cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Homeward bound: the circular migration of entertainers between Japan and the Philippines

One feature of globalization is the growing number of temporary labour migrants, but their experience of settlement does not always fit the dominant perspective of transnational migration. Unlike transnational migrants, circular migrants tend not to be equally entrenched in home and host societies, but instead hold feelings of greater affinity for the home society. They engage in repeated short periods of work abroad, an example being migrant Filipina entertainers in Tokyo, Japan. This article describes the settlement of these circular migrants and demonstrates how it is a process of returning to the home society that entails limited integration in the host society; they are routinely segregated in time and space. Migrant Filipina entertainers start thinking about their departure almost as soon as they arrive, and their departure is marked by a carefully-planned ceremony, or sayonara party. Questioning the assumption in the literature that circular migrants will eventually become permanent residents, in this article I call for the formulation of new theoretical frameworks that better capture the qualitatively distinct experiences of circular migrants.
Finite Element Modeling of a Donut Flextensional Transducer

A new flextensional transducer based on the cymbal device was designed and fabricated. The endcap shape of this device, called the donut, was developed through finite element modeling using the commercially available software code ATILA®. Endcap dimensions that were studied in this research include cap thickness, flange width, and cavity depth. Other parameters considered included piezoelectric material type, thickness of the piezoelectric disk, epoxy thickness, and endcap metal. Fundamental flextensional resonance frequency and effective coupling coefficient, which are two important characteristics that determine the performance and the application opportunities of the transducer, were predicted. Finite element analysis coupled with experimental results suggest that these devices have higher flextensional resonance frequencies compared with cymbals of similar dimensions. Impedance spectroscopy of the donut devices also suggests that the effective electromechanical coupling coefficient is higher than cymbal devices of similar dimensions.
Straw Men, Weak Men, and Hollow Men

Three forms of the straw man fallacy are posed: the straw, weak, and hollow man. Additionally, there can be non-fallacious cases of any of these species of straw man arguments.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MOISTURE TIMELINESS FOR OPTIMAL CROP YIELD AND LEAF QUALITY IN BURLEY TOBACCO1

Abstract Time periods during the burley growing season were identified when increases or decreases in available moisture had significant influences on burley crop yield and crop quality. This was accomplished with the use of 42 years of daily precipitation and evapotranspiration data (1959–2000) along with the yearly crop yield data for the Kentucky locations of Louisville, Lexington, and Paducah. Crop quality was defined with the use of 3 leaf color groups—tan, red, and green—and a yearly grade index, and these were determined from Kentucky statewide sales percentages for the period of record. Available moisture was defined as the difference in daily precipitation and evapotranspiration, and this difference was used to define a growing-season available moisture index (AMI) for each year in the period of record. Correlation procedures were used to search the growing season for time periods when increases or decreases in the AMI resulted in significant increases or decreases in the various color groups and...
Estimating dose response in chronic toxicity studies: 24-month administration of acrylonitrile in drinking water of fischer 344 rats

It is shown that low-dose extrapolation based on observed numbers of animals with tumors cannot be used within the standard frameworks of either toxicological or statistical methods since the conclusions cannot be examined critically with additional experiments. The traditional methods of examining dose response in toxicology are considered, and it is shown that they cannot be used as long as the studies are carried out to the animals' old age and the controls have senile lesions. Traditional multivariate statistical methods are proposed to examine the effect of dose on the shift in senile lesions that is induced by treatment. One method (using standard software for the computation of linear discriminant functions) is then applied to the tumorous and non-tumorous lesions found in this study. It is shown that doses as low as 3 ppm have a statistically significant effect, and 1 ppm is proposed as the "no mean effect level".
Performance Appraisal Participation, Goal Setting and Feedback: The Influence of Supervisory Style

THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES THE RELATIONSHIP OF EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL PARTICIPATION, GOAL SETTING, FEEDBACK (PGF) AND EMPLOYEE ACCEPTANCE ON KEY APPRAISAL RELATED OUTCOMES (RATER INTERVIEW EFFIC...
The Zamama Thor region of Io: Insights from a synthesis of mapping, topography, and Galileo spacecraft data

Abstract We have studied data from the Galileo spacecraft's three remote sensing instruments (Solid-State Imager (SSI), Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS), and Photopolarimeter-Radiometer (PPR)) covering the Zamama–Thor region of Io's antijovian hemisphere, and produced a geomorphological map of this region. This is the third of three regional maps we are producing from the Galileo spacecraft data. Our goal is to assess the variety of volcanic and tectonic materials and their interrelationships on Io using planetary mapping techniques, supplemented with all available Galileo remote sensing data. Based on the Galileo data analysis and our mapping, we have determined that the most recent geologic activity in the Zamama–Thor region has been dominated by two sites of large-scale volcanic surface changes. The Zamama Eruptive Center is a site of both explosive and effusive eruptions, which emanate from two relatively steep edifices (Zamama Tholi A and B) that appear to be built by both silicate and sulfur volcanism. A ∼100-km long flow field formed sometime after the 1979 Voyager flybys, which appears to be a site of promethean-style compound flows, flow-front SO2 plumes, and adjacent sulfur flows. Larger, possibly stealthy, plumes have on at least one occasion during the Galileo mission tapped a source that probably includes S and/or Cl to produce a red pyroclastic deposit from the same vent from which silicate lavas were erupted. The Thor Eruptive Center, which may have been active prior to Voyager, became active again during the Galileo mission between May and August 2001. A pillanian-style eruption at Thor included the tallest plume observed to date on Io (at least 500 km high) and new dark lava flows. The plume produced a central dark pyroclastic deposit (probably silicate-rich) and an outlying white diffuse ring that is SO2-rich. Mapping shows that several of the new dark lava flows around the plume vent have reoccupied sites of earlier flows. Unlike most of the other pillanian eruptions observed during the Galileo mission, the 2001 Thor eruption did not produce a large red ring deposit, indicating a relative lack of S and/or Cl gases interacting with the magma during that eruption. Between these two eruptive centers are two paterae, Thomagata and Reshef. Thomagata Patera is located on a large shield-like mesa and shows no signs of activity. In contrast, Reshef Patera is located on a large, irregular mesa that is apparently undergoing degradation through erosion (perhaps from SO2-sapping or chemical decomposition of sulfur-rich material) from multiple secondary volcanic centers.
A Wireless Fluid-Level Measurement Technique

This paper presents the application of a recently developed wireless measurement acquisition system to fluid-level measurement. This type of fluid-level measurement system alleviates many shortcomings of fluid-level measurement methods currently being used, including limited applicability of any one fluid-level sensor design. Measurement acquisition shortcomings include the necessity for power to be supplied to each sensor and for the measurement to be extracted from each sensor via a physical connection to the sensor. Another shortcoming is existing measurement systems require that a data channel and signal conditioning electronics be dedicated to each sensor. Use of wires results in other shortcomings such as logistics needed to add or replace sensors, weight, potential for electrical arcing and wire degradations. The fluid level sensor design is a simple passive inductor-capacitor circuit that is not subject to mechanical failure that is possible when float and lever-arm systems are used. Methods are presented for using the sensor in caustic, acidic or cryogenic fluids. Oscillating magnetic fields are used to power the sensor. Once electrically excited, the sensor produces a magnetic field response. The response frequency corresponds to the amount to fluid within the capacitor s electric field. The sensor design can be modified for measuring the level of any fluid or fluent substance that can be stored in a non-conductive reservoir. The interrogation method for discerning changes in the sensor response frequency is also presented.
Growth and characterization of III-N bulk crystals

Hexagonal BN crystals were grown from solution by application of a thermal gradient. The solvent used to dissolve the source was optimized by changing the ratio of components to have the lowest melting point. The investigation of adding a third component demonstrated further reduction of the melting point with BN as an additive. A solution was created with enhanced properties allowing the growth of BN. BN was grown on a PBN seed at Tg = 900 °C and P = 0.2 MPa for approximately 65 h. The BN crystals were found to be embedded in a solvent matrix, as determined by EDS. In addition, GaN crystals were grown in a modified solution at Tg = 800 °C and P = 0.2 MPa. Raman spectroscopy verified wurtzite GaN structure with good crystallinity. The successful growth of BN and GaN from solution suggests this to be a method of choice for growth of the III-Ns, and may prove to be a viable alternative to current costly wafer production techniques.
Relativistic resonance and decay phenomena

The exact relation τ = /Γ between the width Γ of a resonance and the lifetime τ for the decay of this resonance could not be obtained in standard quantum theory based on the Hilbert space or Schwartz space axiom in non-relativistic physics as well as in the relativistic regime. In order to obtain the exact relation, one has to modify the Hilbert space axiom or the Schwartz space axiom and choose new boundary conditions based on the Hardy space axioms in which the space of the states and the space of the observables are described by two different Hardy spaces. As consequences of the new Hardy space axioms, one obtains, instead of the symmetric time evolution for the states and the observables, asymmetrical time evolutions for the states and observables which are described by two semi-groups. A relativistic resonance obeying the exponential time evolution can be described by a relativistic Gamow vector, which is defined as superposition of the exact out-plane wave states with a Breit-Wigner energy distribution of the width Γ.
Using meta-rules for fuzzy inference control

Abstract Recent cross-fertilization between fuzzy set theory and rule-based expert systems has resulted in successful fuzzy expert systems. A fuzzy expert system is an expert system which incorporates fuzzy sets and/or fuzzy logic into its reasoning process and/or knowledge representation scheme. In this paper, we investigate the issue of employing fuzzy set techniques into inference process itself and its impact on the architecture of rule-based expert systems. In particular, we discuss the use of fuzzy set concepts to achieve flexible inference control of expert systems. An extended model of expert systems is introduced, in which fuzzy techniques are used to deal with conflict resolution through meta-rules. A top level algorithm is provided which supports flexible inference control based on different user environments or user stereotypes. The algorithm is illustrated by two examples. First we use a simple example (a travel agency) to describe in some detail how this algorithm works. In the second example, we use an expert system for orthopedics to explain how the key ideas illustrated in the first example can be applied to real-world problems in the medical domain. In addition, we also provide a comparative study and a taxonomy which categorizes different ways of incorporating fuzzy set theory into expert systems.
Social Validation of Evidence-Based Practices in Autism by Parents, Teachers, and Administrators

Relatively little attention has been devoted to the social validation of potentially effective autism interventions. Thus, it is often difficult to identify and implement evidence-based practices, and programming is often inadequate. The authors identified autism intervention components with reported effectiveness for school settings. The results of a social validation survey completed by parents, teachers, and administrators indicate strong, consistent support for program components falling within five functional areas: (a) individualized programming, (b) data collection, (c) the use of empirically-based strategies, (d) active collaboration, and (e) a focus on long-term outcomes. These socially validated interventions can be used to evaluate existing autism curricula and develop training for professionals, parents, and students in order to improve public school autism programs.
Playing with a nanoscale see-saw

Working in a small group allows you to interact closely with your advisor and your colleagues, and forces you to take a lot of initiative, says Huan Li.
Transcriptional Changes in Alveolar Macrophages during Pneumocystis Pneumonia

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) is one of the most common opportunistic infection in AIDS patients, which can be fatal if left untreated [1,3]. The alveolar macrophage is an important effector cell in clearing P. carinii from normal rat lungs by phagocytosis [7], and by production of reactive intermediates such as superoxide [4] and nitric oxide [5] that kill the organism. Recent evidence indicates that the alveolar macrophage is defective in number and function in P. cariniiinfected hosts. The number of alveolar macrophages is reduced by nearly 60% during the pneumonia [6]. Phagocytosis of P. carinii and latex beads in vitro is reduced by nearly 95% in alveolar macrophages isolated from rats with PcP [7]. Nitric oxide production is also reduced in alveolar macrophages during the infection [5]. The transcription factor GATA-2 is down-regulated in alveolar macrophages from mammalian hosts with PcP [8], but other genes that are upor down-regulated in response to PcP in immunosuppressed hosts have not been determined. To define the transcriptional changes in alveolar macrophages during P. carinii infection, we investigated gene transcription in alveolar macrophages from infected hosts by using DNA microarray chips.
Conciliation as Counter-Terrorist Strategy*

Conventional wisdom suggests that regimes should never bargain with terrorists. This preference for coercive and repressive responses rests largely on rhetorical rather than analytical characterizations of the problem of terrorism. If we consider terrorism as one possible tactic available to a challenger group engaged in a political struggle we push the question of response back into the political context where it belongs. We argue that two major models of this political context - the war model and the rational actor model - not only fail to preclude conciliatory strategies, they actually incorporate them. We outline some of the strategic and tactical considerations that must be weighed in determining the appropriateness of a conciliatory strategy.
Prostaglandin E in peptic ulcer disease.

Abstract Prostaglandin E 1 and E 2 inhibit gastric secretion in vivo and in vitro under a variety of conditions. It is not known whether these compounds may play a role in normal gastric secretory physiology or in the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease. Six normal adults and six patients with documented duodenal ulcer disease were studied under basal conditions and during gastric secretory stimulation with betazole. Prostaglandin E in plasma and gastric juice was measured by radioimmunoassay. Prostaglandin E was significantly higher in the plasma of normal volunteers both in the basal state and during stimulation. Gastric juice prostaglandin E was also significantly higher in normal volunteers during the basal state but the difference disappeared during stimulation. The relative deficiency of prostaglandin E in the ulcer group may indicate a role for prostaglandins in the pathophysiology of gastric hypersecretion.
Anticatabolic Effect of the β2-Agonist Cimaterol in Vivo in Tumor-Bearing Animals

Abstract Loss of lean body mass occurs in cancer and may adversely affect outcome. The β 2 -agonist cimaterol increases muscle mass and protein content in tumor-bearing animals, in part by decreasing protein degradation, but the effect of the drug on protein synthesis remains uncertain. To determine the influence of cimaterol on protein synthesis, a methylcholanthrene sarcoma was transplanted sc into the dorsum of male Fischer-344 rats. After 3 weeks of tumor growth, tumor-bearing and control animals received daily sc injections of the β 2 -agonist cimaterol (0.15 mg/kg) for 5 days. Rate of protein synthesis was measured using iv [ 3 H]phenylalanine (25 μCi/100 g body wt) and cold phenylalanine (150 μmole/100 g body wt) in a flooding dose. Extensor digitorum longus muscles were harvested 10 min later, homogenized, and assayed for [ 3 H]phenylalanine uptake (bound) (dpm/mg muscle) and tissue-specific (free) radioactivity to determine protein synthesis rate ( K s : %/24 hr). There was a significant increase in protein synthesis rate in control and tumor-bearing animals receiving cimaterol compared to that in freely feeding, food-deprived, or matched-carcass-weight nontumor-bearing controls, as well as compared to that in tumor-bearing controls. We conclude that the anabolic effects of cimaterol are due to both decreased protein degradation and increased muscle protein synthesis. Therefore, β 2 -agonists may prove useful in prevention and/or treatment of cancer cachexia.
Photopischer Dominator und Farbkomponenten im menschlichen Elektroretinogramm

The relative spectral sensitivity of the photopic component of the human electroretinogram was measured for wave lengths between 404 and 672 mμ in a state of moderate light adaptation. Light stimuli at a constant frequency of 32 per second were used to avoid scotopic contamination. With stimulation of a small central area including the fovea and parafoveal zone, the photopic spectral sensitivity agrees roughly with psychophysical measurements for the red and green portions of the spectrum. However, at shorter wavelength there is a higher sensitivity determined by this method as compared to any available foveal luminosity curves. This blue discrepancy is not apparent when the “electroretinal” spectral sensitivity curves are compared to Wald's peripheral (8°) photopic luminosity curves. Large-area stimuli which illuminate the retina further peripherally cause an increase in blue sensitivity which is maximal at about 460 mμ and is more pronounced at higher intensities. Nyctalopes show the same increase in blue sensitivity as normals when large-area stimuli are used. The spectral sensitivity of the photopic component varies between protanopes, protanomalous, and normal subjects, with protanopes showing the greatest loss in sensitivity in the region of the longer wavelength as compared to normals, while the sensitivity of protanomalous subjects fell between the protanopes and normals. The maximum loss of sensitivity in the protanopes in the long wavelength end of the spectrum was at 585 mμ.
Differential expression of a protease gene family in African Trypanosomes

During their life cycle African trypanosomes must quickly adapt to the different environments of the tsetse fly midgut and the mammalian bloodstream by modulating expression of many of their genes. One group of these differentially expressed genes encodes different forms of a major surface protease. Using a luciferase reporter gene transiently or permanently transfected into trypanosomes, we show here that the 3′-UTRs of these protease genes are responsible for their differential expression. Deletion analysis of the 389-bp 3′-UTR of one of the protease genes, MSP-B, demonstrated that it contains a U-rich regulatory region of about 23 bp (UCGUCUGUUAUUUCUUAGUCCAG), which suppresses expression of the reporter protein in bloodstream trypanosomes by as much as 25-fold, but has little effect on the reporter expression in procyclic (tsetse fly) trypanosomes. Replacing the entire 3′-UTR with just this 23-bp element mimicked most of the suppression effect of the complete 3′-UTR. Northern blots showed that the 23-bp element influences the steady state RNA level, but not enough to account for the 25-fold suppression effect. Polysome analyses showed that in procyclic trypanosomes more of the total protease mRNA is associated with intermediate-sized and large polysomes than in bloodstream trypanosomes. Thus, the 23-bp element of this protease gene affects both the level of RNA and its translation.
Weighted inequalities for real-analytic functions in ℝ2

Let ƒ and g be real-analytic functions near the origin in ℝ2. Given 1 < p < ∞, we obtain a characterization of the set of positive numbers ∈ and δ that ensures % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfKttLearuqr1ngBPrgarmqr1ngBPrgitL% xBI9gBamXvP5wqSXMqHnxAJn0BKvguHDwzZbqegm0B1jxALjhiov2D% aeHbuLwBLnhiov2DGi1BTfMBaebbfv3ySLgzGueE0jxyaibaiiYdf9% irVeeu0dXdh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq-J% frVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr0-vqpWqaaeaabi% GaciaacaqabeaadaabauaaaOqaamaalaaabaGaeiiFaWhceiGaa83z% aiaa-XhadaahaaWcbeqaamrr1ngBPrwtHrhAXaqehuuDJXwAKbstHr% hAG8KBLbacgaGae4xTdipaaaGcbaGaeiiFaWNaa8Nzaiaa-Xhadaah% aaWcbeqaaiabes7aKbaaaaGccqGHiiIZryqqYLwySbachiGaa0hiai% abdgeabnaaBaaaleaacaWFWbaabeaakiabcIcaOiabdUealjabcMca% Paaa!5CC2! $$\frac{{|g|^\varepsilon }}{{|f|^\delta }} \in A_p (K)$$ for some small neighborhood K of the origin. A notion of stability is introduced in relation to Ap weights and a counterexample is presented to show that the two-dimensional weighted problem, unlike its analog in dimension one, is not stable.
Reactivity of hydrolysed coals in liquefaction

Abstract A hvA bituminous, a subbituminous and a lignite coal have been hydrolysed by 20–30% aqueous caustic solution at 100–300 °C and total pressure from ambient to 8.3 MPa (1200 psi). Reactivity of these pretreated coals toward liquefaction has been examined. The conversion to benzene-soluble material (BS) and oil increases, and the preasphaltene and char residue decreases after pretreatment. Improvement in the conversion to the BS fraction is only marginal for the pretreated bituminous coal, but substantial for the low-rank coals. For the subbituminous coal, the liquefaction reactivity (conversion to BS) increases with the severity of hydrolysis pretreatment. Analyses of chemical compositions, 1 H n.m.r. nuclei distributions and hydroxyl concentrations of the acid-insoluble hydrolysis coal extracts indicate that both O and S are enriched in the extracts with half of the oxygen atoms being in hydroxyl forms. The hydroxyl concentrations of the extracts (acid-insoluble) are ≈2 to 3 times higher than their parent coals. Coal activation by this alkali pretreatment is explained by the hydrolytic attacks on ether C–O linkages, and the removal of some constituents rich in oxygen functional groups which are responsible for poor liquefaction behaviour.
Japan and the Pursuit of a New American Identity: Work and Education in a Multicultural Age

This book is an examination of the Japanese educational and economic systems and their impact on American education. In asking how much the United States can learn from Japan, the author's key distinction is between economic and cultural conservatives. Walter Feinberg uses first-hand material and his own expertise in the philosophy of education to present a wide-ranging argument which sheds new light on this international debate.
The S-R issue: Its status in behavior analysis and in Donahoe and Palmer's Learning and Complex Behavior.

The central focus of this essay is whether the effect of reinforcement is best viewed as the strengthenng of responding or the strengthening of the environmental control of responding. We make the argument that adherence to Skinner's goal of achieving a moment-to-moment analysis of behavior compels acceptance of the latter view. Moreover, a thoroughgoing commitment to a moment-to-moment analysis undermines the fundamental distinction between the conditioning process instantiated by operant and respondent contingencies while buttressing the crucially important differences in their cumulative outcomes. Computer simulations informed by experimental analyses of behavior and neuroscience are used to illustrate these points.
USAF space sensing cryogenic considerations

Infrared (IR) space sensing missions of the future depend on low mass, highly capable imaging technologies. Limitations in visible imaging due to the earth's shadow drive the use of IR surveillance methods for a wide variety of applications. Utilization of IR sensors greatly improves mission capabilities including target behavioral discrimination. Background IR emissions and electronic noise that is inherently present in Focal Plane Arrays (FPAs) and surveillance optics bench designs obviates their use unless they are cooled to cryogenic temperatures. The interaction between cryogenic refrigeration component performance and the IR sensor optics and FPA can be seen as not only mission enabling but also as mission performance enhancing when the refrigeration system is considered as part of an overall optimization problem.
Kinetic-Statistical Theory of Dielectric Breakdown in Nonpolar Crystals

The steady-state Boltzmann kinetic equation for the motion of electrons under an external electric field in an idealized nonpolar insulating crystal has been set up and, after suitable approximations, solved to give the distribution function appropriate to strong fields. A criterion for dielectric breakdown is formulated in terms of crystal parameters (including the ionization probability) and applied to diamond, for which an approximate range of 75,000 to 300,000 volts per centimeter is determined by the existing spread of mobility measurements from 4000 to 900 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/volt sec. The reason for the relative insensitivity to impurities of this criterion is shown to be the weak dependence of the result on $〈\ensuremath{\beta}〉{N}_{\mathrm{Av}}(F=0)=\frac{1}{T}$, where ${〈\ensuremath{\beta}〉}_{\mathrm{Av}}=\mathrm{mean} \mathrm{trapping} \mathrm{cross} \mathrm{section} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{impurities}$, defects, or any electron acceptors in ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/sec, $N(F=0)=\mathrm{number} \mathrm{of} \mathrm{such} \mathrm{traps} \mathrm{vacant} \mathrm{at} \mathrm{zero} \mathrm{field} \mathrm{and} \mathrm{temperature}$, and $\frac{1}{T}=\mathrm{mean} \mathrm{reciprocal} \mathrm{trapping} \mathrm{time}$. It is also necessary and almost always true that ${N}_{e}$, the number of electron donors (shallow filled traps) in natural crystals be small relative to the atomic density of the perfect lattice. The new criterion is shown to be more critical than that of Fr\"ohlich or von Hippel, in agreement with the suggestion of Seitz that the fluctuations from mean energy of the electrons govern the breakdown. Since, however, the electron-lattice collision probability decreases with increasing electron energy at energies above $\frac{{h}^{2}}{8m\ensuremath{\lambda}_{min}^{}{}_{}{}^{2}}$, where ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{min}=\mathrm{shortest} \mathrm{lattice} \mathrm{vibration} \mathrm{wavelength}$, the ionizing fluctuations governing breakdown are already present in the steady-state solution. Thus the value of the breakdown field is not sensitive to the presence of externally produced electrons, as would be true of an ordinary fluctuation phenomenon, even in uniform fields.
Uterine artery embolisation for acute dysfunctional uterine bleeding with failed medical therapy: a novel approach to management.

A 35-year-old woman with a history of three previous caesarean sections was admitted with acute dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) complicated by anaemia; she had a haemoglobin level of 5.3 g/dL, requiring multiple blood transfusions. Investigations performed excluded pelvic pathology and haematological causes for her acute DUB. Despite the use of various pharmacological agents, her bleeding persisted and she eventually underwent uterine artery embolisation (UAE) to arrest bleeding. She was well postprocedure and was discharged on combined oral contraceptives. However, she presented a year later with another episode of acute DUB that required a repeat UAE. This case report summarises the use of UAE in the management of acute DUB following failed medical therapy.
Trauma system development in Armenia

A medical partnership program between Boston University School of Medicine and the Emergency Hospital, of Yerevan, armenia, has been developed to improve the care of the injured in that city. The Emergency Hospital, a trauma center, was site-visited by experts from a Level I trauma center who evaluated prehospital and hospital-based emergency and trauma services and made system-wide recommendations. Recognizing local limitations, the hospital was found to have the leadership commitment, staff complement, and basic infrastructure to meet the American College of Surgeons' criteria for Level II trauma centers. The goal of integration of the academic, clinical, and research roles of a medical center consistent with Level I-type trauma centers was formulated. After 36 months, several issues raised in the assessment are being addressed notwithstanding political and economic turbulence. The Emergency Hospital has established an accredited residency program in emergency medicine; implemented programs for postgraduate medical education of its staff; begun to develop medical information systems; expanded the scope of its activities to other institutions; and restructured the emergency admissions area. Management systems remain largely undeveloped as the discipline lacks recognition as an analytic tool for institutional improvement. Conclusions: The use of existing published resources for assessment and improvement of health services in dissimilar health-care systems has been validated as a systematic approach. For system advances to be well-founded, a combination of education, management, and clinical approaches needs to be addressed. Of these, our experience is that management issues are the most resistant to change.
The use of landscape pattern metrics in remote sensing image classification

This letter demonstrates the utility of landscape pattern metrics for increasing classification accuracy of land cover. Three examples are provided for the use of a landscape shape complexity measure in remote sensing segmentation‐based classification schemes. The examples include: (1) classification of thaw lakes on the North Slope of Alaska; (2) classification of drained basins in Alaska; and (3) classification of natural vs. anthropogenic pastures in Bolivia. In these examples the Square Pixel Metric (SqP) was applied to objects created from image segmentation to distinguish between categories that had similar spectral properties but different shape complexity values.
Expression of HSP70 in Mytilus californianus following exposure to caffeine.

Caffeine, a biologically active drug with many known molecular targets, is recognized as a contaminant of marine systems. Although the concentrations of caffeine reported from aquatic systems are low (ng/l–μg/l), harmful ecological effects not detected by traditional toxicity tests could occur as a result of caffeine contamination. We used Hsp70, a molecular biomarker of cellular stress, to investigate the sub-lethal cellular toxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of caffeine on the mussel Mytilus californianus, a dominant species in the rocky intertidal zone along the Oregon Coast. Hsp70 concentrations in the gill and mantle tissue of mussels exposed to 0.05, 0.2, and 0.5 μg/l of caffeine for 10, 20, and 30 days were compared to basal levels in control mussels. Hsp70 in the gill tissue of M. californianus had an initial attenuation of the stress protein followed by a significant up-regulation relative to controls in all but the 0.5 μg/l treatment. Hsp70 in the mantle tissue of mussels exposed to caffeine did not differ from control mussels. This study provides laboratory evidence that environmentally relevant concentrations of caffeine can exert an effect on M. californianus gill tissue at the molecular-level.
Comparative immunohistochemical profile of hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and metastatic adenocarcinoma.

Distinguishing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from cholangiocarcinoma (CC) and metastatic adenocarcinoma (MA) involving the liver can be problematic, often requiring the use of immunohistochemistry to facilitate diagnosis. Hep Par 1, a monoclonal antibody with expression confined primarily to benign and malignant hepatocytes, has recently become commercially available. We evaluated Hep Par 1 along with other immunohistochemical markers used to differentiate HCC, CC, and MA, including AE1/AE3, CAM 5.2, B72.3, monoclonal carcinoembryonic antigen (mCEA), polyclonal CEA (pCEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), factor XIIIa, inhibin, CD10, villin, MOC-31, cytokeratin (CK) 7, CK 19, and CK 20, to determine the markers most useful in differentiating these entities. Forty-two cases of HCC, 9 cases of CC, and 56 cases of MA (24 colon, 15 pancreas, 8 ovary, 5 breast, and 4 stomach) were studied. Hep Par 1 was sensitive and specific for HCC, with 38 of 42 (90%) cases staining positively, whereas reactivity was observed in only 8 of 56 (14%) MAs and 0 of 9 CCs. Though limited somewhat by poor sensitivity, a bile canalicular pattern of staining with pCEA, CD10, and villin was specific for HCC and was not observed in the other tumors. Lack of mCEA and MOC-31 immunoreactivity was also characteristic of HCCs. CK 19 positivity favored CC over HCC, but was not useful in differentiating CC from MA. Expression of AFP, although observed in only about one third of the cases, favored HCC over CC and MA. CK 7 and CK 20 were also useful in this differential diagnosis, particularly when dealing with MA of colonic origin. AE1/AE3, CAM 5.2, B72.3, inhibin, and factor XIIIa were noncontributory in differentiating these entities.
Non-Newtonian natural convection at a melting front in a permeable solid matrix

Abstract This paper presents the main results of a theoretical study focusing on the effect of natural convection on the melting of a flat front in a porous matrix when the melt is a non-Newtonian (power law) fluid. The Darcy flow model modified to account for the non-Newtonian nature of the melt, was used to model the flow in the liquid saturated region. The final similarity equations were integrated numerically with the help of the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. Systematic shooting was required to satisfy the boundary conditions at infinity. The main results of the paper document the dependence of the local heat transfer at the melting front, as well as the dependence of the temperature and flow fields in the melt, on the type of the power law fluid with which the solid matrix is saturated.
Oxidation resistance and mechanical properties of Laves phase reinforced Cr in-situ composites

Abstract Two-phase Cr(X)–Cr2X (X=Nb, Ta) in-situ composites are of interest for high-temperature applications due to their high melting points and potential for high-temperature strength. A six cycle, 120 h, 1100°C cyclic oxidation screening test was used to evaluate potential for high-temperature oxidation resistance of several Cr(X)–Cr2X in-situ composites. Alloys based on the Cr–Ta system near the Cr(Ta)–Cr2Ta eutectic exhibited superior oxidation resistance compared to corresponding alloys based on the Cr–Nb system. The binary Cr–Ta alloys were also found to exhibit a moderate degree of room-temperature fracture toughness, in the range of 9–10 MPa√m. It was concluded that the Cr(Ta)–Cr2Ta alloys are a promising base for future high-temperature intermetallic alloy development efforts.
Thermomechanical modeling of regressing heterogeneous solid propellants

A numerical framework based on the generalized finite element method (GFEM) is developed to capture the coupled effects of thermomechanical deformations and thermal gradients on the regression rate of a heterogeneous solid propellant. The thermomechanical formulation is based on a multiplicative split of the deformation gradient and regression of the heterogeneous solid propellant is simulated using the level set method. A spatial mesh convergence study is performed on a non-regressing solid heterogeneous propellant system to examine the consistency of the coupled thermomechanical GFEM solver. The overall accuracy (spatial and temporal) of the coupled thermomechanical solver for regressing solid propellants is obtained from a periodic sandwich propellant configuration, where the effects of thermomechanical deformations on its regression rate is investigated. Finally, the effects of thermomechanical deformations in a regressing two-dimensional heterogeneous propellant pack are studied and time-average regression rates are reported.
Simon Fish, William Tyndale, and Sir Thomas More's ‘Lutheran Conspiracy’

As Sir Thomas More reflected upon the religious atmosphere during the first months of 1528, he could not conceal his dismay that the situation was steadily deteriorating. Indeed, he thought the popular orthodoxy so weak that any ‘senseless clown’ could gain wide support for an attack on the Church. Within the year, Simon Fish's Supplication of the Beggars had made More a prophet, forcing the busy new chancellor of England to reply to Fish with The Supplycacyon of soulys. Historians have hesitated to label Fish senseless or a clown, for the tremendous impact of his short tract upon Henry vm and the English Reformation is generally recognised. While it is manifest that the Supplication was a rabble-rousing piece of anti-clericalism, perhaps another measure should be taken of Fish before closing off the subject of his significance from discussion. Specifically, if evidence should place Fish and his writings within that group identified with William Tyndale, more credence would be lent to chancellor More's repeated assertions that a number of ‘evangelicall brethren’ existed to propagate Tyndale's beliefs.
Experimental constraints on the chemical evolution of large icy satellites

Abstract We derive experimental constraints on the interior structure and mineralogy of large icy satellites by reacting material of chondritic chemistry with water at a pressure of 1.5 GPa, temperatures between 300°C and 800°C and a range of oxygen fugacities. Our results document the existence of three chemical processes that probably occur in large icy satellites as a result of high pressure hydrothermal processing: (1) the formation of low-density hydrated silicates, (2) the alloying of iron and sulfur to form FeS-dominated cores, and (3) the instability of organic material relative to carbonates. We construct new internal models of the thermal and structural state of Ganymede, and infer that the magnetic field of this body arises from convection within a mostly iron sulfide core. Simple thermochemical calculations are conducted to further explore the likely effects of composition and oxygen fugacity on the high pressure chemistry undergone by organic material within icy satellites. Both experimental and calculated results show that primordial organics are likely to have been largely oxidized to carbonates through hydrothermal processing early in Ganymede’s history, potentially sterilizing Ganymede’s H 2 O layer.
Both positive and negative effects on immune responses by expression of a second class II MHC molecule.

It is perplexing why vertebrates express a limited number of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules when theoretically, having a greater repertoire of MHC molecules would increase the number of epitopes presented, thereby enhancing thymic selection and T cell response to pathogens. It is possible that any positive effects would either be neutralized or outweighed by negative selection restricting the T cell repertoire. We hypothesize that the limit on MHC number is due to negative consequences arising from expressing additional MHC. We compared T cell responses between B6 mice (I-A+) and B6.E+ mice (I-A+, I-E+), the latter expressing a second class II MHC molecule, I-Eb, due to a monomorphic Eαk transgene that pairs with the endogenous I-Eβb chain. First, the naive T cell Vβ repertoire was altered in B6.E+ thymi and spleens, potentially mediating different outcomes in T cell reactivity. Although the B6 and B6.E+ responses to hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) protein immunization remained similar, other immune models yielded differences. For viral infection, the quality of the T cell response was subtly altered, with diminished production of certain cytokines by B6.E+ CD4+ T cells. In alloreactivity, the B6.E+ T cell response was significantly dampened. Finally, we observed markedly enhanced susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in B6.E+ mice. This correlated with decreased percentages of nTreg cells, supporting the concept of Tregs exhibiting differential susceptibility to negative selection. Altogether, our data suggest that expressing an additional class II MHC can produce diverse effects, with more severe autoimmunity providing a compelling explanation for limiting the expression of MHC molecules.
Biochemical properties of the prostaglandin/thromboxane synthetase of human blood platelets and comparison with the synthetase of bovine seminal vesicles.

Abstract The enzyme system which synthesizes prostaglandins and thromboxanes in extracts of washed human platelets has been characterized with respect to kinetic parameters, pH and cofactor dependence, and inhibitor potencies. Arachidonate and dihomo-γ-linolenate were shown to be mutually competitive substrates, thus providing biochemical support for the assumption that both substrates are metabolized by the same cyclooxygenase, although they are ultimately metabolized to different patterns of products. Products of the synthetase of human leucocytes qualitatively resemble those obtained with human platelets. The prostaglandin synthetase of bovine seminal vesicles was studied under similar conditions, and kinetic parameters and inhibitor potencies were compared with those of platelet extracts.
Surface structural transition of Si(111)2 × 1 induced by sodium

Abstract We have investigated sodium deposition on the cleaved Si(111)2 × 1 surface employing k-resolved direct and inverse photoemission, low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and work-function measurements. We find that Na lifts the 2 × 1 reconstruction yielding a 1 × 1 LEED pattern. This is in contrast to K which leaves the 2 × 1 surface intact, and Cs which transforms it into a √3 × √3 R30° overlayer structure. The Na-induced empty and occupied surface states reveal the surface to be semiconducting as in the Cs case, but in contrast to K which forms a metallic interface system. Hence, the alkali metals do not behave similarly or iso-electronically in their bonding to the cleaved Si(111) surface, which points to the importance of their differing atomic radii and/or polarizabilities.
A peptide action in a lobster neuromuscular preparation

The neuropeptide proctolin causes a sustained contraction of the opener muscle of the dactyl of the lobster walking leg. This substance acts directly on the muscle at concentrations as low as 10(-10)M. The contraction is dependent on extracellular calcium. Neither a significant depolarization nor a detectable change in the input resistance accompanies the response. No presynaptic action of proctolin is indicated; excitatory and inhibitory junctional potential sizes and the frequency of spontaneous miniature excitatory junctional potentials are unaffected.
Identification of protein cofactors necessary for sequence-specific plasmid DNA nuclear import.

Although transfections are routinely used in the laboratory, the mechanism(s) by which exogenous DNA is transported into the nucleus is poorly understood. By improving our understanding of how vectors circumvent the numerous cellular barriers to gene transfer, more efficient gene delivery methods can be devised. We have begun to design plasmid constructs that enter the nucleus of specific cell types in the absence of cell division, thereby enhancing levels of expression. We have shown that inclusion of specific DNA sequences in plasmid constructs mediates nuclear import both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we use plasmid affinity chromatography, mass spectrometry (MS), and live-cell pulldowns of transfected plasmid constructs to identify protein cofactors that interact in a sequence-specific manner with these DNA nuclear targeting sequences (DTSs). Importin β1, importin 7, and the small guanosine triphosphatase Ran all demonstrate DTS-specific interaction in both MS and pull-down assays, consistent with our model of plasmid nuclear import. In addition, knockdown of importin β1 with small interfering RNA (siRNA) abrogates plasmid nuclear import, indicating that it is a necessary cofactor. Our discovery that specific karyopherins mediate plasmid nuclear import can be used to design more effective vectors for gene delivery.
The convex basis of the left null space of the stoichiometric matrix leads to the definition of metabolically meaningful pools.

The stoichiometric matrix, S, represents a mapping of reaction rate vectors into a space of concentration time derivatives. The left null space of the stoichiometric matrix contains the dynamic invariants: a combination of concentration variables, referred to as metabolic pools, whose total concentration does not change over time. By analogy to the traditional reaction map formed by S, a compound map can be derived from −ST. The analogy to flux analysis of the (right) null space of S enables us to classify the metabolic pools into three categories: Type A that contains chemical elements and their combinations in the form of certain moieties, Type B that contains such moieties in addition to cofactors carrying such moieties that are internal to the network, and Type C that contains only the cofactors. A convex formulation of the basis for the left null space allows us to directly classify the metabolic pools into these three categories. Type B metabolic pools include conservation pools that form conjugates of moiety-occupied and moiety-vacant concentration states of metabolites and cofactors. Type B metabolic pools thus describe the various states of moiety exchange between the primary substrates and the cofactors that capture properties like energy and redox potential. The convex basis gives clear insight into this exchange for glycolytic pathway in human red blood cell, including the identification of high and low energy pools that form conjugates. Examples suggest that pool maps may be more appropriate for signaling pathways than flux maps. The analysis of the left null space of the stoichiometric matrix allows us to define the achievable states of the cell and their physiological relevance.
Abstract Computability and Invariant Definability

By language we understand a lower predicate calculus with identity and (perhaps) relation and function symbols. It is convenient to allow for more than one sort of variable. Now each individual constant (if there are any) is of a specified sort, the formal expressions R(t1, … tn), f(t1,…, tn) are well formed only if the terms t1, …, tn are of specified sorts determined by the relation symbol R and the function symbol f, and the term f(t1, …, tn) (if well formed) is of a sort determined by f. We admit s = t as well formed, no matter what the sorts of s and t.