cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activation and block of mouse muscle-type nicotinic receptors by tetraethylammonium

We have studied the activation and inhibition of the mouse muscle adult-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by tetraethylammonium (TEA) and related quaternary ammonium derivatives. The data show that TEA is a weak agonist of the nicotinic receptor. No single-channel clusters were observed at concentrations as high as 5 mM TEA or in the presence of a mutation which selectively increases the efficacy of the receptor. When coapplied with 1 mM carbamylcholine (CCh), TEA decreased the effective opening rate demonstrating that it acts as a competitive antagonist of CCh-mediated activation. Kinetic analysis of currents elicited by CCh and TEA allowed an estimate of receptor affinity for TEA of about 1 mM, while an upper limit of 10 s−1 could be set for the wild-type channel-opening rate constant for receptors activated by TEA alone. At millimolar concentrations, TEA inhibited nicotinic receptor currents by depressing the single-channel amplitude. The effect had an IC50 of 2–3 mM, depending on the conditions of the experiment, and resembled a standard open-channel block. However, the decrease in channel amplitudes was not accompanied by an increase in the mean burst duration, indicating that a linear open-channel blocking mechanism is not applicable. Upon studying block by other nicotinic receptor ligands it was found that block by CCh, tetramethylammonium and phenyltrimethylammonium can be accounted for by the sequential blocking mechanism while block in the presence of methyltriethylammonium, ethyltrimethylammonium or choline was inconsistent with such a mechanism. A mechanism in which receptors blocked by TEA can close would account for the experimental findings.
Distance-adaptive super-wavelength routing in elastic optical path network (SLICE) with optical OFDM

We propose a spectrally-efficient super-wavelength-path routing in SLICE by selecting a set of subcarrier numbers and modulation levels according to path distances. We demonstrate 420 Gb/s path routing using short-reach 14-subcarrier 8-APSK and long-reach 21-subcarrier QPSK.
Know your boundaries in sexual assault litigation.

Four cases in which health care workers sexually assaulted patients show the "gray area" of hiring or supervisory negligence.
Perfect Masters of Their Art: Re‐imagining Expertise

Abstract This essay examines the testimony presented in a court action that took place in Utrecht, Holland in 1542. It uses the trial as a case study that illustrates and elaborates the significant issues that emerge when the basis of any professional expertise is challenged and tested. It suggests that the case presents us with a model for understanding one way in which the professions make use of specialized definitions of their expertise to circumscribe and defend the privileged domains of their beliefs and practices. It also provides us with a documented example of the way in which the new, platonic view of the architect framed by both Vitruvius and Alberti was rapidly received, adopted, and diffused in postmedieval Europe.
Non-Destructive Evaluation of Fatigue Damage in Alumina Fiber Reinforced Aluminum

Thermography, ultrasonic and limited x-ray radiography techniques were employed to identify fatigue damage in alumina fiber reinforced aluminum plates with a centered circular hole. Metallographic examination identified the damage as longitudinal and transverse cracks, which were frequently associated with striation markings in the metal matrix. These striation markings suggest that the aluminum matrix was plastically deformed within a damage zone adjacent to the hole. The length of the cracks iden tified by the ultrasonic techniques varied between 0.40-6.50 mm. There are indications that the size and the location of the fatigue damage may be assessed thermographically.
Correlates of Regimen Adherence in Cystic Fibrosis

The present investigation studied psychological and familial factors associated with self-care adherence in a sample of 50 children (ages 9 to 17 years) with cystic fibrosis (CF). Children and their parents were recruited through an outpatient pediatric pulmonary medicine clinic at a metropolitan children's hospital. Participants were interviewed and administered measures of family behavior and child psychological variables. Regimen adherence was measured using a telephone interview approach across three occasions per participant. Hierarchical multiple regression with age, perceived family behaviors, health locus of control, and self-competency as predictors, accounted for 53.8% of the variance in regimen adherence. Findings suggest that higher self-esteem and younger age are related to higher rates of regimen adherence among children with CF.
INDIGENOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES IN ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION: RESPONSE OF THE CHURCH 1

The Akan people of Ghana’s beliefs and practices, enforced by taboos regarding ecosystem conservation, foster a sustainable use of the environment. Akan beliefs and practices highlight their moral import, are crucial in preserving the environment, and protect water sources, the natural vegetation and wildlife and endangered nonhuman species. However, the church has not taken the indigenous beliefs, practices and taboos seriously. The decline of these has led to the degradation of the Ghanaian environment. This article aims at drawing the church’s attention by arguing that the indigenous beliefs and practices are more earth-friendly and consistent with biodiversity than modern or Western ways of life and that they represent the best chance for successful ecological practices that enhance ecosystem conservation.
Use of both benthic and drift sampling techniques to assess tropical stream invertebrate communities along an altitudinal gradient, Costa Rica

1. Two sampling techniques were used to characterize invertebrate communities in eight, low-order streams along an altitudinal gradient in Costa Rica that represents the last continuous tract of primary forest spanning such extremes in elevation (i.e. near sea level to 2900 m a.s.l.) along the Caribbean Slope of Central America. A standard Surber sampler was used to sample invertebrates on the stream bottom, and drift sampling nets were used to sample invertebrates drifting in the stream flow. 2. Sites were established at 30, 50, 700 1800 and 2700 m a.s.l. In one to two streams per site, six Surber samples were collected, and drift was sampled every 3 h over one 24-h period between April and August 1994. All sites were in primary forest, with the exception of the lowest elevation site (30 m) which was located in banana plantations. 3. Both sampling techniques indicated that Diptera (Chironomidae) and Ephemeroptera were the dominant insect groups at all sites. Disturbed streams draining banana plantations were dominated by Chironomidae and had lower taxon richness and diversity than other sites. 4. While data from benthic samples indicated that insects were the major faunal component (> 90%) at all sites, drift samples were dominated by larval shrimps (> 50%) at the 30 m and 50 m sites. 5. Drift periodicity of invertebrates was observed at those sites characterized by predaceous fishes: nocturnal drift densities were higher than diurnal densities at 30, 50 and 700 m a.s.l., however, no periodicity was observed at 1800 and 2700 m a.s.l. where fish were absent. 6. This study shows the importance of measuring invertebrate drift, in addition to directly sampling the benthos. Drift sampling provided data on a major community component (shrimps) of lowland tropical streams, that would have been overlooked using traditional benthic sampling techniques, and in some cases provided additional information on taxon richness. 7. Based on results of the present study, it is recommended that drift sampling be included as a standard complementary tool to benthic sampling in biological assessments (e.g. bioassessment protocols) of tropical streams, which are often characterized by migratory invertebrate species such as shrimps. Drift samples provide critical information on the presence or absence of shrimps and also on the timing and magnitude of their migration which is an important link between many tropical rivers and their estuaries.
A scheduling system for shared online laboratory resources

Online educational laboratories are increasingly deployed in traditional on-campus as well as Web-based distance-learning classes around the world. Recently, various educational institutions have attempted to leverage their online laboratory developments by broadly sharing them across institutional boundaries. While virtual experiments represent scalable software simulations, hardware-based remote experiments can only be used by one person or group of persons at a time. This paper describes the design and prototype implementation of a scheduling system for shared online laboratory resources, which can be employed to coordinate reservations of usage time for multiple geographically dispersed users. This scheduling system facilitates various priority levels for user requests, thus allowing different modes of usage, such as experimental demonstrations during a live class by an instructor and experiments carried out either individually by one user or collaboratively by multiple users. This software module can also be integrated into a more general resource management system, which enables the standardized description of and efficient search for online resources. Collectively, such tools have the potential for leading to fundamental changes in engineering and science laboratory education.
Semiconductor sidewall shape estimation

For process control, linewidth measurements are com- monly performed on semiconductor wafers using top-down images from critical dimension measurement scanning electron micro- scopes (CD-SEMs). However, a measure of the line sidewall shape will be required as linewidths continue to shrink. Sidewall shape can be measured by physically cleaving the device and performing an SEM scan of the cross section, but this process is time consuming and results in destruction of product wafers. We develop a tech- nique to estimate sidewall shape from top-down SEM images using pattern recognition based on historical cross section/top-down im- age pairs. Features are computed on subimages extracted from the top-down images. Several combinations of principal component analysis (PCA) and flavors of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) are employed to reduce the dimensionality of the feature vectors and maximize the spread between different sidewall shapes. Direct, weighted LDA (DW-LDA) results in a feature set that provides the best sidewall shape estimation. Experimental testing of the sidewall estimation system shows a root mean square error of approximately 1.8% of the linewidth, showing that this system is a viable method for estimating sidewall shape with little impact on the fabrication process (no new hardware and a minimal increase in process setup). © 2004 SPIE and IS&T. (DOI: 10.1117/1.1763586)
The Role of the Cooh Terminus of Sec2p in the Transport of Post-Golgi Vesicles

Sec2p is required for the polarized transport of secretory vesicles in S. cerevisiae. The Sec2p NH2 terminus encodes an exchange factor for the Rab protein Sec4p. Sec2p associates with vesicles and in Sec2p COOH-terminal mutants Sec4p and vesicles no longer accumulate at bud tips. Thus, the Sec2p COOH terminus functions in targeting vesicles, however, the mechanism of function is unknown. We found comparable exchange activity for truncated and full-length Sec2 proteins, implying that the COOH terminus does not alter the exchange rate. Full-length Sec2-GFP, similar to Sec4p, concentrates at bud tips. A COOH-terminal 58–amino acid domain is necessary but not sufficient for localization. Sec2p localization depends on actin, Myo2p and Sec1p, Sec6p, and Sec9p function. Full-length, but not COOH-terminally truncated Sec2 proteins are enriched on membranes. Membrane association of full-length Sec2p is reduced in sec6-4 and sec9-4 backgrounds at 37°C but unaffected at 25°C. Taken together, these data correlate loss of localization of Sec2 proteins with reduced membrane association. In addition, Sec2p membrane attachment is substantially Sec4p independent, supporting the notion that Sec2p interacts with membranes via an unidentified Sec2p receptor, which would increase the accessibility of Sec2p exchange activity for Sec4p.
Biochemistry of Eukaryotic Homologous Recombination

The biochemistry of eukaryotic homologous recombination caught fire with the discovery that Rad51 is the eukaryotic homolog of the bacterial RecA and T4 UvsX proteins; and this field is still hot. The core reaction of homologous recombination, homology search and DNA strand invasion, along with the proteins catalyzing it, are conserved throughout evolution in principle. However, the increased complexity of eukaryotic genomes and the diversity of eukaryotic cell biology pose additional challenges to the recombination machinery. It is not surprising that this increase in complexity coincided with the evolution of new recombination proteins and novel support pathways, as well as changes in the properties of those eukaryotic recombination proteins that are evidently conserved in evolution. In humans, defects in homologous recombination lead to increased cancer predisposition, underlining the importance of this pathway for genomic stability and tumor suppression. This review will focus on the mechanisms of homologous recombination in eukaryotes as elucidated by the biochemical analysis of yeast and human proteins.
SOI Technologies: Device Applications and Future Prospects

Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technologies have four major applications: very-large-scale integrated circuits (ICs), high-voltage ICs, large-area ICs, and vertical ICs. This paper will review the recent progress made in these areas and discuss the prospects of various SOI technologies for achieving commercialization.
The Free Speech Movement and the Heroic Moment

In i960, on the edge of a new decade, Norman Mailer thought he might have seen a superman coming to the supermarket. The supermarket was the U.S. presidential election; the possible superman, disguised as an orthodox candidate of a mainstream political party, was John F. Kennedy. Despite the conventionality of his politics, Kennedy had " the eyes of a mountaineer " and the " cool grace " of a hipster. Ever since a Japanese destroyer rammed his PT boat and left him swimming for life on the vast Pacific, Kennedy had "the remote and private air of a man who has traversed some lonely terrain of experience, of loss and gain, of nearness to death, which leaves him isolated from the mass of others. " It seemed to Mailer that Kennedy might yet fulfill a darkly glamorous American dream :
Cloning and characterization of human inducible nitric oxide synthase splice variants: A domain, encoded by exons 8 and 9, is critical for dimerization

The inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) contains an amino-terminal oxygenase domain, a carboxy-terminal reductase domain, and an intervening calmodulin-binding region. For the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), iNOS is active as a homodimer. The human iNOS mRNA is subject to alternative splicing, including deletion of exons 8 and 9 that encode amino acids 242–335 of the oxygenase domain. In this study, iNOS8−9− and full-length iNOS (iNOSFL) were cloned from bronchial epithelial cells. Expression of iNOS8−9− in 293 cell line resulted in generation of iNOS8−9− mRNA and protein but did not lead to NO production. In contrast to iNOSFL, iNOS8−9− did not form dimers. Similar to iNOSFL, iNOS8−9− exhibited NADPH-diaphorase activity and contained tightly bound calmodulin, indicating that the reductase and calmodulin-binding domains were functional. To identify sequences in exons 8 and 9 that are critical for dimerization, iNOSFL was used to construct 12 mutants, each with deletion of eight residues in the region encoded by exons 8 and 9. In addition, two “control” iNOS deletion mutants were synthesized, lacking either residues 45–52 of the oxygenase domain or residues 1131–1138 of the reductase domain. Whereas both control deletion mutants generated NO and formed dimers, none of the 12 other mutants formed dimers or generated NO. The region encoded by exons 8 and 9 is critical for iNOS dimer formation and NO production but not for reductase activity. This region could be a potential target for therapeutic interventions aimed at inhibiting iNOS dimerization and hence NO synthesis.
Construction of OFDM M-QAM sequences with low peak-to-average power ratio

We present a technique to derive M-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signals from quaternary phase-shift keying (QPSK) constellations when M=2/sup n/ and n is an even number. By utilizing QPSK Golay sequences, we have constructed M-QAM sequences with low peak-to-mean envelope power ratios. Several upper bounds for these M-QAM sequences were derived.
A multinomial characterization of feedforward neural networks

The purpose of the paper is to examine neural networks in terms of a particular probability model: a multinomial distribution characterization of the conditional mean. This characterization suggests circumstances in which networks need only provide good local approximations and a new parsimonious neural network model. The paper provides an empirical application to interest rate volatility.
An extensible index for spatial databases

Emerging database applications require the use of new indexing structures beyond B-trees and R-trees. Examples are the k-D tree, the trie, the quadtree, and their variants. They are often proposed as supporting structures in data mining, GIS, and CAD/CAM applications. A common feature of all these indexes is that they recursively divide the spare into partitions. A novel extensible index structure, termed SP-GiST, is presented that supports this class of data structure, mainly the class of space partitioning unbalanced trees. Simple method implementations are provided that demonstrate how SP-GiST can behave as a k-D tree, a trie, a quadtree, or any of their variants. Issues related to clustering tree nodes into pages as well as concurrency control for SP-GiST are addressed. A dynamic minimum-height clustering technique is applied to minimize disk accesses and to make using such trees in database systems possible and efficient. A prototype implementation of SP-GiST is presented as well as performance studies of the various SP-GiST's tuning parameters.
Overestimation of Hemoglobin in a Patient With an IgA-κ Monoclonal Gammopathy

Abstract A patient with multiple myeloma had an automated blood count performed on a Coulter STK-S counter that repeatedly failed internal limits for both mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpu...
Toxicity of diatomaceous earth to red flour beetles and confused flour beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): effects of temperature and relative humidity.

Red flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and confused flour beetles, Tribolium confusum (DuVal), were exposed for 8–72 h to diatomaceous earth (Protect-It) at 22, 27, and 32°C and 40, 57, and 75% RH (9 combinations). Insects were exposed to the diatomaceous earth at 0.5 mg/cm2 on filter paper inside plastic petri dishes. After exposure, beetles were held for 1 wk without food at the same conditions at which they were exposed. Mortality of both species after initial exposure was lowest at 22°C but increased as temperature and exposure interval increased, and within each temperature decreased as humidity increased. With 2 exceptions, all confused flour beetles were still alive after they were exposed at 22°C, 57 and 75% RH. Mortality of both species after they were held for 1 wk was greater than initial mortality for nearly all exposure intervals at each temperature–humidity combination, indicating delayed toxic effects from exposure to diatomaceous earth. For both species, the relationship between mortality and exposure interval for initial and 1-wk mortality was described by linear, nonlinear, quadratic, and sigmoidal regression. Mortality of confused flour beetles was lower than mortality of red flour beetles exposed for the same time intervals for 46.7% of the total comparisons at the various temperature–relative humidity combinations.
Value of radiographs in the initial evaluation of nontraumatic adult heel pain.

Background: Adult patients with nontraumatic plantar heel pain often present to orthopaedic surgeons for evaluation. A thorough history and physical examination are often sufficient for diagnosis, ...
Conditional repression of the NRAS(G12V) expression causes apoptosis and remission of acute myeloid leukemia induced in cooperation with MLL-AF9

C11 Kelly and Gilliand have proposed that although a genetically heterogeneous cancer acute myeloid leukemia (AML) development may be induced by the cooperation of two classes of mutations. To study the role of the NRAS(G12V) oncogene as a class one mutation in the context of AML cells developing with in cooperation with MLL fusion oncogene (MLL-AF9) as a class two mutation, we used a Vav promoter-tetracycline transactivator (Vav-tTA)-driven repressible system of NRAS(G12V) expression in Mll-AF9 knock-in mice. The triply-transgenic FVB/n x BL6 F1 mice expressing both the NRAS(G12V) and Mll-AF9 transgenes developed AML, which showed a trend of decreased latency compared with those carrying only the Mll-AF9 knock-in transgene. Mast cell disease also occurred accordingly in the Vav-tTA; TRE-NRAS(G12V) co-transgenic mice. To determine whether NRAS(G12V) expression is necessary to maintain AML in the recipient mice without mastocytosis, we transplanted bone marrow cells from four independent AML mice into recipient SCID mice. Chronic doxycycline (Dox) treatment in drinking water drove significant delay or no xenograft of three out of the four independent primary AML bone marrow cells transplanted into the recipient SCID mice. So, we found that the expression of NRAS(G12V) oncogene was required for AML persistence. Furthermore, we transplanted the AML bone marrow cells previously xenografted in recipinet SCID mice into other SCID mice to conditionally repress NRAS(G12V) expression only after the transplanted AML was fully established. Measuring the concentration of white blood cells (WBC) in peripheral bloods after 2 weeks post the bone marrow transplantation, we determined the initial time of Dox treatment when peripheral WBC was more than 100 - 200 K/μl in mice. Therefore, we found the number of WBC cells was greatly decreased 4 - 6 days after the Dox treatment and this was correlated with the significant increase of apoptotic cells in bone marrow and peripheral bloods. The transplanted AML blast cells underwent apoptosis and were mostly removed from the circulating blood, bone marrow, and spleen after 8 days post Dox treatment. We conclude that targeting NRAS(G12V) can be a good therapeutic method to treat AML induced in cooperation with MLL-AF9, because the repression of NRAS(G12V) expression strongly disturb diverse persistence and specific malignant features in AML.
Reflections on Physician-Patient Interactions in the EHR Era:

Physician-patient communication is becoming increasingly complicated with the growing use of electronic health records (EHRs). While the EHR has shown benefits in some aspects of medical care, these improvements are often at the expense of patient-centered communication. Below are some reflections on this topic, as well as techniques to improve the clinician-patient interaction in the EHR era.
Doing Good Across Faith and Global Borders: Case Studies in International Nonprofit Partnerships

Researchers who have examined the role of partnerships in addressing intractable social problems have concluded that collaborative approaches yield results superior to those of organizations acting alone. In this article, I examine the forms, strengths, and limitations of partnering across international borders through two collaborative programs operating in faith-based, nonprofit fields: Lutheran Church Missouri Synod World Missions operating in the Czech Republic and PROCOM Rwanda operating in the African nation of Rwanda. The purpose of this study was to examine the structural arrangements of these partnerships, elements that facilitate and impede partnering, and how partners define and measure success. I offer perspectives on development of full partnerships, as opposed to minimalist partnerships characterized by limited contractual obligation and mutual accountability, and significant differences in power wielded by organizational leaders. I conclude that whether or not such partnerships live up to their promise depends on factors including organizational structure, economic and political resources, philosophical and mission alignment, accountability, and communication.
The use of glycerin jelly for mounting stained roots for the observation and quantification of endomycorrhizal fungi

The use of glycerin jelly as a mountant for root samples stained for the observation of endomy- corrhizal fungi is described. This mountant is clear, non-toxic and allows for further squashing of the roots when necessary, without disturbing the speci- mens. For most common stains, there is little or no fading with time, making it possible to keep the slides
Detection of the expression of TRAF6 in Human gingival fibroblasts by immunohistochemical method

Objective:Using immunohistochemical methods to investigate the expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-6(TRAF-6) in human gingival fibroblasts cells(HGFs) and the intervention of lipopolysaccharide.Methods:To isolate and culture HGFs,the cells from the third to eighth passage were cultured successfully to make cell seeded and interfered with LPS of various concentrations on cells respectively.The morphology changes of HGFs were observed after 24 hours and the expression of TRAF6 in every experimental group was detected with immunohistochemical methods.Results: Immunohistochemistry analysis shows,TRAF-6 was not expressed in normal HPLFs.With the increasing concentration from 0.1 μg/ml to 100 μg/ml of LPS,the expression of TRAF-6 first gradually increased,then followed by a decrease trend.Conclusion: TRAF-6 plays an important role during the inflammatory damage process of HGFs caused by LPS.
Biological characteristics of the weedy rice in Leizhou of Guangdong province

The objective of this study was to investigate the biological characteristics of six biotypes of weedy rice collected from Leizhou of Guangdong Province.The results showed that the weedy rice has the similar plant morphology compared with the cultivated rice in the early stage.After entering the tillering stage,the significant differences were occured between weedy rice and cultivated rice.Comparing with the cultivar,the weedy rice has higher plant,more tillers,bigger angle of tiller,scattered plant type and earlier maturation.The weedy rice provided more seeds each head,but lower seed rate,lower weight of 1 000 seeds,lower length-width ratio of grain,diversified own and pericarp color,easy shattering,as well as various seed dormancy.
Computing the geobiosphere emergy baseline: A novel approach

Abstract We demonstrate a new and novel approach to calculate Earth's geobiosphere emergy baseline (GEB). In this method we use gravitational potential energy dissipated in the generation of Earth's main renewable energy sources. From this gravitational perspective, we recognize three refinements to our understanding of Earths driving energies. First we acknowledge the recent literature suggests that Earth's geothermal energy is from two separate sources, decay of radioisotopes and primordial heat, thus warranting separate solar equivalence ratios (SERs). Second, tidal energy dissipation can be viewed as the loss of Earth's rotational kinetic energy (KE), due to gravitational interaction between Earth/Moon/Sun and frictional forces in Earth's oceans. Seen in this way we draw an equivalence between loss of Earth rotational KE and tidal energy dissipated. Third, Earth's rotational KE and primordial heat are coupled processes of the gravitationally induced accretion of Earth. The four sources of available energy to the geobiosphere, solar radiation, tidal energy dissipation, primordial heat, and radiogenic heat, are expressed as a ratio of gravitational emergy needed to produce them. After all four sources are expressed by their gravitational transformities, solar equivalences are computed by dividing their gravitational transformity by the gravitational transformity of solar radiation, resulting in solar equivalent ratios. Using solar equivalences, we combine the four sources to express the emergy driving all planetary phenomena. The method yields four different baselines depending on the allocation procedure used to assign gravitational exergy of Earth's accretion to it is rotational KE and primordial heat. The GEBs ranged between 11.1E+24 seJ J−1 and 13.8E+24 seJ J−1.
Therapeutic antisense and ribozymes

The regulation of expression of genetic information by complementary pairing of sense and antisense nucleic acid strands has been termed 'antisense', and is a mechanism used throughout nature to regulate gene expression. It is now possible to design antisense DNA oligonucleotides, or catalytic antisense RNAs (ribozymes) which can pair with and functionally inhibit the expression of any single stranded nucleic acid in a sequence specific fashion. This high degree of specificity has made them attractive candidates for therapeutic agents. These molecules have the potential for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases. The recent development of retroviral as well as other viral and non-viral based delivery schemes make the clinical use of these molecules a virtual certainty.
Restoring Justice to Civil Rights Movement Activists?: New Historiography and the “Long Civil Rights Era”

This paper seeks to engage ongoing discussions and conceptualizations about the Civil Rights and Restorative Justice Project and its meanings, boundaries, and goals. It tells two different but overlapping stories of the civil rights era and argues that the dominant abbreviated story of the movement, focusing on the ten-year period centered on the King-led nonviolent movement in the South, should be rejected as a framework for the Project. This ten-year story truncates, decontextualizes, and tames the movement while rendering it legalistic, episodic, triumphant and nostalgic. The effect is that it obscures the movement's relevance to today's circumstances; it distorts the nature, objectives and activities of the masses of ordinary black people who fought its battles, including their broad egalitarian democratic agenda; and it allows forces hostile to the movement's objectives to easily appropriate and misappropriate its ideas. As such it undermines the goals of the Project, justice for civil rights activists. Based on new historiography, this paper advocates for an understanding of the civil rights period as constituting what Nikhil Pal Singh calls the long civil rights era, and part of what scholars such as Manning Marable and Clayborne Carson call the black freedom struggle. New historiography is beginning to expose the limitations of the truncated civil rights story and to provide a fuller picture of the era. For instance, it suggests that the civil rights era begins in the 1930s, is transformed in the 1950s, and again in the mid-1960s and ends but remains unfinished sometime around the early eighties with its broad egalitarian democratic agenda largely unmet.
Rapid communication: Inhibition of adenosine deaminase by azapurine ribonucleosides

We have synthesized several 8-azapurine nucleosides as inhibitors of adenosine deaminase. The presence of a nitrogen on the imidazole ring decreased the Ki value for nebularine by 100-fold but did not lower the Ki value for coformycin. Evaluation of these compounds in a MOLT-4 growth assay revealed that 2-azacoformycin was as effective as 2'-deoxycoformycin in potentiating growth inhibition by 2'-deoxyadenosine. The azapurine nucleosides merit further study as antitumor agents.
Evolutionary spectral graph clustering through subspace distance measure

In the era of Big Data, massive amounts of high-dimensional data are increasingly gathered. Much of this is streaming big data that is either not stored or stored only for short periods of time. Examples include cell phone conversations, texts, tweets, network traffic, changing Facebook connections, mobile video chats or video surveillance data. It is important to be able to reduce the dimensionality of this data in a streaming fashion. One common way of reducing the dimensionality of data is through clustering. Evolutionary clustering provides a framework to cluster the data at each time point such that the cluster assignments change smoothly across time. In this paper, an evolutionary spectral clustering approach is proposed for community detection in dynamic networks. The proposed method tries to obtain smooth cluster assignments by minimizing the subspace distance between consecutive time points, where the subspaces are defined through spectral embedding. The algorithm is evaluated on several synthetic and real data sets, and the results show the improvement in performance over traditional spectral clustering and state of the art evolutionary clustering algorithms.
Politics and Markets: The World’s Political Economic Systems

(1979). Politics and Markets: The World’s Political Economic Systems. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 207-217.
Analysis of short-term ozone and PM2.5 measurements: Characteristics and relationships for air sensor messaging.

ABSTRACTAir quality sensors are becoming increasingly available to the general public, providing individuals and communities with information on fine-scale, local air quality in increments as short as 1 min. Current health studies do not support linking 1-min exposures to adverse health effects; therefore, the potential health implications of such ambient exposures are unclear. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establishes the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and Air Quality Index (AQI) on the best science available, which typically uses longer averaging periods (e.g., 8 hr; 24 hr). Another consideration for interpreting sensor data is the variable relationship between pollutant concentrations measured by sensors, which are short-term (1 min to 1 hr), and the longer term averages used in the NAAQS and AQI. In addition, sensors often do not meet federal performance or quality assurance requirements, which introduces uncertainty in the accuracy and interpretation of these readings...
Non-classical Transcriptional Activity of Retinoic Acid

It has long been established that the transcriptional activity of retinoic acid (RA) is mediated by members of the nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors termed RA receptors (RARs). More recent observations have established that RA also activates an additional nuclear receptor, PPARβ/δ. Partitioning RA between RARs and PPARβ/δ is governed by different intracellular lipid-binding proteins: cellular RA binding protein 2 (CRABP2) delivers RA to nuclear RARs and a fatty acid binding protein (FABP5) delivers the hormone from the cytosol to nuclear PPARβ/δ. Consequently, RA signals through RARs in CRABP2-expressing cells, but activates PPARβ/δ in cells that express a high level of FABP5. RA elicits different and sometimes opposing responses in cells that express different FABP5/CRABP2 ratios because PPARβ/δ and RARs regulate the expression of distinct sets of genes. An overview of the observations that led to the discovery of this non-classical activity of RA are presented here, along with a discussion of evidence demonstrating the involvement of the dual transcriptional activities of RA in regulating energy homeostasis, insulin responses, and adipocyte and neuron differentiation.
Affinity Spaces and Their Host Set Classes

This paper proposes the organization of pitch-class space according to the notion of affinities discussed in medieval scale theory and shows that the resultant arrangement of intervallic affinities establishes a privileged correspondence with certain symmetrical set classes. The paper is divided in three sections. The first section proposes a pitch-class cycle, the Dasian space, which generalizes the periodic pattern of the dasian scale discussed in the ninthcentury Enchiriadis treatises (Palisca 1995). The structure of this cycle is primarily derived from pitch relations that correspond to the medieval concepts of transpositio and transformatio.1 Further examination of the space’s properties shows that the diatonic collection holds a privileged status (host set class) among the embedded segments in the cycle. The second section proposes a generalized construct (affinity spaces) by lifting some of the intervallic constraints to the structure of the Dasian space, while retaining the relations of transpositio and transformatio, and the privileged status of host set classes.2 The final section examines some of the properties of host set classes, and in turn proposes “rules” for constructing affinity spaces from their host sets. The study of affinity spaces will give us insights regarding scalar patterning, inter-scale continuity, the combination of interval cycles, voice leading, and harmonic distance.
The Cidofovir Controversy

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a disease of viral etiology and is caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). Although it is a benign disease process, there are very serious sequelae because of its involvement in the tracheobronchial tree. Multiple treatment modalities have emerged to control aerodigestive tract proliferation, ranging from surgery to immunomodulating medications, including antiviral drugs such as cidofovir. Cidofovir is an adjunct therapy employed as an intralesional injection. While cidofovir has historically been employed without long-term consequences, there are concerns associated with its use as a papilloma treatment, including potential malignant transformation of lesions, renal failure, and neutropenia. This chapter will focus on the benefits and risks of employing cidofovir in the RRP patient population as well as suggested treatment algorithms. A summary table of clinical reports of other adjuvant therapies is provided as an appendix at the end of the chapter.
Abstract 21011: Crispr/ndcas9 Adenoviral Vector System as a Tool for Promoting Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Cardiomyocytes

Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to heart failure. Our recent work revealed that genes in mitochondrial biogenesis and quality control, such as the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor g...
Thidiazuron in Micropropagation of Aroid Plants

Thidiazuron (TDZ) or phenyl-N′-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl) urea is a synthetic phenyl urea derivative and possesses strong cytokinin-like activity exceeding that of most other commonly used adenine-type cytokinins in regulating plant morphogenesis. In this article, we devote our attention to the use of TDZ in micropropagation of plants in the family Araceae, commonly known as aroids. This family has 3750 recognized species across 114 genera. A large number of genera are important ornamental plants, particularly in the foliage plant industry. Some genera are produced for edible roots or used as medicinal plants, and a few others are aquatic plants. Aroids are traditionally propagated through cutting, division, rhizomes, or tubers. Vegetative propagation not only carries plant pathogens but also significantly slows the speed in the introduction of new cultivars. Our research over the years has focused on the development of methods for micropropagating aroid plants. TDZ has been shown to be an important plant growth regulator for efficient micropropagation of aroid plants via in vitro shoot culture and plant regeneration through the route of shoot organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, and protocorm-like bodies (PLBs). Mechanisms underlying TDZ-mediated plant regeneration are still largely unknown, but the established regeneration systems derived from our work on aroids present valuable models for molecular analysis of TDZ-mediated plant morphogenesis.
Phytoremediation of BTEX and Naphthalene from produced-water spill sites using Poaceae

Surface spills of water produced from hydraulic fracturing can expose soil and groundwater to organics such as BTEX and naphthalene (BTEX&N) as well as high concentrations of salt. As an alternativ...
A Network-Based Response Framework and Implementation

As the number of network-based attacks increase, and system administrators become overwhelmed with Intrusion Detection System (IDS) alerts, systems that respond to these attacks are rapidly becoming a key area of research. Current response solutions are either localized to individual hosts, or focus on a refined set of possible attacks or resources, which emulate many features of low level IDS sensors. In this paper, we describe a modular network-based response framework that can incorporate existing response solutions and IDS sensors. This framework combines these components by uniting models that represent: events that affect the state of the system, the detection capabilities of sensors, the response capabilities of response agents, and the conditions that represent system policy. Linking these models provides a foundation for generating responses that can best satisfy policy, given the perceived system state and the capabilities of sensors and response agents.
Methods for Monte Carlo simulations of biomacromolecules.

Abstract The state-of-the-art for Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of biomacromolecules is reviewed. Available methodologies for sampling conformational equilibria and associations of biomacromolecules in the canonical ensemble, given a continuum description of the solvent environment, are reviewed. Detailed sections are provided dealing with the choice of degrees of freedom, the efficiencies of MC algorithms and algorithmic peculiarities, as well as the optimization of simple movesets. The issue of introducing correlations into elementary MC moves and the applicability of such methods to simulations of biomacromolecules are discussed. A brief discussion of multicanonical methods and an overview of recent simulation work highlighting the potential of MC methods are also provided. It is argued that MC simulations, although underutilized in the biomacromolecular simulation community, hold promise for simulations of complex systems and phenomena that span multiple length scales, especially when used in conjunction with implicit solvation models or other coarse-graining strategies.
In reply: Aortic aneurysm: Fluoroquinolones, genetic counseling.

We thank Drs. Goldstein and Mascitelli for their comments regarding fluoroquinolones and thoracic aortic aneurysms. We acknowledge that fluoroquinolones (particularly ciprofloxacin) have been associated with a risk of aortic aneurysm and dissection based on large observational studies from Taiwan,
Dynamic Inspection of Latent Variables in State-Space Systems

The state-space models (SSMs) are widely used in a variety of areas where a set of observable variables are used to track some latent variables. While most existing works focus on the statistical modeling of the relationship between the latent variables and observable variables or statistical inferences of the latent variables based on the observable variables, it comes to our awareness that an important problem has been largely neglected. In many applications, although the latent variables cannot be routinely acquired, they can be occasionally acquired to enhance the monitoring of the state-space system. Therefore, in this paper, novel dynamic inspection (DI) methods under a general framework of SSMs are developed to identify and inspect the latent variables that are most uncertain. Extensive numeric studies are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Note to Practitioners —The SSM aims to estimate crucial latent variables that characterize the states of a system but cannot be measured routinely or directly. The conventional way has been solely based on a measurement capacity dedicated to observed variables. However, we realize there are situations that, although latent variables cannot be measured routinely, it is possible to inspect a small portion of latent variables at a given frequency. Thus, the problem is how to allocate the inspection resources to help monitor the latent variables of the state-space system optimally, conditioning on the established statistical machinery of the SSM for model estimation and inference. We propose a DI method to select and partially measure the latent variables and improve the estimation accuracy by combining the measured latent variables and observations.
Criminalização e castigo na formação do estado-nação: a imprensa chilena durante a reforma do sistema prisional (1832 a 1850)

DOI: 10.1590/2179-8966/2019/39385 Versao original: Castro Valdebenito, Hugo. (2018) "La construccion de una “sociedad punitiva” en la formacion del Estado-nacion: La prensa chilena durante la Reforma al sistema de prisiones. (1843-1860)": Actas del XIV Congreso de la Asociacion de Historia Contemporanea, Universidad de Alicante, Espana. pp. 234- 259. Traducao Natalia Sales, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. E-mail: nataliasoliveira32@gmail.com
Comparison of microgels, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) determined in seawater with and without oil

Abstract Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), produced by microorganisms , are implicated for greatly influencing the fate of environmental contaminants , including oil. Transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) are gel-like acidic polysaccharide particles that can be stained with Alcian blue, whereas Coomassie stainable particles (CSP) contain proteins and are stained with Coomassie brilliant blue. Marine microgels are reversibly formed from EPS. These terms are often used interchangeably, but they have rarely been measured simultaneously. Mesocosm and bottle experiments provided an opportunity to compare EPS, TEP, CSP and microgels in a water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of oil and seawater (control). Our results reveal that the biopolymers making up EPS, TEP and CSP consisted primarily of polysaccharides and proteins, mostly likely as proteoglycans and glycoproteins . Significant correlations were found between concentrations of TEP-C vs particulate organic carbon (POC), TEP-C vs particulate organic nitrogen (PON), TEP vs EPS, TEP vs CSP, TEP vs carbohydrates, proteins, CSP and carbohydrates, CSP vs proteins, and carbohydrates vs proteins. Chemical analysis of whole particles and colloids yielded both protein and polysaccharides concentrations higher than those in EDTA extraction, thus providing an upper limit of actual EPS contents in the particulate phase. The EPS that was electrostatically held onto particle surfaces (extractable by 1% EDTA) accounted for a minor (~4%) yet relatively constant proportion of TEP. Overall, the concentrations of the three terms ranked in the order of [gels] > [TEP] > [particulate EPS] in the water. Lastly, spectrophotometric methods have limitations in identifying complex or refractory polysaccharides, as evidenced by the comparison between NMR-quantified EPS and the total EPS determined by spectrophotometric methods. This study is the first time these terms were compared in the same sample. They provide useful information when reviewing historical TEP, CSP, EPS data collected field- and laboratory-studies, and provide linkages between them. In addition, they also demonstrate that they could provide complementary information relevant to ecosystem and flux studies.