cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human and murine lymphocyte neurotrophin expression is confined to B cells.

Recent reports indicate that autoreactive T cells may produce neurotrophic factors capable of mediating repair and regeneration of damaged neurons. By using semiquantitative RT-PCR, we examined gene expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and the trkB BDNF receptor in autoreactive T cells from SWXJ mice immunized with the p104-117 encephalitogen of myelin proteolipid protein (PLP 104-117). We observed antigen-inducible expression of NGF and BDNF, but not NT-3 and trkB, in lymph node cells activated with PLP 104-117. To determine which leukocyte subpopulation expressed neurotrophins, CD4 + , CD8 + , B220 + , CD11b + , and NK1.1 + cells were purified from activated primary cultures, and their mRNAs were analyzed. Neurotrophin expression was also measured in CD3 + T cells purified from mouse CNS during acute onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis as well as in resting and activated human T cells and B cells purified from peripheral blood of normal subjects. In all cases, we found that neurotrophin expression was confined exclusively to B cells (B220 + ) in both mouse and human. CD3 + , CD4 + , and CD8 + T cells as well as NK1.1 + cells and CDT16 + monocytes and macrophages did not express any detectable BDNF, NGF, NT-3, or trkB under any conditions. Our data indicate that B cells rather than T cells are the predominant if not the only source of leukocyte-derived neurotrophins and as such may provide "protective autoimmunity" in repair and regeneration of the injured nervous system.
An X-ray redshift measure for clusters of galaxies up to z not less than 1

Correlated measurements of redshifted iron line emission and apparent surface brightness are suggested for unambiguously defining intrinsic X-ray characteristics for clusters of galaxies up to z not less than 1. If some of the weak unidentified high-galactic-latitude X-ray sources are clusters at z roughly equal to 1-3, then such correlated measurements should be feasible within the complement of instruments aboard the HEAO-B orbiting X-ray telescope observatory. In addition, those clusters at z less than 1 would require spectral data from broader bandwidth experiments, such as the all-sky survey to be provided by the proportional counters aboard the first mission of the High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO-A).
Future Orientation among Caucasian and Arab-American Adolescents The Role of Realism about Child-Rearing and Perceptions of others’ Acceptance of Adolescent Pregnancy

Future orientation in adolescents is an important concept to study because of its relations with academic performance and success levels. This study examined adolescents realism about child-rearing and their perceptions of others approval of teen pregnancy to examine their association with future orientation. Participants were 476 high school-aged adolescents (122 males and 354 females) aged 14-20. They were 82 percent Caucasian and 18 percent Middle- Eastern Among the 392 Caucasian-American students there were 105 males and 287 females aged 14-19 grades 9-12. Among the 84 Arab-American students (17 males 67 females) students ranged from 14-20 years old grades 9-12. Variation by gender race and academic performance levels was also examined. Generally results confirmed hypotheses. Also realism and future orientation varied by an interaction between race gender and academic level but there were no significant differences in perception of others approval of adolescent pregnancy. Implications for researchers school personnel and parents are discussed. (authors)
Nonlinear dynamics optimization with particle swarm and genetic algorithms for SPEAR3 emittance upgrade

Abstract Nonlinear dynamics optimization is carried out for a low emittance upgrade lattice of SPEAR3 in order to improve its dynamic aperture and Touschek lifetime. Two multi-objective optimization algorithms, a genetic algorithm and a particle swarm algorithm, are used for this study. The performance of the two algorithms are compared. The result shows that the particle swarm algorithm converges significantly faster to similar or better solutions than the genetic algorithm and it does not require seeding of good solutions in the initial population. These advantages of the particle swarm algorithm may make it more suitable for many accelerator optimization applications.
The Structure of the Nucleon, Three Decades of Investigation (1967-2004)

A personal historical account of three decades of experiments that led to a detailed understanding of the structure of the nucleon and the theory of Quantum Chromodynamics. (Panofsky Prize 2004 Talk, Presented at NuInt04, Mar. 2004, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso - INFN - Assergi, Italy [ http://nuint04.lngs.infn.it/ ])
Reducing boundary distortion in image restoration

The ill-conditioned nature of the inverse problem of image restoration produces dramatic consequences when the boundaries of the image are incorrectly modeled. Solutions to this problem are difficult to find in the literature. In this paper, we develop and analyze two sets of new approaches that are effective with algebraic restoration procedures.
On some association measures in bivariate distributions and their relationships

In this paper, we study three time-dependent measures of association, viz. the odds ratio, conditional mean residual life and the conditional probability. We examine conditions under which these measures exceed unity. We also obtain a class of distributions for which the components of the hazard gradient (mean residual lives) are proportional. Finally, some examples are provided to illustrate the results.
Qualitative categorization of supplement grade Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts for authenticity

Ginkgo biloba, a traditional herbal remedy and a popular functional food is sold commercially in form of a standardized extract for its flavone glycosides content (24%) and terpene lactones (6%). The ginkgo terpene lactones are the unique components of ginkgo leaves unlike the flavone glycosides which are quite common in other botanical extracts. Therefore, flavone glycosides (and their respective aglycones) are the main targets of adulteration of ginkgo extracts to meet the marker levels in the commercially available raw materials in the market. We have investigated the typical quality of a wide variety of commercial ginkgo extracts as well as their potential adulterants. Based on our analytical results we have classified the commercially available extracts of G. biloba into three categories such as authentic, intermediate and adulterated/spiked. A combination of qualitative determination of the unhydrolyzed extracts by phytochemical fingerprinting as well as typical quantitative analysis for total flavone glycosides including Q/K/I (quercetin/kaempferol/isorhamnetin) peak area ratio on hydrolyzed samples is recommended to establish/track the authenticity of the available extracts for formulation purposes.
State of Charge Imbalance Estimation for Battery Strings Under Reduced Voltage Sensing

Reducing voltage sensing in a battery pack is beneficial for cutting the cost of the battery management system. In this paper, a methodology is designed to estimate the states of charge (SOC) of two cells connected in series when only their total voltage is measured. First, the feasibility is analyzed based on the nonlinear observability of the two-cell string under reduced voltage sensing. Furthermore, observability analysis is performed to different battery chemistries to determine their respective observable SOC ranges based on the voltage-SOC relationship. A trajectory-based nonlinear observer, the Newton observer, is then designed for SOC estimation and has been validated by experiments. The limitation of extending the method to strings with more than two cells is also discussed. The methodology is initially designed under the assumption of equal and known capacity and resistance among cells. The robustness of estimation is finally investigated when the above assumptions do not hold.
Non-US Clinical Trial Data and the Food and Drug Administration

AbstractCommercial requirements and the use of indigenous science for advertising purposes indicate that at least some studies will always be done in each country where medications are marketed. However, drug development is a transnational phenomenon where data from one country will be used to obtain marketing approval in another. Yet local regulatory and scientific requirements preclude the use of one set of data for all countries, which increases the cost of an already expensive process. In the US the FDA has historically expressed concerns about accepting foreign data as the sole basis for approval of an NDA. Despite the timolol case, foreign data are still used infrequently and only on an ad hoc basis. Data quality, verification, authentication, and inspection continue to be the most important problems in this area. Standardized protocols, and strict adherence to them; the use of investigators with a proven track record, ability, and appropriate training; frequent monitoring by United States drug spon...
Identification of the inverted chromosome 16 using chromosome painting

The inverted chromosome 16 is commonly associated with acute myelomonocytic leukaemia (AML) M4 with bone marrow eosinophilia. Cytogenetic identification of the inverted chromosome 16 can be difficult. To help identify the inversion in bone marrow samples from patients referred for the diagnosis of AML-M4, we applied the molecular cytogenetic technique of chromosome painting using chromosome 16 p-arm paint. The results were concordant with standard chromosome analyses and clearly allowed for the identification of a pericentric inversion within chromosome 16 even in poor-quality metaphase spreads.
A quantum mechanical model of vibrational-electronic energy exchange during collisions

A model for the interchange of energy between an electronic and a vibrational mode during a collinear atom–molecule collision is proposed. Although crude, the model is simple enough to be solved exactly using the R‐matrix propagator method for treating quantum close‐coupling problems. These exact results can be compared to semiclassical and approximate treatments of the same problem. Several interesting features of the model system are discussed in terms of elementary energy transfer concepts.
ON THE CONCEPT OF AREAL DIFFERENTIATION

(1962). ON THE CONCEPT OF AREAL DIFFERENTIATION. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 10-12.
Isoconcinndiol, a brominated diterpenoid from Laurencia snyderae var. Guadalupensis

Abstract A new brominated diterpenoid, isoconcinndiol, has been isolated from the marine red alga Laurencia snyderae.
Aptness of insecticides (Bacillus thuringiensis and carbofuran) with endophytic Beauveria bassiana, in suppressing larval populations of the European corn borer

Abstract Research was conducted in 1989 and 1990 to determine if Beauveria bassiana in combination with Bacillus thuringiensis or carbofuran is an effective tactic for season-long management of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis . A granular formulation of Beauveria bassiana was applied to corn at whorl stage (V6) and/or at pollen-shed stage (R1) corn. Bacillus thuringiensis or carbofuran was then applied to the same plants. Beauveria bassiana reduced larval populations of O. nubilalis when the fungus was applied to corn during both the whorl stage and the pollen-shed stage. When either Bacillus thuringiensis or carbofuran was added to plants treated with Beauveria bassiana , there was increased mortality of O. nubilalis . Although Beauveria bassiana alone reduced O. nubilalis tunneling, mostly damage was further reduced when Bacillus thuringiensis or carbofuran was applied to whorl-stage corn. When applied to pollen-shedding corn, Beauveria bassiana reduced tunneling but had no significant effect on yield, unless Bacillus thuringiensis was added. Although Beauveria bassiana, Bacillus thuringiensis , and carbofuran reduced tunneling by first generation O. nubilalis , increased yields did not always result. Tunneling by second-generation O. nubilalis was significantly reduced by Beauveria bassiana in both years of all experiments. Even so, yields were variable in all experiments which indicated that a number of abiotic and biotic factors, aside from insects, affected yields. This study is the first to document compatibility of Beauveria bassiana with a chemical insecticide. Yield data indicate that endophytic Beauveria bassiana is not a plant pathogen.
Voluntary Control of ‘Involuntary’ Functions: The Approach of the Stoics

The Stoics expressed great concern about emotion related psychophysiological phenomena as pathological states of body and spirit. They outlined procedures through which all bodily functions could be brought under voluntary control. The Pneumatist School of Medicine of the first century A.D. adopted these philosophical convictions and instituted them in their diagnostic and treatment techniques for psychosomatic disorders. Pneumatic theory, and its application in this context, is described.
Government publications represented in the social sciences citation index: An exploratory study☆

Abstract The study reported here comprises exploratory research in which the authors acquainted themselves with the peculiarities of the 1979 Social Sciences Citation Index and delineated a methodology by which a more extensive search for government publications contained in the data base could be conducted. The identification of government publications in the data base is a difficult, time-consuming process. On the basis of the exploratory research, it would seem that further research should explore the printed index rather than its machine-readable counterpart and that government publications comprise only a very small part of this particular data base. The article also analyzes patterns among the identifiable United States and international organization publications (e.g., by issuing agencies, document types, and serial titles). The findings concerning serials have application for: (1) libraries in understanding which documents are in demand and in making broad selection and retention decisions, and (2) government agencies in improving the bibliographic control of their publishing output.
Etching and the morphology of branched and cross-linked polyethylene

A permanganic acid etching technique was used to characterize the genuine morphologies of bulk crystallized samples of linear, branched, and crosslinked polyethylene. Four different kinds of artifacts as large as 15–20 μm were detected. It was also noted that artifact density could be drastically reduced by proper selection of etching conditions. The morphologies of artifacts were independent of specimen crystallinity and the orientation of lamellar crystals; however, their rate of production was susceptible to the crystallinity of samples. The formation of a fresh surface involved the preferential etching of edge-on and secondary lamellae. As the growth features of cross-linked polyethylene were less than 6 μm and were mainly sheaf-like structures, growth features could be readily distinguished from the artifacts by transmission electron microscopy. Another type of artifact (globules morphology) produced at angstrom scale was found to depend on the crystallinity and the surface structure of lamellar crystals. It is demonstrated that the fine lamellar details of branched and cross-linked polyethylene can be observed using transmission electron microscopy. Increasing the number of cross-links in polyethylene, modifies the size and nature of supermolecular structures, the periodic twisting of lamellar crystals, and the nature of the nucleation process. The study of a blend of branched and cross-linked polyethylene showed that the structurally dissimilar molecules co-crystallized at low crystallization temperatures, while there is a tendency for molecular fractionation at higher crystallization temperatures.
Prolonged antiplatelet therapy to prevent late thrombosis after intracoronary gamma-radiation in patients with in-stent restenosis: Washington Radiation for In-Stent Restenosis Trial plus 6 months of clopidogrel (WRIST PLUS).

Background—Intracoronary γ-radiation reduces recurrent in-stent restenosis. Late thrombosis (>30 days after radiation therapy) is identified as a serious complication. The Washington Radiation for In-Stent Restenosis Trial (WRIST) PLUS, which involved 6 months of treatment with clopidogrel and aspirin, was designed to examine the efficacy and safety of prolonged antiplatelet therapy for the prevention of late thrombosis. Methods and Results—A total of 120 consecutive patients with diffuse in-stent restenosis in native coronary arteries and vein grafts with lesions <80 mm underwent percutaneous coronary transluminal angioplasty, laser ablation, and/or rotational atherectomy. Additional stents were placed in 34 patients (28.3%). After the intervention, a closed-end lumen catheter was introduced into the artery, a ribbon with different trains of radioactive 192Ir seeds was positioned to cover the treated site, and a dose of 14 Gy to 2 mm was prescribed. Patients were discharged with clopidogrel and aspirin f...
Teresa Urrea: Mexican mystic, healer, and apocalyptic revolutionary.

This article is a study of the mystical and apocalyptic dimensions of Teresa Urrea. As explained in this article, Urrea's mystical experiences and visions are unique for their connection with a prophetic-apocalyptic and political worldview. This apocalyptic dimension is more than a communication of a hidden message or spiritual world; it also includes a reading of history that is catastrophic and discontinuous. The crisis and terror of history are given expression in Urrea's mystical and apocalyptic pronouncements. In particular, the chaotic and oppressive circumstances of Mexican society during the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz was confronted and denounced in Urrea's mystical and apocalyptic ministry. This apocalyptic healer castigated those culpable or even complicit with the injustices affecting the indigenous communities of Mexico during the late nineteenth century. In the case of Urrea, the transformation and healing of Church and society was an important aspect of her spiritual, healing powers. Because Urrea possessed neither arms nor the weapon of the pen, her sole weapon became her mystical experiences and the insight and healing powers that flowed from them. People of Mexico-especially indigenous groups-began to flock to her hoping that she would bring God's presence to the troubled and chaotic circumstances of their lives. Her compassion and tenderness for the afflicted as well as the apocalyptic expectations that she stirred up among the indigenous groups of Northern Mexico were enough to get this mystical-political Mexican mestiza exiled from her homeland.
Estimation of dose-response curves and identification of peaks in hormone pulsations: classic marriages of statistics to science.

This essay examines the historical significance of two APS classic papers that are freely available online: De Lean A, Munson PJ, and Rodbard D. Simultaneous analysis of families of sigmoidal curve...
Effect of insulin on yield and composition of milk of dairy cows.

Abstract Short-acting insulin injections into lactating Holstein cows resulted in a decrease in milk production, milk lactose percentage, and blood glucose levels, and an increase in the percentage composition of milk fat and protein. The casein expressed as a percentage of the total protein remained the same during the insulin treatment as compared to the pretreatment period. Phlorizin caused a decrease in milk production, a slight increase in milk fat percentage, but no change in the milk protein percentage. Infusion of glucose with the insulin injections restored the milk yield to near-normal levels and caused the milk protein percentage to return to the pretreatment levels. The milk fat percentage remained elevated during the glucose infusion. Increases in milk fat and protein percentages during insulin treatment cannot be explained entirely by a decrease in the volume of milk.
A targeted extracorporeal therapy for endotoxemia: the time has come

Endotoxemia, whether primary (due to Gram-negative infection) or secondary (due to epithelial barrier dysfunction), appears to be extremely common in the critically ill and injured. High levels of endotoxin activity are associated with worse clinical outcomes. In Japan, polymyxin B hemoperfusion has been available to treat endotoxemia for more than ten years. Multiple small trials, often limited by methodological quality, show that polymyxin B hemo-perfusion may have favorable effects on survival and hemodynamics. Further study of this therapy would seem justified.
Case Studies of Environmental Risks to Children.

Doing a better job of protecting children from environmental hazards requires having more and better information about both children’s susceptibility and their exposure to toxic substances. There are many critical gaps in knowledge of this issue. This article presents several examples specifically related to children’s exposure to pesticides which illustrate environmental risks for children. The cases examined include the risk posed to children by the use of the insecticide aldicarb on bananas, and reported illnesses in children caused by the use of the insecticide diazinon in the home and by the use of interior house paint containing mercury. The cases presented illustrate how regulatory agencies, parents, health care providers, and others who come into contact with children on a regular basis all have roles to play in filling in the information gaps regarding children’s exposure to environmental hazards and the deleterious effects of these exposures.
The shell model and deuteron stripping

Abstract Ambiguities in the present formulation of stripping reactions are pointed out. The transition to the shell model approximation of the nucleus is also carried out in the transition matrix for stripping. The A−1 corrections are obtained and it is seen that previous formulations of these corrections are incorrect. (A = mass number of the target nucleus).
Effects of Hydrochlorothiazide and Amiloride on Salt Taste and Excretion (Intake)

The effects of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) and amiloride on salt excretion (intake) and taste were examined in 73 normotensive adults (aged 18 to 56) who were randomly assigned to receive 50 mg/day of HCTZ (n = 24), 5 mg twice daily of amiloride (n = 24) or placebo (n = 25) for 8 weeks. Two and three week placebo periods preceded and followed active treatment, respectively. Relative to baseline, significant increases in sodium excretion (intake) of 31%, 53% and 30% were observed in subjects receiving HCTZ after 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment, respectively. An identical follow-up study with 16 subjects replicated the sodium excretion (intake) findings, but failed to reveal the source of the extra dietary sodium. Doubling the dose of amiloride in 11 additional subjects led to higher aldosterone excretion relative to thiazide-treated subjects, but did not increase salt excretion (intake) over a four week period. Only amiloride-treated subjects displayed significant increases in salt taste sensitivity. The increased sodium intake in HCTZ-treated patients may partially offset the desired effects of therapy and exacerbate potassium wasting.
Exercise Doppler echocardiography as an aid to clinical decision making in mitral valve disease.

The timing of valve replacement in patients with mitral valve disease, severe resting pulmonary hypertension, and severe symptoms is usually straightforward. However, this may not be true for patients with mild to moderate resting pulmonary pressures and symptoms that are difficult to evaluate. The measurement of hemodynamic parameters with exercise has been useful during cardiac catheterization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic significance of dyspnea provoked by exercise in patients with mitral valve disease using exercise Doppler echocardiography. Nineteen tests were done in 17 patients (two patients had repeat studies 1 year after the first test). Dyspnea developed in patients during exercise in 11 tests, and the others were limited by fatigue (and angina in one patient). There was a significantly greater increment in pulmonary artery systolic pressure during exercise in the patients who developed dyspnea (24 mm Hg) than in those who did not (15 mm Hg, p = 0.04). The two groups exercised to approximately the same heart rate and blood pressure, but the dyspneic patients had a significantly shorter exercise capacity ( p = 0.04). Furthermore, clinical decision making was affected by the test results in 84% (only three tests did not affect patient management) and included a decision to proceed to invasive testing and surgery in seven patients, and a decision to treat the patient medically in nine. In conclusion, exercise Doppler echocardiography is a useful adjunct in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with mitral valve disease and an aid to clinical decision making.
Jacobi Operators with Singular Continuous Spectrum

We show that for two classes of pairs of sequences (c(n), v(n)), the operator H acting on $$\ell^{2} (\mathbb{Z})$$ by $$(Hu)(n) = c(n)u(n + 1) + \overline{c(n - 1)}u(n - 1) + v(n)u(n)$$ has no eigenvalues. Applying these results to a class of quasiperiodic operators of magnetic origin, we show, that in a region where purely pure point spectrum has been established for almost every phase and frequency [5], the operator has purely singular continuous spectrum for a dense Gδ in phase and a dense Gδ in frequency. This generalizes similar results obtained for the Schrodinger case.
Mixed Convection on Inclined Surfaces

An analysis is performed to study the effects of buoyancy force on the heat transfer characteristics of laminar forced convection flow over an inclined flat surface which is either maintained at a uniform temperature or subjected to a uniform heat flux. Numerical results are presented for Prandtl numbers of 0.7 and 7 over a wide range of values of the buoyancy force parameters, with the angle of inclination ranging from 0 to 90 deg from the vertical. In general, it is found that for both surface heating conditions, the local friction factor and the local Nusselt number increase with increasing buoyancy force for assisting flow and decrease with increasing buoyancy force for opposing flow. In addition, the effects of the buoyancy force on these two quantities are found to diminish as the angle of inclination increases. A comparison is also made of the results between the case of uniform wall temperature and the case of uniform surface heat flux.
A free swing writer for recording with very light pressure on a smoked surface.

SummaryA free swinging writer which records on smoked surfaces with a minimum of frictional resistance is described; its construction is explained and illustrated. Specimen tracings of difficult recordings are illustrated.
A role for leptin in sustaining lymphopoiesis and myelopoiesis

Although leptin is known for its regulation of food intake, it has many emerging roles in immune function. To better define the role of leptin in hematopoietic processes, a leptin-deficient obese mouse (ob/ob) and C57BL/6 lean wild-type controls were compared. Despite their large size and consumption of substantial amounts of nutrients, the ob/ob mice had only 60% as many nucleated cells in their marrow as controls. The greatest impact of leptin deficiency was on the B cell compartment that had 70% fewer cells, reducing the absolute number of pre-B and immature B cells to 21% and 12% of normal, respectively, and indicating a significant reduction in lymphopoiesis in ob/ob mice. Whereas the proportion of myeloids remained nearly normal in the obese mice, they also exhibited a reduction of 40% and 25%, respectively, in absolute numbers of granulocytes and monocytes. Seven days of provision of recombinant leptin promoted substantial lymphopoiesis, increasing the numbers of B cells in the marrow of the obese mice twofold, while doubling and tripling, respectively, the numbers of pre-B and immature B cells. Twelve days of supplementation brought these subpopulations to near-normal proportions. Leptin treatment also facilitated myelopoiesis such that the marrow of the obese mice contained normal numbers of monocytes and granulocytes after 7 days. Taken together, the data support an important role for leptin in sustaining lymphopoiesis and myelopoiesis.
Host-Induced Changes in Lactic Streptococcal Bacteriophages

Abstract Quantitative differences in lytic activity of a given phage against various susceptible host bacteria are common among lactic streptococcal bacteriophages. Changes in activity pattern against a range of hosts were quickly established by propagating a given phage on a particular host. Activity patterns determined by the parent host were highly reproducible, did not change with repeated propagations on the same host, and reflected virulence of a homogeneous progeny from replication of a single phage particle. A second kind of host-induced change was calcium requirements of phages for rapid proliferation. Three out of eight phage strains were altered in calcium requirements by a single propagation on a different host.
Imaging Techniques and the Evaluation of the Right Heart and the Pulmonary Circulation

Since the right side of the heart and the pulmonary circulation are regarded as secondary components of the circulatory system, their role in disease has traditionally not received the same attention as their counterparts in the systemic circulation. This was partly because precise noninvasive study of these structures was difficult. For many years, chest radiography and invasive angiography were the only techniques available for imaging the minor circulation. The development of transthoracic echocardiography and nuclear techniques has produced a significant leap forward for noninvasive imaging, particularly of the right ventricle. More recently, novel echocardiographic techniques, and advances in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, in particular, have expanded our diagnostic armamentarium and provided new insights into the anatomy and function of the pulmonary circulation in both health and disease. This article contains a review of the current status of techniques for imaging the right side of the heart and the pulmonary circulation.
The Measured Energy Impact of Infiltration in a Test Cell

Infiltration is customarily assumed to increase the heating and cooling load of a building by an amount equal to the mass flow rate of the infiltration times the enthalpy difference between the inside and outside air—with the latent portion of the enthalpy difference sometimes neglected. Calorimetric measurements conducted on a small test cell with measured amounts of infiltration introduced under a variety of conditions show convincingly that infiltration can lead to a much smaller change in the energy load than is customarily calculated; changes as small as 20 percent of the calculated value have been measured in the cell. The data also suggest that the phenomenon occurs in full-sized houses as well. Infiltration Heat Exchange Effectiveness (IHEE), e, is introduced as a measure of the effectiveness of a building in “recovering” heat otherwise lost (or gained) due to infiltration. Measurements show that e increases as: (a) flow rate decreases; (b) flow path length increases; (c) hole/crack size decreases. There is a clear correlation between large values of e and large values of the exponent, n , so fan pressurization results may be useful in predicting e for buildings.
A kinetic treatment of glass formation VII: Transient nucleation in non-isothermal crystallization during cooling

Abstract The analysis of crystallization statistics has been modified to allow for time-dependent (transient) nucleation. To establish its accuracy, the numerical analysis has been applied to isothermal crystallization kinetics and shown to yield crystallization versus time curves which compare very closely with curves calculated analytically with or without the inclusion of transient nucleation. The numerical analysis including transient has been used to calculate the critical cooling rates for glass formation in anorthite and o-terphenyl considering (1) only homogeneous nucleation and (2) homogeneous nucleation + heterogeneous nucleation for 107 heterogeneities cm−3 with contact angles between 40° and 100°. It has been shown that inclusion of time-dependent nucleation in the calculations does not change the critical cooling rates for glass formation calculated assuming steady-state homogeneous nucleation in both materials. The critical cooling rate in anorthite calculated including steady-state heterogeneous nucleation was found to be decreased only slightly by the inclusion of time-dependent nucleation; while the critical cooling rates calculated for o-terphenyl were not change at all by the inclusion of time-dependent nncleation. The lack of an effect of time-dependent nucleation on the critical cooling rates calculated assuming only homogeneous nucleation is explained by the relatively small transient times on the high temperature side of the nucleation peak (a temperature range which has an overwhelming effect on the overall crystallization process because of the relatively high crystal growth rates in this range). Although the critical cooling rates associated with heterogeneous nucleation are large, the nucleation here takes place at relatively small undercooling where the transient times are relatively small. Thus, transient nucleation causes only a temporary delay in the over all crystallization, and its effect on the critical cooling rate is small.
40 W cw TEM00 mode diode-laser-pumped Nd:YAG zigzag miniature-slab laser

We have built a cw, diode-laser-pumped, Nd;YAG slab laser that emits 72 W of multimode power when pumped with 235 W, or 40 W of TEM00 power when pumped with 212 W of diode laser power. The slope efficiencies are 36% for multimode operation and 22% for TEM00 mode operation. The laser uses the zig-zag slab geometry to reduce the thermal effects associated with high power operation, resulting in less than one wave of distortion at the full pump power. Reasonable efficiency for the side- pumped slab design was obtained by confining the pump power within a gold-coated box which surrounds the slab. TEM00 mode operation was obtained in a simple three-mirror folded cavity. The Nd:YAG slab acted as an aperture in the cavity and the astigmatism due to off axis incidence on a curved mirror corrected for a minor 1 meter cylindrical thermal lens. A significant advantage of our design over previous slab lasers is a new Teflon AF protective coating on the slab total internal reflection surfaces which greatly simplifies the mounting and cooling of the slab laser medium.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An Exploratory Study of Social Purpose Business Models in the United States

A growing subset of nonprofit organizations in the United States are launching social purpose businesses (SPBs) that serve both as sources of additional revenues and locations for employment and job training for disadvantaged populations.This research note presents data from a study exploring SPB models for integrating business and social service technologies and organizational strategies for competing successfully in product and service markets while maintaining commitment to social goals. Data from a pilot study testing a survey instrument with a sample of 15 directors or managers of SPBs located in different regions of the United States show that slow growth, crosssubsidization, and diversification are key approaches to balancing commercial goals with social aims across a range of SPB organizational models. The relevance of these findings for future research on nonprofit social purpose enterprise is discussed.
Atomic motion in a two-mode laser field

A modified perturbation theory is developed for the calculation of the time-dependent wave function describing the propagation of an atom in a two-mode laser field. With the mode frequencies nearly equal, a first approximation is obtained that reproduces and extends known results, for both resonant and nonresonant transitions. This lowest-order solution sums terms that describe the absorption of a photon from one mode and emission into the other, leaving the total number of photons unchanged and shifting the momentum of the atom accordingly. Corrections are generated by expansion of a resolvent from which the nearly degenerate states have been projected out. These approximate solutions are used to construct asymptotic states in a formulation of atom-atom scattering in the two-mode field. In close analogy with the soft-photon approximation, a ``soft-pair'' approximation is developed based on the dominance of those asymptotic interactions in which the transfer of energy from the field to the atom is small, allowing one to relate the scattering amplitude in the presence of the field to the field-free amplitude. When the atomic ground state and an excited state are closely coupled by the field, the asymptotic wave function can have mixed parity allowing for long-range contributions to the effective potential. In addition to an enhancement of forward-scattering probabilities, this leads to a threshold anomaly that is analyzed here, in the resonant case, with the aid of a modified effective-range theory.
Amorphous phase separation and transformations in the bulk glassy semiconducting alloy CdGeAs2

Glassy CdGeAs2 ingots are prepared by quenching vacuum sealed melts. Microstructural developments and phase transformations occuring during reheating of the glassy alloy are investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM and STEM), thermal analysis (DTA and DSC), and X-ray diffraction. TEM examination provided evidence for amorphous phase separation in glassy CdGeAs2; the microstructure exhibited a dispersion of fine droplets (≈ 40 nm) in a continuous matrix. Microdiffraction in the electron microscope confirmed the amorphous nature of both the droplet and matrix phases. Semi-quantitative microchemical characterization by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) indicates a higher Cd/Ge ratio in the matrix than in the droplet phase. Characterization of heat treated glassy CdGeAs2 samples suggests formation of a precursor metastable crystalline phase prior to devitrification to stable crystalline CdGeAs2. The experimental results are used to suggest a decomposition sequence for glassy CdGeAs2. Des lingots de verre de composition CdGeAs2 ont ete obtenu par trempe du liquide prealablement sceffe sous vide. Les modifications de la microstructure du verre et les transformation de phase apparaissant au recuit de cet alliage amorphe ont ete etudiees par transmission en microscopie electronique, ainsi que par analyse thermique et diffraction des rayons X. L'examen au microscope electronique revela la formation de deux phases amorphes dans le verre CdGeAs2, l'une formant une matrice continue, l'autre constituee de fins globules (≈ 40 nm de diametre) dispersee dans la premiere. La nature amorphe des denx phases (matrice et globules) a ete confirmee au microscope electronique par microdiffraction des rayons X. Une microanalyse chimique semi-quantitative revela un rapport Cd/Ge plus grand dans la matrice que dans les globules. La caracterisation des echantillons de l'alliage amorphe CdGeAs2 apres traitement thermique suggere la formation d'une phase precurseur, cristalline et metastable, avant la devitrification conduisant a CdGeAs2 cristallise et stable. Base pour les resultats experimentaux, un mecanisme de decomposition de l'alliage amorphe est propose.
Proximal dentatothalamocortical tract involvement in posterior fossa syndrome

Posterior fossa syndrome is characterized by cerebellar dysfunction, oromotor/oculomotor apraxia, emotional lability and mutism in patients after infratentorial injury. The underlying neuroanatomical substrates of posterior fossa syndrome are unknown, but dentatothalamocortical tracts have been implicated. We used pre- and postoperative neuroimaging to investigate proximal dentatothalamocortical tract involvement in childhood embryonal brain tumour patients who developed posterior fossa syndrome following tumour resection. Diagnostic imaging from a cohort of 26 paediatric patients previously operated on for an embryonal brain tumour (13 patients prospectively diagnosed with posterior fossa syndrome, and 13 non-affected patients) were evaluated. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging was used to define relevant tumour features, including two potentially predictive measures. Postoperative magnetic resonance and diffusion tensor imaging were used to characterize operative injury and tract-based differences in anisotropy of water diffusion. In patients who developed posterior fossa syndrome, initial tumour resided higher in the 4th ventricle ( P = 0.035). Postoperative magnetic resonance signal abnormalities within the superior cerebellar peduncles and midbrain were observed more often in patients with posterior fossa syndrome ( P = 0.030 and 0.003, respectively). The fractional anisotropy of water was lower in the bilateral superior cerebellar peduncles, in the bilateral fornices, white matter region proximate to the right angular gyrus (Tailerach coordinates 35, –71, 19) and white matter region proximate to the left superior frontal gyrus (Tailerach coordinates –24, 57, 20). Our findings suggest that multiple bilateral injuries to the proximal dentatothalamocortical pathways may predispose the development of posterior fossa syndrome, that functional disruption of the white matter bundles containing efferent axons within the superior cerebellar peduncles is a critical underlying pathophysiological component of posterior fossa syndrome, and that decreased fractional anisotropy in the fornices and cerebral cortex may be related to the abnormal neurobehavioural symptoms of posterior fossa syndrome.
Prehospital Electronic Patient Care Report Systems: Early Experiences from Emergency Medical Services Agency Leaders

Background As the United States embraces electronic health records (EHRs), improved emergency medical services (EMS) information systems are also a priority; however, little is known about the experiences of EMS agencies as they adopt and implement electronic patient care report (e-PCR) systems. We sought to characterize motivations for adoption of e-PCR systems, challenges associated with adoption and implementation, and emerging implementation strategies. Methods We conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured in-depth interviews with EMS agency leaders. Participants were recruited through a web-based survey of National Association of EMS Physicians (NAEMSP) members, a didactic session at the 2010 NAEMSP Annual Meeting, and snowball sampling. Interviews lasted approximately 30 minutes, were recorded and professionally transcribed. Analysis was conducted by a five-person team, employing the constant comparative method to identify recurrent themes. Results Twenty-three interviewees represented 20 EMS agencies from the United States and Canada; 14 EMS agencies were currently using e-PCR systems. The primary reason for adoption was the potential for e-PCR systems to support quality assurance efforts. Challenges to e-PCR system adoption included those common to any health information technology project, as well as challenges unique to the prehospital setting, including: fear of increased ambulance run times leading to decreased ambulance availability, difficulty integrating with existing hospital information systems, and unfunded mandates requiring adoption of e-PCR systems. Three recurring strategies emerged to improve e-PCR system adoption and implementation: 1) identify creative funding sources; 2) leverage regional health information organizations; and 3) build internal information technology capacity. Conclusion EMS agencies are highly motivated to adopt e-PCR systems to support quality assurance efforts; however, adoption and implementation of e-PCR systems has been challenging for many. Emerging strategies from EMS agencies and others that have successfully implemented EHRs may be useful in expanding e-PCR system use and facilitating this transition for other EMS agencies.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Flavobacteria

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 28 clinical isolates of Flavobacterium sp. were determined by standard disk diffusion technique and by antimicrobial dilution in agar. Rifampin, clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cefoxitin, and vancomycin are among the antimicrobial agents which may be clinically useful to treat infections caused by flavobacteria. All 28 isolates were resistant to erythromycin with minimal inhibitory concentrations of 32 mug/ml or more. Currently recommended interpretive zones of inhibition by disk diffusion did not reliably predict antimicrobial susceptibility of the 28 flavobacteria isolates when compared with the agar dilution technique, and, therefore, a more direct measurement of minimal inhibitory or bactericidal concentration is recommended.
Inorganic, monovalent cations compete with agonists for the transmitter binding site of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

The properties of adult mouse recombinant nicotinic acetylcholine receptors activated by acetylcholine (ACh+) or tetramethylammonium (TMA+) were examined at the single-channel level. The midpoint of the dose-response curve depended on the type of monovalent cation present in the extracellular solution. The shifts in the midpoint were apparent with both inward and outward currents, suggesting that the salient interaction is with the extracellular domain of the receptor. Kinetic modeling was used to estimate the rate constants for agonist binding and channel gating in both wild-type and mutant receptors exposed to Na+, K+, or Cs+. The results indicate that in adult receptors, the two binding sites have the same equilibrium dissociation constant for agonists. The agonist association rate constant was influenced by the ionic composition of the extracellular solution whereas the rate constants for agonist dissociation, channel opening, and channel closing were not. In low-ionic-strength solutions the apparent association rate constant increased in a manner that suggests that inorganic cations are competitive inhibitors of ACh+ binding. There was no evidence of an electrostatic potential at the transmitter binding site. The equilibrium dissociation constants for inorganic ions (Na+, 151 mM; K+, 92 mM; Cs+, 38 mM) and agonists (TMA+, 0.5 mM) indicate that the transmitter binding site is hydrophobic. Under physiological conditions, about half of the binding sites in resting receptors are occupied by Na+.
Developing a SARA building block - the 8080

This paper concerns itself with issues in development of building blocks for use in structured synthesis of computer systems and bases its discussion on experiences with behavioral modelling of the 8080 microprocessor.The SARA (System ARchitects Apprentice) system offers a set of modelling and analysis tools intended to aid a designer in a structured design procedure [EST77, GAR77, RAZ77, CAM77, GAR75, FEN76]. Every design developed with the help of SARA terminates in a composition (bottom-up) step in which previously validated models of elements (building blocks) are joined together. The multi-level modelling which SARA is supposed to support [GAR77] depends upon the fact that building block models use the same primitives as higher level systems. This paper discusses experiments with development of machine processable models using graph model primitives for the 8080 family via the SARA tools.