cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theories of Giftedness: Reflections on James Gallagher's Work.

Gallagher’s most powerful ideas related to theories of giftedness, published in the last 20 years of his life, are best summarized through six tenets. Giftedness is both environmental and genetic as seen in studies of prodigies and twins. As we come to appreciate the interaction effects of genes and environment on the development of intellectual potential, Dr. Gallagher steadfastly maintained the importance of both variables in understanding the development of giftedness across a life span. He also suggested that degrees of giftedness matter. Even in an environment that emphasizes performance over ability, he focused on the importance of finding highly gifted learners, using their profiles as a starting place for gifted programs, and supporting a range of opportunities, based on data available. Studies of early childhood gifted trajectories will help us understand how environmental opportunities affect basic development in key areas. Dr. Gallagher was always fascinated by the power of early development on future outcomes (Gallagher, 1994). As a special educator who directed the Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute where the Abecedarian Project (a longitudinal study of early childhood development; Campbell, Ramey, Pungello, Sparling, & Miller-Johnson, 2002) was housed,
A Survey of the Phases of Indian Ecocriticism

In his article "A Survey of the ecocriticism in its historical context and contextualizing three phases of ecocriticism in India nario, Alex compares and contrasts themes of papers presented in conferences strategies adopted in various institutions tional/mandatory courses to show the growth of ecocriticism in India. ecocritical scholarship in India is largely influenced by Western ecocriticism gan with the use of Indian theories and texts. Indian ecocriticism and points to social issues that ecocriticism in India needs to address in the near future: land, ethnicity, sustainability, poverty, terrorism, religious plurality, caste, water education. > ISSN 1481-4374 ssue 4 (December 2014) Article 9 Rayson K. Alex, Phases of Indian Ecocriticism" b.purdue.edu/clcweb/vol16/iss4/9> 16.4 (2014) . Ed. Simon C. Estok and Murali Sivaramakrishnan > Phases of Indian Ecocriticism" Rayson K. Alex places Indian distinguishing it from the Western ecocritical canon . Looking at the present Indian ecocritical sc it with Western ecocritical studies. He offers a brief analysis of the on ecocriticism in India and of the syllabi and teaching of higher learning which have introduced ecocriticism as o Alex finds , although it originally Alex calls for a commitment to a regional a > ©Purdue University
Thermodynamic Grain Size Stabilization Models: An Overview

Grain boundaries in a nanocrystalline microstructure produce an increase in the excess free energy of the system. Grain growth is a consequence of the thermodynamic driving force reducing this excess. Thermodynamic stabilization is an approach based on eliminating the driving force by suitable alloy additions that can produce a metastable equilibrium state at the nanoscale grain size, as opposed to kinetic stabilization where the grain growth mobility is restricted by pinning and/or drag mechanisms. The present paper reviews and compares various models proposed for thermodynamic stabilization.
Capacity Cost and Capacity Allocation

. Issues surrounding the allocation of sunk capacity costs to products are among the oldest in managerial accounting. On the one hand, such costs are generally deemed to be irrelevant, but on the other hand, actual accounting systems commonly make these allocations. This paper examines a decision maker who incurs costs to acquire capacity and then uses an opportunity cost to allocate that capacity among a sequence of product proposals. Under specified circumstances, the sunk cost of capacity is shown to approximate the optimal opportunity cost of capacity. As the number of product proposals grows, the expected opportunity loss from using a simple sunk cost based capacity allocation rule goes to zero. The model is extended to consider different types of products and a multiperiod setting. Resume. Les questions qui entourent la repartition des couts irrecuperables relatifs a la capacite entre les differents produits comptent parmi les plus vieux problemes en comptabilite de gestion. D'une part, ces couts sont generalement reputes n'etre pas pertinents, tandis que d'autre part, en realite, les systemes de comptabilite assurent couramment ces repartitions. Les auteurs examinent le cas d'un decideur qui engage des frais pour acquerir une certaine capacite et utilise ensuite un cout d'option pour repartir cette capacite entre une serie de projets de fabrication de produits. Dans des circonstances donnees, les auteurs demontrent que les couts irrecuperables de la capacite acquise se rapprochent du cout d'option optimal de cette capacite. A mesure que croit le nombre de projets de fabrication de produits, la perte d'option prevue, si l'on utilise une regle de repartition simple de la capacite fondee sur les couts irrecuperables, se rapproche de zero. Le modele est elargi de facon a englober differents types de produits et plusieurs periodes.
Error Budget and Estimation in Ultraspectral Sounding Retrieval

A consistency error analysis scheme through RTM forward and inverse calculations has been developed to estimate the error budget in terms of bias and standard deviation of differences in both radiance and retrieved geophysical parameter domains.
Recruitment of physicians to rural America: a view through the lens of Transaction Cost Theory.

Context Many rural hospitals in the United States continue to have difficulties recruiting physicians. While several studies have examined some of the factors affecting the nature of this problem, we know far less about the role of economic incentives between rural providers and physicians. Purpose This conceptual article describes an economic theory of organization called Transaction Cost Theory (TCT) and applies it to rural hospital-physician relationships to highlight how transaction costs affect the type of contractual arrangement used by rural hospitals when recruiting physicians. Methods The literature is reviewed to introduce TCT, describe current trends in hospital contracting with physicians, and develop a TCT contracting model for analysis of rural hospital-physician recruitment. Findings The TCT model predicts that hospitals tend to favor contractual arrangements in which physicians are full-time employees if investments in physical or other assets made by hospitals cannot be easily redeployed for other services in the health care system. Transaction costs related to motivation and coordination of physician services are the key factors in understanding the unique contractual difficulties faced by rural providers. Conclusions The TCT model can be used by rural hospital administrators to assess economic incentives for physician recruitment.
Action based video summarization for convenience stores

Given the size and congestion associated with a standard convenience store, it is possible to achieve automated site-wide tracking for each customer via a network of in-store video cameras. For the purposes of reducing customer related shrinkage (theft), it may be advantageous to produce summary videos of the activities associated with each customer. As the customer approaches an exit or checkout station, the cashier could quickly review the associated summery video for the purposes of determining whether or not a theft has taken place. Such a summery video would be automatically generated from clips produced by a network of in-store cameras. The value of the summery videos can be determined based on their brevity and the cashier's ability to detect the presence or absence of a theft event. To this end we propose that a site-wide tracking system coupled with a clip nomination process that is based on a set of action saliency measures be used to produce the desired summery videos.
Personality, Improvement, and Regression in Stuttering Therapy

Measures of speech improvement and posttherapy regression were correlated with personal and social adjustment scores for 16 stutterers who participated in a residential therapy program. Only a sing...
NT-38MerTK AS A TARGET IN GLIOBLASTOMA

Glioma-associated macrophages and microglia (GIM) are infiltrating immune cells that modulate the glioblastoma (GBM) micro-environment. Pharmacological targeting of GIM represents a promising therapeutic strategy. MerTK receptor tyrosine kinase triggers macrophage ingestion of apoptotic material and polarizes macrophages to an M2-like, immunosuppressive phenotype that promotes tumor growth. In addition, aberrant MerTK expression in GBM tumor cells can provide pro-survival, pro-invasion and chemo-resistance signals. We examined MerTK expression by double immunofluorescence (IF) in 40 human GBM. Both GFAP+ tumor cells and CD68+ GIM expressed MerTK. Quantification in 12 matched pairs of newly-diagnosed and recurrent GBM showed a 5.5-fold increase in MerTK/CD68+ macrophages (p = 0.002), but no consistent changes in MerTK/GFAP+ tumor cells upon recurrence. Next, we examined the efficacy of a novel UNC-developed small molecule MerTK inhibitor (MerTKI) in a genetically engineered orthotopic allograft model of GBM (TRP). GBM were established for 7 days upon stereotactic injection of luciferase-expressing TRP cells into syngeneic, immune-competent mice. Mice (N = 10-12/group) were then randomized to receive no treatment, daily MerTKI (65mg/kg p.o.), or MerTKI plus fractionated radiation (XRT, 5 Gy q.o.d x3). Median survival was 24, 22, and 41.5 days, respectively (p = 0.003), while historical survival of TRP allograft mice treated with XRT alone was 30 days. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) showed a significant growth delay in MerTKI + XRT-treated mice (doubling time 14 versus 4-4.5 days, p < 0.0001). Two mice remain alive after 50 days of combination treatment and tumor growth remains stable with 90-99% reduction in pre-treatment BLI. Post-mortem histology and IF are pending. These results suggest that both human GBM tumor cells and GIM express MerTK and that MerTK+ GIM may increase upon disease recurrence. MerTK inhibition in an immune-competent pre-clinical model may potentiate XRT response, providing a rationale for future studies of novel MerTK inhibitors in the treatment of GBM patients.
Inhibins, Activins, and Follistatins: Gonadal Proteins Modulating the Secretion of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

I. Introduction The concept that proteins, in addition to steroid hormones, of gonadal origin could play a role in the inhibition of gonadatropin secretion from the anterior lobe of the pituitary was proposed more than 65 yr ago. Only recently, however, has the elucidation of the chemistry and physiology of these proposed gonadal hormones actually been achieved. Mottram and Cramer (1) reported pituitary hypertrophy as determined by the appearance of so-called castration cells in the anterior lobe of pituitary after treatment of the testes with radium. The removal of the testes leads to the development of highly vacuolated, signet-shaped basophil cells in the pituitary (2), termed castration cells, demonstrating a reciprocal relationship between the pituitary and the gonads and suggesting that a secretion of the testes has an inhibitory effect on the pituitary (3). The pituitary hypertrophy after castration or irradiation of the testes was postulated to be due to a lack of some substance from the seminal e...
Cost analysis of erythropoietin versus blood transfusions for cervical cancer patients receiving chemoradiotherapy.

Abstract Purpose: Red blood cell (RBC) transfusions or erythropoietin (EPO) can be used to evade the detrimental effects of anemia during radiotherapy, but the economic consequences of selecting either intervention are not well defined. The RBC transfusion needs during chemoradiotherapy for cervix cancer were quantified to allow comparison of RBC transfusion costs with the projected cost of EPO in this setting. Methods and Materials: For patients receiving pelvic radiotherapy, weekly cisplatin, and brachytherapy, the RBC units transfused during treatment were tallied. RBC transfusion costs per unit included the blood itself, laboratory fees, and expected value (risk multiplied by cost) of transfusion-related viral illness. EPO costs included the drug itself and supplemental RBC transfusions when hemoglobin was not adequately maintained. An EPO dosage based on reported usage in cervix cancer patients was applied. Results: Transfusions were given for hemoglobin Conclusions: Because no proven clinical advantage has been documented for EPO compared with RBC transfusions to maintain hemoglobin during cervix cancer treatment, for most patients, transfusions are an appropriate and appealingly less expensive option.
Abstract P4-08-06: Notch-dependent Regulation of Novel Genes Associated with Trastuzumab Resistance

Background: We have shown previously that Notch-1 is critical for the development and maintenance of trasuzumab or lapatinib resistance in HER2 positive breast cancer cell lines. Here we sought to identify the critical genes that are regulated by Notch to promote anti-HER2 targeted resistance. Methods: We measured expression of 84 known breast cancer-associated transcripts using a real-time PCR array in both trastuzumab sensitive and resistant BT474 cell lines. A 4 fold increase or decrease in transcripts levels were measured to be statisitically significant. To confirm the change in levels, we designed primers to each gene of interest and repeated the PCR at least three independent times. Furthermore, we specifically asked whether Notch-1 or it9s transcriptional mediator, CBF-1, directly regulated any of the identified genes in HER2 positive breast cancer cells using a genetic knocked down approach. An ANOVA for multiple comparisons was used to compute statistical significance. Results: We identified more than 4 fold increase in APC, ABCG2, ABCB1, Gata-3, Bcl-2, Id2, and HRG-2 transcripts in trastuzumab resistant versus sensitive cells. Conversley, Gli1 was downregulated in resistant versus sensitive cells. Interestingly, siRNA directed against Notch-1 or CBF-1 decreased ABCG2 and Gata-3, but conversely increased ABCB1 and HRG-2 in resistant cells. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate APC, ABCG2, ABCB1, Gata-3, Bcl-2, Id2, and HRG-2 transcripts are signficantly increased in trastuzumab resistant breast cancer cells compared to sensitive cells. More importantly, Notch-1 or it9s direct transcriptional activator CBF-1 may contribute to traztuzumab resistance by directly regulating critical genes that contribute to multidrug resistance: ABCB1 and ABCG2 and/or genes associated with stem cell survival: Gata-3 and HRG-2. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-08-06.
Nuclear stopping power

Abstract Using the present knowledge of p-p data and its representation by the ISAJET minimum-bias-event structure, we calculate the invariant mass and the energy loss of an excited proton traversing nuclear matter and, from this, its rapidity loss, both before and after hadronization. We find the difference between the leading proton rapidity loss in pPb interactions and that in p-p interactions, integrated over all p t , to be 0.29.
Effects of chronic hypercapnia in the neonatal mouse lung and brain.

Background Permissive hypercapnia is increasingly utilized in the care of premature infants to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In a previous investigation, we described gene expression changes in the neonatal mouse lung exposed to chronic hypercapnia that might contribute to lung protection and accelerated maturation. However, it is unknown whether chronic hypercapnia increases alveolar formation, nor if it has detrimental effects in other developing organs such as the brain. Objective To determine whether chronic hypercapnia accelerates early alveolar formation and increases neuronal cell injury in the developing mouse lung and brain, respectively. Design Mouse pups were exposed to 8% CO2 + 21% O2 starting at postnatal day (P) 2 until P7. Control animals were maintained in room air. Animals were sacrificed at P4 or P7, and lungs and brains were excised and analyzed. Results Exposure to 8% CO2 resulted in an increased expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-sma) which localized to the tips of developing alveolar buds, and also an increased number of alveolar buds at P7. Importantly, hypercapnic animals also demonstrated evidence of increased TUNEL-positive cells in the brain. Conclusions Exposure to chronic hypercapnia may lead to early initiation of alveolar budding in the neonatal mouse, but may also lead to increased TUNEL-positive cells in the developing brain. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:176–182. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A quarter century of user-centered study: The impact of Zweizig and Dervin on LIS research

Abstract Nearly 25 years ago, Douglas Zweizig identified limitations in understanding the users of library services and called for improvements in research methodologies. To asses the impact of his critique, citation searches on Zweizig and keyword searches on “user-centered” identified a body of library and information science (LIS) literature that can be linked to the work of Zweizig and his colleague, Brenda Dervin. The characteristics of this literature are described and the philosophical origins of the user-centered approach is critiqued. Zweizig's initial call to incorporate social science methodologies into LIS research is evaluated. A discussion of LIS education in light of the recent Kellogg-ALISE Information Profession and Education Renewal Project study of LIS curricula is included.
Live Oak Delta Complex--Unstable, Shelf-Edge Delta in Deep Wilcox Trend of South Texas: ABSTRACT

Detailed correlation and study of approximately 500 well logs from the deep Wilcox trend of south Texas have shown at least three major deltaic complexes in the Rosita delta system. These sandstone-bearing units, previously considered to be a lower Wilcox strike-transported, shelf-edge sand facies, are reinterpreted as upper Wilcox deltas that prograded across a stable shelf to an unstable shelf margin. The Live Oak delta complex, the youngest observed, consists of numerous lobes. The youngest of these, the Luling and Slick deltas, are both extensively growth-faulted and show a downdip change from delta plain to pro-delta facies. Areas of maximum net sandstone occur in the downdip part of the growth-fault zone where rapid relative subsidence rates compensated for basinward decrease in sandstone percent. A gulfward displacement of facies and associated growth faults occurred between deposition of the older Luling to deposition of the younger Slick delta. This suggests that the deltas prograded out to the shelf margin and that the associated growth faults reflect gravity instability End_Page 1556------------------------------ related to the adjacent prodelta slope. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1557------------
Atrial pacing and thallium-201 scintigraphy in patients with chest pain: correlation with coronary anatomy.

Atrial pacing and thallium-201 scintigraphy were performed in 72 patients referred for evaluation of chest pain. Coronary artery disease (CAD) was present in 63 patients, as documented by cardiac catheterization performed at the same time or within 2 months of atrial pacing. Nine patients had no or insignificant (less than 50% stenosis) CAD. The sensitivity of pacing-induced angina for CAD was 51%, and was 49% for ST depression. Specificities were 89% and 78%, respectively. A reversible perfusion defect was seen in 54% of patients with CAD (specificity 89%), and a fixed defect in 29% (specificity 100%). The sensitivity of an abnormal thallium-201 scan (one or more reversible or fixed defects) was 79% (p less than 0.05 compared to angina or ST depression). Combined sensitivity of ST depression and/or an abnormal thallium-201 scan was 87%. There were no significant changes in any of these sensitivities as the number of vessels with CAD increased. Thallium-201 scintigraphy correctly identified 11 of 19 (58%) patients with single-vessel disease as having CAD in only one vessel, but underestimated the extent of disease in all but a few patients with multivessel disease. The sensitivity of perfusion imaging to identify lesions in specific vessels ranged from 27%more » (circumflex) to 57% (right coronary artery). Specificities were 100% for circumflex, 78% for anterior descending, and 83% for right coronary artery lesions.« less
Towards a Developmental View of End-Stage Renal Disease

Although much study has been devoted to the psychological adjustment of patients treated for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), relatively little attention has been paid to developmental perspectives of the patient with ESRD. ESRD can be divided into four phases: the onset stage, an initial treatment phase, a maturity phase, and a stage of death and dying. The tasks confronted in each phase are dissimilar. The roles of compliance and the medical staff may change in each phase. In particular, the stresses of the maturity phase may be balanced in a complex, enmeshed, and precarious fashion. A developmental view implies that adaptive mechanisms at one stage may be maladaptive in others, and that relationships and ethical viewpoints may change radically as the response to the disease and its treatment progresses. The developmental phase must be taken into consideration when decisions are made in the care of patients with ESRD.
High-temperature superconductivity: Fits and starts

The complex behaviour of high-temperature superconductors has inspired some complex models and theories, but a conventional model seems to work just fine for scanning tunnelling spectroscopy.
Selective neutrality of surname, distribution in an immigrant indian community of Houston, Texas.

From survey data on surnames in an immigrant community of Indians in Houston, Texas, it is shown that the family size distribution and the distribution of the number of male children per family are independent of the surnames of the parents. This provides a direct test of selective neutrality of surname distributions. A genetic theory of sampling distribution of neutral alleles is employed to estimate the parameter of the surname distribution, and analytical results for the expectation and variance of the frequencies of surnames with a different number of copies in a sample are provided. It is also shown that the surname distribution may indicate presence of mixture in a sample, which can be examined by such theoretical approaches. The transition of surname distributions in two successive generations is shown to follow the pattern predicted by random extinction of surnames.
An introduction to the politics of science: culture, race, ethnicity, and the Supplement to the Surgeon General's Report on Mental Health.

In Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS] 2001), the widely anticipated Supplement to Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General (USDHHS 1999), Dr David Satcher declared that clear ethnic disparities exist with regard to mental health service provision and the underlying science base. As a result, the report asserted that compared to the white majority, “racial and ethnic minorities bear a greater burden from unmet mental health needs and thus suffer a greater loss to their overall health and productivity” (USDHHS 2001: 3). These ethnic disparities were examined in the context of cultural and social systems that shape the ways in which patients and systems of care interact. By focusing on not only the existence of disparities but also the sociocultural contexts and the devastating consequences of those disparities, the Supplement has raised public awareness and stimulated an outpouring of legislative, scientific, and community efforts to respond to this national crisis. Yet for many of us, the messages of the Supplement do not represent groundbreaking news. Indeed, many readers of Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry have themselves contributed to the available science base documenting the existence and correlates of racial inequities in health status and health care. So why now all the buzz about a problem we have known about for decades? The answer to this question points to the political power behind the Office of the Surgeon General in general, and the politics of science and mental health care in particular. In this special issue of Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, principal players involved in the writing and development of Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity reflect on the process through which the Supplement came to be, conflicts that arose between key stakeholders in the project, vital compromises that were made, and the ideological battles that will continue to be fought long after the report fades from the headlines. Because of the politically sensitive nature of these disagreements, as well as individuals’ desire to affirm the importance of the final product, the conflicts and compromises that occurred behind the scenes are sometimes described by our contributors in oblique terms. Nevertheless, these leaders of the minority mental health field offer important insights into debates central to the health disparities movement and the development of the Supplement itself, such as standards for what constitutes scientific evidence, the meaning and uses of ethnic and racial
Spherulin in Clinical Coccidioidomycosis: Comparison with Coccidioidin

Spherulin, an extract of the spherule phase of the fungus, Coccidioides immitis , was used in dermal sensitivity testing in 53 patients with coccidioidomycosis. Positive reactions were obtained in over two-thirds of patients with active disseminated disease and active localized disease, and with greater frequency in quiescent disease. Spherulin and coccidioidin were compared in all patients; in 17, the results were discordant. Sixteen patients were spherulin-positive and coccidioidin-negative; in one patient the reverse occurred. Spherulin appears to be a superior skin-test reagent useful in the diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis.
Residents-as-Teachers: Implementing a Toolkit in Morning Report to Redefine Resident Roles

Background: Morning report was initially created to meet service needs. Purpose: The objective was to improve morning report through a toolkit combining principles of learning theory with resident teaching. Methods: The toolkit consists of three parts: a guideline describing expectations, a worksheet outlining teaching plans, and a feedback form facilitating post-presentation feedback. In 2009–2010, internal medicine residents met with a chief resident before their presentations to refine teaching plans. The chief resident then supported the presenter in achieving their objectives and provided post-presentation feedback. Residents were surveyed before and 6 months after the intervention. Mean scores were compared using an unpaired t test. Results: Residents’ ratings improved in the following domains: understanding expectations (3.10 vs. 4.02, p = .0003), presentation organization (3.50 vs. 4.25, p = .005), and creating and accomplishing learning objectives (3.31 vs. 4.00, p = .002). Residents commented po...
Auditory orienting and inhibition of return in schizophrenia: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Patients with schizophrenia (SP) exhibit deficits in both attentional reorienting and inhibition of return (IOR) during visual tasks. However, it is currently unknown whether these deficits are supramodal in nature and how these deficits relate to other domains of cognitive dysfunction. In addition, the neuronal correlates of this pathological orienting response have not been investigated in either the visual or auditory modality. Therefore, 30 SP and 30 healthy controls (HC) were evaluated with an extensive clinical protocol and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during an auditory cuing paradigm. SP exhibited both increased costs and delayed IOR during auditory orienting, suggesting a prolonged interval for attentional disengagement from cued locations. Moreover, a delay in the development of IOR was associated with cognitive deficits on formal neuropsychological testing in the domains of attention/inhibition and working memory. Event-related fMRI showed the characteristic activation of a frontoparietal network (invalid trials>valid trials), but there were no differences in functional activation between patients and HC during either attentional reorienting or IOR. Current results suggest that orienting deficits are supramodal in nature in SP, and are related to higher-order cognitive deficits that directly interfere with day-to-day functioning.
Wetting Kinetics of Eutectic Lead and Lead-Free Solders: Spreading over the Cu Surface

Wetting kinetics of Sn, eutectic Sn-Ag, eutectic Sn-Cu, and eutectic Pb-Sn was studied using real-time in situ monitoring of the triple-line movement, facilitated by a hot-stage microscopy system under a controlled atmosphere. Significantly different kinetics of lead versus lead-free solders is documented. In case of the eutectic lead solder, four characteristic spreading stages were identified. Spreading of lead-free solders features two stages with a sharp change of the spreading rate at the early stages of rather insignificant spreading. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analysis of the resolidified solder surface within a halo region is discussed.
Applied Developmental Science, Social Justice, and Socio-Political Well-Being

In this article we present a vision of applied developmental science (ADS) as a means of promoting social justice and socio-political well-being. This vision draws upon the field's significant accomplishments in identifying and strengthening developmental assets in marginalized youth communities, understanding the effects of poverty and racial discrimination on individual and family well-being and promoting positive development through youth civic engagement programs. It also highlights potential linkages between ADS and other social science fields working to identify and eliminate societal barriers to human development.
Spin wave resonance and stress effects in amorphous nickel films

Abstract Ferromagnetic resonance studies of amorphous nickel films suggest that spin wave resonances are excited because of a dynamic spin pinning condition. Tensile stresses appear to be responsible in part for the apparent reductions in saturation magnetization from the crystalline value.
Pulsed fiber amplifiers in simulated space environmental tests

JPL has a continuing program to environmentally test suitable fiber-based laser transmitters as reliable sources for optical communications from space. In lieu of the availability of fully space qualified systems, commercial pulsed fiber amplifiers either upgraded to meet the necessary environmental requirements or off-the-shelf have been tested under a variety of conditions. Three amplifiers that support high peak powers at 1550 nm have been subjected to vibration, mechanical shock, and thermal cycling tests as well as lifetime vacuum operation. The test results point to the robustness of the commercial technology and the readiness for full space qualification.
Physician Assistant Perspective on the ASCO Workforce Study Regarding the Use of Physician Assistants and Nurse Practitioners.

Purpose: A workforce study by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) predicted a shortage of 2,350 to 3,800 oncologists, or 9.5 to 15 million visits, by 2020. Proposed solutions included use of physician assistants (PAs) and nurse practitioners (NPs). Although 56% of the oncologists reported working with PAs/NPs, the AAMC did not survey PAs or NPs. This article uses additional data to examine the role of PAs/NPs in the oncology workforce. Materials and Methods: American Academy of Physician Assistant (AAPA) census data and a study of PAs in oncology were used to examine these workforce issues. Results: The AAMC reported oncologists working with PAs/ NPs had increased productivity compared with physicians who did not, primarily when the PAs/NPs performed advanced roles or worked in private practice. Visits handled by PAs/NPs themselves were not reported. According to the AAPA, PAs in the outpatient setting saw an average of 62.4 patients per week (inpatient PAs saw 62.2 patients per week), supporting the AAMC report that 70% to 92% of oncologists experienced increased efficiency with PAs/NPs. Whereas the AAMC reported that 46.4% of oncologists used PAs/NPs in advanced roles, Ross et al reported that more than 70% of PAs wrote chemotherapy orders (most requiring physician co-signature); more than 80% wrote prescriptions, including for controlled substances; and more than half performed invasive procedures. The AAMC reported that 13% of PAs/NPs performed research activities, and the AAPA reported that 60.5% of medical oncology PAs participated in clinical trials. Conclusion: The AAMC workforce study inadequately examined the role of PAs/NPs in oncology. Given the available data in PA literature, the contribution of PAs/NPs to the workforce was substantially underestimated. In examining workforce issues, understanding opportunities for increasing collaborative practice requires the input of PAs/NPs.
Duplex microsphere-based immunoassay for detection of anti-West Nile virus and anti-St. Louis encephalitis virus immunoglobulin m antibodies.

A microsphere-based immunoassay (MIA) was previously developed that is capable of determining the presence of anti-West Nile (WN) virus or anti-St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies in human serum or cerebrospinal fluid. The original data set on which the classification rules were based comprised 491 serum specimens obtained from the serum bank at the Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (DVBID). The classification rules were used to provide a result and to determine whether confirmatory testing was necessary for a given sample. A validation study was coordinated between the DVBID and five state health laboratories to determine (i) the reproducibility of the test between different laboratories, (ii) the correlation between the IgM-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA) and the MIA, and (iii) whether the initial nonspecific parameters could be refined to reduce the volume of confirmatory testing. Laboratorians were trained in the method, and reagents and data analysis software developed at the DVBID were shipped to each validating laboratory. Validating laboratories performed tests on approximately 200 samples obtained from their individual states, the collections of which comprised approximately equal numbers of WN virus-positive and -negative samples, as determined by MAC-ELISA. In addition, 377 samples submitted to the DVBID for arbovirus testing were analyzed using the MIA and MAC-ELISA at the DVBID only. For the specimens tested at both the state and the DVBID laboratories, a correlation of results indicated that the technology is readily transferable between laboratories. The detection of IgM antibodies to WN virus was more consistent than detection of IgM antibodies to SLE virus. Some changes were made to the analysis software that resulted in an improved accuracy of diagnosis.
A suggested change in the informed consent procedure.

Informed consent began as a way of protecting physicians against legal liability. It did so by requiring physicians to provide their patients with sufficient information so that the patients could assent to or withhold consent from a proffered medical treatment. It was also intended to be an accurate expression of the patient's wishes. As such, it established the conditions by which a patient could be held responsible for his decisions concerning medical treatment.
Forest Landscape Restoration: Linkages with Stream Fishes of the Southern United States

The southern United States with over 600 native freshwater fishes supports one of the richest freshwater fish faunas on Earth, but many fishes in the region are imperiled. Historic and current land use dramatically altered the region’s landscape and its streams and rivers and consequently disrupted important linkages between forests and fishes. Impacts to the stream and river systems occurred in three overlapping developmental eras, each of which had unique and often profound effects on forests, fishes, or aquatic habitats: the era of agricultural and timber exploitation; the era of dam building and channel modification; and the era of population growth, industrialization, and urbanization. Benefits to fishes that could emerge from restoration of forest landscapes including: wood as habitat and cover for fishes, a substrate for fish food production, and a fish spawning substrate; the role of streamside forests in moderating water temperature; and use of floodplain forests by fish to forage and reproduce. Many fishes in the region derive multiple benefits from instream wood. The region faces major challenges in conserving not only native fishes but the entire richly diverse system of streams, rivers, and wetlands and the fauna they support. I believe forest landscape restoration could be an extremely positive tool in meeting these challenges and that rehabilitation of warmwater streams is possible with current knowledge but not without major shifts in stream corridor management strategies. However, implementing forest restoration in these settings is a major challenge given their past and current uses and management, regardless of the potential ecological services restoration could provide. The long-term challenge, if restoration is accomplished, will be managing riparian forests sustainably in a landscape composed of highly differing land uses overlain by a highly fragmented matrix of landownership and attitudes about the land.
Dispersion Analysis in Hypersonic Flight During Planetary Entry Using Stochastic Liouville Equation

A framework is provided for the propagation of uncertainty in planetary entry, descent, and landing. The traditional Monte―Carlo based dispersion analysis is overly resource-expensive for such high-dimensional nonlinear systems and does not provide any methodical way to analyze the effect of uncertainty for mission design. It is shown that propagating the density function through Liouville equation is computationally attractive and suitable for further statistical analysis. Comparative simulation results are provided to bring forth the efficacies of the proposed method. Examples are given from the entry, descent, and landing domain to illustrate how one can retrieve statistical information of interest from an analyst's perspective.
Population Dynamics of the Polychaetous Annelids of an Intertidal Habitat in Upper Old Tampa Bay, Florida

Following an extensive red-tide induced mass mortality of the benthic macrofauna of a sandy intertidal habitat, the population dynamics of the polychaete species were studied. Detailed studies of the 12 most abundant species are presented. Data concerning total population levels, reproduction, recruitment, distribution within the intertidal zone, and gut content analyses are integrated in order to explain the observed spatial and temporal patterns of distribution and abundance. Potential competive interactions for food are considered to be the most important factor for explaining the observed ecological patterns. The polychaete species studied are divided into three trophic guilds: an omnivorous guild that feeds predaciously and as non-selective deposit feeders, a surface feeding guild consisting of species usually considered to be selective surface deposit feeders, and a subsurface feeding guild usually considered as non-selective infaunal deposit feeders. Within and between guild interactions are discussed.
Multilayer reactive barrier materials

a b s t r a c t A model is developed and solved analytically and numerically to describe the barrier properties of multilayer films with alternating reactive and inert layers. Incorporation of reactive scavenging sites in packaging materials can significantly improve their barrier properties. Due to mechanical and optical requirements, barrier films typically consist of polymer blends or multilayer films of the scavenging material and an inert supporting polymer. Because composite reactive barriers are expected to operate for months or years, purely experimental characterization is not practical and models are needed to optimize the configurations and to confidently extrapolate experimental data. The model for multilayer films is solved numerically over a wide parameter space, varying physical properties and layer configuration to determine the flux and time lag. Asymptotic analysis of the model is used to develop analytical predictions for transport behavior at early and long times. The performance of multilayer composites is compared to polymer blends and discussion of the most suitable configuration for different scenarios is presented.
Anion exchange membranes derived from nafion precursor for the alkaline fuel cell

Robust hydroxide conducting membranes are required for long-lasting, low-cost solid alkaline fuel cells (AFCs). In this study, we synthesize Nafion-based anion exchange membranes (AEMs) via amination of the Nafion precursor membrane with 1,4-dimethylpiperazine. This initial reaction produces an AEM with covalently attached dimethylpiperazinium cations neutralized with fluoride anions, while a subsequent ion exchange reaction produces a hydroxide ion conducting membrane. These AEMs possess high thermal stability and different thermal transition temperatures compared to Nafion, while small-angle X-ray scattering reveals a similar ionic morphology. The hydroxide ion conductivity of the Nafion-based AEM is fivefold lower than the proton conductivity of Nafion at 80 °C and 90% relative humidity. More importantly, the hydroxide conductivity is insensitive to drying and rehydrating the membrane, which is atypical of other AEMs with quaternary ammonium cations. The high chemical and thermal stability of this hydroxide conducting Nafion-based AEM provides a promising alternative for AFCs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
The Impact of Interpersonal Perceptions on Team Processes A Social Relations Analysis

This study utilized the social relations model (SRM) to examine the influence of interpersonal perceptions on team processes and outcomes. We hypothesized that the three components of the SRM (assi...
Lamotrigine Update and its Use in Mood Disorders

OBJECTIVE:To provide a qualitative, systematic update and review of the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy in mood disorders, adverse effects, and costs of lamotrigine.DATA SOURCES:Citations obtained from MEDLINE searches (1985–September 2001) using lamotrigine as a text word, articles identified in reference lists of pertinent articles, abstracts presented at conferences, and research data from GlaxoSmithKline.DATA EXTRACTION:English-language articles were considered for possible inclusion. Each title and abstract was examined to determine whether the publication contained up-to-date information relevant to the objective. Twenty clinical trials that provided data on response rates in mood disorders were tabulated.DATA SYNTHESIS:Lamotrigine's primary action is to modulate voltage-gated sodium channels. Evidence suggests that it decreases glutamate transmission, directly reduces calcium influx, mildly blocks transmitter reuptake, and alters intracellular mechanisms of resting transmitter release. The...
A physical organic mechanistic approach to understanding the complex reaction network of hemostasis (blood clotting)

This review focuses on how the mechanistic approach of physical organic chemistry can be used to elucidate the mechanisms behind complex biochemical networks. The dynamics of biochemical reaction networks is difficult to describe by considering their individual reactions, just as the dynamics of organic reactions is difficult to describe by considering individual electrons and atomic nuclei. Physical organic chemists have developed a useful set of tools to predict the outcome of organic reactions by separating the interacting molecules into modules (functional groups), and defining general rules for how these modules interact (mechanisms). This review shows how these tools of physical organic chemistry may be used to describe reaction networks. In addition, it describes the application of these tools to develop a mechanistic understanding of the dynamics of the complex network of hemostasis, which regulates blood clotting.
Arrested Maturation of Granulocytes in Copper Deficient Mice

The objective of this study was to examine the role of copper in neutrophil development and function. Mice were made copper deficient by feeding dams a diet containing 1.05 microg copper starting at parturition. Control mice were fed the same diet containing 6 microg copper. The pups were weaned to the diet and killed when they were 5-6 wk old. Peripheral blood cell counts, margination and cell maturity were measured. The response to an intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was also determined. Copper deficiency resulted in twice as many neutrophils and fewer than half the number of lymphocytes. Half as many cells in copper-deficient mice expressed Ly-6G, a granulocytic marker of cell maturity. In addition, copper-deficient cells expressed only half the amount of Ly-6G per cell than was expressed by copper-adequate cells. This suggested that the cells were younger, or arrested in their maturation as a result of copper deficiency. An arrest of maturation has been proposed as the cause of neutropenia in human copper deficiency. Injection of LPS in copper-adequate mice resulted in twice as many Ly-6G-expressing cells in the periphery. LPS injection into copper-deficient mice resulted in a severe leukopenia but did not influence Ly-6G expression any more than did copper deficiency alone. LPS treatment caused an increase in myeloperoxidase activity associated with the lungs of copper-deficient mice. The results suggest that although the neutrophils of copper-deficient mice are immature, they can be sequestered by the lung when stimulated to do so.
SYMPOSIUM ON CORONARY HEART DISEASE: Diagnosis of Angina Pectoris

No technic or procedure yet devised surpasses the carefully taken clinical history in the diagnosis of angina pectoris. The electro-cardiogram recorded during an attack, occurring with the patient9s ordinary activity or, in the few instances in which it is indicated after standard exercise, is particularly helpful. The ballistocardiogram, though of suggestive value in some instances, has not yet achieved that degree of correlation with clinical findings to be uniformly valuable as a diagnostic tool, in view of the progressive increase in the proportion of abnormal records in the years beyond 40. The fact remains that the incidence of severe coronary atherosclerosis is so high, particularly among men 45 years of age and older, as to demand continual effort to differentiate angina pectoris from other types of chest discomfort, to detect its earliest manifestations, or even to search out some refinement of diagnostic technic that may predict the consequences of coronary artery disease before coronary insufficiency has supervened.
Size-dependent Raman and infrared studies of PbSe nanoparticles

Micro-probe Raman and far-infrared absorption spectroscopies were used to prove the existence of optical phonon modes of PbSe nanoparticles prepared by colloidal chemistry and preliminarily characterized by transmission electron microscopy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that evidence of the surface phonon (SP) mode by Raman spectroscopy has been experimentally observed. The wavenumber of the SP mode is consistent with its prediction by a dielectric continuum model. While for different PbSe nanoparticle sizes the observed SP mode does not show any obvious change in its position, there is a clear shift by approximately 4 cm−1 toward higher wavenumber in the appearance of the LO(0) in the Raman spectra from the 3 nm to the 7 nm PbSe nanoparticles. Far-infrared measurements demonstrate the presence of the transverse optical TO(0) and of the coupled phonon modes. Copyright  2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.