cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms contributing to precipitation of unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction: Implications regarding therapy

Clinical and autopsy studies indicate that most patients who present with unstable angina or an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have significant underlying coronary atherosclerosis. This review discusses 4 mechanisms that may contribute to the precipitation of these acute ischemic clinical syndromes: progression of atherosclerosis, acute coronary thrombosis, coronary artery spasm, and platelet aggregation. Numerous clinical trials using thrombolytic agents early during AMI have shown the incidence of thrombosis to be at least 60%. Other studies suggest that platelet aggregation frequently contributes to the evolution of AMI from unstable angina and that spasm may occasionally play a similar role. The therapeutic implications of these mechanisms are also considered in light of their potential to restore coronary artery blood flow (vs conventional methods thought mainly to reduce myocardial oxygen demand) and thereby limit the infarct process. The role of vasodilators, thrombolytic agents, antiplatelet drugs and beta-adrenergic blocking drugs are discussed. Finally, therapeutic guidelines for the treatment of acutely ill patients are constructed that emphasize the need for a comprehensive yet time-efficient treatment strategy that uses nitrates, calcium channel-blocking drugs, streptokinase, heparin, aspirin and, in selected patients in an unstable condition, emergency percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting.
Treatment of an adolescent with obsessive-compulsive disorder by alternating response prevention and cognitive therapy: An empirical analysis☆

This paper reports on the treatment of a 14-year-old boy with severe obsessive-compulsive disorder. Baseline measures indicated that two checking behaviors were of extreme frequency. Personal discomfort was severe and parental ratings of anxiety and depression were high. Treatment employed an alternating design of response prevention and cognitive therapy. Parent and client ratings of levels of anxiety and depression were taken daily in addition to frequency levels of the compulsive behaviors. The treatment procedures over 24 sessions eliminated the compulsive behaviors and reduced self-reported anxiety. The study is unique in demonstrating that the cognitive therapy had a significant influence in diminishing the obsessive-compulsive behaviors.
Acquisition, assessment and use of business information by small- and medium-sized businesses: a demand perspective

Geographic context has been shown to be an important factor in determining the supply of business information available to firms. However, such studies often ignore the demand for such information by businesses. Using a mail survey and fieldwork, the authors investigate business information demand issues for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in mature industries. Results show that these businesses have distinct preferences for both particular information sources as well as differing qualitative assessments of the sources' credibility, relevance and availability. Thus, studies of organizational information behaviour in a regional context should attend to the demand side of business information behaviour to avoid mis-reading the benefits of geographic location.
Photocyclization of a naphthyl substituted Y-enyne

Y-enyne 1 undergoes electrocyclic ring closure, via a cumulene intermediate 2, to photoproduct 3 upon irradiation at 350 nm in the presence/absence of air. In non-polar solvents, a [1,5] H-shift affords the photoproduct. In MeOX (X=H/D), protonation/deuteration of the central allenic carbon in 2 occurs. The X-ray structure of 3, the photoproduct upon irradiation of 1 in benzene, is reported.
Psychoanalysis and theology: Jacques Lacan and Paul.

The nature of humanity—or the human situation-has been an area of thought intensely studied by theologians and philosophers for centuries. In more recent times, however, psychology has made serious advances into this field of inquiry. It has been able to provide insights applicable to previous theological ideas. The author brings to the reader's attention his twofold purpose: to present an interpretation of the human situation as understood by Jacques Lacan—as informed by such forerunners as Sigmund Freud and Martin Heidegger— and expressed by psychoanalytic method. These same ideas are then examined in light of the writings of St. Paul. From a sensitive study of these two thinkers the author has been able to draw numerous correlations pertinent to contemporary studies within religion and psychology.
Investigation of nutrient feeding strategies in a countercurrent mixed-acid multi-staged fermentation: experimental data.

Nutrients are essential for microbial growth and metabolism in mixed-culture acid fermentations. Understanding the influence of nutrient feeding strategies on fermentation performance is necessary for optimization. For a four-bottle fermentation train, five nutrient contacting patterns (single-point nutrient addition to fermentors F1, F2, F3, and F4 and multi-point parallel addition) were investigated. Compared to the traditional nutrient contacting method (all nutrients fed to F1), the near-optimal feeding strategies improved exit yield, culture yield, process yield, exit acetate-equivalent yield, conversion, and total acid productivity by approximately 31%, 39%, 46%, 31%, 100%, and 19%, respectively. There was no statistical improvement in total acid concentration. The traditional nutrient feeding strategy had the highest selectivity and acetate-equivalent selectivity. Total acid productivity depends on carbon–nitrogen ratio.
Experimental observation of superstrong electron plasma waves and wave breaking.

A very intense electron plasma wave is resonantly excited at the top of a broad, flat density profile, by a longitudinal very-high-frequency electric field oscillating at the plasma frequency. Electric field energy densities W=E\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{} $^{2}$/4\ensuremath{\pi}${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{c}}$${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{e}}$g${10}^{3}$ are produced, along with copious electrons and ions of kinetic energy Kg${10}^{3}$${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{e}}$. Reconstruction of the wave, from detailed measurements of electric field amplitude and phase, demonstrates wave breaking and accounts for the observed energetic particles.
Choline supplementation mitigates trace, but not delay, eyeblink conditioning deficits in rats exposed to alcohol during development

Children exposed to alcohol prenatally suffer from a range of physical, neuropathological and behavioral alterations, referred to as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Both the cerebellum and hippocampus are affected by alcohol exposure during development, which may contribute to behavioral and cognitive deficits observed in children with FASD. Despite the known neuropathology associated with prenatal alcohol exposure, many pregnant women continue to drink (heavy drinkers, in particular), creating a need to identify effective treatments for their children who are adversely affected by alcohol. We previously reported that choline supplementation can mitigate alcohol’s effects on cognitive development, specifically on tasks which depend on the functional integrity of the hippocampus. The present study examined whether choline supplementation could differentially mitigate ethanol’s effects on trace eyeblink classical conditioning (a hippocampal-dependent task) and delay eyeblink classical conditioning (a cerebellar-dependent task). Long-Evans rats were exposed to 5.25 g/kg/day alcohol via gastric intubation from postnatal days (PD) 4-9, a period of brain development equivalent to late gestation in humans. A sham-intubated control group was included. From PD 10-30, subjects received subcutaneous injections of 100 mg/kg choline chloride or vehicle. Beginning on PD 32-34, subjects were trained on either delay or trace eyeblink conditioning. Performance of subjects exposed to alcohol was significantly impaired on both tasks, as indicated by significant reductions in percentage and amplitude of conditioned eyeblink responses, an effect that was attenuated by choline supplementation on the trace, but not delay conditioning task. Indeed, ethanol-exposed subjects treated with choline performed at control levels on the trace eyeblink conditioning task. There were no significant main or interactive effects of sex. These data indicate that choline supplementation can significantly reduce the severity of trace eyeblink conditioning deficits associated with early alcohol exposure, even when administered after the alcohol insult is complete. These findings have important implications for the treatment of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
CT appearance of children in a persistent vegetative state

A morphometric CT study was performed on 17 children who were in a persistent vegetative state. Four cases with compromised brain stem function (group 1) showed a significantly smaller lateral pontine ratio (LPR, width of pons I greatest internal diameter between temporal bone) than the remaining 13 cases with preserved brain stem function (group 2) and controls. LPR was considered a useful indicator of brain stem atrophy and to correlate well with brain stem function.
The predictive power of January returns in foreign and domestic markets

Abstract In the post World War II era, cumulative returns from February through December in the US and in other large equity markets relate positively to the preceding January's returns in those markets. However, in the US, the January return in the pre-War era is negatively related to the cumulative February-December return over the same period. Thus, although risk premia vary over time in a manner that can be predicted ex ante, exogenous shocks to the economy (e.g., war) can disrupt the relation one is accustomed to observing.
Third-Order and Fifth-Order Analysis of the Triplet

A series of triplet objectives have been corrected to the same third-order values and compared by computing the fifth-order aberrations. The calculations show that the most symmetrical solutions have reduced fifth-order coma but have an inward curving, high-order astigmatism.
A method for evaluating bolting-resistance in Brassica species

Abstract Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), Chinese cabbage (B. campestris ssp. pekinensis), chikale (B. campestris ssp. pekinensis × B. oleracea var. acephala hybrid) and turnip (B. campestris spp. rapifera) were studied. The proper plant size (number of true leaves) for the beginning of vernalization treatment was determined. All vernalization experiments commenced when the plants were 4 weeks old, with 5–7 true leaves. Plants were classified as bolters either through the visible appearance of flower buds at the apex, or by making longitudinal cuts through the apex if the flower buds were not visible. Cut plants with a pointed apex were classified as bolters. A definite relationship between the number of true leaves and bolting was observed for kale, the more difficult biennial species.
Problem Behaviors of Low-Income Children with Language Delays: An Observation Study.

Children from low-income families are at increased risk for significant behavioral and language problems. Early identification of these problems is essential for effective intervention. The purpose of the present study was to use multiple behavioral assessments to examine the behavioral profiles of sixty 3- and 4-year-old children from low-income families enrolled in Head Start programs and to compare the behavior characteristics of 32 children with language delays with those of 28 children with typical language development. Teachers completed the Child Behavior Checklist/Caregiver-Teacher Report Form/2–5 (CTRF; T. M. Achenbach, 1997) and the Social Skills Rating System (SSRS; F. M. Gresham & S. N. Elliott, 1990), and children were observed in the classrooms during structured and unstructured activities. Children with language delays exhibited more problem behaviors and poorer social skills on some of the observational measures than did children with typical language development, as predicted, but not on all.
Encapsulation, with high efficiency, of radioactive metal ions in liposomes

Abstract The encapsulation of radioactive metalic cations, such as 111In3+ or 67Ga3+, in the internal aqueous compartment of liposomes can be achieved with an efficiency of about 90%. The efficient loading of a high specific activity of cations into liposomes involves the transport of 111In3+ or 67Ga3+ through the lipid bilayer to an encapsulated strong chelate, such as nitrilotriacetic acid, by 8-hydroxyquinoline, in conjunction with an efficient anion-exchange resin technique for the removal of the external cations. The efficiency of loading cations to liposomes is affected markedly by the concentration of 8-hydroxyquinoline, the pH of the final incubation mixture of liposomes and the complex of 8-hydroxyquinoline-metal, and the presence of the chelating agents in the loading incubation mixture. However, the loading efficiency is not affected by the pH of the internal aqueous compartment of liposomes over a range of pH 5–9, the concentration of the liposomes, the method of liposomal preparation, the lamellar structure of the liposomes, and the composition of liposomes. Furthermore, the loading procedures do not appear to affect the size and the permeability of liposomes. There is a good agreement in the tissue distributions of the liposomes prepared by the present loading methods and those by the conventional method of encapsulation by sonication. Liposomes entrapping high specific activity of 67Ga3+ or 111In3+ will be useful for future studies of the in vivo kinetics of liposomes by the combined techniques of scintigraphic imaging and the gamma-ray perturbed angular correlation.
A Survey of Inhalant Use Disorders among Delinquent Youth: Prevalence, Clinical Features, and Latent Structure of DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria

Inhalant use is among the most pernicious and poorly understood forms of adolescent substance use. Many youth in the juvenile justice system have used inhalants, but little is known about inhalant use disorders (IUDs) in antisocial youth populations. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence, clinical features, and latent structure of DSM-IV IUDs in a state population of antisocial youth. Cross-sectional survey conducted in 2003. Of 740 youth residing in Missouri State Division of Youth Services' (MDYS) residential treatment facilities at the time the study was conducted, 723 (97.7%) completed interviews. Eighty-seven percent were male, with a mean age of 15.5 (SD = 1.2). Nearly 4 in 10 youth (38.5%; n = 279) reported lifetime inhalant use. Youth ranged from very mildly to severely antisocial. Of 279 inhalant users, 52 (18.6%) met DSM-IV inhalant abuse criteria and 79 (28.3%) met inhalant dependence criteria. Five of 10 IUD criteria were met by > 10% of the total sample. Latent class analyses demonstrated a substantial concordance between DSM-IV-defined IUDs and an empirically-derived classification based on responses to DSM-IV IUD diagnostic criteria. IUDs and constituent criteria were prevalent among youth in the juvenile justice system. Two groups of problem inhalant users were identified, symptomatic users-DSM-IV inhalant abuse and highly symptomatic users-DSM-IV inhalant dependence, which differed primarily in severity of inhalant-related problems. Inhalant screening, prevention and treatment efforts in juvenile justice settings are rarely delivered, but critically needed.
The effect of pH and time on the extractability and speciation of uranium(VI) sorbed to SiO2.

The effect of pH and contact time on uranium extractability from quartz surfaces was investigated using either acidic or carbonate (CARB) extraction solutions, time-delayed spikes of different U isotopes (238U and 233U), and liquid helium temperature time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS). Quartz powders were reacted with 238U(VI) bearing solutions equilibrated with atmospheric CO2 at pH 6, 7, and 8. After 42 days, the suspensions were spiked with 233U(VI) and reacted for an additional 7 days. Sorbed U was then extracted with either dilute nitric acid or CARB. For the CARB, but not the acid, extraction there was a systematic decrease in extraction efficiency for both isotopes from pH 6 to 8, which was mimicked by less desorption of 238U, after the 233U spike, from pH 6 to 8. The efficiency of 233U extraction was consistently greater than that of 238U, indicating a strong temporal component to the strength of U association with the surface that was accentuated with increasing pH. TRL...
Fatigue behaviour of precipitation-hardening medium C steels containing Cu

The presence of Cu precipitates counteracts the cyclic softening present in ordinary quenched and tempered steels. This is expected to result in an increase in fatigue limit. The fatigue crack propagation rate (dc/dN) at constant ΔK in the Cu-C steels was shown to depend on heat-treatment and carbon content. To maximize yield strength and minimize ¦da/dN¦ΔK for tempering at 500° C, one must choose a low C content and temper for a short time; ¦da/dN¦ΔK in 0.28 wt % C-1.45 wt % Cu tempered for 13 min was one-third that for 0.45 wt % C-1.45 wt% Cu tempered for 200 min. There is also an advantage in adding Cu while simultaneously lowering the Ccontent. The dc/dN data are discussed in terms of the yield strength and the energy to form a unit area of fatigue crack, U, which was measured using foil strain gauges. The quantity (¦dc/dN ¦ΔKσ y ′2 U) where σ y ′ is the cyclic yield stress, was found to be nearly constant. In the 0.28 wt % C-1.45wt % Cu alloy, short ageing times at 500° C resulted in greater resistance to initiation of cracks at notches for low ΔKs than long ageing times.
Intranodose ganglion injections of dronabinol attenuate serotonin-induced apnea in Sprague-Dawley rat

Obstructive sleep apnea represents a significant public health concern. Afferent vagal activation is implicated in increased apnea susceptibility by reducing upper airway muscle tone via activation of serotonin receptors in the nodose ganglia. Previous investigations demonstrated that systemically administered cannabinoids can be used therapeutically to decrease the apnea/hypopnea index in rats and in humans. However, cannabinoids have effects on both the central and peripheral nervous systems, and the exact mechanism of decreased apnea/hypopnea index with cannabinoids is unknown. Here, we hypothesized that intranodose ganglion injections of a cannabinoid will attenuate 5-HT-induced reflex apnea and increase upper airway muscle tone. We show that dronabinol injected locally into the nodose ganglia suppresses 5-HT-induced reflex apnea, and increases phasic, but not tonic, activation of the genioglossus. These data support the view that dronabinol stabilizes respiratory pattern and augments upper airway muscles by acting at the nodose ganglia. These findings underscore a therapeutic potential of dronabinol for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea.
Does passage meditation foster compassionate love among health professionals?: a randomised trial

An emerging scientific literature is investigating the construct of “compassionate love,” love that is “centered on the good of the other,” a construct empirically linked to physical and mental health. We evaluated effects of an 8-week, 16-hour programme for physicians, nurses, chaplains, and other health professionals, using nonsectarian, spiritually based, self-management tools. Participants were randomised to intervention (n = 30) or wait-list (n = 31). Pretest, post-test, 8- and 19-week follow-up data were gathered on six measures of prosocial qualities. Favorable treatment effects (p<0.05) were found for compassionate love (d = 0.49), altruistic actions (d = 0.33), perspective-taking (d = 0.42), and forgiveness (d = 0.61). Treatment adherence fully mediated effects on compassionate love. Furthermore, stress reduction mediated treatment effects on compassionate love, perspective-taking, and forgiveness; each also mediated gains in caregiving self-efficacy. This encouraging evidence suggests that nonla...
Simultaneous dopamine and single-unit recordings reveal accumbens GABAergic responses: Implications for intracranial self-stimulation

Intracranial self-stimulation (ICS) is a motivated behavior that results from contingent activation of the brain reward system. ICS with stimulating electrodes placed in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) is particularly robust. However, the neurons that course through this pathway use a variety of neurotransmitters including dopamine and GABA. For this reason, the neurotransmitters that are central to this behavior, and the specific roles that they subserve, remain unclear. Here, we used extracellular electrophysiology and cyclic voltammetry at the same electrode in awake rats to simultaneously examine cell firing and dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) during ICS and noncontingent stimulation of the MFB. ICS elicited dopamine release in the NAc and produced coincident time-locked changes (predominantly inhibitions) in the activity of a subset of NAc neurons. Similar responses were elicited with noncontingent stimulations. The changes in firing rate induced by noncontingent stimulations were reversed by the GABA A receptor antagonist bicuculline. Most time-locked unit activity was unaffected by D1 or D2-like dopamine-receptor antagonists, or by inhibition of evoked dopamine release, although, for a minority of units, the D1 dopamine-receptor antagonist SCH23390 attenuated neural activity. Thus, neurons in the NAc are preferentially inhibited by GABA A receptors after MFB stimulation, a mechanism that may also be important in ICS.
Linear dynamical systems over finite rings

The problem of linking the structure of a finite linear dynamical system with its dynamics is well understood when the phase space is a vector space over a finite field. The cycle structure of such a system can be described by the elementary divisors of the linear function, and the problem of determining whether the system is a fixed point system can be answered by computing and factoring the system's characteristic polynomial and minimal polynomial. It has become clear recently that the study of finite linear dynamical systems must be extended to embrace finite rings. The difficulty of dealing with an arbitrary finite commutative ring is that it lacks of unique factorization. In this paper, an efficient algorithm is provided for analyzing the cycle structure of a linear dynamical system over a finite commutative ring. In particular, for a given commutative ring R such that |R|=q, where q is a positive integer, the algorithm determines whether a given linear system over Rn is a fixed point system or not in time O(n3log(nlog(q))).
Second-law optimization of forced convection of non-Newtonian fluids in ducts

A general expression for the entropy generation in forced convection of power-law fluids is obtained and applied to study the problem of fully developed forced convection in two basic duct geometries: two parallel plates and a circular pipe. It is found that in both cases, the entropy generation per unit duct length increases monotonically with the power-law index. The entropy generation per unit length reaches a plateau at small values of the power law index. An optimum plate spacing and an optimum pipe diameter are defined that minimize the entropy generation in the duct. Based on the results reported here, a duct can be sized to operate while producing minimum entropy if the power-law fluid and the operating conditions are given. Alternatively, for a given duct geometry, the power-law fluid yielding the least irreversible convective heat transport can be chosen. 11 refs.
Dopant incorporation studies in silicon molecular beam epitaxy (Si MBE)

Abstract We have studied dopant incorporation mechanisms in Si MBE via a model that allows for a steady state build-up of dopant on the host surface as a result of the incident flux, the desorbing flux and the incorporating rate. Application of this model to gallium on silicon will be discussed. Using isothermal desorption spectroscopy and Auger analysis we determine the activation energy for gallium desorption from silicon to be ∼2.88 eV. The activation energy for incorporation is deduced to be ∼1.20 eV. The time for achieving steady state conditions after abrupt changes in flux may be equivalent to several hundreds to a few thousands of angstroms of grown film at normal growth temperatures and rates. A technique has been developed by which the desired steady state value of the incorporated dopant is pre-adjusted so that the smear is reduced to negligible values (
The Effect of Focusing Field Nonlinearities in MBE-4 on Transverse Beam Dynamics

A particle simulation code was used to study the effect on transverse beam dynamics of nonlinearities of the focusing field in a linear accelerator transporting a multiple beam array. Nonlinear field strengths for various multiple-beam design geometries were calculated by relaxation codes for use in the simulation calculation. Nonlinearities due to asymmetry of the electrode array with respect to a single beam were found to be negligible. Electrode end effect nonlinearities led to emittance growth for off-axis beams, though for the geometry of MBE-4, this was negligible. For misaligned beams, a dodecapole field caused significant emittance growth. This was not seen in single particle tracking calculations. Fields due to induced charge on the electrodes can reduce this effect, or the dodecapole field can be eliminated by proper choice of the electrode radius.
A study of competitive secondary dissociation in the thermal decomposition of ethynylsilane

Abstract There are two transient species (silylvinylidene and ethynylsilylene) which are implicated in the primary decomposition process for ethynylsilane. Pathways for the dissociation of these species using ab initio molecular-orbital methods have been investigated. In addition, the competitive decomposition pathways for silylvinylidene and vinylsilylene are assessed in the light of previous experimental shock-tube and stirred-flow studies.
APPLICATIONS OF COMMINUTION TECHNIQUES FOR THE SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POWDER MATERIALS

This paper reviews a new method for surface modification to cover particle surface with fine particles mechanically in a dry phase by making use of comminution techniques.First, the relation of comminution process with surface modification technology is discussed, and the advanced machines developed in Japan to treat core particles surface with fine particles based on grinding principles are introduced. Then, the details of the composite process of core/fine particles with these machines are explained.In the second section, the effects of the controlling factors on the composite process such as mechanical actions, treating temperature and atmosphere are discussed.The third section deals with the conditions of combinations of core/fine particles acceptable to this method, and it is demonstrated that this method has a great feasibility to fabricate composite particles by the combination of various kinds of core/fine particles. The scale-up of these machnines is explained in the fourth section, and a typical example is introduced.The last section summarizes the applications of the composite particles fabricated by this method to create various kinds of new materials, which include the application for surface modification technology. The applications of this method are shown to expand for other types of processing such as rounding particles and mixing different kinds of powder materials precisely. Furthermore, it is also explained that this method can fabricate composite particles inside which different kinds of components are dispersed.
Comparative study of suture and laser-assisted anastomoses in rat sciatic nerves.

Conventional suture repair of peripheral nerves results in a fibrotic reaction that is detrimental to nerve regeneration. As an alternative procedure known as “laser-assisted” repair, a laser can be used, along with a reduced number of sutures, to reanastomose severed peripheral nerves. To explore the long-term implications of this technique, the right sciatic nerves of Sprague-Dawley rats were surgically cut and reanastomosed either by means of four epineurial sutures or two epineurial sutures and CO2 laser welds. Tensile strength, electrophysiology, histology, and functional studies were performed up to 11 months postoperatively. Tensile strength measurements indicate no long-term disadvantage with the laser-assisted technique, although the short-term tensile strength is lower than with conventional suture repair. The conduction velocities of the repaired nerves were similar for both techniques; however, laser-assisted repaired nerves were found to have lower stimulation thresholds and reduced branching compared to the suture repaired nerves. The measured functional recovery was similar for both repair techniques.
Motivation and Achievement in Black and White Junior College Students

Summary A number of motivational variables (need for achievement, educational aspiration, social science interest, self-concept of ability, test anxiety, and internal-external control) were correlated with grades obtained by males in an introductory social science course. There were no race or social class differences in level of motivation. The motivational variables highly correlate with achievement were as follows: for lower-class students, both black and white, social science interest; for middle-class black students, educational aspiration; and for middle-class white students, test anxiety. Middle-class black students tended to be overachievers; middle-class white students, underachievers. The findings indicate that generalizations about racial differences may not hold true for particular subgroups, and suggest interest in the subject as important in motivating lower-class students for academic achievement.
Haemic neoplasms of bay mussels, Mytilus edulis L., from Oregon: occurrence, prevalence, seasonality and histopathological progression

. The occurrence, prevalence, seasonality and histopathological progression of a cellular disorder, thought to be a haemic neoplasm, were studied in subpopulations of Mytilus edulis inhabiting different sites in Yaquina Bay, Oregon, from 1976–1981. There were significant differences in the occurrence of the disorder that were related to geographical location. In the subpopulation with the highest levels of the disease, the prevalence rates ranged from 0 to 20% with a 5-year mean of 9.8 %. There was a statistically significant relationship between prevalence and season. During the 5-year study period, there was a consistent pattern characterized by highest prevalences during January to March followed by a period of decline to lower levels during the summer and early autumn, after which there was an increase. Data analyses revealed that there was no seasonal histopathological progression of the disorder. Numbers of stage 1 (early), 2, 3 and 4 (advanced) cases were not related to season but occurred in a random manner throughout the entire year.
The effects of financial development in the short and long run: Theory and evidence from India

Abstract Although many view financial access as a means of reducing poverty or increasing growth, empirical studies have produced contradictory results. One problem is that most studies cover only a short time frame and do not consider dynamic effects. I show that introducing credit in a general model of intertemporal consumption creates a boom in consumption and reduces poverty initially, but eventually reduces mean consumption because credit substitutes for precautionary wealth. Using new consistent consumption data that cover a much longer time period than most studies, my empirical findings show that increased access to bank branches in rural India increased consumption initially and reduced poverty, but consumption later fell and poverty rose. The long-term effect is still positive, however, suggesting that credit may have a beneficial role beyond consumption smoothing.
Retrospective study of hepatic enzyme elevations in children treated with olanzapine, divalproex, and their combination.

Objective To evaluate hepatic enzyme elevations during treatment with olanzapine, divalproex, and their combination. Method Fifty-two children, aged 4 to 18 years, with hepatic enzyme levels measured during treatment with olanzapine ( n = 17), divalproex ( n = 23), or their combination ( n = 12), were identified in the computerized records at a pediatric medical center. Clinical characteristics as well as serial alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase levels were collected. Results Mean and peak hepatic enzyme levels were significantly higher for the combined treatment group compared to the olanzapine or divalproex groups. All 12 patients who received combined treatment had at least one peak enzyme elevation during the treatment. For 42% of these patients, at least one enzyme level remained elevated during the time for which values were available (mean 8 ± 6 months). For those treated with divalproex either alone or in combination, the findings were not explained by variations in divalproex plasma levels. Two patients receiving combined treatment had the combination treatment discontinued because of medical complications (pancreatitis in one and steatohepatitis in the other). Conclusions Combined treatment with olanzapine and divalproex was associated with more elevations of hepatic enzymes than treatment with either agent alone. The long-term significance of this is unknown but warrants study.
Small-scale turbulence affects the division rate and morphology of two red-tide dinoflagellates

Abstract The effects of small-scale turbulence on two species of dinoflagellates were examined in cultures where the turbulent forces came randomly from all directions and were intermittent both spatially and temporally; much like small-scale turbulence in the ocean. With Lingulodinium polyedrum (Stein) Dodge (syn. Gonyaulax polyedra ), division rate increased linearly (from ∼0.35 to 0.5 per day) and the mean cross-sectional area (CSA) decreased linearly (from ∼1100 to 750 μm 2 ) as a function of the logarithmic increase in turbulence energy dissipation rate ( e ). These effects were noted when e values increased between ∼10 −8 and 10 −4 m 2 s −3 . However, when e increased to ∼10 −3 m 2 s −3 , division rate sharply decreased and mean CSA increased. Over the same range of e , Alexandrium catenella (Wheedon and Kofoid) Balech had its division rate decrease linearly (from ∼0.6 to 0.45 per day) and its CSA increase linearly (from ∼560 to 650 μm 2 ) as a function of the logarithmic increase in e . Even at the highest e examined (∼10 −3 m 2 s −3 ), which may be unrealistically high for their ambits, both L. polyedra and A. catenella still had fairly high division rates, ∼0.2 and 0.45 per day, respectively. Turbulence strongly affected chain formation in A. catenella . In non-turbulent cultures, the mode was single cells (80–90% of the population), but at e of ∼10 −5 to 10 −4 m 2 s −3 , the mode was 8 cells per chain. At the highest e (∼10 −3 m 2 s −3 ), the mode decreased to 4 cells per chain. The vertical distributions of A. catenella populations in relation to hydrographic flow fields were studied in the summers of 1997 and 1998 in East Sound, Washington, USA (latitude 48°39′N, 122°53′W). In both summers, high concentrations of A. catenella were found as a subsurface bloom in a narrow depth interval (∼2 m), where both current shear and turbulence intensity were at a minimum. Other researchers have shown that A. catenella orients its swimming in shear flows, and that swimming speed increases with chain length. These responses, when combined with our observations, support a hypothesis that A. catenella actively concentrates at depths with low turbulence and shear.
New Atlantis Revisited: Akademgorodok, the Siberian City of Science

In 1958 construction began on Akademgorodok, a scientific utopian community modeled after Francis Bacon's vision of a "New Atlantis." The city, carved out of a Siberian forest, 2,500 miles east of Moscow, was formed by Soviet scientists with the full support of Nikita Khrushchev. They believed that their rational science, liberated from ideological and economic constraints, would help their country surpass the West in all fields. In a lively history of this city, itself a symbol of de-Stalinization, Paul Josephson offers the most complete analysis available of the reasons behind the successes and failures of Soviet science - from advances in nuclear physics to politically induced setbacks in research on recombinant DNA.
Cosmology of the singlet Majoron model

Abstract The singlet Majoron model, with B-L broken spontaneously at the GeV scale, allows Ω = 1 in ν μ or ν τ with masses in the range of 1 keV to 35 MeV. Neutrino-Majoron scattering leads to an unusual processing of the density perturbation spectrum; the resulting large scale structure will be very similar to warm or cold dark matter. The Higgs boson may decay predominantly into invisible channels giving signatures with a missing mass peak.
Family Forest Landowners’ Interest in Forest Carbon Offset Programs: Focus Group Findings from the Lake States, USA

In 2012, focus groups were organized with individuals owning 20+ acres in the Lake States region of the United States (Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin) to discuss various issues related to forest carbon offsetting. Focus group participants consisted of landowners who had responded to an earlier mail-back survey (2010) on forest carbon offsets. Two focus groups were held per state with an average of eight participants each (49 total). While landowner participant types varied, overall convergence was reached on several key issues. In general, discussion results found that the current payment amounts offered for carbon credits are not likely, on their own, to encourage participation in carbon markets. Landowners are most interested in other benefits they can attain through carbon management (e.g., improved stand species mix, wildlife, and trails). Interestingly, landowner perceptions about the condition of their own forest land were most indicative of prospective interest in carbon management. Landowners who felt that their forest was currently in poor condition, or did not meet their forest ownership objectives, were most interested in participating. While the initial survey sought landowner opinions about carbon markets, a majority of focus group participants expressed interest in general carbon management as a means to achieve reduced property taxes.
Test particle simulation of direct laser acceleration in a density-modulated plasma waveguide

Direct laser acceleration (DLA) of electrons by the use of the intense axial electric field of an ultrafast radially polarized laser pulse is a promising technique for future compact accelerators. Density-modulated plasma waveguides can be implemented for guiding the propagation of the laser pulse to extend the acceleration distance and for the quasi-phase-matching between the accelerated electrons and the laser pulse. A test particle model is developed to study the optimal axial density modulation structure of plasma waveguides for laser pulses to efficiently accelerate co-propagating electrons. A simple analytical approach is also presented, which can be used to estimate the energy gain in DLA. The analytical model is validated by the test particle simulation. The effect of injection phase and acceleration of electrons injected at various radial positions are studied. The results indicate that a positively chirped density modulation of the waveguide structure is required to accelerate electron with low initial energies, and can be effectively optimized. A wider tolerance on the injection phase and radial distance from the waveguide axis exists for electrons injected with a higher initial energy.
Conformational stability, barriers to internal rotation, ab initio calculations, and vibrational assignment for fluorodichloroacetyl chloride

Abstract The Raman (2000 to 10 cm −1 ) and infrared (2000 to 30 cm −1 spectra of both the gaseous and solid phases of fluorodichloroacetyl chloride, CCl 2 FCClO, have been recorded. In addition, the Raman spectrum of the liquid, along with qualitative depolarization ratios, has been obtained. These data have been interpreted on the basis of an equilibrium between the gauche and trans conformers (fluorine atom trans to the chlorine atom of the CClO top) in the gaseous and liquid phases. From the study of the Raman spectrum of the liquid at different temperatures, a value of 110 + 24 cm −1 (316 ± 68 cal mol −1 ) was determined for ΔH with the trans conformer being the more stable form. A similar study of the sample dissolved in liquid xenon gave a ΔH value of 177 + 14 cm −1 (506 ± 40 cal mol −1 ), again with the trans rotamer the more stable conformer. Therefore, the trans conformer is the predominate rotamer in the gas and liquid, and the only conformer present in the annealed solid. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed for both conformers based on infrared band contours, Raman depolarization data, group frequencies, and normal coordinate calculations. Optimized geometries, conformational stabilities, unscaled and scaled vibrational frequencies, and harmonic force fields are reported for both conformers from ab initio calculations utilizing the RHF 3-21 G ∗ , RHF 6-31 G ∗ and/or MP 2 6-31 G ∗ basis sets. These results are compared with the corresponding results for some similar molecules.
Layer-by-layer growth of incommensurate, polycrystalline, lying-down pentacene thin films on Au(111)

Pentacene, as well as other polyacenes, is known to adsorb on metal surfaces in a lying-down geometry, that is, with the molecular plane parallel to the surface. Here we show using scanning tunneling microscopy that the lying-down pentacene monolayer seeds the growth of a multilayer polycrystalline film in a layer-by-layer fashion, with the molecular planes parallel to the substrate surface. Growth in the submonolayer region is characterized by a large number of ordered molecular structures as coverage increases. The saturated monolayer structure remains approximately the same throughout multilayer coverages studied. Statistical analysis of molecular domain orientation reveals that the ordered pentacene structures are incommensurate with the Au(111) substrate and growth beyond the monolayer region is a mixture of epitaxy and nonepitaxy. We conclude that the relatively large footprint of a lying-down pentacene molecule smoothes out lateral corrugation in the adsorption energy landscape on the Au(111) surfa...
A charge-based large-signal bipolar transistor model for device and circuit simulation

A model derived from one-dimensional regional analyses of ambipolar carrier transport with minimal empiricism is presented. Model verification and parameter extraction, based on test devices representative of the advanced bipolar technology, are described and used to demonstrate the predictive potential of the model. The physical model serves as a basis for seminumerical mixed-mode device/circuit simulation, as well as for a model hierarchy, in CAD applications. >
Dynamic Expression Patterns of Leucine-Rich Repeat Containing Protein 10 in the Heart

Leucine-rich repeat containing protein 10 (LRRC10) is a heart-specific factor whose function remains unknown. Examination of the intracellular location of the gene products is a critical step in determining the biological functions of the protein. Our expression analyses in mice indicate that LRRC10 is exclusively expressed from the precardiac region in early embryos to the adult heart. LRRC10 expression is markedly elevated upon birth, suggesting its role in the embryonic as well as adult hearts. Of interest, LRRC10 exhibits dynamic intracellular expression patterns in cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes from embryos and newborns show diffuse cytoplasmic and nuclear staining of LRRC10. In contrast, striking striations are observed in adult cardiomyocytes, which are colocalized with the markers for the Z-line, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), and transverse (T)-tubule by double immunostaining. Further investigation by electron micrographs places LRRC10 in a diad region where the SR interacts with the T-tubule that locates along the Z-line.
Investigating the role of identity and gender in technology mediated learning

Instructors and trainers are increasingly using online education and technology-mediated learning (TML) to supplement or replace traditional approaches to classroom teaching. Because mandatory involvement requirements may not intrinsically motivate learners to achieve high quality learning, social factors with commitment, such as identification among group members, are especially important determinants of TML success. This article investigates an individual's social and self identities as important determinants in developing affective commitment (identification) and intrinsic motivation (perceived enjoyment) to share knowledge by email in the TML environment. Furthermore, given the recent emphasis on gender in system adoption and socio-linguistic literature, this study investigates gender as a moderating variable in the proposed model. An empirical test of the proposed model was conducted in the pilot test (n = 155) as well as the main test (n = 411). Social and self identities influence identification (R2 = 0.42) and perceived enjoyment (R2 = 0.52) of sharing knowledge by email. As expected, there are significant moderating effects of gender in these relationships in that male shows stronger effects of self identity while female shows stronger effects of social identity. The results of this study will help us understand the antecedents of effective knowledge sharing intervention in the TML environment, based on the integrated model of social identity theory, social influence theory, self determination theory and socio-linguistic literature.
Deuteron and proton magnetic resonance in a-Si: (D,H)

Deuteron and proton NMR measurements have been made on a plasma-deposited $a$-Si: (D,H) sample. The spin-lattice relaxations include resolvable contributions arising from relaxations which proceed via molecular orthohydrogen and paradeuterium impurities. Several alternate relaxation mechanisms are considered. The deuteron resonance shows two distinct components, one of which exhibits a long spin-lattice relaxation time ${T}_{1}$ and a 66-kHz quadrupole-split resonance doublet line shape, which is shown to be characteristic of D bonded to Si.