cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing protein remodeled membranes in molecular detail from mesoscopic models.

We present a method for “inverse coarse graining,” rebuilding a higher resolution model from a lower resolution one, in order to rebuild protein coats for remodeled membranes of complex topology. The specific case of membrane remodeling by N-BAR domain containing proteins is considered here, although the overall method is general and thus applicable to other membrane remodeling phenomena. Our approach begins with a previously developed, discretized mesoscopic continuum membrane model (EM2) which has been shown to capture the reticulated membrane topologies often observed for N-BAR/liposome systems by electron microscopy (EM). The information in the EM2 model—directions of the local curvatures and a low resolution sample of the membrane surface—is then used to construct a coarse-grained (CG) system with one site per lipid and 26 sites per protein. We demonstrate the approach on pieces of EM2 structures with three different topologies that have been observed by EM: A tubule, a “Y” junction, and a torus. We show that the approach leads to structures that are stable under subsequent constant temperature CG simulation, and end by considering the future application of the methodology as a hybrid approach that combines experimental information with computer modeling.
How scenarios trigger strategic thinking

Abstract This article addresses the question of how companies can use scenarios in formulating their business strategies. A general overview of the business strategy system leads to an identification of where scenarios can be best used. Six insights from scenarios are discussed and it is concluded that the scenario process has value beyond the results for strategic thinking and management.
IL-10 kinetics in thyroiditis-prone BB/Wor rats.

Cytokines modulate the course of autoimmunity, but their role in the evolution of spontaneous disease is unclear. This study compared the cytokine kinetics of T cell cultures from thyroiditis (LT)-prone NB line BB/Wor rats with those of Wistar (Wis) rat controls following activation with the thyroid-specific antigen thyroglobulin (Tg) or Concanavalin A (Con A).Design: T cell enhanced splenocytes from 60 day old Wis and NB rats were activated with 0.5 μg/ml rat thyroglobulin (Tg) or Con A in the presence of homologous irradiated splenocytes as antigen presenting cells (APC's). In addition, the effect of APC's was determined in a crisscross experiment which examined NB T cell responses to Con A in the presence of Wis APC's. ELISA and RT-PCR were used to examine IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, TNFα, IFNγ, IL-10 concentrations and mRNA expression in the supernatant and cells from parallel cultures harvested at specific intervals. Frozen thyroids from 60 day old NB, Wis and Fisher rats were examined for the presence of IL-...
Darwinian foundations of crime and law

Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection provides a powerful meta-theoretical framework that has the potential to unify and energize research in the social sciences just as it has the biological sciences and the field of psychology. A rapidly growing body of research in the field of evolutionary psychology has documented the importance of evolutionary forces in shaping patterns of human cognition and behavior. The process of natural selection is proposed to have shaped many behaviors that represent crimes in modern societies, such as murder, assault, rape, and theft, to address ancestrally recurrent conflicts between individuals. The cost-inflicting strategies that we recognize as crimes may have been favored by natural selection when they gave individuals an advantage in competition for scarce, reproductively reproductively-relevant resources. An exploration of the contexts of ancestrally recurrent conflicts for these resources and how the process of selection operates to shape adaptive strategies in individuals to best competitors can help to elucidate the nature of cognitive and behavioral adaptations that are hypothesized to produce criminal behaviors. An evolutionary forensic psychology represents the beginning of a revolution of thought and discovery that will bring us closer to the true nature of individuals, societies, morality, crime, and what our laws are capable of doing.
A two-stage discrete peristaltic micropump

We demonstrate a discrete, two-stage peristaltic micropump for applications in microfluidics. Prototypes are fabricated in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with water as the working fluid. Off-wafer compressed nitrogen gas provides the actuation energy. The device may be operated in three- or two-stage modes for direct comparison. We show that two-stage pumps have comparable flow rates to the three-stage counterparts, and produce ∼2/3 the static head. Our results suggest that two-stage pumps may be a viable choice under low backpressure conditions where available on-chip area or the number of external connections is limited.
A 65‐Year‐Old Woman Diagnosed With PHACE Syndrome

PHACE syndrome is characterized by the association between infantile hemangioma and varied but characteristic systemic manifestations, including cerebrovascular and cardiac abnormalities. The disorder has primarily been diagnosed in children, with little information available regarding long-term outcomes in affected individuals. We report the oldest known individual with PHACE syndrome in the medical literature, a 65-year-old woman who was diagnosed after a transient ischemic attack.
ACOUSTIC VARIATION AND AROUSAL LEVEL IN INFANTS

This study compared the effects of three auditory background conditions—no sound, intermittent sound, and continuous sound—on level of arousal in infants. The study also investigated responsiveness to discrete auditory stimuli superimposed upon these background conditions. The results indicated that level of arousal was decreased by continuous sound and increased by intermittent sound, relative to the no sound condition. Measures of level of arousal included state, respiration, heart rate, and motor activity. Responsiveness to discrete auditory stimuli, superimposed upon the background conditions and measured by evoked responses, was not predictable from indices of arousal level.
Impact of water salinity and types of oysters on depuration for reducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas)

Abstract This study investigated effects of water salinity (10, 20, 25 and 30 ppt), oyster types (diploid and triploid) and oyster sizes (extra small and medium) on depuration for reducing Vibrio parahaemolyticus contamination in Pacific oysters ( Crassostrea gigas ). Oysters were inoculated with a mixed culture of five clinical strains of V. parahaemolyticus to levels of 10 4−6 MPN/g and depurated in UV-irradiated water in a recirculating system at 12.5 °C for 5 days. Holding oysters (diploid, extra small) in water with a salinity of 10 ppt for 5 days resulted in about 2 log 10 MPN/g reductions of V. parahaemolyticus , which were significantly smaller than those (>3.0 log 10 MPN/g) observed in water with higher salinities (20–30 ppt). The types (diploid vs triploid) and sizes (extra small vs medium) of oysters appear to have no impact on the efficacy of depuration for reducing V. parahaemolyticus in oysters. However, the efficacy of depuration in reducing V. parahaemolyticus in oysters can be influenced by water salinity. Such a factor needs to be considered when developing a depuration process for eliminating V. parahaemolyticus in oysters.
OXYGEN UPTAKE AND CARDIAC OUTPUT DURING SUBMAXIMAL AND MAXIMAL EXERCISE IN ADULT SUBJECTS WITH TOTALLY CORRECTED TETRALOGY OF FALLOT

Ten female and eight male adults with tetralogy of Fallot, the majority totally corrected at adult age, have been studied at rest and during submaximal and maximal exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Oxygen uptake was determined by the Douglas bag technique and cardiac output by the dye-dilution method. Maximal oxygen uptake was reduced about 30-40% from normal. Thus a complete normalization of the aerobic working capacity was not achieved in spite of an intracardiac repair that was considered surgically satisfactory. Cardiac output response to exercise was subnormal, mainly due to small stroke volumes and partly because of low heart rates. A fall in stroke volume of more than 10 ml was found in 8 of the patients during exercise. No correlation was found between stroke volume during maximal excercise, on the one hand, and the presence of a particular residual defect, anatomy of the right ventricular outflow tract prior to operation and the use of a right ventricular outflow patch on the other. However, too few patients were studied to allow any definite conclusions as to the possible influence of these variables. It remains to be shown whether the haemodynamic abnormalities will be less and the aerobic work capacity better if total correction is undertaken at an early age.
Materials Development for Next Generation Optical Fiber

Optical fibers, the enablers of the Internet, are being used in an ever more diverse array of applications. Many of the rapidly growing deployments of fibers are in high-power and, particularly, high power-per-unit-bandwidth systems where well-known optical nonlinearities have historically not been especially consequential in limiting overall performance. Today, however, nominally weak effects, most notably stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) are among the principal phenomena restricting continued scaling to higher optical power levels. In order to address these limitations, the optical fiber community has focused dominantly on geometry-related solutions such as large mode area (LMA) designs. Since such scattering, and all other linear and nonlinear optical phenomena including higher order mode instability (HOMI), are fundamentally materials-based in origin, this paper unapologetically advocates material solutions to present and future performance limitations. As such, this paper represents a 'call to arms' for material scientists and engineers to engage in this opportunity to drive the future development of optical fibers that address many of the grand engineering challenges of our day.
Proteomics analysis of H-RAS-mediated oncogenic transformation in a genetically defined human ovarian cancer model

RAS is a small GTP binding protein mutated in approximately 30% human cancer. Despite its important role in the initiation and progression of human cancer, the underlying mechanism of RAS-induced human epithelial transformation remains elusive. In this study, we probe the cellular and molecular mechanisms of RAS-mediated transformation, by profiling two human ovarian epithelial cell lines. One cell line was immortalized with SV40 T/t antigens and the human catalytic subunit of telomerase (T29), while the second cell line was transformed with an additional oncogenic ras(V12) allele (T29H). In total, 32 proteins associated with RAS-mediated transformation have been identified using peptide mass fingerprinting. These protein targets are involved in several cellular pathways, including metabolism, redox balance, calcium signaling, apoptosis, and cellular methylation. One such target, the 40 kDa procaspase 4 is significantly upregulated at the protein level in RAS-transformed T29H cells, related directly to signaling through MEK, but not PI3 kinase. Cellular caspase 4 activity is, however, suppressed in the T29H cells, suggesting that the maturation process of caspase 4 is abrogated in RAS-transformed T29H cells. Consistent with this notion, transformed T29H cells were less susceptible to the toxic effects of anti-Fas antibody than were immortalized, nontransformed T29 cells, associated with less activation of caspase 4. This study demonstrates that functional proteomic analysis of a genetically defined cancer model provides a powerful approach toward systematically identifying cellular targets associated with oncogenic transformation.
Full threshold versus quantification of defects for visual field testing in glaucoma

Nineteen glaucoma patients, 17 ocular hypertensives, and 16 normal subjects underwent visual field testing on the Humphrey Field Analyzer using two programs: full threshold (thresholding of all test points with double-crossing technique) and quantification of defects (thresholding only points that deviated more than 6 dB from a presumed normal retinal contour). The purpose of the study was to compare the diagnostic value of information gained by the latter, less time-consuming test with that of the full threshold procedure. The average time requirement per eye was 13 min 11 s for full thresholding and 4 min 22 s for quantification of defects. Of the 104 sets of fields, the diagnosis was at variance in 18. The differences were most often due to shallow defects in otherwise normal fields or shallow defects surrounding deeper scotomas that had been detected by both programs. The shallow defects placed the fields in more advanced diagnostic categories and were all detected with the full threshold technique.
High-Throughput Measurement of 41Ca by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry to Quantitate Small Changes in Individual Human Bone Turnover Rates

Biochemical markers of bone turnover suffer from large analytical and natural fluctuations (20-30%), making small differences in bone resorption impossible to resolve. This limits the clinical util...
Observation of a microwave induced resistive state in a long Josephson tunnel junction

Abstract We have observed a resistive state in a long Josephson tunnel junction in the presence of applied microwaves when the microwave power is greater than a certaib threshold value. At the threshold power, the dc cutoff voltage of the resistive state, V co , and the microwave frequency, f, were found to satisfy the quantum relation 2eV co = nhf.
Pigment formation from l-tryptophan by a particulate fraction from an Achromobacter species

Abstract Particles obtained from an Achromobacter species catalyzes the oxidation of l -tryptophan yielding a red pigment. The only exogenous requirements are l -tryptophan, oxygen, and manganese salts. Pigment formation appears to be the result of a two-step reaction. A particulate bound enzyme catalyzes the oxidative deamination of l -tryptophan to indolepyruvate which undergoes further oxidation to a highly chromogenic compound. The latter reaction occurs spontaneously when indolepyruvate is oxidized at pH 7.5 in the presence of manganese salts. The enzyme catalyzing the initial reaction may also catalyze the oxidation of several other l -amino acids. It is likely that this enzyme is a general l -amino acid oxidase. The pigment has been purified by extraction with chloroform and column chromatography. Spectrophotometric analysis of the pigment revealed maxima absorbancies at 500 and 290 mμ with ϵ m values of 4,080 and 13,500, respectively. Reduction of the pigment with Na 2 SO 3 resulted in a shift in the λ max from 500 to 390 mμ. Further analytical data including elemental analysis and infrared spectral analysis indicate the chemical structure of this compound to be sodium β-3H-indolydenopyruvate monohydrate.
Maladaptive mother-child relationships: a pilot study.

The primary purposes of this pilot study were to identify maternal psychosocial correlates of unrealistic expectations of children and of child abuse potential, and to investigate the relationships of these factors with child behavior. A cross-sectional, two-group design was used. One group consisted of 20 low-income mothers whose preschool children were referred to a family care center for suspected abuse or neglect. A comparison group was made up to 20 low-income mothers whose children attended a university-based pediatric clinic and who were not referred for abuse or neglect. Data were collected during structured in-home interviews with the mothers. Measures of parental bonding, maternal depressive symptoms, unrealistic expectations of children, child abuse potential, and child behavior were obtained. Preschool teachers of the children also rated the children's behavior. Mothers with high depressive symptoms reported more unrealistic expectations of children and had greater child abuse potential scores than those with fewer symptoms. The more child behavior problems mothers reported, the greater their unrealistic expectations of the children and the higher their score for child abuse potential. Maternal depressive symptoms were not directly related to child behavior. Teacher reports of child behavior were moderately correlated with maternal reports, but no study variable was associated with teacher reports. Language: en
A hypertensive substance found in the blood of spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Abstract A substance has been obtained from the blood of spontaneously hypertensive rats which produces a hypertensive elevation of the blood pressure in normotensive rats. The substance is dialyzable and is associated with the erythrocyte membrane. It appears to be relatively long-lived in its effect on arterial pressure. The erythrocyte fractions that exhibit pressor activity also stimulate the in vitro uptake of calcium by aortas obtained from normotensive animals. This suggests that the hypertensive factor or related substances may influence the calcium metabolism of vascular tissue.
Respiratory adaptations of Pleuroncodes planipes to its environment off Baja California

Rates of oxygen consumption (QO2) were measured for Pleuroncodes planipes Stimpson as a function of temperature, size, hydrostatic pressure, and oxygen partial pressure. These rates were independent of hydrostatic pressure and dependent on temperature over environmental ranges normally encountered by P. planipes. The effect of size on QO2 was intermediate between surface area and unity. Q10 values between adjacent temperatures from 10° to 25°C ranged from 1.9 to 2.5. At all temperatures the crustaceans regulated their QO2 down to very low partial pressures of oxygen. The critical partial pressure (Pc) increased with increasing temperature but the low Pc at 10°C suggests that P. planipes lives aerobically in the oxygen minimum layer. When plotted against a typical hydrographic regime from its environment, the QO2 of P. planipes was found to decrease with increasing depth.
Conditional Maximum Covariance Analysis and Its Application to the Tropical Indian Ocean SST and Surface Wind Stress Anomalies

Abstract This study introduces the conditional maximum covariance analysis (CMCA). The normal maximum covariance analysis (MCA) is a method that isolates the most coherent pairs of spatial patterns and their associated time series by performing an eigenanalysis on the temporal covariance matrix between two geophysical fields. Different from the normal MCA, the CMCA not only isolates the most coherent patterns between two fields but also excludes the unwanted signal by subtracting the regressed value of each employed field that depends on the unwanted signal. To evaluate the usefulness of the CMCA, it is applied to the tropical Indian Ocean sea surface temperature and surface wind stress anomalies, from which the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signal is removed. Results show that the first mode of the CMCA represents an east–west contrast pattern in SST and a monopole pattern in the zonal wind stress centered at the equatorial central Indian Ocean. The corresponding expansion coefficients are complete...
Statistical Power and Sample Size Requirements for Three Level Hierarchical Cluster Randomized Trials

Summary. Cluster randomized clinical trials (cluster-RCT), where the community entities serve as clus ters, often yield data with three hierarchy levels. For example, interventions are randomly assigned to the clusters (level three unit). Health care professionals (level two unit) within the same cluster are trained with the randomly assigned intervention to provide care to subjects (level one unit). In this study, we derived a closed form power function and formulae for sample size determination required to detect an intervention effect on outcomes at the subject's level. In doing so, we used a test statistic based on maximum likelihood estimates from a mixed-effects linear regression model for three level data. A simulation study follows and verifies that theoretical power estimates based on the derived formulae are nearly identical to empirical estimates based on simulated data. Recommendations at the design stage of a cluster-RCT are discussed.
The associations between exposure to tobacco coupons and predictors of smoking behaviours among US youth

Introduction A recent report showed that 13.1% of US middle and high school students were exposed to tobacco coupons in the past 30 days in 2012. The current study reanalysed data from the National Youth Tobacco Survey 2012 to examine the associations between exposure to tobacco coupons in the past 30 days and predictors of smoking among US youth, by smoking status. Methods 24 658 middle and high school students were asked if and where they had received tobacco coupons in the past 30 days. Demographics, smoking behaviours, smoking-related beliefs, susceptibility to smoking and confidence in quitting smoking were assessed. Analyses were stratified by smoking status (never smokers, experimenters and current smokers). Data were weighted to be representative of the US youth. Results Exposure to tobacco coupons was associated with lower likelihood of denying the social benefits of cigarette smoking and believing all tobacco products are dangerous; higher likelihood of being susceptible to smoking (among never smokers); lower likelihood to feel confident in quitting cigarettes completely (among current smokers); and higher likelihood to intend to purchase cigarettes in the next 30 days (among experimenters and current smokers; p Conclusions Tobacco coupons may promote smoking and hinder smoking cessation among youth. Regulating tobacco coupons may reduce youth smoking in the USA. Further research is needed to determine the effect of tobacco coupons on youth tobacco use globally.
Effects of Aural Atresia on Speech Development and Learning: Retrospective Analysis From a Multidisciplinary Craniofacial Clinic

Importance Aural atresia (AA) is associated with maximal conductive hearing loss in affected ears, and children with bilateral AA require amplification. Some recent research has suggested an increased risk for speech and learning problems among children with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Objective To investigate whether increased risk for speech and learning problems exists among children with AA. Design Retrospective medical record review. Setting Multidisciplinary craniofacial clinic. Participants Children with unilateral or bilateral AA. Interventions Records review, including evaluations by audiologists, speech pathologists, and psychologists. Main Outcome Measures Rates of speech and/or language delay, prevalence of speech therapy and educational interventions, and parental report of psychosocial problems. Results A total of 74 patients were identified who met inclusion and exclusion criteria: 48 with right-sided AA, 19 with left-sided AA, and 7 with bilateral AA. Children with AA demonstrated high rates of speech therapy (86% among bilateral, 43% among unilateral). Reports of school problems were more common among children with right-sided AA (31%) than those with left-sided AA (11%) or bilateral AA (0%) ( P = .06). Educational interventions were common in all groups (33% right, 21% left, 43% bilateral). In the case of bilateral AA, all children who received additional interventions were enrolled in schools for the hearing impaired, without any identified learning deficiencies. Conclusions and Relevance Children with unilateral AA may be at greater risk of speech and learning difficulties than previously appreciated, similar to children with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Whether amplification may alleviate this risk is unclear and warrants further study.
Locally destructive skull base lesion: IgG4-related sclerosing disease.

A unique case of IgG4+ sclerosing disease was diagnosed in the sphenoid sinus, a previously unreported location, and was treated in a novel manner. This study describes the clinical presentation and management of IgG4 sclerosing disease in the paranasal sinuses. A retrospective case review and review of the medical literature were performed. A 38-year-old woman with a 2-year history of constant frontal headaches presented to our clinic. Imaging showed bony destruction of the sphenoid sinus and sellar floor. The patient underwent a right-sided sphenoidotomy with debridement and biopsy. Pathological evaluation showed a dense plasmacytic infiltrate with >150 IgG4+ cells/high-power field. She was subsequently started on a nasal corticosteroid with improved patency of the sphenoid antrostomy. We report an unusual case of a middle-aged woman who presented with IgG4-sclerosing disease (IGSD) isolated to the sphenoid sinus. Although our knowledge concerning treatment in extrapancreatic organs is lacking, there is evidence that glucocorticoid treatment improves nasal sinus opacification on CT findings (Sato Y, Ohshima K, Ichimura K, et al., Ocular adnexal IgG4-related disease has uniform clinicopathology, Pathol Int 58:465–470, 2008). This case study and literature review adds to the growing literature describing IGSD in the head and neck and more specifically isolated to the sphenoid sinus with preliminary data concerning local control with topical steroids.
Microencapsulation of gallium–indium (Ga–In) liquid metal for self-healing applications

Microcapsules containing a liquid metal alloy core of gallium-indium (Ga-In) are prepared via in situ urea-formaldehyde (UF) microencapsulation. The capsule size, shape, thermal properties, and shell wall thickness are investigated. We prepare ellipsoidal capsules with major and minor diameter aspect ratios ranging from 1.64 to 1.08 and with major diameters ranging from 245 µm to 3 µm. We observe that as the capsule major diameter decreases, the aspect ratio approaches 1. The thermal properties of the prepared microcapsules are investigated by thermogravimetric (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Microcapsules are shown to survive incorporation into an epoxy matrix and to trigger via mechanical damage to the cured matrix. Microcapsules containing liquid metal cores may have diverse applications ranging from self-healing to contrast enhancement or the demonstration of mechano-adaptive circuitry.
Confidence intervals for the lognormal probability distribution

The present communication addresses the topic of symmetric confidence intervals for the lognormal probability distribution. This distribution is frequently utilized to characterize inherently positive, continuous random variables that are selected to represent many physical quantities in applied nuclear science and technology. The basic formalism is outlined herein and a conjured numerical example is provided for illustration. It is demonstrated that when the uncertainty reflected in a lognormal probability distribution is large, the use of a confidence interval provides much more useful information about the variable used to represent a particular physical quantity than can be had by adhering to the notion that the mean value and standard deviation of the distribution ought to be interpreted as best value and corresponding error, respectively. Furthermore, it is shown that if the uncertainty is very large a disturbing anomaly can arise when one insists on interpreting the mean value and standard deviation as the best value and corresponding error, respectively. Reliance on using the mode and median as alternative parameters to represent the best available knowledge of a variable with large uncertainties is also shown to entail limitations. Finally, a realistic physical example involving the decay of radioactivity over a time period that spans many half-lives is presented and analyzed to further illustrate the concepts discussed in this communication.
Electrospray mass spectrometry of borane salts: The electrospray needle as an electrochemical cell.

Two borane salts ([(Me)4N][B3H8] and Cs[B3H8]) were examined by electrospray mass spectrometry in the positive ion mode. Acetonitrile solutions provided the most informative spectra; the salts exhibited a remarkable degree of clustering under electrospray conditions, and virtually all signals corresponded to cationic cluster ions of the general formula {[cationm+]x[anionn−]y}(mx − ny)+. In contrast, methanol solutions of these salts produced only B(OCH3)4− cluster ions under otherwise identical conditions. 11B NMR analyses corroborate the identities of the methanol solution species that enter the electrospray source and the reaction product generated during the electrospray process.
Abortion, family planning, and population policy: Prospects for the common-ground approach

For the past several decades those engaged in shaping the Program of Action documents at international conferences on population have muted their voices when the topic of abortion has been raised. In a desire to side-step entanglement in a bitter debate over the morality of abortion, great care has been taken to define “family planning” in ways that explicitly exclude abortion. The “common-ground” approach to treating abortion can be summarized in two directives found in all contemporary international population documents: “in no case should abortion be promoted as a method of family planning”; and all governments should work “to reduce the recourse to abortion through expanded and improved family-planning services.” This article has three goals: first, to examine the appropriateness of these directives with respect to what is currently known about the relationship between abortion, family planning, and population policy; second, to trace how this “contraception-only” definition of family planning became de rigueur at international population conferences; and third, to discuss the prospects for the emergence of a more appropriate “common-ground” approach to abortion and population policy.
Overview Discussion: Directions in Adult ESL Literacy--An Invitation to Dialogue

A t the conception of this special issue, the tentative title was Agendas for Adult Second Language Literacy: Invitation to Dialogue. For reasons both conceptual and logistical, this has been condensed, words and phrases at a time, to Adult Literacies, a title that sounds tidy and resolved. As I write this overview commentary, however, I am struck by how untidy, how unresolved is the situation in which we find ourselves as a field and how many questions must indeed be asked. It is my hope that the voices gathered here create a context for conversation, for argument, and for reflection. To this end, I draw on the contributions of my colleagues and on my own experiences to suggest some directions for adult ESL literacy. Rather than a summation, I intend this framing discussion as an invitation to dialogue as we reflect on our work as teachers, teacher educators, researchers, program planners, and advocates for sensible policy. By examining collaboratively the nature of where we have come from and what we do now, we lay the groundwork for creating a collective vision of where we want to move.
Dislocation‐free diffusion processes

A diffusion scheme is suggested for charging or discharging solutes into or from a solid in which the surface transport is controlled in such a way that the maximum shear stress at the surface is maintained constant and below the critical shear stress for dislocation generation. Three simple geometries are treated: slab, cylinder, and sphere. It is shown that such a scheme is the fastest diffusion process without plastic yielding anywhere inside the specimen.
Factoring Polynomials Over Local Fields

We describe an efficient new algorithm for factoring a polynomial ?(x) over a fieldkthat is complete with respect to a discrete prime divisor. For every irreducible factor? (x) of ?(x) this algorithm returns an integral basis forkx/?(x)kx overk.
Growth of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A, serotype 4 and competitive spoilage organisms in raw chicken packaged under modified atmospheres and in air.

Abstract The development of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A, serotype 4 and aerobic plate counts on miced raw chicken were determined independently at 4, 10, and 27°C. Samples were packaged in flexible film under two modified atmospheres (one containing oxygen and one containing no oxygen) or air. The anaerobic modified atmosphere (75:25, CO2: N2) resulted in the failure of both the aerobic plate counts and L. monocytogenes to grow at all temperatures. Both the L. monocytogenes and aerobic plate counts grew in air at all temperatures. The aerobic modified atmosphere (72.5:22.5:5, CO2:N2:O2), which more closely duplicates commercial practice, inhibited the increase in aerobic plate counts by more than 4 log10 cfu/g compared to air at 4°C. However, the L. monocytogenes was not affected by this atmosphere and increased in numbers by nearly 6 log10 cfu/g at 4°C in 21 days. Regression analysis of the log10 growth and 95% confidence intervals showed that the differences between aerobic plate counts and L. monocytogenes in modified atmosphere were large. The ability of L. monocytogenes to grow in the aerobic modified atmosphere was not affected by level of the L. monocytogenes inoculum nor by the initial level of aerobic plate counts. These data show that modified atmosphere packaging of raw chicken (and probably other meats) can substantially inhibit the aerobic spoilage flora while allowing pathogenic L. monocytogenes to increase.
Analysis of dissociation times and fragmentation patterns in the decomposition of highly excited clusters

In this article, the dynamics of fragmentation of highly excited van der Waals clusters are analyzed. An approach to the characterization of complex cluster fragmentation is described, based on a combination of structural and dynamical analysis of classical trajectories. In this method, the final fragmentation pattern is analyzed by a depth-first search algorithm based on graph theory, which provides a partitioning of the system into intact fragments of various sizes: monomers, dimers, trimers, and higher multimers. With knowledge of the final products, a dynamical analysis is accomplished by tracing back the time dependence of the relevant fragment energies. A transition from oscillatory to constant behavior of these energies indicates that the fragment has become energetically isolated from the parent cluster. This allows an unambiguous definition of the dissociation time of the fragment. The method is applied to the characterization of cluster fragmentation of chemically activated I2Ar 12 * formed in the association reaction I+I(Ar)12→I2+12 Ar. It is found that cluster decomposition channels, leading to the formation of at least one multi-atom fragment, play an important role in the evaporative cooling of I2, in addition to monoatomic sequential evaporation.
Effect of dry-air chilling on sensory descriptive profiles of cooked broiler breast meat deboned four hours after the initiation of chilling

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a dry air-chilling (AC) method on sensory texture and flavor descriptive profiles of broiler pectoralis major (fillet) and pectoralis minor (tender). The profiles of the muscles immersion-chilled and deboned at the same postmortem time and the profiles of the muscles hot-boned (or no chill) were used for the comparison. A total of 108 eviscerated carcasses (6-wk-old broilers) were obtained from a commercial processing line before the chillers. Carcasses were transported to a laboratory facility where they were either i) chilled by a dry AC method (0.7 degrees C, 150 min in a cold room), ii) chilled by immersion chilling (IC; 0.3 degrees C, 50 min in a chiller), or iii) not chilled (9 birds per treatment per replication). Both IC and AC fillets and tenders were removed from the bone at 4 h after the initiation of chilling (approximately 4.75 h postmortem) in a processing area (18 degrees C). The no-chill muscles were removed immediately upon arrival. The sensory properties (21 attributes) of cooked broiler breast meat were evaluated by trained panelists using 0- to 15-point universal intensity scales. The average intensity scores of the 9 flavor attributes analyzed ranged from 0.9 to 4.0. Regardless of breast muscle type, there were no significant differences in sensory flavor descriptive profiles between the 3 treatments. The average intensity scores of the 12 texture attributes ranged from 1.5 to 7.5 and there were no significant differences between the AC and IC samples. The average intensity scores of the texture attributes, cohesiveness, hardness, cohesiveness of mass, rate of breakdown, and chewiness of the no chill fillets and tenders were significantly higher than those of either of the chilled samples. These results demonstrate that chicken breast meat from AC retains sensory flavor profile characteristics but AC results in sensory texture profile differences when compared with no-chill meat. Sensory flavor and texture profiles of AC broiler breast meat do not differ from those of IC samples when the muscles are deboned at the same time after the initiation of chilling.
Digital Education in Eastern Europe: Romania's Modern Affair with Technology

Abstract After the fall of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe, technology started penetrating new markets like Romania. Technology was viewed as a tool to improve Romania's political and social standing in the world, and multilingual literacy became very important in the country's effort to join the European Union. This article analyzes how political goals impact the adoption of modern technology and the teaching of English in Romania and discusses how politics eventually aided the promotion of digital literacy and foreign language policies in Romanian schools. Other factors impacting IT and EFL literacy in this process were poverty, people's mentality, and the country's lack of infrastructure. This culminated in an emerging divide between some segments of the population as a result of the unequal access to resources.
Cloning and Functional Expression of a Human Kidney Na+:HCO3−Cotransporter *

Several modes of HCO3- transport occur in the kidney, including Na+-independent Cl/HCO3- exchange (mediated by the AE family of Cl-/HCO3- exchangers), sodium-dependent Cl-/HCO3- exchange, and Na+:HCO3- cotransport. The functional similarities between the Na+-coupled HCO3- transporters and the AE isoforms (i.e. transport of HCO3- and sensitivity to inhibition by 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid) suggested a strategy for cloning the other transporters based on structural similarity with the AE family. An expressed sequence tag encoding part of a protein that is related to the known anion exchangers was identified in the GenBankTM expressed sequence tag data base and used to design an oligonucleotide probe. This probe was used to screen a human kidney cDNA library. Several clones were identified, isolated, and sequenced. Two overlapping cDNA clones were spliced together to form a 7.6-kilobase cDNA that contained the entire coding region of a novel protein. Based on the deduced amino acid sequence, the cDNA encodes a protein with a Mr of 116,040. The protein has 29% identity with human brain AE3. Northern blot analysis reveals that the 7.6-kilobase mRNA is highly expressed in kidney and pancreas, with detectable levels in brain. Functional studies in transiently transfected HEK-293 cells demonstrate that the cloned transporter mediates Na+:HCO3- cotransport.
The last tortoise.

Summary Biodiversity 2010: The UN marked this year with a special day this month, but the targets it set two decades ago to stem species losses have proved disappointing and one group of animals highlights the range of problems facing conservationists. Nigel Williams reports.
International Trade and Labour Income Risk in the U.S.

This article studies empirically the links between international trade and labour income risk faced by manufacturing sector workers in the U.S. We use longitudinal data on workers to estimate time-varying individual income risk at the industry level. We then combine our estimates of persistent labour income risk with measures of exposure to international trade to analyse the relationship between trade and labour income risk. We also study risk estimates from various subsamples of workers, such as those who switched to a different manufacturing industry (or out of the manufacturing sector altogether). Finally, we use these estimates to conduct a welfare analysis evaluating the benefits or costs of trade through the income risk channel. We find import penetration to have a statistically significant association with labour income risk in the U.S. Our welfare calculations suggest that these effects are economically significant. Copyright 2014, Oxford University Press.
A vinyl polymer with purine residues deficient in base pairing inhibits murine leukemia virus replication.

Abstract Poly(9-vinylpurine), a polynucleotide analog with purine residues unable to form complete base-pairs, inhibited replication of murine leukemia virus (MLV) without changing the growth rate of the host cells. Poly(9-vinylpurine) was also an inhibitor of in vitro activity of MLV DNA polymerase. The amount required for 50% inhibition depended upon the kind of template-primer that was used in the assay. But inhibition was not specific to the virus DNA polymerase, since the cellular DNA polymerases α and γ were also inhibited. Poly(9-vinylpurine) was capable of complex formation with poly(rA). However an analog, with an N,N-dimethylamino group substituted in the 6 position of the purine ring, did not form a complex with poly(rA) and did not inhibit virus replication.
Toward Honest Ethical Pluralism

I give the label “ethical pluralism” to the meta-ethical view that competing moral views are valid. I assume that validity is conferred on a moral view by its satisfying the relevant meta-ethical criteria in a maximally satisfactory way. If the relevant meta-ethical criteria are based on something roughly like the wide reflective equilibrium model, then ethical pluralism is likely to be correct. Traditional moral views do not grant exemptions from their own binding rules or principles to agents – should any exist – who adhere to a competing valid moral view. Given the usual conception of accepting a moral view, an ethical pluralist cannot honestly accept a traditional moral view. Consequently, I argue, an ethical pluralist is committed to the view that all traditional moral views are invalid. Given the likelihood of ethical pluralism, this conclusion is alarming. I set forth a weak conception of accepting a moral view that is designed to allow an ethical pluralist honestly to accept a traditional moral view. In particular, my conception is designed to explain how someone can (a) be guided by the view that she accepts; (b) accept her own moral view while rationally not accepting competing views that she thinks are equally valid; and (c) not be prepared to prescribe morally to those who are following other valid views. Central to my formulation are what I call a stance of modest respectful disapproval toward other people’s wrong behavior, together with acceptance of decisive moral reasons for oneself that are generated by the valid moral view that one accepts.
Benzene metabolism in human lung cell lines BEAS-2B and A549 and cells overexpressing CYP2F1.

Benzene is an occupational and environmental toxicant. The main human health concern associated with benzene exposure is leukemia. The toxic effects of benzene are dependent on its metabolism by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. The cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2E1 and CYP2F2 are the major contributors to the bioactivation of benzene in rats and mice. Although benzene metabolism has been shown to occur with mouse and human lung microsomal preparations, little is known about the ability of human CYP2F to metabolize benzene or the lung cell types that might activate this toxicant. Our studies compared bronchiolar derived (BEAS-2B) and alveolar derived (A549) human cell lines for benzene metabolizing ability by evaluating the roles of CYP2E1 and CYP2F1. BEAS-2B cells that overexpressed CYP2F1 and recombinant CYP2F1 were also evaluated. BEAS-2B cells overexpressing the enzyme CYP2F1 produced 47.4 ± 14.7 pmols hydroxylated metabolite/106 cells/45 min. The use of the CYP2E1-selective inhibitor diethyldithiocarbamate and the CYP2F2-selective inhibitor 5-phenyl-1-pentyne demonstrated that both CYP2E1 and CYP2F1 are important in benzene metabolism in the BEAS-2B and A549 human lung cell lines. The recombinant expressed human CYP2F1 enzyme had a Km value of 3.83 μM and a Vmax value of 0.01 pmol/pmol P450 enzyme/min demonstrating a reasonably efficient catalysis of benzene metabolism (Vmax/Km = 2.6). Thus, these studies have demonstrated in human lung cell lines that benzene is bioactivated by two lung-expressed P450 enzymes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 18:92–99, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20010
Psychoactive drugs in the immature organism.

The findings reported in this review present a number of avenues of approach to the study of the effects of drugs on children. Many investigators have begun to classify the behavior of disturbed children on a number of sophisticated, but operationally simple procedures which allow some dissection of the behavior deficits. This type of approach can lead to a better understanding not only of the pathological condition but also to a better understanding of the way in which a drug works. An understanding of the manner in which amphetamines produce their therapeutic effect in the hyperkinetic child cannot be forthcoming from studies that only elaborate the pathological behavior. More attention must be paid to the function of the central and autonomic nervous systems and how these systems relate to the behavior of the child. Since many of the drugs that are useful in treating behavior problems in children have marked effects upon catecholamine levels in the brain, studies comparing urine catecholamine levels in various types of behavior disordered children after the administration of sympathomimetic amines might give specific direction to further research. Finally, I think that some attention should be directed toward animal models for understanding some of the behavior disorders. Studies such as those of Young (1963, 1964 and 1966), with some modification, could be directed toward giving us a more complete grasp of the aberrant behavior seen in the human child. Animal models can complement studies in humans and they have the further advantage of allowing a more complete biochemical and neuropharmacological study of behavior.
474 ACUTE GROWTH HORMONE (GH) ADMINISTRATION: EFFECTS ON SOMATOMEDIN-C (SM-C) AND THE SECRETORY RESPONSE TO GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING FACTOR (GRF) AND CLONIDINE

Studies in vitro, in animals, and in adults have suggested that SM-C, operating at both CNS and pituitary levels, mediates a feedback inhibition of GH secretion. To test this hypothesis in children we studied 11 short (height < 3rd%) boys, ages 7-14 with delayed bone ages and normal GH responses to standard tests. On successive days 2-hour clonidine (5ug/kg,p.o.) and GRF (0.3ug/kg, i.v.) tests were performed in the fasting state. Daily GH (0.1 U/kg, i.m.) was then given with a repeat clonidine test 20 h after the second dose and a GRF test 20 h after the third. Results are shown below: *Differs from baseline, p<0.05 Pre-treatment with GH thus strongly inhibited the GH response to clonidine and GRF, acting at the hypothalamus and pituitary respectively. Although SM-C rose sharply, individual rises did not correlate with suppression of the GH response to clonidine (r=0.35;p=0.3) or GRF (r=-.05). Conclusion: inhibition by GH of its own secretion operates, at least in part, at the pituitary level. While the inhibition may be modulated by SM-C, its extent does not depend directly on plasma SM-C concentrations.