cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuropharmacology of Hyperkinetic Behavior: Response to Methylphenidate Correlated with Degree of Activity and Brain Damage

Neurological mechanisms of hyperkinesia are not completely understood. Diffuse brain lesions are thought to be a major cause of a large percentage of clinical cases of hyperactive behavior (Strauss and Lehtinen, 1947). In a recent study (Millichap et al., 1968) on hyperkinesia in children, fifty-seven per cent of the patients had a history of brain injury or other cerebral damage, and all but one patient had neurological signs of minimal brain dysfunction. In certain cases where the diagnosis of brain damage may be uncertain, other etiological factors such as delayed maturation of the brain and psychogenic disorders have been invoked (Eisenberg, 1964). In many patients the hyperactivity may be controlled and learning disabilities benefited by various drugs (Millichap and Fowler, 1967), and central nervous system stimulants such as methylphenidate (Ritalin) and dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine) are most effective. In contrast, phenobarbital has an excitant effect (Millichap and Millichap, 1966) and is contraindicated in the treatment of hyperactive behavior. The paradoxical calming effect of stimulants on hyperactive children has not been fully explained and the present clinical and laboratory studies were designed to investigate the relation of the degree of activity and brain damage to the drug response and to develop an experimental model for the development of new pharmacological therapies for hyperactivity.
Selecting Attributes, Rules, and Membership Functions for Fuzzy SoS Architecture Evaluation

Abstract The development of the FILA-SoS meta-architecture approach to acknowledged systems of systems (SoS) analysis allows a relatively unbiased method for exploring a potential SoS architecture space. This paper delves more deeply into the process of building the lists of desirable fuzzy attributes of a SoS, developing rules for combining attribute values to an overall assessment, and discovering membership function shapes that work well. A wide range of options exist for all the individual elements of SoS assessment. Some recommendations for finding an appropriate combination for the adjustable parameters of fuzzy assessment models through random architecture chromosome testing and iteration are developed.
Meal Detection in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: A New Module for the Multivariable Adaptive Artificial Pancreas Control System

A novel meal-detection algorithm is developed based on continuous glucose measurements. Bergman's minimal model is modified and used in an unscented Kalman filter for state estimations. The estimated rate of appearance of glucose is used for meal detection. Data from nine subjects are used to assess the performance of the algorithm. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm works successfully with high accuracy. The average change in glucose levels between the meals and the detection points is 16( $\bm{\pm}$ 9.42) ${[\rm mg/dl]}$ for 61 successfully detected meals and snacks. The algorithm is developed as a new module of an integrated multivariable adaptive artificial pancreas control system. Meal detection with the proposed method is used to administer insulin boluses and prevent most of postprandial hyperglycemia without any manual meal announcements. A novel meal bolus calculation method is proposed and tested with the UVA/Padova simulator. The results indicate significant reduction in hyperglycemia.
Assessment of Single- and Two-Zone Modeling of Centrifugal Compressors, Studies in Component Performance: Part 3

Single- and two-zone modeling, as used to describe the performance of centrifugal compressors, is evaluated against basic laboratory data. The historical industrial usage of single-zone modeling is reviewed and documented while indicating inherent errors as well as areas of applicability. Enhanced accuracy of two-zone modeling (also called jet-wake modeling in limited instances) is demonstrated and advantages for advanced design optimization studies are documented. An original and rigorous derivation of the two-zone (jet-wake) modeling equations is given which resolves discrepancies in earlier derivations. This paper is part of a seven-paper series presenting the foundation, history and application of two-zone modeling.Copyright © 1985 by ASME
The application of microchemistry in forensic chemistry

The application, then, of microchemistry in the field of forensic chemistry is unlimited. The identification of blood and body fluids, paint, hairs and fibers, narcotics and drugs, glass fragments, soil, the examination of dust, stains, explosives, metals, chemical accelerants used in arson cases, the examination of powder for firearms, the search for powder residues remaining on clothing or in the barrel of a firearm, the identification of poisonous mixtures, the analysis of tobacco, liquor, and innumerable other objects should convince any skeptic of the tremendous importance of microchemistry in the field of forensic chemistry.
Bioinspired, mechanical, deterministic fractal model for hierarchical suture joints.

Many biological systems possess hierarchical and fractal-like interfaces and joint structures that bear and transmit loads, absorb energy, and accommodate growth, respiration, and/or locomotion. In this paper, an elastic deterministic fractal composite mechanical model was formulated to quantitatively investigate the role of structural hierarchy on the stiffness, strength, and failure of suture joints. From this model, it was revealed that the number of hierarchies ($N$) can be used to tailor and to amplify mechanical properties nonlinearly and with high sensitivity over a wide range of values (orders of magnitude) for a given volume and weight. Additionally, increasing hierarchy was found to result in mechanical interlocking of higher-order teeth, which creates additional load resistance capability, thereby preventing catastrophic failure in major teeth and providing flaw tolerance. Hence, this paper shows that the diversity of hierarchical and fractal-like interfaces and joints found in nature have definitive functional consequences and is an effective geometric-structural strategy to achieve different properties with limited material options in nature when other structural geometries and parameters are biologically challenging or inaccessible. This paper also indicates the use of hierarchy as a design strategy to increase design space and provides predictive capabilities to guide the mechanical design of synthetic flaw-tolerant bioinspired interfaces and joints.
Electrical resistance tomography with constrained sine wave solutions for impact damage identification in glass fiber/epoxy/carbon black laminate composites

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) has incredible potential for structural health monitoring (SHM) when applied to structures in which mechanical damage is coupled with changes in electrical conductivity. Practically, however, the potential of EIT for SHM is largely nullified by requiring both non-negligible computational resources and accurate initial conductivity estimates. By working in resistivity instead of conductivity and constraining the change in resistivity to be a series of two-dimensional sine waves, a novel resistivity-based EIT formulation is herein developed that significantly abates the computational requirements of EIT and is independent of initial estimates. This approach is explored analytically and then demonstrated experimentally by locating impact damage to a glass fiber/epoxy/carbon black laminate.
Rational Wedges for Selected Polycons

Motivation for generalization of the quadrilateral construction is stimulated by examination of the wedge associated with vertex 1 of this element. The simplest rational function that vanishes on (2;3)2 is $$\displaystyle{ \mathrm{f}_{1}(\mathrm{x,y})\; =\;\mathrm{ k}_{1}(1 -\mathrm{ x}^{2} -\mathrm{ y}^{2})/\mathrm{Q}_{ 1}\,(\mathrm{x,y})\;, }$$ (3.1) and we seek Q1 to make this function linear on sides (1;2) and (3;1) of the 3-con. Let Q1 = a + bx + cy. On (3;1), y = 0 and $$\displaystyle{ \mathrm{f}_{1}(\mathrm{x,y})\; =\; [(1 -\mathrm{ x}^{\mathrm{2}})/(\mathrm{a}\; +\;\mathrm{ bx})]\;\;\bmod \;\;(3;1)\;. }$$ (3.2) For f1 to be linear on (3;1) with f1(x3, y3) = 0, we must have a = b. On side (1;2), x = 0 and $$\displaystyle{ \mathrm{f}_{1}(\mathrm{x,y})\; \equiv \; [(1 -\mathrm{ y}^{\mathrm{2}})/(\mathrm{a}\; +\;\mathrm{ cy})]\;\;\bmod \;\;(1;2)\;. }$$ (3.3) For f1 to be linear on (1;2) and f1(x2,y2) = 0, we must set a = c. When a = b = c: $$\displaystyle{ \begin{array}{rl} \mathrm{f}_{1}(\mathrm{x,y})\;& \equiv \; (1 -\mathrm{ x})\;\;\bmod \;\;(3;1) \\ \;& \equiv \; (1 -\mathrm{ y})\;\;\bmod \;\;(1;2)\;.\end{array} }$$ (3.4) Thus Q1 is the line on which 1 + x + y = 0, and a candidate for W1 is the function $$\displaystyle{ \mathrm{f}_{1}(\mathrm{x,y})\; =\; (1 -\mathrm{ y}^{2} -\mathrm{ x}^{2})/(1\, +\;\mathrm{ x}\; +\;\mathrm{ y}). }$$ (3.5)
The Impact of Weight Perception on the Health Behaviors of College Students.

Background: Obesity has links to numerous health problems. Having an accurate perception of one's own weight is an important aspect of maintaining an appropriate weight. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among perceived body weight, actual body weight, body satisfaction, and selected health behaviors. Methods: The study was conducted at a southern Louisiana university with students enrolled in undergraduate classes. A total of 515 students participated in this study. Results: Students were mostly female (68%), Caucasian (68%), and freshmen (59%). Freshmen had significantly lower body mass index (BMI) measurements than seniors. Several health behaviors had significant relationships with BMI, including drinking diet soda, eating at the student union, and stress eating. Weight perception was related to scores on the Body Satisfaction Scale (BSS), where students who were more overweight scored higher on the BSS, indicating dissatisfaction. Discussion: Overall, students had an acc...
Simulation cloning with induced negative correlation

Simulation cloning involves expediting a simulation by sharing computational results among different sample paths. It resembles the idea of splitting, which is widely researched in rare event simulation, as splitting techniques also produce clones when a sample path reaches a certain state. In this paper, we consider the use of simulation cloning for estimation of performance measures via transient simulation. In addition to the basic cloning approach, we present simulation cloning algorithms with induced negative correlation to reduce variance. We also consider the possibility of cloning the simulation at multiple (two) decision points. Numerical experiments are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of our algorithms. In real-life situations where simulating one replication is expensive and variability is larger in the replicated part of the simulation, simulation cloning can significantly improve the efficiency of the simulation.
High prevalence of MiTF staining in undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma: caution in the use of melanocytic markers in sarcoma.

Aims The diagnosis of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) may be challenging, as other lesions with undifferentiated spindle cell morphology must be excluded, including melanoma. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MiTF) stains naevi and epithelioid melanomas, as well as some mesenchymal neoplasms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of MiTF and melanocytic markers in UPS and a subset of atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX). Methods and results MiTF, SOX10, Melan-A, HMB45 and S100 immunostaining was performed on resection specimens from 19 UPSs and five AFXs. Next-generation sequencing of 50 genes was performed in UPSs to exclude dedifferentiated melanoma. In 17 of 19 UPSs (89%), tumour cells showed nuclear positivity for MiTF that was not eliminated by casein block. Three showed focal nuclear staining for HMB45, which was eliminated by casein block. One showed focal nuclear vacuole staining for S100 with red but not brown chromogen. None expressed SOX10 or Melan-A. Mutational analysis of 15 UPSs with adequate DNA showed no mutations within hotspot regions of BRAF, KIT, or NRAS. Four of five AFXs (80%) stained with MiTF; other markers were negative. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of nuclear MiTF expression in UPSs (89%) and AFXs (80%). Rare UPSs showed non-specific nuclear HMB45 or S100 staining. These findings argue against using MiTF in isolation to differentiate between UPS or AFX and melanoma, and caution in interpreting focal staining for a single additional melanocytic marker. Casein block may eliminate non-specific staining. MiTF should be used to support a diagnosis of melanoma only if multiple melanocytic markers are positive.
Chronic Pain in Children and Adolescents: Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Pain Disorders in Head, Abdomen, Muscles and Joints.

Primary pain disorders (formerly “functional pain syndromes”) are common, under-diagnosed and under-treated in children and teenagers. This manuscript reviews key aspects which support understanding the development of pediatric chronic pain, points to the current pediatric chronic pain terminology, addresses effective treatment strategies, and discusses the evidence-based use of pharmacology. Common symptoms of an underlying pain vulnerability present in the three most common chronic pain disorders in pediatrics: primary headaches, centrally mediated abdominal pain syndromes, and/or chronic/recurrent musculoskeletal and joint pain. A significant number of children with repeated acute nociceptive pain episodes develop chronic pain in addition to or as a result of their underlying medical condition “chronic-on-acute pain.” We provide description of the structure and process of our interdisciplinary, rehabilitative pain clinic in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA with accompanying data in the treatment of chronic pain symptoms that persist beyond the expected time of healing. An interdisciplinary approach combining (1) rehabilitation; (2) integrative medicine/active mind-body techniques; (3) psychology; and (4) normalizing daily school attendance, sports, social life and sleep will be presented. As a result of restored function, pain improves and commonly resolves. Opioids are not indicated for primary pain disorders, and other medications, with few exceptions, are usually not first-line therapy.
Estimates of Crossbreeding Parameters for Growth Traits in Crosses between Nigerian Indigenous and Exotic Chickens

The aim of this study was to estimate crossbreeding parameters namely direct additive, maternal additive and direct heterosis for bodyweight and weight gain of crosses between Nigerian indigenous (NIC) and two inbred lines of exotic chickens namely pure white (PW) and pure black (PBL). The NIC was divided into two replicate groups namely NIC 1 and NIC 2 . The inbred lines were derived from the within strain mating of two commercial strains of egg type chickens namely H and N Brown Nick and Black Olympia. Estimates of direct additive and their percentages were high and highly significant (p<0.01) in PW, NIC 1 and their crosses at 4-20 weeks of age and at 4, 12-20 weeks of age in PBL, NIC 2 and their crosses. Similarly, estimates of direct additive for weight gain were significant (p<0.05) at 0-8 weeks of age for PW, NIC 1 and their crosses and at 0-4, 8-12 weeks of age in PBL, NIC 2 and their crosses. While estimates of maternal additive were positive and significant for bodyweight at 0-4 weeks and weight gain at 0-4 and 12-16 weeks of age in PBL, NIC 2 and their crosses, the estimates were not significant for bodyweight and weight gain in PW, NIC 1 and their crosses. The estimates of direct heterosis and its percentage for bodyweight and weight gain were significant in both crosses. The study concluded that significant improvement in the bodyweight and weight gain of the NIC could be obtained by crossing with the exotic lines.
Safety Outcomes After Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke in Patients With Recent Stroke.

Background and Purpose— It is uncertain whether previous ischemic stroke within 3 months of receiving intravenous thrombolysis (tPA [tissue-type plasminogen activator]) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes. Methods— Using administrative claims data, we identified adults with AIS who received intravenous tPA at California, New York, and Florida hospitals from 2005 to 2013. Our primary outcome was intracerebral hemorrhage, and our secondary outcomes were unfavorable discharge disposition and inpatient mortality. We used logistic regression to compare rates of outcomes in patients with and without previous ischemic stroke within 3 months of intravenous tPA for AIS. Results— We identified 36 599 AIS patients treated with intravenous tPA, of whom 568 (1.6%) had a previous ischemic stroke in the past 3 months. Of all patients who received intravenous tPA, the rate of intracerebral hemorrhage was 4.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.7%–5.1%), and death occurred in 10.7% (95% CI, 10.4%–11.0%). After adjusting for demographics, vascular risk factors, and the Elixhauser Comorbidity Index, previous ischemic stroke within 3 months of thrombolysis for AIS was not associated with an increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (odds ratio, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.6–1.4; P =0.62), but was associated with an increased risk of death (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2–1.9; P =0.001) and unfavorable discharge disposition (odds ratio, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0–1.7; P =0.04). Conclusions— Among patients who receive intravenous tPA for AIS, recent ischemic stroke is not associated with an increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage but is associated with a higher risk of death and unfavorable discharge disposition.
How Responsive are Political Elites? A Meta-Analysis of Experiments on Public Officials*

In the past decade, the body of research using experimental approaches to investigate the responsiveness of elected officials has grown exponentially. Given this explosion of work, a systematic assessment of these studies is needed not only to take stock of what we have learned so far about democratic responsiveness, but also to inform the design of future studies. In this article, I conduct the first meta-analysis of all experiments that examine elite responsiveness to constituent communication. I find that racial/ethnic minorities and messages sent to elected officials (as opposed to non-elected) are significantly less likely to receive a response. A qualitative review of the literature further suggests that some of these inequalities in responsiveness are driven by personal biases of public officials, rather than strategic, electoral considerations. The findings of this study provide important qualifications and context to prominent individual studies in the field.
Inherited Disorders of Renal Salt Homeostasis: Insights from Molecular Genetics Studies

Many of the mediators and regulators of renal salt reabsorption have been identified from physiologic studies. The manner in which these individual elements function in the context of integrated physiology in vivo is best understood from the consequence of mutations that alter the function of individual components. In addition, unbiased genetic screens have the ability to identify previously unrecognized elements of the regulatory network. Studies of inherited defects in renal salt reabsorption in humans have identified a large number of mutations that result in increased or decreased salt reabsorption. Genes implicated encode diverse proteins including ion channels and transporters, enzymes involved in hormone production, hormone receptors, protein kinases and elements of ubiquitin ligases. Importantly, these mutations have dramatic impact on blood pressure, unequivocally establishing the key role of varied renal salt reabsorption in human blood pressure variation. In addition, this work has identified previously unrecognized physiology that orchestrates the balance between salt reabsorption and potassium secretion. These findings have impacted drug development for hypertension and public health approaches to the control of blood pressure.
Pediatric Solid Tumors of Infancy: An Overview

1. Wendy Allen-Rhoades, MD, FAAP* 2. Sarah B. Whittle, MD, MS, FAAP* 3. Nino Rainusso, MD, FAAP* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX * Abbreviations: AFP: : α-fetoprotein ASCT: : autologous stem cell transplant CT: : computed tomography FDA: : Food and Drug Administration MRI: : magnetic resonance imaging OMS: : opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome VIP: : vasoactive intestinal peptide 123I-MIBG: : 123I-meta-iodo-benzylguanidine Pediatricians should recognize the role of age, genetic factors, and syndromes that predispose to the development of certain pediatric solid tumors. Many symptoms of common childhood illnesses that progress or do not resolve in a timely manner should require a detailed evaluation and prompt referral to a cancer specialist. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Recognize the presenting signs and symptoms of pediatric solid tumors (eg, abdominal mass, constipation, shortness of breath, back pain, bone pain, fever, and hypertension). 2. Identify the signs and symptoms of retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, hepatoblastoma, and Wilms tumor. 3. Recommend genetic evaluation and close disease surveillance for patients with certain solid tumors or particular predisposing conditions. 4. Recognize general aspects of the multidisciplinary treatment approach in children with retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma, hepatoblastoma, and Wilms tumor. Pediatric solid tumors are a group of nonhematologic, extracranial cancers that occur during childhood. This heterogeneous group of tumors represents approximately 40% of all pediatric cancers (Fig 1). Many pediatric solid tumors are referred to as embryonal or developmental cancers because they arise in young children or adolescents as a result of alterations in the processes of organogenesis or normal growth. In this review, we address common symptoms developed in children diagnosed as having malignant solid tumors and offer a general description of the most common pediatric solid tumors in infants and young children. Common malignant solid tumors in adolescents will be addressed in a separate article. Figure 1. Percentage distribution of pediatric cancers and solid tumors in children …
The relationships between cytochromes P450 and H 2 O 2: Production, reaction, and inhibition

In this review we address the relationship between cytochromes P450 (P450) and H2O2. This association can affect biology in three distinct ways. First, P450s produce H2O2 as a byproduct either during catalysis or when no substrate is present. This reaction, known as uncoupling, releases reactive oxygen species that may have implications in disease. Second, H2O2 is used as an oxygen-donating co-substrate in peroxygenase and peroxidase reactions catalyzed by P450s. This activity has proven to be important mainly in reactions involving prokaryotic P450s, and investigators have harnessed this reaction with the aim of adaptation for industrial use. Third, H2O2-dependent inhibition of human P450s has been studied in our laboratory, demonstrating heme destruction and also the inactivating oxidation of the heme-thiolate ligand to a sulfenic acid (-SOH). This reversible oxidative modification of P450s may have implications in the prevention of uncoupling and may give new insights into the oxidative regulation of these enzymes. Research has elucidated many of the chemical mechanisms involved in the relationship between P450 and H2O2, but the application to biology is difficult to evaluate. Further studies are needed reveal both the harmful and protective natures of reactive oxygen species in an organismal context.
The Importance of Developing Engineering Habits of Mind in Early Engineering Education

Engineering education in early childhood (preschool through second grade) is a new emphasis in preK-12 education. Many endeavors to introduce engineering to young children use an approach of providing teachers engineering curriculum with prepared lessons or lesson suggestions. An alternative approach is to examine the current educational settings of preschool through second grade to discern existing contexts and activities where engineering is a natural fit. In this chapter, the author invites the reader to examine the high-quality early childhood educational setting and ponder its untapped potential to develop children’s engineering habits of mind and the subsequent advantages for children’s development.
Single-Stage Primary Cleft Lip and Palate Repair: A Review of the Literature.

Background Single-stage cleft lip and palate repair is a debated surgical approach. While some studies have described favorable outcomes, concerns include the effect on craniomaxillofacial growth and increased risk of complications. To this date, there has not been a comprehensive appraisal of available data following combined cleft lip and palate repair. Methods An extensive literature review was performed to identify all relevant articles. The level of evidence of these articles was graded according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence Scale. Results A total of 22 relevant articles were identified, all of which were retrospective in nature. Patient age at the time of surgery ranged from 1 month to 10 years, the longest duration of follow-up was 18 years, and the largest study included 106 patients. Review of the literature shows that overall surgical outcomes following combined cleft lip and palate repair are encouraging. An increased rate of postoperative fistulas with associated speech abnormalities in some studies is noteworthy. Importantly, there is no evidence to suggest an impact on craniomaxillofacial growth, and psychosocial outcomes and parental satisfaction seem to be improved with single-stage surgery as compared with the staged approach. Conclusions Our review shows overall favorable outcomes associated with combined cleft lip and palate repair. The limited follow-up time or nature of evaluated outcomes in some studies may underrepresent the true rate of adverse events, and highlights the need for additional long-term studies with standardized follow-up. To our knowledge, our review is the first to evaluate existing data regarding outcomes following combined cleft lip and palate repair.
Acidic and non-acidic endosomes in kidney epithelial cells: their role in cell-specific membrane recycling processes

Epithelial cells lining some kidney tubule segments have developed highly–specialized, yet independent systems for the rapid modulation their plasma membrane composition in response to different stimuli. In all cases, this process involves the movement of intracellular transporting vesicles that carry specific protein cargoes to and from the plasma membrane. These vesicles have transport features that differ among the various cell types, and this brief review will examine endosomes from the proximal tubule, and collecting duct intercalated principal cells, with respect to their content of two important proteins: water channels and proton pumps (H+ATPase). The endosomal content of these two proteins varies in relation to the physiological role of the epithelial cell types. Apical endosomes from the proximal tubule contain both proteins, intercalated cell endosomes contain proton pumps but not water channels, and principal cell apical endosomes contain water channels but lack functional proton pumps. This endosomal division of labour along the urinary tubule is summarized in Figure 1 and has been revealed using a combination of morphological, immunocytochemical and functional techniques.
The Writing of Creatures: The Environmentality of Confessions in Derrida and Augustine

This chapter considers how the exercises of reading and writing in both Derrida and Augustine chart a path in which philosophical theology is personal and political, academic and activist. These forms of writing are radically different from a great deal of science writing or nature writing that seek to separate the knowledge of “nature” from the formations of culture and the apparatuses of knowing. Following Derrida’s exploration of technologies of communication, especially in “Envois” and Circumfession, and the pivotal role of scenes of reading and creation in Augustine’s Confessions, this chapter explores intellectual exercises that actively shape and are shaped by the relationship between creatures and creation—what Dickinson calls the writing of creatures.
Scalable Sporadic Medium Access for Complex Propagation Environments

Supporting networks with a large number of nodes in infrastructure-poor and complex propagation environments is an important challenge for military and civilian applications. A major problem when using classical approaches, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), is maintaining inter-link coordination while mitigating multi-user interference (MUI). By contrast, loosely synchronous (LS) codes have perfect code orthogonality within a window of inter-link delays at a cost of the number of available spreading codes. Since sporadic communications naturally involves a low probability of transmission, we investigate the potential for LS code reuse to effectively support more users. We study this problem by simulating inter-user channels using a high-fidelity physics-based model. We focus our study of the channel on the low-VHF band, which has improved penetration and channel coherence in complex environments. We perform initial characterization of different levels of code reuse, synchronization and coordination. Of particular interest is a purely random (uncoordinated) spreading code assignment. The results illustrate good performance of a scalable medium access scheme.
Bond dissociation energies of ScSi, YSi, LaSi, ScC, YC, LaC, CoC, and YCH

Predissociation thresholds of the ScSi, YSi, LaSi, ScC, YC, LaC, CoC, and YCH molecules have been measured using resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy. It is argued that the dense manifold of electronic states present in these molecules causes prompt dissociation when the bond dissociation energy (BDE) is exceeded, allowing their respective predissociation thresholds to provide precise values of their bond energies. The BDEs were measured as 2.015(3) eV (ScSi), 2.450(2) eV (YSi), 2.891(5) eV (LaSi), 3.042(10) eV (ScC), 3.420(3) eV (YC), 4.718(4) eV (LaC), 3.899(13) eV (CoC), and 4.102(3) eV (Y–CH). Using thermochemical cycles, the enthalpies of formation, ΔfH0K°(g), were calculated as 627.4(9.0) kJ mol−1 (ScSi), 633.1(9.0) kJ mol−1 (YSi), 598.1(9.0) kJ mol−1 (LaSi), 793.8(4.3) kJ mol−1 (ScC), 805.0(4.2) kJ mol−1 (YC), 687.3(4.2) kJ mol−1 (LaC), 760.1(2.5) kJ mol−1 (CoC), and 620.8(4.2) kJ mol−1 (YCH). Using data for the BDEs of the corresponding cations allows ionization energies to be obtained through thermochemical cycles as 6.07(11) eV (ScSi), 6.15(13) eV (YSi), 5.60(10) eV (LaSi), 6.26(6) eV (ScC), 6.73(12) or 5.72(11) eV [YC, depending on the value of D0(Y+–C) employed], and 5.88(35) eV (LaC). Additionally, a new value of D0(Co+–C) = 4.045(13) eV was obtained based on the present work and the previously determined ionization energy of CoC. An ionization onset threshold allowed the measurement of the LaSi ionization energy as 5.607(10) eV, in excellent agreement with a prediction based on a thermochemical cycle. Chemical bonding trends are also discussed.Predissociation thresholds of the ScSi, YSi, LaSi, ScC, YC, LaC, CoC, and YCH molecules have been measured using resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy. It is argued that the dense manifold of electronic states present in these molecules causes prompt dissociation when the bond dissociation energy (BDE) is exceeded, allowing their respective predissociation thresholds to provide precise values of their bond energies. The BDEs were measured as 2.015(3) eV (ScSi), 2.450(2) eV (YSi), 2.891(5) eV (LaSi), 3.042(10) eV (ScC), 3.420(3) eV (YC), 4.718(4) eV (LaC), 3.899(13) eV (CoC), and 4.102(3) eV (Y–CH). Using thermochemical cycles, the enthalpies of formation, ΔfH0K°(g), were calculated as 627.4(9.0) kJ mol−1 (ScSi), 633.1(9.0) kJ mol−1 (YSi), 598.1(9.0) kJ mol−1 (LaSi), 793.8(4.3) kJ mol−1 (ScC), 805.0(4.2) kJ mol−1 (YC), 687.3(4.2) kJ mol−1 (LaC), 760.1(2.5) kJ mol−1 (CoC), and 620.8(4.2) kJ mol−1 (YCH). Using data for the BDEs of the corresponding cations allows ionization energies to be obtained thro...
FIRST SPECIMEN RECORD OF BIGHORN SHEEP (OVIS CANADENSIS) FROM OKLAHOMA

On 21 September 2012, a dried carcass of a bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) was found near Black Mesa in the Oklahoma Panhandle. A complete skeleton (OMNH 55240) was salvaged and represents the first specimen record of the species in the state of Oklahoma.
Indications and Techniques of Fine-Needle Aspiration of the Pancreas

Endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is a minimally invasive procedure that is safe, effective, and accurate in pancreatic tissue diagnosis. This is especially important when diagnosing pancreatic cancer, as early detection of pancreatic malignancy improves prognosis. EUS is currently the most sensitive imaging modality for detecting pancreatic lesions. Tissue sampling can differentiate between benign and malignant lesions. However, successful EUS-FNA is dependent on the skill of the performing endoscopist and requires multiple considerations, including position of the echoendoscope and target lesion, number of passes to take, needle choice, and availability of on-site cytopathology.
"The Forests Cannot be Commons": Spanish Law, Environmental Change, and New Spain's Council on Forests

This article examines the sylvan political ecology of late colonial New Spain and the colonial government's attempt to address deforestation through the Council on Forests, the first body in the kingdom's history dedicated to the conservation of natural resources. Drawing primarily from the corpus of documents produced by and remitted to the council, this article gives a trans-regional perspective on colonial forest use and argues that the Spanish crown's usurpation of indigenous communities' eminent domain over forests was the first step in a process that over centuries progressively severed the cultural ties that bound communities and forests by converting common-pool resources into open-access commons. The catastrophic mortality of the Spanish invasion was the second step, which rendered conservation measures seemingly unnecessary among both woodcutters and officials. But it was during the eighteenth century that older Habsburg notions of protectionism intersected with economic and political changes associated with Bourbon rule to further compel this cultural severance. While previous works have studied the ecological impacts of mining, ranching, and flood control, this article moves beyond the study of a single industry to suggest some of the larger ecological consequences of Spanish colonialism.
Interactive 3D Visualization of Chemical Structure Diagrams Embedded in Text to Aid Spatial Learning Process of Students

Students undertaking courses in the field of chemistry need to integrate their spatial skills and conceptual knowledge. However, model perception along with the understanding of spatial processes a...
Accumulation and Release of Nutrients by Immersed Stalks Collected on Selected Dates Following Harvest

The concentrations of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) in runoff from cropland areas may be influenced by accumulation and release of P and N by stalk residues. A laboratory study was conducted to measure the effects of time since harvest and immersion period on accumulation and release of P and N by corn, soybean, and wheat stalks. Experimental variables included type of stalk material (corn, soybean, and wheat), time since harvest (six residue collection dates over an approximate 1-year period), and stalk immersion period (25 s (0.42 min), 250 s (4.2 min), 2500 s (42 min), 25,000 s (6.9 h), and 86,400 s (24 h)). The initial concentration of each of the P and N constituents in a test solution was 6 μg mL−1. The soybean, wheat, and corn residue released PO4-P at mean rates of 40, 69, and 141 μg g−1 residue, respectively. The amount of PO4-P that was released consistently increased as immersion period became greater. Corn and wheat residue either accumulated or released NO3-N depending on residue collection date. Soybean residue accumulated an average of 20 μg NO3-N g−1 residue. Wheat residue obtained on five of the collection dates accumulated an average of 13 μg NO3-N g−1 residue. Residue collection date also influenced accumulation of NH4-N by soybean and wheat residue. Corn residue released an average of 77 μg NH4-N g−1 residue. The type of crop residue material, the amount of time the residue has remained in the field following harvest, and residue immersion period were found to influence nutrient concentrations of solution.
The cost of stratospheric aerosol injection through 2100

In this paper, I present the estimated direct costs of a stratospheric aerosol injection program through the end of this century. Furthering the approach taken in a prior paper (Environ. Res. Lett. 13 124001), I lay out a a wide range of future solar geoengineering deployment scenarios intended variously to halve, halt, or reverse the increase in anthropogenically-caused radiative forcing beginning 15 years hence and continuing through 2100. The program relies on three successive generations of newly-designed high-altitude tanker aircraft to deliver aerosols to an altitude of ~20 km. I assume sulfate is the initial aerosol , supplanted by a second aerosol for the later generation aircraft. While the early-year cost estimates of a few billion USD year -1 are broadly consistent with the prior paper for the same scenario, by 2100 the annual cost surpasses can range from 7 to 65 $ billion in 2020 dollars, depending upon the scenario chosen. A cost metric that remains fairly constant however is the cost to avoid 1 degree C of warming, which remains close to $18 billion year -1 across scenarios. Beyond these scenarios, a range of other variables are evaluated to understand their impact on costs. Annual costs of $18 billion year-1 for each degree C of warming avoided, while still remarkably cheap relative to the economic impacts of climate change, render long-term solar geoengineering beyond the financial reach of high net-worth individuals and small states.
Hepatitis C Virus Incidence in a Cohort in Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder in New York City.

BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) incidence has increased in the worsening opioid epidemic. We examined the HCV preventive efficacy of medication-assisted treatment (MAT), and geographic variation in HCV community viral load (CVL) and its association with HCV incidence. METHODS HCV incidence was directly measured in an open cohort of patients in a MAT program in New York City between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2016. Area-level HCV CVL was calculated. Associations of individual-level factors, and of HCV CVL, with HCV incidence were examined in separate analyses. RESULTS Among 8352 patients, HCV prevalence was 48.7%. Among 2535 patients seronegative at first antibody test, HCV incidence was 2.25/100 person-years of observation (PYO). Incidence was 6.70/100 PYO among those reporting main drug use by injection. Female gender, drug injection, and lower MAT retention were significantly associated with higher incidence rate ratios. Female gender, drug injection, and methadone doses <60 mg were independently associated with shorter time to HCV seroconversion. HCV CVLs varied significantly by geographic area. CONCLUSIONS HCV incidence was higher among those with lower MAT retention and was lower among those receiving higher methadone doses, suggesting the need to ensure high MAT retention, adequate doses, and increased HCV prevention and treatment engagement. HCV CVLs vary geographically and merit further study as predictors of HCV incidence.
GPAs, PCATs, and Coupons: Wilting Quality in Pharmacy School Admissions and the Impact on Pharmacy Faculty.

Introduction: The number of available seats in US pharmacy schools has reached unprecedented numbers as applications are on the decline. A combination of forces signals that admissions to pharmacy school are becoming less selective. Commentary: The conflict of balancing a need to fill the incoming class while maintaining selectivity is a growing problem in pharmacy education. Faculty may notice changes in the student quality and ultimately, program and graduate quality. Pressure from administration hinders faculty governance with negative consequences that impact faculty morale and the profession as a whole. Maintaining a firm position in the face of reduced applications is challenging but necessary if we are to protect the students we seek to support as faculty and stewards of the pharmacy profession. Implications: Faculty governance is at risk as pressure exists to admit less-prepared students into programs. Faculty must advocate for responsible leadership by initiating dialogue on admissions and selectivity. Furthermore, faculty mentorship programs need a new level of discussion that includes analysis and understanding of this paradigm in pharmacy academia. Article Type: Commentary
Manipulating polymer composition to create low-cost, high-fidelity sensors for indoor CO 2 monitoring

Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been linked to many deleterious health effects, and it has also been used as a proxy for building occupancy measurements. These applications have created a need for low-cost and low-power CO2 sensors that can be seamlessly incorporated into existing buildings. We report a resonant mass sensor coated with a solution-processable polymer blend of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) for the detection of CO2 across multiple use conditions. Controlling the polymer blend composition and nanostructure enabled better transport of the analyte gas into the sensing layer, which allowed for significantly enhanced CO2 sensing relative to the state of the art. Moreover, the hydrophilic nature of PEO resulted in water uptake, which provided for higher sensing sensitivity at elevated humidity conditions. Therefore, this key integration of materials and resonant sensor platform could be a potential solution in the future for CO2 monitoring in smart infrastructure.
Estimating energy bounds for adoption of shared micromobility

Abstract Shared micromobility has garnered widespread popularity in recent years, but limited attention has been given to the energy impacts of trips replaced by micromobility. This paper investigates the energy bounds of shared micromobility adoption. Travel demand data at the national and city level were analyzed to identify trips that can be served through micromobility, and scenarios with varying levels of micromobility adoption were evaluated. Results show that peak adoption of shared micromobility can reduce energy consumption from reported passenger travel by 1% at the national level and 2.6% at the city level, with micromobility-induced transit trips identified as the largest contributor for energy reduction. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to show how the energy impacts would change with various levels of key micromobility-related parameters, and results show distance threshold having a stronger influence on the energy impacts, compared to redistribution energy intensity.
Introduction and Review of Reviews

Transfection, a neologism coined a few years ago (Foldes and Trautner 1964), means the infection of a cell with naked viral nucleic acid, resulting in the production of complete virus, a process which was first reported for the infection of tobacco leaf cells with ribonucleic acid isolated from tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). This discovery, which was made by Gierer and Schramm (1956) in Germany and by Fraenkel-Conrat (1956) in California, triggered a deluge of efforts to demonstrate infectivity with naked nucleic acids from other viruses. Many of these efforts were successful. The first reports of the infectivity of animal virus nucleic acids were made in 1957 by Colter, Bird and Brown (1957) in New York and by Wecker and Schafer (1957) in Germany. Many other reports soon followed, and a large literature has been built up. The literature has been reviewed from time to time, often excellently; I have listed some of these reviews in Table 1, with comments which may help the reader select reviews appropriate to his purpose.
Ligand-responsive RNA mechanical switches

Ligand-responsive RNA mechanical switches represent a new class of simple switching modules that adopt well-defined ligand-free and bound conformational states, distinguishing them from metabolite-sensing riboswitches. Initially discovered in the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of hepatitis C virus (HCV), these RNA switch motifs were found in the genome of diverse other viruses. Although large variations are seen in sequence and local secondary structure of the switches, their function in viral translation initiation that requires selective ligand recognition is conserved. We recently determined the crystal structure of an RNA switch from Seneca Valley virus (SVV) which is able to functionally replace the switch of HCV. The switches from both viruses recognize identical cognate ligands despite their sequence dissimilarity. Here, we describe the discovery of 7 new switches in addition to the previously established 5 examples. We highlight structural and functional features unique to this class of ligan...
Time to Reach Steady State Resting Energy Expenditure in Healthy Adults Using Indirect Calorimetry

Background. Resting energy expenditure (REE) measures the amount of calories needed for the body to maintain basic function over a 24-hour period. Traditionally, REE protocols through indirect calorimetry take 45 minutes to complete. Generally, the first 10 to 20 minutes of data collected are excluded to allow the participants to reach steady state. Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine a more precise time to reach a resting steady state. Methods. Fifty healthy, adult male and female participants volunteered for this study. Each participant completed indirect calorimetry after a 12-hour overnight fast. Participants were instructed to lay supine and awake under a plastic canopy for approximately 30-minute, while oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) measures were collected. These values were used to determine steady state REE (kcals•day-1) and respiratory quotient (RQ). Statistical analysis for the response of variables to time was modeled with a logistics decay func...
Nonresident Undergraduates' Performance in English Writing Classes-- Hierarchical Linear Modeling Analysis.

Do undergraduates whose native language is not English have writing deficiencies leading to academic struggles? The present study showed that the answer to this question was “no” at an American West Coast public university. This university’s nonresident undergraduates on average earned B- to B+ in their colleges’ English intensive-writing programs’ classes, C in community college English classes, and term grade point averages between 2.5 (C+ to B-) and 3.2 (B) in the fall term of the five most recent academic years. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses showed that the predictors with the largest effect sizes were English writing programs and class level; however, each predictor accounted for less than 25% of the total variance.