cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are the effects of divided attention on memory encoding processes due to the disruption of deep-level elaborative processes? Evidence from cued- and free-recall tasks

Abstract Whereas numerous studies have indicated that divided attention (DA) at encoding significantly disrupts later memory for the studied information, the underlying mechanisms of this effect remain unclear. Following from our recent investigation (Naveh-Benjamin, Guez, Hara, Brubaker, & Lowenschuss-Erlich, 2014) that used an item recognition task, in the current study we further assess the degree to which deep-level semantically-elaborative processes are affected under DA. We compared the effects of DA at encoding under incidental and intentional learning instructions on later cued-recall and free recall tasks, which have been shown to benefit from deep-level elaboration during encoding. The results of two experiments, in which participants studied word pairs or lists of words under either full or divided attention, converged in systematically showing that DA at encoding reduced cued-recall and free recall to the same degree under incidental and intentional learning. Furthermore, the detrimental effects of DA on memory were similar regardless of the encoding strategy reported by the participants. The results do not support the suggestion that deep-level effortful elaborative processes are major ones affected by DA and the role of other potential underlying processes is discussed.
Effects of trapping effort and trap placement on estimating abundance of Humboldt’s flying squirrels

Live trapping is a common tool used to assess demography of small mammals. However, live-trapping is often expensive and stressful to captured individuals. Thus, assessing the relative tradeoffs among study goals, project expenses, and animal well-being is necessary. Here, we evaluated how apparent bias and precision of estimates for apparent annual survival, abundance, capture probability, and recapture probability of Humboldt's flying squirrels (Glaucomys oregonensis) varied with the number of secondary trapping occasions. We used data from forested sites trapped on 12 consecutive occasions annually in the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest (9 sites, 6 years) and the Siuslaw National Forest (seven sites, three years) in Oregon. We used Huggins robust design models to estimate parameters of interest for the first 4, 8, and 12 trapping occasions. We also estimated the effect of attaching Tomahawk traps to tree boles on site- and year-specific flying squirrel capture frequencies. Our estimates with 12 occasions were similar to those from previous studies. Abundances and capture probabilities were variable among years on both sites; however, variation was much lower on the Siuslaw sites. Reducing the length of primary trapping occasions from 12 to 8 nights had very little impact on parameter estimates, but further reducing the length of primary trapping occasions to four nights caused substantial apparent bias in parameter estimates and decreased precision. We found that attaching Tomahawk traps to tree boles increased the site- and year-specific capture frequency of flying squirrels. Our results suggest that live-trapping studies targeting Humboldt's flying squirrels in the Pacific Northwest of the United States could reduce per-site costs and stress to captured individuals without biasing estimates by reducing the length of primary trapping occasions to 8 nights. We encourage similar analyses for other commonly-trapped species in these and other ecosystems.
Anorectic state of obesity medications in the United States. Are leaner times ahead

Introduction: Obesity is considered to be a chronic disease. Currently there are five prescription-only medications on the US market for the long-term management of obesity. However, these medications are underutilized by obese or overweight individuals seeking medical assistance for weight management.Areas covered: This special report provides an overview of the emerging obesity pharmacotherapies based on the data available from recruiting and active phase II/III trials from a registry of clinical trials. The authors also give their expert opinion and provide their future perspectives on the treatment of obesity based on what is known.Expert opinion: Despite obesity being a chronic condition affecting 40% of the US population, there is a low demand for obesity medications in the US market. Although the potential obesity medications that are currently being investigated in phase II/III clinical trials are promising, it is unclear whether the future pharmacotherapies will be enough to meet the health care need.
Trimethylamine-N-oxide acutely increases cardiac muscle contractility

Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a uremic metabolite that is elevated in the setting of CKD, has been implicated as a nontraditional risk factor for cardiovascular disease. While association studies have linked elevated plasma levels of TMAO to adverse cardiovascular outcomes, its direct effect on cardiac and smooth muscle function remains to be fully elucidated. We hypothesized that pathological concentrations of TMAO would acutely increase cardiac and smooth muscle contractility. These effects may ultimately contribute to cardiac dysfunction during CKD. High levels of TMAO significantly increased paced, ex vivo human cardiac muscle biopsy contractility (P 0.05). Multiphoton microscopy, used to capture changes in intracellular calcium in paced, adult mouse hearts ex vivo, showed that TMAO significantly increased intracellular calcium fluorescence (P 0.05). We conclude that TMAO directly increases the force of cardiac contractility, which corresponds with TMAO-induced increases in intracellular calcium but does not acutely affect vascular smooth muscle or endothelial function of the aorta. It remains to be determined if this acute inotropic action on cardiac muscle is ultimately beneficial or harmful in the setting of CKD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate for the first time that elevated concentrations of TMAO acutely augment myocardial contractile force ex vivo in both murine and human cardiac tissue. To gain mechanistic insight into the processes that led to this potentiation in cardiac contraction, we used two-photon microscopy to evaluate intracellular calcium in ex vivo whole hearts loaded with the calcium indicator dye Fluo-4. Acute treatment with TMAO resulted in increased Fluo-4 fluorescence, indicating that augmented cytosolic calcium plays a role in the effects of TMAO on force production. Lastly, TMAO did not show an effect on aortic smooth muscle contraction or relaxation properties. Our results demonstrate novel, acute, and direct actions of TMAO on cardiac function and help lay the groundwork for future translational studies investigating the complex multiorgan interplay involved in cardiovascular pathogenesis during CKD.
Chapter 2 – Production And Use

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses production, use, and price statistics of copper around the world. The locations of the world's principal copper producing plants are described through tables. Nearly half of the world's mined copper originates in the western mountain region of South America. Copper acts as an excellent electrical conductor and has excellent corrosion resistance and formability properties. Its high thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance are also exploited in many heat transfer applications. The largest applications of copper are in building construction and electronic products. The first stage of copper extraction is beneficiation of ore to high-grade concentrate. Concentrators and leach, or solvent extraction, or electrowinning plants are located near their mines. Smelters and refineries are being located on seacoasts so that they can receive concentrates from all the world's mines. Proper statistics and flowcharts of principal commercial copper minerals, world production of copper, principal primary smelters of the world, and copper electro refineries are provided. About 14 million tons of copper come into use per year, of which 85 to 90% comes from new mine production and 10 to 15% from recycled used objects.
COVID-19: A Medical Student’s Perspective

As a 3rd year medical student who was on the inpatient medicine wards when the pandemic broke out, my life is jarringly discontinuous with what it was before. While I know many students have returned to their education in some form online, there is no replacement educational experience for being on the wards. One week I was waking up before sunrise to pre-round on patients, managing aspiration pneumonia and alcohol withdrawal, and feeling like a member of the medical team. The next week, I was at home in my pajamas, wishing my team good luck and hoping for some kind of news, some kind of certainty.
Novel Therapies for Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor, and the available treatment options are limited. This article reviews the recent preclinical and clinical investigations that seek to expand the repertoire of effective medical and radiotherapy options for GBM. Recent phase III trials evaluating checkpoint inhibition did not result in significant survival benefit. Select vaccine strategies have yielded promising results in early phase clinical studies and warrant further validation. Various targeted therapies are being explored but have yet to see breakthrough results. In addition, novel radiotherapy approaches are in development to maximize safe dose delivery. A multitude of preclinical and clinical studies in GBM explore promising immunotherapies, targeted agents, and novel radiation modalities. Recent phase III trial failures have once more highlighted the profound tumor heterogeneity and diverse resistance mechanisms of glioblastoma. This calls for the development of biomarker-driven and personalized treatment approaches.
Assessing atherothrombotic burden with optical coherence tomography analysis may facilitate post-PCI prognostication and antiplatelet therapy

Atherothrombotic burden (ATB) correlates with myocardial blush grade (MBG), a known predictor of mortality and outcome after ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Quantitative or semiquantitative analysis of ATB with optical coherence tomography may assist interventional cardiologists in post-PCI prognostication and, perhaps, in rendering more aggressive antiplatelet therapy. Future studies comparing treatment strategies for post-PCI patients with elevated ATB or depressed MBG may identify best practices after acute coronary syndromes.
OCTA in Glaucoma

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a noninvasive, fast, and cost-effective modality that provides high-resolution 3D imaging of the retinal microvasculature. OCTA uses the variation in optical coherence tomography (OCT) signal caused by moving particles—namely, red blood cells—as the contrast agent for imaging blood flow. Sequential repeated scans are obtained to extract signals that are indicative of the moving red blood cells, upon which to create the angiographic image of the perfused microvasculature. First FDA approved in 2015, OCTA has significant advantages to its precursor technologies. Fluorescein angiography, laser Doppler flowmetry and laser speckle flowgraphy, Doppler OCT, and color Doppler ultrasonography previously demonstrated reduced optic disc perfusion and retrobulbar blood flow in glaucomatous eyes but were limited in their abilities to see the microcirculation. Since 2015, there has been a wealth of literature demonstrating the ability of OCTA to identify glaucoma and even its various stages of severity. These studies have demonstrated its correlations with structural and functional measures of the disease and have suggested potential advantages to traditional OCT assessment of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. Future longitudinal studies will help to understand the role of OCTA in identifying disease progression and may also aid efforts to understand the role of vascular abnormalities in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. This chapter details evidence for the current utility of OCTA for clinical assessment of glaucoma, highlights its potential as both a clinical and research tool, and discusses practical pearls for incorporating it into your practice.
The pre-history of the communist future in Czechoslovakia: Case studies in architecture and revolutionary socialism before 1948:

Scholars have recently written about the importance of Marxism and political agitation within architectural discourses of post-war East Central Europe. Less attention has been paid to the period be...
Analyzing Elementary Teachers’ Advocacy for Emergent Bilinguals as Identity Dissonances from Cognitive, Emotional, and Social Perspectives

This study investigates how an elementary-level content classroom teacher and an elementary-level ESL teacher in a metropolitan region in Massachusetts negotiated teachers’ identities and identity ...
Analysis of radiation-induced cooling and growth of mist and cloud droplets

Abstract Radiative heat transfer from a dilute, optically thin assembly of water droplets in air to a remote heat sink (e.g., cloud tops to outer space) is analyzed, including droplet-vapor conduction, vapor-phase mass transfer, and liquid-vapor phase change. Predictions are compared with a recent laboratory study and show improvement over preliminary modeling efforts [Brewster et al. 2020]. Results highlight: (i) the validity of the quasi-steady vapor-supersaturation assumption, (ii) the importance of unintended droplet solution effects, and (iii) the effects of internal (isothermal) equilibration of droplet-surface supersaturations vs. external (radiative cooling) equilibration on droplet growth. This analysis produces simple formulas for the time scales for condensational growth and for cooling or thermal equilibration of radiatively cooled, emitting/absorbing, conducting, and condensing droplets under near-saturation conditions. Both time scales—growth and cooling—are of the order of minutes. The growth time scale is a strong function of temperature and the cooling time scale is a strong function of droplet volume fraction. The growth time scale decreases, i.e., the process goes faster, for warmer droplets, e.g., with simultaneous conductive heating; it also decreases as droplet diameter decreases, indicating that radiatively-induced growth can happen even for small (
Facilitating Inspiration: Design of the Textiles Archive Design Application (TADA)

A key goal of textile design education is to provide students entering the field opportunities to develop a strong design process, and beginning students, in particular, must learn about helpful concept development resources and how to use them to initiate design work and provide direction for further research. In addition, sources of inspiration serve an important role in the development of the design process by activating, prompting, and guiding designers? activities. This article is a case study of a collaborative project undertaken to develop a web-based app, Textiles Archive Design Application (TADA), to provide both a source for inspiration and a foundation for theoretical and conceptual knowledge in textile pattern design among students taking their first textile design course at the undergraduate level.
Effects of Doxorubicin Delivery by Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots on Cancer Cell Growth: Experimental Study and Mathematical Modeling.

With 18 million new cases diagnosed each year worldwide, cancer strongly impacts both science and society. Current models of cancer cell growth and therapeutic efficacy in vitro are time-dependent and often do not consider the Emax value (the maximum reduction in the growth rate), leading to inconsistencies in the obtained IC50 (concentration of the drug at half maximum effect). In this work, we introduce a new dual experimental/modeling approach to model HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cell growth and assess the efficacy of doxorubicin chemotherapeutics, whether alone or delivered by novel nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs). These biocompatible/biodegradable nanoparticles were used for the first time in this work for the delivery and fluorescence tracking of doxorubicin, ultimately decreasing its IC50 by over 1.5 and allowing for the use of up to 10 times lower doses of the drug to achieve the same therapeutic effect. Based on the experimental in vitro studies with nanomaterial-delivered chemotherapy, we also developed a method of cancer cell growth modeling that (1) includes an Emax value, which is often not characterized, and (2), most importantly, is measurement time-independent. This will allow for the more consistent assessment of the efficiency of anti-cancer drugs and nanomaterial-delivered formulations, as well as efficacy improvements of nanomaterial delivery.
Advancing President Biden’s Equity Agenda — Lessons from Disparities Work

Advancing President Biden’s Equity Agenda On his first day in office, President Biden signed an executive order on advancing racial equity and supporting underserved communities. This policy presen...
Febrile seizures

•Febrile seizures should not be treated with continuous or intermittent antiepileptic medication. Parents should be given a comprehensive explanation as to the nature of this benign disorder and potential strategies to terminate prolonged seizures or clusters of seizures. •Patients with complex febrile seizures (ie, those that are prolonged, focal, recur within the same day or those which affect children with pre-existing neurologic abnormalities) should be encouraged to use rectal diazepam at the time of recurrent seizures. Chronic daily prophylaxis should be considered only in highly selected cases. •There is no definitive way to distinguish the small subset of children with febrile seizures that are at an increased risk for the development of complex partial epilepsy with mesial temporal sclerosis. Complex febrile seizures, particularly focal and prolonged seizures beyond 15 minutes duration are at somewhat higher risk as demonstrated by family studies, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, and retrospective analysis of intractable complex partial epilepsy.
Gender Differences in Male Depression and Suicide Risk

Suicide is the leading cause of violent death in the United States with the rates being significantly higher among males. Gender differences in the presentation of depression may lead to an underre...
Addition of dichlorocarbene to cis-1,4-poly(2-trimethylsilylmethyl-1,3-butadiene)

Copolymers made up of 1,4-(2,3-dichloromethylene-2-trimethylsilylmethyl-1,3-butadiene) (I) and 1,5-(3-chloro-2-methylene-pent-3-ene) (II) units have been prepared by potassium fluoride elimination of trimethylchlorosilane from cis-1,4-poly(2.3-dichloromethylene-2-trimethylsilylmethyl-1,3-butadiene) (III). III was prepared by the addition of dichlorocarbene to 1,4-poly-(2-trimethylsilylmethyl-1,3-butadiene) (cis/trans = 9/1) (IV). Polymer III was characterized by 1h, 13C and 29Si NMR as well as by elemental analysis. The copolymer was characterized by 1H, 13C and 29Si NMR spectroscopy. The ratio of I and II units in the copolymer were determined by 1H NMR and elemental analysis.
Famotidine‐Associated Mental Status Changes

A 77-year-old man who had taken ranitidine for several years for dyspepsia was prescribed alternative therapy with famotidine 20 mg twice/day. He subsequently developed mental status changes, with confusion, disorientation, and nightmares. The symptoms dissipated after he discontinued famotidine for 2 days. He rechallenged himself and experienced return of the symptoms shortly thereafter, with additional visual hallucinations. His therapy was changed to lansoprazole, and his symptoms again disappeared and have not recurred. Case reports of central nervous system effects with other histamine2 antagonists have been published. Eight cases occurred with famotidine, all of which were in hospitalized patients receiving intravenous famotidine. We believe this is the first report of mental status changes in an ambulatory patient taking oral famotidine. The elderly may be particularly susceptible to such changes.
Phosphorylation of β-Catenin by AKT Promotes β-Catenin Transcriptional Activity *

Increased transcriptional activity of β-catenin resulting from Wnt/Wingless-dependent or -independent signaling has been detected in many types of human cancer, but the underlying mechanism of Wnt-independent regulation is poorly understood. We have demonstrated that AKT, which is activated downstream from epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, phosphorylates β-catenin at Ser552 in vitro and in vivo. AKT-mediated phosphorylation of β-catenin causes its disassociation from cell-cell contacts and accumulation in both the cytosol and the nucleus and enhances its interaction with 14-3-3ζ via a binding motif containing Ser552. Phosphorylation of β-catenin by AKT increases its transcriptional activity and promotes tumor cell invasion, indicating that AKT-dependent regulation of β-catenin plays a critical role in tumor invasion and development.
Abstract #3: Molecular target for dietary prevention of chronic breast cell carcinogenesis

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 18-22, 2009; Denver, CO This study is to identify molecular targets for dietary grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) in early prevention of chronic breast cell carcinogenesis induced by environmental carcinogens. Carcinogenesis of human breast epithelial cells from non-cancerous to precancerous and cancerous stages is a multiyear, multistep, and multipath disease process. Epidemiologic and experimental evidence suggests that dietary constituents in fruits and vegetables prevent human cancers. However, the mechanisms for dietary prevention of precancerous carcinogenesis induced by chronic exposure to environmental carcinogens remain to be elucidated. To investigate dietary prevention of chronic human breast cell carcinogenesis, we studied cellular and molecular target endpoints by long-term exposure of human breast epithelial cells to environmental pollutions with low doses of carcinogens. Immortalized, non-cancerous human breast epithelial MCF10A cells were repeatedly exposed to combined carcinogens 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), each at picomolar concentrations, to induce increasing acquisition of cancer-related cellular and molecular changes. We then used these cellular and molecular changes as target endpoints to reveal the activity of dietary GSPE in suppression of NNK- and B[a]P-induced cellular carcinogenesis. Using siRNAs to knock down gene expression, we verified the role of identified molecular targets in cellular acquisition of cancer-related properties. Our approach provides a human breast, precancerous carcinogenesis-cellular model to serve as a cost-efficient, in vitro system equipped with cellular and molecular target endpoints to identify bioactive dietary components that suppress human breast cell carcinogenesis in order to reduce the health risk of breast cancers caused by long-term exposure to carcinogens in environmental pollution. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 3.
A Rb 532 nm Stark anomalous dispersion optical filter for doubled Nd:YAG lasers

A Rb 532 nm Stark anomalous dispersion optical filter consists of an atomic vapor cell between crossed polarizers subjected to an electrical field transverse to the optical path, and a constant magnetic field along the optical path. The color glass filters are used to reject the infrared radiation. The 795 nm optical pumping is needed to populate the lower level of the filter transition. When linearly polarized light travels through a dispersive atomic vapor cell, a polarization rotation occurs. This polarization rotation is mainly due to the resonant Faraday effect. >
Humanitarian Military Intervention: The Conditions for Success and Failure

Military intervention in a conflict without a reasonable prospect of success is unjustifiable, especially when it is done in the name of humanity. Couched in the debate on the responsibility to protect civilians from violence and drawing on traditional 'just war' principles, the central premise of this book is that humanitarian military intervention can be justified as a policy option only if decision makers can be reasonably sure that intervention will do more good than harm. This book asks, 'Have past humanitarian military interventions been successful?' It defines success as saving lives and sets out a methodology for estimating the number of lives saved by a particular military intervention. Analysis of 17 military operations in six conflict areas that were the defining cases of the 1990s-northern Iraq after the Gulf War, Somalia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Rwanda, Kosovo and East Timor-shows that the majority were successful by this measure. In every conflict studied, however, some military interventions succeeded while others failed, raising the question, 'Why have some past interventions been more successful than others?' This book argues that the central factors determining whether a humanitarian intervention succeeds are the objectives of the intervention and the military strategy employed by the intervening states. Four types of humanitarian military intervention are offered: helping to deliver emergency aid, protecting aid operations, saving the victims of violence and defeating the perpetrators of violence. The focus on strategy within these four types allows an exploration of the political and military dimensions of humanitarian intervention and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each of the four types. Humanitarian military intervention is controversial. Scepticism is always in order about the need to use military force because the consequences can be so dire. Yet it has become equally controversial not to intervene when a government subjects its citizens to massive violation of their basic human rights. This book recognizes the limits of humanitarian intervention but does not shy away from suggesting how military force can save lives in extreme circumstances.
α,β-Methylene ATP elicits a reflex pressor response arising from muscle in decerebrate cats

In part, the exercise pressor reflex is believed to be evoked by chemical stimuli signaling that blood supply to exercising muscles is not adequate to meet its metabolic demands. There is evidence ...
Student Reaction to High School Language Laboratory Activities

laboratory teachings is closely related to the time spent in the laboratory, the material covered in the laboratory, and the type of laboratory equipment used.2 An excellent review of the theoretical implications of methods of language instruction has been compiled by Wilga M. Rivers.3 Much further research will be necessary to establish the optimum utilization of laboratory time to derive the greatest benefits for students in terms of particular skills acquired. Since audio-lingual activities are primarily designed for student participation, it was postulated that one approach to the investigation of laboratory learning would be from the student's viewpoint. The present study was initiated to explore the possibilities of this approach.
Immune modulation of minimal residual disease in early chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia

BACKGROUND: Most patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) harbor residual disease, as evidenced by molecular techniques even after treatment with high-dose imatinib (ie, 800 mg/d). Interferon alpha (IFN α) is efficacious in CML likely due to its immunomodulatory properties, and is synergistic in vitro with imatinib and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). METHODS: A study was undertaken to determine whether adding pegylated (PEG) IFN α-2b and GM-CSF to high-dose imatinib may improve the complete molecular response rate in patients with CML in chronic phase. Ninety-four patients were treated with imatinib 800 mg/d for the first 6 months, then randomly assigned to continue high-dose imatinib alone (n = 49) or in combination with PEG IFN α-2b 0.5 μg/kg/wk and GM-CSF 125 mg/m2 3× weekly (n = 45). RESULTS: The median follow-up for all patients was 54 months (range, 7-70 months). There were no differences in the rates of complete cytogenetic response (87% vs 90%; P = 1.0), or of major (77% vs 77%; P = 1.0) or complete (11% vs 13%; P = 1.0) molecular response (on the international scale) at 12 months between the 2 arms, or at any time during the study. Adverse events led to PEG IFN α-2b discontinuation in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of PEG IFN α-2b and GM-CSF to high-dose imatinib therapy does not improve significantly the cytogenetic or molecular response rates compared with high-dose imatinib alone. The high dropout rate in the PEG IFN α-2b arm may have compromised its potential immunomodulatory benefit. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Frank T. Denton, Deborah Fretz, & Byron G. Spencer (Eds.). Independence and economic security in old age. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press, 2000.

Ce livre reunit une serie d'etudes portant sur la population ainee du Canada et plus particulierement sur l'autonomie et la securite personnelle de ses membres. Il resulte de trois ans d'efforts d'une equipe de chercheurs representant differentes disciplines. C'est pourquoi certains chapitres ont ete ecrits par des economistes, d'autres par des travailleurs sociaux et des sociologues ou encore par des chercheurs en sante ou des gerontologues. Redige sous la forme d'une monographie, les quatorze chapitres sont plus techniques et empiriques que theoriques et abordent des themes assez varies. A premiere vue, ils peuvent meme sembler disparates. Mais en realite, ils font ressortir quatre themes principaux: le bien-etre economique a venir des aine(e)s; le role des economies chez les aine(e)s; le role des facteurs non economiques (mouvements de population, sante, independance, la «productivite» a la retraite); et enfin, les facteurs qui influent sur le bien-etre economique des femmes. Il faut signaler que la lecture de ce livre n'apportera pas au lecteur une connaissance complete de ces themes. La plupart des themes abordes se situent a la fine pointe de la recherche et appartiennent a des secteurs circonscrits et on s'adresse ici a des lecteurs qui ont deja amplement examine le sujet.
Homozygosity mapping approach identifies a missense mutation in equine cyclophilin B (PPIB) associated with HERDA in the American Quarter Horse

Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA), a degenerative skin disease that affects the Quarter Horse breed, was localized to ECA1 by homozygosity mapping. Comparative genomics allowed the development of equine gene-specific markers which were used with a set of affected horses to detect a homozygous, identical-by-descent block spanning approximately 2.5 Mb, suggesting a recent origin for the HERDA mutation. We report a mutation in cyclophilin B (PPIB) as a novel, causal candidate gene for HERDA. A c.115G>A missense mutation in PPIB alters a glycine residue that has been conserved across vertebrates. The mutation was homozygous in 64 affected horses and segregates concordant with inbreeding loops apparent in the genealogy of 11 affected horses. Screening of control Quarter Horses indicates a 3.5% carrier frequency. The development of a test that can detect affected horses prior to development of clinical signs and carriers of HERDA will allow Quarter Horse breeders to eliminate this debilitating disease.
The effects of liquid metal embrittlement on high temperature fatigue of 2. 25 Cr-1 Mo steel in liquid lithium

The fatigue crack propagation characteristics of a 2.25 Cr-1 Mo steel were investigated in argon and lithium with either < 100 ppm or approximately 2000 ppm dissolved nitrogen. Data, which extend those presented previously, were obtained for temperatures of 673 to 873 K and loading frequencies of 0.05 to 20 Hz. At a constant imposed stress intensity factor, the growth rate in argon decreased with an increase in frequency for all test temperatures. In contrast, the growth rate was enhanced by the presence of lithium and shown to increase significantly with an increase in frequency at the lower test temperatures. The lithium enhanced growth rates resulted from strain rate induced liquid metal embrittlement (LME). The loading frequencytemperature conditions necessary for LME were predicted from a model based on the achievement of a critical strain rate dependent flow stress at the tip of a propagating fatigue crack. The results correlated with fractographic observations which showed a transition from deformation controlled fatigue crack growth at low frequencies to LME controlled cleavage formation at high frequencies.
Preventing postpartum depression

Major depression is a frequent complication of the postpartum period. Untreated postpartum depression increases the risk of maternal suicide and can impair parenting capability with resultant adverse effects on offspring development. A number of factors influence a woman's vulnerability to postpartum depressive episodes. This article summarizes processes for assessing these risk factors and implementing primary preventive interventions, and summarizes methods of early detection to promote secondary and tertiary prevention.
Simulating hospital evacuation—the influence of traffic and evacuation time windows

Hospital operators typically do not have the luxury of carrying out a sufficient number of full-scale drills to accurately predict performance (eg, evacuation completion time, time required to evacuate a patient, when to start the evacuation, etc) during evacuation. This research presents a stochastic model via simulation to address an advanced-notice evacuation event such as a hurricane. We employ a simulation-optimization approach, comparing the benefits of additional simulation replications or additional simulation test scenarios in providing statistical accuracy in the results. We then identify the staffing and vehicle transport requirements within a pre-specified evacuation time period while minimizing cost. Moreover, we provide these managers with a modelling framework that can indicate if their current resource set is inadequate to evacuate the patient population within the specified time period. Because the operational costs can be highly variable by facility, we present two alternate cost structures in the analysis. Finally, we consider the effect of varying the evacuation start time on overall cost, as well as evacuation completion. By accounting for competing traffic flow from the mass population evacuation, it would be in the best interest of the hospital to begin their evacuation early, however this is often not an option due to the uncertainty in weather predictions several days prior to hurricane landfall.
Jeremy Bentham: utilitarianism, public policy and the administrative state

This article critiques the major works of Jeremy Bentham as they apply to three areas: public policy, social reform and administrative theory. The article concludes that jeremy Bentham’s contributions to all three areas has been significant, but that in the area of administrative theory he has not received the recognition he deserves. The article points out that Jeremy Bentham developed a complete theory of administration more than a century before such figures as Henri Fayol and Luther Gulick.
Gluten sensitivity: new epidemic or new myth? Every major change in our diet carries with it the possibility of unforeseen risks.

Fueled in part by recent best-selling books that warn of the evils of gluten in our diets, a significant proportion of our population is now either avoiding foods that contain gluten or eliminating gluten entirely from their diets, and these numbers continue to grow. The gluten-free trend—and the accompanying multibillion dollar industry it has created—stems from the spreading belief that eating foods containing wheat or other gluten-laden grains may not only result in weight gain and obesity but can also lead to a laundry list of ailments ranging from depression and anxiety to arthritis and autism. One popular book contends that current recommendations for a high-grain, low-fat diet underlie much of today's chronic health problems and that a low -carbohydrate, high -fat/cholesterol diet is ideal. Every major change in our diet carries with it the possibility of unforeseen risks. Concern about the impact of such popularized dietary recommendations on overall well-being—and on cardiovascular health in particular—warrants discussion in the medical community.
Activity-based Modeling and Microsimulation of Emergency Evacuations

Most existing emergency evacuation studies assume evacuees to evacuate from their residence locations. However, depending on the time of day, people's movements are constrained not only by their workplaces, but also the necessity of picking up family members. Family member interactions, a typical activity during an evacuation, can greatly affect the evacuation process. Activity-based modeling has been applied to estimate daily traffic demand widely. However, only limited research has been reported to incorporate the activity component in examining evacuation processes, particularly for mass evacuations at a micro-scale. Under this context, this study aims to analyze the activity-based travel pattern and its impact on emergency evacuations in the case of a hypothetical emergency evacuation of Galveston Island, Texas. In the study, one typical type of daily trip, picking up school-age children, is considered. All households with school-age children are assumed to pick up their children first in an evacuation. Trip chains are defined to represent the movements from workplaces to schools and then to destinations. This study employs agent-based microsimulation techniques to model the evacuation process at the individual-driver level. The simulation results suggest that the overall evacuation time may not be significantly affected when the trips of picking-up school-age children are considered in the case of Galveston Island. However, the average travel and delay time of individual vehicles may increase dramatically, which suggests the occurrence of considerable congestions during the evacuation. The findings demonstrated the importance of considering activity-based trips in evacuations.
Structure, Organization, and Expression of the Human Band 7.2b Gene, a Candidate Gene for Hereditary Hydrocytosis

Band 7.2b is an integral membrane phosphoprotein absent from the erythrocyte membranes of patients with hereditary hydrocytosis, a hemolytic anemia inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion and characterized by stomatocytic red blood cells with abnormal permeability to Na+ and K+. The precise role of band 7.2b is unknown, but it may interact with other proteins of the junctional complex of the membrane skeleton. To gain additional insight into the structure and function of this protein and to provide the necessary tools for further genetic studies of hydrocytosis patients, we determined the sequence of the full-length human band 7.2b cDNA, characterized the genomic structure of the band 7.2b gene, studied its pattern of expression in different tissues, and characterized the promoter of the gene. The composite band 7.2b gene cDNA was 3047 base pairs in length. Northern blot analysis revealed a wide tissue distribution of expression of the band 7.2b gene, with utilization of alternative polyadenylation signals generating transcripts of 2.2 and 3.1 kilobases. Cloning of the band 7.2b chromosomal gene revealed that it is composed of seven exons distributed over 40 kilobases of DNA. The band 7.2b gene promoter was identified as a TATA-less, (G + C)-rich promoter with a typical InR recognition sequence and a single transcription initiation site. It directed high level expression of a reporter gene in both erythroid and nonerythroid cells. An imperfect simple sequence repeat polymorphism was identified in the 5′-flanking DNA, and an assay was developed for its analysis by PCR.
Delay and Inhibition as Early Predictors of ADHD Symptoms in Third Grade

We used data from a large, longitudinal study of children in the community, the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, to examine how well earlier measures of delay capacity, inhibitory control, planning, and attention predicted symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) assessed in third grade. Children with elevated symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity (n = 57) and with inattentive symptoms only (n = 80) were identified via mother and teacher reports using the “or” rule, as were children without significant symptoms (n = 790). Multinomial logistic regression analyses indicated that poorer performance on earlier measures of resistance to temptation, delay of gratification, response inhibition, attention, and planning obtained from 36 months to 1st grade predicted membership in the two symptom groups relative to the comparison group in 3rd grade, albeit with somewhat different patterns of predictors. Controls for 36 month school readiness and externalizing symptoms indicated that these results were generally robust and not an artifact of initial cognitive or behavioral differences. Implications for developmental models of ADHD are discussed.
GUIDELINES FOR USE IN SCORING TAT STORIES FOR TIME-SPAN

Summary.-Application of Epley and Ricks' (1963) system to score the TAT for time perspective did not reproduce the high interscorer reliabilities reported by users of the system. A set of guidelines is presented which were instituted to decrease the subjective nature of the system. When guidelines and system were used together, correlations comparable to those previously reported were found. A 10-point scoring system was devised by Epley and Ricks ( 1963) to score TAT stories for past and future time perspectives of subjects. Interscorer reliabilities exceeding .90 have been reported in conjunction with the use of this system (Dickstein, 1969, 1975; Rourke & Quinlan, 1973; Wohlford, 1968). In attempting to duplicate such correlations, the scoring system was used by a pair of independent judges scoring 32 TAT stories, which yielded a productmoment correlation of .64. Interscorer reliability decreased (r = 30) as these judges scored 102 more TAT stories. One important variable which deflates interrater reliability with this system is the subjectivity of its use and the need for judges to estimate often where aspects of stories fall with regard to the categories of the system. A set of guidelines was established in an attempt to reduce scoring variability related to those situations recurring in subjects' stories which were problematic for the above judges. A second pair of independent judges using both the scoring system and the guidelines scored 40 TAT stories. Initial interrater reliability was .73. Repeated use of the system together with the guidelines by th~s pair of judges gave reliability coefficients exceeding .90 on groups of 10 stories and exceeding .80 on groups of 40 and 50 stories. The guidelines used when these coefficients were calculated are noted below: (1) For stories with a beginning/ending ahnost in the present, score the Past/Future as 1. (2) Score the events included in the story rather than descriptions of Past or Future possibilities, unless thoughts or wishes of long ago or of the future are all that are given to score about the character(s) in the story. Definitely score such thoughts or wishes when no physical events are present to score. (3) Do not assume that the Future of a story goes all the way to the end of a character's career or lifetime in stories in which the character's future seems fairly long-term but is not clearly defined. Instead, for stories
Physical mechanisms in the phase transitions of sodium superoxide

We consider the various physical mechanisms that contribute to the ground-state energy (${E}_{g}$) of the ordered pyrite (OP) and the marcasit\'e ($M$) phases of Na${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. We find that the ionic and molecular-crystal contributions to ${E}_{g}$ (Madelung potential, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$-${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$-${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ repulsion, Van der Waals and quadrupole-quadrupole interaction between ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ molecules) favor the OP structure by an energy of 2204 K per ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ molecule. Contributions to ${E}_{g}$ arising from splitting of the orbital degeneracy of the ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ion, quadrupole---electric-field gradient interaction, and antiferromagnetic exchange coupling between ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ spins favor the $M$ structure by 2468 K per ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ molecule. An estimate of the librational zero-point energies in both phases suggests that the energies of the two phases are very close to each other. Within the present accuracies of our calculation we cannot definitely conclude that $M$ structure has lower energy at $T=0$ as seen experimentally. However the molecular orientations obtained in each phase from energy minimization agree well with the experiment. The first-order phase transition from OP to disordered pyrite (DOP) has been studied in a molecular-field approximation. The results are in reasonable agreement with experiment. We find that ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$-${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ repulsion plays an important role in the observed orientational order-disorder transition. The theoretical value of the order-disorder transition temperature is calculated to be 300 K compared to 223 K obtained experimentally. The discontinuity in the entropy at the transition is calculated to be $k\mathrm{ln}1.62$ whereas the experimental value is $k\mathrm{ln}2.35$. The possible sources of discrepancy between theory and experiment are discussed.
PUTATIVE TRANSMITTERS IN DENERVATED OLFACTORY CORTEX

— Olfactory bulb removal and the consequent degeneration of the lateral olfactory tract led to a selective change in putative synaptic transmitters of the denervated olfactory cortex of guinea-pigs. Nine days after bulbectomy there was a significant decrease in content of aspartate (31%) and glutamate (20%) in olfactory cortex but no change in neocortex. The content of GABA, alanine and ACh in olfactory cortex was unchanged (± 3 per cent of control). The content of 5-HT, dopamine, NE and glycine was increased by 10-18 per cent. The decrease in aspartate and glutamate content of the olfactory cortex after bulbectomy suggests that these two amino acids have a high concentration in fibres of the lateral olfactory tract. This tissue may prove to be useful in determining the possible role of these acidic amino acids in neuronal function.
On convex bodies that permit packings of high density

It is well known that ann-dimensional convex body permits a lattice packing of density 1 only if it is a centrally symmetric polytope of at most 2(2nÂ?1) facets. This article concerns itself with the associated stability problem whether a convex body that permits a packing of high density is in some sense close to such a polytope. Several inequalities that address this stability problem are proved. A corresponding theorem for coverings by two-dimensional convex bodies is also proved.
Fv-1 Regulation of lymphoma development and of thymic, ecotropic and xenotropic muLV expression in mice of the AKR/J × RF/J Cross

Abstract The incidence of spontaneous thymic lymphoma has been studied in crosses between AKR/J and RF/J mice. AKR mice develop a high incidence of this disease. RF mice transmit a marked resistance to development of the disease to F 1 hybrid mice of the AKR × RF cross. This resistance is associated with a reduction of endogenous ecotropic and xenotropic MuLV expression in the prelymphomatous thymus. The RF gene governing the coordinate suppression of these three phenotypes has been mapped to the Fv-1 locus. These results indicate that the particular Fv-1 allele of AKR mice provides a permissive genetic background for endogenous ecotropic and xenotropic MuLV expression and that these viral activities may be etiologically involved in the development of spontaneous thymic lymphoma in the mouse.