cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Egg size variability in an establishing population of invasive silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844)

Reproductive investment (e.g., egg size) is generally critical for the successful establishment of invasive species, with high variability often positively influencing success. Silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844) are highly successful invasive fish on a global scale and threaten biodiversity in a wide range of freshwater habitats. However, factors influencing egg size variability in silver carp are not fully understood. We collected drifting silver carp eggs from the Wabash River, Indiana (USA) throughout the 2012 and 2013 spawning seasons to examine egg diameter variation was related to environmental factors and across time. The Wabash River is largely unregulated with few backwater habitats, and the resident silver carp population is relatively new. As a result, the Wabash River offers the opportunity to observe an expanding silver carp population in a river with a comparatively “natural” flow regime. Egg size was positively correlated with both embryo total length and yolk sac volume, indicating larger silver carp eggs contain larger, better-provisioned embryos at a given developmental stage. Eggs collected in 2013 were significantly larger than those collected in 2012 despite a decline in mean length of mature females. Relationships between egg diameter and environmental factors appear complex, with relationships varying between years. Silver carp eggs displayed high variability in diameter, with a mean coefficient of variation of 9.5%. This high variation may reflect a diverse population of spawning females, but it may also constitute a reproductive strategy to facilitate egg transport across habitats and potentially reduce intraspecific competition. Such reproductive plasticity in silver carp and other invasive species is likely to be key for achieving reproductive success in newly invaded ecosystems despite the species’ naivety with novel and unpredictable environmental conditions therein.
Overview on the Liquid Metal Battery for Grid-Level Large-Scale Energy Storage

In recent years, the development and utilization of renewable generation have attracted more and more attention, and the grid puts forward higher requirements to the energy storage technology, especially for security, stability and reliability. The liquid metal battery (LMB) consists of two liquid metal electrodes and a molten salt electrolyte, which will be segregated into three liquid layers naturally. Being low-cost and long-life, it is regarded as the best choice for grid-level large-scale energy storage. This paper describes the main structure and working principle of the LMB, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the LMB when compared with the traditional batteries, and explores the feasibility and economy when it is used as a kind of large-scale energy storage applied in the power grid. The paper also makes a comprehensive comparison on the performance of several LMBs, and points out the LMB’s research and development in the future.
A Study of Power-Performance Modeling Using a Domain-Specific Language

Energy use is now a first-class design constraint in high-performance systems and applications. Improving our understanding of application energy consumption in diverse, heterogeneous systems will be essential to efficient operation. For example, power limits in large scale parallel and distributed systems will require optimizing performance under energy constraints. However, with increased levels of parallelism, complex memory hierarchies, hardware heterogeneity, and diverse programming models and interfaces, improving performance and energy efficiency simultaneously is exceedingly difficult. Our thesis is that estimating energy use, either a priori or as soon as possible at runtime, will be essential to future systems. Such estimates must adapt with changes in applications across hardware configurations. Existing approaches offer insight and detail, but typically are too cumbersome to enable adaptation at runtime or lack portability or accuracy. To overcome these limitations, we propose two energy estimation techniques which use the Aspen domain specific language for performance modeling: ACEE (Algorithmic and Categorical Energy Estimation), a combination of analytical and empirical modeling techniques embedded in a runtime framework that leverages Aspen, and AEEM (Aspen's Embedded Energy Modeling), a system level coarse-grained energy estimation technique that uses performance modeling from Aspen to generate energy estimations at runtime. This paper presents methodology of the models and examines their accuracy as well as their advantages and challenges in several use cases.
COMPARISON OF TROPONIN PEAKS BETWEEN TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Background: Troponin peak (TnP) has been shown to be a marker of the extent of myocardial necrosis in patients with Myocardial Infarction (MI) and a subsequent marker of adverse cardiovascular outcome. The Third Universal Definition of MI categorizes patients into five types. Type 1 MI is defined as
In the process of drinking to cope among college students: An examination of specific vs. global coping motives for depression and anxiety symptoms

The present study sought to address an issue in the drinking to cope (DTC) motives literature, namely the inconsistent application of treating DTC motives as a single construct and splitting it into DTC-depression and DTC-anxiety motives. Specifically, we aimed to determine if the effects of anxiety and depression on alcohol-related problems are best explained via their associations with DTC with specific affects or via their associations with a more global measure of DTC by testing four distinct models: the effects of anxiety/depression on alcohol-related problems mediated by DTC-anxiety only (Model 1), these effects mediated by DTC-depression only (Model 2), these effects mediated by a combined, global DTC factor (Model 3), and these effects mediated by both DTC-anxiety and DTC-depression (Model 4). Using path analysis/structural equation modeling across two independent samples, we found that there was a significant total indirect effect of both anxiety and depressive symptoms on alcohol-related problems in every model. However, there was a slightly larger indirect effect in all models using the global DTC motives factor compared to even the model that included the two distinct DTC motives. Our results provide some preliminary evidence that at least at the between-subjects level, a global DTC motives factor may have more predictive validity than separate DTC motives. Additional research is needed to examine how to best operationalize DTC motives at different levels of analysis (e.g., within-subjects vs. between subjects) and in different populations (e.g., college students vs. individuals with alcohol use disorder).
The Effects of Baker-Miller Pink on Physiological and Cognitive Behavior of Emotionally Disturbed and Regular Education Students:

Little systematic attention has been given to examining the effects of the color Baker-Miller pink on emotionally disturbed students, and research has yielded conflicting results. In this study two...
A double incremental aggregated gradient method with linear convergence rate for large-scale optimization

This paper considers the problem of minimizing the average of a finite set of strongly convex functions. We introduce a double incremental aggregated gradient method (DIAG) that computes the gradient of only one function at each iteration, which is chosen based on a cyclic scheme, and uses the aggregated average gradient of all the functions to approximate the full gradient. We prove that not only the proposed DIAG method converges linearly to the optimal solution, but also its linear convergence factor justifies the advantage of incremental methods on full batch gradient descent. In particular, we show theoretically and empirically that one pass of DIAG is more efficient than one iteration of gradient descent.
Fast Molecular Processes and Suggested Research Directions for Energetic Materials

The purpose of this presentation is to demonstrate the high reactivity of energetic molecular species, such as electronically or vibrationally excited states, ionic species and free radicals, by describing very briefly some of the typical fast reactions in energetic systems. The information is presented in order to stress the important role molecular species can play during the early stages of initiation of fast reactions in energetic materials. Furthermore, it is intended to illustrate the powerful potential of time resolved spectroscopic diagnostics to elucidate fast molecular and macroscopic reaction mechanisms in energetic systems or materials.
Reivindicación quechua en la poesía de Roncalla, Gonzales y Ninawaman

This article analyzes the literary works of transnational Peruvian Quechua poets Fredy Roncalla (Apurimac 1953), Odi Gonzales (Cuzco 1962), and Chaska Anka Ninawaman (Cuzco 1972). It addresses ethnic Quechua reinvindication, identity politics, and denounces the exclusions Quechua people suffer in various cultural and social contexts, focusing, moreover, on each poet’s transnational perspective. Roncalla underlines Quechua people’s flexibility to adapt and overcome problems from New York City. Anka Ninawaman manifests her confidence in the Quechua community and family from Paris. Also from New York City, Gonzales suggests the dismissal of Incan mythic realms. All three poets have thus incorporated new topics and registers into the written Quechua literary tradition. Roncalla, Gonzalez and Anka Ninawaman distance themselves from the two versions of utopic horizon typical of the 1980s, in the then ongoing debate on the future of Peru, namely, Alberto Flores Galindo’s “Andean Utopian” and Mario Vargas Llosa’s “neoliberal utopia”.
A comparison of computational fluid dynamics predicted initial liquid penetration using rate of injection profiles generated using two different measurement techniques

The rate of injection profile is a key parameter describing the fuel injection process for diesel injection. It is also an essential input parameter for computational fluid dynamics simulations of ...
Effect of low-energy electron beam irradiation on the current-voltage characteristics of single-walled carbon nanotube field effect transistors

We have performed a series of electrical characterizations on single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) bundle-field effect transistors (FETs) pre- and post-irradiation with low-energy electron beam of 2.5 KeV via scanning electron microscope (SEM). The devices were configured in a geometry where a bundle of SWCNT of approximately 50 nm in diameter was placed across two gold contacts. Current-voltage (I-V) sweep was performed by placing probes on two gold contacts and running a sweep under the gate voltages (Vg) of 0 to 500 mV in 100 mV increments. The characterization shows that our device behaves as a symmetric semiconducting device. In addition, we observe hysteresis behavior between I-V curves under pre-andpost-electron beam irradiation for 30 seconds. We observe that immediately after irradiating our device under the SEM, the maximum current value is lower across the device compared to pre-irradiation value. Furthermore, I-V sweep 17 hours post-irradiation shows higher maximum current value compared to the initial, pre-irradiation value. This behavior of decreased, then increased current values also demonstrate a possible rectifying characteristic of the SWCNT bundle FET device. Additionally, we performed I-V sweep from 0 to 5 V under various gate biases of 0 to 500 mVs. The data reveals that at Vg = 200 mV, there is a sharp break in the current value that is not rectified. The SEM image post-measurement confirms that SWCNT bundle has been completely removed due to the short circuiting of the device during I-V sweep under high gate bias condition. The results presented in this proceeding may prove valueable in research and development of single, as well as bundled SWCNT miniaturized electronic devices and the effects of low-energy radiation on them.
P450 oxidoreductase deficiency: a new disorder of steroidogenesis with multiple clinical manifestations.

Combined partial deficiency of 17α-hydroxylase and 21-hydroxylase is well-described, but patients' genes for these enzymes lack mutations. Recent work has identified mutations in the gene for P450 oxidoreductase (POR) in such patients. POR-deficient individuals have a broad range of disorders, from infants with congenital malformations to women with the polycysic ovary syndrome. POR transfers electrons to all microsomal P450 enzymes: its deficiency affects steroidogenesis, drug metabolism and other processes.
Policies of Exclusion: Space, Time, and the Informal Economy in Chicago:

Encouraged by neoliberal policies promoting entrepreneurialism and free markets, many cities have begun to try and formalize informal industries using schemes including new regulations and licenses...
Right Ventricular Systolic Function Parameters in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Assessment of the systolic function of the right ventricle (RV) in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is important. The asymmetric shape and heavy trabeculations make accurate assessment of RV systolic function challenging. Novel measures of RV function could be helpful in distinguishing reduced versus preserved function in HLHS and may also be worse in HLHS with preserved function compared to normal controls. These novel methods offer promise, but research and clinical applicability is hindered as no cut-off values for normal function have been established. We performed a retrospective comparison of functional assessments from echocardiograms of HLHS patients with preserved and reduced RV function along with a control group of normal patients. Measures of function included fractional area change (FAC), tissue motion annular displacement of the tricuspid (TMAD-TV) and pulmonary valves (TMAD-PV), myocardial performance index (MPI), tricuspid tissue Doppler S’ velocity, and RV global longitudinal strain (RVGLS). Comparisons were made between three groups: normal patients, HLHS with preserved function, and HLHS with reduced function defined as FAC 35% were 14.5% for TMAD-TV and 16% for RVGLS. All measures except RVGLS and TMAD-PV estimated worse function than controls even for HLHS with preserved function. Each of the functional measures was able to identify preserved vs reduced function in HLHS with FAC as the reference standard. Cut-off values between preserved and reduced function in HLHS were estimated for TMAD-TV and RVGLS based on a relatively small cohort. These cut-off values will aid in the research design of future studies.
Improved Gas Distributor for Coating High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Fuel Particles

A new and improved gas distributor was developed for use in coating fuel particles for the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor. The coating gas enters the coating furnace through multiple thin regions of a porous plate. This more uniformly disperses the gas and leads to improved coating properties. High-quality carbon and silicon carbide coatings were deposited with the new distributor in both 13- and 24-cm (130- and 240-mm)-diam coating furnaces.
TRANSFER FACTOR IMMUNOTHERAPY OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights results of experiments conducted to study transfer factor (TF) immunotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The report states that 27 RA patients were treated with leucocyte extracts in this study. Extracts were prepared from cohabitant donor cells, and among other substances should have contained “transfer factor.” Transfer factor for the initial treatment was prepared from one pint of heparinized cohabitant blood and the donor was skin tested with six canton antigens. It was observed that bivariate analysis does not reveal significant changes or even suggestive trends in other parameters determined in this study. The results suggest that “transfer factor” caused improvement in some but not all patients. Perhaps some are able to respond favorably to this therapy while others cannot. This was suggested when some patients worsened after repeat treatment. The results produced observations that none of the 27 RA patients treated with leucocyte extracts were cured and no toxic or allergic reactions due to the extracts were seen.
Staphylococcus aureus Infection in the Respiratory Tract

S. aureus is a component of the upper respiratory flora of up to 30% of normal individuals, although such innocuous colonization is widely considered to p­redispose to invasive infection (Shukla et al. 2010). While skin and soft tissue infection is exceedingly common, lower respiratory infection due to S. aureus is much less frequent but associated with high mortality (Klevens et al. 2007a). S. aureus p­ulmonary infection is associated with different types of pathology including ­pleural effusions, empyema, abscesses, and pneumatoceles, in addition to the necrotizing pneumonia characteristic of USA300 infection (Quadri and Hock 2007; Francis et al. 2005). Historically staphylococcal pneumonia was observed in young infants and has long been recognized as a severe and often fatal complication of influenza, dating back to the 1918 pandemic (Morens et al. 2008). S. aureus, especially the epidemic USA300 strains of MRSA, is now the major cause of hospital-associated infection in the United States, often causing ventilator-associated pneumonia as a complication of intensive care (Kollef et al. 2005) (Sandiumenge 2012, p. 802). Staphylococcal pneumonia has been associated with significantly higher morbidity and mortality, up to 37% in a recent study in Detroit, much more than other ­hospital-associated pneumonias, despite “appropriate” antimicrobial therapy, ­indicating that host clearance mechanism are often inadequate in clearing the ­infection (Haque et al. 2012). There are a relatively limited number of strains of S. aureus circulating worldwide although there is a constant evolution and adaptation of these clones in response to environmental pressures and local antimicrobial usage. In the United States most of the current invasive infections are due to the USA300 lineage of MRSA and much of the following discussion will be related to that strain, with its expression of specific virulence factors (Klevens et al. 2007b).
Language Use and Social Interaction

Language is a primary medium of social behavior and, as such, deserves center stage in the panoply of social psychological topics. This chapter explores the social psychology of language by reviewing scholarship that highlights how people use language to perform social actions. This approach goes against a tradition that sees spoken language primarily in terms of the conduit metaphor or only as a vehicle for communication. The authors review speech act theory (in philosophy) and pose the “mapping problem” (Levinson, Pragmatics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983) or how actions are linked to particular utterances. They then review different perspectives including sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, Goffmanian sociology, discursive psychology, and ethnomethodology and conversation analysis. Discussion includes, for each of these perspectives, methodological procedures, including approaches to the relation between talk and social structure. Ever more realms of language use related to social psychology are coming under the microscope and set an agenda for further study.
Regional Climate Changes in Kyrgyzstan: Impact of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors

The results of long-term researches of the atmosphere temperature changes above middle latitudes of Central Asia region and the causes of climatic changes in atmospheric parameters considering man caused and natural factors are presented. In recent years global temperature has sharply dropped by 0.6°C, compensating the temperature increase by 0.6–0.7°C in the 100 previous years. The restoration of the equilibrium is an indirect confirmation of solar factor influence on the Earth’s climate. Recently detected tendencies of temperature increase and small decrease of its average values in Kyrgyzstan, do not promote water inflow increase in mountain rivers, enhancing a water resources deficit in future in Central Asia.
Improved Scanning Speed of AFM Subresonant Tapping Mode with Switched Dual-Actuator Control

Subresonant Tapping (SRT) mode has become a preferred mode for compositional imaging of materials with atomic force microscopes (AFM). SRT mode balances speed and accuracy, being faster than force-volume mode while more precisely controlling the maximum indentation force than conventional tapping mode. However, SRT is still too slow for many commercial and potential clinical applications. This paper demonstrates substantially increased speed of AFM imaging in SRT mode by using the switched dual-actuator control (SDA) method. This method can be implemented using inexpensive add-on hardware for AFMs, previously described by the authors. The described system using SDA control is at least four times faster than the commercial SRT mode provided by the manufacturer without the SDA upgrade.
Frybread wars: biopolitics and the consequences of selective United States healthcare practices for American Indians

ABSTRACTThe simplicity of American Indian frybread, composed only of flour, water, salt, and lard, belies a complex—and contentious—history and ecology. Tracing this bread’s ecology allows us to map the broader physical and epistemic violence levied by US settler-colonial society, specifically against the American Indian body under the guise of “healthcare,” while also evincing the agency of American Indians during these times of violence. This is shown initially through the problematics of a specific case in which non-Native medical industry professionals targeted frybread as a food to be banned. While seemingly a minor inconvenience, this incident recalls more vicious actions by settler-colonial society to control and regulate American Indian bodies, such as through the violence of forced sterilizations during the late twentieth century. Using this specific American Indian framework to situate Foucault’s biopolitics model provides vital insight into the spectrum of medicalized colonialism tactics that a...
Impacts on soil nitrogen availability of converting managed pine plantation into switchgrass monoculture for bioenergy.

Abstract Biofuels derived from lignocellulosic materials is one of the options in addressing issues on climate change and energy independence. One of the most promising bioenergy crops is switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), particularly in North America. Future advancement in large-scale conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks and relatively more competitive price for biomass and other economic advantages could lead to landowners opting to venture on switchgrass monoculture (SWITCH) in lieu of loblolly pine monoculture (PINE). Therefore, we investigated the conversion of previously managed loblolly pine stand into SWITCH in eastern North Carolina, U.S.A. on soil N availability. Treatments included PINE, SWTICH, and mature loblolly pine stand (REF). Each treatment was replicated three times on 0.8 ha plots drained by open ditches dug 1.0–1.2 m deep and spaced at 100 m. Rates of net N mineralization (Nm) and nitrification (Nn) at the top 20 cm were measured using sequential in-situ techniques in 2011 and 2012 (the 3rd and 4th years of establishment, respectively) along with a one-time laboratory incubation. On average, PINE, SWITCH, and REF can have field net Nm rates up to 0.40, 0.34 and 0.44 mg N·kg soil−1·d−1, respectively, and net Nn rates up to 0.14, 0.08 and 0.10 mg N·kg soil−1·d−1, respectively. Annually, net Nm rates ranged from 136.98 to 167.21, 62.00 to 142.61, and 63.57 to 127.95 kg N·ha−1, and net Nn rates were 56.31–62.98, 16.45–30.45, 31.99–32.94 kg N·ha−1 in PINE, SWITCH, and REF, respectively. Treatment effect was not significant on field Nm rate (p = 0.091). However, SWITCH significantly reduced nitrate-N production (p
Model for a Rigid, 3D Mechanism Inspired by Pop-Up Origami, and its Application to a Re-configurable, Physical Environmenl

Origami has had wide-ranging application in mechatronics, robotics, design, and aerospace engineering. This paper offers a model for a rigid, three-dimensional mechanism inspired by “pop-up” origami (i.e., kirigami). In pop-up origami, a cut is introduced to the folded sheet to expand formal possibilities. We present vertex and parallel pop-up origami mechanisms, model the former using the Denavit-Hartenberg Convention, and present a case study that we are actively developing that harnesses the capacity of origami to fold and unfold on demand. We explore this case, calculating its actuation forces, while recognizing that the model presented here has potential to generalize widely.
Perceptions of opioid misuse and chronic pain: A qualitative assessment of Rhode Island commercial fishing captains

Objectives: To better understand how the contextual circumstances and lifestyle of commercial fishermen influence their access to healthcare and potentially contribute to the use and misuse of opioids. Methods: The authors conducted in-person, semistructured interviews with 15 full-time fishing captains in Rhode Island between the months of May and July of 2017. Results: The authors identified five major themes: Recurrent patterns of addiction and opiate use among crewmembers; chronic pain and injury as common constructs of life in the fishing industry; insufficient pain management resources; practical barriers to obtaining primary healthcare; and perceived lack of support from state government. Conclusions: Rhode Island commercial fishing captains perceived opioid misuse among crewmembers, work-related chronic pain, and inadequate healthcare access as barriers to sustainability of their industry.
Serological evidence for a causative role of non-group A hemolytic streptococci in pharyngitis.

Abstract Non-group A beta-hemolytic streptococci were isolated from the throats of 30 adult patients with symptoms of pharyngitis. Grouping by counterimmunoelectrophoresis identified 7 strains belonging to group B, 5 to group C, 8 to group G, 1 to group K; 9 were not groupable. Convalescent sera were available from 17 patients and were assayed for antibody to streptolysin O (AO), deoxyribonuclease B (AB), hyaluronidase (AH), and to the patients' own group of streptococci as well as to group A streptococci by indirect immunofluorescence (IF). Control sera were employed as well. Elevated titres of antibody to the enzymes occurred in 3 (AO), 5 (AB), and none (AH) of the patients' sera. The titre of the patients' antibody (by IF) to their own isolates was significantly higher (p
Hybrid Media Activism: Ecologies, Imaginaries, Algorithms

Emiliano Trere begins his new book with a story. More than 10 years ago, at the start of his PhD research, he participated in an interdisciplinary seminar online. It was led by a professor of socia...
Breath biosensing: using electrochemical enzymatic sensors for detection of biomarkers in human breath

Abstract Detection of biomarkers for disease by noninvasive methods is critical for the early diagnosis and screening of disease, enabling prompt treatment. Breath biosensors are a viable option as the exhaled breath contains several biomarkers linked to lung cancer, oxidative stress, diabetes, and other diseases. Breath analysis has been achieved by advanced analytical techniques such as gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. However, electrochemical enzymatic breath biosensors offer a cost-effective, sensitive platform for biomarker detection without complex analysis and interpretation by trained laboratory personnel. This review aims to summarize recent advances in the field of electrochemical enzymatic breath biosensors and offer future opportunities from other applications of nonelectrochemical enzymatic breath biosensors.
Laser generation of ultra-short neutron bursts from high atomic number converters

At the Texas Petawatt laser facility we developed a novel ultra-short pulsed laser-driven neutron source generating an unprecedented output peak flux. Our results show a dramatic onset of high-energy electron generation from petawatt laser-irradiated plastic targets for targets thinner than a few microns. In this regime, the copious amounts of multi-MeV electrons emitted from the target are utilized to generate photo-neutrons from a metal converter. The neutrons are generated with a <50 ps pulse duration and a flux of 1018 n/cm2/s, exceeding any other pulsed or CW neutron source. In this paper, we will report on our measurement of the neutron yields produced from high atomic number converters.
Improved Method for Determination of Cellular Thiols, Disulfides and Protein Mixed Disulfides Using HPLC with Electrochemical Detection

The broad interest in GSH* as a cellular mediator in the defense against toxicological injury has prompted the development of a variety of methods for measuring cellular glutathione, comprised predominantly of GSH and its disulfides, GSSG and GSSProt. As investigations have increasingly focused on the biochemical mechanisms underlying the disposition of glutathione, the need has arisen for methods providing greater analytical capabilities. The earliest methods developed for thiol determination utilized the stoichiometric reaction of thiols with chemical agents to produce a colored (Ellman, 1959) or fluorescent (Hissin and Hilf, 1976) product. These methods were convenient, but they did not provide a specific determination of GSH. While GSH constitutes the major non-protein thiol in most cell types, inclusion of other thiols or non-thiol compounds (Benson et al., 1975) in the measurement led to overestimation of GSH levels. In addition, chemical methods lacked adequate sensitivity to measure low levels of GSH (Jensen et al., 1985). Despite these difficulties, a difference method has been developed (Habeeb, 1973) and utilized (Isaacs & Hinkley, 1977) to measure hepatic GSH, GSSG and GSSProt. Specificity for GSH and sensitivity have been increased by combining enzymatic recycling with a colorimetric determination (Tietze, 1969), although this method did not differentiate between GSH and GSSG. While GSH could be removed from the reaction using N-ethylmaleimide for GSSG determination, this thiol-blocking reagent, as well as protein precipitants and denaturants, can alter the kinetics of the reaction (Griffith, 1980; Brigelius et al., 1983) leading to erroneous results. Recently, rapid chromatographic analysis using HPLC has been applied to GSH determinations (Reed et al., 1980). While specificity was insured based on column retention time and the sensitivity was adequate for the determination of hepatic GSSProt (Brigelius et al., 1983), lengthy pre-column derivitization was required. In the present report, a new method that utilizes HPLC separation and thiol-specific electrochemical detection for thiol determination is demonstrated. This analytical system provides some advantages lacking in previous methods. Specificity for GSH and other thiols is based on column retention time and does not require thiol detection. derivitization. The sensitivity of the method allows quantitation of GSH in the picomole range, which is adequate for the determination of hepatic GSSProt. Finally, the presence of endogenous biological materials or reagents used in sample preparation has been found not to interfere with thiol detection. The applicability of this method to biological systems is illustrated by the determination of the glutathione status in rat liver and erythrocytes.
Saving power by converting flip-flop to 3-phase latch-based designs

Latches are smaller and lower power than flip-flops (FFs) and are typically used in a time-borrowing master-slave configuration. This paper presents an automatic flow for converting arbitrarily-complex single-clock-domain FF-based RTL designs to efficient 3-phase latch-based designs with reduced number of required latches, saving both register and clock-tree power. Post place-and-route results demonstrate that our 3-phase latch-based designs save an average of 15.5% and 18.5% power on a variety of ISCAS, CEP, and CPU benchmark circuits, compared to their more traditional FF and master-slave based alternatives.
Risk Factors for Glaucoma Drainage Device Failure and Complication in the Pediatric Population

Abstract Objective or Purpose: Report factors associated with failure and complication in a cohort of children who have undergone glaucoma drainage device (GDD) implantation. Design Retrospective case series. Subjects, Participants, and/or Controls Consecutive pediatric GDD eyes that met criteria between May 1997 and July 2019. Methods, Intervention, or Testing Entries were included for analysis if age 3 months after implantation, reoperation for glaucoma, or loss of light perception vision. Complications were defined as postoperative events attributed to the GDD that required additional examination under anesthesia or additional surgery. Main Outcome Measures Survival analyses of failures and complications following surgery. Results Over a mean follow-up period of 5.4 years, 58 (38%) of 150 first-time GDD implants failed. Glaucoma associated with acquired conditions had decreased risk for failure when compared to glaucoma secondary to non-acquired systemic diseases (HR=12, p=0.0063), non-acquired ocular anomalies (HR=12, p=0.0054), and primary congenital glaucoma (HR=5.4, p=0.041). There was also an increased risk of failure for first-time tubes in younger patients with a 23% reduction of failure with each 3-year increase in age (HR=0.77, p=0.034). 38 (25.3%) of the first-time GDD had a complication. Higher preoperative intraocular pressure (5 mmHg increase, HR=1.2, p=0.038) and younger age at time of implantation ( Conclusion Although GDD implantation in children is relatively safe and effective, this data should be interpreted in the context of children’s relative longevity. These findings offer an outcome metric to which future novel glaucoma procedures in children can be compared.
2. WELLNESS FUEL TANK

Background Wellness is crucial to provider well-being and better patient outcomes. Assessment of trainee wellness occurs infrequently and misses the fluctuation of wellness at the individual trainee level. To address this gap, we piloted Wellness Fuel Tank (WFT), a phone-texting communication tool prompting trainees to self-assess personal wellness. Methods Residents were educated on objectives and logistics of WFT through in-person discussion and email. Participation was voluntary and trainees could opt out at any time. Trainees received weekly text messages prompting self-assessment of their wellness level from 0 (empty) to 4 (full). Residents could share comments about personal and program wellness. Text exchanges concluded with institutional support resources. Trainees with empty or quarter-full levels were contacted to offer support and facilitate resource allocation. This pilot ran 1/10-6/20/19. Outcomes Sixty-four percent of residents (47/73) utilized WFT at least once, totaling 436 responses. On average, 25% of residents participated weekly. Participation waned: 44% peak (week 2) down-trending to 15% (week 24). One resident opted out. Mean WFT levels were 2.9+/-0.6 and remained steady. Fifteen (21%) trainees reported 19 instances (4% of responses) of low wellness levels attributed to learning environment (n=6,32%), personal (n=5,26%), academic (n=4,21%), and/or family (n=1,5%) issues. Themes contributing to low WFT were fatigue (workload, sleep, consecutive workdays), illness, death, poor treatment by supervisor, and impaired self-care (exercise, eating, family time). Trainees submitted 138 comments (32% of responses); low fuel tank levels correlated with more comments. Project build cost $2700; weekly expenditure totals $2. Two hours were dedicated weekly to project administration. Implications WFT is a cost-efficient resource that provides residents with a simple outlet for communicating wellness levels and ideas with leadership. Significant numbers of trainees voluntarily reported low wellness levels, although overall occurrence was infrequent. Our analysis suggests that WFT provides meaningful opportunities for communication about trainee and program wellness.
Reconsidering Material Conditions in Language Politics: A Revised Agenda for Resistance

Focusing on resisting the hegemony of English or protecting vernaculars without addressing material inequalities is a misguided activity, as many scholars (including Hultgren 2020) have observed. Along those lines, applied linguists have recently argued that identity politics is ineffective without distributive justice (Block 2018); pedagogical changes without social structural changes (Flores 2013); or communicative, writing, and textual resistance without congenial institutionalized policies (Kubota 2014). These are important correctives for practitioners who might be too focused on making spaces for classroom and communicative changes in isolation from material and structural considerations. However, we have to also adopt a more complex orientation to material conditions and the way they relate to language inequalities when power finds more creative forms of control and expansion, as in the apparatuses of biopolitics in neoliberal conditions. I engage with Marxist orientations to language, especially perspectives on the base and superstructure, to deepen the materialist perspective on language politics.Though not all critical applied linguists are Marxists, we are indirectly influenced by Marxist orientations in our activist practice. Sometimes scholars adopt reductive versions of Marxism for polemical purposes, despite the complex debates that are going on. A revisit will help us develop a deeper orientation to language politics that addresses our contemporary challenges.
Understanding the effects of vehicle platoons on crash type and severity

Crash type is an informative indicator to infer driving behaviors and conditions that cause a crash. For example, rear-end and side-swipe crashes are typically caused by improper vehicle interaction such as sudden lane-changing or speed control while hit-object crashes are likely the result of a single driver's mistake. This study investigated the impact of vehicles travelling as a group (platoon) and its configuration (i.e., types of vehicles consisting of the platoon) on crash type and severity since the vehicles could affect each other when travelling in close proximity. This study applied Generalized Structure Equation Modeling (GSEM) to capture the complex relationships among the various crash factors such as traffic condition, driver characteristics, environmental conditions, and vehicle interaction to the crash attributes including type and severity. This study collected over 3 million individual vehicle data from 39 traffic count sites in California to estimate the vehicle interactions and driving behaviors. The microscopic traffic data are matched to 1417 crash reports. Results showed that vehicles traveling in platoons are associated with more rear-end and side-swipe crashes. Speed difference in the platoon had a positive effect on hit-object crashes if the platoon comprises vehicles of homogeneous type - either trucks or non-trucks. In addition, human factors such as age and gender were identified as significant influential factors in all type of crashes, however truck involvement particularly played an important role amongst side-swipe crashes. Crash severity was negatively affected by total flow, and rear-end crashes were more likely to be severe compared with hit-object crashes. Based on findings, this study suggests practical operational strategies to reduce traffic instability associated with platooned vehicle patterns. Understanding the high-risk factors for different crash types and severities would provide valuable insights for decision-makers and transportation engineers to develop targeted intervention strategies in consideration of road users and traffic conditions such as fleet mix and speed.
The future of intelligence research and gifted education

Abstract This paper considers the future of intelligence research and gifted education by first examining gifted education through the lens of intelligence research and second by examining intelligence research through the lens of gifted education. We take a historical approach to understanding the potential confluence of the two domains and also consider the challenges of integrating a primarily science focused field with a primarily advocacy and applied field. We conclude by acknowledging genuine challenges of integrating the two fields in the future while simultaneously providing some recommendations on how intelligence research and gifted education might find a scientific and pragmatic intersection with a focus on helping develop the talents of all students, and especially those from marginalized backgrounds.
Heat Shock Repressor HspR Directly Controls Avermectin Production, Morphological Development, and H 2 O 2 Stress Response in Streptomyces avermitilis

The heat shock response (HSR) is a universal cellular response that promotes survival following temperature increase. In filamentous Streptomyces, which accounts for ∼70% of commercial antibiotic production, HSR is regulated by transcriptional repressors; in particular, the widespread MerR-family regulator HspR has been identified as a key repressor. However, functions of HspR in other biological processes are unknown. The present study demonstrates that HspR pleiotropically controls avermectin production, morphological development, and heat shock and H2O2 stress responses in the industrially important species Streptomyces avermitilis. HspR directly activated ave structural genes (aveA1 and aveA2) and H2O2 stress-related genes (katA1, catR, katA3, oxyR, ahpC, and ahpD), whereas it directly repressed heat shock genes (HSGs) (the dnaK1-grpE1-dnaJ1-hspR operon, clpB1p, clpB2p, and lonAp) and developmental genes (wblB, ssgY, and ftsH). HspR interacted with PhoP (response regulator of the widespread PhoPR two-component system) at dnaK1p to corepress the important dnaK1-grpE1-dnaJ1-hspR operon. PhoP exclusively repressed target HSGs (htpG, hsp18_1, and hsp18_2) different from those of HspR (clpB1p, clpB2p, and lonAp). A consensus HspR-binding site, 5'-TTGANBBNNHNNNDSTSHN-3', was identified within HspR target promoter regions, allowing prediction of the HspR regulon involved in broad cellular functions. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a key role of HspR in the coordination of a variety of important biological processes in Streptomyces species. IMPORTANCE Our findings are significant to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying HspR function in Streptomyces antibiotic production, development, and H2O2 stress responses through direct control of its target genes associated with these biological processes. HspR homologs described to date function as transcriptional repressors but not as activators. The results of the present study demonstrate that HspR acts as a dual repressor/activator. PhoP cross talks with HspR at dnaK1p to coregulate the heat shock response (HSR), but it also has its own specific target heat shock genes (HSGs). The novel role of PhoP in the HSR further demonstrates the importance of this regulator in Streptomyces. Overexpression of hspR strongly enhanced avermectin production in Streptomyces avermitilis wild-type and industrial strains. These findings provide new insights into the regulatory roles and mechanisms of HspR and PhoP and facilitate methods for antibiotic overproduction in Streptomyces species.
Explaining Suicide Among Blacks and Whites: How Socioeconomic Factors and Gun Availability Affect Race-Specific Suicide Rates*

Objectives. What are the correlates of suicide among blacks and whites? One body of literature suggests that structural factors such as poverty, inequality, joblessness, and family disruption are the key contributors, while another literature considers the availability of firearms to be the central factor. No studies have thoroughly explored both possibilities together and thus we know little about the relative contributions of motivation to commit suicide due to structural conditions and opportunity to commit suicide due to firearm availability. The current study addresses this issue. Methods. Using suicide data from Mortality Multiple Cause of Death Records and 2000 Census data, we examine the roles of motivation and opportunity in shaping suicide rates among young white and young black males in U.S. cities. Results. We find racial differences in the predictors of suicide; although concentrated disadvantage directly affects suicide among young white males, it only raises levels for young black males by increasing access to firearms. This finding is confirmed in additional analyses, which examine the effects of concentrated disadvantage on black and white gun and nongun suicides separately. Conclusion. The findings suggest complex relationships among the structural characteristics of cities, gun availability, and suicide. They also begin to address unresolved issues in the literature including why blacks have demonstrated comparatively lower rates of suicide despite higher levels of disadvantage as well as what may have fueled the increase in young black male suicide over the last 30 years. Finally, the findings have important implications for the study of race and suicide prevention.
Nonparametric Sparse Tensor Factorization with Hierarchical Gamma Processes.

We propose a nonparametric factorization approach for sparsely observed tensors. The sparsity does not mean zero-valued entries are massive or dominated. Rather, it implies the observed entries are very few, and even fewer with the growth of the tensor; this is ubiquitous in practice. Compared with the existent works, our model not only leverages the structural information underlying the observed entry indices, but also provides extra interpretability and flexibility -- it can simultaneously estimate a set of location factors about the intrinsic properties of the tensor nodes, and another set of sociability factors reflecting their extrovert activity in interacting with others; users are free to choose a trade-off between the two types of factors. Specifically, we use hierarchical Gamma processes and Poisson random measures to construct a tensor-valued process, which can freely sample the two types of factors to generate tensors and always guarantees an asymptotic sparsity. We then normalize the tensor process to obtain hierarchical Dirichlet processes to sample each observed entry index, and use a Gaussian process to sample the entry value as a nonlinear function of the factors, so as to capture both the sparse structure properties and complex node relationships. For efficient inference, we use Dirichlet process properties over finite sample partitions, density transformations, and random features to develop a stochastic variational estimation algorithm. We demonstrate the advantage of our method in several benchmark datasets.