cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Double staining: diagnostic utility in non-small cell lung carcinoma in the era of tissue conservation

Introduction In an era of precision medicine distinguishing pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC) from adenocarcinoma (ADC) is vital for treatment. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for p40, p63 and Cytokeratin 5 (CK5) are useful for SQCC, while TTF-1 and Napsin-A can be used for confirming ADC. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cell blocks (CB) have limited tissue, hence, double IHC staining is helpful for tissue conservation for molecular analysis. Materials and Methods Thirty six confirmed lung SQCC and 45 ADC CB were selected for IHC. Double staining was performed with p40/CK5 and p63/CK5 on all SQCC, and with TTF-1/Napsin-A on all ADC. Results were positive if at least 5% of malignant cells were immunoreactive for the antigen. Results P40/CK5 had (92%) sensitivity, (100%) specificity, (100%) positive predictive value (PPV), (91%) negative predictive value (NPV) and an overall diagnostic accuracy of (96%). By contrast, P63/CK5 double stains showed (92%) sensitivity, (80%) specificity, (85%) PPV, (89%) NPV and (86%) overall diagnostic accuracy, respectively. TTF-1/Napsin A staining for ADC showed a sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 96%, PPV of 97%, NPV of 71% and accuracy of 85%. Conclusion P40/CK5 double stain has higher specificity, PPV, NPV, and overall accuracy than P63/CK5 double stain in the diagnosis of lung SQCC. TTF-1/Napsin-A double staining is a valuable marker with high specificity, PPV, and diagnostic accuracy in diagnosing lung ADC. The usage of P40/CK5 and TTF-1/Napsin-A as a panel can be recommended for characterizing non-small cell carcinoma (NSCC) of the lung and for conserving tissue for molecular testing.
A Novel Lumbar Motion Segment Classification to Predict Changes in Segmental Sagittal Alignment After Lateral Interbody Fixation

Study Design:Retrospective cohort study.Objectives:Lateral interbody fixation is being increasingly used for the correction of segmental sagittal parameters. One factor that affects postoperative c...
Gain-Clamping for an Externally-Incident Field Passing through a Laser Cavity

Behavior of a self-oscillating cavity probed with an externally incident field has been the subject of controversy for decades. We address this issue by designing an experiment, and verify it with state-state ab-initio laser theory.
Abstract 19278: Sex Differences in Management and Outcomes of Patients With Stable Symptoms Suggestive of Coronary Artery Disease: Insights From the PROMISE Trial

Background: Although sex differences exist in the management of acute coronary syndromes, less is known about the management and outcomes of women and men with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) subsequent to non-invasive testing (NIT). Methods: Among 8966 patients (4720 women, 4246 men) randomized to CT angiography vs stress testing in the PROMISE trial, sequential logistic regression models assessed relationships between sex and referral for catheterization (cath), revascularization (revasc), and aspirin/statin use. Cox regression models assessed the relationship between sex and all-cause death, myocardial infarction, or unstable angina. Results: Women were less likely to be referred for cath than men, both before and after adjustment for baseline characteristics, NIT modality, and NIT results (8% vs 13%, adjusted OR 0.72 [0.60-0.87]; p Conclusions: Among patients with stable symptoms suggestive of coronary ischemia who undergo NIT, women are less likely to be referred for cath, although revasc and medical treatment rates are not significantly different. Thus, sex differences exist in the management of patients with suspected CAD, but they seem to dissipate when CAD is documented angiographically. Outcomes of women with stable symptoms suggestive of CAD are better overall than those of men.
Kometen: Wanderer zwischen den Welten

Etwa alle zehn Jahre taucht ein Komet am Himmel auf, der mit blosem Auge sichtbar ist. Sein Schweif erinnert an wehendes Haar, woher diese Himmelskorper denn auch ihren Namen haben: Aster kometes ist griechisch und bedeutet soviel wie Haarstern (Bild 11.1).
Acute myeloid leukemia remodels endosteal vascular niche into a leukemic niche

At steady state, normal hematopoiesis occurs in highly specialized bone marrow (BM) niches that regulate self-renewal, quiescence and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to maintain continuous supply of mature cells throughout the lifespan (1,2). Ironically, the BM niche is also the site for malignant hematopoiesis. Leukemia cells, akin to the invasive weed Parthenium hysterophorus that destroyed the habitat of native plant & animal species (3), are ruthless competitors and destroy the natural habitat of normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells by altering the behavior of supporting cells in the BM niche (4-6). Apart from leukemias, defects in hematopoiesis are frequently observed in different cancer patients with BM metastasis (7,8).
Impact of Tourniquet Strategy on Perioperative Results of Modern TKA.

Recent changes in perioperative management of total knee patients including tranexamic acid, multimodal pain management, and periarticular injection make previous data on tourniquet use during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) less relevant. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of tourniquet use on short-term postoperative outcomes in the era of modern TKA. Our institutional database was utilized to retrospectively identify three cohorts (long, short, and no tourniquet) of consecutive patients after unilateral TKA with a single surgeon. These three groups were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey's tests. Primary endpoints being hemoglobin index (difference in preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin), inpatient narcotic use, surgical time, length of hospital stay (total hours and % day1 discharges), and distance ambulated prior to discharge. The no-tourniquet group used significantly less narcotic than the short-tourniquet (2.4 vs. 2.9 morphine equivalent/hour, p = 0.004) and long-tourniquet groups (2.4 vs. 3.4 morphine equivalents/hour, p
A reinvestigation of the reported synthesis of the spirobenzyl isoquinoline alkaloid, iso-ochotensine

Abstract Attempts to repeat the spirocyclization of isoquinoline carboxylic acids, 4, 5, 8, and 9 to the spiroketones, 6 led only to the formation of the N-carboxyanhydrides, 7.
Harms of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance in patients with cirrhosis is associated with decreased mortality by enabling early tumor detection. However, the benefits of any cancer screening program must be considered in light of potential physical, financial, and psychological harms, as well as the risk of overdiagnosis. Herein, we summarize the potential harms of HCC surveillance. To date, two retrospective studies have addressed physical harms of HCC surveillance. Based on these data, 15% to 28% of patients undergoing HCC surveillance experience physical harm including additional cross-sectional imaging or liver biopsy. Although psychological and financial harms have been reported for other cancers, there are currently limited data specific to HCC. An ongoing multi-center prospective study assessing all four types of harms should provide data in the near future. HCC screening may improve survival by diagnosing tumors at an early stage, but limited sensitivity and specificity of screening tests can result in unintended harms. There is a need for further quality data evaluating both the benefits and harms of HCC surveillance.
Susceptibility of Cervical Spinal Stenosis to Hypoxic-Ischemic Cord Injury.

Background The adult spinal cord is typically resistant to hypoxic-ischemic injury because of collateral blood supply; however, congenital or acquired stenosis may result in baseline maximal vasodilation, such as superimposed hemodynamic stresses, that cannot be accommodated, leaving the spinal cord vulnerable to ischemic injury. We present a rare case of spinal cord hypoxic-ischemic injury in an adult with underlying cervical spinal stenosis. Case Description A 37-year-old man with a history of morbid obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obstructive sleep apnea presented after developing progressive weakness in the extremities. Preoperative computed tomography myelography demonstrated ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and severe spinal canal narrowing. Approximately 1 week after posterior decompression, the patient experienced spinal hypoxic-ischemic injury. Imaging revealed cord expansion and abnormal T2 signal intensity. Axial diffusion tensor images of the brain revealed delayed ischemic leukoencephalopathy with restricted diffusion in the cerebral cortex and deep white matter; this led to the decision to withdraw care, and the patient died. Conclusions We hypothesize that vascular dysregulation due to cervical stenosis made the cord parenchyma vulnerable to hypoxic and/or hypoperfusion stresses.
Making Taste Public: Ethnographies of Food and the Senses

The essays in this collection on food and the senses offer diverse examples of the social and public dimensions of taste. Categorized into broad themes of socialization, place, education, and polit...
Use of Biochronology to Examine Interactions of Freshwater Drum, Walleye and Yellow Perch in the Red Lakes of Minnesota

Growth histories for freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens, walleye, Stizostedion vitreum, and yellow perch, Perca flavescens, were constructed using calcified structures for the period 1947 through 1996 for the Red Lakes, Minnesota. Increased walleye growth and decreased yellow perch growth were observed over the period from 1983 to 1996, which are attributed to intensive fishing resulting in decreased intraspecific competition in walleye and increased intraspecific competition in yellow perch through release from predation. Strong year-classes of yellow perch were positively correlated with walleye growth (r=0.57, p-value=0.042). There was no evidence for interactions of walleye or yellow perch with freshwater drum. Freshwater drum growth (r=0.680, p-value=0.0001) was more highly correlated with temperature than were walleye (r=0.386, p-value=0.006) and yellow perch growth (r=0.303, p-value=0.036).
Do We Really Want Sports Public Relations to Return to Normal

Sports public relations has long been used to promote the big game and highlight key players Then, the coronavirus crisis halted sports, and the constant stream of public relations content fell silent There was no game to hype, no sports moment to celebrate This essay is about the public relations lessons learned during the pandemic It discusses how sports public relations prior to COVID-19 often valued relational breadth over depth As a result, sports public relations operated at a superficial level of momentary engagements sustained by creative content rather than the deeper relational connections that public relations purport The essay then illustrates how COVID-19 cultivated opportunities for relational breadth and depth to grow between players and fans Finally, the essay questions if we really want sports public relations to return to normal or if sports public relations professionals should incorporate these lessons into sustainable, post-pandemic public relations practice
Host plant selection and virus transmission by Rhopalosiphum maidis are conditioned by potyvirus infection in Sorghum bicolor

Many plant viruses are significant pathogens that are able to utilize arthropod vectors to infect a vast range of host plants, resulting in serious economic damage to world food crops. One such crop is Sorghum bicolor, grain sorghum, which is the fifth most important global cereal crop, it is grown for human consumption, animal feed, and biofuel. In this study, the Potyviruses Johnsongrass mosaic virus (JGMV), Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV), Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), and Sorghum mosaic virus (SRMV) were tested for their rates of transmission into tissues of S. bicolor by the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis. In addition, virus infected and non-infected S. bicolor plants were assessed for their effects on R. maidis host plant selection behavior. Further, the propagation of each virus (viral ssRNA copy number) in infected plants was determined using qPCR amplification of viral coating protein gene fragments. The mean rate of JGMV transmission into S. bicolor plants by R. maidis was significantly lower than transmission of MDMV, SCMV, and/or SRMV. Sorghum bicolor plants infected with MDMV, SCMV or SRMV also attract significantly more R. maidis than non-infected plants. JGMV-infected plants do not effect a similar change in R. maidis plant choice preference. The preference of non-viruliferous R. maidis toward S. bicolor plants infected with MDMV, SCMV or SRMV, and lack of such attraction by JGMV-infected plants may play a role in virus transmission strategy and efficiency by the vector.
Suicide Prevention in the COVID-19 Era: Transforming Threat Into Opportunity.

Importance Suicide, a leading cause of death with devastating emotional and societal costs, is a generally preventable cause of death and a critical global public health issue. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may increase the risk of population suicide through its effects on a number of well-established suicide risk factors. Observations Prior to the pandemic, many countries were engaging in suicide prevention strategies, and although the overall global burden of suicide deaths has increased, some national efforts were beginning to see positive results. Additionally, the gap between mental health needs and services has been increasing in many nations. With the added physical and mental health, social, and economic burdens imposed by the pandemic, many populations worldwide may experience increased suicide risk. Data and recent events during the first 6 months of the pandemic reveal specific effects on suicide risk. However, increases in suicide rates are not a foregone conclusion even with the negative effects of the pandemic. In fact, emerging suicide data from several countries show no evidence of an increase in suicide during the pandemic thus far. There are actionable steps that policy makers, health care leaders, and organizational leaders can take to mitigate suicide risk during and after the pandemic. Conclusions and Relevance COVID-19 presents a new and urgent opportunity to focus political will, federal investments, and global community on the vital imperative of suicide prevention. Suicide prevention in the COVID-19 era requires addressing not only pandemic-specific suicide risk factors, but also prepandemic risk factors. This Special Communication provides prioritized, evidence-based strategies for clinicians and health care delivery systems, along with national and local policy and educational initiatives tailored to the COVID-19 environment. If implemented to scale, these interventions could significantly mitigate the pandemic’s negative effects on suicide risk.
Capitol Offense: Is Donald Trump Guilty of Inciting a Riot at the Capitol?

On January 6, 2021, President Trump’s incendiary speech at the Save America Rally was immediately followed by a riot on the Capitol Building. In the aftermath Trump was banned from Twitter and impeached a second time. Some are even calling for criminal prosecution for Trump’s role inciting the Capitol riot. This Article examines the likely outcome of such criminal proceedings using the applicable Brandenburg three-prong test. The Article further addresses a number of unique factors that would affect the application of the Brandenburg test: (1) the results of a 2018 civil case against Trump for incitement, (2) the objectively false nature of Trump’s speech, (3) Trump’s response to the Capitol riot, (4) Trump’s position of authority and the loyalty of his ardent followers, and (5) the court’s likely hesitancy to punish a President for political speech.
Outcomes of nontuberculous mycobacteria isolation among lung transplant recipients: A matched case-control with retrospective cohort study.

Disclaimer In an effort to expedite the publication of articles , AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time. Purpose Lung transplant recipients are at increased risk for acquiring nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), but the clinical significance of NTM isolation, particularly among patients not meeting guideline-endorsed diagnostic criteria for NTM pulmonary disease, is unclear. Methods A case-control study of lung transplant recipients with culture-positive NTM infections treated at a large transplant center during a 7-year period (2013-2019) was performed. Results Twenty-nine cases were matched 1:2 to non-NTM controls. The median time to NTM isolation was 10.7 months post transplant. Only 34.5% of all cases, and half of treated cases, met diagnostic criteria for NTM pulmonary infection. All-cause mortality at 12 months was numerically higher among NTM cases versus controls (20.7% vs 8.6%, P = 0.169); however, no deaths were attributed to NTM. No increase in the 12-month rate of acute rejection was observed (27.6% vs 36.2%, P = 0.477). Recent augmented immunosuppression was associated with increased odds of NTM isolation, while azithromycin prophylaxis was associated with reduced odds of isolation and was not associated with macrolide resistance. Both adverse events and actual or potential drug-drug interactions occurred in more than 90% of treated cases; these events included ocular toxicity, hearing loss, and supratherapeutic calcineurin inhibitor concentrations. Eight of the 14 treated cases (57.1%) required early antibiotic discontinuation due to adverse events or drug-drug interactions. Conclusion Among lung transplant recipients, most patients with NTM isolation did not meet guideline criteria for infection and had outcomes similar to non‒NTM-infected patients, which may reflect transient lung colonization by NTM rather than true disease. As adverse events are common with NTM therapy, limiting unnecessary antibiotic treatment represents an area for future antimicrobial stewardship efforts.
The Earth's climate at minima of Centennial Gleissberg Cycles

Abstract The recent extended, deep minimum of solar variability and the extended minima in the 19th and 20th centuries (1810–1830 and 1900–1920) are consistent with minima of the Centennial Gleissberg Cycle (CGC), a 90–100 year variation of the amplitude of the 11-year sunspot cycle observed on the Sun and at the Earth. The Earth’s climate response to these prolonged low solar radiation inputs involves heat transfer to the deep ocean causing a time lag longer than a decade. The spatial pattern of the climate response, which allows distinguishing the CGC forcing from other climate forcings, is dominated by the Pacific North American pattern (PNA). The CGC minima, sometimes coincidently in combination with volcanic forcing, are associated with severe weather extremes. Thus the 19th century CGC minimum, coexisted with volcanic eruptions, led to especially cold conditions in United States, Canada and Western Europe.
Operations and Production Systems [Book Review]

This book is very well written and includes the following: fundamental principles of systems; new approaches for solving classic operation/production systems; multicriteria decision making (MCDM) and multiple-objective optimization (MOO) formulations for all classic operations and production problems; several methods for solving MCDM and MOO problems; and Z utility theory application for MCDM problems, decision paradoxes, and descriptive risk problems. The book has 19 chapters, presented in seven parts.
On modeling the agricultural sector in developing economies: An integrated approach of micro and macroeconomics

Abstract The paper introduces a theoretically consistent and empirically implementable method for the construction of general equilibrium models of the agricultural sector in a developing economy. The point of departure is the agricultural household, for which the microeconomic behavioral relations are formulated based on the assumption of utility and profit maximization. These relations are estimated from microeconomic data. In the second step the estimated microeconomic behavioral relations are aggregated across households into the macroeconomic behavioral relations, i.e., the supply and demand functions for the agricultural sector. Third, the linkage equations between the agricultural sector and the rest of the economy are specified on the basis of alternative assumptions on environmental and institutional characteristics and they are estimated from macroeconomic data. Finally, the macroeconomic behavioral relations and linkage equations are combined to provide a general equilibrium solution of the agricultural sector. The solution of the alternative equilibrium models can be used for comparative statics analysis of government policies and of changes in other exogenous variables. The illustrative application of the model is based on Indian data.
Energy for microbial life on Europa.

A radiation-driven ecosystem on Jupiter's moon is not beyond the bounds of possibility. The planet Jupiter's moon Europa may harbour a subsurface water ocean1,2,3, but estimates of the available free energy have not been encouraging for supporting life1,4,5. Here I show that disequilibrium chemistry in the ocean's ice cover, driven by charged particles accelerated in Jupiter's magnetosphere, should produce enough organic and oxidant molecules to fuel a substantial Europan biosphere. Microbial life could exist in concentrations detectable by surface landers able to filter meltwater from Europa's ice.
Ebonics and Reading

After nearly two decades of controversial research and applied programs, the problem of failure to achieve academic skills on the part of low-income children still remains unclear. The purpose of this article is to bring into perspective the number of variables operating in the situation where Ebonics-speaking children are acquiring reading skills. What is the relationship between language and reading? In particular, are there special problems faced by the individual whose language is at variance with the language represented in print? The answers to these questions take one to the center of a very complex set of analysis-the nature of the reading process and its relationship to language processes. First, we need to be concerned with what features of Ebonics present potential obstacles in the acquisition of reading skills and the progressive development of proficiency in the use of these skills. Note that this analysis will hold true for other language groups (and there are many) whose linguistic productions are different from some abstract version of the language called Mainstream American English (MAE). Second, we need a clear understanding of what reading really is. What processes are involved, e.g., perception, information organization,
NF-AT activation requires suppression of Crm1-dependent export by calcineurin

Nuclear import of the NF-AT transcription factors during T-cell activation requires the calcium-activated phosphatase calcineurin, which unmasks nuclear-location signals on NF-AT (1–5). We show here that the nuclear import of NF-ATs is not sufficient to activate NF-AT target genes, as NF-ATs are subject to a futile cycling across the nuclear envelope owing to engagement with the exportin protein Crm1 (6–8). Calcineurin suppresses this futile cycling by a non-catalytic mechanism involving the masking of nuclear export signals on NF-AT targeted by Crm1. This clustering of binding sites for calcineurin and Crm1 on NF-AT establishes an inherent competition between these molecules that imparts exquisite calcium sensitivity to the shuttling dynamics of the NF-AT transcription factors. Such a balance between nuclear import and export may regulate the action of other transcription factors.
Characterization of Composite Materials from Temporal Thermal Response

Fiber reinforced composite materials are increasingly used in applications that require high strength to weight ratio and resistance to high temperatures. Recent works specifically concerning thermal transfer have led to a better understanding of the relationship between constituents and the relative thermal properties. One focus is to obtain the effective thermal properties of an equivalent homogeneous medium that gives the same averaged thermal response as the composite [1, 2, 3]. Another one is the interfacial thermal barrier effect in heat conduction in heterogeneous media [4, 5, 6]. In the present work, an experimental setup used for the nondestructive characterization of multilayered flat plates [7] was modified to image the thermal response of fiber reinforced composite materials. The technique consists in rastering a laser beam, the heat source, at the surface of the specimens. At each point, the temperature is measured as a function of time. A multi-image, composed of the temperature time history at each pixel, is obtained. A model predicting the temperature response of such composite materials is presented and compared to the experimental data.
ENHANCER OF RUDIMENTARYP1, E(R)P1, A HIGHLY CONSERVED ENHANCER OF THE RUDIMENTARY GENE

A hybrid dysgenesis-induced mutation, enhancer of rudimentaryp1 (e(r)p1), is a recessive enhancer of a weak rudimentary mutant phenotype in Drosophila melanogaster. The e(r) gene was cloned using P element tagging and localized to region 8B on the X chromosome. It encodes a 1.0-kb and a 1.2-kb transcript. The 1.0-kb transcript is present in both adult males and females, while the 1.2-kb transcript is predominantly found in females. The difference in the lengths of the two e(r) transcripts is caused by two different polyadenylation sites spaced 228 bp apart. The amounts of both of these transcripts are drastically reduced in the e(r)p1 mutant. The P element in e(r)p1 is inserted in the 5'-untranslated leader region near the start of transcription. It may be producing its effect by suppressing transcription and/or by providing transcription termination and polyadenylation signals. The putative e(r) protein is 104 amino acids in length and bears no striking resemblance to protein sequences in GenBank or PIR. While its biochemical function is unknown at this time, sequence analysis indicates that the e(r) protein is highly conserved and, presumably, functionally very important. The amino acid sequences of the D. melanogaster and the Drosophila virilis proteins are 95% identical.
Analyses of new short-lived replacements for HFCs with large GWPs

[1] In this study, we examine the atmospheric lifetimes and Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) for six short-lived potential ozone-depleting substances and high-GWP hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) replacement compounds and evaluate the potential reduced effects on climate forcing from adopting such compounds. We also examine the potential effects on climate from widespread use of these chemicals. The atmospheric lifetimes of these compounds are each less than 1 month and their 100 year GWPs range from 0.9 to 4.6. The derived GWPs are substantially lower than those in prior published studies, which used simplified estimation techniques that overestimate the GWPs for these short-lived compounds by 61% to 237%. If long-lived HFCs are completely replaced with these substitute compounds, radiative forcing of these short-lived compounds in 2050 will be 0.26 to 0.80 mW m−2, a factor of as much as 1000 smaller than would be the case with the potential growth in the use of the HFCs.
Persistence of Antibodies to Influenza Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Following One or Two Years of Influenza Vaccination

BACKGROUND Antibody titers to influenza hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) surface antigens increase in the weeks after infection or vaccination, and decrease over time thereafter. However, the rate of decline has been debated. METHODS Healthy adults participating in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of inactivated (IIV) and live-attenuated (LAIV) influenza vaccines provided blood specimens immediately prior to vaccination and at 1, 6, 12, and 18 months postvaccination. Approximately half had also been vaccinated in the prior year. Rates of hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and neuraminidase inhibition (NAI) titer decline in the absence of infection were estimated. RESULTS HAI and NAI titers decreased slowly over 18 months; overall, a 2-fold decrease in antibody titer was estimated to take >600 days for all HA and NA targets. Rates of decline were fastest among IIV recipients, explained in part by faster declines with higher peak postvaccination titer. IIV and LAIV recipients vaccinated 2 consecutive years exhibited significantly lower HAI titers following vaccination in the second year, but rates of persistence were similar. CONCLUSIONS Antibody titers to influenza HA and NA antigens may persist over multiple seasons; however, antigenic drift of circulating viruses may still necessitate annual vaccination. Vaccine seroresponse may be impaired with repeated vaccination.
An asymmetric dual-processor architecture for low-power information appliances

As users become increasingly conscious of their energy footprint—either to improve battery life or to respect the environment—improved energy efficiency of systems has gained in importance. This is especially important in the context of information appliances such as e-book readers that are meant to replace books, since their energy efficiency impacts how long the appliance can be used on a single charge of the battery. In this article, we present a new software and hardware architecture for information appliances that provides significant advantages in terms of device lifetime. The architecture combines a low-power microcontroller with a high-performance application processor, where the low-power microcontroller is used to handle simple user interactions (e.g., turning pages, inking, entering text) without waking up the main application processor. We demonstrate how this architecture is easily adapted to the traditional way of building user interfaces using a user interface markup language. We report on our initial measurements using an E Ink-based prototype. When comparing our hybrid architecture to a simpler solution we found that we can increase the battery life by a factor of 1.72 for a reading task and by a factor of 3.23 for a writing task. We conclude by presenting design guidelines aimed at optimizing the overall energy signature of information appliances.
Experimental metamorphic petrology

Experimental studies in the last quadrennium that are applicable to metamorphic petrology are many and varied. They range from the rigorous formulation of P-T diagrams to thermochemical studies and solubility measurements. One encouraging feature of the large number of studies is an attempt to correlate the various studies with those of other workers. Such efforts require sound theory, and several important steps have been made in the past 4 years. Chayes [1968] has shown how discriminant functions can aid in the determination of field boundaries from scattered experimental points. Thompson [1967] and Green [1970] have contributed toward the analysis of nonideal solutions. Greenwood [1967a] and Eugster and Skippen [1967] have contributed to methods of handling gas equilibria. Estimates of pressures and temperatures of metamorphism have been made through the measurement of piezobirefringent effects of quartz and sillimanite inclusions in almandine by Rosenfeld [1969] and Adams et al. [1970].
Interleukin-6 protects liver against warm ischemia/reperfusion injury and promotes hepatocyte proliferation in the rodent

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an acute reactant cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties, which has been found to prevent injury in a model of acute hepatitis in mice through downregulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha); to correlate inversely with markers of hepatocellular injury in patients with liver ischemia; and to initiate liver regeneration in mice. In this study, we investigated the role of IL-6 in rodent models of hepatic warm ischemia/reperfusion (WI/Rp) injury. IL-6-deficient mice (-/-) were subjected to hepatic WI and compared with C57BL/6 mice, as well as IL-6 -/- mice pretreated with recombinant IL-6 (rIL-6). The effects of rIL-6 following various periods of ischemia were further studied in models of hepatic ischemia in rats. IL-6 -/- mice had increased reperfusion injury as assessed by transaminase levels and a tissue necrosis scoring system when compared with controls, an effect prevented by pretreatment with rIL-6. Similarly, rats pretreated with rIL-6 had reduced reperfusion injury and better survival than controls in each respective WI group. Tissue TNF-alpha expression measured by Northern blot analysis and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, a marker of inflammation, were significantly reduced in animals pretreated with rIL-6. Administration of antibodies to TNF-alpha reproduced the beneficial effect of rIL-6. Hepatocyte proliferation, as assessed by a scoring method for mitotic index and proliferating nuclear cell antigen staining, was markedly increased in rIL-6-treated rats when compared with controls. In conclusion, this study suggests that IL-6 could play an important role in limiting hepatic warm ischemia/reperfusion (WI/Rp) injury, probably through its anti-inflammatory properties, modulation of TNF-alpha, and/or promotion of liver regeneration. rIL-6 might become an important cytokine in clinical situations associated with WI/Rp injury.
Force Dipoles in Anisotropic Materials: Cell Orientation Guided by Substrate Anisotropy?

Recent studies on cell orientation have shown that cells can actively sense the elastic properties of their environment and strengthen contacts and cytoskeleton in a direction of large effective stiffness. For example, it was found that cells oriented perpendicular to clamped boundaries whilst parallel to free boundaries. It was also suggested that active mechanosensing in an elastically anisotropic medium might lead to cell orientation. In this paper, we first develop an analytical force-dipole solution in anisotropic materials. We then apply this solution to investigate the effect of substrate anisotropy on cell orientation. In our numerical examples, the substrate will be assumed to be cubic, but oriented in different orientations. The interactive energy of the cells is calculated for different boundary conditions (free and clamped) on the surface of the anisotropic substrate.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Phosphorylation by calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and protein kinase C modulates the activity of nitric oxide synthase

Nitric oxide synthase purified from rat brain, which is Ca2+ and calmodulin dependent, was phosphorylated by calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II as well as protein kinase C. Phosphorylation by calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II resulted in a marked decrease in enzyme activity (33% of control) without changing the co-factor requirements, whereas a moderate increase in enzyme activity (140% of control) was observed after phosphorylation by protein kinase C. These findings indicate that brain nitric oxide synthase activity may be regulated not only by Ca2+/calmodulin and several co-factors, but also by phosphorylation.
R-spondin 1 promotes vibration-induced bone formation in mouse models of osteoporosis

Bone tissue adapts to its functional environment by optimizing its morphology for mechanical demand. Among the mechanosensitive cells that recognize and respond to forces in the skeleton are osteocytes, osteoblasts, and mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs). Therefore, the ability to use mechanical signals to improve bone health through exercise and devices that deliver mechanical signals is an attractive approach to age-related bone loss; however, the extracellular or circulating mediators of such signals are largely unknown. Using SDS-PAGE separation of proteins secreted by MPCs in response to low-magnitude mechanical signals and in-gel trypsin digestion followed by HPLC and mass spectroscopy, we identified secreted proteins up-regulated by vibratory stimulation. We exploited a cell senescence-associated secretory phenotype screen and reasoned that a subset of vibration-induced proteins with diminished secretion by senescent MPCs will have the capacity to promote bone formation in vivo. We identified one such vibration-induced bone-enhancing (vibe) gene as R-spondin 1, a Wnt pathway modulator, and demonstrated that it has the capacity to promote bone formation in three mouse models of age-related bone loss. By virtue of their secretory status, some vibe proteins may be candidates for pre-clinical development as anabolic agents for the treatment of osteoporosis.
Ethical concerns of educational technologists in Iran

O The practices of instructional technologists in the Islamic Republic of Iran are fairly well aligned with AECT's code of ethics both internally and internationally. Islam supports a society without discrimination, deprivation, or oppression and it seeks social justice. Iran has adopted the Internet and uses it in a way consistent with the morals of its society. Sanctions against Iran since the establishment of its current government have not allowed the provision of equal access and opportunity for all educational technologists in Iran. As societies strive to provide educational opportunities for their citizens, they confront various ethical dilemmas. New technologies (both product and process) historically have prompted questions of ethical and moral appropriateness. Consideration of ethical issues is extremely important for the survival of any society, both within its immediate environment and globally. Ethics refers to that which brings about the greatest good. Although ethics transcends the mores of a specific society, ethical questions and problems are colored by the social contexts from which they are considered, therefore, appropriate handling of issues differs among various societies and eras. This article looks at
Anxiety and prenatal testing: do women with soft ultrasound findings have increased anxiety compared to women with other indications for testing?

Objective To determine whether there is a difference in anxiety levels in women referred for soft ultrasound findings, AMA, and abnormal serum marker screens, all of whom have a similar risk for chromosome abnormalities, in order to provide an understanding of patients' anxiety, which may enhance the genetic counseling process. Methods Two self-administered questionnaires were completed after the genetic counseling session. Participants were recruited from multiple prenatal clinics throughout Houston, Texas. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y was used to measure anxiety in study participants. Both state and trait anxiety were assessed. Differences between groups were examined using one-way analysis of variance, crosstabulation, chi-square, and Tukey multiple comparisons analysis. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Results Two hundred fifteen women participated in the study: 124 AMA, 55 abnormal maternal serum screens, and 36 soft ultrasound findings. Our findings revealed that women with soft ultrasound findings and abnormal maternal serum screens had significantly higher state anxiety than women who are AMA. State anxiety in women with soft ultrasound findings was not significantly different from women with abnormal maternal serum screens. No significant difference was found between the three groups for trait anxiety. Perceived risk, decision to undergo amniocentesis, education level, and income were factors that significantly affected the women's anxiety scores. However, none of these factors proved to be successful indicators of state or trait anxiety. Conclusion A woman's referral indication is associated with different levels of anxiety as compared to the actual numerical risk for chromosome abnormalities presented during a genetic counseling session. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On modeling evaporation

We develop a theoretical model for evaporation of a pure liquid drop on a thermally conductive solid substrate. We discuss a variety of effects regarding evaporation regime, the state of the liquid/gas interface and the content of gas phase. Then, we further consider two models: the one resulting from the one-sided non-equilibrium assumption and the other that assumes diffusion-limited regime and equilibrium at the liquid/gas interface. A single governing equation for the evolution of drop thickness is derived for both models. We show that although the model predicts qualitatively different temperature along liquid/gas and liquid/solid interface, the dynamics of the drops is almost the same.
Practical Aspects of Rapid Scanning Fourier Transform Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy

The results of experiments designed to study the infrared spectra of transient species produced by ultraviolet photolysis of acetaldehyde are reported and analyzed. Spectra obtained in similar work [A. W. Mantz, Appl. Opt. 17, 1347 (1978)] are critically reinterpreted. The evidence presented demonstrates that insufficient attention has been given to the necessary stringent control of experimental conditions. The consequences of poor control are described and a qualitative explanation is offered. This paper discusses, in particular, the production of spectral artifacts consisting of displaced (not folded) bands and their previous erroneous assignments. Other practical aspects of time resolved Fourier transform spectroscopy with a rapid scanning Michelson interferometer are outlined.
Evaluating Educational Programs.

This chapter was written by Samuel Ball and originally published as an ETS report in 1979. Ball was one of ETS’s most active program evaluators for 10 years and directed several pacesetting studies, including a large-scale evaluation of the educational effects of Sesame Street. The chapter documents the vigorous program of evaluation research conducted at ETS in the 1960s and 1970s, which helped lay the foundation for this fledgling field. This work developed new viewpoints, techniques, and skills for systematically assessing educational programs and led to the creation of principles for program evaluation that still appear relevant today.
Predictability of low frequency modes

In this paper we propose a procedure for the extended integration of low frequency modes of the time scale of 30 to 50 days. A major limitation of the extended integrations arise from a contamination of low frequency modes as a result of energy exchanges from the higher frequency modes. In this study we show an example on the prediction of low frequency mode to almost a month which is roughly 3 weeks beyond the conventional predictability. This was accomplished by filtering the higher frequency modes from the initial state. The initial state included a time mean state and a low frequency mode. The sea surface temperature anomalies on this time scale and the annual cycle were also prescribed. The specific experiment relates to the occurrence of a dry and a wet spell in the monsoon region. The meridional passage of an anticyclonic circulation anomaly over the lower troposphere and the eastward passage of a negative velocity potential anomaly over the upper levels of the Indian monsoon, on this time scale, are reasonably predicted. The aforementioned experiment was carried out with the 1979 data sets of the global experiment. A second example during an anomalous southward propagation of the low frequency waves over the Indian monsoon region during 1984 was also reasonably predicted by this model. Suggestions for further experimentation on the predictability of low frequency modes are proposed.
Stroke: thrombolysis in childhood arterial ischemic stroke.

Thrombolytic therapy is often used to treat arterial ischemic stroke in children, despite lack of FDA approval in this age group. The International Pediatric Stroke Study investigators have assessed the extent and nature of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator use in children in their registry, and have compared their findings with previously published case reports.
New industrial applications of magnetorheological finishing (MRF)

MRF is a deterministic, sub-aperture finishing process with system stability, high material removal rates, and a shear mode of material removal that makes it uniquely well-adapted to a variety of optical and industrial applications.
Identification of Aldehyde Oxidase as the Neonicotinoid Nitroreductase

Imidacloprid (IMI), the prototypical neonicotinoid insecticide, is used worldwide for crop protection and flea control on pets. It is both oxidatively metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes and reduced at the nitroguanidine moiety by a previously unidentified cytosolic "neonicotinoid nitroreductase", the subject of this investigation. Two major metabolites are detected on incubation of IMI with rabbit liver cytosol: the nitrosoguanidine (IMI-NO) and the aminoguanidine (IMI-NH2). Three lines of evidence identify the molybdo-flavoenzyme aldehyde oxidase (AOX, EC 1.2.3.1) as the neonicotinoid nitroreductase. First, classical AOX electron donor substrates (benzaldehyde, 2-hydroxypyrimidine, and N-methylnicotinamide) dramatically increase the rate of formation of IMI metabolites. Allopurinol and diquat are also effective electron donors, while NADPH and xanthine are not. Second, AOX inhibitors (potassium cyanide, menadione, and promethazine) inhibit metabolite formation when N-methylnicotinamide is utilized as an electron donor. Without the addition of an electron donor, rabbit liver cytosol reduces IMI only to IMI-NO at a slow rate. This reduction is also inhibited by potassium cyanide, menadione, and promethazine, as well as by additional AOX inhibitors, cimetidine and chlorpromazine. Finally, IMI nitroreduction by AOX is sensitive to an aerobic atmosphere, but to a much lesser extent than cytochrome P450 2D6. Large species differences are observed in the IMI nitroreductive activity of liver cytosol. While rabbit and monkey (Cynomolgus) give the highest levels of total metabolite formation, human, mouse, cow, and rat also metabolize IMI rapidly. In contrast, dog, cat, and chicken liver cytosols do not reduce IMI at appreciable rates. AOX, as a neonicotinoid nitroreductase, may limit the persistence of IMI, and possibly other neonicotinoids, in mammals.
The junctional specializations of sertoli cells in the seminiferous epithelium

Attention is directed to an unusual type of junctional complex between Sertoli cells in the seminiferous epithelium. The space between the membranes of adjoining cells is narrowed to 70–90 A over large areas of their contact surfaces. In the superficial cytoplasm of each cell is an extensive cisterna of the endoplasmic reticulum, parallel to the membrane and 400–600 A from it. Spaced at more or less regular intervals in the thin layer of cytoplasm between the cisterna and the cell membrane are periodic densities that appear to be band-like aggregations of fine filaments. The sub-surface cisternae are smooth-contoured on the side toward the cell membrane but bear ribosomes on the side facing the cytoplasm. The possible significance of these distinctive junctions is discussed in relation to the support of the germ cells and the coordination of the developmental events in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium.