cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nasal Hemangioma of Pregnancy

The nasal hemangioma of pregnancy is an uncommon but impressive cause of epistaxis. One patient with this condition recently treated at the Keller Army Hospital, West Point, exemplifies the problems encountered in the diagnosis and treatment of this puzzling disorder.
Regulation of type II luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH-II) gene expression by the processed peptide of LHRH-I, LHRH-(1-5) in endometrial cells.

Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) was first isolated in the mammalian hypothalamus and shown to be the primary regulator of the reproductive system through its initiation of pituitary gonadotropin release. Since its discovery, this form of LHRH (LHRH-I) has been shown to be one of many structural variants with a variety of roles in both the brain and peripheral tissues. Enormous interest has been focused on LHRH-I, LHRH-II, and their cognate receptors as targets for designing therapies to treat cancers of the reproductive system. LHRH-I is processed by a zinc metalloendopeptidase EC 3.4.24.15 (EP24.15) that cleaves the hormone at the Tyr5-Gly6 bond. We have previously reported that the autoregulation of LHRH gene expression can also be mediated by its processed peptide, LHRH-(1–5). Given its importance in the brain, we have investigated the role of the specific processed peptide of LHRH-I, LHRH-(1–5), within Ishikawa cells, a human endometrial cell line. Using real-time polymerase chain reactio...
Yes, Macro Practice Matters: Embracing the Complexity of Real-World Social Work

In his essay, “Why Macro Practice Matters,” Michael Reisch gives a compelling invitation to social work scholars to consider the contributions of macro practitioners to our profession and to societ...
Effect of different soaking methods on metal extraction from mineralized materials in drinking water

Objective:To study the effect of different soaking methods on the metal extraction from the mineralized material in drinking water.Methods:Different soaking temperature,time,pH and different soaking liquids were chosen to do the soaking experiment.Aluminum,chrome and arsenic in soaking liquids were analyzed by ICP-MS.Results:The content of metal separated from mineralized material were affected remarkably by soaking temperature,especially for aluminum.Metal contents increased with soaking time,but after 18 hours,the content increased very slowly.The contents of metals separated from mineralized material were also influenced by the water types,with highest metal contents soaking in pure water.Conclusion:The temperature,time and pH of soaking liquids have different influences on the metal content isolated from the mineralized material in drinking water.
Family roles and smoking.

This study analyzes the relationships of cigarette smoking and smoking histories to marital and parental status. Data from a large, representative sample of U.S. adults in 1985 were analyzed separately for white men, white women, black men, and black women, with controls for age, education, and marital status included in the analyses. Divorced and separated adults were the most likely to be current smokers or ever to have adopted smoking; currently married adults and widowed adults were intermediate; and never married adults were the least likely to be current smokers or ever to have adopted smoking. (There were some exceptions to these patterns for never married and widowed blacks.) The differences in smoking adoption had begun during adolescence, before the usual age of marriage, which suggests that the differences in smoking adoption were not caused by marriage or divorce. Rather, it appears that personal characteristics or early experiences influenced both the likelihood of smoking adoption and the likelihood of marriage or divorce. Currently married adults were more likely to have quit smoking than never married, divorced and separated, or widowed adults. It may be that the social support provided by marriage increases smoking cessation. In contrast to the strong relationships between marital status and smoking, relationships between parental status and smoking were relatively weak and variable. Among white women, mothers of preschoolers were less likely to be smokers than women without children. The mothers of preschoolers were more likely to have quit smoking, possibly as a result of increased smoking cessation during pregnancy.
Attenuation of endoplasmic reticulum stress by caffeine ameliorates hyperoxia-induced lung injury

Rodent pups exposed to hyperoxia develop lung changes similar to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in extremely premature infants. Oxidative stress from hyperoxia can injure developing lungs through...
Optimal Fault Detection and Resolution During Maneuvering for AUVS

Abstract As AUV missions become longer and more complex, increased reliability is sought using automatic fault detection and accommodation. In spite of all attempts at redundancy, failures still occur, and if detected quickly, premature mission aborts could be avoided and the mission reconfigured. This paper deals with the issue of fault detection using Kalman filter methodology for detecting a fin fault with an AUV during steering maneuvers. The problem lies in the fact that Kalman Filter fault detection residuals are not only sensitive to faults, but also to errors in the model used. Model errors for the vehicle in a maneuvering condition cause residual increases that are not easily distinguishable from fin faults. This work uses non linear optimization of both model and filter parameters to arrive at a satisfactory solution in which fin faults are detected over a range of maneuvers. The result is evaluated using in water experimental data from test runs using the 21 UUV vehicle.
Increasing Participation in a Natural Group Setting: A Preliminary Report

An attempt was made in this exploratory study to influence amount of verbalization of group members by manipulating social reinforcement. Subjects were selected from nine members of a seminar that met 2 hours a week for an entire semester. During the first four meetings, operant levels of verbalization rate (participation) were determined for each member of the group. For the remaining eight 2-hour sessions, two professors in the seminar gave the two lowest participators positive social reinforcement, and the two highest participators negative social reinforcement. Positive reinforcement included attention, nodding the head, and agreement; negative reinforcement included ignoring S, and giving indications of boredom. Low participators receiving positive reinforcement increased in participation during the first four reinforced sessions and remained at approximately the same level during the last four sessions. High participators receiving negative reinforcement showed a sharp decrease in participation during the first four negative reinforcement sessions, but during the last four sessions participation increased almost to the original operant level. The method appears to warrant further exploration in natural or experimental group settings-particularly where increased participation of non-participators is a valued outcome.
Winter bait stations as a multispecies survey tool

Winter bait stations are becoming a commonly used technique for multispecies inventory and monitoring but a technical evaluation of their effectiveness is lacking. Bait stations have three components: carcass attractant, remote camera, and hair snare. Our 22,975 km2 mountainous study area was stratified with a 5 × 5 km sampling grid centered on northern Idaho and including portions of Washington, Montana, and British Columbia. From 2010–14, we conducted 563 sampling sessions at 497 bait stations in 453 5 × 5 km cells. We evaluated the effectiveness of cameras and hair snare DNA collection at stations to detect species and individual animals, factors affecting DNA viability, the effectiveness of re-visiting stations, and the influence of elevation, seasonality, and latency on species detections. Cameras were more effective at detecting multiple species than DNA hair snaring. Length of deployment time and elevation increased genetic species ID success but individual ID success rates were increased only by collecting hairs earlier in the season. Re-visiting stations did not change camera or genetic species detection results but did increase the number of individual genotypes identified. Marten and fisher were detected quickly while bobcat and coyote showed longer latency to detection. Seasonality significantly affected coyote and bobcat detections but not marten, fisher, or weasel. Multispecies bait station study design should incorporate mixed elevation sites with stratified seasonality. Priority should be given to including cameras as components of bait stations over hair snares, unless there is a specific genetic goal to the study. A hair snare component should be added, however, if individual ID or genetic data are necessary. Winter stations should be deployed a minimum of 45–60 days to allow for detection of low density species and species with long latency to detection times. Hair samples should be collected prior to DNA-degrading late season rain events. Re-visiting stations does not change which species are detected at stations; therefore, studies with objectives to delineate species presence or distribution will be more effective if they focus on deploying more stations across a broader landscape in lieu of surveying the same site multiple times.
A Generalized Switching Strategy and Capacitor Sizing Algorithm for Granular Multilevel Converters

The granular multilevel converter (GMC) is a multilevel converter built by hybridizing a conventional two-level converter with an asymmetrical cascaded H-bridge converter. Addition of each additional H-bridge submodule doubles the number of the GMC output voltage steps. Thus, with a small number of power electronic switches and associated gate drive signals and circuits, a GMC can offer a high-quality ac voltage to meet the stringent requirements of high-performance drives and grid-tied converters in low and medium voltages. This paper proposes: 1) a generalized switching strategy to control the output voltage as well as capacitor voltages of H-bridge submodules for a GMC with an arbitrary number of submodules $n$ (this proposed strategy is scalable, which allows for easy modification of the voltage rating or the number of the voltage steps of the GMC) and 2) a systematic analysis for optimal sizing of the submodule capacitors to minimize the required total energy of the installed capacitors. Simulation and experimental case studies evaluate the performance of the proposed switching and capacitor sizing algorithms.
Hafnium inspired activation of highly hindered anhydrides in the acylation of alcohols and polyols

Abstract A novel and highly efficient method for activating highly hindered acid anhydrides towards the acylation of alcohols and carbohydrate-derived polyols has been developed. This new method relies on the capacity of the hafnium triflate catalyst Hf(OTf)2 to activate highly hindered acid anhydrides, and to direct the acylation reaction. This new acylation protocol is mild and proceed at room temperature with low catalyst loading. The method is versatile and has been extended to different alcohol substrates with different steric encumbrance as well as carbohydrate-derived polyols to afford the corresponding ester products in good to excellent yields.
Accidental Ingestion of a Grill Brush Wire Resulting in Death

Accidental ingestion of a foreign body is a rare occurrence in the unimpaired adult. The usual patient is aware of the ingestion event and seeks medical attention if needed.We report a case of acci...
Thoracic Duct Injuries

Thoracic duct injury is a rare consequence of both blunt and penetrating trauma; it is most commonly due to iatrogenic injury following neck or chest surgery, particularly esophagectomy. It can be associated with significant morbidity including sepsis, malnutrition, dehydration, and electrolyte abnormalities, these complications can result in death if not appropriately treated in a timely fashion. If suspected intraoperatively, provocative maneuvers such as enteral administration of cream can be performed to localize the site of injury for ligation. In patients who present postoperatively or post-injury with chylothorax conservative management with drainage, bowel rest, intravenous fluids, and nutrition, with or without octreotide is quite successful if output is low or moderate. In those patients with high volume output, or in those who do not respond to conservative management within 2 weeks, percutaneous embolization or surgical ligation should be performed expeditiously in order to minimize morbidity and mortality. Recurrent chylothorax is an uncommon complication following surgical ligation and embolization and can be treated with conservative management, or if high volume or unresponsive with talc pleurodesis with good results.
Public Perception of Industrial Risks: A Free-Response Approach

Free-response survey items were used to study industrial risk perception with six groups of respondents: Nuclear Engineers, Chemical Engineers, Science Writers, and two groups selected from the general public. Several questionnaire items referred to “the closest hazardous facility that concerns you.” Because of the free-response format, respondents were able to nominate any industrial facility. About half of the respondents identified a hazardous facility within ten miles; appropriately, respondents selected on the basis of living near to hazardous facilities (one of the general public groups) reported hazardous facilities closer to them than did the other groups. The most frequently identified facility was a Nuclear Power Plant; this was true for all groups except the Nuclear Engineers. Pollution and Leak of Radioactive Materials were the most frequently mentioned risks. Nuclear Power Plants were strongly differentiated from other facilities by respondents, and a Leak of Radioactive Material from a Nuclear Power Plant was the most frequently mentioned exposure path. Other questionnaire items dealt with respondents’ views of two specific facilities, a Toxic Chemical Disposal Facility and a Nuclear Waste Disposal Facility. Respondents who were either physically closer to or professionally identified with hazardous facilities were distinguished from others by lower levels of concern about adverse effects, particularly health effects. This was coupled, however, with higher levels of concern for effects to specific groups of living persons, particularly workers at hazardous facilities. The discussion of these results is focused on three significant risk perception problems. First, public perception of industrial risks, with emphasis on Nuclear Power and Nuclear Waste Disposal. Second, the concern (or lack of it) of persons living today for persons living in future generations. Third, the appropriate use and interpretation of free- and fixed-response items in survey research.
Gd-Based Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

Abstract Magnetic micro- and nano-sized particles have important biomedical applications and are therefore extensively researched. The optimum particle size varies depending on the application. Magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit properties different than their corresponding bulk materials due to finite size effects, composition, crystal structure, etc. These NPs could be synthesized by several methods using either top-down or bottom-up approaches. The optimization of size, shape, and structure of these NPs leads to interesting magnetic properties that have diverse applications. Gadolinium silicide (Gd5Si4) NPs are ferromagnetic at room temperature and have the potential to serve both as an agent for diagnostics (e.g., as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent) and treatment (hyperthermia therapy for cancer treatment). In this chapter, we give an overview of size-dependent magnetic properties such as magnetization, Curie temperature, and coercivity of Gd5Si4 NPs.
Crossing Mexico on La Bestia: The Central American Migrant Experience in the Documentary Films Which Way Home and Who Is Dayani Cristal?

This article examines two documentaries about the recent wave of Central American migrants who have attempted to reach the US by crossing Mexico atop the freight trains known as la Bestia. These fi...
Ozone-based treatments for inactivation of Salmonella enterica in tree nuts: Inoculation protocol and surrogate suitability considerations.

Abstract The feasibility of using gaseous ozone, alone or in combination with other treatments, to decontaminate in-shell almonds and pistachios, prepared under different pathogen-inoculation conditions, was explored. Nuts were inoculated with either Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis or a potential Salmonella surrogate, Enterococcus faecium OSY 31284. The effect of inoculation method (with or without vacuum application), and of drying inoculated nuts (up to three days) on treatment efficacy was investigated. Inoculated nuts were subjected to gaseous ozone alone (almonds, pistachios) or ozone in combination with heating in brine solution (pistachios). Ozone treatment included application of vacuum (10 in Hg), followed by vessel pressurization to 12.5 psig with ozone‑oxygen mixture (160 g ozone/m3 gas mixture) and holding for 30 min. Heating was conducted in a brine solution (5% NaCl) at 70 °C, for 10 min. Ozone-based treatments were significantly more effective (P
What are Future Pain Physicians Learning? A Survey of Opioid Prescribing Practices Among US Pain Fellowship Programs.

Background Pain physicians have long been seen as subspecialists that commonly prescribe opioid medications, but the reality exists that primary care, oncologists, and surgical subspecialists find themselves embroiled in these clinical decisions just as frequently. It is a reasonable hope that pain physicians emerge as leaders in navigating these muddy waters, and the most important time to engrave practice standards is during clinical training. Objectives It was our hope to survey Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) pain fellowship programs throughout the United States in regard to practice behaviors for opioid prescribing in chronic noncancer pain (CNCP), and to assess what future pain physicians are learning during their training. Study design We developed a succinct, 8-question survey that attempted to gauge several aspects of opioid prescribing practices for CNCP. A survey was prepared in electronic format and e-mailed to each program director or chair of every ACGME accredited pain program in the United States. Methods Our results were anonymously collected and percentage of response to each question was presented in bar graph format. The survey was prepared and initially sent out in November 2017 and intermittently redistributed through April 2018. Results Of the 117 surveys sent through Survey Monkey, 42 responses were returned and collected, 39 fully completed surveys, and 3 partial completions, an estimate of roughly one-third of US ACGME pain fellowship programs. Limitations Completion of our survey was voluntary, roughly 35% of ACGME programs submitted a response. Conclusions Data displayed in collected responses illustrate that although there is variance in opioid prescribing practices for CNCP, many programs are limiting what they use opioids for and have substantial nonopioid pharmacologic and or interventional aspects to their practice. Future pain physicians throughout the country are learning diverse methods of pain management, with opioids being only a part of their toolbox. Key words Opioids, ACGME, pain management fellowship, guidelines, teaching.
Adaptive Voltage Regulation for Solar Power Inverters on Distribution Systems

By means of time-series power flow, this paper compares the performance of several reactive power control modes allowed in the new IEEE 1547. It is shown that voltage-reactive power mode (sometimes called volt-var) should be considered for a universal default setting, with no deadband, the highest allowed gain of 22 for Category B inverters, and a gain of 12.5 for Category A inverters. The reference voltage should adapt to the system voltage, with a 300s time constant.
Nonoperative Treatment Options for Patients With Sacroiliac Joint Pain.

ABSTRACT Sacroiliac joint (SIJ) pain is thought to be a component of low back pain in 20% of people who suffer with it chronically. There is no consistent objective diagnostic testing that includes SIJ pain as the diagnosis and thereby it can become a diagnosis of exclusion. Treatment of SIJ pain is variable, and no set method or protocol of treatment has been found to be efficacious or reliable. Thus, the healthcare provider is often left to create an individual treatment plan based on their own experiences and expertise. The purpose of this narrative review is to describe and discuss nonoperative treatment options for patients with SIJ pain. Further, coordination of treatment options and progression of treatment will be offered.
The Immune Tolerance Role of the HMGB1-RAGE Axis.

The disruption of the immune tolerance induces autoimmunity such as systemic lupus erythematosus and vasculitis. A chromatin-binding non-histone protein, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), is released from the nucleus to the extracellular milieu in particular environments such as autoimmunity, sepsis and hypoxia. Extracellular HMGB1 engages pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE). While the HMGB1-RAGE axis drives inflammation in various diseases, recent studies also focus on the anti-inflammatory effects of HMGB1 and RAGE. This review discusses current perspectives on HMGB1 and RAGE’s roles in controlling inflammation and immune tolerance. We also suggest how RAGE heterodimers responding microenvironments functions in immune responses.
Heterogeneous Persecution: Lesbianism and the Nazi State

In recent years scholars have shown increasing interest in lesbianism under National Socialism. But because female homosexuality was never criminalized in Nazi Germany, excluding Austria, historians have few archival sources through which to recount this past. That lack of evidence has led to strikingly different interpretations in the scholarly literature, with some historians claiming lesbians were a persecuted group and others insisting they were not. This article presents three archival case studies, each of which epitomizes a different mode in the relationship between lesbians and the Nazi state. In presenting these cases, the article contextualizes them with twenty-seven other cases from the literature, arguing that these different modes illustrate why different women met with such radically different fates. In so doing, it attempts to bridge the divide in the scholarship, putting persecution and tolerance into a single frame of reference for understanding the lives of lesbians in the Third Reich.
High Efficiency Double Layer Grating Couplers Supporting Polarization Diversity for Photonic Switches

We report on novel dual-layer grating couplers that support polarization diversity in silicon photonics. High coupling efficiency (-0.22 dB or 95.1%) and low polarization dependence (0.1 dB) have been realized through inverse design.
Seeing absence: Asian Americans and heterogeneous time

Finding Asian Americans during the 2020 presidential election requires us to take up the paradoxical task of looking for what is not there. Elections stage our national narratives, resurrecting or ...
BREAKOUT GROUP: Classroom For Everyone: Welcoming And Supporting Learners Of All Genders

Session LOCATION: George's (3rd floor of Johnson Center) As a breakout during a special featured ITL session, "Conversations about Supporting Diverse Students," we address the question, "How can faculty create a mindful, gender-inclusive learning environment for all learners in their courses?" A person's gender identity -- as a woman, man, non-binary, or none of the above -- may or may not correspond to their sex/gender assignment at birth. Discrimination on the basis of gender identity and expression is prohibited by policies from federal (Title IX, Executive Order 13672) to campus scales (e.g., George Mason University Policy 1202). Faculty also have numerous creative ways to proactively include students of all genders. A welcoming classroom provides all of its learners the opportunity to develop and express their gender, while respecting that identities may be latent, emergent or manifest as well as static, transitioning, or fluid throughout the term of the course. How can faculty create a mindful, gender-inclusive learning environment for all learners in their courses? First and foremost, we need to understand what gender is and how it is distinct from sex assigned at birth or (romantic and/or sexual) orientation. Next, we must practice and use appropriate vocabulary and strategies to acknowledge and respect each individual learner's gender identity. For instance, soliciting chosen names instead of dead names on studentsâ name placards or inviting inclusion of oneâs "pronouns" during self-introductions (e.g., they/them, she/her, he/him, ey/em, ze/hir, etc.). Finally, we should challenge ourselves to incorporate gender diversity into our pedagogy. This can be achieved by actively including various gender perspectives through case studies, role models, and guest lectures -- and by creating spaces, lesson plans, and activities that offer students opportunities to share and affirm one another's gender identity as intrinsic to each person's whole identity. Our session will feature a joint faculty, staff, and student team providing insights, illustrations, guidance, lessons, and resources to support your pursuit of more gender-inclusive learning in your teaching, advising, and community discourse. We will also allocate ample time to facilitated discussion, inquiry, and experience sharing among session participants of all gender identities.
50S subunit recognition and modification by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis ribosomal RNA methyltransferase TlyA

Changes in bacterial ribosomal RNA (rRNA) methylation status can alter the activity of diverse groups of ribosome-targeting antibiotics. Typically, such modifications are incorporated by a single methyltransferase that acts on one nucleotide target and rRNA methylation directly prevents drug binding, thereby conferring drug resistance. However, loss of intrinsic methylation can also result in antibiotic resistance. For example, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) becomes sensitized to tuberactinomycin antibiotics, such as capreomycin and viomycin, due to the action of the intrinsic methyltransferase TlyA. TlyA is unique among antibiotic resistance-associated methyltransferases as it has dual 16S and 23S rRNA substrate specificity and can incorporate cytidine-29-O-methylations within two structurally distinct contexts. How TlyA accomplishes this feat of dual-target molecular recognition is currently unknown. Here, we report the structure of the Mtb 50S-TlyA subunit complex trapped in a post-catalytic state with a S-adenosyl-L-methionine analog using single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy. This structure, together with complementary site-directed mutagenesis and methyltransferase functional analyses, reveals critical roles in 23S rRNA substrate recognition for conserved residues across an interaction surface that spans both TlyA domains. These interactions position the TlyA active site over the target nucleotide C2144 which is flipped from 23S Helix 69 in a process stabilized by stacking of TlyA residue Phe157 on the adjacent A2143. This work reveals critical aspects of substrate recognition by TlyA and suggests that base flipping is likely a common strategy among rRNA methyltransferase enzymes even in cases where the target site is accessible without such structural reorganization.
Exciton and polaron interactions in self-assembled conjugated polymer aggregates

We study exciton coupling and interconversion between neutral and charged states of different spin in pi-stacked conjugated polymer aggregates. Rigorous self-assembly approaches are used to prepare aggregate nanofibers that permit reliable control of polymer chain conformational and packing (intra- and interchain) order within these structures. Exciton coupling can be tuned between the H- and J-aggregate limits, which has important implications for determining the fates of excitons and polarons. Single molecule intensity modulation spectroscopy was performed on individual nanofibers and large quenching depths of emissive singlet excitons by triplets are found in J-aggregate type structures. We propose that high intrachain order leads to exciton delocalization that effectively lowers singlet-triplet energy splittings thus increasing triplet yields. Exciton-polaron and polaron-polaron interactions are next investigated in both H- and J-type nanofibers where polarons are injected by charge transfer doping. We find that the enhanced intrachain order of J-aggregates enables efficient intrachain polaron transport and leads to significantly larger doping efficiencies than less ordered H-aggregates. As polaron densities increase, signatures of spin-spin interactions between polarons on adjacent chains become appreciable leading to the formation of a spinless bipolaron. Overall, these studies demonstrate the potential for controlling and directing exciton and polaron interactions via tuning of subtle intra- and interchain ordering characteristics of aggregates, which could benefit various polymeric optoelectronic applications. © (2015) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
On Being the Journal of Record for Interior Design

For the past 3 years, I have been graciously invited to say a few words on behalf of the Journal at the Fellows Forum breakfast sponsored for graduate students at the annual Interior Design Educators Council (IDEC) conference. Each year I have asked the audience how many used the Journal to guide their graduate research. I was not surprised to see every student in the room raise their hands. But what did surprise me was the similarly enthusiastic response of the students when asked how many intended to submit a manuscript to the Journal. Once again, nearly every hand shot up. Times certainly have changed since I went to my first IDEC conference in 1990 held at the Sir Francis Drake Hotel in San Francisco where I was one of the few, if not the only, graduate student in attendance and did not realize how receptive the Journal was to new scholars.
Fock state superpositions in cavity QED with dark atoms

We have proposed a new scheme for generating Fock states in a cavity by “adiabatic passage from the vacuum.” In addition we have shown that an atomic Zeeman coherence can be mapped one-to-one to a photon coherence in a cavity. To the extent that arbitrary Zeeman coherences can be prepared in an atom by radio frequency fields and optical pumping, a “general superposition state” can be prepared in the cavity. The maximum number of photons in these states is limited by the Zeeman degeneracy. We emphasize that the scheme is robust against atomic spontaneous emission, and that the method of preparing the photon states is deterministic, since the atoms leave the cavity in a single final (pure) state.
Powder Synthesis with Gas Phase Reactants

This chapter discusses four methods of gas phase ceramic powder synthesis: by flames, furnaces, lasers, and plasmas. Different types of reactors are chosen due to considerations based on the enthalpy of reaction. A flame reactor must have an exothermic reaction, whereas in principle, the other reactors can operate with either exothermic or endothermic reactions. In each case, the reaction thermodynamics and kinetics are similar, but the reactor design is different. To account for the particle size distribution produced in a gas phase synthesis reactor, the population balance must account for nucleation, atomistic growth, and particle-particle aggregation. These gas phase reactors are real life examples of idealized plug flow reactors that are modeled by the dispersion model for plug flow. To obtain narrow size distribution ceramic powders by gas phase synthesis, dispersion must be minimized because it leads to a broadening of the particle size distribution. Finally, the gas must be quickly quenched or cooled to freeze the ceramic particles, which are often liquid at the reaction temperature, and thus prevent further aggregation.
Inverse Problem Solution for Laser Intensity Modulated Method

The laser intensity modulation method is based on absorption of laser generated heat, which diffuses into a thin sample as temperature waves and creates a non-uniform time-varying temperature distr...
Characterization of the glucose transporter from human erythrocytes

The D-glucose transporter from human erythrocytes has been purified and reconstituted by Kasahara and Hinkle (J Biol Chem 252:7394--7390). Using a similar purification scheme, we have isolated the protein with 65% of the extracted phospholipid at a lipid-protein ratio of 14:1 by weight. The KD (0.14 micrometer) and extent (11 nmoles/mg protein) for binding of 3H-cytochalasin B was determined by equilibrium dialysis. Glucose was a linear competitive inhibitor of binding of cytochalasin B, with an inhibition constant of 30 mM. To further characterize the protein, samples were filtered in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) through Sepharose 6B to remove 95% of the lipid followed by filtration of Sephadex G150 to remove the remaining lipid and a contaminating amount of a minor, lower-molecular-weight protein. This preparation contains only 24% acidic and basic amino acids. The protein also contains 5% neutral sugars (of which 3% is galactose), 7% glucosamine, and 5% sialic acid.
NADPH oxidases regulate cell growth and migration in myeloid cells transformed by oncogenic tyrosine kinases

Transformation by tyrosine kinase oncogenes (TKOs) in myeloid malignancies, including BCR-ABL in chronic myeloid leukemia, FLT3ITD in acute myeloid leukemia or JAK2V617F in myeloproliferative neoplasms, is associated with increased growth and cytoskeletal abnormalities. Using targeted approaches against components of the superoxide-producing NADPH-oxidases, including NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), NOX4 and the common p22(phox) subunit of NOX1-4, myeloid cells were found to display reduced cell growth and spontaneous migration. Consistent with a role of NOXs as regulators of membrane proximal signaling events in nonphagocytic cells, NOX2 and NOX4 were not involved in the excess production of intracellular reactive oxygen species and did not significantly increase oxygen consumption. All NOX family members are controlled in part through levels of the rate-limiting substrate NADPH, which was found to be significantly elevated in TKO-transformed cells. Also, reduced phosphorylation of the actin filament crosslinking protein myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) in response to suppression of p22(phox) hints at a novel effector of NOX signaling. MARCKS was also found to be required for increased migration. Overall, these data suggest a model whereby NOX links metabolic NADPH production to cellular events that directly contribute to transformation.
Utility of small biopsies for diagnosis of lung nodules: doing more with less

Small biopsies obtained by core needle or bronchoscopy are commonly used for diagnosis of lung nodules. This review provides guidance in two key areas of interpretation of small lung biopsies. The first part answers common questions regarding the immunohistochemical subclassification of non-small cell lung carcinomas that cannot be classified by standard criteria on hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections of small lung biopsies. The second part discusses common benign entities that can be diagnosed in core needle biopsies of lung nodules, such as granulomatous inflammation, parenchymal scars and organizing pneumonia. The approach to cases in which malignant cells are absent and features of a specific benign diagnosis are lacking is also addressed.
Age-related changes in hyaluronan, proteoglycan, collagen, and osteonectin synthesis by human bone cells

Human bone cells grown in culture, representative of a preosteoblastic stage of maturation, produce an extracellular matrix composed of collagen, several noncollagenous glycoproteins, hyaluronan, and four distinct proteoglycans (PGs). The influence of donor age on the levels of expression of these molecules in vitro has not been well characterized. In this study, human bone cells derived from sources ranging from fetal to 60-year-old donors were grown in culture, radiolabeled for 24 h, and the amount of incorporation of [35S]sulfate into PGs, [3H]glucosamine into hyaluronan, [3H]leucine/proline into osteonectin, and [3H]proline into collagen was determined. Cell proliferation was most rapid in fetal-derived bone cells and decreased with increasing age. Total protein and PG synthesis also decreased with increasing age, falling to 1/3 and 1/4, respectively, of fetal levels after age 30. A large chondroitin sulfate PG (Mr approximately 600,000 Da) was the major fetal PG and its levels were highly correlated with cellular proliferation. [3H]Collagen and [35S]decorin levels increased with the increasing age of the donor, reached a maximum in puberty-derived cells, and decreased to 1/3 maximal levels after age 20. The heparan sulfate PG (Mr approximately 400,000 Da) exhibited steady-state levels regardless of donor age. [3H]Osteonectin and [35S]biglycan levels were high in fetal-derived cells and in cells derived from pubescent donors. The percentage of collagen and four proteoglycans associated with the cell layer pool changed with donor age. All fetal-derived PG core proteins possessed more N- and O-linked oligosaccharides than newborn or adult derived PGs.
The Ron receptor tyrosine kinase negatively regulates mammary gland branching morphogenesis.

The Ron receptor tyrosine kinase is expressed in normal breast tissue and is overexpressed in approximately 50% of human breast cancers. Despite the recent studies on Ron in breast cancer, nothing is known about the importance of this protein during breast development. To investigate the functional significance of Ron in the normal mammary gland, we compared mammary gland development in wild-type mice to mice containing a targeted ablation of the tyrosine kinase (TK) signaling domain of Ron (TK−/−). Mammary glands from RonTK−/− mice exhibited accelerated pubertal development including significantly increased ductal extension and branching morphogenesis. While circulating levels of estrogen, progesterone, and overall rates of epithelial cell turnover were unchanged, significant increases in phosphorylated MAPK, which predominantly localized to the epithelium, were associated with increased branching morphogenesis. Additionally, purified RonTK−/− epithelial cells cultured ex vivo exhibited enhanced branching morphogenesis, which was reduced upon MAPK inhibition. Microarray analysis of pubertal RonTK−/− glands revealed 393 genes temporally impacted by Ron expression with significant changes observed in signaling networks regulating development, morphogenesis, differentiation, cell motility, and adhesion. In total, these studies represent the first evidence of a role for the Ron receptor tyrosine kinase as a critical negative regulator of mammary development.
Hund's rules for the N=0 Landau levels of trilayer graphene

The $N=0$ Landau levels of ABC and ABA trilayer graphene both have approximate 12-fold degeneracies that are lifted by interactions to produce strong quantum Hall effects at all integer filling factors between $\ensuremath{\nu}=\ensuremath{-}6$ and $\ensuremath{\nu}=6$. We discuss similarities and differences between the strong-magnetic-field weak-disorder physics of the two trilayer cases, and between trilayer and bilayer cases. These differences can be used to identify the stacking order of high-quality trilayer samples by studying their quantum Hall effects.
Prototype secondary mirror assembly for the Space Infrared Telescope Facility.

We describe our concept for a liquid helium temperature prototype secondary mirror assembly (PSMA) for the Space Infrared Telescope Facility. SIRTF, a NASA "Great Observatory" to be launched in the 1990's, is a superfluid heliumcooled 1-meter class telescope with much more stringent performance requirements than its precursor the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS). The SIRTF secondary mirror assembly must operate near 4 K and provide the functions of 2-axis dynamic tilting ("chopping") in addition to the conventional functions of focus and centering. The PSMA must be able to withstand random vibration testing and provide all of the functions needed by the SIRTF observatory. Our PSMA concept employs a fused quartz mirror kinematically attached at its center to an aluminum cruciform. The mirror/cruciform assembly is driven in tilt about its combined center of mass using a unique flexure pivot and a four-actuator control system with feed-back provided by pairs of eddy current position sensors. The actuators are mounted on a second flexure-pivoted mass providing angular momentum compensation and isolating the telescope from vibration-induced disturbances. The mirror/cruciform and the reaction mass are attached to opposite sides of an aluminum mounting plate whose AL/L characteristics are nominally identical to that of the aluminum flexure pivot material. The mounting plate is connected to the outer housing by a focus and centering mechanism based upon the six degree of freedom secondary mirror assembly developed for the Hubble Space Telescope.
Synthesis and structural characterization of a diphenylcarbazone complex of molybdenum(VI), (n-Bu4N)[MoO2(C6H5NNC(O)NNC6H5)(C6 H5NNC(O)NHNC6H5)], A species containing organohydrazido(2−) and organohydrazido(1−) ligands and functioning as a synthetic precursor in the preparation of the tetranuclear diazenido complex, (n-Bu4N)2[Mo4O6(OCH3)2(OC6H4NH)2(NNC6H5)4]

Abstract Reaction of α-(Bu4N)4[Mo8O26] with diphenylcarbazone in CH2Cl2 yields the hydrazido(1−), hydrazido(2−) species (Bu4N)[MoO2(C6H5NNCONHNC6H5)(C6H5NNCONNC6H5)] (I). Treatment of (I) with phenylhydrazine in MeOH yields the unexpected product, (Bu4N)2[Mo4O6(OMe)2(OC6H4NH)2(NNC6H5)4] (II), a tetranuclear polyoxomolybdate with the [Mo2(OMe)2(NNC6H5)4] 2+ core. Crystal Data: (I), space group P21/n, a = 11.026(2), b = 21.600(3), c = 18.851(3) A, β = 98.04(1)°; (II), space group P21/a, a = 24.675(4), b = 19.937(4), c = 17.295(3) A, β = 112.62(1)°.
Optimization of porosity formation in AlSi9Cu3 pressure die castings using genetic algorithm analysis

Abstract In this investigation, an effective approach based on multivariable linear regression (MVLR) and genetic algorithm (GA) methods has been developed to determine the optimum conditions leading to minimum porosity in AlSi9Cu3 aluminium alloy die castings. Experiments were conducted by varying holding furnace temperature, die temperature, plunger velocities in the first and second stage, and multiplied pressure in the third stage using L27 orthogonal array of Taguchi method. The experimental results from the orthogonal array were used as the training data for the MVLR model to map the relationship between process parameters and porosity formation of the die cast parts. With the fitness function based on this model, genetic algorithms were used for the process conditions optimization. By comparing the predicted values with the experimental data, it was demonstrated that the proposed model is a useful and efficient method to find the optimal process conditions in pressure die casting associated with the minimum porosity percent.
Leptin therapy in type 2 diabetes

There is a pressing need for new effective therapeutic strategies for addressing the epidemic of type 2 diabetes. Leptin has been shown to reduce hyperglycaemia in rodent models of type 1 diabetes and has recently been shown to normalize fasting plasma glucose concentrations in a rodent model of polygenic obesity and type 2 diabetes. Overall, these findings suggest that leptin may be an effective therapeutic option for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. However, short-term human clinical studies in overweight and obese patients with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes have reported minimal efficacy of leptin administration to lower blood glucose levels. Herein, the role of leptin in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis and the potential use of leptin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes are discussed.
General theory of the metal-insulator transition.

We present a general theory of the metal-insulator transition based on the formal introduction of an auxiliary irrotational gauge field and the subsequent behavior of the system in response to it. Correspondingly general scaling relations are derived which determine the point of transition at a critical value of the controlling density in terms of a series expansion with respect to a coupling constant. Functional integral techniques are also used to show the relation of this transition to a density-fluctuation instability. Finally, an interpretation is given of the transition in terms either of condensation of gauge bosons or, alternatively, in terms of the appearance of an additional geometric phase, an interpretation that is valid for quite general condensed-matter systems.
Polyadenylation can regulate ColE1 type plasmid copy number independently of any effect on RNAI decay by decreasing the interaction of antisense RNAI with its RNAII target.

Abstract Replication of ColE1-type plasmids is regulated by RNAI, an antisense RNA that interacts with the replication pre-primer, RNAII. Exonucleolytic attack at the 3 ′ end of RNAI is impeded in pcnB mutant bacteria, which lack poly(A) polymerase I—the principal RNA polyadenylase of E. coli ; this leads to accumulation of an RNAI decay intermediate (RNAI −5 ) and dramatic reduction of the plasmid copy number. Here, we report that polyadenylation can also affect RNAI-mediated control of plasmid DNA replication by inhibiting interaction of RNAI −5 with RNAII. We show that mutation of the host pcnB gene profoundly affects the plasmid copy number, even under experimental conditions that limit the effects of polyadenylation on RNAI −5 decay. Moreover, poly(A) tails interfere with RNAI/RNAII interaction in vitro without producing any detectable alteration of RNAI secondary structure. Our results establish the existence of a previously undetected mechanism by which RNA polyadenylation can control plasmid copy number.
Ge(n, n'γ) Reactions and Low-Lying States of Ge Isotopes

The 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} excitation functions of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray transitions in the $\mathrm{Ge}(n,{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\gamma})$ reactions have been measured at incident neutron energies from 0.5 to 2.55 MeV. Angular distributions at ${E}_{n}=1.75, 2.13, \mathrm{and} 2.55$ MeV have also been measured. The $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray production cross sections and the neutron inelastic scattering cross sections have been obtained at these neutron energies. Theoretical model calculations have been performed and are in good agreement with the experimental results. The Wolfenstein-Hauser-Feshbach formalism was used for the calculations. The low-lying decay schemes of the four even-$A$ Ge isotopes determined in this work are in good agreement with previous investigations. Branching ratios, as well as mixing ratios, of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray decay from the second ${2}^{+}$ state for all the four even-$A$ Ge isotopes have been obtained. The 1698-keV level of $^{74}\mathrm{Ge}$ has been confirmed and its decays to the first and second ${2}^{+}$ states have been established. The branching ratio and mixing ratios have been determined. A spin of 3 is tentatively assigned to that level for the first time in this work. In addition, a test of the fluctuation corrections to the statistical model at the mass region near $A=70$ has been made. The corrections attempted worsen the agreement between theory and experiment.