cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental toxicity of methanol: Pathogenesis in CD‐1 and C57BL/6J mice exposed in whole embryo culture

BACKGROUND Methanol causes axial skeleton and craniofacial defects in both CD-1 and C57BL/6J mice during gastrulation, but C57BL/6J embryos are more severely affected. We evaluated methanol-induced pathogenesis in CD-1 and C57BL/6J embryos exposed during gastrulation in whole embryo culture. METHODS Conceptuses with five to seven somites were exposed to 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6 mg methanol/ml culture medium for 24 hr and embryonic morphology was assessed. Cell death was evaluated by histology and LysoTracker red staining, and cell-cycle distribution was evaluated by flow cytometry. RESULTS In C57BL/6J embryos, craniofacial defects were observed at 3 mg methanol/ml and greater. The response for CD-1 embryos was different, with increased dysmorphology only at 6 mg/ml. However, protein content in CD-1 embryos was reduced at 3 mg methanol/ml and above, indicating growth retardation. Yolk sac toxicity occurred only at 6 mg methanol/ml in both strains. Methanol caused only small changes in cell-cycle distribution, while cell death was induced at 4 and 6 mg methanol/ml in both strains after 8 hr. The extent of cell death after 8 hr was greater in C57BL/6J embryos, and increased over time through 18 hr; in contrast, CD-1 embryos showed less cell death at 18 than at 8 hr, suggesting recovery. CONCLUSIONS Cell death plays a prominent role in methanol-induced dysmorphogenesis, while cell-cycle perturbation may not. Differences in the extent of cell death between CD-1 and C57BL/6J embryos correlated with differences in the severity of dysmorphogenesis. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. Published 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
THE USE OF CUSTOM MOLDS FOR INTRACAVITARY TREATMENT OF CARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX

Abstract In situations of distorted anatomy, applicators that are available commercially may not yield an optimal distribution of radium for the treatment of cervical cancer. Custom fabricated vaginal molds of thermoplastic material can be made easily; they are inexpensive to produce, and may achieve a more ideal radium distribution in cases of cancer of the cervix in the presence of unusual anatomical configurations. The rapid and easy preparation of custom molds for use in cases of distorted anatomy is described with two case illustrations.
K X-ray γ-ray directional correlation in the decay of 65Zn, 85Sr, 113Sn and 133Ba

Abstract We have measured the directional correlation between the K X-ray following K-capture and the succeeding nuclear gamma-ray in the decay of 65 Zn, 85 Sr, 113 Sn and 133 Ba. Within the accuracy of our measurements a zero anisotropy was observed, consistent with the theoretical predictions of Dolginov.
Hemorrhagic pleural effusion and pleural thickening as a complication of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

We report a case of pleural thickening and hemothorax in a 56-year-old male with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The association of this entity with CLL has not been previously reported. Awareness of this occurrence is essential to appropriate therapy for similar patients with CLL. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Reaction between CO2 and coke doped with NaCN

Abstract The role of NaCN as a catalytic precursor in the reaction between coke and carbon dioxide is examined. The experimental work included determination of reaction rate, examination of the chemical stability of NaCN and characterization of coke at various stages of reaction. The extent of sodiumcarbon contact was physically modelled by examining the distribution of potassium in the interior of a KCN doped coke sample after partial reaction. Physical evidence is presented to demonstrate that at 1123 K, the vapor cycle mechanism is the predominant mode of catalysis with catalyst concentration and specific surface area being the two most important directly measureable rate determining factors. Analysis of the rate data on the basis of a structural model demonstrated that when NaCN was used, the enhancement of the rate was inadequate for the diffusion of CO2 through the porous coke to be important.
The Four Seasons of Ethnography: a creation-centered ontology for ethnography

Abstract This essay demonstrates the major implications of ontological context for ethnographic methodology. The Four Seasons of Ethnography are developed as exemplary of ontologically based methodology, guiding the use of familiar research methods according to ideals suggested by a creation-centered ontology of natural cycles. This ontology assumes depth of contact and reflection necessary to fully privilege (1) integrated awareness of the human instrument, or ethnographic researcher, with experiential, historical and cultural context, and (2) respect-in-practice for the unavoidable cyclic/wise nature of emergent experience, as co-creative of ethnography. The ultimate goal of such research is not objective or bracketed observations and reports, but texts contextualized with awareness and surrender to the emergence of co-creative cycles. This produces ethnography which is humble, holistic, and in consciously dynamic relationship with its context.
The proof of the Drell-Yan formula

Working within the recently developed unified approach to resonances and partons, we prove the validity of the Drell-Yan formula when the formula is applied to each individual quark-parton form factor separately. In the absence of some unlikely pathologies the formula works for the overall nucleon system as well.
Successful antidote of multiple lethal infections using sustained delivery of difluoromethylornithine by means of ceramic drug delivery devices.

Abstract The objectives of this study were (1) to cure multiple infections of trypanosorniasis in rats by the sustained release of DEMO from biodegradable tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and aluminum-calcium-phosphorous oxide (ALCAP) delivery systems, and (2) to determine if the side effects associated with oral administration of DEMO can be avoided by using TCP and ALCAP capsules. Sixty-eight SD male albino rats (235–270g) were divided randomly into five groups. Each rat in group I ( n = 16) was implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) with four TCP capsules (two large TCP (L-TCP), one PLA-impregnated large TCP (IL-TCP) and one thin TCP capsule (TN-TCP)). Rats in group II ( n = 16) were implanted s.c. with four ALCAP ceramics (two large ALCAP (L-ALCAP), one PLA-impregnated large ALCAP (IL-ALCAP) and one thin ALCAP capsule (TN-ALCAP)). Rats in groups III ( n = 16), IV ( n = 4) and V ( n = 16) were left without implants. Rats in group III ( n = 16) were given 4% (w/v) DEMO (pH 7) in drinking water at the day of inoculation and continued up to 7 days postinoculation. Rats in group IV ( n = 4) served as a nontreated group. Rats in group V ( n = 16) served as normal controls. The results showed that all rats implanted with TCP or ALCAP implants had no intoxication symptoms or side effects such as diarrhea during the treatment period. In contrast, rats given DEMO in drinking water exhibited foul-smelling diarrhea during the treatment period. Microscopic evaluation of blood smears collected from rats receiving DEMO chemotherapy showed an occasional or limited number of stumpy shape (SS) trypanosomes. This study suggests that (1) ceramic drug delivery systems are capable of delivering DFMO in a sustained manner for two months, and were able to cure repeated infections of trypanosomiasis; (2) the use of ceramic implants avoided widely fluctuating, irregular levels of DEMO in the body by keeping sustained levels above minimal effective concentrations; (3) ceramic drug delivery systems provide a pharmacological potentiality for drugs such as DEMO which have been withheld from the market because of severe side effects when administered using conventional methods of drug administration; and (4) DEMO-filled ceramic devices can be implanted subcutaneously in animals that face a threat of lethal protozoal infections in highly infested areas of the world.
REGULATING ENERGY TRANSFER IN THE ATP SULFURYLASE-GTPASE SYSTEM

ATP sulfurylase, isolated from Escherichia coli K-12, is a GTPase-target complex that catalyzes and links the energetics of GTP hydrolysis to the synthesis of activated sulfate (APS). When the GTP concentration is saturating and held fixed with a regenerating system, the APS reaction reaches a steady state in which its mass ratio is shifted (5.4 x 10(6))-fold toward the product by the hydrolysis of GTP. If GTP is not regenerated, the shift toward the product is transient, producing a pulse-shaped progress curve. The mechanistic basis of this transience is the subject of this paper. The product transient is caused by the binding of GDP to the enzyme which establishes a catalytic pathway that allows the chemical potential that had been transferred to the APS reaction to "leak" into the chemical milieu. The system leaks because the E.GDP complex catalyzes the uncoupled APS reaction. The addition of phosphate to the leaky GDP.E.APS.PPi complex converts it into the central Pi.GDP.E.APS.PPi complex which catalyzes the energy-transfer reaction. Thus, Pi binding directs the system through the coupled mechanism, "plugging" the leak. GMPPNP, which also causes a leak, is used to demonstrate that the mass ratio of the APS reaction can be "tuned" by adjusting flux through the coupled and uncoupled pathways. This energy-coupling mechanism provides a means for controlling the quantity of chemical potential transferred to the APS reaction. This versatile linkage might well be used to the cell's advantage to avoid the toxicity associated with an excess of activated sulfate.
The use of botanicals for health purposes by members of a prepaid health plan

Interviews were conducted with 100 adults (27 men, 73 women) enrolled in a prepaid medical health plan to investigate their use of botanical remedies. They were asked which of 50 listed herbs they or members of their families had used for health purposes and with what effect; which of 60 listed health problems they had treated with home remedies; and what additional home remedies or alternative health care resources they had used. Over 100 different home remedies were identified, with most considered effective. Individual respondents used from 0 to 33 herbal and plant remedies (Md = 7), some of which have toxic properties. A remedy was reported for almost every health problem listed. Substances most frequently used were aloe vera, honey, peppermint, garlic, eucalyptus, and rose hips; health problems most frequently treated were burns, colds, indigestion, insect bites, insomnia, rashes. Persons who were married, from larger households, of higher socioeconomic status, who had consulted alternative healers, or who had patronized health food stores tended to use home remedies more than their counterparts. Implications for further evaluation of self-care practices are discussed.
A simplified design-oriented analysis of switched-capacitor active filters

The method presented in this paper provides a simplified approach to obtain the z-domain equivalent circuit of an SC active filter by one-for-one substitution of each basic SC element with its z-domain equivalent admittance, if a specific terminal condition is met. Then, traditional circuit analysis techniques can be used to derive the z-domain transfer function of the filter. This method makes the analysis and the design of the SC active filter simple and similar to the S-domain method. Two application examples are given.
Supply and Demand Analysis: Using Markets Created in the Classroom

(1991). Supply and Demand Analysis: Using Markets Created in the Classroom. Journal of Education for Business: Vol. 66, No. 6, pp. 370-373.
Ultrastructure of the proximal convoluted tubule of a hibernator correlated with renal enzymology.

Abstract 1. 1. The proximal convoluted tubule cell of a hibernating ground squirrel shows vacuolization, increase in width of basal plasmalemma compartments and intramitochondrial granules. 2. 2. The cell of an awakening animal contains pycnotic nuclei and no distinct basal compartments. 3. 3. During hibernation renal SDH, ATPase and Achase increase in activity and during awakening SDH decreases. 4. 4. During awakening urinary sodium, potassium and glucose decrease.
How does a valine residue that modulates heme-NO binding kinetics in inducible NO synthase regulate enzyme catalysis?

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) release from nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) depends on the dissociation of a ferric heme-NO product complex (Fe III NO) that forms immediately after NO is made in the heme pocket. The NOS-like enzyme of Bacillus subtilis (bsNOS) has 10–20 fold slower Fe III NO dissociation rate ( k d ) and NO association rate ( k on ) compared to mammalian NOS counterparts. We previously showed that an Ile for Val substitution at the opening of the heme pocket in bsNOS contributes to these differences. The complementary mutation in mouse inducible NOS oxygenase domain (Val346Ile) decreased the NO k on and k d by 8 and 3-fold, respectively, compared to wild-type iNOSoxy, and also slowed the reductive processing of the heme-O 2 catalytic intermediate. To investigate how these changes affect steady-state catalytic behaviors, we generated and characterized the V346I mutant of full-length inducible NOS (iNOS). The mutant exhibited a 4–5 fold lower NO synthesis activity, an apparent uncoupled NADPH consumption, and formation of a heme-NO complex during catalysis that was no longer sensitive to solution NO scavenging. We found that these altered catalytic behaviors were not due to changes in the heme reduction rate or in the stability of the enzyme heme-O 2 intermediate, but instead were due to the slower NO k on and k d and a slower oxidation rate of the enzyme ferrous heme-NO complex. Computer simulations that utilized the measured kinetic values confirmed this interpretation, and revealed that the V346I iNOS has an enhanced NADPH-dependent NO dioxygenase activity that converts almost 1 NO to nitrate for every NO that the enzyme releases into solution. Together, our results highlight the importance of heme pocket geometry in tuning the NO release versus NO dioxygenase activities of iNOS.
Bargaining in community development

While many community developers may not advocate the use of conflict strategies and tactics, most must work with community conflicts. The present paper proposes bargaining as a useful conflict reso...
Heterogeneous Firms, Quality, and Trade☆

Abstract We present a simple and tractable trade model of heterogeneous firms, endogenous quality choice, and endogenous markups. A key feature of the model is that competition not only lowers the cost cut-off between the firms that produce and those that exit, but it also raises the scope for quality differentiation. With both these channels present, the most productive firms respond to competition by raising quality, prices, and markups, while the least productive either exit or respond in the exact opposite manner. The model generates a unified theory and a supply-side explanation for an extremely rich set of stylized facts relating to (i) productivity heterogeneity, (ii) product quality heterogeneity, (iii) markups heterogeneity, (iv) heterogeneity in the response of firms to competition, and (v) heterogeneity in the sign and magnitude of the correlations between output prices, firm productivity, size, and product quality. In addition, the model predicts that average price and markups exhibit a U-shape response to competition and that imports from developed countries have higher quality, markups and prices when compared to imports from developing countries.
Computing traveltime and amplitude sensitivity kernels in finite-frequency tomography

The efficient computation of finite-frequency traveltime and amplitude sensitivity kernels for velocity and attenuation perturbations in global seismic tomography poses problems both of numerical precision and of validity of the paraxial approximation used. We investigate these aspects, using a local model parameterization in the form of a tetrahedral grid with linear interpolation in between grid nodes. The matrix coefficients of the linear inverse problem involve a volume integral of the product of the finite-frequency kernel with the basis functions that represent the linear interpolation. We use local and global tests as well as analytical expressions to test the numerical precision of the frequency and spatial quadrature. There is a trade-off between narrowing the bandpass filter and quadrature accuracy and efficiency. Using a minimum step size of 10km for S waves and 30km for SS waves, relative errors in the quadrature are of the order of 1% for direct waves such as S, and a few percent for SS waves, which are below data uncertainties in delay time or amplitude anomaly observations in global seismology. Larger errors may occur wherever the sensitivity extends over a large volume and the paraxial approximation breaks down at large distance from the ray. This is especially noticeable for minimax phases such as SS waves with periods >20s, when kernels become hyperbolic near the reflection point and appreciable sensitivity extends over thousands of km. Errors becomes intolerable at epicentral distance near the antipode when sensitivity extends over all azimuths in the mantle. Effects of such errors may become noticeable at epicentral distances140?. We conclude that the paraxial approximation offers an efficient method for computing the matrix system for finite-frequency inversions in global tomography, though care should be taken near reflection points, and alternative methods are needed to compute sensitivity near the antipode.
Axial transport of dry powders in horizontal rotating cylinders

Abstract A simple physical model describing the axial transport of dry particulate solids through horizontal, rotating cylinders has been investigated. Design equations are presented which relate particle hold-up in the cylinder to mass flow rate as a function of the cylinder dimension and speed of rotation. Both open-ended cylinders and cylinders with a central overflow discharge have been studied. An empirical expression has been obtained which describes the resistance to flow offered by the discharge plate as a function of the size of the discharge opening and the mass flow rate through the cylinder. Experimental verification of the physical model has been obtained on a laboratory scale for a variety of operating conditions.
A comprehensive study of electron energy losses in Ge nanowires

We present a comprehensive study of electron energy losses by fast electrons that occur in isolated single-crystal Ge nanowires with organic monolayer-passivated surfaces. A ∼0.5 nm diameter electron probe in a scanning transmission electron microscope equipped with an energy loss spectrometer (STEM-ELS) was used to study plasmon and core electron excitations. Losses due to scattering from volume and surface plasmons vary with respect to the probe position relative to the nanowire surface, and the volume plasmon energy increases with decreasing diameter for nanowires narrower than 24 nm. Below 24 nm, the organic monolayer-coated nanowires also exhibit size-dependent Ge 3d core ionization spectra that shift to higher energy with reduced diameter that are independent of probe position relative to the surface. In contrast, the Ge 3d edge for surface-oxidized nanowires exhibits a chemically induced shift when positioned near the surface.
Chromatographic and related electrophoretic methods in the separation of transition metal complexes or their ligands

Abstract It is difficult for most inorganic chemists to be aware of the availability of the many new techniques, described largely in analytical chemistry, environmental chemistry, and biomedical journals, which are increasingly of value in the separation and characterization of complexes of transition metals. Additionally, the design and use of supported transition metal complexes as sites for molecular recognition in the separation of biomolecules and organic materials has the potential to dominate multi-billion dollar industries in proteins and chiral drugs. This review serves as a roadmap for inorganic chemists to the recent chromatographic literature. The review covers advances in separation methods that involve transition metal chemistry which have occurred in the decade of 1992 through early 2003 with 360 references. The review is intended to assist readers in finding key papers that illustrate techniques of chromatography that might be applicable to purposes in the reader’s laboratory. Covered topics include the standard separation of inorganic ions and metal complexes, capillary electrophoresis methods (CE, CZE, MEKC), electrochemical detection in flow methods by [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 3+/2+ cycling in response to analytes, separations of metal complexes of interest to environmental and biomedical disciplines via size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and detection methods with electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Advances in affinity chromatography in the separation of peptide, proteins and biopolymers (IMAC) and of organic substrates (IMCOS) are discussed. Recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of chromatographic separations, and of the technique of polymer imprinting to produce selective recognition sites for metal ions and metal complexes are described.
Interaction of CdSe/CdS core-shell quantum dots and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Environmental context. The growing use of nanotechnology means that nanomaterials are likely to be released into the environment, and their impact upon microbes, which form the biological foundation of all ecosystems, remains unclear. To understand how nanomaterials might affect bacteria in the environment, the interactions between a commercially-relevant quantum dot and a common soil and water bacterium was investigated. In this case, it was found that these quantum dots are non-toxic to these bacteria, and also that these bacteria do not cause degradation of the quantum dots. This study also has implications related to the environmental fate of quantum dots. Abstract. Polymer-encapsulated CdSe/CdS core-shell quantum dots, which closely model commercially-available quantum dots, were tested for toxic effects on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The size, aggregation state, and dissolution of the quantum dots were characterised before and after exposure to bacteria. The physical association of quantum dots with bacterial cells was also examined. The quantum dots were found to have no effect upon bacterial viability. They remained chemically stable and dispersed in solution even with bacterial exposure. It is suggested that the absence of toxicity is the result of the stability of the quantum dots due to their protective polymer coatings, and their apparent lack of association with bacterial cells. The stability of the quantum dots, even in the presence of the bacteria, as well as their non-toxicity has implications for their environmental behaviour and ultimate fate.
Simulation of brain tumor resection in image-guided neurosurgery

Preoperative magnetic resonance images are typically used for neuronavigation in image-guided neurosurgery. However, intraoperative brain deformation (e.g., as a result of gravitation, loss of cerebrospinal fluid, retraction, resection, etc.) significantly degrades the accuracy in image guidance, and must be compensated for in order to maintain sufficient accuracy for navigation. Biomechanical finite element models are effective techniques that assimilate intraoperative data and compute whole-brain deformation from which to generate model-updated MR images (uMR) to improve accuracy in intraoperative guidance. To date, most studies have focused on early surgical stages (i.e., after craniotomy and durotomy), whereas simulation of more complex events at later surgical stages has remained to be a challenge using biomechanical models. We have developed a method to simulate partial or complete tumor resection that incorporates intraoperative volumetric ultrasound (US) and stereovision (SV), and the resulting whole-brain deformation was used to generate uMR. The 3D ultrasound and stereovision systems are complimentary to each other because they capture features deeper in the brain beneath the craniotomy and at the exposed cortical surface, respectively. In this paper, we illustrate the application of the proposed method to simulate brain tumor resection at three temporally distinct surgical stages throughout a clinical surgery case using sparse displacement data obtained from both the US and SV systems. We demonstrate that our technique is feasible to produce uMR that agrees well with intraoperative US and SV images after dural opening, after partial tumor resection, and after complete tumor resection. Currently, the computational cost to simulate tumor resection can be up to 30 min because of the need for re-meshing and the trial-and-error approach to refine the amount of tissue resection. However, this approach introduces minimal interruption to the surgical workflow, which suggests the potential for its clinical application with further improvement in computational efficiency.
Human spleen inhibitor of leukaemic cell growth.

En este trabajo se describe la purificacion de un inhibidor de la sintesis de ARN que afecta secundariamente la sintesis de ADN, y actividad mitotica. El factor ha sido aislado de ocho bazos humanos, comprendiendo dos de enfermos con leucemia mielocitica cronica (LMC) sanas, en los cuales se efectuo la esplenectomia por ruptura traumatica del bazo El inhibidor esplenico posee fuerte citotoxicidad sobre celulas en cultivo provenientes de enfermos con LMC. Estas celulas tienen el cromosoma de Philadelphia. El inhibidor esplenico tiene un peso molecular de alrededor de 1,000 y es probablaemente un peptido o glicopeptido.
DEVELOPMENT OF ACCURATE QUANTUM DYNAMICAL METHODS FOR TETRAATOMIC REACTIONS

The time-dependent quantum wavepacket approach has proven to be a powerful computational approach for studying large scale quantum reactive scattering problems involving three or more atoms. This article presents an account of some recent development of time-dependent wavepacket methods for accurate quantum dynamics calculation of tetraatomic reactions in full dimensional space. The salient features of the time-dependent approach and important computational strategies that have been employed to successfully calculate statespecific reaction dynamics for realistic four-atom reactions are discussed. Some results from the application of the time-dependent methods to several specific reactions, in particular the benchmark H 2 + OH reaction, are presented. The article is then highlighted with the presentation of a general reactant -product decoupling method for state-to-state reactive scattering study. Finally, the future outlook of the theoretical study of polyatomic reaction dynamics is discussed.
Fiber development in preanthesis cotton ovules

A tissue culture method was developed to investigate the production of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Texas Marker-1) fibers in vitro. Ovules were excised from 3, 5, 7 and 9 days preanthesis ovaries and placed on an agar-solidified, modified Murashige and Skoog medium containing 2.3 μM kinetin and 0.45 μM–2,4–dichlo-rophenoxyacetic acid or 2.3 μM kinetin and 10.7 μM naphthaleneacetic acid. Ovules formed fibers and callus tissue. Fibers formed in vitro were up to 10 mm long, 10–22 μ wide and the cell wall was 1–3 μM thick. Callus tissue cells were subcultured for over 25 weeks and their degree of elongation was monitored. The ability of ovule-derived cells to direct expansion in a longitudinal direction diminished, while lateral expansion increased with time in culture.
How e-communities extend the concept of exchange in marketing: An application of the motivation, opportunity, ability (MOA) theory

Customer-to-customer (C2C) know-how exchanges occur in a variety of contexts, including virtual environments of Internet mediated communities. Exchange of know-how that takes place among the custom...
Inhibition of TPA-induced monocytic differentiation in THP-1 human monocytic leukemic cells by staurosporine, a potent protein kinase C inhibitor

THP-1 is a factor-indepencent, monocytic leukemia cell line which differentiates into adherent macrophages upon treatment with 12-O-tetra-decanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Unlike its normal counterparts, THP-1 cells display only minimal levels of proto-oncogene c-FMS RNA which encode for membrane M-CSF receptors. Northern blot analysis showed that the c-FMS mRNA levels in THP-1 cells was greatly enhanced during TPA-induced monocytic differentiation. Despite the acquisition of functional activities and induction of c-FMS transcripts after TPA treatment, no surface M-CSF receptors were detected on the THP-1 cells. The inducing activity associated with TPA was completely abrogated when THP-1 cells were pretreated with staurosporine, a potent protein kinase C (PK-C) inhibitor. It is concluded that the activation of the PK-C system is a part of the metabolic cascade essential for the initiation of monocytic differentiation in THP-1 cells.
Intra-H-2 recombination inH-2(b)/H-2 (t1) heterozygotes in the mouse : II. Characterization of recombinant haplotypesat2, at3, andat4.

Four cases of intra-H-2 recombination were detected during serological screening of 1066 backcross animals produced fromH-2b/H-2t1 heterozygous mice. Three of the intra-H-2 recombinants received theK region fromH-2t1 and theD region from theH-2b parental chromosome. The remaining recombinant received theK region from theH-2b parental chromosome and theD region fromH-2t1. Three of the four recombinants have been developed into inbred lines TBR2, TBR3, and TBR4 and were assigned the haplotype designations at2, at3, and at4. Ss typing revealed that TBR2 and TBR3 originated fromK- S interval crossover events, while the remaining two recombinants resulted from crossing over in theS- D interval.
Critique of the Classical Algebraic Analogies between Heat, Mass, and Momentum Transfer

New exact formulations for the limiting case of Pr → 0, the particular case of Pr = Prt = PrT, and the asymptotic case of Pr → ∞ reveal and define functional and numerical errors in all of the clas...
On minimax optimization problems

We give a short proof that in a convex minimax optimization problem ink dimensions there exist a subset ofk + 1 functions such that a solution to the minimax problem with thosek + 1 functions is a solution to the minimax problem with all functions. We show that convexity is necessary, and prove a similar theorem for stationary points when the functions are not necessarily convex but the gradient exists for each function.
Ketamine: Myoneural activity and interaction with neuromuscular blocking agents☆

Abstract The effects of combined administration of neuromuscular agents and the nonbarbiturate anesthetic, ketamine. HC1 (KET), were studied using the cat sciatic nerve gastrocnemius muscle preparation. KET, in doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg i.v., was found to prolong the recovery time of neuromuscular blockade induced by both d-tubocurarine chloride and decamethonium bromide. Potentiation of muscle twitch by edrophonium chloride was antagonized by KET in doses of 1 and 2 mg/kg i.v. Investigation of the action of KET on neuromuscular transmission was carried out in the frog sartorius muscle by evaluation of changes in miniature end-plate potential (mepp) recordings. KET was found to have no effect on mepp frequency, but reduced mepp amplitude as well as the sensitivity of the end-plate to iontophoretically applied acetylcholine. It was concluded that interactions between KET and neuromuscular agents are due to a reduction of muscle end-plate sensitivity.
Adolescents' Cognitive and Emotional Responses to Marital Hostility

Early adolescents' (11-14 years) responses to marital hostility were examined in a sample of 416 families. The cognitive-contextual perspective and emotional security hypothesis guided the study and 9 adolescent responses were identified. Prospective associations were examined in several structural equation models that included adolescent problems as outcomes. Self-blame and perceived threat uniquely mediated the association between Year 1 marital hostility and Year 3 adolescent externalizing problems (p<.05). Self-blame, lower constructive representations, internalization of feelings, avoidance, and emotional dysregulation uniquely mediated the association between Year 1 marital hostility and Year 3 internalizing problems. Specific cognitive and emotionally based responses are important to understanding how martial hostility affects youth and need to be considered within an integrated model.
Equine myenteric plexus with special reference to the pelvic flexure pacemaker.

Sellers et al. (1979, Am. J. Phys., 237: E457-E464) proposed a pelvic flexure pacemaker mechanism to account for the bidirectional contraction waves needed to both retain ingesta within the right ventral colon for cellulose digestion and terminal fermentation and to transport the digesta distad once the process has been completed. To corroborate the presence of a pelvic flexure pacemaker, we prepared whole mount samples of the tunica muscularis from 23 horses at ten sites along the large colon, cecum and jejunum. Following smooth muscle enzymatic digestion, somata of the myenteric plexus were stained with an RNA-specific agent, Cuprolinic blue. These somata were quantified at each site to establish any regional variations in neuronal density. Results indicated an increased neuronal density at the level of the pelvic flexure, especially in the region of the left dorsal colon. The increased neuronal density at the left dorsal colon compared to the other sampling sites was statistically significant (Wilcoxon signed rank test, P less than .01 at each sampling site). There was remarkable size variation (from 10-60 microns) among neurons at the individual sampling sites. However, no statistically significant size discrepancy existed between sampling sites (Friedman's rank test, P = .10). The 23 horses ranged from 6 months to 15 years of age. No age-related differences in neuronal density was discovered (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA test, P greater than .05). Neuronal densities did not vary on the basis of sex (Wilcoxon signed pairs test, P greater than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Repetition of Bateman challenges the paradigm

It is impossible to overestimate the impact that Bateman’s 1948 paper (1) has had on theoretical and empirical studies of sexual selection and, by extension, also on the study of parental investment theory, evolution of mating systems, evolution of sexual dimorphism, and male-female differences in sexual behavior. In fact, the study by Bateman (1) is a foundational paper and has served as a cornerstone and underpinning for vast areas of behavioral ecology. Bateman’s ideas and conclusions, codified as “Bateman’s principles” by Arnold (2), have helped to define what we mean by sexual selection and how best to measure it. So-called “Bateman gradients” are routinely used to estimate the strength of sexual selection and which sex is more subject to selection. Although Bateman’s results have been repeatedly questioned since the 1980s (e.g., 3⇓⇓–6), there had been no known attempt to replicate his study. A paper by Gowaty et al. (7) in PNAS repeats Bateman’s experiments, using the same Drosophila strains and methodology employed in the original study. The authors report that they cannot confirm Bateman’s conclusions and find no evidence for sexual selection.
To Speak or not to Speak: A Multiple Resource Perspective

The desirability of employing speech response in a dynamic dual task situation was discussed from a multiple resource perspective. A secondary task technique was employed to examine the time-sharing performance of five dual tasks with various degrees of resource overlap according to the structure-specific resource model of Wickens (1980). The primary task was a visual/manual tracking task which required spatial processing. The secondary task was either another tracking task or a spatial transformation task with one of four input (visual or auditory) and output (manual or speech) configurations. The results show that the dual task performance was best when the primary tracking task was paired with the visual/speech transformation task. This finding was explained by an interaction of the stimulus-central processing-response compatibility of the transformation task and the degree of resource competition between the time-shared tasks. Implications on the utility of speech response were discussed.
An ephemeral pheromone of female house mice: Perception via the main and accessory olfactory systems

Two experiments examined the chemosensory modalities by which males detect an ephemeral sex pheromone in the freshly voided urine of female mice. Experiment 1 examined the interaction of deafferenting the accessory olfactory system (vomeronasal organ removal) and subsequent sexual experience upon ultrasonic vocalizations by male mice to freshly voided female urine. In general, sexually experienced males vocalized substantially more than sexually naive males. In addition, males possessing a vomeronasal organ vocalized slightly more than those without. Nonetheless, a functioning vomeronasal organ clearly was not essential for vocalizing to fresh female urine. Experiment 2 examined the effects of deafferenting the main olfactory system (ZnSO4 nasal irrigation) and/or the accessory olfactory system (vomeronasal removal) in sexually experienced males. Males with both olfactory systems functioning vocalized at high levels to fresh urine, while males with only one functioning system vocalized at intermediate levels. Males with neither system functioning did not vocalize at all to fresh urine. In contrast, when female mice themselves served as stimuli, all groups of males vocalized at high levels. We conclude that adult male mice can detect the ephemeral pheromone via either the main olfactory system or the accessory olfactory system. However, vocalizations to the female herself can be mediated by other sensory systems as well.
Cytochrome Oxidase in Radiosensitive and Radioresistant Amoebae.

SummaryCytochrome c oxidase activity has been demonstrated in 2 species of the giant amoeba Pelomyxa, one of which is radioresistant and the other radiosensitive. The differences observed in this enzyme do not appear to be sufficient to account for the 10-fold difference in radiosensitivity of the living organisms. The level of cytochrome c oxidase activity is about one-fortieth that of mammalian liver, and is highly labile at room temperature. The radioresistant Amoeba proteus was also assayed for cytochrome c oxidase activity but almost negligible amounts were found.
Consumer Attitudes and Preferences Concerning Shopping On-Line

Abstract The emergence of e-commerce is having a substantial impact on consumer purchasing behavior. Yet, the rate of consumers' acceptance of e-commerce has been slower than many predicted. Using the view of consumption as an institution, this study examines consumers' preferences for shopping on-line. Analysis of data collected from focus groups and surveys suggests consumers perceive relative advantages and disadvantages of shopping on-line vs. shopping in traditional stores. In addition, the results suggest consumers have substantive reservations about shopping on-line which may be adversely affecting the acceptance rate of this new channel. Study limitations and suggestions for future research are also presented.
Glucose transfer by red cell membrane phospholipids in H2O/CHCl3/H2O three-layer systems☆

Abstract Passage of glucose and similar materials through an unstirred chloroform layer separating two aqueous compartments was greatly accelerated by addition to the chloroform of any of a variety of phospholipid fractions extracted from human erythrocyte membranes. The extent of this acceleration did not correlate systematically with the activities of the respective fractions in promoting solubilization of the sugar in chloroform, the lecithin-rich fractions being particularly disproportionately effective in enhancing the aqueous-to-aqueous transfer. The augmentation of sugar movement was not accompanied by significant changes in the water transfer between the aqueous compartments. Following an initial latency during which glucose added to one aqueous compartment came to a steady state in the chloroform layer, the sugar gradient within the chloroform became indetectably small, indicating the interfaces as the seat of the primary resistance to sugar flow; concurrently, the discharge into the second aqueous compartment attained a steady rate persisting indefinitely. The rate of this steady-state discharge was essentially directly proportional to the input glucose level without limit, but increased with the concentration of lipid in the chloroform phase only up to a certain point, in spite of further proportional elevation of the sugar level within the chloroform.
Place of birth and variations in management of late preterm ("near-term") infants.

Background The purpose of this study is to characterize variations in management late preterm infants because such variations in such a large group of neonates would have economic and health implications. Methods Comparison of the use of illustrative management approaches and gestational age at discharge among infants born at 33 to 34 6/7 weeks and discharged alive from 10 Massachusetts and California NICUs. Results Generally similar in birth weight and admission severity, significant differences were seen in illustrative interventions, such as the use of mechanical ventilation (range in use across hospitals from 9% to 43%) and nutritional practices (use of hyperalimentation ranged from 5% to 66%). Variations in average daily weight gain were seen with some infants averaging net losses. Postmenstrual age at discharge varied by a week between the hospital with the earliest discharge and that with the latest. Conclusions Care for these infants would be improved by further examination of their needs and the establishment of practice guidelines to reduce unneeded variation.
Changes in the antigenic composition of the short ragweed plant during maturation

Whole ragweed plants were collected before and during the ragweed pollination season and extracts of various portions of the plants were analyzed for antigen E (AgE) and for their inhibitory potency in the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). Ragweed stems and roots contained very low, if any, AgE. AgE was present in very small amounts in anthers prior to pollination season, increased with anther and pollen grain maturation, peaked with the appearance of significant airborne pollen grains in mid-August, and fell slowly through late September. Leaf AgE content also rose during mid- and late August, but brief rinsing reduced antigen E content by almost 50%. Significant RAST inhibitory activity was found only in anthers and the activity paralleled the content of AgE.
Performance comparison of the mass transfer models with internal reforming for solid oxide fuel cell anodes

Abstract In this work, models describing multicomponent gas diffusion process in an electrode of a porous solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anode coupled with internal reforming reactions were developed. The performances of three different types of models, the dusty-gas model (DGM), the binary-friction model (BFM) and the cylindrical pore interpolation model (CPIM), were compared in 1D. All these models take into account Knudsen diffusion and molecule–molecule diffusion can be used in transition region which is generally the case in a SOFC electrode. The developed models are able to predict the fuel components’ molar fraction distributions in the anode electrode, and the concentration overpotential. They are capable of simulating the internal reforming process for hydrocarbon fuel, such as natural gas, with kinetic models considering both methane-steam reforming (MSR), and water–gas shift reaction (WSR). The effects of pressure gradient, pore size, current density, are studied. It was found that three models give similar results in difference cases using the same “tuned” tortuosity factor (τ2). The difference caused using the isobaric assumption is negligible for the H2–H2O–Ar and CO–CO2 system, expect at small pore sizes (under 1 μm) and high current density (above 1 A/cm2). For a system fed with hydrocarbon fuel, the isobaric assumption will change the molar fraction distribution by up to 10% for different gas mixture components for the CPIM and the BFM, and up to 25% for the DGM at small pore sizes. However, the reaction rates for both MSR and WSR remain the same when the pressure variation is neglected.
Order of phase transitions in a field theory

The relation between the gauge or global nature of a symmetry being broken and the order of the associated phase transition is clarified. First-order phase transitions in gauge theories are related to the asymptotic freedom of the Phi/sup 3/ interaction in six dimensions. Spontaneous violation of lepton number in the standard electroweak theory provides a nontrivial illustration of our results.
Effect of Tampon Wraps on Production of Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1

The influence of tampon wraps on the production and distribution of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) was investigated with use of a disk-membrane-agar method. Filter membranes (45 micron) overlaying agar medium in 50-mm petri dishes were spread-inoculated with a TSST-1-producing strain of Staphylococcus aureus and covered with 0.5 mL of whole citrated rabbit blood. Disks of tampon core materials with and without wraps were placed on the inoculated membranes and incubated at 37 degrees C in 5% CO2 in air. Eight wraps with each of 14 tampon core materials were tested to determine the amount of toxin in the agar layer, a quantity considered an indicator of the relative amounts of toxin available for absorption in vivo. The average level of toxin in the agar layer with any particular wrap compared with that in the agar layer with no wrap was higher with five wraps, lower with two wraps, and essentially the same with one wrap. The lower levels of toxin were obtained with one wrap that had a starch binder and with one that contained the surfactant Standamul 1414-E. Standamul 1414-E has been reported to be an inhibitor of growth of and production of TSST-1 by S. aureus.
Spherical Correlation of Visual Representations for 3D Model Retrieval

In recent years we have seen a tremendous growth in the amount of freely available 3D content, in part due to breakthroughs for 3D model design and acquisition. For example, advances in range sensor technology and design software have dramatically reduced the manual labor required to construct 3D models. As collections of 3D content continue to grow rapidly, the ability to perform fast and accurate retrieval from a database of models has become a necessity. At the core of this retrieval task is the fundamental challenge of defining and evaluating similarity between 3D shapes. Some effective methods dealing with this challenge consider similarity measures based on the visual appearance of models. While collections of rendered images are discriminative for retrieval tasks, such representations come with a few inherent limitations such as restrictions in the image viewpoint sampling and high computational costs. In this paper we present a novel algorithm for model similarity that addresses these issues. Our proposed method exploits techniques from spherical signal processing to efficiently evaluate a visual similarity measure between models. Extensive evaluations on multiple datasets are provided.