cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of some physical properties of polyethylene–styrene graft copolymers prepared by the trapped free radical method and polyethylene–polystyrene blends

The preparation and properties of polyethylene–styrene graft copolymers using trapped free radicals produced by gamma rays has been reported. When polystyrene branches are attached to the polyethylene chain there is reinforcement of the properties of polyethylene, whereas the corresponding physical blend of polystyrene and polyethylene has lowered physical properties.
The Nernst-Ettingshausen energy conversion figure of merit for Bi and Bi-4% Sb alloys

Abstract The Nernst-Ettingshausen (NE) energy conversion figure of merit ZNE has been measured by a direct method for Bi and Bi-4% Sb at various temperatures and magnetic fields. The experimental data show that ZNE for pure Bi is greater than ZNE for the Bi-4% solid solution.
A new DRB1*1202 allele (DRB1*12022) found in association with DQA1*0102 and DQB1*0602 in two black narcoleptic subjects.

DQB1*0602 is a better genetic marker than DR2 for narcolepsy susceptibility across all ethnic groups; for instance, only 75% of African American narcoleptics are DR2+ compared with 96% DQB1*0602+. We studied DRB1 genes of DR2- but DQB1*0602+ African American patients with cataplexy and observed two with an unusual DR12, DQA1*0102, DQB1*0602 haplotype; a new allelic variant of DRB1*1202 has been designated DRB*12022. 8 refs.
The conformation of apolipoprotein A-I in high-density lipoproteins is influenced by core lipid composition and particle size: a surface plasmon resonance study.

Plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are a heterogeneous group of particles that vary in size as well as lipid and apoprotein composition. The effect of HDL core lipid composition and particle size on apolipoprotein (apo) A-I structure was studied using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis of the binding of epitope-defined monoclonal antibodies. The association and dissociation rate constants of 12 unique apo A-I-specific monoclonal antibodies for isolated plasma HDL were calculated. In addition, the association rate constants of the antibodies were determined for homogeneous preparations of spherical reconstituted HDL (rHDL) that contained apo A-I as the sole apolipoprotein and differed either in their size or in their core lipid composition. This analysis showed that lipoprotein size affected the conformation of domains dispersed throughout the apo A-I molecule, but the conformation of the central domain between residues 121 and 165 was most consistently modified. In contrast, replacement of core ...
Precise measurements of the dispersion of the index of refraction for Cd1−xZnxTe alloys

By using a prism coupler technique in conjunction with reflectivity measurements, we have obtained highly accurate relations for the dispersion of the indices of refraction n for a series of MBE-grown Cd1−xZnxTe alloys. Initially, the prism coupler technique was used to determine n at discrete wavelengths with an accuracy of at least 0.1%, and also to concurrently determine the epilayer thicknesses with an uncertainty of less than 0.5%. Having obtained precise values for both n (at discrete wavelengths) and the thicknesses of the Cd1−xZnxTe epilayers, we were then able to correctly decipher the values for n at the maxima and minima of the reflectivity spectra observed on the above epilayers, and thereby generate a continuous variation of the indices of refraction as a function of wavelength. Fitting the dispersion of n in each alloy to a Sellmeier-type dispersion relation, we have obtained the dependence of the constants appearing in this relation on the alloy concentration. This enables one to predict n not only as a function of wavelength, but also as a function of alloy composition.
Child and Adult Day Care Professions Converging in the 1990s?: Implications for Training and Research.

Intergenerational day care is one of the innovative corporate responses to the current dependent care crisis gripping the United States labor force. If successful, this new service type could have important training and research implications for Gerontology and Child Development/Early Childhood Education programs around the country. This paper presents the historical roots and the nature of child and adult day care, and discusses selected intergenerational day care training and research issues.
Occupational and Environmental Acne

Occupational and environmental acne is a variety of acne venenata, resulting from various chemical exposures and from a variety of environmental, physical and mechanical factors, usually encountered in the workplace but occasionally seen in non-occupational settings. The eruption may be mild, involving localized exposure or covered areas of the body, or severe, explosive and disseminated with the involvement of almost every follicular orifice. Additionally, chloracne almost always represents a cutaneous sign of systemic exposure to highly toxic chemicals. Occupational and environmental acne is separated into oil acne, coal-tar acne, acne cosmetica, acne aestivalis, acne mechanica, tropical acne and chloracne. This listing is not exhaustive but serves as a useful paradigm and includes the most common causes.
Emulating AQM from end hosts

In this paper, we show that end-host based congestion prediction is more accurate than previously characterized. However, it may not be possible to entirely eliminate the uncertainties in congestion prediction. To address these uncertainties, we propose Probabilistic Early Response TCP (PERT). PERT emulates the behavior of AQM/ECN, in the congestion response function of end-hosts. We present fluid-flow analysis of PERT/RED and PERT/PI, versions of PERT that emulate router-based RED and PI controllers. Our analysis shows that PERT/RED has better stability behavior than router-based RED. We also present results from ns-2 simulations to show the practical feasibility of PERT. The scheme presented here is general and can be used for emulating other AQM algorithms.
Activation of Human Herpesvirus Replication by Apoptosis

A central feature of herpesvirus biology is the ability of herpesviruses to remain latent within host cells. Classically, exposure to inducing agents, like activating cytokines or phorbol esters that stimulate host cell signal transduction events, and epigenetic agents (e.g., butyrate) was thought to end latency. We recently showed that Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, or human herpesvirus-8 [HHV-8]) has another, alternative emergency escape replication pathway that is triggered when KSHV's host cell undergoes apoptosis, characterized by the lack of a requirement for the replication and transcription activator (RTA) protein, accelerated late gene kinetics, and production of virus with decreased infectivity. Caspase-3 is necessary and sufficient to initiate the alternative replication program. HSV-1 was also recently shown to initiate replication in response to host cell apoptosis. These observations suggested that an alternative apoptosis-triggered replication program might be a general feature of herpesvirus biology and that apoptosis-initiated herpesvirus replication may have clinical implications, particularly for herpesviruses that almost universally infect humans. To explore whether an alternative apoptosis-initiated replication program is a common feature of herpesvirus biology, we studied cell lines latently infected with Epstein-Barr virus/HHV-4, HHV-6A, HHV-6B, HHV-7, and KSHV. We found that apoptosis triggers replication for each HHV studied, with caspase-3 being necessary and sufficient for HHV replication. An alternative apoptosis-initiated replication program appears to be a common feature of HHV biology. We also found that commonly used cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents activate HHV replication, which suggests that treatments that promote apoptosis may lead to activation of latent herpesviruses, with potential clinical significance.
High nitrogen chemistry: Synthesis and properties of N,N-bis(4,5-dicyano-1-methyl-2-imidazolyl)cyanamide and N,N,N′,N′,N″,N″-hexakis(4,5-dicyano-1-methyl-2-imidazoly)melamine

Abstract Cyanation of bis(4,5-dicyano-1-methyl-2-imidazoly)amine( 1 ) using cyanogen chloride gave N,N-bis(4,5-dicyano-1-methyl-2-imidazolyl)cyanamide( 3 ) as a light yellow solid. Compound 3 is thermally labile and upon heating the NCN bond is cleaved and the reactive amine intermediate readily reacts with the moisture giving 1 . Nucleophilic aromatic substitution(S N Ar) reaction of the sodium salt of 1 with cyanuric chloride gave N,N,N′,N′,N″,N″-hexakis(4,5-dicyano-1-methyl-2-imidazolyl)melamine( 5 ), as a white microcrystalline solid. Compound 5 is thermally stable up to 300°C in nitrogen and air. Compound 5 showed strong emission bands at 476 nm in acetonitrile and 448 nm in DMF. Therefore, 5 may be used as a fluorescent probe.
Molecular dynamics of β-hairpin models of epigenetic recognition motifs.

The conformations and stabilities of the β-hairpin model peptides of Waters (Riemen, A. J.; Waters, M. L.Biochemistry 2009, 48, 1525; Hughes, R. M.; Benshoff, M. L.; Waters, M. L.Chemistry 2007, 13, 5753) have been experimentally characterized as a function of lysine e-methylation. These models were developed to explore molecular recognition of known epigenetic recognition motifs. This system offered an opportunity to computationally examine the role of cation−π interactions, desolvation of the e-methylated ammonium groups, and aromatic/aromatic interactions on the observed differences in NMR spectra. AMOEBA, a second-generation force field (Ponder, J. W.; Wu, C.; Ren, P.; Pande, V. S.; Chodera, J. D.; Schnieders, M. J.; Haque, I.; Mobley, D. L.; Lambrecht, D. S.; DiStasio, R. A., Jr.; Head-Gordon, M.; Clark, G. N.; Johnson, M. E.; Head-Gordon, T.J. Phys. Chem. B 2010, 114, 2549), was chosen as it includes both multipole electrostatics and polarizability thought to be essential to accurately characterize ...
Starting voltage characteristics of 40 W biaxial fluorescent lamps

The starting voltage characteristics of 40 W biaxial fluorescent lamps were taken over an ambient temperature range of 0-90 degrees F using various starting aid distances and conditions. Results show excellent starting values with these lamps when used with the 60 Hz electromagnetic ballasts designed specifically for these lamps. Further analysis of the results shows that the limiting factor in the starting scenario depends upon the ambient temperature and/or the starting aid distance. The database would be an excellent starting place for developing a generalized starting voltage equation which encompasses the variables tested. Similar work is being performed using electronic high frequency ballasts. >
The Great Debate: Edmund Burke, Thomas Paine, and the Birth of Right and Left. By Yuval Levin. (New York, NY: Basic Books, 2014. Pp. xix, 275. $27.99.)

This is a fine book about political philosophy; it is well informed, clearly written, keen and fair in analysis, and nicely linked to the time and circumstances of “The Great Debate” the author add...
Trade union proposals towards EMU

This article provides an overview of the debate within the trade union movement on Europe's forthcoming economic and monetary union. It reviews the reasoning behind the ETUC's critical support for EMU and outlines the main issues in the trade union debate in ten European countries. It finds that the general political debate at national level has a significant influence on the discussion within the trade unions, and that the sector of the economy within which individual unions organise is also of relevance. Nevertheless, these specific concerns are placed within the framework of policy defined by the ETUC.
A new approach for simultaneously retrieving cloud albedo and cloud fraction from surface-based shortwave radiation measurements

Surface-based measurements of shortwave (SW) radiative fluxes contain valuable information on cloud properties, but have not been fully used to infer those properties. Here a new analytical approach is presented that simultaneously infers cloud albedo and cloud fraction from surface-based measurements of total and direct radiative fluxes. An inspection of the analytical formulation reveals that cloud fraction is primarily determined by the relative cloud radiative forcing for the direct radiation, defined as the difference between the clear-sky and all-sky direct downwelling radiative fluxes normalized by the clear-sky direct downwelling radiative fluxes, while cloud albedo is primarily determined by the ratio of the relative cloud radiative forcing for the total downwelling radiation to the relative cloud radiative forcing for the direct radiation. The new analytical approach is validated using synthetic measurements generated by the rapid radiative transfer model (RRTM) algorithm with known cloud inputs and some surface- and satellite-based measurements. The effect of cloud absorption is further corrected based on a suite of numerical experiments. The new approach demonstrates the utility of partitioning total radiation into direct and diffuse radiation, and eliminates the potential contamination of errors in existing approaches that retrieve cloud fraction and cloud albedo separately.
A Library for Self-Adjusting Computation

We present a Standard ML library for writing programs that automatically adjust to changes to their data. The library combines modifiable references and memoization to achieve efficient updates. We describe an implementation of the library and apply it to the problem of maintaining the convex hull of a dynamically changing set of points. Our experiments show that the overhead of the library is small, and that self-adjusting programs can adjust to small changes three-orders of magnitude faster than recomputing from scratch. The implementation relies on invariants that could be enforced by a modal type system. We show, using an existing language, abstract interfaces for modifiable references and for memoization that ensure the same safety properties without the use of modal types. The interface for memoization, however, does not scale well, suggesting a language-based approach to be preferable after all.
Live demonstration: Material detection via an integrated polarization imager

We will demonstrate the performance of an integrated CCD polarization image sensor. The polarization image sensor combines CCD imaging technology with aluminum nanowire optical filters monolithically at the focal plane. The image sensor computes polarization parameters of partially polarized light and presents this information to the end user in false color representation. The image sensor will demonstrate its capabilities in discriminating different materials based on the polarization signatures. The image sensor has a dynamic range of 65dB, signal-to-noise ratio of 60dB and power consumption of 280mW at 40 frames per second.
All in the Family: New Approaches to Child Relief in Post-Mao China

The delivery systems for caring for dependent children have undergone a radical transformation in Reform-era China. Beginning in the mid-1980s, a dramatic resurgence in the number of abandoned infa...
Effects of Religion and Purpose in Life on Elders' Subjective Well-Being and Attitudes Toward Death

ABSTRACT Although religiosity tends to help older people to cope with physical and social losses, not all studies find a significant association between religious involvement and well-being in old age. It might be that primarily the intrinsic rather than the extrinsic aspect of religiosity is responsible for the positive effect of religiosity on well-being. Using a sample of 103 community dwelling older adults (58+), multivariate regression analyses showed that purpose in life rather than extrinsic or intrinsic religious orientation was positively related to elders' subjective well-being and negatively associated with fear of death and death avoidance. Moreover, extrinsic religious orientation had a positive effect on fear of death and death avoidance. Intrinsic religious orientation was positively related to approach acceptance of death. Frequency of shared spiritual activities and religious affiliation were unrelated to subjective well-being but positively related to death avoidance and fear of death, r...
Buckling of an Elastic Strut Made of a Nonlocal Material

Buckling of a slender elastic strut built-in at one end and loaded at the other is examined from the standpoint of the non-local theory. Using the Strength of Materials Approach, the equation for the nonlocal longitudinal stress is derived. The governing equation obtained represents a sum of a number of difference equations with the coefficients provided by the dynamics of atomic lattices. Remarkably, both the first and the second approximation give the value of the buckling load coinciding with that of Euler. Es wird das Knicken eines einseitig eingespannten, schlanken, elastischen Stabes vom Standpunkt der nichtlokalen Theorie aus untersucht. Mit den Methoden der Festigkeitslehre wird die Gleichung fur die Langsspannungen abgeleitet. Die so erhaltene Gleichung des Problems ist die Summe einer Anzahl von Differenzengleichungen, deren Koeffizienten sich aus den Eigenschaften des Atomgitters ergeben. Bemerkenswerterweise liefern sowohl die erste, als auch die zweite Naherung die Eulersche Knicklast.
Effect of a δ Receptor Agonist on Duration of Survival during Hemorrhagic Shock

Objectives: Selective d receptor agonists have been shown to stabilize membrane physiologic processes, reduce metabolic rates, and provide protection against ischemic insults through KATP channel opening in a variety of organ beds. However, their potential for affecting outcomes in states of generalized ischemia has not been explored. The authors examined the effect of the nonselective d receptor agonist, DADLE (D-Ala2-Leu5-enkephalin), on hemodynamic stability and duration of survival in an animal model of severe hemorrhagic shock. Methods: Conscious Sprague Dawley rats with indwelling catheters were hemorrhaged at a rate of 3.25 mL/100 grams over 20 minutes after half of the group received 1% DADLE (1 mg/kg IV). Following the hemorrhage, all rats were continuously monitored for heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and life signs for up to three hours (death defined as apnea, systolic blood pressure \ 30 mm Hg without pulsations, and electroencephalographic silence). Survival rates and hemodynamic trends were compared between the control and DADLE-treated groups. Results: In the 14 rats studied (8 DADLE; 6 controls), initial hemorrhage resulted in similar hemodynamic shock (average MAP fall: 118 to 59 vs 119 to 55 mm Hg). Analysis of survival at 3.5 hours revealed statistically significant differences between the control and DADLE groups. While 50% of the DADLE group survived past the three hours, no control animals were still alive at the end of the experimental period. The MAP trended downward and the HR increased for the control group, but all hemodynamic parameters stabilized in the rats treated with DADLE. Conclusions: Most current strategies for treating shock focus on the supply side of resuscitation. The coordinated various actions of DADLE have the potential to work in concert in the intact organism to improve overall survival during severe hemorrhagic shock. In an animal model of severe hemorrhagic shock, there was improvement in hemodynamic stability and a prolonged survival with DADLE treatment. Physiologic manipulation with DADLE appears to be a way to improve survival during shock with possible clinical implications. Key words: hemorrhagic shock; survival; DADLE. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2003; 10:587‐593. Selective d receptor agonists have been shown to reduce metabolic rates and provide protection against ischemic insults through kidney adenosine triphosphate (KATP) channel opening in a variety of organ
Antenna array synthesis with clusters of unmanned aerial vehicles

In this paper, we investigate the use of formations of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as phased antenna arrays. This will help improve communications with clusters of small unmanned aerial vehicles which are currently constrained by on-board power limitations. The problem of maximizing the power output from the array in the direction of the receiver is posed as an optimization problem which happens to be non-convex; a relaxation of this problem is then solved as a computationally tractable (convex) second order conic program (SOCP). The performance obtained by the simplified approach is then tested against rigorous numerical bounds obtained using semidefinite programming (SDP) duality theory; these bounds are of independent interest in antenna theory. In order to maintain the objective value close to the optimal when the vehicles deviate from their positions (due to wind gusts, for example), a linear control law is proposed. Simulation results are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
Long Term Black Carbon Measurements at Two Urban Locations in New York

Measurements of PM2.5 black carbon (BC) over an 8–9 year period are used to characterize temporal patterns at sites in New York City (NYC) and Rochester, NY. Annual mean BC at the NYC location ranges from 1.4 to 2.0 μg/m 3 , whereas mean concentrations at Rochester are approximately a factor of 2–3 lower. BC amounts to 15–20% of PM2.5 mass in NYC compared to 7–10% at Rochester. Seasonal patterns reveal the highest BC concentrations in NYC from November to February versus June to November at Rochester. At both locations, mean weekday (Monday-Friday) BC concentrations are statistically higher compared to weekends (Saturday and Sunday). Weekday BC diurnal profiles exhibit a morning peak between 6–10 AM EST followed by an afternoon minimum, with a secondary peak in the late evening. Sunday BC diurnal profiles show highest concentrations at night, from 8 PM to 2 AM. These patterns are consistent with vehicle counts on nearby roadways and boundary layer dynamics at both locations. Simultaneous measurements of BC at 370 and 880 nm show an enhancement in BC370 relative to the BC880 from October to March. This enhanced signal is most evident at Rochester during late evening and early morning hours (8 PM to 4 AM) on weekends, and is attributed to UV absorbing species (such as wood smoke markers) in the ambient particle mixture. At the NYC site, the levels of Nickel (Ni) and Cobalt (Co) in PM10 are elevated during the heating season due to residual oil combustion. The long term datasets are used to explore the seasonal relationship between BC880 and EC at both sites.
Motion analysis of Omni-Directional video streams for a mobile sentry

A mobile platform mounted with Omni-Directional Vision Sensor (ODVS) can be used to monitor large areas and detect interesting events such as independently moving persons and vehicles. To avoid false alarms due to extraneous features, the image motion induced by the moving platform should be compensated. This paper describes a formulation of parametric ego-motion compensation for an ODVS. Omni images give 360 degrees view of surroundings but undergo considerable image distortion. To account for these distortions, the parametric planar motion model is integrated with the transformations into omni image space. Prior knowledge of approximate camera calibration and vehicle speed are integrated with the estimation process using Bayesian approach. Iterative, coarse to fine, gradient based estimation is used to correct the motion parameters for vibrations and other inaccuracies in prior knowledge. Experiments with camera mounted on a mobile platform demonstrate successful detection of moving persons and vehicles.
Effects of thin-film spin-on glass dielectric loss on the performance of the uniformly distributed RC notch network

The influence of dielectric loss on the performance of the thin-film uniformly distributed RC notch network is considered on a theoretical and experimental basis. Dielectric loss is shown to have a significant effect on the network's notch tuning frequency and the magnitude of the notch tuning resistance. An open-circuit voltage transfer function which includes a frequency-dependent dielectric loss parameter is analyzed. Double precision computed results for the first-order and higher order notch tuning frequency and notch resistance values as a function of the dielectric loss parameter are presented. The application of a proposed dielectric loss compensation technique significantly reconciles the differences between the theoretical and experimental results measured from RC notch networks fabricated with a VLSI interlevel silicon dioxide spin-on glass planarizing dielectric. >
The function of AID in somatic mutation and class switch recombination: upstream or downstream of DNA breaks.

The immune system has evolved specific mechanisms to combat a potentially limitless number of foreign pathogens using a limited arsenal of Ig genes. To diversify the coding potential of the Ig genes, B cells undergo several processes of regulated genetic alterations. Early in their development, B
Soluble Gangliosides in Cultured Neurotumor Cells

: The biosynthesis and degradation of glycosphingolipids were studied in cytosolic and membrane fractions obtained from rat glioma C6 cells. Both pools had a similar composition of neutral glycosphingolipids but the soluble pool contained only a few percent of the total. The major ganglioside in C6 cells was GM3, of which only 2% was soluble. Whereas the bulk of the membrane GM3 was accessible to surface labeling procedures, the soluble GM3 was not. Mouse neuroblastoma N18 cells also contained small amounts of cytoplasmic gangliosides corresponding to GM3, GM2, GM1, and GDla. When C6 cells were incubated with medium containing [3H]galactose at 37°C, the specific activity of soluble GM3 initially increased more rapidly than that of membrane GM3; by 4 h, the specific activities in both pools became equal. Total incorporation into the membrane pool, however, was always several-fold greater even at the shortest incubation times examined. The labeling pattern of neutral glycosphingolipids in both soluble and membrane fractions indicated the existence of a precursor-product relationship between glucosylceramide and other glycosphingolipids. When labeled cells were transferred to nonradioactive medium, glucosylceramide disappeared the most rapidly, with a 50% loss within <6 h. The turnover rates of other glycosphingolipids were much slower. Although cytosolic GM3 was degraded more rapidly (t1/2= 26 h) than membrane-bound GM3 (t1/2= 44 h), its turnover rate was much slower than the time required for transport of GM3 to the cell surface (20–30 min). Our results are consistent with the existence of a small intracellular pool of soluble gangliosides and neutral glycosphingolipids that is stable and independent of the main membrane-bound pool. Although the role of these cytosolic glycolipids is unknown, they do not appear to represent a transport pool between the site of synthesis and the plasma membrane.
The current status of the motherese hypothesis

Partially conflicting results from correlational studies of maternal speech style and its effects on child language learning motivate a comparative discussion of Newport, Gleitman & Gleitman (1977) and Furrow, Nelson & Benedict (1979), and a reanalysis of the original Newport et al. data. In the current analysis the data are from two groups of children equated for age, in response to the methodological questions raised by Furrow et al.; but, in line with the original Newport et al. analysis, linguistic differences between these age-equated children are handled by partial correlation. Under this new analysis the original results reported by Newport et al. are reproduced. In addition, however, most effects of the mother on the child's language growth are found to be restricted to a very young age group. Moreover, the new analysis suggests that increased complexity of maternal speech is positively correlated with child language growth in this age range. The findings are discussed in terms of a theoretical analysis of the Motherese Hypothesis; the conditions of both learner and environment in which ‘simplified’ data could aid a learner. Finally, the results of our past work, those of Furrow et al., and those of the present analysis, are discussed as they fit into, and add to, current theorizing about the language acquisition process.
Adjustment Scales for Children and Adolescents and Native American Indians: Factorial Validity Generalization for Yavapai Apache Youths

The present study reports on the replication of the core syndrome factor structure of the Adjustment Scales for Children and Adolescents (ASCA) for a sample of 229 Native American Indian (Yavapai Apache) children and adolescents from rural north-central Arizona. The six ASCA core syndromes produced the identical two-factor solution as the standardization sample, an independent sample, and a sample of Native American Indians (Ojibwe) from north-central Minnesota. Principal-axis analysis using multiple criteria for the number of factors to extract and retain was used with varimax, direct oblimin, and promax rotations producing identical results and nearly identical factor structure coefficients. As with earlier studies, it was concluded that the ASCA measures two independent global dimensions of youth psychopathology (Overactivity and Underactivity) that are similar to the conduct problems/externalizing and withdrawal/internalizing dimensions commonly found in the child psychopathology assessment literature.
Testing Measurement Invariance across Groups in Longitudinal Data: Multi-group Second-order Latent Growth Model

In latent growth modeling, measurement invariance across groups has received little attention. Considering that a group difference is commonly of interest in social science, a Monte Carlo study explored the performance of multigroup second-order latent growth modeling (MSLGM) in testing measurement invariance. True positive and false positive rates in detecting noninvariance across groups in addition to bias estimates of major MSLGM parameters were investigated. Simulation results support the suitability of MSLGM for measurement invariance testing when either forward or iterative likelihood ratio procedure is applied.
A New Argument for Evidentialism

When we deliberate whether to believe some proposition, we feel immediately compelled to look for evidence of its truth. Philosophers have labelled this feature of doxastic deliberation ‘transparency’. I argue that resolving the disagreement in the ethics of belief between evidentialists and pragmatists turns on the correct explanation of transparency. My hypothesis is that it reflects a conceptual truth about belief: a belief that p is correct if and only if p. This normative truth entails that only evidence can be a reason for belief. Although evidentialism does not follow directly from the mere psychological truth that we cannot believe for non-evidential reasons, it does follow directly from the normative conceptual truth about belief which explains why we cannot do so.
Poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate)s as electrode modifiers for inverted solar cells (Presentation Recording)

We demonstrate the use of polymeric zwitterions, namely, poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PSBMA), as solution-processable work function reducers for inverted organic electronic devices. A notable feature of PSBMA is orthogonal solubility relative to solvents typically employed in the processing of organic semiconductors. A strong permanent dipole moment on the sulfobetaine moiety was calculated by density functional theory. PSBMA interlayers reduced the work function of a broad range of electrodes [indium tin oxide (ITO), Au, Ag, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), Cu, Al, and even graphene] by over 1 eV. By employing an ultrathin interlayer of PSBMA, one can reduce the electron injection barrier between ITO and C70 by 0.67 eV. As a result, the device performance of OPVs with PSBMA interlayers are significantly improved, and enhanced electron injection is demonstrated in electron-only devices with ITO, PEDOT:PSS and graphene electrodes. This work makes available a new class of dipole-rich, counterion-free, pH insensitive interlayers for use as strong work function reducers for any electrode.
Computer Analysis and Design of Structures

The advances of computer technology can be seen almost daily in both everyday life and in engineering. The purpose of computer programs or “software engineering” is to make the enormous computing power of today’s hardware available to the engineer, relieving the design engineer from a considerable burden. Computer analysis of structures is an almost perfect tool for today’s structural engineer. Some of the theory underlying structural analysis and design programs are presented, as are some aspects that relate directly to the use of such programs. The major capabilities of a number of widely used programs are summarized, and the following examples illustrate points of interest: steel frame analysis and design, concrete flat slab design, piping system analysis, and transmission tower design.
A new analytical model for vibration of a cylindrical shell and cardboard liner with focus on interfacial distributed damping

Abstract This paper proposes a new analytical model for a thin cylindrical shell that utilizes a homogeneous cardboard liner to increase modal damping. Such cardboard liners are frequently used as noise and vibration control devices for cylindrical shell-like structures in automotive drive shafts. However, most prior studies on such lined structures have only investigated the associated damping mechanisms in an empirical manner. Only finite element models and experimental methods have been previously used for characterization, whereas no analytical studies have addressed sliding friction interaction at the shell–liner interface. The proposed theory, as an extension of a prior experimental study, uses the Rayleigh–Ritz method and incorporates material structural damping along with frequency-dependent viscous and Coulomb interfacial damping formulations for the shell–liner interaction. Experimental validation of the proposed model, using a thin cylindrical shell with three different cardboard liner thicknesses, is provided to validate the new model, and to characterize the damping parameters. Finally, the model is used to investigate the effect of the liner and the damping parameters on the modal attenuation of the shell vibration, in particular for the higher-order coupled shell modes.
The Removal of Unburned Carbon from Fly-ash by a Fluidized Bed with Tapping

This paper is concerned with the removal of unburned carbon from fly-ash with a continuous density distribution by means of a fluidized bed with tapping.It is indicated that tapping the fluidized bed is effective maintaining a good fluidization state of fly-ash and to promote the segregation of unburned carbon. The segregation takes place mainly place due to the apparent density difference between fly-ash with more unburned carbon content and other fly-ash. It is further shown that the segregation process is approximated by the first order rate equation under the condition of optimum fluidization velocity, which is in the range 1 to 4 times the minimum fluidization velocity.
The Effects of Interface Strain and Dipole Layers on the Electronic Properties of Lattice Matched Rn-V Semiconductor Superlattices

The role of interface strain and dipole layers in detenrining the electronic properties of two lattice matched HI-V semiconductor superlattices, InAs/AIGaAsSb and GaAs/AlAs, has been investigated with the self-consistent pseudopotential method. Values for the total energies, interface structures, valence band offsets, and charge density distributions are reported. In the InAs/AlGaAsSb system, since both the group III and V sublattices are different, large intrinsic strains are present at the interface. If the interface strain is neglected in the calculation, the valence band offset is found to be 0.05 eV, in poor agreement with the experimental value of 0.21 eV obtained from infrared photoluminescence spectroscopy. The valence band offset for the relaxed structure (obtained by minimizing the total energy with respect to atomic relaxations at the interface) is 0.24 eV, in excellent agreement with the experimental value. The interface relaxations modify the interface dipole through charge transfer between interface cation and anion. In addition to the intrinsic interface strain, the effect of extrinsic interface dipole layers, both III-V (InAs, GaSb) and group IV (Si and Ge) interlayers, has been investigated in the GaAs/AlAs lattice-matched system. The III-V interlayers are not effective in changing the band offset due to small charge asymmetry and large screening of the induced dipole. On the other hand, the group IV interlayers are found to have a dramatic effect, changing the GaAs/AlAs band offset by ∼1 eV. The group IV interlayers produce a step potential at the interface, resulting in the large offset change.
A correlation between guard behaviour and defensive response in the honey bee, Apis mellifera

Etude de la relation entre la taille de la population de soldats et la faculte de reponse de la colonie a une perturbation.
Cross-Sections and Maximal Invariants

In some problems in statistical inference, as in the construction of Bayes tests, what is needed is a ratio of probability density functions. In the formation of these ratios normalizations cancel, and functions of the variables not dependent on the parameters also cancel. In the case of probability density functions of maximal invariants these factors result in part from integration out of unwanted variables which lie in a factor of the manifold. In these cases the detailed answer obtained from use of differential forms may be unnecessary.
Personal Connection and Formal Research: Community College Students Develop Multicultural Counseling Competency

Multicultural Counseling (MCC) analyzes the social forces impinging on clients’ lives to inform skillful clinical interventions that take clients’ cultural identities and experiences into account. At its best, MCC education equips students to work with clients from an array of racial and ethnic backgrounds enriched – and stratified – by gender, sexuality, citizenship status, class, and ability. Implementing MCC pedagogy at a Brooklyn, New York community college responds to many of the urgencies stemming from living and working in a multiracial city. Because these students are the up-and-coming social workers and therapists of the city’s future nonprofit, for-profit, and government social service agencies, they will serve innumerable cultural groups. However, because most MCC teaching and research is conducted with graduate-level students, community college needs for multicultural counseling competence are left unaddressed. A participatory action research project asked how MCC pedagogy facilitates community college students’ ability to connect client cultures and clinical issues. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of student feedback forms in response to each other’s final presentations reveals how students make personal connections with culture manifesting in specific lives. The study further shows how students select and comprehend formal research studies in ways that contextualize lived experiences in their final presentations. Specific strategies are discussed which contributed to creating an MCC classroom that reworked dynamics of power between clients and counselors, nondominant and dominant cultural groups, and students and the professor.
Assessing medical and dental students' knowledge of preventive medicine.

This cross-sectional study examined medical and dental students' knowledge of preventive medicine. The purpose of the study was to assess the knowledge of preventive medicine--both epidemiological and clinical--that students demonstrate as they enter medical and dental school and acquire during training. The results of a two-group (medical versus dental school) by three-time (first-, second-, and third-year level) analysis of variance of students' mean examination scores showed significant main effects for school (F = 28.3, P less than .001) and training level (F = 24.5, P less than .001), and a significant school-by-training level interaction (F = 13.9, P less than .001). Medical students at higher training levels demonstrated greater knowledge of preventive medicine. In contrast, there were no significant differences by year of training among the dental students on the total test or on the epidemiological or clinical subscales. Both the dental and medical students demonstrated greater knowledge of clinical applications than of epidemiological foundations (t = 4.21, P less than .01). Dental students performed better than medical students on items that focused on diseases and risk factors that manifest symptoms more likely to be observed in dentistry than in general medical practice. The findings underscore the need to demonstrate practice relevance when teaching preventive medicine.
Reliability and Performance Models for Grid Computing

Grid computing is a newly developed technology for complex systems with large-scale resource sharing, wide-area communication, and multi-institutional collaboration. It is hard to analyze and model the Grid reliability because of its largeness, complexity and stiffness. Therefore, this chapter introduces the Grid computing technology, presents different types of failures in grid system, models the grid reliability with star structure and tree structure, and finally studies optimization problems for grid task partitioning and allocation. The chapter then presents models for star-topology considering data dependence and tree-structure considering failure correlation. Evaluation tools and algorithms are developed, evolved from Universal generating function and Graph Theory. Then, the failure correlation and data dependence are considered in the model. Numerical examples are illustrated to show the modeling and analysis.
Neuronal Metabolism in Cortical Malformations

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging was used to study 23 patients (mean age 28 years (range, 9 to 47)) with cortical developmental malformations and refractory epilepsy examined at the Montreal Neurological Institute, Canada.
Neuromuscular compensation mechanisms in vocal fold paralysis and paresis

Objectives/Hypothesis Vocal fold paresis and paralysis are common conditions. Treatment options include augmentation laryngoplasty and voice therapy. The optimal management for this condition is unclear. The objective of this study was to assess possible neuromuscular compensation mechanisms that could potentially be used in the treatment of vocal fold paresis and paralysis. Study Design In vivo canine model. Methods In an in vivo canine model, we examined three conditions: 1) unilateral right recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) paresis and paralysis, 2) unilateral superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) paralysis, and 3) unilateral vagal nerve paresis and paralysis. Phonatory acoustics and aerodynamics were measured in each of these conditions. Effective compensation was defined as improved acoustic and aerodynamic profile. Results The most effective compensation for all conditions was increasing RLN activation and decreasing glottal gap. Increasing RLN activation increased the percentage of possible phonatory conditions that achieved phonation onset. SLN activation generally led to decreased number of total phonation onset conditions within each category. Differential effects of SLN (cricothyroid [CT] muscle) activation were seen. Ipsilateral SLN activation could compensate for RLN paralysis; normal CT compensated well in unilateral SLN paralysis; and in vagal paresis/paralysis, contralateral SLN and RLN displayed antagonistic relationships. Conclusions Methods to improve glottal closure should be the primary treatment for large glottal gaps. Neuromuscular compensation is possible for paresis. This study provides insights into possible compensatory mechanisms in vocal fold paresis and paralysis. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 127:1633–1638, 2017
Milk, juice, or cola? Exploring the effect of product placement on children's attitudes and behavior.

ABSTRACTChildhood obesity is a significant public health concern, and scholars and academicians have proposed the use of successful marketing and advertising tactics as a means of influencing healthy behaviors. This research investigates product placement to assess its potential effects on attitudes and behavior when utilized in an animated children’s television show. Results from an experiment suggest that multiple product placements may affect children’s attitudes toward certain drinks, but also suggest that a child’s existing favorite drink is a stronger predictor of actual beverage choice. Implications are provided.
Ions Matter: Description of the Anomalous Electronic Behavior in Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Devices

Carrier transport in methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3)-based hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) is obscured by vacancy-mediated ion migration. Thus, the nature of migrating species (cation/anion) and their effect on electronic transport in MAPbI3 has remained controversial. Temperature-dependent pulsed voltage–current measurements of MAPbI3 thin films are performed under dark conditions, designed to decouple ion-migration/accumulation and electronic transport. Measurement conditions (electric-field history and scan rate) are shown to affect the electronic transport in MAPbI3 thin films, through a mechanism involving ion migration and accumulation at the electrode interfaces. The presence of thermally activated processes with distinct activation energies (Ea) of 0.1 ± 0.001 and 0.41 ± 0.02 eV is established, and are assigned to electromigration of iodine vacancies and methylammonium vacancies, respectively. Analysis of activation energies obtained from electronic conduction versus capacitive discharge shows that the electromigration of these ionic species is responsible for the modification of interfacial electronic properties of MAPbI3, and elaborates previously unaddressed issues of “fast” and “slow” ion migration. The results demonstrate that the intrinsic behavior of MAPbI3 material is responsible for the hysteresis of the solar cells, but also have implications for other HOIP-based devices, such as memristors, detectors, and energy storage devices.
Craniospinal irradiation for treatment of metastatic pediatric low-grade glioma

Patients with disseminated pediatric low-grade glioma (LGG) initially treated with chemotherapy frequently experience disease progression, with 5-year event-free survival (EFS) of <20% and 10-year overall survival (OS) of approximately 70%. This study aimed to describe outcomes of metastatic pediatric LGG treated with craniospinal irradiation (CSI). A retrospective study was performed of all patients with metastatic pediatric LGG treated with CSI at a single institution. EFS was defined as survival without disease progression or secondary high-grade glioma. Dates were counted from the first day of irradiation. We identified 12 eligible patients; all had histologically confirmed LGG. Metastatic disease was present at initial presentation in 9 patients. The median age at CSI was 9.3 years. The 5-year EFS and OS were 71% (95% CI 33.7-89.5) and 70% (95% CI 32.9-89.2), respectively. No deaths were observed among the patients who underwent subtotal resection (STR) before radiotherapy, whereas 3 patients who had undergone biopsy died (OS log-rank P = 0.01). EFS may be longer among patients who underwent STR before RT (EFS log-rank P = 0.03), with a hazard ratio for biopsy of 8.4 (vs. STR; 95% CI 0.8-84.0, P = 0.07). No patient experienced acute toxicity of grade 3 or higher. Patients with metastatic pediatric LGG treated with CSI experienced longer EFS than historical cohorts treated with chemotherapy alone, with similar OS. CSI may be considered in the management of metastatic pediatric LGG, particularly in older children experiencing progression after chemotherapy.