cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Behavior Problems among the Learning Disabled: Boys Aged 12–18, Girls Aged 6–11, and Girls Aged 12–18

Teacher-completed Behavior Problem Checklists on learning disabled older boys and younger and older girls were factor-analyzed. Results replicated, in part, prior research with nonhandicapped and handicapped populations, but also revealed interesting differences. Age and sex comparisons were made between the three learning disabled groups. Implications for greater understanding of and better programming for learning disabled children's behavioral and emotional problems are discussed.
AN ANGLE-RESOLVED PHOTOEMISSION STUDY OF THE VALENCE BANDS OF W(011) IN THE PHOTON ENERGY RANGE 1100-1250 eV: OBSERVATION OF STRONG DIRECT TRANSITIONS AND PHONON EFFECTS

Angle-resolved photoemission spectra from valence bands of a clean W(011) single crystal, obtained using synchrotron radiation in the range 1100-1250 eV and emission normal to the surface, were observed to show strong dependences on both photon energy and temperature. The spectral variations with excitation energy at ambient temperature agree very well with the predictions of a simple bulk direct-transition model assuming free-electron final-state dispersion and constant matrix elements. The strong temperature dependence observed indicates the importance of phonon-assisted nondirect transitions in Brillouin-zone averaging.
DEVELOPMENT OF SIMPLE MODELS FOR THE ELASTIC FORCES IN THE ABSOLUTE NODAL CO-ORDINATE FORMULATION

Abstract The objective of this study is to develop simple and accurate elastic force models that can be used in the absolute nodal co-ordinate formulation for the analysis of two-dimensional beams. These force models which account for the coupling between bending and axial deformations are derived using a continuum mechanics approach, without the need for introducing a local element co-ordinate system. Four new different force models that include different degrees of complexity are presented. It is shown that the vector of the elastic forces can be significantly simplified as compared to the elastic force model developed for the absolute nodal co-ordinate formulation using a local element frame [1]. Despite the simplicity of the new models, they account for elastic non-linearity in the strain–displacement relationship. Therefore, they lead to more accurate results as compared to the more complex models developed using the local frame method which does not account for the non-linearities in the strain–displacement relationships. Numerical results are presented in order to demonstrate the use of the new models and test their performances in the analysis of large deformations of flexible multibody systems.
Is there None Left to Say Anything

Remarks made by Lutheran leaders in Africa indicate that the churches have not been responding to the crisis of the HIV/ AIDS pandemic sufficiently. In this essay I ask how the churches would be better prepared to act andalso, more broadly, how the churches act to begin with. The dialogue between religion and science can assist us with both tasks as we consider the challenge of HIV/AIDS as a focus for this dialogue. First, analysis by social scientists can uncover what problems face any effort to motivate churches to act-and, for that matter, any individual member of a church group. I argue, further, that we can discover the difficulties associated with producing action by religious communities by looking not at abstract theological ideas but by investigating the way those ideas are conveyed in worship. I explore the worship patterns of Lutherans to show what sort of view is actually produced by the week-to-week messages of liturgical texts. I contend that a different approach both to worship and to action can be produced by reconsidering our views of reality as seen through the eyes of contemporary science.
Effect of protein depletion on response to water, sodium chloride and pituitrin.

Summary1. The time required to excrete 50% of an ingested water load was increased in 3 protein-depleted dogs. 2. The glomerular filtration rate was reduced in all protein-depleted dogs. 3. The urinary suppression produced by pituitrin was increased in the protein-depleted dogs.
Histopathologic findings of small renal tumor biopsies performed immediately after cryoablation therapy: a retrospective study of 50 cases.

Objectives: To evaluate the histopathology of small renal tumor biopsies following cryoablation. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated small renal tumor biopsy specimens after cryoablation treatment for renal cell carcinoma and determined the ability to differentiate tumor types, effect on nuclear grading, immunohistochemical staining, and if the number of freeze cycles affected interpretation. Results: Of the biopsy specimens, 66% were diagnostic of tumor and 34% showed normal renal parenchyma. Tumor subtype was determined in 91% of diagnostic cases. Nuclear grading was affected due to freeze effect, complicating the assessment of chromatin pattern and nucleolar details at low magnification. In particular, the distinction between Fuhrman nuclear grades I and II was compromised; these were designated as low nuclear grade. Immunohistochemical staining was retained similar to untreated tumors. Tumor subtyping was not affected after one or two freeze cycles. Conclusions: Biopsies performed immediately after cryoablation can be used to render an optimal histologic diagnosis.
Nonimmunologic targets of immunosuppressive agents in podocytes

Proteinuria is a characteristic finding in glomerular diseases and is closely associated with renal outcomes. In addition, therapeutic interventions that reduce proteinuria improve renal prognosis. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that podocytes act as key modulators of glomerular injury and proteinuria. The podocyte, or glomerular visceral epithelial cell, is a highly specialized and differentiated cell that forms interdigitated foot processes with neighboring podocytes, which are bridged together by an extracellular structure known as the “slit diaphragm” (SD). The SD acts as a size- and charge-selective barrier to plasma protein. Derangement of SD structure or loss of SD-associated protein results in podocyte injury and proteinuria. During the past decades, several immune-modulating agents have been used for the treatment of glomerular diseases and for the reduction of proteinuria. Interestingly, recent studies have demonstrated that immunosuppressive agents can have a direct effect on the SD-associated proteins and stabilize actin cytoskeleton in podocyte and have therefore introduced the concept of nonimmunologic mechanism of renoprotection by immunomodulators. This review focuses on the evidence that immuno-modulating agents directly target podocytes.
TRUST, INEQUALITY AND THE SIZE OF THE CO-OPERATIVE SECTOR: CROSS-COUNTRY EVIDENCE

ABSTRACT: We provide the first empirical evidence on the determinants of differences in the size of the cooperative sector around the world. Our key data have been recently released by the ICA and are integrated with other standard sources, such as data from the World Values surveys. In our empirical work we concentrate on the links between inequality and trust and cooperative incidence and undertake selectivity correction estimates as well as a series of robustness checks. Consistent with theory we find strong support for the proposition that trust plays a causal role in accounting for differences in co-operative incidence. Also consistent with theory, we find support (albeit much weaker) for the role of inequality. Further support for our findings flows from our estimates for conventional, listed firms, where we do not find that trust and inequality play similar roles in accounting for the variation in the incidence of large listed firms across countries.
Maximizing microbial degradation of perchlorate using a genetic algorithm: Media optimization

Microbial communities are under constant influence of physical and chemical components in ecosystems. Shifts in conditions such as pH, temperature or carbon source concentration can translate into shifts in overall ecosystem functioning. These conditions can be manipulated in a laboratory setup using evolutionary computation methods such as genetic algorithms (GAs). In work described here, a GA methodology was successfully applied to define sets of environmental conditions for microbial enrichments and pure cultures to achieve maximum rates of perchlorate degradation. Over the course of 11 generations of optimization using a GA, we saw a statistically significant 16.45 and 16.76-fold increases in average perchlorate degradation rates by Dechlorosoma sp. strain KJ and Dechloromonas sp. strain Miss R, respectively. For two bacterial consortia, Pl6 and Cw3, 5.79 and 5.75-fold increases in average perchlorate degradation were noted. Comparison of zero-order kinetic rate constants for environmental conditions in GA-determined first and last generations of all bacterial cultures additionally showed marked increases.
Opsonization of Staphylococcus aureus by Guinea Pig 7S Gamma-Globulin

Opsonization of Staphylococcus aureus to phagocytosis by guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) was examined with various isolated serum globulins. Significant enhancement of in vitro phagocytosis was afforded by partially purified 7Sγ1-immunoglobulin. The rate of killing or the rate of ingestion of 3H-thymidine labeled bacteria by PEC was used as an index of phagocytosis. The results indicate that the immunoglobulin can mediate the adsorption of an allogeneic surface independent of a specific antigenic component.
Correlated Motions in the U1 snRNA Stem/Loop 2:U1A RBD1 Complex

The complex formed by U1A RBD1 and the U1 snRNA stem/loop II is noted for its high affinity and exquisite specificity. Here, that complex is investigated by 5 ns molecular dynamics simulations and analyzed by reorientational eigenmode dynamics to determine the dynamic properties of the RNA:protein interface that could contribute to the binding mechanism. The analysis shows that there is extensive correlation between motions of the RNA and protein, involving 7 of the 10 RNA loop nucleotides, the protein β-sheet surface, two of its loops, and its C-terminal tripeptide sequence. Order parameters of these regions of the complex are uniformly high, indicating restricted motion. However, several regions of both RNA and protein retain local flexibility, notably three nucleotides of the RNA loop and one loop of RBD1 that does not contact RNA. The highly correlated motions involving both molecules reflect the intricate network of interactions that characterize this complex and could account in part for the thermodynamic coupling observed for complex formation.
The ''Skinny'' on Wnt Signaling in Stem Cells

Although previous reports suggested that canonical Wnt signaling has opposing effects on epidermal and hair follicle stem cells, two recent papers (Choi et al., 2013; Lim et al., 2013) now show that Wnt signaling promotes proliferation in both stem cell populations, revealing new insights into regeneration of both skin compartments.
Production of autoantibodies by immunization with rabbit transferrin modified at its glycosidic moiety.

Abstract Rabbit transferrin was modified by the introduction of methionine sulfone hydrazide into either its sialic acid residues or into both its sialic acid and galactosyl residues. Rabbits immunized with the modified transferrin produced antibodies which reacted with the native antigen both in radioimmunoassay and gel diffusion. Antibodies eluted from a transferrin-Sepharose column gave, in immunoelectrophoresis, a precipitin band specific for IgG.
Management of cartilage defects in the shoulder

Articular cartilage lesions of the glenohumeral joint are an especially difficult clinical problem to manage, particularly in the younger, more active patient. Left untreated, these lesions may progress in the long-term, leading to further pain and disability. While shoulder arthroplasty remains a viable option in older patients with glenohumeral arthritis, concerns over component longevity and loosening in younger patients make it less attractive in that age group. Arthroscopic joint debridement with loose body removal, often with capsular release, has been successful in select, more sedentary patients. More recent techniques, including autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), osteochondral grafting (allograft versus autograft), interpositional arthroplasty, and microfracture surgery, have been evaluated for use in the shoulder. These procedures have experienced success in weight bearing joints, including the knee and ankle. Despite the good clinical results in the shoulder with short-term follow-up reported in some small series, the treatment of chondral injuries in the glenohumeral joint remains a challenging problem.
Jail Utilization Over Time: An Assessment Of The Patterns In Male And Female Populations

This study examines jail populations over time. More specifically, the purpose of this analysis is to identify cycles of local jail utilization for male and female populations. The identification of regularities in jail utilization is accomplished through the use of a finite Fourier spectral density function. This analysis is conducted on a large Midwestern jail for 1525 days from 1982 through 1986. The results show there are significant regular patterns in both the male and female populations. These results allow one to conclude that the stability of punishment hypothesis appears to be an appropriate conceptualization for the jail setting. They also demonstrate there may be a cyclical regularity in jail utilization.
The historical foundation of Herbart's mathematization of psychology.

Herbart's mathematization of psychology is an important landmark in the history of psychology. The purpose of this article is to describe the general landscape within which this landmark was created and the specific foundation upon which it was erected. Besides Kant's classic statements on the nature of science, the “external” landscape included other landmarks in the historical quest for a mathematical science of man, while the “internal” foundation was composed of four basic concepts which Herbart received primarily from Leibniz, Wolff, and Kant. Herbart's unique contribution was his novel use of this foundation in creating a mathematical psychology.
Dimerization of α-tocopherol in vivo.

Abstract Following administration of d -α-tocopherol-C 14 to rats, a previously uncharacterized metabolite of the vitamin was isolated from the liver. This compound was shown by cochromatography and carrier crystallization to be identical to an oxidation product of α-tocopherol obtained by treatment with alkaline K 3 Fe(CN) 6 . Evidence is presented that the compound is a dimer of α-tocopherol.
Empirical Analysis of Influences of China's Fictitious Economy on Money Supply

The influences of the price level, trade and velocity of money circulation of fictitious economy on money supply appeared gradually. Empirical analysis of the influences of China’ s fictitious economy on money supply was given by using the monthly data from April 1998 to December 2008 based on the actual development of Chinese economy and theory of money demand. The results show that there is cointegration relationship between China’ s fictitious economy and money supply in the long term; and there is no Granger cause between the variables the turnover of repo. trading of treasury bonds, the turnover of investment of futures and securities trading and the money supply in the short term other than the others fictitious variables. Therefore, the results indicate that there are interaction influences between the development of China’ s fictitious economy and money supply in the long term, and there is a long-term mechanism of interaction promotion between them.
Polarized image overlay technique: a new image comparison method and its applications

This paper describes a method of detailed analysis which we call the polarized image overlay technique. The two images for study are projected onto a suitable screen through polarizing filters, and these superimposed images are then viewed through a third polarizing filter. This procedure allows a dynamic comparison of both large features and fine details. It was developed during the course of our studies of photographs of the Shroud of Turin but is applicable to a variety of fields.
A new model for assessment of external liquid-solid contacting in trickle-bed reactors from tracer response measurements

Abstract The dynamic response of a trickle-bed reactor is analyzed assuming that the external surface of the catalyst is only partially wetted. This leads to a new type of transient mixed boundary value problem which is solved by a dual series technique. The solution presented in the Laplace transform s-domain provides a method for determining the contacting efficiency without the need for invoking any heuristic arguments as done in the earlier studies
Interpreting vegetation indices

Remotely sensed spectral vegetation indices are widely used and have benefited numerous disciplines interested in the assessment of biomass, water use, plant stress, plant health and crop production. The successful use of these indices requires knowledge of the units of the input variables used to form the indices, and an understanding of the manner in which the external environment and the architectural aspects of a vegetation canopy influence and alter the computed index values. Although vegetation indices were developed to extract the plant signal only, the soil background, moisture condition, solar zenith angle, view angle, as well as the atmosphere, alter the index values in complex ways. The nature of these problems are explored both in an empirical and in a theoretical sense, and suggestions are offered for the effective use and interpretation of vegetation indices.
Oblique envelope solutions of the Davey-Stewartson equations in intermediate water depth

Various types of envelope solutions of modulated Stokes waves may exist depending on the relative signs of terms representing dispersive and nonlinear effects. In this study, the variation of the zeroes of the dispersive and nonlinear terms in the equation governing evolution of the envelope is determined as a function of dimensionless water depth kh and oblique angle α, and solitary and periodic oblique envelope solutions are described for the general case of intermediate water depth.
Comparison between cartilage and soft tissue ear piercing complications

Abstract Purpose: Despite growing interest in cosmetic piercing, a detailed evaluation of associated medical complications is lacking. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire addressing ear, nose, and other body parts piercing was anonymously presented to 1,000 nurses at a major Midwestern teaching hospital, and responses were obtained from 552. Results: One hundred sixty (35%) of the 452 nurses who had an ear pierced reported a complication. Three hundred fifty-five (30%) of the 1,200 total pierced sites developed complications that included minor infection (77%), allergic reaction (43%), keloid (2.5%), and traumatic tear (2.5%). The complication rate from piercing through cartilage (32%) was not significantly different from that found when piercing through soft tissue (29%). The type of complications experienced differed in frequency between cartilage and soft tissue, with minor infection being more prevalent in cartilage piercing (30% v21%; P Conclusion: This study identifies a low prevalence of major complications (
Information processing of letter and word pairs as a function of on and off times

The present study seeks to extend a provisional model of visual information processing with sequential inputs currently under development, employing a computer-based cathode-ray tube display system. Letter and word pairs were presented for 28 different on-off time combinations with on times ranging from 5 msec to 50 msec and off times ranging from 1 msec to 125 msec. The results suggest that both on, off, and total processing times affect per cent correct detections, and that while a gradual increase in per cent correct detections occurs up to about 50 msec of total processing time, a marked discontinuity appears to occur approximately between 50 and 60 msec of total processing time, with per cent correct detections jumping abruptly from about 40% correct detections to about 90% correct detections over a total processing time span of only 10 msec.
Mechanisms, diagnosis and management of hepatic encephalopathy

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a serious neuropsychiatric complication of both acute and chronic liver disease. Symptoms of HE can include confusion, disorientation and poor coordination. A general consensus exists that the synergistic effects of excess ammonia and inflammation cause astrocyte swelling and cerebral edema; however, the precise molecular mechanisms that lead to these morphological changes in the brain are unclear. Cerebral edema occurs to some degree in all patients with HE, regardless of its grade, and could underlie the pathogenesis of this disorder. The different grades of HE can be diagnosed by a number of investigations, including neuropsychometric tests (such as the psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score), brain imaging and clinical scales (such as the West Haven criteria). HE is best managed by excluding other possible causes of encephalopathy alongside identifying and the precipitating cause, and confirming the diagnosis by a positive response to empiric treatment. Empiric therapy for HE is largely based on the principle of reducing the production and absorption of ammonia in the gut through administration of pharmacological agents such as rifaximin and lactulose, which are approved by the FDA for the treatment of HE.
Reconstruction of the coracoclavicular and acromioclavicular ligaments with semitendinosus tendon graft: a pilot study.

Purpose: this study was conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of a new surgical technique for anatomical reconstruction of the coracoclavicular (CC) and acromioclavicular (AC) ligaments using one singlestrand semitendinosus tendon graft. Methods: eighteen patients affected by chronic type III-V AC joint dislocations were included in the present study between January 2010 and March 2012. All underwent the same surgical operation and rehabilitation protocol. The semitendinosus tendon was harvested from the ipsilateral knee. The CC and AC ligaments were reconstructed using the graft passed beneath the coracoid and through bone tunnels in the clavicle and in the acromion. The graft was secured with non-absorbable sutures. Radiographic recurrence of AC joint dislocation was the primary outcome. Clinical outcome was assessed using the DASH score and normalized Constant score. Wilcoxon’s signedrank test was used for comparison between pre- and postoperative results. Significance was set at p≤0.05. Results: the mean follow-up duration was 26.4+2.3 months (range: 24-30 months). On X-ray evaluation, only two patients (11%) showed asymptomatic recurrence of AC joint instability. Comparison between pre- and postoperative DASH and Constant scores showed significant clinical improvement (p<0.001). Conclusion: anatomical reconstruction of CC and AC ligaments using an autologous semitendinosus tendon graft for the treatment of AC joint dislocation provided good and reliable clinical and radiological results with a low failure rate at short-term follow-up. Level of evidence: level IV, therapeutic case series.
A Java based component identification tool for measuring the strength of circuit protections

Protecting circuitry from reverse engineering is extremely important for the protection of intellectual property and critical technologies. A failure to adequately mitigate reverse engineering risks can result in significant consequences. In commercial environments, the consequences include loss of revenue resulting from the removal of content access restrictions, creation of unlicensed copies of a circuit, and intellectual property theft. In military environments, consequences include an adversary's ability to gain valuable knowledge about the structure, function, and operation of the system enabling them to develop countermeasures to defeat or corrupt the system's intended purpose. When critical systems are compromised, organizations may be required to spend millions of dollars and countless labor hours making changes in the system and redesigning new protection circuitry. While there are multiple protection algorithms and schemes which claim to provide protection against reverse engineering, little research exists on developing methods to measure the effectiveness of protections.Component identification is an essential step of the reverse engineering process of circuits which are increasingly being embedded in modern systems. The task of component identification is not trivial and requires significant effort even for relatively small circuits. For this reason, computer tools are often employed to make the analysis of larger circuits possible. In this paper, we discuss the development and implementation of a Java based tool that can be used to identify components in combinational circuits. The use of a component identification tool provides metrics that can be used to differentially evaluate the "strength" of protections within circuits. We introduce the foundational candidate enumeration algorithm, explain the additional techniques required for identifying components in large Boolean circuits, and demonstrate the utility of the method through the analysis of multiple combinational circuits.
Plasmodium gallinaceum: Variation in susceptibility of dove erythrocyte☆

Abstract Indices of susceptibility for the erythrocytes of three doves (Streptopelia risoria) were calculated on the basis of parasite invasion when injected into chicken embryos infected with Plasmodium gallinaceum. The red blood cells of two of the animals were quite comparable while those of Dove 3 were nearly twice as susceptible. In a 13-month period there was a trend toward increased susceptibility in all doves, with each animal retaining its susceptibility relative to the other. Thus, individual and temporal fluctuations of susceptibility exist as regards erythrocytes of ring doves, S. risoria.
Has Polling Enhanced Representation? Unearthing Evidence from the Literary Digest Issue Polls

How has representation changed over time in the United States? Has responsiveness to public opinion waxed or waned among elected officials? What are the causes of such trends as we observe? Scholars have pursued these crucial questions in different ways. Some explore earlier eras in search of the “electoral connection”, i.e. the extent to which voters held office-holders accountable for their actions and the degree to which electoral concerns motivated politicians' behavior. Others explore the effects of institutional changes such as the move to direct election of senators or the “reapportionment revolution.”
Deletion of DNA sequences flanking an Mr 19,000 zein gene reduces its transcriptional activity in heterologous plant tissues.

Analysis of a series of clones containing deletions in the 5′ noncoding sequence of a gene encoding an Mr 19 000 zein allowed identification of a region required for maximal transcription. Transcriptional activity was assayed in two heterologous plant systems. In one system, the Ti plasmid was used to introduce the modified zein genes into the sunflower genome. In the other system, electroporation was used to transform carrot protoplasts with plasmids containing the zein genes. For the electrophoration experiments, the 5′ noncoding sequences from the zein clones were linked to the protein coding sequence of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase. The results showed that an upstream sequence, delimited by nucleotides-337 and-125 with respect to the mRNA cap site, is required for maximal transcription of the gene. In contrast, very low levels of transcription were directed by constructs that contained 125 bp of 5′ noncoding sequence that included the CAAT and TATA boxes, suggesting that the additional sequences (-337 to-125) further 5′ exert a quantitative effect on transcription. Examination of the additional 5′ sequences showed five regions that share homology with the SV40 enhancer core sequence.
MRE detection of heterogeneity using quantitative measures of residual error and uncertainty

In magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), displacement fields from shear waves are inverted to estimate underlying material properties. Modulus differences detected by MRE may be used to distinguish tumors or other localized pathology in tissue. The accuracy of modulus estimates depends on the choice of the assumed constitutive model, as well as on the inversion algorithm, image resolution, and signal-to-noise ratio. In particular, in simpler inversion methods such as direct inversion and three-dimensional local frequency estimation (3D-LFE) the constitutive model is minimal (linear, elastic or viscoelastic, and isotropic) and the simplifying assumption of local homogeneity is usually made. The assumption of local homogeneity is often inaccurate [1], since the shear wavelength is typically comparable to the size of the structures of interest. Notably, the residual error (in direct inversion) between the model and the experimental data increases sharply at the boundaries of inclusions, while the “certainty” of the 3D-LFE estimate decreases. These error metrics may be used to detect local stiffness heterogeneity, as well as indicate variations in appropriate constitutive models. The utility of model uncertainty is demonstrated in simulations and with MRE data from a heterogeneous gel phantom.
Voting in Gubernatorial Succession Referenda: The Incumbency Cue

This paper examines the proposition that the role played by the incumbent governor is a key factor shaping public support or opposition in constitutional referenda on the right of governors to succeed themselves in office. To the extent that the incumbent governor has played a leading role in the referendum campaign, many voters should support a succession amendment in order to keep the governor in office while many others should oppose a succession amendment in order to drive the governor out of office. If the governor's role in the referendum campaign has been less visible, appraisals of the governor should have a lesser impact on the voters. Survey data from Kentucky, North Carolina, and Mississippi are used to test this interpretation which performs quite well.
BENEFITS OF CPFR AND VMI COLLABORATION STRATEGIES: A SIMULATION STUDY

This study provides managerial insight to pursue Collaborative Planning Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR) or Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) strategy for both the retailer and manufacturer under different supply chain settings. Discrete event simulation is used to investigate the cost benefits of CPFR and VMI strategies over Traditional Supply Chain (TSC) in a variable demand environment. The conceptual model is a two-echelon production-inventory system with a manufacturer and a retailer. The results from this study suggest that when compared to TSC, both VMI and CPFR achieve cost benefits in inventory management for both the manufacturer and retailer. Under most supply chain settings, higher cost benefits are achieved in CPFR compared to VMI. Also, CPFR achieves higher cost benefits when demand variability is high, production capacity is low, backorder penalty cost is high and delivery lead time is long. However, when production capacity is high and delivery lead time is short, the cost benefits of CPFR and VMI are significantly lower. DOI: 10.12660/joscmv6n2p59-73 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/joscmv6n2p59-73
Nutritional values of six native and introduced fall-ripening fruit species in western North Carolina

Abstract. Migratory avian frugivores act as long distance carriers of seeds for fruit-producing plants in return for fleshy fruit, but not all fruits are equal in value. Bird preference for and selection of fruits are affected by factors including caloric value, seed load, fruit color, and foliar flags. Caloric values of whole fruits, pulp, and seeds of three pairs of closely related fall-ripening plants found in western North Carolina are reported. Seed load, water content, fruit color, and the presence of foliar flags of each species are also compared. Euonymus americanus, Cornus florida, Cornus amomum, and Viburnum nudum are native species; Viburnum setigerum is an exotic species, and Euonymus alatus is an exotic invasive species. The exotic invasive species E. alatus has high caloric value and other favorable characteristics for bird dispersal, as does the native species C. florida.
Histiocytosis X and pregnancy

Background: Histiocytosis X, a clinically heterogeneous infiltrating disorder, is rarely associated with pregnancy. Diabetes insipidus is a common manifestation of histiocytosis X Case: A 27-year-old pregnant woman was diagnosed with histiocytosis X by biopsy. At 31 weeks' gestation, she developed diabetes insipidus and required treatment with intranasal 8-D-arginine vasopressin. A hypothalamic mass was noted on magnetic resonance imaging. She delivered a 3636-g male at term by cesarean. Two months postpartum, after a motor vehicle accident, she developed a T6 sensory and motor deficit. An intramedullary spinal cord mass was diagnosed and surgically removed. She was treated postoperatively with radiation therapy to the spine and hypothalamus. Despite systemic chemotherapy, the disease progressed, and the patient died 18 months after delivery. Conclusion: Pregnancy in patients suffering from histiocytosis X is rare. When pregnancy and histiocytosis X do coincide, diabetes insipidus may appear or worsen. Treatment with intranasal 8-D-arginine vasopressin does not pose risks for the fetus or for premature labor.
Inhibition of heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) in proliferating endothelial cells uncouples endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity.

Abstract Dual increases in nitric oxide (•NO) and superoxide anion (O2•−) production are one of the hallmarks of endothelial cell proliferation. Increased expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) has been shown to play an important role in maintaining high levels of •NO generation to offset the increase in O2•− that occurs during proliferation. Although recent reports indicate that heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) associates with eNOS to increase •NO generation, the role of hsp90 association with eNOS during endothelial cell proliferation remains unknown. In this report, we examine the effects of endothelial cell proliferation on eNOS expression, hsp90 association with eNOS, and the mechanisms governing eNOS generation of •NO and O2•−. Western analysis revealed that endothelial cells not only increased eNOS expression during proliferation but also hsp90 interactions with the enzyme. Pretreatment of cultures with radicicol (RAD, 20 μM), a specific inhibitor that does not redox cycle, decreased A23187-stimulated •NO production and increased Lω-nitroargininemethylester (L-NAME)-inhibitable O2•− generation. In contrast, A23187 stimulation of controls in the presence of L-NAME increased O2•− generation, confirming that during proliferation eNOS generates •NO. Our findings demonstrate that hsp90 plays an important role in maintaining •NO generation during proliferation. Inhibition of hsp90 in vascular endothelium provides a convenient mechanism for uncoupling eNOS activity to inhibit •NO production. This study provides new understanding of the mechanisms by which ansamycin antibiotics inhibit endothelial cell proliferation. Such information may be useful in the development and design of new antineoplastic agents in the future.
How Much is a Kidney Worth? Cost-Effectiveness of Routine Imaging After Ureteroscopy to Prevent Silent Obstruction

Purpose: The 2012 American Urological Association (AUA) Clinical Effectiveness Protocols for Imaging in the Management of Ureteral Calculous Disease recommends routine postoperative imaging after ureteroscopy. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of routine postoperative imaging after ureteroscopy.Materials and Methods: We searched the literature to determine the risk of complications after routine ureteroscopy for stones, including the incidence of postoperative pain, stricture and silent obstruction. Sequelae of renal loss due to undiagnosed silent obstruction may include chronic kidney disease, end stage renal disease and cardiovascular disease. Imaging and procedure costs were obtained from Medicare reimbursement rates and the literature. The costs and prevalence of lifetime complications associated with silent loss of 1 kidney were obtained from the renal donor transplant literature. A decision tree was constructed to calculate the cost of a strategy of routinely imaging all patients after ureteroscop...
Multicultural Issues in Evidence-Based Interventions

SUMMARY School psychologists involved in the delivery of psychological and educational interventions face the challenge of identifying interventions that will work within their schools. The evidence-based intervention (EBI) approach has received attention as a promising way to identify effective interventions. The national Task Force on Evidence Based Interventions in School Psychology (sponsored by the American Psychological Association Division 16 and the Society for the Study of School Psychology, and endorsed by the National Association of School Psychologists) has developed coding criteria to review, evaluate, and identify efficacious interventions. This paper expands the work of the Multicultural and Diversity Committee of the EBI Task Force and offers direction for school psychologists in selecting and implementing interventions appropriate for their settings. We explore the meaning of EBIs in the context of a diverse world and discuss the cultural considerations that are necessary to responsibly a...
A novel mask-based approach to improve low-k1 corner and angle definition in alternating-aperture phase-shift mask structures

A novel approach to improve the imaging of the critical magnetic pole structure in the disk drive read head is introduced. A 90-degree sub-resolution opening is added to an alternating aperture phase shift mask to reduce a strong proximity effect in the non-Manhattan tapered section, while maintaining the enhanced printability of the linear segment of the pole region.. Simulation indicates that this opening provides a method to correct the observed distortion in the printed edge without reducing the effectiveness of the altPSM character of the pole itself. We have designed test patterns with this concept and built photomasks to evaluate mask manufacturability and to empirically test the impact of the 90-degree window on final pattern fidelity on wafer. Preliminary results indicate positive correction effects, as well as some potential issues which may be resolved using additional, established correction approaches.
Structure of Amantadine-Bound M2 Transmembrane Peptide of Influenza A in Lipid Bilayers from Magic-Angle-Spinning Solid-State NMR: the Role of Ser31 in Amantadine Binding

The M2 proton channel of influenza A is the target of the antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine, whose effectiveness has been abolished by a single-site mutation of Ser31 to Asn in the transmembrane domain of the protein. Recent high-resolution structures of the M2 transmembrane domain obtained from detergent-solubilized protein in solution and crystal environments gave conflicting drug binding sites. We present magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR results of Ser31 and a number of other residues in the M2 transmembrane peptide (M2TMP) bound to lipid bilayers. Comparison of the spectra of the membrane-bound apo and complexed M2TMP indicates that Ser31 is the site of the largest chemical shift perturbation by amantadine. The chemical shift constraints lead to a monomer structure with a small kink of the helical axis at Gly34. A tetramer model is then constructed using the helix tilt angle and several interhelical distances previously measured on unoriented bilayer samples. This tetramer model differs from the solution and crystal structures in terms of the openness of the N-terminus of the channel, the constriction at Ser31, and the side-chain conformations of Trp41, a residue important for channel gating. Moreover, the tetramer model suggests that Ser31 may interact with amantadine amine via hydrogen bonding. While the apo and drug-bound M2TMP have similar average structures, the complexed peptide has much narrower linewidths at physiological temperature, indicating drug-induced changes of the protein dynamics in the membrane. Further, at low temperature, several residues show narrower lines in the complexed peptide than the apo peptide, indicating that amantadine binding reduces the conformational heterogeneity of specific residues. The differences of the current solid-state NMR structure of the bilayer-bound M2TMP from the detergent-based M2 structures suggest that the M2 conformation is sensitive to the environment, and care must be taken when interpreting structural findings from non-bilayer samples.
Naturalism and Un-Naturalism Among the Cartesian Physicians

Highlighting early modern medicine's program of explanation and intervention, I claim that there are two distinctive features of the physician's naturalism. These are, first, an explicit recognition that each patient had her own individual and highly particularized nature and, second, a self-conscious use of normative descriptions when characterizing a patient's nature as healthy (ordered) or unhealthy (disordered). I go on to maintain that in spite of the well documented Cartesian rejection of Aristotelian natures in favor of laws of nature, Descartes and his most important medical disciple accepted both features of the physician's naturalism where human medicine was concerned. Thus, in this article I critically engage with standard portraits of Cartesianism and naturalism by integrating the histories of science, medicine and philosophy, but especially medicine and philosophy.
Alterations in growth factor pathways in multistage carcinogenesis of rat tracheal epithelial cells.

The role of peptide growth factors in the process of multistage carcinogenesis of rat tracheal epithelial (RTE) cells was assessed by examining growth factor requirements and expression of growth factors and their receptors in normal and transformed RTE cells. Transformed RTE cell lines show decreased requirements for bovine pituitary extract, insulin and epidermal growth factor compared to primary RTE cells in culture. An autocrine role for TGFα in transformed RTE cells is suggested by data showing TGFα production and decreased proliferation in the presence of TGFα antisera and TGFα/EGF receptor kinase inhibitor. Therefore, decreased EGF requirements in transformed RTE cells could be explained by autocrine TGFa regulation. In contrast, no evidence for an insulin/IGF-I autocrine pathway could be detected in transformed RTE cells. These data indicate that multiple alterations in growth factor pathways occur in transformed RTE cells.
Phytosterols and cholesterol metabolism

Purpose of reviewPhytosterols are plant sterols structurally similar to cholesterol that act in the intestine to lower cholesterol absorption. Because they have very low systemic absorption and are already present in healthy diets, increasing the intake of phytosterols may be a practical way to redu
Charge asymmetric cosmic ray signals from dark matter decay

The PAMELA and Fermi measurements of the cosmic ray electron and positron spectra have generated much interest over the past two years, because they are consistent with a significant component of the electron and positron fluxes between 20 GeV and 1 TeV being produced through dark matter annihilation or decay. However, since the measurements are also consistent with astrophysical interpretations, the message is unclear. In this paper, we point out that dark matter can have a more distinct signal in cosmic rays, that of a charge asymmetry. Such charge asymmetry can result if the dark matter's abundance is due to a relic asymmetry, allowing its decay to generate an asymmetry in positrons and electrons. This is analogous to the baryon asymmetry, where decaying neutrons produce electrons and not positrons. We explore benchmark scenarios where the dark matter decays into a leptophilic charged Higgs boson or electroweak gauge bosons. These models have observable signals in gamma rays and neutrinos, which can be tested by Fermi and IceCube. The most powerful test will be at AMS-02, given its ability to distinguish electron and positron charge above 100 GeV. Specifically, an asymmetry favoring positrons typically predicts a larger positron ratio and a harder (softer) high energy spectrum for positrons (electrons) than charge symmetric sources. We end with a brief discussion on how such scenarios differ from the leading astrophysical explanations.
Test of the relationship between sutural ossicles and cultural cranial deformation: results from Hawikuh, New Mexico.

A number of researchers have hypothe- sized that the biomechanical forces associated with cul- tural cranial deformation can influence the formation of sutural ossicles. However, it is still difficult to make de- finitive conclusions about this relationship because the effects appear to be quite weak, and contradictory results have been obtained when specific sutures and deformation types are compared across studies. This research retests the hypothesis using a single archeologi- cal sample of lamdoidally deformed, occipitally deformed, and undeformed crania from Hawikuh, New Mexico (AD 1300-1680). Our results show no significant difference in either the prevalence or number of ossicles between deformed and undeformed crania, suggesting that the abnormal strains generated by cranial shape modifica- tion during infancy are not a factor in ossicle develop- ment for this population. One significant relationship was detected at the right lambdoid suture in crania with asymmetrical occipital deformation. Crania that were more deformed on the left side showed greater numbers of ossicles on the right side, but the effect was small. Furthermore, the relationship may well reflect a sam- pling error, due to the small number of crania with greater left side deformation and scorable right side lambdoid ossicles (n 5 11). Although it is possible that forms of cranial deformation other than the posterior tabular types examined here may affect ossicle expres- sion, our review of the literature suggests that the rela- tionship in humans is complex and incompletely under- stood at this time. Am J Phys Anthropol 139:483-493, 2009. V C 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
THE ESTIMATION OF THE ALUMINA CONTENT OF DIASPORE AND BURLEY CLAY FROM THE SILICA CONTENT1

The formula, % Al2O5= 0.85 ×% SiO2+ 0.85 (100 – 2.15 ×% SiO2) – 5.1, is presented for use in estimating the per cent of All08 of diaspore and burley clays. The silica determination is quick enough and cheap enough to make control testing of carload shipments practicable. The method applies to the lowest-grade burley as well as the highest-grade diaspore. The results of 381 actual analyses are presented showing that the method is accurate to 1% in 65% of the tests and to 2%, in 89% of the tests.