cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating Ammonia Loss from Sprinkler-Applied Swine Effluent

Volatilization of NH 3 from sprinkler-applied effluent is a major N loss pathway in the Great Plains region, but there is disagreement as to how much of the total NH 4 -N applied in effluent is lost. The objectives of the study were to determine NH 3 loss during sprinkler application and from soil and to determine the amount of mineral N available to the crop over a series of swine effluent application rates, effluent sources, and field conditions. A 3-yr study was conducted on fields near swine (Sus scrofa) production operations. A mass balance method was used to estimate N loss during and after effluent application at rates of 1.3, 1.9, and 2.5 cm. Change in inorganic N concentration in effluent captured below the sprinkler was used to estimate volatilization during application, and the change in inorganic N concentration in soil (before and 72 h after application) was used to estimate N loss from soil. Ammonia loss during application ranged from 8 to 27% of the total NH 4 -N in the effluent due to drift and volatilization. The range of estimated N loss from the soil varied from 24 to 56% of the NH 4 -N in the applied effluent. The total N loss from both the sprinkler application and the soil ranged from 32 to 83%, with an average loss of approximately 58%. Effluent N concentration did not significantly impact the percent of N lost, while air temperature and wind speed were significant variables in the percent of N lost.
The origin of the Flora family

Abstract Evidence is presented indicating that the Flora family is of common origin. The distribution of proper elements and physical properties of Flora-family asteroids are compared with those of families believed to have formed from the catastrophic disruption of parent bodies. Differences in these orbital and physical properties suggest that the creation of the Flora family was more complex. Available evidence concerning the Flora family, together with recent models for the collisional evolution of the asteroids, suggests that this family may have originated from a binary or multiple asteroid. A mechanism in which the Flora family may have been produced by the disruption of a former major satellite of 8 Flora is presented and compared with other possible modes of formation.
Variation of apomorphic characters in stream‐dwelling tadpoles of the bufonid genus Ansonia (Amphibia: Anura)

Six larval forms of the bufonid genus Ansonia from Borneo share the following synapomorphies: cup-like, ventral oral disc; an expanded post-dental portion of the lower lip, which has a papillate margin; upper keratinized jaw sheath divided; body markedly flattened ventrally; eyes set relatively far back on the body. All of these tadpoles live on the bottom in strong currents, except for larval Ansonia leptopus, which lives in drifts of dead leaves that accumulate in eddies within streams. These larval forms differ among themselves in body shape, development of inframarginal papillae on the lower lip, size of the gap between the keratinized parts of the upper jaw sheath, width of the post-dental portion of the lower lip, relative lengths of upper and lower rows of labial teeth, and arrangement of the gut coils. One form has an abdominal sucker. Changes in these characters are not correlated; the derived condition in one character is not always associated with the derived state in another. Consequently, these tadpoles cannot be arranged in a simple morphocline from least to most derived, again with the exception of A. leptopus, which is the least modified in all respects. Although tadpoles of Ansonia resemble those of the neotropical bufonid genus Atelopus in general specialization for benthic life in flowing water, they differ from that group in body form and details of the oral disc.
Infrared Absorption Bands Characteristic of the Si–CH 2 CH 2 CN and Si–CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CN Groups

One of the striking features of the infrared absorption spectra of organosilicon compounds, as Smith has pointed out, is that the spectra can be considered approximately as the sum of absorption bands arising from essentially independent group vibrations.
Efficient end-to-end feature-based system for SAR ATR

In this paper we discuss an end-to-end system for SAR automatic target recognition (ATR), giving particular emphasis to the discrimination and classification stages. The ATR system employs a three sequential stage approach to reduce complexity: a detection stage, a discrimination stage, and a classification stage. Details of the detection stage were presented previously. The target discrimination and classification methods, which we present here, involve extracting rotationally and translationally invariant features from the Radon transform of target chips. The methods are applied in both isolated and complete end-to-end systems on the TESAR baseline SAR database distributed by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory and in isolation using the public MSTAR database. The performance results on these SAR datasets are presented.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ac‐Count‐able HR

Purpose – This paper outlines the importance of HR Business Partner using business data in order to contribute at a strategic level.Design/methodology/approach – Provides evidence for a three year pan‐European case study of the correlated link between a HR influence on employee engagement and customer loyalty and financial performance. Also provides anecdotal insights of HR professional's historical approach to data and a way of using business data strategically.Findings – Provides two charts ‐ one which demonstrates the link between HR disciplines and the business and one which depicts the different types of data that the HR professional can gain value from.Practical implications – Urges HR Business Partners to address their knowledge gaps in understanding business data and provides an outline of useful data sources.Originality/value – Highlights the importance of business data in providing a credible and strategic HR contribution.
Do large fluorescent particles enhance the modulation efficiency of ultrasound-modulated fluorescence?

The question of whether particle size affects modulation efficiency, defined as the ratio of ultrasound-modulated fluorescence (UMF) signal to DC (direct current) signal, of the fluorescence emission from four different sized fluorescent particles was investigated experimentally. The four particles are streptavidin-conjugated Alexa Fluo 647 (~5 nm in diameter) and three carboxylate-modified fluorescent microspheres (FM) with different diameters of 0.02, 0.2, and 1.0 μm. Modulation efficiency was evaluated as a function of the fluorophore size and fluorophore concentration. The modulation efficiency was improved about two times when the size of the fluorescent particles is increased from 5 nm to 1 μm. This result implies that using large fluorescence particles can slightly improve the modulation efficiency but the improvement is limited.
Important 2′-hydroxyl groups in model substrates for M1 RNA, the catalytic RNA subunit of RNase P from Escherichia coli☆

Abstract The role of 2′-hydroxyl groups in a model substrate for RNase P from Escherichia coli was studied using mixed DNA/RNA derivatives of such a substrate. The presence of the 2′-hydroxyl groups of nucleotides at positions −1 and −2 in the leader sequence and at position 1, as well as at the first C in the 3′-terminal CCA sequence, are important but not absolutely essential for efficient cleavage of the substrate by RNase P or its catalytic RNA subunit, M1 RNA. The 2′-hydroxyl groups in the substrate that are important for efficient cleavage also participate in the binding of Mg 2+ . An all-DNA external guide sequence (EGS) can efficiently render a potential substrate, derived from the model substrate, susceptible to cleavage by the enzyme or its catalytic RNA subunit. Furthermore, both DNA and RNA EGSs turn over during the reaction with RNase P in vitro . The identity of the nucleotide at position 1 in the substrate, the adjacent Mg 2+ -binding site in the leader sequence, and the junction of the single and double-stranded regions are the important elements in the recognition of model substrates, as well as in the identification of the sites of cleavage in those model substrates.
Diastereoselektive palladiumvermittelte Synthese von vicinalen Diaminen über ein dynamisches Gleichgewicht

Steuerung der Selektivitat durch ein benachbartes Stereozentrum bei der Pd0-katalysierten Substitutionsreaktion an der Allylgruppe? Ja, wenn der intermediar gebildete π-Allylpalladiumkomplex eine schnelle Inversion eingehen kann (siehe Schema). Das Abfangen der in einem dynamischen Gleichgewicht stehenden Intermediate 1 und 2 mit Stickstoff-Nucleophilen fuhrt ausgehend von chiralen 5-Vinyloxazolidinonen zur quantitativen Bildung von diastereomerenreinen Diaminen.
The Virtual Value Chain and E-Government Partnership: Non-Monetary Agreements in the IRS E-File Program

Abstract Electronic government (e-government) models generally espouse the principle of partnership with the private sector. What is not always clear is what is meant by partnership, though, and how public organizations should organize and manage such relationships to support e-government initiatives. The paper relies on a conceptual framework of the virtual value chain to understand how a new form of collaboration emerged in the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) e-file program in 1999 and what dimensions helped to make it a success. As part of a larger, multi-nation study of public–private partnerships in e-government, this paper examines IRS e-file program, one of the largest, longest-standing (dating back to 1986), and most successful US e-government programs with tens of millions of users each year. The IRS e-file program experienced dramatic changes in its long-standing partnership with the tax preparation and related software development industries in 1999 and 2000. It is possible, using the concept of...
Two‐dimensional top hat filter for extracting spots and spheres from digital images

SUMMARY The top hat filter is a computer algorithm that extracts small, compact or rounded objects from digital images. Examples show application of the filter to micrographs and electron diffraction patterns.
The effect of the European Community's social dimension on human resource management in U.S. multinationals: Perspectives from the United Kingdom and F

Abstract Although the European Community's single market was officially launched in January 1, 1993, its Social Dimension, an attempt to provide common labor standards and laws for workers in the twelve member nations, remains incomplete. This research reviews the current status of the Social Dimension, and then describes the views of human resource managers in five U.S.-owned multinationals, at U.S. headquarters and in the United Kingdom and France, toward the implications of the Social Dimension for human resource policy and practice in their firms. The article concludes that rapid changes in these firms' product and labor markets are far more compelling than the effect of the as-yet incomplete Social Dimension, and that human resource management practices will respond to economic change, in the context of the nation's culture and customs, rather than to social legislation.
The evolution of breast reconstruction: a historical perspective.

Plastic surgeons have been performing operations to improve the aesthetic aspect of the breast for centuries. Throughout ancient times, great controversy produced many theories of how breast cancer occurred and the best treatment. Because of beliefs that closure of mastectomy sites could conceal tumor recurrence, breast reconstruction did not gain wide acceptance until the mid-1900s. Today, plastic surgeons have a variety of techniques to reconstruct the breast. The first autologous muscle flap for breast reconstruction was the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap, described in 1896 by Iginio Tansini. The introduction of Carl Hartrampf’s transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap and Robert J. Allen’s deep inferior epigastric perforator flap have also provided excellent reconstructive options. With regard to augmentation, Vincenz Czerny attempted to enhance a woman’s breast in 1895 with implantation of a lumbar lipoma. Soon after, surgeons used paraffin injections and polyvinylic alcohol sponge implantation, which yielded disastrous results. In 1961, Thomas Cronin and Frank Gerow promoted the first silicone implant, paving the way for today’s silicone and saline prototypes. Although reduction mammaplasty techniques had originated centuries earlier than mastopexy methods, the advancements of both have largely paralleled one another. In 1949, the Wise pattern was introduced to preoperatively plan safer and predictable outcomes in breast reductions. Efforts to minimize scars were achieved with Claude Lassus’ introduction and Madeleine Lejour’s subsequent modification of the vertical scar mammaplasty. In hopes of fostering an understanding of current post-mastectomy procedures and instilling passion for innovating future techniques, we provide a near-complete, surgically focused historical account of the primary contributors to breast reconstruction.
Satellite Navigation for Aviation in 2025

Satellite navigation has been used for aircraft navigation for more than 50 years. In the last ten years, the capabilities of satellite navigation have been expanded to more demanding phases of flight, in particular vertical guidance down to 200 ft, thanks to the implementation of augmentation systems. In this paper, we attempt to predict the state of satellite navigation in the next 15 years. We will start by reviewing the challenges that must be addressed by satellite navigation for aircraft guidance. Then, we will describe the current techniques that enable satellite navigation for aviation and the level of performance they achieve today. This will be followed by a description of the upcoming changes to satellite navigation, which include the launch of new constellations and the introduction of new civil signals. Despite these developments, satellite navigation is inherently vulnerable to radio-frequency interference so that backup navigation systems are still necessary. Nonetheless, these improvements will have a great impact on the availability and level of service achieved by satellite navigation, in particular enabling worldwide coverage of vertical guidance.
Time-resolved Second-harmonic Generation from Gold Nanoparticle Arrays

We have studied the effects of planar inversion symmetry and particle-coupling of gold nanoparticle (NP) arrays by angle dependent second-harmonic generation (SHG). Time- and angle- resolved measurements were made using a mode-locked Ti:sapphire 800 nm laser onto gold NP arrays with plasmon resonance tuned to match the laser wavelength in order to produce maximum SHG signal. Finite-difference time domain simulations are used to model the near-field distributions for the various geometries and compared to experiment. The arrays were fabricated by focused ion-beam lithography and metal vapor deposition followed by standard lift-off protocols, producing NPs approximately 20nm high with various in-plane dimensions and interparticle gaps. Above a threshold fluence of ∼ 7.3 × 10 −5 mJ/cm 2 we find that the SHG scales with the third power of intensity, rather than the second, and atomic-force microscopy shows that the NPs have undergone a reshaping process leading to more nearly spherical shapes.
Criminal justice institutions as a common pool: the 19th century analysis of Edwin Chadwick

Abstract Modern research into criminal justice focuses on optimal enforcement and on changes, including forms of privatization, that could bring efficiency into the system. Edwin Chadwick, 19th century economist and utilitarian reformer, analyzed received Anglo–Saxon justice (circa 1829–1841) as an evolved publicly provided good with open-access common pool characteristics. With an aim of crime prevention and the reduction of Type I and II errors—contemporary goals as well—and while neglecting the possibilities contained in private solutions, Chadwick developed clear recommendations for interrelated incentive alterations to both the enforcement and penal systems. The system described by Chadwick is fundamentally the one that exists in the US today and his exceedingly modern analysis speaks to contemporary problems and has implications for possible reforms.
SoRI 9409, a non-peptide opioid μ receptor agonist/δ receptor antagonist, fails to stimulate [35S]-GTP-γ-S binding at cloned opioid receptors

Abstract Recent work suggests that opioids which combine μ agonist and δ antagonist activity may be non-addicting antinociceptive agents. SoRI 9409 (5′-(4-Chlorophenyl)-17-(cyclopropylmethyl)-6,7-didehydro-3,14-dihydroxy-4,5α-epoxypyrido-[2′,3′:6,7]morphinan) is a naltrexone-derived non-peptide ligand which demonstrates partial μ and κ agonist activity and antagonist activity at δ receptors. Chronic administration of SoRI 9409 to mice failed to produce tolerance to its antinociceptive effect and SoRI 9409 produced less withdrawal signs than naloxone in acute and chronic morphine dependence models. To further characterize SoRI 9409 we determined its effects in the guanosine 5′- O -(3-[ 35 S]thio)-triphosphate binding assay. SoRI 9409 demonstrated no agonist activity at cloned μ, δ, or κ receptors. Other experiments demonstrated that SoRI 9409 was a potent and selective δ antagonist ( K i = 0.08 nM) which acted also as an antagonist at μ and κ receptors. Its profile of activity resembled that of naltrindole (NTI). Viewed collectively, the in vitro data reported here predict that SoRI 9409 should be a μ antagonist in vivo , which is not observed. Resolving these discrepant findings will require additional research.
Rapid-Software for Prototyping User Interfaces

The present paper describes 1) the operation of a software tool for interface prototyping–RAPID–that is designed for software designers and human engineering specialists to use in support of design iteration and experimentation and 2) an application of this prototyping tool in the development of consumer products. RAPID simulates the appearance and function of small control panels including commonly-used displays and controls using the Smalltalk-80TM computing environment. The experience of using the design tool in a product development effort has provided a means of evaluating the success of this approach for supporting the product development cycle and improving the quality of the human-machine interface.
The culmination of student freedom

Editor's Note: The findings set forth in the previous article indicate a profound change in what students are given to learn in the American university and the way that knowledge is packaged. The study by the National Association of Scholars neither attempts to supply reasons for the relaxation it identified in the systematic approach to education, nor does it necessarily make any judgment about the wider consequences of the trend. Such inferences are for others to draw and, to that end, Academic Questions presents this interpretation of the study's results, followed by the opposing views of Nelson W. Polsby.
Running missing scan: Perception of oldest member in serial presentations

The ability to select the current oldest item in a homogeneous series of items was examined in 250-item sequences with an “age” range of 1–15 items. Approximately 50% of the responses were correct, and the probability of a correct response increased linearly with the age of the correct response. The memory requirements of the task were discussed and compared with other covert retention tasks.
Representation and Accountability in Cities

Local governments in the United States provide essential services and allocate an enormous share of the country's public goods. Knowing how benefits are distributed and who wins and who loses in American politics requires understanding the functioning of local representative democracy. Pitkin (1967) delineates three components to democratic representation—authorization, responsiveness, and accountability. Elections play a fundamental role in each of these processes, from selecting government officials, to influencing the policies governments choose, to holding representatives accountable for outcomes. Scholars of local politics have tended toward two themes in analyzing the link between elections and representation: exploring the role of race and ethnicity, and understanding how institutions shape both practices and outcomes. Racial and ethnic divisions are prominent in local politics and shape both voting decisions and policy outcomes. Institutions implemented by municipal reformers tend to decrease the ...
A Gas Chromatographic-Positive Ion Chemical Ionization-Mass Spectrometric Method for the Determination of I-α-Acetylmethadol (LAAM), norLAAM, and dinorLAAM in Plasma, Urine, and Tissue

l-alpha-Acetylmethadol (LAAM) is approved as a substitute for methadone for the treatment of opiate addiction. Analytical methods are needed to quantitate LAAM and its two psychoactive metabolites, norLAAM and dinorLAAM, to support pharmacokinetic and other studies. We developed a gas chromatographic-positive ion chemical ionization-mass spectrometric method for these analyses. The method uses 0.5 mL urine or 1.0 mL plasma or tissue homogenate, deuterated (d3) isotopomers as internal standards, methanolic denaturation of protein (for plasma and tissue), and extraction of the buffered sample with n-butyl chloride. For tissue homogenates, an acidic back extraction is included. norLAAM and dinorLAAM were derivatized with trifluoroacetic anhydride. Chromatographic separation of LAAM and derivatized norLAAM and dinorLAAM is achieved with a 5% phenyl methylsilicone capillary column. Positive ion chemical ionization detection using methane-ammonia as the reagent gas produces abundant protonated ions (MH+) for LAAM (m/z 354) and LAAM-d3 (m/z 357) and ammonia adduct ions (MNH4+) for the derivatized norLAAM (m/z 453), norLAAM-d3 (m/z 45 6), dinorLAAM (m/z 439), and dinorLAAM-d3 (m/z 442). The linear range of the calibration curves were matrix dependent: 5-300 ng/mL for plasma, 10-1000 ng/mL for urine, and 10-600 ng/g for tissue homogenates. The low calibrator was the validated limit of quantitation for that matrix. The method is precise and accurate with percent coefficients of variation and percent of targets within 13%. The method was applied to the analysis of human urine and plasma samples; rat plasma, liver, and brain samples; and human liver microsomes following incubation with LAAM.
Services liberalisation in the regions of Russia under WTO accession: regional household and poverty effects

We develop a seven region comparative static computable general equilibrium model of Russia to assess the impact of accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) on households and poverty in its seven federal regions. Crucially, our model allows for foreign direct investment in business services and endogenous productivity effects from additional varieties of business services and goods. National welfare gains are substantial at about 4.5% of GDP; but we show that the gains in a traditional constant returns to scale model without FDI in business services are only 0.1%. Variance in the gains across the regions is explained by their capacity to attract FDI in services. Distributional impacts within regions are rather flat for the first nine deciles; but the richest decile of the population in the three regions that attract the most FDI in business services gains significantly more than the other nine representative households in those regions.
"Far from Ideal:" The Gender Politics of Political Science

Political science has mirrored the political culture even as it has explained it, and at critical times the gendering of political science has left it unprepared to explain notable changes in political life. Here, we examine political science as a gendered institution across three critical time periods: the founding era of the discipline, the 1970s and 1980s, and the present. For each period, we assess the presence, position, and experiences of women in the profession; the norms of gender within the discipline; and the way political science deals with women and gender as subject matter. In general, the position of women in the discipline has improved dramatically over the course of the discipline's first century, and gender-related research has become more institutionalized. Nevertheless, political science has not yet developed a full appreciation of gender as an analytical construct.
Export Orientation and the Limits to Local Sovereignty

The decade 1990—2000 marked a historical turnaround for large metropolitan areas in the US. For the first time in the post-World-War-II period these metropolitan areas experienced a reduction in the local share of economic activity relative to the export share. The long-standing shift from manufacturing to services, while continuing through the decade, was no longer sufficiently large to offset the increasing export orientation of non-manufacturing industries, including many services. At first glance, the increasing share of export activity in large metropolitan economies might suggest that state and local governments will lose flexibility in determining economic policy. However, the non-manufacturing industries with growing export shares are more place-based than most of the manufacturing exports they are replacing. The paper argues that state and local policy-makers thus continue to have considerable discretion in their choice of economic agendas.
Overall rate constant measurements of the reactions of alkene-derived hydroxyalkylperoxy radicals with nitric oxide

The overall rate constants of the NO reaction with hydroxyalkylperoxy radicals derived from the OH-initiated oxidation of several atmospherically abundant alkenes—ethene, propene, 1-butene, 2-butene, 2-methyl propene, 1,3-butadiene, and isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene)—were determined using the turbulent flow technique and pseudo first-order kinetic conditions with high pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the direct detection of hydroxyalkylperoxy radical reactants. The individual 100 Torr, 298 K rate constants for each alkene system were found to be identical within the 95% confidence interval associated with each separate measurement. The average overall rate constant for the reaction of all alkene-derived hydroxyalkylperoxy radicals with NO was determined to be 9.1 ± 0.5 (2σ) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. Previous studies of this reaction for the ethene, 2-methyl propene and isoprene systems reported varying rate constant values that ranged from a factor of two lower to a factor of two higher than the present result. However, the invariant nature and value of the present rate constant determination closely parallels the results obtained in the measurement of rate constants for the reactions of several alkane-derived peroxy radicals with NO.
Simulating faults of combinational IP core-based SOCs in a PLI environment

This paper presents a new test methodology which utilizes the programming language interface (PLI) for performing fault simulation of combinational or full scan intellectual property (IP) core-based designs for system-on-chip (SOC). Using the latest Verilog PLI, referred to as Verilog procedural interface (VPI), critical-path tracing and two-value deductive fault simulations are performed on a pre-compiled core basis as available in a simulator's intermediate format. By applying this VPI-based test methodology on ISCA S85 Verilog benchmarks results are presented in terms of elapsed simulation time and fault coverage for stuck-at faults and improvement over previous works is reported.
Fast responding lactose enzyme electrode

Two types of amperometric lactose enzyme sensors based on the enzyme systems galactose oxidase (single-enzyme electrode), or β-galactosidase and glucose oxidase (two-enzyme electrode) with a hydrogen peroxide base electrode were constructed. The enzymes were chemically immobilized onto a dialysis membrane using the BSA/glutaraldehyde method. The properties of two types of lactose sensors were compared, and factors which influence electrode response, such as buffer, pH, and immobilization of enzyme, were studied. The calibration curve for lactose is linear in the range between 1 × 10-5 and 1 × 10-1 m, at room temperature, in a phosphate buffer (0.2 m, pH 7.38). The response times were <10 s and <2 min for the initial rate and the steady-state response, respectively. The single-enzyme electrode was used for several hundred assays over a period of 1 month without loss of activity. Lactose in milk was determined, with good comparison with the AOAC method.
A generalized de Casteljau approach to 3D free-form deformation

This paper briefly presents an efficient and intuitive 3D free-form deformation approach based on iterative affine transformations, a generalized de Casteljau algorithm, whereby the object warps along a Be´zier curve as its skeleton.
Sharing jobs among independently owned processors

In a network of independently owned processors (e.g. workstations), load-balancing schemes cannot consider the whole network as one unit and thus try to optimize the overall performance. Instead, they have to consider the needs of the resource owners. For this type of environment, load sharing is a more appropriate goal. An approach is proposed in which each machine in the network determines the amount of sharing it is willing to do. The scheme, called High-Low makes sure that the service provided to local jobs of a lightly doped node does not deteriorate by more than a predefined amount. It simultaneously helps improve the service at heavily loaded nodes. It is shown empirically that load sharing in a network of workstations can be effective even with a simple-minded allocation of jobs. >
An Overview of Solid-State Integrated Circuit Amplifiers in the Submillimeter-Wave and THz Regime

We present an overview of solid-state integrated circuit amplifiers approaching terahertz frequencies based on the latest device technologies which have emerged in the past several years. Highlights include the best reported data from heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) circuits, high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) circuits, and metamorphic HEMT (mHEMT) amplifier circuits. We discuss packaging techniques for the various technologies in waveguide modules and describe the best reported noise figures measured in these technologies. A consequence of THz transistors, namely ultra-low-noise at cryogenic temperatures, will be explored and results presented. We also present a short review of power amplifier technologies for the THz regime. Finally, we discuss emerging materials for THz amplifiers into the next decade.
From programming to technical writing

A student perspective is provided on the process of teaching technical writing as a process parallel to computer programming. The idea that each follows a recognizable series of discrete steps is presented, and the steps that parallel each other are contrasted. >
Photodynamic Action of Proflavine on Coliphage T3 I. Kinetics of Inactivation

Abstract The photodynamic inactivation of coliphage T3 was studied over a wide range of concentrations of the dye proflavine. With 2 × 107 phage/ml, two modes of inactivation were observed. Between 0.25 and 12 to 13 μg/ml, inactivation was biphasic. There was an initial first-order inactivation (R×1) which became temporally associated with an apparently multiorder process (R×2) at higher light doses. Dye concentrations above 12 to 13 μg/ml showed only two-target inactivation curves (R×3), except at high dye concentrations where processes kinetically identical to R×1 and R×2 reappeared. R×2 showed a normal rectangular hyperbolic saturation curve but R×1 and R×3 appeared to saturate prematurely. The saturation behavior of R×1 and R×2 was independent of phage concentration, but R×3 was lost at phage titers above 2 × 107/ml. No dark inactivation was seen with R×1 and R×2 subsequent to a period of illumination. With R×3, an exponential dark inactivation was seen for at least 1 hr after a period of illumination. The dye-phage system equilibrated immediately, at any temperature, at proflavine concentrations where R×1 and R×2 occurred. With R×3, prolonged equilibration times were necessary. Moreover, there was a temperature effect. The rate of inactivation at equilibrium was temperature-dependent, whereas the initial rate at which equilibrium was approached was essentially temperature-independent.
A wireless magnetoelastic micro-sensor array for simultaneous measurement of temperature and pressure

Magnetoelastic thick film sensors mechanically deform when subjected to a magnetic field impulse, launching elastic waves within the sensor the magnitude of which is greatest at the mechanical resonant frequency. As the sensors are magnetostrictive, the mechanical deformations launch magnetic flux that can be detected remotely. The characteristic resonant frequency of a magnetoelastic sensor, which is a function of the length, density, elasticity and Poisson's ratio of the sensor material, changes in response to temperature, pressure, ambient flow rate and, in combination with a mass changing, chemically responsive layer different analyte concentrations. By using an array of such sensors different environmental parameters can be simultaneously determined in a complex environment; we have designed and fabricated such an array for the simultaneous measurement of temperature and pressure.
Engineering research center for structured organic particulate synthesis (ERC-SOPS)

The ERC-SOPS is an NSF-funded collaborative effort to improve existing manufacturing processes and develop new ones for the pharmaceutical industry. Participants include four universities and several industrial partners, including pharmaceutical companies and vendors of equipment and control systems. A primary goal of the Center is to demonstrate continuous and real-time control of pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, which have hitherto been restricted to batch operations. This document describes some of the efforts that have been made towards achieving this goal.
Tracking the seasons: the internal calendars of vertebrates

Animals have evolved many season-specific behavioural and physiological adaptations that allow them to both cope with and exploit the cyclic annual environment. Two classes of endogenous annual timekeeping mechanisms enable animals to track, anticipate and prepare for the seasons: a timer that measures an interval of several months and a clock that oscillates with a period of approximately a year. Here, we discuss the basic properties and biological substrates of these timekeeping mechanisms, as well as their reliance on, and encoding of environmental cues to accurately time seasonal events. While the separate classification of interval timers and circannual clocks has elucidated important differences in their underlying properties, comparative physiological investigations, especially those regarding seasonal prolactin secretions, hint at the possibility of common substrates.
Leveraging strictly causal state information at the encoders for multiple access channels

The state-dependent multiple access channel (MAC) is considered where the state sequences are known strictly causally to the encoders. First, a two-user MAC with two independent states each known strictly causally to one encoder is revisited, and a new achievable scheme inspired by the recently proposed noisy network coding is presented. This scheme is shown to achieve a rate region that is potentially larger than that provided by recent work for the same model. Next, capacity results are presented for a class of channels that include modulo-additive state-dependent MACs. It is shown that the proposed scheme can be easily extended to an arbitrary number of users. Finally, a similar scheme is proposed for a MAC with common state known strictly causally to all encoders. The corresponding achievable rate region is shown to reduce to the one given in the previous work as a special case for two users.
Poststroke Hypertonicity: Upper Limb Assessment and Treatment

Hypertonicity is common in patients with upper limb dysfunction following hemiplegic stroke and is associated with greater impairment, worse function, and lower health-related quality of life. In addition to increased rest activity, abnormal patterns of muscle activation, such as spastic co-contraction, may contribute to disability. In the upper limb, flexor muscles are more commonly involved distally, and at the shoulder, spasticity of adductors, flexors, and internal rotators is most often observed. Prior to interventions, a history regarding prior interventions, comorbid diagnoses, and limitations imposed by abnormal tone should be elicited. Commonly used scales to assess hypertonicity include the Modified Ashworth, the Modified Tardieu, the Spasm Frequency, the Disability Assessment, the Fugl-Meyer, and the Motor Assessment Scales. Treatment interventions for upper limb hypertonicity include stretching, splinting, strengthening of antagonist muscles, oral medications, and focal injections (phenol or botulinum toxins). Intrathecal baclofen may also impact upper limb tone. For focal injections, correct identification of muscles contributing to problematic tone is evaluated by eliciting resistance to movement at rest and observation of patterns of tightness as the limb is used functionally. The botulinum toxins have been shown to decrease tone in stroke survivors and improve active and passive functioning. Because secondary changes such as contractures and weakness may occur with prolonged hypertonicity, therapy to improve range of motion, strengthen weakened muscles, and incorporate use of the limb should be considered following focal injections, oral medications, or intrathecal pump placement.
Long-Term Protective Factor Outcomes of Evidence-Based Interventions Implemented by Community Teams through a Community-University Partnership

It is becoming increasingly common for community teams or coalitions to implement programming for children and families designed to promote positive youth development and prevent adolescent problem behaviors. However, there has been only limited rigorous study of the effectiveness of community teams’ programming efforts to produce positive outcomes. This study employed a community-level randomized control design to examine protective parent and youth skills outcomes of evidence-based preventive interventions selected from a menu and delivered by community teams supported by a community–university partnership model called PROSPER. Twenty-eight rural communities in two states were randomized across intervention and control conditions. Data were collected through written questionnaires that were completed by approximately 12,000 middle school students in the fall of the 6th grade, prior to intervention delivery, and again in the spring of the 7th, 8th, and 9th grades. Positive intervention effects were found for youth, parent, and family outcomes (e.g., association with antisocial peers, child management, parent–child affective quality) at each post-intervention assessment point. Improvements in these family and youth skill outcomes are expected to support long-term reductions of adolescent problem behaviors, such as substance abuse. Editors’ Strategic Implications: In this important and well controlled trial, the authors demonstrate that university partnership-supported community teams, especially when supported with ongoing technical assistance, can continue to produce positive outcomes even after much of the control over delivery of programs is turned over to representatives of the communities in which they are implemented.
Insulin stimulates synthesis and release of human chorionic gonadotropin by choriocarcinoma cell lines.

Recent studies have shown that insulin regulates placental lactogen, progesterone, and estrogen production from human trophoblast cells. This study was performed to examine whether insulin also regulates the production of hCG by this type of cell. After 24–36 h of preincubation, JEG-3 and JAR cells (2–3 × 105 cells/ml -well) or human term trophoblast cells (1 × 106 cells/ ml · well) were exposed to the test hormone in serum-free Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium for 24–96 h. Secretion of hCG from JEG-3 cells was stimulated by human insulin, human proinsulin, or porcine insulin in a dose-dependent manner, with lowest effective doses of 6.7, 96, and 53 mg/L, respectively. Time-course studies showed that hCG secretion peaked at 72–96 h with insulin exposure; in contrast, no decernable peak was seen without insulin in serum-free media. Exposure of JEG-3 cells for 24 h to 209 mg/liter insulin stimulated hCG synthesis, with 40 ± 3% more immunoreactive intracellular hCG (P < 0.05). Cells grown in the presence o...
A Newton/upwind method and numerical study of shock wave/boundary layer interactions

The objective of the paper is two-fold. First, an upwind/central differencing method for solving the steady Navier-Stokes equations is described. The symmetric line relation method is used to solve the resulting algebraic system to achieve high computational efficiency. The grid spacings used in the calculations are determined from the triple-deck theory, in terms of Mach and Reynolds numbers and other flow parameters. Thus the accuracy of the numerical solutions is improved by comparing them with experimental, analytical, and other computational results. Secondly, the shock wave/boundary layer interactions are studied numerically, with special attention given to the flow separation. The concept of free interaction is confirmed. Although the separated region varies with Mach and Reynolds numbers, it is found that the transverse velocity component behind the incident shock, which has not been identified heretofore, is also an important parameter. A small change of this quantity is sufficient to eliminate the flow separation entirely.
Modeling Electroporation in a Single Cell

Electroporation uses electric pulses to promote delivery of DNA and drugs into cells. This study presents a model of electroporation in a spherical cell exposed to an electric field. The model determines transmembrane potential, number of pores, and distribution of pore radii as functions of time and position on the cell surface. For a 1-ms, 40 kV/m pulse, electroporation consists of three stages: charging of the cell membrane (0-0.51 micros), creation of pores (0.51-1.43 micros), and evolution of pore radii (1.43 micros to 1 ms). This pulse creates approximately 341,000 pores, of which 97.8% are small ( approximately 1 nm radius) and 2.2% are large. The average radius of large pores is 22.8 +/- 18.7 nm, although some pores grow to 419 nm. The highest pore density occurs on the depolarized and hyperpolarized poles but the largest pores are on the border of the electroporated regions of the cell. Despite their much smaller number, large pores comprise 95.3% of the total pore area and contribute 66% to the increased cell conductance. For stronger pulses, pore area and cell conductance increase, but these increases are due to the creation of small pores; the number and size of large pores do not increase.
Study of GaN radiation sensor after in-core neutron irradiation

GaN Schottky diode radiation detectors were fabricated on a 450-μm freestanding GaN wafer with a guard ring structure. The detectors were irradiated with neutron fluences up to 1016 n/cm2. The current-voltage relation, capacitance-voltage relation, charge collection efficiency, and alpha particle spectrum before and after irradiation were measured to characterize the radiation resistance of GaN devices. The detectors' performance showed insignificant changes after in-core neutron irradiation at 1015 n/cm2.
A Linear Framework for Time-Scale Separation in Nonlinear Biochemical Systems

Cellular physiology is implemented by formidably complex biochemical systems with highly nonlinear dynamics, presenting a challenge for both experiment and theory. Time-scale separation has been one of the few theoretical methods for distilling general principles from such complexity. It has provided essential insights in areas such as enzyme kinetics, allosteric enzymes, G-protein coupled receptors, ion channels, gene regulation and post-translational modification. In each case, internal molecular complexity has been eliminated, leading to rational algebraic expressions among the remaining components. This has yielded familiar formulas such as those of Michaelis-Menten in enzyme kinetics, Monod-Wyman-Changeux in allostery and Ackers-Johnson-Shea in gene regulation. Here we show that these calculations are all instances of a single graph-theoretic framework. Despite the biochemical nonlinearity to which it is applied, this framework is entirely linear, yet requires no approximation. We show that elimination of internal complexity is feasible when the relevant graph is strongly connected. The framework provides a new methodology with the potential to subdue combinatorial explosion at the molecular level.
FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF RAPTOR HINDLIMBS: IMPLICATIONS FOR RESOURCE PARTITIONING

Abstract Prey capture in owls and hawks is largely dependent on the biomechanics of the hindlimbs, and both limb size and grip forces potentially determine the size of prey that can be captured and the extent of possible resource partitioning among sympatric species. Morphological study of six species of sympatric raptors—the owls Otus asio, Strix varia, and Bubo virginianus; and the hawks commonly considered their diurnal “ecological equivalents,” Falco sparverius, Buteo lineatus, and Buteo jamaicensis—revealed that, in both groups, talon closure is effected by two discrete mechanisms that function together in a potentially additive or alternative fashion. Grip force measurements obtained from live owls and hawks using “hydraulic” perches showed that grip force increases exponentially with body size and that owls produce greater forces than hawks. That finding is consistent with the distinctive osteology and myology of their hindlimbs and with their hunting behavior. These data provide some understanding...
Conceptualizing Multichannel Consumer/Salesperson Interactions For A High Tech Product

The advent of the Internet has altered the role of the business-to-consumer salesperson in persuading the multichannel customer (MCC) to make a purchase. The literature is scant regarding in-person selling techniques to reach the MCC. This paper extends the examination of selling high-technology products to the MCC and develops a conceptual sales model incorporating bounded rationality, signals, and information asymmetries purchase intention and actual purchase. The model emphasizes the MCC’s satisficing purchase intention, acknowledges perceived information asymmetries for both parties, and highlights the salesperson’s influence on the sales outcome for the purchase of a high-tech product through signaling.
Assumptions and practical considerations in the design and interpretation of echolocation-monitoring studies

Bat detectors increasingly are used in studies of the ecology and behavior of bats. A number of assumptions are implicit to these studies, although these assumptions rarely are stated explicitly and sometimes are not recognized by researchers. The strength of inference resulting from echolocation-monitoring studies is, in part, a function of the extent to which underlying assumptions are met. Recognition of underlying assumptions is thus an important facet of the design and interpretation of echolocation-monitoring studies. In this paper, I outline and discuss six key assumptions underlying most echolocation-monitoring studies. Accounting for sources of temporal, spatial, and sampling variation is key for designing robust studies and for meeting the assumptions underlying echolocation-monitoring studies.