cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subtraction Serum Bactericidal Assay: A Method for Estimating in Vivo Effects of Antibiotic Combinations

The subtraction serum bactericidal assay has been developed to assess the effects of the individual components of antibiotic combinations in serum specimens from patients with serious bacterial infection. The technique can be performed easily with conventional microtiter technology, and the results compare favorably with those obtained by conventional in vitro determinations of the additive and synergistic activity of fixed antibiotic combinations against various Enterobacteriaceae. Three combinations of gentamicin and ampicillin were used, and synergistic or additive activity was demonstrated against each of the 11 clinical isolates tested, but only with one or two of the antibiotic combinations. This finding suggests the clinical importance of a test that can determine the effects of the actual concentrations of individual antibiotics that are achieved in patients with serious infections that are being treated with antibiotic combinations.
Enhancing cytotoxic agent activity in experimental pancreatic cancer through EMAP II combination therapy

Purpose Gemcitabine has limited benefits as single agent or in combination for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide II (EMAP) enhances gemcitabine effects in PDAC. We evaluated the combination effects of EMAP, doxorubicin, and docetaxel in experimental PDAC.
Epithelial‐myoepithelial carcinoma of salivary gland with metastasis to lung: Report of a case and review of the literature

A 63-year-old man was initially seen with multiple pulmonary nodules 14 years after a left parotidectomy for an epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma of salivary gland. Eight and 18 months after parotidectomy, the patient had local recurrence of his salivary gland tumor. He remained disease-free before being seen with pulmonary nodules, which were evaluated by open lung biopsy. The pathologic features of the pulmonary nodules were identical to the salivary gland tumor resected 14 years earlier. This is the fourth reported case of epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma of salivary gland metastasizing to a distant site.
Storm Deposition and 137Cs Accumulation in Fine-grained Marsh Sediments of the Mississippi Delta Plain

Abstract Cesium-137 activity and ash contents were measured in shallow cores from marshes on a salinity gradient in the Mississippi Delta plain. Average accretion rates calculated from 137 Cs activity profiles are similar to those previously reported. Our study, however, demonstrates anomalies associated with storm deposits which may help in interpretation of activity profiles in other regions. We also find trends in activity profiles related to the salinity gradient which had not previously been described in subaerial sediments. Our results suggest that there is a major difference between 137 Cs accumulation patterns in systems restricted to relatively fine-grained sediments and those with coarse-grained sediments. To understand and properly interpret patterns of 137 Cs activity for sedimentary accretion rates in such systems it is imperative that relative concentrations of clastic material be determined and storm deposits be recognized.
Adaptive topology control for wireless Ad hoc networks

Topology control in ad-hoc networks is the problem of adjusting the transmission power at network nodes in order to achieve the optimal topology that maximizes network performance. Recently, using effective topology control to optimize energy usage in the network has come into focus in the research community [1, 2]. The common thesis arrived at by existing works is that the transmission range used by mobile nodes should be the minimum required to keep the network connected. We refer to such a topology as the minimally connected topology in the rest of the paper. We argue in this work that the minimally connected topology does not always provide the optimal performance in typical ad-hoc networks. We show that in contrast, for typical ad-hoc networks with a few hundred nodes distributed over a few square miles area, the optimal topology is a function of the traffic load.
Recovery of multilayer-coated Zerodur and ULE optics for extreme-ultraviolet lithography by recoating, reactive-ion etching, and wet-chemical processes

Extreme-ultraviolet lithography requires expensive multilayer-coated Zerodur or ULE optics with extremely tight figure and finish specifications. Therefore it is desirable to develop methods to recover these optics if they are coated with a nonoptimum multilayer films or in the event that the coating deteriorates over time owing to long-term exposure to radiation, corrosion, or surface contamination. We evaluate recoating, reactive-ion etching, and wet-chemical techniques for the recovery of Mo/Si and Mo/Be multilayer films upon Zerodur and ULE test optics. The recoating technique was successfully employed in the recovery of Mo/Si-coated optics but has the drawback of limited applicability. A chlorine-based reactive-ion etch process was successfully used to recover Mo/Si-coated optics, and a particularly large process window was observed when ULE optics were employed; this is an advantageous for large, curved optics. Dilute HCl wet-chemical techniques were developed and successfully demonstrated for the recovery of Mo/Be-coated optics as well as for Mo/Si-coated optics when Mo/Be release layers were employed; however, there are questions about the extendability of the HCl process to large optics and multiple coat and strip cycles. The technique of using carbon barrier layers to protect the optic during removal of Mo/Si in HF:HNO3 also showed promise.
Moving away from overdue fines: One academic library's new direction

ABSTRACT As student fees, print vs. electronic access, service quality expectations, and basic economics have an increasing impact on library operations, some academic libraries are taking a second look at the process of charging overdue fines. This article explores the contemporary environment on this issue. It offers as an example a compromise solution implemented in Spring 2003 by Texas A&M University Libraries. The solution maintains fines for some materials but uses an “inconvenience” motivator to prompt timely renewal or return of regular stacks materials.
30W Q-SW fiber laser

We present an adaptive and robust pulse-operated high power fiber laser, which has an average output power of 30 W. The fiber laser realizes flexible pulse duration without changing a repetition rate and an average power, which is desirable for laser processing, by employing a Q-switched (Q-SW) Master Oscillator Power Amplifier(MOPA). For instance, its pulse duration is controllable in the range of 50 ns to 100 ns at 50 kHz in repetition rate. In addition to the flexible pulse duration, the fiber laser provides high powers, a peak power of 27 kW at 30 kHz in repetition rate and an average power of 30 W at 50 kHz in repetition rate. Large mode area (LMA) fibers and end pumping structure in the laser also contribute the above mentioned features, pulse adaptiveness and high output power. In terms of the robustness of the laser, we employ newly-developed reflection-suppressing pump combiners, which protect pump laser diodes (LDs) from amplified reflected signal light from objectives. All those features make the fiber laser a more practical light source for laser processing.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the thyroid: Is more than biopsy necessary?

Whereas excisional surgery and radiotherapy have resulted in a favorable outcome when non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the thyroid (NHLT) is confined to the thyroid gland, controversy persists over the potential advantage of aggressive debulking in favor of diagnostic biopsy alone when disease cannot be completely resected. Our aims in this study were to delineate the present role of surgery in NHLT in pre-operative staging, the impact of the extent of resection on achieving complete remission and cause-specific survival, and patterns of failure. All 62 patients who underwent primary surgery for NHLT at the Mayo Clinic between 1965 and 1989 were analyzed. By postoperative staging, 50 patients were stage IE or IIE. Overall survival was 53% and 46% at 5 and 10 years; 80% for stage IE confined to the thyroid, 58% for stage IE-extrathyroid, 50% for stage IIE, and 36% for stages IIIE and IVE. Complete remission was achieved in 88% of patients who underwent diagnostic biopsy plus adjuvant therapy alone compared to 85% for patients in whom debulking plus adjuvant therapy was used. There was no difference in cause-specific survival in these two groups or in cause-specific survival in two subgroups who achieved complete remission. Relapse after complete remission occurred in 12 (26%) of 46 patients, only 2 of whom survived long-term after salvage therapy. The role of surgery in NHLT is diminishing and advances that will increase complete remission and relapse-free survival will not likely involve more aggressive surgical resections.
Permeability of shale by the beam-bending method

Abstract The beam-bending method permits measurement of liquid permeability in the nanoDarcy range in a few minutes to a few hours. This technique has been applied successfully to determine the permeability, as well as the viscoelastic properties, of isotropic materials with low permeability, such as gels, porous glass, and cement paste. The method has been extended to measure transversely anisotropic materials, such as sedimentary rock, to find the permeability parallel and perpendicular to the bedding. In this study, measurements have been made on a set of shales from varying depths and locations in the continental United States. The measured permeabilities range 0.009–400 nanoDarcies (nD=10 −21 m 2 ). The permeability in the direction parallel to the bedding orientation was larger than that perpendicular to the bedding orientation, by a factor ranging from 1.2 to 6. This is the first instance of using the beam-bending method to measure the permeabilities of shale in different orientations. The measured permeabilities were compared to the Kozeny–Carman and Katz–Thompson models. The pore geometry parameters used in the models, such as the pore size distribution, characteristic pore diameters, porosity, and tortuosity were measured using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), gravimetry, and electrical conductivity, respectively. The measured permeability values match better with the predictions from the Katz–Thompson equation.
Relaxation processes in coherent-population trapping

The role played by a buffer gas in the ground-state superposition created in coherent-population-trapping experiments is investigated theoretically. The density matrix equations are solved on the basis of the coupled-noncoupled states. The velocity-changing collisions are examined in the limit of strong collisions. The relaxation rate for transfer of the ground-state superposition between atoms with different velocities is derived from a fit of available experimental results. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
The dynamic response of a centrifugal pendulum vibration absorber with motion-limiting stops

Abstract The effects of motion-limiting stops on the dynamic behavior of a centrifugal pendulum vibration absorber are studied. The equations of motion for the two degrees-of-freedom system are decoupled and an isolated, non-dimensionalized set of equations of motion is obtained for the pendulum which includes the effects of the stops. The results of the analysis provide the existence and stability of the non-linear impacting periodic motions of the pendulum, based on various system parameters. Several properties which are inherent to the system are discovered in this analysis which have not been previously considered. One such property is the coexistence of impacting and non-impacting periodic motions at the desired operating frequency for which the pendulum is designed. The results indicate however, that such coexistence occurs when the pendulum damping is larger than is reasonable for practical applications. The effect of detuning of the absorber is also considered.
Scaling Sustainable Energy Options in Terms of Accessibility, Availability, and Acceptability of Options

Society thrives on the secure and reliable flow of affordable energy to industries, homes, public service facilities, communication systems, and transportation systems. Because energy is the lifeblood of the economies of nations and a primary factor in the technology deployment plans of industrial entities and public agencies at all jurisdictional levels, it is essential to the operation of society. Accidental or intentional disruption of energy systems generation, flow, and use can cause high-cost damages. Analyses by the International Energy Agency IEA in 2001 http://www.iea.org/technol indicate that world energy use will rise by 57% by 2020 at an average annual rate of 2%, using 1997 as the reference year. Globally, fossil fuels oil, gas, and coal are expected to account for 90% of the primary energy mix by 2020. Oil is expected to provide 40% of the primary energy mix to support mostly transportation in the technologically advanced countries and power generation in developing countries. Furthermore, regional shares in global energy demand will shift from the advanced countries to the developing world. Although coal use will rise in absolute terms, its share in the energy mix will decrease in favor of renewables and gas. By 2020, emission rates of CO2 from fossil fuels are expected to increase by 60%, relative to 1997, at an annual rate of 2.1%. That scenario is underlain by the assumptions that the global economy will grow at a rate of more than 3% per year; the rate of growth of the global population will decrease; and fossil fuel prices will remain relatively constant, at approximately US$21 per barrel in 2001 dollars until 2010. Large uncertainties characterize energy demand and supply projections. The energy mix may change drastically in response to global and regional politics, energy policy reforms of nations, technological advances in energy efficiency of appliances and automobiles, fuel substitution, and development of environmentally friendly energy technologies. Particularly, technological advances can serve as an enabler for the improvement, acceptance, and implementation of options that would otherwise have gained smaller segments of the energy mix. Although global energy demand and supply factors are worthy of coordinated treatment in an increasingly interdependent world, direct implementation of sustainable energy systems is more feasible on a regionalized basis, where the following three factors recognized by the World Energy Council http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/news as indices of energy sustainability can be assessed:
Growth of spiral carbon tubes by a mixed-valent oxide-catalytic carbonization process

Abstract The synthesis of carbon tubes is vitally important in carbon research and applications. In this paper, spiral carbon tubes are grown for the first time by a mixed-valent oxide-catalytic carbonization process. The carbon tubes are highly twisted and have many growth-induced nodes. The carbon tubes are nucleated on spherical carbon cores, created by unclosed polyhedron carbon shells containing pentagonal carbon rings. The conical growth of graphitic layers along the tube is the result of a temporary shortage of the supply of pentagons. The pairing of pentagons and heptagons is the key to nucleating the nodes. Our experiments prove that the fraction and nucleation rates of pentagons, hexagons and heptagons determine the surface geometry of the product.
Local transverse arch repair for type A aortic dissection.

Background The management of retrograde dissections originating from the transverse arch is controversial. Although replacing the ascending aorta is clearly beneficial, the appropriate approach to the management of the arch tear is not as apparent and ranges from no intervention to total arch replacement. Methods Three patients presented with acute (n=2) or subacute (n=1) aortic dissection, with tears involving the transverse arch. All underwent local transaortic pledgeted suture repair of the arch tears during hypothermic circulatory arrest, as well as graft replacement of the ascending aorta. Results Circulatory arrest times ranged from 12 to 15 minutes (transaortic arch repairs alone) to 48 minutes (transaortic arch repair and open distal graft anastomosis). Postoperatively all patients awoke within 12 hours and subsequently did well neurologically. Conclusions In the face of a type A dissection with an entry in the transverse arch, local transaortic repair with concomitant ascending aortic replacement represents a viable middle ground between no arch intervention and lengthy arch replacement. Huge entry tears or aneurysmal arch enlargement would preclude such an approach.
Choice based on separately established response tendencies: The effect of recency of reinforcement

Abstract The responding of pigeons was studied in a chamber with two adjacent keys that could each be lit with either a red or a green dot. Fixed-length trials were used, with pecking on positive trials reinforced by presenting food at the end of the trial. In each session the first 40 trials were one-key trials with one key lit on each trial, either red or green, and the next four trials were choice trials with both keys lit, one red and the other green. When blocks of sessions were presented in which all one-key trials were positive trials of a single color, choice responding gradually shifted to the color presented most recently during one-key trials. When all one-key trials were nonreinforced trials of a single color, responding on choice trials shifted toward the other color. When positive one-key trials of one color were intermingled with negative one-key trials of the other color, choice responding shifted exclusively to the reinforced color. These shifts in choice responding occurred even when responding on choice trials was never reinforced, and were viewed as based on separate response tendencies for pecking red and pecking green built up during one-key trials.
1α,25-Dihydroxy-3-epi-vitamin D3, a natural metabolite of 1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3: production and biological activity studies in pulmonary alveolar type II cells

Pulmonary alveolar type II cells have been shown to be a possible target for the secosteroid hormone, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1alpha,25(OH)2D3], during perinatal transition. At present, there is great interest to isolate and identify the metabolites of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 produced in its target tissues and to determine the contribution of each individual metabolite of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 to the final expression of the pleiotropic actions attributed to 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. Of all the known metabolites of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3, 1alpha,25(OH)2-3-epi-D3 has gained most attention as it is produced only in specific tissues and possesses significant activity in tissues in which it is produced. Furthermore, in vivo studies indicate that this metabolite when compared to 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 is less calcemic. Therefore, we performed the present study to identify production of 1alpha,25(OH)2-3-epi-D3 in alveolar type II cells, and to evaluate its effect on surfactant synthesis. We incubated NCI-H441 cells, an alveolar type II cell line, with 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and demonstrated that these cells metabolize 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 to various previously well-characterized polar metabolites, and to a less polar metabolite which was unequivocally identified as 1alpha,25(OH)2-3-epi-D3 by GC/MS and HPLC analysis. Further, biological activity studies in H441 cells indicated that 1alpha,25(OH)2-3-epi-D3 possesses significant activity in terms of its ability: (i) to increase surfactant phospholipid synthesis, (ii) to induce surfactant SP-B mRNA gene expression, and (iii) to increase surfactant SP-B protein synthesis. However, the activity of 1alpha,25(OH)2-3-epi-D3 when compared to 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 in generating VDR-mediated transcriptional activity in ROS 17/2.8 cells transfected with human osteocalcin VDRE/growth hormone gene construct, was significantly reduced. The high metabolic stability of 1alpha,25(OH)2-3-epi-D3, as previously proposed by us, may be a possible explanation for the high in vitro activity in spite of the reduced VDR-mediated transcriptional activity. In summary, we report for the first time the pathways of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 metabolism in pulmonary alveolar type II cells and indicate that 1alpha,25(OH)2-3-epi-D3, a natural intermediary metabolite of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 possesses significant activity in stimulating surfactant synthesis in alveolar type II cells.
Propionate stimulates pyruvate oxidation in the presence of acetate

Flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) in the heart may be reduced by various forms of injury to the myocardium, or by oxidation of alternative substrates in normal heart tissue. It is important to distinguish these two mechanisms because imaging of flux through PDH based on the appearance of hyperpolarized (HP) [(13)C]bicarbonate derived from HP [1-(13)C]pyruvate has been proposed as a method for identifying viable myocardium. The efficacy of propionate for increasing PDH flux in the setting of PDH inhibition by an alternative substrate was studied using isotopomer analysis paired with exams using HP [1-(13)C]pyruvate. Hearts from C57/bl6 mice were supplied with acetate (2 mM) and glucose (8.25 mM). (13)C NMR spectra were acquired in a cryogenically cooled probe at 14.1 Tesla. After addition of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate, (13)C NMR signals from lactate, alanine, malate, and aspartate were easily detected, in addition to small signals from bicarbonate and CO2. The addition of propionate (2 mM) increased appearance of HP [(13)C]bicarbonate >30-fold without change in O2 consumption. Isotopomer analysis of extracts from the freeze-clamped hearts indicated that acetate was the preferred substrate for energy production, glucose contribution to energy production was minimal, and anaplerosis was stimulated in the presence of propionate. Under conditions where production of acetyl-CoA is dominated by the availability of an alternative substrate, acetate, propionate markedly stimulated PDH flux as detected by the appearance of hyperpolarized [(13)C]bicarbonate from metabolism of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate.
Smooth ideals in hyperelliptic function fields

Recently, several algorithms have been suggested for solving the discrete logarithm problem in the Jacobians of high-genus hyperelliptic curves over finite fields. Some of them have a provable subexponential running time and are using the fact that smooth reduced ideals are sufficiently dense. We explicitly show how these density results can be derived. All proofs are purely combinatorial and do not exploit analytic properties of generating functions.
8.7 Dual-use low-drop-out regulator/power gate with linear and on-off conduction modes for microprocessor on-die supply voltages in 14nm

In recent generations of microprocessors, there has been an increase in the number and types of processors integrated on the same die. For example, in [1] several IA (Intel architecture) cores have been integrated on-chip with a graphics processor. Multi-core trends are expected to increase in future generations with different cores and units requiring varying supply voltages. As platform footprints are also required to decrease, this causes a unique challenge for voltage regulation. In [2], an on-die switching fully integrated voltage regulator (FIVR) was demonstrated, which presents a very good solution in many cases. However, the FIVR requires inductors, which may not always be available. In addition, it may be desirable to sub-divide some of the FIVR domains using power gates and/or linear voltage regulators, such as low-drop-out regulators (LDO). LDOs can be used to enable different units of the chip to operate at their optimal voltage levels, which could save power. For example, different types of cores often have significantly different minimum-V cc levels in low-power mode. In addition, a core or graphics unit could enter a high-performance mode, where the voltage is ramped up to enable performance, while other cores are in sleep or low-power modes.
Omega-3 fatty acids decrease protein kinase expression in human breast cancer cells.

We report that 5-day exposure to physiological concentrations of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids resulted in a strong decrease in expression of the RIα regulatory subunit of protein kinase A and the PKC-α isozyme of protein kinase C in the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231.
Shifting Margins of Housing Status in Los Angeles

Abstract Changes in housing circumstances over the 1980s were more dramatic in Los Angeles than nationwide. Reductions in housing autonomy were larger, as were diversity gaps in crowding, affordability gaps between owners and renters, and generation gaps in home ownership. Margins of the housing status distribution also changed more sharply. The precariously housed expanded at double the national rate and their housing problems worsened; the generously housed fell overall but the most affluent further improved their housing situation. Young people, female-headed households, and African-Americans were at higher risk of becoming precariously housed than their counterparts nationwide; the prospect of enjoying generous housing circumstances fell faster for Asians and established immigrants; and precarious housing rates were four times higher than the nation characterized inner city communities by 1990. Findings underscore regional variability in housing circumstances, and suggest growing needs for household assistance. Welfare reform, however, is likely to intensify housing problems and precipitate rising rates of homelessness in Los Angeles and other American cities.
Kinetics of dissolution of potassium alum crystals in a flow cell in the presence of Fe++ cations

Dissolution rates of the {111} face of potassium alum crystals have been measured in situ in a flow cell. Dependence of the mass dissolution fluxes on the subsaturation and on the presence of Fe++ cations has been studied. No influence of these cations over the concentration range 0–165 ppm on the dissolution kinetics has been observed. In addition, the dissolution process has been found to be of a purely diffusive character.
A mutant strain in Drosophila melanogaster that is defective in courtship behavioural cues

Experience-dependent modification of courtship behaviour in Drosophila melanogaster has been previously reported; males that have courted fertilized females thereafter avoid courtship with virgin females for 2–3 h. We report that this modification is dependent upon a behavioural interaction between a courting male and fertilized female. Behavioural comparisons of males of the mutant strain Don Giovanni (dg) and normal males imply that fertilized females release a conditioning cue in response to male courtship. (1) The normal behaviour modifying capacity of fertilized females is dependent upon copulation. Females fertilized by dg do not effectively modify male courtship. (2) dg males are deficient in causing fertilized females to release a conditioning cue; fertilized females which are courted by dg males do not induce modification of behaviour. (3) The behaviour of dg males can be modified if the fertilized females they court have been first courted by normal males. These defects were mapped to the y-cv interval of the X-chromosome.
Induction electrohydrodynamics micropump for high heat flux cooling

Induction electrohydrodynamics (EHD) has been investigated as a possible means of pumping liquids through microchannel heat sinks for cooling microprocessors. A pump utilizing induction EHD has been microfabricated and tested. The experimental results matched the predictions from correlations to within 30%. Based on this, a micropump has been designed which is miniaturizable to a level where it can be integrated into the microchannels. The micropump utilizes a vibrating diaphragm along with induction EHD for pumping. The vibrating diaphragm does not cause any net flow by itself but causes high local bulk fluid velocities which lead to an increase in the power drawn from the electrodes and an increase in efficiency of EHD, both of which lead to a higher flow rate. The performance of the pump is predicted using an experimentally validated numerical model. The numerical model solves the three-dimensional transient fluid flow and charge transport problem due to simultaneous actuation of EHD and the vibrating diaphragm. Numerical results for micropumps integrated into trapezoidal microchannels are presented. The results indicate that the proposed micropump design has significant potential for microelectronics cooling applications: It is easy and inexpensive to fabricate, needs no added space, and can achieve the high flow rates needed.
A hybrid decision framework for evaluating psychometric evidence

The United States Supreme Court in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (1993) directed federal trial judges to preliminarily evaluate the scientific bases of proffered expert evidence. This article presents a decision flowchart for evaluating psychometric data, and attempts to operationalize existing evidentiary standards in hybrid (part science/part law) terms. The resulting framework should better assist courts and forensic experts to understand, evaluate, and apply scientific reasoning in determining the admissibility and probative value of psychometric evidence.
Buyer perceptions of supply disruption risk: A behavioral view and empirical assessment

Abstract As supply chains become more complex, firms face increasing risks of supply disruptions. The process through which buyers make decisions in the face of these risks, however, has not been explored. Despite research highlighting the importance of behavioral approaches to risk, there is limited research that applies these views of risk in the supply chain literature. This paper addresses this gap by drawing on behavioral risk theory to investigate the causal relationships amongst situation, representations of risk, and decision-making within the purchasing domain. We operationalize and explore the relationship between three representations of supply disruption risk: magnitude of supply disruption, probability of supply disruption, and overall supply disruption risk. Additionally, we draw on exchange theories to identify product and market factors that impact buyers’ perceptions of the probability and magnitude of supply disruption. Finally, we look at how representations of risk affect the decision to seek alternative sources of supply. We test our model using data collected from 223 purchasing managers and buyers of direct materials. Our results show that both the probability and the magnitude of supply disruption are important to buyers’ overall perceptions of supply disruption risk. We also find that product and market situational factors impact perceptions of risk, but they are best understood through their impact on perceptions of probability and magnitude. Finally, we find that decisions are based on assessments of overall risk. These findings provide insight into the decision-making process and show that all three representations of risk are necessary for fully understanding risky decision-making with respect to supply disruptions.
Activation of the SPS Amino Acid-Sensing Pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Correlates with the Phosphorylation State of a Sensor Component, Ptr3

Cells of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae sense extracellular amino acids and activate expression of amino acid permeases through the SPS-sensing pathway, which consists of Ssy1, an amino acid sensor on the plasma membrane, and two downstream factors, Ptr3 and Ssy5. Upon activation of SPS signaling, two transcription factors, Stp1 and Stp2, undergo Ssy5-dependent proteolytic processing that enables their nuclear translocation. Here we show that Ptr3 is a phosphoprotein whose hyperphosphorylation is increased by external amino acids and is dependent on Ssy1 but not on Ssy5. A deletion mutation in GRR1, encoding a component of the SCFGrr1 E3 ubiquitin ligase, blocks amino acid-induced hyperphosphorylation of Ptr3. We found that two casein kinase I (CKI) proteins, Yck1 and Yck2, previously identified as positive regulators of SPS signaling, are required for hyperphosphorylation of Ptr3. Loss- and gain-of-function mutations in PTR3 result in decreased and increased Ptr3 hyperphosporylation, respectively. We found that a defect in PP2A phosphatase activity leads to the hyperphosphorylation of Ptr3 and constitutive activation of SPS signaling. Two-hybrid analysis revealed interactions between the N-terminal signal transduction domain of Ssy1 with Ptr3 and Yck1. Our findings reveal that CKI and PP2A phosphatase play antagonistic roles in SPS sensing by regulating Ptr3 phosphorylation.
The cytochemical localization of ascorbic acid in root tip cells.

The intracellular distribution of ascorbic acid was studied in frozen-dried root tips of Allium cepa and Vicia faba by the silver nitrate procedure. The sites of the ascorbic acid as indicated by the deposited silver appear as spherical (0.2 to 0.6 µ in diameter) cytoplasmic particles. The site appears to have small amounts of lipides and to be rich in ribonucleic acid. These particles are concluded to be submicroscopic in size and associated, in the elongating cell, with the cell surface. In the meristematic cells they appear fewer in number and are distributed throughout the cytoplasm.
Classification of solutions of higher-order differential equations and inequalities with deviating arguments

In this paper we classify solutions of certain differential equations and differential inequalities with deviating arguments. This is done under certain assumptions concerning the convergence, or divergence, of an improper integral over [to, CO) where the integrand involves certain coefficient functions. Much of our work relates directly to those in [l, 2,4-6, 8, 91. A nontrivial solution of a differential equation which exists on the half-line [t, , CO) is said to be oscillatory if it has a zero on the interval [t, CO) for every t > t, ; otherwise it is said to be nonoscillatory on [to, co). Throughout this paper, only nontrivial solutions which are extensible infinitely to the right of zero on the real line are considered.
Epidemic thresholds in real networks

How will a virus propagate in a real networkq How long does it take to disinfect a network given particular values of infection rate and virus death rateq What is the single best node to immunizeq Answering these questions is essential for devising network-wide strategies to counter viruses. In addition, viral propagation is very similar in principle to the spread of rumors, information, and “fads,” implying that the solutions for viral propagation would also offer insights into these other problem settings. We answer these questions by developing a nonlinear dynamical system (NLDS) that accurately models viral propagation in any arbitrary network, including real and synthesized network graphs. We propose a general epidemic threshold condition for the NLDS system: we prove that the epidemic threshold for a network is exactly the inverse of the largest eigenvalue of its adjacency matrix. Finally, we show that below the epidemic threshold, infections die out at an exponential rate. Our epidemic threshold model subsumes many known thresholds for special-case graphs (e.g., Erdos--Renyi, BA powerlaw, homogeneous). We demonstrate the predictive power of our model with extensive experiments on real and synthesized graphs, and show that our threshold condition holds for arbitrary graphs. Finally, we show how to utilize our threshold condition for practical uses: It can dictate which nodes to immunize; it can assess the effects of a throttling policy; it can help us design network topologies so that they are more resistant to viruses.
TEMPERATURE REGULATION IN EXERCISE

The central body temperature of a man rises gradually during the first half hour of a period of work to a higher level and this level is precisely maintained until the work is stopped; body temperature then slowly declines to the usual resting level. During prolonged work the temperature regulatory center in the hypothalamus appears to be reset at a level which is proportional to the intensity of the work and this setting is independent of environmental temperature changes ranging from cold to moderately warm. In hot environments the resistance to heat loss may be so great that all of the increased metabolic heat of work cannot be dissipated and the man9s central temperature will rise above the thermostatic setting. If this condition of imbalance is continued long enough heat stroke will ensue. We have found that in a 3 mile race lasting only 14 minutes on a hot summer day a runner9s rectal temperature may rise to 41.1°C., with heat stroke imminent. The physiological regulation of body temperature of men in warm environments and during the increased metabolic heat production of work is dependent on sweating to provide evaporative cooling of the skin, and on adjustments of cutaneous blood flow which determine the conductance of heat from the deeper tissues to the skin. The mechanisms of regulating these responses during work are complex and not entirely understood. Recent experiments carried out in this laboratory indicate that during work, sweating may be regulated by reflexes originating from thermal receptors in the veins draining warm blood from the muscles, summated with reflexes from the cutaneous thermal receptors, both acting through the hypothalamic center, the activity of which is increased in proportion to its own temperature. At the beginning of work the demand for blood flow to the muscles results in reflex vasoconstriction in the skin. As the body temperature rises the thermal demand predominates and the cutaneous vessels dilate, increasing heat conductance to the skin. Large increments in cardiac output and compensatory vasoconstriction in the abdominal viscera make these vascular adjustments in work possible without circulatory embarrassment.
Systematic discovery of functional modules and context-specific functional annotation of human genome

Motivation: The rapid accumulation of microarray datasets provides unique opportunities to perform systematic functional characterization of the human genome. We designed a graph-based approach to integrate cross-platform microarray data, and extract recurrent expression patterns. A series of microarray datasets can be modeled as a series of co-expression networks, in which we search for frequently occurring network patterns. The integrative approach provides three major advantages over the commonly used microarray analysis methods: (1) enhance signal to noise separation (2) identify functionally related genes without co-expression and (3) provide a way to predict gene functions in a context-specific way. Results: We integrate 65 human microarray datasets, comprising 1105 experiments and over 11 million expression measurements. We develop a data mining procedure based on frequent itemset mining and biclustering to systematically discover network patterns that recur in at least five datasets. This resulted in 143 401 potential functional modules. Subsequently, we design a network topology statistic based on graph random walk that effectively captures characteristics of a gene's local functional environment. Function annotations based on this statistic are then subject to the assessment using the random forest method, combining six other attributes of the network modules. We assign 1126 functions to 895 genes, 779 known and 116 unknown, with a validation accuracy of 70%. Among our assignments, 20% genes are assigned with multiple functions based on different network environments. Availability: http://zhoulab.usc.edu/ContextAnnotation Contact: [email protected]
The Role of Information Technologies in Enhancing R&D–Marketing Integration: An Empirical Investigation

The effective integration of research and development (R&D) and marketing contributes to the development of successful new products. Barriers such as physical separation of R&D and marketing, goal incongruity, and cultural differences hamper the cross-functional cooperation. However, it may not be either possible or desirable to eliminate the cross-functional integration barriers in practice. Previous research findings suggest that information technology (IT) can be used to reduce the negative impact of the barriers. This paper examines the moderating role of communication technologies (ITc) and decision-aiding technologies (ITd) in improving the R&D–marketing integration in new product development. The empirical findings from analyzing data on 171 new product development projects suggest that both IT systems can be used to reduce the negative impact of physical separation, goal incongruity, and cultural differences on R&D–marketing integration. However, effectiveness of the two types of IT differs. While ITc appears to be more effective than ITd in overcoming the constraint of physical separation, ITd is more effective than ITc in reducing the negative impact of goal incongruity and cultural differences. ITc is found to have the strongest effect on reducing the negative relationship of physical separation and integration, a less strong effect on cultural differences, and a weak effect on goal incongruity. Conversely, ITd is found to have a strong effect on goal incongruity. These empirical findings provide guidelines for project managers using a specific IT to address a specific integration barrier. If the major barrier is physical separation, ITc is the best solution. On the other hand, if the major barrier is goal incongruity, ITd is the best solution. In addition, it is important for management to note that IT requires more than simply installing computer hardware and software. In addition to investing in those “hard” improvements, project managers should strive to create a supportive “soft” environment by consistently improving members' IT experiences and familiarity. In the process of the continuous development of IT, state-of-the-art technologies should be introduced in a timely manner and be made accessible to all team members. Finally, project managers should frequently observe their industry peers' IT usage to keep up with advances.
CHEMOTHERAPY OF TRYPANOSOME AND SPIROCHETE INFECTIONS : BIOLOGICAL SERIES. II. THE THERAPEUTIC ACTION OF N-PHENYLGLYCINEAMIDE-p-ARSONIC ACID IN EXPERIMENTAL TRYPANOSOMIASIS OF MICE, RATS, AND GUINEA PIGS.

N-PhenyIglycineamide-p-arsonic acid is an agent of marked therapeutic action in the treatment of experimental trypanosomiasis of mice, rats, and guinea pigs. It possesses an average curative range of from 0.2 to 0.3 gm. per kilo of body weight of the sodium salt against a 24 hour infection in mice and rats produced by several species of pathogenic trypanosomes. Since the lethal dose for mice is from 2 to 2.25 gm. and for rats 0.75 gm. per kilo of body weight, we have curative ratios of 1:8 and 1:3 respectively. The curative dose for guinea pigs is 0.15 gm. per kilo of body weight, thus giving a curative ratio of 1:10. The trypanocidal activity of this compound is relatively rapid in all three animal species, for the peripheral blood is cleared of organisms within 24 hours after its administration, and in addition, the lower limits of the curative range are comparatively sharply defined. Intraperitoneal, intravenous, and subcutaneous routes of administration for all practical purposes may be considered equally efficacious in Tr. brucei infections of mice both as regards the speed of action of the drug and the average curative range. The administration of the drug in therapeutic amounts in all three animal species is not followed by manifestations of organic or functional injury, but, on the contrary, the genera] physical condition of the treated animals shows an immediate and continued marked improvement. The therapeutic activity in trypanosomiasis of mice, rats, and guinea pigs as evidenced by the relative speed and sharpness of action, together with the curative ratio as expressed in fractions of the minimum lethal dose, and the absence of organic injury or functional disturbance following therapeutic doses are significant and characteristic features of the amide of N-phenylglycine-p-arsonic acid.
The value of the IUCN Red List for conservation

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the most comprehensive resource detailing the global conservation status of plants and animals. The 2004 edition represents a milestone in the four-decade long history of the Red List, including the first Global Amphibian Assessment and a near doubling in assessed species since 2000. Moreover, the Red List assessment process itself has developed substantially over the past decade, extending the value of the Red List far beyond the assignation of threat status. We highlight here how the Red List, in conjunction with the comprehensive data compiled to support it and in spite of several important limitations, has become an increasingly powerful tool for conservation planning, management, monitoring and decision making.
REAL: the remote educational antenna laboratory

The Remote Educational Antenna Laboratory is a new facility for the purpose of providing calibrated characterization of student constructed antennas. When completely operational, it will be available for use by students and instructors around the world, providing measurement experience to enhance and deepen the practical understanding of antennas.
Design and implementation of a multispectral iris capture system

Most commercial iris recognition systems use infrared or near-infrared cameras to capture the iris images because they show rich and complex textures that can be used to identify a person. This paper presents the design and implementation of a multispectral iris acquisition system that can efficiently capture and store iris images exposed under different wavelengths of illumination. The goal is enable the study of wavelength effects on iris recognition performance. A set of multispectral illuminators is designed to sequentially activate for short periods of time to expose the iris to spectral bands in the 405 nm – 1550 nm range. A specialized camera is used to capture iris images for each wavelength. A software program was developed to control the illuminators, camera, and the image acquisition process.
MaHCO: an ontology of the major histocompatibility complex for immunoinformatic applications and text mining.

Motivation: The high level of polymorphism associated with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) poses a challenge to organizing associated bioinformatic data, particularly in the area of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Thus, this area of research has great potential to profit from the ongoing development of biomedical ontologies, which offer structure and definition to MHC-data related communication and portability issues. Results: We introduce the design considerations, methodological foundations and implementational issues underlying MaHCO, an ontology which represents the alleles and encoded molecules of the major histocompatibility complex. Importantly for human immunogenetics, it includes a detailed level of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) classification. We then present an ontology browser, search interfaces for immunogenetic fact and document retrieval, and the specification of an annotation language for semantic metadata, based on MaHCO. These use cases are intended to demonstrate the utility of ontology-driven bioinformatics in the field of immunogenetics. Availability and Implementation: The MaHCO Ontology is available via the BioPortal: http://www.bioontology.org/tools/portal/bioportal. html, and at: http://purl.org/stemnet/ Contact: david_deluca@dfci.harvard.edu.