cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural and Biophysical Characterization of Human Cytochromes P450 2B6 and 2A6 Bound to Volatile Hydrocarbons: Analysis and Comparison.

X-ray crystal structures of complexes of cytochromes CYP2B6 and CYP2A6 with the monoterpene sabinene revealed two distinct binding modes in the active sites. In CYP2B6, sabinene positioned itself with the putative oxidation site located closer to the heme iron. In contrast, sabinene was found in an alternate conformation in the more compact CYP2A6, where the larger hydrophobic side chains resulted in a significantly reduced active-site cavity. Furthermore, results from isothermal titration calorimetry indicated a much more substantial contribution of favorable enthalpy to sabinene binding to CYP2B6 as opposed to CYP2A6, consistent with the previous observations with (+)-α-pinene. Structural analysis of CYP2B6 complexes with sabinene and the structurally similar (3)-carene and comparison with previously solved structures revealed how the movement of the F206 side chain influences the volume of the binding pocket. In addition, retrospective analysis of prior structures revealed that ligands containing –Cl and –NH functional groups adopted a distinct orientation in the CYP2B active site compared with other ligands. This binding mode may reflect the formation of Cl-π or NH-π bonds with aromatic rings in the active site, which serve as important contributors to protein-ligand binding affinity and specificity. Overall, the findings from multiple techniques illustrate how drugs metabolizing CYP2B6 and CYP2A6 handle a common hydrocarbon found in the environment. The study also provides insight into the role of specific functional groups of the ligand that may influence the binding to CYP2B6.
Peptide modulators of adenylyl cyclase signaling: modulation of receptor-mediated Gβγ signaling (843.6)

The objective of this study was to explore the use of lipidated peptides as peptide modulators of adenylyl cyclase signaling (PMACS). The activity of several palmitoylated PMACS on adenylyl cyclase...
2D-Liquids and Solids in Strong Magnetic Fields

The competition between liquid and solid states of strongly correlated electron systems occurs in a novel way in a strong magnetic field. The occurrence of the incompressible states responsible for the fractional quantum Hall effect results in causes the liquid state to be reentrant with increasing magnetic field. A number of experimental anomolies have been observed near the Landau level filling factors where the transition is expected. We discuss the possibility of using dynamic probes of the electron system to provide conclusive evidence that these anomolies are associated with crossing the liquid-solid phase boundary.
Sustainable Polyesters Derived from Glucose and Castor Oil: Building Block Structure Impacts Properties

Using the glucose derivatives isosorbide and glucarodilactone along with a castor oil derivative, 10-undecenoyl chloride, two monomers were synthesized: glucarodilactone undecenoate (GDLU) and isosorbide undecenoate (IU). These monomers were polymerized via acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization to yield two homopolymers, P(GDLU) and P(IU), and two copolymers, P1(GDLU-co-IU) and P2(GDLU-co-IU), of similar number-averaged molecular weight and relative composition (51 and 61 kDa, Đ = 1.8 and 1.4, 46:54 and 52:48 mol percent). Comparison of the physical properties and degradation behavior of these polymers revealed divergent characteristics arising from differences in the nature of the carbohydrate building blocks. P(IU) is more thermally stable and has a lower glass transition temperature (Td = 369 °C, Tg = −10 °C) than P(GDLU) (Td = 206 °C, Tg = 32 °C) and P1,2(GDLU-co-IU) (Td = 210 and 203 °C, Tg = 1 and 7 °C). While all of the polymers were stable in acidic and neutral aqueous conditions, the tw...
Thought of Relations Formed through Geographical Links in Military Science of Sun Tzu

Under the circumstances of ancient low military technology,the relations formed through geographical links imposed important or decisive influence on warfare.In Military Science of Sun Tzu,the element of relations formed through geographical links is objectively analyzed on how to employ it in military preparation and enforcement,and it is the first time that it has been systematically summarized.The thought of relations formed through geographical links in Military Science of Sun Tzu is reflected in military,diplomatic,economic and psychological fields.To be specific,they are "Even marching from a distance of a thousand li,you can kill his general",that is,the strategic thought of relations formed through geographical links."An army manages its victory in accordance with the ground."that is,the tactics thought of relations formed through geographical links."Put the army in desperate ground and they will live."that is,the psychological thought of relations formed through geographical links."In focal ground,ally with neighboring states."that is,the diplomatic thought of relations formed through geographical links." Carry military equipment from the homeland,but rely on the enemy for provisions."that is,the economic thought of relations formed through geographical links.
Questionnaire Survey on Rabies Prevention knowledge among The Level III Exposed People of Rabies

[Objective]To understand the status of rabies prevention knowledge among people exposed to rabies of level Ⅲ,and provide effective evidence for developing rabies health education plan. [Methods]The people exposed to rabies of level Ⅲ were investigated about rabies prevention knowledge in rabies exposure disposal outpatient service. [Results]The average rate of rabies prevention knowledge among investigators was 78.4%. [Conclusion]Relevant departments should enhance propaganda,expand publicity range.The extensive publicity and popularization of rabies prevention knowledge should attract more attentions.It is necessary to improve the general knowledge about the rabies prevention,to curb the occurrence of rabies and outbreak rising trend.
Understanding Decision-Making in Specialized Domestic Violence Courts Can Contemporary Theoretical Frameworks Help Guide These Decisions?

This study fills a gap in the literature by exploring the utility of contemporary courtroom theoretical frameworks-uncertainty avoidance, causal attribution, and focal concerns-for explaining decision-making in specialized domestic violence courts. Using data from two specialized domestic violence courts, this study explores the predictors of prosecutorial and judicial decision-making and the extent to which these factors are congruent with theoretical frameworks often used in studies of court processing. Findings suggest that these theoretical frameworks only partially help explain decision-making in the courts under study. A discussion of the findings and implications for future research is provided.
Olfactory bulb connectomics: a silver lining

In high-throughput electron microscopy, a simple method to reduce artifacts helps reveal the architecture of circuits in the developing zebrafish olfactory bulb.
Global Establishmentism in Theoretical Perspective

Networks of private and public elites, or ‘establishments’, have been constructed in national political economies across the world. These national establishments, in turn, have become more transnational in their structure and processes. Increasingly, the establishments of the North have meshed with each other across national borders, ratcheted their power up to the global level, and drawn the establishments of the South into their fold. In brief, a single Global Establishment has emerged, which links the economic and political elites of developed capitalist countries and those of underdeveloped capitalist countries into a web of mutual benefit. This integration, however, has been of dubious benefit to the nonestablished.
High strain rate embossing with copper plate

Embossed parts, that contain a number of features, are desired for a range of components, such as, heat exchangers, bipolar plates, micro-reactors, and micro-fluidics. A comparison of low strain rate embossing and high strain rate embossing was investigated in this study. High strain rate deformation at the embossed surface induced quatitatively different properties than those on a quasi-statically formed part. A commercial hand file was chosen as a simple and available die surface due to its high hardness and relatively fine features. Commercially pure copper (110) was embossed using four methods: quasi-static (static, low strain rate), magnetic pulse (MP, high strain rate), direct vaporizing foil actuator (direct VFA, high strain rate), and urethane-assisted vaporizing foil actuator (urethane VFA, high strain rate). Embossed depth, mechanical properties, and microstructure evolution were studied for both low strain rate embossing and high strain rate embossing. The results showed that generally better conformity to the die features and higher surface hardness were achieved with high strain rate embossing, in part because higher pressures could be developed with these methods. The study of the microstructure revealed that besides the grain size and shape change, significant twinning appeared along the deformed surface in high strain rate embossed parts. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed to study the resultant microstructure.
Religious Exemptions to Neutral Laws of General Applicability and the Theory of Disparate Impact Discrimination

This Article argues that the theory undergirding religious exemptions to neutral laws of general applicability represents a viable theoretical and legal justification for race-based disparate-impact policies such as Title VII. Though not always expressly stated as such, one can best understand the theory underpinning the exemptions approach to religious free exercise as a paradigm of disparate impact discrimination. Similar to disparate-impact discrimination in the context of race and employment policy, the statutory level serves as the domain of execution for religious-based models of disparate impact. Just as Washington v. Davis relegated remedies for race-based disparate impact in employment to the statutory level, the Court’s ruling in Employment Division v. Smithserved the same function in the context of religion. However, in sharp contrast to Title VII and the paradigm of race-based disparate impact in the context of employment, the Supreme Court has not evinced hostility toward disparate-impact legislation in the context of religious free exercise; it has not found a tension between the positive right to be judged as an individual and the tendency of Congress and other legislative bodies to engage in explicitly religious-conscious decision-making. Constitutionally speaking, there is no tenable method of differentiating between race-conscious and religious-conscious decision-making. Because there is no legitimate method of constitutional differentiation here, and because the Court has not interpreted the legal-theoretical model of religious exemptions as offending the Equal Protection Clause, this Article posits that the theory undergirding religious exemptions to neutral laws of general applicability represents a viable theoretical and legal justification for race-based disparate-impact policies such as Title VII.
Principles of Target-Controlled Infusions

Volume and clearance are the basic physiological concepts underlying target-controlled infusions (TCI) of intravenous anesthetic drugs. Following intravenous injection, drug is distributed within the body’s volume of distribution, as shown in Fig. 8.1. The volume of distribution is the volume of the blood or plasma, along with whatever other tissues contribute to the initial dilution of the drug (e.g., the lungs). Volume usually has units of liters. Clearance describes the physiological process by which drug is removed from the blood, plasma, or tissue. The arrows in Fig. 8.2 show the flow of blood in and out of the clearing organ, typically the liver for most anesthetic drugs. The clearance is the rate of flow times the fraction removed by the liver. If the liver removes all of the drug, as is the case for propofol, then clearance equals liver blood flow. The liver removes about half of the fentanyl that flows in. The clearance of fentanyl is thus about half of liver blood flow. Clearance has units of flow, typically liters per hour or milliliters per minute.
Activity-Dependent Synaptic Refinement: New Insights from Drosophila .

During development neurons establish inappropriate connections as they seek out their synaptic partners, resulting in supernumerary synapses that must be pruned away. The removal of miswired synapses usually involves electrical activity, often through a Hebbian spike-timing mechanism. A novel form of activity-dependent refinement is used by Drosophila that may be non-Hebbian, and is critical for generating the precise connectivity observed in that system. In Drosophila, motoneurons use both glutamate and the biogenic amine octopamine for neurotransmission, and the muscle fibers receive multiple synaptic inputs. Motoneuron growth cones respond in a time-regulated fashion to multiple chemotropic signals arising from their postsynaptic partners. Central to this mechanism is a very low frequency (<0.03Hz) oscillation of presynaptic cytoplasmic Ca, that regulates and coordinates the action of multiple downstream effectors involved in the withdrawal from off-target contacts. Low frequency Ca oscillations are widely observed in developing neural circuits in mammals, and have been shown to be critical for normal connectivity in a variety of neural systems. In Drosophila these mechanisms allow the growth cone to sample widely among possible synaptic partners, evaluate opponent chemotropic signals, and withdraw from off-target contacts. It is possible that the underlying molecular mechanisms are conserved widely among invertebrates and vertebrates.
Low Cost and High Concurrency ID Maker in Distributed Environment

In many practical computer engineering projects, will use the ID as a unique identifier. Many methods to generate ID, but it is not easy to choose a cost-effective solution. Through the improved ID method to generate common defects, ID manufacturing is to build a high performance and low cost, for rapid generation of distributed only under the environment of ID.
A model of the common-sense theory of intention and personal causation

Certain general properties of man's ability to interpret the actions of other persons are discussed. Some distinguishing features of this common-sense theory include the nature of the modal operators of Can and Try, the asymmetry of implication, and the capacity to embed models within models. The structure of a proposed model of this naive theory of personal causation is presented. This model arrives at a specific interpretation of another's actions by showing that these actions represent a possible path to a particular goal that is consistent with the axioms of the belief system's theory of human motivation and personality organization.
Cultivating youth resilience to prevent bullying and cyberbullying victimization.

Abstract In an effort to better prevent and respond to bullying and cyberbullying, schools are recognizing a need to focus on positive youth development. One often-neglected developmental construct in this rubric is resilience , which can help students successfully respond to the variety of challenges they face. Enhancing this internal competency can complement the ever-present efforts of schools as they work to create a safe and supportive learning environment by shaping the external environment around the child. Based on a national sample of 1204 American youth between the ages of 12 and 17, we explore the relationship between resilience and experience with bullying and cyberbullying. We also examine whether resilient youth who were bullied (at school and online) were less likely to be significantly impacted at school. Results show resilience is a potent protective factor, both in preventing experience with bullying and mitigating its effect. Implications for school and community-based interventions are offered.
A Pilot Study of Stress System Activation in Children Enrolled in a Targeted Prevention Program: Implications for Personalization

Empirically validated interventions addressing childhood psychological problems are now readily available, but success likely depends in part on accurately identifying which children will benefit from which intervention. This pilot study examined the stress activation and response system, first as a way to differentiate high versus low-risk children, and second to explore indicators of the stress system associated with favorable intervention response. Method. Participants (N = 43, 58% male) were school-aged children who qualified for inclusion in the Early Risers “Skills for Success” Prevention Program based on their elevated levels of aggressive and/or socially withdrawn behavior and a normally developing comparison group. Compared to the normally developing group, children who were participants in the intervention exhibited a more blunted cortisol response to the stress paradigm. However, for the children in the intervention group, elevated cortisol levels at the start of the stress paradigm were concurrently associated with internalizing problems and predictive of improvement in internalizing problems over time. These findings provide preliminary evidence that hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis biological variables may be helpful tools for identifying children who would benefit from intervention and personalizing interventions.
Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction: sphincter of Oddi dysfunction or discordance? What is the state of the art in 2018?

Purpose of review To review important manuscripts published over the previous 2 years relative to sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD). Recent findings The long-term outcomes of the Evaluating Predictors and Interventions of SOD (EPISOD) trial further substantiated results from the initial EPISOD study, reinforcing that neither endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-manometry nor endoscopic sphincterotomy are appropriate for SOD type III. Pain management in the latter patients has reverted to neuromodulating agents, and recent studies have suggested a role for duloxetine and potentially acupuncture. The functional role of the sphincter of Oddi has been reiterated with a report demonstrating a higher clinically significant pancreatic fistula rate in distal pancreatectomy patients treated with higher doses of postoperative narcotics. Moreover, the injection of periampullary botulinum toxin preoperatively has been shown to decrease these fistulas in a pilot trial. Additional studies have reinforced that eluxadoline can cause sphincter of Oddi spasm and pancreatitis. In contrast to approaching patients with acute relapsing pancreatitis using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and manometry, previous and current studies suggest that endoscopic ultrasound should be done first and the role of SOD in idiopathic acute relapsing pancreatitis remains controversial. Finally, there remain widespread disparities in practice patterns in the approach to patients currently classified as SOD type II. Summary In contrast to historical manuscripts which stress the classical definitions of three types of SOD and their consequences, more recent manuscripts on this topic have focused on improving surgical outcomes based on the physiologic role of sphincter of Oddi, as well as the pharmacologic causes and treatments of SOD. The simplistic view that SOD, however it has been diagnosed, requires biliary or dual sphincterotomy is just that, simplistic and potentially misguided.
Who’s Next: Evaluating Attrition with Machine Learning Algorithms and Survival Analysis

Every business deals with employees who voluntarily resign, retire, or are let go. In other words, they have employee turnover. Employee turnover, also known as attrition can be detrimental if highly valued employees decide to leave at an unexpected time. This paper aims to find the employee(s) that are most at risk of attrition by first identifying them as someone who will leave. Second, identify if their department increases the probability of them leaving. And third, identify the individual probability of the employee leaving at a given time. This paper found Logistic regression to consistently perform well in attrition classification compared to other Machine Learning models. Kaplan-Meier survival function is applied to identify the department with the highest risk. An attempt is also made to identify the individual risk of an employee leaving using Cox proportional hazard. Using these methods, we were able to achieve two of the three goals identified.
Roman Ingarden’s Philosophical Legacy and My Departure from it: The Creative Freedom of the Possible Worlds

Roman Ingarden, the great scholar and master of some among us, who has laid down for his disciples a work-foundation, and who has not only inspired us by the absolute faithfulness to the demands of reality but who has also maintained for decades our faithful allegiance to this task, is no longer among us. This volume is to commemorate the 20th anniversary of his death. The scrupulous and indefatigable work, which he has accomplished and left behind, has a specific significance for us and contains some irreducible factors relevant to all tendencies and trends of philosophy. This becomes more evident if we review the various stages in which the knowledge of his work has been spreading. The path which it took leads from the early book reviews, through the period of his total absence from the scene of Western Europe, which was dominated since 1945 by an environment uncongenial to his own eidetic interpretation of phenomenology, up to his later breakthrough, emphasized by an homage paid to him in the For Roman Ingarden, Festschrift of 1959,1 which brought attention to his then still linguistically inaccessible work and which culminated in his later international successes, manifested by the German edition of his main works and his lecturing throughout Europe and the United States.
EDF goodness-of-fit tests based on centre-outward ordering

ABSTRACTThe Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test, the Cramer-von Mises (CvM) test, and the Anderson-Darling (AD) test are widely used goodness-of-fit tests based on the empirical distribution function (EDF...
Immunohistochemistry with a pan-TRK antibody distinguishes secretory carcinoma of the salivary gland from acinic cell carcinoma

AIMS Secretory carcinoma (previously known as mammary analogue secretory carcinoma) is characterised by ETV6 rearrangements, most often ETV6-NTRK3 fusion. Given its histological overlap with other salivary gland tumours, secretory carcinoma can be difficult to diagnose without genetic confirmation. A recently developed pan-TRK antibody shows promise for identifying tumours with NTRK fusions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of pan-TRK immunohistochemistry in distinguishing secretory carcinoma from mimics. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined whole-tissue sections from 86 tumours, including 14 secretory carcinomas (12 parotid primaries and one buccal primary, and one metastasis; five with ETV6 rearrangement confirmed by fluorescence in-situ hybridisation, and one with ETV6-NTRK3 fusion and one with ETV6-RET fusion detected by targeted sequencing), 14 acinic cell carcinomas, 18 polymorphous adenocarcinomas, 20 low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas, and 20 pleomorphic adenomas. Immunohistochemistry was performed with a pan-TRK rabbit monoclonal antibody. Pan-TRK staining was detected in nine (64%) secretory carcinomas, all with a nuclear pattern and four with diffuse staining (>50% of cells). Among other tumour types, pan-TRK immunoreactivity was observed in all (100%) pleomorphic adenomas (particularly myoepithelial cell-rich, myxoid areas), 15 (83%) polymorphous adenocarcinomas, and four (20%) low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinomas, all with predominantly membranous/cytoplasmic immunoreactivity; only six cases showed focal (<10%) nuclear staining. All acinic cell carcinomas were entirely negative. CONCLUSIONS Although pan-TRK expression is not entirely sensitive or specific for secretory carcinoma, nuclear staining distinguishes secretory carcinoma from mimics. Acinic cell carcinomas are negative for pan-TRK, though membranous expression of TRK is common in other salivary gland neoplasms. The lack of pan-TRK immunoreactivity in a subset of secretory carcinomas may suggest non-NTRK fusion partners.
Complementary Waveforms for Sidelobe Suppression and Radar Polarimetry

In this chapter, the focus is on the use and control of degrees of freedom in the radar illumination pattern and presented examples to highlight the value of properly utilizing degrees of freedom. It has been shown that by coordinating the transmission of Golay complementary waveforms in time (or exploiting waveform agility over time) according to carefully designed biphase sequences, and pulse trains whose ambiguity functions have desired properties can be constructed. It has also been shown that by combining Alamouti coding and Golay complementary property unitary polarization-time waveform matrices that make the full polarization scattering matrix of a target available for detection on a pulse-by-pulse basis can be constructed. Looking to the future, unitary waveform matrices as a new illumination paradigm that enables broad waveform adaptability across time, space, frequency and polarization.
Distinct Roles of Broadly Expressed Repressors Support Dynamic Enhancer Action and Change in Time

Summary How broadly expressed repressors regulate gene expression is incompletely understood. To gain insight, we investigated how Suppressor of Hairless—Su(H)—and Runt regulate expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist short-gastrulation via the sog_Distal enhancer. A live imaging protocol was optimized to capture this enhancer’s spatiotemporal output throughout the early Drosophila embryo, finding in this context that Runt regulates transcription initiation, Su(H) regulates transcription rate, and both factors control spatial expression. Furthermore, whereas Su(H) functions as a dedicated repressor, Runt temporally switches from repressor to activator. Our results demonstrate that broad repressors play temporally distinct roles and contribute to dynamic gene expression. Both Run and Su(H)’s ability to influence the spatiotemporal domains of gene expression may serve to counterbalance activators and function in this manner as important regulators of the maternal-to-zygotic transition in early embryos.
Staged endovascular reconstruction of complex traumatic intracranial carotid artery dissection

A 32-year-old-woman presented with traumatic facial injuries from a horseback riding incident. She was found to have a Glasgow Coma Score of 3T, left eyelid ptosis with a fixed-dilated pupil and a flaccid right upper extremity. CT angiogram of the head showed complex craniofacial injuries, including a transverse fracture transecting the clivus and the left petrous temporal bone, with SAH in the suprasellar cistern. There was a bilateral engorgement of the superior ophthalmic veins, suggestive of bilateral CCF formations. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) showed a left petrocavernous internal carotid artery dissection (ICAD). MRI of the brain demonstrated multiple embolic infarcts in the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory, despite therapeutic anticoagulation with heparin. Follow-up DSA 1 week later showed bilateral multifocal internal carotid artery (ICA) and vertebral artery dissections, bilateral direct CCFs and cavernous ICA PAs. Because of progressing morphological distortion (figure 1), a flexible LVIS Jr. stent was placed at the anterior genu of the left cavernous ICA to provide a scaffold for the more rigid 3.5×20.0 mm self-expanding Wingspan stent (petrous ICA to distal cavernous ICA), covering the neck of the PA followed by its coil embolisation. Five days after coiling, a 5 mm residual sac was noted in the PA with extension of the left ICAD up to the ICA terminus (figure 2). The latter was treated with another 3.5×23.0 mm LVIS Jr. stent (from left the M1 MCA up to the dural junction of the left ICA). Eleven days after coiling, the PA had increased up to 15×14 mm and was treated with three PED …
Chapter 36 – Nutrition and Colon Cancer

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and third leading cause of cancer death. Epidemiologic evidence from migrant populations indicates that environmental risk factors, such as diet, are primarily responsible in the etiology of colorectal cancer. In this chapter we discuss five categories of foods as well as dietary patterns and consider their potential impact on colon cancer risk. The categories include fruits, vegetables, and legumes; meats; milk and dairy foods; whole grains; and nonnutritive beverages. For each category of food, we consider proposed mechanisms for how the foods may influence cancer risk, then review animal studies, epidemiologic studies, and, to the extent possible, intervention trials with foods within the category. Further, we focus on studies using whole foods as opposed to isolated compounds from foods. Although there are some highly encouraging findings, there is no strongly convincing evidence of protection against colon cancer for any food category at present.
Latitudinal gradients in population growth do not reflect demographic responses to climate.

Spatial gradients in population growth, such as across latitudinal or elevational gradients, are often assumed to primarily be driven by variation in climate, and are frequently used to infer species' responses to climate change. Here, we use a novel demographic, mixed model approach to dissect the contributions of climate variables vs. other latitudinal or local site effects on spatiotemporal variation in population performance in three perennial bunchgrasses. For all three species, we find that performance of local populations decreases with warmer and drier conditions, despite latitudinal trends of decreasing population growth towards the cooler and wetter northern portion of each species' range. Thus, latitudinal gradients in performance are not predictive of either local or species-wide responses to climate. This pattern could be common, as many environmental drivers, such as habitat quality or species' interactions, are likely to vary with latitude or elevation, and thus influence or oppose climate responses.
Nontargeted Hepatitis C Screening in an Urban Emergency Department in New York City.

Abstract Background Previously the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended targeted hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening for adults born between 1945 and 1965 and individuals with HCV risk factors. In April 2020, the CDC updated their recommendations to now include all individuals 18 years of age and older in settings with HCV prevalence > 0.1%. Few emergency departments (EDs) currently employ this nontargeted screening approach. Objectives We examined how a shift from targeted to nontargeted screening might affect HCV case identification. We hypothesized that nontargeted screening could improve HCV case identification in our ED. Methods Retrospective review of prospectively collected nontargeted screening data from June 6, 2018 to June 5, 2019 in a large urban academic ED. Patients 18 years of age and older, triaged to the adult or pediatric ED and able to provide consent for HCV testing, were eligible for study inclusion. Results There were 83,864 ED visits and 40,282 unique patients deemed eligible for HCV testing. Testing occurred in 10,630 (26.4%) patients, of which 638 (6%) had positive HCV antibody (Ab+) tests and 214 (2%) had a positive viral load (VL+). Birth cohort-targeted screening would have identified 48% of the patients with Ab+ tests and 47% of those who were VL+. Risk-based targeted screening would increase the number of Ab+ patients to 67% and VL+ to 72%. Conclusions Nontargeted ED-based HCV screening can identify a large number of patients with HCV infection. A shift from targeted to nontargeted screening may result in fewer missed infections but requires further study.
The guise of the good in Leibniz

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz endorses a version of the guise of the good thesis: he holds that whenever we do something intentionally, we do it because it seems good to us. This paper explores Leibniz...
Chalcogen Nanowires: Synthesis and Properties

We have demonstrated a variety of solution-phase approaches for the synthesis of 1- dimensional nanostructures from chalcogens such as Se and Te. These nanostructures include uniform, single crystalline nanowires and nanorods (lateral dimensions from 10 to 1000 nm, and lengths ranging from 2 to >100 νm). These nanostructures grew via a solid-solution-solid transformation mechanism, in which Se and Te atoms were transported from the less stable source (amorphous colloids) into the more stable product (trigonal phase nanocrystallites). The nanocrystallites (or seeds) were formed either through temperature driven homogeneous nucleation or by sonochemical cavitation. As directed by the highly anisotropic crystal structure, the growth could be confined to one particular direction. These nanowires could be prepared both as dispersions in various solvents or as networked arrays on solid supports.
Membership vote for party leadership changes: Electoral effects and the causal mechanisms behind

Abstract Political parties in parliamentary democracies have increasingly democratized their leadership selection processes, incorporating the votes of party members. Despite generating numerous headlines, there has been a relative dearth of cross-national scholarly work on the electoral effects of selectorate expansion and the causal mechanisms behind them. This study fills this gap in the literature. Using observational data from eleven parliamentary democracies, we show that parties using membership selection can expect a polling boost when compared to those using more exclusive mechanisms. However, membership selection does not affect electoral performance. Nevertheless, our crossnational analyses and results from a survey experiment from Australia suggest that incorporating members generates excitement, demonstrates an openness to new ideas, and can be a signal of leader work ethic and a commitment to the democratic process, increasing leader legitimacy. We discuss the disconnect between these positive evaluations and the lack of electoral effects, and suggest possible strategies for parties to improve their electoral standing.
Modelling the sequential behaviours of simultaneous predator and prey patch use

Models investigating predator–prey games often fix one player's behaviour while allowing the other to make patch use choices. Here, we use adaptive dynamics to model changes in behavioural rates of a predator and prey, while explicitly allowing both to make decisions simultaneously. Our model focuses on a two-patch situation. The prey can move between an open patch, allowing for energy intake but also predation risk, and a refuge with no possibility of energy intake or predation risk. The predator can move between that patch, where it can attack prey, and an alternative patch that provides a fixed rate of energy intake, and consequently imposes a missed opportunity cost (MOC) of using the focal patch. The model predicts how the rates of movement by the players are influenced by specific parameters, including the predator's lethality and MOC, as well as the information available to the players. For example, our model predicts that the time a prey takes to emerge from its refuge and the time a predator waits for the prey to emerge depend on the sequence of events leading to the prey entering the refuge. For instance, the predator would leave the patch more quickly and the prey would emerge from the refuge more quickly if the prey entered the refuge after a failed attack rather than as part of its time allocation.
Social-cognitive predictors of readiness to use evidence-based practice: A survey of state vocational rehabilitation counselors

Evidence-based practice (EBP) is receiving increased attention from vocational rehabilitation (VR) professionals as the demand for accountability in rehabilitation and healthcare systems expands. The purpose of the current study was to determine the level of understanding VR professionals have of EBP with specific attention to perceived self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, barriers, and readiness to use evidence in current practice. Data were collected from 396 rehabilitation counselors, who were recruited from four state VR agencies. Results indicate self-efficacy and outcome expectancy were positively associated with readiness to use EBP, and agency barriers and personal barriers were negatively related to readiness to use EBP. These social- cognitive predictors accounted for 44% of the variance in the stages of change scores, and outcome expectancy was the most significant predictor after controlling for the effect of perceived self-efficacy and barriers. To increase EBP among rehabilitation counselors, efforts should focus on increasing self-efficacy and outcome expectancy of EBP.
7 – The isolated drop on an impermeable surface

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the structure of the drop on an impermeable surface. Observation confirms that some drops do not spread continuously, but instead reach an equilibrium size and shape on a surface. Surface tension plays an important role here. Much emphasis is laid on the analysis of the static drop and then it is considered how the drop spreads to the static shape. The drop has a surface tension and it has its interaction with the solid surface that it sits on. The problem lies in two somewhat related issues. First, the usual hydrodynamic assumption of no slip between the liquid and the underlying solid boundary cannot hold along the moving contact line, because the boundary between the liquid and the solid is obviously in motion. The second problem arises from the observation that when a drop spreads the apparent slope of the free surface at the contact boundary, it does not follow from the static contact angle constraint. Instead, there appears to be a dynamic contact angle, which depends upon the rate of spreading.
Protein kinase inhibitor, H-7, directly affects N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channels.

Abstract Compounds commonly used to modify protein phosphorylation have been found to interact directly with K channels, Ca channels, and acetylcholine receptor channels. We report that a general protein kinase inhibitor, H-7, directly affects N- methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors independent of protein kinase activity. Single-channel records in the presence of H-7 have fewer bursts of activity, and the currents are interrupted in a voltage-dependent manner by brief closures. Hippocampal whole-cell currents induced by NMDA are not decreased by H-7, in part, because the single-channel currents have longer burst lengths that compensate for the brief closures.
Audit Lags and Taxpayer Compliance: A Simple Intertemporal Model

Conventional analyses oftaxpayer behaviorpredictthat individuals will fulfill their tax obligations completely if and only if the expected net gain from tax evasion is zero or negative. In practice, however, taxpayers commonly pay their full taxes despite what appears to be a strong financial incentive for noncompliance. A simple intertemporal model based on audit lags helps to resolve the discrepancy between theory and practice by showing that full compliance may indeed be utility maximizing despite the expectation of positive net gains from evasion, depending upon the taxpayer's future income, propensity for saving, and degree of risk aversion. (H26, D81)
Diffusion from A Continuous Source in Relation to A Finite Observation Interval

This paper presents a brief summary of the author's previous analysis of turbulent diffusion for a finite observation interval and also some extension of it. The average rate of diffusion of particles from afixedpoint is expressed as a function of the dispersion time and the observation time, for the special type of the Lagrangian velocity correlation function that has been derived from Kolmogoroffs similarity theory. The result indicates that the meansquare dispersion proceeds as time cubed, when the dispersion time is equal to the observation time. The influence of finite sampling period on the mean concentration in smoke plumes is also discussed.
Studies on the nutrition of indian cereals

Studies on the uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus were carried out in an early paddy variety N22 on a medium loam soil at Govt. Research Farm, Kanpur. Plant samples above soil surface were collected and analysed for the above mentioned nutrients. The salient results emerging out of these investigations are as under:
The amyloid beta-protein precursor promoter. A region essential for transcriptional activity contains a nuclear factor binding domain

A manifestation of Alzheimer's disease is the presence of amyloid depositions in brains of afflicted individuals. A major component of these depositions is the amyloid beta-protein, which is a truncated form of the larger amyloid beta-protein precursor (APP). To investigate the regulation of APP gene expression, the APP promoter and selected deletions were placed 5‘ to the reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. The promoter deletions were transfected into different cell lines that showed variant levels of endogenous APP transcripts. Transient transfection assays showed that 96 base pairs 5‘ to the transcriptional start site are sufficient for cell type-specific promoter activity. A nuclear factor that binds to this region in a sequence-specific manner was identified by mobility shift electrophoresis, DNase footprinting, and methylation interference. The DNase-protected region covers about 25 base pairs on both strands (position -31 to -55). Mutations within this domain revealed a sequence of 12 base pairs that is crucial for factor binding. This sequence overlaps with the consensus sequences for transcription factors AP-1 and AP-4. However, competition experiments suggest that the nuclear factor that binds to the APP promoter is distinct from both AP-1 and AP-4. Factor binding to the characterized recognition sequence is observed in nuclear extracts originating from human, mouse, and rat cells, suggesting a high degree of conservation.
A programmable and scalable technique to design spintronic logic circuits based on magnetic tunnel junctions

Exciting developments are taking place in the field of spintronics, particularly with the advances in the fabrication and characterization of devices such as Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJ). The distinction of spintronic devices from conventional electronic devices makes it challenging to design efficient, scalable and low power logic circuits with MTJs. We propose a programmable and scalable technique to design MTJ-based logic circuits that are capable of implementing any 2-input logic truth table. We present the energy-delay trade-offs of this design with respect to circuit parameters. We also demonstrate that this circuit can be scaled to a 6-input logic function without incurring an increase in the energy consumption.
Organizational Factors Associated with Health Information Technology Adoption and Utilization Among Home Health / Hospice Agencies

Health information technology HIT adoption has been recommended as a method to improve care coordination and promote patient safety. Home health agencies can use HIT to improve coordination of care provided in multiple locations. The purposes of this study are: 1 to determine the EMR adoption rate and use of point of care technology among a US sample of 1,036 home health/hospice facilities, and 2 to identify the organizational factors associated with EMR adoption. Analyses were performed using SAS and SAS-callable SUDAAN. The study found that not-for-profit agencies, regardless of services offered, were more likely to have an EMR system. Use of point of care documentation was associated with not-for-profit status, large patient panels, and having been in business for less than 10 years. This study extends population ecology theory into innovation adoption theories by explaining possible competitive advantages of EMR adoption within home health care.
Exploiting nanotechnology to target cancer

Nanotechnology is increasingly finding use in the management of cancer. Nanoscale devices have impacted cancer biology at three levels: early detection using, for example, nanocantilevers or nanoparticles; tumour imaging using radiocontrast nanoparticles or quantum dots; and drug delivery using nanovectors and hybrid nanoparticles. This review addresses some of the major milestones in the integration of nanotechnology and cancer biology, and the future of nanoscale approaches for cancer management.
Hybrid bilayer imaging approach using single-component metal-organic precursors for high-resolution electron beam lithography

A hybrid bilayer imaging approach has been developed which uses a thin radiation sensitive, single component, metal-organic precursor film in conjunction with a thicker organic planarizing etch barrier. Upon electron beam irradiation, the metal-organic precursors are converted to a metal-oxide etch mask and the pattern can be transferred through the organic etch barrier layer using an oxygen reactive ion etch. These novel precursors can also be converted to the metal-oxide using deep ultraviolet optical irradiation or thermal baking. Therefore, a combination of blanket conversion steps followed by the patterning process can be utilized in order to reduce imaging doses. In this work, results of characterizing a titanium(n-butoxide)2(2-ethylhexanoate)2 precursor are presented due to its combined properties of hydrolytic stability and moderate sensitivity. It was found that using a blanket thermal bake step of 1, 2, and 3 minutes at 150°C prior to electron beam exposure increased the sensitivity of the materials to 200, 90, and 72 µC/cm2 respectively. However, the contrast of the material decreased from 4.40 to 2.17 as a consequence of pre-exposure thermal baking. The etching characteristics of the metal-organic precursor were also studied in ashing and silicon dioxide etching plasmas. It was found that the etch rate in the different plasmas depends strongly on the extent of conversion of the metal-organic film. Films with higher extents of conversion to the metal-oxide provide higher etch resistance in general. The patterning capability with these metal-organic precursors is demonstrated on top of both silicon substrates and hard baked novolac films.
Particle physics: Song of the electroweak penguin

An unexpected imbalance in how particles containing the heaviest quarks decay might reveal exotic influences — and perhaps help to explain why matter, rather than antimatter, dominates the Universe. The near disappearance of antimatter - predicted to have formed in equal quantities to matter in the Big Bang - is one of the reasons why life can even exist. A prerequisite for understanding the elimination of antimatter is the nonconservation of charge-parity (CP) symmetry. A paper from the Belle Collaboration, a large-scale experiment running at the 'B factory' electron-positron collider at the KEK high-energy physics laboratory in Japan, has tackled this thorny matter of fundamental physics by using 535 million B meson/anti-B meson pairs to measure CP-violating asymmetries. Previous work had suggested a difference in the decay of charged and neutral particles - an asymmetry in the decay rate of about +7% for charged B mesons and -10% for neutral B mesons. The new study reduces uncertainty on the charged particle decay rate asymmetry by a factor of 1.7, providing stronger evidence for a large deviation in direct CP violation between charged and neutral B meson decays.