cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of 2‐methylisoborneol (MIB), and ethanol on the expression and activity of cytochrome P450s from the channel catfish

Injection of 1 mg kg−1 of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) caused an increase in a CYP1A-like protein of approximately 56 kDa from the kidneys of juvenile channel catfish as determined by western blot analysis using antibodies raised against trout CYP1A1. Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity from kidneys of MIB-injected fish was significantly elevated as compared to ethanol-injected controls. Static exposure of juvenile channel catfish to 10 ppm MIB caused a statistically significant induction of a CYP2K-like protein of approximately 53 kDa from the livers of treated catfish as determined by western blot analysis using antibodies raised against trout CYP2K1. Treatment of juvenile channel catfish with ethanol (1 ml kg−1) reduced the expression of one kidney and two constitutive liver P450s, while increasing another kidney form. There was no difference in carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation in livers after ethanol treatment. Thus, MIB and ethanol affect the expression of at least three P450 isoforms in channel catfish tissues.
Reweaving a Tapestry of Care: Religion, Nursing, and the Meaning of Hospice, 1945-1978

When British physician Cicely Saunders wrote those words to a colleague, she was in the process of blending the religious roots of hospice with an academic model of clinical research on pain control for terminally ill cancer patients at St. Joseph's Hospice in London. In preparation for building St. Christopher's, a hospice of her own, she wrote a series of letters to physicians in the United States to learn more about how Americans cared for terminally ill cancer patients. In 1963, Saunders made the first of many trips to the United States to visit medical centers and universities across the country and to lecture about the benefits of the "good nursing" and her work at St. Joseph's. Her eloquent descriptions of the hospice philosophy of care resonated with a small but growing cadre of idealistic nurses, clergy, and physicians who believed that medical care for the dying had grown increasingly impersonal and technologically managed. At the time Saunders began her correspondence with the Americans, she did not know that broad economic, social, and cultural changes underway in the United States were creating an environment ripe for reform. Nor could she have foretold how the transatlantic transfer of knowledge, research, and ideals would serve as a catalyst to ignite the American hospice movement. This article examines transitions in community-bas ed care for the dying before and after the inception of the American hospice movement. Specifically, the early development of modern hospices in Britain and the state of Connecticut (1945-1974) is used as a case study to examine the interplay among religion, nursing, and the modern conceptualization of hospice. Beginning with a discussion of the antecedents of modern hospices, the article explores how these shaped Saunders's conceptualization of hospice as both place and systematic
Sex differences in nicotine levels following repeated intravenous injection in rats are attenuated by gonadectomy

Previous research demonstrates that repeated intravenous (i.v.) nicotine injection resulted in increased locomotor sensitization in female relative to male rats. In order to determine if increased nicotine levels are detected in females compared to males the present experiment examined the plasma nicotine levels of male, female, castrated (CAST), and ovariectomized (OVX) rats (n=7-11 rats/group) following repeated i.v. nicotine injection (50 microg/kg/injection). All rats received 14 i.v. nicotine injections, one/day. Approximately 1 min after the 14th nicotine injection, rats were rapidly decapitated and trunk blood was collected immediately. Gas chromatography revealed a sex difference in nicotine content: higher plasma nicotine levels were measured from female rats (>10 x increase) relative to males, and the sex difference was attenuated by gonadectomy. These data suggest that the sex difference in plasma nicotine levels is due to alteration in distribution or nicotine metabolism as a function of circulating gonadal hormones. These findings indicate that gonadal hormones may influence nicotine pharmacokinetics and therefore nicotine-induced sex differences in behavior.
The recognition and encoding of faces by alcoholic Korsakoff and right hemisphere patients.

Abstract Alcoholic Korsakoffs, patients with right-hemisphere lesions, long-term alcoholics and normal control subjects were examined on three tests of facial memory and encoding. The Korsakoffs and patients with right-hemisphere lesions were impaired in their memory and simultaneous matching of unfamiliar faces. Their performance on a facial processing task indicated that they matched faces on the basis of superficial features such as paraphernalia and expression rather than the deeper configurational characteristics of faces. It is suggested that such superficial encoding may be partially responsible for these patients' visuoperceptual and memory problems.
Empirical Research on Child Maltreatment and the Law

Reviews empirical research on laws related to child protection. These laws have been based on psychological assumptions about child development, family life, and the effects of government action in such domains. In two specific areas, research about such assumptions has burgeoned: the quality of children's testimony and the factors affecting reporting of suspected child abuse and neglect. However, even in those areas research has been circumscribed. Relatively little research has been done to examine the effects (especially effects other than psychological adjustment) of the legal process (especially the events outside the courtroom) on children, and little is known about the effects of child abuse reporting on service delivery. There also is remarkably little research on the functioning of the child protection system itself. Researchers need to give attention to construction of a legal infrastructure for research itself, to encourage generation of knowledge relevant to child protection policy. Researcher...
Interactions of Chlamydia pneumoniae with human endothelial cells

In order to fulfill the biological plausibility criterion of a role for infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae in the pathogenesis of human atherosclerosis, detailed studies on the interaction of this organism with the cell types involved are necessary. This article summarizes the current knowledge on the interaction of C. pneumoniae with human endothelial cells. In vitro, C. pneumoniae can infect human endothelial cells and induce the expression of many molecules that are important mediators of atherogenesis including cytokines, adhesion molecules, chemokines, and molecules with procoagulant activity.
Low-energy elastic scattering of electrons from neon atoms.

The multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock method of Saha, Pindzola, and Compton (Phys. Rev. A 38, 128 (1988)) applied to photoionization of atoms has been extended in order to consider elastic scattering of electrons from neon atoms. The dynamical polarization and the electron-correlation effects, which are very important in this case, have been taken into account more accurately in the ab initio method through the configuration-interaction procedure. Phase shifts, and differential, integral, and momentum-transfer cross sections for electrons elastically scattered from neon atoms are reported for the impact-energy range from 0.136 to 70 eV. The calculated results are compared with experimental and other theoretical results. It is found that the present multiconfigurational self-consistent-field method yields high-quality results which show excellent agreement with experiment and compare well with other theoretical results.
Critical Factors and Resources in Developing a Game-Based Learning (GBL) Environment Using Free and Open Source Software (FOSS)

Engaging students in learning is often a challenge. It is even more so when the subject matter is non-trivial and requires a significant effort to master. Game-Based Learning (GBL) makes learning more interesting and appealing by seamlessly incorporating educational lessons into competitive games. Students naturally develop their interest in the materials and are immersed into learning as they compete with each other or against themselves in the game. To be effective, the game itself should be fun and engaging as well as accommodating the intended learning objectives. Although many people are aware of how effective GBL can be, it is overwhelming for a beginner to master the tools and techniques quickly to have GBL implemented in a class-room environment. We recognize this lack of guidance in the existing GBL literature and discuss critical factors in developing a GBL environment using the free and open source software (FOSS) resources available as of this writing.
Quantitative method for analysis of hydrocodone, hydromorphone and norhydrocodone in human plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry ☆

A selective, sensitive and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method for the quantitation of hydrocodone, hydromorphone and norhydrocodone in human plasma was developed. The internal standard stock solution comprised of hydrocodone-d6, hydromorphone-d6 and norhydrocodone-d3 was added to 0.5 mL plasma samples. Samples were extracted using a copolymeric sorbent (mixed mode) solid phase extraction (SPE) column. Chromatographic separation was carried out using a reversed-phase C18 analytical column with a gradient mobile phase consisting of solvent A=5% acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid and solvent B=100% acetonitrile. MS analysis was performed using positive electrospray ionization (ESI) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Linearity was established over the range 1-100 ng/mL with correlation coefficients ≥0.998 for all three analytes. The coefficient of variation (CV) of intra-day samples was ≤5.6% at 10 ng/mL. The precision of inter-day (6 days) samples resulted in CVs ≤8.1% at concentrations tested at 2.5, 10 and 25 ng/mL for all three analytes. The lower limit of quantification (LOQ) was 1.0 ng/mL with signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio >10, the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.25 ng/mL with S/N ratio >3 for the drug and its metabolites. Dilution effects, extraction recovery, stability, interference, carryover and ion suppression were also evaluated. This method was successfully applied to human subject plasma samples in support of a hydrocodone pharmacokinetic study.
Tolerability and infusion time of an accelerated infusion dobutamine echocardiography protocol.

Objectives: A new, accelerated dobutamine–atropine stress echocardiography (DASE) protocol (baseline 20 mcg/kg/min; 40 mcg/kg/min) was compared with a standard protocol in patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) to evaluate tolerability, length of infusion, and overall test times, as well as safety. Methods: Patients received the DASE or the standard protocol on an alternating basis (n = 164). Results: Total test time, including patient recovery (HR < 100 bpm), dropped from an average of 19:23–12:12 min (p < 0.0001). Average symptom duration decreased from 5:50 to 3:17 min (p < 0.01). Women had shorter total test times in both accelerated and standard protocols compared to that of men. Conclusions: The accelerated DASE protocol is a well tolerated alternative to standard dobutamine stress testing allowing practitioners to reduce test times without increasing the incidence of arrhythmias. Patients in the accelerated arm also had shorter duration of symptoms.
Direct observations of single sonoluminescence pulses

Abstract Previous reports have described experimental measurements and theoretical descriptions of sonoluminescence without clearly resolving the physical events that underlie this phenomenon. Although incomplete, these results have led to suggestions that sonoluminescence might be such an extreme process that it could serve as an unusual inertial confinement source of fusion neutrons. Such a possibility depends on physical detail of individual sonoluminescence events such as the source temperature, diameter, and density. The present report describes attempts to measure the diameter and duration of single sonoluminescence flashes. In both cases the results were limited by the resolution of the instruments, giving diameters of the order of 3 μm or less and durations of the order of 12 ps, or less.
Hospital Delirium and Psychological Distress at 1 Year and Health-Related Quality of Life After Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Injury Without Intracranial Hemorrhage

Abstract Objectives To determine whether delirium during the hospital stay predicted health-related quality of life (HRQOL) at 1 year after injury in trauma intensive care unit (ICU) survivors without intracranial hemorrhage, and to examine the association between depressive and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and each of the HRQOL domains at 1-year follow-up. Design Prognostic cohort with a 1-year follow-up. Setting Level 1 trauma ICU. Participants Adult patients without intracranial hemorrhage (N=173) admitted to a level 1 trauma ICU. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures HRQOL was measured with the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey at 1 year after traumatic injury. Results Average delirium duration ± SD was .51±1.1 days. Hierarchical multivariable linear regression analyses did not find a statistical relationship between delirium and HRQOL at 1-year follow-up. However, increased levels of depressive symptoms at 1 year were statistically associated with poorer functioning in all physical and mental health HRQOL domains, whereas PTSD at 1 year was statistically associated with all HRQOL domains except role-physical ( P Conclusions There was no statistical association between delirium during the hospital stay and HRQOL at 1 year, which may be due to the short time spent in delirium by our study population. Depressive symptoms demonstrated a stronger relationship with mental and physical HRQOL domains at 1 year than PTSD, indicating their own unique pathway after trauma. Findings lend support for the separate assessment and management of depression and PTSD. Additional research on the duration and subtypes of delirium is needed within the trauma ICU population, as the effects are not widely known.
Analysis of Nonlinear Systems by Truncated Point Mappings

This paper summarizes results obtained by the authors regarding the utility of truncated point mappings which have been recently published in a series of papers. The method described here is applicable to the analysis of multidimensional, multiparameter, periodic nonlinear systems by means of truncated point mappings. Based on multinomial truncation, an explicit analytical expression is determined for the point mapping in terms of the states and parameters of the system to any order of approximation. By combining this approach with analytical techniques, such as the perturbation method employed here, the authors obtain a powerful tool for finding periodic solutions and for analyzing their stability. The versatility of truncated point mapping method is demonstrated by applying it to study the limit cycles of van der Pol and coupled van der Pol oscillators, the periodic solutions of the forced Duffing's equation and for a parametric analysis of periodic solutions of Mathieu's equation.
Salivary mucin: a factor in the lower prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in African-Americans?

Abstract OBJECTIVES: Organic and inorganic constituents of saliva have been implicated as protective components in the esophagus, and deficiencies in one or more of these factors in different races may be an important element in the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). To determine whether there are differences in the concentration of salivary mucins between different racial groups, we measured the concentration of mucous glycoprotein MG1 and mucous glycoprotein MG2 in whole saliva of African-Americans and Caucasians. METHODS: Whole saliva was collected from 19 African-American (four male, 15 female; mean age 34 yr, range 19–53 yr, ) and 25 Caucasian (11 male, 14 female; mean age 31 yr, range 20–51 yr, ) volunteers under masticatory stimulation (1 g Parafilm, 60 strokes/min) between 11:00 AM and 12:00 noon. Total salivary carbohydrate was measured with a periodic acid-Schiff assay and total protein by absorbance at 215 nm. Immunological reagents were employed to quantify MG2 in a combined enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay/enzyme linked lectin assay (ELISA/ELLA) and to quantify MG1 in a capture ELISA. RESULTS: The total carbohydrate, protein, MG1 and MG2 values were 24.4 ± 11.9, 243.5 ± 62.7, 21.8 ± 13.4, and 11.6 ± 9.5 mg% for African-Americans, and the corresponding values were 23.3 ± 9.3, 221.7 ± 39.7, 25.7 ± 16.2, and 10.9 ± 8.7 mg% for Caucasians. There was no statistical difference for any of the parameters measured between the two groups. Furthermore, it was shown that no correlation existed between salivary flow rate and the concentration of carbohydrate, protein, or salivary mucins in African-Americans and in Caucasians. These results show that flow rate did not influence the measured values for salivary parameters in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: No differences were found in the concentration of salivary mucins MG1 and MG2 in whole saliva of African-Americans and Caucasians, and it seems unlikely that variations in mucin levels influence the prevalence of GERD in these groups.
Development of myelinated nerve fibers in the sixth cranial nerve of the rat: A quantitative electron microscope study

Myelination was studied quantitatively in the sixth cranial nerves of rats by counting and measuring all myelinated fibers during the first three postnatal weeks. In transverse semithin and thin sections cut serially at a well-defined anatomical site in the midsphenoid region, only a few axons (mean 12) were myelinated at birth. On days 2, 4, and 8, counts of myelinated fibers were respectively 5 times (mean 57), 20 times (mean 230), and 24 times (mean 273) the number seen at birth. During the second postnatal week, the number of myelinated fibers remained constant, whereas growth of axons and their myelin sheaths continued. By 15 days these fibers were large and relatively uniform in size; they had compact, circular myelin sheaths. During the third postnatal week, myelination of previously unmyelinated, smaller axons began. The number of myelinated fibers increased again and the size distribution of myelinated fibers became bimodal. Axon diameters, fiber diameters, and myelin sheath dimensions for all fibers were calculated from measurements made on electron micrographs. The transverse length of the myelin membrane increased exponentially with time. The growth increased rapidly during the formation of the first 20 spiral layers and remained relatively constant during the subsequent enlargement of the compact sheath. The association of axon diameter and myelin sheath thickness was poor at young ages, but it improved progressively with maturation of the sheath. The results show that myelination begins around axons that have a wide range of diameters. Also, the first axons to be myelinated become the large myelinated fibers of the sixth nerve. The small myelinated fibers originate from axons that do not become myelinated until the third postnatal week. Myelination, though differing in onset by 2 weeks, appeared to be similar in both populations as judged by similarity of sheath morphology and growth rates. It is of interest that at the level studied, the sixth nerve also contains a fascicle of unmyelinated cranial sympathetic fibers.
Hardware and Software Subsystems of Mixed-Signal Architectures

This chapter focuses on the main hardware and software subsystems for sensing, processing and control, data communication, and actuation in embedded applications. The PSoC architecture is used to illustrate the subsystems.
Late Quaternary Extinctions: State of the Debate

Between fifty and ten thousand years ago, most large mammals became extinct everywhere except Africa. Slow-breeding animals also were hard hit, regardless of size. This unusual extinction of large and slow-breeding animals provides some of the strongest support for a human contribution to their extinction and is consistent with various human hunting models, but it is difficult to explain by models relying solely on environmental change. It is an oversimplification, however, to say that a wave of hunting-induced extinctions swept continents immediately after first human contact. Results from recent studies suggest that humans precipitated extinction in many parts of the globe through combined direct (hunting) and perhaps indirect (competition, habitat alteration) impacts, but that the timing and geography of extinction might have been different and the worldwide magnitude less, had not climatic change coincided with human impacts in many places.
Contact‐promoting behavior, social development, and relationship with parents in sibling juvenile degus (Octodon Degus)

This study describes infant socialization in captive parent-young units of the caviomorph rodent Octodon degus. Types of parent-young contact (huddling or squatting) and social interaction (body nosing and accompanying behaviors) are described and their ontogenetic trends examined between postnatal Days 1 and 46. Fathers spent less time than mothers in contact with the young. Mother-young contact decreased postnatally, whereas the amounts of mother-young and father-young social interaction, measured in terms of body-nosing exchanges, showed a continuous increase postnatally; sibling interactions also showed a continuous increase. Father-young interactions tended to be dominated by the father. Young reared with the father cohabiting huddled less with their mother, and engaged in less body-nosing, than young reared in the father's absence. Observations suggested that paternal control of the young may curb juvenile interactions. Young observed without their parents in an unfamiliar enclosure did not groom or "play" as in their home cage with parents present, but engaged in relatively more vocalizing, neck-nosing and forepaw-clasping.
Analysis of the VPg-Proteinase (NIa) Encoded by Tobacco Etch Potyvirus: Effects of Mutations on Subcellular Transport, Proteolytic Processing, and Genome Amplification

A mutational analysis was conducted to investigate the functions of the tobacco etch potyvirus VPg-proteinase (NIa) protein in vivo. The NIa N-terminal domain contains the VPg attachment site, whereas the C-terminal domain contains a picornavirus 3C-like proteinase. Cleavage at an internal site separating the two domains occurs in a subset of NIa molecules. The majority of NIa molecules in TEV-infected cells accumulate within the nucleus. By using a reporter fusion strategy, the NIa nuclear localization signal was mapped to a sequence within amino acid residues 40 to 49 in the VPg domain. Mutations resulting in debilitation of NIa nuclear translocation also debilitated genome amplification, suggesting that the NLS overlaps a region critical for RNA replication. The internal cleavage site was shown to be a poor substrate for NIa proteolysis because of a suboptimal sequence context around the scissile bond. Mutants that encoded NIa variants with accelerated internal proteolysis exhibited genome amplification defects, supporting the hypothesis that slow internal processing provides a regulatory function. Mutations affecting the VPg attachment site and proteinase active-site residues resulted in amplification-defective viruses. A transgenic complementation assay was used to test whether NIa supplied in trans could rescue amplification-defective viral genomes encoding altered NIa proteins. Neither cells expressing NIa alone nor cells expressing a series of NIa-containing polyproteins supported increased levels of amplification of the mutants. The lack of complementation of NIa-defective mutants is in contrast to previous results obtained with RNA polymerase (NIb)-defective mutants, which were relatively efficiently rescued in the transgenic complementation assay. It is suggested that, unlike NIb polymerase, NIa provides replicative functions that are cis preferential.
A framework for immersive VR and full-body avatar interaction

We present a new software framework for the development of immersive collaborative virtual reality applications with emphasis on full-body interaction with virtual humans. The framework is designed to be scalable and adaptable to different hardware configurations, using either commodity or more expensive hardware setups. High level programming abstractions handle object replication and communication channels for configurations based on multiple rendering nodes. The system provides tools for full-body character animation, real-time full-body tracking and retargeting to virtual humans, including motion reconstruction from a small set of sensors. Such capabilities allow new full-body interaction metaphors to be developed in fixed or user-perspective stereo visualization. The framework is scalable, customizable, cross-platform and it is only based on tools with source code available.
Antiphase Oscillation of the Left and Right Suprachiasmatic Nuclei

An unusual property of the circadian timekeeping systems of animals is rhythm "splitting," in which a single daily period of physical activity (usually measured as wheel running) dissociates into two stably coupled components about 12 hours apart; this behavior has been ascribed to a clock composed of two circadian oscillators cycling in antiphase. We analyzed gene expression in the hypothalamic circadian clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), of behaviorally "split" hamsters housed in constant light. The results show that the two oscillators underlying the split condition correspond to the left and right sides of the bilaterally paired SCN.
Amphiporus alkaloid multiplicity implies functional diversity: initial studies on crustacean pyridyl receptors

Some hoplonemertines contain pyridyl alkaloids which are used for prey capture and chemical defense against predators. The first such alkaloid to be identified was anabaseine, a tetrahydro-bipyridyl isolated from the peregrine hoplonemertine Paranemertes peregrina Coe. Several Amphiporus species have also been shown to possess related pyridyl alkaloids. The chevron hoplonemertine Amphiporus angulatus (Fabricius) contains a particularly diverse group of bipyridyl and tetrapyridyl compounds. 2,3′-bipyridyl, a fully aromatic analog of anabaseine, is the major paralytic toxin (Kem et al., 1976). It is even more potent in paralyzing crustaceans than anabaseine, but appears to be inactive on vertebrates. We have synthesized a number of 2,3-bipyridyl analogs and tested their ability to paralyze the freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii Girard. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) was found that resembles the SAR for activation of vertebrate nicotinic receptors by methylated nicotine and anabaseine compounds. This suggests that 2,3′-bipyridyl, though lacking a positive charge at physiological pH, still acts as a nicotinic agonist in crustaceans. 2,3′-bipyridyl and anabaseine stimulate crustacean dactyl neuron pyridyl chemoreceptors at μM concentrations. Nemertelline, as well as these two compounds, was found to activate crayfish stomach muscle nicotinic receptors modulating chloride channels at sub-micomolar concentrations. We suggest that some amphiporid pyridyl alkaloids may deter predators not only by their central neurotoxic (paralytic) actions, but also by peripheral effects on pyridyl receptors affecting prey capture and digestion. A multiplicity of alkaloids probably provides the hoplonemertine with a variety of offensive and defensive chemical responses to the presence of other animals.
Diets of Juvenile and Sub-adult Size Classes of Three Micropterus spp. in the Flint River, Georgia: Potential for Trophic Competition

Abstract Concerns over the recent introduction of Micropterus punctulatus (Spotted Bass) on native M. salmoides (Largemouth Bass) and M. cataractae (Shoal Bass) prompted a one-year investigation into the food habits of these three congeneric species to determine diet overlap and potential for trophic competition in the Flint River, GA. Diet analyses among species were conducted for two size classes offish: juvenile ( 300 mm were collected; thus, diet overlap was not compared among species for larger fish. Juvenile and subadult Largemouth Bass diets were dominated by fish in all seasons, mainly sunfishes (e.g., Lepomis auritus, L. macrochirus). In contrast, Shoal Bass diets were generally dominated by insects and crayfish in the juvenile and subadult size classes, respectively. Juvenile Spotted Bass diets were variable and dominated by fish and in...
Using software evolution to focus architectural recovery

Ideally, a software project commences with requirements gathering and specification, reaches its major milestone with system implementation and delivery, and then continues, possibly indefinitely, into an operation and maintenance phase. The software system's architecture is in many ways the linchpin of this process: it is supposed to be an effective reification of the system's technical requirements and to be faithfully reflected in the system's implementation. Furthermore, the architecture is meant to guide system evolution, while also being updated in the process. However, in reality developers frequently deviate from the architecture, causing architectural erosion, a phenomenon in which the initial, "as documented'' architecture of an application is (arbitrarily) modified to the point where its key properties no longer hold. Architectural recovery is a process frequently used to cope with architectural erosion whereby the current, "as implemented" architecture of a software system is extracted from the system's implementation. In this paper we propose a light-weight approach to architectural recovery, called Focus, which has three unique facets. First, Focus uses a system's evolution requirements to isolate and incrementally recover only the fragment of the system's architecture affected by the evolution. In this manner, Focus allows engineers to direct their primary attention to the part of the system that is immediately impacted by the desired change; subsequent changes will incrementally uncover additional parts of the system's architecture. Secondly, in addition to software components, which are the usual target of existing recovery approaches, Focus also recovers the key architectural notions of software connector and architectural style. Finally, Focus does not only recover a system's architecture, but may in fact rearchitect the system. We have applied and evaluated Focus in the context of several off-the-shelf applications and architectural styles to date. We discuss its key strengths and point out several open issues that will frame our future work.
Topical Review: A Comprehensive Risk Model for Disordered Eating in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes

Disordered eating behavior (DEB) consists of unhealthy weight control practices that typically onset in adolescence, and are linked to weight fluctuations and the development of eating disorders (Neumark-Sztainer, Wall, Larson, Eisenberg, & Loth, 2011). It is suggested that Type 1 diabetes (T1D), which also typically onsets in childhood or adolescence, increases risk for DEB. Posited risk factors include increased rates of depressive symptoms and changes in weight and shape associated with the disease itself (Goebel-Fabbri, 2009). Additional posited risk factors include frustration with blood glucose ranges, food preoccupation, body image dissatisfaction, and fear of weight gain (Goebel-Fabbri, 2009). Studies estimate that 20–40% of youth with T1D have used insulin manipulation for weight loss, which is associated with significant negative health outcomes including increased mortality rates (Colton, Rydall, Olmsted, Rodin, & Daneman, 2004; Goebel-Fabbri et al., 2008; Hanlan, Griffith, Patel, & Jasser, 2013; Young et al., 2013). The potential for increased DEB in youth with T1D and their unique treatment needs, coupled with adverse health outcomes, highlight the need to identify risk factors specific to this population. This article proposes an integration of a well-validated psychosocial risk model for the development of disordered eating in adolescents, with physiological influences specific to T1D. It is proposed that Stice’s Dual Pathway Model (Stice, 2001), extensively researched in adolescents without chronic illnesses, can be modified to include T1D-specific variables.
Theory, simulation, experimentation: an integrated approach to teaching digital control systems

This paper discusses the approach adopted by the authors for teaching an undergraduate course (lecture and laboratory) in digital controls. Theoretical material is developed in the lecture concerning the application of direct digital control (DDC) to an analog bench-scale system consisting of a DC motor and tachometer. A simulation of the closed-loop control system with embedded digital controller is developed and run by the students using the TUTSIM dynamic simulation language. Finally, students perform a laboratory experiment in which they write a program to control the actual system using a personal computer and inexpensive interface card. The combination of hands-on experience and computer simulation with the more traditional, theoretical lecture material provides a well-rounded learning experience that better prepares the students to implement digital control systems in the real world. >
Speciation in Passerina buntings: introgression patterns of sex‐linked loci identify a candidate gene region for reproductive isolation

Sex-chromosomes are thought to play an important role in speciation, but few studies of non-model organisms have investigated the relative influence of multiple sex-linked markers on reproductive isolation. We collected 222 individuals along a geographical transect spanning the hybrid zone between Passerina amoena and P. cyanea (Aves: Cardinalidae). Using maximum-likelihood cline fitting methods, we estimated locus-specific introgression rates for 10 z-linked markers. Although the cline width estimates ranged from 2.8 to 584 km, eight of 10 loci had cline widths between 224 and 271 km. We also used coalescent-based estimates of locus-specific divergence times between P. amoena and P. cyanea to test a recently proposed hypothesis of an inverse relationship between divergence time and cline width but did not find a significant association. The narrow width (2.8 km) of the cline estimated from the VLDLR9 locus indicates strong selection retarding introgression of alleles at this locus across the hybrid zone. Interestingly, a mutation in the very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) gene, in which VLDLR9 is an intron, is known to reduce the egg-laying ability of some chickens, suggesting a possible link between this gene region and reproductive isolation between P. amoena and P. cyanea. These results underscore the importance of sampling multiple loci to investigate introgression patterns across a chromosome or genome and support previous findings of the importance of sex-linked genes in speciation.
Fluid–Structure Interaction in the Flexible Porous Stratification Manifold

A model of the flexible porous manifold that captures the interaction between the flow field and the deformation of the manifold is developed and applied to understand how the fabric manifold works for conditions expected in solar water heaters. Contrary to the widely held hypothesis that the change of cross-sectional area induced by the fluid–structure interaction is beneficial, the numerical results demonstrate the change of cross-sectional area has no significant impact on the effectiveness of the manifold. In comparison to a rigid porous manifold, the performance of the flexible manifold is slightly worse because the collapse of the manifold encourages entrainment. The dimensionless permeability plays a crucial role in determining the performance and can be selected to limit entrainment and release fluid near the vertical level of neutral buoyancy.
Ordinary convex programs without a duality gap

In the Kuhn-Tucker theory of nonlinear programming, there is a close relationship between the optimal solutions to a given minimization problem and the saddlepoints of the corresponding Lagrangian function. It is shown here that, if the constraint functions and objective function arefaithfully convex in a certain broad sense and the problem has feasible solutions, then theinf sup andsup inf of the Lagrangian are necessarily equal.
Social Skills of Children with Specific Language Impairment: Peer Relationships.

Children with specific language impairment are at risk for social problems. This article discusses the available literature pertinent to understanding their peer relationships. In addition, a clini...
A Compact SPDT Switch in 0.18um CMOS Process With High Linearity and Low Insertion Loss

A compact CMOS SPDT switch fabricated in 0.18 mum BiCMOS technology has been successfully demonstrated at X-Ku-band. The fully integrated chip exhibits a low insertion loss of 1.9 dB and an isolation of 22.5 dB at 17 GHz. By reverse biasing the source/drain (S/D) diode junctions, the switch achieves a PldB of 21 dBm and TOI greater than 30 dB in a very compact structure. The small footprint, along with the performance being comparable to GaAs switches, makes the switch a very attractive, low cost building block circuit for MMIC designs.
Accommodation of input-derivatives in linear adaptive control

It is shown how the author's theory (1984, 1988) of linear adaptive control can be generalized to accommodate plant models having input-derivative (numerator dynamics) terms. This generalization significantly extends the range of practical applications for linear adaptive control. Only the main ideas and procedures for modifying linear adaptive control theory to accommodate input-derivative terms are outlined. >
Trifecta: A Nonspeculative Scheme to Exploit Common, Data-Dependent Subcritical Paths

Pipelined processor cores are conventionally designed to accommodate the critical paths in the critical pipeline stage(s) in a single clock cycle, to ensure correctness. Such conservative design is wasteful in many cases since critical paths are rarely exercised. Thus, configuring the pipeline to operate correctly for rarely used critical paths targets the uncommon case instead of optimizing for the common case. In this study, we describe Trifecta-an architectural technique that completes common-case, subcritical path operations in a single cycle but uses two cycles when the critical path is exercised. This increases slack for both single-and two-cycle operations and offers a unique advantage under process variation. In contrast with existing mechanisms that trade power or performance for yield, Trifecta improves the yield while preserving performance and power. We applied this technique to the critical pipeline stages of a superscalar out-of-order (OoO) and a single issue in-order processor, namely instruction issue and execute, respectively. Our experiments show that the rare two-cycle operations result in a small decrease (5% for integer and 2% for floating-point benchmarks of SPEC2000) in instructions per cycle. However, the increased delay slack causes an improvement in yield-adjusted-throughput by 20% (12.7%) for an in-order (InO) processor configuration.
A 55 kDa antigen of Pneumocystis carinii: analysis of the cellular immune response and characterization of the gene

Summary Rat-derived Pneumocystis carinii contains a major antigen complex of 45–55 kDa. The fusion protein of a cDNA encoding the 3′ portion of the 55 kDa antigen, which had previously been shown to be recognized by serum antibodies of exposed subjects, was investigated for its ability to stimulate a cellular immune response. Rats exposed to P. carinii via the environment exhibited a vigorous proliferative response to the antigen whereas unexposed rats did not. The full-length cDNA for a 55 kDa antigen was cloned and found to contain a 1245 bp open reading frame capable of encoding a 414-amino-acid peptide. The gene encoding this protein contained a single 39 bp intron and transcribed a 1.45 kb RNA message. The cloning and characterization of the 55 kDa antigen gene will allow production of the specific immunological reagents necessary to characterize this molecule and study its role in the biology and pathogenesis of P. carinii.
Robot feedback control based on stereo vision: towards calibration-free hand-eye coordination

This article describes the theory and implementation of a system that positions a robot manipulator using visual information from two cameras. The system simultaneously tracks the robot end-effector and visual features used to define goal positions. An error signal based on the visual distance between the end-effector and the target as defined and a control law that moves the robot to drive this error to zero is derived. The control law has been integrated into a system that performs tracking and stereo control on a single processor with no special purpose hardware at real-time rates. Experiments with the system have shown that the controller is so robust to calibration error that the cameras can be moved several centimeters and rotated several degrees while the system is running with no adverse effects. >
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Psychiatric Status of Patients before and after Disease Onset:

Compared to normal controls, individuals with Crohn's Disease manifest an increased prevalence of anxiety, depression and panic disorder occurring at any time in their life. Only panic disorder had an excess prevalence in Crohn's disease relative to community dwelling normals prior to the time of disease onset. Individuals with ulcerative colitis did not demonstrate an increased prevalence of psychiatric disorder before or after disease onset. The results suggest that there is a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorder in patients with Crohn's Disease relative to the normal population and that a small but significant percentage of individuals with Crohn's Disease may have a psychiatric disturbance which predates their medical illness.
The New Hegemon? Contingency and Agency in the Asian Age

Adam Smith in Beijing is an ambitious sequel to the work that is widely regarded as Giovanni Arrighis most important, The Long Twentieth Century. Much like this earlier book, Adam Smith in Beijing is a long, sweeping and provocative exploration of capitalisms past, present, and future. In The Long Twentieth Century, Arrighi analyzed the 700 year history of the modern world system as a series of cycles of accumulation, each of which occurred under the auspices of a hegemonic power, and each of which included a period of material expansion followed, late in the cycle, by a shift in the locus of capital accumulation to the financial sector. Arrighis analysis of four successive regimesthe Genoese, Dutch, British, and U.S.drew on Braudels concept of the autumn of a hegemonic system, which refers to the period of financial expansion marking the maturation of a particular regime of accumulation and its eventual displacement by a new one. This perspective enabled Arrighi to understand the financialization of the world economy, proceeding apace at the time under then-President Clinton, in the context of the longue duree in which one (declining) hegemons autumn is another (rising) hegemons spring.
The Role of Laughter and Humor in Growing Up Female

The present chapter explores the relationship between female development and different aspects of humor responsiveness, such as laughing or smiling, joking, and clowning. Considerable progress has been made in the past decade toward a general understanding of humor (see Chapman and Foot, 1976, 1977; Goldstein and McGhee, 1972; and McGhee and Chapman, 1980), but it is only recently that we have begun to recognize the differential significance of humor for the development of males and females. It is proposed here that a clearly definable set of sex-role standards regarding humor exists for males and females in our culture. Most important along these lines is the expectation that males should be initiators of humor, while females should be responders. It is proposed that the use of humor in interpersonal interaction serves as a means of gaining or maintaining dominance or control over the social situation. Because of the power associated with the successful use of humor, humor initiation has become associated with other traditionally masculine characteristics, such as aggressiveness, dominance, and assertiveness. For a female to develop into a clown or joker, then, she must violate the behavioral pattern normally reserved for women. Data reviewed below suggest that females who have developed a highly initiating sense of humor do show many common behavioral characteristics with males, although they have also developed a pattern of humor responsiveness that is peculiarly associated with females.
Supersymmetry, the ILC, and the LHC inverse problem

Abstract We report the results of the first large scale examination of the MSSM parameter space at the International Linear Collider (ILC). In particular, we address the question of whether or not the ILC can help to resolve the LHC Inverse Problem within this context. We examine 242 randomly generated but representative points in the MSSM parameter space which were found to lead to somewhat difficult signatures at the LHC. Including full Standard Model backgrounds and a fast detector simulation, our study finds that only roughly one third of these scenarios lead to visible signatures of some kind with a significance ⩾5 at the ILC with s = 500 GeV . However, kinematically accessible charged sparticles are visible over 90% of the time. Furthermore, we examine these points in the parameter space pairwise and find that only one third of the pairs produce distinguishable signatures at the ILC at 5σ. Going to a 1 TeV center of mass energy would substantially improve this situation since the dominant limitations are kinematic in origin.
Probabilistic validation of protein NMR chemical shift assignments

Data validation plays an important role in ensuring the reliability and reproducibility of studies. NMR investigations of the functional properties, dynamics, chemical kinetics, and structures of proteins depend critically on the correctness of chemical shift assignments. We present a novel probabilistic method named ARECA for validating chemical shift assignments that relies on the nuclear Overhauser effect data . ARECA has been evaluated through its application to 26 case studies and has been shown to be complementary to, and usually more reliable than, approaches based on chemical shift databases. ARECA is available online at http://areca.nmrfam.wisc.edu/.
FoldMecha: Design for Linkage-Based Paper Toys

We present FoldMecha, a computational tool to help non-experts design and build paper mechanical toys. By customizing templates a user can experiment with basic mechanisms, design their own model, print and cut out a folding net to construct the toy. We used the tool to build two kinds of paper automata models: walkers and flowers.