cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal and fluid flow first-principles numerical design of an enhanced double pipe heat exchanger

Abstract This investigation is concerned with the thermal and fluid flow design of a double-pipe heat exchanger in which the wall of the inner pipe is helically corrugated. In this arrangement, the inner tube is geometrically unique since it is comprised of alternating ridges and grooves. By means of the continuous helical twist, the pipe wall creates a swirl flow component superimposed on an axial flow within both fluid streams. Steady numerical simulations were used as the design tool. Results were obtained for both parallel and counter flow, and for both constant- and variable-fluid property models. Two thermal-hydraulic models were employed. In one, the heat exchanger was analyzed as a single end-to-end entity. In the other, a spatially periodic model was created to obtain generally applicable thermal resistance results. Comparisons with simple smooth-walled double-pipe exchangers showed roughly a factor of three increases in heat transfer for the helically corrugated double-pipe heat exchangers. The corresponding comparison of the pressure drops revealed the corrugated double-pipe heat exchangers had anywhere from a factor of two to four larger pressure drop. These comparisons correspond to the two compared cases having the same perimeters of the participating pipes. Counter-flow operation yielded higher rates of heat transfer, but to an extent that depends on whether the fluid properties are temperature-dependent or constant. Reynolds numbers for the investigated cases ranged from 420 to 2000.
Laplace Transform Methods; Equilibrium Queue Distributions for n = 2, μ0 < μ1 ≠ μ2

The methods used in Chapter III for analysing the behavior of the queue distributions for μ0 = μ1 = μ2 do not conveniently generalize to cases with μ0 ≠ μ1 ≠ μ2; they depended heavily upon the fact that the diffusion equation could be mapped into Laplace’s equation. Some properties of the more general system with μ0 ≠ μ1 ≠ μ2, however, can be deduced from the analysis of Laplace Transforms (moment generating functions) of the probability distributions.
A new aspect of time-dependent clustering model for non-uniform dielectric TDDB

We investigated the time-dependent clustering (TDC) model for time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) of non-uniform dielectrics and revealed for the first time that the TDC model is a compound Weibull model that is expressed as a superposition of Weibull distributions. The Weibull model has two statistical parameters, scale parameter η and shape parameter β We clarified the precondition that the TDC model holds when term ηβ of the Weibull model is distributed according to an inverse-gamma distribution. By using our finding, we proposed a new method to directly estimate the variations of electric field and effective space from TDDB data. We found that the corresponding electric field distribution is a generalization of extreme value distribution, which is a natural consequence since the lifetime is determined by the maximum value of the electric field.
Visualization approaches to support healthy aging: A systematic review.

Background: Health technologies have the potential to support the growing number of older adults who are aging in place. Many tools include visualizations (data visualizations, visualizations of physical representations). However, the role of visualizations in supporting aging in place remains largely unexplored. Objective: To synthesize and identify gaps in the literature evaluating visualizations (data visualizations and visualizations of physical representations), for informatics tools to support healthy aging. Methods: We conducted a search in CINAHL, Embase, Engineering Village, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science using a priori defined terms for publications in English describing community-based studies evaluating visualizations used by adults aged ≥65 years. Results: Six out of the identified 251 publications were eligible. Most studies were user studies and varied methodological quality. Three visualizations of virtual representations supported performing at-home exercises. Participants found visual representations either (a) helpful, motivational, and supported their understanding of their health behaviors or (b) not an improvement over alternatives. Three data visualizations supported understanding of one’s health. Participants were able to interpret data visualizations that used precise data and encodings that were more concrete better than those that did not provide precision or were abstract. Participants found data visualizations helpful in understanding their overall health and granular data. Conclusions: Studies we identified used visualizations to promote engagement in exercises or understandings of one’s health. Future research could overcome methodological limitations of studies we identified to develop visualizations that older adults could use with ease and accuracy to support their health behaviors and decision-making.
New scheme to control x-ray deformable mirrors

Over the past decade, the concept of x-ray Deformable Mirror (DM) has matured from early experimental stages to a standard tool now available at many synchrotron/free-electron laser facilities. Indeed, x-ray active optics has become an integral part of all present and future large x-ray and EUV projects and will be essential in exploiting the full potential of the new sources currently under construction. These DMs mainly are employed to correct wavefront errors or provide variable x-ray beam sizes. Due to the coupling between the N actuators of a DM, it is usually necessary to perform a calibration or training step to be able to control the DM to the right target. To determine the optimum actuators settings in order to minimize slope/height errors, an initial measurement need to be collected, with all actuators set to 0 and then either N or 2 N measurements are necessary. In this work, we present a fast and accurate method to drive an x-ray active bimorph mirror to a target shape with only 3 or 4 measurements. Instead of sequentially measuring and calculating the influence functions of all actuators and then predicting the needed voltages for any desired shape, we make use of the metrology data to directly guide the mirror from current status towards the particular target slope/shape via iterative compensations. The feedback for the iteration process is the discrepancy in curvature determined by height/slope measurement data. Experiments demonstrate the feasibility of this simple approach.
Review: Newer and older drugs do not differ for lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Source Citation Brasure M, MacDonald R, Dahm P, et al. Newer medications for lower urinary tract symptoms attributed to benign prostatic hyperplasia: a review. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. ...
Micromachining of inertial confinement fusion targets

Abstract Many experiments conducted on today's largest inertial confinement fusion drive lasers require target components with sub-millimeter dimensions, precisions of a micron or less and surface finishes measured in nanometers. For metal and plastic, techniques using direct machining with diamond tools have been developed that yield the desired parts. New techniques that will be discussed include the quick-flip locator, a magnetically held kinematic mount that has allowed the direct machining of millimeter-sized beryllium hemishells whose inside and outside surface are concentric to within 0.25 μm, and an electronic version of a tracer lathe which has produced precise azimuthal variations of less than a micron.
Virtual Classrooms: How Online College Courses Affect Student Success

Online college courses are a rapidly expanding feature of higher education, yet little research identifies their effects relative to traditional in-person classes. Using an instrumental variables approach, we find that taking a course online, instead of in-person, reduces student success and progress in college. Grades are lower both for the course taken online and in future courses. Students are less likely to remain enrolled at the university. These estimates are local average treatment effects for students with access to both online and in-person options; for other students, online classes may be the only option for accessing college-level courses.
Crescimento do capim Xaraés estabelecido em duas classes de solos e submetido a doses crescentes de nitrogênio no norte tocantinense

As especies do genero Brachiaria desempenham papel primordial na producao de carne e leite, por viabilizar a pecuaria em solos acidos e de baixa fertilidade. O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de identificar os efeitos da adubacao nitrogenada na Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraes, em duas classes de solos: Argissolo Vermelho Eutroferico e Neossolo Quartzarenico Ortico. Os tratamentos consistiram em doses de N (0-20-40-60-100 kg de N. ha-1). Os parâmetros avaliados foram numeros de perfilhos, altura, massa de perfilho e materia seca, com o experimento sendo distribuido sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos, constituidos de doses de N (0-20-40-60- 100 kg de N.ha-1) com quatro repeticoes. O desenvolvimento no Argissolo em funcao dos niveis de N teve influencia da producao final por efeito R2=0,71 aos 42 dias apos o corte de homogeneizacao seguindo tendencia quadratica, por producao maxima de 13 223,50 kg MS.ha-1. O efeito da adubacao nitrogenada no Neossolo seguiu tendencia linear em funcao do N, produzindo 23,87 kg de MS por kg de N aplicado, mas com producao bem abaixo da media da especie, por relacao com as doses baixas de N usadas. O perfilhamento da especie forrageira em ambos os solos, em face da adubacao nitrogenada, e determinante para a producao alcancada.
A Framework for Aligning Campus Data with Accreditation Requirements

As an e-learning leader you are responsible for gathering and presenting data that demonstrate your online activities meet or exceed accreditation standards. However, understanding what evidence is needed and locating information that satisfies accreditation requirements can be challenging. This chapter provides assistance by offering a framework to guide and align your data gathering efforts with key accreditor concerns. Within the data framework eight core categories are identified (context, policies, infrastructure, resources, support, curriculum, faculty, and students), each broken into subcomponents. Information that is of highest interest to accreditors or that receives more intense reviewer scrutiny is presented within each subcomponent section, providing you with the information needed to focus and prioritize your data gathering efforts. This information is then used within the data framework to illustrate specific questions that can be asked and identify potential data sources you may consider within each core area. Thus, after reading this chapter you should be more familiar with key accreditation concerns, which will improve your ability to align your campus data gathering efforts with accreditor expectations and requirements.
Carbon Sequestration through CO 2 Foam-Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Green Chemistry Perspective

Abstract Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) via carbon dioxide (CO2) flooding has received a considerable amount of attention as an economically feasible method for carbon sequestration, with many recent studies focusing on developing enhanced CO2 foaming additives. However, the potential long-term environmental effects of these additives in the event of leakage are poorly understood and, given the amount of additives injected in a typical CO2 EOR operation, could be far-reaching. This paper presents a summary of recent developments in surfactant and surfactant/nanoparticle-based CO2 foaming systems, with an emphasis on the possible environmental impacts of CO2 foam leakage. Most of the surfactants studied are unlikely to degrade under reservoir conditions, and their release can cause major negative impacts on wildlife. With recent advances in the use of additives (e.g., nonionic surfactants, nanoparticles, and other chemicals) the use of harsh anionic surfactants may no longer be warranted. This paper discusses recent advances in producing foaming systems, and highlights possible strategies to develop environmentally friendly CO2 EOR methods.
Sociology of Kleinian Groups

Let G be a Lie group and Г a finitely generated group. A representation ρ : Г → G is said to be discrete if its image is a discrete subgroup of G. A representation is said to be faithful if it is a monomorphism. Definition 8.1. Suppose that ρj is a sequence of representations of Г to G. Then the sequence ρj is said to be algebraically convergent to a representation ρ iff for each g ϵ Г, we have $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \rho j(g) = \rho (g),$$ Where convergence is understood in the topology of the Lie group G. The topology of algebraic convergence is consistent with the usual topology of the representation variety R 0 (Г, G). This is the most intutively obvious concept of convergence of representations. As we shall see, there are some other definitions of convergence that differ from this one.
Too big to fail: An essay about Svein Jentoft’s engagement in small-scale fisheries research and development of the interactive governance theory

The Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries (SSF Guidelines) adopted in 2014 marked a special moment for small-scale fisheries worldwide. It is the first global instrument that is designed “by” and “for” small-scale fisheries. The emphasis on food security and poverty alleviation may be interpreted to mean that the SSF Guidelines aim only at developing countries. However, as argued by Prof. Svein Jentoft, who has been instrumental in the drafting of the Guidelines’ text as well as in the official adoption process, the SSF Guidelines are relevant for small-scale fisheries in the north in the same way that small-scale fisheries are important to many developed countries. A fundamental question is how to make use of the SSF Guidelines in enabling the sustainability of small-scale fisheries. This essay presents some of the arguments made by Prof. Jentoft’s work on small-scale fisheries and fisheries governance, that the implementation of the SSF Guidelines requires changes in all governing orders. Specifically, multiple case studies research is necessary at the first order to illuminate the diversity and complexity of small-scale fisheries and the multifaceted issues and challenges they face. This is imperative for the new design and re-arrangement of institutions in the second-order to allow for flexibility and adaptation to deal with the dynamics in small-scale fisheries and the changing environment. Finally, at the meta-order, new images for small-scale fisheries governance are required. The essay concludes with some discussion about moving forward, reflecting on the influence of Prof. Jentoft’s work in shaping research and governance for small-scale fisheries sustainability.
Genetic silencing of striatal CaV1.3 prevents and ameliorates levodopa dyskinesia.

Background Levodopa-induced dyskinesias are an often debilitating side effect of levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease. Although up to 90% of individuals with PD develop this side effect, uniformly effective and well-tolerated antidyskinetic treatment remains a significant unmet need. The pathognomonic loss of striatal dopamine in PD results in dysregulation and disinhibition of striatal CaV1.3 calcium channels, leading to synaptopathology that appears to be involved in levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Although there are clinically available drugs that can inhibit CaV1.3 channels, they are not adequately potent and have only partial and transient impact on levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Methods To provide unequivocal target validation, free of pharmacological limitations, we developed a CaV1.3 shRNA to provide high-potency, target-selective, mRNA-level silencing of striatal CaV1.3 channels and examined its ability to impact levodopa-induced dyskinesias in severely parkinsonian rats. Results We demonstrate that vector-mediated silencing of striatal CaV1.3 expression in severely parkinsonian rats prior to the introduction of levodopa can uniformly and completely prevent induction of levodopa-induced dyskinesias, and this antidyskinetic benefit persists long term and with high-dose levodopa. In addition, this approach is capable of ameliorating preexisting severe levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Importantly, motoric responses to low-dose levodopa remained intact in the presence of striatal CaV1.3 silencing, indicating preservation of levodopa benefit without dyskinesia liability. Discussion The current data provide some of the most profound antidyskinetic benefit reported to date and suggest that genetic silencing of striatal CaV1.3 channels has the potential to transform treatment of individuals with PD by allowing maintenance of motor benefit of levodopa in the absence of the debilitating levodopa-induced dyskinesia side effect. © 2019 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
The “found-art vacuole”—people learn in different ways

ABSTRACTBased on my reading, and on my own experience, I have come to realize that people learn in different ways, and this can include the use of different media. This is one reason I have worked ...
Instructional Practices to Boost Tier 1 Content Area Instruction for Students with Disabilities: A Closer Look at PACT

For students with learning disabilities, providing text-based instruction in general education content area classes can provide students with additional reading support while simultaneously boosting their content knowledge. This article will outline a set of instructional practices delivered in social studies classes that has been shown to improve performance of eighth grade students with disabilities on measures of content knowledge, vocabulary, and content reading comprehension. Each instructional practice will be described in detail with a timeline of step-by-step procedures and accompanying language that demonstrates how the intervention may unfold in the classroom setting. Subscribe to LDMJ
Classifying boundary conditions in JT gravity: from energy-branes to α-branes

We classify the possible boundary conditions in JT gravity and discuss their exact quantization. Each boundary condition that we study will reveal new features in JT gravity related to its matrix integral interpretation, its factorization properties and ensemble averaging interpretation, the definition of the theory at finite cutoff, its relation to the physics of near-extremal black holes and, finally, its role as a two-dimensional model of cosmology.
A Cultural Theory of International Relations

1. Introduction 2. Fear, interest and honor 3. The spirit and its expression 4. The ancient world 5. Medieval Europe 6. From Sun King to Revolution 7. Imperialism and World War I 8. World War II 9. Hitler to Bush and beyond 10. General findings and conclusions.
Reflexes Evoked from Tracheobronchial Tree and Lungs

The sections in this article are: 1 Afferent Endings in Tracheobronchial Tree and Lungs 1.1 Slowly Adapting Pulmonary Stretch Receptors 1.2 Rapidly Adapting Stretch (Irritant) Receptors 1.3 Pulmonary and Bronchial C-Fibers 2 Reflexes 2.1 Reflexes Evoked by Volume Changes 2.2 Reflexes Evoked by Chemicals
THE OCCUPATIONAL ASPIRATIONS OF MINORITY COLLEGE STUDENTS

MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. Academic Aspiration; Access to Education; Administrators; Annotated Bibliographies; *Black Students; Business; *Business Administration Education; Career Planning; *College Students; Comparative Analysis; Employment Opportunities; Enrollment Trends; Females; *Graduate Study; Higher Education; Males; *Minority Groups; *Occupational Aspiration; Professional Education; Student Attitufts; White Students
Student Participation in a Discussion-Oriented Online Course: A Case Study

AbstractOnline course offerings are expanding. Although many are independent study courses with some contact with instructors and other students, discussion-oriented courses are also delivered on the Web. This study examined the nature of student participation in one such course. Access to course materials varied widely from student to student but reflected an overall commitment to learning. Student posts to the threaded discussion were very focused on the course content. Participation in the course changed while students served as course moderators, suggesting the positive effect such a role may have on learning and community building. A strong sense of community was established as students engaged in dialogue with each other and with the instructor.
Legal Ethics and Human Dignity: The adversary system excuse

It is not the lawyer's responsibility to believe or not to believe – the lawyer is a technician … Law is an adversarial profession. The other side is out to get your client. Your job is to protect your client and the nonsense they hand out in these ethics courses today – if the young people listen to this kind of nonsense, there isn't going to be such a thing as an intelligent defense in a civil or criminal case. A conscience … put out to lease is not conscience but the evasion of it, except for that specious semblance of conscience which may be discerned in one's blind obedience to the authority that happens to be in command. Introduction Holding forth at table in 1831, Samuel Taylor Coleridge turned to the behavior of lawyers. “There is undoubtedly a limit to the exertions of an advocate for his client,” he said, for “the advocate has no right, nor is it his duty, to do that for his client which his client in foro conscientiae has no right to do for himself.” Thirteen years later, William Whewell elaborated the same point: Every man is, in an unofficial sense, by being a moral agent, a Judge of right and wrong, and an Advocate of what is right … This general character of a moral agent, he cannot put off, by putting on any professional character … If he mixes up his character as an Advocate, with his character as a Moral Agent … he acts immorally. He makes the Moral Rule subordinate to the Professional Rule. He sells to his Client, not only his skill and learning, but himself. He makes it the Supreme Object of his life to be, not a good man, but a successful Lawyer.
5 Political Attacks on the Judiciary: Can Justice Be Done Amid Efforts to Intimidate and Remove Judges From Office for Unpopular Decisions?

The increasing political attacks on the judiciary by both major political parties and by candidates for judicial office are diminishing the independence of the judiciary and, equally important, the public's confidence in it. Thus, the distinction between fair criticism of judges and intimidation of them is an important one.There is no question that fair criticism plays a critical role in improving the quality of the courts. Every appeal, every petition for rehearing, every dissent is a criticism of a judicial decision. Decisions like Dred Scott v. Sandford, Plessy v. Ferguson, and McCleskey v. Kemp should be criticized. Citizens should ask if these decisions were correct. What does the Constitution require? Should it be amended? If the case involved a matter of statutory interpretation, should Congress respond with legislation?It is equally clear that everyone in the United States has a First Amendment right to be a demagogue and to make irresponsible criticism. But irresponsible criticism which brings about the removal of judges from office or influences their decisions is incompatible with judicial independence and the rule of law. Courts have a duty to protect the rights of minorities - political, racial, ethnic - no matter how unpopular their rulings may be. Legislators or executives may base their decisions on focus groups or public opinion polls, but judges may not. Judges are expected to enforce the law, whether it be the First Amendment freedom of the radical right or the radical left to publish political views which may seem distasteful to some, the right of The New York Times to publish the Pentagon Papers or the right of a suspected child molester to a fair and impartial trial. As Edmund Burke put it, the judiciary is to serve as "safe asylum" during times of crisis. In the United States, courts are to uphold the Bill of Rights regardless of whether the decision is popular at the time.Courts are not independent when state judges are voted off the bench because of unpopular decisions by their courts and federal judges reverse decisions or resign from the bench after a barrage of criticism. We must find ways to protect the rule of law from the potential harms of irresponsible criticism of judges and judicial decisions.The first issue I will address is what constitutes fair criticism and what constitutes irresponsible demagoguery that threatens the independence of the judiciary. Second, I will examine the damage to the integrity, effectiveness, and credibility of the courts caused by irresponsible attacks. Third, I will propose ways in which political leaders, the Bar, and others who care about the integrity of the judiciary should respond to irresponsible behavior, such as President Clinton's and former Senator Dole's attacks on Judge Baer, 24 and measures that could be adopted to ensure that decisions are based on the law and not political pressures.
Rapid screening of anti-infective drug products for counterfeits using Raman spectral library-based correlation methods

A new spectral library-based approach that is capable of screening a diverse set of finished drug products using only an active pharmaceutical ingredient spectral library is described in this paper. This approach obviates the need for a comprehensive drug product library, thereby streamlining the use of spectral library-based tests for anti-counterfeiting efforts, specifically to target finished drug products containing the wrong active ingredient or no active ingredient at all. Both laboratory-based and portable spectrometers are used in the study to demonstrate the usefulness and transferability of the spectral correlation method for field screening. The spectral correlation between the active pharmaceutical ingredient and finished drug product spectra is calculated using both full spectral analysis and targeted spectral regions analysis of six types of antimalarial, antibiotic and antiviral products. The spectral regions were determined using a moving window spectral correlation algorithm, and the use of specific spectral regions is shown to be crucial in screening finished drug products using only the active pharmaceutical ingredient spectrum. This comprehensive screening spectral correlation method is tested on seven different validation samples from different manufacturers as those used to develop the method, as well as simulated counterfeits which were prepared to mimic falsified drugs containing no active ingredient. The spectral correlation method is successful in correctly identifying 100% of the authentic products and simulated counterfeit samples tested.
Using MATLAB in a graduate electrical engineering optimal control course

Control system design packages like MATLAB, MATRIX/sub x/, Control C, SIMNON, etc. have become essential ingredients of both undergraduate and graduate courses in the systems and controls area. This work describes our experience, at the Great Valley Campus of the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Arkansas, with the use of one of these packages, namely MATLAB with its Control Systems, Robust Control and LMI toolboxes in an optimal control course. In this paper we describe those standard functions of MATLAB and Control Systems Toolbox that are most appropriate for use in an optimal control course. Next, we focus on some special features of MATLAB that can be used to produce interactive simulations, using user interface controls. With the help of interactive simulations, instructors can effectively illustrate the change in system response due to parameter variations. Examples illustrating these features are included. A discussion of how MATLAB helps in reducing the amount of time spent in performing computational homework assignments and the advantages of using graphics user interface control is given. Finally, the general positive student reaction is reported.
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome treated from the early neonatal period.

An infant with the Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome was treated from 4 days of life with allopurinol. Such therapy was not successful in preventing the appearance of mental retardation, spasticity, and self-mutilation, which are the hallmarks of this disease.
Section thickness and compression

The need for information about the thickness of sections used for electron microscopy is the direct result of electron optics, and arises from the fact that the depth of field is such that the whole thickness of the section is focused in the final image. The electron image is, then, a superposition of many profiles from various levels in the section. Analysis of such images requires knowledge of the depth of the specimen in addition to the lateral dimensions displayed in the image. The effect of specimen depth can be considerable in electron microscope images, where structures with dimensions of a few tens of mμ are often studied in sections with thickness in the range of 100 mμ. Therefore, consideration of section thickness is indeed essential for proper interpretation of electron images of sections.
Influence of Wine Composition on the Heat Resistance of Potential Spoilage Organisms

Pasteurization studies were conducted on 29 yeasts and five lactic acid bacteria. In general the yeasts were more heat resistant in wine than were the bacteria. The one exception was a strain of Lactobacillus fructivorans that gave an average D-value of 1.7 min at 60 C. Alcohol was the wine constituent that had the greatest effect on resistance; D-values for all test species were inversely related to the ethanol concentration. The response of organisms to other factors such as pH, sugar, and sulfur dioxide varied with the species.
Abstract 2537: Novel 2′-deoxycytidine analogs as DNA demethylation agents

Epigenetic therapies using cytidine/deoxycytidine analogs are proving to be effective as indicated by the recent approvals of 5-azacytidine (5-azaCyd) and 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (5-azadCyd) in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and certain leukemias. Studies suggest that the inhibition of DNA cytosine-5 methylation and the re-expression of silenced tumor suppressors contribute to the beneficial effects of these drugs. However inhibition of DNA synthesis and other toxicities of these compounds represent major drawbacks in the clinic. Recently another analog previously examined in our anticancer discovery program, 4’-thio-2’-deoxycytidine (T-dCyd), had been shown to be an inhibitor of methyl transfer by the M. HhaI DNA cytosine-5 methyltransferase. In the current studies we demonstrate that T-dCyd and its 5-aza analogue 4’-thio-5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (5-aza-T-dCyd), can deplete human DNMT1 protein in NCI-H23 lung carcinoma and the myeloid leukemia lines THP-1 and KG1a. Consistent with this we also found that T-dCyd and 5-aza-T-dCyd were also effective in decreasing DNMT activities in cancer cells. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) analysis also demonstrated that both T-dCyd and 5-aza-T-dCyd induced CpG demethylation and re-expression of the tumor suppressor p15 in KG1a cells. We have also found that T-dCyd is inserted into replicating DNA at nanomolar doses as readily if not better than the natural 2’-deoxycytidine (dCyd) and exhibited very little toxicity at these doses. T-dCyd is therefore readily activated to its triphosphate T-dCTP, which is a good substrate for DNA polymerase mediated incorporation, and DNA polymerases also readily extend the chain after incorporation. Furthermore we also observed that T-dCyd and 5-aza-T-dCyd are efficacious in in vivo tumor models. Collectively our data suggest that these compounds or their analogs could be developed as novel DNA methylation inhibitors with better properties for cancer therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2537. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2537
Superficial migratory thrombophlebitis and the lupus anticoagulant

The lupus anticoagulant is an antiphospholipid antibody found in association with systemic lupus erythematosus and in a variety of other diseases, as well as in healthy individuals. In the laboratory, the antibody interferes with the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and prolongs the partial thromboplastin time. In vivo, it exerts a procoagulant effect resulting in thrombosis, mainly of the larger veins and arteries. The case of a young woman who developed superficial migratory thrombophlebitis in association with a high titer lupus anticoagulant is presented. Her diagnosis was initially missed because the partial thromboplastin time was not elevated. This appears to have resulted from the use of a specific thromboplastin relatively insensitive to the presence of the antibody. Retesting with a more sensitive reagent showed a markedly prolonged partial thromboplastin time.
The Natural Course of Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

Thirty-five patients with central retinal vein occlusion had an extensive medical and laboratory evaluation to identify possible etiologic factors. We describe the natural course of the two forms of retinal venous occlusive disease, hemorrhagic retinopathy and venous stasis retinopathy, by observing a group of 25 untreated patients from one to eight years. Systemic vascular disease was most commonly associated with retinal venous occlusive disease. The visual prognosis is favorable in venous stasis retinopathy and extremely poor in hemorrhagic retinopathy. However, two of ten patients with venous stasis retinopathy developed hemorrhagic retinopathy with poor visual outcome.
Synthesis of heterobifunctional p-carborane derivatives. 3-[12-(Mercaptomethyl)-1,12-dicarba-closo-dodecaboran(12)-1-yl]propionic acid

Abstract 3-[12-(Mercaptomethyl)-1,12-dicarba- closo -dodecaboran(12)-1-yl]propionic acid ( 1 ) was prepared in six steps involving sequential dithiocarboxylation and hydroxypropylation of p -carborane as key transformations.
Characterization of the Scattered Radiation Fraction in PET or SPECT Cameras with a Novel Phantom Design

The measurement of characterization of scattered fraction in PET cameras has been difficult. A novel phantom based on mathematical symmetry has been designed and built to measure the scattered fraction anywhere in the images of PET and SPECT cameras for a uniformly distributed circular source. This measurement can be used to characterize the scattered fraction of these cameras. Only one data collection is necessary. The phantom is circular with 20cm diameter and made up of polystyrene. A sector of 18 degrees is cut out to carry the radioactivity of interest. The scattered background fraction F(x,y) for every image point (x,y) in a circular uniform activity distribution with the same diameter can be derived from the image counts in the radioactive sector, and the summation of all the counts on a narrow circular strip passing through (x,y) in the image of this proposed phantom.
Atomic Structure of a Polar Ceramic/Metal Interface: {222}MgO/Cu

{222}MgO/Cu is one of the most extensively characterized ceramic/metal interfaces, in view of the atom-probe field-ion-microscopy, Z-contrast scanning-transmission-electron-microscopy (STEM), and spatially-resolved electron-energy-loss-spectroscopy (EELS) measurements performed by the present authors, as well as the high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) of this system by others. Atomistic simulations with local density functional theory (LDFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) have been performed to gain additional insight into the structure of this interface. This presentation describes an interface interatomic potential for {222}MgO/Cu derived from LDFT total energy calculations, and its application to structural properties, including the terminating species, the absence of dislocation standoff, and the symmetry of the interfacial dislocation network.
An Experimental Comparison of Several Current Viscoplastic Constitutive Models at Elevated Temperature

Four current viscoplastic models are compared experimentally for Inconel 718 at 593 C. This material system responds with apparent negative strain rate sensitivity, undergoes cyclic work softening, and is susceptible to low cycle fatigue. A series of tests were performed to create a data base from which to evaluate material constants. A method to evaluate the constants is developed which draws on common assumptions for this type of material, recent advances by other researchers, and iterative techniques. A complex history test, not used in calculating the constants, is then used to compare the predictive capabilities of the models. The combination of exponentially based inelastic strain rate equations and dynamic recovery is shown to model this material system with the greatest success. The method of constant calculation developed was successfully applied to the complex material response encountered. Backstress measuring tests were found to be invaluable and to warrant further development.
The correct name to be applied to the Australian freshwater crocodile, Crocodylus johnstoni (Krefft 1873)

Crocodylus johnstoni is a prevailing and stable binomial designating the Australian freshwater crocodile. A brief review traces the description circumstances and recent International Code of Zoological Nomenclature changes that resolve a long-standing argument (C. johnsoni or C. johnstoni?) by exploiting the latest edition of the Code.
Results of a misspent youth: Joan Jett's performance of female masculinity

Abstract The article maps Joan Jett's performances from her days with the Runaways in the mid-1970s through her successful solo career in the 1980s to her recent affiliations with the riot grrrls in the 1990s. Unlike some critics, who, while acknowledging Jett's influence on generations of female rock performers, dismiss Jett as an inferior copy of male rock musicians, the author argues that Jett's various performances of female masculinity challenged conventional understandings of masculinity and femininity. The article explores how Jett's interest in punk enabled her to carve a space for herself in a male-dominated genre. It is further contended that as more spaces opened for women in the early 1990s, Jett's performances took a more aggressive stance on traditionally feminist issues and enabled her to use her sexuality as an offensive weapon.
Self-regulating galaxy formation. I - H II disk and Lyman-alpha pressure

Assuming a simple but physically based prototype for behavior of interstellar material during formation of a disk galaxy, coupled with the lowest order description of infall, a scenario is developed for self-regulated disk galaxy formation. Radiation pressure, particularly that of Lyman depha (from fluorescence conversion Lyman continuum), is an essential component, maintaining an inflated disk and stopping infall when only a small fraction of the overall perturbation has joined the disk. The resulting galaxies consist of a two dimensional family whose typical scales and surface density are expressable in terms of fundamental constants. The model leads naturally to galaxies with a rich circumgalactic environment and flat rotation curves (but is weak in its analysis of the subsequent evolution of halo material).
Extraction Theory and Form of the Extraction Complex of Terbium, Erbium, Ytterbium, and Lutecium in the Synergistic System Kerosene/HTTA/TBP/Dilute HNO3

Abstract Analysis of extensive distribution data taken in the synergistic system kerosene/HTTA/TBP/dilute HNO3 indicates that the rare earths terbium, erbium, ytterbium, and lutecium are extracted into the organic phase as M(NO3)(TTA)2(TBP)2. The thermodynamic stability constants for the four metals in the two-phase system have been calculated to be 41 ± 10, 26 ± 10, 19 ± 10, and 14 ± 10%, respectively.
An Investigation of the Influence Acknowledgement Programs Have on Alumni Giving Behavior: Implications for Marketing Strategy

ABSTRACT Understanding the factors that influence alumni giving is a critical task of institutional marketers and development officers. To better understand the factors that influence alumni support, this research reports the results of a field experiment in which the effect that acknowledgement of alumni contributions has on their subsequent donation behavior is examined. Findings indicate that more elaborate acknowledgement programs that include personalized messages are most effective in increasing alumni donations. The age of alumni and their history of giving were also found to be related to giving behavior.
Developmental objections to evolutionary modularity

Evolutionary psychologists argue that selective pressures in our ancestral environment yield a highly specialized set of modular cognitive capacities. However, recent papers in developmental psychology and neuroscience claim that evolutionary accounts of modularity are incompatible with the flexibility and plasticity of the developing brain. Instead, they propose cortical and neuronal brain structures are fixed through interactions with our developmental environment. Buller and Gray Hardcastle contend that evolutionary accounts of cognitive development are unacceptably rigid in light of evidence of cortical plasticity. The developing structure of the brain is both too random and too sensitive to external stimuli to be the product of a fixed genetic mechanism. They also claim that the complexity of the human brain cannot be explained in terms of our meager genetic endowment. There simply are not enough genes to program the intricate neuronal structures that are essential to cognition. I argue that neither of these arguments are persuasive. Small numbers of genes can function to determine diverse phenotypical outcomes through evolutionarily selected developmental systems. Similarly, theories of modularity do not rule out the possibility that innate cognitive systems exploit environmental regularities to guide the developing structure of the brain. Consequently, the anti-adaptionist consequences of these positions should be rejected.
Stabilization of radiation damage in a silicon diode radiation detector

Measurements of the short circuit current generated by exposure in a Co-60 beam of a type 1N2482 silicon diode have been made following irradiation by 6, 8, 12 and 18 MeV electrons. It is shown that the loss of sensitivity increases with both energy and dose. While the magnitude of the sensitivity loss depends on the individual diode, a dose on the order of 0.5 Mrad of 8 MeV electrons does serve to stabilize the sensitivity.
Comment on Lodder's “exact” electromigration theory

Abstract A. Lodder has presented a calculation of the driving force for motion in electromigration, characterized as “exact” and “conclusive.” This is a brief critique of Lodder's work, suggesting the omission of essential physical effects.
The Effects of Management’s Preannouncement Strategies on Investors’ Judgments of the Trustworthiness of Management

This paper examines the role of management’s earnings preannouncements on judgments about its trustworthiness by nonprofessional investors. We predict that management’s preannouncement decision and the resulting direction (e.g., favorable vs. unfavorable) of the earnings surprise influence investors’ ethical judgments about management’s trustworthiness; these judgments, in turn, are associated with investors’ other investment related judgments. We test our predictions in an experiment in which MBA students make investment-related judgments under four different preannouncement strategies. Consistent with our predictions, the results of our study show that managers’ preannouncement decisions are significantly associated with investors’ evaluations of management’s trustworthiness. Specifically, holding the size of the earnings surprise constant, we find that judgments of management’s trustworthiness are damaged more following (a) a negative as opposed to a positive earnings surprise, and (b) the release of a preannouncement compared to when management does not issue a preannouncement. Also consistent with our predictions, we find that evaluations of management’s trustworthiness are significantly and positively associated with judgments of the attractiveness of the firm’s equity as an investment. Based on our findings, we encourage further research to explore whether managers understand the trust implications associated with their preannouncement decisions and the extent to which this understanding influences their disclosure decisions.
Violation of Bell's Inequality by a Generalized Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen State Using Homodyne Detection

Using homodyning with weak coherent fields and photon counting, we have observed violations of Bell-type inequalities by the generalized Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen state produced in a pulsed nondegenerate optical parametric amplifier, as predicted by Grangier et al. [Phys. Rev. A 38, 3132 (1988)]. The maximum observed visibility of the interference pattern was $(89\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4)%$. This interference can be regarded as a manifestation of nonlocality in the sense described by Banaszek and Wodkiewicz [Phys. Rev. A 58, 4345 (1998)]. We have investigated the interference both theoretically and experimentally and have measured the influence of dispersion and phase matching.
Random doubly stochastic tridiagonal matrices

Let n be the compact convex set of tridiagonal doubly stochastic matrices. These arise naturally in probability problems as birth and death chains with a uniform stationary distribution. We study ‘typical’ matrices T∈ n chosen uniformly at random in the set n. A simple algorithm is presented to allow direct sampling from the uniform distribution on n. Using this algorithm, the elements above the diagonal in T are shown to form a Markov chain. For large n, the limiting Markov chain is reversible and explicitly diagonalizable with transformed Jacobi polynomials as eigenfunctions. These results are used to study the limiting behavior of such typical birth and death chains, including their eigenvalues and mixing times. The results on a uniform random tridiagonal doubly stochastic matrices are related to the distribution of alternating permutations chosen uniformly at random.© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 42, 403–437, 2013
A planview shadowgraph technique for boundary- layer visualization

Planview shadowgraph method for observing disturbances generated by spark discharges into laminar boundary layer
Ronald Reagan—Another Hidden-Hand Ike?

Name the president. He was enormously popular during his eight years in the White House. In contrast to Truman, Johnson, Nixon, Ford and Carter, he not only entered but also left office riding high in the polls. Yet when he stepped down the experts who make it their business to observe presidents closely did not join in the public adulation. The verdict of the Washington watchers was that he had been a passive participant in his own presidency, remaining disconnected from day-to-day politics and policy. For the young this can have been only one president—Ronald Reagan. But those whose political memories reach back to the 1950s may recognize that he could also have been the only other two-term president in the post-New Deal era—Dwight D. Eisenhower. The description of Ike as out of the loop in his own presidency was unquestioned at the time that Eisenhower left office. When Arthur Schlesinger asked a panel of distinguished students of the presidency to rank 31 American presidents in terms of greatness, they placed Eisenhower 21st—a tie with Chester A. Arthur (Schlesinger, 1962).