cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer in Ceramic Honeycomb of Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer for Ventilation Air Methane

Regenerative thermal oxidizer for ventilation air methane can treat and utilize low concentration of methane by using thermal flow-reversal oxidization technology,with the double meaning of environmental protection and energy saving. In the oxidizer the temperature of VAM increases to a sufficiently high level,so that methane is oxidized and produces heat. Three-dimensional numerical simulation was developed to investigate unsteady flow and heat transfer in ceramic honeycomb by using FLUENT software. The distributions of temperature and velocity of gas,and the temperature variation of honeycomb at the length direction were obtained. The thermal efficiency and pressure drop were also obtained,which can provide valuable reference for design calculation of the oxidizer.
Some further results from a stochastic fertility model for women.

Abstract Any realistic model of human fertility should encompass the distributions and interactions of three time intervals a fecund married woman may experience repeatedly in her childbearing period: (1) waiting time for a conception, (2) gestation period, and (3) period of postpartum amenorrhea. Perrin & Sheps (1964) presented a model in which human reproduction is viewed as a Markov renewal process with a finite number of states. Das Gupta (1973 b ) presented a general probability model of fertility along the lines suggested by Perrin & Sheps which removes two limitations of their model. First, it does not assume that the distributions of durations of stay in the fertility states are independent of each other. Second, it allows us to study the effect of breast-feeding on demographic characteristics, such as interval between live births or birth rate. Results derived in Das Gupta (1973 b ) include the distributions of time intervals and the exact probabilities of different states at a particular time. The present paper includes additional results pertaining to the same general model, such as the distribution of number of conceptions in a fixed period of time, the distribution of time needed for a fixed number of conceptions, pregnancy rate and fertility rate, and the distribution of the time elapsed since last live birth. The general results are applied to specific models to obtain some known results.
BCG in perspective : advances in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer

The management of superficial bladder cancer has advanced significantly in recent years. Controlled clinical trials suggest the benefits of cytotoxic chemotherapy apply primarily to well-differentiated tumours, are short-term and do not include a reduction in disease progression. In contrast, intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy is effective in high-grade tumours, provides long-term protection from tumour recurrence and reduces disease progression. Controlled clinical trials have consistently demonstrated that BCG provides superior protection from tumour recurrence compared with thiotepa or doxorubicin. In comparisons with mitomycin C, only two of six studies found a significant advantage for BCG therapy; both studies evaluating high-risk patients showed a significant reduction in tumour recurrence with BCG compared with mitomycin C. Controlled trials have demonstrated that newer chemotherapies and more intensive regimens are not superior to standard thiotepa treatment. However, controlled comparisons of immunotherapy suggest that BCG is superior to both interferon and keyhole-limpet haemocyanin. Comparative studies showing BCG to be superior to chemotherapy and other immunotherapies have employed what we now know to be suboptimal BCG regimens. Using three additional weekly BCG (Connaught) treatments at 3 months, complete response in carcinoma in situ is increased from 73 to 87%. In patients who are disease free, maintenance BCG using three weekly treatments at 6-month intervals improves long-term disease-free status in stage Ta and T1 bladder cancer from 50 to 83%. Such maintenance therapy improves the excellent 86% survival obtained with a single 6-week course of BCG to 92% (p<0.04)
Electron-impact excitation of the a 3 Sigma g+, B 1 Sigma u+, c 3 Pi u, and C 1 Pi u states of H2.

Normalized differential and integral cross sections for electron-impact excitation of the dipole-allowed B ${\mathrm{}}^{1}$${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{u}^{+}$,C ${\mathrm{}}^{1}$${\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{u}$ and dipole-forbidden a ${\mathrm{}}^{3}$${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{g}^{+}$,c ${\mathrm{}}^{3}$${\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{u}$ states of molecular hydrogen have been determined by analysis of energy-loss spectra obtained with a crossed-beam apparatus at electron-impact energies of 20, 30, 40, and 60 eV and scattering angles ranging from 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Normalization of the data was achieved by utilizing the elastic differential cross sections measured previously by us (preceding article). The cross sections are compared with other available theoretical and experimental data.
Strong Inference in Mathematical Modeling: A Method for Robust Science in the Twenty-First Century

While there are many opinions on what mathematical modeling in biology is, in essence, modeling is a mathematical tool, like a microscope, which allows consequences to logically follow from a set of assumptions. Only when this tool is applied appropriately, as microscope is used to look at small items, it may allow to understand importance of specific mechanisms/assumptions in biological processes. Mathematical modeling can be less useful or even misleading if used inappropriately, for example, when a microscope is used to study stars. According to some philosophers (Oreskes et al., 1994), the best use of mathematical models is not when a model is used to confirm a hypothesis but rather when a model shows inconsistency of the model (defined by a specific set of assumptions) and data. Following the principle of strong inference for experimental sciences proposed by Platt (1964), I suggest "strong inference in mathematical modeling" as an effective and robust way of using mathematical modeling to understand mechanisms driving dynamics of biological systems. The major steps of strong inference in mathematical modeling are (1) to develop multiple alternative models for the phenomenon in question; (2) to compare the models with available experimental data and to determine which of the models are not consistent with the data; (3) to determine reasons why rejected models failed to explain the data, and (4) to suggest experiments which would allow to discriminate between remaining alternative models. The use of strong inference is likely to provide better robustness of predictions of mathematical models and it should be strongly encouraged in mathematical modeling-based publications in the Twenty-First century.
An Actuated Horizontal Plane Model for Insect Locomotion

We analyze a simple three degree of freedom model for running in the horizontal plane: the lateral leg spring (LLS) model with an actuated hip. The leg attachment point within the body is actuated to produce a force in the elastic leg that matches experimental force profiles. While the resulting bipedal model accurately reproduces force profiles by construction, we find that a single leg cannot reproduce the moment profiles and yawing variations seen in an insect equipped with a tripod of legs. We find stability is strongly dependent upon foot placement and that the leg attachment point motion within the body differs from that seen in the insect.
TARPs and AMPA Receptors: Function Follows Form.

In this issue of Neuron, Ben-Yaacov et al. (2017) dissect the interaction between AMPA receptors and auxiliary (TARP) subunits, revealing essential roles for the receptor transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, as well as for the TARP extracellular EX2 loop.
Corporate Citizenship: The Dark-Side Paradoxes of Success

Understanding corporate citizenship is a difficult proposition at best,1 made more so because understanding and performance can differ depending on circumstances and context. In many parts of the world, normal business operations, strategies, and conduct are increasingly being challenged by protests against globalization and global companies. Companies’ performance on human rights, labor standards and working conditions, corruption, exploitation of natural resources, marketing practices, and local community impacts, among others, increasingly call into question corporate integrity and stakeholder and ecological responsibility. In many ways, it is the successful companies whose practices most frequently fall under the critical scrutiny of outside watchdogs, non-governmental organizations, and activists, while less successful or less visible (particularly nonbranded) companies seem to proceed largely under the radar screen. In this context, simple efforts to deflect criticism by, for example, donating to charities or engaging in volunteerism (the typical US corporation’s historical response to the need to establish its corporate citizenship) fail to establish companies as good social actors or provide credibility to their efforts to establish themselves as corporate citizens. In part, the questions arise because of the very strategies and operating practices that have resulted in financial, economic, and market success. Something more than charitable contributions and image-building initiatives are needed when a company’s corporate citizenship depends not just on external perceptions of its explicit social contributions but on its business model and practices.
Applications of terahertz frequency technologies in biology

Over the past few decades, researchers have made significant progress on exploring the potential biomedical applications of terahertz frequency spectroscopic and imaging instrumentation as summarized by Yang et.al.1 Advances in terahertz source/receiver hardware have facilitated these developments, promising new operative screening options for meeting the standard care challenges in areas such as breast cancer.2 Since the terahertz radiation is a non-invasive and non-ionizing illumination source proven for characterizing biomolecules, terahertz imaging techniques are being broadly investigated for both in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Spectroscopic methodologies have also enabled demonstrative studies involving the chemical analysis of human breath.3
Are We Using Abdominal Radiographs Appropriately in the Management of Pediatric Constipation

Objective To identify the reasons why pediatric gastroenterologists obtain abdominal radiographs in the management of pediatric constipation. Study design This was a prospective study surveying providers regarding their rationale, interpretation, resultant change, and confidence in their management before and after obtaining KUBs in patients seen for suspected constipation. Demographics and clinical findings were obtained from medical records. Results A total of 24 providers were surveyed after 72 patient encounters. Reasons for obtaining an abdominal radiograph included evaluation of stool burden (70%), need for a clean out (35%), fecal impaction (27%), cause of abdominal pain (24%), demonstration of stool burden to families (14%), assessment of response to therapy (13%), or encopresis (10%). The plan was changed in 47.6% of cases based on radiographic findings. In cases in which a plan was outlined before obtaining the radiograph (69%), the initial plan was implemented on average in 52.5%. In cases with no plans before obtaining the radiograph, previously unconsidered plans were implemented in 8.7%. Provider confidence in the management plan increased from 2.4 ± 2.7 to 4.1 ± 1.8 (P Conclusion Abdominal radiographs commonly are obtained by pediatric gastroenterologists in the evaluation and management of constipation. The majority used it to make a diagnosis, and nearly one-half changed their management based on the imaging findings. Overall, they reported an improved confidence in their management plan, despite evidence that radiographic findings poorly correlate with clinical severity. This study highlights the need for further provider education regarding the recommendations delineated in existing constipation guidelines.
Transforming Patient Compliance Research in an Era of Biomedicalization

The term patient noncompliance emerged in the 1970s as a tool for analyzing why people do not follow medical directives. Despite its early popularity, the term has languished in sociology while flo...
Nutrition impact symptoms and associated outcomes in post-chemoradiotherapy head and neck cancer survivors: a systematic review.

It is estimated that more than 90% of head and neck cancer (HNC) survivors who underwent chemoradiotherapy experience one or more nutrition impact symptoms (NIS) in the months or years thereafter. Despite the high prevalence, there is limited research addressing long-term impact of NIS on outcomes such as nutrition and quality of life in HNC survivors treated with chemoradiotherapy. To conduct a systematic review of the literature pertaining to the presence of nutrition impact symptoms and their associated outcomes in post-chemoradiotherapy head and neck cancer survivors. A systematic review was conducted across three databases according to PRISMA guidelines and used to identify current literature regarding NIS in HNC survivors. A keyword search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from 2007 to 2017. Studies that met all of the following criteria were included in the review: (1) studies must include human subjects with a HNC diagnosis; (2) study participants must have received chemoradiotherapy; (3) study participants must have been post-treatment for a minimum of 3 months at the time of data collection; (4) full-text articles must have appeared in peer-reviewed journals; (5) papers must have been published in English; (6) studies must be quantitative in nature; (7) studies must have reported at least one NIS; and (8) studies must address at least one of the following outcomes: nutrition, functional status, or quality of life. Two independent reviewers assessed study quality using a predefined set of criteria. A systematic search yielded 1119 papers, of which 15 met the inclusion criteria. The study reviewed existing evidence of NIS in a variety of HNC survivors ranging from 3 months to greater than 10 years post-chemoradiotherapy treatment. Eight hundred forty-nine study participants were included in the review. Of the 15 studies, 10 were designed as prospective cohort studies, 4 were cross-sectional studies, and 1 was a retrospective cohort study. Functional impairments as a result of chemoradiotherapy to the head and neck are prevalent in research and include dysphagia, xerostomia, trismus, salivary issues, mucositis, and oral pain. NIS negatively influence HNC survivors beyond the acute phase of treatment. These symptoms are associated with decreased nutrition and quality of life. Interventions are necessary to improve survivors’ eating challenges beyond the completion of treatment. If practitioners do not follow patients long term, patients may suffer consequences of NIS including malnutrition risk, weight loss, and decreased food intake and quality of life. The prevalence and consequences of nutrition impact symptoms are substantial among head and neck cancer survivors beyond the acute phase of cancer treatment. Oncology clinicians should continuously monitor and manage these symptoms throughout the cancer continuum.
Exploiting elastic anharmonicity in aluminum nitride matrix for phase-synchronous frequency reference generation

A matrix of aluminum-nitride (AlN) waveguides is acoustically engineered to realize electrically isolated phase-synchronous frequency references through nonlinear wave-mixing. AlN rectangular waveguides are cross-coupled through a periodically perforated plate that is engineered to have a wide acoustic bandgap around a desirable frequency ( f1≈509 MHz). While the coupling plate isolates the matrix from resonant vibrations of individual waveguide constituents at f1, it is transparent to the third-order harmonic waves (3f1) that are generated through nonlinear wave-mixing. Therefore, large-signal excitation of the f1 mode in a constituent waveguide generates acoustic waves at 3f1 with an efficiency defined by elastic anharmonicity of the AlN film. The phase-synchronous propagation of the third harmonic through the matrix is amplified by a high quality-factor resonance mode at f2≈1529 MHz, which is sufficiently close to 3f1 (f2 ≅ 3f1). Such an architecture enables realization of frequency-multiplied and phase-synchronous, yet electrically and spectrally isolated, references for multi-band/carrier and spread-spectrum wireless communication systems.A matrix of aluminum-nitride (AlN) waveguides is acoustically engineered to realize electrically isolated phase-synchronous frequency references through nonlinear wave-mixing. AlN rectangular waveguides are cross-coupled through a periodically perforated plate that is engineered to have a wide acoustic bandgap around a desirable frequency ( f1≈509 MHz). While the coupling plate isolates the matrix from resonant vibrations of individual waveguide constituents at f1, it is transparent to the third-order harmonic waves (3f1) that are generated through nonlinear wave-mixing. Therefore, large-signal excitation of the f1 mode in a constituent waveguide generates acoustic waves at 3f1 with an efficiency defined by elastic anharmonicity of the AlN film. The phase-synchronous propagation of the third harmonic through the matrix is amplified by a high quality-factor resonance mode at f2≈1529 MHz, which is sufficiently close to 3f1 (f2 ≅ 3f1). Such an architecture enables realization of frequency-multiplied and pha...
Evaluation of serial measurements of C-reactive protein: Albumin ratio in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

695Background: Sequential measurements of prognostic markers is an important protocol for accurate prediction of clinical outcomes in clear cell RCC. We propose that change in value of C-Reactive P...
Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing in Fracture Care: Is This a More Accurate Way to Prepare for Alternative Payment Models?

OBJECTIVES To use surgical treatment of isolated ankle fractures as a model to compare time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) and our institution's traditional cost accounting (TCA) method to measure true cost expenditure around a specific episode of care. METHODS Level I trauma center ankle fractures treated between 2012 and 2016 were identified through a registry. Inclusion criteria were age greater than 18 years and same-day ankle fracture operation. Exclusion criteria were pilon fractures, vascular injuries, soft-tissue coverage, and external fixation. Time for each phase of care was determined through repeated observations. The TCA method at our institution uses all hospital costs and allocates them to surgeries using a relative value method. RESULTS A total of 35 patients met the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 18 were men and 17 were women. Age at time of surgery was 47 ± 15 years. Time from injury to surgery was 10 ± 4 days. Operative time was 86 ± 30 minutes, Post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) time was 87 ± 27 minutes, and secondary recovery time was 100 ± 56 minutes. Average cost was significantly lower for the TDABC method ($2792 ± 734) than the TCA method ($5782 ± 1348) (P < 0.001). There was no difference between methods for implant cost ($882 ± 507 for Traditional Accounting (TA) and $957 ± 651 for TDABC, P = 0.593). TCA produced a significantly greater cost (P < 0.01) in every other category. CONCLUSIONS As orthopaedics transitions to alternative payment models, accurate costing will become critical to maintaining a successful practice. TDABC may provide a better estimate of the cost of the resources necessary to treat a patient.
A hydrophilic coumarin-based polyester for ambient-temperature initiator-free 3D printing: Chemistry, rheology and interface formation

Abstract Initiator-free, photocurable, low-toxicity, viscoelastic polymer inks are attractive materials for creating low-modulus 3D-printed elastomeric biomedical constructs. In this work, we describe the synthesis, characterization, and 3D printing/crosslinking of a hydrophilic coumarin-PEG polyester (CPP). The viscoelastic CPP melt can be extruded at room temperature and deposited into layer-by-layer patterns. Upon UV irradiation, the coumarin pendant groups undergo [2 + 2] photocyclization, creating a thermoset network without the use of monomers, photoinitiators or propagating radicals. Voxel-voxel adhesion experiments between crosslinked and uncrosslinked material were performed to examine interfacial dynamics in a native, unperturbed state, and various attempts at 3D printing were made to assess the impact of printing conditions on the ultimate printed structure. Rheological analysis indicates a transition point where elastic behavior overtakes viscous behavior at increasing shear rate. It is hypothesized that this transition point corresponds with changes in interface formation from “sticky” to “bouncy” behavior in voxel-voxel adhesion and 3D printing processes. Tensile-mode dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and X-Ray microtomography (microCT) experiments reveal interfacial defect accumulation that results in deterioration of macroscopic structural and mechanical properties.
Effect of a major gene for growth on protein synthesis in mice.

Rates of protein synthesis of mice with a major gene (hg) for rapid postweaning gain (line Ch) and their normal counterparts (line CH) were determined at 21, 31 and 42 d of age with an intraperitoneal injection of a flooding dose of 14C-leucine. A preliminary experiment demonstrated that the relationship between the specific activities of leucine in acid-soluble supernatants and carcass protein corresponded to the theoretical precursor-product relationship, indicating that the method is valid for estimating protein synthesis rates. Using this method at 21, 31 and 42 d of age, whole-body protein fractional synthesis rates (FSR) were 43.7, 32.7 and 29.1%/d and 41.9, 32.6 and 33.1%/d for lines CH and Ch, respectively. Although differences between lines were not significant, FSR decreased with age. Absolute synthesis rate (ASR), where ASR = (FSR) X (whole body protein), was greater (P less than .001) at 21, 31 and 42 d of age in line Ch as compared with CH, and increased (P less than .001) with age. The relative contributions of liver, gastrointestinal tract, heart-kidney-lung and remaining carcass to whole body protein ASR were not affected by line, but did change (P less than .05) with age. Whole body protein fractional breakdown rate (FBR), calculated as FSR minus whole body protein fractional growth, indicates that differences between lines CH and Ch whole-body FSR and(or) FBR exist only between 24 and 33 d of age, and that the maximum value of this difference probably does not exceed 10%.
Arginine supplementation increases weight gain, depresses antibody production, and alters circulating leukocyte profiles in preruminant calves without affecting plasma growth hormone concentrations.

The hypothesis that dietary L-arginine (L-Arg) supplementation would increase growth hormone (GH) secretion and antibody production in preruminant calves was tested. Sixteen newborn calves were randomly assigned to either Arg+ or Arg- treatment groups. Both groups were fed a single dose of Colostrx within 6 h after birth followed by milk replacer twice daily until weaning. Beginning with the Colostrx feeding, calves in the Arg+ group were supplemented with L-arginine at 500 mg kg x BW(-1) x d(-1), and the Arg- group received equivalent, but unsupplemented, diets. All calves were immunized against keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) on d 4 and received a booster vaccination on d 14. The Arg+ treatment increased (P < .05) plasma L-Arg and urea concentrations an average of 2.8-fold and 26%, respectively, during the 4-wk supplementation period. Average daily gain (ADG) of Arg+ calves was increased (P < .10) during wk 1, 3, and 5 of life. The Arg+ treatment depressed (P < .05) total and KLH-specific IgG concentrations in plasma and caused a decrease (P < .01) in circulating leukocyte numbers. Differential counts revealed that the decrease in circulating leukocyte numbers was due to decreases in absolute numbers of lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils. The Arg+ diet did not affect mean plasma GH concentrations during the first 3 wk of life, but GH mean concentrations were decreased (P < .01) during wk 4 due to depressed (P < .10) pulse amplitudes. The decrease in GH mean concentrations during wk 4 was paralleled by lower (P < .10) plasma IGF binding protein-3 concentrations. These data show that supplementary L-Arg does not increase plasma GH concentrations, but it increases ADG, depresses KLH antibody production, and alters circulating leukocyte populations in preruminant calves.
Asian Carp and the Great Lakes: When is Irreparable Harm 'Likely' and 'Imminent' Enough - And What Science Do You Trust to Tell You?

On December 2, 2010, in Michigan v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. District Judge Robert Dow of the Northern District of Illinois refused to shut down two shipping locks in the Chicago Area Waterway System (CAWS) to prevent Asian carp from reaching Lake Michigan. This very short article reviews the Northern District of Illinois's decision, focusing on Judge Dow's assessment of whether an ecologically and economically disruptive Asian carp invasion of Lake Michigan is either "likely" or "imminent." The decision that it was not turned in many ways on the limits of the relatively new technique of environmental DNA, or "eDNA," testing, which can tell researchers little more than that some Asian carp have made it past the electric barriers designed to keep them out of Lake Michigan. Thus, from one perspective, this decision was a rather routine application of the three-part federal test for a preliminary injunction in a case with significant uncertainties, both scientific and legal. Simultaneously, however, the decision underscores how the American legal system impedes the implementation of truly precautionary measures that would promote ecological sustainability in large aquatic ecosystems, especially in the face of far more immediate and countervailing economic and public safety impairments.
Nuclear Magnetic Moments from the Polarization of Resonance Radiation Sodium, 3 S 1 2 2 − 4 P 3 2 , 1 2 2

The polarization of sodium $3^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{-}4^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2},\frac{3}{2}}$ ($\ensuremath{\lambda}3303\mathrm{A}$) resonance radiation excited by unpolarized light has been measured as a function of the intensity of a magnetic field applied parallel to the direction of the incident light beam. Detailed Paschen-Back effect calculations have been carried out for the hyperfine multiplet which constitutes a $^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{-}^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ transition for a nuclear moment of $\frac{3}{2(\frac{h}{2\ensuremath{\pi}})}$. From the fitting of the observed polarization field strength curves we find the hyperfine structure separation constant for $4^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ to be 1.87\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The polarization field strength curve shows very clearly the effect of proximity of hyperfine levels in $4^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$.
Claim Costs, Musculoskeletal Health, and Work Exposure in Physical Therapists, Occupational Therapists, Physical Therapist Assistants, and Occupational Therapist Assistants: A Comparison Among Long-Term Care Jobs.

Background Patient/resident-handling tasks are physically demanding and associated with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among nursing personnel. The routine performance of such tasks by physical therapists and occupational therapists during treatment can cause similar problems. Objective This study characterized the magnitude of MSDs and the risk factors for MSDs in physical therapists, occupational therapists, physical therapist assistants, and occupational therapist assistants (collectively called "therapy personnel" for this study) and compared them with those of other nursing home workers, especially nursing staff. Design This was a cross-sectional study. Methods Workers' compensation claim (WCC) data from 1 year of experience in a long-term care company were used to compute claim rates by body region, nature, and cause of injury, and the costs per case and per full-time-equivalent employee. Data regarding musculoskeletal symptoms, use of patient/resident-lifting equipment, and perceived physical and psychological job demands were obtained from a concurrent cross-sectional survey of workers from 24 long-term care facilities. Results About 80% of the WCCs were related to musculoskeletal incidents in nursing aides and therapy personnel. WCC costs paid per case for therapy personnel were more than twice those for nursing staff for both ergonomic and resident-handling incidents. Prevalence of low back pain in therapy personnel was the same as in nursing aides (48%) but involved more chronic, milder pain. About half of therapy personnel reported "never" or "rarely" using patient/resident-lifting equipment. Therapy personnel, nursing aides, and housekeeping/dietary/maintenance personnel reported the highest physical job demands. Limitations Causal inference cannot be determined due to the cross-sectional nature of the survey data. Study findings are relevant only to therapy work in long-term care settings because exposures vary in other health care settings (hospitals, outpatient, and others). Conclusions MSD prevalence and claim costs in therapy personnel are high enough to deserve more attention. The low use of patient/resident-lifting equipment in therapy could increase the risk for MSDs. Future studies with comprehensive ergonomic analysis of therapist tasks and recommendations to reduce injuries are warranted.
Hilbert—Schmidt Theory

A system of linear algebraic equations with a real, symmetric matrix of coefficients can be reduced to an uncoupled, immediately solvable form, by using the eigenvectors of the matrix as base vectors. In the present chapter we discuss Schmidt’s analogous representation of symmetric integral operators in terms of their eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. Because only square-integrable functions are considered, a function can be treated as a vector with an infinite number of components, and much of the theory traces back to Hilbert’s theory of infinite matrices.
Simulation-based x-ray system design and analysis: past, present, and future

Since 2013, a Duke University / University of Arizona collaboration has been investigating how to optimize the hardware design of aviation-security x-ray systems. The goal of the effort is to develop a detection-algorithmagnostic approach that focuses on the ability of the hardware to capture threat/non-threat information in the transduced measurements. The resulting approach combines high-fidelity, high-throughput simulation of large numbers of synthetic bags with information-theoretic based metrics and allows trade studies that vary key system hardware parameters (e.g. spectral resolution, number of views, etc.). In the intervening years, this framework has been continually expanded and side collaborations with various OEMs have been initiated to use the tool to explore areas of design space relevant to their interests. In this talk I will discuss the history of this effort as well as the current status, and will speculate on where this approach can go in the future.
Bayesian Clinical Trials

Innovative clinical trial design is one of the currently most exciting and high impact frontiers in a Bayesian analysis. The increasingly complex nature of clinical study designs and the increasing pressures for efficient and ethical design naturally lead to Bayesian approaches. In this chapter we discuss some examples of specific research problems, including adaptive and sequential trial design, sample size choice determination for longitudinal studies, and subgroup analysis.
Reducing Discrepancy Between Code Status Orders and Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Therapies: Results of a Quality Improvement Initiative.

Background:Advanced care planning through Physician Order For Life-Sustaining Therapies (POLST) has been encouraged by professional societies. But these documents may be overlooked or ignored durin...
Getting to Where We Meant to Be: Working Toward the Educational World We Imagined

As any preservice teacher can attest, interrogating our taken-for-granted assumptions about education, teaching, and learning is a fundamental proposition in becoming an effective, quality teacher....
Compassion-focused acceptance and commitment therapy for women with restrictive eating and problematic body-checking: A multiple baseline across participants study

Abstract Using a nonconcurrent multiple baseline design across participants, the present study evaluated the effectiveness of outpatient compassion-focused acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for women with restrictive eating and problematic body-checking. Three women with these concerns participated in ten sessions of individual compassion-focused ACT. Visual inspection suggested systematic changes in self-monitored eating disorder (ED) behaviors, including body-checking, and clinically relevant behaviors in a valued life domain in expected directions across all participants. These changes corresponded with improvements in self-compassion and body image flexibility, hypothesized processes of change in ACT, and with reductions in general ED pathology and psychological distress. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Metabolic Analysis at the Nanoscale with Multi‐Isotope Imaging Mass Spectrometry (MIMS)

Incorporation of a stable-isotope metabolic tracer into cells or tissue can be followed at submicron resolution by multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry (MIMS), a form of imaging secondary ion microscopy optimized for accurate isotope ratio measurement from microvolumes of sample (as small as ∼30 nm across). In a metabolic MIMS experiment, a cell or animal is metabolically labeled with a tracer containing a stable isotope. Relative accumulation of the heavy isotope in the fixed sample is then measured as an increase over its natural abundance by MIMS. MIMS has been used to measure protein turnover in single organelles, track cellular division in vivo, visualize sphingolipid rafts on the plasma membrane, and measure dopamine incorporation into dense-core vesicles, among other biological applications. In this article, we introduce metabolic analysis using NanoSIMS by focusing on two specific applications: quantifying protein turnover in single organelles of cultured cells and tracking cell replication in mouse tissues in vivo. These examples illustrate the versatility of metabolic analysis with MIMS. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Metabolic labeling for MIMS Basic Protocol 2: Embedding of samples for correlative transmission electron microscopy and MIMS with a genetically encoded reporter Alternate Protocol: Embedding of samples for correlative light microscopy and MIMS Support Protocol: Preparation of silicon wafers as sample supports for MIMS Basic Protocol 3: Analysis of MIMS data.
A novel method of calculating stroke volume using point-of-care echocardiography.

Point-of-care transthoracic echocardiography (POC-TTE) is essential in shock management, allowing for stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO) estimation using left ventricular outflow tract diameter (LVOTD) and left ventricular velocity time integral (VTI). Since LVOTD is difficult to obtain and error-prone, the body surface area (BSA) or a modified BSA (mBSA) is sometimes used as a surrogate (LVOTDBSA, LVOTDmBSA). Currently, no models of LVOTD based on patient characteristics exist nor have BSA-based alternatives been validated. Focused rapid echocardiographic evaluations (FREEs) performed in intensive care unit patients over a 3-year period were reviewed. The age, sex, height, and weight were recorded. Human expert measurement of LVOTD (LVOTDHEM) was performed. An epsilon-support vector regression was used to derive a computer model of the predicted LVOTD (LVOTDCM). Training, testing, and validation were completed. Pearson coefficient and Bland-Altman were used to assess correlation and agreement. Two hundred eighty-seven TTEs with ideal images of the LVOT were identified. LVOTDCM was the best method of SV measurement, with a correlation of 0.87. LVOTDmBSA and LVOTDBSA had correlations of 0.71 and 0.49 respectively. Root mean square error for LVOTDCM, LVOTDmBSA, and LVOTDBSA respectively were 13.3, 37.0, and 26.4. Bland-Altman for LVOTDCM demonstrated a bias of 5.2. LVOTDCM model was used in a separate validation set of 116 ideal images yielding a linear correlation of 0.83 between SVHEM and SVCM. Bland Altman analysis for SVCM had a bias of 2.3 with limits of agreement (LOAs) of − 24 and 29, a percent error (PE) of 34% and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 13.9. A computer model may allow for SV and CO measurement when the LVOTD cannot be assessed. Further study is needed to assess the accuracy of the model in various patient populations and in comparison to the gold standard pulmonary artery catheter. The LVOTDCM is more accurate with less error compared to BSA-based methods, however there is still a percentage error of 33%. BSA should not be used as a surrogate measure of LVOTD. Once validated and improved this model may improve feasibility and allow hemodynamic monitoring via POC-TTE once it is validated.
Integration of A-Star Search and Classic Optimal Control for Safe Planning of Continuum Deformation of a Multi-Quadcopter System.

This paper offers an algorithmic approach to plan continuum deformation of a multi-quadcopter system (MQS) in an obstacle-laden environment. We treat the MQS as finite number of particles of a deformable body coordinating under a homogeneous transformation. In this context, we define the MQS homogeneous deformation coordination as a decentralized leader-follower problem, and integrate the principles of continuum mechanics, A-Star search method, and optimal control to safety and optimally plan MQS continuum deformation coordination. In particular, we apply the principles of continuum mechanics to obtain the safety constraints, use the A-Star search method to assign the intermediate configurations of the leaders by minimizing the travel distance of the MQS, and determine the leaders' optimal trajectories by solving a constrained optimal control problem. The optimal planning of the continuum deformation coordination is acquired by the quadcopter team in a decentralized fashion through local communication.
Agrarian Puerto Rico: Reconsidering Rural Economy and Society, 1899–1940: César J. Ayala and Laird W. Bergad, eds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2020. xvii and 295 pp., index. $99.99 (ISBN 9781108488464).

Despite having path-breaking studies of twentieth-century commodity production in Puerto Rico—including foundational works on sugar (Mintz 1974), tobacco (Levy 2014), and coffee (Wolf 1956)—we have...
Drivers of Moral Distress in Surgical Intensive Care Providers: A Mixed Methods Study.

ABSTRACT Background Moral distress is common among healthcare providers, leading to staff burnout and attrition. This study aimed to identify root causes of and potential solutions to moral distress experienced by surgical intensive care unit (SICU) providers. Materials and methods This is a mixed methods study of physicians and nurses from a single, academic SICU. We obtained quantitative data from the Measures of Moral Distress for Healthcare Professionals (MMD-HP) survey and qualitative data from semi-structured interviews. The MMD-HP is a 27 question, validated survey on triggers of moral distress. Survey and interview data were analyzed to identify drivers of moral distress using a convergent design. Results 21 nurses and 25 physicians were surveyed and 17 providers interviewed. MMD-HP data demonstrated high levels of moral distress for nurses (mean total MMD-HP 132 ± 63.5) and physicians (121.7 ± 64.7), P = 0.68. The most frequent root cause of moral distress for all providers was participating in the delivery of aggressive care perceived to be futile. Nurses also reported caring for patients with unclear goals of care as a key driver of moral distress. Interview data supported these findings. Providers recommended improving access to palliative care to increase early communication on patient goals of care and end-of-life as a solution. Culture in the SICU often promotes supporting aggressive care however, acting as a potential barrier to increasing palliative resources. Conclusions Providing aggressive care that is perceived as futile was the primary driver of moral distress in the SICU. Interventions to improve early communication and access to end-of-life care should be prioritized to decrease moral distress in staff.
The Residential Area as a Physical Place

The impressions, evaluations, and images of the residential area discussed previously clearly suggest the importance of the physical place, as well as the preeminence of the social milieu. The residential area as a physical place is of particular interest to planners and designers because physical layout, housing mix, the composition of land use, and environmental furnishings are still largely determined by their professional judgment. These are their areas of expertise. It is apparent from our respondents’ mental maps as well as from their collective images that the residential area is most commonly represented as an area of housing (including the individual home) surrounded by or mixed with several “nonresidential” uses of the environment. For future residential planning and design, it would be advantageous to know which of these environmental elements or land uses are acceptable, if not desirable, in the residential context, as well as ones which are clearly unacceptable. If it can be shown that the presence or the absence of particular elements or land uses is linked to residential satisfaction and well-being, significant progress can be made toward establishing some criteria for the design of a “good” residential environment for all.
The Future Possibilities for Neural Control

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the future possibilities for neural control. The future of neural control will depend largely on advances in three principal areas. The areas include the development of techniques for transfer of information into the nervous system and techniques for determining the temporospatial activity of the selected neurons for use as control signals. The use of electrical stimulation to activate or inhibit skeletal muscles in a purposeful manner is known as functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS). It is found that significant advances have been made in the medical treatment of patients paralyzed from lesions of the central nervous system. To reduce fatigue during FNS, an attempt is being made to simulate the physiological situation. Most muscle fibers are activated by only one electrode at a frequency below that at which significant fatigue occurs. In the case of peroneal nerve stimulation, the heel switch acts both as a command signal and as a feedback transducer that detects the removal of the heel from the floor. The bladder evacuation by electrical stimulation is also elaborated.
Abciximab-induced alveolar hemorrhage treated with rescue extracorporeal membranous oxygenation

We describe a case of a 75-year-old woman presenting emergently with an anterior S-T elevation myocardial infarction that deteriorated into ventricular fibrillation requiring prompt resuscitation, resulting in cardiogenic shock. Emergency primary percutaneous coronary intervention of the left anterior descending coronary artery with adjunctive abciximab and heparin resulted in adequate coronary flow, and intra-aortic balloon pump was used to support hemodynamics. Within one hour of intervention, she developed acute respiratory distress with four-quadrant opacification of lung fields, difficulty with oxygenation, and hypotension. Emergency bronchoscopy revealed diffuse erythematous proximal airways with bloody secretions bilaterally confirming diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. An emergency veno-arterial extracorporeal membranous oxygenation (ECMO) circuit was placed at the bedside, acutely improving oxygenation and hemodynamics. She survived the hospitalization with multiple complications related to access site and prolonged intensive care unit stay, was discharged to acute rehabilitation. She is currently thriving 18 months post-procedure. This case highlights the use of ECMO in the often-fatal condition of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage related to glycoprotein inhibitor use. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Shallow Ocean Bottom BRDF Prediction, Modeling, and Inversion via Simulation With Surface/Volume Data Derived from X-ray Tomography

Abstract : We are investigating the measurable features in the BRDF (Bi-directional Reflectance Distribution Function) of benthic surfaces made of natural sediments and how that is influenced by the morphology of the sediment grain composition. If the measured BRDF shows features which can be numerically derived from the physical properties such as size and shape of the sediment material, then we should be able to invert BRDF data to obtain significant characterizations of the natural sediment properties. Extend current numerical BRDF ray tracing techniques to deal with natural sediments via input of sediment grain data from x-ray CT measurements. Discover if the BRDF data can be inverted to give information about grain size, morphology and interstitial spacing.
Carnap, Completeness, and Categoricity: The Gabelbarkeitssatz of 1928

In 1929 Carnap gave a paper in Prague on “Investigations in General Axiomatics”; a briefsummary was published soon after. Its subject lookssomething like early model theory, and the mainresult, called the Gabelbarkeitssatz, appears toclaim that a consistent set of axioms is complete justif it is categorical. This of course casts doubt onthe entire project. Though there is no furthermention of this theorem in Carnap's publishedwritings, his Nachlass includes a largetypescript on the subject, Investigations inGeneral Axiomatics. We examine this work here,showing that it provides important insights intoCarnap's development during this critical period, thetransition from Aufbau to Syntax,especially regarding the nature and motivation ofCarnap's logicism. Moreover, we show how theAxiomatics influenced Carnap's student Godel inreaching the fundamental logical results that soonafterwards undermined Carnap's project.
Cognitive function of older patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: A pilot prospective longitudinal study

OBJECTIVES: To report on the longitudinal cognitive functioning of older women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. DESIGN: Neuropsychological and functional status testing were performed before chemotherapy and 6 months after chemotherapy. SETTING: Cancer center. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-one patients aged 65 and older with Stage I to III breast cancer. Of the 31 patients enrolled, three refused posttesting, and 28 were evaluable. MEASUREMENTS: The following domains of cognitive function were examined: attention; verbal memory; visual memory; and verbal, spatial, psychomotor, and executive functions. RESULTS: Participants had a mean age of 71 (range 65–84): 39% Stage I, 50% Stage II, and 11% Stage III. The number of scores 2 standard deviations (SDs) below the norm were calculated for each patient before and 6 months after chemotherapy; 14 (50%) had no change, 11 (39%) worsened, and three (11%) improved (P=.05). Seven patients (25%) experienced a decline in cognitive function, defined as a 1-SD decline from pre- to posttesting in two or more neuropsychological domains. Exploratory analyses revealed no significant difference between functional status, comorbidity, and depression scale scores and change in overall quality-of-life scores before and after chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: In this cohort of older women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, a subset experienced a decline in cognitive function from before chemotherapy to 6 months after chemotherapy. Further prospective study is needed to confirm these observations and to identify the subgroup at special risk.