cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulatory T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus: past, present and future

Regulatory/suppressor T cells (Tregs) maintain immunologic homeo-stasis and prevent autoimmunity. In this article, past studies and recent studies of Tregs in mouse models for lupus and of human systemic lupus erythematosus are reviewed concentrating on CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs. These cells consist of thymus-derived, natural Tregs and peripherally induced Tregs that are similar phenotypically and functionally. These Tregs are decreased in young lupus-prone mice, but are present in normal numbers in mice with established disease. In humans, most workers report CD4+Tregs are decreased in subjects with active systemic lupus erythematosus, but the cells increase with treatment and clinical improvement. The role of immunogenic and tolerogenic dendritic cells in controlling Tregs is discussed, along with new strategies to normalize Treg function in systemic lupus erythematosus.
An 88-way multiprocessor within an FPGA with customizable instructions

Summary form only given. The architecture of modern FPGAs contain over one thousand small memory banks, over five hundred 4k-bit memory banks, and over one hundred thousand logic elements. This inherent parallelism of an FPGA makes it an ideal platform for a multiprocessor architecture. In addition to embedded memory, numerous ASIC multipliers are embedded into the FPGA architecture. This paper introduces a single-instruction-multiple-data (SIMD) system comprised of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 88 processing elements that are built around the ASIC multipliers and controlled by a central instruction stream. In addition to the function of the ASIC multiplier, we have augmented each PE with "custom instructions" to show how the instruction set can be extended. The 88 processors SIMD design utilizes 100% of the DSP blocks available in the Altera Stratix EPS80F1508C6 device, but only 17% of the look-up table logic, which leaves 83% of the logic cells available for custom instructions.
Recovery of Mammalian DNA from Middle Paleolithic Stone Tools

One of the primary goals of archaeology is to understand past human behaviour. Although stone tools comprise the vast majority of cultural artefacts for most of the archaeological record, their uses in prehistory are poorly understood. The application of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA molecules can help establish a physical link to ancient tool use in processing biological material. Modern experimental stone tools and a sample of stone tools and soils from the Middle Paleolithic site of La Quina, France, dating between approximately 35 and 65 ka, have been examined for the presence of ancient DNA. Extractions from the samples were analysed using PCR with primers amplifying a small region of the vertebrate mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Subsequent sequence analysis allowed the identification of some DNAs amplified to family or species of origin. DNA sequences were obtained from tools and associated soil samples. DNA from boar/pig (Sus scrofa), a species represented osteologically at the site, was recovered from one of the tools. Other tools yielded artiodactyl, human, and rabbit-like sequences.
Apparent low toxicity of yew for roe deer (Capreolus capreolus).

### Apparent low toxicity of yew for roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) A HIGH degree of toxicity of both common yew ( Taxus baccata ) and Irish yew ( T baccata var fastigiata ) for domesticated ruminants is well known (Cooper and Johnson 1984). Although poisoning of deer by yew has been reported (
Observation of enhanced excitation of 12C by inelastic pion scattering on the (3,3) pion-nucleon resonance

Abstract Pion inelastic scattering on 12C to states at an excitation energy of approximately 19 MeV shows a strong enhancement at an incident pion energy near the pion-nucleon (3,3) resonance. This resonance may therefore provide a mechanism for the selective enhancement of inelastic transitions.
Isolation of CNS-infiltrating and Resident Microglial Cells.

Variety of immunological and biochemical studies associated with infection or inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) utilize CNS-resident and/or infiltrating cells which were isolated from the CNS of naive and affected mice in order to investigate the underlying mechanisms and the potential roles of the cell populations. Mechanical and enzyme-based single cell preparations of CNS cells are subjected to a density gradient to obtain functional single cells. In combination with cell-specific biomarkers, the function and/or status of resident microglia and infiltrating lymphocytes, including B and T cells as well as macrophages, can be characterized.
Asymmetric Extended Route Optimization (AERO)

This document specifies the operation of IP over tunnel virtual links using Asymmetric Extended Route Optimization (AERO). AERO interfaces use an IPv6 link-local address format that supports operation of the IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (ND) protocol and links ND to IP forwarding. Prefix delegation/registration services are employed for network admission and to manage the routing system. Multilink operation, mobility management, quality of service (QoS) signaling and route optimization are naturally supported through dynamic neighbor cache updates. Standard IP multicasting services are also supported. AERO is a widely-applicable mobile internetworking service especially well- suited to aviation services, mobile Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) and many other applications.
ABNORMAL LIMB DEVELOPMENT IN RANA CATESBEIANA.

SummaryPreliminary evidence has been presented which indicates that in the larval anuran, Rana catesbeiana, stimulation of the anterior limb bud field by cutting leads to the formation of supernumerary limbs. The abnormal appendages were conveniently categorized as duplicate or triplicate structures. In most instances 2 members of each of the above 2 classes were mirror images. These findings are discussed in relation to others dealing with similar systems.The author is grateful to Miss Gwynne Gloege for executing the original drawings, and to Dr. Richard J. Goss, Brown Univ., Providence, R. I., for critically reading the manuscript.
Increased toxic urinary cations in males with interstitial cystitis: a possible cause of bladder symptoms

To identify and quantify toxic urinary cations in male patients with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis versus male controls, to compare them in symptomatic patients to those significantly improved, and to evaluate cytotoxicity of these cations to cultured urothelial cells to determine whether Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) can neutralize the cations. Isolation of cationic fraction (CFs) was achieved by solid phase extraction on urine specimens of 51 male patients with IC and 33 male controls. C18 reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was used to profile and quantify cationic metabolites. Major CF peaks were identified by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. HTB-4 urothelial cells were used to determine the cytotoxicity of CFs, individual metabolites, and of metabolite mixture with THP of patient versus THP of control subject. CF content was significantly higher in patients compared to controls (p < 0.001). Patients had higher levels of modified nucleosides, amino acids, and their derivatives compared to controls. Cytotoxicity for control versus patient mean (SEM) percent was 1.7 (2.9) % versus 63.0 (3.7) %, respectively, (p < 0.001). Cytotoxicity of metabolites was reduced in the presence of THP of control compared to THP of patient (p < 0.001). Patients with IC had significantly higher levels of cationic metabolites with higher cytotoxicity compared to controls. THP of these patients had reduced ability to sequester cytotoxicity of cationic metabolites. Patients who significantly improved on therapy had the same levels and toxicity of cationic metabolites as symptomatic males, suggesting that these cations may be the cause of epithelial dysfunction in IC.
Two New Species of Bryobia with a Revised Key to the Genus (Acarina: Tetranychidae)

Bryobia spica and B. eharai (= B. cristata, Pritchard and Baker, 1955, not Duges) are described, the former from Cytisus in California, the latter intercepted on Chrysanthemum from Japan and Pakistan. The key includes 14 morphologically distinct species plus the “praeliosa” complex whose members are not distinguished here. Fifteen specific names applicable to this complex are listed to supplement the 1955 list of Pritchard and Baker.
Airborne Observation of Re-entries - Lessons Learned and Future Perspectives (Invited)

A review of airborne observation data with particular respect to the observation of the Stardust, ATV-1, and Hayabusa is given. These re-entries were observed from the NASA Airborne Observatory (in case of ATV-1 in addition from a second airplane) and, if possible, through ground based observation. A variety of experiments were used to gather data over a spectral range from 300nm to 1.6 m with different spectral resolutions to create a spectral data base to support the validation of aerothermodynamic simulation codes. A motivation for such re-entry observation is given and the basic principles and constraints of airborne observations are explained. The theoretical simulation of observation data and the re-entry missions of concern are discussed and selected results are presented. Finally, future perspectives for even more effective observation campaigns are given.
Modeling of Permeation in Graphite/Epoxy Laminates at Cryogenics Temperatures in the Presence of Delaminations and Stitch Cracks

Polymer matrix composite (PMC) materials are ideal for aerospace structural applications, such as cryogenic fuel tanks of Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLVs) and Expendable Launch Vehicles (ELVs), due to their high strength-to-weight and stiffness-toweight ratio. For the confident application of these materials, it is necessary to evaluate the permeation of cryogenic fuel caused due to transverse matrix cracks in conjunction with inter-ply delaminations resulting in an intersecting network of passages. In this paper, an expression for predicting delaminated crack opening displacement (DCOD) is derived based on first-order shear laminate theory applied to a five-layer model. The DCOD obtained using the five-layer model is verified using a two-dimensional finite element analysis. A mathematical model to predict permeability in graphite-epoxy laminate system (IM7/5250-4) is developed using Darcy’s law for isothermal, viscous flow of gases through porous media. The result obtained from the five-layer model is used as input to the permeability model. Using this model, the permeability is calculated for a quasi-isotropic laminate of lay-up [0/45/-45/90]s for a given delamination length, crack density and loading conditions. Also, a simple methodology to model stitch cracks has been proposed to address experimental observations. Further, the proposed model was used to determine strain energy release rates under mode I (matrix cracking) and mode II (delamination) conditions. Model verifications are carried out by comparison with finite element analyses, and by comparison with permeability test data provided by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL).
Study on the Evaluation Indicator System of the Pilot Project of Smart Grid

Evaluation of the pilot project of smart grid is the key link and an important step for the first construction phase(the planning and pilot phase) of strong and smart grid.Based on the widely used designing criteria—the SMART Criteria,an evaluation indicator system framework is established with consideration of the technical,economical,social and practical aspects of the projects.According to three types of pilot projects including smart substation,automation of distribution system and power utilization information collection system,the corresponding evaluation indicator systems are proposed respectively in the paper.
Viscosity of Gas – Organic Compounds

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the values of viscosity of gas (organic compounds) in tabular form. For the tabulation, an equation is selected for gas viscosity as a function of temperature. The tabulation is arranged by carbon number such as C, C2, and C3 to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name and chemical abstracts registry number (CAS No) are also provided in tabular form. Values for regression coefficients are given in the adjacent columns. The temperature range for use is also given in the columns (TMIN and TMAX). The equation should not be used for temperatures outside this range. The next column provides the code for the tabulation. The last three columns provide values for gas viscosity at representative temperatures. The tabulation is applicable to gas at low pressure. Very limited experimental data are available for highly polar and high molecular weight compounds. Thus, the values for these compounds should be considered rough approximations. A comparison of calculated and data values is also shown for a representative compound. The graph shows favorable agreement of equation and data.
A Two‐Dimensional Ising Model in a Magnetic Field—A Scalar Representation of the Partition Function

On exprime la fonction de partition du modele d'Ising a 2 dimensions en presence d'un champ magnetique par une integrale quadruple d'un produit double de fonctions elementaires
Die Bestimmung der Uroporphyrinogen I-Synthetase im Vollblut — eine Methode zur Diagnostik und Früherkennung der akuten intermittierenden Porphyrie

Die akute intermittierende Porphyrie (AIP) ist die von den genetisch bedingten hepatischen Porphyrien am haufigsten auftretende Erkrankung. Die Vererbung erfolgt autosomal-dominant mit unterschiedlicher Expressivitat. Die Klinik der AIP ist vielgestaltig und beruhrt mehrere Fachdisziplinen. Die meist im Vordergrund stehenden kolikartigen Leibschmerzen geben zu der Fehldiagnose „Ileus“ Anlas, so das etwa 50% der Kranken vor der richtigen Diagnosestellung ein- oder mehrmals laparotomiert werden. Oft sind deletare Verschlechterungen die Folgen dieses Vorgehens. Neben kardiovascularen Storungen finden sich neuropsychiatrische Krankheitszeichen wie Polyneuropathien, Funktionspsychosen [13] und zerebrale Krampfanfalle. Eine Fruhdiagnose ist deshalb so wichtig, weil zahlreiche Medikamente — etwa auch die zur Schmerzbekampfung und zu Narkosen verwendeten Barbiturate — akute Schube hervorrufen konnen.
Possibilities Beyond the Bare-Bones

The primary goal of this book is theoretical, articulating the broad structure of a substantial version of Aristotelian feminism. Although such a general version of this position might be useful in addressing certain issues of feminist concern (for example, the structure of university education, as discussed in Chap. 6), it cannot be put to significant use until developed in a bit more detail. My goal in this chapter is not to fill in the position, but simply to point to a few of the places where that filling in would need to occur and indicate briefly how different ways of answering certain questions would affect the general position.
A Derivative-Free Trust-Region Algorithm for the Optimization of Functions Smoothed via Gaussian Convolution Using Adaptive Multiple Importance Sampling

In this paper we consider the optimization of a functional $F$ defined as the convolution of a function $f$ with a Gaussian kernel. We propose this type of objective function for the optimization of the output of complex computational simulations, which often present some form of deterministic noise and need to be smoothed for the results to be meaningful. We introduce a derivative-free algorithm that computes trial points from the minimization of a regression model of the noisy function $f$ over a trust region. The regression model is constructed from function values at sample points that are chosen randomly around iterates and trial points of the algorithm. The weights given to the individual sample points in the regression problem are obtained according to an adaptive multiple importance sampling strategy. This has two advantages. First, it makes it possible to reuse all noisy function values collected over the course of the optimization. Second, the resulting regression model converges to the second-o...
Identification of 4-(Aminomethyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-2-(phenoxy)pyridine Derivatives as Potent, Selective, and Orally Efficacious Inhibitors of the Copper-Dependent Amine Oxidase, Lysyl Oxidase-Like 2 (LOXL2)

LOXL2 catalyzes the oxidative deamination of e-amines of lysine and hydroxylysine residues within collagen and elastin, generating reactive aldehydes (allysine). Condensation with other allysines or lysines drives the formation of inter- and intramolecular cross-linkages, a process critical for the remodeling of the ECM. Dysregulation of this process can lead to fibrosis, and LOXL2 is known to be upregulated in fibrotic tissue. Small-molecules that directly inhibit LOXL2 catalytic activity represent a useful option for the treatment of fibrosis. Herein, we describe optimization of an initial hit 2, resulting in identification of racemic-trans-(3-((4-(aminomethyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)oxy)phenyl)(3-fluoro-4-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)methanone 28, a potent irreversible inhibitor of LOXL2 that is highly selective over LOX and other amine oxidases. Oral administration of 28 significantly reduced fibrosis in a 14-day mouse lung bleomycin model. The (R,R)-enantiomer 43 (PAT-1251) was selected as the cli...
Grouping in Rhizoctonia Solani by Hyphal Anastomosis Reaction

Grouping of strains of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris [(Frank) Donk] based on hyphal anastomosis reactions has been described as the principle most helpful to plant pathologists in studies of R. solani during a 15 year period beginning in 1965 (Anderson, 1982). Similarly, Vilgalys and Cubeta (1994) state that “Since its inception, the anastomosis group concept has represented the single most important advance toward understanding genetic diversity in Rhizoctonia,”. Indeed, the anastomosis group concept has been and is a powerful tool to use as we seek to unravel the complex nature of this very important plant pathogenic fungus. Grouping based on hyphal anastomosis of Rhizoctonias other than R. solani, including the binucleates (Ogoshi et al., 1983) and those with Waitea teleomorphs (Oniki et al., 1985), is also successfully practiced although hyphal anastomosis reactions in Aquathanatephorus pendulus (Tu and Kimbrough, 1978) have not been studied. This chapter will focus only on hyphal anastomosis reactions in R. solani.
Arrhenius Temperature Dependence of Homogeneous Nucleation Rates

A simple yet physically-based and highly accurate parameterization of the nucleation rate is obtained. In essence, the log nucleation rate is expanded in special coordinates suggested by the first and second nucleation theorems and only linear terms are retained. The results support an Arrhenius model of the temperature dependence and are highly accurate over the range of a typical set of measurements – about 3-5 orders of magnitude in nucleation rate. This range is likely sufficient for most applications to atmospheric particle formation, which now seem feasible without need for bulk properties estimation, as would be required using classical nucleation theory, and without significant higher-order corrections to the linear result.
Soviet Inturist and Foreign Travel to the Latvian SSR in the Post-Stalin Era: A Case of Ethnic Tourism

This article shows that foreign tourism to the USSR from the 1950s on evolved from a political propaganda tool into what is defined in tourism studies as “ethnic tourism.” Ethnic tourism designates...
Comparative permeabilities of some solutes across the uterus, vagina and vestibule of the rabbit doe

L'objectif general de cette etude a ete de comparer l'absorption de quelques modeles chimiques a travers le vagin, le vestibule et l'uterus de la lapine. Les experiences ont consiste a placer les tissus dans des cellules d'absorption standard en utilisant du glycerol, du sulfate de sodium et de l'estradiol marques. Les trois tissus ont presente un coefficient d'absorption d'approximativement 7 x 10 -6 cm/s. Aucune absorption preferentielle n'a pu etre observee malgre les differences considerables de solubilite dans l'eau des modeles chimiques.
Performing anaerobic stopped-flow spectrophotometry inside of an anaerobic chamber

The catalytic cycle of most flavin-dependent enzymes can be divided into oxidative and reductive half-reactions. Although some enzymes are oxidized by electron carrier proteins or organic compounds, many use oxygen as the final electron acceptor. In order to properly study the reductive half-reaction of flavin-dependent enzyme that react with oxygen, as in the case of oxidases and monooxygenases, it is necessary to establish anaerobic conditions that will only allow the reduction process to be monitored. The reduced flavoenzyme can be further studied by exposing it to oxygen to monitor the oxidative half-reaction. Anaerobic chambers provide an ideal environment for performing these experiments as they reliably maintain an anaerobic atmosphere inside a large workspace. A common tool used to study flavin-dependent enzymes is the stopped-flow spectrophotometry. This chapter describes methods for performing stopped-flow experiments in an anaerobic chamber. We include information about the chamber components, setting up a stopped-flow spectrophotometer inside of a chamber, preparing anaerobic solutions, and performing experiments to measure the reductive and oxidative half-reactions of flavin-dependent monooxygenases.
Shock-driven hydrodynamic instability of a sinusoidally perturbed, high-Atwood number, oblique interface

A shock incident on an interface will cause any initial perturbations on that interface to grow. When the shock front is parallel to the interface, the perturbations grow due to the Richtmyer-Meshkov (RM) process. When there is some tilt between the shock front and the interface, shear flow will result across the postshock interface. Recent experiments on the OMEGA EP laser have studied the hydrodynamic instability growth which results from a supported shock interacting with a sinusoidally perturbed, oblique interface. The observed instability growth was dominated by Richtmyer-Meshkov at early times but became Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH)-like at late times. Previously, this instability growth was described using an analytic model for the deposition of baroclinic vorticity on the interface by a shock combined with a discrete vortex model. Here, we utilize the same baroclinic vorticity deposition model in conjunction with a desingularized, periodic Birkhoff-Rott equation to model instability evolution. The Birkhoff-Rott equation takes into account the vorticity distribution along the interface, whereas the discrete vortex model assumed that all vorticity over each wavelength of the perturbation is confined to a point. We compare the new model to xRAGE simulations and experiments. The model is found to overpredict both the instability growth and shear across the interface by about a factor of two, but correctly predicts that the growth is RM-like at early times and KH-like at late times.A shock incident on an interface will cause any initial perturbations on that interface to grow. When the shock front is parallel to the interface, the perturbations grow due to the Richtmyer-Meshkov (RM) process. When there is some tilt between the shock front and the interface, shear flow will result across the postshock interface. Recent experiments on the OMEGA EP laser have studied the hydrodynamic instability growth which results from a supported shock interacting with a sinusoidally perturbed, oblique interface. The observed instability growth was dominated by Richtmyer-Meshkov at early times but became Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH)-like at late times. Previously, this instability growth was described using an analytic model for the deposition of baroclinic vorticity on the interface by a shock combined with a discrete vortex model. Here, we utilize the same baroclinic vorticity deposition model in conjunction with a desingularized, periodic Birkhoff-Rott equation to model instability evolution. The Birkho...
Radiographic Healing and Functional Outcomes of Untreated Ulnar Styloid Fractures Following Volar Plate Fixation of Distal Radius Fractures: A Prospective Analysis:

Background: Ulnar styloid fractures (USFs) are common concomitant injuries associated with distal radius fractures (DRFs). Recent studies have found conflicting evidence on whether these fractures treated or untreated effect pain and functional outcomes. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate pain and function outcomes of consecutively untreated USFs in surgically repaired DRFs. The study hypothesis was that there would be no difference in outcomes whether an USF is present or not, with all cases left untreated. Methods: A prospective study at a single institution of consecutive DRF treated surgically with volar locked plating was undertaken. No patients underwent fixation of an USF if present. There were no treated USF that were excluded. Patients with associated ulnar neck and shaft fractures were excluded. Functional outcome measures were analyzed using the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score (QDASH) and the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) scores. Outcome measures were collected at 3 months and 1 year postoperatively. Results: There was an incidence of 52.2% (n = 70/134) USF associated with surgically treated DRF. By location, there were 52.9% (n = 37/70) ulnar styloid tip fractures and 46.1% (33/70) ulnar styloid base. There were 75.7% of USF (53/70) still not healed by 1-year follow-up. When comparing patients with a DRF without an USF versus DRF with an associated USF at 12 months, there was no statistical difference in the QDASH score (6.7 vs 8.4, P = .47) or the PRWE total score (4.8 vs 7.5, P = .24). Similarly, subgroup analysis showed no statistical difference in QDASH or PRWE scores at final follow-up in united USF versus nonunited USF subjects (QDASH 14.2 vs 6.8, P = .112; PRWE 14.8 vs 5.4, P = .185). Conclusions: USFs are a common concomitant injury occurring in nearly half of DRFs treated surgically. Our prospective cohort analysis showed that neither the presence, type, nor bony union status of a concomitant USF has any significant effect on patient outcomes or reoperations at 1-year postoperatively. Our study confirms our hypothesis that USF of the tip and base should be left untreated.
Ultra-high spatial resolution selected area electron channeling patterns

Abstract An approach for producing ultrahigh spatial resolution selected area electron channeling patterns (UHR-SACPs) using the FEI/Thermo Elstar electron column is presented. The approach uses free lens control to directly assign lens and deflector values to rock the beam about precise points on the sample surface and generate the UHR-SACPs. Modification of the lens parameters is done using a service application that is preinstalled on the microscope or using the iFast scripting interface to run a short program to assign lens and deflector currents. Using the approach outlined here, the UHR-SACPs are collected at normal instrument scanning rates and pixel densities, resulting in rapid collection times and sharp patterns with simple push button changes in instrument mode. UHR-SACPs with spatial resolutions of 300 nm with angular ranges of 20° are demonstrated, as are patterns approaching 125 nm spatial resolution with angular ranges of 4°. Such spatial resolution/angular range combinations are significantly better than any reported previously. This approach for rapidly collecting high accuracy crystallographic information greatly enhances the ability to carry out electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) for a broad range of materials applications.
The Lasses Behind the Lairds: An Analysis of Issues Facing Female Scottish Kiltmakers

Specifically, the kiltmaking sector accounts for over $400 million of the larger Scottish apparel industry ("License to Kilt," 2009). Laird (2016) notes that the kiltmaking profession was largely populated by men pre-World War II, as kilts were produced mainly fo military and ceremonial occasions. However, with the advent of the Second World War, the profession was re-staffed with women as with many other industries across the globe (Stansbery-Buckland, 2000). To this day, the Scottish kiltmaking profession is mainly staffed by female kiltmakers (Loranger, 2016). Despite this, scant research has been initiated into female Scots who claim their occupation as kiltmakers. Therefore the purpose of this research was to extend the current body of knowledge by exploring the experiences of female craftspeople employed in the Scottish kiltmaking industry. Researchers interviewed a sample of seventeen (n=17) kiltmakers in the greater Edinburgh and Highlands areas of Scotland. Analysis of probe question data led to the emergent theme of women's work, with sub-themes of income inequality and work/life balance. Overall, the present research provides a better understanding of economic and family experiences of female Scottish kiltmakers, who are valuable to the kiltmaking industry, constituting a major portion of the kiltmaking workforce.
Surgical Management of Skull Base Osteoradionecrosis in the Cancer Population - Treatment Outcomes and Predictors of Recurrence: A Case Series

Background Skull base osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a challenging treatment-related complication sometimes seen in patients with cancer. Although ORN management strategies for other anatomic sites have been reported, there is a paucity of data guiding the management of skull base ORN. Objective To report a single-center tertiary care series of skull base ORN and to better understand the factors affecting ORN recurrence after surgical management. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with skull base ORN treated at our center between 2003 and 2017. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regressions were performed to identify predictors of recurrence. Results A total of 31 patients were included in this study. The median age at ORN diagnosis was 61.1 yr (range, 32.8-84.9 yr). Of these 31 patients, 15 (48.4%) patients were initially treated medically. All 31 patients underwent surgery. Three (14.3%) of 21 patients treated with a free flap and 4 (50.0%) of 8 patients who underwent primary closure experienced recurrence. Cox regression analysis revealed that reconstruction with local tissue closure (P = .044) and ongoing treatment for active primary cancer (P = .022) were significant predictors of recurrence. The median overall survival from index surgery for ORN treatment was 83.9 mo. At 12-mo follow-up, 78.5% of patients were alive. Conclusion In this study, we assess the outcomes of our treatment approach, surgical debridement with vascularized reconstruction, on recurrence-free survival in patients with skull base ORN. Further studies with larger cohorts are needed to assess current treatment paradigms.
Quasi-tree expansion for the Bollobás–Riordan–Tutte polynomial

Bollobas and Riordan introduced a three-variable polynomial extending the Tutte polynomial to oriented ribbon graphs, which are multi-graphs embedded in oriented surfaces, such that complementary regions (faces) are disks. A quasi-tree of a ribbon graph is a spanning subgraph with one face, which is described by an ordered chord diagram. By generalizing Tutte's concept of activity to quasi-trees, we prove a quasi-tree expansion of the Bollobas–Riordan–Tutte polynomial.
P.180 Avanti: An Iconic Airplane and the Achievement of an Historical Milestone

During the service life of an airplane, the achievement of 1 million flown hours is considered a major milestone that has to be celebrated. In this article, this milestone will be celebrated for an iconic airplane that is unique in its revolutionary configuration the three-lifting-surface concept, combined with the pushing propeller configuration. It will be shown how the three-lifting-surface concept works, how this feature has an impact on aircraft drag reduction and how this positively affects speed performance and fuel consumption. Detail of the airframe design and manufacturing assembly will also be provided as these are a critical issue to maintain tight tolerances to guarantee the accomplishment of target aerodynamic design requirements.
Resection of pancreatic cystic neoplasms in recurrent acute pancreatitis prevents recurrent pancreatitis but does not identify more malignancies.

BACKGROUND Recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP) may be a presenting feature of and an indication for resection of pancreatic cysts, including intra-ductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). Few data are available regarding the prevalence of malignancy and post-operative RAP in this population. AIM To study the role of resection to help prevent RAP and analyze if presentation as RAP would be a predictor for malignancy. METHODS This retrospective study assessed 172 patients who underwent surgical resection of pancreatic cystic neoplasms at a university hospital between 2002 and 2016. The prevalence of preoperative high-risk cyst features, and of neoplasia was compared between patients with and without RAP. To identify the cause of pancreatitis, all the patients had a detailed history of alcohol, smoking, medications obtained, and had cross-sectional imaging (contrast-enhanced computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging) and endoscopic ultrasound to look for gallstone etiology and other structural causes for pancreatitis. The incidence of RAP post-resection was the primary outcome. RESULTS IPMN accounted for 101 cases (58.7%) {[branch duct (BD) 59 (34.3%), main duct (MD) 42] (24.4%)}. Twenty-nine (16.9%) presented with RAP (mean 2.2 episodes): 15 had BD-IPMN, 8 MD-IPMN, 5 mucinous cystic neoplasm and 1 serous cystic neoplasm. Malignancy was similar among those with vs without RAP for all patients [6/29 (20.7%) vs 24/143 (16.8%)] and IPMN patients [6/23 (26.1%) vs 23/78 (29.5%)], although tended to be higher with RAP in BD-IPMN, [5/15 (33.3%) vs 3/44 (6.8%), P = 0.04]. At mean follow-up of 7.2 years, 1 (3.4%) RAP patient had post-resection RAP. The mean episodes of acute pancreatitis before vs after surgery were 3.4 vs 0.02 (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Malignancy was not increased in patients with pancreatic cystic neoplasms who have RAP compared to those without RAP. In addition, specific cyst charac-teristics were not clearly associated with RAP. The incidence of RAP was markedly decreased in almost all patients following cyst resection.
Section 265 Disallowance and the PPP Expense Nightmare

Through the CARES Act, Congress established a generous Paycheck Protection Program. Under that program, recipients would get loans which could easily qualify for tax-free forgiveness. As an added bonus, taxpayers would enjoy tax deductions when they spent the amounts they borrowed. Or so it seemed. After the CARES Act passed, the IRS promptly issued a notice denying deductions for PPP expenses. Secretary Treasury Steven Mnuchin personally reviewed the matter and announced that the IRS’s position followed from “Tax 101.” Congress eventually stepped in and offered a narrow statutory clarification: PPP expenses would be deductible. Unfortunately, Congress did not go far enough. The IRS, with the blessing of some courts, has long used an aggressive interpretation of Section 265(a) to deny deductions allegedly allocable to tax-exempt income. This Article explains the conceptual problems with the IRS’s approach and argues that it should be abandoned. The Article also explains why Congress should remedy the IRS's error and explores alternative anti-abuse rules.
Spinalanästhesie

Als Spinalanasthesie bezeichnet man die Injektion einer Substanz in den Liquor cerebrospinalis mit dem Zweck, eine sensorische und ggf. motorische Blockade zu erzielen. Es handelt sich um eines der altesten Anasthesieverfahren uberhaupt. Die Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts in die klinische Praxis eingefuhrte, auf den ersten Blick wenig anspruchsvolle Methode wurde mit Aufkommen der „moderneren“ Allgemeinanasthesie zuruckgedrangt. In jungerer Zeit fuhren Erkenntnisse uber die Vorteile der Regionalanasthesie bei bestimmten Patientenkollektiven zu einer Renaissance dieser Technik. Allerdings erfordert auch dieses „simple“ Verfahren fundierte physiologische und pathophysiologische Kenntnisse, um beispielsweise bei Patienten unter gerinnungsmodulierender Medikation eine Nutzen-Risiko-Abschatzung vornehmen oder die Methode auch bei Risikogruppen wie Schwangeren oder ehemaligen Fruhgeborenen sicher anwenden zu konnen.
The Host Galaxies of Optically Bright Quasi-stellar Objects: Molecular Gas in z<=0.1 Palomar-Green Quasi-stellar Objects

We present results of a CO (1-0) line survey in a complete sample of 12 low-redshift (z ≤ 0.1), optically bright Palomar-Green quasi-stellar objects (PG QSOs with MB ≤ -23 mag). Six new CO detections are reported here at levels exceeding ICO 2 Jy km s-1. Combined with three previously reported detections, we find that nine of the 12 QSOs have abundant, dense interstellar medium (ISM) characteristic of late-type galaxies. In all nine of the detected QSOs, the derived molecular gas masses are M ≥ 1.0 × 109 M☉, with the most massive being 1010 M☉ (PG 0050+124; I Zw 1). In the three sources not yet detected in CO, the upper limits on the gas masses are ~109 M☉, and thus we cannot rule out abundant ISMs even in these objects. Since our sample was chosen entirely on the basis of low redshift and optical luminosity (and not selected for strong infrared emission), we conclude that the majority of luminous, low-redshift QSOs have gas-rich host galaxies and therefore cannot be normal elliptical galaxies.
Summarizing and Analyzing the Privacy-Preserving Techniques in Bitcoin and other Cryptocurrencies.

Bitcoin and many other similar Cryptocurrencies have been in existence for over a decade, prominently focusing on decentralized, pseudo-anonymous ledger-based transactions. Many protocol improvements and changes have resulted in new variants of Cryptocurrencies that are known for their peculiar characteristics. For instance, Storjcoin is a Proof-of-Storage-based Cryptocurrency that incentivizes its peers based on the amount of storage owned by them. Cryptocurrencies like Monero strive for user privacy by using privacy-centric cryptographic algorithms. While Cryptocurrencies strive to maintain peer transparency by making the transactions and the entire ledger public, user privacy is compromised at times. Monero and many other privacy-centric Cryptocurrencies have significantly improved from the original Bitcoin protocol after several problems were found in the protocol. Most of these deficiencies were related to the privacy of users. Even though Bitcoin claims to have pseudo-anonymous user identities, many attacks have managed to successfully de-anonymize users. In this paper, we present some well-known attacks and analysis techniques that have compromised the privacy of Bitcoin and many other similar Cryptocurrencies. We also analyze and study different privacy-preserving algorithms and the problems these algorithms manage to solve. Lastly, we touch upon the ethics, impact, legality, and acceptance of imposing these privacy algorithms.
Studies in Densification Dynamics

Whereas conventional kinetics studies determine how rapid a densification rate can be under given conditions, in densification dynamics one is concerned with learning how fast it should be in each successive stage of densification, and thereafter, with controlling the density-time profile to yield an optimum densification cycle. For a given grade of starting material, densification rates attained in the intermediate ranges of densities (∼0.75–0.90 pth) are closely linked with gas entrapment and retention in the final stages: the faster the rate in this critical region, the greater the likelihood of gas retention and its attendent problems. By avoiding excessive densification rates, gas evolution along branching, connecting pores is favored, premature pore closure is minimized and grain growth is inhibited. It is postulated that for each stage of densification a critical rate exists which cannot be exceeded without jeopardy to continued densification in some subsequent stage. The existence of such a critical rate (∼1.7 × 10−3 min−1 at D≈0.94) has been demonstrated in spinel. Determinations of critical densification rates over ranges of fractional densities in alumina are now in progress; initial findings are cited as examples in discussing rate controlled sintering apparatus, research techniques, and their applications to development of rate controlled sintering regimes which have been optimized in terms of densification dynamics.
Challenges in Design and Implementation of Middlewaresfor Real-Time Systems: Guest Editor's Introduction

It is with great pleasure that we introduce the special issue on real-time middleware. Middleware plays an increasingly important role in current and future computing systems for mission critical applications. As the field of real-time systems matures, established software architectures and frameworks begin to replace ad-hoc approaches for programming such systems. On the other hand, users start expressing the wish for standardization of development environments. The advent of middleware has provided an ideal vehicle to meet these challenges in realizing real-time systems.
Levallois: Potential Implications for Learning and Cultural Transmission Capacities

Levallois reduction was geographically widespread during the Middle Palaeolithic, being practiced by both Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) and early Modern Humans (Homo sapiens). Here, we review and synthesize a range of recent work that we have undertaken on the issue of Levallois, with the aim of further considering its implications in terms of social learning during the Palaeolithic. Specifically, our recent experimental work has provided evidence that Levallois reduction supplied flakes that have predictable benefits from a functional perspective, and also supported an hypothesis that it has benefits relating to raw material economy. Geometric morphometric analyses of archaeological cores have, meanwhile, demonstrated that examples conforming to “classic” (lineal) Levallois form have certain geometric properties that display limited variation, even across wide geographic regions. Hence, replicating this morphology consistently may have demanded specific requirements on the part of individual knapp...
Immunochemical properties of human low density lipoproteins as explored by monoclonal antibodies. Binding characteristics distinct from those of conventional serum antibodies.

Abstract Spleen cells obtained from mice immunized with human plasma low-density lipoproteins (LDL) were fused with mouse myeloma cells. The resulting hybridoma cells secreting immunoglobulin specific for LDL were screened and scored by radioimmunoassay and cloned by multiple limiting dilutions. Immunochemical properties of the monoclonal antibodies were compared with convential mouse serum antibodies. It was found that conventional antibodies precipitated LDL and bound more than 95% of 125 I-labeled LDL and the maximal binding was independent of temperature. The monoclonal antibodies were incapable of precipitating LDL and bound a maximum of only 20% of the total 125 I-labeled LDL. The maximal binding between monoclonal antibodies and LDL was extremely temperature-dependent. An optimal degree of binding was observed at 4°C, whereas binding at 37°C was only 30% of that achieved at 4°C. Although the binding at 37°C was low, the maximal binding could be re-established following a subsequent incubation at 4°C, suggesting that the antigenic structure of LDL is reversibly modulated at temperatures between 4 and 37°C. Since the orientation of apolipoprotein B in LDL is known to be dynamic at different temperatures, this result suggests that monoclonal antibodies, but not conventional antibodies, are capable of detecting subtle conformational changes in LDL. In addition, we have determined the binding affinity of LDL to monoclonal antibodies and to conventional antibodies. Only monoclonal antibodies showed a linear Scatchard plot, suggesting that the binding was to a single site with a single affinity. The monoclonal antibodies also possessed high specificity and failed to react with porcine LDL, while serum antibodies could recognize both human and porcine LDL.
Coupled Magnetic-Electric-Mechanical Model for Alternative Configurations Comparison of Electric Power Plant from Sea Waves

The paper compares alternative generating units for electric power plant development from sea waves. Both cases of permanent magnet linear generator and DC generator configurations have been examined. Appropriate coupled magnetic-electric-mechanical models for the analysis of the machine combined with the converter and the hydraulic system have been developed. The prediction of the system performance by the proposed methodology has been validated by measurements in the case of an experimental plant involving three 16 kW units
The Food Stamp Participation and Labor Supply of Married Couples

This paper examines the effect of the Food Stamp Program on intrafamily labor supply and program participation decisions. Married couples simultaneously choose the labor supply of the husband and wife and whether to participate in the Food Stamp Program. Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, the author estimates a nested multinomial logit model. Simulations indicate smaller labor supply effects to changes in the food stamp benefit than the previous research which focused on single parents. Married- couple program participation is found to be relatively responsive to changes in food stamp benefits.
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function of Decomposition

Decomposition of organic matter derived from plants is an important ecosystem process in many environments, both aquatic and terrestrial. This process underlies soil formation and the liberalisation of energy to higher trophic levels. Since consumers do not influence the renewal rate of detritus, this donor-controlled resource often serves to stabilise food web dynamics. How species loss influences decomposition rate involves different mechanisms than invoked for plant and consumer communities. In particular, loss of tree species in forests translates into loss of leaf litter species in the detrital pool. As there can exist high interspecific variation in leaf litter chemistry among tree species, how consumers (e.g. bacteria, fungi, invertebrates) respond to resource variability is often the focus of biodiversity–ecosystem function research in these ecosystems. Although competition and facilitation among microbial and invertebrate consumers might generate emergent effects of biodiversity on organic matter processing rates at the consumer level, the strong interactions between consumers and leaf litter species diversity comprise an important link as to how biodiversity in detritus-based ecosystems influences decomposition. Key Concepts: Decomposition of senesced plant material is an important ecosystem process. Loss of tree species translates in the loss of resource diversity from the detrital pool. Interspecific variation in leaf litter quality drives nonadditive effects of biodiversity on decomposition via responses by microbial and invertebrate consumers. Composition and dominance, more so than species richness per se, drive the strength of nonadditive effects. Keywords: biodiversity; decomposition; detritus; functional litter diversity; leaf litter; litter quality; nonadditive effects; species loss