cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Power Flow Control Design for Networked AC/ DC Based Microgrid Systems

This paper presents a control design methodology that addresses high penetration of variable generation or renewable energy sources and loads for networked AC /DC microgrid systems as an islanded subsystem or as part of larger electric power grid systems. High performance microgrid systems that contain large amounts of stochastic sources and loads is a major goal for the future of electric power systems. Alternatively, methods for controlling and analyzing AC/ DC microgrid systems will provide an understanding into the tradeoffs that can be made during the design phase. This method develops both a control design methodology and realizable hierarchical controllers that are based on the Hamiltonian Surface Shaping and Power Flow Control (HSSPFC) methodology that regulates renewable energy sources, varying loads and identifies energy storage requirements for a networked AC/DC microgrid system. Both static and dynamic stability conditions are derived. A renewable energy scenario is considered for a networked three DC microgrids tied into an AC ringbus configuration. Numerical simulation results are presented.
The routine activities of violent crime places: A retrospective case-control study of crime opportunities on street segments

Abstract Purpose This study uses a retrospective case-control research design to isolate the influence of routine activities variables independent of neighborhood effects in explaining variation between street segments with low and high trajectories of outdoor street violence in Newark, New Jersey. Methods Group-based trajectory models were estimated to characterize longitudinal patterns of incidents reported to the Newark Police Division from 2008 to 2013. Comparable low violence (N = 178) and high violence (N = 178) street segments were matched following three selection criteria. Logistic regression models were then estimated to determine the influence of motivated offenders, suitable targets, and guardianship measures on explaining variation between violence patterns at street segments. Results Motivated offenders and suitable target measures offered stronger predictors of variation between low and high violence street segments within neighborhoods compared to guardianship measures. Conclusions This research generally supports the basic tenets of routine activities theory and the salience of informal and formal social control in addressing violence at micro-places even when accounting for neighborhood effects. A variety of prevention strategies designed to modify local criminal opportunity structures can be implemented to better position cities to be effective in their violence prevention efforts.
Review of water quality criteria for water reuse and risk-based implications for irrigated produce under the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act, produce safety rule.

Abstract Questions related to the safety of alternative water sources, such as recycled water or reclaimed water (including grey water, produced water, return flows, and recycled wastewater), for produce production have been largely un-explored at the detail warranted for protection of public health. Additionally, recent outbreaks of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in fresh produce, in which agricultural water was suspected as the source, coupled with heightened media coverage, have elevated fruit and vegetable safety into the forefront of public attention. Exacerbating these concerns, new Federal regulations released by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as part of implementation of the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), require testing of agricultural water quality for generic E. coli. Here, we present a review of water quality criteria – including surface water, groundwater recreational water, and water reuse – in an attempt to better understand implications of new FDA regulations on irrigated produce. In addition, a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) was conducted to estimate risks from pathogen contamination of food crops eaten fresh under the context of FDA regulations to provide perspective on current water reuse regulations across the country. Results indicate that irrigation water containing 126 CFU/100 mL of E. coli correspond to a risk of GI illness (diarrhea) of 9 cases in 100,000,000 persons (a 0.000009% risk) for subsurface irrigation, 1.1 cases in 100,000 persons (a 0.0011% risk) for furrow irrigation, and 1.1 cases in 1000 persons (a 0.11% risk) for sprinkler irrigation of lettuce. In comparison to metrics in states that currently regulate the use of recycled water for irrigation of food crops eaten fresh, the FDA FSMA water quality metrics are less stringent and therefore the use of recycled water presents a reduced risk to consumers than the FDA regulations. These findings, while limited to a one-time exposure event of lettuce irrigated with water meeting FSMA water quality regulations, highlight the need for additional assessments to determine if the scientific-basis of the regulation is protective of public health.
Quality improvement in healthcare for patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Since inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic disorders with typical remission and relapses and no cure, maintaining high quality of provided healthcare to patients with IBD plays a major role in the management and reducing disease-related morbidity. To hone process-based quality indicators in order to ameliorate quality of care, the indicators must be based on high quality evidence and expert consensus. ImproveCareNow (ICN) group gave us a great example of quality improvement (QI) by gaining experience in how to exercise, apply and implement QI methods in the care of children with IBD. "The American Gastroenterological Association" has developed an adult "IBD physician performance measures set" and both "Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America" (CCFA) and "Crohn's and Colitis Canada" (CCC) have developed sets of most highly rated process and outcome measures. "The Emerging Practice in IBD Collaborative (EPIC) Canadian group" developed definitions of quality indicators for best-practice management of IBD in Canada. "Quality of Care through the Patient's Eyes (QUOTE-IBD)" was honed as a questionnaire to quantify quality of care in the eyes of patients with IBD. This is now widely used in several European countries. The current concepts of quality of care as well as quality indicators will be discussed in this article.
Spectrum of Movement Disorders in Patients With Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Infection.

Background West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus that is recognized as one of the common causes of arboviral neurological disease in the world. WNV infections usually manifest with constitutional symptoms such as fever, fatigue, myalgia, rash, arthralgia, and headache. Neuroinvasive WNV infections are characterized by signs and symptoms suggestive of meningitis, encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, and acute flaccid paralysis. In addition, many patients with neuroinvasive WNV infection develop a wide range of movement disorders. This article aims to comprehensively review the spectrum and natural course of the movement disorders observed in patients with neuroinvasive WNV infections. Methods A literature search was performed in March 2019 (in PubMed and EMBASE) to identify articles for this review. Results Movement disorders observed in the context of WNV infections include tremor, opsoclonus-myoclonus, parkinsonism, myoclonus, ataxia, and chorea. Most often, these movement disorders resolve within a few weeks to months with an indolent course. The commonly observed tremor phenotypes include action tremor of the upper extremities (bilateral > unilateral). Tremor in patients with West Nile meningitis subsides earlier than that in patients with West Nile encephalitis/acute flaccid paralysis. Opsoclonus-myoclonus in WNV infections responds well to intravenous immunoglobulins/plasmapheresis/corticosteroids. Parkinsonism has been reported to be mild in nature and usually lasts for a few weeks to months in the majority of the patients. Conclusion A wide spectrum of movement disorders is observed in neuroinvasive WNV infections. Longitudinal studies are warranted to obtain better insights into the natural course of these movement disorders.
Metastatic Thymoma Harboring a Deleterious BRCA2 Mutation Derives Durable Clinical Benefit from Olaparib

Thymomas comprise a group of rare epithelial neoplasms of the anterior mediastinum. Whereas localized disease carries a favorable prognosis, the majority of patients with metastatic thymomas experience progression or recurrence over a 10-year period. Although targeted therapies have become standard of care in many malignancies, no clinically actionable mutations have consistently been identified in metastatic thymomas. Here, we describe a patient with an aggressive thymoma complicated by extensive pleural metastases. Over a 16-year period, she progressed on multiple treatment regimens. To identify additional treatment options, tissue from a pleural metastasis was sent for next-generation sequencing, revealing mutations in BRCA2, tyrosine kinase 2, and SET domain containing 2. Based on supporting evidence for poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition in other BRCA-mutated tumors, the patient was started on the PARP inhibitor olaparib. She derived significant clinical benefit from treatment, with imaging showing overall stabilization of her disease. Here, we review the genotyping results of her tumor and discuss the functional and clinical significance of the mutations in her cancer as well as implications for managing patients with advanced BRCA-mutant thymomas. KEY POINTS: Targeted therapy has yet to enter the standard clinical management of metastatic thymomas. Patients with BRCA2-mutant thymomas may benefit from poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition.
Enhancing electrochemical performance of thin film lithium ion battery via introducing tilted metal nanopillars as effective current collectors

Abstract Novel Li2MnO3 (LMO)-Au nanocomposite thin film with tilted Au pillars has been synthesized by using an oblique angle deposition technique (OAD) in pulsed laser deposition. The tilt angle and dimension of the Au nanopillars can be tuned by varying the inclination angle of the incoming flux and the growth rate. The obtained LMO-Au nanocomposite structure exhibits an initial volumetric discharge capacity of 35.78 μAh cm−2 μm−1 for the 1st cycle but increases to 62.32 μAh cm−2 μm−1 at the 100th cycle. Such an increase in discharge capacity upon cycling is attributed to significantly increased reaction depth upon cycling, indicating that Au pillars function as effective current collectors and the LMO-Au interfaces improve the cycling stability. In addition, the LMO-Au nanocomposites display highly anisotropic optical complex dielectric function in-plane and out-of-plane, reduced bandgap, and high hardness of 10 GPa which almost doubled that of pure Li2MnO3. This study presents a novel approach for processing nanocomposite thin films with tunable tilted current collectors towards advanced thin film battery cathode, nanoscale plasmonic systems, and other oxide-metal hybrid electrochemical systems.
Estuarine Exchange Flow Variability in a Seasonal, Segmented Estuary

AbstractSmall estuaries in Mediterranean climates display pronounced salinity variability at seasonal and event time scales. Here, we use a hydrodynamic model of the Coos Estuary, Oregon, to examin...
Integrated Phosphate and pH Sensing System for Water Quality Monitoring

Cobalt (Co) ion selective electrode (ISE) has been studied for selective phosphate detection. As the electromotive force (EMF) response of this electrode to phosphate is affected by surrounding pH conditions, it has not been readily utilized for in-situ monitoring. In this work, we present an integrated Co based phosphate and antimony (Sb) based pH sensing system, which enables us to monitor precise phosphorous concentration taking into account a local pH level in aqueous solution. Platinum is used as the reference electrode. An extremely broad sensing range of phosphate concentration with 9 orders of magnitude concentration ranging between $5\times 10^{-3}$ to $5\times 10^{-12}$ M is reported. The sensing sensitive of 5 pM is one of the best reported in this kind of sensors in literature. Also, simultaneous detection of pH and phosphate concentration is presented using integrated wireless Bluetooth module. The total area of the fabricated sensor is 4 cm2.
Genetic characteristics of Astrovirus isolated from patients with diarrhea in Shenzhen, Guangdong,China, from January 2010 to December 2011

Objective To investigate Astrovirus infection status and indentify its molecular characteristics in Shenzhen.Methods During January 2010 to December 2011,2083 stool samples were collected from patients with suspected diarrhea and 30 stool samples were collected from healthy people in Shenzhen.The nucleic acids extracted from the samples were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR).The sequences of ORF2 of the Astrovirus positive samples were amplified by RT-PCR,and then the products were sequenced after purification.The phylogenetic tree was constructed to analyze the nucleotide sequence homology between those sequences and the sequences of reference strains available in the GenBank database.Results 29 samples of 2083 were Astrovirus positive (1.39％,29/2083).The positive rates for patients under 6 months,6-11 months,12-35 months and above 36 months were 2.96％ (5/169),1.48％ (8/707),2.48％ (3/121) and 1.20％ (13/1086) respectively.The Astrovirus infection was commonly found in winter,followed by spring,but seldom occurred in summer and autumn.According to the analysis on the gene sequencing,strains of HAstV-l,HAstV-2 and HAstV-5 were detected,of which HAstV-1 was the predominant strain.The HAstV-1 strains could further be divided into three subtypes,which had high phylogenetic relationships with Dresden of Germany (AY720892),MASTO2392 of India (AB551380),and 1165 of Brazil (AY846638) in GenBank,with a nucleotide sequence homology of 98.3％-99.1％,96.0％-100％ and 98.0％-100％ respectively.Conclusion HAstV was one of the important pathogens causing viral diarrhea in Shenzhen and HAstV-1 was the predominant strain.Therefore,it is necessary to strengthen the surveillance for diarrhea caused by Astrovirus infection. Key words: Astrovirus; Molecular epidemiology; Phylogenetic analysis
Suicidality in Context

An array of mental illnesses are linked to suicide. Physical illness is also associated with suicide risk. Why are so many diagnoses linked to suicidality? Some risk arises directly from the diagnosis, as in depression. Some risk is common across diagnoses, or in other words, trans-diagnostic. This chapter discusses both illness-specific and trans-diagnostic contributions to risk for suicidality, divided into five areas: trauma, personality pathology, internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, and general health. These conditions all disrupt mentalizing, creating specific challenges of pretend mode, psychic equivalence, and teleologic mode. Trauma also derails the developmental process whereby children build self-esteem and agency. Absent those capacities, it is hard to trust others and build relationships. Diminished trust leaves people alone, psychologically or literally, and hence at greater risk for suicide. The mentalizing techniques suggested herein aim to help clinicians reduce suicide risk directly and indirectly across a wide range of psychopathology.
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Screening in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Purpose: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), defined as strong, frequent or prolonged events that cause an upregulation of the stress response during childhood, have been associated with increased morbidity and mortality both in childhood and later in life. The ACEs screening tool is an instrument widely used to measure toxic stressors that a child may experience, ranging from physical abuse to parental separation. Toxic stress can cause neuroendocrine dysregulation leading to an altered …
Early GDPR Penalties: Analysis of Implementation and Fines Through May 2020

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) which went into effect in May 2018 enabled European Data Protection Authorities (DPAs) to fine companies up to 4 percent of their annual revenue in the event that they were found in violation of the regulations requirements for data collection, processing, and use. But the regulation gave DPAs considerable leeway to determine how they would implement these penalties. This paper analyzes 261 publicly available GDPR enforcement orders issued by DPAs during the first 24 months of the GDPR implementation. The findings show that most GDPR fines levied so far have been relatively small, many of them within the thresholds set by earlier laws prior to the GDPR. Additionally, only half of the GDPR Articles for which penalties are designated have actually resulted in public enforcement actions, and those fines that have been levied focus primarily on violations of five particular Articles, four of which pertain primarily to user privacy protections. However, despite the fact that most of the fines issued under the GDPR have been in response to privacy violations, the largest fines have been triggered by security incidents, and, on average, security violations still receive larger fines than privacy violations.
In Vitro Clot Trapping Efficiency of the FDA Generic Inferior Vena Cava Filter in an Anatomical Model: An Experimental Fluid-Structure Interaction Benchmark.

Robust experimental data for performing validation of fluid–structure interaction (FSI) simulations of the transport of deformable solid bodies in internal flow are currently lacking. This in vitro experimental study characterizes the clot trapping efficiency of a new generic conical-type inferior vena cava (IVC) filter in a rigid anatomical model of the IVC with carefully characterized test conditions, fluid rheological properties, and clot mechanical properties. Various sizes of spherical and cylindrical clots made of synthetic materials (nylon and polyacrylamide gel) and bovine blood are serially injected into the anatomical IVC model under worst-case exercise flow conditions. Clot trapping efficiencies and their uncertainties are then quantified for each combination of clot shape, size, and material. Experiments reveal the clot trapping efficiency increases with increasing clot diameter and length, with trapping efficiencies ranging from as low as approximately 42% for small 3.2 mm diameter spherical clots up to 100% for larger clot sizes. Because of the asymmetry of the anatomical IVC model, the data also reveal the iliac vein of clot origin influences the clot trapping efficiency, with the trapping efficiency for clots injected into the left iliac vein up to a factor of 7.5 times greater than that for clots injected into the right iliac (trapping efficiencies of approximately 10% versus 75%, respectively). Overall, this data set provides a benchmark for validating simulations predicting IVC filter clot trapping efficiency and, more generally, low-Reynolds number FSI modeling.
‘An exceedingly simple, little ecosystem’: Devils Hole, endangered species conservation, and scientific environments

This article explores the history of the Devils Hole pupfish (Cyprinodon diabolis), regarded by scientists as having the smallest range of any vertebrate species in the world, a single 10 × 60 ft p...
MK-6482 as a potential treatment for von Hippel-Lindau disease-associated clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Introduction Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is an inherited autosomal dominant syndrome caused by a germline mutation and/or deletion of the VHL gene. Inappropriate hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-mediated transcription of proangiogenic and metabolic genes leads to the development of tumors and cysts in multiple organs. Surgery is a standard treatment for localized tumors with a risk of metastasis or organ dysfunction. Repeated surgeries cause substantial morbidity and have a major impact on quality of life. There is an urgent need to develop effective and safe systemic treatments for VHL disease manifestations. The small-molecule HIF 2 alpha inhibitor MK-6482 (belzutifan) has demonstrated significant efficacy in VHL disease related renal cell carcinomas, hemangioblastomas, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors while demonstrating an acceptable safety profile. Areas covered This paper reviews the development of the HIF-2 alpha inhibitor, MK-6482, and discusses preliminary results of ongoing phase I/II studies in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and VHL disease. An examination of ongoing clinical development of MK-6482 and perspectives on potential future developments and challenges are offered. Expert opinion Because of its favorable safety profile, its clear efficacy in VHL disease, promising findings in sporadic, advanced RCC, and convenient oral formulation, MK-6482 is expected to become a leading treatment for VHL disease. Among other currently available oral agents, we believe that MK-6482 will be a preferred treatment for VHL-associated RCC.
Current management of malignant bowel obstructions: a survey of acute care surgeons and surgical oncologists

Background Malignant small bowel obstructions (MSBOs) are one of the most challenging problems surgeons encounter, and evidence-based treatment recommendations are lacking. We hypothesized that current opinions on MSBO management differ between acute care surgeons (ACSs) and surgical oncologists (SOs). Methods We developed three case scenarios describing patients with previously treated cancer who developed an MSBO. Each case had five to six alternate scenarios, intended to capture the heterogeneity of MSBO presentations. Members of the Society of Surgical Oncology, the American Society of Peritoneal Surface Malignancies, and the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma were asked how likely they would be to offer surgical treatment in each scenario. Responses were analyzed for factors associated with the likelihood surgeons would offer surgical management. Results 316 surgeons completed the survey: 119 (37.7%) SOs and 197 (62.3%) ACSs. Overall, SOs were nearly twice as likely as ACSs to recommend surgical management. The largest differences between provider groups were seen in patients with an increased metastatic burden. In a patient with MSBO with metastatic colon cancer, both SOs (95.8%) and ACSs (94.4%) were likely or very likely to offer an operation (p=0.587); however, this fell to 91.6% and 77.7%, respectively, when this patient had multiple hepatic metastases (p=0.001). All surgeons were less likely to offer surgery to patients with multiple sites of obstruction, recurrent MSBO, and shorter disease-free intervals. Discussion Opinions on MSBO management differ based on surgeon training and experience. Multidisciplinary management of patients with MSBO should be offered when available and increased emphasis placed on determining optimal management guidelines across specialties. Level of evidence Level IV Epidemiologic.
Conic Linear Programming

Conic Linear Programming, hereafter CLP, is a natural extension of Linear programming (LP). In LP, the variables form a vector which is required to be componentwise nonnegative, while in CLP they are points in a pointed convex cone (see Appendix B.1) of an Euclidean space, such as vectors as well as matrices of finite dimensions. For example, Semidefinite programming (SDP) is a kind of CLP, where the variable points are symmetric matrices constrained to be positive semidefinite. Both types of problems may have linear equality constraints as well. Although CLPs have long been known to be convex optimization problems, no efficient solution algorithm was known until about two decades ago, when it was discovered that interior-point algorithms for LP discussed in Chap. 5, can be adapted to solve certain CLPs with both theoretical and practical efficiency. During the same period, it was discovered that CLP, especially SDP, is representative of a wide assortment of applications, including combinatorial optimization, statistical computation, robust optimization, Euclidean distance geometry, quantum computing, optimal control, etc. CLP is now widely recognized as a powerful mathematical computation model of general importance.
Assessing Extreme Outcomes: The Strategic Treatment of Low Probability Impacts of Climate Change

Many assessments of climate change fail to consider the possibility of low probability, yet catastrophic, outcomes of greenhouse warming. A noteworthy example is the potential rapid deterioration of the West Antarctic ice sheet. If the ice sheet were to melt, as a minority of scientists believe it may, sea levels could rise by five meters or more in the next century. This study seeks to develop a theory that can predict why certain classes of assessments assess extreme outcomes, while other classes of assessments ignore them. Work in behavioral psychology argues that individual decision-makers display predictable bias when interpreting low probability events, either underestimating or overestimating the associated risks. Drawing on this work, this study theorizes that assessors who operate by consensus, and who are trying not to create controversy, will avoid issue areas, such as low probability outcomes, where biased interpretations are likely. Staff advisors who are asked to assess such issue areas will seek to offer explanations that overcome people's propensity for bias. Finally, advocates writing assessments will seek to take advantage of people's bias. Using a case study of the West Antarctic ice sheet issue, this study finds empirical evidence that supports these predictions.
Textbook geriatrics: Not yet of the essence

Three major geriatrics textbooks are reviewed in an attempt to infer how editors and authors see the field of geriatrics and how well they grapple with the complexity of caring for the frail elderly.
Physicians' assessments of adjuvant tamoxifen's effectiveness in older patients with primary breast cancer.

Objectives: To examine physicians' assessments of tamoxifen effectiveness in breast cancer patients, identify predictors of these assessments, and estimate the relationship between these assessments and receipt of tamoxifen prescription. Design: A cohort of breast cancer patients aged 65 and older at diagnosis and their physicians were surveyed using mailed questionnaires and telephone interviews. Setting: Community and academic hospitals in Rhode Island; North Carolina; Minnesota; and Los Angeles, California between 1996 and 1998. Participants: Physicians completed treatment recommendation forms for 496 of 865 Stage Ic to IIIa breast cancer patients. Measurements: Visual scales measured physicians' assessments of the risk that individual patients would have a breast cancer recurrence or die of breast cancer with, and without, tamoxifen therapy. Results: The mean risk ratio±standard deviation comparing risk of recurrence without tamoxifen with the risk with tamoxifen was 1.8±1.0 and for breast cancer mortality was 1.8±1.2. Only estrogen-receptor status and enrollment site emerged as significant predictors of recurrence and mortality risk ratios in regression models. Patients for whom the physician estimated that the recurrence or mortality risk doubled without tamoxifen were more likely to receive a tamoxifen prescription than patients for whom the physician estimated that tamoxifen would have no effect (odds ratio (OR)=1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.98–2.1 for recurrence risk, OR=1.8; 95% CI=1.2–2.6 for mortality risk). Conclusion: Estrogen receptor status most strongly influenced physicians' assessments of tamoxifen's effectiveness in individual patients; this effectiveness was not found to be associated with advancing patient age. Estrogen receptor status and enrollment site were related to receipt of tamoxifen prescription, but advancing age was not after accounting for physician's individualized assessment of tamoxifen's effectiveness. These findings suggest that an evidence-based approach for hormonal therapy has been widely adopted for care of older patients with breast cancer.
Quantum Optics: Concepts of NMR

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 The Resonance Equations 3 Radiation Damping 4 Optical FID and the Photon Echo 5 Principal Effects Common to NMR and Quantum Optics 6 Conclusions 7 Acknowledgements 8 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Making hotel reservations online: a content analysis of U.S. travelers' comments.

As a substantial portion of online room reservations continues to be made via intermediary travel Web sites, the American hotel companies deploy large amounts of resources to attract travelers to their Web sites through lowest guaranteed rates, direct connections with agencies and corporate clients, and industry partnerships. This article reports the results of a study that investigated travelers’ comments about their reservation experiences via hotel-owned and intermediary Web sites. The study revealed that the travelers had more favorable views of intermediary Web sites rather than hotel-owned Web sites. Travelers’ comments addressed the need for lowest room rates online, easy to use reservation tools, comparisons of room rates across properties within a destination, and security of online transactions. Hotel brand and travelers’ experience with online reservations have not been found to play a substantial role in travelers’ Web site preferences.
Market Development of Biomass Industries

ABSTRACT Biomass-based agribusiness industries hold signiﬁcant potential to contribute to environmentally bene-ﬁcial renewable energy. The authors explore survey evidence on producer preferences for organizationaltypes that will inﬂuence market development. Although there are many features of market developmentthat are important, they focus on understanding their organizational choices, the services producers maybe willing to provide, and the assets producers currently own. Results indicate mid-Missouri producershavehigherpreferencesforspotmarketscomparedtothesouthernIllinoisproducers;thesouthernIllinoisproducers prefer short-term and long-term contracts. [JEL Classiﬁcations: L220, Q130]. C 2012 WileyPeriodicals, Inc. 1. INTRODUCTION There are many perspectives from which to analyze the formation of environmentally sus-tainable renewable energy agribusiness industries. Industry leaders, consumers, policy makers,and society in general have various decisions to make. Scientists and entrepreneurs have re-sponded by studying the available technologies, inventing new pathways while investigatingthe environmental consequences of renewable energy. Policy analysts and economists have alsostudiedtheinstitutionalenvironmentandmarketoutcomesofadvancingsustainablerenewableagribusiness industries. In this article, we focus on the managerial and organizational decisionsin biomass-based industries: speciﬁcally future market development decisions of bioenergyprocessors and biomass producers in cellulosic feedstock industries.In this article, the market development approach is applied to data from the United StatesMidwest region and could be replicated to other crop producing areas worldwide and is evenmoreessentialifpoliciesdesignedtoencouragebioenergyproductionalsodeﬁneorganizationalarrangements that must be utilize to be eligible for a particular program. The Biomass CropAssistanceProgramintheUnitedStates,forexample,requiresproducerstoenterintoacontracttosupplytheirbiomasstobeeligiblefortheprogram(Slating,2011).However,isthisexchangemechanism preferred by biomass and bioprocessor business managers?Biomass-basedenergyhassigniﬁcantpotentialinalow-carbon,environment-friendlyfuture.A necessary condition for the achievement of this potential is the development of efﬁcientand equitable markets for biomass. One aspect of market development is the relationshipbetween biomass producers and bioenergy processors. What organizational forms will themarket participants adopt? How will biomass industries be structured? What potential assetsdo biomass producers have that could support biomass industries in local areas? What servicesmight local producers be willing to supply to support the development of the industry?
Cloning, primary structure and properties of a novel human integrin beta subunit.

Abstract The originally described integrin beta subunits that define the three subfamilies of integrin heterodimers are beta 1, beta 2 and beta 3. In this paper, we describe the isolation of a cDNA coding for a novel human integrin beta subunit, designated as beta 5. The beta 5 cDNA was isolated from a human thymic epithelial cell library, using oligonucleotide probes that were designed from a region highly conserved among the known beta 1, beta 2 and beta 3 sequences. The beta 5 cDNA codes for 799 (or 796) amino acids, including a 23 amino acid leader sequence. There are 776 (or 773) amino acids in the mature protein, which includes a long extracellular domain of 696 amino acids, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular C-terminal domain of 57 amino acids. The beta 5 sequence resembled the known beta 3, beta 1 and beta 2 sequences by 55, 43 and 38%, respectively, including conservation of 56/56 cysteines. Rabbit antiserum was prepared against a 20 amino acid synthetic peptide predicted from the beta 5 C-terminal sequence. This serum immunoprecipitated a beta 5 protein that was 100,000 Mr (reduced) and 95,000 Mr (nonreduced). Only a single alpha subunit was detected in association with beta 5, and that alpha subunit was immunochemically indistinguishable from the alpha v subunit previously found as part of the vitronectin receptor complex. By immunoprecipitation, beta 5 was most prevalent on carcinoma cell lines, was also present on hepatoma and fibroblast cell lines, and was absent from lymphoblastoid cells and platelets.
AIMING FOR BETTER HEADLIGHTING

Dynamic tests were conducted of the night driving situation using observer-drivers. Test methods are described although it is concluded that a dynamic test of this kind is still not fully representative of a typical driving situation. Part of the variance is that observer-drivers knowingly engaged in a test, and therefore they were paying more attention than would the normal driver. The importance of proper headlight aiming is emphasized. Two recent improvements have recently been made by manufacturers: Improved sealed beam lamps installed on 1956 cars, and the dual-unit system. A considerable increase in seeing distance can be accomplished by having headlights aimed exactly right. All sealed beam headlights are now manufactured with three aiming pads on the front surface of the lens. The front surfaces of these pads are correctly aligned with respect to the aim of the beam. This permits the use of simple, inexpensive mechanical aimers to seat on the front surfaces of these pads and to align the lamps correctly without the need for a darkened area.
Initiating and Fading Self-Management Interventions to Increase Math Fluency in General Education Classes:

This study investigated the effects of multiple-component behavioral self-management (BSM) interventions on math fluency and engaged time of five 4th-grade students with and without disabilities in general education classrooms. A multiple-baseline across subjects design demonstrated that the students (a) increased their math fluency and engaged time after being trained to use self-management components, (b) further improved their math fluency and engaged time when components of the self-management interventions were faded, (c) matched or exceeded normative levels of math fluency of 4th-grade peers, (d) generalized improvements in math fluency when they answered math word problems, and (e) self monitored accurately and punctually when they computed answers to calculation problems during daily warm-up sessions.
“Bleeding polyp” of the osseous nasal septum: A rarely seen lesion

The nasal septal hemangioma or “bleeding polyp,” first reported by Ash and Old’ in 1950, is an uncommon lesion of the nasal cavity. Histological confirmation of the diagnosis is crucial to make the appropriate diagnosis and institute definitive treatment because these tumors often mimic malignancy. We present an unusual case of a patient with a nasal septal hemangioma that originated on the osseous nasal septum rather than the more commonly described anterior cartilaginous septum. Computed tomography (CT) and early biopsy assisted in definitive treatment planning.
Endoscopic approach to the infratemporal fossa for treatment of invasive fungal sinusitis.

Background Invasive fungal sinusitis is a progressive disease that can often extend beyond the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses into surrounding soft tissue and bone. Aggressive antifungal therapy and surgical debridement are the mainstays of management. The pterygopalatine fossa and infratemporal fossa are two regions that are commonly involved in patients with invasive fungal sinusitis. When fungal disease extends to the infratemporal fossa, surgical debridement can be challenging. Traditionally, open approaches have been used for the management of disease in these areas. Advances in endoscopic skull base surgery may allow for less invasive approaches for the management of disease in the infratemporal fossa. This article describes a transnasal endoscopic approach to the infratemporal fossa for debridement of invasive fungal sinusitis. Methods Patients with invasive fungal sinusitis extending into the infratemporal fossa were treated with endoscopic debridement. Records of these patients were reviewed. Results Endoscopic debridement was performed in four patients with infratemporal fossa extension of invasive fungal sinusitis. Responsible organisms included Aspergillus, Mucor, and Candida. Adequate access and excellent visualization of the infratemporal fossa were obtained in all patients. The endoscopic anatomy and surgical technique are presented. Conclusion Endoscopic approaches have been used to manage a variety of disease processes that extend beyond the confines of the paranasal sinuses. Invasive fungal sinusitis disease with extension into the infratemporal fossa can be safely debrided via a transnasal endoscopic technique. The approach provides excellent visualization with low morbidity.
Impaired compensation for mechanical loads in a patient with hemiballismus following stroke

Flexion movements of the wrist were studied in a patient who showed signs of hemiballismus following a unilateral infarction, which damaged the region neighboring the subthalamic nucleus. The experiments were designed to test whether a lesion of this nature impairs load compensation and, specifically, whether antagonist activity can be appropriately suppressed when initiating a movement. The latency between movement onset and agonist EMG onset changed from the normal relationship where agonist onset precedes movement to one where agonist onset followed movement when an extensor load was placed on the affected limb. This was found to result from the inability to inhibit tonic activity in the antagonist and simultaneously activate the agonist muscle. The results suggest that the indirect pathway through the basal ganglia may be necessary to compensate for mechanical loads and to suppress antagonist activity when a movement is initiated.
Small systems for undergraduate courses in system design

This paper discusses the problem of finding an appropriate target system for undergraduate system design classes. This system should allow the students to experience its life cycle, including full implementation through the programming and installations phases. The system case is chosen to be purposely small and immediately useful. The implementation language used is an extended BASIC, which greatly facilitates file manipulation and interactive programming. The system is designed to be menu-driven; that is, its activities are selected by the user from a menu display. Two specific implementations of such a system are described. One is in a small business, and the other is in a college classroom setting.
Price tiers as antecedents of event quality in the sport industry

Price tiers are commonly used in the sport and entertainment industries. Prices for seats are often determined by where the seats for an event are located. Extant literature discusses how consumers evaluate the quality of a good or service, specifically in sport event tourism. In addition, literature has individually assessed how service quality and customer satisfaction influence repurchase intention. However, little is known about how price tiers influence consumers' perception of event quality. We propose under the scope of prospect theory, consumers in different price tiers will evaluate sport venue quality differently. This will then directly influence repurchase intentions when moderated by customer satisfaction. In addition, we present a conceptual model with three hypotheses.
Joint Invariant Signatures

A new, algorithmic theory of moving frames is applied to classify joint invariants and joint differential invariants of transformation groups. Equivalence and symmetry properties of submanifolds are completely determined by their joint signatures, which are parametrized by a suitable collection of joint invariants and/or joint differential invariants. A variety of fundamental geometric examples are developed in detail. Applications to object recognition problems in computer vision and the design of invariant numerical approximations are indicated.
Laser therapy for vulvar molluscum contagiosum infection

Multiple molluscum epidermal infections of the vulva are difficult to treat. Use of the carbon dioxide laser makes treatment easier, faster, and less uncomfortable than the historical method of curetting the lesions.
A Free Electron Laser

This paper includes a brief review of the theory of stimulated bremsstrahlung by relativistic electrons in a periodic magnetic field, a discussion of the possibilities for a classical interpretation, and a description of the apparatus under construction in W. W. Hansen Laboratories of Physics.
Maturation of cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) to speech recorded from frontocentral and temporal sites: three months to eight years of age.

Abstract The goal of the current analysis was to examine the maturation of cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) from three months of age to eight years of age. The superior frontal positive–negative–positive sequence (P1, N2, P2) and the temporal site, negative–positive–negative sequence (possibly, Na, Ta, Tb of the T-complex) were examined. Event-related potentials were recorded from 63 scalp sites to a 250-ms vowel. Amplitude and latency of peaks were measured at left and right frontal sites (near Fz) and at left and right temporal sites (T7 and T8). In addition, the largest peak (typically corresponding to P1) was selected from global field power (GFP). The results revealed a large positive peak (P1) easily identified at frontal sites across all ages. The N2 emerged after 6 months of age and the following P2 between 8 and 30 months of age. The latencies of these peaks decreased exponentially with the most rapid decrease observed for P1. For amplitude, only P1 showed a clear relationship with age, becoming more positive in a somewhat linear fashion. At the temporal sites only a negative peak, which might be Na, was clearly observed at both left and right sites in children older than 14 months and peaking between 100 and 200 ms. P1 measures at frontal sites and Na peak latencies were moderately correlated. The temporal negative peak latency showed a different maturational timecourse (linear in nature) than the P1 peak, suggesting at least partial independence. Distinct Ta (positive) and Tb (negative) peaks, following Na and peaking between 120 and 220 ms were not consistently found in most age groups of children, except Ta which was present in 7 year olds. Future research, which includes manipulation of stimulus factors, and use of modeling techniques will be needed to explain the apparent, protracted maturation of the temporal site measures in the current study.
Colon cancer cells in peripheral blood of cancerous tamarins.

Abstract Diagnosing colon cancer in its early stages would lower the mortality rate. The cottontop tamarin, Saguinus oedipus, serves as a model for the study of human colon cancer. This New World monkey has a high incidence of colitis and colon cancer. The mouse anti-human monoclonal antibody BR55.2, with specificity for human colon adenocarcinoma, was biotinylated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from animals with colon cancer were fluorescently stained with the biotinylated BR55.2. These results showed the cross-reactivity of mouse anti-human colon cancer monoclonal antibody to the PBMC of cancerous tamarins. Antibodies from either cancerous or chronic colitis tamarins were also biotinylated. Fluorescently labeled cells were detected when PBMC from cancerous tamarins were incubated with biotinylated antibodies from cancerous tamarins. Cytofluorographic analysis also showed a significant 4.5-fold difference in the percentage of fluorescently labeled PBMC between cancerous and chronic colitis tamarins when stained with biotinylated antibodies from cancerous tamarins. DNA flow cytometry analysis showed that PBMC from cancerous tamarins have a higher percentage of aneuploid cells than PBMC from chronic colitis tamarins.
Indentation experiments on silica optical fibers

Kilometer lengths of optical fiber have a much lower strength than short lengths due to occasional defects of an extrinsic nature. The fatigue properties of these defects are hard to study due to their rarity. Subthreshold indentation flaws in silica optical fibers (/. e. Vickers indentations produced under sufficiently low load to avoid radial crack formation) have been shown to exhibit environmental fatigue similar to "pristine" silica fiber. Thus the indentation technique may be used to introduce controlled flaws into the fiber that model the strength limiting defects found in long length specimens. This paper presents the results of fatigue studies on subthreshold indentation flaws that have strengths of up to ~ 1 GPa (typical of proof stress levels).
Unequivocal assignment of the δ resonances of 2-substituted adamantanes by two-dimensional inadequate 13C NMR spectroscopy

Abstract Two-dimensional INADEQUATE NMR spectroscopy was used to assign unequivocally the syn and anti δ 13C resonances of 2-substituted adamantanes.
Myocyte enhancer factor 2C in hematopoiesis and leukemia

MEF2C is a selectively expressed transcription factor involved in different transcriptional complexes. Originally identified as an essential regulator of muscle development, ectopic expression of MEF2C as a result of chromosomal rearrangements is now linked to leukemia. Specifically, high MEF2C expression has been linked to mixed lineage leukemia-rearranged acute myeloid leukemia as well as to the immature subgroup of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This review focuses on the role of MEF2C in the hematopoietic system and on aberrant MEF2C expression in human leukemia.
Cytogenetics of Mesenchymal Tumors of the Female Genital Tract

A great diversity of chromosome alterations have been reported in mesenchymal tumors of the female genital tract, particularly in the uterus. Some of these alterations specifically identify a certain tumor type. Cytogenetic studies on benign proliferations have not only demonstrated clonal chromosome changes, but have also pointed out clustering of aberrations to specific chromosome regions. For example, distinct cytogenetic subgroups have been described in uterine leiomyomas with overlapping histologic features. These findings may ultimately correlate with specific parameters, such as course of the disease, response to therapy, and recurrence. Moreover, such data may give a clue to an understanding of the biologic basis for distinctive behavior of benign versus malignant mesenchymal proliferations. No specific chromosomal abnormalities have been described in malignant mesenchymal tumors, with the exception of low-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas. This article reviews the information currently available on genetic changes in mesenchymal tumors of the female genital tract and, more specifically, those reported in the uterus, where they have been more frequently studied.