cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COLLECTING FOR A COLLEGE MUSEUM: Exchange Practices and the Life History of a 19th-Century Arctic Collection

The central role of exchange in museum collecting merits greater scholarly attention. We present an anthropological framework for analyzing exchange practices that illuminates the complex and shifting meanings collections accrue through their life histories. We illustrate this by examining the series of late 19th-century exchanges that produced a small, but historically important, ethnological collection at the Oberlin College Museum from the North American Arctic. The analysis sheds new light on the uneasy development of ethnology from its natural history roots, and on the role of small colleges in furthering the modern sciences curriculum. Examining collection life histories by way of exchange practices also highlights new interpretive challenges that accompany old collections.
Neurotoxic lesions of the lateral nucleus of the amygdala decrease conditioned fear but not unconditioned fear of a predator odor: Comparison with electrolytic lesions.

Considerable evidence suggests that the lateral (LA) and basal (BA) nuclei of the amygdala are sites of plasticity and storage of emotional memory. Recent arguments, however, have seriously challenged this view, suggesting that the effects of amygdala lesions are attributable to interference with performance of fear behavior and not learning and memory. One way to address this controversy is to measure the same behavioral response during both conditioned and unconditioned fear. This is done in the present study by measuring fear-related freezing behavior after electrolytic and neurotoxic lesions of the LA or LA/BA nuclei in rats in a contextual fear conditioning paradigm and unconditioned fear to a predator odor. Electrolytic LA lesions attenuated post-shock freezing, retention test freezing, and freezing to the predator odor trimethylthiazoline (TMT). In contrast, excitotoxic NMDA lesions of the LA had no effect on post-shock freezing but significantly attenuated retention test freezing. Furthermore, excitotoxic LA lesions did not diminish freezing to TMT. Larger excitotoxic lesions that included the BA significantly reduced freezing in both the post-shock and retention tests but did not appreciably decrease freezing to TMT. The results suggest that the LA is important for memory of learned fear but not for generation of freezing behavior. In addition, the BA plays a role in freezing in conditioned fear situations but not in unconditioned fear. The studies suggest that the LA and BA play different roles in fear conditioning, but neither of them has a significant role in unconditioned freezing to a predator odor.
Estimate of the annual economic impact of treatment of cranial cruciate ligament injury in dogs in the United States.

Objective—To estimate the economic impact to veterinary clients for the medical and surgical treatment of rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (RCCL) in dogs for the year 2003. Design—Economic impact survey. Sample Population—501 diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS) indicating that their area of surgical emphasis was small animal orthopedic surgery or small animal general and orthopedic surgery and 4,000 veterinarians indicating to the AVMA that their professional area was small animal practice exclusive or mixed animal practice (at least 80% small animal). Procedure—Veterinarians were surveyed concerning the cost for medical and surgical treatment of RCCL for 2003. The economic impact was calculated by multiplying the number of RCCL surgeries performed by the mean cost of surgery. This was added to the number of RCCL cases managed medically multiplied by the mean cost of medical management. This estimate for survey responders was extrapolated to the total number of veterin...
Binary phase plates cannot improve laser beam quality.

Binary phase plates are often suggested as a means for improving the far-field brightness of beams coming from antiphased laser arrays or waveguide lasers operating in higher-order modes. Somewhat surprisingly, however, binary phase plates actually cannot improve at all the second-moment-based beam quality factor M2 as usually defined for such beams. Even from a power-in-the-bucket viewpoint, their usefulness is debatable.
Testing for Transistor Aging

Transistor aging results in circuit delay degradation over time,and is a growing concern for future systems. On-line circuit failure prediction, together with on-line self-test, can overcome transistor aging challenges for robust systems with built-in self-healing.Effective circuit failure prediction requires very thorough testing to estimate the amount of aging in various parts of a large design during system operation. This paper introduces such testing techniques. Results on large designs demonstrate the practicality and effectiveness of presented techniques.
The Cytochrome-c Binding Surface of Reaction Centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides

In this paper, we describe the water-exposed, periplasmic surface of the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center from Rhodobacter sphaeroides R-26. This surface contains binding sites for c-type cytochromes. The approximate two-fold structural symmetry is evident in the folding of the L and M subunits of the reaction center on this surface. In spite of this, the distribution of charged residues shows a marked deviation from symmetry. One group of charged residues is distributed symmetrically. For this group, equivalently charged residues are located at symmetry-related positions on both L and M subunits. However, charged residues are also found at positions which do not follow the two-fold symmetry. Seven charged residues appear on the L and M subunits at positions which do not have a charged residue at the corresponding position on the other subunit. These symmetry-breaking charged residues appear in a single region, or “patch”, on the surface of the reaction center. We propose that this patch may function as a site for cytochrome c docking. A model of the Rb. sphaeroides cytochrome c2-reaction center electron transfer complex has been built. Preliminary energy calculations show that this configuration is at least a local energy minimum.
QoS and fairness constrained convex optimization of resource allocation for wireless cellular and ad hoc networks

For wireless cellular and ad hoc networks with QoS constraints, we propose a suite of problem formulations that allocate network resources to optimize SIR, maximize throughput and minimize delay. The distinguishing characteristics of these resource allocation formulations is that, by using convex optimization, they accommodate a variety of realistic QoS and fairness constraints. Their globally optimal solutions can be computed efficiently through polynomial time interior point methods, even though they use nonlinear objectives and constraints. Through power control in wireless cellular networks, we optimize SIR and delay for a particular QoS class, subject to QoS constraints for all other QoS classes. For wireless ad hoc networks with multihop transmissions and Rayleigh fading, we optimize various objectives, such as the overall system throughput, subject to constraints on power, probability of outage, and data rates. These formulations can also be used for admission control and relative pricing. Both proportional and minmax fairness can be implemented under the convex optimization framework, where fairness parameters can be jointly optimized with QoS criteria. Simple heuristics are also shown and tested using the convex optimization tools.
Simple sequence repeat variation in the Daphnia pulex genome

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are highly variable features of all genomes. Their rapid evolution makes them useful for tracing the evolutionary history of populations and investigating patterns of selection and mutation across gnomes. The recently sequenced Daphnia pulex genome provides us with a valuable data set to study the mode and tempo of SSR evolution, without the inherent biases that accompany marker selection. Here we catalogue SSR loci in the Daphnia pulex genome with repeated motif sizes of 1-100 nucleotides with a minimum of 3 perfect repeats. We then used whole genome shotgun reads to determine the average heterozygosity of each SSR type and the relationship that it has to repeat number, motif size, motif sequence, and distribution of SSR loci. We find that SSR heterozygosity is motif specific, and positively correlated with repeat number as well as motif size. For non-repeat unit polymorphisms, we identify a motif-dependent end-nucleotide polymorphism bias that may contribute to the patterns of abundance for specific homopolymers, dimers, and trimers. Our observations confirm the high frequency of multiple unit variation (multistep) at large microsatellite loci, and further show that the occurrence of multiple unit variation is dependent on both repeat number and motif size. Using the Daphnia pulex genetic map, we show a positive correlation between dimer and trimer frequency and recombination. This genome-wide analysis of SSR variation in Daphnia pulex indicates that several aspects of SSR variation are motif dependent and suggests that a combination of unit length variation and end repeat biased base substitution contribute to the unique spectrum of SSR repeat loci.
The effects of reactive element additions and sulfur removal on the adherence of alumina to Ni‐ and Fe‐base alloys

The effects of reactive element additions to alumina-forming alloys (single-crystal Ni-base and ferritic Fe-Cr-Al alloys) and the effect of hydrogen annealing to remove sulfur on the oxide adherence to these alloys have been studied. The results have shown that desulfurization by hydrogen annealing can result in improvements in cyclic oxidation comparable to that achieved by doping with reactive elements. The results have also shown that there is less stress generation during the cyclic oxidation of Y-doped FeCrAl compared to Ti-doped or desulfurized FeCrAl. This indicates that the growth mechanism, as well as the strength of the oxide/alloy interface, influences the ultimate oxidation morphology and stress state which will certainly affect the length of time the alumina remains protective. It has been shown to be possible to estimate the amount of sulfur available to segregate to the alloy/oxide interface and how this is influenced by reactive element additions or hydrogen annealing. If these calculations can be made more quantitative it should be possible to engineer alumina-forming alloys for optimum resistance to cyclic oxidation e.g. by combining an appropriate desulfurization treatment and choice of reactive element addition. Der Einflus der Zugabe reaktiver Elemente und der Schwefelentfernung auf die Haftfahigkeit von Aluminiumoxid auf Ni- und Fe-Basislegierungen Der Einflus der Zugabe reaktiver Elemente auf Aluminiumoxidbildende Legierungen (Einkristall Nickelbasis- und ferritische FeCr-Al-Legierungen) und der Einflus einer Wasserstoffgluhung zur Schwefelentfernung auf die Oxidhaftfahigkeit dieser Legierungen wurde untersucht. Die Ergebnisse haben gezeigt, das die Entschwefelung durch Wasserstoffgluhung zu Verbesserungen bei zyklischer Oxidation fuhren kann, die vergleichbar der Wirkung bei Dotierung mit reaktiven Elementen ist. Die Ergebnisse haben weiterhin gezeigt, das wahrend der zyklischen Oxidation von Y-dotiertem. FeCrAl geringere Spannungen erzeugt werden als bei Ti-dotiertem oder entschwefeltem FeCrAl. Dies deutet an, das sowohl der Wachstumsmechanismus als auch die Festigkeit der Oxid/Legierungs-Grenzflache die endgultige. Oxidationsmorphologie und den Spannungszustand und damit sicherlich auch die Zeitdauer, die das Aluminiumoxid schutzend wirkt, beeinflussen. Es hat sich ebenfalls gezeigt, das es moglich ist, die Schwefelmenge, die sich an der Legierung/Oxid-Grenzflache ausscheidet, und den Einflus der Zugabe reaktiver Elemente bzw. Wasserstoffgluhung abzuschatzen. Wenn these Rechnungen in einer mehr quantitativen Form gemacht werden konnten, sollte es moglich sein, Aluminiumoxid-bildende Legierungen mit optimaler Widerstandsfahigkeit gegenuber zyklischer Oxidation zu entwickeln, z.B. durch Kombination einer geeigneten Entschwefelungsbehandlung mit der Auswahl reaktiver Elemente.
Identification of active site residues in mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase: Implications for a family of phosphotransferases

A combination of sequence homology analyses of mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase (MDD) proteins and structural information for MDD leads to the hypothesis that Asp 302 and Lys 18 are active site residues in MDD. These residues were mutated to replace acidic/basic side chains and the mutant proteins were isolated and characterized. Binding and competitive displacement studies using trinitrophenyl-ATP, a fluorescent analog of substrate ATP, indicate that these mutant enzymes (D302A, D302N, K18M) retain the ability to stoichiometrically bind nucleotide triphosphates at the active site. These observations suggest the structural integrity of the mutant MDD proteins. The functional importance of mutated residues was evaluated by kinetic analysis. The 103 and 105-fold decreases in kcat observed for the Asp 302 mutants (D302N and D302A, respectively) support assignment of a crucial catalytic role to Asp 302. A 30-fold decrease in activity and a 16-fold inflation of the Km for ATP is documented for the K18M mutant, indicating that Lys 18 influences the active site but is not crucial for reaction chemistry. Demonstration of the influence of conserved aspartate 302 appears to represent the first documentation of the functional importance of a residue in the MDD catalytic site and affords insight into phosphotransferase reactions catalyzed by a variety of enzymes in the galactokinase, homoserine kinase, mevalonate kinase, phosphom-evalonate kinase (GHMP kinase) family.
Educational anthropology and allied approaches in global perspective

Around the world there are a number of approaches to the anthropological study of education, as well as allied approaches rooted in other disciplines like sociology. They share family resemblances, but also vary in the main foci of their studies. This article describes some of the approaches, citing the United States, Mexico, and the United Kingdom as examples. It explains why scholars sometimes fail to recognize the significance of one another’s work across national and also disciplinary boundaries, and points out benefits of mutual recognition when it is achieved.
NMR measurements of Na+ and cellular energy in ischemic rat heart: role of Na(+)-H+ exchange

Interleaved 23Na- and 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were continuously collected on perfused rat hearts subjected to low-flow ischemia (30 min, 10% flow) or zero-flow ischemia (21 min) followed by reperfusion. During untreated low-flow and zero-flow ischemia, intracellular Na+ (Nai+) increased by 53 +/- 11 (+/- SE) and 78 +/- 8%, respectively, and remained elevated for zero-flow hearts. However, during both low- and zero-flow ischemia, Nai+ did not increase in hearts treated with the Na(+)-H+ exchange inhibitor, 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride (EIPA). The pH decreases during ischemia were unchanged. EIPA treatment reduced ATP depletion during ischemia. During reperfusion from zero-flow ischemia, EIPA-treated hearts displayed more rapid and extensive recoveries of phosphocreatine and ATP. Recovery of left ventricular developed pressure was improved for zero-flow hearts treated with EIPA during the ischemic period exclusively (104 +/- 13%) compared with untreated hearts (36 +/- 21%). These data indicate that Na(+)-H+ exchange is an important mechanism for Nai+ accumulation, but not for pH regulation, during myocardial ischemia. Additionally, Nai+ homeostasis plays an important role in the postischemic recovery of cellular energy and ventricular function.
Education and Voting Conservative: Evidence from a Major Schooling Reform in Great Britain

High school education is central to adolescent socialization and has important downstream consequences for adult life. However, scholars examining schooling’s political effects have struggled to reconcile education’s correlation with both more liberal social attitudes and greater income. To disentangle this relationship, I exploit a major school leaving age reform in Great Britain that caused almost half the population to remain at high school for at least an additional year. Using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design, I find that each additional year of late high school increases the probability of voting Conservative in later life by 12 percentage points. A similar relationship holds when pooling all cohorts, suggesting that high school education is a key determinant of voting behavior and that the reform could have significantly altered electoral outcomes. I provide evidence suggesting that, by increasing an individual’s income, education increases support for right-wing economic policies and, ultim...
Drainage in the Mississippi River Valley

Coordination between Soil Conservation Service and Corps of Engineers in drainage activities in alluvial valley of Mississippi River is explained; relation of flood control and drainage is discussed and different elements of complete surface drainage systems are described.
Postmenopausal Women Have Higher HDL and Decreased Incidence of Low HDL than Premenopausal Women with Metabolic Syndrome

It is well known that plasma lipids, waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure (BP) increase following menopause. In addition, there is a perceived notion that plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations also decrease in postmenopausal women. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated plasma lipids, fasting glucose, anthropometrics and BP in 88 post and 100 pre-menopausal women diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. No differences were observed in plasma low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting glucose or systolic and diastolic BP between groups. However, plasma HDL-C was higher (p < 0.01) in postmenopausal women and the percentage of women who had low HDL (<50 mg/dL) was higher (p < 0.01) among premenopausal women. In addition, negative correlations were found between WC and HDL-C (r = −0.148, p < 0.05) and BMI and HDL-C (r = −0.258, p < 0.01) for all subjects indicating that increases in weight and abdominal fat have a deleterious effect on plasma HDL-C. Interestingly, there was a positive correlation between age and plasma HDL-C (r = 0.237 p < 0.01). The results from this study suggest that although HDL is decreased by visceral fat and overall weight, low HDL is not a main characteristic of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Further, HDL appears to increase, not decrease, with age.
Effect of prolonged fasting on olfactory threshold.

This study is concerned with two hypotheses: (a) prolonged fascing results in a change in olfactory threshold; and (b) thresholds are differentially affected for food-related stimuli and neutral substances. These hypotheses derive from studies reporting threshold changes after brief fascing and studies indicating effects of need on perception. Seventeen obese men averaging 312 lb., hospitalized for treatment of obesity, were kept on 0 to 300 calorie diets for periods of up to 3 mo., during which time weight loss averaged a pound a day per man. Olfactory thresholds for methyl salicylate (food-related) and benzene (neutral) were determined periodically by Jones' (1956) forced-choice sniffing technique, a method which eliminates the problem of differences in criterion among Ss and the errors of anticipation inherent in the traditional method of limits. Order of presentation of the two substances was randomized, and the two were separated in time by at least 15 min. For each substance, initial measurements were compared with determinations made after 1 wk., and after 1, 2, and 3 mo. of fasting. For seven Ss who changed from 0 to 300 calories, the last fascing mean was compared with the mean after a week of the 300-calorie regime. Not one of the 10 t tests yielded a value high enough for statistical significance or even high enough to warrant hope that a very large N following the same trend might produce values with statistical significance. Thus hypothesis (a) is not confirmed and hypothesis (b), which is dependent on hypothesis (a), is nor confirmed. The variability of thresholds obtained was no greater than might be expected in the course of repeated measurements without fasting, as indicated both by comparison with variability reported by Jones (1955) and by variability obtained in a group of six non-obese, non-fasting controls tested under the same conditions. Thus it does not seem reasonable to blame the lack of significant results on excessive variability. A more reasonable speculation is that effects reported by others may be specific to minor or brief deprivation rather than to prolonged extreme deprivation such as was experienced by these men, who counted the time since the last meal in weeks rather than in hours.
DETECTION OF THE EFFECTS OF SELECTION ON PROTEIN POLYMORPHISMS IN NATURAL POPULATIONS BY MEANS OF A DISTANCE ANALYSIS.

If natural selection affects allelic frequencies at biochemical loci, we might expect to observe parallel patterns of variation among populations of closely related species. That is, if allele A is more common in northern than in southern populations, say, of one species, we might expect to find that same allele more common in northern than in southern populations of a closely related species. Barring hybridization between species, significant geographic correlations of allelic frequencies can only arise through the action of natural selection (Clarke, 1975). This basic idea, that the effects of natural selection may be detected as a geographic correlation in allelic frequencies in related species, has been recognized and exploited by a number of evolutionists (Clarke, 1962; Johnson, 1974; Koehn and Mitton, 1972; Lamotte, 1959). As a means of detecting the effects of natural selection, the search for parallel patterns of variation has certain limitations. It is only applicable, for example, in cases where closely related, sympatric species share homologous polymorphisms. Such cases are rare-at least in the literature-but not unknown. Data appropriate for analysis have been reported for dipteran and lepidopteran insects, toad species (Bufo), kangaroo rat species (Dipodomys), and species of macaque monkeys (Macaca) (Ayala, 1972; Ayala, et al., 1974; Dobzhansky and Ayala, 1973; Johnson and Selander, 1971; McKechnie et al., 1975; Rogers, 1973; Tashian et al., 1971). Undoubtedly, other cases will be reported. A second limitation is that such an approach can only detect selection when the adaptive significance of a given allele is similar in the two species compared. If, for example, allele A in one species is not equivalent with respect to selection to allele A in another species, parallel patterns of variation, would not exist even if natural selection were the sole determinant of allelic frequencies. Perhaps because of these limitations, this approach has been largely ignored. In spite of them it deserves more attention, however, because the interpretation of observed correlations in unambiguous; parallel patterns of variation between good species can only result from the action of selection. For this reason, Clarke (1975) has characterized the correlation approach as "perhaps the most powerful method of all." The purpose of this paper is to point out that this approach is a practical way to detect an effect of natural selection on enzyme polymorphisms. Published data are reanalysed to illustrate the methodology.
Ritual Conflict as Social Conflict: Liturgical Reform in the Roman Catholic Church

Controversy over the reform of the liturgy has been a key area of conflict among Roman Catholics in the wake of the Second Vatican Council. Resistance to alterations in the Tridentine liturgy and to the mandatory implementation of a new rite of the Mass (Novus Ordo Missae) has been interpreted almost exclusively along theological, psychological, or administrative lines. Little attention has been given to examining how conflict over "which rite is right?" is related to broader social tensions and structural dissolutions in contemporary Catholicism. The analysis in this article approaches ritual as a culture symbol that gives expression to social codes (identity, role, status, power). When viewed from this perspective, resistance to liturgical reform gives expression to class and interestgroup conflict linked to the weakening of Catholic identity in a pluralistic society, to a crisis of role status loss among clerical elites, and to the emergence and empowerment of a new knowledge class within the Church. Examination of these issues sheds additional light on the impact of social change on the Roman Catholic Church and relates the transformation of ritual to broad social changes associated with modernization. With the possible exception of the furor surrounding Humanae Vitae, no single aspect of the turmoil besetting American Catholicism in the wake of Vatican II ignited as much discontent, anger, alienation, and outright opposition as did the dramatic alterations in the centuries-old liturgical traditions of the Church, especially changes in the central act of Catholic devotional piety-the "Holy Sacrifice of the Mass." Although the conflict over liturgical reform has been overshadowed in the last decade by controversies over abortion, issues of peace and justice, liberation theology, and the role of women in the Church and, in spite of the fact that a new generation of Catholics have been socialized into the liturgical norms of Vatican II, criticism of the reforms, uncertainty over their wisdom and impact, Vatican anxiety over "arbitrary initiatives" (Inaestimabile Donum, 1980) and outright opposition have persisted. Gallup polls have twice indicated sizable support (64% in 1979; 40% in 1984) among American Catholics for a return to the old Tridentine liturgy-at least as an alternative rite in the Church. Objections to the new liturgy have been identified as a precipitating factor among older Catholic dropouts (Hoge, 1981: 91).' Lay Catholic organizations such as the Latin Liturgical Association, the Traditional Mass Society, the Society for the Preservation of the Mass, and Una Voce have continued to petition the Vatican for the reinstatement or alternative use of the Tridentine liturgy. In addition, self-proclaimed "Roman Catholic traditionalists" have made preservation of the "true Mass" (the Latin Tridentine rite)
Research on development stage agricultural informatization in China

Currently, it's critical period of rapid development for Chinese agricultural informatization, defining the development stage of agricultural informatization accurately will be crucial to make a scientific development strategy of agricultural informatization. The article analyzed the development theory of informatization at home and abroad, and then proposed the basic development theory of Chinese agricultsural informatization. On this base, the article studied the development history and stage characteristics of Chinese agricultural informatization and defined its current development stage. At last, it suggested to develop agricultural informatization by highlighting the government leading role, paying attention to regional coordination and layout, and promoting the integration of production, teaching and research.
Identification of Risk Factors for Elevated Neonatal Gentamicin Trough Concentrations

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to identify neonatal and maternal characteristics that may be associated with elevated neonatal gentamicin trough concentrations despite application of a previously published gentamicin dosage strategy. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of all neonates admitted to University of Vermont Medical Center (562-bed academic teaching hospital, Burlington, VT) receiving gentamicin between June 1, 2009, and August 31, 2013. A total of 205 neonates were included, with 41 cases and 164 controls. RESULTS: Postmenstrual age (PMA, gestational age plus chronological age) and small-for–gestational age (SGA) status were independently associated with elevated neonatal gentamicin trough concentrations. No maternal risk factor evaluated remained significantly associated in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The probability of an elevated gentamicin trough concentration increases with lower PMA and is further accentuated in neonates with SGA status. In contrast, the presence ...
Final Technical Report: Low-Cost Solar Variability Sensors for Ubiquitous Deployment.

In this project, an integrated solution to measuring and collecting solar variability data called the solar variability datalogger (SVD) was developed, tested, and the value of its data to distribution grid integration studies was demonstrated. This work addressed the problem that high-frequency solar variability is rarely measured – due to the high cost and complex installation of existing solar irradiance measuring pyranometers – but is critical to the accurate determination of the impact of photovoltaics to electric grid operation. For example, up to a 300% difference in distribution grid voltage regulator tap change operations (a measure of the impact of PV) [1] has been observed due solely to different solar variability profiles.
Ramadan in the Republic: Imperial necessity and local religious assistance to Muslim migrants

In May 1953, a group of Lyon’s political and social leaders hosted a series of Ramadan celebrations in honour of the region’s growing Muslim North African migrant population. While it seems strange...
BREXIT, voice and loyalty: rethinking electoral politics in an age of interdependence

In the wake of the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union, known as Brexit, scholars of international affairs have a chance to reflect on what this unanticipated event means for global politics. Many scholars have started applying standard political economy models based on the distributional consequences of trade or the sociotropic sources of individual policy positions to understand voter preferences. In this essay, we move the conversation using the lever of the New Interdependence Approach to reflect on the referendum process more generally. Rather than viewing globalization largely as an exogenous shock that is filtered through national institutions and cleavages, we argue that it has the potential to alter the political issue space as well as the institutional opportunities available to political actors. In conclusion, we push scholars of both comparative politics and international relations to develop a research agenda for electoral politics in an age of interdependence.
A Historical Examination of the Mark to Market Accounting Rule

Since the financial crisis began in the fall of 2008, government officials, business leaders, accounting professionals and academics have debated the appropriateness of the “Mark to Market” accounting rule that financial institutions in the United States must use to value their financial assets. Critics have argued these accounting rules and regulations have helped cause the rapid failure of some of the world’s largest financial institutions. Proponents of the regulations argue that they are essential for accurate reporting of financial assets. What has been missing from the debate is historical context. The practice of mark to market as an accounting device first developed among traders on futures exchanges at the beginning of the 20th century. Over many decades the rule evolved as it was refined and used to value new and more complex financial assets. For example in the 1980s the practice spread to big banks and corporations, far from the traditional exchange trading pits. Beginning in the 1990s, mark-to-market accounting began to give rise to scandals (specifically, the Savings and Loan crisis and the Enron scandal). In addition, over many decades the rule became increasingly politicized as various financial institutions lobbied the United States Congress for changes to the rule. In this paper I will discuss the history of the mark to market rule, and I will explore parallels between the current “Mark to Market” political/financial debates and similar debates that have occurred in prior decades.
Microprocessor Optimizations for the Internet of Things: A Survey

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a pervasive presence of interconnected and uniquely identifiable physical devices. These devices’ goal is to gather data and drive actions in order to improve productivity, and ultimately reduce or eliminate reliance on human intervention for data acquisition, interpretation, and use. The proliferation of these connected low-power devices will result in a data explosion that will significantly increase data transmission costs with respect to energy consumption and latency. Edge computing reduces these costs by performing computations at the edge nodes, prior to data transmission, to interpret and/or utilize the data. While much research has focused on the IoT’s connected nature and communication challenges, the challenges of IoT embedded computing with respect to device microprocessors has received much less attention. This paper explores IoT applications’ execution characteristics from a microarchitectural perspective and the microarchitectural characteristics that will enable efficient and effective edge computing. To tractably represent a wide variety of next-generation IoT applications, we present a broad IoT application classification methodology based on application functions, to enable quicker workload characterizations for IoT microprocessors. We then survey and discuss potential microarchitectural optimizations and computing paradigms that will enable the design of right-provisioned microprocessors that are efficient, configurable, extensible, and scalable. This paper provides a foundation for the analysis and design of a diverse set of microprocessor architectures for next-generation IoT devices.
Effectiveness of Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir and Predictors of Treatment Failure in Members with Hepatitis C Genotype 1 Infection: A Retrospective Cohort Study in a Medicaid Population.

BACKGROUND: The primary goal of therapy for patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is eradication of HCV ribonucleic acid, which is predicted by achievement of sustained virologic ...
Critical Temporal Modulation of Neuronal Programmed Cell Injury

1. As a free radical, nitric oxide (NO) may be toxic to neurons through mechanisms that directly involve DNA damage. Lubeluzole, a novel benzothiazole compound, has recently been demonstrated to be neuroprotective through the signal transduction pathways of NO. We therefore examined whether neuroprotection by lubeluzole was dependent upon the molecular pathways of programmed cell death (PCD). 2. In primary hippocampal neurons, evidence of PCD was determined by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain, transmission electron microscopy, and annexin-V binding. NO administration with the NO generators sodium nitroprusside (300 μM) or SIN-1 (300 μM) directly induced PCD. 3. Neurons positive for PCD increased from 22 ± 3% (untreated) to 72 ± 3% (NO) over a 24-hr period. Coadministration of NO and lubeluzole (750 nM), a neuroprotective concentration, actively decreased PCD expression on H&E stain from 72 ± 3% (NO only) to 25 ± 3% (NO and lubeluzole). Significant reduction in DNA fragmentation by lubeluzole also was evident on electron microscopy. Application of lubeluzole in concentrations that were not neuroprotective or administration of the biologically inactive R-isomer did not significantly alter NO-induced PCD, suggesting that neuroprotection by lubeluzole was intimately linked to the modulation of PCD. Lubeluzole also was able to prevent the initial stages of cellular membrane inversion labeled with annexin-V binding, an early and sensitive indicator of PCD. Interestingly, the critical period for lubeluzole to reverse PCD induction appeared to be within the first 4 hr following NO exposure. 4. Further investigation into the neuroprotective pathways that alter PCD may provide greater insight into the molecular mechanisms that ultimately determine neuronal injury.
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation (PNS): Permanent

There are two phases of stimulation, which include a trial and permanent placement, if indicated. Permanent placement can be either percutaneous or open. There are advantages and disadvantages of each option, which often depend on the skill set of the provider, the type of energy to be applied, and preferences of the patient.
Optically Guided Single Cell Mass Spectrometry of Rat Dorsal Root Ganglia to Profile Lipids, Peptides and Proteins.

The mammalian dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are located on the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves and contain cell bodies of primary sensory neurons. DRG cells have been classified into subpopulations based on their size, morphology, intracellular markers, response to stimuli, and neuropeptides. To understand the connections between DRG chemical heterogeneity and cellular function, we performed optically guided, high-throughput single cell profiling using sequential matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MS) to detect lipids, peptides, and several proteins in individual DRG cells. Statistical analysis of the resulting mass spectra allows stratification of the DRG population according to cellular morphology and, presumably, major cell types. A subpopulation of small cells contained myelin proteins, which are abundant in Schwann cells, and mass spectra of several larger cells contained peaks matching neurofilament, vimentin, myelin basic protein S, and thymosin beta proteins. Of the over 1000 cells analyzed, approximately 78 % produced putative peptide-rich spectra, allowing the population to be classified into three distinct cell types. Two signals with m/z 4404 and 5487 were exclusively observed in a cell type, but could not be matched to results of our previous liquid chromatography-MS analyses.
An investigation of the effect of texting on hazard perception using fuzzy signal detection theory (fSDT)

Abstract Hazard perception is a multi-faceted process that requires drivers to maintain awareness of a complex driving environment. Most research studies, however, utilize behavioral responses to a small number of discrete hazardous events (e.g., response to a braking lead vehicle, vehicle lane deviations, or pedestrians) to assess a driver’s hazard perception ability. The purpose of this study was to explore how performing a texting task impacts a driver’s hazard perception ability while viewing real-world driving scenes using fSDT metrics. The results showed that texting increased perceived mental workload and reduced the participants’ ability to discriminate hazards and reduced their likelihood of responding to a hazard. The results highlight changes in the hazard perception process, suggesting that distraction causes both a loss in sensitivity and a shift in response bias. Additionally, the results indicate that these shifts are at least in part, moderated by changes in cognitive load due to the secondary task and the current driving environment. These results also highlight the complexity in which distraction can impact both the allocation of cognitive resources as well as attentional selection.
Cashing in on Fear: Implied Jump Risk Premium and the Cross-Section of Option Returns

This paper examines the relationship between asset jump risk premium and the cross section of option returns. Empirically, we estimate jump risk premium from two different measures of the slope of the implied volatility smile. Our results show that options written on the stocks with high jump risk premium outperform options written on stocks with the low jump risk premiums.
Static Equilibrium Models

This chapter describes the static equilibrium models. The complexity of structure of many systems is revealed by a graphical approach. The graphs that have been presented in the chapter are simple geometric figures consisting of points and lines that connect some of these points. These graphs are also called “linear graphs.” As graphs are pictorial in nature, they convey and carry the information that is most suitable for human processing. As the directed lines represent relations, collections of directed lines, or directed graphs, can be used to represent the interactions among various entities of a system. While modeling large systems, a graphical representation of the various activities is a useful first step. If the set of edges in a linear graph is finite, it is called a “finite graph.” A subset of a graph is called a “sub-graph.” If the edges of a graph can be ordered such that each edge has one node in common with the preceding edge and one with the succeeding edge, then the ordered sequence of edges is called a “path.”
Contradictions, Conflicts, Dilemmas and Temporary Resolutions: A Sociology of Law Analysis of Shari’a in Selected Western Societies

The theories of William Chambliss, a prominent twentieth century theorist in the Sociology of Law, are applied to examples of both conflict and the resolution of conflict concerning the use of Shari’a family law in the United States, Australia and Canada. Chambliss’ dialectic processing model, as extended by later scholarship, is applicable to instances of efforts to formally integrate certain aspects of Shari’a into legal systems within these three societies. Recognition (or lack of recognition) of major changes concerning Shari’a represents significant development within the legal structures in western societies. Implications of the use of Chambliss’ theories in comparative studies of legal pluralism are examined.
Abstract 181: Stroke Induces a Differential Colonic Epithelial Response and Leads to Impaired Gut Integrity and Increased Post-Stroke Infections in Aged Mice

Introduction: Infection is an important complication in the acute phase after stroke which effects up to 65% of stroke patients. These infections can in turn cause sepsis, which is a major contribu...
Accessibility that Supports Literacy: Virtual School Course Design Teams’ Instructional Planning for Students with Disabilities

As more students with disabilities in K-12 settings enroll in online courses, virtual schools and programs are working make courses accessible through stronger course design. When course designers approach the issue of accessibility, they must comply with legal requirements and mitigate the challenges many students with disabilities face for literacy and learning. These challenges include less well-developed content vocabulary and background knowledge, as well as inefficient skills and strategies for engaging with and comprehending online text. This study describes phenomenological research where course designers worked to meet accessibility standards and promote literacies online for all students, especially students with disabilities. Four strategies for promoting accessibility emerged as findings: (1) composing clear articulations of learning outcomes; (2) promoting personalized and contextualized learning, and; (3) planning for visual and audio representation of concepts. However, course designers may need additional support for addressing the interplay between literacies that promote access and accessibility features that promote literacies.
Real-time capture of horizontal gene transfers from gut microbiota by engineered CRISPR-Cas acquisition

Abstract Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is central to the adaptation and evolution of bacteria. However, our knowledge about the flow of genetic material within complex microbiomes is lacking; most studies of HGT rely on bioinformatic analyses of genetic elements maintained on evolutionary timescales or experimental measurements of phenotypically trackable markers (e.g. antibiotic resistance). Consequently, our knowledge of the capacity and dynamics of HGT in complex communities is limited. Here, we utilize the CRISPR-Cas spacer acquisition process to detect HGT events from complex microbiota in real-time and at nucleotide resolution. In this system, a recording strain is exposed to a microbial sample, spacers are acquired from foreign transferred elements and permanently stored in genomic CRISPR arrays. Subsequently, sequencing and analysis of these spacers enables identification of the transferred elements. This approach allowed us to quantify transfer frequencies of individual mobile elements without the need for phenotypic markers or post-transfer replication. We show that HGT in human clinical fecal samples can be extensive and rapid, often involving multiple different plasmid types, with the IncX type being the most actively transferred. Importantly, the vast majority of transferred elements did not carry readily selectable phenotypic markers, highlighting the utility of our approach to reveal previously hidden real-time dynamics of mobile gene pools within complex microbiomes.
La vanne sphérique thrombotique

La patiente âgee de 68 ans presentant de fortes douleurs thoraco-abdominales survenues au repos et irradiant en ceinture vers l’epigastre, le dos et les extremites superieures a ete transferee dans notre unite d’urgence.
The SUMO-Conjugase Ubc9 Prevents the Degradation of the Dopamine Transporter, Enhancing Its Cell Surface Level and Dopamine Uptake

The dopamine transporter (DAT) is a plasma membrane protein responsible for the uptake of released dopamine back to the presynaptic terminal and ending dopamine neurotransmission. The DAT is the molecular target for cocaine and amphetamine as well as a number of pathological conditions including autism spectrum disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome (DTDS), and Parkinson's disease. The DAT uptake capacity is dependent on its level in the plasma membrane. In vitro studies show that DAT functional expression is regulated by a balance of endocytosis, recycling, and lysosomal degradation. However, recent reports suggest that DAT regulation by endocytosis in neurons is less significant than previously reported. Therefore, additional mechanisms appear to determine DAT steady-state level and functional expression in the neuronal plasma membrane. Here, we hypothesize that the ubiquitin-like protein small ubiquitin-like modifier 1 (SUMO1) increases the DAT steady-state level in the plasma membrane. In confocal microscopy, fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET), and Western blot analyses, we demonstrate that DAT is associated with SUMO1 in the rat dopaminergic N27 and DAT overexpressing Human Embryonic Kidney cells (HEK)-293 cells. The overexpression of SUMO1 and the Ubc9 SUMO-conjugase induces DAT SUMOylation, reduces DAT ubiquitination and degradation, enhancing DAT steady-state level. In addition, the Ubc9 knock-down by interference RNA (RNAi) increases DAT degradation and reduces DAT steady-state level. Remarkably, the Ubc9-mediated SUMOylation increases the expression of DAT in the plasma membrane and dopamine uptake capacity. Our results strongly suggest that SUMOylation is a novel mechanism that plays a central role in regulating DAT proteostasis, dopamine uptake, and dopamine signaling in neurons. For that reason, the SUMO pathway including SUMO1, SUMO2, Ubc9, and DAT SUMOylation, can be critical therapeutic targets in regulating DAT stability and dopamine clearance in health and pathological states.
Double epitaxy of tetragonal and hexagonal phases in the FeSe system

Abstract Epitaxial films which contain more than one crystallographic phase or orientation are of interest due to the possibility of altered magnetic, electrical, and optical properties. Thin films of FeSe have been grown on single-crystal MgO substrates under conditions that produce the simultaneous, epitaxial growth of tetragonal and hexagonal phases. We show that this double epitaxy is characterized by phase domains with a well-defined epitaxial relationship to each other and that the relative phase fraction can be controlled. For growth temperatures of 350–450 ° C, the (0 0 1)-oriented tetragonal phase ( β -FeSe) grows with its unit cell aligned with the cubic substrate, while a (1 0 1)-oriented hexagonal phase (Fe7Se8) shows domains with two different in-plane orientations separated by 45 ° . Additionally, the β -FeSe phase can be chosen to be (0 0 1)- or (1 0 1)-oriented with respect to the substrate, with the (1 0 1) orientation containing three rotated domains.