cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two phase process design

Abstract Two programs have been developed and tested for over five years in industrial practice. ‘AGIT’ provides the parameters for the design of a tank-type gas-liquid system. ‘TWOFAZFLOW’ provides parameters for the design of tubular gas-liquid systems. Both programs have been carefully developed to make use of the pertinent fluid mechanics. When semi-theoretical or empirical correlations are needed, several of the most reliable methods are employed and all results are printed for consideration by the designer. This procedure allows the designer to exercise his or her judgment without having to complete a number of tedious algebraic or graphical procedures. Program output is presented in tabular form. ‘TWOFAZFLOW’ is flexible in its input format and can be used easily on either a batch or time-sharing system.
Modeling the global ocean iron cycle

[1] We describe a model of the ocean transport and biogeochemical cycling of iron and the subsequent control on export production and macronutrient distributions. Ocean transport of phosphorus and iron are represented by a highly idealized six-box ocean model. Export production is parameterized simply; it is limited by light, phosphate, and iron availability in the surface ocean. We prescribe the regional variations in aeolian deposition of iron and examine three parameterizations of iron cycling in the deep ocean: (1) net scavenging onto particles, the simplest model; (2) scavenging and desorption of iron to and from particles, analogous to thorium; and (3) complexation. Provided that some unknown parameter values can be set appropriately, all three biogeochemical models are capable of reproducing the broad features of the iron distribution observed in the modern ocean and explicitly lead to regions of elevated surface phosphate, particularly in the Southern Ocean. We compare the sensitivity of Southern Ocean surface macronutrient concentration to increased aeolian dust supply for each parameterization. Both scavenging-based representations respond to increasing dust supply with a drawdown of surface phosphate in an almost linear relationship. The complexation parameterization, however, asymptotes toward a limited drawdown of phosphate under the assumption that ligand production does not respond to increased dust flux. In the scavenging based models, deep water iron concentrations and, therefore, upwelled iron continually increase with greater dust supply. In contrast, the availability of complexing ligand provides an upper limit for the deep water iron concentration in the latter model.
Multimodality monitoring and telemonitoring in neurocritical care: from microdialysis to robotic telepresence.

Purpose of review This review will highlight the state-of-the-art in brain monitoring in neurointensive care and define methods of integrating this technology into patient care using telemedicine methods. Recent findings Several new methods of brain monitoring have been established over the last several years including continuous EEG monitoring, brain tissue oxygenation, jugular venous oxygenation, and cerebral microdialysis. Observational research using these monitors has documented that the brain metabolism, blood flow and function are dynamic after a primary insult. The dynamic nature of the brain can predispose the brain to secondary insults that can occur in the setting of intensive care. Several variables of brain metabolism and function can be monitored and directly impact treatment decisions as well as provide diagnostic and prognostic information. General treatment guidelines for brain injury and brain hemorrhage were developed, in part, prior to implementation of use of these monitors, and there is a trend away from adoption of a one-size-fits-all approach and a trend towards monitor-guided therapy. Dealing with the data provided by multimodality monitoring can be overwhelming. Efficient use of such information requires methods to integrate diverse sets of information, and methods to access the online monitoring information remotely and at any time, day or night. Such remote access integration methods will be reviewed. Summary Multimodality and telemedicine techniques have advanced the state of knowledge about brain function in critically ill patients, and are presently being implemented to direct therapy. Increasing complexity of care will become commonplace, but will be facilitated by computer-enhanced tools that permit the intensivist to integratethis information into animprovedtreatmentregimen.
Regularity of the obstacle problem for a fractional power of the laplace operator

Given a function ϕ and s ∈ (0, 1), we will study the solutions of the following obstacle problem: • u ≥ ϕ in R n , • (−� ) s u ≥ 0i nR n , • (−� ) s u(x) = 0 for those x such that u(x )>ϕ (x), • lim|x|→+∞ u(x) = 0. We show that when ϕ is C 1,s or smoother, the solution u is in the space C 1,α for every α< s. In the case where the contact set {u = ϕ} is convex, we prove the optimal regularity result u ∈ C 1,s . When ϕ is only C 1,β for a β< s, we prove that our solution u is C 1,α for every α< β. c � 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Monitoring and identifying antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacteria

Sub-therapeutic administration of antibiotics to animals is under intense scrutiny because they contribute to the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria into the food chain. Studies suggest that there is a link between the agricultural use of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant human infections. Antibiotic-resistant organisms from animal and human wastes reenter the human and animal populations through a number of pathways including natural waters, irrigation water, drinking water, and vegetables and foods. Antibiotic usage in the United States for animal production (disease prevention and growth promotion) is estimated to be 18 million pounds annually. As much as 25 to 75% of the antibiotics administered to feedlot animals are excreted unaltered in feces. Because about 180 million dry tons of livestock and poultry waste is generated annually in the United States, it is not surprising that animal-derived antibiotic-resistant organisms are found contaminating groundwater, surface water, and food crops. It is extremely important to clearly understand the molecular mechanisms that could potentially cause lateral or horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria. Once the mechanisms and magnitude of resistance gene transfer are clearly understood and quantified, strategies can be instituted to reduce the potential for dissemination of these genes.
Evidence Combination in an Environment With Heterogeneous Sources

A framework for the combination of evidence in an environment where data are generated from heterogeneous sources possessing partial or incomplete knowledge about the global network scenario is presented. The approach taken is based on the conditional belief and plausibility notions in Dempster-Shafer evidence theory that allow one to condition these partial knowledge bases so that only that portion of the incoming evidence that is relevant is utilized for updating an existing knowledge base. The strategy proposed enables one to accommodate some of the most challenging, yet essential, features that are encountered when evidence is generated from possibly a large numbers of sources. These include heterogeneity and reliability of incoming evidence, inertia and integrity of evidence already gathered, and potentially limited resources at the nodes where evidence updating is carried out. The proposed framework is applied in robot map discovery using ultrasonic sensors and a real-world scenario where sensor data generated by heterogeneous sensors are used for potential threat carrier-type detection
Statistical three-dimensional positioning algorithm for high-resolution dMiCE PET detector

Our laboratory is developing a high-resolution PET detector capable of providing depth-of-interaction information (dMiCE) by tailoring the light sharing between two adjacent detector elements. Each detector element in the prototype system has a 2x2 mm2 cross section and is directly coupled to a micro-pixel avalanche photodiode (MAPD). In this setup the distribution of the ratio of light shared between two adjacent detector elements can be expressed as a function of the depth of interaction. The three-dimensional points of interaction of a coincidence pair of photons within the detector module is estimated by numerical calculation of an expectation of the points of interaction conditioned on the signals measured by the MAPDs (Bayesian estimate). This conditional expectation is computed from estimates of the probability density function of the light collection process and a model of the kinetics of photon interactions in the detector module. Our algorithm is capable of handling coincidences where each photon interacts any number of times within the detector module before being completely absorbed or escaping. In the case of multiple interactions our algorithm estimates the position of the first interaction for each of the coincidence photons.
Catheter-associated Candida utilis fungemia in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: species verification with a molecular probe.

Candida utilis was cultured from the blood of a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The candidemia was apparently associated with catheter implantation. The isolate was identified initially by standard methods and verified by molecular probing. The pattern of actin-specific restriction fragments obtained from the DNA of the isolate, probed with C. albicans actin sequences, corresponded to that of C. utilis. This organism adds to the growing list of Candida species associated with human disease. Molecular probing offers a definitive identification when an unexpected etiological agent is found. Images
Separation of Protein Inclusion Bodies from Escherichia coli Lysates Using Sedimentation Field-Flow Fractionation

Sedimentation field-flow fractionation has been used to separate my- ohemerythrin inclusion bodies from components of growth media, soluble proteins, and unlysed cells that are present in Escherichia coli cell lysates. Collected . fractions were concentrated and then analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to confirm the presence of myohemerythrin inclusion bodies and to determine their position in the elution sequence. The fractograms of samples prepared using two different cell lysing methods were compared. Q 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. JM icro Sep9: 233)239, 1997
A degenerately-doped GaAs Schottky diode model applicable for terahertz frequency regime operation

This paper investigates the physics and operation of GaAs Schottky diodes within the terahertz frequency regime. Specifically, electron scattering and transport models are developed for the degenerately doped conditions necessary for very-high-frequency diode operation. This study incorporates the physical effects of electron-electron scattering and degenerate electron statistics into the scattering models for ionized impurities and polar optical phonons. These derivations are then used to arrive at analytical mobility models for transport in degenerate GaAs bulk regions. This work also derives improved expressions for thermionic and field emission within degenerate Schottky barrier structures. These emission models are then combined with a momentum-balance description of electron transport in the bulk region to model the dynamic operation of the diode. Numerical simulation results are presented to illustrate the roles played by thermal emission over the barrier and field (tunneling) emission through the barrier on diode operation at terahertz frequencies. These results clearly demonstrate the strong influence that doping has on the emission currents within heavily doped Schottky diodes.
Deaths Due to Bloodborne Infections and Their Sequelae Among Health-Care Workers

Background The odds of dying from bloodborne infections among health-care workers has not been well studied. Methods Using data from the National Occupational Mortality Surveillance (NOMS) system, a matched case-control design was employed to examine the relationship between health-care employment and death from HIV, hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV; non-A/non-B viral hepatitis), liver cancer, and cirrhosis from 1984 to 2004. We examined the whole health-care industry and specific health-care occupations. Results From 1984 to 2004, NOMS captured 248,550 deaths from bloodborne pathogens and their sequelae. Employment in the health-care industry was associated with increased risk of death from HIV (MOR = 2.27; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.11–2.44), HBV (MOR = 1.98; CI = 1.58–2.48), and cirrhosis (MOR = 1.09; CI = 1.04–1.15) among males, and death from HCV among both males (MOR = 1.46; CI = 1.22–1.75) and females (MOR = 1.22; CI = 1.05–1.40). Nursing was the occupation with the highest MORs among males for HIV and HBV, but female nurses were at decreased risk of dying from HIV (MOR = 0.69; CI = 0.57–0.83). Conclusions Employment in the health-care industry was found to be associated with deaths from several bloodborne pathogens and their sequelae among males, but only with HCV among females from 1984 to 2004 in this exploratory study. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:812-824, 2008. Published 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Vibrotactile stimulation for the adventitiously deaf: an alternative to cochlear implantation

Abstract Acoustic correlates of the prosodic features identifying English contrastive stress, ie, fundamental frequency (Fo), duration and intensity, and listener perceptions were investigated in a profoundly adventitiously deaf subject (D) pre/postvibrotactile stimulation, and in an age-peer normally-hearing person as a control (N). Stimuli were a group of general American English words in which a change of function from noun to verb was associated with a shift of stress from initial to final syllable, eg, CON‘test vs conTEST'. Prior to vibrotactile stimulation, D was unable to produce contrastive stress correctly. Only final syllable intensity differences were noted, but proved to be inadequate cues for contrastive stress. Vibrotactile stimulation resulted in changes, specifically significantly higher Fo for initial stressed vs unstressed syllables, significantly loudder intensity for final stressed vs unstressed syllables, and significantly longer duration for final stressed vs unstressed syllables. Perceptually, listeners judged D's contrastive stress placement as always occurring on the final syllable previbrotactile stimulation and as 78% correct postvibrotactile stimulation. N's contrastive stress placement was always correct. It was concluded that use of vibrotactile stimulation enhanced D's production and resulted in listeners' perceptions of correct prosody.
Fourier Series Methods for Optimal Periodic Position Control

The objective of this paper is to investigate the optimal periodic positioning problem using Fourier series methods. Examples of periodic positioning systems are manufacturing machines that perform repetitive assembly tasks. In such applications, the motive forces are provided by electric motors, the resulting current flow generates heat, and a trade-off exists between achievable cycle time and corresponding temperature rise. This fundamental trade-off is explored for single-axis motion systems driven by a class of synchronous motors.
The role of interleukin-8 and its receptors in gliomagenesis and tumoral angiogenesis

Interleukin-8 (IL-8, or CXCL8), which is a chemokine with a defining CXC amino acid motif that was initially characterized for its leukocyte chemotactic activity, is now known to possess tumorigenic and proangiogenic properties as well. In human gliomas, IL-8 is expressed and secreted at high levels both in vitro and in vivo, and recent experiments suggest it is critical to glial tumor neovascularity and progression. Levels of IL-8 correlate with histologic grade in glial neoplasms, and the most malignant form, glioblastoma, shows the highest expression in pseudopalisading cells around necrosis, suggesting that hypoxia/anoxia may stimulate expression. In addition to hypoxia/anoxia stimulation, increased IL-8 in gliomas occurs in response to Fas ligation, death receptor activation, cytosolic Ca2+, TNF-α, IL-1, and other cytokines and various cellular stresses. The IL-8 promoter contains binding sites for the transcription factors NF-κB, AP-1, and C-EBP/NF-IL-6, among others. AP-1 has been shown to mediate IL-8 upregulation by anoxia in gliomas. The potential tumor suppressor ING4 was recently shown to be a critical regulator of NF-κB-mediated IL-8 transcription and subsequent angiogenesis in gliomas. The IL-8 receptors that could contribute to IL-8-mediated tumorigenic and angiogenic responses include CXCR1 and CXCR2, both of which are G-protein coupled, and the Duffy antigen receptor for cytokines, which has no defined intracellular signaling capabilities. The proangiogenic activity of IL-8 occurs predominantly following binding to CXCR2, but CXCR1 appears to contribute as well through independent, small-GTPase activity. A precise definition of the mechanisms by which IL-8 exerts its proangiogenic functions requires further study for the development of effective IL-8-targeted therapies.
Ensuring optimal success with Six Sigma implementations

To ensure the success of a Six Sigma process improvement effort, there are five critical steps to take: The company's top leaders must champion the undertaking. Six Sigma Knowledge and work practices must cascade down the organization. The active support and engagement of all business process owners in Six Sigma project implementation down the line must be enlisted. Black Belts must be selected on the basis of competencies necessary for the job. Black Belt training must address the needs of the individuals as well as the requirements of the job. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Case for Intensive Statin Therapy After Acute Coronary Syndromes

Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) consist of unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction and are associated with a high risk of early recurrent ischemic events. Revascularization procedures do not modify underlying pathophysiology and only modestly reduce early ischemic events after an index episode of ACS. Although statins improve dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk over the long term, efforts to identify new ACS treatments are focusing on the ability of statins to modify the arterial wall-blood interface and reduce the risk of early recurrent ischemic events. Statins have been shown to reduce circulating markers of inflammation within days of an acute ischemic event. Short-term statin therapy also has been associated with improved coronary endothelial function, reversal of prothrombotic states, and reduction in atherosclerotic plaque volume. Findings from 6 randomized, controlled intervention trials were evaluated to determine if risk reduction is associated with the intensity of statin therapy. In addition, the predictive ability of baseline lipid levels and inflammatory markers were examined. High-intensity statin therapy (atorvastatin 80 mg) reduced early recurrent ischemic events after ACS compared with moderate-intensity treatment (eg, pravastatin 40 mg) or placebo. Moderate-intensity regimens (simvastatin 40 mg, pravastatin 20 to 40 mg, fluvastatin 80 mg, cerivastatin 0.4 mg) provided minimal benefit compared with placebo. Although there was no apparent relation between low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels before or during randomized treatment and short-term (4-month) risk of recurrent events, the degree of LDL cholesterol reduction with statin treatment after ACS may be related to longer-term event reduction. Moreover, evidence suggests that anti-inflammatory effects of high-intensity statin treatment are associated with clinical benefit.
A Task-Centered, Multiple Method Approach To Teaching Fraud Risk Assessment

This manuscript provides an approach to teaching fraud risk assessment that is based on an analysis of the task and relevant research in education, cognitive psychology, and artificial intelligence. Fraud risk assessment (FRA) in financial reporting is an important and difficult task that must be performed in every financial statement audit. When auditors fail to detect fraudulent financial reporting (FFR), they are likely to become targets of shareholder and creditor litigation. Although FFR has a low occurrence rate considering the large number of financial statement audits conducted, it has a devastating impact on the investors, creditors and the profession.
Immune homeostasis enforced by co-localized effector and regulatory T cells

FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg cells) prevent autoimmunity by limiting the effector activity of T cells that have escaped thymic negative selection or peripheral inactivation. Despite the information available about molecular factors mediating the suppressive function of Treg cells, the relevant cellular events in intact tissues remain largely unexplored, and whether Treg cells prevent activation of self-specific T cells or primarily limit damage from such cells has not been determined. Here we use multiplex, quantitative imaging in mice to show that, within secondary lymphoid tissues, highly suppressive Treg cells expressing phosphorylated STAT5 exist in discrete clusters with rare IL-2-positive T cells that are activated by self-antigens. This local IL-2 induction of STAT5 phosphorylation in Treg cells is part of a feedback circuit that limits further autoimmune responses. Inducible ablation of T cell receptor expression by Treg cells reduces their regulatory capacity and disrupts their localization in clusters, resulting in uncontrolled effector T cell responses. Our data thus reveal that autoreactive T cells are activated to cytokine production on a regular basis, with physically co-clustering T cell receptor-stimulated Treg cells responding in a negative feedback manner to suppress incipient autoimmunity and maintain immune homeostasis.
An Overview of Electronic Attacks

This chapter gives an overview of the major types of electronic attacks encountered today and likely to continue into the foreseeable future. A comprehensive understanding of attackers, their motives, and their methods is a prerequisite for digital crime investigation. The range of possible cyber attacks is almost unlimited, but many attacks generally follow the basic steps of reconnaissance, gaining access, and cover-up. We highlight common methods and tools used by attackers in each step. In addition, attacks are not necessarily directed toward specific targets. Viruses, worms, and spam are examples of large-scale attacks directed at compromising as many systems as possible.
Words that Wound: Defining, Discussing, and Defeating Bankruptcy 'Corruption'

In Courting Failures How Competition for Big Cases Is Corruption the Bankruptcy Courts, Professor Lynn M. LoPucki argues that certain bankruptcy courts, most notably those in New York, Chicago, and Delaware, are competing for large Chapter 11 cases and that this competition has corrupted the bankruptcy system. Not surprisingly, these provocative arguments concerning venue choices for large firms has caused an uproar in the bankruptcy community. Indeed, because many of the lawyers and judges who have read the book perceive that it unfairly attacks the integrity of the bankruptcy bench, the discourse over problems associated with the current bankruptcy venue choices available for large corporations has been overshadowed by the politically loaded term "corruption." This review essay attempts to re-characterize the notion of corruption and suggests that reasonable minds rationally could conclude that at least some of the court practices that Courting Failures suggests are corrupt can be explained by reasons having nothing with a court's desire to compete for big bankruptcy cases. The essay concludes by agreeing with the book's findings concerning some of the corrupt management practices that caused the downfall of Enron, WorldCom, and other large firms and proposes that corporate boards should face the risk of a shaming sanction (i.e., being labeled unfit to serve on corporate boards) to give them a greater incentive to monitor those corrupt practices.
Shear Strength of Siliciclastic Sediments from Passive and Active Margins (0–100 m Below Seafloor): Insights into Seismic Strengthening

Submarine geohazards threaten coastal communities and global economies. Submarine debris flows are the largest mass-wasting events observed on the Earth’s surface, comprising of up to 50 % of basin fill. Further insight can be gained into these important processes by understanding in-situ preconditioning factors that lead to slope destabilization. We examine two locations from the International Ocean Discovery Program data archive to determine how external effects on sediment properties compare between passive margins and active margins. We select representative passive margin (Amazon Fan) and active margin sites (Nankai Trough), and analyse peak shear strength, void ratio, and composition from the uppermost 100 m below seafloor. This depth corresponds to a depth range in which most submarine mass movements originate. However, it is not appropriate to directly compare shear strength and void ratio of samples from different settings due to differing stress histories, sedimentary composition, and consolidation properties. We focus on ideal locations on both margin types that have solely undergone one-dimensional burial, no diagenesis/cementation, and no unroofing. We find that active margin sediments exhibit an increase in shear strength when compared to their passive margin counterparts, while void ratio tends to be higher on active margins. We are currently conducting a focused lab program to better understand compositional effects and determine the intrinsic properties of each site to more definitively normalize the in-situ sediment profiles. Our results suggest a potential link between shear strength and margin seismicity.
Behind our eyes: The voice of the patient care assistant

This is a discussion paper regarding a role that often goes overlooked in many health care environments; the patient care assistant (PCA). This individual is charged with performing highly skilled tasks that may seem mundane and insignificant to some, yet are essential to achieving optimal outcomes for our patients. Nurses depend on the PCA to being properly educated and trained to accomplish the many duties of caring for the complex patients that enter today’s health care setting. Ultimately, the day to day responsibilities of the PCA are delegated by the licensed nurse. Therefore, it is imperative for nursing to understand the complicated nature of their role and how to best equip them with essential tools for success. A method that has been introduced at Houston Methodist Hospital to ensure the PCA is seen as an integral part of the health care team is the development of the Patient Care Advancement Program (PCAP), also known as a clinical ladder. The PCAP is a comprehensive platform that was implemented to grow the interprofessional team members at the bedside. In this article, we discuss the passion that the PCA must possess to be committed to perform daily care, how the PCA operates as a part of the health care team and the significance of professional growth opportunities for the PCA.
What can history tell us about the future of aquaculture genetics

Historically, genetics has not been a major part of aquatic sciences education or practices. However, it is interesting to note that one of the first animals used for genetic research after rediscovery of Mendel’s results was a Poeciliid, i.e., the guppy. Furthermore, the use of genetic principles and practices for improvement of aquatic species raised under controlled or semi-con- trolled conditions has not become a standard component of aquaculture production, contrary to the situation with other agricultural plants and animals. A number of explanations for the lack of utilization of otherwise accepted genetic approaches will be explored. In addition to the seeming reticence to employ the standard genetic approaches in aquaculture, realization of the purport- ed promise of some of the more recently developed molecular genetic tools has been slower than anticipated. In addition to the difficulties experienced with deployment of this technology, the costs and the need for larger multidisciplinary teams to develop the tools for reliable analy- ses have raised challenges not previously experienced in the field. These factors have led to increased efforts to utilize cooperative approaches to major genetic problems that need to be solved. It would appear that future employment of modern genetic analytical tools to improve aquaculture production will be enhanced and, in fact, further assured via cooperative research ventures.
Advance Communications and Navigation Satellite Conceptual Design for Lunar Network-Centric Operations

NASA has initiated plans for the deployment of human and robotic missions for exploration and science discovery of the Moon, Mars, and beyond under the Vision for Space Exploration Initiative, thus requiring an advanced communications and navigation satellite architecture to support such endeavors. As a component of this architecture NASA has envisioned a Lunar Network (LN) with multiple options for implementation. One option relies purely on earth ground stations to support Direct-to-Earth communications for lunar surface assets; another option considers the use of hybrid lunar science spacecraft with secondary communications payloads to provide a communications relay capability for lunar surface users; another option, which is the focus of this design effort, consists of both earthbased and space-based elements including a constellation of two or more Lunar Network Satellites (LNS) in orbit around the moon. The use of the LNS provides advantages of improved communications coverage of the lunar vicinity with reduced user communications burden in terms of size, weight, and power, while also providing radiometric tracking services to lunar orbiting and surface systems. Two design options were explored to fulfill the requirement of continuous communications for lunar outpost and sortie missions with a high data rate Lunar Network Satellite constellation. Two unique orbital configurations were assessed, along with the appropriate spacecraft design to address these requirements. Both options included various design trades including microwave and optical communications payloads for the high data rate communications trunk link from the Lunar Network Satellite to the Earth. The constellations, for the two design options, provided continuous coverage for a lunar south polar outpost while also providing continuous sevenday coverage for sortie missions at specific lunar locations without the need for reconfiguration of the constellation. This paper presents the design specifics, including orbit and sub-system design.
Scintigraphic Measurements of Canine Ileocolonic Transit: Direct and Indirect Effects of Eating

Eight dogs were equipped with ileal catheters, 50 cm proximal to the ileocolonic junction, and serosal electrodes at 5, 25, 55, 100, and 150 cm. Transit was assessed by injecting a bolus of 99m Tc-diethyl enetriamine pentaacetic acid through the ileal catheter and following isotope movements by serial, 4-min scintiscans. Isotope was injected in separate studies: (a) during phase I of an interdigestive myoelectrical cycle, (b) 10 min before a meal, and (c) or (d) 2 or 4 h after a meal (600 ml, 385 kcal, thickened with 4 g guar). At another time, mouth-to-colon transit of the same meal was measured by labeling it with 111 Indiethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid and scanning at hourly intervals for 11 h. Transit of isotope through the terminal ileum and entry into the colon was characteristically erratic; long periods of immobility were interspersed with sudden "bolus" movements. In the fasting studies, most sudden movements occurred while phase III (migrating motor complex) of the interdigestive myoelectrical cycle migrated through the last 50 cm of ileum. Passage of a single migrating motor complex through the terminal ileum propelled about one-half the dose of isotope into the colon; complete clearance of the ileum required two or more migrating motor complexes. Immediately after the meal, ileal movements increased transiently; however, these were followed by a period of quiescence. Overall, the time for 50% of the counts to enter the colon was not different from when the injection was made 2 h postprandially (207 ± 16 min and 162 ± 25 min, respectively). However, transit of isotope injected 4 h postprandially was significantly faster (91 ± 13 min). In the fed state, some bolus movements could be related to specific patterns of ileal motility; however, the majority occurred during apparently random "fed-type" motility. In part II, meal marker accumulated faster in the colon after 3–4 h, suggesting that the rapid ileocecal transit at 4 h postcibal was due to increased flow of chyme through the ileum at this time.
Who uses snus? A study of Texas adolescents.

INTRODUCTION Snus, a smokeless tobacco product, was introduced in the United States in 2006. Because it is available in a variety of flavors and is relatively easy to conceal, snus might be particularly attractive to adolescents. Yet, no studies have examined snus use in U.S. adolescents. This brief report examined (a) differences between adolescent snus users and non-snus users on a variety of demographic, behavioral, and intrapersonal factors and (b) prevalence of snus use among current users of various other tobacco products versus nontobacco users. METHODS Participants were 8,472 6th- to 12th-grade students who voluntarily completed the 87-item Texas Youth Tobacco Survey during class time. RESULTS Overall, 7.1% of students reported ever trying snus; of these, 77% were male, 68% were in high school, and 46% were White. Mixed-effects regression models indicated that the prevalence of cigarette, chew, cigar, and alcohol use was higher among snus users than among non-snus users. Compared with non-snus users, snus users performed more poorly in school and perceived snus, cigarettes, chew, and cigars to be less dangerous. Finally, current users of cigarettes, chew, and cigars had a higher prevalence of snus use than did their peers who did not use the respective products. CONCLUSIONS Among U.S. adolescents, snus use may be part of a constellation of health compromising behaviors. Additional research is needed to determine who is using snus and identify the determinants and consequences of snus use, all of which can inform interventions and policies aimed at decreasing tobacco use among youth.
A Synthesis of Reading and Spelling Interventions and Their Effects on Spelling Outcomes for Students With Learning Disabilities

Spelling is one of the most challenging areas for students with learning disabilities (LD), and improving spelling outcomes for these students is of high importance. In this synthesis, we examined the effects of spelling and reading interventions on spelling outcomes for students with LD in Grades K through 12. A systematic search of peer-reviewed literature published between 2004 and 2014 was conducted using electronic databases and hand searches of relevant journals. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to meet the following criteria: (a) Participants were identified with LD and were in Grades K through 12, (b) designs were either treatment/comparison or single case, (c) a reading or spelling intervention was implemented, (d) at least one spelling outcome was measured, and (e) instruction was in English. Ten studies met criteria for inclusion in the synthesis, and effectiveness ranged from ineffective to highly effective. Findings demonstrated that spelling outcomes for taught words were improved for students with LD with the use of explicit instruction or self-correction strategies.
Aligning Physical Activity Measures With the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Framework for Childhood Disability

ABSTRACTThe introduction of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health has placed emphasis on framing health behavior as a multidimensional construct. In relation to childhood physical activity, this encompasses dimensions of functional performance, activity attendance, and subjective perceptions of involvement and enjoyment within activity settings. Current literature, however, primarily investigates physical activity in terms of performance and activity levels. The resulting misalignment of theory and measurement practice challenges the development of a comprehensive understanding of childhood physical activity behavior. For children with disabilities, who may have nuanced experiences in activity, there may be greater necessity to examine additional dimensions of physical activity (e.g., participation). In an effort to support meaningful interpretations of physical activity behavior measures among children with disabilities, the purposes of this article are to (a) conceptuali...
Cold War Thinking and Double Standard——An Exploration of the Ideologicalization of Three U.S.Dailies' Construction Frame of Evil Cult"Falun Gong"(1999-2005)

Through content analysis of a 100-article sample randomly selected from the most widely circulated and influential dailies in America——The New York Times,The Washington Post,and The Los Angeles Times,the paper shows that U.S.journalists,internalized by"cold war thinking" and"cultural hegemony",carried out the double standard to intentionally select news resources,apply rhetorical figures,and associate the Falun Gong with issues about China's freedom,democracy,and communism so as to prettify the evil cult and smear the just war toward the Falun Gong under the leadership of Chinese government.
The strategic use of antiestrogens to control the development and growth of breast cancer.

Tamoxifen has become the endocrine treatment of choice for all stages of breast cancer. Its low incidence of side effects and proven survival advantage observed during adjuvant therapy in postmenopausal women with nodepositive disease has encouraged the use of long-term treatment for patients to benefit fully from therapy. The drug has an appropriate level of estrogen-like effects that could be beneficial to maintain bone density and prevent development of coronary heart disease by lowering circulating cholesterol. These effects might be useful in all patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer who currently are receiving no therapy
Interactome Maps of the Acetylcholine Receptor Gate Region

Opening of the AChR pore is regulated by a hydrophobic ‘gate’ formed by amino acid residues of the 5 M2 helices, between positions 9’-13’. In AChRs, local interactions (<∼12A) between side chains influence the C vs. O energy difference. Except for interactions with the agonist itself, the gating energy landscape appears to be essentially the same with or without ligands. We have measured local energy couplings (Ω) and gating transition pathways (Φ) at the gate, using free energies obtained from single channels in the absence of agonists. The salient results were: i) the inter-subunit interaction was strongest between immediate neighboring subunits (e.g. β-δ vs β-e) at each gate position, ii) the interaction energy was a complex function of the charge and size of the amino acid side chains, iii) the inter-subunit interactions at 9’ L were asymmetric in so far as Ω for α-β and α- e were ∼4 times greater than α- δ or β-δ; those at 13’ V were symmetric, iv) Ω of the complement pairs at different levels (e.g. 13’α-9’e and 13’β-9’δ) were greater than the of non-complement pairs (e.g. 9’α-13’δ), v) some gate mutations resulted in malleable energy landscape, manifest as a Hammond effect at 12’, and 13’ and an anti-Hammond effect at 9’. Interactions of M2 with residues in M3 and M1 are currently under investigation. An interactome map of the gate region may provide insight into the rearrangements that occur here in AChRs.
Source credibility and race: Black viewers' responses to television news anchors

This study used a qualitative approach to explore the impact of diversity on television through Black viewers’ responses to newscasters of different races. The goal was to explore 1) the impact of a newscaster’s race on his or her perceived credibility, 2) the perceived accuracy of news reports of racially driven stories, and 3) emotional responses provoked by the race of a newscaster. Twenty-two Black males participated in focus groups. Participants watched two sets of news clips, each followed by a series of questions. The first set of news clips included an assortment of random news stories, read by two White anchors and two Black anchors. The second set consisted of two anchors reporting on a racially specific story, one White anchor and one Black. The focus groups were audiotaped and data were later analyzed. The research found that race played a significant role in the source credibility of the anchor. Participants’ connection to culture, likeliness, emotion and empathy emerged as factors affecting the news anchors’ credibility. Specifically in the race related stories, the imagery used as well as the word choice combined with the race of the anchor to prompt a heavy emotional response from the participants. The findings imply that there is a serious lack of trust in news media from these participants, and race plays a significant factor. The lack of Black anchors is only one element as the participants acknowledged that regardless of how many Black anchors there are, the news as a whole is still written for and by the White majority. It seems the lack of trust in the news media is here to stay until Blacks have a more dominant role in the industry.
Always Keep Your Clothes in the Car.

In helping to organize many different educational environments in the School of Medicine and the Department of Surgery at the University of Virginia over the last 30 years, my colleagues and I have long recognized that our students and trainees, while uniformly well prepared academically for their respective missions, often take inadequate care of themselves. Everyone who has flown on a plane will recall that the flight attendants always tell passengers that, if oxygen is needed, one must put one’s own mask on first, before helping others put their masks on. And the obvious reason for that admonition is that you cannot help others if you, yourself, are impaired. This admonition applies equally to those who have committed their lives to helping others, which, in the case of our proteges and ourselves, is through medicine and surgery.
Effects of spring onset and summer duration on fish species distribution and biomass along the Northeast United States continental shelf

Studies documenting distributional shifts of fishes typically rely on time series of annual sampling events with fixed seasonal timing and limited temporal range. Meanwhile, as temperatures along the Northeast continental shelf have increased, the seasonal cycle also shifted towards earlier spring warming and longer summers. Seasonal migrations of fish and macroinvertebrates on the continental shelf in the Northeast US are thought to be primarily controlled by temperature and as such likely follow the temperature phenology of the shelf. This study sought to determine whether apparent changes in fish biomass and distributions are linked to spring warming phenology and/or duration of summer, the effective growing season for most species. We hypothesized that the earlier spring thermal transition would occur earlier and would cause centers of biomass to be more poleward during the spring survey. We also expected lengthening summers, primarily a function of later fall cooling, to cause centers of biomass in the fall survey to be more poleward and for biomass on the shelf to be greater within and following longer growing seasons. We did not detect a strong effect of the timing of the spring thermal transition in sea surface temperature on the distribution or abundance for most of the 43 fish stocks that we examined. However, later fall cooling and longer summers had a strong effect on both abundance and biomass of many fish stocks. These findings suggest that more focus should be placed on the length of the growing season and population-level processes that result in distributional shifts and changes in abundance.
Evaluating Childhood Vaccination Coverage of NIP Vaccines: Coverage Survey versus Zhejiang Provincial Immunization Information System

Vaccination coverage in Zhejiang province, east China, is evaluated through repeated coverage surveys. The Zhejiang provincial immunization information system (ZJIIS) was established in 2004 with links to all immunization clinics. ZJIIS has become an alternative to quickly assess the vaccination coverage. To assess the current completeness and accuracy on the vaccination coverage derived from ZJIIS, we compared the estimates from ZJIIS with the estimates from the most recent provincial coverage survey in 2014, which combined interview data with verified data from ZJIIS. Of the enrolled 2772 children in the 2014 provincial survey, the proportions of children with vaccination cards and registered in ZJIIS were 94.0% and 87.4%, respectively. Coverage estimates from ZJIIS were systematically higher than the corresponding estimates obtained through the survey, with a mean difference of 4.5%. Of the vaccination doses registered in ZJIIS, 16.7% differed from the date recorded in the corresponding vaccination cards. Under-registration in ZJIIS significantly influenced the coverage estimates derived from ZJIIS. Therefore, periodic coverage surveys currently provide more complete and reliable results than the estimates based on ZJIIS alone. However, further improvement of completeness and accuracy of ZJIIS will likely allow more reliable and timely estimates in future.
Free clinic educational interventions for patients with chronic disease

The implementation of community-based programs tailored to underserved patients who do not have access to quality health care can impact future health outcomes. Addressing these chronic disease issues is critical to intervene in communities and develop effective management solutions pertinent to one’s health status. Many public-health objectives have been suggested for further evaluation through national Healthy People 2020 goals. Free clinics are intended to provide quality health care to individuals who do not have the ability to pay for medical expenses because of socioeconomic disadvantages. Vulnerable patient populations located in medically underserved regions are affected to a greater degree than the average city-dwelling communities, and potential interventions to tackle pertinent factors influencing positive health outcomes could provide improvements. Tailored educational models in free clinic settings can impact health behaviors and management in susceptible patients with chronic disease. Empathy and compassion are essential criteria to being able to effectively serve free clinic populations. It is important to implement interventions where healthcare providers must look at their patients holistically: what are their needs and barriers to care?