cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Esophageal stenting in children: indications, application, effectiveness, and complications

Background Use of esophageal stents is uncommon in children, and there are few reports. We report the first experience in predominantly small children and infants with retrievable, flexible stents designed for tracheobronchial use. Objective Evaluation of initial experience with placement of esophageal stents for benign esophageal disorders in children. Design A retrospective study. Setting A pediatric, academic, tertiary-referral center. Patients This study involved 7 pediatric patients. Interventions Covered tracheobronchial stents were endoscopically placed in pediatric patients with benign esophageal conditions. Removal involved using forceps to pull the purse-string suture into the endoscope channel and collapsing the top of the stent for easy removal. Main Outcome Measurements To evaluate the safety and feasibility of performing endoscopic stent placement in children and to establish criteria for early stent removal. Results Six of 7 patients benefitted from stenting. There were no complications of placement. Novel techniques were developed for difficult retrievals. One patient did not benefit from esophageal stent placement, because the stent migrated downward from the uppermost part of the esophagus. One patient had some gagging, which led to early removal of the stent. A stent was removed emergently in 1 patient for respiratory distress. Limitation Small number of patients. Conclusions Retrievable, covered stents are easily placed and removed from the esophagus in small children. They should be considered for severe unrelenting strictures, especially when associated with esophageal leaks. A need exists for development of esophageal stents designed for pediatric use.
Special histochemical stains in ocular pathology: Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia with leukemic transformation

With the use of special immune and enzymatic histochemical techniques, ocular pathologists are able to detect and localize certain cytoplasmic antigens and proteins in tissue section. An immunoperoxidase stain and special enzyme histochemical technique were used to confirm leukemic ocular involvement in a patient who suffered from agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM). Although the transformation of AMM to acute leukemia can be heralded by ocular symptoms, diffuse leukemic infiltration of the choroid may be difficult to detect clinically. Special stains to detect immature myeloid cells may be of particular importance in establishing the diagnosis of granulocytic sarcoma of the orbit in children and certain forms of leukemia having a predilection for cutaneous and conjunctival involvement in adults.
The Differential Interferon Responses of Two Strains of Stat1-Deficient Mice Do Not Alter Susceptibility to HSV-1 and VSV In Vivo

Stat1 is a pivotal transcription factor for generation of the interferon (IFN)-dependent antiviral response. Two Stat1 knockout mouse lines have been previously generated, one deleted the N-terminal domain (ΔNTD) and one in the DNA-binding domain (ΔDBD). These widely-used strains are assumed interchangeable, and both are highly susceptible to various pathogens. In this study, primary cells derived from ΔNTD mice were shown to be significantly more responsive to IFN, and established an antiviral state with greater efficiency than cells derived from ΔDBD mice, following infection with vesicular stomatitis virus and herpes simplex virus type-1. Also, while mice from both strains succumbed rapidly and equally to virus infection, ΔDBD mice supported significantly higher replication in brains and livers than ΔNTD mice. Endpoint-type experimental comparisons of these mouse strains are therefore misleading in failing to indicate important differences in virus replication and innate response.
The influence of husband and wife personality on marital social support interactions

The influence of extraversion and negative affectivity on support interactions among married couples was examined. One hundred married couples were observed in two 10-minute interactions that were designed to elicit supportive behaviors. Extraverted support providers gave more support to their spouse than did introverts. Reciprocity in the exchange of support behaviors was also observed: The amount of support given by the individual in the first interaction predicted the amount of support provided to him or her during the second interaction. Negative affectivity was negatively correlated with ratings of interaction supportiveness, even when controlling for the number of supportive and negative behaviors received from the spouse. Extraverts showed higher sensitivity to emotional support behaviors than did introverts. The same level of emotional support behaviors from the spouse led to higher ratings of interaction supportiveness among those high on extraversion than among those low on extraversion. Results highlight the importance of integrative models of support that consider characteristics of the individual and his or her social environment.
Gene order, amplification, and rearrangement of chromosome band 11q23 in hematologic malignancies

Abstract Eleven genes were found to be amplified in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia and a homogeneous staining region 11q23qter. The gene order of such region was determined by using transverse alternating field electrophoresis of normal cell DNA and Southern blots of DNA from somatic cell hybrids, each containing a single human derivative chromosome 11 from six different chromosomal defects. This in turn allowed us to uncover a breakpoint in band 11q23.3 between the CD3γ and the ets-1 genes in genomic rearrangements found in acute myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, and B-cell diffuse lymphoma. The breakpoint of a constitutional deletion from a patient whose mother and brother have a heritable 11q23.3 fragile site occurs in the same region.
Virus Infections in the Nervous System

Virus infections usually begin in peripheral tissues and can invade the mammalian nervous system (NS), spreading into the peripheral (PNS) and more rarely the central (CNS) nervous systems. The CNS is protected from most virus infections by effective immune responses and multilayer barriers. However, some viruses enter the NS with high efficiency via the bloodstream or by directly infecting nerves that innervate peripheral tissues, resulting in debilitating direct and immune-mediated pathology. Most viruses in the NS are opportunistic or accidental pathogens, but a few, most notably the alpha herpesviruses and rabies virus, have evolved to enter the NS efficiently and exploit neuronal cell biology. Remarkably, the alpha herpesviruses can establish quiescent infections in the PNS, with rare but often fatal CNS pathology. Here we review how viruses gain access to and spread in the well-protected CNS, with particular emphasis on alpha herpesviruses, which establish and maintain persistent NS infections.
Nonlethal Weapons, Noncombatant Immunity, and Combatant Nonimmunity: A Study of Just War Theory

Frequently, the just war principle of noncombatant immunity is interpreted as morally prohibiting the intentional targeting of noncombatants. Apparently, many just war theorists assume that to target means to (intend to) kill. Now that effective nonlethal weapons have been envisaged, it should be evident that there is no conceptual connection between intentionally targeting and intentionally killing. For, using nonlethal weapons, there could be intentional targeting without intentional killing. This paper explores the question of whether the noncombatant immunity principle should be revised, so as to allow uses of nonlethal weapons. Preliminary to answering this question, some other questions are explored, among which are the following. Why should a noncombatant immunity principle be accepted? Why is it morally permissible to intentionally target enemy combatants? Are noncombatants grievously harmed when they are incapacitated by nonlethal weapons? Is it morally permissible to intentionally incapacitate enemy combatants with nonlethal weapons, while knowingly but not intentionally incapacitating noncombatants? In order to focus on moral questions involving nonlethal weapons, questions about their effectiveness or legality are set aside. Instead of the idea of noncombatant immunity as expressed above, a delimited principle of noncombatant immunity is proposed—namely, that, in the conduct of war, the intentional grave injuring or killing of noncombatants is morally prohibited. Also proposed is a principle of noncombatant targeting, which would allow some uses of nonlethal weapons to intentionally incapacitate noncombatants.
Nutritional and environmental factors affecting pigmentation in Trichophyton rubrum.

1. Pigmentation inTrichophyton rubrum appears to be dependent upon tyrosine and phenylalanine (as precursors), carbohydrate (primarily as an energy source), and oxygen.
Characterization of the sodium sulfate sodium phosphate system

Abstract The stabilization of γ-Na3PO4 by Na2SO4 occurs over a wide range of solid solution compositions extending from 20% to more than 60% Na2SO4. The Na3PO4–Na2SO4 system undergoes complex structural changes that cannot be completely characterized using a single technique. The different compositions were characterized using Raman and infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction. Vibrational spectroscopy provides a richer description of the structural changes, particularly local structural changes, occurring as the composition changes.
Atomic behavior at individual binding sites: Ir, Re, and W on Ir(111)

It has for the first time become possible to make quantitative determinations of differences in energy and jump rate for adatoms at the two types of binding sites on a close-packed fcc (111) plane. For iridium on Ir(111), variations in the potential energy of an atom over the surface are found to be small. Binding energies are, however, strongly dependent upon the chemical identity of the adatom. For rhenium and tungsten, differences in binding at fcc and hcp sites are sizable. In contrast, the dynamics of jumps out of the two types of sites are similar for the same atom.
High strain rate properties of balanced angle-ply graphite/epoxy composites

Abstract The vast differences in strength, ultimate strain and modulus during high strain rate deformation of materials have been a very long-standing subject of engineering interest. The present study is carried out in order to understand the effect of fiber orientations on compressive dynamic properties of balanced angle-ply IM7/8551-7 graphite/epoxy composites using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar at varying strain rates, ranging from 500 to 1500 s −1 . The ultimate stress–strain behavior with respect to change in strain rates for various fiber orientations has been studied in depth. Additionally, optical microscopic images of fracture surfaces show that delamination caused by edge effects is the prominent mechanism of failure. This research provides important data and understanding of composite material structures in high strain rate applications.
Preferential metabolic activation of subcortical brain areas by acute administration of nicotine to rats

Cerebral metabolic and behavioral effects of acutely administered nicotine were measured in rats in relation to dose. Nicotine 0.1, 1, or 10 mg/kg or vehicle was administered intraperitoneally to 3-month-old male Fischer-344 rats that had been pretreated with hexamethonium bromide 5 mg/kg i.p. to reduce peripheral autonomic effects. Regional CMRglc (rCMRglc) values were measured, using the quantitative autoradiographic [14C]-2-deoxy-d-glucose method, in 71 brain regions, beginning 3 min after nicotine or vehicle administration. Intensity of body tremor, scored by a blinded rater, was dose related and peaked at 3 min after nicotine injection. rCMRglc rose in a dose-related manner: Nicotine 0.1 mg/kg had no significant effect in any region, whereas 1 mg/kg elevated rCMRglc significantly in 21 regions (mean rise 20%) and 10 mg/kg produced generalized (56 regions) and greater (mean rise 50%) increases in rCMRglc. Nicotine 1 mg/kg activated thalamic nuclei, cerebellum, geniculate nuclei, superior colliculus, m...
Modulatory Effect of Thyroid Hormones on Uptake of Phosphate and Other Solutes across Luminal Brush Border Membrane of Kidney Cortex

The mechanism whereby thyroid hormones modulate the transport properties of luminal brush border membrane (BBM) of renal proximal tubules was studied in thyroparathyroidectomized rats. Administration of both T4 and T3 increased BBM capacity for Na+ gradient-dependent uptake of phosphate (Pi) by BBM vesicles (BBMV). This effect of thyroid hormones was present in thyroparathyroidectomized and hypophysectomized rats, and it was not blocked by a saturating dose of propranolol. The stimulatory effect of T3 and T4 on BBM transport of Pi was dose dependent in the range of 5.2-520 nmol/100 g BW. Pretreatment of rats with inhibitors of 5'-monodeiodinase (5'-DI), iopanoic acid or ipodate, prevented the increase in serum T3 in rats injected with T4, but it did not diminish the increase in BBM transport of Pi. Administration of iopanoic acid and ipodate also prevented a 5-fold increase in 5'-DI activity in renal cortical tissue elicited by T4 administration. Treatment with T3 resulted in an increase of Pi transport across BBM from kidneys of rats subjected to dietary Pi deprivation due either to total fasting or to feeding of a low Pi diet. Further, T3 administration enhanced amiloride-sensitive Na+-H+ countertransport across BBM, but the uptake of 22Na+ by BBMV in the absence of pH gradient was not changed. The Na+ gradient-dependent uptake of L-[3H]proline by BBMV was slightly decreased, but the uptake of [14C]citrate was not changed in response to T3. Administration of T3 increased Pi transport in BBMV prepared from juxtamedullary cortex, but not in BBMV from superficial cortex. Conversely, the rate of Na+-H+ countertransport was enhanced, and the enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase was decreased in BBMV from superficial cortex; no changes in these parameters were found in BBMV from juxtamedullary cortex. Our results indicate that the stimulatory effect of administered T3 and/or T4 on renal BBM transport of Pi is distinct from the modulatory effect of dietary Pi intake and is not secondary to the beta-effect of catecholamines or to altered secretion of GH. Both T3 and T4 elicit the increase in BBM transport of Pi in a similar manner; T4 is effective even after profound inhibition of in vivo conversion of T4 to T3 by potent 5'-DI inhibitors. Administration of T3 stimulates Na+ gradient-dependent Pi uptake only in BBMV prepared from the juxtamedullary zone, and it stimulates the H+-Na+ countertransport only in BBMV from the outer cortical zone. These findings indicate that thyroid hormones modulate the two distinct transport functions of BBM derived from two different populations of renal proximal tubules.
Theorizing Legal Participatory Action Research Critical Race/Feminism and Participatory Action Research

In this article, the authors discuss how they—as legal scholars—have incorporated principles of participatory action research into their work as critical race/feminist legal researchers. Concerned ...
Iron status and its relations with oxidative damage and bone loss during long-duration space flight on the International Space Station

Background: Increases in stored iron and dietary intake of iron during space flight have raised concern about the risk of excess iron and oxidative damage, particularly in bone. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to perform a comprehensive assessment of iron status in men and women before, during, and after long-duration space flight and to quantify the association of iron status with oxidative damage and bone loss. Design: Fasting blood and 24-h urine samples were collected from 23 crew members before, during, and after missions lasting 50 to 247 d to the International Space Station. Results: Serum ferritin and body iron increased early in flight, and transferrin and transferrin receptors decreased later, which indicated that early increases in body iron stores occurred through the mobilization of iron to storage tissues. Acute phase proteins indicated no evidence of an inflammatory response during flight. Serum ferritin was positively correlated with the oxidative damage markers 8-hydroxy-2#-deoxyguanosine (r = 0.53, P , 0.001) and prostaglandin F2a (r = 0.26, P , 0.001), and the greater the area under the curve for ferritin during flight, the greater the decrease in bone mineral density in the total hip (P = 0.031), trochanter (P = 0.006), hip neck (P = 0.044), and pelvis (P = 0.049) after flight. Conclusion: Increased iron stores may be a risk factor for oxidative damage and bone resorption. Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.3945/ajcn. 112.056465.
A Study of the Test-retest Reliability of Ten Olfactory Tests

Ten tests of olfactory function (including tests of odor identification, detection, discrimination, memory, and suprathreshold odor intensity and pleasantness perception) were administered on two test occasions to 57 subjects ranging in age from 18 to 83 years. The stability of the average test scores was determined across the two test sessions for 14 measures derived from these 10 tests and for subcomponents of the Japanese TT 0.67-0.71 ; 0.76-0.90. Detection threshold values were more reliable than recognition threshold values ; those based upon a single ascending presentation series were much less reliable than those based upon a staircase procedure. The relationship between test length and reliability was examined for several of the tests and mathematically modeled. For example, within the staircase series incorporating the odorant phenyl ethyl alcohol, reliability was related (R 2 = 0.984) to the number of reversals included in the threshold estimate by a function derived from the Spearman-Brown formula ; namely, reliability = 0.455* # reversals/[1 + 0.455 (# reversals - 1)]. Reversal location, per se, had little influence on reliability. Overall, this study suggests that (i) considerable variation is present in the reliability of olfactory tests, (ii) reliability is a function of test length, and (iii) caution is warranted in comparing results from nominally different olfactory tests in applied settings since the findings may, in some instances, simply reflect the differential reliability of the tests.
Wealth, War and Religion: The Perfecting of Quaker Asceticism 1740–1783

Athough Quakers had always cautioned their brethren about the perils of wealth, in late eighteenth-century America a generation of Quakers arose that criticized wealth far more severely than any of its forebears had. These critics included John Woolman and Anthony Benezet, two of the most renowned Quakers since George Fox, as well as a score of Friends who were the liveliest members of the church in the eighteenth century. That these men should focus their critical attention on the spiritually corrosive effect of wealth, when their predecessors had not, may be explained in part by the passing of a century in which Friends used the time to accumulate fortunes, in part by some deeply quietistic Friends' discovery of an inherent conflict between materialism and spiritual religion and in part by the political situation of late eighteenth-century American Friends, which illuminated the tension between Friends' devotion to their property and their devotion to their religious ethics.
UREASE DISTRIBUTION IN SOJA MAX.

In this account, the distribution of urease, as studied by histological and quantitative methods (10), will be discussed under the sub-headings of the various plant structures. The activity of the enzyme is expressed in U.U., a urease unit, which is the quantity of urease that will produce 1 mg. of NHa per minute when acting upon urea under the conditions employed in the analyses. Soja max var. Manchu is an upright leafy branching annual legume. The appearance of the plant is much affected by the conditions under which it is grown. In the field, the plants produce a luxuriant growth, forming large leaves, stout, woody stems, numerous pods, and branching is frequent. The plants grown in the greenhouse at Ann Arbor were three feet tall at maturity and rarely branched. The same variety of bean, grown at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, in wooden boxes in soil 6 inches deep, attained a height of only 8 inches and bore 1 to 2 pods per plant. Unless otherwise stated, the determinations described in the following pages were made on plants grown in the greenhouse at Ann Arbor. The reader is referred to the first paper of the series (10) for details as to sampling of material for analysis, etc. The distinctive taxonomic description of Soja max var. Manchu is given by Etheridge, Helm, and King (6).
Interplay of chemotaxis and chemokinesis mechanisms in bacterial dynamics

Motivated by observations of the dynamics of Myxococcus xanthus, we present a self-interacting random walk model that describes the competition between chemokinesis and chemotaxis. Cells are constrained to move in one dimension, but release a chemical chemoattractant at a steady state. The bacteria sense the chemical that they produce. The probability of direction reversals is modeled as a function of both the absolute level of chemoattractant sensed directly under each cell as well as the gradient sensed across the length of the cell. If the chemical does not degrade or diffuse rapidly, the one-dimensional trajectory depends on the entire past history of the trajectory. We derive the corresponding Fokker-Planck equations, use an iterative mean-field approach that we solve numerically for short times, and perform extensive Monte Carlo simulations of the model. Cell positional distributions and the associated moments are computed in this feedback system. Average drift and mean squared displacements are found. Crossover behaviors among different diffusion regimes are found.
The Reduction of Autoprothrombin II Activity with Dicumarol

It is generally considered that the administration of dicumarol is followed by a decrease in prothrombin concentration, and it has been suggested that another plasma factor may also decrease. We have found that there are two derivatives of prothrombin called autoprothrombin and autoprothrombin II. In this paper we present data which show that the concentration of autoprothrombin II can be reduced practically to zero with the use of Dicumarol without observing a bleeding tendency. The decrease in concentration coincides with a decrease in prothrombin concentration but is relatively more rapid.
Confronting the Challenge of AIDS among Adolescents Directions for Future Research

To effectively combat the AIDS health crisis among adolescents, future research must address three key issues: (a) the risk of disease for culturally differing adolescent populations, particularly African-American adolescents; (b) the need for empirical investigations to identify and understand the variables influencing adolescents 'adoption of HIV-preventive sexual practices; and (c) the development of more effective prevention programs to reduce adolescents' existing HIV-associated risk behaviors. This article reviews the relevance of these issues for prevention research and suggests policy recommendations. These recommendations argue for: (a) expanded funding for basic behavioral surveys to identify the prevalence of risk-taking behavior among adolescents in general, and among high-risk adolescent subgroups, for example, incarcerated and homeless adolescents; (b) encouraging more epidemiologic and ethnographic research to understand the psychosocial and cultural variables associated with high and low-r...
Reduced Cytokine Levels and T-Cell Function in Healthy Males: Relation to Individual Differences in Subclinical Anxiety

Abstract Previous studies of psychopathological populations and populations challenged by significant life events have shown that high levels of anxiety and depression are associated with impaired cellular immunity. However, less is known about the sources and psychoimmunological relevance of subclinical variations in distress in healthy populations faced with typical levels of life stress. In the present study, we examined the relations of state distress to T-cell function and in vivo cytokine levels in 40 male college freshmen on two occasions. In addition, we assessed the possible contribution of dispositional determinants of distress to immune-related differences in mood. Relative to characteristically less anxious subjects, subjects who were characteristically more anxious (but subclinically anxious) had more anxious mood and had significantly lower lymphocyte proliferative responses to the mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) as well as lower levels of circulating interleukin-1β. In addition, subjects with more negative attributional styles for bad events exhibited reduced Con A-stimulated T-cell responses and lower levels of circulating interleukin-2. Finally, subjects who were more depressed (but subclinically depressed) also had reduced blastogenic responses. Individual differences in cortisol and β-endorphin were not shown to mediate these relationships. The present study provides evidence that dispositionally related variations in distress in psychiatrically healthy, relatively unstressed college males have immunological correlates that suggest altered T-cell and macrophage activity.
Recombinant bovine somatotropin: association with reproductive performance in dairy cows.

Abstract A clinical trial was performed to determine the effect of bST on reproductive performance in dairy cows on 4 Michigan dairy farms when bST was used according to labeled directions. Holstein cows (n = 555) at 4 Michigan dairy farms were randomly assigned to receive bovine somatotropin (bST) or to serve as untreated controls. Bovine somatotropin (500 mg, SC) was administered every 14 d beginning at 63 to 69 d of lactation and continuing until approximately 21 d prior to the end of lactation or until the producer removed the animal from the herd. A total of 229 (42.57%) animals consisting of 112 (48.91 %) controls and 117 (51.09%) bST-treated cows were not diagnosed pregnant and were considered as having reproductive failure by 150 d of lactation and 92 (17.10%) of the animals consisting of 45 (48.91%) controls and 47 (51.09%) bST-treated cows had reproductive failure at the end of their lactation. No significant difference in the incidence of reproductive failure existed between the study treatment groups during either time frame. Cows with cystic ovarian disease had more instances of reproductive failure at 150 d of lactation than cows without this disease. Cows with dystocia, twin births, metritis, displaced abomasum and cystic ovarian disease had more instances of reproductive failure by the end of lactation than cows without these diseases. The bST-treated cows developed more nonspecific off feed conditions during the study lactation and had more twin births at the calving following bST administration compared to control cows. No differences were found between the study treatment groups in calculations of reproductive parameters. Logistic regression analysis found no significant effect of bST on reproductive failure; the odds ratios for the bST treatment effect on reproductive failure at 150 d of lactation and reproductive failure at the end of lactation were 0.95 (95% CI 0.67 to 1.36) and 0.95 (95% CI 0.59 to 1.54), respectively. Overall, bST was not found to have a significant impact on reproductive performance in the herds studied.
Dietary Iron Intake and Body Iron Stores Are Associated with Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in a Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

The link between iron intake as well as body iron stores and coronary heart disease (CHD) has been contentiously debated, and the epidemiologic evidence is inconsistent. We aimed to quantitatively summarize the literature on the association between dietary iron intake/body iron stores and CHD risk by conducting a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. PubMed was used to find studies published through June 2013 in peer-reviewed journals. Embase or a hand search of relevant articles was used to obtain additional articles. The pooled RRs of CHD incidence and mortality with 95% CIs were calculated by using either a random-effects or fixed-effects model, as appropriate. Twenty-one eligible studies (32 cohorts) including 292,454 participants with an average of 10.2 y of follow-up were included. Heme iron was found to be positively associated with CHD incidence (RR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.28, 1.94), whereas total iron was inversely associated (RR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.73, 0.999). Neither heme-iron nor total iron intakes were significantly associated with CHD mortality. Both transferrin saturation and serum iron were inversely related to CHD incidence [RR (95% CI): 0.76 (0.66, 0.88) and 0.68 (0.56, 0.82), respectively], but only transferrin saturation was inversely associated with CHD mortality (RR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.73, 0.99). In conclusion, total iron intake and serum iron concentrations were inversely associated with CHD incidence, but heme iron intake was positively related to CHD incidence. Elevated serum transferrin saturation concentration was inversely associated with both CHD incidence and mortality. Future research is needed to establish the causal relation and to elucidate potential mechanisms.
Preventing Substance Misuse Through Community-University Partnerships Randomized Controlled Trial Outcomes 4½ Years Past Baseline

Background: Substance misuse by adolescents and related health issues constitute a major public health problem. Community-based partnership models designed for sustained, quality implemen- tation of proven preventive interventions have been recommended to address this problem. There is very limited longitudinal study of such models. Purpose: To examine the long-term findings from an RCT of a community- university partnership model designed to prevent substance misuse and related problems. Design/setting/participants: A cohort sequential design included 28 public school districts in rural towns and small cities in Iowa and Pennsylvania that were randomly assigned to community- university partnership or usual-programming conditions. At baseline, 11,960 students participated, across two consecutive cohorts. Data were collected from 2002 to 2008. Intervention: Partnerships supported community teams that implemented universal, evidence- based interventions selected from a menu. The selected family-focused intervention was imple- mented with 6th-grade students and their families; school-based interventions were implemented during the 7th grade. Observations demonstrated intervention implementation fidelity. Main outcome measures: Outcome measures were lifetime, past-month, and past-year use of a range of substances, as well as indices of gateway and illicit substance use; they were administered at baseline and follow-ups, extending to 4.5 years later. Results: Intent-to-treat, multilevel ANCOVAs of point-in-time use at 4.5 years past baseline were conducted, with supplemental analyses of growth in use. Data were analyzed in 2009. Results showed significantly lower substance use in the intervention group for 12 of 15 point-in-time outcomes, with relative reductions of up to 51.8%. Growth trajectory analyses showed significantly slower growth in the intervention group for 14 of 15 outcomes. Conclusions: Partnership-based implementation of brief universal interventions has potential for pub- lic health impact by reducing growth in substance use among youth; a multistate network of partnerships is being developed. Notably, the tested model is suitable for other types of preventive interventions. (Am J Prev Med 2011;40(4):440 - 447) © 2011 American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Immediate-Early Protein ICP22 Is Required for VICE Domain Formation during Productive Viral Infection

During productive infection, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) induces the formation of discrete nuclear foci containing cellular chaperone proteins, proteasomal components, and ubiquitinated proteins. These structures are known as VICE domains and are hypothesized to play an important role in protein turnover and nuclear remodeling in HSV-1-infected cells. Here we show that VICE domain formation in Vero and other cells requires the HSV-1 immediate-early protein ICP22. Since ICP22 null mutants replicate efficiently in Vero cells despite being unable to induce VICE domain formation, it can be concluded that VICE domain formation is not essential for HSV-1 productive infection. However, our findings do not exclude the possibility that VICE domain formation is required for viral replication in cells that are nonpermissive for ICP22 mutants. Our studies also show that ICP22 itself localizes to VICE domains, suggesting that it could play a role in forming these structures. Consistent with this, we found that ICP22 expression in transfected cells is sufficient to reorganize the VICE domain component Hsc70 into nuclear inclusion bodies that resemble VICE domains. An N-terminal segment of ICP22, corresponding to residues 1 to 146, is critical for VICE domain formation in infected cells and Hsc70 reorganization in transfected cells. We previously found that this portion of the protein is dispensable for ICP22's effects on RNA polymerase II phosphorylation. Thus, ICP22 mediates two distinct regulatory activities that both modify important components of the host cell nucleus.
The gauge-theoretical structure of general relativity and the new conserved current.

It is shown that Carmeli's new conserved current can be defined, and its conservation proved, in a spinor affine space-time, without assuming the existence of a metric tensor. This is done in the context of a gauge theory based on the groupSL2,Cwhich is in full agreement with, and is a generalization of, general relativity. A metric structure is required, however, to obtain a decomposition of the current as a sum of contributions of the sources and of the gravitational field itself.
Diabetic Insult–Induced Redistribution of MicroRNA in Spatially Organized Mitochondria in Cardiac Muscle

Although microRNAs are well known for their roles in the regulation of mRNA stability and translation in the cytoplasm, their presence and potential function in the mitochondria have only been recently realized. How specific microRNAs enter the lumen of mitochondria remains unknown. Jagannathan et al1 now reports that some microRNAs may even specifically target to different populations of mitochondria in the same cells on diabetic insult, suggesting a potential new disease mechanism, but the finding seems to require further technical and mechanistic refinement. Article see p 785 MicroRNA was initially detected in the mitochondria during analysis of the mitochondrial transcriptome, and at the time, microRNA was thought to be contaminants of purified mitochondria.2 However, several later studies based on quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and confocal microscopy suggest that the presence of microRNAs in the mitochondria is real.3,4 The most vigorous proof is achieved through the nuclease protection assay on purified mitochondria to show that mitochondrial microRNAs (mito-miRs) are insensitive to nuclease treatment even after the outer membrane is stripped, which is an essential step to eliminate contamination of endoplasmic reticulum and other single-membraned vesicles.5 These studies open a new chapter in understanding potential role(s) of mito-miRs in development and disease. Jagannathan et al1 went further to provide evidence that specific mito-miRs may be targeted to different populations of mitochondria within the same compartment of cardiac muscle. It was initially observed >4 decades ago that cardiomyocytes contain 2 populations …
Friedman's Methodology Essay in Context

This essay uses evidence of the context from which Friedman wrote The Methodology of Positive Economics to call into question the standard interpretation of the essay's central message. The standard interpretation gives excessive weight to the choice between testing via assumptions and testing by implications. Interpreters have missed what for Friedman was the more important methodological choice, testing theory empirically versus not doing so, i.e., whether to test empirically. Both testing by the realisticness of assumptions and testing by success of predictions are means of testing empirically. The alternative that Friedman most opposed was foregoing empirical testing altogether.
The Effector Domain of MARCKS Is a Nuclear Localization Signal that Regulates Cellular PIP2 Levels and Nuclear PIP2 Localization

Translocation to the nucleus of diacylglycerol kinase (DGK)– ζ is dependent on a sequence homologous to the effector domain of Myristoylated Alanine Rich C-Kinase Substrate (MARCKS). These data would suggest that MARCKS could also localize to the nucleus. A single report demonstrated immunofluorescence staining of MARCKS in the nucleus; however, further experimental evidence confirming the specific domain responsible for this localization has not been reported. Here, we report that MARCKS is present in the nucleus in GBM cell lines. We then over-expressed wild-type MARCKS (WT) and MARCKS with the effector domain deleted (ΔED), both tagged with V5-epitope in a GBM cell line with low endogenous MARCKS expression (U87). We found that MARCKS-WT localized to the nucleus, while the MARCKS construct without the effector domain remained in the cytoplasm. We also found that over-expression of MARCKS-WT resulted in a significant increase in total cellular phosphatidyl-inositol (4,5) bisphosphate (PIP2) levels, consistent with prior evidence that MARCKS can regulate PIP2 levels. We also found increased staining for PIP2 in the nucleus with MARCKS-WT over-expression compared to MARCKS ΔED by immunofluorescence. Interestingly, we observed MARCKS and PIP2 co-localization in the nucleus. Lastly, we found changes in gene expression when MARCKS was not present in the nucleus (MARCKS ΔED). These data indicate that the MARCKS effector domain can function as a nuclear localization signal and that this sequence is critical for the ability of MARCKS to regulate PIP2 levels, nuclear localization, and gene expression. These data suggests a novel role for MARCKS in regulating nuclear functions such as gene expression.
Secrecy Coverage (Conference Proceeding)

Motivated by information-theoretic secrecy, geometric models for secrecy in wireless networks have begun to receive increased attention. The general question is how the presence of eavesdroppers affects the properties and performance of the network. Previously the focus has been mostly on connectivity. Here we study the impact of eavesdroppers on the coverage of a network of base stations. The problem we address is the following. Let base stations and eavesdroppers be distributed as stationary Poisson point processes in a disk of area n. If the coverage of each base station is limited by the distance to the nearest eavesdropper, what is the maximum density of eavesdroppers that can be accommodated while still achieving full coverage, asymptotically as n → ∞?
Equational Logic

A combinational circuit realizing the switching function f(x) may be regarded as a solution verifier for the Boolean equation f(x) = 1. (*) The output of the circuit is 1, that is, if and only if the input-vector x is a solution for (*). We use the term "equational logic" to denote an approach to circuit synthesis based on (*) rather than on the function f(x). The central problem of equational logic is to find a system of equations gi(x) = hi(x) (i = 1,2,...,k), of the simplest possible form, that has the same solutions as (*). Given such a k-equation system, f(x) may be realized as the output of a k-wide digital comparator whose inputs are the 2k g's and h's constituting the system. The problem of finding a simple system of equations equivalent to a given equation was investigated more than a century ago by Willian Stanley Jevons, who called it "the inverse problem of logic." It was thought by Jevons and other 19th century logicians that the inverse problem is "always tentative," i.e., that it does not admit of algorithmic solution. It is shown in this paper, however, that the inverse problem may be solved as a covering problem by use of the "table of consequences" of Poretsky. As presently formulated, this approach is limited in practical utility by the large size of the tables involved. It appears that a practical solution technique requires a reformulation of the inverse problem.
Early Successional Patterns of Arthropod Recolonization on Reclaimed Wyoming Strip Mines: The Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) and Allied Faunas (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae, Tettigoniidae)

The colonization and community development of Orthoptera on a series of revegetated surface coal mines in Wyoming was examined. The fauna on an adjacent, undisturbed shrub–steppe site also was sampled. The reclaimed mines represented a series of sites ranging in age (after revegetation) from 0 to 6 yr. We found that the mine sites exhibited lower index values for species richness ( R , 6–15), diversity ( H ′, 0.07–0.68) and evenness ( J ′, 0.09–0.60) than the undisturbed site ( R , 19; H ′, 0.79; J ′, 0.62). Community similarity indices (Bray-Curtis coefficients) indicated a low similarity between any mine site and the undisturbed shrub–steppe site. Cluster analysis revealed three major faunal assemblages on the mine sites that corresponded closely to vegetational changes: on two young sites dominated by annual forbs (≥34% cover) with little grass (≤12% cover), there existed a depauperate fauna dominated by Ceuthophilus alpinus Scudder (Gryllacrididae); on one site with an even mix of forbs and grasses (33% and 21% cover, respectively), the Acrididae and Gryllacrididae were codominant; and on the four older sites dominated by grasses (≥:38% cover, virtually no forbs), C. alpinus was again the dominant species, although substantial numbers of acridids were also present. Correlations of Orthoptera species richness and diversity with plant species richness and diversity produced significant positive relationships. The dominant grasshopper species on the mine sites are listed as “Economically Important Pest Species” by the USDA and may hinder successful establishment of young plants on reseeded minelands during periods favorable to grasshopper reproduction and survival. It is suggested, however, that, in the absence of significant grazing by native wildlife or livestock, these herbivorous and omnivorous insects provide an important ecological pathway for energy flow, litter decomposition, and nutrient cycling.
The Effect of Surface Interactions on the Viscosity of Polymer Thin Films

Previously, we reported that the viscosity of a polymer film can be measured in situ by observing the liquid-liquid dewetting of polymer bilayer films. In this study, we use the technique to investigate the effect of film thickness and surface interactions on the effective viscosity of polymer thin films. We found that the effective viscosity increases dramatically with decreasing the film thickness. We attribute this to the pinning of the polymer chains at the strongly interacting polymer/Silicon interface.
The Temporoparietal Fascia Flap: A Versatile Tool for the Dermatologic Surgeon

BACKGROUNDDermatologic surgeons may encounter challenging defects of the head and neck that are not amenable to repair with local flaps or grafts.OBJECTIVEWe offer a comprehensive review of the temporoparietal fascia flap (TPFF) and provide a step-by-step illustration of its application performed un
Inhibition of Movement of Larvae of the Convergent Lady Beetle by Leaf Trichomes of Tobacco

Movement of all instars of Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville was affected by the sticky exudates of leaf trichomes of tobacco cultivars. The younger the instar and the longer the larvae were on these leaves, the greater was the inhibition of movement. The alkaloid content of the plant had no effect on movement.
Vegetable-derived magnesium stearate functionality evaluation by DM(3) approach.

Abstract This study quantifies the lubricating efficiency of two grades of crystalline vegetable-derived magnesium stearate (MgSt-V) using the DM3 approach, which utilizes design of experiments (D) and multivariate analysis techniques (M3) to evaluate the effect of a material's (M1) molecular and macroscopic properties and manufacturing factors (M2) on critical product attributes. A 23 factorial design (2 continuous variables plus 1 categorical factor) with three center points for each categorical factor was used to evaluate the effect of MgSt-V fraction and blend time on running powder basic flow energy (BFE), tablet mechanical strength (TMS), disintegration time (DT), and running powder lubricant sensitivity ratio (LSR). Molecular characterization of MgSt-V employed moisture sorption–desorption analysis, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and powder X-ray diffraction. MgSt-V macroscopic analysis included mean particle size, specific surface area, particle morphology, and BFE. Principal component analysis and partial least squares multivariate analysis techniques were used to develop predictive qualitative and quantitative relationships between the molecular and macroscopic properties of MgSt-V grades, design variables, and resulting tablet formulation properties. MgSt-V fraction and blending time and their square effects showed statistical significant effects. Significant variation in the molecular and macroscopic properties of MgSt-V did not have a statistically significant impact on the studied product quality attributes (BFE, TMS, DT, and LSR). In setting excipient release specifications, functional testing may be appropriate in certain cases to assess the effect of statistically significant different molecular and macroscopic properties on product quality attributes.
Comparison of methods for predicting yearling scrotal circumference and correlations of scrotal circumference to growth traits in beef bulls.

From 1981 through 1986, BW, hip height, and scrotal circumference (SC) measurements were obtained on 329 bulls at the start of a 140-d gain test (SOT) and every 28 d to the end of test (EOT). Age, overall ADG, weight per day of age, ADG by period, and SC growth (cm/d) were calculated. Data were analyzed in two data sets because age of dam (AOD) and birth weights were unavailable between 1981 and 1983. Correlations of SC to other traits measured and probabilities for bulls attaining 30 or 32 cm SC by 365 d of age were calculated. Two adjusted 365-d SC (365-d SC) were calculated for each individual from regression analysis and from the following formula: 365-d SC = [(SCEOT-SCSOT)/140 d] x [365-ageSOT] + SCSOT. Except for ADG in Data Set 2, breed group differences (P less than .05) were observed for correlations of SC to all growth traits, age, and AOD. To attain 30 cm SC by 365 d of age with nearly 100% probability, Angus, Simmental and Zebu-derived bulls needed a 23-cm SCSOT, whereas continental (other than Simmental) and Polled Hereford bulls required a 26-cm SCSOT. Overall, 365-d SC means calculated by regression analysis or formula method did not differ (P greater than .10) for either data set.
Amino Acid Analysis of Honeys from Eleven Countries

SummaryResults are presented for the amino acid analysis of 98 samples of honey and 8 samples of non-honey sugar products, determined by an automatic amino acid analyser. Non-honey sugar products could be recognized easily, particularly by their lower proline contents; honeys generally have a high proline content. Differences observed in the amino acid spectrum of honeys from different areas are discussed, and it is suggested that certain ratios between contents of amino acids could be used to determine the source of a honey.