cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuroleptic-Induced Parkinsonism Increases with Repeated Treatment in Monkeys

Neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms (dystonia, parkinsonism, and akathisia) are frequent side effect problems in managing acute psychosis. The prevalence of these neurological syndromes varies widely from 2.2%–95% (Sovner and DiMascio 1978). This broad range is undoubtedly influenced by multiple variables, including patient characteristics (age, sex, previous extrapyramidal symptoms), drug parameters (dose, milligram-potency), and temporal aspects (early, intermediate, late) (Keepers et al. 1983; Casey and Keepers 1985; Keepers and Casey 1985). For example, low-milligram high-potency neuroleptics produce more extrapyramidal symptoms than high-milligram low-potency drugs. Drug dosage is also a factor which correlates positively with symptom prevalence and severity. However, even when these factors are kept constant, some patients may develop symptoms while others do not. These differences are currently attributed to variations in individual vulnerability.
Application of Triple‐quadrupole and its Hybrid Mass Spectrometers for the Identification of Drug Metabolites

Triple-quadrupole mass spectrometers have been used for metabolite identification for several decades and have made a significant contribution to this field. Combined with other mass spectrometry technologies, such as linear ion-trap and quadrupole time of flight (TOF), several new types of triple-quadrupole mass spectrometers provide more effective methods to improve productivity, sensitivity, and accuracy of metabolite identification and structure determination. This article describes the theory and methodology of triple-quadrupole and its hybrid mass spectrometers and their applications to metabolite identification in the pharmaceutical industry. The details of how to detect metabolites from complicated biological matrices/matrixes, how to interpret MS and MS/MS spectra of triple-quadrupole mass spectrometers for metabolite structure elucidation, and how to propose a fragmentation pathway are addressed. Keywords: metabolite identification; triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer; drug metabolite
Testing File-Sharing's Impact by Examining Record Sales in Cities

Although previous forms of copying have been found to often have benign effects on copyright owners the rise in file-sharing has coincided with a steep decline in the sale of sound recordings. This paper attempts to empirically examine the extent, if any, to which file-sharing has caused the decline in record sales. Using a data set for 99 American cities containing information on Internet use, record sales, television viewing, radio listening, and other demographic variables, an econometric analysis is undertaken to examine the relationship between record sales and file-sharing, as proxied by Internet use, from 1998 to 2003. First, we find that the Internet itself reduces time spent on other entertainment activities, but only by a small amount. We then subtract this generic Internet impact from the overall Internet impact and conclude that the decline associated with that component of Internet use that we can attribute to file-sharing indicates that file-sharing has caused the entire decline in record sales and appears to have vitiated what otherwise would have been growth in the industry. Looking at sales in individual musical genres reinforces the primary conclusion since those genres that seem most likely to fall prey to file-sharing have the strongest measured negative impact from Internet usage.
Radiation-induced non-disjunction and loss of chromosomes in Drosophila melanogaster females: Effects of exchange and structural heterozygosity

Abstract The role of exchange and structural heterozygosity in radiation-induced non-disjunction and loss in the oocyte of Drosophila melanogaster has been investigated by irradiating 2 types of females, one heterozygous and the other homozygouus for a multiply inverted X-chromosome. The frequencies of exchange in tetrads in the oocytes of the two genotypes were estimated as ∽ 24% for the heterozygote and ∽ 90% for the homozygote. An examination of the first 7 daily broods from both kinds of females irradiated with 4000 R of X-rays revealed no significant difference in X-chromosome loss or non-disjunction between the 2 genotypes. The average non-disjunction frequencies for the entire period were 1.57 ± 0.19% for the homozygotes and 1.74 ± 0.24% for the heterozygotes. The corresponding frequencies of loss were 5.21 ± 0.37% and 7.19 ± 0.67%. The values obtained for stage 8–14 oocytes from homozygous and heterozygous females irradiated with 500 R were 0.22 ± 0.21% and 0.33% ± 0.18%, respectively, for non-disjunction, and 2.46 ± 0.33% and 2.57 ± 0.33%, respectively, for loss. The results indicate that neither structural heterozygosity of homologues nor exchange between homologues modifies the frequencies with which they non-disjoin or are lost following irradiation of the oocyte.
Mediation of serotonin hyperalgesia by the cAMP second messenger system.

Abstract In this study we have evaluated the second messenger system that might couple 5-HT 1A receptor activation to produce peripheral hyperalgesia. The intradermal injection of the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) receptor agonist for the 1A receptor subset (5-HT 1A ), (±)-2-dipropylamino-8-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthaline hydrobromide (8-OH DPAT) produces a dose-dependent hyperalgesia which was attenuated by a cAMP kinase inhibitor (the R -isomer of cyclic adenosine-3′-5′-monophosphate), but prolonged by the inhibition of endogenous phosphodiesterase by rolipram, supporting a rote for the cAMP second messenger system. The 5-HT 1A receptor agonist, 8-OH-DPAT, and the adenyl cyclase activator, forskolin administered together, produced an additive hyperalgesia, suggesting that the S-HT 1A receptor in peripheral terminals of the primary afferent neurons is positively coupled to the cAMP second messenger system in producing hyperalgesia. The inability of pertussis toxin to inhibit 8-OH DPAT-induced hyperalgesia further supports this hypothesis. The coupling of the 5-HT 1A receptor to the cAMP second messenger system appears to be through guanine regulatory proteins since guanosine 5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) and cholera toxin both markedly enhanced 8-OH DPAT hyperalgesia. In further support of the role of guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins, guanosine 5′-O-(2-thiodiphosphate), as well as activators of inhibitory guanine regulatory proteins (the mu-opioid agonist, [ D -Ala 2 , N -Me-Phe 4 ,Gly 5 -ol]-enkephalin, and the adenosine A 1 agonist, N 6 -cyclopentyladenosine, significantly attenuated 8-OH DPAT hyperalgesia.
On Issues of Scientific Misconduct

Institutional policies and scientific practice have changed, in response to public concern about scientific misconduct. Not much research has been done either to understand the phenomenon or to evaluate the responses.
The Bilirubin (B) Oxidizing Enzyme in Brain Mitochondrial Membranes (MM) May be a Cytochrome Oxidase. 106

The Bilirubin (B) Oxidizing Enzyme in Brain Mitochondrial Membranes (MM) May be a Cytochrome Oxidase. 106
Uridine transport in concanavalin A- and lipopolysaccharide-activated mouse lymphocytes.

Abstract Uridine transport is an important factor in regulating uridine accumulation in lymphocytes. Differences in uridine transport rates between T- and B-lymphocytes have been suggested to result in preferential uptake of uridine into T-lymphocytes versus B-lymphocytes. In the present study, a rapid sampling procedure was used to measure within 20 sec the high affinity-low capacity transport of [3H]uridine into concanavalin A (Con A)- and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated lymphocytes. Changes in uridine transport were correlated with the degree of B- or T-lymphocyte stimulation which was determined by monitoring changes in cell size and long-term (2 hr) [3H]uridine and [3H]thymidine accumulation. The results indicated that uridine transport increased with the general activation state of lymphocytes and no preferential uridine transport was observed between Con A or LPS cultures which were maximally activated. We concluded that differences in uridine accumulation into mouse lymphocytes should not be attributed solely to differences in transport between T- and B-lymphocyte since uridine transport is substantially influenced by lymphocyte metabolic activity or activation state.
Younger Age at First Childbirth Predicts Mothers’ Lower Economic and Psychological Well-Being Later in Life

Age at first childbirth affects mothers’ economic and psychological well-being later in life. Using a gender and power framework, two studies examined the associations among age at first childbirth, employment status, perceived choice, and race/ethnicity as predictors of economic and psychological well-being in a sample of middle class, married mothers (Study 1) and a nationally representative sample of married mothers (Study 2). Results indicated younger age at first childbirth is associated with less choice; lower educational attainment; lower SES; greater household labor; greater perceived chore discrepancy; lower self-esteem; less life, work, and relationship satisfaction; but is unrelated to depression or work stress. There were differences by employment status and minimal differences by race/ethnicity. The findings suggest that negative economic and psychological outcomes later in life are related to having one’s first child at a younger age.
Rearrangement of the JC virus regulatory region sequence in the bone marrow of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

The polyomavirus JC (JCV) is the etiologic agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). JCV remains quiescent in kidneys, where it displays a stable archetypal regulatory region (RR). Conversely, rearranged JCV RR, including tandem repeat patterns found in the central nervous system (CNS) of PML patients, have been associated with neurovirulence. The precise site and mechanism of JCV RR transformation is unknown. We present herein a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate, who developed PML and had a rapid fatal outcome. JCV DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was positive in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), bone marrow, blood, and urine. Double-immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that 9% of bone marrow CD138+ plasma cells sustained productive infection by JCV, accounting for 94% of JCV-infected cells. JCV RR analysis revealed archetype and rearranged RR forms in bone marrow, whereas RR with tandem repeat was predominant in blood. These results suggest that the bone marrow may be a potential site of JCV pathogenic transformation. Further studies will be needed to determine the prevalence of JCV in bone marrow of immunosuppressed individuals at risk of PML and characterize the RR and phenotype of these JCV isolates.
Amusia and musicogenic epilepsy

Amusia and musicogenic epilepsy are clinical disorders that provide a window into the localization of music in the brain. Classic clinical studies of patients with these disorders, coupled with more recent studies employing modern neuroimaging and sophisticated neuropsychologic paradigms, have converged in helping to elucidate the complex neural systems that are utilized in decoding music. The notion of cerebral dominance for music has been replaced by a concept of modular but interconnected networks that have wide bilateral localization in the brain and that are molded both by genetics and experience. These disorders also provide insight into the important interface between music and emotion.
Comparison of the Information Content of Data from the LANDSAT-4 Thematic Mapper And the Multispectral Scanner

Simultaneous data acquisition by the Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper (TM) and the Multispectral Scanner (MSS) permits the comparison of the two types of image data with respect to engineering performance and data applications. In this paper the ?information? contained in data from the visible and near-IR channels is evaluated for five agricultural scenes, leading to the conclusion that the TM provides a significant advance in information gathering capability as expressed in terms of bits per pixel or bits per unit area. The six reflective channels of the TM acquire 18 bits of information per pixel out of a possible 6 × (8 bits) = 48 bits, while the four MSS channels acquire 10 bits of information per pixel out of a possible 4 × (7 bits) = 28 bits. Thus the TM and MSS are equally efficient in gathering information (18/48 ? 10/28), contrary to the expected tendency toward lower efficiency as spatial resolution is improved and spectral channels are added to an observing system. The result is attributed to: 1) Superior selection of spectral channels in the TM; 2) Higher precision of the TM data, i.e., lower system noise, and 3) the advantage of higher spatial resolution, even in agricultural areas where fields are larger than the MSS pixel size. Because the MSS lacks a thermal IR channel, the 10-12-micrometer data of the TM at 120-m resolution are analyzed theoretically using an energy balance approach.
Multiple Roles for VEGF in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer: Angiogenesis and Beyond

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is known to play a critical role in the development of non-melanoma skin cancers. VEGF is a potent pro-angiogenic factor and it is elevated in mouse and human skin tumors. The use of transgenic and knockout mice has shown that VEGF is essential for tumor development in multiple models of skin carcinogenesis and, until recently, the mechanism of action has been primarily attributed to the induction of angiogenesis. However, additional roles for VEGF have now been discovered. Keratinocytes can respond directly to VEGF, which could influence skin carcinogenesis by altering proliferation, survival, and stemness. In vivo studies have shown that loss of epidermal VEGFR-1 or neuropillin-1 inhibits carcinogenesis, indicating that VEGF can directly affect tumor cells. Additionally, VEGF has been shown to promote tumor growth by recruiting macrophages to skin tumors, which likely occurs through VEGFR-1. Overall, these new studies show that VEGF carries out functions beyond its well-established effects on angiogenesis and highlight the need to consider these alternative activities when developing new treatments for non-melanoma skin cancer.
Metabolism and distribution of cannabinoids in rats after different methods of administration.

Abstract Lungs of rats given 14C-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) by smoke inhalation showed a retention and metabolism of the cannabinoid, with further retention and metabolism by the liver. Only the liver showed retention and metabolism when 14C-Δ9-THC was given by i.v. injection. The brain showed a greater penetration or retention of unmetabolized cannabinoid after smoke inhalation than after i.v. injection. 11-Hydroxy-Δ9-THC was observed soon after smoke inhalation of 14C-Δ9-THC in all of the organs and tissues except brain, and concentrations of a dihydroxy metabolite increased with time. A still unidentified metabolite was retained in the liver and spleen 15 days after an i.v. or chronic i.p. injection of 14C-Δ8-THC or 14C-Δ9-THC.
Optical emission spectroscopy on the GEC reference cell

Spatially resolved optical imaging experiments were conducted on an Ar plasma in a parallel plate reactor known as the Gaseous Electronics Conference RF Reference Cell. The experiment consisted of recording the optical emission discharges at pressures of 0.1 to 1.0 torr at 75 to 200 V p-p for 1024 points across the electrode and at heights of 2.0, 6.0, 10.0, 14.0, 18.0, and 22 mm above the bottom powered electrode. Two argon neutral lines at 750.4 and 696 nm and two Ar ion lines at 427.8 and 488 nm were studied. The Ar plasma was found to be non uniform. The extent of the non uniformity varied, and in general was in the shape of annular rings with large intensities around the edges of the electrodes.
A large deformation atomistic study examining crystal orientation effects on the stress–strain relationship

Abstract We performed large deformation molecular dynamics calculations using the embedded atom method in order to examine yield and plastic flow of single crystal nickel. A parametric study using an analysis of variance technique was used to efficiently determine the influence of the deformation path, temperature, size scale, strain rate, and crystal lattice orientation with respect to yield and the plastic energy. The analysis of variance study revealed that orientation had a primary influence on the volume averaged shear stress, demonstrating the continued importance of slip within the crystal lattice for small sized metals and high applied strain rates. Consequently, other orientations were examined with a focus on averaged shear stress, axial stresses, and stress distributions. Results are presented for crystals oriented for single, double, quadruple, and octal slip, as well as a pseudopolycrystal. One last interesting point is that orientation effects on the stress-strain curves could be only approximately normalized by application of the Schmid factor.
Resolvent expansions of matrices and applications

Abstract Various explicit expansions of the resolvent of a square complex matrix in a neighborhood of the origin, including the well-known Laurent expansion, are obtained. Simple proofs using algebraic arguments rather than the theory of complex functions are given. Cesaro-average expansions of the resolvent on the spectral circle are also developed. Several applications of these expansions are given. In particular, these include some new inverse nonnegativity properties of the Drazin inverses of M-matrices.
Jealousy of Trade: International Competition and the Nation‐State in a Historical Perspective – By Istvan Hont

The purpose of this book is to identify the “genesis, content and consequences” of the rise of the “jealousy of trade” (2). The book takes its name from David Hume's essay, which paraphrases Thomas...
Ultrasound characteristics of renal cryosurgery

The ability to visualize renal cryosurgery using ultrasound was tested in an animal model. Five dogs underwent open laparotomy and ultrasound-monitored cryosurgery of both kidneys. On each kidney two cryolesions were made. The borders of the frozen region were identified on ultrasound as a hyperechoic rim created by the interface between frozen and unfrozen tissue. The thawed cryolesion appeared hyperechoic compared with the unfrozen kidney. Excellent correlation between the ultrasound and autopsy measurements of the cryolesions was obtained. Knowing this, renal cryosurgery under ultrasound monitoring may be possible.
Modification of the Na+ current conducted by the rat skeletal muscle α subunit by coexpression with a human brain β subunit

Sodium channels are multimeric structures composed of α and β subunits. Oocytes injected with RNA encoding only the α subunit express voltage-gated Na+ currents. The kinetics of inactivation, however, are abnormal. Co-injection of rat brain α and β subunits modifies inactivation of INa such that it closely resembles endogenous currents [1]. Here we show that a β subunit derived from human brain directs the same functional modification of INa expressed by a rat skeletal muscle α subunit. This implies that functional domains for the interaction of α and β subunits are highly conserved across both tissues and species.
Model predictive control of a continuous, nonlinear, two-phase reactor

Abstract The Tennessee Eastman challenge problem is simplified to a plant with eight states, four manipulated variables, and 10 outputs. Six regulation/optimization scenarios are proposed. The modified problem retains nonlinearities that cause difficulties in the original, e.g. certain gains can change sign. Steady-state relative-gain analysis suggests variable pairings for multi-loop feedback control that turn out to be inappropriate. A more robust, near-optimal multi-loop design is proposed and tested in simulations. Two model predictive control (MPC) designs are also tested. The first is based on a linear time-invariant (LTI) model of all the plant interactions. Gain variations make it impossible to achieve acceptable performance. The second uses a LTI model in which 10 of the 16 transfer functions are zero, i.e. it includes only the most important plant responses. The resulting MPC performance is comparable or better than the multi-loop design. Alternative MPC strategies are also discussed.
Why Do Cattle Ranchers Participate in Conservation Easement Agreements? Key Motivators in Decision Making

When communicating with farmers and ranchers, land conservation professionals would be better equipped if they understood key influences on their target audience's decisions to permanently preserve their land from development. This study predicted key factors influencing rancher engagement in a conservation easement (CE) agreement. Specifically, theory of planned behavior, trust, environmental identity, past behavior, perceptions of specific CE characteristics and selected participant demographics were used as predictors. A mixed-methods approach was applied involving interviews, a two-phase pilot study, and a statewide mail-administered questionnaire. Final interview domains guided the quantitative survey instrument, which was administered to 1,000 Florida cattle ranchers. A 60% response rate was received. Multiple linear regression demonstrated ranchers were more likely to enter into a CE agreement if they 1) had a positive attitude about the outcomes associated with CEs; 2) felt influential others woul...
The Economic Design of ―x Charts: A Proactive Approach

It has long been recognized that poor quality can only result in higher costs. Yet, the idea of reducing cost through better quality is not fully realized. Current models for the economic design of control charts provide strategies to maintain existing quality levels. In this research, a comprehensive cost model is developed to incorporate two cost functions. A reactive function, which accounts for all quality related costs incurred while maintaining a stable level of the process, and a proactive function, which accounts for the cost of process improvement. Using incremental economics, the two cost functions are assembled to allow an evaluation of process improvement alternatives based on their economic worth. Procedures for obtaining economically optimum designs for controlling the process mean are developed and designed experiments are utilized to investigate model performance over a wide range of input parameters. The results indicate that the model is sensitive to changes in 13 parameters, especially when the magnitude of the process shift is small. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Helium injection to reduce resonant frequencies in propellant lines

Gaseous He bubbles injection into liquid propellant launch vehicle fuel lines to reduce vehicle pogo oscillations by lowering feed system natural frequencies
The beginning of the end for damage control surgery.

reported a 90 per cent survivalrate in ten patients with severe liverinjuries treated at the Ben Taub Gen-eralHospitalin1981.Damagecontrolsurgery has become widespread. It isnow performed with much greaterfrequency, raising the question ofwhether it is being overutilized.The philosophy of damage controldictates abbreviation of operationsbefore the development of physiolog-ical exhaustion. The goal is to inter-rupt the vicious cycle or lethal triadof hypothermia, acidosis and coagu-lopathy by resuscitation, coagulationfactor replacement and rewarmingin the intensive care unit, followedby a return to the operating roomfor deﬁnitive therapy. Unfortunately,resuscitation practices and the failuretoachieveearlyhaemostasishavecon-tributed signiﬁcantly to the incidenceof this ‘bloody’ vicious cycle, fur-ther promulgating the damage con-trolphilosophy.Newerstrategiesthatfocus on improved haemorrhage con-trol, limitation of crystalloids forresuscitation and rapid goal-directedcorrection of coagulopathy shouldreverse this trend toward increaseduse of damage control.Early treatment of injured patientshas traditionally focused on aggres-sive resuscitation with high chloride-containing crystalloid solutions.Resuscitation with crystalloid exac-erbates each element of the lethaltriad. Prehospital and early in-hospital resuscitation has been shownto increase morbidity and mor-tality in patients with penetratingtorso trauma
THE ACTION OF SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES ON THE OUTFLOW OF AQUEOUS HUMOUR FROM THE EYE

The actions of adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline on the resistance to outflow of aqueous humour from the rabbit eye are described. In some experiments, correlations have been made with pupil diameter. Intravitreous injections of adrenaline, noradrenaline and large doses of isoprenaline decreased the resistance to outflow of fluid from the eye and dilated the pupil. Intravitreous injection of phentolamine was without effect on the intraocular pressure and resistance to outflow of aqueous humour, although such injections resulted in miosis. The actions of adrenaline, noradrenaline and large doses of isoprenaline on the outflow resistance were antagonized by phentolamine. Postganglionic sympathetic denervation did not affect the aqueous humour dynamics when the eyes where examined 2 weeks later, but all the denervated eyes exhibited miosis at this time. Much smaller doses of noradrenaline were required to lower the intraocular pressure and decrease the resistance to outflow of aqueous humour in the denervated eyes; in addition, the dose/response curve for the effect of noradrenaline on the outflow resistance was shifted to the left in these experiments. These results support the view that adrenaline α-receptors are associated with the resistance to outflow of aqueous humour from the rabbit eye.
Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Species of Viridans Streptococci

Sixty-three strains of viridans streptococci (12 strains of Streptococcus mutans, 12 of Streptococcus mitis, nine of Streptococcus sanguis type I, 12 of S. sanguis type II, 10 of Streptococcus MG-intermedius, and eight of Streptococcus anginosus-constellatus) were tested for susceptibility to 12 antibiotics by a microdilution method. The antibiotics tested were: penicillin, ampicillin, nafcillin, cephalothin, cefamandole, vancomycin, streptomycin, kanamycin, amikacin, netilmicin, gentamicin, and rifampin. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) extended over a 512-fold range. Penicillin G was the most active antimicrobial agent, with MICs of 0.06-4 /pg/ml and MBCs of 0.06->8 /Lg/ml. A concentration of 0.06 /g/ml was inhibitory and bactericidal, respectively, to 12 and 12 of the 12 strains of S. mutans, five and four of the 12 strains of S. mitis, nine and four of the nine strains of S. sanguis type I, nine and four of the 12 strains of S. sanguis type II, nine and four of the 10 strains of Streptococcus MG-intermedius, and six and two of the eight strains of S. anginosus-constellatus. The activity of ampicillin was similar to that of penicillin G, but cephalothin and cefamandole were less active; 0.125 and 0.5 /ug/ml, respectively, inhibited and killed 50% of the 63 strains. Vancomycin (1 Iug/ml) inhibited 54 and killed 19 strains. Gentamicin and netilmicin were the most active of the five aminoglycosides tested, but at a concentration of 8 pg/ml, they inhibited and killed, respectively, only 37% and 15% of the 63 strains. Rifampin (0.06 /pg/ml) inhibited 49 but killed only seven strains. In general, S. mitis and S. sanguis type II required higher concentrations of antibiotics for inhibition and killing than did the other species of viridans streptococci tested.
Invisible Now: Bob Dylan in the 1960s

“Not since Rimbaud said ‘I is another’ has an artist been so obsessed with escaping identity…. Dylan’s refusal to be known is not simply a celebrity’s ploy, but a passion that has shaped his work. ...
The evaluation of gas detector tube systems: hydrogen sulfide.

Detector tubes from all manufacturers which market tubes in the United States for the detection of hydrogen sulfide were evaluated for acceptable performance, provided the tubes were intended for use in the concentration range of one-half to five times the threshold limit value (TLV). Only those tube types meeting the accuracy and precision standards for evaluation are listed. Those tube types not listed did not meet the evaluation criteria for acceptable performance.
Supercooling of liquid H2 and the possible production of superfluid H2

We discuss the extent to which it may be possible to supercool liquid H2 below its normal freezing temperature. We show that there is a significant prospect that H2 could be supercooled to arbitrarily low temperatures, and that in this way superfluid H2 might be produced. A brief discussion is given of the properties of the anticipated superfluid phase.
Extravasations of radiographie contrast material in the upper extremity

Five significant extravasations of radiographie contrast material in the upper extremity were treated with early surgical drainage in an attempt to prevent extensive skin necrosis. Four of the five patients underwent operation within 6 hours of the extravasations, and all of these patients had excellent functional and cosmetic results without any evidence of skin necrosis. One patient who had a poor result did not undergo operation until 20 hours after a severe extravasation to the dorsum of the right hand. Most small-volume, less-extensive extravasations can be satisfactorily managed conservatively. Our clinical experience indicates that large subcutaneous extravasations of radiographie contrast material (volume more than 20 ml) should be surgically drained within 6 hours to prevent extensive damage to tissue.
A novel hydrodynamic approach to the treatment of coronary artery disease.

Aims During severe coronary stenosis, capillary resistance increases. Drag-reducing polymers (DRPs) are blood-soluble macromolecules that reduce vascular resistance, possibly by altering blood hydrodynamics and rheology. Thus, we hypothesized that DRPs would enhance myocardial perfusion distal to a severe coronary stenosis. Methods and results A flow-limiting left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery stenosis was created in 12 open chest dogs. Coronary driving pressure, flow, trans-stenotic gradient, and radiolabelled microsphere myocardial perfusion were measured. Myocardial contrast echocardiography was performed and videointensity vs. pulsing interval data in the LAD and left circumflex beds were used to derive red cell velocity and capillary volume. Relative to baseline, the stenosis decreased LAD bed capillary volume ( P =0.019) and red blood cell velocity ( P =0.010). Intravenous DRP (polyethylene oxide, 2.5 ppm) decreased LAD microvascular resistance ( P =0.003) and increased microsphere flow ( P =0.009), capillary volume ( P =0.0006), and red cell velocity ( P =0.007) despite the presence of a severe stenosis. DRP did not alter blood viscosity. Conclusions DRPs improve perfusion to myocardium subserved by a flow-limiting coronary stenosis by decreasing microvascular resistance through an increase in capillary volume. Primary modulation of blood hydrodynamics and rheology to reduce microvascular resistance offers a novel approach to the treatment of ischaemic coronary syndromes.
The two-variable zeta function and the Riemann hypothesis for function fields

Abstract We present Bombieri's proof of the Riemann hypothesis for the zeta function of a curve over a finite field. We first briefly describe this zeta function and discuss the two-variable zeta function of Pellikaan. Then we give Naumann's proof that the numerator of this function is irreducible.
Towards embedded model predictive control for System-on-a-Chip applications

Abstract We propose a framework for embedding model predictive control for Systems-on-a-Chip applications. In order to allow the implementation of such a computationally expensive controller on chip, we propose reducing the precision of the microprocessor to the minimum while maintaining near optimal control performance. Taking advantage of the low precision, a logarithmic number system based microprocessor architecture is used, that allows the design of a reduced size processor, providing further energy and computational cost savings. The design parameters for this high-performance embedded controller are chosen using a combination of finite element method simulations and bit-accurate hardware emulations in a number of parametric tests. We provide the methodology for choosing the design parameters for two particular control problems; the temperature regulation in a wafer cross-section geometry, and the control of temperature in a non-isothermal fluid flow problem in a microdevice. Finally, we provide the microprocessor architecture details and estimates for the performance of the resulting embedded model predictive controller.
Redox Transformations of Bis(2,2'-bipyridine)(1-methyl-1-pyridin-2-yl-ethylamine)ruthenium(II)

The amineruthenium(II) complex Ru(bpy)2(mpea)2+ has been prepared by the direct reaction of 1-methyl-1-pyridin-2-yl-ethylamine (mpea) with Ru(bpy)2Cl2 in ethanol/water and isolated as the hexafluorophosphate salt. Electrochemical analysis of this complex shows that it undergoes sequential one-electron oxidations to an amidoruthenium(III) intermediate (E°′ = 1.086 V vs NHE) and then to an amidoruthenium(IV) (E°′ = 0.928 V) or imidoruthenium(IV) (E°′ = 1.083 V) complex, depending upon the solution pH (pKa = 2.62 for the amidoruthenium(IV) species). At higher potentials (Epa = 1.5 V in 1.0 M H2SO4), the amido- or imidoruthenium(IV) species is irreversibly oxidized to the corresponding nitrosoruthenium(II) complex. The mechanism for this transformation appears, on the basis of b3lyp/cpcm/cep-31g(d) computations, to proceed through an imidoruthenium(V) intermediate, which is rapidly attacked by water to yield a Ru(II)-bound hydroxylamine radical, which is readily oxidized and deprotonated to produce the nitros...
Natural Instinct, Perceptual Relativity, and Belief in the External World in Hume's Enquiry

In part 1 of Enquiry 12, Hume presents a skeptical argument against belief in external existence. The argument involves a perceptual relativity argu- ment that seems to conclude straightaway the double existence of objects and perceptions, where objects cause and resemble perceptions. In Treatise 1.4.2, Hume claimed that the belief in double existence arises from imaginative invention, not reasoning about perceptual relativity. I dissolve this tension by distinguishing the effects of natural instinct and showing that some of these effects supplement the Enquiry's perceptual relativity argument. The Enquiry's skeptical argument thus reveals the fundamental involvement of natural instinct in any belief in external existence.
Millimeter-Wave Modulated-Signal and Error-Vector-Magnitude Measurement With Uncertainty

We provide techniques to generate and characterize precision wideband millimeter-wave modulated signals. We use predistortion to obtain a significant improvement in signal quality and an associated reduction in the error vector magnitude (EVM) of the signals generated by an arbitrary-waveform-generator-based source. We adapt a recently developed microwave uncertainty framework to the problem and use it to estimate the uncertainties in the modulated-signal measurements. Models of uncertainties related to all calibration and measurement procedures within the traceability path are included in a sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulations that maintain correlations between time- and frequency-domain errors. We demonstrate EVM values of approximately 1.6% $\pm$ 0.5% for a 1-GSymbol/s 64-state quadrature-amplitude-modulated signal at 44 GHz.
Investigation of the initial perturbation amplitude for the inclined interface Richtmyer?Meshkov instability

A simulation studying the effects of inclination angle and incident shock Mach number on the inclined interface Richtmyer–Meshkov instability is presented. Interface inclination angle is varied from 30° to 85°, with incident shock Mach numbers of 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 for an air over SF6 interface. The simulations were performed in support of experiments to be performed in the Texas A&M shock tube facility, and were created with the ARES code developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The parametric cases are separated by inclination angle into nonlinear and linear initial perturbation cases. A linear initial perturbation is defined as when the interface amplitude over wavelength is less than 0.1. Density, pressure gradient and vorticity plots are presented for a nonlinear and a linear case to highlight the differences in the flow field evolution. It is shown that the nonlinear case contains strong secondary compressible effects which reverberate through the interface until late times, while in the linear case these waves are almost completely absent. The inclined interface scaling method presented in previous work (McFarland et al 2011 Phys. Rev. E 84 026303) is tested for its ability to scale the mixing width growth rate for linear initial perturbation cases. This model was shown in the previous work to collapse data well for varying Mach numbers and nonlinear inclination angles. The scaled data is presented to show that a regime change occurs in the mixing width growth rate near an inclination angle of 80° which corresponds to the transition from a linear to nonlinear initial perturbation.
Therapeutic applications of mesenchymal stem cells to repair kidney injury.

Purpose: The potential use of stem cells for acute and chronic renal injury is under intensive investigation. We summarized the current literature on the potential therapeutic role of mesenchymal stem cells for kidney injury.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the pertinent literature on mesenchymal stem cell therapy for acute and chronic renal injury.Results: Experimental evidence suggests that administering exogenous mesenchymal stem cells during acute and chronic kidney injury may improve functional and structural recovery of the tubular, glomerular and interstitial kidney compartments. Several studies point to a paracrine and/or endocrine mechanism of action rather than to direct repopulation of cells in the injured nephron. Multiple questions remain unanswered regarding the protective action of mesenchymal stem cells during renal injury, including signals that regulate stem cell homing to injured tissue, factors regulating paracrine and/or endocrine activity of exogenous mesenchymal stem cells and par...
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in cirrhotic patients.

Due to unacceptable increases in intra- and postoperative complications and associated morbidity, cirrhosis of the liver is often considered to be a contraindication for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). However, recent advances have now made it increasingly possible for experienced surgeons to perform LC on this high-risk population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the coagulopathy associated with cirrhosis on the performance and results of LC. We hypothesized that the factors leading to hemorrhage, rather than Child’s classification, would drive operating time and resource utilization. Between 1 July 1996 and 30 June 2003, 1,285 cholecystectomies were performed. Thirty one of these patients had evidence of cirrhosis at the time of operation. The 31 patients were divided into high, (low platelets, prolonged International Normalized Ratio) (n = 18), intermediate, (abnormal liver function tests, normal clotting) (n = 5), and low, (normal platelets, normal clotting, and normal liver function tests) (n = 8) surgical risk categories for further analysis. Based on the Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) classification of cirrhosis, there were three grade C and 28 grade A or grade B patients. There were 24 LC, three of which were started laparoscopically and then converted to open, and four open cholecystectomies. Operating room time ranged from 79 to 450 min, with the extent of coagulopathy correlating with the length of time needed to achieve satisfactory hemostasis. Median length of stay postoperatively in the high-risk group was 2 days (range, 0–20). Nine of the cholecystectomies were performed on an outpatient basis. One patient received a liver transplantation 5 months post-LC. There were no operative deaths, bile duct injuries, or returns to the operating room for bleeding. Blood product usage correlated with preexisting coagulopathy. Currently, the classification of cirrhotic patients is normally done using the CTP score. However, preoperative platelet levels and INR more accurately predict the difficulty of cholecystectomy than CTP score, because intraoperative hemorrhage is the primary concern in these patients. This study demonstrates that preoperative degree of coagulopathy, and not Child’s class, should guide the surgeon’s approach and expectations when LC is performed in a cirrhotic patient.
Extremely preterm birth and parental authority to refuse treatment--the case of Sidney Miller.

In 1990, a neonatologist resuscitated a severely premature infant against the wishes of the parents. The child survived with severe disabilities. The parents sued the hospital for battery and negligence. In 2003, the Texas Supreme Court ruled in favor of the physicians and hospitals. According to the ruling, physicians who are faced with split-second, life-or-death decisions do not need parental consent to provide life-sustaining treatment to minors.
Development and Validation of a Musculoskeletal Model of the Fully Articulated Thoracolumbar Spine and Rib Cage

We developed and validated a fully articulated model of the thoracolumbar spine in opensim that includes the individual vertebrae, ribs, and sternum. To ensure trunk muscles in the model accurately represent muscles in vivo, we used a novel approach to adjust muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and position using computed tomography (CT) scans of the trunk sampled from a community-based cohort. Model predictions of vertebral compressive loading and trunk muscle tension were highly correlated to previous in vivo measures of intradiscal pressure (IDP), vertebral loading from telemeterized implants and trunk muscle myoelectric activity recorded by electromyography (EMG).
Grass species and soil type effects on microbial biomass and activity

We evaluated plant versus soil type controls on microbial biomass and activity by comparing microbial biomass C, soil respiration, denitrification potential, potential net N mineralization and nitrification in different soils supporting four grass species, and by growing a group of 10 different grass species on the same soil, in two experiments respectively. In the first experiment, none of the microbial variables showed significant variation with grass species while all variables showed significant variation with soil type, likely due to variation in soil texture. In the second experiment, there were few significant differences in microbial biomass C among the 10 grasses but there were significant relationships between variation in microbial biomass C and potential net N mineralization (negative), soil respiration (positive) and denitrification (positive). There was no relationship between microbial biomass C and either plant yield or plant N concentration. The results suggest that 1) soil type is a more important controller of microbial biomass and activity than grass species, 2) that different grass species can create significant, but small and infrequent, differences in microbial biomass and activity in soil, and 3) that plant-induced variation in microbial biomass and activity is caused by variation in labile C input to soil.
Proton transport mechanism and pathways in the superprotonic phase of CsHSO4 from experiment and theory

The proton transport mechanism and pathways in the superprotonic phase of CsHSO_4 have been discussed using both experimental and theoretical (computational) data.
With this Ring, I Thee Wed: Relating Gender Roles and Love Styles to Attitudes towards Engagement Rings and Weddings

Gender differences in and related correlates of attitudes toward engagement rings and weddings are considered. College students (193 women, 112 men) completed a questionnaire assessing attitudes toward engagement rings and weddings, eros and pragma love styles, and an assessment of traditional versus egalitarian gender roles. Although predicted gender differences and hypothesized love style links were not found, gender stereotypical attitudes regarding male/female roles was positively correlated with pragma, a rational, love-planning love style; with wanting a traditional wedding; and with preferring diamonds in engagement rings. Gender transcendence was significantly correlated with an eros love style as well as with four of ten engagement ring and wedding attitude factors. Rather than indicating less interest in romantic relationships per se, a gender transcendent approach to male/female roles may be associated with egalitarian attitudes towards commitment indicators and with less of a desire for expensive engagement rings or weddings.
US trade preferences and export performance of developing countries: Evidence from the generalized system of preferences

Abstract Preferential market access such as the generalized system of preferences (GSP) is clearly recognized as a way of enabling developing countries export their way out of poverty. It has been a vital feature of industrialized countries' commercial policy for nearly 30 years. This study empirically explores the linkages between US trade preferences under the GSP and beneficiary country exports. Using a large US import database covering over 120 developing countries, the study examines the extent to which GSP influences export performance. The results largely indicate that the GSP has a significant and positive effect on beneficiary exports to US for all country and product groups. A proper understanding of this relationship will help donors and recipients devise appropriate policies to help encourage the growth and diversification of exports that is so vital for developing countries.