cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suckling activity and calf growth in a group of crossbred cows each rearing two foster calves

Abstract Each of 9 beef × dairy crossbred cows was presented with 2 alien calves within 5 minutes of parturition. Each cow's own calf was removed and later fostered to another cow. Foster trios were observed periodically until introduction to the foster herd. The foster herd was observed continuously on Days 71, 77 and 175 after the average fostering date. Calf growth rates were recorded from birth to Day 77 and from Day 77 to Day 175. All cows were observed to allow their foster calves to nurse at the time the trio was introduced to the herd, suggesting that successful maternal-offspring bonding between calves and dam had occurred. Behavioral data taken on Days 71 and 77 were similar and were summed. Percent cross-suckling was high on Days 71 and 77 but was less on Day 175. Calf growth rates were highly variable to Day 77, and were less variable between Days 77 and 175. A high negative correlation existed between percent cross-suckling and calf growth rate to Day 77. The decrease in percent cross-suckling from Day 77 to Day 175 was directly proportional to an observed decrease in suckling frequency. Percent cross-suckling was highly variable among calves during all observation periods. The negative relationship between percent cross-suckling and calf growth rate was less evident at Day 175, possibly due to increased consumption of forage and creep feed by calves at that time. Variation among foster pairs for growth rate was not significant. In many cases, the fostering methods employed apparently did not result in the formation of a specific maternal bond between the cow and her foster calves.
Diet and Exercise for Obese Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common chronic disease and there is a need for treatments that can be provided for the course of the disease with minimal adverse side effects. Exercise is a safe intervention in patients with knee OA with few contraindications or adverse events. Obesity is the most modifiable risk factor for knee OA. The mechanisms by which obesity affects OA are of great concern to researchers and clinicians who manage this disease. This article reviews the physiologic and mechanical consequences of obesity and exercise on older adults with knee OA, the effects of long-term weight loss and exercise interventions, and the utility and feasibility of translating these results to clinical practice.
Design and evaluation of a tryptophanless RecA protein with wild type activity.

Abstract The C-terminal domain of the Escherichia coli RecA protein contains two tryptophan residues whose native fluorescence emission provides an interfering background signal when other fluorophores such as 1, N 6 -ethenoadenine, 2-aminopurine and other tryptophan residues are used to probe the protein's activities. Replacement of the wild type tryptophans with nonfluorescent residues is not trivial because one tryptophan is highly conserved and the C-terminal domain functions in both DNA binding as well as interfilament protein–protein contact. We undertook the task of creating a tryptophanless RecA protein with WT RecA activity by selecting suitable amino acid replacements for Trp290 and Trp308. Mutant proteins were screened in vivo using assays of SOS induction and cell survival following UV irradiation. Based on its activity in these assays, the W290H-W308F W-less RecA was purified for in vitro characterization and functioned like WT RecA in DNA-dependent ATPase and DNA strand exchange assays. Spectrofluorometry indicates that the W290H-W308F RecA protein generates no significant emission when excited with 295-nm light. Based on its ability to function as wild type protein in vivo and in vitro, this dark RecA protein will be useful for future fluorescence experiments.
Biofeedback therapy for pediatric headache: factors associated with response.

Objectives.— The goal of this study was to measure the effect of biofeedback therapy on pediatric headache and to identify factors associated with response to biofeedback therapy. Background.— In the United States, 17% of children have frequent or severe headaches. Biofeedback therapy (BFT) appears to be an effective treatment for headaches in adults and is often recommended for children with headaches, but there are few data in the pediatric population. It is also not clear which patients are most likely to benefit from biofeedback therapy. Methods.— We examined the records of patients, aged 8 to 18 years old, who were referred to a pediatric BFT clinic for management of headache between 2004 and 2008. We extracted data regarding patient and headache characteristics, medication use, family history, and measures of depression, anxiety, and somatization. Chronic headache was defined as ≥4 headache days/week. Positive response to biofeedback was defined as a 50% reduction in number of headache days/week or hours/week, or ≥3-point decrease in severity (0-10 scale) between first and last visits. We analyzed the responder rate for those with episodic and chronic headaches and performed multivariable analysis to determine what factors were associated with headache response to biofeedback therapy. Results.— We analyzed records from 132 children who attended ≥2 biofeedback sessions. Median headache frequency dropped from 3.5 to 2 headache days/week between the first and last visits. The response rate was 58% overall; 48% for chronic headaches and 73% episodic headaches. In multivariate analysis, ability to raise hand temperature by >3°F at the last visit and use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) were associated with a positive response, and preventive medication use was associated with nonresponse. Anxiety, depression, and somatization were not significantly associated with response to biofeedback therapy. Conclusions.— Biofeedback therapy appears to be an effective treatment for children and adolescents with both episodic and chronic headaches. Further study is warranted to compare biofeedback with other treatments for chronic pediatric headache. Use of SSRIs appears to be associated with a positive response to biofeedback therapy, but the reasons for this relationship are unclear and merit further study.
Patterns of carbon isotopic variability in eelgrass, Zostera marina L., from izembek Lagoon, Alaska

Abstract Zostera marina L., eelgrass, from Izembek Lagoon, Alaska, became isotopically less depleted in 13C over the course of a transect into more anoxic sediments. Plants growing in the more anoxic sediments had been previously documented to have enhanced lacunal development and higher concentrations of CO2 within the lacunae. It was hypothesized that these patterns facilitated recycling and internal use of lacunal CO2 and were responsible for the carbon isotope variation observed. A number of other possible influences on isotopic variability, including relative water motion, biochemical fractionation associated with seasonal variability, isotopic variability in the dissolved inorganic carbon pool, temperature, and light intensity were considered, but not found to be significant. Uncertainties, however, are the proportions of bicarbonate and dissolved CO2 used in photosynthesis. An intertidal eelgrass sample appeared to be influenced isotopically by CO2 exposure from the atmosphere. Of three plant organs sampled, leaves had the highest content of 13C, followed by roots and rhizomes, respectively. Sediment organic δ13C values indicated that eelgrass detritus contributes significantly to sediment organic carbon. Higher sediment organic C/N ratios toward the anoxic end of the transect confirm that those sediments contain increasingly more re-worked detrital material.
Rotation in prominences

We have studied rotation in non-eruptive limb prominences; in most cases dopplergrams could be used to confirm proper motion measurements. In some cases part of the prominence rotates; in the others, the entire body is in rotation. Velocities of 15–75 km s-1 are found. Of fifty-one prominences studied in 1978, five showed rotation.
Solution Phase Cationic Niobium and Tantalum Alkoxide Clusters: Insights into Formation and Structure

Electrospray mass spectrometry (ESMS) is used to investigate cationic niobium and tantalum alkoxide clusters generated in solution by adding equal molar amounts of B(C6F5)3 to the metal ethoxide, M(OEt)5. The dominant metal ethoxide cations that were observed in the electrospray mass spectrum correspond to M(OEt)4+, M2O(OEt)7+, M2(OEt)9+, and M3O(OEt)12+, where M is niobium or tantalum. In separate experiments heterometallic Nb/Ta ethoxide clusters were produced, and the heterometallic cations present in the electrospray mass spectrum are NbTaO(OEt)7+, NbTa(OEt)9+, Nb2TaO(OEt)12+, and NbTa2O(OEt)12+. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments were completed to provide structural information about the observed metal ethoxide cations. At low collision energy (ECM < 2 eV), the CID fragmentation pattern of Nb3O(OEt)12+ favors loss of Nb2(OEt)9+ and neutral NbO(OEt)3, whereas the fragmentation pattern of Ta3O(OEt)12+ favors loss of Ta2O(OEt)7+ and neutral Ta(OEt)5. In addition, the major CID product of M...
Characterization and decomposition of plasma-sprayed oxynitride ceramic powders

Abstract Presynthesized ceramic powders in the Mg-SiAlON system were plasma sprayed. The problems encountered in decomposition and nitrogen retention are discussed along with the characterization of phases in the sprayed powders.
Changes in Traction Force Mediated Through the Actin-Myosin Interface Controls Inside-Out Integrin Signaling Leading to Cardiac Hypertrophy

In cardiac muscle, the interplay between forces generated by the contractile apparatus and sensed by integrins is thought to play an important role in cardiac remodeling and the pathogenesis of diseases such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Although the effects of external forces on integrin signaling have been extensively studied in cardiac myocytes, the effects of internal contractile forces on integrin signaling remain undefined. To study the effects of altered contractility on integrin signaling, we have developed an in vitro tissue model consisting of a flexible micropattered scaffold which facilitates organized growth and differentiation of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) into an adult phenotype with an organized filament structure (cardiofilaments) with intercalated discs. To measure integrin activation in this model system, we have constructed an adenovirus expressing a talin-GFP fusion protein. Binding of this talin-GFP to integrins upon integrin activation will be detected using total internal reflectance (TIRF) microscopy. We have confirmed talin-GFP colocalization with integrins at cell-ECM contacts using confocal microscopy. To measure traction forces generated by cardiofilaments, we use TIRF microscopy to measure displacements of fluorescent markers embedded within the laminin matrix. Simultaneous measurements of integrin activation and cardiofilament mechanics will allow us to directly determine how contractile forces altered by small molecule effectors such as blebbistatin influence integrin signaling. We hypothesize that activating sarcomere contractile forces will increase traction forces and activate integrins, initiating a hypertrophic response.
Biochemical characterization of lucigenin (Bis-N-methylacridinium) as a chemiluminescent probe for detecting intramitochondrial superoxide anion radical production.

Direct detection of intramitochondrial superoxide anion radical (O−•2) production is of critical importance for investigating the pathophysiological consequences resulting from altered cellular reactive oxygen homeostasis. The purpose of this study with isolated mitochondria was to characterize the biochemical basis for lucigenin as a chemiluminescent probe to detect intramitochondrial O−•2 production. Incubation of isolated mitochondria with lucigenin at non-redox cycling concentration produced lucigenin-derived chemiluminescence (LDCL), which was increased markedly by mitochondrial substrates, pyruvate/malate or succinate. The LDCL was reduced greatly by the membrane permeable superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetics, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl and Mn(III)tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin, but not by Cu,Zn-SOD. With an ion-pair HPLC method, a concentration-dependent accumulation of lucigenin was detected within mitochondria. The accumulation of lucigenin by mitochondria was reduced markedly in the presence of carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyhyldrazone, an uncoupler known to dissipate the mitochondrial membrane potential. With submitochondrial particles, we observed that both complexes I and III of the mitochondrial electron transport chain appear to be able to catalyze the one electron reduction of lucigenin, a critical step involved in LDCL. After incubation of mitochondria with lucigenin at non-redox cycling concentrations, formation of N-methylacridone, the proposed end product of the reaction pathway leading to LDCL, within the mitochondrial fraction was also detected. In addition, a significant linear correlation was observed between the LDCL and either the lucigenin accumulation or the N-methylacridone formation within the mitochondria. Taken together, our results conclusively demonstrate that when properly used LDCL can reliably detect intramitochondrial O−•2 production.
Measurements of the heat capacities Cv of dense gaseous and liquid nitrogen and nitrogen trifluoride

Heat capacities at constant volume are reported for nitrogen and nitrogen trifluoride in both the single-phase and two-phase regions. The measurements cover the range in temperature from 78 to 250 K for nitrogen and from 67 to 300 K for NF3. Pressures ranged up to about 30 MPa and densities varied from somewhat less than the critical density to near the triple-point density. Comparisons are made with values calculated from the equation of state. The heat capacity of the saturated liquid is derived from the two-phase results and compared with earlier measurements.
A Cooling System for a Laboratory Magnet

In many fields of experimental physics, for example, in magnetic resonance, a large magnet is used which requires a clean, cool water supply for cooling purposes. It has been our experience that, during the summer months, the city water temperature often rises so high that the magnet cannot be operated at maximum fields for prolonged periods. Further, there is some question as to the advisability of running city water through the cooling coils of the magnet, as, even with filtering, some constriction of the coils with sediment was noted in our system.
A rapid and convenient method for radiolabeling detritus with [14C]acetic anhydride

Abstract A new procedure for radiolabeling detrital particles is presented. The acetylating reagent acetic anhydride is used, in radioactive form, to acetylate primary amines present in detrital material collected in the field. The formed covalent bond is stable to autoclaving and environmental extremes of pH, temperature, and salt concentrations. The acetylation reaction does not significantly alter the chemical identity of the detritus and requires less than 2 h to perform.
Antiplane shear crack terminating at and going through a bimaterial interface

The antiplane shear problem of two bonded elastic half planes containing a crack perpendicular to the interface is considered. The cases of a semi-infinite crack terminating at the interface, a finite crack away from and terminating at the interface, two cracks one on each side of the interface, and a finite crack crossing the interface are separately investigated. The nature of the stress singularity for the crack terminating at and going through the interface is studied, and it is shown that at the irregular point on the interface, for the former the power of singularity is not -1/2 and for the latter the stresses are bounded. For a material pair of aluminum-epoxy some numerical results giving the stress intensity factors, the density functions, and the crack opening displacements are presented.
Effect of 17α‐Methyltestosterone Treatment and Withdrawal on Growth and Dietary Protein Utilization of Juvenile Rainbow Trout Fed Practical Diets Varying in Protein Level1,2

The effects of 17α -methyltestosterone (MT) treatment and withdrawal on relative daily gain (RDG), protein gain (PG), productive protein value (PPV), and maximum efficient protein gain (MEPG) of juvenile rainbow trout fed practical diets varying in protein to metabolizable energy (P:ME) ratio were examined over an 18 week period. Two commercially available practical feeds with additions of dextrin and codliver oil were used to formulate diets containing 48% and 32% protein at approximately 320 kcal ME/100 grams with and without 2.0 mg MT/kg of dry diet. MT treated fish were fed hormone supplemented diets for 10 weeks (Phase 1) and hormone free diets for the final eight weeks (Phase 2) of the experiment. Control fish were fed hormone free diets for 18 weeks. MT treatment increased all growth and efficiency factors of fish during Phase 1. The increase in MEPG values due to MT treatment was more pronounced for fish fed the diet containing 48% protein than for fish fed the diet containing 32% protein. Hormone withdrawal reduced growth and efficiency values of fish to below the level of controls during Phase 2. Greater declines occurred for MT treated fish fed the diet containing 32% protein. No difference was observed between final mean RDC, PG, and MEPG values of fish initially fed MT and control fish calculated for the entire 18 weeks. Hormone withdrawal negated MT stimulated increases in empty carcass (EC) fat and whole body (WB) protein and decreases in EC and WB water contents that occurred in Phase 1. EC ash content was increased due to MT treatment and remained high through the period of withdrawal.
Facilitating Reading Comprehension in Learning Disabled Students Metacognitive Goals and Instructional Strategies

Metacognitive knowledge and strategies have received increasing attention in the field of reading and special education during the last decade. Recent research in reading comprehension provides direction to practitioners in facilitating self-regulation among learning disabled (LD) and at-risk students. This article addresses several areas important to the planning of metacognitive instruction in reading: metacognitive theory, metacognitive goals for instruction, selected research on improving reading comprehension, and specific instructional implications for facilitating and increasing readers' control of comprehension processes.
Determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons in soil by on-line supercritical fluid extraction-infrared spectroscopy using a fiber-optic transmission cell and a simple filter spectrometer

Abstract An on-line supercritical fluid extraction-infrared (SFE-IR) instrument is described for determining total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in soil samples. This instrument is constructed from a commercially-available SFE system and filter IR spectrometer, and an easily-constructed fiber optic IR cell. All SFEs are performed statically (i.e., no fluid flow once the SFE vessel is filled) for 30 min at 80°C and 340 atm. Detection limits for TPH were determined to be ca. 8 ppm for an IR cell with a 1-mm optical path, and are shown to degrade with increasing pathlength. The results from the application of this on-line SFE-IR instrument to the determination of TPHs in real-world samples show good agreement with those obtained from a standard Soxhlet extraction-IR method. Relative standard deviations of the on-line determinations are in the range of 7–10%.
The effect of asymmetrical body-mass distribution on the stability and dynamics of quadruped bounding

The effect of asymmetrical body-mass distribution on the stability and dynamics of two-degree-of-freedom quadruped bounding in place is investigated in this study. An analytical stability criterion for bounding of quadrupeds with asymmetrical mass distribution is developed. Bounding is found to be passively stable in the Hamiltonian sense when the dimensionless pitch moment of inertia of the body is less than 1-beta2, where beta is a dimensionless measure of the asymmetry. The criterion is derived under the assumptions of infinite leg stiffness and no energy loss. With energy dissipation modeled as linear damping in the legs, simulation results show that the criterion is independent of the value of leg stiffness and a conservative estimate of the critical inertia value. Body symmetry appears to be more favorable to stable bounding than asymmetry, but only slightly so in practicality. The results show that asymmetry offers some advantages when the dynamic characteristics of bounding are compared for symmetrical and asymmetrical models. Lower stride frequency, larger vertical displacement, and smaller duty factor are obtained with this more animal-like model
Predictors of utilities for health states in early stage prostate cancer.

Purpose: When faced with treatment choices for early stage prostate cancer, patients must balance the survival benefit of a treatment with its morbidity. Little is known about how patients balance these trade-offs. To further our understanding of patient decision making we assessed patient utilities for prostate cancer treatment related morbidities. We determined whether patient utilities were predicted by sociodemographic characteristics or baseline genitourinary function.Materials and Methods: We evaluated 401 men undergoing prostate needle biopsy for suspicion of prostate cancer at university, Veterans Affairs and public hospitals. Study design included a prospective cross-sectional cohort with correlation and multivariate analysis. Subjects were studied with 2 established health related quality of life instruments. Patient utilities were assessed with an interactive software application.Results: On multivariate analysis utility for current general health was a significant predictor of utilities for tr...
Improving Environmental Projections in the High Mountains of Northern Eurasia: International Workshop on the Northern Eurasia High Mountain Ecosystems; Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, 9–13 September 2009

The northern Eurasia high mountains, particularly in dry regions of Central Asia, are critically important because they are the source of the water supply for the densely populated lowlands. These regions are highly vulnerable to climatic and environmental changes. Global warming, current and future expected retreat of seasonal snow cover and glaciers, and changes in precipitation pattern and type significantly affect river runoff, permafrost, and groundwater. Moreover, the majority of mountain regions in northern Eurasia are characterized by growing anthropogenic pressure that causes harmful feedback, including desertification of lowlands; wind erosion; contamination of the atmosphere, surface waters, and groundwaters; reduction in crop yield; and increasing human mortality rates.
Modulation of Double‐Stranded RNAs in Vivo by RNA Duplex Unwindasea

The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) unwinding/modifying activity is a recently discovered cellular activity capable of unwinding or denaturing dsRNAs by modifying multiple adenosine residues to inosines and creating I-U mismatched base-pairings. The biological functions of this activity, which can potentially mutate the coding capacity of messenger RNAs (mRNAs), are presently not known. However, this unwinding/modifying activity is likely to affect the secondary structures, processing, and turn-over of various eukaryotic as well as viral transcripts. Although the activity was originally found and proposed as a cellular factor that interfered with the use of antisense RNA, it now appears more likely that the activity in fact may participate in antisense RNA suppression of target genes, either by altering the coding capacity of the sense mRNAs or by accelerating the degradation of duplex RNAs. Further understanding of this novel enzymatic activity, and thus, in turn, of the metabolism of dsRNAs in vivo, should allow us to derive a better strategy for designing antisense RNA.
Turnover of plasma membrane polypeptides in nonproliferating cultures of Chinese hamster ovary cells and human skin fibroblasts.

Abstract When cultures of Chinese hamster ovary cells were maintained in stationary phase on medium deficient in l -isoleucine (A) or low in serum (B), active protein turnover occurs. These cells can be acetylated with trace levels of radioactive acetic anhydride in order to incorporate label into all of the major species of polypeptides of the plasma membrane. Four days following acetylation with [ 3 H]acetic anhydride and removal from medium A containing l -[ 14 C]leucine, the specific 3 H and 14 C radioactivities of the plasma membrane proteins had fallen 15- and 7-fold respectively. The lower value obtained with the radioactive leucine is probably due to reutilization of this amino acid. The 3 H and 14 C radioactivity profiles for the polypeptides separated by discontinuous gel electrophoresis, however, showed little qualitative change over the course of the experiment, suggesting that differential rates of protein turnover were not occurring. These results were confirmed in experiments with cells using both the above culture conditions in which two acetylations were carried out, one with 3 H at time zero and the other with contrasting 3 C label up to 96 h later. Two methods for plasma membrane isolation and a number of electrophoretic conditions were employed. Again, however, the radioactivity profiles along the gels coincided almost exactly, even though the 3 H specific radioactivity had fallen several fold. Similar results have been obtained with confluent human skin fibroblasts. We suggest that the major proteins in the plasma membranes of cultured mammalian cells do not show markedly heterogeneous rates of turnover. In particular, larger species of polypeptides do not appear to have shorter half-lives than smaller ones.
The emissivity of volatile ices on Triton and Pluto

The Hapke theory is used to calculate the emissivity of a semi-infinite layer of granular N2 ice with CH4 and CO as contaminants. It is assumed that the layer is composed of grains which can be characterized as having a single size, and that temperature gradients in the emitting layers of the surface are negligible. The emission spectrum for β-N2, stable above 35.6 K, results from a very broad peak in the absorption spectrum centered at 154 μm, while two absorption peaks, at 143 and 204 μm, produce the emission spectrum of the lower temperature α-N2 phase. For a grain size of 1 cm the Planck-mean bolometric emissivity calculated for the pure β-N2 ice is 0.85. If the effective N2 grain size is 1 mm the emissivity is 0.40. Both are low enough to significantly affect surface energy balance calculations. The very narrow absorption features of α-N2 result in even smaller bolometric emissivities of only 0.11 and 0.30 for 1 mm and 1 cm grain sizes at 34 K. The effect of CH4 and CO, in solid solution with N2 or as separate, intimately mixed grains, on the emissivity is also estimated. It is found that the presence of either or both of these two molecules in solid solution with the N2 ice on Triton and Pluto only slightly increases the β-N2 emissivity. The emissivity of intimate mixtures of grains of CH4 and CO with N2 is much less certain, and probably much less applicable to Triton and Pluto. CH4 and CO in solid solution with α-N2 increase the emissivity by about 50%. For an α-N2 grain size of 1 cm, the addition of 2% each CH4 and CO in solid solution with the N2 increases the emissivity from 0.30 to 0.48 at 34 K. For a 1 mm grain size the emissivity of such a solid solution changes to 0.16 from 0.11. However, the emissivity of α-N2 even with CH4 and/or CO in solution is still considerably lower than for β-N2. Seasonal variations on Triton and Pluto could be strongly influenced by this emissivity contrast between the α and β phases. In the extreme case of pure N2 ice, Pluto's atmosphere could be prevented from freezing out, even at aphelion.
Institutional Learning versus Value Diffusion: The Evolution of Democratic Values among Parliamentarians in Eastern and Western Germany

After the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989, public opinion surveys persistently document that eastern Germans are surprisingly supportive of general democratic rights, like other publics in East-Central Europe. Analysts frequently resort to a value-diffusion model to explain the apparent evolution of democratic cultures in former socialist nations. In contrast to this perspective, an institutional learning perspective, which stresses that democratic restraint is mainly internalized through practice, would predict that eastern Germans are less democratic than western Germans. This article uses 168 personally conducted interviews with members of the united Berlin parliament to examine the effect of institutional learning and value diffusion processes on political elites' views regarding civil liberties. I find that while eastern and western MPs differ little over general democratic rights--which corroborates the diffusion argument--eastern MPs are considerably less tolerant than western MPs. Moreover, an ope...
The use of a VAX cluster for the DIII-D data acquisition system

The author describes the configuration of the DIII-D mixed interconnect VAX cluster and how it has improved the efficiency of data collection, system management, and personnel efficiency. The use of a VAX console system for central console management is also described. To improve the efficiency of the overall data acquisition system, a mixed interconnect VAX cluster has been formed consisting of 16 VAX computers. In the cluster, the software protocol for passing data around the cluster is much more efficient than using DECnet. The cluster has also greatly simplified the procedure of backing up disks. Another big improvement is the use of a VAX console system which ties all the console ports of the computers into one central computer system, which then manages the entire cluster. >
Compared to what?: an introduction to the analysis of algorithms

compared to what? covers all the basics of algorithm analysis but it does not just supply algorithms to memorize - it lets you guide your students through the process of breaking down and solving aigolithmic problems. The invaluable analytic skills developed through this innovative approach will appiv to anj, programming assignment-no matter the size of the problem or the language and macnine used. The book does not assume a high degree of familiarity with discrete mathematics-in fact, all mathematical concepts crucial to algorithm analysis are explained in the appendices. Each chapter centers on a basic problem and works through a variety of available . options for its solution rather than declaring a single best answer. Within the chapters, carefully orchestrated. 'Pauses'-helpful questions and strategy suggestions-point students to workable solutions and to increasinglv more advanced variations and applications. End-of-chapter 'Codas' restate each chapter's major themes and guide the transition into the next set of problems. Compared to What? will help students analyze problems, determine what needs to be optimized, and pinpoint inefficiencies and inaccuracies in their programs. Its fr-iendlv but challenging style, inventive examples 'and analogies, descriptions of state-of-the-art applications, and pragmatic focus will help you teach students to create algorithmic solutions-not merely memorize them.
EFFECTS OF CHILLING RATE, CARCASS FATNESS AND CHLORINE SPRAY ON MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY AND CASE–LIFE OF BEEF

The microbiology, weight loss (carcass shrink) and case-life of ham-burger and top loin steaks were studied on carcasses from fat and thin beef-type steers. One side of each carcass was chilled rapidly (0°C) and the other slowly (15°C) for 24 hr followed by storage at 2°C. One-half of the sides were sprayed with a sodium hypochlorite solution containing 200 mg/L chlorine. Slow-chilled sides and those from thin carcasses sustained the greatest weight loss. Case-life at 2°C of steaks and ham-burger was not affected by chilling rate or application of spray. Slow-chilling resulted in significantly higher aerobic plate counts and psychrotrophic bacterial counts than fast-chilling, and microbial counts were higher in samples taken from the inside of the carcass (jugular furrow) than from the outside of the round. Application of sodium hypochlorite spray resulted in slightly lower aerobic plate counts but the results were not significantly (P > 0.10) different from unsprayed samples.
Nearly lattice matched all wurtzite CdSe/ZnTe type II core–shell nanowires with epitaxial interfaces for photovoltaics

Achieving a high-quality interface is of great importance in core–shell nanowire solar cells, as it significantly inhibits interfacial recombination and thus improves the photovoltaic performance. Combining thermal evaporation of CdSe and pulsed laser deposition of ZnTe, we successfully synthesized nearly lattice matched all wurtzite CdSe/ZnTe core–shell nanowires on silicon substrates. Comprehensive morphological and structural characterizations revealed that a wurtzite ZnTe shell layer epitaxially grows over a wurtzite CdSe core nanowire with an abrupt interface. Further optical studies confirmed a high-quality interface and demonstrated efficient charge separation induced by the type-II band alignment. A representative photovoltaic device has been demonstrated and yielded an energy-conversion efficiency of 1.7% which can be further improved by surface passivation. The all-wurtzite core–shell nanowire with an epitaxial interface offers an attractive platform to explore the piezo-phototronic effect and promises an efficient hybrid nano-sized, energy harvesting system.
Regression and Correlation

The general objective of a regression analysis is to determine the relationship between two (or more) variables so that we can gain information about one of them through knowing values of the other(s). Much of mathematics is devoted to studying variables that are deterministically related. Saying that x and y are related in this manner means that once we are told the value of x, the value of y is completely specified.
Brain Size Growth and Life History in Human Evolution

Increases in endocranial volume (a measure of brain size) play a major role in human evolution. Despite the importance of brain size increase, the developmental bases of human brain size evolution remain poorly characterized. Comparative analyses of endocranial volume size growth illustrate that distinctions between humans and other primates are consequences of differences in rates of brain size growth, with little evidence for differences in growth duration. Evaluation of available juvenile fossils shows that earliest hominins do not differ perceptibly from chimpanzees (Pan). However, rapid and human-like early brain growth apparently characterized Homo erectus at about 1 Ma before present. Neandertals show patterns of brain growth consistent with modern humans during infancy, but reach larger sizes than modern humans as a result of differences in later growth. Growth analyses reveal commonalities in patterns of early brain size growth during the last million years human evolution, despite major increases in adult size. This result implies consistency across hominins in terms of maternal metabolic costs of infancy. Continued size growth past infancy in Neandertals and modern humans, when compared to earlier hominins, may have cognitive implications. Differences between Neandertals and modern humans are implied, but difficult to define with certainty.
Resonance behaviour and partial averaging in a three-body system with gravitational radiation damping

In a previous investigation, a model of three-body motion was developed which included the effects of gravitational radiation reaction. The aim was to describe the motion of a relativistic binary pulsar that is perturbed by a third mass and look for resonances between the binary and third-mass orbits. Numerical integration of an equation of relative motion that approximates the binary gives evidence of such resonances. These (m:n) resonances are defined for the present purposes by the resonance condition, mω = 2n�, where m and n are relatively prime integers
A scalable, loadable custom programmable logic device for solving Boolean satisfiability problems

This paper introduces ELVIS, a custom PLD that solves Boolean satisfiability (SAT) problems and presents a significant improvement over previous approaches. SAT is a core computer science problem with important commercial applications, which include timing verification, automated layout, logic minimization and test pattern generation. ELVIS is the first massively parallel SAT-solver to support efficient loading of formulas and on-line clause addition with no instance-specific placement or routing. Furthermore, ELVIS requires significantly less hardware capacity than previous approaches. The design is easily scaled; it requires hardware that grows linearly with formula size. As such, it is the first to guarantee polynomial space and time complexity of formula loading. This avoids the laborious (NP-hard) placement and routing of each formula that has plagued previous approaches. The new approach can efficiently support dynamic clause addition, formula partitioning, implication heuristics and an unbounded number of variables per clause. Large scale implementation of these optimizations and modifying ELVIS to realize a multi-chip board design are the goals of future research.
Urinary 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and Cognitive Function in Puerto Rican Adults

DNA oxidative stress has been suggested as an important pathogenic mechanism in cognitive impairment and dementia. With baseline data collected from 2004 to 2008, the authors examined whether urinary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a biomarker of global DNA oxidation, was associated with cognitive function in a sample of 1,003 Puerto Rican adults, aged 45–75 years, living in Boston, Massachusetts, and the surrounding area. Cognitive function was measured by using a battery of 7 tests: the Mini-Mental State Examination, word list learning, digit span, clock drawing and figure copying, Stroop, and verbal fluency tests. The primary outcome was a global cognitive score, averaging standardized scores across all cognitive tests. A higher 8-OHdG concentration was significantly associated with lower global cognitive scores, after adjustment for age, education, status of the gene for apolipoprotein E (APOE), and other covariates (Ptrend = 0.01). The difference in the global score, comparing participants in the 2 extreme 8-OHdG quartiles, was −0.11 (95% confidence interval: −0.20, −0.02), which was equivalent to accelerating cognitive aging by about 4 years, as observed in this population. Prospective studies are needed to elucidate whether elevated urinary 8-OHdG concentrations can predict the rate of cognitive decline and incident dementia.
Microsatellite Characterization of Subspecies and Their Hybrids in Culex pipiens Complex (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes Along a North-South Transect in the Central United States

Mosquitoes in the Culex pipiens complex, Cx. p. pipiens L. and Cx. p. quinquefasciatus Say are morphologically similar and important vectors of West Nile and St. Louis Encephalitis viruses in the United States. The subspecies differ with respect to overwintering strategies, with Cx. p. pipiens entering diapause in response to winter conditions and Cx. p. quinquefasciatus lacking this ability, yet they hybridize when found in sympatry. Specimens (n = 646) were collected using gravid traps set along a transect from New Orleans, LA, to Chicago, IL. Microsatellite markers were used to: genetically characterize subspecies and hybrids, determine the degree and extent of hybridization to better define the hybrid zone, and examine the efficacy of hybrid detection between microsatellites and a single-gene assay based on the acetylcholinesterase.2 gene (HotAce.2). The results support the presence of two distinct genetic entities, with abroad, stable hybrid zone in between. Admixture analyses classified >40% of individuals as hybrids. Allelic richness was markedly different at the northern and southern ends of the transect, and there was a significant isolation by distance effect. The hybrid zone seems to be wider and extends further to the south than previous work indicated, and as a result, we propose new boundaries compared with those indicated by a previous study. Microsatellites detected more hybrids than the HotAce.2 assay, although the latter assay remains useful as a screening tool. We suggest that the parental subspecies and the hybrid zone are maintained by heterosis combined with selection for diapause at northern latitudes.
Soft-tissue balancing in primary total knee arthroplasty.

A patient with disseminated coccidioidomycosis with acute palmar tenosynovitis is presented. Early synovectomy followed by amphotericin B therapy was carried out and is recommended for treatment of coccidioidomycosis tenosynovitis. The association of an exacerbation of coccidioidomycosis in a patient with a history of coccidioidomycosis treated with immunosuppressive drugs is described. Prophylactic amphotericin B therapy is recommended for such patients.
Trends in County Records Management

I would like to talk about trends. My subject is amTODAY biguous for a reason. I was allowed to choose any subject I desired so long as it would interest county officers. With such unusual freedom of choice, how could I do other than select a subject that would provide ample room for maneuvering, allow me to be generally philosophical, and at the same time permit me to say "I told you so" no matter what the future may bring? A topic such as trends seems to fulfill these requirements. We should consider trends that are now becoming apparent those that portend rapid and radical changes in our concepts of administration, our recordkeeping attitudes, and our most ingrained habits of operation. We should also examine some of the past trends with which we are all familiar. We must look at the present in the light of the past so that we can properly place ourselves in the scheme of the future. During the next few minutes let us consider some of the primary forces that are affecting our long-cherished ideas of recordkeeping and how these forces will alter our concepts of systems design. Let us look at the techniques we must use if we are to meet successfully the challenges of those forces. Let us examine also our present habits and attitudes in the face of future recordkeeping requirements. County government is both personal and basic in our democratic system. It naturally follows that county records reflect these personal and basic qualities. Among county records may be found much information that protects the rights and interests of the citizen and his government. The keystone position of county records in the national record structure is unquestioned. The importance of county records is not accidental ; it has evolved through a process determined by the citizens themselves. Depend-
Reliability potential of silicone molding compounds for LED application

As the development of light emitting devices (LEDs), integrate circuits (ICs) and concentration photovoltaic (CPV) modules towards higher density, packaging materials are facing the challenges of withstand with heat generation and high energy. Epoxy molding compound (EMC) is the latest technology for LED and solar cell package to replace PPA and PCT. However, it is well known that the thermal and radiation resistance of epoxy is limited. Recently, silicone based composites are attracting attention as ideal materials because they are insensible to high energy density and good resistance to UV light and heat. Epoxy and silicone both have reliability issues during long-term service at high temperature and high energy. Thermal and radiation degradation of reflector materials will largely affect their reflectance and their contribution to a higher light output and energy efficiency. Therefore, it is very essential to evaluate reliability performance of SMC and EMC based reflecting materials. Aging under multip...
Naked Fitzies and Iron Cages: Individual Values, Professional Virtues and the Struggle for Public Space

Commentators recently have called upon the professions to recognize the need for developing greater understanding and openness to religious values and practices, not only with respect to the people served by the professions, but also with respect to the professions' own members. This project is a particularly important one for the professions of a pluralist society, where deeply held religious values may affect both the availability and the acceptance of professional services. It is also an important project for civil society itself. This Essay recognizes the vital importance of this project, but also suggests the need for a broader view.The standard view assumes that the professions hold the superior position, and that the world would be made right if the professions simply accommodated religious values and practices. But those values and practices are not uniform, and not all of them could be accommodated at the same time. More important, the professions also have values, and the well-being of civil society requires that those values also be respected. In addition, the professions find themselves embattled on a number of fronts, and their space is being contested by other powerful institutions and values, including religion and the market.It is not enough that the professions develop greater understanding and openness with respect to religious values and practices. The professions need to demonstrate greater self-awareness and understanding of their own values and the social space they occupy. At bottom, the constructive project that needs to be undertaken cannot simply be concerned with accommodating religious values, but must be aimed at strengthening and revitalizing the professions.
Bioengineered Vaults: Self-Assembling Protein Shell–Lipophilic Core Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery

We report a novel approach to a new class of bioengineered, monodispersed, self-assembling vault nanoparticles consisting of a protein shell exterior with a lipophilic core interior designed for drug and probe delivery. Recombinant vaults were engineered to contain a small amphipathic α-helix derived from the nonstructural protein 5A of hepatitis C virus, thereby creating within the vault lumen a lipophilic microenvironment into which lipophilic compounds could be reversibly encapsulated. Multiple types of electron microscopy showed that attachment of this peptide resulted in larger than expected additional mass internalized within the vault lumen attributable to incorporation of host lipid membrane constituents spanning the vault waist (>35 nm). These bioengineered lipophilic vaults reversibly associate with a sample set of therapeutic compounds, including all-trans retinoic acid, amphotericin B, and bryostatin 1, incorporating hundreds to thousands of drug molecules per vault nanoparticle. Bryostatin 1 is of particular therapeutic interest because of its ability to potently induce expression of latent HIV, thus representing a preclinical lead in efforts to eradicate HIV/AIDS. Vaults loaded with bryostatin 1 released free drug, resulting in activation of HIV from provirus latency in vitro and induction of CD69 biomarker expression following intravenous injection into mice. The ability to preferentially and reversibly encapsulate lipophilic compounds into these novel bioengineered vault nanoparticles greatly advances their potential use as drug delivery systems.
High Chalcocite Cu 2 S: A Solid-Liquid Hybrid Phase

There are materials that exist in unusual solid-liquid hybrid phases, for example, the superionics at high temperatures of 700 °C. Using ab initio molecular dynamics, we show that the intensely studied Cu(2)S high chalcocite phase is actually a solid-liquid hybrid phase which exists in relatively low temperature (>105 °C). Its formation mechanism is different from the superionics. We also show that the previously proposed atomic structure for high chalcocite is incorrect, and the low chalcocite to high chalcocite transition should be described as a sublattice solid to liquid transition.