cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Olfactory ensheathing glia and platelet-derived growth factor B-chain reactivity in the transplanted rat olfactory bulb.

Abstract Using a monoclonal antibody against the B-chain of platelet-derived growth factor as a marker, we have examined the behavior of olfactory ensheathing glia in the normal and transplanted rat olfactory bulb. In the normal postnatal olfactory bulb, these glia are found to ensheath the bundles of incoming primary olfactory nerve fibers as well as those in the olfactory nerve layer. Olfactory marker protein antibody was used to identify the olfactory nerve proper. Within the transplant, the same glia: 1. (1) ensheath bundles of both primary olfactory and non-primary olfactory axons, 2. (2) ensheath axonal bundles deep within the donor tissue, and 3. (3) eventually permit radiation of individual axons from bundles to surrounding neuropil. We believe that ensheathing glia (being rich in growth-related factors and extracellular matrix molecules) may be useful in providing trophic support and guidance for the reconstruction of developmentally or traumatically damaged neuronal pathways not directly related to the olfactory system. The evidence presented here indicates that ensheathing glia are capable of existing in deep brain areas and ensheathing other than primary olfactory axons. The special molecular characteristics of these glia along with the morphological findings presented here provide a foundation for further studies of these unique glia and their potential utility in the restoration of damaged neural pathways.
Aesthetic issues in spatial composition: effects of position and direction on framing single objects

Artists who work in two-dimensional visual media regularly face the problem of how to compose their subjects in aesthetically pleasing ways within a surrounding rectangular frame. We performed psychophysical investigations of viewers' aesthetic preferences for the position and facing direction of single, directed objects (e.g. people, cars, teapots and flowers) within such rectangular frames. Preferences were measured using two-alternative forced-choice preference judgments, the method of adjustment, and free choice in taking photographs. In front-facing conditions, preference was greatest for pictures whose subject was located at or near the center of the frame and decreased monotonically and symmetrically with distance from the center (the center bias). In the left- or right-facing conditions, there was an additional preference for objects to face into rather than out of the frame (the inward bias). Similar biases were evident using a method of adjustment, in which participants positioned objects along a horizontal axis, and in free choice photographs, in which participants were asked to take 'the most aesthetically pleasing picture' they could of everyday objects. The results are discussed as affirming the power of the center and facing direction in the aesthetic biases viewers bring to their appreciation of framed works of visual art (e.g. Alexander, 2002; Arnheim, 1988).
Subjective estimates of shock probability following classical aversive conditioning with visual and gustatory conditioned stimuli

Abstract In two recent studies (Evans and Busch, 1974; Busch and Evans, in press) designed to explore the relevance of “cue appropriateness” concepts to aversion therapy, it was found that taste was a less effective CS than color. The major limitations of these studies were that conditioning was inferred from subjective ratings (although cross-validated by an unobtrusive but equally inferential performance measure), and the taste stimuli were rated more negatively in the pre-test than the color stimuli, thus creating possible ceiling effects. Quite apart from limitations in these particular studies, almost all cue appropriateness research contains methodological flaws; obvious ones are the failure to equate stimuli in different sense modalities for subjective intensity, or salience, and the failure to equate the ISIs when visual and gustatory elements of ingestible substances are the cues of interest. One of our studies (Busch and Evans, in press) partially resolved the timing problem, but in studies of visually-oriented college students the salience problem remains acute. It therefore seemed worthwhile to investigate whether, in the paradigm used in our laboratory, subjects simply attend less to taste cues than to color cues. In order to determine cue salience, a measure other than the development of CRs must be used. If an organism comes to give a CR to a certain stimulus, that is prima facie evidence of attention to, or if one prefers it, reception of, that stimulus, although generalization studies show the elements of the stimulus actually controlling the CR may not necessarily be the ones expected by the experimenter. Animal conditioning studies have shown, however, that the failure of CRs to emerge does not inevitably mean that the stimulus was ignored and an appropriate CR may appear if performance-related variables are manipulated. Similarly, humans may or may not show a CR and yet be able to verbalize correctly the contingency experienced during the conditioning. Thus for human Ss a cognitive expectancy measure should be able to reveal cue salience independent of the actual elaboration of a CR. We therefore repeated the Evans and Busch (1974) procedure and measured, instead of attitudinal changes to the CS, the Ss' perception of the contingency they had experienced.
Cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene)-based [2]catenanes prepared by kinetically controlled reactions involving alkynes.

Charged donor−acceptor [2]catenanes, in which the π-accepting cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) acts as a tetracationic template for the threading-followed-by-clipping of acyclic oligoethers, incorporating centrally a π-donating 1,5-dioxynaphthalene ring system and terminated either by acetylene units or by acetylene and azide functions, are the products of copper-mediated Eglinton coupling and Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, respectively.
Empirical Studies of the Soft Error Susceptibility ofSorting Algorithms to Statistical Fault Injection

Soft errors are becoming an important issue in computing systems. Near threshold voltage (NTV), reduced circuit sizes, high performance computing (HPC), and high altitude computing all present interesting challenges in this area. Much of the existing literature has focused on hardware techniques to mitigate and measure soft errors at the hardware level. Instead, in this paper we explore the soft error susceptibility of three common sorting algorithms at the software layer. We focus on the comparison operator and use our software fault injection tool to place faults with fine precision during the execution of these algorithms. We explore how the algorithm susceptibilities vary based on input and bit position and relate these faults back to the source code to study how algorithmic decisions impact the reliability of the codes. Finally, we look at the question of the number of fault injections required for statistical significance. Using standard practice equations used in hardware fault injection experiments we calculate the number of injections that should be required to achieve confidence in our results. Then we show, empirically, that more fault injections are required before we gain confidence in our experiments.
Imputation aware meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies

Genome-wide association studies have recently identified many new loci associated with human complex diseases. These newly discovered variants typically have weak effects requiring studies with large numbers of individuals to achieve the statistical power necessary to identify them. Likely, there exist even more associated variants, which remain to be found if even larger association studies can be assembled. Meta-analysis provides a straightforward means of increasing study sample sizes without collecting new samples by combining existing data sets. One obstacle to combining studies is that they are often performed on platforms with different marker sets. Current studies overcome this issue by imputing genotypes missing from each of the studies and then performing standard meta-analysis techniques. We show that this approach may result in a loss of power since errors in imputation are not accounted for. We present a new method for performing meta-analysis over imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms, show that it is optimal with respect to power, and discuss practical implementation issues. Through simulation experiments, we show that our imputation aware meta-analysis approach outperforms or matches standard meta-analysis approaches.
Tunneling and the onset of chaos in a driven bistable system.

We study the interplay between coherent transport by tunneling and diffusive transport through classically chaotic phase-space regions, as it is reflected in the Floquet spectrum of the periodically driven quartic double well. The tunneling splittings in the semiclassical regime are determined with high numerical accuracy, and the association of the corresponding doublet states to either chaotic or regular regions of the classical phase space is quantified in terms of the overlap of the Husimi distribution with the chaotic layer along the separatrix. We find a strong correlation between both quantities. They show an increase by orders of magnitude as the chaotic diffusion between the wells starts to dominate the classical dynamics. We discuss semiclassical explanations for this correlation.
Comparing, modeling, and assigning chemical-shift tensors in the cartesian, irreducible spherical, and icosahedral representations

Abstract A measure of the difference between two chemical-shift tensors is developed by defining the scalar distance between them. Chemical-shift tensors are treated as functions whose domain is the surface of a sphere and the mathematical definition of the quadratic distance between two functions is invoked. Expressions for the distance between two chemical-shift tensors are developed in the Cartesian and irreducible spherical representations and in a new icosahedral representation. A representation wherein the chemical-shift tensor is specified by the shifts when the magnetic field is along six directions defined by the vertices of an isosahedron is developed and its properties are discussed. The expression for the distance between two tensors is found to be particularly attractive and useful in this icosahedral representation. The distance between tensors computed in the icosahedral representation is useful in fitting linear models to tensor data. It is shown how such fitting can contribute to the assignment of tensors obtained from single-crystal studies. A quantitative figure of merit useful for comparing multiple assignment possibilities is developed. The results derived are applicable to any physical phenomenon described by real zero-rank and second-rank tensors.
An electrophysiological study of school-aged children with a history of failure to thrive during infancy.

Sixty-five subjects, ages 8 to 12, participated in a visual electrophysiological study. Twenty-two of the subjects had received a diagnosis of nonorganic failure-to-thrive (FTT) before the age of three. The remaining 43 subjects had no history of FTT and served as Controls. IQs were obtained with the abbreviated WISC-III, and the Controls were split into two groups, LO IQ and HI IQ, to provide a LO IQ Control group with an average IQ equivalent to the FTT group. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from five scalp locations during a cued continuous performance task (CPT). Subjects had to press a button every time they saw the letter “X” following the letter “A” (50 targets out of 400 stimuli).
The design process of iConnect: social advice application

With Google [9] having established itself as the de-facto standard for document search and retrieval, the focus has shifted recently to the domain of social search. Morris et al. [12] define social search as "the process of finding information online with the assistance of social resources such as friends or unknown persons". A number of online services [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] have been created to enable social search. But most of these are not useful when a person is mobile and offline and when the information need is highly context-specific. To enable social search in such situations, we introduce iConnect, the social advice application for mobile phones. iConnect is designed to enable a unique kind of social search, where an iConnect user is connected to other iConnect users in the same geographic region or locality. This would help people to solve their daily information needs. This paper illustrates the design process that we employed to conceptualize and prototype this application.
Performance evaluation of the BioCAST technology: a new multi-zone wastewater treatment system.

A new wastewater treatment technology, called BioCAST, has been designed and developed for high rate and simultaneous removal of organic carbonaceous compounds as well as nitrogen and phosphorus, along with reduced sludge generation. The treatment system has two interlinked reactors containing four independent zones with different environmental conditions of aerobic, microaerophilic, anoxic and anaerobic for the biological treatment of wastewater, as well as two clarification zones and a filtration unit for solid–liquid separation. The treatment system contains suspended as well as fixed-film microorganisms. The performance evaluation of the BioCAST system was carried out at organic loading rates of 0.95 to 1.86 kg/m 3 d, and nitrogen and phosphorus loading rates of 0.02 to 0.08 kg/m 3 d and 0.014 to 0.02 kg/m 3 d, respectively. The results demonstrated high removal efficiencies of carbon and nitrogen throughout the operation period, reaching 98.9 and 98.3%, respectively. Phosphorus removal efficiency was lower than 50% during the first 160 days of operation but it increased with the increase of nitrogen loading rate above 0.05 kg/m 3 day and concomitant reduction of C/N ratio below 15. Phosphorus removal efficiency reached 94.1%, producing an effluent concentration of 1.4 mg/L after 225 days of operation. The overall biomass yield based on the consumed COD was 3.7%.
Tracing a Translocation's Impact

Wapner's narrative follows developments from the recognition of a chromosomal abnormality in cancer cells to the production of a targeted drug against what had been a lethal leukemia.
Study confirms certain risk factors for development of alveolar osteitis.

Design Prospective nested case-control study. CASE/CONTROL SELECTION: From a cohort of 1423 Patents age 18 and older undergoing dental extractions at a public dental clinic in Chile examined at four days post-extraction. Eighty cases of alveolar osteitis were identified. Eighty matched controls were selected from the cohort at random. Data analysis Eight predictor variables (risk factors), namely patient gender, hygiene, tooth location, previous surgical site infection, traumatic extraction, systemic diseases, alcohol consumption and tobacco use were considered. A binary regression logistic analysis was performed to determine significant associations. Results The overall incidence of alveolar osteitis was 6.14%. Logistic regression analysis after adjustment showed a statistically significant association between three variables and the development of alveolar osteitis; previous surgical site infection (odds ratio [OR], 3.3; 95% CI, 1.4 to 7.7), traumatic extraction (OR, 13.1; 95% CI, 5.4 to 31.7) and smoking of tobacco after extraction (OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.3 to 9.0). Conclusions Previous surgical site infection, traumatic extraction and tobacco smoking are associated with an increased risk of alveolar osteitis.
Modelling gene functional linkages using yeast microarray data

Understanding how genes are functionally related requires efficient algorithms to model networks from expression data. We report a heuristic search algorithm called Two-Level Simulated Annealing (TLSA) that is more likely to find the global optimal network structure compared to conventional simulated annealing and other searching schemes. We have applied this method to search for a global optimised network structure from a synthetic data set and an expression data set of S. cerevisiae mutants. We have achieved better precision and recall compared to other searching algorithms and are able to map relationships more accurately among functionally-linked genes.
SU‐GG‐I‐61: Variation of Effective Dose with Projection Angle during Cardiac‐Catheterization Imaging

Purpose:Cardiac catheterization is a high‐dose x‐ray imaging procedure that includes several radiosensitive organs in the beam. This work demonstrates the variation of effective dose with projection angle for this procedure. Methods and Materials: ICRP 103 effective doses were calculated using PCXMC 2.0 for the geometry of simulated cardiac procedures with the Toshiba Infinix C‐Arm unit equipped with a 20 × 20 cm flat‐panel detector (FPD). With the heart at isocenter, effective dose was calculated per mAs for cranial/caudal (CRA/CAU) angles from 50° CRA to 50° CAU and left‐anterior oblique / right‐anterior oblique (LAO/RAO) projection angles from 90° LAO to 90° RAO from the posterior‐anterior (PA) direction. An estimate of view effective dose was made using technique parameters that were recorded for cardiacimaging of a Rando torso phantom at various projection angles with the unit operating under automatic brightness control. Results: Effective dose per mAs values are seen to peak at an LAO/RAO angle of about 30 degrees and drop rapidly as the beam moves more laterally, with a reduction of about 60% at 90 degrees. A decrease of about 20% is seen as the CRA/CAU angle is increased. With the phantom, there was an increase in technique parameters with increasing projection angle that tends to offset the effective dose per mAs decrease, so that the view effective dose generally increases with angle. Conclusion: The stochastic risk increment to the patient as reflected in the effective dose varies with the projection view used during the cardiac‐catheterization procedure. In general, the more that larger CRA/CAU and RAO/LAO angles are used, the greater will be the cumulative effective dose. (Support: Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation)
Characterization of antigens on mosquito midgut stages of Plasmodium gallinaceum. I. Zygote surface antigens

We have defined the surface protein antigens on Plasmodium gallinaceum zygotes using radioiodination methods and rabbit anti-zygote serum which blocks transmission of the parasite to Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Fifteen protein bands (1-15) in the molecular weight range of 40 000-240 000 and one band at the bromophenol blue dye marker were labelled by the lactoperoxidase and IODOGEN (1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha,6 alpha-diphenylglycoluril) methods. The localization of these radioiodinated components on the cell surface was confirmed in two ways: (1) They were completely degraded by trypsin or Streptomyces griseus protease treatment of intact viable zygotes. (2) They were immunoprecipitated following incubation of intact zygotes with antibody prior to detergent solubilization. Reactivity with immune rabbit serum demonstrated that the major surface immunogens were components with Mr 240 000, 200 000, 180 000, 80 000, 55 000, 50 000 and the band at the dye marker. A band of Mr 180 000 was shown immunologically to be a host serum protein selectively adsorbed to the zygote surface. The identity of this protein and the significance of its adsorption to the surface of the zygote are unknown.
Individualizing speech communication instruction

The authors present a model of individualized speech communication instruction for the basic communication course. The model utilizes the concept of mastery learning. Learner related advantages and system‐related advantages for using individualized instruction are discussed
Nonlinear delay systems controllability

Abstract This research resolves some controllability questions of general nonlinear delay systems in function space in which earlier solutions of the optimal problem have been shown to exist. By using a powerful open mapping theorem and Gateaux differentiability, we avoid the difficult requirement of Frechet differentiability of an operator F: Wp(1) × Lp → Wp(1) which is associated with the nonlinear system. Properties of the linearized system help ensure the nonlinear system's controllability.
Radiocarbon-calendar age relationship

Abstract Radiocarbon dated tree-rings from eight laboratories were analyzed by multiple regression and 250 yr means to determine the relationship between radiocarbon dates reduced to a common base and tree-ring (calendar) dates for the last 7100 yr. Both methods of analysis affirm the large scale differences reported elsewhere; however they do not substantiate the previously reported smaller scale fluctuations. Radiocarbon ages are younger than calendar ages from the present to ca. 500 yr ago and from 2100 to 7100 yr ago. From ca. 500 to 2100 yr ago, the two chronologies are nearly equal. The calendar-radiocarbon age relationships for individual laboratories are presented. Although small systematic differences are noted, their significance cannot be assessed at this time due to limited data.
Induction and Enhancement of Immune Responses to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 in Humans by Use of a Recombinant Glycoprotein D Vaccine

A vaccine for a chronic or recurrent viral infection should induce immune responses that protect against primary disease or that augment preexisting defenses sufficiently to diminish the likelihood of disease recurrence or progression. Such a vaccine was sought for genital herpes, a sexually transmitted infection of epidemic proportion. Vaccine containing recombinant herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoprotein D expressed in CHO cells was given repeatedly and safely to 24 human volunteers. In previously uninfected subjects, the vaccine induced primary antigen-specific and neutralizing antibody responses nearing or exceeding those seen at entry in subjects with genital herpes. Primary cellular immune responses were also evoked. Vaccination of previously seropositive subjects boosted antibody titers to levels that remained, for > or = 1 year, severalfold above those attained in recurrent genital herpes. Either the quantity or mode of presentation of antigen permitted this vaccine to exhibit previously unachieved immunogenicity, which may prove adequate for antiviral immunoprophylaxis or treatment of genital herpes.
Simple algorithm to determine the near-edge smoke boundaries with scanning lidar

We propose a modified algorithm for the gradient method to determine the near-edge smoke plume boundaries using backscatter signals of a scanning lidar. The running derivative of the ratio of the signal standard deviation (STD) to the accumulated sum of the STD is calculated, and the location of the global maximum of this function is found. No empirical criteria are required to determine smoke boundaries; thus the algorithm can be used without a priori selection of threshold values. The modified gradient method is not sensitive to the signal random noise at the far end of the lidar measurement range. Experimental data obtained with the Fire Sciences Laboratory lidar during routine prescribed fires in Montana were used to test the algorithm. Analysis results are presented that demonstrate the robustness of this algorithm.
Patterns of incidence of brain tumors in children

A population-based community-wide study of the incidence of brain tumors in children from 1960 through 1974 was conducted in the Baltimore area. Incidence rates in boys declined from 1960 to 1974 and were higher in whites than in blacks in all age groups except children under 5 years. A peak in incidence rates was observed in white 5- to 9-year-olds and in blacks from 0 to 4 years of age. In addition, incidence rates tended to be higher in boys than in girls at all ages except at puberty-the 10- to 14-year-old age group-when rates in girls exceeded those in boys. The findings suggest that both host and environmental factors may be involved in the cause of brain tumors in children.
Modification of residual thermal stress in a metal-matrix composite with the use of a tailored interfacial region

Abstract A three-component cylinder model of a unidirectional composite is used to evaluate the importance of an interfacial region in the build-up of residual thermal stress. The components consist of the fibre, an interfacial region and the surrounding matrix. Four mismatch of thermal expansion terms are obtained from this analysis. Each is examined for its contribution to the residual stress state by comparing the coefficients of each mismatch term. The residual stress problem is seen as being influenced by more than the mismatch between the fibre and the matrix. When anisotropic fibre expansion exists in the specific metal-matrix composite, the interfacial region has a significant contribution to residual stress build-up. Further, an interfacial region with an elastic modulus of the order of the elastic modulus of the fibre has a larger effect on the residual stress than when it is of the order of that of the matrix. For an aluminium-matrix composite this large contribution is deleterious and a compliant interfacial region is preferred due to the present considerations.
Unit Balls, Lorentz Boosts, and Hyperbolic Geometry

The bounded symmetric spaces naturally associated with the Poincare and Beltrami-Klein models of hyperbolic geometry on the open unit ball B in $${\mathbb{R}^n}$$ and with the automorphism group of biholomorphic maps on the open ball in $${\mathbb{C}^n}$$ give rise by a standard construction to specialized loop structures (nonassociative groups), which we use to define canonical metrics, called rapidity metrics. We show that this rapidity metric agrees with the classical Poincare metric resp. the Cayley-Klein metric resp. the Bergman metric. We introduce the Lorentz boost of vectors in B, which turns out to be a loop isomorphism. It induces a similarity of metrics between the rapidity metric of the Einstein or Mobius loop and the trace metric on positive definite matrices restricted to the Lorentz boosts.
Expression and phosphorylation of translation regulatory protein 4E-binding protein (BP)-1 in low-risk diffuse large B cell lymphoma

Protein translation initiation is controlled by eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF-4E) binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). Phosphorylated 4E-BP1 dissociates from eIF-4E, allowing translation of transcripts mediating cell cycling, survival, and angiogenesis. The expression and phosphorylation of 4E-BP1, and influence on prognosis of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), is unknown. Because at least some patients with low-risk (International Prognostic Index score 0–2) DLBCL treated with standard anthracycline-based chemotherapy experience a short survival, we examined if 4E-BP1 expression and phosphorylation may provide additional prognostic information in 35 patients with low-risk DLBCL. We examined their initial diagnostic pathology specimens for 4E-BP1 expression and phosphorylation using immunohistochemistry, and we correlated these with clinical outcomes. While 4E-BP1 was uniformly expressed, there was wide distribution in its level of phosphorylation (biological activity). 4E-BP1 phosphorylation correlated strongly with overall survival (OS; P = 0.007) and progression-free survival (PFS; P = 0.02) and was the most significant independent variable for both OS and PFS on multivariable analysis. Our findings suggest that immunohistochemical evaluation of 4E-BP1 phosphorylation may help refine the prognostication of patients with low-risk DLBCL. Prospective studies in an independent cohort of patients are warranted.
Cycloaddition and Cyclization Chemistry of 2H-Azirines

Publisher Summary Azirines are regarded as one of the most simple of all heterocyclic systems. They are characterized, by the presence of two carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom, in a three-membered ring, containing a π-bond. Numerous members of the 2H-azirine ring systems are fully characterized. The stability of the 2H-azirine ring is attributed to the combined effects of bond shortening and angle compression and to the presence of the electron-rich nitrogen atom. This chapter describes the important cyclo-transformations of the azirine system, with emphasis on cycloaddition and cyclization reactions. It outlines the selective sampling of the photochemical cycloaddition and cyclization chemistry of 2H-azirines. It is noted that the chemistry of 2H-azirines is generally regarded as mechanistically complex and synthetically useful. Also, in contrast to their photochemical behavior, the major thermal reaction of 2H-azirines generally involves C(2)–N bond cleavage to form vinyl nitrenes, which further react, by either insertion into an adjacent C–H bond or else undergo addition across a neighboring π-bond.
Modeling study of silicon incorporation from SiBr4 in GaAs layers grown by chemical beam epitaxy

Abstract Analyses of the chemisorption rate of silicon tetrabromide on GaAs(1 0 0) in chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) are presented. An expression is derived from the analyses for calculating the doping concentration. Doping concentrations are calculated by coupling the expression with a numerical growth model for CBE of GaAs with triethylgallium and tris(dimethylamino) arsine. A very good agreement is obtained between predicted and measured doping concentrations. The upper limit to the activation energy of SiBr 4 dissociative chemisorption is found to be 28.6 kcal/mol. The role of the precursor's molecular weight in governing the doping efficiency is discussed.
An automated method for the determination of amylase.

Summary 1. A manual amylase procedure was recently proposed using amylose-azure as a substrate. This dye-polysaccharide complex appeared superior to other substrates in use, and the basic methodology embraced both simplicity and sound theory. 2. In the course of adapting the basic procedure to single and multiple channel automation, changes were incorporated which improved linearity and sensitivity. 3. Experimental, comparative and normal population studies are presented.
Detection of structural variants and indels within exome data.

The Splitread algorithm uses a split-read strategy to detect structural variants and small insertions and deletions (indels) in whole-exome and whole-genome sequence datasets at high sensitivity. It maps the breakpoints at single-base-pair resolution, even in low-complexity regions, and can detect novel processed pseudogenes.
Evaluation of manometric temperature measurement, a process analytical technology tool for freeze-drying: part II measurement of dry-layer resistance.

The purpose of this work was to study the factors that may cause systematic errors in the manometric temperature measurement (MTM) procedure used to determine product dry-layer resistance to vapor flow. Product temperature and dry-layer resistance were obtained using MTM software installed on a laboratory freeze-dryer. The MTM resistance values were compared with the resistance values obtained using the “vial method.” The product dry-layer resistances obtained by MTM, assuming fixed temperature difference (ΔT; 2°C), were lower than the actual values, especially when the product temperatures and sublimation rates were low, but with ΔT determined from the pressure rise data, more accurate results were obtained. MTM resistance values were generally lower than the values obtained with the vial method, particularly whenever freeze-drying was conducted under conditions that produced large variations in product temperature (ie, low shelf temperature, low chamber pressure, and without thermal shields). In an experiment designed to magnify temperature heterogeneity, MTM resistance values were much lower than the simple average of the product resistances. However, in experiments where product temperatures were homogenous, good agreement between MTM and “vial-method” resistances was obtained. The reason for the low MTM resistance problem is the fast vapor pressure rise from a few “warm” edge vials or vials with low resistance. With proper use of thermal shields, and the evaluation of ΔT from the data, MTM resistance data are accurate. Thus, the MTM method for determining dry-layer resistance is a useful tool for freeze-drying process analytical technology.
Abstract 1153: Nanoparticle delivery of microRNA-107 reduces the tumorigenicity of head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC)

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most prevalent cancer worldwide with about 600,000 new cases diagnosed in the last year. The 5-year survival rate of HNSCC has remained stagnant despite advances in the clinical management of this disease. Understanding the molecular pathways that lead to aggressive HNSCC is crucial to identify new “druggable” targets for anti-cancer drug development. Recently, our laboratory showed that miR-107 is significantly reduced in primary HNSCC tumors and HNSCC cell lines. Ectopic expression of miR-107 in CAL-27 HNSCC cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation, DNA replication, clonogenic survival, and tumor growth in nude mice. Our data demonstrate the potential application of miR-107 as a novel anti-cancer therapeutic for HNSCC. In this study, we determine the efficacy of miR-107 encapsulated nanoparticles (NP-miR-107) in a xenograft model of HNSCC. NP-miR-107 was successfully formulated by ethanol injection method. The particle size of NP-miR-107 was 47.8 ± 3.5 nm and zeta potential was +12.1 mV. NP-miR-107 significantly retarded (57.6% inhibition, p<0.02) tumor growth of CAL27 HNSCC tumors compared to NP-miR-control; tumor volume of 340.6 ± 51.6 mm3 and 804.1 ± 181.6 mm3 for the NP-miR-107 group and the NP-miR-control group, respectively. Moreover, Kaplan-Meir analysis showed a survival advantage for the NP-miR-107 treatment group (p=0.039). Our results demonstrate that our nanoparticles are an effective carrier approach to deliver therapeutic miRs to tumors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1153. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1153
Comparative Therapeutic Effects of Velaglucerase Alfa and Imiglucerase in a Gaucher Disease Mouse Model

Gaucher disease type 1 is caused by the defective activity of the lysosomal enzyme, acid beta-glucosidase (GCase). Regular infusions of purified recombinant GCase are the standard of care for reversing hematologic, hepatic, splenic, and bony manifestations. Here, similar in vitro enzymatic properties, and in vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) and therapeutic efficacy of GCase were found with two human GCases, recombinant GCase (CHO cell, imiglucerase, Imig) and gene-activated GCase (human fibrosarcoma cells, velaglucerase alfa, Vela), in a Gaucher mouse, D409V/null. About 80+% of either enzyme localized to the liver interstitial cells and <5% was recovered in spleens and lungs after bolus i.v. injections. Glucosylceramide (GC) levels and storage cell numbers were reduced in a dose (5, 15 or 60 U/kg/wk) dependent manner in livers (60-95%) and in spleens ( approximately 10-30%). Compared to Vela, Imig (60 U/kg/wk) had lesser effects at reducing hepatic GC (p = 0.0199) by 4 wks; this difference disappeared by 8 wks when nearly WT levels were achieved by Imig. Anti-GCase IgG was detected in GCase treated mice at 60 U/kg/wk, and IgE mediated acute hypersensitivity and death occurred after several injections of 60 U/kg/wk (21% with Vela and 34% with Imig). The responses of GC levels and storage cell numbers in Vela- and Imig-treated Gaucher mice at various doses provide a backdrop for clinical applications and decisions.
The Mathematical Development Beliefs Survey: Validity and reliability of a measure of preschool teachers’ beliefs about the learning and teaching of early mathematics

The Mathematical Development Beliefs Survey was developed to measure early childhood teachers’ beliefs about mathematics teaching and learning in the preschool classroom. This instrument was designed to measure beliefs concerning (a) age-appropriateness of mathematics instruction, (b) classroom locus of generation of mathematical knowledge (teacher vs child), (c) mathematical development as a primary goal of preschool education, and (d) confidence level in providing mathematics instruction. The reliability and validity of the instrument was examined through multiple phases of development, including two pilot studies and a final study with 346 pre- and in-service preschool teachers across three states. Methods included cognitive interviews with participants, literature reviews, and interviews with experts in the field, as well as statistical procedures such as analyses of variance between well-defined groups of in- and preservice teachers, correlations between measures of knowledge and beliefs, and confirm...
Prolongation of T2 Stratification after Microfracture Does Not Indicate Normal Cartilage.

Dear Editor, We read with interest the recent article by Domayer et al. titled “Microfracture in the Ankle: Clinical Results and MRI with T2-Mapping at 3.0 T after 1 to 8 Years” (Cartilage Online First, October 18, 2010). The authors concluded that microfracture surgery as a means of treatment for osteochondral lesions of the talus can provide a repair tissue that is similar to that of “adjacent” cartilage when assessed with a relaxation time analysis via quantitative T2-mapping MRI. The inferior biological and mechanical properties of fibrocartilage are well recognized throughout the literature.1-5 Normal articular cartilage is composed primarily of type II collagen, whereas the differentiation of fibrocartilage results in an increased type I collagen composition. We were therefore surprised to learn that the fibrocartilage infill reported in the analysis by Domayer et al. resembled normal cartilage. In our experience, the T2 values of fibrocartilage infill following microfracture never approach the stratification of normal cartilage. In fact, the T2 values are typically diffuse and prolongated, thereby reflecting poor collagen fiber architecture within the repair cartilage (Fig. 1). Figure 1. Coronal quantitative T2-map performed 24 months following microfracture to the lateral aspect of the talar dome demonstrates prolongation of T2 values without color stratification at the site of cartilage repair. We must emphasize that a single T2 measurement within the respective region of interest should not be considered adequate in accurately quantifying the cartilage repair tissue. Standardized regions of interest for quantitative imaging techniques such as T2-mapping should include multiple standardized measurements of the repair tissue (i.e., the central aspect of the defect, the peripheral defect, the interface between the repair and host tissues, the area adjacent to the defect, and a control value that is remote from the defect). These measurements should also be taken in both the deep and superficial halves of repair cartilage. Interestingly, a significant area of prolongation within the repair tissue over the defect is evident in Figure 3A, but it is impossible to know whether or not this was taken into account in the authors’ analysis without a standardized protocol with multiple measurements. We stress that the quantification of repair cartilage following microfracture surgery for osteochondral lesions of the talus must be evaluated further before definitive conclusions can be drawn. Sincerely,
Regular weights of full rank on strongly regular graphs

This work addresses the existence question for weighted coherent configurations in the special case of rank 3, symmetric cc's, which are equivalent to strongly regular graphs, and weights of values ±1. Examples related to rank 3 group actions ofA5,S4(q) and PSL3(4) are discussed and a complete account of the regular full rank weights on the lattice graphL2(n) is given. These are found to be either trivial or tensor products of pairs of weights whose coboundaries are regular 2-graphs.
Bowel perforation following blunt trauma to a vaginal vault prolapse.

Vaginal vault prolapse is a type of pelvic organ hernia that can occur following hysterectomy. It is common to Wnd parts of the bladder or small bowel within the prolapse. This is then respectively called cystocele or enterocele [6]. Patients typically seek treatment for symptoms related to voiding, bowel, and/or sexual dysfunction. Additionally, patients may be alarmed by the presence of a prolapse and seek treatment. Not surprisingly, trauma to a prolapsed vaginal vault with signiWcant injury to its contents is very rare. We report a rare case of bowel perforation following blunt trauma to a chronically prolapsed vaginal vault to illustrate the need for a high index of suspicion and a systematic approach to exclude signiWcant injury even after rather seemingly minimal trauma has occurred.
Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in cruciferous crops, foods and feedingstuffs

Abstract Almost one hundred glucosinolates are distributed in plants, primarily amongst members of the Cruciferae. Their presence in the genus Brassica is of major concern in any consideration of their effect in animal feedingstuffs and human foods. Following a discussion of the structure of glucosinolates and the nature of the various products formed on their enzymically induced hydrolysis, the factors affecting the qualitative and quantitative content of glucosinolates and hydrolysis products in plants, foods and feedingstuffs are considered. The major physiologically active compounds derived from glucosinolates are isothiocyanates, nitriles and oxazolidine-2-thiones and their major effects are described, particular consideration being given to the goitrogenic and anti-carcinogenic activities of some of these products. The need for detailed examinations of the chronic and subchronic effects of glucosinolates and their products, of the effect of processing on the content of these compounds and of their fate in humans, animals and poultry is also emphasised.
A Model for Pricing Securities Dependent upon a Real Estate Index

Abstract This paper develops a two-state model for pricing securities dependent upon a real estate index and an interest rate. First, a process governed by an index that is dependent upon real estate asset returns is developed. Second, a real estate and an interest rate process are combined to create a bivariate binomial tree. The resultant model is used to price any derivative security that is dependent on the two underling variables: (1) a real estate index, and (2) the short term interest rate. This model uses a real estate index to capture the volatility in the real estate market thus providing a means to accurately price real estate dependent derivative assets. Finally, this paper demonstrates the model by pricing commercial real estate index linked swaps (CREILS).
Stipe Trimming at Harvest Increases Shelf Life of Fresh Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)

Trimming the stipe of cultivated mushrooms, Agaricus bisporus, from 35 mm to 5 mm from the cap immediately after harvest resulted in improved shelf life as indicated by reduced browning and slower cap opening. This effect was evident after 3 days storage at 12”C, and became more pronounced after 6 days. Trimming the stipes had no significant effect on postharvest respiration rate or bacterial growth; thus, the shelf life improvement was due to other factors. Stipe trimming reduced the weight (yield) of saleable mushrooms by about 10%; thus, shelf life improvement would need to offset any economic loss to growers to make this practice commercially feasible.
Are CORNER and BROTHER morphologically complex? Not in the long term

Previous studies haves shown that under masked priming conditions, CORNER primes CORN as strongly as TEACHER primes TEACH and more strongly than BROTHEL primes BROTH. This result has been taken as evidence of a purely structural level of representation at which words are decomposed into morphological constituents in a manner that is independent of semantics. The research reported here investigated the influence of semantic transparency on long-term morphological priming. Two experiments demonstrated that while lexical decisions were facilitated by semantically transparent primes like TEACHER, semantically opaque words like CORNER had no effect. Although differences in the nonword foils used in each experiment gave rise to somewhat different patterns of results, this difference in the effects of transparent and opaque primes was found in both experiments. The implications of this finding for accounts of morphological effects on visual word identification are discussed.
Effect of process engineering on the performance of natural fiber reinforced cellulose acetate biocomposites

Eco-friendly green/biocomposites were fabricated from chopped hemp fiber and cellulose ester biodegradable plastic through two process engineering approaches: powder impregnation through compression molding (process I) and extrusion followed by injection molding (process II). Cellulose ester, e.g. cellulose acetate (CA) plasticized with 30 wt% citrate plasticizer (CAP) was used as the matrix polymer for biocomposite fabrication. Intimate mixing due to shear forces experienced in process II produced superior strength biocomposites over their counterparts made using process I. Biocomposite fabricated through process II containing 30 wt% hemp natural fiber showed an improvement of storage modulus by 150% over the virgin matrix polymer. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the said biocomposite decreased from the CAP polymer by 60% whereas the heat deflection temperature improved by 30% versus the virgin bioplastic, indicating superior thermal behavior of the biocomposite. Plasticized cellulose acetate is proved to be much better matrix than non-polar polypropylene (PP) for hemp fiber (HF) reinforcements because of the better interaction of polar cellulose ester with the polar natural fiber. Fabricated through process II and with same content of hemp (30 wt%) the CAP-HF based biocomposite exhibited flexural strength of 78 MPa and modulus of elasticity of 5.6 GPa as contrast to 55 MPa and 3.7 GPa for the corresponding PP-HF based composite. The experimental findings of tensile modulus of the biocomposites are compared with the theoretical modulus using the rule of mixture. The fiber-matrix adhesion is evaluated through environmental scanning electron microscopy studies.
Access to sterile syringes for injecting drug users in New York City: politics and perception (1984-2010).

In the United States, political and social environments have shaped public health response to injecting drug use, and New York City represents a salient example. The history of “harm reduction” in New York City is characterized within changing historical periods and in relation to the actions of stakeholders. The expansion is traced over four periods: (i) 1984–1989: emergence, activism, and science; (ii) 1990–1994 reckoning: syringe exchange legislation and consolidation; (iii) 1995–1999: bureaucratization, opposition, and challenges to institutional control; and (iv) 2000–2010 revitalization: expansion of syringe access and harm reduction. It is clear from this review that the leadership of activism and the work of advocates catalyzed syringe access policy and practice. Without this “push,” it is unlikely that New York City would have experienced the dramatic decline in HIV infection among drug injectors in the 1990s. Second, successful arguments for expanding syringe access in New York City were based o...
Television in the lives of the elderly: Attitudes and opinions

This replication of a 1969 study focused on audience attitudes about television in the lives of the elderly. The current study gathered responses from 274 elderly residents of Long Beach, California, concerning their television viewing behaviors, and their attitudes and opinions about various issues. These issues included television entertainment, the companionship function of television, the influence of commercials on buying decisions, programming that should be presented more frequently, objectionable program material, and how honestly and factually older people are depicted in drama, comedy, and commercials.