cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analytical algorithm for constraint relaxation in LP-based optimal power flow

A new algorithm for constraint relaxation to deal with infeasible problems in LP-based optimal power flow is presented, together with results from tests of the algorithm. This alsorithm follows an analytical approach. In contrast with the traditional iterative methods, the new approach can spread the violations more evenly among all the bottleneck constraints. The computational requirements of the proposed algorithm are modest, and the number of LP iterations in the infeasible case is greatly reduced, enabling constraint relaxation to be applied for all constraints with the ability to use different engineering weightings or priorities.
Quasi-adiabatic quantum Monte Carlo algorithm for quantum evolution in imaginary time

We propose a quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) algorithm for nonequilibrium dynamics in a system with a parameter varying as a function of imaginary time. The method is based on successive applications of an evolving Hamiltonian to an initial state and delivers results for a whole range of the tuning parameter in a single run, allowing for access to both static and dynamic properties of the system. This approach reduces to the standard Schr\"odinger dynamics in imaginary time for quasi-adiabatic evolutions, i.e., including the leading nonadiabatic correction to the adiabatic limit. We here demonstrate this quasi-adiabatic QMC (QAQMC) method for linear ramps of the transverse-field Ising model across its quantum-critical point in one and two dimensions. The critical behavior can be described by generalized dynamic scaling. For the two-dimensional square-lattice system, we use the method to obtain a high-precision estimate of the quantum-critical point ${(h/J)}_{c}=3.04458(7)$, where $h$ is the transverse magnetic field and $J$ is the nearest-neighbor Ising coupling. The QAQMC method can also be used to extract the Berry curvature and the metric tensor.
Applications of aggregation theory to sustainability assessment

In order to aid operations that promote sustainability goals, researchers and stakeholders use sustainability assessments. Although assessments take various forms, many utilize diverse sets of indicators numbering anywhere from two to over 2000. Indices, composite indicators, or aggregate values are used to simplify high dimensional and complex data sets and to clarify assessment results. Although the choice of aggregation function is a key component in the development of the assessment, there are few literature examples to guide appropriate aggregation function selection. This paper applies the mathematical study of aggregation functions to sustainability assessment in order to aid in providing criteria for aggregation function selection. Relevant mathematical properties of aggregation functions are presented and interpreted. Cases of these properties and their relation to previous sustainability assessment research are provided. Examples show that mathematical aggregation properties can be used to address the topics of compensatory behavior and weak versus strong sustainability, aggregation of data under varying units of measurements, multiple site multiple indicator aggregation, and the determination of error bounds in aggregate output for normalized and non-normalized indicator measures.
32nm x86 OS-compliant PC on-chip with dual-core Atom® processor and RF WiFi transceiver

Embedded PC applications are growing, driven by their cost, performance and software compatibility. The SoC described in this work is a unique device designed for rapid integration and customization for specific market segments. A rich multi-source IP eco-system consisting of standardized interfaces, modular and configurable building blocks, enables automation and fast execution to deliver a broad range of targeted solutions. Integrating high-performance digital circuits with analog and RF circuits on a leading edge process enables our SoC architecture to increase the level of integration, performance and reduce the cost of the platform. WiFi has remained an external PC component due to the challenges of managing system noise from the digital circuits. This paper presents an integrated standard x86 OS compliant, dual-core ATOM® processor-based SoC, including the RF WiFi to drive down platform cost. Key enabling features are: (a) a 32nm RF process with HV transistors and RF passives; (b) an on-chip interconnect fabric for modularity; (c) a clock generator with SSC to reduce substrate noise injection and EMI; (d) voltage regulators for power management and rail reduction; (e) an 802.11b/g RF WiFi transceiver with integrated LNA, PA, T/R switch and BIST/calibration engine.
Concurrent-MAC: increasing concurrent transmissions in multi-AP wireless lans

This paper presents the design and performance evaluation of Concurrent-MAC, a MAC protocol for increasing concurrent transmissions in multi-AP wireless LANs. Based on SINR values between stations and APs, sets of concurrent transmitters are identified by the backhaul of APs. A station gaining access to the channel, schedules a set of its neighbors for concurrent transmissions. Neighbors chosen for concurrent transmission can start transmitting on the channel, immediately after they overhear the privilege given to them for concurrent transmission. Our simulation results show that, in dense wireless LANs, Concurrent-MAC can improve aggregate throughput significantly compared to 802.11 DCF.
Surface modification of polyester fabrics using low pressure air radio frequency plasma

In this study, the feasibility of using ambient air low pressure plasma to switch polyester's interaction with water from hydrophobic to hydrophilic is demonstrated. The increase in wettability was achieved by the introduction of carboxylic and amide groups. The presence of these functional groups was probed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as high-speed photography. Having water wettable polyester surfaces can be advantageous to the textiles and apparel industry as most of their manufacturing processes are water based. Potentially, the ability of having tunable hydrophilic/hydrophobic behaviour on the surface of polyester, the one side hydrophilic, may open new avenues for smart clothing aimed at moisture and sweat transport management.
An S matrix theory for classical nonlinear physics

The basic concepts appropriate for an S matrix theory for classical nonlinear physics are formulated here. These concepts are illustrated by a discussion of shock wave diffraction patterns. Other information concerning solutions of nonlinear conservation laws is surveyed, so that a coherent picture of this theory can be seen. Within this S matrix framework, a number of open problems as well as a few solved ones will be discussed.
Soil organic carbon and CO2 respiration at subzero temperature in soils of Arctic Alaska

[1] Carbon dioxide respiration rates were measured in the laboratory at −2°C for 88 arctic Alaska soil horizon samples. Soil horizon samples represented most ATLAS C-flux study sites to a 1-m depth. Sites represented extend across the Alaska Arctic, from tundra at Prudhoe Bay (70°N, 149°W) in the northeast to the tundra–forest transition zone of the Seward Peninsula (64°N, 163°W) in the southwest, a range of nearly 1000 km. Results of an initial temperature sensitivity study indicated that at 4°C, organic horizons (>20% organic carbon [OC]) have average respiration rates that are twice as high as those found for the mineral horizons. However, as temperature dropped to −2°C, respiration in organic horizons was about the same as that for the low OC mineral horizons (with <5% OC). However, organic enriched mineral horizons (with OC 5–20%) maintained higher rates of respiration at the subzero temperature, and rates averaged 1.7 times higher than for the organics at −2°C. Results of −2°C incubations for all study samples indicated that, indeed, there is a good correlation between soil water-soluble OC (wsOC) stocks and CO2 respiration rates in both organic surface horizons and among the high respiring organic enriched mineral horizons, R2 = 0.70 (p < 0.01) and R2 = 0.62 (p < 0.01), respectively. The presence of permafrost was associated with increased wsOC substrate levels, and the highest respiration rate found over all samples was in an organic enriched (17.8% OC) mineral horizon from the permafrost layer. High levels of substrates and high respiration rates were associated with surface organic horizons from sites at the forest–tundra transition (Council) for all sites with shrub vegetation and for Eriophorum tussocks at Toolik Lake. Stocks of wsOC were not correlated to soil total OC levels. These results point to the importance of a soil carbon–substrate shift with subzero temperature and its implications for cold-season processes throughout the soil active layer.
37.1: Invited Paper: Hg‐free Flat Panel Light Source PLANON®‐ a Promising Candidate for Future LCD Backlights

The pulsed excitation of rare gas discharges using dielectric barrier configurations has been successfully applied for flat panel luminaires to be used in large area LCD backlighting for multimedia applications. Parameters that determine system performance superior to today's Hg-based CCFL backlight assemblies will be discussed with respect to design properties and processing conditions.
Formation of chloroform and chlorinated organics by free-chlorine-mediated oxidation of triclosan.

The widely used antimicrobial agent triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) readily reacts with free chlorine under drinking water treatment conditions. Overall second-order kinetics were observed, first-order in free chlorine and first-order in triclosan. Over the pH range of 4−11.5, the kinetics were pH sensitive as a result of the pH dependent speciation of both triclosan and free chlorine. Using a Marquardt−Levenberg routine, it was determined that this pH effect indicates that the dominant reaction in this system is between the ionized phenolate form of triclosan and hypochlorous acid (HOCl). The overall second-order rate coefficient was determined to be kArO- = 5.40 (±1.82) × 103 M-1 s-1. Three chlorophenoxyphenols and two chlorophenols were identified by gas chromatographic−mass spectroscopic analysis. The chlorophenoxyphenol compounds include two monochlorinated triclosan derivatives (5,6-dichloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoy)phenol and 4,5-dichloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) and one dichl...
Emission Changes Resulting from the San Pedro Bay, California Ports Truck Retirement Program

Recent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency emissions regulations have resulted in lower emissions of particulate matter and oxides of nitrogen from heavy-duty diesel trucks. To accelerate fleet turnover the State of California in 2008 along with the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach (San Pedro Bay Ports) in 2006 passed regulations establishing timelines forcing the retirement of older diesel trucks. On-road emissions measurements of heavy-duty diesel trucks were collected over a three-year period, beginning in 2008, at a Port of Los Angeles location and an inland weigh station ontheRiversidefreeway(CASR91).AtthePortlocation themean fleet age decreased from 12.7 years in April of 2008 to 2.5 years in May of 2010 with significant reductions in carbon monoxide (30%), oxides of nitrogen (48%) and infrared opacity (a measure of particulate matter, 54%). We also observed a 20-fold increase in ammonia emissions as a result of new, stoichiometrically combusted, liquefied natural gas powered trucks. These resultscompare with changesat our inland sitewheretheaverageageswere7.9yearsinAprilof2008and8.3yearsinAprilof2010,withonlysmallreductionsinoxidesofnitrogen(10%) being statistically significant. Both locations have experienced significant increases in nitrogen dioxide emissions from new trucks equipped with diesel particle filters; raising the mean nitrogen dioxide to oxides of nitrogen ratios from less than 10% to more than 30% at the Riverside freeway location.
Cilia propel the embryo in the right direction.

Cilia have long been suspected to play a role in the determination of left-right asymmetry. Humans with the dominantly inherited condition Kartagener syndrome have defective cilia and a 50% incidence of mirror-image positioning of their organs (situs inversus). Analysis of mouse mutations affecting ciliary biogenesis and motility has demonstrated that the molecular motors kinesin and dynein are required to establish normal handed organismal asymmetry. The cilia that propel formation of the embryonic left-right axis are not conventional cilia, but monocilia. They are found on the node, or organizer, of the gastrulation-stage mouse embryo where they drive net leftward movement of the fluid surrounding the node, and initiate left-right asymmetry.
In vivo modulation of murine collagen induced arthritis.

The effects of in vivo modulation of murine collagen induced arthritis with monoclonal anti-CD4 antibodies, monoclonal anti-la antibodies, and gamma interferon are reviewed. We detail the mechanism of action of monoclonal anti-CD4 antibody on humoral and cell mediated immune responses and discuss the implications for designing therapeutic strategies. To further explore the induction of collagen induced arthritis, a syngeneic cell transfer system using collagen primed T lymphocytes is described. This cell transfer system provides an opportunity to study the role of CD4 positive T lymphocytes in arthritis induction during a short, defined time period.
Pure squamous cell carcinoma of the breast

Pathological curiosities have always fascinated the surgical community, and management of breast cancer by the physician has, at times, revealed such rarities. A recent case of squamous cell carcinoma in a clear fluid breast cyst has prompted a review of our experience with this rare pathology, and allowed us to make the following statements: We propose that squamous cell carcinoma of the breast arises from ductal metaplasia. When the T.N.M. system is applied to the squamous cell lesion, the apparent poor prognosis that it is believed to carry may not be so apparent. If no other primaries are identified after extensive metastatic work-up, surgical therapy consisting of total mastectomy with complete axillary dissection, is very effective in local control of tumor progress. Nodal status will indicate the need for additional modalities of therapy.
Costimulatory molecule B7-H1 in primary and metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Department of Dermatology and Oncology, JohnsHopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore,Maryland.Address for reprints: Eugene D. Kwon, M.D., Depart-ments of Urology and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905; Fax: (507)284-4987; E-mail: kwon.eugene@mayo.eduReceived February 22, 2005; revision receivedApril 28, 2005; accepted June 9, 2005.
Unidirectional Crystal Growth and Crystal Anisotropy

In unidirectional crystal growth ordered or chaotic cellular patterns develop depending on the angle between the growth direction and the crystal main symmetry axis [100 direction in our experiment]. The three possible bifurcations for a cell are discussed.
Transcription of the Rat Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Gene

Abstract The promoter region of the rat angiotensin II type 2 receptor gene was cloned and the nucleotide sequences were determined. A computer homology search for a 1.2 Kb promoter region showed that there are several consensus cis DNA elements such as C/EBP, NF-IL6, GRE and AP1 in this region. Primer extension experiments showed that there is one transcription initiation site 15 bp-downstream of the TATA box. Deletion mutants of this 1.2 Kb segment were prepared and fused to a luciferase reporter gene. These type 2 receptor promoter-luciferase constructs were introduced into PC12W cells, a pheochromocytoma cell line expressing the type 2 receptor, and luciferase activity was measured. It showed that (1) a DNA segment between −1208 bp and −749 bp suppresses the promoter activity of type 2 receptor gene, (2) a positive regulatory element is present in a DNA segment between −749 bp and −216 bp; and (3) a DNA segment between −44 bp and +58 bp is important for the basal promoter activity of the type 2 receptor gene.
Collective Dynamics of Elastically Coupled Myosin V Motors

Characterization of the collective behaviors of different classes of processive motor proteins has become increasingly important to understand various intracellular trafficking and transport processes. This work examines the dynamics of structurally-defined motor complexes containing two myosin Va (myoVa) motors that are linked together via a molecular scaffold formed from a single duplex of DNA. Dynamic changes in the filament-bound configuration of these complexes due to motor binding, stepping, and detachment were monitored by tracking the positions of different color quantum dots that report the position of one head of each myoVa motor on actin. As in studies of multiple kinesins, the run lengths produced by two myosins are only slightly larger than those of single motor molecules. This suggests that internal strain within the complexes, due to asynchronous motor stepping and the resultant stretching of motor linkages, yields net negative cooperative behaviors. In contrast to multiple kinesins, multiple myosin complexes move with appreciably lower velocities than a single-myosin molecule. Although similar trends are predicted by a discrete state stochastic model of collective motor dynamics, these analyses also suggest that multiple myosin velocities and run lengths depend on both the compliance and the effective size of their cargo. Moreover, it is proposed that this unique collective behavior occurs because the large step size and relatively small stalling force of myoVa leads to a high sensitivity of motor stepping rates to strain.
Prediction of the Reactive Intermediates in Alkane Activation by Tris(pyrazolyl borate)rhodium Carbonyl

Two intermediates are observed in the time-resolved IR spectra of the photoinitiated alkane (RH) activation reaction of Tp*Rh(CO)2 (Tp* = HB−(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl). Density functional calculations suggest that the first observed intermediate is (η3-Tp*)Rh(CO)···(RH) (RH weakly bound), which subsequently rearranges to (η2-Tp*)Rh(CO)(RH) (RH strongly bound) before undergoing oxidative addition to the product (η3-Tp*)Rh(CO)(R)(H).
Pion photoproduction in the {Delta} resonance region

We have updated our multipole analyses to incorporate new data from the low-energy and {Delta} resonance regions. We note a slight decrease in our estimate of the {Delta} photodecay amplitudes. This agrees with results found in Compton scattering. Our values are also in good agreement with another previous determination. We have reexamined our determinations of the E2/M1 ratio at the resonance energy and at the pole. We find an E2/M1 ratio (at the pole) which is in good agreement with the recent Mainz value. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
A Real-time 802.11 Compatible Distributed MIMO System

We present a demonstration of a real-time distributed MIMO system, DMIMO. DMIMO synchronizes transmissions from 4 distributed MIMO transmitters in time, frequency and phase, and performs distributed multi-user beamforming to independent clients. DMIMO is built on top of a Zynq hardware platform integrated with an FMCOMMS2 RF front end. The platform implements a custom 802.11n compatible MIMO PHY layer which is augmented with a lightweight distributed synchronization engine. The demonstration shows the received constellation points, channels, and effective data throughput at each client. It also shows how these vary as a function of interference, the timeliness of channel feedback, and the transmission rates used by the different transmitters.
Diversity and Performance in Teams: Evidence from 10 Seasons of German Soccer

This paper is concerned with the effects of diversity on individual and team performance, asking: (1) How does diversity in ethnic, national and linguistic background of workers affect individual and collective performance in a production environment characterized by high interdependence? (2) Do the effects of diversity vary with tasks? (3) Does common experience of workers – joint tenure on a team – alter the effects of diversity? Does this vary with tasks and workers’ place of origin or majority/minority status? We analyze data for 28 teams and 1,723 players that played 6,120 in the Bundesliga during the decade 2000/1-2009/10, games, for a total of 77,406 player/game observations. We study game scores and player objective performance ratings. We control for players’ place of origin, talent, position and demographics, team fixed effects, manager, opposing team, and other factors. The overall effect of diversity on performance is small. Performance effects of diversity at the individual player and team level can be identified when teams are disaggregated into subgroups, by domestic versus foreign born players (German vs. non-German) and by task or position (defense, midfield and forward), and when the role of joint tenure o r time spent together on the team is incorporated in individual games, when injuries, suspensions and other random factors affect the deployment of players and controlling for team fixed effects and talent. Longer tenure of German players in conjunction wi th team diversity contributes to team and individual performance whereas the opposite holds, and with greater strength, for non-German players. Diversity in the defense is good for all players’ and team’s performance, and this effect is enhanced by greater joint tenure of defenders, whereas the opposite is more or less true of the forward team.
Sviluppo embrionale in vitro del pancreas di topo

Summary When the primitive pancreas of a mouse embryo of 13 to 14 days was explanted onto a clot of cock plasma and chick embryo extract, the epithelial tubules formed acini. The few primitive islets of Langerhans, present at the time of explantation, persisted and grew. Four days of culture led to acini with cytoplasmic granulation almost as advanced as that in a normal embryo of 16 to 17 days. The islets differed from the normal in the absence of blood vessels and in the fact that the cytoplasmic granulation was not selectively stained by aldehyde fuchsin. Thus, the stained sections failed to demonstrate the presence of beta granulation (insulin or a precursor of insulin).
A photographic system for the emergency department

Photography is a rapid, relatively simple, and inexpensive means of documenting patient care and enhancing medical education. Because of its use in medical records, photography affords the physician added defense against claims of medical malpractice. The emergency physician should have ready access to a photographic system as well as a basic knowledge of camera operation, filming procedures, picture composition, and medico-legal implications. These topics are discussed and specific recommendations are offered concerning the purchase of essential photographic equipment.
Temporal trends and current practice patterns for intraoperative ventilation at U.S. academic medical centers: a retrospective study

Lung protective ventilation strategies utilizing lower tidal volumes per predicted body weight (PBW) and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) have been suggested to be beneficial in a variety of surgical populations. Recent clinical studies have used control groups ventilated with high tidal volumes without PEEP based on the assumption that this reflects current clinical practice. We hypothesized that ventilation strategies have changed over time, that most anesthetics in U.S. academic medical centers are currently performed with lower tidal volumes, and that most receive PEEP. Intraoperative data were pooled for adults undergoing general anesthesia with tracheal intubation. Median tidal volumes per kilogram of PBW were categorized as > 10, 8–10 and < 8 mL per kg of PBW. The percentages of cases in 2013 that were performed with median tidal volumes < 8 mL per kg of PBW and PEEP were determined. As a secondary analysis, a proportional odds model using institution, year, height, weight and gender determined the relative associations of these factors using categorical and interquartile odds ratios. 295,540 cases were analyzed from 5 institutions over a period of 10 years. In 2013, 59.3% of cases used median tidal volumes < 8 mL per kg of PBW, 83.3% used PEEP, and 51.0% used both. Of those cases with PEEP, 60.9% used a median pressure of ≥ 5 cmH2O. Predictors of lower categories of tidal volumes included height (odds ratio (OR) 10.83, 95% confidence interval [10.50, 11.16]), institution (lowest OR 0.98 [0.96, 1.00], highest OR 9.63 [9.41, 9.86]), year (lowest OR 1.32 [1.21, 1.44], highest OR 6.31 [5.84, 6.82]), male gender (OR 1.10 [1.07, 1.12]), and weight (OR 0.30 [0.29, 0.31]). Most general anesthetics with tracheal intubation at the institutions surveyed are currently performed with a median tidal volume < 8 mL per kg of PBW, most are managed with PEEP of ≥ 5 cmH2O and approximately half utilize both. Given the diversity of the institutions included, this is likely reflective of practice in U.S. academic medical centers. The utilization of higher tidal volumes without PEEP in control groups for clinical research studies should be reconsidered.
Rheological Study of Micro Particle Laden Polymeric Thermal Interface Materials: Part 1 — Experimental

Particle laden polymers are one of the most prominent thermal interface materials (TIM) used in electronics cooling. Most of the research groups have primarily dealt with the understanding of the thermal conductivity of these types of TIMs. Thermal resistance is not only dependent on the thermal conductivity but also on the bond line thickness (BLT) of these TIMs. It is not clear that which material property(s) of these particle laden TIMs affects the BLT. This paper discusses the experimental measurement of rheological parameters such as non-Newtonian strain rate dependent viscosity and yield stress for 3 different particle volume fraction and 3 different base polymer viscosity materials. These rheological and BLT measurements vs. pressure will be used to model the BLT of particle-laden systems for factors such as volume fraction.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Effects of Energetic Particles on Minor Constituents of the Middle Atmosphere

Both energetic protons and electrons can produce odd nitrogen compounds, NOy (N, NO, NO2, NO3, N2O5, HNO3, HNO4, ClONO2), through interactions with the background atmosphere. The long lifetime of the NOy family (up to several months in the middle atmosphere) as well as the NOy species' significant influence on stratospheric ozone abundance make the charged particle increases of NOy important. Galactic cosmic rays produce NOy in the lower stratosphere, solar protons produce NOy in the middle and upper stratosphere as well as the mesosphere, and relativistic electrons produce NOy in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere, each affecting the NOy middle atmosphere budget directly. Production of NOy constituents by solar protons has been associated with an observed polar ozone depletion during and after the August 1972 solar proton event and a polar NO increase after the July 1982 solar proton event. Auroral electron and photoelectron production of NOx (N, NO, NO2) in the thermosphere and its subsequent transport downwards to the polar mesosphere and upper stratosphere is an important component of the NOy budget in the middle atmosphere in the wintertime at high latitudes, e.g., the NO2 enhancements measured by the limb infrared monitor of the stratosphere (LIMS) in the polar lower mesosphere and upper stratosphere during the winter of 1978-79 are thought to be caused by downward transport of NOx.
Statistical–Dynamical Seasonal Forecast for Tropical Cyclones Affecting New York State

AbstractThis study attempts, for the first time, to predict the annual number of tropical cyclones (TCs) affecting New York State (NYS), as part of the effort of the New York State Resiliency Institute for Storms and Emergencies (RISE). A pure statistical prediction model and a statistical–dynamical hybrid prediction model have been developed based on the understanding of the physical mechanism between NYS TCs and associated large-scale climate variability. During the cold phase of El Nino–Southern Oscillation, significant circulation anomalies in the Atlantic Ocean provide favorable conditions for more recurving TCs into NYS. The pure statistical prediction model uses the sea surface temperature (SST) over the equatorial Pacific Ocean from the previous months. Cross validation shows that the correlation between the observed and predicted numbers of NYS TCs is 0.56 for the June 1979–2013 forecasts. Forecasts of the probability of one or more TCs impacting NYS have a Brier skill score of 0.35 compared to c...
Real-time decoding and display of structured video

Structured (or model-based or analysis-synthesis) video refers to the representation of moving scenes in terms of component parts which are assembled according to scripting information to produce images for viewing. This sort of representation has advantages for both compression and interactivity. We describe a software implementation on a data-flow computer system which renders and composites two- and three-dimensional moving objects for display of compressed real and synthetic scenes. >
Process Variability Analysis in DSM Through Statistical Simulations and its Implications to Design Methodologies

Integrated circuit manufacturability in DSM is directly dependent on how well the manufacturing variations are accounted for during the design of circuits. This paper reviews the effect of various process variations in DSM especially systematic and random variations in three process generations 90 nm, 65 nm & 45 nm by doing SPICE simulation and analysis to look at the derating factors depending on the sensitivity to variations. Few individual standard cells are studied as apart of this exercise to see the effect of variation on their delays. Random variations are becoming a significant portion of the overall variations at 45 nm and below. The results suggests the need for selective, location based and variation aware analysis (SLVA) for the designs going forward.
VAR-TX: A variability-aware SRAM model for predicting the optimum architecture to achieve minimum access-time for yield enhancement in nano-scaled CMOS

In this paper we propose a new hybrid analytical-empirical model, called VAR-TX, that exhaustively computes and compares all feasible architectures subject to inter-die (DID) and intra-die (WID) process variations (PV). Based on its computation, VAR-TX predicts the optimal architecture that provides minimum access-time and minimum access-time variation for yield enhancement in future 16-nm on-chip conventional six-transistor static random access memories (6T-SRAMs) of given input specifications. These specifications include SRAM size and shape, number of columns, and word-size. We compare the impact of D2D and WID variations on access-time for 16-nm SRAM with the 45-nm and 180-nm nodes and demonstrate that the drastic increase in the 1- and 3-sigma of the smaller nodes is mainly due to the increase in the WID variations. Finally, our model disputes previously published works—suggesting that square SRAM always produces minimum delays—and significantly extends and enhances the older models by adding both an extra dimension of architectural consideration and additional device parameter fluctuation to the analysis, while producing delay estimates within 4% of Hspice results.
Structure of Turbulent Channel Flow Perturbed by a Wall-Mounted Cylindrical Element

The current study reports structural modifications imposed in fully developed, turbulent channel flow by an isolated wall-mounted circular cylinder. The cylinder extended into the logarithmic layer of the flow, perturbing the larger flow scales that embody a significant fraction of the turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds shear stress. Hot-wire measurements were made in the wake of the wall-mounted circular cylinder at multiple wall-normal and streamwise positions. Besides observing the expected mean velocity deficit in the wake of the cylinder, a secondary peak in streamwise Reynolds normal stress away from the wall was observed, coupled with suppression of the near-wall peak native to the incoming unperturbed, turbulent flow. These observations are similar to those made by Ryan et al. (“Effects of Simple Wall-Mounted Cylinder Arrangements on a Turbulent Boundary Layer,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 49, No. 10, 2011, pp. 2210–2220) for a wall-mounted cylinder protruding into the logarithmic layer of a turbulent b...
The Role of Semantic Clustering in Optimal Memory Foraging.

Recent studies of semantic memory have investigated two theories of optimal search adopted from the animal foraging literature: Levy flights and marginal value theorem. Each theory makes different simplifying assumptions and addresses different findings in search behaviors. In this study, an experiment is conducted to test whether clustering in semantic memory may play a role in evidence for both theories. Labeled magnets and a whiteboard were used to elicit spatial representations of semantic knowledge about animals. Category recall sequences from a separate experiment were used to trace search paths over the spatial representations of animal knowledge. Results showed that spatial distances between animal names arranged on the whiteboard were correlated with inter-response intervals (IRIs) during category recall, and distributions of both dependent measures approximated inverse power laws associated with Levy flights. In addition, IRIs were relatively shorter when paths first entered animal clusters, and longer when they exited clusters, which is consistent with marginal value theorem. In conclusion, area-restricted searches over clustered semantic spaces may account for two different patterns of results interpreted as supporting two different theories of optimal memory foraging.
Tobacco use following liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease: An underestimated problem

Alcohol and tobacco use commonly co-occur, with at least 90% of those with an alcohol problem also using tobacco. Thus, 3 years ago when we discovered higher rate of late deaths due to lung and oropharyngeal cancer in patients who had received a transplant for alcoholic liver disease (ALD), we hypothesized that these patients were continuing to expose themselves to tobacco after liver transplantation (post-LTX) and that this behavior was increasing their risk for cancer. We subsequently began a prospective investigation of post-LTX tobacco use in patients having undergone LTX for ALD (n = 172). For 33 recipients we had data starting from our first assessment at 3 months post-LTX and for this subgroup we report on the details of the timing of tobacco use resumption and the redevelopment of nicotine addiction. We found that on average more than 40% are smoking across all time periods. ALD recipients resume smoking early post-LTX, increase their consumption over time, and quickly become tobacco dependent. These data highlight an underrecognized serious health risk for these patients and demonstrate our need for more stringent clinical monitoring and intervention for tobacco use in the pre- and post-LTX periods.
Trophic transfer of metals along freshwater food webs: Evidence of cadmium biomagnification in nature

We conducted a study with cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) in the delta of San Francisco Bay, using nitrogen and carbon stable isotopes to identify trophic position and food web structure. Cadmium is progressively enriched among trophic levels in discrete epiphyte-based food webs composed of macrophyte-dwelling invertebrates (the first link being epiphytic algae) and fishes (the first link being gobies). Cadmium concentrations were biomagnified 15 times within the scope of two trophic links in both food webs. Trophic enrichment in invertebrates was twice that of fishes. No tendency toward trophic-level enrichment was observed for Cu, regardless of whether organisms were sorted by food web or treated on a taxonomic basis within discrete food webs. The greatest toxic effects of Cd are likely to occur with increasing trophic positions, where animals are ingesting Cd-rich prey (or food). In Franks Tract this occurs within discrete food chains composed of macrophyte-dwelling invertebrates or fishes inhabiting submerged aquatic vegetation. Unraveling ecosystem complexity is necessary before species most exposed and at risk can be identified.
Exploring Local to Global Leadership Education Assessment

From individual student learning outcomes to full-scale program enhancement, assessment is critical in developing and sustaining leadership education. This chapter will look at assessment techniques and trends spanning from local to global frameworks. International Leadership Association overarching Outcomes and Assessment Guiding Question: “What are the intended outcomes of the leadership education program and how are they assessed and used to ensure continuous quality improvement?”
Citizen perceptions of road smoothness: evidence from New York with implications for comparative performance measurement

Citizen surveys have many advantages for comparative performance measurement, particularly across cities, regions or countries that often employ quite different performance indicators and reporting...
Data-driven phrasing for speech synthesis in low-resource languages

We present an approach to build phrase break prediction models when synthesizing text in low resource languages. This method allows building models without depending on the availability of part of speech taggers, or corpus with hand annotated breaks. We use the same speech data used for building a synthetic voice, to deduce acoustic phrase breaks. We perform unsupervised part of speech induction over a small text corpus in the language at hand. We use these tags and train a grammar based phrasing model. In this paper, we show results for the languages: English, Portuguese and Marathi, which suggest that we can quickly build very reasonable phrasing models for new languages using very little data.
Morality Influences How People Apply the Ignorance of the Law Defense

In four empirical studies, we showed that laypeople apply the ignorance of the law defense differently depending on the perceived morality of the defendant's course of conduct at the time of the illegal act. Moral and neutral defendants who pled ignorance of the law were afforded leniency, whereas immoral defendants were sentenced as though they were not ignorant, even when defendants in all three conditions violated identical laws. These findings suggest that laypeople adopt a just deserts approach to criminal law, which influences their responsiveness to a criminal defendant's claim to be ignorant of the law. We discuss the implications of these findings for criminal law and argue that legal doctrine should reflect laypeople's moral intuitions.
Dosimetric feasibility of stereotactic body radiation therapy as an alternative to brachytherapy for definitive treatment of medically inoperable early stage endometrial cancer.

This study was designed to evaluate the dosimetric feasibility of definitive stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for the treatment of medically inoperable early stage endometrial cancer. CT simulation scans from 10 medically inoperable early stage endometrial cancer patients previously treated with high dose-rate (HDR) intracavitary brachytherapy were used to generate Helical Tomotherapy (HT) plans using the IMRT mode with clinical target volumes (CTVs) that included the uterus plus cervix. A prescription dose of 34 Gy in 4 fractions was used. The SBRT dosimetry was compared to the 10 prior intracavitary brachytherapy plans normalized to a standard dose. Organs at risk (OARs) evaluated were the bladder, rectum, sigmoid, femoral heads, and other bowel, including both large and small bowel. The simulation CT and daily image guidance for 4 patients treated with this technique were evaluated to assess for interfraction variation in the uterine position and effects on dosimetry. Compared to intracavitary brachytherapy, HT SBRT produced significantly greater overall target coverage to the uterus, boost CTV, and PTV, with exception of the V150% of the uterus. HT SBRT significantly increased dose to the rectum, bowel, and femoral heads compared to intracavitary brachytherapy, though not outside of dose tolerance limits. Review of daily image guidance for patients treated with this technique demonstrated good reproducibility with a mean overlap index of 0.87 (range, 0.74 – 0.99). Definitive SBRT for medically inoperable early stage endometrial cancer appears to be a feasible treatment option. Future studies are warranted to evaluate long-term clinical outcomes with this technique, compared to HDR intracavitary brachytherapy.
Low Subjective Social Status Promotes Ruminative Coping1

Correlational research has shown that lower social standing is associated with poorer health, but it is unknown if this association is causal. Two experiments tested whether randomly assigned low subjective social status would promote ruminative coping, a mechanism leading to the development of poor health outcomes. Participants were college females, split about evenly between Blacks and Whites. Experiment 1 (N = 39) found those imagining themselves at the bottom (vs. top) of a social ladder showed more ruminative coping using rater-assessed responses. Experiment 2 (N = 42) replicated these results, extended them with a self-report outcome measure, and demonstrated that negative affect did not mediate between subjective social status and ruminative coping. Across both experiments, race/ethnicity had no effect.
Changes in Iron and Transferrin Levels and Body Temperature in Experimental Airborne Legionellosis

Guinea pigs were infected with either 5 or 100 cfu of Legionella pneumophila by aerosol exposure. Between two and 10 days after infection, groups of animals were killed, and their lungs and spleen were removed and cultured quantitatively. L. pneumophila multiplied in the lungs and spread to the spleen; the organisms were cleared first from the spleen and then the lungs. Significant changes were demonstrated in serum iron and transferrin levels and body temperature. The body temperature correlated directly and the serum iron concentration correlated inversely with the number of L. pneumophila recovered from the lungs but not from the spleen. These data suggest that fever and iron may restrict the growth of L. pneumophila in vivo.
Fifteen years of clinical liver transplantation.

Abstract Liver transplantation in humans was first attempted more than 15 yr ago. The 1-yr survival has slowly improved until it has now reached about 50%. In our experience, 46 patients have lived for at least 1 yr, with the longest survival being 9 yr. The high acute mortality in early trials was due in many cases to technical and management errors and to the use of damaged organs. With elimination of such factors, survival increased. Further improvements will depend upon better immunosuppression. Orthotopic liver transplantation (liver replacement) is the preferred operation in most cases, but placement of an extra liver (auxiliary transplantation) may have a role under special circumstances.
Biological pacemaker implanted in canine left bundle branch provides ventricular escape rhythms that have physiologically acceptable rates.

Background— We hypothesized that administration of the HCN2 gene to the left bundle-branch (LBB) system of intact dogs would provide pacemaker function in the physiological range of heart rates. Methods and Results— An adenoviral construct incorporating HCN2 and green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker was injected via catheter under fluoroscopic control into the posterior division of the LBB. Controls were injected with an adenoviral construct of GFP alone or saline. Animals were monitored electrocardiographically for up to 7 days after surgery, at which time they were anesthetized and subjected to vagal stimulation to permit emergence of escape pacemakers. Hearts were then removed and injection sites visually identified and removed for microelectrode study of action potentials, patch clamp studies of pacemaker current, and/or immunohistochemical studies of HCN2. For 48 hours postoperatively, 7 of 7 animals subjected to 24-hour ECG monitoring showed multiple ventricular premature depolarizations and/o...
Natural history and treatment of tardive dystonia

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical course and response to treatment of 67 patients with tardive dystonia. The age at onset ranged from 13 to 72 years without predilection to any particular age group or sex. Patients developed tardive dystonia even after relatively short duration of exposure to dopamine antagonists (21% within one year). Five of 42 patients withdrawn from these drugs remitted. Overall clinical improvement occurred in 52% of patients. Tetrabenazine and reserpine were most effective (greater than 50% response rate) in controlling dystonia. Anticholinergic drugs diminished dystonia in 46% of patients.
Influence of reporting error on the relation between blood folate concentrations and reported folic acid–containing dietary supplement use among reproductive-aged women in the United States

Background: Folic acid intake is the most important predictor of blood folate concentrations among nonpregnant women, but the reporting of folic acid‐containing supplement use is subject to error. Objective: We assessed the effect of reporting error of supplement use on blood folate concentrations. Design: Data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Respondents to that survey were asked twice about supplement use: ie, during the household interview, to recall use in the previous month, and during the physical examination, to recall use in the previous 24 h. To examine the effect of error reporting, we classified women (aged 15‐44 y) into 5 groups according to supplement use in the previous month (nonusers, those ingesting < 400 � g/ d, and those ingesting ≥ 400 � g/d) and in the 24 h before the physical examination (yes or no). We expected nonappreciable differences in red blood cell (RBC) folate concentration by status of 24-h recall within the same category of previous-month use because RBC folate reflects long-term average consumption. We calculated covariate-adjusted means of serum and RBC folate concentrations. Results: Among women who reported average daily use of ≥ 400 � g folic acid in the previous month, the adjusted mean RBC folate was 436.5 nmol/L (95% CI: 406.7, 466.3 nmol/L) in those who did not take the supplement in the previous 24 h and 519.7 nmol/L (95% CI: 496.2, 543.2 nmol/L) in those who did do so (P < 0.01). This significant difference indicates apparently erroneous reporting of supplement use in the previous month by some participants. Conclusion: The effect of reporting error on blood folate concentrations is important in interpreting survey results, evaluating health education campaigns, and identifying populations needing special education programs. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77:196‐203.
Terry Labonte Chevrolet Dealer Targets College Student Market

This case presents the problem of a new owner of an existing dealership coupled with a move to a new location/new facility within the city. The marketing problem is presented whereby a college marketing class is challenged to create a promotional event on campus to make students aware of the dealership and its location. Additionally, two surveys were administered to gain insight of the college student in regard to the dealership and its products/services. Questions/assignments are posed for students appropriate for a marketing promotions course. The questions/assignments address the goals stated by the manager of the dealership.