cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unrealistic Expectations: Contesting the Usefulness of Weber's Protestant Ethic for the Study of Latin American Protestantism

dernity.1 The arrival brought a promise and a threat—the promise of ushering in Western development and the threat of upsetting Latin American societies' traditional bases. As the religious embodiment of modern ideals, Protestantism carried the seeds of a new social order, democratic practices, and liberalism. However, Alves cautioned, the promise could unfold only if Protestant values found enough roots in Latin American circles to change the continent's Thomistic, corporat ist, hierarchical worldview. Two major Protestant tenets seemed particularly challenging for the region: the insistence on individualism and the emphasis on demo cratic practices. Individualism ran counter to Latin American Catholic corporatism. Unlike Catholicism, Protestants did not seek to sacralize the existing social order—"there are no sacred structures. God does not have communion with structures but with persons."2 Furthermore, the emphasis on the priesthood of believers challenged the hierarchical and unequal structures of Latin American society—"If God relates himself equally to all men, a society in which some men dominate
Effects of 2-deoxyglucose on blood glucose levels in the rat.

Discussion and SummaryDespite unquestionable evidence from the work of others that 2-deoxyglucose inhibits glucose oxidation in isolated tissues and eviscerated rabbits there was no impairment of disposition of a glucose load in adrenal-demedullated anesthetized rats pre-treated with large doses of deoxyglucose. This suggests that other pathways of glucose disposal must be utilized which compensate for inhibition of oxidation. These avenues of glucose disposal will be explored. Inhibition by DHE of the hyperglycemia which results from injection of deoxyglucose into intact fasted rats suggests that this glucose analogue is capable of stimulating release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla. The lack of hyperglycemia following deoxyglucose injection in adrenal demedullated rats lends support to this hypothesis.
Laboratory Measurement of P-Wave Anisotropy in Shales With Laser Ultrasonics

We propose a new method to measure the P-wave anisotropy in core shales with laser ultrasonics. The measured velocities show significant P-wave velocity and attenuation anisotropy. We estimate within 1◦ the fast and slow wave directions in two shales, and assess if the direction of the symmetry axis aligns with the sample layering coordinate system. The laser system is more sensitive to the shale anisotropy than data acquired with transducers as the latter averages wave energy over a greater area. c13 is estimated by fitting the phase velocity equation to the data as a function of angle, but misfits at angles away from the parallel and normal directions to layering are under investigation.
The Characteristics and Prospect of VSC-HVDC Power Transmission

VSC-HVDC Power Transmission is reviewed,including its structure,basic principle and control strategy.The paper ana-lyzes the technology characteristics and application fields of VSC-HVDC transmission,and explores its current research situation and development trends,pointing out that VSC-HVDC transmission has extensive application prospect and is an important branch of the developing power transmission technology.
The 1967 Devaluation of Sterling

Long before 1967, the possibility that sterling might have to be devalued was widely entertained, though not often discussed in public. It came up from time to time in the 1950s, but without any indication that it had ever been seriously considered by the government. The Tribunal inquiring into alleged leaks before the raising of Bank rate to 7 per cent in September 1957 heard evidence from financial journalists that the Chancellor had told them of his intention ‘to represent most strongly’ at the Annual Meeting of the IMF in Washington that ‘the Government had no intention of devaluing the pound or allowing the margins of the rate to be flexible’.1 Harold Macmillan, musing on the economic situation at the beginning of 1962, reflected that if wage inflation continued ‘we might have to devalue’;2 and in writing to the Queen in March 1963 he described to her the school of thought that advocated a policy of ‘“Boom and do not mind busting”, i.e. devalue the pound or alternatively let it float’.3 But the only form of devaluation that he was willing to contemplate was a move to raise the price of gold, in default of action by the United States, by means of a concerted devaluation of the pound, mark and franc in the interests of increasing international liquidity.4
Coupling of an acoustic wave to shear motion due to viscous heating

Viscous heating due to shear motion in a plasma can result in the excitation of a longitudinal acoustic wave, if the shear motion is modulated in time. The coupling mechanism is a thermal effect: time-dependent shear motion causes viscous heating, which leads to a rarefaction that can couple into a longitudinal wave, such as an acoustic wave. This coupling mechanism is demonstrated in an electrostatic three-dimensional (3D) simulation of a dusty plasma, in which a localized shear flow is initiated as a pulse, resulting in a delayed outward propagation of a longitudinal acoustic wave. This coupling effect can be profound in plasmas that exhibit localized viscous heating, such as the dusty plasma we simulated using parameters typical of the PK-4 experiment. We expect that a similar phenomenon can occur with other kinds of plasma waves.
The Impact of Gestational Age at Delivery on Urologic Outcomes for the Fetus with Hydronephrosis.

ABSTRACTObjective: Compare short-term urologic outcomes with delivery timing in fetuses with severe hydronephrosis. Methods: An ultrasound database was queried for severe hydronephrosis. Cases were categorized into late preterm/early term (36 0/7 - 38 6/7 weeks) and full term (39 0/7 weeks or greater) groups. Baseline characteristics were compared using standard statistical methods. Spearman's correlation analysis was performed for grade and severity of hydronephrosis on first postnatal ultrasound with gestational age at delivery. Results: Of 589 cases, 79 (33 late preterm/early term, 46 full term) met criteria. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. Spearman's correlation coefficients (rs) indicated that increased postnatal Society for Fetal Urology grade, rs= −0.26 (95% CI [−.48, −.002]), and severity of hydronephrosis, rs= −0.39 (95% CI [−.59, −.14]), both correlated with earlier delivery. Conclusion: Late preterm/early term delivery resulted in worse short-term postnatal renal outcomes....
Friction Stir Welding of Al–Li Alloys

Al–Li alloys have regained significant attention from the aerospace industry due to their higher specific strength compared to conventional aerospace aluminum (2XXX and 7XXX) alloys. Friction stir welding (FSW) of precipitation-strengthened aluminum alloys results in a variety of microstructure. Of course, the initial microstructure and the alloy chemistry coupled with the thermal cycle determine the final microstructure. The thermal cycle during welding is influenced by the tool geometry, choice of welding parameters, workpiece thickness, and auxiliary cooling. In turn, the efficacy of postweld heat treatment is again linked with the impact of thermal cycle, starting temper, and alloy chemistry on the microstructure after FSW. The influence of above-stated factors on FSW characteristics of Al–Li alloys and final properties have been discussed in this chapter.
Functional Differences in GATA-1 Affinity for Double Versus Single GATA-1 Binding Sites Dictate Synergistic Versus Antagonistic Interactions of PU.1 and GATA-1 in Myeloid Gene Transcription.

Instructive roles for both GATA-1 and PU.1 have been demonstrated in hematopoiesis, and recent studies have identified both antagonistic and synergistic interactions between them in myeloid gene transcription and lineage development. In prior studies, we reported that PU.1 synergizes with rather than antagonizes GATA-1 for transactivation of a hallmark eosinophil gene, the major basic protein P2 promoter (MBP-P2), which possesses a novel dual (double) GATA-binding site, similar to the palindromic double site in the murine GATA-1 control locus that may specify eosinophil lineage-specific expression of GATA-1 and eosinophil development. To address the transcriptional mechanism for PU.1-GATA-1 synergy through the MBP-P2 dual GATA site, we investigated GATA-1 and PU.1 physical and functonal interactions via their binding sites in the MBP-P2 promoter. DNA binding affinities of GATA-1 and its C- versus N-terminal zinc fingers were assessed for single versus double GATA sites in the presence or absence of PU.1. Our results show that the dual GATA site strongly binds full length GATA-1 with higher affinity than either of the single sites, using both zinc fingers, but that mutant GATA-1 proteins with C-finger or N-finger deletions retain their ability to bind, albeit at lower affinity, to the dual site. DNA binding activities of the two zinc fingers with the dual GATA site were confirmed using peptides containing only the C-finger or N-finger region. Of note, formation of GATA-1 complexes with the dual GATA site was not inhibited by the addition of PU.1, whereas formation of binding complexes for mutants of GATA-1 containing only the C- or N-finger region could be completely inhibited in a dose-response fashion by PU.1. These unique features of PU.1/GATA-1 interactions on a dual versus single GATA-1 site were confirmed using peptides containing only the C- or N-finger regions of GATA-1. Our findings indicate that both zinc fingers of GATA-1 are involved in formation of the high-affinity GATA-1 complex with the dual site. Importantly, we show that the higher affinity dual GATA-1 site complex is not affected by the addition of PU.1, whereas formation of the binding complex with a single GATA-1 site is eliminated by PU.1, emphasizing the different mechanisms of GATA-1/PU.1 interactions on dual versus single GATA binding sites. Functional analyses by transactivation confirmed that synergistic activation of the MBP-P2 promoter by GATA-1 and PU.1 is mediated by their protein-protein interactions through this unique high affinity dual GATA-1 binding site. We suggest two possible mechanisms for PU.1/GATA-1 synergy on dual GATA sites: (1) PU.1 may change GATA-1 conformation and its high affinity for the dual site, enhancing its availability for interaction with the basal transcriptional machinery. Alternatively, (2) PU.1 could impede interactions of GATA-1 with a co-repressor, e.g. FOG-1, which we and others have shown represses GATA-1 function in the eosinophil lineage.
Evaluation of Trends in the Use of InterStim for Fecal Incontinence.

BACKGROUND Fecal incontinence (FI) represents a large source of morbidity and is a challenging clinical problem to manage. InterStim was approved to treat FI in 2011. Little is known about its adoption. We sought to characterize patterns of use of Interstim since Food and Drug Administration approval for FI. METHODS The New York State SPARCS database was used to evaluate InterStim use for FI from 2011 to 2014. The primary endpoint was the number of successful implantations of InterStim. Secondary endpoints included device removal, median time to removal of device, 90-day infection rates, and percentage of procedures performed by surgeon specialty and geographic location. RESULTS A total of 369 patients with FI underwent "Stage 1" of InterStim from 2011 to 2014. A total of 302 patients underwent "Stage 2," yielding a trial period failure rate of 18.2%. The majority of patients who underwent successful implantation were female (87.7%) and White (78.8%). Twenty-nine patients underwent device removal after a median duration of 147 days. Estimated risk of removal at median follow-up of 2 years was 11.8%. Colorectal surgeons comprised 51.1% of all providers followed by gynecologic (24.4%) and urologic surgeons (17.8%). A total of 71.7% of providers performed <5 procedures, while 3 of the highest volume providers performed 50.7% of all procedures. CONCLUSIONS InterStim for FI has been used by a wide variety of providers in New York State although only a few high-volume providers have performed the majority of procedures. White, female patients with Medicare are the most common recipients of InterStim. Further work must be done to develop strategies for improving access to this technology and to determine whether volume relates to outcomes.
Query Construction Patterns in PHP

Most PHP applications use databases, with developers including both static queries, given directly in the code, and dynamic queries, which are based on a mixture of static text, computed values, and user input. In this paper, we focus specifically on how developers create queries that are then used with the original MySQL API library. Based on a collection of open-source PHP applications, our initial results show that many of these queries are created according to a small collection of query construction patterns. We believe that identifying these patterns provides a solid base for program analysis, comprehension, and transformation tools that need to reason about database queries, including tools to support renovating existing PHP code to support safer, more modern database access APIs.
Alibaba and Internet Finance in China

With the official promulgation of the “Internet Plus” plan in 2015, China has opened up many of its previously tightly regulated industries for private Internet companies to enter, including the strategic banking and financial sector – a sector that has long been dominated by state-owned banks. China’s e-commerce giant Alibaba, relying upon its large collections of consumer and business data, has been one of the pioneers in this front. The company’s efforts in articulating with state’s initiatives to aggressively expand its reach into China’s financial industry, however, has not been a smooth process. The security concerns of different government agencies, the vested interests of large state-owned banks, and the company’s own extensive linkage with transnational capital have continued to create frictions. Drawing on a systematic review of state policies, corporate documents, trade journals, and news articles, as well as interviews with industrial practitioners in China, this paper offers a case study of Alibaba’s recent entry into China’s strategic financial sector. By focusing on three highly visible cases in Alibaba’s new adventures – the Alipay drama in 2011, the Yu’ebao dispute in 2013 and the establishment of the Internet bank MYbank in 2015, it provides some preliminary observations of the complex state-capital interactions that have structured China’s digital revolution during the “Internet Plus” era. This paper argues, if the Yu’ebao dispute in 2013 indicates that there were divergent visions and serious power struggles inside the state apparatus in terms of how to build an Internet-based financial sector, the still-limited business scope of MYBank in 2015 reveals the tensions between the security concerns of the Chinese state and the expansive objectives of its domestic Internet companies. Moreover, the drama around Alipay, and the more recently released Foreign Investment Draft Law, have further complicated the issue as the Chinese state seems to have started to curb the influence of transnational investment in its domestic digital market. As the “Internet Plus” initiative continues to grant private Internet companies unprecedented freedom to operate in many of China’s most strategic and sensitive industries, Alibaba’s recent Internet finance adventures – as analyzed in this paper – offer revealing policy insights into the ongoing and future restructuring of China’s digital economy.
Special Issue Introduction: Role of Epigenetic Gene Regulation in Brain Function.

In 1957, Conrad H. Waddington published a paper in which he demonstrated the inheritance of an acquired characteristic in a population in response to an environmental stimulus [1].[...]
Frontiers in Precision Medicine II: Cancer, Big Data and the Public

Precision medicine is being developed today within a complex landscape of medicine, science, public policy, law, and ethics. In December 2016, the University of Utah School of Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute and S.J. Quinney College of Law held their second annual symposium on current issues in precision medicine. The focus of symposium was on cancer and how precision medicine can enlist “big data” to combat what has been termed “the emperor of all maladies” -- cancer. This two-day event convened national experts in genetics, medicine, bioinformatics, intellectual property, health communications and bioethics to discuss and debate many of the pressing questions raised by precision medicine as it relates to cancer research. The key arguments, conclusions and unresolved issues that emerged from the symposium are summarized in these proceedings.
Third-Party Private DFA Evaluation on Encrypted Files in the Cloud

Motivated by the need to outsource file storage to untrusted clouds while still permitting limited use of that data by third parties, we present practical protocols by which a client (the third-party) can evaluate a deterministic finite automaton (DFA) on an encrypted file stored at a server (the cloud), once authorized to do so by the file owner. Our protocols provably protect the privacy of the DFA and the file contents from a malicious server and the privacy of the file contents (except for the result of the evaluation) from an honest-but-curious client (and, heuristically, from a malicious client). We further present simple techniques to detect client or server misbehavior.
Corneal pharmacokinetics of topical clarithromycin.

Purpose. To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of topically applied clarithromycin, a new macrolide anibiotic, at various concentrations in a rabbit model. Methods. Clarithromycin in dosages of 10, 20, and 40 mg/ml was administered topically every 2 hours for 48 hours to three groups of 16 New Zealand albino rabbits. Both corneas were treated. Right corneas were deepithelialized with n-heptanol. At 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours, issue concentrations were determined in four animals from each group. Results. Tissue drug concentrations increased with drug dosage and duration of therapy. Drug concentrations were significantly higher at 48 hours than at 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours for both epithelialized and deepithelialized eyes in the 20 mg/ml and 40 mg/ml treatment groups (all P≤0.0015). A steady state concentration was not achieved in any group. Tissue drug concentrations were higher in deepithelialized corneas for each dose after 6 hours, although differences were not significant (all P>0.059). Highest mean drug concentration at 48 hours was 241 μg/g in animals receiving 40 mg/ml of clarithromycin. After 6 hours, tissue concentrations in some groups were above MIC90 for many Chlamydia sp., Streptococcus sp., and Staphylococcus sp., and by 12 hours, concentrations were greater than MIC90 in all groups for many nontuberculous mycobacteria. Conclusions. Topical clarithromycin achieves therapeutic levels in corneal tissue in a rabbit model. Clarithromycin might be a useful broad-spectrum antibioic for topical use in humans
Contraceptive Steroids and Thrombosis

This presentation will discuss two issues relevant to thrombosis and oral contraceptives. First, a definition of hypercoagulability and the evidence that compounds preventing ovulation induce an hypercoagulable rather than a thrombotic state, together with the laboratory and clinical implications of this distinction. Second, the demonstration of how an animal model has provided insights into an understanding of the relationships between thrombosis and oral contraceptives.
Transformations of Darboux Integrable Systems

This article reviews some recent theoretical results about the structure of Darboux integrable differential systems and their relationship with symmetry reduction of exterior differential systems. The symmetry reduction representation of Darboux integrable equations is then used to derive some new and unusual transformations.
Predicting the Structures of Glycans, Glycoproteins, and Their Complexes

Complex carbohydrates are ubiquitous in nature, and together with proteins and nucleic acids they comprise the building blocks of life. But unlike proteins and nucleic acids, carbohydrates form nonlinear polymers, and they are not characterized by robust secondary or tertiary structures but rather by distributions of well-defined conformational states. Their molecular flexibility means that oligosaccharides are often refractory to crystallization, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy augmented by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is the leading method for their characterization in solution. The biological importance of carbohydrate–protein interactions, in organismal development as well as in disease, places urgency on the creation of innovative experimental and theoretical methods that can predict the specificity of such interactions and quantify their strengths. Additionally, the emerging realization that protein glycosylation impacts protein function and immunogenicity places the ability ...
Accuracy of Simulations

Simulations of the flight of baseballs were used throughout this book and they are also used by Major League Baseball where television broadcasts and internet sites frequently present simulations of the trajectories of batted balls, particularly of home runs. This chapter investigates the accuracy of these simulations. It shows that the most important uncontrolled parameters are the CoR and the wind velocity. It emphasizes that to be correct, the simulations should measure and state values for the CoR, Wind velocity, Air density, Initial spin of the batted ball, Launch speed, the Drag coefficient and the Weight of the baseball.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Construction of Quaternary Stereocenters by Enantioselective Arylation of γ‐Lactams with Aryl Chlorides and Bromides

Herein, we report the first Pd‐catalyzed enantioselective arylation of α‐substituted γ‐lactams. Two sets of conditions were developed for this transformation, allowing for the use of either aryl chlorides or bromides as electrophiles. Utilizing a highly electron‐rich, dialkylphosphine ligand, we have been able to construct α‐quaternary centers in good yields (up to 91% yield) and high enantioselectivities (up to 97% ee).
Common rules for animals and plants

The relationship between the size and the number of plants in natural stands of vegetation has generally been taken to be governed by geometric considerations. On this basis, theory has it that average plant size scales as the -3/2 power of population density. If, however, energy use is taken as the determining factor, the exponent becomes -4/3 — which happens to be the exponent that applies to comparable relationships in animals.
Effect of low-frequency alternating current poling on 5-mm-thick 0.7Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -0.3PbTiO 3 single crystals

Alternating current (electric field) poling (ACP) was applied on [001]-oriented 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3PbTiO3 (PMN-0.3PT) single crystal samples with dimensions of 5 × 1.25 × 1.25 mm3 (with electrodes on the 1.25 × 1.25 mm2 surfaces), and the influence of ACP frequency (fACP) was studied. Compared to those from traditional direct (electric field) poling samples, the piezoelectric coefficient (d33) and free dielectric constant (eT33/e0) of ACP samples could gain up to a 67% increase to 3200 pC/N and 10 500, respectively. The influence of fACP was studied on two main aspects: saturated properties and dynamic saturation process. In general, ACP samples with lower fACP had higher saturated d33, eT33/e0, and coupling factor k33, as well as lower dielectric loss and faster saturation speed. The ACP dynamics during the saturation process were studied by measuring the polarization-vs-electric field hysteresis loops (P-E loops). The P-E loops illustrated that the coercive field of ACP samples could be further tuned from 1.84 kV/cm to 3.03 kV/cm by changing fACP (0.1–10 Hz). This work demonstrated the enormous potential of ACP optimization in relaxor-PT single crystal-based low-frequency transducer applications.
Third Eye: Context-Aware Detection for Hidden Terminal Emulation Attacks in Cognitive Radio-Enabled IoT Networks

Recently, the Internet of Things (IoT) technology has been drawing increasing attention because it has a great potential to positively impact human life in a broad range of applications. Nonetheless, the dense deployment of multiple co-located IoT networks that may follow different wireless protocols will essentially bring new network vulnerabilities. In this paper, we introduce a novel attack scenario in co-located cognitive radio (CR) enabled IoT networks, where a reactive attacker can emulate the radiation pattern of a hidden terminal (the attacker is from a different network) and can interfere with the transmissions from its hidden counterparts, namely the hidden terminal emulation (HTE) attack. As the dense deployment of IoT nodes—from different networks and technologies—will naturally create such hidden terminal scenarios among IoT devices of different networks, it provides the HTE attacker plausible deniability to reactively interfere with its hidden counterparts; hence, the state-of-the-art reactive attack detection techniques are infeasible in this scenario where benign hidden terminals could be flagged as reactive attackers. In this paper, we capture the behavior of a benign hidden terminal and an HTE attacker via parsimonious Markov models and propose a context-aware detection solution using the Markov chain hypothesis testing, namely the Third Eye . Though there has been extensive research on malicious interference detection, to the best of our knowledge, this work is the first that considers hidden terminals as benign interference sources, foresees this unique attack scenario, and leverages the existing carrier sensing technique as a natural and effective way to detect HTE attacks.
A Machine Learning Approach to Identify the Correlation and Association among the Students' Educational Behavior

Education is known as the backbone of a nation. So, a nation must be concern about its people and their education system. In the modern era, most of the early age students are not abling to concentrate on their study due to various factors surrounding them. In this study, we have tried to find out the most significant factors harmful for a student. We have also tried to observe the correlation among the factors. These findings may help students and their parents to know about their daily activities which are restricting them to do better in their study. For performing this study, we have collected information and built a dataset which contains 1000 instances where each instance has 32 unique attributes. We have used Machine Learning techniques for processing the dataset as well as selecting the significant attributes. Moreover, we have used Association Rule Mining technique for finding out the most correlated features of the dataset. We have used Apriori algorithm for implementing Association Rule Mining and we found 4 rules.
A grim scorekeeper of biological aging

An epigenetic clock set to predict lifespan shows accelerated biological aging processes in male veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.
Analysis on the status and influencing factors of AIDS stigma among HIV-infected patients in Kunming

Objective To understand the status of AIDS stigma among HIV-infected patients in Kunming, and to analyze the causes and influencing factors of the stigma. Methods Systematic sampling method was used to collect samples from surviving HIV-infected patients in Kunming. The questionnaire included general demographic data, knowledge of AIDS and AIDS-related stigma. The AIDS stigma among HIV-infected patients was investigated by the Simplified AIDS Shame Scale (BHSS). Results A total of 962 HIV-infected patients, including 696 males and 266 females were investigated.The average score of the BHSS scale was (11.29±3.35). The average scores were higher among subjects with Han nationality, current addresses in cities and towns as well as no knowledge for AIDS prevention and control (P<0.05). The results of multiple linear analysis showed that the stigma was stronger among subjects with Han nationality, current addresses in cities and towns, recent confirmation of diagnosis and limited awareness of knowledge for AIDS prevention and control (P<0.05). Conclusions HIV-infected patients in our city had different degrees of AIDS stigma. The government and relevant professional institutions should take appropriate propaganda and intervention measures to reduce the internal stigma caused by external social discrimination. Key words: HIV-infected patients; BHSS scale; Stigma; Influencing factors
Strange Mercy: Montale, Opera, and the Death of Tragedy

This chapter analyzes the central theme of imprisonment in Montale’s poetry. In La bufera e altro, Montale frequently portrays a poetic self that is trapped in an enclosure while catastrophe rages outside. Montale borrows this theme from famous moments of imprisonment in opera, especially from Verdi’s Il trovatore and Puccini’s Tosca. Montale’s imprisoned persona represents his growing dissatisfaction with the poetic form itself, his feeling of being trapped within its limits. By addressing this dissatisfaction through developing thematics of opera, Montale begins to aspire to a new form of tragedy, one that has its roots in ancient Greek theater, but that can be applied to the atrocities of the twentieth century.
The urban world is a world of police

The urban world is a world of police. From city to city, regardless of country, whether controlled by localities or national governments, whether detached from the military or a unit of it, the pol...
Critical Criminology and Hunger Games

Critical criminology is one of the least intuitive criminological theories for many students. Rather than explaining criminality as the product of the choices or characteristics of individual actors, crime is attributed to macro-level social structural factors. This chapter focuses specifically on the four most common dimensions of state crime: (1) Illegal Domestic Surveillance, (2) Human Rights Violations; (3) State-Corporate Crime, and (4) State Violence. The Hunger Games film series gives numerous illustrations of each of these elements of state crime. The popularity of the novels, as well as the films, and the cultural penetration of the characters of Katniss, Peeta, and Gale allow for clips or excerpts to be shown without spending an excessive amount of class-time setting the scene for the students. The examples from the film are compelling and provide concrete illustrations to students of many of the more abstract concepts of critical criminology and state crime.
Path-space differentiable rendering of participating media

Physics-based differentiable rendering---which focuses on estimating derivatives of radiometric detector responses with respect to arbitrary scene parameters---has a diverse array of applications from solving analysis-by-synthesis problems to training machine-learning pipelines incorporating forward-rendering processes. Unfortunately, existing general-purpose differentiable rendering techniques lack either the generality to handle volumetric light transport or the flexibility to devise Monte Carlo estimators capable of handling complex geometries and light transport effects. In this paper, we bridge this gap by showing how generalized path integrals can be differentiated with respect to arbitrary scene parameters. Specifically, we establish the mathematical formulation of generalized differential path integrals that capture both interfacial and volumetric light transport. Our formulation allows the development of advanced differentiable rendering algorithms capable of efficiently handling challenging geometric discontinuities and light transport phenomena such as volumetric caustics. We validate our method by comparing our derivative estimates to those generated using the finite differences. Further, to demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique, we compare both differentiable rendering and inverse rendering performance with state-of-the-art methods.
Toxoplasmosis

Recent advances in understanding toxoplasmosis have been made in the areas of the basic biology of the parasite and the host-parasite interaction, especially the cellular immune response. There is new insight into the biology of the cyst stage that is responsible for meat-associated transmission of infection and for the reactivation of disease in chronically infected humans. Fewer recent advances have been made in clinical diagnosis and treatment of toxoplasmosis. The fascinating revelation that Toxoplasma gondii contains an organelle—now known as the apicoplast—that derives from an algal endosymbiont, has opened many avenues of basic investigation. An understanding of the fundamental biology of T. gondii promises future progress in prevention or treatment of toxoplasmosis.
Regulation of the immune response. I. "Accelerated" response induced by suboptimal antigen concentration.

Abstract Pretreatment of mice with a suboptimal immunizing dose of SRBC (106) prepares the animals to make an “accelerated” response to an optimal immunizing dose of SRBC (108) given two or more days later. The “accelerated” response is characterized by a shift to the left of the kinetic curves when the number of antibody forming cells are plotted against time. The response to the 108 SRBC thus reaches a peak earlier in the pretreated animals than in the nonpretreated controls. The slopes of the kinetic curves are parallel and the magnitude of the response is not significantly different in pretreated and nonpretreated groups. Multiple injections of 106 SRBC give a greater “accelerated” response but one injection with the total dose of the multiple injections results in kinetics similar to those obtained with the single 106 dose. The response is antigen specific. It is suggested that the basis of the “accelerated” response is proliferation of a cellular component(s) without differentiation into an antibody forming cell.
Application of layered space-time processing to ultrawideband communication

Ultra-wideband (UWB) signals use extremely short duration pulses (on the order of hundreds of picoseconds) for transferring information. This makes it the technology of choice for high-speed short-range communications in dense multipath channels. In this paper we analyze the usefulness of using Layered Space-Time Processing over a UWB system. VBLAST is one such approach proposed to increase spectral efficiency using multi-input multi-output channels. We propose the exploitation of the large number of resolvable multipath. components in a UWB environment to achieve similar spectral efficiency gains. In this paper we investigate the bit error rate versus spectral efficiency tradeoff applying the VBLAST concept to a UWB system.
Language Strength Reduction

This paper concerns methods to check for atomic-set serializability violations in concurrent Java programs. The straightforward way to encode a reentrant lock is to model it with a context-free language to track the number of successive lock acquisitions. We present a construction that replaces the context-free language that describes a reentrant lock by a regular language that describes a non-reentrant lock. We call this replacement language strength reduction. Language strength reduction produces an average speedup (geometric mean) of 3.4. Moreover, for 2 programs that previously exhausted available space, the tool is now able to run to completion.
Artwork in Disputes

As with the passing of all testate and intestate property, the distribution of artwork can be accompanied with controversy and family disputes. These disputes cover a wide range of objects, from antiquities and musical instruments to Nazi-looted art. This short article primarily focuses on disputes involving art objects looted during World War II.
Comparison of time and frequency domain antenna measurements

Summary form only given. Currently High-Power Microwave (HPM) systems make use of antennas to radiate the generated microwave pulse. Typically, HPM sources generate a single or dominant frequency with a pulse duration of several hundred microwave cycles. Typically, these antenna systems are calibrated or verified with a frequency domain technique using a Continuous Wave (CW) signal. The radiating system vacuum window or radome may be designed for the dominant frequency of the HPM source. However, the antenna/radome system may not properly accommodate the finite frequency bandwidth due to the finite pulse length or frequency variation. These finite microwave packet size issues can now be accommodated both computationally and experimentally. We will be presenting data comparing frequency domain and time domain simulations, along with experiments. The frequency domain simulations are done with the High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS), while the time domain simulations will be done with a Finite-Difference-Time-Domain (FDTD) code such as ICEPIC or VOLMAX. The experiments will compare the standard frequency domain measurements done with a Vector Network Analyzer, while the time domain measurements will be done with packets generated with a CW oscillator and an Arbitrary Waveform Generator (AWG). An example antenna/radome system is our existing Vlasov Antenna and fiberglass belljars. We will also be making use of a TEM to TM/sub 01/ launcher, which has a measured return loss of -20 dB over the frequency range of 1.1 to 1.6 GHz.
Library as Place

Presentation to the 56th Biennial Conference of the North Carolina Library Association “Your Library: The Place to Be” held at the Benton Convention & Civic Center, Winston-Salem, NC, on September 22, 2005.
Death by Abl: a matter of location.

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the regulation of Abl sub-cellular location and the location-dependent functions of Abl tyrosine kinase. In the cytoplasm, Abl regulates F-actin and promotes mitogenic signaling in response to extracellular matrix (ECM) and growth factors. In the nucleus, Abl inhibits differentiation and induces apoptosis in response to DNA damage or death receptor signals. The chapter mentions that the Breakpoint Cluster Region (BCR-ABL) oncoprotein resides exclusively in the cytoplasm and causes chronic myelogenous leukemia. When trapped in the nucleus, BCR-ABL kinase behaves like an anti-oncoprotein by activating the suicide program to kill leukemic cells. The ABL protein is excluded from the nucleus of anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Enforced nuclear accumulation and activation of Abl kinase also induces p73-dependent apoptosis in these cancer cells. The current results are consistent with a simple model: nuclear accumulation of activated Abl tyrosine kinase causes cell death; nuclear export or inhibition of nuclear import prevents Abl from killing cells. Therefore, death by Abl is regulated by the sub-cellular location of this tyrosine kinase.
The role of profits in wage determination: evidence from US manufacturing

We estimate the effect of firms' profitability on wage determination for the American economy. Two standard bargaining models are used to illustrate the problems caused by the endogeneity of profits-per-worker in a real wage equation. The profit-sharing parameter can be identified withinstruments which shift demand. Using information from the input-output table, we create demand-shift variables for 63 4-digit sectors of the US manufacturing sector. The I.V. estimates show that profit-sharing is a relevant and widespread phenomenon. The elasticity of wages with respect to profits-per-worker is seven times as large as OLS estimates here and in previous papers. Sensitivity analysis of the profit-sharing parameter controlling for the extent of unionization and product market concentration reinforces our results.
Video-rate compressive holographic microscopic tomography

Compressive holography enables 3D reconstruction from a single 2D holographic snapshot for objects that can be sparsely represented in some basis. The snapshot mode enables tomographic imaging of microscopic moving objects. We demonstrate video-rate tomographic image acquisition of two live water cyclopses with 5.2 μm spatial resolution and 60 μm axial resolution.
Distribution of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase mRNA in mouse brain by in situ hybridization histology.

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) is the second enzyme in the sequence leading to the synthesis of catecholamines or serotonin. Antisense riboprobes for aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase mRNA were used to map the gene in mouse brain by in situ hybridization. The substantia nigra, the ventral tegmental nucleus, the dorsal raphe nucleus, the locus coeruleus, and the olfactory bulb contained the highest signal for AAAD mRNA. After treatment with the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), the signal disappeared in the substantia nigra, decreased somewhat in the ventral tegmental area, and remained unchanged in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Hypothalamic and cerebellar Purkinje neurons known to contain histidine decarboxylase or glutamic acid decarboxylase, respectively, were unlabeled by the probes. However, neurons in the deep layers of the frontal cortex, many thalamic nuclei, and the pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus were lightly to moderately labeled for mouse AAAD mRNA. The presence of AAAD message in these neurons suggests that the enzyme has functions other than that for the synthesis of the classical biogenic amine neurotransmitters. © 1993 Wiley-Liss,Inc.
After the crisis: How to restore trust in business and finance

ABSTRACTOver the last decade, many people around the globe have become progressively disillusioned with capitalist democracy and above all with the world of business and finance. I use U.S. data to illustrate the loss of confidence, and I examine how the public has changed its views about business, financial institutions, government, regulation and globalization. On the whole, there is now a leftward cultural trend in the United States. Society cannot move forward without at least partly restoring public trust. Useful steps that heads of business, financial leaders, and policy-makers can take are discussed.
Full-scale comparison of a wind-tunnel simulation of windy locations in an urban area☆

Abstract Thermal and mechanical comfort of pedestrians is an important design criterion used in planning urban spaces and in locating urban trees and protective windbreaks [1,2]. Wind-tunnel flow-visualization techniques have been used to determine relatively windy regions of urban areas (e.g. see refs. 3–6). Of the different forms of flow visualization, erosion techniques have the advantage of being sensitive to gusts of wind, commonly the cause of pedestrian discomfort [4], and results can be partially quantitative. Few wind-tunnel simulations have been validated by full-scale comparisons and it is often recommended that more full-scale measurements be made (e.g. in ref. 6). In one comparison of model measurements obtained using a hot-wire anemometer with full-scale measurements of ground-level winds in an urban area, there was considerable scatter in the ratio of ground-level to gradient windspeed, particularly close to buildings [6]. From the data reported for a similar study by Chock [7], a correlation coefficient ( r ) of 0.82 can be calculated between comparable full-scale and model measurements; but Chock concluded that the full-scale measurements were too few in number for complete validation. Durgin and Chan [5] found close correlation between wind-tunnel simulations with hot-wire and erosion techniques, but full-scale measurements were not included. This study compares full-scale wind measurements made with hand-held anemometers with results of a previous study in which relative ground-level windspeeds across a diverse urban area were simulated by an erosion technique. The initial objective was to determine whether the model was able to distinguish zones of significantly higher mean windspeed. Additionally, the effect of atmospheric thermal stability on windspeeds in the Central Business District (CBD) was evaluated. The previous study was a wind-tunnel simulation of the Dayton CBD conducted in the Wright Brothers Memorial wind tunnel facility at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The simulation methods of that particular study are outlined in ref. 8; more details of the erosion technique and tunnel facility are given in refs. 5 and 6. Briefly, plastic pellets were spread across the floor of a 600:1 model of the CBD, and pellet scouring patterns were photographed as the gradient windspeed [8] was increased in steps of about 5 or 10mph (2.2 or 4.5 m s−1). No scouring occurred at 20 mph. Scouring at 30 mph occurred in the vicinity of tall buildings. Roughly half the pelleted area was still unscoured at 50 mph.
Intralevel Hybrid Resist Process With Submicron Capability

A hybrid lithographic process, utilizing both e-beam and conventional optical exposure techniques within the same device level, has been developed using a commercially available positive photoresist. Following E-beam exposure of the < 3.0 micron geometries and optical exposure of the larger sized patterns, both sets of images are developed in a single development. Using this process, working CMOS devices have been fabricated with polysilicon gate lengths of 0.75 and 0.50 micron. The effect of E-beam dosage upon the submicron gate critical dimensions has been determined as well as other processing characteristics.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Feasibility and acceptance of a home telemanagement system in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A 6-month pilot study

Our purpose was to assess the acceptance and feasibility of a home telemanagement system (HAT) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The HAT consists of a laptop and a scale. Subjects were required to complete weekly self-testing for 6 months. Disease activity, quality of life, and knowledge were assessed at baseline and 6 months. Attitudinal surveys were completed at 6 months. Twenty-five subjects completed the study. Ninety-one percent of patients thought that self-testing was not complicated. Eighty-six percent said that self-testing did not interfere with their usual activities. Ninety-one percent of patients would consider using a HAT in the future. Adherence with self-testing was 91%. Improvements in disease activity and quality of life, and significant improvements in knowledge, were observed after implementation of the HAT. The HAT is feasible and accepted in IBD. We predict that the HAT will positively affect adherence, monitoring, and patient education, resulting in improved disease activity and quality of life.
Deciphering the Transcriptional Histone Acetylation Code for a Human Gene

Abstract We report the results of experiments designed to test the histone code hypothesis. We found that only a small subset of lysines in histones H4 and H3 are acetylated in vivo by the GCN5 acetyltransferase during activation of the IFN-β gene. Reconstitution of recombinant nucleosomes bearing mutations in these lysine residues revealed the cascade of gene activation via a point-by-point interpretation of the histone code through the ordered recruitment of bromodomain-containing transcription complexes. Acetylation of histone H4 K8 mediates recruitment of the SWI/SNF complex whereas acetylation of K9 and K14 in histone H3 is critical for the recruitment of TFIID. Thus, the information contained in the DNA address of the enhancer is transferred to the histone N termini by generating novel adhesive surfaces required for the recruitment of transcription complexes.