cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survey design and extent estimates for the Wadeable Streams Assessment

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducted a Wadeable Stream Assessment (WSA) of all wadeable streams and rivers in the conterminous US between 1999 and 2005. The assessment was led by the EPA Office of Water, in cooperation with EPA regions, states, tribal nations, and the EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD). The WSA was implemented as 2 large-scale regional surveys of streams and rivers. Both studies used EPA's River Reach File (RF3) as the basis for the sample frame. The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) Western Pilot Study, conducted by ORD in cooperation with EPA Regions 8, 9, and 10 and 12 western states, assessed all streams and rivers in the 12 western states (EMAP-West). A stratified, unequal probability survey design (50 sites/state and additional sites in 5 intensive study areas) was used to select sites from all streams and river segments coded as perennial in RF3. The unequal selection depended on Strahler order, aggregated Omernik level III ecoregion, and special study region. The WSA study used the EMAP-West wadeable streams (WSA-West) and implemented a new design for the remaining 36 eastern conterminous states (WSA-East). The WSA-East design was an unequal probability survey design with unequal selection depending on Strahler order, Omernik Level II ecoregion, and EPA region. RF3 includes 5.29 million km of rivers and streams, of which 39% (2.07 million km) are coded as perennial. The WSA sample frame included 2.84 million km of streams (54% of the total length in RF3), of which 2.24 million km were in WSA-East and 0.60 million km were in WSA-West. Each selected site was classified on the basis of wadeability and the presence of flowing water. The estimated length of wadeable streams and rivers in the 48 conterminous states was 1.30 6 0.025 (SE) million km (45.7 6 1.1% of the stream length in the sample frame). Of this wadeable stream length, 78.6 6 1.0% (1.02 million km) was estimated to be appropriate for sampling. Nationally, 11.5 6 0.8% and 5.2 6 0.6% of this length could not be sampled because of access denial or physical inaccessibility, respectively. The proportion of length affected by access denial was higher in Southern Plains, Northern Plains, and Xeric West aggregated ecoregions, whereas stream length affected by physical inaccessibility was greatest in the Western Mountains aggregated ecoregion. Improvements in the sample frame (RF3 and its successors National Hydrography Database (NHD) and NHD-Plus) would reduce field costs for national surveys.
Cultural Socialization as a Source of Intrinsic Work Motivation

Intrinsic motivation depends not only on innate qualities common to all people, but also on socialization into aspects of national culture that support proactive work behavior. Constructs from comp...
Phytase in Broiler Rations- Effects on Carcass Yields and Incidence of Tribal Dyschondroplasia

SUMMARY Two broiler trials were conducted to marketing ages of 7 and 9 weeks, for Trials 1 and 2, respectively. In Trial 1, three diets were administered: 1) NRC non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) (0.45%), 2) low NPP (0.30%), and 3) low NPP (0.30%) plus 500 units Natuphos [1] phytase/kg ration. Each of the diets was fed to female Ross × Ross chicks for 7 weeks. Low NPP rations had a negative effect on body weight at 7 weeks of age, which was overcome by phytase supplementation. Feed conversion ratio was not affected by NPP level or phytase. Overall carcass yields were not affected by NPP level; however, leg quarter weights were significantly greater in broilers fed the low NPP plus phytase diet. The second trial was a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of three NPP levels (NRC recommended, 75% of NRC recommended, and 50% of NRC recommended) combined with or without supplemental phytase (500 units Natuphos/kg). Each diet was fed to 12 replicate pens with 40 male Ross × Ross chicks per pen for 9 weeks. Low dietary NPP significantly decreased body weight gain at 3 weeks of age but had no effect at 6 and 9 weeks of age. Supplemental phytase significantly increased body weight at 6 and 9 weeks of age. Feed conversion ratio was improved (p < 0.006) in broilers at 9 weeks of age when rations at all three NPP levels were supplemented with phytase. Percent livability also improved with phytase supplementation (p < 0.004). Percent tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) (determined in a live bird subsample) was decreased with phytase supplementation of all three NPP diets at both 3 and 9 weeks of age.
miRNAs and long noncoding RNAs as biomarkers in human diseases

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are transcripts that have no apparent protein-coding capacity; however, many ncRNAs have been found to play a major biological role in human physiology. Their deregulation is implicated in many human diseases, but their exact roles are only beginning to be elucidated. Nevertheless, ncRNAs are extensively studied as a novel source of biomarkers, and the fact that they can be detected in body fluids makes them extremely suitable for this purpose. The authors mainly focus on ncRNAs as biomarkers in cancer, but also touch on other human diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, neurological disorders and infectious diseases. The authors discuss the established methods and provide a selection of emerging new techniques that can be used to detect and quantify ncRNAs. Finally, the authors discuss ncRNAs as a new strategy for therapeutic interventions.
Utilizing Hyperlink Network Analysis to Examine Climate Change Supporters and Opponents

Hyperlink network analysis, which utilizes the links between websites to map online communication structures, offers an emerging methodology for studying the networks of supporters and opponents of public policies. Reasons for the methodology's appeal include the ability to utilize web crawlers to collect large amounts of data and the ability to apply quantitative and qualitative methods to examine network interactions. While the methodology has been utilized by diverse disciplines it is relatively new to the fields of political science and public policy. Utilizing a mixed-methods research design, this article examines the applicability of using hyperlink networks to study opposing groups in the Colorado climate and energy policy subsystem while drawing increased attention to the methodology's strengths and weaknesses. The results demonstrate the methodology's considerable potential, but highlight the need for greater adoption of a collection of best practices designed to increase the validity, reliability, and generalizability of hyperlink research.
Comparative Pharmacodynamics of Three Newer Fluoroquinolones versus Six Strains of Staphylococci in an In Vitro Model under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions

Six strains of staphylococci were exposed to levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, or trovafloxacin in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Each agent demonstrated a rapid 3-log 10 kill versus susceptible isolates regardless of condition. Against clinical isolates with reduced susceptibility, regrowth occurred by 24 h and was frequently associated with further increases in MICs.
Aspirin Allergy Desensitization in Cerebrovascular Disease A Report of Two Cases, Literature Review and Management Guide for the Neurointerventionalist

Aspirin (ASA) is the mainstay of treatment in cerebrovascular and systemic vascular disease. ASA hypersensitivity can pose a challenge to achieving optimum medical management prior to and after neurointerventional treatment. Desensitization to ASA is well described in the allergy and cardiovascular literature, but there are no similar discussions specific to neurointervention. The purpose of our study was to describe our experience with ASA hypersensitivity management and review the relevant literature. Two cases of patients with symptomatic cerebrovascular disease requiring neurointervention who were successfully desensitized to their ASA hypersensitivity prior to treatment are described. The subsequent literature is reviewed. Several ASA desensitization protocols exist and have been proven to successfully treat ASA hypersensitivity and allow for ASA therapy to be safely initiated. We describe several previously published protocols. ASA desensitization is a safe and simple way to manage ASA hypersensitivity. We provide comprehensive management guidelines for the neurointerventionalist engaging in ASA desensitization.
The impact of cutting, liming and fertilizing on characteristics of abandoned upland meadows in the Czech Republic

The responses of three upland grassland phytocoenoses to three different management treatments were studied in Southern Bohemia. The sites were at an advanced successional stage, with all three being meadows abandoned since World War II: (i) Molinion, (ii) degraded Calthion with dominant Carex brizoides and (iii) plant community with the dominant species Calamagrostis villosa. Three different treatments (cutting, liming and fertilizing) were applied to the three grassland types, and their effects on the diversity, plant cover and biomass production were investigated over a 3-year period. Analyses showed significant differences between meadow types in time as well as response to treatments. Independent of the treatments, the biomass production and Shannon index increased significantly in all meadows by varying degrees during the investigation period, whereas the cover decreased slightly in the case of the Carex community and the Molinion and remained unchanged in the case of the Calamagrostis community. Changes in the ground cover (as percentage) in response to management treatments varied between the meadow types. Limed and fertilized plots of the Molinion and Calamagrostis communities had higher percentage cover values compared to the control, but the cover of the C. brizoides community was not affected. In contrast, cut plots of the Molinion had slightly reduced cover. The changes in biomass and species diversity showed no significant correlation with the types of treatment used.
Cumbia!: Scenes of a Migrant Latin American Music Genre Héctor D. Fernández L'Hoeste and Pablo Vila, Editors. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013.

Cumbia!: Scenes of a Migrant Latin American Music Genre Hector D. Fernandez L'Hoeste and Pablo Vila, Editors. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013.Cumbia is presented simultaneously as a source of social identity construction and a detailed look at the music form itself, including how both have transformed through a journey of transnational adaptation. The essays explore a variety of topics, from instrumentation and rhythmic patterns to gender and identity projects, using multiple approaches by a highly qualified list of authors. Three themes, each of which threads its way through many of the essays, position this book as an important contribution to scholarly understanding of music culture; they are social identity, perceptions of "authenticity," and the relationship between music and the music industry.Cumbia as a root for social identity construction and perception is effective because, although it was "born" in Colombia, it has developed in different manners throughout several nations. From a social identity perspective, cumbia's adaptation is often accompanied by a similar theme: music of the marginalized and exploited. In many of its adaptations, the genre takes two paths, at least partial acceptance by some members of the higher class and a vehicle for members of the marginalized class living away from home to connect with loved ones. This second point is exemplified in the book when describing a baile, a form of dance that originated in Mexico City using cumbia music: "As the baile progresses, the sonidero's (deejay) most important and clearly more taxing job is to read into the microphone the personal dedications and salutations that members of the audience and dancers are now giving to him" (129); these are later heard on purchased CDs or uploaded videos by the intended recipients of the messages. As a vehicle for social identity, the importance of cumbia becomes one of great depth, as is addressed by the editors who "propose the term to articulate rather than to reflect or to construct because it encompasses both possibilities at once" (13).The transnational nature of cumbia's progression and adaptation leads to questions of authenticity, a term often written with quotation marks acknowledging by at least some of the authors its subjective nature. The concept of authenticity is one which has received great attention in scholarly circles, and the reader is given opportunity to recognize and problematize its conceptual vagueness. For example, the decision to include a spoken voice segment by genre elder Nicolas Herna'ndez by musician Martin Vejarano is presented with the description "(a)s a modern musician, he is interested in maintaining direct links with practitioners of traditional Colombian music and the places from which they derive" (53). …
Root specific elicitation and antimicrobial activity of rosmarinic acid in hairy root cultures of Ocimum basilicum

Abstract Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a multifunctional caffeic acid ester present in sweet basil ( Ocimum basilicum L.). Untransformed normal roots of O. basilicum harbored the maximum titers (0.98% g fresh weight basis) of RA compared to leaves and shoots. Hairy root cultures of O. basilicum transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes (ATCC-15834) showed three-fold increases in growth and RA production compared to the untransformed normal roots. Upon elicitation with fungal cell wall elicitors (CWE) from Phytophthora cinnamoni , the production of RA was enhanced 2.67-fold compared with the untreated control. Roots were induced to exude RA by fungal in situ challenge with Pythium ultimum , to our knowledge an undocumented observation. Absence of RA in the root exudates of unchallenged root cultures proves that RA under normal circumstances is not exuded. RA showed antimicrobial activity against a range of soil-borne microorganisms, with its most deleterious effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa , an opportunistic soil bacterium and human pathogen. Confocal and scanning imaging of Aspergillus niger hyphae treated with RA (250 μM) exhibited damaged cytoskeletons with broken interseptas and convoluted cell surfaces resulting in a multinucleated stage compared to the untreated control. Both strains of P. aeruginosa tested, PAO1 and PA14, showed increased spatial division and condensation of DNA upon RA treatment compared to the untreated control. Our findings suggest that in nature RA is a constitutive antimicrobial compound that may be released into the surrounding rhizosphere upon microbe challenge.
Merit function for the design of grating instruments

A merit function that is closely correlated with the rms spread of an infinite number of ray-traced spots by means of analytic spot-diagram formulas is critically evaluated in comparison with exact ray tracing. The analytic spot-diagram formulas are found to generate spot diagrams that are almost indistinguishable from ray-traced ones. The rms spread of ray-traced spots about the mean shows varying degrees of statistical dispersion depending on the number of rays traced, and it approaches the value given by the merit function as the number of rays is increased. All the results clearly show that the merit function behaves as defined and provides enough accuracy and a sufficiently short computing time for the design of highly sophisticated grating instruments.
Projector slide changing and focusing as operant reinforcers.

Uninstructed subjects choose to view, in sharp focus where possible, projected visual images in preference to various simpler auditory and visual stimuli (e.g., buzzers of flashing lights). The rate of responding on the lever rapidly increased above the operant level (projector inoperative) even though the stimuli were nonsense syllables. When focusing also was made contingent on responses, the subjects promptly started sharpening the focus of legible but blurred nonsense syllables. When the visual material was colored landscape scenes, the rates of slide-changing generally decreased, because of increased viewing time relative to the nonsense syllables, at the same time that the latencies of focusing decreased. Both the sharpness of focus and the total time spent with the image in sharp focus increased greatly with the colored slides, establishing that the subjects were under control of the stimulus events. Extinction of both responses occurred very rapidly when the controls became inoperative.
Reducing interprocess communication overhead through register windows

Inter-process communication (IPC) by message passing is a common paradigm of many operating system architectures. IPC performance is a critical part of overall system performance. Unfortunately, most architectures exhibit extremely high overhead for short communication. We present a combination of hardware and software primitives that effectively eliminate overhead in short message transfers. CPU registers act as a natural interface between task address spaces, making IPC more efficient and easier to implement than existing software solutions. Our performance study shows that using dynamically relocatable register windows can improve overall system performance by more than fifty percent over typical modern system architectures. >
Peptide growth factors regulate insulin-like growth factor binding protein production by fetal rat lung fibroblasts.

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins (IGFBPs) are expressed in fetal lung and may provide important post-translational regulation of IGF-induced mitogenesis during lung organogenesis. Because of the observation that growth factors can control cell growth through regulation of IGFBPs, we examined IGFBP production by fetal lung fibroblasts following stimulation by peptide growth factors important for fetal lung growth and development. Fetal lung fibroblasts were cultured in serum-free medium supplemented with various growth factors for up to 48 h, and IGFBPs in conditioned medium (CM) were analyzed by ligand blot and immunoblot techniques. Accumulation of CM IGFBP-3 was increased and IGFBP-2 decreased by incubation with either keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) or epidermal growth factor (EGF). The effect of these factors on IGFBP-3 accumulation increased with time but the effects of KGF on CM IGFBP-2 decreased over 48 h of incubation. CM IGFBP-4 was increased by 24 and 48 h incubation with basic...
Study of thermal effects on thin double gate SOI MOSFETs characteristics

A quasi two dimensional model is developed for a fully depleted (FD) double gate Silicon on Insulator (SOI) Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistors for the strong inversion regime. Front and back gate effects are accounted for. Small geometry effects such as carrier velocity saturation, mobility degradation, and channel length modulation effects are included. Lattice and carriers are considered to be at thermal equilibrium. The thermal effects are included in carrier mobility, threshold voltage, and intrinsic concentration. IN characteristics in the saturation region include the effects of impact ionization current and parasitic bipolar transistor.
Oral soft tissue lesions

1. Variations of Structure and Appearance of Normal Oral Mucosa (Canaan) 2. Oral Herpetic Infections (HSV 1-8) (Stoopler) 3. Aphthous Stomatitis (Greenberg) 4. Erythema Multiforme (Williams) 5. Oral Mucositis (Peterson) 6. Oral Fungal Infections (Muzyka) 7. Lichen Planus (De Rossi) 8. Pemphigoid (Sollecito) 9. Pemphigus (Ettlin) 10. Pigmented Oral Lesions (Hatch) 11. Discoid and Systemic Lupus (Brennan) 12. Oral Lesions in HIVD (Glick) 13. Oral Granulomatous Lesions (Alawi) 14. Oral Cancer (Rhodus) 15. Common Oral Soft Tissue Masses (Epstein) 16. Pediatric Soft Tissue Lesions (Pinto)
“We’re all in this together”: A qualitative study of predominantly low income minority participants in a yoga trial for chronic low back pain

Abstract Objective To explore the experiences of low-income minority adults taking part in a yoga dosing trial for chronic low back pain. Design Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with nineteen participants recruited from a randomized yoga dosing trial for predominantly low-income minority adults with chronic low back pain. Interviews discussed the impact of yoga on low back pain and emotions; other perceived advantages or disadvantages of the intervention; and facilitators and barriers to practicing yoga. Interviews were audio taped and transcribed, coded using ATLAS.ti software, and analyzed with inductive and deductive thematic analysis methods. Setting Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. Results Participants viewed yoga as a means of pain relief and attributed improved mood, greater ability to manage stress, and enhanced relaxation to yoga. Overall, participants felt empowered to self-manage their pain. Some found yoga to be helpful in being mindful of their emotions and accepting of their pain. Trust in the yoga instructors was a commonly cited facilitator for yoga class attendance. Lack of time, motivation, and fear of injury were reported barriers to yoga practice. Conclusions Yoga is a multidimensional treatment for low back pain that has the potential to favorably impact health in a predominantly low-income minority population.
Conservation tillage and thiamethoxam seed treatments as tools to reduce thrips densities and disease in cotton and peanut

Abstract Damage to seedling cotton as a result of feeding by adult and immature thrips can result in stunted growth and reduced plant stand. Transmission of Tomato spotted wilt virus by thrips in peanut can result in reduced yield and plant stand. The objectives of this research were to examine the effects of planting cotton and peanut into conventionally (no soil residue) tilled plots or planting into reduced tillage plots including rolled rye and standing rye (cotton only) tillage in conjunction with thiamethoxam seed treatments on seedling thrips counts, thrips associated injury in cotton, Tomato spotted wilt virus incidence in peanut, and yield for both crops. Conservation tillage practices consistently reduced adult and immature thrips populations in cotton. Standing rye residues suppressed thrips similarly to rolled rye, but yielded less lint in one of the two years. Thiamethoxam seed treatment effects were inconsistent, although general numerical trends suggest that this practice can suppress immature thrips for up to three weeks in cotton. Thiamethoxam seed treatment either had no effect or significantly improved cotton lint yield depending on year. Conservation tillage was also effective at reducing immature thrips in peanut. Incidence of Tomato spotted wilt virus in peanut was decreased in conservation tilled plots in 2013, but was slightly greater in 2014. Similarly, effects of tillage on peanut yield were significant but inconsistent between years. Thiamethoxam seed treatments did not consistently reduce thrips in peanut nor did it improve yield in either year. These data demonstrate conservation tillage and thiamethoxam seed treatments are generally effective practices for reducing thrips densities; however, effects on yield and disease transmission were inconsistent.
Unsupervised Learning Using the Tensor Voting Graph

Tensor Voting is a local, non parametric method that provides an efficient way to learn the complex geometric manifold structure under a significant amount of outlier noise. The main limitation of the Tensor Voting framework is that it is strictly a local method, thus not efficient to infer the global properties of complex manifolds. We therefore suggest constructing a unique graph which we call the Tensor Voting Graph, in which the affinity is based on the contribution of neighboring points to a point local tangent space estimated by Tensor Voting. The Tensor Voting Graph compactly and effectively represents the global structure of the underlying manifold. We experimentally demonstrate that we can accurately estimate the geodesic distance on complex manifolds, and substantially outperform all state of the art competing approaches, especially when outliers are present. We also demonstrate our method’s superior ability to segment manifolds, first on synthetic data, then on standard data sets for a motion segmentation, with graceful degradation in the presence of noise.
Structural integrity of frontostriatal connections predicts longitudinal changes in self-esteem

ABSTRACTDiverse neurological and psychiatric conditions are marked by a diminished sense of positive self-regard, and reductions in self-esteem are associated with risk for these disorders. Recent evidence has shown that the connectivity of frontostriatal circuitry reflects individual differences in self-esteem. However, it remains an open question as to whether the integrity of these connections can predict self-esteem changes over larger timescales. Using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and probabilistic tractography, we demonstrate that the integrity of white matter pathways linking the medial prefrontal cortex to the ventral striatum predicts changes in self-esteem 8 months after initial scanning in a sample of 30 young adults. Individuals with greater integrity of this pathway during the scanning session at Time 1 showed increased levels of self-esteem at follow-up, whereas individuals with lower integrity showed stifled or decreased levels of self-esteem. These results provide evidence that fro...
Studies on deoxyribosidic growth requirements of Lactobacillus acidophilus R-26.

SummaryOur experiments indicate that L. acidophilus R-26 could not use either 3′, 5′-TDP, TDP, TTP, D-CDP, or D-CTP for growth, although the compounds were fully utilized after hydrolysis. It was concluded that the organism could not be used directly to detect deoxynucleoside polyphosphates in tissue extracts.
CLAG-based induction therapy in previously untreated high risk acute myeloid leukemia patients

The CLAG regimen is highly active in patients with relapsed and/or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We administered CLAG-based chemotherapy to 20 previously untreated AML patients who were poor candidates for standard induction therapy. Responding patients received further CLAG as post-remission therapy followed by additional therapy that was tailored to their AML subtype. Patients were considered poor candidates for standard therapy due to either cardiac disease, prior chemotherapy for another malignancy, prior myeloproliferative disease, or myelodysplastic syndrome that had progressed after hypomethylator therapy. Overall, thirteen patients had a complete response (CR) to the first cycle of therapy (65%), one patient had a CR without platelet recovery, and 3 patients had a partial response (PR). Two of the patients with PR converted to CR after further therapy. The median duration of response has not been reached; the mean duration of response is 36.8 months (95% CI 28.8-44.8 months). Median overall survival (including deaths from all causes) is 29.0 months (95% CI 18.0-46.0 months). Patients with de novo AML had a CR rate of 90.9% and a median overall survival of 38.5 months. CLAG-based therapy is a well-tolerated, efficacious induction strategy in previously-untreated patients with high risk AML. CLAG-based regimens should be studied in a broader group of newly diagnosed AML patients.
Research on testing technology of relay protection for digital substation

With the implementation of IEC 61850 standard and the development of the digital substation technology,digital protection has taken significant changes in the hardware architecture and implementation method,which has brought new subjects to protection test.A new testing platform based on IEC 61850 is developed,which can carry out the real-time closed loop tests for protection devices.By establishing the model of power system,through precise transient calculation,the calculated data according to IEC61850 standard will be sent to the actual digital protection devices for performance test.The testing results verify that the platform can provide the necessary secondary characteristics and test environment for digital protections,and it has great application value.
Perioperation management of left to right shunt congenital heart disease with pulmonary hypertension in infants (35-case report attached)

Objective To explore perioperation management of left to right shunt congenital heart disease with pulmonary hypertension in infant.Methods On thirty-five patients with a rang of 2～12 months,performed cardiac surgical procedures and implemented comprehensive measures such as appropriate application of ventilation support,pulmonary vasodilator and membrane oxygenator ,ultrafiltration,dynamic monitor of pulmonary pressure and administration of respiring way and etc,at three intervals. Twenty-eight of them were treated with open heart surgery. Result One patient died after the operation with a mortality of 2.9%. This dangerous period were passed safely in the remaining thirty-four cases,who had recovered smoothly. Conclusion Paying attention to early repair of heart defects,improving treatment on protecting function of important organs, such as lung,and preventing pulmonary hypertension and its crisis could help us achieve a better outcome during the perioperating period.
Species Composition and Diversity Analysis of Waterfowl in Tianjin

The waterfowl species in the major wetland reserves of Tianjin and its coastal areas were surveyed from 2001 to 2007.A total of 157 waterfowl species representing 9 orders,21 families and 67 genera were recorded.Among the total species,83(52.87%) species distributed in the Palaeartic realm,15(9.55%) species in the Oriental realm and 59(37.58%) species distributed widely.There were 120 species(76.43%) of travelers,29 species(18.47%) of summer residents,3 species(1.91%) of residents and 5 species(3.18%) of winter residents.There are 3 species were new records of waterfowl in Tianjin,they were Calidris acuminate,Calidris minuta,and Philomachus pugnax.Based on the G-F diversity index,the highest was shallow and marsh,which was 0.603 3,following with beach(0.5314).The lowest was lake and urban park,which were 0.336 7 and 0.345 5.The concrete protective countermeasures were suggested for waterfowl based on this survey.
Relationship factors and couples’ engagement in sun protection

Individuals may be more motivated to adopt health practices if they consider the benefits of these behaviors for their close relationships. The goal of this study was to examine couple concordance with sun protection and use the interdependence and communal coping theory to evaluate the role of relationship factors in sun protection. One hundred and eighty-four married couples aged 50 years and older completed measures of objective skin cancer risk, perceived risk, sun protection benefits, relationship-centered motivations for sun protection, discussions about sun protection, and sun protection. A mediational model was evaluated. Results indicated a high level of couple concordance. Partners who adopted a relationship-centered motivation for sun protection were more likely to discuss sun protection with one another, and partners who discussed sun protection together were more likely to engage in sun protection. One partner's attitude about personal risk and sun protection benefits was associated with the other partner's sun protection. Wives had higher relationship-centered motivation and discussed sun protection more with their husbands. Behavioral interventions may benefit from encouraging couples to discuss sun protection and encouraging married individuals to consider the benefits of sun protection for their relationship and for their spouse's health.
Electroporation-Mediated Delivery of Genes in Rodent Models of Lung Contusion

Several of the biological processes involved in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome after lung contusion are regulated at a genetic and epigenetic level. Thus, strategies to manipulate gene expression in this context are highly desirable not only to elucidate the mechanisms involved but also to look for potential therapies. In the present chapter, we describe mouse and rat models of inducing blunt thoracic injury followed by electroporation-mediated gene delivery to the lung. Electroporation is a highly efficient and easily reproducible technique that allows circumvention of several of lung gene delivery challenges and safety issues present with other forms of lung gene therapy.
Allergic rhinosinusitis: the total rhinologic disease

Allergic rhinosinusitis has three forms of therapy: pharmacotherapy, immunotherapy, and surgical therapy. Pharmacotherapeutically, there are six classes of drugs that give symptomatic relief: mucolytics, decongestants, anti-cholinergic agents, antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, and corticosteroids. All six classes are discussed individually and in detail. For immunotherapeutic therapy of allergic rhinosinusitis, there are four types of skin testing in current use: scratch testing, prick testing, single intradermal testing, and skin end point titration testing. Only the latter is able to quantitate the antigenicity of each antigen, and thus the treatment vial made from only this type of skin testing can adequately treat all antigens to which the patient is sensitive. These differences in testing and vial mixing are explained. The last form of therapy is surgical therapy, which corrects the obstructive phenomenon caused by allergic rhinosinusitis. The procedures described are reduction inferior turbinectomies and endoscopic sinus surgery. It is felt by the authors that the specialist who is uniquely positioned to offer a patient suffering from allergic rhinosinusitis all three forms of therapy is the rhinologist.
Antigenic Analysis for Vaccines and Diagnostics

Coxiella burnetii infection is frequently unrecognized or misdiagnosed, as symptoms generally mimic an influenza-like illness. However, the disease (Q fever) may result in chronic infection, usually manifesting as potentially fatal endocarditis. The development of a chronic fatigue-like sequela may also occur. Infected ruminants are the major reservoir for infection in humans, primarily through exposure to birth products or aerosols that transmit the bacterium over wide regions. A vaccine against C. burnetii infection has been in use in Australia for abattoir and agricultural workers for many years. The possibility of adverse reactions in those with previous exposure to the agent has prevented its use elsewhere. Subunit vaccines, utilizing chemical extraction of components thought to cause adverse reactions, are in development, but none are yet licensed. Others have sought to combine immunogenic peptides with or without selected lipopolysaccharide components to produce a vaccine without the possibility of adverse reactions. Selected immunogenic proteins have been shown to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. Although current diagnosis of infection relies on serological testing, the presentation of specific antibody occurs 7-15 days following the onset of symptoms, delaying treatment that may result in prolonged morbidity. PCR detection of DNA to specific C. burnetii antigens in the blood is possible early in infection, but PCR may become negative when PII IgG antibodies appear. PCR is useful for early diagnosis when Q fever is suspected, as in large epidemics, and shortens the delay in the identification of Q fever endocarditis. Others have combined PCR with ELISA or other methods to increase the ability to detect infection at any stage. The search for new diagnostic reagents and vaccines has utilized new methods for discovery of immunoreactive proteins. DNA analysis of the heterogeneity of C. burnetii isolates has led to a greater understanding of the diversity of isolates and a means to determine whether there is a correlation between strain and disease severity. 2-D SDS PAGE of immunogenic proteins reactive with human or animal infection sera and mass spectrometric analysis of specific secreted or outer membrane proteins have identified candidate antigens. Microarrays have allowed the analysis of peptide libraries of open reading frames to evaluate the immunogenicity of complete genomes.
Cultural Comparisons in Ethnobiological Research

A research focus on cultural comparisons in ethnobiology can answer questions about the incidence, distribution, and causes of cultural variation in ethnobiological knowledge. It also provides insight into the rich diversity of ways in which communities interact with and use biological resources to sustain a living. Cross-cultural research has shown that the same biological resources accessible to different cultural groups are often used and valued in different ways and thus occupy specific cultural niches. This research has also been instrumental in showing that even though native communities tend to possess a larger body of knowledge about natural resources than immigrants and people of mixed ancestry who share the same living areas, the former can still acquire plant knowledge from the latter groups. As such, cross-cultural research adds depth and richness to ethnobiological data and contributes to hypothesis testing and theory building in ethnobiological research. In addition, understanding the patterns by which people know and use their biological resources is of central importance to projects that aim to reconcile biological conservation and local development through the identification of species that hold high cultural importance.
A Case for Memory Content-Based Detection and Mitigation of Data-Dependent Failures in DRAM

DRAM cells in close proximity can fail depending on the data content in neighboring cells. These failures are called data-dependent failures . Detecting and mitigating these failures online while the system is running in the field enables optimizations that improve reliability, latency, and energy efficiency of the system. All these optimizations depend on accurately detecting every possible data-dependent failure that could occur with any content in DRAM. Unfortunately, detecting all data-dependent failures requires the knowledge of DRAM internals specific to each DRAM chip. As internal DRAM architecture is not exposed to the system, detecting data-dependent failures at the system-level is a major challenge. Our goal in this work is to decouple the detection and mitigation of data-dependent failures from physical DRAM organization such that it is possible to detect failures without knowledge of DRAM internals. To this end, we propose MEMCON , a memory content-based detection and mitigation mechanism for data-dependent failures in DRAM. MEMCON does not detect every possible data-dependent failure. Instead, it detects and mitigates failures that occur with the current content in memory while the programs are running in the system. Using experimental data from real machines, we demonstrate that MEMCON is an effective and low-overhead system-level detection and mitigation technique for data-dependent failures in DRAM.
Tolkien’s Old English Exodus and the Problematics of Allegory

This article reconsiders Tolkien’s presumed inattention to the allegorical content of the Old English Exodus. It does so, first of all, by situating allegory in the broader context of Tolkien’s letters and fictional compilations. His reception of the poem is then addressed through textual notes and an incomplete translation Tolkien used in lectures as Exodus became a regular feature of his teaching throughout the 1930s and 1940s. Reconstructed by Joan Turville-Petre and published in 1982, this material shows how Tolkien often departs from standard patristic and early medieval readings of key episodes in the biblical book and their parallels in the poem itself; this is developed in comparison to more recent editorial and textual scholarship stressing the interpretive preeminence of allegory in Exodus. Nevertheless, it is finally argued, the poem also becomes for Tolkien the occasion to imagine a rapprochement of sorts between the historical and the allegorical, something crucial not only to his own fictional sensibilities and aspirations, but also to how we understand current theoretical constructions of allegoresis.
The Relation between God and the World in the Pre-Critical Kant: Was Kant a Spinozist?

Andrew Chignell and Omri Boehm have recently argued that Kant’s pre-Critical proof for the existence of God entails a Spinozistic conception of God and hence substance monism. The basis for this reading is the assumption common in the literature that God grounds possibilities by exemplifying them. In this article I take issue with this assumption and argue for an alternative Leibnizian reading, according to which possibilities are grounded in essences united in God’s mind (later also described as Platonic ideas intuited by God). I show that this view about the distinction between God’s cognition of essences as the ground of possibility and the actual world is not only explicitly stated by Kant, but is also consistent with his metaphysical picture of teleology in nature and causality during the pre-Critical period. Finally, I suggest that the distinction between the conceptual order of essences embodied in the idea of God and the order of the objects of experience plays a role in the transition into the Critical system, where it is transformed into the distinction between the intelligible and the sensible worlds.
Use of Telehealth Videoconferencing in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes in Oregon.

Abstract Introduction: We reviewed the impact of telehealth videoconferencing clinics on outcomes of care in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes in rural Oregon. Methods: We performed a chart review as well as the review of patient satisfaction questionnaires from 27 patients seen in the first year of the program. Results: The number of yearly visits to diabetes clinic increased from average 1.5 to 2.7, which was statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Glycemic control remained stable, and there was no difference in the amount of emergency department visits or hospitalizations related to diabetes. Patients expressed high satisfaction with the service and majority considered it equal to in-person visits. Conclusion: We conclude that telehealth videoconferencing visits have the potential to improve care in pediatric diabetes patients, particularly the patients living in areas distant from subspecialty centers.
Modeling kinetics-transport interactions during biomass torrefaction: The effects of temperature, particle size, and moisture content

Abstract A comprehensive one-dimensional model accounting for the effects of heat and mass transfer, chemical kinetics, and drying was developed to describe the torrefaction of a single woody biomass particle. The thermochemical sub-models depend only on previously determined or measured characteristics, avoiding the use of fitting or tuning parameters and enabling a rigorous energy balance of the process. Moreover, a high temperature drying sub-model is introduced which overcomes the difficulties associated with existing approaches to give physically consistent results, smooth implementation, and numerical stability. The particle model was validated against experimental data from the literature for intraparticle temperature profiles, particle mass and energy yields over a range of particle sizes and reaction temperatures. The modeling results describe well the three distinct stages observed during the torrefaction of large particles including the heatup, drying, heat release due to exothermic reactions resulting in thermal overshoot, followed by thermal equilibrium where conversion is governed by mass loss kinetics. The nonlinear effects of particle size, temperature, moisture content, and residence time on the mass and energy yields are quantified and explained. Larger particles exhibit a significant internal temperature gradient and strong temperature overshoot especially at the centerline. The magnitude of the overshoot is a function of the conductivity, particle size, and average heat release rate. Because of the rise in the reaction rate, higher temperatures increase the sensitivity of the process to particle size. Due to the dependence of drying rate on heat transfer limitations, the sensitivity of torrefaction to initial moisture content increases strongly with particle size.
Dynamic Divestures: A Codification Exercise on the Reporting of Discontinued Operations

ABSTRACT: This instructional case discusses a hypothetical scenario of a global conglomerate that has recently divested operations for three different subsidiaries. Students are required to determi...
Sustainability of Evidence-Based Acute Pain Management Practices for Hospitalized Older Adults:

Little is known regarding sustainability of evidence-based practices (EBPs) following implementation. This article reports sustainability of evidence-based acute pain management practices in hospitalized older adults following testing of a multifaceted Translating Research Into Practice (TRIP) implementation intervention. A cluster randomized trial with follow-up period was conducted in 12 Midwest U.S. hospitals (six experimental, six comparison). Use of evidence-based acute pain management practices and mean pain intensity were analyzed using generalized estimating equations across two time points (following implementation and 18 months later) to determine sustainability of TRIP intervention effects. Summative Index scores and six of seven practices were sustained. Experimental and comparison group differences for mean pain intensity over 72 hours following admission were sustained. Results revealed most evidence-based acute pain management practices were sustained for 18 months following implementation. Further work is needed to identify factors affecting sustainability of EBPs to guide development and testing of sustainability strategies.
Treatment Engagement and Multicultural Considerations

Culture is generally defined as a set of attitudes, values, behaviors, and symbols shared by a large group of people and usually communicated from one generation to the next (Hays, 2001). People are multicultural, often identifying with various cultural categories (e.g., sex, age, disability, religion, national origin, race) that are layered and intersect in every possible way. It is insufficient to understand a person’s worldview without appreciating the social positions of their cultural memberships (Crenshaw, 1989; Hays, 2001). An individual’s social position can be best understood by examining how their cultural identities influence their role in Hofstede’s power distance relationship paradigm (Hofstede & Bond, 2016). Belonging to various cultural groups that have historically faced oppression, discrimination, stigmatization, or exclusion may exacerbate barriers in biological, psychological, and social areas of the human experience. Belonging to lower-power groups does not determine poor life experiences, and belonging to a higher-power group does not guarantee positive life experiences (see Table 40.1). The factors that contribute to life inequities are multifactorial, interrelated, and complex. This holds true for health inequities, which are rooted in an amalgamation of individual, provider, health system, societal, and environmental factors. Health inequities have been noted across a number of lower-power cultural groups including disability, minority race/ethnicity, homo- or bi-sexual orientation, female or transgender, and lower socioeconomic status (Farber, Ali, Van Sickle, & Kaslow, 2017).