cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Processing of sliding spotlight SAR data in presence of squint

In this paper we discuss the extension of an algorithm for efficient processing of SAR data acquired in sliding spotlight mode based on a two-step approach. The two-step spotlight data processing procedure, already introduced in the literature, is a very simple and effective procedure because it is based on a plain use of classical (i.e. stripmap mode) SAR processing codes. The algorithm here proposed extends the two-step approach in such a way t account for the presence of squint. Experiments have been carried out on simulated data to clarify the rationale of the method and to confirm its validity. Results obtained by processing real data of the COSMO-SKYMED constellation are also presented.
Erratum to: The Cultural Influences on Help-seeking Among a National Sample of Victimized Latino Women

In the first paragraph of the Results section, a percentage and description was reported incorrectly (corrections are shown in bold below): Of the full sample, 37.6% of the women reported at least one lifetime victimization incident based on physical assault, sexual assault, stalking, threatened violence, and kidnapping. In childhood, 25.6% reported at least one victimization experience, while 26.6% reported at least one victimization experience in adulthood. For the victimized women, 66.9% of them experienced more than one victimization incident, with an average of almost three (2.93) victimization incidents.
Engineering interfaces in carbon nanostructured mats for the creation of energy efficient thermal interface materials

Abstract One of the few remaining opportunities to increase heat dissipation in IC circuitry is to substantially decrease the thermal interface resistance between solid–solid contacts from source to sink. In this study, heterogeneous nanostructured mats (1–100 μm thick, randomly oriented networks of nanostructures) are synthesized for use as thermal interface materials (TIMs). Recent studies suggest that mats composed entirely of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or graphite nanofibers (GNFs) can act as thermal insulators due to significant phonon scattering at interfaces. In this work, graphene nanoplatelets (xGnPs) with high surface areas are included in CNT and GNF mats in order to increase the contact area between nanostructures and mitigate phonon scattering. Results indicate that an increase in contact area between nanostructures increases the thermal conductance across nanostructure networks by nearly an order of magnitude. Additionally, a study of the surface topography of CNT and GNF mats using atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicates that they are able to conform well to the asperities between rough, mating surfaces. Thus, an increase in contact area between CNT junctions not only produces a thermally conductive network, but also increases the reliability of a CNT mat TIM by avoiding common issues associated with the use of wetting agents.
The influence of bend–twist coupling on the shear buckling response of thin laminated composite plates

Abstract The finite strip method of analysis has been used in this paper to examine the effect of bend–twist coupling on the shear buckling behaviour of laminated composite constructions. The distorted nodal lines of the shear buckling mode and its complex deformation state in general are readily accounted for in the analysis procedure through the multi-term nature of the finite strip buckling displacement field and the appropriate level of structural modelling. The degree of bend–twist coupling in the laminated composite plates is varied by changing the level of anisotropy in the plies and by altering the lay-up configuration of the plies in the laminated stack. Symmetric laminates of a balanced and unbalanced nature are given consideration. It is shown that, for a given degree of anisotropy in the plies of a laminate and for a given laminate thickness, the stacking sequence of the plies significantly alters the degree of bend–twist coupling. The shear buckling performance of composite plates having the same dimensions and being made from the same material are therefore shown in the paper to be quite different. The preclusion of the bend–twist coupling coefficients in the solution procedure of the finite strip method allows the shear buckling orthotropic solution to be determined. Comparisons between the coupled and orthotropic solutions are shown in the paper to be markedly different.
Homologue matching applications: Recognition of overlapped chromosomes

Automated Giemsa-banded chromosome image research has been largely restricted to classification schemes associated with isolated chromosomes within metaphase spreads. Overlapping chromosomes cause difficulties in the automated chromosome karyotyping process. First, overlapping chromosomes must be recognised and decomposed into the proper chromosome parts. Secondly, the decomposed chromosomes must be classified. The first difficulty is associated with image segmentation. The second area is a pattern recognition problem. Even if chromosomes within overlapping clusters are decomposed properly, classification capability is impaired due to feature distortion in the overlapped regions. In normal human metaphase spreads, chromosomes occur in homologous pairs for the autosomal classes, 1---22, and X chromosome for females. This research presents a homologue matching approach for overlapped chromosome recognition. The undistorted grey level information in isolated chromosomes is used for identifying overlapped chromosomes. An isolated chromosome prototype is obtained using neural networks. Dynamic programming and neural networks are compared for matching the prototype to its overlapped homoloque. The homologue matching method is applied to identifying chromosome 2 in 50 metaphase spreads. Experimental results showed that homologue matching using dynamic programming matching based on the density profile achieved a higher correct recognition rate than homologue matching using three different neural network approaches.
A Qualitative Exploration of Spiritually Sensitive Hospice Care

Spirituality can be a significant resource for patients at the end of life; however, there is limited research on the manner in which hospice workers provide spiritual care. A qualitative study was...
Determination of alkylbenzene metabolites in groundwater by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Benzylsuccinate (BSA), methylbenzylsuccinate (methylBSA), and ethylbenzylsuccinate (ethylBSA) are unambiguous anaerobic biotransformation products from toluene, xylenes, and ethylbenzene decay, respectively, and may be used to indicate intrinsic bioremediation is occurring at hydrocarbon-contaminated sites. In order to improve upon current methods that detect and quantify anaerobic hydrocarbon metabolites in field samples, solid-phase extraction (SPE) and direct sample injection methods coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) were evaluated. In laboratory studies, recoveries of authentic standards of non-deuterated or deuterated benzylsuccinates and toluates ranged from 80 to 106% with relative standard errors ranging from 2 to 4%. The method detection limits for these analytes using SPE-LC-MS-MS ranged from 0.006 to 0.029 microg/L whereas those for direct injection-LC-MS-MS ranged from 0.61 to 1.5 microg/L. Given the increased sensitivity of using SPE coupled with LC-MS-MS, this technique was then used to analyze for the presence of putative anaerobic alkylbenzene metabolites in groundwater from a hydrocarbon-contaminated site where single-well push-pull tests were conducted using deuterated aromatic hydrocarbons. Both deuterated and non-deuterated benzylsuccinates and toluates were successfully detected and quantified in field samples using this method.
Forest developmental trajectories in mountain pine beetle disturbed forests of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado

A mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) epidemic has caused widespread mortality of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) trees across western Nort...
An ultra-low-power 902–928MHz RF receiver front-end in CMOS 90nm process

This paper presents a CMOS RF receiver front-end suitable for ultra-low-power operation. In order to achieve desired gain and linearity of receiver front-end at a 1V supply voltage, current reuse and optimum gate biasing techniques are employed. The proposed architecture includes merged LNA and mixer, operating in the sub-threshold region, and designed for the 902–928MHz ISM band. The proposed circuit is designed in a 90nm CMOS Process and occupies 0.04mm2. The post-layout simulations of front end show a voltage gain of 17.8dB, a noise figure of 6.7 dB and IIP3 better than −8 dBm. Its power consumption is only 218uW from a 1V supply.
Interaction of ethylene, oxygen and carbon dioxide in the control of fruit ripening

Ethylene production during the climacteric in many fruits, in vegetative tissue treated with IAA, and in flowers which have been emasculated, pollinated or treated with IAA applied to their stigma, increases rapidly and then returns to a low rate. In root sections exposed to IAA this timing apparently is due to the fact that the rate of ethylene production reflects the internal IAA content; the latter increases initially after auxin is applied but rapidly decreases again due to induction or activation of the enzyme systems conjugating and destroying IAA. A similar mechanism may be involved in the induction of ethylene production in fruits.In vivo ethylene is derived from methionine, possibly after the amino acid is activated to form S-adenosyl methionine, by decarboxylation of C1, transfer of C2 possibly as a folic acid derivative, formation of ethylene from C3–C4, and transfer of the S-methyl to a suitable receptor molecule.
The Early Childhood Mathematics Education Revolution.

Research Findings: We are in the midst of a revolution. Prior to the onset of the 21st century, mathematics education in the United States was deemphasized (Geary, 1996), and mathematics as an instructional subject has traditionally been considered above the preschool and kindergarten levels. However, the old regime—the knowledge and philosophies that governed mathematics and early childhood education theory in the last century—has been overthrown. Today, developmental psychologists have begun to map out the specific pathways of mathematical knowledge development from birth to age 8. We now know that prior to elementary school, young children engage in surprisingly complex intuitive mathematical thinking in the areas of number, geometry, measurement, algebraic thinking, and data analysis (for reviews, see T. C. Cross, T. A. Woods, & H. Schweingruber, 2009; J. Sarama & D. H. Clements, 2009). With increased recognition of the importance of early mathematics for later academic success, early childhood mathem...
Photochemistry and photocatalytic activity of H4Ru4(CO)12 and H2Ru4(CO)13 for isomerization and hydrogenation of alkenes

Abstract The tetranuclear complex H4Ru4(CO)12 undergoes dissociative loss of CO upon near-uv, 355 nm, irradiation to give substitution products H4Ru4(CO)11L (L = P(OMe)3, PPh3) in the presence of L with a quantum yield of ∼5 X 10−3. In the presence of an olefin H2Ru4(CO)13 is the principal Ru containing photoproduct and stoichiometric reduction of the olefin is observed, e.g. cyclopentene gives cyclopentane. Presumably the intermediate H4Ru4(CO)11 (olefin) gives alkane and the unsaturated H2Ru4(CO)11 that rapidly reacts with CO to form H4Ru4(CO)13. The H2Ru4(CO)13 reacts slowly with H2 to give H4Ru4(CO)12 at 25 °C. Irradiation of H2Ru4(CO)13 in the presence of an olefin such as 1-pentene accelerates the catalyzed isomerization and effects stoichiometric reduction of the olefin, e.g. n-pentane forms from 1-pentene at 25 °C under irradiation whereas no reduction occurs thermally at 25 °C.
On the validity of a model for deep inelastic reactions

Abstract The inclusive inelastic proton cross section on 208Pb in the energy-loss range of 10–20 MeV cannot be reasonably accounted for by one-step reactions, contrary to a claim of a recent article. We make a sum rule analysis to expose the problem as clearly as possible.
Life and death on a Barbadian sugar plantation: historic and bioarchaeological views of infection and mortality at Newton Plantation

Despite the rise in African Diaspora bioarchaeology, poor preservation and sampling bias has impeded Caribbean research. Paleodemography and infectious diseases are assessed here for 46 skeletons exhumed in 1997–98 from a slave cemetery at Newton Plantation (ca. 1660–1820). Life expectancy is closer to historic predictions than in earlier craniodental studies. High rates of periosteal infection were encountered but no evidence of specific skeletal diseases. Absence of sequelae does not support Newton as a healthy population relative to others. Rather, extreme stress, particularly for Newton females, is evidenced by the lowest relative mean age at death of any diaspora skeletal sample, and many mild to moderate lower limb infections in men, women and adolescents attest to injuries on the sugar gangs. Activity stress and abuse, coupled with disease and malnutrition, culminated in high mortality and replacement. This first comprehensive study of health on a Caribbean sugar plantation contributes to a growing biology of the African Diaspora and over three decades of Newton Plantation research. Specifically, it demonstrates the importance of systemic, multidisciplinary and comparative approaches to reconstructing the complex life stresses of slavery. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response to “Scientifically Unsupported and Supported Interventions for Childhood Psychopathology: A Summary”

In Reply. As these 2 strongly worded letters remind us, hope springs eternal. Despite a litany of literature reviews that reach decidedly negative conclusions regarding the utility of facilitated communication (FC) for enhancing the language of autistic children1–8 and policy statements formally adopted by the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, Society of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, American Association on Mental Retardation, and American Academy of Pediatrics echoing this negative verdict,9,10 both Rubin and Rubin and Kliewer et al proclaim without qualification that FC is efficacious. They also take me to task for not reviewing positive research findings on FC. Nevertheless, both sets of letter writers neglect to point out that the studies they cite in support of FC are inadequately controlled and do not permit credible conclusions regarding its efficacy. In particular, most or all of these studies do not ensure the absence of unintentional facilitator influence over autistic individuals' communications. For example, the Cardinal et al study11 is invalidated by serious methodologic problems including prior access of facilitators to the stimulus set, absence of objective recording of participants' responses, absence of a pretest to assess participants' …
Adsorption of amino acids on porous polymeric adsorbents—I. Equilibrium

Abstract The adsorption of the amino acids leucine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan and, for a comparison, of the antibiotic penicillin-G is studied for a range of porous polymeric adsorbents. The adsorbent materials investigated include both highly hydrophobic adsorbents as well as functionalized, more hydrophilic ones. The adsorption isotherms approach the ideal Langmuir form. For the amino acids considered in this work, the isotherms are essentially independent of pH, but they vary significantly with temperature and with the addition of alcohols. Heats of adsorption for phenylalamine are obtained from van't Hoff plots of the Henry's law constant limit of the Langmuir isotherm and they are found to be larger for the more hydrophobic adsorbents. However, adsorption affinities for this amino acid are larger for the more hydrophilic sorbents, indicating a significant entropic contribution for the adsorption on these materials.
Dissociative Experiences of Women Child Abuse Survivors: A Selective Constructivist Review

A selective literature review of dissociation in women abuse survivors was under-taken from a feminist, constructivist perspective. Dissociation has been conceptualized many ways historically. Current understandings of dissociative phenomena are diverse, as reflected in the research and treatment literature. Dissociation has been linked to physical and psychological problems, including major mental illnesses, pelvic pain, somatization disorders, and eating disorders. There has been a preoccupation with rare but fascinating extremes of dissociation, such as multiple personality disorder, with less emphasis on more frequently seen types of dissociation, such as depersonalization and derealization. Views of dissociation as it occurs in women child abuse survivors affect their autonomy and perceived credibility and determine treatment trajectories. Questions remain as to what aspects and types of dissociation are "pathological." There is evidence that dissociation may be a commonplace human experience in the general population. Implications for theory, research, and practice are included.
Partitioning sources of soil respiration in boreal black spruce forest using radiocarbon.

Separating ecosystem and soil respiration into autotrophic and heterotrophic component sources is necessary for understanding how the net ecosystem exchange of carbon (C) will respond to current and future changes in climate and vegetation. Here, we use an isotope mass balance method based on radiocarbon to partition respiration sources in three mature black spruce forest stands in Alaska. Radiocarbon (D 14 C) signatures of respired C reflect the age of substrate C and can be used to differentiate source pools within ecosystems. Recently-fixed C that fuels plant or microbial metabolism has D 14 C values close to that of current atmospheric CO2, while C respired from litter and soil organic matter decomposition will reflect the longer residence time of C in plant and soil C pools. Contrary to our expectations, the D 14 C of C respired by recently excised black spruce roots averaged 14% greater than expected for recently fixed photosynthetic products, indicating that some portion of the C fueling root metabolism was derived from C storage pools with turnover times of at least several years. The D 14 C values of C respired by heterotrophs in laboratory incubations of soil organic matter averaged 60% higher than the contemporary atmosphere D 14 CO2, indicating that the major contributors to decomposition are derived from a combination of sources consistent with a mean residence time of up to a decade. Comparing autotrophic and heterotrophic D 14 C end members with measurements of the D 14 C of total soil respiration, we calculated that 47‐63% of soil CO2 emissions were derived from heterotrophic respiration across all three sites. Our limited temporal sampling also observed no significant differences in the partitioning of soil respiration in the early season compared with the late season. Future work is needed to address the reasons for high D 14 C values in root respiration and issues of whether this method fully captures the contribution of rhizosphere respiration.
Appointments for Intake Interviews: An Analysis of Appointment-Keeping Behavior at an Urban Community Mental Health Center

The present descriptive study profiles a number of variables related to outcome, i.e., show vs no-show, for routine intake appointments at a large urban community mental health center. Data obtained from 156 individuals at their initial contact with the community mental health center were analyzed using general loglinear and chi-squared procedures. Method of contact (in person, telephone) and latency for intake appointment (number of days between initial mental health center contact and date of intake appointment) are statistically significantly related to outcome. Individuals who contact the community mental health center by telephone and have relatively short latencies for intake appointments are more likely to “show” for their intake appointments than individuals who make contact in person and have relatively long latencies. Results are discussed in relation to previous research involving appointment keeping. Suggestions for future research are presented.
Cellular uptake and antiproliferative effects of 11-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid.

Cyclooxygenases (COX) metabolize arachidonic acid (AA) to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE), which can then be oxidized by dehydrogenases, such as 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), to oxo-eicosatetraenoic acids (ETE). We have previously established that 11-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (oxo-ETE) and 15-oxo-ETE are COX-2/15-PGDH-derived metabolites. Stable isotope dilution (SID) chiral liquid chromatography coupled with electron capture atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (ECAPCI) single reaction monitoring (SRM) MS has been used to quantify uptake of 11-oxo-ETE and 15-oxo-ETE in both LoVo cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Intracellular 11-oxo- and 15-oxo-ETE concentrations reached maximum levels within 1 h and declined rapidly, with significant quantitative differences in uptake between the LoVo cells and the HUVECs. Maximal intracellular concentrations of 11-oxo-ETE were 0.02 ng/4 × 105 cells in the LoVo cells and 0.58 ng/4 × 105 cells in the HUVECs. Conversely, maximal levels of 15-oxo-ETE were 0.21 ng/4 × 105 in the LoVo cells and 0.01 ng/4 × 105 in the HUVECs. The methyl esters of both 11-oxo- and 15-oxo-ETE increased the intracellular concentrations of the corresponding free oxo-ETEs by 3- to 8-fold. 11-oxo-ETE, 15-oxo-ETE, and their methyl esters inhibited proliferation in both HUVECs and LoVo cells at concentrations of 2–10 μM, with 11-oxo-ETE methyl ester being the most potent inhibitor. Cotreatment with probenecid, an inhibitor of multiple drug resistance transporters (MRP)1 and 4, increased the antiproliferative effect of 11-oxo-ETE methyl ester in LoVo cells and increased the intracellular concentration of 11-oxo-ETE from 0.05 ng/4 × 105 cells to 0.18 ng/4 × 105 cells. Therefore, this study has established that the COX-2/15-PGDH-derived eicosanoids 11-oxo- and 15-oxo-ETE enter target cells, that they inhibit cellular proliferation, and that their inhibitory effects are modulated by MRP exporters.
THE CONCENTRATION EFFECT WITH VALONIA: POTENTIAL DIFFERENCES WITH DILUTED POTASSIUM-RICH SEA WATERS.

The concentration effect with sea waters containing more than the normal amount of potassium has been studied in Valonia macrophysa. This was done by comparing the initial changes in P.D. across the protoplasm when natural sea water bathing the cell was replaced by various isotonic dilutions of KCl-rich sea waters. With small dilutions of KCl-rich sea waters, the P.D.-time curves are of the same form as with the undiluted solution, exhibiting the fluctuations characteristic of KCl-rich solutions. This indicates that with these solutions K(+) enters Valonia protoplasm and plays an important part in the P.D. The value of the initial rise in P.D. decreases with increasing dilution. With high dilutions of KCl-rich sea waters, the P.D.-time curves are of quite different shape, resembling the curves with diluted natural sea water; the P.D. is practically independent of small changes in the concentration of potassium, and increases with increasing dilution. That is, with these higher dilutions, the sign of the concentration effect is reversed, becoming the same as with diluted natural sea water. The greater the concentration of KCl in the undiluted sea water, the higher is the critical dilution at which K(+) ceases to influence the P.D. For a wide range of sea waters containing both KCl and NaCl, it is shown that the concentration effect above the critical dilution is determined solely by the activity of NaCl in the external solution. It is concluded that with dilute natural sea water and with high dilutions of KCl-rich sea waters we have to do with a diffusion potential, involving only the Na(+) and Cl(-) ions, which are diffusing out from the vacuole. A quantitative relation between the composition of the sea water and the critical dilution has been deduced from the classical theory of the diffusion of electrolytes. It is shown that with dilutions less than this critical value the diffusion of K(+) in the outer non-aqueous layer of the protoplasm is directed inward; hence K(+) enters the protoplasm from these solutions. With dilutions greater than the critical value, the diffusion of K(+) in this layer is directed outward; hence K(+) does not enter the protoplasm. Since the P.D. shows no evidence of this outward diffusion of K(+), it is concluded that the amount of K(+) ordinarily present in the protoplasm is too small to produce any lasting electrical effect, and that the outward diffusion of K(+) from the vacuole is prevented by the mechanism responsible for the accumulation of KCl in the cell sap.
Feynman Integrals. B.

What follows is a continuation of the general theory developed in Chapter IV. This prolongation was more or less inspired by the excellent Paris These of Felix Pham. Briefly speaking it deals with the subgraphs, open or closed, of the basic graph G. The geometric methods of Chapter IV continue to prevail. For I continue to believe that they are more suitable for an Introduction to our theory, more so indeed than the very abstruse methods utilized by all previous authors.
Prefetching for content-based image retrieval

Currently, research on content-based image retrieval (CBIR) is focused on the improvement of retrieval performance using relevance feedback techniques. However, for the remote user, retrieval latency is also a critical metric of satisfaction. In this paper, we show how to integrate the prefetching mechanism into the CBIR system in order to reduce retrieval latency. In addition, we study the tradeoff between retrieval performance and prefetching performance in order to jointly optimize relevance feedback and prefetching. Simulation results show that even with a simple prefetching scheme, retrieval latency can be reduced significantly.
Part-based statistical models for object classification and detection

We propose using simple mixture models to define a set of mid-level binary local features based on binary oriented edge input. The features capture natural local structures in the data and yield very high classification rates when used with a variety of classifiers trained on small training sets, exhibiting robustness to degradation with clutter. Of particular interest is the use of the features as variables in simple statistical models for the objects thus enabling likelihood based classification. Pre-training decision boundaries between classes, a necessary component of non-parametric techniques, are thus avoided. Class models are trained separately with no need to access data of other classes. Experimental results are presented for handwritten character recognition, classification of deformed BTEX symbols involving hundreds of classes, and side view car detection.
Thomas Kuhn's Misunderstood Relation to Kripke-Putnam Essentialism

Kuhn's ‘taxonomic conception’ of natural kinds enables him to defend and re-specify the notion of incommensurability against the idea that it is reference, not meaning/use, that is overwhelmingly important. Kuhn's ghost still lacks any reason to believe that referentialist essentialism undercuts his central arguments in SSR – and indeed, any reason to believe that such essentialism is even coherent, considered as a doctrine about anything remotely resembling our actual science. The actual relation of Kuhn to Kripke-Putnam essentialism, is as follows: Kuhn decisively undermines it – drawing upon the inadequacies of such essentialism when faced with the failure of attempts to instantiate in history or contemporaneously its ‘thought-experiment’ – and leaves the field open instead for his own more ‘realistic’, deflationary way of thinking about the operation of ‘natural kinds’ in science.
Systemic activity and fungitoxicity of iprodione and E-0858 (N-[5-(2-methoxypyridinyl)]-cyclopropane-carboxamide) in almond blossoms to Monilinia laxa.

The structure of the experimental fungicide E-0858 was identified and affirmed as N-[5-(2-methoxypyridinyl)]-cyclopropane-carboxamide (molecular mass=192 Da). The compound is a heterocyclic, anilide derivative with an empirical formula of C 10 H 12 N 2 O 2 and represents a new class of fungicides. Translocation of iprodione and E-0858 into almond floral tissues was demonstrated by autoradiography, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and combustion to radioactive carbon dioxide of blossoms treated with 14 C-E-0858 and 14 C-iprodione. These fungicides were applied either to the petals or the sepals of closed blossoms on detached shoots from 5-yr-old Drake and 10-yr-old Thompson almond trees, as well as 3-yr-old potted plants of Ne Plus Ultra almond [...]
Statistical agreement between observed microwave satellite radiances and NWP hydrometeors including hexagonal plates and rosettes

Accurate global observation of precipitation for all latitudes and seasons, and for all land, sea, and ice surfaces remains an elusive goal. One major obstacle to progress is lack of reliable global ground truth on horizontal and vertical scales consistent with those observed by satellite. For example, radar and scatter-dependent radiometric techniques respond to precipitation aloft, not on the ground, and can be unduly sensitive to large hydrometeors. On the other hand, rain gauges are excessively sensitive to local rainfall inhomogeneities and wind, and well-instrumented sites are rare. This paper quantitatively compares satellite observations with mesoscale numerical weather predictions of microwave brightness temperatures at those millimeter wavelengths most sensitive to hydrometeor structures and to the physics of precipitation. Only such models with high horizontal and vertical resolution allow comparisons of different sensors in detail. A Mesoscale Model, MM5, and a forward radiance program, TBSCAT, have been used to simulate radiances that would be observed from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU-A and AMSU-B) aboard the NOAA-16 satellite for twenty-four globally representative storm systems, including /spl sim/28,200 AMSU-A and 255,640 AMSU-B footprints, spanning a year. Good agreement has been obtained between histograms of coincident MM5-simulated and observed AMSU-A and AMSU-B radiances by adjusting ice parameter values in TBSCAT. Ice parameter values are consistent with the scattering for ice habits observed aloft, as computed using a Discrete Dipole Approximation program, DDSCAT6.1. These results suggest the potential use of MM5 as a rich new statistical form of ground-truth that will permit development of better precipitation estimators and improved understanding of precipitation itself, particularly in the more problematic areas of the globe.
Nutritional aspects of beer—a review

Much has been written about the favourable impact on the body of moderate consumption of red wine. Critical assessment of the literature, however, indicates that beer appears to be just as beneficial in countering diseases such as coronary heart disease. Additionally beer can make a substantial contribution to the diet in respect of certain B vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and perhaps fiber.
Capacity of the human colon to absorb fluid

Abstract To measure the maximum amount of fluid that can be absorbed by the normal human colon, 4 healthy subjects were studied by metabolic balance. When, in addition to normal dietary intakes, 2 liters of isotonic fluid were infused into the cecum each day, fecal weight increased 150% but the frequency of stools increased only slightly. Fecal weight, percentage of water, and frequency increased more when the load of fluid infused into the cecum was 4 liters per day and achieved values found in diarrhea. Under these circumstances, summing the estimated endogenous ileal flow (approximately 2 liters per day) and the infused load, minus the fecal losses, a net maximum absorption of 5700 ml of H 2 O, 816 mEq of Na, and 44 mEq of K was calculated. In a second set of studies, chenodeoxycholate (approximately 4 g per day) was infused into the cecum, along with a fluid load of 4 liters per day. Water and sodium absorptions were reduced to approximately 5000 ml and 700 mEq, respectively, and diarrhea occurred. Ursodeoxycholate administered in the same way did not alter stool composition or cause diarrhea. Infusion of a single bolus of 250 ml of fluid into the cecum did not alter stool composition; a bolus of 500 ml produced loose stools, Thus, the colon has a surprisingly large capacity to absorb fluid; this capacity is reduced by chenodeoxycholate and is overwhelmed if fluid enters the cecum rapidly. The approach of non-steady state infusions into the cecum may be useful for the study of colonic function and diarrhea.
Examining the lag effect under incidental encoding: Contributions of semantic priming and reminding:

Memory is better when repeated learning events are spaced than when they are massed (spacing effect), as well as when material is processed semantically than when it is processed graphemically (levels-of-processing effect). Examination of the relationship between levels of processing and spacing for both deeply and shallowly encoded items has shown a spacing effect for items processed deeply, but not shallowly. A semantic priming account of spacing was proposed to explain the interaction between levels of processing and spacing on memory. The current study manipulated levels of processing and the amount of spacing (lag) that occurred between repetitions of items that were incidentally encoded. Results from Experiments 1A and 1B revealed lag effects in test performance when items were deeply and shallowly encoded. Although these findings are inconsistent with a semantic priming account, they can be interpreted within a reminding account, which is explored in Experiment 2. Results from the second experiment...
Characterization of lovastatin–docosahexaenoate anticancer properties against breast cancer cells

Lovastatin (LOV) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), besides improving cardiovascular functions, are also known for their anticancer activities. However, use of these compounds for treating or preventing cancer is limited because of their efficacies. The approach pursued involved chemical linkage of these two chemotypes. A lovastatin-docosahexaenoate (LOV-DHA) conjugate was prepared and tested against selected breast tumor cells lines with differential expression of estrogen receptors (ER) and Heregulin-2 (Her-2). The LOV-DHA conjugate exhibited superior cytotoxic effects against ER(-)/Her-2(-) cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468), which were not observed with DHA or lovastatin alone, or in combination. Lovastatin supplementation arrested cells in the G₀/G₁ phase and enhanced expression levels of p21, whereas the conjugate did not demonstrate cell cycle arrest nor increased p21 expression. The LOV-DHA conjugate induced significant (P<0.05) apoptosis as low as 1 μM, whereas DHA and lovastatin were ineffective at this concentration. The growth inhibitory effects of lovastatin were reversed by the addition of mevalonate, whereas mevalonate had no effect on the LOV-DHA conjugate-induced growth inhibition in MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, the LOV-DHA conjugates were stable in mouse serum and intracellularly in MDA-MB-231 cells. These data suggest that the LOV-DHA conjugate mediated its effects through a HMG-CoA reductase-independent pathway and exerted significantly (P<0.05) higher anticancer effects in breast cancer cells than lovastatin or DHA alone.
Serum creatine kinase BB and MM concentrations determined by radioimmunoassay in neuromuscular disorders

We measured the MM and BB isoenzymes of serum creatine kinase (CK) by radioimmunoassay in 89 patients with neuromuscular disorders and 44 definite or possible carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The CK-MM isoenzyme was closely associated with total CK enzymatic activity. CK-BB was not as closely correlated with total CK but was usually increased in the inflammatory myopathies and DMD and normal in myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as well as in neuropathies in which CK is usually normal. In myopathies, CK-BB may be useful for assessing the level of disease activity or the regenerative component. More study is necessary to assess the role of CK-BB in detection of DMD carriers.
ACQUISITION OF MATCHING‐TO‐SAMPLE PERFORMANCE IN RATS USING VISUAL STIMULI ON NOSE KEYS

Steady and blinking white lights were projected on three nose keys arranged horizontally on one wall. The procedure was a conditional discrimination with a sample stimulus presented on the middle key and comparison stimuli on the side keys. Three rats acquired simultaneous "identity matching." Accuracy reached 80% in about 25 sessions and 90% or higher after about 50 sessions. Acquisition progressed through several stages of repeated errors, alteration between comparison keys from trial to trial, preference of specific keys or stimuli, and a gradual lengthening of strings of consecutive trials with correct responses. An analysis of the acquisition curves for individual trial configurations indicated that the matching-to-sample performance possibly consisted of separate discriminations.
Cardiopulmonary responses to intravenous infusion of soluble and relatively insoluble gases

Background: Carbon dioxide is the current gas of choice for pneumoperitoneum, but hemodynamic and acid–base effects secondary to its systemic absorption have been reported. Various studies have suggested inert gases as alternatives.
How Constructions Mean

One of the major motivations for a constructionbased approach to syntax is that a given rule of syntactic formation can often be associated with more than one semantic specification. For example, a pair of expressions like purple plum and alleged thief call on different rules of semantic combination. The first involves something related to intersection of sets: a purple plum is a member of the set of purple things and of the set of plums. But an alleged thief is not a member of the intersection of the set of thieves and the set of alleged things. Indeed, that intersection is empty, since only a proposition can be alleged and a thief is never a proposition. Constructional approaches recognize as instances of compositionality cases in which two different meanings for the same syntactic form are licensed by two different collections of form-meaning licensors, i.e., by two different collections of constructions. Construction-based grammars are nevertheless compositional in the usual sense: if you know the meanings of the words and you know all the rules that combine words and phrases into larger formal units, while simultaneously combining the meanings of the smaller units into the meanings of the larger ones, then you know the forms and meanings of all the larger units, including all the sentences. Constructional approaches focus on the fact that there are many such rules, and especially on the rules that assign meanings to complex structures. Such approaches do not draw a theoretical distinction between those rules thought to be in the core and those considered peripheral. The construction grammarian conceives of a language as a continuum of generality of expressions; a construction grammar models this continuum with an array of constructions of correspondingly graded generality (Fillmore et al. 1988). This paper surveys the various ways meanings can be assembled in a construction-based grammar, with a focus on the continuum of idiomaticity, a gradient of lexical fixity stretching from frozen idioms, like the salt of the, earth, in the doghouse and under the weather, on the one hand, to fully productive rules on the other, e.g., the rule licensing Kim blinked (the Subject-Predicate construction). The semantics of constructions is the semantics to be discovered along the full length of this gamut. Meanings discussed include: literal meaning, the meanings of constructions that regulate argument expression, context indexation, less commonly recognized illocutionary forces, metalinguistic commentary and topic-focus alignment. We conclude that the seamless integration of relatively idiomatic constructions with more productive ones in actual sentences undermines the notion of a privileged core grammar.
Boolean systems, adaptive automata, evolution

The past decade has seen renewed interest in non Von Neuman computation by parallel processing systems. This interest on the part of solid state physicists and others has led to models of pattern recognition and associative memory (1,2,3). In these models, it is largely the dynamical attractors which are of interest as the classes, or memories, stored in the systems. Further, the mathematical tractability of threshold systems with symmetric coupling, that is, in which each binary device “fires” if a weighted sum of excitation minus inhibition exceeds some threshold, and couplings between two binary devices are symmetrical, has focused particular attention on this subclass of automata. The marked advantage of this subclass of automata is the existence of a potential function allowing prescription of weightings on inputs to each binary device in order to choose steady state attractors with desired properties such as location in state space, and stability to perturbation (1,2,3).
A new genus and species of Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera) from Borneo, with revisions to the classification of the Ecdyonurinae

Darthus vadorus n. gen. n. sp. is described from larvae and eggs from Borneo, Indonesia. Larvae are differentiated from those of all other genera of Heptageniidae by the combination of the absence of lamellae on gills 1, sickle shaped lamellae on gills 2–6, a median ridge terminated with a sharp spine on abdominal terga 2–9, a slightly thickened anterior margin of the head capsule, two rows of long, fine setae on the mid and hindtibiae, and scattered simple setae on the ventral surface of galealaciniae. Darthus is included in the tribe Afronurini Webb & McCafferty n. trib. with Afronurus Lestage and Parafronurus Zhou & Braasch. Atopopini Wang & McCafferty is restricted to the genera Atopopus Eaton, Thalerosphyrus Eaton, and Asionurus Braasch & Soldan.
Understanding the Flow of Funds System and the Financial Crisis of 2008

The purpose of this paper is to lay out a logical approach for understanding the flow of funds system and its role in the financial crisis of 2008. It presents the flow of funds system without bogging down into the Fed's flow of funds accounting reports. Once the flow of funds is understood, we can look to where the process broke down causing the financial crisis of 2008 and the current "Great Recession".
"Contested Peripheries" in World Systems Theory: Megiddo and the Jezreel Valley as a Test Case*

The term contested periphery was recently coined by Mitchell Allen for use in his 1997 UCLA dissertation concerned with Philistia, the Neo-Assyrians, and World systems theory (Allen 1997: 49-51, 320-21, Fig. 1.4; cf. also Berquist 1995a, 1995b). Allen identi?ed contested peripheries as border zones where different systems intersect (Allen 1997: 320). Chase-Dunn and Hall immediately adopted this term and de?ned it more formally as a peripheral region for which one or more core regions compete (Chase-Dunn and Hall 1997: 37).
0033 A statewide survey of evidence-based falls prevention programs in massachusetts

Statement of purpose The Massachusetts (MA) Department of Public Health engaged the Injury Prevention Centre at Boston Medical Centre to develop a state-wide baseline (2012) inventory of evidence-based (EB) community falls prevention programs for MA older adults living independently. Methods/Approach A survey of organisations serving older adults was deployed in two parts: Part 1 determined if a program had been offered in 2012; the salience of falls prevention for the organisation; and, intention to offer future falls prevention programming. If a falls prevention program had been offered in 2012, the Director designated a Coordinator to provide details. This designation triggered Part 2 which collected Information on the specific programs. For the last program offered, data were collected on number of participants, the training and occupations of program facilitators and program funding. This served as a cross-sectional sample of all programs. Results Response rates: 55% and 86% for Part 1 and Part 2, respectively. 32% of respondents reported falls prevention programming; 68% indicated intention to offer future programs. Mean falls prevention salience score: 3.68, on a 1–5 scale. 12% offered ≥ 1 EB program. 107 EB programs served 1137 MA older adults. 90.6% were A Matter of Balance and 7.6% were EB Tai Chi. 37% were offered by Area Agencies on Ageing; 46% by Councils on Ageing. 95% of programs had trained facilitators. 42% were facilitated by healthcare professionals. 44% of programs were internally funded. 81% of the programs charged no fees. Conclusions Infrastructure for deployment of EB falls prevention programs is developing in MA, despite the absence of institutionalised funding, legislative mandates, widespread referrals from healthcare providers, or health insurance reimbursement. Significance and contribution to the field Methods developed for this study could be adapted by other states wishing to describe community-based falls prevention programming.
Political Theology: Contemporary Challenges and Future Directions

In January of 2010, six prominent academics gathered at the University of Heidelberg for lectures and conversations on “Political Theology from Rahner to Ratzinger.” Jurgen Moltmann, Johann Baptist...
The Aftershock Sequence of the 2011 Mineral, Virginia, Earthquake: Temporal and Spatial Distribution, Focal Mechanisms, Regional Stress, and the Role of Coulomb Stress Transfer

Abstract The aftershocks of the 23 August 2011 M w 5.7 Mineral, Virginia, earthquake were recorded by 36 temporary stations installed by several institutions. We located 3960 aftershocks from 25 August 2011 through 31 December 2011. A subset of 1666 aftershocks resolves details of the hypocenter distribution. We determined 393 focal mechanism solutions. Aftershocks near the mainshock define a previously recognized tabular cluster with orientation similar to a mainshock nodal plane; other aftershocks occurred 10–20 km to the northeast. A large percentage of the aftershocks occurred in regions of positive Coulomb static stress change, and ∼80% of the focal mechanism nodal planes were brought closer to failure. However, the aftershock distribution near the mainshock appears to have been influenced strongly by rupture directivity. Aftershocks at depths less than 4 km exhibit reverse mechanisms with north‐northwest‐trending nodal planes. Most focal mechanisms at depths greater than 6 km are similar to the mainshock, with north‐northeast‐trending nodal planes. A concentration of aftershocks in the 4–6 km depth range near the mainshock are mostly of reverse type but display a 90° range of nodal‐plane trend. Those events appear to outline the periphery of mainshock rupture, where positive Coulomb stress transfer is largest. The focal mechanisms of aftershocks at depths less than 4 km and those greater than 6 km, along with the mainshock, point to the possibility of a depth‐dependent stress field prior to the occurrence of the mainshock. Analysis of earthquake occurrence using a new magnitude scale () indicates a Gutenberg–Richer law b ‐value of 0.864 and an Omori law p ‐value of 1.085, indicative of a typical aftershock sequence. Online Material: Catalogs of aftershock location, magnitude, and focal mechanisms.