cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Field study of office worker responses to fluorescent lighting of different CCT and lumen output

Abstract A field study was performed to examine the effects of correlated color temperature (CCT) and lumen output of fluorescent lighting on office occupants' visual comfort, brightness perception, satisfaction, and self-reported productivity. Twenty-six participants were recruited (mean age = 38.8 years; age range = 23–55 years). Ten of them had daylight access in their personal work areas. Four lamp types were selected to create luminous conditions organized as a 2 × 2 factorial design, comprising two levels of CCT (i.e., 3500 and 5000 K) and lumen output (i.e., 2330 and ≈3000 lm). Each condition lasted two weeks. Under each condition, participants adapted during the first week. During the second week they completed ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) three times daily using smart phones. Two of the daily EMAs included questions about lighting. Participants also completed a web-based survey on the last day of each condition. The results from the EMA (60.0% response rate) and web-based (77.2% response rate) surveys were generally consistent, indicating that CCT significantly affected spatial brightness perception, visual comfort, satisfaction, and self-reported productivity. The luminous conditions at 5000 K (visually cooler) were rated to be brighter than those at 3500 K (visually warmer), especially when higher lumen output was in place. However, the increase in spatial brightness perception came with lower satisfaction, worse visual comfort, and worse self-reported productivity. The conditions at 5000 K were judged to be too cool, especially for those who had daylight in their work areas. The results of this study do not support the spectrally enhanced lighting (SEL) method advocated by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) as an energy savings strategy. Even when higher CCT resulted in higher spatial brightness perception, occupants' visual comfort and satisfaction were compromised.
Fregean Quantification Theory

Frege’s system of first-order logic is presented in a contemporary framework. The system described is distinguished by economy of expression and an unusual syntax.
Proposed Policy: Drug Testing of Hawaii's Public School Teachers.

Because of a proposed policy, public school teachers in Hawaii are facing the possibility of being randomly tested for illegal drugs. Random drug testing has many implications and its impact is questionable. In this article, the author scrutinizes the controversial drug-testing policy for both troubling and promising aspects and how educators may perceive it. Is this a safety issue or an invasion of privacy issue?
The origin of the potential dependence of the surface enhanced Raman spectrum of chloride on silver

Abstract We show through enhanced Raman scattering from chloride on silver at large positive metal charge that the Stark effect and bond perturbation play minor roles in the potential dependence of the spectra. The major influence on the intensity and frequency of these spectra can be explained by charges in surface coverage together with mutual depolarization effects.
Memory search without interference: The role of integration☆

Abstract Several researchers have shown that the time required to retrieve a sentence increases with the number of unrelated facts learned about concepts in that sentence. L. M. Reder and J. R. Anderson (1980, Cognitive Psychology, 12, 447–472) have argued that such fan effects also occur when the facts are integrated, provided that subjects must carry out a search of memory. In the present set of three experiments, we followed Reder and Anderson's procedure but, in a highintegration condition, used facts that were causally linked. In the first experiment, recall and recognition accuracy were better when fan was six than when it was three, and this effect was more pronounced in a high- than in a low-integration condition. In the second experiment, the overall fan effect was negative for recognition time in the high-integration condition, whereas in the low-integration condition, we obtained the usual positive fan effect. In the third experiment, subjects learned the materials on their own to provide a better opportunity for them to integrate facts. All fan effects became smaller or more negative relative to those observed in the preceding study. We consider a class of models for the findings in which subjects use confirming and disconfirming evidence as a basis for early termination of search.
Radiology summit meeting--1991: Solutions through synectics.

The Radiology Summit Meeting was held in August 199i , at the Grove Park Inn again, in Asheville, NC. The summit meeting is held annually under the auspices of the Intersociety Commission of the American College of Radiology (ACR) chaired by Dr. Bruce L. McClennan. Seventy-eight leaders from 40 member societies and 14 staff members from these organizations (see Table 1) gathered for 3 days to discuss important issues confronting our discipline. The theme for this year was “Solutions Through Synectics,” and each of two round-table work groups developed a white paper that was presented to the Board of Chancellors and the Council of the ACR in September 1991 in Minneapolis, MN. Resource speakers set the stage for the discussion groups with stimulating reviews of material pertinent to the topics for discussion. Dr. Gerald Dodd of the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, and Dr. Lawrence Coia from Fox-Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia, PA, laid the groundwork for the SBSSIOfl on pract e assessment and credentialing. Dr. Cole, along with Dr. Tearle Meyer, vice president of the ACR and head of the Committee on Practice Assessment and the Mammography Accreditation Program, assisted Dr. Hywel Madoc-Jones from Tufts University Medical Center in moderating the deliberations on this topic. Dr. Bruce J. Hillman from the University of Virginia was ably assisted by Dr. Charles J. Putman, Duke University, with his discussion session on fostering research by radiologists [1 ]. Dr. Putman presented background material describing the traditional role and evolution of radiologists as researchers in academic departments. The interests and opinions of representatives from all sectors within our specialty were well represented in vigorous debate and thoughtful, articulate interchange as the issues of practice assessment, credentialing, recertification, radiology research, scarce resources, and more were explored. Academic radiologists and those in private community practice voiced opinions and helped to shape the concepts expressed in the white papers.
Misinformation effects in eyewitness memory: the presence and absence of memory impairment as a function of warning and misinformation accessibility.

The authors report 5 experiments investigating how exposure to misleading postevent information affects people's ability to remember details from a witnessed event. In each experiment the authors tested memory using the modified opposition test, which was designed to isolate retrieval-blocking effects. The findings indicate that retrieval blocking occurs regardless of whether the misleading information is presented before or after the witnessed event. In addition, when people are warned immediately about the presence of misleading information, they can counteract retrieval-blocking effects but only if the misinformation is relatively low in accessibility. The authors discuss the findings in terms of the retrieval-blocking hypothesis and a hypothetical suppression mechanism that can counteract retrieval-blocking effects in some circumstances.
Structural Basis of Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction. I. Methods of Prospective Ultrastructural Study and Overview of the Findings

ABSTRACTPurpose: We standardize procedures for ultrastructural study of detrusor smooth muscle and intrinsic nerves in neurogenic bladder dysfunction in the human, and present an overview of the findings.Materials and Methods: The study included 18 female and 33 male patients 7 to 96 years old. They had neurogenic bladder dysfunction with hyperreflexia for less than 1 to 43 years, resulting from upper motoneuron lesions (spinal cord injury 25, brain disorder 17) or combined upper and lower motoneuron deficit (meningomyelocele 9). Endoscopic or open bladder biopsies were processed for ultrastructural study of detrusor smooth muscle and intrinsic neural elements. Qualitative morphologic criteria of muscle cell arrangement, degeneration and cell-cell contacts, as well as those of degeneration and regeneration of intrinsic neural elements are defined.Results: Five biopsies from the brain disorder group had insufficient smooth muscle and were excluded from study. The remaining 46 biopsies were evaluated by ele...
Bar-Pressing by Thirsty Rats as a Function of Amount of Predrinking and Incentive Concentration

Stimuzary.-Water-deprived rats were trained to bar-press for either 4% or 16% sucrose reinforcements. They were then tested with the same reinforcements after varying amounts of predrinking. Performance was identical when the animals were water deprived, but responding declined differentially as 3 function of reinforcemenc concentration and amount of predrinking. Beck (1963) found that thirsty rats did not bar-press differentially for 4%, 12%, or 36% sucrose reinforcements, but when satiated for water by stomach loading they did so. The present experiment was designed to ascertain if the shift toward differential responding occurs gradually as the thirsty animal becomes progressively satiated or suddenly after some critical amount of satiation. Different durations of predrinking were studied, instead of fixed volumes of intake, because preliminary data suggested that a sudden shift might occur when Ss show an initial voluntary cessation of drinking. The longest predrinking time, 12 min., was sufficient for this to occur. Method.-Two replications were run, 8 Ss each. Rep. I used naive male albino rats about 250 days old. Ss in Rep. I1 were a year old and had barpressed in a study involving stomach loads and water reinforcements. Four Skinner boxes were used, identical to those described by Beck except thac reinforcements were ,045 ml. and a light signaled their presentation. Food was continuously available in the home cages but water never was. Ss bar-pressed 30 min. daily while 23.5 hr. water deprived and drank for
A wrinkle in the unfolding of hypoxic response: HIF and ATF4

Koditz et al describe the interaction of activating transcription factor-4 (ATF4) with the HIF hydroxylase PHD3, suggesting that oxygen-dependent regulatory pathways mediated by PHDs might not be confined to the HIF system.
Role of atrial substrate and spatiotemporal organization in atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a heterogeneous disease that presents in a wide range of clinical scenarios. Correspondingly, a diverse array of large animal models has developed for the study of AF. Different atrial substrate exists in these models, and quantitative analysis of the AF that develops in each case reveals unique characteristics. This article reviews the defining properties of several prominent AF animal models, with a focus on how spatiotemporal organization can discriminate between AF substrates. It addresses how spatiotemporal assessments have been extended to human AF and discusses the insights gained from these new analyses.
Winning looks: body image among adolescent female competitive swimmers

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore and describe the circumstances related to body image among adolescent female swimmers. Thirteen in-depth interviews were conducted with 11–13 year-old swimmers who trained at USA Swimming clubs. Using grounded theory methodology, a theoretical model consisting of a core category embedded in four themes emerged. Creating Myself included key components of self-presentation, perception and attitude encircled in four contextual themes: The Backdrop (previous thoughts, feelings and experiences), Responses from Others (comments from peers, family and important others), The Swimmer Body (the swim suit, physical traits, mental qualities and beliefs about swimmers’ physiques) and Being and Getting Comfortable (self-observation, current thoughts, feelings and self-management strategies). Implications of the model for research and professional practise were discussed.
DNA base-pair substitutions detected in double-stranded DNA with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

We demonstrate the utility of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) for identifying the presence or absence of single base-pair substitutions in a short section of the cystic fibrosis gene. The analysis was performed in two ways: (i) the molecular weight of known lengths of single-stranded DNA from a section of this gene was determined by mass spectrometry, and (ii) short complementary strands from the identical section of the gene were denatured and the difference in molecular weight of the strands was determined. Oligonucleotides corresponding to the wild type sequence were synthesized. The G551D or the R553X mutations were created by introducing single-base substitutions in this oligonucleotide. We recreated double-stranded DNA by annealing each of these three oligonucleotides to complementary oligonucleotides. The MALDI mass spectrometric technique, operating at a mass resolution approaching 1000, correctly identified five of these six oligonucleotides. The most reliable identification was obtained by measuring the difference in molecular weight of the denatured strands. The difference in molecular weight of the complementary strands comprising the wild type, the G551D and the R553X is 52.2 Da, 83.2 Da and 21.2 Da, respectively. The MALDI analysis shows promise as a rapid way to detect the presence of base-pair substitutions without the need for sequencing.
Suppression of tissue levels of vitamin A, E, zinc and copper in murine aids*

Abstract Female C57BL/6 mice were infected with LP-BM5 retrovirus, causing murine acquired immune deficiency syndrome (MAIDS) which is functionally similar to human AIDS. Because human immunodeficiency virus may compromise nutritional status and nutritional disorders have been found in AIDS patients, the influence of murine retrovirus infection on levels of important immune-related nutrients (vitamin A, E, zinc and copper) in the serum, liver, small intestine, spleen and thymus was determined in MAIDS. The levels of vitamin A, E and copper in the liver in MAIDS were significantly reduced compared to controls, whereas the level of zinc in the liver was not affected. Intestinal level of vitamin A was significantly reduced by retrovirus infection, whereas copper level in the small intestine was significantly increased compared to controls. Intestinal levels of zinc and vitamin E were not affected. The levels of vitamin A, E and zinc in the spleen in murine AIDS were significantly rebared compared to controls, whereas the splenic level of copper was not influenced. The levels of vitamin A, E and copper in the thymus in MAIDS were significantly lessened by retrovirus infection compared to controls, whereas thymic level of zinc was significantly elevated. The levels of vitamin A and E in the serum in MAIDS were significantly decreased by retrovirus infection compared to controls. The data indicated that retrovirus infection can directly cause malnutrition, possible via damaging gastrointestinal cells, thereby leading to malabsorption. Such malnutrition has the theoretical potential to accelerate development of AIDS via immunosuppression secondary to nutritional deficiency.
Gecser, Ottó, József Laszlovszky, Balázs Nagy, Marcell Sebők, Katalin Szende, eds. 2011. Promoting the Saints – Cults and their Contexts from Late Antiquity until the Early Modern Period – Essays in Honor of Gábor Klaniczay for his 60th Birthday. Budapest: Central European University Press. 325 pp. Illus.

Gecser, Otto, Jozsef Laszlovszky, Balazs Nagy, Marcell Sebők, Katalin Szende, eds. 2011. Promoting the Saints – Cults and their Contexts from Late Antiquity until the Early Modern Period – Essays in Honor of Gabor Klaniczay for his 60 th Birthday . Budapest: Central European University Press. 325 pp. Illus. Reviewed by Kathleen V. Kish, San Diego State University, California
Behavioral Approaches to Training Developmentally Disabled Children for an Overnight EEG Procedure.

Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a genetic syndrome associated with multiple congenital malformations, mental retardation, and autism spectrum behaviors. This clinical protocol was part of a larger study investigating the effects of a cholesterol-lowering medication for SLOS patients. Behavioral therapists were consulted to facilitate participants’ cooperation with an overnight electroencephalogram (EEG). Seventeen children participated in one 1-hour training session of a mock EEG. Behavioral methods included task analysis, differential reinforcement, and escape extinction. Descriptive data reveal low cognitive and adaptive functioning. Fifty three percent of children tolerated all steps of the training procedure and 88% of participants tolerated all of the actual EEG procedure. Behavioral methods of training children may be an effective preparation for EEG procedures for children with SLOS. This study indicates that sedation, anesthesia, or restraints are not necessary to accomplish EEG testing of children with SLOS. Results may generalize to children with a range of disabilities.
An aberration-corrected time- and spatially-resolved spectrometer for studies of transient discharges

Abstract A time- and wavelength-resolved spectrometer system for triggered analytical sources is described. The optical arrangement is designed to permit (1)time-, space-, and wavelength-resolved emission, absorption, and fluorescence; (2) Schlieren; (3) interference; (4) interferometric/Schlieren; and (5J anomalous dispersion “hook” spectroscopies to be performed. Only minor adjustments are required in converting the instrument between experiments. The instrument is based on compensation of optical aberrations through use of an over-and-under and a side-by-side mirror pair to correct the astigmatism and coma of an asymmetric Czerny-Turner spectrograph. An intermediate slit located in an astigmatic image plane is used to select and isolate the observation region of the emission source. For emission experiments time resolution results from rotation of a six-facet optical polygon which sweeps an image of the selected observation window past the spectrograph entrance slit. All optical elements are mounted on a mechanically-rigid, referenceable, vibrational-isolated optical support system. Instrument performance is discussed.
Emulsion Texture and Stability: Role of Surfactant Micellar Interactions in the Presence of Proteins

This article presents the results of our recent research on the texture and stability of oil-in-water emulsions containing sucrose ester and proteins. We used both the direct microscopic imaging an...
Spatial Segregation of Adult and Young‐of‐the‐Year Alewives across a Thermocline in Lake Michigan

Abstract Distributions of young-of-the-year and adult alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) in Lake Michigan were determined by bottom trawling along isotherms at the intersection of the thermocline with the bottom near Grand Haven, Michigan over a 1-week period during September. Few alewives were caught on the bottom at night. During the day, adult alewives were caught primarily at 11–14 C. Young-of-the-year alewives on the bottom occurred only at temperatures greater than 15 C and primarily at 17–20 C. Bathymetric distributions of the two size groups of alewives shifted with oscillations in thermocline location. Young of the year and adults also differed in prey selection. Young-of-the-year alewives ate primarily cyclopoid copepods, calanoid copepods, and Daphnia sp. and these items were most common in stomachs during the day. Adult alewives fed mainly on Daphnia sp. and more were eaten during the day than night. Copepods, Bosmina sp., Pontoporeia hoyi, and Mysis relicta were also present in stomachs of adult...
Quantification of the bacterial agent of necrotizing hepatopancreatitis (NHP-B) by real-time PCR and comparison of survival and NHP load of two shrimp populations

Abstract A real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was developed using a TaqMan probe to detect and quantify the necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacterium (NHP-B) in Penaeus vannamei . A pair of primers which amplify a 67 bp DNA fragment and a TaqMan probe were selected from the 16 S rRNA gene of NHP-B genome. A positive control plasmid DNA was used to demonstrate that the NHP qPCR assay has a detection limit of 100 copies and a log-linear range up to 10 8 copies. An NHP-B challenge test using two different populations, Colombia (COL) and Specific Pathogen Free KONA line (KONA), was conducted. Higher final survival and a better survival curve were found in the COL population. No differences in NHP-B bacterial load were found in hepatopancreas (HP) analyzed from the survivors from each population. Sensitivity of the qPCR test was much higher than the conventional PCR (100 copies vs 1 × 10 5 copies).
Lipoprotein-X fails to inhibit hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in HepG2 cells

Abstract Abnormalities of lipid composition and metabolism are frequently observed in patients with cholestatic liver disease. Both elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels and the appearance of lipoprotein-X (LP-X) in plasma underlie the high incidence of hypercholesterolemia in this population. We tested the hypothesis that the hypercholesterolemia of cholestasis may reflect a failure of normal feedback regulation of hepatic cholesterolgenesis by determining the influence of LP-X on the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis, hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase. Cultured human hepatoma (HepG2) cells were incubated in purified lipoprotein for 24 hours, harvested, and then assayed for HMG CoA reductase activity and mass. LDL isolated from either normal controls or patients with cholestasis decreased reductase activity in a dose-dependent fashion (2 to 30 μg cholesterol/mL media) to a level approximately 50% of that measured in cells incubated in lipid-deficient serum. LP-X failed to downregulate enzyme activity compared with LDL, with little change in reductase activity at cholesterol concentrations (30 μg/mL media) that produced maximal reductase inhibition by LDL. Three distinct LP-X subspecies were purified from the plasma of a patient with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and tested in an analogous manner. All LP-X subspecies were similar in their inability to decrease reductase activity as compared with LDL. HMG CoA reductase mass was increased approximately twofold in cells incubated with LP-X, as estimated by Western blot analysis. These results suggest that LP-X may contribute to hypercholesterolemia in the cholestatic patient by not effectively downregulating hepatic cholesterol synthesis.
Identifying Persons With Dementia By Use of a Caregiver Telephone Interview

A telephone screening assessment designed to identify persons likely to have dementia was conducted in a random community sample of 4,403 adults. Because of the cognitive impairment of the subjects, information was obtained from caregivers. Twenty-nine subjects were identified as likely to have dementia. Of these, 15 agreed to a complete dementia assessment conducted in their residence, and all were diagnosed with dementia. There was high reliability between the caregiver telephone interview and the clinical examination.
Control factors of granulopoiesis in human serum

The role of serum factors in the modulation of production of colony-stimulating activity (CSA) has been investigated. A factor has been described, and partially characterized, in human serum that has the capacity to stimulate increased synthesis and release of CSA by human mononuclear cells (MNC). MNC RNA and protein synthesis are required to demonstrate this effect of serum, but DNA synthesis and mitotic division are not required. The factor in serum resulting in this effect is a heat-labile protein with a molecular weight slightly greater than that of CSA.
Serial processing and the parallel-lines illusion: Length contrast through relative spatial separation of contours

The distortion of perceived line length produced by the parallel-lines configuration reversed fromassimilation to contrast with large suprafoveal spatial separation of the contextual and test lines (Experiment 1). This new contrast effect was predicted by a pool-and-store model of size distortion (Girgus & Coren, 1982). However, contrary to the predictions of the model, the amount of spatial separation needed to produce the reversal did not depend on an absolute visual-angle (foveal) measure of separation. Rather, the reversal was determined by the relative spatial separation of contextual and test lines (Experiment 2); that is, small test lines required a smaller spatial separation from a contextual line to produce contrast than did larger test lines. On the basis of these findings, a revised pool-and-store model of length distortion is proposed.
Optimizing moderation of He-3 neutron detectors for shielded fission sources

Abstract The response of a 3 He neutron detector is highly dependent on the amount of moderator incorporated into the detector system. If there is too little moderation, neutrons will not react with the 3 He. If there is too much moderation, neutrons will not reach the 3 He. In applications for portal or border monitors where 3 He detectors are used to interdict illicit importation of plutonium, the fission source is always shielded to some extent. Since the energy distribution of neutrons emitted from the source depends on the amount and type of shielding present, the optimum placement of moderating material around 3 He tubes is a function of shielding. In this paper, we use Monte Carlo techniques to model the response of 3 He tubes placed in polyethylene boxes for moderation. To model the shielded fission neutron source, we use a point 252 Cf source placed in the center of polyethylene spheres of varying radius. Detector efficiency as a function of box geometry and shielding is explored. We find that increasing the amount of moderator behind and to the sides of the detector generally improves the detector response, but that incremental benefits are minimal if the thickness of the polyethylene moderator is greater than about 5–7 cm. The thickness of the moderator in front of the 3 He tubes, however, is very important. For bare sources, about 4–5 cm of moderator is optimum, but as the shielding increases, the optimum thickness of this moderator decreases to 0.5–1 cm. Similar conclusions can be applied to polyethylene boxes employing two 3 He tubes. Two-tube boxes with front moderators of non-uniform thickness may be useful for detecting neutrons over a wide energy range.
Techniques for the power estimation of sequential logic circuits under user-specified input sequences and programs

We describe an approach to estimate the average power dissipation in sequential logic circuits under user-specified input sequences or programs. This approach will aid the design of programmable controllers or processors, by enabling the estimation of the power dissipated when the controller or processor is running specific application programs. Current approaches to sequential circuit power estimation are limited by the fact that the input sequences to the sequential circuit are assumed to be uncorrelated. In reality, the inputs come from other sequential circuits, or are application programs. In this paper we show how user-specified sequences and programs can be modeled using a finite state machine, termed an input-modeling finite state machines or IMFSM. Power estimation can be carried out using existing sequential circuit power estimation methods on a cascade circuit consisting of the IMFSM and the original sequential circuit.
A systematic review of the literature reporting on studies that examined the impact of interactive, computer-based patient education programs.

Abstract Objective To evaluate studies that examined the impact of interactive, computer-based education (ICBE) programs on patient education. Methods The Medline and CINAHL databases were searched to identify randomized controlled studies that evaluated the impact of ICBE programs. Results The 25 studies that met the selection criteria generally supported the ability of ICBE programs to promote knowledge gains. Results related to economic or clinical outcomes were less consistent. Significant variations were noted across studies in program features, implementation and integration strategies, and in comparison program attributes and quality. It is likely that these differences contributed to the disparity in findings across studies. Conclusion Although significant inconsistencies in results were noted, the research provided collective evidence that ICBE programs had the potential to add great value to the patient education process. Programs must be properly designed and implementation and integration processes effectively planned in order to achieve consistently positive outcomes. Practice implications Consideration of the “best practices” derived from the research and noted in this report will assist healthcare providers in designing, selecting, and implementing effective ICBE programs.
Induction of thymidine kinase in enzyme-deficient chinese hamster cells

Abstract Previous work with Chinese hamster cells suggests that thymidine kinase deficiency and loss of potential for plating in HAT medium may arise by a process of mutation coupled with site-specific repression by bromodeoxyuridine at the tk locus. In this study, tk − Chinese hamster cells were exposed to a series of inductors to determine whether revertants for the putative second stage originate by genetic or epigenetic change. Brief exposure to 5-azacytidine resulted in massive conversion to the HAT + state, and revertants showed levels of thymidine kinase activity intermediate between those of tk − and wild-type cells. By contrast, incidence of HAT + cells rose only slightly in populations mutagenized with ethyl methanesulfonate. Large increases in frequency of HAT + cells were obtained by treatment with n-butyrate and L-ethionine, which affect gene expression in other cell systems but have no known mutagenic potential. Induction of HAT + revertants seems to be mediated by a stable epigenetic shift, which reverses the gradual extinction of thymidine kinase activity in the parent cells. The data support the view that induction in Chinese hamster cells results from changes in DNA methylation patterns, and suggest studies to define the process in molecular terms.
A mechanistic model for submerged aquatic macrophyte photosynthesis: Hydrilla in ambient and elevated CO2

Abstract There are significant knowledge gaps about the responses of submerged aquatic macrophytes to CO2 enrichment and global warming. A mechanistic steady-state photosynthesis model for submerged aquatic macrophytes was developed to provide an analysis tool to investigate the responses of plant photosynthesis to CO2, temperature and light. The model was based upon a general simplified scheme for inorganic carbon assimilation of submerged aquatic macrophytes which integrated the knowledge about aquatic plant photosynthesis from previous research, mainly on Hydrilla. The model includes: (1) diffusion and/or active transfer of inorganic carbon (CO2 and/or HCO−3) in the bathing medium into the leaf mesophyll and cytosol; (2) diffusion and/or ‘pumping’ of CO2 through the PEPcase-related C4 pathway into the chloroplast; (3) inter-conversions between CO2 and HCO−3 inside cells; (4) photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle (PCR) in the chloroplast. In the model, the PCR processes in the chloroplast were described using the widely accepted C3 photosynthesis model. The activity of the C4 cycle was related to environmental CO2 ‘stress’. In this way, the model can simulate the shift between C3-like and C4-like photosynthesis under different environmental conditions. The model was validated using gas exchange data from Hydrilla plants grown in ambient and elevated CO2. The model predicted quite well photosynthetic responses to incident PAR, temperature and ambient CO2 for both ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 treatments. Model predictions agreed well with measured Hydrilla gas exchange data. The simulated and measured CO2 compensation points of Hydrilla leaf photosynthesis were about 100 ppm. The light compensation point of photosynthesis was about 25 μ mol m−2 s−1 (PAR), and photosynthesis rate was saturated at about 100 μ mol m−2 s−1 (PAR). Higher pH slightly increased photosynthesis rates at ambient CO2 (∼350 ppm). There was no significant acclimation of Hydrilla photosynthesis to elevated CO2 within the experimental period. Simulated CO2 compensation point decreased with increasing activity of C4-cycle processes.
Dietary Protein and Energy as Determinants of Food Quality: Trophic Strategies Compared

The effects of dietary protein and energy on ingestion and growth were determined for nutrient ranges that correspond to primary foods in freshwaters: algae, aquatic macrophytes and organic detritus. Sixteen diets containing four levels of metabo- lizable energy (ME) (3.1, 6.7, 10.5, 14.1 kJ/g) and four levels of protein (3.0, 13.2, 23.2, 33.4 mg/kJ ME) were each fed ad libitum to four replicate groups of juvenile Tilapia aurea for 42 d. Protein, energy, and protein-energy interaction affected both ingestion and growth (two-way ANOVA, all P < 0.01). Increased ingestion largely compensated for lower energy levels within each protein level. Growth was proportional to diet protein content, and ingestion did not compensate for protein limitation. A second-order polynomial for growth as a function of diet protein content and energy assimilation rate fitted by linear regression accounts for 91% of variation in growth, and provides a model for comparison of the relative importance of protein and energy as nutritional constraints for animals feeding on invertebrate prey, algae, aquatic macrophytes, and organic detritus. Protein appears to be the primary constraint to food value of macrophytes, and detritus, and we predict from our results that consumers of these materials will increase growth most by feeding selectively on the most protein-rich material available, as has been observed. In contrast, growth of animals feeding on algae will be increased most by increased ingestion. Omnivory is interpreted as a compromise strategy in which protein from scarce animal prey is comple- mented by energy from abundant primary foods.
Chronic partial ureteral obstruction and the developing kidney

Although congenital urinary tract obstruction is a common disorder, its pathophysiology remains poorly understood and clinical practice is controversial. Animal models have been used to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for obstructive nephropathy, and the models reveal that renal growth and function are impaired in proportion to the severity and duration of obstruction. Ureteral obstruction in the neonatal rat or mouse leads to activation of the renin-angiotensin system, renal infiltration by macrophages, and tubular apoptosis. Nephrons are lost by glomerular sclerosis and the formation of atubular glomeruli, and progressive injury leads to tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. Recovery following release of obstruction depends on the timing, severity, and duration of obstruction. Growth factors and cytokines are produced by the hydronephrotic kidney, including MCP-1 and TGF-β1, which are excreted in urine and can serve as biomarkers of renal injury. Because MRI can be used to monitor renal morphology, blood flow, and filtration rate, its use might supplant current imaging modalities (ultrasonography and diuretic renography), which have significant drawbacks. Combined use of MRI and new urinary biomarkers should improve our understanding of human congenital obstructive nephropathy and should lead to new approaches to evaluation and management of this challenging group of patients.
Enzyme Activities in Soil Influenced by Levels of Applied Sulfur and Phosphorus

Abstract Soil biochemical properties are influenced by management practices and the type of plant cover, and such changes affect the levels of enzyme activities in soil. In turn, enzymes influence the nutrient supply in soil and growth and mineral composition of the plants. Acidic infertile upland soils are relatively colder in crop‐growing season than low land soils and require application of sulfur (S) and phosphorus (P) to improve crop production. Field experiments were carried out on Gilpin silt loam (Typic Hapludult at elevation of 908 m) soil with initial application of four levels of S (0, 16.8, 33.6, and 67.2 kg S ha−1) and three levels of P (22.4, 89.6, and 358.4 kg P ha−1). Acid phosphatase (AP), arylsulfatase (AS) and urease (UR) activities were determined 3 years after the initial fertilizer application. Increasing levels of soil‐applied S decreased enzyme activities, but the highest level of applied S (67.2 kg S ha−1) in fact stimulated higher enzyme activities. Increasing levels of soil‐appl...
A unified approach to string scattering amplitudes

1) Physics. In the calculation of g-loop string tachyon amplitudes withn scattering points the distinguished Polyakov measure dπ g,n on the moduli spaceM g,n of Riemann surfaces of genus g withn punctures arises. We give an interpretation of this measure as the modulus squared of a holomorphic section μ g,n (the Mumford form) of a certain holomorphic line bundle, i.e., we prove an analog of the Belavin-Knizhnik theorem dπ g,n =|μ g,n |2 in the amplitudic case. We give an expression for this measure through the determinants of the Laplace operators over ghosts and over multivalued fields with monodromy prescribed by momenta at the scattering points. We show also that the form μ g,n (n≧0) (n≧0) for the partition function andn-point amplitudes can be obtained from a unified over alln, universal Mumford form. 2) Mathematics. The following new concepts from the theory of complex algebraic curves are investigated: divisors with complex coefficients, complex powers of holomorphic line bundles, determinants of Laplace operators over multivalued functions, etc. The corresponding generalizations of the determinant line bundles, the Weil-Deligne pairings, the Quillen and the Arakelov-Deligne metrics are constructed. A suggested by string amplitude considerations analog of the Mumford theorem on holomorphic triviality of the bundle λ2⊗λ 1 -13 over the moduli space is given. This analog asserts the existence of a canonical flat metric on a certain line bundle\(\lambda _2 \otimes \lambda _1^{ - 13} \otimes \left( {\mathop \otimes \limits_{v = 1}^{13} \left\langle {\mathcal{O}(D^v ),\mathcal{O}(D^v )} \right\rangle ^{ - 1} } \right)\) (see the main body of the text). There exist two differences: the latter bundle is not holomorphically trivial but has a canonical flat metric, and, being defined on the Teichmuller spaceT g, n , this bundle can be pulled down only on an infinite-sheeted covering of the moduli spaceM g,n . The universal isometries and the relative curvatures from the second part of the paper may be interesting, too.
Orthostatic Edema in Adolescents: More Than Walking on Water

1. Robert M. Cavanaugh Jr, MD* 1. *Associate Professor and Director of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. List the variety of presentations of orthostatic edema. 2. Describe the symptoms of orthostatic edema. 3. Recognize and treat orthostatic edema in adolescents. Idiopathic edema is the abnormal retention of fluid that, after a thorough clinical examination and laboratory investigation, has been found to have no known cause. Orthostatic edema, the most common form of idiopathic edema, is a generalized systemic disorder that has a wide variety of presentations and many associated symptoms. Weight gain typically occurs throughout the day, with excessive increments from morning to evening. The edema is most evident in the legs, feet, or abdomen after prolonged sitting or standing, but may occur in other areas. The findings often are subtle, and a high index of suspicion is required. The purpose of this article is to heighten awareness among practitioners of the occurrence of orthostatic edema in adolescents and to provide guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. ### Case 1 A 12-year-old girl was evaluated in an adolescent medicine consultation setting for a 10-month history of swelling in both lower extremities. The swelling started in both feet shortly after menarche and gradually extended up to the knees. It was progressively worse toward the end of each day. The patient also had nocturnal enuresis. Results of the following laboratory studies were within normal limits: complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, electrolytes, serum albumin and total protein, liver enzymes, serum thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone, urinalysis, antinuclear antibody, rheumatoid factor, C3 and C4 complement, creatine kinase, C1 esterase inhibitor level (qualitative and quantitative), and chest radiography. She was not in heart failure. No evidence of lymphedema praecox or other lymphatic abnormality was detected when lymphoscintigraphy was performed. Orthostatic edema was diagnosed, and treatment with ephedrine 25 mg orally in the morning was initiated. The swelling and enuresis …
A potent, structurally specific stimulant action of procaine in bullfrog lung

Abstract 1. Local anesthetics with a procaine-like structure are exceptionally potent smooth muscle stimulants in Rana catesbeiana. 2. Procaine completely reverses the relaxant effect of 1 mM theophylline, an action that cannot be duplicated with carbachol, histamine or 5-hydroxytryptamine. 3. Stimulant activity is related to the procaine-like structure rather than local anesthetic potency, and is independent of pH between 7.0 and 8.4. 4. The high potency and structural specificity of this effect suggests an action at a specific receptor site rather than a diffuse action on membrane structure.
Core materials development for the fuel cycle R&D program

Abstract The Fuel Cycle Research and Development program is investigating methods of burning minor actinides in a transmutation fuel. One of the challenges of achieving this goal is to develop fuels capable of reaching extreme burnup levels (e.g. 40%). To achieve such high burnup levels’ fast reactor core materials (cladding and duct) must be able to withstand very high doses (>300 dpa design goal) while in contact with the coolant and the fuel. Thus, these materials must withstand radiation effects that promote low temperature embrittlement, radiation induced segregation, high temperature helium embrittlement, swelling, accelerated creep, corrosion with the coolant, and chemical interaction with the fuel (FCCI). To develop and qualify materials to a total fluence greater than 200 dpa requires development of advanced alloys and irradiations in fast reactors to test these alloys. Test specimens of ferritic/martensitic alloys (T91/HT-9) previously irradiated in the FFTF reactor up to 210 dpa at a temperature range of 350–750 °C are presently being tested. This includes analysis of a duct made of HT-9 after irradiation to a total dose of 155 dpa at temperatures from 370 to 510 °C. Compact tension, charpy and tensile specimens have been machined from this duct and mechanical testing as well as SANS and Mossbauer spectroscopy are currently being performed. Initial results from compression testing and Charpy testing reveal a strong increase in yield stress (∼400 MPa) and a large increase in DBTT (up to 230 °C) for specimens irradiated at 383 °C to a dose of 28 dpa. Less hardening and a smaller increase in DBTT was observed for specimens irradiated at higher temperatures up to 500 °C. Advanced radiation tolerant materials are also being developed to enable the desired extreme fuel burnup levels. Specifically, coatings are being developed to minimize FCCI, and research is underway to fabricate large heats of radiation tolerant oxide dispersion steels with homogeneous oxide dispersions.
Recent Weather in North America

THE ice-storm, as we call it, which we have lately experienced, seems to call for a permanent record. It began at about 4 p.m. on the 7th inst., and until 12 noon of the following day there was a constant drizzle or rain, the thermometer being a few degrees below the freezing-point. The amount of the rainfall at the surface of the ground was 1.10 inches. As the rain fell upon the trees it soon formed a coating of ice upon every exposed branch and twig, and this grew thicker and heavier until saplings were bent to the ground and large branches were broken from many trees over a wide area of country. The wind blowing gently from the north, the coating of ice was much thicker on that side of each twig or branch. Fences were decorated with long icicles hanging at a decided angle towards the south. Telegraph wires were so heavily loaded that many fell, and some of them, besides the coating of ice, had a most curious decoration in the shape of little icicles hanging about two inches apart, some of them appearing horizontal, and some (it is said) actually pointing upwards. The storm is reported as having extended over an area of some 20,000 square miles. It was not immediately fallowed by a thaw, which might have relieved the trees of their load; a gentle precipitation, partly of snow and partly of sleet, took place at intervals from 5 p.m. on the 8th till early in the morning of the 10th, the temperature remaining below-freezing. The view on the 10th, when the clouds broke away and the sun shone on the trees, was beautiful beyond description, but the most remarkable effect was that produced by the moonlight on the evening of that day.
In vitro and in vivo metabolism of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) in rainbow trout

Abstract The in vivo and in vitro metabolism of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) was studied in rainbow trout. 1. 1. TFM was found to be reduced in vitro by nitro reductase to 3-trifluoromethyl-4-aminophenol. Reduction was enhanced by 1 × 10−4M FAD and an NADPH regenerating system. 2. 2. The reduced compound, RTFM, was acetylated by liver and kidney extracts in vitro. The reaction required the addition of acetyl-CoA. 3. 3. The formation of TFM glucuronide was demonstrated in vitro utilizing liver extracts, UDPGA, and saccharo-1,4-lactone. 4. 4. The major metabolite of TFM in vivo appeared to be TFM glucuronide. This compound occurred in both bile and the tank water during exposure of trout to [14C]TFM.
Family Background, Race, and Labor Market Inequality

For decades, social scientists have relied on sibling correlations as indicative of the effect of “global family background” on socioeconomic status. This study advances this line of inquiry by drawing on data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to analyze racial differences in siblings' labor market and socioeconomic outcomes. We find that African Americans have lower sibling correlations in labor market earnings and family income than whites. Across the life course, African American siblings move toward greater resemblance than whites. These findings suggest that the effect of family background on socioeconomic outcomes is weaker for African Americans than for whites. Volatility in earlier career stages may suppress the effect of family background on labor market outcomes, and this dynamic is especially pronounced for African Americans who lack resources to insulate themselves from volatile events.