cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 10 – Continuous Converting

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the principles of operation, industrial applications, and potential of continuous converting processes. In order to overcome the drawbacks and inefficiencies of the Peirce-Smith converter, three continuous converting processes have been developed: (1) downward lance Mitsubishi converting, (2) solid matte Outokumpu flash converting, and (3) submerged tuyere Noranda continuous converting. All these processes continuously oxidize matte to molten copper and collect sulfur dioxide offgas and send it to a sulfuric acid plant. Mitsubishi converting blows oxygen-enriched air downward through lances onto a molten slag, matte, or copper bath and is used mostly as part of the Mitsubishi continuous smelting or converting system. Flash converting uses a small Outokumpu flash furnace to convert the solidified or crushed matte to molten metallic copper and is used as a particulate solid matte feed. The Noranda continuous converter is a compact, highly productive, and submerged tuyere converting process. The physical and operating details of these processes are also discussed in the chapter. Continuous converting is advantageous environmentally and it minimizes materials handling.
S-nitrosylated and non-nitrosylated COX2 has differential expression and distinct subcellular localization in normal and breast cancer tissue

Immunohistochemical staining in breast cancer shows both gain and loss of COX2 expression with disease risk and progression. We investigated four common COX2 antibody clones and found high specificity for purified human COX2 for three clones; however, recognition of COX2 in cell lysates was clone dependent. Biochemical characterization revealed two distinct forms of COX2, with SP21 recognizing an S-nitrosylated form and CX229 and CX294 appearing to recognize the same non-nitrosylated COX2 antigen. We found S-nitrosylated and non-nitrosylated COX2 occupy different subcellular locations in normal and breast cancer tissue, implicating distinct synthetic/trafficking pathways and function. Dual stains of ~2000 breast cancer cases show early onset breast cancer has increased expression of both forms of COX2 compared to postmenopausal cases. Our results highlight the strengths of using multiple, highly characterized antibody clones for COX2 immunohistochemical studies and raise the prospect that S-nitrosylation of COX2 may play a role in breast cancer biology.
All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality among Breast Cancer Survivors in CLUE II, a Long-Standing Community-Based Cohort

BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that breast cancer survivors have higher cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality relative to the general population. Information on temporal patterns for all-cause and CVD mortality among breast cancer survivors relative to cancer-free women is limited. METHODS All-cause and CVD-related mortality were compared in 628 women with breast cancer and 3140 age-matched cancer-free women within CLUE II, a prospective cohort. We calculated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Cox proportional hazards regression for all-cause mortality, and Fine and Gray models for CVD-related mortality to account for competing risks. RESULTS Over 25 years of follow-up, 916 deaths occurred (249 CVD related). Breast cancer survivors had an overall higher risk of dying compared with cancer-free women (HR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.53 to 2.09) irrespective of time since diagnosis, tumor stage, estrogen receptor status, and older age at diagnosis (≥70 years). Risk of death was greatest among older survivors at more than 15 years after diagnosis (HR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.59 to 4.55). CVD (69.1% ischemic heart disease) was the leading cause of death among cancer-free women and the second among survivors. Survivors had an increase in CVD-related deaths compared with cancer-free women beginning at 8 years after diagnosis (HR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.00 to 2.73), with the highest risk among older survivors (HR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.29 to 3.88) and after estrogen receptor-positive disease (HR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.06 to 3.20). CONCLUSIONS Breast cancer survivors continue to have an elevated mortality compared with the general population for many years after diagnosis. Preventing cardiac deaths, particularly among older breast cancer patients, could lead to reductions in mortality.
Nutrition support in critically ill adults and children

Summary Gastrointestinal physiology involves an intricate network of mechanical, hormonal, and motility functions, including enzymatic secretions, and acid production that work in concert to ensure the breakdown of ingested food for utilization by the body. In critical illness, this delicate interplay is disrupted with marked alterations in absorptive physiology and energy metabolism. This combination of changes necessitates a careful and nuanced approach to nutritional therapy for critically ill patients. The preillness nutrition status of the patient determines their ability to withstand and survive the critical illness state. Nutrition assessment is essential to characterize and define the nutrition status of the patient, determine appropriate nutrient intake goals, and identify the best mode for nutrient delivery. This chapter describes the current state of knowledge and evidence for the provision of nutritional therapy in the ICU patient and explains the nutritional relevance of selected diseases common to adult and pediatric ICU patients.
Single-Stage Revision of the Infected Total Knee Arthroplasty Is Associated With Improved Functional Outcomes: A Propensity Score–Matched Cohort Study

Abstract Background Single-stage revision is an alternative to the standard 2-stage revision, potentially minimizing morbidities and improving functional outcomes. This study aimed at comparing single-stage and 2-stage revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for chronic periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) with regard to patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and complication rates. Methods :A total of 185 consecutive revision TKA patients for chronic PJI with complete preoperative and postoperative PROMs were investigated. A total of 44 patients with single-stage revision TKA were matched to 88 patients following 2-stage revision TKA using propensity score matching, yielding a total of 132 propensity score–matched patients for analysis. Patient demographics and clinical information including reinfection and readmission rates were evaluated. Results :There was no significant difference in preoperative PROMs between propensity score–matched single-stage and 2-stage revision TKA cohorts. Postoperatively, significantly higher PROMs for single-stage revision TKA were observed for Knee disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score physical function (62.2 vs 51.9, P Conclusion This study illustrated that single-stage revision TKA for chronic PJI may be associated with superior patient-reported outcomes compared to 2-stage revision for the infected TKA using a variety of PROMs. Improved PROMs were not accompanied by differences in complication rates between both cohorts, suggesting that single-stage revision TKA may provide an effective alternative to 2-stage revision in patients with chronic TKA PJI.
Addressing Disparities in Prenatal Care via Telehealth During COVID-19: Prenatal Satisfaction Survey in East Harlem

Objective In the setting of an inner city, safety net hospital, patient satisfaction with prenatal care conducted via telehealth was compared with in-person visits at the height of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Study Design Through this cross-sectional study, patients were identified who received at least one televisit and one in-person visit during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Short Assessment of Patient Satisfaction (SAPS) survey was used to measure patient satisfaction. Surveys pertaining to in-person and televisits were conducted at the end of a telephone encounter, and overall satisfaction scores were documented. Patients were excluded if they received in-person or virtual care only and not both. The SAPS score correlated with the degree of patient satisfaction. Results A total of 140 patients were identified who received both virtual and in-person prenatal care from March 1, 2020 to May 1, 2020. One hundred and four patients (74%) agreed to be surveyed: 77 (74%) self-identified as Hispanic and 56 (54%) stated that their primary language was Spanish. The overall median satisfaction score for televisits and in-person visits was 20 (interquartile range [IQR]: 20, 25) and 24 (IQR: 22, 26) (p = 0.008, Z score = 2.651). In patients who self-identified as Hispanic or identified their primary language as Spanish, there was no statistically significant difference in their satisfaction scores. Conclusion While there were lower scores in patient satisfaction for televisits in every category, there were no clinically significant differences since all medians were in the “satisfied” range. By lowering patient exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), especially for those at risk for reduced access to care and higher COVID-19 cases by zip code, telehealth allowed for appropriate continuation of satisfactory prenatal care with no impact on patient perceived satisfaction of care. Key Points
Nostalgia and temporal self-appraisal: Divergent evaluations of past and present selves

The present research examined how nostalgia influences temporal self-appraisals and whether those appraisals relate to current mood. Across two studies, participants recalled either an ordinary or ...
A Case Study of One Inclusive Recreation Course

Diversity and inclusion courses are common components of undergraduate leisure studies curricula. Although a body of diversity and inclusion content has been developed, few detailed course structur...
CD123-targeted therapy in acute myeloid leukemia.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) results from the neoplastic transformation of a hematopoietic stem cell. While therapeutic progress has stagnated for several decades, recent progress in the genomic cl...
Migration distance is a fundamental axis of the slow-fast continuum of life history in boreal birds

Seasonal migration is intrinsically connected to the balance of survival and reproduction, but whether migratory behavior influences species’ position on the slow-fast continuum of life history is poorly understood. We found that boreal-breeding birds that migrate long distances exhibit higher annual adult survival and lower annual reproductive investment relative to co-distributed boreal species that migrate shorter distances to winter closer to their breeding grounds. Our study uses “vital rates” data on reproductive output and survivorship compiled from the literature for a species assemblage of 45 species of mostly passerine birds. These species breed sympatrically in North American boreal forests but migrate to a diversity of environments for the northern winter. After controlling for body size and phylogeny, migration distance and apparent annual adult survival are positively related across species. Both migration distance and survival are positively correlated with wintering in environments that are warmer, wetter, and greener. At the same time, longer migrations are associated with reduced time spent on the breeding grounds, lower clutch sizes, and lower fecundity (clutch size × maximum number of broods per year). Although seasonal migration is often associated with high mortality, our results suggest that long-distance migration imposes selection pressures that both confer and demand high adult survival rates. That is, owing to the reproductive cost of long-distance migration, this strategy can only persist if balanced by high adult survival. Our study supports the idea that migration evolves to promote survival of species breeding in seasonal environments. In boreal birds, the evolution of the longest migrations yields the highest survival, but at an inherent cost to annual fecundity. Our results therefore reveal migratory distance as a fundamental axis of the slow-fast continuum that predicts, and is inextricable from, the balance of survival and reproduction.
Associations between sleep, stress, and cardiovascular health in emergency medical services personnel.

Objective Our objective was to quantify the associations between sleep duration and perceived and chronic stress with ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) among emergency medical services (EMS) personnel from county-based EMS agencies. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of cardiovascular disease (CVD)-free EMS personnel from 4 US EMS agencies. The questionnaire consisted of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Chronic Burden Scale, and the CVH components (smoking, body mass index, physical activity, diet, blood glucose, blood pressure, cholesterol, each scored 0-2 points). The components were summed and ideal CVH considered 11-14 points. Mixed effects logistic regression models with a random intercept for agency were used to estimate the odds of ideal CVH for good sleep quality (PSQI < 5 points), recommended sleep duration (7 to < 9h), low perceived stress (PSS < 26 points), and low chronic stress (0 recent stressful events). Results We received 379 responses (response rate = 32%). There was low prevalence of good sleep quality (23%) and recommended sleep duration (25%), but 95% reported low perceived stress, and 33% had low chronic stress. Ideal CVH was reported by 30%. No significant associations between ideal CVH and sleep quality, perceived stress, or chronic stress were found. There was a nearly 2-fold increase in the odds of ideal CVH with recommended sleep duration (odds ratio: 1.83, 95% confidence interval: 1.08-3.10). Conclusion In this sample of EMS personnel, only recommended sleep duration was associated with ideal CVH. Future longitudinal studies are needed to understand the relationship between sleep, stress, and CVD in this understudied occupational group.
Subjective Reasons

In recent years, the notion of a reason has come to occupy a central place in both metaethics and normative theory more broadly. Indeed, many philosophers have come to view reasons as providing the basis of normativity itself . The common conception is that reasons are facts that count in favor of some act or attitude. More recently, philosophers have begun to appreciate a distinction between objective and subjective reasons, where (roughly) objective reasons are determined by the facts, while subjective reasons are determined by one's beliefs. My goal in this paper is to offer a plausible theory of subjective reasons. Although much attention has been focused on theories of objective reasons, very little has been offered in the literature regarding what sort of account of subjective reasons we should adopt; and what has been offered is rather perfunctory, and requires filling-out. Taking what has been said thus far as a starting point, I will consider several putative theories of subjective reasons, offering objections and amendments along the way, will settle on what I take to be a highly plausible account, and will defend that account against objections.
Experimental Economics Comes to Life – Prior Appropriations in the Mimbres River Basin

In this short piece, Melissa Seeborg describes a study to explore price differentials in the water leasing market, led by Professor Craig Broadbent. This news and commentary is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol21/iss1/5
Doctrinal beliefs as a determinant of sin associated with select leisure activities

The purpose of this case study was to investigate the association between religious doctrine and perceived sinful nature of 10 leisure activities identified by the congregation under study. A questionnaire was completed by 188 congregants of a predominately African American, Protestant church located in southern Ohio and results indicated a significant association between the source of belief — personal beliefs, scripture, and religious doctrine — and the belief that certain leisure pastimes are sinful. Results of the study suggest: (1) religious doctrine influences beliefs about the sanctity of leisure activities at the individual and congregational levels; (2) personal beliefs are the greatest determinant of perceived sin associated with select leisure pursuits; and (3) length of membership in a congregation influences beliefs about leisure.
Optic nerve transection in monkeys may result in secondary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells.

PURPOSE Interest in neuroprotection for optic neuropathies is, in part, based on the assumption that retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) die, not only as a result of direct (primary) injury, but also indirectly as a result of negative effects from neighboring dying RGCs (secondary degeneration). This experiment was designed to test whether secondary RGC degeneration occurs after orbital optic nerve injury in monkeys. METHODS The superior one third of the orbital optic nerve on one side was transected in eight cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Twelve weeks after the partial transection, the number of RGC bodies in the superior and inferior halves of the retina of the experimental and control eyes and the number and diameter of axons in the optic nerve were compared by detailed histomorphometry. Vitreous was obtained for amino acid analysis. A sham operation was performed in three additional monkeys. RESULTS Transection caused loss of 55% +/- 13% of RGC bodies in the superior retina of experimental compared with fellow control eyes (mean +/- SD, t-test, P < 0.00,001, n = 7). Inferior RGCs, not directly injured by transection, decreased by 22% +/- 10% (P = 0.002). The loss of superior optic nerve axons was 83% +/- 12% (mean +/- SD, t-test, P = 0.0008, n = 5) whereas, the inferior loss was 34% +/- 20% (P = 0.02, n = 5). Intravitreal levels of glutamate and other amino acids in eyes with transected nerves were not different from levels in control eyes 12 weeks after injury. Fundus examination, fluorescein angiography, and histologic evaluation confirmed that there was no vascular compromise to retinal tissues by the transection procedure. CONCLUSIONS This experiment suggests that primary RGC death due to optic nerve injury is associated with secondary death of surrounding RGCs that are not directly injured.
Microwave observations of nonthermal phenomena in pre-main sequence stars

A modest fraction of low mass pre-main sequence (PMS) stars in nearby star forming clouds exhibit radio continuum emission. In some cases the emission is thermal bremsstrahlung from ionized circumstellar matter, but in other cases there is good evidence it is nonthermal emission from intense magnetic activity near the stellar surface. I review here prior evidence for magnetic activity in PMS stars, methods for finding such radio emission, distinguishing nonthermal from thermal emission, recent data from the VLA and its interpretation. A few PMS stars exhibit powerful nonthermal radio flares followed by periods of lower level emission, closely resembling active RS CVn-type systems. It is not yet clear what distinguishes the flaring stars from the majority of undetected stars.
A combination treatment strategy using pyrantel pamoate and oxibendazole demonstrates additive effects for controlling equine cyathostomins

Summary Anthelmintics of the avermectin/milbemycin class continue to demonstrate the highest efficacy against cyathostomin nematodes; however, over-reliance on these drugs is increasing the likelihood that recent emerging resistance to these drugs will worsen. Use of benzimidazole and pyrantel compounds given concurrently may provide sufficiently high efficacy to serve as a viable treatment alternative to the avermectin/milbemycin drugs, thus reducing the selective pressures for resistance development. The study was conducted to determine if oxibendazole (OBZ) and pyrantel pamoate (PYR) would have greater efficacy when used in combination vs. what either drug could achieve individually, and to determine if the combination protocol would consistently achieve faecal egg count reduction (FECR) rates >90%, the general threshold for acceptable efficacy. Horses of various ages and breeds on 11 horse farms were assigned randomly to treatment with OBZ (n = 34), PYR (n = 35), or a combination of both (n = 61). A faecal egg count was performed for each horse prior to treatment and 9–14 days post treatment. Mean FECR percentages were calculated for each treatment group on individual farms, and for each treatment group across all farms. Combination treatment achieved >90% mean FECR on all 11 farms, and >95% on 9 of the 11 farms. Overall arithmetic mean FECR rates were 90.03%, 81.10% and 96.35% for horses treated respectively with OBZ, PYR, and the 2 drugs in combination. Combination treatment with OBZ and PYR demonstrated an additive effect whereby horses given both anthelmintics concurrently had mean FECR percentages that were significantly greater than in horses given either drug alone. Combination treatment with OBZ and PYR can be an efficacious and viable treatment choice for controlling cyathostomins, thereby reducing the over-reliance on avermectin/milbemycin drugs.
Nutrient stoichiometry of linked catchment-lake systems along a gradient of land use

Summary 1. Catchments export nutrients to aquatic ecosystems at rates and ratios that are strongly influenced by land use practices, and within aquatic ecosystems nutrients can be processed, retained, lost to the atmosphere, or exported downstream. The stoichiometry of carbon and nutrients can influence ecosystem services such as water quality, nutrient limitation, biodiversity, eutrophication and the sequestration of nutrients and carbon in sediments. However, we know little about how nutrient stoichiometry varies along the pathway from terrestrial landscapes through aquatic systems. 2. We studied the stoichiometry of nitrogen and phosphorus exported by three catchments of contrasting land use (forest versus agriculture) and in the water column and sediments of downstream reservoirs. We also related stoichiometry to phytoplankton nutrient limitation and the abundance of heterocystous cyanobacteria. 3. The total N : P of stream exports varied greatly among catchments and was 18, 54 and 140 (molar) in the forested, mixed-use and agricultural catchment, respectively. Total N : P in the mixed layers of the lakes was less variable but ordered similarly: 35, 52 132 in the forested, mixed-use and agricultural lake, respectively. In contrast, there was little variation among systems in the C : N and C : P ratios of catchment exports or in reservoir seston. 4. Phytoplankton in the forested lake were consistently N limited, those in the agricultural lake were consistently P limited, and those in the mixed-use lake shifted seasonally from P- to N limitation, reflecting N : P supply ratios. Total phytoplankton and cyanobacteria biomass were highest in the agricultural lake, but heterocystous (potentially N fixing) cyanobacteria were most abundant in the forested lake, corresponding to low N : P ratios. 5. Despite large differences in catchment export and water column N : P ratios, the N : P of sediment burial (integrated over several decades) was very low and remarkably similar (4.3–7.3) across reservoirs. N and P budgets constructed for the agricultural reservoir suggested that denitrification could be a major loss of N, and may help explain the relatively low N : P of buried sediment. 6. Our results show congruence between the catchment export N : P, reservoir N : P, phytoplankton N versus P limitation and the dominance of heterocystous cyanobacteria. However, the N : P stoichiometry of sediments retained in the lakes was relatively insensitive to catchment stoichiometry, suggesting that a common set of biogeochemical processes constrains sediment N : P across lakes of contrasting catchment land use.
A Control-Oriented Model of Cylinder Pressure in Internal Combustion Engines

Control-oriented perturbation models (COPMs) for cylinder pressure in spark-ignited internal combustion engines are becoming important because the anticipation of inexpensive cylinder-pressure transducers has sparked interest in automotive engine control. systems that employ cylinder-pressure feedback. Cylinder-pressure COPMs are novel in that the smallest regions of realistic interest already include nonlinear effects that may not be neglected: the linear perturbation is not adequate. Moreover, the crank angle frame of reference leads to a perturbation on the independent variable as well. These features require higher-order local representations of vector-valued functions of several vector-valued variables, in a form suitable for computation. A comparison of model predictions with actual engine data demonstrates the increased accuracy and consistency made possible with these models.
Singularity-reduced integral equations for displacement discontinuities in three-dimensional linear elastic media

A systematic procedure is followed to develop singularity-reduced integral equations for displacement discontinuities in homogeneous linear elastic media. The procedure readily reproduces and generalizes, in a unified manner, various integral equations previously developed by other means, and it leads to a new stress relation from which a general weakly-singular, weak-form traction integral equation is established. An isolated discontinuity is treated first (including, as special cases, cracks and dislocations) after which singularity-reduced integral equations are obtained for cracks in a finite domain. The first step in the development is to regularize Somigliana’s identity by utilizing a stress function for the stress fundamental solution to effect an integration by parts. The resulting integral equation is valid irrespective of the choice of stress function (as guaranteed by a certain ‘closure condition’ established for the integral operator), but certain particular forms of the stress function are introduced and discussed, including one which admits an interpretation as a ‘line discontinuity’. A singularity-reduced integral equation for the displacement gradients is then obtained by utilizing a relation between the stress function and the stress fundamental solution along with the closure condition. This construction does not rely upon a particular choice of stress function, and the final integral equation (which is a generalization of Mura’s (1963) formula) has a kernel which is a simple function of the stress fundamental solution. From this relation, singularity-reduced integral equations for the stress and traction are easily obtained. The key step in the further development is the construction of an alternative stress integral equation for which a differential operator has been ‘factored out’ of the integral. This is accomplished by, in essence, establishing a stress function for the stress field induced by the discontinuity. A weak-form traction integral equation is then readily obtained and involves a kernel which is only weakly-singular. The nonuniqueness of this kernel is discussed in detail and it is shown that, at least in a certain sense, the kernel which is given is the simplest possible. The results for an isolated discontinuity are then adapted to treat cracks in a finite domain. In doing so, emphasis is given to the development of weakly-singular, weak-form displacement and traction integral equations since these form the basis of an effective numerical procedure for fracture analysis (Li et al., 1998), and such equations are presented for both elastostatics and elastodynamics. A noteworthy aspect of the development is that there is no need to introduce Cauchy principal value integrals much less Hadamard finite part integrals. Finally, the utility of the systematic procedure presented here for use in obtaining singularity-reduced integral equations for other unbounded media (viz. the half-space and bi-material) is indicated.
Laser Light‐scattering Study of the Toxic Effects of Methylmercury on Sperm Motility

An in vitro study was designed using the laser light-scattering technique to obtain further information on the dose-effect relationship of methylmercury on sperm motility. The technique provided a quantitative evaluation of sperm swimming speed. Semen samples were collected from normal male Macaca fascicularis monkeys by anal electroejaculation. Methylmercury was added to aliquots of sperm suspensions in BWW medium in doses of 10, 5, 2, and 1 ppm. After 3 hours, the relative speed was 35%, 59%, 69%, and 92% of the corresponding controls at doses of 10, 5, 2, and 1 ppm, respectively. The percentage of motile spermatozoa decreased significantly at 10 ppm. By microscopic observation abnormal motility was detected at 5 and 10 ppm, especially after 20 to 40 minutes. Head movement increased from side to side, and many spermatozoa developed coiled tails. The technique proved useful for defining the dose-effect relationship of methylmercury and sperm swimming speed.
Movements of female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in relation to timber harvests in the central Appalachians

Deer movements in relation to timber harvests have not been studied within nonmigratory white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations. We compared home range and core area size and overlap, deer movements during timber harvests, and habitat use before and after harvests for deer associated and not associated with clearcuts. We radio-monitored 83 adult female deer pre- (3 months prior to), during, and post- (3 months after) timber harvest. Change in home range and core area size and overlap did not differ between control deer (home ranges comprised entirely of mature forest during all time periods) and treatment deer (≥1 telemetry location within a harvested stand during any time period). During timber harvests, treatment deer were located outside their pre-harvest home ranges more often than control deer and generally were located closer to clearcuts than in other time periods. During both the pre- and post-timber harvest time periods, deer used clearcut habitats (stands ≤5-years-old) in greater proportion than availability. Lack of significant changes in white-tailed deer movements before, during, and after timber harvest suggests habitat management aimed at attracting deer away from problem areas (e.g., areas with low regeneration success) or toward browse supplies during severe winters would likely be unsuccessful in the central Appalachians of West Virginia.
Generating Vocabulary Knowledge for At-Risk Middle School Readers: Contrasting Program Effects and Growth Trajectories

We tested whether urban middle-school students from mostly low-income homes had improved academic vocabulary when they participated in a freely available vocabulary program, Word Generation (WG). To understand how this program may support students at risk for long-term reading difficulty, we examined treatment interactions with baseline achievement on a state standardized test and also differential effects for students with (n = 398) and without (n = 1,395) individualized education plans (IEPs). Students in this unmatched quasi-experiment (5 WG and 4 comparison schools) completed pre- and postvocabulary assessments during the intervention year. We also retested student vocabulary knowledge after summer vacation and the following spring on 11 target words to construct a longitudinally consistent scaled score across 4 waves of data. Growth models show that students experienced summer setback. Although there were no average underlying differences in growth or differences in summer setback for students by bas...
Bibliotherapy practices with children: Cautions for school counselors

Although a counselor and a teacher share many responsibilities, their roles differ in important ways and when a teacher makes the transition to a school counselor, roles often become blurred. The clarification of roles becomes a particular concern when the school counselor employs books as part of the counseling program. Bibliotherapy and reading instruction both utilize literature and a counselor may believe some practices for teaching reading are applicable in the counseling setting. However, the goal of improving reading may interfere with goals for counseling. The authors outline cautions for school counselors especially as they relate to role confusion and teaching practices that may be questionable or even harmful for some children. Suggestions for therapeutic goals and role clarification for counselors in the use of bibliotherapy within school contexts are also provided.
From depression to where are my keys: unlocking the behavioral disorders of old age.

Word Count: 2,179 Corresponding Author Tel: 310-206-0086 From depression to where are my keys: unlocking the behavioral disorders of old age Desmond J. Smith, Ph.D. From the Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California. Address correspondence to Dr. Smith, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, 23-151 CHS, Box 951735, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735. e-mail: DSmith@mednet.ucla.edu Running title: Unlocking the behavioral disorders of old age Keywords: Alzheimer disease, APOE, depression, diabetes, insulin, normal age- related cognitive decline, vitamin D This work was supported by the NIH (DA15802, MH71779 and NS050148).
Λ production by 11.6 A GeV/c Au beam on Au target

Abstract We present the first measurement at AGS energies of the rapidity and transverse mass distributions for Λ production with Au beam on Au target. The measurements cover the rapidity region of 2.0–3.2 and transverse momenta of 0.0–1.4 GeV/c. The results are compared with the predictions of two models.
Layer‐by‐layer ionomer films made from poly(styrene‐co‐styrenesulfonic acid) and poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐4‐vinylpyridine) in tetrahydrofuran

Thin films were fabricated layer-by-layer (LbL) via ionic bonds formed between a cationic ionomer and an anionic ionomer, which were produced via proton transfer from poly(styrene-co-styrenesulfonic acid) to poly(methyl methacrylate-co-4-vinylpyridine) in an organic solvent, tetrahydrofuran. Ionic contents of the ionomers were very low down to 5.6 mol %, much lower than usual polyelectrolytes. The build up of the LbL films was demonstrated by UV/vis spectroscopy: the absorbance of the phenyl rings in styrene residues increased with the number of depositions (thus the number of layers). Transmission electron microscopy observation of strained thin films showed unique deformation mode, involving many bands that developed both in the parallel and perpendicular directions to the stress axis. This is quite different from the deformation modes seen for ionomer blend films and for coextruded polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) multilayer tapes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 50: 101–105, 2012
The influence of interpolated MMFR upon relearning in the A-B, A-C and A-B, A-B′ paradigms

This study attempted to repeat, using unmixed lists, a finding of Postman (1962) that an interpolated MMFR test results in increased interference in subsequent relearning for the A-B′ pairs of a mixed list composed of A-B′ and A-C pairs. The results failed to duplicate the effect. A tentative hypothesis was offered that differences in relative List-1 and List-2 strengths in the two studies might account for these findings, and found some support from a further analysis of the previous experiment and from other published studies.
Evolution of Bounding Functions for the Solution of the KPP–Fisher Equation in Bounded Domains

The KPP-Fisher equation was proposed by R. A. Fisher as a model to describe the propagation of advantageous genes. Subsequently, it was studied rigorously by Kolmogorov, Petrovskii, and Piskunov. In this paper, we study the dynamics of the KPP-Fisher equation in bounded domains by giving bounds on its solution. The bounding functions satisfy nonlinear equations which are linearizable to the heat equation. In addition to describing the dynamics of the KPP-Fisher equation, we also recover some previous results concerning its asymptotic behavior. We perform numerical simulations to compare the solution of the Fisher equation and the bounding functions.
Theoretical investigation of laser pulse width dependence in a thermal confinement regime

Previous molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of ultraviolet (UV) laser ablation demonstrate the distinct dependence of material ejection on laser fluence and laser pulse duration. In this paper, we examine the pulse width dependence when the laser pulse widths are appropriate for the thermal confinement regime. We perform MD simulations of laser ablation with a laser pulse duration of 1 ns and compare with a pulse width of 150 ps as in previous simulations. The simulations confirm that the pulse width in thermal confinement regime does not dramatically influence the molecular ejection mechanism. The simulations reveal differentiations, however, in plume composition and the ablation threshold value.
Fate and Transport of 17β-Estradiol in Soil-Water Systems

Over the past several years, there has been an increase in concern regarding reproductive hormones in the environment To date, there exists limited research on the fate and transport of these chemicals in the environment. In this study, a series of laboratory batch sorption and miscible-displacement experiments were done using radiolabeled [14C]17beta-estradiol. The 17beta-estradiol concentrations that were used were similar to those found in manures that are applied to field soils. Equilibrium batch experiments indicated high sorption affinity with correlations to mineral particle size and organic matter content. The sorption affinity appeared to be associated with the surface area and/or the cation-exchange capacity of the soil. The miscible-displacement breakthrough curves indicated chemical nonequilibrium transport, and a single highly polar metabolite was present in the column effluent along with sporadic and trace detections of estriol. Sorbed to the soil within the column were found 17beta-estradiol, estrone, and trace and sporadic detections of estriol. Two chemical nonequilibrium, miscible-displacement models were used to describe the column breakthrough curves; one without transformations and the other with transformations. Both models resulted in excellent descriptions of the data, which indicated nonunique solutions and less confidence in the parameter estimates. Nonetheless, the modeling and experimental results implied that degradation/transformation occurred in the sorbed phase and was rapid. Also, both models indicated that sorption was fully kinetic.
Debeaking at One Day of Age and the Feeding of Pellets to Broiler Chickens

ABSTRACT THE debeaking of day old broiler chicks has become a popular management practice for controlling cannibalism and feather picking in chickens in the major broiler areas of the country. This management practice has renewed interest also in the feeding of pellets to broiler chicks, which previously had a tendency for cannibalism and feather picking when fed pelleted feed. Investigations by Darrow and Stotts (1954) showed that debeaking day old chicks, by removal of one-third to one-half of the maxilla, had no effect on body weight or mortality to eight weeks of age. Lanson (1956) debeaked day-old chicks in the same manner as Darrow and Stotts and also found no difference between debeaked and non-debeaked chicks in growth, feed conversion, feathering, and livability. Combs et al. (1955) found that debeaking at day old did not create an unfavorable effect upon growth rate, feed efficiency, mortality, or feather score. Differences that did . . .
Classical trajectory calculation of the energy dependence of the total reaction cross section for K + CH3I → KI + CH3

Abstract The translational energy ( E tr ) dependence of the reaction cross section σ R for K + RI → KI + R (R  CH 3 ) has been calculated (via classical trajectories) using a three-body potential of the electron-jump type. The maximum in the computed σ R ( E tr ), attributed to recrossing from the ionic to covalent potential, is qualitatively similar to that found in the experiments of Gersh and Bernstein.
THE PREPARATION, ISOLATION, AND GROWTH IN CULTURE OF SINGLE CELLS FROM HIGHER PLANTS

INVESTIGATIONS ON initiating tissue cultures of higher plants from single isolated cells were undertaken because of their broad applications to the problems of growth. Cultures of many microorganisms and, more recently, of animal tissues (Sanford, Earle, and Likely, 1948; Puck et al., 1956) have been grown successfully from single isolated cells. The desirability of producing such cultures from cells of higher plants has long been recognized (Haberlandt, 1902). While the cells of a culture are derived from a small area of a plant, their potentialities may differ and cause troublesome culture variability (Hildebrandt et al., 1945; Caplin and Steward, 1952). Cultures -of single cell origin might show less variation and greatly improve experimental manipulations. An obvious requirement for growing such cultures was to obtain uninjured single cells in a condition favoring future 'division and to place such cells in a suitable environment. Available cultures with a friable growth habit on semi-solid medium grew diffusely in an agitated medium. Single cells probably could be obtained best without injury from such liquid suspensions. Since most studies of the growth requirements of these cultures had been made using semisolid media, investigations were necessary of the physical and chemical conditions favoring growth in liquid. Furthermore, the growth rate at different times after transfer was necessary to determine when cells were in the best condition for continued division. The present paper explains how such information was secured and how successful methods were developed for the isolation and subsequent growth of single cells. Cultures resulting from single cells were analyzed to determine whether they showed morphological or physiological differences that would make them useful research materials. Brief statements of some results already have appeared (Muir and Hildebrandt, 1953; Muir et al., 1954, 1955), and an unpublished report is on file (Muir, 1955) . MATERIALS AND METHODS.-The tissue cultures used, of crown gall origin, were grape (Vitis vini-
On the Use of Structural Vibrations to Release Stiction Failed MEMS

This paper identifies dynamic excitation parameters that promote decohesion of stiction-failed microcantilevers. The dynamic response of "s-shaped" adhered beams subjected to harmonic loading is described using modal analysis; this model is then used to predict the onset of debonding in the context of a critical interface energy. These theoretical results are used to rationalize preliminary experiments, which illustrate that dynamic excitation may be used to affect partial or complete repair of stiction-failed microcantilevers. The theoretical results provide fundamental insight regarding regimes where resonant effects trigger debonding and can serve as a potential mechanism for stiction repair. The models illustrate that driving a structure at resonance is usually beneficial with regards to debonding. However, this is not universally true; there is no benefit to driving a device at frequencies with unfavorable mode-shapes. Thus, these results provide a reasonable physical and mathematical explanation for the preliminary experimental results, while providing a roadmap for identifying parameters in future tests
Processes and factors involved in decisions regarding return of incidental genomic findings in research.

Processes and factors involved in decisions regarding return of incidental genomic findings in research
New modular properties of bell numbers

Abstract Given a prime p, we exhibit an integer c such that the Bell numbers Bc+1, Bc+2,…, Bc+p−l are divisible by p. We calculate the residue of Bc modulo p.
A Timeless Model for Management Education.

Abstract How do we get our students, both Christian and non-Christian, to make positive contributions to the work of the Lord and be successfully engaged in the highly influential profession of business? We attempt to lay a foundation for a management program that tries to address this broad question. We begin by discussing different Christian philosophies of learning and then introduce the philosophy of Critical Learning. Based on this philosophy we introduce the Skills and Dispositions Model of Undergraduate Management Education. Our introduction includes an explanation of key educational outcomes, pedagogical strategies used to meet these outcomes, and pedagogical tactics that complement the strategies and outcomes. The uniqueness and unconventionality of this foundational model are fourfold: (1) It relies on a philosophy that focuses on the direction toward shalom and a structure that is skill-based, (2) it puts more emphasis on skillsand dispositions than knowledge acquisition, (3) it focuses more on...
Mathematical and Computational Analysis of Adaptation via Feedback Inhibition in Signal Transduction Pathways

We perform a systematic analysis of mechanisms of feedback regulation that underlie short-term adaptation in intracellular signaling systems. Upon receiving an external cue, these systems generate a transient response that quickly returns to basal levels even if the stimulus persists. Signaling pathways capable of short-term adaptation are found in systems as diverse as the high osmolarity response of yeast, gradient sensing in Dictyostelium, and the cytokine response in vertebrates. Using mathematical analysis and computational experiments, we compare different feedback architectures in terms of response amplitude and duration, ability to adapt, and response to variable stimulus levels. Our analysis reveals three important features of these systems: 1), multiple step signaling cascades improve sensitivity to low doses by an effect distinct from signal amplification; 2), some feedback architectures act as signal transducers converting stimulus strength into response duration; and 3), feedback deactivation acts as a dose-dependent switch between transient and sustained responses. Finally, we present characteristic features for each form of feedback regulation that can aid in their identification.
An average-case analysis of MAT and inverted file

It is shown in the literature that the multiple attribute tree outperforms inverted files in terms of worst-case complexities for partial-match queries. In this paper, we estimate the expected values for the complexities of both complete match query and range query on multiple attribute tree and inverted files. We use a uniform probabilistic model for the input data space. We show that the multiple attribute tree is more efficient than the inverted file in terms of these expected value measures.
Design of High Performance Distributed Snapshot / Recovery Algorithms for Ring Networks

In this work, we have presented non-blocking checkpointing and recovery algorithms for bidirectional networks. We have deviated from the conventional approach of taking first temporary checkpoints and then converting them to permanent ones by processes (as followed by any coordinated checkpointing scheme). Thus, the proposed coordinated checkpointing algorithm allows processes to take permanent checkpoints directly without taking temporary checkpoints and whenever a process is busy, it takes a checkpoint after completing its current procedure. We have shown that the presented algorithms take much less time for their execution and use much less number of control messages (and hence much less number of interrupts to a process) when compared to a noted recent work [4].