cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Re-Estimating Temperature-Dependent Consumption Parameters in Bioenergetics Models for Juvenile Chinook Salmon

AbstractResearchers have cautioned against the borrowing of consumption and growth parameters from other species and life stages in bioenergetics growth models. In particular, the function that dictates temperature dependence in maximum consumption (Cmax) within the Wisconsin bioenergetics model for Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha produces estimates that are lower than those measured in published laboratory feeding trials. We used published and unpublished data from laboratory feeding trials with subyearling Chinook Salmon from three stocks (Snake, Nechako, and Big Qualicum rivers) to estimate and adjust the model parameters for temperature dependence in Cmax. The data included growth measures in fish ranging from 1.5 to 7.2 g that were held at temperatures from 14°C to 26°C. Parameters for temperature dependence in Cmax were estimated based on relative differences in food consumption, and bootstrapping techniques were then used to estimate the error about the parameters. We found that at temperat...
Sensitivity to topoisomerase I inhibitors and cisplatin is associated with epidermal growth factor receptor expression in human cervical squamous carcinoma ME180 sublines.

The relationship between expression and function of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family of receptors and chemosensitivity remains controversial. We studied the chemosensitivity to various anticancer agents of human cervical squamous carcinoma ME180 cells, and two resistant subclones, ME180/TNF and ME180/Pt, which also differ in their EGF receptor (EGFR) expression. Compared with ME180 cells, EGFR is overexpressed sixfold in ME180/TNF cells and is barely detectable in ME180/Pt cells. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry and BrdU incorporation into DNA showed a correlation between EGFR expression and percentage of cells in S phase and active DNA replication (35% in high EGFR-expressing ME180/TNF cells, 19% in non-EGFR-expressing ME180/Pt cells and 23% in parental, intermediate-level EGFR-expressing ME180 cells). By MTT assay and compared with parental, intermediate-level EGFR-expressing ME180 cells, high EGFR-expressing ME180/TNF cells had a three- to fourfold increased sensitivity to cisplatin, camptothecin (CPT), and topotecan, and low EGFR-expressing ME180/Pt cells had a five- to ninefold reduced sensitivity to the same agents. In contrast, the degree of cross-resistance with the topoisomerase II inhibitors doxorubicin and etoposide was minimal and the pattern of sensitivity to the anti-microtubulin agents vinblastine and paclitaxel was different, with a two- to fourfold decreased sensitivity in the high EGFR-expressing ME180/TNF cells and only a 1.5-fold decreased sensitivity in the low EGFR-expressing ME180/Pt cells. Neither alterations in intracellular CPT levels nor changes in topoisomerase I expression or activity, measured as ability to form DNA-protein complexes, were found to explain the differences in sensitivity to CPT among the three cell lines. Co-treatment with CP358774, a specific EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, reduced the enhanced sensitivity of high EGFR-expressing ME180/TNF cells to the values observed in intermediate EGFR-expressing ME180 cells, but only reduced modestly the sensitivity of intermediate expressing ME180 cells. As a result, the resistance index of low EGFR-expressing ME180/Pt cells compared with intermediate EGFR-expressing ME180 cells was reduced only from five- to fourfold for cisplatin and from seven- to fourfold for CPT when ME180 cells were exposed to CP358774. CP358774 did not affect the sensitivity to either agent in low EGFR-expressing ME180/Pt cells. These results provide evidence that changes in EGFR expression or function may play a role in determining chemosensitivity to platinum and topoisomerase I poisons in some human tumor systems, and that the EGFR-related changes in chemosensitivity may vary depending on the level of EGFR expression and/or function.
Relationship of childhood sexual abuse and eating disorders

ABSTRACT Objective To review the literature that has examined the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and the eating disorders. Method Each of the five authors reviewed all identified empirical studies to be certain that inclusion/exclusion criteria were met. Two teams of raters then independently reviewed each study to determine whether it supported any of a series of six hypotheses that had been tested in this literature. Results This review indicates that childhood sexual abuse is a nonspecific risk factor for bulimia nervosa, particularly when there is psychiatric comorbidity. There is some indication that childhood sexual abuse is more strongly associated with bulimic disorders than restricting anorexia, but it does not appear to be associated with severity of the disturbance. Conclusions Childhood sexual abuse is a risk factor for bulimia nervosa with significant comorbidity. Further study of the nature of this relationship is warranted. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1997, 36(8):1107–1115.
Toward a construct of perimenstrual distress.

Recent research findings contradict the notion that premenstrual and menstrual symptoms constitute two mutually exclusive categories of perimenstrual distress. The purposes of this study were to describe the prevalence of distress associated with menstruation in a community population and to determine whether perimenstrual distress could be regarded as a single construct. Nonpregnant women (N = 193) between 18 and 35 were selected from five neighborhoods in a southeastern city in a way that allowed for variability in race and income. The women were interviewed in their homes and 179 were asked to complete the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ). At least 30% of the women reported weight gain, skin disorders, backache, painful or tender breasts, irritability, depression, headache, cramps, fatigue, swelling, mood swings or tension in the perimenstruum. Cycle phase differences were not found for 31 MDQ symptoms, but were found for: weight gain, crying, lowered school or work performance, taking naps, headache, skin disorders, cramps, anxiety, backache, fatigue, painful or tender breasts, swelling, irritability, mood swings, depression, and tension. Although there were significant differences between the premenstrual and menstrual phases for certain symptoms, the magnitudes of the mean differences were small (less than .3) except for cramps, weight gain, and fatigue. Furthermore, premenstrual and menstrual reports of the same symptoms were highly correlated. Thus, it appears reasonable to study perimenstrual distress as a single construct.
Gap Unification Theory: A Note on the Treatment of Partitions via Their Gaps☆

Abstract Recently, several authors have been treating partitions by considering the gaps between their consecutive parts. Many of the existing results involving “partitions with parts in the gaps” bear a striking resemblance to certain weighted partition identities that also arise from the gaps of partitions. In this paper, we show that this is not merely a coincidence, and we demonstrate that many of these weighted partition identities are equivalent to identities involving partitions with parts in the gaps. We intend that this brief note will more or less act as a Rosetta Stone for some of the literature on the gap-theoretic study of partitions.
Chaetopterus Photoprotein: Crystallization and Cofactor Requirements for Bioluminescence

The Chaetopterus photoprotein has been isolated in an amorphous form (molecular weight, 120,000) whlich in (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 sollutionl converts to a crystalline form (molecular weight, 184,000) having the same specific light-emittinig activity; quantum yields are 0.0093 and 0.0143, respectively. Two new cofactor reqluirements have been separated fronm impure extracts: a macromnolecule resembling a nucleoprotein, and a lipid-like substance.
The effects of catecholamines on the distribution of14C‐cholesterol in dogs

Fifteen adult male pure bred Beagle dogs were given 4-14C-cholesterol and a subsequent 18 day period was permitted to elapse for equilibration of the14C-cholesterol between blood and tissue compartments. Peanut oil, epinephrine in oil or norepinephrine in oil was administered by daily subcutaneous injections over a period of 63 to 81 days. Epinephrine but not norepinephrine resulted in sustained increases in plasma cholesterol concentrations. The half-life of14C-cholesterol in plasma was 19 days in control dogs, 18 days in catecholamine treated dogs. The slope of the decline in the specific radioactivity of plasma cholesterol did not change during epinephrine administration, suggesting an influx into plasma of endogenous cholesterol. Specific radioactivity of thoracic aorta cholesterol was fourfold greater than that of plasma cholesterol in control dogs at the end of the experiment and 1.3-fold greater than the specific radioactivity of cholesterol in the lower aortic segments. Treatment with epinephrine decreased the specific radioactivity cholesterol in all segments of the aorta and resulted in cholesterol specific radioactivity from thoracic aorta which was less than that of cholesterol from the lower aortic segments. Norepinephrine treatment resulted in decreases in the specific radioactivity of cholesterol from the thoracic and abdominal aortic segments but the changes were smaller than those observed in epinephrine treated dogs.
The role of total exposure in air pollution control strategies

Abstract This paper discusses the need for total exposure considerations to be incorporated into existing air quality programs in order to ensure the most effective protection of public health. New information, i.e., high indoor concentrations of some air pollutants and longer exposure times indoors, has demonstrated the importance of taking into account all important microenvironments when assessing risk and determining the best control strategies. “Best” control strategies are developed for several pollutants through application of three criteria: reduction of public health risk; relative effectiveness of the control strategies; and social and political feasibility. Examples presented illustrate the need for, and the feasibility of, integration of indoor and outdoor air quality strategies.
Comparative Phylogeography of North American Atlantic Salt Marsh Communities

Identifying differential population structure within metacommunities is key toward describing the mechanisms that maintain biodiversity in natural systems. At both local and regional scales on the North American Atlantic coast, we assessed phylogeographic and genetic diversity patterns of six common salt marsh invertebrates using equivalent sampling schemes and sequence data from the same mitochondrial locus. In general, our results suggest little genetic structure across four previously sampled biogeographic regions and a slight increase in genetic diversity from northern to southern areas; however, two of the species (Geukensia demissa and Uca pugilator) exhibited significant differentiation between the northernmost populations and other regions, consistent with a number of previous studies. Although the minimal genetic structure recovered in this community is consistent with expectations based on the larval life history of the species examined, confirmation of this result suggests that latitudinal shifts in ecological interactions in salt marsh systems are environmentally driven, rather than due to heritable adaptation.
Prospective multivariate analysis of factors predictive of complete regression of Barrett’s esophagus

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Demographic, endoscopic, and histological features of Barrett’s esophagus at initial diagnosis were examined for their ability to predict complete endoscopic and histological regression of Barrett’s during long-term follow-up. METHODS: Barrett’s patients who have been followed up for a minimum of 2 yr and who have had at least two follow-up surveillance examinations were included in the analysis. Complete regression of Barrett’s was defined as total disappearance of all tongues and patches of Barrett’s epithelium at endoscopy (confirmed with Lugol’s iodine) in conjunction with only squamous epithelium on biopsy. χ2 and stepwise logistic regression analyses were performed on the following clinical, endoscopic, and histological variables with regards to their ability to predict complete Barrett’s regression: patient age in years ( 2 RESULTS: Ninety-nine patients, all men with a mean age ± SD in years of 61.6 ±13.1 have been followed prospectively for 24–106 months (mean ± SD, 48.0 ± 19.8). Seven patients have had complete regression of Barrett’s. Univariate analysis showed that complete regression of Barrett’s was associated only with absence of a hiatal hernia (p = 0.012). Stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that complete regression was significantly and independently associated again only with absence of a hiatal hernia (p = 0.025). Stepwise logistic regression analysis utilizing only hiatal hernia (yes vs no) and length of Barrett’s ( CONCLUSIONS: The absence of a hiatal hernia was noted to be the most important factor associated with Barrett’s regression. Complete regression of Barrett’s esophagus occurs in a minority of patients, primarily in those with no hiatal hernia and shorter lengths of Barrett’s epithelium.
Acid-Base Properties of the Ground and Excited States of Ruthenium(II) Bis(2,2'-bipyridine) 3-Carboxyl-2,2'-bipyridine.

Acid−base properties for ruthenium(II) bis(2,2‘-bipyridine) 3-carboxyl-2,2‘-bipyridine reveal a ground state pKa of 0.82 ± 0.07 and an excited state pKa* of 2.31 ± 0.05, a 1.5 pH unit increase from the ground state. The excited state pKa* is temperature independent while the ground state pKa0 increases with temperature and has ΔH0 and ΔS0 values of −990 ± 149 cm-1 and −4.57 ± 0.48 cm-1 K-1, respectively. The acidic form of the complex emits at lower energy than the basic form at both 296 and 77 K. The emission energy maxima are solvent dependent and decrease in energy when the solvent changes from 4:1 (v/v) 2-MeTHF−CH2Cl2 to water and when the pH decreases. Changes in excited state lifetimes with emission energy follow the energy gap law with an intercept of 49 ± 1 and a slope of (2.11 ± 0.09) × 10-3. Emission quantum yields for protonated and deprotonated species in 4:1 (v/v) 2-MeTHF−CH2Cl2 are 0.023 ± 0.001 and 0.110 ± 0.002, respectively. The temperature dependence of the emission lifetimes gives energ...
Identification and characterization of a cDNA encoding the acetylcholinesterase of Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae)

A 2217-nucleotide cDNA presumptively encoding acetylcholmesterase (AChE) of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.) was sequenced. The open reading frame (ORF) encoded a 91 amino acid secretion signal peptide and a 613 amino acid mature protein with 95% identity and 98% similarity to the AChE of Musca domestica (L.). Structural features characteristic of the M. domestica and Drosophila melanogaster AChEs are conserved in the H. irritans AChE. The M. domestica and D. melanogaster AChEs are target sites for organophosphate inhibition as previously shown (Walsh et al. 2001. Biochem. J. 359: 175–181, Kozaki et al. 2002. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 37: 213–218), suggesting that this H. irritans AChE2 may be the target site for organophosphate.
Vocal cord dysfunction related to water-damaged buildings.

Background Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) is the intermittent paradoxical adduction of the vocal cords during respiration, resulting in variable upper airway obstruction. Exposure to damp indoor environments is associated with adverse respiratory health outcomes, including asthma, but its role in the development of VCD is not well described. Objective We describe the spectrum of respiratory illness in occupants of 2 water-damaged office buildings. Methods The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health conducted a health hazard evaluation that included interviews with managers, a maintenance officer, a remediation specialist who had evaluated the 2 buildings, employees, and consulting physicians. In addition, medical records and reports of building evaluations were reviewed. Diagnostic evaluations for VCD had been conducted at the Asthma and Allergy Center of the Medical College of Wisconsin. Results Two cases of VCD were temporally related to occupancy of water-damaged buildings. The patients experienced cough, chest tightness, dyspnea, wheezing, and hoarseness when in the buildings. Spirometry was normal. Methacholine challenge did not show bronchial hyperreactivity but did elicit symptoms of VCD and inspiratory flow-volume loop truncation. Direct laryngoscopy revealed vocal cord adduction during inspiration. Coworkers developed upper and lower respiratory symptoms; their diagnoses included sinusitis and asthma, consistent with recognized effects of exposure to indoor dampness. Building evaluations provided evidence of water damage and mold growth. Conclusion VCD can occur with exposure to water-damaged buildings and should be considered in exposed patients with asthma-like symptoms.
Aging, Estrogens, and Episodic Memory in Women

Sex steroids are hormones produced primarily by the reproductive glands, either the ovaries or testes. In his eighth decade of life, the peripatetic neurologist and physiologist Charles-Edouard Brown-Sequard (1817-1894) reported self-observations of salubrious cognitive effects from injections with testicular extracts prepared from laboratory animals.1 During the 1920s, “monkey gland” testicular grafts were performed with surprising frequency in an attempt to rejuvenate aging men.2 Sex steroid therapy for women, however, achieved popularity only later, spurred in part by the 1966 publication of Robert Wilson's Feminine Forever, in which he promoted estrogenic hormone therapy for the “elimination of the menopause, woman's physical, mental, and final emancipation” (p. 5).3 Estrogen prescriptions increased throughout the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, declining only after principle findings from the Women's Health Initiative trials of hormone therapy were first reported in 2002.4,5 Although Wilson mentions “loss of memory” (p. 42) as a menopausal symptom, it is only in recent years that memory function in relation to menopause and to estrogen-containing hormone therapy begun to be carefully examined.
Cloning, characterization, and expression of the rat relaxin gene

Relaxin, a hormone in the insulin superfamily, is synthesized by the corpus luteum of the rat ovary. Expression of relaxin precursor mRNA in rats is sharply induced after day 10 of pregnancy and plateaus on days 15 to 20 (parturition occurs on day 23). In an effort to understand this induction, we cloned the gene and carried out promoter analyses by transient transfection and chromatin immunoprecipitation methods. The single gene is 2.9 kilobases and is composed of two exons and one intron. There are alternative splice acceptor sites, 3 base pairs apart, which account for the inclusion of an extra codon in about 10% of the transcripts. The induction of transcription by day 15 was observed by the binding of polymerase II and histone H3 acetylation at the promoter region. There is a functional STAT binding site, about 3.8 kb upstream from the transcriptional start site, that is occupied by STAT3 on day 6 of pregnancy, when relaxin expression is minimal; on day 15, when expression is maximal, STAT3 is replaced by STAT5a. These data are consistent with STAT5 playing a role in the induction of relaxin expression.
A prospective comparison of three argatroban treatment regimens during hemodialysis in end-stage renal disease.

A prospective comparison of three argatroban treatment regimens during hemodialysis in end-stage renal disease . Background We prospectively evaluated 3 treatment regimens of argatroban, a direct thrombin inhibitor, for providing adequate, safe anticoagulation in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) during hemodialysis. Methods In this randomized, 3-way crossover study, ESRD patients underwent hemodialysis sessions of 3- or 4-hour duration using high-flux membranes and each of 3 argatroban treatment regimens (A: 250-μg/kg bolus, with an additional 250-μg/kg bolus allowed; B: 250-μg/kg bolus followed by 2-μg/kg/min infusion; C: steady-state, 2-μg/kg/min infusion initiated 4 hours before dialysis). Pharmacodynamic effects including activated clotting times (ACTs); hemodialysis efficacy including single-pool Kt/V, urea reduction ratio (URR), and circuit flow; and safety through a 3-day follow-up were monitored. Argatroban pharmacokinetic parameters including dialytic clearance were evaluated during regimen C. Results Thirteen patients completed 38 hemodialysis sessions (1 patient withdrew consent after 2 sessions). Mean ± SD ACTs increased from 131 ± 14 seconds at baseline to 153 ± 24, 200 ± 30, and 197 ± 33 seconds, respectively, after 60 minutes of hemodialysis using regimens A, B, and C. Across regimens, mean Kt/Vs (1.5–1.6) and URRs (70%-73%) were comparable. No dialyzer was changed; 1 session was shortened 15 minutes because of circuit clot formation. Systemic argatroban clearance increased ∼20% during hemodialysis, without clinically significantly affecting ACTs. Upon argatroban discontinuation, ACTs and plasma argatroban decreased concurrently (elimination half-life, 35 ± 6 min). No thrombosis, bleeding, serious adverse events, or clinically significant changes in vital signs or routine laboratory measures occurred. Conclusion Argatroban, administered by each treatment regimen, provides safe, adequate anticoagulation to enable successful hemodialysis in ESRD patients. Argatroban dialytic clearance by high-flux membranes is clinically insignificant.
Esophageal shortening during the era of laparoscopic surgery.

An effective method for determining the presence of a short esophagus preoperatively would be helpful to surgeons. In this study 260 patients underwent primary laparoscopic antireflux surgery; 44 of them were suspected to have esophageal shortening on the basis of: (1) Barrett's esophagus or evidence of peptic stricture formation on endoscopy; (2) an irreducible hiatal hernia ≥ 5 cm in length on upright barium esophagram; or (3) a short esophagus on manometric analysis, defined as 2 SD below normal for height. Six patients without preoperative criteria required extensive esophageal mobilization and intraoperative endoscopic/laparoscopic assessment. Preoperative results were then compared with intraoperative esophageal length assessments. Altogether, 13 patients (5% of the whole series) underwent a lengthening procedure: left thoracoscopically assisted laparoscopic Collis gastroplasty (n= 11) or open transthoracic Collis gastroplasty (n= 2) plus antireflux repair (Nissen fundoplication in 9 and Toupet repair in 4). Among the preoperative tests, endoscopy had the highest sensitivity rate (61%); a combination of tests resulted in an increase in the specificity (63–100%) without a corresponding increase in sensitivity (28–42%). Preoperative testing is thus useful for predicting the need for an esophageal lengthening procedure. Endoscopy is the best screening test for the short esophagus. A well planned prospective trial to test the reliability of each test is needed.
Dynamic fracture of unidirectional graphite fiber composite strips

An approximate equation of motion is derived and is used in the analysis of a dynamically propagating crack in a highly orthotropic fiber composite infinite strip subjected to constant displacement Mode I loading. With the use of Fourier transforms, the problem is reduced to an equation which is solved by the Wiener-Hopf technique. The dynamic stress intensity factor is derived and is expressed as the product of a velocity correction factor and a static stress intensity factor. The corresponding dynamic energy release rate is derived also and it is found not to be explicitly dependent upon the crack-tip velocity. It is found experimentally that the long strip configuration subjected to constant extensional displacement can simulate constant crack propagation velocities. Accordingly, the model's dynamic energy release rate is used to determine the dynamic fracture energy (toughness) of 90° Hercules AS/3501-6 graphite epoxy composites.
Studies on the Efficiency of Adrenocortical 11β-Hydroxylation in the Human Subject

Abstract The efficiency of 11β-hydroxylation by the adrenal cortex was studied in normal subjects, women with hirsutism and/or virilism and patients with various types of adrenocortical hyperfunction by simultaneous measurement of the secretory rates of cortisol (F) and 11-deoxycortisol (S).2 The ratio F/F+S×100 was found to be 95.1 ±2.2 in subjects without abnormalities in 11β-hydroxylation. This ratio was not altered by the administration of ACTH nor in 8 subjects with Cushing's syndrome due to nontumorous adrenocortical hyperfunction. Decreases in the ratio were found in 2 subjects with adrenocortical carcinoma, in 1 patient with Cushing's syndrome secondary to a bronchogenic carcinoma, in 1 of 2 subjects with Cushing's syndrome due to an adrenocortical adenoma, and in 2 patients given SK&F-12185, an 11β-hydroxylation inhibitor.
More reflection or more research? To (re)vitalize small group communication research, let's “just do it”

(1994). More reflection or more research? To (re)vitalize small group communication research, let's “just do it”. Communication Studies: Vol. 45, Revitalizing the Study of Small Group Communication, pp. 103-110.
Zeolite containing oxidase-based carbon paste biosensors

Abstract The incorporation of zeolite particles within glucose oxidase containing carbon paste leads to improved amperometric biosensing of glucose. Such zeolite dispersion offers enhanced sensitivity, extended linear range and higher stability. Such improvements are attributed to the formation of a porous paste network that exposes the enzyme contained in the interior of the paste to the substrate solution and imparts higher mass transport resistance. Several electrode configurations shed useful insights into the diffusion processes within the compact zeolite-carbon paste-enzyme microstructure and the thickness of the active enzyme layer. The mass-transport induced increases in Km are attributed to diffusional limitations within the electrode interior.
Compatibility of Alewives and Gizzard Shad as Reservoir Forage Fish

Abstract We assessed the compatibility of alewives Alosa pseudoharengus and gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum through comparison of their distributional, reproductive, and early life history characteristics in Smith Mountain Lake, Virginia, a hydroelectric impoundment where these clupeids have coexisted for 20 years. Larval gizzard shad (<30 mm total length, TL) were most likely to be affected by alewives through trophic competition and predation. However, gizzard shad larvae were concentrated in uplake, littoral areas when alewives of all ages were downlake and pelagic. Gizzard shad spawning was virtually completed in June but most alewife spawning occurred in July. Gizzard shad larvae grew faster (1.33 mm/d) than alewife larvae (0.84 mm/d) throughout the summer. Alewife larvae 5–30 mm TL exhibited lower mortality (mean, 11.0%/d) than gizzard shad larvae (means: 40.1%/d and 12.9%/d for length-groups of 7.0–12.0 and 12.5–30.0 mm TL, respectively). Earlier spawning and faster growth of gizzard shad provided...
Relationships between internode elongation, plant height and leaf appearance in maize

Abstract Two field studies were undertaken to formulate relationships between leaf appearance, leaf height and plant height in maize which could be used in models of light competition in intercropping systems. In the first study a single hybrid was subjected to three water-stress treatments: mild stress, severe stress and well-watered conditions. Leaf appearance and length of individual internodes, sheaths and leaves were measured at frequent intervals. The aim was to describe the underlying growth processes linking plant height with leaf appearance. The study showed that for the upper two-thirds of the nodes on the plants, the duration of elongation of sheaths and internodes was 4.1 and 5.8 phyllochron (defined as the time interval between the appearance of successive leaves), respectively. Water stress had little impact on the duration of elongation. The increase in leaf height (the apparent insertion point of the laminae) attained after full expansion was due to continued elongation of internodes below it. In the second study seven genotypes, ranging in final leaf number from 16 to 20, were measured for leaf appearance, leaf height and plant height. The aim was to develop, across genotypes, relationships to predict leaf height as a function of leaf appearance and final leaf number. Across all genotypes a consistent relationship was found between plant height increase and leaf appearance, with height increasing at a slow initial rate until the appearance of leaf 7, afterwards height increased at 5 times the initial rate until appearance of the flag leaf. A consistent relationship was also found to describe further increase in leaf height after full expansion. This study showed that height of individual leaves in maize can be related throughout growth to leaf appearance and final leaf number. Therefore, vertical distribution of maize leaf area can be predicted in crop growth models relatively easily from leaf appearance, final leaf number and additional information of leaf sizes and angles.
Eclipse apodization: realization of occulting spots and Lyot masks

A key element in the Eclipse coronagraph is the apodized occulting spot. For exo-planet detection in the presence of a sun-like star, the specification for intensity transmittance at the center of the spot is less than 1×10-8. It must also taper smoothly with a desired functional form to avoid diffraction artifacts in the angular region of planet detection. From a fabrication point of view, these requirements are very challenging. A candidate technology for fabricating such spots is electron-beam exposure of high-energy beam sensitive (HEBS) glass (a product of Canyon Materials, San Diego, CA). In this work, we have calibrated HEBS glass optical density as a function of electron-beam exposure and attained optical densities up to 7.66 without saturation. We then fabricated occulting spots having various functional forms including circular Gaussian, one-dimensional sinc2, and circular sinc2. Preliminary quantitative analysis of the circular sinc2 occulting spot is encouraging.
Continuous processing in macaque frontal cortex during visual search

A central issue in mental chronometry is whether information is transferred between processing stages such as stimulus evaluation and response preparation in a continuous or discrete manner. We tested whether partial information about a stimulus influences the response stage by recording the activity of movement-related neurons in the frontal eye field of macaque monkeys performing a conjunction visual search and a feature visual search with a singleton distractor. While movement-related neurons were activated maximally when the target of the search array was in their movement field, they were also activated for distractors even though a saccade was successfully made to the target outside the movement field. Most importantly, the level of activation depended on the properties of the distractor, with greater activation for distractors that shared a target feature or were the target during the previous session during conjunction search, and for the singleton distractor during feature search. These results support the model of continuous information processing and argue against a strictly discrete model.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder in Huntington's disease

Two patients with Huntington's disease (HD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are reported. The OCD was manifested by repetitive, stereotyped, complex, egodystonic behaviors that were disabling. These cases and other neurological syndromes with OCD (Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, neuroacanthocytosis, postencephalitic parkinsonism, caudate infarction, carbon monoxide poisoning, manganese intoxication, anoxia, progressive supranuclear palsy, Sydenham's chorea, and frontal lobe lesions) indicate that the frontal lobe, caudate nucleus, and globus pallidus are members of a complex circuit that plays a key role in mediating the symptoms of OCD. Evidence of excitatory subcortical output to cortex is shared by many neurological disorders manifesting OCD.
Fluorescence lifetime characterization of magnesium probes: Improvement of Mg2+ dynamic range and sensitivity using phase-modulation fluorometry

We measured the Mg2+-dependent absorption spectra, emission spectra, quantum yields, and intensity decays of most presently available fluorescent magnesium probes. The lifetimes were found to be strongly Mg2+ dependent for Mag-quin-1, Mag-quin-2, magnesium green, and magnesium orange and increased 2- to 10-fold upon binding of Mg2+. The lifetimes of Mag-fura-2, Mag-fura-5, Mag-fura red, and Mag-indo-1 were similar in the presence and absence of Mg2+. Detailed timeresolved measurements were carried out for Mag-quin-2 and magnesium green using phase-modulation fluorometry. Apparent dissociation constants (Kd) were determined from the steady-state and time-resolved data. Their values were compared and discussed. Mg2+ sensing is described using phase and modulation data measured at a single modulation frequency. Phase angle and modulation data showed the possibility of obtaining a wider Mg2+-sensitive range than available from intensity measurements. A significant expansion in the Mg2+-sensitive range was found for Mag-quin-2 using excitation wavelengths from 343 to 375 nm, where the apparentKd from the phase angle was found to vary from 0.3 to about 100 mM. Discrimination against Ca2+ was also measured for Mag-quin-2 and magnesium green. Significant phototransformation and/or photode-composition, which affect the sensitivity to Mg2+, were observed for Mag-quin-2 and magnesium green under intense and long illumination.
Service innovation and design

This panel introduces the CHI community to a growing area of innovation and business development that leverages new technology platforms, namely service design. This topic is explored through a series of case studies of service design in a diverse set of industries and contexts from healthcare delivery to internet -based services.
The Media Depiction of Women Who Opt Out

Through a content analysis of print media and a comparison of media images with trends in women’s behavior, the authors explore the rhetoric and reality surrounding the exit of college-educated women from the workforce to become full-time mothers, a phenomenon that has been dubbed “opting out.” The major imagery surrounding opting out emphasizes motherhood and family, elites, and choice. A close reading reveals some inconsistencies that counter the prevailing positive depiction. The authors also find that media coverage of opting out appears in leading publications reaching large and diverse audiences. A comparison of articles’ themes against actual trends in women’s opting-out behavior shows that there is a disjuncture between the two. The authors discuss the implications of these results for the dissemination of a new feminine mystique.
Congenital nonhemolytic jaundice with disease of the central nervous system.

The case of a child with persistent severe jaundice, beginning in the neonatal period, and progressive neurologic symptoms, with onset at the age of 3 years is reported. This patient is considered to be another example of the disease described originally by Crigler and Najjar. The severe jaundice is the result of reduced capacity of the liver to excrete bilirubin, although the pathophysiologic mechanism is obscure. The neurologic syndrome is believed to be the result of bilirubin encephalopathy. If this be the case, the course of this patient indicates that development of bilirubin encephalopathy is not necessarily confined to infancy. It can apparently occur in young children, and probably in older children and adults, if the concentrations of indirect-reacting bilirubin in the serum are sufficiently high for a prolonged period.
Spinning the Lilies and Unravelling the Ravens: An Alternative Reading of Q 12.22b–31 and P. Oxy. 655

James M. Robinson and Christoph Heil have read P. Oxy. 655, i, 1–17a as a pre-Q text, to whose tradition Q 12.22b–31 added originally independent sayings. The present article reads Q 12.22b–31 as an original unity, and P. Oxy. 655, i, 1–17a as a redaction of Q 12.22b–31 or its canonical derivatives.
Functional biorenewable polyesters from carvone-derived lactones

To expand the palette of renewable resource derived monomers that incorporate reactive functionality, the natural product carvone was transformed into two polymerizable lactones, carvomenthide, containing only pendent alkyl groups, and dihydrocarvide, containing an unsaturated moiety. These lactones were polymerized using the catalyst/initiating system diethyl zinc/benzyl alcohol to give aliphatic polyesters with low glass transition temperatures. Good control of the polymer molar masses up to approximately 50 kg mol−1 and products with polydispersity indices below 1.3 were achieved in all cases. Copolymerization of the two lactones was successfully carried out at feed compositions ranging from 3–80 mol% dihydrocarvide, and the ultimate level of dihydrocarvide incorporated into the copolymers was proportional to the feed composition. The pendant double bonds in poly(dihydrocarvide) and copolymers that contain dihydrocarvide were modified by post-polymerization reactions, including epoxidation and radical-induced crosslinking.
Vertical Stiffness of Elastomeric and Lead–Rubber Seismic Isolation Bearings

An experimental study investigating the influence of lateral displacement on the vertical stiffness of elastomeric and lead–rubber seismic isolation bearings is summarized. Two identically constructed low-damping rubber and lead–rubber seismic isolation bearings were subjected to a series of tests with varying levels of combined lateral displacement and axial (compressive) loading to study this relationship. The results of these tests showed the vertical stiffness decreases with increasing lateral displacement for each bearing tested. Additionally, the vertical stiffness data are used to evaluate four formulations for the estimation of the vertical stiffness as a function of the lateral displacement. From this comparison, two formulations, one based on the Koh–Kelly two-spring model and the other on a piecewise linear relationship, showed good agreement with the experimental data over the wide range of lateral displacements considered in this study.
Characterization of Corn Grains for Dry-Grind Ethanol Production

The objectives of this study were to understand how the composition of corn kernels and starch structure affected the enzyme hydrolysis of starch in dry-grind corn and the ethanol yield from yeast fermentation. Four selected corn inbred lines were used in this study. Starch in uncooked dry-grind corn samples showed greater enzyme digestibility than did the uncooked starch isolated from the same source by wet-milling process. The greater digestibility of starch in uncooked dry-grind corn correlated with a physical damage of starch granules. In contrast, starch in cooked dry-grind corn samples displayed less enzyme digestibility than did the cooked isolated starch. The difference could be attributed to interference caused by non-starch components in the dry-grind corn. The entrapment of starch in protein matrix and the formation of amylose-lipid helical complexes and/or retrograded starch may decrease the enzyme digestibility of starch in cooked dry-grind corn. Lab-scale ethanol production showed that ethanol yield after 72 h fermentation of the four corn inbred lines ranged between 34.3 and 38.0 g ethanol/100 g dry-grind corn. The conversion efficiency at 72 h of fermentation ranged between 86.8 % and 90.3 % of the theoretical ethanol yield. The highest ethanol yield was found in the corn line containing the largest starch content and the smallest amounts of lipid and protein.
An analysis of test data selection criteria using the RELAY model of fault detection

RELAY is a model of faults and failures that defines failure conditions, which describe test data for which execution will guarantee that a fault originates erroneous behavior that also transfers through computations and information flow until a failure is revealed. This model of fault detection provides a framework within which other testing criteria's capabilities can be evaluated. Three test data selection criteria that detect faults in six fault classes are analyzed. This analysis shows that none of these criteria is capable of guaranteeing detection for these fault classes and points out two major weaknesses of these criteria. The first weakness is that the criteria do not consider the potential unsatisfiability of their rules. Each criterion includes rules that are sufficient to cause potential failures for some fault classes, yet when such rules are unsatisfiable, many faults may remain undetected. Their second weakness is failure to integrate their proposed rules. >
Institutional Sources of Reform: The Diffusion of Land Banking Systems in China

An important change in China's urban land management system is the diffusion of land banking systems – official agencies that govern local land conversions, preparation, and transactions. In this article, I draw on neoinstitutional theory in organizational studies to explore the forces that promote this transformation. I propose, besides rational calculations and indigenous impetus for reform, institutional forces that play a crucial role in accelerating the diffusion process. Event history analysis shows that, over time, local economic characteristics have a declining effect on the adoption of land banking systems and gradually yield to pressure from peer cities, provincial governments, policy professionals, and policy-making communities. Moreover, intergovernmental fiscal arrangements and political status moderate the effect of provincial pressure.
Populus tremuloides Mortality Near the Southwestern Edge of its Range

Mortality and crown dieback of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) were extensive on the Williams Ranger District, Kaibab National Forest in northern Arizona. We collected data from a random sample of 48 aspen sites to determine the relationship of predisposing site and stand factors and contributing agents to ramet mortality. Mortality of overstory (P10.1 cm DBH) aspen stems averaged 50% (44% by basal area). Pine–oak type aspen stands suffered greater basal area mortality (57%) than stands in mixed conifer type (38%). An average of 48% of live overstory aspen stems had >33% crown dieback, and mortality significantly increased with increasing crown dieback. Based upon univariate relationships, elevation was the most significant site factor and relative conifer basal area was the most significant stand factor related to overstory mortality. Canker diseases and wood-boring insects were significantly related to overstory mortality. Sapling (P5.1–10.1 cm DBH) and tall regeneration ( 80% and 70%, respectively), while short regeneration (<1.37 m tall) mortality was low (16%). Many sites did not have live aspen sapling or tall regeneration stems; therefore, relationships were often inconclusive or weak. Based on a null size–density model, there was a lack of tall regeneration, sapling, and 10.1– 15 cm DBH overstory aspen recruitment. Multiple regression was used to explore multivariate relationships among aspen mortality and site, stand, and damaging agent factors. Forest type, relative conifer basal area, and incidence of canker diseases and wood-boring insects were significantly associated with overstory mortality. Slope, relative conifer density, and incidence of animal damages were significantly associated with short regeneration mortality. Ungulate damages to aspen stems were common across all size classes, but significant relationships were limited to short regeneration mortality. The Southwest is forecasted to transition to a more arid climate, and aspen in pine–oak sites are already experiencing a population crash. If high mortality and low recruitment continues, conifer will replace aspen stands after overstory aspen stems die. 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V.
On the feasibility of using GPR technology for the UXO detection and discrimination in the volcanic soil of Hawaii

In this paper we describe the recent results from an ongoing project at the University of Hawaii to use advanced GPR technology for the detection and discrimination of UXO in the high iron content volcanic soil of Hawaii. To help determine a suitable frequency range for detecting targets at two feet depth from the surface, a soil characterization effort has been implemented. Both the dielectric and magnetic properties of the earth soil are being measured using a unique shunt capacitance terminating a transmission line method and a recently fabricated TEM cell. Both the reflection and transmission S-parameters are being measured to determine both the complex permittivity and permeability of the soil. Furthermore, a TLS-Prony method together with FDTD 3D simulations of typical detection environments are being used to extract the complex natural resonance frequencies (CNR) of targets from the late arrival signals associated with the scattering mechanisms from these targets. A UXO testbed has been development to help experimentally validate simulation results and provide data to check and improve the accuracy of the detection/discrimination algorithm. Results from this study including dielectric and magnetic characterization of the volcanic soils, and CNR of typical UXO targets encountered in Hawaii will be presented.
ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE-INDUCED CONTRACTION OF THE INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE II. Effect of Bongkrekic Acid

In bovine heart mitochondria bongkrekic acid at concentrations as low as about 4 nmol/mg protein (a) completely inhibits phosphorylation of exogenous adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and dephosphorylation of exogenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP), (b) completely reverses atractyloside inhibition of inner membrane contraction induced by exogenous adenine nucleotides, and (c) decreases the amount of adenine nucleotide required to elicit maximal exogenous adenine nucleotide-induced inner membrane contraction to a level which appears to correspond closely with the concentration of contractile, exogenous adenine nucleotide binding sites Bongkrekic acid at concentrations greater than 4 nmol/mg protein induces inner membrane contraction which seems to depend on the presence of endogenous ADP and/or ATP. The findings appear to be consistent with the interpretations (a) that the inner mitochondrial membrane contains two types of contractile, adenine nucleotide binding sites, (b) that the two sites differ markedly with regard to adenine nucleotide affinity, (c) that the high affinity site is identical with the adenine nucleotide exchange carrier, (d) that the low affinity site is accessible exclusively to endogenous adenine nucleotides and is largely unoccupied in the absence of bongkrekic acid, and (e) that bongkrekic acid increases the affinity of both sites in proportion to the amount of the antibiotic bound to the inner membrane.