cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wildlife in the Exclusion Zone in Chernobyl

This chapter “Wildlife in the Exclusion Zone in Chernobyl” explores the state of wildlife in Chernobyl three decades after the nuclear disaster, as a comparative reference for the wildlife in Fukushima in the near future. Wildlife appears to be thriving in Chernobyl, which is evidenced by the rebound of the population of gray wolves that are the top predators in the area. However, scientific studies of the population thus far are inconclusive regarding the effects of low-level, long-term radiation on their health. The wildlife in Chernobyl also gives insight into the possibility of rewilding projects in Fukushima and elsewhere.
Imputation of Behavioral Candidate Gene Repeat Polymorphisms in 486,551 Publicly-Available UK Biobank Individuals.

Some of the most widely studied polymorphisms in psychiatric genetics include variable number tandem repeat polymorphisms (VNTRs) in SLC6A3, DRD4, SLC6A4, and MAOA. While initial findings suggested large effects, their importance with respect to psychiatric phenotypes is the subject of much debate with broadly conflicting results. Despite broad interest, these loci remain absent from the largest available samples, such as the UK Biobank, limiting researchers' ability to test these contentious hypotheses rigorously in large samples. Here, using two independent reference datasets, we report out-of-sample imputation accuracy estimates of >0.96 for all four VNTR polymorphisms and one modifying SNP, depending on the reference and target dataset. We describe the imputation procedures of these candidate polymorphisms in 486,551 UK Biobank individuals, and have made the imputed polymorphism data available to UK Biobank researchers. This resource, provided to the community, will allow the most rigorous tests to-date of the roles of these polymorphisms in behavioral and psychiatric phenotypes.
Costly, Regressive, and Ineffective: How Sensitive Is Public Support for the Mortgage Interest Deduction in the United States?

ABSTRACTAlthough the mortgage interest deduction enjoys broad public support, critics argue that the policy disproportionately benefits wealthy households, fails to expand homeownership opportunities to households on the margins, and costs the federal government an extraordinary amount of money in foregone tax revenue. Drawing on data collected through an online experiment, this analysis tests the sensitivity of public support to these critiques. The findings reveal that support for the mortgage interest deduction declines when respondents are presented with information about the cost, effectiveness, or distribution of benefits associated with the deduction. Support among renters is more sensitive to framing effects than that among homeowners. Republicans are less sensitive to framing effects than Democrats when the deduction is framed as distributing benefits unequally, but more sensitive to these effects when the issue is framed as costly. However, all groups register their lowest level of support when ...
New Multi-Weight Collision Algorithm For Dsmc/Pic Simulations Of Gases And Plasma Flows

The direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) and particle-incell (PIC) methods have been widely used to model the kinetics of gases and plasmas. In both DSMC and PIC, the Boltzmann equation is solved by representing distribution functions with a number of macro-particles that correspond to volumes in a phase space. Typically the weight of the macro-particles i.e., the number of real particles is kept the same for all species. However, in many problems of interest, there are multiple species of very different densities that undergo collisions. Collisions of particles with different weights is very challenging problem because split\merge algorithms developed so far don't allow to conserve energy and momentum in the same time per each collision event. In this talk, we present the theory, development, and preliminary results of a novel multi-weight collision algorithm. The new algorithm is capable of handling collisions between species of different densities using particle-dependent weights, while conserving both momentum and energy in each collision event. Preliminary results for elastic collisions demonstrate the concept of the new multi-weight collision algorithm and show the relaxation process of monatomic gases.
HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY AND SUBSEQUENT STRUCTURAL CHANGES BY ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are associated with short term diastolic dysfunction and increased risk of later life cardiovascular disease. We aim to determine if women with preeclampsia have higher prevalence of echocardiographic changes 8-10 years after delivery and evaluate if those
Making Citizens Behind Bars (and the Stories We Tell About It): Queering Approaches to Prison Literacy Programs

Scholarship in literacy and composition studies has demonstrated the many connections between literacy education and citizenship production (e.g. Guerra, Wan). Despite often being neglected in conversations about literacy education and citizenship training, prison education programs and incarcerated students have a unique relationship to citizenship and can make an important contribution to that scholarship. By putting literacy studies in conversation with queer studies and critical prison studies, I argue that we as literacy educators and teachers can train ourselves to notice and push back against the harmful ideologies underlying the discourse around prison literacy education programs and citizenship education. This attention to language is essential because it has a material effect on the incarcerated students we teach, as well as the futures we imagine for our classes, programs, and the wider landscape of prison education.
Associations of Social Media Use With Physical Activity and Sleep Adequacy Among Adolescents: Cross-Sectional Survey.

Background: Adolescents’ use of social media, which has increased considerably in the past decade, has both positive and negative influences on adolescents’ health and health behaviors. As social media is the most prominent communication tool of choice for adolescents, it is important to understand the relationship between the frequency of social media use and health behaviors among this population. Objective: The objective of our study was to examine the associations between the frequency of social media use and physical activity and sleep adequacy among middle and high school students. Methods: We used data from the Monitoring the Future survey (2014 and 2015), a nationally representative, annual, cross-sectional survey of American 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade students (N=43,994). Health behaviors examined were frequency of vigorous physical activity and frequency of getting 7 hours of sleep (never/seldom, sometimes, and every day/nearly every day). We measured frequency of social media use using a Likert-like scale (never, a few times a year, 1-2 times a month, once a week, or every day). Multivariable generalized ordered logistic regressions examined the association of social media use with different levels of physical activity and sleep. We estimated marginal effects (MEs) for the main independent variable (social media use frequency) by holding all other variables at their observed values. Results: The study population comprised 51.13% (21,276/42,067) female students, 37.48% (17,160/43,994) from the South, and 80.07% (34,953/43,994) from a metropolitan area, with 76.90% (33,831/43,994) reporting using social media every day. Among physically active students, frequent social media use was associated with a higher likelihood of vigorous daily exercise (ME 50.1%, 95% CI 49.2%-51.0%). Among sedentary students, frequent social media use was associated with a lower likelihood of vigorous daily exercise (ME 15.8%, 95% CI 15.1%-16.4%). Moderately active students who used social media once or twice a month had the highest likelihood of reporting vigorous daily exercise (ME 42.0%, 95% CI 37.6%-46.3%). Among those who normally got adequate sleep, daily social media users were least likely to report adequate sleep (ME 41.3%, 95% CI 40.4%-42.1%). Among those who were usually sleep deprived, daily social media users were more likely to report adequate sleep (ME 18.3%, 95% CI 17.6%-19.0%). Conclusions: Regular social media use every day was associated with a reinforcement of health behaviors at both extremes of health behaviors, whereas a medium intensity of social media use was associated with the highest levels of physical activity and lowest sleep adequacy among those with moderate health behaviors. Hence, finding an optimal level of social media use that is beneficial to a variety of health behaviors would be most beneficial to adolescents who are in the middle of the health behavior spectrum.
Playing the Hero Card: Masculinism, State Power and Security Feminism in Homeland and Zero Dark Thirty

Quite frankly, I didn’t even want to use you guys, with your dip and velcro and all your gear bullshit. I wanted to drop a bomb. But people didn’t believe in this lead enough to drop a bomb. So the...
Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty for Legg-Calvé-Perthes Syndrome: 20 Year Follow-Up Study.

Background Patients with Legg-Calve-Perthes Syndrome (LCPS) are at an increased risk for developing osteoarthritis of the hip and undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) at an early age. Importantly, this younger age may put them at a higher risk for failure and revision surgery. The purpose of the study was to assess the clinical and radiographic outcomes as well as implant failure rate and risk for revision surgery at an average 20 years follow up. Methods Data from LCPS patients treated with THA were collected including age, gender, operative date, revision date, as well as reason for and type of revision. Living patients filled the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaires at the time of last follow-up. Radiographs were evaluated for lucencies, debonding, loosening, osteolysis, wear, heterotopic ossification and sclerosis. Results Nineteen patients (20 hips) treated with THA were followed-up for a mean of 18.3 years (range, 10.1 - 36.2 years). Radiographic evidence of lucency of the acetabular component was seen in 70% of the patients and femoral cortical hypertrophy in 85% at last follow-up. The rate of revision for any reason was 35%, mostly due to aseptic acetabular loosening. Conclusions Our findings support the use of THA for the treatment of OA in patients with LCPS, bearing in mind the potentially lower survival rate at 20 years as compared those treated with THA for primary OA. Further studies are needed to identify the possible causes of the high rate of cortical hypertrophy seen in this patient population.Level of Evidence: IV Therapeutic.
Complex Relationship Between Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Degradation and Signal Intensity in Magnetic Particle Imaging.

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI), using superparamagnetic nanoparticles as an imaging tracer, is touted as a quantitative biomedical imaging technology, but MPI signal properties have never been cha...
Surrogate optimization of deep neural networks for groundwater predictions

Sustainable management of groundwater resources under changing climatic conditions require an application of reliable and accurate predictions of groundwater levels. Mechanistic multi-scale, multi-physics simulation models are often too hard to use for this purpose, especially for groundwater managers who do not have access to the complex compute resources and data. Therefore, we analyzed the applicability and performance of four modern deep learning computational models for predictions of groundwater levels. We compare three methods for optimizing the models’ hyperparameters, including two surrogate model-based algorithms and a random sampling method. The models were tested using predictions of the groundwater level in Butte County, California, USA, taking into account the temporal variability of streamflow, precipitation, and ambient temperature. Our numerical study shows that the optimization of the hyperparameters can lead to reasonably accurate performance of all models (root mean squared errors of groundwater predictions of 2 meters or less), but the “simplest” network, namely a multilayer perceptron (MLP) performs overall better for learning and predicting groundwater data than the more advanced long short-term memory or convolutional neural networks in terms of prediction accuracy and time-to-solution, making the MLP a suitable candidate for groundwater prediction.
First-principles description of electrocatalytic characteristics of graphene-like materials.

Graphene-like materials (GLMs) have received much attention as a potential alternative to precious metal-based electrocatalysts. However, the description of their electrocatalytic characteristics may still need to be improved, especially under constant chemical potential. Unlike the case of conventional metal electrodes, the potential drop across the electrical double layer (ϕD) at the electrode–electrolyte interface can deviate substantially from the applied voltage (ϕapp) due to a shift of the Dirac point (eϕG) with charging. This may in turn significantly alter the interfacial capacitance (CT) and the relationship between ϕapp and free-energy change (ΔF). Hence, accurate evaluation of the electrode contribution is necessary to better understand and optimize the electrocatalytic properties of GLMs. In this work, we revisit and compare first-principles methods available to describe the ϕapp–∆F relation. Grand-canonical density functional theory is used to determine ΔF as a function of ϕapp or electrode potential (ϕq), from which the relative contribution of eϕG is estimated. In parallel, eϕG is directly extracted from a density functional theory analysis of the electronic structure of uncharged GLMs. The results of both methods are found to be in close agreement for pristine graphene, but their predictions deviate noticeably in the presence of adsorbates; the origin of the discrepancy is analyzed and explained. We then evaluate the application of the first-principle methods to prediction of the electrocatalytic processes, taking the reduction (hydrogenation) and oxidation (hydroxylation) reactions on pristine graphene as examples. Our work highlights the vital role of the modification of the electrode electronic structure in determining the electrocatalytic performance of GLMs.
Filtered Backprojection in Compton Imaging Using a Spherical Harmonic Wiener Filter With Pixelated CdZnTe

Filtered backprojection is an image reconstruction technique for Compton imaging that provides reasonably high resolution at much lower computational costs when compared to iterative methods. This work applies a Wiener filter that has been derived for spherical harmonics on Compton imaging using the OrionUM pixelated CdZnTe imaging spectrometer. To regularize the filter, an investigation is made into the power spectral density of the signal and noise to develop an appropriate spectral signal-to-noise ratio model for the restoration process. Experimental measurements were conducted with two 228Th sources placed 30° apart. The resulting filtered image of the two sources has an average full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) of 9.8° or 7.5° when using a mean squared error and structural similarity optimization approach, respectively, an improvement from the 29.0° FWHM image when using simple backprojection.
Open vs Endovascular Treatment of Traumatic Peripheral Arterial Injury: Propensity Matched Analysis.

Background Arterial injuries occur in the setting of blunt and penetrating trauma. Despite increasing use, there remains a paucity of data comparing long-term outcomes of endovascular vs open repair management of these injuries. The aim of our study was to compare outcomes and readmission rates of open vs endovascular repair of traumatic arterial injuries. Study design The National Readmission Database (2011–2014) was queried for all adult (age ≥ 18 y) patients presenting with peripheral arterial (axillary, brachial, femoral, and popliteal) injuries. Patients were stratified into 2 groups based on intervention: open vs endovascular approach. Propensity score matching (1:2 ratio) was performed. Outcomes measures were complications, length of stay (LOS), 30-day readmission, and cost of readmission. Results A matched cohort of 786 patients was obtained (endovascular: 262, open: 524). Mean age was 45 ± 17 years, and 79% were males. Median LOS was 4 (range 2–6) days for the endovascular group vs 3 (range 2–5) days for the open group (p Conclusions Endovascular repair for peripheral arterial injuries was associated with higher rates of in-hospital complications, readmissions, and costs. As this new technology continues to undergo refinement, a thorough re-evaluation of its indications, risks, and benefits is warranted.
Maintaining a Flat Li Surface during the Li Stripping Process via Interface Design

Electroplating has been the main focus in mitigating the dendrite growth on the Li-metal electrode; however, the stripping process is equally critical, since the nonsmooth Li surface during strippi...
Iron oxide xerogels for improved water quality monitoring of arsenic(III) in resource-limited environments via solid-phase extraction, preservation, storage, transportation, and analysis of trace contaminants (SEPSTAT).

Arsenic is a widespread trace groundwater contaminant that presents a range of health risks and has an acceptable level of only 10 μg L−1 in drinking water. However, in many countries arsenic quantification in water is limited to centralized laboratories because it requires the use of elemental analysis techniques with high capital cost. As a result, routine water samples are frequently not tested for trace contaminants such as arsenic. In order to facilitate improved arsenic monitoring, we present the use of iron oxide xerogels for adsorption of arsenic(III) from water samples at neutral pH, dry storage for over 120 days, and desorption of stored arsenic at elevated pH. Iron oxide xerogels offer high surface area (340 m2 g−1) and an As(III) adsorption capacity of 165 mg g−1. Using an extraction solution of 100 mM sodium hydroxide and 1 mM sodium phosphate, As(III) is reliably eluted from iron oxide xerogels for initial As(III) concentrations from 10 μg L−1 to 1000 μg L−1, with a calculated detection limit of less than 4 μg L−1 and less than 17% difference in recovered As(III) between test solutions with low and high interfering ion concentrations. By demonstrating the ability for iron oxide xerogels to reliably adsorb, store, and release arsenic, we enable the development of protocols for solid-phase extraction, preservation, storage, transportation, and analysis of trace contaminants (SEPSTAT), where arsenic would be adsorbed from water samples onto xerogel-based sorbents and shipped to centralized laboratories for recovery and quantification.
Incidence and associated risk factors for invasive fungal infections and other serious infections in patients on ibrutinib.

Abstract Background Ibrutinib is a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor that blocks the activity of B cells and other immune effectors and is used in a variety of hematologic malignancies. There have been numerous reports of increased frequency of serious infections including invasive fungal infections (IFI) in patients on ibrutinib. Methods Demographic and clinical features of all patients receiving ibrutinib at a single tertiary care center were collected from electronic medical records. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed to find out the factors associated with infection. Results A total of 244 patients received ibrutinib for hematologic malignancies, of which 44 (18.0%) experienced ≥ 1 serious infection including 5 (2.0%) with IFI (1 pulmonary cryptococcosis, 4 pulmonary aspergillosis), 39 (16.0%) with bacterial infections and 8 (3.3%) with viral infections. Ten patients (4.1%) experienced multiple infections or co-infections while on ibrutinib and 10 (4.1%) expired or were transferred to hospice as a result of infection. In multivariate analysis risk factors that were less common in uninfected versus infected patients included advanced age (73 years vs. 77 years), Eastern Cooperative Oncologic Grade (ECOG) performance score ≥ 2 (6.5% vs. 31.8%) and concurrent use of steroids (4.5% vs. 20.5%) or other cytotoxic agents (0% vs. 4.6%). Conclusions There was a high rate of serious infection but relatively few IFI in patients receiving ibrutinib. Most patients who developed serious infections while on ibrutinib had additional predisposing risk factors including concurrent use of steroids or other cytotoxic agents, advanced age and frailty.
If I do A, B will happen: Dissecting circuits detecting causal relations between actions and outcomes in marmoset prefrontal cortex.

In this issue of Neuron, Duan et al. (2021) use pharmacological manipulation to reveal opposing influences of anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex of marmosets on decisions that are based on action-outcome associations
Reading Old Books: Writing with Traditions

Peter Mack asserts a truism in the Preface of Reading Old Books: Writing with Tradition. He argues from the first paragraph that “literary tradition provides essential imaginative resources for wri...
Evaluating Maternal and Child Health and Leadership Competencies of Emerging MCH Leaders: The MCHC/RISE-UP Experience

This study examines maternal and child health core competencies and leadership characteristics of undergraduate students following participation in the Maternal and Child Health Careers/Research Initiatives for Student Enhancement-Undergraduate Program (MCHC/RISE-UP). MCHC/RISE-UP is a 10-week public health leadership program designed to promote diversity in public health workforce through mentored research, community engagement and advocacy, and clinical experiences for undergraduate students. The MCHC/RISE-UP is a national consortium of University Centers for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities including, (1) Kennedy Krieger Institute (Kennedy Krieger, lead institution) partnering with Morgan State University, a Historically Black University, (2) the University of South Dakota partnering with Tribal Serving Institutions; and (3) the University of Southern California Children’s Hospital-Los Angeles and their partner institution, California State University Los Angeles, a Hispanic Serving Institution. Eighty-four junior and senior undergraduates and recent baccalaureate degree students who participated in the MCHC/RISE-UP worked on 48 maternal and child health projects. Following the MCHC/RISE-UP, students demonstrated statistically significant improvements in all maternal and child health core competencies. Transformational leadership characteristics also increased (mean increase 9.4, 95 % CI 7.2–11.8; p < 0.001). At closing interview, over twice as many students endorsed a public health career goal compared to program admission (17.9 vs 57.7 %; p = 0.022). Multi-institutional collaborative public health leadership programs may extend the reach and recruitment of diverse students into the maternal and child health field. Experiential, didactic, and mentored learning opportunities may enhance student integration of maternal and child health competencies and transformational leadership characteristics.
From the Pulpit or in the Pews: Religious Beliefs, Clergy Messages and Social Influence on Latino Identity

Research on white Americans finds an emergent political divide, between those with traditional beliefs who worship regularly, and those who are less orthodox and seldom worship. In the last 15 years, religious adherents have adopted more conservative values and shown greater support for Republican candidates. Research on African Americans draws the opposite conclusion: religiosity is associated with stronger racial identity and greater Democratic support. Existing research does not examine the effects of a religious-secular divide among Latinos. The current study asks about the influence of religious affiliation, traditional beliefs, church activities, and clergy messages on ethnic group consciousness, partisanship and party identification, and social identity choice. Testing a theory of social and political information exposure, the empirical analysis gives special attention to the moderating effects of regular worship on Latino identity choice. Three national surveys are used to show that regular exposure to church environments is an important factor to consider in the analysis of religion and individual attitudes. Among Latino Catholics, and especially those who attend church on a regular basis, social identification is determined by factors from both the pulpit and the pews, although the most consistent effects are from social interactions between parishioners and not messages or sermons from clergy.
[4] Xenopus oocytes: A system for expression cloning and structure-function studies of ion channels and receptors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses Xenopus oocytes, which is a system for expression cloning and structure–function studies of ion channels and receptors. The advantages of the Xenopus oocyte compared to other expression systems are severalfold. An individual frog egg is fairly large (0.5–1.0 mm in diameter); therefore, it can be handled with relative ease. Endogenous receptors and ion channels are mainly expressed in the layers of follicular cells surrounding the vitellin membrane of the oocyte. Because the follicular layers are removed before or after microinjection of cRNA, it is possible to express a channel or receptor of interest in denuded oocytes without signal interference of endogenously expressed gene products. The Xenopus oocyte not only possesses the necessary machinery for correct translation of foreign mRNAs but, in many instances, is capable also of carrying out posttranslational modifications that may be needed for the proper function of an oocyte-expressed protein. The unique characteristics of the oocyte expression system made it possible to express legions of foreign genes.
Synovial fluid concentrations and relative potency of interleukin-1 alpha and beta in cartilage and meniscus degradation.

Cartilage degeneration with osteoarthritis (OA) is believed to involve the activities of interleukin-1 (IL-1), which exists as alpha and beta isoforms. The goal of this study was to measure the concentrations of both isoforms of IL-1 in the synovial fluid of normal and spontaneously osteoarthritic porcine knees, and to test the hypothesis that physiologic concentrations of IL-1α and IL-1β exhibit different potencies in activating calcium signaling, the production of matrix metalloproteinases and nitric oxide, and the loss of proteoglycans and tissue mechanical properties in cartilage and meniscus. Median concentrations of IL-1α were 0.043 ng/ml with mild OA and 0.288 ng/ml with moderate OA, whereas IL-1β concentrations were 0.109 ng/ml with mild OA and 0.122 ng/ml with moderate OA. Both isoforms induced calcium signaling in chondrocytes and meniscal cells at all concentrations. Overall, cartilage and meniscus catabolism was significantly more sensitive to IL-1α than IL-1β at concentrations of 1 ng/ml or less, while few differences were observed between the two forms at 10 ng/ml. These data provide a range of physiologic IL-1 concentrations that can serve as a framework for the comparison of various in vitro studies, as well as providing further insight for the development of anti-cytokine therapies for OA. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1039–1045, 2013
Pairing Interactions in Neutron Stars

A microscopic theory for calculating 1 S 0-pairing gaps for neutrons and protons in neutron star matter is presented. While short-range correlations are treated in a semi-empirical way, long-range fluctuations are incorporated consistently by solving coupled two-body equations for the particle-hole interaction and the scattering amplitude at the Fermi surface. The solutions determine the quasiparticle effective mass and the pairing matrix element from which the gaps are found in weak coupling BCS-theory. Implications for neutron star models are briefly discussed.
Wavelength Selection by Genetic Algorithms

The sections in this article are Introduction Natural Selection Genetic Algorithms Reproduction Crossover Mutation Applications of Genetic Algorithms in Vibrational Spectroscopy
Lysophosphatidylinositol, but not lysophosphatidic acid, stimulates insulin release

Summary In the current study, lysophosphatidylinositol is shown to promote insulin release in a manner having characteristics of physiologic exocytosis-that is, it is dose-dependent, saturable, reversible, inhibitable and unassociated with detrimental effects on subsequent islet functioning. Lysophosphatidylglycerol had similar insulinotropic effects. However, lysophosphatidic acid was ineffective over a wide range of concentrations. These studies provide further support for the postulated role of phospholipase A-generated lysophospholipids in signal transduction in the pancreatic islet but suggest that any de novo synthesis of lysophosphatidic acid from metabolites of glucose (M. Dunlop and R. Larkins, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 132:467, 1985) is unlikely to contribute directly to the insulin secretion induced by that fuel.
China's military posture and the new economic geopolitics

China's increasing energy needs have underscored four questions concerning Beijing's military posture and strategic intentions. How will China guarantee its most vital sources of energy supply, especially those that depend on the free flow of goods through international shipping routes? Does China possess the naval capability to secure sea-lines of communication? Is such a capability at the centre of its future naval planning? Can China's missile capabilities be used to intimidate international shipping? The link between China's historic use of force and resource considerations is tenuous. The particular case of the South China Sea has been inflated by many analysts into a more significant case study of Chinese strategic behaviour than it actually merits. Chinese strategic interests in resource supply are not incompatible with US hegemony. Indeed, an American draw-down in the Pacific is a greater threat to the stability of Asia's energy markets than any potential Chinese challenge to the status quo.
Performance Benefits of Spatially Distributed Versus Stacked Information on Integration Tasks

Summary Understanding the best way to present information has been an issue of interest to many researchers. Regardless of the content of the information, purely physical elements such as spatial organization may also influence performance. Across two studies with 111 undergraduates (78 in Study 1 and 33 in Study 2), we compared spatially distributed (i.e. when information sources are presented side-by-side) against stacked displays (i.e. when information sources are sitting on top of one another with only the top source fully visible). A distributed display time advantage was consistently observed. As potential explanations, a memory strategy selection hypothesis was examined along with other procedural alternative explanations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High Protein Intake Promotes the Growth of Hepatic Preneoplastic Foci in Fischer #344 Rats: Evidence that Early Remodeled Foci Retain the Potential for Future Growth

The effects of successive administration, withdrawal and readministration of high protein diets (20% casein) on the promotional growth, remodeling and regrowth of aflatoxin B1-induced preneoplastic liver lesions (foci) were examined. Weanling male Fischer 344 rats were given 10 intragastric doses of aflatoxin B1 at a level of 250 micrograms/kg body weight over a 2-wk dosing period (initiation). The subsequent 12-wk period was subdivided into four feeding periods, each lasting 3 wk (promotion). Two groups of rats were fed either a 20 or 5% casein diet during all four periods; additional groups were alternately fed these diets in different sequences. Switching from the high protein diet to a low protein diet (5% casein) resulted in marked remodeling (regression) of the growing lesions to a response level similar to that in animals that did not receive the initial promotional stimulus of high protein feeding. However, refeeding the high protein diet caused significant reappearance of these lesions. The restimulated development of these remodeled lesions far exceeded lesion growth in animals receiving only the late promotional stimulus of high dietary protein. Thus, these data suggest that a second occurrence of high protein feeding promotes the growth of remodeled foci, thus demonstrating their potential for future promotional growth.
Newborn screening for sickle cell disease and other hemoglobinopathies. Newborn screening.

The story of newborn screening for inborn errors of metabolism begins with the ideas expressed by Archibald Garrod in 1902. He published a paper called "The Incidence of Alkaptonuria, A Study in Chemical Individuality," in which he showed insight into the inheritance of specific chemical defects in metabolism. This was before any knowledge of enzymes or metabolism existed and was soon after the discovery of Mendel9s laws of inheritance. The application of Mendel9s laws of inheritance in the human organism was pioneered by Garrod. He originated the phrase "inborn errors of metabolism" that is still used today. Forty years later, Beedle and Tatum performed their Nobel prize-winning work with the mold Neurospora to demonstrate the "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis. One of their associates, the late Dr David Bonner, later published a series of papers concerning the case of one auxotroph of Neurospora with two amino acid requirements for isoleucine and valine. This double requirement was found to be due to "internal inhibition": the accumulation of the precursor to one branch-chained amino acid, isoleucine, blocked the conversion of another branch-chained precursor to its amino acid, valine. This phenomenon of "internal inhibition" demonstrated in Neurospora was a prelude to more recent insight into human errors of metabolism, such as phenylketonuria (PKU). Bickel9s publication in 1953 of a dietary treatment for PKU led to a great deal of interest in early treatment of PKU. There were many attempts to set up urine screening programs using the ferric chloride reagent that Folling used in discovering the disease in 1934.
Recaching Decisions of Florida Scrub-Jays are Sensitive to Ecological Conditions

Food caching animals depend on their caches at times of low food availability. Because stored food is susceptible to being stolen or degraded, many species employ cache protection strategies such as ceasing caching in the presence of others or avoiding storing perishable items for long periods. Several species frequently recover their caches and recache, which may reduce pilferage or degradation of cached items. We studied the food handling decisions of Florida scrub-jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) after cache recovery to determine the roles that social and ecological environments play in post-recovery decisions. Instead of reducing recaching in the presence of others, recovering jays flew away from the recovery site, allowing them to eat or recache a recovered item regardless of the social context. Microhabitat type and soil moisture of the recovery sites had a significant influence on whether recoveries were eaten or recached; most items that were recached had been recovered from bare sand sites or sites with low soil moisture. Taken together, our results suggest that food store management of Florida scrub-jays are unaffected by the social context, but are strongly affected by the habitat conditions that influence the quality of caches.
Metal Ion-Activated Enzymes

In addition to the metalloenzymes with tightly bound metal retained during purification there are the related metal-activated enzymes1. The difference, however, is merely a quantitative one; the latter exhibit a lower affinity for the metal, so that the metal ion in general is lost during purification2.
The development of a CS0 course for distance delivery

At the University of Alaska Anchorage significant effort has been expended in the development of distance-delivered courses as a means to enhance educational opportunities to both local and remote communities. In the fall of 2002 we developed and delivered a web-based CS0 course. This paper describes the design of the course and the efficacy of the actual delivery based on feedback from students and the instructor. We found it extremely challenging to design the course in a fashion to ensure compatibility with the wide variety of computing platforms available to the students. The problem is further exacerbated by the gap in available communications bandwidth (modem dialup to cable modems). Ultimately we settled on a compromise in technology: distribution of materials both online and via CD, server-side processing, and the use of online collaboration tools. The results are mixed, with success in student satisfaction but failure in the large number of students that dropped out of the class. We hope that the successes and pitfalls that we encountered will assist others wishing to develop distance-based CS0 courses.
'To Shudder at the Bare Recital of Those Acts': Child Abuse, Family, and Montreal Courts in the Early Nineteenth Century

This paper uses archival and other primary sources to reanimate the judicial response to child abuse by family members in Montreal for the period 1825-1850. In a period before the operation of child protection agencies, the records reveal a tentative but growing engagement with issues related to child abuse and a limited judicial response to impose limitations on parental authority. Parents and guardians were prosecuted and imprisoned for a range of offences, including assault, aggravated assault, ill-usage, and attempted murder. While incest was not a cognizable offence during this period, the judicial archives also reveal some evidence of the existence of incest as a social phenomenon, as well as some prosecutions (generally brought under the charge of ravishment or, more unusually, abduction). This paper contributes to our understanding of Quebec socio-legal history for an understudied time period, and adds dimension to our understanding of the manner in which the legal system grappled with compelling social phenomena before widespread legislative or public action on these issues.
Polarization-sensitive linear optical sampling for characterization of NRZ polarization-multiplexed QPSK

We describe polarization-sensitive phase-referenced linear optical sampling for measuring polarization, amplitude, and phase of a high speed optical waveform. With a single measurement, we simultaneously measure both orthogonal polarization channels of 2×10 GB/s polarization-multiplexed QPSK.
Influence of gender and brain region on neurosteroid modulation of GABA responses in rats

Neuroactive steroid derivatives of progesterone, testosterone and glucocorticoids can alter physiological responses to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), apparently through direct, non-steroid receptor mechanisms. The present study examined gender-related differences and regional variations in the ability of tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC), 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (3alpha-5alpha-THP, tetrahydroprogesterone), androsterone, and dihydroandrosterone (DHA) to alter physiological GABA responses. Steroid modulation of GABA-activated 36chloride influx into microsac preparations from cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, cerebellum and hypothalamus-preoptic area in adrenalectomized-gonadectomized rats of both sexes were tested. The effects of THDOC and 3alpha-5alpha-THP were also examined in groups of intact male and female rats. All four steroids increased GABA-activated chloride influx, although the maximal enhancement in GABA responses differed significantly among brain regions. The rank order of maximal THDOC and 3alpha-5alpha-THP effects was hippocampus > cortex approximately amygdala > hypothalamus-preoptic area approximately cerebellum. Regional differences in potentiation of GABA responses were seen with androsterone, but not dihydroandrosterone. The rank order of androgenic potentiation of GABA responses was amygdala approximately hippocampus > cortex approximately HPA > cerebellum. Slight gender-related differences in responses to steroids were seen with THDOC, with males showing greater maximal enhancement of GABA responses with THDOC than females in the amygdala and hypothalamus-preoptic area. Since sex differences were observed with the glucocorticoid derivative THDOC, but not the progesterone derivative 3alpha-5alpha-THP or androgenic steroids, it appears neuroactive steroid modulation of GABA responses can be differentially affected by the hormonal milieu in a regionally-specific manner.
Chapter 4: Education of Early Adolescents:

For many youth 10 to 15 years old, early adolescence offers opportunities to choose a path toward a productive and fulfilling life. For many others, it represents their last best chance to avoid a diminished future. (Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development, 1989)
Partitioning declarative programs into communicating processes

The Process-Oriented Dataflow System (PODS) is an execution model that combines the von Neumann and dataflow models of computation to gain the benefits of each. Central to PODS is the concept of array distribution and its effects on partitioning and mapping processes. In this paper, we present and discuss the results of executing the classic matrix multiply algorithm (with 1024 data points) on a PODS simulator. The key result is that PODS can take advantage of the parallelism in matrix multiply using a simple automated partitioning scheme.
The relationship between magnitude of cerebral activation and intensity of emotional arousal.

There is considerable knowledge concerning the cerebral localization of positive and negative emotions; however, relatively little is known about the cerebral representation of subjective emotional intensity. Indeed, few studies to date seem to have been conducted on the cerebral effects of increased emotional intensity. The purpose of the present investigation was to investigate the relationship between the intensity of cerebral activation and emotional arousal using quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG). Participants were asked to recollect an angry memory while QEEG was recorded from 19 electrode sites arranged according to the International 10/20 System. Significant positive correlations were found between subjective intensity of angry memories and changes in low beta (13-21 Hz) and high beta (21-32 Hz) magnitude (µV) at the F8, T6, and O1 electrode sites among the male participants. Additionally, a significant positive correlation between emotion intensity and changes in high beta at the T6 elec...
Stroke and Blood Coagulation

A study of the coagulation parameters of 87 normal controls (ages 50 to 80) were compared with those of 33 patients with thrombotic stroke and 55 patients with diabetes mellitus of the same age distribution. There were no significant differences when tested for the influence of sex or age. Twenty-seven tests of clotting were done on each specimen, a total of 4,725. Significant differences were detected between normals versus patients with thrombotic stroke (fibrinogen level, glass clotting time, silicone clotting time, heparin tolerance, platelet count and retarded thromboplastin generation time BaSO4 1:50 dilution) and between normals versus patients with diabetes (prothrombin time, silicone clotting time, platelet count, thromboplastin generation time and retarded thromboplastin generation time) when subjected to computer analysis. The clinical significance of these differences is not of practical value in the diagnosis or as a guide to therapy for stroke.
Achyrofuran, a New Antihyperglycemic Dibenzofuran From the South American Medicinal Plant Achyrocline Satureioides

A new prenylated dibenzofuran, achyrofuran (2), was isolated from an extract of Achyrocline satureioides by bioassay-guided fractionation using the db/db mouse model for type 2 diabetes. Compound 2 significantly lowered blood glucose levels in this model when administered orally at 20 mg/kg q.d.
Altered rabbit endothelial cell phenotypic expression in response to human fibronectin

Abstract When rabbit corneal endothelial cells were cultured in excess concentrations of human fibronectin an altered phenotypic expression was observed. Cell appearance was changed radically and collagen synthesis was specifically inhibited in a dose-response fashion. This study provides further evidence that fibronectin may be one of the developmental signals which act a molecular level and is capable of interspecies activity.
ARE RESULTS OF GONADOTROPIC ASSAY PERFORMED ON THE INTACT IMMATURE RAT VALID

THE OBJECT of this investigation was to determine whether or not assays obII tained on the intact, immature rat give a valid quantitative evaluation of JJL gonadotropic factors. Some investigators have claimed that the growing follicle of the test animal which produces estrogen, in turn acts on the animal's hypophysis, thereby stimulating the hypophysis to secrete a luteinising factor (I). This luteinising factor elaborated by the test animal would then in turn react upon the animal's ovary, causing a luteinization which might be ascribed falsely to the direct action of the injected gonadotropic extract. There are no data available as to the amount of estrogen secreted by the growing follicles of the test animal when stimulated by gonadotropic extract. There are no data as to the length of the latent period which must elapse between the stimulation of the immature ovary and the first secretion of estrogen by it.
Treatment of Hypertension in the Very Elderly: a Clinician's Point of View

Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers comprise a class of powerful, well-tolerated, and safe antihypertensive agents that are widely used either alone or as a key component of combination therapy for hypertension. Peripheral edema, particularly of the lower limbs, is one of the most common adverse effects of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers and may result in the need for dose reduction or drug withdrawal, both of which can adversely affect antihypertensive efficacy. Optimal use of these important drugs will involve careful dosing and sensitivity to strategies to diminish the likelihood of edema. Diuretics, either loop or thiazide, are usually not effective in alleviating pedal edema. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers in combination with a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker may be helpful in this regard. Some calcium channel blockers may be less likely to cause pedal edema compared with others. This paper will review existing explanations of why there may be differences. A favorable tolerability profile is of particular importance for an antihypertensive medication, since hypertension is a chronic disorder necessitating long-term treatment and patient compliance.
Mechanistic approaches to the study of evolution: The functional synthesis

An emerging synthesis of evolutionary biology and experimental molecular biology is providing much stronger and deeper inferences about the dynamics and mechanisms of evolution than were possible in the past. The new approach combines statistical analyses of gene sequences with manipulative molecular experiments to reveal how ancient mutations altered biochemical processes and produced novel phenotypes. This functional synthesis has set the stage for major advances in our understanding of fundamental questions in evolutionary biology. Here we describe this emerging approach, highlight important new insights that it has made possible, and suggest future directions for the field.