cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of A Pharmacist-Led Heart Failure Clinic on Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy

Introduction ACE-I/ARBs, beta-blockers (BB), and aldosterone antagonists are standard of care for patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Studies have shown that a pharmacist-managed heart failure (HF) medication titration clinic increases the percentage of patients on optimal doses of ACE-I/ARB and BB. Pharmacists’ role in improving follow-up, increasing access to HF medications, and impacting clinical outcomes is not well described in the literature. Hypothesis Including pharmacists in a HF clinic for management of HFrEF leads to greater achievement of target doses of guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) within 3 months of an initial visit. Methods This was a prospective, quasi-experimental study comparing patients with HFrEF seen in a pharmacist-run HF clinic to patients managed by usual care. Patients whose initial visit was between September 2019 and January 2020 were included. The primary endpoint was number of patients who reached target or maximally tolerated doses of GDMT within 3-months of the initial visit. Initial and follow up encounters occurred via face-to-face visits in both groups. Secondary endpoints included number of encounters, medication changes, time to follow-up post-discharge, and number of patients considered for ARNI. Results Thirty-nine patients in the pharmacist group and 35 patients receiving usual care were included. Fifteen of the 39 patients were referred to a pharmacist during hospital admission. Within the pharmacist group, the median time to follow up post-discharge was 15 days (IQR, 10.5 - 21.5) with a pharmacist and 31 days (IQR, 24 - 41) with a cardiologist. Including those lost to follow up, GDMT at target doses was achieved in 23/39 in the pharmacist group versus 4/35 in the usual care group (59% vs 11.4 %; P Conclusions Pharmacist involvement in HFrEF management improves patient care with achievement of GDMT earlier than usual care and more frequent follow-up. Other benefits include HF education, greater consideration for ARNI, and earlier access to a healthcare provider after hospital discharge.
Abstract 359: Systemic Administration of Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuates Post-Resuscitation Left Ventricular Dysfunction in a Porcine Model of Cardiac Arrest

Introduction: Advances in CPR have increased the likelihood of achieving ROSC after cardiac arrest (CA), but >50% of initially resuscitated patients die before hospital discharge. Evidence that a s...
Anger and Sadness Expressions Situated in Both Positive and Negative Contexts: An Investigation in South Korea and the United States

A formidable challenge to the research of non-verbal behavior can be in the assumptions that we sometimes make, and the subsequent questions that arise from those assumptions. In this article, we proceed with an investigation that would have been precluded by the assumption of a 1:1 correspondence between facial expressions and discrete emotional experiences. We investigated two expressions that in the normative sense are considered negative expressions. One expression, "anger" could be described as clenched fists, furrowed brows, tense jaws and lips, the showing of teeth, and flared nostrils, and the other "sadness" could be described as downward turned mouths, tears, drooping eyes, and wrinkled foreheads. Here, we investigated the prevalence, understanding, and use of these expressions in both positive and negative contexts in South Korea and the United States. We found evidence in both cultures, that anger and sadness displays are used to express positive emotions, a notion relevant to Dimorphous Theory. Moreover, we found that anger and sadness expressions communicated appetitive feelings of wanting to "go!" and consummatory feelings of wanting to "pause," respectively. There were moderations of our effects consistent with past work in Affect Valuation Theory and Display Rule Theory. We discuss our findings, their theoretical relevance, and how the assumptions that are made can narrow the questions that we ask in the field on non-verbal behavior.
Estimating Dining Plate Size From an Egocentric Image Sequence Without a Fiducial Marker

Despite the extreme importance of food intake in human health, it is currently difficult to conduct an objective dietary assessment without individuals’ self-report. In recent years, a passive method utilizing a wearable electronic device has emerged. This device acquires food images automatically during the eating process. These images are then analyzed to estimate intakes of calories and nutrients, assisted by advanced computational algorithms. Although this passive method is highly desirable, it has been thwarted by the requirement of a fiducial marker which must be present in the image for a scale reference. The importance of this scale reference is analogous to the importance of the scale bar in a map which determines arbitrary distances or areas in the geological region covered by the map. Likewise, the sizes or volumes of arbitrary foods on a dining table covered by an image cannot be determined without the scale reference. Currently, the fiducial marker (often a checkerboard card) serves as the scale reference which must be present on the table before taking pictures, requiring human efforts to carry, place and retrieve the fiducial marker manually. In this work, we demonstrate that the fiducial marker can be eliminated if an individual’s dining location is fixed and a one-time calibration using a circular plate of known size is performed. When the individual uses another plate of an unknown size, our algorithm estimates its radius using the range of pre-calibrated distances between the camera and the plate from which the desired scale reference is determined automatically. Our comparative experiment indicates that the mean absolute percentage error of the proposed estimation method is approximately 10.73%. Although this error is larger than that of the manual method of 6.68% using a fiducial marker on the table, the new method has a distinctive advantage of eliminating the manual procedure and automatically generating the scale reference.
Disruption and Recovery: Initial Assessment of COVID-19 Traffic Impacts in North Carolina and Virginia

AbstractThe coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected every aspect of peoples’ lives, including their mobility. In this study, the impact of closures related to the pandemic on t...
A new golden age for libraries

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe and provide several examples of evidence to support the estimation that libraries have entered a new “golden age”. Design/methodology/approach – Literature review and commentary on this topic that has been addressed by professionals, researchers and practitioners. Findings – Flexibility in the face of change has always been a hallmark of an exceptional service-minded organization and the library is no different. To maintain its reputation as a forward-looking service that appeals to an expansive and diverse audience, libraries must always be forward-thinking and forward-seeking in their ability to satisfy. Such a continual evolution can result in the conviction that the library is recognized as an institution whose golden age will not reside in the past, but fully in the present, and that its growth into the future remains persistent, evident and fully embraced by its customers and supporters. Originality/value – The value in addressing this issue is to d...
All Roar and No Bite: Lion Raisins and the Federal Circuit’s First Swipe at the NAFI Doctrine

For half a century, the Nonappropriated Fund Instrumentality (NAFI) doctrine has shielded certain federally created entities from suit, holding that they are immune from suit in state and district court because they retain some of the sovereign immunity of the United States, but, unlike arms of the United States, may not be sued in the United States Court of Federal Claims. In the absence of a list of known NAFIs, courts apply an ad hoc test to determine, as a factual matter, whether an entity is a NAFI and, as such, immune from suit. This often leaves government contractors without legal redress against entities that breach their contractual obligations, even when these entities hold themselves out to be agencies of the United States and purport to conduct business in accordance with the federal acquisition regulations.In its recent Lion Raisins decision, the Federal Circuit, the court which is essentially the final word on issues related to the law of government contracting, addressed the NAFI doctrine, taking up what courts and legal commentators agree is an unjust anomaly in the law. However, rather than resolving the uncertainty created by the NAFI doctrine, the court introduced a new layer of complexity by holding, for the first time, that the United States Court of Federal Claims has jurisdiction over claims for an uncompensated Fifth Amendment taking of property, but not a breach of contract, brought against a NAFI.This article critiques the distinction introduced by the Federal Circuit in Lion Raisins, examining the history and logic of the NAFI doctrine and the precedent underpinning the court’s recent NAFI decisions. This article concludes by offering a new test for resolving the anomaly created by the NAFI doctrine, drawing on agency principles to construct a coherent NAFI jurisprudence for breaches of contract and Fifth Amendment takings alike.
Endocrinology of aging

Biological Theories of Aging, Hosam K. Kamel, Arshag D. Mooradian, and Tanveer Mir. Tithonusism: Is it Reversible? John E. Morley. Hypothalamic-Growth Hormone-IGF-I Axis, Ian M. Chapman. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis in Aging, Mary H. Samuels, A. Eugene Pekary, and Jerome M. Hershman. Stress, Hormones, and Aging, Scott P. Van Sant, Emilie Risby, and Charles Nemeroff. Water Balance in Older Persons, Myron Miller. Bone Disease and Aging, B. E. Christopher Nordin, Allan G. Need, Howard A. Morris, and Michael Horowitz. Paget's Disease of Bone, Dongjie Liu and Kenneth W. Lyles. Testosterone, John E. Morley. Gynecomastia, Harold E. Carlson. Menopause, Morris Notelovitz. Diabetes in the Elderly, Graydon S. Meneilly and Daniel Tessier. Evaluation and Management of Obesity in the Elderly, Amy Lee and Gayathri Dundoo. Nutrition, Exercise, and Aging, David R. Thomas. The Sympathetic Nervous System, Mark A. Supiano. Metabolic and Cardiovascular Factors Contributing to Hypertension in the Elderly, James R. Sowers.
A portable thread API for teaching operating systems

When teaching a course that includes programming assignments, it can be expedient to allow students a choice in programming language and operating systems, e.g. Java or C++, Windows or Linux, etc. In addition to saving classroom time, this allows the student to focus on the problem at hand, as opposed to an unfamiliar environment or language. To support such flexibility in an introductory OS course, I provide C++ programmers with a Java-like thread API and semaphore and pipe classes, all of which work under both Linux or Windows. Similarly, I supply semaphore and pipe classes for Java programmers. The result is that students in all three camps are using the same APIs and terminology, which greatly facilitates class discussion.
A robust data hiding scheme for images using DFT

We present a data hiding scheme for still images, in which only the magnitude of the DFT coefficients are altered to embed the hidden information bits. We begin by identifying various components of a typical data hiding scheme, like the decomposition used, signature design, self-noise suppression and signaling. The final choice of components for the proposed data hiding scheme are well tailored by utilizing theoretical reasonings and experimental observations. Performance results show good robustness of the data hiding scheme for both JPEG and SPIHT image compression.
Gain saturation studies in phosphate amplifier glasses

Summary form only given. Experiments were performed on the 100 J Optical Science Laser (OSL) at LLNL to characterize the saturation fluence and small-signal gain of a solid-state Nd:glass laser amplifier utilizing LG-750 and the proposed amplifier glass for the National Ignition Facility (NIF), LG-770.
Political Activation of Japanese American Youth

Japanese Americans have been cited as a model minority who have attained middle class status through hard work and conformity to social order. Recently, however, the validity of the quiet, conforming Japanese American image is challenged by politically active third-generation Japanese American youth (Sansei). A total of 508 Sansei college students in California were interviewed to identify sociological correlates of Sansei activism. Political activists are not homogeneous; hence the Sansei were divided into four types based on the dimensions of acceptance versus rejection of traditionalism and involvement versus detachment from social issues. In line with the symbolic interactionism hypothesis, subjective status of father as perceived by Sansei is more closely related to the Sansei politicalization than is his objective status. Sh, h, h … ! A Quiet American is speaking … As the Black and Brown communities push for changes in our present system, the Oriental is set forth as an example to be followed—a minority group that has achieved success through adaptation rather than confrontation … the Yellow Uncle Tom … [Gidra, 1969, p. 6].
The presence of avian leukosis virus group-specific antibodies in chicken sera.

Abstract Experiments designed to investigate by complement-fixation inhibition tests the group-specific antibody response to an injected dose of either subgroup A or subgroup B strains of avian leukosis virus (ALV) were carried out in chickens 2 1 2 , 6, and 23–25 weeks of age. Many 2 1 2 and 6-week-old birds responded with group-specific (gs) antibody whereas the antibody response of birds injected at 23–25 weeks was very poor. Birds congenitally infected with an ALV of subgroup A were immunologically tolerant to the gs antigen and did not respond with gs antibody whether the challenge virus was subgroup A or B. A comparison between neutralizing and gs antibody activity in 70 immune chicken sera showed: (1) the greatest number of sera containing gs antibody were those with titers of neutralizing antibody > 1 1000 , (2) all gs-positive sera had titers of neutralizing antibody > 1 200 , and (3) only 56% of the sera with high neutralizing activity contained gs antibody. Fractionation of two chicken sera containing gs antibody was carried out to separate the IgM and IgG fractions. The gs antibody activity, as well as most of the neutralizing activity, was found in the IgG fractions.
Roles of threonine 192 and asparagine 382 in agonist and antagonist interactions with M1 muscarinic receptors

Conserved amino acids, such as Thr in transmembrane domains (TM) V and Asn in TM VI of muscarinic receptors, may be important in agonist binding and/or receptor activation. In order to determine the functional roles of Thr192 and Asn382 in human M1 receptors in ligand binding and receptor activation processes, we created and characterized mutant receptors with Thr192 or Asn382 substituted by Ala. HM1 wild-type (WT) and mutant receptors [HM1(Thr192Ala) and HM1(Asn382Ala)] were stably expressed in A9 L cells. The Kd values for 3H-(R)-QNB and Ki values for other classical muscarinic antagonists were similar at HM1(WT) and HM1(Thr192Ala) mutant receptors, yet higher at HM1(Asn382Ala) mutant receptors. Carbachol exhibited lower potency and efficacy in stimulating PI hydrolysis via HM1(Thr192Ala) mutant receptors, and intermediate agonist activity at the HM1(Asn382Ala) mutant receptors. The Asn382 residue in TM VI but not the Thr192 residue in TM V of the human M1 receptor appears to participate directly in antagonist binding. Both Thr192 and Asn382 residues are involved differentially in agonist binding and/or receptor activation processes, yet the Asn382 residue is less important than Thr192 in agonist activation of M1 receptors. Molecular modelling studies indicate that substitution of Thr192 or Asn382 results in the loss of hydrogen-bond interactions and changes in the agonist binding mode associated with an increase in hydrophobic interactions between ligand and receptor.
Beware of being captured by an analogy: Dreams are like many things

Classic traditions have linked dreams to memory (e.g., "dreaming is another kind of remembering" [Freud 1918/1955]) and modern notions like implicit memory subsume dreaming by definition. Llewellyn develops the more specific thesis that rapid eye movement (REM) dreams, because of their similarities to mnemonic techniques, have the function of elaboratively encoding episodic memories. This proposal is premature, requiring exigent testing. Other analogs of dreams, for example, jokes, do not invoke function but do contribute to dream science.
"They just happened": the curious case of the unplanned baby, Italian low fertility, and the "end" of rationality.

Even in a country with super-low fertility rates, at least one-quarter of all babies are unplanned. The finding puzzles policymakers. This article uses Italy's “curious case” as a jumping-off point to expose assumptions about rationality. It offers a model to dismantle the “conceit” of rationality, drawing on Max Weber's classic critique and Emily Martin's contemporary appraisal. It asks: (1) How do assumptions about rationality related to sexuality and reproduction manifest? (2) How do qualitative data challenge rationalist assumptions? and (3) How are cultural logics expressed and what do they reveal about the “problem” of low fertility? Methodologically, the article offers an innovative approach, juxtaposing ethnographic data derived from the author's fieldwork with startling findings from Italian researchers’ multicity project. The analysis exposes the rationality trope as a technique of governance in a context in which policymakers yearn for social cohesion and population politics intensify around birthing, immigration, and aging.
THE NON‐RADIATIVE DISSIPATION OF EXCITATION ENERGY IN SOLID CINNAMIC ACID BY DIMER FORMATION

Abstract— The quantum efficiency for the photodimerization of trans-cinnamic acid in the solid state is independent of intensity and is found to have a value approaching two. Thus, the reaction involves one excited and one un-excited molecule. During the exposure, a dimer film developing on the surface of the cinnamic acid layer attenuates the intensity of the radiation incident on the unreacted cinnamic acid. This gives the appearance of a decrease in the quantum yield with increasing number of photons incident.
Reduced Capillary Length Scale in the Application of Ostwald Ripening Theory to the Coarsening of Charged Colloidal Crystals in Electrolyte Solutions

A colloidal crystal suspended in an electrolyte solution will ordinarily exchange ions with the surrounding solution and develop a net surface charge density and a corresponding double layer. The interfacial tension of the charged surface has contributions arising from: (a) background interfacial tension of the uncharged surface, (b) the entropy associated with the adsorption of ions on the surface, and (c) the polarizing effect of the electrostatic field within the double layer. The adsorption and polarization effects make negative contributions to the surface free energy and serve to reduce the interfacial tension below the value to be expected for the uncharged surface. The diminished interfacial tension leads to a reduced capillary length scale. According to the Ostwald ripening theory of particle coarsening, the reduced capillary length will cause the solute supersaturation to decay more rapidly and the colloidal particles to be smaller in size and greater in number than in the absence of the double layer. Although the length scale for coarsening should be little affected in the case of inorganic colloids, such as AgI, it should be greatly reduced in the case of suspensions of protein crystals, such as apoferritin, catalase, and thaumatin.
Memory Accessibility and Medical Decision-Making for Significant Others: The Role of Socially Shared Retrieval-Induced Forgetting

Medical decisions will often entail a broad search for relevant information. No sources alone may offer a complete picture, and many may be selective in their presentation. This selectivity may induce forgetting for previously learned material, thereby adversely affecting medical decision-making. In the study phase of two experiments, participants learned information about a fictitious disease and advantages and disadvantages of four treatment options. In the subsequent practice phase, they read a pamphlet selectively presenting either relevant (Experiment 1) or irrelevant (Experiment 2) advantages or disadvantages. A final cued recall followed and, in Experiment 2, a decision as to the best treatment for a patient. Not only did reading the pamphlet induce forgetting for related and unmentioned information, the induced forgetting adversely affected decision-making. The research provides a cautionary note about the risks of searching through selectively presented information when making a medical decision.
Interactions between overlapping multimale groups of black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya

Sixteen out of 18 groups of black and white colobus monkeys, or guerezas (Colobus guereza), observed in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya, included more than one adult male. Each group overlapped in its home range with 4-7 other groups, and no group appeared to have exclusive access to any part of its home range. Groups were engaged in intergroup encounters one-quarter of observation time. Encounters often occurred around preferred feeding sites as different groups were attracted to such sites in their overlapping home ranges. Wins and losses during encounters were not dependent on location and a null model suggested that groups were not increasing their encounter rate to defend boundaries, further demonstrating a lack of territoriality. Although guerezas have repeatedly been described as a territorial species living in one-male groups, nonterritorial multimale groups are common in continuous forests. Territorial one-male groups may be usual in narrow riparian forests where resources are limiting, groups are small, and defendability is high, but such organization cannot be regarded as typical of the species. Habitat affects group size, as well as the potential for territoriality, and group size determines the number of adult males per group; therefore, classifying groups as one-male or multimale appears to be an artificial dichotomy. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Major element chemistry of Galapagos Rift Zone magmas and their phenocrysts

Abstract Basalts dredged from the Galapagos Rift Zone between 85°W and 100°W were analyzed by electron microprobe to determine the chemistry of the glass exteriors and included phenocrysts, microphenocrysts and quench minerals. The basalts come from both “normal” mid-ocean ridge segments and from ridge segments that cross the Galapagos Platform. The basalts fall into two chemical and geographical groups. Group A basalts come from outside the central region of the Galapagos Platform (i.e., outside 89–92.5°W) and are chemically similar to basalts from “normal” ocean ridge segments. Group B basalts come from the center of the Galapagos Platform (89–92.5°W) and are enriched in incompatible elements like “plume-influenced” basalts from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The spinel, olivine, plagioclase and clinopyroxene phenocrysts in both groups of basalts are low-pressure, equilibrium phases, but the chemical difference among basalts from within each group indicates high-pressure fractional crystallization is also responsible for the chemical evolution of some of these basalts. Presently, no crystallization or partial melting model can relate the chemistry of the two groups of basalts and the compositional influence of a large-ion-lithophile elements and water-rich mantle beneath the Galapagos Platform is a viable alternate hypothesis. The eruption temperature of magmas from the “normal” ridge segments, as determined by olivine-liquid thermometry is 1217±10°C, suggesting steady-state conditions but on the Galapagos Platform the eruption temperatures are lower and more variable than on the “normal” ridge (1186°C±30°C) suggesting a more complex plumbing system and the absence of a steady-state magma chamber beneath the platform.
Jewish perspectives on pregnancy and childbearing.

ABSTRACT There are approximately 6 million Jewish people in the United States today. They may be affiliated with the Orthodox, Conservative, or Reform streams of Jewish practice, or they may be secular and unaffiliated. Although religious practices and levels of observance among these streams of Judaism vary widely, nurses should become familiar with the religious traditions of Judaism in order to provide the most comprehensive care for a childbearing Jewish woman and her partner. This article describes the range of practices that may be observed, and offers information that may assist the nurse in providing culturally competent care. While it is important to tailor care to the individual needs of each childbearing couple, background knowledge of customs and traditions will help provide a basic context that can be used as a basis for understanding cultural variation and specific practices.
Benefits of intensive insulin therapy on neuromuscular complications in routine daily critical care practice: a retrospective study.

Intensive insulin therapy (IIT) reduced the incidence of critical illness polyneuropathy and/or myopathy (CIP/CIM) and the need for prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV ≥ 14 days) in two randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on the effect of IIT in a surgical intensive care unit (SICU) and medical intensive care unit (MICU). In the present study, we investigated whether these effects are also present in daily clinical practice when IIT is implemented outside of a study protocol. We retrospectively studied electrophysiological data from patients in the SICU and MICU, performed because of clinical weakness and/or weaning failure, before and after routine implementation of IIT. CIP/CIM was diagnosed by abundant spontaneous electrical activity on electromyography. Baseline and outcome variables were compared using Student's t-test, Chi-squared or Mann-Whitney U-test when appropriate. The effect of implementing IIT on CIP/CIM and prolonged MV was assessed using univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis (MVLR), correcting for baseline and ICU risk factors. IIT significantly lowered mean (± standard deviation) blood glucose levels (from 144 ± 20 to 107 ± 10 mg/dl, p < 0.0001) and significantly reduced the diagnosis of CIP/CIM in the screened long-stay patients (125/168 (74.4%) to 220/452 (48.7%), p < 0.0001). MVLR identified implementing IIT as an independent protective factor (p < 0.0001, odds ratio (OR): 0.25 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.14 to 0.43)). MVLR confirmed the independent protective effect of IIT on prolonged MV (p = 0.002, OR:0.40 (95% CI: 0.22–0.72)). This effect was statistically only partially explained by the reduction in CIP/CIM. Implementing IIT in routine daily practice in critically ill patients evoked a similar beneficial effect on neuromuscular function as that observed in two RCTs. IIT significantly improved glycaemic control and significantly and independently reduced the electrophysiological incidence of CIP/CIM. This reduction partially explained the beneficial effect of IIT on prolonged MV.
Tryptophan distribution in yeast hexokinase isoenzyme B

Abstract Titrations of the quenching of the tryptophan fluorescence of yeast hexokinase isoenzyme B by Cs + , I − and glucose as quenchers, singly and in various combinations, have been performed at pH 5.5, 8.3, and 10.1 at 20°C. The iodide and glucose titrations at pH 8.3 indicated that the four tryptophan residues of the monomer subunit can be classified as: (1) a highly accessible surface tryptophan (Trp-S 1 ); (2) a surface tryptophan (Trp-S 2 ) with restricted accessibility (possibly in a crevice); (3) a glucose-quenchable cleft tryptophan (Trp-G); and (4) a ‘buried’ tryptophan (Trp-B) in the hydrophobic interior. The Stern-Volmer constants, k 1 , calculated for iodide quenching of the two surface residues at pH 8.3 are 22 and 3.3 M −1 . The k 1 value of Trp-G at this pH is iodide dependent, increasing from 1.2 to 1.4 M −1 as the iodide concentration increases from 0.1 to 0.65 M, probably because of iodide-induced alteration of the cleft structure. An iodide concentration above 0.65 M quenches Trp-B detectably, demonstrating that a high iodide concentration produces a large structural change in the isoenzyme. The percentages of the total 350 nm emission attributable to the individual tryptophan residues at pH 8.3 are 9, 22, 28, and 41%, for Trp-S 1 , Trp-S 2 , Trp-G, and Trp-B, respectively. These results agree qualitatively with previous results deduced from the wavelength dependence of glucose quenching. I − and glucose bind non-competitively to produce a synergistic enhancement of the quenching of the cleft tryptophan fluorescence. At pH 5.5 even a low iodide concentration causes some quenching of Trp-B, especially in presence of saturating glucose. Glucose increases the iodide quenchability at this pH. At pH 10.1 glucose does not quench the tryptophan emission, and it does not influence the iodide-quenching action. However, at this high pH the k 1 of Trp-S 1 is reduced to the point where it is not resolvable from the k I values of Trp-S 2 and Trp-G, even though the sum of the fractional fluorescence contributions of these three residues is the same as at pH 8.3.
Thresholds for odor and nasal pungency

Detection thresholds were measured repeatedly for 11 chemicals in normosmic and anosmic subjects. The stimuli comprised the first eight members of the series of n-aliphatic alcohols, phenyl ethyl alcohol, pyridine, and menthol. Results showed that anosmics could detect, via pungency, all but phenyl ethyl alcohol reliably. In the aliphatic series, both odor and pungency thresholds declined with chain length in a way that implied dependence of both in part on phase distribution in the mucosa. Odor thresholds, however, declined more rapidly than pungency thresholds: the ratio of anosmics threshold/normosmics threshold increased from 23 for methanol to 10,000 for 1-octanol. The outcome of a scaling experiment employing normosmic subjects indicated that, with the exception of methanol and ethanol, pungency arose when perceived intensity reached a narrowly tuned criterion level. When thresholds were expressed as percentages of saturated vapor, an index of thermodynamic activity, thereby accounting for differences in solubility and in phase distribution in the mucosa among the various stimuli, both odor and pungency thresholds depicted a striking constancy across stimuli.
RECEIVER AUTONOMOUS INTEGRITY MONITORING (RAIM) OF GPS AND GLONASS

A receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) algorithm is proposed, and used to analyze the integrity monitoring capabilities of potential sole-means (or stand-alone) systems based on integrated use of GPS and GLONASS, GPS supplemented with a geostationary overlay, and enhanced GPS constellations. As in the other RAIM algorithms, the idea is to take advantage of the redundant measurements. Our focus, however, is on the quality of the position estimate, rather than on diagnosing whether the system is working as intended. The proposed approach uses the redundant measurements to generate a position estimate and a measure of its quality. The latter, called integrity level, is denned as an upper bound on the position error. The estimation of the integrity level is the main innovation in the proposed scheme. The RAIM algorithm is tailored to an abundant redundancy of the measurements, and addresses the following issue: Given a snapshot of the pseudorange measurements, one of which may be in error, can we compute a position estimate that can be shown with high confidence to meet the user's accuracy requirement?
Optimization of testability parameters

Abstract The main objective of this study was to investigate performance models of automatic diagnostic systems taking into consideration its imperfections such as incorrect isolation and false alarms. This was accomplished by developing an optimization model to assist the decision maker in determining the optimal values of testability parameters which maximize his/her utility function. This will provide the decision maker with a tool to evaluate the parameters set forth by the designer and to assess the real capability of the diagnostic system. This tool also will help the decision maker to check if the correct detection and isolation capability of the system, as well as the imperfections of the system, e.g., incorrect isolation and false alarms are acceptable and satisfactory. An interactive program was developed and help to implement the optimization modedl. This program provides the decision maker with enough flexibility to avaluate different different strategies and to repeat the decision process after changing one or more of the model's parameter. An example will be presented to show the application of this optimization model.
Infection precautions with temporary pacing leads: A descriptive study*

Objective To describe infection precautions used by nurses when caring for patients with temporary epicardial and transvenous pacemakers. Design Descriptive, nation-wide survey. Setting All U.S. hospitals performing cardiac surgery. Respondents Nurse managers and clinical specialists from cardiac and thoracic intensive care, coronary, care, and telemetry units at all U.S. hospitals performing cardiac surgery. Intervention The Pacemaker Electrode Care and Safety Survey. Results Responses came from 43% (388) of the 895 hospitals. Most respondents indicated that they wore gloves when handling electrodes (approximately 96%); usually the gloves were nonsterile (73%). A sterile procedure was often used to perform site care (37% for epicardial and 65% for transvenous). The most common agent used for site cleansing was povidone-iodine. Concern has been expressed in the literature about use of this agent. Gauze was the most common type of dressing (used by 60% for epicardial dressings and 31% for transvenous). Conclusion There is diversity in clinical practice. Further study is recommended to establish the safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of identified infection precautions.
Social Distress and the Police

Police work is generally assumed to be inherently stressful. However, research suggests that much of the stress associated with police work may be related to the organizational and administrative setting in which the work is conducted. This is consistent with the concept of social distress which proposes that stress is generated by the social system in which the individual functions. The implication of understanding police stress within this framework for the implementation of police stress management programs is discussed.
Solid state: Fast electron-beam lithography: High blanking speeds may make this new system a serious challenger in producing submicrometer ICs

Electron-beam lithography may become competitive with optical methods for making integrated circuits. The step that could make this possible is an electron-beam lithography system developed at Hewlett-Packard that is potentially many times faster than previous machines for making ICs through direct writing on wafers or generating high-precision masks. The Hewlett-Packard system has a beam spot-corresponding to the smallest pixel that can be written-with a diameter that can be varied from 0.5 to 0.25 μm.
A 32-Channel Lattice Transmission Line Array for Parallel Transmit and Receive MRI at 7 Tesla

Transmit and receive RF coil arrays have proven to be particularly beneficial for ultra-high-field MR. Transmit coil arrays enable such techniques as B(1) (+) shimming to substantially improve transmit B(1) homogeneity compared to conventional volume coil designs, and receive coil arrays offer enhanced parallel imaging performance and SNR. Concentric coil arrangements hold promise for developing transceiver arrays incorporating large numbers of coil elements. At magnetic field strengths of 7 tesla and higher where the Larmor frequencies of interest can exceed 300 MHz, the coil array design must also overcome the problem of the coil conductor length approaching the RF wavelength. In this study, a novel concentric arrangement of resonance elements built from capacitively-shortened half-wavelength transmission lines is presented. This approach was utilized to construct an array with whole-brain coverage using 16 transceiver elements and 16 receive-only elements, resulting in a coil with a total of 16 transmit and 32 receive channels.
Multiclass S-Reliability for Services in SOA

In a Service-Oriented Architecture, a service contains a set of operations with clearly defined input and output parameters. In addition to these operations and traditional QoS, offered services need to publish different levels of intrusion tolerance for two reasons. First, software vulnerabilities can expose services to malicious actors, and make them susceptible to attacks. So, intrusion tolerance will help services to provide continuity of service to clients. Second, clients may require different levels of intrusion tolerance, depending on their non-functional requirements and operating environments. In this paper, we present an approach to model and publish Intrusion Tolerance Quality of Service, which characterizes the level of resilience of a service to survive in the face of malicious intrusions. Then, we will show how a cross-cutting intrusion tolerance architecture layer with its components and algorithms is able to ensure services with differentiated classes of S-Reliability (security-related reliability). Our proposed scheme to provide multilevel S-Reliability is applicable to atomic services, service orchestrations, and multi-tier software architecture.
Chloroplast biogenesis—46. Calculation of net spectral shifts induced by axial ligand coordination in metalated tetrapyrroles

Abstract Three sets of equations are described, for the Soret and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, which allow the calculation of net absorption and fluorescence spectral shifts, directly induced by coordination of metalated tetrapyrroles to axial ligands. This was made possible by separating mathematically the axial ligand-induced spectral shifts from other spectral shifts induced by (a) non-coordination solvent effects; (b) peripheral group substitution; (c) temperature and (d) central metal substitution. In calculating the net spectral shifts, we made use of vapor spectral data published by others, and when such data were not available, solvated free-base spectral data were used. The importance of being able to calculate axial ligand-induced net spectral shifts lies in their quantitative relationship to the positive charge density on the central metal atom of metalated tetrapyrroles, which in turn plays an important role in orienting metallotetrapyrroles within biological membranes.
LULU Analysis Program

Our analysis program LULU has proven very useful in all stages of experiment analysis, from prerun detector debugging through final data reduction. It has solved our problem of having arbitrary word length events and is easy enough to use that many separate experimenters are now analyzing with LULU. The ability to use the same software for all stages of experiment analysis greatly eases the programming burden. We may even get around to making the graphics elegant someday.
3-D finite element predictions of magnetostatic leakage fields

Traditionally electromagnetic leakage fields have largely been of interest to the designers of electrical machinery and magnetic tape heads. An increasingly important application of such leakage fields, however, relates to their use as a mechanism for the detection of defects in ferromagnetic materials. The finite element simulation of three-dimensional active leakage fields is described, and the theoretical predictions are compared with experimentally obtained leakage field profiles for a rectangular slot in a carbon steel bar. Particular emphasis is placed on techniques for determining boundary conditions and the appropriate excitation current distribution in the bar.
Tissue eosinophil numbers and phospholipase B activity in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis

Abstract Wilkes S. D. and Goven A. J. 1984. Tissue eosinophil numbers and phospholipase B activity in mice infected with Trichinella spiralis. International Journal for Parasitology 14. 479–482. Tissue eosinophils were counted and phospholipase B activity was assayed in the intestines of mice infected with 200 Trichinella spiralis larvae. The numbers of intestinal eosinophils and phospholipase B activity increased, peaked and returned to normal levels during the same time period. The findings support the hypothesis that a parasite-induced tissue eosinophilia is the source of elevated phospholipase B activity present in parasitized tissues.
HIV Cure: The Target Is Clearer but Not Yet Close

Of millions of persons chronically infected since the HIV epidemic began, only 1 is alive and free of the virus. HIV infection has reemerged in 2 more persons previously believed to be cured. This ...
Correction of Skeletal Open Bite with Implant Anchored Molar/Bicuspid Intrusion

Implant-anchored orthodontics is a rapidly developing new field in the treatment of major malocclusion. In particular, the use of skeletal fixtures as orthodontic anchors is affording a minimally invasive treatment option for correction of skeletal anterior open bite as an alternative to major surgery. This article reviews the literature and guides oral and maxillofacial surgeons and orthodontists in case selection and management of open bite with implant-assisted orthodontics.
The M603 idiotype is lost in the response to phosphocholine in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-deficient mice.

The majority of anti-phosphocholine (PC) antibodies induced by the PC epitope in Proteus morganii (PM) express the M603 idiotype (id), which is characterized by an invariant Asp to Asn substitution at the V H :D H junction. To elucidate the molecular basis by which M603-like B cells acquire the mutations resulting in this invariant substitution, we analyzed the immune response to PC-PM in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) gene knockout (KO) mice. In the absence of TdT, T15-id antibodies comprised 80-100% of the primary response to PC-PM. Less than 10% of the response in wild-type mice is T15-id + . In TdT KO mice, the secondary response to PC-KLH was higher than in wild-type mice and was dominated by the germ-line T15-id. About 10% of this response, in both TdT KO and wild-type mice, comprised M167-id + antibodies. Additionally, none of the functionally rearranged V1/DFL16.1/ J H 1 cDNA isolated from PC-PM-immunized TdT KO mice showed the Asp/Asn substitution characteristic of PC-binding, PC-PM-induced M603-like antibodies. These data indicate that production of M603-id antibody is TdT dependent, while generation of M167-id antibody is TdT independent, and that in the absence of competition from M603-like B cells, T15-id B cells can respond to PC-PM.
Individual differences in the acceptance of stereotyping

Abstract Previous research has documented individual differences in a range of constructs relating to social stereotyping, prejudice, and intergroup attitudes. However, research has not sought specifically to measure a general acceptance of social stereotyping. In the present research, we explored attitudinal, cognitive, emotional, and personality correlates of a person’s self-reported willingness to rely on stereotypical information when interacting with people of different social and cultural groups. In six studies ( N = 1080) we found that more acceptance of stereotyping was associated with more explicit and implicit stereotyping of particular groups, less liberal gender-role values, more authoritarian attitudes, preference for hierarchies, higher social dominance orientation, less universal outlook, less complexity in describing others’ emotions, less utilization of emotional information, and more utilization of social categories (gender and race) when rating the similarity of faces, less agreeable and more agentic personality, and more rigid and simplistic cognitive style (all independent of one’s gender). Female and African-American participants were less accepting of stereotyping than male and Caucasian participants. The general tendency to accept stereotyping in daily life is a measurable individual difference that may prove useful in social-personality research.
Radiative and nonradiative lifetimes of band edge states and deep trap states of CdS nanoparticles determined by time-correlated single photon counting

Abstract Emission lifetimes of band edge and deep trap states of CdS nanoparticles with different surface capping were measured. For unpassivated nanoparticles with low fluorescence, the emission is dominated by deep trap states and the decay (5 ns) is independent of excitation intensity. For surface passivated nanoparticles with strong luminescence, the emission is dominated by band edge states with a fast and slow decay (a few ns and 50 ns). The slow decay is independent of intensity and the fast component is strongly dependent on intensity. The results support the model of exciton–exciton annihilation upon trap state saturation at high intensities.
Millijoule, continuously tunable ultrafast laser system for XUV generation, from 1 to 10 kHz

We demonstrate a single stage ultrafast laser system that is capable of up to 7.5 W of average power at 7 kHz repetition frequency, with 24 fs pulses, and tunable from 1 to 10 kHz.
Large vertical movements by a goosefish, Lophius americanus, suggests the potential of data storage tags for behavioral studies of benthic fishes

The extensive periodic vertical movements of up to 14 h and 209 m observed in this study for an individual goosefish, Lophius americanus, challenges previous assumptions about the benthic and highly sedentary behavior of the species as well as of other lophiids. Researchers should consider conducting similar data storage tagging studies with other benthic fishes to test assumptions of sedentary behavior.
Sustained Hemodynamic Efficacy of Therapy Tailored to Reduce Filling Pressures in Survivors With Advanced Heart Failure

Background During therapy to relieve congestion in advanced heart failure, cardiac filling pressures can frequently be reduced to near-normal levels with improved cardiac output. It is not known whether the early hemodynamic improvement and drug response can be maintained long term. Methods and Results After referral for cardiac transplantation with initially severe hemodynamic decompensation, 25 patients survived without transplantation to undergo hemodynamic reassessment after 8±6 months of treatment tailored to early hemodynamic response. Initial changes included net diuresis, increased ACE inhibitor doses, and frequent addition of nitrates. After 8 months of therapy, early reductions were sustained for pulmonary wedge pressure (24±9 to 15±5 mm Hg early; 12±6 mm Hg late) and systemic vascular resistance (1651±369 to 1207±281 dynes·s−1·cm−5 early; 1003±193 dynes·s−1·cm−5 late). Acute response to doses persisted at reevaluation. Sustained reduction in filling pressures was accompanied by a progressive in...
Altithermal Timberline Advance in Western United States

A combination of radiocarbon dating and counting of annual rings of the remains of trees has been used to establish the time of retreat of forests from sub-alpine mountains in California and Nevada. The information obtained can serve as a palaeoclimatic indicator.
Quasiparticle localization in superconductors with spin-orbit scattering

We develop a theory of quasiparticle localization in superconductors in situations without spin rotation invariance. We discuss the existence and properties of superconducting phases with localized/delocalized quasiparticle excitations in such systems in various dimensionalities. Implications for a variety of experimental systems, and to the properties of random Ising models in two dimensions, are briefly discussed.