cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic cell behavior on shape memory polymer substrates

Cell culture substrates of defined topography have emerged as powerful tools with which to investigate cell mechanobiology, but current technologies only allow passive control of substrate properties. Here we present a thermo-responsive cell culture system that uses shape memory polymer (SMP) substrates that are programmed to change surface topography during cell culture. Our hypothesis was that a shape-memory-activated change in substrate topography could be used to control cell behavior. To test this hypothesis, we embossed an initially flat SMP substrate to produce a temporary topography of parallel micron-scale grooves. After plating cells on the substrate, we triggered shape memory activation using a change in temperature tailored to be compatible with mammalian cell culture, thereby causing topographic transformation back to the original flat surface. We found that the programmed erasure of substrate topography caused a decrease in cell alignment as evidenced by an increase in angular dispersion with corresponding remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Cell viability remained greater than 95% before and after topography change and temperature increase. These results demonstrate control of cell behavior through shape-memory-activated topographic changes and introduce the use of active cell culture SMP substrates for investigation of mechanotransduction, cell biomechanical function, and cell soft-matter physics.
A Framework for Assessing Climate Change Impacts on Water and Watershed Systems

In this article we present a framework for assessing climate change impacts on water and watershed systems to support management decision-making. The framework addresses three issues complicating assessments of climate change impacts—linkages across spatial scales, linkages across temporal scales, and linkages across scientific and management disciplines. A major theme underlying the framework is that, due to current limitations in modeling capabilities, assessing and responding to climate change should be approached from the perspective of risk assessment and management rather than as a prediction problem. The framework is based generally on ecological risk assessment and similar approaches. A second theme underlying the framework is the need for close collaboration among climate scientists, scientists interested in assessing impacts, and resource managers and decision makers. A case study illustrating an application of the framework is also presented that provides a specific, practical example of how the framework was used to assess the impacts of climate change on water quality in a mid-Atlantic, U.S., watershed.
GAINS IN PERFORMANCE AND ATTITUDE: AN ANALYSIS OF EFFECTANCE MOTIVATION

Summary.-Two hypotheses were developed from Staats' 1967 theoretical position. These were tested in four studies that differed mainly in the ages of the subjects from college-age subjects to elementary school-age subjects. The studies with the younger age groups did not support the hypotheses. An additional study with elementaryage subjects was designed to test a possible explanation of the results. When Staats' theory proved inadequate to explain the results, other explanations were examined. Effectance motivation as developed by Harter is used to explain the results and to suggest new research. Investigating the effect of gains in performance on attitude formed toward the task was originally based on Staats' (1967) theoretical position. Staats defined an attitude as an emotional response to a stimulus and considered it to be a concomitant learning in a classical conditioning paradigm. An attitude toward a motor task, it was argued by McConnell (1976), is developed in association with the emotional response produced by performing the motor task and evaluating each result over a number of trials. The hypotheses generated from this argument were that (1) a group who shows the greatest number of increases in performance between two successive trials will develop a more positive attitude toward the motor task, (2) a group who shows the greatest number of increases in performance between two successive trial scores will show the greatest change in an already formed attitude. The results of the first study (McConnell, 1976) with college-age subjects supported these hypotheses so she undertook other studies with high school-age, middle school-age, and elementary school-age subjects but these data did not support the hypotheses. Further, in two of the studies there was statistically significant interaction which would not be predicted from Staats' theoretical position. These results led to a search for an explanation. Effectance motivation appears to do this. In 1959 Robert White reviewed data from a variety of sources to argue for a motivational construct labelled "effectance," a need which impels the organism toward competence and is satisfied by a feeling of efficacy. White considered this need as intrinsic to dealing effectively with the environment. Harter (1978) extended and refined White's model to include the effects of failure, a consideration of the components of the system from a developmental perspective, the relation of the degree of challenge to affect, the role of
Landsat Computer-Compatible Tape Family

The increasing need for distribution of images between generating centers and the desirability of using the images within digital analysis systems and digital data bases has led to the need for standardized formats which self-document the image structure while minim-izing the overhead and maximizing the format clarity. For Landsat, such a format has been defined. It is currently in use in Canada, and will be initiated in the United States with the advent of Landsat-D in the fall of )982. Although initially defined for Landsat, the family has specifically been designed to accomodate images from any source, of any size, and with any internal logical structure. For example, the (implied) two dimensional matrix of data points may be alphameric records, outline drawings, point data or data tables as well as imagery. The format family is open ended in that future specific formats may be generated by the use of pre-specified organization rules. The required standard superstructure information provides the roadmap through the data. The format will accomodate multiple images per logical volume, multiple tapes per logical volume, and multiple logical volumes on a given tape.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy relies on T-bet but not Eomes to induce effector function in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells

Coinhibitory receptor blockade is a promising strategy to boost T-cell immunity against a variety of human cancers. However, many patients still do not benefit from this treatment, and responders often experience immune-related toxicities. These issues highlight the need for advanced mechanistic understanding to improve patient outcomes and uncover clinically relevant biomarkers of treatment efficacy. However, the T-cell-intrinsic signaling pathways engaged during checkpoint blockade treatment are not well defined, particularly for combination approaches. Using a murine model to study how effector CD8(+) T-cell responses to tumors may be enhanced in a tolerizing environment, we identified a critical role for the T-box transcription factor T-bet. Combination blockade of CTLA-4, PD-1, and LAG-3 induced T-bet expression in responding tumor/self-reactive CD8(+) T cells. Eradication of established leukemia using this immunotherapy regimen depended on T-bet induction, which was required for IFNγ production and cytotoxicity by tumor-infiltrating T cells, and for efficient trafficking to disseminated tumor sites. These data provide new insight into the success of checkpoint blockade for cancer immunotherapy, revealing T-bet as a key transcriptional regulator of tumor-reactive CD8(+) T-cell effector differentiation under otherwise tolerizing conditions.
Tumors of the diaphragm.

Abstract Four cases of diaphragmatic tumor have been reported herein. In addition, reports of thirty apparently authentic cases were found in the literature. The clinical manifestations of such tumors were not very characteristic. Usually, more or less severe pain occurred in the lower part of the thorax, with costal extension and with accentuation on deep inspiration. Most patients had a cough and, in some instances, blood-streaked sputum was produced. In several cases the tumor was palpable as a bulging through the ribs; in a few, a mass that moved with respiration was noted in the upper part of the abdomen. The benign tumors often produced no symptoms whatever. Roentgenologic examination aided in establishing the diagnosis in some instances. Thoracoscopic examination, after artificial pneumothorax, sometimes was helpful. Also, in some cases pneumoperitoneum was an aid in establishing the diagnosis. Table II Pathologic diagnosis in thirty cases of diaphragmatic tumor No. Lipoma 8 Fibrosarcoma 5 Rhabdomyosarcoma 3 Fibromyosarcoma 2 Fibroma 2 Cyst 2 Mixed-cell sarcoma 1 Mesothelioma 1 Neurofibroma 1 Fibromyoma 1 Chondroma 1 Angiofibroma 1 Sarcoma 1 Myoblastic sarcoma 1 Leiomyosarcoma 1 Myosarcoma 1 Endothelial sarcoma 1 Hemangio-endothelioma 1
Ovarian and Fetal Control of Rat Placental Lactogen and Prolactin Secretion at Midpregnancy

The role of the fetus and ovarian steroids in stimulating rat placental lactogen (rPL) secretion and in regulating nocturnal PRL surges was investigated. On day 10, pregnant rats were ovariectomized (O) and/or fetectomized (F). Those rats injected with steroids received 0.1 microgram estradiol benzoate (E) or 4 mg progesterone (P) in oil sc, or both (PE). Blood samples were taken by cardiac puncture at 0500 h, on days 10 through 14. OPE rats showed slightly depressed serum rPL levels on days 11 and 12 and normal growth of the conceptuses. Ovariectomized rats given P alone also showed significant growth of the conceptus, although less than the OPE rats, demonstrating the necessity for estrogen during pregnancy. PRL surges were no longer present in these groups on day 11, similar to controls. Ovariectomized rats had very low rPL levels, and the nocturnal PRL surges continued for 2 extra days. Fetectomized and OF animals also had very low rPL levels and one extra PRL surge. P counteracted the detrimental effects of fetectomy on rPL secretion; yet placental uterine growth was not greater than in F animals. Thus, increased placental mass was not always correlated with increased rPL secretion. The results show that P is necessary to maintain rPL secretion in the pregnant rat, although estradiol and P in combination is most effective. The fetus also is essential to stimulate both placental growth and rPL secretion. The inverse correlation between rPL and PRL levels on days 11 and 12 suggests that rPL normally terminates the PRL surges at midpregnancy.
FAS 125 Update

The FASB has recently updated the rules in accounting for transfers of financial assets. The author reviews the previous standard and explains what's new in the latest update—and how it will affect you. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Influence of magnetic field on transport current path in BiPbSrCaCuO granular superconductor

Abstract The magnetic field dependence of transport critical current density ( J ct ( H )) and magnetic hysteresis loop were measured at 77 K for Bi 1.84 Pb 0.34 Sr 2.03 Ca 1.9 Cu 3.06 O y granular superconductors with J ct (0) of 4260, 7170 and 8670 A/cm 2 . From the initial magnetization curve, the lower critical field ( H ct ) of the grain was evaluated to be about 100 Oe in all samples. The J ct was almost proportional to the magnetic hysterisis (Δ M ) at 30 Oe. On the other hand, the J ct was almost proportional to ΔM / d , where d is the thickness of the sample, at 500 Oe. The result indicates that when H is lower than H cl , the transport current flows only in the grain boundary region and that when H is higher than H c the transport current flows in the grains as well as in the grain boundary region.
Metabolic bone disease in pediatric intestinal failure patients: prevalence and risk factors.

Purpose Patients with intestinal failure (IF) are known to have impaired absorption of nutrients required for maintenance of skeletal mass. Rates and risk factors of low bone mineral density (BMD) are unknown in pediatric IF patients.
Accuracy of Recorded Birth and Calving Dates of Dairy Cattle in the United States

Frequencies of births that were reported for specific days of the month were documented for US dairy cattle born since 1987 by birth year, herd size, and registry status and compared with calving frequencies for those dates. Because birth dates are expected to be random and uniformly distributed throughout each month, percentages of births on individual dates were expected to be equal (3.3% for d 1 to d 28, 3.2% for d 29, 3.0% for d 30, and 1.9% for d 31). However, percentages of reported birth dates for d 1, 2, 10, 15, and 20 were higher than expected. The percentage of reported births for d 1 was highest (5.3%) of all days of the month regardless of herd size or registry status. The nonuniform distribution of birth dates within month indicated that a substantial number of birth dates were unknown and that estimated birth dates had been reported. About one-third of the birth dates recorded on d 1 appeared to have been estimated, or altered to gain an advantage in cattle shows. The highest frequencies for birth dates on d 1 (5.9 to 7.4%) were found for registered cows during months that initiated age groupings for dairy shows (March, June, September, and December). Birth dates for some registered cows were intentionally misreported as confirmed by comparison of birth dates of individual cows with calving dates of their dams. Reported calving dates appeared to be more accurate than reported births; the inflated frequency of recorded calvings on d 1 was only about 30% as large as the inflated frequency of recorded births. Because cow age is determined by birth date, proper reporting of birth dates is important to ensure the accuracy of standardized yield and fitness records and the genetic evaluations that are based on those records. When animals' recorded birth dates and their dams' calving dates differ, more credence should be given to the latter to improve accuracy.
HEMODYNAMIC CHANGES FOLLOWING ARTIFICIAL SURFACTANT THERAPY: A CONTROLLED STUDY

Effects of exogenous surfactant (S-TA, Fujiwara) on hemodynamics and organ blood flow were studied in prematurely delivered baboons (76% term). Cardiac output (CO) and organ blood flow were measured before, 2 h and 7 h after surfactant using Sr85, Cr51 and Ce141, respectively. Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) was measured using osmometer (mm Hg). Diagnosis of PDA was confirmed by one shot angiography and at autopsy. Data from 3 control (A) and 2 S-TA treated (B) baboons are shown below. Organ blood is expressed as ml/min/gram (M±S.E). Ductal size was larger in surfactant treated baboons than in controls (3.5 mm vs 2.0 mm). This preliminary data suggest that (1) transient increase in lung blood flow seen after TA surfactant is secondary to large L to R shunt thru the PDA; (2) progressive increase in renal blood flow may be secondary to decrease in renal resistance; (3) colloid osmotic pressure increased in surfactant treated in comparision to control.
The Determination of Ionic Bonding Interactions of N-Phenyl Glycine and N-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropyl)-N-Phenyl Glycine as Measured by Carbon-13 NMR Analysis:

The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether high-resolution carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance could be utilized for detection of ionic bonding interactions of NPG and NPG-GMA with selected inorganic cations. The C1-carbonyl carbon of NPG and NPG-GMA were labeled with 13C to help magnify the spectral response signal. The labeled monomers were allowed to react with Ca(OH)2 and LiOH. The C-13 carbonyl resonance was observed by solution- and solid-state NMR. The interaction of the cations in solution and on a powdered glass support resulted in a downfield chemical shift of about 2-5 ppm, indicating the presence of a chemical interaction between the monomer and the cations. The reaction of the monomers with the solid substrates of hydroxyapatite, and bovine dentin did not result in a significant downfield shift in the carbonyl resonance. The results provide evidence that high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance can be used for evaluation of chemical bonding interactions of dental adh...
Applying the Cultural Approach to Cognitive Development.

Cognitive development is a cultural process. More experienced cultural members and the practices, institutions, and artifacts of the culture provide support and guidance for children as they develop knowledge and thinking skills. In this article, the authors describe the value that is added to our understanding of cognitive development when cultural contributions are taken into account. They discuss theoretical and practical issues of cultural research with the aim of encouraging researchers to consider culture more centrally in their own work.
Weight Loss Attempts and Attitudes toward Body Size, Eating, and Physical Activity in American Indian Children: Relationship to Weight Status and Gender

Objective: This study examined dieting, weight perceptions, and self-efficacy to eat healthy foods and engage in physical activity and their relationships to weight status and gender among American Indian elementary schoolchildren. Research Methods and Procedures: Data for this study were collected as part of the baseline examination for the Pathways study. Participants were 1441 second- through third-grade American Indian children in 41 schools representing seven tribes in Arizona, New Mexico, and South Dakota who filled out a questionnaire and had heights and weights taken. Results: Forty-two percent of the children were overweight or obese. No differences were found between overweight/obese and normal weight children for healthy food intentions or self-efficacy. Heavier children (especially those with body mass index > 95th percentile) were more likely to have tried to lose weight or were currently trying to lose weight. No gender differences were found. Normal weight children chose a slightly heavier body size as most healthy compared with overweight/obese children. Discussion: The results indicate that children are concerned about their weight and that weight modification efforts are common among overweight American Indian children. School, community, and family-based programs are needed to help young people adopt lifelong healthful eating and physical activity practices.
Where Kinsey, Christ, and Tila Tequila Meet: Discourse and the Sexual (Non)-Binary

Drawing on 80 interviews and 17 months of participant observation in Lexington, Kentucky, this article details how individuals drew on three areas of national and local discourse to conceptualize sexuality. Media, popular science, and religious discourses can be viewed as portraying sexuality bifocally—as both a binary of heterosexual/homosexual and as a non-binary that encompasses fluidity. However, individuals in Lexington drew on each of these areas of discourse differently. Religion was thought to produce a binary vision of sexuality, whereas popular science accounts were understood as both binary and not. The media was understood as portraying non-binary identities that were not viable, thus strengthening the sexual binary. These differing points of view led identities such as bisexual and queer to lack cultural intelligibility.
Individual differences in generalization and imitation: what is the role of brain development?

Jones and Herbert describe research on deferred imitation and how this research reflects on the development of explicit memory in infancy. The article raises several interesting questions about how the medial temporal lobe memory system develops. In this commentary, I discuss some of the additional theoretical and empirical questions that are raised by the target article, and propose ways that these questions could be addressed in future research. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Binding of proteins and platelets to gas discharge-deposited polymers

Abstract Proteins naturally adsorb at foreign surfaces. Adsorbed proteins on biomaterial surfaces are important to the biocompatibility of medical implants and devices, as well as to uses in biosensors, diagnostics, separations and industrial bioprocesses. There is ample evidence that the composition, organization, and conformations of the proteins adsorbed at a foreign interface are sensitive to the composition, topography and molecular mobility of the substrate surface. The protein layer can also change in all the above aspects with time. Thus, it is a dynamic, ‘living’ coating whose character is a direct reflection of the character of the substrate surface. Therefore, it is not surprising that many researchers have modified biomaterial surface compositions in order to influence protein adsorption and subsequent conformational changes. The gas discharge process is one of the more useful methods for modification of biomaterial surfaces. Surfaces may be ablated (or etched) in a process which removes material and creates a cleaner, but chemically-modified surface. Gas discharge may also be used to deposit a polymer-like coating of a new composition on the surface. Certain gas discharge-deposited polymers have been shown to enhance retention of adsorbed proteins, presumably by increased ionic, polar or hydrophobic interactions with the modified substrate, while others have been used to provide reactive groups for subsequent covalent immobilization of proteins. The use of gas discharge to modify protein adsorption will be reviewed in this article. Examples from the authors' own studies and their applications will be included.
Women's barriers to safer sex

Abstract We examined women's barriers to safer sex and the development of a 14-item, multi-dimensional, barriers to safer sex scale. In Study 1, model testing and scale development was conducted on a population of 503 African and European American, inner-city, pregnant, single women. We found four factors that closely parallel theoretical barriers that are cited in the literature: a) partner and self objections, b) the appraisal that one is not at risk, c) embarrassment, and d) giving up pleasure. In Study 2, convergent and divergent validity data supported the construct validity of the theoretical model and scale. In Study 3, the four subscales were found to be reliable among an additional sample of 72 single, college women. Subscale means for the community and student samples differed significantly, indicating important population differences. More modest differences were found between African American and European American women.
Ethics in Retailing: Perceptions of Retail Salespeople

Research interest on ethics has increased substantially within the past twenty years. To date, however, little published research has examined ethical problems of retail salespeople. This frame of reference should be of importance to retail managers because the nature of the retail sales job may lead to ethical problems for sales personnel. This article examines what situations (1) are ethically troublesome for retail salespeople, (2) are believed to be currently addressed by company policies, and (3) should be addressed by company policies. Implications for retail management are also discussed.
Two-Part Trade Policy under Imperfect Competition

In this paper we consider the potential gain of a government pursuing a two-part trade policy: an import license for entry, along with a per-unit tariff on imports. The model is a two-stage game of complete but imperfect information. In the first stage, the domestic government sets trade policy, while in the second stage the home and foreign producers behave as Cournot competitors. The paper demonstrates that the optimal trade policy depends upon the number of firms, the degree of heterogeneity in cost functions, and the degree of convexity in cost functions.
Mitochondria in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure

Heart failure (HF) frequently is the unfavorable outcome of pathological heart hypertrophy. In contrast to physiological cardiac hypertrophy, which occurs in response to exercise and leads to full adaptation of contractility to the increased wall stress, pathological hypertrophy occurs in response to volume or pressure overload, ultimately leading to contractile dysfunction and HF. Because cardiac hypertrophy impairs the relationship between ATP demand and production, mitochondrial bioenergetics must keep up with the cardiac hypertrophic phenotype. We review data regarding the mitochondrial proteomic and energetic remodeling in cardiac hypertrophy, as well as the temporal and causal relationships between mitochondrial failure to match the increased energy demand and progression to cardiac decompensation. We suggest that the maladaptive effect of sustained neuroendocrine signals on mitochondria leads to bioenergetic fading which contributes to the progression from cardiac hypertrophy to failure. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Focus on Cardiac Metabolism".
Robotic delivery of complex radiation volumes for small animal research

The Small Animal Radiation Research Platform (SARRP) is a novel and complete system capable of delivering multidirectional (focal), kilo-voltage radiation fields to targets in small animals under robotic control using cone-beam CT (CBCT) image guidance. The capability of the SARRP to deliver highly focused beams to multiple animal models provides new research opportunities that more realistically bridge laboratory research and clinical translation. This paper describes the design and operation of the SARRP for precise radiation delivery. Different delivery procedures are presented which enable the system to radiate through a series of points, representative of a complex shape. A particularly interesting case is shell dose irradiation, where the goal is to deliver a high dose of radiation to the shape surface, with minimal dose to the shape interior. The ability to deliver a dose shell allows mechanistic research of how a tumor interacts with its microenvironment to sustain its growth and lead to its resistance or recurrence.
Long-Term Retention of Heat Training in Mongolian Gerbils

Escape from heat was used to produce a black-white discrimination response in 60 gerbils. The animals were retested after 2, 4, or 6 calendar months from the date of original learning. The retest consisted of reversal learning for half the group and retraining for the other half. The relearning group showed significant savings and differed reliably from the reversal group which demonstrated no transfer at all. The originally learned response persisted, being unaffected by the passage of time. It was concluded that heat training results in the long-term retention of an acquired response.
Challenges and solutions of sustainable apparel product development : a case study of Eileen Fisher

The three-fold purpose of this study is to document current challenges the apparel industry experiences in developing sustainable apparel, discover product development strategies for fulfilling sustainable business goals, and determine the principles guiding successful interaction between designers and the upstream supply chain. This study adopted a case study method to identify and communicate practical challenges and solutions of Eileen Fisher, a women's apparel manufacturer. Data were collected from thirteen in-depth interviews conducted with members of the case company and its suppliers, with secondary data analysis from the case company's website and archival records. The study identified five challenges the case company encountered with respect to maintaining product value, quality, and aesthetics, meeting needs of suppliers, and coping with higher material and labor costs. Five solutions were put into place supporting sustainability objectives, and which highlight the practice of innovation in desi...
THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS ADRENAL AND GONADAL STEROIDS ON THE ACCUMULATION OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN THE DUODENUM OF THE SUCKLING MOUSE1

JUST before the nursling mouse is normally weaned, its adrenal glands, apparently acting under the influence of the pituitary, incite a 15 to 20-fold increase in the alkaline phosphatase content of the duodenal epithelium (Moog, 1953). Although this increase ordinarily occurs between the 16th and the 18th day, it can be brought about as much as a week earlier by the administration of a single dose of cortisone acetate. It is striking, however, that the precocious phosphatase synthesis induced by exogenous hormone proceeds at the normal rate to the normal maximum, the process apparently remaining under the control of the reacting tissue. This finding raised the question whether cortisone acetate acts as an unspecific stimulus, in the way that a variety of unrelated substances may promote specific inductive effects in early embryonic development (cf. Holtfreter, 1951), or whether it plays a more precise role, as perhaps by participating in an enzyme-controlled reaction leading to phosphatase synthesis.
Elimination of acetic acid from protonated 4,5-diacetoxyphenanthrene and 2,2′-diacetoxybiphenyl: An example of an ion chemistry proximity effect

Protonated 4,5-diacetoxyphenanthrene and 2,2′-diacetoxybiphenyl dissociate, owing to the interaction of the two acetoxy groups, by eliminating a molecule of acetic acid. This novel proximity effect, which occurs for a fast atom bombardment-produced closed-shell ion, was examined in detail using tandem mass spectrometric methods. This process, which was first observed in the decompositions of acetylated complex natural products such as stentorin and hypericin, may serve as a general process for determining the proximity of hydroxyl groups in polycyclic aromatic compounds.
Comparison of Zinc Finger Nucleases for Use in Gene Targeting in Mammalian Cells

Homologous recombination is a technique used for performing precise genomic manipulations, and this makes it potentially ideal for gene therapy. The rate of spontaneous homologous recombination in human cells has been too low to be used experimentally or therapeutically but, by inducing a DNA double-strand break (DSB) in the target gene this rate can be stimulated. Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) are synthetic fusion proteins that can induce DSBs at specific sequences of DNA and stimulate gene targeting. Although the success of ZFNs in this application has been demonstrated, several issues remain. First, an optimal, generalized method of making effective and safe ZFNs needs to be determined. Second, a systematic method of evaluating the efficiency and safety of ZFNs is needed. We compared the gene-targeting efficiencies and cytotoxicity of ZFNs made using modular-assembly and ZFNs made using a bacterial 2-hybrid (B2H) selection-based method, in each case targeting the same single site. We found that a ZFN pair made using the B2H strategy is more efficient at stimulating gene targeting and less toxic than a pair made using modular-assembly. We demonstrate that a pair of three-finger B2H ZFNs is as efficient at stimulating gene targeting as ZFNs with more fingers, and induce similar or lower rates of toxicity.
Antisense therapy: potential tool to reduce activity in MS via protein expression inhibition.

Molecularly engineered therapeutics can provide the advantage of promoting specific biologic effects. Moreover, disease treatments with few or no “off-target” effects have great potential to improve safety and side effect profiles. Monoclonal antibodies represent one category of engineered therapeutics that is increasingly utilized in many different disorders, often offering enhanced efficacy compared to therapies with more generalized and nonspecific mechanisms of action. Despite the success of many monoclonal antibody therapies, concerns remain with regard to safety, dosing, neutralizing antibody formation, and CNS penetration.
Long-Run Trends in the Quality of Teachers: Evidence and Implications for Policy

One of the key provisions of the No Child Left Behind Act requires states to ensure that every teacher be “highly qualified.” Though the meaning of “highly qualified” remains hotly contested, the legislation's emphasis on teachers is well founded. Nearly all modern research on the subject finds teacher effectiveness to be among the most important school inputs into student achievement. Yet recent literature, including my own work (Corcoran, Evans, and Schwab 2004), finds evidence that the quality of teachers has steadily eroded over time. In particular, the likelihood that a high-aptitude female pursued a career in teaching dropped precipitously between 1960 and 2000. In this article, I summarize these and related findings, review some of the most common explanations for the trend in teacher quality, and discuss policies that have been advanced to attract talented graduates to the teaching profession.
CHANGES IN THE ESTERASES OF RAT BRAIN AND BLOOD SERUM FOLLOWING ACUTE CRANIAL EXPOSURE TO X-RAYS.

Changes in the Esterases of Rat Brain and Blood Serum Following Acute Cranial Exposure to X-Rays
Chromatin structure, pluripotency and differentiation.

The state of cell differentiation in adult tissues was once thought to be permanent and irreversible. Since Dolly's cloning and, more recently, the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from differentiated cells, the traditional paradigm of cell identity has been reexamined. Much effort has been directed toward understanding how cellular identity is achieved and maintained, and studies are ongoing to investigate how cellular identity can be changed. Cell-specific transcription patterns can be altered by modulating the expression of a few transcription factors, which are known as master regulators of cell fate. Epigenetics also plays a major role in cell type specification because the differentiation process is accompanied by major chromatin remodeling. Moreover, whole-genome analyses reveal that nuclear architecture, as defined by the establishment of chromatin domains, regulates gene interactions in a cell-type-specific manner. In this paper, we review the current knowledge of chromatin st...
EVALUATION OF METHYLXANTHINES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS TO ENHANCE CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS SPORULATION USING A MODIFIED DUNCAN AND STRONG MEDIUM

Methylxanthines and related compounds were added to Duncan-Strong (DS) medium in an effort to improve spore yields and enterotoxin production in three strains of Clostridium perfringens. Supplementation with 50–200 μg of caffeine/ml (0.26–1.03 mM) increased heat-resistant spore yields for strain NCTC 8238 from 4.32 to 6.03 log10 spores/ml after 24 h of incubation. With strains NCTC 8239 and NCTC 10240, 50–200 μg/ml caffeine (0.26–1.03 mM) or theophylline (0.28–1.11 mM) were equally effective, and increased spore yields from 4.18–4.89 to 6.00–7.13 log10 spores/ml. When sporulation and enterotoxin production were evaluated in DS medium containing either starch or raffinose and supplemented with 100 μg/ml caffeine, heat-resistant spores were first detected at 6 h, and enterotoxin at 3 h of incubation. Raffinose not only yielded higher spore numbers than starch, but also shortened the time to toxin detection and/or increased toxin production by two out of three strains. Strain NCTC 8238 produced enterotoxin (2 ng/ml) with raffinose within 3 h, while strain NCTC 10240 produced 2 ng/ml enterotoxin with starch and higher levels (4 ng/ml) with raffinose at 3 h. In contrast, strain NCTC 8239 produced enterotoxin (2 ng/ml) at 3 h only with starch.
Report from IUGG Assembly: The IAGA Takao Tohmatsu Memorial Symposium: “Nonsolar ionization sources at low latitudes”

The morphology and dynamics of the tropical ionosphere are distinguished by the strong influence of the geometry of the magnetic field and the various sources of ionization. The emphasis in this symposium was on those ionization sources which are characteristic of the ionosphere at low latitudes. An overview of the characteristic properties of the tropical ionosphere was given by J. C. G. Walker. It was followed by a review of nighttime photoionization sources by D. F. Strobel, C. B. Opal, and R. R. Meier. At midnight the principal source of photons in the E region is found to be stellar continuum in the 911–1026-A wavelength range, producing as much as 2.5 ions cm−3 s−1 at 110 km over the equator. The sidereal time dependence of starlight results in a seasonal modulation of the ionization rate of a factor of 4. Since the majority of hot stars are in the southern hemisphere, the ionization rate at southern mid-latitudes can be a factor of 2 higher than at the equator. Resonantly scattered H and He airglow are also important sources in theE region. The radiative recombination continuum of O+ at 910 A is a major F region photoionization source in the Appleton Anomaly.
Effect of N -Dimethyl Amino-succinamic Acid ( B -995), a Growth Retardant, on Drought Tolerance

RECENT information has shown that growth retardants such as (2-chloroethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride (CCC) and 2,4-dichlorobenzyltributyl phosphonium chloride (‘Phosfon’), applied as foliar sprays, can increase the drought tolerance of certain plants1–3.
Self‐disclosure in psychoanalytic–existential therapy

This article is an effort to integrate contemporary psychoanalytic and existential perspectives on intentional therapist self-disclosure. It offers a two-stage decision-making model that considers self-disclosure from the vantage points of style and internalization. Clinical and research findings are presented to support the notion that the meanings a patient attributes to a particular self-disclosure, and its power to move him or her towards greater health, is the product of a fluctuating matrix of interpersonal and intrapsychic variables. Special consideration is given to the challenges that arise during the early and termination stages of treatment and to the psychotherapy of therapists.
Testing Sociobiological Theory: A Reply to Handwerker and Crosbie

the private and government plantation production systems of southeast Mexico and Central America. But the highlands of Guatemala is one of the last places one would look to find support for Weber's thesis linking Protestantism and capitalism. The changes that are occurring in Guatemala seem to be the product of the continuing evolution of a colonial social system. New social forms exist, but having evolved with the structure of racist, militarist colonialism they are restatements, reiterations grown out of previous social forms well adapted to that structure. That Brintnall feels strongly that the cause of the peasant leagues, guerrilla army, and other new social forms is just is enough, and I share this sentiment. But I do disagree with his theoretical interpretation of the nature and significance of these social forms for our understanding of community-level change in Latin America.
Replenishment versus retreat: the cost of maintaining Delaware's beaches

The dynamic nature of Delaware's Atlantic coastline coupled with high shoreline property values and a growing coastal tourism industry combine to create a natural resources management problem that is particularly difficult to address. The problem of communities threatened with storm damage and loss of recreational beaches is serious. Local and state officials are dealing with the conflicts that arise from development occurring on coastal barriers. Delaware must decide which erosion control option is the most beneficial and economically sound choice. Debates over beach management options began with the discussion of a long-term management strategy. Beach nourishment and retreat were the primary approaches discussed during the development of a comprehensive management plan, entitled Beaches 2000. This plan was developed to deal with beach erosion through the year 2000. Beaches 2000 recommends a series of actions that incorporate a variety of issues related to the management and protection of Delaware's Atlantic coastline. The recommendations are intended to guide state and local policy regarding the state's beaches. The goal of Beaches 2000 is to ensure that this important natural resource and tourist attraction continues to be available to the citizens of Delaware and out-of-state beach visitors. Since the publication of this document, the state has managed Delaware's shorelines through nourishment activities. Nourishment projects have successfully maintained beach widths. Moreover, tourism, recreational use, and real estate values continue to grow. The plan refers to retreat only as an option for the distant future.
The acquired control of ingestive behavior in the rat by flavor-associated postingestional stimulation

Recently reported sham feeding studies have revealed that the rate of ingestion of liquid diets early in the ingestion interval is under the associative control of postingestive events occurring in the stomach and intestine. This study investigated the possibility that gastrointestinal filling induced by adding the nonabsorbable sugar alcohol mannitol to a test solution could serve as an unconditioned stimulus to support the acquired control of the initial rate of ingestion of a liquid by rats. The results revealed that mannitol had a direct unconditioned effect on the rate of decline in the rate of ingestion during the meal and that the association of it with a distinctive flavor resulted in an acquired control of the initial rate of licking conditioned to the flavor. The conditioned effect was rapidly acquired and rapidly extinguished. Our results demonstrate the preabsorptive mechano- or chemostimulation of the gastrointestinal tract can serve as a UCS to support the conditioning of the rate of ingestion early in the meal.
Obstructive sleep apnea in familial partial lipodystrophy type 2 with atypical skin findings and vascular disease.

Introduction A number of metabolic conditions have been associated with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS). Familial partial lipodystrophy type 2 (FPLD2), one of the few rare genetic disorders affecting total body fat redistribution, is one of those conditions.
Improvements in the sensitivity of inverse-detected heteronuclear correlation spectra using micro inverse probes and micro cells: HMQC and HMBC spectra of caribbean ciguatoxin — preliminary structural inferences

Abstract Ciguatoxins are extremely potent activators of voltage-dependent sodium channels and elicit gastrointestinal and neurologic dysfunction in humans. Because they are present only at extremely low levels, the acquisition of heteronuclear shift correlation nmr spectra has been very difficult. Inverse-detected heteronuclear shift correlation experiments (HMQC and HMBC) have greatly increased sensitivity relative to older, heteronuclide-detected experiments. The use of micro inverse-detection probes has afforded a further dramatic increase in sensitivity relative to conventional 5 mm probe technology. Micro inverse-detection probes employed in conjunction with Shigemi micro nmr cells are shown to afford a further significant improvement in sensitivity which was necessary to acquire spectra on a sample of
Transcription termination at the mouse mitochondrial H-strand promoter distal site requires an A/T rich sequence motif and sequence specific DNA binding proteins

Termination of mitochondrial (mt) H-strand transcription in mammalian cells occurs at two distinct sites on the genome. The first site of termination, referred to as mt-TERM occurs beyond the 16 S rRNA gene. However, the second and final site of termination beyond the tRNAThr gene remains unclear. In this study we have characterized the site of termination of the polycistronic distal gene transcript beyond the D-loop region, immediately upstream of the tRNAPhe gene. This region, termed D-TERM, maps to nucleotides 16274–16295 of the mouse genome and includes a conserved A/T rich sequence motif AATAAA as a part of the terminator. Gel-shift analysis showed that the 22 bp D-TERM DNA forms two major complexes with mouse liver mt extract in a sequence-specific manner. Protein purification by DNA-affinity chromatography yielded two major proteins of 45 kDa and 70 kDa. Finally, the D-TERM DNA can mediate transcription termination in a unidirectional manner in a HeLa mt transcription system, only in the presence of purified mouse liver mt D-TERM DNA binding proteins. We have therefore characterized a novel mt transcription termination system, similar in some properties to that of sea urchin, as well as the nuclear RNA Pol I and Pol II transcription termination systems.
Comment on Carini's "private events made public".

Carini's paper, by suggesting that instruments are the way to make the science of psychology objective, carries behaviorism to a reductio ad absurdum.
Destructive Winds Caused by an Orographically Induced Mesoscale Cyclone

Abstract Sustained winds in excess of 70 kt and gusts of close to 100 kt were measured at the Hood Canal Bridge in western Washington on the morning of 13 February 1979 shortly before the bridge collapsed. An extraordinary blowdown of timber also occurred in the nearby area. Elsewhere in western Washington maximum one-minute wind speeds were generally 40 kt or less and peak gusts were mostly under 65 kt. Wind damage was widespread but less concentrated than in the vicinity of the bridge. Use was made of all available routine and nonroutine data sources to analyze the cause of the unusual winds. The analysis revealed that a meaoscale low pressure system or vortex formed in the lee of the Olympic Mountains as a deep Pacific storm moved ashore on central Vancouver Island. The pressure gradient on the southeast side of the mesolow exceeded 5 mb over a distance of less than 10 n. mi. The area of major destruction lay over and downwind of the region of extreme pressure gradient. At the height of the storm the w...
Mechanisms and effects of using chemically modified reducing enzymes to enhance the conversion of coal to liquids

Abstract Reducing enzymes can be chemically modified by activated polyethylene glycol or various substituted aromatic organic reagents so that they can be effectively dissolved and used in organic liquids while maintaining catalytic activity. Such biocatalysts are being investigated for use in organic solvents to enhance the conversion of coal to liquids in a hydrogen atmosphere at mild operating conditions. Most of the recent work has been with a hydrogenase isolated from Proteus vulgaris , cytochrome c, and a hydrogenase from the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus . Chemical modification has been primarily by methoxypolyethylene glycol p-nitrophenyl carbonate and dinitrofluorobenzene. Solvents used have included pyridine; benzene; toluene; and a mixture of tetralin, 2-methylnaphthalene, and p-cresol that simulates a process-derived solvent. Molecular hydrogen and other reducing agents are being evaluated with reaction temperatures in the range of 30–80°C. It has been shown that the modified enzymes do enhance the conversion of coal to liquids with over 40% of bituminous coal having been converted in a small fluidized-bed bioreactor during a 24 h period. Work with model compounds such as 1-[4-(2-phenylethyl)benzyl]naphthalene suggests that part of the conversion process may be due to splitting at methyl or ethyl bridging, and there is some indication that there may be additional saturation of the ring structures.