cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Bayesian Approach to Reliability-Based Optimization With Incomplete Information

In engineering design, information regarding the uncertain variables or parameters is usually in the form of finite samples. Existing methods in optimal design under uncertainty cannot handle this form of incomplete information; they have to either discard some valuable information or postulate existence of additional information. In this article, we present a reliability-based optimization method that is applicable when information of the uncertain variables or parameters is in the form of both finite samples and probability distributions. The method adopts a Bayesian Binomial inference technique to estimate reliability, and uses this estimate to maximize the confidence that the design will meet or exceed a target reliability. The method produces a set of Pareto trade-off designs instead of a single design, reflecting the levels of confidence about a design’s reliability given certain incomplete information. As a demonstration, we apply the method to design an optimal piston-ring/cylinder-liner assembly under surface roughness uncertainty.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Sources and seasonality of atmospheric methanol based on tall tower measurements in the US Upper Midwest

Abstract. We present over one year (January 2010–February 2011) of continuous atmospheric methanol measurements from the University of Minnesota tall tower Trace Gas Observatory (KCMP tall tower; 244 m a.g.l.), and interpret the dataset in terms of constraints on regional methanol sources and seasonality. The seasonal cycle of methanol concentrations observed at the KCMP tall tower is generally similar to that simulated by a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem, driven with MEGANv2.0 biogenic emissions) except the seasonal peak occurs ~1 month earlier in the observations, apparently reflecting a model underestimate of emission rates for younger versus older leaves. Based on a source tracer approach, which we evaluate using GEOS-Chem and with multiple tracers, we estimate that anthropogenic emissions account for approximately 40% of ambient methanol abundance during winter and 10% during summer. During daytime in summer, methanol concentrations increase exponentially with temperature, reflecting the temperature sensitivity of the biogenic source, and the observed temperature dependence is statistically consistent with that in the model. Nevertheless, summertime concentrations are underestimated by on average 35% in the model for this region. The seasonal importance of methanol as a source of formaldehyde (HCHO) and carbon monoxide (CO) is highest in spring through early summer, when biogenic methanol emissions are high but isoprene emissions are still relatively low. During that time observed methanol concentrations account for on average 20% of the total CO and HCHO production rates as simulated by GEOS-Chem, compared to 12% later in the summer and 12% on an annual average basis. The biased seasonality in the model means that the photochemical role for methanol early in the growing season is presently underestimated.
Martin’s Maximum and definability in H(ℵ2)

Abstract In [P. Larson, Martin’s Maximum and the P max axiom (∗), Ann. Pure App. Logic 106 (1–3) (2000) 135–149], we modified a coding device from [W.H. Woodin, The Axiom of Determinacy, Forcing Axioms, and the Nonstationary Ideal, Walter de Gruyter & Co, Berlin, 1999] and the consistency proof of Martin’s Maximum from [M. Foreman, M. Magidor, S. Shelah, Martin’s Maximum. saturated ideals, and non-regular ultrafilters. Part I, Annal. Math. 127 (1988) 1–47] to show that from a supercompact limit of supercompact cardinals one could force Martin’s Maximum to hold while the P max axiom (∗) fails. Here we modify that argument to prove a stronger fact, that Martin’s Maximum is consistent with the existence of a wellordering of the reals definable in H ( ℵ 2 ) without parameters, from the same large cardinal hypothesis. In doing so we give a much simpler proof of the original result.
Roles of electrode material and geometry in liquid sampling-atmospheric pressure glow discharge (LS-APGD) microplasma emission spectroscopy☆

Abstract The roles of the electrode material and geometry on the performance of the liquid sampling-atmospheric pressure glow discharge (LS-APGD) optical emission spectroscopy source are described. The LS-APGD source has been interfaced to a high resolution JY RF-5000 polychromator allowing for simultaneous multiple element detection. This LS-APGD source operates at currents of 20–60 mA and solution flow rates of 0.1–0.4 mL min − 1 . A glow discharge is generated between the surface of the electrolyte test solution exiting a glass capillary and the end of a metallic counterelectrode. Described here is an evaluation of how the counterelectrode material identity (copper, nickel, and stainless steel) and the electrode configuration (geometry) influence the analyte emission responses for a test solution containing Ag, Cr, Cu, Mg, Ni, and Zn in 1 M HNO 3 . Studies of the effect of liquid flow rates reveal that 0.3 mL min − 1 provides optimal analyte emission responses as it relates to peak intensity, peak area, and peak widths. Use of nickel as the counterelectrode material provided the best reproducibility for analyte emission responses with 8.9–13.0%RSDs for 50 μL injections of 100 μg mL − 1 test solutions, while copper and stainless steel electrodes had %RSDs of 3–5 times higher than the nickel electrode. The role of the electrode geometries were evaluated previously-used 180° (co-linear) arrangement as well as for different configurations with the electrodes mounted at 90° with respect to each other, with the most intense optical emission responses found for the 180° geometry. Solution-based limits of detection (LOD) were found to be in the range of 0.44–0.93 μg mL − 1 for Ag, Cu, Mg, Ni, and Zn using the nickel electrode at the 180° geometry. Based on the use of 50 μL injections, this represents absolute detection limits of 22–46 ng. LODs were approximately an order of magnitude higher for the copper and stainless steel electrodes.
Bombyx mori single repeat telomeric DNA sequence forms a G-quadruplex capped by base triads.

A combined NMR-molecular dynamics approach has been applied to determine the solution structure of a truncated analogue of the Bombyx mori telomeric d(TTAGG) single repeat sequence in Na+ cation-containing aqueous solution. The two-fold symmetric four-stranded d(TAGG) quadruplex contains two adjacent G(syn).G(syn).G(anti).G(anti) G-tetrads sandwiched between novel (T.A).A triads with individual strands having both a parallel and antiparallel neighbour around the quadruplex. The (T.A).A triad represents the first experimental verification of a base triad alignment which constitutes a key postulate in the recently proposed model of triad-DNA. Further, the (T.A).A triad is generated by positioning an A residue through hydrogen bonding in the minor groove of a Watson-Crick T.A base pair and includes a T-A platform related to an A-A platform recently observed in the structure of the P4-P6 domain of the Tetrahymena self splicing group I ribozyme. The novel architecture of the truncated Bombyx mori quadruplex structure sets the stage for the design and potential identification of additional base tetrads and triads that could participate in pairing alignments of multi-stranded DNA structures during chromosome association and genetic recombination.
High Mobility Solvent Holes in Methylcyclohexane

Using time-resolved dc photoconductivity, the migration patterns and reactions of solvent hole in liquid methylcyclohexane between 230 and 350 K have been studied. It is shown that solvent holes in liquid methylcyclohexane are reversibly scavenged by solutes whose liquid-state ionization potentials are 0.2-0.3 eV below that of the solvent. The reversible electron transfer is driven mainly by the reaction heat (60-90%); further decrease in the free energy is due to increase in entropy following the destruction of solvent structure around the hole. Between 133 and 360 K, the solvent hole diffuses with activation energy of 7.8 kJ/mol; the fastest electron-transfer reactions (ca. 8.7 x 10{sup 10} M{sup -1} s{sup -1} at 25 {sup o}C) have activation energies between 3.9 and 5.3 kJ/mol (250 to 350 K). Unusually large scavenging radii, 1.5-3 nm, were obtained for these charge-transfer reactions.
Patterns of atrioventricular conduction in children.

Abstract In this study, intracardiac electrograms were performed in 20 children—ranging in age from eight months to 18 years and without evidence of conduction disturbances on the scalar electrocardiogram—to determine the normal conduction patterns, response to atrial pacing, and values of refractory periods. Atrial pacing—18 cases—induced a prolongation of AH on increasing heart rates in all; 11 developed Wenckebach block proximal to the bundle of His at the mean pacing rate of 224 per minute ± 45 (1 S.D.). Refractory periods were shorter than in adults. Study of the pattern of A-V conduction revealed three types of response: (1) the atrium was the limiting structure in 11 cases; (2) the delay occurred in the A-V node only in four cases; and (3) the delay occurred both in the A-V node and His-Purkinje system. This response was observed in one case only.
BLOCKADE OF BRAIN ANGIOTENSIN II AT1 RECEPTORS AMELIORATES STRESS, ANXIETY, BRAIN INFLAMMATION AND ISCHEMIA: THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS

Poor adaptation to stress, alterations in cerebrovascular function and excessive brain inflammation play critical roles in the pathophysiology of many psychiatric and neurological disorders such as major depression, schizophrenia, post traumatic stress disorder, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases and traumatic brain injury. Treatment for these highly prevalent and devastating conditions is at present very limited and many times inefficient, and the search for novel therapeutic options is of major importance. Recently, attention has been focused on the role of a brain regulatory peptide, Angiotensin II, and in the translational value of the blockade of its physiological AT1 receptors. In addition to its well-known cardiovascular effects, Angiotensin II, through AT1 receptor stimulation, is a pleiotropic brain modulatory factor involved in the control of the reaction to stress, in the regulation of cerebrovascular flow and the response to inflammation. Excessive brain AT1 receptor activity is associated with exaggerated sympathetic and hormonal response to stress, vulnerability to cerebrovascular ischemia and brain inflammation, processes leading to neuronal injury. In animal models, inhibition of brain AT1 receptor activity with systemically administered Angiotensin II receptor blockers is neuroprotective; it reduces exaggerated stress responses and anxiety, prevents stress-induced gastric ulcerations, decreases vulnerability to ischemia and stroke, reverses chronic cerebrovascular inflammation, and reduces acute inflammatory responses produced by bacterial endotoxin. These effects protect neurons from injury and contribute to increase the lifespan. Angiotensin II receptor blockers are compounds with a good margin of safety widely used in the treatment of hypertension and their anti-inflammatory and vascular protective effects contribute to reduce renal and cardiovascular failure. Inhibition of brain AT1 receptors in humans is also neuroprotective, reducing the incidence of stroke, improving cognition and decreasing the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Blockade of AT1 receptors offers a novel and safe therapeutic approach for the treatment of illnesses of increasing prevalence and socioeconomic impact, such as mood disorders and neurodegenerative diseases of the brain.
Ownership Structure and Accounting Information Content: Evidence from France

This paper investigates how family and bank ownership affect the accounting information content of French firms. In Continental Europe, the existence of block-holders triggers specific corporate governance issues, including the transparency of financial reporting. Our test results for the clean surplus model show that book value carries a significantly greater weight for family-controlled firms. This finding is attributed to their lack of incentive to report timely and relevant earnings to outside (minority) investors. In contrast, bank owners are under more market pressure to achieve earnings persistence through the use of accounting accruals. Bank ownership is also associated with higher levels of debt. These results are consistent with findings that in code law countries, insiders dominate as a source of finance, and financial reporting is aimed at creditor protection.
Delayed Complications Thirty-Six Years After Hemispherectomy: A Case Report

Summary: Purpose: To describe a late complication of hemispherectomy in a patient in whom symptoms of hydrocephalus developed 36 years after her left-sided hemispherectomy, the longest delay on record. Methods: Hemispherectomy has been successfully used in the treatment of intractable epilepsy associated with infantile-type hemiplegia for a half century. Of the patients, however, up to 33% have late increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure complications attributed to superficial cerebral hemosiderosis. Through a retrospective case analysis, we describe such complications in a 52-year-old woman with cognitive impairment, gait instability, urinary incontinence, and right hemineglect 36 years after her initial procedure. Results: Quantitative, objective measures of cognition and gait-laboratory testing confirmed the patient's favorable clinical response to ventriculoperitoneal shunting, as well as the complete resolution of her symptoms, including the atypical occurrence of right-sided hemineglect. Conclusions: This case uniquely demonstrates the clinical features of a late complication of hemispherectomy while documenting the longest reported delay for developing such adverse sequelae. We also emphasize the need for more extensive follow-up studies to assess the extent of posthemispherectomy complications.
Serum Metal Ion Concentration: Comparison Between Small and Large Head Metal-on-Metal Total Hip Arthroplasty

The purpose of this study was to compare serum metal ion concentrations (chromium and cobalt) in 3 groups, 2 with metal-on-metal articulations and a control metal-on-polyethylene group. Forty-six patients with good to well-functioning hips were recruited for the study. Serum ion levels of all patients were drawn, and Harris Hip Score, University of California, Los Angeles activity score, and radiographs were performed. Serum chromium concentrations were significantly lower in the large head group compared with the small head group (P = .013). There was no difference in the cobalt concentrations between the 2 groups (P = .087). There was a significant difference between both metal-on-metal groups when compared with controls for both chromium and cobalt levels (P = .0005 and P = .0004, control vs small; P = .001 and P = .0001, control vs large, respectively).
Shelter and Development

The importance of access to housing in promoting well-being, enhancing the quality of life, and enabling productivity has been largely recognised and translated into enabling policy. Efforts to create affordable housing for the workforce, largely assumed to be living in nuclear, one-wage-earner families, have been initiated. But left out of this approach has been the plight of those not in the workforce – the elderly and children – and women, particularly single women who are heads of households having dependent children. In such single-women-headed households, entitlement to house offers many benefits that promote the resident’s access to development. The needs of poor-women-headed households are many. The role that shelter, defined as house and surrounding supportive neighbourhood, plays in the well-being and productivity of women and their dependent children is significant. This article points out some reasons why access to housing, broadly defined as shelter, is a key variable in these women’s ability to survive economically and obtain the benefits of development. It notes ways in which policy needs to be formulated to improve poor women’s access to the valuable asset of shelter.
A thin-layer chromatographic method for separation of thymidine and deoxyuridine nucleotides

A thin-layer chromatographic method for the separation of thymidine and deoxyuridine nucleotides and nucleosides is described. This procedure involves the following sequence of steps: (i) Ion-exchange thin-layer chromatography to afford separation into fractions of increasing degree of phosphorylation, (ii) conversion of each fraction into an equivalent mixture of thymine and uracil through the combined actions of alkaline phosphatase and thymidine phosphorylase, and (iii) partition thin-layer chromatographic separation of thymine and uracil. A key feature of the method is the specificity afforded by the second step which converts only thymidine and deoxyuridine nucleotides and nucleosides to the corresponding pyrimidine bases. An application of the method to the study of [3H]deoxyuridine metabolism in L1210 cells, as well as the effect of methotrexate on this metabolism is also described.
High temperature dynamic viscosity sensor for engine oil applications

Abstract This paper presents a new high temperature dynamic viscosity sensor for in situ condition monitoring of engine lubricants. The sensor is used to measure the variation in the quality factor of a vibrating piezoelectric cantilever beam due to viscous damping. The sensor was used to measure the dynamic viscosity of various single and multi-grade engines oils up to 180 cP from 25 °C to 60 °C. The sensor is capable of detecting degradation and dilution of engine oil for both new and used samples of 5W-30 and 10W-40 and diluted SAE 30 engine oils. All of the viscosity measurements presented are within 0.13–9.8% of the results obtained using the standard Walther equation at various temperatures. An equation relating dynamic viscosity of an oil sample to the quality factor of the beam is presented. The quality factor measurement circuit presented in this research can be implemented in automotive applications for in situ condition monitoring of lubricant viscosity.
Rheumatic disease sera reactive with capillaries in the mouse kidney.

With an immunofluorescent technic using tissue sections of mouse kidney as substrate, sera from patients with rheumatic diseases reacted with glomerular and peritubular capillaries. The reactive factor in sera was shown to be IgG and was able to fix complement in the reaction. Capillary reactivity was frequently detected in rheumatic diseases associated with vascular lesions of undetermined etiology such as dermatopolymyositis, scleroderma, polymyalgia and temporal arteritis. It was present in lower incidence in other rheumatic diseases and in normal populations.
Association between Psychosocial Factors and Asthma in a Demographically Representative Adult Sample

We conducted an analysis of a demographically representative community health survey to examine the association between psychosocial factors and asthma. Data from the Speak to Your Health! Community Survey, a community-based survey designed and implemented by university and community partners using Community Based Public Health (CBPH) principles to investigate health and social issues in Genesee County, Michigan, was used in the analysis presented. The survey gathered information on self-reported mental and physical health status, disease diagnoses, health access and utilization, health-promoting and health-adverse behaviors, neighborhood conditions, and other topics. We sampled households in all residential census tracts in Genesee County, Michigan. One resident over 18 years of age was randomly selected within each household and participated in a telephone interview. The total sample size for the telephone survey in 2007 was 1,748. The mean age of the participants was 54.7 (SD = 15.69); 66% of participants were white, 26% African American, and 7% other race/ethnicity; and 15% of the population reported being diagnosed with asthma. Adults with asthma had significantly higher body mass index, higher levels of social support, and higher levels of stress than adults without asthma. Clinicians and researchers should be aware of psychosocial factors affecting their adult patient populations and tailor patient care, communication, and community-based educational interventions to specifically address these.
The Pathos of Exile: Old Lutheran Refugees in the United States and South Australia

Beginning in 1613, when the Prussian royal family converted to Calvinism while the vast majority of its subjects remained part of the state-regulated Lutheran church, the Hohenzollern kings found themselves living with an anomalous religious situation. Royal discontent with this circumstance had always existed, but efforts to bring about a change failed until, in the years after the Napoleonic Wars, Frederick William III resolved to take decisive action. A pious man and conscientious theologian, the king was deeply troubled by the continuing existence among large numbers of his subjects of rationalism and religious indifferentism, legacies of the Enlightenment. Moreover, reflecting on the defeat of Prussia by the French in 1806, he was also committed to national regeneration, which seemed blocked not only by the lack of religiosity he perceived, but by the disunity inherent in the religious gulf which separated Reformed monarch and Lutheran subject. In 1817, with the three-hundredth anniversary of the Reformation in mind, he proclaimed the intention to merge the Reformed and Lutheran churches of Prussia, and proceeded actively to involve himself in framing a common agenda for the doctrine of the new church. Serving God and the state in one bold stroke, the king was doubtless proud of the decision, and the large majority of his Lutheran subjects and their pastors unquestioningly accepted it.
EFFECT OF THE PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOID MONOCROTALINE ON TAURINE AND SULFUR AMINO ACID METABOLISM IN THE RAT LIVER

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) comprise a large group of plant toxins, characteristically producing veno-occlusive disease of the liver as a result of hepatic bioactivation to pyrrolic dehydroalkaloids4, 5 (Fig. 1). These pyrrolic metabolites are highly reactive alkylating agents, with aqueous half-lives of only a few seconds1. Dehydroalkaloids are detoxified in the liver by conjugation with glutathione (GSH) to yield 7-glutathionyl-6, 7-di-hydro-l-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (GSDHP; Fig. 1). Following exposure in vivo to a PA, or perfusion of an isolated liver in vitro, high levels of GSDHP are released into the bile11, 13.
Corrigendum to “Mixed-mode toughness of human cortical bone containing a longitudinal crack in far-field compression” [Bone 50 (2012) 331–336]

This work was supported by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), funded by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract no. DE AC02 05CH11231. The authors wish to thank Dr. Tony Tomsia and Brian Panganiban for their assistance with the study, and Professor Tony Keaveny and Mike Jekir, of the Mechanical Engineering Department at the University of California, Berkeley, for allowing us to use their bone machining facilities.
Transposon Mutagenesis of Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Identifies Genes That Contribute to Invasiveness in Human and Chicken Cells and Survival in Egg Albumen

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is an important food-borne pathogen, and chickens are a primary reservoir of human infection. While most knowledge about Salmonella pathogenesis is based on research conducted on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis is known to have pathobiology specific to chickens that impacts epidemiology in humans. Therefore, more information is needed about S. Enteritidis pathobiology in comparison to that of S. Typhimurium. We used transposon mutagenesis to identify S. Enteritidis virulence genes by assay of invasiveness in human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells and chicken liver (LMH) cells and survival within chicken (HD-11) macrophages as a surrogate marker for virulence. A total of 4,330 transposon insertion mutants of an invasive G1 Nalr strain were screened using Caco-2 cells. This led to the identification of attenuating mutations in a total of 33 different loci, many of which include genes previously known to contribute to enteric infection (e.g., Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 [SPI-1], SPI-4, SPI-5, CS54, fliH, fljB, csgB, spvR, and rfbMN) in S. Enteritidis and other Salmonella serovars. Several genes or genomic islands that have not been reported previously (e.g., SPI-14, ksgA, SEN0034, SEN2278, and SEN3503) or that are absent in S. Typhimurium or in most other Salmonella serovars (e.g., pegD, SEN1152, SEN1393, and SEN1966) were also identified. Most mutants with reduced Caco-2 cell invasiveness also showed significantly reduced invasiveness in chicken liver cells and impaired survival in chicken macrophages and in egg albumen. Consequently, these genes may play an important role during infection of the chicken host and also contribute to successful egg contamination by S. Enteritidis.
Multiplicity of molecular and cellular targets in human ovarian autoimmunity: an update.

Purpose To provide an update of putative auto-antigens identified and proposed to be involved in human ovarian autoimmunity.
Approximation in enumeration techniques for large scale zero-one programming for corporate average fuel economy planning

Mathematical programming was used to achieve corporate average fuel economy standards at minimum cost. Computational difficulties were experienced on the large-scale zero-one linear integer programming problems that arose. To alleviate these difficulties, a method based on adaptive estimates of the optimal objective function value was implemented in a computer code using implicit enumeration. With this approach the computational problems encountered in determining minimum-cost allocation of mass and/or fuel-efficient components among car lines are reduced substantially. Results are presented showing that problems with 100 to 350 variables are handled easily and solved within a minute. These enhanced capabilities permit extensive sensitivity analyses, and thus provide numerous practical alternatives to the decision-maker. >
Input-powered energy harvesting interface circuits with zero standby power

This paper presents an input-powered energy-harvesting interface circuit that eliminates standby power consumption by automatically shutting down when the ac input voltage amplitude is too low for successful energy reclamation. The interface comprises an input-powered ac/dc converter and an input-powered dc/dc boost converter that are fabricated in ON Semi 3M-2P 0.5 µm CMOS process. The interface circuit starts up when the ac input amplitude exceeds 1 V and supplies a regulated dc output up to 3 V. When the input amplitude drops below 600 mV, the interface automatically enters standby mode and consumes no power. The system achieves a maximum efficiency of 60% with 1.5 V ac input amplitude and 3 V regulated dc output, delivering 3.9 mW of output power. The interface also functions properly in tests with an electrodynamic (magnetic) vibrational energy harvester.
Effect of continuous positive airway pressure on the measurement of thoracoabdominal asynchrony and minute ventilation in children anesthetized with sevoflurane and nitrous oxide.

Study objectives To quantify thoracoabdominal asynchrony (TAA) in children during anesthesia, and to measure the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on TAA, tidal volume (V t ), and minute ventilation ( V ˙ e ). Design Prospective, nonrandomized, controlled study. Setting Operating room of a university children's hospital. Participants Ninety children aged 2 to 9 years scheduled for elective outpatient day surgery who were enrolled prospectively. Methods Each subject was anesthetized with sevoflurane 3% in equal parts O 2 and N 2 O while breathing spontaneously through a facemask. Respiratory impedance plethysmography was used to calculate TAA indexes (phase angle [PA], phase relation in inspiration [PhRIB], phase relation in expiration, phase relation in total breath [PhRTB], and ratio of the inspiratory time to the total duration of the respiratory cycle [T i /T tot] ), V t , and V ˙ e . Tidal gas flows were measured with a dual-hotwire anemometer with the sensor inserted between the facemask and the Y-piece of the anesthetic breathing circuit. This enabled the volume calibration of the respiratory impedance plethysmography equipment. The following conditions were compared: (1) no CPAP, (2) CPAP of 5 cm H 2 O, and (3) CPAP of 10 cm H 2 O. Results Eighty-one children completed the study protocol. All measurements of TAA with an inspiratory component (PA, PhRIB, PhRTB, and T i /T tot ) decreased significantly from baseline with the addition of CPAP to the circuit. Application of CPAP of 10 cm H 2 O decreased significantly mean V t s and V ˙ e s compared with CPAP of 5 cm H 2 O and no CPAP. There were no differences in TAA for all conditions when comparing children scheduled for adenoidectomy with other surgical procedures. Conclusions With spontaneously breathing anesthetized children, TAA decreases with the application of CPAP. CPAP of 5 cm H 2 O was as effective as CPAP of 10 cm H 2 O in reducing PA, PhRIB, PhRTB, and T i /T tot . However, CPAP of 10 cm H 2 O also caused a significant decrease in V t and V ˙ e .
An IMS–IMS threshold method for semi-quantitative determination of activation barriers: Interconversion of proline cis ↔ trans forms in triply protonated bradykinin

Abstract Collisional activation of selected conformations by multidimensional ion mobility spectrometry (IMS–IMS), combined with mass spectrometry (MS), is described as a method to determine semi-quantitative activation energies for interconversion of different structures of the nonapeptide bradykinin (BK, Arg-Pro-Pro-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg). This analysis is based on a calibration involving collision-induced dissociation measurements of ions with known dissociation energies (i.e., “thermometer” ions) such as leucine enkephalin, BK, and amino acid–metal cation systems. The energetic barriers between six conformations of [BK + 3H]3+ range from 0.23 ± 0.01 to 0.55 ± 0.03 eV. Prior results indicate that the major peaks in the IMS distributions correspond to specific combinations of cis and trans configurations of the three proline residues in the peptide sequence. The analysis allows us to directly assess pathways for specific transitions. The combination of structural assignments, experimentally determined barrier heights, onset of the quasi-equilibrium region, and dissociation threshold are used to derive a semi-quantitative potential energy surface for main features of [BK + 3H]3+.
Simple singularities and integrable hierarchies

The paper [11] gives a construction of the total descendent potential corresponding to a semisimple Frobenius manifold. In [12], it is proved that the total descendent potential corresponding to K. Saito’s Frobenius structure on the parameter space of the miniversal deformation of the A n−1-singularity satisfies the modulo-n reduction of the KP-hierarchy. In this paper, we identify the hierarchy which is satisfied by the total descendent potential of a simple singularity of ADE type. Our description of the hierarchy is parallel to the vertex operator construction of Kac-Wakimoto [17] except that we give both some general integral formulas and explicit numerical values for certain coefficients which in the Kac-Wakimoto theory are studied on a case-by-case basis and remain, generally speaking, unknown.
Direct and indirect effects of CO2, nitrogen, and community diversity on plant-enemy interactions.

Resource abundance and plant diversity are two predominant factors hypothesized to influence the amount of damage plants receive from natural enemies. Many impacts of these environmental variables on plant damage are likely indirect and result because both resource availability and diversity can influence plant traits associated with attractiveness to herbivores or susceptibility to pathogens. We used a long-term, manipulative field experiment to investigate how carbon dioxide (CO2) enrichment, nitrogen (N) fertilization, and plant community diversity affect plant traits and the amount of herbivore and pathogen damage experienced by the common prairie legume Lespedeza capitata .W e detected little evidence that CO2 or N affected plant traits; however, plants growing in high- diversity treatments (polycultures) were taller, were less pubescent, and produced thinner leaves (higher specific leaf area). Interestingly, we also detected little evidence that CO2 or N affect damage. Plants growing in polycultures compared to monocultures, however, experienced a fivefold increase in damage from generalist herbivores, 64% less damage from specialist herbivores, and 91% less damage from pathogens. Moreover, within diversity treatments, damage by generalist herbivores was negatively correlated with pubescence and often was positively correlated with plant height, while damage by specialist herbivores typically was positively correlated with pubescence and negatively associated with height. These patterns are consistent with changes in plant traits driving differences in herbivory between diversity treatments. In contrast, changes in measured plant traits did not explain the difference in disease incidence between monocultures and polycultures. In summary, our data provide little evidence that CO2 or N supply alter damage from natural enemies. By contrast, plants grown in monocultures experienced greater specialist herbivore and pathogen damage but less generalist herbivore damage than plants grown in diverse communities. Part of this diversity effect was mediated by changes in plant traits, many of which likely are plastic responses to diversity treatments, but some of which may be the result of evolutionary changes in response to these long-term experimental manipulations.
Meeting Learning Objectives through Service-Learning: A Pomology Case Study

Undergraduate students enrolled in the introductory pomology course at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, from 2007 to 2010, participated in a service-learning project. Students helped the community organi­ zation, the California Rare Fruit Growers (CRFG), teach grafting skills to San Louis Obispo County high school students and community members. At the end of each quarter, pomology students completed evaluations of their experience. Results of these evaluations were used to improve teaching methodology and the experience in which the students participated. Self-reported and instructor evaluations of the service-learning project demonstrated that students increased their grafting knowledge and skills, their confidence in learning new skills, and their interest in fruit science and community involvement. The service-learning project enabled students to meet course learning objectives of understanding and becoming experienced in horticultural techniques, such as grafting, and to meet university learning objectives of developing critical thinking and communication skills and increasing community involvement.
Improving Quality and Potency Testing for Umbilical Cord Blood: A New Perspective

UNLABELLED This article critically reviews current methods to test and characterize umbilical cord blood (UCB) for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. These tests include total nucleated cell (TNC) count, viability, viable CD34-positive content, and the colony-forming unit assay. It is assumed that the data obtained are sufficient to perform a UCB stem cell transplant without actually determining the quality and potency of the stem cells responsible for engraftment. This assumption has led not only to a high graft failure rate attributed to low or lack of potency, but also to noncompliance with present statutes that require UCB stem cells to be of high quality and, indeed, potency for a transplant to be successful. New evidence now calls into question the quality of the data, based on the UCB processed TNC fraction because using this impure fraction masks and significantly underestimates the functionality of the stem cells in both the segment and the unit. It is proposed that UCB units should be processed to the mononuclear cell fraction and that new cost-effective technology that measures the quality and potency of UCB stem cells be implemented to achieve better practices in UCB testing. These changes would provide the transplant physician with the assurance that the stem cells will perform as intended and would reduce risk and increase safety and efficacy for the patient. SIGNIFICANCE Current stem cell transplantation of umbilical cord blood cells requires testing that includes four basic parameters that do not determine whether the stem cells are of high quality, as required by the Stem Cell Therapeutic and Research Act of 2005. No cord blood units collected or transplanted so far have been tested for stem cell quality or potency. New scientific evidence calls into question cord blood processing and testing practices required by regulatory agencies and standards organizations. A new perspective is described that includes stem cell quality and potency testing that could reduce graft failure rates.
An O-Acetylserine (thiol) Lyase from Leucaena leucocephala Is a Cysteine Synthase But Not a Mimosine Synthase

In plants, the final step of cysteine formation is catalyzed by O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase (OAS-TL). The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize an OAS-TL from the tree legume Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena). Leucaena contains a toxic, nonprotein amino acid, mimosine, which is also formed by an OAS-TL, and characterization of this enzyme is essential for developing a mimosine-free leucaena for its use as a protein-rich fodder. The cDNA for a cytosolic leucaena OAS-TL isoform was obtained through interspecies suppression subtractive hybridization. A 40-kDa recombinant protein was purified from Escherichia coli and used in enzyme activity assays where it was found to synthesize only cysteine. The enzyme followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and the Km was calculated to be 1,850±414 μM sulfide and the Vmax was 200.6±19.92 μM cysteine min(-1). The N-terminal affinity His-tag was cleaved from the recombinant OAS-TL to eliminate its possible interference in binding with the substrate, 3-hydroxy-4-pyridone, for mimosine formation. The His-tag-cleaved OAS-TL was again observed to catalyze the formation of cysteine but not mimosine. Thus, the cytosolic OAS-TL from leucaena used in this study is specific for only cysteine synthesis and is different from previously reported OAS-TLs that also function as β-substituted alanine synthases.
Improving FPGA Design Robustness with Partial TMR

This paper describes an efficient approach of applying mitigation to an FPGA design to protect against Single Event Upsets (SEUs). This approach applies mitigation selectively to FPGA circuit structures depending on their importance within the design. Higher priority is given to structures causing "persistent" errors within the design. For certain applications, applying selective mitigation to the persistent components can yield higher returns in reliability per unit cost than full mitigation. A software tool is also introduced which automatically classifies circuit structures based on this concept and applies Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) selectively based on the classification of the circuit structure.
An Expanding View on Incubation

This article presents a review and integration of the literature on incubation. The review indicates that (a) the experimental investigation of incubation tends to focus on the observation and measurement of cognitive-mental processes; (b) the current research on incubation only infrequently considers the phenomenon of variance in psychological states during the incubation phase in solving interpolation problems and solving dialectic problems; and (c) sensory-perceptual phenomena, such as symbol formation, occurring during incubation, are too rarely considered. The review also identifies a need for the development of methodologies that consider the range of cognitive-mental and sensory-perceptual processes involved in the development of novel understanding and original discovery.
Making the grade: Self-worth and the fear of failure

Your soul is oftentimes a battlefield upon which your reason and judgment wage war against your passion and your appetite. Your reason and your passion are the rudder and the sails of your seafaring soul. kahlil gibran Kahlil Gibran, the contemporary Syrian poet, describes human behavior as a unitary process in which passion and reason act in tandem – sometimes as coconspirators and at other times as adversaries. Human beings are caught up constantly in the struggle for a blending and reconciliation of these factors, or at least a truce. In the last chapter we explored the proposition that passion – or put more sedately, motivation – is the by-product of cognitive (rational) processes, and that emotions such as shame and pride depend on the meaning (cognitions) that individuals attach to their successes and failures. The guiding metaphor of this cognitive view is that of the intuitive scientist (Kelley, 1971a) who ceaselessly searches for and analyzes data in order to master himself and his environment. The principal values associated with this quest are rationality, consistency of action, and accurate self-knowledge. Obviously, these attributes are critical to survival. Accurate self-knowledge enables individuals to credit their talents fairly as well as to recognize their shortcomings so they can avoid those tasks that exceed their present skills, yet when possible seize the moment and take advantage of unexpected opportunities that fall within the scope of their abilities. The use of attribution principles to explain achievement motivation has resulted in considerable, even historic, strides in the precision with which researchers have come to think about this topic.
Mammalian Sperm Acrosomal Enzymes and the Acrosome Reaction

The sperm acrosome is an intracellular membrane-limited organelle that surrounds the anterior portion of the nucleus. It consists of an inner acrosomal membrane that is closely associated with the nucleus and is continuous with the outer acrosomal membrane. The acrosomal matrix proper is located between the two membranes. The entire spermatozoon is covered by the plasma membrane. The acrosome has several characteristics in common with the lysosome: it contains a number of enzymes, and the internal milieu is normally acidic. Although all mammals possess an acrosome, significant size and shape variations exist.
Tensor displays

We introduce tensor displays: a family of light field displays comprising all stacked display architectures employing light-attenuating layers illuminated by uniform or directional backlighting (i.e., any low-resolution light field emitter). Tensor displays include the capability to time-multiplex content across frames on each of the layers to improve image quality. We show that the light field emitted by an N-layer, M-frame tensor display can be represented by an Nth-order, rank-M tensor. In a related technical paper submission, we use this representation to introduce a unified optimization framework, based on nonnegative tensor factorization (NTF), encompassing all tensor display architectures (see supplementary supporting document). In this emerging technologies demonstration, we show both static, printed tensor displays, and dynamic LCD-based systems, providing wide field-of-view, bright, high-resolution, glasses-free 3D display.
Oviposition of Stable Flies in Response to Temperature and Humidity

The oviposition of stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), was determined for several temperature and humidity conditions in the laboratory. Oviposition was greater and began at younger ages at the higher temperatures. Ovarian development and oviposition rates appeared to respond to temperature in the same manner as development of immature stages in previous work. Humidity did not appear to affect oviposition. The flies produced more eggs at a particular air temperature if the temperatures for adults and immatures were similar. A simple procedure for predicting oviposition rates in variable temperature regimes was developed.
Rational Selection in the Social Sciences

sentiment, moral ideal and cultural goal that stimulate and regulate the freedom of mobility and competition in economic and social adjustments. Contemporary industrial society is marked by a formal, objective, pecuniary standard which fits well into the machine technology, rapid tempo of life, interdependence of labor, and freedom of mobility. The complex and interdependent Great Society in which man lives requires not only an appropriate mechanism of communication, organization, and industry but also an appropriate value mechanism which may express and measure the widest range of human values. But the money token used in measuring and energizing various individual and social goals ends in subordinating to itself the ultimate values. Money is associated with man's health, comfort, and leisure and gives access to many cultural, personal, and spiritual values. There is in modern life an intermingling of economic with aesthetic and moral values. But as pecuniary value enlarges its scope, society slides into the acceptance of the principle that everything has its price. Pecuniary value becomes a real end rather than a means and is used to manipulate a great number of social activities and values which should be outside the pecuniary domain. Thus the hegemony that belongs to the ultimate, underivative values ends. The cult of the hedonic and the useful supersedes the ancient adoration of truth, love, and goodness. The norms of the rapid tempo of life, the fluidity of social relations, the freedom of competition and contract, and the deliberate-pecuniary standard that emerge in the successive levels of social accommodation are all reciprocally interdependent and express the gestalt of modern industrialized society of which physical and social mobility is the fundamental process. The contemporary social scene cannot be understood without placing mobility in the center of the perspective, nor can mobility be adequately interpreted without adopting an integrated and synthetic viewpoint in this regard. No significant feature of modern civilization can be delineated without introducing mobility as one of its causal factors operative on the levels of ecology, economy, and morality.
Ritual, Religion, and German Home Towns

German Home Towns is a very forward-looking book. I say that not because it proved so influential—although it certainly had a profound impact on my generation of historians. My point is more prosaic, namely that German Home Towns occupies a set point in time and social milieu, the inaugural moment of an attenuated phase of stability for a peculiar type of human community in central Europe. That moment, of course, is 1648; the milieu is that of walled and privileged towns—large and differentiated enough for self-sufficiency in most economic functions, but not so large or so differentiated as to generate the degrees of stratification and anonymity that characterized larger commercial or manufacturing cities. In contrast to metropolitan centers, “home towns” embraced all inhabitants in a web of face-to-face relations, at once integrating, enabling, and controlling all inhabitants through guilds and the political systems built around them. Usually, almost all hometown inhabitants were citizens, too—again in contrast to larger cities, with their substrates of noncitizen residents. From the vantage of 1648, and within the stream of early modern German history, German Home Towns peers into a future of confrontation with “movers and doers”—those vanguards of the “general estate,” as Walker called them, who trampled idiosyncrasy, leveled difference, and, with some help from Napoleon, replaced both local corporatism and the imperial “incubator” with provincial and national systems of general, liberal delegation.