cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Statistical Basis of Entropy

Reference was made in the previous chapter to the expectation of a link between the entropy of an isolated system and its probability. On the basis that the probability of a system is measured by the number of ways it can be realized it is therefore expected that entropy, S, will be some function of Wtot. Although a full appreciation of this function must await consideration of systems of indistinguishable particles we will commence with those consisting of distinguishable ones.
Intermittent vs. Continuous Anticoagulation theRapy in patiEnts with Atrial Fibrillation (iCARE-AF): a randomized pilot study

We hypothesized that intermittent anticoagulation based on daily rhythm monitoring using the novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) is feasible and safe among patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). Patients with paroxysmal AF and ≥1 risk factors for stroke were randomized to either intermittent or continuous anticoagulation. Those in the intermittent group were instructed to transmit a daily ECG using an iPhone-based rhythm monitoring device. If AF was detected, patients received one of the NOACs for 48 h–1 week. Patients who failed to transmit an ECG for three consecutive days or more than 7 days total were crossed over to continuous anticoagulation. Patients in the continuous group received one of the NOACs. Fifty-eight patients were randomized to either intermittent (n = 29) or continuous anticoagulation (n = 29). Over a median follow-up of 20 months, 20 patients in the intermittent group failed to submit a daily ECG at least once (median three failed submissions). Four patients (14 %) crossed over to continuous anticoagulation due to failure to submit an ECG for three consecutive days. One stroke (continuous group) occurred during the study. Major bleeding occurred in two patients in the continuous and one patient in the intermittent group, after crossing over to continuous anticoagulation. In a prespecified per-protocol analysis, gastrointestinal bleeding was more frequent in the continuous group (16 vs. 0 %; p = 0.047). Intermittent anticoagulation based on daily rhythm monitoring is feasible and may decrease bleeding in low-risk patients with paroxysmal AF. A larger trial, adequately powered to detect clinical outcomes, is warranted.
Choice within constraint: An explanation of crime at the intersections

Intersectionalities have become central to theory and research on sex, gender and crime. Viewing crime through an intersectionalities lens allows us to move beyond deterministic views of the relationship between social structures and offending by emphasizing that structures of gender, race, ethnicity, class, and sexuality weave together to create a complex tapestry of opportunities and motivations that shape variation in crime and violence across groups and situations. In this essay, we propose a “choice within constraint” framework that focuses on how multiple, interlocking inequalities come together to shape micro-level interactions while also allowing room for agency in how people choose to respond to social and structural opportunities and constraints. More specifically, we cull insights from qualitative studies to build a framework emphasizing how individuals’ active engagement with intersecting cultural meanings of gender (masculinities and femininities) explain variability in decisions to offend ac...
Comparison of high-frequency solar irradiance: Ground measured vs. satellite-derived

High-frequency solar variability is an important to grid integration studies, but ground measurements are scarce. The high resolution irradiance algorithm (HRIA) has the ability to produce 4-sceond resolution global horizontal irradiance (GHI) samples, at locations across North America. However, the HRIA has not been extensively validated. In this work, we evaluate the HRIA against a database of 10 high-frequency ground-based measurements of irradiance. The evaluation focuses on variability-based metrics. This results in a greater understanding of the errors in the HRIA as well as suggestions for improvement to the HRIA.
Uncertainty quantification of infinite aligned wind farm performance using non‐intrusive polynomial chaos and a distributed roughness model

Uncertainty of wind farm parameters can have a significant effect on wind farm power output. Knowledge of the uncertainty-produced stochastic distribution of the entire wind farm power output and the corresponding uncertainty propagation mechanisms is very important for evaluating the uncertainty effects on the wind farm performance during wind farm planning stage and providing insights on improving the performance of the existing wind farms. In this work, the propagation of uncertainties from surface roughness and induction factor in infinite aligned wind farms modeled by a modified distributed roughness model is investigated using non-intrusive polynomial chaos. Stochastic analysis of surface roughness indicates that 30% uncertainty can propagate such that there is up a 8% uncertainty in the power output of the wind farm by affecting the uncertainty in the position of the individual wind turbines in the vertical boundary layer profile and uncertainty in vertical momentum fluxes which replenish energy in the wake in large wind farms. Induction factor uncertainty of the wind turbines can also have a significant effect on power output. Not only does its uncertainty substantially affect the vertical boundary layer profile, but the uncertainty in turbine wake growth which affects how neighboring turbine wakes interact. We found that optimal power output in terms of reduction of uncertainty closely correlates with the Betz limit and is dependent on the mean induction factor. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed Enforcement of Phase-Cohesiveness for Frequency Control of Islanded Inverter-Based Microgrids

In this paper, we propose a frequency controller for lossless microgrids which achieves a desired active power load sharing while regulating system frequency to some nominal value. The control scheme is based on the slow readjustment of the active power reference of each inverter, i.e., each inverter aims to track a slowly-varying reference that is set sufficiently close to its actual active power injection and moved slowly to reach some desired injection value. This way, the control enforces the trajectory to satisfy the so-called phase-cohesiveness property, i.e., the absolute value of the voltage phase angle difference across electrical lines is smaller than $\frac{\pi}{2}$ , which ensures that the system remains stable at all times and the actual active power injections track the slowly-varying reference. We also propose a distributed method to find desired injections, which satisfy the phase-cohesiveness property for tree networks as well as for some cyclic networks. We also discuss implementation aspects of the proposed control scheme and demonstrate its feasibility using a 9-bus microgrid.
Great ideas for making economic principles relevant and engaging: A three-paper symposium from David Cutler, Dean Karlan, and Cecilia Rouse

The perpetual challenge facing economic educators is to find ways to make the principles of economics relevant and engaging for undergraduates. Students also look to their instructors to help them ...
Genetics of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

Although chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) garners substantial attention in the media and there have been marked scientific advances in the last few years, much remains unclear about the role of genetic risk in CTE. Two athletes with comparable contact-sport exposure may have varying amounts of CTE neuropathology, suggesting that other factors, including genetics, may contribute to CTE risk and severity. In this review, we explore reasons why genetics may be important for CTE, concepts in genetic study design for CTE (including choosing controls, endophenotypes, gene by environment interaction, and epigenetics), implicated genes in CTE (including APOE, MAPT, and TMEM106B), and whether predictive genetic testing for CTE should be considered.
Authenticity, Artifice, and Ovid's Heroides In Mary Stuart's Casket Sonnets

This article responds to the interpretative legacy emphasizing English reception of Mary Stuart's Casket Sonnets, by situating the poems within a context of French Renaissance literary production. It begins by elucidating how a specific biographical reading was put into place strategically by the Scottish queen's political adversaries and disseminated in early print editions, as well as how this tradition continues to inform modern readings. The remainder of the article proposes an alternative reading that highlights the author's intertextual borrowing from Ovid's Heroides . Particular attention is paid to claims of 'sincerity', both as the central literary topos around which the Casket Sonnets are rhetorically structured and as a critical term of assessment applied to the work of Renaissance lyric poets.
You “Like” Us!

Five years ago, we asked if you did ( ). You have answered that question by increasingly continuing to access the PDA Journal. An analysis of the recent years' download data looks impressive ([Figure 1][1]): ![Figure 1][2] Figure 1 Full-text article
When There Were None: Discovering the Origins of Dynamic Capabilities in a High-Growth Firm

An important yet underexplored issue in the study of dynamic capabilities is how entrepreneurial firms with weak routines and limited organizational knowledge develop dynamic capabilities. To explore this issue, we conducted ethnography of a rapidly growing entrepreneurial firm. Our findings suggest that, in contrast to much of the dynamic capabilities literature that stresses the importance of routines and organizational knowledge to capability development, routines actually form subsequent to primary capability emergence in order to ground the firm’s activities and build strategic focus. We further discover that dynamic capabilities do not coexist but intertwine and shape one another dynamically over time. The primary dynamic capability–the capability to produce innovative solutions–emerges as individuals struggle to respond to varied external opportunities. The secondary dynamic capability– the stabilizing capability–forms as individuals interweave grounding routines that situate and focus innovative p...
Short- and intermediate-term outcomes of hybrid coronary revascularization for double-vessel disease

Abstract Objective We sought to evaluate midterm survival data and resource use for patients who received hybrid coronary revascularization for 2-vessel coronary disease (robotic-assisted left internal thoracic artery graft to left anterior descending coronary artery (minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass), coupled with a stent to the circumflex or right coronary artery), compared with a concurrent cohort who had traditional coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods A comprehensive retrospective review was undertaken of our prospectively collected database from January 2009 to December 2016. We propensity matched 207 patients who underwent hybrid coronary revascularization for double-vessel disease with patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. Eight-year survival data were obtained from the National Death Index. Results Thirty-day mortality was 1 patient (0.5%) in each of the hybrid coronary revascularization and coronary artery bypass grafting groups. Eight-year survival for the hybrid coronary revascularization group was 187 of 207 patients (90.3%) compared with 182 of 207 patients (87.9%) for the coronary artery bypass grafting cohort. End-stage renal disease independently predicted late mortality in all patients (overall hazard ratio, 5.60, P Conclusions Hybrid coronary revascularization for double-vessel coronary disease is associated with similar short-term outcomes and intermediate-term survival as traditional coronary artery bypass grafting. Hybrid coronary revascularization is associated with lower transfusion requirements and a shorter length of stay than coronary artery bypass grafting.
Photoreduction of Nitrogen on TiO2 and TiO2-Containing Minerals

A report appearing in 1975 demonstrated that incompletely out-gassed, powdered titanium dioxide photo-reduces acetylene to ethylene and prompted attempts to achieve the photoreduction of molecular nitrogen under similar conditions. Whereas pure, powdered anatase was only slightly active, a substantial enhancement of its photocatalytic activity was achieved by impregnating it with a small percentage of iron, causing its partial conversion to rutile by a heat-treatment at 1000°C. After humidification, this TiO2 substratum, on exposure to light in an argon atmosphere, exhibited activity in the water-splitting reaction and yielded NH3 in the presence of molecular nitrogen. Subsequent studies demonstrated that this N2 photoreduction occurs in a stepwise fashion via diazene and hydrazine as the intermediates. These reactions were shown to take place under simulated terrestrial conditions on the surface of rutile-containing minerals on exposure to sunlight. Evidence for the secondary photoxidation of NH3 on rutile-containing minerals was also obtained. In view of the wide distribution of titanium minerals on the Earth’s crust, these abiological, light-driven reactions contribute to the nitrogen ecology in semiarid regions of the Earth and have been suggested to occur on the surface of Mars.
Divergence of Trophic Morphology and Resource Use Among Populations of Plethodon Cinereus and P. Hoffmani in Pennsylvania

Species of the genus Plethodon are widely distributed in the forests of eastern and western North America. They are terrestrial salamanders that have no aquatic larval stage, and live in moist woodland habitats. Many species of Plethodon are believed to be territorial (Hairston, 1951, 1981; Jaeger, 1971, 1972, 1981; Highton 1995; Nishikawa 1985;), and intraspecific competition is thought to be for food resources and for direct access to foraging sites (Jaeger, 1972). Several species of Plethodon often co-inhabit a particular location, with as many as five sympatric species in some southern Appalachian localities (Highton 1995). Therefore, the likelihood of ecological interactions among congeners is high, and competitive exclusion has been suggested as a possible mechanism that affects species distributions (Hairston 1951),(Highton 1995;Jaeger 1971).
No Sticks in My Bundle: Rethinking the Indian Land Tenure Problem

This article analyzes the modern rule that individual Indian co-owners of allotted land retain no direct rights to use and possess their own property without a lease or other prior permission from their co-owners. This special Indian no-use and no-possession rule is of a relatively recent vintage, and it is contrary to the rights of co-owners in nearly every non-Indian jurisdiction. This rule is also ahistorical and contrary to current federal policy to promote Indian use of Indian land. While other scholarship on Indian land tenure has focused on the practical challenges of coordinating among so many co-owners in Indian lands’ fractionated state and on the limits imposed by the federal trust status’s alienation restraints on these lands, this article argues that the lack of legal possession and use rights for Indian co-owners is a third and previously overlooked factor in the problem of Indian self-determination. This article ultimately concludes that the federal co-ownership rules for individual Indian lands are poorly designed and are exacerbating other land tenure and social and economic problems in Indian Country. This article ultimately proposes tribally driven solutions to create a more rational and culturally congruent property system for indigenous people.
The Importance of Hydraulics of Surface Irrigation

Surface irrigation is a complex hydraulic phenomenon. The hydraulic elements involved in surface irrigation are listed and discussed. Relating these hydraulic elements is the key to efficient irrigation, good design, and a permanent agriculture.
Effects of Trauma on Students: Early Intervention Through the Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools

The potential negative consequences of exposure to traumatic events on the academic success and mental health of children and adolescents are well documented, particularly the development of posttraumatic stress disorder. Providing school-based interventions for students who are experiencing trauma symptoms has great potential to meet unmet mental health needs, build resilience, and support students’ academic success. The current chapter provides an overview of the effect of trauma on students, and describes the development and core components of the Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools (CBITS. The chapter also summarizes the research evidence and implementation experiences with CBITS, and highlights future directions for research and practice for supporting students exposed to traumatic events.
Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the temporoparietal junction for tinnitus.

Objective To examine the effectiveness and safety of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the temporoparietal junction in a cohort of patients with bothersome tinnitus. Design Crossover, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Setting Outpatient academic medical center. Participants Fourteen adults aged 42 to 59 years with subjective, unilateral or bilateral, nonpulsatile tinnitus of 6 months’ duration or longer and a score of 38 or greater on the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI). Interventions Low-frequency (1-Hz) 110% motor threshold rTMS or sham treatment to the left temporoparietal junction for 2 weeks. Main Outcome Measure The difference in the change of the THI score between active and sham rTMS. Results Active treatment was associated with a median (95% confidence interval) reduction in THI score of 5 (0-14) points, and sham treatment was associated with a median reduction in THI score of 6 (−2 to 12) points. The difference in THI scores between the change associated with active and sham rTMS ranged from a 34-point reduction in THI score after active treatment to a 22-point increase after sham treatment, with a median difference change of only 1 point (−6 to 4 points). Conclusions Daily low-frequency rTMS to the left temporoparietal junction area for 2 weeks is no more effective than placebo for patients with chronic bothersome tinnitus. Possible explanations for the negative findings are short duration of treatment, failure of rTMS stimulation over the temporoparietal area to affect the auditory cortex buried within the Sylvian fissure, or more widespread cortical network changes associated with severe bothersome tinnitus not amenable to localized rTMS effects. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00567892
Accuracy of planar reaching movements. I: Independence of direction and extent variability

This study examined the variability in movement end points in a task in which human subjects reached to targets in different locations on a horizontal surface. The primary purpose was to determine whether patterns in the variable errors would reveal the nature and origin of the coordinate system in which the movements were planned. Six subjects moved a hand-held cursor on a digitizing tablet. Target and cursor positions were displayed on a computer screen, and vision of the hand and arm was blocked. The screen cursor was blanked during movement to prevent visual corrections. The paths of the movements were straight and thus directions were largely specified at the onset of movement. The velocity profiles were bell-shaped, and peak velocities and accelerations were scaled to target distance, implying that movement extent was also programmed in advance of the movement. The spatial distributions of movement end points were elliptical in shape. The major axes of these ellipses were systematically oriented in the direction of hand movement with respect to its initial position. This was true for both fast and slow movements, as well as for pointing movements involving rotations of the wrist joint. Using principal components analysis to compute the axes of these ellipses, we found that the eccentricity of the elliptical dispersions was uniformly greater for small than for large movements: variability along the axis of movement, representing extent variability, increased markedly but nonlinearly with distance. Variability perpendicular to the direction of movement, which results from directional errors, was generally smaller than extent variability, but it increased in proportion to the extent of the movement. Therefore, directional variability, in angular terms, was constant and independent of distance. Because the patterns of variability were similar for both slow and fast movements, as well as for movements involving different joints, we conclude that they result largely from errors in the planning process. We also argue that they cannot be simply explained as consequences of the inertial properties of the limb. Rather they provide evidence for an organizing mechanism that moves the limb along a straight path. We further conclude that reaching movements are planned in a hand-centered coordinate system, with direction and extent of hand movement as the planned parameters. Since the factors which influence directional variability are independent of those that influence extent errors, we propose that these two variables can be separately specified by the brain.
Invasion of the P elements: Tolerance is not futile

Organisms are locked in an eternal struggle with parasitic DNA sequences that live inside their genomes and wreak havoc on their host’s chromosomes as they spread through populations. To combat these parasites, host species have evolved elaborate mechanisms of resistance that suppress their activity. A new study in Drosophila indicates that, prior to the acquisition of resistance, individuals can vary in their ability to tolerate the activity of these genomic parasites, ignoring or repairing the damage they induce. This tolerance results from variation at genes involved in germline development and DNA damage checkpoints and suggests that these highly conserved cellular processes may be influenced by current and historical intragenomic parasite loads.
Gain Boosting in Distributed Amplifiers for Close-to- f max Operation in Silicon

In this paper, the challenges of designing distributed amplifiers at frequencies close to $f_{\text {max}}$ of transistors are tackled. By using bandpass transmission lines, the maximum operation frequency of the distributed amplifier is increased compared to low-pass transmission lines. Moreover, a novel gain-boosted cascode structure with an internal feedback is employed to cancel a part of the loss in the input line and boost the bandwidth and the highest operation frequency of the amplifier. The proposed amplifier operates up to frequencies as high as 0.67 $f_{\text {max}}$ of the transistors. Two proof-of-concept prototypes are fabricated in a 0.13- $\mu \text{m}$ SiGe process with $f_{\text {max}}$ of 210 GHz. The first prototype shows an average gain of 14.4 dB from 52 to 142 GHz (bandwidth of 90 GHz at the center frequency of 97 GHz) while the second one achieves an average gain of 18.6 dB from 48 to 135 GHz (bandwidth of 87 GHz at the center frequency of 91.5 GHz).
Tricuspid atresia, truncus arteriosus, total anomalous pulmonary venous return and intramural single coronary artery in a newborn: A rare association

Abstract We report the first case of a newborn with a rare combination of tricuspid valve atresia, type II truncus arteriosus, unobstructed supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous return and a single intramural coronary artery. Early unroofing of the coronary artery in these patients may improve prognosis.
Using I-pass to Improve Interdisciplinary Handoffs in a Large, Level Iv Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Purpose: I-PASS, a structured handoff bundle, was developed to meet the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education’s requirement for patient handoff training and has been shown to improve communication among pediatric inpatient residents. The effect of a handoff bundle in a large, level IV neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) amongst fellows and neonatal nurse practitioners (NNPs) has not been reported. I. Primary aim: -Improve handoff content by 50% as measured by inclusion of I-PASS components within 7 months. II. Secondary aims: -Decrease background noise and interruptions by 75% within 7 months. -Improve perception of handoff as measured by satisfaction …
Pipe Dreams and the Self: Eugene O’Neill’s and Arthur Miller’s Conceptions of Tragedy

Confronting pipe dreams—flaws and delusions in our self-narratives—has been central to American tragedy at least since the plays of Eugene O’Neill. In The Iceman Cometh, O’Neill presents four separate ways in which people deal with this confrontation: Harry Hope, Hickey, Larry Slade, and Don Parritt. Characters who resemble Slade and Parritt in their confrontations with a collapsing self also are depicted by Arthur Miller as models of tragedy in many of his plays. To these two models, Miller adds a third: one based on characters’ indignation in the face of challenges to their self-narratives. For both O’Neill and Miller, despite their differences, confrontations with delusions about personal responsibility are central to tragedy. As Miller suggests in many of his plays, the most difficult challenge may be the struggle to forgive ourselves. That struggle for self-forgiveness, so central for O’Neill and Miller, becomes a major theme for later American dramatists.
Chapter 7 – Diesel Fuel

Diesel ranks second only to gasoline as a motor fuel and was introduced by Rudolf Diesel in the nineteenth century. A large number of diverse processes are under development for biodiesel. These consist of synthesis gas from waste cellulose gasification and recovery from the lipids in algae. The most commonly used system is the FAME technique which comprises methanol transesterification of vegetable oils and algae. Innovations by UOP and Neste Oil employ direct catalytic hydrogenation of triglycerides to produce paraffinic hydrocarbons. Another technique is Fischer–Tropsch conversion as modified by Velocys that enables small competitive plants whose capital investment is relatively low.
El derecho a la ciudad al arbitrio del plan. Una revisión del caso colombiano

espanolEl articulo reflexiona sobre la formulacion de los regimenes de aprovechamientos urbanisticos y como este proceso de planificacion debe mediar entre el interes privado, que sigue las logicas de mercado y el interes comun, el cual esta asociado con la institucionalizacion politico administrativa del derecho a la ciudad. El objetivo de esta investigacion es considerar el papel de los mecanismos de planeacion urbana como mediadores entre los derechos individuales y colectivos, para plantear una revision del caso colombiano. En primer lugar, el estudio analiza como la re-configuracion del derecho a la ciudad se inserta en los modelos de mercado y en el sistema de planeamiento colombiano, para luego explicar como opera el aprovechamiento en la ciudad y los derechos inherentes a el. Finaliza demostrando que los ejercicios de planeacion que pretenden materializar este derecho, a pesar de contar con un discurso institucionalizado, son incapaces de garantizarlo y que el condicionamiento del usufructo de la ciudad a los esfuerzos individua-les para materializar los aprovechamientos, resultado de esta reconfiguracion, es su obstaculo principal. EnglishThe article reflects on the tensions faced by urban develop-ment regimes when trying to reconcile private interest in response to market logic and common interest in response to an institutionalization of the right to the city, with the purpose of highlighting its role as mediator between indi-vidual and collective rights. From exposing the reconfig-uration of the right to the city to insert it into the market models and the Colombian planning system, as well as ex-plaining how the exploitation operates in the city and the rights inherent in it, it is shown that despite having with an institutionalized discourse, the planning exercises that aim to materialize this right, are incapable of guaranteeing it and that the conditioning of the usufruct of the city to the individual efforts to materialize the exploitations, fruit of this adaptation, is the main obstacle. portuguesO artigo reflete sobre as tensoes enfrentadas pelos regimes de desenvolvimento urbano ao tentar conciliar interesse privado em resposta a logica do mercado e interesse comum em resposta a uma institucionalizacao do direito a cidade, com o objetivo de destacar sua papel como mediador entre direitos individuais e coletivos. Ao expor a reconfiguracao do direito a cidade para inseri-lo nos modelos de mercado e sua insercao no sistema de planejamento colombiano, bem como explicar o funcionamento da exploracao e os direitos inerentes a ele, mostrase que, apesar de ter uma o discurso institucionalizado, os exercicios de planejamento que visam materializar esse direito, sao incapazes de garantilo e que o condicionamento do usufruto da cidade aos esforcos indi-viduais para materializar as exploracoes, fruto dessa adap-tacao, e o principal obstaculo.
Assessing the Key Predictors of an Academic Career after Craniofacial Surgery Fellowship.

BACKGROUND As craniofacial fellowship positions outnumber the availability of academic craniofacial jobs, it is important to understand the factors associated with securing an academic position after fellowship. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of bibliometric indices and trainee demographics on the ability to obtain a full-time academic plastic surgery position on completion of a craniofacial fellowship. METHODS Craniofacial fellowship graduates between 2009 and 2018 (n = 182) were identified. Initial job placement and demographic data were collected; bibliometric indices at fellowship completion were calculated. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests and multivariable logistic regression were used to assess the association of select factors with job placement. RESULTS Of the 48.9 percent of fellows that secured academic positions, 39.3 percent trained at five fellowship institutions. The majority of those completing residency at top institutions for academic surgery and research entered academic positions at fellowship completion. Geography influenced academic placement, as 72.7 percent of trainees in the Northeast secured academic positions. Only 20.3 percent of fellows completed dedicated postgraduate research time, but among these, 70.3 percent entered academic jobs. The h-index (OR, 1.14; p = 0.01) and total manuscripts (OR, 1.04; p = 0.02) were significantly associated with academic practice while adjusting for other covariates. CONCLUSIONS Although residency training institution, geographic location, and postgraduate research may influence academic placement, the h-index and total manuscripts represent the best predictors of academic careers after craniofacial fellowship. This information is valuable for applicants who aspire to be academic craniofacial surgeons, and for programs and educators who can use these data to identify applicants with a propensity for academics.
Learning representations from temporally smooth data

Events in the real world are correlated across nearby points in time, and we must learn from this temporally “smooth” data. However, when neural networks are trained to categorize or reconstruct single items, the common practice is to randomize the order of training items. What are the effects of temporally smooth training data on the efficiency of learning? We first tested the effects of smoothness in training data on incremental learning in feedforward nets and found that smoother data slowed learning. Moreover, sampling so as to minimize temporal smoothness produced more efficient learning than sampling randomly. If smoothness generally impairs incremental learning, then how can networks be modified to benefit from smoothness in the training data? We hypothesized that two simple brain-inspired mechanisms -- leaky memory in activation units and memory-gating -- could enable networks to exploit the redundancies in smooth data. Across all levels of data smoothness, these brain-inspired architectures achieved more efficient category learning than feedforward networks. Finally, we investigated how these brain-inspired mechanisms altered the internal representations learned by the networks. We found that networks with multi-scale leaky memory and memory-gating could learn internal representations that “un-mixed” data sources which vary on fast and slow timescales across training samples. Altogether, we identified simple mechanisms enabling neural networks to learn more quickly from temporally smooth data, and to generate internal representations that separate timescales in the training signal.
Measurement of 227Ac impurity in 225Ac using decay energy spectroscopy.

Abstract 225 Ac is a valuable medical radionuclide for targeted α therapy, but 227 Ac is an undesirable byproduct of an accelerator-based synthesis method under investigation. Sufficient detector sensitivity is critical for quantifying the trace impurity of 227 Ac , with the 227 Ac / 225 Ac activity ratio predicted to be approximately 0.15% by end-of-bombardment (EOB). Superconducting transition edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeters offer high resolution energy spectroscopy using the normal-to-superconducting phase transition to measure small changes in temperature. By embedding 225 Ac production samples in a gold foil thermally coupled to a TES microcalorimeter we can measure the decay energies of the radionuclides embedded with high resolution and 100% detection efficiency. This technique, known as decay energy spectroscopy (DES), collapses several peaks from α decays into single Q-value peaks. In practice there are more complex factors in the interpretation of data using DES, which we will discuss herein. Using this technique we measured the EOB 227 Ac impurity to be (0.142 ± 0.005)% for a single production sample. This demonstration has shown that DES is a useful tool for quantitative measurements of complicated spectra.
Maxwell's Theory of the Layer Dielectric

Maxwett stated in his ``Electricity and Magnetism'' that for a non-homogeneous dielectric built up of n plane layers of varying thicknesses and varying ratios of resistivity to specific capacity, the charging current will be given by a linear differential equation of order n-1 involving the nth derivative of the applied e. m. f. This equation and its detailed solution are given here ana the two cases of greatest practical interest?namely the case where the applied e. m. f. is constant and the case where it is a pure harmonic?are treated fully. By a Fourier analysis the general case can be reduced to these two.
Optimization of muscle cell culture media using nonlinear design of experiments

Optimizing media for biological processes, such as those used in tissue engineering and cultivated meat production, is difficult due to the extensive experimentation required, number of media components, nonlinear and interactive responses, and the number of conflicting design objectives. Here we demonstrate the capacity of a nonlinear design-of-experiments (DOE) method to predict optimal media conditions in fewer experiments than a traditional DOE. The approach is based on a hybridization of a coordinate search for local optimization with dynamically adjusted search spaces and a global search method utilizing a truncated genetic algorithm using radial basis functions to store and model prior knowledge. Using this method, we were able to reduce the cost of muscle cell proliferation media while maintaining cell growth 48 h after seeding using 30 common components of typical commercial growth medium in fewer experiments than a traditional DOE (70 vs. 103). While we clearly demonstrated that the experimental optimization algorithm significantly outperforms conventional DOE, due to the choice of a 48 h growth assay weighted by medium cost as an objective function, these findings were limited to performance at a single passage, and did not generalize to growth over multiple passages. This underscores the importance of choosing objective functions that align well with process goals.
COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in pregnancy and newborn passive immunization: a case report

Aim: Evaluating the newborn passive immunization after maternal vaccination against SARS-COV-2. Case presentation: We present the case of a pregnant woman, with no prior history of COVID-19 infecti...
A New Approach for Designing Safer Collision Avoidance Systems

The Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System significantly reduces the risk of mid-air collision and is mandated worldwide on transport aircraft. Engineering the avoidance logic was costly and ...
Type III Stress Incontinence

As described in Chapter 29, the loss of intrinsic sphincteric function may result in a urethra with remarkably decreased urethral resistance and closure pressure. Such loss of urethral resistance may cause stress incontinence even in a well- supported urethra. The patient who has a well- supported proximal urethra, with little or no urethral mobility, associated with urinary leakage during increases in intra-abdominal pressure is said to have Type III stress incontinence. On radiographic studies these patients will be seen to have an open bladder neck, at rest, at maximum cystometric capacity.
Purification and Substrate Specificity of a Strongly Hydrophobic Extracellular Metalloendopeptidase (“Gelatinase”) from Streptococcus faecalis (Strain 0G1-10)

An extracellular Zn-endopeptidase was purified to homogeneity from the culture filtrates of Streptococcus faecalis (human oral strain 0G1-10) by a procedure that comprised concentration in an Amicon Hollow Fiber System, ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel permeation chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography (batch operation on phenyl-sepharose Cl-4B), followed by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) on a phenyl-Superose HR 5/5 column, and finally FPLC on a Superose 12 HR 10/30 column. The enzyme is a 31.5-kDa strongly hydrophobic protein with an isoelectric point of 4.6 and a broad pH optimum of 6 to 8. The substrate specificity of the enzyme is similar to that of the mammalian membrane endopeptidase-24.11 and Streptococcus thermophilus thermolysin (EC 3.4.24.4) in hydrolyzing preferentially the Phe24-Phe25 bond in insulin B-chain, followed by cleavage of the His5-Leu6 bond. The enzyme was especially active on Azocoll and gelatin; soluble and insoluble collagens were hydrolyzed at a lower rate. S. faecalis sex pheromone-related peptides and several mammalian bioactive peptides were cleaved at sites involving pronounced hydrophobicity. The enzyme did not hydrolyze small synthetic peptide derivatives (phenylazobenzyloxycarbonyl-L-Pro-L-Leu-Gly-L-Pro-D-Arg and 2-furylacryloyl-L-Leu-Gly-L-Ala) that are typically attacked by "true" bacterial collagenases. Chemical modification indicated the importance of histidyl, carboxyl, and tyrosyl groups in enzyme activity, suggesting that this enzyme may thus be classified as a metalloprotease II (EC 3.4.24.4). The enzyme is strongly inhibited by a 720-kDa factor present in rat inflammatory exudate. The pronounced ability of the enzyme to attack collagenous materials and certain bioactive peptides suggests its participation in inflammatory processes involving the presence of S. faecalis.
Parent, Peers, and Adolescent Outcomes: Interactions and Cultural Variations

While the examination of parental effects and peer effects on adolescent outcomes as separate phenomenon has a long history in the psychological sciences, the understanding of how each affects the other and how they jointly influence other key outcomes is more recent. The following chapter summarizes key research studies examining how various parenting behaviors influence adolescents’ peer outcomes, and how both parenting and peer choice may be influenced by other variables in somewhat surprising ways. Special attention is paid to cultural variations in these phenomena. Finally an attempt is made to articulate a parenting approach that may help promote prosocial peer outcomes.
Characterizing Response-Reinforcer Relations in the Natural Environment: Exploratory Matching Analyses.

We assessed problem and appropriate behavior in the natural environment from a matching perspective. Problem and appropriate behavior were conceptualized as concurrently available responses, the occurrence of which was thought to be determined by the relative rates or durations of reinforcement. We also assessed whether response allocation could be accounted for by relative rates or durations of an event not shown to reinforce problem behavior. The effects of the temporal proximity between a response and stimulus and the unit of repeated observations were examined. Results highlighted potentially important reinforcement parameters (e.g., duration) and the time frame in which reinforcement effects might be expected to occur. Although findings are reported for only 1 participant, the purpose of the current study was to assess methodological features of characterizing response-reinforcer relations in the natural environment.
Operational experience with intermediate flat-plate photovoltaic systems

The New Mexico Solar Energy Institute has been involved in the design, construction, test, operation, and data analysis of two intermediate flat-plate PV systems since 1978. These projects are funded by the United States Department of Energy. The 20-kilowatt peak system at El Paso, Texas, provides direct current power to an uninterruptible power supply. Operational since January 27, 1981, it has produced 37,300 kilowatt hours through March 31, 1982. The 100-kilowatt peak utility-grid-connected system at Lovington, New Mexico, has been operational since March 17, 1981, having produced 199,900 kilowatt hours direct current and 174,000 kilowatt hours alternating current through March 31, 1982. Primary user of this energy is a shopping center located approximately 1 kilometer from the system. Both systems operate automatically and unattended. The reliability of prime systems components has been quite high. NMSEI is collecting and analyzing data from both systems. The results are presented in this paper.
Three Dimensional Graphene Foam/Polymer Hybrid as a High Strength Biocompatible Scaffold

Graphene foam (GrF)/polylactic acid–poly-e-caprolactone copolymer (PLC) hybrid (GrF-PLC) scaffold is synthesized in order to utilize both the desirable properties of graphene and that of foams such as excellent structural characteristics and a networked 3-D structure for cells to proliferate in. The hybrid scaffold is synthesized by a dip-coating method that enables retention of the porous 3D structure. The excellent wettability of PLC with graphene foam along with the formation of PLC bridges leads to a ≈3700% enhancement in strength and a ≈3100% increase in ductility in the GrF-PLC scaffold. Biocompatibility of both graphene foam and GrF-PLC scaffold is demonstrated by culturing of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) for 28 days, a period over which cell proliferation is robust. The hMSCs are differentiated in chondrogenic media and supported chondrogenesis in both scaffolds. The demand for aggrecan extracellular matrix protein synthesis is reduced in hybrids due to improved bearing of cell-induced loads, this may be critical for ensuring adequate cellular distribution and layering of extracellular matrix. Hence, the unique mechanical and biotolerant properties of the GrF-PLC scaffold are suited for musculoskeletal tissue engineering applications, such as the growth of de novo cartilage to replace cartilage lost due to injury or osteoarthritis.
Heart to heart: grafting cardiosphere‐derived cells augments cardiac self‐repair by both myocytes and stem cells

Compared with highly regenerative organisms such as newts and zebrafish (Kikuchi & Poss, 2012), the capacity of mammalian adult heart tissue to undergo self‐repair is insufficient to reconstitute the muscle lost in myocardial infarction, hindering functional recovery from heart attacks and from cell loss occurring in chronic heart failure (Mercola et al, 2011). The irreversibility of cell cycle exit in adult cardiomyocytes largely prevents the restoration of pump function via proliferation of pre‐formed myocytes. However, overriding or inactivating tumour suppressor pocket proteins is one route to engineer persistent cycling in the adult heart (Mercola et al, 2011), and low levels of on‐going myocyte generation have been demonstrated by fate‐mapping in mice (Hsieh et al, 2007) and 14C dating in human heart tissue (Bergmann et al, 2009). Although quite limited, at least in healthy aging hearts, such turnover is conceptually important, as the underlying mechanism(s) could potentially be exploited by the body itself or the clinician after injury. Where do such myocytes come from, and what is the extent of cardiomyocyte generation in disease? A highly plausible source is suggested by the discovery of dormant or latent cells with cardiogenic potential in adult hearts (Mercola et al, 2011). Purified by a variety of means, these cells have in common the expression of many heart‐forming transcription factors, and encouraging phase I trials have been reported using them as autologous cell products (SCIPIO, CADUCEUS; Bolli et al, 2011; Makkar et al, 2012). Alternatively, the robust scarless healing of the heart in zebrafish occurs by differentiated myocytes re‐entering the cell cycle (Kikuchi & Poss, 2012), a mechanism that is available to mice only during the first days of life (Porrello et al, 2011). These findings have already spurred a renaissance of cardiac cell cycle studies, seeking safe, controllable means to restart proliferation …
Calcium-Induced Calcium Release Contributes to Action Potential-Evoked Calcium Transients in Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons

Calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) is a mechanism by which local elevations of intracellular calcium (Ca 2+ ) are amplified by Ca 2+ release from ryanodine-sensitive Ca 2+ stores. CICR is known to be coupled to Ca 2+ entry in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and peripheral neurons, but no evidence suggests that such coupling occurs in central neurons during the firing of action potentials. Using fast Ca 2+ imaging in CA1 neurons from hippocampal slices, we found evidence for CICR during action potential-evoked Ca 2+ transients. A low concentration of caffeine enhanced Ca 2+ transient amplitude, whereas a higher concentration reduced it. Simultaneous Ca 2+ imaging and whole-cell recordings showed that membrane potential, action potential amplitude, and waveform were unchanged during caffeine application. The enhancement of Ca 2+ transients by caffeine was not affected by the L-type channel blocker nifedipine, the phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX, the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin, or the PKA antagonist H-89. However, thapsigargin or ryanodine, which both empty intracellular Ca 2+ stores, occluded this effect. In addition, thapsigargin, ryanodine, and cyclopiazonic acid reduced action potential-evoked Ca 2+ transients in the absence of caffeine. These results suggest that Ca 2+ release from ryanodine-sensitive stores contributes to Ca 2+ signals triggered by action potentials in CA1 neurons.