cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reversal of the superoxide dismutase reaction revisited.

Abstract Reversal of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) reaction was measured in terms of the reduction of tetranitromethane (TNM) by O2−. Cu,ZnSOD caused a biphasic reduction of TNM by H2O2. The rapid initial phase was stoichiometric with the enzyme and was followed by a slower catalytic phase that was oxygen dependent and was augmented by HCO3−. The reaction scheme explaining this behavior is presented and a rate constant for the reduction of O2 by the cuprous enzyme is estimated. This rate constant is so low that it precludes significant O2− production by the reduced enzyme under the conditions explored.
Unique cellular interaction of silver nanoparticles: size-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species.

The rapid advancement of nanotechnology has created a vast array of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) which have unique physical (size, shape, crystallinity, surface charge) and chemical (surface coating, elemental composition and solubility) attributes. These physicochemical properties of ENMs can produce chemical conditions to induce a pro-oxidant environment in the cells, causing an imbalanced cellular energy system dependent on redox potential and thereby leading to adverse biological consequences, ranging from the initiation of inflammatory pathways through to cell death. The present study was designed to evaluate size-dependent cellular interactions of known biologically active silver nanoparticles (NPs, Ag-15nm, Ag-30nm, and Ag-55nm). Alveolar macrophages provide the first defense and were studied for their potential role in initiating oxidative stress. Cell exposure produced morphologically abnormal sizes and adherence characteristics with significant NP uptake at high doses after 24 h. Toxicity eva...
Structural changes in oocyte nucleoli of Xenopus laevis during oogenesis and meiotic maturation.

Immunoelectron microscopy with anti-nucleolin defined substructures within the multiple nucleoli of biosynthetically active stage II–III oocytes and within the nucleoli of relatively quiescent stage VI oocytes ofXenopus laevis. Dense fibrillar components (DFCs) of nucleoli from stage II–III oocytes consisted of nucleolonemas that radiated from a continuous DFC sheath surrounding fibrillar centers (FCs). Discernible granular regions (GRs) were absent in these same nucleoli. Conversely, stage VI oocyte nucleoli displayed compacted DFCs and prominent GRs. Immunofluorescence microscopy then tracked fibrillarin, nucleolin, and condensed DNA through oogenesis and into progesterone-induced meiotic maturation and nuclear breakdown. In stage II–III oocyte nucleoli, fibrillarin was enriched near the FC-DFC boundaries, while nucleolin was distributed throughout these same DFCs. Both proteins were enriched within the compacted DFCs of stage VI oocyte nucleoli. Staining with (DAPI) 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenyl-indole showed condensed DNA within nucleolar FCs of both stage II–III and stage VI oocyte. Upon nuclear breakdown, we found fibrillarin and nucleolin in small particles and in the surrounding cytoplasm. Although we saw no trace of fibrillarin or nucleolin in nuclear remnants prepared just minutes later, DAPI-stained particles remained within these preparations, thus suggesting that FCs were at least slow to disassemble.
Fixed effects, random effects and GEE: What are the differences?

For analyses of longitudinal repeated-measures data, statistical methods include the random effects model, fixed effects model and the method of generalized estimating equations. We examine the assumptions that underlie these approaches to assessing covariate effects on the mean of a continuous, dichotomous or count outcome. Access to statistical software to implement these models has led to widespread application in numerous disciplines. However, careful consideration should be paid to their critical assumptions to ascertain which model might be appropriate in a given setting. To illustrate similarities and differences that might exist in empirical results, we use a study that assessed depressive symptoms in low-income pregnant women using a structured instrument with up to five assessments that spanned the pre-natal and post-natal periods. Understanding the conceptual differences between the methods is important in their proper application even though empirically they might not differ substantively. The choice of model in specific applications would depend on the relevant questions being addressed, which in turn informs the type of design and data collection that would be relevant.
Toward in vivo detection of hydrogen peroxide with ultrasound molecular imaging.

We present a new class of ultrasound molecular imaging agents that extend upon the design of micromotors that are designed to move through fluids by catalyzing hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and propelling forward by escaping oxygen microbubbles. Micromotor converters require 62 mm of H₂O₂ to move - 1000-fold higher than is expected in vivo. Here, we aim to prove that ultrasound can detect the expelled microbubbles, to determine the minimum H₂O₂ concentration needed for microbubble detection, explore alternate designs to detect the H₂O₂ produced by activated neutrophils and perform preliminary in vivo testing. Oxygen microbubbles were detected by ultrasound at 2.5 mm H₂O₂. Best results were achieved with a 400-500 nm spherical design with alternating surface coatings of catalase and PSS over a silica core. The lowest detection limit of 10-100 μm was achieved when assays were done in plasma. Using this design, we detected the H₂O₂ produced by freshly isolated PMA-activated neutrophils allowing their distinction from naive neutrophils. Finally, we were also able to show that direct injection of these nanospheres into an abscess in vivo enhanced ultrasound signal only when they contained catalase, and only when injected into an abscess, likely because of the elevated levels of H₂O₂ produced by inflammatory mediators.
The Repercussions of Economic Fluctuation in the United States on Other Parts of the World

HE DEPRESSION of 1929-32 focused attention on the tremendous effect that fluctuations in the U.S. economy could in certain circumstances exercise on the economies of other countries. Against these depressive forces from abroad even the newly discovered remedy of income creation by the government to counteract declines originating in the private sector found only restricted applicability, as in open economies national expansionary policies will soon endanger the balance of payments. Thus the trouble with declines in exports to the United States was not only that they reduced incomes elsewhere, tending to lead to a cumulative decline in world income, but also that they reduced the "supply of dollars"-the term was aptly introduced in 19431-and thus limited the ability of governments abroad to combat imported deflation by domestic reflation even where they were willing to follow a policy of this nature. The anxieties created by this experience loomed large in the consideration of international economic problems in the 1940's. Much effort went into devising arrangements for additional supplies of dollars in case too few dollars should be forthcoming through U.S. imports, and stand-by measures to allocate a supply of dollars that might still prove insufficient. Thus, the provison of additional dollars in the event of a depression in the United States was one of the important motivations in the establishment of the International Monetary Fund (1944); and the "scarce currency" clause was inserted in the Fund Agreement in order to provide for the rationing of a dollar supply that might prove inadequate. The first group of experts which the United Nations as-
The radiolysis of mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen

The self-radiolysis of CO2 in excess tritium (3H2) has been studied at pressures of 0.1 to 1.0 atm, temperatures of −80° to +100°C, and in the presence of added H2O, He, or Ar. The primary products of decomposition are CO and 3H2O. Secondary products are C3H4, C23H4, and a white polymer. The rates of disappearance of CO2 and formation of products and G-;values were measured. The disappearance of CO2 initially obeys first-order kinetics, then slows down with time at a rate depending upon the initial pressure of 3H2. The initial rates are proportional to pressures of CO2 and 3H2. They are independent of temperature, decreased by addition of H2O vapor, and increased by addition of He or Ar. The proposed mechanism of decomposition of CO2 and formation of products involves ionization of CO2 followed by dissociative recombination forming CO and O. Then the O reacts with a hydrogen-containing species forming OH and H2O, and a back reaction forms CO2 from CO and OH.
Electrical signature analysis based online monitoring of drive-trains for doubly-fed wind generators

Drivetrain failures are one of the common failure modes of wind turbines. Their early detection, including the generator bearing and gearbox defects, is considered difficult using the state-of-the-art monitoring techniques. In this paper, a novel electrical signature analysis-based drivetrain monitoring technique is proposed for wind turbines. A novel electrical signature tool, electrical multi-phase imbalance separation technique (eMIST), is proposed to improve the signal-to-noise ratio in electrical signature analysis. The theoretical basis of drivetrain defect detection is also presented in detail. The proposed approach is validated by experimental results obtained from a 25 HP wind drivetrain simulator, designed to simulate 1.5 MW wind turbines. The experimental results show that the proposed approach is capable of providing accurate detection of drivetrain defects at an early stage. The proposed approach is cost effective with high probability of detection (PoD) of drivetrain defects compared to existing techniques.
Separated at Birth

To the Editor: Cryptococcus neoformans produces a phenol oxidase (laccase) that can synthesize melanin from a variety of substrates. A clinical isolate of C. neoformans was grown in the presence of...
Effect of aluminum on growth and chemical composition of marigolds

Abstract Marigold (Tagetes erecta L. cv. ‘Discovery Yellow’, “Perfection Yellow’, ‘Inca Yellow’, and ‘Merrymum Yellow') were grown in aluminum (Al) solution culture concentrations of 0, 1, or 4 mg/L. Aluminum increased root length and weight, but had no effect on stem and leaf weight. Uptake and stem and leaf tissue nutrient concentration of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were reduced by the Al treatments. The Al treatments increased stem and leaf concentrations of potassium (K) and decreased the concentrations of manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). No typical Al‐toxicity symptoms were observed in the roots. Root stunting caused by Fe toxicity was alleviated by the Al treatments.
Quantum mechanical theory of collisional ionization in the presence of intense laser radiation

We present a quantum‐mechanical formalism for treating ionizing collisions occurring in the presence of an intense laser field. The theory rigorously takes into account both the intense laser radiation and the internal electronic continuum states associated with the emitted electrons. We accomplish this essentially by combining discretization techniques, used in a recent study of fieldfree collisional ionization, with expansions in terms of so‐called electronic‐field representations for the quasi‐molecule‐plus‐photon system. This leads to a coupled‐channel description of the heavy‐particle dynamics which involves effective electronic‐field potential surfaces and continua. We also discuss qualitatively characteristic features of ionizing collisions accompanied by intense lasers, drawing comparisons with their fieldfree counterparts. Our remarks are designed to encourage experimental investigation of collisional ionization in the presence of intense lasers, and to stimulate further theoretical work. Because the electronic continuum meets requirements of exact energy resonance for absorption of a photon over large ranges of the internuclear separations, collisional ionization in an intense field should occur much more readily than other field‐influenced inelastic collisions, in which photon absorption is resonant only near potential surface pseudocrossings. We therefore suggest laser‐influenced ionizing collisions as very good candidates for experimental verification of the effects of intense laser radiation on inelastic collisional processes. We describe the anticipated behavior of the energy distribution of electrons emitted due to radiative coupling. Our comments are based on some physically reasonable assumptions about the electronic transition dipole matrix elements between discrete and continuum electronic states. Actual calculations of such matrix elements involve special electronic structure considerations, and these are outlined in some detail in an Appendix.
Insect Fauna of Island Baekryeong-do, Incheon city, Korea

Insect fauna of Island Baekryeong-do, Incheon city, was investigated during July 13th to 14th and October 18th to 20th, 2007. Total 72 species of 31 families belonging to 9 orders were identified through this survey. Therefore, we readjusted the insect fauna of Island Baekryeong-do to 286 species and 91 families of 9 orders newly.
Diphenhydramine in Insomniac Family Practice Patients: A Double-Blind Study

One hundred eleven mildly to moderately insomniac patients participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study to establish the efficacy of diphenhydramine as an over-the-counter (OTC) sleep aid. A two-week crossover design was employed in which all patients received both diphenhydramine and placebo for one week each. The daily diphenhydramine dose was 50 mg at bedtime. Results obtained indicate that diphenhydramine improved various sleep parameters, including sleep latency, to a significantly higher degree than did placebo. In addition, patients on diphenhydramine reported feeling more restful the following morning and patients preferred the diphenhydramine drug to placebo despite experiencing more side effects. This study thus supports the use of 50 mg diphenhydramine as an OTC sleep aid in the treatment of temporary mild to moderate insomnia.
Homeopathy in dermatology

Most dermatologists are unfamiliar with the concept of homeopathy; yet, it is not rare that a patient is both familiar with its concepts and an advocate of the discipline. Clinical dermatologists should have a basic understanding of the tenets of homeopathy in order to evaluate critically those homeopathic treatments which patients have used instead of or in conjunction with conventional medical therapy.
Ullrich‐turner syndrome (45,X/46,X,i[Xq]) in a child with a familial inversion of chromosome 3

We report a girl with shortness of stature and minor anomalies representing a mild form of the Ullrich-Turner syndrome. Cytogenetic studies showed 3 distinct anomalies: 1) a familial pericentric inversion, inv(3) (p25q21)pat, in all cells examined; 2) monosomy X (45,X) in 70% of cells; 3) isochromosome X (46,X,i(Xq)) in 30% of cells. The karyotype designation is: 45,X,inv(3) (p25q21)pat/46,X,i(Xq), inv(3) (p25q21)pat. The pedigree, which was originally interpreted as representing the segregation of a 2;3 translocation, is corrected and updated. Reproductive risks in families with pericentric inversions are discussed.
Anatomical variation in fatty acid composition and triglyceride distribution in animal depot fats.

The fatty acid composition and glyceride distribution of fatty acids in pork, beef and lamb depot fats from different localities within the same animal were determined by a combination of gas liquid chromatography and lipase hydrolysis techniques. The glyceride distribution was calculated according to the method of Vander Wal, based on the 1, 3-random and 2-random distribution pattern. Both fatty acid composition and glyceride structure were found to vary depending on the position within the animal from which the depot fat was obtained.
Ultrafast dynamics of nonequilibrium quasi-particles in high-temperature superconductors

The discovery of high-temperature superconductors (HTS) and associated expectations of application of these materials in ultrafast electronics and optoelectronics has created an urgent need for a better understanding of carrier dynamics in HTS, including the HTS electrical and optical properties and their response to pulsed, external electromagnetic perturbations. The above goals were accomplished via comprehensive transient photoexcitation measurements of light- induced nonequilibrium phenomena in high-quality, epitaxial YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-x (YBCO) thin-film microbridge samples. The photoresponse from less than 100-fs laser pulses (390-nm wavelength) was measured using a subpicosecond electro-optic sampling system, in both the microbridge superconducting (flux-flow) and the resistive (switched) states, at temperatures ranging from 20 K to 80 K. The physical origin of the signal was attributed to the nonequilibrium electron heating effect, in which only electron states are perturbed by laser radiation, while the film phonons remain in thermal equilibrium. From the observed single-picosecond electrical transients, we were able to extract the characteristic electron thermalization and electron-phonon relaxation time constants to be 0.56 ps and 1.1. ps, respectively. The above quantities were essentially independent of temperature within our temperature-testing range, in agreement with the two- temperature model. The ratio between phonon and electron specific heats in YBCO was determined to be 38. The nonequilibrium kinetic-inductive response was also measured, fitted into both the two-temperature and Rothwarf-Taylor models, and compared to the predictions of s- and d-wave pairing mechanism models. No phonon trapping effect (typical for low-temperature superconductors) was observed in YBCO; thus, the quasiparticle lifetime was given by the quasiparticle recombination time and estimated from the Rothwarf-Taylor equations to be unphysical low, far below 1 ps, and approximately 2.5 ps from the two-temperature model. All the presented characteristic time constants must be regarded as the intrinsic response of a YBCO superconductor; thus, hot-electron HTS photodetectors should exhibit intrinsic bit rates exceeding 100 Gbit/s, making them one of the fastest optoelectronic switches, well suited for digital and communication applications.
Is downregulation of MHC class I antigen expression in human non-small cell lung cancer associated with prolonged survival?

Purpose: To characterize HLA class I antigen expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) lesions, and to assess the clinical significance of these molecules’ downregulation. Methods: One hundred and ninety primary formalin fixed, paraffin embedded NSCLC lesions were stained with HLA class I heavy chain-specific mAb HC-10. Results were scored as percentage of stained tumor cells and categorized into three groups: 0–24% (negative), 25–75% (heterogeneous) and >75% (positive). HLA class I antigen expression was correlated with clinical and pathologic predictors of time to progression and survival and analyzed using the chi-square test. Association between HLA class I antigen expression and survival was assessed using Cox regression models, while controlling for confounders. Results: HLA class I antigen expression was negative, heterogeneous and positive in 153, 25 and 12 primary NSCLC lesions, respectively. Independent variables significantly associated with survival included tumor stage, PS and weight loss. The median survival times were 40.6, 44.0 and 17.9 months for patients with a HLA class I antigen expression scored as negative, heterogeneous and positive, respectively. Conclusion: HLA class I antigen defects were found with high frequency (93.6%) in NSCLC lesions. HLA class I antigen downregulation was associated with improved survival, although this association was not statistically significant. These results, which parallel similar findings in uveal melanoma and in breast carcinoma, raise the possibility that NK cells may play a role in the control of NSCLC tumors.
How ‘bad’ PR decisions get made: A roster of faulty judgment heuristics

Abstract Research on public relations decision-making typically focuses on what makes for good, rational decisions—generally scientific surveys, evaluations, and model-building. However, little attention has gone to what factors go into nonscientific PR decisions. This paper seeks to systematically examine factors that go into seat-of-the-pants PR decisions. It delineates ‘bad’ judgment in public relations by analyzing specific nonscientific heuristics that PR counselors typically use to determine their course of action. It focuses on three major cognitive biases often cited by decision theorists: representativeness, availability, and anchoring. A look at the most common nonscientific heuristics by which public relations decisions are made suggests both why such methods are appealing and why they can result in ‘bad’ decisions.
Organic SIMS with single massive gold projectile : Ion yield enhancement by silver metallization

Abstract The yield of CN from glycine rises from one CN per projectile impact to two when the sample is covered with a nominally 1 nm thick layer of silver. These yields were obtained for bombardment with Au4004+ projectile with 136 keV impact energy. A multitude of CN-based clusters, e.g. AgxOy(CN)z are produced concurrently. As a result, a total of three CN-based secondary ions are generated per projectile impact. The exceptionally high yield for CN is of interest for biological SIMS.
4 T Actively-Detuneable Double-Tuned 1H/31P Head Volume Coil and Four-Channel 31P Phased Array for Human Brain Spectroscopy

Typically 31P in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies are limited by SNR considerations. Although phased arrays can improve the SNR; to date 31P phased arrays for high-field systems have not been combined with 31P volume transmit coils. Additionally, to provide anatomical reference for the 31P studies, without removal of the coil or patient from the magnet, double-tuning (31P/1H) of the volume coil is required. In this work we describe a series of methods for active detuning and decoupling enabling use of phased arrays with double-tuned volume coils. To demonstrate these principles we have built and characterized an actively detuneable 31P/1H TEM volume transmit/four-channel 31P phased array for 4 T magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) of the human brain. The coil can be used either in volume-transmit/array-receive mode or in TEM transmit/receive mode with the array detuned. Threefold SNR improvement was obtained at the periphery of the brain using the phased array as compared to the volume coil.
A flexible electrode array for brain slice recording

A procedure is described for the fabrication of a flexible, perforated electrode array for recording neuroelectric signals from the brain slice, with possible application to other preparations. The array is a thin diaphragm of two layers of patterned polyimide with gold conductors sandwiched in between. The procedure includes standard photolithography, etching and metal deposition, as well as micromachining of a silicon platform to support the diaphragm and connectors to external electronics. >
The Gloomy Prospect Wins: Statistical Significance and Population Stratification in Genome Wide Association Studies

This one-hour lecture by Dr. Eric Turkheimer of the University of Virginia's Department of Psychology explored the following:The contemporary era has seen a convergence of genomic technology and traditional social scientific concerns with complex human individual differences. Rather than finally turning social science into a replicable hard-scientific enterprise, genomics has gotten bogged down in the long-standing frustrations of social science. A recent report of an extensive genome wide association study of human height demonstrates the profound difficulties of explaining uncontrolled human variation at a genomic level. The statistical technologies that have been brought to bear on the problem of genomic association are simply modifications of similar methods that have been used by social scientists for decades, with little success. The motivation for the statistical methods in genomics is the same as it is in traditional social science: An attempt to discern linear causation in complex systems when experimental control is not possible.For an audio recording of Dr. Turkheimer's lecture, please visit "http://cirge.stanford.edu/activities/events.html.":http://cirge.stanford.edu/activities/events.html
The effect of PTSD and combat level on Vietnam veterans' perceptions of child behavior and marital adjustment

This study empirically investigated the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and combat level on Vietnam veterans' perceptions of their children's behavior, as well as its effects on their marital adjustment. Results indicated that the predictor variables of PTSD and combat level together explained 33.6% of the variance in perceived child behavior problems (p < .001) and 51.8% of the variance in marital adjustment (p < .001). In addition, PTSD and combat level, when observed together, reliably predicted internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in addition to four specific areas of marital adjustment. When observed individually, however, it was shown that child behavior problems and marital adjustment were predicted primarily by PTSD, rather than combat level.
Metabolic syndrome is associated with type II endoleak after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Objective Type II endoleak is usually a benign finding after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR). In some patients, however, type II endoleak leads to aneurysm sac expansion and the need for further intervention. We examined which factors, in particular the components of metabolic syndrome (MetS), would lead to an increase risk of endoleak after EVAR. Methods The medical records of all patients who underwent EVAR between 2002 and 2011 at the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System were reviewed. MetS was defined as the presence of three or more of the following: hypertension (blood pressure ≥130 mm Hg/≥90 mm Hg), serum triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL, serum high-density lipoproteins ≤50 mg/dL for women and ≤40 mg/dL for men, body mass index ≥30 kg/m 2 , and fasting blood glucose ≥110 mg/dL. Development of endoleak, including specific endoleak type, was determined by review of standard radiologic surveillance. Results During a 9-year period, 79 male patients (mean age, 73.5 years), underwent EVAR for infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (mean 6.2 cm maximal transverse diameter). MetS was present in 52 patients (66%). The distribution of MetS factors among all patients was hypertension in 86%, hypertriglyceridemia in 72%, decreased high-density lipoprotein in 68%, diabetes in 37%, and a body mass index of ≥30 kg/m 2 in 30%. No survival difference was found between the MetS and non-MetS groups ( P = .66). There was no difference in perioperative myocardial infarction or visceral ischemia immediately postoperatively between the two groups. Patients with MetS had a significant increase in acute kidney injury (n = 7, P = .0128). Endoleaks of all types were detected in 26% (n = 20) of all patients; patients with MetS had more endoleaks than patients without MetS (35% vs 7.4%, P = .0039). Of the 19 type II endoleaks, 79% were present at the time of EVAR and only 21% developed during surveillance; 95% had MetS ( P = .0007). Conclusions Type II endoleak after EVAR for abdominal aortic aneurysm is associated with MetS. Whether these patients are subject to more subsequent intervention due to sac expansion is unclear. MetS may be a factor to consider in the treatment of type II endoleak.
Structure anomaly and electronic transition in R NiO 3 ( R = La , Pr , … , Gd )

With the increasing size of the rare-earth ion in the $R{\mathrm{NiO}}_{3}$ perovskites, the room-temperature (RT) orthorhombic distortion shows an unusual collapse and restoration before transforming to the rhombohedral structure. We have studied the orthorhombic distortions under pressure of the RT structure of $R{\mathrm{NiO}}_{3}$ for $R=\mathrm{La},\mathrm{Pr},\dots{},\mathrm{Gd}$. The pressure dependence of the orthorhombic distortion reflects a component that opposes the influence of a cooperative rotation of the octahedra. An unusually low bulk modulus has been interpreted with a model at the crossover from localized to itinerant electronic behavior.
Effects of Methyl Testosterone Upon Serum Lipids

The effect of a placebo or methyl testosterone in conjunction with a low fat, low cholesterol diet was studied in a double-blind fashion. The only significant change in the lipid fractions in the placebo group was a mean increase of 5.5 mg/100 ml in the alpha lipoprotein cholesterol. Thirty patients were followed for 1 year. In a group of 34 patients who received 10 mg of oral methyl testosterone daily, the only significant change was a mean decrease of 4.6 mg/100 ml in the alpha lipoprotein cholesterol, with a mean rise of 19 mg/100 ml in the beta fraction, resulting in an increase of 1.4 in the beta/alpha lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. The concentration of total cholesterol and phospholipids was unchanged. With daily doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg of methyl testosterone in smaller groups of men, the alpha lipoprotein cholesterol decreased to 31.9, 31.3 and 20.7 mg/100 ml, as the beta lipoprotein cholesterol increased to 196, 208 and 232 mg/100 ml, respectively. The beta to alpha lipoprotein cholesterol rati...
Identification of a new lithium oxide, Li3O2

Lithium oxide (Li3O2) was prepared by decomposing anhydrous lithium hydroxide at 360 C in 48 hours and between 640 and 730 C in times up to 1.3 hours and pressures of about 0.00001 torr. Decompositions were done in nickel, molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, and the T-111 tantalum alloy (Ta - 8-wt.% W - 2 wt.% Hf) containers. This oxide probably belongs to the simple orthorhombic system with the following lattice parameters: a = 108.4 + or - 0.4 nm (10.84 + or - 0.04 A), b = 128.4 + or - 0.5 nm (12.84 + or - 0.05 A), and c = 103.6 + or - 0.4 nm (10.36 + or - 0.04 A).
A reciprocal relationship between the adenohypophysis and the pineal gland

Data are presented which indicate an influence of the pineal gland on the adenohypophysis and the effects of some adenohypophyseal hormones on the pineal gland, suggesting the existence of a reciprocal relationship between these two glands.
Reliability and Validity of the Before-School Functioning Scale in Children With ADHD.

Objective: Children with ADHD frequently manifest behavioral difficulties in the morning prior to school. We sought to assess the reliability and validity of the Before-School Functioning Questionnaire (BSFQ) as a measure of morning behaviors impaired by ADHD. Method: We used pre-treatment data from a randomized crossover study of 6- to 12-year-old participants comparing the methylphenidate transdermal delivery system (MTS) with a placebo transdermal system (PTS) for a total of 4 weeks. Results: The BSFQ investigator–rated scale shows very good internal homogeneity (Cronbach’s α = .91), good test–retest reliability (r = .60), good concurrent validity (r range = .42-.86), and a strong treatment effect (effect size = −.93). The self-rated BSFQ showed lower levels of reliability and validity. Conclusion: The investigator-rated BSFQ should be used in future trials of ADHD medications aimed at assessing efficacy in the morning before school.
Micronet: A reconfigurable microcomputer network for distributed systems research:

MICRONET is a reconfigurable network of closely cou pled microcomputers intended for general-purpose com puting. The initial system will consist of 16 Digital Equipment Corporation LSI-11 microcomputer nodes, each with its own set of peripherals. The nodes are linked via front-end computers which send packet-switched messages over shared buses which form a passive com munications network.The specially designed front ends are on interface cards which fit in LSI-11 backplanes in each node. Each front end controls three high-speed ports: two for communications on shared buses at 0.7 megabytes per second and one for direct memory access at 0.3 megabytes per second to the LSI-11. Each front end contains 4096 bytes of memory for use in queuing message packets. Each uses two microprocessors: a Signetics 8X3006 for logic control and a Zilog Z-808 for communications routines.MICRONET has been designed to be a flexible research and simulation tool for studying distributed computer hardware and software. The topolog...
Disorder, anisotropy, and the loss of coherence in superconducting wire networks

Abstract We have investigated the effects of disorder and anisotropy on the superconducting transitions of square aluminum wire networks. We have found that disorder in the network tile areas induces a crossover to a glassy incoherent state in which T c is independent of the applied field, and we can accurately model this behavior by considering only the energy cost of the frustration-induced supercurrents. On networks made anisotropic by widening the horizontal wires of the square network, we find even more striking results. Numerous measurements (including transport, T c ( H ) phase boundary, and AC susceptibility) indicate that the narrow wires exhibit the same behavior as the wide wires only at strongly commensurate fields; away from these fields, the narrow wires remain resistive far below the temperature at which the wide wires lose resistive sensitivity. Furthermore, this weakening of superconductivity along the narrow wires at incommensurate fields becomes more extreme as the anisotropy is increased, even though the anisotropy is introduced by adding superconducting material to make the other set of wires wider. We describe these results in terms of anisotropic localization of the superconducting order parameter.
The implicit use of base rates in experiential and ecologically valid tasks

When base rates are learned and used in an experiential manner subjects show better base rate use, perhaps because the implicit learning system is engaged. A causal framework in which base rates are relevant might also be necessary. Humans might thus perform better on more ecologically valid tasks, which are likely to contain those three components.
Lifetime prediction routing in mobile ad hoc networks

One of the main design constraints in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is that they are power constrained. Hence, every effort is to be channeled towards reducing power. More precisely, network lifetime is a key design metric in MANETs. Since every node has to perform the functions of a router, if some nodes die early due to lack of energy, it will not be possible for other nodes to communicate with each other. Hence, the network will get disconnected and the network lifetime will be adversely affected. This paper presents a lifetime prediction routing protocol for MANETs that maximizes the network lifetime by finding routing solutions that minimize the variance of the remaining energies of the nodes in the network. Although this scheme introduces some additional traffic, simulations show that it improves the network lifetime by about 20-30%.
The Asia-to-America Influx of Avian Influenza Wild Bird Hosts Is Large

SUMMARY. Recent literature has underestimated the number and taxonomic diversity of wild birds moving between Asia and North America. Our analyses of the major avian influenza (AI) host groups show that fully 33 species of waterfowl (Anatidae), 46 species of shorebirds (Charadriidae and Scolopacidae), and 15 species of gulls and terns (Laridae) are involved in movements from Asia to Alaska across northern oceans (Table 1). Our data suggest that about 1.5–2.9 million individuals in these important host groups move from Asia to Alaska annually. Among all of the host groups we consider most relevant for AI virus movement models in this region (waterfowl, shorebirds, and gulls and terns), it seems likely that thousands of AI-infectious birds may be involved in annual Asia-to-America migrations. Importantly, host availability in Alaska once these vectors arrive is also very high, representing at least 5–10 times more birds and infectious birds than the host populations moving from Asia to North America. Incorporating our data into a recent model of the global spread of the highly pathogenic H5N1 suggests that wild birds are a more likely source of this strain being brought into the United States than trade in domestic birds, although the latter remain a numerically more probable source of introduction into the New World. Our results should help in defining the key taxonomic, geographic, and seasonal factors involved in this complex intercontinental association of wild bird AI hosts. The next steps are to determine infection rates of low pathogenicity and highly pathogenic viruses among these hosts and to incorporate these into dynamic models.
Non-erythroid effects of erythropoietin

Erythropoietin (EPO) regulates red blood cell production by binding to its cell surface receptor, EPO-R, expressed on erythroid progenitor cells. Although EPO was originally believed to be an erythroid-specific hematopoietic cytokine, for over a decade, a substantial body of scientific evidence has
Enhancing Empathy and Theory of Mind

Social cognitive skills such as empathy and theory of mind are crucial for everyday interactions, cooperation, and cultural learning, and deficits in these skills have been implicated in pathologies such as autism spectrum disorder, sociopathy, and nonverbal learning disorders. Little research has examined how these skills develop after early childhood and how they may be trained. We tested the hypothesis that experience in acting, an activity in which one must step into the shoes of others, leads to growth in both empathy and theory of mind. In two studies, we followed children (elementary school aged) and adolescents (high school freshmen) receiving 1 year of either acting or other arts training (visual arts, music) and assessed empathy and theory of mind before and after training. In both studies, those receiving acting (but not other arts) training showed significant gains in empathy scores; in Study 2, adolescents receiving acting training also showed significant gains on a naturalistic measure of th...
A Determinant Theorem with Applications to Parallel Algorithms

We state and prove an expansion theorem for the determinant of any Hessenberg matrix. The expansion is expressed as a vector-matrix-vector product which can be efficiently evaluated on a parallel machine. We consider the computation of the first N terms of a sequence defined by a general linear recurrence. On a sequential machine this problem is $O(N^2 )$, with N processors it is $O(N)$,and with $O(N^4 )$ processors it is $O(\log ^2 N)$ using our expansion. Other applications include locating roots of analytic functions and proving doubling formulas for linear recurrences with constant co-efficients.
Effect of Insurance Status on the Stage of Breast and Colorectal Cancers in a Safety-Net Hospital

In a safety-net hospital, patients with Medicaid have rates of advanced-stage cancer similar to those of patients with other types of insurance; however, patients with no insurance have significantly higher rates of advanced disease.
Simulating the impact of pattern-dependent poly-CD variation on circuit performance

In this paper, we present a methodology for simulating the impact of within-die (die-level) polysilicon critical dimension (poly-CD) variation on circuit performance. The methodology is illustrated on a 0.25 /spl mu/m 64/spl times/8 SRAM macrocell layout. For this example, the impact as measured through signal skew is found to be significant and strongly dependent on the input address of the SRAM cell.
Fatalities Associated with the 2009 H1N1 Influenza A Virus in New York City

BACKGROUND. When the 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus emerged in the United States, epidemiologic and clinical information about severe and fatal cases was limited. We report the first 47 fatal cases of 2009 H1N1 influenza in New York City. METHODS. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene conducted enhanced surveillance for hospitalizations and deaths associated with 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus. We collected basic demographic and clinical information for all patients who died and compared abstracted data from medical records for a sample of hospitalized patients who died and hospitalized patients who survived. RESULTS. From 24 April through 1 July 2009, 47 confirmed fatal cases of 2009 H1N1 influenza were reported to the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Most decedents (60%) were ages 18-49 years, and only 4% were aged 65 years. Many (79%) had underlying risk conditions for severe seasonal influenza, and 58% were obese according to their body mass index. Thirteen (28%) had evidence of invasive bacterial coinfection. Approximately 50% of the decedents had developed acute respiratory distress syndrome. Among all hospitalized patients, decedents had presented for hospitalization later (median, 3 vs 2 days after illness onset; P < .05) and received oseltamivir later (median, 6.5 vs 3 days; P < .01) than surviving patients. Hospitalized patients who died were less likely to have received oseltamivir within 2 days of hospitalization than hospitalized patients who survived (61% vs 96%; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS. With community-wide transmission of 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus, timely medical care and antiviral therapy should be considered for patients with severe influenza-like illness or with underlying risk conditions for complications from influenza.
The Fallacy of Generalizing from Egg Salad in False-Belief Research

Geraerts et al. (2008) reported that misleading individuals with false beliefs about having gotten sick on egg salad in childhood can reduce the probability of subsequently consuming egg salad. They concluded that their results “… have important implications for people's food and dieting choices…” (p. 752). We argue that their conclusion represents a fundamental generalization problem. We report new findings that, together with other recent studies, data on disgust and the fact that hard boiled eggs produce a chemical associated with rotten food, suggest that Geraerts et al.'s success in reducing individuals’ interest in eating egg salad is likely restricted to less appealing foods that are less frequently consumed. Because of potential applicability of their results to public health and well-being, and the more general applicability of the false-feedback paradigm to legal cases, it is important to accurately limit these conclusions and generalizations.
Peak to average power ratio reduction of an OFDM signal using a practical selective mapping approach with embedded side-information

This work evaluates the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) performance in a coded orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (C-OFDM) system using the selective mapping (SLM) approach. Repetition-coded side-information (SI) bits specifying which one of several possible phase sequences is being used are embedded in the data stream at the transmitter before convolutional coding, interleaving, and QAM mapping are applied to the bitstream. The receiver demodulates the received signal using all the possible phase sequences, and then uses the demodulator output in which the demodulated coded SI bits are closest in Hamming distance to the coded SI bits specifying the phase sequence used in that demodulation. It is found that when the number of available phase sequences is four, eight or sixteen, the best performance is obtained when each SI bit is repeated from four to eight times. Our simulation results show that the proposed side-information-embedded SLM C-OFDM system is effective in reducing PAPR.
Fecundity of Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) in two crested wheatgrass pastures

Oviposition rate (eggs per ♀-degree-day) and fecundity (total number of eggs per ♀) were measured in two populations of Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) under natural conditions during two seasons (1984, 1985). Differences in fecundity between the two seasons were indirectly associated with differences in time of hatching. In 1985, females hatched earlier and had shorter preoviposition periods, greater longevities, and higher oviposition rates; consequently, fecundity averaged about three-fold greater than in 1984. Longevity appeared to be the most important single determinant of fecundity. Maximum fecundity was 73.2 eggs (equivalent to four pods) and mean fecundity ranged between 10.1 and 28.9 eggs per female.
ragged seedling2 Encodes an ARGONAUTE7-Like Protein Required for Mediolateral Expansion, but Not Dorsiventrality, of Maize Leaves

Leaves arise from the flank of the shoot apical meristem and are asymmetrical along the adaxial/abaxial plane from inception. Mutations perturbing dorsiventral cell fate acquisition in a variety of species can result in unifacial (radially symmetrical) leaves lacking adaxial/abaxial polarity. However, mutations in maize (Zea mays) ragged seedling2 (rgd2) condition cylindrical leaves that maintain dorsiventral polarity. Positional cloning reveals that rgd2 encodes an ARGONAUTE7 (AGO7)-like protein required to produce ta-siARF, a trans-acting small interfering RNA that targets abaxially located auxin response factor3a (arf3a) transcripts for degradation. Previous studies implicated ta-siARF in dorsiventral patterning of monocot leaves. Here, we show that arf3a transcripts hyperaccumulate but remain abaxialized in rgd2 mutant apices, revealing that ta-siARF function is not required for arf3a polarization. RGD2 also regulates miR390 accumulation and localization in maize shoot apices. Similar to the abaxialized maize mutant leafbladeless1 (lbl1), rgd2 mutants exhibit ectopic accumulation of the abaxial identity factor miR166 in adaxial domains. Thus, hyperaccumulation of arf3a and ectopic accumulation of miR166 are insufficient to condition abaxialized leaf phenotypes in maize. Finally, transcripts of a maize ago1 paralog overaccumulate in lbl1 but not in rgd2 mutants, suggesting that upregulation of ago1 combined with ectopic accumulation of miR166 contribute to abaxialized leaf formation in lbl1. We present a revised model for the role of small RNAs in dorsiventral patterning of maize leaves.
GLOEOCOCCUS TETIMSPORUS SP. NOV. (TETRASPORALES, PALM ELL ACEAE), FROM COLORADO MOUNTAIN LAKES1

A new species, Gloeococcus tetrasporus sp. nov., collected from mountain lakes, is described from unialgal culture. Vegetative cells are ellipsoid and Chlamydomo nas–like, occur in tetrad complexes within the general colonial matrix, and exhibit slow, limited motility within the confines of the individual gelatinous matrices. The colonial matrix is amorphous and structureless, without a definite bounding layer. Colonies may reach several centimeters in size. Vegetative cells have a parietal cup–shaped chloroplast with a central–basal pyrenoid and a small, linear stigma, two contractile vacuoles, and two short flagella. Cell division is by eleutheroschisis in nonflagellate cells. After two divisions, four daughter cells arc formed within the expanded parent wall that will become incorporated into the colonial matrix. Zoospores are formed either from transformed vegetative cells or after cytokinesis. Zoospore flagella are two to three times the length of vegetative cell flagella. Rapid flagellar movement ruptures the sheath and liberates the zoospores. When zoospores settle, they secrete new sheaths, and divide twice to initiate new colonies. Sexual reproduction and formation of resistant spores were not observed.