cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computational fluid dynamics evaluation of posterior septectomy as a viable treatment option for large septal perforations.

Background Numerous surgical techniques exist to treat nasal septal perforation (NSP). The surgical closure of large NSPs (>2 cm) is still challenging. Posterior septectomy has been reported as a simple alternative to treat large NSP, yet its mechanisms for symptom relief are not clear, and if failed, its consequence cannot be easily reversed. Methods Ten NSP patients were recruited: 5 underwent posterior septectomy and 5 underwent conventional flap or button repair. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulated the nasal aerodynamics based on computed tomography (CT) scans. All patients had preoperative CT; however, only 4 had postoperative CT: 2 underwent posterior septectomy and the other 2 underwent flap repair. We examined surgical outcomes and the nasal airflow features among the 2 treatment options. Results Both groups of patients had good outcomes based on chart review. Patients undergoing septectomy had significantly larger perforation size (2.32 ± 0.87 vs 1.21 ± 0.60 cm), higher flow rate across the perforation (47.8 ± 28.6 vs 18.3 ± 12.2 mL/second), and higher wall shear stress (WSS) along the posterior perforation margin (1.39 ± 0.52 vs 1.15 ± 0.58 Pa). The posterior WSS significantly correlated with crossover flow velocity (r = 0.77, p = 0.009) and was reduced by almost 67% postseptectomy, and by 29% postrepair. Conclusion This is the first CFD analysis on an NSP patient cohort. NSP resulted in flow disturbance and increased WSS that potentially led to symptomatology. The removal of high stress points along the posterior margin may explain why posterior septectomy can be an effective treatment option. Aerodynamic abnormalities, in addition to perforation size and location, could serve as basis for future treatment decisions.
Improving the Conduct of Students with Behavioral Disorders by Incorporating Student Interests into Curricular Activities

This investigation explored the effects of individualized, curricular accommodations that were developed to reduce the problem behaviors of four students who exhibited behavioral challenges. First,...
Fake accounts, real activism: Political faking and user-generated satire as activist intervention:

In this article, I explore user-generated political satire in Italy by focusing on fake political accounts. By fake accounts, I refer to humorous social media accounts that satirize a politician or...
Studies with Antigens: XI. The Significance of Scratch Test Reactions to Purified Extracts of Ragweed Pollens

Non-irritant concentrations of ragweed pollen extracts are those which produce significantly fewer positive skin reactions in control cases than in patients whose symptoms are attributable to ragweed pollen. Positive reactions produced by such extracts are presumptive evidence of sensitization to ragweed pollens (1, 2). The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the significance of scratch test reactions produced by extracts of short and giant ragweed pollens purified according to our technic (3).
Subcutaneous cefazolin to reduce surgical site infections in a porcine model.

Abstract Background Surgical site infections (SSIs) pose a significant health and financial burden. A key aspect of appropriate prophylaxis is the administration of antibiotics intravenously (IV). However, subcutaneous administration of antibiotics is not well described in the literature. During surgery, we hypothesize that subcutaneous injection may provide better protection against SSIs. To better understand the kinetics after subcutaneous injection, we describe the serum concentrations of cefazolin in a porcine model. Materials and methods Juvenile mini-Yucatan pigs were administered 20 mL of 25 mg/kg cefazolin subcutaneously, and serial blood samples were taken for 3 h. Blood samples were analyzed for cefazolin concentration using chromatography. Pharmacokinetic data were calculated based on the blood serum concentrations. Results Maximum serum concentrations of cefazolin were achieved 42.6 ± 2.0 min after the time of injection and were found to be 18.8 ± 7.4 μg/mL. The elimination rate constant was 0.0033 ± 0.0016 min−1 and the half-life was 266 ± 149 min. The area under the curve was 4940 ± 1030 μg × min/mL. The relative bioavailability of subcutaneous injection was 95% +5%/−20%. Conclusions Subcutaneous administration of cefazolin achieves a significantly lower maximum serum concentration than IV injection. As a result, higher doses of antibiotic can be injected locally without incurring systemic toxicity. Subcutaneous administration will therefore result in higher concentrations of antibiotic for a longer time at the incision site compared with standard IV administration. This strategy of antibiotic delivery may be more effective in preventing SSIs. Further studies are needed to detail the exact effect of subcutaneous antibiotic injection on SSI rates.
Neoliberalism and teacher certification

The dominant discourse of teacher education is framed as the “construction of the problem of teacher education” (Cochran-Smith et al., 2013). From this neoliberal discourse came the push for more a...
3D game programming as service-learning for CS students

This talk presents the upper division, university curriculum that has been developed over three years of teaching a topics class that engages our current raised digital (see 3.1.2) undergraduates to demonstrate their creativity through programming a game that can be used in alternate situations. This has been deployed in a high school physics course to demonstrate "Projectile Motion under Magnetic Force".
LATITUDINAL GRADIENTS OF BIODIVERSITY

The gradient of increasing species richness with decreasing latitude is one of the most well-established patterns in macroecology. The gradient is pervasive in time and space, and pertains to all major taxa. Many ecological and evolutionary mechanisms have been hypothesized to cause the gradient, but it is unlikely that a single mechanism dominates. Recent research suggests that other components of taxonomic biodiversity (e.g., species evenness and dominance) do not evince a latitudinal gradient. Latitudinal gradients in functional, phenetic, and phylogenetic biodiversity are strong, but are not wholly a product of variation in species richness.
Intravenous Ketamine for Adolescents with Treatment-Resistant Depression: An Open-Label Study.

Abstract Background: Novel interventions for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) in adolescents are urgently needed. Ketamine has been studied in adults with TRD, but little information is availab...
the place of government programs in weather modification

The activities which are grouped together as “weather modification” cover a wide range and have important differences as well as similarities. Many governmental agencies in pursuing long standing i...
Control of transverse wakefields via phase-matched laser modes in parabolic plasma channels

The use of higher-order modes is proposed to control the transverse wakefield structure generated by a laser pulse propagating through a plasma channel. This can be done in the quasilinear regime in both the Laguerre-Gaussian and Hermite-Gaussian bases for appropriate laser-plasma parameters, independent of the longitudinal field. Control of the wake can be achieved by using modes of different mode numbers but with matched phase velocities to generate tunable, matched laser propagation. The wake can be tuned by modifying the initial phase and amplitude of each mode. In addition, it is shown that two different higher order modes can propagate at the same group velocity by appropriately tuning the frequencies. Geometric and frequency tuning of the laser driver allows for greater control of the transverse phase-space of the accelerated electron bunch.
Synthetic brainbows

Brainbow is a genetic engineering technique that randomly colorizes cells. Biological samples processed with this technique and imaged with confocal microscopy have distinctive colors for individual cells. Complex cellular structures can then be easily visualized. However, the complexity of the Brainbow technique limits its applications. In practice, most confocal microscopy scans use different florescence staining with typically at most three distinct cellular structures. These structures are often packed and obscure each other in rendered images making analysis difficult. In this paper, we leverage a process known as GPU framebuffer feedback loops to synthesize Brainbow-like images. In addition, we incorporate ID shuffling and Monte-Carlo sampling into our technique, so that it can be applied to single-channel confocal microscopy data. The synthesized Brainbow images are presented to domain experts with positive feedback. A user survey demonstrates that our synthetic Brainbow technique improves visualizations of volume data with complex structures for biologists.
Single-Cell Dosing and mRNA Sequencing of Suspension and Adherent Cells Using the Polaris TM System

Single-cell functional analysis provides a natural next step in the now widely adopted single-cell mRNA sequencing studies. Functional studies can be designed to study cellular context by using single-cell culture, perturbation, manipulation, or treatment. Here we present a method for a functional study of 48 single cells by single-cell isolation, dosing, and mRNA sequencing with an integrated fluidic circuit (IFC) on the Fluidigm® Polaris™ system. The major procedures required to execute this protocol are (1) cell preparation and staining; (2) priming, single-cell selection, cell dosing, cell staining, and cDNA generation on the Polaris IFC; and (3) preparation and sequencing of single-cell mRNA-seq libraries. The cell preparation and staining steps employ the use of a universal tracking dye to trace all cells that enter the IFC, while additional fluorescence dyes chosen by the user can be used to differentiate cell types in the overall mix. The steps on the Polaris IFC follow standard protocols, which are also described in the Fluidigm user documentation. The library preparation step adds Illumina® Nextera® XT indexes to the cDNA generated on the Polaris IFC. The resulting sequencing libraries can be sequenced on any Illumina sequencing platform.
Capacity Reconfigurable Origami Enabled MIMO Antenna

In this work, a capacity reconfigurable Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna is proposed. The goal is to allow the capacity of a MIMO communication channel to be adjusted in real time to varying data rate, gain, and space requirements. As a proof-of-concept, an eight element MIMO antenna is created using microstrip dipoles operating at 2.4 GHz. To reduce mutual coupling, the elements have their centers co-aligned and are orthogonally oriented with respect to one another. The antenna is implemented on a 3D printed modified scissor lift mechanism. This robust mechanism allows the channel capacity to be varied as a function of inter-element spacing. Based on the preliminary results using the proposed origami topology, the capacity can vary up to 50% while the gain can vary up to 10% by changing the inter-element spacing.
Propellant Identification by Particle Size Measurement

The identification of propellants in evidential materials or from ammunition samples is of considerable interest in forensic investigations. Recently the thermal decomposition of nitrocellulose small arms propellants was studied in an effort to provide a method of identifying different samples [1,2]. In these studies it was established that differences in thermal characteristics do not provide reliable methods for differentiation between propellants.
Cobalt(III)‐Catalyzed C−H Amidation of Dehydroalanine for the Site‐Selective Structural Diversification of Thiostrepton

Thiostrepton is a potent antibiotic against a broad range of Gram-positive bacteria, but its medical applications have been limited by its poor aqueous solubility. In this work, the first C(sp2 )-H amidation of dehydroalanine (Dha) residues was applied to the site selective modification of thiostrepton to prepare a variety of derivatives. Unlike all prior methods for the modification of thiostrepton, the alkene framework of the Dha residue is preserved and with complete selectivity for the Z-stereoisomer. Additionally, an aldehyde group was introduced by C-H amidation, enabling oxime ligation for the installation of an even greater range of functionality. The thiostrepton derivatives generally maintain antimicrobial activity, and importantly, eight of the derivatives displayed improved aqueous solubility (up to 28-fold), thereby addressing a key shortcoming of this antibiotic. The exceptional functional group compatibility and site selectivity of CoIII -catalyzed C(sp2 )-H Dha amidation suggests that this approach could be generalized to other natural products and biopolymers containing Dha residues.
Minimizers for the Kepler Problem

We characterize the minimizing geodesics for the Kepler problem endowed with the Jacobi-Maupertuis metric. We focus on the positive energy case, but do all energies. The more complicated negative energy case was solved in Jacobi (Crelles J 17:68–82, 1837. https://doi.org/10.1515/crll.1837.17.68), with his work translated and completed by Todhunter (Researches in the Calculus of Variations, Principally on the Theory of Discontinuous Solutions. Macmillan and Co., Cambridge, 1871), and later summarized in Wintner’s book. Our discussion of these old results includes a new proof for the positive energy case and perspectives coming from metric and differential geometry. For the negative energy result we need Lambert’s theorem which we discuss.
Comparison of three autotransfusion devices for utilization in the pediatric population

Introduction:A device that may help attenuate the amount of homologous blood product given to pediatric cardiac surgical patients is the autotransfusion device. Three separate autotransfusion devic...
A Resident's Guide to Laparoscopic Isthmocele Repair

Study Objective The objective is to demonstrate laparoscopic repair of a c-section scar isthmocele using hysteroscopic guidance. Design N/A Setting 40yo G1P1 with secondary infertility was found to have fluid within her c-section scar. Pelvic ultrasound revealed a fluid-filled 11 × 9 × 17mm defect spanning the width of the cervix, consistent with a c-section scar isthmocele. Informed consent was obtained for laparoscopic repair with hysteroscopic guidance; however, she was counseled on the risk of recurrence, infertility, uterine rupture and need for future c-section. Hysteroscopy demonstrated a narrow diverticulum along the anterior aspect of the upper cervix with scar tissue. On laparoscopy there were dense uterine to abdominal wall adhesions. Patients or Participants N/A Interventions The case begins with lysis of abdominal wall adhesions using the harmonic scalpel. The bladder is mobilized past the level of the cervical-uterine junction. A hysteroscopy is performed concurrently during which the cephalad and caudal borders of the isthmocele are transilluminated and marked with the harmonic scalpel. Dilute vasopressin is injected into the area of resection. The harmonic scalpel excises the scar, using the prior marks as a guide and taking care to avoid the uterine vessels. The defect is closed in three layers, which involves interrupted sutures to reapproximate the endocervical canal, then two barbed imbricating layers in a running fashion. Once hemostasis is assured the bladder flap is reapproximated. Measurements and Main Results At her postoperative visit, the patient felt well without pain or abnormal bleeding. She has not been seen for imaging due to the COVID-19 pandemic, however as of May 2020 she is attempting to conceive again. Conclusion C-section scar isthmoceles are amenable to laparoscopic excision with primary repair. The concurrent use of hysteroscopy facilitates identification of the isthmocele borders. Patients should be counseled regarding the risk of uterine rupture and need for future c-sections.
N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Mediated Ring Opening of Reduced Diazamagnesacycles

Using a bis(N-heterocyclic carbene) ligand system, we have synthesized magnesium complexes bearing redox-active α-diimines and observed structural rearrangements promoted by dynamic N-heterocyclic ...
VCFC: Structural and Semantic Compression and Indexing of Genetic Variant Data

Personalized genomic datasets are growing in size at an accelerating pace presenting a dilemma between the need for fast retrieval requiring “near data” and cost of storage, which decreases for “distant media” with larger capacity but longer access time. Instead of database technology, the bioinformatics community has developed an industry standard for compressing and indexing of genetic variant files that store the difference between a person’s genome to a human reference genome. These standardizations rely on generic data compression schemes.This work contributes novel domain-specific compression and indexing algorithms that retain the structure and semantics of genetic variation data while supporting common query patterns. A line-based run-length partial compression technique for variant genotype data using a novel indexing strategy is developed and shown to perform well on large sample sets compared to the industry standard. The evaluation over genomic datasets indicates compression at a comparable size for our data representation while resulting in speedup of ˇ2X in indexed queries compared to the industry standard. This underlines that our representation could replace existing standards resulting in reduced computational cost at equivalent storage size.
Magnetic Dynamic Polymers for Modular Assembling and Reconfigurable Morphing Architectures

Shape-morphing magnetic soft materials, composed of magnetic particles in a soft polymer matrix, can transform shape reversibly, remotely, and rapidly, finding diverse applications in actuators, soft robotics, and biomedical devices. To achieve on-demand and sophisticated shape morphing, the manufacture of structures with complex geometry and magnetization distribution is highly desired. Here, a magnetic dynamic polymer (MDP) composite composed of hard-magnetic microparticles in a dynamic polymer network with thermally responsive reversible linkages, which permits functionalities including targeted welding for magnetic-assisted assembly, magnetization reprogramming, and permanent structural reconfiguration, is reported. These functions not only provide highly desirable structural and material programmability and reprogrammability but also enable the manufacturing of functional soft architected materials such as 3D kirigami with complex magnetization distribution. The welding of magnetic-assisted modular assembly can be further combined with magnetization reprogramming and permanent reshaping capabilities for programmable and reconfigurable architectures and morphing structures. The reported MDP are anticipated to provide a new paradigm for the design and manufacture of future multifunctional assemblies and reconfigurable morphing architectures and devices.
Asymmetry in deformation.

Amorphous silicon shows abnormal tension–compression asymmetry, with much higher tensile yield strength than compressive yield. This discovery advances our understanding of plasticity in this and other similar amorphous materials.
Computing with Beowulf

Parallel computers built out of mass-market parts are cost-effectively performing data processing and simulation tasks. The Supercomputing (now known as "SC") series of conferences celebrated its 10th anniversary last November. While vendors have come and gone, the dominant paradigm for tackling big problems still is a shared-resource, commercial supercomputer. Growing numbers of users needing a cheaper or dedicated-access alternative are building their own supercomputers out of mass-market parts. Such machines are generally called Beowulf-class systems after the 11th century epic. This modern-day Beowulf story began in 1994 at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. A laboratory for the Earth and space sciences, computing managers there threw down a gauntlet to develop a $50,000 gigaFLOPS workstation for processing satellite data sets. Soon, Thomas Sterling and Don Becker were working on the Beowulf concept at the University Space Research Association (USRA)-run Center of Excellence in Space Data and Information Sciences (CESDIS). Beowulf clusters mix three primary ingredients: commodity personal computers or workstations, low-cost Ethernet networks, and the open-source Linux operating system. One of the larger Beowulfs is Goddard's Highly-parallel Integrated Virtual Environment, or HIVE for short.
Partners in Freedom: Contributions of the Langley Research Center to U.S. Military Aircraft of the 1990's

Established in 1917 as the nation#s first civil aeronautics research laboratory under the National Advisory Commit-tee for Aeronautics (NACA), Langley was a small laboratory that solved the problems of flight for military and civil aviation. Throughout history, Langley has maintained a working partnership with the Department of Defense, U.S. industry, universities, and other government agencies to support the defense of the nation with research. During World War II, Langley directed virtually all of its workforce and facilities to research for military aircraft. Following the war, a balanced program of military and civil projects was undertaken. In some instances Langley research from one aircraft program helped solve a problem in another. At the conclusion of some programs, Langley obtained the research models for additional tests to learn more about previously unknown phenomena. The data also proved useful in later developmental programs. Many of the military aircraft in the U.S. inventory as of late 1999 were over 20 years old. Langley activities that contributed to the development of some of these aircraft began over 50 years prior. This publication documents the role, from early concept stages to problem solving for fleet aircraft, that Langley played in the military aircraft fleet of the United States for the 1990's.
A Practitioners’ Guide to Evaluating Domestic Violence Prevention and Treatment Programs

Across an array of health and human service fields, program evaluation has an important role in bridging the gap between science and practice (Morrissey et al., 1997; Vinh-Thomas et al., 2003; Wandersman et al., 1998), identifying promising and effective program models to address community needs (Vinh-Thomas et al., 2003), and sustaining initiatives (Weiss et al., 2002). Due to emergent community problems that often require innovative responses that rapidly evolve, advances in program development and implementation typically progress well beyond the evaluation of these efforts.
Measuring aid flows : a new approach

Conventional measures of aid are not designed to estimate the overall aid content of financial flows. Furthermore, they typically overstate the grant elements of concessional loans, thus understating relative aid flows to recipients getting mostly grants and from donors giving mostly grants (and loans in high-yield currencies). A new approach to measuring aid flows-Effective Development Assistance-focuses on the overall grant equivalent of official financial flows and allows meaningful comparisons of recipients or donors. Debate about the effectiveness of foreign aid has intensified in recent years, as budgetary pressures on aid have increased in donor countries. Whatever the merits of opposing arguments, the question is: do conventional measures of aid (such as OECD's Net ODA), which lump together grants and loans, accurately reflect true aid flows? Chang, Fernandez-Arias, and Serven analyze the methodological shortcomings of conventional measures of aid and propose a new approach, which measures official aid flows as the sum of grants and the grant-equivalents of official loans (in a new aggregate they call Effective Development Assistance, or EDA). They show how results using this conceptually superior measure may differ significantly from conventional aggregates, providing a quite different view on major aid trends. They implement their approach empirically using data on some 40,000 official loans from the World Bank's DRS database-virtually all of the official loans to 133 developing countries from 1975 to 1995. The numerical results underscore several points: - The conventional approach has led to systematic overestimates of the concessionality of official loans. This overestimate has increased significantly since the mid-1980s. Conventional methods show a rising trend; the new method shows the opposite. - Net ODA increasingly overstates the true aid content of official flows, although the divergence between the two approaches is somewhat muted by the rising relative importance of grants over loans in total official flows. This paper - a product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the effectiveness of development aid. The authors may be contacted at cchang6@worldbank.org or lserven@worldbank.org.
The use and abuse of metatags

The web creates many opportunities for encroachment on intellectual property including trademarks. Our principal task in this paper is an investigation into an unusual form of such encroachment: the improper use of metatags. A metatag is a piece of HTML code that provides summary information about a web page. If used in an appropriate manner, these metatags can play a legitimate role in helping consumers locate information. But the ``keyword'' metatag is particularly susceptible to manipulation. These tags can be easily abused by web site creators anxious to bait search engines and bring scores of visitors to their sites. The law about metatags is far from settled and many legal scholars are uncomfortable with the conclusion that the unauthorized use of a trademark in a metatag represents infringement. How should we assess this practice known as ``spamdexing'' from a normative perspective? Is it commercial fair play or something more sinister? We make the case here that there are salient moral problems with spamdexing since it exploits the reputational goodwill of trademark owners and confuses consumers. It violates basic moral duties and it flouts the golden rule principle. Hence unauthorized use of a competitor's trademark in a metatag is not morally acceptable.
Experimental results from the MIT 140 GHz quasioptical gyro-TWT

We present the latest experimental results from a novel 140 GHz quasioptical gyro-TWT at MIT. The gyro-TWT is designed to operate in a higher order HE/sub 06/ mode of a confocal waveguide to produce 100 kW at 140 GHz with a gain of 38 dB. Current experimental results have demonstrated a peak power of 30 kW at 140 GHz with a gain of 29 dB and an unsaturated 3 dB bandwidth of 2.0 GHz. The gyro-TWT interaction structure which is formed by a pair of confocal mirrors exhibits tremendous potential for high average power operation in the W-band and beyond.
Intramuscular myxoma: Sonographic appearance and sonographically guided needle biopsy

The sonographic appearances of four intramuscular myxomas were reviewed. These tumors appeared as well-defined, ovoid masses surrounded by normal muscle. The echogenicity was decreased in all cases, and the presence of small fluid-filled clefts and cystic areas was noted in three of the four lesions. Color Doppler examination was performed in two cases and was negative. Sonographically guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy yielded a thick myxoid substance. Large-core cutting needle biopsy allowed establishment of the diagnosis in one of the two cases in which it was performed. The differential diagnosis of a well-demarcated intramuscular mass with multiple fluid-filled clefts or cystic areas should include intramuscular myxoma.
Applications of Axiomatic Design

Axiomatic design theory has been applied to many different topics, ranging from design of products, software, organizations, scheduling, manufacturing systems, to materials and materials processing techniques. In this paper, some of the more recent applications will be briefly outlined to indicate the power of design principles in solving problems that transcend many engineering fields.
Sri Aurobindo's Integral View of Other Religions

Sri Aurobindo Ghose (1872–1950), the Indian Nationalist and yogi, developed in the period of his life at Pondicherry in Southeast India a system of thought, practice and experience which he called ‘Integral Yoga’. The title indicated, he said, that ‘it takes up the essence and many processes of the old Yogas — its newness is in its aim, standpoint and the totality of its method’. In the development of Integral Yoga Aurobindo believed he was speaking and acting as a ‘realized yogi’ or, better still, a yogi who was in the process of realization. He had not attained a final experience of jnāna, but he believed he had experienced levels of supra-mental consciousness which would lead to the higher level of Supermind itself.
A documentary note on Charlie Chaplin's politics

(1985). A documentary note on Charlie Chaplin's politics. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 199-208.
A professor's work

chapter 1 Perceptions of the Professor chapter 2 Inside the Department chapter 3 How an Intrepid Band of Professors Confronted the General Education Monsters chapter 4 University Encounters chapter 5 But Don't Professors Also Teach Courses chapter 6 And of Course There Were Students chapter 7 The Scholar Writes War and Peace, Participates in the Scientific Enterprise, and Receives a Call From the East chapter 8 A Professor's Work chapter 9 Photographs chapter 10 Serving the Community chapter 11 Even Professor's Have Families chapter 12 Is the Professor a Professional chapter 13 Cast chapter 14 Serving the Community chapter 15 Even Professors Have Families chapter 16 Is the Professor a Professional? chapter 17 Cast chapter 18 References
Education, migration and the ‘failure’ of multiculturalism

by N. Finney and L. Simpson, Bristol, The Policy Press, 2009, 218 pp., £15.99 (paperback), ISBN 978‐1847420077 by H. Pinson, M. Arnot and M. Candappa, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, 280 pp....
Tension―compression asymmetry in nanocrystalline Cu: High strain rate vs. quasi-static deformation

Abstract Large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to understand the yield behavior of nanocrystalline Ni and Cu with grain sizes ⩽10 nm at high strain rates. The calculated flow stress values at a strain rate of 109 s−1 suggest an asymmetry in the strength values in tension and compression with the nanocrystalline metal being stronger in compression than in tension. This tension–compression strength asymmetry is observed to decrease with a decrease in grain size of the nanocrystalline metal up to a grain size of 4 nm, after which, a further decrease in grain size results in an increase in the strength asymmetry. The effect of strain rate on the yield behavior of nanocrystalline metals as obtained from MD simulations is discussed and compared with that reported in the literature obtained by molecular statics simulations for quasi-static loading conditions.
Design of Volume Holograpic Imaging Point Spread Functions Using Multiple Point Deformations

We present an analysis and design procedure for engineering the point-spread-function (PSF) of a volume hologram by deforming its exterior using a superposition of point indenters.
Mitochondrial control of epigenetics.

Commentary to:A novel role for mitochondria in regulating epigenetic modification in the nucleusDominic Smiraglia, Mariola Kulawiec, Gaia L. Bistulfi, Sampa Ghoshal, Keshav K. Singh
Human aldehyde dehydrogenase: metabolism of putrescine and histamine

Imidazoleacetaldehyde and gamma-aminobutyraldehyde, metabolites of histamine and putrescine, respectively, have been shown to be substrates of human liver aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) cytoplasmic (E1) and mitochondrial (E2) isozymes. The Km values at pH 7.4 and 500 microM NAD for imidazoleacetaldehyde and gamma-aminobutyraldehyde for the E1 isozyme are 40 and 800 microM, respectively, and for the E2 isozyme are 50 and 500 microM, respectively. The Km values with gamma-aminobutyraldehyde with both isozymes are high relative to Km values with acetaldehyde (50 microM for E1 and 1 microM for E2). Since activity with both imidazoleacetaldehyde and gamma-aminobutyraldehyde in crude liver homogenates paralleled that of aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) during purification it appears likely that in the human liver this enzyme is responsible for metabolism of both compounds. If this is the case, interaction between metabolism of histamine and putrescine and that of alcohol is likely. Both imidazoleacetaldehyde and gamma-aminobutyraldehyde were synthesized in this laboratory and their stability has been investigated. Procedures for assaying aldehyde dehydrogenase employing synthetic metabolites of histamine and putrescine are provided.
Rhetorical theory as heuristic and moral: A pedagogical justification

The essay reviews current conceptions of rhetorical theory which see it as following a social science model. Difficulties of accounting for rhetorical experience as described by Becker's mosaic model are also reviewed. Because rhetorical theory cannot be explained by social science models, and because of the problems raised by Becker's model, the essay proposes that rhetorical theory and its supporting criticism be regarded primarily as pedagogical, with students as its primary audience.
Effect of 4% carboxyhemoglobin on human performance in cardiac patients

Twenty nonsmokers, mean age 51.9 years, with cardiovascular disease who were asymptomatic or who had mild symptoms after marked exertion, participated in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study. The effects of breathing 100 ppm of carbon monoxide which raised the mean venous carboxyhemoglobin level from 1.42 to 3.90% versus compressed, purified air which decreased the carboxyhemoglobin level from 1.43 to 1.26% on human performance tests were evaluated. After breathing carbon monoxide compared with breathing compressed, purified air, the visualization test performance was impaired (P < 0.001). However, no significant difference in performance of perceptual speed, flexibility of closure, speed of closure, number facility, digit symbol, time perception, flicker fusion, or reaction time tests occurred at a mean carboxyhemoglobin level of 3.9%.
Protection of Corticospinal Tract Neurons After Dorsal Spinal Cord Transection and Engraftment of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells

Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) into the damaged rat spinal cord leads to directed elongative axonal regeneration and improved functional outcome. OECs are known to produce a number of neurotrophic molecules. To explore the possibility that OECs are neuroprotective for injured corticospinal tract (CST) neurons, we transplanted OECs into the dorsal transected spinal cord (T9) and examined primary motor cortex (M1) to assess apoptosis and neuronal loss at 1 and 4 weeks post-transplantation. The number of apoptotic cortical neurons was reduced at 1 week, and the extent of neuronal loss was reduced at 4 weeks. Biochemical analysis indicated an increase in BDNF levels in the spinal cord injury zone after OEC transplantation at 1 week. The transplanted OECs associated longitudinally with axons at 4 weeks. Thus, OEC transplantation into the injured spinal cord has distant neuroprotective effects on descending cortical projection neurons.
Dissolved oxygen and dissolved inorganic carbon stable isotope composition and concentration fluxes across several shallow floodplain aquifers and in a diffusion experiment

Recent studies have documented the occurrence of dissolved molecular oxygen (DO) in shallow groundwater that is isotopically lighter than can be explained by atmospheric gas exchange or by biogeochemical reactions that consume 16O16O faster than 16O18O. In the present study, spatial gradients in the isotopic composition of DO (δ18O-DO) and dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13C-DIC) were measured in three shallow floodplain aquifers: (1) the Nyack aquifer, of the Middle Fork of the Flathead River in northwest Montana; (2) the Silver Bow Creek floodplain in southwest Montana; and (3) the Umatilla River floodplain in northeast Oregon. The field data show general trends of increasing DIC concentration, decreasing δ13C-DIC, and decreasing DO concentration with increase in groundwater path length. These trends are consistent with consumption of DO and production of DIC by microbial respiration. Although the expected trend of an increase in δ18O-DO with increase in path length was found at an area adjacent to hyporheic recharge at the Nyack floodplain, the majority of groundwater samples collected at Nyack and from the other sites distal to recharge zones had anomalously low δ18O-DO values well below 24.2 ‰, the value corresponding to atmospheric isotopic equilibrium. At the Nyack site, 3H-3He dates were used to estimate groundwater travel time: all groundwater samples with apparent age >1 year had δ18O-DO<24.2 ‰. Previously it has been suggested that diffusion of O2 could be a viable mechanism to explain the existence of isotopically light DO in shallow groundwater. To test this hypothesis, laboratory experiments were conducted to measure the isotopic fractionation of O2 as it diffuses from air across a simulated capillary fringe (made from a floating layer of foam beads) into a stirred, initially anoxic, water column. As expected, 16O16O diffused faster than 16O18O, and the magnitude of isotope fractionation associated with diffusion increased with a decrease in temperature. Fractionation factors (α) calculated from these diffusion experiments were 1.0030 at 15–19 °C and 1.0048 at 8 °C. The combined field and laboratory data suggest that diffusion is an important mechanism to maintain aerobic conditions in shallow groundwater systems, allowing microbial respiration to continue at long distances (km scale) from the source of groundwater recharge.
Can Exercise Contribute to the Goals of Feminist Therapy

Abstract Exercise can contribute to the feminist therapy goals of empowerment and consciousness raising, and it can help to alleviate depression, manage stress, reduce anxiety, improve body image, raise self-esteem and self-efficacy, and aid recovery from physical or sexual abuse. The purposes of this article are to review the potential contributions of exercise to feminist therapy and to encourage therapists to consider how their clients could benefit from engagement in regular physical exercise.
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 integrase containing a glycine to serine mutation at position 140 is attenuated for catalysis and resistant to integrase inhibitors

L-chicoric acid (L-CA) is a potent inhibitor of HIV integrase (IN) in vitro. In this report, the effects of a glycine to serine mutation at position 140 (G140S) on HIV IN and its effects on IN inhibitor resistance are described. HIV containing the G140S mutation showed a delay in replication. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, the delay was secondary to a failure in integration. The mutant protein (ING140S) was attenuated approximately four-fold for catalysis under equilibrium conditions compared to wild-type IN (INWT) and attenuated five-fold in steady-state kinetic analysis of disintegration. Fifty percent inhibitory concentration assays were performed with IN inhibitors against both IN proteins in disintegration and strand transfer reactions. ING140S was resistant to both L-CA and L-731,988, a diketoacid. HIV containing the mutation was resistant to both inhibitors as well. The G140S mutation attenuates IN activity and confers resistance to IN inhibitors, suggesting that diketoacids and L-CA interact with a similar binding site on HIV IN.
The role of microbial cofactors and phospholipids in solubilizing inorganic orthophosphate in chloroform

Abstract 1. 1. An equilibration procedure has been devised in which hydrophilic reagents may be recovered in CHCl 3 in the absence of divalent metal cations. 2. 2. The solubility of inorganic orthophosphate in CHCl 3 requires phosphatidyl glycerol or phosphatidyl serine and, in the case of the latter, a microbial cofactor(s). 3. 3. The data may be relevant to the biophysical function of phospholipids in transport processes.
Soft X-Ray Absorption of Evaporated Thin Films of Tellurium

The linear absorption coefficient of tellurium has been measured in the wavelength region 100A to 400A. A double peak was observed at about 300A; it is due to transitions from the ${N}_{\mathrm{IV}}$ and ${N}_{\mathrm{V}}$ levels to the conduction band. A large peak at shorter wavelengths was also observed.
Response to Comment on "A Reservoir of Nitrate Beneath Desert Soils"

We appreciate the comment by Jackson et al. ([ 1 ][1]), which underscores two points made in our recent paper ([ 2 ][2]): (i) that desert subsoil nitrate (NO–3) inventories are spatially highly variable, and thereby warrant substantial measurement efforts to reduce uncertainty in global
THE ROLE OF THE STATE IN FAMILY LIFE: STATES' AFDC PAYMENTS AND DIVORCE RATES IN THE UNITED STATES

An earlier examination of the relationship between states' per capita expenditures for public welfare and their divorce rates found no relationship between the two for observations prior to 1985. However in 1985, the two were related, states' public welfare expenditures being inversely predictive of their divorce rates: the less states' spent for public welfare, the higher their divorce rates, and conversely, the more they spent, the lower their divorce rates. Translated, this meant that family life was less stable in states that did less to support family life and more stable in states that did more to support family life. This finding is important because of the wide‐spread belief that government social programs undermine family life and foster family break‐up.
Synthesis and evaluation of aminomethyl dihydrocinnamates as a new class of PPAR ligands

PPAR ligands with varied subtype selectivity have been synthesized using an achiral aminomethyl dihydrocinnamate template. Several compounds in this series have demonstrated potent plasma glucose and triglyceride lowering capability in rodent models of type 2 diabetes.
Metabolic Bone Disease of Prematurity

Preterm infants are at significant risk of reduced bone mineral content and subsequent bone disease, variably termed osteopenia of prematurity or neonatal rickets. The prevalence varies depending on gestation, occurs up to 30% of Korean extremely low birth weight infants (ELBW). The etiology is multifactoreal: inadequate nutrient intake, prolonged parenteral nutrition, chronic co-morbidities and immobilization. In Korean ELBW infants, rickets of prematurity was significantly increased by 18 times with severe parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis, and by 3 times with moderate/severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Prolonged hospitalization with ventilator care could lead to lack of physical activity and muscle contraction against resistance in preterm infants, which may increase bone resorption and demineralization, resulting in osteopenia. Low serum P and high alkaline phosphatase (ALP) are suggestive of metabolic bone disease. In Korean ELBW infants, increased serum ALP (>495 IU) at the age of 5 weeks has a 81% of sensitivity and 87% of specificity for radiographic rickets. An early nutritional intervention can reduce both the prevalence and the severity of osteopenia. Provision of adequate nutrition including energy, protein and minerals, and passive physical exercise during first weeks of life may prevent abnormal bone remodeling activity in preterm infants. Early detection by vigorous monitoring of bone homeostasis and prompt treatment of osteopenia are warranted in these high-risk infants. This review is to focus on the recent advances in the understanding of bone metabolism in preterm infants and on the therapeutic approach to prevent and to treat metabolic bone disease of prematurity.
Smarter people are (a bit) more symmetrical: A meta-analysis of the relationship between intelligence and fluctuating asymmetry

Abstract Individual differences in general mental ability (g) have important implications across multiple disciplines. Research suggests that the variance in g may be due to a general fitness factor. If this is the case, a relationship should exist between g and other reliable indicators of fitness. Some empirical results indicate a relationship between g and fluctuating asymmetry. However, there have been inconsistencies in the results, some of which may be due to random sampling error, and some of which may be due to moderating variables, publication bias, and methodological issues. To help clarify the literature, a meta-analysis was conducted on the relationship between g and fluctuating asymmetry. Based on 14 samples across 1871 people, estimates of the population correlation ranged from −.12 to −.20. There was a difference in the magnitude of the correlation between published studies and unpublished studies with published studies showing larger magnitude negative correlations and unpublished studies yielding results closer to zero. The implications for our understanding of g and its relationship with fluctuating asymmetry are discussed.
Evidence for M1 transitions between superdeformed states in 193Hg.

Two-way decay has been observed between superdeformed bands in $^{193}\mathrm{Hg}$. It is proposed the decays have M1 multipolarity and connect signature partner bands. Candidates for the two-way gamma decays connecting superdeformed bands are observed for the first time.
Lung Surfactant Disaturated Phosphatidylcholine and Surfactant Proteins A and B in Dietary-Induced Obesity in Immature Rats † 1625

Dietary-induced obesity in young rats is associated with increases in body weight and the fat pad weight/body weight ratio (a measure of obesity) and decreases in alveolar surface area per alveolar volume (Inselman, et al.JAP 1988;65:2291). A reduction in dynamic lung compliance also occurs. The present study investigated the effect of dietary-induced obesity on disaturated phosphatidyl-choline (DSPC) and surfactant proteins A (SP-A) and B (SP-B) levels. Newborn rats raised in litters of 4 pups/dam were fed a high fat diet post-weaning (obese group, O). A control group (C) consisted of newborn rats raised in litters of 14 pups/dam which were fed a normal rat diet after weaning. Male rats (O=13, C=21) were killed at age 8 weeks, and the lungs were perfused until visibly blood-free. The lungs were then lavaged with normal saline to recover bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, which was separated into large and small aggregates of surfactant by differential centrifugation. The lipid extracts of large and small aggregates of surfactant and lavaged lung tissue were treated with osmium tetroxide, and DSPC was quantified following chromatography on neutral alumina columns. Western blot analyses were performed for SP-A and SP-B on the large aggregates and lung homogenates. Obesity in O animals was confirmed by increases in body weight (24%, P<0.001) and the fat pad weight/body weight ratio (359%, P<0.001) when compared with C animals. When compared with the C group, DSPC in the O rats was elevated by 28% in the lung [O: 177±6; C: 138±4 μg phospholipid phosphorus (PLPi/)/lung] (mean±SE) (P<0.0001), 15% in the large aggregates (O: 17.6±0.8; C: 15.3±0.7 μg PLPi/lung)(P<0.05) and 35% in the small aggregates (O: 8.9±0.8; C: 6.6±0.4 μg PLPi/lung) (P<0.01). SP-A and SP-B levels were increased in large aggregates of surfactant in O rats but not in lung tissue. In addition, surfactant SP-A and SP-B were elevated in O animals when compared with C animals, while lung tissue SP-A and SP-B levels were similar between the two groups. These observations indicate that this model of obesity results in changes in synthesis and secretion of surfactant proteins and phospholipids. These studies suggest that additional factors may be responsible for the alterations in lung function since increased levels of surfactant proteins and phospholipids are insufficient to improve dynamic lung compliance in immature rats rendered obese by dietary changes.