cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reactions of α-lithio (aminocarbene)tungsten anions with diiodoalkanes: Synthesis of (μ-bis(aminocarbene))ditungsten complexes

Treatment of (CO)5W[C(N(CH3)2)CH3] (1) with nBuLi followed by 5–10 equiv. of a diiodoalkane (diiodomethane, 1,2-diiodoethane, 1,3-diiodopropane, 1,4-diiodobutane, or 1,5-diiodopentane) gave the respective (iodoalkylaminocarbene)tungsten complexes (CO)5W[C(N(CH3)2)CH2(CH2)nI] (n=1–5) (2). For the reaction of the α-lithio anion of 1 with diiodomethane, only a 5% yield of the corresponding complex 2a (n = 1) was obtained. Moreover, the reaction of the α-lithio anion of 1 with 1,2-diiodoethane gave no product 2b (n = 2). On the other hand, good to excellent yields (69–93%) of complexes 2c–e (n = 3–5) were obtained using 1,3-diiodopropane, 1,4-diiodobutane, or 1,5-diiodopentane. Complexes 2c–e were further treated with the α-lithio anion of 1 to afford the new (μ-bis(aminocarbene))ditungsten complexes (CO)5W[C(N(CH3) 2)CH2(CH2)nCH2C(N(CH3)2)]W(CO)5 (n=3–5) (3c–e) in yields ranging from 52 to 61%.
Abnormal ESD failure mode with low-voltage turn-on phenomenon of LDMOS output driver

An abnormal ESD failure mode caused by a low-voltage turn-on phenomenon in an LDMOS is found on a DC-DC converter chip. Experimental investigation has shown that gate-coupling is the root cause of such low-voltage turn-on behavior. To prevent this behavior, a novel gate turn-off circuit is proposed. The solution is effective: the test chip measurements show an increase in HBM values from 1500 V to 4000 V.
Polynomial discriminants. I. Matrix magic

I like beautiful equations, but beauty is sometimes subtle or hidden by bad notation. I reveal some of the hidden beauty in the explicit formulation of the discriminants of polynomials. Along the way I drag in some clever algebra, promote some notational schemes from mathematical physics and illustrate some ways of visualizing homogeneous space. This will ultimately lead us to some interesting ways to find roots of these polynomials, a task that will become more and more important as we computer graphicists struggle to break free of the tyranny of the polygon and move into rendering higher order surfaces. First I review discriminants.
Natural Killer Cell Lytic Granule Secretion Occurs through a Pervasive Actin Network at the Immune Synapse

Accumulation of filamentous actin (F-actin) at the immunological synapse (IS) is a prerequisite for the cytotoxic function of natural killer (NK) cells. Subsequent to reorganization of the actin network, lytic granules polarize to the IS where their contents are secreted directly toward a target cell, providing critical access to host defense. There has been limited investigation into the relationship between the actin network and degranulation. Thus, we have evaluated the actin network and secretion using microscopy techniques that provide unprecedented resolution and/or functional insight. We show that the actin network extends throughout the IS and that degranulation occurs in areas where there is actin, albeit in sub-micron relatively hypodense regions. Therefore we propose that granules reach the plasma membrane in clearances in the network that are appropriately sized to minimally accommodate a granule and allow it to interact with the filaments. Our data support a model whereby lytic granules and the actin network are intimately associated during the secretion process and broadly suggest a mechanism for the secretion of large organelles in the context of a cortical actin barrier.
Facial expressivity to acute pain in cocaine-exposed toddlers

Le reglement expressif d'emotion en reponse au stress apres inoculation a ete examine chez 30 bebes de 18 mois. 14 bebes avaient ete exposes a la cocaine durant la grossesse et 16 d'entre eux n'avaient pas ete exposes aux drogues. Les resulats ont indique que le groupe d'enfants exposes a la cocaine faisaient etat de moins de discretes expressions negatives de detresse et colere et de plus de tristesse en reponse a la douleur vive. Ces resultats suggerent que l'exposition a la cocaine peut exercer une influence sur l'expression d'emotion dans la seconde annee de la vie.
Strain independent elevation of hepatic mono-oxygenase enzymes in female mice

1. Hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing activity was compared in male and female AL/N, Balb c, Balb/cJ, CD-1, C57BL/6J, C57BL/10J, DBA/2, and DBA/2J mice.2. Cytochrome P-450-dependent hexobarbital hydroxylase and aminopyrine N-demethylase activities were sexually dimorphic with apparent maximal velocities consistently higher in females. Hexobarbital-induced sleeping times were greater in males, corresponding to their lower hepatic mono-oxygenase enzyme activities measured in vitro.3. No murine sex differences were observed for the hydroxylation of aniline, while UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity was strain dependent with either no sexual dimorphism or higher activities in males.4. Testectomy resulted in an elevation of hepatic hexobarbital metabolism to female levels in all strains examined. Thus, decreased hepatic cytochrome P-450-dependent xenobiotic metabolism in adult male mice results from the suppressive effects of gonadal androgens.5. Sexually dimorphic patterns of hepatic hexobarbital and aminopy...
Experimental Photoallergic Contact Dermatitis: A Mouse Model

We have induced photoallergic contact dermatitis in mice to 3,3',4',5 tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCSA), chlorpromazine and 6-methylcoumarin. These compounds are known to produce photoallergic contact dermatitis in humans. The photoallergic contact dermatitis reaction in the mouse is immunologically specific viz. mice photosensitized to TCSA react, by photochallenge, to that compound and not to chlorpromazine, and conversely. The reaction requires UVA at both sensitization and challenge. It appears to be T-cell mediated in that it can be passively transferred to syngeneic mice by lymph node cells from actively sensitized mice, the histology of the reactions resembles that of classic allergic contact dermatitis in mice, challenge reactions are seen at 24 but not at 4 hr, and photoallergic contact dermatitis can be induced in B-cell deficient mice. The availability of a mouse model for the study of photo-ACD will facilitate the identification of pertinent control mechanisms and may aid in the management of the disease. It is likely that a bioassay for photoallergens of humans can be based on this mouse model.
BRAIN TUMOURS INDUCED IN HAMSTERS INOCULATED INTRACEREBRALLY AT BIRTH WITH ROUS SARCOMA VIRUS.

IT has been previously shown that new-born hamsters are susceptible to the oncogenic effect of polyoma virus1 introduced intracerebrally2. Likewise, S V 40 virus3 which was shown to be oncogenic when injected subcutaneously into new-born hamsters4 also proved capable of inducing papillary ependymomas after intracerebral inoculation into the same animals5. In recent years a variant of the chicken Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), the Schmidt-Ruppin strain6, has been shown to be oncogenic in a variety of subcutaneously inoculated rodents, including hamsters7. The investigation described here was undertaken to determine the effects of intracerebral inoculation of this virus into new-born hamsters.
Role of principal ionotropic and metabotropic receptors in visceral pain.

Visceral pain is the most common form of pain caused by varied diseases and a major reason for patients to seek medical consultation. It also leads to a significant economic burden due to workdays lost and reduced productivity. Further, long-term use of non-specific medications is also associated with side effects affecting the quality of life. Despite years of extensive research and the availability of several therapeutic options, management of patients with chronic visceral pain is often inadequate, resulting in frustration for both patients and physicians. This is, most likely, because the mechanisms associated with chronic visceral pain are different from those of acute pain. Accumulating evidence from years of research implicates several receptors and ion channels in the induction and maintenance of central and peripheral sensitization during chronic pain states. Understanding the specific role of these receptors will facilitate to capitalize on their unique properties to augment the therapeutic efficacy while at the same time minimizing unwanted side effects. The aim of this review is to provide a concise review of the recent literature that reports on the role of principal ionotropic receptors and metabotropic receptors in the modulation visceral pain. We also include an overview of the possibility of these receptors as potential new targets for the treatment of chronic visceral pain conditions.
Facial expression recognition using joint multi-resolution multi-area ULBP representation

In this paper, we propose a robust multi-layer texture representation for facial expressions. Our representation is built up using multi-resolution (MR) uniform local binary pattern (ULBP) features on multi-areas (MA) in facial image. Experiments show that this multi-resolution and multi-area (MRMA) strategy could both greatly improve the discriminative ability of texture representation. Based on the proposed MRMA ULBP representation for facial expression, we propose a MRMA ULBP representation + SVM classifier facial expression recognition system. Experiments based on 21 trained one-against-one SVM classifiers show average recognition accuracy of 92.59% on JAFFE database.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE INTRINSIC LIMITATIONS OF DILUTION REFRIGERATION.

Abstract By combining continuous dilution refrigeration. magnetic cooling. and single-cycle dilution refrigerator in a single device we have obtained a low magnetic temperature of 2 m°K and a limiting high temperature of about 4 m°K which is relatively insensitive to 3 He extraction rate. At intermediate temperatures increasing the 3 He extraction rate increases the warming rate.
Recent advances in UV-visible reflectance spectroelectrochemistry

Abstract UV-visible spectroelectrochemistry is used in situ during electrochemical experiments to examine chemical processes occurring either in solution or at the electrode surface. The technique has recently been applied to the study of polymer modified electrodes, surface adsorbed species and surface plasmons, and soluble reactive organic intermediates, in addition to many other areas of general interest. Substantial improvements have been made recently in the sensitivity of the method, which allow electrochemical kinetic and mechanistic studies on very small concentrations of electrogenerated chromophores.
The Extracellular Matrix Protein MAGP-2 Interacts with Jagged1 and Induces Its Shedding from the Cell Surface

Elastic fibers are composed of the protein elastin and a network of 10–12-nm microfibrils, which are composed of several glycoproteins, including fibrillin-1, fibrillin-2, and MAGP1/2 (microfibril-associated glycoproteins-1 and -2). Although fibrillins and MAGPs covalently associate, we find that the DSL (Delta/Serrate/LAG2) protein Jagged1, an activating ligand for Notch receptor signaling, also interacts with MAGP-2 in both yeast two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation studies. Interaction between Jagged1 and MAGP-2 requires the epidermal growth factor-like repeats of Jagged1. MAGP-2 was found complexed with the Jagged1 extracellular domain shed from 293T cells and COS-7 cells coexpressing full-length Jagged1 and MAGP-2. MAGP-2 shedding of the Jagged1 extracellular domain was decreased by the metalloproteinase hydroxamate inhibitor BB3103 implicating proteolysis in its release. Although MAGP-2 also interacted with the other DSL ligands, Jagged2 and Delta1, they were not found associated with MAGP-2 in the conditioned media, identifying differential effects of MAGP-2 on DSL ligand shedding. The related microfibrillar protein MAGP-1 was also found to interact with DSL ligands but, unlike MAGP-2, was unable to facilitate the shedding of Jagged1. Our findings suggest that in addition to its role in microfibrils, MAGP-2 may also affect cellular differentiation through modulating the Notch signaling pathway either by binding to cell surface DSL ligands or by facilitating release and/or stabilization of a soluble extracellular form of Jagged1.
Cognitive Concepts of the Self and Romantic Relationships

The present study applied 2 complementary cognitive concepts of the self (i.e., self-complexity [SC] and self-concept differentiation [SCD]) to the area of romantic relationships and developed corresponding measures of cognitive concepts of romantic relationships (relationship complexity [RC] and relationship-concept differentiation [RCD], respectively). Then the associations between the cognitive concept measures and the degrees to which the participant's negative affect had been increased due to the recall of negative events in the romantic relationship were examined. Eighty-nine college students who were currently involved in a romantic relationship participated in the study. Results showed that the relationship-concept measures were related to, but not identical with, the self-concept measures. A greater affective reaction to the recall of a negative event in the romantic relationship was associated with a higher score in SC and a lower score in RC, whereas this affective reaction was neither signific...
Evolution of robust data distribution among digital organisms

This paper describes a study of the evolution of robust communication, specifically the distribution of data among individuals in a population, using digital evolution. In digital evolution, a population of self-replicating computer programs exists in a user-defined computational environment and is subject to instruction-level mutations and natural selection. To encourage the evolution of this cooperative behavior, we make use of "digital germlines," a form of group-level selection similar to multicellularity in biology. The results of experiments using the Avida platform for digital evolution demonstrate that populations of digital organisms are capable of evolving to distribute data in a network, and that through the application of different selective pressures, these digital organisms can overcome communication obstacles such as message loss, limited bandwidth, and node failure.
Family history of suicidal behavior and early traumatic experiences: Additive effect on suicidality and course of bipolar illness?

Abstract Background Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with a high prevalence of suicide attempt and completion. Family history of suicidal behavior and personal history of childhood abuse are reported risk factors for suicide among BD subjects. Methods BD individuals with family history of suicidal behavior and personal history of childhood abuse (BD-BOTH), BD individuals with family history of suicidal behavior or personal history of childhood abuse (BD-ONE), and BD individuals with neither of these two risk factors (BD-NONE) were compared with regard to demographic variables and clinical measures. Results Almost 70% of the sample had a history of a previous suicide attempt. There were significantly higher rates of previous suicide attempts in the BD-BOTH and BD-ONE relative to the BD-NONE group. BD-BOTH were significantly younger at the time of their first suicide attempt and had higher number of suicide attempts compared with BD-NONE. BD-BOTH were significantly younger at the time of their first episode of mood disorder and first psychiatric hospitalization and had significantly higher rates of substance use and borderline personality disorders compared to BD-NONE. Limitations Retrospective study. Use of semi-structured interview for the assessment of risk factors. Conclusions BD individuals with a familial liability for suicidal behavior and exposed to physical and/or sexual abuse during childhood are at a greater risk to have a more impaired course of bipolar illness and greater suicidality compared to those subjects with either only one or none of these risk factors. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Peptidergic regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene expression in vivo.

Summary Background The mechanisms by which PAI-1 biosynthesis is altered during stress have not been fully elucidated. Studies suggest a major role for neuro-peptidergic modulation of the stress response by PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide), a member of the VIP/secretin/glucagon family. Objective We tested the hypothesis that PACAP regulates PAI-1 biosynthesis during stress in vivo. Methods PAI-1 gene expression was monitored by RT-PCR in adrenal glands harvested from C57BL/6J mice that were unstressed, or subjected to restraint stress for 2 h, or treated with PACAP. Results PAI-1 mRNA expression was markedly increased in adrenals from stressed mice. Restraint stress resulted in much smaller increments in adrenal tPA mRNA, suggesting that local adrenal tPA/PAI-1 biosynthetic balance is markedly altered by stress. The observed increases in PAI-1mRNA during stress were substantially blunted (55 ± 4%, P < 0.001) by pretreatment with the specific PACAP receptor antagonist, PACAP6-38, compared with pretreatment with vehicle. Administration of the agonist PACAP1-38 alone resulted in a dose-dependent increase in tissue PAI-1 mRNA. PACAP1-38 administration also resulted in substantial increases in plasma PAI-1 antigen and active PAI-1 concentrations that were significantly greater in male mice than in female mice. Conclusions We conclude that adrenal PAI-1 mRNA expression is markedly increased by stress, and that the PACAP peptidergic signaling pathway plays a major role in mediating the stress-induced increase in PAI-1 biosynthesis.
Inhibitory effects of thiols on a mutagenic contaminant from the synthesis of N-nitrosothiazolidine.

Abstract The effect of S9 and various thiols were studied for potential modifying effects on a mutagenic trace artifact (‘NTHZ’) formed during the synthesis of N-nitrosothiazolidine (NTHZ) from cysteamine, formaldehyde and nitrite. Induced and uninduced S9 prepared from Syrian hamster livers reduced mutagenic activity in Salmonella TA100. Incorporation of boiled S9 into the preincubation medium produced similar effects, indicating a non-enzymatic mechanism for the detoxification reaction. Thiols alone also lowered revertant yields, and inhibitory efficacy was, in general, related to the pKa of the compound. At equimolar concentrations mutagenic activity was reduced in the following order (pKa values in parentheses): Thioglycolate (10.7) > mercaptoethanol (9.6) > reduced glutathione (8.8) > cysteine (8.35) > cystine (8.2). N-Acetylcysteine (9.52) and cysteamine (8.35), however, did not fit this pattern. The results of this study suggest that normal hepatic mechanisms may minimize ‘NTHZ’ genotoxicity thereby reducing potential health risks associated with its exposure.
Isotopic analyses of nitrate and nitrite from reference mixtures and application to Eastern Tropical North Pacific waters

Abstract Isotopic analyses of nitrate by the denitrifier method, and indeed by many other analytical methods, do not discriminate between nitrate and nitrite. For samples containing both chemical species, accurate isotopic analysis of nitrate requires either removal of nitrite or independent isotopic analysis of nitrite and subtraction of its contribution to the mixed isotopic signal. This study evaluates the application of a variety of available analytical approaches to the isotopic analysis of mixed nitrate and nitrite solutions, with the goal of producing accurate coupled isotopic analyses of both nitrate and nitrite. These methods are tested on mixtures of standard solutions of nitrate and nitrite, and then applied to the coupled δ15N and δ18O analyses of nitrate and nitrite in waters of the Eastern Tropical North Pacific (ETNP). Results from standard mixtures show that even for extreme values of nitrate and nitrite δ15N and δ18O, both nitrite removal by ascorbate and nitrite isotopic analysis and subtraction from the mixed isotopic signal yield nitrate δ15N and δ18O values that are close to the expected values. Application of these analyses to samples from the ETNP yielded δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3 values as high as 21‰ vs. AIR and 19‰ vs. VSMOW, respectively. Conversely, very low δ15N values were observed in nitrite, with values ranging from − 7.2 to − 18.5‰ vs. AIR. Removal of nitrite from ETNP samples thus revealed differences of up to 5‰ between NO3- and NO2- + NO3- for both δ15N and δ18O. Moreover, the δ15N offset between co-occurring nitrate and nitrite is greater than expected from the action of denitrification alone and may provide a unique constraint on the processes involved in the cycling of nitrite in and around oxygen deficient zones. Finally, subtraction of the nitrite δ15N and δ18O from ETNP samples allows the extension of the Δ(15,18) tracer into suboxic regions containing nitrite. The magnitude and distribution of Δ(15,18) in these samples suggests an important role for nitrite reoxidation in nitrate isotope variations.
Fluid Structures ofCO2 andCO2–CH4 Mixture at Supercritical Fluid and Liquid Densities by Nuclear Spin–Lattice Relaxation Measurements

13C nuclear relaxation times were measured by a high-pressure sapphire NMR cell for neat CO2 and a CO2–CH4 mixture over a wide range that covers gas, liquid and supercritical densities. The nuclear spin–lattice relaxation times at liquid and supercritical densities for the CO2–CH4 mixture were obtained for the first time. Although the spin–rotation interactions still dominate the spin–lattice relaxation processes in CH4, the intramolecular dipolar interaction contributes approximately 5% to the overall relaxation rates at liquid densities for this mixture. The chemical shift anisotropy and the intermolecular contributions to the relaxation rates of CO2 were experimentally determined to be negligible. A movable wall cell model was modified and used to relate the relaxation time data to the fluid structures of the first solvation shell around the central molecules in the liquid and supercritical fluid states. The coordination number in the first shell was found to be 12 for both the neat CO2 and CO2–CH4 mixture at liquid and supercritical fluid densities.
A social psychological approach to mission assessment

Using a social psychological framework, this study examined the relationship between undergraduates’ sense of school belonging and endorsement of their universities’ mission identity at two US universities of different size, geographic location, and Catholic traditions. Undergraduates at both universities completed online surveys that included: demographic information, the DePaul Mission and Values Inventory, and the School Sense of Community Scale. Findings revealed significant correlations between students’ sense of school belonging and their endorsement of the religious pluralism and innovation aspects of the mission identities at both institutions. The connection between students’ psychological need to belong and their endorsement of their campuses’ religious identity was discussed in terms of higher education planning and assessment.
Movement of liquid contaminants in partially saturated frozen granular soils

Abstract Understanding the migration of nonaqueous phase liquids in frozen subsurface soils is becoming increasingly important in permafrost regions and in temperate zones where frozen subsurface barriers have been proposed to confine contaminants. Tests were performed on 32 specimens of gravelly sands from the Hanford, Washington reservation to determine the relationship between degree of ice saturation and intrinsic permeability. Decane, a representative nonaqueous phase liquid, was employed as the permeant, and was infiltrated through the frozen specimens at −10°C. In addition to pure water, a NaCl brine and a mixture of water and decane were utilized as the pore liquids. For all specimens the intrinsic permeability correlated linearly with the ice saturation, varying from approximately 2.7× 10−7 cm2 at 0% saturation to negligible values at nearly 100% saturation. The different pore liquids did not affect the correlation significantly. Bentonite was added to some of the specimens prior to freezing, reducing the intrinsic permeability to negligible levels.
Spatial correlation in the ambient core noise field of a turbofan engine

An acoustic transfer function relating combustion noise and turbine exit noise in the presence of enclosed ambient core noise is investigated using a dynamic system model and an acoustic system model for the particular turbofan engine studied and for a range of operating conditions. Measurements of cross-spectra magnitude and phase between the combustor and turbine exit and auto-spectra at the turbine exit and combustor are used to show the presence of indirect and direct combustion noise over the frequency range of 0 400 Hz. The procedure used evaluates the ratio of direct to indirect combustion noise. The procedure used also evaluates the post-combustion residence time in the combustor which is a factor in the formation of thermal NOx and soot in this region. These measurements are masked by the ambient core noise sound field in this frequency range which is observable since the transducers are situated within an acoustic wavelength of one another. An ambient core noise field model based on one and two dimensional spatial correlation functions is used to replicate the spatially correlated response of the pair of transducers. The spatial correlation function increases measured attenuation due to destructive interference and masks the true attenuation of the turbine.
Simulation of Convection and Macrosegregation in a Large Steel Ingot

Melt convection and macrosegregation in casting of a large steel ingot are numerically simulated. The simulation is based on a previously developed model for multicomponent steel solidification with melt convection and involves the solution of fully coupled conservation equations for the transport phenomena in the liquid, mush, and solid. Heat transfer in the mold and insulation materials, as well as the formation of a shrinkage cavity at the top, is taken into account. The numerical results show the evolution of the temperature, melt velocity, and species concentration fields during solidification. The predicted variation of the macrosegregation of carbon and sulfur along the vertical centerline is compared with measurements from an industrial steel ingot that was sectioned and analyzed. Although generally good agreement is obtained, the neglect of sedimentation of free equiaxed grains prevents the prediction of the zone of negative macrosegregation observed in the lower part of the ingot. It is also shown that the inclusion of the shrinkage cavity at the top and the variation of the final solidification temperature due to macrosegregation is important in obtaining good agreement between the predictions and measurements.
Histamine Release Associated with Intravenous Delivery of a Fluorocarbon-Based Sevoflurane Emulsion in Canines

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel fluorocarbon-based sevoflurane emulsion in dogs previously shown to produce short-term rodent anesthesia. On the basis of an unexpected allergic-type clinical reaction, we also tested the hypothesis that this type of formulation causes histamine release and complement activation. Physiological parameters, plasma histamine levels (radioimmunoassay), and complement activation (enzyme immunoassay) were quantified in response to emulsion components, including F13M5 (the emulsion’s fluorocarbon-based polymer) and methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) 5000 (the polymer’s hydrophilic block). Although the emulsion produced general anesthesia in dogs, they also experienced hypotension and clinical signs suggestive of an allergic-like response (i.e., vasodilation, urticaria, and pruritus upon recovery). Emulsions lacking sevoflurane failed to induce anesthesia but did elicit the allergic response. Plasma histamine levels were significantly increased following injection of micellar solutions of F13M5. Direct complement activation by the emulsion or its components was weak or absent. An allergic response leading to histamine release, likely initiated by the F13M5 component via an immunoglobulin pathway, is associated with an intravenous fluorocarbon-based emulsion of sevoflurane. Subsequently, its usefulness in medicine in its present formulation is limited.
The Legitimacy of U.S. Government Agency Power

A synthesis of the work of two political and legal scholars, John Rohr and Lon Fuller, properly balances constitutional and managerial values, supplementing other theories that offer useful but insufficient support for American government agency legitimacy. Agencies reflecting that balance would strengthen their legitimacy—a particularly valuable goal in an era of low confidence in American government. Rohr's focus on the constitutional oath of office and American regime values, and Fuller's insistence that law must serve human needs, leave a great deal indeterminate and discretionary but nevertheless set boundaries. Bureaucrats who risked or sacrificed their jobs to avoid transgressing those boundaries offer models of loyalty to the Rohr-Fuller balance of values. The behavior of officials in the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency in thwarting measures that could have averted the financial crisis of 2007 offers a model of bureaucrats who violated those boundaries.
Comparison of Low-Fidelity TRANSIMS and High-Fidelity CORSIM Highway Simulation Models with Intelligent Transportation System Data

In recent years there has been increased emphasis in the transportation modeling field on replacing macroscopic supply functions with simulation models. For example, the highway supply relationship in the Transportation Analysis and Simulation System (TRANSIMS) is based on a low-fidelity microsimulation model. How the TRANSIMS low-fidelity highway simulation module compares with a high-fidelity model and with empirical observations from intelligent transportation system (ITS) implementation projects has been examined. A section of Interstate 10 in Houston, Texas, was used as a test bed and ITS data were obtained for calibration and validation purposes. For comparison, the high-fidelity CORSIM model, which is used extensively in North America for operational analyses, was calibrated and tested with the same data. The two models did equally well at replicating the baseline volume data. In addition, the mean travel time output from the calibrated TRANSIMS model tended to be about 20 percent greater than the ...
Sociolinguistic variables and cognition

Sociolinguistics has examined mental organization of language only sporadically. Meanwhile, areas of linguistics that deal with cognitive organization seldom delve deeply into language variation. Variation is essential for understanding how language is structured cognitively, however. Three kinds of evidence are discussed to illustrate this point. First, style shifting demonstrates that language users develop detailed associations of when to produce specific linguistic forms, depending on the pragmatic context. Second, variation in fine-grained phonetic cues shows that cognitive organization applies to linguistic forms not otherwise known to be under speakers' control. Finally, experiments on dialect comprehension and identification demonstrate that listeners have detailed cognitive associations of language variants with groups of people, whether or not they can produce the same variants themselves. A model is presented for how sociolinguistic knowledge can be viewed in relation to other parts of language with regard to cognitive and neural representations. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 701-716 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.152 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Some response characteristics of finite-element tidal models

Abstract Small-scale error can arise in finite-element tidal models from different aspects of the spatial discretization. One source is incompatibility in smoothness of interpolation of the pressure and velocity fields. Noise of this type can be eliminated completely by using Stokes/Helmholtz potentials to represent the velocity, and interpolating these potentials with the same smoothness as is given to the pressure. Another source is inhomogeneous triangulation, in which the number of links is not the same at all nodes. Noise of this type can be suppressed by using a high-resolution grid (the resolution in question being that of the response rather than of the domain). These points are illustrated by examining the response characteristics of idealized models. It is found that in the models considered, small-scale noise can be ascribed to resonance anomalies associated with the method of spatial discretization. In this analysis the time is continuous, but some remarks are appended on the effect of time discretization, and a formal proof is given of the time-stepping stability of a general, discretized form of Laplace's tidal equations.
Fundamental frequency of child-directed speech using automatic speech recognition

It has long been recognized that speech directed to infants and toddlers — child-directed speech (CDS) or motherese — is characterized by a collection of features including hyperarticulation, a distinctive lexicon, reduced structural complexity, and increased fundamental frequency (f 0 ). This paper examines f 0 in nearly 500 hours of recordings from 33 families, showing that mothers, but not fathers, distinguish CDS with consistently higher f 0 . We also found that, compared with parents of typically-developing children, parents of children who are hard-of-hearing do not differ in production of f 0 to their children. Results are relevant for improved ASR application and better understanding of mothers' and fathers' speech to their children.
Aqueous Phase Separation as a Possible Route to Compartmentalization of Biological Molecules

How could the incredible complexity of modern cells evolve from something simple enough to have appeared in a primordial soup? This enduring question has sparked the interest of researchers since Darwin first considered his theory of natural selection. Organic molecules, even potentially functional molecules including peptides and nucleotides, can be produced abiotically. Amphiphiles such as surfactants and lipids display remarkable self-assembly processes including the spontaneous formation of vesicles resembling the membranes of living cells. Nonetheless, numerous questions remain. Given the presumably dilute concentrations of macromolecules in the prebiotic pools where the earliest cells are thought to have appeared, how could the necessary components become concentrated and encapsulated within a semipermeable membrane? What would drive the further structural complexity that is a hallmark of modern living systems? The interior of modern cells is subdivided into microcompartments such as the nucleoid of...
Racial differences in investor decision making

Abstract Racial differences in investment behavior are investigated using data from the 1995 Survey of Consumer Finances. Socioeconomic, financial, and attitudinal variables are incorporated in a life-cycle savings model. The impact of all variables is allowed to differ between Black households and White households to understand racial differences in risky asset ownership. We determine that observed racial differences in risky asset ownership are explained by racial differences in the individual determinants of risky asset ownership, not by race in and of itself. Specifically, these differences seem to center on the impact of children and household size. JEL classification: D12; D91; G11; J70
Application of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method with local grid refinement to nanostructure design

The Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method is often a viable alternative to other computational methods used for the design of sub-wavelength components of photonic devices. We describe an FDTD based grid refinement method, which reduces the computational cell size locally, using a collection of nested rectangular grid patches. On each patch, a standard FDTD update of the electromagnetic fields is applied. At the coarse/fine grid interfaces the solution is interpolated, and consistent circulation of the fields is enforced on shared cell edges. Stability and accuracy of the scheme depend critically on the update scheme, space and time interpolation, and a proper implementation of flux conditions at mesh boundaries. Compared to the conformal grid refinement, the method enables better efficiency by using non-conformal grids around the region of interest and by refining both space and time dimensions, which leads to considerable savings in computation time. We discuss the advantages and shortcomings of the method and present its application to the problem of computation of a quality factor of a 3-D photonic crystal microcavity.
Numerical Research on Anisotropy Mechanical Parameters of Fractured Rock Mass

With ShapeMetriX3D rock non-contact measuring technology, structural planes’ distribution of MiaoGou iron mine slope is got. Then, the Mont-Carlo method is used to create equivalent fracture network, with that scale effects and anisotropic properties of rock mass are studied by RFPA2D, considering different scales and directions in statistical window. The results show that both deformation modulus and the strength of the rock mass’s REV are 2.5 m. Furthermore, the strength ratio of filler to rock (K) and the strength of the rock mass fit the logarithmic relationship in rough, while the elastic modulus ratio of filler to rock (M) and the strength of the rock mass fit the linear relationship in rough. The strength of no joints rock mass is much stronger than three times of the strength of jointed rock mass, but the rock mass elastic modulus of no joints is less than 1.6 times of the elastic modulus of jointed rock mass. The research results are directive and have reference value for the study of anisotropy mechanical parameters of rock mass engineering.
SOURCES AND REACTIVITIES OF AMINO-ACIDS IN A COASTAL MARINE-ENVIRONMENT

Amino acid analyses were performed on a suite of potential organic matter sources to coastal marine environments. They yielded no source-indicati.ve compositional parameters, but microbes produced markedly higher carbon-normalized yields than did vascular plant tissues. Sediment trap samples collected monthly for a year at 30 and 60 m in Dabob Bay, Washington, were also analyzed, as were subsamples from a sediment core taken at the same site. Amino acid yields from the trap samples exhibited spring and fall maxima that coincided with blooms, and a winter minimum that resembled yields in underlying sediments. Amino acids in all samples were primarily of marine origin and low yields in winter traps resulted from low planktonic production, selective amino acid loss, and resuspension of amino acid-depleted sediments. Nonprotein amino acid levels and the fraction of total N represented by amino acids are indices of diagenetic alteration. Amino acids accounted for 13-37% of the total 0rgani.c C and 30-8 1% of the total N in the 30-m samples, and, on average, 10 and 37% of sedimentary C and N. Midwater amino acid fluxes also displayed a winter minimum and spring and fall maxima; they were more pronounced than fluxes of bulk particles or C, due to a lesser influence of resuspension. On average, -80% of the total midwater particulate amino acid flux was lost prior to incorporation in surface sediments. Amino acids were degraded selectively and represented 35 and 7 1% of the C and N remineralized at the benthic interface. The labile fraction closely resembled fresh plankton in its amino acid composition and carbon-normalized yield. Although trapping of poisoned zooplankton may have caused some artificially high amino acid yields, diagenesis was apparently the primary control on calculated reactivities. Among the amino acids, reactivity patterns indicated relative preservation of diatom cell-wall protein. Within the sediments, amino acids were again degraded preferentially relative to organic C and N, but no downcorc compositional changes were observed. Midw.ater and sediment burial fluxes ofplanktonic amino acids represented, respectively, - 13 and 2.5% of annual mean amino acid production by primary producers.
Previtellogenic Oocyte Growth in Salmon: Relationships among Body Growth, Plasma Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1, Estradiol-17beta, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Expression of Ovarian Genes for Insulin-Like Growth Factors, Steroidogenic-Acute Regulatory Protein and Receptors for Gonadotropins, Growth Hormone, and Somatolactin

Body growth during critical periods is known to be an important factor in determining the age of maturity and fecundity in fish. However, the endocrine mechanisms controlling oogenesis in fish and the effects of growth on this process are poorly understood. In this study interactions between the growth and reproductive systems were examined by monitoring changes in various components of the FSH-ovary axis, plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1), and ovarian gene expression in relation to body and previtellogenic oocyte growth in coho salmon. Samples were collected from females during two hypothesized critical periods when growth influences maturation in this species. Body growth during the fall-spring months was strongly related to the degree of oocyte development, with larger fish possessing more advanced oocytes than smaller, slower growing fish. The accumulation of cortical alveoli in the oocytes was associated with increases in plasma and pituitary FSH, plasma estradiol-17beta, and ovarian steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (star) gene expression, whereas ovarian transcripts for growth hormone receptor and somatolactin receptor decreased. As oocytes accumulated lipid droplets, a general increase occurred in plasma Igf1 and components of the FSH-ovary axis, including plasma FSH, estradiol-17beta, and ovarian mRNAs for gonadotropin receptors, star, igf1, and igf2. A consistent positive relationship between plasma Igf1, estradiol-17beta, and pituitary FSH during growth in the spring suggests that these factors are important links in the mechanism by which body growth influences the rate of oocyte development.
Calibration of the HGLP seismograph network and centroid-moment tensor analysis of significant earthquakes of 1976

Abstract A methodology is developed for determining accurate instrument response functions for seismographs of the High-Gain Long-Period (HGLP) Network. Recordings of daily transient calibration pulses provide a detailed history of the time-varying responses of the HGLP stations. When the instrument displacement transfer function is available, knowledge of the seismometer mass, calibration coil constant, and calibration current allows for the prediction of the shape and amplitude of the calibration signal by simple integration of the transfer function. In theory the inverse of this statement is also true, but in practice noise in the recordings contaminates the instrument response function recovered through direct differentiation of the calibration pulse. The unknown transfer function of the seismograph system is, instead, first described by the product of the nominal responses of its mechanical and electromagnetic components. Specific values of the characteristic parameters for each seismograph component are subsequently determined by iterative least-squares minimization of the misfit between observed and model transient calibration pulses. By application of this method to daily calibration pulses recorded on the ten stations of the HGLP network, refined instrument response functions for 1976 and part of 1975 are determined. The results agree well with single frequency amplitude calibration data recovered from station maintenance records, and produce synthetic waveforms which are consistent with data from other well-calibrated stations. We use the recalibrated HGLP data together with long-period data from early International Deployment of Accelerometers (IDA) and Seismic Research Observatory (SRO) digital stations to determine 108 centroid-moment tensor (CMT) solutions for moderate and large earthquakes of 1976. The new CMT results for several major earthquakes, including the Tangshan, Guatemala, and Friuli events, are compared with those of previous studies.
Disadvantage, Disaffection, and Race as Divergent Bases for Citizen Fiscal Policy Preferences

Recent years have seen increased attention to citizen preferences for taxation and spending for public services. Yet, the sources of these attitudes, and of apparent inconsistencies among them, remain something of a mystery. This study integrates divergent disciplinary perspectives on citizen fiscal policy attitudes to develop a more comprehensive theoretical framework for explaining them. It tests the framework through a LISREL analysis of survey responses from about 1,300 citizens in three Florida cities. The results suggest important differences in the bases for attitudes toward services and attitudes about taxes. General satisfaction with local government and community is the primary determinant of service evaluations, although economic self-interest plays an important indirect role. For attitudes toward taxes, conversely, economic interest is the key predictor. Both community dissatisfaction and economic self-interest underlie tradeoffs between services and taxes. And behind all these evaluations lie...
Enhancer and promoter interactions-long distance calls.

In metazoans, enhancers of gene transcription must often exert their effects over tens of kilobases of DNA. Over the past decade it has become clear that to do this, enhancers come into close proximity with target promoters with the looping away of intervening sequences. In a few cases proteins that are involved in the establishment or maintenance of these loops have been revealed but how the proper gene target is selected remains mysterious. Chromatin insulators had been appreciated as elements that play a role in enhancer fidelity through their enhancer blocking or barrier activity. However, recent work suggests more direct participation of insulators in enhancer–gene interactions. The emerging view begins to incorporate transcription activation by distant enhancers with large scale nuclear architecture and subnuclear movement.
Response to "Diffusion versus convection".

Thank you for the comments on our recent paper ([Jin et al., 2013][1]) about convective effects that impair drug targeting to surface-exposed sites on intestinal crypts (see [Lucas][2] in this issue). We acknowledge that the magnitude of basal secretion by intestinal crypts remains unclear, but
Survey of present and future tests of CP violation

We review the present status of CP violation and critically assess the various tests of this symmetry which have been proposed. Future progress in the subject requires new experimental information distinct from the present measurement of the parameter e. We find that there exist experiments which are potentially feasible, although all such experiments are reasonably difficult. The theoretical analysis of the various CP-odd observables is reviewed and in many cases updated.