cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lipid biomarkers and carbon-isotopes of modern travertine deposits (Yellowstone National Park, USA): Implications for biogeochemical dynamics in hot-spring systems

Lipid biomarkers and 13 C fractionation patterns were used to understand the dynamics of carbon cycling during microbial metabolisms in different environments of travertine precipitation (called facies) at Spring AT-1 on Angel Terrace in the Mammoth Hot Springs complex of Yellowstone National Park, USA. Microbial mats that encrust travertine deposits were collected for analyses of lipid biomarkers and carbon isotopes along the continuous drainage outflow system of Spring AT-1. The spring water exhibits a continuous temperature drop from 71°C in the vent at top to 24°C in the distal slope at bottom. Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and glycolipid fatty acids (GLFA) exhibit distinctly different compositions in each of the facies, which are consistent with partitioning of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences in the Spring AT-1 travertine facies (Fouke et al., 2003). The 13 C composition of total biomass within the microbial mats decreases from 16.1‰ in the vent to 23.5‰ in the distal slope. However, lower values occur in the pond (26.0‰) and the proximal slope (28.0‰) between the vent and the distal slope. Isotopic compositions of PLFA and GLFA have variations similar to those of total biomass. The average 13 C values of PLFA are 12.4 5.2‰ (n 10 individual fatty acids, same below) in the vent, 33.0 3.1‰ (n 11) in the pond, 33.7 3.8‰ (n 16) in the proximal slope, and 22.4 3.4‰ (n 10) in the distal slope; the average 13 C values of GLFA are 19.6 3.0‰ (n 3) in the vent, 30.4 4.7‰ (n 8) in the pond, 36.9 2.8‰ (n 12) in the proximal slope, and 27.9 3.1‰ (n 13) in the distal slope. In particular, fatty acids in the vent are enriched in 13 C relative to the total biomass, which is consistent with the notion that the biosynthetic pathways of the extant microbial community in the vent may be dominated by Aquificalesusing the reversed tricarboxylic acid cycle. Fractionations between fatty acids and total biomass in the pond, the proximal slope and the distal slope suggest the involvement of other biosynthetic pathways for CO2 fixation by extant microbial populations. The results indicate that lipid biomarkers provide valuable information on the changing diversity and activity of microbial communities in different depositional environments. Carbon-isotope fractionations, on the other hand, can provide insight into the operating biosynthetic pathways associated with different organisms in the changing environment. This integrated approach may serve as a powerful tool for identifying functional metabolism within a community and identify shifts in microbial community structure in modern hot-spring systems. Copyright © 2004 Elsevier Ltd
The Role of Expertise Research and Human Factors in Capturing, Explaining, and Producing Superior Performance

Objectives: The goal of this article is to identify some of the major trends and findings in expertise research and their connections to human factors. Background: Progress in the study of superior human performance has come from improved methods of measuring expertise and the development of better tools for revealing the mechanisms that support expert performance, such as protocol analysis and eye tracking. Methods: We review some of the challenges of capturing superior human performance in the laboratory and the means by which the expert performance approach may overcome such challenges. We then discuss applications of the expert performance approach to a handful of domains that have long been of interest to human factors researchers. Results: Experts depend heavily on domain-specific knowledge for superior performance, and such knowledge enables the expert to anticipate and prepare for future actions more efficiently. Training programs designed to focus learners' attention on task-related knowledge and...
Factors associated with alcohol use in young adulthood.

The purpose of the study was to identify characteristics associated with higher levels of alcohol use in individuals who are between 24 and 25 years of age. Data from the 1982 and 1986 U.S. High School and Beyond longitudinal study (n = 8,875) were used to examine the relationship between the response variables, frequency, and intensity of alcohol use in 1986, and the explanatory variables which included alcohol use in 1982. Comparison of alcohol use in the two time periods revealed an increase in the percentage of respondents who consumed high levels of alcohol, while abstention from drinking remained relatively constant. Frequency of alcohol use in 1986 was related to use in 1982, gender, ethnicity, and family orientation.
The Intersection of Multiple Minority Identities: Perspectives of White Lesbian Couples Adopting Racial/Ethnic Minority Children

In order to analyse the salience of race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and adoptive status for lesbian adoptive parents, this study examined the challenges and strengths described by 20 White lesbian couples (40 women) who were adopting racial/ethnic minority children from within the United States. Data from two time points (pre- and post-adoptive placement) were analysed qualitatively. Results indicated that the majority of women voiced concerns about raising racial/ethnic minority children in a ‘White privileged’ society. Many women reported facing a lack of understanding from others and were aware of multiple layers of stigma. However, having faced discrimination themselves as sexual minorities, many also perceived themselves as possessing unique strengths (e.g., experience coping with stigma). Many women expressed feeling that by drawing on support from their communities as well as their own awareness of and experience with diversity issues, they could prepare their children for the challenges they might face.
A Modified Life Expectancy Approach to Withdrawal Rate Management

This research explores the costs and benefits of modifying life expectancy (planning horizon) within a multiple-factor withdrawal management strategy. Stochastic optimization of Monte Carlo simulation analysis using data from 1926-2009 is employed within a seven-factor control limit model. This research contributes to the literature by modifying the planning horizon to avoid excessive withdrawals by those retirees most vulnerable to ruin. Previous research has found that many of the portfolio failures occur in the final years of life. A more conservative approach to the final years potentially protects those retirees with the worst portfolio performance. This modification of the retirement planning model allows the majority of retirees to adopt more aggressive withdrawal rate strategies earlier in their retirement. This model improves upon previous research by enhancing the median lifetime average withdrawal rate while maintaining less than a .1% probability of ruin. The efficacy of expected longevity modification is demonstrated for new retirees aged 55 to 75.
Inertial navigation for the urban warrior

Individual soldier geolocation in situations such as urban warfare where loss of Global Positioning System (GPS) track can impact mission success has become a critical problem. Concepts such as RF 'time difference of arrival' and 'dead reckoning' techniques have not demonstrated their ability to support navigation reliably inside buildings on their own. Inertial navigation is the only technology that operates independence of external assets. The advent of micromechanical inertial sensor technology has resulting low-cost, very small, low-power navigation system capable of fitting in a soldier's boot. A miniature navigator consisting of three micromechanical gyroscope and accelerometer packages, including supporting application- specific integrated circuit chips, and capable of operating in support of such a mission has been developed. However, because of accelerometer and gyroscope drift, navigating inertially over long time periods using even the most precise and most expensive inertial senor available today remains close to impossible. Inertial augmentation techniques are therefore required, and the concept of personal inertial navigation systems aided by zero velocity updating of the accelerometers with each footfall has been examined and shown to be sufficient to determine the location of an individual soldier accurately within a large building complex after hours of operation. In addition to the accelerometer, updates of the gyro via zero attitude rate techniques is an additional means to further enhance the position accuracy, as well as to provide an attitude reference in support of soldier carried targeting sensors.
When two equals three: developmental osteology and homology of the caudal skeleton in carangid fishes (Perciformes: Carangidae)

Ontogeny often provides the most compelling evidence for primary homology in evolutionary developmental studies and is critical to interpreting complex structures in a phylogenetic context. As an example of this, we document the ontogenetic development of the caudal skeleton of Caranx crysos by examining a series of cleared and stained larval and postlarval specimens. By studying ontogeny, we are able to more accurately identify some elements of the adult caudal skeleton than is possible when studying the adult stage alone. The presence of two epurals has been used as a synapomorphy of Caranginae (homoplastically present in the scomberoidine genera Scomberoides and Oligoplites). Here we find that three epurals (ep) are present in larvae and small postlarval juveniles (i.e.,<25 mm standard length [SL]) of C. crysos and other carangines, but ep2 never ossifies and does not develop beyond its initial presence. Ep2 was last observed in a 33.6 mm SL specimen as a small nodule of very lightly stained cartilage cells and eventually disappears completely. Therefore, the two epurals present in the adult are ep1 and ep3. In other carangines examined (e.g., Selene, Selar), the rudimentary ep2 ossifies and appears to fuse to the proximal tip of ep1. In these taxa, therefore, the two epurals of the adult appear to be ep1+2 and ep3. We found no indication of three epurals at any stage in the development of Oligoplites (developmental material of Scomberoides was unavailable). We discuss the osteology of the caudal skeleton of carangoid fishes generally and emphasize the power and importance of ontogeny in the identification of primary homology.
Control of a mock circulatory system to simulate the short-term baroreflex

A mock circulatory system (MCS) integrated with the baroreceptor reflex, a neurological function that regulates the mean systemic arterial pressure (Psa) by adjusting heart rate, ventricular contractility, and systemic resistance through negative feedback, was developed to simulate the key hemodynamic variables in response to various physiological load changes. The MCS consists of two compliance chambers representing the left atrium and systemic artery, a proportional valve as a variable resistor mimicking the systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and a centrifugal pump as a current source simulating the pumping mechanism of the heart. The model of the baroreceptor reflex was implemented in software to generate the reference signals of the cardiac output (CO) and SVR. These two reference signals along with the models of the centrifugal pump and the proportional valve were used to control the rotational speed of the pump and the gap of the valve such that the desired CO and SVR can be reached. Performance of the MCS was tested under different cardiovascular demand levels from resting to heavy exercise. The test results show that this simple MCS was able to simulate the response of key hemodynamic variables comparable to the same variables produced by a complex model from a computer simulation. The MCS performed well in simulating the hemodynamic variables under resting and mild exercise conditions. This novel MCS implementation provides a much more physiological meaningful tool comparing with existing MCS. It is a valuable asset for studying the physiology of the circulation, for heart assist devices testing, and for bioengineering education.
Centralized Institutions and Sudden Change

Why do sudden and massive social, economic, and political changes occur when and where they do? Are there institutional preconditions that encourage such changes when present and discourage such changes when absent? I employ a general model which suggests that massive equilibrium changes are more likely to occur in regimes with centralized coercive power, dened as the ability to impose more than one type of sanction (economic, legal, political, social, or religious). Centralized authorities are better able to suppress subversive actions when external shocks are small, as citizens have little incentive to incur numer- ous types of sanctions. However, citizens are also more likely to lie about their internal preferences in such regimes (e.g., falsely declare loyalty to an oppressive government), entailing that large shocks may trig- ger a massive equilibrium change. The model is applied to the severity of protests that followed austerity measures taken in developing nations since the 1970s.
Inflammation in pulmonary arterial hypertension: is it time to quell the fire?

Inflammare , or to set ablaze, is the Latin origin of the word inflammation, a physical condition that was undoubtedly already familiar to the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. It is, however, the Roman Aulus Celsus who is credited with describing, in the first century AD, the four cardinal signs of inflammation consisting of rubor et tumor cum calore et dolore (redness and swelling with heat and pain). Two centuries later, Galen promoted the humoral view of inflammation as a potential part of the healing process rather than a pure pathological process, and may have proposed the fifth cardinal sign ( functio laesa or loss of function) [1], although this is also attributed to Virchow in the 19th century [2]. And while we now know that, in many pathologies characterised by inflammation, the initial four cardinal signs can be subclinical and silent, it is clear that for Virchow inflammation was ultimately pathologic since it lead to loss of function. What is then going on in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)? Over the past 120 years since the first pathologic description of “pulmonary vascular sclerosis” by Romberg, our understanding of the remodelling process underlying what we now call PAH has greatly changed from a mere description of the thickening of the three components of the pulmonary vascular wall leading to narrowing of the lumen, to aberrant cellular proliferation ( e.g. endothelial and smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts) and influx of inflammatory cells in and around the various components of the vascular wall. Tuder et al . [3] were among the first to describe a significant influx of inflammatory cells, including macrophages and lymphocytes, into the plexiform lesions of hypertensive pulmonary vessels. Within a few years, other markers of inflammation, including macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 [ …
PRL-1, a unique nuclear protein tyrosine phosphatase, affects cell growth.

Abstract PRL-1 is a particularly interesting immediate-early gene because it is induced in mitogen-stimulated cells and regenerating liver but is constitutively expressed in insulin-treated rat H35 hepatoma cells, which otherwise show normal regulation of immediate-early genes. PRL-1 is expressed throughout the course of hepatic regeneration, and its expression is elevated in a number of tumor cell lines. Sequence analysis reveals that PRL-1 encodes a 20-kDa protein with an eight-amino-acid consensus protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) active site. PRL-1 is able to dephosphorylate phosphotyrosine substrates, and mutation of the active-site cysteine residue abolishes this activity. As PRL-1 has no homology to other PTPases outside the active site, it is a new type of PTPase. PRL-1 is located primarily in the cell nucleus. Stably transfected cells which overexpress PRL-1 demonstrate altered cellular growth and morphology and a transformed phenotype. It appears that PRL-1 is important in normal cellular growth control and could contribute to the tumorigenicity of some cancer cells.
A communicating finite automata approach to modeling distributed computation and its application to distributed decision-making

A modeling technique for distributed computation based on a combination of directed graphs and finite automata is described. The paradigm of distributed decision-making (DDM) is used to illustrate the technique for its two primary purposes: providing a standard specification mechanism for different algorithms for solving the same problem and providing a common mechanism for objective quantitative evaluation and comparison of alternative DDM algorithms. This is accomplished through the definition of the terms performance and efficiency as they relate to the domain of DDM. The two terms, which have precise meanings with respect to the analysis of sequential algorithms, currently lack a common interpretation in the environment of DDM. In particular, they need to be expressed in terms of the information movement necessary to share state information. The method has been used extensively to conduct analyses of several distribution scheduling algorithms. This paper focuses on the model specification properties. >
Exploring a web space for consumer health information: implications for design

Knowledge about people's natural or preferred ways of exploring a system could reveal cognitive paths through which users learn a system. This knowledge can also inform the design of interfaces that facilitate users' learning of the system and the design of training materials that better accommodate users' preferences. In the study, we investigate the behaviors of first-time users' behavior of exploring a web space for consumer health information, MedlinePlus, and discuss implications for designing consumer health information retrieval systems.
Diagnosing scan clock delay faults through statistical timing pruning

A novel methodology for diagnosing the delay faults in the scan clock tree is proposed. The proposed scheme characterizes the timing impact of the defective clock buffers by extracting the change in the delay distribution of the clock paths, enabling the effective pruning of unrealistic fault hypotheses that would result in highly deviant timing behavior. The proposed scheme models the statistical delay variation due to test mode power-ground noise, thus maximally approximating the actual failure behavior. Simulation results have confirmed that the proposed methodology can yield highly accurate diagnosis results for complex fault manifestations.
A 5.6 GHz to 11.5 GHz DCO for Digital Dual Loop CDRs

A DCO is realized in 0.13 μm CMOS using 4 cores for a 5.6 to 11.5 GHz octave tuning bandwidth to provide the clock for an all digital D/PLL CDR circuit. The DCO is novel in that it can track more than a 130 degree C temperature variation while the CDR maintains an error free lock to data. Each core is directly coupled to a div/2 to produce I/Q signals that a 4:1 MUX combines into a single set of 2.8 to 5.8 GHz quadrature outputs to drive the sine interpolator of the CDR. Locked to maximum data rms jitter, integrated from 1 kHz to 1 GHz is 299 fs @ 9.953 Gb/s (Sonet OC-192) from a DCO phase noise of -116 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset. The KDCO gain is 190 ppm/bit with less than 2:1 variation over the full bandwidth. The combined DCO, divide by 2 and MUX current is 14 mA to 37 mA on a 1.2 V regulated supply at 25°C.
Breastfeeding practices: does method of delivery matter?

Objective of this study was to assess the relationship between method of delivery and breastfeeding. Using data (2005–2006) from the longitudinal Infant Feeding Practices Study II (n = 3,026) we assessed the relationship between delivery method (spontaneous vaginal, induced vaginal, emergency cesarean, and planned cesarean) and breastfeeding: initiation, any breastfeeding at 4 weeks, any breastfeeding at 6 months, and overall duration. We used SAS software to analyze data using multivariable analyses adjusting for several confounders, including selected demographic characteristics, participants’ pre-delivery breastfeeding intentions and attitude, and used event-history analysis to estimate breastfeeding duration by delivery method. We found no significant association between delivery method and breastfeeding initiation. In the fully adjusted models examining breastfeeding duration to 4 weeks with spontaneous vaginal delivery group as the reference, those with induced vaginal deliveries were significantly less likely to breastfeed [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.53; 95 % CI = 0.38–0.71]; and no significant relationship was observed for those who had planned or emergency cesarean deliveries. Again, compared with spontaneous vaginal delivery group, those with induced vaginal [AOR = 0.60; 96 % CI = 0.47–0.78] and emergency cesarean [AOR = 0.68; 96 % CI = 0.48–0.95] deliveries were significantly less likely to breastfeed at 6 months. Median breastfeeding duration was 45.2 weeks among women with spontaneous vaginal, 38.7 weeks among planned cesarean, 25.8 weeks among induced vaginal and 21.5 weeks among emergency cesarean deliveries. While no significant association was observed between delivery method and breastfeeding initiation; breastfeeding duration varied substantially with method of delivery, perhaps indicating a need for additional support for women with assisted deliveries.
Fighting Fires Without Falling: Effects of Equipment Design and Fatigue on Firefighter's Balance and Gait

Slips, trips, and falls are a major cause of firefighter injuries. We examine how factors associated with the individual firefighter, specific tasks involved in firefighting, and the environment relate to the incidence of slips, trips, and falls. We also review our own research examining how aspects of firefighting gear and fatigue influence the balance and gait of firefighters performing common fire fighting tasks. Our results suggest that larger, heavier air cylinders that are part of the Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) is associated with declines in balance and gait performance. Unfortunately, many firefighting departments use these heavier cylinders because they are inexpensive. We also found that wearing personal protective equipment decreases standard gait parameters associated with poorer overall gait performance. Fatigue induced by twenty minutes of simulated firefighting activity lead to an increase in movement errors that may increase slip, trip and fall risk. The importance of studyin...
Prevalence of Kidney Stones in the United States

Background The last nationally representative assessment of kidney stone prevalence in the United States occurred in 1994. After a 13-yr hiatus, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) reinitiated data collection regarding kidney stone history.
Physiological and subjective evaluation of PPE using a sweating thermal manikin

Experience with personal protective equipment (PPE) ensembles used by healthcare workers (HCWs) during the Ebola outbreak in the hot, humid conditions of West Africa has prompted significant concerns with heat stress and the inability to work in the PPE for extended work periods.
Utilization of Trophoblast for Early Prenatal Diagnosis

Recent studies concerning the efficacy of amniocentesis for second trimester prenatal diagnosis have demonstrated the overall risk to be very low and the results to be very accurate.
A model assessing how variable timing of outcome assessments impacts progression-free survival (PFS)

5130 Background: PFS has been proposed as an endpoint in prostate cancer because tumor regression cannot be assessed easily and the significance of post-therapy changes in PSA is uncertain. There i...
Supporting Indirect Data Mapping in OpenMP

Code-passing abstractions based on lambdas and blocks are becoming increasingly popular to capture repetitive patterns that are amenable to parallelization. These abstractions improve code mantainability and simplify choosing from a range of mechanisms to implement parallelism. Several frameworks that use this model, including RAJA and Kokkos, employ OpenMP as one of their target parallel models. However, OpenMP inadequately supports the abstraction since it frequently requires information that is not available within the abstraction. Thus, OpenMP requires access to variables and parameters not directly supplied by the base language. This paper explores the issues with supporting these abstractions in OpenMP, with a particular focus on device constructs and the aggregation and passing of OpenMP state through base language abstractions. We propose mechanisms to improve support for these abstractions and also to reduce the burden of duplication in existing OpenMP applications.
City Water, City Life: Water and the Infrastructure of Ideas in Urbanizing Philadelphia, Boston, and Chicago

Carl Smith. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2013. xii and 327 pp., illustrations, notes, index. $35.00 cloth (ISBN-13 978-0-226-02251-2).Carl Smith, professor of American Studies and Engl...
Estimating magnitudes of relative sea-level change in a coarse-grained fan delta system: Implications for Pennsylvanian glacioeustasy

Estimating magnitudes of relative sea level fluctuations from the sedimentary record is challenging, but illuminates possible mechanisms of sea-level change. Here, we provide a new approach to calculate magnitudes of relative sea-level change using reconstructed depositional slopes and downdip-to-updip extents of transgression across those slopes. Magnitudes of rise on transgressive surfaces within lower to middle Atokan (upper Bashkirian to middle Moscovian) fan-delta strata of the Fountain Formation (Colorado) range from minimums of ∼8–15 m to maximums of ∼13–20 m. These estimates are low relative to other intervals of the Permian–Pennsylvanian, but approach estimates from coeval deposits elsewhere. Each cycle shows evidence for the rise and fall of sea level that, coupled with the magnitude, and coincidence with inferred glacioeustatic cyclothems elsewhere, suggests a glacioeustatic origin.
Hematology: Synthesis of Sickle and Normal Hemoglobins: Laboratory and Clinical Implications

Abnormalities of hemoglobin synthesis and structure are major causes of serious morbidity and early mortality. In the United States, most hemoglobin research is focused on developing treatments for sickle cell diseases. To date, the greatest impact on this disease is being made in newborn screening programs to prevent early morbidity and provide effective screening and counseling programs. The frequent coexistence of hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias complicates laboratory evaluation of common hemoglobin disorders, such as sickle cell trait. However, based on the number of hemoglobin types, RBC parameters, and degrees of anemia, the hemoglobin genotype can usually be accurately predicted. With new therapies for sickle cell disease aimed at modifying fetal hemoglobin concentrations, and more comprehensive newborn screening, there is a greater need for laboratories to develop methods to handle larger clinical volumes with rapid turnaround time and to provide interpretation for complex hemoglobin patterns.
Hematologic disorders and heart disease.

Anemia, polycythemia, leukemia and sickle cell disease can affect heart function. Anemic patients may have tachycardia, bounding pulse and angina. With polycythemia, patients may become hypertensive because of increased peripheral resistance.Leukemia cells can infiltrate the myocardium and cause heart failure or arrhythmias. Pain, fever, murmurs, joint pain and thrombi during a sickle cell crisis suggest bacterial endocarditis or recurrent acute rheumatic fever.
Strongyloides Colitis in an Immunocompetent Host Transmitted Through Sexual Contact: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature

Strongyloides stercoralis is a nematode that usually infects the upper gastrointestinal tract of humans. We present a case of Strongyloides colitis diagnosed by colonoscopic biopsy. A 62-year-old woman with history significant for mental retardation living in an assisted living facility presented with 3 months of unexplained diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. History of immunocompromisation or travel was negative. No …
Pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Special considerations for developing nations

WHO estimates the existence of 1 million AIDS cases and over 500000 AIDS deaths over the past 10 years. An estimated 9-11 million people are infected including 3 million women and 500000 infants and children. 80% of infected women and children live in sub-Saharan Africa. Their numbers are expected to continue to rise. HIV-1 will probably lead to the death of 3 million or more women and 2.7 million children over the next decade and will become the leading cause of death for men and women aged 15-49 in major North Central and South American West European and sub-Saharan African cities. Accordingly pediatric AIDS threatens much of what has been achieved in improving developing country child survival over the past 20 years. Concerted efforts must be made on an international scale to prevent and control the growing pandemic. This paper discusses the magnitude of HIV-1 infection and AIDS maternal-infant transmission breast-feeding blood transfusion diagnosis clinical features and medical management impact on child survival and prevention and control.
A RECURSIVE OPTIMAL (LSE) ALGORITHM OF DECONVOLUTION

Extracting the reflection coefficients of layers from seismic signals is important to the lithologio analysis and the success rate of drilling in finding the oil-gas-bearing structure. In this paper, an algorithm of deconvolution for the extraction of reflection coefficients is presented. The estimator got from this algorithm has the smallest variance of error among all linear estimators of reflection coefficients. The algorithm requires only a few computations and memory cells because of its recursive, in-place computation. Eesults of simulation indicate that, if the NSE (noise-to-signal ratio)is less than 30%, the algorithm is better in precision than Levinson's algorithm; if the NSR condition is worse, the two algorithms approximately have the same error curve.
INTENSIVE URBAN LAND USE:AN EXPLANATION BASED ON PRODUCTION THEORY

Many have argued that the studies of the intensive use of urban land form a special branch of economic research,and have tried to design indices system and evaluation methods based on economic concepts in order to assess the levels of intensive land use across Chinese cities.Among these,the indices mostly chosen were factor inputs(e.g.labor and capital) and outputs(e.g.National Domestic Product) per unit of urban land.Based on fundamental economic theories,this paper tries to explore the concept of intensive land use in greater depth,and points out that the popular evaluating indices are possibly misleading in some aspects,no matter which prevailing evaluation methods are used.
Sanitary quality analysis of moon cake and pie in Yimen county from 2009 to 2012

Objective To analyze the sanitary quality of the cake and pie in Yimen county from 2009 to 2012,to understand the sanitary quality of market sales moon cake,pie and the changes in this county in order to provide the evidence for the moon cake and pie guiding production sales and supervision and administration of supervision departments. Methods From 2009 to2012 in the county respectively we took samples from moon cakes,pie production and sales points,and detect the acid value,peroxide value, the total number of bacteria, coliform bacteria detection according to the current national standard.Results According to the results of hygienic standard for judging GB7009-2003 cakes and bread,136 moon cake 4 years2009-2012 monitoring,the acid value and peroxide value of the qualified rate was 100%,and the total number of bacteria,coliform group qualified rate respectively is 98. 53% and 97. 06%,85 copies of the acid value and peroxide value of pie a pass rate of 100%,the total number of bacteria,coliform bacteria group of qualified rate respectively is 98. 82% and 97. 64%.Conclusion With the improvement of people's living level,people's requirements for food safety is higher,we should strengthen the supervision and management of food production enterprises and the food service and sales staff,enhance health awareness,improve the sanitary quality of moon cakes to ensure food safety.
Dual activation of the cardiac Ca2+ channel alpha 1C-subunit and its modulation by the beta-subunit

Ca2+ channels are heteromultimeric proteins in which the alpha 1-subunit forms the voltage-dependent Ca(2+)-selective ionic channel. We reported recently that coexpression of the beta-subunit with the cardiac alpha 1-subunit (alpha 1C) facilitates channel opening without affecting either the amplitude or the time course of the gating currents (13). Here we present evidence for the existence of two modes of channel opening. Xenopus oocytes expressing the alpha 1C-subunit alone display two modes of activation as indicated by the double-exponential time course of macroscopic ionic currents and the two open-time distributions of single channels. Coexpression of the beta-subunit potentiates Ca2+ currents by a relative increase of the fast-activating component, an acceleration of the slow component, and a larger proportion of long openings. We propose that multiple modes of gating are encoded in the alpha 1-subunit and that the beta-subunit increases Ca2+ channel opening by favoring a willing mode of gating in which the final transitions leading to channel opening are facilitated. In addition, we show that the carboxy terminus of alpha 1C also modulates the channel-gating behavior.
Leukocyte Scintigraphy in the Diagnosis of Mycotic Aneurysm

Early diagnosis of a mycotic aneurysm is critical, but often unsuspected, due to the insidious onset of symptoms related to occult infection. This study was undertaken to assess the role of leukocyte scintigraphy in establishing the diagnosis of mycotic aneurysm. The records of all patients with possible mycotic aneurysm between 1985 and 1991 were reviewed. Seven patients had leukocyte scintigraphy and computed tomography (CT), three also had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and three had angiography as part of the diagnostic workup. CT and MRI detected aneurysms in five of the seven patients, but CT scans were misinterpreted in two patients as indicative of abscess only. In six patients, infection could not be differentiated from thrombosis, seroma or hemorrhage by CT or MRI. Leukocyte scintigraphy was positive in all four patients with infected aneurysms; it was negative in two of the three noninfected aneurysms and equivocal in the third. Leukocyte scintigraphy provided a useful early survey that demonstrated evidence of infected aneurysms in four patients and identified other sites of infection in two patients. Leukocyte uptake complemented CT, MRI and angiographic findings distinguishing between seroma/hematoma and adjacent infection to establish a preoperative diagnosis of infected aneurysms.
Expandable and Rapidly Differentiating Human Induced Neural Stem Cell Lines for Multiple Tissue Engineering Applications

Limited availability of human neurons poses a significant barrier to progress in biological and preclinical studies of the human nervous system. Current stem cell-based approaches of neuron generation are still hindered by prolonged culture requirements, protocol complexity, and variability in neuronal differentiation. Here we establish stable human induced neural stem cell (hiNSC) lines through the direct reprogramming of neonatal fibroblasts and adult adipose-derived stem cells. These hiNSCs can be passaged indefinitely and cryopreserved as colonies. Independently of media composition, hiNSCs robustly differentiate into TUJ1-positive neurons within 4 days, making them ideal for innervated co-cultures. In vivo, hiNSCs migrate, engraft, and contribute to both central and peripheral nervous systems. Lastly, we demonstrate utility of hiNSCs in a 3D human brain model. This method provides a valuable interdisciplinary tool that could be used to develop drug screening applications as well as patient-specific disease models related to disorders of innervation and the brain.
Decision Making in the Family

Beginning with an overview of bioethical theories, this chapter identifies the ways in which cancer communication research and practice can inform understanding and knowledge of bioethics. Contributions of communication research to informed consent and decision making are discussed in the context of palliative care. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the ethical obligations of cancer communication researchers including the need to be sensitive concerning whose values are being upheld or promoted, and the difference between persuasive and coercive use of effective models of communication.
nodeGame: Real-time, synchronous, online experiments in the browser

nodeGame is a free, open-source JavaScript/ HTML5 framework for conducting synchronous experiments online and in the lab directly in the browser window. It is specifically designed to support behavioral research along three dimensions: (i) larger group sizes, (ii) real-time (but also discrete time) experiments, and (iii) batches of simultaneous experiments. nodeGame has a modular source code, and defines an API (application programming interface) through which experimenters can create new strategic environments and configure the platform. With zero-install, nodeGame can run on a great variety of devices, from desktop computers to laptops, smartphones, and tablets. The current version of the software is 3.0, and extensive documentation is available on the wiki pages at http://nodegame.org .
Selecting a Cost-Effective Number of Samples To Use at Preselected Locations

In the control of environmental contaminants, it is often useful to sample at preselected locations to determine concentrations and their means. These locations might be on a surface, throughout a room, or outdoors. Applications include air and water pollution control, industrial hygiene, and contamination control in industry. Contamination is a major cause of yield and reliability losses in the microelectronics industry. Sampling the cleanroom environment or sampling the product surfaces can help diagnose and prevent contamination problems, but sampling is becoming increasingly expensive. One wants to use sampling resources effectively to achieve desired low levels of uncertainly. We assume that the locations to be sampled have been selected, perhaps as described by Cooper et al. We show how to calculate the optimal number of samples to be taken at each location so as to minimize the uncertainty in the mean over the entire region under study, subject to a cost constraint. We consider two distinet criteri...
Paths to Stepfamily Life

Stepfamilies do not begin as tabula rasa. Members of stepfamailies are well into the process of writing their life stories when step-relationships begin. Although remarriage or cohabiting may start a new chapter in those life stories, the plot lines from earlier chapters continue. Characters and events that were important in the development of earlier stories generally continue to influence the directions the stories take. In fact, forming a stepfamily has been likened to beginning a novel in the middle of the book. Family members are trying to combine and understand multiple, and often diverse, story lines from prior families; these story lines may include comedies, tragedies, mysteries, romances, science fiction, and even postmodern narratives that are hard to follow.
Affordable Care Act, Public Legislation, and Professional Self-Regulation: Implications for Public Policy

The need for coordinated, comprehensive, national health care public policy began with passage of the Social Security Act of 1965, which attempted to ensure access to high quality health care for all retired Americans. It also created a system whereby physicians could be reimbursed for care delivered by means of a fee-for-service methodology. However, 20 years later, with unrestrained growth in health care resource utilization due to a dramatic increase in numbers of Medicare beneficiaries, health care strategists began to recognize that health care spending would threaten the entire US economy and the financial solvency of entitlement programs such as Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security. Government public policy quickly pivoted to cost containment efforts. Through a series of several innovative, groundbreaking demonstration projects linking process to clinical outcomes, the US government began to appreciate the high cost of poor quality health care both in terms of the crushing financial burden and the specter of preventable complications and unnecessarily high mortality rates. The essential core of all health care public policy in the USA for the last decade has been an attempt to engineer a care system that decreases resource utilization while simultaneously maximizing quality of care. Elements of this effort can be seen in legislative achievements such as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), passed in 2010 and the subsequent Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act Amendment. Today, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) is aggressively moving to abandon traditional Fee-For-Service payment methods which are extremely problematic in incentivizing decrease in resource utilization. Instead, Alternative Payment Models (APMs) are being created and tested which attempt to remove variability in care delivery, offer more coordination of care by providers, and drastically reduce costs by reimbursing clinical care entities (e.g., Accountable Care Organizations) one payment for an episode of patient care, regardless of how many providers participate in the care of the patient or costs incurred by the entity in providing the care. It is yet to be determined whether these efforts will be successful or not. Either way, health care in the USA will never be the same.
Ionospheric control of the dawn‐dusk asymmetry of the Mars magnetotail current sheet

This study investigates the role of solar EUV intensity at controlling the location of the Mars magnetotail current sheet and the structure of the lobes. Four simulation results are examined from a multifluid magnetohydrodynamic model. The solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions are held constant and the Mars crustal field sources are omitted from the simulation configuration. This isolates the influence of solar EUV. It is found that solar maximum conditions, regardless of season, result in a Venus-like tail configuration with the current sheet shifted to the –Y (dawnside) direction. Solar minimum conditions result in a flipped tail configuration with the current sheet shifted to the +Y (duskside) direction. The lobes follow this pattern, with the current sheet shifting away from the larger lobe with the higher magnetic field magnitude. The physical process responsible for this solar EUV control of the magnetotail is the magnetization of the dayside ionosphere. During solar maximum, the ionosphere is relatively strong and the draped IMF field lines quickly slip past Mars. At solar minimum, the weaker ionosphere allows the draped IMF to move closer to the planet. These lower altitudes of the closest approach of the field line to Mars greatly hinders the day-to-night flow of magnetic flux. This results in a buildup of magnetic flux in the dawnside lobe as the S-shaped topology on that side of the magnetosheath extends farther downtail. The study demonstrates that the Mars dayside ionosphere exerts significant control over the nightside induced magnetosphere of that planet.
Effects of sea level rise on hydrology: case study in a typical mid-Atlantic coastal watershed

Sea level rise (SLR) can negatively affect the hydrology of coastal watersheds. However, the relevant information is incomplete and insufficient in existing literature. The objective of this study is to present a modeling approach to predict long-term effects of SLR on changes of flood peak, flood stage, and groundwater table with an assumption that the historical climate would reoccur in the future. The study was conducted for a typical coastal watershed in southeast USA. The results indicate that sea level had been rising at a rate of 4.21 mm yr −1 from 1948 to 1982 but at a faster rate of 5.16 mm yr −1 from 1983 to 2013. At such SLR rates and by 2113, the groundwater table beneath the eastern part of the watershed would be raised by 0.10 to 0.29 m, while the annual mean peak discharge and flood stage at the watershed outlet would be increased by 13.84 m 3 s −1 (from 3.63 to 17.47 m 3 s −1 ) and 0.92 m (from zero to 0.92 m), respectively. The other parts of the watershed would be relatively less affected by SLR. For coastal watersheds, SLR will probably raise the groundwater table, and increase the magnitude and occurrence of peak discharge and flood stage.
Looking the Part: Does Audit Committee Expertise Reduce the Influence of Superficial Appearances in Auditor Selection and Compensation Decisions?

Although prior research has claimed that audit committees with more expertise secure better auditors and enjoy higher quality earnings, a deeper understanding of this premise compels consideration of the factors that less-expert audit committees consider when choosing auditors if indeed they are less sensitive to auditor quality. Drawing on newly mandated PCAOB Form AP disclosures of audit partners’ identities, we examine the premise that less-expert audit committees are more likely to be influenced by auditors’ superficial characteristics, which we proxy by obtaining independent ratings of audit partners’ physical appearances. We find that audit committees with fewer financial experts tend to engage more attractive audit partners and pay attractive audit partners a differential fee premium. These findings support the view that expertise helps audit committees by mitigating the influence of superficial characteristics in auditor selection and compensation decisions.
Parental influences on Hmong American adolescents’ ethnic–racial identity

This study examined associations between cultural socialization and Hmong American early adolescents’ (n 93) ethnic–racial identity in the context of the overall parent–adolescent relationship. Findings suggested that cultural socialization was positively related to ethnic exploration and resolution but not to affirmation. Involved–supportive parenting was not related to adolescent ethnic–racial identity either directly or as a moderator. Acculturation gaps, on the other hand, were indirectly related to ethnic affirmation via intergenerational conflict. In addition, indirect associations linking higher levels of cultural socialization to affirmation via conflict were found, but only at high levels of acculturation gaps. Findings and their implications are discussed. Our findings suggested that if Hmong American adolescents perceive that their parents are too traditionally Hmong, then when those parents attempt to teach their children about being Hmong or possibly attempt to boost pride in being Hmong, those attempts may create conflict in the family. That conflict, in turn, can lead to lowered feelings of pride in being Hmong.
Leverage, diplomacy, and African lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, and intersex rights: Malawi and Zambia compared

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, and intersex (LGBTI) rights have become central to the Western human rights (HR) agenda in Africa. Nevertheless, diplomatic responses to violations of LGBTI r...