cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure of T4moC, the Rieske-type ferredoxin component of toluene 4-monooxygenase.

The structure of the Rieske-type ferredoxin (T4moC) from toluene 4-monooxygenase was determined by X-ray crystallography in the [2Fe–2S]2+ state at a resolution of 1.48 A using single-wavelength anomalous dispersion phasing with the [2Fe–2S] center. The structure consists of ten β-strands arranged into the three antiparallel β-sheet topology observed in all Rieske proteins. Trp69 of T4moC is adjacent to the [2Fe–­2S] centre, which displaces a loop containing the conserved Pro81 by ∼8 A away from the [2Fe–2S] cluster compared with the Pro loop in the closest structural and functional homolog, the Rieske-type ferredoxin BphF from biphenyl dioxygenase. In addition, T4moC contains five hydrogen bonds to the [2Fe–2S] cluster compared with three hydrogen bonds in BphF. Moreover, the electrostatic surface of T4moC is distinct from that of BphF. These structural differences are identified as possible contributors to the evolutionary specialization of soluble Rieske-type ferredoxins between the diiron monooxygenases and cis-dihydrodiol-forming dioxygenases.
Persistent oral dyskinesias in haloperidol-withdrawn neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats.

Abstract Because chronic haloperidol-treated rats demonstrate an increased incidence of spontaneous oral activity, while neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats demonstrate an increased incidence of dopamine agonist-induced oral activity, we studied the influence of haloperidol in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. At 3 days after birth rats received 6-hydroxydopamine hydrobromide (200 μg intracerebroventricularly; desipramine pretreatment, 20 mg/kg i.p., 1 h) or vehicle. Two months later haloperidol (1.5 mg/kg per day × 2 days per week, for 4 weeks; then 1.5 mg/kg per day, every day for 10 months) was added to the drinking water. After 15 weeks the level of spontaneous oral activity was stable. At 11 months there were 35.8 ± 4.9 vs. 18.4 ± 2.1 oral movements in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned vs. intact rats receiving haloperidol. This effect persisted unabated in lesioned rats for 4 months after haloperidol withdrawal. This stable high frequency of oral dyskinesias is an advantage for studying putative therapeutic drugs for tardive dyskinesia.
Technology and the Conflict of Professionals in Bureaucratic Organizations

This paper reports upon a secondary analysis of Richard Hall's (1968) data, indicating that two major trends—the increasing professionalization of the labor force and the increasing bureaucratizati...
Structural Vibration Control Using PZT Patches and Non-Linear Phenomena

Abstract We investigate non-linear saturation control, non-linear internal resonance control, and linear position-feedback control of steady-state and transient vibrations of a cantilever beam by using PZT (lead zirconate titanate) patches as actuators and sensors. The saturation control method uses the saturation phenomenon to suppress steady-state vibrations of a dynamical system with quadratic nonlinearities and 2:1 internal resonances. The internal resonance control method uses the energy exchange phenomenon due to internal resonances and added dampings to suppress transient vibrations. To test these control techniques in an efficient and systematic way, we built a digital control system that consists of SIMULINK modelling software and a dSPACE DS1102 controller in a pentium computer. Both numerical and experimental results show that the saturation control method is robust and efficient in suppression steady-state resonant vibrations. The linear position-feedback control is more robust, efficient, and convenient than the internal resonance control in suppressing transient vibrations, but it is not as robust as the saturation control in suppressing steady-state vibrations. A hybrid controller consisting of a saturation controller and a position-feedback controller is shown to be robust and efficient in controlling both transient and steady-state vibrations.
Origin of the stepped topography of the Martian poles

Ablation and condensation of water vapor are suggested as the principal factors responsible for the circumpolar layered and stepped terrain found at the North and South Poles of Mars. A metastable erosion rate due to decreasing albedo and increasing radiation input caused by dust deposits on the steeper slopes of the ablating layered deposits provides a mechanism for the development of the stepped topography. Loose excess dust accumulated during scarp ablation may then be removed by wind erosion.
Erythrocyte membrane sidedness in lectin control of the Ca 2+ –A23187-mediated diskocyte ⇄ echinocyte conversion

Increasing the cytoplasmic calcium concentration of human erythrocytes with ionophore A23187 drives the transformation from diskocyte to echinocyte morphology1. This transformation is closely linked to the intracellular ATP level, which drops when calcium is introduced across the membrane2,3. The echinocyte morphology reverts to the diskocyte after restoration of normal ATP and calcium levels4,5. ATP control of cell morphology is thought to depend on the action of a protein kinase and phosphatase which reversibly modify the membrane cytoskeleton6–9. The cytoskeleton in turn is in contact with the outside membrane surface via transmembrane proteins10–11. We show here that binding of the lectin, wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA), to the erythrocyte membrane surface blocks the morphological conversions diskocyte ⇄ echinocyte in both directions. WGA seems to work via a mechanism involving the transmembrane glycoprotein, glycophorin13,14.
A volatile trail Pheromone of the Leaf-Cutting Ant, Atta Texana

Abstract The major volatile trail-marking pheromone of the Texas leaf-cutting ant, Atta texana , was isolated, identified as methyl 4-methylpyrrole-2-carboxylate, and synthesized. The synthesized pheromone elicited strong trail-following responses from workers in the laboratory and the field.
Theoretical considerations of panel flutter at high supersonic Mach numbers.

The general characteristics of panel flutter at high supersonic Mach numbers are examined theoretically. Linear plate theory and two-dimensional first-order aerodynamics are used. The paper attempts to clarify the important role of damping, the relationship between traveling and standing wave theories of panel flutter, and the effects of edge conditions. The solution procedures and general mathematical behavior may be of interest in other stability problems characterized by the appearance of complex eigenvalues.
Data integration and favourability maps for exploring geothermal systems in Sicily, southern Italy

Abstract This paper describes a data integration tool used to identify potentially undiscovered geothermal resources in the island of Sicily. The factors facilitating the recovery of exploitable geothermal energy were defined, and their spatial correlation established by Geographic Information System (GIS) models. By prioritizing favourable conditions using an Index Overly method, “favourability” maps of Sicily were obtained. The maps considered both geological and economic aspects, and energy recovery was considered for current technologies. Our approach and maps are useful for developing and planning local or national energy policies including geothermal energy.
Applications of graphene devices in RF communications

Graphene, a one-atom-thick layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice, has recently attracted great interest among physicists and engineers. The combination of the unique properties of graphene with new device concepts and nanotechnology can overcome some of the main limitations of traditional radio frequency electronics in terms of maximum frequency, linearity, and power dissipation. In this article we review the current status of research on graphene-based electronic devices for RF applications. The future challenges facing this rising technology and its feasibility for a new generation of applications in RF communications and circuits are also discussed.
Sediment resuspension mechanisms in old Tampa Bay, Florida

Abstract The mechanisms that resuspend bottom sediments in Old Tampa Bay, a shallow, microtidal, subtropical estuary in west-central Florida, were determined by analysing data collected during several periods from 1988 to 1990. Hydrodynamic and suspended-solids concentration data were collected at a relatively deep (4 m) site where a permanent platform was built and at a relatively shallow (1·5 m) site where a submersible instrument package was deployed. Bottom sediments were non-cohesive silts and fine sands. The primary sediment resuspension mechanism at both sites was wind waves, which were generated by strong and sustained winds associated with winter storms and tropical storms. At the platform, waves were depth-transitional, and estimated bottom shear stresses were most sensitive to wave period and water depth. Concentrations of suspended solids at this site corresponded well with wave motion, and non-linear wave-current interaction was small. At the shallow-water site, concentrations of suspended solids were elevated during periods of strong north-easterly winds and large bottom orbital velocities. At both sites, wind direction was an important factor in determining the occurrence and magnitude of sediment resuspension. Resuspended sediments settled within several hours as storm intensity diminished. Winds and waves generated by thunderstorms were more transient than those generated by winter storms and tropical storms. Based on the data collected during this study, thunderstorms are less likely to resuspend bottom sediment than winter storms and tropical storms. Maximum tidal currents at the study sites are usually less than 15 cm s−1and did not increase observed concentrations of suspended solids.
Robust sampling and reconstruction methods for compressed sensing

Recent results in compressed sensing show that a sparse or compressible signal can be reconstructed from a few incoherent measurements. Compressive sensing systems are not immune to noise, which is always present in practical acquisition systems. In this paper we propose robust methods for sampling and reconstructing sparse signals in the presence of impulsive noise. Analysis of the proposed methods demonstrates their robustness under heavy-tailed models. Simulations show that the proposed methods outperform existing compressed sensing techniques in impulsive environments, while having similar performance in light-tailed environments.
In vitro system for detecting nongenotoxic carcinogens

Chemical risk assessment has been limited by the inability of in vitro short-term assays to identify the true carcinogenic potential of many substances. Numerous methods exist for identifying mutagenic and clastogenic agents, but a practical means of identifying non-genotoxic carcinogens has remained elusive. Experiments described here suggest that some chemicals may participate in carcinogenesis by modulating the enzymatic processes of drug metabolism. The tumor promoters butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, deoxycholic acid, reserpine, trypan blue, and 12,-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate were chosen as model non-genotoxic carcinogens. The enzyme-modulating action of these chemicals was measured using a modified Ames plate incorporation assay whereby the known tumor promoters were plated with a promutagen in the presence of a mammalian metabolic activation system (S9). Each of the non-genotoxic carcinogens significantly increased the mutagenic response of metabolically activated promutagen(s). These experiments suggest that the carcinogenic role of some chemicals may be attributed to their ability to modify the biochemical pathways of drug metabolism. By enhancing or inhibiting the activity of various enzymes, some tumor promoters may create an environment that increases a cell's mutational burden, thereby contributing to neoplastic transformation.
Coefficient of Interarea Variation as a Measure of Spatial Income Inequality

Abstract “How large would an areal grouping of political units have to become in order to reduce substantially the income fragmentation associated with the political fragmentation of the large metropolitan areas?” Generally the county is the size short of metropolitan status that provides a substantial reduction in the existing interarea variations in income.
Mutagenesis in Oocytes of DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. I. Scheduled Synthesis of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA and Unscheduled DNA Synthesis.

As a model system for studying mutagenesis, the oocyte of Drosophila melanogaster has exhibited considerable complexity. Very few experiments have been conducted on the effect of exposing oocytes to chemical mutagens, presumably due to their lower mutational response relative to sperm and spermatids. This lower response may be due either to a change in probability of mutation induction per adduct due to a change in the type of DNA repair or to a lower dose of the mutagen to the female germ line. To study molecular dosimetry and DNA repair in the oocyte, the large number of intracellular constituents (mtDNA, RNA, nucleic acid precursors and large quantities of proteins and lipids) must be separated from nuclear DNA. In this paper we present results showing reliable separation of such molecules enabling us to detect scheduled nuclear and mitochondrial DNA synthesis. We also, by understanding the precise timing of such events, can detect unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) as a measure of DNA repair. Furthermore, by comparing the UDS results in a repair competent (Ore-R) vs. a repair deficient (mei-9(L1 )) strain, we have shown the oocyte capable of DNA repair after treatment with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). We conclude that the important determinant of mutation induction in oocytes after treatment with EMS is the time interval between DNA alkylation and DNA synthesis after fertilization, i.e., the interruption of continuous DNA repair.
On the Dubins Traveling Salesperson Problems: novel approximation algorithms

In this paper we study minimum-time motion plan- ning and routing problems for the Dubins vehicle, i.e., a non- holonomic vehicle that is constrained to move along planar paths of bounded curvature, without reversing direction. Motivated by autonomous aerial vehicle applications, we consider the Traveling Salesperson Problem for the Dubins vehicle (DTSP): given n points on a plane, what is the shortest Dubins tour through these points and what is its length? Specifically, we study a stochastic version of the DTSP where the n targets are randomly sampled from a uniform distribution. We show that the expected length of such a tour is of order at least n 2/3 and we propose a novel algorithm yielding a solution with length of order n 2/3 with high probability. Additionally, we study a dynamic version of the DTSP: given a stochastic process that generates target points, is there a policy which guarantees that the number of unvisited points does not diverge over time? If such stable policies exist, what is the minimum expected time that a newly generated target waits before being visited by the vehicle? We propose a novel stabilizing algorithm such that the expected wait time is provably within a constant factor from the optimum.
The Behavioral Persuasion and Decision-Making Approaches to International Organization

There are few words more prevalent in the modern study of politics than decision, influence, and process. The accent has been on the fluidity of the political order and the definition of both influence and decision in terms of an ongoing social process. In the words of Harold Lasswell, "political analysis is the study of changes in the shape and composition of the value patterns of society. . . . Less formally expressed, politics is the study of who gets what, when, and how." 1 Indeed, the well-known definition of politics in terms of "the shaping and sharing of politics" is by its very nature pluralistic and procedural in character.2 By contrast, the classical Greek study of politics sought to define the essential character of a whole regime by reference to its dominant ends. Political operations and change were then examined in terms of the manner in which they were directed to these ends. Underlying this classical approach was a general concern for determining that which is proper for man.3 Unlike Lasswell, who treats a "political act . . . [as] one performed in power perspectives," 4 the ancient Greeks defined the political act in an ethical perspective.
A study of particle spectra and mass distributions in the reaction π+ + p → n (forward) + (2π, 4π, 6π) at 8.4 GeV/c

Abstract Results are reported on particle spectra and invariant mass distributions from the reaction π + + p → n (forward) + (2 π , 4 π ,6 π ) at 8.4 GeV/ c . The data were obtained with the SLAC 15-inch Rapid Cycling Bubble Chamber which was triggered by detecting fast forward neutrons interacting in downstream optical spark chambers. The main features of the data can be simulated with a Monte-Carlo program which incorporates Lorentz-invariant phase space modified by exponential transverse momentum damping on each final state particle and, in addition, takes into account the geometrical constraints and triggering requirements of the system. Resonance production in some channels is seen to deviate from background distributions.
A low gate bias model extraction technique for AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

The small-signal equivalent circuit of AlGaN/GaN high electron-mobility transistors is discussed. A new modeling procedure is introduced in this paper that does not bias the device at a untenable high gate voltage in order to extract the parasitic inductance and resistance. Simulated results show good agreement with measurements up to 40 GHz.
Tomographic investigation of the wear along the San Jacinto fault, southern California

The seismic properties of the wear along the San Jacinto fault are investigated using local seismic records for clustered fault-zone earthquakes. Spatial reciprocity allows us to use the seismicity along fault plane to mimic the situation where receiver arrays are placed at depth on the fault plane. A seismic record at the event location is constructed by stacking the original station records. Waveform cross-correlations is then used to calculate the traveltimes of shear waves traveling between the pair of events. We analyze 157 small earthquakes occurring between 1998 and 2004 on the San Jacinto and Elsinore fault zones. Low shear velocities in the San Jacinto fault zone related to wear and gouge are persistently observed up to the depth of brittle–ductile transition zone (∼16 km). On the other hand, low velocities in the Elsinore fault zone are only visible in the northwestern portion at shallow depth. The wear structures in the San Jacinto fault zone display lower shear velocities by 6–8% than those of the wall-rock. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Efficient rekeying algorithms for WiMAX networks

In this paper, we study the rekeying issue in IEEE 802.16e WiMAX networks. The existing rekeying scheme—the Multicast and Broadcast Rekeying Algorithm (MBRA) unicasts new keys to each subscriber station (SS). This scheme does not scale well since it incurs large communication overheads when the number of SSs increase. In our work, first we propose a general tree-based rekeying scheme, which is more efficient than the MBRA. We also formulate an optimization problem to determine the optimal tree structure for given number of SSs. Furthermore, we present a novel and efficient rekeying scheme for WiMAX networks. Our new rekeying scheme utilizes efficient security schemes and the WiMAX network application feature. Both analysis and performance evaluation show that our rekeying scheme can significantly reduce the communication overheads. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Healthcare management: do quality and standards vary based on national culture

This discussion reflects on the importance of quality and standards in the delivery and management of healthcare regardless of the national culture, focusing on the still recent Patient Protection Affordable Care Act, commonly known as the Affordable Care Act, or referred to by some as Obamacare. If the bill was not so lengthy many who read this 906 pages long piece of literature would discover it actually included many provisions expressing the concern and duty of care the government owed to all US citizens and residents. In this reflection, models and propositions are offered, showing the relationships between healthcare quality, standards, technology and reductions of costs. This discussion continues the conversation on Obamacare, even as the bill has yet to deliver on its promises, yet is certain to mushroom into a full–fledged functioning, effective and efficient single payer system in the long–run.
Wave Gradiometry in Two Dimensions

The spatial displacement gradient of a seismic wave is related to dis- placement and velocity through two spatial coefficients for any one dimension. One coefficient gives the relative change of wave geometrical spreading with distance and the other gives the horizontal slowness and its change with distance. The essential feature of spatial gradient analysis is a time-domain relation between three seismo- grams that yields information on the amplitude and phase behavior of a seismic wave. Filter theory is used to find these coefficients for data from 2D areal arrays of seismometers, termed gradiometers. A finite-difference star is used to compute the displacement gradient for irregularly shaped gradiometers, and a relation for the frequency-dependent error in the displacement gradient is obtained and applied to ensure accurate estimates. This kind of array analysis is useful for gradiometers at any distance from a source and yields a variety of time-domain and frequency-domain views of wave-amplitude changes and horizontal phase velocity estimates across the gradiometer. For example, time-dependent horizontal slowness and wave-azimuth plots are natural results of the analysis. These time-domain maps may be used in conjunction with time-distance and horizontal slowness-distance models to locate seismic sources or may be used directly to study earth structure. These methods are demonstrated by using data from a small-aperture (40 m) seismic gradiometer.
Methylene Blue by Intraosseous Infusion for Methemoglobinemia

Abstract Intraosseous administration of methylene blue may be an emergency alternative to intravascular administration. A 6-week-old female infant (3 kg) presented to the emergency department after a 1-week illness and appeared cyanotic and listless. Oxygen saturation by oximetry was 86% while the patient was receiving oxygen. Vital signs were blood pressure, 107/80 mm Hg; pulse, 190; respirations, 47; temperature, 39.0°C. A metabolic acidosis and a methemoglobin level of 29.3% were present. After several unsuccessful attempts to establish intravenous access, an intraosseous needle was placed in the infant's left tibia. Methylene blue, 1 mg/kg, normal saline solution, and sodium bicarbonate were given intraosseously. The patient's oxygen saturation rose to 98% to 100%, and her cyanosis improved. Three hours later, her methemoglobin level was 8.2%. The child recovered uneventfully and was sent home after 3 days. Intraosseous administration of standard intravenous doses of methylene blue rapidly terminated the effects of acquired methemoglobinemia. [Herman MI, Chyka PA, Butler AY, Rieger SE: Methylene blue by intraosseous infusion for methemoglobinemia. Ann Emerg Med January 1999;33:111-113.]
On joint routing and server selection for MD video streaming in ad hoc networks

For media streaming in ad hoc networks, service replication has been demonstrated to be a quite effective countermeasure to streaming interruptions caused by fragile paths and dynamic topology. In this paper, we study the problem of joint routing and server selection for double description (DD) video streaming in ad hoc networks. We formulate the task as a combinatorial optimization problem and present tight lower and upper bounds for the achievable distortion. The upper bound provides a feasible solution to the formulated problem. Our extensive numerical results show that the bounds are very close to each other for all the cases studied, indicating the near-global optimality of the derived upper bounding solution. Moreover, we observe significant gains in video quality achieved by the proposed approach over existing server selection schemes. This justifies the importance of jointly considering routing and server selection for optimal MD video streaming
Distal humeral fractures: role of internal fixation and elbow arthroplasty.

The management of distal humeral fractures has evolved over the last few years. Worldwide application of the AO principles of plate and screw fixation during the late 1980s and early 1990s remained the only breakthrough for quite some time1. Recent major advancements in the management of these injuries include the widespread availability of computed tomography (CT) scans with three-dimensional reconstruction, recognition of the more complex articular shear fractures2, understanding the benefits of the parallel-plate technique3, the availability of precontoured periarticular plates, and the selective use of total elbow arthroplasty4. Opportunity for improvement remains, as reflected by the interest in distal humeral hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of these injuries and the controversy regarding the ideal management of the ulnar nerve as a part of this surgery and how to best manage structural bone loss. Unfortunately, insufficient internal fixation with Kirschner wires continues to be performed by some surgeons, greatly compromising patient outcome. The general principles of evaluation for musculoskeletal injuries apply to distal humeral fractures, including assessment of the soft tissues (especially in open fractures), the neurovascular status of the upper extremity, identification of associated injuries, and adequate imaging studies. It is important to understand whether there was preexisting elbow pathology, such as inflammatory arthritis, and the anticipated physical demands on the elbow, especially when arthroplasty is considered. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the elbow may be difficult to interpret because of fracture displacement and comminution (Figs. 1-A and 1-B). Radiographs made with the patient under traction are useful, but often are not made until the patient is under anesthesia and ready for surgery. Three-dimensional reconstructions rendered from a CT scan are extremely useful in understanding the fracture pattern and planning treatment; at the Mayo Clinic, we routinely have this imaging study made …
Tests for the multivariate two‐sample problem based on empirical probability measures

Nonparametric tests are proposed for the equality of two unknown p-variate distributions. Empirical probability measures are defined from samples from the two distributions and used to construct test statistics as the supremum of the absolute differences between empirical probabilities, the supremum being taken over all possible events. The test statistics are truly multivariate in not requiring the artificial ranking of multivariate observations, and they are distribution-free in the general p-variate case. Asymptotic null distributions are obtained. Powers of the proposed tests and a competitor are examined by Monte Carlo techniques. Nous proposons de nouvelles methodes non parametriques pour tester l'egalite de deux distributions a p dimensions. Dans un premier temps, nous definissons des mesures de probabilite experimentales a partir de donnees provenant des deux populations. Nous calculons ensuite, a l'aide de ces mesures, le supremum des differences absolues entre les probabilites experimentales de tous les evenements possibles. Ceci conduit a des tests intrinsequement multivaries, puisqu'il n'est pas necessaire d'ordonner artificiellement des observations multidimensionnelles pour les construire et qu'en general, la procedure ne depend pas des distributions sous-jacentes. Nous determinons la loi asymptotique de ces tests sous l'hypothese nulle et nous comparons leur puissance a celle d'un test rival au moyen d'une etude de type Monte-Carlo.
Mount baldy/winter is ons seisoen crónica

En cuanto me levante, right away I sprayed on “Halston Z-14,” ese late 70s-early 80’s perfume. I found it en el Internido, bien facil. Melancolicamente I turned on my cell phone, and was immediately greeted por ese reassuring beep beep. Cuatro beeps. Me habias mandado un SMS, informing me que Mt. Baldy was where you’d skiied (tu, Ken y el Sea Lawyer, aka el Du Toit) ese long-ago invierno californiano del ’82, right before driving up Highway 1 to San Francisco. To your destiny, me escribiste.
Patient-adaptive ectopic beat classification using active learning

A major challenge in applying machine learning techniques to the problem of heartbeat classification is dealing effectively with inter-patient differences in electrocardiograms (ECGs). Inter-patient differences create a need for patient-specific classifiers, since there is no a priori reason to assume that a classifier trained on data from one patient will yield useful results when applied to a different patient. Unfortunately, patient-specific classifiers come at a high cost, since they require a labeled training set. Using active learning, we show that one can drastically reduce the amount of patient-specific labeled training data required to build a highly accurate patient-specific binary heartbeat classifier for identifying ventricular ectopic beats. Tested on all 48 half-hour ECG recordings from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database, our approach achieves an average sensitivity of 96.2% and specificity of 99.9%. The average number of beats needed to train each patient-specific classifier was less than 37 beats, approximately 30 seconds of data.
Adenine nucleotide degradation in slow-twitch red muscle

The catabolism of adenine nucleotides (AdN) in rat soleus muscle (predominantly slow twitch) is very different from that in fast-twitch muscle. AMP deaminase is highly inhibited during brief (3 min) intense (120 tetani/min) in situ stimulation, resulting in little inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) accumulation (0.21 mumol/g). Even with ligation of the femoral artery during the same brief intense contraction conditions there is surprisingly little increase in IMP (0.37 mumol/g), although AdN depletion is evident (-1.30 mumol/g). We have tested the hypothesis that accumulation of purine nucleosides and bases accounts for the AdN depletion by measuring purine degradation products using high-performance liquid chromatography. There was no stoichiometric accumulation of purine degradation products to account for the observed AdN depletion even though metabolite recovery was essentially quantitative. We hypothesis that under these conditions AdN are converted to a form different from purine nucleoside and base degradation products. In contrast to the inhibition of AMP deamination seen during brief ischemia, slow-twitch muscle depletes a substantial fraction (28%) of muscle AdN (1.75 mumol/g) that can be accounted for stoichiometrically as purine degradation products during an extended 10-min ischemic period of mild (12 tetani/min) contraction conditions. IMP accumulation (1 mumol/g) is most prominent with inosine, accounting for 23% (0.4 mumol/g) of the depleted AdN, showing that slow-twitch red muscle is capable of both AMP deamination and the subsequent production of purine nucleosides during an extended period of ischemic contractions. The present results indicate that AdN metabolism in the soleus muscle is complex, yielding expected degradation products or a loss of total purines, depending on contraction conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animal Model Studies

Functional imaging studies of animal brains will provide critical information for the interpretation and investigation of the spatial limit of human functional MRI (fMRI), since invasive approaches can be combined. In this chapter, we review animal imaging techniques including contrast agent-based MRI, intrinsic optical imaging, and two-photon microscopy. Since anesthesia is used for animal studies, commonly used anesthetics (a-chloralose, isoflurane, and dexdomitor) are briefly discussed. A few examples studied in our laboratory are shown to demonstrate the importance of multimodal imaging approaches in animal models and to examine fMRI specificity to neural active sites using cortical layer and column models.
Electric Field Changes on Au Nanoparticles on Semiconductor Supports – The Molecular Voltmeter and Other Methods to Observe Adsorbate-Induced Charge-Transfer Effects in Au/TiO2 Nanocatalysts

Infrared (IR) studies of Au/TiO2 catalyst particles indicate that charge transfer from van der Waals-bound donor or acceptor molecules on TiO2 to or from Au occurs via transport of charge carriers in the semiconductor TiO2 support. The ΔνCO on Au is shown to be proportional to the polarizability of the TiO2 support fully covered with donor or acceptor molecules, producing a proportional frequency shift in νCO. Charge transfer through TiO2 is associated with the population of electron trap sites in the bandgap of TiO2 and can be independently followed by changes in photoluminescence intensity and by shifts in the broad IR absorbance region for electron trap sites, which is also proportional to the polarizability of donors by IR excitation. Density functional theory calculations show that electron transfer from the donor molecules to TiO2 and to supported Au particles produces a negative charge on the Au, whereas the transfer from the Au particles to the TiO2 support into acceptor molecules results in a pos...
The Development of Educational Replicas of Software Application Systems

This article presents techniques for developing simplified, functional versions of software applications for training purposes. Representatives of this type of educational software are explained, t...
Section 504-Only Students National Incidence Data

Students with disabilities fit into two groups: (a) those with individualized education plans (IEPs), who are eligible under both the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act and Section 504, an...
'I know you've heard it before, but ...' demography (a litany for change--Part II).

Once again, an effort is made to stimulate and motivate pediatric dentists to lead the way in developing a community awareness in the care of our children.
Peer assisted versus expert assisted learning: a comparison of effectiveness in terms of academic scores.

OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of peer assisted learning versus expert assisted learning in terms of academic scores. STUDY DESIGN Cross over-randomized control trial followed by a cross-sectional survey. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY Fatima Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore, during January to October 2012. METHODOLOGY This study was conducted on 4th year MBBS students. The students were randomly divided in two groups by lottery method following their roll numbers. The groups A and B were dealt with Peer Assisted Learning (PAL) and Expert Assisted Learning (EAL) respectively. Effectiveness of both methods of learning was calculated on the basis of academic scores obtained in MCQ tests. One best answer type of MCQs were used and their construct validity was checked by other senior faculty members. After crossover of groups and altered teaching strategy, academic scores were compared again within the group and the comparable group. Student's views about this technique were measured by Likert's scale. P-values were obtained by applying independent and paired t-tests and considered statistically significant at ≥ 0.05. RESULTS There were 70 students of 4th year MBBS which included 24 (34.3%) males and 46 (65.7%) females. TheCrohnbach's alpha value of these MCQs was 0.64. Scores of MCQ test were compared by applying independent t-test and p-value obtained was 0.971; after cross over p-value was 0.468 which was not significant between the results obtained by two learning strategies. Twenty five students (46.3%) said that PAL is an effective technique. Thirty eight (70.4%) students found it easy to communicate with a peer. For incorporation of PAL in curriculum of community medicine, 24 (44.4%) students voted in its favour. CONCLUSION Peer assisted learning has proved of equivalent efficacy in terms of students score in MCQs test as expert assisted learning.
Animal Life and the Moving Image

To date, there has been some work on animals and film, particularly on wilderness documentaries and, increasingly, on the crossings of animal theory and film in the gradually-expanding wake of Derr...
Grid Structural Characteristics as Validation Criteria for Synthetic Networks

This paper presents a methodology and set of validation criteria for the systematic creation of synthetic power system test cases. The synthesized grids do not correspond to any real grid and are, thus, free from confidentiality requirements. The cases are built to match statistical characteristics found in actual power grids. First, substations are geographically placed on a selected territory, synthesized from public information about the underlying population and generation plants. A clustering technique is employed, which ensures the synthetic substations meet realistic proportions of load and generation, among other constraints. Next, a network of transmission lines is added. This paper describes several structural statistics to be used in characterizing real power system networks, including connectivity, Delaunay triangulation overlap, dc power flow analysis, and line intersection rate. The paper presents a methodology to generate synthetic line topologies with realistic parameters that satisfy these criteria. Then, the test cases can be augmented with additional complexities to build large, realistic cases. The methodology is illustrated in building a 2000 bus public test case that meets the criteria specified.
Software-Defined Networking

A survey of software-defined networking (SDN), which is an architecture and design methodology for designing programmable networks. Such programmable networks offer great flexibility. The classic Internet architecture is compared with SDN architecture. The development of SDN is examined. The popular OpenFlow architecture is discussed. A brief listing of SDN standardization groups is included.
Polarization and inclusive reactions an introduction for the theory workshop

The study of polarization effects in inclusive reactions is an area in which theory, for the most part, lags experiment. Experimentally the tools are available, or soon will be, to polarize a variety of beams and targets as well as to measure the polarization of the product. Given the current promises of QCD, some theoretical guidance would be useful to indicate which of the many possible future experiments might yield interesting results. 16 references, 2 figures.
Technology Assessment in the Energy Sector

As time passes and our current rate of population increase is maintained, the demand for heated water for home uses grows as well. Such demands become taxing on the energy industry to maintain the supply of energy to heat the water. Although there are other methods in which we are able to heat water they are still at its infancy stage. This initial parts of the study are developed to understand the taxing demands that heated water has on our energy sector and the implications it has economically as well as environmentally. This project conducts a literature review to study the current water heating industry, which then is utilized to establish a GAP analysis that would help us correctly conduct a more accurate Hierarchal Decision Model (HDM). The objective of this study was to understand the different factors that influence the industry from the consumer perspective, as well as show the primary factors that need to be changed to implement more environmentally friendly solutions in heating water. Thus, allowing Government Regulators to develop regulations that help influence the industry in the right direction as well as allowing the Water Heating Industry to focus on features that are key to the consumer based of a developed platform.
A 4.78mm 2 fully-integrated neuromodulation SoC combining 64 acquisition channels with digital compression and simultaneous dual stimulation

A 65nm CMOS 4.78mm 2 integrated neuromodulation SoC consumes 417μW from a 1.2V supply while operating 64 acquisition channels with epoch compression at an average firing rate of 50Hz and engaging two stimulators with a pulse width of 250μs/phase, differential current of 150μA, and a pulse frequency of 100Hz. Compared to the state of the art, this represents the lowest area and power for the highest integration complexity achieved to date.
Assessing Matrix Reorganization in a Hormone-sensitive 3D Breast Tissue Model

We report a quantitative metric, 3D directional variance, which characterizes the organization of collagen fibers in a 3D context, and apply it to the assessment of collagen remodeling in a hormone-sensitive 3D breast tissue model
Superwoman Goes Camping: The On-Going Quest to Right-Size My Life

I came to the professoriate as a second career at the age of 48. After over two mostly enjoyable and successful decades as an administrator in the K-12 environment, I now have significant autonomy to do work I truly love. Doing so in the women-centered environment of my university during my midlife years has been liberating in unexpected ways, while it simultaneously brings me face-to-face with the fundamental primordial issues of who and how I am. The chapter uses camping as a metaphor to (1) recount experiences of constraint and liberation in a context of dominant narratives and expectations and (2) explore the challenges of decision making in a context of opportunity. Ultimately, I encourage myself and others to release ourselves from pursuits that undermine our well-being, recognize when we have and do enough, and embrace the perfect imperfection of our human condition.
Entry Order, Geographical Repositioning, and Performance Among Recreational Marijuana Retailers

In this empirical study I examine the relationship between entry order, geographical location choice, and performance of firms in the nascent recreational marijuana industry. Results from analyzing...
Guest Editors’ Introduction to JLAS Special Issue on Athlete Activism and Sports Social Responsibility

When San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick knelt during the national anthem prior to National Football League (NFL) games during the 2016 season, he quickly became a symbol of a renewed era of athlete activism, triggering collegiate and professional athlete activists across the country to join demonstrations and sparking national conversations about racism and police brutality. But athlete activism is much broader, extending to philanthropic work such as NFL wide receiver Brandon Marshall’s efforts to spread mental health awareness and National Basketball Association superstar LeBron James’s funding of college scholarships for inner-city youth. Professional athletes’ willingness to take public stands on political and social issues is reflected and reinforced by sports entities’ social responsibility initiatives. For example, the NCAA relocated men’s basketball championship games out of North Carolina in response to a state law that curbed anti-discrimination protections for transgender people. Most sports leagues and governing bodies regularly participate in socially responsible causes.
Experimental Simulation and Quantification of Migration of Subgrade Soil into Subbase under Rigid Pavement Using Model Mobile Load Simulator

AbstractRigid pavement structure typically consists of a surface layer (concrete), underlying granular layers (subbase and/or base), and a compacted subgrade soil layer. Because the subgrade is sat...
Electron ionization of the CN+ molecule

We present electron ionization cross sections for the CN+ molecule. A configuration-average distorted-wave method is used to compute the electron ionization cross sections based on earlier molecular structure tabulations. Electron ionization cross sections are calculated for the outer 4 subshells of the 1σ22σ23σ24σ21π25σ2 ground configuration and for the outer 3 subshells of the 1σ2 2σ23σ24σ21π4 excited configuration. The total electron ionization cross sections are compared with recent total crossed-beams measurements that include production of CN2+, C+, C2+, N+, and N2+. The total theoretical and experimental cross sections are in fairly good agreement, especially at the higher electron energies.
2019 Hans O. Mauksch Address Teaching: The Body in Question:

I presented the 2019 Hans O. Mauksch address at the American Sociological Association annual meeting in New York City on August 13, 2019. In this address, I explore how sociology faculty perceive t...
Public policies that shaped the american physician assistant.

Abstract Introduction The American physician assistant (PA) was created through a series of federal policies and legislative acts. Each was intended to improve society through advancements in the delivery of healthcare. The theory why this public policy developed has been unexplored. Method A search of reports was undertaken to identify national legislation that enabled the PA to be included in the American medical workforce. The effect was a chronology of federal acts and policies. Results In the early 1960s editorials, conference proceedings, and reports signaled that more access to physician services was needed for a growing American society. Beginning in 1965 with a series of congressional acts such as Medicare and Medicaid, a call was made for a physician analog. Envisioned was a type of assistant who could undertake many of the routine responsibilities of the doctor. Half a century later the number of clinically active PAs exceeds 120,000 and 260 PA programs are operational. What policies gave impetus to this novel health workforce innovation? All the acts and policies produced by Congress or federal agencies that involved PAs were analyzed, summarized, and placed in chronological order. The result reveals an evolution of healthcare reform that continues well into the 21st century. Conclusion From 1966 to 2024 (58 years) there were 18 significant federal acts, policies, and improvements that enabled PAs to provide medical services in American society. With each enactment drawing on the success of preceding ones, more expansion of the PA took place and their utilization grew.
The First Treatment for PKU: The Pioneers—Birmingham 1951

Prior to the introduction of newborn screening, Phenylketonuria (PKU) was a devastating disorder with affected individuals usually committed to a life in care in large institutions (asylums). Newborn screening only began after it was shown that those with PKU could be treated with a modified diet and could subsequently lead normal lives. The first production of a diet and the demonstration of its effectiveness was thus a key milestone in the history of both PKU and newborn screening, and took place in Birmingham, UK, in 1951. The pioneers were a two-year-old girl called Sheila Jones, her mother Mary, and three dedicated professionals at Birmingham Children’s Hospital: Evelyn Hickmans, John Gerrard and Horst Bickel. Together, they changed the course of PKU for those across the world. This review summarises the history and achievements of this team who opened the door to PKU treatment and the introduction of newborn screening.
Research Joint Ventures in the United States

The enactment of the National Cooperative Research Act (NCRA) in 1984 and, its amended version, the National Cooperative Research and Production Act (NCRPA) in 1993 created an invaluable source of information on U.S.-based RJVs. The parties of an RJV seeking the benefit of the provisions of NCRA and NCRPA are required to file notifications with the U.S. Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission disclosing the composition and principal research content of the RJV. Subsequent notifications of changes in membership or research purpose of RJVs are also required. Both kinds of filings are being posted in the Federal Register. Both types of filings are used in building the NCRA-RJV database.