cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperphagia caused by cerebral ventricular infusion of phloridzin.

WE report here an experiment which seems to provide definite proof that the hypothalamic feeding mechanism contains glucoreceptors controlling satiety. That such glucoreceptors exist, and are different metabolically from other brain tissue, had been suggested indirectly by studies relating hunger and gastric contractions to the utilization of glucose1 and by work on goldthioglucose. Single injections of this compound cause lesions in the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus2. The action is specific chemically: glucose and not similar metabolites has to be a part of the molecule3. It is specific anatomically: induced weakness of the blood–brain barrier in other cerebral areas does not increase permeability to this compound4. Goldthioglucose destroys cells the axons of which connect the ventromedial area to the lateral area5, and cells at the origin of Schultze's bundle—a structure which links the hypothalamus to the roots of the vagus4. The former gives an anatomical basis for the known physiological relation between the “satiety” area and the “feeding” area, the latter for the physiological role of the ventromedial area in inhibition of gastric contractions by glucagon6 and stimulation of gastric secretion by insulin7. The action of goldthioglucose is blocked by analogues of glucose8 and by alloxan diabetes9, the latter confirming the postulated dependency of the glucoreceptors on insulin. Anand has also shown that the electrical activity of the ventromedial area is increased when the utilization of glucose is increased and vice versa, while the lateral area shows the opposite pattern10.
Platinum Nanoparticles at Mica Surfaces

We report a systematic study of factors that influence the incidence of platinum (Pt) nanoparticles produced by the standard method of cutting mica sheets into shapes using a hot platinum wire. Related findings in prior literature are confirmed. Characterization by AFM (atomic force microscopy) shows that fewer particles were produced the thinner the Pt wire and that the density and size of particles were substantially less when using Pt wire not previously used to cut mica. In optimal cases, using 0.0125 in. diameter wire, we obtained ∼0.1% surface coverage; the mean particle height of particles was ∼2.3 nm, and the mean diameter, 15 nm. After detachment from a backing sheet, the particle abundance was reduced by a factor of roughly 2. For Pt wires of the same diameter, the abundance of particles as a function of mica thickness and location relative to the wire was studied. The identification of these particles as Pt was confirmed using a combination of TEM (transmission electron microscopy) and Rutherfo...
Abundance and Species Composition Surveys of Macroalgal Blooms in Rhode Island Salt Marshes

Abstract Excessive growth of macroalgae in estuarine systems is becoming increasingly common among coastal communities throughout the world. Despite repeated observations of macroalgae growing or deposited among the stems of lower marsh plants, few studies have quantitatively documented the presence of macroalgae in salt marsh communities. We conducted monthly surveys during 2009 and 2010 to document the species composition and abundance of the macroalgal community, along with associated biological and physical parameters, in 9 Rhode Island salt marshes. Macroalgae were found in every site during each month sampled, with a peak biomass during the fall, reaching densities up to 1500 g/m2 (wet mass). Nearly 80% of the macroalgae was found in the first 2 m of the lower marsh zone. Fucus spp. were dominant throughout the year, accounting for almost 70% of the annual abundance. While several biological parameters were measured in this study that may contribute to macroalgal accumulation, it is likely that a co...
Color mixing in dental porcelain

Abstract For esthetic reasons, pigments and opacifiers are added to porcelains used in restorative dentistry. The purpose of this study was to use Kubelka-Munk theory (Kubelka and Munk, 1931) to predict and analyze the colors of porcelains modified by the addition of two pigments and an opacifying agent. The base porcelain was composed of 88% potassium feldspar, 6% quartz and 6% kaolin. The porcelain was modified by the addition of a yellow (PrZrSi) or a brown (FeCrZn) stain and an opacifier (10% SnO in base porcelain). After firing at 1200°C for 30 min, reflectance spectra of the various combinations were obtained with a spectrophotometer. Reflectance spectra, except at low wavelengths, were influenced by increased scattering due to the addition of the opacifier. Calculated values from Kubelka-Munk theory for absorption coefficients and scattering coefficients with appropriate correction factors were compared with the values from the reflectance spectra of the combinations. In general, good agreement was obtained if the scattering coefficient of the opacifier is set equal to 1.0. Using the L★ a★ b★ transform of the CIE color space, it was found that this transform provided uniform color intervals for equal changes in pigment concentration.
An all-slope 24-hour summer energy budget regime along a climatic-latitudinal transect

A physically-based solar radiation transmission model and a slope energy budget model were available which used climatic observations, averaged over 10-deg north-south latitude bands. This made possible the systematic examination of the diurnally changing energy budget components of net radiation, conduction, sensible, and latent heat flux occurring at all slope angles (0 to 90 deg) and slope directions (south-, west-, and north-facing). The present analysis utilized two contrasting landscapes along a latitudinal transect of the east coast of the Americas (northern hemisphere). Among the results, the maximum net radiation for all slope angles and directions occurred at noon on a 40-deg, south-facing slope for latitude 60. Generally, latent and sensible heat fluxes were similar in trend and magnitude between latitudes 0 and 35. Poleward, sensible heat flux increased with advancing latitude at the expense of latent heat flux. A great diversity in net radiation, sensible, and latent heat flux was obtained between different slopes and their orientation at a paniculate latitude. In addition to hourly rates of the energy budget components, daily positive sums of net radiation, sensible, and latent heat flux were examined. It is assumed that the portrayed patterns are general enough to add to our increasing understanding of the contrasts possible in a real-world north-south transect.
Event-related brain potentials during an extended visual recognition memory task depict delayed development of cerebral inhibitory processes among 6-month-old infants with Down syndrome

Development of cerebral inhibitory processes among individuals with Down syndrome (DS) may be delayed at an early age. In support of this hypothesis, sensory-evoked potentials (EPs) and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) have previously delineated altered habituation to stimuli among infants with DS. The purpose of the current study was to provide extended experience with visual stimuli among 6-month-old infants with and without DS (nDS) to determine if altered ERP and behavioral response decrements would be evident even after repeated presentations of stimuli. An 80/20% oddball paradigm was employed. Infants with DS and nDS were matched according to age and gender. Infants with DS demonstrated significantly larger Nc areas, Nc peak amplitudes, Nc2 areas and, inversely, significantly smaller peak Pb amplitudes when compared to infants nDS. Contrasts of the two study groups were most robust within ERP measures from frontal (Fz) and parietal (Pz) recording sites. Infants with DS also demonstrated a significantly slower decrement of most ERP components with repetitive stimulus experience. Most noteworthy was the observation of little or no decrement of ERP components at Fz among infants with DS. Both infants with DS and nDS demonstrated significantly larger Nc peak amplitudes, Nc areas, Nc2 areas, Pb peak amplitudes and NSW areas to rare stimuli. While significant probability and experiential trends were observed in visual fixation measures across both study groups, there were no significant differences of visual attention between infants with DS or nDS. These data demonstrate the value of ERPs within the study of atypical cognitive development during infancy and support the concept of altered inhibitory processes in the brain of infants with DS.
Identification of Emerging Self-Injurious Behavior in Young Children: A Preliminary Study.

Self-injurious behavior (SIB) is a chronic disorder that often begins in early childhood; however, few studies have examined the onset of SIB in young children. This preliminary study reports on the identification, assessment, and observation of SIB in 32 children who had begun to engage in SIB within the previous 6 months. Participants were under 5 years of age and presented with or were at risk for intellectual and/or developmental disabilities. Assessment measures included parental interviews, developmental and language measures, standardized measures of problem behavior, and direct observations conducted in the home. Results indicated that for most children, SIB emerged prior to age 1 year, and most children developed multiple topographies of SIB and other problem behaviors. Multiple measures were useful in identifying SIB and in characterizing the behavior by topography, frequency, and severity. Findings from the examination of child communication in relation to SIB were inconclusive. Results are dis...
Behavior therapy in a case of pollakiuria

Abstract The implementation of psychotherapeutic techniques derived principally from behavior therapy were used in the treatment of a 35-yr-old female who had been troubled by pollakiuria (excessively frequent urinations) for over 3 yr. Self-reported urination frequencies, which had reached debilitating proportions (15–20 times per day), were reduced to normal adult levels (5 times per day) with 5 months of individual treatment. The behavior therapy treatment program consisted of shaping longer intervals between urinations, progressive relaxation, reinforcing incompatible behaviors, and time-out from positive reinforcement. Follow-up over a 4-yr period revealed a stable pattern of normal urinations.
Temperature dependent structure of clean Ag(110) studied by medium energy ion scattering

Abstract Medium energy ion scattering has been used to investigate the surface structure of clean Ag(110) in the temperature range 300–1000 K. Using ion shadowing and blocking, together with Monte Carlo simulations, multilayer relaxations are determined up to 600 K. At room temperature, the familiar oscillatory contraction/expansion is observed. As the temperature increases to 600 K, the first-to-second layer contraction gradually disappears, while the second-to-third layer expansion becomes a contraction. A detailed analysis at room temperature reveals an anisotropy in the vibrational amplitudes of the first two layers. Investigation of the ion scattering intensity versus temperature and the backscattered ion energy spectra gives evidence that the surface begins to disorder beyond a temperature of 680 ± 35 K. A complete disordered layer results by 1000 K. The experimental results are compared with theoretical results based on molecular dynamics simulations.
An intelligent cell control system for automated manufacturing

Cell control forms one level of a hierarchical approach to the control of automated manufacturing systems. This paper describes the application of the artificial intelligence techniques of blackboard and actor based systems for intelligent cell control in a framework termed Production Logistics and Timings Organizer (PLATO-Z). The blackboards required are described and the implementation is detailed. The implications of some practical considerations are also described.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENTIAL REWARD MAGNITUDES ON SIMPLE BRIGHTNESS DISCRIMINATION WITH FREE AND FORCED TRIALS

Six groups of 10 hooded rats were rewarded to both of two brightness discriminanda. Differential reward was associated with one discriminanda by delivery of 2-1, 6-3, 12-6, 3-1, 6-2, or 9-3 food pellets to the respective groups for 156 trials, 2 choice and 4 forced daily. In a second experiment, 16 of 60 Ss from Exp. 1 received 84 further trials to 6 or 1 pellets. In Exp. 1, one of 6 groups (2-1) showed differential choice of the larger reward while all groups showed strong position habits. On instrumental (forced) trials all groups ran significantly faster to their larger reward. In Exp. 2, Ss previously showing no preference for their larger reward tended toward such a preference, while Ss that had heretofore shown differential choice behavior and no differential speed did develop a significant speed differential.
Pure Point Spectrum for Discrete Almost Periodic Schrodinger Operators

The finite difference Schrodinger operator on ℤ m is considered $$Hu_j = \left( {\sum\limits_{v = 1}^m { D_v^2 } } \right)u_j + \frac{1}{\varepsilon }q_j u_j ,u \in \ell ^2 (\mathbb{Z}^m ),$$ where $$\sum\limits_{v = 1}^m { D_v^2 } $$ is the difference Laplacian inm dimensions. For ɛ sufficiently small almost periodic potentialsq j are constructed such that the operatorH has only pure point spectrum. The method is an inverse spectral procedure, which is a modification of the Kolmogorov-Arnol'd-Moser technique.
A 2-D vector excitation coding technique

Abstract We present a VQ-based technique for coding image data that adopts an analysis by synthesis approach. We define a new type of spatial interaction model for image data, called prediction pattern, which we use along with a excitation vector, to generate an approximation of an input block of pixels. A prediction pattern is a k × k array with each element representing a prediction scheme from a given set of predictors. A prediction pattern captures the spatial dependences present in an image block. Given a codebook of prediction patterns and a codebook of excitation vectors, we encode an image by partitioning it into blocks and for each block identifying the prediction pattern from within the codebook that best models the spatial dependences that are present in the block. We then search the excitation codebook for a code vector that in combination with the already chosen prediction pattern results in the synthesis of the closest approximation to the current image block. We present algorithms for codebook design and give implementation results. The proposed technique gives promising results.
Computational intelligence for target assessment in Parkinson's disease

Recent advances in image and signal processing have created a new challenging environment for biomedical engineers. Methods that were developed for different fields are now finding a fertile ground in biomedicine, especially in the analysis of bio-signals and in the understanding of images. More and more, these methods are used in the operating room, helping surgeons, and in the physician's office as aids for diagnostic purposes. Neural Network (NN) research on the other hand, has gone a long way in the past decade. NNs now consist of many thousands of highly interconnected processing elements that can encode, store and recall relationships between different patterns by altering the weighting coefficients of inputs in a systematic way. Although they can generate reasonable outputs from unknown input patterns, and can tolerate a great deal of noise, they are very slow when run on a serial machine. We have used advanced signal processing and innovative image processing methods that are used along with computational intelligence for diagnostic purposes and as visualization aids inside and outside the operating room. Applications to be discussed include EEGs and field potentials in Parkinson's disease along with 3D reconstruction of MR or fMR brain images in Parkinson's patients, are currently used in the operating room for Pallidotomies and Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS).
Laterally induced impedance effects in vision

Abstract A linear integral equation for a system of mutually impeding points is developed and solved explicitly. Particular solutions are shown to be subharmonic functions for a large class of stimuli. Specialized forms of the general equation presented in this paper occur within a number of mathematical models of Mach bands. In addition to these known spatial properties, our results also show that the time course of this basic equation may be useful in developing models of transient neural activity as well as of temporal psychophysical phenomena, such as the Broca-Sulzer effect. Further, a spatial transfer function much like the low-frequency cutoff of empirically derived modulation transfer functions follows directly from our basic integral equation if the additional assumption of spatial homogeneity is imposed.
Acid Dissociation Constants and Rare Earth Stability Constants for DTPA

Diethylenetriamine-N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentaacetic acid (DTPA) is an octadentate aminopolycarboxylate complexing agent whose f-element complexes find important practical applications in nuclear medicine and in advanced nuclear fuel reprocessing. This investigation focuses primarily on the latter application, specifically on characterization of lanthanide–DTPA complexes of relevance to the Trivalent Actinide–Lanthanide Separations by Phosphorus reagent Extraction and Aqueous Komplexants (TALSPEAK) process. To function acceptably, the TALSPEAK process requires the presence of moderate concentrations (0.5–2.0 mol·L−1) of a (Na+/H+) lactate (or citrate) buffer. Competition between DTPA, lactate, and the extractant bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (HDEHP) for the lanthanides and trivalent actinides governs the course of the extraction process. To facilitate modeling and to support process improvements, the acid dissociation constants and stability constants for rare earth complexes with DTPA have been determined in 2.0 mol·L−1 ionic strength (NaClO4) media. The acid dissociation constants for DTPA and the stability constant for [Eu(DTPA)]2− also were determined in sodium trifluoromethanesulfonate at 2.0 mol·L−1 ionic strength to evaluate the potential impact of changing the nature of the electrolyte. The thermodynamic data are compared with earlier reports of similar data at lower ionic strength and used to complete calculations exploring the relative stability of lanthanide–DTPA and lactate complexes under TALSPEAK extraction conditions. Lanthanide–DTPA stability trends are discussed in comparison with literature data on a variety of other metal ions.
Social media futures: why iSchools should care

Social Media Futures was a 3 day charrette at a major university that brought together students with various backgrounds to consider the future impact of social media on business, and to think about what opportunities that might create. However, topics that arose touched on a variety of themes that included social media communities, ownership, privacy and governance of user-generated content on social networks, and how social media may impact education and learning at all ages. This paper provides our observations from this multi-disciplinary charrette, and articulates why iSchools need to be concerned with social media.
Using derivative regularization in parameter estimation

The condition of the final set of equations in any parameter estimating method is a critical feature and can often determine the success or failure of the method used. This aspect of parameter estimation becomes especially critical when sensitivity coefficients for parameters being estimated are correlated, which is a characteristic of ill-posed problems. Various forms of regularization have been used in the past in the interest of enhancing stability in various parameter estimation methods. This research presents a new general method, called derivative regularization, which can be used to provide improved structure to any ill-posed time dependent parameter estimation problem. Most methods impart structure to the square sensitivity matrix (X T X) by adding a regularization term. This research, introducing derivative regularization, uses the principle of matrix pre-multiplication to reduce the ill-conditioned nature of the matrix structure. While the additive forms of regularization generally introduce bia...
Characterization of NA+/H+ exchanger isoform (NHE1, NH32 and NHE3) expression in prairie dog gallbladder.

Gallbladder Na+ absorption is linked to gallstone formation in prairie dogs. Na+/H+ exchange (NHE) is one of the major Na+ absorptive pathways in gallbladder. In this study, we measured gallbladder Na+/H+ exchange and characterized the NHE isoforms expressed in prairie dogs. Na+/H+ exchange activity was assessed by measuring amiloride-inhibitable transepithelial Na+ flux and apical 22Na+ uptake using dimethylamiloride (DMA). HOE-694 was used to determine NHE2 and NHE3 contributions. Basal JNams was higher than JNasm with JNanet absorption. Mucosal DMA inhibited transepithelial Na+ flux in a dose-dependent fashion, causing JNams equal to JNasm and blocking JNanet absorption at 100 μm. Basal 22Na+ uptake rate was 10.9 ± 1.0 μmol · cm−2· hr−1 which was inhibited by ∼43% by mucosal DMA and ∼30% by mucosal HOE-694 at 100 μm. RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis demonstrated expression of mRNAs encoding NHE1, NHE2 and NHE3 in the gallbladder. Expression of NHE1, NHE2 and NHE3 polypeptides was confirmed using isoform-specific anti-NHE antibodies. These data suggest that Na+/H+ exchange accounts for a substantial fraction of gallbladder apical Na+ entry and most of net Na+ absorption in prairie dogs. The NHE2 and NHE3 isoforms, but not NHE1, are involved in gallbladder apical Na+ uptake and transepithelial Na+ absorption.
The hidden effect of estrogenic/antiandrogenic methoxychlor on spermatogenesis.

Abstract Perinataland juvenile oral treatment of rats with methoxychlor (MXC) only during development reduces testicular size and Sertoli cell number in those animals as adults. The objectives were to determine if MXC administered orally reduces numbers of spermatogonia and daily sperm production that parallel reduction in Sertoli cell number and if germ cell degeneration rate or function of individual Sertoli cells was also affected. Rat dams were gavaged with MXC at 0, 5, 50, or 150 mg/kg/day for the week before and after they gave birth. Resulting male pups (14–16 per group) then were dosed directly from postnatal day 7 to 42. Testes were fixed in Bouin's fixative, postfixed in osmium tetroxide, and embedded in Epon. Sections of 0.5 and 20 μm were evaluated stereologically. Across dose groups, body weight was not affected, but testicular weight was significantly reduced in a dose-dependent fashion. Spermatogenic potential based on number of spermatogonia and number of spermatids per testis was significantly reduced by treatment. There was no adverse effect on daily sperm production per gram of parenchyma based on spermatids; however, the number of spermatogonia per gram was reduced. The ratio of spermatid number per spermatogonia was higher in the MXC-treated groups. This difference indicated that the testis can compensate for the treatment-induced reduction in number of spermatogonia by reducing degeneration of their progeny. However, the reduced number of Sertoli cells prevented the compensation from recovering the daily sperm production per testis totally. Given that endocrine disruptors like MXC can induce compensation during spermatogenesis, it may reduce the ability of the testis to compensate during subsequent exposures.
On the Formability/Instability of Stretch-Forming Sheet Metals

Manufacturing processes of aircraft, automobile and electronic components involve a lot of stretch-forming of sheet metals. The processes contain a large amount of straining which, in turn, may lead to plastic instabilities such as necking, slip formation or shear banding. Understanding the instability phenomenon requires the development of constitutive description of material characterizing the plastic instability and post uniform deformation behavior. The previous work on plastic instability usually lacks the experimental verification of the theoretical models. This may be owing to the complexity involved in designing a suitable experimental methodology for accurate measurements of strain in the locally deforming zone as the deformation progresses rather rapidly once the local neck sets in. A review of the important methodologies and analyses that were and are used in investigating instability of sheet metal in uniaxial tension is presented in this paper. Some supporting results are also presented. 58 refs., 11 figs.
Transposon Mutagenesis Screen Identifies Potential Lung Cancer Drivers and CUL3 as a Tumor Suppressor

Non–small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) harbor thousands of passenger events that hide genetic drivers. Even highly recurrent events in NSCLC, such as mutations in PTEN , EGFR , KRAS , and ALK , are detected, at most, in only 30% of patients. Thus, many unidentified low-penetrant events are causing a significant portion of lung cancers. To detect low-penetrance drivers of NSCLC, a forward genetic screen was performed in mice using the Sleeping Beauty (SB) DNA transposon as a random mutagen to generate lung tumors in a Pten -deficient background. SB mutations coupled with Pten deficiency were sufficient to produce lung tumors in 29% of mice. Pten deficiency alone, without SB mutations, resulted in lung tumors in 11% of mice, whereas the rate in control mice was approximately 3%. In addition, thyroid cancer and other carcinomas, as well as the presence of bronchiolar and alveolar epithelialization, in mice deficient for Pten were also identified. Analysis of common transposon insertion sites identified 76 candidate cancer driver genes. These genes are frequently dysregulated in human lung cancers and implicate several signaling pathways. Cullin3 ( Cul3 ), a member of a ubiquitin ligase complex that plays a role in the oxidative stress response pathway, was identified in the screen and evidence demonstrates that Cul3 functions as a tumor suppressor. Implications: This study identifies many novel candidate genetic drivers of lung cancer and demonstrates that CUL3 acts as a tumor suppressor by regulating oxidative stress. Mol Cancer Res; 13(8); 1238–47. ©2015 AACR . This article is featured in Highlights of This Issue, [p. 1161][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/13/1161?iss=8
Euler–Bernoulli beams from a symmetry standpoint-characterization of equivalent equations

Abstract We completely solve the equivalence problem for Euler–Bernoulli equation using Lie symmetry analysis. We show that the quotient of the symmetry Lie algebra of the Bernoulli equation by the infinite-dimensional Lie algebra spanned by solution symmetries is a representation of one of the following Lie algebras: 2 A 1 , A 1 ⊕ A 2 , 3 A 1 , or A 3 , 3 ⊕ A 1 . Each quotient symmetry Lie algebra determines an equivalence class of Euler–Bernoulli equations. Save for the generic case corresponding to arbitrary lineal mass density and flexural rigidity, we characterize the elements of each class by giving a determined set of differential equations satisfied by physical parameters (lineal mass density and flexural rigidity). For each class, we provide a simple representative and we explicitly construct transformations that maps a class member to its representative. The maximally symmetric class described by the four-dimensional quotient symmetry Lie algebra A 3 , 3 ⊕ A 1 corresponds to Euler–Bernoulli equations homeomorphic to the uniform one (constant lineal mass density and flexural rigidity). We rigorously derive some non-trivial and non-uniform Euler–Bernoulli equations reducible to the uniform unit beam. Our models extend and emphasize the symmetry flavor of Gottlieb's iso-spectral beams [H.P.W. Gottlieb, Isospectral Euler–Bernoulli beam with continuous density and rigidity functions, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 413 (1987) 235–250].
Hippocampal and neocortical contributions to memory: advances in the complementary learning systems framework

The complementary learning systems framework provides a simple set of principles, derived from converging biological, psychological and computational constraints, for understanding the differential contributions of the neocortex and hippocampus to learning and memory. The central principles are that the neocortex has a low learning rate and uses overlapping distributed representations to extract the general statistical structure of the environment, whereas the hippocampus learns rapidly using separated representations to encode the details of specific events while minimizing interference. In recent years, we have instantiated these principles in working computational models, and have used these models to address human and animal learning and memory findings, across a wide range of domains and paradigms. Here, we review a few representative applications of our models, focusing on two domains: recognition memory and animal learning in the fear-conditioning paradigm. In both domains, the models have generated novel predictions that have been tested and confirmed.
On the relationship of digraph matrix analysis to petri net theory and fault trees

Digraph matrix analysis (DMA) is a tool for mathematically representing large complex systems, in order to evaluate their structure and reliability. In this paper, we prove that there is an isomorphism between DMA and Petri net theory. In addition, we explore the relationship of DMA to fault trees and discuss DMA's reachability and minimum cut set solutions.
Combined KIT and FGFR2b Signaling Regulates Epithelial Progenitor Expansion during Organogenesis

Organ formation and regeneration require epithelial progenitor expansion to engineer, maintain, and repair the branched tissue architecture. Identifying the mechanisms that control progenitor expansion will inform therapeutic organ (re)generation. Here, we discover that combined KIT and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2b (FGFR2b) signaling specifically increases distal progenitor expansion during salivary gland organogenesis. FGFR2b signaling upregulates the epithelial KIT pathway so that combined KIT/FGFR2b signaling, via separate AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, amplifies FGFR2b-dependent transcription. Combined KIT/FGFR2b signaling selectively expands the number of KIT+K14+SOX10+ distal progenitors, and a genetic loss of KIT signaling depletes the distal progenitors but also unexpectedly depletes the K5+ proximal progenitors. This occurs because the distal progenitors produce neurotrophic factors that support gland innervation, which maintains the proximal progenitors. Furthermore, a rare population of KIT+FGFR2b+ cells is present in adult glands, in which KIT signaling also regulates epithelial-neuronal communication during homeostasis. Our findings provide a framework to direct regeneration of branched epithelial organs.
Continuously defective crystals with a prescribed dislocation density

We analyze some aspects of the kinematic theory of non-uniformly defective elastic crystals. Concentrating on the problem of identifying continuous defective lattices possessing the given defectiveness, as defined by the dislocation density tensor, we investigate the relation between the dislocation density tensor and the Lie algebra of vector fields associated with a defective lattice.
Morphological features of functionally defined neurons in the marginal zone and substantia gelatinosa of the spinal dorsal horn

Functional characteristics of spinal neurons located in the marginal zone (lamina I) and substantia gelatinosa (lamina II) were compared to their structural features by intracellularly staining the source of unitary potentials with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in unanesthetized, spinal cats. The responses of postsynaptic units to graded electrical volleys in intact dorsal roots and to physiological stimulation revealed that the peripheral excitatory input to neurons of the region is dominated by slowly conducting afferent fibers; often, the input to a given element is largely from a particular class of receptors. One type commonly seen received its principal peripheral excitation from low threshold mechanoreceptors with Aδ or C afferent fibers. Mechanoreceptive elements often exhibited a marked, prolonged habituation and many were not excited by afferent volleys. Other units were predominantly excited by nociceptors with myelinated or unmyelinated fibers, or by thermoreceptors with unmyelinated fibers. A few units (principally the thermoreceptive) showed substantial ongoing activity which was modulated by sensory stimulation, but most had little or none. The HRP staining revealed neuronal morphology in fine detail. No relationship between neuronal configuration and physiological response was discerned. Soma location was not always linked to afferent input, although the cell bodies of nonciceptive and thermoreceptive neurons tended to be in lamina I or outer lamina II (SGo) while those of the inocuous mechanoreceptive neurons tended to be in inner lamina II (SGi). The locus of a neuron's major dendritic arborization was more closely related to the source(s) of peripheral excitation. Cells excited by nociceptors with myelinated fibers had major dendritic projections in the marginal zone. Cells excited by nociceptors or thermoreceptors with unmyelinated fibers had important dendritic branching in the SGo. Innocuous mechanoreceptive neurons had primary dendritic aranching in the SGo. Innocuous mechanoreceptive neurons had primary dendritic arborization in the SGi when the input derived from unmyelinated fibers, or in the SGi and extending into the outer nucleus proprius (lamina III) when the afferent drive came from Aδ fibers. These findings support the concept that laminae I and II constitute a major termination region for thin primary afferent fibers, myelinated fibers from nociceptors ending principally in lamina I and unmyelinated fibers from nociceptors, thermoreceptors, and mechanoreceptors terminating predominantly in lamina II. Substantial integrative and distributive functions can be expected of such an afferent termination zone.
Right Place, Wrong Species: A 20-Year Review of Rabies Virus Cross Species Transmission among Terrestrial Mammals in the United States

Introduction In the continental US, four terrestrial mammalian species are reservoirs for seven antigenic rabies virus variants. Cross species transmission (CST) occurs when a rabies virus variant causes disease in non-reservoir species. Methods This study analyzed national surveillance data for rabies in terrestrial mammals. The CST rate was defined as: number of rabid non-reservoir animals/number of rabid reservoir animals. CST rates were analyzed for trend. Clusters of high CST rate counties were evaluated using space-time scanning statistics. Results The number of counties reporting a raccoon variant CST rate >1.0 increased from 75 in 1992 to 187 in 2011; counties with skunk variant CST rates >1.0 remained unchanged during the same period. As of 2011, for every rabid raccoon reported within the raccoon variant region, there were 0.73 cases of this variant reported in non-reservoir animals. Skunks were the most common non-reservoir animal reported with the raccoon rabies variant. Domestic animals were the most common non-reservoir animal diagnosed with a skunk rabies virus variant (n = 1,601). Cross species transmission rates increased fastest among domestic animals. Conclusions Cross species transmission of rabies virus variants into non-reservoir animals increases the risk of human exposures and threatens current advances toward rabies control. Cross species transmission in raccoon rabies enzootic regions increased dramatically during the study period. Pet owners should vaccinate their dogs and cats to ensure against CST, particularly in regions with active foci of rabies circulation. Clusters of high CST activity represent areas for further study to better understand interspecies disease transmission dynamics. Each CST event has the potential to result in a rabies virus adapted for sustained transmission in a new species; therefore further understanding of the dynamics of CST may help in early detection or prevention of the emergence of new terrestrial rabies virus variants.
Effect of Dietary Acidification on Kidney Damage Induced in Immature Chickens by Excess Calcium and Infectious Bronchitis Virus

Experiments were designed to evaluate the effect of dietary acidification on the development of kidney lesions induced by excess dietary calcium (Ca) and Gray strain infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks and SPF chicks inoculated with Gray strain IBV were fed one of three diets: a commercial pullet grower ration (1% Ca); a commercial layer ration (3.25% Ca); or layer ration plus .5% ammonium chloride (acidified layer ration). Gray strain IBV significantly reduced total kidney weights in males, reduced total kidney weight as a percentage of body weight in males, increased the number of gross kidney lesions, and decreased the number of filtering nephrons when compared with uninoculated birds when both groups were fed the grower ration. The layer ration induced a 60% incidence of kidney lesions, caused a significant increase in kidney weight asymmetry ratios, and caused a 25% reduction in the number of filtering nephrons. Acidifying the layer ration significantly reduced the incidence of gross kidney lesions and reduced kidney weight asymmetry ratios, but did not prevent Ca-induced reductions in filtering nephrons.
Decentralized adaptive control of robot manipulators

A decentralized adaptive control scheme is proposed for the trajectory tracking of a general n-degree-of-freedom robot manipulator. The robot is considered as a set of decoupled second-order systems with disturbances. The controller consists of feedforward from the desired trajectory based on the “inverse system” of the model, PID feedback from the actual trajectory, and auxiliary input for the compensation of the neglected terms in modeling in each subsystem. The gain is derived in diagonal matrix form, and is adjusted by the model reference adaptive control theory based on the Lyapunov's direct method. The result is high accuracy in path tracking despite the high speed, load change, and sudden torque disturbances. Numerical simulations on.a planar two-link robot manipulator are presented to show the performance under various practical considerations.
It's turtles all the way down: A comparative analysis of visually induced motion sickness.

One of the most frustrating aspects of motion sickness is the apparent lack of predictability, particularly from one context (seasickness) to another (cybersickness). It has been postulated that this lack of predictability is indicative of separate but related disorders. Recent evidence has suggested that the problem may not lie in the disorder itself, but in the measures used to predict it. Based on the predictions of Riccio and Stoffregen (1991) and the findings of Smart, Stoffregen, and Bardy (2002), a secondary analysis was performed using parameters of postural motion in order to classify participants who would later become motion sick across three laboratory (four modes of presentation: moving room (Smart, et al, 2002), high fidelity flight simulator (Stoffregen, et al, 2000) large screen projection, and head mounted display (Otten, 2005)) settings. Results suggest that measures of postural instability may serve as a common, minimally invasive, and predictive index of visually induced motion sickness. Language: en
Ethical hacking and password cracking: a pattern for individualized security exercises

A design pattern provides a type of template or meta-template for solving design problems. This paper provides and discusses a pattern for creating individualized learning exercises. The domain of application is security education. The specific examples presented, that have been realized in practice in an educational setting, are password cracking/recovery and SHA-1 file hash. Additional learning exercises based on this pattern will be added in the future. Some implementation details and a discussion of the role of the SecureS software system, created by the author, are included.
Health Education, Health Promotion and the Open Society: An Historical Perspective

This article provides an historical perspective within which two recent, alternative directions for health education are examined. Each direction is seen as reflecting a unique vision of health promotion, with the first focusing primarily on personal behavior change and the latter on a broad empowerment/environmental model of health promotion. Key historical developments in the evolution of these two perspectives are examined, as are some of the assumptions and ideological values underlying these alternative approaches. The World Health Organization's "Healthy Cities Project" then is used to illustrate the broader vision of health promotion in practice. While recognizing that the health educator has contributions to make on both the micro and macro change levels, a case is made for moving the field of health education further in the direction of this broader model of health promotion, and roles for the health educator within such a paradigm are outlined.
Language contact, language loyalty, and language prejudice on the Mexican border*

This paper documents attitudes toward English, Spanish, and SpanishEnglish Code-switching in Juarez, Mexico, the oldest and largest city along the Mexican-U.S. border. It refutes the finding of related work which has shown two distinct orientations - integrative and instrumental - toward English as a foreign and as a second language, but supports various assumptions regarding the relationship between attitudes and use and the impact of the local milieu on language attitudes. It also explores attitudes toward correctness and sentiments of language loyalty, and highlights the influence of language loyalty on perceptions of Spanish-English Code-switching. Eighty-five Juarez residents were interviewed. (Language attitudes, sociolinguistics, Hispanic linguistics, border studies, ethnic studies, Latin American studies)
Operational Aspects of the Siegel Paradox

In a recent article, Siegel has called attention to a paradox involving forward foreign exchange rates.' This paradox has been partially resolved in two comments by Roper and Boyer, who assume that national economies are highly interdependent. In the present paper by taking into account the payment mechanism for collection of speculative profits, we are able to resolve the paradox even when national economies are nearly independent. We then investigate the sample size necessary for the effect in question to influence empirical conclusions and find, using historical variances, that we would need hundreds of years of data. Siegel's paradox is based on the fact that for purely mathematical reasons, we cannot simultaneously have the forward dollar price of pounds dtf equal to the expected value E[dta] of the corresponding anticipated future spot rate and the forward pound price of dollars ctf= 1/dtf equal to the expected value E [Cta], even though Cta= 1/dta. As a consequence, there are always expected profit opportunities to speculation on future exchange rates. These profits arise from Jensen's inequality from probability theory and have no apparent economic cause. Roper2 points out that there are two relevant numeraires, dollars and pounds. Jensen's inequality does not guarantee that there will be a speculative strategy with positive expected profits in terms of both numeraires. In fact, if the forward rate lies within the bounds, (1) 1/E [Cta] < 1/Ctf <E [ l/Cta], the strategy that makes expected dollar profits is exactly the strategy that makes expected pound losses and vice versa. Boyer 3 has developed this line further by demonstrating that under simple assumptions (1) must hold. These assumptions are that the dollar and pound price levels are independently distributed, that the foreign exchange rate is determined by purchasing power
MicroRNA-375 Regulation of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin by Diesel Exhaust Particles and Ambient Particulate Matter in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells

Air pollution contributes to acute exacerbations of asthma and the development of asthma in children and adults. Airway epithelial cells interface innate and adaptive immune responses, and have been proposed to regulate much of the response to pollutants. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a pivotal cytokine linking innate and Th2 adaptive immune disorders, and is upregulated by environmental pollutants, including ambient particulate matter (PM) and diesel exhaust particles (DEP). We show that DEP and ambient fine PM upregulate TSLP mRNA and human microRNA (hsa-miR)-375 in primary human bronchial epithelial cells (pHBEC). Moreover, transfection of pHBEC with anti-hsa-miR-375 reduced TSLP mRNA in DEP but not TNF-α-treated cells. In silico pathway evaluation suggested the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) as one possible target of miR-375. DEP and ambient fine PM (3 μg/cm(2)) downregulated AhR mRNA. Transfection of mimic-hsa-miR-375 resulted in a small downregulation of AhR mRNA compared with resting AhR mRNA. AhR mRNA was increased in pHBEC treated with DEP after transfection with anti-hsa-miR-375. Our data show that two pollutants, DEP and ambient PM, upregulate TSLP in human bronchial epithelial cells by a mechanism that includes hsa-miR-375 with complex regulatory effects on AhR mRNA. The absence of this pathway in TNF-α-treated cells suggests multiple regulatory pathways for TSLP expression in these cells.
The Sensitivity of Precipitation to Circulation Details. Part I: An Analysis of Regional Analogs

Abstract In this paper, the sensitivity of precipitation associated with ordinary baroclinic continental winter storms to small variations in the synoptic-scale circulation is explored using ensembles of observed regional analogs. When seeking time-coherent analogs for periods of 1–2 days in length on the basis of anomaly correlation scores at both the surface and 500 hPa, the observed precipitation structures are strongly dependent on circulation details, reflecting subtle differences at both the synoptic scale and mesoscale. It has also been found that when seeking time-coherent regional analogs on the basis of the observed precipitation distributions, such analogs cannot be identified. However, coherent precipitation structures that are identified for shorter periods (order 1 day) are found to occur in association with highly dissimilar circulations. Thus, the sensible weather that results from a particular circulation is crucially dependent on the details of the flow. The authors believe that these fi...