cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diffusive growth of grain-boundary cavities

Abstract A simple theoretical approach to the general problem of diffusive growth of grain boundary cavities of both equilibrium and non-equilibrium shape in the presence of power law creep is developed. It is shown that the modified rigid-grain solution which incorporates a creep-coupled diffusion distance can satisfactorily prescribe the volumetric growth of cavities under creep conditions. The corresponding surface flux at the cavity walls compatible with the volumetric growth in turn determines the degree of non-equilibrium in the shape of the cavity. Two modes of growth, the quasi-equilibrium one and the crack-like one, are predicted, so is a minimum in the normalized growth rate. The combined effect of the creep and the non-equilibrium shape is likely to cause rupture at a strain which slowly decreases with the decreasing strain rate.
Detection of faceting on (hk0) surfaces of thin gold films by diffraction in the electron microscope at 100 kV

A series of single crystal thin films of gold with (hk0) surfaces ranging between (100) and (310), grown by vapor deposition, was studied in transmission in the electron microscope at 100 kV. For specimens intermediate between (100) and (310) both bright and dark field images contained line structure running parallel to [001]. In certain cases segments were observed lying at 45° and 90° to these lines. Diffraction patterns from these specimens revealed relrods at each reciprocal lattice point running parallel to [100] and [310]. In certain cases [301] and [301] relrods were also present. No line structure or relrods were detectable for the specimens with (100) or (310) surfaces. The results are consistent with a model in which the (100) and (310) surfaces are essentially flat but surfaces with intermediate orientations consist of appropriate mixtures of (100) and (310) facets plus (301) and (301) facets in certain cases. The line structure in the images is attributed to “thickness contrast” arising from variations in the specimen thickness due to the facets. The relrods are well explained by the specimen form factor as originally proposed by von Laue. The results prove that faceted structures on thin film surfaces can be conveniently and systematically studied under certain conditions by conventional transmission electron microscopy at 100 kV.
A flow reactor study of the oxidation of n-octane and iso-octane

Abstract An experimental study has heen conducted in a flow reactor on the oxidation of n-ocltane and iso-octane at 1080 K, one atmosphere pressure and equivalence ratio equal to one. It was found that (despite similar ratios of initial fuel decay) the conversion of the reaction intermediates to CO and COa is much slower during the oxidation of iso-octane than n-octane. Iso-octane produced primarily iso-butylene and propylene as intermediate hydrocarbons whereas n-octane oxidation resulted primarily in the formation or ethne. Both the nature of the intermediates formed from each fuel and the relative rates of oxidation of the intermediates were shown to be related to the number of primary, secondary and tertiary H atoms present in the initial fuel. The basic chemistry revealed by the flow reactor experiments is suggestive of new insights into the chemical phenomena pertinent to knock in spark ignition engines.
SNIFTIRS studies of the double layer at the metal/solution interface. Part 1. Single crystal gold electrodes in aqueous perchloric acid

In situ infrared reflection spectroscopy has been used to probe the concentration change of the perchlorate anion in the electrical double layer at low-index single crystal gold electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry was used to estimate the amount of anionic charge in the diffuse layer, assuming the absence of specific adsorption near the potential of zero charge (pzc). A correlation between the integrated intensity of the perchlorate band at 1109 cm−1 and the surface excess of the anion in the diffuse layer estimated by the Gouy-Chapman theory was found for σm < ¦10 μCcm−2¦. At higher positive charge densities on the metal, systematic deviations were observed. A strategy to determine the pzc at the higher concentration of perchloric acid (1 M), which is not available from electrochemical techniques, is presented. This involves the previous determination of the effective extinction coefficient of the perchlorate anion in the double layer. This parameter was determined from the analysis of integrated IR bands at a lower concentration (0.1 M), for which the cyclic voltammogram provides the value of the pzc. Based on these results it is shown that SNIFTIRS data can be used to confirm the location of the pzc in both dilute and concentrated solutions under circumstances where more traditional techniques cannot be used.
Effect of Grip Force on Wrist Range of Motion

This study investigated the effect of a constant grip exertion on wrist range-of-motion (ROM). Seven different levels of grip force were investigated, including two levels of zero exertion, 25%, 50%, 75%, 90%, and 100% MVC. Both hands were tested for each of three forearm positions (pronation, halfway between pronation and supination (neutral), and supination). Twenty student subjects (10 males and 10 females) were tested. Subjects held a particular grip force level constant while simultaneously moving their wrist. The maximum angles of flexion and extension were recorded to measure range-of-motion (ROM). ANOVA analysis was performed for the dependent variables of flexion angle, extension angle, and total ROM. Independent variables were gender, hand, forearm position, and exertion level. Exertion level was a significant factor for extension, flexion, and ROM. Forearm posture was a significant factor for extension and ROM. Tukey-Kramer analysis revealed similar groupings of exertion levels and forearm posi...
Communing with the Gods: The Dreaming Brain in Cross-cultural Perspective

AbstractThe most common alternative state of consciousness among human beings is dreaming. All normal humans sleep, and during sleep they dream. Still, dreaming is a phenomenon of mystery and confusion for many Westerners, and of fascination to scientists wishing to understand how the mind works, both in terms of neuropsychology and within the context of culture. The neuropsychology of dreaming is summarized and the importance of cross-cultural research emphasized. Examples of common uses to which dreaming is put by different societies is discussed. The author's phenomenological study of Tibetan Tantric dream yoga is described. Improvements of the anthropological study and account of dreaming are suggested, and the importance of the involvement of the prefrontal cortex in lucidity emphasized.
An efficient numerical evaluation of the Green's function for the Helmholtz operator on periodic structures

Abstract Numerical methods which are based on boundary integral formulations require the numerical evaluation of the Green's function associated with the problem. In the case of periodic structures, the Green's function is often an infinite series. This infinite series may converge slowly, making numerical evaluation expensive. Here, we present a practical computer implementation of a technique which dramatically speeds up the convergence of the infinite series Green's function associated with the Helmholtz operator. To show the consequences of using this technique, we include some numerical examples.
γ-Ray-sensitive mutants of Neurospora crassa with characteristics analogous to ataxia telagiectasia cell lines

Abstract Well characterized γ-ray sensitive mutants of the fungus Neurospora crassa have been screened for characteristics analogous to those of cell lines derived from humans with the genetic disease, ataxia telagiectasia (AT). Two Neurospora mutants, uvs-6 and mus-9, show the AT cell line characterteristics of γ-ray and bleomycin sensitivity, and little or no repression of DNA synthesis following treatment with these agents. Norman human or Neurospora cells show an extensive biphasic DNA synthesis repression (to 50% of control) and when DNA synthesis is analyzed by alkaline gradient centrifugation, repression of DNA synthesis by low doses of γ-radiation occurs primarily in low molecular weight (MW) DNA pieces in both organisms. In AT cells and the uvs-6 mutant, no repression of low or higher MW DNA is seen at low doses, while the mus-9 mutant shows little repression of high MW DNA, but an intermediate level of low MW synthesis. Both mutants have been shown previously to have an increased level of spontaneous chromosome instability as do AT lines. The uvs-6 and mus-9 mutations are known to be due to two different genes in two different epistatic groups. These results demonstrate that AT-like cellular characteristics can arise from defects in at least two and probably any of several genes, and that lower eukaryotes such as Neurospora can provide an inexpensive and useful model for AT while avoiding the problems inherent in using transformed cell lines.
The Censored War: American Visual Experience During World War Two

American public opinion about World War II was manipulated both by wartime images that citizens were allowed to see and by the images that were suppressed. This book tells of how this occurred, and offers visual essays with photographs from the army's censored files.
Performance Analysis of a Composition of Middleware Patterns (Short Paper)

A key enabling technology for the SOA-based approach is middleware, which comprises of reusable building blocks codifying design patterns. In the SOA-based approach, a system is typically implemented using a composition of a group of such patterns, referred to as a vertical variation. The patterns used in a composition and their configuration options can have a a profound impact on system performance. In this paper we present a model-based performance analysis methodology for a system built using a composition of the reactor, active object and monitor object patterns. We implement the performance model using CSIM and illustrate the methodology using examples. By enabling design-time performance analysis, our methodology alleviates many of the disadvantages of post-implementation performance analysis approaches. The methodology can thus provide key guidance towards meeting the performance objectives of a system in a cost-effective manner.
The life cycle of Pteronarcys scotti (Plecoptera: Pteronarcyidae) from the Southern appalachians, U.S.A.

Abstract Larval and adult Pteronarcys scotti Ricker were collected from a mountain stream in northwestern South Carolina, USA. The pattern of larval growth indicated a semivoltine life cycle. Emergence occurred in April and early May, and small larvae first appeared in May. Sexual dimorphism in adult size was apparent; males were 0.8 as large as females in head capsule width. Female larvae possess a midventral notch on the eighth abdominal segment that can be used to sex larvae as small as 2.5 mm in head width. Female larvae as small as 1 mm in head width have a midventral break in the posterior setal row of segment 8. These characters are illustrated.
A quorum-based commit and termination protocol for distributed database systems

A quorum-based commit and termination protocol is designed with the goal of maintaining high data availability in case of failures. The protocol proposed is resilient to arbitrary concurrent site failures, lost messages, and network partitioning. The major difference between this protocol and existing ones is that the voting partition processing strategy is taken into consideration in the design. As a result, the protocol is expected to maintain higher data availability. >
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of p-Hexanoyl Calix[4]arene as a Controlling Agent in the Photochemistry of a Sunscreen Blocker

The solid lipid nanoparticles based on p-hexanoyl calix[4]arene and loaded with UV blocker trans-2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxy-cinnamate (t-EHMC) can control the photochemistry of the guest, eliminate the photodimerization pathway, and improve the photoblocking properties of t-EHMC.
Systemic vascular cotton fiber emboli in the neonate

1. Pearson HA, Schulman NR, Marder VJ, and Cone TE: Isoimmune neonatal thrombocytopenic purpura-clinical and therapeutic considerations, Blood 23:154, 1964. 2. Sitarz AL, Driscoll JM, and Wolf JA: Management of isoimmune neonatal thrombocytopenia, Am J Obstet Gynecol 124:39, 1976. 3. Hathaway WE: The bleeding newborn, Sem Hematol 12:175, 1975. 4. Adner MM, Fisch GR, Starobin SG, and Aster RH: Use of "compatible" p[atelet transfusions in the treatment of congenital isoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, N Engl J Med 280:244, 1969. 5. Oski FA, and Naiman JL: Hematologic problems in the newborn, Philadelphia, 1966, WB Saunders Company, pp 27-28. 6. Zinkham WH, Medearis DR, and Osborn JE: Blood and bone marrow findings in congenital rubella, J PEDIATR 71:512, 1967. 7. Stransky F, and Sarcia SR: On neonatal leukemia, Ann Pediatr 203:68, 1964. 8. Rodr!guez SU, LeNin SL, Hiller MC: Neonatal thrombocytopenia associated with antepartum administration of thiazide drugs, N Engl J Meal 270"881, 1964. 9. Tedeschi CG, Eckert WG, and Tedeschi LG: Forensic medicine: a study in trauma and environmental hazards, Philadelphia, 1977 WB Saunders Company, p 46. Strassman G:. Hemosiderin and tissue iron in the brain, its relationship, occurrence, and importance: A study of 93 human brains, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 4:393, 1945. Bose C: Hydrops fetalis and in utero intracranial hemorrhage, J PEDIATR 93:1023, 1978. 10.
Effects of Fish Age and Challenge Route in Experimental Transmission of Walleye Dermal Sarcoma in Walleyes by Cell-Free Tumor Filtrates

Abstract To determine the effects of fish age at challenge and of challenge route on transmission of walleye dermal sarcoma, 25-week experimental transmission trials were conducted with cell-free tumor filtrates. Invasive dermal sarcomas developed in walleyes Stizostedion vitreum receiving intramuscular injections of tumor filtrate at 6 or 8 weeks posthatch. Invasive tumors were observed in few (5%) 12-week-old fish and in no 1-year-old fish injected with the tumor filtrates. Fish challenged at 12 weeks after hatching via topical application of inoculum or via oral gavage also developed walleye dermal sarcoma. Fish challenged via gavage developed tumors at a variety of locations on the body and fins. Again. invasive tumors were seen in few of the 12-week-old fish challenged by topical application (3%) or gavage (10%). However, several fish challenged via gavage developed severe tumors in the oral cavity and on the head near the oral cavity. Fish challenged via topical application of the inoculum developed...
Trigger–target rules and the dynamics of aggregate money holdings

Abstract Aggregate money holdings under trigger-target rules (or most transactions models) exhibit complex dynamics. Milbourne, Buckholtz and Wasan (1983. Review of Economic Studies 50, 531–541) and Greene (1997. Mimeo, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Mo) show the static expectation of holdings will be a weighted average of lagged holdings and the long-run mean, with weights depending on the level of LRD. This paper studies the behavior of these weights in transitions between tighter and looser money management. Functional approximations are developed which force weights to vary with levels and rates of change in LRD. These functions are nearly free of lags. Linear models prove to be extremely poor approximations of aggregate dynamics.
Crystal Structure of AqpZ Tetramer Reveals Two Distinct Arg-189 Conformations Associated with Water Permeation through the Narrowest Constriction of the Water-conducting Channel

AqpZ is a homotetramer of four water-conducting channels that facilitate rapid water movements across the plasma membrane of Escherichia coli. Here we report a 3.2 A crystal structure of the tetrameric AqpZ (tAqpZ). All channel-lining residues in the four monomeric channels are found orientated in nearly identical positions with one marked exception at the narrowest channel constriction, where the side chain of a highly conserved Arg-189 adopts two distinct conformational orientations. In one of the four monomers, the guanidino group of Arg-189 points toward the periplasmic vestibule, opening up the constriction to accommodate the binding of a water molecule through a tridentate H-bond. In the other three monomers, the Arg-189 guanidino group bends over to form an H-bond with carbonyl oxygen of the Thr-183, thus occluding the channel. Therefore, the tAqpZ structure reveals two distinct Arg-189 confirmations associated with water permeation through the channel constrictions. Alternation between the two Arg-189 conformations disrupts continuous flow of water, thus regulating the open probability of the water pore. Further, the difference in Arg-189 displacements is correlated with a strong electron density found between the first transmembrane helices of two open channels, suggesting that the observed Arg-189 conformations are stabilized by asymmetrical subunit interactions in tAqpZ.
The High‐Affinity Maltose Switch MBP317‐347 has Low Affinity for Glucose: Implications for Targeting Tumors with Metabolically Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy

Development of agents with high affinity and specificity for tumor-specific markers is an important goal of molecular-targeted therapy. Here, we propose a shift in paradigm using a strategy that relies on low affinity for fundamental metabolites found in different concentrations in cancerous and non-cancerous tissues: glucose and lactate. A molecular switch, MBP317-347, originally designed to be a high-affinity switch for maltose and maltose-like polysaccharides, was demonstrated to be a low-affinity switch for glucose, that is, able to be activated by high concentrations (tens of millimolar) of glucose. We propose that such a low-affinity glucose switch could be used as a proof of concept for a new prodrug therapy strategy denominated metabolically directed enzyme prodrug therapy (MDEPT) where glucose or, preferably, lactate serves as the activator. Accordingly, considering the typical differential concentrations of lactate found in tumors and in healthy tissues, a low-affinity lactate-binding switch analogous to the low-affinity glucose-binding switch MBP317-347 would be an order of magnitude more active in tumors than in normal tissues and therefore can work as a differential activator of anticancer drugs in tumors.
Cultural differences and urban spatial forms: Elements of boundedness in an accra community

In this article, I expand on Coquery-Vidrovitch's observation (1991) that to understand each African urban milieu, we must view it as more than a fusion of European, American, or traditional culture. Rather, we must see each African city as unique, that is, in fact, internally differentiated, containing a multitude of enclaves that vary one from another in their respective social, physical, and architectural spatial forms. I focus on one community in Accra known as Sabon Zongo. Founded by migrant Hausa from northern Nigeria almost a century ago, it is neither typically southern Ghanaian nor Hausa, having adapted to a mixed cultural milieu. Laid out by the British as part of their town plan, its manner of growth has blurred the original scheme. I examine a number of components that define the uniqueness of this particular urban community, including physical delineations (within Sabon Zongo and between it and the city at large), local knowledge, the landscape, the infrastructure, market and street trade, and centripetal socio-spatial structures such as the family compound. [Ghana, zongo, social-spatial linkage]
Gastrointestinal Colonization of Fungi

The human gastrointestinal tract is colonized with trillions of commensal microbes, and disturbances in the equilibrium of the gut microbiota have now been shown to be associated with a number of human diseases. Fungi, particularly Candida spp., are normal, harmless residents of the human gut, but in certain instances can cause invasive infections and inflammatory disorders. This paper will review the fungal diversity in the human gut, host and fungal factors that regulate GI colonization, and how these factors play into the pathogenesis of human disease.
Orthotropy Rescaling for the Fracture Problem in Anisotropic Piezoelectric Materials

To date, much of the work done on ferroelectric fracture assumes the material is elastically isotropic, yet there can be considerable polarization induced anisotropy. More sophisticated solutions of the fracture problem incorporate anisotropy through the Stroh formalism generalized to the piezoelectric material. This gives equations for the stress singularity, but the characteristic equation involves solving a sixth order polynomial. In general this must be accomplished numerically for each composition. In this work it is shown that a closed form solution can be obtained using orthotropy rescaling. This technique involves rescaling the coordinate system based on certain ratios of the elastic, dielectric, and piezoelectric coefficients. The result is that the governing equations can be reduced to the biharmonic equation and solutions for the isotropic material utilized to obtain solutions for the anisotropic material. This leads to closed form solutions for the stress singularity in terms of ratios of the elastic, dielectric, and piezoelectric coefficients. The results of the two approaches are compared and the contribution of anisotropy to the stress intensity factor discussed.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Inadvertent subclavian artery cannulation and options for management

Central line placement is an integral part of our daily routine and although it is necessary in a select group of patients, serious complications may occur in up to 10% of cases. Inadvertent placement in the subclavian artery is considered to be one of the most challenging complications to the vascular specialist, which is mainly due to its deep anatomical location. Several endovascular options are available and should be tailored to fit each scenario. Herein, we present different approaches for the management of three cases of inadvertent subclavian artery cannulation. The first patient was treated with a covered stent, the second with prolonged balloon inflation, and the third with a closure device.
Aberrant projection induced by otocyst removal maintains normal tonotopic organization in the chick cochlear nucleus

Nucleus magnocellularis (NM), a second-order nucleus in the chick auditory system, is topographically and tonotopically organized. The basilar papilla (cochlea) projects onto the ipsilateral NM via the auditory nerve. The anteromedial region of NM is innervated by the proximal end of the basilar papilla and responds to high-frequency sounds; more posterolateral regions receive input from more distal locations along the papilla and respond to progressively lower frequencies. NM projects exclusively to the third-order neurons of nucleus laminaris (NL). Otocyst removal prevents the formation of the ipsilateral cochlea and cochlear nerve and results in the development of an aberrant functional projection from the contralateral NM to the "deafferented" NM on the operated side of the brain (Jackson and Parks, 1988). In the present experiment, the otocyst was removed unilaterally and the tonotopic organization of the deafferented NM was physiologically mapped at 17-18 d of embryonic age (E17-E18). Quantitative analyses revealed that the frequency organization of the deafferented NM is almost identical to that in normal embryos. Progressively higher characteristic frequencies were recorded at successively more anterior and more medial locations in the nucleus, and the orientation of the tonotopic axis was indistinguishable from normal. Furthermore, the correlation between characteristic frequency and anatomical location is comparable in the deafferented (r = 0.91) and normal (r = 0.87) NM. The only noticeable discrepancy is that characteristic frequencies in NM on both sides of the brain of operated embryos are higher than the frequencies observed previously at comparable regions of the nucleus in unoperated controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Widespread Inhibition Proportional to Excitation Controls the Gain of a Leech Behavioral Circuit

Summary Changing gain in a neuronal system has important functional consequences, but the underlying mechanisms have been elusive. Models have suggested a variety of neuronal and systems properties to accomplish gain control. Here, we show that the gain of the neuronal network underlying local bending behavior in leeches depends on widespread inhibition. Using behavioral analysis, intracellular recordings, and voltage-sensitive dye imaging, we compared the effects of blocking just the known lateral inhibition with blocking all GABAergic inhibition. This revealed an additional source of inhibition, which was widespread and increased in proportion to increasing stimulus intensity. In a model of the input/output functions of the three-layered local bending network, we showed that inhibiting all interneurons in proportion to the stimulus strength produces the experimentally observed change in gain. This relatively simple mechanism for controlling behavioral gain could be prevalent in vertebrate as well as invertebrate nervous systems.
Constructing a Feedback Loop with Circadian Clock Molecules from the Silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi

Circadian clocks are important regulators of behavior and physiology. The circadian clock of Drosophila depends on an autoinhibitory feedback loop involving dCLOCK, CYCLE (also called dBMAL, for Drosophila brain and muscle ARNT-like protein), dPERIOD, and dTIMELESS. Recent studies suggest that the clock mechanism in other insect species may differ strikingly from that of Drosophila. We cloned Clock, Bmal, and Timeless homologs (apClock, apBmal, and apTimeless) from the silkmoth Antheraea pernyi, from which a Period homolog (apPeriod) has already been cloned. In Schneider 2 (S2) cell culture assays, apCLOCK:apBMAL activates transcription through an E-box enhancer element found in the 5′ region of the apPeriod gene. Furthermore, apPERIOD can robustly inhibit apCLOCK: apBMAL-mediated transactivation, and apTIMELESS can augment this inhibition. Thus, a complete feedback loop, resembling that found in Drosophila, can be constructed from silkmoth CLOCK, BMAL, PERIOD, and TIMELESS. Our results suggest that the circadian autoinhibitory feedback loop discovered in Drosophila is likely to be widespread among insects. However, whereas the transactivation domain in Drosophila lies in the C terminus of dCLOCK, in A. pernyi, it lies in the C terminus of apBMAL, which is highly conserved with the C termini of BMALs in other insects (except Drosophila) and in vertebrates. Our analysis sheds light on the molecular function and evolution of clock genes in the animal kingdom.
Rb function in extraembryonic lineages suppresses apoptosis in the CNS of Rb-deficient mice

Retinoblastoma (Rb)-deficient embryos show severe defects in neurogenesis, erythropoiesis, and lens development and die at embryonic day 14.5. Our recent results demonstrated a drastic disorganization of the labyrinth layer in the placenta of Rb-deficient embryos, accompanied by reduced placental transport function. When these Rb-/- embryos were supplied with a wild-type placenta by using either tetraploid aggregation or genetic approaches, animals survived until birth. Here we analyze the role of extraembryonic Rb in regulating proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation in the rescued animals at different developmental stages. Many of the neurological and erythroid abnormalities thought to be responsible for the embryonic lethality of Rb-/- animals, including the ectopic apoptosis in the CNS, were virtually absent in rescued Rb-/- pups. However, rescued animals died at birth with severe skeletal muscle defects. Like in Rb knockout embryos, rescued animals showed a marked increase in DNA replication and cell division in the CNS. In sharp contrast, the typical widespread neuronal apoptosis was absent in Rb-deficient embryos reconstituted with a normal placenta. In lens fiber cells, however, the inappropriate proliferation and apoptosis that is normally observed in Rb-/- embryos continued unabated in rescued animals. These results demonstrate that Rb function in extraembryonic lineages plays an important role in the survival of neuronal cells and in the differentiation of the erythroid lineage, providing mechanistic insight into the cell autonomous and nonautonomous functions of Rb during development.
Suppression of the µ rhythm during speech and non-speech discrimination revealed by independent component analysis: implications for sensorimotor integration in speech processing.

Background Constructivist theories propose that articulatory hypotheses about incoming phonetic targets may function to enhance perception by limiting the possibilities for sensory analysis. To provide evidence for this proposal, it is necessary to map ongoing, high-temporal resolution changes in sensorimotor activity (i.e., the sensorimotor μ rhythm) to accurate speech and non-speech discrimination performance (i.e., correct trials.) Methods Sixteen participants (15 female and 1 male) were asked to passively listen to or actively identify speech and tone-sweeps in a two-force choice discrimination task while the electroencephalograph (EEG) was recorded from 32 channels. The stimuli were presented at signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) in which discrimination accuracy was high (i.e., 80–100%) and low SNRs producing discrimination performance at chance. EEG data were decomposed using independent component analysis and clustered across participants using principle component methods in EEGLAB. Results ICA revealed left and right sensorimotor µ components for 14/16 and 13/16 participants respectively that were identified on the basis of scalp topography, spectral peaks, and localization to the precentral and postcentral gyri. Time-frequency analysis of left and right lateralized µ component clusters revealed significant (pFDR<.05) suppression in the traditional beta frequency range (13–30 Hz) prior to, during, and following syllable discrimination trials. No significant differences from baseline were found for passive tasks. Tone conditions produced right µ beta suppression following stimulus onset only. For the left µ, significant differences in the magnitude of beta suppression were found for correct speech discrimination trials relative to chance trials following stimulus offset. Conclusions Findings are consistent with constructivist, internal model theories proposing that early forward motor models generate predictions about likely phonemic units that are then synthesized with incoming sensory cues during active as opposed to passive processing. Future directions and possible translational value for clinical populations in which sensorimotor integration may play a functional role are discussed.
The Development of Forage Production and Utilization Gradients around Livestock Watering Points

Large herbivores can impose spatial patterns on otherwise homogeneous vegetation, but how these patterns change through time is poorly understood. Domestic livestock pastures are model systems for studying how foraging behavior influences the development of coupled grazing and vegetation patterns. We sampled forage production and utilization by cattle along distance-from-water gradients to provide a snapshot of grazing and vegetation patterns, and then evaluated the ability of simulation models to qualitatively reproduce these patterns. In the field, forage production increased with distance from water, as expected, but utilization peaked at intermediate distances from water in two of three study areas. Likewise, simulations based on a variety of foraging strategies produced gradients in forage production and, after forage availability near water declined sufficiently, peaks in utilization at intermediate distances. Distance-from-water gradients thus represent cumulative but not necessarily present day gradients in grazing intensity. The model with a foraging strategy based on time minimization produced slightly more realistic patterns in forage abundance than a model based on energy maximization, although results were sensitive to the value of the threshold for rejecting sites of low forage biomass. However, all models produced implausible thresholds in grazing and forage distribution, suggesting that factors besides resource distribution influence herbivore distributions. Moreover, different foraging rules produced similar vegetation gradients, especially on point water source landscapes, illustrating the difficulty of inferring foraging processes from vegetation patterns.
Regge--Mueller analysis in the pionization region

An attempt to determine the subasymptotic terms in the pionization region of pi /sup plus or minus /-inclusive reactions by analyzing the rapidity dependence of various cross sections is described. (auth)
A Duration Analysis of Democratic Transitions and Authoritarian Backslides

Recent theories of political development have emphasized redistributive demands as the main drivers of democratic transitions and consolidation. The authors employ Cox duration models to evaluate a number of economic, institutionalist, and sociological theories of regime transition, using global data from 1970 to 1999. This study suggests that demands for redistribution are insufficient explanators of political transitions. The authors find that transitions to democracy depend primarily on a high level of oppositionist social mobilization and, secondarily, favorable patterns of economic distribution. On the other hand, a high level of socioeconomic development is by far the best guarantor of democratic resiliency, whereas mass political conflict endangers consolidation once democracy has been introduced. The study also reveals that institutionalist factors are less influential than socioeconomic characteristics in explaining regime transitions. This study highlights the contribution of social movement the...
A new deletion refines the boundaries of the murine Prader-Willi syndrome imprinting center

The human chromosomal 15q11-15q13 region is subject to both maternal and paternal genomic imprinting. Absence of paternal gene expression from this region results in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), while absence of maternal gene expression leads to Angelman syndrome. Transcription of paternally expressed genes in the region depends upon an imprinting center termed the PWS-IC. Imprinting defects in PWS can be caused by microdeletions and the smallest commonly deleted region indicates that the PWS-IC lies within a region of 4.3 kb. The function and location of the PWS-IC is evolutionarily conserved, but delineation of the PWS-IC in mouse has proven difficult. The first targeted mutation of the PWS-IC, a deletion of 35 kb spanning Snrpn exon 1, exhibited a complete PWS-IC deletion phenotype. Pups inheriting this mutation paternally showed a complete loss of paternal gene expression and died neonatally. A reported deletion of 4.8 kb showed only a reduction in paternal gene expression and incomplete penetrance of neonatal lethality, suggesting that some PWS-IC function had been retained. Here, we report that a 6 kb deletion spanning Snrpn exon 1 exhibits a complete PWS-IC deletion phenotype. Pups inheriting this mutation paternally lack detectable expression of all PWS genes and paternal silencing of Ube3a, exhibit maternal DNA methylation imprints at Ndn and Mkrn3 and suffer failure to thrive leading to a fully penetrant neonatal lethality.
The Complexity of Fathers' Parenting Responsibilities and Involvement with Nonresident Children

Most policies that legislate father involvement with nonresident children treat men as if they have obligations to only one set of children. This paper describes the complexity of nonresident fathers' parenting circumstances and assesses whether and how parenting configurations are associated with the fathers' involvement with nonresident children. We find that nonresident fathers often have parenting obligations within and outside their current residences, and that the complexity of these obligations may result in less economic support to and visitation with nonresident children. Our results suggest that new policy efforts need to recognize the complexity of nonresident fathers' family ties.
THE EFFECT OF DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS ON SURVIVAL IN PERITONEAL DIALYSIS PATIENTS

ObjectiveThere is little information on the relationship between depressive symptoms and survival in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. We examined whether a single measurement of depressive sympto...
Control and Initial Operation of the Fermilab BO Low ß Insertion

The operation of the Fermilab BO low s insertion involves the coordinated control of the 4 strings of quadrupoles of the insertion itself along with several magnetic correction elements (20 dipoles for the closed orbit, 2 quad circuits for betatron tunes, 1 skew quad circuit for coupling, and 2 sextupole circuits for chromaticity). When the beam is stored at high energy, these elements must correct the errors induced by the strong superconducting quadrupoles of the insertion as the optics are smoothly changed from the fixed target configuration to the low s state. The techniques and control programs for these manipulations and initial tests using a single coasting beam are described.
Brain Metabolite Proton T2 Mapping at 3.0 T in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis

For 3.0-T T2-weighted MR imaging in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, one T2 signal per metabolite suffices in any brain region, irrespective of disease duration, thus validating the hypothesis that the spectroscopic signal intensity changes predominantly represent metabolite levels and not T2 weighting.
The disappearance of injected prostaglandins from the circulation of adult female australian field crickets, Teleogryllus commodus

During the first 2 h following injection of 0.02 μCi of [14C]-prostaglandin E2 into the abdomen of adult virgin female crickets, T. commodus, the concentration of radioactivity in the circulating hemolymph decreases. The reduction is associated with the increase in radioactivity in the Malpighian tubule/hindgut complex, ovaries, fat body, and, to a much smaller extent, ventral nerve cord and flight muscles. The finding that most, but not all, of the radioactivity in the hindgut is located in the contents of the lumen suggests that a high proportion of prostaglandins circulating in the hemolymph of T. commodus is eliminated by the usual excretory pathway. We suggest that the differential uptake of label from the circulating hemolymph by various tissues may be related to possible physiological functions that remain to be discovered.
The Legend of Ger Ẓedek of Wilno as Polemic and Reassurance

Some time in the second half of the eighteenth century, there emerged a Jewish legend that glorified a conversion to Judaism and a martyr's death of a Polish noble from a very prominent Polish aristocratic family, sometimes referred to as Walentyn Potocki, or Graf Potocki—the legend of ger ẓedek, a righteous convert, of Wilno. The story was enthusiastically embraced by Eastern European Jews, and it subsequently became a subject of numerous novels and novellas. Even today its appeal continues. It is currently mentioned on a number of Jewish web sites as “a true story of a Polish Hrabia (count) . . . who descended from a long line of noble Christian rulers and who sacrificed wealth and power to convert from Christianity to Judaism,” and it serves as a basis for school plays in some Ḥaredi schools for girls. Although converts to Judaism were not unheard of in the premodern era, few stories of this kind emerged. Rabbinic authorities had an ambiguous attitude toward non-Jewish conversions, and few encouraged proselytizing or glorified non-Jewish converts. The legend of ger ẓedek of Wilno, though said to be a true story, appears to be a carefully crafted tale of conversion, a polemical and apologetic response to a number of challenges that the Polish Jewish community faced from the mid-eighteenth century.
A Chemical Image Analysis Method for Portland Cements

A method is described for carrying out image analysis on portland cements in which the differing chemical compositions of the particles are specifically recognized. Representative fields of ca. 100 individual particles are imaged by a backscatter detector in an SEM, then ported to the attached image analyzer. After preliminary procedures, the image analyzer takes control of the SEM and individually rasters over each particle in turn to acquire both chemical (EDX) and geometrical information. The recorded EDX spectra are used to automatically assign each particle to its predominant mineralogical phase At the same time, conventional feature analysis parameters are acquired for each particle, including measurements of area, length, width, perimeter, shape, etc. The results of the analysis of a given cement constitutes a data base of all of the particles analyzed. It can be used to provide global characterization, or features can be broken out by size class, mineralogical type, shape, or various combinations of parameters. Illustrations are provided of the results of such analysis for a cement, and possible applications to clinker, cement paste, and concrete are considered.
Nutrition of the fetus and premature infant

Nutrition in the fetus and the premature infant is a rapidly changing field, not solely due to the acquisition of new knowledge but also because there have been major conceptual advances that have altered our approach to nutrition during early stages of development. This special report will highlight some of these conceptual advances in this area.
Monolithic millimeter-wave corner-reflector antennas

A high-gain monolithic millimeter-wave antenna has been designed for 240 GHz. The structure consists of a long-wire antenna suspended in a longitudinal pyramidal cavity etched in a silicon wafer. This results in a planar traveling-wave antenna backed by a corner reflector. The array pattern is calculated by the method of images, and the element pattern is calculated for an isolated traveling-wave antenna. A microwave scale model was constructed for 3.4 GHz. The input impedance is broadband, with a radiation resistance centered at 160 Omega and a reactance lower than 60 Omega . The measured 10 dB beamwidths for the E and quasi-H plane patterns are 35 degrees and 41 degrees , respectively. The measured gain is 19.3+or-0.2 dB. The antenna is well-suited for millimeter and submillimeter-wave imaging applications in large f-number systems. Typical application areas are radio astronomy, plasma diagnostics, and remote sensing. >
Kinked p–n Junction Nanowire Probes for High Spatial Resolution Sensing and Intracellular Recording

Semiconductor nanowires and other semiconducting nanoscale materials configured as field-effect transistors have been studied extensively as biological/chemical (bio/chem) sensors. These nanomaterials have demonstrated high-sensitivity from one- and two-dimensional sensors, although the realization of the ultimate pointlike detector has not been achieved. In this regard, nanoscale p-n diodes are attractive since the device element is naturally localized near the junction, and while nanowire p-n diodes have been widely studied as photovoltaic devices, their applications as bio/chem sensors have not been explored. Here we demonstrate that p-n diode devices can serve as a new and powerful family of highly localized biosensor probes. Designed nanoscale axial p-n junctions were synthetically introduced at the joints of kinked silicon nanowires. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the kinked nanowire structures were achieved, and electrical transport measurements exhibited rectifying behavior with well-defined turn-on in forward bias as expected for a p-n diode. In addition, scanning gate microscopy demonstrated that the most sensitive region of these nanowires was localized near the kinked region at the p-n junction. High spatial resolution sensing using these p-n diode probes was carried out in aqueous solution using fluorescent charged polystyrene nanobeads. Multiplexed electrical measurements show well-defined single-nanoparticle detection, and experiments with simultaneous confocal imaging correlate directly the motion of the nanobeads with the electrical signals recorded from the p-n devices. In addition, kinked p-n junction nanowires configured as three-dimensional probes demonstrate the capability of intracellular recording of action potentials from electrogenic cells. These p-n junction kinked nanowire devices, which represent a new way of constructing nanoscale probes with highly localized sensing regions, provide substantial opportunity in areas ranging from bio/chem sensing and nanoscale photon detection to three-dimensional recording from within living cells and tissue.
Reference Curricular Structures and Pedagogical Flexibility in Encouraging Reflective Practice in Technology-Enhanced Learning

This paper is concerned with the design of curricular structures and flexible teaching and learning approaches targeted at improving learning performance and enriching learning experiences. The Lehigh Valley Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (LV STEM) project is used as a case study. Findings indicate that reference curricular structures should be pre-instruction, during instruction and post-instruction at the first level; analysis, design, development and evaluation at the second level; instructional goals at the third level and relevance at the fourth level. Relevance is created through instantiations from this reference curricular structure, through identification of core and supplementary factors and by strategizing flexibility in navigation through derivation of best practices. Best practices in turn form the foundation for collaborative adaptations that provide tremendous potential for sharing and improving knowledge about technology-enhanced learning. Implications to the design of technology-enhanced learning are subsequently presented.
Current concepts in TRALI pathogenesis

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is the leading cause of mortality from blood product transfusions. Clinical and experimental studies support a multievent model of injury in which a variety of risk factors (‘first hit’) render the transfusion recipient susceptible to lung injury when transfused with a blood product containing antibody and non-antibody mediators that provide the ‘second hit’ in the model. Our understanding of the mechanisms of antibody-based TRALI has been advanced by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I monoclonal antibody model of TRALI in mice. Challenge of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed BALB/c mice with cognate MHC Class I antibody produces severe protein-rich pulmonary oedema, and the lung injury response is critically dependent on the involvement of neutrophils and platelets. In the lung microcirculation, neutrophils and platelets spatially interact forming heterotypic aggregates that can be blocked with aspirin, which also reduces lung injury and mortality in a lipoxin-dependent pathway. Activated platelets also trigger the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which can be found in the lungs and blood of experimental and clinical cases of TRALI. Several lines of evidence point to the pathogenicity of NETs in TRALI. Inhibiting the formation of NETs by targeting platelet activation (aspirin) ameliorates lung injury. Dismantling the NET structure using deoxyribonuclease 1 (DNase1) or inhibiting extracellular histones, a key component of NETs, also robustly protects from lung injury. In summary, experimental modelling of TRALI has identified a novel pathophysiologic cascade involving neutrophils, platelets and NETs and has in turn illuminated rational therapeutic approaches for the prevention or treatment of TRALI.