cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
157 nm Photodissociation of Dipeptide Ions Containing N-Terminal Arginine

Twenty singly-charged dipeptide ions with N-terminal arginine were photodissociated using 157 nm light in both a linear ion-trap mass spectrometer and a MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometer. Analogous to previous work on dipeptides containing C-terminal arginine, this set of samples enabled insights into the photofragmentation propensities associated with individual residues. In addition to familiar products such as a-, d-, and immonium ions, m2 and m2+13 ions were also observed. Certain side chains tended to cleave between their β and γ carbons without necessarily forming d- or w-type ions, and a few other ions were produced by the high-energy fragmentation of multiple bonds.
510-nm pigmented lesion dye laser. Its characteristics and clinical uses.

background. Benign pigmented lesions are of a cosmetic concern to many individuals. Numerous treatments exist, including several types of lasers. The Candela 510 nm pigmented lesion dye laser has recently been added to this armamentarium. It is designed specifically for the treatment of superficial pigmented lesions while significantly decreasing the risk of scarring and prolonged hypopigmentation.n objectives. To describe the characteristics of the Candela pigmented lesion dye laser and report on the therapeutic outcome of patients treated for actinic lentigines, cafe-aulait macules, melasma and red tattoos by one of the authors (RCG). methods. The Candela 510 nm pigmented lesion dye laser was used to treat solar lentigines, cafe-au-lait macules, melasma and red tattoo. results. Excellent outcomes resulted on facial and hand lentigines (89% and 88% of patients had greater than 75% clearing, respectively), but often required more than one treatment. Lentigines located on the upper extremities and trunk improved less dramatically. Immediate greying occurred universally. Bruising was often noted. Treatment failures have been observed especially in treating lentigines located on the lower extremities. Cafe-au-lait macules responded inconsistently, with facial lesions giving the best results. Melasma responded poorly, often with hyperpigmentation. Three red tattoos cleared. Treatment failure may be related to inaccurate clinical assessment of pigment depth or regrowth of the lesion. Several cases are presented to demonstrate clinical and histologic effects of the laser. conclusion. The Candela 510-nm pigmented lesion dye laser is an effective treatment for superficial pigmented lesions. Its associated morbidity is minimal.
A Mathematical Model of Bird Collisions With Wind Turbine Rotors.

When a bird flies through the disk swept out by the blades of a wind turbine rotor, the probability of collision depends on the motions and dimensions of the bird and the blades. The collision model in this paper predicts the probability for birds that glide upwind, downwind, an across the wind past simple one-dimensional blades represented by straight lines, and upwind and downwind past more realistic three-dimensional blades with chord and twist. Probabilities vary over the surface of the disk, and in most cases, the tip of the blade is less likely to collide with a bird than parts of the blade nearer the hub. The mean probability may be found by integration over the disk area. The collision model identifies the rotor characteristics that could be altered to make turbines safer for birds.
Physiography of an active transpressive margin basin: high-resolution bathymetry of the Santa Barbara basin, Southern California continental borderland

Abstract High-resolution swath bathymetry and backscatter data from the Santa Barbara basin reveal a distinct assemblage of morphologic and sedimentologic features characteristic of the tectonically active setting of the basin. Such characteristics include the north–south asymmetry of the basin, the presence of an intra-basinal structural and morphologic high, extensive mass wasting, and fields of mounds and pockmarks. The north–south asymmetry of the basin and the increased abundance of slope failure along the northern basin slope likely reflect higher rates of tectonic shortening and sediment accumulation along the northern basin margin. High sedimentation rates lead to high pore water content of the sediment which, in combination with seismic shaking, may explain the abundance of mass wasting features even on shallowly inclined lower basin slopes. Mounds and pockmarks are the surface expression of locally extensive fluid seepage which we interpret to be driven by a combination of high sedimentation rates, a high organic content of sediment, and anoxic bottom water conditions during extended periods in Neogene and Quaternary times. During ROV dives we observed active fluid seepage to have occurred preferentially on the shelf and on a structural and topographic high, presumably due to structural focusing of migrating formation fluids. The preferred alignment of some pockmarks along faults is consistent with structurally controlled expulsion of formation fluids from underlying Neogene units. Despite the high tectonic activity of the basin, fault scarps are rare and only observed in areas of low sediment accumulation on the shelf and on topographic highs. Mass balance considerations suggest that sedimentation rates averaged over interseismic time scales are too high and scarp growth rates too low for scarps to be characteristic features of the basin floor. Long-term sediment accumulation rates that account for the effect of sediment compaction are low enough, however, to lead to long-wavelength surface expressions of the most active faults.
A method for interface shape control during Bridgman type crystal growth of HgCdTe alloys

A method is described for interface shape control of Hg(1-x)Cd(x)Te alloys during Bridgman-type crystal growth. The authors have used this method for several years to obtain the flat or convex interface shapes required for simultaneously reducing radial compositional variations and crystal defects. The method turns to advantage the thick-walled, fused-silica ampules required for growing these alloys. A proper combination of furnace geometry (two isothermal zones separated by a thin barrier), upper- and lower-zone temperatures, and growth rate is required. Examples of results are reported.
Hyperoxia and apoptosis in developing mouse lung mesenchyme.

Hyperoxia contributes to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in former premature infants. Injurious environmental factors such as hyperoxia may disrupt distal airway branching and alveolar septation, as these critical stages in lung development occur following birth in extremely premature infants. To test if hyperoxia directly inhibited distal airway branching, we cultured E16 fetal mouse lung explants in either 20% (control) or 95% oxygen (hyperoxia). Hyperoxia reduced the number of distal airways to less than 50% of controls. Explants cultured in 95% oxygen also had fewer complex distal airways compared with controls. Mesenchymal cells adjacent to distal airways in hyperoxic explants appeared apoptotic by phase microscopy. Consistent with increased apoptosis, explants cultured in hyperoxia had increased caspase 3/7 activity compared with controls. Hyperoxia also increased mesenchymal caspase 3 expression and annexin V binding within cultured explants as visualized by fluorescence microscopy. We measured increased annexin V binding in isolated primary fetal lung mesenchymal cells cultured in 95% oxygen suggesting a direct effect on cells within the mesenchyme. Hyperoxia can lead to NF-κB activation, which mediates inflammatory cascades and may protect cells from apoptosis. We detected NF-κB activation and nuclear p65 localization in explants exposed to 48 h of hyperoxia. Inhibition of NF-κB prevented the hyperoxia-induced activation of caspase 3. NF-κB activation may therefore contribute to apoptosis in the developing fetal mouse lung following hyperoxia exposure. Our data suggest hyperoxia inhibits distal airway branching and directly induces apoptosis of the fetal mouse lung mesenchyme.
Goal-oriented, model-constrained optimization for reduction of large-scale systems

Optimization-oriented reduced-order models should target a particular output functional, span an applicable range of dynamic and parametric inputs, and respect the underlying governing equations of the system. To achieve this goal, we present an approach for determining a projection basis that uses a goal-oriented, model-constrained optimization framework. The mathematical framework permits consideration of general dynamical systems with general parametric variations and is applicable to both linear and nonlinear systems. Results for a simple linear model problem of the two-dimensional heat equation demonstrate the ability of the goal-oriented approach to target a particular output functional of interest. Application of the methodology to a more challenging example of a subsonic blade row governed by the unsteady Euler flow equations shows a significant advantage of the new method over the proper orthogonal decomposition.
The microstructure of intercalated graphite fibers

Abstract A study of the microstructure of two types of graphite fibers GY70, a polyacrylotrinitrile (PAN) based fiber and UC4104B a pitch based fiber, is reported. These high modulus fibers were modified by intercalation with the donors K, Rb, Cs and the acceptors FeCl 3 , AlCl 3 . Several experimental techniques were used, to elucidate the effects of intercalation on the microstructure of the graphite fibers. These include scanning and transmission electron microscopy and small and wide angle X-ray diffraction.
Revisiting the Generation Gap: Exploring the Relationships of Parent/Adult-Child Dyads:

There is some evidence that older parents and their adult children may evaluate their relationships with each other in different ways. To date, we know little about what may account for these discrepancies. This investigation compares the perceptions of intergenerational solidarity among 2,590 adult-child/older-parent dyads from the National Survey of Families and Households. Further, this study examines a social structural model to test the relative contribution of individuals' sociodemographic and social structural positions to the correspondence between generational perceptions of solidarity. The findings indicate that there is a high degree of disagreement between how adult children and their parents view their relationship. Parents are more likely to report greater relationship quality, while children report greater contact and exchanges of assistance. While a number of variables influence the correspondence between generations, the strongest and most consistent predictors are sex, age, child's marital status, and residential proximity.
Nonlinear noise in cosmology.

This paper derives and analyzes exact, nonlocal Langevin equations appropriate in a cosmological setting to describe the interaction of some collective degree of freedom with a surrounding environment.'' Formally, these equations are much more general, involving as they do a more or less arbitrary system,'' characterized by some time-dependent potential, which is coupled via a nonlinear, time-dependent interaction to a bath'' of oscillators with time-dependent frequencies. The analysis reveals that, even in a Markov limit, which can often be justified, the time dependences and nonlinearities can induce new and potentially significant effects, such as systematic and stochastic mass renormalizations and state-dependent memory'' functions, aside from the standard friction'' of a heuristic Langevin description. One specific example is discussed in detail, namely, the case of an inflaton field, characterized by a Landau-Ginzburg potential, that is coupled quadratically to a bath of scalar radiation.'' The principal conclusion derived from this example is that nonlinearities and time-dependent couplings do [ital not] preclude the possibility of deriving a fluctuation-dissipation theorem, and do [ital not] change the form of the late-time steady state solution for the system, but [ital can] significantly shorten the time scale for the approach towards the steady state.
Information Selection in the House of Representatives: An Organizational Perspective

This article focuses on information selection in the United States House of Representatives. It asks, "Is the selection process in the House similar to the information selection process in other organizations?" Information selection fills three primary roles: an informing role, a supportive role, and a legitimizing role. The latter two roles may be more important in the House than in other organizations, since it is a more political setting. The article is based on an analysis of all hearings between 1978 and 1982 that dealt with the licensing and siting of nuclear power plants and nuclear waste management. It is shown that the organizational perspective is informative in explaining information search and selection processes within the House of Representatives.
Importance of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate for mesangial cell DNA synthesis.

Importance of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate for mesangial cell DNA synthesis Background Farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) are isoprenoid products of the intracellular mevalonate pathway used for prenylation of several low molecular weight G proteins, including Ras. It is likely that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulation of mesangial cell proliferation requires prenylated, low molecular weight G proteins. The purpose of this study was to investigate the dependence of platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated mesangial cell DNA synthesis and cell membrane Ras incorporation on FPP and GGPP. Methods Quiescent human mesangial cells were exposed to PDGF (25 ng/ml) to stimulate DNA synthesis. Some cells were also treated with the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor lovastatin (2.5 to 10.0 μM), which inhibits isoprenoid synthesis, in the presence or absence of exogenous FPP or GGPP. DNA synthesis was assessed by thymidine incorporation, and Western blot analysis was used to measure total cell membrane Ras. Results Stimulation of mesangial cells with PDGF did not increase total cell membrane Ras. Lovastatin reduced cell membrane Ras, and this was prevented by simultaneous exposure of mesangial cells to exogenous FPP (2.5 to 10.0 μM) or GGPP (1 to 5 μM). Lovastatin also reduced PDGF-stimulated mesangial cell DNA synthesis by 90%, and this was completely prevented by simultaneous exposure of cells to exogenous GGPP (1 μM), but not to FPP. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that both FPP and GGPP can provide for mesangial cell membrane Ras localization and that PDGF-stimulated mesangial cell DNA synthesis requires the isoprenoid GGPP.
Molecular sensors for the decoding of homeostasis disruptions in the retinal pigment epithelium: towards the understanding of retinal degenerative diseases

The significance of the selective enrichment in omega-3 essential fatty acids DHA, docosahexaenoic acid) in photoreceptor cells has remained, until recently, incompletely understood. We contributed to the discovery of a docosanoid synthesized from DHA by 15-lipoxygenase-1, which we dubbed neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1: 10R,17S-dihydroxy-docosa-4Z,7Z,11E,13E,15E,19Z hexaenoic acid). NPD1 is promptly made on demand when homeostasis is at stake, as in oxidative stress ,proteostasis dysfunctions and in early stages of neural injury, ischemia-reperfusion or neurodegenerations. Thus NPD1 is a protective sentinel, one of the very first defenses activated when cell homeostasis is threatened . The availability of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins is positively modulated by NPD1, whereas pro-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins are negatively regulated, as is activated microglia. Neurodegenerative diseases, in addition to enhancing oxidative stress, disrupt the proteostasis network and leads to a cellular inability to scavenge structurally damaged abnormal proteins. The RPE cell response cascade potentiates disruptors of homeostasis through multiple checkpoints and signaling networks. NPD1 , a key component of this response and of the lipidomic signature, targets neuroinflammatory signaling and proteostasis and in turn promotes homeostatic regulation of the transcription of key genes that in turn act as molecular decoders of input, and thus results in cell survival. (Supported by NIH: NINDS R01 NS046741, NEI R01 EY005121)
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A SERIES OF LIPOPHILIC CISPLATIN ANALOGS WITH CIS-1,4-DIAMINOCYCLOHEXANE AS NONLEAVING AMINE LIGAND

Abstract A series of lipophilic platinum(II) complexes of the type [Pt(cis-1,4-DACH)L2] (where cis-1,4-DACH = cis-1,4-diaminocyclohexane and L = acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, hexanoate, heptanoate, octanoate, 2,2′-dimethyloctanoate, nonanoate, decanoate, undecanoate, laureate, tridecanoate, myristate, pentadecanoate, palmitate, heptadecanoate, stearate, nonadecanoate, or eicosanoate) has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and by infrared, 13C, and 195Pt nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques.
Muscarinic component of splanchnic‐adrenal transmission in the dog

Abstract 1. The effect of atropine on catecholamine release evoked by stimulation of the splanchnic nerve was studied in the adrenal medulla of the dog. The magnitude of the catecholamine release was estimated biologically on the basis of the pressor response occurring in the perfused and acutely sympathectomized hindquarters of the same dog by comparing it with responses elicited by intravenous injection of adrenaline. 2. Atropine reduced the responses to nerve stimulation, and appeared to have a more prominent effect on the responses elicited by stimulation at moderate frequency (10 pulses/sec). 3. Hexamethonium or nicotine caused a more powerful, but not complete, blockade of transmission; the subsequent injection of atropine caused a further inhibition of the residual responses, leading to a complete, or near complete, abolition of the release by nerve stimulation. 4. The data were taken as evidence that transmission of impulses through muscarinic receptors occurs in normal conditions in the adrenal medulla of the dog, though this type of transmission is less prominent than that through nicotinic receptors.
Increased Expression and Activity of Phospholipase C in Renal Arterioles of Young Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Background The aims of this study were to document the presence of phospholipase C (PLC) isozymes β1, γ1, and δ1 in freshly isolated renal glomeruli and resistance vessels, to compare their expression and activity to that in aorta, and to contrast values between 6-week-old Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) controls and 6-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) during the developmental phase of genetic hypertension. Methods Aorta, preglomerular arterioles, and glomeruli were isolated from 6-week-old rats using standard techniques. PLC isozyme protein level and activity were determined with Western blot analysis and by measuring inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate (IP3) production, respectively. Results Immunoblots indicate that all three PLC isozymes examined are detectable in freshly isolated preglomerular arterioles, glomeruli, and aorta. Increased levels of PLC-β1, and -δ1 were found in all tested vascular tissues of SHR v WKY. No strain difference was noted for PLC-γ1. The relative abundance for both groups was glomeruli > preglomerular arterioles = aorta. The strain difference in protein expression correlated with increased PLC activity in each vascular bed of SHR. Conclusions Protein levels of PLC-β1 and -δ1 and PLC activity are upregulated in the systemic and renal vasculature in 6-week-old SHR, suggesting a role in exaggerated vascular reactivity during the development of genetic hypertension. A more complete understanding of the physiologic roles of PLC isozymes and their contributions to specific aspects of cellular function should advance our understanding of vascular tone/reactivity and hypertrophy/remodeling in normal and hypertensive states.
Repetitive stress symptoms among radiology technologists: prevalence and major causative factors.

Purpose The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of repetitive stress symptoms among radiology technologists working in a fully digital radiology department and to ascertain which work-related factors contribute most to their symptoms. Methods A survey instrument was designed by occupational health specialists and administered to 225 technologists working in a large academic medical center radiology department. Data gathered included the presence of repetitive stress symptoms and prior diagnoses of repetitive stress syndrome. Respondents were also asked whether they spent >2 hours per day in an awkward posture (a screening question to identify individuals at risk for ergonomic injuries). Additionally, respondents were asked to identify which factors among a list of items contributed most to their symptoms. Results A total of 104 responses were received (response rate 46%). Repetitive stress symptoms were reported by 73 respondents (70%), and prior diagnoses of repetitive stress syndrome were reported by 44 (42%). Seventy-one respondents (68%) reported spending >2 hours per day in an awkward posture. Regarding the factors that were perceived to contribute most to repetitive stress symptoms, items related to patients and imaging equipment were cited much more frequently than those related to computers. The most commonly cited factors were patient transfer (33%), ultrasound probes (23%), heavy imaging equipment (20%), nonergonomic chairs (19%), and lead aprons (10%). Conclusion Repetitive stress symptoms are highly prevalent among radiology technologists working in a fully digital department but are primarily perceived to be related to tasks unrelated to computers. Thus, efforts to reduce the risk for injury should be focused primarily on improved ergonomics of patient transfer and imaging equipment.
Groups with all proper subgroups (finite rank)-by-nilpotent

The authors obtain results concerning the structure of locally soluble-by-finite groups with all proper subgroups (finite rank)-by- nilpotent.
Obesity and Malnutrition in a Shantytown Population in the City of São Paulo, Brazil

To investigate the prevalence of obesity and malnutrition in the poor Brazilian population we conducted a survey on the socioeconomic and nutritional status of 535 families (comprising 2 411 individuals) living in shanty towns in the city of Sao Paulo. There was a 30% prevalence of malnutrition in the children, with chronic malnutrition as the most predominant problem. The prevalence of obesity was 6.4% in boys and 8.7% in girls. Overweight and obesity associated with stunting was found in 5.8% of boys and 6.8% girls. Adolescents showed a higher prevalence of malnutrition when weight-for-age distribution was used (boys 46.4%, girls 40.2%), but a right deviation in the distribution was observed with an increase in obesity and a decrease of malnutrition was observed (obesity was 21% in girls and 8.8% in boys; malnutrition was 15.5% in boys and 12.6% in girls) when the weight-for-height adjustment was made. Stunting was the most predominant type of malnutrition in both sexes. Obesity associated with stunting was more common than obesity without stunting, both in younger children and adolescents. Adults had a higher prevalence of obesity than malnutrition according to both the Metropolitan Life Insurance tables (1.7% of undernutrition, 16.7% of overweight, and 14.1% of obesity) and Body Mass Index (8.5% of undernutrition, 21.9% of overweight, and 14.6% of obesity). There was an increase in the percentage of obese children when at least one adult in the family was obese and an increased percentage of malnourished children when undernourished adults were present in the family. Obesity among the adults of the family decreased the occurrence of malnutrition among the children. In 9% of families there was a coexistence of obesity in the adults and malnutrition in the children. These results demonstrate a coexistence of malnutrition and obesity in poor urban Brazilian communities.
Evaluation of minimum yields for planar channeling in CaF2 and BaF2

Abstract Minimum yields for planar channeling in CaF 2 and BaF 2 have been calculated using an average potential model. The use of the Lentz-Jensen ionic potential gives results consistent with the experimental data. The validity of the model and the dependence of the minimum yields on the potential are discussed.
Ethical problems in experimentation with offenders.

The use of human beings as subjects for experimentation by scientific investigators raises a multitude of complex and delicate issues. A number of principles have been encoded by medical groups, but there are significant differences between social science experiments and medical ones. The codes, the differences, and some tentative modifications are discussed in this paper.
Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of Structural Elements Incorporating Nanocomposites

The paper presents the use of nanocompsoites in structural level components to improve their overall performance against unique composite failure modes. A multiscale approach is adopted in order to obtain the overall effective mechanical and thermal properties of the nanocomposite. Those effective properties are used in analyzing the structural components using finite element analysis. The results are demonstrated on a composite T stringer that is widely used as a stiffener for composite panels in aerospace structures. The existence of tows in the manufacturing of such components often results in delamination which reduces the structural integrity. In addition, the bondline interface between the skin and stringer is considered a hot spot where delmaination is susceptible to occur. In this study, we propose the use of nanocompsoites to address this issue and improve their overall performance. Thermal cure and temperature variation is considered in this study and its effect on the failure initiation load will be highlighted. A quantitative comparison from using various CNT weight percentages in the epoxy matrix on the initial damage is provided.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Parietal influence on temporal encoding indexed by simultaneous transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography

Previous studies have suggested that contingent negative variation (CNV), as recorded by electroencaphalography (EEG), may serve as an index of temporal encoding. The interpretation of these studies is complicated by the fact that, in a majority of studies, the CNV signal was obtained at a time when subjects were not only registering stimulus duration but also making decisions and preparing to act. Previously, we demonstrated that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the right supramarginal gyrus (rSMG) in humans lengthened the perceived duration of a visual stimulus (Wiener et al., 2010a), suggesting the rSMG is involved in basic encoding processes. Here, we report a replication of this effect with simultaneous EEG recordings during the encoding of stimulus duration. Stimulation of the rSMG led to an increase in perceived duration and the amplitude of N1 and CNV components recorded from frontocentral sites. Furthermore, the size of the CNV amplitude, but not N1, positively correlated with the size of the rTMS effect but negatively correlated with bias (the baseline tendency to report a comparison stimulus as shorter), suggesting that the CNV indexes stimulus duration. These results suggest that a feedforward mechanism from parietal to prefrontal regions mediates temporal encoding and demonstrate a dissociation between early and late phases of encoding processes.
In Vitro Antibiotic Sensitivity of Oral Microorganisms to Actinobolin

Actinobolin was tested by a paper disk-agar diffusion method for inhibitory activity against cariogenic streptococcal strains, mixed microbial cultures, bacteria, and yeasts. The cariogenic streptococci and the mixed cultures were highly sensitive to inhibition by actinobolin, which suggests that this antibiotic may be useful as a cariostatic agent.
Menstrual cycle and sex differences influence salt preference

Previous studies demonstrate that some women have a greater preference for palatable high-sugar and high-fat foods premenstrually. Because salt may also be considered palatable, it was of interest to discover whether salt preference also varies. To determine whether there are differences in salt preference across the menstrual cycle, 49 women and 31 men rated popcorn sprayed with five different concentrations (0M, 1M, 2M, 3M, 3M+) of salt solution. Between-subjects comparisons of women revealed that those tested in separate weeks of their menstrual cycle had differing preferences for salt. Specifically, women in their luteal week preferred unsalted popcorn (0M) significantly less than women tested during their ovulatory or follicular weeks. Women in the menstrual week also tended to find the saltiest popcorn (3M+) much less palatable than women tested in their follicular, luteal, or ovulatory weeks. When men's and women's preference ratings of the same stimuli were compared, an overall sex difference was found. Men liked the mildly salty popcorn (2M) more than women. There were no significant differences in perceived saltiness ratings between men and women or among women tested in different weeks of their cycle.
Face composite construction : in-view and from-memory quality and improvement with practice

Abstract Following a crime, witnesses are often asked by the police to construct a composite likeness of the perpetrator. However, previous research indicates that the quality of the likenesses produced by commercial composite systems (e.g., Photofit and Identi-kit) are very poor. This study investigated whether the face composites produced using the Mac-A-Mug Pro composite system from memory and while viewing the target differ in quality, and whether quality improves with practice. Subjects used the system over two sessions during which they constructed 11 composites (six from memory and five with the face in view). Composites produced while viewing the target face were better than the composites produced from memory, and both improved with practice. Independent judges matched all but the initial composites from memory at levels better than chance. Implications for future face recall research and the training of potential witnesses are discussed.
Proof of the perpetuity equation

Abstract A perpetuity is a perpetual annuity. Although there have been a number of different derivations, which we discuss in detail, we present what appears to be the first mathematical proof of the perpetuity equation based on the fundamental properties of the real numbers (Result (2.2.1) of Dieudonne (1960) [14] ).
Intestine-Specific Activity of the Human Guanylyl Cyclase C Promoter Is Regulated by Cdx2

Background & Aims: The heat-stable enterotoxin receptor, guanylyl cyclase C, exhibits an intestine-specific pattern of expression. The aim of this study was to identify the transcriptional activator that mediates intestine-specific expression of guanylyl cyclase C. Methods: Fragments of the promoter were assayed to isolate regions directing intestine-specific gene activation. Deoxyribonuclease I footprinting was used to identify a site of intestine-specific protection. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and supershift analyses were used to characterize the protein that bound to the protected site. The protected site was mutated to analyze its role in promoter activity. Results: Reporter gene assays revealed that intestine-specific expression of guanylyl cyclase C is directed by the proximal promoter. Deoxyribonuclease I footprinting identified a specific site in the proximal promoter that exhibited intestine-specific protection. EMSAs and supershift analyses revealed that the transcription factor Cdx2 bound to an intestine-specific site of protection. Mutation of the Cdx2-protected site of the promoter eliminated binding of Cdx2 and reduced reporter gene activity to the level of extraintestinal cells. Conclusions: These data show that Cdx2 and its consensus-binding site in the promoter are required for intestine-specific expression of the guanylyl cyclase C gene.
Cavernous sinus tumor model in the canine: a simulation model for cavernous sinus tumor surgery.

Objective The recent limitations of working hours for neurosurgical trainees carry the risk of decreasing the amount of microsurgical experience. In the absence of enough surgical exposure to some pathological states, an alternative option of a more continuous source of tactile and visual experience that simulates the real-life state is needed. To help with this problem, we established a cavernous sinus tumor model in the canine. Methods A gliosarcoma cell line that was harvested from a tumor model in nude mice was implanted in six mongrel dogs. In the first group (two dogs), the cell line was implanted in the dural leaflets of the cavernous sinus. (Immunosuppression was used in one dog.) In the second group (four dogs), the cell line was implanted in the region of the gasserian ganglion. (Immunosuppression was used in all four dogs.) The condition of each dog was followed through neurological examinations and serial magnetic resonance imaging. The cavernous sinus region later was explored, after which the dogs were later killed and histopathological evaluations of the cavernous sinus region was carried out. Results The initial cell line implanted within the dural leaflets of the cavernous sinus showed no evidence of tumor growth. The tumor grew in all four dogs that had the gliosarcoma cell line implanted in the region of the gasserian ganglion. The clinical and radiological features as well as the experience of the surgical dissection of these tumors simulated cavernous sinus tumors in humans. Conclusion We established the first cavernous sinus tumor model in the canine. This model simulates the real-life pathological state, and it can be used as an alternative source of surgical experience to advance surgical skills.
Customer voluntary performance: Customers as partners in service delivery

Abstract Customers contribute to service quality through their roles as promoters of the firm, co-producers of the firm 's service and consultants to the organization. A model of customer voluntary performance (CVP) is developed and empirically tested with a sample of grocery customers. Customer voluntary performance refers to helpful, discretionary customer behaviors that support the ability of the firm to deliver service quality. Global customer satisfaction, perceived support for customers and customer commitment are considered as antecedents of CVP. Interrelationships among these variables are also considered. The results provide support for eight of the twelve hypothesized relationships. Implications of the study are discussed for researchers and managers.
Modeling and Control of a 2-D Membrane Mirror With a PZT Bimorph

The future of space satellite technology lies in ultra-large mirrors and radar apertures for significant improvements in imaging and communication bandwidths. The availability of optical-quality membranes drives a parallel effort for structural models that can capture the dominant dynamics of large, ultra-flexible satellite payloads. Unfortunately, the inherent flexibility of membrane mirrors wrecks havoc with the payload's on-orbit stability and maneuverability. One possible means of controlling these undesirable dynamics is by embedding active piezoelectric ceramics near the boundary of the membrane mirror. In doing so, active feedback control can be used to eliminate detrimental vibration, perform static shape control, and evaluate the health of the structure. In the present work, a piezoceramic wafer was attached in a bimorph configuration near the boundary of a tensioned rectangular membrane sample. A finite element model of the system was developed to capture the relevant system dynamics from 0 – 500 Hz. The finite element model was compared to experimental results with fair agreement. Using the validated finite element models, structural control using Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) control techniques were then used to demonstrate effective vibration control. Typical results show that less than 12 V of actuation voltage is required to eliminate detrimental vibration of the membrane samples in less than 15 ms. The functional gains of the active system are also derived and presented. These spatially descriptive control terms dictate favorable regions within the membrane domain to place sensors.© 2006 ASME
Early postnatal physical and behavioural development of degus (Octodon degus)

Summary6 litters of Octodon degus were studied from birth to 10 days of age. Newly-born degus (mean weight 14·6 g) had open eyes, upper and lower pigment, fur, and teeth. Within 3–4 hours of birth they were able to walk supporting their full weight, right themselves rapidly, sit upright on their haunches, or rear upright with support, and vocalize. By the 1st or 2nd day, the young animals displayed functional grooming (face washing, hind-paw scratching, rapid head-shake). Solid food was ingested from day 6, although newborns chewed wood chips and 3–day olds gnawed dried faeces. Young degus were tested daily in an open field apparatus and showed increased activity and exploration, with repeated testing while decreasing distress vocalization after the 4th or 5th day. Degus are proposed for the study of developmental topics since their degree of development at birth allows for immediate testing. The degus studied here seem to be more fully developed at birth than those studied in Britain.
Early estimation of software quality using in-process testing metrics: a controlled case study

In industrial practice, information on post-release field quality of a product tends to become available too late in the software development process to affordably guide corrective actions. An important step towards remediation of this problem of late information lies in the ability to provide an early estimation of software post-release field quality. This paper presents the use of a suite of in-process metrics that leverages the software testing effort to provide (1) an estimation of potential software field quality in early software development phases, and (2) the identification of low quality software programs. A controlled case study conducted at North Carolina State University provides initial indication that our approach is effective for making an early assessment of post-release field quality.
The electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram in ventricular septal defect.

Abstract 1. 1. The electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram in ventricular septal defect may be normal or show variable degrees of left or right ventricular hypertrophy or of combined ventricular hypertrophy. The changes depend on the size of the defect, the magnitude of the left-to-right shunt, the severity of the pulmonary hypertension and infundibular hypertrophy of the right ventricle. 2. 2. A normal electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram generally indicate a small defect and a small left-to-right shunt. 3. 3. Left ventricular overloading or hypertrophy indicates a moderate-sized to large leftto-right shunt. 4. 4. Combined ventricular hypertrophy is observed in moderate to severe defects with large left-to-right shunts, with or without pulmonary hypertension. 5. 5. Electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic signs of pure right ventricular hypertrophy are uncommon and when present indicate either severe pulmonary hypertension or infundibular stenosis of the right ventricle due to hypertrophy of the crista. Increasing signs of right ventricular hypertrophy suggest increasing right ventricular hypertension due to one of these two factors. 6. 6. The electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram can aid in the differentiation of ventricular septal defect from atrial septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, patent ductus arteriosus, common A-V canal, tetralogy of Fallot and Eisenmenger's complex.
A qualitative study of how African American men who stutter attribute meaning to identity and life choices.

Abstract To date, few studies have explored the life experience of people who stutter. In addition, few qualitative studies have been conducted with people who stutter of historically disadvantaged race-ethnic groups. This study was designed to explore how African American men who stutter view communication, identity and life choices. A qualitative approach was used that focused on the life experiences of African American men who stutter. Six men who identified themselves as both African American and people who stutter participated in this study. The primary investigator conducted an initial 60 to 90 minute semistructured, videotaped interview with each participant. Transcriptions were made of these sessions, and analyzed for major and minor themes. Each participant returned approximately a week later to review the data analysis. Results indicated that the interaction of communication, ethnicity, and culture affected how the participants perceived themselves, their stuttering, and their life choices. Educational objectives: The reader will be able to: (1) explain the importance of culture in the life experiences of people who stutter, (2) discuss how qualitative methodology can be clinically useful when working with people who stutter, and (3) describe the major themes associated with the six participants in this study.
Community Policing: Broken Windows, Community Building, and Satisfaction with the Police

The concept of community policing dominates the law enforcement profession today. One would be hard pressed to find an advertisement for a police chief's position that does not require a thorough understanding of this method of policing. Like the Kansas City preventive patrol experiment and the Rand report on the criminal investigation process, the call for community policing has led to dramatic changes in the way that police carry out their responsibilities. In spite of its popularity, there have been a number of challenges to community policing from social scientists who are particularly concerned about the ‘broken windows' model of policing. These challenges have not been received well by the law enforcement community, which argues that sociologists are wedded to the idea that crime is caused by the structural features of capitalist society, including economic injustice, racism, and poverty. The purpose of this article is to bridge the gap between these two positions. Yes, there is a place for communit...
Transparent U.S. Monetary Policy: Theory and Tests

In 1994, the Federal Reserve System moved to a more transparent reporting of monetary policy. This article assesses the impact of monetary policy transparency on uncertainty about future monetary policy using T-bill rate forecast dispersions and ex post forecast errors from the Survey of Professional Forecasters as a proxy for monetary policy uncertainty. The empirical findings confirm that Federal Reserve transparency has reduced the uncertainty about future monetary policy.
Longitudinal study of physiologic insulin resistance and metabolic changes of puberty.

Cross-sectional studies have shown that 1) adolescents are insulin resistant compared with prepubertal children and adults, 2) pubertal insulin resistance is likely mediated by growth hormone (GH), and 3) pubertal insulin resistance is associated with increased fat oxidation and decreased glucose oxidation. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of these cross-sectional observations by performing a longitudinal study in normal children during the prepubertal and pubertal periods. Nine healthy, normal weight, prepubertal children underwent hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic and hyperglycemic clamp studies for evaluation of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. Children had repeat evaluations during puberty. Consistent with cross-sectional observations, this longitudinal study demonstrated that during puberty: 1) insulin sensitivity decreased by ∼50%, 2) the decrease in insulin sensitivity was compensated by a doubling in insulin secretion, and 3) the decrease in insulin sensitivity was independent of changes in percentage of body fat. Puberty was associated with increased total body lipolysis and decreased glucose oxidation. A novel observation is the demonstration of ∼50% decrease in adiponectin levels at the pubertal time point. These metabolic changes are proposed to be partially mediated by increased GH secretion and are consistent with the Randle cycle of competition between glucose and fat oxidation.
THE CELL POPULATION KINETICS AND RESPONSE TO AN S‐PHASE SPECIFIC AGENT OF THREE TRANSPLANTABLE COLON TUMOR LINES

The relative cell population kinetics of three transplantable murine colon tumor lines (Colon 26, 36 and 38) with different histological and metastatic characteristics were studied in relation to the response of each line to an S-phase specific agent. The mean doubling times for the three lines between 0.1 and 1.0 g are similar (4.2 days) but marked differences are apparent in times to tumor appearance (0.1 g) and in median days to death. The length of the cell cycle is about one day and the length of the S-phase 10-11 hr for Colon 36 and 38. The length of the cell cycle in Colon 26 is difficult to estimate by conventional methods but probably exceeds 24 hr and the S-phase is 10-11 hr; [3H]TdR pulse labeling indices for Colon 36 and 38 decrease with time and tumor size from about 0.45 in 0.1 to 0.2 g tumors to about 0.33 at 3 g. The decrease in the [3H]TdR labeling index for Colon 26 is more pronounced (from about 0.38 at 0.1 g to 0.21 at 1.0 g). The shapes of the PLM curves and the [3H]TdR labeling index data are consistent with the observed sensitivity to an S-phase specific agent (Palmo-AraC, NSC 135962) in Colon 36 and the minimal response observed in Colon 26. Colon 38 is intermediate between Colon 36 and Colon 26 in kinetic properties and in response to the S-phase agent.
Application of acoustic emission to flaw detection in engineering materials

Monitoring of structures under operating loads to provide an early warning of possible failure to locate flaws in test specimens subjected to uniaxial tensile loading is presented. Test specimens used are mild steel prismatic bars with small holes at different locations. When the test specimen is loaded, acoustic emission data are automatically collected by two acoustic transducers located at opposite sides of the hole and processed by an acoustic emission analyzer. The processed information yields the difference in arrival times at the transducers, which uniquely determines the flaw location. By using this technique, flaws were located to within 8 percent of their true location. The use of acoustic emission in linear location to locate a flaw in a material is demonstrated. It is concluded that this one-dimensional application could be extended to the general flaw location problem through triangulation.
Socioeconomic status and cell aging in children.

Abstract Theory suggests that chronic stress associated with disadvantaged social status may lead to acceleration in the rate of decline in physiological functioning. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between parental socioeconomic status (SES) and leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a marker of cell aging, in children. We examined SES and LTL in 70 white and black US children aged 7–13 who participated in the community-based AMERICO (Admixture Mapping for Ethnic and Racial Insulin Complex Outcomes) study. LTL was assessed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Parental education was positively associated with child LTL, net of controls for sex, age, race/ethnicity, and family income. Compared to children with at least one college-educated parent, children whose parents never attended college had telomeres shorter by 1,178 base pairs, which is roughly equivalent to 6 years of additional aging. Socioeconomic disparities in cell aging are evident in early life, long before the onset of age-related diseases.