cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fairness versus favoritism in children

Children respond positively to individuals who favor them and also to individuals who are fair. The present studies examine the interaction between these two preferences by presenting children with two distributors who share resources with the child participant and another recipient. Childrenareaskedwhomtheylikebetter:thedistributorwhowasunfairbutfavoredthechildparticipantorthedistributorwhowasfairandshowed no(orreduced)favoritism.InStudy1,wefindthatwhenfairnessandfavoritismareinconflict,childrenaresplitonwhomtheyprefer.InStudy2,we find thatplacing childrenina competitive context leads toa stronger preferencefor the distributor who favored the child participant.In Study3, we examinewhetherchildren's preferencefor favoritismpersistswhenbothdistributorsgavethechildthesamenumberof rewards,butonedistributor gavethechildparticipantrelativelymorethantheotherrecipient.Inthissituation,wefindthatchildrenpreferthefairdistributor.However,weagain find that creating a competitive context reduces children's preference for the fair distributor. Finally we find that in a third-party context, children value fairness over generosity. Taken together, these results show how children balance competing concerns for fairness and favoritism.
Large signal stability analysis of a DC/AC droop controlled inverter connected to an infinite bus

The large signal stability of a dc/ac inverter connected to an infinite bus is explored. The study aims to understand if a droop controlled inverter can lose synchronism with an infinite bus. Specifically, the analysis is completed using Lyapunov-based mathematical techniques. The 13th order mathematical model of a droop controlled inverter connected to an infinite bus is generated. An algorithm is used to estimate the domain of asymptotic attraction of the system. The effect of system parameters on the domain of attraction are explored. Moreover, the effect of control parameters are studied. Results suggest that a droop controlled inverter requires a long fault time or large transient to lose synchronism with the infinite bus. Numerical results validated the estimated domain of attraction.
Immune Mediators in a Murine Model for Occupational Asthma: Studies with Toluene Diisocyanate

Isocyanate-induced asthma, which is the most common type of occupational asthma, has been difficult to diagnose and control, in part, because the biological mechanisms responsible for the disease and the determinants of exposure are not fully defined. To help address these issues, we recently established a murine model of toluene diisocyanate (TDI) asthma using inhalation exposure paradigms consistent with potential workplace exposure. In order to confirm our hypothesis that TDI-induce asthma, like allergic asthma, is predominantly a Th2 response, the ability of mice that were deficient in CD4 or CD8 cells or specific Th1 and Th2 cytokines to develop TDI asthma was examined. The development of allergic asthma was evaluated by monitoring lungs for the presence of eosinophilia, goblet cell metaplasia, epithelial cell alterations, airway hyperreactivity (AHR), and Th2 and Th1 cytokine expression, as well as serum IgE levels and TDI-specific IgG antibodies. Transgenic CD8 or CD4 knockout (KO) mice exhibited significant reductions in AHR, cytokine expression, serum antibody levels, airway inflammation, and histopathological lesions, although in a number of the endpoints the effects were more attenuated in CD4 KO mice. IFNgamma depletion ablated the increase in AHR in TDI-allergic mice, but had only slight to moderate effects on airway histopathology, serum antibody levels, and cytokine expression compared to sensitized/challenged controls. IL-4 and IL-13 deficiency had moderate inhibitory effects, while combined IL-4/IL-13 depletion effectively prevented almost all asthma-associated pathologies. Taken together, these results indicate that TDI asthma, like immune-mediated asthma produced by large-molecular-weight materials, is driven primarily by CD4+ T cells and is dependent upon the expression of Th2 cytokines. However, as with protein-induced asthma models, certain pathologies are influenced by CD8+ T cells and Th1-derived cytokines, such as AHR and cytokine production.
Experimental Results on the Thermal Contact Conductance of Ag-Filled Epoxied Junctions at Cryogenic Temperatures

The thermal contact conductance across an epoxied copper junction loaded with Ag (silver) particles was investigated at cryogenic temperatures. Thermal contact conductance, or its inverse, thermal contact resistance, consists of two components: thermal contact resistance at the copper/Ag-particle epoxy interfaces, and the thermal conduction resistance across the Ag-particle epoxy slab. The effects of the Ag-particle volume fraction, and the average interface temperature of the epoxied junction are both evaluated. Increasing the Ag-particle fraction increases the conductance above that for a plain epoxied sample, by as much as one order of magnitude for a Ag particle fraction of 30%. A critical Ag particle volume fraction is observed in the measurements, below which value the thermal conductance of the epoxied junction increases only slightly with increasing particle fraction.
INTERACTION BETWEEN A VA MYCORRHIZA AND AZOTOBACTER AND THEIR EFFECTS ON RHIZOSPHERE MICROFLORA AND PLANT GROWTH

SUMMARY Larger populations of bacteria and actinomycetes were recovered from the rhizospheres of tomato plants inoculated with the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatus and Azotobacter chroococcum, either individually or together, than from those of non-inoculated plants. Plants inoculated with both Glomus fasciculatus and Azotobacter chroococcum had greater numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes in the rhizosphere than plants inoculated with either Glomus fasciculatus or Azotobacter chroococcum alone. The fungal population of the rhizosphere was unaffected by inoculation with Glomus fasciculatus but reduced by inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum. Inoculation of tomato with Glomus fasciculatus increased the Azotobacter chroococcum population in the rhizosphere which was maintained at a high level for a longer time. Inoculation of tomato roots with A. chroococcum enhanced infection and spore production by Glomus fasciculatus. The dry weights of tomato plants inoculated with both G. fasciculatus and Azotobacter chroococcum were significantly (62%) greater than non-inoculated plants. These results suggest a synergistic or additive interaction between Glomus fasciculatus and Azotobacter chroococcum.
Biphasic Subcellular Localization of the DAZL- Related Protein Boule in Drosophila Spermatogenesis

The Drosophila boule gene is expressed exclusively in the male germline and encodes an RNA binding protein closely related to the mammalian fertility factors encoded by the DAZ (Deleted in Azoospermia) and DAZL (DAZ-like) genes. Mutation of boule blocks both meiotic divisions. Differentiation nonetheless continues, resulting in tetraploid spermatids that fail to mature into sperm. We have found that Boule localizes premeiotically to a perinucleolar region and then translocates to the cytoplasm at the onset of meiosis. We show that deletion of the Y chromosome ks-1 fertility locus eliminates Boule nuclear localization, although it does not perturb entry into meiosis. Based on these observations we propose that Boule acts in the cytoplasm to regulate the stability or translation of messenger RNA encoding an essential meiotic factor. © 1998 Academic Press
Partial reluctance based circuit simulation is efficient and stable

Partial reluctance K, the inversion of partial inductance L, is proposed by Devgan et al. to capture the on-chip inductance effect (2000). Partial reluctance based circuit simulation is efficient and stable because it is believed that partial reluctance effect is local and partial reluctance matrix is positive definite, although it has not been proved or illustrated clearly. In this paper, we are going to prove that mutual partial reluctance effect between a completely shielded short conductor segment and a conductor segment outside the shield is zero, which implies that the partial reluctance effect is local. Also, an iterative cutting algorithm is proposed to guarantee the strong diagonal dominance of the partial reluctance matrix, which is a sufficient condition for the partial reluctance matrix to be positive definite. With these two characters of partial reluctance, the circuit simulation based on partial reluctance is efficient and stable.
Neglected aspects and unsupported claims.

Comments on the article by M. E. Kite et al (see record 2001-10045-002), which summarized the findings and recommendations of the Task Force on the Status of Women in Academe. The present authors contend that while Kite et al documented the differences in the activities of men and women in academia, it is not clear that "inequalities persist." Kite et al interpreted the observed differences in outcomes between men and women as self-evident indicators of remaining bias and discrimination. The present authors warn of two problems with this interpretation. First, Kite et al neglected important variables that suggest alternative interpretations of these differences. Second, the authors made unsupported claims about the existence of bias and discrimination against women. Here the present authors document specific cases of these errors in reasoning. In conclusion, observed differences between men and women might be partly a reflection of other (neglected) personological variables on which the sexes overlap considerably but differ on average. Just as differential outcomes do not imply differential opportunities, equal opportunities do not necessarily produce equal outcomes.
Progression of Head and Neck Cancer in an In Vitro Model

Objective To identify alterations in angiogenesis and cell cycle regulation as preneoplastic cells progress to cancer in an in vitro model of head and neck tumor progression. Methods Immortal human gingival keratinocyte (IHGK) cells (preneoplastic) were derived from normal oral keratinocytes and were immortalized with human papillomavirus 16. Transformation of IHGK cells with a carcinogen (NNK, 4-[methylnitrosamino]-1-[3-pyridyl]-1-butanone) gave rise to IHGKN cells. We determined the growth rates, cell cycle phase, expression of cell cycle regulators, and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor along with the organotypic features of these cells and compared them with characteristics of head and neck cancer cells. Results IHGK and IHGKN cells grown in raft culture were morphologically similar to severe dysplasia and carcinoma, respectively. The proportion of cells in G 0 /G 1 was similar between IHGK and IHGKN. However, the proportion of IHGK cells was 35% greater in S phase as compared with the IHGKN cells, while a greater percentage (40%) of IHGKN cells were in G 2 /M. The expression of the other cell cycle regulators tested was unchanged. IHGK cells secreted less vascular endothelial growth factor on day 1 when compared with IHGKN (50.6 vs 245.6 pg/mL), along with a lower overall production rate (79% vs 133%). Conclusions Transformation of IHGK cells resulted in the activation of vascular endothelial growth factor associated with angiogenesis. Inactivation of the G 1 cell cycle regulation occurred during immortalization and before transformation, and was sustained after carcinogen exposure. These alterations correspond to changes observed in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. This model can be useful in testing novel therapeutic and preventive strategies.
Strategic Impatience in Go/NoGo versus Forced-Choice Decision-Making

Two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) and Go/NoGo (GNG) tasks are behavioral choice paradigms commonly used to study sensory and cognitive processing in choice behavior. While GNG is thought to isolate the sensory/decisional component by eliminating the need for response selection as in 2AFC, a consistent tendency for subjects to make more Go responses (both higher hits and false alarm rates) in the GNG task raises the concern that there may be fundamental differences in the sensory or cognitive processes engaged in the two tasks. Existing mechanistic models of these choice tasks, mostly variants of the drift-diffusion model (DDM; [1, 2]) and the related leaky competing accumulator models [3, 4], capture various aspects of behavioral performance, but do not clarify the provenance of the Go bias in GNG. We postulate that this "impatience" to go is a strategic adjustment in response to the implicit asymmetry in the cost structure of the 2AFC and GNG tasks: the NoGo response requires waiting until the response deadline, while a Go response immediately terminates the current trial. We show that a Bayes-risk minimizing decision policy that minimizes not only error rate but also average decision delay naturally exhibits the experimentally observed Go bias. The optimal decision policy is formally equivalent to a DDM with a time-varying threshold that initially rises after stimulus onset, and collapses again just before the response deadline. The initial rise in the threshold is due to the diminishing temporal advantage of choosing the fast Go response compared to the fixed-delay NoGo response. We also show that fitting a simpler, fixed-threshold DDM to the optimal model reproduces the counterintuitive result of a higher threshold in GNG than 2AFC decision-making, previously observed in direct DDM fit to behavioral data [2], although such fixed-threshold approximations cannot reproduce the Go bias. Our results suggest that observed discrepancies between GNG and 2AFC decision-making may arise from rational strategic adjustments to the cost structure, and thus need not imply any other difference in the underlying sensory and cognitive processes.
Dynamic Pricing: A Learning Approach

We present an optimization approach for jointly learning the demand as a function of price, and dynamically setting prices of products in order to maximize expected revenue. The models we consider do not assume that the demand as a function of price is known in advance, but rather assume parametric families of demand functions that are learned over time. In the first part of the paper, we consider the noncompetitive case and present dynamic programming algorithms of increasing computational intensity with incomplete state information for jointly estimating the demand and setting prices as time evolves. Our computational results suggest that dynamic programming based methods outperform myopic policies often significantly. In the second part of the paper, we consider a competitive oligopolistic environment. We introduce a more sophisticated model of demand learning, in which the price elasticities are slowly varying functions of time, and allows for increased flexibility in the modeling of the demand. We propose methods based on optimization for jointly estimating the Firm’s own demand, its competitors’ demands, and setting prices. In preliminary computational work, we found that optimization based pricing methods offer increased expected revenue for a firm independently of the policy the competitor firm is following.
Potential utilization of expanded function dental auxiliaries to place restoratives

Objectives:TheAffordableCareActispredictedtoincreasedentalbenefitscoverage for millions of Americans. Utilization of expanded function dental auxiliaries (EFDAs) can contribute to increased workforce capacity. Iowa currently allows EFDAs to perform certain nonrestorative procedures. This study investigated dentists’ willingness to use auxiliaries for restorative procedures in order inform recent discussions about expanding scope of practice for EFDAs to include such procedures. Methods: This study examined responses from 677 primary care dentists who responded to the 2013 Survey of Iowa Dentists (response rate = 59 percent). The authors performed univariate and bivariate analyses (χ
HIGH RESOLUTION DETECTION OF INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF RENAL CALCULI BY HELICAL COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY

Purpose: There is considerable interest in using radiological imaging to predict kidney stone fragility before patient treatment. Case series of shock wave lithotripsy show that shock wave lithotripsy is repeated and/or ancillary procedures are done to remove shock wave resistant stones in a significant number of cases. If the fragility of stones were predicted at diagnosis, unnecessary shock wave treatment would be avoided. However, plain radiography allows little discrimination of stone type and simple numerical analysis of computerized tomography (CT) images by measuring Hounsfield units has been shown to be limited in its ability to predict stone fragility.Materials and Methods: Urinary stones of known composition were imaged by helical CT in vitro at various slice widths and the images were assessed using a range of window settings.Results: Visualization of stone structure was greatly enhanced using bone windows and a narrow slice width. Surface structure, such as crystalline leaves of calcium oxalat...
The power of context: reconceptualizing the placebo effect.

The placebo effect has received increasing scientific attention in recent years. Progress in translating knowledge about this phenomenon into improved outcomes for patients, however, is hampered by conceptual confusion and misleading terminology. In this article we diagnose what is wrong with the placebo concept and suggest ‘contextual healing’ as a fruitful alternative way of conceiving the placebo effect.
WOMEN AND DOMESTIC CULTURE

I WANTED TO write a review essay about recent studies of Victorian domestic culture because I had noticed that an unusual number of books on this topic have been published within the last few years. Both Lynn Alexander's Women, Work, and Representation: Needlewomen in Victorian Art and Literature and Beth Harris's Famine and Fashion: Needlewomen in the Nineteenth Century address needlework. Beth Sutton-Ramspeck's Raising the Dust: The Literary Housekeeping of Mary Ward, Sarah Grand, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Kristine Swenson's Medical Women and Victorian Fiction focus on caretaking. Jennifer Phegley's Educating the Proper Woman Reader: Victorian Family Literary Magazines and the Cultural Health of the Nation and Mary Wilson Carpenter's Imperial Bibles, Domestic Bodies; Women, Sexuality and Religion in the Victorian Market describe mass readership practices. I began to wonder whether this publishing trend indicates that we are in a new feminist cultural studies moment, and if so, how might we characterize this new kind of work? In order to figure this out, I will first give a brief overview of the theoretical and practical influences shaping recent books, then turn to specific analysis of the books under discussion here, and end by evaluating what they mean for contemporary domestic-culture criticism.
Fine-pitch wafer bumping and assembly for high density detector systems

A number of high energy physics experiments will rely on pixilated detector arrays to track particles generated in a collision event. In addition, several medical imaging applications are using pixilated devices as the imaging elements. The pixels in these detectors are very small (50-100 /spl mu/m pitch) to provide adequate spatial resolution for particle tracking. Since the pixels and their electrical interconnections are arrayed over the entire area of the device, solder bumping is the natural choice for the integration of detector elements to readout and support electronics. The small pitch of the I/O presents new challenges to the bumping and assembly processes. The processes for fabricating bumps and assembling the detectors must have a high yield and be compatible with a high radiation, high vacuum, and low temperature operating environment to provide the necessary performance and operating lifetime. This paper presents an overview of MCNC Research & Development Institute's bumping and assembly processes and the results of our ongoing collaborations with Fermilab's BTeV and US-CMS detector groups and CERN's Medipix group for bumping and assembling pixel detector modules.
Responsible Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: Contextualizing Socio-Technical Integration into the Nanofabrication Laboratories in the USA

There have been several conscious efforts made by different stakeholders in the area of nanoscience and nanotechnology to increase the awareness of social and ethical issues (SEI) among its practitioners. But so far, little has been done at the laboratory level to integrate a SEI component into the laboratory orientation schedule of practitioners. Since the laboratory serves as the locus of activities of the scientific community, it is important to introduce SEI there to stimulate thinking and discussion of SEI among practitioners, which would eventually contribute toward the responsible development of this technology. In this article, through an example (at the Cornell NanoScale Science and Technology Facility (CNF), practitioners of which represent a section of the nano researchers’ community in the USA), it is shown how a SEI component can be incorporated into the laboratory orientation schedule of the practitioners from diverse disciplinary and institutional backgrounds. Results show that, at CNF, the practitioners enjoyed the discussion since most of them learned about SEI for the first time in their professional career. At the same time, some of them were also knowledgeable about SEI and contributed to the debates. Moreover, the SEI orientation had significant positive impact on the scientific community enabling them to self-reflect upon their own research and its implications for the wider society. This article also describes the efforts that were undertaken to disseminate this form of SEI orientation to other 13 USA universities within the National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network (NNIN, one of the biggest networks funded from National Science Foundation for Nanotechnology research, of which CNF is a part). As a result of this effort, most of the NNIN sites have already started or were in the process of integrating a SEI component into their nanofabrication laboratories to make their users aware of SEI, ensuring eventual robust socio-technical integration in the NNIN laboratories. In the future, this form of SEI orientation can also be disseminated to other nanofabrication laboratories in the USA.
Communities of Practice: A framework for fostering coherence in virtual learning communities

This paper presents a case study of an on-line workshop that was conducted via the WWW. Using the participant dialogues from the workshop bulletin boards, the author investigates whether Wenger’s (1998) Community of Practice framework can be applied to this educational setting. The results indicate that participants interactions in the workshop demonstrated the characteristics of mutual engagement, joint enterprise, and shared repertoire. These three characteristics are what Wenger posits contribute to a cohesive community of practice. Using this framework, some principles are derived that educators can use to design more cohesive learning communities.
HUGH HAMPTON YOUNG: A PIONEER IN PEDIATRIC UROLOGY

Purpose: Hugh Hampton Young (1870–1945) is regarded as a major force in urology during the first half of the 20th century. While he is acknowledged for many advances in open and transurethral prostatic surgery, his contributions to pediatric urology have been less well recognized.Materials and Methods: The manuscripts and autobiography of Hugh Hampton Young were reviewed and major contributions to pediatric urology were identified. Patient records corresponding to these areas were then obtained from the Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives and reviewed.Results: Hugh Hampton Young was the first clinically to recognize and surgically treat posterior urethral valves, the first to develop a procedure to correct incontinence in patients with the epispadias-exstrophy complex and the first to describe bilateral subtotal adrenalectomy for virilization secondary to congenital adrenal hyperplasia. He was successful in his endeavors and his techniques are still in use today or have become the building blocks of futur...
Comparison of proteins synthesized by polarized caprine oviductal epithelial cells and oviductal explants in vitro.

Our objectives were to compare proteins secreted by caprine oviductal explants and oviductal epithelial (OE) cells in vitro. Oviducts were collected from goats on Days 1 (n ¼ 5) and 5 (n ¼ 5) of the estrous cycle. Radiolabeled secretory proteins from tissue segments and cell cultures were visualized using SDS-PAGE and fluorography. After culture, media from ampulla oviduct segments collected on Days 1 and 5 of the estrous cycle contained an acidic 97 kDa protein, which was greatly reduced in culture medium obtained from infundibulum and isthmus oviduct segments. A complex of low molecular weight proteins (14‐26 kDa) could be modulated by estradiol when OE cells were cultured on plastic. This complex was constitutively expressed when OE cells were cultured on Matrigel-coated filters. Polarized OE cells were also capable of compartment-specific secretion of [L- 35 S]-methioninelabeled proteins. A 45 kDa acidic protein was predominantly secreted into the apical compartment while a 66 kDa acidic protein was preferentially localized in the basal compartment. Proteins secreted by OE cells were similar to proteins secreted by tissue segments in vitro. Therefore, under well-defined culture conditions OE cells may be useful in enhancing in vitro fertilization or early embryonic development. # 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Residential population estimation using a remote sensing derived impervious surface approach

Residential population estimation was explored based on impervious surface coverage in Marion County, Indiana, USA. The impervious surface was developed by spectral unmixing of a Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) multispectral image. The residential impervious surface was then derived by geographic information system (GIS) overlay of residential land class and impervious surface. Regression analysis was conducted to develop population density estimation models. We found that the residential impervious surface‐based approach provided the best population density estimation result, with mean and median relative errors of 38% and 23%, respectively. An overall population estimation error of −0.97% was achieved.
Experimental and Monte Carlo dosimetry of the Henschke applicator for high dose-rate 192Ir remote afterloading.

We have performed extensive computational and experimental dosimetry of the Henschke applicator with respect to high dose-rate 192 Ir brachytherapy using a GAMMAMED remote afterloader. Our goal was to generate clinically useful two- and three-dimensional look-up tables. Dose measurements of the Henschke applicator involved using TLD chips placed in a polystyrene phantom. Monte Carlo simulations were performed using the MCNP code. The computational models included the detailed geometry of 192 Ir source, tandem tube, and shielded ovoid. The measured dose rates were corrected for the dependence of TLD sensitivity on the distance of measurement points from the source. Transit dose delivered during source extension to and retraction from a given dwell position was estimated by Monte Carlo simulations, and a correction was applied to the experimental values. For the applicator tandem, the ratio of dose rates obtained by MCNP to those measured by TLD chips ranges from 0.92 to 1.10 with an average of 0.98 and a standard deviation of 0.02. The measured and calculated dose rates at 1 cm on the transverse axis are 1.10 cGy U −1 h −1 . For the shielded ovoid, the ratio ranges from 0.88 to 1.16 with an average of 1.00 and a standard deviation of 0.07. Causes of the discrepancy between the Monte Carlo and TLD results were identified. We found that the combined uncertainty of measured dose rates due to these causes is 5.6% for the applicator tandem and 8.4% for the shielded ovoid. Therefore, the results of the Monte Carlo simulation are considered to have been validated by the measurements within the uncertainty involved in the calculation and measurements.
Overweight and diabetes prevalence among US immigrants.

Objectives. We estimated the prevalence of overweight and diabetes among US immigrants by region of birth.Methods. We analyzed data on 34 456 US immigrant adults from the National Health Interview Survey, pooling years 1997 to 2005. We estimated age- and gender-adjusted and multivariable-adjusted overweight and diabetes prevalence by region of birth using logistic regression.Results. Both men (odds ratio [OR] = 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.9, 5.8) and women (OR = 4.2; 95% CI = 2.3, 7.7) from the Indian subcontinent were more likely than were European migrants to have diabetes without corresponding increased risk of being overweight. Men and women from Mexico, Central America, or the Caribbean were more likely to be overweight (men: OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.3, 1.7; women: OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.7, 2.2) and to have diabetes (men: OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.4, 2.9; women: OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.4, 2.8) than were European migrants.Conclusions. Considerable heterogeneity in both prevalence of overweight and diabete...
Depositional Environments in Upper Cambrian Jordan Sandstone in Wisconsin: ABSTRACT

The Upper Cambrian sandstone formations of the Upper Midwest are superficially uniform over broad areas. Individual formations are homogeneous in texture and mineralogy, and several of the sandstone units in the sequence are nearly identical in terms of these parameters. However, texture and composition have been shown to be environmentally ambiguous, whereas sedimentary structures and trace fossils provide definite criteria for interpreting depositional settings and for distinguishing between apparently similar quartzarenites. Major differences exist among the formations in mode of deposition (subtidal marine, eolian, tidal flat, and possibly fluvial environments have been recognized). One formation, the Jordan Sandstone, is an example of marine depth zonation. The Jorda contains two major facies, based primarily on bedding style: (1) high-angle, trough cross-stratification; and (2) low-angle cross-stratification (hummocky cross-stratification). The high-angle facies is interpreted as shallow subtidal (shoreface depth) in origin, produced by constantly moving dune bed forms in a current-dominated regime. The following criteria suggest this interpretation: festoon bedding, well-defined trough axis modes, and presence of Skolithos without strong bioturbation. The low-angle facies is interpreted as a shoreface to offshore deposit, representing episodic deposition by storm surges--on the basis of dominant hummocky cross-stratification, wide dispersion of trough axis orientations, presence of laterally extensive bedding planes and shale seams, dominance of P anolites-type burrows, and localization of intense bioturbation on tops of cross-sets. Generally, the high-angle facies overlies the low-angle facies, indicating shallowing upward (progradation). However, the facies are intertongued and even lenticular in places; this stratigraphic variability and the lack of beach or nonmarine deposits suggest that no shoreline was present. End_of_Article - Last_Page 685------------
How Many Italies? Reconciliation, the Risorgimento and Italy's North South Divide

Italy is a critical point of reference for studying the strengths and limits of strategies of reconciliation in divided European societies, one that demonstrates the validity of Ivan Zoltan Denes’ introductory comment that the presence of ‘divided, sometimes antagonistic, communities in officially unified nations seems to be the rule in Europe’.
Movement behavior, dispersal, and the potential for localized management of deer in a suburban environment

Abstract We examined the potential for localized management of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to be successful by measuring movements, testing site fidelity, and modeling the effects of dispersal. Fifty-nine females were radiomarked and tracked during 1997 through 2000 in Irondequoit, New York, USA, a suburb of Rochester. We constructed home ranges for those deer with ≥18 relocations/season. Fifty percent minimum convex polygons (MCP) averaged 3.9 (SE = 0.53) ha in the summer and 5.3 (SE = 0.80) ha in the winter. Deer showed strong fidelity to both summer and winter home ranges, and 30 of 31 females showed overlap of summer and winter home ranges. Annual survival was 64%; the major cause of mortality was deer–automobile collisions. Average annual dispersal rates were <15% for yearlings and adults. Using matrix population modeling, we explored the role of female dispersal in sustaining different management objectives in adjacent locales of approximately 1,000 ha. Modeling showed that if female ...
The Market Reaction Associated With SFAS No.8 And SFAS No.52: Did Investors Recognize Differential Economic Content Of Translation Gains And Losses?

This study uses the SFAS No.52 functional currency designation as a proxy for the varying economic content of Temporal Method translation gains and losses to refine tests of the market reaction to SFAS No.8 and subsequent foreign currency translation policy events. We observe that dollar functional currency MNEs having by definition a relatively greater degree of short-term cash flow exposure are more negatively impacted by accounting policy events beginning with the SFAS No.8 Exposure Draft and extending through the SFAS No.52 Exposure Draft than are local currency functional currency firms having by definition a relatively lesser degree of short-term currency exposure. Our results are consistent with intuition suggesting that local currency functional currency firms are negatively impacted only by the adverse earnings implications of largely unrealized translation gains and losses induced by SFAS No.8; a condition subsequently alleviated by SFAS No.52. Dollar functional currency firms, on the other hand, are negatively impacted by the earnings effects of floating exchange rates on near-term entity cash flows and the largely realized translation gains or losses taken to income under SFAS No.8; a condition unchanged by SFAS No.52. We conclude that investors did discern the differential degree of MNEs currency exposure relative to the Temporal Method, and that the SFAS No.52 functional currency designation was a relatively important source of information concerning the assessment of the exchange rate exposure of the U.S.-based MNEs.
A Comparative Analysis Of Competition And Anti-Trust Law For The Major Industrialized Nations

Global investments have grew tremendously in the recent years. As a result, mergers and acquisitions are becoming a daily occurrences. To achieve their goals, multinational corporations have to go through the process of filing for permissions with the various antitrust authorities in various countries with different rules and regulations. This paper deals with the antitrust laws and rules and regulations in the three major regions in which most mergers occurs. The regions and countries under consideration are the United States of America, Japan and the European Union.
The impact of a spiritual legacy intervention in patients with brain cancers and other neurologic illnesses and their support persons

Objective The objectives were to assess the feasibility of using a novel, comprehensive chaplain-led spiritual life review interview to develop a personal Spiritual Legacy Document (SLD) for persons with brain tumors and other neurodegenerative diseases and to describe spiritual well-being (SWB), spiritual coping, and quality of life (QOL) of patients and their support persons (SP) before and after receipt of the SLD. Methods Patient-SP pairs were enrolled over a 2-year period. Assessments included the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Expanded Version, Brief Religious Coping Scale, Brief COPE Inventory, and QOL Linear Analog Scale. Baseline assessments were completed prior to an audio-recorded spiritual life review interview with a chaplain. Results Thirty-two patient/SP pairs were enrolled; 27 completed baseline assessments and the interview. Twenty-four reviewed their SLD and were eligible for follow-up. A total of 15 patients and 12 SPs completed the 1-month follow-up; 10 patients and seven SPs completed the 3-month follow-up. Patients endorsed high levels of SWB and spiritual coping at baseline. Both patients and SPs evidenced improvement on several aspects of SWB, spiritual coping, and QOL at 1 month, but patients' decreased financial well-being was also observed. Patients and SPs demonstrated favorable changes in peacefulness and positive religious coping at both time points. Conclusions A chaplain-led spiritual life review is a feasible intervention for patients with neurodegenerative disease and results in beneficial effects on patients and SPs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Overview of Occupational Risks From Climate Change

Changes in atmosphere and temperature are affecting multiple environmental indicators from extreme heat events to global air quality. Workers will be uniquely affected by climate change, and the occupational impacts of major shifts in atmospheric and weather conditions need greater attention. Climate change-related exposures most likely to differentially affect workers in the USA and globally include heat, ozone, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, other chemicals, pathogenic microorganisms, vector-borne diseases, violence, and wildfires. Epidemiologic evidence documents a U-, J-, or V-shaped relationship between temperature and mortality. Whereas heat-related morbidity and mortality risks are most evident in agriculture, many other outdoor occupational sectors are also at risk, including construction, transportation, landscaping, firefighting, and other emergency response operations. The toxicity of chemicals change under hyperthermic conditions, particularly for pesticides and ozone. Combined with climate-related changes in chemical transport and distribution, these interactions represent unique health risks specifically to workers. Links between heat and interpersonal conflict including violence require attention because they pose threats to the safety of emergency medicine, peacekeeping and humanitarian relief, and public safety professionals. Recommendations for anticipating how US workers will be most susceptible to climate change include formal monitoring systems for agricultural workers; modeling scenarios focusing on occupational impacts of extreme climate events including floods, wildfires, and chemical spills; and national research agenda setting focusing on control and mitigation of occupational susceptibility to climate change.
Bridging Anticoagulation in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Associated with More Cardiovascular Events and Bleeding.

This study provides more evidence that bridging in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation does not improve outcomes, and is actually associated with a higher risk of bleeding complications and cardiovascular events.
Initial effects of prescribed fire on quality of soil solution and streamwater in the Southern Appalachian Mountains

Prescribed burning is being used in the Contz.sauga River Watershed iit southeastern Tennessee crnd northerit Georgia b.y National Forest inunugers to restore degraded pineloak comntunities. The /mrpose ($these burizs is to restore .shortlec~fl?ine (Pinus echinata Miller)/mhed-oak forests with more diverse under.stories, which include izutive bluestem grasses (Andropogon gyrans Ashp and Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash). Although burning might be an effective tool jbr restoring these .stcrncls to a sltortlec$~~ine/mixed-ouWblue.stem grass community type, it is not known whether these restoration burns will have rr negrrtive impact on water quality. Six subwater.sheds (similar in vegetation, soil type, stremm .size ond locution, und disturbance history) were located within the Conusaugu River Watershed. Four c?f the sites were burned in Mar. 2001, and two sites were designated as controls. To evaluate initial effects qf />rescribed burning on water quality, we measured soil solution and streamwater nutrient concentrations aizd streamwater sediment concentration (TSS; total suspended solic1.s) weekly over a 10-month period Consistent with goals of the land managers, all the prescrihed,fires resulted in low- to modr~rate-intensity and low-severity fires. Soil solution and streuinwater NOT-N and NH,'-N did not increase after burning on any of the .sites. We found no differences itz TSS between burn and control .streams in any ofthe sample periods. Iiz addition, we fi~uizd no cktec~table diferences between control and burned sites for concentrations of Poii-, SO,', ca2+, ~g", K+, or pH in soil solution or slreanzwater. Thus, these prescribed restoreltion ,fires did not have a signiJicant effect on soil solution and stream chemistry or stream sediment (TSS) concentrcrtiorzs. Our resultLs .suggest that low-inter~.sity, low-severity ,fires, such us those in this .stud\/, could be used as a tool to restore vegetation structure and compo.sitiotz in these rnixecl pine-hcrrdwood eco.systems without negatively impacting water qualify. South. J. Appl. For. 29(1):5-15.
Interobserver Discrepancies in Distance Measurements from Lumbar Spine CT Scans

Lumbar spine computed tomographic (CT) scans of 10 patients were examined independently at two levels by five experienced radiologists. At each level the minimum midline sagittal diameter was measured, and at each intervertebral space the left foramen was measured for its minimum diameter. Statistically significant differences were found between the measurements of different observers, differences that in a number of cases could have led to disagreement over whether or not stenosis was present. There were reasonably strong correlations between different observers9 readings of midline sagittal diameters but generally not of foraminal diameters. Reasons for discrepancies between observers in spine CT measurements are reviewed briefly.
Advances in Studies on Phage Display Systems

Phage display is a powerful biotechnique used for screening and reconstructing functional polypeptides or proteins, which has been extensively used in a variety of fields of molecular biology, such as proteomics, cloning and sequencing of unknown genes. Four kinds of display systems have been developed so far, namely, filamentous phage, λ phage, T4 phage and T7 phage. Each system has its own advantages and disadvantages. The p Ⅲ system of filamentous phage can be used to screen high affinity ligands by univalent display; the p Ⅷ system has high copy number which is suitable for developing vaccines. The filamentous phage does not display larger proteins because of its secretion through the cell membrane. The λ and T4 systems are capable of displaying larger proteins in high copy number, but they can only be used to screen low affinity ligands. T7 phage has the ability to display small peptides in high copy number and larger peptides or proteins in low or mid-copy number, which is the best display system available.
The Influence of the Survival Rate and Fecundity of P. persimilis at Different Low Temperatures

【Objective】:The purpose of the research focuses on the influence of the survival rate and fecundity of P. persimilis in different low temperatures in hope of providing theoretical and practical basis for the application of P. persimilis. 【Method】The research was conducted under different low temperatures by the indoor observation. 【Result】The research showed that the optimum temperature of short- term storage of P. persimilis was 6℃ to 9℃,and the optimum temperature of long- term storage of P. persimilis was 6℃ to 9℃. After cold storage at 0℃ and 3℃,6℃ and 9℃ for 5 days,there was no significant influence on the fecundity. After cold storage at 0℃ for 10 days,the fecundity of P. persimilis was significantly influenced. But there was no significant influence on the fecundity at 3℃,6℃ and 9℃. On the whole,the total fecundity was increased. The fecundity of P. Persimilis was significantly decreased after cold storage at 0℃ and 9℃ for 15 and 20 days,The fecundity of P. Persimilis was a little bit increased after cold storage at 3℃ and 6℃ for 15 and 20 days. 【Conclusion】The optimum temperature of long- term storage of P. Persimilis was 6℃ to 9℃ and the optimum degree of short- term storage of P. Persimilis was 6℃.
Attributes reduction method based on limited tolerance relation in incomplete information system

The confirmation of core attribute of a decision table is always the basis of information reduction.However,most of the previous reduction methods in core attribute are for complete information system.Extending the reduction algorithm in core attribute and attribute order to incomplete information system,which was used in complete information system,this paper presented an attribute reduction algorithm based on limited tolerance relation in incomplete information system.This method obtained core attribute by constructing an improved discernable matrix of decision table in incomplete information system,and sorted the attributes which did not belong to core attribute by ability of affecting classification quality intuitively.Thus,the reduction result was ensured to be a relatively minimized reduction.This method is proved to be feasible and more effective through comparison.
GreenWeb: language extensions for energy-efficient mobile web computing

Web computing is gradually shifting toward mobile devices, in which the energy budget is severely constrained. As a result, Web developers must be conscious of energy efficiency. However, current Web languages provide developers little control over energy consumption. In this paper, we take a first step toward language-level research to enable energy-efficient Web computing. Our key motivation is that mobile systems can wisely budget energy usage if informed with user quality-of-service (QoS) constraints. To do this, programmers need new abstractions. We propose two language abstractions, QoS type and QoS target, to capture two fundamental aspects of user QoS experience. We then present GreenWeb, a set of language extensions that empower developers to easily express the QoS abstractions as program annotations. As a proof of concept, we develop a GreenWeb runtime, which intelligently determines how to deliver specified user QoS expectation while minimizing energy consumption. Overall, GreenWeb shows significant energy savings (29.2% ∼ 66.0%) over Android’s default Interactive governor with few QoS violations. Our work demonstrates a promising first step toward language innovations for energy-efficient Web computing.