cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International data as a national resource

Nation‐states are increasingly recognizing that banks of knowledge, including social science data, are a national resource vital for understanding the course of events. Criteria for considering a dataset in the fields of cross‐national and interstate politics to be a national resource include theoretic fertility, centrality in current research, cumulative contribution to knowledge, data quality, and methodological contribution. Published data‐based research and responses to a questionnaire by leading North American researchers in the field indicate substantial consensus on the importance of maintaining and improving datasets on national attributes (such as the World Handbooks) and interstate conflict (especially the Correlates of War projects). Researchers should also pay attention to rethinking and generating enhanced datasets of both interstate events and the international political economy.
The Information Content of Super Channels for the AIRS Instrument

Several ways to reduce the computation burden for hyper spectral instruments have been proposed. The retrainded information content is evaluated and compared. It is shown that super channels retain almost of the information content.
Economic Development in Provincial China: The Central Shaanxi since 1930

Lists of tables, maps, graphs and plates Introduction, some problems of regional economic development 1. The famine of 1928-1931 2. Communication and transport 3. The growth of Xi'an and industrial development 4. Physical aspects of a changing country 5. Water conservancy and irrigation 6. Cultivation practices, rising yields and agrotechnical change 7. Cooperatives, Land Reform and collectivization 8. Cotton and cotton textile production 9. An exploration into regional inequality 10. Concluding observations Appendix A. Demographic data Appendix B. Survey data of 7 counties Notes Bibliography Index.
The religious institute of Catholic education: the Brothers of the Christian Schools in the twentieth century

Everything depends on education. For the last two and a half centuries in particular, our modern society has invested much effort in promoting it. The Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools – one of the oldest educational institutions – has been involved in this process for over three centuries. This article will examine how this Institute fared in the particularly turbulent period of the twentieth century. The author will focus his attention on a number of significant aspects of the life of this Institute, in the hope they will stimulate reflection about education today. The article reviews De La Salle's Institute and Lasallians in 2010, and the history of the Institute in the twentieth century.
Dissociation and phosphorylation constants for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by 2-fluoro, 2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanes

Abstract Phosphorylation, dissociation and bimolecular reaction constants were determined for a number of fluoro 1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane 2-oxide derivatives in the presence of substrate. The data are discussed in terms of the steric effects of dioxaphosphorinane ring substituents on the kinetic and dissociation constants for the inhibition reaction.
Free Energetics of NaI Contact and Solvent-Separated Ion Pairs in Water Clusters

The thermodynamic stability of NaI salt ion pairs in water clusters has been investigated by means of ion pair potential of mean force calculations employing Monte Carlo simulations with model pote...
SU‐FF‐T‐118: Improvements to the Histogram Analysis in Radiation Therapy (HART) Open‐Source Software System

Purpose: The histogram analysis in radiation therapy (HART) software has been widely used for the research in intensity modulation radiation therapy(IMRT)treatments in cancer. The common application of HART is the precise and efficient dose volume histogram (DVH) analysis of structures in IMRT plans as presented earlier (Med Phys.35(6), p.2812 (2008)). The tool has been further developed with additional features, such as multi‐dimensional dose histogram (MDH) computational module, dose response modeling (DRM) and plan‐specific outcome analysis (POA) features. Methods and Materials: Matlab based codes were designed to read RTOG data formats exported from the Pinnacle3treatment planning system (TPS; Philips Healthcare, Best, Netherlands), and to write into a simpler HART format. HART computes the MDH differential data utilizing the information on the raw dose values and the co‐ordinates of the primary dose grids for a given structure in the TPS. The DRM utilizes the polynomial models for cumulative DVH in order to simulate the optimal dose response models for structures. The POA feature can also be used for evaluations of IMRT plans using various biological modeling. DVH analysis results extracted by HART, can also be exported into customizable output formats. Results: HART offers MDH computational capability, DRM simulations, a simpler POA feature, and the DVH analysis module for IMRT plans. MDH computations and DRM simulations for an IMRT plan were accomplished relatively in 15–30 minutes with the clock speed of 1.8 GHz and 2 GB RAM support. The MDH and DVH analysis results were validated with the Pinnacle3 data. Conclusions: Several applications have been incorporated into a simpler, user‐friendly, and automated software package (HART). We have also implemented an open‐source mechanism for various users. We expect to develop HART for various applications in radiotherapy research, and its expansion to other TPSs. This work was partially supported by NIH/NIDCD grant.
Effect of Ion Engine Exhaust on Telemetry Systems

A theory of the modification of the radiation pattern of a dipole antenna by the ion engine exhaust is given. A theory of fluctuations in the beam is worked out. The effect of the fluctuations is to randomly modulate a signal carrier in phase and in amplitude. Its effect on an FM-FM telemetry system is to cause a 4-db degradation in signal-to-noise voltage output. (auth)
Defining the "sweet spot" for administered luteinizing hormone-to-follicle-stimulating hormone gonadotropin ratios during ovarian stimulation to protect against a clinically significant late follicular increase in progesterone: an analysis of 10,280 first in vitro fertilization cycles.

Objective To determine whether different ratios of administered LH-to-FSH influence the risk of clinically relevant late follicular P elevations and whether there is an optimal range of LH-to-FSH to mitigate this risk. Design Retrospective cohort. Setting Private academic center. Patient(s) A total of 10,280 patients undergoing their first IVF cycle. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) The ratio of exogenous LH-to-FSH throughout stimulation and association with absolute serum P level ≥1.5 ng/mL on the day of hCG administration. Result(s) Stimulations using no administered LH (N = 718) had the highest risk of P elevation ≥1.5 ng/mL (relative risk [RR] = 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8–2.2). The lowest risk of P increase occurred with an LH-to-FSH ratio of 0.30:0.60 (20%; N=4,732). In contrast, ratios 0.60 (23%, RR 1.1; 95% CI 1.0–1.3). This pattern of lowest risk in the 0.30–0.60 range held true for cycles characterized by low, normal, and high response. When performing a logistic regression to control for multiple confounding variables this relationship persisted. Conclusion(s) Absent or inadequate LH dosing is associated with a risk for a late follicular elevation in P sufficient to induce suboptimal outcomes. A total LH-to-FSH ratio of 0.30:0.60 was associated with the lowest risk of P elevation. Optimization of this parameter should be considered when making gonadotropin dosing decisions.
Physics Of Plasma Waves Set Up In Various Types Of Axially Fed Laser Electron Accelerators

The differences in the plasma waves generated either in the laser wake plasmon concept l or with long laser pulse accelerator concepts are pointed out. An emphasis is also given to the concept that uses the stimulated forward Raman scattering effect by seeding a second wave, such as in the beat wave concept but with a much smaller amplitude. In various cases, stochastic heating is observed. Conditions for an efficient accelerator and considerations on the effective accelerating gradient are also given.
Inter-Rater Reliability for Hand Activity Level (HAL) and Force Metrics:

Observational rating methods are used frequently in ergonomic job analysis because they are less costly and time consuming than other methods. The ACGIH recently published a threshold limit value (TLV) for repetitive work. This TLV suggests the use of one such observational method developed by Latko et al. (1997) for rating Hand Activity Level (HAL) and peak force. One criticism of Latko's method is the unknown reliability and consistency of the raters during the analysis process. Latko suggests the use of two or more trained observers to increase this consistency. This study analyzed 410 jobs at an automotive assembly plant using 2 observers recording initial and final ratings. A weighted kappa was calculated for the HAL and peak force before and after discussion. Before discussion, HAL reliability was rated as moderate and peak force as fair. After discussion, both HAL and peak force kappa values were rated as good.
Filling Your Cyber Operations Training Toolbox

This training article introduces readers to the specific tools and skills needed to best provide cyber operations education and training to university students at the undergraduate and graduate level. It isn't a curriculum-mapping exercise but rather a detailed listing of tools and techniques that can be included in existing and new courses to best align with the NSA's new Center of Academic Excellence in Cyber Operations (CAE-CO).
Academic Freedom In The United States

These three books offer widely differing views on the state of academic freedom in America's universities views held within the academic community, by scholars who have seriously reflected on the issue. In this sense, Doumani, and most of his contributors represent the views of the 'Left' that is, they see academic freedom threatened by malign forces in American society. They see the greatest danger as coming from a fringe group of right-wing 'think tanks', dedicated to intimidating academics and making them kowtow to government. So far, the universities have eluded the conservatives' 'march through the institutions', and are therefore a special target. Conservatives, according to this view, fear that their mission will be incomplete unless and until they gain the upper hand in the universities. Downs, in contrast, approaches the problem from a 'CentreRight' perspective. He sees academic freedom endangered by forces within the academy itself. In particular, he believes a form of 'therapeutic progressivism' is responsible for the numerous speech codes, edicts of political correctness, and stifling orthodoxies that have plagued American universities. Downs is not to be confused with the more extreme 'Right' perspective of David Horowitz,
Participatory Approaches to Work Systems and Organizational Design

Participatory approaches to work systems and organizational design are identified and examined. Each approach advocates worker involvement and organizational change. The development of participation in the workplace is discussed, and the evolution of participatory practices in work systems and organizational design is presented, from early research on decision making, through the participative management and human relations movements, to the organization-wide high involvement ergonomics of today. Issues arising from the implementation of high involvement ergonomics are also identified.
The Effect of Computerized Verb Network Strengthening Treatment on Lexical Retrieval in Aphasia

Most treatment for people with chronic aphasia relies on face-to-face treatment in a clinical setting. However, some people with aphasia may not have access to outpatient centers or transportation. As computers become more prevalent, their usefulness as a therapy tool also increases. Effective computerized telerehabilitation removes transportation concerns while improving the patient’s computer skills, which are vital for modern communication. Many computerized treatments have been developed for chronic aphasia (Adrian, Gonzalez, Buiza & Sage, 2011; Katz, 2010), including some with promising results, but few have been used via telerehabilitation, so participants must still travel to receive treatment. The purpose of the current study was to adapt Verb Network Strengthening Treatment (VNeST) (Edmonds & Babb, 2011; Edmonds, Nadeau, & Kiran, 2009), a treatment to aid lexical retrieval in sentence context, for computer use. This Computerized VNeST program (VNeST-C) was used to adminster VNeST via the Internet, allowing the participant to receive treatment without transportation concerns. This study also allowed us to integrate typing of responses into the treatment, thereby potentially improving lexical retrieval in spoken and typing modalities. Specifically, this study sought to answer three research questions: Will treatment result in improvement in pre- to post-treatment changes in 1) sentence description of pictures containing trained and untrained semantically related verbs in both typed and spoken modalities, 2) confrontation naming of nouns and verbs in typed and spoken modalities, 3) sections of the Western Aphasia Battery - Revised.
Economic determinants of the use of energy and materials in the U. S. and Japanese iron and steel industries

Abstract Energy and materials use in the Japanese and U.S. iron and steel industries is assessed using process engineering analyses. The energy required for producing a tonne of steel in the U.S. (20.99 GJ) is 50% greater than that in Japan (13.18 GJ). The structures and technologies of the two industries are examined to unravel the basis for this difference. The engineering studies are complemented by an econometric analysis of the cost structures of the two industries and factor substitutabilities. The evaluations show that in the U.S. energy and capital are substitutes, but that labor and energy are complementary economic factors. These conclusions are even stronger for the case of Japan, whose technology may serve as a model for U.S. technological change over the medium term. Thus, governmental policies that stimulate the construction of new mills will have an energy conserving effect, but may have a negative impact on employment.
Future Directions of Non-volatile Memory Technologies

It expected that for many years to come, the majority of the nonvolatile memories shipped will be based on current mainstream flash technologies, which utilize transistor based charge storage memory cells and multi-level-cell concepts, for storing more than one logic bit in a single physical cell. Moore's law will continue to drive transistor based memory technology scaling but technology complexity will be increasing. In order to meet technology scaling, the mainstream transistor based flash technologies will start evolving to incorporate material and structural innovations. This paper will review the current status and discuss the approaches being explored to provide scaling solutions for future transistor based non-volatile memory products. Based on the introduction of material innovations, it is expected that the planar transistor based flash memory cell can scale into the 32nm node. Further, more complex, structural innovations will be required to maintain further scaling. New memory concepts, not relying on transistors as a basis of the memory cell, provide new opportunities for future low cost memories. Several of these new concepts will be summarized and contrasted with the mainstream transistor based flash memory technologies.
Flexible explicit but rigid implicit learning in a visuomotor adaptation task

There is mounting evidence for the idea that performance in a visuomotor rotation task can be supported by both implicit and explicit forms of learning. The implicit component of learning has been ...
Intrinsic critical velocities in superfluid 4 He flow through 12-μm diameter orifices near T λ : Experiments on the effect of geometry

We report super fluid4He flow measurements at temperatures from 1.2 K up to Tλ — 3 mK in three orifices of different mesoscopic geometry. Under conditions of our experiments, the flow usually reaches a temperature-dependent intrinsic critical velocity, where dissipation is believed to occur by thermal (or quantum) nucleation of individual quantized vortex rings or loops. The nucleation rate should be sensitive to the wall geometry of the flow channel and to any local velocity enhancement at the most favorable nucleation site. According to the Iordanskii-Langer-Fisher (ILF) theory, the radius of the “critical” vortex ring, the threshold size which can grow freely by extracting energy from the flow, increases inversely as the superfluid density on approach to the superfluid onset temperature, Tλ. Thus sufficiently near Tλ the critical ring should be large enough that the geometry relevant to the nucleation process and local velocity enhancement can be studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). We examined our three orifices by SEM. One, a standard optical pinhole, has a relatively smooth taper on one side and a sharp lip on the other. The second is similar, but contains a 1-μm flake perpendicular to the flow, which should provide additional velocity enhancement at its edge. In the third, the sharp lip is beveled to reduce the velocity enhancement at that site. Contrary to expectation, the intrinsic critical velocities are the same, within a relative calibration error of 10%, in all three cases. Thus, local sites of enhanced velocity do not appear to be active in nucleating vortices. This raises a question whether the classical two-fluid model which underlies the ILF calculation is adequate to describe the superfluid hydro-dynamics near walls, as it affects the vortex nucleation process.
How cofilin severs an actin filament

The actin regulatory protein, cofilin, promotes actin assembly dynamics by severing filaments and increasing the number of ends from which subunits add and dissociate. Recent studies provide biophysical descriptions of cooperative filament interactions in energetic, mechanical and structural terms. A one-dimensional Ising model with nearest-neighbor interactions permits thermodynamic analysis of cooperative binding and indicates that one or a few cofilin molecules can sever a filament. Binding and cooperative interactions are entropically driven. A significant fraction of the binding free energy results from the linked dissociation of filament-associated ions (polyelectrolyte effect), which modulate filament structure, stability and mechanics. The remaining binding free energy and essentially all of the cooperative free energy arise from the enhanced conformational dynamics of the cofilactin complex. Filament mechanics are modulated by cofilin such that cofilin-saturated filaments are approximately 10- to 20-fold more compliant in bending and twisting than bare filaments. Cofilin activity is well described by models in which discontinuities in topology, mechanics and conformational dynamics generate stress concentration and promote fracture at junctions of bare and decorated segments, analogous to the grain boundary fracture of crystalline materials and the thermally driven formation of shear transformation zones in colloidal glass.
Studies in Marine Biology. IV. On the Role of Algal Cells in the Tissues of Marine Invertebrates

SYNOPSIS. Zooxanthellae in pure culture, exposed to continuous light, release free O2 in amounts varying with time and cell number. Zooxanthellae exposed to alternate light and dark produce essentially as much O2 as in continuous light. Those in continuous dark do not yield free O2; rather, they draw from the medium's residual O2. Both the anemone Condylactis and the scyphozoan Cassiopeia are markedly phototactic. Kept in total darkness, both species show a dramatic numerical diminution in zooxanthellae. During 24 days of darkness, the mean total number of zooxanthellae in the individual Condylactis body was reduced from 26 million to ∼ 1 million. Specimens so bleached lost phototaxis. It is suggested that each species of zooxanthella host animal has its own specific light needs, which it caters to in various ways: (a) early selection of position, as with planulae or other freely motile larval forms; (b) gross body movement or posturing, as with anemones, medusae, and worms; (c) possession of light-filtering pigments, as with colored corals and molluscs; (d) possession of light-concentrating devices, as with tridacnids; (e) possession of highly contractile and differentially light-absorbing tissues, as with most coelenterates and some molluscs. Susceptibility of marine invertebrates to zooxanthellae infection may be related to the known paucity of nitrates and phosphates in tropical seas, a situation possibly inducing the free-swimming gymnodinioid forms to enter animal tissues where catabolic products are available to them. Zooxanthellae are reported from sessile marine invertebrates taken at depths of 100–116 fathoms.
Equine Herpesvirus Type 1-Mediated Oncolysis of Human Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells

The cytolytic animal virus equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) was evaluated for its oncolytic potential against five human glioblastoma cell lines. EHV-1 productively infected four of these cell lines, and the degree of infection was positively correlated with glioma cell death. No human major histocompatibility complex class 1 (MHC-I) was detected in the resistant glioma line, while infection of the susceptible glioma cell lines, which expressed human MHC-I, were blocked with antibody to MHC-I, indicating that human MHC-I acts as an EHV-1 entry receptor on glioma cells.
Nontrivial, nonintelligent, computer-based learning

Computer-based learning materials vary widely in their apparent “intelligence.” At one extreme, many programs currently sold for the educational market are severely limited (and unnecessarily so, we contend) in their ability to respond to natural, open-ended user input and in their ability to react individually to each student. At the other extreme, much recent discussion concerns intelligent tutors and other techniques from artificial intelligence, but at a considerably greater cost of hardware and of program development. Very few viable products are available at present. This paper views three examples of learning units for personal computers, produced with careful attention to pedagogical design, that appear to learners to be “intelligent” and that have been implemented on small machines, without costly built-in intelligence in the sense of artificial intelligence.
Existence of C,3-Me2-closo-1,2-C2B3H3 Refuted by the Ab Initio/IGLO, GIAO-MP2/NMR Method. Attempted Repetition of the Synthesis

The 11B chemical shift assignment for the closo-carborane C,3-Me2-1,2-C2B3H3 structure (1a or 1b) is refuted by ab initio/IGLO, GIAO/NMR evaluations. Attempts to reproduce the literature NMR data by examining the computed chemical shifts of many alternative structures failed. Rearrangement of the 1,2-C2B3H5 isomer into the much more stable 1,5-C2B3H5 is computed to involve only a modest energy barrier. Repetition of the thermal (but not the electric discharge) experiments failed to give a compound with the spectroscopic data reported earlier. The original experimental data remain unexplained. Nevertheless, the elimination of the C,3-Me2-1,2-C2B3H3 structural assignment removes the sole exception to four established structural patterns of closo-carboranes: (a) carbons tend to occupy sites with the lowest coordination, (b) carbons tend to be nonadjacent in the most thermodynamically stable closo-carboranes, (c) the 11B NMR of boron atoms with exo-terminal alkyl groups are always found at lower field than t...
The regulation of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate accumulation in glia by alpha-adrenergic agonists.

Abstract This study examines the α-adrenergic modulation of cAMP accumulation in glia. This phenomenon occurs in three different glial culture systems: (a) primary surface cultures of glia, (b) reaggregate cultures containing neurons and glia, and (c) C6 glioma cells. The turn-on and turn-off times of α-adrenergic modulation appear to be in the same time frame as that of agents which normally increase cAMP accumulation. However, even after prolonged treatment periods, refractoriness does not develop to the modulating capacity of α-adrenergic agents. Clonidine, reported to act as both an α-adrenergic agonist and antagonist in the central nervous system, was found to interact with glia as an α-adrenergic agonist. Alpha- adrenergic modulation was not diminished by the addition of ethylene- glycol-bis-(β-amino-ethyl ether)N, N′-tetra-acetic acid (EGTA) to culture media, suggesting that external calcium is not required for this effect. These results illustrate the complexity of glial pharmacology and need for more defined systems which allow the examination of characterized populations of brain cells.
Rapid determination of fatigue failure based on temperature evolution: Fully reversed bending load

An experimental and theoretical study is carried out to investigate the temperature evolution of Aluminum 6061 and Stainless Steel 304 specimens under cyclic fatigue load. A thermographic technique is used to measure the temperature increase of the specimen due to hysteresis heating during fatigue testing. Results reveal that the surface temperature of a specimen under cyclic fatigue load can be directly related to the number of cycles to failure. In particular, it is shown that the slope of the temperature plotted as a function of time at the beginning of the test can be effectively utilized as an index for fatigue life prediction, thereby saving testing time. The predictions of temperature changes during fatigue are found to be in good agreement with the experimental results.
Performance on the California Verbal Learning Test following right hemisphere stroke: a longitudinal study.

Purpose: This longitudinal study examines performance of individuals with right hemisphere damage (RHD) on the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT). Method: 18 participants were administered the CVLT during the acute phase (<3 months post onset) and then at subsequent times up to 2 years post onset. Results: Using List A, Trials 1–5, as a global measure of learning, participants at first testing demonstrated recall skills below the mean standard score of 50 (M = 32.56, SD = 13.90). There was significant improvement between initial and second testing (t = –2.92, p = .01). Changes between second and third testing and third and fourth testing were not significant.
An Angiographic Predictor of Pulmonary Artery Stenosis After the Norwood-Sano Operation for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

The objective of this study was to determine angiographic predictors of future pulmonary artery stenosis (PS) in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) at the time of pre-stage 2 cardiac catheterization (PS2C). The Sano modification of the Norwood operation (NSO) for HLHS includes placement of a right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery (RV-PA) conduit. Branch PS is a recognized complication. Data from patients with HLHS who underwent NSO from 2005 to 2009 and who underwent PS2C were reviewed retrospectively. Nakata and McGoon indices were calculated in the traditional fashion, and modified Nakata and McGoon indices were calculated using the narrowest branch PA diameters. Thirty-three patients underwent NSO and 28 patients underwent PS2C. Mean follow-up was 35.8 ± 7.5 months. Ten (36 %) patients had significant left branch PS, with two requiring balloon angioplasty and eight requiring stent placement, a median of 15.2 months after PS2C (interquartile range 1.2, 32.8). The modified Nakata index was predictive of future intervention for left PS (receiver operating characteristic curve area under the curve 0.811), with a cut-off of 135 mm2/m2 and a sensitivity of 100 % and specificity of 72.2 %. A modified Nakata index <135 mm2/m2 at PS2C predicts future need for intervention on left-branch PS in patients with HLHS after the NSO. Surgical pulmonary arterioplasty at the time of stage 2 surgical palliation may obviate the need for future interventions.
Syntrophin mutation associated with long QT syndrome through activation of the nNOS–SCN5A macromolecular complex

Mutations in 11 genes that encode ion channels or their associated proteins cause inherited long QT syndrome (LQTS) and account for approximately 75-80% of cases (LQT1-11). Direct sequencing of SNTA1, the gene encoding alpha1-syntrophin, was performed in a cohort of LQTS patients that were negative for mutations in the 11 known LQTS-susceptibility genes. A missense mutation (A390V-SNTA1) was found in a patient with recurrent syncope and markedly prolonged QT interval (QTc, 530 ms). SNTA1 links neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) to the nNOS inhibitor plasma membrane Ca-ATPase subtype 4b (PMCA4b); SNTA1 also is known to associate with the cardiac sodium channel SCN5A. By using a GST-fusion protein of the C terminus of SCN5A, we showed that WT-SNTA1 interacted with SCN5A, nNOS, and PMCA4b. In contrast, A390V-SNTA1 selectively disrupted association of PMCA4b with this complex and increased direct nitrosylation of SCN5A. A390V-SNTA1 expressed with SCN5A, nNOS, and PMCA4b in heterologous cells increased peak and late sodium current compared with WT-SNTA1, and the increase was partially inhibited by NOS blockers. Expression of A390V-SNTA1 in cardiac myocytes also increased late sodium current. We conclude that the A390V mutation disrupted binding with PMCA4b, released inhibition of nNOS, caused S-nitrosylation of SCN5A, and was associated with increased late sodium current, which is the characteristic biophysical dysfunction for sodium-channel-mediated LQTS (LQT3). These results establish an SNTA1-based nNOS complex attached to SCN5A as a key regulator of sodium current and suggest that SNTA1 be considered a rare LQTS-susceptibility gene.
Particle deposition in turbulent duct flows—comparisons of different model predictions

Abstract Numerical studies of transport and deposition of nano- and micro-particles in turbulence flow field have been studied in the past few decades. In most current industrial applications, Reynolds averaged turbulence models were used due to its relative simplicity and computational efficiency. In this work, a series of numerical simulations were conducted to study the transport and deposition of nano- and micro-particles in a turbulent duct flow using different turbulence models. Commercial software (FLUENTTM 6.1.22) was used for turbulence mean flow simulation. Simulations of the instantaneous turbulence fluctuation with and without turbulence near wall correction, and particle trajectory analysis were performed with the in-house PARTICLE (object-oriented C++) code, as well as with FLUENTTM code with and the use of user's defined subroutines. The simulation results for different cases were compared with the available experimental data, and the accuracy of various approaches was evaluated. In addition, the importance of turbulence model, boundary conditions, and turbulence fluctuation particularly near wall on particle transport and deposition were carefully evaluated. It was shown that when sufficient care was given to the modeling effort, the particle deposition rates could be predicted with reasonable accuracy. The presented results could provide guidelines for selecting appropriate procedure for simulating nano- and micro-particle transport and deposition in various applications.
Individual Differences and Context: Factors Mediating Recall of Anti-Drug Public Service Announcements

A sample of 597 participants was surveyed to examine factors that influence recall of antidrug public service announcements (PSAs). High sensation-seekers and polydrug users recalled somewhat more antidrug PSAs than low sensation-seekers and nonusers. Regression analyses indicated that total hours of television viewing did not predict recall of televised antidrug PSAs; instead, recall was predicted by preference for specific program genres, such as sports, news shows, action programs, sitcoms, and stand-up/comedy channel programs, and individual-difference variables such as sensation-seeking, drug use, and gender. The findings provide more evidence for the sensation-seeking targeting (SENTAR) approach and demonstrate the relevance of selective exposure and program contexts in reaching potential drug users.
Separation of magnetizations in the bulk and at Josephson junctions of Tl and Bi oxide superconductors using ESR spectrometers

Abstract The present work reports the trapping sites and trapping strength of magnetizations ( M ), which govern the superconductivity under magnetic fields, for Tl 2201 , Tl 2212 , Tl 1223 , Tl 1234 and Bi 2212 superconductors using ESR spectrometers. In the Tl compounds, M was trapped in the bulk and at intergranular Josephson junctions at 77 K except for Tl 2201 where it was trapped only in the bulk. For Bi 2212 M was trapped in the bulk and the junctions did not work as trapping sites at 77 K, although they worked at 4.2 K. The silver-metal doping in Bi 2212 provided stronger junctions than the non-doped Bi 2212 at 4.2 K; however, they were weak even compared with Tl compounds except for Tl 2201 at 77 K. The present method of separating magnetizations is based on a finding of two kinds of non-resonant microwave responses, whose assignments were confirmed by comparing type I and type II superconducting states using lead metal.
Spectrum of the Casimir effect.

The problem of assigning a frequency spectrum to the Casimir effect is studied. The specific case of a massless scalar field with periodicity in one spatial direction is investigated in both two- and four-dimensional spacetime. The spectrum is defined by introducing spectral weight functions which distort the original spectrum of quantum fluctuations and hence reveal the contribution of each frequency interval to the finite Casimir energy. The result is a function \ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega}) whose integral over all frequencies is the total vacuum energy. In order to have \ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0 as \ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}, it is necessary to specify a nonzero tolerance \ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\omega} which is the allowed uncertainty in the measurement of the spectrum. In the limit that \ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0, \ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega}) approaches a discontinuous function which does not vanish as \ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}.
Zinc, iron, and sodium in hair of deer from areas of contrasting soil productivity.

The contribution of soils to animal biology through the soil’s effect on the ecosystem is an important concept in ecology. Zinc, Fe, and Na contents were determined in autumnal collections of hair of fawn white-tailed doe deer (Virginianus odocoileus) from two areas of contrasting soil productivity. The area-weighted soil productivity of one area was 40 compared with 79 for the other area. Hair collections were made in each of 8 consecutive years. The mean difference in dressed weight of fawn does collected from these areas in late autumn over 4 yr amounted to 7.2 kg. Some of this weight difference was presumed to be accounted for by a difference in the level of mineral nutrition because the amount of forage was not limiting in either area. Considering the total sample of 8 yr, the mean contents of Zn were 96 and 98, of Fe were 42 and 45, and of Na were 38 and 36 mg/kg for the respective areas. None of the elements was significantly different each year over the observation period. In 3 yr, at least one of the elements differed, and in 1 yr all three differed. The contents of the elements were not related to April through August precipitation, which was considered a measure of plant-available water thought to be important in mineral absorption by forage vegetation. Zinc was significantly different in 29 of the 56 between-year comparisons within areas; Fe differed in 2 and Na in 14 comparisons. The site of collection of the doe was known within a 2.6-km2 area for about 80% of the samples for one of the areas and 90% for the other; therefore, either a soil series or soil association could be identified with the deer. Soils were grouped into two categories in each sampling area; the groupings reflected the intensity of weathering and leaching in one area, and in the other case where soil weathering was not as well developed, substantial soil taxonomic contrast related to grass or deciduous tree vegetation associated with soil development. Only Fe in hair from does collected in the more intensively weathered soil area was significantly different, perhaps reflecting higher levels of plant-available Fe made available to plants because of breakdown of Fe-bearing minerals.
Thermal Conductivity Measurement of Thin Nanowires

Semiconductor nanowires hold great promise for applications such as nano-electronics and energy conversion. A detailed knowledge of the thermal properties of the nanowire materials is essential for proper thermal management in nano-devices and thermal energy conversion. Prior thermal measurements on individual nanowires have shown that nanowires have reduced lattice thermal conductivity and, in some cases, enhanced thermoelectric properties. However, such thermal measurements are limited to nanowire thermal conductance of the order of 1 nW/K and are typically limited to nanowire diameters greater than 20 nm. Measurements to obtain the thermal conductivities of single nanowires with smaller diameter nanowires, which may exhibit even lower thermal conductivity and possibly quantum confinement effect at low temperature, have proven elusive. Herein, we demonstrated an experimental technique with improved measurement sensitivity that is capable of measuring the thermal conductance of 10 pW/K. This more sensitive technique overcomes several issues with current instrumentations and provides a tool for characterizing the properties of much smaller diameter nanowires, such as nanowires with 1 W/m-K thermal conductivity, 10 nm diameter and 1 μm length. Measurement enabled by this measurement platform will improve our understanding of thermal transport in confined nanostructures.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Intestinal disaccharidase activity of non-human primates. II. Lorisidae, Hapalidae, Cebidae.

Abstract 1. 1. Disaccharidase activities of the small intestine of non-human primates (Lorisidae, Hapalidae and Cebidae families) and of humans were assayed. 2. 2. In the non-human primates, disaccharidase concentrations usually peaked in the jejunum. The black and red tamarins had the highest concentrations of palatinase, sucrase and maltase; the slow loris the highest trehalase; and the owl monkey the highest lactase. 3. 3. In man with normal lactase activity, the concentration of lactase was greater than that of palatinase and trehalase, while in the non-human primates or man with an isolated lactase deficiency these enzymes had a greater concentration than did lactase.
Positive and negative effects of alcohol and nicotine and their interactions: a mechanistic review

Nicotine and alcohol are two of the most commonly abused legal substances. Heavy use of one drug can often lead to, or is predictive of, heavy use of the other drug in adolescents and adults. Heavy drinking and smoking alone are of significant health hazard. The combination of the two, however, can result in synergistic adverse effects particularly in incidences of various cancers (e.g., esophagus). Although detrimental consequences of smoking are well established, nicotine by itself might possess positive and even therapeutic potential. Similarly, alcohol at low or moderated doses may confer beneficial health effects. These opposing findings have generated considerable interest in how these drugs act. Here we will briefly review the negative impact of drinking–smoking co-morbidity followed by factors that appear to contribute to the high rate of co-use of alcohol and nicotine. Our main focus will be on what research is telling us about the central actions and interactions of these drugs, and what has been elucidated about the mechanisms of their positive and negative effects. We will conclude by making suggestions for future research in this area.
The closest-individual method in the analysis of the distribution of capillaries

Abstract An ecological survey method termed the closest-individual method was adapted for measuring the distribution of capillaries in tissue. Models were constructed in which dots represented transversely sectioned capillaries in known densities, and in ordered, random, or contagious (clustered) array. The distances from randomly selected points on a model to the nearest capillary were measured, and the frequency distributions of these distances were plotted. This distribution was compared to the mathematically predicted distribution of distances for each model. All values derived by the closest-individual method were statistically similar to predicted values, and were within approximately 5% of predictions. In addition, the kurtosis of each set of data was used to evaluate whether the data from the closest-individual method could correctly identify the nature of the array of capillaries in each model. This method is potentially of great use to studies of capillarity since it calculates median diffusion distance more accurately than estimates from capillary density alone; it calculates maximal diffusion distance, which cannot be estimated from capillary density alone; and by identifying the array of capillaries as either random, ordered, or contagious, it assesses the nature of interaction among capillaries. Other similar measurement methods are discussed and compared.
Control of system of systems

This paper sets forth the stage for one of the most important issues in SoS - the control problem. The challenge for any control engineer and designer is to stabilize the SoS based on not only its own sensors on board, but just as critically important based on data transmissions from other sensors and actuators. For that reason the control design needs to be flexible to account for lack or shortfall of communication packets from other systems or on the usual Gupta's [14] main contribution here is the simultaneous design of information flow and the control law. Unlike traditional control design tools which concentrate on calculating the optimal control input by assuming a particular information flow between the components, Gupta's [14] approach seeks to synthesize the optimal information flow along with the optimal control law that satisfies the constraints of the information flow. Thus besides the question of ‘What should an agent do?’, the questions of ‘Whom should an agent talk to?’, ‘What should an agent communicate?’, ‘When should an agent communicate?’ and so on also have to be answered. This idea is exactly what the decentralized formation control of Kumar Ray, et al. [4], which was briefly discussed.
Value change in oil and gas production: V. Incorporation of uncertainties and determination of relative importance

The influence of two fundamentally different types of uncertainty on the value of oil field production are investigated here. First considered is the uncertainty caused by the fact that the expected value estimate is not one of the possible outcomes. To correctly allow for the risk attendant upon using the expected value as a measure of worth, even with statistically sharp parameters, one needs to incorporate the uncertainty of the expected value. Using a simple example we show how such incorporation allows for a clear determination of the relative risk of projects that may have the same expected value but very different risks. We also show how each project can be risked on its own using the expected value and variance. This uncertainty type is due to the possible pathways for different outcomes even when parameters categorizing the system are taken to be known. Second considered is the risk due to the fact that parameters in oil field estimates are just estimates and, as such, have their own intrinsic errors that influence the possible outcomes and make them less certain. This sort of risk depends upon the uncertainty of each parameter, and also the type of distribution the parameters are taken to be drawn from. In addition, not all uncertainties in parameter values are of equal importance in influencing an outcome probability. We show how can determine the relative importance for the parameters and so determine where to place effort to resolve the dominant contributions to risk if it is possible to do so. Considerations of whether to acquire new information, and also whether to undertake further studies under such an uncertain environment, are used as vehicles to address these concerns of risk due to uncertainty. In general, an oil filed development project has to contend with all the above types of risk and uncertainty. It is therefore of importance to have quantitative measures of risk so that one can compare and contrast the various effects, and so that corporate decision-makers can use the information in a rational manner as they seek to enhance corporate profit. This paper provides such methods and measures of assessing risk.
Waiting time predicts survival after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: a cohort study using the United Network for Organ Sharing registry.

Recipients of liver transplantation (LT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have an 8% to 20% risk of HCC recurrence. Single-center studies suggest that a period of waiting after HCC therapy may facilitate the selection of patients at low risk for post-LT HCC recurrence and mortality. We evaluated whether a longer waiting time after Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) prioritization for HCC predicts longer post-LT survival. From the United Network for Organ Sharing registry, we selected 2 groups registered for LT between March 2005 and March 2009: (1) HCC patients receiving MELD prioritization and (2) non-HCC patients. Patients were stratified by their MELD status at LT (a marker of time on the wait list after HCC MELD prioritization) and were followed from LT until death or censoring through October 2012. By comparing post-LT survival to intention-to-treat (ITT) survival from registration, we assessed predictors of post-LT survival and estimated the benefit of LT. The median MELD scores at LT were 22 (HCC) and 24 (non-HCC). A higher MELD score at LT was independently associated with lower post-LT mortality in the HCC group [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.73-0.98] and higher post-LT mortality in the non-HCC group (HR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.15-1.25). Compared with the HCC group, the non-HCC group had lower post-LT mortality [relative risk (RR) = 0.85, log-rank P < 0.01] but higher ITT mortality (RR = 1.25, log-rank P < 0.01) because of a 33 percentage point lower probability of undergoing LT. In conclusion, a longer waiting time before LT for HCC predicted longer post-LT survival in a national transplant registry. Delaying LT for HCC may reduce disparities in ITT survival and access to LT among different indications and thereby improve system utility and organ allocation equity for the overall pool of LT candidates. Liver Transpl 20:1045–1056, 2014. © 2014 AASLD.
Transition probabilities for the resonance transitions of Na-like ions*

Theoretical wavelengths and transition probabilities for the 3S –3P and 3S –4P transitions of Na-like ions are presented. The theoretical data are computed from relativistic Hartree-Fock wave functions. Similar data for additional transitions between low-lying states (n = 3 and 4) of the Fe15+, Mo31+, W63+, and Au68+ ions are also reported. Relativistic effects in the oscillator strengths for the resonance transitions are qualitatively similar to those already observed in the Li sequence. Comparison with available experimental data on wavelengths for Fe15+ and Mo31+ ions shows excellent agreement (1% or better).