administered at approximately equipotent intramuscular doses for a maximum of three days for the relief of moderate to severe postoperative pain. The two drugs exhibited similar profiles with pain relief evident at ½ hour, peaking at 1 hour, and decreasing to slight relief at 4–5 hours, with no significant differences for time to remedication. The most frequent side effect was somnolence. One patient suffered sudden chest pain shortly after an injection of morphine, and one patient had moderate hypoventilation after buprenorphine; both patients recovered uneventfully. Overall, both drugs provided good or excellent analgesia in 80 per cent of the patients in this unique multidose/observational study. Thus, these data and the reported lack of withdrawal symptoms and the absence of physical dependence liability suggest that buprenorphine may have a role in the management of chronic pain.
A unique structure in microcysts of Myxococcus xanthus.

The morphogenesis of Myxococcus xanthus from a vegetative rod to a spherical microcyst can be induced by the addition of glycerol to the vegetative growth medium. Thin sections of microcysts preserved 5 hours after induction revealed a new vesicular structure apparently between the cell envelope and microcyst capsule. This unusual structure is not seen in vegetative cells.
Calcite textures: examples from nappes with strain-path partitioning

Abstract Strain-path partitioning (partitioning of deformation into components of pure and simple shear) in two Alpine nappes is qualitatively indicated by a variation in orientation of foliation, microkinematic criteria, quartz textures, and a comparison with strain-path partitioning in theoretical nappe models. The degree of non-coaxial deformation relative to the total deformation is quantified by using the asymmetry of textures in calcite tectonites. The texture interpretation is based on both polycrystal plasticity models and experimental data. Calcite tectonites in the Graz-Paleozoic thrust sheet (Austria) and the Morcles nappe (Switzerland) were deformed in a strain path with both pure and simple shear components. Texture asymmetry supports the strain path derived from geological observations. As an exception, a high-strain ultramylonite deformed nearly exclusively in pure shear. It is suggested that this represents a softening instability since deformation in pure shear is energetically more favorable than in simple shear. The incompatibilities caused by heterogeneous pure shear are accommodated by detachments and heterogeneous simple shear adjacent to the pure shear zone.
Gαq-coupled receptor signaling enhances adenylate cyclase type 6 activation

Abstract Calcium signaling robustly inhibits AC6 activity in membrane preparations and in intact cells via capacitative calcium entry (CCE). However, the release of intracellular calcium has not been demonstrated to robustly alter AC6 signaling and activation of Gα q -coupled receptors in tissues that express AC6 enhances cyclic AMP accumulation. To specifically examine the ability of Gα q -coupled receptors to modulate AC6 signaling in intact cells, we used stably transfected HEK-AC6 cells. We demonstrate that AC6 activation is potentiated by activation of endogenous muscarinic receptors expressed in HEK293 cells. Muscarinic receptor activation failed to potentiate the activation of the closely related AC5 isoform. Expression of recombinant Gα q -coupled muscarinic or serotonin receptors, or constitutively active Gα q , also potentiated drug-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in HEK-AC6 cells. Muscarinic receptor-mediated potentiation of AC6 activation was not due to activation of PKC or modulation of Gα i/o -mediated inhibition of AC6. We demonstrate that calcium chelation or inhibition of calmodulin attenuates the effect of carbachol on AC6 activation. These data support the hypothesis that Gα q -coupled receptor-mediated calcium signaling potentiates AC6 activation in intact cells.
Extending the Stieltjes transform II

The Stieltjes transform has recently been extended to a subspace of Boehmians. In this note, additional results are obtained which include an inversion formula plus Abelian type theorems.
T-wave Alternans, Air Pollution and Traffic in High-risk Subjects

Particulate pollution has been linked to risk for cardiac death; possible mechanisms include pollution-related increases in cardiac electrical instability. T-wave alternans (TWA) is a marker of cardiac electrical instability measured as differences in the magnitude between adjacent T waves. In a repeated-measures study of 48 patients aged 43 to 75 years, associations of ambient and home indoor particulate pollution, including black carbon (BC) and reports of traffic exposure, with changes in 0.5-hourly maximum TWA (TWA-MAX), measured by 24-hour Holter electrocardiographic monitoring, were investigated. Each patient was observed up to 4 times within 1 year after percutaneous intervention for myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndromes without infarction, or stable coronary artery disease, for a total of 5,830 0.5-hour observations. Diary data for each 0.5-hour period defined whether a patient was home or not home, or in traffic. Increases in TWA-MAX were independently associated with the previous 2-hour mean ambient BC (2.1%, 95% confidence interval 0.9% to 3.3%) and with being in traffic in the previous 2 hours (6.1%, 95% confidence interval 3.4% to 8.8%). When subjects were home, indoor home BC effects were largest and most precise; when subjects were away from home, ambient central site BC effects were strongest. Increases in pollution increased the odds of TWA-MAX ≥75th percentile (odds ratio 1.4, 95% confidence interval 1.2 to 1.6 for a 1 μg/m 3 increase in 6-hour mean BC). In conclusion, after hospitalization for coronary artery disease, being in traffic and short-term ambient or indoor BC exposure increased TWA, a marker of cardiac electrical instability.
Acute exposures to p-xylene and toluene alter visual information processing

Long-Evans hooded rats were exposed to single doses of toluene (PO) at 0, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg, to p-xylene (PO) at 0, 125, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg, and to inhalation of p-xylene for 4 hr at 0, 800 or 1600 ppm. The functional integrity of the visual system was evaluated using flash-evoked potentials (FEPs). The data indicated a significant depression in amplitude of FEP peak N3 at 250 mg/kg and higher dosages of toluene and p-xylene. A similar depression in peak N3 amplitude was observed following inhalation exposure to 1600 ppm p-xylene. The effects produced by oral administration of 500 mg/kg p-xylene or toluene lasted at least 8 hr, while the effect of inhaled p-xylene dissipated within 75 min of removal from the exposure. FEP peak N3 is presumed to be related to arousal, such that increases in arousal from a relaxed state should decrease amplitude. Rats administered amphetamine in dosages of 0.6, 1.2 and 2.5 mg/kg (known to increase arousal) also had reduced N3 amplitude. The effects of p-xylene and toluene on FEPs, while indicative of altered processing of visual information, may be secondary to changes in arousal or excitability.
The role of adsorbate overlayers in thiophene hydrodesulfurization over molybdenum and rhenium single crystals

Thiophene hydrodesulfurization (HDS) has been investigated over model single crystal catalysts of molybdenum and rhenium. Thiophene HDS is a structure sensitive reaction over rhenium and a structure insensitive reaction over molybdenum. Adsorbed sulfur decreases the activity of both Re(0001) and Mo(100) surfaces while adsorbed carbon has distinctly different effects on the catalytic properties of the two metals. Carbon overlayers deactivate the Re(0001) surface but have no effect on the HDS activity of the Mo(100) surface. Radiotracer35S and14C studies indicate that HDS occurs on an adsorbate overlayer on molybdenum comprised primarily of carbon. HDS over rhenium, on the other hand, occurs on the bare metal surface. This appears to be responsible for the observed differences in the influence of surface structure on HDS activity.
Inducing Stock Screening Rules for Portfolio Construction

This study describes a technique originated from the emerging field of machine learning and demonstrates its effectiveness in stock screening. We have derived screening rules by applying a rule induction method, constructed portfolios using the rules, and evaluated the portfolios' performance using the Sharpe, Treynor and Jensen indexes. Results indicate that regularities among stocks can be identified, and portfolios so constructed outperformed the NYSE Composite index and the S&P 500 over the same period.
Numerical Studies of a Two-dimensional Navier-Stokes System with New Boundary Conditions

In this paper we describe the results of numerical studies of solutions of the Navier-Stokes System (NSS) under the boundary conditions introduced recently in the paper by Dinaburg et al. (A new boundary problem for the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes system, see this issue of this journal). First, we investigate the decay of Fourier modes, confirming the results and conjectures made in Dinaburg et al. (A new boundary problem for the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes system, see this issue of this journal). Second, we explore the growth of the total energy and enstrophy, which is possible under the adopted boundary conditions. We show that the solutions of the finite-dimensional Galerkin approximations to the NSS may diverge to infinity in finite time, i.e. their energy may blow up.
Radio)active Neurogenesis in the Human Hippocampus

Fifteen years ago, the generation of new neurons in adulthood was documented in the human hippocampus, but lingering questions have remained about the extent of this process. In this issue of Cell, Spalding et al. provide elegant evidence for continued neurogenesis into adulthood at rates that suggest it may play a significant role in human behavior.
Differential Immediate Early Gene Expression in Conditional Hepatitis B Virus pX-transforming Versus Nontransforming Hepatocyte Cell Lines

We report construction and characterization of tetracycline-controlled hepatitis B virus pX-expressing hepatocyte (AML12) cell lines. These cell lines were constructed in AML12 clonal isolates (clones 3 and 4), which express constitutively the tetracycline-controlled transactivator. Since pX is implicated in HCC, this immortalized hepatocyte model system was used to investigate the mechanism of pX in transformation. Clonal isolates of 3pX and 4pX lineages display conditional synthesis of pX mRNA and protein and a 2-fold increase in growth saturation density following tetracycline removal, implicating pX in monolayer overgrowth. Interestingly, only 3pX clones display pX-dependent anchorage independence. Clone 3 lineages express hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha and hepatocyte-specific marker genes; clone 4 lineages express hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta and reduced levels of hepatocyte-specific marker genes, suggesting the importance of the differentiated hepatocyte in pX-mediated oncogenic transformation. Importantly, 3pX and 4pX lineages display differential expression of immediate early genes c-fos and ATF3. The pX-transforming 3pX lineage displays early, pX-dependent induction of ATF3 and prolonged induction of c-fos. The nontransforming 4pX cells display an absence of pX-dependent ATF3 induction and transient induction of c-fos. Our results support the direct link of pX expression to oncogenic transformation in 3pX lineage clones and underscore the advantage of this conditional cellular model system for studying mechanisms of pX-mediated oncogenesis.
Multiband treatment of quantum transport in interband tunnel devices

We describe a method for computing transmission coefficients for multiband tight-binding band-structure models. In this method, the transmission probability can be calculated simply by solving a system of linear equations representing the tight-binding form of the Schro¨dinger equation over a finite region of interest, with specially formulated boundary and inhomogeneous terms to account for the effects of the incoming and outgoing plane-wave states. In addition to being efficient, and simple to implement, our method is numerically stable in treating device structures with large active regions, and therefore capable of modeling realistic band-bending effects. Using this method, we examine transport properties in InAs/GaSb/AlSb-based interband tunnel structures with a realistic band-structure model. We compare our results with calculations obtained with a two-band model, which includes only the lowest conduction band and the light-hole band. We find that while the primary interband transport mechanism arises from the coupling between the InAs conduction-band states and GaSb light-hole states, in device structures containing GaSb quantum wells, the inclusion of heavy-hole states can introduce additional transmission resonances and substantial hole-mixing effects. These effects are found to have a significant influence on the current-voltage characteristics of interband devices.
Women’s empowerment and rural revolution: rethinking “failed development”

One of the most frequently advanced explanations of the Maoists’ popularity in rural Nepal links dissatisfaction with the State to forms of consciousness and changes in expectations that are products and processes of development. Such theories often attribute popular support for the insurrection to frustrated desires stemming from “failed” or “incomplete” development. Against this, others suggest that it was the very “success” of empowerment programs which aimed to raise participants’ consciousness of oppression and its roots that inspired villagers to embrace revolutionary action. This paper argues that, despite their differences, both hypotheses reflect assumptions about gendered selfhood and political action that limit their recognition of what motivates Maoist sympathies. Extended research with women in Gorkha—a district where female support for the rebels is said to be especially strong—reveals that Gorkhali women’s support for the rebels is not inspired primarily by the desire for greater autonomy, choice or absolute liberation from social constraints, all of which ideals valorize a culturally specific vision of individual agency. Rather, women there report a sense of self that defines itself through social relations and commitments and which values the common good over individual self-interest, which they associate with an unjust state. The disjuncture between Gorkhali women’s own understandings of self and society and prevailing theories of what motivates people to rebel highlights the modernist assumptions that underlie—and potentially distort—otherwise diverse scholarly perspectives. Likewise, it implies that rebellions may be less about consciousness and more about morality than either “failed” or “successful” theories presume.
Dyaspora All Up in the Mix: Jean-Ulrick Désert, Mapping Fragmented Archaeologies

Jean-Ulrick Desert’s artwork explores diasporic black postmodernity. A Berlinbased artist who has lived in the United States, Europe, and Haiti, Desert produces evocative and enigmatic work about the black diasporic experience. Participating in a visual lexicon that decodes the inevitability of fragmentation, Desert liberates himself from the constraints of working in any one medium or style. Using diverse artistic media, including drawing, sculpture, photography, performance, and installation, he creates multidimensional spaces shaped by his formal education in architecture and his years as an exhibition designer. Personally coded narratives are intertwined with contemporary Western art practices rendered in provocative ways. Subtle strategies of pastiche anchor his earlier artworks and challenge the hackneyed nature of so-called identity politics. His recent use of self-presentation participates in the visual language of camp and sartorial play, incorporating elements that dare as well as elements that reveal truth. His satirical performance “actions,” photographs, multimedia installations, and ephemera ingeniously challenge notions of racial visibility and cultural authenticity. Desert’s “self-portrait” drawing series, L’ABCdaire de ma vie privee (The ABC’s of My Private Life) (2005), creates opportunities for the evocative exploration of race, cultural identity, belonging, and memory (see Color Plate 1). Images culled from his personal photo albums combine with simple letters and unassuming words in French, Kreyol, German, and English on fine paper lined with precisely spaced thin pencil and ink strokes that mimic the penmanship notebook pages he used as a child while living in Haiti. The plate for the letter B places us in Brooklyn, the mecca for Haitians. It is during this first part of his transnational migration that Desert realizes that he has become black and foreign; his frenchyness makes him exotic and othered. He does not feel oppressed; rather, he feels bewildered by these racial and national labels. While the images are embedded within the cultural specificity of the Haitian dyaspora, they resonate with the