cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phosphor: explaining transitions in the user interface using afterglow effects

Sometimes users fail to notice a change that just took place on their display. For example, the user may have accidentally deleted an icon or a remote collaborator may have changed settings in a control panel. Animated transitions can help, but they force users to wait for the animation to complete. This can be cumbersome, especially in situations where users did not need an explanation. We propose a different approach. Phosphor objects show the outcome of their transition instantly; at the same time they explain their change in retrospect. Manipulating a phosphor slider, for example, leaves an afterglow that illustrates how the knob moved. The parallelism of instant outcome and explanation supports both types of users. Users who already understood the transition can continue interacting without delay, while those who are inexperienced or may have been distracted can take time to view the effects at their own pace. We present a framework of transition designs for widgets, icons, and objects in drawing programs. We evaluate phosphor objects in two user studies and report significant performance benefits for phosphor objects.
Measuring oxygen, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide diffusion coefficient and solubility in Nafion membranes

A Devanathan–Stachurski type diffusion cell made from a fuel cell assembly is designed to evaluate the gas transport properties of a proton exchange membrane as a function of cell temperature and gas pressure. Data obtained on this cell using the electrochemical monitoring technique (EMT) is used to estimate solubility and diffusion coefficient of oxygen (O2), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in Nafion membranes. Membrane swelling and reverse-gas diffusion due to water flux are accounted for in the parameter estimation procedure. Permeability of all three gases was found to increase with temperature. The estimated activation energies for O2, CO and H2S diffusion in Nafion 112 are 12.58, 20 and 8.85 kJ mol −1 , respectively. The estimated enthalpies of mixing for O2, CO and H2S in Nafion 112 are 5.88, 3.74 and 7.61 kJ mol−1, respectively. An extensive comparison of transport properties estimated in this study to those reported in the literature suggests good agreement. Oxygen permeability in Nafion 117 was measured as a function of gas pressures between 1 and 3 atm. Oxygen diffusion coefficient in Nafion 117 is invariant with pressure and the solubility increases with pressure and obeys Henry’s law. The estimated Henry’s constant is 3.5 × 103 atm.
Two-dimensional vibrational circular dichroism correlation spectroscopy: pH-induced spectral changes in l-alanine

Abstract Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) has been applied to Fourier transform (FT) vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) in multiple spectral regions for the first time. FT-IR and FT-VCD measurements of l -alanine in D 2 O have been carried out in the mid-IR (800–2000 cm −1 ) region, the hydrogen-stretching region (2000–4000 cm −1 ), and the near-IR region (4000–6000 cm −1 ) as a function of pD. A variety of different 2D-COS plots are possible from the IR and VCD spectral data in these three spectral regions, and examples are presented that show particularly interesting features of these spectra. Homo-spectral-region and hetero-spectral-region VCD–VCD and IR–IR 2D-COS plots are presented for l -alanine. Relative sensitivities to spectral changes in the methine and methyl vibrational regions are elucidated by analysis of both IR and VCD 2D-COS spectra. Near-IR band assignments are facilitated by hetero-spectral-region 2D-COS spectra that correlate the combination band region to that of the underling fundamental modes. These studies demonstrate that the method of 2D-COS IR-VCD is a useful tool that provides enhanced chemical information over traditional 1D spectra.
Influence of first‐pass effect on availability of drugs on oral administration

Currently used pharmacokinetic models assume that drug administered both intravenously and orally initially enters the same vascular pool. However, literature data suggest that although a drug is completely absorbed, the area under the plasma level—time curve after oral administration may be considerably less than the corresponding area following intravenous therapy. This has been explained on the basis of a “first-pass” effect in the liver. Simple equations have been derived, allowing prediction of the extent of this first-pass effect for a particular drug. Plasma level data for propranolol in man have been used to indicate the utility of these equations. The significance of these calculations to the design of clinical studies with new drugs intended for oral use is discussed.
Diabetes quality assurance checklist: assessment of inter-rater and intra-rater reliability.

The Diabetes Quality Assurance (DQA) Checklist was developed to measure adherence to standards of diabetes care. Two raters simultaneously scored a convenience sample of 23 charts of patients with ...
Individual differences in drug abuse vulnerability: d-Amphetamine and sensation-seeking status

Rationale While the personality dimensions of novelty seeking and sensation seeking are associated with drug abuse vulnerability, the mechanisms associated with this vulnerability remain obscure.
Caudal topographic nucleus isthmi and the rostral nontopographic nucleus isthmi in the turtle, Pseudemys scripta.

Isthmotectal projections in turtles were examined by making serial section reconstructions of axonal and dendritic arborizations that were anterogradely or retrogradely filled with HRP. Two prominent tectal-recipient isthmic nuclei-the caudal magnocellular nucleus isthmi (Irnc) and the rostral magnocellular nucleus isthmi (Imrbexhibited strikingly different patterns of organization. Zmc cells have flattened, bipolar dendritic fields that cover a few percent of the area of the cell plate constituting the nucleus and they project topographically to the ipsilateral tectum without local axon branches. The topography was examined explicitly at the single-cell level by using cases with two injections at widely separated tectal loci. Each Imc axon terminates as a compact swarm of several thousand boutons placed mainly in the upper central gray and superficial gray layers. One Imc terminal spans less that 1% of the tectal surface. Zmr cells, by contrast, have large, sparsely branched dendritic fields overlapped by local axon collaterals while distally, their axons nontopographically innervate not only the deeper layers of the ipsilateral tectum but also ipsilateral Imc. Imr receives a nontopographic tectal input that contrasts with the topographic tectal input to Imc. Previous work on nucleus isthmi emphasized the role of the contralatera1 isthmotectal projection (which originates from a third isthmic nucleus in turtles) in mediating binocular interactions in the tectum. The present results on the two different but overlapping ipsilateral tecto-isthmo-tectal circuits set up by Imc and Imr are discussed in the light of physiological evidence for selective attention effects and local-global interactions in the tectum.
Suppression of the radiation-induced expression of a tumor-associated antigen in human cell hybrids by the protease inhibitor antipain

The effect of the protease inhibitor antipain (1.25 micrograms/ml) on the radiation-induced expression of a tumor-associated antigen in human cell hybrids has been investigated. A variety of treatment protocols have been studied where antipain was present before, during and at various times post-irradiation. It was found that antipain suppressed the radiation-induced expression of the tumor-associated antigen in all treatment protocols. The most effective suppression was obtained in those protocols where the protease inhibitor was present for the first 4 h post-irradiation. A possible explanation for this observation is that antipain may inhibit an error-prone DNA repair process. However, it is clear that this is not the only mechanism whereby the inhibitor can exert its effect since suppression was obtained even when antipain was added 10 days post-irradiation, a time when any DNA repair processes would be expected to be over.
Measurements of Equivalence Ratio Fluctuations in a Lean Premixed Gas Turbine Combustor Using an IR Absorption Technique

An experimental study was conducted to estimate and confirm equivalence ratio fluctuations at the inlet of a lean premixed gas turbine combustor. Fuel injectors were placed at several locations in the mixing section of the combustor, in order to produce different instability characteristics due to the equivalence ratio fluctuations. An IR absorption technique was used to measure the equivalence ratio fluctuations at the inlet of the dump combustor. The measured IR signals were processed in two different ways and the results were compared to confirm the two calibrated equivalence ratio signals. The processed data showed that the two processing methods gave very similar results, and the phase of the measured equivalence ratio fluctuations at the combustor inlet by the IR absorption technique agreed well with that of equivalence ratio fluctuations predicted by time lags in the mixing section. It was, however, not possible to accurately predict the magnitude of the equivalence ratio fluctuations at the combustor inlet by the time lag analysis because the equivalence ratio fluctuations generataed at the fuel injection location is changed by mixing and diffusion as the fuel is convected through the combustor.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
9A-1 Experimental Assessment of Angle-Independent Myocardial Elastography Performance Using a Left-Ventricular Phantom Undergoing Physiologic Motion

Echocardiography is the most prevalent imaging modalities in clinical cardiology. However, current diagnostic techniques rely on qualitative image analysis, ignoring the quantitative data inherent to this modality. We seek to develop a quantitative system for analyzing echocardiographic images. In this study, the performance of myocardial elastography was tested under motion-induced decorrelation noise using a tissue- mimicking phantom of the human left ventricle (LV) that underwent physiologic, cardiac motion configurations. A Terason system (Teratech Corp., Burlington, MA, USA.) with a phased array transducer (128 elements, 3.5 MHz) was utilized to acquire radiofrequency (RF) data in a short-axis view of a cylindrical polyacrylamide phantom with geometric (Ro = 28 mm, Ri = 15 mm, L = 15 cm) and mechanical properties (Ewall = 50 kPa + agar scatterers; Ecore = 10 kPa) similar to those of an adult, healthy LV. The phantom underwent two motion configurations - either pure rotation, with the non-rotating end of the phantom being free, or torsion with the non-rotating end being fixed; the latter in order to simulate the "wringing" action of the LV. This provided a realistic motion pattern for decorrelation noise and rotational motion analysis. RF data were acquired at multiple slices to assess differential displacements under these motion configurations. In-plane (lateral and axial) displacements were iteratively estimated using a 1D cross-correlation and recorrelation technique in a 2D search (4.10 mm window with 75% overlap) and then radial, circumferential, and angular displacements were calculated via a coordinate transformation. Second, in-plane strains were calculated using a least-squares strain estimator. Radial and circumferential strains were then computed based on a similar coordinate transformation. The observed displacement estimates were in accordance with the theoretically predicted results. During pure rotation, all regions of the phantom exhibited similar displacements and minute strains. In the case of torsion, in-plane strains were again insignificant, but analysis of multiple slices revealed differential motion resulting from the imposed constraint on rotation. Ongoing studies aim at investigating the reproducibility of the measurements as well as studying more complex motion configurations, including simultaneous radial deformation and flow.
Modeling Preparatory Commitment and Non-repeatable Decisions Information-processing, Preference Formation and Educational Attainment

For many decisions with uncertain outcomes, prior preparation determines the payoffs received following choices. The payoff to an investment in human capital, for example, is a function of the ability to benefit from the course of training undertaken, and this ability is at least partly a function of one's self-regulated prior preparation. How should we use rational choice theory to model a goal-directed individual's preparatory commitment toward a consequential future decision if we cannot assume that preferences are fixed, that individuals engage in perfect information-processing, and that their expectations obey statistical decision theory? Introducing the concept of prefigurative commitment while invoking a stochastic decision tree for forecasts of future behavior, I show how a bounded rationality information-processing and evaluation mechanism generates courses of preparatory commitment decisions that differ from those that would result from strict adherence to orthodox decision theory. Throughout th...
Laminar and columnar distribution of geniculo-cortical fibers in the macaque monkey.

Single cell recordings in monkey striate cortex have shown differences in response properties from one cell layer to the next and have also shown that the IVth layer, which receives most of its input from the geniculate, is subdivided into a mosaic of regions, some connected to the left eye, others to the right. In the present study small lesions were made in single layers or pairs of layers in the lateral geniculate body, and the striate cortex was later examined with a Fink-Heimer modification of the Nauta method. We hoped to correlate the laminar distribution of axon terminals in the cortex with functional differences between layers, and to demonstrate the IVth-layer mosaic anatomically. After lesions in either of the two most dorsal (parvocellular) layers, terminal degeneration was found mainly in layer IVc, with a second minor input to a narrow band in the upper part of IVa. A very few degenerating fibers ascended to layer I. In contrast, lesions in either of the two ventral (magnocellular) layers were followed by terminal degeneration confined, apparently, to IVb, or at times extending for a short distance into the upper part of IVc; no degeneration was seen in layer IVa or in layer I. After a lesion confined to a single geniculate layer, a section through the corresponding region of striate cortex showed discrete areas or bands of degeneration in layer IV, usually 0.5–1.0 mm long, separated by interbands of about the same extent in which there was no terminal degeneration. When serial sections were reconstructed to obtain a face-on view of the layer-IV mosaic, it appeared as a series of regular, parallel, alternating degeneration-rich and degeneration-poor stripes. When a geniculate lesion involved both layer VI (the most dorsal, with input from the contralateral eye) and the part of layer V directly below (ipsilateral eye), the cortical degeneration, as expected, occupied a virtually continuous strip in layer IVc and the reconstructed face-on view of this layer showed a large confluent region of degeneration. In some of the reconstructions the cortical stripes seemed highly regular; in others there was a variable amount of cross connection between stripes. The stripes varied in width from 0.25 to 0.50 mm, and width did not seem to correlate with region of retinal representation. It is concluded that the long narrow stripes of alternating left-eye and right-eye input to layer IV are an anatomical counterpart of the physiologically observed ocular-dominance columns. Because of this segregation of inputs, cells of layer IV are almost invariably influenced by one eye only. A cell above or below layer IV will be dominated by the eye supplying the nearest IVth layer stripe, but will generally, though not always, receive a subsidiary input from the other eye, presumably by diagonal connections from the nearest stripes supplied by that eye.
Untangling neural nets

Beck, King, and Zeng (2000) offer both a sweeping critique of the quantitative security studies field and a bold new direction for future research. Despite important strengths in their work, we take issue with three aspects of their research: (1) the substance of the logit model they compare to their neural network, (2) the standards they use for assessing forecasts, and (3) the theoretical and model-building implications of the nonparametric approach represented by neural networks. We replicate and extend their analysis by estimating a more complete logit model and comparing it both to a neural network and to a linear discriminant analysis. Our work reveals that neural networks do not perform substantially better than either the logit or the linear discriminant estimators. Given this result, we argue that more traditional approaches should be relied upon due to their enhanced ability to test hypotheses.
The Milwaukee Academic Interest Inventory as Related to Holland's Personality Types

Scores from the Milwaukee Academic Interest Inventory were shown to effect a significant pattern of discrimination of examinees among Holland's six personality types, as specified by his Vocational Preference Inventory. Other evidence was provided that demonstrated the close relationships among personality, academic interests, and vocational choice as well as the construct validity of the two instruments.
Internalizing Problems as a Predictor of Change in Externalizing Problems in At-Risk Youth

Intervention and prevention programs for children with externalizing problems frequently involve children with co-occurring internalizing problems. Little is known about how these co-occurring internalizing problems predict outcomes, particularly for programs involving cognitive-behavioral strategies. The current study examined how a set of child-related risk factors (including anxiety and depressive symptoms) predicted change in parent- and teacher-reported externalizing problems following a school-based preventative intervention for children at risk for externalizing problems. Participants included 112 preadolescent children (ages 9-12) who participated in a study designed to evaluate the efficacy of the Coping Power Program (Lochman & Wells, 2004 ). Participants included 81 boys (68%) who were primarily African American (69%) or Caucasian (30%). Regression analyses were conducted to examine predictors of change in parent- and teacher-reported externalizing problems on the Behavior Assessment System for Children (Reynolds & Kamphaus, 1992 ). Results indicated that greater child depression symptoms (as reported by parent or teacher) were associated with a larger reduction in externalizing behavior problems based on parent or teacher report. This effect was found in both the parent and teacher models and held after controlling for a number of child-oriented baseline variables including baseline aggression. Future research studies should examine whether co-occurring symptoms of depression relate to enhanced changes in externalizing problems following intervention for externalizing problems, particularly when cognitive-behavioral interventions are utilized. In addition, it will be important for studies to examine such effects relative to a control group and/or alternative treatment conditions and to further explore possible mechanisms of change.
Constructive and virtual model linkage

The U.S. Army has two disparate combat models, Janus and Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) based systems. Both facilitate training, tactical development and weapons analysis. However, a major problem is that entities existing in the Janus Combat Model cannot interact with DIS entities. This paper address how to make this interaction possible, producing a synergy between the combined models, each model benefiting the other. The first step was to identify the differences between the Janus and DIS environments. Next, a software architecture was developed to store and manipulate data regarding both simulations. A communications architecture was created to allow data flow between the two environments. Finally, algorithms were developed to allow for interaction between Janus and DIS entities. The resulting product, the World Modeler (WM), integrates Janus, a two dimensional, constructive combat model, into the three dimensional, entity-level virtual battlefield of DIS. Janus entities interact in real-time with other entities in the DIS virtual world. It is a software system operating on a low-end Silicon Graphics (SGI) workstation with TCP/IP and UDP/IP networking capabilities.
Simultaneous Estimation of All the Parameters of a Stepwise Mutation Model

Minisatellite and microsatellite are short tandemly repetitive sequences dispersed in eukaryotic genomes, many of which are highly polymorphic due to copy number variation of the repeats. Because mutation changes copy numbers of the repeat sequences in a generalized stepwise fashion, stepwise mutation models are widely used for studying the dynamics of these loci. We propose a minimum chi-square (MCS) method for simultaneous estimation of all the parameters in a stepwise mutation model and the ancestral allelic type of a sample. The MCS estimator requires knowing the mean number of alleles of a certain size in a sample, which can be estimated using Monte Carlo samples generated by a coalescent algorithm. The method is applied to samples of seven (CA)n repeat loci from eight human populations and one chimpanzee population. The estimated values of parameters suggest that there is a general tendency for microsatellite alleles to expand in size, because (1) each mutation has a slight tendency to cause size increase and (2) the mean size increase is larger than the mean size decrease for a mutation. Our estimates also suggest that most of these CA-repeat loci evolve according to multistep mutation models rather than single-step mutation models. We also introduced several quantities for measuring the quality of the estimation of ancestral allelic type, and it appears that the majority of the estimated ancestral allelic types are reasonably accurate. Implications of our analysis and potential extensions of the method are discussed. SINCE the discovery that a large number of loci with tandemly repeated sequences in human and many eukaryote species are highly polymorphic because of copy number variation of the repeats in different individuals (Jeffreys 1985; Litt and Luty 1989; Weber and May 1989), allele size data from such loci are rapidly becoming the dominant source of genetic markers for genome mapping, forensic testing, and population studies. Loci with repeat sequences longer than 5 bp are generally referred to as minisatellite or variable number tandem repeat loci, and those with repeat sequences between 2 to 5 bp are referred to as microsatellite or short tandem repeat loci (Tautz 1993). Because mutations change the copy number of such loci in a stepwise fashion, rapid accumulation of population samples from minisatellite and microsatellite loci has resurrected the interest of the stepwise mutation model (SMM), which was popular in the 1970s.
Evaluation of metals in marine and freshwater surficial sediments from the environmental monitoring and assessment program relative to proposed sediment quality criteria for metals

Surficial sediments collected from Lake Michigan (N = 46) and the Virginian Province of the east coast of the U.S. (N = 131) by the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were evaluated relative to a proposed approach to sediment quality criteria (SQC) for five metals (copper, cadmium, zinc, nickel, and lead). Concentrations of acid‒volatile sulfide (AVS), simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) from the AVS extraction, total metals, and total organic carbon were measured in the sediments. Interstitial pore‒water concentrations of the five metals also were measured in the freshwater sediment samples. Overall, 91% of 131 surficial marine sediments and 50% of 46 surficial freshwater sediments contained detectable AVS. In 93 of the marine sediments the concentrations of AVS were greater than total SEM (molar sum of copper, cadmium, zinc, nickel, and lead) indicating a low probability of bioavailable metal. In contrast, 91% of the surficial freshwater samples contained greater concentrations of total SEM than AVS. However, pore‒water concentrations of the five metals in the freshwater samples were uniformly low and never exceeded 0.3 toxic units based on an additive toxicity model that utilized final chronic values from EPA water quality criteria documents for the five metals. These predictions of minimal metal bioavailability in the EMAP samples were consistent with a general lack of toxicity in laboratory assays with the sediments and with the fact that they had been collected predominantly from ostensibly uncontaminated sites.
Analysis of a Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Type A24 Isolate Containing an SGD Receptor Recognition Site In Vitro and Its Pathogenesis in Cattle

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) initiates infection by binding to integrin receptors via an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence found in the G-H loop of the structural protein VP1. Following serial passages of a type A(24) Cruzeiro virus (A(24)Cru) in bovine, via tongue inoculation, a virus was generated which contained an SGD sequence in the cell receptor-binding site and expressed a turbid plaque phenotype in BHK-21 cells. Propagation of this virus in these cells resulted in the rapid selection of viruses that grew to higher titers, produced clear plaques, and now contained an RGD sequence in place of the original SGD. To study the role of the SGD sequence in FMDV receptor recognition and bovine virulence, we assembled an infectious cDNA clone of an RGD-containing A(24)Cru and derived mutant clones containing either SGD with a single nucleotide substitution in the R(144) codon or double substitutions at this position to prevent mutation of the S to an R. The SGD viruses grew poorly in BHK-21 cells and stably maintained the sequence during propagation in BHK-21 cells expressing the bovine alpha(V)beta(6) integrin (BHK3-alpha(V)beta(6)), as well as in experimentally infected and contact steers. While all the SGD-containing viruses used only the bovine alpha(V)beta(6) integrin as a cellular receptor with relatively high efficiency, the revertant RGD viruses utilized either the alpha(V)beta(1) or alpha(V)beta(3) bovine integrins with higher efficiency than alpha(V)beta(6) and grew well in BHK-21 cells. Replacing the R at the -1 SGD position with either K or E showed that this residue did not contribute to integrin utilization in vitro. These results illustrate the rapid evolution of FMDV with alteration in receptor specificity and suggest that viruses with sequences other than RGD, but closely related to it, can still infect via integrin receptors and induce and transmit the disease to susceptible animals.
Column water vapor from diffuse irradiance

A possibility of measuring water vapor column from diffuse irradiance, and thus the extension of optical retrievals to cloudy days, was investigated. The data from the Rotating Shadowband Spectroradiometer (RSS) during its winter deployment at the North Slope of Alaska (NSA) site is used. The initial analysis covers 20 days in March 1999 that include clear, partly cloudy, and overcast days. During these days, water vapor column according to the NSA site’s Microwave Radiometer (MWR) varied between 1 and 5 mm. The diffuse irradiances in the 820 and 940-nm water vapor absorption bands are compared with water vapor column obtained from the MWR. While these irradiances do not correlate well with the water vapor column, we found that by using the diffuse transmittance in the 760-nm oxygen absorption band to obtain an effective air mass, we could derive a method that greatly increases the correlation. The end result is a correlation of 0.97 and 0.95 between MWR and diffuse RSS retrievals using 820 and 940-nm transmittances, respectively. This encouraging result is based on empirical data analysis only. It implies that the diffuse irradiance may contain sufficient information to retrieve water vapor column. However, we must analyze broader data sets to ensure that the resulting high correlation in these data is not predicated on the limited climatological conditions experienced in March 1999 at the NSA site.
Multi-finger "hugging": a robust approach to sensor-based grasp planning

Considers the problem of planning the grasp operation for a multi-finger hand. The hand is expected to be able to handle three-dimensional objects of arbitrary unknown shapes as long as they are of "reasonable" size so as to make the grasping operation meaningful. The object geometry is not known beforehand. To provide input information for the interaction necessary, a whole-sensitive hand is assumed-every point of its surfaces possesses tactile sensing. The important property of the problem formulation is that in the grasp produced the hand and the fingers are expected to "hug" the object in a manner a human hand holds an apple-with the maximum contact with its surface for a firm, comfortable grasp. A novel, powerful strategy for real-time grasping is suggested which makes use of techniques for highly redundant sensor-based planar motion planning. An example is given that illustrates the performance of the approach. >
Efficient modal analysis of systems with local stiffness uncertainties

The characterization of the uncertainty in modal quantities of an uncertain linear structural system is essential to the rapid determination of its response to arbitrary loadings. Although the size of many computational structural models used is extremely large, i.e. thousands of equations, the uncertainty to be analyzed is oftentimes localized to very small regions of the model. This paper addresses the development of an efficient, computational methodology for the modal analysis of linear structural systems with local stiffness uncertainties. The newly developed methodology utilizes an enriched basis that consists of the sub-spectrum of a nominal structural system augmented with additional basis vectors generated from a knowledge of the structure of the stiffness uncertainty. In addition, methods for determining bounds on the approximate modal frequencies and mode shapes are discussed. Numerical results demonstrate that the algorithm produces highly accurate results with greatly reduced computational effort. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social Work Collaboration with Faith Leaders and Faith Groups Serving Families in Rural Areas

Faith groups are among the few organizations that serve individuals and families across the life span. When social workers and faith leaders in small towns and rural communities build mutual understanding and trust, the resulting professional interdisciplinary relationships can lead to collaborative service provision that benefits families. This review of the literature includes current research that provides a lens through which social workers can understand faith leaders and faith groups, gain a perspective on the importance of their role within rural communities, and obtain practical guidance in best practices for collaborative social services to individuals and families.
Hajimu Masuda, Cold War Crucible: The Korean Conflict and the Postwar World. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015. 388 pp. $39.95

Although Namikas does not emphasize the point, her narrative makes clear that Western, especially U.S., behavior is what drove Lumumba into the arms of the Soviet Union. This development paralleled what had only recently occurred in Cuba. Washington’s inability to understand the driving force of nationalism throughout the Third World and its view that challenges to continued Western dominance were part of a Soviet-oriented plot, became a sort of self-fulfilling prophecy. Other important points, though not original to Namikas’s analysis, reinforce known aspects of U.S. policy and place them in context, including U.S. plans to assassinate a political leader, in this case Lumumba, whose policies Washington found distasteful (and the failure to act when Belgian allies did, in fact, facilitate his execution). This was part of a broader pattern of U.S. efforts from the 1950s and into the 1970s— in Iran, Guatemala, Belgian Congo, Indonesia, and Chile—to intervene directly in the domestic affairs of other countries to remove legitimate governments whose policies the United States opposed. In almost all cases the long-term results were disastrous for the local population, and inimical for U.S. interests in the country or region concerned. The book also makes clear that policymakers in Washington viewed the United Nations (UN) largely as an instrument of U.S. foreign policy. However, what a growing number of newly independent states interpreted as the pro-Western bias of key UN officials such as Dag Hammarskjold, Conor Cruise O’Brien, Ralph Bunche, and Andrew Cordier contributed to the growing frictions between them and the United States. The long-term impact of U.S. policy in the Congo, based as it was on an exaggerated view of the “Soviet threat,” was the emergence of Mobutu’s dictatorship, which bred the factors that contribute to today’s continuing chaos in the region. Throughout this important new analysis of the Congo conflict, Namikas does not neglect the overall negative role of Belgium at nearly all stages. Battleground Africa: Cold War in the Congo, 1960–1965 is a magnificent treatment of a topic of great importance in the evolution of the Cold War from its origins in Europe after the Second World War to its truly global impact less than two decades later. Namikas has made understandable the immensely complex set of factors that made up the conflict.
Representing Truth: Sojourner Truth's Knowing and Becoming Known

In New York City on the first ofJune, 1843, a woman known as Isabella Van Wagner changed her name to Sojourner Truth and began an itinerant ministry. The date was momentous, for in 1843, June 1 was Pentecost, the Christian holiday that falls fifty days after Easter and commemorates the day when the Holy Spirit filled Jesus' disciples and gave them the power to preach to strangers. Pentecostals such as Sojourner Truth heed Luke's narration in the biblical book of Acts, in which the Holy Spirit made the disciples speak in tongues, in the foreign languages that let them teach people of all nations of the wonderful works of God. God said through the disciples already this was mediated knowledge that he would pour out his spirit upon all flesh, and men and daughters and servants would prophesy.1 Born into slavery in New York State, in the Hudson River county of Ulster, about 1797, Isabella took up her ministry in obedience to the Pentecostal imperative that had divided her life between slavery and freedom sixteen years before. The power of the Holy Spirit had struck her first in 1827, when emancipation in New York State, Pentecost, and the attendant slave holiday of Pinkster had virtually coincided. Isabella underwent a cataclysmic religious experience and the Holy Spirit, the power within Pentecost, remained a crucial force throughout her life a source of inspiration and a means of knowing. To the woman who became Sojourner Truth, knowing and being known were always of both material and epistemological significance.2
Abstract 5380: Detection of OvCa1 in human malignancies.

Immunohistochemistry biomarkers are currently being developed to target specific proteins found in cancer cells, which could contribute to a better understanding of specific types of cancers and provide information to develop better treatments for cancer patients. The biomarker and putative tumor suppressor, OvCa1, has a function that is not well characterized. Due to a lack of staining reagents, we developed monoclonal antibodies of OvCa1 to examine multiple human malignancies. The goal of this project was to gain a better understanding of OvCa1 and its role in cancer. Primary cancers with different histological grades as well as metastatic lesions were examined with the monoclonal antibodies. Ovarian cancer tissue samples from the Indiana University Simon Cancer Center Tissue Bank were used for this study. The samples were fixed in neutral buffered formalin and processed into paraffin blocks. The tissues were cut using a microtome and placed on slides. Staining of the OvCa1 antibody was completed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques. Thirty-one samples were evaluated including low grade tumors, medium grade tumors, high grade tumors, and metastatic ovarian carcinomas. All cases revealed a range of staining intensity with the OvCa1 antibody. The results indicated that OvCa1 for the high grade, stage 3/4, ovarian carcinomas had the highest staining intensity. Medium grade tumors had less OvCa1 expression. The metastatic tumors had less staining than any of the other three grades. Immunostaining was observed primarily in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the tumor cells. In addition, we evaluated approximately 20 tumors from various different organs. These included prostate, breast, spleen, lung, colon, stomach, and kidney tumors, which were positive for immunostaining with the OvCa1 antibody. In summary, the results indicated that all histological grades expressed the biomarker, OvCa1, and the staining intensity was highest in the high grade, stage 3/4, tumors. Our preliminary studies demonstrated a further need to delineate OvCa1 as a potential biomarker, which could be used for early detection and diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Citation Format: Jessica L. Jackson, Kristen A. Grothaus, Connie J. Temm, Lindsey D. Mayo, George E. Sanduksy. Detection of OvCa1 in human malignancies. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5380. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5380
Analysis on HIV/AIDS Epidemic Situation in Shenyang City from 1991 to 2009

[Objective]To analyze the epidemic characteristics of HIV/AIDS in Shenyang city,predict its trend,so as to provide scientific basis for making control countermeasures.[Methods]Using data of HIV/AIDS epidemic report,HIV/AIDS epidemic situation in Shenyang city from 1991 to 2009 was analyzed.[Results]By the end of 2009,1052 HIV/AIDS cases were reported,which included 933 male cases and 119 female cases.Most of cases were people aged 20～49 years old(82.7%).Population distribution:HIV was transmitted from exotic infected person to high-risk population before 1997,but HIV has spread to every population in the recent years.The major transmission ways was changed from blood transmission to sexual transmission,and the sexual transmission accounted for 59.9% in 2009.The same-sex transmission was two times more than blood transmission,and blood transmission accounted for 15.9%.[Conclusion]The HIV/AIDS epidemic situation spreads rapidly in Shenyang city.More and more HIV/AIDS cases would occur by sexual transmission.It is necessary to carry out effective measures to control HIV/AIDS epidemic.
Problems and considerations in the valid assessment of personality disorders.

This article reviews evidence for the reliability and diagnostic concordance of structured-interview and self-report questionnaire methods for the diagnosis of personality disorders. The findings of nine studies that compared two or more axis II diagnostic instruments administered to the same groups of subjects are summarized. Across the eight studies with sufficient data, a summary of the overall diagnostic agreement between any two instruments yielded a low reliability (median kappa = 0.25) for making individual personality disorder diagnoses. Diagnostic concordance was lower between self-report questionnaire and interview methods than between interview methods. Comparing dimensional scores of different methods did not appreciably improve the level of agreement. The author concludes that current methods for making personality disorder diagnoses have high reliability but yield diagnoses that are not significantly comparable across methods beyond chance, which is not scientifically acceptable. Sources for the disagreement include variance due to different raters, interview occasions, data sources (self-report versus observer report), information bases obtained, and instrument sensitivity to state effects (e.g., mood). Serious problems in assessment validity may also arise from the yes/no format, which, despite probes for confirmatory examples, may fail to distinguish adequately between sporadic occurrences and longstanding patterns. Efforts should be made to improve and demonstrate the validity of axis II diagnostic methods. One route to increasing validity is to improve the clinical interview, because personality patterns are best revealed by the recurring patterns one finds when taking a systematic history.
p53 gene alterations in human prostate carcinoma.

Abstract Alterations of the p53 gene are among the most frequent genetic lesions in a variety of human malignancies. Their role in prostate cancer is, however, unclear. We have analyzed 10 primary and two metastatic human prostate carcinomas as well as 3 prostate cancer cell lines for mutations of the p53-gene. Using single strand conformational polymorphism analysis (SSCP) and direct sequencing of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products, p53 mutations were detected in 1 of 10 primary prostate cancers. By contrast, 1 of 2 metastatic tumors and all 3 prostate cancer cell lines (derived from metastases) were found to contain a mutant p53 gene. Thus, our data suggest that alterations of the p53 gene at the mutational “hot spots” appear to occur infrequently in primary human prostate cancer, but may emerge in later stages of tumor progression. Furthermore, we confirm that loss of heterozygosity at a locus telomeric to p53, but not including p53, is associated with metastatic progression in 1 case.
Report for Detection of Biothreat Agents and Environmental Samples using the LLNL Virulence Array for DHS

The objective of this project is to provide DHS a comprehensive evaluation of the current genomic technologies including genotyping, Taqman PCR, multiple locus variable tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), microarray and high-throughput DNA sequencing in the analysis of biothreat agents from complex environmental samples. This report focuses on the design, testing and results of samples on the Virulence Array.
Organisation und Partizipation aus pädagogischer Sicht – eine Einführung

Das Thema Partizipation hat weltweit grose Aktualitat erlangt, eine demokratische politische Bewegung von unten her ist entstanden, von Gruppen aus dem Volk der Burgerinnen und Burger, die sich zusammenschliesen und im offentlichen Raum der Strase mehr Teilhabe fordern. In unserem Land war die „Stuttgart 21“-Bewegung getragen von dem Wunsch nach politischer Teilhabe an der Entscheidung fur oder gegen den Bahnhof.
Premature Ovarian Failure

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is an ovarian disorder of diverse etiologies characterized by amenorrhea, elevated serum gonadotropins, and hypoestrogenemia in women less than 40 years of age. This chapter reviews several questions regarding the cause, treatment approaches, fertility issues, and follow up details with respect to the ideal management of POF. This review can help the clinicians make progress towards a better understanding of the causes of premature ovarian failure. The diagnosis of POF always comes as a shock to the patient, so it is important for clinician to discuss with the patient the issues set forth. A number of women are found with X-chromosome anomaly. Another cause of ovarian failure is usually autoimmune. Thorough evaluation and screening of X chromosome and related autoimmune conditions is important at the initial diagnosis. It is however difficult to assure the potential for fertility as no specific treatment has been proven beneficial. Long term follow-up generally addresses the risks of hypoestrogenism such as osteoporosis and increased risk of heart disease. For optimal management of patient with POF condition, it is important for clinician to spend time to evaluate and counsel the patient with appropriate health maintenance follow-up.
An Accurate Cross-Layer Approach for Online Architectural Vulnerability Estimation

Processor soft-error rates are projected to increase as feature sizes scale down, necessitating the adoption of reliability-enhancing techniques, but power and performance overhead remain a concern of such techniques. Dynamic cross-layer techniques are a promising way to improve the cost-effectiveness of resilient systems. As a foundation for making such a system, we propose a cross-layer approach for estimating the architectural vulnerability of a processor core online that works by combining information from software, compiler, and microarchitectural layers at runtime. The hardware layer combines the metadata from software and compiler layers with microarchitectural measurements to estimate architectural vulnerability online. We describe our design and evaluate it in detail on a set of SPEC CPU 2006 applications. We find that our online AVF estimate is highly accurate with respect to a postmortem AVF analysis, with only 0.46p average absolute error. Also, our design incurs negligible performance impact for SPEC2006 applications and about 1.2p for a Monte Carlo application, requires approximately 1.4p area overhead, and costs about 3.3p more power on average. We compare our technique against two prior online AVF estimation techniques, one using a linear regression to estimate AVF and another based on PVF-HVF; our evaluation finds that our approach, on average, is more accurate. Our case study of a Monte Carlo simulation shows that our AVF estimate can adapt to the inherent resiliency of the algorithm. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach using a dynamic protection scheme that limits vulnerability to soft errors while reducing the energy consumption by an average of 4.8p, and with a target normalized SER of 10p, compared to enabling a simple parity+ECC protection at all times.
HIV Serodiscordant Couples and the Discourse of Normality: Reconciling the Biomedical and the Social in Porto Alegre, Brazil

HIV serodiscordant couples played key roles in recent research on biomedical HIV prevention technologies. Despite this, we know relatively little about such couples outside of clinical contexts. A more holistic understanding is required if we are to address the social and health needs of those in mixed-status relationships. This chapter, based on ethnographic research on love, risk, and HIV serodiscordance in Porto Alegre, Brazil, explores tensions between the lived practices of serodiscordance and biomedical attempts to normalize HIV. A common theme across observations and interviews with six heterosexual serodiscordant couples, and medical staff and patients at a municipal HIV clinic, constructed State-guaranteed access to antiretrovirals as having rendered HIV a controllable, chronic condition. Partners of both serostatuses tended to de-emphasize ways the virus and serodiscordance shaped intimate relationships, often describing aspects of living with HIV as “normal.” The high degree of consonance around this expression, in juxtaposition with data suggesting otherwise, begged explanation. A critical examination of what I call the “discourse of normality” elucidates challenges these couples faced. Specifically, I outline how HIV-related stigma prompted a struggle to re-signify serodiscordant relationships. I also examine how practices demanded of “good patients” contradicted culturally-specific ideals of gender and conjugality, requiring the reconciliation of conflicting identities. At its heart, the discourse of normality was a response to a particular political-economic and social context in which HIV-related stigma met effective treatment. I argue that this discourse marks ongoing negotiations around HIV and serodiscordance, and reveals the contingent and profoundly biocultural nature of both.