cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Father involvement, child health and maternal health behavior.

Abstract This paper uses data from the baseline Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study to examine the level and effects of father-involvement on child's birth weight and mother's health behavior during pregnancy (prenatal care, drinking, drug use and smoking). The findings indicate that most fathers, including unwed fathers, are involved with their children at birth and have intentions to remain involved. The effects of father involvement on health and health behavior depend, however, on how the construct is measured. When measured as parent's relationship status (married, cohabiting, romantic or non-romantic), the effects of marriage are beneficial for all but one outcome, the effects of cohabitation are positive for prenatal care only, and the effects of romantic involvement are negative for child's birth weight. When measured as paternity acknowledgement, contributions during pregnancy and intentions to contribute, unmarried father involvement has no effect on child's birth weight, a strong effect on early prenatal care and a variable but overall positive effect on mother's health behaviors. Furthermore, the effects of father involvement do not vary systematically by fathers' earnings potential and psychosocial attributes. While these results support the notion that fathers can influence mothers to maintain or adopt healthy pregnancy behaviors, they do not indicate that father-involvement improves birth outcomes.
Empirical investigation of competition in Japan's raw cotton market: Implications for US cotton exports

Under Japan's current agricultural trade policy, the raw cotton market is efficient and competitive. With Japan's declining cotton market, the United States faces strong competition from Australia, China, and Pakistan. Empirical results reveal that: US cotton competes with cotton from Australia, China, and Pakistan but complements that from Egypt, Sudan, and the rest of the world; Japan's demand for US cotton appears to be inelastic; by lowering prices, the United States could effectively reduce Japan's imports from Australia, China, and Pakistan; and Japan would prefer to import long-staple cotton if its import expenditures increased. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Verbal Memory Abilities of Children With Brain Tumors

Several critical neuroanatomical structures and pathways for memory performance are located in the third ventricle region. This led us to predict that verbal memory abilities would be more impaired in children treated for third ventricle tumors compared to those treated for cerebellar tumors. Archival data was obtained from 24 pediatric patients with third ventricle region tumors and 18 pediatric patients with cerebellar tumors. Neuroradiological verifications of tumor involvement and hydrocephalus severity (i.e., Evans Index) on preoperative scans and MRIs proximal to the time of the neuropsychological evaluation were conducted. The potential confounds of hydrocephalus severity, seizure medication, age, radiation treatment, and chemotherapy were addressed. Verbal IQ was comparable between tumor groups and in the Average range. The third ventricle region group performed significantly worse on list learning and delayed list recall compared to the cerebellar group. Their mean performance was in the clinical...
Dielectronic recombination rates for the Be sequence

Abstract The dielectronic recombination (DR) rate coefficient α DR is explicitly calculated for the Mo, Fe, Ar, and Ox target ions of the Be-sequence with four electrons, in the isolated resonance approximation. This work extends the previous study of the Mo 38+ ions at 1.4, 2.8, and 5.6 keV electron temperatures. Both Δ n ≠0 and Δ n = 0 transitions are considered in detail. The Δ n ≠0 contribution still dominates, but the Δ n = 0 effect becomes quite large for heavy ions. An explicit LS coupling scheme is employed throughout for the dominant transitions calculated here, and contributions from many other intermediate states and cascade transitions are included by comparing the dominant contribution with the more complete Mo 38+ case and proportionately scaling their effect. Nonrelativistic Hartree-Fock wave functions are used in the evaluation of the Auger and radiative amplitudes, and the continuum wave functions are calculated using the Hartree-Fock direct potential and explicit nonlocal exchange potential. The scaling property of α DR and its breakdown are examined, and an improved form of the phenomenological formula is proposed.
Lineshapes and Correlations in Two Dimensional Vibrational Signals of NMA

The coherent nonlinear response of the entire amide lineshapes of N-methyl acetamide (NMA) to three infrared pulses is simulated using an Electrostatic DFT map. Positive and negative cross-peaks contain signatures of correlation between the fundamentals and the combination state. The coupled amide I – III cross-peak lineshapes indicate an anti-correlation of frequency fluctuations, which is ascribed to the correlated hydrogen bond dynamics at C=O and N=H sites.
CIO: concept is over

In the last 20 years the 1990 joke that CIO is starting to mean ‘Career Is Over’ has been buried under the proliferation of CIOs, but the concept behind the CIO – the idea of the C-level executive – probably is over. The C-level fad is waning as the title ‘chief’ is debased, but more important the very sensibility of the idea of the chief is embodied and entombed in a managerial orthodoxy of 20th century industrial administration that simply cannot hold together much longer. It is time for management educators, starting with people in the information systems field, to look beyond orthodoxy to a risky but engaging new world in which the M-Form organization and all that went with it is seen as a way station en route to a new kind of human enterprise.
A recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-based Lassa fever vaccine protects guinea pigs and macaques against challenge with geographically and genetically distinct Lassa viruses.

Background Lassa virus (LASV) is endemic in several West African countries and is the etiological agent of Lassa fever. Despite the high annual incidence and significant morbidity and mortality rates, currently there are no approved vaccines to prevent infection or disease in humans. Genetically, LASV demonstrates a high degree of diversity that correlates with geographic distribution. The genetic heterogeneity observed between geographically distinct viruses raises concerns over the potential efficacy of a “universal” LASV vaccine. To date, several experimental LASV vaccines have been developed; however, few have been evaluated against challenge with various genetically unique Lassa virus isolates in relevant animal models. Methodologies/principle findings Here we demonstrate that a single, prophylactic immunization with a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing the glycoproteins of LASV strain Josiah from Sierra Leone protects strain 13 guinea pigs from infection / disease following challenge with LASV isolates originating from Liberia, Mali and Nigeria. Similarly, the VSV-based LASV vaccine yields complete protection against a lethal challenge with the Liberian LASV isolate in the gold-standard macaque model of Lassa fever. Conclusions/significance Our results demonstrate the VSV-based LASV vaccine is capable of preventing morbidity and mortality associated with non-homologous LASV challenge in two animal models of Lassa fever. Additionally, this work highlights the need for the further development of disease models for geographical distinct LASV strains, particularly those from Nigeria, in order to comprehensively evaluate potential vaccines and therapies against this prominent agent of viral hemorrhagic fever.
Nicotinamide cofactors (NAD and NADP) in glyoxysomes, mitochondria, and plastids isolated from castor bean endosperm.

Abstract Glyoxysomes, mitochondria, and plastids were separated from the cytosol of germinating castor bean endosperm by sucrose gradient centrifugation in a vertical rotor (25 min, 50,000gav). The amounts of nicotinamide cofactors, NAD(H) and NADP(H), retained in the isolated organelle fractions were measured by enzyme cycling techniques. The NAD(H) was equally distributed between the cytosol and the mitochondria with a small amount in the glyoxysomes. The mitochondria retained 4 pmol of NAD(H)/ μg protein, about seven times as much as the glyoxysomes. Most of the NADP(H) was in the cytosol. However, the glyoxysomes and plastids retained significant amounts, both having 0.3 pmol NADP(H)/μg protein, twice that in the mitochondria. The subcellular distribution of NADP(H) was compared to the location of dehydrogenases capable of using this cofactor. The cytosol and plastids contained 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. NADP isocitrate dehydrogenase was found in the glyoxysomes, in mitochondria, and in an unidentified subcellular fraction obtained at 1.16 g/ml in the density gradients. Knowledge of the quantities of NADP(H) and NAD(H) retained in the isolated organelles should make it possible to investigate their reduction and reoxidation in intact organelles.
Evaluation of pile foundation response to lateral spreading

The effects of liquefaction on deep foundations are very damaging and costly, and they keep recurring in many earthquakes. The first part of the paper reviews the field experience of deep foundations affected by liquefaction during earthquakes in the last few decades, as well as the main lessons learned. The second part of the paper presents results of physical modeling of deep foundations in the presence of liquefaction conducted by the authors and others at the 100g-ton RPI centrifuge. In the last decade centrifuge modeling has been identified as a key tool to identify and quantify mechanisms, calibrate analyses and evaluate retrofitting strategies for pile foundations. Results are presented of centrifuge models of instrumented pile foundations subjected to lateral spreading, including single pile and pile groups, 2- and 3-layer soil profiles, mass and stiffening elements above ground to incorporate the effect of the superstructure, and evaluation of proposed retrofitting strategies. Interpretations of these centrifuge experiments and their relation to field observations and soil properties.
Kinetic studies on the deaquation-anation of aquapentammine-cobalt(III) chloride

The deaquation-anation of solid aquapentamminecobalt(III) chloride was studied isothermally and non-isothermally. Kinetic data were obtained from t.g.a. and were analysed using 17 rate laws known for solid state reactions. This reaction, long interpreted as SN2, was found to obey an A1.5 rate law from both types of experiments. From the isothermal experiments, an Ea of 97.0 kJ mol-1 was found.
Modulation of threonine control of aspartokinase activity

Summary The control by threonine of the aspartokinase activity of the threonine-sensitive aspartokinase-homoserine dehydrogenase complex isolated from Escherichia coli 9723 is modulated by NADPH and NADP + , cosubstrate and coproduct of the homoserine dehydrogenase. NADPH increases and NADP + decreases the amount of threonine required for inhibition of the aspartokinase activity. This effect, which is dependent upon the relative concentration of cosubstrate and coproduct of a subsequent step, provides a modulation of the end product control of the initial step of a biosynthetic sequence.
Superposition Method for Analysis of Free-Edge Stresses

Superposition techniques were used to transform the edge stress problem for composite laminates into a more lucid form. By eliminating loads and stresses not contributing to interlaminar stresses, the essential aspects of the edge stress problem are easily recognized. Transformed problem statements were developed for both mechanical and thermal loads. Also, a technique for approximate analysis using a two dimensional plane strain analysis was developed. Conventional quasi-three dimensional analysis was used to evaluate the accuracy of the transformed problems and the approximate two dimensional analysis. The transformed problems were shown to be exactly equivalent to the original problems. The approximate two dimensional analysis was found to predict the interlaminar normal and shear stresses reasonably well. Previously announced in STAR as N83-32846
Biomimetic Nanostructuring of Copper Thin Films Enhances Adhesion to the Negative Electrode Laminate in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Thin films of copper are widely used as current collectors for the negative electrodes in lithium-ion batteries. However, a major cause of battery failure is delamination between the current collector and the graphite anode. When silicon or tin is used as active material, delamination becomes a key issue owing to the large volume changes of these materials during lithation and delithation processes. Learning from Nature, we developed a new biomimetic approach based on the adhesion properties of the feet of geckos. The biomimetic approach improves adhesion between the laminate and the copper surface by introducing an array of Cu(OH)2 nanorods, which increases the surface area of the current collector. When graphite anode laminate is casted onto regular and a modified copper surfaces, the modified current collector displays superior adhesion to graphite and the PVDF binder-based electrode. The electrochemical performance of the batteries using these electrodes is not compromised by the additional chemistry of the Cu(OH)2 on the copper surface. The technique can lead to enhanced battery lifetimes over long-term cycling.
Prostaglandin synthesis by rheumatoid synovium and its stimulation by colchicine

The synthesis of prostaglandins by rheumatoid synovial tissue in organ culture was studied utilizing radioimmunoassay, with antisera to PGB1, PGF1alpha and PGF2alpha. It was established that PGE2 and PGF2alpha were the major prostaglandins formed by analyses of culture media with the two antisera to PGF, before and after alkali treatment. Indomethacin at 5 mug/ml suppressed prostaglandin synthesis, usually to less than 1% of control cultures. Colchicine, 0.1 mug/ml resulted in marked stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis, in some cases over 10 fold. It is suggested, because of the colchicine effect, that the state of the microtubules may regulate the rate of prostaglandin biosynthesis. It is possible that prostaglandin E2 produced by rheumatoid synovia may contribute to the pathogenesis of the inflammatory reaction and lead to destruction of juxta-articular bone in rheumatoid arthritis.
The Barnacle, Balanus subalbidus, as a Salinity Bioindicator in the Oligohaline Estuarine Zone

The distribution and size of the barnacle Balanus subalbidus were studies along salinity gradients in coastal Louisiana and Mississippi. It was common in gradient estuaries occurring in salinities ranging from near fresh water to 16 ppt. It was the dominant barnacle species in the oligohaline zone, but at salinities above 6 ppt its relative abundance decreased and it was replaced by B. improvicus and B. eburneus. Its low-salinity limit corresponded to the boundary between the oligohaline and fresh water estuarine salinity zones and there was a high negative correlation between size (basal rostral-carinal diameter) and salinity. Its size and distribution could be used to determine prevailing salinity at a site because of its abundance and uniform distribution in oligohaline areas.
Discrete time repetitive control for robot manipulators

The analysis and experimental implementation of a discrete-time repetitive control scheme is presented. The repetitive control structure is designed to be easily implemented on any system without modification to the existing controller. Simulation and experimental results show that the repetitive controller in conjunction with a computed-torque control or a simple proportional-derivative control law achieves good tracking performance when the desired trajectory is periodic and the period is known. >
Regional Spectral Analysis of Three Moderate Earthquakes in Northeastern North America

Abstract We analyze Fourier spectra obtained from the horizontal components of broadband and accelerogram data from the 1997 Cap-Rouge, the 2002 Ausable Forks, and the 2005 Riviere-du-Loup earthquakes, recorded by Canadian and American stations sited on rock at hypocentral distances from 23 to 602 km. We check the recorded spectra closely for anomalies that might result from site resonance or source effects. We use Beresnev and Atkinson’s (1997) near-surface velocity structures and Boore and Joyner’s (1997) quarter-wave method to estimate site response at hard- and soft-rock sites. We revise the Street et al. (1975) model for geometrical spreading, adopting a crossover distance of r o =50 km instead of 100 km. We obtain an average attenuation of Q =410±25 f 0.50±0.03 for S + L g +surface waves with ray paths in the Appalachian and southeastern Grenville Provinces. We correct the recorded spectra for attenuation and site response to estimate source spectral shape and radiated energy for these three earthquakes and the 1988 M 5.8 Saguenay earthquake. The Brune stress drops range from 130 to 419 bars, and the apparent stresses range from 39 to 63 bars. The corrected source spectral shapes of these earthquakes are somewhat variable for frequencies from 0.2 to 2 Hz, falling slightly below the fitted Brune spectra.
Femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of polyatomic molecules.

▪ Abstract Femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy is emerging as a useful technique for investigating excited state dynamics in isolated polyatomic molecules. The sensitivity of photoelectron spectroscopy to both electronic configurations and vibrational dynamics makes it well suited to the study of ultrafast nonadiabatic processes. We review the conceptual interpretation of wavepacket dynamics experiments, emphasizing the role of the final state. We discuss the advantages of the molecular ionization continuum as the final state in polyatomic wavepacket experiments and show how the electronic structure of the continuum can be used to disentangle electronic from vibrational dynamics. We illustrate these methods with examples from diatomic wavepacket dynamics, internal conversion in polyenes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, excited state intramolecular proton transfer, and azobenzene photoiosomerization dynamics.
Integrated parameter and control design

In this paper, the integrated parameter and control (IPC) problem is considered where the system parameters are assumed to enter into the state-space realization in a polynomial manner. Converging finite-dimensional sub-optimal problems are constructed and solved via a linear relaxation technique, whereby a global optimal solution to the IPC problem can be computed to any prescribed tolerance.
Test-retest reliability of arterial spin labeling with common labeling strategies

Purpose To compare the test–retest reproducibility of three variants of arterial spin labeling (ASL): pseudo-continuous (pCASL), pulsed (PASL) and continuous (CASL). Materials and Methods Twelve healthy subjects were scanned on a 3.0T scanner with PASL, CASL, and pCASL. Scans were repeated within-session, after 1 hour, and after 1 week to assess reproducibility at different scan intervals. Results Comparison of within-subject coefficients of variation (wsCV) demonstrated high within-session reproducibility (ie, low wsCV) for CASL-based methods (gray matter [GM] wsCV for pCASL: 3.5% ± 0.02%, CASL: 4.1% ± 0.07%) compared to PASL (wsCV: 7.5% ± 0.06%), due to the higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) associated with continuous labeling, evident in the 20% gain in temporal SNR and 58% gain in raw SNR for pCASL relative to PASL. At the 1-week scan interval, comparable reproducibility between PASL (GM wsCV 9.2% ± 0.12%) and pCASL (GM wsCV 8.5% ± 0.14%) was observed, indicating the dominance of physiological fluctuations. Conclusion Although all three approaches are capable of measuring cerebral blood flow within a few minutes of scanning, the high precision and SNR of pCASL, with its insensitivity to vessel geometry, make it an appealing method for future ASL application studies. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:940–949. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fault models for analog-to-digital converters

The author studies the fault models of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and relies on defect statistics (C. Stapper, 1985 and W. Maly et al., 1984) to derive the models according to the following procedure: collection of applicable manufacturing defect statistics for integrated circuits; mapping these statistics onto various layouts of the ADC circuits; defect analysis and fault derivation; and fault simulation. The author presents results of the ADC fault model study and discusses guidelines for test generation of mixed-signal communication circuits which employ the ADC in their designs. The results from a case study are compared. Preliminary results from this study are presented for two fault classes: opamp faults and MOS and capacitor faults. >
Bias in logistic regression due to imperfect diagnostic test results and practical correction approaches.

Background Logistic regression is a statistical model widely used in cross-sectional and cohort studies to identify and quantify the effects of potential disease risk factors. However, the impact of imperfect tests on adjusted odds ratios (and thus on the identification of risk factors) is under-appreciated. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the problem associated with modelling imperfect diagnostic tests, and propose simple Bayesian models to adequately address this issue.
Prognostic Significance of Tumor Volume in Radical Prostatectomy and Needle Biopsy Specimens

Purpose: This review addresses the controversies that persist relating to the prognosis and reporting of tumor volume in adenocarcinoma of the prostate.Materials and Methods: A search was performed using the MEDLINE database and referenced lists of relevant studies to obtain articles addressing the quantification of cancer on radical prostatectomy and needle biopsy.Results: In the 2010 TNM classification system T2 tumor at radical prostatectomy is subdivided into pT2a (unilateral tumor occupying less than ½ a lobe), pT2b (unilateral tumor greater than ½ a lobe) and pT2c (bilateral tumor). This pathological substaging of T2 disease fails on several accounts. In most studies pT2b disease almost does not exist. By the time a tumor is so large that it microscopically occupies more than ½ a lobe, in the majority of cases there is bilateral (pT2c) tumor. An even greater flaw of the substaging system for stage pT2 disease is the lack of prognostic significance. In reporting pathologically organ confined cancer, ...
Growing Old with or without it The Meaning of Land in a Southern Rural Community

This article describes the salient features of differential land ownership and explores the consequences of these differences. By focusing on unequal access to land ownership, the article unmasks the great variation within a rural community. While blacks and whites do not share land equitably, they do share the same ideology about the value of the land.
Laser spectroscopic instrumentation and techniques: long-path monitoring by resonance absorption

Tunable laser spectroscopy has necessitated the introduction of new measurement techniques, particularly with regard to the wavelength calibration. This paper highlights some of these requirements and surveys laser spectroscopic measurements which have already been performed in the infrared. The rather unique properties of tunable infrared lasers also make them useful for air pollution monitoring. In particular, several tunable laser techniques have been used for long-path monitoring of ambient gases in the atmosphere by resonance absorption. The results of these measurements and prospects for the future will be discussed.
Neuropsychological Effects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can affect people of all ages but the literature is lacking on children and adolescents who experience PTSD. The consequences of this disorder extend beyond the basic symptoms by which it is defined. Neuroanatomically, the brains of children with PTSD have been found to be abnormally symmetrical in several structures, resulting in abnormal functioning. Neuropsychological assessment reveals that children and adolescents with the PTSD syndrome have significant deficits in memory, attention, executive functioning, and in overall verbal intelligence that needs to be discriminated from other syndromes with similar deficits, for example, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This review presents the research findings with regard to these deficits in learning and behaviour that school psychologists encounter with students who experience PTSD. Implications for the practice of school psychology and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Underemployment and relative deprivation among re-employed executives.

Using a sample of 517 executives who lost their jobs as a result of downsizing, this study examined underemployment among managers in replacement jobs taken after their layoffs. Laid-off executives who were re-employed in jobs which paid less, were at lower levels of organizational hierarchies and which did not fully utilize their skills had consistently lower job attitudes. In addition, the results suggest that relative deprivation is an important mediator in explaining how underemployment leads to poorer psychological well-being in those replacement jobs. The article concludes with directions for future research on underemployment and relative deprivation in the aftermath of layoffs.
Dual-site supported metallocene catalyst design for bimodal polyolefin synthesis

The processability of various polyolefins may be enhanced by producing one having a bimodal molecular weight distribution. Such polymers can be produced by loading the reactor with a catalyst on which two different catalytic sites are impregnated. The catalysts must be loaded with a proper ratio between the two catalytic sites to produce the desired polymer. The total loading should enable a maximum polymer production in the specified residence time while keeping the maximum transient temperature below a specified maximum, in order to avoid local melting and sheet formation. A model is presented that enables this catalyst design based on kinetic information about the initiation, propagation, and deactivation reaction rates of the two individual catalytic sites. The model simulations provide insight about the factors affecting the maximum safe loading of the two catalytic sites. We show here how to utilize kinetic information about each of the two catalytic sites to predict the optimum loading of dual-site metallocene catalysts. As the maximum temporal temperature occurs during the initial stages of the reaction, the site that leads to a faster generation of a temperature peak, exerts a stronger bound on the total polymer production than the second site. The larger the propagation and/or the initiation rate constants or their activation energies are, the lower should be the catalyst loading. The deactivation rate constants affect both the relative site loading of the two sites as well as the total production. The total polymer production can be increased by decreasing the deactivation rate of the more active site. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Robust static allocation of resources for independent tasks under makespan and dollar cost constraints

Heterogeneous computing (HC) systems composed of interconnected machines with varied computational capabilities often operate in environments where there may be inaccuracies in the estimation of task execution times. Makespan (defined as the completion time for an entire set of tasks) is often the performance feature that needs to be optimized in such systems. Resource allocation is typically performed based on estimates of the computation time of each task on each class of machines. Hence, it is important that makespan be robust against errors in computation time estimates. In this research, the problem of finding a static mapping of tasks to maximize the robustness of makespan against the errors in task execution time estimates given an overall makespan constraint is studied. Two variations of this basic problem are considered: (1) where there is a given, fixed set of machines, (2) where an HC system is to be constructed from a set of machines within a dollar cost constraint. Six heuristic techniques for each of these variations of the problem are presented and evaluated.
Magmatic history and parental melt composition of olivine‐phyric shergottite LAR 06319: Importance of magmatic degassing and olivine antecrysts in Martian magmatism

Several olivine-phyric shergottites contain enough olivine that they could conceivably represent the products of closed-system crystallization of primary melts derived from partial melting of the Martian mantle. Larkman Nunatak (LAR) 06319 has been suggested to represent a close approach to a Martian primary liquid composition based on approximate equilibrium between its olivine and groundmass. To better understand the olivine–melt relationship and the evolution of this meteorite, we report the results of new petrographic and chemical analyses. We find that olivine megacryst cores are generally not in equilibrium with the groundmass, but rather have been homogenized by diffusion to Mg# 72. We have identified two unique grain types: an olivine glomerocryst and an olivine grain preserving a primary magmatic boundary that constrains the time scale of eruption to be on the order of hours. We also report the presence of trace oxide phases and phosphate compositions that suggest that the melt contained approximately 1.1% H2O and lost volatiles during cooling, also associated with an increase in oxygen fugacity upon degassing. We additionally report in situ rare earth element measurements of the various mineral phases in LAR 06319. Based on these reported trace element abundances, we estimate the oxygen fugacity in the LAR 06319 parent melt early in its crystallization sequence (i.e., at the time of crystallization of the low-Ca and high-Ca pyroxenes), the rare earth element composition of the parent melt, and those of melts in equilibrium with later formed phases. We suggest that LAR 06319 represents the product of closed-system crystallization within a shallow magma chamber, with additional olivine accumulated from a cumulate pile. We infer that the olivine megacrysts are antecrysts, derived from a single magma chamber, but not directly related to the host magma, and suggest that mixing of antecrysts within magma chambers may be a common process in Martian magmatic systems.
Paradoxical Role of IL-17 in Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common cause of ESRD in the United States. Current standard of care for patients with DN can slow the progression of DN, but there are no effective therapies to halt progression of established DN. The lack of more effective therapies in established DN is in part
Intermediates and monomers for vapor phase deposition and polybenzoxazoles

New multifunctionalized aliphatic and aromatic benzoxazoles have been synthesized as potential intermediates for benzoxazole cyclic dimers and soluble polymeric precursors to fully conjugated vinylene phenylene polymer structures. Aliphatic benzoxazoles were found to undergo hydrolysis under the normal basic conditions required for carbon-carbon coupling reactions to form cyclic dimers. In attempts to form aromatic benzoxazole cyclic dimers, polymerization occurred, demonstrating facile reaction. Although benzoxazole cyclic dimers were never isolated for vapor phase deposition-polymerization, the new functionalized benzoxazoles synthesized here, namely the dihalomethyl and monohalomethyl derivatives, are being investigated as potential vapor phase deposition-polymerization monomers.
Comparison of Berkeley and CALNET magnitude estimates as a means of evaluating temporal consistency of magnitudes in California

Abstract Magnitude estimates have been calculated independently by Berkeley and the U.S. Geological Survey for a large number of events in central California. The Berkeley magnitudes have been determined using a stable set of Wood-Anderson seismometers for many decades. This relative stability allowed us to compare CALNET magnitudes with the Berkeley magnitudes in an attempt to evaluate the temporal stability of the CALNET magnitudes. The comparisons were carried out in six different regions of central California for events with 2.5 ≦ M (Berkeley)
Comparison of open gastrostomy tube to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube in lung transplant patients.

Introduction Lung transplant patients require a high degree of immunosuppression, which can impair wound healing when surgical procedures are required. We hypothesized that because of impaired healing, lung transplant patients requiring gastrostomy tubes would have better outcomes with open gastrostomy tube (OGT) as compared to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube (PEG).
Dynamic enhancer–gene body contacts during transcription elongation

Enhancers govern transcription through multiple mechanisms, including the regulation of elongation by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). We characterized the dynamics of looped enhancer contacts during synchronous transcription elongation. We found that many distal enhancers form stable contacts with their target promoters during the entire interval of elongation. Notably, we detected additional dynamic enhancer contacts throughout the gene bodies that track with elongating RNAPII and the leading edge of RNA synthesis. These results support a model in which the gene body changes its position relative to a stable enhancer-promoter complex, which has broad ramifications for enhancer function and architectural models of transcriptional elongation.
Multi‐Profile Analysis of Soil Moisture within the US Climate Reference Network

Soil moisture estimates are crucial for hydrologic modeling and agricultural decision-support efforts. These measurements are also pivotal for long-term inquiries regarding the impacts of climate change and the resulting droughts over large spatial and temporal scales. However, it has only been the past decade during which ground-based soil moisture sensory resources have become sufficient to tackle these important challenges. Despite this progress, random and systematic errors remain in ground-based soil moisture observations. Such errors must be quantified (and/or adequately minimized) before such observations can be used with full confidence. In response, this paper calibrates and analyzes US Climate Reference Network (USCRN) profile estimates at each of three sensors collocated at each USCRN location. With each USCRN location consisting of three independent, Hydraprobe measurements, triple collocation analysis of these sensory triads reveals the random error associated with this particular sensing technology in each individual location. This allows quantification of the accuracy of these individual profiles, the random errors associated with these measurements in different geographic locations, and offers the potential for more adept quality control procedures in near real time. Averaged over USCRN gauge locations nationally, this random error is determined to be approximately 0.012 m 3 /m 3 .
Error Handling and Debugging

AutoLISP has a very thorough error-reporting mechanism, but its debugging facilities are comparatively weak. We can maximize our productivity by understanding the various error messages and what causes them, and by knowing the best ways to avoid errors in the first place.
Pharmacologically Induced Resistance to Heat Shock: 1. Rauwolfoids and Chlorpromazine

Abstract VAN MATRE et al. (1957) reported in abstract that, under certain defined conditions, two tranquilizing drugs, reserpine and chlorpromazine prolonged the lives of chickens exposed to lethally elevated environmental temperatures. These observations led to further experiments. The experimental conditions, techniques, and results are placed on record here. MATERIALS AND METHODS S.C. White Leghorn chickens of randomly mated production stock were used in all experiments. Both males and females, varying in age from 9 to 120 days, were employed, but all birds in any single experiment were of the same sex and from the same hatch. The experimental drugs, reserpine, reserpine-free mother liquor, 1 and chlorpromazine, were mixed into the Poultry Department's regular commercial-type all-mash rations and fed to all birds as described by Burger et al. (1959). Shortly before each heat-shock experiment the feathers of all chicks were stained with water-soluble food coloring in 80% aqueous acetone; a different color was …
A Modified Microburet for Topical Application of Insecticides to the Onion Maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meig.)

The toxicities of 15 insecticides to the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meig.) were determined by topical application. A modified microburet was used to apply the insecticide solutions to the insect. Toxicity data are recorded as micrograms insecticide per gram of fly. Methyl parathion, dimethoate and Diazinon® ( O,O - diethyl O -(2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate) Were the most toxic to the onion fly. Heptachlor, dieldrin, endrin, and DDT were the least toxic.
Preparation of Nanophase SiC/Si3N4, SiC/B4C and Stoichiometric SiC from Mixtures of a Vinylic Polysilane and Metal Powders

Pyrolysis of a vinylic polysilane (VPS, Union Carbide Y12044) under argon at 1600°C resulted in the formation of SiC with 20% residual carbon. The excess carbon was transformed to B4C or SiC by mixing B or Si powder with VPS and pyrolyzing the mixture under a flow of argon. When excess Si was added and the mixture was pyrolysed under N2 at 1395 °C, a SiC/ Si3N4 composite was obtained. All the products showed a fine-grained microstructure and excellent homogeneity. The precursors and the pyrolysis products were characterized by means of FTIR, TGA, XRD, SEM, STEM, BET, and elemental analysis.
Grain Boundary Effects in Ceramics

The study of the behavior of poly crystalline oxides and other ceramics is becoming more quantitative. As a consequence, certain differences between the behavior of grain boundaries in these materials and in metals are becoming obvious. Sintering occurs much more rapidly than would be predicted from tracer diffusion experiments. Nabarro-Herring creep also occurs more rapidly. These and certain other phenomena associated with grain boundaries are discussed.
Tadalafil Promotes the Recovery of Peripheral Neuropathy in Type II Diabetic Mice

We previously demonstrated that treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy with the short (4 hours) half-life phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, sildenafil, improved functional outcome in diabetic db/db mice. To further examine the effect of PDE5 inhibition on diabetic peripheral neuropathy, we investigated the effect of another potent PDE5 inhibitor, tadalafil, on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Tadalafil is pharmacokinetically distinct from sildenafil and has a longer half-life (17+hours) than sildenafil. Diabetic mice (BKS.Cg-m+/+Leprdb/J, db/db) at age 20 weeks were treated with tadalafil every 48 hours for 8 consecutive weeks. Compared with diabetic mice treated with saline, tadalafil treatment significantly improved motor and sensory conduction velocities in the sciatic nerve and peripheral thermal sensitivity. Tadalafil treatment also markedly increased local blood flow and the density of FITC-dextran perfused vessels in the sciatic nerve concomitantly with increased intraepidermal nerve fiber density. Moreover, tadalafil reversed the diabetes-induced reductions of axon diameter and myelin thickness and reversed the diabetes-induced increased g-ratio in the sciatic nerve. Furthermore, tadalafil enhanced diabetes-reduced nerve growth factor (NGF) and platelet-derived growth factor-C (PDGF-C) protein levels in diabetic sciatic nerve tissue. The present study demonstrates that tadalafil increases regional blood flow in the sciatic nerve tissue, which may contribute to the improvement of peripheral nerve function and the amelioration of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
Characterization and Failure Analysis of an Automotive Ball Joint

This case study describes the failure analysis of an automotive lower ball joint that fractured under normal driving conditions. Through spectroscopy, the material was determined to be SAE-AISI 5135H steel. The metallographic examination revealed a tempered martensitic structure, and hardness measurements radially across the surface of the cut ball stud suggested that the stud was through hardened. Scanning electron microscopy of the fracture surfaces indicated fatigue as the main failure mechanism. Finite element analysis was used to analyze the performance of the part under a normal loading condition. A detailed fatigue analysis to determine the effect of various loads on the life of the ball joint was completed using three methods: S-N curve approximation using hardness values, S-N approach using Basquin’s equation, and a linear elastic crack-growth model. The cause of failure was determined to be from surface cracks forming in the high stress concentration neck region where the ball and stud are joined. The presence of a small surface flaw in this region was shown to significantly reduce the fatigue life of the ball joint.
Fayetteville 2030: Food City Scenario University of Arkansas Community Design Center, 2014

The idea that agriculture might be a land use suitable for the city is hardly a new one: consider, for example, that American victory gardens provided one-third of the fruits and vegetables consume...
An Architecture Supporting Formal and Compositional Binary Analysis

Building a trustworthy life-critical embedded system requires deep reasoning about the potential effects that sequences of machine instructions can have on full system operation. Rather than trying to analyze complete binaries and the countless ways their instructions can interact with one another --- memory, side effects, control registers, implicit state, etc. --- we explore a new approach. We propose an architecture controlled by a thin computational layer designed to tightly correspond with the lambda calculus, drawing on principles of functional programming to bring the assembly much closer to myriad reasoning frameworks, such as the Coq proof assistant. This approach allows assembly-level verified versions of critical code to operate safely in tandem with arbitrary code, including imperative and unverified system components, without the need for large supporting trusted computing bases. We demonstrate that this computational layer can be built in such a way as to simultaneously provide full programmability and compact, precise, and complete semantics, while still using hardware resources comparable to normal embedded systems. To demonstrate the practicality of this approach, our FPGA-implemented prototype runs an embedded medical application which monitors and treats life-threatening arrhythmias. Though the system integrates untrusted and imperative components, our architecture allows for the formal verification of multiple properties of the end-to-end system, including a proof of correctness of the assembly-level implementation of the core algorithm, the integrity of trusted data via a non-interference proof, and a guarantee that our prototype meets critical timing requirements.
Use of a Stochastic Method to Describe Dispersion and Deposition in an Idealized Annular Flow

A stochastic representation of fluid turbulence has been developed to study the behavior of very dilute suspensions of solid spheres in a turbulent flow. Particular emphasis is given to the understanding of deposition in an idealized annular pattern. The accuracy of the stochastic method was checked by comparing with calculations done in a DNS at Re τ=150. The striking aspect of the study is that calculations of the dimensionless deposition constant in a horizontal channel are presented for V T + =0 to 3.0, Re τ=590 and τ p + =0 to 20,000. For some runs it was necessary to use computation times of t +=2×108 in order to insure that a fully-developed condition was realized. Such an extensive study would not be possible if the turbulence was represented by a DNS.
The Treadmill of Destruction in Comparative Perspective: A Panel Study of Military Spending and Carbon Emissions, 1960-2014

This article analyzes a unique panel data set to assess the effect of militarism on per capita carbon dioxide emissions. We extend previous research examining the effects of military expenditures on carbon emissions by including in our analyses over 30 years of additional data. In addition, we compare our preliminary results to those obtained from other estimation procedures. Specifically, we report and visually illustrate the results of 54 cross-sectional models (one for each year) and 36 unique panel regression models on both balanced and unbalanced panels. We assess how this relationship has changed over time by testing for interactions between military spending and time and by systematically re-analyzing our data across 180 panel regressions with varying time frames. A strong and enduring association between military spending and per capita carbon emissions is indicated in cross-sectional comparisons. Our panel analyses reveal a much weaker and varying relationship that has become stronger in recent decades. Moreover, we find that the effect of military spending on per capita carbon emissions is moderated by countries’ level of economic development, with military spending of more wealthy countries having relatively larger net effects on carbon emissions. We partially confirm previous findings on the temporal stability of the environmental impacts of militarism. Our analyses show, however, that this temporal stability has emerged relatively recently, and that the relationship between military expenditures and carbon emissions is weaker prior to the 1990s.