cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hadamard-type inequalities for k-positive matrices

Abstract We establish Hadamard-type inequalities for a class of symmetric matrices called k-positive matrices for which the m-th elementary symmetric functions of their eigenvalues are positive for all m ≤ k . These matrices arise naturally in the study of k-Hessian equations in Partial Differential Equations. For each k-positive matrix, we show that the sum of its principal minors of size k is not larger than the k-th elementary symmetric function of their diagonal entries. The case k = n corresponds to the classical Hadamard inequality for positive definite matrices. Some consequences are also obtained.
Direct-sum behavior of modules over one-dimensional rings

Let R be a reduced, one-dimensional Noetherian local ring whose integral closure \(\overline{R}\) is finitely generated over R. Since \(\overline{R}\) is a direct product of finitely many principal ideal domains (one for each minimal prime ideal of R), the indecomposable finitely generated \(\overline{R}\)-modules are easily described, and every finitely generated \(\overline{R}\)-module is uniquely a direct sum of indecomposable modules. In this article we will see how little of this good behavior trickles down to R. Indeed, there are relatively few situations where one can describe all of the indecomposable R-modules, or even the torsion-free ones. Moreover, a given finitely generated module can have many different representations as a direct sum of indecomposable modules.
ENT surgical simulator project

This paper outlines the proposal, approved by The United States Army Medical Research and Material Command, to develop and implement an ENT surgical simulator. The proposed research aims to develop and evaluate a minimally invasive prototype surgical simulator to establish real time fidelity requirements for tactile feedback and computer image synthesis. The project will enhance Graduate Medical Education programs, as well as quality of care and patient oriented risk management. The prototype will be used to evaluate surgical training requirements. As such, the project will contribute to improved readiness of medical personnel. Upon validation of concept and requirements, applicable technology can be extended to training for battlefield trauma care. The project is an important step in the technological evolution of surgical simulation in the virtual reality training environment.
Developing, Operating, and Maintaining a Travel Agency Website: Attending to E-Consumers and Internet Marketing Issues

SUMMARY Travel agencies have increasingly utilized agency Websites on the Internet to enhance their marketing efforts. This exploratory study aims to provide an analysis of the Internet use by travel agencies in the United States. A survey conducted with 102 travel agency professionals collected primary data to examine the perceived value and contribution of a Website to the agency business, purposes for developing and operating a Website, and benefits and challenges faced in operating a travel agency Website. The results of this study not only identified various issues in developing, operating, and maintaining a travel agency Website but also made various suggestions to address those issues. Implications are discussed as to how travel agencies could better understand e-consumer behavior and effectively market their product offerings online.
Where Do the New Scholars Learn New Scholarship

The first generation of American legal realists overdid it, but not by much, when they characterized much of conventional legal scholarship as narrow, dry, and unconnected with the emerging sciences of human behavior that must be the raw material for effective and humane legal regulation.1 It is by now an oft-told tale that the realist prescription was far inferior to the realist diagnosis. Some of the best and the brightest of a generation of legal academics immersed themselves in what they considered empirical research; often, however, the process degenerated into a mindless gathering of data, or so their critics said.2
Toward Empirical, Practicable, Comprehensive Task Taxonomy:

Considerable interest has developed in task taxonomy. Rational approaches are too simple. Empirical classifications based on performance will ultimately be forthcoming. A more readily available technique is described and illustrated where judgments of task verbs serve as data which are intercorrelated and factor-analyzed. In the study, four broad task dimensions were found: cognitive, social, procedural, and physical. Major problems in task taxonomy include the use of job-oriented rather than worker-oriented verbs and the inability to define the level of a task. A well-developed task taxonomy would aid both system designers and researchers on task performance.
Credible Utility in Patent Law

This paper discusses the law relating to the patentability of products and methods of their use. Specifically, the paper examines the circumstance where an inventor has brought forth a product which has no known credible utility or industrial applicability, but adds some guesses to her patent application in the hopes that if she guesses correctly, she will obtain a valuable patent. If one of the guesses proves correct, should this be treated in essence as a constructive reduction to practice sufficient to justify the grant of a valid patent?This paper suggests that the proper answer should be no because a sound patent system should not encourage guessing where there is no sound scientific basis for the guess. My analysis of how such guesses are treated in patent law starts with one of the most remarkable patent cases of the last decade, Conor Metasysystems v. Angiotech. It will end with a possible explanation of why the Federal Circuit may have created the new doctrine of description as applied to originally filed claims.
European Integration, 1950–2003: The Rise and Decline of Monnetism

J ean M onnet has a strong claim to be called the Father of Europe. Monnet deserves almost single-handed credit for creating in 1951 the first of Europe's epochal institutions for integration, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). He was also the power behind the grandiose but ill-fated European Defense Community (EDC), a scheme for an integrated armed force composed of multinational units and tied into the NATO command structure that was rejected by France in the summer of 1954. Jean Monnet was, in addition, the moving force behind EURATOM (European Atomic Energy Commission) – a proposal for a continental nuclear power industry – which he put forth in conjunction with the “re-launching” of Europe in 1955. Unlike EDC, EURATOM would not be dead on arrival; instead, along with the ECSC, it would develop into an organ (though only an appendage) of the European Economic Community (EEC). As president from 1954 to 1975 of the Action Committee for the United States of Europe, a lobby for the integration cause, Monnet would be an inexhaustible font of unification and federation initiatives. Yet after the mid-1950s he was reduced to the status of an outsider and could influence the integration process only indirectly through allies in Washington, Bonn, Brussels, and other capitals. Thereafter, many initiatives associated with Monnet stemmed from self-anointed disciples – “monnetists” – acting (sometimes without specific authorization) on his behalf in a manner thought to be consistent with his “spirit.”
The use of fixed point induction in verifying systolic array designs: an applicative approach

The paper presents our applicative approach of using fixed point induction principle to verify the correctness of systolic array designs. Fixed point induction exploits the repeatable, regular, and local attributes of systolic arrays in realizing recursive functions. The applicative language in denotational semantics improves proof efficiency by skipping the redundant search time and space that occurred in other techniques. Our approach, as well as an example of applying it to prove a systolic array for matrix inversion, are provided in the paper. >
The need for international family policy : Mothers as workers and as carers

SUMMARY This article reviews the policies of the United Nations with regard to families where mothers are working in developing countries. The focus is child care, which is being passed over in United Nations' efforts on gender mainstreaming and empowering women as well as ignored in United Nations' statements on poor children. This is especially problematic because globalization is now drawing poor and working class mothers into the formal labor force where combining child care with productive activity is no longer possible. The history of Care, Health and Education for Children in Poverty, an organization located in South Asia, provides a grassroots example. Popular goals of privatization, sustainability and local control are putting poor children at risk in the developing world.
Momentary affect and risky behavior correlates of prescription drug misuse among young adult dating couples: an experience sampling study

Although published research based on retrospective survey designs has established prescription drug misuse as a serious health issue for individuals and society, misuse behavior has not been investigated as it occurs in daily life and important relationships. To address this gap, young adult romantic couples were recruited from the community to participate in an experience sampling study. Participants were identified through phone screen procedures as having engaged in recent prescription drug misuse behavior. Participants (n=46 couples) completed electronic diary reports throughout the day for 10days, tapping momentary affect, sexual experiences, prescription drug misuse, and alcohol and other drug use. Dyadic multilevel modeling revealed a more consistent pattern of associations between prescription drug misuse and problematic affective and behavioral outcomes for female partners than male partners. Specifically, during epochs of females' prescription drug misuse, they experienced relatively higher levels of negative affect and sexual regret. Also, females who misused prescriptions more during the study period evidenced lower levels of sexual enjoyment and engaged in more unprotected sex, alcohol use, and heavy alcohol use in daily life. Males' in-the-moment prescription drug misuse was not associated with their concurrent outcomes, though males with relatively more misuse across the reporting period were more likely to engage in heavy drinking. Couples' time together emerged as a moderator of prescription drug misuse in daily life: Females who spent relatively more time with their partner across the study were less likely to engage in misuse, and proportion of time spent together moderated several of the momentary misuse-outcome linkages. This study supports the use of ecologically-valid sampling methods for characterizing young adults' prescription drug misuse in daily life and relationship contexts.
Aristocratic Rebellion: Ruben Darío and the Creation of Artistic Freedom in the World-System

The late 19 th struggle for artistic freedom in the capitalist world-system put the artist in a contradictory position. This contradiction is particularly relevant for writers of the periphery. Freedom or autonomy to pursue purely intellectual projects required a certain aristocratic defense of the value of art. At the same time, however, artists and intellectuals did confront structural subordination: they belonged, as Pierre Bourdieu explained, to the dominated fractions of the dominant class, subordinated both to the state and the bourgeoisie. The life of Nicaraguan Ruben Dario (1867–1916), probably the most well-known poet in Latin American history, provides a paradigmatic instance of this dilemma. Moreover, it sheds light into a dilemma particular to the peripheral intellectual. Peripheral writers, in the 19 th century and still today, are subject to world-systemic hierarchies, even cultural ones. This double subordination is clear in the case of Ruben Dario. He was in a subordinated position not only vis- a-vis the national state and the bourgeoisie. Dario was also in a subordinated position, even if symbolic, in relation to those same intellectuals that Bourdieu celebrated as creators of the autonomy of culture in France. One can account for this complex of hierarchies only through a 'world-systems biography' approach. World-systems biographies clearly examine the dialectic of personal, national and global levels of social life. Moreover, it can uncover the core-periphery dialectic in the realm of artistic production. Thus, this world-systems biography approach is shown to be a useful framework through a brief analysis of Dar io's life and work.
The Matrix Template Library: A Generic Programming Approach to High Performance Numerical Linear Algebra

We present a unified approach for building high-performance numerical linear algebra routines for large classes of dense and sparse matrices. As with the Standard Template Library [1], we separate algorithms from data structures using generic programming techniques. Such an approach does not hinder high performance; rather, writing portable high-performance codes is enabled because the performance-critical code can be isolated from the algorithms and data structures. We address the performance portability problem for architecture-dependent algorithms such as matrix-matrix multiply. Recently, code generation systems, such as PHiPAC [2] and ATLAS [3], have allowed algorithms to be tuned to particular architectures. Our approach is to use template metaprograms [4] to directly express performance-critical, architecture-dependent, sections of code.
Dispersal of Tournament-Displaced Largemouth Bass and Spotted Bass in Lake Martin, Alabama

Abstract Anglers fishing in tournaments for black basses Micropterus spp. often displace fish great distances from the site of capture. Accumulation of black bass, which may have negative effects on populations and the fishery, can occur when many tournaments displace large numbers of fish to a single tournament processing site. Thirty-nine largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and spotted bass M. punctulatus were implanted with radio transmitters in spring 2005 and tracked for nearly 1 year. Twenty of these fish were transported to a popular tournament release site on Lake Martin (16,188 ha), Alabama, to observe the effect of simulated tournament displacement on movement and dispersal. The other fish were released after radio tag implantation at their capture site and served as control fish. In addition, 7 fish/species were collected from tournaments and implanted with transmitters in fall 2005 and tracked for 4.5 months to monitor postrelease behavior. In spring, displaced fish moved more than control f...
Alterations in the functional anatomy of working memory in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Objective: The authors used a functional neuroimaging study with a working memory probe to investigate the pathophysiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Their goal was to compare regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) changes related to working memory in adults with and without ADHD. Method: Using [ 15 O]H2O positron emission tomography (PET) studies, the authors compared the sites of neural activation related to working memory in six adult men diagnosed with ADHD and six healthy men without ADHD who were matched in age and general intelligence. Results: Task-related changes in rCBF in the men without ADHD were more prominent in the frontal and temporal regions, but rCBF changes in men with ADHD were more widespread and primarily located in the occipital regions. Conclusions: These data suggest the use of compensatory mental and neural strategies by subjects with ADHD in response to a disrupted ability to inhibit attention to nonrelevant stimuli and the use of internalized speech to guide behavior. (Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:278–280) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common childhood psychiatric disorder (DSM-IV) and persists into adulthood for 30%–50% of affected children. Neuropsychological studies of ADHD (1) suggest that it involves a dysfunction in working memory. Brain imaging studies of ADHD point to abnormalities in regional brain structure (2) and function (3). Positron emission tomography (PET) with [ 18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose imaging in adults (e.g., reference 3) has identified alterations in neural activity-linked metabolism related to ADHD traits rather than states. An alternate approach for defining the pathophysiology of ADHD incorporates brain activation tasks to explore cognitive deficits, such as defects in working memory. The goal of the present study was to compare regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) changes related to working memory in adults with and without ADHD.
A macrophage phenotype for a constitutive, class II antigen-expressing, human dermal perivascular dendritic cell

Abstract A previously uncharacterized population of class II antigen-bearing dendritic cells that are intimately associated with the dermal microvasculature was identified in normal human skin using a double-label, indirect immunofluorescence technique. The only other major HLA-DR positive dermal cell type noted in these studies, the dermal microvascular endothelial cell (DMVEC), appeared to express lesser amounts of HLA-DR region gene product than did this dermal perivascular dendritic cell (DPDC). These DPDC were particularly common around small vessels in the superficial vascular plexus of the papillary dermis and were distinct from the mast cell, another cell type normally seen in a similar location. Phenotypic and ultrastructural studies have determined that the DPDC is more closely related to the monocyte/macrophage lineage than the dendritic cell lineage. The perivascular location and phenotype of this cell distinguishes it from other previously described constitutive dermal cell types such as the classic "histiocyte", veiled cell, and dendrocyte. The relatively rich expression of all three major HLA-D region gene products by this dermal perivascular dendritic macrophage would suggest that it could play a significant role in the immunobiology of the dermal microvascular unit.
Initiation of in vitro RNA synthesis with deoxyribosyl oligomers.

Abstract The stimulatory effect of the deoxyribosyl oligomer d(pT)8 upon poly(A)-directed poly(U) synthesis has been studied as a function of several parameters. Stimulation varies directly with oligomer concentration, inversely with UTP concentration, and depends upon the metal ion used in the reaction. Poly(U) made in the presence of d(pT)8 is significantly larger than that made in its absence. The oligomer is covalently incorporated into poly(U), and under some conditions all poly(U) chains seem to be initiated with d(pT)8. Rifampicin completely inhibits poly(U) synthesis in the absence of the initiator, while addition of d(pT)9 permits poly(U) synthesis to proceed.
A double‐blind dose‐determination study with flutroline: A new neuroleptic

In a 4-wk double-blind clinical trial four doses (1, 5, 10, and 20 mg) of flutroline were compared in newly admitted schizophrenic patients. Although there were few statistically significant differences among the four dosage groups, there were at least five indications of greater thereapeutic effectiveness in the higher dosages. The most favorable changes were seen in the 20-mg group, which was the only group to show improvement in all five factors of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and in which a significant elevation of serum prolactin level occurred at a 6-hr post-dose sampling. In a previous clinical trial in which three different daily doses of flutroline (1, 20, and 100 mg) were compared, 20 and 100 mg were found to be equal in their therapeutic effects and superior to 1 mg. Since no dosage between 1 and 20 mg were employed, the possibility that therapeutic effects with flutroline may already be present in daily doses below 20 mg could not be ignored. While the present findings are in favor of this contention, they also indicate that therapeutic efficacy with 20 mg is greater than with 1-, 5-, or 10-mg daily doses.
Further Studies on the Purification of Human Postmenopausal Urinary Luteinizing Hormone1

A significant further purification of postmenopausal urinary luteinizing hormone has been obtained by a combination of carboxymethylcellulose chromatography and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. A feature of the latter procedure was the use of highly purified human pituitary luteinizing hormone to calibrate the G- 100 column, thus defining the area of the elution profile where the purified urinary luteinizinghormone would be expected to emerge. The specific activity of the final lyophilized product was 0.081 NIH-LH-S1 U/mg (OAAD assay) and the FSH/LH ratio was less than 3.1. In terms of the 2nd IRP-HMG, the specific activity was 124.8 IU/mg, and the FSH/LH ratio was less than 0.052. The purified urinary LH fraction was not homogeneous when examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. (Endocrinology 80: 319, 1967)
Measuring radiance: a paradigm for coherence optics in six-dimensional phase space

The paper shows how the van Cittert–Zernike theorem arises in a natural way in the context of a wave description of radiance measurement. Then, by applying a six-dimensional Wigner function, the theorem is extended to the correct mutual coherence function of a Lambertian source which is proportional to a sinc function.
Meiotic Arrest in the Mouse Follicle Maintained by a Gs Protein in the Oocyte

The mammalian ovarian follicle consists of a multilayered complex of somatic cells that surround the oocyte. A signal from the follicle cells keeps the oocyte cell cycle arrested at prophase of meiosis I until luteinizing hormone from the pituitary acts on the follicle cells to release the arrest, causing meiosis to continue. Here we show that meiotic arrest can be released in mice by microinjecting the oocyte within the follicle with an antibody that inhibits the stimulatory heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein Gs. This indicates that Gs activity in the oocyte is required to maintain meiotic arrest within the ovarian follicle and suggests that the follicle may keep the cell cycle arrested by activating Gs.
The Influence of Cytokines and Chemokines on the Pathophysiology of HIV-1 Associated Cognitive-Motor Disorders

Summary In conclusion, with improved primary suppression of HIV-1 replication using triple drug combinations including a protease inhibitor, it is likely that HIV-1-infected patients will survive longer, as CDC data have already to some extent demonstrated. Longer patient survival is especially likely given the successes of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Mycobacterium avium complex prophylaxis. However, the current FDA-approved anti-retroviral regimens do not penetrate well into the CSF or brain tissue. Hence, HIV-1 may continue to replicate relatively unencumbered in brain, especially given the relatively muted immunological response therein. As result, a current hypothesis is that a greater prevalence of these disorders is expected in the near future. Moreover, given the improved prophylaxis and treatment of several lethal complications of HIV-1 infection, it might be expected that the complaint of cognitivemotor impairment will be afforded a higher priority for intervention. It is likely that patients with HIV-1 infection will become more and more focused on maintenance of their functional status as opposed to survival alone in the coming years. Further, while indirect mechanisms of cell death may not be of prominent importance in the periphery, evidence accumulated thus far suggests that such mechanisms (e.g., apoptosis) may be more important in the brain. It might be expected, therefore, that future CNS-specific treatment developments will require a focus on adjuvant therapies used in conjunction with primary anti-retroviral combination therapies. The use of cytokines, monoclonal antibody to cytokines, soluble cytokine receptor, and down-modulators of cytokine secretion represent one category of such adjuvant therapies requiring further development. Current data suggest that the development of such therapies will require an investment in additional basic science research aimed at uncovering the relationship of cytokines and chemokines to neuronal cell death in tissue, as it has already been demonstrated that the effects of several cytokines differ with response to the pathogenesis of MCMD and HAD (more closely related to macrophage activation) versus the progression of disease in the periphery (more closely related to CD4+ T lymphocyte depletion). Hence, a CNS-specific pharmacopeia of anti-retroviral and combination therapy is required to deal with the potential onslaught of cognitivemotor dysfunction and disorders that currently looms as a possibility in the next decade of HIV/AIDS.
Effects of Cooling Rate and Physical Aging on the Gas Transport Properties in Polycarbonate

The gas transport properties of bisphenol A polycarbonate films were examined as a function of the cooling rate during film processing and subsequent physical aging. Interpretation of the permeation properties using results from dynamic mechanical analysis and density measurements indicated that the diffusion coefficient of small gas molecules in glassy polycarbonate is influenced more by the local chain dynamics rather than by the overall free volume content. A one-dimensional lattice model was developed to help probe the effects of the distribution of energy barriers associated with polymer motion on the transport properties. Fast cooling rates generated highly restricted conformations, which hindered local motions leading to increases in the measured activation energy of diffusion. These results correlated well with a lattice model having a broad distribution of energy barriers. Annealing reduced the measured diffusion coefficients, which was shown to be consistent with narrowing of the energy barrier ...
Central injection of senktide, an NK3 receptor agonist, or neuropeptide Y inhibits LH secretion and induces different patterns of Fos expression in the rat hypothalamus

Arcuate neurokinin B (NKB) neurons express estrogen receptor-alpha and are strongly modulated by gonadal steroids. Although numerous studies suggest that NKB neurons participate in the reproductive axis, there is no information on the regulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion by NKB or its receptor, NK3. In the present study, we determined if central injection of senktide, a selective NK3 receptor agonist, would alter serum LH in ovariectomized, estrogen-primed rats. The effects of senktide were compared to neuropeptide Y (NPY), a well-characterized modulator of LH secretion. Saline, senktide, or NPY was injected into the lateral ventricle of unanesthetized rats and serial blood samples were collected for LH radioimmunoassay. The rats were sacrificed 90 min after injection and the brains were removed and processed for Fos immunocytochemistry. A significant inhibition of serum LH was observed from 30 to 90 min after injection of senktide relative to saline controls. In the senktide-injected rats, the inhibition of serum LH was accompanied by increased Fos expression in the medial preoptic area and arcuate nucleus--two reproductive control centers. Senktide also induced Fos in the paraventricular nuclei (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON). Injection of NPY also inhibited serum LH but increased Fos expression only in the PVN and SON. This study provides the first demonstration of alterations in LH secretion by an NK3 receptor agonist. These data, combined with the induction of Fos in medial preoptic and arcuate neurons, strongly support the hypothesis that NKB neurons play a role in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion.
Rapid authentication of concord juice concentration in a grape juice blend using Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy and chemometric analysis.

Abstract Concord grape juice is associated with many health benefits, and so it can be sold at a premium price. However, there is currently no method to verify the percent composition of Concord grape juice in grape juice blends. In order to guard against potential adulteration, a rapid method for authentication is required. Fourier Transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to develop a model which predicts the percent composition of Concord grape juice. The model was based on a training set of 64 samples with Concord concentrations ranging from 50% to 100%. Data was collected on an external validation set with a standard error of prediction of 5.6% using 7 factors. The results suggest the feasibility of using FT-IR coupled with chemometrics as a production-scale tool for authentication claims of Concord in grape juice blends, protecting consumers and businesses against deceptive labelling.
The semi-algebraicity of the Uhlenbeck compactification of S4 instanton moduli spaces

Abstract We prove that the subspaces defined by scale and mass-centering condition of the Uhlenbeck compactification of the moduli space of anti-self-dual SU ( r ) connections on S 4 admit the structure of a semi-algebraic set and thus are Whitney stratified spaces.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: A Proposal of New Reporting Standards in Statistical Analysis

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is a method for evaluating the outcomes and costs of competing strategies designed to improve health, and has been applied to a variety of different scientific fields. Yet there are inherent complexities in cost estimation and CEA from statistical perspectives (e.g., skewness, bidimensionality, and censoring). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio that represents the additional cost per unit of outcome gained by a new strategy has served as the most widely accepted methodology in the CEA. In this article, we call for expanded perspectives and reporting standards reflecting a more comprehensive analysis that can elucidate different aspects of available data. Specifically, we propose that mean- and median-based incremental cost-effectiveness ratios and average cost-effectiveness ratios be reported together, along with relevant summary and inferential statistics, as complementary measures for informed decision making.
Do Unstable Systems Have Amplication and Phase Shift? [Lecture Notes]

Control textbooks sometimes give the impression that amplification and phase shift are properties confined to asymptotically stable systems. For example, [1, p. 400] states that "Any system with a pole in the RHP is unstable; hence it would be impossible to determine its frequency response experimentally because the system would never reach a steady-state sinusoidal response for a sinusoidal input." This statement is correct in reference to an unstable plant operating in open loop but does not consider the case of an unstable plant operating inside a stabilized closed loop.
WE-D-220-02: Relation of External Surface to Diaphragm Motion Based on Automatic Analysis of Ultrasound Images

Purpose: The accuracy of delivering gated‐radiation therapy to lungtumors using an external respiratory surrogate relies on the degree of correlation between the marker serving as a surrogate from breathing and motion of the anatomic structures. The irregular breathing during an imaging and treatment session and from one session to another may cause the dose distribution actually delivered to be different from the intended dose. The purpose of this work was to use the diaphragm images acquired from Ultrasound system and abdominal motion signal from Real‐time Position Management (RPM) system, to study the relation between diaphragm and external surface motion during uncontrolled breathing cycles. Methods: The ultrasoundimages of diaphragm were captured at the same time as RPM signal acquisition for three volunteers from our staffs. After capture, one point at the image of diaphragm was selected and tracked for the whole breathing cycles using a proposed automatic tracking method which combines moving average strategy with Gaussian filter. Then, the diaphragm motion was compared to the respiratory signal from RPM system. Results: On three normal volunteer data sets: (1) the phase shifts were measured between the RPM signal in the abdominal region and diaphragm motion. Three volunteers showed the diaphragm motion either leading or delay abdominal motion with the mean time around 0.2–0.4 second; (2) the phase shifts at difference breathing cycle for the same people were different; (3) there is no significant difference between the phases at the end of inhale and exhale. Conclusions: We conclude that the external monitor can be used to predict internal respiratory motion. However, it may be important to check with Ultrasoundimages or fluoroscopy of diaphragm for possible time delays. We found that the Ultrasound can be a more reliable non‐ionizing method than RPM system used for respiratory gating in radiation therapy.
Inhibition of protein synthesis in lettuce (Latuca sativa L.) by allelopathic compounds

The effects of ferulic, cinnamic, and ellagic acids on the development of roots and protein synthesis in lettuce seedlings (Latuca sativa L., variety of Black Seeded Simpson) are reported here. Both ferulic and cinnamic acids were found to inhibit protein synthesis of the seedlings either when added from the beginning of the germination period, or when added for a short period of time to seedlings which had already germinated under control conditions. Ellagic acid, at the same pH and osmotic concentrations as the effective inhibitors, was completely ineffective in inhibiting either growth of roots or protein synthesis. It is shown that utilization of [14C] amino acid incorporation into seedlings appears to be a sensitive, reliable, and appropriate indicator of allelopathic inhibition of plant growth. Utilizing this method, it should be possible to determine if the effect on protein synthesis by putative allelopathic compounds is a general phenomenon and may, in turn, help to elucidate the role of these compounds.
Maximum voluntary joint torque as a function of joint angle and angular velocity: Model development and application to the lower limb

Measurements of human strength can be important during analyses of physical activities. Such measurements have often taken the form of the maximum voluntary torque at a single joint angle and angular velocity. However, the available strength varies substantially with joint position and velocity. When examining dynamic activities, strength measurements should account for these variations. A model is presented of maximum voluntary joint torque as a function of joint angle and angular velocity. The model is based on well-known physiological relationships between muscle force and length and between muscle force and velocity and was tested by fitting it to maximum voluntary joint torque data from six different exertions in the lower limb. Isometric, concentric and eccentric maximum voluntary contractions were collected during hip extension, hip flexion, knee extension, knee flexion, ankle plantar flexion and dorsiflexion. Model parameters are reported for each of these exertion directions by gender and age group. This model provides an efficient method by which strength variations with joint angle and angular velocity may be incorporated into comparisons between joint torques calculated by inverse dynamics and the maximum available joint torques.
Atenolol, nadolol, and pindolol in angina pectoris on effort: Effect of pharmacokinetics

Abstract The duration of action of three beta blockers (atenolol in nine patients, nadolol in 18 patients, and pindolol in 11 patients) administered once a day was studied in three cohorts of patients with angina on effort. Compared with single-blind run-in placebo, all three beta blockers decreased angina frequency ( p p p r = 0.72 and p = 0.0001 for nadolol; r = 0.50 and p = 0.0001 for pindolol) was observed. The data suggest that in the treatment of angina on effort, beta blockers should be prescribed according to their pharmacokinetic properties to achieve adequate suppression of the heart rate during exercise.
Pressure-temperature-time path related to the thermotectonic evolution of an Early Proterozoic metamorphic terrane, Black Hills, South Dakota

A pressure-temperature-time path determined from zoned garnet and associated minerals in a metapelite from a dome in the western part of the Black Hills, South Dakota, Precambrian core shows two clockwise loops that link the previously postulated thermal and tectonic events affecting Early Proterozoic age rocks between ca. 1.850 and 1.715 Ga. The shape of the loops indicates that two distinctly different styles of tectonic processes occurred during this time period. The first loop established from the garnet core is correlated with crustal thickening by thrusting and nappe development followed by a period of erosional uplift. The second loop, from the garnet rim, resulted from homogeneous thickening represented by north-northwest-trending isoclinal folds. The peak conditions of this event are interpreted to be associated with anatexis, doming, and intrusion of Harney Peak S-type granite (1.715 Ga).
Disseminating a Sun Safety Program to Zoological Parks: The Effects of Tailoring.

Previous research found that a sun safety program for visitors at 1 zoo increased sun safety behaviors. This randomized study compared the effects of tailored dissemination materials plus 2 brief follow-up phone calls (tailored group) versus generic materials (basic group) on implementation by other zoos of the previously evaluated sun safety program. Education directors of 126 zoos completed surveys several months following initial dissemination and 1 year later. During Summer 1, 40% of tailored group zoos and 24% of basic group zoos offered visitors at least 1 sun safety activity (odds ratio = 2.2, 95% confidence interval = 1.0-4.8). During Summer 2, these rates were 34% and 44%, respectively (ns). The pattern of findings suggests that tailoring had no incremental long-term impact and that the generic materials produced a good level of dissemination.
Epinephrine-induced decrease in repetitive extrasystole threshold is reversed by tyrosine in conscious dogs.

Previous studies indicate that availability of L-tyrosine, the precursor for catecholaminergic neurotransmitters, reduced psychological and physiological effects of stressful situations including hypotension, cold and behavioral stress. The current study examined the effect of L-tyrosine administration on cardiac vulnerability to arrhythmia induced by an infusion of epinephrine in conscious dogs. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure and cardiac electrophysiologic parameters, i.e., effective refractory period and repetitive extrasystole threshold, were measured during infusion of epinephrine (0.3 micrograms/kg/min x 30 min), before and after L-tyrosine (B mg/kg iv bolus). Epinephrine administration significantly increased heart rate by 39% (p less than 0.05), and decreased repetitive extrasystole threshold by 33% (p less than 0.05). Mean arterial pressure and effective refractory period were unchanged. Following L-tyrosine, repetitive extrasystole threshold was restored to baseline levels. Tyrosine may thus ameliorate stress-induced increases in ventricular vulnerability to arrhythmias in conscious animals.
2-D seismic trenching of colluvial wedges and faults

Abstract Images of the depth and shape of colluvial wedges by 3-D travel time tomography can be valuable in estimating the past history of ancient earthquakes and assessing the earthquake hazard of a fault. Unfortunately, 3-D seismic surveys can be both costly and time consuming. In this paper, we report our first successful results of detecting the shapes and depths of colluvial wedges with 2-D travel time tomography. The locations of the colluvial wedges are along the Oquirrh fault and the Salt Lake City segment of the Wasatch fault. We also report that the tomogram from one of our 2-D surveys suggests the possibility of detecting multiple colluvial wedges at depth. Using both reflection and tomographic images at another site clearly reveals the presence of a known shallow fault and the contact between native soil and recent fill. Our results suggest the synergistic use of both seismic tomography and reflection imaging, we denote as seismic trenching, as a means of detecting shallow colluvial wedges and faults. Seismic trenching has the potential to significantly expand the lateral extent and depth of investigation of paleoseismology.
Velocity dependence of the chemi-ionization of H2O and D2O on impact of 21S and 23S helium atoms

Abstract The velocity dependence for the ionization of H 2 O and D 2 O to form H 2 O + and D 2 O + in collisions with both 2 3 S and 2 1 S metastable helium atoms has been measured in a crossed molecular beam apparatus using a mechanical velocity-selector on the metastable beam. The cross-sections are found to be proportional to the — n power of the relative collision energy, with n ⋍ 0.4 for both metastable atoms in both gases. The branching ratios H 2 O + /OH + and D 2 O + /OD + were both found to be 4.3 for both metastable helium atoms, and to be independent of the relative collision energy.
Happenings at a Medical School in the Late Sixties

Indiana's Senator James Watson told me when I was 11 years old that I could grow up to be president of the United States because my father was an immigrant and I was born here. But nobody ever told me I could be dean of a medical school. So I was amazed and honored when Dr Norman Topping, president of the University of Southern California, offered me that position in 1964. I was from the other side of the tracks. I had gone up the clinical ladder, from clinical instructor of medicine to clinical professor, but had never been part of academia. I was going to have to learn, on the job, the delicate difference between administering to a medical faculty's needs and a similar responsibility in a large teaching hospital. I found that generically there was none. But the students were a surprise. I found school-oriented activists urging changes
Polarity establishment in yeast

The unicellular yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a model system for the establishment of cell polarity. Yeast cells proliferate by budding, which involves specialization of a small patch of the mother cell cortex and polarization of many cell constituents towards that patch, promoting growth of the
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone reversal of ethanol-induced decreases in cerebellar cGMP.

THYROTROPIN-RELEASING hormone (TRH) has been shown to produce marked changes in the central nervous system unrelated to its actions on the anterior pituitary which result in the release of thyrotropin and prolactin1. The first evidence for central effects of TRH were provided by observations that TRH potentiated L-dihydroxyphenylalanine-induced excitation in pargyline pretreated, hypophysectomised animals2. Subsequently, TRH was found to antagonise the sedative and hypothermie effects of ethanol and pento-barbital3–5. These results of TRH administration may depend upon many factors, including dose, time after administration and presence of other pharmacological agents, as well as on the parameters being measured. Although the effects of TRH have been shown to be extra-pituitary in nature5, biochemical and neural mechanisms that might account for its pharmacological actions have not been elucidated. Redos et al.6 recently reported that ethanol causes a dose-dependent decline in cerebellar guanosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP) without significantly altering adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP). As blood ethanol content inversely paralleled cGMP levels, they postulated that the ataxia produced by ethanol may be due to alterations in cGMP in the cerebellum. Though these changes may also reflect a feedback mechanism in response to the drug, it was of some interest to determine if these ethanol actions on cGMP were affected by TRH. We report here that decreases in cerebellar cGMP induced by ethanol are antagonised by administration of TRH and that administration of TRH itself results in significant elevation in cerebellar cGMP. These alterations in cerebellar cGMP provide the first biochemical evidence of non-hormonal actions of this tripeptide.
Using a Model's Apparent Ethnicity to Influence Viewer Responses to Print Ads: A Social Identity Theory Perspective

Abstract Although the efficacy of ads with ethnically resonant cues is well known, further examination of viewers' responses to print ads, based on the apparent ethnicity of models used in the ads, is needed. From a Social Identity Theory perspective, we examine a determinant of, as well as the direct and indirect effects of, ethnic identification with a print ad—created by a model's apparent ethnicity—on intentions to buy the featured brand. Our empirical results, which rely on four extant scales and a new multi-item measure of ethnic identification with an ad, validate the positive relationships proposed in the structural model.
A spatial domain multiresolutional particle filter

Particle filters have been proven to be very effective for nonlinear/non-Gaussian filtering. However, the most notorious disadvantage of a particle filter is its formidable computational complexity, since hundreds (even thousands) of particles are usually needed to achieve a required approximation accuracy. It has also been proven that one of the techniques of truly solving a computational problem is multiresolutional processing, both in temporal and spatial domains. Therefore, in this paper we propose a multiresolutional particle filter in the spatial domain using thresholded wavelets to reduce significantly the number of particles, meanwhile maintaining the full strength of a particle filter.
A kernel class allowing for fast computations in shape spaces induced by diffeomorphisms

Reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces play an important role in diffeomorphic matching of shapes and in which they intervene in the construction of Riemannian metrics on diffeomorphisms and shape spaces. In such contexts, they are directly involved in the expressions of geodesic equations, and in their numerical solutions via particle evolutions. Solving such equations, however, involves computing kernel sums over irregular grids which can be a big computational overhead if the number of particles is large. In this paper we introduce and establish properties of a finitely generated kernel class in which the kernel is defined using a double interpolation from a discrete kernel supported by a regular grid covering the domain of the system of particles under consideration. It not only speeds up the calculations by utilizing standard algorithms for faster computations over regular grids, but also maintains the exactness and consistency of the system. We provide experimental results in support of this, comparing in particular the computation time and accuracy to similar competing methods.
Big growth hormone forms in human plasma: Immunochemical evidence for their pituitary origin

Abstract large molecular weight (oligomeric) forms of human growth hormone (hGH) are present in both pituitary extracts and plasma, but the origin of the plasma forms is not known. We used a monoclonal anti-hGH antibody (No. NA-71), previously employed to characterize hGH oligomers in pituitary extracts, to examine circulating hGH oligomers. This monoclonal antibody discriminated between monomeric and polymeric hGH forms in the pituitary. Plasma from normal subjects and acromegalic patients was fractionated by Sephadex G-100 chromatography and fractions were assayed by a monoclonal radioimmunoassay (RIA) using antibody NA-71 and by a polyclonal RIA. The oligomeric plasma hGH fraction showed decreased immunoreactivity in the monoclonal RIA, similar to that observed with pituitary oligomers. The immunopotency ratios of the various plasma hGH size isomers, as determined in the two RIAs, were virtually identical to those of pituitary hGH size isomers. We conclude that circulating hGH oligomers are immunochemically indistinguishable from pituitary hGH oligomers, and thus are most likely derived from pituitary stores.