cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of formation constants for complexes of very high stability: log β4 for the [Pd(CN)4]2− ion

Abstract The formation constant, log β4 = 62.3 for [Pd(CN)4]2− is reported at 25 °C in 0.1 M NaClO4. This value of log β4 was determined using a competition reaction, monitored using UV–Vis spectroscopy and 1H NMR. The competition reaction used was with the tetraamine ligand 2,3,2-tet(1,4,8,11-tetraazaundecane), for which log K1 = 47.8 at 25 °C in 0.1 M NaClO4 was determined by competition with thiocyanate, as described by earlier workers (Q.Y. Yan, G. Anderegg, Inorg. Chim. Acta 105 (1985) 121.). Also reported is a value of log β4 for the [Pd(SCN)4]2− ion of 27.2 in 0.1 M NaClO4, determined by competition with 2,2,2-tet. Measurement of log K1 for cyclam with Pd(II) was attempted using a competition reaction with cyanide, combined with the very high value of log β4 for [Pd(CN)4]2− measured here. It appeared that the equilibrium being followed was actually [Pd(cyclam)]2+ + 2CN− ⇄ [Pd(cyclam)(CN)2], for which a constant of log K = 5.2 was obtained. 1H NMR and IR studies suggested that the complex [Pd(cyclam)(CN)2] was prone to oxidation to Pd(IV), followed by disproportionation to [Pd(cyclam)]2+ and, presumably, (CN)2. The very high value of log β4 for [Pd(CN)4]2− found here appears to be the highest formation constant known for any metal ion.
Imaging laser radar in the near and far infrared

Recent advances in laser transmitter technology have made available to the laser radar system designer a multitude of wavebands from which to choose. There are four infrared wavebands receiving emphasis for modest to long range (1-10 km) imaging applications each of which contains efficient, mature source technologies suitable for commercial or tactical military applications. These wavebands include far-IR band centered at 10.6 /spl mu/m and the near-IR band with three subbands located near 2 /spl mu/m, 1.5 /spl mu/m, and 1 /spl mu/m. Visible wavelengths are usually avoided for reasons of eye-safety or detectability. The near-IR subbands coincide with the peak spectral responses of the three most suitable photodetector materials in the near-IR band and include a variety of lasing molecules, ions, transitions, and host materials. The most efficient and mature of these include the CO/sub 2/ gas laser at 10.59 /spl mu/m, the holmium, thulium solid-state laser(s) near 2 /spl mu/m, the optical parametric down converted neodymium solid-state laser(s) operating near 1.5 /spl mu/m, and the neodymium laser(s) operating near 1 /spl mu/m. Diode lasers are not considered due to their low peak power capabilities. A brief comparative performance analysis is presented for the ground-to-ground scenario which discusses the key tradeoff issues between the various wavebands with emphasis on atmospheric effects, including atmospheric turbulence. A nominal set of system requirements and design parameters are chosen which, when used in the analysis, lend insight into the performance trends expected for the various wavebands. Atmospheric propagation is modeled using MODTRAN and FASCOD3 for medium and high resolution spectral absorption profiles, respectively. Example field data is presented from the Raytheon Electronic Systems 10.59 /spl mu/m coherent Tri-Service Laser Radar (TSLR), a Hercules Defense Electronic Systems, Inc. 1.064 /spl mu/m Neodymium direct detection laser radar and a Fibertek, Inc. 1.54 /spl mu/m OPO:Nd direct detection system.
Optimization and choice based on ratio-scales

The classical choice theory considers three alternative approaches to the individual choice problem: a criterion language, a binary relation language and a language of choice functions. These approaches provide equivalent descriptions of choice function classes. The framework of rational choice is strongly based on the assumption that criteria are ordinal scales. For instance, two scalar criteria generate the same choice functions if and only if they are equivalent ordinal scales. Hence, the classical framework is not able to distinguish choices based on cardinal scales. The aim of this paper is to present a theory of choice for ratio-scales. It turns out that fuzzy set theory provides a sufficient basis for constructing pair-dominant mechanisms of choice and a choice function language which give an adequate description of choice for ratio-scales. Scalar and vector criterion choice mechanisms are studied in detail in the paper.
Investigating drug repositioning opportunities in FDA drug labels through topic modeling.

Drug repositioning offers an opportunity to revitalize the slowing drug discovery pipeline by finding new uses for currently existing drugs. Our hypothesis is that drugs sharing similar side effect profiles are likely to be effective for the same disease, and thus repositioning opportunities can be identified by finding drug pairs with similar side effects documented in U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug labels. The safety information in the drug labels is usually obtained in the clinical trial and augmented with the observations in the post-market use of the drug. Therefore, our drug repositioning approach can take the advantage of more comprehensive safety information comparing with conventional de novo approach. A probabilistic topic model was constructed based on the terms in the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) that appeared in the Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions, and Adverse Reactions sections of the labels of 870 drugs. Fifty-two unique topics, each containing a set of terms, were identified by using topic modeling. The resulting probabilistic topic associations were used to measure the distance (similarity) between drugs. The success of the proposed model was evaluated by comparing a drug and its nearest neighbor (i.e., a drug pair) for common indications found in the Indications and Usage Section of the drug labels. Given a drug with more than three indications, the model yielded a 75% recall, meaning 75% of drug pairs shared one or more common indications. This is significantly higher than the 22% recall rate achieved by random selection. Additionally, the recall rate grows rapidly as the number of drug indications increases and reaches 84% for drugs with 11 indications. The analysis also demonstrated that 65 drugs with a Boxed Warning, which indicates significant risk of serious and possibly life-threatening adverse effects, might be replaced with safer alternatives that do not have a Boxed Warning. In addition, we identified two therapeutic groups of drugs (Musculo-skeletal system and Anti-infective for systemic use) where over 80% of the drugs have a potential replacement with high significance. Topic modeling can be a powerful tool for the identification of repositioning opportunities by examining the adverse event terms in FDA approved drug labels. The proposed framework not only suggests drugs that can be repurposed, but also provides insight into the safety of repositioned drugs.
Ab initio multiple spawning dynamics of excited state intramolecular proton transfer: the role of spectroscopically dark states

Excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) and electronic relaxation in o-hydroxybenzaldehyde (OHBA) are simulated using ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) dynamics, and the results are compared with those obtained for the closely related molecules malonaldehyde and methyl salicylate. The role of electronic state ordering (more specifically, the placement of spectroscopically dark states) is examined in the context of tautomerisation yield. When a state of nπ* character lies between the optically accessible state and S0, the extent of ESIPT is hindered.
Markers for Early Detection of Cardiac Diseases

The existing markers for myocardial necrosis, such as cardiac troponin, creatine kinase-MB, and myoglobin are thought to be released into blood following irreversible myocardial necrosis. Thus results of these tests are usually negative for patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) who present to the emergency department (ED) within the first 3 hours after the onset of chest pain. Given the need to make early therapeutic and triage decisions, biomarkers that can be used to diagnose and/or risk stratify ACS patients during their initial ED presentation will be important. Active research in this area has identified several classes of biomarkers that show promise for early detection of disease. These include tests for the presence of acute inflammation and infiltration (e.g., high sensitivity-C-reactive protein, myeloperoxidase), plaque instability (e.g., pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A, placental growth factor), platelet activation (e.g., whole blood choline, platelet density, CD40 ligand), and myocardial ischemia (e.g., ischemia modified albumin, free fatty acids, serum choline, and B-type natriuretic peptide). Each of these tests has demonstrated some utility for early diagnosis. However, as most lack specificity for myocardial disease, routine use may require a multi-marker approach.
Factors Influencing Persistence Among Nontraditional University Students

One third of undergraduate students enrolled in U.S. colleges and universities are considered nontraditional as defined by the single criterion of being aged 25 years and older. Nontraditional stud...
Communicating Web Accessibility to the Novice Developer: From User Experience to Application

Novice Web developers and other technical communicators need to learn not only accessibility standards but also factors that make designs usable to audiences with disabilities. One challenge of teaching accessibility to novices is creating exigency; another is emulating experiences of users with disabilities. This article tackles teaching novices to create Web sites for visually impaired audiences using a five-stage, recursive approach. Teaching best coding practices is only one stage: Instructors should create exigency by introducing real users and their experiences. They should also check for accessibility and emulate screen-reader output using tools such as WAVE and FANGS, respectively. Furthermore, novice developers should examine how different tools can be used in combination to provide a variety of feedback.
Piconet security in IEEE 802:15.3 WPAN

IEEE 802.15.3 is designed for short-distance wireless connectivity within a wireless personal area network (WPAN). It has great significance for applications such as home networking. Security is one of the fundamental issues in IEEE 802.15.3 WPAN. Although several security mechanisms have been defined in the standard, there are many others open and left for implementation. Therefore, in this paper, by utilizing the unique characteristics of the IEEE 802.15.3 WPAN, we propose a certificate-based trust management (including device initialization and certificate management) and key establishment scheme to protect the IEEE 802.15.3 WPAN.
Paternal Depressive Symptoms and Child Behavioral or Emotional Problems in the United States

BACKGROUND: The negative effects of maternal mental health problems on child health are well documented. In contrast, there is a profound paucity of information about paternal mental health9s association with child health. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of paternal mental health problems and depressive symptoms and children9s emotional or behavioral problems. METHODS: We analyzed Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data, which included a representative sample of US children ( N = 21 993) aged 5 to 17 years and their mothers and fathers. The main outcome measure was child emotional or behavioral problems assessed by using the Columbia Impairment Scale. RESULTS: Paternal depressive symptoms, as assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire–2, and mental health problems, more generally, assessed by using the Short-Form 12 Scale, were independently associated with increased rates of child emotional or behavioral problems even after controlling for numerous potential confounders including maternal depressive symptoms and other mental health problems. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for emotional or behavioral problems among children of fathers with depressive symptoms was 1.72 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33–2.23) and the aOR associated with abnormal paternal scores on the mental component scale of the Short-Form 12 was 1.33 (95% CI: 1.10–1.62) for those within 1 SD below average and 1.48 (95% CI: 1.20–1.84) for those >1 SD below average. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use a representative US sample to demonstrate that living with fathers with depressive symptoms and other mental health problems is independently associated with increased rates of emotional or behavioral problems of children.
Ability of myoglobin to predict mortality in patients admitted for exclusion of myocardial infarction.

Abstract Background Myoglobin can be used as an early marker to diagnose myocardial infarction (MI); and although nonspecific for myocardial necrosis, it seems to be a strong mortality predictor. Because myoglobin elevations are often present in patients with renal insufficiency, it is possible that the predictive value of myoglobin is secondary to identifying patients with renal insufficiency. Methods Consecutive patients admitted for MI exclusion without ST elevation on the initial electrocardiogram underwent serial assessment of cardiac markers (creatine kinase [CK], CK–myocardial band [MB], and troponin I [TnI]). Myoglobin was assessed at the time of admission and/or 3 hours later. Renal insufficiency was defined as a creatinine clearance Results A total of 3461 patients were included in the analysis. Overall 30-day and 1-year mortality was 2.4% and 9.7%. Myoglobin was elevated in 675 (20%), CK-MB in 421 (12%), and TnI in 517 (15%). Among the 993 patients with renal insufficiency, myoglobin was elevated in 43%, CK-MB in 17%, and TnI in 21%. Independent predictors of 30-day and 1-year mortality were similar and included age ≥65 years, prior MI, and an ischemic electrocardiogram, whereas myoglobin was the strongest multivariate predictor (odds ratio [OR] 2.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1-3.7), including those with renal insufficiency (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.6-3.4). Troponin I had borderline predictive value (P = .08, OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.96-2.0), whereas CK-MB was not predictive in either group. Conclusions Despite the absence of cardiac specificity, an elevated myoglobin strongly predicts mortality, even in patients with renal insufficiency.
Variations in the Length of the Left Coronary Artery

In adults, the LC normally runs for about 1 cm before branching into its terminal branches. According to Lewis et al, (1970), the length of the LC in 25 patients selected at random from the series of 354 arteriograms ranged from 7.5 to 20.5 mm (mean, 12.8 mm). These findings are similar to those reported from the pathologic studies of Baroldi and Scomazzoni (1967) who observed a range of 3 to 23 mm (mean, 13.5 mm). Green, Bernstein, and Reppert (1967) studied the length of the LC in 50 consecutive specimens. In 12 of these, the length was 5 mm or less. Fox, Davies, and Webb-Peploe (1973) performed angiographic and pathologic studies on the LC. One hundred cases were present in each group. In their pathologic study, they observed a mean length of 5.5 mm, while in their angiographic study, the mean length was 9.5 mm. The LC is considered to be short when it is less than 5 mm long.
Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction: The Rush Experience

Background:Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) is a common surgery performed in professional, collegiate, and high school athletes.Purpose:To report patient demographics, surgical techn...
Trends in dual water systems

Concerns about aging infrastructure, pressure on water supplies, and increasingly stringent wastewater discharge regulations have led water providers to consider new and innovative approaches. One such approach involves the distribution of reclaimed water through a dual distribution system in which the piping is separated into two separate and independent networks. One network is used exclusively for potable water, the other for non-potable water. This paper summarizes the results of a recently completed study sponsored by the Water Research Foundation in which a retrospective assessment of the performance of existing dual water systems was performed. Criteria for the performance assessment were established through an extensive literature review, the development of 37 case studies, site visits, feedback from workshop participants, and the creation of a classification framework that enables comparisons among similar dual systems. The study concluded that the primary motivators in using dual systems are to extend water supplies and provide more options for wastewater management. While dual systems can provide benefits such as extending the lives of existing potable water systems and deducing risk from drought, there are many issues such as storage for non-potable supplies, rate-setting, and true costs accounting that remain to be resolved.
Food patterns measured by principal component analysis and obesity in the Nepalese adult.

Objective About one-fourth of Nepalese adults are overweight or obese but no studies have examined their risk factors, especially pertaining to diet. The present study aimed to identify dietary patterns in a suburban Nepalese community and assess their associations with overweight and obesity prevalence. Methods This cross-sectional study used data from 1073 adults (18 years or older) participating in the baseline survey of the Dhulikhel Heart Study. We derived major dietary patterns from a principal component analysis of reported intake from a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Overweight was defined as Body Mass Index (BMI) of 25 kg/m 2 or higher and obesity was defined as BMI of 30 kg/m 2 or higher. Statistical analysis was conducted using generalised estimating equations with multivariate logistic regression (with household as cluster) adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, religion, marital status, income, education, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity and systolic blood pressure. Results Four dietary patterns were derived: mixed, fast food, refined grain–meat–alcohol and solid fats–dairy. The refined grain–rice–alcohol pattern was significantly associated with overweight (adjusted OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.39; p=0.02) after adjusting for demographic and traditional cardiovascular risk factors. In adults of 40 years or older, the fast food pattern was associated with obesity controlling for demographic and traditional risk factors (adjusted OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.19 to 2.39; p value=0.003). Conclusions Our results suggest that refined grains–meat–alcohol intake is associated with higher prevalence of overweight, and fast food intake is associated with higher prevalence of obesity in older adults (40 years or above) in suburban Nepalese adults.
Modeling Complex Aftereffect Behavior in Recording Materials Using a Preisach-Arrhenius Approach

A Preisach-Arrhenius aftereffect model, that accurately calculates the entire relaxation process, including the linear log-time region, is used to describe some other characteristics of the time decay. The location of the peak of the decay coefficient is shown to be less than the peak of the irreversible coercivity by an amount that is a function of the standard deviation of the critical field, the fluctuating field, and the moving parameter. The model computes a magnetization decay that includes nonmonotonic behavior under certain circumstances, depending upon the applied field history. A conclusion of this paper is that procedures for accelerated testing of magnetic media are suspect.
Artificial Pupal Cell for the Tobacco Hornworm

One of the major difficulties encountered in rearing large numbers of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta Johannson), was providing sites for pupation. In studies by Hoffman and Lawson (1964), prepupae were placed singly in quart milk cartons or in groups in wooden boxes filled with sand or sawdust. Such containers were adequate when a few thousand hornworms were being reared, but they were not satisfactory for mass production, partly because the space required to store the containers and the labor expended to prepare them and to recover the pupae were excessive. Moreover, these same studies revealed that prepupae should be separated to prevent them from interrupting one another’s cell building, since such delays resulted in dead or deformed pupae.
Health education: training of human services students

The intersection between health education and human services is one where similar fundamental theories and schools of thought anchor the fields. Anthropology, sociology and psychology are threaded in the practices found in both fields. Closely examining the definition of human services according to the Council for Standards for Human Services Education:[they are] uniquely approaching the objective of meeting human needs through an interdisciplinary knowledge base, focusing on prevention as well as remediation of problems, and maintaining a commitment to improving the overall quality of life of service populations. The Human Services profession is one which promotes improved service delivery systems by addressing not only the quality of direct services, but also by seeking to improve accessibility, accountability, and coordination among professionals and agencies in service delivery.
AMBIENT FORMALDEHYDE LEVELS BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER BIOLOGICAL SAFETY CABINET DECONTAMINATION

The Biological Safety Cabinet (BSC) is the most commonly used piece of engineering control in laboratories working with infectious agents or recombinant DNA, offering personnel, product, and enviro...
Health-related quality of life with urinary diversion.

Purpose of reviewPatients who undergo radical cystectomy and urinary diversion experience a lengthy period of postoperative recovery from physical, functional, social, and emotional challenges that greatly impact health-related quality of life (HRQoL). These changes affect nearly all patients and mu
Deep Vein Thrombosis

Summary Deep venous thrombosis is a common syndrome in hospitalized surgical patients. Its presence places the patient at significant risk for pulmonary embolism. Surgery and general anesthesia increase the risk for DVT. Prevention or early treatment of DVT will markedly decrease the incidence of pulmonary embolism. Many measures have been utilized to decrease the incidence of DVT. Pharmacologic methods that may be effective include low-dose heparin, coumarin, and dextran. Intermittent pneumatic leg compression is an effective mechanical method for DVT prophylaxis. Surgical patients can be classified as low, moderate, or high risk for perioperative thromboembolic complications. The requirement for, and choice of, prophylactic method should be influenced by the estimated risk for DVT and the nature of the surgical procedure. The anesthetic technique also influences the risk of DVT. The use of spinal or epidural anesthesia for certain types of surgical procedures is associated with a decreased incidence of postoperative DVT. The choice of anesthetic technique may be influenced by the concurrent treatment of established DVT or the use of DVT prophylaxis with anticoagulants. Regional anesthesia is usually avoided in the fully anticoagulated patient but is probably safe when the patient is receiving “low-dose” heparin prophylaxis if the hemostatic system is otherwise intact. Familiarity with the pathophysiology and management of DVT is essential for optimal perioperative management of the surgical patient.
Ultra-large Amplitude Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy

We demonstrate the extension of wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) to ultra-large modulation depths by using a fast-scanning MEMS laser. We perform measurements of CO2 in air at the highest to-date density for a WMS measurement.
Exploring Small Group Analysis of Instructional Design Cases in Online Learning Environments

The case-based approach is a constructivist instructional strategy that helps students apply their emerging knowledge by studying design problems in authentic real-world situations. One important instructional strategy in case-based instruction is to analyze cases in small groups before discussing them with the whole class. This study investigates the use of small-group structure to analyze case studies in online learning environments, as well as students’ perceptions of the use of VoiceThread presentations to improve their learning of instructional design. The results show that a small group strategy has great potential to help students analyze case studies and consequently enhance learning. The implications of these findings for instructional designers and online instructors are discussed.
Evaluation of one-way valves used in medical devices for prevention of cross-contamination.

Background One-way valves used in day use devices (used on multiple patients throughout a day without reprocessing between patients) are intended to reduce the potential for cross-contamination between patients resulting from the backflow of patient fluids. One-way valves are typically designed to withstand high levels of back pressure before failure; however, they may not be explicitly designed as a means of infection control as used in medical device applications. Methods Five different medical grade one-way valves were placed in low pressure configurations. After flushing in the intended direction of flow, bacteriophage, bacteria, or dye was placed patient side for 24 hours. The upstream device side of the valve was then evaluated for microbial growth or presence of visible dye. Results Leakage (ie, backflow) of the microorganisms occurred with a variety of one-way valve designs across a range of fluid properties tested. Conclusions This study describes testing of the one-way valves (component-level testing) for the potential of cross-contamination. Although day use medical device systems may use numerous other factors to prevent patient cross-contamination, this work demonstrates that one-way valves themselves may not prevent leakage of contaminated fluid if the fluid is able to reach the upstream side of the one-way valve.
Trends, Predictors, and Outcomes of Healthcare Resources Used in Patients Hospitalized with Alzheimer's Disease with at Least One Procedure: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample

We assessed trends, predictors and outcomes of resource utilization in hospital inpatient discharges with a principal diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with at least one procedure. Using Nationwide Inpatient Sample data (NIS, 2002-2012), discharges primarily diagnosed with AD, aged ≥60 y and with ≥1 procedure, were selected (Weighted N = 92,300). Hospital resource utilization were assessed using ICD-9-CM codes, while hospitalization outcomes included total charges (TC, 2012$), length of stay (LOS, days), and mortality risk (MR, %). Brain and respiratory/gastrointestinal procedure utilization both dropped annually by 3-7%, while cardiovascular procedures/evaluations, blood evaluations, blood transfusion, and resuscitation ("CVD/Blood") as well as neurophysiological and psychological evaluation and treatment ("Neuro") procedures increased by 5-8%. Total charges, length of stay, and mortality risk were all markedly higher with use of respiratory/gastrointestinal procedures as opposed to being reduced with use of "Brain" procedures. Procedure count was positively associated with all three hospitalization outcomes. In sum, patterns of hospital resources that were used among AD inpatients changed over-time, and were associated with hospitalization outcomes such as total charges, length of stay, and mortality risk.
Demo Abstract: Simulating Conflict Detection in Heterogeneous Services of a Smart City

Despite the increasing intelligence of smart services and sophistication of IoT platforms, the safety issues in smart cities are not addressed adequately, especially the safety issues arising from the integration of smart services. Therefore, in this demo abstract, we present CityGuard, a safety-aware watchdog architecture to detect conflicts among actions of heterogeneous services considering both safety and performance requirements. This demo simulates parts of New York City to depict how CityGuard identifies unsafe actions and thus helps to prevent the city from safety hazards, detects two major types of conflicts, i.e., device and environmental conflicts, and improves the overall city performance in terms of multiple performance metrics. This demo complements the full paper on CityGuard that appears in this conference.
Self and Mutual Radiation Impedance

The computation of the acoustic impedance requires the knowledge of the pressure in the immediate vicinity of the piston membrane. Lord Rayleigh computed this impedance by an ingeneous method based on potential theory. His derivation will be reproduced first.
A Careful Scrutiny: The Effective General College Curriculum as Revealed by Examinations, by the Committee on Educational Research, University of Minnesota

(1939). A Careful Scrutiny: The Effective General College Curriculum as Revealed by Examinations, by the Committee on Educational Research, University of Minnesota. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 169-169.
Myocardial perfusion imaging in the setting of coronary artery stenosis and acute myocardial infarction using venous injection of a second-generation echocardiographic contrast agent

BACKGROUND: We hypothesized that by producing excellent myocardial opacification, venous injection of FS-069 coupled with intermittent harmonic imaging (IHI) can be used to determine the presence and severity of coronary stenoses during hyperemia, the size of the risk area during coronary occlusion, and the extent of myocardial salvage after reperfusion. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twelve dogs were imaged both continuously and intermittently (every end systole) in the fundamental (2 MHz) and harmonic (transmit at 2 and receive at 4 MHz) modes. FS-069 (1 mL) was injected intravenously for all stages and modes of imaging. Myocardial video intensity was severalfold (P<.01) higher during IHI than all other modes of imaging. Perfusion defects were difficult to measure during continuous and intermittent fundamental imaging and during continuous harmonic imaging. In comparison, the defects were clearly demarcated during IHI. When this mode was used, the magnitude of perfusion mismatch during hyperemia in the presence of a coronary stenosis correlated closely with the magnitude of flow mismatch when radiolabeled microspheres were used (r=.94). The perfusion defect sizes during coronary occlusion and reperfusion also correlated closely with postmortem risk area (r=.89) and infarct size (r=.96), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Venous injection of FS-069 coupled with IHI produces excellent myocardial opacification. This approach can be used to determine the severity of coronary stenoses during hyperemia, the size of the risk area during coronary occlusion, and the extent of myocardial salvage after reperfusion. This approach, therefore, holds promise in the clinical setting.
Computerized versus hand-scored health literacy tools: a comparison of Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) and Flesch-Kincaid in printed patient education materials

Objective: The research compared and contrasted hand-scoring and computerized methods of evaluating the grade level of patient education materials that are distributed at an academic medical center in east Tennessee and sought to determine if these materials adhered to the American Medical Association’s (AMA’s) recommended reading level of sixth grade. Methods: Librarians at an academic medical center located in the heart of Appalachian Tennessee initiated the assessment of 150 of the most used printed patient education materials. Based on the Flesch-Kincaid (F-K) scoring rubric, 2 of the 150 documents were excluded from statistical comparisons due to the absence of text (images only). Researchers assessed the remaining 148 documents using the hand-scored Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) method and the computerized F-K grade level method. For SMOG, 3 independent reviewers hand-scored each of the 150 documents. For F-K, documents were analyzed using Microsoft Word. Reading grade levels scores were entered into a database for statistical analysis. Inter-rater reliability was calculated using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). Paired t -tests were used to compare readability means. Results: Acceptable inter-rater reliability was found for SMOG (ICC=0.95). For the 148 documents assessed, SMOG produced a significantly higher mean reading grade level (M=9.6, SD=1.3) than F-K (M=6.5, SD=1.3; p <0.001). Additionally, when using the SMOG method of assessment, 147 of the 148 documents (99.3%) scored above the AMA’s recommended reading level of sixth grade. Conclusions: Computerized health literacy assessment tools, used by many national patient education material providers, might not be representative of the actual reading grade levels of patient education materials. This is problematic in regions like Appalachia because materials may not be comprehensible to the area’s low-literacy patients. Medical librarians have the potential to advance their role in patient education to better serve their patient populations.
Unusual Representation of a Common Iliac Artery Double Aneurysm

This case discusses an unusual representation of a 3.1-cm double aneurysm of the right common iliac artery with an ectatic distal abdominal aorta. The patient was a 64-year-old asymptomatic male wh...
Short-Term Unilateral Ischemia in Gerbils: A Reevaluation

Our previous studies on unilateral and bilateral ischemia in the gerbil have been primarly concerned with the sites directly affected by the loss of circulation. In these regions, the changes in brain metabolites, including energy reserves and cyclic nucleotides, have been pronounced (4, 8). In earlier studies with unilateral ischemia, there were little or no observable changes in these metabolites in the contralateral cortex (8, 11). However, Levy and Duffy (6) have recently demonstrated that there are changes not only in the contralateral cortex of affected gerbils but also in the ipsilateral cortex of animals not exhibiting positive neurological signs of ischemia, a condition which was completely ignored in our previous studies. It appears that the biochemical effects of an ischemic episode are variable depending upon the region of the brain investigated and perhaps on the neurological responses elicited. The intermediate range of responses in those areas not directly affected by the carotid artery occlusion is the subject of this paper.
Photobiomodulation and Hair Growth

Since the initial Food and Drug Administration clearance of the first photobiomodulation device for androgenetic alopecia in 2007, the market for these devices has rapidly expanded. Sixteen unique devices are currently available to consumers with varying designs, treatment durations and frequency. While the precise mechanism for hair growth stimulation remains to be elucidated, current evidence suggests the laser light alters hair cycle duration to promote the anagen growth phase. Photobiomodulation devices have an excellent safety profile with pruritus and skin dryness reported to be the most common side effects. Overall, research has demonstrated clinical efficacy of these devices, including randomized controlled studies. As photobiomodulation continues to emerge as a treatment modality for androgenetic alopecia, additional information on the most effective light sources, precise light wavelength, treatment schedule, and effectiveness on various hair diseases is still needed.
Required Consultation or Provoking Confrontation? The Use of the Referendum in Peace Agreements

This article challenges the unreflexive use of post-agreement referendums during peace processes. Post-agreement referendums are too broad in scope and generate polarising dynamics that can reopen ...
Oligodendroglioma with Neuronal Differentiation in Two Boxer Dogs

Summary Two cases of high-grade glioma comprising sheets of oligodendroglial cells multifocally disrupted by regions of remarkable neuronal differentiation are described. These tumours morphologically resemble ‘oligodendroglioma with ganglioglioma-like maturation’, a rare tumour of man, but appear to be phenotypically more aggressive. Neuronal markers (synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase and βIII-tubulin) effectively highlight neuronal elements within these tumours and could potentially help to further investigate the prevalence and biological significance of neuronal differentiation in canine oligodendroglioma.
A CASE OF GIANT CELL ARTERITIS PRESENTING INITIALLY AS PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE

Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) is a systemic large and medium-size vessel vasculitis. A 59-year-old female presented with right lower extremity (RLE) claudication and was diagnosed with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and referred to outpatient vascular surgery. CT-angiography (CTA) demonstrated
The forgotten parent: a qualitative study of indigenous Guatemalan fathers' perspectives on atypical child development

Abstract Background Little is known about the role Latino fathers have in rearing children with atypical development. Despite the positive effects of father involvement being well studied in other populations, Latino fathers have been historically overlooked in family research. The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of indigenous Guatemalan fathers of children with atypical development, particularly their understanding of their child's needs and their role in addressing those needs. Methods Using Kleinman's semi-structured Explanatory Model (EM) questions, I interviewed self-identified parents of children with atypical development to investigate their perceptions of their child's development and also their role in child rearing. Interviews also included questions about gender roles in child rearing and a brief demographic survey. Participant families were recruited from rural communities in the Department of Solola, Guatemala. Interviews were analysed using ethnographic methods. Findings Between Nov 2 and Nov 10, 2018, 24 mother-father pairs were interviewed in 48 interviews. The results of the interviews indicated that, despite a rigid view of each parent's responsibilities (father as the breadwinner and mother as the caretaker), parents would abandon traditional familial gender roles if it were in the best interest of their child. Further, designated familial gender roles did not predetermine the types of concern parents experienced about their child with atypical development. For example, although a Guatemalan father may believe his main familial responsibility is to meet the financial needs of his family, his main paternal concerns may not only be financial in nature. Interpretation At a functional level, Guatemalan families will adapt their parenting roles and responsibilities for the benefit their children with atypical development. These findings act as an opposing perspective to other published work on machismo, a concept often used to describe the Hispanic male-female hierarchy. These results suggest that the concept of machismo may be a western concept that is far too generalising for the indigenous couple rearing a child with atypical development. As such, Latino men remain an understudied and potentially underutilised member of the family, especially in high-stress homes where a child with atypical development is being cared for. Ways to increase their involvement in child rearing should be considered by researchers and policy makers. Funding College of Latin American Studies pre-dissertation field research grant.
Electrochromism in liquid crystals: dynamic control of reflection wavelength and bandwidth

Electrochromic devices have found widespread use in automotive, aerospace, and architectural implementations. Electrical control of the absorption of metallic or polymeric materials can result in transmission swings of more than 50%. This talk will detail our recent research of liquid crystalline compositions in which the selective reflection can be tuned, broadened, and switched. This distinctive electro-optic control is enabled by polymer stabilization of the cholesteric liquid crystal phase. Through control of the materials chemistry and polymerization conditions, we will report findings in which we uniquely demonstrate dynamic control of two separate reflective bands in a single element.
Urban Internal Spatial Structure

This article defines the term ‘urban internal spatial structure’ and summarizes a schematic view of research areas related to urban internal spatial structure. Specifically, discussions are included of the observation of urban internal spatial structure, identification of driving forces of urban spatial structure, and investigation of the connection between urban spatial structure and a variety of outcomes, such as land and housing market performances, environmental safety and quality, and individual well-being.
Suppression of surface-originated gate lag by a dual-channel AlN/GaN high electron mobility transistor architecture

A dual-channel AlN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) architecture is demonstrated that leverages ultra-thin epitaxial layers to suppress surface-related gate lag. Two high-density two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) channels are utilized in an AlN/GaN/AlN/GaN heterostructure wherein the top 2DEG serves as a quasi-equipotential that screens potential fluctuations resulting from distributed surface and interface states. The bottom channel serves as the transistor's modulated channel. Dual-channel AlN/GaN heterostructures were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on free-standing hydride vapor phase epitaxy GaN substrates. HEMTs fabricated with 300 nm long recessed gates demonstrated a gate lag ratio (GLR) of 0.88 with no degradation in drain current after bias stressed in subthreshold. These structures additionally achieved small signal metrics ft/fmax of 27/46 GHz. These performance results are contrasted with the non-recessed gate dual-channel HEMT with a GLR of 0.74 and 82 mA/mm current collapse wi...
CcLBD25 functions as a key regulator of haustorium development in Cuscuta campestris

Parasitic plants reduce yield of crops worldwide. Cuscuta campestris is a stem parasite that attaches to its host, using haustoria to extract nutrients and water. We analyzed the transcriptome of six C. campestris tissues and identified a key gene, CcLBD25, as highly expressed in prehaustoria and haustoria. Our gene co-expression networks (GCN) from different tissue types and laser-capture microdissection (LCM) RNA-Seq data indicate that CcLBD25 could be essential for regulating cell wall loosening and organogenesis. We employed host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) by generating transgenic tomato hosts that express hairpin RNAs to target and down-regulate CcLBD25 in the parasite. Our results showed that C. campestris growing on CcLBD25 RNAi transgenic tomatoes transited to the flowering stage earlier and had less biomass compared with C. campestris growing on wild type host. This suggests that the parasites growing on the transgenic plants were stressed due to insufficient nutrient acquisition. Anatomy of C. campestris haustoria growing on CcLBD25 RNAi tomatoes showed reduced pectin digestion and lack of searching hyphae, which interfered with haustorium penetration and the formation of vascular connections. We developed an in vitro haustorium (IVH) system to assay the number of prehaustoria produced on strands from C. campestris. When C. campestris was grown on CcLBD25 RNAi tomatoes or wild type tomatoes, the former produce fewer prehaustoria than the latter, indicating that down-regulating CcLBD25 may affect haustorium initiation. The results of this study shed light on the role of CcLBD25 in haustorium development and might help to develop a parasite-resistant system in crops.
Multiphysics simulation of a compression-perfusion combined bioreactor to predict the mechanical microenvironment during bone metastatic breast cancer loading experiments.

Incurable breast cancer bone metastasis causes widespread bone loss, resulting in fragility, pain, increased fracture risk, and ultimately increased patient mortality. Increased mechanical signals in the skeleton are anabolic and protect against bone loss, and they may also do so during osteolytic bone metastasis. Skeletal mechanical signals include interdependent tissue deformations and interstitial fluid flow, but how metastatic tumor cells respond to each of these individual signals remains under-investigated, a barrier to translation to the clinic. To delineate their respective roles, we report computed estimates of the internal mechanical field of a bone-mimetic scaffold undergoing combinations of high and low compression and perfusion using multiphysics simulations. Simulations were conducted in advance of multi-modal loading bioreactor experiments with bone metastatic breast cancer cells to ensure that mechanical stimuli occurring internally were physiological and anabolic. Our results show that mechanical stimuli throughout the scaffold were within the anabolic range of bone cells in all loading configurations, were homogenously distributed throughout, and that combined high magnitude compression and perfusion synergized to produce the largest wall shear stresses within the scaffold. These simulations, when combined with experiments, will shed light on how increased mechanical loading in the skeleton may confer anti-tumorigenic effects during metastasis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Recruiting Diverse Populations in Clinical Trials: How Do We Overcome Selection Bias?

Recruitment of diverse populations into clinical trials is very important not only because it enhances the potential generalizability of the results but also because it allows consideration of whether certain subgroups may respond differentially to a particular treatment. Despite our understanding of the strengths that diverse subject recruitment brings to research, clinical trials in this country typically fail to recruit populations that match the diversity of the US population, largely because of systematic barriers. The field of Alzheimer disease (AD) research is particularly guilty of underrecruiting underrepresented individuals, with only 10% of participants in AD Cooperative Study (ADCS) clinical trials and only 3.2% of participants in pharmaceutical trials being non-White.1 This is problematic given the high rates of dementia in general and of AD in particular in Black and Hispanic individuals.2 Further complicating the issue is the high rate of mixed (i.e., AD plus vascular/other etiologies) pathology in individuals clinically diagnosed with AD, with mixed pathology being noted more frequently in Black (vs White) patients.3 As in vivo diagnosis of AD-related neuropathology with imaging and blood-based biomarkers becomes increasingly possible, understanding these potential differences in pathology is crucial to contextualize study results.
Epidemiology of abdominal aortic aneurysms

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease remains a major source of morbidity in developed countries and can progress to life-threatening rupture if left untreated, with exceedingly high mortality. The goal of AAA management is to identify and electively repair AAAs before rupture. AAA disease burden and outcomes have improved over time with declining tobacco use and advancements in care across patients' disease course. The introduction of endovascular AAA repair, in particular, has allowed for elective AAA repair in patients previously considered too high risk for open surgery and has contributed to lower rates of AAA rupture over time. However, these improved outcomes are not universally experienced, and disparities continue to exist in the detection, treatment, and outcomes of AAA by sex, race, and ethnicity. Mitigating these disparities requires enhanced, focused efforts at preventing disease, promoting health, and delivering appropriate care among an increasingly diverse patient population.