cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A NUMERICAL MODEL OF STANDARD TO BLOWOUT JETS

We report on three-dimensional (3D) MHD simulations of the formation of jets produced during the emergence and eruption of solar magnetic fields. The interaction between an emerging and an ambient magnetic field in the solar atmosphere leads to (external) reconnection and the formation of "standard" jets with an inverse Y-shaped configuration. Eventually, low-atmosphere (internal) reconnection of sheared fieldlines in the emerging flux region produces an erupting magnetic flux rope and a reconnection jet underneath it. The erupting plasma blows out the ambient field and, moreover, it unwinds as it is ejected into the outer solar atmosphere. The fast emission of the cool material that erupts together with the hot outflows due to external/internal reconnection form a wider "blowout" jet. We show the transition from "standard" to "blowout" jets and report on their 3D structure. The physical plasma properties of the jets are consistent with observational studies.
The surface morphology and transient current response of Fe-16 wt% Cr-16 wt% Ni in a scratch test

This letter deals with a study of the electrochemical behaviour of an Fe-16 wt% Cr-16 wt% Ni alloy, immersed in a 0.01 M H 2 SO 4 -0.01 M KCl solution, when scratched with different hardness indentors. The depassivation characteristics have been studied by relating the transient current response to the different loads applied through the indentors to produce scratches
Evolution of the ABPA Subunit of Androgen-Binding Protein Expressed in the Submaxillary Glands in New and Old World Rodent Taxa

The salivary androgen-binding proteins (ABPs) are members of the secretoglobin gene family present in mammals. Each ABP is a heterodimer assembled as an ABPA subunit encoded by an Abpa gene and linked by disulfide bridges to an ABPBG subunit encoded by an Abpbg gene. The ABP dimers are secreted into the saliva of mice and then transferred to the pelage after grooming and subsequently to the environment allowing an animal to mark territory with a biochemical signal. The putative role of the mouse salivary ABPs is that of pheromones mediating mate selection resulting in assortative mating in the Mus musculus species complex. We focused on comparing patterns of molecular evolution between the Abpa genes expressed in the submaxillary glands of species of New World and Old World muroids. We found that in both sets of rodents the Abpa genes expressed in the submaxillary glands appear to be evolving under a similar evolutionary regime, with relatively high nonsynonymous substitution rates, suggesting that ABP might play a similar biological role in both systems. Thus, ABP could be involved with mate recognition and species isolation in New World as well as Old World muroids.
The effect of cobrotoxin on cholinergic neurons in the mouse.

Abstract By using multiple time-point constant-rate infusions of deuterium-labeled phosphorylcholine, appropriate kinetic parameters were obtained for use in the calculation of the turnover rate of acetylcholine (TR ACh ) in selected mouse brain regions. After obtaining these data, the relationship between the analgesic agent cobrotoxin (CT) and the activity of central cholinergic neurons was investigated by determination of TR ACh in selected mouse brain regions 3 hours following intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of CT. There were no obvious changes in the concentrations of ACh and choline (Ch) in the cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, midbrain, striatum, or thalamus of the mouse after injection of an analgesic dose of CT (2 μg, i.c.v.). TR ACh in the thalamus and the striatum were significantly increased, as compared to controls. On the other hand, i.c.v. injection of CT was found to significantly reduce TR ACh in the hippocampus and midbrain. These results suggest that the activity of hippocampal and midbrain cholinergic neurons is suppressed by CT, whereas the activity of striatal and thalamic cholinergic neurons is increased by CT at a time when a maximum analgesic response to CT is expressed.
Suppression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Infection In Vitro in Cord Blood Monocyte Derived Macrophages by IL-3, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13.♦ 1319

Neonates have lower plasma cytokine levels of IL-3, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 than adults. Cord blood monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) are more suseptible to infection by HIV-1 than adult MDM (Ho WZ. J Virol. 66:573, 1992). Infection of monocytes with HIV-1 induces dysregulation of cytokines which may play a vital role in HIV-1 pathogenesis. Our hypothesis is that these cytokines may play an important role in HIV-1 infection of cord blood MDM in vitro. We studied the effect of IL-3, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 on HIV-1 infection of cord blood MDM from 4 healthy full term infants (HIV negative). Monocytes were isolated and cultured for 10-14 days, then infected with HIV-1 BAL strain. The cytokines were added to the cells before, during, and on successive days after infection. Supernatants were collected in triplicate on successive days for reverse transcriptase analysis by radioimmunoassay. HIV-1 viral replication was inhibited with IL-3 by 79% (p < 0.025); with IL-4 by 87-91% (p < 0.02); with IL-10 by 83-85% (p < 0.05); and with IL-13 by 25-95% (p < 0.05). Thus, increases in IL-3, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 inhibit HIV-1 replication in vitro. We speculate that low levels of cytokines that are present in newborns may predispose infants born to HIV-1 infected mothers to acquiring HIV-1 infection. Upregulation of these cytokines may help decrease perinatal transmission of HIV-1 in newborn infants.
RATIOCINATION: AN EMPIRICAL ACCOUNT

Modern thinkers regard logic as a purely formal discipline like number theory, and not to be confused with any empirical discipline such as cognitive psychology, which may seek to characterize how people actually reason. Opposed to this is the traditional view that even a formal logic can be cognitively veridical – descriptive of procedures people actually follow in arriving at their deductive judgments (logic as Laws of Thought). In a cognitively veridical logic, any formal proof that a deductive judgment, intuitively arrived at, is valid should ideally conform to the method the reasoning subject has used to arrive at that judgment. More specifically, it should reveal the actual reckoning process that the reasoning subject more or less consciously carries out when they make a deductive inference. That the common logical words used in everyday reasoning – words such as ‘and’, ‘if,’‘some’, ‘is’‘not,’ and ‘all’– have fixed positive and negative charges has escaped the notice of modern logic. The present paper shows how, by unconsciously recognizing ‘not’ and ‘all’ as ‘minus-words’, while recognizing ‘and’, ‘some’, and ‘is’ as ‘plus words’, a child can intuitively reckon, for example, ‘not (−) all (−) dogs are (+) friendly’ as equivalent to ‘some (+) dogs aren't (−) friendly’: −(−D+F) = +D−F.
Making the Academy More Attractive to New Teacher-Scholars

The majority of faculty members in veterinary medicine are white men; the student base, however, is increasingly composed of white women. Faculty and students of color are few. Part of the problem in attracting and retaining new teacher-scholars is that the current generation has different beliefs about the importance of work and home, places dissimilar weights on various workplace dimensions, and has more complicated lives than prior generations of faculty. Thus, a culture clash arises when young faculty work in academic institutions with outmoded policies and practices. This article explores the key aspects of the structure and culture of the academy and offers ideas for making the workplace more attractive to new faculty.
Computerized Tomographic Angiography for Renal Donor Evaluation Leads to a Higher Exclusion Rate

Purpose: We compared the exclusion rate for potential living renal donors evaluated with computerized tomography angiography and radionuclide renal scintigraphy (renal scan) vs excretory urogram, renal scan and renal arteriography.Materials and Methods: From March 2004 through February 2006, 603 consecutive patients were evaluated as potential living renal donors. From March 2004 through February 2005, 270 consecutive patients underwent evaluation with excretory urogram, renal scan and renal angiography (group 1). Of these patients 16 underwent computerized tomography to evaluate abnormalities detected on excretory urogram. From March 2005 through February 2006, 333 consecutive patients underwent evaluation with computerized tomography angiography and renal scan (group 2). The number of patients excluded for medical reasons and/or radiographic abnormalities was determined for the 2 groups.Results: More than twice as many patients evaluated with computerized tomography were excluded. In group 1, 7% of pati...
World Economic Growth, Northern Antagonism, and North-south Conflict:

The distribution of wealth in the world is manifested by the polarization of a rich North and a poor South. Is the North-South conflict increasing or decreasing, and does it depend on such variable...
Consumer decision making and aging: A commentary from a public policy/marketing perspective

Abstract Efforts to assist older adults with cognitive deficits can take one of three paths: law, education or marketing. Legal protections have proved insufficient. Government educational efforts are typically dryly factual and likely to go unheeded. With the growing size of the older adult market, the independent efforts of both for-profit and social marketers to develop products and services that can help this population remain functionally healthy and independent are likely to be successful. Both governments and insurance companies should be motivated to help subsidize these entrepreneurial efforts given the considerably higher costs of caring for the elderly in an institution.
Primary, preventive and permissive roles of hormones in plant systems

The discovery that cytokinins oppose the actions of seed germination inhibitors provided a powerful conceptual tool in designing new hypotheses and in interpreting old ones. By using highly specific gibberellin-mediated seed processes, it was shown that gibberellins, inhibitors and cytokinins have primary, preventive and permissive roles respectively in the control of seed germination. We can now explain for the first time that seed dormancy can occur not only in presence of inhibitors as was generally believed but in many cases in absence or presence of promotors such as gibberellins or cytokinins. Thus, the uniqueness of the hormonal model presented lies in the effective use of the concept of designated functions of hormones in the control of seed germination. Cytokinin-inhibitor antagonism is not limited to seed systems but occurs in other systems, as well, including lateral bud growth and growth of tissues in culture. Evidence presented supports the hypothesis that auxin is the primary stimulus in the control of bud growth and growth of tissues in culture while the roles of gibberellins, cytokinins and inhibitors are secondary. Gibberellin appears to act after auxin has initiated growth in these systems. The highly selective roles of hormones in plant systems explains such anomalous situations as continued rapid growth in presence of high levels of inhibitors and lack of growth in spite of the presence of large amounts of cytokinins, gibberellins or auxins. Cytokinin-inhibitor antagonism and selective actions of hormones have also been shown at the level of nucleic acid and enzyme synthesis suggesting that both transcriptional and translational mechanisms might be involved.
PREDICTING US 2001 RECESSION, COMPOSITE LEADING ECONOMIC INDICATORS, STRUCTURAL CHANGE AND MONETARY POLICY

In an attempt to predict a peak in the US economy using a classical statistical decision methodology and a Bayesian methodology and using the 1996 revised composite leading economic indicators (CLI), it is learned that the Bayesian models have generally outperformed the classical statistical ones and, among the Bayesian models, the two using two and three consecutive CLI growth rates are superior in reliability and in accuracy. These two models, however, failed to correctly predict the 2001 recession. In investigating the reasons behind their failures, we learned that: (1) if the concurrent data for the economic structure of 1983–1999 are used for the prediction, they have also been able to predict the 2001 recession correctly, but their overall reliability is not as strong as before; (2) given the overwhelming weight of the monetary policy tools in the CLI-1996 design and the combination of the economic and political events in the year 2000, the less than expected effectiveness of the monetary policy since 2001 has contributed to this failure; and (3) a possible structural change in the US economy since 2000 has also contributed to this prediction failure.
The TRPV3 mutation associated with the hairless phenotype in rodents is constitutively active

TRPV3 is a non-selective cation channel activated by warm to hot temperatures. In rodents, TRPV3 is highly expressed in basal keratinocytes of skin and oral/nasal epithelia. TRPV3 knockout mice showed impaired responses to innocuous and noxious heat but otherwise normal appearance and reactions to many sensory modalities. However, point mutations of TRPV3 at Gly573 to Ser and Cys have recently been linked to autosomal dominant hairless phenotypes and spontaneous dermatitis in mice and rats, implicating an important role for TRPV3 in alopecia and skin diseases. Exactly, how the mutations affect TRPV3 function was unexplained. Here, we show that both G573S and G573C mutations of murine TRPV3 are constitutively active in heterologous systems. In HEK 293 cells, expression of the TRPV3 mutants causes cell death. In Xenopus oocytes, the constitutively active mutant channel is irresponsive to thermal and chemical stimuli but it reduces the temperature threshold and enhances the responses to heat and TRPV3 agonists of the wild type channel when they are co-expressed. We conclude that the G573S and G573C substitutions render the TRPV3 channel spontaneously active under normal physiological conditions, which in turn alters ion homeostasis and membrane potentials of skin keratinocytes, leading to hair loss and dermatitis-like skin diseases.
Feeding Value and Nutrient Preservation of High Moisture Corn Ensiled in Conventional Silos for Lactating Dairy Cows

Sixty-one Holstein cows were used at varying stages of lactation to evaluate the feeding value of high moisture shelled corn ensiled in conventional silos. Control rations consisted of comparable amounts of conventional shelled corn dried in commercial drying facilities. Cows fed high moisture corn produced milk of higher fat content (3.09 versus 2.64%) and greater quantities of fat (.73 versus .64 kg) while they consumed less concentrate (9.28 versus 9.84 kg), resulting in the crude fiber content of the dry matter being 14.60% compared to 13.82% for control cows. Covariate adjustment of treatment means to equal intake of crude fiber eliminated differences above. Milk, 4% fat corrected milk, silage, total dry matter intake, and rumen volatile fatty acids were not significantly different between groups. Dry matter recovery following the ensiling process was 96.0 plus or minus 1.9% with 3.0 plus or minus 1.1% classified as spoiled corn, resulting in a total of 7% loss. Recoveries of all proximate constituents were similar to dry matter with the exception of ash (82.4%). Costs of the two systems were evaluated for varying corn prices and moisture.
Multiscale Ice Fluidity in NOx Photodesorption from Frozen Nitrate Solutions

The temperature-programmed desorption of nitric oxide, NO, and nitrogen dioxide, NO_2, during the 302 nm photolysis of KNO_3-doped, spray-frozen ice layers was investigated using two-photon laser-induced NO_x fluorescence detection in the range −35 ≤ T/°C ≤ 0. Upon applying steady illumination and a 0.67 °C min^(-1) heating ramp, frozen KNO_3 solutions begin to evolve NO_2 at increasing rates, while NO emissions plateau soon after until, at ∼ −8 ° C, both species surge abruptly. Although the primary photoproduct NO_2 avoids geminate recombination by escaping from a permeable molecular cage throughout, NO_2(g) levels are controlled by desorption from the outermost ice layers rather than by NO_3^- photolysis rates. The NO_x accumulated in the deeper layers bursts when the solid undergoes a sintering transition following the onset of surface melting at −10 °C. Since elementary photochemical events occur in a communal fluid phase of molecular dimensions at temperatures far below the KNO_3/H_2O eutectic (T_(eutectic) = − 2.88 °C), we infer that doped polycrystalline ice contains operationally distinguishable fluid phases of low dimensionality over various length scales and temperature ranges.
Energy demodulation of two-component AM-FM signal mixtures

An algorithm for the separation and energy-based demodulation of two-component mixtures of AM-FM signals is presented. The proposed algorithm is based on the generating differential or difference equation of the mixture signal and nonlinear differential energy operators.
Design of Fast Self-Testing Checkers for a Class of Berger Codes

The Berger codes are optimal separable codes that detect all undirectional errors. In this correspondence a new procedure of designing self-testing checkers (STC's) for codes with I information bits, where I = {2K-2, 2K-l} and I ≥ 3, is proposed. I ≥ 3. The new checker is basically composed of u = ⌈(I + 1)/2⌉ STC's for m-out-of-n codes with n = I + 1 and m = 2p + 1, O ≤ p ≤ u -1. Simple STC for the codes with I = 2K-1is also given. All new checkers can be implemented as inverter-free circuits and hence be self-testing for all unidirectional faults. Comparison to earlier designs reveals essential improvement in speed of operation.
Families of a new world: Gender, politics, and state development in a global context

Families of a New World: Gender, Politics, and State Development in a Global Context. Lynne Haney & Lisa Pollard (Eds.). New York: Routledge. 2003. 300 pp. ISBN 0-41593447-8. $23.95 (paper). Consistent with Urie Bronfenbrenner's (1979) ecological theory, this anthology focuses on the associations between macrosystems (politics, economics, public policy, law, social services, media, agriculture) and the family microsystem. The text's framework is a feminist analysis of state development in a historical/cultural context. Chapter authors note the ways in which macrosystems affect men and children, but the greatest emphasis is on women's familial experiences or imagery of women in the family. The text provides a diverse sample of cultures; chapters address families in countries such as Australia, Chile, China, Egypt, Germany, Hungary, Malawi (when it was still the British Protectorate of Nyasaland), Puerto Rico, and the United States. The text is divided into three sections: (a) familialism as state imagining, (b) familialism as state building, and (c) familialism as state reform. The first section focuses on events from the early 19th century to the mid-20th century. The first two chapters (and a similar chapter in the second section) analyze how British/U.S. colonialists applied a Euro-American definition of the appropriate family structure to justify limitations placed on indigenous women and families in Egypt, Puerto Rico, and Nyasaland. The authors indicate that colonialists work from the premise that certain states and groups were unprepared for self-rule until a Euro-American model of family was adopted. A third chapter in this section details the description of family and gender in the Zionist movement. This chapter connects individuals' relational histories with their artistic and activistic expressions of family values. The second section on state building examines the ways in which states actively engaged in family reform. This section centers on events from the late 1800s to the 1950s in Chile, the United States, and Australia. In each country, the family was perceived to be a foundation for the state because the family was the source of productive citizens. Individuals, communities, and the state were expected to benefit from successful families. Because the family and state were mutually dependent, the state used a variety of resources (e.g., material incentives, legal sanctions) to promote the desired family structures and relations. The last section has three chapters that focus on more recent (1950s to the present) developments. These chapters delineate changes in (a) Hungary and the Czech Republic following the decline of socialism, (b) Germany following reunification, and (c) China following the implementation of household registration to control urban female workers. Given the contemporary nature of the events, these three chapters contain qualitative data from interviews with women who identify the direct and indirect effects of such events on their family lives. …
Description of MRPP

Multiresponse permutation procedures (MRPP) are a class of permutation methods of one or more dimensions for distinguishing possible differences among two or more groups. To motivate MRPP, initially consider samples of independent and identically distributed univariate random variables of sizes n1, ...,ng, namely, $$({y_{11}}, \cdots ,{y_{{n_1}1}}), \cdots ,({y_{1g}}, \cdots ,{y_{{n_g}g}}),$$ from g populations with cumulative distribution functions F1(x), ...,Fg(x), respectively. For simplicity, suppose that population i is normal with mean μi and variance σ2 (i = 1, ...,g). This is the standard one-way classification model with g groups. In the classical test of a null hypothesis of no group differences, one tests H0: μ1 = ... =μg versus H1: μi≠μj for some i≠j using the F statistic given by $$F = \frac{{M{S_{between}}}}{{M{S_{within}}}}$$ where $$M{S_{between}} = M{S_{treatment}} = \frac{1}{{g - 1}}S{S_{between,}}$$ $$S{S_{between}} = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^g {{n_i}} {({\bar y_i} - \bar y)^2},$$
Uterine Artery Embolization versus Abdominal Myomectomy: A Long-term Clinical Outcome Comparison

Purpose To assess long-term clinical effectiveness of uterine artery embolization (UAE) compared with abdominal myomectomy. Materials and Methods Women who received UAE ( n = 87) or abdominal myomectomy ( n = 98) for symptomatic uterine leiomyomata between 2000 and 2002 at a single institution were consecutively enrolled in this study. Patients whose procedures were performed within 5 years before the study were included. Symptom evaluations with symptom severity scores, pregnancy rates, and satisfaction with the procedures were obtained via institutional review board–approved questionnaires. Chart reviews were performed to supplement analyses. Results The retrospective cohort included 185 patients, of whom long-term follow-up was completed by 89 patients (48.1%), 48 being treated with UAE, and 41 with myomectomy. Follow-up ranged from 50 to 83 months. A higher but not statistically significant number of patients received repeat interventions after abdominal myomectomy (14%) versus UAE (8%; P = .204). Significantly higher symptom severity score improvements were seen in patients treated with UAE versus abdominal myomectomy (34 vs 31; P = .02). UAE recipients were less likely to attempt to get pregnant ( P = .02), but those who did had a 66.7% success rate compared with 58.8% for patients who underwent myomectomy. Similar numbers of patients between groups were satisfied with the procedure ( P = .57), reported effectiveness of symptom relief ( P = .43), and would recommend the procedure to others ( P = .37). Conclusions UAE results in long-term clinical success with outcomes comparable or superior to those of abdominal myomectomy.
Customer‐led and market‐oriented: let's not confuse the two

Christensen and Bower (1996) report the results of a study of how customer power contributes to the failure of leading firms during a period of industry discontinuity. They conclude that developing a customer orientation appears not to be wise advice under these conditions. However, this conclusion is contradicted by long-standing theory and recent research in marketing. In this commentary we distinguish between two forms of ‘customer orientation’ that are frequently confused. The first, a customer-led philosophy, is primarily concerned with satisfying customers' expressed needs, and is typically short term in focus and reactive in nature. The second, a market-oriented philosophy, goes beyond satisfying expressed needs to understanding and satisfying customers' latent needs and, thus, is longer term in focus and proactive in nature. Based on theory and substantial evidence, the advice to become market-oriented appears sound regardless of the market conditions a business faces. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Indoor air quality and the emissions of VOCs from interior products

Indoor air quality (IAQ) has developed into an important environmental and health concern. IAQ legislation has been introduced in the U.S. Congress. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) comprise a part of the total concern about IAQ. Types and sources of pollutants contributing to IAQ are identified. Some strategies for reducing VOCs in indoor air are provided, and various sources of VOCs are identified. Various means of reducing VOC emissions from products are presented. Government regulatory agencies have begun to introduce legislation focusing on regulation of IAQ. Discussed is how these regulations, some proposed legislation, and customer concerns will affect both product manufacturers and their suppliers.
Spectral laws for energy and enstrophy cascades in electrostatic turbulence

In this paper we develop spectral laws for the small- and large-wavenumber regimes of the energy and enstrophy cascades in electrostatic turbulence and discuss how these spectra differ, owing to compressibility effects, from those for two-dimensional hydrodynamic turbulence. We also show that the compressibility effects on the scaling laws can be described as intermittency corrections formulated according to the log-normal model of Obukhov and Kolmogorov.
A short-range signal restricts cell movement between telencephalic proliferative zones

During telencephalic development, a boundary develops that restricts cell movement between the dorsal cortical and basal striatal proliferative zones. In this study, the appearance of this boundary and the mechanism by which cell movement is restricted were examined through a number of approaches. The general pattern of neuronal dispersion was examined both with an early neuronal marker and through the focal application of DiI to telencephalic explants. Both methods revealed that, although tangential neuronal dispersion is present throughout much of the telencephalon, it is restricted within the boundary region separating dorsal and ventral telencephalic proliferative zones. To examine the cellular mechanism underlying this boundary restriction, dissociated cells from the striatum were placed within both areas of the boundary, where dispersion is limited, and areas within the cortex, where significant cellular dispersion occurs. Cells placed within the boundary region remain round and extend only thin processes, whereas progenitors placed onto the cortical ventricular zone away from this boundary are able to migrate extensively. This suggests that the boundary inhibits directly the migration of cells. To examine whether the signal inhibiting dispersion within the boundary region acts as a long- or short-range cue, we apposed explants of boundary and nonboundary regions in vitro. Within these explants we found that migration was neither inhibited in nonboundary regions nor induced in boundary regions. This suggests that the boundary between dorsal and ventral telencephalon isolates these respective environments through either a contact-dependent or a short-range diffusible mechanism.
Desiccation tolerance and drought acclimation in the Antarctic collembolan Cryptopygus antarcticus

The availability of water is recognized as the most important determinant of the distribution and activity of terrestrial organisms within the maritime Antarctic. Within this environment, arthropods may be challenged by drought stress during both the austral summer, due to increased temperature, wind, insolation, and extended periods of reduced precipitation, and the winter, as a result of vapor pressure gradients between the surrounding icy environment and the body fluids. The purpose of the present study was to assess the desiccation tolerance of the Antarctic springtail, Cryptopygus antarcticus, under ecologically-relevant conditions characteristic of both summer and winter along the Antarctic Peninsula. In addition, this study examined the physiological changes and effects of mild drought acclimation on the subsequent desiccation tolerance of C. antarcticus. The collembolans possessed little resistance to water loss under dry air, as the rate of water loss was >20% h(-1) at 0% relative humidity (RH) and 4 degrees C. Even under ecologically-relevant desiccating conditions, the springtails lost water at all relative humidities below saturation (100% RH). However, slow dehydration at high RH dramatically increased the desiccation tolerance of C. antarcticus, as the springtails tolerated a greater loss of body water. Relative to animals maintained at 100% RH, a mild drought acclimation at 98.2% RH significantly increased subsequent desiccation tolerance. Drought acclimation was accompanied by the synthesis and accumulation of several sugars and polyols that could function to stabilize membranes and proteins during dehydration. Drought acclimation may permit C. antarcticus to maintain activity and thereby allow sufficient time to utilize behavioral strategies to reduce water loss during periods of reduced moisture availability. The springtails were also susceptible to desiccation at subzero temperatures in equilibrium with the vapor pressure of ice; they lost approximately 40% of their total body water over 28 d when cooled to -3.0 degrees C. The concentration of solutes in the remaining body fluids as a result of dehydration, together with the synthesis of several osmolytes, dramatically increased the body fluid osmotic pressure. This increase corresponded to a depression of the melting point to approximately -2.2 degrees C, and may therefore allow C. antarcticus to survive much of the Antarctic winter in a cryoprotectively dehydrated state.
Malignant melanoma in an HIV-infected man: a case report and literature review.

Malignant Melanoma in an HIV-infected Man: A Case Report and Literature ReviewAlthough it is not proven by causative association, several studies indicate that patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) have a high risk for developing cutaneous malignancies, especially lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma. Other malignant cutaneous lesions seen in this patient population include basal-cell carcinoma, squamous-cell cancer, Bowen's disease, and rarely, maligtiant melanoma. We review the clinical course of a human immunodeficiency virus (HTV)-infected man with a superficial spreading melanoma of the scapula treated with wide local excision. Ten years later, he was diagnosed as having metastatic and widespread disease. By placing our patient's experience in context with other case reports, we sought to determine whether malignant melanoma in the HIV-infected population presents atypically or has a more aggressive natural history. The appearance of malignant melanoma in homosexual men may be coincidenta...
Coupling electrospray corona discharge, charge reduction and ion mobility mass spectrometry: From peptides to large macromolecular protein complexes

We present the design and implementation of a home-built point-to-plane corona discharge probe, which rapidly and efficiently charge reduces biological ions generated by electrospray ionization (ESI). The molecules analysed ranged from small peptides such as Glu-fibrinopeptide B (1.5 kDa), small proteins such as myoglobin (16.9 kDa), polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG 10 k) which all showed intense singly charged ions; to large native multiprotein complexes such as GroEL (802 kDa) which show a broad range of charge-reduced species. The corona discharge probe operates at atmospheric pressure and was directly interfaced with a standard-ESI or nanoflow-ESI source of quadrupole ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The corona discharge probe is completely modular and could potentially be mounted to any commercial or research grade mass spectrometer with an ESI source. The level of charge reduction is precisely controlled by the applied voltage and/or probe gas flow rate and when in operation, results in approximately a 50 % reduction in total ion current. We also present the combination of corona discharge and travelling wave ion mobility and assign helium collision cross-section values (ΩHe) to the charge reduced species of the native protein complex pyruvate kinase. It would appear that the ΩHe of the +20 charge state for pyruvate kinase is approximately 20 % smaller than the +35 charge state. Finally, we discuss the potential benefits and concerns of utilising charge reduced protein species as a means of extending the travelling wave collision cross-section calibration range over that which is already published.
Crystalline to Amorphous Transformation of Fe3B by 1 MeV Electron Irradiation

Specimens of amorphous Fe 75 B 25 produced by rapid quenching from the melt were annealed to complete crystallization and subjected to 1 MeV electron irradiation in a transmission electron microscope at room temperature and at 130 K. The irradiation was interrupted at various intervals in order to obtain bright field images and diffraction patterns. The Fe 3 B crystals did not become amorphous at room temperature, even after damage levels of several dpa, whereas at 130 K the crystalline to amorphous transformation was observed to be complete at damage levels below 1 dpa. The results are combined with those of ion irradiation work on Fe 3 B; qualitative agreement is found between Fe 3 B and previous work on the Zr 3 Al alloy concerning their response to displacement damage by electron and ion irradiation.
Solidification and modeling of cast iron—A short history of the defining moments

Abstract Human civilization has evolved from the Stone Age, through the Bronze Age to reach the Iron Age around 1500 B.C. There are many to contend that today we are living in the age of engineered materials, yet the importance of iron castings continues to support the thesis that we are still in the Iron Age. Cast iron, the first man-made composite, is at least 2500 years old. It remains the most important casting material, with over 70% of the total world tonnage. The main reasons for cast iron longevity are its wide range of mechanical and physical properties coupled with its competitive price. This paper is a review of the fundamentals of solidification of iron-base materials and of the mathematical models that describe them, starting with the seminal paper by Oldfield, the first to attempt modeling of microstructure evolution during solidification, to the prediction of mechanical properties. The latest analytical models for irregular eutectics such as cast iron as well as numerical models with microstructure output are discussed. However, since the space does not permit an extensive description of the multitude of models available today, the emphasis is on model performance rather than the mathematics of model formulation. Also, because of space constrains, white iron and defect occurrence will not be covered.
The IUCF Phase Probe

A non-intercepting, charge-sensitive, sampling beam probe has been developed for use in internal beam phase measurements in the variable-energy, separated sector injector cyclotron at Indiana University. The two probe pickup plates of 10mm by 16mm are located above and below the median plane with sampling diodes in close proximity. The probe head is mounted on a movable assembly permitting continuous observation of phase history from inflection radius through extraction radius, at interval beam currents of 100 nanoamperes or greater with pulse rise times of less than one nanosecond. Over a two-year period the phase probe has proved relatively reliable and easy to use for confirming trim coil adjustments and orbit dynamical isochronization procedures. The probe display, in addition to providing data on phase group width and centroid versus radius, has on occasion shown up ion source ripple and radio frequency parasitic generation which might otherwise have been overlooked.
The Effect of Topographic Variability on Initial Condition Sensitivity of Low-Level Wind Forecasts. Part I: Experiments Using Idealized Terrain

AbstractThe concept of improving the accuracy of numerical weather forecasts by targeting additional meteorological observations in areas where the initial condition error is suspected to grow rapidly has been the topic of numerous studies and field programs. The challenge faced by this approach is that it typically requires a costly observation system that can be quickly adapted to place instrumentation where needed. The present study examines whether the underlying terrain in a mesoscale model influences model initial condition sensitivity and if knowledge of the terrain and corresponding predominant flow patterns for a region can be used to direct the placement of instrumentation. This follows the same concept on which earlier targeted observation approaches were based, but eliminates the need for an observation system that needs to be continually reconfigured. Simulations from the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) a...
The design and methods of genetic studies on acute and chronic postoperative pain in patients after total knee replacement.

Objective Total knee replacement (TKR) is the treatment option of choice for the millions of individuals whose osteoarthritis pain can no longer be managed through non-invasive methods. Over 500,000 TKRs are performed annually in the United States. Although most patients report improvement in pain and functioning following TKR, up to 30% report persistent pain that interferes with daily function. However, the reasons for poor outcomes are not clear. To best determine which patients are at risk for pain post TKR, a detailed and comprehensive approach is needed. In this article, we present the methodology of a study designed to identify a set of genetic, proteomic, clinical, demographic, psychosocial, and psychophysical risk factors for severe acute and chronic pain post TKR. Design Prospective longitudinal observational study. Setting University Hospital System. Subjects Patients scheduled for unilateral TKR with a target number of 150. Methods Prior to surgery, we collect demographic, psychosocial, and pain data. Biological data, including blood samples for genetic analyses, and serum, urine, and joint fluid for cytokine assessment are collected intraoperatively. Pain assessments as well as medication use are collected during each of the three days postsurgery. Additionally, pain and psychosocial information is collected 6 and 12 months following surgery. Conclusions This study, for the first time, captures the information on both genetic and “environmental” risk factors for acute and chronic pain post-TKR and has the potential to lead to the next step—multicenter large-scale studies on predictors and biomarkers of poor TKR outcomes as well as on tailored interventions and personalized medicine approaches for those at risk.
Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Efficacy: Diminished Antigenicity of Split-Product Vaccines in Mice

Abstract Groups of 60 to 120 mice were given a single intraperitoneal inoculation of varying dilutions of commercially prepared and licensed bivalent (A/England and B/Mass) and monovalent (A/Aichi or B/Hong Kong) inactivated influenza vaccines, and their antibody responses at 14 days were quantitated by hemagglutination inhibition tests. Split-product vaccines prepared by the treatment of A/England, B/Mass, and B/Hong Kong whole virus with Tween-80 and either tributylphosphate or ether produced significantly lower mean antibody titers than did equivalent whole-virus preparations. The rates of seroconversion (<1:8 to ≥1:8) at the various dilutions tested were also significantly reduced when these split-product vaccines were given. When the antigen content of all vaccines was quantitated by the chick cell agglutination test, between 10 and 100 times more split-product antigen than whole-virus antigen was required to produce seroconversion in 50% of the mice tested. Differences between split-product and whole-virus A/Aichi vaccines were less marked. These data point out the need to consider factors other than hemagglutinin content alone in determining the immunogenicity of inactivated influenza vaccines.
Pediatric Palliative Care

Progress in pediatric palliative care has gained momentum, but there remain significant barriers to the appropriate provision of palliative care to ill and dying children, including the lack of properly trained health care professionals, resources to finance such care, and scientific research, as well as a continued cultural denial of death in children. This article reviews the epidemiology of pediatric palliative care, special communication concerns, decision making, ethical and legal considerations, symptom assessment and management, psychosocial issues, provision of care across settings, end-of-life care, and bereavement. Educational and supportive resources for health care practitioners and families, respectively, are included.
WhozThat? evolving an ecosystem for context-aware mobile social networks

One of the most compelling social questions, which until now was left unanswered by current technology, is "Who's that?" This question is usually asked about a new unfamiliar person in a social setting who piques your curiosity. This article presents WhozThat, a system that ties together online social networks with mobile smart- phones to answer this common and essential social question. WhozThat builds an infrastructure that shares social networking IDs locally, using wireless technology, while also leveraging a wireless connection to the Internet's social networks to bind identity with location. In addition, WhozThat offers an entire ecosystem on which increasingly complex context-aware applications can be built; that is, once the environment knows who one is, the environment can adapt its content based on the individual's identity or even the collective tastes of a local group. We describe a prototype of the basic WhozThat system and also describe a more advanced service we built, a context-aware music player. We also discuss security and privacy issues introduced by mobile social networks.
Side chain–backbone hydrogen bonding contributes to helix stability in peptides derived from an α‐helical region of carboxypeptidase A

Recently, Presta and Rose proposed that a necessary condition for helix formation is the presence of residues at the N- and C-termini (called NTBs and CTBs) whose side chains can form hydrogen bonds with the initial four amides and the last four carbonyls of the helix, which otherwise lack intrahelical hydrogen bonding partners. We have tested this hypothesis by conformational analysis by circular dichroism (CD) of a synthetic peptide corresponding to a region (171-188) of the protein carboxypeptidase A; in the protein, residues 174 to 186 are helical and are flanked by NTBs and CTBs. Since helix formation in this peptide may also be stabilized by electrostatic interactions, we have compared the helical content of the native peptide with that of several modified peptides designed to enable dissection of different contributions to helix stability. As expected, helix dipole interactions appear to contribute substantially, but we conclude that hydrogen bonding interactions as proposed by Presta and Rose also stabilize helix formation. To assist in comparison of different peptides, we have introduced two concentration-independent CD parameters which are sensitive probes of helix formation.
NEW BASAL SELENODONT ARTIODACTYLS FROM THE PONDAUNG FORMATION (LATE MIDDLE EOCENE, MYANMAR) AND THE PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF EARLY RUMINANTS

ABSTRACT A new genus and species of an assumed ruminant artiodactyl Thandaungia tinti and an enigmatic dichobunoid artiodactyl are reported from the late middle Eocene Pondaung Formation, central Myanmar. Phylogenetic and biogeographic implications of these taxa are discussed in the context of the adaptative radiation of Selenodontia in Asia. Although poorly represented, these new forms provide an important glimpse into the early evolution of bunoselenodont artiodactyls in Asia, and shed new light on the phylogenetic relationships of basal ruminants. The upper molars of these new taxa display a peculiar morphology that sets them apart from both previously described early ruminants and advanced dichobunoids. A cladistic analysis of early ruminants based on 60 dental features clearly indicates that the new putative ‘proto-ruminant’ from Pondaung may constitute the first offshoot from basal Ruminantia, and may be closely related to the disputed hypertragulid? Simimeryx, known from the middle Eocene of North ...
Robotically assisted ventricular tachycardia substrate modification ablation with the novel Lynx ™ integrated sheath and RF ablation catheter : case report - online article

Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) is demanding and time consuming. Robotically controlled catheter ablation reduces operator fatigue and exposure to X-rays, and provides greater precision and stability of the catheter. A new flexible, integrated robotic sheath and ablation catheter has recently been introduced (Lynx) and used in atrial ablation procedures. We describe the first VT substrate modification ablation in the world with the Lynx robotic radio frequency ablation catheter.
Physical Activity and Psychosocial Aspects of Arthritis

The evidence is clear that physical activity and exercise offer health benefits such as improvements in cardiovascular risk factors, reduction of obesity and metabolic syndrome, and reduction in cancer risk. For individuals with arthritis, it also offers reductions in pain and improvements in function. In addition, a great deal of evidence indicates that physical activity improves mood and reduces the risk of depression and cognitive impairment. While the majority of the evidence comes from studies in the general population, a substantial body of literature also comes from studies of individuals with rheumatic diseases. This chapter will review the evidence linking physical activity and exercise to psychological and cognitive well-being and then present information to help practitioners guide patients in initiating physical activity.