cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insulin mRNA content in pancreatic beta cells of coxsackievirus B4-induced diabetic mice

Abstract Molecular hybridization was used to measure poly(A)-containing mRNA and insulin mRNA, and to evaluate viral persistence, in pancreatic beta cells of coxsackievirus B4-induced diabetic mice. Cellular RNA was hybridized with [ 3 H]poly(U) to measure poly(A)-containing total mRNA, 32 P-labeled preproinsulin I and II probes to measure insulin mRNA, and a 32 P-labeled virus-specific probe to evaluate persistence. The infected mice (80–90%) showed subnormal blood glucose at 72 h postinfection and were hyperglycemic at 6 and 8 weeks. Poly(A)-containing total mRNA decreased by about 26% at 72 h and 6 weeks and by 49% at 8 weeks, while preproinsulin I mRNA by 30% and preproinsulin II by 46% at 8 weeks postinfection compared to control. Viral sequences were abundant at 72 h and in fair amounts later. It appears that persistent viral infection produces a pathological state, which impairs beta cell function to reduce insulin mRNA and consequently insulin synthesis apparently leading to hyperglycemia.
Systems-based practice: learning the concepts using a teamwork competition model

Abstract Background Systems-based practice (SBP) is a core competency of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) that must be integrated into residency training. We sought to develop a method to improve resident understanding using a teamwork competition model. Methods The residents were given a pretest to assess their understanding of SBP followed by a didactic lecture. They were then divided into teams to solve a programmatic “problem” in the residency. Each team had to prove that their solution best fulfilled the expectations of SBP. Their solutions were then presented at a departmental conference followed by a post-test to evaluate knowledge. Results In the pretest, 33% of the residents understood what SBP meant and only 15% knew the components of SBP. In the post-test, this increased to 85% and 89%, respectively. Conclusions SBP is a competency mandated by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education in residency training. Using a novel approach, we were able to improve the residents' understanding of SBP.
Psychopathology in adolescence revisited

Abstract This paper offers a brief overview of historical perspectives on psychopathology in adolescence. It is suggested that certain theoretical traditions have unnecessarily confused opinion and observation of the value of psychiatric classifications in this age group, and that reconsideration of available data indicates important continuities between adolescent and adult patterns of psychopathological disturbance.
Efficacy and safety of VEPTR instrumentation for progressive spine deformities in young children without rib fusions

This retrospective study analyses 23 children treated with vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib (VEPTR) for correction of non-congenital early onset spine deformities. After the index procedure (IP), the device was lengthened at 6-month intervals. The average (av) age at the time of IP was 6.5 years (1.11-10.5). The av follow-up time was 3.6 years (2-5.8). Diagnosis included 1 early onset idiopathic scoliosis, 11 neuromuscular, 2 post-thoracotomy scoliosis, 1 Sprengel deformity, 2 hyperkyphosis, 1 myopathy and 5 syndromic. Surgeries (187) included 23 IPs, av 6.5 (4-10) device expansions per patient (149) and 15 unplanned surgeries. 23 complications (0.13 per surgery) included 10 skin sloughs, 5 implant dislocations, 2 rod breakages and 6 infections. Coronal Cobb angle was av 68 degrees (11 degrees -111 degrees ), at follow-up av 54 degrees (0 degrees -105 degrees). Pelvic obliquity was av 33 degrees (13 degrees -60 degrees ), at follow-up av 16 degrees (0 degrees -42 degrees ). T1 tilt was av 29 degrees (5 degrees -84 degrees ), two remained unchanged, the remainder improved 10 degrees -68 degrees. Sagittal plane: All but two had stable profiles, two hyperkyphosis of 110 degrees /124 degrees improved to 56 degrees /86 degrees. Space available for lung ratio was less than 90% in ten before the IP, improved in nine and deteriorated in one. Originally designed for thoracic insufficiency syndromes related to rib and vertebral anomalies, VEPTR proved to be a valuable alternative to dual growing rods for non-congenital early onset spine deformities. The complication rate was lower, the control of the sagittal plane and the pelvic obliquity was as good, but the correction of the coronal plane deformity was less than growing rods. However, VEPTR's spine-sparing approach might provoke less spontaneous spinal fusion and ease the final correction at maturity.
An examination of the empirical derivatives of the favourite-longshot bias in racetrack betting

Market efficiency dictates it equally profitable to bet on any racing participant, including the favourite or longshot. However, a well-documented anomaly is that racetrack bettors tend to overbet longshots and underbet favourites. This study presents and tests two theoretical explanations for this favourite-longshot bias. The unparalleled richness of the data allows the exploration of how the bias changes with several key variables. This study finds the most popular current explanation for the bias, the risk preference model, cannot explain the data as well as an information-based model, in which the bias depends on bet complexity and the information possessed by bettors.
Art therapies in schools: research and practice, edited by Vicky Karkou

Art therapies in schools: research and practice, edited by Vicky Karkou, London, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2010, 288 pp., £24.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-84310-633-3 This book is a seminal work p...
Liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection of organic peroxides by reduction at an iron phthalocyanine chemically modified electrode

Chemically modified carbon paste electrodes containing incorporated iron phthalocyanine (FePC) exhibited an electrocatalytic response for the reduction of organic peroxides. In pH 2 phosphate buffer, reduction at the FePC chemically modified electrode (CME) occurred at +0.1 to +0.2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) for all peroxides examined except for dialkyl compounds. Because this potential was 100 mV more positive than that required for oxygen reduction at this electrode, amperometric detection of peroxides by this approach was possible in flow injection and high-performance liquid chromatography without deoxygenating the sample or mobile phase solutions. In flow injection, the detection limit using this approach was 5 picomole (pmol) for hydrogen peroxide and varied from less than 1 pmol to as high as several hundred pmol for other peroxides. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and visible spectroscopy experiments were consistent with a two-step electrocatalytic mechanism involving the Fe(III)PC/Fe(II)PC couple.
Professional role confidence and gendered persistence in engineering

Social psychological research on gendered persistence in science, technology, engineering,and mathematics (STEM) professions is dominated by two explanations: women leavebecause they perceive their family plans to be at odds with demands of STEM careers, andwomen leave due to low self-assessment of their skills in STEM’s intellectual tasks, net oftheir performance. This study uses original panel data to examine behavioral and intentionalpersistence among students who enter an engineering major in college. Surprisingly, familyplans do not contribute to women’s attrition during college but are negatively associated withmen’s intentions to pursue an engineering career. Additionally, math self-assessment doesnot predict behavioral or intentional persistence once students enroll in a STEM major. Thisstudy introduces professional role confidence—individuals’ confidence in their ability tosuccessfully fulfill the roles, competencies, and identity features of a profession—and arguesthat women’s lack of this confidence, compared to men, reduces their likelihood of remainingin engineering majors and careers. We find that professional role confidence predictsbehavioral and intentional persistence, and that women’s relative lack of this confidencecontributes to their attrition.
Ethnic Differences in the Measurement of Academic Self-Concept in a Sample of African American and European American College Students

This study examined the validity and reliability of scores on the Academic Self-Concept Scale (ASCS) in a group of 291 European American and 396 African American college students. The study compared the factor structure and scale and subscale internal consistencies for these samples to previously reported findings by Reynolds. The seven-factor solution reported by Reynolds was essentially replicated with the European American sample, whereas an eight-factor solution was found with the African American sample. Results suggest that there are important ethnic differences in the structure of academic self-concept regarding beliefs about ability, and the relationship between effort and grades.
Blood, Sweat and Fears: The Need for a Professional Boxers’ Pension Plan

In professional boxing, rags-to-riches-to-rags stories are as commonplace as elaborate ring entrances. In the wake of the Professional Boxing Safety Act of 1996, the U.S. Congress mandated that the Secretary of Labor undertake a study on the feasibility of establishing a pension plan for professional boxers. The results of the study have yet to be utilized for the development of such a plan. Employing data on those boxing in Nevada, 2008-2010, a model pension plan is developed herein, which may be used as a prototype for other states or a national boxers' pension plan. Language: en
Peptide tags for enhanced cellular and protein adhesion to single-crystalline sapphire

In order to facilitate a novel means for coupling proteins to metal oxides, peptides were identified from a dodecamer peptide yeast surface display library that bound a model metal oxide material, the C, A, and R crystalline faces of synthetic sapphire (α-Al2O3). Seven rounds of screening yielded peptides enriched in basic amino acids compared to the naive library. While the C-face had a high background of endogenous yeast cell binding, the A- and R faces displayed clear peptide-mediated cell adhesion. Cell detachment assays showed that cell adhesion strength correlated positively with increasing basicity of expressed peptides. Cell adhesion was also shown to be sensitive to buffer ionic strength as well as incubation with soluble peptide (with half maximal inhibition of cell binding at ∼5 µM peptide). Next, dodecamer peptides cloned into yeast showed that lysine led to stronger interactions than arginine, and that charge distribution affected adhesion strength. We postulate binding to arise from peptide geometries that permit conformation alignment of the basic amino acids towards the surface so that the charged groups can undergo local electrostatic interactions with the surface oxide. Lastly, peptide K1 (-(GK)6) was cloned onto the c-terminus of maltose binding protein (MBP) and the resultant mutant protein showed a half-maximal binding at ∼10−7–10−6 M, which marked a ∼500- to 1,000-fold binding improvement to sapphire's A-face as compared with wild-type MBP. Targeting proteins to metal oxide surfaces with peptide tags may provide a facile one-step alternative coupling chemistry for the formation of protein bioassays and biosensors. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007; 97: 1009–1020. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bias Analyses of Preclinical and Clinical D2 Dopamine Ligands: Studies with Immediate and Complex Signaling Pathways

G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) often activate multiple signaling pathways, and ligands may evoke functional responses through individual pathways. These unique responses provide opportunities for biased or functionally selective ligands to preferentially modulate one signaling pathway over another. Studies with several GPCRs have suggested that selective activation of signaling pathways downstream of a GPCR may lead to safer and more effective drug therapies. The dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) is one of the main drug targets in the therapies for Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. Recent studies suggest that selective modulation of individual signaling pathways downstream of the D2R may lead to safer antipsychotic drugs. In the present study, immediate effectors of the D2R (i.e., Gαi/o, Gβγ, β-arrestin recruitment) and more complex signaling pathways (i.e., extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, heterologous sensitization, and dynamic mass redistribution) were examined in response to a series of D2R ligands. This was accomplished using Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing the human D2L dopamine receptor in the PathHunter β-Arrestin GPCR Assay Platform. The use of a uniform cellular background was designed to eliminate potential confounds associated with cell-to-cell variability, including expression levels of receptor as well as other components of signal transduction, including G protein subunits. Several well characterized and clinically relevant D2R ligands were evaluated across each signaling pathway in this cellular model. The most commonly used methods to measure ligand bias were compared. Functional selectivity analyses were also used as tools to explore the relative contribution of immediate D2R effectors for the activation of more complex signaling pathways.
Physical activity as a coping strategy for smoking cessation in mid-life and older adults

Smoking prevalence for those ages 45-65 is higher than the national average and the number of mid-life and older smokers is expected to increase as baby boomers age. Cessation, even after age 65, confers health benefits. Both physiologic and psychological mechanisms support use of physical activity (PA) as a coping tool for quitting and improving health. This study focused on use of PA for coping with urges to smoke, factors associated with use, and whether use of PA was associated with abstinence at 12 months for 799 smokers ages 50 and older. Only 11.6% used PA for coping, with walking the most common PA. Females were more likely to use PA relative to males. Though in the predicted direction, use of PA was not significantly associated with 12-month abstinence. Male gender and higher baseline self-efficacy to quit were associated with 12 month abstinence. Encouraging use of PA during smoking cessation does not impede quitting and may improve health outcomes. Further research on whether PA increases abstinence with a larger sample of mid-life and older adults is indicated.
Toward tract-specific fractional anisotropy (TSFA) at crossing-fiber regions with clinical diffusion MRI

Purpose White matter fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure suggesting microstructure, is significantly underestimated with single diffusion tensor model at crossing-fiber regions (CFR). We propose a tract-specific FA (TSFA), corrected for the effects of crossing-fiber geometry and free water at CFR, and adapted for tract analysis with diffusion MRI (dMRI) in clinical research. Methods At CFR voxels, the proposed technique estimates free water fraction (fiso) as a linear function of mean apparent diffusion coefficient (mADC), fits the dual tensors and estimates TSFA. Digital phantoms were designed for testing the accuracy of fiso and fitted dual-anisotropies at CFR. The technique was applied to clinical dMRI of normal subjects and hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) patients to test the effectiveness of TSFA. Results Phantom simulation showed unbiased estimates of dual-tensor anisotropies at CFR and high accuracy of fiso as a linear function of mADC. TSFA at CFR was highly consistent to the single tensor FA at non-CFR within the same tract with normal human dMRI. Additional HSP imaging biomarkers with significant correlation to clinical motor function scores could be identified with TSFA. Conclusion Results suggest the potential of the proposed technique in estimating unbiased TSFA at CFR and conducting tract analysis in clinical research. Magn Reson Med, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Truncation of the correlation consistent basis sets: Application to extended systems

The systematic reduction of the correlation consistent basis sets [cc-pVnZ, where n = D (2), T (3), and Q (4)] for the hydrogen atom as a means to reduce the computational cost of ab initio calculations has been extended to methane through decane and the hydrogen-containing molecules of the G3/99 test suite. Moller–Plesset second-order perturbation theory single-point computations were performed with the full and truncated cc-pVnZ basis sets utilizing the B3LYP/6-31G(d) density functional optimized geometry. Complete basis set (CBS) limits were determined for atomization energies utilizing the full cc-pVnZ basis set series and several truncated basis set series. The difference between the CBS limit for atomization energies determined with a series of truncated basis sets as compared to that of the full basis set series is relatively constant from molecule to molecule. We introduce a correction factor per hydrogen, which when paired with CBS limits determined with a series of truncated basis sets results in errors in atomization energies of less than 0.5 kcal/mol from CBS limits determined with a series of full basis sets. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Automatic speech decomposition and speech coding using MDCT-based hidden Markov chain and wavelet-based hidden Markov tree models

Speech is decomposed into three different components, based on the idea of Daudet and Torresani (Signal Processing, vol. 82, no. 11, pp. 1595, 2002), as signal = tonal + transient + residual. The tonal and transient components are identified using a small number of coefficients of the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) and the wavelet transform, respectively. Determinations of the significant MDCT and wavelet coefficients in the algorithm of Daudet and Torresani, referred as the D&T algorithm, are achieved by thresholds. All MDCT coefficients are assumed to be independent as well as wavelet coefficients. However, the MDCT coefficients probably have statistical dependencies, namely the clustering and persistence properties, and so do the wavelet coefficients. We propose a modification to the D&T algorithm, that can capture statistical dependencies by utilizing the hidden Markov model. The Viterbi and the maximum a posteriori (MAP) algorithms, used to find the optimal state distribution, are applied to determine the significant MDCT and wavelet coefficients automatically. The modified algorithm was used to encode 43 monosyllabic consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) words and 3 sentences. Results showed that the modified algorithm improves the coding efficiency by 37% compared with the threshold method of D&T algorithm when equal numbers of significant coefficients are used.
Selective Responses to Threat: The Roles of Race and Gender in Decisions to Shoot

Extensive work over the past decade has shown that race can bias perceptions and responses to threat. However, the previous work focused almost exclusively on responses to men and overlooked how gender and the interaction of race and gender influence decisions regarding use of force. In the current article, two studies examine the implications of gender (Study 1) and both race and gender (Study 2) for decisions to shoot criminal suspects on a computerized simulation. In Study 1, participants were biased away from shooting White female suspects compared to White male suspects. In Study 2, White participants showed a pronounced bias toward shooting Black men but a bias away from shooting Black women and White ingroup members, providing evidence of a behavioral threat-related response specific to outgroup men stereotypically associated with aggression. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
A Social Justice Approach to Achievement: Guiding Latina/o Students Toward Educational Attainment With a Challenging, Socially Relevant Curriculum

This article discusses how an experimental social science curriculum has influenced Latina/o students' perspectives of their potential to graduate high school and attend college. The curriculum, which is called the Social Justice Education Project (SJEP), requires students to adopt a serious academic subjectivity to analyze and address social conditions that may undermine their future opportunities. The curriculum reflects graduate-level seminars in critical theory and participatory action research. Many students in the first cohort to participate in the program were labeled “at risk” of dropping out. These students not only graduated but also excelled with the advanced-level course work. Their exposure to advanced-level work was the best measure for preventing their premature departure from high school as well as preparation for college. The article concludes with recommendations for how universities can work with local schools to foster the type of academic climate that is conducive to success.
Democratization and International Organizations

International organizations ~IOs! have become increasingly pervasive features of the global landscape+ While the implications of this development have been studied extensively, relatively little research has examined the factors that prompt states to enter IOs+ We argue that democratization is an especially potent impetus to IO membership+ Democratizing countries are likely to enter IOs because leaders have difficulty credibly committing to sustain liberal reforms and the consolidation of democracy+ Chief executives often have an incentive to solidify their position during democratic transitions by rolling back political liberalization+ Entering an IO can help leaders in transitional states credibly commit to carry out democratic reforms, espe- cially if the organization is composed primarily of democratic members+ Tests of this hypothesis, based on a new data set of IOs covering the period from 1965 to 2000, confirm that democratization spurs states to join IOs+ In recent years, international organizations ~IOs! have become increasingly perva- sive features of the global landscape+ Both the number of such organizations and the range of issue-areas they cover have grown rapidly+ The implications of this development have been studied extensively and hotly debated in the field of inter- national relations+ Whereas some researchers believe that IOs have little effect on state behavior, many observers argue that the proliferation of these institutions will facilitate interstate cooperation and help to resolve the interstate conflicts that do arise+ 1 In contrast, relatively little research has been conducted on the factors that prompt states to enter IOs+ This gap in the literature is both surprising and important+ While many countries have rushed to join IOs, others participate in few of these organizations+ What determines the propensity of states to join IOs?
The Therapeutic Use of Photography in Clinical Social Work: Evidence-Based Best Practices

This project systematically identified evidence-based interventions using photography in mental health practice. The initial search of the literature produced 4,929 hits, title reviews reduced this set to 225 possible studies, abstract examination refined this list to 81, and analyzing the articles determined that only 23 meet selection criteria for inclusion in this project: psychosocial-oriented intervention within the domain of social work practice with supporting empirical data. The majority of interventions involved assignments that included taking photographs or creating some kind of photographic product (e.g., collages, time-series of snapshots). Typically, these photographic activities were done in group or individual therapy and focused on social skills, coping skills, self-esteem, or identity for adults and adolescents. The empirical support for these protocols was usually from case studies or single-group design evaluations, all reported practical or theoretically significant improvements, and ...
Systematic Optical Orthogonal Code Design Techniques Using Extended Sets

Optical orthogonal code (OOC) sequences are assigned to optical code-division multiple-access (CDMA) network users, who are then able to transmit data asynchronously through this network. In this work, we present two systematic OOC design techniques based on extended sets. The first technique is a deterministic design approach where the OOC sequences are generated in a single run. We demonstrate that with this design strategy, although not optimal, sequences of relatively short length can be obtained and hence, the required system bandwidth can be feasible for asynchronous intensity-modulation/direct-detection (IM/DD) optical CDMA systems. The second design technique is semi-random and may require multiple iterations until all OOC sequences are generated. Although computationally more cumbersome, this design method is able to converge to the optimal OOC and hence, enables minimum required system bandwidth for the optical CDMA system under consideration.
Self-powered ion detectors based on dye- sensitized photovoltaics†

Autonomous sensing of metal ion contamination in remote environments with high reproducibility and sensitivity could unlock many new applications, but involves trade-offs between compactness, sensitivity, and power provisioning. In prior demonstrations of semi-autonomous sensors, the power source (e.g. a solar cell) was an additional component. Here, we demonstrate a concept, wherein a dye-sensitized solar cell is used for both power generation and sensitive detection of ionic analytes, unlocking a new pathway for ultra-miniaturization and integration.
Prognostic Impact of Radiation Therapy to the Primary Tumor in Patients With Non-small Cell Lung Cancer and Oligometastasis at Diagnosis

Summary We investigated prognostic factors associated with overall survival in patients with oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer, including local treatment to the primary tumor site. We found that patients receiving a higher radiation dose to the primary tumor (� 63 Gy), having a lower gross tumor volume (GTV � 124 cm 3 ), or
Low Threshold Spikes and Rhythmic Oscillations in Thalamic Neurons

The electrophysiological activity of thalamic relay neurons is critically dependent upon behavioral state. During drowsiness and quiet sleep (and possibly also during petit mal seizures), the cells may no longer be free to faithfully relay impinging synaptic input to the neocortex. Instead, they are intermittently constrained to fire bursts of action potentials in a synchronized, rhythmic fashion. Underlying these bursts is a slow membrane potential oscillation with a frequency of 7–;14 Hz (but which may be slower during seizures). Whereas the hyper polarizing phase of the cycle is mediated synaptically, possibly by the inhibitory drive of cells in the nucleus reticularis thalami (RE), endogenous properties of the relay neurons themselves are largely responsible for the depolarizing part of the oscillation [6]. Thus, a Ca2+-dependent depolarizing event or “low threshold spike” (LTS) is triggered as the synaptic inhibition decays and the LTS, in turn, evokes a burst of Na+-dependent action potentials that ride upon its peak. Experimental evidence has recently implicated T-type (low threshold) voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels as mediators of the LTS [7]. In what follows we summarize our theoretical work supporting a critical role of the T-type Ca2+ channel in the generation of the LTS. Moreover, we investigate possible mechanisms responsible for the rhythmic firing of RE neurons. Like relay neurons, RE cells also exhibit LTS and bursting behavior [2], although voltage clamp data for these cells are not yet available. We have found that a minimal model of two cells that possess T-type Ca2+ channels and interact with each other via synaptic inhibition is able to generate rhythmic oscillations at an appropriate frequency (about 10 Hz). We show that the oscillatory period can be modulated by both intrinsic cellular properties (kinetics of the T-type Ca2+ channels), and the characteristics of the synaptic inhibition between cells.
The Outsourcing of Training and Development: Factors Impacting Client Satisfaction:

Firms increasingly use outside vendors to provide their training and development needs. However, the strategic importance of many training programs often introduces unique challenges for organizations outsourcing this function. To better understand the effects of outsourcing in this key area, we use transaction cost economics, social exchange theory, and the resource-based view to identify factors thought to impact client satisfaction with external training vendors. Using data obtained from 157 organizations, structural equation modeling results suggest that socially-oriented trust and contractual specificity mediate the relationship between client satisfaction and a number of vendor, relationship, training, and firm characteristics.
Social interaction behaviors discriminate young children with autism and Williams syndrome.

ABSTRACT Objective Autistic disorder (AD) and Williams syndrome (WS) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by contrasting abnormal social behavior (the former, socially avoidant; the latter, outwardly social); nonetheless, there are individuals with WS who display some behaviors that are characteristic of AD. We quantified the extent to which autism spectrum disorder (ASD) behaviors were present in children with WS. Method Twenty children with WS (27-58 months) and 26 age- and IQ-equivalent children with AD were administered the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS). ADOS behaviors were compared between groups. Results Two children with WS met DSM-IV criteria for AD, one of whom was also classified as having AD by the ADOS algorithm. Discriminant analysis of ADOS behaviors indicated that gesture, showing, and quality of social overtures best discriminated the groups. Conclusions Although some children with WS demonstrated some ASD behaviors, and a minority of children with WS had coexisting AD, the symptom profile in WS was different from AD. Despite some deficits in communication behaviors, showing, and initiating joint attention, children with WS made social overtures and efforts to engage others, whereas children with AD tended not to do so.
Analysis and performance of the LP-MPC and QP-MPC cascade control system

The objective of this paper is to address some of the theoretical and practical issues related to the implementation of two stage model predictive control (MPC) schemes such as linear program-MPC and quadratic program-MPC. Single stage QDMC has the drawbacks of steady state offsets, inconsistent set-points and does not take into account economic objectives. The addition of another stage on the top of QDMC is used to address these problems. Results of the application of two stage MPC to the Shell Challenge problem are presented. A comparison is made with the single stage conventional QDMC and some interesting observations are reported. Stability and dynamic performance issues are also considered in this paper.
Induction of Superoxide Dismutase by Molecular Oxygen

Abstract Oxygen induces superoxide dismutase in Streptococcus faecalis and in Escherichia coli B. S. faecalis grown under 20 atm of O2 had 16 times more of this enzyme than did anaerobically grown cells. In the case of E. coli, changing the conditions of growth from anaerobic to 5 atm of O2 caused a 25-fold increase in the level of superoxide dismutase. Induction of this enzyme was a response to O2 rather than to pressure, since 20 atm of N2 was without effect. Induction of superoxide dismutase was a rapid process, and half of the maximal level was reached within 90 min after N2-grown cells of S. faecalis were exposed to 20 atm of O2 at 37 C. S. faecalis did not contain perceptible levels of catalase under any of the growth conditions investigated by Stanier, Doudoroff, and Adelberg (23), and the concentration of catalase in E. coli was not affected by the presence of O2 during growth. S. faecalis, which had been grown under 100% O2 and which therefore contained an elevated level of superoxide dismutase, was more resistant of 46 atm of O2 than were cells which had been grown under N2. E. coli grown under N2 contained as much superoxide dismutase as did S. faecalis grown under 1 atm of O2. The E. coli which had been grown under N2 was as resistant to the deleterious effects of 50 atm of O2 as was S. faecalis which had been grown under 1 atm of O2. These results are consistent with the proposal that the peroxide radical is an important agent of the toxicity of oxygen and that superoxide dismutase may be a component of the systems which have been evolved to deal with this potential toxicity.
Effect of post-discharge venous thromboembolism on hospital quality comparisons following hip and knee arthroplasty.

Background: Symptomatic pre-discharge venous thromboembolism (VTE) rates after total or partial hip or knee arthroplasty have been proposed as patient safety indicators. However, assessing only pre-discharge VTE rates may be suboptimal for quality measurement as the duration of stay is relatively short and the VTE risk extends beyond the inpatient setting. Methods: Patients who underwent total or partial hip or knee arthroplasty were identified in the 2008 through 2010 American College of Surgeons (ACS) National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. Outcomes of interest were the deep venous thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and overall VTE rates within thirty days after surgery and the rates during the pre-discharge and post-discharge portions of this time period. Risk-adjusted hospital rankings based on only pre-discharge (inpatient) events were compared with those based on both pre-discharge and post-discharge events within thirty days of surgery. Results: A total of 23,924 patients underwent total or partial hip arthroplasty (8499) or knee arthroplasty (15,425) at ninety-five hospitals. For hip arthroplasty, the VTE rate was 0.9%, with 57.9% of the events occurring after discharge. For knee arthroplasty, the VTE rate was 1.9%, with 38.3% of the events occurring after discharge. The median time of VTE occurrence was eleven days postoperatively for hip arthroplasty and three days for knee arthroplasty. The median duration of stay was three days for both hip and knee arthroplasty. When hospitals were ranked according to VTE rates, hospital outlier status designations changed when post-discharge events were included (κ = 0.386; 44% false-positive rate for low outliers). The median change in hospital quality ranking was 7 (interquartile range, 2 to 17), with a rank correlation of r = 0.82. Conclusions: Nearly twice as many VTE complications were captured if both pre-discharge and post-discharge events were considered, and inclusion of post-discharge events changed hospital quality rankings. These data suggest that inclusion of post-discharge events should be considered when comparing the quality of hospitals on the basis of postoperative VTE rates. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Physostigmine: effectiveness as an antagonist of respiratory depression and psychomotor effects caused by morphine or diazepam

Each of six healthy volunteers was studied on three different occasions to determine the interactions of placebo-physostigmine, diazepam-physostigmine, and morphine-physostigmine with respect to respiration and psychomotor function. Respiratory measurements were made using the steady state and isohypercapnic techniques. Psychomotor function was assessed by the Trieger Dot Test (TDT) and compared with the Continuous Performance Test (CPT). Administration of physostigmine alone (3 mg, iv) did not affect ventilation. Diazepam (0.29 mg/kg, iv) did not cause a significant depression of ventilation in all subjects, although psychomotor function was impaired as measured by the CPT. The latter was unaffected by physostigmine. Administration of morphine (0.21 mg/kg, iv) caused a significant decrease in ventilation that was not antagonized by physostigmine. Morphine did not impair psychomotor function. The authors conclude that physostigmine is an ineffective antagonist of narcotic-induced respiratory depression and that the CPT correlates well with the TDT.
Agonistic Interactions Differ by Sex and Season in the Crayfish Orconectes quinebaugensis

In many taxa, social structures are mediated by agonistic interactions and the formation of dominance hierarchies. In crayfish, dominance hierarchies may have evolved as a result of sexual selection, allowing dominant males greater access to females. We examine strategies of investment in agonistic behaviors for males and females of the crayfish Orconectes quinebaugensis in both the reproductive and non-reproductive seasons. We hypothesized that reproductive males would invest more in agonistic behaviors than reproductive females and non-reproductive crayfish. We tested this hypothesis in the laboratory with 4 treatment groups: males and females in the autumn reproductive season and males and females in the summer non-reproductive season, with each group subdivided by size to control for size effects. As predicted, reproductive males spent significantly more time in agonistic behaviors and had significantly more fights reaching maximum intensity than reproductive females, while there was no significant difference in the time spent in agonistic interactions by non-reproductive males or females. We did find that small females in the summer had significantly fewer fights reaching maximum intensity than either males or large females in the summer. However, there was no significant difference in time spent in agonistic interactions or proportion of fights reaching maximum intensity between reproductive males and non-reproductive males, as was predicted by our hypothesis. We did observe a significant effect of size for both males and females in the non-reproductive season, with larger animals spending more time in agonistic behaviors, and with large females having a more fights at maximum intensity than small females; this difference was not recapitulated in the reproductive season. These data indicate that investment in agonism differs by sex and by reproductive status, and the differential investment by sex in reproductive animals may indicate that dominance interactions are under sexual selection in males. However, high investment in agonism by both males and females in the non-reproductive season is not consistent with our hypothesis. Alternatively, the differential investment in agonism by reproductive males and females could be explained by either seasonal changes in the individual costs and benefits of agonism, or by depressed investment by reproductive females.
A tribute to Sjur: Sjur Olsnes, 1939–2014

In the summer of 2014, the community of scientists studying bacterial protein toxins lost one of its pioneers and most prolific members, Sjur Olsnes. Sjur was a valued friend and colleague to those of us who knew and worked with him, and his passing was a deep loss. Sjur was born in Bergen, Norway, in 1939 and grew up on a farm nearby. He studied medicine in Bonn and after a short period at the University of Bergen moved to Oslo, where he did doctoral research in the Institute for Cancer Research at the Norwegian Radium Hospital. Except for brief periods as visiting scientist at institutions abroad, Sjur spent his entire career performing fundamental biochemical and cell biological research at the Radium Hospital. He progressed there from Senior Scientist (1972) to Head of Biochemistry (1990) and also held professorial appointments at the University of Oslo in Biochemistry and Tumor Biology. The research group he headed at the Radium Hospital was internationally recognized for their work on the actions of toxins at the molecular and cellular levels and became a mecca in the field. Sjur's scientific contributions, documented in more than 280 papers, include major discoveries that form the foundation of our current understanding of how protein toxins act at a biochemical and cellular level. While much of his research focused on protein toxins of plant or bacterial origin, his studies also extended to animal viruses and growth factors. The questions he addressed were primarily of a fundamental nature, but he always had an eye on relevance to cancer therapy. Below I briefly describe a few of Sjur's major contributions. Sjur's doctoral research on protein synthesis, mRNA and polyribosomes formed the context for his first major discovery in the toxin field. He reported in 1972, in a paper coauthored by his …
Leaf Age and Related Factors Affecting Endophyte-mediated Resistance to Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Tall Fescue

Differences in fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), larval preference for and development on fungal endophyte-infected (high incidence of infection) and uninfected (low incidence of infection) tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., at three relative leaf ages were examined. Neonate larvae significantly preferred older, uninfected leaves to equivalent age infected leaves and fed more upon them in paired choice tests. Fourth-instar preference and consumption were not affected by infection status of leaves of equivalent age in 6- or 16-h choice tests. Eight-day larval weights were significantly higher for larvae reared on infected older leaves. Percent wet weight of fescue leaves was significantly higher in infected older leaves. Water-soluble carbohydrate and crude protein content did not differ between infected and uninfected leaves at any leaf age, although crude protein was significantly higher in young leaves. Loline alkaloid content was significantly higher in infected leaves and decreased as leaf age increased. The data suggest that both larval age and relative leaf age affect FAW response to endophyte-infected tall fescue.
Dry and Wet Etch Processes for NiMnSb, LaCaMnO3 and Related Materials

A variety of plasma etching chemistries were examined for patterning NiMnSb Heusler thin films and associated A12O3 barrier layers. Chemistries based on SF6 and Cl2 were all found to provide faster etch rates than pure Ar sputtering. In all cases the etch rates were strongly dependent on both the ion flux and ion energy. Selectivities of ≥20 for NiMnSb over A12O3 were obtained in SF6-based discharges, while selectivities ≤5 were typical in Cl2 and CH4/H2 plasma chemistries. Wet etch solutions of HF/H2O and HNO3/H2SO4/H2O were found to provide reaction-limited etching of NiMnSb that was either non-selective or selective, respectively, to A12O3. In addition we have developed dry etch processes based on Cl2/Ar at high ion densities for patterning of LaCaMnO3 (and SmCo permanent magnet biasing films) for magnetic sensor devices. Highly anisotropie features are produced in both materials, with smooth surface morphologies. In all cases, SiO2 or other dielectric materials must be used for masking since photoresist does not retain its geometrical integrity upon exposure to the high ion density plasma.
Fatty acid synthesis from 2-14C-acetate in rat testis mitochondrial and cytosol fractions in vitro.

An in vitro system for acetate incorporation into fatty acids by the mitochondrial and the cytosol fractions of rats testis is described. The rate of incorporation of acetate into fatty acids was twice as fast with the mitochondrial as with the cytosol fraction; both systems were stimulated in the presence of adenosine triphosphate, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, coenzyme A, and MgCl2. The optimum pH was between 7.0–7.5 for the mitochondrial fraction and between 6.5–8.0 for the cytosol fraction. Radio gas chromatography showed that palmitic acid was the most highly labeled acid, followed by stearic acid, in the mitochondrial fraction in accord with the pathway of de novo fatty acid synthesis. Some of the labeled acetate was also incorporated into the 16∶1 and 18∶1 fatty acids of this fraction. Distribution of radioactivity among the mitochondrial lipid classes was highest in the phospholipids and monoglycerides, followed by diglycerides and cholesterol; little radioactivity was present in the triglyceride fraction. These observations are in accord with studies of the incorporation of labeled metabolites into testicular lipids following intratesticular injection and indicate the validity of the in vitro system for studies of specific reactions occurring in vivo.
BIPERIODIC WAVES IN SHALLOW WATER

The propagation of waves in shallow water is a phenomenon of significant practical importance. The ability to realistically predict the complex wave characteristics occurring in shallow water regions has always been an engineering goal which would make the development of solutions to practical engineering problems a reality. The difficulty in making such predictions stems from the fact that the equations governing the complex three-dimensional flow regime can not be solved without linearizing the problem. The linear equations are solvable; however, their solutions do not reflect the nonlinear features of naturally occurring waves. A recent advance (1984) in nonlinear mathematics has resulted in an explicit solution to a nonlinear equation relevant to water waves in shallow water. This solution possesses features found in observed nonlinear three-dimensional wave fields. The nonlinear mathematical formulation referred to above has never been compared with actual waves, so that its practical value is unknown. The purpose of the present investigation was to physically generate three-dimensional nonlinear waves and compare these with exact mathematical solutions. The goals were successfully completed by first generating the necessary wave patterns with the new U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Coastal Engineering Research Center's (CERC) directional spectral wave generation facility. The theoretical solutions were then formed through the determination of a unique correspondence between the free parameters of the solution and the physical characteristics of the generated wave.
Impact of short-term refeeding on appetite and meal experiences in new onset adolescent eating disorders.

Abstract Restrictive eating disorders (ED) are increasing and represent a serious risk to the health of adolescent females. Restrictive ED in youth are often treated through aggressive short-term refeeding. Although evidence supports that this intervention is the “gold standard” for improving ED outcomes in youth, little research has specifically probed appetite and meal-related responses to this type of intensive, short-term refeeding in newly diagnosed individuals. Information about appetite and meal-related dysfunction could provide valuable insights regarding treatment-interfering features of ED in both acute inpatient and longer-term outpatient treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hunger, fullness, olfactory, and gustatory responses of adolescents with newly-diagnosed restrictive ED and to probe how and when these responses are altered by refeeding. Using a quasi-experimental ecologically valid methodology, this study described and compared profiles of hunger, fullness, olfactory, and gustatory responses in adolescent females (n = 15) with newly diagnosed restrictive ED at hospital admission (i.e., severe malnutrition) and after medical refeeding, in comparison to healthy controls (n = 15). Results showed that newly diagnosed (i.e., malnourished) adolescents with ED showed significantly different meal-related experiences than controls. Refeeding improved some of these differences, but not all. Following refeeding, females with ED continued to show lower hunger, greater fullness, and lower pleasantness of smell ratings compared to controls. Unpleasantness of taste ratings maladaptively increased, such that females who were re-fed reported more aversive scents than pre-treatment. Profiles of meal-related responses were also identified and compared between groups. The applicability of these findings are discussed within the context of critical periods of change during refeeding treatment and potentially promising intervention targets that might enhance treatment outcomes for adolescents with newly onset, restrictive ED.