cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristic classes of bad orbifold vector bundles

Abstract We show that every bad orbifold vector bundle can be realized as the restriction of a good orbifold vector bundle to a suborbifold of the base space. We give an explicit construction of this result in which the Chen–Ruan orbifold cohomologies of the two base spaces are isomorphic (as additive groups). This construction is used to indicate an extension of the Chern–Weil construction of characteristic classes to bad orbifold vector bundles. In particular, we apply this construction to the orbifold Euler class and demonstrate that it acts as an obstruction to the existence of nonvanishing sections.
The global identification of tRNA isoacceptors by targeted tandem mass spectrometry

Transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNA) are a biologically significant class of non-coding ribonucleic acids (ncRNAs) that pose unique analytical challenges for complete characterization. Here we present a robust and simple method for the consistent and accurate identification of individual tRNAs from a pool of total tRNA obtained from cell lysate. Through this method individual isoacceptor tRNAs are identified by the detection of unique oligonucleotide sequences which arise from a single enzymatic digestion. These unique sequences can be detected by monitoring specific transitions from precursor to product ions. Thus, for any pool of known tRNA sequences including posttranscriptional modifications, targeted tandem mass spectrometry can be used for monitoring these specific transitions. The proposed method was developed and validated using a set of known tRNAs from Escherichia coli. This approach was found to identify 41 ± 2 of the predicted 47 isoaccepting tRNAs in E. coli from targeted tandem mass spectrometry using only 24 precursor m/z values. This method should be easily adapted to other bacterial systems for both genomic and posttranscriptional analysis of tRNAs, and is likely suitable for future clinical applications.
Engineering Biosensors by Introducing Fluorescent Allosteric Signal Transducers: Construction of a Novel Glucose Sensor

The development of biosensors based on genetically engineered proteins offers many potential advantages to sensors that rely on natural proteins only. Here we present how protein engineering techniques can be used to integrate optical signal transduction functions directly into proteins by incorporating environmentally sensitive fluorescent groups that are allosterically linked to a ligand binding site, using a structure-based rational design approach. The location of potential fluorescent allosteric signal transduction (FAST) sites were predicted in the periplasmic Glucose Binding Protein of Escherichia coli. Single cysteine mutations were constructed at these locations, which allowed site-specific, covalent coupling of environmentally sensitive fluorophores. The fluorescence of these conjugates was shown to be hyperbolically dependent upon glucose concentration, indicating that the behavior of the fluorophore is allosterically coupled to the degree of occupancy at the glucose binding site, as predicted....
Microtus bavaricus discovered in Croatia: Southern refugium or geographical variation?

According to phylogenetic analyses based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene and the control region (CR), three morphologically cryptic vole species of the genus Microtus (subgenus Terricola, Arvicolinae, Rodentia) represent a well supported monophyletic group (Haring et al. 2000; Martinkova et al. 2007) referred to as Microtus multiplex complex. After Martinkova et al. (2007) the primary divergence within the complex occurs between M. multiplex sensu stricto and the sister species M. liechtensteini (Wettstein, 1927) and M. bavaricus (Konig, 1962). Molecular analysis of mitochondrial DNA from M. bavaricus and M. liechtensteini revealed the lowest observed divergence between any vole species indicating a very recent origin of the two taxa (Haring et al. 2000; Martinkova et al. 2007). Microtus bavaricus, the Bavarian pine vole, was considered as an endemic species of the Alps – only one locality in Bavaria, Germany (terra typica at GarmischPartenkirchen) was known (Konig 1982) before genetic analyses revealed that it exists also in northern Tyrol (Rofan Mt) in Austria (Haring et al. 2000) (Fig. 1). In Germany, intensive surveys have failed to find the species both in the type locality and elsewhere (H. Meinig, pers. comm. 2006). Most probably due to the loss of suitable habitat it is locally extinct by now. Thus, the Rofan population was considered to be the
Hybrid order statistic filters for adaptive image restoration

In this paper we discuss some hybrid filter structures which generalize linear filters and order statistic filters. The objective is to obtain multipurpose filters that can deal with noise and images of various type. Algorithms for computation of the coefficients are presented with simulations on two images.
Differences in principals' leadership behavior in high‐ and low‐performing schools

This study was based on data from the 2008 Take20: Alabama Teaching and Learning Conditions Survey and focused on a comparison of teachers' perceptions of how school principals exercise their role in both high- and low-performing elementary and middle schools that serve high-poverty student populations. Teachers in the high-performing schools consistently viewed their principals' behavior more positively than did their counterparts in the lower-performing schools. Teachers reported less difference in regard to engaging the community to create shared responsibility for student and school success. Very little difference existed in the principal's involvement of teachers in key school decisions; neither population of principals scored high in this area.
Equivalent circuit model parameters of a high-power Li-ion battery: Thermal and state of charge effects

Abstract Equivalent circuit model (EMC) of a high-power Li-ion battery that accounts for both temperature and state of charge (SOC) effects known to influence battery performance is presented. Electrochemical impedance measurements of a commercial high power Li-ion battery obtained in the temperature range 20 to 50 °C at various SOC values was used to develop a simple EMC which was used in combination with a non-linear least squares fitting procedure that used thirteen parameters for the analysis of the Li-ion cell. The experimental results show that the solution and charge transfer resistances decreased with increase in cell operating temperature and decreasing SOC. On the other hand, the Warburg admittance increased with increasing temperature and decreasing SOC. The developed model correlations that are capable of being used in process control algorithms are presented for the observed impedance behavior with respect to temperature and SOC effects. The predicted model parameters for the impedance elements Rs, Rct and Y013 show low variance of 5% when compared to the experimental data and therefore indicates a good statistical agreement of correlation model to the actual experimental values.
Primary renal tumours in cats: 19 cases (1992–1998)

A search from databases of four veterinary colleges and one private referral practice between January 1992 and April 1998 provided 20 cases diagnosed with primary renal neoplasia. Review of these cases revealed 19 primary renal tumours, excluding lymphoma. Of the 20 histologically reviewed cases, the diagnosis was amended in eight. There were 13 renal carcinomas (11 tubular and two tubulopapillary), three transitional cell carcinomas, one malignant nephroblastoma, one haemangiosarcoma and one adenoma. The haemangiosarcoma is, to our knowledge, the first reported case of this tumour type as a primary renal tumour in the cat. Most cats were presented for non-specific clinical signs such as anorexia and weight loss. One cat presented with tumour-associated polycythaemia which has not, to our knowledge, been reported previously. The metastatic rate for cats with complete staging was 64%, and 100% for transitional cell carcinomas.
Magnetic resonance angiography

MRA and MRI have become increasingly important diagnostic modalities in vascular surgery. The ability to obtain cross-sectional and angiographic images by these noninvasive and non-nephrotoxic modalities represents one of the most significant advances in vascular surgery over the past decade. We review the current status of MRI and MRA in vascular surgical practice.
A note on Lerda and Majorani's minimum crossing algorithm

An algorithm described by Lerda and Majorani for connecting N points with a path containing a minimum number of crossings with other, pre-existing paths is shown to give non-minimal results.
Dereplication and de novo sequencing of nonribosomal peptides.

Multistage mass spectrometry and algorithms for spectral alignment and dereplication allow sequencing of nonribosomal peptides, pharmacologically important compounds that are not encoded in the genome but built by nonribosomal peptide synthetases.
Determining the linkage of quantitative trait loci to RFLP markers using extreme phenotypes of recombinant inbreds of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)

An experimental test is described for linkages between RFLP markers and quantitative trait loci (QTL). Two hundred and eighty-four F7-derived recombinant inbred lines (RIL) obtained from crossing the soybean cultivars (Glycine max L. Merr.) ‘Minsoy’ and ‘Noir 1’ were evaluated for maturity, plant height, lodging, and seed yield. RIL exhibiting an extreme phenotype for each trait (earliest and latest plants for maturity, etc.) were selected, and two bulked DNA samples were prepared for each trait. A Southern transfer of the digested bulked DNA was hybridized with restriction fragement length polymorphism (RFLP) probes, and linkages with QTL were established by quantitating the amount of radioactive probe that bound to fragments defining alternative parental RFLP alleles. When an RFLP marker was linked to a QTL, one parental allele predominated in the bulked DNA from a particular phenotype; the other allele was associated with the opposite phenotype. When linkage was absent, radioactivity was associated equally with both alleles for a given phenotype (or with both phenotypes for a given allele). These results confirmed RFLP-QTL associations previously discovered by interval mapping on a smaller segregating population from the same cross. New linkages to QTL were also verified.
Automatic three‐dimensional mesh generation by the finite octree technique

An octree-based fully automatic three-dimensional mesh generator is presented. The mesh generator is capable of meshing non-manifold models of arbitrary geometric complexity through the explicit tracking and enforcement of geometric compatibility and geometric similarity at each step of the meshing process. The resulting procedure demonstrates a linear growth rate with respect to the number of elements and can be easily integrated with any geometric modeller through a set of geometric operators.
Mathematics Self-Concept and Depression in a Sample of University Education Majors:

Scores on scales of mathematics self-concept and depression correlated .14 for 103 education majors.
Gender Differences in the Validity of Career Interest Inventories

Predictive validity (including hit rates, kappa coefficients, and chance expectancy rates) between standard scoring and person matching was compared by gender based upon ex post facto data collected on 5143 medical students who had taken a career interest inventory and entered their medical residency. Hit rate accuracy for person matching with females and males in this study was lower than standard scoring. However, person matching demonstrated greater gender balancing in first match hit rates. Additionally, person matching increased career interest inventory validity over standard scoring as it has the greater ability to a) differentiate between and b) assign to specific occupational groups for females and males. Furthermore, person matching has the potential to offer female and male test takers the ability to receive narrative career data, which could improve the career decision making process over the scoring reports of career interest inventories using standard scoring.
Induction of enzymes of the glycerophosphate pathway in leu-5 mutants of Neurospora crassa.

The inducible cytosolic glycerokinase and mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate2 dehydrogenase have been examined during the glycerol-specific induction in Neurospora crassa. Although both the fully induced levels and the respective rates of synthesis of these two enzymes were less than observed with wild-type cells, there were no major differences in the relative rates of induction of the glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase at either permissive or restrictive temperatures. These results indicate that the processes involved in the assembly of this enzyme into the mitochondrial inner membrane are normal in a mutant lacking the mitochondrial leucyl tRNA synthetase and suggest that the functions of the mitochondrial synthetase may be replaced by those of the cytosolic leucyl tRNA synthetase.
Differential effects of chemical and mechanical colonic irritation on behavioral pain response to intraperitoneal acetic acid in mice.

Abdominal contractions are a viscerosomatic reflex response to noxious colorectal irritation in rats. In this study we characterize the modulating effect of chemical and mechanical colonic irritation on this reflex response to peritoneal irritation induced by diluted acetic acid (HAc) in conscious C57BL/6N mice. Pain responses were scored by counting the number of abdominal contractions during the 30-min period after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of either vehicle or HAc. Abdominal contractions were induced by 0.6% but not by 0.3% HAc. Chemical irritation of the colon by intraluminal 25% turpentine did not produce abdominal contractions by itself, but significantly increased the effect of both 0.3 and 0.6% i.p. HAc, administered 60 min after the luminal stimulus. Mechanical stimulation of the anorectum and colon by insertion of a balloon did not modify the effect of 0.6% HAc, while the insertion plus the inflation to 0.1 and 0.2 ml (30 s on/30 s off for 10 min) reduced the response to i.p. HAc by 35 and 88%, respectively. This inhibitory effect was reversed by naloxone (5 mg/kg, s.c.) pretreatment, while naloxone alone did not modify the effect of 0.6% HAc. These results demonstrate that chemical irritation of visceral afferents in the colonic mucosa and peritoneum of mice interact to enhance viscerosomatic pain responses, while the activation of colonic mechanoreceptors inhibits peritoneal irritation-induced pain responses and induces a freezing behavior by a naloxone-sensitive mechanism.
Establishing a perimeter position: speciation around the Indian Ocean Basin.

Historical biological interactions among peripheral landmasses on the periphery of the Indian Ocean Basin (IOB) are generally poorly understood. While interactions based on early Gondwanan vicariance have been used to explain present day lineage distributions, several recent studies have instead inferred dispersal across the IOB. This inference is often advanced because lineages under study have species inhabiting IOB islands. Here we examine the roles of continental vicariance vs. trans-IOB dispersal in the distribution of an avian genus found around the perimeter of the IOB. A molecular phylogeny does reveal evidence of a relationship that would require the inference of trans-IOB dispersal between eastern Africa and Sri Lanka. However, molecular clock data, ancestral area analyses and paleoclimatic reconstructions suggest that vicariance related to tropical forest expansion and retraction is more likely to have facilitated African–Asian interchange, with an initial colonization of Africa from Asia quickly followed by a recolonization of Asia. Subsequent dispersal from Asia to Sri Lanka and islands east of the Sunda Shelf are inferred; these latter islands were colonized in a stepping-stone fashion that culminated in colonization of the Sunda Shelf, and a recolonization of mainland Asia. We propose that circum-IOB distributions, which post-date early Gondwanan breakup, are most likely the result of continent-based vicariant events, particularly those events related to large-scale habitat alterations, and not trans-IOB dispersals.
Black and white response to culturally targeted television commercials: A values-based approach

This study examines the effect of four national television advertisements for product category leader brands. These ads were developed expressly for black consumers. Through the use of cultural values, responses to ethnic or subculturally oriented marketing communication was measured. Two hundred and seventy one black and white respondents were drawn from a large urban, mid-western city and a midsize deep-south city. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to determine the differences between responses to each advertisement by black versus white respondents. The study confirmed the results that black respondents display a more positive affect toward a commercial message featuring black actors than do comparable whites.
Dynamics of a one-dimensional crack with variable friction

Summary. For a one-dimensional model for which the stress drop is a function of the relative displacement, the absence of an initial instantaneous stress drop from the static level inhibits the formation of a spontaneous, growing crack.
Calcium entry via connexin hemichannels in lens epithelium.

Abstract Exposure to hyposmotic solution causes release of ATP from lens cells via hemichannels. Because hemichannel opening feasibly could swamp the cells with calcium, we carried out studies to measure the magnitude of the increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration caused by hemichannel opening. In studies on porcine lens epithelial cells in primary culture, propidium iodide (PI) uptake was measured as an index of hemichannel opening. PI uptake was increased significantly in cells exposed to hyposmotic solution. The PI increase under hyposmotic conditions was suppressed by GAP 27, a connexin inhibitor peptide. In studies on cells loaded with Fura-2, continuous exposure to hyposmotic solution caused a cytoplasmic calcium concentration increase that peaked within ∼30 s then remained elevated at or below the peak response for more than 60 min. The peak calcium concentration was 186 ± 2.3 nM compared to a baseline value of 98.0 ± 1.4 nM. The calcium concentration increased a lot further in cells exposed to A23187 (2.5 μM) or the sodium–calcium exchange inhibitor SN-6 (10 μM) added after the onset of the calcium rise in hyposmotic solution. The cytoplasmic calcium increase in hyposmotic solution was abolished by GAP 27. Calcium returned to baseline in cells exposed to hyposmotic solution then treated with GAP 27 starting 2 min after the onset of the calcium rise. The calcium increase in hyposmotic solution did not occur when calcium was eliminated from the bathing medium. The responses to hyposmotic and hyperosmotic stress were different. There was no detectable increase in calcium or PI entry in cells exposed to hyperosmotic solution (500 mOsm). In summary, GAP 27-sensitive accumulation of PI by cultured lens epithelium points to connexin hemichannel opening and associated calcium entry. Even though connexins form channels with a large carrying capacity, calcium entry does not increase the cytoplasmic calcium concentration beyond a tolerable physiological range.
Use of a novel Chlamydomonas mutant to demonstrate that flagellar glycoprotein movements are necessary for the expression of gliding motility.

As an alternative to swimming through liquid medium by the coordinated bending activity of its two flagella, Chlamydomonas can exhibit whole cell gliding motility through the interaction of its flagellar surfaces with a solid substrate. The force transduction occurring at the flagellar surface can be visualized as the saltatory movements of polystyrene microspheres. Collectively, gliding motility and polystyrene microsphere movements are referred to as flagellar surface motility. The principal concanavalin A binding, surface-exposed glycoproteins of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii flagellar surface are a pair of glycoproteins migrating with apparent molecular weight of 350 kDa. It has been hypothesized that these glycoproteins move within the plane of the flagellar membrane during the expression of flagellar surface motility. A novel mutant cell line of Chlamydomonas (designated L-23) that exhibits increased binding of concanavalin A to the flagellar surface has been utilized in order to restrict the mobility of the concanavalin A-binding flagellar glycoproteins. Under all conditions where the lateral mobility of the flagellar concanavalin A binding glycoproteins is restricted, the cells are unable to express whole cell gliding motility or polystyrene microsphere movements. Conversely, whenever cells can redistribute their concanavalin A binding glycoproteins in the plane of the flagellar membrane, they express flagellar surface motility. Since the 350 kDa glycoproteins are the major surface-exposed flagellar proteins, it is likely that most of the signal being followed using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-concanavalin A is attributable to these high molecular weight glycoproteins. Therefore, it is likely that the 350 kDa glycoproteins are the ones that must move laterally in the plane of the flagellar membrane in order for the cell to express whole cell gliding motility and microsphere movements along the flagellar surface. This study represents one of the first demonstrations, in any cell type, that whole cell locomotion requires glycoprotein movement within the plane of the plasma membrane.
Modern Quantitative Methods for Evaluation Science Recommendations for Essential Methodological Texts

In recent years, quantitative research methodology has become more conceptually integrated and technically sophisticated. Fundamental insights regarding design and analytic frameworks that support causal inference along with the development of estimation algorithms appropriate for multilevel and latent variable models have altered traditional methodological practice and ushered in new appreciation for the underlying relationship among modern data modeling techniques. In this article, I provide a brief outline of five methodological content domains that have increasing relevance for quantitatively oriented evaluators, (1) causal inference/experimental design, (2) multilevel modeling, (3) structural equation/latent variable modeling, (4) longitudinal data analysis, and (5) missing data, and the accompanying textbook resources that facilitate understanding and use. A target audience for each text is also identified.
Garlic or jalapeño peppers for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection

OBJECTIVE: There have been a number of reports that natural foods such as garlic, honey, and capsaicin can inhibit Helicobacter pylori in vitro and each report has suggested the natural ingredient be used for treatment of the infection. We investigated whether garlic or capsaicin-containing peppers would actually inhibit H. pylori in vivo. METHODS: We performed a prospective crossover study in healthy H. pylori-infected adults. We used the urea breath test to assess the status of the H. pylori infection. On separate days subjects received three test meals consisting of beef, tortillas, and salad with one of the following: fresh garlic (10 sliced cloves), capsaicin (six sliced fresh jalapenos), two tablets of bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol, positive control), or nothing added (negative control). Breath testing was done before the first meal, the evening meal, and the following morning. At least 2 days elapsed between the test substances. RESULTS: Twelve subjects participated (seven men, five women), with an average age of 41.4 yr, range 27–51 yr. Ten subjects received garlic, six received jalapenos, and 11 received bismuth. Neither garlic nor capsaicin had any in vivo effect on H. pylori (median urease activity 28.5 vs 39.8 and 43.7 vs 46.6 before and after garlic and jalapenos, respectively) (p > 0.8). Bismuth had a marked inhibitory effect (median 55.8 vs 14.3 before and after bismuth) (p < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study did not support a role for either garlic or jalapenos in the treatment of H. pylori infection. Caution must be used when attempting to extrapolate data from in vitro studies to the in vivo condition.
A Preliminary Analysis of Shifts in Market Model Regression Parameters in International Mergers Between US and British Firms: 1970–1980

This paper reports preliminary evidence on pre to post‐event shifts in the estimated values of the parameters, alpha and beta, of the simple regression market model. Samples, of US and British firms engaged in cross‐country acquisition, during the period 1970–1980 are examined. Using pre, pooled, and post‐event estimation periods, both alpha and beta show pronounced shifts in estimated value from the pre to the post‐event period. It is shown that these parameter shifts result in companion shifts in estimated pre to post‐even excess residual estimates. It is further shown, in the context of the market model, that shifts in alpha value account for approximately 80% of the shifts in excess residual estimates. Shifts in estimated beta account for only approximately 20% of the changes in estimated excess residuals. This result is interesting in regard to the results reported in most of the event study literature, which primarily consider only beta estimates.
Phenotypic drift and heterogeneity in response of metastatic mammary adenocarcinoma cell clones to Adriamycin, 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine and methotrexate treatment in vitro

Rat 13762 mammary adenocarcinoma cell clones of differing spontaneous metastatic potentials were tested for their sensitivities to Adriamycin, 5-fluoro-2-′-deoxyuridine (FUdR) and methotrexate in vitro. Cells were treated 4 hours with a single dose of drug, and colony formation was used to assay cell survival. Dose-response curves and survival parameters were calculated for local tumor-derived clones MTC and MTF7 and lung metastasis-derived clone MTLn3. The logarithmic curves were analyzed (slope and y-intercepts) for statistical comparisons. Heterogeneous sensitivities to Adriamycin and FUdR were observed, but there was no difference in the sensitivities of the clones to methotrexate cell killing. We could not find correlations between drug response and clonal origin, passage number or metastatic properties. The sensitivities of the clones to Adriamycin and FUdR changed upon in vitro passage, although drift in Adriamycin sensitivity during growth in culture was not statistically significant. The results demonstrate that (i) clonal heterogeneity exists within the 13762 tumor and its metastases in their inherent responses to chemotherapy agents, and (ii) in the absence of host selective pressures tumor cells can spontaneously and reproducibly drift in their sensitivities to certain chemotherapeutic drugs.
Developmental Effects of Multiple Looks in Speech Sound Discrimination

Purpose The change/no-change procedure (J. E. Sussman & A. E. Carney, 1989), which assesses speech discrimination, has been used under the assumption that the number of stimulus presentations does ...
A coverage-induced tilting of CO molecules adsorbed on Ni(110)

Abstract By means of the combined use of metastable quenching spectroscopy (MQS), thermal desorption spectrometry (TDS) and electron stimulated desorption ion angular distribution (ESDIAD), evidence has been found for a coverage-dependent reversible bonding geometry transition for CO chemisorbed on the Ni(110) surface. Over the temperature range of ∼ 90–120 K the CO chemisorption axis tilts from its surface normal orientation below θ = 0.66 CO/Ni to an off-normal direction above that critical coverage.
International management in the1980s

The “shape of things to come” for international management in the 1980s will be strongly influenced by events and trends linked to the 1970s. Dwindling natural resources, threats of protectionism and political and social upheaval, familiar worries endemic of that decade, are certain to make their mark on the global marketplace of the 1980s.
Asthmatic responses to passive cigarette smoke: Persistence of reactivity and effect of medications

Abstract The present study assessed the persistence of cigarette-smoke reactivity and the effects of drug pretreatment on bronchial responsiveness to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Two groups of subjects were chosen for the study. Group I consisted of 15 atopic smoke-sensitive subjects with asthma, six of whom were defined "reactors" and nine "nonreactors" to ETS challenge. Group II consisted of 15 atopic subjects without asthma and with documented upper respiratory tract symptoms on exposure to ETS. All subjects were challenged for 2 to 6 hours with mechanically generated ETS in a static inhalation chamber. Five / six subjects in group I, who were previously demonstrated as reactors 24 months earlier, remained reactive within 1 to 2 hours of continuous ETS exposure. Pretreatment with albuterol, cromolyn, and a combination of albuterol and cromolyn 30 minutes before ETS exposure significantly diminished airway reactivity to ETS. All nine previous nonreactors in group I remained nonreactive despite rechallenge with ETS for up to 6 hours. Group II subjects challenged under identical conditions did not reveal a significant decline in FEV, on challenge with ETS. These studies demonstrate the persistence of ETS reactivity during a 2-year period. Although cromolyn sodium and/or albuterol can protect against reactivity, mechanisms of ETS-induced airway reactivity remain unknown.
Jimmy Carter: Beyond the Current Myths

Since the development of mass democracy during the first third of the nineteenth century, presidents have served as the na tional "symbol-in-chief." Some times they assumed this role by design. President Andrew Jackson's managers shrewdly presented him as the embodiment of both popular and divine will. Sometimes circum stances forced presidents into this role. Commander-in-chief during the Civil War and ultimately the victim of a secessionist's bullet, Abraham Lincoln could never again be viewed primarily as a politician, however gifted. Yet greatness was no prerequisite for service as symbol-in-chief. During the depression of the 1890s, soup kitchens were called "Cleveland cafes" and the lugubrious Grover Cleveland came to symbolize federal in ertia in the midst of the eco nomic misery. Except in extraordinary circumstances--notably, wars and depressions--the role of sym bol-in-chief remained a presiden tial option rather than a require ment. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, presidential assump tion of the post of symbol-in-chief has been compulsory. During that slump, shanty towns were called "Hoovervilles," and Herbert Hoover, elected as a symbol of compassion ate efficiency, came to personify greedy incompetence. Knowing that they inevitably served as national symbols-in-chief, modern presidents since Franklin D. Roosevelt have worked with escalating energy to present themselves as embodiments of the prevailing myths--myths that affect a president's reputation long after he leaves office. In the case of the Carter administration, some of the most resilient myths were originated by Carter himself and some by his opponents. Probably foremost is the myth that he was not a politician at all. In 1976 Carter presented him self as a combination retired naval
Lichtabsorptionsspektren der Cäsiumsalze von Carbanionen, I. Spektroskopische Auswirkungen von Methylsubstitutionen und unterschiedlichen o.o′‐Ringverbrückungen bei Carbanionen des Diphenylmethyl‐ und Triphenylmethyl‐Typs

Ringmethylsubstitution bewirkt bei Carbanionen der Di- und Triphenylmethyl-Reihe eine bathochrome Verschiebung des langstwelligen Absorptionsmaximus um 3–8 mμ. Die Gesamtintensitat der Bande wird dabei nicht verandert. Methylsubstitution am Carbeniat-Zentrum bewirkt bei den o.o′-verbruckten Verbindungen 9.10.10-Trimethyl-9.10-dihydroanthracenyl-(9)-casium (8) und 5-Methyl-10.11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo [a.d]cycloheptenyl-(5)-casium (9) eine bathochrome Verschiebung um 10±2 mμ, wobei als Folge einer Bandenverbreiterung die Gesamtintensitat erhoht wird. Der Vergleich der Spektren von Diphenylmethyl- bzw. Di-o-tolyl-methyl-casium (1 bzw. 6) mit dem in seiner geometrischen Lage weitgehend fixierten 10.11-Dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a.d]cy-cloheptenyl-(5)-casium (4) zeigt, das bei der unverbruckten Struktur (1 bzw. 6) die beiden Phenylringe starker planar zum Carbeniat-Zentrum angeordnet sind als bei 4. Beim ebenfalls unverbruckten 1.1-Diphenyl-athylhyphen;casium liegt dagegen eine zu 4 vergleichbar verdrillte Anordnung vor. Die Storung der Planaritat des chromophoren Systems bei Carbanionen ist von einer bathochromen Verschiebung begleitet. Das Spektrum von 10.10-Dimethyl-9.10-dihydro-anthracenyl-(9)-casium (3b) zeigt eine Bande bei 444 mμ mit auffallend geringer Intensitat, die auf eine sterische und elektronische 9.10-Wechselwirkung der geminalen Methylgruppen mit dem Carbeniat-Zentrum schliesen last.
Regulation of extracellular protease activity in soil in response to different sources and concentrations of nitrogen and carbon.

A large proportion of the nitrogen (N) in soil is in the form of proteinaceous material. Its breakdown requires the activity of extracellular proteases and other decomposing enzymes. The goal of our study was to better understand how carbon (C) and N availability affect soil protease activity. Several aerobic incubations were carried out with ammonium (NH4+) and proteins as N sources and cellulose as the main C source. A strong increase in protease activity was observed when proteins were added, the increase depending on the amount of protein added and its solubility. Protease synthesis was clearly substrate induced, as NH4+ had no effect. During this substrate induced phase, the addition of glucose but not NH4+ resulted in protease repression, indicating that the level of protease synthesis was determined by the need for C rather than N. After 1 month of incubation, protease activity remained relatively constant over time and was closely related to microbial biomass N. Different concentrations of mineral N in soil solution had no direct effect on protease activity. However, during this stationary phase, protease activity could be repressed by glucose and NH4+ in a treatment with low mineral N content while in treatments with a higher N availability no repression was observed. We hypothesize that the need for N determined protease activity in the treatment with limited N availability. The addition of NH4+ allowed for reallocation of C and N away from protease synthesis, leading to the observed decrease in protease activity. The repression by glucose may be attributed to shifts in the pathway of microbial NH4+ assimilation. The results emphasize the close links between the microbially mediated cycles of organic C and N.
Breaking the Silence: Addressing Skin Issues in Obese and Overweight Children

Skin irritation and breakdown can cause considerable physical and psychological pain, yet skin alterations and hygiene issues are often not addressed during routine healthcare visits for children who are overweight and obese. The number of children with obesity has increased significantly, yet there is limited literature to assist children with the private physical symptoms and inconveniences that accompany obesity. Healthcare professionals focus on nutritional intake and activity and treat comorbidities related to obesity, since comorbidities affect quality of life, but so can the pain and embarrassment of skin issues. This article addresses skin issues related to being overweight and obese.
Change of digastric muscle length in feeding rabbits

An experiment was undertaken to measure directly the changing length of a jaw muscle during feeding in four intact, unanesthetized New Zealand White rabbits. Metal markers were implanted to define the anterior and posterior ends of the single belly of the digastric muscle and fluoroscopic images were recorded on videotape while the animals fed on pelleted chow and carrot. Graphs of muscle length versus incisor separation were obtained by making measurements of single frames of the videotape record. The graphs revealed that when pelleted chow was being chewed the length of the digastric muscle changed by no more than 9% of its greatest length; during the latter part of the closing stroke it changed very little. Incising and chewing carrot caused the digastric muscle to change in length continuously throughout the chewing cycle; incising carrot resulted in a 13% change in the length of the digastric muscle. The velocity of shortening is slightly less than one muscle length per second.
Isolation of Erwinia spp. from human sources.

FiveErwinia strains were isolated from human wounds; their characteristics are reported. Their pathogenicity for man appeared doubtful.
The Optimal Provision of Services in National Parks

A national park provides recreational opportunities and also provides a pure public good. This paper presents an intergenerational model in which a club good and a pure public good are provided jointly. The focus is on optimality conditions for services provided by park managers. At the margin, the cost of providing the services should be balanced by the benefits of services. Services can directly enhance visitor enjoyment, both immediately and in the future; they can also affect congestion currently and in the future; they can affect the quality of park resources; and they can affect the pure public good provision. The framework developed in this paper suggests what information should be used by the National Park Service when deciding on the level and kind of services to provide.
Bridging the physics of building with the physiology of health care: Greening healthcare facilities

Abstract On October 26–28, 2005, in Pittsburgh, PA, key members of the building industry, green design community, healthcare industry, academic institutions, and government agencies gathered in a targeted dialogue to consider the feasibility of forming a consortium to improve how healthcare facilities are planned, designed, constructed, and maintained. The roundtable formally documented the drivers and expectations of participants; instinctual, emotional, and intellectual reactions of participants to healthcare facilities greening; and the strengths, opportunities, and challenges posed by the task of greening healthcare facilities. Three areas of consensus emerged clearly from the discussion: (a) All participants supported the formation of a consortium focused on the greening of healthcare facilities; (b) All believed the mix of expertise will make this consortium unique; and (c) All believed that the development of a shared research agenda among the building industry, healthcare providers, and academia i...
High-speed noncontact fiber-diameter measurement using forward light scattering.

The forward scattering of light by an optical fiber produces an interference fringe pattern, and the fringe period is inversely proportional to the fiber diameter. An electrooptic system has been developed to produce and detect this scattering pattern to provide an instrument which will measure fiber diameter during the drawing operation. The system measures the fiber diameter at a 1-kHz rate with a precision of 0.25 μm and an accuracy of ±0.25 μm over a range of 50–150-μm diams. The instrument allows the fiber to move laterally in a 1-cm diam window maintaining the above accuracy. The system can be calibrated optically and does not need a standard fiber for this procedure. The instrument has been used for months without the need for recalibration. In addition to the digital diameter output, the system employs a microprocessor to compute mean and standard deviation values for various sample lengths and provides suitable signals for feedback control of fiber diameter.
Patterns of workplace harassment, gender, and use of services: An update

Using three waves of data from an ongoing study of current and former university employees (N = 1,656), the authors reexamined the roles of sexual (SH) and generalized (GWH) workplace harassment and gender in predicting use of professional services by focusing on patterning (chronic, remission, onset, intermittent, and never harassed). The authors also reexamined whether services moderated relationships between SH and GWH patterns and drinking and mental health outcomes. All patterns of SH, but only chronic GWH, predicted increased odds of services use. Services use did not moderate relationship between SH patterns and outcomes, but was associated with lower alcohol consumption for men with GWH remission or chronicity, reduced escape drinking for those with GWH remission, and reduced hostility for those with intermittent GWH.
Experimental characterization of models for backbone picosecond dynamics in proteins. Quantification of NMR auto- and cross-correlation relaxation mechanisms involving different nuclei of the peptide plane

NMR relaxation parameters were measured for the peptide-plane carbonyl and nitrogen nuclei for the protein Escherichia coli flavodoxin. A poor correlation between the general order parameters of the C‘−Cα vector (Zeng, L.; Fischer, M. W. F.; Zuiderweg, E. R. P. J. Biomol. NMR 1996, 7, 157−162) and the N−NH vector was observed. We interpret this lack of correlation in this nearly spherical protein as evidence of local or semilocal anisotropic motion. A new experiment is introduced from which the cross-correlation between the carbonyl chemical shift anisotropy relaxation and carbonyl-Cα dipole−dipole relaxation is obtained. We show theoretically that the three relaxation measurements, reporting on the dynamics of the C‘−Cα vector, N−NH vector, and CSA tensor components behave differently under anisotropic motion. The cross-correlation order parameter formalism for dipolar cross-correlation spectral densities, as introduced by Daragan and Mayo (Daragan, V. A.; Mayo, K. H. J. Magn. Reson. B 1995, 107, 274−278...
18F-Fluorodeoxy glucose (FDG) uptake in nontraumatic bilateral adrenal hemorrhage secondary to heparin-associated thrombocytopenia syndrome (HATS)—a case report

Abstract 18 F-Fluorodeoxy glucose (FDG) activity reflects tissue glucose metabolism; malignancies, metastases, and acute infections have relatively increased FDG activity reflecting increased glucose metabolism. Benign adrenal disease demonstrating mild FDG uptake can be worrisome for metastasis in patients with a history of malignancy. Our patient with breast and colon cancer developed gastrointestinal bleeding on heparin therapy, enlarged adrenals with heterogeneous attenuation consistent with hemorrhage and blood clots as seen on abdominal computed tomography scan, and as abnormal intense FDG activity in the bilateral adrenal glands on positron emission tomography scan.
Work in progress: Understanding migration patterns of engineering undergraduates: The impact of course grades on student major choice

Building on the work of others, we propose a different approach to studying the influence of letter grades on engineering students' major choice and migration patterns. As this work progresses, we will improve understanding of the effects of course performance, grading distributions, and early major intentions on the likelihood that students will persist in a given field.
Functional mobility limitations and falls in assisted living residents with dementia: physical performance assessment and quantitative gait analysis.

Background and Purpose: The prevalence of functional mobility limitations and falls is higher in people with dementia compared with cognitively healthy older adults, and both are associated with gait and motor impairments. The aims of this study were to examine concurrent validity of physical performance assessments and spatiotemporal gait measures in older adults with advanced dementia and to prospectively examine their relationship to functional mobility limitations and falls over a 4-month period.Methods: Thirty-one older adults living in dementia-specific assisted living residences participated. Correlations were examined between a modified Berg Balance Scale (mod-Berg), the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), and spatiotemporal gait measures using the GAITRite Walkway system. Over 4-months, functional mobility limitations were rated, and falls were recorded by nursing supervisors. Differences in functional mobility limitations and falls were examined in relation to baseline balance and gait measures.Results: Partial correlations between spatiotemporal gait measures and the mod-Berg as well as the SPPB were statistically significant (P < .05) after adjusting for age and Mini-Mental State Examination scores. Participants with low functional mobility ratings had significantly lower scores on the mod-Berg (P <= .001) and SPPB (P <= .001). They also demonstrated slower gait speed, lower cadence, higher stride time variability, and a greater percentage of gait cycle in double support (P <= .01). Participants with at least 1 fall, compared with those who did not fall, had lower scores on the mod-Berg (P <= .02), lower cadence (P <= .048), and greater stride length variability (P <= .035).Discussion: The mod-Berg and SPPB were strongly correlated with reliable gait measures associated with instability and increased fall risk. The modified Berg Balance Scale demonstrates potential as a predictor of falls in older adults living in dementia-specific assisted living.Conclusion: The results of this study provide support for the application of brief physical performance assessments by physical therapists to identify functional mobility limitations and fall risk in older adults with advanced dementia.
A parameter identification problem arising from a model of canalicular bile formation

We develop a simple mathematical model for bile formation and analyze some features of the model that suggest the design for future physiological experiments. The mathematical model results in a boundary value problem for a system of functional differential equations depending on several physical parameters. From the observability of the boundary values we can identify, both qualitatively and quantitatively, some of these physical parameters. This identification then suggests physical experiments from which one could infer some of the bile transport phenomena that are not, at present, directly observable. The mathematical parameter identification problem is solved by converting the boundary value problem to a transition time problem for a quadratic system of ordinary differential equations on the plane where we are able to employ some special properties of quadratic systems in order to obtain a solution.
Distribution of adrenergic receptors does not explain regional differences in blood flow in the pregnant rabbit uterus

Abstract The increase in uterine blood flow during pregnancy is maximal at the placental implantation site, but the mechanisms of this increase are poorly understood. Adrenergic receptor activation may influence blood flow both directly and indirectly. We therefore asked whether distribution of myometrial adrenergic receptors within the rabbit uterus could explain the increased blood flow to smooth muscle under the placenta. α-Adrenergic and β-adrenergic receptor concentrations and affinities were measured in myometrium from under the placenta and compared to myometrium between placentas and distant from the placentas. There were no differences in receptor concentrations or affinities in different parts of the uterus. We therefore conclude that the distribution of adrenergic receptors in the pregnant rabbit uterus cannot explain the preferential blood flow to myometrium at the placental implantation site.