cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Tympanomeatal Blunting on Sound Transfer Function

Objective. (1) To measure the peak-to-peak displacement of the round window membrane (RWM) prior to blunting procedure. (2) To evaluate the impact of blunting the anterior tympanomeatal angle (ATA) on middle ear sound transfer function.Study Design. Basic science study.Setting. Cadaveric temporal bone research laboratory.Subjects and Methods. Six fresh human temporal bones were prepared using a mastoidectomy and facial recess approach. Baseline RWM peak-to-peak displacements were obtained by single-point laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) at 90-dB sound pressure level over a spectrum of 250 to 8000 Hz. Temporalis muscle was harvested and then fashioned into a graft for each temporal bone, mimicking ATA blunting. RWM displacement responses with the blunted ATA were measured using the LDV to judge the impact on middle ear transfer function.Results. For each of the 6 temporal bones, the average displacement decreased across all sound frequencies with the ATA blunting when compared with baseline (no blunting). Ba...
Vortex pairs and dipoles

Point vortices have been extensively studied in vortex dynamics. The generalization to higher singularities, starting with vortex dipoles, is not so well understood.We obtain a family of equations of motion for inviscid vortex dipoles and discuss limitations of the concept. We then investigate viscous vortex dipoles, using two different formulations to obtain their propagation velocity. We also derive an integro-differential for the motion of a viscous vortex dipole parallel to a straight boundary.
The pharmacological treatment options for pediatric migraine: An evidence-based appraisal

The treatment of children and adolescents who suffer from migraine headaches must be individually tailored, flexible, and balanced with a blend of bio-behavioral measures, agents for acute treatment and, if needed, daily preventive medicines. While controlled data is limited, there is now enough evidence available to provide a rational framework to build treatment plans appropriate for the pediatric population. Essentially, the pharmacological management of pediatric migraine divides into agents for the acute attacks and agents used daily to prevent or reduce the frequency of attacks. For the acute treatment, the most rigorously studied agents are ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and the nasal spray forms of sumatriptan and zolmitriptan, all of which have shown both safety and efficacy in controlled trials. For preventive treatment the calcium channel blocker flunarezine has the best efficacy profile in controlled trials, but is not available in the U.S. A growing body of data, mostly uncontrolled, is emerging regarding the use of several anti-epileptic agents (e.g. topiramate, disodium valproate, levateracetam), as well as the antihistamine cyproheptadine and the anti-depressant amitriptyline.
Cation requirements of basal and ATP-regulated dopamine transport in rat pheochromocytoma cells.

Abstract The transport of dopamine into presynaptic nerve terminals is the primary mechanism for the termination of dopaminergic neurotransmission. This transport process has recently been found to be composed of two components, a basal dopamine transport pathway which exists in the absence of extracellular ATP and an ATP-regulated moiety which comprises approximately 66% of the total transport system [ Cao C.J. et al. (1990) Biochem. Pharmac. 39, R9–R14; Cao C.J. et al. (1989) Biochemistry 8, 207–220; Dunigan C.D. and Shamoo A.E. (1995) Neuroscience 65, 1–4; Eshleman A. et al. (1995) Life Sci. 56, 1613–1621]. Using a rat pheochromocytoma cell line and a Krebs bicarbonate buffering system, the present study examined the effect of several cations on both basal and ATP-regulated dopamine transport. In the absence of extracellular ATP, dopamine transport had an absolute dependence on the presence of Na + , but exhibited no requirement for Mg 2+ . Kinetically, the addition of 120 mM NaCl increased the V max of basal dopamine transport by approximately 150%. In contrast, the ATP-regulated dopamine transport pathway displayed a different sensitivity to Na + and was completely dependent upon the presence of Mg 2+ . The addition of 1.2 mM MgSO 4 increased the V max of transport in the presence of 0.7 mM extracellular ATP by 222%. Both basal and ATP-regulated transport were unaffected by the removal of either Ca 2+ or K + from the assay buffer. When the effects of ouabain, a potent inhibitor of Na + , K + -ATPase, were tested in the rat pheochromocytoma cell model, it was found that concentrations of ouabain as high as 1 mM were ineffective at inhibiting either the basal or ATP-regulated dopamine transport components. These results imply that the Na + gradient supplied by Na + , K + -ATPase is not the sole provider of energy needed to drive either transport process. The ionic requirements of the basal and ATP-regulated dopamine transport pathways demonstrate the distinction between the two transport processes. In addition, the ionic dependency profile of the ATP-regulated moiety has provided some mechanistic insights into ATP-regulated catecholamine uptake, as the absolute Mg 2+ requirement and the ineffectiveness of Ca 2+ argues against the involvement of either purinergic receptors or a Ca 2+ -dependent, Mg 2+ -independent ectokinase in the ATP-regulated transport system. Copyright © 1996 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Identification and visualization of CD8+ T cell mediated IFN-γ signaling in target cells during an antiviral immune response in the brain.

CD8+ T cells infiltrate the brain during an anti-viral immune response. Within the brain CD8+ T cells recognize cells expressing target antigens, become activated, and secrete IFNγ. However, there are no methods to recognize individual cells that respond to IFNγ. Using a model that studies the effects of the systemic anti-adenoviral immune response upon brain cells infected with an adenoviral vector in mice, we describe a method that identifies individual cells that respond to IFNγ. To identify individual mouse brain cells that respond to IFNγ we constructed a series of adenoviral vectors that contain a transcriptional response element that is selectively activated by IFNγ signaling, the gamma-activated site (GAS) promoter element; the GAS element drives expression of a transgene, Cre recombinase (Ad-GAS-Cre). Upon binding of IFNγ to its receptor, the intracellular signaling cascade activates the GAS promoter, which drives expression of the transgene Cre recombinase. We demonstrate that upon activation of a systemic immune response against adenovirus, CD8+ T cells infiltrate the brain, interact with target cells, and cause an increase in the number of cells expressing Cre recombinase. This method can be used to identify, study, and eventually determine the long term fate of infected brain cells that are specifically targeted by IFNγ. The significance of this method is that it will allow to characterize the networks in the brain that respond to the specific secretion of IFNγ by anti-viral CD8+ T cells that infiltrate the brain. This will allow novel insights into the cellular and molecular responses underlying brain immune responses.
Endophthalmitis caused by streptococcus pneumoniae

Abstract Purpose To investigate clinical settings, management strategies, antibiotic sensitivities, and visual acuity outcomes of endophthalmitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae . Design Retrospective, observational case series. Methods Records were reviewed of all patients with culture-positive endophthalmitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae treated at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute between January 1, 1989 and December 31, 2003. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Visual acuity and antibiotic sensitivities. Results Twenty-seven eyes of 27 patients met study inclusion criteria. The median follow-up was 7 months (range, 3 months to 10 years). Clinical settings included acute postoperative (10 eyes), corneal stitch abscess (5), corneal ulcer (3), bleb-associated (4), post-trauma (3), and endogenous (2). Eighteen cases (67%) were acute-onset (less than 3 weeks from event), with a median interval between event and presentation of endophthalmitis of 5 days (range, 1 day to 16 days). Nine cases (33%) were delayed-onset (median, 27 months; range, 3 to 121 months). Initial visual acuity was hand motions or better in 11 cases (41%). Initial therapeutic procedures included vitreous tap and injection of intravitreal antibiotics in 15 eyes (56%), pars plana vitrectomy and injection of intravitreal antibiotics in 10 eyes (37%), and evisceration in 2 eyes (7%). Seventeen (68%) of 25 eyes received intravitreal dexamethasone. Twelve patients (48%) received additional doses of intraocular antibiotics, and 11patients (44%) underwent secondary surgical intervention within one week of diagnosis. The Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates showed sensitivity patterns as follows: 27/27 vancomycin, 13/13 clindamycin, 6/6 cefazolin, 11/11 ciprofloxacin, 14/14 moxifloxacin, 24/26 (92%) ofloxacin, 12/14 (86%) levofloxacin, 13/14 (93%) gatifloxacin, and 1/13 (8%) gentamicin. The organism was sensitive to at least one antibiotic administered initially in all cases. Final visual acuity was 20/400 or better in 8/27 (30%) cases, but 10 eyes (37%) had a final vision of no light perception. Conclusion Despite prompt treatment with appropriate antibiotics, endophthalmitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae is associated with a poor visual prognosis.
AGRICULTURAL POLICY AT THE CROSSROADS—AGAIN

American agriculture is suffering from severe structural adjustments and from its worst financial depression since landmark price and income policies were legislated more than half a century ago. As much as one-third of the $220 billion in agricultural debt is now delinquent, nonaccrual, or subject to renegotiation. Land values have fallen precipitously in the past few years. Farm foreclosures are near 1930 Depression levels. The congressional debate over programs that could determine the course of U.S. agriculture for the remainder of the century began in the summer of 1985.
Marked hypertriglyceridemia in a woman receiving metoprolol succinate

β-blockers are commonly used therapies after acute myocardial infarction and in the management of congestive heart failure and hypertension. We report a case of a middle-aged woman with a history of mild hypertension who was placed on metoprolol succinate. Before initiation of the β-blocker, her triglyceride level was in the borderline-high range (150-199 mg/dL). On treatment, her triglyceride levels exceeded 1000 mg/dL. She developed fatigue and mild abdominal discomfort but without biochemical evidence of pancreatitis. After discontinuation of metoprolol succinate, her triglyceride levels receded. This case illustrates an uncommon side effect with a very commonly used therapy in clinical practice. Clinicians should closely evaluate medications and/or other therapies in patients presenting with new-onset hypertriglyceridemia especially when levels are sufficiently elevated to pose increased risk of pancreatitis.
Photochemical synthesis of aldehydes in the solid phase.

A substituted anthraquinone (AQ), previously shown to photochemically generate benzaldehyde in methanol solution, was attached to a commercially available resin via an 11 carbon tether and an amide bond. Photolysis of the polymer-bound AQ with visible or 350 nm UV light resulted in the formation of benzaldehyde in yields of 50−55% as determined by HPLC. The phenolic positions in the polymer were then alkylated using benzyl bromide and 1-iodo-3-(4-nitrophenyl)propane in a coupling reaction with K2CO3 as a base and a solution-phase proton shuttle. Photolysis of these alkylated polymers resulted in the formation of benzaldehyde (54−89%) and 3-(4-nitrophenyl)-propanal (58−67%). The yields of both aldehydes dropped considerably with subsequent realkylation and photolysis, and the polymer beads began to show signs of deterioration. This is the first time that aldehydes have been made photochemically on a solid-supported phase.
On the Limits of Manual Control

Theoretical predictions and experimental data for the limits of manual control of unstable oscillatory second-order controlled elements are presented. At the limits of manual control, amplitude distributions of the system error and operator output were nearly Gaussian. The quasi-linear describing function model of the human operator implied from analysis of the experimental measurements indicates that the operator was capable of generating equalization equivalent to a double lead and that, for certain controlled elements, he adopted a response behavior analogous to quasiprecognitive tracking with a compensatory display.
A generalization of A. Connes' trace formula

Abstract A new Bessel type function is found for each field of p-adic numbers, which has remarkable properties. By using this Bessel function, a Hankel type transformation is defined for every field of p-adic numbers. It is the analogue of the classical Hankel transformation of order zero (Li, 2007 [8] ). A global Hankel transformation is defined on the adele group. It is closely related to the Euler product formula of the Riemann zeta function. Local and S-local trace formulas are obtained for the Hankel transformation. They are generalizations of A. Connes' corresponding trace formulas in Connes (1999) [5] .
Metabolic profiles of penaeid shrimp: dietary lipids and ovarian maturation.

Abstract The major impediment to the culture of penaeid shrimp in captivity in the United States has been an inability to obtain ovarian maturation and spawning. Lipid profiles of tissues (gonads, hepatopancreas, and tail muscle) of Penaeus setiferus caught at sea have shown that cholesterol is the dominant sterol and that polyunsaturated fatty acids known to be essential in man comprise a significant portion of the fatty acid fraction. A proprietary marine ration contains cholesterol, but is devoid of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Ovarian maturation and spawning were obtained when the shrimp diet was supplemented with an annelid rich in lipids containing these compounds. The biochemical significance of these findings is discussed.
A stain with catechol.

Summary When catechol, the simplest o-dihydroxy aromatic compound, is oxidized in the presence of potassium alum, there results a solution which stains very similarly to an alum hematoxylin.
Representations of self in women sexually abused in childhood

OBJECTIVE: This exploratory study examined the self representations of 27 women sexually abused in childhood and their association with symptomatology. METHOD: Twenty-seven self-identified female survivors of childhood sexual abuse completed the Trauma Symptom Checklist-40, Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and a measure designed to elicit subjects' self-generated descriptors of selves. RESULTS: Discrepancies in views of current self when compared to ideal or future selves were positively correlated with all symptom measures. Discrepancies in representations of current self compared to views of who they were when they were with their perpetrator were negatively correlated with trait anxiety. Self integration, as defined in this study, was negatively correlated with symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that cognitive representations of self are an important indicator of adjustment in survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Language: en
Tumor stroma derived biomarkers in cancer

In recent years the importance of the tumor stroma for the development, promotion and invasion of cancer is becoming increasingly clear. Besides a malignantly transformed cancer cell, tumors also contains many other cell types, including endothelial cells, fibroblasts and cells of the immune system. These cells together with the cancer cells produce the sum extracellular matrix (ECM) of the tumor. The ECM and the non-malignant cells of the tumor are defined as the "tumor stroma". Just as the malignant cell itself can be the source of substances that can be used as biomarkers of cancer, the tumor stroma contains factors that potentially can be used as biomarkers when treating patients with cancer. In this review we will discuss the role of the tumor stroma as a source of new cancer biomarkers. This concept highlights a novel view of cancer and treats them as organized organs. Additionally, this further stresses the importance of including factors related to the tumor stroma into the diagnostic and therapeutic equation of cancer.
Untangling complex morphological variation: taxonomic revision of the subgenus Crematogaster (Oxygyne) in Madagascar, with insight into the evolution and biogeography of this enigmatic ant clade (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

The subgenus Crematogaster (Oxygyne) shows an Old World distribution and comprises a group of ants with specialised queen morphology suggestive of temporary social parasitism. This study investigated species hypotheses for Oxygyne species in Madagascar by integrating morphology and mitochondrial and nuclear sequences in an iterative taxonomic approach. Phylogenetic analyses (mrbayes and raxml) of one mitochondrial gene (cytochrome oxidase I) and analysis of population genetic structure (structure) based on three nuclear markers (long wavelength rhodopsin, arginine kinase, carbomoyl phosphate synthase) yielded a contrast between complex morphological variation and genetic data in six previously described species and subspecies. Thus, the taxonomy of the Malagasy Oxygyne is revised and three species are recognised: Crematogaster ranavalonae Forel, C. agnetis Forel and C. marthae Forel. The previously described C. ranavalonae pepo Forel, C. ranavalonae paulinae Forel, C. emmae Forel, C. emmae laticeps Forel, C. inops Forel and C. descarpentriesi Santschi are synonymised under C. ranavalonae, a species that is morphologically highly variable and shows exceptional polymorphism in the queen caste. Species descriptions and identification keys based on worker and queen ants are provided. A taxonomic synopsis, updated species list and morphological diagnosis of the entire subgenus Oxygyne is presented, and the subgenus Nematocrema is hereby synonymised under Oxygyne. Phylogenetic estimations (mrbayes, raxml, *beast) explore relationships between Malagasy and four other African and Asian taxa within Oxygyne and are based on both mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA sequences. The monophyly of the subgenus Oxygyne is strongly supported and the Malagasy Oxygyne form a clade that is sister to a clade of both African and an Asian taxa. Social parasitism is discussed as the cause for complex morphological variation in queens of C. ranavalonae, and phylogenetic results lead to the hypothesis of a single origin of this highly specialised queen caste in Crematogaster in the Old World. These findings highlight the need for field studies to explore the temporary parasitic behaviour and host–parasite relationships in these enigmatic ants, and to increase phylogenetic sampling to further investigate the evolution of this intriguing trait.
Large Heat Capacity Change in a Protein−Monovalent Cation Interaction†

Current views about protein−ligand interactions state that electrostatic forces drive the binding of charged species and that burial of hydrophobic and polar surfaces controls the heat capacity change associated with the reaction. For the interaction of a protein with a monovalent cation the electrostatic components are expected to be significant due to the ionic nature of the ligand, whereas the heat capacity change is expected to be small due to the size of the surface area involved in the recognition event. The physiologically important interaction of Na+ with thrombin was studied over the temperature range from 5 to 45 °C and the ionic strength range from 50 to 800 mM. These measurements reveal an unanticipated result that bears quite generally on studies of molecular recognition and protein folding. Binding of Na+ to thrombin is characterized by a modest dependence on ionic strength but a large and negative heat capacity change of −1.1 ± 0.1 kcal mol-1 K-1. The small electrostatic coupling can be exp...
Off-the-Shelf Portable Data Acquisition: Interfacing a Serial-Port-Equipped Multimeter

Inexpensive (<$150) battery-operated digital multimeters with built-in serial ports are now available from a number of suppliers and can, in principle, be interfaced to any microcomputer or personal digital assistant (PDA) that has a serial port.
Biomedical Equipment Technicians-The Need and a Solution.

(1971). Biomedical Equipment Technicians—The Need and a Solution. Hospital Topics: Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 29-33.
Correlated Angular and Quantum State-Resolved CO2 Scattering Dynamics at the Gas−Liquid Interface

Molecular beam scattering dynamics at the gas−liquid interface are investigated for CO2 (Einc = 10.6(8) kcal/mol) impinging on liquid perfluoropolyether (PFPE), with quantum state (v, J) populations measured as a function of incident (θinc) and final (θscat) scattering angles. The internal state distributions are well-characterized for both normal and grazing incident angles by a two-component Boltzmann model for trapping desorption (TD) and impulsive scattering (IS) at rotational temperatures Trot(TD/IS), where the fractional TD probability for CO2 on the perfluorinated surface is denoted by TD and IS densities (ρ) as α = ρTD/(ρTD + ρIS). On the basis of an assumed cos(θscat) scattering behavior for the TD flux component, the angular dependence of the IS flux at normal incidence (θinc = 0°) is surprisingly well-modeled by a simple cosn(θscat) distribution with n = 1.0 ± 0.2, while glancing incident angles (θinc = 30°, 45°, and 60°) result in lobular angular IS distributions scattered preferentially in th...
Influence of Cation-Anion Balance on Feed Intake, Body Weight Gain, and Humoral Response of Dairy Calves

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the influence of diets with varying cation-anion balance on performance and humoral responses in young, growing dairy calves, Twenty-eight Holstein and 4 Jersey female calves were blocked at 56 to 70 d after birth according to breed and age and assigned randomly to dietary treatments of 0, 21, 37, and 52 meq(Na + K) − Cl/100g of dietary DM. Diets were based on cracked corn, dried brewers grains, and oats and were fed for 8 wk. Feed intake and average daily gain tended to increase quadratically, being highest for calves fed the +37-meq diet and lowest for those fed the 0-meq diet. Blood and urine pH increased linearly with increasing dietary cation-anion balance. Plasma Ca increased linearly, and Mg and Cl decreased linearly with increasing cation-anion balance. Plasma Na and P were unaffected by dietary treatments. Urinary Ca, Mg, and Cl excretions decreased linearly; urinary P, Na, and K excretion increased linearly with increasing dietary cation-anion balance. Blood pH increased linearly with increasing dietary cation-anion balance. Blood partial pressure of CO 2 , and HCO 3 increased concurrently with increasing dietary cation-anion balance. Results indicate that altering cation-anion balance may impact DMI and average daily gain in the young ruminant.
The MSATT workshop on chemical weathering on Mars

The topics covered with respect to chemical weathering on Mars include the following: Mars soil, mineralogy, spectroscopic analysis, clays, silicates, oxidation, iron oxides, water, chemical reactions, geochemistry, minerals, Mars atmosphere, atmospheric chemistry, salts, planetary evolution, volcanology, Mars volcanoes, regolith, surface reactions, Mars soil analogs, carbonates, meteorites, and reactivity.
Phytosterols and polyphenols in reciprocally grafted tobacco—tomato plants

Abstract Intact and reciprocally grafted tobacco and tomato plants were studied to examine their roles as scions and stocks in the formation, composition, and total amount of 3-β-hydroxysterol and polyphenols. Intact tobacco plants have a higher phytosterol content than do tomato plants. Tobacco leaves from the Tob/Tom grafted plants contained much less phytosterol than leaves from intact tobacco plants. The distribution of four major sterols, however, did not vary significantly. The concentration of total polyphenols in intact tobacco and tomato was about the same, but tobacco was high in chlorogenic acid, and tomato was high in rutin. Tobacco leaves from Tob/Tom grafted plants showed only a slight decrease in total polyphenol concentration compared with intact tobacco. Tomato roots appeared to contribute to the increased total polyphenol per plant in either intact tomato or in Tob/Tom grafted plants, despite the fact that no polyphenolic compounds were detected in the tomato root itself. Grafting may provide a limited technique for reducing the phytosterol concentration of tobacco leaves.
Cationic antimicrobial peptides serve as activation signals for the Salmonella Typhimurium PhoPQ and PmrAB regulons in vitro and in vivo

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium uses two-component regulatory systems (TCRSs) to respond to environmental stimuli. Upon infection, the TCRSs PhoP-PhoQ (PhoPQ) and PmrA-PmrB (PmrAB) are activated by environmental signals detected in the lumen of the intestine and within host cells. TCRS-mediated gene expression leads to upregulation of genes involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) modification and cationic antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) resistance. This research expands on previous studies which have shown that CAMPs can activate Salmonella TCRSs in vitro. The focus of this work was to determine if CAMPs can act as environmental signals for PhoPQ- and PmrAB-mediated gene expression in vitro, during infection of macrophages and in a mouse model of infection. Monitoring of PhoPQ and PmrAB activation using RIVET, alkaline phosphtase and β-galactosidase reporter fusion constructs demonstrated that S. Typhimurium PhoQ can sense CAMPs in vitro. In mouse macrophages, the cathelecidin CRAMP does not activate the PhoPQ regulon. Acidification of the Salmonella-containing vacuole activates PhoP- and PmrA-regulated loci but blocking acidification still does not reveal a role for CRAMP in TCRS activation in mouse macrophages. However, assays performed in susceptible wild type (WT), CRAMP knockout (KO) and matrilysin (a metalloproteinase necessary for activating murine α-defensins) KO mice suggest CRAMP, but not α-defensins, serve as a putative direct TCRS activation signal in the mouse intestine. These studies provide a better understanding of the in vivo environments that result in activation of these virulence-associated TCRSs.
An Empirical Database for a General Equilibrium Model of the European Communities

We document the main features of a database that has been constructed for use in an applied general equilibrium model. The model is designed to evaluate policies of the European Community (EC), including membership. The database includes each of the major members of the EC in the 1970’s: Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, the United Kingdom, Denmark and Ireland. It also includes three further trading regions: the United States, Japan and a residual Rest of World. Four aspects of our database are documented. The first is the collection and use of “raw data” from a number of sources for 1975. The second aspect is the generation of a multi-year database, with 1975 serving as a “reference year” for temporal updates to more recent years. The third aspect is the application of the database to the calibration of a “generic” general-equilibrium trade model. The final aspect is the use of the database to study the historical accession of the United Kingdom to the EC.
A digitally encoded voice encryption system

A highly secure voice encryption system is described. Digitized voice is combined with a pseudo random bit stream resulting in a third bit stream not related to original information. The design of hardware allows all necessary circuitry to be installed in hand-held portable radios, mobile, base station and repeaters.
Vibrational projection analysis: New tool for quantitatively comparing vibrational normal modes of similar molecules

A new method for quantitatively comparing calculated vibrational modes is described that relies on projecting the vectors describing the normal modes of one molecule onto those of a basis molecule. The procedure virtually automates the assignment of vibrational modes from one molecule to a second, structurally similar one. We illustrate the concept by using the classical Wilson modes of benzene as a basis for describing normal modes of the monosubstituted benzene derivatives phenol, phenol-d5, and phenol radical cation. These examples demonstrate the method's power for accurately assigning and comparing the normal modes of molecules perturbed by chemical substitution, isotopic substitution, or oxidation state. The vibrational projection analysis method—a special case of vector projection analysis—is compared and contrasted with total energy distribution analysis, perhaps the most commonly used technique for quantitatively comparing vibrational modes, and is found superior in each case when comparing normal modes. Vibrational projection analysis need not be limited to single molecules and quantum calculations, because normal modes may be obtained for much larger systems using molecular mechanics or molecular dynamics techniques. The method should therefore prove useful for interpreting the normal modes of ordered periodic solids and structures perturbed by noncovalent contacts, including proteins and polymers. The method may also prove useful in evaluating new computational methods by allowing direct, quantitative comparison of the vibrational modes obtained from different techniques. The power of this technique will make vibrational projection analysis a valuable tool for computational chemists as well as those using calculations to complement vibrational spectroscopic measurements. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 19: 1663–1674, 1998
Histidine Decarboxylase Activity in Fetal Intrauterine Growth-retarded Rats

Extract: Fetal intrauterine growth retardation was induced in nine rats at 17 days' gestation by ligating the blood supply to one of the uterine horns. The 27 fetuses from the uterine vessel ligated side were the intrauterine growth retarded fetuses (IUGR) and the 37 fetuses from the nonligated side were controls. The mean weight of the IUGR fetuses was 3.4 ± 0.3 g which was significantly smaller (P < 0.005) than the mean weight of the control fetuses, 4.0 ± 0.3 g. Whole body histidine decarboxylase (HDC) activity was assayed by a radioisotope method. The HDC activity per g tissue was not correlated to body weight in the control fetuses. This is in contrast to the IUGR fetuses in which the HDC per g tissue was significantly and inversely related to body weight (r − 0.48, P < 0.001). Speculation: Increased histidine decarboxylase activity and histamine formation are generally associated with increased growth. Fetal rat intrauterine growth retardation was correlated with increased HDC activity. This suggests that the growth-retarded fetuses were attempting to maintain growth by increasing HDC activity and histamine formation.
The production of excited molecular species by electron impact in high temperature nonequilibrium air

Low-energy electron-impact excitation cross sections of N2 and CO are calculated using the Schwinger multichannel formulation, and calculations are extended to the important threshold region where experimental measurement becomes difficult. Cross sections are used to determine the excitation rate coefficients for the production of the important radiative states of N2 at a variety of electronic, rotational, and vibrational temperatures. Excitation of these states requires at least 6.2 eV, and the rate coefficients increase with the electronic temperature. The dependence on the vibrational temperature is mainly determined by the shape of the potential function for the vibrational motion. A strong resonance feature near threshold is found for the excitation of CO, in agreement with previous measurements.
Long-term change and stability in the California Current System: lessons from CalCOFI and other long-term data sets

Abstract The California Current System (CCS) is a highly variable system, both spatially and temporally, that is strongly affected by low-frequency climatic fluctuations. This paper reviews evidence for long-term (decadal-scale) change in the physics and biology of the CCS over the last 50–100 years, as well as evidence for stability in planktonic community structure and long-term persistence of populations. Increases in water temperature, thermocline depth and stratification in the CCS have been accompanied by changes in populations of kelp, diatoms, foraminifera, radiolarians, intertidal invertebrates, zooplankton, fish and seabirds. However, there is also evidence for stability in assemblages of larval fish, calanoid copepods and radiolarians. Statistical averaging (the portfolio effect) may explain some aspects of stability in assemblages. Advection of planktonic populations may account for rapid recovery of biomass and dominance structure following perturbations such as strong El Nino events. Planktonic populations in the CCS may be adapted to large-scale biotic and abiotic variability, through a combination of advection of populations and life history traits. Several lessons may be learned from the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations and other long-term data sets: (1) long time series are needed to understand the dynamics of the ecosystem; (2) life histories are important determinants of species responses to environmental forcing, even in the plankton; and (3) the CCS is simultaneously variable and stable, and these properties are not necessarily in conflict.
Liquid Consumption of Wetted Wall Bioaerosol Sampling Cyclones: Characterization and Control

Advances in microfluidic, lab on chip, and other near-real-time biological identification technologies have driven the desire to concentrate bioaerosols into hydrosol sample volumes on the order of tens of microliters (μL). However, typical wet biological aerosol collector outputs are an order or two of magnitude above this goal. The ultimate success of bioaerosol collectors and biological identifiers requires an effective coupling at the macro-to-micro interface. Liquid collection performance was studied experimentally for a family of dynamically scaled wetted wall bioaerosol sampling cyclones (WWC's). Steady-state liquid collection rates and system response times were measured for a range of environmental conditions (temperatures from 10°C to 50°C and relative humidities from 10% to 90%), liquid input rates, and WWC airflow configurations. A critical liquid input rate parameter was discovered that collapsed all experimental data to self-similar empirical performance correlations. A system algorithm was ...
Nucleus Ambiguus Cholinergic Neurons Activated by Acupuncture: Relation to Enkephalin

Acupuncture regulates autonomic function. Our previous studies have shown that electroacupuncture (EA) at the Jianshi-Neiguan acupoints (P5-P6, underlying the median nerve) inhibits central sympathetic outflow and attenuates excitatory cardiovascular reflexes, in part, through an opioid mechanism. It is unknown if EA at these acupoints influences the parasympathetic system. Thus, using c-Fos expression, we examined activation of nucleus ambiguus (NAmb) neurons by EA, their relation to cholinergic (preganglionic parasympathetic) neurons and those containing enkephalin. To enhance detection of cell bodies containing enkephalin, colchicine (90-100 μg/kg) was administered into the subarachnoid space of cats 30 h prior to EA or sham-operated controls for EA. Following bilateral barodenervation and cervical vagotomy, either EA for 30 min at P5-P6 acupoints or control stimulation (needle placement at P5-P6 without stimulation) was applied. While perikarya containing enkephalin were observed in some medullary nuclei (e.g., raphe), only enkephalin-containing neuronal processes were found in the NAmb. Compared to controls (n=4), more c-Fos immunoreactivity, located principally in close proximity to fibers containing enkephalin was noted in the NAmb of EA-treated cats (n=5; P<0.01). Moreover, neurons double-labeled with c-Fos and choline acetyltransferase in the NAmb were identified in EA-treated, but not control animals. These data demonstrate for the first time that EA activates preganglionic parasympathetic neurons in the NAmb. Because of their close proximity, these EA-activated neurons likely interact with nerve fibers containing enkephalin. These results suggest that EA at the P5-P6 acupoints has the potential to influence parasympathetic outflow and cardiovascular function, likely through an enkephalinergic mechanism.
Causes of Differences in Butterfat Production of Cows in Iowa Cow Testing Associations

Summary The importance of different sources of variance is summarized in Table 4. Practically all of the 2 per cent due to breed was found among the purebred cows, the grades showing very little breed difference. Differences between cows (26 per cent) are mostly hereditary, but include the effects of any permanent change taking place in the cow before she starts giving milk and the effects of continually giving one cow better or poorer feeding and management than her herd mates. Variation in butterfat production among these cows seems to have been determined about one third by differences in their heredity. The major source of uncertainty in this estimate is the question of what part heredity plays in the 21 per cent of the variance arising from herd differences not connected with recorded feeding practices. The large amount (28 per cent) of unexplained variance indicates the considerable discrepancies still to be expected between a cow's record and her real producing ability, even after careful corrections have been made for age, feeding, dry period, calving season and the general level of the herd in which she is kept.
Isotopy invariants of topological spaces

A few decades ago, topologists had already emphasized the difference between homotopy and isotopy. However, recent developments in algebraic topology are almost exclusively on the side of homotopy. Since a complete system of homotopy invariants has been obtained by Postnikov, it seems that hereafter we should pay more attention to isotopy invariants and new efforts should be made to attack the classical problems. The purpose of this paper is to introduce and study new algebraic isotopy invariants of spaces. A general method of constructing these invariants is given by means of a class of functors called isotopy functors. Special isotopy functors are constructed in this paper, namely, the m th residual functor R m and the m th. enveloping functor E m . Applications of these isotopy invariants to linear graphs are given in the last two sections. It turns out that these invariants can distinguish various spaces belonging to the same homotopy type.
Modelling service vessel activity in the Outer Continental Shelf Gulf of Mexico

Supply vessels transport goods and provide services to support oil and gas exploration, development and production activity throughout the world's offshore basins. The Outer Continental Shelf of the Gulf of Mexico is one of the oldest and largest offshore hydrocarbon producing regions in the world and is supported by an extensive offshore industry. The purpose of this paper is to model the activity level and spatial distribution of supply vessels operating in the Gulf's coastal regions in support of the oil and gas industry. The logistics network is modelled as a linear time-invariant deterministic system and implemented using an input–output model across 19 shorebases and 52 offshore area blocks. Historic activity levels and empirical data on vessel utilisation and shorebase allocation are used to parameterise the model. We estimate that about 80,000 trips per year are required to support the offshore industry with approximately 80% of trips in support of shallow water operations and 60% for production a...
Climate-Driven Range Expansion and Morphological Evolution in a Marine Gastropod

Little is known about the phenotypic consequences of global climate change, despite the excellent Pleistocene fossil record of many taxa. We used morphological measurements from extant and Pleistocene populations of a marine gastropod (Acanthinucella spirata) in conjunction with mitochondrial DNA sequence variation from living populations to determine how populations responded phenotypically to Pleistocene climatic changes. Northern populations show little sequence variation as compared to southern populations, a pattern consistent with a recent northward range expansion. These recently recolonized northern populations also contain shell morphologies that are absent in extant southern populations and throughout the Pleistocene fossil record. Thus, contrary to traditional expectations that morphological evolution should occur largely within Pleistocene refugia, our data show that geographical range shifts in response to climatic change can lead to significant morphological evolution.
Modulo scheduling for the TMS320C6x VLIW DSP architecture

Digital Signal Processing (DSP) architectures are specialized for high performance numerical algorithms such as those found in communication and multimedia applications. The development of efficient compilers for DSP processors is a growing research area. The Texas Instruments TMS320C6x (C6x) is a Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) DSP architecture capable of issuing eight operations in parallel. In this paper, we present the results of implementing a software pipelining algorithm for the C6x. We provide a description of the C6x and detail the architectural features that impact software pipelining such as a moderately sized register file, constraints on code size, homogeneous resources, and multiple assignment code. We discuss how we adapted modulo scheduling to implement software pipelining for the C6x. Finally, we present the results of modulo scheduling a set of 40 loop kernel benchmarks and measure the algorithm in terms of schedule quality and algorithm complexity.
Toward a Grammar of Sacrifice: Hierarchic Patterns in the Israelite Sacrificial System

The idea that ritual systems are governed by “grammars” analogous to those of natural languages has been pursued in recent anthropological studies, yet no single comprehensive “grammar” of any ritual system has yet been composed. The present work, which focuses on a particular “grammatical” property operative in biblical sacrificial texts, constitutes part of a larger endeavor to demonstrate that the composition of a ritual “grammar” is possible. It is commonly held that terms designating sacrificial types such as [inline-graphic 01],[inline-graphic 02], and [inline-graphic 03] are mutually exclusive—that is, that an individual animal cannot function as more than one sacrifice at the same time. However, a careful analysis of several biblical and postbiblical passages reveals that a single animal can in fact be offered as one type of sacrifice with regard to the procedure of ritual acts and as another type in a sense pertaining to the ritual’s desired effect. More generally, sacrificial elements fit into branching schemes whose nodes are labeled as different sacrificial types. Rules governing these schemes are formalized through the close examination of biblical and postbiblical passages. Recognition of this hierarchic property may assist in solving a number of long-standing cruxes in biblical sacrificial passages; since the phenomenon extends to postbiblical texts as well, it may also provide a better understanding of the Israelite sacrificial system in general. Additionally, postulating such hierarchic rules contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between formal structure and “meaning” in sacrificial rituals.
Susan Kent and the Relevance of Anthropological Archaeology

One of Susan Kent's greatest legacies was her commitment to make archaeologists and their field relevant to the modern world. This chapter briefly examines the importance of a discipline that is concerned as much with the present and the future as it is with the past and examines the role Susan Kent's work played in advancing such a vision.
Land‐surface–atmosphere interactions associated with deep convection in Illinois

Geostationary operational environmental satellite (GOES East) imagery are used to investigate a possible spatial clustering of free convective cloud masses along land-cover-type boundaries in the state of Illinois on days with weak synoptic-scale flow. Soil moisture data and a surface cover-type classification system are employed to identify likely cloud formation zones (as a function of non-classical mesoscale circulations (NCMCs)) forced by heterogeneous surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat. The emphasis of this research is on documenting the existence of convective cloud clusters and determining locations where they would be expected to occur if land-surface–atmosphere forcing were involved. This research shows that a statistically significant spatial clustering of free convective cloud masses does exist, and that these clusters occur along land-cover-type and soil-order boundaries. The three most conspicuous locations for both the initiation and vertical enhancement of convective clouds are along: (i) the agricultural and mixed forest–agricultural boundary that extends west–east from near St. Louis, Missouri, to Terre Haute, Indiana; (ii) along the urban/suburban Chicago metropolitan area and agricultural boundary in northeast Illinois; and (iii) along the agricultural and agricultural–mixed forest boundary along the Illinois River in east-central Illinois. It is also apparent from composite rawinsonde soundings that a majority of free convective cloud masses develop along land-cover-type boundaries on weak synoptic-scale flow days when planetary boundary layer moisture levels are large. This provides further support for the proposal that non-classical mesoscale circulations (NCMCs) provide the mass convergence necessary to force moist air parcels to the level of free convection along land-cover-type boundaries. These results also suggest that human-modification of the Earth'rsquo;s surface may play a significant role in local-scale climate change. © 1998 Royal Meteorological Society
The effects of drug administration to the lateral hypothalamus: Neurochemical coding or nonspecificity?

Adrenergic and cholinergic drugs were utilized to investigate receptor specificity in the lateral hypothalamic feeding and drinking systems. Natural hunger was not effectively reduced by adrenergic antagonism. Cholingergic agents elicited and blocked eating responses under different conditions. These results are interpreted as a lack of specificity and are discussed in terms of such a model.
Applications Of Plasma Display Panels In Military C 3 I Systems Environments

This paper discusses some systems applications of plasma panel displays in military command, control, communication and intelligence (C3I) systems. The potential lethality and rapid pace of warfare on the modern battlefield make positive command and control of our armed forces more critical than ever. This gives rise to the need for highly mobile, user-friendly, automatic data processing systems which are able to survive extreme environments. The user is relatively unsophisticated, is unfamiliar with computer programing and is required to both operate the system and provide maintenance under highly stressful conditions. The plasma display, used in conjunction with a state-of-the-art micro-processor-based automatic data processing system, has a number of characteristics which make it particularly suitable as a man-machine interface to be used in tactical C3I equip-ment in the modern Army. A number of factors must be taken into consideration in the design of plasma displays so that they will be able not only to withstand the severe tactical environment to which they are exposed, but also to provide a user-friendly interface. Specific examples of tactical operational Army systems utilizing plasma displays of various sizes are discussed.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.