cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making pull-based graph processing performant

Graph processing engines following either the push-based or pull-based pattern conceptually consist of a two-level nested loop structure. Parallelizing and vectorizing these loops is critical for high overall performance and memory bandwidth utilization. Outer loop parallelization is simple for both engine types but suffers from high load imbalance. This work focuses on inner loop parallelization for pull engines, which when performed naively leads to a significant increase in conflicting memory writes that must be synchronized. Our first contribution is a scheduler-aware interface for parallel loops that allows us to optimize for the common case in which each thread executes several consecutive iterations. This eliminates most write traffic and avoids all synchronization, leading to speedups of up to 50X. Our second contribution is the Vector-Sparse format, which addresses the obstacles to vectorization that stem from the commonly-used Compressed-Sparse data structure. Our new format eliminates unaligned memory accesses and bounds checks within vector operations, two common problems when processing low-degree vertices. Vectorization with Vector-Sparse leads to speedups of up to 2.5X. Our contributions are embodied in Grazelle, a hybrid graph processing framework. On a server equipped with four Intel Xeon E7-4850 v3 processors, Grazelle respectively outperforms Ligra, Polymer, GraphMat, and X-Stream by up to 15.2X, 4.6X, 4.7X, and 66.8X.
Reaching across the aisle: Cross‐disciplinary collaboration in otolaryngology research

OBJECTIVES Collaboration and diversity of expertise are increasingly emphasized in the production of successful research. However, the degree of cross-disciplinary collaboration in otolaryngology research is unknown. In this study, we quantify cross-disciplinary collaboration in otolaryngology publications. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed authorship and study characteristics for all original articles published from January 2014 to December 2016 in three key peer-reviewed otolaryngology journals: Laryngoscope, Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, and JAMA Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery. Author affiliations and online searches were used to determine author's primary discipline. Subspecialty topic of article, study design, and funding sources were also recorded. Fisher exact test was used to compare characteristics of articles with and without cross-disciplinary authorship. RESULTS A total of 2,378 articles were reviewed, of which 1,312 (55%) articles had one or more cross-disciplinary collaborators. Among articles with cross-disciplinary collaboration, the greatest representation of disciplines was from other medical specialties (1,109, 50.9%), epidemiology/biostatistics (266, 12.2%), pathology/histology (175, 8.0%), biologic sciences (168, 7.7%), and radiology/imaging (144, 6.6%). Cross-disciplinary studies had a significantly greater proportion of articles on the topic of head and neck compared to studies without collaboration (P < 0.0001). The proportion of funded studies was significantly greater among articles with collaboration compared to articles without collaboration (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION The majority of articles published during a 3-year period in three influential otolaryngology journals had cross-disciplinary collaboration. There is potential opportunity for further leveraging expertise, funding opportunities, and dissemination of key findings through collaborative research. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 129:1800-1805, 2019.
New-Onset Resistant Hypertension in a Newly Diagnosed Prostate Cancer Patient

Background New onset resistant hypertension in a previously stable patient with chronic hypertension should lead to consideration of secondary causes. Electrolyte abnormalities are useful clues for identifying some common causes, especially mineralocorticoid excess. Case presentation We report the case of a 69-year-old man who developed severe resistant hypertension despite the use of 6 antihypertensive medications, including diuretics. He had metabolic alkalosis and hypokalemia with suppressed plasma renin activity and serum aldosterone. Concurrently, he was diagnosed with small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate gland, a rare form of prostate cancer. Despite absence of typical Cushingoid features, investigation confirmed the diagnosis of ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) syndrome from neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Because of the severity of his hypercortisolism, he underwent urgent bilateral adrenalectomy for hormonal and symptomatic control. Blood pressure improved significantly and he was dismissed with a single antihypertensive agent. Unfortunately, the patient died from his cancer 1 month later. Conclusion Primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism are usually diagnosed based on measurements of aldosterone and plasma renin activity. However, if plasma renin activity and aldosterone are both low, rare causes of mineralocorticoid excess such as ectopic ACTH syndrome should be entertained.
Meeting ACR Dose Guidelines for CT Lung Cancer Screening in an Overweight and Obese Population.

Rationale and Objectives Lung cancer screening adoption coincides with a growing obesity epidemic. Maintaining high-quality imaging at low radiation dose is challenging in obesity. We investigate the feasibility of meeting American College of Radiology (ACR) dose guidelines for lung cancer screening in a predominantly overweight and obese population. Materials and Methods Radiation dose (Volumetric CT dose index [CTDIvol], dose-length product), and body mass index (BMI) were collected for baseline screening CTs December, 2012–December, 2017. Dose metrics were analyzed according to BMI classification (normal Results Study population comprised 1478 patients (49.2% [727] women: mean BMI 28.1 ± 6.5 kg/m2, 26.9% [397] normal weight, 35.9% [530] overweight, 37.2% [551] obese). ACR dose requirements were met for both genders in all BMI classifications. Dose metrics were higher in men than in women; median effective dose and CTDIvol were 1.39 (0.8–1.58) mSv and 2.78 (1.41–2.80) mGy in men versus 1.16 (0.71–1.43) mSv and 2.70 (1.4–2.78) mGy in women. There were significant differences in dose metrics between men and women in the same BMI classification and between BMI classifications (p Conclusion ACR dose metrics for lung cancer screening were met and can be appropriately tailored in a predominantly overweight and obese population clinical program.
Derangement of Metabolic and Lysosomal Gene Profiles in Response to Dexamethasone Treatment in Sarcoidosis

Glucocorticoids (GCs) play a central role in modulation of inflammation in various diseases, including respiratory diseases such as sarcoidosis. Surprisingly, the specific anti-inflammatory effects of GCs on different myeloid cells especially in macrophages remain poorly understood. Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology that occurs worldwide and is characterized by granuloma formation in different organs. Alveolar macrophages play a role in sarcoidosis granuloma formation and progressive lung disease. The goal of the present study is to identify the effect of GCs on transcriptomic profiles and the cellular pathways in sarcoidosis alveolar macrophages and their corresponding blood myeloid cells. We determined and compared the whole transcriptional signatures of alveolar macrophages from sarcoidosis patients and blood CD14+ monocytes of the same subjects in response to in vitro treatment with dexamethasone (DEX) via RNA-sequencing. In response to DEX, we identified 2,834 genes that were differentially expressed in AM. Predominant pathways affected were as following: metabolic pathway (FDR = 4.1 × 10-10), lysosome (FDR = 6.3 × 10-9), phagosome (FDR = 3.9 × 10-5). The DEX effect on AMs is associated with metabolic derangements involving glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and lipid metabolisms. In contrast, the top impacted pathways in response to DEX treatment in blood CD14+ monocytes were as following; cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction (FDR = 6 × 10-6) and transcriptional misregulation in cancer (FDR = 1 × 10-4). Pathways similarly affected in both cell types were genes involved in lysosomes, cytoskeleton and transcriptional misregulation in cancer. These data suggest that the different effects of DEX on AMs and peripheral blood monocytes are partly dictated by lineage specific transcriptional programs and their physiological functions.
Development of a stop light tool using the bellarmine norton assessment tool (BNAT) for physical therapy referral.

e19067Background: Individuals with cancer experience fatigue, pain and decline in function. The Bellarmine Norton Assessment Tool (BNAT) was developed to give an objective measure identifying a per...
Analysis of Thoroughbred horse farm workers' compensation insurance claims in Kentucky: Injury frequency, cost, lost time, and associated occupational factors.

Background Thoroughbred horse farm workers self-report a high frequency of work-related injuries and pain. However, an analysis of Thoroughbred horse farm workers' compensation injury claims is absent from the literature, yet may benefit worker safety. Methods We analyzed workers' compensation insurance firm data containing 2276 claims filed between 2008 and 2015. Injury frequency, cost, and lost time per cause, nature, and body part injured were examined qualitatively and via univariate tests. Factors associated with high cost and high duration lost time claims were modeled via multivariable logistic regression. Results The average Thoroughbred worker claim cost $4,198 and accrued 10 days lost time, involving strikes (57% of total claims), sprains/strains (34%), and wrist/hand injuries (18%). Injuries primarily occurred on mornings (54%), weekdays (79%), and during the transition from breeding to sales (23%). Jobs with a high level of horse contact had significantly higher cost ($6,487) and higher duration lost time (16.8 days) claims, with significantly higher cost claims on the weekends ($6,471) and from the oldest workers ($7466), vs reference groups. Logistic models indicate significantly increased odds of a high-cost injury among high horse contact jobs (OR = 1.87; 95% C.I. = 1.53-2.29) and older age tertiles (1.38; 1.08-1.75; 1.70, 1.32-2.18). The odds of a high duration lost time injury are significantly increased among high horse contact jobs (1.91; 1.53-2.39) and males (1.50, 1.13-1.98), with significantly reduced odds among the most tenured workers (0.74; 0.56-0.99). Conclusions Our findings elucidate factors to reduce injury frequency, cost, and lost time among Thoroughbred horse farm workers.
On the Possibilities of a Political Theory of Algorithms

This essay asks how we might articulate a political theory of algorithms. To do so, I propose a political ontology of the algorithm dispositif that elaborates how algorithms arrange the movement of...
Prestressed MF-FRP: Experimental Study of Rapid Retrofit Solution for Deteriorated Prestressed C-Channel Beams

AbstractThis paper presents design and installation details and full-scale test results for a prestressed mechanically fastened fiber-reinforced polymer (MF-FRP) retrofit solution that restores the...
Energy efficient and fast reversal of a fixed skyrmion two-terminal memory with spin current assisted by voltage controlled magnetic anisotropy

Recent work (P-H Jang et al 2015 Appl. Phys. Lett. 107 202401, J. Sampaio et al 2016 Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 112403) suggests that ferromagnetic reversal with spin transfer torque (STT) requires more current in a system in the presence of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) than switching a typical ferromagnet of the same dimensions and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA). However, DMI promotes the stabilization of skyrmions and we report that when perpendicular anisotropy is modulated (reduced) for both the skyrmion and ferromagnet, it takes a much smaller current to reverse the fixed skyrmion than to reverse the ferromagnet in the same amount of time, or the skyrmion reverses much faster than the ferromagnet at similar levels of current. We show with rigorous micromagnetic simulations that skyrmion switching proceeds along a different path at very low PMA, which results in a significant reduction in the spin current or time required for reversal. This can offer potential for memory applications where a relatively simple modification of the standard STT-RAM (to include a heavy metal adjacent to the soft magnetic layer and with appropriate design of the tunnel barrier) can lead to an energy efficient and fast magnetic memory device based on the reversal of fixed skyrmions.
Local and Intra-articular Administration of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs for Pain Management in Orthopedic Surgery

Background Although growing evidence demonstrates the benefits of locally administered nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for postoperative pain management, there is ongoing debate regarding NSAID use in orthopedic surgery. Areas of uncertainty Current data largely support a local site of NSAID action and suggest that effective pain control can be achieved with delivery of NSAIDs intra-articularly (IA) and/or locally at the site of injury, where they can block peripheral production of inflammatory mediators and may desensitize nociceptors. Improvements in postoperative pain control with locally administered NSAIDs have been widely reported in the total joint arthroplasty literature and may offer benefits in patient's undergoing arthroscopic procedures and those with osteoarthritis as well. The purpose of this review is to examine the available evidence in the literature regarding the efficacy and safety profile of the use of local and IA NSAIDs in orthopedic surgery. Data sources Narrative literature review using keywords, expert opinion, either during or from live conference. Therapeutic advances Local and IA administration of NSAIDs for pain management in orthopedic surgery. Conclusion There is convincing evidence that NSAIDs administered locally in and around the joint reduce postoperative pain scores and opioid consumption in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty, yet further research is required regarding the risks of potential chondrotoxicity and the inhibition of bone and soft-tissue healing with locally administered NSAIDs.
The mental and behavioral health impact of COVID-19 stay at home orders on social work students

The COVID-19 pandemic and its resulting stay at home orders have had significant effects on mental and behavioral health. College and University students are at particular risk of mental and behavi...
New Rules or More Global Governance

In her book "How Everything Became War and War Became Everything: Tales from the Pentagon," Rosa Brooks argues for “new rules and institutions to manage the paradoxes of perpetual war.” This short Essay suggests that to meet the challenges of the modern war paradigm it is at least as important to expand existing global governance structures as to develop new rules. Such expansion must resist the trend toward centering security and maintain a focus on peace and justice.
No Chance to Prove Themselves: The Rights of Mentally Disabled Parents under the Americans with Disabilities Act and State Law

This article explores the relationship between state child welfare laws that terminate parental rights and the federal Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The article begins by analyzing the application of the ADA to termination of parental rights proceedings against parents with mental disabilities. It then surveys state child welfare laws, focusing on the treatment of parents under New York State law. The article concludes by advocating for a change to reflect the principles of the Americans with Disabilities Act in state laws and in practice.
Microgravity Experiments on Granular Materials

Gravity induced stresses in terrestrial laboratory specimens comprising of relatively weak and soft granular materials, are often of the same magnitude as the external tractions that are applied during investigations of constitutive behavior especially at low intergranular stress levels. The presence of heterogeneous strain and stress fields within such a specimen makes it difficult if not impossible to obtain objective and unambiguous constitutive properties and to devise relevant constitutive equations. To fill this technological gap, microgravity experiments are now planned which will be performed during future flights of the Space Shuttle, in conjunction with ground-based tests. This paper deals with analytical and experimental issues related to constitutive modeling of granular materials.
Developing Competent Clinical Leaders in Medical Imaging.

PURPOSE To illustrate the need for further research dedicated to the development of clinical leadership competencies in the medical imaging curriculum. METHODS Online journals and literature were searched to acquire published peer-reviewed articles associated with leadership, clinical competency, and curriculum design. RESULTS Studies related to leadership, mentoring, and clinical competency were found in allied health and medical imaging literature. However, few empirical studies addressed the development of clinical leadership and competency in the field of medical imaging. DISCUSSION The development and integration of clinical leadership competencies into the medical imaging curriculum are vital to the profession's progression. Although medical imaging faculty and clinical staff practice clinical leadership throughout the performance of their duties, there is no formalized integration of these competencies in the medical imaging curriculum. Using components of distributed leadership and mentoring while situating these competencies in the educational construct of experiential learning will allow medical imaging students to meet the health care industry's needs and more fully participate in the practice of clinical leadership. CONCLUSION There is an opportunity to explore the development of clinical leadership competencies that align with mentoring practices and the enhancement of clinical competency in medical imaging students.
The association of the galactosyl diglycerides of nerve tissue with myelination.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the association of the galactosyl diglycerides of nerve tissue with myelination. The pathways for the formation and degradation of the galactosyl diglycerides of nerve tissue are known in considerable detail. Monogalactosyl diglyceride (MGD) is biosynthesized from UDP-galactose and 1, 2-diacyl-sn-glycerol in a reaction catalyzed by a microsomal galactosyltransferase of rat and mouse brain. Measurement of the concentration of accumulated MGD in brains of rats of varying age revealed a pronounced rise and fall in the amount of MGD between 10 and 23 days of age. The age at which the MGD was at maximum concentration (1.3 μmoles per rat brain) was 20 days, which is approximately 3 days after the peak of MGD biosynthetic enzyme activity. The rise and fall in the concentration of MGD demonstrates a relatively active turnover of the galactolipid during the period of maximum myelination. When the natural detergent sodium deoxycholate was added to the usual incubation medium (UDP-galactose, diglyceride, magnesium ion and microsomal enzyme) for MGD formation a new, more polar glycolipid was synthesized.
Pediatrie HIV Adherence

Summary Providers working with children living with HIV strive to achieve “good adherence,” often viewed only as consistent pill taking by the infected child. This goal, while important, needs to be expanded with a thorough examination of the many biopsychosocial factors impacting the HIV affected family. The complexity of the issues affecting adherence to a pediatrie HIV medical regimen can overwhelm both the practitioner and the patient. By utilizing a developmental framework and emphasizing the critical importance of the relationship between provider, patient and family, the authors (both of whom are social workers who have worked over a period of many years with children and families living with terminal and serious chronic illnesses) describe a developmental approach that includes comprehensive assessment to address the multiple challenges faced by individuals and families they have worked with.
Erratum to: Offset rotating plates in a uniformly rotating fluid

We correct an error in the original paper concerning the angle of the locus of centers of rotation between two plates co-rotating at angular velocity in a system uniformly rotating at angular velocity ω. Without background rotation,Berker [1] noted that the curvedescribing the centers of rotationprojectedon thehorizontal mid-plane forms 45◦ logarithmic spirals and Weidman [2] erroneously stated that the same holds true with background rotation. In [2], the problem is governed by the Reynolds number R = h2 /ν and the Coriolis parameter σ = ω/ . A careful analysis shows that the spirals are of constant angle, but they are not logarithmic spirals. We define the spiral angle ψ as the angle made when the locus of centers crosses a circle. This angle may be calculated from the slope df/dg where f (η, β) and g(η, β) are the solutions given in Eqs. (2.4) and (2.5) of [2] where α = √R/2 is replaced by β = √(1+ 2σ)R/2. Evaluation of this slope gives the pleasingly simple formula for the spiral angles
Ribozymes correctly cleave a model substrate and endogenous RNA in vivo.

Abstract The alpha-sarcin domain of 28 S RNA in Xenopus oocytes is attacked by several catalytic toxins (e.g. alpha-sarcin and ricin) that abolish protein synthesis. We synthesized 6 ribozymes targeted to the alpha-sarcin domain and to an oligoribonucleotide (34-mer) that mimics this domain. Sarcin ribozyme 5 (SR5) efficiently cleaved after the CUC site in the synthetic 34-mer in vitro at 50 degrees C. SR5 also cut the same site when both substrate and ribozyme were coinjected or injected separately into oocytes at 18 degrees C. Correct cleavage in vivo was shown by isolating and sequencing the large cleavage fragment. The cleavage reaction appeared to function equally well in the oocyte nucleus and cytoplasm. SR5 also correctly cleaved endogenous 28 S RNA in oocytes, although cutting was much less efficient than with alpha-sarcin. We therefore demonstrated that a ribozyme specifically cuts both a model substrate and a cellular RNA in vivo. Earlier work showed that certain injected deoxyoligonucleotides complementary to the alpha-sarcin region abolish protein synthesis. Oocyte protein synthesis was also abolished by an SR5 containing a single G----U substitution that inactivates RNA catalysis, indicating that SR5's translational suppression was perhaps due to antisense function rather than ribozyme cleavage.
Seriality's Ludic Promise: Film Serials and the Pre-History of Digital Gaming

This essay explores the American Sound Serial film as part of a continuum to which digital gaming may also belong. By drawing on concepts derived from the study of video games, this study broadens our understanding of youth-oriented films produced in Hollywood from the 1930s to the mid 1950s. In turn, this provides a new vantage on continuities between old and new serial forms, and sheds light on digital gaming’s pre-history.
An iterative scheme for solving equations with locally $\sigma$-inverse monotone operators

An iterative scheme for solving ill-posed nonlinear equations with locally �-inverse monotone operators is studied in this paper. A stopping rule of discrepancy type is proposed. The existence of unsatisfying the proposed stopping rule is proved. The convergence of this element to the minimal-norm solution is justified mathematically.
Women's bodies as a "puzzle" for college men: grounded theory research

Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the level of college men's understanding about women's bodies (i.e., reproductive anatomy and physiology) in order to structure learning experiences of most relevance and interest to them. A grounded theory research design, using the constant comparative method, was used in order to gain a deeper understanding of young men's perspectives. Fifteen undergraduate males participated in three separate focus groups. The core variable that emerged was that women (and their bodies) are complex “puzzles” that are difficult to understand. Ignorance about women's bodies, particularly their genital/reproductive anatomy and menstruation, was a major theme. A range of negative attitudes towards menstruation was expressed. Confusion over how to deal with women's body image was another major theme. The men believed that women are too concerned with and negative about their body image. Some of the men acknowledged that they may contribute to the societal influences that in...
Nutritional Effects on the Polyribosome Distribution and Rate of Protein Synthesis in Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cells in Culture

Abstract Using Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in culture, we have examined the effects that changes in the composition of the medium exert on the state and activity of the protein-synthesizing apparatus of the cells. During the 24-hour interval between additions of fresh medium to the cultures, glucose was found to be completely utilized and glutamine was appreciably diminished. After the addition of glucose and essential amino acids to such depleted cultures, a 3-fold increase in synthesis per cell was observed. This increase, which occurred over a several hour period, was due to a shift of single ribosomes into polyribosomes and to an increase in the synthesizing activity of the polyribosomes. As glucose became exhausted from the medium after about 15 hours, a reversal of these changes began. These findings indicate that nutritional factors modulate the rate of synthesis through mechanisms, in addition to substrate limitation, operating at the translational level. Both peptide chain initiation and elongation are influenced, probably independently.
Interacting multiple model filter for tracking maneuvering targets in spherical coordinates

An interacting multiple model (IMM) filter with constant velocity and mean-jerk models is proposed for tracking maneuvering targets in spherical coordinates. The IMM filter consists of multiple models that interact through mixing of state estimates to track an arbitrary target trajectory. The mean-jerk model is the standard constant acceleration model with time-correlated acceleration errors instead of the standard 'white' acceleration errors that are usually assumed. An IMM filter is implemented separately in each spherical coordinate to allow for different model probabilities in each coordinate. Simulated tracking results are given for a constant speed target performing an 'S' trajectory maneuver. >
A Resource Sensitive Interpretation of Lexical Functional Grammar

This paper investigates whether the fundamental linguistic insights and intuitions of Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), which is usually presented as a ’’constraint-based‘‘ linguistic theory, can be reformulated in a ’’resource sensitive‘‘ framework using a substructural modal logic. In the approach investigated here, LFG‘s f-descriptions are replaced with expressions from a multi-modal propositional logic (with permutation and possibly limited contraction). In effect, the feature structure ’’unification‘‘ basis of LFG‘s f-structures is replaced with a very different resource based mechanism. It turns out that some linguistic analyses that required non-monotonic devices in LFG (such as the ’’constraint equations‘‘ in the Andrews (1982) analysis of Icelandic) can be straightforwardly expressed in the framework presented here. Moreover, a Curry–Howard correspondence between proofs in this logic and λ-terms provides a semantic interpretation as a by-product of the process of showing syntactic well-formedness.
Specialized Feeding Modes Promote Coexistence of Competing Herbivores: Insights from a Metabolic Pool Model

Competition theory suggests that a single resource should support one consumer species. However, competitive exclusion may be relaxed by periodic disturbances, temporal or spatial segregation of consumers, or fine-scale resource partitioning. This last mechanism may be especially common for competing phytophagous insects. Unlike many predators, herbivores rarely consume their entire prey item and often have specialized feeding modes on specific plant parts. Thus, different herbivore guilds may “avoid” each other, thereby facilitating their coexistence. I analyzed a simplified metabolic pool model that includes two herbivore types: a “leaf chewer” and a “phloem feeder.” Phytophagous insects with the same feeding mode never coexisted, but different guilds may coexist stably—depending on productivity of the carbohydrate pool, allocation to vegetative biomass, and defoliation rate. Differences in herbivore feeding mode are equivalent to fine scale resource partitioning, potentially within the individual plant. Thus, the addition of physiological detail changes the predictions of simple competition models and is relevant to weed biocontrol by informing decisions on which guilds of biocontrol agents to introduce.
High Pathogenicity of Influenza A (H10N8) Virus in Mice

Three human cases of H10N8 virus infections were initially reported in China in late 2013 and early 2014, two of which were fatal. This was the first time the H10N8 subtype has been detected in humans, and the pathogenicity of this virus remains under characterized. We first assessed its pathogenicity by infecting BALB/c mice with two H10N8 isolates, A/Jiangxi-Donghu/346-1/2013 and A/Chicken/Jiangxi/102/2013. The human isolate (H346-1) demonstrated stronger capability of replication and induced higher cytokine response in vivo than the chicken isolate (C102). In addition, H346-1 was fatal to mice, while all mice (N = 14) in C102-infected group survived during the infection course without weight loss. We hypothesized that the 627K mutation in the PB2 gene (PB2-K627) in H346-1 was associated with high pathogenicity in mice. Taken together, this study based on mouse model provides some insight into understanding the pathogenicity of the emerging viruses in mammals.
Spin-Orbit Interaction In Self-Consistent Fields

Although much effort has gone into the calculation of self-consistent fields by the Hartree, Hartree-Fock, and Hartree-Fock-Slater methods (l) since the advent of automatic digital computers, little attention has thus far been paid to the use of such solutions for fields and radial functions to calculate spin-orbit interaction parameters. This paper is a report on some calculations we are making on this subject.
Nanomechanical Property Analysis of Silica Aerogel

Aerogels (AGs) are open-cell nanofoams. AGs are lightweight and possess high thermal and acoustic insulation properties. Due to their ∼ 90% porosity, AGs are very brittle and fragile, which inhibits its use for load-bearing applications. For this reason an area of open research is the study and improvement of the mechanical properties of aerogels without altering their unique properties. Due to the extreme brittleness and low applied stress that AGs can support, direct mechanical measurements of AGs are challenging. To date very few experiments have been carried out to characterize the mechanical properties of aerogels; in particular at small contact dimensions and ultralow loads (nN-μN). In this paper, silica aerogel has been studied by nanoindentation using a diamond Berkovich indenter. We characterize the elasticity, stiffness, and hardness of the material as a function of contact depth (≤ 500 nm) at ultralow loads. The modulus and hardness are shown to change with depth with moduli and hardness ranging from 15–23 MPa and 3.5–6.8 MPa, respectively.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
ED, heal thyself

Emergency department (ED) wait times have continued to worsen despite receiving considerable attention for more than 2 decades and despite the availability of a variety of methods to restructure care in a more streamlined fashion. This article offers an economic framework that abstracts away from the details of operations research to understand the fundamental disincentives to improving wait times. Hospitals that reduce wait times are financially penalized if they must provide more uncompensated care as a result. Pending changes under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act are considered. We find that the likely effect of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act's insurance expansion is to reduce this penalty for improving ED wait times. Consequently, mandating adoption of solutions to ED crowding may be unnecessary and counterproductive. If the insurance expansion is insufficient to fully solve the problem, the hospital value-based purchasing initiative should adopt wait times as a goal in its next iteration.
Delayed fracture healing and increased callus adiposity in a C57BL/6J murine model of obesity-associated type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Introduction Impaired healing and non-union of skeletal fractures is a major public health problem, with morbidity exacerbated in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). DM is prevalent worldwide and affects approximately 25.8 million US adults, with >90% having obesity-related type 2 DM (T2DM). While fracture healing in type 1 DM (T1DM) has been studied using animal models, an investigation into delayed healing in an animal model of T2DM has not yet been performed. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice at 5 weeks of age were placed on either a control lean diet or an experimental high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. A mid-diaphyseal open tibia fracture was induced at 17 weeks of age and a spinal needle was used for intra-medullary fixation. Mice were sacrificed at days 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, and 35 for micro-computed tomography (μCT), histology-based histomorphometry and molecular analyses, and biomechanical testing. Results HFD-fed mice displayed increased body weight and impaired glucose tolerance, both characteristic of T2DM. Compared to control mice, HFD-fed mice with tibia fractures showed significantly (p<0.001) decreased woven bone at day 28 by histomorphometry and significantly (p<0.01) decreased callus bone volume at day 21 by μCT. Interestingly, fracture calluses contained markedly increased adiposity in HFD-fed mice at days 21, 28, and 35. HFD-fed mice also showed increased PPARγ immunohistochemical staining at day 14. Finally, calluses from HFD-fed mice at day 35 showed significantly (p<0.01) reduced torsional rigidity compared to controls. Discussion Our murine model of T2DM demonstrated delayed fracture healing and weakened biomechanical properties, and was distinctly characterized by increased callus adiposity. This suggests altered mesenchymal stem cell fate determination with a shift to the adipocyte lineage at the expense of the osteoblast lineage. The up-regulation of PPARγ in fracture calluses of HFD-fed mice is likely involved in the proposed fate switching.
Modelling distributions of fossil sampling rates over time, space and taxa: assessment and implications for macroevolutionary studies

Summary 1. Observed patterns in the fossil record reflect not just macroevolutionary dynamics, but preservation patterns. Sampling rates themselves vary not simply over time or among major taxonomic groups, but within time intervals over geography and environment, and among species within clades. Large databases of presences of taxa in fossil-bearing collections allow us to quantify variation in per-collection sampling rates among species within a clade. We do this separately not just for different time/stratigraphic intervals, but also for different geographic or ecologic units within time/stratigraphic intervals. We then re-assess per-million-year sampling rates given the distributions of per-collection sampling rates 2. We use simple distribution models (geometric and lognormal) to assess general models of per-locality sampling rate distributions given occurrences among appropriate fossiliferous localities. We break these down not simply by time period, but by general biogeographic units in order to accommodate variation over space as well as among species. 3. We apply these methods to occurrence data for Meso-Cenozoic mammals drawn from the Paleobiology Database and the New and Old Worlds fossil mammal database. We find that all models of distributed rates do vastly better than the best uniform sampling rates and that the lognormal in particular does an excellent job of summarizing sampling rates. We also show that the lognormal distributions vary fairly substantially among biogeographic units of the same age. 4. As an example of the utility of these rates, we assess the most likely divergence times for basal (Eocene–Oligocene) carnivoramorphan mammals from North America and Eurasia using both stratigraphic and morphological data. The results allow for unsampled taxa or unsampled portions of sampled lineages to be in either continent and also allow for the variation in sampling rates among species. We contrast five models using stratigraphic likelihoods in different ways to summarize how they might affect macroevolutionary inferences.
Activation of corneal stromal cells to take up the vital dye neutral red

Abstract 1. 1. A procedure is described for producing in vitro the activation of corneal stromal cells to transport the vital dye neutral red. The amount of dye taken up by the corneal stromal cells was quantitated by extraction of the dye from the cornea and measurement of the amount of dye extracted. 2. 2. Normal corneal stromal cells do not take up the dye, but cells activated by injury concentrate the dye approximately 150–250-fold. 3. 3. The transport of neutral red by corneal stromal cells may be broken down into 2 steps: (a) activation of the corneal stromal cells to transport the dye, and (b) the actual transport of the dye by the activated cells. 4. 4. Some factor (or factors) given off by the epithelium appears to be necessary for the activation of the cells. If the epithelium is removed atraumatically activation of the cells does not occur and dye is not taken up. In the presence of mildly injured (by cutting) epithelium, activation occurs during the 4th post-injury hour. Severe injury, produced by removing the epithelial cells by crushing them, leads to activation within 1 hour. Direct trauma to the corneal stromal cells in the absence of the epithelium does not activate them to transport neutral red. 5. 5. Proteolytic activity in the injured epithelium apparently leads to the liberation from the epithelium of the factor (or factors) which activates the corneal stromal cells. Soybean trypsin inhibitor prevents activation of the corneal stromal cells in the presence of epithelium but not in the absence of epithelium (removed traumatically). Trypsin is an effective activator of the neutral red transport by corneal stromal cells. Trypsin, however, causes the reaction only in the presence, but not in the absence, of epithelium.
Determination of Ti coordination from pre-edge peaks in Ti K-edge XANES

The pre-edge peaks of Ti $K$-edge XANES have been widely used in determining Ti coordination in amorphous materials and in crystals despite the fact that coordination is not the only factor that the pre-edge peaks depend on. This work thoroughly examines the dependence of the shape of Ti $K$ pre-edge peaks on various geometrical parameters (coordination, symmetry, Ti-O bond length and bond angle) using distorted rutile $\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ as models. We conclude that the greatest impact on the pre-edge peaks arises from a reduction in Ti-O bond length, although other parameters such as symmetry and coordination all have some effect.
CHARACTERIZING GUARDRAIL STEEL FOR LS-DYNA3D SIMULATIONS

Finite-element models have three parts: geometry, connections, and material properties. As the visible parts of a model, geometry and connections are generally carefully considered. Material properties often are not chosen with the same degree of care although they are equally important to obtaining good results. Accurate simulations of vehicles striking roadside hardware require an understanding of both the material behavior and the mathematical material models in LS-DYNA3D. A method for comparing LS-DYNA3D simulations with typical ASTM materials tests is described. The behavior and modeling parameters of guardrail steel (AASHTO M-180 Class A Type II) are examined in this study. Experimental and simulation results of quasistatic coupon tests are compared for AASHTO M-180 Class A Type II guardrail steel, and parameters for guardrail steel are recommended.
Second opinion in breast pathology: policy, practice and perception.

Aims To assess the laboratory policies, pathologists’ clinical practice and perceptions about the value of second opinions for breast pathology cases among pathologists practising in the USA. Methods Cross-sectional data were collected from 252 pathologists who interpret breast specimens in eight states using a web-based survey. Descriptive statistics were used to characterise findings. Results Most participants had >10 years of experience interpreting breast specimens (64%), were not affiliated with academic centres (73%) and were not considered experts by their peers (79%). Laboratory policies mandating second opinions varied by diagnosis: invasive cancer 65%; ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) 56%; atypical ductal hyperplasia 36% and other benign cases 33%. 81% obtained second opinions in the absence of policies. Participants believed they improve diagnostic accuracy (96%) and protect from malpractice suits (83%), and were easy to obtain, did not take too much time and did not make them look less adequate. The most common (60%) approach to resolving differences between the first and second opinion is to ask for a third opinion, followed by reaching a consensus. Conclusions Laboratory-based second opinion policies vary for breast pathology but are most common for invasive cancer and DCIS cases. Pathologists have favourable attitudes towards second opinions, adhere to policies and obtain them even when policies are absent. Those without a formal policy may benefit from supportive clinical practices and systems that help obtain second opinions.
Suppression of autoimmune disease after vaccination with autoreactive T cells that express Qa-1 peptide complexes

The ability of autoreactive T cells to provoke autoimmune disease is well documented. The finding that immunization with attenuated autoreactive T cells (T cell vaccination, or TCV) can induce T cell–dependent inhibition of autoimmune responses has opened the possibility that regulatory T cells may be harnessed to inhibit autoimmune disease. Progress in the clinical application of TCV, however, has been slow, in part because the underlying mechanism has remained clouded in uncertainty. We have investigated the molecular basis of TCV-induced disease resistance in two murine models of autoimmunity: herpes simplex virus-1 (KOS strain)–induced herpes stromal keratitis and murine autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. We find that the therapeutic effects of TCV depend on activation of suppressive CD8 cells that specifically recognize Qa-1–bound peptides expressed by autoreactive CD4 cells. We clarify the molecular interaction between Qa-1 and self peptides that generates biologically active ligands capable of both inducing suppressive CD8 cells and targeting them to autoreactive CD4 cells. These studies suggest that vaccination with peptide-pulsed cells bearing the human equivalent of murine Qa-1 (HLA-E) may represent a convenient and effective clinical approach to cellular therapy of autoimmune disease.
PROLONGATION OF LIFE: ROLE OF FREE RADICAL REACTIONS IN AGING

The mean life span has plateaued in the developed countries at around 70 years. Future substantial increases in the mean life span are apt to be due to inhibition of the process(es) involved in aging. One potentially practical means of inhibiting the rate of human aging is based on the hypothesis that free radical reactions play a significant role in the degradation of biological systems. Experiments based on this hypothesis have been encouraging. For example, several inhibitors of free radical reactions have been found to increase the mean life span of mice when added to the daily diet; 2-mercaptoethylamine and butylated hydroxytoluene were the most effective. Likewise, decreasing the amount and degree of unsaturation of the dietary fat of female C3H mice resulted in a decrease in the mortality rate. The probable role of free radical reactions in the pathogenesis of four age-associated diseases—cancer, atherosclerosis, hypertension and amyloidosis—is discussed. It is suggested that the addition of one or more inhibitors of free radical reactions to nutritionally adequate and acceptable natural diets selected to minimize the intake of substances that might participate in random endogenous free radical reactions, may increase the average life span of man by five or more years, with accompanying increases in the years of useful, healthy life.
Personality characteristics associated with adaption-innovation.

Summary Studied were hypothesized relationships between the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory and scales measuring dogmatism, sensation seeking, risk taking, and innovation. Ss were 106 (54 male and 52 female) undergraduates who described themselves by using five sociopsychological scales. Overall, the hypothesized relationships were confirmed: KAI scores were negatively correlated with dogmatism and positively correlated with sensation seeking, risk taking, and innovation. The results provided additional insight into cognitive styles as well as positive evidence for the nomological and convergent validity of the Kirton theory and scale.
RESPIRATION OF GALLERIA MELLONELLA IN RELATION TO TEMPERATURE AND OXYGEN

Respiration in Galleria mellonella follows a sigmoid curve with changing temperature in much the same manner as that of corresponding stages of Phormia regina. At 30°C the respiration of 2- and 5-day-old Galleria pupae and female adults becomes limited by some oxygen concentration between 10% and 5%. Seven-day-old pupae apparently are more dependent on the oxygen tension, and larvae are more dependent on the ambient oxygen concentration than any other stage. Similar response to lowered oxygen concentration by comparable stages of Galleria and Phormia indicates that adjustment of spiracular area alone does not determine the degree of dependence of the insect on ambient oxygen concentration. Zusammenfassung DIE ATMUNG VON GALLERIA MELLONELLA IN BEZIEHUNG ZU TEMPERATUR UND SAUERSTOFF 1. Die Atmung eines jeden Stadiums von Galleria mellonella folgt bei Temperaturanderung einer sigmoidalen Kurve fast in der gleichen Weise wie die entsprechender Stadien von Phormia regina (Keister & Buck 1961). 2. Die Atmung von 2 und 5 Tage alten Galleria-Puppen und weiblichen Imagines wird (bei 30°) von Sauerstoffkonzentrationen von etwa 10 bis 5% begrenzt. 7 Tage alte Puppen sind offensidhtlich starker von einer hoheren Sauerstoffspannung abhangig. Galleria-Larven sind von der Sauerstoffkonzentration der Umgebung viel starker abhangig als jedes andere Stadium. Ein unerklartes Ergebnis ist die den Verbrauch herabsetzende Wirkung eines Luftuberflusses auf die Atmung der erwachsenen Mannchen. 3. Offensichtliche Geschlechtsunterschiede im Sauerstoffverbrauch wurden in den Versuchen durchgehend festgestellt, wobei die Mannchen gewohnlich die hoheren Respirationsraten aufwiesen. Die Differenzen sind jedoch nur bei Temperaturen zwischen 30° und 45° statistisch signifikant. 4. Die ahnliche Reaktion vergleichbarer Stadien von Galleria und Phormia auf herabgesetzte Sauerstoffkonzentration zeigt, das Anpassung der Atemoffnungsflache allein den Grad der Abhangigkeit eines Insekts von der umgebenden Sauerstoffkonzentration nicht bestimmt.