cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symmetric Lie Algebras

Lie Rootsysrems R are introduced, with axioms which reflect properties of the rootset of a Lie algebra L as structured by representations of compatible simple restricted rank I subquotients of L. The rank 1 Lie rootsystems and the rank 2 Lie rootsystems defined over H, are classified up to isomorphism. Base. closure and core are discussed. The rootsystems of collapse on passage from R to Core R are shown to be of type S,,. Given any Lie rootsystem R, its independent root pairs are shown to fall into eleven classes. Where the eleventh (anomoly) pair Tz never occurs, it is shown that R is contained in R, + S (not always equal), where R, is a Witr rootsystem and S is a classical roolsystem. This result is of major importance to two papers (D. J. Winter, Generalized classicallAlberttZassenhaus Lie algebras, to appear; Rootsystems of simple Lie algebras, to appear), since it implies that the rootsystems of the simple nonclassical Lie algebras considered there are Witt rootsystems. Toral Lie algebras and swmetric Lie algehrus are introduced and studied as generalizations of classical-Albert&Zassenhaus Lie algebras. It is shown that their rootsystems are Lie rootsystems. The cores of toral Lie algebras are shown to be classical-Albert-Zassenhaus Lie algebras. These results form the basis for the abovementioned papers on rootsystems of simple Lie algebras and the classification of the rootsystems of two larger classes of Lie algebras, the generalized classical-Albert-Zassenhaus Lie algebras and the classical-AlbertPZassenhaus-Kaplansky Lie algebras. Symmetric Lie algebras are introduced as generalizations of classicallAlbertZassenhaus Lie algebras. It is shown that their rootsets R are Lie rootsystems. Consequently, symmetric Lie algebras can be studied locally using the classification of rank 2 Lie rootsystems. This is done in detail for [oraL Lie algebras. i“ 1985 Academsc
NMR-Based Conformational Ensembles Explain pH-Gated Opening and Closing of OmpG Channel

The outer membrane protein G (OmpG) is a monomeric 33 kDa 14-stranded β-barrel membrane protein functioning as a nonspecific porin for the uptake of oligosaccharides in Escherichia coli. Two different crystal structures of OmpG obtained at different values of pH suggest a pH-gated pore opening mechanism. In these structures, extracellular loop 6 extends away from the barrel wall at neutral pH but is folded back into the pore lumen at low pH, blocking transport through the pore. Loop 6 was invisible in a previously published solution NMR structure of OmpG in n-dodecylphosphocholine micelles, presumably due to conformational exchange on an intermediate NMR time scale. Here we present an NMR paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE)-based approach to visualize the conformational dynamics of loop 6 and to calculate conformational ensembles that explain the pH-gated opening and closing of the OmpG channel. The different loop conformers detected by the PRE ensemble calculations were validated by disulfide cross...
Calorimetric analysis of antifreeze glycoproteins of the polar fish, Dissostichus mawsoni.

Solutions of antifreeze glycoproteins 1 through 5 and 8 were analyzed for activity by differential scanning calorimetry. With a scan rate of 1°C min −1 , antifreeze glycoproteins 1–5 (20 mg/ml) revealed antifreeze activity with a delay in the freeze exotherm during cooling in the presence of ice. Antifreeze glycoprotein 8 (60 mg/ml), however, did not reveal antifreeze activity. When a 0.1°C min −1 scan rate was used, glycoproteins 1–5 again yielded a delay in the freeze onset, but the exotherm consisted of multiple events. At the slower scan glycoprotein 8 revealed an initial freeze followed by multiple exothermic events resembling those of glycoproteins 1–5. Thermograms exhibiting antifreeze activity had an initial shoulder in the exotherm direction upon cooling followed by a delay before the exotherm. The shoulders were correlated with c -axis-formula> ice growth observed in visual methods. The glycoprotein antifreezes had a linear increase in activity with decreased ice content.
ON SEXUAL AGGLUTINATION AND MATING-TYPE SUBSTANCES IN ISOGAMOUS DIOECIOUS CHLAMYDOMONADS. III. THE SENSITIVITY OF SEX CELL CONTACT TO VARIOUS ENZYMES'

The components responsible for sex cell contact in dioecious Chlamydomnonas species have been characterized by their sensitivity to enzymes. The mating-type substances, which are glycoprotein complexes according to the analysis of the corresponding isoagglutinins, were incubated with proteases, glycosidases, and with sulfatase. An enzyme may or may not affect both gamete types of a species or it may discriminate between the sexes, eliminating one mating-type activity only. In no case was an incapacitation of a given gamete type based upon the detachment of the proper contact component as an isoagglutinin or as a functionally univalent structure with a specific receptor-blocking power against the complementary type. Inactivating enzymes seem to interfere with the surface configuration essential for gamete contact or to eliminate actual contact sites. The compilation of data for six taxa reveals a complex sensitivity pattem of the gametes' agglutinability. Two types of interactions appear to occur. In C. reinhardti and C. chlamydogama the contact mechanism seems to depend on an interaction between two proteinaceous structures. In C. eugametos and C. moewusii definite proof was obtained for a contact based upon a carbohydrate-protein interaction. In the (+) sexes of C. eugametos and C. moewusii syngen 11, a-glycosidically bound terminal mannose residues are essential for the contact. Neither ,-galactosidase, neuraminidase, or sulfatase incapacitate the mating-type substances in situ. THE MOLECULAR BASIS and mechanism of sex cell contact were studied in the mating-type reaction of isogamous dioecious Chlamydomonas species. This surface-to-surface interaction initiating copulation is based upon sex- and speciesspecific components at the flagella tips, the matingtype substances. Components with the specific contact capacity of the mating-type substances have been isolated from the supernate of gametes.
A scaled electronically-configurable multichannel recording array

Abstract This paper describes a multichannel microelectrode array capable of recording single-unit neural activity in the central nervous system. The probe features 32 recording sites on a scaled shank less than 50,μm wide. On-chip CMOS circuitry implements signal amplification, multiplexing, and selftesting on eight active channels selected from among the 32 sites. The circuitry has a power dissipation of 3 mW, an active area of 2.5 mm2, and requires only three external leads. It utilizes bidirectional signal transmission over the output data lead for signal output and for channel selection.
Analysis of practical step size selection in stochastic approximation algorithms

For many popular stochastic approximation algorithms, such as the stochastic gradient method and the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation method, the practical gain sequence selection is different from the optimal selection, that is theoretically derived from asymptotical performance. We provide formal justification for the reasons why we choose such gain sequence in practice.
Equine anti-hapten antibody. VII. Anti-lactoside antibody induced by a bacterial vaccine.

Abstract Immunization of a horse with a bacterial vaccine of Streptococcus faecalis, strain N led to the sustained and concomitant production of IgM and 7 S antibody with anti-lactoside specificity. Restriction of heterogeneity was apparent in both mol. wt groups with the IgM population exhibiting three major components when analyzed by isoelectric focusing. Equilibrium dialysis studies of the specific binding of a lactoside hapten, p(p-dimenthylaminophenylazo)-phenyl-β-lactoside (Lac dye), were carried out with three preparations of purified IgM antibody. The intrinsic association constants (K0) ranged between 1 × 105M−1 and 2 × 105M−1 for bleedings taken from 6 weeks to 14 weeks after the initiation of immunization. The availability of 10 binding sites per IgM molecule was clearly evident with no indication of intramolecular heterogeneity although substantial deviation from homogeneous binding was observed. Conversion of the pentameric IgM molecule to the monomeric form resulted in identical binding behavior. The 7 S antibody fraction gave a maximum value of K0 of 8 × 105M−1. The binding of lactose by IgM yielded a value of K0 which was 24-fold smaller than that for the Lac dye. Thus, the nonspecific contribution of the aglycoside, arising presumably from its hydrophobic character, to the free energy of complex formation was - 1·8 kcal/mole of hapten. The temperature dependence of the IgM binding of the Lac dye demonstrated that the enthalpy contribution was primarily responsible for the affinity. From this result it was inferred that the specific binding of lactose involves multiple hydrogen bonds, perhaps as many as 10.
Effect of estrogen administration upon ceruloplasmin and copper concentrations in rat serum.

Abstract Administration of estradiol-17β to rats (200 g body wt) in sc dosage of 50 μg/day for 16 days stimulated 3-fold increases in mean concentrations of serum ceruloplasmin (CPN) and Cu, without producing ultrastructural alterations of the hepatocytes. A dose-response study showed that increased concentrations of serum CPN and Cu were produced by 16 daily injections of estradiol-17β throughout the dose range from 2 to 200 μg/day, and that 50 μg/day was sufficient for maximum stimulation. A time-response study showed that significant increases in mean concentrations of serum CPN and Cu did not occur until after 7 daily injections of 50 μg of estradiol-17β, and that maximum increases of serum CPN and Cu concentrations were achieved after 28 daily injections in male rats and after 35 daily injections in ovariectomized female rats. Electron microscopic study of livers of rats which received 42 daily injections of estradiol-17β (50 μg/day) revealed accumulation of hyaloplasmic lipid droplets within scattered hepatocytes. Stimulation of increased concentrations of serum CPN by administration of estradiol-17β provides an experimental method for the study of hormonal induction of hepatic synthesis of a specific protein.
Programmable dispersion matrix using Bragg fibre grating for optically controlled phased array antennas

A programmable dispersion matrix implemented with Bragg fibre gratings is demonstrated in conjunction with a multiwavelength laser source for use in optically controlled phased array antennas. Relative time delays are experimentally measured using a prototype programmable dispersion matrix with 2 bit resolution and the results agree well with the theoretical prediction.
Social dominance and reproductive success in pregnant and lactating golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) under seminatural conditions

Pairs of female hamsters were acclimated to seminatural enclosures and permitted to interact for brief periods on days 12-14 of gestation or on days 2-4 of lactation. In one experimental paradigm, food was provided in excess of the daily requirements while in a second, food rations were restricted. Control females were similarly housed and fed but were not exposed to another animal. Paired females readily established dominant-subordinate relationships. Dominant females successfully removed food from the subordinate females and, as a result, accumulated larger food hoards. Subordinate females gave birth to fewer pups than either dominant or subordinate animals when social interactions occurred late in pregnancy and maintained smaller litters when interactions occurred during lactation. Reductions in the fecundity of subordinate females were more pronounced when the food ration was restricted. Under ad lib feeding conditions dominant females also maintained fewer young than control animals, but when food was restricted they were more successful than the control group. Subordinate females successfully defended their burrows against intrusions by dominant animals; maternal cannibalism accounted for most reductions in litter size. These results suggest that a defensible burrow and the acquisition of a food hoard are essential for successful reproduction in this species.
Genomic Cloning, Characterization, and Functional Analysis of the Major Surface Adhesin WI-1 on Blastomyces dermatitidis Yeasts

Abstract WI-1 is a 120-kDa surface protein adhesin on Blastomyces dermatitidis yeasts that binds CD18 and CD14 receptors on human macrophages. We isolated and analyzed a clone of genomic WI-1 to characterize this key adherence mechanism of the yeast. The 9.3-kilobase insert contains an open reading frame of 3438 nucleotides and no introns. The amino acid sequence of native WI-1 matches the deduced sequence of genomic WI-1 at positions 757-769, 901-913, and 1119-1138, demonstrating the cloned gene is authentic WI-1. The complete coding sequence has 30 highly conserved repeats of 24 amino acids arrayed in tandem in two noncontiguous regions of the protein. The repeat sequence is homologous to the Yersiniae adhesin invasin, the C terminus displays an epidermal growth factor-like domain, and the N terminus has a short hydrophobic sequence that may be a membrane-spanning domain. The tandem repeats are predicted to be at the exposed surface of the protein, thereby explaining the adhesive properties of WI-1. The WI-1 promoter contains a CAAT box (nucleotide positions 2287-2290), TATA box(2380-2385), and CT motif(2399-2508). Transcription is initiated within the CT motif at nucleotide 2431. A 5.5-kilobase subclone containing the full coding sequence of WI-1 was expressed as a histidine-tagged fusion protein in Escherichia coli. Recombinant WI-1 has the expected molecular mass of 120 kDa, is strongly recognized in Western blots by rabbit anti-WI-1 antiserum, and binds human macrophage receptors in the same manner as native WI-1. This work clarifies a key adherence mechanism of B. dermatitidis and will permit further analysis of WI-1-mediated attachment to host cells, receptors, and extracellular matrix.
Adolescent mental health—Opportunity and obligation

The adolescent brain is more “plastic” than it will ever be again, capable of remarkable adaptability in light of the many social, physical, sexual, and intellectual challenges that this developmental phase brings. This is also a peak time for clinical onset of most mental illnesses (see the chart) ( 1 ). One in five adolescents have a mental illness that will persist into adulthood ( 2 ). Mental illnesses that emerge before adulthood impose a 10-fold higher cost than those that emerge later in life ( 3 ). Mental health costs are the highest single source of global economic burden in the world ( 4 ).
The Effect of Intense Light on the Energy Levels of Atoms

IN 1923, Bohr (Z. f. Phys., 13, P. 117; 1923) directed attention to the fact that the usual formulae of the older quantum theory might not be strictly applicable to atoms which are subjected to intense radiation fields of high frequency, such as those of ordinary light. Schrodinger (see particularly equation 16, Ann. d. Phys., 81, p. 109; 1926) has formulated the differential equation for the ψ-function of an atom exposed to a harmonic electric force, and from this the allowed values of the quantity E appearing in the equation may be determined. In such a case, however, the physical interpretation of E is doubtful, though it seems highly probable that it represents the (average) energy of the disturbed atom. Thus we cannot be certain that the equation E1E2=h is correct for calculating the frequencies emitted by such an atom. Whatever be the final formulation of the theory, it seems reasonable to suppose that the energy levels of atoms in sources at very high temperatures may be modified by the electric and magnetic fields of the radiation from the source itself.
The prediction of vapor-liquid equilibrium data from heat of mixing data for three non-ideal binary systems

Abstract The method of Hanks et al. was used with the heat of mixing data of McFall et al. for 1,3-butadiene + propylene, 1-butene + methyl tert.-butyl ether, and carbon disulfide + methanol to predict the vapor-liquid equilibrium behavior for these systems. The method involves curve-fitting an excess enthalpy model derived from an excess Gibbs energy model by means of the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation to the heat of mixing data, determining the adjustable parameters from this fit, and using the original excess Gibbs function equation to predict the vapor-liquid equilibrium behavior. The predicted vapor-liquid equilibrium values were compared with experimental values and good agreement was found.
Sleep and olfactory cortical plasticity.

In many systems, sleep plays a vital role in memory consolidation and synaptic homeostasis. These processes together help store information of biological significance and reset synaptic circuits to facilitate acquisition of information in the future. In this review, we describe recent evidence of sleep-dependent changes in olfactory system structure and function which contribute to odor memory and perception. During slow-wave sleep, the piriform cortex becomes hypo-responsive to odor stimulation and instead displays sharp-wave activity similar to that observed within the hippocampal formation. Furthermore, the functional connectivity between the piriform cortex and other cortical and limbic regions is enhanced during slow-wave sleep compared to waking. This combination of conditions may allow odor memory consolidation to occur during a state of reduced external interference and facilitate association of odor memories with stored hedonic and contextual cues. Evidence consistent with sleep-dependent odor replay within olfactory cortical circuits is presented. These data suggest that both the strength and precision of odor memories is sleep-dependent. The work further emphasizes the critical role of synaptic plasticity and memory in not only odor memory but also basic odor perception. The work also suggests a possible link between sleep disturbances that are frequently co-morbid with a wide range of pathologies including Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia and depression and the known olfactory impairments associated with those disorders.
Effect of Ventilation Rate on the Performance of Chicks Inoculated with Infectious Bronchitis Virus

Abstract SPECIFIC references as to quantitative measures of the effect of infectious bronchitis on chick performance are unavailable. The common recommendation and practice for flocks with infectious bronchitis are to increase air temperature and provide additional ventilation. In an experiment involving infectious bronchitis virus and environmental temperatures, Hudson (1931) found that mortality among chicks exposed to 66°F. was 60 percent as compared to 32 percent for those groups exposed to 100°F. Prince et al. (1961), in an experiment with healthy chicks four to eight weeks of age, found a highly significant linear decrease in feed consumption with environmental temperatures from 45°F. to 75°F. Feed consumption increased significantly when ventilation rate was increased from 3/4 to 2 cfm. per bird. Feed efficiency increased significantly in a linear manner with environmental temperature between 45°F. and 75°F. Differences in weight gain due to temperature or ventilation rate were not significant. The experiment discussed in …
Friendship and social adjustment of children following a traumatic brain injury: An exploratory investigation

Despite evidence that suggests that children who survive traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) experience disruptions in their peer relationships, the peer experiences of children with TBIs have rarely been studied empirically to date. Data were gathered on measures of peer adjustment for a sample of 22 children with TBIs and were compared with children from a matched control group. Children with TBIs were found to be less socially and athletically competent than children who had not experienced aTBI. Among boys, TBI was also related to lower academic competence. Children with more severe injuries had greater difficulty managing conflict, coordinating play, and developing intimacy in their closest friendships. Girls were more likely than boys to have friendships that predated the injury. Results are discussed in terms of the significance of the social disruption that apparently occurs surrounding injury.
Multicovariance matched filter for target detection and background recognition

This paper deals with optimum point target detection in a single-frame, multicolor image, such as a multispectral infrared or polarimetric synthetic aperture radar picture. Criteria for optimum filtering here include either maximum output signal-to-noise ratio or a (local, adaptive) Gaussian hypothesis test to distinguish between clutter-alone versus target-plus- clutter. The multicovariance filter completely uses all the joint variability of the problem, in both space and frequency, in a way that generalizes both the traditional spatial matched filter and also techniques involving scalar ratios between frequency bands. This full generalization involves possibly very large matrix blocks, which describe statistical correlations in both space and frequency, not just scalar correlation coefficients between two bands at a time. Some simple conceptual models and examples are discussed which help reduce the complexity of what is potentially a very large linear algebra problem.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Wittgenstein's doctrine of use

It might be objected to the counterexamples I provided in the preceding section that one cannot refute a doctrine by showing that it is incompatible with another doctrine whose truth has not been established. This objection is beside the point because in outlining the syntactical, semantic and pragmatic levels of language organization I was merely locating kinds of meanings different from senses, and kinds of rulelike uses of words different from the ones Witgenstein identified with senses. I admittedly added some interpretation, but the counterexamples I gave do not depend on it: they stand on their own. Another possible objection is that Wittgenstein did not claim that the doctrine of use holds for all meanings; he claimed only that it holds for a large class of meanings. We have seen that the only class of meanings for which it holds is the class of syntactical senses. This is a large class but I do not think that Wittgenstein would have claimed that his doctrine is correct on that account. Finally, it might be said that the whole paper is irrelevant because it is based on the assumption that in §43 of the Investigations Wittgenstein was proposing a philosophical theory of meaning rather than formulating a therapeutic device. Frankly, I do not know what Wittgenstein was doing, but if what I have called his doctrine of use was intended only to be a therapeutic device, it does not follow that this paper is irrelevant. For, arguments against a philosophical assertion, which the doctrine of use assuredly is, must, if they are correct, surely tend to undermine its therapeutic effectiveness.
Mutational analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans ankyrin gene unc-44 demonstrates that the large spliceoform is critical for neural development.

In Caenorhabditis elegans, unc-44 mutations affect axonal outgrowth and guidance, leading to locomotory defects. The wild-type unc-44 gene encodes a family of ankyrin proteins, which, in addition to the conventional ankyrins, includes a novel ankyrin isoform with an extended C-terminal domain, referred to AO13 ankyrin. Six spontaneous unc-44 mutations and their reversions were analyzed in order to localize regions critical for gene function. The q331::Tc1 and rh1013::Tc1 mutations were mapped to the portion of the gene encoding the conventional ankyrins, mn339 had an uncharacterized 2-kb insertion in the serine/threonine/glutamic acid/proline-rich (STEP) repeat block 5, st200::Tc5(variant) and rh1042::Tc1 were localized near the C-terminus, and mn259 resulted from two Tc1 insertions, one in STEP block 6 and the other near the C-terminus. Tc1 excisions in several revertants resulted either in the restoration of the wild-type sequence, or were associated with small in-frame deletions or insertions. Reversion of mn339 resulted in the net excision of 2463 bp of genomic DNA, including the region encoding parts of STEP blocks 5 and 6 and the intervening hydrophobic region. Interestingly, additional Tc1 insertions at a 5′ exon/intron boundary were found in revertants of st200 and rh1042. Reversion of the st200::Tc5 mutation resulted in excision of the Tc5 element, and the insertion of two copies of Tc1 at different sites. The wild-type unc-44 gene produces multiple transcripts – shorter RNAs determined to be approximately 1, 3.2, 5, 6, and 7 kb long, and two large transcripts estimated to be 22 and 26 kb in length. The largest transcripts were affected by all unc-44 mutations and are proposed to be essential for axonal outgrowth and guidance.
Nonorthogonal Analysis of Variance Using Iterative Improvement and Balanced Residuals

Abstract A method is developed for computing an exact nonorthogonal analysis of variance using cell means. This is accomplished without forming or using computer storage for X 0, or X′0 X 0, or an orthogonal transformation of X 0, where X 0 is the N × p nonorthogonal design matrix. The method is a convergent iterative method which utilizes balanced analysis-of-variance estimates and residuals iteratively in solving the relevant normal equations and conducting tests of hypotheses. A monotonicity property of the method is derived to minimize iteration for nonsignificant factors or interactions in hypothesis testing.
A reproducible technique for breaking glass micropipettes over a wide range of tip diameters

A new simple technique for the accurate modification of microelectrode and micropipette tips by breaking has been developed. The breaking is done by longitudinally inserting a micropipette into a larger previously broken pipette for stability and by applying a force on the micropipette to cause it to break. Tips will break cleanly at an easily predetermined diameter over a range of 3-200 micrometers.
Effects of substrate shape, curvature and roughness on thin heteroepitaxial films of Pt on Au(1 1 1)

Abstract The growth of thin (1–10 nm) films of Pt on Au(1 1 1) was studied in order to understand and clarify differences in growth mode observed in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) studies and in electrochemical deposition studies. It was found that on flat Au(1 1 1), Pt grows in a layer-by-layer growth mode, but if the gold substrate is exposed to an acidic environment prior to Pt deposition, then the substrate becomes nanoscopically rough (islanded) and Pt growth follows a pseudo-Stranski–Krastanov (SK) growth mode in which an initially thin wetting layer becomes rougher with increasing film thickness. An analysis of curvature effects on epitaxial growth mode shows that thermodynamic curvature effects involving surface stress are negligible for the Pt/Au(1 1 1) system. Rather, the apparent SK growth is linked to kinetic effects associated with inhomogeneous in-plane elastic relaxation of Pt films on rough surfaces that drive Pt atoms from pits to the tops of islands in the early stages of growth. Implications for the control of epitaxial film roughness are discussed.
Isoniazid-Induced Severe Hepatotoxicity: An Infrequent but Preventable Cause of Liver Failure in Children Treated for Latent Tuberculosis Infection

Isoniazid (INH) monotherapy has gained widespread acceptance as an efficacious therapy for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) especially in low-prevalence settings. Although INH related hepatotoxicity is well recognized, progression to severe liver dysfunction requiring care at a transplant center remains unpredictable. We report the management of a five year-old girl who developed progressive liver failure due to INH prophylaxis. This highlights the potential severity of INH related hepatic injury and underscores the significance of vigilant clinical monitoring throughout the duration of the therapy in children.
Kinetics of thin-film reactions between Pb and the AgPd alloy

Thin‐film reaction between Pb and the Ag‐20 at.% Pd alloy in the temperature range 160–200 °C has been studied by x‐ray diffraction. The reaction results in the formation of the Pb2Pd compound by depleting Pd from the alloy. The rate of depletion is too fast to be explained by lattice diffusion in the alloy at these temperatures. In fact, it is shown that the intermixing of Ag and Pd to form the alloy by lattice diffusion can only occur around 450 °C. On the other hand, grain‐boundary diffusion is faster, but it is not obvious how Pd atoms within the alloy grains can be depleted by grain‐boundary diffusion. To overcome this difficulty, a kinetic model with a moving interface has been developed to explain the low‐temperature reaction. The model seems to agree quite well with the experimental results.
Cosmology at school

Physical Cosmology: Les Houches 1979, Session XXXII. Edited by Roger Balian, Jean Audouze and David N. Schramm. Pp.665. ISBN 0-444-85433-9. (North-Holland: 1980.) $109.75, Dfl.225.
A Growth Machine for Those Who Count

The theoretical model of an urban growth machine requires augmentation and alteration when applied to growth in a contracting context. In many older cities there are growth activities on a political and economic landscape colored by scarcity, shrinking industrial bases, population decline, and fierce competition for resources. Drawing upon a case study of Detroit's New Center Area, we expand the discussion of growth machines by examining how and why an isolated but deliberate instance of neighborhood growth and redevelopment occurred.
Counting Latino Nonprofits: A New Strategy for Finding Data

Surprisingly little data is available on Latino non profits in the United States. The author describes a new content analysis strategy for extracting Latino subsets from large data sets that lack Hispanic identifiers. The strategy was used to generate statistics on Latino non profits from data on tax-exempt organizations compiled by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Findings indicate that Latino non profits comprise less than four tenths of 1% of all tax-exempt organizations. A relatively high proportion (two thirds) of all Latino nonprofits recognized by the IRS are recognized under I.R.C. 501(c)(3). Half of all Latino nonprofits are less than 10 years old. Latino nonprofits tend not to affiliate with other organizations. They are concentrated in the southwestern United States. Popular activities among Latino non profits are programsfor veterans, scholarship and educational programs, and promotion of business and commerce. Rare activities include youth services, legislative and political activities, litigation, and legal aid.
Novel switched capacitor based Triple Output Fixed Ratio Converter (TOFRC)

The problem of increased cost and space to deliver power through multiple voltage rails in a computing platform is outlined. The trend towards on-die voltage regulator integration that results in changes to platform voltage rail requirements and the opportunity to take advantage of this feature in the development of loosely regulated outputs will be explained. A novel Triple Output Fixed Ratio Converter (TOFRC) topology will be proposed as a possible solution. The steady state operation of the converter, its transient behavior will be explored. Results from an experimental prototype will be presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the converter.
George Box in the 1950s

This short essay covers the early professional life of George E. P. Box starting before WWII, followed by his 1953 visit to the Institute of Statistics in Raleigh, NC, and ending with his departure from Princeton University in 1959 to establish the Department of Statistics at Madison, WI. This brief period provides an early glimpse of the vigor and genius of one of the world's great statisticians. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Verbal ability, social stress, and anxiety in children with Autistic Disorder

The aims of this study were to evaluate the physiological stress and anxiety responses in children with autism following completion of a standardized, social-evaluative stressor (Trier Social Stress Test-Child version), document the relationship between verbal ability, stress, and anxiety, and determine the association between stress and anxiety in children with autism and typical development. Results demonstrated the Trier Social Stress Test-Child version to be a benign stressor for children with autism. Lower verbal ability in children with autism did not predict salivary cortisol or anxiety responses. There was a lack of association between stress and anxiety for both groups, highlighting the importance of considering these terms as separate constructs. Clinical implications and the limited utility of the Trier Social Stress Test-Child version in evaluating psychosocial stress in autism are discussed.
Podcasting in education: Are students as ready and eager as we think they are?

Instructors in higher education are disseminating instructional content via podcasting, as many rally behind the technology's potential benefits. Others have expressed concern about the risks of deleterious effects that might accompany the adoption of podcasting, such as lower class attendance. Yet, relatively few studies have investigated students' perceptions of podcasting for educational purposes, especially in relation to different podcasting forms: repetitive and supplemental. The present study explored students' readiness and attitudes towards these two forms of podcasting to provide fundamental information for future researchers and educators. The results indicated that students may not be as ready or eager to use podcasting for repetitive or supplemental educational purposes as much as we think they are, but they could be persuaded.
SUMOylation of ATF3 alters its transcriptional activity on regulation of TP53 gene

Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor-3 (ATF3), a stress sensor, plays an essential role in cells to maintain homeostasis and has diverse functions in cellular survival and death signal pathways. ATF3 is a novel regulator of p53 protein stability and function. The activities of ATF3 are modulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as ubiquitination, but whether it is modified by small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ATF3 is post-translationally modified by SUMO proteins and also to elucidate SUMOylation of ATF3 on TP53 gene activity. Here we report that ATF3 is clearly defined as a SUMO target protein both in vitro SUMOylation assay using recombinant proteins and at the cellular levels. Furthermore, ATF3 interacted with UBE2I, the only SUMO E2 enzyme found so far. In addition, PIAS3β (a SUMO E3 ligase) enhanced and SENP2 and SENP7 (two SUMOylation proteases) decreased SUMOylation of ATF3, respectively. Finally, we found that ATF3 is selectively SUMOylated at lysine residue 42 but the SUMOylation does not alter subcellular localization of ATF3. We then characterized the functional role of ATF3 SUMOylation on TP53 gene expression. We found that SUMOylation of ATF3 is required for full repression of TP53 gene. Overall, we provide the first evidence that ATF3 is post-translationally modified by SUMO and SUMOylation of ATF3 plays a functional role in regulation of TP53 gene activity.
Risk assessment in SLA-based WDM backbone networks

We propose a novel method to assess SLA violation risk for service provisioning in a WDM backbone network. Our study reveals the important parameters and advocates comprehensive evaluation (beyond path availability) for service provisioning.
Significance of authigenic quartz euhedra after sulfates; example from the Lockport Formation (Middle Silurian) of New York

ABSTRACT Authigenic quartz euhedra are described from a well drilled in the Lockport Formation (Middle Silurian) southwestern Cattaraugus county, southwestern New York State. The formation is dolostone part of which is dolomicrite; the latter, occurring in the top-half of the formation, is the host to authigenic quartz euhedra which occur isolated or in aggregates. Isolated euhedra are equant, prismatic, or lath shaped and display extensive boundary corrosion and length-slow optical character. Aggregates of quartz euhedra are either fan-shaped or clusters composed of euhedra radiating out in all directions. In both cases corrosion effects and length-slow optical character are seen. These authigenic quartz euhedra are interpreted as filling voids created by dissolution of sulfate crystals. Feat res leading to this interpretation are quartz crystal morphology, comparison of quartz euhedra with detrital quartz, and comparative crystal morphology of quartz and sulfates (gypsum and celestite). Precipitation of sulfates must have occurred in lime mud which contained detrital quartz. The pH fluctuations led to sulfate dissolution and quartz precipitation. Finally, dolomitization resulted in corrosion of quartz-crystal boundaries.
Identifying Unaddressed Systemic Health Conditions at Dental Visits: Patients Who Visited Dental Practices but Not General Health Care Providers in 2008

We assessed the proportion and characteristics of patients who do not regularly visit general health care providers but do visit dentists and whose unaddressed systemic health conditions could therefore be identified by their dentist. Of the 26.0% of children and 24.1% of adults that did not access general outpatient health care in 2008, 34.7% and 23.1%, respectively, visited a dentist. They varied by census region, family income, and sociodemographics. Dental practices can serve as alternate sites of opportunity to identify health concerns among diverse groups of US patients.
Effects of acute cocaine or dopamine receptor agonists on AMPA receptor distribution in the rat nucleus accumbens

Changes in α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate receptor (AMPAR) surface expression in the rodent nucleus accumbens (NAc) are produced by cocaine exposure and implicated in addiction-related behaviors. The direction of change depends on the animal's prior drug history. However, little is known about the effect of a single exposure to cocaine on AMPAR distribution in the NAc of untreated rats. This is essential information for interpreting the literature on AMPAR trafficking after repeated cocaine exposure. In this study, we used a protein crosslinking assay to determine the effect of a single cocaine injection on surface and intracellular AMPAR subunit levels in the rat NAc. We found increased AMPAR surface expression in the NAc 24 h, but not 30 min or 2 h, after cocaine injection. A major effect of cocaine is to increase extracellular dopamine (DA) levels, leading to DA receptor activation. Therefore, we also evaluated the effects of directly acting DA receptor agonists. In contrast to the effects of cocaine, AMPAR surface expression was significantly decreased 24 h after injection of the D2-class agonist quinpirole, whereas no significant effects were produced by the D1-class agonist SKF 81297 or the mixed DA agonist apomorphine. Our results show that the effects of a single cocaine exposure in drug- and injection-naive rats are distinct from those previously reported after repeated cocaine administration. They further suggest that cocaine exerts these effects by influencing neuronal circuits rather than simply stimulating NAc DA transmission.
The insulin-like growth factor I receptor/insulin receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor PQIP exhibits enhanced antitumor effects in combination with chemotherapy against colorectal cancer models.

Purpose: There is growing evidence implicating the importance of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway in colorectal cancer based upon the results of population studies and preclinical experiments. However, the combination of an IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) inhibitor with standard colorectal cancer chemotherapies has not yet been evaluated. In this study, we investigated the interaction between PQIP, the dual IGF-IR/insulin receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and standard chemotherapies in colorectal cancer cell line models. Experimental Design: The antiproliferative effects of PQIP, as a single agent and in combination with 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, or SN38, were analyzed against four colorectal cancer cell lines. Downstream effector proteins, apoptosis, and cell cycle were also assessed in the combination of PQIP and SN-38. Lastly, the efficacy of OSI-906 (a derivative of PQIP) combined with irinotecan was further tested using a human colorectal cancer xenograft model. Results: Treatment with the combination of PQIP and each of three chemotherapies resulted in an enhanced decrease in proliferation of all four colorectal cancer cell lines compared with single-agent treatment. This inhibition was not associated with a significant induction of apoptosis, but was accompanied by cell cycle arrest and changes in phosphorylation of Akt. Interestingly, antitumor activity between PQIP and SN-38 in vitro was also reflected in the human colorectal cancer xenograft model. Conclusions: Combination treatment with PQIP, the dual IGF-IR/insulin receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and standard colorectal cancer chemotherapy resulted in enhanced antiproliferative effects against colorectal cancer cell line models, providing a scientific rationale for the testing of OSI-906 and standard colorectal cancer treatment regimens. Clin Cancer Res; 16(22); 5436–46. ©2010 AACR.
Epidemiology and clinical impact of gram-negative sepsis.

SUMMARY Gram-negative sepsis, which was uncommon in the pre-antibiotic era, has become a major problem throughout the latter half of this century, particularly among persons with severe underlying diseases. The development of antibiotics with dramatic bactericidal activity against these pathogens and advances in supportive care have improved the outlook. Nonetheless, the mortality remains high among the growing numbers of elderly patients with chronic illnesses, immunocompromised patients, patients subjected to invasive procedures, and patients in critical care units colonized with highly antibiotic-resistant flora.
Maternal apolipoprotein E genotype as a potential risk factor for poor birth outcomes: The Bogalusa Heart Study

The objective of this study was to assess the association between apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotype and preterm birth (PTB) and small for gestational age (SGA). ApoE phenotyping was performed on 680 women linked to 1065 births. Allele frequencies were compared and PTB and SGA risk was estimated using log-binomial regression. The ɛ2 allele was more common in SGA births (P<0.01). SGA risk was increased among ɛ2 carriers compared with genotype ɛ3/ɛ3, though associations were attenuated following adjustment for maternal age, education, race, smoking and prenatal visits. Stronger associations were observed for term SGA (first birth: adjusted relative risk (aRR)=1.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06 to 2.98; any birth: aRR=1.52, 95% CI 0.96 to 2.40) and among whites specifically (first: aRR=2.88, 95% CI 1.45 to 5.69; any: aRR=2.75, 95% CI 1.46 to 5.22). Associations between maternal apoE genotype and SGA may represent decreased fetal growth in women with lower circulating cholesterol levels.
Cryptic primes

Prime numbers reserve a special place in number theory and computer science. Their extensive use in data structures, cryptography, nucleotide encoding, in developing musical tones and such merit their importance across all disciplines, especially in computer science. The article looks at the history and applications of primes, particularly their use in classical cryptographic systems, such as the Diffie-Hellman asymmetric-key cryptography algorithm and the RSA public key encryption system. Quantum cryptographic techniques are also discussed.
X-ray tube current modulation and patient doses in chest CT

The aim of the study was to investigate how patient effective doses vary as a function of X-ray tube projection angle, as well as the patient long axis, and quantify how X-ray tube current modulation affects patient doses in chest CT examinations. Chest examinations were simulated for a gantry CT scanner geometry with projections acquired for a beam width of 4 cm. PCXMC 2.0.1 was used to calculate patient effective doses at 15° intervals around the patient's isocentre, and at nine locations along the patient long axis. Idealised tube current modulation schemes were modelled as a function of the X-ray tube angle and the patient long axis. Tube current modulations were characterised by the modulation amplitude R, which was allowed to vary between 1.5 and 5. Effective dose maxima occur for anteroposterior projections at the location of the (radiosensitive) breasts. The maximum to minimum ratio of effective doses as a function of the patient long axis was 4.9, and as a function of the X-ray tube angle was 2.1. Doubling the value of R reduces effective doses from longitudinal modulation alone by ∼4% and from angular modulation alone by ∼2%. In chest CT, tube current modulation schemes currently have longitudinal R values of ∼2.2, and angular R values that range between 1.5 and 3.4. Current X-ray tube current modulation schemes are expected to reduce patient effective doses in chest CT examinations by ∼10%, with longitudinal modulation accounting for two-thirds and angular modulation for the remaining one-third.
Debaryomyces Polymorphus and D. Pseudopolymorphus, New Taxonomic Combinations

(1979). Debaryomyces Polymorphus and D. Pseudopolymorphus, New Taxonomic Combinations. Mycologia: Vol. 71, No. 2, pp. 444-445.
Health and the Psychology of Possibility

The Cartesian dual mind–body construct is often used in the medical world. By contrast, Dr. Ellen Langer’s construct provides examples of mental processes that affect the body, framing a mind-body unity theory. In particular, she suggests what could be defined as “the psychology of possibility,” challenging the status quo and forming the basis for underlying variables in health management. A more mindful perception of health science provides the opportunity to improve perceived control over one’s own health. This idea is supported by results from her research, including those from the seminal Counterclockwise study, in which she suggested that the assumptions of physiological decline in the aging process is instead a function of one’s mindset. A Langerian perspective of mindfulness is open to possibilities and questions the current point of view about one’s health, representing a new and important way to apply clinical and health psychology concepts.