cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adeno-associated virus serotypes 9 and rh10 mediate strong neuronal transduction of the dog brain

Canine models have many advantages for evaluating therapy of human central nervous system (CNS) diseases. In contrast to nonhuman primate models, naturally occurring canine CNS diseases are common. In contrast to murine models, the dog's lifespan is long, its brain is large and the diseases affecting it commonly have the same molecular, pathological and clinical phenotype as the human diseases. We compared the ability of four intracerebrally injected adeno-associated virus vector (AAV) serotypes to transduce the dog brain with green fluorescent protein as the first step in using these vectors to evaluate both delivery and efficacy in naturally occurring canine homologs of human diseases. Quantitative measures of transduction, maximum diameter and area, identified both AAV2/9 and AAV2/rh10 as significantly more efficient than either AAV2/1 or AAV2/5 at transducing cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus, thalamus and internal capsule. Fluorescence co-labeling with cell-type-specific antibodies demonstrated that AAV2/9 and AAV2/rh10 were capable of primarily transducing neurons, although glial transduction was also identified and found to be more efficient with the AAV2/9 vector. These data are a prerequisite to evaluating the efficacy of recombinant AAV vectors carrying disease-modifying transgenes to treat naturally occurring canine models in preclinical studies of human CNS disease therapy.
HIV positive lactating mothers a missed opportunity in the roll out of the eMTCT strategy in Uganda

Although Uganda has embraced the strategy of EMTCT by 2015, the strategy focuses mainly on HCT for first ANC visit with less attention on mothers who never attend ANC, deliver in the community and are lactating with unknown status which creates a missed opportunity. The supporting public sector work places Expand Action and Responses to HIV (SPEAR) Project with funding from USAID, has piloted PMTCT/HCT camps/outreaches as an intervention to bridge this gap in their target population.
Third-sound attenuation and reflection for a 4 He film in a cesium corral

In a previous paper we reported the construction of a two-dimensional third-sound resonator with Cs boundaries on a polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) coated substrate and preliminary observations of the behavior of third sound inside the resonator [J. C. Herrmann and R. B. Hallock, J. Low Temp. Phys. 110, 671 (1998)]. Under the appropriate conditions, the Cs boundaries act as nonwet edges, effectively confining the ${}^{4}\mathrm{He}$ to the region enclosed by the Cs and causing third sound to be reflected at the boundaries. After a brief sketch of the resonator's construction, we present a more extensive analysis of third sound within the resonator and the results of third-sound attenuation and Cs boundary reflection measurements made in the resonator for all ${}^{4}\mathrm{He}$ coverages we studied. In addition we include the results of a companion experiment in which we verify the ``normal'' propagation of third sound on PMMA.
Influence of Temperature on Shockley Stacking Fault Expansion and Contraction in SiC PiN Diodes

While Shockley stacking fault (SSF) creation and expansion within 4H-SiC bipolar devices is well known, only recently was it observed that this expansion and the associated increase in the forward voltage drop (V f) could be completely reversed via low-temperature annealing. Here we report the temperature dependence of the recovery rate of the V f drift via annealing, reporting an activation energy of 1.3 ± 0.3 eV. The V f drift was observed to saturate following extended electrical stressing, and it was observed that the value of V f at this saturation was inversely proportional to the stressing temperature. We also observed that SSF and V f drift recovery could occur in highly stressed diodes at elevated temperatures even under high current injection conditions (14 A/cm2).
STUDIES IN PENNATE DIATOMS: VALVE MORPHOLOGIES OF LICMOPHORA AND CAMPYLOSTYLUS1

Using scanning electron and light, microscopy, several hundred specimens of Campylostylus normanianus (Grev.) Gerloff, Licmophora abbreviata Agardh, L. gracilis var. anglica (Kutz) Per. et Per., and L. flabellata (Carm.) Agardh were examined to elucidate their valve morphology. These species were found to be heterovalvar with respect to the presence of the labiate process in the basal apices of the cell, although one was always present at the head pole of each valve. This form of heterovalvar may be one basis for partitioning the large and variable family Diatomaceae. Because of the similar valve morphologies exhibited by C. normanianus and Licmophora species examined, it is recommended that Campylostylus normanianus be placed in the older genus Licmophora, as L. normaniana (Grev.) Wahrer.
Sustainability of a college social network site: role of autonomy, engagement, and relatedness

Increasingly, universities are trying, with limited success, to use social network sites (SNSs) as a way of retaining students. This study presents the case of Ewhaian.com, a 10-year old SNS for a large university in South Korea. Success factors are explained from the perspective of self-determination theory.
The Place of Foreign Language Study in the Post- War Reconstruction of Education

Author's Summary— Pre-war experiments in curriculum reconstruction in secondary schools that have fallen short of meeting needs of American Youth. Pressures and conflicts in wartime programs. A dynamic, functioning foreign language program must produce operating skills and appreciations in a postwar democratic system of education.
Diagnostic Imaging in Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Disease

A wide choice of imaging techniques is available to visualize the GI and GU tracts. The use of imaging sequences for problems such as abdominal mass evaluation can minimize radiation exposure and decrease cost. However, physicians should not hesitate to tailor an imaging plan to the individual child9s needs. Choosing the best single examination or series of studies for any particular child requires both knowledge of procedures locally available and frequent communication between the pediatrician and radiologist.
Identification of the residual acceptors in undoped high purity InP

The ionization energies of C, Be, and Mg acceptors in InP have been determined by means of low‐temperature (1.7–20 K) photoluminescence measurements on high purity epitaxial and bulk samples which have been implanted with low (5×109–5×1011 cm−2) doses of those impurities. The measured values are 44.6±0.3, 41.3±0.3, and 41.0±0.3 meV, respectively. A comparison with the ionization energies of the residual acceptors in liquid phase epitaxial (LPE), PH3‐vapor phase epitaxial, liquid encapsulated Czochralski, and polycrystalline samples indicates that C is almost never present as a residual acceptor in undoped InP. The ionization energy of the main residual acceptor in the LPE samples matches that of both Mg and Be.
Skills for Child Management and Family Support Training Parents for Maintenance

This study evaluated the effects of a training program designed to teach one couple skills for better managing its child's behavior and for increasing occurrence of positive, reciprocal family interactions. Specifically, parents were taught to: (1) improve instructions to the child; (2) differentially attend to their child's behavior; and (3) improve support of one another by increasing interspouse consistency when responding to the child. A multiple baseline design across parent behaviors was employed. Training was conducted and data were collected in the home via direct observation of the family's behavior. Results suggest that compliant child behavior increased substantially when the parents were trained to differentially attend to their child. Introduction of spouse support and family interaction training yielded immediate increases in family interactions, interspouse consistency, and the occurence of positive statements among family members.
Bedload transport of mud by floccule ripples—Direct observation of ripple migration processes and their implications

Flume experiments have shown that muds can be transported in bedload as flripples and deposited at current velocities that would suffi ce to transport and deposit sand. A new set of experiments provides fi rsthand observations of the processes that shape and propagate mud ripples. Sediment is transported over the stoss side in the form of diverging boundary-layer streaks, the carriers of the bulk of the bedload fl occule freight. At the brinkline these streaks become point sources of sediment that feeds avalanches of flsediment lobes. These propagate down the slip face like classic mudfl ows on a hillside. Geometries of ripples are very similar to those produced in sandy sediments, even though the fl occule ripples contain as much as 90 vol% water.
Surface Dipoles Influence the Wettability of Terminally Fluorinated Organic Films

The correlation of differences in the wettabilities of partially fluorinated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to changes in the chemical structure and composition of the films was explored by contact angle goniometry and polarization modulation infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). SAMs of simple alkanethiols (CH3(CH2)nSH with n = 9-15) and their CF3-terminated analogs (CF3(CH2)nSH with n = 9-15) were prepared by adsorption from solution onto evaporated gold. Advancing contact angles of hexadecane were measured on both the terminally fluorinated surfaces and the hydrocarbon surfaces. These data were compared to those obtained using a series of polar aprotic contacting liquids. As expected, the contact angles of hexadecane were higher on the CF3-terminated SAMs than on the CH3-terminated SAMs. The contact angles of the polar aprotic solvents, however, were measurably lower on the CF3-terminated SAMs than on the CH3-terminated SAMs. These observations were rationalized on the basis that the introduction of the CF3 terminal groups yields oriented surface dipoles that interact with the dipoles of the polar contacting liquids. Further support for this model was provided by the observation of an inverse parity (“odd-even”) effect in the wettabilities of the polar aprotic solvents on the CF3-terminated surfaces. Analysis by PM-IRRAS revealed that both types of films consist of predominately trans-extended alkyl chains with relatively few gauche defects in a densely packed arrangement. The high degree of order is consistent with the detection of the parity effect, where small changes in the orientation of the tail groups can be sensed by contact angle measurements only in highly ordered organic thin films. The significance of the dipole-oriented dipole interaction in describing interfacial wettabilities is discussed.
Cardiac Output in Pregnancy: Correlation Between Evans Blue Dye and Blood Pressure Methods

Cardiac output estimations done by the pulse pressure method were compared to those done simultaneously by the dye method in pregnancy, labor, and in the early puerperium. The subjects selected were young, healthy and without edema or clinical evidence of heart disease. A total of 30 determinations was carried out on 23 subjects. Agreement within 25 per cent of the dye method was attained in 90 per cent of the blood pressure method tests.
Frequency domain stability criterion for linear stochastic systems

The class of systems treated in this paper are characterized by ft linear deterministic system and a white noise multiplicative gain. Matrix conditions are developed to provide exponential stability with probability one and L 2-bounded input—bounded output stability for this class of systems. These conditions are then used to develop a frequency domain criterion for stability with probability one.
Negotiating the American Dream: The Paradox of Aspirations and Achievement among Latino Students and Engagement between their Families and Schools

The lagging achievement of many U.S. Latinos is staggering. Latinos have the highest high school dropout rate. Further, second- and third-generation Latinos in the United States perform less well than do recent immigrants. These statistics belie the hopes and aspirations for upward mobility, a better life, and the deep value for education that are tightly held by many Latino immigrant families. Understanding this paradox between the aspirations of Latino families and their academic outcomes is the focus of this article. The experiences of Latino children in U.S. schools, the incongruence between the cultural worldviews of U.S. schools and Latino families, and the interactions and expectations for partnerships between families and schools are integrated and applied to the question of why Latino students are not reaching their potential, despite goals for achievement and significant parental sacrifice and investment.
On fundamentals, logic, and the connection between the natural sciences

The importance of deductive theories in the modern natural sciences built essentially on experiments is briefly discussed. The logical structure of the deductive theories, their axioms, undefined quantities, and realizations is treated in some detail. In all the natural sciences, there is a striving to explain all the various phenomena in nature in terms of a few basic principles, and this “reductionism” leads to a certain amount of unification of these sciences. The chain that goes from biology, over molecular biology, biochemistry, chemistry, and physics to the description of nature in terms of the elementary particles obeying the laws of modern quantum chemistry is reviewed. Since all the measurements of microcosmos involve an observer, who according to the Copenhagen school experiences the outside universe as a projection on his or her mind through his or her senses, some theoreticians may be inclined to reduce the natural sciences to the human mind as the fundamental (undefined) quantity. However, since the observer is a biological structure, one is also back where one started, and it is evident that one can start the reduction or unification of the natural sciences in any point on this circle (or spiral). Hence, there are many descriptions of the natural sciences and their connections that are possible—as illustrated at this symposium. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Heterotopic ossification in the reaming tract of a percutaneous antegrade femoral nail: a case report.

Heterotopic ossification is a rare complication of musculoskeletal injuries, characterized by bone growth in soft tissues. Percutaneous antegrade intramedullary nailing represents the ‘gold standard’ for the treatment of femur shaft fractures. Minor bone growth is frequently seen around the proximal end of reamed femoral nails (so-called ‘callus caps’), which are asymptomatic and lack a therapeutic implication. The occurrence of excessive, symptomatic heterotopic ossification around the entry site of an antegrade femoral nail is rarely described in the literature. We present the case of a 28-year-old Caucasian woman who developed extensive heterotopic ossification around the reaming seeds of a reamed femoral nail. She developed severe pain and significantly impaired range of motion of the hip joint, requiring revision surgery for heterotopic ossification resection and adjunctive local irradiation. She recovered full function of the hip and remained asymptomatic at her two-year follow-up appointment. Severe heterotopic ossification represents a rare but potentially detrimental complication after percutaneous femoral nailing of femur shaft fractures. Diligent care during the reaming procedure, including placement of a trocar to protect from osteogenic seeding of the soft tissues, may help decrease the risk of developing heterotopic ossification after reamed antegrade femoral nailing.
Arabidopsis Seedlings Deficient in a Plastidic Pyruvate Kinase Are Unable to Utilize Seed Storage Compounds for Germination and Establishment

Catabolism of storage reserves and biosynthesis of metabolites necessary for growth are essential for seed germination and establishment. An Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant (pkp1) deficient in plastidic pyruvate kinase (PKp) and unable to accumulate storage oil to the same extent as the wild type shows delayed germination and seedling establishment dependent on an exogenous sugar supply. It appears, however, as though these phenotypes are not entirely caused specifically by lack of seed oil and may be related to reduced PKp activity in germinating seeds. Increasing the sucrose concentration in the medium further inhibits germination of pkp1, possibly due to the accumulation of soluble sugars in seeds. Germinating seeds of pkp1 are unable to metabolize storage oil and cannot utilize applied sucrose for hypocotyl elongation in the dark. Moreover, pkp1 contains less tocopherol and chlorophyll than the wild type. Taken together, the results are consistent with a model in which PKp is required for the efficient conversion of sugar into precursors for different anabolic pathways.
Quality Assurance of Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy

The current paradigm for the quality assurance (QA) program for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) includes QA of the treatment planning system, QA of the delivery system, and patient-specific QA. Although the IMRT treatment planning and delivery system is the same as for conventional three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy, it has more parameters to coordinate and verify. Because of complex beam intensity modulation, each IMRT field often includes many small irregular off-axis fields, resulting in isodose distributions for each IMRT plan that are more conformal than those from conventional treatment plans. Therefore, these features impose a new and more stringent set of QA requirements for IMRT planning and delivery. The generic test procedures to validate dose calculation and delivery accuracy for both treatment planning and IMRT delivery have to be customized for each type of IMRT planning and delivery strategy. The rationale for such an approach is that the overall accuracy of IMRT delivery is incumbent on the piecewise uncertainties in both the planning and delivery processes. The end user must have well-defined evaluation criteria for each element of the planning and delivery process. Such information can potentially be used to determine a priori the accuracy of IMRT planning and delivery.
On the Origin of the Standardization Sensitivity in RegEM Climate Field Reconstructions

The regularized expectation maximization (RegEM) method has been used in recent studies to derive climate field reconstructions of Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the last millennium. Original pseudoproxy experiments that tested RegEM [with ridge regression regularization (RegEM-Ridge)] standardized the input data in a way that improved the performance of the reconstruction method, but included data from the reconstruction interval for estimates of the mean and standard deviation of the climate field—information that is not available in real-world reconstruction problems. When standardizations are confined to the calibration interval only, pseudoproxy reconstructions performed with RegEM-Ridge suffer from warm biases and variance losses. Only cursory explanations of this so-called standardization sensitivity of RegEM-Ridge have been published, but they have suggested that the selection of the regularization (ridge) parameter by means of minimizing the generalized cross validation (GCV) function is the source of the effect. The origin of the standardization sensitivity is more thoroughly investigated herein and is shown not to be associated with the selection of the ridge parameter; sets of derived reconstructions reveal that GCV-selected ridge parameters are minimally different for reconstructions standardized either over both the reconstruction and calibration interval or over the calibration interval only. While GCV may select ridge parameters that are different from those that precisely minimize the error in pseudoproxy reconstructions, RegEM reconstructions performed with truly optimized ridge parameters are not significantly different from those that use GCV-selected ridge parameters. The true source of the standardization sensitivity is attributable to the inclusion or exclusion of additional information provided by the reconstruction interval, namely, the mean and standard deviation fields computed for the complete modeled dataset. These fields are significantly different from those for the calibration period alone because of the violation of a standard EM assumption that missing values are missing at random in typical paleoreconstruction problems; climate data are predominantly missing in the preinstrumental period when the mean climate was significantly colder than the mean of the instrumental period. The origin of the standardization sensitivity therefore is not associated specifically with RegEM-Ridge, and more recent attempts to regularize the EM algorithm using truncated total least squares could theoretically also be susceptible to the problems affecting RegEMRidge. Nevertheless, the principal failure of RegEM-Ridge arises because of a poor initial estimate of the mean field, and therefore leaves open the possibility that alternative methods may perform better.
Nonuniform fatigue characteristics of slow-twitch motor units activated at a fixed percentage of their maximum tetanic tension

1. The endurance of slow-twitch motor units from the soleus (SOL) and medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles of the cat were tested by determining the length of time (endurance time, Et) that a unit could maintain its tension output at 85% of maximum. Motor-unit tension was clamped at the target level by altering the stimulation rate of a unit's motor axon through computer feedback control. Tested in this way, units of both muscles displayed a wide range of Ets, approximately 40- to 50-fold. 2. Electromyographic (EMG) waveforms of motor units subjected to force-clamp contractions were analyzed to access whether any activity-dependent changes in their waveform shape might predict Et. Three measurements of waveform shape were determined: baseline-to-baseline duration, peak-to-peak amplitude, and area. Typically, amplitude decreased and duration increased as a contraction proceeded, whereas area remained fairly constant. Because changes in each measure were very similar for units of widely different Ets, it was concluded that neuromuscular junction failure and changes in the excitability of the sarcolemma (excluding the t-tubule system) play a minor role in determining Et. 3. Et was highly correlated with the mean stimulation rate (Et/number of stimuli) used during the force-clamp contractions. Mean rate was seen to progressively decrease with increasing Et. This correlation could not be explained by measures of isometric contractile speed or relaxation (e.g., twitch contraction time or half-relaxation time) measured before the force-clamp contractions. Both contraction time and half-relaxation time were found to be unrelated to both Et and the rate used to stimulate the unit during the force-clamp contraction. 4. Among type S units of SOL and MG, maximum tetanic tension and Et were not related. A significant relation (r = -0.49) was found between axonal conduction velocity and Et for SOL units (n = 38). In addition, a significant correlation (r = 0.47) was found between conduction velocity and tetanic tension for SOL units. Perhaps because of the small sample of type S units from MG (n = 10), conduction velocity was found not be related to either Et or tetanic tension. 5. Others have shown that a motor unit's maximum tetanic tension and axonal conduction velocity are correlated with its order of recruitment among motoneurons innervating a muscle. Recent work has further shown that among type F units the order in which a motoneuron is recruited is highly correlated with the fatigue resistance of its muscle unit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Triplane fractures of the distal tibia requiring open reduction and internal fixation. Pre-operative planning using computed tomography.

Computed tomography (CT) of triplane fractures provides useful information not available on conventional radiographs. Knowledge of the size and position of displaced fragments, the location of the intra-articular fracture and any associated articular incongruency is useful when undertaking pre-operative planning.A postal survey of surgeons revealed only 38% always requested CT scans before undertaking open reduction and internal fixation of displaced triplane fractures. Examples of the usefulness of CT scans in pre-operative planning is presented in two cases.
Temperature dynamics of aluminized cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine fireballs for event classification

The remote sensing and classification of battlespace explosions might be improved by developing optical signatures for the heat released during secondary combustion. To explore this possibility, mid-wave infrared spectra (1800 to 10,000 cm −1 ) from the detonation of aluminized cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) have been observed and analyzed. The field detonations of 12 high-explosive compositions of RDX with varying aluminum and liner volumes were remotely observed with a suite of imagers, spectrometers, and radiometers. The evolution of spatially averaged fireball temperatures has been estimated from the infrared spectra. The effective temperatures decay from initial values of 1290 to 1850 K to less than 1000 K during a 1-s interval. Secondary maxima are observed in the temperature profiles, indicating delayed combustion resulting from the mixing of atmospheric oxygen with the detonation products. The heat released in the secondary combustion is well correlated with the high explosive and liner theoretical heats of secondary combustion and exhibits an average efficiency of about 50%. Fireball lofting rates increase by more than 50% for events where the combustion heat release increases by a factor of 2.
Sequence of the gene coding for ammonia monooxygenase in Nitrosomonas europaea.

Abstract Nitrosomonas europaea, a chemolithotrophic bacterium, was found to contain two copies of the gene coding for the presumed active site polypeptide of ammonia monooxygenase, the 32-kDa acetylene-binding polypeptide. One copy of this gene was cloned, and its complete nucleotide sequence is presented. Immediately downstream of this gene, in the same operon, is the gene for a 40-kDa polypeptide that copurifies with the ammonia monooxygenase acetylene-binding polypeptide. The sequence of the first 692 nucleotides of this structural gene, coding for about two-thirds of the protein, is presented. These sequences are the first sequences of protein-encoding genes from an ammonia-oxidizing autotrophic nitrifying bacterium. The two protein sequences are not homologous with the sequences of any other monooxygenase. From radioactive labelling of ammonia monooxygenase with [14C]acetylene it was determined that there are 23 nmol of ammonia monooxygenase per g of cells. The kcat of ammonia monooxygenase for NH3 in vivo was calculated to be 20 s-1.
Consistent individual differences in the foraging behaviour of forest tent caterpillars (Malacosoma disstria)

Outbreaking insects are often considered identical units despite recent work in behavioural ecology that shows repeatable differences can exist between individuals and can have important implications for individual fitness and population processes. However, although entomologists have neglected the hypothesis that differences between individuals can play an important role in the ecology of a species, it is not new. Wellington (1957. Can. J. Zool. 35: 293–323) suggested that consistent individual differences in behaviour may play a role in the population dynamics of Malacosoma (Hubner, 1820) species (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae). We used a novel approach to determine if individual larval Malacosoma disstria Hubner, 1820 exhibit distinct and repeatable behavioural traits. Second-instar caterpillars were placed on individual arenas for 1 h on 4 consecutive days, and the proportion of time spent walking, searching, quiescent, and eating was documented. Active and sluggish behavioural types were distinguished a...
Holocene vegetation and fire history of the Coast Range, western Oregon, USA

Pollen and high-resolution charcoal records from three lakes were examined to reconstruct the veg- etation and fire history of the Oregon Coast Range for the last 9000 years. The sites are located along a north- to-south effective precipitation gradient and changes in vegetation and fire activity provided information on the nature of this gradient in the past. The relation of vegetation to climate change was examined at millennial timescales and the relation between fire and climate was examined on centennial timescales by comparing fire- interval distribution and fire synchrony between sites. The pollen data indicate more fire-adapted vegetation during the early-Holocene period (c. 9000 to 6700 cal. yr BP), followed by a shift to forests with more fire-sen- sitive taxa in the mid Holocene (c. 6700 cal. yr BP to 2700 cal. yr BP) and modern forest assemblages devel- oping over the last c. 2700 years. Comparisons of fire-interval distributions showed that the time between fires was similar between two of the three combinations of sites, suggesting that the moisture gradient has played an important role in determining long-term fire frequency. However, century-scale synchrony of fire occurrence between the two sites with the largest difference in effective precipitation suggests that centennial-scale shifts in climate may have overcome the environmental differences between these locations. Asynchrony in fire occurrence between the sites with more similar effective precipitation implies that local conditions may have played an important role in determining fire synchrony between sites with similar long-term climate histories.
Prior Breeding Success Affects Return Rates of Territorial Male Ovenbirds

Abstract I examined the hypothesis that male Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) make breeding dispersal decisions based on prior breeding experience at a site. I determined the reproductive success of color-banded male Ovenbirds at sites in fragmented and unfragmented landscapes in Missouri from 1992–1995. I documented which individuals returned and I recorded their reproductive success upon return as well as the success of birds new to each plot. I obtained similar results in both landscapes. Males with different histories of reproductive success returned at different rates. Only 2 of 22 males that were paired but failed to raise young returned in the following year, whereas the return rates of unpaired males (41%, n = 37) and males that successfully raised young (54%, n = 57) did not differ significantly (P = 0.19). The patterns were more consistent with the hypothesis that return rates were due to decisions about dispersal rather than difference in survival of individuals in these groups. El Exito Reprod...
Microfluidic fabrication of bioactive microgels for rapid formation and enhanced differentiation of stem cell spheroids.

A major challenge in tissue engineering is to develop robust protocols for differentiating ES and iPS cells to functional adult tissues at a clinically relevant scale. The goal of this study is to develop a high throughput platform for generating bioactive, stem cell-laden microgels to direct differentiation in a well-defined microenvironment. We describe a droplet microfluidics system for fabricating microgels composed of polyethylene glycol and heparin, with tunable geometric, mechanical, and chemical properties, at kHz rates. Heparin-containing hydrogel particles sequestered growth factors Nodal and FGF-2, which are implicated in specifying pluripotent cells to definitive endoderm. Mouse ESCs were encapsulated into heparin microgels with a single dose of Nodal and FGF-2, and expressed high levels of endoderm markers Sox17 and FoxA2 after 5 days. These results highlight the use of microencapsulation for tailoring the stem cell microenvironment to promote directed differentiation, and may provide a straightforward path to large scale bioprocessing in the future.
Reservoir expansion by T-cell proliferation may be another barrier to curing HIV infection

The greatest obstacle to curing HIV-1 infection is a latent reservoir comprising resting CD4+ T cells that contain an unexpressed, replication-competent copy of the HIV-1 genome integrated into the host DNA. These latently infected cells are essentially indistinguishable from uninfected ones and therefore cannot be selectively targeted for elimination. The latent reservoir is characterized by a notable stability that explains why it is a lifelong barrier to a cure. Longitudinal studies in HIV-1–infected individuals measuring changes in the frequency of latently infected cells over time have estimated the half-life of reservoir decay to be ∼3.6 y (1, 2). At this rate, a reservoir containing 106 cells would take more than 70 y to decay naturally. Because even a single replication-competent latent virus can lead to rebound viremia, HIV-1–infected individuals must endure lifelong treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART). The disturbing possibility that the clonal expansion of latently infected cells contributes to the stability of the latent reservoir is explored in an important paper by Simonetti et al. in PNAS (3).
Improving practice with integration of patient directed activity during inpatient rehabilitation

Background:Early initiation of rehabilitation following stroke promotes better long-term outcomes than delayed onset, emphasizing the importance of inpatient therapy. However, literature indicates that following stroke individuals in inpatient rehabilitation spend the majority of their day in their bedroom and inactive. Consequently, since amount of functional activity is posited to relate to outcomes, the current rehabilitation model needs to be challenged with innovative solutions to maximize recovery.Rationale:In an attempt to promote greater activity and higher doses of therapy during inpatient rehabilitation, we implemented the “Patient Directed Activity Program” to facilitate specific movement and improve outcomes for patients post stroke. Our interdisciplinary activity program was conceptualized on a theoretical model for stroke recovery and principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity.Main features:The “Patient Directed Activity Program” includes distinct activity stations designed to incr...
African Mobility and Labor in Global History

Popular discourses on globalization and many global histories do not have much to say about Africa, despite significant advances in global history's engagements with Africa in recent decades. The continent generally only features to the extent that it trades, usually as subordinate partner, with the rest of the world or is penetrated by foreign merchants and colonizers. Such accounts approach the continent's integration into world markets from without. This literature thus emphasizes colonial transport infrastructure, export trade, and forms of labor that feed directly into global markets, including wage labor and cash cropping. The historiography on African mobility and labor, however, opens up promising avenues for better integrating the continent into global history. African historians' growing focus on local mobility and informal trade, on the ways in which Africans took part in shaping connections with global markets, and on productive activities not geared towards export allows us to reframe Africa in global history as more than a passive victim of colonialism, the slave trade, or global capital.
Significance of Antibody to Mycoplasma hominis Type 1 as measured by Indirect Hemagglutination.

SummaryTanned sheep erythrocytes, sensitized with M. hominis type 1 antigen, were stored in aliquots at — 70°C and used in IHA tests over a period of 3 months. This procedure maintained reproducibility. Fifty-seven per cent of sera from healthy persons of all ages contained antibody when tested by IHA but only 5% contained antibody when tested by CF. indicating the greater sensitivity of the IHA technique. There was an inverse relationship between the presence of IHA antibody in the sera of volunteers before inoculation with the DC63 strain of M. hominis type 1 and the occurrence of illness, indicating the protective effect of this antibody. Most volunteers without antibody prior to inoculation developed an illness and a 4-fold or greater rise in antibody as measured by IHA; no rises were demonstrated by CF. Tests on serial sera obtained from some volunteers indicated that 4-fold or greater antibody rises developed 10 days after inoculation and in some instances the antibody persisted for at least 16 week...
Productivity Simulation of Dual-medium Reservoir Fracture with Fracture Permeability Depending on Pressure

On the basis of a dual-pore and single-percolation model, an oil -water percolation math model for dual-medium reservoir fracturing is established in consideration of natural fracture permeability changing with pressure. The numerical model is derived in detail on the basis of implicit pressure explicit saturation (IMPES) method. The calculation of example shows that the model is easily programmed for solution, which is practical for studying single-well fracturing performance in fractured reservoirs.
Patients with a Previous History of Malignancy Undergoing Lung Cancer Screening: Clinical Characteristics and Radiologic Findings

Abstract Introduction The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and radiologic findings in patients with a previous history of malignancy who underwent computed tomography (CT) screening for lung cancer. Methods Patients with a previous history of malignancy and a life expectancy of at least 5 years who were referred for lung cancer screening between May 2, 2011, and September 24, 2014, were included. CT scan features assessed included nodule size, morphologic features, and number. The Lung-CT Reporting and Data System scoring system was retrospectively applied to all studies. Results A total of 139 patients were studied (mean age of 66 years and median smoking history of 50 pack-years). All had a previous history of cancer, most often breast cancer (60 patients [43%]), head or neck cancer (26 patients [19%]), and lung cancer (16 patients [12%]). Of these patients, 42 (30%) had a positive screening study result. Lung cancer was diagnosed in seven patients (5%), and a radiation-induced chest wall sarcoma was diagnosed in one patient (1%); 42 patients (30%) had a positive chest CT scan per the National Comprehensive Cancer Network lung cancer screening nodule follow-up algorithm. Conclusion The rate of diagnosis of lung cancer in our patient population is higher than in several previously published studies. Smokers with a history of malignancy may be a group at particularly high risk for the development of subsequent lung cancer.
Mineral Metabolic Effects of Thyroidectomy and Long-term Outcomes in a Family with MEN 2A

We have followed a family with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A for 18 years. Four members have undergone total thyroidectomy for medullary thyroid carcinoma or C-cell hyperplasia, and one has required bilateral adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma. None has developed hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism, although parathyroid hormone levels were relatively high prethyroidectomy and fell postoperatively in the patients with high calcitonin levels. In three of the four cases, intestinal calcium absorption decreased following thyroidectomy.
Chapter 9 – Reanalysis, Multiple Pieces of Analysis: Opportunities for Patients and Analyst When Reengagement Occurs

This chapter presents authors' thoughts on re-analysis in psychoanalysis. Analysis of both children and adults is a process in which consent is given by the analyst and an intimate encounter may occur in which the individual's developmental line of personal meaning is examined in the facilitating presence of the analyst––to specify the impact of external events, internal processes, attempted conflict resolutions, play mode predilections and deformations, characteristic patterns of defense and adaptation, and the use of time, in particular the impact of earlier experience on later perceptions. This chapter also discusses Charlie's (who was suffering from depression and who lost interest in school activities and in making friends) extended experience with Dr. Rosenbaum. Both adult and child analysis have been informed by not only the former but also by the ongoing actual and the transformed activities of primary objects. Psychiatrists are accustomed to thinking about the parents' role in child analysis. Their pathology and their health are critical factors in the efficacy of work and in the initial formulation of a treatment plan that features analysis. Charlie's (Dr. Rosenbaum's patient) pain and Charlie's process are intricately linked to his parents' pathology, all three parents, and its effect on his emerging character style and analytic needs.
I Dissent: The Federal Circuit's 'Great Dissenter,' Her Influence on the Patent Dialogue, and Why It Matters

This Article is the first study to comprehensively explore the centrality of the patent dialogue at the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, the nation’s principal patent court from empirical, doctrinal, and policy perspectives. It offers a number of insights about how the Federal Circuit reaches consensus and when it does not, serving as a window into its inner workings, a reference to academics, judges, and attorneys alike. More broadly, this Article provides a template to study the “legal dialogue” of other judges at the Federal Circuit, those in other Circuits, as well as those in other areas of the law.The Article looks through the lens of one of the Federal Circuit’s founders, Hon. Pauline Newman, whose opinions have been instrumental in developing patent law over the last thirty years. These opinions reveal the consistency and coherence of her judicial philosophy and a sincere commitment to the mission of the Federal Circuit, a court she helped to create. Moreover, her dissents, particularly over the last twenty years, serve as an institutional record for course correction even as the court continues to navigate new fault lines brought about by the America Invents Act, the globalization of patent litigation, and disruptive technologies that challenge the compact of patent law today.The study involved a review of 2,840 cases and 2,478 law review articles to give 5,521 datapoints. An in-person interview with Judge Newman, conducted over two sessions, complements the quantitative dimension of this Article. Her frank insights fill the gaps in the facts and quantitative findings. They also provide a fresh and reflective assessment of her dissents. The data confirms that Judge Newman is the Federal Circuit’s most prolific dissenter and that her dissents resonate with the Supreme Court, her colleagues, and academic commentators more than any other Federal Circuit judge. The data shows her ideological supporters and detractors on the court, but the Article cautions that the picture is more nuanced than it might appear at first blush. The Article also paints a nuanced picture of her influence on critical challenges in patent law that the Federal Circuit continues to contend with today.
How Science Learning Activation Enables Success for Youth in Science Learning Experiences

Expanding on recent advances in science education, cognitive and social psychology, and socio-cultural studies, the paper explores a construct called science learning activation and a theoretical framework that describes the characteristics, function, and impact of this construct. Authors define science learning activation as a set of dispositions, skills, and knowledge that commonly enable success in proximal science learning experiences and are in turn influenced by these successes. This study investigated the relationship between four dimensions of science learning activation (fascination, values, competency beliefs, and scientific sensemaking) and three indicators of success (choice, emotional and cognitive/behavioral engagement, and learning) in temporally proximal science learning experiences. Science learning activation, preferences to choose optional science experiences, engagement ratings, and learning outcomes were collected over multiple time points from diverse group of 681 fifth and sixth grade students from two different regions of the United States. Regression analyses, and hierarchical linear models controlling for demographic characteristics, revealed that: choice preferences were predicted by fascination, values, and sensemaking; engagement levels were predicted by competency believes, fascination, and values; and learning outcomes were predicted by scientific sensemaking. Further, successes themselves predicted further growth in activation: growth in fascination, values, and competency belief themselves were predicted by choice preferences and engagement levels; and growth in sensemaking was predicted by content learning. Thus, science learning activation provides a theory (and corresponding set of measurement tools) for proximal outcomes of early science learning interventions that can produce positive long-term outcomes through a reoccurring reinforcement process wherein the effects of an early intervention can lead toward additional positive effects from subsequent interventions. Conversely, poor experiences can lead to negative attitudes that hinder the next learning experience and eventually away from seeking future science learning opportunities. These findings have implications for theory, practice, and research.