cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and demographic correlates of childhood maltreatment in an adult community sample.

Abstract Purpose: This study had two aims: (1) to determine the prevalence of five categories of retrospectively reported childhood maltreatment in an adult community sample and (2) to examine relationships between three theoretically and practically chosen demographic variables and childhood maltreatment. Method: Participants were a representative sample of 967 adult men and women in the metropolitan Memphis, Tennessee area. They completed a telephone survey that included a reliable, valid questionnaire assessing five types of childhood maltreatment (i.e., emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical abuse, physical neglect, and sexual abuse) and demographic questions. Simultaneous logistic regression analyses were used to identify demographic correlates of specific trauma types. Results: Prevalence of childhood maltreatment ranged from approximately 30% for women to over 40% for men. Approximately 13% of participants reported multiple forms of maltreatment. The most common forms of trauma for both men and women were physical abuse, physical neglect, and emotional abuse, all of which were highly likely to co-occur. Race, sex, and current educational level were each associated with an increased likelihood of childhood maltreatment; differential relationships with particular maltreatment types were also observed. Implications: These findings highlight the importance of research on the prevalence of and risks for multiple types of childhood maltreatment, particularly in the somewhat neglected area of emotional abuse and neglect. These findings can be used to highlight the need for preventive interventions aimed at the negative sequelae of childhood maltreatment and to tailor preventive interventions to the needs and expectations of those at high risk.
Magnetoresistance below 1 K and temperature cycling of ruthenium oxide-bismuth ruthenate cryogenic thermometers

Abstract The magnetic field dependence of the resistance of commercial 1000 Ω thick film chip resistors between 0.03 and 0.6 K in fields from zero to 18 T for five resistors and up to 32 T for one of those five shows both a positive and a negative magnetoresistance that is temperature dependent. In the field range between 4 and 32 T, and over the temperature measurement range, the resistance is proportional to B1/2, and once an individual thermometer is calibrated, it can easily be used to determine the temperature at any field within the range. Measurements of the effect of repeated thermal cycling of these resistors from 300 to 77 and 4.2 K show that the resistance continually changes up to 120 cycles to 77 K or below then becomes stable.
Photodynamic inactivation of normal and antifungal resistant Candida species.

Summary Background Susceptibility of bacterial and fungal species to the photodynamic killing effects of various photosensitizing dyes has received increasing attention. In the oral cavity oral candidiasis is primarily caused by Candida albicans. Evidence suggests that Oropharyngeal Candidiasis, found frequently in patients with immunodeficiency, present with mixed Candida organisms and are more difficult to treat than those solely due to C. albicans. In the present study we demonstrate the ability to efficiently kill antifungal resistant isolates of Candida using Photofrin induced PDT. Methods Candida strains from the ATCC as well as fluconazole and amphotericin B resistant and sensitive isolates from adults with AIDS were grown cultures and grown under standard conditions. Photofrin was added to appropriate cultures as dictated by experimental design. Light was delivered to assigned cultures using a 630 nm laser source at a power density of 150 mW/cm2, for appropriate time to deliver 45–135 J/cm2. Colony forming assays were used to determine survival. Results After illumination cultures treated with Photofrin had significant reduction in colony forming ability at all light doses examined. Isolates from AIDS patients which had demonstrated antifungal resistance showed equivalent sensitivity to photodynamic killing as did control ATCC cultures of the same strain. Conclusion This study demonstrates Photofrin induced PDT can eliminate Candida species with significant efficiency as revealed by colony forming ability. Further Candida isolates from AIDS patients that had demonstrated fluconazole and amphotericin B resistance were equally susceptible to photodynamic killing.
The influences of progression type and distortion on the perception of terminal power chords

The purpose of this study was to investigate the tonal perception and restoration of thirds within power chords with the instruments and sounds idiosyncratic to the Western rock/pop genre. Four sep...
Factors affecting the rejection of organic solutes during NF/RO treatment—a literature review

The incomplete rejection of certain pesticides, disinfection by-products, endocrine disrupting compounds, and pharmaceutically active compounds has been reported during full- and pilot-scale high-pressure membrane applications. Since the removal of these compounds in water and wastewater treatment applications is of great importance where a high product water quality is desired, an understanding of the factors affecting the permeation of solutes in high-pressure membrane systems is needed. In this paper, findings of a comprehensive literature review are reported, targeting membrane rejection mechanisms and factors affecting rejection. The following key solute parameters were identified to primarily affect solute rejection: molecular weight (MW), molecular size (length and width), acid disassociation constant (pKa), hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity (log Kow), and diffusion coefficient (Dp). Key membrane properties affecting rejection that were identified include molecular weight cut-off, pore size, surface charge (measured as zeta potential), hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity (measured as contact angle), and surface morphology (measured as roughness). In addition, feed water composition, such as pH, ionic strength, hardness, and the presence of organic matter, was also identified as having an influence on solute rejection. From the knowledge gained during the literature review, a rejection diagram was proposed, which qualitatively allows prediction of solute rejection if certain solute and membrane properties are known.
Representation of solutions of a singular Cauchy–Riemann equation in the plane

This article deals with the Bers–Vekua type equations with a singular point. Series representations of solutions and Green functions are constructed. A generalized Cauchy formula and its consequences are obtained.
The Leksell gamma knife Model U versus Model C: a quantitative comparison of radiosurgical treatment parameters.

OBJECTIVE: We present a quantitative comparison of radiosurgery treatments for cavernous sinus tumors using the Leksell gamma knife Model U versus the Model C with automatic positioning system (APS) (Elekta instruments, Norcross, GA). METHODS: At our medical center from August 1994 through May 2000, the Model U was used to treat 96 patients (37 men [39%] and 59 women [61%]; median age, 54.5 yr) with benign cavernous sinus turners: 43 meningiomas (45%), 48 pituitary tumors (50%), and 5 others (5%). From June 2000 through April 2002, the Model Ct with APS treated 45 patients (20 men [44%] and 25 women [56%]; median age, 51.4 yr) with 15 meningiomas (33%), 29 pituitary tumors (65%), and 1 schwannoma (2%). The two groups had similar treater tumor volumes (Model U mean, 4.3 cm 3 ; Model C mean, 4.2 cm 3 ), equivalent tumor distance prom critical structures (optic nerve, chiasm, and pons), comparable distributions in Sekhar tumor grades, and the same median prescribed dose of 15 Gy to the 50% isodose line at the tumor periphery. All planning and treatments were performed by the same radiosurgery team to minimize dosage to adjacent critical tissues and to optimize conformity index. RESULTS: Analysis of multiple treatment parameters showed that the Model C plans were superior. Model C treatments had an improved conformity index (Model U mean, 1.7; Model C mean, 1.6; P < 0.02) and a lower underdosed tumor volume (Model U mean, 0.4 cm 3 ; Model C mean, 0.1 cm 3 ; P < 0.004). The total treated volume and the excess treated volume were similar. The Model C group had a reduction in optic chiasm dose (Model C mean dose, 3.8 Gy; Model U mean dose, 5.3 Gy; P<0.0001). The average number of isocenters was slightly higher for the Model C group (6.7 versus 6 for the Model U), but with a lower mean number of collimator sizes (1 versus 2 for the Model U). Model C plans required a mean of 93 fewer plugs per treatment, thus contributing to an estimated 67.6 minutes saved per treatment session. CONCLUSION: Comparison of radiosurgery treatments using the Leksell gamma knife Model U versus the Model C with APS was performed by quantitative analysis of treatment parameters on a cohort of benign cavernous sinus tumors. Treatment plans using the Model C resulted in better tumor coverage (improved conformity, less underdosed tumor volume) and decreased optic chiasm dose. An estimated average of 1 hour was saved per treatment when using the Model C with APS.
Factor VIII pharmacokinetics: impact of low titer non‐neutralizing inhibitors and use in determination of successful immune tolerance

Summary. Factor VIII (FVIII) pharmacokinetics (PK) plays a key role in haemophilia patient management and in the regulation of FVIII products. Clinically, FVIII PK is used to (i) optimize dosing in the treatment of major acute haemorrhage and in surgical prophylaxis; (ii) dose cost-effectively for primary and secondary prophylaxis; and (iii) detect and treat FVIII inhibitors. Despite its ubiquitous use in practice, the accurate analysis of FVIII PK is affected by multiple methodological challenges and variability in patient physiology. Recently, additional important questions have emerged relating to the impact of low titer inhibitory and non-neutralizing antibodies on both FVIII PK determination itself and on the ability of FVIII PK to define successful ITI. Ultimately, the extent to which sub-clinical anti-FVIII inhibitors or non-neutralizing anti-FVIII antibodies contribute to clinical heterogeneity in PK assessment remains unclear and awaits further study. Future investigation of this phenomenon could also provide critical insight into the relative importance of the postulated mechanisms of FVIII inhibition. Furthermore, well-designed PK studies in children of all ages are needed to further understand the impact of very low titer antibodies on post-ITI FVIII PK and to develop a more evidence-based definition of successful ITI, particularly in children.
The Role of Sociopolitical Attitudes and Civic Education in the Civic Engagement of Black Youth

Civic engagement is important for individual and community well-being. In the current study, we use survey data from a nationally representative sample to examine how sociopolitical attitudes, such as political cynicism, perceptions of institutional discrimination, and political efficacy, along with civic education relate to civic engagement among 593 Black youth, ages 15–25. We found perceived institutional discrimination, political efficacy, and civic education were associated with civic engagement, while political cynicism was not. There is evidence to suggest civic education may strengthen the association between perceived institutional discrimination and civic engagement. The present findings contribute to our understanding of how acknowledging systemic inequity promotes civic engagement among Black youth. Findings are discussed in terms of study limitations and future research directions.
Fiqh Councils & Health Policy Actors: Gaps in the Applied Islamic Bioethics Discourse around Vaccines with Porcine Components

Abstract During a 1995 meeting of the Islamic Organization for Medical Sciences [IOMS] medical experts and Islamic jurists deliberated on “Judically (sic) Prohibited and Impure Substances in Foodstuffs and Drugs.” The seminar resulted in the religious declaration that “gelatin formed as a result of transformation…of a judicially impure animal (e.g. pig)…is permissible to (consume).” This verdict was disseminated to health policy stakeholders by the Regional Office of the World Health Organization for the Eastern Mediterranean, so as to “relieve all Muslims…from the embarrassment they feel” when taking medicines with gelatin-based products. More than a decade later in 2009, the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) issued a religious verdict, fatwa, declaring the GlaxoSmithKline meningitis vaccine to be impermissible, haram, as a result of the vaccine having porcine gelatin components. This judgment caused an uproar within the pharmaceutical industry and the Indonesian health ministry, as not only was a multi-mil...
Multiple harvest yield response of microirrigated herbs to nitrogen and potassium.

ABSTRACT Italian parsley, Petroselinum crispum, summer savory, Satureja hortensis, sweet marjoram, Origanum majorana, and French thyme, Thymus vulgaris, were evaluated for potential yield in a multiple harvest system during the fall-winter-spring (Nov.-June) 1995–1996 and (Dec.-June) 1996–1997. The herbs were grown with a full-bed polyethylene mulch-micro-(trickle)-irrigation system using two nitrogen and potassium rates (0.68 N & 0.74 Kkg·ha−1·day−1 and 1.8 N & 1.48 K kg·ha−1·day−1 in the 1995–1996 growing season and 1.1 N & 0.9 K kg·ha−1·day−1 and 2.2 N & 1.8 K kg·ha−1·day−1 in the 1996–1997 growing season) as fertilizer treatments. Phosphorus was applied pre-plant at 21.3 kg/ha with both nitrogen and potassium rates. Except for summer savory and Italian parsley, yields of the herbs at the two nitrogen and potassium rates were inconsistent in the two seasons. Early (1st harvest) yields of Italian parsley were similar at both fertilizer rates, although parsley yields were higher (P < 0.05) at the higher ...
6.11 Analysis of the γ/δ T cell restricted antigen WC1

Abstract The nine antibodies (mAbs) which clustered with the standard WC1 mAb CC15 in temporary cluster TC22 were analysed by immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry and immunohistology. Two forms of the molecule, with molecular weights of 205 and 215 kDa, were identified by immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE, the expression of which correlated with subclusters generated by flow cytometric analysis. Immunohistological data, however, did not reveal any tissue specific distribution. We propose the existence of at least two isoforms of WC1 which may prove to identify subpopulations of CD2− CD4− CD8− γ/δ T cells.
Surface states in the photoionization of high-quality CdSe core/shell nanocrystals.

We use electric force microscopy (EFM) to study single nanocrystal photoionization in two classes of high-quality nanocrystals whose exciton luminescence quantum yields approach unity in solution. The CdSe/CdS/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals do not photoionize, while the CdSe/CdS nanocrystals do show substantial photoionization. This verifies the theoretical prediction that the ZnS shell confines the excited electron within the nanocrystal. Despite the high luminescence quantum yield, photoionization varies substantially among the CdSe/CdS nanocrystals. We have studied the nanocrystal photoionization with both UV (396 nm) and green (532 nm) light, and we have found that the magnitude of the charge due to photoionization per absorbed photon is greater for UV excitation than for green excitation. A fraction of the photoionization occurs directly via a “hot electron” process, using trap states that are either on the particle surface, within the ligand sphere, or within the silicon oxide layer. This must occur wi...
Relative potency of the opioid antagonists naloxone and 6-alpha-naloxol to precipitate withdrawal from acute morphine dependence varies with time post-antagonist

Abstract The current study compared the potency of naloxone versus 6-alpha-naloxol to precipitate opioid withdrawal under varying conditions of morphine pretreatment history using suppression of operant responding for food reward as the index of withdrawal. Male Wistar rats trained to respond on a lever for food reward received pretreatment with either Vehicle (Morphine-Naive), a single subcutaneous (SC) injection of 5.6 mg/kg morphine (Single Morphine), or two morphine injections at 24 h intervals (Repeat Morphine), with varying doses of naloxone or 6-alpha-naloxol injected SC 4 h post-morphine and 5 min prior to the 30 min test session. When responding over the entire 30 min operant session was examined, naloxone was only 5-fold more potent than 6-alpha-naloxol in suppressing operant responding under Morphine Naive conditions, but this increased to a 65-fold potency difference after Single or Repeat Morphine pretreatment. Examination of the relative potency of these antagonists in the Early Phase of operant testing (5–15 min post-antagonist) revealed an even greater 100-fold potency difference between naloxone and 6-alpha-naloxol, but in the Late Phase of testing (25–35 min post-antagonist), this had declined to a 9-fold potency difference, comparable to the relative potency of naloxone to 6-alpha-naloxol under Morphine–Naive conditions. The results confirm a differential potency of naloxone to its reduced conjugate 6-alpha-naloxol in vivo , and extend the observation of this phenomenon to an acute (single) pretreatment with a low dose of morphine and an additional sign of opioid withdrawal to those previously used. However, the results also indicate that delay in onset of action of 6-alpha-naloxol at opioid receptors in the central nervous system may contribute significantly to its reduced potency relative to naloxone under certain morphine pretreatment conditions.
Formation of disoriented chiral condensates through quenching and annealing

Abstract We demonstrate that the chiral phase transition is automatically incorporated in the numerical simulations of the classical equations of motion in the linear σ-model. We find that domains of disoriented chiral condensate with 4–5 fm in size can form through a quench while an annealing leads to domains of smaller sizes. We also demonstrate that quenching cannot be achieved by relaxing a chirally symmetric system through expansion. Furthermore, we point out that the order of the phase transition has little significance for the domain formation.
American Identity Development and Citizenship Education: A Summary of Perspectives and Call for New Research

The articles in this special issue emanate from a dire concern about the evolving state of American society: that community, civility, and democratic values are on the decline, while divisiveness, ...
Bifurcation from the potential field analog of some chemical systems

Abstract Multistep enzyme-catalyzed reaction sequences with feedback chemical regulation are common features of cellular reaction networks. The stability properties of these reaction and control systems may influence enzyme and metabolite production in fermentation processes. The dynamic equations that describe an enzymatic reaction system with feedback regulation are shown to be reducible to a two-dimensional dynamic system which is analogous to the description of particle motion in a potential field. The mechanical analog of the chemical system provides useful intuitive insights and is used as a guide to study the chemical system dynamics. The approach is valid for any three-dimensional dynamic system of constant negative divergence that is reducible to a special normal form. Certain types of bifurcations of the chemical system are seen to correspond to a change in structure of the potential function. Hopf bifurcation is shown to correspond to loss of “friction” at a minimum of the potential function. A formula is obtained to determine the stability of the Hopf-induced limit cycles, and conclusions about the possible types of global dynamic behaviour are obtained.
Tympanic electrocochleography for evaluation of endolymphatic hydrops.

There has been increased interest in electrocochleography for the diagnosis and intraoperative monitoring of patients with endolymphatic hydrops. Attention has been focused on the determination of the summating potential: action potential (SP:AP) ratio from alternating polarity clicks. Review of this technique at the University of Minnesota led to a reevaluation of the usual interpretation of these recordings. Separate examination of the rarefaction and condensation click recordings provides insight into abnormal response patterns. Cases are presented to illustrate a variety of normal and abnormal patterns including abnormal differences in the latency of condensation and rarefaction-click-generated action potentials, increased summating potential, uncanceled cochlear microphonic, and reduced action potential and summating potential amplitudes. These response categories may be useful in understanding the pathophysiology of Meniere's disease.
Mothers, Domestic Violence, and Child Protection: An American Legal Perspective

In their article, "Mothers, Domestic Violence, and Child Protection," Heather Douglas and Tamara Walsh explore the problematic treatment of battered mothers by the child protec- tion system in Brisbane, Australia. Their study documents a number of troubling trends, including mother blaming for failure to protect, inappropriate removals of children from protective mothers, placement of children with fathers who had battered their partners, and the ill-advised "leaving ultimatum"—the order that a mother who has been battered leave her abusive partner to show her intention to protect her children from further exposure to violence. These trends are not unique to the Australian child protection system. Numerous commentators have documented similar issues in the child protection system in the United States—problems that, to some degree, are created and exacerbated by statutes, case law, and practice.
The Chemisorption of Anisole on Cu(II) Hectorite

The sorption of anisole and some related aromatic ethers on the interlamellar surfaces of Cu(II) hectorite has been investigated by i.r. and e.s.r, spectroscopy. In addition to physical adsorp- tion, anisole forms two distinct types of Cu(II) complexes which are analogous to the type 1 and II species previously reported for benzene-Cu(II) smectite systems. These complexes can be trans- formed to type I and II complexes of 4,4'-dimethoxybiphenyl. Possible mechanisms are proposed for the oxidation process. Butyl phenyl ether formed a type II complex with Cu(II)-hectorite, no dimerization reaction was noted in this system. Phenyl ether and benzyl methyl ether form a type I ~r complex with Cu(II)-hectorite. type II analog was noted. E.S.R. spectra of each of the type II ether-Cu(II)-hectorite systems showed a sing/e, narrow band with g near the value expected for a "free spinning" electron. The type I phenyl ether and benzyl methyl ether complexes also exhibited this e.s.r, band. Ag(I) hectorite adsorbs anisole by forming exclusively a type I complex. Na(I) and Co(II) hectorite adsorb anisole by physical means only, indicating association with the silicate surface.
Comparison of two laboratory cultures of Psyttalia concolor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), as a parasitoid of the olive fruit fly

Abstract Life-history trials were conducted in the laboratory on two cultures of Psyttalia concolor (Szepligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) reared on olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae). The tested cultures (A and B) had similar histories except that Culture A was maintained in Kenya for four years. Results showed that parasitoids from both cultures preferentially searched on olive fruit containing 8 to 10-day-old (second and third instar) olive flies, and reproduced most successfully when third-instar fly larvae were available. The mean longevity of adult female P. concolor was a negative function of temperature. Females from Culture B lived significantly longer at 15, 22, 25, and 32 °C than females from Culture A. For both cultures, adult female longevity was significantly longer when the parasitoids were provided with honey than when provided water alone, or nothing; the presence of hosts significantly reduced longevity, suggesting an energetic cost for reproduction. The parasitoids produced an average of 28.7 ± 4.1 and 22.2 ± 5.1 offspring per female in Cultures A and B, respectively. The results are discussed with respect to use of biological control agents held under different rearing conditions, and the potential of P. concolor for use as a biological control agent for olive fruit fly in California.
Re-assessing the ‘Affair’: The Heidegger controversy revisited

“Nazism was not born in the desert. We all know this, but it has to be constantly recalled. And even if, far from the desert, it had grown like a mushroom in the silence of a European forest, it wo...
Sustained gamma-band EEG following negative words in depression and schizophrenia.

Abstract Introduction Sustained and elaborative emotional information processing in depression and decreased affective elaboration in schizophrenia are considered hallmarks of these disorders but have not been directly measured. Gamma-band (35–45 Hz) EEG has been associated with semantic functions such as feature binding and may index these elaborative processing. This study examined whether there were group differences in baseline and sustained gamma-band EEG following emotional stimuli in healthy adults as well as adults with depression and schizophrenia. Methods 24 never-depressed healthy controls, 14 patients with DSM-IV unipolar major depressive disorder, and 15 patients with DSM-IV schizophrenia completed a lexical emotion identification task during EEG assessment. Gamma-band (35–45 Hz) EEG in response to negative words was the primary dependent measure. Results As predicted, depressed individuals displayed sustained and increased gamma-band EEG throughout the task, and particularly in the seconds following negative words. Individuals with schizophrenia displayed decreased gamma-band activity throughout the task. Conclusions These data suggest that gamma-band EEG, measured over several seconds, may serve as a useful index of sustained semantic information processing. Depressed individuals appear to engage in sustained elaboration following emotional stimuli, whereas individuals with schizophrenia are not as prone to this type of elaborative processing.
Keratinocyte Growth Factor Causes Proliferation of Urothelium In Vivo

AbstractPurpose: To determine the effect of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), a mesenchymally derived epithelial growth factor that can cause proliferation of pulmonary, gastrointestinal and mammary epithelia, on urothelium.Materials and Methods: Recombinant human KGF was systemically administered to rats and Rhesus monkeys, and the proliferative effects on the bladder were evaluated.Results: Keratinocyte growth factor causes proliferation of transitional epithelial cells. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression in rat bladder is dramatically increased along the basal layer of urothelium 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after daily injections of KGF. Incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) at 7 and 14 days in the urothelium of KGF-treated rats parallels PCNA immunoreactivity and confirms that KGF increases DNA synthesis in urothelial cells. Urothelial cell proliferation is accompanied histologically by an increase in mitotic activity. Keratinocyte growth factor-induced PCNA expression is reversible up...
Demography of Amboseli baboons, 1963–1983

Repeated censuses of a population of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in Amboseli National Park, Kenya, revealed a decrease from over 2,500 animals in 1963-1964 to 123 individuals in 1979, or from a density of about 73 to 1.8 baboons per km2 over a 15-year period. Median group size decreased from 43 in 1964 to 27 in 1979. The largest and smallest groups declined the most; groups near the median have maintained fairly stable size and age distributions. The population seemed to have stabilized by 1983 at approximately 150 animals in six groups (median group size 28; density 2.2/km2). Although baboon population and group size appeared to be stable during 1963-1964, the age distribution and demographic parameters (age-specific mortality and natality for one social group) during that year indicate that the population decline had already started. The rate of population decline was greatest in the 1964-1969 period and remained appreciable during the next 5 years. The decline of the baboon population was paralleled by that of other Amboseli savannah woodland mammalian species and took place during a period of very high mortality of fever trees (Acacia xanthophloea) and extensive invasion of the area by halophytes, a transition brought on by rising ground water and consequent elevation of the soil salinity zone. In this and several other primate populations, mortality of infants and juveniles appears to be the demographic variable most sensitive to environmental change.
Proteomic analysis of protein nitration in aging skeletal muscle and identification of nitrotyrosine-containing sequences in vivo by nanoelectrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

The nitration of protein tyrosine residues represents an important post-translational modification during development, oxidative stress, and biological aging. To rationalize any physiological changes with such modifications, the actual protein targets of nitration must be identified by proteomic methods. While several studies have used proteomics to screen for 3-nitrotyrosine-containing proteins in vivo, most of these studies have failed to prove nitration unambiguously through the actual localization of 3-nitrotyrosine to specific sequences by mass spectrometry. In this paper we have applied sequential solution isoelectric focusing and SDS-PAGE for the proteomic characterization of specific 3-nitrotyrosine-containing sequences of nitrated target proteins in vivo using nanoelectrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Specifically, we analyzed proteins from the skeletal muscle of 34-month-old Fisher 344/Brown Norway F1 hybrid rats, a well accepted animal model for biological aging. We identified the 3-nitrotyrosine-containing sequences of 11 proteins, including cytosolic creatine kinase, tropomyosin 1, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, myosin light chain, aldolase A, pyruvate kinase, glycogen phosphorylase, actinin, γ-actin, ryanodine receptor 3, and neurogenic locus notch homolog. For creatine kinase and neurogenic locus notch homolog, two 3-nitrotyrosine-containing sequences were identified, i.e. at positions 14 and 20 for creatine kinase and at positions 1175 and 1205 for the neurogenic locus notch homolog. The selectivity of the in vivo nitration of creatine kinase at Tyr14 and Tyr20 does not correspond to the product selectivity in vitro, where exclusively Tyr82 was nitrated when creatine kinase was exposed to peroxynitrite. The latter experiments demonstrate that the in vitro exposure of an isolated protein to peroxynitrite may not always be a good model to mimic protein nitration in vivo.
On a matrix identity connecting iteration operators associated with a p-cyclic matrix

The successive overrelaxation (SOR) and the symmetric SOR (SSOR) iteration matrices are connected with the Jacobi iteration matrix in case these operators are associated with a (9, p - 9)-generalized consistently ordered matrix through certain matrix identities. The validity of these identities has been proved in the last couple of years. Very recently an analogous matrix identity was shown to hold for the modified SOR (MSOR) and the Jacobi iteration matrices in the particular cases ( p, 9) = (2, l), (3,1), and 3,2). It is the main objective of this paper to extend the validity of this identity to cover an entire class or pairs ( p, 9). The identity in question is not only of theoretical interest but of practical importance too, since it can be used to show the equivalence of the MSOR and a class of p-step iterative methods for the solution of a linear system whose matrix coefficient possesses the (9, p - q&generalized consistently ordered property.
ON PLANE LINEAR MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC WAVES

This paper investigates the perturbation modes of the steady parallel flow of a compressible fluid of finite constant viscosity and electrical conductivity in a uniform arbitrarily oriented magnetic field. In particular, in addition to the classical fast and slow sound and Alfven modes, one obtains some waves whose amplitude is finite whenever the diffusive coefficients are finite and which resemble the diffusion of vorticity from stream surfaces in classical hydrodynamics. The paper also re-interprets upward-facing MHD waves and upstream wakes in a new way.
Primary care providers' perspective on prescribing opioids to older adults with chronic non-cancer pain: A qualitative study

Background: The use of opioid medications as treatment for chronic non-cancer pain remains controversial. Little information is currently available regarding healthcare providers’ attitudes and beliefs about this practice among older adults. This study aimed to describe primary care providers’ experiences and attitudes towards, as well as perceived barriers and facilitators to prescribing opioids as a treatment for chronic pain among older adults. Methods: Six focus groups were conducted with a total of 23 physicians and three nurse practitioners from two academically affiliated primary care practices and three community health centers located in New York City. Focus groups were audiotape recorded and transcribed. The data were analyzed using directed content analysis; NVivo software was used to assist in the quantification of identified themes. Results: Most participants (96%) employed opioids as therapy for some of their older patients with chronic pain, although not as first-line therapy. Providers cited multiple barriers, including fear of causing harm, the subjectivity of pain, lack of education, problems converting between opioids, and stigma. New barriers included patient/family member reluctance to try an opioid and concerns about opioid abuse by family members/caregivers. Studies confirming treatment benefit, validated tools for assessing risk and/or dosing for comorbidities, improved conversion methods, patient education, and peer support could facilitate opioid prescribing. Participants voiced greater comfort using opioids in the setting of delivering palliative or hospice care versus care of patients with chronic pain, and expressed substantial frustration managing chronic pain. Conclusions: Providers perceive multiple barriers to prescribing opioids to older adults with chronic pain, and use these medications cautiously. Establishing the long-term safety and efficacy of these medications, generating improved prescribing methods, and implementing provider and patient educational interventions could help to improve the management of chronic pain in later life.
The Tainted Federal Prosecutor in an Overcriminalized Justice System

The infiltration of politics in the Department of Justice (DOJ) is the discussion in four recent oversight reports. Commentators and scholars have responded with varying solutions to ensure these mistakes will not be repeated. This Essay looks at politicization in DOJ from a different angle. It focuses first on the importance of maintaining political neutrality in DOJ and then stresses the need to examine structural changes in the criminal justice process that will minimize the ability to have decisions that might be politicized or might suggest an appearance of being politicized. Instead of focusing only on corrections to alleviate politicization in the federal criminal justice system, the focus also needs to look at overcriminalization, the breadth or many criminal statutes, the increased lack of mens rea required in criminal offenses, and the ability of prosecutors to use “short-cut” offenses to proceed with charges with relatively little proof. Conquering systemic problems accruing from an overcriminalized system will assure that decision-making is consistent and not a product of a prosecutor’s personal preferences. Thus, even if politicization should again enter into the DOJ, limited power in decisionmaking would avoid any possible problems that might accrue from the appearance or reality of having politically connected decisionmakers.
Efficiencies and System Temperature for a Beamforming Array

For an active beamforming array, standard definitions for efficiencies and system temperature are not available. We use noise considerations to generalize the single-antenna conventions for aperture efficiency, spillover efficiency, radiation efficiency, and system temperature to arrays. The treatment leads to a new noise matching efficiency that quantifies the effect of mutual coupling on amplifier noise. Numerical results for a phased array feed indicate that the noise increase caused by mutual coupling can be significant.
Modeling operation and microarchitecture concurrency for communication architectures with application to retargetable simulation

In multiprocessor based SoCs, optimizing the communication architecture is often as important as, if not more than, optimizing the computation architecture. While there are mature platforms and techniques for the modeling and evaluation of computation architectures, the same is not true for the communication architectures. A major challenge in modeling the communication architecture is managing the concurrency at multiple levels: at the operation level, multiple communication operations may be active at any time; at the microarchitecture level, several microarchitectural components may be operating in parallel. Further, it is important to be able to clearly specify how the operation level concurrency maps to the microarchitectural level concurrency. This paper presents a modeling methodology and a retargetable simulation framework which fill this gap. This framework seeks to facilitate the design space exploration of the communication sub-system through a rigorous modeling approach based on a formal concurrency model, the Operation State Machine (OSM). We first introduce the basic notions and concepts of OSM and show by example how this model can be used to represent the inherent concurrency in the architecture and microarchitecture of processors. Then we demonstrate the applicability of OSM in modeling on-chip communication architectures (OCAs) by walking though a router based packet switching network example and a bus example. Due to the fact that the OSM model is naturally suited to handle the operation and microarchitecture level concurrencies of OCAs as well, our OSM-based modeling methodology enables the entire system including both the computation and communication architectures to be modeled in a single OSM framework. This allows us to develop a tool set that can synthesize cycle-accurate system simulators for multi-PE SoC prototypes. To demonstrate the flexibility of this methodology, we choose two distinct system configurations with different types of OCA: a 4x4 mesh network of 16 PEs, and a cluster of 4 PEs connected by a bus. We show that by simulation, critical system information such as timing and communication patterns can be obtained and evaluated. Consequently, system-level design choices regarding the communication architecture can be made with high confidence in early stages of design. In addition to improving design quality, this methodology also results in significantly shortened design-time.
Light-scattering study of DNA condensation: Competition between collapse and aggregation

Light-scattering studies were done to investigate the DNA collapse transition, a large and discontinuous reduction in the radius of gyration. Of particular concern was differentiating the compaction of a single DNA molecule from aggregation. Solutions of RK2 plasmid DNA (Mr = 37 × 106) or bacteriophage T7 DNA (Mr = 25 × 106) were titrated with the condensing reagents spermidine in aqueous solvent or magnesium ion in ethanol–water solvent. The transition was followed by the change in scattering at a single angle or by the change in the angular dependence of scattering. At concentrations below 1 μg/mL, only aggregation could be detected by observation at a single angle; therefore, to study the collapse transition, it was necessary to measure the angular dependence of scattering. The intensities measured between the angles 30° and 60° were fit to known scattering functions. At low concentrations of the condensing reagent, the data were consistent with the scattering function of a random coil. On the other hand, during the transition at higher reagent concentrations, the curve that fit the data required two components—the scattering function for a random coil with a large radius of gyration, plus that for a sphere with a radius about one-fifth of that of the coil. The fractional concentration of the sphere increased with increasing condensing-reagent concentration. This two-component behavior is in apparent contrast to the situation with a more flexible polymer such as polystyrene, in accord with theoretical predictions. At still higher reagent concentrations, aggregation was apparent. Condensation to a collapsed state was reversible without hysteresis, while dissolution of the aggregated state nearly always occurred with hysteresis. Qualitative agreement between the observed DNA collapse transition and the theoretical phase diagram presented in the preceding paper was found, although the light-scattering results did not show quantitative agreement with the simple theoretical model.
A Descriptive Study of the Use of Restraint and Seclusion in a Special Education School

The literature regarding the use of restraint and seclusion in schools is scant, perhaps due to the controversial nature of the topic. With few exceptions, schools have not published policies or data regarding these procedures even when doing so would further the discussion about standards for staff training, student safety, and benchmarks for ongoing improvement. The present descriptive study details how a special education school approached the problem of maintaining safety for its lower, middle, and high school students, the majority of whom have autistic spectrum disorders. Its purpose was to describe the monitoring of crisis intervention episodes in a large educational day facility and to report occurrence and duration data of restraint and seclusion. Data comparing student gender and Federal Census Code classifications in the lower/middle school and high school across two time periods were tabulated. The number and duration of restraint and seclusion episodes from 2002 to 2007 in each school were summarized. Examination of 6 years of aggregate crisis management data revealed that lower/middle school students are restrained more frequently than high school students. Duration rates of both restraint and seclusion were variable regardless of setting, a finding consistent with available studies, mostly from inpatient and residential settings. The authors concluded that most children and adolescents with aggressive and self-injurious behaviors can be safely managed in a day school setting. The present analysis of aggregate crisis intervention data may represent the first benchmarks for comparison with other special education programs.
E-Service-Innovationen durch Corporate Entrepreneurship bei global tätigen Technologieunternehmen

Die globalen Industriemarkte verandern sich — vor allem im Hochtechnologiebereich — mit dramatischer Geschwindigkeit und lassen seit einigen Jahren eine Vielzahl an neuen Organisationsformen, Geschaftsmodellen, Value Propositions und Angebotsformen entstehen. Besonders auffallig ist dies bei den Markten fur industrielle E-Services.
Three-dimensional model of strength and ductility of polycrystalline copper containing nanoscale twins

Recent studies have shown that strength values similar to those observed in nanocrystalline metals can be obtained without a severe deterioration in ductility. This is achieved by introducing controlled, nanoscale, growth twins within ultrafine-grained metals. In this work, we present a continuum description of the effective response of nanotwinned ultrafine crystals. The model is based on a finite element formulation of the continuum three-dimensional problem. The deformation of polycrystal grains is described explicitly and the contribution of the twins is considered through a homogenized representation of the twin planes in the crystal lattice in each grain. A phenomenological three-dimensional model extending the two-dimensional model of Dao et al. [Dao M, Lu L, Shen YF, Suresh S. Acta Mater 2006;54:5421–32] is constructed to describe both the orientation-dependent dislocation blocking action and absorption at the twin boundaries, and its anisotropic influence on the intrinsic lattice properties. Simulations of tensile tests using this model capture the increased level of strength with increasing twin densities. The fracture initiation criterion proposed by Dao et al. is shown to provide a good description of the experimentally observed failure trends with respect to twin spacings, but to overpredict the failure strain initiation for the smallest twin spacing. Other possible failure mechanisms not considered in the model that could explain the discrepancies observed are discussed. In addition, a study of the influence of crystallographic texture on the effective response is presented. Overall, the proposed model captures the salient three-dimensional features of the deformation of nanotwinned ultrafine crystals and provides a modeling framework for predicting the transition from intragrain to intergrain mechanisms of failure.
Bible Text or Liturgy

In various mediaeval authors, writing in different localities and at different periods, there are a goodly number of quotations which obviously derive ultimately from a biblical text. These quotations, however, either are not found in exactly the form, in which they are quoted, in MSS. of the Bible, whether of Old Latin or of Vulgate versions, or, if they do occur in MSS., these are of a later date than the earliest author who uses the quotation. Since these quotations do appear in the liturgy of the Church, or in other texts which were used in worship, such as sermons, homilies, Saints' Lives, it is not illogical to suppose that their source is to be found, not in any special type of Bible text, but in the liturgy. As an illustration of this possibility I presented in this Review (XXXI, 1938, 41–51) a study of one of these quotations, the phrase viam universae carnis ingressurus , which occurs frequently in documents from the 11th century on. It does not occur in precisely this form in any biblical MS., although the substitution of carnis for terrae of the early MSS. is found in a MS. of the 13th century, but does occur in at least one liturgical text of the 11th century and in another which dates from the 13th century, if not earlier. The conclusion is certainly justified therefore that authors were indebted to the liturgy for this phrase and that the liturgical form influenced the reading in later biblical MSS.