cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When Veterans Return: The Role of Community in Reintegration

Experiences of Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans were explored to understand the challenges of reintegrating into civilian life and the impact on mental health. Respondents completed preliminary electronic surveys and participated in one of six focus groups. High levels of distress exist among veterans who are caught between military and civilian cultures, feeling alienated from family and friends, and experiencing a crisis of identity. Narrative is identified as a means of resolution. Recommendations include development of social support and transition groups; military cultural competence training for clinicians, social workers, and college counselors; and further research to identify paths to successful reintegration into society.
The thin lens equation for optical parametric image conversion

It is shown that the image upconverter can operate with point source pump-beams as well as the commonly used planar pump source. The major effect of the pump beam divergence is not to degrade the resolution but is to change the transverse and longitudinal magnification of the image. We demonstrate by a paraxial ray-tracing analysis that these changes in image dimensions and location obey relations quite similar to thin-lens formulae.
A framework for three-dimensional time-varying reconstruction of the human left ventricle: sources of error and estimation of their magnitude.

Abstract This report summarizes development of a computer/ultrasound system to graphically reconstruct the contracting human left ventricle in three dimensions and calculate indices of cardiac performance. The three-dimensional reconstruction is performed by realignment of five cross-sectional two-dimensional echograms along a single longitudinal section. The spatial position of the cross sections is recorded by a specially developed indexing arm. Cross sections are then realigned perpendicular to the long axis and parallel to each other by the computer. Points at 30° intervals are chosen from the inner and outer muscle boundaries of a cross section and connected by straight lines. Thus areas can be calculated simply by summation of triangular areas with vertices at the origin. Volumes can then be calculated using a modified Simpson's rule. To test these computer programs three hypothetical time-varying computer-generated left ventricular models were developed. Effects of six major anticipated sources of error were determined by systemic introduction of simulated measurement errors into data for these hypothetical models. These results demonstrate that this system is practical for the three-dimensional reconstruction of the left ventricle, that volumes and derived indices of ventricular performance can be calculated, and that anticipated sources of error result in relatively small deviations from true values.
Improving application development productivity by using ITS

Abstract Perhaps the key problem in application development today is the need to increase the productivity of development organizations. This paper identifies the main factors affecting application development productivity, and then describes a new application development environment (called ITS, which stands for Interactive Transaction System) that is aimed at, among other things, addressing these factors. A unique feature of ITS is the support of multiple, rule-based user interface styles, which has the implication of allowing multiple applications to run in the same style and the same application to run in multiple styles. The results of four case studies of developers using ITS to implement serious applications are summarized, with emphasis upon the effects of ITS on development productivity. These results demonstrate that ITS (a) greatly enhances application development productivity, and (b) provides a mechanism for creating applications that can lead to improved end-user productivity and that of their work organizations. These studies can also serve as a model for how to do human factors work within very advanced technological projects—ones where the preoccupation of necessity first centers on establishing technical feasibility.
Neural networks and their applications to computer data security

The paper presented here explores the possibility of applying neural networks to identify authorized users of a computer system. Computer security can be ensured only by restricting access to a computer system. This in turn requires a sure means of identifying authorized users. The related research is based on the fact that every human being is distinguished by many unique physical characteristics. It has been known even before the age of computers that no two individuals sign their names identically. Signature samples collected from a group of individuals are analyzed and a neural network-based system that can recognize these signatures is designed.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Integration of complex archeology digital libraries: An ETANA-DL experience

In this paper, we formalize the digital library (DL) integration problem and propose an overall approach based on the 5S (streams, structures, spaces, scenarios, and societies) framework. We then apply that framework to integrate domain-specific (archeological) DLs, illustrating our solutions for key problems in DL integration. An integrated Archeological DL, ETANA-DL, is used as a case study to justify and evaluate our DL integration approach. More specifically, we develop a minimal metamodel for archeological DLs within the 5S theory. We implement the 5SSuite tool set to cover the process of union DL generation, including requirements gathering, conceptual modeling, rapid prototyping, and code generation. 5SSuite consists of 5SGraph, 5SGen, and SchemaMapper, each of which plays an important role in DL integration. We also propose an approach to integrated DLs based on the 5S formalism, which provides a systematic method to design and implement DL exploring services.
Identification of a site of Hsp27 binding with Hsp27 and alpha B-crystallin as indicated by the yeast two-hybrid system.

The small heat-shock proteins (sHsp), including Hsp27 and alphaB-crystallin, usually form large oligomers in cells. It has been suggested that the sHsp form oligomers by binding either a conserved C-terminal amino acid sequence or the less conserved N-terminal region. However, the site of binding has not been precisely determined. We used the yeast two-hybrid system to investigate binding of full-length rat Hsp27 or fragments of Hsp27 to full-length rat Hsp27 or alphaB-crystallin molecules. A series of cDNAs coding for fragments of Hsp27 were generated and ligated with the coding sequence for the binding domain of the yeast Gal4p transcription factor. These cDNAs were each transfected into yeast that had been transfected to express full-length rat Hsp27 or alphaB-crystallin fused with the DNA binding domain of Gal4p. Yeast cells transfected with both plasmids were assayed, by both a beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) filter assay and a quantitative liquid assay, for activation of Gal4p-driven beta-gal expression. Results indicated that the N-terminal domain of Hsp27 consisting of amino acids 1-124 did not bind to Hsp27 or alphaB-crystallin. The predominant Hsp27-Hsp27/alphaB-crystallin binding domain was the conserved C-terminal region consisting of amino acids 141-206, particularly amino acids 141-176.
Thinking Ahead: Assuming Linear Versus Nonlinear Personality-Criterion Relationships in Personnel Selection

Recent studies suggest that the form of some personality–performance relationships may be curvilinear, meaning that traditional top-down selection is inefficient in capitalizing on underlying personality–performance relationships. This study examines how mean performance is affected by how well the selection method is aligned with the nature of personality–criterion relationships. A simulation manipulated the linearity or nonlinear inflection point of predictor–criterion relationships, and several selection approaches were implemented that varied in level of congruence with these relationships. Results indicate that incongruence can produce notable decrements in mean performance under some conditions. Some evidence also suggests that decrements can be greater when linearity is assumed but relationships are nonlinear (vs. when nonlinearity is assumed but relationships are linear), selection ratios are smaller, and a single predictor is used.
ANOMALOUSLY ROTATED ABYSSAL HILLS ALONG ACTIVE TRANSFORMS : DISTRIBUTED DEFORMATION OF OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE

Abyssal hills within 20 km of the Clipperton and Pitman transforms deviate from regional trends by as much as 15°–20°. We use a thin viscous sheet model with power-law rheology to test the hypothesis that these anomalous trends result from distributed deformation of oceanic lithosphere, probably associated with periods of transpression. The variation of abyssal-hill trends with distance from the transform matches model predictions, with power-law exponents consistent with lithospheric rheology controlled by a combination of slip on faults at shallow depths and ductile creep in deeper parts. Predicted displacements are less than actual slip along the transforms, suggesting that only part of relative plate motion is taken up by distributed deformation. These results suggest that abyssal-hill rotation is sporadic, occurring perhaps when physical conditions (e.g., pore-fluid pressure, hydrothermal alteration, or transpression) are particularly favorable.
Linear smoothing for descriptor systems

The linear smoother for an n-th order two-point boundary value descriptor system (TPBVDS) [1] is formulated by using the general linear estimator solution developed by the method of complementary models in [2]. The smoother is shown to take the form of a 2nth order TPBVDS. By employing the solutions to generalized Riccati equations [3] it is shown that the smoother dynamics can be decomposed into two nth order descriptor form equations. The implementation of the smoother solution is also addressed.
How invariant and accurate are domain ratings in writing assessment

Abstract The use of evidence to guide policy and practice in education ( Cooper, Levin, & Campbell, 2009 ) has included an increased emphasis on constructed-response items, such as essays and portfolios. Because assessments that go beyond selected-response items and incorporate constructed-response items are rater-mediated ( Engelhard, 2002 , Engelhard, 2013 ), it is necessary to develop evidence-based indices of quality for the rating processes used to evaluate student performances. This study proposes a set of criteria for evaluating the quality of ratings based on the concepts of measurement invariance and accuracy within the context of a large-scale writing assessment. Two measurement models are used to explore indices of quality for raters and ratings: the first model provides evidence for the invariance of ratings, and the second model provides evidence for rater accuracy. Rating quality is examined within four writing domains from an analytic rubric. Further, this study explores the alignment between indices of rating quality based on these invariance and accuracy models within each of the four domains of writing. Major findings suggest that rating quality varies across analytic rubric domains, and that there is some correspondence between indices of rating quality based on the invariance and accuracy models. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
The International Dimensions of Lead Exposure.

AbstractLead poisoning is among the most prevalent and serious preventable diseases of occupational and environmental origin. Many sources contribute to human exposures, and the residues from past uses continue to present risks due to contamination of dusts, soils, and drinking water. In many aspects, lead poisoning is a local-scale problem, and factors in specific environments and workplaces, as well as characteristics of specific populations, determine the nature and extent of disease. However, lead is also a global pollutan: emissions from stationary and mobile sources are transported across boundaries and even oceans; lead-containing produces are traded extensively; and lead-containing wastes such as batteries also move internationally. For these reasons, national regulations are insufficient to prevent this disease. This paper discusses evidence for undertaking international efforts to control lead exposure.
Aldosterone decreases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo in mice and in murine islets

Aims/hypothesis Aldosterone concentrations increase in obesity and predict the onset of diabetes. We investigated the effects of aldosterone on glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion in vivo and in vitro.
The utility of ancient human DNA for improving allele age estimates, with implications for demographic models and tests of natural selection

The age of polymorphic alleles in humans is often estimated from population genetic patterns in extant human populations, such as allele frequencies, linkage disequilibrium, and rate of mutations. Ancient DNA can improve the accuracy of such estimates, as well as facilitate testing the validity of demographic models underlying many population genetic methods. Specifically, the presence of an allele in a genome derived from an ancient sample testifies that the allele is at least as old as that sample. In this study, we consider a common method for estimating allele age based on allele frequency as applied to variants from the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Exome Sequencing Project. We view these estimates in the context of the presence or absence of each allele in the genomes of the 5300 year old Tyrolean Iceman, Otzi, and of the 50,000 year old Altai Neandertal. Our results illuminate the accuracy of these estimates and their sensitivity to demographic events that were not included in the model underlying age estimation. Specifically, allele presence in the Iceman genome provides a good fit of allele age estimates to the expectation based on the age of that specimen. The equivalent based on the Neandertal genome leads to a poorer fit. This is likely due in part to the older age of the Neandertal and the older time of the split between modern humans and Neandertals, but also due to gene flow from Neandertals to modern humans not being considered in the underlying demographic model. Thus, the incorporation of ancient DNA can improve allele age estimation, demographic modeling, and tests of natural selection. Our results also point to the importance of considering a more diverse set of ancient samples for understanding the geographic and temporal range of individual alleles.
Probing the combining site of monoclonal IgA J539 using deoxyfluoro- and other galactosides as ligands

IgA J539 is a monoclonal anti beta-(1----6)-D-galactopyranan. Measurement of its affinity with a number of synthetic galactosyl oligosaccharides of that linkage type, in which one or more hydroxyl groups have been replaced by a fluorine atom, confirm the assignment of the relative binding strength of the subsites in the protein for the individual galactosyl residues of the antigen.
Observations on the effect of tourniquets on acute cardiac crises, normal subjects, and chronic heart failure☆

Abstract 1. 1. The application of tourniquets to the extremities of patients with paroxysmal left ventricular failure usually results in dramatic improvement. 2. 2. This procedure was further investigated by means of an instrument which inflated and deflated cuffs, placed on the arms and thighs, in rotation. The effects on venous and arterial pressure, on cardiac size and contraction, and on cardiac output were observed in normal persons and in patients with heart disease. In both groups, rhythmic inflation of the cuffs caused a fall in venous pressure, diminution of cardiac contraction, and a fall in cardiac output; the arterial pressures were essentially unchanged. In normal persons some enlargement of the heart occurred during rhythmic constriction of the extremities; in patients with hypertensive heart disease the size of the heart usually remained unchanged, but, in two instances, the heart diminished slightly in size. A suggestion as to the cause of these phenomena is offered. 3. 3. It is suggested that this procedure may be useful in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction, as well as in paroxysmal cardiac dyspnea. It appears to be of no benefit in right ventricular failure.
Extraction of DNA from milligram amounts of fresh, herbarium and mummified plant tissues

We have developed a DNA extraction procedure for milligram amounts of plant tissue. Yields ranged from 0.3-200 nanograms of DNA per milligram of tissue. The factors affecting yield are discussed. Fresh tissue, as well as herbarium specimens (22-118 years old) and mummified seeds and embryos (500 to greater than 44 600 years old) were used. All tissues attempted (57 types from 29 species) yielded measurable amounts of DNA. In no case tested was inhibition observed for restriction enzymes BamHI or EcoRI.
Long-term safety of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging performed in the first few days after bare-metal stent implantation.

Purpose To investigate the long-term safety of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) performed one to seven days after coronary artery stent (bare metal) implantation. Materials and Methods We analyzed 119 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) who underwent emergency coronary stent implantation with a bare-metal stent. CMR using a 1.5T scanner was performed on 51 patients (42.9%) at a mean of 2.7 ± 3.1 days after stent implantation (CMR+ group), and the remaining 68 patients (57.1%) served as controls (CMR− group). The patients were followed up to six months for major adverse cardiac events. Results The average stent size was 3.3 ± 0.5 × 18.4 ± 6.7 mm, and 86% of the stents were made of 316L stainless steel. There were no significant differences between the CMR+ and CMR− groups in terms of infarct features, angiographic findings, or stent characteristics. Over a mean follow-up of 4.4 ± 2.1 months, 12 patients (10.1%) had 16 events (13.4%). Two patients had adverse events after early MRI scan (4.3%), a rate that is lower than the event rate in the patients who did not undergo MRI (16%, P = 0.04), and one of the two events was clearly not MRI related. Conclusion CMR on a 1.5T scanner can be safely performed within one to seven days after coronary bare-metal stent implantation and is not associated with an increased risk of adverse clinical cardiac outcomes. In the light of accumulating data, the guidelines by stent manufacturers should be revised. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Chemo-mechanical model of biological membranes for actuation mechanisms

Plants have the ability to develop large mechanical force from chemical energy available with bio-fuels. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis assists the transport of ions and fluids to achieve volumetric expansion and homeostasis. Materials that develop pressure and hence strain similar to bio-materials are classified as nastic materials. Recent calculations for controlled actuation of an active material inspired by biological transport mechanism demonstrated the feasibility of developing such a material with actuation energy densities on the order of 100 kJ/m 3 . Our initial investigation was based on capsules that generate pressure thus causing strain in the surrounding matrix material. Our present work focuses on our efforts to fabricate a representative actuation structure and describes the chemo-mechanical constitutive equation for such a material. The actuator considered in this work is a laminated arrangement of a hydraulic actuator plate with microscopic barrels and a fluid reservoir kept separated by a semi-permeable membrane dispersed with biological transporters. We present here our initial design and a mathematical model to predict the fluid flux and strain developed in such an actuator.
An evaluation of marine research policy within the exclusive economic zone

Since the US did not sign the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, the US marine research policy within our Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) was initiated by the Reagan Proclamation. The Reagan Proclamation does claim a less restrictive regime than the LOS Convention, but the Proclamation does not encourage other coastal States to adopt a similar approach. The US supports freedom of marine scientific research. Yet the US exerts jurisdiction over research on the shelf because of the Truman Proclamation. To improve the United States demonstrative position, the US must pass EEZ and shelf legislation in marine scientific research.
Constraints on the resurfacing history of Venus from the hypsometry and distribution of volcanism, tectonism, and impact craters

Improved measurements of the target elevations of 885 impact craters on Venus indicate that they are nearly random with respect to elevation. Although a slight deficit of craters at high elevations and an excess at low elevations is observed, the differences are marginally significant. Using a high-resolution digital map and database of all major volcanic, tectonic and impact features, we examine the distribution of impacts within volcanic and tectonic features, and the distribution of volcanism and tectonism with elevation. We show that the observed crater hypsometry results from resurfacing at higher elevations by volcanic and tectonic features superimposed on less active plains. The distribution of impacts in the map units has two distinct patterns: (1) the plains and shield fields (70%) have high crater densities and low proportions of tectonized or embayed craters; and (2) the remaining volcanic and tectonic features (30%) have low crater densities and high proportions of modified craters. The plains and shield fields appear to represent a much lower level of resurfacing activity. Simple area-balance calculations indicate that resurfacing at higher elevations by tectonic and volcanic features plausibly explains the observed crater hypsometry. However, the subtlety of the effects suggests that either (1) little resurfacing has occurred during the period of crater accumulation, or (2) resurfacing acts almost equally at all elevations. The apparent low activity of the plains and their abundance at lower elevations makes it unlikely that resurfacing is balanced with respect to elevation. It appears that the plains have been mostly quiescent since their emplacement, and that subsequent resurfacing occurs mostly in the highlands as a result of volcanism, corona formation, and rifting. We estimate that since the end of plains emplacement about 14% of Venus has been resurfaced by volcanism and about 6% by tectonic deformation.
Refractive surgery for children: excimer laser, phakic intraocular lens, and clear lens extraction.

Purpose of review The article summarizes current recommendations for refractive surgery and outcomes in ametropic children who are spectacle noncompliant and unsuitable for contact lens wear. Recent findings The majority of those treated have anisometropic amblyopia. The most common method employed is advanced surface ablation using the excimer laser, such as photorefractive keratectomy or laser-assisted subepithelial keratomileusis. Surface ablation is safe in children; the drawback is the high rate of refractive regression, which is most pronounced in children with myopia beyond 10.0 D and hyperopia beyond 4.5 D. Those with more extreme ametropia--beyond the effective range for surface ablation--need phakic intraocular lens implantation or clear lens extraction, with or without implantation of a posterior chamber intraocular lens (refractive lens exchange). Children with neurobehavioral disorders and high bilateral ametropia may be functionally blind without the surgery. The prevalence of complications with each of these techniques--over follow-up generally less than 5 years--has been low. Longer follow-up will be more revealing. Summary The majority of children with ametropia--unilateral or bilateral--do well with glasses or contact lenses, but a minority do not. Pediatric refractive surgery meets an important need for this minority.
Partial purification and characterization of two forms of malonyl-coenzyme A: Acyl carrier protein transacylase from soybean leaf tissue

Investigation of malonyl-CoA:acyl carrier protein transacylase from soybeans has shown that this fatty acid biosynthetic enzyme occurs in at least two isozymic forms. Both forms exist as soluble, low-molecular-mass polypeptides (approx 43 kDa) which catalyze one of the first committed steps in the synthesis of C16 and C18 fatty acids. We have partially purified the two forms of this enzyme from soybean leaf tissue 1200- and 3900-fold respectively. Isozyme 1 does not adhere to ion-exchange or blue dye affinity chromatographic supports and elutes from a polybuffer exchanger column at a pH of 7.3. Isozyme 2 requires salt to be eluted from ion-exchange and affinity matrices and elutes from a polybuffer exchanger column at a pH of 5.3. The two forms of malonyl-CoA:acyl carrier protein transacylase also differ in their sensitivity to catalytic inhibitors, heat treatment, and inhibition by acyl-CoA ester substrates. Both forms utilize malonyl-CoA as the preferred substrate, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of reaction products indicated that malonyl-acyl carrier protein was the major product formed. Analysis of developing soybean seeds indicates that only one form (isozyme 1) is predominant, whereas leaf tissue possesses both isozymes.
Mood patterns and classification in bipolar disorder.

Purpose of reviewThe aim of this review is to highlight recent studies that have questioned the current split of mood disorders into the categories of bipolar and depressive disorders.Recent findingsA continuity between bipolar disorders (mainly bipolar II disorder) and major depressive disorder was
Adult male report of childhood sexual abuse by mothers: Case descriptions, motivations and long-term consequences

Sexual abuse of male children by their mothers is rarely reported. However, it may not be as rare as commonly believed. Eight case histories are presented which exemplify mothers' sexual abuse of their sons to satisfy the mothers' own needs. In no case was the mother psychotic. In seven cases the mother began the seduction and sexual abuse while the son was prepubescent and continued until at least early adolescence. As adults, each of these sons experienced difficulty maintaining an intimate emotional and sexual relationship with one person, and most presented with some degree of depression. Substance abuse was present in five of eight cases.
Elasticities of substitution and export demands in a world trade model

Abstract Alternative complete models of world trade, based on the trade shares matrix approach, are specified and estimated for twenty-seven countries and regions. This model attempts to explain the composition of imports on the bases of relative prices and time trend, given the total quantity of imports of each country. Elasticities of substitution amongst imports of different countries of origin in each import market are obtained and used in the derivation of aggregate export demand functions for the individual countries. There is also a comparison of the predictive performance of the alternative models.
MicroRNA-221 modulates RSV replication in human bronchial epithelium by targeting NGF expression.

Background Early-life infection by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is associated with aberrant expression of the prototypical neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF) and its cognate receptors in human bronchial epithelium. However, the chain of events leading to this outcome, and its functional implications for the progression of the viral infection, has not been elucidated. This study sought to test the hypothesis that RSV infection modulates neurotrophic pathways in human airways by silencing the expression of specific microRNAs (miRNAs), and that this effect favors viral growth by interfering with programmed death of infected cells. Methodology Human bronchial epithelial cells infected with green fluorescent protein-expressing RSV (rgRSV) were screened with multiplex qPCR arrays, and miRNAs significantly affected by the virus were analyzed for homology with mRNAs encoding neurotrophic factors or receptors. Mimic sequences of selected miRNAs were transfected into non-infected bronchial cells to confirm the role of each of them in regulating neurotrophins expression at the gene and protein level, and to study their influence on cell cycle and viral replication. Principal Findings RSV caused downregulation of 24 miRNAs and upregulation of 2 (p<0.01). Homology analysis of microarray data revealed that 6 of those miRNAs exhibited a high degree of complementarity to NGF and/or one of its cognate receptors TrKA and p75NTR. Among the selected miRNAs, miR-221 was significantly downregulated by RSV and its transfection in bronchial epithelial cells maximally inhibited gene and protein expression of NGF and TrKA, increased apoptotic cell death, and reduced viral replication and infectivity. Conclusions/Significance Our data suggest that RSV upregulates the NGF-TrKA axis in human airways by silencing miR-221 expression, and this favors viral replication by interfering with the apoptotic death of infected cells. Consequently, the targeted delivery of exogenous miRNAs to the airways may provide a new strategy for future antiviral therapies based on RNA interference.
Characterizing of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMC) for Sensitive Curvature Measurement

Application of Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMCs) for curvature sensing and measurement of dynamic structures has been presented. IPMC’s are electro active polymers that exhibit the characteristics of both actuators and sensors. The flexibility of IPMC makes it possible to be applied both in small and large deflection applications. Developing a curvature sensor based on IPMC can be of high importance in a wide variety of fields including shape monitoring of deployable structures in which the curvature of structure varies during deployment process until it maintains a target curvature. In this article, in order to characterize the IPMC sensor properties for curvature sensing, various experimental procedures have been conducted including sensing response of IPMC sensor to sinusoidal and step deflections at different frequencies. The effect of voltage recovery of IPMC on sensing signal was studied by applying the deformation in the form of ramp functions at very slow rates of curvature variation. Experiments show that due to the linear response of IPMC sensor to curvature change at different rates, it could be potentially used as a sensitive curvature sensor for several structural applications.© 2010 ASME
Predicting fine sediment dynamics along a pool-riffle mountain channel

Abstract Fine sediment dynamics in mountain rivers are of concern because of implications for aquatic habitat, channel stability, and downstream sediment yields. Many mountain river systems have episodic fine sediment transport because of infrequent, point-source sediment inputs from landslides; basin instability triggered by land uses such as logging; or infrequent mobilization of the coarse surface layer in channels. Dam removal, which is now more likely along mountain rivers, may also provide a substantial fine sediment input to downstream channel reaches. Fine sediment storage in the interstices of spawning gravels and within pools along mountain rivers is of particular interest because of impacts to aquatic organisms. In this study we focus on sediment dynamics within pools of the North Fork Poudre River in Colorado as an example of the processes controlling fine sediment deposition, storage, and transport within laterally constricted pools. The 1996 release of ∼7000 m3 of silt-to gravel-sized sediment from a reservoir on the North Fork provided an opportunity to develop a field data set of fine sediment dynamics and to test the predictions of three different one- or two-dimensional sediment transport and hydraulic models against the field observations. The models were calibrated against quantitative measurements of pool scour and fill. One-dimensional HEC-6 results indicate that robust simulations yield the greatest agreement between predicted and measured pool bed elevation change. Model calibration on two pools and validation on one pool indicate that at least 58% of observed bed changes after the sediment release were predicted by HEC-6. Modeling accuracy using quasi-two-dimensional GSTARS 2.0 was considerably more variable, and no pool-wide trends were obtained. The two-dimensional model RMA2 substantially improved the representation of eddy pool hydraulics within a compound pool of the North Fork. Results from the hydraulic modeling, coupled with bed load and total load computations, delineate areas of scour and deposition which are consistent with observations in the field. A conceptual model of sediment delivery and storage for laterally confined pools suggests that persistent deposition of fine sediment within eddies distal from the sediment source may result from sediment releases. The original loss of channel capacity facilitated additional deposition within eddies as sediment within upstream proximal pools became mobilized. At high discharges, the development of a strong shear zone prevents degradation of sediment deposits within the eddy. Central portions of these proximal pools may clear according to existing models, whereas deposition within recirculating zones may be long-term. Water managers could use these models to estimate minimum pool volume for overwinter habitat and residence time of pool sediment.
On Wave Kinematics Approximate Methods

Three common approximate methods known as Wheeler stretching, linear and vertical extrapolation are investigated to evaluate their application for predicting wave kinematics. The measured horizontal velocity of regular and dual component waves, which conceptually represent a very narrow and broad bandwidth wave train respectively, is found to be satisfactorily consistent with numerical results based on the finite-amplitude wave theory. Both numerical results and measurements are compared with the predictions of the three methods, and this comparison indicates that the prediction accuracy of each approximate method depends upon the bandwidth of the wave spectrum. Wheeler stretching better predicts wave kinematics for a broad bandwidth spectrum and linear extrapolation is the better predictor for a narrow bandwidth spectrum.
Individuality or Conformity? The Effect of Independent and Interdependent Self‐Concepts on Public Judgments

When both independent and interdependent self-concepts are available, priming either self-concept will increase the accessibility in memory of the motivations and cognitions associated with it. Thus, priming the interdependent self may activate motivation to maintain harmony and conform to others’ opinions, whereas priming the independent self is likely to activate motivation to be independent and to withstand social pressure. Two experiments investigated implications of these possibilities for judgments of risk when participants anticipated (or not) explaining their judgments to others. Participants relied on others’ beliefs only when their interdependent self was primed and they expected they might have to explain their judgments to others. When their independent self was primed, expectations to communicate theirjudgments had no effect. Culture-based differences in individualism vs. collectivism had no impact on these effects.
Energy-level alignment of aryl thiols chemisorbed on metal surfaces: implications for charge transport

Photoemission spectra of self-assembled monolayers of para-phenylene-ethynylene thiols chemisorbed on gold have been measured. Three compounds were studied: 4,4'-bis(phenylethynyl)benzenethiol, 4-(phenylethynyl)benzenethiol, and benzenethiol. The monolayer spectra were interpreted with the aid of gas-phase photoemission spectra of 4,4'- bis(phenylethynyl)benzenethiol and benzenethiol. The work function of the monolayer-covered surface and alignment of the highest occupied π-state of the monolayer relative to the Fermi level of the substrate were determined from the monolayer spectra. The work function of the monolayer-covered surface decreased relative to that of the bare substrate by about an electronvolt. The shift is attributed to changes in the charge distribution at the interface associated with chemisorption. No statistically significant trend in the work function shift was observed with respect to oligomer length. This observation points to a near-constant interface dipole and the role of the gold-sulfur bond in determining energy-level alignment.
A couple-stress theory for gridwork-reinforced media

A two-dimensional continuum model with couple stress for a gridwork-reinforced composite is developed. The derivation is based on the calculation of equivalent potential and kinetic energies stored in the representative medium. Hamilton's principle is used to derive the equations of motion and the boundary conditions. Deformation variables are defined and the constitutive relations are subsequently derived. The in-plane transverse vibration problem is investigated as an evaluation example for which both the continuum approach and the discrete element method are employed to compute the frequencies. Numerical results show that solutions according to both methods agree reasonably well.
Parametric Constructionist Kits: Physical Design and Delivery System for Rapid Prototyping Devices

In this paper we illustrate a design methodology based on constructionist learning principles with CAD modeling and rapid prototyping. The belief is that a constructionist approach to design development extends design possibilities beyond the visual aspects of rendering and animation to building construction by way of component-based parametric modeling. This is demonstrated by way of construction kits as a proposed system of physical design production, individually and in groups. Results of the system are data sets for model manufacturing, hand assembly and design feedback. The impact of this work is to teach physical modeling as a system of production that will allow a designer hands-on learning of building structure, material mechanics and building component behavior. Also design success is newly defined as a relationship between the visual and physical evaluation; not just the visual. The paper ends with examples of complex design models generated from elements in the construction kit and a physical d...
Money for the Gods

In Taiwan's temples, village courtyards, and old city lanes, women prepare for the flames the coarse, printed papers that serve as money for the gods. Folded into stacks with the deftness much practice brings, they burn quickly, transformed into mystical currency for the invisible other world. It is such a common sight that one soon overlooks the paradoxical symbolism of the cash-conscious, frugal Taiwanese burning money; the people who burn the most money do not have money to burn. In their lives, the intersection of this world and another is marked by the transfer of funds, linking the heavenly and earthly economies into a single system. What homologies exist between these economies that allow us to discern the structure of each? How does this financial ritual reveal the nature of the capitalist hegemony in its practitioners' lives? For answers, we must look first at the social and historical setting of these acts, and at the place of money in, and the commoditization of, recent Chinese culture. My field researches, and my conclusions here, focus on the class culture of Taiwan's numerous petty capitalists, who by now include virtually all its highly market-oriented rural population,
Balancing Theory and Practice in Nursing Education: Case Study of a Historic Struggle

Abstract A struggle is ongoing in nursing education to achieve the ideal balance between time spent in theory, or classroom instruction, and time spent in practice, that is, caring for clients. The aim of the research described in this article was to better understand the roots of this struggle.
Characterization of MSB Synapses in Dissociated Hippocampal Culture with Simultaneous Pre- and Postsynaptic Live Microscopy

Multisynaptic boutons (MSBs) are presynaptic boutons in contact with multiple postsynaptic partners. Although MSB synapses have been studied with static imaging techniques such as electron microscopy (EM), the dynamics of individual MSB synapses have not been directly evaluated. It is known that the number of MSB synapses increases with synaptogenesis and plasticity but the formation, behavior, and fate of individual MSB synapses remains largely unknown. To address this, we developed a means of live imaging MSB synapses to observe them directly over time. With time lapse confocal microscopy of GFP-filled dendrites in contact with VAMP2-DsRed-labeled boutons, we recorded both MSBs and their contacting spines hourly over 15 or more hours. Our live microscopy showed that, compared to spines contacting single synaptic boutons (SSBs), MSB-contacting spines exhibit elevated dynamic behavior. These results are consistent with the idea that MSBs serve as intermediates in synaptic development and plasticity.
Coherent sequences and threads

Abstract The combinatorial principle □ ( λ ) says that there is a coherent sequence of length λ that cannot be threaded. If λ = κ + , then the related principle □ κ implies □ ( λ ) . Let κ ⩾ ℵ 2 and X ⊆ κ . Assume both □ ( κ ) and □ κ fail. Then there is an inner model N with a proper class of strong cardinals such that X ∈ N . If, in addition, κ ⩾ 2 ℵ 0 and n ω , then there is an inner model M n ( X ) with n Woodin cardinals such that X ∈ M n ( X ) . In particular, by Martin and Steel, Projective Determinacy holds. As a corollary to this and results of Todorcevic and Velickovic, the Proper Forcing Axiom for posets of cardinality ( 2 ℵ 0 ) + implies Projective Determinacy.
The use of a laser-level paralleling device for the fabrication of a unilateral auricular prosthesis

This article describes the use of a laser-level paralleling device for the fabrication of a unilateral auricular prosthesis. Traditional methods require use of calipers to obtain orientation of contralateral auricular anatomy, which in turn can be difficult to replicate on the patient. The purpose of this clinical report is to describe a simple means to record unilateral auricular anatomy.
Kant and Wittgenstein: Common Sense, Therapy, and the Critical Philosophy

Kant’s reputation for making absolutist claims about universal and necessary conditions for the possibility of experience are put here in the broader context of his goals for the Critical philosophy. It is shown that within that context, Kant’s claims can be seen as considerably more innocuous than they are traditionally regarded, underscoring his deep respect for “common sense” and sharing surprisingly similar goals with Wittgenstein in terms of what philosophy can, and at least as importantly cannot, provide.
Self-Confidence among Younger and Older Women Performing Financial Analysis:

Measures of reported self-confidence in performing financial analysis by 57 professional female analysts, 29 born between 1946 and 1964 and 28 born between 1965 and 1976, were investigated and repo...
Equivalence of influenza A virus RNA recovery from nasal swabs when lysing the swab and storage medium versus storage medium alone

Surveillance of healthy individuals at high risk for zoonotic influenza A transmission is important for tracking trends in influenza A epidemiology. Practical measurement methods that maximize viral recovery and produce low variability are essential when low viral loads are expected. For this study, lysing both a nasal swab and its storage medium was compared to lysing the storage medium alone to determine which method results in greater influenza A virus recovery. Independent results from two laboratories suggest that including the swab in the lysis step does not lead to higher influenza A virus recovery, and that recovery is less variable when only the swab storage medium is extracted. These results indicate that simply lysing the swab storage medium is an effective extraction method for nasal swabs collected during studies of influenza A virus exposure among healthy populations.
On Using an Analog Computer to Study Hydrodynamic Stability

The use of analog computers to study hydrodynamic stability is complicated by the fact that the governing differential equation has two rapidly varying solutions (one growing and one decaying), and two which are well behaved. Thus, errors in setting initial conditions and noise in an analog computer excite the rapidly growing solution, making the computer behave in an unstable way. This unstable behavior has its origin in the role played by fluid viscosity. Approximate techniques are discussed whereby these instabilites can be circumvented. The techniques are applied to the case of the Blasius boundary layer on a flat plate, and the results are compared with results available in the literature, obtained with a digital computer. The analog-and digital-computer results are in good agreement.
Ligand-sensitive interactions among the transmembrane helices of Na+/K+-ATPase.

Abstract An extensively trypsin-digested Na+/K+-ATPase, which retains the ability to bind Na+, K+, and ouabain, consists of four fragments of the α-subunit that contain all 10 transmembrane α domains, and the β-subunit, a fraction of which is cleaved at Arg142-Gly143. In previous studies, we solubilized this preparation with a detergent and mapped the relative positions of several transmembrane helices of the subunits by chemical cross-linking. To determine if these detected helix-helix proximities were representative of those existing in the bilayer prior to solubilization, we have now done similar studies on the membrane-bound preparation of the same digested enzyme. After oxidative sulfhydryl cross-linking catalyzed by Cu2+-phenanthroline, two prominent products were identified by their mobilities and the analyses of their N termini. One was a dimer of a 11-kDa α-fragment containing the H1-H2 helices and a 22-kDa α-fragment containing the H7-H10 helices. This dimer seemed to be the same as that obtained in the solubilized preparation. The other product was a trimer of the above two α-fragments and that fraction of β whose extracellular domain was cleaved at Arg142-Gly143. This product was different from a similar one of the solubilized preparation in that the latter contained the predominant fraction of β without the extracellular cleavage. The cross-linking reactions of the membrane preparation, but not those of the solubilized one, were hindered specifically by Na+, K+, and ouabain. These findings indicate that (a) the H1-H2 transmembrane helices of α are adjacent to some of its H7-H10 helices both in solubilized and membrane-bound states, (b) the alignment of the residues of the single transmembrane helix of β with the interacting H1-H2 and H7-H10 helices of α is altered by detergent solubilization and by structural changes in the extracellular domain of β, and (c) the three-dimensional packing of the interacting transmembrane helices of α and β are regulated by the specific ligands of the enzyme.
Adenine nucleotide translocator in heart.

The adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) spans the inner mitochondrial membrane and facilitates exchange of cytosolic ADP for ATP within the mitochondrial matrix. ANT represents the most prominent single protein component of the inner mitochondrial membrane (1). However, its role in cardiac disease processes and physiology has only recently been a major focus of attention. ANT participates in the regulation of myocardial respiration, in the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy, and in the mechanisms of programmed cell death. These salient features provide the basis for this review.