cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transport critical current density above at 77 K in superconducting tapes made by the Ag wire-in-tube method

Transport critical current density () is a limiting factor in the practical application of (BSCCO-2223) high-temperature superconducting materials. The minimum requirement is for a of in long wires and tapes, at 77 K and in a high magnetic field. The issue of current distribution inside Ag-sheathed tapes has been resolved by showing that the region of high critical current density is next to the silver. In this paper we report a value at 77 K in a self-field in superconducting tapes made by the Ag wire-in-tube method, in which a silver wire was introduced into the silver tube. The silver wire extended along the entire length of the tape and reduced the difference between the nominal cross section of the superconductor and its actual current-carrying cross section. At 77 K and self-field, a maximum of (critical current A) was measured after three pressing cycles at in a 7% atmosphere. The average thickness of the superconducting layer between the sides of silver layers was in the order of and the width was 3.6 mm. This study confirms that the current-carrying region in BSCCO tapes is the layer adjacent to the Ag sheath. Previously it was shown that the superconductor core for thicker superconductor layers () does not carry significant current.
Synergistic and Additive Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure and Growth Factors on Tissue Formation

Background: Hydrostatic pressure (HP) is a significant factor in the function of many tissues, including cartilage, knee meniscus, temporomandibular joint disc, intervertebral disc, bone, bladder, and vasculature. Though studies have been performed in assessing the role of HP in tissue biochemistry, to the best of our knowledge, no studies have demonstrated enhanced mechanical properties from HP application in any tissue. Methodology/Principal Findings: The objective of this study was to determine the effects of hydrostatic pressure (HP), with and without growth factors, on the biomechanical and biochemical properties of engineered articular cartilage constructs, using a two-phased approach. In phase I, a 363 full-factorial design of HP magnitude (1, 5, 10 MPa) and frequency (0, 0.1, 1 Hz) was used, and the best two treatments were selected for use in phase II. Static HP at 5 MPa and 10 MPa resulted in significant 95% and 96% increases, respectively, in aggregate modulus (HA), with corresponding increases in GAG content. These regimens also resulted in significant 101% and 92% increases in Young’s modulus (EY), with corresponding increases in collagen content. Phase II employed a 363 full-factorial design of HP (no HP, 5 MPa static, 10 MPa static) and growth factor application (no GF, BMP-2+IGF-I, TGF-b1). The combination of 10 MPa static HP and TGF-b1 treatment had an additive effect on both HA and EY, as well as a synergistic effect on collagen content. This group demonstrated a 164% increase in HA, a 231% increase in EY, an 85% increase in GAG/wet weight (WW), and a 173% increase in collagen/WW, relative to control. Conclusions/Significance: To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate increases in the biomechanical properties of tissue from pure HP application, using a cartilage model. Furthermore, it is the only study to demonstrate additive or synergistic effects between HP and growth factors on tissue functional properties. These findings are exciting as coupling HP stimulation with growth factor application has allowed for the formation of tissue engineered constructs with biomechanical and biochemical properties spanning native tissue values.
Identification of Tyr-185 as the site of tyrosine autophosphorylation of recombinant mitogen-activated protein kinase p42mapk

Abstract Tyrosine phosphorylation of 42-kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase (p42mapk) occurs during expression of the recombinant protein in Escherichia coli, as well as during in vitro phosphorylation of the protein purified from this source. Structural analyses were performed to identify the site(s) of tyrosine phosphorylation of recombinant p42mapk, both during expression of the protein in E. coli and during in vitro incubations with ATP/Mg2+/Mn2+. Mass spectrometry and phosphopeptide mapping showed that tyrosine phosphorylation of recombinant p42mapk occurs on Tyr-185, the site of regulatory tyrosine phosphorylation that occurs in mitogen-stimulated mammalian cells.
Focal and Contextual Stimulus Variables in Verbal Conditioning

Part I of the study dealt with the development of classes of words which were characterized by within-class variation, such variation being based on the degree of class belongingness. Using a modified Q-sort and a rating procedure, it was found that groups of Ss could consistently discriminate between words within a class. Part II dealt with verbal conditioning. Using a modified Taffel procedure, Ss selected a word from a pair of words presented. Fifteen operant and 75 acquisition trials were administered. Ss were reinforced (“good”) during acquisition when they chose the critical word (animals) of the pair. Focal stimulus variation was defined as high or low class membership of the critical stimuli. Context variation was defined as variation in non-critical stimuli, neutral vs shape words. Results demonstrated that variations in both focal and contextual stimuli produced significant effects in verbal conditioning.
Total Synthesis of the Novel Immunosuppressant Sanglifehrin A

The total synthesis of the novel immunosuppressant sanglifehrin A (SFA, 1) is described. The approach is flexible, convergent, and stereoselective. The use of Paterson's aldol methodology was pivotal for the preparation of the novel, highly substituted spirolactam fragment of SFA. The 22-membered macrocyclic core of the molecule and the coupling of this fragment to the spirolactam moiety were successfully achieved using selective intra- and intermolecular Stille reactions, respectively. Carbodiimide-based protocols were employed for the synthesis of the tripeptide backbone.
In vitro aging of bovine and human retinal pigment epithelium: number and activity of the Na/K ATPase pump.

Abstract We have previously observed that the density of Na/K ATPase pumps is lower in RPE cells in the posterior pole of both bovine and human eyes. The posterior pole in human eyes includes the macula, a region which is predisposed to aging pathology. In this study we examined the effect of age on the sodium pump using cultures of bovine (bRPE) and human (hRPE) RPE cells that were aged in vitro by repeated passage. The cultures were assayed for cell number, protein, pump density (specific binding of [ 3 H]ouabain) and pump activity (specific uptake of 86 Rb) at confluency at each passage. In culture, bRPE had more pumps per cell (3·2 × 10 6 ) than hRPE (1·2 × 10 6 ), but the bRPE pumps were less active so the pumping capacity per cell was nearly equal. Bovine RPE aged more rapidly in vitro (survived fewer passages) than hRPE. With aging, RPE cells from both species showed declines in cell number at confluency. Pump number and pump activity per cell remained constant. Because cell number declined, the pumping capacity per unit area of confluent epithelium was diminished with culture aging. RPE cell number is known to decline with age in situ, especially in the macula. If Na/K ATPase pump number and activity per RPE cell remain constant with aging in vivo as shown here in vitro, the effective pumping capacity of the RPE per unit area of 'monolayer' would decline in aged eyes. Diminished pumping capacity with aging could affect the ability of the RPE to transport ions and other metabolites especially in the aging macula where pump density is lower even in normal young eyes.
The Cauchy interlacing theorem in simple Euclidean Jordan algebras and some consequences

In this article, based on the min–max theorem of Hirzebruch, we formulate and prove the Cauchy interlacing theorem in simple Euclidean Jordan algebras. As a consequence, we relate the inertias of an element and its principal components and extend some well-known matrix theory theorems and inequalities to the setting of simple Euclidean Jordan algebras.
Bulk Formulation of the Heat and Water Vapor Fluxes at the Air–Sea Interface, Including Nonmolecular Contributions

Abstract Accurate prediction of the air–sea sensible and latent heat fluxes is vital for nearly all applications of atmosphere and ocean models. Existing theories of heat transfer over rough surfaces provide a starting point, but they seem incomplete given that recent measurements suggest a departure from these theoretically predicted fluxes at higher wind speeds. Although explicit models of the air–sea heat fluxes are desperately needed, the formulation presented in this paper is an attempt to model the air–sea fluxes without dependence on explicit heat flux components. Using smooth flow limit approximations, theoretical profiles, and a physically based surface stress model, the predicted heat fluxes show reasonable agreement with available data. With increasing wind forcing, modestly increasing heat and moisture exchange coefficients (Stanton and Dalton numbers) are found. Even though wave age strongly influences the surface drag, stratification and temperature effects seem to dominate the wave-age infl...
ESD Engineering Fully Silicided Large MOSFET Driver for Maximum $It\hbox{1}$ Performance

Simultaneous optimization of LDD and antipunch-through implant conditions for ESD performance of very large width silicided output driver NMOSFET without snapback mode of operation is reported. Physical mechanisms responsible for performance improvement and device sensitivity to pulse rise time, with little or no dependence on TLP pulsewidth, are detailed.
The impact of family status on income security and health care in old age: A comparison of western nations

Welfare states are sets of rules and policies that redistribute resources across social classes and across generations. In nearly all western nations, social spending on the aged has surpassed spending on all other age groups combined. In 1992 alone, spending in the U.S. on Social Security topped $250 billion and on Medicare $130 billion.
Protein Phosphatase 2A and Cdc7 Kinase Regulate the DNA Unwinding Element-binding Protein in Replication Initiation

The DNA unwinding element (DUE)-binding protein (DUE-B) binds to replication origins coordinately with the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and the helicase activator Cdc45 in vivo, and loads Cdc45 onto chromatin in Xenopus egg extracts. Human DUE-B also retains the aminoacyl-tRNA proofreading function of its shorter orthologs in lower organisms. Here we report that phosphorylation of the DUE-B unstructured C-terminal domain unique to higher organisms regulates DUE-B intermolecular binding. Gel filtration analyses show that unphosphorylated DUE-B forms multiple high molecular weight (HMW) complexes. Several aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and Mcm2–7 proteins were identified by mass spectrometry of the HMW complexes. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase binding is RNase A sensitive, whereas interaction with Mcm2–7 is nuclease resistant. Unphosphorylated DUE-B HMW complex formation is decreased by PP2A inhibition or direct DUE-B phosphorylation, and increased by inhibition of Cdc7. These results indicate that the state of DUE-B phosphorylation is maintained by the equilibrium between Cdc7-dependent phosphorylation and PP2A-dependent dephosphorylation, each previously shown to regulate replication initiation. Alanine mutation of the DUE-B C-terminal phosphorylation target sites increases MCM binding but blocks Cdc45 loading in vivo and inhibits cell division. In egg extracts alanine mutation of the DUE-B C-terminal phosphorylation sites blocks Cdc45 loading and inhibits DNA replication. The effects of DUE-B C-terminal phosphorylation reveal a novel S phase kinase regulatory mechanism for Cdc45 loading and MCM helicase activation.
Habitat diversity and adaptation to environmental stress in encysted embryos of the crustacean Artemia.

Encysted embryos (cysts) of the brine shrimp,Artemia, provide excellent opportunities for the study of biochemical and biophysical adaptation to extremes of environmental stress in animals. Among other virtues, this organism is found in a wide variety of hypersaline habitats, ranging from deserts, to tropics, to mountains. One adaptation implicated in the ecological success ofArtemia is p26, a small heat shock protein that previous evidence indicates plays the role of a molecular chaperone in these embryos. We add to that evidence here. We summarize recently published work on thermal tolerance and stress protein levels in embryos from the San Francisco Bay (SFB) of California inoculated into experimental ponds in southern Vietnam where water temperatures are much higher. New results on the relative contents of three stress proteins (hsp70, artemin and p26) will be presented along with data on cysts of A.tibetiana collected from the high plateau of Tibet about 4.5 km above sea level. Unpublished results on the stress protein artemin are discussed briefly in the context of this paper, and its potential role as an RNA chaperone. Interestingly, we show that the substantial tolerance ofA. franciscana embryos to ultraviolet (UV) light does not seem to result from intracellular biochemistry but, rather, from their surrounding thick shell, a biophysical adaptation of considerable importance since these embryos receive heavy doses of UV in nature.
Trust is a Two-Way Street: Lessons Learned from a Dying Child

I looked at my watch: 7 pm. One phone call left before I could go home, but I hesitated before dialing the phone. My stomach was in knots and I had to collect my thoughts. I was going to have to tell Chelsea’s mother tonight that I expected her daughter to die in the near future. I knew Chelsea’s kidneys would fail outright someday, but in the past Chelsea had pulled through so many lifethreatening illnesses seemingly unscathed that her parents and I had practically come to expect miraculous recoveries as routine. Two days earlier when Chelsea developed yet another UTI, I put her on antibiotics and didn’t think much of it. But tonight she was sitting at home lethargic and sleepy. It was the first time she had showed signs of uremia, signifying that her kidneys were starting to fail for good. The lab report sitting on top of her four-inch-thick chart confirmed our fears: sodium 122, BUN 129, creatinine 9.1. It looked like the end of the road was approaching. No one had expected Chelsea to make it this far. She was born at 32 weeks gestation with bilateral ureter obstructions and dysplastic kidneys. Chelsea’s NICU course and subsequent post-operative complications left her with severe developmental delay, failure to thrive, and an irreversible course towards chronic renal failure. She was not a transplant candidate and her parents had declined dialysis because of the involved risks and discomfort, yet she had already made it past her sixth birthday. Amazingly, Chelsea hadn’t been admitted to a hospital in several years. When she was three years of age, Chelsea had had a difficult time being extubated after a tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, and Chelsea’s mother had promised her she’d never return to a hospital. Through a combination of meticulous home nursing and a level of devotion from her parents that simply boggled the mind, Chelsea stayed home through infections, critical potassium levels, and episodes of fluid retention and anuria.
Nietzsche’s Concept of Ideology

Paul Ricoeur has argued that Marx, Freud, and Nietzsche constitute the modern "school of suspicion" concerning illusions of consciousness.' The intuition in Ricoeur's argument is a fairly common one, namely, that Freud's and Nietzsche's suspicious approaches to consciousness might somehow be seen as growing out of the same soil as Marx's concept of ideology. It has proved to be a good deal easier, however, to determine what a theory of ideology entails for Marx and Freud than to determine what it entails for Nietzsche. Nonetheless, not only can a concept of ideology be discerned, delineated, and defended in Nietzsche, but there is some value in doing so, for it is in crucial respects complementary to the theories of Marx and Freud.
Sensing the mechanical state of the axoneme and integration of Ca2+ signaling by outer arm dynein.

Axonemal dyneins have been demonstrated to monitor the mechanical state of the axoneme and must also alter activity in response to various signaling pathways. The central pair/radial spoke systems are clearly involved in controlling inner dynein arm function; however, the mechanisms by which the outer dynein arm transduces regulatory signals appear quite distinct at the molecular level. In Chlamydomonas, these regulatory components include thioredoxins involved in response to redox changes, molecules that tether the γ heavy-chain motor unit to the A-tubule of the outer doublet and a Ca2+-binding protein that controls the structure of the γ heavy-chain N-terminal domain. Together, these studies now suggest that the γ heavy chain acts as a key regulatory node for controlling outer arm function in response to alterations in curvature and ligand binding. Furthermore, they allow us to propose a testable molecular mechanism by which altered Ca2+ levels might lead to a change in ciliary waveform by controlling whether one heavy chain of outer arm dynein acts as a microtubule translocase or as an ATP-dependent brake that limits the amount of interdoublet sliding. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Truth or Conseqences in Legal Scholarship

There has been an erosion of the ideal of truth as a guiding force for what we do. This includes a dishonoring of the tradition of the truthseeking function of scholars.1 For the university-based intellectual, including legal scholars, the problem with commitments to ends other than truth-seeking is that once we accept a mission distinct from the pursuit of truth and honest discourse, most of the remaining options are suspect-including falseness, hypocrisy, self-deception, subordination of self to a collective, profit, dogmatism, devotion to tradition, and propaganda. * Professor of Law, Cleveland State University. 1. Donald Kennedy, former president of Stanford University, laments in Academic Duty that: "The list of scientists publicly tainted by charges that either they or their colleagues have published falsified data reads like a Who's Who of biomedical research." DONALD KENNEDY, ACADEMIC DUTY 211 (1999). He observes: "Today... the public would react to such a revelation [of academic Charles Van Doren's game-show fraud] both more calmly and more cynically. The change illustrates just how serious a threat to the public's confidence in the value of scholarship is the belief that its pursuit is marred by personal interest, greed, or dishonesty. Many factors are involved in higher education's fall from grace in the past decade. But surely one of the most troubling, especially for the sciences, is the issue of 'research misconduct."' Id. at 210. 1 Barnhizer: Truth or Conseqences in Legal Scholarship? Published by Scholarly Commons at Hofstra Law, 2005
Violent criminal behavior and perspectives on treatment of criminality in opiate treatment.

Abstract Purpose: This study describes and compares the characteristics of patients within a VA Opiate Substitution Therapy Program (OSTP) who report arrests for non-violent and violent crimes and describes patients' attitudes and preferences of criminal treatment within an OSTP. Methods: An anonymous survey was distributed to all veterans at one VA-OSTP. Analyses were conducted to describe the sample characteristics and their associations with prior violent and non-violent criminal behavior. Results: A majority of participants were Caucasian, male, middle-aged, unemployed, and had a history of injection drug use. Participants reported arrests for violent (44%), non-violent (47%), and unspecified crimes (16%). There were few significant differences on demographic and drug use characteristics between participants who reported arrests for any violent and only non-violent crimes, and no arrests. Slightly fewer than half the subjects were satisfied with their ability to access treatment for past criminal beha...
Dual series solutions in composite domain pertaining to torsion of cylinders

Abstract The torsion of two finite, coaxial, circular cylinders of the same radius in perfect adhesion is considered. A part of the cylincrical surface of the system is held fixed against rotation while the remaining part is traction free. Torque is applied by means of a rigidly attached disc at one of the ends. The present mixed boundary value problem is formulated in terms of certain eigenfunctions pertaining to the composite domain. Appropriate form of the orthogonality of the eigenfunctions is given which is employed to reduce the dual series extending over the two regions to the solution of a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. This is accomplished by means of an extension of the well known method of solving dual series due to Sneddon and Srivastav. Based upon the numerical solution of the integral equations, quantities of practical interest are graphically shown.
Solubilization of D-2 dopamine receptors from canine caudate: Agonist-occupation stabilizes guanine nucleotide sensitive receptor complexes

Abstract Soluble [3H]spiperone binding sites from dog caudate have been partially characterized demonstrating a drug specificity comparable to the D-2 dopamine receptor found in membranes. However, unlike membranes, high affinity agonist binding, and therefore its sensitivity to guanine nucleotides, was not found in solubilized extracts. Preincubating the membranes with dopamine permitted the solubilization of such a high affinity agonist binding state of the D-2 receptor. Additionally, specific high affinity [3H]dopamine binding in the solubilized preparation was demonstrated only when membrane sites were prelabeled with [3H]dopamine. Thus a ternary complex of agonist, receptor and guanine nucleotide binding protein can be formed before solubilization which preserves a high affinity agonist state of the D-2 receptor.
Biomechanics of the Mitral Valve in Ischemic Heart Disease: Translating From the Bench to the Operating Room

The Mitral Valve (MV) is the left atrioventricular valve that controls blood flow between the left atrium and the left ventricle (Fig 1A-B). It has four main components: (i) the mitral annulus — a fibromuscular ring at the base of the left atrium and the ventricle; (ii) two collagenous planar leaflets — anterior and posterior; (iii) web of chordae and (iv) two papillary muscles (PM) that are part of the left ventricle (LV). Normal function of the mitral valve involves a delicate force balance between different components of the valve.© 2010 ASME
Attachment fertility theory: Complex systems of mechanisms simplify sex, mating, and sexual risks.

Sex and mating are central to evolutionary processes. Understanding the factors, including the evolved mechanisms, affecting men's and women's sexual decision making, is of interest to scientists, ...
Metabolic responses to human growth hormone in children with cerebral dwarfism

1. George SI, Fernbach DJ, Vietti TJ, Sullivan MP, et al: Factors influencing survival in pediatric acute leukemia: The SWCCSG experience, 1958-1970, Cancer 32:1542, 1973. 2. Miller D, Sonley M, Karon M, Breslow N, and Hammond D: Additive therapy in the maintenance of remission in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood: The effect of prognostic factors, Cancer 34:508, 1973. 3. Miller D: Prognostic factors in childhood leukemia, J PEDIATR 87:672, 1975. 4. Jondal M, Holm G, and Wigzell H: Surface markers on T and B lymphocytes. 1. A large population of lymphocytes forming non-immune rosettes with sheep red blood cells, J Exp Med 136:207, 1972. 5. Lay WH, Mender NF, Branco C, et al: Binding of sheep red blood cells to a large population of human lymphocytes, Nature 230:531, 1971, 6. Froland S, Natvig JB, and Berdal P: Surface-bound immunoglobulin as a marker of B lymphocytes in man, Nature (New Biol) 234:251, 1971. 7. Finney DJ, Latscha R, Bennett BM, and Hsu P: Tables for testing significance in a 2 • 2 contingency table, London, 1963, Cambridge University Press. 8. Gajl-Peczalska KJ, Bloomfield CD, Nesbit ME, et al: B-cell markers on lymphoblasts in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Clin Exp Immunol 17:561, 1974, 9. Gareia J, Chen Y, Bhoopalam P, and Heller P: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia of B cell type, American Society of Hematology, Dallasl Texas, 1975 (abstr). 10. Faletta JM, Mukhopadhyay N, Starling K, and Fernbach D: Leukemic blasts with membrane characteristics of either T or B cells, Pediatr Res 8:400, 1974. 11. Flandrin G, Brouet JC, Daniel MT, and Preud'homme JL: Acute leukemia with Burkitt's tumor cells: A study of six cases with special reference to lymphocyte surface markers, Blood 45:183, 1975. 12. Haegert DG, Cawley JC, Karpas A, and Goldstone AH: Combined T and B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Br Med J 4:79, 1974. 13. Sandilands GP, Conney A, Grant RM, et al: Lymphocytes with T and B cell properties in a lymphoproIiferative disorder, Lancet 1:903, 1974. 14. Coccia PF, Kersey JH, Corte J, Chartrand S, et ah Lymphoblasts with receptors for both sheep erythrocytes and complement in childhood diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, Blood 66:1036, 1975.
Collaborative scientific inquiry in a simulated laboratory

Designing clinical trials is a complex, ill-structured task. Medical students are equipped neither with relevant experience nor appropriate schemas to effectively design these experiments. Providing novice learners with real-world experiences are not always feasible due to safety, time, and cost. However, simulated experimental design environments can make these experiences possible. Computer models can promote new ways of thinking, facilitate multiple representation of problems, model the inquiry process, and provide explicit external representations. The Oncology Thinking Cap is one such modeling environment that provides students with experiences in designing and simulated clinical trials. In this paper, we present a case study of a group of fourth year medical students working collaboratively at designing Phase II clinical trials to test a cancer drug, Pittamycin. The trials were designed with a special interface that served to promote task-centered discussion and the construction of a shared problem space. The students became aware of the factors involved at this complex task and used the feedback to revise their understanding.
Mutagen sensitivity and cancer susceptibility. Report of a cancer-prone family.

A cancer-prone family was studied to determine if certain chromosomal abnormalities might have pre-disposed members to develop diverse types of malignancies. The types of neoplasia that occurred in this family included cancers of the breast and stomach, multiple myeloma, dermatofibrosarcoma, Wilm's tumor, and leukemia; the latter three occurred in children at an early age. Peripheral lymphocytes from 13 family members were examined for the presence of constitutional chromosomal abnormalities, fragile sites, and mutagen sensitivity. Our data shows that all living members of this family who had cancers were hypersensitive to chromosome breakage induced by bleomycin. In contrast, neither constitutional chromosomal abnormality nor heritable type of folate-sensitive fragile site was observed in any member. The above findings suggest that genetic defects affecting chromosomal breakage and repair may be contributing factors for cancer development in several members of this family.
Early clinical manifestations of cannabis dependence in a community sample.

Abstract Background: In this research, the ‘natural history’ of cannabis dependence is probed, using data from a large epidemiological sample of cannabis users followed from 1981 through 1996, until most of these users had passed through the empirically derived period of risk for developing cannabis dependence. Methods: The Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area research group sampled, recruited, and assessed 3481 adults age 18+ years in 1981. Survivors were re-assessed roughly 13 years later. Among 599 cannabis users, a total of 37 had become cases of cannabis dependence during the follow-up interval; 41 had developed DSM-IIIR cannabis abuse without dependence; 521 had suffered insufficient problems to qualify as cases. Survival analysis methods were used to plot and study the cumulative occurrence of these problems in a primary contrast of the 37 dependence cases and 562 non-cases. Results: Subjectively felt loss of control over cannabis and continued cannabis use despite knowledge of harm seem to appear most rapidly among cases of cannabis dependence. In contrast, subjectively felt withdrawal symptoms tended to emerge later and for a much smaller proportion of dependence cases and non-cases. Conclusion: The 5000+ person-years of follow-up experience provided by the cannabis users in this study give an unprecedented look at the natural history and clinical course of cannabis dependence. Distinctive features of early cannabis dependence may help differentiate cannabis users who progress to clinically significant dependence from those who remain non-dependent.
Resilin distribution and its function in the venom apparatus of the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera : Apedae)

Abstract Resilin was found in significant deposits in the rami and valves of the 1st valvulae, at the apex of the rami of the 2nd valvulae, the gonoplac base, and the articulation point between quadrate plates and spiracular plates in the venom apparatus of the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. It functions in the 1st rami to facilitate lancet retraction and sting levation. In the lancet valves, resilin assures that the valves offer resistance in the lancets' venom-dispersing power stroke and little resistance in the return to their original position. The apex of the 2nd rami, adjacent to the sting base, undergoes considerable bending during sting depression, and resilin there also functions in sting levation. Resilin at the base of the 1st rami, and in the ligamentous connection between spiracular plates and quadrate plates, facilitates lancet retraction. Resilin at the base of each gonoplac functions in returning those structures to their original position after considerable dorsal and lateral bending. The finding of resilin in the venom apparatus increases our knowledge of venom apparatus function.
Flow Past Two Cylinders in Tandem: Instantaneous and Averaged Flow Structure

Abstract A technique of high-image-density particle image velocimetry is employed to characterize the instantaneous and averaged patterns of velocity, vorticity and Reynolds stress due to flow past two cylinders in tandem. These features of the flow patterns are characterized in the gap region as a function of the distance between the cylinders. In turn, they are related to the patterns in the near-wake of the two-cylinder system. Along the gap between the cylinders, small-scale concentrations of vorticity are formed in the separated shear layers. These concentrations buffet the surface boundary layer on the downstream cylinder, and thereby influence the eventual shedding of large-scale vortices. Within the gap, the instantaneous structure of the recirculation zones can exhibit both symmetrical and asymmetrical patterns. In the near-wake of the downstream cylinder, the form of the vortex shedding, as well as the averaged patterns of the flow structure, are substantially altered, relative to the case of a single cylinder. The width of the near-wake, as represented by averaged patterns of vorticity, is substantially narrower and the magnitudes of the peak Reynolds stress are significantly attenuated. On the other hand, if the gap region is sufficiently large such that Karman-like vortices form between the cylinders, the near-wake of the downstream cylinder shows distinctive patterns, and both the wake width and the magnitude of the Reynolds stresses become larger, relative to those at smaller gap width.
Hopping locomotion in a nematode: Functional anatomy of the caudal gland apparatus of Theristus caudasaliens sp. n.

The interstitial nematode Theristus caudasaliens n. sp. normally locomotes by hopping on the left side of its tail tip, a mode of locomotion that is unique among nematodes. The animal uses its caudal glands and caudal musculature to perform the hops, attaching itself momentarily between hops with the glands and executing the hops by straightening and curling the posterior part of its body. The caudal gland apparatus can be seen by electron microscopy to consist of five gland cells of two different types. Three of these cells, termed viscid glands, are involved in adhesion of the animal to substrates and produce ovoid granules with a central dense band. The other two cells are characterized by smaller, lessdense granules and presumably function in releasing the animal from substrates. The ducts of both gland types extend to the tail tip where they terminate in a common crescent-shaped space. Their secretions are released to the outside through two pores on the left side of the tail tip. There is no spinneret valve in this nematode. The muscles of the tail and of the mid-body region are developed to the same extent. The caudal gland apparatus can be compared with the duo-gland adhesive organs of other interstitial animals, but its homology with either these organs or the caudal glands of other nematodes is uncertain. Theristus caudasaliens is described as a new species.
THE ECONOMICS OF HEALTH SYSTEM PAYMENT

Health care takes up 10 to 15 percent of GDP in most countries. In this lecture, I consider the efficiency of the medical system, focusing on the potential for payment reform to increase efficiency. Traditionally, medical care reimbursement has been based on the quantity and intensity of the services provided. While this system encouraged valuable innovation, it failed when high quality is not achieved by increased quantity. In theory, a more efficient system could be achieved by paying for medical care on the basis of quality of care provided, not just quantity. I discuss the design of such a payment system and review the literature on how pay-for-performance systems have worked in practice. Cautious optimism about the potential for efficiency gains from payment reform is warranted.
Interrogation of MDM2 Phosphorylation in p53 Activation Using Native Chemical Ligation: The Functional Role of Ser17 Phosphorylation in MDM2 Reexamined

The E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2 functions as a crucial negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor protein by antagonizing p53 transactivation activity and targeting p53 for degradation. Cellular s...
Cognitive competence of older consumers

Older adult memory performance declines with age. However, memory for newly learned material is only one measure of cognitive competence. This article reviews research that measured older adult cognitive performance using tasks that tap crystallized abilities, everyday problem solving, and those that used older expert subjects. The results indicate that many cognitive functions remain stable from middle age onward. This suggests that cognitive decline is not an inevitable result of aging per se. This implies that antecedents of cognitive decline, such as health, should be used as a segmentation variable for the older adult market. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Acute Esophagitis and Late Lung Toxicity in Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy Trials in Patients with Locally Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Analysis of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) Database

Abstract Background We analyzed time course and factors associated with acute esophagitis (ES) and late lung toxicity (PN), as well as any association between ES and PN in patients (pts) with non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with concurrent chemoradiation (chemo-RT) on the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) trials. Materials and Methods Multivariable analysis was used to investigate factors associated with ES or PN. Results Patients (n = 528) received standard fractionated (SFX; 63 Gy) or hyperfractionated (HFX; 69.6 Gy) radiation therapy (RT) with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Grade > 2 ES developed in 75% of pts; Grade > 3 ES, in 34%. Nineteen percent of pts developed ES by the first, 32% by the second, and 33% by the third month (and for Grade > 3 PN, 9% by 6 months, 15% by year 1, and 18% by year 2). Any PN developed in 59% of pts; Grade > 2, in 39%; Grade > 3, in 18%; and lethal PN, in 2%. Grade > 2 PN was associated with increasing RT dose and Grade > 3 PN, with HFX RT. No association was seen with ES. Grade > 3 ES was less likely to occur in non-whites and more likely, in pts treated with HFX RT. Conclusion Most (95%) pts developed ES, and 33% had severe ES, peaking within the first or second month of RT. PN developed in 57% of pts, with 18% experiencing Grade > 3 PN, with most diagnosed by 1 year from RT. No relationship was observed between 1 toxicity (ES or PN) as predictor of the other. HFX RT was associated with more severe PN or ES.
The mechanistic architecture of thermostable Pyrococcus furiosus family B DNA polymerase motif A and its interaction with the dNTP substrate.

Thermostable DNA polymerases isolated from archaeal organisms have not been completely characterized kinetically and require further study if we are to understand both their dNTP binding mechanism and their role within the organism. Here, we demonstrate that the thermostable family B DNA polymerase from Pyrococcus furiosus (Pfu Pol) contains sensitive determinants of both dNTP binding and replicational fidelity within the highly conserved motif A. Site-directed mutagenesis of the motif A SYLP region revealed that small shifts in side chain volume result in significant changes in the dNTP binding affinity, steady state kinetics, and fidelity of the enzyme. Mutants of Y410 show high fidelity in both misincorporation assays and forward mutation assays, but display a substantially higher Km than the wild type. In contrast, mutations of upstream residue L409 result in a drastically reduced affinity for the correct dNTP, a much higher efficiency of both misincorporation and mismatch extension, and substantially...
Time-resolved surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: detection of short-lived species on electrode surfaces

We report the detection of short-lived species on electrode surfaces utilizing the enhancement of the Raman intensity afforded by proximity to silver electrodes. Using gated multiplexed detection we identify an photoproduct of flavinmononucleotide after excitation with 337nm radiation from a pulsed nitrogen laser. The product decays on the 700nsec time scale and is identified as the radical anion of the nucleotide.
Silencing of GRA10 protein expression inhibits Toxoplasma gondii intracellular growth and development

Toxoplasma gondii dense granule proteins (GRAs) are secreted abundantly in both the tachyzoite and bradyzoite stages of the parasite and are known to localize to various compartments of the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) that interfaces with the host cell milieu. Thus, GRAs may play significant roles in the biogenesis of the PV that is important for survival of intracellular T. gondii. GRA10 is a dense granule protein whose role in T. gondii has not yet been characterized. Therefore, in this study, we endeavored to determine the role of GRA10 in the growth and survival of intracellular T. gondii by using phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PPMOs) antisense knockdown approach to disrupt the translation of GRA10 mRNA in the parasites. We expressed and purified a truncated recombinant GRA10 protein to generate anti-GRA10 polyclonal antibodies that we used to characterize GRA10 in T. gondii. We found that GRA10 is a soluble, dense granule-associated protein that is secreted into the parasite cytosol and the parasitophorous vacuole milieu. Using in vitro cultures, we found that knockdown of GRA10 results in severe inhibition of T. gondii growth in human fibroblasts and in ovine monocytic cells. Together, our findings define GRA10 as a dense granule protein that plays a significant role in the growth and propagation of intracellular T. gondii in human fibroblasts and in ovine monocytic cells.
Mineral Nutrition, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, and Potassium Interrelationships

There are over 70 known mineral inten'elationships in which an additional dietary quantity of one mineral element wilt influence absowtion or utilization of another mineral element. As the animal ages, the readiness of availability of stored mineral dements in the bone decreases. Animals do adapt to reduced dietary intake of minerals as shown for Ca by reducing fecal excretion and increasing absorption. The adaptation, however, may occur simultaneously with a reduction in milk production. Borderline deficiency or insufficiency o£ mineral elements leads to decreased feed intake and milk production. Diagnosis is extremely difficult. A large proportion ok commonly used feedstuffs are below the required concentration of at least one mineral element for high milk production. Since few dairymen know how much of each mineral element is in their cows' diet, milk production may unwittingly suffer from mineral deficiency, insufficiency, or toxicity. Excessive rather than too little dietary Ca during the dry period prior to calving is likely contributing to an increased incidence of milk fever. Basically, blood P must be maintained by absorption from the gut as there is no known specific mechanism/or bone resorption. Therefore, it is important always to include adequate P in the diet. Too little Mg may be causing problems that are not well understood, or widely appreciated. Supplemental K is
TREND AND DEVIATION IN CRIME RATES: A COMPARISON OF UCR AND NCS DATA FOR BURGLARY AND ROBBERY*

Trends and year-to-year deviations in UCR and NCS data on burglary and robbery are examined for the period 1973 to 1985. We find strong correspondence between year-to-year deviations in UCR crime rates and NCS victimization rates for both crime types. The difference between the two data series lies primarily in their contrasting trends, although there is some evidence that trends in UCR and NCS crime rates have been converging in recent years. Ex post forecasts reveal that the UCR/NCS relationships estimated from the 1973–1985 data continued through 1986 and 1987. Although the UCR rates in 1986 were somewhat influenced by unusual increases in the proportion of crimes reported to the police that year, changes in crime reporting for the period as a whole have had little effect on UCR burglary and robbery rates. We conclude that, within the two serious crime types examined in this study, there is strong consistency between the alternative data sources on variations in crime rates over time.
Myocardial blood flow as a determinant factor in the electrical stability of the myocardium.

Abstract The role of regional myocardial blood flow on the electrical stability as determined by ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) was evaluated in 12 dogs during subendocardial and transmural ischemia. With selective subendocardial ischemia produced by partial stenosis of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), both VFT and myocardial blood flow (MBF) decreased 66.6 per cent (p After ligation of LAD, VFT in the subepicardium and subendocardium of LAD fell 74.6 per cent (p 1. 1. During selective subendocardial ischemia produced by partial stenosis of the LAD, VFT and MBF showed a parallel decline in the LAD subendocardial zone, suggesting a direct relationship between these parameters. 2. 2. Following LAD ligation with production of transmural ischemia, the entire left ventricle became electrically unstable, as measured by VFT, independent of regional myocardial blood flow. This suggests that factors other than MBF significantly influence electrical instability during transmural ischemia.
SP1/SP3-Binding Sites and Adjacent Elements Contribute to Basal and Cyclic Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate-Stimulated Transcriptional Activation of the Rhesus Growth Hormone-Variant Gene in Trophoblasts

Transcriptional activation of the rhesus monkey GH-variant gene in syncytiotrophoblasts is developmentally regulated by trophoblast-specific and cAMP-responsive mechanisms. Progressive deletions of 5'-flanking DNA defined the most proximal 140 bp as the minimal region retaining full cAMP-stimulated mGH-V transcription. To identify the regions of this promoter critical for transcription, transient transfections of reporter plasmids containing systematic 10 base mutations throughout this proximal region were performed. Mutation of the region from -140/-131 decreased transcription in syncytiotrophoblasts by 50%, and gel mobility-shift analyses demonstrated that Sp1 and Sp3 bound to a region containing a GGGAGG motif at -136/-131. Mutation of the -62/-53 region decreased transcriptional activation by 66-99%, and Sp1 and Sp3 bound to a GGTGGG motif overlapping this region (at -65/-60). Selective mutation of this Sp1/Sp3 site decreased basal transcription by approximately 80%, and cAMP-stimulated transcription by up to 75% (with the greatest effect in primary syncytiotrophoblast cultures), indicating that the Sp1/Sp3 site is critical for transcriptional activation. Mutations in the regions adjacent to the Sp1/Sp3 sites (-130/-111 and -52/-43) also dramatically reduced (by 75%) transcriptional activation in trophoblasts. We conclude that two Sp1/Sp3 sites as well as additional elements directly adjacent to these sites contribute to trophoblast-specific cAMP-responsiveness of the mGH-V proximal promoter.
Proactive feedback seeking: The instrumental use of the information environment

This paper presents a field test of several hypotheses concerning proactive feedback seeking behaviour (FSB). The hypotheses are derived from the general assertion that feedback is a valuable individual resource. As such, feedback is hypothesized to be subject to active seeking behaviour by individuals. Feedback seeking is proposed as an instrumental response of employees attempting to achieve their goals within an evaluative context. Hypotheses relating such seeking to both personal (length of tenure, job involvement and tolerance for ambiguity) and organizational (contingency uncertainty and role ambiguity) variables are formulated and tested. Role ambiguity, contingency uncertainty, tenure within the organization and job involvement were found to predict FSB. The relationships between both role ambiguity and contingency uncertainty and proactive FSB were found to be moderated by an individual's ability to tolerate ambiguity.