cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The erotic transference in women and in men: differences and consequences

Although the erotic transference is believed to be universal, it is variable in its expression. Drawing on the distinction between transference resistance and resistance to the awareness of the transference, I have proposed that, in general, the erotic transference utilized as resistance is more common among women, while resistance to the awareness of the erotic transference is more common among male patients. Erotic transference as resistance poses different analytic problems from those posed by resistance to its awareness. With women in treatment with men, the erotic transference is more often overt, consciously experienced, intense, long-lived and directed toward the analyst, and focused more on love than sex; with men in treatment with women, the erotic transference is muted, relatively short-lived, appears indirectly in dreams and triangular preoccupations, is seldom consciously experienced as a dominant affective motif, is frequently transposed to a woman outside the analytic situation, and most often appears as sexual rather than as a longing for love. In women, the strength of the erotic transference may obscure other important dynamics and conflicts. In short, the strength of the erotic transference, while it has significant therapeutic potential, often acts as a strong transference resistance to working out underlying conflicts. In contrast, in male patients in treatment with women, there is a resistance to the experience of the transference and, frequently, one witnesses defenses against the erotic transference rather than the transference itself. Yet, the dangers are substantial when the erotic transference fails to develop or is suppressed. This difference in the manifestation of the erotic transference parallels an extratherapeutic difference. In general, women achieve their self-identity as women by virtue of certain defining relationships, whereas men achieve their self-identity as men through achievement and autonomy. The reasons for these differences have been explored in terms of cultural dictates, but more particularly in terms of an asymmetry in psychological development.
A new approach to power distribution system transient analysis using Walsh functions

The authors propose the use of Walsh functions for analysis of systems with nonlinear loads in electric power distribution systems. A circuit analysis technique based upon a component connection model is developed for use with Walsh functions. Several illustrative examples are presented. Analytical results are compared with those obtained using the circuit analysis program SPICE. >
ACG-adjacent constraint graph for general floorplans

ACG (adjacent constraint graph) is invented as a general floorplan representation. It has advantages of both adjacency graph and constraint graph of a floorplan: edges in an ACG are between modules close to each other, thus the physical distance of two modules can be measured directly in the graph; since an ACG is a constraint graph, the floorplan area and module positions can be simply found by longest path computations. A natural combination of horizontal and vertical relations within one graph renders a beautiful data structure with full symmetry. The direct correspondence between geometrical positions of modules and ACG structures also makes it easy to incrementally change a floorplan and evaluate the result. Experimental results show the superiority of this representation.
Comprehension of safety pictograms affixed to agricultural machinery: A survey of users

INTRODUCTION: Pictograms affixed to agricultural machinery are important tools to reduce the occurrence of accidents and injuries when correctly noticed, comprehended, and followed. This study investigated the knowledge of safety pictograms used in agricultural machinery in a sample of farmers and farm workers and examined the factors influencing their comprehension. METHOD: A questionnaire with 12 safety pictograms used for agricultural machinery was administered to 281 owners or users of agricultural machinery. For each of the pictograms, the participants had to select the most appropriate verbal description from among four choices. RESULTS: The pictograms examined yielded poor comprehension scores, including warnings related to the most frequent accidents involving agricultural machinery. Familiarity with the pictograms and years of experience with agricultural machinery significantly increased users' comprehension of the meaning of the pictograms. CONCLUSIONS: Specific training programs should be designed to draw attention to safety pictograms and to instill their meaning. Language: en
Practice-Based Evidence and Qualitative Inquiry

Purpose: Nurses and other healthcare providers continue to underuse interventions demonstrated to be effective at improving health outcomes. We propose in this article that if more evidence-based practice is wanted, greater use must be made of qualitative inquiry to obtain practice-based evidence derived from the experiences and practices of healthcare providers and the contexts of healthcare provision. Approach: We present a framework for the use of qualitative methods to contribute to the following categories of practice-based evidence: (a) practice-based interventions and implementation strategies, (b) causal mechanisms, (c) approaches to adaptation, (d) how-to guidance, (e) unanticipated effects, and (f) relevant contextual factors. Conclusions: Qualitative inquiry has an essential role to play in incorporating more practice-based evidence into the evidence base for nursing practice. Clinical Relevance: This framework can be used by clinicians to plan for the implementation of interventions in practice, by researchers to discuss the practice implications of their findings, and by researchers to launch qualitative studies explicitly designed to capture practice-based evidence.
Study of linear time-varying discrete-time systems in terms of time-compressed models

An approach to linear time-varying discrete-time systems is developed in terms of a time-compressed model generated from a standard state-space representation. It is shown that control is easier to carry out in the time-compressed framework. This is illustrated by considering a one-step approach to stabilizability, deadbeat control, and optimal control in the time-compressed setup, and then 'reflecting' the resulting controller constructions back to the original time scale. It is shown that the time-compressed framework leads to a necessary and sufficient condition for uniform stabilizability of a linear time-varying system. >
Second-order properties and three varieties of functionalism

This paper investigates whether there is an acceptable version of Functionalism that avoids commitment to second-order properties. I argue that the answer is “no”. I consider two reductionist versions of Functionalism, and argue that both are compatible with multiple realization as such. There is a more specific type of multiple realization that poses difficulties for these views, however. The only apparent Functionalist solution is to accept second-order properties.
Efficient Direct Reprogramming of Mature Amniotic Cells into Endothelial Cells by ETS Factors and TGFβ Suppression

Summary ETS transcription factors ETV2 , FLI1 , and ERG1 specify pluripotent stem cells into induced vascular endothelial cells (iVECs). However, iVECs are unstable and drift toward nonvascular cells. We show that human midgestation c-Kit − lineage-committed amniotic cells (ACs) can be reprogrammed into vascular endothelial cells (rAC-VECs) without transitioning through a pluripotent state. Transient ETV2 expression in ACs generates immature rAC-VECs, whereas coexpression with FLI1/ERG1 endows rAC-VECs with a vascular repertoire and morphology matching mature endothelial cells (ECs). Brief TGFβ-inhibition functionalizes VEGFR2 signaling, augmenting specification of ACs into rAC-VECs. Genome-wide transcriptional analyses showed that rAC-VECs are similar to adult ECs in which vascular-specific genes are expressed and nonvascular genes are silenced. Functionally, rAC-VECs form stable vasculature in Matrigel plugs and regenerating livers. Therefore, short-term ETV2 expression and TGFβ inhibition with constitutive ERG1/FLI1 coexpression reprogram mature ACs into durable rAC-VECs with clinical-scale expansion potential. Banking of HLA-typed rAC-VECs establishes a vascular inventory for treatment of diverse disorders.
Munchausen's syndrome: Manifestation as renal colic

Over a four-year period, 3 patients with manifestations of renal colic were identified to have Munchausen's syndrome. A review of these cases and the literature is undertaken to provide urologists with a greater understanding of the origin and treatment of this syndrome.
The Better-Than-Average Effect and 1 Corinthians 13: A Classroom Exercise

People tend to evaluate themselves more favorably than they evaluate others, a tendency that is known as the better-than-average effect (BTA effect; Alicke, 1985; Brown, 1986). In an attempt to demonstrate the concept of the BTA effect, a classroom exercise was conducted with 78 undergraduate students in an “Introduction to Psychology” course. We asked students to compare themselves to others in regard to positive and negative interpersonal behaviors derived from the Apostle Paul's discourse on love in 1 Corinthians 13. The results of the survey indicated that the BTA effect emerged, even when utilizing Scripture to compare one's self to another. This article includes a discussion as to how professors across different academic disciplines can conduct the same or a similar classroom exercise in order to teach students about the BTA effect and its potential detrimental impact on life at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and spiritual levels.
The absence of curly hair is associated with a milder phenotype in Giant Axonal Neuropathy

Giant Axonal Neuropathy is a pediatric neurodegenerative disorder caused by autosomal recessive mutations in the GAN gene on chromosome 16q24.1. Mutations in the GAN gene lead to functional impairment of the cytoskeletal protein gigaxonin and a generalized disorder of intermediate filaments, including neurofilaments in axons. Tightly curled hair is a common but not universal feature of Giant Axonal Neuropathy. The pathogenesis of curly hair is unknown, although disruption of keratin architecture is thought to play a role. As part of a broader natural history study of Giant Axonal Neuropathy, we found that the absence of curly hair is correlated with superior motor function (p=0.013) when controlling for age, as measured by the Gross Motor Function Measure. Theoretically, higher levels of functional gigaxonin protein or compensatory mechanisms could produce fewer abnormalities of neurofilaments and keratin, accounting for this phenotype. We suggest that straight-haired patients with Giant Axonal Neuropathy are potentially underdiagnosed due to their divergence from the classic phenotype of the disease. Due to their non-specific features of an axonal neuropathy, these patients may be misdiagnosed with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease type 2. Genetic testing for Giant Axonal Neuropathy should be considered in relevant cases of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease type 2.
Modeling Committee Chair Selection in the U.S. House of Representatives

For many years, committee chairs have been selected on the basis of seniority. Recent work has suggested that alternative factors, specifically financial support of party goals and party unity, have diminished the importance of seniority in committee chair selection. However, previous work has either failed to quantify these effects or has done so with inappropriate methods. This paper argues for the use of a Bayesian conditional logit estimator to correctly model committee chair selection in the U.S. House of Representatives. Results show a declining commitment to seniority throughout the Republican era and support the importance of fundraising as a determinant of committee chair selection. This paper shows that two other factors, financial support of party goals and party unity, have essentially replaced seniority as the central criteria for selecting committee chairs.
Inhibition of estrogen-dependent breast cell responses with phenylacetate

The aromatic fatty acid phenylacetate (PA) and its analogs have come under intense investigation due to their ability to cause the growth arrest of a variety of neoplasia, including human breast cancer. We have determined that PA and its halide derivative 4-chlorophenylacetate (4-CPA) showed marked antiproliferative activity on 3 of 6 human breast cancer cell lines tested. Interestingly, the 3 cell lines that were growth inhibited by PA and 4-CPA were estrogen receptor (ER) positive (T47-D, MCF-7 and ZR-75-1) whereas those that were little affected by these compounds were ER-negative (MDA-MB-157, MDA-MB-231 and SK-Br-3). Dose response studies indicated that 4-CPA inhibited the growth of the sensitive (ER+) cell lines with a potency 3-4 times that of PA. These findings suggest that there is "cross-talk" between the PA and estrogen signaling pathways such that PA can directly inhibit estrogen-dependent events. This hypothesis was directly tested in vitro using ER+ MCF-7 cells that were stably transfected with a luciferase reporter construct driven by the full length (1745 bp) cyclin D1 promoter (MCF-7-D1). Our experiments with MCF-7-D1 cells indicated that PA and 4-CPA inhibited basal and estrogen-induced reporter gene activity by up to 90%, resulting in almost complete elimination of estrogen-dependent cyclin D1 gene activation. Using a reporter gene construct (ERE(V)-tk-Luc) containing a canonical estrogen response element that was transiently transfected into MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, we have also demonstrated inhibition of promoter activity by PA and 4-CPA that was directly mediated by blockage of activity through the ERE. Taken together, these findings indicate that PA analogs possess potent antiestrogen properties that may, at least partly, account for their antiproliferative effects on ER+ breast cancer cells. The data suggests a novel mechanism of action that might bypass some of the limitations of conventional antiestrogen therapy.
A Multilevel Analysis of the Adoption of Sustainable Technology

Many organizations are developing and/or implementing sustainable technologies to enhance their triple bottom line. Yet research has found that end users are often slow to adopt sustainable technologies. Our research examines the adoption of a new sustainable technology in the live events industry. We employ hierarchical linear modeling to simultaneously examine product factors (e.g., perceived complexity) and relationship factors (e.g., supplier support) that influence buyers' adoption of a new, sustainable technology (paperless ticketing). Our results, which are based on a survey of 313 buyers and 15 sales representatives, identify factors that facilitate and hinder the adoption of sustainable technology.
Electron probe microanalysis of isolated brain capillaries poisoned with lead

The blood-brain barrier has been proposed as an important site for the toxic action of lead in the central nervous system. To investigate this, capillary endothelial cells were isolated from rat cortex and exposed to lead in vitro. Tissue suspensions were then prepared for electron microscopy and X-ray microprobe analysis. In cells exposed in vitro to lead, electron-dense deposits were observed within mitochondria. With X-ray analysis, it was determined that these intramitochondrial deposits contained lead in a non-crystalline matrix. Also, lead appeared to be accumulated in the same intramitochondrial areas as calcium. The results suggest that lead is preferentially sequestered in mitochondria of capillary endothelial cells. Further, this selective localization may be associated with lead-induced disruptions in intracellular calcium metabolism and transepithelial transport processes.
Item Equivalence in English and Chinese Translation of a Cognitive Development Test for Preschoolers

This article reports the results of a study of potential sources of item nonequivalence between English and Chinese language versions of a cognitive development test for preschool-aged children. Items were flagged for potential nonequivalence through statistical and judgment-based procedures, and the relationship between flag status and item content, format, and language features were examined. Results indicate that neither item content nor item format was related to flag status. However, a fairly strong relationship exists between flag status and language features of the items. Items containing content that is differentially familiar to children based on their cultural experiences and vocabulary account for the majority of the observed differences. There was little evidence that differences in the grammatical form or language structure were predictive of observed nonequivalence.
Narrow-Band Imaging Evaluation of Bladder Tumors

Narrow-band imaging (NBI) is a novel optical method designed to enhance visual detection of bladder tumors over conventional white-light imaging (WLI) cystoscopy. Current experience with NBI cystoscopy in evaluating and treating non-muscle-invasive bladder tumors is reviewed. A comprehensive literature search was conducted including all published studies and abstracts investigating NBI cystoscopy in patients with bladder cancer. Comprehensive cystoscopic images are provided to illustrate differences between NBI and WLI cystoscopy. Early experience suggests that NBI cystoscopy detects more bladder tumors than does WLI cystoscopy, and NBI-assisted fulguration and transurethral resection (TUR) appear to result in fewer tumor recurrences. Questions remain, however, such as the following: Does NBI cystoscopy detect high-grade tumors, such as carcinoma in situ, that are missed by WLI cystoscopy? Would false positives lead to an unaccepted number of negative biopsies? And how might observer bias skew results? In addition, a major drawback of current studies is that the quality of cystoscopy and TUR by individual surgeons has not been addressed. Although clinical trials are just beginning, NBI cystoscopy holds promise that this new optical method may improve visualization of bladder tumors over conventional WLI cystoscopy. Further prospective and comparative trials are required to determine whether NBI will play a role in evaluating and treating urothelial tumors in individual patients.
An inorganic hole conductor for organo-lead halide perovskite solar cells. Improved hole conductivity with copper iodide.

Organo-lead halide perovskite solar cells have emerged as one of the most promising candidates for the next generation of solar cells. To date, these perovskite thin film solar cells have exclusively employed organic hole conducting polymers which are often expensive and have low hole mobility. In a quest to explore new inorganic hole conducting materials for these perovskite-based thin film photovoltaics, we have identified copper iodide as a possible alternative. Using copper iodide, we have succeeded in achieving a promising power conversion efficiency of 6.0% with excellent photocurrent stability. The open-circuit voltage, compared to the best spiro-OMeTAD devices, remains low and is attributed to higher recombination in CuI devices as determined by impedance spectroscopy. However, impedance spectroscopy revealed that CuI exhibits 2 orders of magnitude higher electrical conductivity than spiro-OMeTAD which allows for significantly higher fill factors. Reducing the recombination in these devices could ...
Reconnection of magnetic field lines near the solar surface during coronal mass ejection propagation

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are a well-known phenomenon resulting in the transport of magnetic flux into the heliosphere. The cumulative effect of this addition of magnetic flux must be balanced by a corresponding reduction of heliospheric flux. This paper describes a model of the reconnection of CME field lines with open field lines, based on observational and theoretical explanations of open magnetic field motions and reconnections in the corona. The model is solved both analytically and numerically. We compare these solutions with observations of CME ejecta (represented in this study by enhanced oxygen charge states) and a subset of those CME ejecta with a closed magnetic connection to the Sun (represented by bidirectional electrons). Good agreement is found between the model solutions and the observations.
Dispersion of growth paths of macroeconomic models in thermodynamic limits: two-parameter Poisson–Dirichlet models

This paper discusses dispersion of growth patterns of macroeconomic models in thermodynamic limits. More specifically, the paper shows that the coefficients of variations of the total numbers of clusters and the numbers of clusters of specific sizes of one- and two-parameter Poisson–Dirichlet models behave qualitatively differently in the thermodynamic limits. The coefficients of variations of the numbers of clusters in the former class of distributions are all self-averaging, while the those in the latter class are all non-self averaging. In other words, dispersions or variations of growth rates about the means do not vanish in the two-parameter version of the model, while they do in the one-parameter version in the thermodynamic limits. The paper ends by pointing out other models, such as triangular urn models, may converge to Mittag–Leffler distributions which exhibit non-self-averaging behavior for certain parameter combinations.
A Comparative Analysis of the Economic Viability of STEM and Other Fields of Study

Finding a high paying job in an expanding market is a challenging goal that many people face today. The current work addresses the issue, principally to aid parents, college undergraduates and high school seniors. With many different options available, it is important to identify those options that can lead to economic success with expected job growth. One measure that can be used is monthly income. Looking at the past values for monthly income will give a good idea of which fields are high paying. It is also necessary to project future monthly income based on field of baccalaureate degree earned in order to accurately see what direction the fields are headed financially. Applying the data available to various stationary and trend based models will allow predictions to be made for the future monthly earnings for a field. This paper will aim to validate STEM as a viable option to choose for high pay and increased job growth.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Direct and disequilibrium effects on precipitation in transient climates

Abstract. Climate models are in broad agreement that global precipitation increases with surface temperature as atmospheric CO 2 concentrations rise, but recent studies have shown that climates that are not yet in equilibrium exhibit additional "transient precipitation effects". In conditions of rising CO 2 , for example, precipitation at a given temperature is suppressed relative to its equilibrium value. Some authors argue that the primary driver of these effects is ocean heat uptake, but most recent studies assume that they result from some direct radiative effect. We show here that global precipitation and temperature anomalies are insufficient to resolve mechanisms, since the conventional "fast/slow" representation of transient precipitation effects is degenerate with a "disequilibrium" representation that posits control only by ocean heat uptake. We use regional anomalies instead to show in multiple ways that ocean heat uptake is the dominant driver of transient precipitation effects in CO 2 -forced climates. Precipitation suppression appears predominantly over the ocean, with response over land of the opposite sign. The coefficients of a disequilibrium representation are uncorrelated, suggesting that they capture physically meaningful processes, while those of a fast/slow representation are highly correlated. Further, the regional patterns of transient precipitation response are highly similar for both CO 2 and solar forcing, with a relatively small and homogeneous offset between them. Examination of the surface energy budget allows us to conclude that energy balance in solar-forced climates is achieved by the superposition of both disequilibrium and direct processes. Our results highlight the importance of using regional information rather than global aggregates for understanding the physics of transient climate change and its impacts on societies.
Implementation and Validation of the Chien k-epsilon Turbulence Model in the Wind Navier-Stokes Code

The two equation k-epsilon turbulence model of Chien has been implemented in the WIND Navier-Stokes flow solver. Details of the numerical solution algorithm, initialization procedure, and stability enhancements are described. Results obtained with this version of the model are compared with those from the Chien k-epsilon model in the NPARC Navier-Stokes code and from the WIND SST model for three validation cases: the incompressible flow over a smooth flat plate, the incompressible flow over a backward facing step, and the shock-induced flow separation inside a transonic diffuser. The k-epsilon model results indicate that the WIND model functions very similarly to that in NPARC, though the WIND code appears to he slightly more accurate in the treatment of the near-wall region. Comparisons of the k-epsilon model results with those from the SST model were less definitive, as each model exhibited strengths and weaknesses for each particular case.
A landscape simulation model of winter foraging by large ungulates

Ungulate winter grazing was simulated on simple random and actual landscape patterns using an individual-based modeling approach to explore the effect of landscape heterogeneity on foraging dynamics. The landscape was represented as a 100 × 100 grid with each cell considered to be either a resource or nonresource site. Random maps were generated by specifying the proportion, p, of the landscape occupied by resource sites. Actual landscape maps were obtained from the spatial arrangement of sagebrush-grassland habitats in subsections of northern Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Each resource site was assigned an initial forage abundance, and a specified number of ungulates were distributed randomly across the landscape on resource sites. Three alternative search-and-movement rules, which incorporated different movement scales and assumptions about ungulates' knowledge of the landscape, were compared. Grazing was simulated as a recipient-determined, donor-controlled flow with a nonlinear feedback. Daily energy balances were computed for each ungulate by subtracting energy cost from energy gain, and ungulates were assumed to die when they reached 70% of their lean body weight. Simulation results suggested that when resources were abundant across the landscape (i.e., high p), the search-and-movement rule selected to simulate foraging was not important. That is, a variety of strategies should suffice under high-resource conditions, and there was no benefit to having a more efficient rule. However, when resources were scarce (e.g., low p or high ungulate densities), then the ability to discern resource abundances and to move over greater distances resulted in lower mortality. For a given p, the difference between a fragmented (i.e., random) and aggregated (i.e., real) arrangement of resource sites was only pronounced when the ability of the animals to move was very limited. In these situations, survival was always greater in the real landscapes. Individual-based spatial models developed for specific landscapes and species could be quite valuable in enhancing our understanding of landscape dynamics and large herbivores.
A log-linear approach to disaggregated micro-level population forecasts.

Abstract This paper proposes the use of a log-linear model to obtain long-range micro-level population projections from the aggregative projections. The proposed model is tested using U.S. data. The total population of households is decomposed into 120 subgroups on the basis of the household's region of location, age, size and the female's employment status. The estimated number of households from the log-linear technique is compared against the random-walk and time-trend methods. A comparison of the size of the observed and estimated subgroups for the years 1960 and 1980 suggests that the log-linear technique is superior to the other two methods. Five different measures of errors are used to evaluate the projections.
Coordinate regulation of mRNA levels of pro-opiomelanocortin and the candidate processing enzymes PC2 and PC3, but not furin, in rat pituitary intermediate lobe.

Summary Pro-opiomelanocortin is a multivalent hormone precursor which is processed at pairs of basic residues in a tissue-specific manner to release biologically active peptides. We have examined the message levels of three candidate pro-opiomelanocortin processing enzymes in the intermediate lobe of the rat pituitary following treatment with a dopamine receptor agonist and antagonist which are known to regulate pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA levels. Message levels for PC2 and PC3 but not furin were coordinately regulated with pro-opiomelanocortin transcripts supporting a role for PC2 and PC3 in the maturation of the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor in the rat pituitary intermediate lobe.
The effect of direct-to-consumer advertising on prescription drug use by older adults.

Although older adults are frequent consumers of prescription drugs and increasingly the intended audience of direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) marketing efforts, little is known about the effect of DTCA on older adults’ prescription drug-seeking behaviour. In response, the objective of this study is to examine factors associated with requesting a prescription drug from a physician following exposure to DTCA among older adults, and whether the drug or other medical treatment was prescribed during the encounter. A secondary data analysis of the “Public Health Impact of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs”, a data set publicly available through the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR 3687), was conducted. For the purposes of this study, only those respondents who indicated that they had been exposed to DTCA (n = 2601) were included in the study sample. Using a two-step weighted logistic regression approach, separate models were estimated to examine first, whether a request for the advertised drug was made following exposure to DTCA and secondly, the outcomes of any patient-physician encounters that occurred following exposure to DTCA. Descriptive analysis of the outcome variables revealed that, among respondents exposed to DTCA, 31% (n = 801) requested a prescription drug from their physician. Approximately 5% of those who made a request were ≥75 years of age. Among respondents requesting a prescription drug, 69% (n = 556) received a prescription in response to their request, of whom, approximately 5% were ≥75 years of age. Multivariate findings suggest that although adults ≥75 years of age are less likely to request a prescription drug following exposure to DTCA (odds ratio [OR] = 0.58; p = 0.032), when they do approach their physicians, they are more likely to receive recommendations for further treatment, with ORs indicating a 250% (OR = 3.507; p = 0.002) increase in the odds of further referral among adults ≥75 years of age. Overall, results from the study suggest that DTCA influences the patient-doctor relationship and prescription drug acquisition behaviour of patients; however, the nature of the effect of DTCA on older adults is complex. Because future cohorts of older adults may be more comfortable about requesting prescription drugs and the consumer-driven approach to obtaining medical care, understanding the impact of DTCA on older consumers represents an important area for further inquiry.
Tongue evolution in the lungless salamanders, family Plethodontidae. II. Function and evolutionary diversity.

A recently presented model of tongue projection dynamics is used to generate a series of predictions concerning morphologies to be expected under selection for increased distance of projection, increased speed of projection, and increased directional versatility. A general understanding of biomechanical events and the model are used as points of departure for making specific predictions concerning details of structure in skeletal, muscular and connective tissue components of the tongue and associated structures. Comparative methods are used to examine these predictions in the genera of plethodontid salamanders. These salamanders are known to project their tongues to different degrees, and this knowledge is used to test the hypotheses concerning morphological specialization. Three distinct groups of plethodontid salamanders have evolved specializations for long distance projection, and these genera differ from one another in important ways in respect to specific character complexes. For example, the tropical genera and Hydromantes use CBII as the major force transmission element in the skeleton, while Eurycea and its allies use CBI in this role. Hydromantes differs from both in having a uniquely proportioned and structured hyobranchial skeleton and associated musculature. Less extreme specializations for tongue projection are found in different combinations in three other groups. Finally, two distinct groups of generalized species having only limited tongue projection capabilities are recognized, each having a unique complex of inter-related features. Each of these eight groups is recognized and characterized as a functional mode, and hypotheses concerning the biomechanical meaning of the character complexes of each are formulated.
Threshold switching characteristics

Abstract The paper describes experiments on thresholds switches, based on a multicomponent chalcogenide glass (Te 40 As 35 Ge 7 Si 18 ) of about 1 μm thickness, and pyrolytic graphite electrodes. The results demonstrate that “forming processes” (of presumably electrolytic character) in the off-state affect only the contact area which is not engaged in filamentary conduction when the switch is in the on-state. The detailed on-state characteristics are shown to depend on (a) the maximum on-current reached during the switching event, and (b) the rate of voltage change, and this is why depend on the external series resistance. Forming processes in the on-state must arise from a very different mechanism, and the operational reality of the minimum holding current has been established. The resultsfavor non-thermal interpretations of threshold switching as such, albeit inevitably with certain “thermal overtones”.
Agent-directed simulation for systems engineering

As the fielding of enterprise systems of systems becomes common it becomes increasingly important to understand the interactions between the systems as well as the important role that human behavior plays. This paper suggests that Agent-Directed Simulation is a valuable and crucial analysis tool for the Systems Engineer. The paper examines the concept of Agent-Directed Simulation for Systems Engineering and then introduces the notion of Human Complex Systems. An analysis infrastructure is described and a case study is provided to illustrate the concepts.
An analysis of physiological states responsible for antero-posterior disintegration in Planaria dorotocephala

Planaria were treated with equi-molal solutions of ammonium, potassium, sodium, magnesium, and calcium chlorides, made up in distilled water and the rates of cytolysis compared with cytolysis in distilled water. Potassium and ammonium accelerate cytolysis; some protection is afforded by sodium; still more by magnesium, and complete protection by calcium in the concentrations employed.
Distance-regular graphs and halved graphs

Let G be a bipartite distance-regular graph with bipartition V ( G ) = X ∪ Y . Let V ( G ′) = X and, for x and y in X , let x be adjacent to y in G ′ if and only if x is of distance two from y in G . G ′ is called a halved graph of G , and is distance-regular. This paper addresses the following questions. It is possible that G ′ is one of the known, large-diameter, distance-regular graphs? And if so, what is G ?
Diffusion-limited crystal growth in silicate systems: similarity with high-pressure liquid-phase sintering

Abstract In natural partially molten silicate systems as well as in material systems, textural adjustments occur to reduce the total free energy of the system, including those contained in surfaces and interfaces. To assess the effect of water content on textural equilibration and crystal growth in solid–liquid silicate systems we conducted wetting-angle and diffusion experiments. These experiments provide information about the extent of the interfacial energy reduction associated with dissolution along grain edges. The wetting angle exhibits a constant median value of ca. 50°, reflecting overall reduction of interfacial energy of the two-phase silicate system during melt penetration. The nature and extent of the breakdown reaction, the proportion of the new phases, and the crystallographic development are related to the initial water content. The solid was initially impermeable, so the liquid–solid equilibration involves dissolution producing crystallite rearrangements on a local scale, with immediate and nearby reprecipitation. Because the process of dissolution/precipitation requires transport of the atomic components, liquid penetration, and the rate-limited growth of the new phases are found to be consistent with capillary-driven diffusion.
Mitochondrial Genomic Analysis of Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease Reveals Protective Haplogroups H6A1A/H6A1B: The Cache County Study on Memory in Aging

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and AD risk clusters within families. Part of the familial aggregation of AD is accounted for by excess maternal vs. paternal inheritance, a pattern consistent with mitochondrial inheritance. The role of specific mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variants and haplogroups in AD risk is uncertain. Methodology/Principal Findings: We determined the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of 1007 participants in the Cache County Study on Memory in Aging, a population-based prospective cohort study of dementia in northern Utah. AD diagnoses were made with a multi-stage protocol that included clinical examination and review by a panel of clinical experts. We used TreeScanning, a statistically robust approach based on haplotype networks, to analyze the mtDNA sequence data. Participants with major mitochondrial haplotypes H6A1A and H6A1B showed a reduced risk of AD (p=0.017, corrected for multiple comparisons). The protective haplotypes were defined by three variants: m.3915G.A, m.4727A.G, and m.9380G.A. These three variants characterize two different major haplogroups. Together m.4727A.G and m.9380G.A define H6A1, and it has been suggested m.3915G.A defines H6A. Additional variants differentiate H6A1A and H6A1B; however, none of these variants had a significant relationship with AD case-control status. Conclusions/Significance: Our findings provide evidence of a reduced risk of AD for individuals with mtDNA haplotypes H6A1A and H6A1B. These findings are the results of the largest study to date with complete mtDNA genome sequence data, yet the functional significance of the associated haplotypes remains unknown and replication in others studies is necessary.
What's new in first trimester ultrasound

There are several advantages to ultrasound examination in early pregnancy. Ultrasound performed during the first trimester confirms an intrauterine pregnancy, establishes accurate dating, and is crucial in diagnosing early pregnancy failure and ectopic pregnancy. As sonographic spatial resolution continues to improve, first trimester sonography increasingly will offer early pregnancy screening for chromosomal abnormalities and fetal structural abnormalities.
Compact code generation for embedded applications on digital signal processors

Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) are a family of embedded processors with tight constraints on memory, area, and cost. Many such systems have irregular addressing modes where base-plus-offset mode is not supported. However, they have address generation units (AGUs) that can perform auto-increment/decrement address arithmetic instructions in parallel with the same Load/Store instruction. This can be utilized to reduce the number of explicit address arithmetic instructions to minimize the code size. An effective technique for optimized code generation is offset assignment. This technique reduces the code size by finding an offset assignment that can maximally utilize auto-increment/decrement. In this paper, we present an optimal integer linear programming (ILP) solution to the offset assignment problem with variable coalescing and variable permutation. Experimental results on several benchmarks show the effectiveness of our techniques.
The bachelor's to Ph.D. STEM pipeline no longer leaks more women than men: a 30-year analysis.

For three decades, research and public discourse about women’s underrepresentation in academic science have often focused on the “leaky pipeline” metaphor. According to this metaphor, women are more likely than men to leave science at multiple points from the beginning of college through academic tenure. We used retrospective longitudinal methods to investigate how accurately this metaphor has described the bachelor’s to PhD pipeline in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields in the United States (U.S.) since the 1970s. Among STEM bachelor’s degree earners in the 1970s and 1980s, women were less likely than men to later earn a STEM PhD. However, this gender difference closed in the 1990s. Qualitatively similar trends were found across STEM disciplines. The leaky pipeline metaphor therefore partially explains historical gender differences in the U.S., but no longer describes current gender differences in the bachelor’s to PhD transition in STEM. Our results help constrain theories of how various factors contribute to women’s underrepresentation in STEM. Overall, these results point to the need to understand gender differences at the bachelor’s level and below to understand women’s representation in STEM at the PhD level and above.
The catalytic activity of silica gel

Abstract We have investigated the isomerization at 100 and 200 °C in hydrogen carrier of 1-hexene, 2-methyl-1-pentene, and 2-ethyl-1-butene on various silica gels activated in oxygen at 500 °C and then hydrogen at 400 °C. Davison gels 59 and 70 isomerize 1-hexene rather slowly, but the other two olefins, several hundred times more rapidly. A gel made by the hydrolysis of purified ethyl orthosilicate exhibits only about 1 30 th the activity of Davison 59. However, dosed with Al(NO3)3 to Al Si = 0.0002 , it is more than 100 times as active as Davison 59. Dosed with (NH4)2SO4, it is about as active as Davison 59 but this dosed gel activated to only 400 °C in oxygen is seven times as active. The isomerization of 1-hexene on these catalysts gives somewhat more trans- than cis-2-hexene. Only very small amounts of skeletal isomerization occur. The site density was measured by poisoning by ammonia. The turnover number for isomerization of 1-hexene was several hundred times greater for the sites on the Al3+-dosed gels than for those on Davison 59. Many reactions reported to be catalyzed by silica gel probably occur at impurity sites, most likely Al3+.
Structural, energetic, and vibrational features of azacubanes as energetic materials studied with density functional theory methods

Abstract Hybrid, gradient-corrected, and local density functional theory (DFT) study were performed on azacubanes with a target to evaluate the enthalpies of their formation and harmonic frequencies for cubane and azacubanes. The experimental results that are available for cubane were used to determine the reliability of the DFT methods for generating structural and energetic values for these molecular systems. The energetic capabilities of these compounds, their decomposition energies, their preparation from antiaromatic azacyclobutadiene, and the possibility of their detection in reaction mixture through IR spectroscopy was discussed.
Effects of layer thickness variations on vertical-cavity surface-emitting DBR semiconductor lasers

A theoretical analysis of the influence of layer thickness variation in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) on lasing wavelength is presented. It is shown that changing the active region length of one of the layers in the DBR mirror by only one unit cell (0.56 nm) is sufficient to produce shifts in the lasing wavelength up to 0.12 nm (for an AlGaAs laser). This could limit the precision with which a desired wavelength, its reproducibility, and its uniformity across a large wafer can be obtained. Possible influences on the linewidth of broad area devices are also discussed. >
What everyone needs to know about computation

For a variety of reasons there has been a renewed interest in non-major level computer science courses. One reason for this is that non-major courses are seen as potentially increasing both interest and enrollment in computer science courses. Another reason is the rising popularity of “computational thinking.” Furthermore, as computation becomes the cornerstone of research methodologies, if not professional practice, in the natural, physical and social sciences, including, as well, a growing influence in the humanities, the demand from external departments/programs for non-major level service courses has began to rise, albeit slowly. This raises some interesting questions to the CSE community. Given that one offers a single non-major level course, what should be the topics covered as distinct from the technologies used to convey those topics? What learning outcomes are most desired? Finally, the competency, or at least serious introduction of which technological skills, if any, should be considered mandatory (e.g. programming). In short, what should a non-major/minor student who takes one course in computer science come away with knowing and being able to do? Possibly orthogonal to this is the question: What should any liberally (college) educated person know about computation at this point in time? This panel will outline four different perspectives on this important question in addition to engaging the audience in a discussion regarding the answers to the questions raised.