cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Observationally Constrained 3D Potential-field Source-surface Model for the Evolution of Longitude-dependent Coronal Structures

The improvement of techniques for realistically modeling the solar magnetic field has been a priority in solar physics for decades. The challenge of creating synoptic maps of the photosphere that reliably reflect conditions at all locations concurrently is a major limitation to progress in this area. White-light coronal images, which contain morphological information about the 3D corona at the solar limb, have been largely overlooked as a resource for constraining or correcting synoptic maps. We explore a complementary approach to traditional magnetogram-based coronal field solutions that makes use of these images. Applying a modified 3D potential-field source-surface (PFSS) model, we investigate the use of MLSO white-light coronal images for deriving 3D coronal morphology by empirically fitting model solutions with observations only. Applying an iterative technique to coronal image data from the solar minima preceding Cycles 22, 23, and 24, and the ascending phase of Cycle 23, we obtain model solutions as linear combinations of low order and degree spherical harmonics. We find that the 3D morphology produced by our method agrees qualitatively with traditional magnetogram-based PFSS approaches for coronas that are dipole dominated. For more complex coronas, additional constraints are needed to account for polarity and correct interpretation of coronal structures. Estimates of the relative strength of dipoles versus multipoles in the coronal field also agree with traditional methods, but the contributions of specific multipoles do not, revealing nonuniqueness in our results. Future work will incorporate magnetogram-based solutions prior to applying the iterative technique.
Kinetically Controlled Formation and Decomposition of Metastable [(BiSe)1+δ]m[TiSe2]m Compounds

Preparing homologous series of compounds allows chemists to rapidly discover new compounds with predictable structure and properties. Synthesizing compounds within such a series involves navigating a free energy landscape defined by the interactions within and between constituent atoms. Historically, synthesis approaches are typically limited to forming only the most thermodynamically stable compound under the reaction conditions. Presented here is the synthesis, via self-assembly of designed precursors, of isocompositional incommensurate layered compounds [(BiSe)1+δ] m[TiSe2] m with m = 1, 2, and 3. The structure of the BiSe bilayer in the m = 1 compound is not that of the binary compound, and this is the first example of compounds where a BiSe layer thicker than a bilayer in heterostructures has been prepared. Specular and in-plane X-ray diffraction combined with high-resolution electron microscopy data was used to follow the formation of the compounds during low-temperature annealing and the subsequent decomposition of the m = 2 and 3 compounds into [(BiSe)1+δ]1[TiSe2]1 at elevated temperatures. These results show that the structure of the precursor can be used to control reaction kinetics, enabling the synthesis of kinetically stable compounds that are not accessible via traditional techniques. The data collected as a function of temperature and time enabled us to schematically construct the topology of the free energy landscape about the local free energy minima for each of the products.
TRACKING FINANCIAL AID AND PERSISTENCE OF WOMEN, MINORITY, AND NEEDY STUDENTS IN SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS

This longitudinal research study focused on persistence and financial aid of women, underrepresented minorities, and needy students majoring in science, engineering, and mathematics (SEM) in a large, public university in a metropolitan area. Beginning in fall 1989, four consecutive freshmen cohorts (n's = 1967, 1679, 1614, and 1924, respectively) were tracked through 1996–97. SEM majors persisted and graduated at higher rates, but took longer to graduate than non-SEM majors. Women, underrepresented minorities, and needy students received more gift aid than other student populations. However, only women had lower departure rates and graduated at higher rates than other SEM student populations. Compared to non-SEM majors, gift aid for SEM majors was more likely to be awarded on the basis of merit rather than need. Average loan indebtedness increased rapidly from 1989–90 through 1996–97 for both SEM and non-SEM majors. Implications of the findings for improved institutional and federal policy are indicated, and further research on the study topics recommended.
Computer simulations of electrorheological fluids

The term electrorheological (ER) fluid applies generally to any liquid that exhibits a marked change in rheological behavior in an external electric field. The ER fluids are typically colloidal suspensions of micron-sized polarizable particles in low conductivity liquids. A large electric field aligns the particles into chains and columns parallel to the field, thereby increasing the resistance to shear. The ER effect is currently being widely studied for variety of automotive products such as shock absorbers, clutches, and engine mounts. It has potential applications also in other vibration damping devices as they occur, for instance, in buildings and other structures which resist shock (e.g. of earthquake) and in designing quiet submarines.
Energetics of Silicon Oxidation Reactions

Silicon atoms react under single collision conditions with N2O and NO2 to yield chemiluminescent emission corresponding to the SiO a 3Σ+-X 1Σ+ and b 3П-X 1Σ+ intercombination systems and the A1П-X 1Σ+ band system. From the Si-NO2 reaction, it has been possible to obtain a lower bound to the SiO bond energy, the first such determination independent of mass spectrometry. The result obtained, D 0 0 (SiO) ≥ 186.7 ± 1.7 kcal/mol, is in good agreement with mass spectrometry (D 0 0 = 188.2 kcal/mol). To facilitate this determination, the temperature dependence of the A 1П-X 1Σ+ spectrum has been analyzed to deduce the nature of the metal reactant beam and to determine the activation energy for formation of SiO* A 1П (E A = 7.4 ± 1.2 kcal/mol). A most striking feature of the Si-N2O reaction is the energy balance associated with the formation of SiO product molecules in the A lП and b 3П states. A significant energy discrepancy (≈10,000 cm-1 = 1.24 eV) is found between the available energy to populate the highest energetically accessible excited state quantum levels and the highest quantum level from which emission is observed. It is suggested that this discrepancy may result from the formation of vibrationally excited N2 in a concerted fast Si-N2O reactive encounter.
Melanoma with an Invasive Spindle Cell Component

The spindle cell melanoma is not really a type of melanoma. Fusiform melanocytes with elongated nuclei can be seen in all of the forms of invasive melanoma. The spindle cells usually lie in compact fascicles, but can be seen between thickened collagen bundles (desmoplastic melanoma, see chapter 33) or form individual fascicles, simulating a neuroid neoplasm. Perineural invasion is a finding that occurs much more frequently in spindled lesions. Melanomas in which spindle cells dominate have been termed “pseudosarcomatous”.
Double Asteroid Redirection Test Mission: Heliocentric Phase Trajectory Analysis

Double Asteroid Redirection Test will be the first mission to demonstrate and characterize the concept of a kinetic impactor for planetary defense, by impacting the smaller member of a binary aster...
MANY-TASK COMPUTING

Many-task Computing (MTC) provides an efficient way to execute thousands of independent tasks on a cluster. The goal in MTC is to execute all the tasks in the most efficient way across a given resources. MTC is a practical computing paradigm that is widely used for scientific applications such as image processing, Monte Carlo simulations, data parallelism, and informatics. This paper provides a brief introduction to many-task computing.
Sex Moderates Relationships Among School Night Sleep Duration, Social Jetlag, and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents.

Social jetlag, a misalignment between sleep timing on the weekend and during the work week, is associated with depressive symptoms among adults across both sexes. A previous study found that later ...
Diagnostic Utilization and Accuracy of Pediatric Appendicitis Imaging at Adult and Pediatric Centers.

Abstract Background Diagnostic imaging in pediatric appendicitis may decrease rates of negative appendectomy and identify alternate pathologies. We compared imaging practices for children transferred from nonpediatric facilities versus directly admitted to our tertiary children's hospital for laparoscopic appendectomy, and assessed the diagnostic accuracy in each population based on final pathologic diagnosis. Materials and methods After institutional review board approval, all cases of laparoscopic appendectomy at our children's hospital during 2015 were reviewed. Demographic and clinical data were collected, including age, transfer status, imaging studies, and pathologic diagnosis. Imaging practices in patients transferred from adult centers were compared with those directly admitted. Results There were 1153 included patients who underwent laparoscopic appendectomy for acute appendicitis during the study period, with 242 (20.9%) presenting as transfers from nonpediatric facilities. Of these, 73.5% underwent preoperative computed tomography (CT), compared with 26.4% of nontransfer patients (P Conclusions Our results show that nonpediatric facilities use CT more frequently to diagnose pediatric appendicitis. Rates of nontherapeutic surgery were equivalent between transferred and directly admitted patients, which is likely related to high performance of both imaging strategies. Transferring centers should strive to rely more heavily on US, which may require education and development of improved pediatric US capacity.
Life-History Traits of the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), Reared on Three Manure Types.

Structural changes and growth of animal production systems have resulted in greater volumes of manure. Current manure storage methods pose a potential environmental threat. Lessening these issues is a key concern for the animal production industry. The primary aim of this research was to evaluate black soldier fly (BSF) performance when fed poultry, swine, or dairy manure at different rates (18 or 27 g/2 d until 40% prepupation). The results indicated that larvae fed with the control diet (Gainesville diet) were the heaviest (+31–70%); however, for other life-history traits, those fed the higher feed rate of poultry manure produced comparable results to the control. Larvae fed more resource, regardless of manure type, weighed more as larvae (+3–9%), pupae (+22–48%), and adults (+18–42%), developed faster (up to 3–4 d), had a higher percentage reach the prepupal stage (+2–16%), lived longer as adults (+1 d), and converted more resource to biomass (up to 1% more) than those fed at the lower rate. Yet, no difference was detected in dry matter (DM) reduction across feed rate for a given manure type. Based on these results, all three manure types can be digested by black soldier fly larvae, thus demonstrating their potential for waste management.
D-Day, Collateral Damage, and the 1923 Hague Draft Rules of Aerial Warfare

This paper examines the question of whether the adoption of the 1923 Hague Draft Rules of Aerial Warfare as binding international law might have changed the outcome of the D-Day invasion during World War II. The delegates to The Hague conference proposed a severe restriction on the use of air power in urban areas, but the rules were never adopted as international law. Two decades later, the international community’s failure to adopt the 1923 Hague Draft Rules had a significant impact on the D-Day invasion. On June 6, 1944, the Allies mounted the largest amphibious operation in history as 150,000 troops stormed the Normandy beaches of Nazi-occupied France. The landings succeeded in no small part because of the Allied air forces, which mounted a massive interdiction campaign to prevent the German army from rushing to the French coastline and destroying the Normandy beachhead. Operation Overlord, the code name for the D-Day invasion, marked a major turning point in the war, accelerating the collapse of Nazi Germany, which surrendered 11 months later. As the historian Ian Kershaw has observed, Operation Overlord marked “the beginning of the end for the Third Reich.” The D-Day air campaign, however, came at a severe cost for French and Belgian civilians. At least 12,000—and possibly more than 25,000—French and Belgian civilians died as unintended casualties of the Allied bombing campaign. Although the Allied air strikes clearly played a critical role in interdicting the German army, it was by no means clear that the vast scale of the bombing was necessary. Whether the interdiction objectives could have been achieved by a more modest—and less destructive—air campaign was an open question at the time and remains so for many historians today. One of the principal reasons why the Allies implemented a massive area bombing campaign against French and Belgian rail centers was because international law did not provide clear guidance regarding air warfare. But it might have had the 1923 Hague Draft Rules of Aerial Warfare been adopted as binding international law. The Draft Rules prohibited area bombing in urban areas, which is precisely what the Allies engaged in during the D-Day air campaign. Had the Rules been in effect in 1944, the Allied air campaign in support of the D-Day operation may well have been much more modest in nature. But would the reduction in collateral damage have come at the cost of jeopardizing the invasion’s success? The story of The Hague Draft Rules and the controversy over the D-Day air campaign demonstrates the unique challenges and inherent complexity of the effort to use international law to protect civilian populations during wartime.
Condescending Saviors: Union Substitution At Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky (tmmk)

“Condescending Saviors” identifies and analyzes multiple factors underlying the ability of Toyota Motor Corporation’s Georgetown, Kentucky plant to stymy unionization of production workers through sophisticated and extensive union substitutionism. Two key factors in this case study of its profoundly pragmatic long-term substitution are the meso-corporatist institutions by which it successfully embedded itself in Kentucky, and, critically, the trajectory of the United Auto Workers from business unionism to narrow enterprise unionism based solely on the interests of the auto companies. A contrast between the Kentucky Building Trades Council’s successful unionization of construction work and the UAW’s organizing failures places the latter in bold relief and argues against the popular reasoning that the UAW was simply the victim of events, the period, or TMMK’s location. It also exposes the insularity that has shielded Toyota’s plants and workers from all objective academic investigation. A final substantive chapter charts the stages of the UAW’s transition to enterprise unionism, decades of erosion of union democracy and concomitant organizing capacity, and thus offers a view of possible alternative developments. The historical and comparative method contextualizes these events within the larger framework of the shifting relationship between capital, labor, and the state in the second half of the twentieth century US. The similarities between the weak class struggle in the US and the defeat of Japanese working-class struggle overshadow any reliance on cultural differences. Thus, “American exceptionalism” and “Japanese uniqueness” are abandoned as frames that deny an important commonality of forces, and the specific working of meso-corporatism in the US. Investigating this puzzle using the arsenal of political science and, necessarily, the methods of the meticulous historian, yielded a new paradigm to better understand trade union decline. Identifying these factors required an in-depth understanding of Japanese and US union history since the nineteenth century; an extensive review of the history of industrial relations practices at Toyota’s earlier joint venture with General Motors in California; and the decades-long process of centralization of control within the UAW and its refusal to enforce the Constitutionally-required prohibition of competition between UAW-represented plants; all of which are further explored in working papers.
“We Must Be Ready”: Teaching and Learning About Nuclear Weapons in American Elementary Schools in the Early 1950s

On 29 August 1949, the Soviet Union conducted its first successful detonation of a nuclear weapon, ending the American monopoly on atomic technology and introducing the threat of imminent nuclear annihilation to the American homeland. This essay explores the effect of Cold War atomic culture on the school lives of elementary-aged American children during the early 1950s. In examining this cohort schoolchildren, this study emphasizes the potency of the nuclear beliefs, fears, and concerns that led legislators, educators, and activists to forcefully push for even the youngest of children to meaningfully learn about the atomic threat. I focus on curricular guidelines produced by the Federal Civil Defense Administration and the states of North Carolina and Michigan, as well as the landmark film Duck and Cover. These teaching resources shared four major themes: they attempted to conventionalize the new atomic threat; urged children to obey authority figures; emphasized the importance of self-reliance for survival; and characterized nuclear attack as unavoidable. Ultimately, this research demonstrates that what was taught to schoolchildren about nuclear weapons in this period was indicative of the nuclear attitudes and beliefs of their educators, parents, and communities. Thus, in seeking to understand school curricula it is necessary to understand the broader historical context from which the curricula emerged; similarly, school curricula can reveal the major issues and concerns of society that were deemed so important as to permeate the lives of the youngest of children.
Forest recovery following synchronous outbreaks of spruce and western balsam bark beetle is slowed by ungulate browsing.

Understanding how severe disturbances and their interactions affect forests is key to projecting ecological change under a warming climate. Substantial increases in some biotic disturbances, such as bark beetle outbreaks, in temperate forest ecosystemsmay compromise recovery to a forest vegetation type (i.e., physiognomic recovery or resilience), especially if subsequent biotic disturbances (e.g., herbivory) alter recovery mechanisms. From 2005 to 2017, severe outbreaks (>90% mortality) of spruce bark beetles (SB, Dendroctonus rufipennis) affected Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) across 325,000 ha of spruce and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) forest in the southern Rocky Mountains, USA. Concurrently, an outbreak of western balsam bark beetle (WBBB, Dryocoetes confuses) infested subalpine fir across at least 47,000 of these hectares. We explored the capacity of 105 stands affected by one or two bark beetle outbreaks and browsing of juvenile trees by ungulates to return to a forest vegetation type in the context of pre-outbreak forest conditions and topography. Nine initial forest trajectories (i.e., at least several decades) were identified from four pre-outbreak forest types affected by three biotic disturbances that occurred at different spatial scales and severities. Most stands (86%) contained surviving nonhost adult trees in the main canopy (fir and aspen [Populus tremuloides]) and many surviving juveniles of all species, implying that they are currently on a trajectory for physiognomic recovery. Stands composed exclusively of large-diameter spruce were affected by a severe SB outbreak and were most vulnerable to a transition to a low-density forest, below regional stocking levels (<370 trees/ha). Greater pre-outbreak stand structural complexity and species diversity were key traits of stands with a higher potential for physiognomic recovery. However, all multispecies stands shifted in relative composition of the main canopy to nonhost species, suggesting low potential for compositional recovery over the next several decades. Most post-outbreak stands (86%) exceeded regional stocking levels with trees taller than the browse zone (<2 m). As such, ungulate browsing on over half of all juveniles will primarily affect the rate of infilling of the forest canopy and preferential browsing of more palatable species will influence the composition of the future forest canopy.
Ten Weeks to Crush the Curve.

Ten Weeks to Crush the Curve Harvey Fineberg calls for a forceful, focused campaign to eradicate Covid-19 and outlines six steps to mobilize and organize the nation to crush the curve by early June.
Spatiotemporal heterogeneous allocation to support service area response

Abstract Uncertainty and error are inevitable when continuously varying geographic phenomena are approximated. Describing geography and spatial relationships is, therefore, challenging using analytics for planning and management. A critical aspect of spatial description has to do with allocation, a process of determining who is best served by which facility. Allocation is useful in reflecting customer behavior, efficient assignment, districting, etc. Even though spatial and temporal heterogeneity is part of assignment processes formalized in allocation problems, previous studies often assume a pre-specified network. The assumption is understandable since many service vehicles currently travel over road networks. However, there are some other vehicles, such as planes, unmanned aircraft vehicles, boats, ships, etc. Their access is not restricted to a network. How to structure and solve an allocation process is particularly challenging when heterogeneity must be taken into account across continuous space and through time. In this paper, a method is developed to construct service areas in order to minimize assignment cost in a continuous region where accessibility is spatially and temporally heterogeneous. Application findings are reported for planning problems involving emergency drone delivery since it is impacted by heterogeneity in the local environment. The travel accessibility of drones changes due to time-varying wind and airspace restrictions. Results show that the optimal allocation and service area of drone-based stations vary over time. The response time (or system costs) can be saved by taking into account wind and travel obstacles. Further, feasibility, practicality, and importance are demonstrated for incorporating spatial and temporal heterogeneity in continuous space allocation processes.
Inpatient and outpatient opioid requirements after total joint replacement are strongly influenced by patient and surgical factors.

Aims Currently, there is no single, comprehensive national guideline for analgesic strategies for total joint replacement. We compared inpatient and outpatient opioid requirements following total h...
Liturgical Philosophy of Religion: An Untimely Manifesto about Sincerity, Acceptance, and Hope

This loosely-argued manifesto contains some suggestions regarding what the philosophy of religion might become in the twenty-first century. It was written for a brainstorming workshop over a decade ago, and some of the recommendations and predictions it contains have already been partly actualized (that’s why it is now a bit “untimely”). The goal is to sketch three aspects of a salutary “liturgical turn” in philosophy of religion. (Note: “liturgy” here refers very broadly to communal religious service and experience generally, not anything specifically “high church.”) The first involves the attitudes that characterize what I call the “liturgical stance” towards various doctrines. The second focuses on the “vested” propositional objects of those attitudes. The third looks at how those doctrines are represented, evoked, and embodied in liturgical contexts. My untimely rallying-cry is that younger philosophers of religion might do well to set aside debates regarding knowledge and justified belief, just as their elders set aside debates regarding religious language. When we set aside knowledge in this way, we make room for discussions of faith that in turn shed light on neglected but philosophically-interesting aspects of lived religious practice.
Climate anomalies and childhood growth in Peru.

Climate change has been linked to poor childhood growth and development through maternal stress, nutritional insults related to lean harvests, and exposure to infectious diseases. Vulnerable populations are often most susceptible to these stressors. This study tested whether susceptibility to linear growth faltering is higher among Peruvian children from indigenous, rural, low-education, and low-income households. High-resolution weather and household survey data from Demographic and Health Survey 1996–2012 were used to explore height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) at each year of life from 0 to 5. Rural, indigenous children at age 0–1 experience a HAZ reduction of 0.35 units associated with prenatal excess rainfall which is also observed at age 4–5. Urban, non-indigenous children at age 4–5 experience a HAZ increase of 0.07 units associated with postnatal excess rainfall, but this advantage is not seen among rural, indigenous children. These findings highlight the need to consider developmental stage and social predictors as key components in public health interventions targeting increased climate change resilience.
Interpersonal Violence Victimization Among Youth Entering College: A Preliminary Analysis Examining the Differences Between LGBTQ and Non-LGBTQ Youth

Evidence from the literature suggests that lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people are at greater risk of experiencing sexual victimization (SV) and intimate partner physical ...
Overcoming Resistance in Cognitive Therapy

Introduction. Part I: Theoretical and Conceptual Foundations. Models of Resistance. Resistance to Procedure. Part II: Dimensions of Resistance. Validation Resistance. Self-Consistency. Schematic Resistance. Moral Resistance: Compulsive Responsibility. Victim Resistance. Risk Aversion and Depressive Resistance. Self-handicapping. Part III: Cognitive Therapy and Countertransference. Evaluating the Countertransference. Using the Countertransference. Conclusions.
The generalized sinusoidal frequency modulated waveform for continuous active sonar

Continous Active Sonar (CAS) system are bi-static systems that transmit high duty cycle waveforms so as to constantly process target echoes and revisit the target scene more frequently than conventional Pulsed Active Sonar (PAS) systems. This paper presents novel pulse train waveforms and adaptive processing methods for CAS systems. The pulse trains are composed of Generalized Sinusoidal Frequency Modulated (GSFM) waveforms that are nearly orthogonal to each other even when occupying the same band of frequencies. Additionally, three processing methods are introduced that trade off Coherent Processing Interval (CPI) with target acceleration tolerance while revisiting the target scene every Pulse Repetition Interval (PRI). Simulations demonstrate the pulse trains waveform designs and processing methods and show that certain pulse train designs also mitigate interference from the transmitted acoustic signal, known as the Direct Blast (DBL).
A Modified Horvath-Kawazoe Method for Micropore Size Analysis

ABSTRACT The Horvath-Kawazoe (HK) method is a semi-empirical, analytic model of adsorption in micropores that is commonly used for determining the pore size distributions (PSDs) of microporous materials. The HK method is a substantial improvement over classical adsorption models (e.g. Kelvin-based methods) in that the adsorbate potential interactions with the adsorbent surfaces are explicitly accounted for. One of the principal shortcomings of the original HK method, however, is that the mean potential energy change due to adsorption is calculated from an unweighted average over position within the micropore. It is known from molecular simulation studies of adsorption at subcritical temperatures that the local density of the adsorbate in the pore varies strongly with position due to fluid layering near the pore walls. The omission of this structure dependence from the original HK model leads to an overestimation of micropore filling pressures relative to the exact filling pressures calculated from molecular simulations. In this paper, a modified HK method is presented which accounts for spatial variations in the density profile of a fluid (argon) adsorbed within a carbon slit pore. We compare the pore width/filling pressure correlations predicted by the original HK method, the modified HK method, and methods based upon statistical thermodynamics (density functional theory and Monte Carlo molecular simulation). The inclusion of the density profile weighting in the HK adsorption energy calculation improves the agreement between the HK model and the predictions of the statistical thermodynamics methods. Although the modified Horvath-Kawazoe adsorption model lacks the quantitative accuracy of the statistical thermodynamics approaches, it is numerically convenient for ease of application, and it has a sounder molecular basis than analytic adsorption models derived from the Kelvin equation.
On Measuring the Radial Velocity of White Dwarfs in Cataclysmic Binaries

It is notoriously difficult to determine the semiamplitude of the white dwarf in a cataclysmic binary (Smak 1970). This is a result of the fact that spectral features arising in the photosphere of the white dwarf are rarely, if ever, seen in the spectra of these systems. The motion of the white dwarf must be inferred from radial velocity variations of the broad emission lines which originate in the surrounding accretion disk. This would not propose any particular problem if the disk emissivity was axially symmetric. Unfortunately, this is usually not the case, primarily because of enhanced emission in the vicinity of the shock front (hot spot) where the interstar mass transfer stream impacts the disk. The challenge, then, is to measure the velocity of the emission lines using a method which is insensitive to contamination from the hot spot. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to review a simple method of measuring the velocity of emission lines in cataclysmic binaries and (2) to remind the reader of the disastrous consequences which can arise if care is not exercised when measuring the emission line velocities.
Physics issues of gamma ray burst spectral evolution

Study of the rapid spectral evolution of gamma ray burst may shed much light on their emission and energization mechanisms. We propose using the peak power energy as a gauge of spectral hardness and introduce the notion of Type I and Type II burst spikes depending on the spectral evolution at the rise phase of the spike. If the recent discovery of temperature‐luminosity correlations is confirmed then an accelerating pair avalanche scenario may be worth pursuing.
Empirical Relationships Between Interplanetary Conditions, Magnetospheric Flux Transfer, and the Al Index

Holzer and Slavin (1978) have found that the transfer of magnetic flux to and from the dayside magnetosphere as inferred from observed displacements of the magnetopause surface is correlated with both the magnitude of the auroral zone magnetic index AL and the incident flux of southward IMF. Empirical expressions specifying the rate at which magnetic flux is eroded in terms of interplanetary parameters and the rate of magnetic flux return as a function of AL have been developed. These relations are then used to predict magnetotail magnetic field enhancements from interplanetary and ground based data during an interval of substorm activity. The total magnetic flux in the tail is increased during intervals when the amount of flux transferred into its volume by dayside erosion exceeds the flux lost to the dayside by magnetospheric convection. Using Ogo-5 tail observations it is found for the sample events considered that these magnetic field enhancements can be described by empirical expressions for the magnetic flux transfer rates.
Classification of Lightweight Directory Access Protocol query injection attacks and mitigation techniques

The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is used in a large number of web applications, and therefore, different types of LDAP injection attacks are becoming common. These injection attacks take advantage of an application not validating inputs before being used as part of LDAP queries. An attacker can provide inputs that may result in the alteration of intended LDAP query structure. The attacks can lead to various types of security breaches including Login Bypassing, Information Disclosure, Privilege Escalation, and Information Alteration. Despite many research efforts to prevent LDAP injection attacks, many web applications remain vulnerable to such attacks. In particular, there has been little attention given to implement and test secure web applications that can mitigate LDAP query injection attacks. More attention has been given to prevent Structured Query Language (SQL) injection attacks but these mitigation techniques cannot be directly applied in order to prevent LDAP injection attacks. This work provides analysis and classification of various types of LDAP injection attacks and mitigation techniques used to prevent them, and it highlights the differences between SQL and LDAP injection attacks.
Power system transient stability analysis for random initial conditions and parameters

The authors examine the transient ability of a power system model in which the initial conditions and parameters are random variables. This problem is important for analyzing power system security during restorative state operation because the system variables are frequently changing as customer loads are restored. Techniques for a probabilistic assessment of transient stability are described. Due to the computational complexity of these techniques, the authors propose an alternative stability measure that involves estimating the mean and variance of the stability margin. These estimates are developed using an approximate expression for the stability margin and by simulating a single fault-on trajectory initialized from the mean. The use of the method is illustrated on two examples of power systems operating in the restorative state. >
Protein phosphorylation in Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteroids and cultures.

Abstract Protein phosphorylation was demonstrated in Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteroids in vivo and in cultures in vivo and in vitro. Comparison of in vivo-labeled phosphoproteins of bacteroids and of cultured cells showed differences in both the pattern and intensity of labeling. In cultured cells, comparison of the labeling patterns and intensities of in vivo- and in vitro-labeled phosphoproteins showed a number of similarities; however, several phosphoproteins were found only after one of the two labeling conditions. The labeling intensity was time dependent in both in vivo and in vitro assays and was dependent on the presence of magnesium in in vitro assays. Differences in the rates of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation were noted for a number of proteins. The level of incorporation of 32P into protein was only 2% or less of the total phosphate accumulated during the in vivo labeling period. Several isolation and sample preparation procedures resulted in differences in labeling patterns. Phosphatase inhibitors and several potential metabolic effectors had negligible effects on the phosphorylation pattern. There were no significant changes in the phosphorylation patterns of cells cultured on mannitol, acetate, and succinate, although the intensity of the labeling did vary with the carbon source.
Optimizing electronic presentations.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives Radiologists often use electronic presentations for educational and research purposes. Many physician educators may not know how to best utilize this technology. Materials and methods A literature search was performed to find information regarding optimal use of electronic presentations. Results and conclusion Information from a variety of sources was compiled to provide a guideline for creating electronic presentations.
THE IMPACT OF THE SIBLING IN CLINICAL PRACTICE: TRANSFERENCE AND COUNTERTRANSFERENCE DYNAMICS

For many years, the impact of sibling relationships on psychological development has been neglected in the literature, overshadowed by the role of the parent–child relationship. As a result, attention to sibling dynamics and sibling transference as valuable information for case formulation and treatment interventions has not been used to its maximum potential. The authors demonstrate how deliberate consideration of sibling dynamics as well as the transferences and countertransferences associated with those dynamics can facilitate treatment. Several important sibling dynamics are discussed, including siblings’ influences on identity development; sibling rivalry, jealousy, envy, guilt, and resentment; and sibling attachment. The impact of sibling dynamics on adult love relationships is discussed, as are potential effects of sibling abuse and sibling bereavement. Examples of how these dynamics can manifest themselves in transference and countertransference reactions and suggestions for working with those dynamics are illustrated with clinical examples.
Comparison of linear, nonlinear and semiparametric mixed-effects models for estimating HIV dynamic parameters

The potency of antiretroviral agents in AIDS clinical trials can be assessed on the basis of an early viral response such as viral decay rate or change in viral load (number of copies of HIV RNA) of the plasma. Linear, parametric nonlinear, and semiparametric nonlinear mixed-effects models have been proposed to estimate viral decay rates in viral dynamic models. However, before applying these models to clinical data, a critical question that remains to be addressed is whether these models produce coherent estimates of viral decay rates, and if not, which model is appropriate and should be used in practice. In this paper, we applied these models to data from an AIDS clinical trial of potent antiviral treatments and found significant incongruity in the estimated rates of reduction in viral load. Simulation studies indicated that reliable estimates of viral decay rate were obtained by using the parametric and semiparametric nonlinear mixed-effects models. Our analysis also indicated that the decay rates estimated by using linear mixed-effects models should be interpreted differently from those estimated by using nonlinear mixed-effects models. The semiparametric nonlinear mixed-effects model is preferred to other models because arbitrary data truncation is not needed. Based on real data analysis and simulation studies, we provide guidelines for estimating viral decay rates from clinical data. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Knockout of cellular glutathione peroxidase affects selenium-dependent parameters similarly in mice fed adequate and excessive dietary selenium

This study was to determine whether or not effects of the cellular glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) knockout on several Se-dependent parameters in mice were tissue, dietary Se concentration, and selenoprotein specific. A 2 x 3 factorial experiment was conducted with 18 GPX1 knockout mice [GPX1(-)] and 18 controls (3 weeks old, half males and females). These mice were fed a torula yeast diet supplemented with all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (50 mg/kg of feed) and Se (sodium selenite) at 0, 0.5, or 3.0 mg/kg of feed for 6 weeks. Both kidney GPX1 mRNA levels and liver, kidney, lung, and testis total GPX activities, assayed using hydrogen peroxide, were affected (p < 0.001) by the GPX1 knockout and dietary Se concentrations, whereas kidney extracellular or plasma GPX (GPX3) mRNA levels and phospholipid hydroperoxide GPX (GPX4) activities in the four tissues were affected (p < 0.001) by only dietary Se concentrations. Total GPX activity in testis was reduced approximately 90% (p < 0.01) by the GPX1 knockout. Neither the GPX1 knockout nor the dietary Se concentrations affected mRNA levels of GPX4 in testis or selenoprotein P in kidney. Total liver Se concentrations were not different between the GPX1(-) and control mice at 0 mg Se/kg of feed, but were reduced (p < 0.01) by 61 and 64% in the GPX1(-) mice at 0.5 and 3.0 mg Se/kg of feed, respectively. These results not only confirm the independent expression of GPX3, GPX4, and selenoprotein P from that of GPX1, but also show similar effects of the GPX1 knockout on Se-dependent parameters in mice between different dietary Se concentrations, tissues, and selenoproteins.
Intestinal transplantation with alemtuzumab (Campath-1H) induction for adult patients.

Background. Alemtuzumab (Campath-lH [C1H]) is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the CD 52 antigen that is present on the surface of T cells, B cells, natural killer cells and monocytes. We studied its application in intestinal transplantation. Methods. This is a retrospective review of adult patients who underwent intestinal transplantation between December 1994 and May 2005. Group 1: non-C1H group (n = 39); group 2: C1H group (n = 37). C1H was administered as an induction immunosuppression in four doses (0.3 mg/kg), or in two doses (30 mg/kg). Tacrolimus levels were maintained at low level (5-10 ng/dL). No maintenance steroids were given. Results. One-year survival of group 1 and group 2 patients were 57% and 70%, respectively. This difference is not statistically significant. Of 37 patients in group 2, 21 are alive. The incidence of rejection was lower in group 2 (P <.005). Average current tacrolimus level is 6.97 ± 3.98 ng/dL. Seventeen patients (81%) are steroid free, and 15 (71%) are maintained solely on tacrolimus. There was no graft versus host disease in group 2. Conclusions. Our preliminary data suggest that C1H can provide effective immunosuppression for intestinal transplantation. Incidence of rejection was less with this regimen using low maintenance tacrolimus and minimal steroids.
Long-Term Performance of Pt-Decorated Carbon Nanotube Cathodes in Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells

We report the electrochemical properties and performance of Pt-decorated carbon nanotube (Pt-CNT) catalysts for long-term operation in phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFCs). Electrochemical measurements of Pt-CNT catalysts including cyclic voltammetry, rotating ring disk electrode voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were conducted to evaluate the catalyzed oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Furthermore, we tested the long-term performance of the Pt-CNT catalysts in 2′′ × 2′′ PAFC cathodes operating at 190 °C in 85% H3PO4 for extended periods (up to 240 days). Lifetime studies show that electrodes containing the Pt-CNT catalysts were approximately 20 times more stable than conventional Pt-C catalyst materials, even with a substantially thinner catalyst layer. This finding of the enhanced Pt-CNT catalyst stability bodes well for possible personal electronics or automotive applications, where catalyst longevity is an essential requirement.
Acute myocardial infarction, normal coronary arteries and catheter-induced spasm.

Abstract Recent reports 1–5 suggest that catheter-induced spasm may indicate enhanced susceptibility to spontaneous clinical episodes of coronary spasm. The patient described herein had an inferior wall acute myocardial infarction (AMI) 9 years after coronary angiography, the results of which were normal, except for catheter-induced spasm of the right coronary artery.
Fluorinated amino-derivatives of the sesquiterpene lactone, parthenolide, as (19)f NMR probes in deuterium-free environments.

The design, synthesis, and biological activity of fluorinated amino-derivatives of the sesquiterpene lactone, parthenolide, are described. A fluorinated aminoparthenolide analogue with biological activity similar to the parent natural product was discovered, and its X-ray structure was obtained. This lead compound was then studied using 19F NMR in the presence and absence of glutathione to obtain additional mechanism of action data, and it was found that the aminoparthenolide eliminates amine faster in the presence of glutathione than in the absence of glutathione. The exact changes in concentrations of fluorinated compound and amine were quantified by a concentration-reference method using 19F NMR; a major benefit of applying this strategy is that no deuterated solvents or internal standards are required to obtain accurate concentrations. These mechanistic data with glutathione may contribute to the conversion of the amino-derivative to parthenolide, the active pharmacological agent, in glutathione-rich ...
T7 RNA polymerase transcription complex: What you see is not what you get

After promoter-complex formation, all RNAPs undergo abortive initiation–a catalytic synthesis of short, 2- to 8-nt-long, RNA oligomers that are rapidly synthesized and released from the complex. When the nascent RNA chain reaches a critical length of about 9 bases, it becomes stably associated with the transcription complex. RNAP then clears the promoter and elongates the nascent RNA chain in a fully processive manner. Despite its tight grip on nucleic acids, the elongating RNAP moves rapidly along the DNA and RNA chains until it encounters a termination signal, which typically consists of an RNA hairpin followed by a run of uridines. At such sites, RNAP transiently pauses, the stability of the elongation complex suddenly decreases, and the enzyme releases nucleic acids. The enzyme is now available to initiate transcription from promoters again.
In vitro production of thymine dimer by ultraviolet irradiation of DNA from mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria

Abstract Thymine dimer was produced in vitro by ultraviolet irradiation of DNA, isolated from the mesophile Bacillus licheniformis and the thermophile B. stearothermophilus . Irradiation was performed at three different temperatures (35, 45 and 55°C) and the thymine dimer was isolated and determined. An HPLC procedure was developed that permitted the simultaneous separation of purines, pyrimidines and thymine dimer. Formation of thymine dimer at each temperature was greater for the thermophile than for the mesophile. Formation of thymine dimer increased with temperature for both organisms but more so for the thermophile; over the temperature rangeof 35–55°C, the average increase in thymine dimer production for the thermophile was about 4-times that for the mesophile. The melting out temperature, as a function of increasing irradiation temperature, was essentially unchanged for the mesophilic DNA, but decreased progressively for the thermophilic DNA. These results are discussed in terms of the macromolecular theory of to the macromolecular theory of the thermophily.
The degree spectra of homogeneous models

Much previous study has been done on the degree spectra of prime models of a complete atomic decidable theory. Here we study the analogous questions for homogeneous models. We say a countable model &#119964; has a d-basis if the types realized in &#119964; are all computable and the Turing degree d can list Δ00-indices for all types realized in &#119964;. We say &#119964; has a d-decidable copy if there exists a model ℬ≅&#119964; such that the elementary diagram of ℬ is d-computable. Goncharov, Millar, and Peretyat’kin independently showed there exists a homogeneous &#119964; with a 0-basis but no decidable copy. We prove that any homogeneous &#119964; with a 0’-basis has a low decidable copy. This implies Csima’s analogous result for prime models. In the case where all types of the theory T are computable and &#119964; is a homogeneous model with a 0-basis, we show &#119964; has copies decidable in every nonzero degree. A degree d is 0-homogeneous bounding if any automorphically nontrivial homogeneous &#119964; with a 0-basis has a d-decidable copy. We show that the nonlow2 Δ20 degrees are 0-homogeneous bounding.