cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leakage power reduction of embedded memories on FPGAs through location assignment

Transistor leakage is poised to become the dominant source of power dissipation in digital systems, and reconfigurable devices are not immune to this problem. Modern FPGAs already have a significant amount of memory on the die, and with each generation the proportion of embedded memory to logic cells is growing. While assigning high V/sub th/ can limit the leakage power, embedded memory timing is critical to performance and draws an increasingly significant amount of leakage current. However, unlike in many processor based systems, on-chip memory accesses are often fully deterministic and completely under the control of the scheduler. In this paper we explore a variety of techniques to battle the problem of leakage in FPGA embedded memories that range in complexity and effectiveness. Through the addition of sleep and drowsy modes, controlled by the scheduler, the amount of leakage power can be reduced by several orders of magnitude. We show how even very simple schemes offer large amounts of benefit, and that further reductions are possible through careful leakage-aware data placement.
Abusive parents' reports of child behavior problems: relationship to observed parent-child interactions.

Abstract Purpose We evaluated the hypothesis that abusive parents’ reports may exaggerate rates of child behavior problems in a clinical sample. Method The association between parental ratings of behavior problems and independent observations of child behaviors was examined in a sample of 205 clinic-referred families, 58 of which had a reported history of physical abuse. Results Relative to the comparison group, parents in the abuse group reported more externalizing problems in their children after controlling for parental psychopathology, and displayed more emotionally controlling and less supportive behavior during parent-child interactions. However, there was no association between abuse history and observed child behaviors during the interaction tasks. Abuse status significantly moderated the association between parent-reported externalizing behaviors and observed demanding behavior by the child; the association was significant among comparison families, but not in the abuse group families. Conclusions Results indicate that abusive parents may over-report externalizing behavior problems in their children.
A comprehensive analysis of intracranial chordoma and survival: a systematic review

Objective. Despite the published information on cranial chordoma, most of the data regarding survival in these patients has come from a single institution. Here, we perform a systematic review of the literature to evaluate across multiple institutions the overall survival after treatment for intracranial chordoma.Materials and methods. We systematically analysed every study published in English and found a total of over 2000 patients being treated for intracranial chordoma. The overall 5-year and 10-year survivals in these patients were stratified according to the age ( 5 years and 40 years), treatment (surgery and radiation vs. surgery alone) and histological findings (chondroid vs. typical). Data were analysed via Pearson chi-square test and student t-test when appropriate.Results. A total of 560 non-duplicated patients treated for cranial chordoma met inclusion criteria for this systematic analysis. The survival rate among these patients was 63% (299 patients) and 16% (176 p...
Dual vector multiplet coupled to dual N=1 supergravity in 10D

We couple in superspace a dual vector multiplet (C{sub m{sub 1}}{sub ...m{sub 7}},{lambda}{sup {alpha}}) to the dual version of N=1 supergravity (e{sub m}{sup a},{psi}{sub m}{sup {alpha}},M{sub m{sub 1}}{sub ...m{sub 6}},{chi}{sub {alpha}},{phi}) in ten dimensions. The 7-form field C has its 8-form field strength H dual to the 2-form field strength F of the conventional vector multiplet. To simplify the computation, we use so-called beta-function-favored superspace constraints for dual supergravity developed for {beta}-function computations. As in a more conventional constraint set, the H-Bianchi identity must have the form N and F, where N is the 7-form field strength in dual supergravity. The potential anomaly for the dual vector multiplet can be cancelled for the particular gauge group U(1){sup 496} by the Green-Schwarz mechanism. As a by-product, we also give the globally supersymmetric Abelian Dirac-Born-Infeld interactions for the dual vector multiplet for the first time.
The Genesis of Touristic Imagery: Politics and Poetics in the Creation of a Remote Indonesian Island Destination

Although the construction and amplification of touristically celebrated peoples’ Otherness on global mediascapes has been well documented, the genesis of touristic imagery in out of the way locales, where tourism is embryonic at best, has yet to be examined. This article explores the emergent construction of touristic imagery on the small, sporadically visited Eastern Indonesian island of Alor during the 1990s. In examining the ways in which competing images of Alorese people are sculpted by both insiders and outsiders, this article illustrates the politics and power dynamics embedded in the genesis of touristic imagery. Ultimately, I argue that even in remote locales where tourism is barely incipient, ideas and fantasies about tourism can color local politics, flavor discussions of identity and channel local actions.
Physiological basis for detection of sound and vibration in snakes.

1. Snakes possess two sensory systems which respond to both air-borne sound and infstrate vibration as shown by extracellular slow evoked potentials recorded in the midbrain. One involves the VIII cranial nerve and inner ear (designated ‘auditory system’); the other requires an intact spinal cord and probably originates in skin mechanoreceptors (designated ‘somatic system’). 2. In species of the families Colubridae, Crotalidae, Boidae, the auditory system has a typical U-shaped frequency-threshold curve, similar to those found in other animals, but restricted to a narrow frequency range, c.150 Hz to 600 Hz. The U-shaped curve has a distinct minimum threshold or best frequency. Frequency-threshold curves for sound and head vibration have only minor differences. 3. The auditory system is not remarkably sensitive to sound. It is about 20 dB less sensitive than the human auditory system for air-borne sound between 200 and 400 Hz. It is remarkably sensitive to head vibration: at the best frequency, 1 A peak-to-peak amplitude is suprathreshold. 4. The auditory system responds not only to stimuli at the head but to sound and vibration delivered to the body alone. Responses to body stimulation by sound are caused by the same sensory end-organ that responds to head vibration. The role of the body in picking up sound for the auditory system can be infstantial; thus the lung plays an important part in snake hearing, a novel situation among land vertebrates. 5. The somatic system is not as sensitive to sound or to vibration as is the auditory system over most of the latter9s frequency range. The somatic system has a relatively flat frequency-threshold curve which lacks a distinct best frequency. The frequency range extends both above and below the range of the auditory system, 50-1000 Hz. The somatic system is insensitive to vibration of the head. 6. Evoked slow potentials fail to show that either spinal or auditory system distinguishes between vibratory energy from the air and from the infstrate. It is proposed that intensity information from the auditory system could be compared by the snake9s brain with intensity information from the snake9s somatic system in order to determine the relative amounts of air-borne sound and infstrate vibration in an unknown natural stimulus.
Dendrosomatic Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Hippocampal Neurons Regulates Axon Elongation.

The presence of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and its signaling components in the neurons of the hippocampus raises a question about what role the Shh signaling pathway may play in these neurons. We show here that activation of the Shh signaling pathway stimulates axon elongation in rat hippocampal neurons. This Shh-induced effect depends on the pathway transducer Smoothened (Smo) and the transcription factor Gli1. The axon itself does not respond directly to Shh; instead, the Shh signal transduction originates from the somatodendritic region of the neurons and occurs in neurons with and without detectable primary cilia. Upon Shh stimulation, Smo localization to dendrites increases significantly. Shh pathway activation results in increased levels of profilin1 (Pfn1), an actin-binding protein. Mutations in Pfn1's actin-binding sites or reduction of Pfn1 eliminate the Shh-induced axon elongation. These findings indicate that Shh can regulate axon growth, which may be critical for development of hippocampal neurons. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although numerous signaling mechanisms have been identified that act directly on axons to regulate their outgrowth, it is not known whether signals transduced in dendrites may also affect axon outgrowth. We describe here a transcellular signaling pathway in embryonic hippocampal neurons in which activation of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) receptors in dendrites stimulates axon growth. The pathway involves the dendritic-membrane-associated Shh signal transducer Smoothened (Smo) and the transcription factor Gli, which induces the expression of the gene encoding the actin-binding protein profilin 1. Our findings suggest scenarios in which stimulation of Shh in dendrites results in accelerated outgrowth of the axon, which therefore reaches its presumptive postsynaptic target cell more quickly. By this mechanism, Shh may play critical roles in the development of hippocampal neuronal circuits.
A Field Test Comparing Resistant Varieties Plus Applications of Polyhedral Virus with Insecticides for Control of Heliothis spp. and Other Pests of Cotton, 1967

Integrated control against Heliothis spp. and other cotton pests was attempted in a large-scale field test in 1967 near Santa Rosa, Texas. The results obtained when resistant strains of cotton were planted and nuclear polyhedral virus (Viron/H® and Biotrol VTN®) was applied for control of the boll worm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and the tobacco bud worm, H. virescens (F.), compared favorably with those obtained in adjacent fields treated with methyl parathion or with methyl parathion in combination with ethyl parathion.
Particle Roundness and Sphericity from Images of Assemblies by Chart Estimates and Computer Methods

AbstractSoil particle roundness (R) and sphericity (S) are two important intrinsic properties that govern a soil’s mechanical behavior. Although R and S have well-established mathematical definitions dating back to the 1930s, the values are much more typically estimated using charts developed in the 1940s and 1950s. The charts, are based on the earlier mathematical definitions. Using these charts, a class of undergraduate civil engineering students at the University of Michigan were asked to estimate (Rc and Sc) from images of twenty geologically and geographically diverse sands spanning a range of actual R and S values. The images were of three-dimensional (3D) assemblies of the sands as they would be found in images taken remotely or in situ. The students’ estimates were statistically analyzed and compared with rigorously determined R and S using a recently developed computational geometry algorithm. Overall, the students’ estimates were scattered, particularly for natural sands exhibiting intermediate ...
Undertriage of Trauma-Related Deaths in U.S. Emergency Departments.

Introduction: Accurate field triage of critically injured patients to trauma centers is vital for improving survival. We sought to estimate the national degree of undertriage of trauma patients who die in emergency departments (EDs) by evaluating the frequency and characteristics associated with triage to non-trauma centers. Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of adult ED trauma deaths in the 2010 National Emergency Department Sample (NEDS). The primary outcome was appropriate triage to a trauma center (Level I, II or III) or undertriage to a non-trauma center. We subsequently focused on urban areas given improved access to trauma centers. We evaluated the associations of patient demographics, hospital region and mechanism of injury with triage to a trauma versus non-trauma center using multivariable logistic regression. Results: We analyzed 3,971 included visits, representing 18,464 adult ED trauma-related deaths nationally. Of all trauma deaths, nearly half (44.5%, 95%CI [43.0-46.0]) of patients were triaged to non-trauma centers. In a subgroup analysis, over a third of urban ED visits (35.6%, 95% CI [34.1-37.1]) and most rural ED visits (86.4%, 95% CI [81.5-90.1]) were triaged to non-trauma centers. In urban EDs, female patients were less likely to be triaged to trauma centers versus non-trauma centers (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.83, 95% CI [0.70-0.99]). Highest median household income zip codes (≥$67,000) were less likely to be triaged to trauma centers than lowest median income ($1-40,999) (OR 0.54, 95% CI [0.43-0.69]). Compared to motor vehicle trauma, firearm trauma had similar odds of being triaged to a trauma center (OR 0.90, 95%CI [0.71-1.14]); however, falls were less likely to be triaged to a trauma center (OR 0.50, 95%CI [0.38-0.66]). Conclusion: We found that nearly half of all trauma patients nationally and one-third of urban trauma patients, who died in the ED, were triaged to non-trauma centers, and thus undertriaged. Sex and other demographic disparities associated with this triage decision represent targeted opportunities to improve our trauma systems and reduce undertriage.
Abnormal reward circuitry in anorexia nervosa: A longitudinal, multimodal MRI study

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a debilitating illness and existing interventions are only modestly effective. This study aimed to determine whether AN pathophysiology is associated with altered connections within fronto-accumbal circuitry subserving reward processing. Diffusion and resting-state functional MRI scans were collected in female inpatients with AN (n = 22) and healthy controls (HC; n = 18) between the ages of 16 and 25 years. Individuals with AN were scanned during the acute, underweight phase of the illness and again following inpatient weight restoration. HC were scanned twice over the same timeframe. Based on univariate and multivariate analyses of fronto-accumbal circuitry, underweight individuals with AN were found to have increased structural connectivity (diffusion probabilistic tractography), increased white matter anisotropy (tract-based spatial statistics), increased functional connectivity (seed-based correlation in resting-state fMRI), and altered effective connectivity (spectral dynamic causal modeling). Following weight restoration, fronto-accumbal structural connectivity continued to be abnormally increased bilaterally with large (partial η2 = 0.387; right NAcc-OFC) and moderate (partial η2 = 0.197; left NAcc-OFC) effect sizes. Increased structural connectivity within fronto-accumbal circuitry in the underweight state correlated with severity of eating disorder symptoms. Taken together, the findings from this longitudinal, multimodal neuroimaging study offer converging evidence of atypical fronto-accumbal circuitry in AN. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3835-3846, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The chemical synthesis of O-α-l-fucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-[α-l-fucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-2- acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranose, the lewis b blood-group antigenic determinant

Abstract An approach has been developed for the rapid synthesis of benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3- O -β- d -galactopyranosyl-β- d -glucopyranoside ( 5 ). Disaccharide 5 was per(trimethylsilyl)ated, to provide the fully protected trimethylsilyl (Me 3 Si) derivative which, on treatment with pyridine-acetic anhydride-acetic acid for 2 days, gave the disaccharide derivative having O -acetyl groups selectively at the primary positions and Me 3 Si groups at the secondary positions. The latter groups were readily cleaved by treatment with aqueous acetic acid in methanol, to afford benzyl 2-acetamido-6- O -acetyl-3- O -(6- O -acetyl-β- d -galactopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranoside, which, on isopropylidenation, gave the desired, key intermediate 9 , having two hydroxyl groups free. Condensation of 9 with 2,3,4,-tri- O -benzyl-α- l -fucopyranosyl bromide, under catalysis by halide ion, afforded the tetrasaccharide derivative, from which the title tetrasaccharide was obtained by systematic removal of the protecting groups. The structure of the final product, and of various other intermediates, was established by 1 H- and 13 C-n.m.r. spectroscopy.
Computer Processing Methods for Nuclear Medicine Images

Objective: This review is a discussion of computer processing methods for modern nuclear medicine images. Methods: Basic image processing and quantification techniques are described, and their application to specific nuclear medicine studies is presented. Generation and use of regions of interest, time-activity curves, tomographic reconstruction and oblique reformatting are all addressed, as well as common nuclear medicine protocols for processing multiple gated blood pool studies, first-pass cardiac studies, renograms and tomographic perfusion studies. Results: Since processing cannot be separated from acquisition and display methods, short summaries of necessary information on these topics are included with primary emphasis placed not only on how and what processing and quantification steps are taken, but also on why they are taken. Conclusion: Although some nuclear medicine images require very little processing, others are quite complex and are not always fully understood. The technologist’s comprehension of these procedures will ensure nuclear medicine’s successful foray into an ever-changing future.
Cooperative estimation for a vision-based target tracking system

A method for cooperative estimation is proposed for use in multi-vehicle unmanned air systems with vision-based target tracking capabilities. The method first seeks to estimate the relative rotational and translational biases that exist between tracks from different vehicles. It then accounts for the biases and performs the track-to-track association, which determines if the tracks originate from the same target. The track-to-track association is based on a sliding window approach that accounts for the correlation in time between individual test statistics, yielding a chi-squared distribution. Typically, accounting for the correlation in time requires the inverse of a Nnx × Nnx covariance matrix, where N is the length of the window and nx is the number of states. However, it is shown that by making a steady state assumption the inverse has a simple closed-form solution, which can be calculated offline. Fusion is also performed on tracks where the hypothesis test is satisfied. The proposed method is demonstrated on data collected from an actual vision-based tracking system, with two vehicles and two targets.
Case-based reasoning for weather prediction

Computer-based forecasting of weather was first experimented in 1950 at Princeton University. Since then, there have been newer and more accurate methods to predict the incoming climate. One common practice of weather prediction is by using the general circulation models which are based on the laws of physics (J.M.Moran & M.D.Morgan 1986). These models are highly complex and computational intensive limiting their use for only short range predictions and that too needing supercomputers. The accuracy of forecasting deteriorates rapidly for periods longer than 48 hours and it often becomes minimal beyond 10 days due to imperfections in the models. The analog technique of weather forecasting is another approach which searches for periods in the past when the current conditions were similar and use the past spatial patterns as analogs (J.T. Houghton, G.J. Jenkins, & J.J. Ephraums 1990). Long term trends and recurring events guide the decisions. This is more relevant for long range predictions as well as in single station predictions. The analog method is relatively simple compared to the complex processes of development, validation, use, and maintenance of numerical models.
Transmedia Storytelling and Other Challenges (and Opportunities) for the (Digital) Humanities

The evolution of research infrastructure toward digital formats seems to undermine not only the ways we do research in the humanities but also widespread assumptions about the role of the humanities as a whole in contemporary society: what is at stake is not only the transformation of the procedures of humanistic research but also, and more importantly, the transformation of its goals . The emergence of the so-called Digital Humanities (DH) has further fueled this debate within our profession. The Authors identify five fundamental challenges for humanities research in the digital age: 1) a challenge of scale - in the age of big data, also the humanities feel somewhat compelled to increase the scale of their object of study; 2) a challenge of evanescence/ obsolescence , the actual vanishing (or deliberate destruction) of our object of research; 3) a challenge of ethos, with an alleged shift from individualistic toward increasingly "collectivized" values, as a result of the pervasive networking and “socialization” of research; 4) an institutional challenge , as a neo-liberal ethos pervades the contemporary “corporatization” of higher education; 5) a challenge of public relevance , directly connected to the output of humanities research. One example of how a traditional, feature of humanistic culture is radically evolving in the current environment is "transmedia storytelling" (TS). Since storytelling (and more generally, narrative discourse) is also one of the most distinctive forms of humanistic knowledge production (production of "meaning" beyond mere "information"), this evolution may also offer an opportunity for a thought experiment aimed to test the state of humanities research, both from a critical and an operative point of view: a comprehensive look at this multidimensional phenomenon (and complex object of research) can stimulate a discussion about all the points (challenges) mentioned above Video Extension Click on the thumbnail below for the video extension on YouTube.
City-stories: Narrative as diagnostic and strategic resource in Ciudad del Este, Paraguay

Too often, planning theory misidentifies how planning and governance practice actually works in troublesome zones understood as unplanned or ungoverned. To counter this tendency, I use ethnographic...
Coherent Beam Combining and Nonlinear Suppression of Multi-Kilowatt All-Fiber Amplifiers

We present multi-kW power scaling results of narrow line Yb-doped fiber amplifiers. Nonlinear suppression is attained through pseudo-random modulation. Subsequently, 5 pseudorandom modulated kW amplifiers were coherently combined into a 5kW beam.
Frost Depth: General Prediction Model

Accurate frost depth prediction is an important aspect of engineering design for infrastructure including pavement, building and bridge foundations, and utility lines. Actual frost depth is affecte...
Programa Nacional para as Doenças Oncológicas: o despacho n.º 8254/2017, de 21 de setembro, do Secretário de Estado Adjunto e da Saúde, merece mais atenção e representa um primeiro passo para a orientação de soluções

NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR ONCOLOGICAL DISEASES: THE ORDER No 8254/2017 OF SEPTEMBER 21ST, DESERVES MORE ATTENTION AND PRESENTS AS THE FIRST STEP TOWARDS SOLUTION ORIENTATION In recent years, the incidence of oncological disease in our country has been increasing steadily at an annual rate of 3%, just as in most countries in Europe. It is essential to reduce avoidable cancers and late diagnoses. Prevention and early diagnosis are main possible strategies to mitigate the impact of oncological disease in individuals and families.
An Elementary Lecture on Algebraic Spaces

To simplify, let us work with the category Aff of affine schemes. This is the dual category to the category of commutative rings. One thinks of affine schemes as topological spaces of the form Spec A where morphisms are those induced from ring homomorphisms by the functorality of Spec.
Establishing a Quality Literature Base: Barriers that African Americans Face in Becoming Teachers

Researchers have long documented the need for increased representation of African American teachers in the United States teacher workforce. However, much of the resulting literature has been unsuccessful in eliciting change, as it does not explain why this need for increased representation persists. To address this gap, various researchers have turned to documenting the barriers which exist for African Americans at multiple stages of the process of becoming a teacher. This paper reviews, summarizes, and critiques this literature in order to document and describe the current depiction of the context of becoming a teacher for African Americans. Limitations in the literature are described based on Padilla (Handb Res Multicult Educ 2:127–145, 2004), and future steps to accommodate for and surpass the weaknesses of the current literature are provided.
Well-Posedness of Functional Differential Equations with Nonatomic D Operators

We establish the well-posedness of a class of functional differential equations of neutral type which have been proposed as mathematical models for two-dimensional aeroelastic systems. The well-posedness of these equations is not guaranteed by the previous theory because the difference operator does not have an atom at zero.
Scheduling heterogeneous processors isn't as easy as you think

We consider preemptive online scheduling algorithms to minimize the total weighted/unweighted flow time plus energy for speed-scalable heterogeneous multiprocessors. We show that the well-known priority scheduling algorithms Highest Density First, Weighted Shortest Elapsed Time First, and Weighted Late Arrival Processor Sharing, are not O(1)-speed O(1)-competitive for the objective of weighted flow even in the special case of fixed variable speed processors (aka the related machines setting). This illustrates that scheduling heterogeneous multiprocessors is a different, and algorithmically more challenging problem, than scheduling homogeneous multiprocessors.We then show that a variation of the non-clairvoyant algorithm Late Arrival Processor Sharing coupled with a non-obvious speed scaling algorithm is scalable for the objective of unweighted flow plus energy on speed-scalable multiprocessors. This is the first provably scalable non-clairvoyant algorithm on heterogeneous multi-processors, even in the related machines setting, for the objective of total (unweighted) flow time.
Evolutionary Stem Cell Poker and Cancer Risks: the Paradox of the Large and Small Intestines

Recent studies demonstrate that normal human tissues accumulate substantial numbers of somatic mutations with aging, to levels comparable to their corresponding cancers. If mutations cause cancer, how do tissues avoid cancer when mutations are unavoidable? The small intestines (SI) and colon accumulate similar numbers of replication errors, but SI adenocarcinoma is much rarer than colorectal cancer. Both the small and large intestines are subdivided into millions of small neighborhoods (crypts) that are maintained by small numbers of stem cells. To explain the SI cancer paradox, four fundamental evolution parameters (mutation, drift, selection, and population size) are translated to crypts. The accumulations of driver mutations in a single stem cell may be analogous to an evolutionary poker game. The rarity of SI cancer may reflect that SI crypts are smaller and have fewer stem cells than the colon, which reduces the numbers of cells at risk for mutation and perhaps selection efficiency. Tissue microarchitecture may physically modulate cancer evolution by controlling the numbers of directly competing neighboring cells. A better understanding of the SI cancer paradox may illuminate how tissues naturally avoid cancers when mutations are unavoidable.
Quantum-mechanical definition of atoms and their mutual interactions in Born-Oppenheimer molecules

The apparent absence of meaningful assignments of electrons and indistinguishable nuclei to particular atoms in a chemical aggregate would seem to preclude the quantum-mechanical definition of atomic Hamiltonian operators within molecules and matter. The electronic energies of individual constituent atoms, as well as the interactions between them, are accordingly widely perceived as objectively undefined in molecular quantum theory, requiring additional auxiliary conditions to achieve quantitative specificity, giving rise to a plethora of individual preferences. Here we address the issue of assignments of electrons to atoms within molecules at the Born-Oppenheimer classical fixed-nuclei level of theory and provide thereby quantum-mechanical definitions of atomic operators and of the interactions between them. In the spirit of early work of Longuet-Higgins, a van der Waals subgroup of the full molecular electronic symmetric group is shown to facilitate assignments of electrons to particular atomic nuclei in a molecule. The orthonormal (Eisenschitz-London) outer products of atomic eigenstates that provide separable Hilbert space representations of this symmetric subgroup furthermore support totally antisymmetric solutions of the molecular Schr\"odinger equation. Self-adjoint atomic and atomic-interaction operators within a molecule defined in this way are seen to have universal Hermitian matrix representatives and physically significant expectation values in totally antisymmetric molecular eigenstates. Adiabatic Born-Oppenheimer molecular energies emerge naturally from the development in the form of sums of the energies of individual atomic constituents and of their atomic-pairwise interactions, in the absence of additional auxiliary conditions. A detailed and nuanced quantitative description of electronic structure and bonding is provided thereby which includes the interplay between atomic promotion and interaction energies, common representations of atomic-state hybridization and interatomic charge apportionment, potentially measurable multiatom entanglements upon coherent dissociations of molecules, and other attributes of the development revealed by selected illustrative calculations. These include applications to the ground and electronically excited states of diatomic and triatomic hydrogen molecules, which exhibit significant accommodation among the atomic promotion and interaction energies, as well as entanglements among atomic states, over the entire range of molecular geometries traversed in the course of two- and three-atom dissociations.
An online course design checklist: development and users’ perceptions

This study examines users’ perceptions of an online course design checklist. We created the Online Course Design Checklist (OCDC) to help highlight very basic criteria that may improve the quality of online courses. The OCDC highlights criteria that should not be ignored during online course development. It is based on components of established instructional design principles and existing online course design evaluation instruments. To understand course designers’ perception of the OCDC, we surveyed nineteen current and prospective online instructors on their use of it. Participants found the OCDC facilitated online course design by providing criteria to consider before, during, and after online course design.
Incidence of Cancer Treatment-Induced Arrhythmia Associated With Novel Targeted Chemotherapeutic Agents.

Background The incidence of cancer treatment–induced arrhythmia (CTIA) associated with novel, targeted chemotherapeutic agents (TCAs) has not been well described. Methods and Results We identified ...
3D IP

As a new and evolving technology, 3D printing is subject to a murky array of intellectual property laws. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/uXNWt1RgJuA is an audio recording from the Computing and the Law column, in which author Brian M. Gaff discusses how as a new and evolving technology, 3D printing is subject to a murky array of intellectual property laws.
Analysis of sectoral participation in the development of Joint External Evaluations.

The Joint External Evaluation Process (JEE), developed in response to the 2014 Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA), is a voluntary, independent process conducted by a team of external evaluators to assess a country’s public health preparedness capabilities under the 2005 International Health Regulations (IHR) revision. Feedback from the JEE process is intended to aid in the development of national action plans by elucidating weaknesses in current preparedness and response capabilities. To identify gaps in sector participation and the development of national action plans in response to public health emergencies, all English-language JEE reports available on March 31, 2018 (N = 47) were systematically reviewed to determine sectoral backgrounds of key host country participants. Overall, strong representation was seen in the health, agriculture, domestic security, and environment sectors, whereas the energy/nuclear and defense sectors were largely under-represented. While strong participation by more traditional sectors such as health and agriculture is common in the JEE development process, involvement by the defense and energy/nuclear sectors in the JEE process could be increased, potentially improving preparedness and response to widespread public health emergencies.
Updating fetal foot length to gestational age references: a chart review of abortion cases from 2012 to 2014.

Abstract Objectives We sought to develop an updated fetal foot length-to-gestational week reference range from patient-reported last menstrual period (LMP), ultrasound, and best-estimate for gestational age based on American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' (ACOG) pregnancy dating guidelines. Subsequently, we aimed to determine the impact, if any, of race/ethnicity on our findings and compare our measurements to commonly referenced ranges. Methods We performed a chart review of 610 dilation and evacuation records with gestational ages 14 weeks 0 days to 21 weeks 6 days from October 2012 to December 2014 in Honolulu, Hawaii. We analyzed records containing pathology-measured fetal foot length and three gestational age estimation methods using ANOVA tests, determined if race/ethnicity affected fetal foot length, and compared our measurements to previously published studies. Results Linear regression analysis demonstrated that ultrasound-derived gestational age dating provided the best-fit regression formula with an R-squared and adjusted R-squared value of 0.92. Patient body mass index (p=.15), parity (p=.15), and race (p=.99) did not affect the equation. Mean fetal foot length per gestational age differed from historically referenced ranges by 0.36–3.92 mm in either direction. Conclusions Our population's fetal foot length per gestational age differed from ranges typically referenced by pathologists following abortion at all gestational ages, using all three methods of fetal gestational age estimation. As gestational age increased, the variability of fetal foot length measurements per gestational week increased. If post-abortion fetal foot length measurements are obtained, it is important to use an updated reference range. Implications Reference ranges frequently used by pathologists to assess fetal foot length following abortion may be outdated, limiting their utility. If facilities routinely obtain these measurements to estimate gestational age, it is important to use an updated reference range.
Commentary: Opioid use disorder and suicide: An important opportunity to address two significant public health epidemics.

Abstract Nationwide, the opioid epidemic continues to have a significant and widespread adverse impact on morbidity and mortality. The number of individuals dying by suicide and unintentional overdose has continued to increase over the past decade, with opioids being involved in a significant proportion of each category of mortality in 2017. Currently, most strategies for decreasing opioid-overdose deaths do not include systematic screening for suicide risk, nor do they address the necessity to customize interventions for those who misuse opioids to decrease near-term suicide risk (defined here as less than 72 h) factors. Improved screening of near-term and chronic suicide risk along with rapid access to treatment is of critical importance to prevent opioid-related deaths by suicide.
Evaluating Yield Variability of Corn and Soybean Using Landsat-8, Sentinel-2 and Modis in Google Earth Engine

Accurate estimation of crop yield before harvest is critical for sustaining agricultural markets and ensuring food security. Remote sensing data have been demonstrated as a useful tool for estimating crop yields. Previous studies show that high spatial and temporal resolution vegetation index from remote sensing data fusion better explained spatial variability of yield in central Iowa. This paper extends the study area over 10 major agricultural states in the United States and further examines the added value by using Landsat-8, Sentinel-2 and MODIS images from 2016 and 2017. The large area data processing with Landsat and Sentinel-2 has been enabled by using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) technology. Results show that the combination of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 provides spatial variability of yield at field scales and explains yield variability better than using single data source alone even at the state-level.
Institutional Actors: Children's Emerging Beliefs about the Causal Structure of Social Roles.

Institutions make new forms of acting possible: Signing executive orders, scoring goals, and officiating weddings are only possible because of the U.S. government, the rules of soccer, and the institution of marriage. Thus, when an individual occupies a particular social role (president, soccer player, and officiator), they acquire new ways of acting on the world. The present studies investigated children's beliefs about institutional actions, and in particular whether children understand that individuals can only perform institutional actions when their community recognizes them as occupying the appropriate social role. Two studies (Study 1, N = 120 children, ages 4-11; Study 2, N = 90 children, ages 4-9) compared institutional actions to standard actions that do not depend on institutional recognition. In both studies, 4- to 5-year-old children believed all actions were possible regardless of whether an individual was recognized as occupying the social role. In contrast, 8- to 9-year-old children robustly distinguished between institutional and standard actions; they understood that institutional actions depend on collective recognition by a community. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Homeward Bound: enhanced Cross Cultural Care at End of Life Through Pediatric Palliative Transport

Pediatric palliative transport has rarely been described in children and families from diverse socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds. We describe a case-series of patients from communities espousing markedly diverse cross-cultural values and limited financial resources: Case 1: An Amish neonate with undiagnosed hypoplastic left heart syndrome presented to our tertiary medical center with seizures and multi-organ insufficiency following ductal closure. MRI demonstrated hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. The infant was stabilized on vasopressors, prostaglandins, and mechanical ventilation. The family’s goals of care considered the infant’s anticipated suffering, likely serious neurologic impairment, and …
Optimizing dynamic switching between fixed and flexible transit services with an idle-vehicle relocation strategy and reductions in emissions

Abstract A novel approach to dynamic switching service design based on a new queuing approximation formulation is introduced to systematically control conventional buses and enable provision of flexible on-demand mobility services. This new approach guides smart vehicles in a service area that needs last mile transit services via either traditional buses, which provide fixed-route services, or flexible-route on-demand mobility services. We also include dynamic pre-positioning of idle vehicles in anticipation of new customer arrivals, and relocation of vehicles to rebalance the use of vehicles in the system, which can have a sizable effect on energy and environmental conservation. Using a New York City transit dataset, the proposed strategy for non-myopic switching between flexible-route and fixed-route service and re-positioning of idle vehicles improves social welfare by up to 32%, while the impact of the proposed strategy on vehicle miles traveled is shown to be as high as 53% over that of the current transit service.
Symmetry and (Network) Neutrality

In Symmetry’s Mandate, Daniel Walters offers a compelling account of an asymmetry in the practice of administrative law, one that appears to favor deregulation over regulation. In this short essay, I offer one additional example of this asymmetry: In an opinion regarding the Obama Administration’s decision to promulgate network neutrality rules, then-Judge Kavanaugh suggested that Chevron’s major questions doctrine might apply to major regulatory moves, but not to major deregulatory ones. As with many of the other examples Walters offers, this one, too, seems irrational. Justice Kavanaugh’s approach favors one industry over another and favors a regressive policy regime that consolidates power in broadband carriers at the expense of consumer preferences. And so if (or when) network neutrality returns to the Judiciary, the courts should reject Justice Kavanaugh’s doctrinal suggestion in favor of a more balanced application of the major questions doctrine, one which is consonant with both good policy and institutional design, and is faithful to precedent.
Modeling of porosity and grain size effects on mechanical behavior of additively manufactured structures

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) methods such as Aerosol Jet (AJ) printing allow the fabrication of structures via sintering of micro and/or nanoparticles, leading to microstructures that consist of various combinations of pore and grain sizes. It has been reported that AJ printed and sintered silver micropillars show an unusual behavior of high stiffness and high strain-to-failure for structures with high porosity and vice versa (Saleh et al. 2018 [1]). This behavior, however, is accompanied by the stiffer structures having smaller grain sizes and softer structures having larger grain sizes. To explain the physics of this behavior where a trade-off between hardening caused by size effects (grain refinement and gradients) and softening caused by porosity is expected to play a critical role, a multi-scale modeling approach is proposed in this paper. The model formulation consists of a continuum dislocation dynamics (CDD) framework, coupled with continuum plasticity and finite element analysis. The dislocation dynamics formulation is introduced into a user material subroutine and coupled with a finite element commercial solver, in this case, LS-DYNA, to solve the model in three-dimensional scale with the same size as the AM micropillars. The results from the model capture the general trends observed in compression tests of AM micropillars. In particular, it is shown that the grain size and dislocation density have a disproportionately higher influence over the mechanical deformation of metallic structures when compared to the porosity. These results show that the behavior of AM structures in the plastic regime is dominated by grain size effects rather than porosity. Some limitations of the model and possible future refinements are discussed. The paper provides an important analytical framework to model the mechanical behavior of AM structures with internal porosity in the plastic regime.
Route Planning: B

There is a class of control problems that admit a particularly elegant solution: the linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) problems. In these problems, the state dynamics and observations are linear, the cost is quadratic, and the noise is Gaussian. Section 14.1 explains the theory of LQG problems when one observes the state. Section 14.2 discusses the situation when the observations are noisy and shows the remarkable certainty equivalence property of the solution. Section 14.3 explains how noisy observations affect Markov decision problems.
The Right Frame of Time

The most important concept in all of finance is the time value of money. As a discipline primarily concerned with defining and calculating values, obtaining consistent, time-relevant estimates is critical. All aspect of corporate finance requires understanding and incorporating the time value of money principles. In the preceding chapter, we made note of the fact that cash flows often occur at different times, and those of most concern are expected to occur at some future time. However, financial decisions are typically made in the current time frame. Thus, the values of those future cash flows need to be adjusted to reflect the differential time periods. This is not to say, however, there aren’t many instances where we want to know what a stream of cash flows will be worth at some point in the future as well. Therefore, we need to closely examine each of these options. There are three basic types of cash flows that comprise the study of time value of money: (1) single cash flows, (2) multiple unequal cash flows, and (3) multiple equal cash flows. We will address each of these, in turn, throughout this chapter.
Nature on Trial: The Case of the Rooster that Laid an Egg

In 1474 a chicken passing for a rooster laid an egg, and was prosecuted by law in the city of Basel. Now, we are inclined to dismiss the event as fowl play, but in those days lusus naturae was no joke. The animal was sentenced in a solemn judicial proceeding and condemned to be burned alive “for the heinous and unnatural crime of laying an egg.” The execution took place “with as great solemnity as would have been observed in consigning a heretic to the flames, and was witnessed by an immense crowd of townsmen and peasants” (Evans [1906], p. 162; Needham [1969a], p. 574). The same kind of prosecution took place in Switzerland again as late as 1730.
A novel cloning strategy reveals the gene for the yeast homologue to Escherichia coli ribosomal protein S12

Using a novel technique designed to identify genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which carry introns, we have cloned two genes encoding ribosomal protein S28. Although the genes differ by 15 nucleotides within their coding regions, they are predicted to encode identical proteins of 145 amino acids. The predicted amino acid sequence of S28 contains significant homology to ribosomal protein S25 of Tetrahymena thermophila and to ribosomal protein S12 of several archaebacteria, suggesting a relationship to S12 of Escherichia coli. Dot matrix analysis confirmed that regions of S12, especially those implicated in the accuracy of translation, have been conserved in S28 of S. cerevisiae. Either RPS28A or RPS28B alone can support growth, but heterozygous disruption of both genes abolishes the ability to sporulate. Haploids harboring a disruption of both genes cannot survive without an intact gene on a plasmid. RPS28A maps to the right arm of chromosome VII and RPS28B to the right arm of chromosome XVI.