cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward Resisting Forgery Attacks via Pseudo-Signatures

Recent work has shown that certain handwriting biometrics are susceptible to forgery attacks, both human- and machine-based. In this paper, we examine a new scheme for using handwritten input that attempts to address such concerns. Pseudo-signatures are intended to be easy for users to create and reproduce while being resilient to forgeries. Here we evaluate their feasibility in terms of usability and security through several user studies. Our initial experiments suggest that, when well-chosen, pseudo-signatures may prove to be an attractive biometric,although more research is required.
Expert and Novice Teacher Decision Making

The thinking and decision making of expert and novice teachers were compared before, during, and after teaching. The novices were five student teachers, and the experts were their five cooperating teachers in a suburban elementary school. Audiotaped planning interviews, videotapes of lessons, stimulated recall interviews, post-teaching interviews, delayed self-reports, and relevant printed materials were analyzed us ing the constant comparative method. The expert teachers thought about learning from the perspective of the student and performed a cognitive analysis of each learning task during planning, which they adapted to the needs of students during teaching. In contrast, novices used specific lesson objectives to form structured lesson plans that they did not adapt to meet student needs during teaching. Models for expert and novice teacher decision making are proposed, as well as implications for teacher education.
Limitation of the cross table lateral view in detecting cervical spine injuries: A retrospective analysis

A city-wide survey of 17 emergency departments revealed that 94.7% of physicians relied exclusively on the cross table lateral view in their initial radiologic disposition of patients suspected of having cervical spine injury, and most of these physicians think it is more than 90% effective in detecting potentially unstable injuries of the cervical spine. A three-year retrospective study was conducted in a midwestern suburban community hospital with 27,000 annual emergency visits to determine the incidence of false negative cross table lateral views of the cervical spine. Of 35 patients with cervical spine fracture/dislocation, we found three cases difficult to diagnose, and six in which this initial view was interpreted as normal. In all nine cases, a standard anteroposterior view (APV) or standard open mouth view (OMV) would have increased the diagnostic yield to 100%. A revised radiologic approach to the patient suspected of having cervical spine injuries is suggested.
Patient-reported sexual outcomes after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate: a 3-year follow-up study.

Objective To evaluate the long-term patient reported sexual function outcomes of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to prostate enlargement. Methods Three hundred ninety-three patients underwent a HoLEP between August 2007 and July 2013 and were reviewed in this retrospective analysis. Sexual function outcomes were assessed before HoLEP, and again at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after surgery using the International Index of Erectile Function 5 survey. International Prostate Symptom Scores (IPSS) were included for comparison and contextual functional outcome analysis. Results At the time of surgery, the mean age was 70.9 years (52.0-89.0 years), mean body mass index was 27.7 kg/m2 (18.0-48.0 kg/m2), and mean prostate volume was 96.7 g (20.1-375.0 g). Mean International Index of Erectile Function 5 scores at 3 (13.3 ± 8.37), 6 (12.1 ± 8.76), 12 (12.1 ± 8.83), 24 (12.6 ± 8.80), and 36 months (12.5 ± 8.45) showed no significant change from baseline. There was, however, a significant improvement from baseline seen in IPSS over the same time period (P = .0001). Conclusion These data confirm HoLEP has a significant impact on IPSS and no adverse impact on long-term patient reported sexual function. We believe this series represents the largest cohort with the longest follow-up to date. It represents an important tool for preoperative patient counseling for those patients considering surgical therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Interorganizational Relationships and Bidding Behavior in Industrial Online Reverse Auctions

Abstract The authors model (1) the impact of the supplier's relationship propensity before the auction on the supplier's bidding aggressiveness in the auction (in terms of the number of bids it submits, the rate at which the bids are submitted, and the price concessions offered) and (2) the impact of bidding behaviors in the auction on the buyer–supplier relationship after auction through longitudinal survey data from 12 online reverse auctions across various product categories. The results suggest that incumbency, many bidders, and a willingness to make specific investments lead to less aggressive bidding, whereas the total number of bids from competing suppliers increases aggressiveness. In turn, aggressive bidding behavior reduces suppliers' disposition toward developing a relationship with the buyer and sours incumbent satisfaction with the relationship. Finally, auctions that are longer in duration can improve the relationship but may risk bidding competition. Collectively, the results suggest that p...
A two-mesh adaptive mesh refinement technique for SN neutral-particle transport using a higher-order DGFEM

We present a two-mesh Adaptive Mesh Refinement technique for the S"N neutral-particle transport equation in 2D. A high-order (up to order 4) Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite element discretization is employed with standard upwinding. A suitable Diffusion Synthetic Acceleration (DSA) scheme is derived to precondition the transport solves. The DSA scheme, also based on a DG discretization, is derived directly from the discretized high-order DG S"N transport equation. Results are presented to demonstrate the superiority of AMR for DSA-accelerated S"N transport solves.
Atlantic and shortnose sturgeons of the Hudson River: Common and divergent life history attributes

The Hudson River estuary supports substantial number of Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus, and shortnose sturgeon, Acipenser brevirostrum. Both species have complex lifecycles that have been studied sporadically in the past 50 years. The life cycle of the shortnose sturgeon may be divided into four life intervals: lion-spawning adults, spawning adults, eggs and larvae, and juveniles. The life cycle of the Atlantic sturgeon is reviewed in six intervals: non-spawning adults, female spawners, male spawners. eggs and larvae. early juveniles. and late juveniles. Both species are long-lived, mature at advanced age, have rapid and similar growth during the first few years of life, feed on generally similar taxa, use deep channel habitats for all life intervals, and have complex migratory patterns with distinct. seasonal, concentration areas. Atlantic and shortnose sturgeons differ, however,in ages and sizes at maturity, maximumsize. timing andlocationof spawning, migratory behaviors, and management. Use of marine habitats and long-distance coastal migrations are restricted to Atlantic sturgeon, but some evidence indicates that large Atlantic sturgeon juveniles reside in riverine habitats along the Atlantic coast during warm months. Movements and habitat use by both sturgeons in the Hudson River estuary contrasts with the spatial segregation of the species reported in other river systems. Juvenile shortnose sturgeon and early juvenile Atlantic sturgeon have almost the same distributions in the Hudson River estuary during all seasons. During this period of co-occurence both species are very similar in size, grow at about the same rate, feed on similar foods. and share deep, channel habitats. Adult shortnose sturgeond istribution overlaps with the distribution of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon, and the latter coninence river emigration at a size comparable to co-occurring adult shortnose sturgeon. Life history information on the Hudson River sturgeons substantiates the need to carefully conserve these species because of vulnerability to exploitation and habitat disruption.
Measurement of electron transport and mechanical properties of single molecules

We have developed a method to determine the conductance of single molecules covalently bonded to gold electrodes by repeatedly forming a large number of molecular junctions. We create each molecular junction by separating two Au electrodes from contact in a solution containing the sample molecules. During the separation, we simultaneously measure the conductance and the force between the two electrodes. The conductance decreases in discrete steps, corresponding to the breakdown of individual molecules covalently bonded to the electrodes. Each discrete drop in the conductance is accompanied by a discrete drop in the force, which allows us to determine the bonding strength of the molecule to the electrodes. We have also determined the effective spring constant of a single molecule and the dependence of the conductance on the applied force.
STUDIES ON THE HORMONAL CONTROL OF ESTROUS PHENOMENA IN THE ANESTROUS EWE

THE NONPREGNANT EWE of most mutton breeds has a sexual season of approximately 6 months followed by an anestrous period of equal duration. Some breeds such as the Merino, Rambouillet and Dorset Horn have a shorter anestrus. Environment may also influencethe onset of the sexual season. During anestrus an opportunity is afforded to study the mechanism of control of estrous phenomena not furnished in polyestrous animals, except inthe infantile and, in some instances, the lactating animal. Perhaps the situation is morecomplex in semipolyestrous animals such as the ewe. Conceivably the onset of anestrus may be related to the development of inhibitory substances not encountered in polyestrous animals. The induction of estrus, in that instance, might depend upon the neutralization or overriding of an inhibitory substance rather than simply the direct stimulation of thereproductive organs. Earlier studies (Cole and Miller, 1933 and 1935) on the induction of estrus in anestrous ewes with equine gonadotropin.
SURVEY AND SUMMARY The morph server: a standardized system for analyzing and visualizing macromolecular motions in a database framework

The number of solved structures of macromolecules that have the same fold and thus exhibit some degree of conformational variability is rapidly increasing. It is consequently advantageous to develop a standardized terminology for describing this variability and automated systems for processing protein structures in different conformations. We have developed such a system as a ‘front-end’ server to our database of macromolecular motions. Our system attempts to describe a protein motion as a rigid-body rotation of a small ‘core’ relative to a larger one, using a set of hinges. The motion is placed in a standardized coordinate system so that all statistics between any two motions are directly comparable. We find that while this model can accommodate most protein motions, it cannot accommodate all; the degree to which a motion can be accommodated provides an aid in classifying it. Furthermore, we perform an adiabatic mapping (a restrained interpolation) between every two conformations. This gives some indication of the extent of the energetic barriers that need to be surmounted in the motion, and as a by-product results in a ‘morph movie’. We make these movies available over the Web to aid in visualization. Many instances of conformational variability occur between proteins with somewhat different sequences. We can accommodate these differences in a rough fashion, generating an ‘evolutionary morph’. Users have already submitted hundreds of examples of protein motions to our server, producing a comprehensive set of statistics. So far the statistics show that the median submitted motion has a rotation of ~10° and a maximum Cα displacement of 17 A. Almost all involve at least one large torsion angle change of >140°. The server is accessible at http://bioinfo.mbb.yale.edu/MolMovDB
The Transformation of Agricultural Labour Supply in Nineteenth‐Century France

IN a recent article in this Review, Roger Price investigates the "onset of labour shortage" in French agriculture in the mid-nineteenth century.1 His main source of evidence regarding the existence and causes of the shortage consists of two inquiries conducted by government commissions in i866 and I870, respectively. This comment will review, and if possible clarify, the issues raised by Price. It will attempt to show that while the economic conditions of rural labour supply did indeed change around the middle of the century, neither the term "shortage" nor Price's analysis does them full justice. A significant part of the problem arises, it will also be argued, from uncritical use of evidence from one of the enqudtes.2 Price's argument, in brief, is that the years of the Second Empire witnessed a strong deterioration in agricultural profitability, at least in the commercial sector. Decades of easy profits gave way to a crisis. Although the period was one of movement towards freer international trade, the root of the problem can be traced to the markets for labour rather than those for output. Increasingly inadequate supplies of labour resulted, in turn, from what we can sum up as effects of modernization, a process which first drew substantial numbers of rural workers into urban employment and then aggravated the problem by lowering the rate of natural increase of the rural population itself. Although timing is not precisely specified in Price's argument, it may be inferred that the changes, which got under way in the i 850s, had their main impact on profit and rental incomes in the i 86os after agricultural prices stabilized. Landlords and operators of large commercial farms could respond to labour shortages in a number of ways. The former could reduce their direct involvement in farming, breaking up large holdings into a number of small tenancies or selling off the land piecemeal. The latter could modify their choice of techniques, their product mix, or both. It is somewhat difficult to tell whether, in Price's view, progressive responses outweighed passive ones or the other way round. Did regional disparities widen or narrow ? Was growth stimulated or slowed ? We are presented with alternative viewpoints and, presumably, left to choose. Before considering the nature of Price's evidence, it is necessary to set out a few specific points of clear-cut difference with him, because these matters have a direct bearing on the issues raised. First, while it is clear that the unfavourable
Japanese Bankruptcy Reform And The Implications Of The Civil Rehabilitation Act

In April of 2000, the Japanese Diet instituted two changes to their bankruptcy code in an attempt to address perceived weaknesses. The first change was the elimination of Composition, the most popular form of bankruptcy reorganization at that time. The second was the introduction of the Civil Rehabilitation Act. One of the primary goals of the introduction of Rehabilitation was to induce managers of distressed firms to file sooner when the firm’s financial problems were less difficult to address. This paper examines the impact of the Civil Rehabilitation Act and finds that after the Act was implemented larger firms make better candidates for reorganization but smaller firms are in poorer financial condition and are hence, poorer candidates for reorganization.
Invited commentary: progress in the nutritional epidemiology of ovary cancer.

Researchers do not understand what causes ovarian cancer. Some studies find galactose to be toxic to oocytes which renders ovaries susceptible to cancer. 1 hypothesis is that high levels of lactose consumption and retained ability to digest lactose (lactase persistence) lead to high levels of galactose exposure which increases the ovarian cancer risk. Denmark Sweden and Switzerland have the highest risk of ovarian cancer in the world. They also have the highest levels of lactase persistence and among the highest levels of milk supply for the population. Conversely Hong Kong Japan Shanghai and Singapore have low ovarian cancer risk low consumption of milk and low levels of lactase persistence. yet other researchers using the same data did not find per capita availability of milk to be significant independent of nondairy animal fat. Lactase persistence did have an independent association however but data was not standardized across populations. In a case control study researchers took the dietary history of 11 dairy products to measure lactose consumption. A significant increase in ovarian cancer risk only existed with frequent intake of yogurt and cottage cheese. Researchers hypothesized that the prehydrolyzed lactose in both foods was the main contributor. Using the case control data others found an increased risk for total lactose intake in women who never used oral contraceptives (OCs). The strongest predictor to date is the lactose/transferase ratio yet those who found this association did not define this index based on an earlier study or examination. 1 problem with these studies is that dietary fat confounds the association. 2 studies showed that low fat milk was associated with decreased risk even though both milks have the same lactose content. Another problem is that the subsets of exposure or subgroups of the population are unpredictable. Further research in nutritional epidemiology of ovarian cancer is needed.
Mass Balance of Fipronil and Total Toxicity of Fipronil-Related Compounds in Process Streams during Conventional Wastewater and Wetland Treatment

Attenuation of the pesticide fipronil and its major degradates was determined during conventional wastewater treatment and wetland treatment. Analysis of flow-weighted composite samples by liquid and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry showed fipronil occurrence at 12-31 ng/L in raw sewage, primary effluent, secondary effluent, chlorinated effluent, and wetland effluent. Mean daily loads of total fipronil related compounds in raw sewage and in plant effluent after chlorination were statistically indistinguishable (p = 0.29; n = 10), whereas fipronil itself was partially removed (25 ± 3%; p = 0.00025; n = 10); the associated loss in toxicity was balanced by the formation of toxic fipronil degradates, showing conventional treatment to be unfit for reducing overall toxicity. In contrast to these findings at the municipal wastewater treatment, both parental fipronil and the sum of fipronil-related compounds were removed in the wetland with efficiencies of 44 ± 4% and 47 ± 13%, respectively. Total fipronil concentrations in plant effluent (28 ± 6 ng/L as fipronil) were within an order of magnitude of half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50) of nontarget invertebrates. This is the first systematic assessment of the fate of fipronil and its major degradates during full-scale conventional wastewater and constructed wetland treatment.
Yields of Potato and Alternative Crops Impacted by Humic Product Application

Humic substances (HS – humic acid, fulvic acid, and humin) are a family of organic molecules made up of long carbon chains and numerous active functional groups, such as phenols and other aromatics. Humic substances play dynamic roles in soil ­physical, chemical, and biological functions essential to soil health and plant growth. This chapter reviews field trials conducted in the Western and Midwestern USA on the effects of application of commercial humic products on yields of potato and several other crops. Examination of these studies reveals that potato growth is more responsive to P fertilization and minimal soil fertility, but less responsive to N fertilization. Whereas some observations were not always consistent, the different soil properties and qualities of humic products from different supplies might have attributed to the inconsistencies. Thus, it is recommended that commercially available humic products be tested locally to determine benefits on potato and other crop production. Research on the impact of long-term humic application on potato production is especially needed, as little such information is currently available in the scientific literature for U.S. potato producing regions.
Pareto-Improving International Labor Standards Agreements: A Simple Model

It has been widely argued that international agreements over labor standards are undesirable because they are bound to "hurt those that they are meant to help." We develop a model in which an appropriately designed international labor standards agreement improves welfare for all persons in all countries.
U.S. dietary exposures to heterocyclic amines.

Heterocyclic amines (HAs) formed in fried, broiled or grilled meats are potent mutagens that increase rates of colon, mammary, prostate and other cancers in bioassay rodents. Studies of how human dietary HA exposures may affect cancer risks have so far relied on fairly crudely defined HA-exposure categories. Recently, an integrated, quantitative approach to HA-exposure assessment (HAEA) was developed to estimate compound-specific intakes for particular individuals based on corresponding HA-concentration estimates that reflect their meat-type, intake-rate, cooking-method and meat-doneness preferences. This method was applied in the present study to U.S. national Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) data on meats consumed and cooking methods used by >25,000 people, after adjusting for underreported energy intake and conditional on meat-doneness preferences estimated from additional survey data. The U.S. population average lifetime time-weighted average of total HAs consumed was estimated to be approximately 9 ng/kg/day, with 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) estimated to comprise about two thirds of this intake. Pan-fried meats were the largest source of HA in the diet and chicken the largest source of HAs among different meat types. Estimated total HA intakes by male vs. female children were generally similar, with those by (0- to 15-year-old) children approximately 25% greater than those by (16+-year-old) adults. Race-, age- and sex-specific mean HA intakes were estimated to be greatest for African American males, who were estimated to consume approximately 2- and approximately 3-fold more PhIP than white males at ages <16 and 30+ years, respectively, after considering a relatively greater preference for more well-done items among African Americans based on national survey data. This difference in PhIP intakes may at least partly explain why prostate cancer (PC) kills approximately 2-fold more African American than white men, in view of experimental data indicating that PhIP mutates prostate DNA and causes prostate tumors in rats.
Molecular Mechanisms for the Lithiation of Ruthenium Oxide Nanoplates as Lithium-Ion Battery Anode Materials: An Experimentally Motivated Computational Study

First-principles computational studies were used to calculate discharge curves for lithium in RuO2 and to understand the molecular mechanism of lithium sorption into crystalline bulk RuO2. These studies were complemented by experiments to provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms for the first and subsequent discharges of RuO2 anodes in lithium ion batteries. RuO2 nanoplates show slow fading of capacity over multiple cycles, retaining 76% of their original capacity after 20 cycles. The calculated discharge curves for lithium in RuO2 lattice show qualitative agreement with experimental discharge curves for RuO2 nanoplates. The molecular level analysis shows that an intercalation mechanism is operational until a 1:1 Li:Ru ratio is reached, which is followed by a conversion mechanism into Ru metal and Li2O. Furthermore, in agreement with experiment, the computations predict superstoichiometric capacity of RuO2, i.e., accommodation of lithium well beyond the stoichiometric limit of 4:1 Li:Ru ratio, a...
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Health in Adulthood in a Rural Population-Based Sample

BACKGROUND: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), including emotional abuse, substance abuse in the household, separation or divorce, physical abuse, violence between adults, mental illness in the household, sexual abuse, or incarceration of a household member, have the potential to profoundly impact health and well-being in adulthood. To assess whether previously reported relationships between ACEs and health outcomes withstand validation, we conducted a community-based ACE study with the unique capacity to link self-reported ACEs and other survey results to validated health data in an electronic medical record (EMR). METHODS: Information regarding ACEs and health outcomes was captured from 2013-2014 via a telephone survey of residents of the predominantly rural northern and central regions of Wisconsin and electronic abstraction of EMR data. ACE score was calculated by counting each exposure as one point. We examined the relationship between ACE score and ACE type and self-reported and validated health outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 800 participants completed the telephone survey. Overall, 62% reported at least one ACE and 15% reported experiencing four or more. All self-reported measures of poor health were associated with increased ACE score. EMR data were positively correlated with ACE score for increased body mass index and diagnoses of depression, anxiety, and asthma. In contrast, diagnoses of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, myocardial infarction, and skin and other cancers were inversely related to ACE score. Emotional abuse was the most common ACE reported followed by substance abuse in the household. ACEs tended to cluster so that people who reported at least one ACE were likely to have experienced multiple ACEs. There was no clear correlation between abuse type (e.g., direct abuse vs. household dysfunction) and health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: In the first community-based study to link self-reported ACEs to comprehensive health measures documented in the medical record, we observed previously reported associations between childhood adversity and poor outcomes in adulthood, but also noted an inverse relationship between ACE score and certain medical diagnoses. Potential explanations for this finding warrant further investigation.© 2016 Marshfield Clinic. Language: en
Das Ganze erbauen

Dieses Kapitel ist viel kurzer. Es enthalt einige Einsichten uber das Wahre, welches aber beim Bau des Suprasystems, das im darauf folgenden Kapitel durchdacht wird, nicht Pate stehen wollte. Das Wahre will beim Umerziehen der Menschen zum Wirtschaftskrieg nicht mitmachen. Es sollte wenigstens opponieren.
THE SYSTEM OF WHOLE NUMBERS

This chapter discusses the system of whole numbers. The concept of number develops from the repeated associations with collections of real objects, that is, collections of blocks, stones, and fingers. Every set that is an element of a given class is called a representative of that class or is said to represent the class. If equals are multiplied to equals, the results are equal. A whole number, x , is divisible by two only if the number named by the ones digit in the Hindu–Arabic numeral for x is divisible by two. A whole number, p , is prime only if it has exactly two factors. There is not a largest prime whole number; that is, the set of prime whole numbers is infinite. A pair of whole numbers can have many common multiples. A method for computing the greatest common factor of a pair of whole numbers that involves repeated application of the division algorithm is called the Euclidean Algorithm.
On a Class of Partial Differential Equations with Nonlocal Dirichlet Boundary Conditions

We establish existence and uniqueness of solutions of a class of partial differential equations with nonlocal Dirchlet conditions in weighted function spaces. The problem is motivated by the study of the probability distribution of the response of an elasto-plastic oscillator when subjected to white noise excitation (see [1,2] on the derivation of the boundary value problem). Note that the developments in [1,2] are based on an extension of Khasminskii’s method (see, e.g. [5]) and in this paper we use a direct approach to achieve our objectives.
Anti-fibrotic role of inhaled interferon-γ in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Background: Previous trials of systemic interferon-γ (IFN- γ) treatment in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) were discouraging. Recently, we demonstrated that inhaled IFN-γ is safe with no systemic side effects in IPF patients. Inhaled IFN-γ was associated with significant improvement in DLCO. Objective: To study the mechanism of local anti-fibrotic effects of inhaled IFN-γ by examining bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) for gene and protein expression before and after inhaled IFN-γ treatment. Methods: Ten patients with IPF received inhaled IFN-γ three times a week for 80 weeks. BAL was performed before and during therapy. Gene expression was measured on RNA samples from BALF cellular component using DNA microaray study utilizing Affymetrix human U133Av2 chips. Protein expression was also studied in BALF using zymography, western blot and Luminex assay. BALF soluble collagen content was measured using Sircol collagen assay. Results: Microarray gene expression demonstrated that IFN-γ treatment down regulated multiple signal pathways involved in T cell and B cell immunity, actin cytoskeleton, VEGF signaling pathway, apoptosis, PI3 signaling and chemokine C-X-C motif ligands. BALF zymography and western blot study showed that IFN-γ inhibited MMP-9, TIMP-1 and Osteopontin. IFN-γ treatment resulted in a marked decrease in BALF collagen content. Conclusion: Inhaled INF-γ has potent anti-fibrotic effects via multiple signaling pathways, immune modulatory effects and MMP inhibition. Inhaled IFN- γ has potential as a novel therapy for IPF.
Microstructure Correlation with Formability for Biaxial Stretching of Magnesium Alloy AZ31B at Mildly Elevated Temperatures

Magnesium AZ31B sheets of 2 mm thickness were stretch formed with a 101.6-mm-diameter punch at temperatures from 25°C to 150°C, in 25°C increments. Surface strains were measured with a digital image correlation method. The punch height versus load curve was found to be the same for temperatures of 25°C and for 50°C, whereas at 75°C and above, the load for a given punch height started to decrease, indicating a potential change in deformation mechanism. Electron backscatter diffraction was used to quantify features of the microstructure in the tested specimens. In particular, the gradual decrease in twinning activity as a result of easier thermally activated slip with increasing temperatures is quantified across this range. Moreover, twin activity was found to predominantly involve the formation of $$ \left\{{10\bar{1}1} \right\} $$ compression twins that rapidly transform to create secondary twins for easier strain accommodation.
Beyond banning the box: A conceptual model of the stigmatization of ex-offenders in the workplace

Abstract Ex-offenders comprise a significant percentage of the labor force but frequently face stigmatization at work. Previous research on the ex-offender stigma has focused almost exclusively on its deleterious implications during the selection process. We seek to provide insight by adopting a cross-disciplinary approach and drawing from theoretical foundations in social psychology to present a model of the process and outcomes of the stigmatization of ex-offenders in organizations. In doing so, we outline the relationships between stigmatization, labeling, stereotyping, and treatment discrimination in the employee-observer relationship, to suggest how stigma leads to employee outcomes such as reduced performance and satisfaction as well as higher turnover. Further, we offer critical boundary conditions along each step of the process and discuss strategies that ex-offenders can use to manage their stigma as well as organizational practices that may help employers and managers avoid negative outcomes for ex-offender employees.
Conversing cooperatively: Using “mini-conversations” to develop conversational knowledge and skill

Courses: Interpersonal communication, relational communication, language and social interaction, professional communication, interviewing practicesObjectives: This single class activity enables students to understand the theoretical foundations of conversation and to develop their conversational skills by talking in dyads with classmates. Upon completion of this activity, students will be able to: Understand the importance of conversational skill across communication contexts;Identify the four maxims of Grice’s cooperative principle within their conversations;Recognize the factors that affect language use (gender, intimacy, and power) within their conversations; andProduce communication strategies for furthering conversation in future face-to-face and mediated interactions.
The Paradoxical Behavioral Effects of a Directional Goal on Investors' Risk Perceptions and Valuation Judgments

ABSTRACTMarket participants who evaluate risk often have a preference or goal for positive company performance. The authors test how such a directional goal affects risk perceptions and the relation between risk perceptions and assessments of value in an investment context. Compared with investors without directional goals—who, consistent with prior behavioral research, focus on negative aspects of risk—the authors find that those with directional goals assess risk as being more symmetric (i.e., they are less focused on downside risk). However, investors with directional goals are also less likely to consider risk when assessing value. Taken together, these results suggest that a directional goal reduces one behavioral effect identified in prior literature (the tendency to focus on downside risk), but creates another behavioral effect (ignoring risk in assessing value). The authors discuss implications for standard setters and regulators seeking to communicate risk information to market participants.
Social media expands the reach of the 2017 ASC Annual Meeting

Social media includes electronic communications shared in virtual communities and networks. In recent years, medical professionals and trainees have used social media to promote medical education, networking, scientific communication, and more. This practice has grown in medicine in general, including in pathology and cytopathology. Twitter, a social media platform where users compose short “tweets,” is a popular platform for medical professionals, including “live-tweeting,” where users post real-time updates from a conference using a conference-specific hashtag. For the 65th ASC Annual Scientific Meeting, the hashtag #ASCyto17 was selected. The specific hashtag allows users to easily browse all of the tweets from the meeting, and additionally enables hashtag-specific analytic data via the Symplur Healthcare Hashtags Project. Over the 4 days of the meeting, there were over 6 million impressions (potential tweet-views) from #ASCyto17, from 2514 tweets generated by 285 unique participants. Tweets included sharing practice updates, cases from the Diagnostic Cytology Seminar, and “cell-fies” with friends and colleagues. Through social media, the reach of the ASC meeting was greatly expanded, with potential benefits to ASC members and non-members alike.
Maintaining trusted platform in a cyber-contested environment

A distributed environment, such as with IoT, drastically increases the overall cyber-attack surface. This heightens the need to maintain the highest level of trust for each system device. The goal is to provide and maintain a trusted embedded computing system while minimizing performance impact. Alion has developed a platform that allows for the development of cyber-resilience technologies. The platform core is a heterogeneous system-on-chip that includes multiple processors, programmable logic, and memory. Such a system-on-chip allows for hardware-based resilience technologies that extend or enhance traditional software techniques. Trusting the platform begins with trusting the boot environment. Secure boot using the physically unclonable function supports confidentiality, integrity, and authentication of boot partitions. After trusted boot, separation and introspection maintain that trust. Hardware sandboxes ensure that applications operate in separate hardware containers. This not only eliminates information leakage between applications but also provides a means to isolate rogue IP introduced through an untrusted third party. A combination of hardware sandboxes and reference monitors provides hardware-based memory management. Hardware-accelerated cryptography and dynamic key management limit the ability of snooping or co-opting external communications or external memory. Dynamic introspection of system components detects anomalous behavior on-the-fly, including comparing program memory against a golden image and physically monitoring buses. Should the system detect anomalous behavior, secure recovery and reprovisioning forces the system back to a trusted state. These technologies can be applied to other systems and IC designs, used in whole or in part to balance the level of trust necessary and other system constraints.
The Infamous Dakota War Trials of 1862: Revenge, Military Law, and the Judgement of History

John Haymond describes himself as a conflict historian who is the current executive director of the Mower County Historical Society in Austin, Minnesota. He states in his preface that, “this book i...
Exploiting arene-perfluoroarene interactions for dispersion of carbon black in rubber compounds

Abstract Coupling agents are intended to promote filler dispersion by providing a bridge between the filler and the rubber phase. This study investigated the ability of a novel physical coupling agent, poly(butadiene-graft-pentafluorostyrene) in a mixture with polypentafluorostyrene, to improve rubber-filler interactions and suppress filler-filler networking in carbon-black-reinforced styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), and thereby decrease hysteresis. The electron-rich aromatic rings of carbon black are involved in arene-perfluoroarene interactions with the electron-poor pentafluorostyrene aromatic rings of the coupling agent. The SBR chains in the rubber compound have an affinity for the polybutadiene backbone of the coupling agent. The interactions between carbon black and the coupling agent were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, zeta potential measurements, surface area measurements, and scanning electron microscopy. Filler flocculation analysis showed that the coupling agent improves the dispersion and lowers the energy of dissipation. The hysteresis loss, quantified in terms of loss tangent values at 60 °C, was reduced by up to 12% due to the coupling agent's promotion of better filler-rubber interactions. The influence of the PPFS graft length was also studied.
The Effect of Women’s Intrahousehold Bargaining Power on Child Health Outcomes in Bangladesh

Trends in developing economies suggest that as relative female intrahousehold bargaining power improves, consumption preferences favor basic needs which promote child welfare. This study seeks to examine whether greater household bargaining power by Bangladeshi women is related to an improvement the health of their children. Results suggest that certain aspects of bargaining power, including female participation in decisionmaking about child health care, large household purchases and daily needs, are associated with larger child height-for-age z-scores. There exists a positive correlation between children in families where their mothers have decision-making authority and child health outcomes.
Markov logic

Most real-world machine learning problems have both statistical and relational aspects. Thus learners need representations that combine probability and relational logic. Markov logic accomplishes this by attaching weights to first-order formulas and viewing them as templates for features of Markov networks. Inference algorithms for Markov logic draw on ideas from satisfiability, Markov chain Monte Carlo and knowledge-based model construction. Learning algorithms are based on the conjugate gradient algorithm, pseudo-likelihood and inductive logic programming. Markov logic has been successfully applied to problems in entity resolution, link prediction, information extraction and others, and is the basis of the open-source Alchemy system.
The Visual Pedagogy of Reform: Picturing White Slavery in America:

The Progressive-Era movement to end enforced prostitution—hyperbolically termed “white slavery”—achieved substantial and enduring legislative and political victories by the onset of World War I. In...
Disease Resistance and Adaptability of Stellar and Flowering Dogwood Cultivars at Two Alabama Sites

Abstract Stellar® dogwood (Cornus florida × kousa) cultivars Aurora®, Constellation®, Celestial™, Ruth Ellen®, and Stellar Pink® were compared with selected flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) culti...
The little tissue that couldn’t – dispelling myths about the Hymen’s role in determining sexual history and assault

Conclusions about women’s and girls’ sexual history are made in some settings based on assumptions about the hymen, a small membranous tissue with no known biological function, which typically occupies a portion of the external vaginal opening in females. Clinicians, however, continue to refer to changes in the hymen to assess for a history of consensual or nonconsensual sexual intercourse. We reviewed published evidence to dispel commonly held myths about the hymen and its morphology, function, and use as evidence in cases of sexual violence. An examination of the hymen is not an accurate or reliable test of a previous history of sexual activity, including sexual assault. Clinicians tasked with performing forensic sexual assault examinations should avoid descriptions such as “intact hymen” or “broken hymen” in all cases, and describe specific findings using international standards and terminology of morphological features. We call on clinicians to consider the low predictive value of a hymen examination and to: 1) avoid relying solely on the status of the hymen in sexual assault examinations and reporting; 2) help raise awareness of this issue among their peers and counterparts in law enforcement and the judicial system; and 3) promote fact-based discussions about the limitations of hymenal examinations as part of clinical education for all specialties that address the sexual or reproductive health of women and girls.
Genetic and Genomic Approaches to Predict Cardiac Allograft Rejection

The goal of this paper is to review the current state of and ongoing developments in the detection and diagnosis of cardiac allograft rejection using genetic and genomic approaches. The current strength of genetic and genomic methods is primarily in reducing the overall number of surveillance endomyocardial biopsies in otherwise low-risk patients. Tissue-based analyses of endomyocardial samples are beginning to identify a more objective phenotypic description of cardiac allograft rejection than traditional histologic evaluation; however, a true “gold” standard remains elusive. The current success of genetic and genomic techniques for identifying cardiac allograft rejection is in their high negative predictive value and ability to rule this condition out. Future testing platforms will build upon the success of AlloMap to hopefully improve the diagnostic accuracy and prediction of this technology. The molecular microscope technique may eventually lead the field towards a “gold” standard for cardiac allograft rejection; however, this technique is still under development.
Chromatin-Remodeled State in Lymphoma

Emerging evidence has shown that epigenetic derangements might drive and promote tumorigenesis in various types of malignancies and is prevalent in both B cell and T cell lymphomas. The purpose of this review is to explain how the epigenetic derangements result in a chromatin-remodeled state in lymphoma and contribute to the biology and clinical features of these tumors. Studies have explored on the functional role of epigenetic derangements in chromatin remodeling and lymphomagenesis. For example, the haploinsufficiency of CREBBP facilitates malignant transformation in mice and directly implicates the importance to re-establish the physiologic acetylation level. New findings identified 4 prominent DLBCL subtypes, including EZB-GC-DLBCL subtype that enriched in mutations of CREBBP, EP300, KMT2D, and SWI/SNF complex genes. EZB subtype has a worse prognosis than other GCB-tumors. Moreover, the action of the histone modifiers as well as chromatin-remodeling factors (e.g., SWI/SNF complex) cooperates to influence the chromatin state resulting in transcription repression. Drugs that alter the epigenetic landscape have been approved in T cell lymphoma. In line with this finding, epigenetic lesions in histone modifiers have recently been uncovered in this disease, further confirming the vulnerability to the therapies targeting epigenetic derangements. Modulating the chromatin state by epigenetic-modifying agents provides precision-medicine opportunities to patients with lymphomas that depend on this biology.
Effect of resin-rich zones on the failure response of carbon fiber reinforced polymers

Abstract We study the impact of size and spatial arrangement of resin-rich zones on the failure response of a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) subject to loadings applied in the direction transverse to the fibers. An automated computational framework is utilized for the finite element (FE) modeling and simulation of damage process. The proposed approach relies on a packing-optimization algorithm to virtually reconstruct three large Statistical Volume Elements (SVEs) of CFRP with varying size and distribution of resin-rich zones, as observed in the imaging data. A parallel, non-iterative mesh generation algorithm is then employed to create high fidelity FE models. The failure analyses are carried out considering the ductile damage response of the polymer matrix, as well as cohesive debonding and contact along fiber-matrix interfaces. The study shows that although the presence of resin-reach zones does not highly affect the failure response under transverse tensile and shear loads, it has a notable impact on the strength and toughness under transverse compression. Further, we show that using different boundary conditions and changing the compressive load direction (i.e., parallel versus perpendicular to the lamina) have a notable impact on the failure response of SVE.