cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chest Injury Risks to Drivers for Alternative Air Bag Inflation Rates

While the present air bag systems have been shown to be highly effective in high severity crashes, undesirable side effects have been reported in some low severity events. The inflation rate of the airbag during deployment has been cited as a factor which induces injuries. A rapid airbag deployment rate is advantageous to provide protection to occupants in severe crashes. On the other hand, airbag aggressivity associated with the high inflation rate can increase injuries in the lower severity crashes. The injury producing forces from the airbag increase as the occupant position becomes closer to the bag at the time of deployment. This paper describes the results of an analytical study to evaluate chest injury measures for reduced inflation rates of a Taurus type air bag in a variety of crash modes. A detailed nonlinear finite element model of an unfolding airbag and a 50th percentila male Hybrid III dummy are used in conjunction with a test buck to simulate frontal crashes. The model is calibrated for a 30 mph crash, and then used to evaluate the effects of chest loading for other crash modes and air bag flow rates. Different acceleration time histories are introduced to model high speed (35 mph) crashes and low speed (16 mph) pole impacts. (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 893297.
Editorial comment from Dr Young to Molecular pathology of renal oncocytoma: A review.

diagnostic sensitivity and speciﬁcity remain less thancytogenetics.Ultimately,theoptimalapproachtodiagnoseoncocytomaand other renal tumors will likely combine clinical ﬁndingswith a panel of DNA, RNA and protein markers. With con-tinued collaboration between urologists, radiologists andpathologists, the development of new molecular diagnostictools can be driven by clinical protocols that incorporatemolecular data in ways that dictate patient management.Andrew N Young
Assessing quality processes with ODC COQUALMO

Software quality processes can be assessed with the Orthogonal DefectClassification COnstructive QUALity MOdel (ODC COQUALMO) thatpredicts defects introduced and removed, classified by ODC types. Using parametriccost and defect removal inputs, static and dynamic versions of themodel help one determine the impacts of quality strategies on defect profiles,cost and risk. The dynamic version provides insight into time trends and issuitable for continuous usage on a project. The models are calibrated with empiricaldata on defect distributions, introduction and removal rates; and supplementedwith Delphi results for detailed ODC defect detection efficiencies. Thiswork has supported the development of software risk advisory tools for NASAflight projects. We have demonstrated the integration of ODC COQUALMOwith automated risk minimization methods to design higher value quality processes,in shorter time and with fewer resources, to meet stringent quality goalson projects.
Positionally Selective Growth of Embryonic Spinal Cord Neurites on Muscle Membranes

Motor neurons from distinct positions along the rostrocaudal axis generally innervate muscles or muscle fibers from corresponding axial levels. These topographic maps of connectivity are partially restored after denervation or transplantation under conditions in which factors of timing and proximity are eliminated. It is therefore likely that motor neurons and some intramuscular structures bear cues that bias synapse formation in favor of positionally matched partners. To localize these cues, we studied outgrowth of neurites from embryonic spinal cord explants on carpets of membranes isolated from perinatal rat muscles. Neurites from rostral (cervical) and caudal (lumbar) spinal cord slices exhibit distinct growth preferences. In many instances, rostrally derived neurites grew selectively on membranes from forelimb muscles or from a single thoracic muscle (the serratus anterior) when given a choice between these membranes and membranes from hindlimb muscles or laminin. Caudally derived neurites almost never exhibited such rostral preferences, but instead preferred membranes from hindlimb muscles or a single hindlimb muscle (the gluteus) to rostral muscles or laminin. Likewise, spinal neurites exhibited distinct position-related preferences for outgrowth on membranes of clonal myogenic cell lines derived from specific rostral and caudal muscles. Taken together these results suggest that the membranes of motor axons and myotubes bear complementary labels that vary with rostrocaudal position and regulate neuromuscular connectivity.
Waiting for Dawn to Break, on Endless Night: Cinema and Psychoanalysis, Parallel Histories , edited by Janet Bergstrom

_Endless Night: Cinema and Psychoanalysis, Parallel Histories_ Edited by Janet Bergstrom Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999 ISBN 0-520-20747-5 (hbk); 0-520-20748-3 (pbk) 307 pp.
Some Experiments with a Stochastic Production System for Supervised Inductive Learning

Abstract One of the most studied areas of machine learning is supervised inductive learning in attribute–based spaces, where preclassified data is expressed in terms of feature descriptions. The two most known symbolic systems, rule–based and decision trees, use combinations of heuristic and algorithmic approaches. In this paper, we report results of some experiments with a new approach which applies the inductive generalization and specialization operators to rule–based knowledge. To deal with the huge search spaces that could easily lead to unmanageability, we apply ideas borrowed from genetic algorithms. Firing of the inductive operators, in the absence of the traditional if conditions, is determined stochastically with the help of heuristics. We present the system by tracing its application to a simple problem. Other results, in the robot world, indicate both the system's applicability to symbolic concept learning and its varying behavior depending on the learning bias.
Documents in European Community environmental law

Part I. General Principles of EC Environmental Law Part II. European Community Institutions and Legislation Part III. The Relationship Between Environmental Protection, Financial Assistance and Free Trade Part IV. Procedural techniques of environmental protection Part V. Protection of air quality Part VI. Biodiversity and nature conservation Part VII. Waste Part VIII. Dangerous substances Part IX. Water quality.
Prefabrication Best Practices and Improvement Opportunities for Electrical Construction

AbstractPrefabrication is a construction operations approach that moves project work to a controlled offsite facility to be accomplished in a standardized and efficient manner. Prefabrication is increasingly becoming attractive to electrical contractors to improve their competitiveness due to reported safety, time, and cost benefits. This paper presents the findings of an industry-sponsored research study to identify current best practices of electrical construction prefabrication and future improvement opportunities that consider prefabrication dependency on supply chain collaboration and labor union relations. The study tasks are performed in three main phases. First, current state of electrical construction prefabrication is identified through a comprehensive data collection plan that included semistructured interview, site visits, case studies, and questionnaires. The second phase included suggesting a set of best practices of electrical contracting industrialization, related to prefabrication operati...
Models of transition regions in hybrid stars

Models for the transition regions of six hybrid stars, four bright giants and two supergiants, are calculated. The models include mass loss and prescribe Alfven waves as the source of mechanical energy. The momentum and energy deposition rates required at each level of the atmosphere are evaluated. The final models for all six stars have mass loss rates lying below the current VLA upper limits by factors of two to ten, and have densities which agree with those derived by density-sensitive line ratios. The density vs. temperature structure in Alpha TrA agree well with that derived by Hartmann et al. (1985). Wave amplitudes and magnetic field strengths are derived as functions of height, and the amplitudes are found to agree well with the observed line widths in Alpha TrA.
Optimization of GaAs PIN diodes for neutron detection

GaAs-based PIN detectors with mesa sizes 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mm were fabricated and characterized for alpha particle response using a Po-210 alpha source. By decoupling the neutron conversion process of a proximity moderator, we were able to directly probe the alpha response characteristics of the PIN detectors as a function of device area. Dark current levels in the PIN detectors ranged from 6.1 to 9.5 pA at zero bias. The dark current values were higher for larger devices and a linear relationship between mesa size and dark current was observed. The PIN detectors were found to have a strong alpha response of up to 5 nA/mm 2 with a linear relation between the response current and mesa area. The measured responsivity of the detectors was 0.014 A/W. The average device efficiency was determined to be 31.5%. Using the measured alpha response properties of the GaAs PIN diodes one is able to select the optimal device area for a given moderator and application specific neutron flux.
Farnesoid X receptor agonists for primary biliary cirrhosis.

Purpose of reviewThis review will provide an overview of the role of nuclear receptors in bile acid homeostasis with a focus on the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and its potential therapeutic use in cholestatic liver diseases.Recent findingsNuclear receptors have emerged as important mediators of a var
Design of log-periodic dipole array inspired antenna with very wide bandwidth

A parallel-strip line fed antenna with very wide bandwidth is presented in this article. This wideband antenna is designed as a combination of two individual antenna elements that are connected in a way inspired by the log-periodic antenna array technique. To miniaturize the size of the structure, metamaterial-based antennas are used as the basic radiating elements. The proposed antennas are designed on FR4 substrate and measured results show that it has a very wide bandwidth from 0.68 to 120 GHz with a VSWR < 3 for frequency range from 0.68 to 3.2 GHz and VSWR < 2 for the remaining bandwidth, with relative stable radiation characteristics. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:2646–2650, 2012; this online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27150
A report of canine tooth syndrome

The authors describe the case of a 5-year-old girl traumatized from a dog bite to the superior aspect of the orbit in the right eye. The dog's canine tooth penetrated deep into the posterior orbit and severed the attachment of the superior oblique muscle from the globe posterior to the trochlea. The management and clinical course of the patient are described and photographs documenting the initial ocular damage and postoperative course are provided. In addition, the entity known as 'canine tooth syndrome' is reviewed.
A BLOOD CLOTTING DEFECT IN CHOLINE DEFICIENT RATS.

Abstract A defect in the blood clotting mechanism, resulting in a prolongation of the clotting time, has been observed in young, choline-deficient rats. The choline deficiency was produced by feeding weanling rats a synthetic diet to which no choline was added. Classical signs of choline deficiency—severe fatty degenration of liver, hemorrhagic degeneration of the kidneys and loss of body weight—were exhibited by these animals. Older rats treated in a similar manner developed only a moderate fatty degeneration of liver, and in these animals a blood clotting defect was not demonstrable. The blood clotting defect was observed to be associated with a decrease on factor V (proaccelerin) activity in the blood of these choline deficient rats. A further decrease in the activity of this clotting factor could be produced by feeding the weanling rats the choline deficient diet to which a choline antagonist, 2-amino-2-methylpropanol-1, had been added. No other blood clotting factor was observed to be decreased in concentration. Choline was isolated from a concentrate of factor V prepared from normal rat plasma. These results suggest that choline is involved in the production of factor V in the rat, and that possibly choline is an essential component of this material.
Prostaglandin E2 induces chloride secretion through crosstalk between cAMP and calcium signaling in mouse inner medullary collecting duct cells

Under conditions of high dietary salt intake, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production is increased in the collecting duct and promotes urinary sodium chloride (NaCl) excretion; however, the molecular me...
The decline in mortality from Coronary Heart Disease, U.S.A., 1968-1975

Abstract Mortality rates from Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) in the U.S. declined significantly during the period 1968–1975. An improvement in mortality from this cause was recorded for each of the four sex-color groups, the trend being relatively more favorable for nonwhites. Age-adjusted rates for the population as a whole fell 19%, with even greater declines recorded for persons 35–74 yr of age. Total cardiovascular and All Causes death rates also improved markedly. The observed downturn in CHD beginning in 1968 represents a clear departure from the pattern of that disease since 1940.
Biohazards of methanol in proposed new uses.

In the past few years methanol has been proposed for use as an energy source in the place of potentially more scarce natural products. It was also proposed for use as a bacterial feedstock for production of feed protein and the denitrification of waste water. Methanol has a variety of biohazards for the human, most of which have been recognized since the early part of the century. These are discussed in eight categories: hazard at young ages; of potential interactions of several types; abuse; delayed and irreversible toxicity; Inhalation and dermal hazard, as well as that due to oral exposure; toxicity of formaldehyde, its product of incomplete combustion; nearly invisible flame; and a larger storage space requirement than for an equivalent energy yield from gasoline. It is proposed that where a safer compound is available, methanol should not be utilized. However, some of the conditions for reducing the human hazard to methanol are presented. These must be taken seriously and without delay because of the...
Early Cellular and Molecular Changes During Hemodynamic Initiation of Intracranial Aneurysms in a Rabbit Model

Hemodynamics constitutes a critical factor in the formation of intracranial aneurysms. However, little is known about how an intracranial arterial wall responds to a hemodynamic insult, and how that response contributes to aneurysm formation. Unlike straight arterial segments (which respond to increased flow by expansive remodeling) and sinuses opposing bifurcation apices (which harbor recirculation flows and are prone to atherosclerotic development), aneurysmal degeneration occurs on the apical side of the bifurcation in the immediate peri-apical region, where flow creates very high wall shear stress (WSS) and wall shear stress gradient (WSSG)1. This results in destructive aneurysmal remodeling, characterized by loss of the internal elastic lamina (IEL) and thinning of the media. It is unknown how the unique hemodynamic conditions of combined high WSS and positive WSSG elicit these morphological changes, how the vascular wall responds to such insult at the molecular level, and what molecular mechanisms are involved.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Polymer chain organization and orientation in ultrathin films : A spectroscopic investigation

The effect of confinement on the crystallinity and chain orientation of ultrathin poly(di-n-hexylsilane) films has been investigated using UV absorption, fluorescence and IR spectroscopies. UV absorption measurements in a series of poly(di-n-hexylsilane) films having thicknesses between 50 and 3500 A have shown that, for thicknesses less than 500 A, the polymer backbone disorders and extensive crystallization of the films is hindered irrespective of molecular weight or surface hydrophobicity. Fluorescence studies showed that rapid energy transfer occurs from the disordered chain segments to the crystalline ones. The orientation of both the polymer backbone and side chains was probed with IR absorption and grazing incidence reflection measurements. The side chains are extended, although not completely in the all-trans conformation, with their carbon plane mostly perpendicular to the substrate. The backbone lies extended, with the polymer axis parallel to the plane of the film. The hexyl side-chains disorder in films less than 2000 A thick and this disordering occurs through the introduction of gauche bonds. Our findings suggest the possibility of using thickness to control the chain organization and morphology of a polymer thin film.
Exploring Audience Segmentation: Investigating Adopter Categories to Diffuse an Innovation to Prevent Famine in Rural Mozambique

Audience segmentation is a useful tool for designing effective campaigns. Further, the efficiency promised in diffusion science rests to some degree on the existence of adopter categories that can be identified and used to strategically disseminate prevention innovations. This study investigates the potential to identify adopter categories in potential recipients (n = 127) of an innovation to prevent food shortages in Mozambique. A 5-class model was found using latent class analysis, but it showed important differences from existing descriptions of adopter categories. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Silicate-sea water equilibria in the ocean system

Abstract The ocean system can be viewed as a composite of local equilibrium states involving sea water and sedimentary material of variable composition. The chemical potentials of the major chloride components of sea water are functions solely of temperature and pressure in the present ocean. This behavior decreases the maximum number of phases that may coexist at equilibrium in the system. Stability fields of aluminosilicates (including a mixed-layer illite-montmorillonite solid solution) in a nine component model of the system can be depicted on isothermal-isobaric activity diagrams in terms of pH and log α H 4 SiO 4 . Because these variables change significantly with depth and geographic position in the ocean, the equilibrium composition of the mixed-layer phase also changes, becoming less illitic with increasing depth. Quantitative consideration of equilibria in the present ocean provides a frame of reference for investigation of the chemical evolution of sea water and the mass transfer involved in silicate-sea water reactions through geologic time.
A Comparative Study of Student Achievement in Traditional Schools and Schools of Choice in North Carolina

This policy study examined the differences in student achievement scores in reading and mathematics in selected public middle schools of choice and in traditional public middle schools with similar demographics and socioeconomic characteristics in a southeastern school district in North Carolina during the 1997-1998, 1998-1999, and 1999-2000 school years. The purpose was to determine whether there were significant differences in academic achievement between students in selected public middle schools of choice and students in traditional public middle schools as measured by the end-of-grade test scores in reading and mathematics. The result from the one-way ANOVA showed that there were significant differences in academic achievement between students in selected public middle schools of choice and students in traditional public middle schools as measured by the end-of-grade tests in reading and mathematics.
Novel adenoviral gene delivery system targeted against head and neck cancer.

Objectives: The clinical applicability of adenovirus-mediated gene therapy is limited by the lack of tumor-targeted strategies. Ubiquitous expression of the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor, the native binding site for adenovirus, broadens viral tropism and increases systemic toxicity. Adenoviruses can be genetically engineered to target tumor-specific cell surface biomarkers. Here, we present a novel recombinant adenovirus vector (Ad5-Flag-LDS) that demonstrated a marked targeting bias against Hsp47, a biomarker for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods: Cell surface expression of Hsp47 was determined in six human HNSCC cell lines and in negative and positive control cells. Colocalization of LDS and Hsp47 was assessed by immunocytochemistry in Ad5-Flag-LDS-transfected cells, and subsequent transgene expression was determined. The contribution of the Hsp47 biomarker in mediating targeted gene transfer was evaluated with a blocking assay. Ad5-Flag-LDS-targeting efficacy in a mixed cell population was determined by immunofluorescence. Results: HNSCC cells had significantly higher Hsp47 biomarker density than control cell lines. After Ad5-Flag-LDS transfection, significant colocalization was found between the LDS peptide and Hsp47 biomarker, indicating that viral entry occurred via Hsp47-LDS binding. This unique tumor-targeted entry feature significantly enhanced gene transfer relative to an untargeted adenoviral vector. Blockade of Hsp47 biomarkers abrogated transgene expression, indicating that Hsp47 has a dominant role in Ad5-Flag-LDS targeting. Ad5-Flag-LDS-targeting selectivity was maintained in a cell mixture, producing greater transgene expression in Hsp47-expressing cells. Conclusions: The enhanced targeting achieved with Ad5-Flag-LDS highlights a potential strategy for clinically applicable targeted gene therapy against HNSCC or any tumor type expressing Hsp47.
ALTERED PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PULMONARY VASCULAR BED. A FACTOR IN DECREASED FUNCTION OF THE REIMPLANTED LUNG.

SUMMARY 1.The pulmonary vascular bed of the reimplanted lung is diminished. Part of this decrease is secondary to spasm of the pulmonary vessels probably due to complete interruption of innervation during the transplantation procedure. 2.The pulmonary vascular bed can be expanded by injection of acetylcholine or tolazoline. However, the reimplanted lung does not regain function to 100 per cent normal during the injection of these drugs. 3.The elevated pulmonary artery pressures which are found in animals after lung reimplantation can be brought down to more normal levels during drug injections. However, when the drug is stopped, the pressures immediately return to the elevated state.
Alcohol enhancement of human memory: Tests of consolidation and interference hypotheses

Two hypotheses about the phenomenon of alcoholenhanced human memory were investigated. Whereas a consolidation account of this phenomenon indicates that continued processing of a target memory is facilitated by alcohol, an interference account states that the alcohol main effect is to impair the acquisition of potentially interfering new memories. No support was found for the consolidation view in an experiment manipulating (1) the length of time items preceded drug administration, (2) the amount of postpresentation processing each item received, and (3) the type of memory test employed. In line with expectations derived from interference theory, retention was substantially improved only for recall and not for tests of recognition memory.
Regional‐scale estimates of surface moisture availability and thermal inertia using remote thermal measurements

A review is presented of numerical models which were developed to interpret thermal IR data and to identify the governing parameters and surface energy fluxes recorded in the images. Analytic, predictive, diagnostic and empirical models are described. The limitations of each type of modeling approach are explored in terms of the error sources and inherent constraints due to theoretical or measurement limitations. Sample results of regional-scale soil moisture or evaporation patterns derived from the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission and GOES satellite data through application of the predictive model devised by Carlson (1981) are discussed. The analysis indicates that pattern recognition will probably be highest when data are collected over flat, arid, sparsely vegetated terrain. The soil moisture data then obtained may be accurate to within 10-20 percent.
TASK-1 current is inhibited by phosphorylation during human and canine chronic atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia with significant morbidities and only partially adequate therapeutic options. AF is associated with atrial remodeling processes, including changes in...
Effect of Storage at Ambient Temperature on the Volatile Components of Irradiated Beef

SUMMARY Volatile components of beef irradiated at 5 megarad by concurrent radiation-distillation, by radiation just prior to distillation, and by radiation and storage at ambient temperature for 6 months before distillation, were isolated and characterized. The total yield of odor isolate from stored beef was approximately 4.4 mg per lb (about 10 ppm), or about one-third of the yield obtained from freshly irradiated beef or from unirradiated beef. The n-alkanals and methional, major volatile components of freshly irradiated beef, are minor components of stored irradiated beef. n-Alkanes are present in relatively greater amount in odor concentrates of stored beef. n-Alkanes and l-alkenes are volatile components of both stored and freshly irradiated beef, hut are present in much smaller quantity in the stored product.
Parsing ketotic hypoglycaemia

Perspective on the paper by Bodamer et al (see page 483) It has been a half century since MacQuarrie called attention to the serious issues of paediatric hypoglycaemia with his presidential address to the American Pediatric Society on “idiopathic hypoglycaemia of infancy”.1 He pointed out that “idiopathic hypoglycaemia” could lead to seizures or permanent brain damage, and that it might have a genetic basis; however, he speculated that it was unlikely to involve insulin since insulinomas rarely occur in childhood. Over the years, there have been two types of reactions to MacQuarrie’s formulation of “idiopathic hypoglycaemia of infancy”. All too often it has been the ostrich approach of assuming that “idiopathic hypoglycaemia” is a specific entity, forgetting that “idiopathic” is the medicalese equivalent of “I dunno!”. The second type of response has been to search for underlying causes in children labelled as “idiopathic hypoglycaemia”. The latter approach has been much more rewarding, yielding an ever expanding list of new disorders, including genetic defects of hepatic glucose production (for example, deficiencies of fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, glycogen synthase, and the GLUT1 and GLUT2 transporters); a baker’s dozen defects in ketone synthesis and utilisation (for example, deficiencies of medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, plasma membrane carnitine transporter, and HMG-CoA lyase and synthase); and congenital glycosylation disorders. In addition, …
Group problem solving to promote integration in a desegregated high school: a case study

The purpose of this paper is to describe the application of a group problem-solving process to the problem of how to promote integration in a public secondary school in the U.S.A. The Improving the Human Environment of Schools (IHES) facilitation process of small-group, collaborative problem solving (Avis & Bigelow, 1984) was used to approach the broad presenting problem that the school was desegregated, but not integrated. Two observable manifestations of the problem—counselor programming, and differential academic achievement among white and racial/ethnic minority group students—were identified. Following an analysis of the counselor programming problem, the two solutions prioritized for implementation were to develop an integrated peer counseling program and to conduct a reassessment of counselor functions in light of the expressed concerns. Implementation plans and implications of the process are discussed. The case study represents a cooperative effort between a state agency and a local secondary school to address a complex, controversial issue in a positive, efficient, creative, and constructive manner.
Platelet genomics beats the catch-22.

In this issue of Blood, Jones and colleagues use a genotype-phenotype approach to identify novel quantitative trait loci associated with platelet signaling pathways.
Operating temperature dependence of QDOGFET single-photon detectors

To date, QDOGFETs (quantum dot, optically gated, field-effect transistors) have only been shown to be single-photon sensitive when cooled to 4 K. Here, we show that QDOGFETs can sense single photons at temperatures approaching 40 K.
Novel synthesis of (1‐acetylindol‐3‐yl)methyl acetate and its displacement substitution reactions

The acylation of gramine produces (1-acetyindol-3-yl) methylacetate from which the 3-alkoxy or thioacid derivatives have been synthesized.
Second-generation aerosol shock tube: an improved design

An improved, second-generation aerosol shock tube (AST II) has been developed for the study of the chemical kinetics of low-vapor-pressure fuels. These improvements enable a wider range of fuel concentrations and enhanced spatial uniformity relative to our initial aerosol shock tube (AST I). In addition, the design of AST II limits the aerosol loading zone in the shock tube to a fixed region (1.2 m in length adjacent to the shock tube endwall). AST II achieves these improvements using a separate holding tank to prepare the aerosol mixture and a slightly under-pressure dump tank to carefully pull the aerosol mixture into the tube in a plug-flow. This filling method is capable of producing room temperature test gas mixtures of n-dodecane with equivalence ratios of up to 3.0 in 21 % O2, three times the loading achievable in the earlier AST I that used a flow-through strategy. Improvements in aerosol uniformity were quantified by measuring the liquid volume concentration at multiple locations in the shock tube. The measurements made over a length of 1.1 m of shock tube indicate that the AST II method of filling produces non-uniformities in liquid volume concentration of less than 2 %, whereas in the AST I method of filling the non-uniformities reached 16 %. The improved uniformity can also be seen in measurement of gas-phase fuel concentration behind the incident shock wave after the liquid droplets have evaporated. Significant reduction in the scatter of ignition delay times measured using AST II have also been achieved, confirming the importance of uniform loading of the aerosol in making high-quality combustion measurements.
Atrial macroreentry involving the myocardium of the coronary sinus: a unique mechanism for atypical flutter

Atrial flutter involving either clockwise or counterclockwise rotation around the tricuspid annulus utilizing the subeustachian isthmus has been well described. However, macroreentrant atrial circuits in atypical atrial flutter in patients who have not undergone previous surgery or without atrial disease are not well defined. We describe a patient without structural heart disease who presented with an atrial macroreentrant rhythm. Entrainment mapping demonstrated a critical isthmus within the coronary sinus. Activation mapping demonstrated double potential throughout the length of the coronary sinus with disparate activation sequences. A circuit involving the myocardium of the coronary sinus, exiting in the lateral left atrium, down the interatrial septum, and reentering into the coronary sinus was identified. Successful ablation of the rhythm was accomplished by a circumferential radiofrequency application within the coronary sinus.
The variational iteration method for solving linear and nonlinear ODEs and scientific models with variable coefficients

We apply the variational iteration method (VIM) for solving linear and nonlinear ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients. We use distinct Lagrange multiplier for each order of ODE. We emphasize the power of the method by testing a variety of models with distinct orders and variable coefficients. Scientific models, namely, the hybrid selection model, the Thomas-Fermi equation, the Kidder equation of the Unsteady flow of gas through a porous medium, and the Riccati equation, are studied as well.
Cryptococcal meningitis in a multiple sclerosis patient taking natalizumab.

Abstract Importance Natalizumab was approved in 2004 by the US Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA) for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), however it was temporarily withdrawn after its use was associated with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Other reported adverse events have included melanoma, primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma, and gastrointestinal cryptosporidiosis. An MS exacerbation may occur after discontinuation and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), particularly in the setting of PML, is also possible. We present the first case of cryptococcal meningitis in a patient taking natalizumab. Managements of both cryptococcal meningitis and MS after discontinuation of natalizumab are the focus of this report. Observations This is a case report describing a 49-year old Caucasian man with relapsing–remitting MS (RR-MS) on natalizumab. On the twenty-fourth month of natalizumab treatment, he developed cryptococcal meningitis, prompting its discontinuation. Two months later, off natalizumab, while on antifungal treatment, he developed an MS exacerbation. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) JC virus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serology were repeatedly negative. Conclusions and relevance Although specific recommendations for treating natalizumab-associated cryptococcal meningitis do not exist, our patient discontinued natalizumab and started conventional anti-fungal treatment. Two months later, he was treated with steroids due to worsening neurologic status from a presumed MS attack. Subsequently, he improved with successful treatment of the cryptococcal meningitis, with no new clinical or radiographic exacerbations.
Changing the relationship among nurses' knowledge, self-reported behavior, and documented behavior in pain management: does education make a difference?

Abstract An educational program designed to change knowledge in order to change pain management practices and patient outcomes was offered to nurses who provide day-to-day care to patients with cancer in communities in a predominately rural state. A quasi-experimental time-series design was used to measure the effectiveness of the program in changing nurse knowledge, attitude and behavior, and to evaluate the relationships between the outcomes. Data were collected from nurses ( N = 29) and patient charts before ( N = 209) and after ( N = 163) the program. Nurses' knowledge increased, but the change was not statistically significant; the mean percent of correct answer on the three subtests were different and differences persisted throughout the study. Nurses believed that patients should be "pain free". Documentation of behaviors, for example, practice activities, occurred infrequently and showed little change until 6 months after the program. Increase in documentation of pain-intensity ratings, pain location, number of sites of pain, presence of confusion, anxious or depressed mood, sleep, nausea and vomiting, constipation, and general activity were noted. Documentation of the use of a propoxyphene-containing analgesic decreased; increase in the use of hydromorphone methadone and transdermal fentanyl was noted. Analysis of the relationships between correct responses to nurse knowledge questions and documentation of behavior provided interesting, statistically insignificant results that need to be reexamined in future research. Future programs should emphasize analgesic dosing and calculation of equianalgesic doses. Current practices in chart documentation may provide incomplete information regarding change in practice behaviors; more detailed documentation of pain management practices is needed. Nurses who participated in the program anecdotally reported feelings of increased credibility and effectiveness. Although change in behavior is slow to occur, education does make a difference.
Polycrystalline silicon-on-metal strain gauge transducers

The characteristics of polycrystalline silicon-on-metal strain gauge transducers are reported. This strain gauge material is stable, rugged, operates over a wide temperature range, and has a gauge factor intermediate between that of single-crystal Si, having the same carrier concentration, and that of metal wires and thin films. A model relating the polycrystalline silicon gauge factor and its temperature dependence to that of single-crystal Si strain gauges is developed and shown to adequately describe transducer properties.
Deterministic-stochastic subspace identification method for identification of nonlinear structures as time-varying linear systems

Abstract This paper proposes the use of the deterministic-stochastic subspace identification (DSI) method, an input-output parametric linear system identification method, for characterization of nonlinear dynamic structural systems based on their time-varying amplitude-dependent instantaneous (i.e., based on short time-windows) modal parameters. Performance of the DSI method for estimation of instantaneous modal parameters of nonlinear systems is investigated using numerical as well as experimental data. In this study, DSI is used for extracting instantaneous modal parameters of single degree-of-freedom (SDOF) as well as 7-DOF systems with different hysteretic material behavior. Nonlinear responses of the SDOF and 7-DOF systems are simulated due to different seismic excitations using the OpenSees structural analysis software. Modal identification results are compared with those obtained using wavelet transform and the exact values. Effects of four input factors are studied on the variability of identified instantaneous modal parameters: (1) type of material nonlinearity, (2) level of nonlinearity, (3) input excitation, and (4) length of data windows used in the identification. The accuracy of the identified instantaneous modal parameters is evaluated along the response time history while varying the above mentioned input factors. Overall, DSI outperforms the wavelet transform for short-time/instantaneous modal identification of nonlinear structural systems and provides reasonably accurate results especially when the material hysteretic behavior is smooth such as the considered Giuffre-Menegotto-Pinto hysteretic model. Finally, DSI has been applied for short-time modal identification of a full-scale seven-story reinforced concrete shear wall structure based on its measured response to different seismic base excitations on a shake table. The identified instantaneous natural frequencies of the first vibration mode can accurately track the variation in the structure's effective stiffness along its response.
Implications of RDoC for the research and practice of psychotherapy.

Abstract The field of psychotherapy is at an important juncture. Recent changes in the field include (a) the skeptical reception of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual and (b) NIMH’s prioritization of an alternative classification system to guide translational and intervention research. Moreover, (c) the field continues to be held accountable to governmental agencies and third-party payers to demonstrate its empirical basis. Thus, psychological research as it relates to the practice of psychotherapy is at a crossroads. In this article, we provide a brief overview of several generations of psychotherapy outcome research, including the consequences that followed in the 1980s as psychotherapy research moved toward randomized controlled trials for clinical disorders. We delineate the inherent strengths and limitations of this movement and address how the NIMH has recently responded with the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). We then address philosophical and practical implications of the emphasis on a neuroscientific conceptualization of psychological problems. Finally, we discuss opportunities for a next generation of convergent science that incorporates, rather than replaces, psychosocial variables across stages of translational research and treatment development.
Consistency Clustering: A Robust Algorithm for Group-wise Registration, Segmentation and Automatic Atlas Construction in Diffusion MRI

We propose an integrated registration and clustering algorithm, called "consistency clustering", that automatically constructs a probabilistic white-matter atlas from a set of multi-subject diffusion weighted MR images. We formulate the atlas creation as a maximum likelihood problem which the proposed method solves using a generalized Expectation Maximization (EM) framework. Additionally, the algorithm employs an outlier rejection and denoising strategy to produce sharp probabilistic maps of certain bundles of interest. We test this algorithm on synthetic and real data, and evaluate its stability against initialization. We demonstrate labeling a novel subject using the resulting spatial atlas and evaluate the accuracy of this labeling. Consistency clustering is a viable tool for completely automatic white-matter atlas construction for sub-populations and the resulting atlas is potentially useful for making diffusion measurements in a common coordinate system to identify pathology related changes or developmental trends.
The effects of local magnification and trajectory aberrations on atom probe analysis

Estimation des differences du grossissement local entre des phases dans un alliage Fe-Cr decompose de facon spinodale. Determination de la valeur des aberrations aux joints de grains et aux interfaces dans les alliages ordonnes Ni 4 Mo et Ni 3 Al
Occupant behavior and schedule modeling for building energy simulation through office appliance power consumption data mining

The occupants’ health, comfort, and productivity are important objectives for green building design and operation. However, occupant behavior also has “passive” impact on the building indoor environment by generating heat, CO2, and other “disturbances”. This study develops an “indirect” practical data mining approach using office appliance power consumption data to learn the occupant “passive” behavior. The method is tested in a medium office building. The average percentage of correctly classified individual behavior instances is 90.29%. The average correlation coefficient between the predicted group schedule and the ground truth is 0.94. The experimental result also shows a fairly consistent group occupancy schedule, while capturing the diversified individual behavior in using office appliances. Compared to the occupancy schedule used in the Department of Energy prototype medium office building models, the learned schedule has a 36.67–50.53% lower occupancy rate for different weekdays. The heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) energy consumption impact of this discrepancy is investigated by simulating the prototype EnergyPlus models across 17 different climate zones. The simulation result shows that the occupancy schedules’ impact on the building HVAC energy consumption has large variations for the buildings under different climate conditions.
Participation, influence, and satisfaction in group decision making

Abstract The hypothesis that attitudinal effects of participation depend on individual differences in motivation was tested in a laboratory experiment with 56 three-man groups (leader and two members). Measures of the attractiveness of power and social acceptance were obtained prior to a group decision task, after which members described their perceived participation, influence, and satisfaction. Results showed that: (a) influence was more strongly related to satisfaction for members with strong, as opposed to weak, power motives; (b) for members with strong affiliation motives, participation was more strongly related to satisfaction than was influence. Relationships varied across satisfaction aspects. It was concluded that participation may be associated with favorable role attitudes through different motive-attainment mechanisms in the group decision-making process.
Energy transfer and molecular switching. i. the nerve action potential.

Abstract In previous papers (Barrett, 1977 b , 1980), the concept of chemical paramemetric excitation was applied to a number of diverse chemical phenomena and contrasted with the concept of chemical resonance, which is a special case of parametric excitation. In the present paper, its status as the fundamental concept of energy transfer and molecular switching is indicated, providing a mechanically sound explanation of nerve excitation at a basic level. The mechanism addressed by the parametric excitation concept is intermediate between macroscopic models of membrane assymetry and molecular models. No assumptions are made concerning the related macroscopic processes, but a systematic approach to organizational aspects of the processes involved in energy transfer is proposed. The chemical analog of the Manley-Rowe relations, which are the power conservation relations for parametrically excited electrical networks, is also derived. The demonstration of such Manley-Rowe relations for chemical systems indicates, for the first time, an explanation for the directionality of flow of power, and thus designates a pumping role. The generalized Manley-Rowe relations translated into flow, reaction, as well as oscillatory system terms, are suggested to be a universal law. Non-linearity is due to the coupling of three systems—each separately describable by Onsager linear relations—by the generalized Manley-Rowe conditions relating flows/reactions/oscillations. All phenomena considered are treated in accordance with a principle of power transfer optimization (Odum & Pinkerton, 1955). Parametric excitation involves three-body interaction, with one system as energy donor, the pump, another as energy receiving, the idler, and a third as mediator of this energy flow, the signal. A conservation law is mandatory for flows/reactions/oscillations, ω i so that ω pump = ω idler ± ω signal . The macroscopic structure, which sets up the conditions for this law to be in operation, may be of diverse kinds, e.g. membrane-bounded compartments, macromolecules capable of multiple conformations and bound cations, etc. All are non-linear.
Determination of trace elements in urine using inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy with a poly(dithiocarbamate) chelating resin

Abstract The application or a poly(dithiocarbamate) resin for the concentration and separation of Be, Zn. Mn, Hg, Cu, Co, Tl, Mo, Fe, Ti, and V in urine is developed with inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. Except for V, the metals studied are quantitatively recovered either directly from urine or from acid-digested urine.
Economic adversity and public mobilization in Russia

Abstract Since the beginning of post-communist transitions, the challenge for reformers has been how to mobilize winners and demobilize losers of economic transformation. Accounts of dual transitions suggested that it would be an uphill fight: economic crisis hit just when political liberalization offered the losers multiple opportunities to voice their discontent. But a reading of the comparative literature on participation implies the reverse—hardship would cut into individual resources and thus reduce, rather than encourage, political activism. In this paper, we assess the connection between economic hardship and participation in the Russian transition. We focus on two of the activities that should be closely tied to the expression of discontent, voting and protest. Using data from 1995, we argue that economics matters, but not quite in the way predicted by accounts of dual transitions or by the resource model. Neither objective economic dislocation nor dissatisfaction with economic conditions takes people out of politics. In fact, it is the relatively well-to-do who opt out.