cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase-Field Modeling and Peridynamics for Defect Dynamics, and an Augmented Phase-Field Model with Viscous Stresses

Abstract This work begins by applying peridynamics and phase-field modeling to predict 1-d interface motion with inertia in an elastic solid with a non-monotone stress–strain response. In classical nonlinear elasticity, it is known that subsonic interfaces require a kinetic law, in addition to momentum balance, to obtain unique solutions; in contrast, for supersonic interfaces, momentum balance alone is sufficient to provide unique solutions. This work finds that peridynamics agrees with this classical result, in that different choices of regularization parameters provide different kinetics for subsonic motion but the same kinetics for supersonic motion. In contrast, conventional phase-field models coupled to elastodynamics are unable to model, even qualitatively, the supersonic motion of interfaces. This work identifies the shortcomings in the physics of standard phase-field models to be: (1) the absence of higher-order stress to balance unphysical stress singularities, and (2) the ability of the model to access unphysical regions of the energy landscape. Based on these observations, this work proposes an augmented phase-field model to introduce the missing physics. The augmented model adds: (1) a viscous stress to the momentum balance, in addition to the dissipative phase-field evolution, to regularize singularities; and (2) an augmented driving force that models the physical mechanism that keeps the system out of unphysical regions of the energy landscape. When coupled to elastodynamics, the augmented model correctly describes both subsonic and supersonic interface motion. The augmented model has essentially the same computational expense as conventional phase-field models and requires only minor modifications of numerical methods, and is therefore proposed as a replacement to the conventional phase-field models.
Reaction ofSolanum tuberosum andSolanum species toMeloidogyne hapla

The reactions of 218 clones ofSolanum tuberosum and 238 accessions of 55 tuber-bearingSolanum species toMeloidogyne hapla were determined by planting them in soil naturally infested withM. hapla and the microsclerotial form ofVerticillium alboatrum. Degree of root galling was rated from none (0) to severe (5). Incidence of root galling on clones was slight as evidenced by ratings of 0, 0.5 and 1.0 for 38, 32 and 18 percent of them, respectively. As incidence of root galling increased there was a tendency for percentage of galled tubers and internal tuber infection byM. hapla to increase. Of many family progenies ofS. tuberosum tested, those from family B7147 (Penobscot x W39-1) were the most resistant toM. hapla. Incidence ofM. hapla root galls andVerticillium alboatrum wilt symptoms onS. tuberosum clones indicated there was no apparent interaction between these two pathogens. Eighty-one percent of the 238 accessions remained free from root galls.Solanum species free from root galls and represented by three or more accessions werebrachycarpum, bulbocastanum, cardiophyllum, hjertingii, hougasii, infundibuliforme, kurtzianum, martinasense, multidissectum, multiinterruptum, papita, sparsipilum, spegazzinii, stoloniferum, tarijense, andvernei. S. microdentum (PI320312) andS. tuberosum ssp.andigena (PI245926) had the most extensive root systems free ofM. hapla galls.
A novel graphene-based inkjet-printed WISP-enabled wireless gas sensor

In this paper we demonstrate the design and development of a low-cost, self-powered, wireless sensor solution based on the WISP platform and utilizing thin films produced from environmentally friendly, water-based, inkjet printed graphene oxide (GO) ink. The sensor demonstrates good response to ammonia gas (NH3), yielding a 6% normalized resistance change within 15 minutes after exposure to a concentration of 500 ppm. In addition, excellent recovery time is achieved using the graphene thin films, with over 30% of material recovery observed within 5 minutes without exposure to high temperature or any UV treatments. In addition to reporting the first ever integration of inkjet-printed water soluble GO inks into low cost RF electronics fabricated on flexible substrates, we also bring gas sensing capabilities to RFID tags relying on purely wireless digital transmission of the sensed information. The introduction of mass producible, stable, environmentally friendly, inkjet printable GO on organic paper/Kapton substrates lays the foundation for the development of a wide range of new low-cost, high performance graphene-based devices, such as inkjet-printed diodes, capacitors and transistors.
The nucleotide and acyl group content of native rabbit muscle glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Abstract Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GP-dehydrogenase) isolated from rabbit muscle by the procedure of Ferdinand (Biochem. J., 92, 578 (1964)), has two previously unreported properties. 1. The coenzyme-binding sites usually filled with NAD+ in native GP-dehydrogenase contain instead the NAD+ degradation product, ADP-ribose. 2. Several of the four active sites contain covalently bound 3-phosphoglyceroyl group. The enzyme isolated by the Ferdinand procedure is in reality the acyl enzyme "intermediate" in the physiological oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The occurrence of ADP-ribose appears to be a consequence of the isolation procedure in vitro, but the recovery of acyl enzyme suggests that GP-dehydrogenase is in an acylated state in vivo. The data required to estimate the sarcoplasmic concentrations of NAD+, NADH, the glycolytic intermediates, and the glycolytic enzymes are available in the literature. These estimates and the known effect of acylation on the GP-dehydrogenase-NAD+ affinity suggest two physiological regulatory roles for acyl-GP-dehydrogenase in muscle. One function is the regulation of coenzyme activities and oxidation-reduction potential as the affinity of enzyme for NAD+ changes with degree of acylation, itself dependent on the metabolic state of the tissue. The other is the "buffering" by acyl enzyme of the more dilute glycolytic intermediates during rapid changes in metabolic state. Although these roles must be considered hypothetical, the finding in skeletal muscle of levels of acylated GP-dehydrogenase much higher than those of many glycolytic intermediates should lead to revision of the accepted glycolytic pathway to include 3-phosphoglyceroyl-GP-dehydrogenase as a significant metabolite.
When and why do smallmouth bass abandon their broods? The effects of brood and parental characteristics

Variation in brood abandonment was explored by conducting partial brood removals from smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede, nests in two north temperate lakes. In both lakes, percent of the brood removed had no effect on nest failure rates. Nest failure prior to offspring swim-up was more common, but unrelated to brood size after removal, in the lake with higher post-spawning mortality and lower growth and fecundity. Brood size after removal was negatively related to nest failure in the lake with high survival, growth and fecundity. Nests guarded by young males failed more frequently than those of old males, and young broods failed more frequently than old broods. Dynamic programming and logistic regression models developed to predict nest fate worked better for the lake with selective pressures that theoretically favoured abandonment (e.g. high post-spawning mortality). Both models identified male age and brood age as important factors in predicting nest fates. Because nest success is related to the age of the parent, this could have consequences for overall nest success for populations with different demographics.
A measurement technique for cell adhesiveness.

Determination of the percentage of cells in clumps on a stained smear of human peripheral blood porvided a useful, accurate technique for measuring cell adhesiveness. Smears of human peripheral blood drawn with EDTA were prepared on a blood slide centrifuge, stained, and examined under a light microscope. Statistical analysis showed that the method resulted in a Poisson distribution of particles on the slide, where a particle was considered to be a simple cell, or two or more cells which appeared to be touching, Analysis of the distributions of erythrocytes and leukocytes showed that clumps were formed before the cells were deposited on the slide. When adhesiveness of erythrocytes or leukocytes was increased by incubation with antiserum to the corresponding cell type, the percentage of that cell type in clumps increased proportionately, Preliminary results using the method showed that normal human donors had similar to 1% of their erythrocytes and 1- 5% of their leukocytes in clumps. In chronic myelocytic leukemia, as many as 60% of the leukocytes were in clumps.
New string amplitudes from old Fermat (hyper)surfaces

The bosonic string theory evolved as an attempt to find a multidimensional analogue of Euler's beta function to describe the multiparticle Veneziano amplitudes. Such an analogue had in fact been known in mathematics at least in 1922. Its mathematical meaning was studied subsequently from different angles by mathematicians such as Selberg, Weil and Deligne among others. The mathematical interpretation of multidimensional beta function that was developed subsequently is markedly different from that described in physics literature. This paper aims to bridge the gap between the mathematical and physical treatments of such beta functions thus providing new topological, algebro-geometric, number-theoretic and combinatorial treatments of the multiparticle Veneziano and Veneziano-like amplitudes. As a result, the entirely new physical meaning of these amplitudes is emerging: they are periods connected with differential forms living on Fermat (hyper)surfaces. Such surfaces are considered as complex projective varieties of Hodge type. Obtained results allow to interpret the particle mass spectrum in terms of the Hodge spectrum of underlying Fermat (hyper)surface. The computational formalism although resembles that used in mirror symmetry calculations employs many additional results from topology, number theory, theory of singularities, etc. It allows to obtain the correlation functions in particle physics and conformal field theories using the same type of the Picard–Fuchs equations.
Considerations in establishing an oral disease clinical research center.

Oral Diseases (2010) 16, 586–591 High quality clinical research is necessary to improve oral health and translate research findings to the practice of dentistry. This has led many academic institutions to consider establishing a formal clinical research center. This is not a trivial undertaking and requires that the center have an appropriate physical infrastructure, trained investigators with recognized expertise in the planning and conduct of high quality clinical research, and very importantly, a financial plan to assure its long-term sustainability. The purpose of this paper is to provide some guidance and practical advice with respect to factors that should be considered in developing and maintaining a successful oral disease clinical research center.
Functional Difference Equations and an Epidemic Model.

Abstract : We consider an epidemic model for the form S implies I which implies S iwth history on (-infinity, 0. The well-known threshold phenomenon is discussed in terms of the stability of a functional difference equation, also known as the translation-invariant renewal equation. Since the difference equation has infinite delay, the work of other authors on finite-delay problems is extended. Also, epidemic models with spatial effects are discussed by extension of the results to difference equations in a Banach space. (Author)
Spontaneous regression of hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract A 65-yr-old alcoholic man developed jaundice and biopsy-proven multicentric hepatocellular carcinoma. Coinciding with abstention from alcohol and without treatment, jaundice has resolved, α-fetoprotein has become normal, and there is no evidence of tumor demonstrable by radionuclide scanning or laparoscopic liver biopsy. The patient is alive and well 48 mo after the initial diagnosis. Regression of this tumor in the untreated adult has not previously been reported.
A Review of: “Martin Heidegger: Theorist of Space”

Theodore Schatzki's new book, Martin Heidegger: Theorist of Space, is a concise introduction to Heidegger's philosophy in general and, more particularly, his thoughts on space and human spatiality....
Mesmerism and popular culture in early Victorian England.

L'etude des sciences et des therapeutiques medicales en Angleterre au XIX e siecle montre que l'hypnotisme et le magnetisme representent l'embleme des sciences marginales, et ont participe a modeler les pouvoirs orthodoxe et populaire de la science
Examining the relationship between cardiac troponin T and cardiac morphology, function, and fibrosis - a cardiac magnetic resonance study.

Background Elevated high sensitivity cardiac troponin (cTnT) levels, LVEF, and the degree of myocardial replacement fibrosis (RF) have been shown to be significantly associated with cardiovascular outcomes. However, the relationship amongst them has yet to be studied. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has become the gold standard for viability imaging and accurately characterizing RF. Recently, a new technique has been employed to quantify diffuse myocardial fibrosis via assessment of myocardial extracellular volume (ECV). The current study sought to investigate the association between ECV, RF, LVEF, LV mass (LVM) and cTnT levels.
Adolescent Participation in Organized Activities

There is good evidence that participating in school and community-based activities is associated with both short and long term indicators of positive development (e.g., Barber, Eccles & Stone, 2001; Eccles & Gootman, 2002; Eccles & Templeton, in press; Larson, 2000; Mahoney & Cairns, 1997; Roth, Brooks-Gunn, Murray, & Foster, 1998; Youniss & Yates, 1997). Sociological research has documented a link between adolescents’ extracurricular activities and adult educational attainment, occupation, and income (Otto, 1975; 1976; Otto & Alwin, 1977). Participation in organized activities is also positively related to achievement, educational aspirations, self-esteem, ability to overcome adversity, active participation in the political process and volunteer activities, leadership qualities, and physical health (e.g., Barber, et al., 2001; Marsh & Kleitman, 2002; Holland & Andre, 1987; Scales, Benson, Leffert, & Blyth, 2000; Youniss, Yates, & Su, 1997). There has been far less developmental research on constructive leisure activities than on other contexts such as family and school (Kleiber, 1999), but some progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms whereby constructive organized activities facilitate healthy development. First, they provide a developmental forum for initiative and engagement in challenging tasks, and allow participants to express their talents, passion, and creativity (Csikszentmihalyi, 1991; Klieber, 1999; Larson, 2000). Second, organized activities help adolescents meet their need for social relatedness, potentiating a broad range of social developmental opportunities (Fletcher & Shaw, 2000; Youniss, Yates, & Su, 1997). Third, participation may also promote the development of such assets as social, physical, and intellectual skills, meaningful roles and empowerment, positive identity, constructive peer networks, and clear expectations and boundaries (e.g., Eccles & Barber 1999; Marsh & Kleitman, 2002, 2003; Perkins, Borden, & Villarruel, 2001).
Isolation and in vitro antifungal activity of 6,6'-dihydroxythiobinupharidine.

Abstract: The isolation procedure for obtaining a new nuphar alkaloid, 6,6'-dihydroxythiobinupharidine (formerly named 6,6'- dihydroxythionuphlutine-A), and its in vitro activity against eight human pathogenic fungi are described.
DNA adduct research with capillary electrophoresis.

Abstract DNA′s central importance in all biological systems dictates a wide variety of DNA-related research. For much of this research, the utilization of capillary electrophoresis (CE) can be of significant advantage. Open-tube CE yields excellent separations of DNA components, which can be monitored in a nearly "real-time" manner by uv absorbance detection. Similar CE techniques enable the monitoring and optimization of enzymatic reactions. During DNA hydrolysis, both the reactants and the products can be simultaneously observed. DNA adducts (covalent additions of compounds to the DNA components) can similarly be analyzed by CE with uv detection. Many adduct nucleotides elute in a region of the electropherogram free from interferences due to the nonadducted components. Improved limits of detection are achieved when sample stacking techniques are utilized. Improved separations can result when the CE analysis involves micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography.
Three-Dimensional Finite Element Modeling and Front Crash Process Analysis of Car Bodywork

Traffic accidents cause to a large quantity of personnel casualty and economic loss every year. The safety in vehicle crash has been one of important criterions in vehicle design. In this study a three-dimensional finite element model was established and the front crash process of car bodywork was analyzed. The simulation results show that the structure design of car bodywork is reasonable and of safety for the passengers. The investigation of this study not only validates the rationality of the car bodywork design but also provides a detailed numerical simulation model for further investigation as well as improvement and optimization of the car bodywork structure.
Clinical benefit of trabectedin in uterine adenosarcoma

Uterine adenosarcoma is an extremely rare uterine malignancy, and the utility of chemotherapy in this disease is not well defined. This study assessed the safety and efficacy of trabectedin in patients with recurrent/metastatic uterine adenosarcoma with sarcomatous overgrowth. A retrospective search of a prospectively maintained database was performed to identify patients with adenosarcoma treated with trabectedin between 2010 and 2012, within a compassionate use trial. Three patients with recurrent/metastatic uterine adenosarcoma treated with trabectedin were identified. All three patients tolerated the drug well. Two patients obtained prolonged clinical benefit from treatment, one having received 17 cycles and another 11 cycles of therapy. Trabectedin is well tolerated and has clinical activity in recurrent/metastatic uterine adenosarcoma.
Concurrent OH imager and sodium temperature//wind lidar observation of a mesopause region undular bore event over Fort Collins//Platteville, Colorado

[1] We reported the observation of a mesospheric front with the properties of an undular bore by an OH imager, over the Fort Collins/Platteville area on 6/7 October 2002. Unlike the earlier bore observations, a Na lidar capable of measuring mesopause region temperature, zonal, and meridional winds was in operation concurrently. The lidar data confirm, for the first time, the existence of a collocated temperature inversion layer to serve as the ducting region for bore propagation, as required by the simple theory proposed by Dewan and Picard 6 years ago. In addition, the lidar data in principle provide sufficient information for the determination of all parameters of the bore as suggested by the simple theory. The parameters so determined are compared to two bores previously studied. Like the earlier cases, the horizontal wavelength estimated from the theory is in good agreement with the observation. The lifetime of this undular bore, ∼120 min, was considerably shorter than the other two. Continued lidar observation after the bore event reveals that the ducting region may be controlled by a long-period wave, most likely related to a semidiurnal tide, and that atmospheric dynamic instability occurs simultaneously with the destruction of the wave train associated with the bore. It is possible that this constitutes, for the first time, the observation of the transition from an undular to a turbulent, or foaming, internal bore predicted by the theory.
Role of glutamate receptors in transmission of vagal cardiac input to neurones in the nucleus tractus solitarii in dogs

1 Vagal afferent input from cardiac mechanoreceptors excites neurones in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), but discharge patterns evoked by physiological activation of pressure-sensitive cardiac mechanoreceptors have not been studied in vivo. The role of glutamate receptor subtypes in transmission of afferent activity to the NTS neurones has not been determined. The present study therefore has two aims: first, to characterise the discharge patterns of neurones in the NTS that receive pressure-sensitive vagal cardiac receptor input and second, to determine the roles of ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in the transmission of this putative cardiac mechanoreceptor-related activity to NTS neurones. 2 Pulse-synchronous activity of neurones in the NTS evoked by vagal afferent input was recorded extracellularly in an anaesthetised dog model using multibarrel glass electrodes, which allowed picoejection of the glutamate receptor antagonists NBQX or AP5 to block either non-NMDA or NMDA receptors, respectively, during the neuronal recording. Pressure sensitivity of the recorded neurones was examined by monitoring their response to a small increase in arterial blood pressure. Selective pressure activation of carotid sinus baroreceptors in an isolated sinus or selective denervation of aortic baroreceptors were used to test for convergent excitation of the neurones by arterial baroreceptors. 3 Pulse-synchronous cardiac-related neuronal activity recorded from neurones in both the right and left NTS was eliminated following section of the left (n= 17) or right (n= 1) vagus nerves. No spontaneous, non-pulsatile activity was observed in these neurones before or after vagotomy. Activity transmitted via left vagal afferents was found to be sensitive to changes in arterial blood pressure. In these neurones, activity was blocked in 13 of 17 neurones by picoejection of NBQX, with the remainder requiring both NBQX and AP5. None of the cardiac-related neurones responded to activation of carotid baroreceptors or denervation of aortic baroreceptors, indicating no convergence of activity from carotid baroreceptors or aortic baroreceptors with pressure thresholds of approximately 130 mmHg or less. 4 The results suggest that vagal pressure-sensitive afferent input from cardiac mechanoreceptors is transmitted primarily by left vagal afferent fibres via non-NMDA receptors to neurones in both the ipsilateral and contralateral NTS. NMDA receptors were also found to have a role in the activation of a small subpopulation of neurones.
Signal detection theory with finite mixture distributions: Theoretical developments with applications to recognition memory

An extension of signal detection theory (SDT) that incorporates mixtures of the underlying distributions is presented. The mixtures can be motivated by the idea that a presentation of a signal shifts the location of an underlying distribution only if the observer is attending to the signal; otherwise, the distribution is not shifted or is only partially shifted. Thus, trials with a signal presentation consist of a mixture of 2 (or more) latent classes of trials. Mixture SDT provides a general theoretical framework that offers a new perspective on a number of findings. For example, mixture SDT offers an alternative to the unequal variance signal detection model; it can also account for nonlinear normal receiver operating characteristic curves, as found in recent research.
Mind under the Editorship of David Hamlyn

As the centenary of the great philosophical journal Mind draws near, I am contributing an appraisal of the work published in it under the editorship of my friend David Hamlyn.' Others, whose contributions I have not seen, will deal with its orientation and content under the editorships of Croom Robertson, G. F. Stout, G. E. Moore and Gilbert Ryle. My task is considerably more difficult than theirs, since these previous editorships spanned long periods, and published work readily assessable in virtue of its distance, whereas the editorship of Hamlyn is only beginning, and may, at this uncertain juncture in the history of philosophy, take quite different directions. There is in addition the question as to the policy of refusals under a given editorship. In the time of Moore nearly everyone received astonishingly phrased refusals which honoured one by his detailed interest in one's errors: in the time of Ryle, too, one had refusals, terser in phrase and with references to 'queues' and possibilities of 'boiling down', which bore witness to his impartiality. But in the case of Hamlyn the pattern of his refusals lies in the future, and there are not as yet even legends about it. The situation, however, presents no difficulties since, knowing David Hamlyn, I am sure that I should have thought most of the articles that he rejected inferior to those he accepted, and for much the same reasons as he did. He made, I feel sure, the best possible selection among the articles submitted to Mind during the three years of his editorship. My task now becomes the difficult one of passing judgement on some of the best recent thinking in Britain and America, in so far as this was more or less 'analytic' in orientation, and found expression in short papers rather than in full-length treatises such as those reviewed in these issues, e.g. Prior's Objects of Thought, Rawls's A Theory of Justice and Strawson's The Bounds of Sense. My difficulty now is that I have come by stages, in my long stay among non-analytic Americans, to be more and more out of sympathy with contemporary analytic thought, so that what I say
‘Gentlemen, the Cheese Is All Gone!’ British POWs, the ‘Great Escape’ and the Anglo-German Agreement for Compensation to Victims of Nazism

In 1964 the West German government agreed to provide £1 million in financial compensation to British victims of National Socialism. The distribution of the money, organised by the British foreign office, turned into a major public scandal, as a number of British POWs, among them survivors of the ‘great escape’, had their claims rejected. By examining the refusal of several British POWs to accept their exclusion from the scheme, the article addresses the interplay of political pressure and public opinion that led to a parliamentary inquiry into what became known as ‘the Sachsenhausen affair’ in 1967. Given that provisions of the agreement with West Germany had precluded indemnification to mistreated POWs, the distribution of the money almost inevitably led to bitterness and discontent. From this perspective, the article explores the impact of the Great Escape on British memory of the war, the public reception of the film The Great Escape (1963), and the way in which public memory influenced the debate on compensation.
A Tabu search-based approach for scheduling job-shop type flexible manufacturing systems

The problem of scheduling parts in a job-shop type flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is investigated when each part can have alternative process plans and each operation required of a part can be performed on alternative machines. The mixed-(binary) integer programming model developed for the problem is proven strongly NP-hard. A higher-level heuristic solution algorithm based on a concept known as ‘tabu search’ is developed to determine the best (near-optimal) solution for problems of industrial merit. A comparison of six different versions of tabu search-based heuristics (TSH 1-TSH 6) is performed to investigate the impact of using long-term memory and the use of fixed versus variable tabu-list sizes. A carefully constructed statistical experiment, based on randomized complete-block design, is used to test the performance on four problem structures ranging from 4–14 parts. The results show that, as the problem size increases, TSH 3 with fixed tabu-list size and long-term memory is preferred over the other heuristics. Further, the branch-and-bound technique, by failing to identify as good a solution as that determined by the heuristics (TSH 1-TSH 6), let alone an optimal solution, for a small problem reinforces the need for developing efficient heuristics for solving real problems encountered in industry practice.
Smoothness property on parameters of periodic systems

This work is concerned with periodic systems dependent on parameters and investigates differentiability with respect to parameters of the periodic solutions of the systems. Some challenging situations arise from a hyperbolic type of periodic boundary value problem. Using some auxiliary operators and applying semigroup theory and a fixed point theorem, we are able to handle these cases and obtain the results on the existence and differentiability with respect to parameters of periodic solutions. The application of the obtained abstract results to a periodic boundary value problem is discussed at the end of the article.
Environmental Reduction Factors for GFRP Bars Used as Concrete Reinforcement: New Scientific Approach

This paper presents a new approach that incorporates the effects of temperature, design life, and relative humidity (RH) of exposure into the environmental reduction factor (RF) for glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars used as concrete reinforcement. The environmental RFs for GFRP bars that are adopted in various guidelines are presented and discussed. By using time extrapolation and time-temperature shift approaches, a new equation for design strength of GFRP bar under various exposure time and temperature was proposed. The effect of moisture, in the form of RH, was incorporated into the new equation by investigating the degradation mechanism of GFRP bar owing to alkali attack and the relationship between the RH and concrete pore water. Design examples for strength RFs linked to service life, temperature, and RH were presented on the basis of reported durability data for E-glass/vinyl ester (VE) GFRP bars embedded in concrete.
Interactive visual comparison of multimedia data through type-specific views

Analysts who work with collections of multimedia to perform information foraging understand how difficult it is to connect information across diverse sets of mixed media. The wealth of information from blogs, social media, and news sites often can provide actionable intelligence; however, many of the tools used on these sources of content are not capable of multimedia analysis because they only analyze a single media type. As such, analysts are taxed to keep a mental model of the relationships among each of the media types when generating the broader content picture. To address this need, we have developed Canopy, a novel visual analytic tool for analyzing multimedia. Canopy provides insight into the multimedia data relationships by exploiting the linkages found in text, images, and video co-occurring in the same document and across the collection. Canopy connects derived and explicit linkages and relationships through multiple connected visualizations to aid analysts in quickly summarizing, searching, and browsing collected information to explore relationships and align content. In this paper, we will discuss the features and capabilities of the Canopy system and walk through a scenario illustrating how this system might be used in an operational environment.
Three-dimensional reconstructions from serial micrographs using the IBM PC

We have prepared software for producing three-dimensional reconstructions from serial micrographs using an IBM PC or compatible. The software can be configured for a variety of graphics board and digitizing tablet combinations. Data is entered into the program by digitizing contours directly from micrographs. The program can handle up to 2,000 contours per data file, of up to 255 object types. Morphometric information such as line length, perimeter, and area are generated for each contour. The reconstruction program aligns the plane information from each section and displays the final reconstruction on a high resolution (640 × 400 pixels) color monitor. Object types can be differentiated by line width, line color, and fill color. Hidden line processing and conditional fill routines make it possible to produce reconstructions with either a solid or semi-transparent appearance. Reconstructions can be generated quite rapidly from any viewing angle in the X, Y, and Z axes. The program has proven valuable for the elucidation of the three-dimensional nature of biological structures.
Influences of woody encroachment and restoration thinning on overstory savanna oak tree growth rates

Abstract Midwestern savannas historically covered >10 M ha in central North America, but are now rare due to agricultural conversion and anthropogenic modifications to disturbance regimes – particularly fire suppression. Throughout this range, Midwestern savannas are characterized by scattered overstory trees; however, with fire suppression, these systems are invaded by non-savanna trees. Restoration of encroached savannas involves removal of invading trees, yet little is known about the impacts of encroachment or encroachment removal on the relict savanna overstory trees, which define these systems. Here, we use tree ring analysis to investigate savanna tree growth rates in encroached, non-encroached, and experimentally restored Midwestern oak savannas in central Iowa. We found that woody encroachment led to pronounced declines in growth rate (ring width) of relict overstory white oak ( Quercus alba ), relative to Q. alba trees in competition-free, open-grown conditions, or in an encroachment-free remnant woodland. To further understand effects of encroachment removal on relict Q. alba savanna trees, we conducted a large-scale restoration experiment, where encroaching trees were mechanically removed from four encroached savannas, with an additional four savannas retained as encroached controls. Restoration led to elevated tree growth rates, with these changes generally persistent through 7 years post-restoration (2003–2009). Over the course of this post-restoration study period, ring width, basal area increment, and relative basal area increased by 49%, 59%, and 55%, respectively, in trees from restored sites, relative to trees from encroached, control sites. These results suggest that woody encroachment has strong influence on overstory savanna trees, through increased competitive dynamics; however, woody encroachment removal may help to restore relict savanna tree growth rates, even after prolonged periods of encroachment (>40 years). To restore the oak savannas at our sites, and perhaps elsewhere, we advocate a three step process: (1) mechanical woody encroachment removal, (2) maintenance of the encroachment-free state through prescribed fire, and (3) promotion of a diverse understory layer, characteristic of oak savanna in our region. While promoting oak regeneration will be important for the long-term maintenance of these sites as oak savanna, relict savanna trees appear responsive to restoration and should maintain overstory conditions through the near-term.
Endohedral silicon nanotubes as thinnest silicide wires

Using ab initio calculations, we describe how the smallest silicon nanotubes of (2,2) and (3,0) chiral symmetries are stabilized by the axially placed metal atoms, to form nearly one-dimensional structures with substantial cohesive energy, mechanical stiffness, and metallic density of electronic states. Their further reconstructions lead to thicker and shorter wires, while relative stability can be viewed in a binary field diagram of ${\mathrm{M}}_{x}{\mathrm{Si}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$, and depends on chemical potentials of the components. A comparison with recent epitaxial-growth experiments reveals the equivalence of the (2,2) endohedral nanotubes with the thinnest possible experimental wires.
Reliability of concentric and eccentric torque during isokinetic knee extension in post-stroke hemiparesis.

Abstract Background Emerging evidence on the velocity-dependent nature of force impairment in post-stroke hemiparesis has emphasized the complexity of strength and motor performance assessments in this clinical population. The need to establish reliability and responsiveness of muscle performance measures across a broad range of concentric and eccentric movement speeds is therefore clear, as these metrics will provide benchmarks both for making clinical inference and evaluating meaningful clinical change following interventions. Methods Isokinetic knee extensor strength was tested at 14 angular velocities in 17 adults with chronic post-stroke hemiparesis (>18 months), and 13 non-disabled controls. Identical tests were conducted on two occasions separated by two days. Test–retest reliability of maximal isokinetic torque was evaluated using intraclass correlation. Absolute reliability was assessed using standard error of measurement from which smallest real differences were derived. Findings Overall, intraclass correlation coefficients were excellent for both hemiparetic (0.891) and control (0.937) groups. Intraclass correlation coefficients for each criterion speed were also high for both groups (>0.86). Measurement error relative to the mean torque varied between 14.1% and 26.3% for hemiparetic subjects and 6.0–18.1% for controls. The smallest real difference relative to mean torque was 39.0–72.7% and 16.6–50.2% for hemiparetic and control subjects, respectively. Interpretation Isokinetic knee extension torque can be measured reliably in persons with chronic post-stroke hemiparesis and in non-disabled controls across a full functional range of concentric and eccentric speeds. Established measurement error and smallest real differences will aid interpretation of longitudinal observations of muscle performance in this clinical population.
Malnutrition Syndromes: A Conundrum vs Continuum

This provocative commentary critically examines historic definitions for adult malnutrition syndromes as they apply to developed countries with modern healthcare. To stimulate further discussion, the authors propose an updated approach that incorporates current understanding of the systemic inflammatory response to help guide assessment, diagnosis, and treatment. An appreciation of a continuum of inflammatory response in relation to malnutrition syndromes is described. This discussion serves to highlight a research agenda to address deficiencies in diagnostics, biomarkers, and therapeutics of inflammation in relation to malnutrition.
Shear-Wave Velocity Correlations for Puyallup River Alluvium

The suitability of selected cone penetration test-based shear-wave velocity correlations is assessed for use with Puyallup River alluvium in Puget Sound, Washington. The correlation models are found to be biased for Puyallup River alluvium; however, the functional forms of selected correlations were found to be readily adapted to local site conditions. The calibration for Puyallup River alluvium is presented and is found to perform satisfactorily for both down-hole SCPTu- and boring-based down-hole shear-wave velocity derived measurements. The distributions of prediction bias are presented for use in reliability studies. Recommendations are made for calibration of geologic-specific correlations using the functional forms of selected statistical shear-wave velocity regression models.
Two complex translocations in chronic granulocytic leukemia involving chromosomes 22, 9, and a third chromosome

Among 13 Ph-positive cases of chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL), banding studies revealed two with complex rearrangements involving translocation of the long arm of number 22 to another autosome and a segment of that chromosome translocated to the long arm of number 9. In a patient with both CGL and sickle cell anemia, the 3-way rearrangement involved chromosomes 5, 9, and 22; and he also had a second Phildaelphia chromosome and two constitutional variants: pericentric inversion of the other number 9 chromosome and satellite polymorphism in the G group. The karyotype of the leukemic cells was interpreted as: 47,XY,inv(9) (p11q13),t(5;9;22)(q13;q34;q11)+del(22)(q11).
Screening for 3D environments that support human mesenchymal stem cell viability using hydrogel arrays.

In this study we generated 3D poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel arrays to screen for the individual and combinatorial effects of extracellular matrix (ECM) degradability, cell adhesion ligand type, and cell adhesion ligand density on human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) viability. In particular, we explored the influence of two well-characterized ECM-derived cell adhesion ligands: the fibronectin-derived Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Pro (RGDSP) sequence, and the laminin-derived Ile-Lys-Val-Ala-Val (IKVAV) sequence. PEG network degradation, the RGDSP ligand, and the IKVAV ligand each individually increased hMSC viability in a dose-dependent manner. The RGDSP ligand also improved hMSC viability in a dose-dependent manner in degradable PEG hydrogels, while the effect of IKVAV was less pronounced in degradable hydrogels. Combinations of RGDSP and IKVAV promoted high viability of hMSCs in nondegradable PEG networks, while the combined effects of the ligands were not significant in degradable PEG hydrogels. Although hMSC s...
Environmental, Health, and Safety Aspects of Photovoltaics

During normal operation, photovoltaic (PV) systems will present no health concerns and only few environmental or safety problems. However, when one considers the entire cycle from raw material acquisition through ultimate disposal including abnormal operation, especially for the various far-term options, one encounters points which need study and possible situations which need monitoring. These issues, a plan for resolving them, and preliminary results are discussed. Topics for study include known or suspected toxicity of some PV cell components, health-effects data gaps, difficulties in predicting toxicity, possible synergistic enhancement of trace pollutants, the effect of government regulations on the PV industry, etc. The plan for dealing with them involves augmenting the existing capability at two Lead Centers with a Field Center devoted entirely to these matters. Results to date, derived largely from workshops, indicate that the relatively few near-term health problems expected will be mostly occupational rather than public, with exposures more likely to be accidental than routine and process containment and cell encapsulation playing important protection roles. Nevertheless, modest programs are needed to define these problems better, provide more health-effects information, and implement a careful detailed environmental assessment. Based on these considerations, vigorous PV technology development seems clearly warranted.
Effects of acromegaly treatment and growth hormone on adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase.

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyzes lipoprotein triglyceride into nonesterified fatty acids, which are then reesterified and stored in adipose tissue. Previous studies have demonstrated increases in LPL in response to insulin-like growth factor I and GH when added in vitro. This study examined the effects of acromegaly treatment on adipose tissue LPL. Ten patients with clinically active acromegaly were recruited. A fasting adipose tissue biopsy was performed both before and 3 months after treatment with octreotide (8 patients) or surgery plus octreotide (2 patients). With treatment, mean baseline insulin-like growth factor I levels fell from 6.41 to 3.98 U/mL (normal, < 2.2 U/mL; P < 0.05), and serum glycohemoglobin fell from 8.6 to 7.2 (normal, < 6.8). Adipose LPL was measured in the heparin-released fraction as well as the cellular fraction extracted with nonionic detergent (EXT). After treatment of acromegaly, there was no change in heparin-released fraction LPL activity or immunoreactive mass. However...
Dynamic response of million block cavern models with parallel processing

As shown by this technical note, increases in computational speed from parallel processing now allow investigation of dynamic stability of heavily jointed rock in three dimensions. Presented herein is the dynamic response of a 20 m wide and 25 m high cavern in a rock mass with 0.7 m spaced joints to a 2000 explicit time step, multiple pulse excitation. Even at 0.7 m spacing of the joints, some 1,200,000 discrete blocks or elements were required to fill the space around one half of the cavern. Results of these computations are presented to demonstrate the current potential of parallel processing and its use to operate models sufficiently large to substantiate long-held beliefs, such as the three dimensionally stabilizing effects of cavern ends.
Regulation of multinational firms with two active governments: A common agency approach

Abstract When a government agency imposes cost-based taxes/ regulations on a multinational with private cost information, it may initiate countervailing regulations by another of the governments with which the multinational interacts. We analyze the problem of optimal regulation of a multinational under incomplete cost information (via trade taxes) by multiple governments as a problem of common agency with adverse selection. By focusing on the game played by the competing governments we characterize the equilibrium trade taxes and show that the non-cooperative behavior of the governments not only reduces aggregate national welfare but also reduces firm profits.
Postoperative management following carpal tunnel release surgery: principles of rehabilitation.

The authors analyzed long-term follow-up data to assess the value of intracavitary irradiation with stereotactically implanted beta-emitting radioisotope (90)Y-silicate colloid for the treatment of craniopharyngiomas. Fifty-seven craniopharyngiomas in 42 patients were selected for retrospective analysis. The yttrium-90 was implanted intracavitally, using computerized tomography-guided and three-dimensional stereotactic treatment planning. The cumulative dose aimed at the inner surface of the cyst wall was 300 Gy. An average of 75% shrinkage of the initial cyst volume was observed. In 18 cases the reduction was more than 91%, and the cyst disappeared totally in 11 cases. A 50% decrease in cyst volume was usually apparent between the 2nd and 4th months. A 70% decrease in cyst volume was seen by the 5th and 6th months and an 80% reduction by the 7th and 8th months. Cysts that were unchanged remained so throughout the observation period. The time course of volume reduction could be expressed mathematically by the formula of 0.73 X e(-0.62 X T) + 0.27, where "e" is the basic number of natural logarithm and "T" is the time expressed in months. Mean survival duration after intracavitary irradiation was 9.4 years. The shrinkage of the cyst was a consequence of fibrosis of the wall, as seen on histopathological examination. The neuroophthalmological prognosis was favorable only when the optic disc was normal or nearly normal at the time of the treatment. In the presence of preexisting optic atrophy, visual deterioration proved to be irreversible. The long-term results support the view that intracavitary (90)Y-irradiation is a noninvasive and very effective method of treatment for craniopharyngioma cysts. Because of the 1.1 mm half-life decay of beta irradiation, it cannot influence the solid part of the tumor; therefore, the best result can be expected in solitary cysts.
Exact Monte Carlo Calculations for Fermions On a Parallel Machine

We describe how a recently published algorithm, which addresses the sign problem within the context of the Green's function Monte Carlo method, can be implemented in a parallel distributed environment. The method of parallelization maintains large granularity and therefore low overhead. Despite the stochastic na ture of the algorithm, good load-balancing can be ac complished and reproducibility is ensured.