cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards a generic view of primality through multiset decompositions of natural numbers

Abstract Factorization results in multisets of primes and this mapping can be turned into a bijection between multisets of natural numbers and natural numbers. At the same time, simpler and more efficient bijections exist that share some interesting properties with the bijection derived from factorization. This paper describes mechanisms to emulate properties of prime numbers through isomorphisms connecting them to computationally simpler representations involving bijections from natural numbers to multisets of natural numbers. As a result, interesting automorphisms of N and emulations of the rad, Mobius and Mertens functions emerge in the world of our much simpler multiset representations. Finally we generalize the multiset decomposition mechanism derived from the Diophantine equation 2 x ( 2 y + 1 ) = z and study emulations of the behavior of the ω function that counts the number of distinct prime factors of a number as well as the equivalent of b - smoothness (a property characterizing natural numbers having all their prime factors smaller than b ). The paper is organized as a self-contained literate Haskell program . The code extracted from the paper is available as a standalone program at http://logic.cse.unt.edu/tarau/research/2012/jprimes.hs .
Determination of niobium, titanium and zirconium by high-frequency plasma torch emission spectrometry and its application to steel

Abstract The basic conditions for the determination of niobium, titanium and zirconium with an argon plasma and a Hitachi UHF Plasma Spectrascan operated at 2450 MHz and 450 W maximum output, have been established. The niobium 405.89-nm, titanium 365.35-nm and zirconium 339.19-nm lines gave detection limits of 0.5, 0.1 and 2.0 p.p.m., respectively, when pure solutions were used. Effects of gas flow rates, high-frequency output and concentration of acids were examined. In applications to steel, titanium was determined without prior chemical separation from iron at the 499.95-nm line, whereas niobium and zirconium could not be determined in the presence of large amounts of iron. When a cupferron precipitation method followed by extraction of iron with methyl isobutyl ketone was applied, satisfactory results were obtained.
Spinal projection neurons to the laterodorsal pontine tegmental nucleus: relationship to preganglionic neurons and nitric oxide synthase.

The region of the rat sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN) contains distinct subpopulations of neurons that project supraspinally or are preganglionic neurons. Some preganglionic neurons in the SPN serve as the motor outflow for urinary bladder contraction; other neurons in the SPN project to regions of the rostral pons that subserve micturition reflexes. Previous studies utilizing immunohistochemistry or staining for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) have demonstrated that numerous neurons in the SPN contain nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the enzyme for nitric oxide synthesis. Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine (1) the distribution of neurons in the region of the SPN that project to the laterodorsal tegmenturn (LDT) of the pons, (2) whether spinal neurons projecting to a peripheral autonomic ganglion also project to the LDT, and (3) whether NOS or NADPH-d is present in LDT projection neurons. Preganglionic neurons were identified by injecting the retrograde tracer fluorogold (FG) into the major pelvic ganglion (MPG). Supraspinally projecting neurons were identified by injecting the retrograde tracer fast blue (FB) into the LDT. Numerous FB-labeled neurons were present in the ipsi- and contralateral SPN and were immediately dorsal to FG-labeled preganglionic neurons. Neurons containing both tracers were not observed. Approximately 20% of preganglionic neurons, but no LDT projection neurons, were reactive for NOS and NADPH-D. These data suggest that the region of the SPN is a site for distinct subpopulations of neurons that project to the LDT and to the MPG and that NOS is contained in some preganglionic neurons, but is not a marker for LDT projection neurons. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Relative transmembrane segment rearrangements during BK channel activation resolved by structurally assigned fluorophore-quencher pairing.

Voltage-activated proteins can sense, and respond to, changes in the electric field pervading the cell membrane by virtue of a transmembrane helix bundle, the voltage-sensing domain (VSD). Canonical VSDs consist of four transmembrane helices (S1–S4) of which S4 is considered a principal component because it possesses charged residues immersed in the electric field. Membrane depolarization compels the charges, and by extension S4, to rearrange with respect to the field. The VSD of large-conductance voltage- and Ca-activated K+ (BK) channels exhibits two salient inconsistencies from the canonical VSD model: (1) the BK channel VSD possesses an additional nonconserved transmembrane helix (S0); and (2) it exhibits a “decentralized” distribution of voltage-sensing charges, in helices S2 and S3, in addition to S4. Considering these unique features, the voltage-dependent rearrangements of the BK VSD could differ significantly from the standard model of VSD operation. To understand the mode of operation of this unique VSD, we have optically tracked the relative motions of the BK VSD transmembrane helices during activation, by manipulating the quenching environment of site-directed fluorescent labels with native and introduced Trp residues. Having previously reported that S0 and S4 diverge during activation, in this work we demonstrate that S4 also diverges from S1 and S2, whereas S2, compelled by its voltage-sensing charged residues, moves closer to S1. This information contributes spatial constraints for understanding the BK channel voltage-sensing process, revealing the structural rearrangements in a non-canonical VSD.
An Energy-Based Coefficient of Restitution for Planar Impacts of Slender Bars With Massive External Surfaces

A new method to solve the collision problems of slender bars with massive external surfaces is developed. The proposed solution accounts for the effect of impact induced vibrations and multiple collisions on the post-collision velocities of the impacting members. The approach is based on representing the vibrational energy of the bars during the collision process in terms of a nondimensional parameter, termed the elastic energy percentile. The elastic energy percentile is expressed as a simple scalar junction of the drop angle and a nondimensional parameter, which encapsulates the bar geometry, material, and the stiffness of the contact surface. The elastic energy percentile is then used to develop a new momentum-based solution method. The method relies on a revised energetic coefficient of restitution that resolves the effect of impact induced vibrations on the post-collision velocities of the impacting bars. The assumptions used in the theoretical development and the outcomes predicted by the proposed method were verified by conducting a set of experiments using several bars with varying geometric and material properties.
Task uncertainty and the use of computer technology

Abstract The relationship between task uncertainty and the utilization of computer technology was studied for a sample of 216 middle managers and first line supervisors in a large mid-Western bank. Greater task variability in Perrow's technology grid was associated with the use of a greater variety of computing tools. Task analyzability was related to the type of computer application used. Where tasks were less analyzable, users opted for personal computers, mostly for analysis and inquiry applications. For more analyzable tasks, mainframe computers were used more extensively, mostly for exception and monitoring applications. Implications are drawn for future research on the use of computer technology.
Predation by Captive Wild Brook Trout on Calcein-Marked versus Nonmarked Atlantic Salmon Fry

Abstract Juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and other fish species marked with the fluorochrome dye calcein exhibit a green fluorescence in fin rays and other calcified structures under specific optical conditions. To determine whether brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis would preferentially prey upon calcein-marked individuals, we introduced calcein-marked and nonmarked Atlantic salmon fry simultaneously to captive wild brook trout in four controlled indoor raceway trials. Each trial consisted of 2 brook trout and 100 each of calcein-marked and nonmarked Atlantic salmon fry; no individuals were used in more than one trial. At the termination of each 3-d trial, predators were removed from raceways, and surviving Atlantic salmon fry were examined with a calcein detection device to tally numbers of marked and nonmarked individuals. In individual trials, 2 brook trout consumed between 20 and 99 Atlantic salmon fry over a 3-d period (10–49% of available prey). Replicated goodness-of-fit (G-statistic) analysis...
Photoproduction of mesons from the nucleon

A general formalism is established for constructing models for the photoproduction of mesons from the nucleon. The essential ingredient is a mass operator which describes the coupling between meson-baryon, photon-baryon, and single-baryon channels. The most general forms for the mass operator interactions which produce these couplings are derived. These forms also provide generalizations of the Chew-Goldberger-LowNambu amplitudes for pion-nucleon photoproduction to any meson-baryon final state. The models lead to S-matrix elements that transform properly under inhomogeneous Lorentz transformations and are gauge invariant. The photoproduction amplitudes include final state interactions and satisfy Watson’s theorem. A specific model is constructed by deriving the mass operator interactions from effective Lagrangians that describe the couplings of mesons, photons, and baryons. The electromagnetic interactions include direct and crossed nucleon contributions, as well as direct contributions from the P33s1232d, P11s1440d, D13s1520d, and S11s1535d resonances. A contact term and exchange terms due to the p, r, and v mesons are also included. The model gives a good fit to the significant multipoles in the energy range from the single-pion, photoproduction threshold up to a center-of-momentum energy of W=1550 MeV, which corresponds to a photon lab energy of 810 MeV.
Sudden Disappearance of a Small Sunspot Associated with the 2002 February 20 M2.4 Flare

In this Letter, we present the evidence of rapid disappearance of a small sunspot associated with a M2.4 flare, which occurred in NOAA Active Region 9830, at 2106 UT, on 2002 February 20. The sunspot, in the size of about 45 arcsec2, completely disappeared in about 60 minutes, coinciding with the onset of the flare. The magnetic flux of this sunspot disappeared in the similar timescale. Furthermore, we found that the disappearing sunspot is located near the edge of the main hard X-ray source observed by RHESSI. This hard X-ray source is located in the magnetic neutral line dividing the disappearing spot and the opposite polarity flux. Two possible explanations are offered: (1) the disappearing sunspot is due to the rapid magnetic reconnection and subsequent submergence; (2) the disappearing sunspot represents impulsive emergence and detachment of a magnetic "bubble."
Automated three-dimensional assessment of coronary artery anatomy with intravascular ultrasound scanning.

Abstract Background Angiography allows the definition of advanced, severe stages of coronary artery disease, but early atherosclerotic lesions, which do not lead to luminal stenosis, are not identified reliably. In contrast, intravascular ultrasound scanning allows the precise characterization and quantification of a wide range of atherosclerotic lesions, independent of the severity of luminal stenosis. Methods Three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of entire coronary segments is possible with the integration of sequential 2-dimensional tomographic images and allows volumetric analysis of coronary arteries. Results Automated systems able to recognize lumen and vessel borders and to display 3-D images are becoming available. Conclusion These systems have the potential for on-line 3-D image reconstruction for clinical decision-making and fast routine volumetric analysis in research studies. This review describes 3-D intravascular ultrasound scanning acquisition, analysis, and processing, and the associated technical challenges.
Development of converter based reconfigurable power grid emulator

A Hardware Test-Bed (HTB) is developed to serve as a platform for power grid emulation. For maximum flexibility, power converters, which can accommodate various control algorithms and behave distinctively based on the applied model and control, is adopted. With the developed emulators, such as generator, load, wind turbine, and PV emulators, diverse research and experiments can be performed by using the HTB. This paper introduces the emulating method, hardware, control and communication structure of the HTB. At the same time, experimental results are compared with simulation to verify the emulation. I. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, with the help of fast computers, digital simulation has become an important method for research in various areas, including power systems. Unlike analog computation with physical components, digital simulation is done by solving differential and algebraic equations of the target network composed with mathematical models of each individual component. Therefore, the accuracy of the mathematical models and the robustness of the numerical method in use dictate the validity of the simulated results. Digital simulation sometimes will suffer from problems such as numerical oscillation due to discontinuities and interpolation without proper selection of time step or integration method (1). At the same time, even though mathematical models of diverse devices are well developed, many users of digital simulation tools tend to simplify or ignore critical conditions such as measurement error, time delay, non-linearity, electromagnetic interference, etc. This leads to scenarios with impractical and unrealistic simulation parameters. Currently, there is no comprehensive simulation software that takes every possible aspect in consideration. Furthermore, in spite of a sophisticated designing methodology, the inner defect of an equipment or a system cannot be detected or noticed without field testing.
Extreme sojourns of a Gaussian process with a point of maximum variance

LetX(t), 0≦t≦1, be a Gaussian process with mean 0 and continuous covariance function. Put σ2(t)=EX 2(t), and suppose that there is a point τ in [0, 1] such that σ2(t) has unique maximum att=τ. PutL u =mes(s: 0≦s≦1,X(s)>u). Under suitable conditions there exists a functionv=v(u) and a distribution functionG(x), x>0, such thatv(u)→∞ foru→∞, and $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{u \to \infty } \frac{{\int\limits_0^x {ydP(\upsilon L_u \leqq y)} }}{{\upsilon EL_u }} = G(x).$$
Clinical and imaging diagnoses of intramuscular hemangiomas: the wattle sign and case reports.

emangiomas are considered benign vascular rowths, that may have a congenital origin with the ossibility that trauma serves as a stimulus.1-5 They onsist of vessels that have a purposeless arrangement nd lack of functional relationship to the surrounding egion’s blood supply. These hemangiomas can occur hroughout the body, with 1% of them arising in the keletal muscle of adults.6-9 Intramuscular hemangioas (IMHs) most frequently involve the pelvic region, ut 10% to 15% occur in the head and neck reion,8,10,11 with the masseter muscle being the most ommon site.1,7,8,10,12 Approximately 36% of all head nd neck IMHs involve the masseter muscle.5 Lesions n the immediate circumoral region are rarely noted, lthough involvement of the lip musculature,8,13 the entalis muscle,14 and buccinator muscle8,15 have een reported. Two cases of IMH in the orofacial region are reported; oth showed the wattle sign, an enlargement of the linical vascular swelling when the head is in a depenent position. In the first patient, an extraoral swelling n the mandibular bicuspid region with phleboliths was resent. A second patient had a swelling that involved
Optimal designs for some selected nonlinear models

Abstract Some design aspects related to three complex nonlinear models are studied in this paper. For Klimpel׳s flotation recovery model, it is proved that regardless of model parameter and optimality criterion, any optimal design can be based on two design points and the right boundary is always a design point. For this model, an analytical solution for a D-optimal design is derived. For the 2-parameter chemical kinetics model, it is found that the locally D-optimal design is a saturated design. Under a certain situation, any optimal design under this model can be based on two design points. For the 2n-parameter compartment model, compared to the upper bound by Caratheodory׳s theorem, the upper bound of the maximal support size is significantly reduced by the analysis of related Tchebycheff systems. Some numerically calculated A-optimal designs for both Klimpel׳s flotation recovery model and 2-parameter chemical kinetic model are presented. For each of the three models discussed, the D-efficiency when the parameter misspecification happens is investigated. Based on two real examples from the mining industry, it is demonstrated how the estimation precision can be improved if optimal designs would be adopted. A simulation study is conducted to investigate the efficiencies of adaptive designs.
Understanding users’ needs and making collections choices

Understanding user needs has always been the key to building relevant collections and designing appropriate services. The availability of electronic resources and the many choices of format and access methods have made understanding library users even more critical. Librarians can use formal and informal methods to gather information about users. Formal methods include surveys and focus groups. The information gathered can be used for selection and service. It should also be used to reshape the scholarly information system to better meet the needs of undergraduates and researchers, beginning users and sophisticated users’ and users who are doing in-depth research and those who just want a small amount of information quickly.
Pluripotency of somatic cell hybrids between nullipotent and pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cells.

Embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells are stem cells of teratocarcinomas. Many lines of EC cells can differentiate into a wide spectrum of cell types and are termed pluripotent. Some EC cell lines, however, cannot differentiate and are termed nullipotent. Nullipotent and pluripotent cells are both developmentally uncommitted but differ in their potential for differentiation. As a first step in analyzing this difference we asked whether pluripotent × nullipotent somatic cell hybrids could differentiate. The pluripotent EC cell line PSA-1 was fused with a ouabainresistant, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient subclone of the nullipotent embryonal carcinoma cell line F9. The developmental potential of nine independent hybrid clones was assayed in vivo. The tumors derived from these hybrid cell lines contained the same spectrum of differentiated tissue types found in tumors produced by the pluripotent parent. Control nullipotent × nullipotent somatic cell hybrids produced tumors containing only embryonal carcinoma tissue. The pluripotent phenotype therefore behaves in a dominant fashion in these somatic cell hybrids. One explanation for these results is that nullipotent F9 cells lack a critical function required for differentiation in vivo, and this function is supplied to the hybrids by the pluripotent parent.
Masculinity and men's mental health.

(2001). Masculinity and Men's Mental Health. Journal of American College Health: Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 285-297.
Effect of Localized Friction Changes in the Layer Interface on Formation of Y-Cracks in CRCPs

When transverse cracks meander there is a high possibility for transverse cracks to meet at a point and connect to another transverse crack, creating a Y-crack. Y-cracks have been blamed for being the origin of punchouts and spallings in Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements (CRCP). When the direction of maximum principal stress changes, it could cause a change in the crack direction, potentially forming a Y-crack. In this study, finite element model of CRCP using typical Oklahoma CRCP pavement conditions and design was assembled. The model included the concrete pavement, asphalt concrete subbase, and soil subgrade. A localized change in friction between the concrete and supporting layers was modeled to determine how subbase construction uniformity could affect y-cracking. The effect of areas of changed friction on the direction of principal stress was simulated by considering a patch at the pavement-subbase interaction. Investigated factors related to this patch were friction coefficient between patch and subbase and patch size. A change in the friction had a large effect on the stress magnitude and direction of principal stress, leading to Y-cracks.
Massive rotator cuff tears screening by routine radiographs

To clarify their usefulness in screening massive rotator cuff tear, routine radiographs of the shoulder were compared in three groups: (1) shoulders with a massive rotator cuff tear (MRCT), (2) shoulders with a small full-thickness rotator cuff tear (SRCT), and (3) normal control shoulders. Two different statistical methods were employed to assess the gradation (order) of correlation in 83 shoulders (22 were MRCTs, 31 with SRCTs, and 30 controls). Superior migration of the humerus and deformity of the greater tuberosity showed by far the more significant contribution to MRCT than did other abnormalities. When the shoulders were screened for these two abnormalities, the sensitivity was 78% (21/27) and specificity was 98% (55/56).
The variational problem and background fields in renormalization group method for lattice gauge theories

We consider the action of a lattice gauge theory on a space of regular gauge field configurations with fixed averages, and we prove that there exists a minimum of this action. The minimum is unique up to gauge transformations. This minimal configuration is called a background field, and it serves as a basis of an expansion and perturbative methods.
Expression of oxidative phosphorylation components in mitochondria of long-living Ames dwarf mice

Reduced signaling of the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) pathway is associated with extended life span in several species. Ames dwarf mice are GH-deficient and live >50% longer than wild-type littermates. Previously, we have shown that tissues from Ames mice exhibit elevated levels of antioxidative enzymes, less H2O2 production, and lower oxidative damage suggesting that mitochondrial function may differ between genotypes. To explore the relationship between hormone deficiency and mitochondria in mice with extended longevity, we evaluated activity, protein, and gene expression of oxidative phosphorylation components in dwarf and wild-type mice at varying ages. Liver complex I + III activity was higher in dwarf mice compared to wild-type mice. The activity of I + III decreased between 3 and 20 months of age in both genotypes with greater declines in wild-type mice in liver and skeletal muscle. Complex IV activities in the kidney were elevated in 3- and 20-month-old dwarf mice relative to wild-type mice. In Ames mice, protein levels of the 39 kDa complex I subunit were elevated at 20 months of age when compared to wild-type mouse mitochondria for every tissue examined. Kidney and liver mitochondria from 20-month-old dwarf mice had elevated levels of both mitochondrially-encoded and nuclear-encoded complex IV proteins compared to wild-type mice (p < 0.05). Higher liver ANT1 and PGC-1α mRNA levels were also observed in dwarf mice. Overall, we found that several components of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system were elevated in Ames mice. Mitochondrial to nuclear DNA ratios were not different between genotypes despite the marked increase in PGC-1α levels in dwarf mice. The increased OXPHOS activities, along with lower ROS production in dwarf mice, predict enhanced mitochondrial function and efficiency, two factors likely contributing to long-life in Ames mice.
Neoplastic Disease of the Vertebral Column: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation

Spine imaging is frequently performed in daily practice. Due to the high frequency of spine examinations and the multiple modalities (ie, radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography/computed tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography) used for imaging, neoplastic disease of the vertebral column will occasionally be encountered by practicing radiologists. When a lesion in the spine is encountered, it is helpful to have an understanding of the general types of pathology and key differentiating features that may aid in guiding appropriate workup (eg, no follow-up required, short-term follow-up, or directed biopsy). This article aims to provide a framework for characterizing neoplastic disease in the spine and allows the practicing radiologist an opportunity to develop a more concise and accurate differential diagnosis with which to guide clinical management.
Texture and Pectin Changes in Canned Apricots

SUMMARY The influence of ripeness level, heat proeessing, and post-canning storage on texture and pectin changes in canned apricots was investigated. Important factors influencing canned texture were ripeness level of the fresh fruit and processing time. The canned product gradually softened during storage, while water-soluble pectin in the syrup increased and proto-pectin in the fruit decreased. Riper apricots contained less protopectin, and the syrup derived from them contained more water-soluble pectin. Syrup viscosity gradually increased during storage of canned apricots. The characteristics of pectin were related to the texture of canned apricots.
Diffraction from moving gratings: negative energy solutions and relativistic effects

Abstract Diffraction from gratings moving at constant speed is calculated for electromagnetic, Klein–Gordon, and Schrodinger dispersion relations. Applicability of the results to relativistic and superluminal grating speeds is discussed. Negative total energy solutions for particles of non-zero rest mass are obtained along with static and near static inhomogeneous plane wavefunction solutions. A possible test of the Ehrenfest paradox, using a rotating radial grating, is also discussed.
Transcriptional regulation of human oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase gene (CYP7B1) by Sp1

Oxysterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase catalyzes hydroxylation of oxysterols and neurosterols and plays a role in the alternative bile acid synthesis pathway. This gene is widely expressed in many organs and peripheral tissues and may protect tissues from the toxicity of oxysterols. Mutation in CYP7B1 caused neonatal cholestasis. To examine the regulatory mechanisms governing CYP7B1 expression, the 5' flanking sequence of the CYP7B1 was analyzed and revealed a CpG island of about 1.2 kb. Transient transfection assays of deletion mutants of the CYP7B1 promoter-luciferase reporter gene in human liver-derived HepG2, fibroblast NT1088, and human embryonic kidney 293 cell lines revealed that the region from -291 to +189 was critical for gene transcription. Three GC box sequences located between -25 and +10 were essential for basal transcription because mutations of these sequences markedly reduced promoter activity. Sp1 and Sp3 bound to these sequences as demonstrated by DNase I footprinting assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Thus, regulation of CYP7B1 transcription by Sp1 may play a pivotal role in regulating oxysterol levels, which regulate cholesterol metabolism.
Surface plasmon excitation for supported metal particles

Abstract Classical dielectric theory has been used to study the effects of a support on the surface plasmon excitation frequencies for small metal particles. Two experimentally accessible cases have been considered and the theoretical results have been compared with observations. For small spherical Al particles, coated with a thin oxide layer and half-buried in an infinite support of Al, four surface plasmon frequencies (ω 1 to ω 4 ) are predicted. Comparison with results for isolated particles and planar interfaces suggests the identification of ω 3 as the normal small particle surface plasmon; ω 1 and ω 2 are generated by the presence of the support and ω 4 is related to the oxide shell. The ω 2 and ω 3 frequencies are observed in accord with the predictions. For the second case considered, the Al support is replaced by a dielectric, AlF 3 . The support then contributes a new peak at about 5 eV which has been observed. The observations were made with the EELS attachment to a conventional analytical electron microscope.
Retail Influence on Evoked Set Formation and Final Choice of Shopping Goods

Investigates retailers′ relative influence on consumers′ sequential decision‐making process of forming evoked sets and then making purchase decisions from the evoked sets. Describes a study in which consumers report on 23 durable goods grouped into three product categories. Evoked set sizes were smaller than those for previously studied convenience goods but larger than those suggested by recent reports on consumer durable purchases. The findings indicate that the influence of the retailer is higher in evoked set development than in the final purchase stage of consumer decision making and that the influence of the retailer on product choice varies significantly across different categories of durable products.
Common Path Interferometry

Common path interferometry is perhaps less common today with the availability of laser sources, but its usefulness has not been diminished. It offers many advantages in terms of ease of operation under difficult shop environments that may even preclude unequal path interferometry. Since only the classical requirements for coherence length of the light source need be met, conventional arc lamps may be used. The laser still provides a better source since the intensity is generally so much higher than can be obtained with arc lamps that short photographic exposures can be used in obtaining interferograms.
ON THE UNIQUENESS OF LIMIT CYCLES IN BUSINESS CYCLE THEORY

. The paper investigates sufficient conditions for the uniqueness of limit cycles in standard business cycle theory. The application of the Levinson/Smith theorem to the generalized Lienard equation reveals that these sufficient yet not necessary conditions usually imply that the uniqueness of limit cycles in, e.g., the Kaldor-model or the Phillips-multiplier-acceteralor model cannot be established without additional restrictive assumptions.
Molecular diversity of methanogens in fecal samples from Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) at two zoos.

Abstract Animals are dependent on mutualistic microbial communities that reside in their gastrointestinal track for essential physiological functions such as nutrition and pathogen resistance. The composition of microbial communities in an animal is influenced by various factors, including species, diet and geographical location. In this preliminary study, the population structure of fecal methanogens in Bactrian camels ( Camelus bactrianus ) from two zoos was studied using separate 16S rRNA gene libraries for each zoo. While methanogen sequences belonging to the genus Methanobrevibacter were dominant in both libraries, they showed significant differences in diversity ( p = 0.05) and structure ( p
5-Oxoprolinuria in patients with and without defects in the gamma-glutamyl cycle.

In patients with defects in the synthesis, breakdown and metabolism of glutathione (GSH), like glutathione synthetase deficiency (GSD) and 5-oxoprolinase deficiency, urinary excretion of 5-oxoproline, an intermediate of the γ-glutamyl cycle, is increased. We identified 20 patients with significantly elevated urinary excretion of 5-oxoproline (≥150 mmol/mol creatinine) during 5 years of selective screening for organic acidurias. In 6 of them, 5-oxoprolinuria was a constant finding including three patients with GSD and one with 5-oxoprolinase deficiency. One patient with constant 5-oxoprolinuria had GM2 gangliosidosis and one was clinically unaffected. In 14 patients, 5-oxoprolinuria was a transient abnormality and most often associated with an inborn error of metabolism outside the γ-glutamyl cycle. In 9 of them 5-oxoprolinuria was associated with a neonatal urea cycle defect, with tyrosinaemia type I or occurred during metabolic decompensation in propionic acidaemia or methylmalonic acidaemia. Additionally, transient 5-oxoprolinuria was associated with homocystinuria, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, paracetamol intoxication, vigabatrin medication or extreme prematurity. Conclusion 5-Oxoprolinuria is a more common condition than hitherto thought and is primarily associated with defects in the γ-glutamyl cycle. However, several other inborn errors of metabolism and pathophysiological conditions must be taken into account when discovering 5-oxoprolinuria.
Cardioprotective effects of KATP channel activation during hypoxia in goldfish Carassius auratus

SUMMARY The activation of ATP-sensitive potassium (K ATP ) ion channels in the heart is thought to exert a cardioprotective effect under low oxygen conditions, possibly enhancing tolerance of environmental hypoxia in aquatic vertebrates. The purpose of this study was to examine the possibility that hypoxia-induced activation of cardiac K ATP channels, whether in the sarcolemma (sarcK ATP ) or mitochondria (mitoK ATP ), enhances viability in cardiac muscle cells from a species highly tolerant of low oxygen environments, the goldfish Carassius auratus . During moderate hypoxia (6–7 kPa), the activation of sarcK ATP channels was indicated by a reduction in transmembrane action potential duration (APD). This response to hypoxia was mimicked by the NO-donor SNAP (100 μmol l –1 ) and the stable cGMP analog 8-Br-cGMP, but abolished by glibenclamide or l-NAME, an inhibitor of NO synthesis. The mitoK ATP channel opener diazoxide did not affect APD. Isolated ventricular muscle cells were then incubated under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Cell viability was decreased in hypoxia; however, the negative effects of low oxygen were reduced during simultaneous exposure to SNAP, 8-Br-cGMP, and diazoxide. The cardioprotective effect of diazoxide, but not 8-Br-cGMP, was reduced by the mitoK ATP channel blocker 5-HD. These data suggest that hypoxia-induced activation of sarcK ATP or mitoK ATP channels could enhance tolerance of low-oxygen environments in this species, and that sarcK ATP activity is increased through a NO and cGMP-dependent pathway.
361 CORD BLOOD SCREENING FOR SICKLE HEMOGLOBINS: EVIDENCE FOR FEMALE PREPONDERANCE OF HEMOGLOBIN S

361 CORD BLOOD SCREENING FOR SICKLE HEMOGLOBINS: EVIDENCE FOR FEMALE PREPONDERANCE OF HEMOGLOBIN S
Use of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Evaluations of Adjudicative Competency

This archival study explored the impact of performance on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), a brief cognitive screen performed as part of a mental status examination (MSE), on adjudicative competency opinions provided for 194 criminal defendants, in examinations that did not include a competency-specific instrument. The MoCA’s suggested cutoff of 26 as indicative of “mild cognitive impairment” was not determinative of examiners’ conclusions regarding competency-related capacities. However, when scores were considered dimensionally, MoCA performance during the MSE accounted for additional significant variance in examiners’ competency opinions, when added to a logistic regression model containing age and presence of psychotic symptoms.
The interaction of myxomyosin with ATP

Abstract 1. 1. The interaction between myxomyosin and ATP at 24.5 °C. and at 0.1 °C. has been followed by viscometric measurements. The ATPase activity of myxomyosin in 0.2 μ K maleate at pH 7.0 at 24.5 °C. was also measured. 2. 2. Fewer than 130 ATP molecules per molecule of myxomyosin are required for the solution to reach its low viscosity level. 3. 3. After addition of large amounts of ATP, 8500 moles per mole of myxomyosin, the viscosity first drops and recovers, but then remains refractory to further additions. 4. 4. The turnover rate of ATP to adenosine diphosphate at the condition of substrate saturation is low compared to that of enzymatic processes in general. 5. 5. At 0.1 °C., after the initial decrease, the viscosity of the ATP-myxomyosin solution stays at a low level for hours without showing any tendency to recover, indicating that the product of ATP-myxomyosin interaction is comparatively stable.
Oral and Nonoral Perception of Solution Viscosity

Solution viscosity, like many other textural properties of foods, can be perceived by more than one sensory modality or method of sensory exploration. The present study compared judgments of solution viscosity obtained by oral (tactile/kinesthetic) and nonoral (visual and tactile/kinesthetic) modes of sensing. The slopes of the functions describing physical and perceptual viscosity were similar for the different methods but solutions were perceived as more viscous when judged in the mouth.
Identification of state parameters for stealthy cyber-events in the power grid using PCA

One of the biggest efforts of securing cyberspace is the ability to secure the critical infrastructure power grid. This meshed network of geographically distributed control systems has recently been interlaced with network capable devices. This article manipulates power system state parameters to identify stealthy cyber-events based on the feature identification method principal component analysis. Principle component analysis is used to examine power system instances contained in an in-control set. To develop a set of observable power system instances the Newton-Rhapson method is used to solve the power flow equations. Cyber-events were created by changing the in-control instances of the power system parameters over a range of ±40%. If a changed instance, simulated malicious instance, was mapped via principle component analysis within close range of the average Hotelling's T2 value that instance was deemed stealthy. Results indicate certain features have a higher likelihood of remaining in the stealthy regions.
The Advent Of Three-Dimensional Imaging Array Architectures: A Perspective

A brief historical progression in infrared imaging from single element detectors to the state-of-the-art two-dimensional hybrid arrays is reviewed. A demand for higher device performance has revealed many of the disadvantages that are inherent with two-dimensional imaging array architecture. The advent of three-dimensional architectures is traced according to the evolution of these concepts. Several configurations are described and con-trasted. The future for three-dimensional imaging arrays is assessed based upon increased performance potential and the technical difficulties that must be overcome.
Design of a novel mobility device controlled by the feet motion of a standing child: a feasibility study

Self-generated mobility is a major contributor to the physical, emotional, cognitive, and social development of infants and toddlers. When young children have disorders that hinder self locomotion, their development is at risk for delay. Independent mobility via traditional power mobility devices may prevent this delay, but do little to encourage the child’s development of gross motor skills. This research aims to develop a bio-driven mobile-assistive device that is controlled and driven by moving the feet, which may encourage the development of gross motor skills. In this study, system feasibility is shown by experiments on five typically developing toddlers and one special needs toddler with spastic cerebral palsy. Children were placed in the bio-driven device and instructed to navigate through a maze. All subjects were able to successfully complete the maze in multiple trials. In addition, two toddlers showed evidence of improved driving skill by completing the maze in shorter times in successive trials on a given testing day. The results suggest that such a device is feasible for purposeful driving. Recommendations are given for the device and protocol redesign for related future testing.
Extended Kalman Filtering to Improve the Accuracy of a Subsurface Contaminant Transport Model

Modeling the behavior of contaminants in a subsurface flow is important in predicting the fate of the pollutants, in risk assessment, and as a preliminary step of the mitigation process. A two-dimensional transport model with advection and dispersion is used as the deterministic model of a conservative contaminant transport in the subsurface. With the system model alone, it is very difficult to predict the true dynamic state of the pollutant. Therefore, observation data are needed to guide the deterministic system model to assimilate the true state of the contaminant. Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), which is essentially a first order approximation to an infinite dimensional problem, is used in this study to predict the contaminant plume transport. A traditional root mean square error (RMSE) of pollutant concentrations is used to examine the effectiveness of the EKF in contaminant transport modeling. The result shows that EKF can reduce 74 to 91% of prediction errors compared to the numerical method while wo...
Bayesian stochastic search for VAR model restrictions

We propose a Bayesian stochastic search approach to selecting restrictions for vector autoregressive (VAR) models. For this purpose, we develop a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm that visits high posterior probability restrictions on the elements of both the VAR regression coefficients and the error variance matrix. Numerical simulations show that stochastic search based on this algorithm can be effective at both selecting a satisfactory model and improving forecasting performance. To illustrate the potential of our approach, we apply our stochastic search to VAR modeling of inflation transmission from producer price index (PPI) components to the consumer price index (CPI).
P02.183. Comparing the bioavailability of two forms of lipoic acid in multiple sclerosis

Methods Participants met the following criteria: age 18-70 years and a definite multiple sclerosis diagnosis. Consenting participants were randomized to 2 groups: R/S-LA (n=20) or R-LA (n=8). Blood was collected at baseline, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, and 300 minutes after ingestion of a single 1200 mg LA dose. Bioactivity was determined by measuring immune cell cAMP levels (pmol/mg) at baseline and 240 minutes post ingestion. Group differences were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance (cAMP) and t-test (pharmacokinetics).
‘Sent Down’ in China: Stratification challenged but not denied☆

Abstract Dramatic shocks to social systems can disrupt normal social processes such as life course sequences and socioeconomic attainment. Such shocks provide a rare opportunity for contrasting normal and extraordinary social processes and thus revealing social structures and processes that may otherwise be invisible. The current article focuses on the ‘sent-down’ generation in China of the 1960s and 1970s, many of whom were forcibly relocated to the countryside following middle or high school graduation to “learn from the peasants.” Although most of these young people eventually returned to urban areas, the experience was traumatic for at least some and disrupted normal life course developments and process of socioeconomic attainment for many. This is especially the case for those who stayed in the countryside for an extended period of time. Data from the Chinese General Social Survey indicate that both the formal and informal power of parents was unable to protect children from being sent down. Nevertheless, as the process matured, stratification forces reemerged in the ability of politically well-placed parents to facilitate the early return of their children. Despite some success in attaining college education and Communist Party membership for the sent-down generation, sent-down men report more unhappiness with life than their non-sent-down counterparts and sent-down men and women report much earlier retirement and withdrawal from the labor force than non-sent-down women. These findings collaborate and extend prior research on the sent-down generation and illustrate the lasting effects of both inequality and of attempts to change inequality.
The c-kit proto-oncogene in normal and malignant human hematopoiesis.

The c-kit proto-oncogene encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor (KIT) which is expressed on many types of human cells, including -4% of bone marrow mononuclear cells. Numerous studies attest to the importance of the c-kit receptor and its ligand, known variously as stem cell factor (SCF), mast cell growth factor (MGF), Steel factor (SF), or kit ligand (KL) (the nomenclature we prefer), in the development of human hematopoietic cells. KL, which is produced in membrane-bound and soluble forms by bone marrow stromal cells, acts on pre-colony forming units (pre-CFU) and CFU cells. In synergistic combination with other cytokines, KL enhances the growth of myeloid progenitor cells. However, using an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide strategy to disrupt c-kit function, we have demonstrated that the KL-KIT complex is of greatest importance for generation and/or proliferation of normal human erythropoietic progenitor cells. In malignant hematopoietic cells, the complex also appears to be important for growth of granulocyte/macrophage (GM) CFU as well.
Self-piercing riveting of aluminum alloy and thermoplastic composites

In the present study, the feasibility of joining PA6-matrix thermoplastic composite panel and aluminum alloy is considered. Self-piercing riveting processes of PA6 panels, PA6 composite panels with...
The Chinese Torture Story

An example is given of how monolithic organisations can cause things to grind to a halt by religious adherence to bureaucratic protocol, and how, on the other hand, a little nous and influence, by bending the rules, can get things done quickly.
Video Screen Capture Basics.

This article is an introduction to video screen capture. Basic information of two software programs, QuickTime for Mac and BlueBerry Flashback Express for PC, are also discussed. Practical applications for video screen capture are given.