cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
GH-estrogen interaction in modulating insulin secretion.

The possibility that growth hormone (GH) and estrogen interact in modulating insulin concentration in sera of normal women was studied in 27 subjects. Insulin was examined after threestimuli in a control state in both sexes, and in men after raising circulating concentration of growth hormone first by administering exogenous GH and secondly, by increasing endogenous secretion of growth hormone with ethinyl-estradiol. Levels of growth hormone comparable to those seen in normal women were achieved in men by both manipulations. The peak plasma concentration of insulin after glucose in control studies was 68.5 ± 14 μU=ml in men and 77 ± 13μU/ml in women (F = NS). The mean peak concentration of insulin in men in response to glucose increased after treatment with exogenous GH to 219 ± 71 μU/ml. Increasing GH secretion in men with estrogen didnot alter insulin values in plasma after glucose (70 ± 8.6 μU/ml). A similarpattern was noted after ingestion of protein and infusion of L-arginine at two dose levels; ie, ...
Analytical Investigation of Microwave Heating

Microwave heating is very popular and widely used for warming up foodstuffs quickly. However, non-uniform temperature distribution obtained from microwave heating is a major limiting factor for its application outside the food industry. The rapid decay of incident microwave and the potential existence of standing wave are responsible for non-uniform heating. Therefore, it is important to study the coupling between microwave propagation and energy transfer in the system to predict temperature distribution. In this paper, a closed-form analytical solution is presented to predict the temperature distribution within a cylindrical shape foodstuff under microwave heating by solving an unsteady energy equation. The simplified Maxwell’s equation is solved for electric field distribution; Poynting theorem is employed to calculate microwave power from electric field. The results show that the temperature in the body is very sensitive to size and time. This analytical solution can be used to investigate the influence of various parameters on microwave heating.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Interleukin‐1β sensitizes abdominal visceral afferents of cats to ischaemia and histamine

1. Activation of abdominal splanchnic visceral afferents during mesenteric ischaemia induces visceral pain and evokes excitatory cardiovascular responses. Previous studies have shown that interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) concentration is increased locally in tissues during ischaemia and reperfusion. Local administration of IL-1beta sensitizes somatic afferents to mechanical, thermal and chemical stimulation. Therefore, we hypothesized that IL-1beta stimulates or sensitizes splanchnic visceral afferents to ischaemia and to the action of chemical stimuli such as histamine. 2. The concentration of IL-1beta in mesenteric lymph and portal venous plasma in anaesthetized cats was measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay before, during and after 10 min of abdominal ischaemia. The level of IL-1beta was significantly increased during ischaemia in lymph, but not in plasma. 3. Discharge activity of single-unit abdominal visceral C fibre afferents was measured from the right thoracic sympathetic chain. Ischaemically sensitive C fibre afferents were identified according to their response to 5-10 min of abdominal ischaemia. 4. Intra-arterial (i.a.) injection of a high dose of IL-1beta (500 ng kg-1), but not of a lower dose (i.e. 15, 50 or 150 ng kg-1), stimulated most (six of seven) abdominal visceral afferents. 5. IL-1beta (15 ng kg-1, i.a.) significantly enhanced the increased activity of 11 of 13 C fibre afferents during 10 min of ischaemia. Conversely, an IL-1 type I receptor antagonist (IL-1ra, 1.5 microg kg-1, i.a.) significantly attenuated the increased activity in six of seven other C fibre afferents during ischaemia. 6. IL-1beta (15 ng kg-1, i.a.) significantly augmented the responses of 13 of 16 ischaemically sensitive abdominal afferents to histamine (5-10 microg kg-1, i.a.). Conversely, IL-1ra (1.5 microg kg-1, i.a.) significantly attenuated the responses of five of six other C fibre afferents to histamine. 7. These data strongly suggest that stimulation of IL-1 type I receptors by IL-1beta produced during brief abdominal ischaemia contributes to activation of visceral afferents during ischaemia, at least in part, by sensitizing the afferent nerve endings to ischaemia. Our data also show that exogenous IL-1beta sensitizes visceral afferents to histamine.
Development of the microwave plasma CVD technique for rapid growth of large single-crystal diamond

Summary form only given. The method of high growth rate single crystal microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond has opened new applications for precision tools, electronics, optics, and consumer gems. Here we provide an overview of techniques developed under a Carnegie Institution program for producing large single crystal CVD diamond (>1 cm thick, 10 carats) at very high growth rates of ~100 m/h. These diamonds exceed the sizes of those of commercially available crystals made by high-pressure/high-temperature (HPHT) methods. The various microwave plasma CVD systems we have used include home-made, window and bell-jar type reactors. In order to achieve higher growth rate, the energetic plasma was produced at higher methane concentration 8-20% CH4/H2, and higher pressure 160-220 torr at various temperature 900-1400degC. Substrates were HPHT synthetic type Ib yellow or single crystal CVD diamonds with {100} faces on all sides. Morphologies and colors of the as-grown CVD diamonds strongly depend on the deposition temperature and pressures at various systems. Using the above conditions, gem-quality CVD diamond can be grown individually and sequentially on the 6 {100} faces of the substrate. The prospects for producing much larger single crystal diamond with next generation reactors will be discussed
Grafted polyelectrolyte membranes for lithium batteries and fuel cells

Polyelectrolyte materials have been developed for lithium battery systems in response to the severe problems due to salt concentration gradients that occur in composite electrodes (aka membrane-electrode assemblies). Comb branch polymer architectures are described which allow for grafting of appropriate anions on to the polymer and also for cross-linking to provide for appropriate mechanical properties. The interactions of the polymers with the electrode surfaces are critical for the performance of the system and some of the structural features that influence this will be described. Parallels with the fuel cell MEA structures exist and will also be discussed.
Culex pipiens sensu lato in California: a complex within a complex?

Culex pipiens sensu lato populations represent significant nuisance pests and vectors of West Nile virus in California. Despite multiple years of investigation, identifying, controlling and understanding the behaviors and associated “biologies” of the complex members still remain a challenge. Population structure cluster analysis using microsatellite markers revealed extensive population structuring, particularly in the central parts of the State, over and above what can be explained by the presence of Cx. pipiens, Cx. quinquefasciatus and their hybrids. Ace 2 gene sequencing provided evidence for the presence of Cx. p. molestus in multiple locations both above and below ground in California. Lack of congruence of male genitalia morphology (dorsal and ventral arms/dorsal arm of phalosome) and polymerase chain reaction diagnostic assay identifications coupled with considerable heterozygosity of pyrethroid resistance in time and space all suggest complex population structuring not adequately explained using current concepts.
An empirical analysis of instruction repetition

We study the phenomenon of instruction repetition, where the inputs and outputs of multiple dynamic instances of a static instruction are repeated. We observe that over 80% of the dynamic instructions executed in several programs are repeated and most of the repetition is due to a small number of static instructions. We attempt understand the source of this repetitive behavior by categorizing dynamic program instructions into dynamic program slices at both a global level and a local (within function) level. We observe that repeatability is more an artifact of how computation is expressed, and less of program inputs. Function-level analysis suggests that many functions are called with repeated arguments, though almost all of them have side effects. We provide commentary on exploiting the observed phenomenon and its sources in both software and hardware.
Shellability of Interval Orders

An finite interval order is a partially ordered set whose elements are in correspondence with a finite set of intervals in the line, with disjoint intervals being ordered by their relative position. We show that any such order is shellable in the sense that its (not necessarily pure) order complex is shellable.
Spoken programs

Programmers who suffer from repetitive stress injuries find it difficult to spend long amounts of time typing code. Speech interfaces can help developers reduce their dependence on typing. However, existing programming by voice techniques make it awkward for programmers to enter and edit program text. To design a better alternative, we conducted a study to learn how software developers naturally verbalize programs. We found that spoken programs are different from written programs in ways similar to the differences between spoken and written English; spoken programs contain lexical, syntactic and semantic ambiguities that do not appear in written programs. Using the results from this study, we designed Spoken Java, a semantically identical variant of Java that is easier to say out loud. Using Spoken Java, software developers can speak more naturally by verbalizing their program code as if they were reading it out loud. Spoken Java is analyzed by extending a conventional Java programming language analysis engine written in our Harmonia program analysis framework to support the kinds of ambiguities that arise from speech.
Planetary science: Signs of a wandering Moon.

The presence of ice at two positions on opposite sides of the Moon suggests that the satellite's orientation was once shifted away from its present spin axis — a finding that has implications for the Moon's volcanic history. See Letter p.480 Matthew Siegler and co-authors show that the polar hydrogen deposits detected on the Moon by orbital neutron spectroscopy pose something of a mystery: the spatial distribution of hydrogen, which is thought to arise from the presence of water ice, does not match that expected from present-day lunar temperatures. The explanation may lie in the phenomenon known as 'true polar wander', in which a reference point on a solid body rotates with respect to its spin axis. Based on an analysis of polar deposit locations and of the lunar figure, the authors suggest that the shift occurred as a result of changes in the Moon's moment of inertia caused by a low-density thermal anomaly beneath the Procellarum region. Procellarum was most geologically active early in lunar history, which would imply that polar wander initiated billions of years ago and that a large portion of the measured polar hydrogen is ancient, recording early delivery of water to the inner Solar System.
Double Vision: Reply to Freese and Powell*

Freese and Powell make a number of critiques of the theoretical assumptions, statistical methods, and use of variables in our paper, which raises questions about the typical use of the equal environments assumption in twin research. We do not find that any of their critiques modify our conclusion that the equal environments assumption cannot be taken for granted but must be subjected to empirical testing. We hope that our paper and the resulting exchange will lead sociologists to become more actively involved in the debate regarding the extent of genetic and environmental influences on social behaviors.
Optimization of an Idealized Y-Graft for the Fontan Procedure Using CFD and a Derivative-Free Optimization Algorithm

The Fontan procedure is a surgery performed to treat patients with single ventricle congenital heart defects. The Fontan is the final of three surgical stages. The first stage consists of aortic reconstruction, in a Norwood procedure or variant thereof. In the second stage, the Bidirectional Glenn procedure, the superior vena cava (SVC) is disconnected from the heart and redirected into the pulmonary arteries (PAs). In the third and final stage, the inferior vena cava (IVC) is connected to PAs via a straight Gore-Tex tube, forming a T-shaped junction. Although early survival rates following the Fontan procedure can exceed 90%, significant morbidity remains after surgery including venous hemodynamic abnormalities, diminished exercise capacity, thromboembolic complications, protein-losing enteropathy, heart transplant etc. [1].© 2009 ASME
Enhanced Localized Energetic-Ion Losses Resulting from Single-Pass Interactions with Alfvén Eigenmodes

We report the first observation of prompt neutral beam-ion losses due to nonresonant scattering induced by toroidal and reversed shear Alfven eigenmodes in the DIII-D tokamak. The coherent losses are of full energy beam ions expelled from the plasma on their first poloidal orbit. The first-orbit loss mechanism causes enhanced, concentrated losses on the first wall exceeding nominal levels of prompt losses. The loss amplitude scales linearly with the mode amplitude. The data provide a novel and direct measure of the radial excursion or scatter of particles induced by individual modes and may shed light on the mechanism for the scattering of energetic particles in interstellar medium.
Microfabricated fluidic devices: new approaches to chemical measurements

Microfabricated fluidic devices (microchips) may allow a paradigm shift that greatly enhances the ability to acquire chemical and biochemical information similar to the ways in which the transistor and integrated circuit have influenced access to electronically coded information[l,2]. Our work on moving conventional bench-top liquid phase assays to microfabricated fluidic devices will be described. The implementation of chemical separation strategies on microfabricated platforms is a key element of this so-called lab-on-a-chip technology. Many separations concepts have now been demonstrated on microfabricated structures, including capillary electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, open channel electrochromatography, solvent programmed micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography[3] and open channel electrochromatography[4], free flow electrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing. In most cases, these separation techniques were transferred from conventional approaches to microstructures with increased levels of performance. Moreover, microfabricated fluidic structures provide the added advantage of allowing monolithic integration of chemical processing functional elements with essentially zero dead volume interconnects. Chemical processing elements that have been integrated with chemical separations on microchips include pre-and post-separation derivitization, enzymatic digestion[5], polymerase chain reaction amplification, antigenic reactions[6], and preconcentration by stacking, solid phase extraction, and electrokinetic accumulation on a microfabricated membrane[7]. Fundamental advantages and disadvantages of microfabricated fluidic devices will be discussed.
Lynch Street: The May 1970 Slaying at Jackson State College. By Tim Spofford. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1988. 210 pp. Hardbound, $24.00; Softbound, $14.00.

(1989). Lynch Street: The May 1970 Slaying at Jackson State College. The Oral History Review: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 150-152.
A Case of Hypomyopathic Dermatomyositis.

Dermatomyositis is a rare and idiopathic inflammatory myopathy with a characteristic cutaneous manifestation. A 62-year-old female complained of polyarthralgia that lasted for many years. She was diagnosed with hypomyopathic dermatomyositis by the typical skin rash associated with dermatomyositis but without muscle involvement such as muscle weakness, elevated level of creatinine phosphokinase and aldolase. Her symptoms improved with treatment of hydroxychloroquine and prednisolone. We experienced a case of hypomyopathic dermatomyositis on 62-year-old female patient and report with review of literatures.
Comparison of Blast Power of Aluminized Explosive and Single-event FAE

Blast power of JHL-2 aluminized explosive and a single-event fuel air explosion (FAE) was compared. Two types of explosives were kilogram-level charged and pressure-time curves of shock wave at 3 m,5 m and 7 m away from explosion center were obtained. Results show that when the charged volumes are the same,the peak pressures of JHL-2 are increased by 13.5%,39.0% and 18.5% higher than that of the single-event FAE at 3 m,5 m and 7 m away from explosion center respectively,and the positive phases of JHL-2 are increased by 21.5%,22.7% and 16.5% higher than that of the single-event FAE,while the positive phase durations of JHL-2 are shorter than that of the single-event FAE. Results show that blast power of aluminized explosive can achieve and even overtake that of single-event FAE.
Consensus inference on mobile phone sensors for activity recognition

The pervasive use of wearable sensors in activity and health monitoring presents a huge potential for building novel data analysis and prediction frameworks. In particular, approaches that can harness data from a diverse set of low-cost sensors for recognition are needed. Many of the existing approaches rely heavily on elaborate feature engineering to build robust recognition systems, and their performance is often limited by the inaccuracies in the data. In this paper, we develop a novel two-stage recognition system that enables a systematic fusion of complementary information from multiple sensors in a linear graph embedding setting, while employing an ensemble classifier phase that leverages the discriminative power of different feature extraction strategies. Experimental results on a challenging dataset show that our framework greatly improves the recognition performance when compared to using any single sensor.
Stories from the Field: Collecting Data Outside Over There

In recent years there has been increased attention to the value of qualitative research and the methods for conducting that research in a rigorous manor. We now have available excellent discussions of issues of design (King, Keohane, and Verba 1994; Yin 1994), data collection (Douglas 1985; McCracken 1988; Spradley 1979; Spradley 1980), and analysis (Feldman 1995; Miles and Huberman 1994; Silverman 1993; Strauss 1987). My interest in this chapter is on data collection.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: past, present, future-a review from Talmadge King's ATS 2016 presentation.

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) represents a large and heterogeneous group of parenchymal lung diseases. ILD is characterized by diffuse “infiltrates” on radiographic imaging, architectural distortion of the gas exchange units by histology and evidence of restriction of lung volumes [FVC] and impairment of gas exchange [DLCO] on pulmonary function testing. A precise and timely diagnosis of the cause of the ILD is critical for effective management. The present review covers the presentation entitled “idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF): Past, Present, Future,” that was provided by Dr. Talmadge King at the 2016 American Thoracic Society International Conference.
In Search of a Traitor (1894)

The explosive Affair that would agitate France for a decade began in late September 1894 when Major Hubert Joseph Henry of the French intelligence service collected a batch of documents taken from the German embassy. This was so routine that the method of collection came to be called ‘the ordinary path’, meaning that Henry simply paid the cleaning woman to hand over the contents of embassy wastebaskets. Usually little of interest was found, although occasionally the refuse brought startling insights into the activities and personalities of the German diplomatic corps in Paris. For instance, Colonel Maximilien von Schwartzkoppen, the military attache, enjoyed liaisons with many admirers who sent him letters of sometimes bracing frankness. One such admirer was evidently the Italian military attache in Paris, Colonel Alessandro Panizzardi. As part of their duties the two men exchanged military information, but perhaps to confuse prying eyes they interposed affectionate messages, often exchanging and feminising their names, so that Henry encountered messages such as, ‘Dear Maximilien, am I still your Alexandrine?’, ‘A thousand salutations from the girl who loves you so’, or, ‘My little green dog, I’m returning to you [several documents]. Farewell, my little Loulou. Your bugger.’2
Influence of Proportional Number Relationships on Item Accessibility and Students' Strategies.

Proportional reasoning is important to students’ future success in mathematics and science endeavors. More specifically, students’ fluent and flexible use of scalar and functional relationships to solve problems is critical to their ability to reason proportionally. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of systematically manipulating the location of an integer multiplier—to press the scalar or functional relationship—on item difficulty and student solution strategies. We administered short-answer assessment forms to 473 students in grades 6–8 (approximate ages 11–14) and analyzed the data quantitatively with the Rasch model to examine item accessibility and qualitatively to examine student solution strategies. We found that manipulating the location of the integer multiplier encouraged students to make use of different aspects of proportional relationships without decreasing item accessibility. Implications for proportional reasoning curricular materials, instruction, and assessment are addressed.
ACL injury reduces satellite cell abundance and promotes fibrogenic cell expansion within skeletal muscle.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are associated with significant loss of strength in knee extensor muscles that persists despite physical therapy. The underlying mechanisms responsible for this protracted muscle weakness are poorly understood; however, we recently showed significant myofiber atrophy and altered muscle phenotype following ACL injury. We sought to further explore perturbations in skeletal muscle morphology and progenitor cell activity following an ACL injury. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the injured and non-injured vastus lateralis of young adults (n = 10) following ACL injury, and histochemical/immunohistochemical analyses were undertaken to determine collagen content, abundance of connective tissue fibroblasts, fibrogenic/adipogenic progenitor (FAP) cells, satellite cells, in addition to indices of muscle fiber denervation and myonuclear apoptosis. The injured limb showed elevated collagen content (p < 0.05), in addition to a greater abundance of fibroblasts and FAPs (p < 0.05) in the injured limb. Fibroblast content was correlated with increased accumulation of extracellular matrix in the injured limb as well. A higher frequency of interstitial nuclei were positive for phospho-SMAD3 in the injured limb (p < 0.05), providing some evidence for activation of a fibrogenic program through transforming growth factor β following an ACL injury. The injured limb also displayed reduced satellite cell abundance, increased fiber denervation and DNA damage associated with apoptosis (p < 0.05), indicating alterations within the muscle itself after the ligament injury. Injury of the ACL induces a myriad of negative outcomes within knee extensor muscles, which likely compromise the restorative capacity and plasticity of skeletal muscle, impeding rehabilitative efforts. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1876-1885, 2017.
1 The Structure Theory of Finite Monoids

This chapter contains those elements of the structure theory of finite monoids that we shall need for the remaining chapters. It also establishes some notation that will be used throughout. More detailed sources for finite semigroup theory include [KRT68, Eil76, Lal79, Alm94, RS09]. Introductory books on the algebraic theory of semigroups, in general, are [CP61, CP67, Hig92, How95]. A detailed study of some of the most important transformation monoids can be found in [GM09]. In this book, all semigroups and monoids will be finite except for endomorphism monoids of vector spaces and free monoids. On a first reading, it may be advisable to skip the proofs in this chapter.
IL-35 Is a Novel Responsive Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine - A New System of Categorizing Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines

Abstract 5197 It remains unknown whether newly identified anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-35 (IL-35) is different from other anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in terms of inhibition of inflammation initiation and suppression of full-blown inflammation. Using experimental database mining and statistical analysis methods we developed, we examined the tissue expression profiles and regulatory mechanisms of IL-35 in comparison to other anti-inflammatory cytokines. Our results suggest that in contrast to TGF-β, IL-35 is not constitutively expressed in human tissues but it is inducible in response to inflammatory stimuli. We also provide structural evidence that AU-rich element (ARE) binding proteins and microRNAs target IL-35 subunit transcripts, by which IL-35 may achieve non-constitutive expression status. Furthermore, we propose a new system to categorize anti-inflammatory cytokines into two groups: (1) the house-keeping cytokines, such as TGF-β, inhibit the initiation of inflammation whereas (2) the responsive cytokines including IL-35 suppress inflammation in full-blown stage. Our in-depth analyses of molecular events that regulate the production of IL-35 as well as the new categorization system of anti-inflammatory cytokines are important for the design of new strategies of immune therapies. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Stratégie thérapeutique des méga-uretères primitifs avant 1 an de vie, étude rétrospective de 20 ans

Resume Introduction Quelle prise en charge pour les mega-ureteres primitifs chez les enfants de moins de un an ? La question est discutee dans la litterature et la controverse persiste. Objectif Evaluer les risques et les resultats a long terme des prises en charges medicale et chirurgicale chez les enfants de moins de un an. Materiel et methode Etude retrospective monocentrique de 1990 a 2010. Tous les enfants de moins de un an retrouves ont eu une evaluation incluant un examen clinique, une echographie, une scintigraphie et une cystographie. Ils ont ete repartis en deux groupes : groupe 1 : enfants operes avant l’âge de un an, groupe 2 : enfants non operes ou operes apres l’âge de un an. Nous avons analyse l’evolution a long terme de ces enfants sur les criteres suivants : reflux, pyelonephrites, evolution de la dilatation, fonction renale, necessite d’une reprise chirurgicale ou d’une chirurgie secondaire, et impact sur la fonction vesicale. Resultats Soit 54 patients dans le groupe 1 et 56 dans le groupe 2. Pour un suivi median de 12 ans. Un total de 101 garcons pour 9 filles (sex-ratio 11,22). Il y avait 57 MUP gauche (52 %), 22 droit (20 %) et 31 bilateraux (28 %). Un total de 71 % de diagnostic antenatal. Pas de difference sur l’emergence de complications : 25 (groupe 1) versus 31 (groupe 2) OR = 0,69 ; IC 95 % (0,307 ; 1,574) ; p = 0,44. Pas de difference entre chirurgie secondaire et reprise chirurgicale : groupe 1 = 12, groupe 2 = 22, OR = 0,45 ; IC 95 % (0,17 ; 1,09) ; p = 0,06. Pas de difference pour l’incontinence diurne : OR = 1,04 ; IC 95 % (0,14 ; 7,64) ; p = 0,67. Soixante-seize enfants (69 %) avaient finalement ete operes, 12 enfants operes deux fois (10,9 %) et 34 enfants (31 %) jamais operes. Conclusion Le principal enjeu de la prise en charge des MUP est la preservation de la fonction renale. Soixante-neuf pour cent de nos enfants ont beneficie d’un traitement chirurgical a cause d’une alteration de la fonction renale inferieure a 30 %, d’une dilatation ureterale superieure a 10 mm associee a un reflux ou de pyelonephrites recidivantes. Un suivi clinique, echographique et isotopique regulier de depistage est necessaire et devrait etre prolonge jusqu’a l’âge adulte. Niveau de preuve 5.
Contrast curves for low energy electron exposures of an EUV resist in a scanning electron microscope

We present an experimental technique for determining the energy delivery efficiency of secondary electrons in an EUV resist, by directly exposing a positive tone chemically amplified resist with 29- 91 eV electrons created by utilizing the deceleration technology in a scanning electron microscope. Charging is an important problem associated with thin film exposure experiments. We assess the feasibility of using the SEM frame rate as a knob for controlling charging related artifacts. Preliminary measurements of secondary electron emission signal from an unexposed region in the resist provide clues about the time domain surface potentials that may form while the sample charges during exposures. These signals are found to change as a function of the SEM frame rate and landing energies. We provide contrast curve data for resist exposures with 29 eV, 49 eV and 91 eV electrons at three frame rates of 33 ms/frame, 8 s/frame and 30 s/frame. The energy delivery efficiency of electrons estimated for all three frame rates are also provided.
Control Analysis for MACE: Methods and Limitations

Abstract Analysis of a control system design prior to implementation is critical for determining expected stability and performance of the true system. For the Middeck Active Control Experiment (MACE), a Shuttle Middeck experiment which flew on STS-67 in March 1995, two distinct analysis procedures are followed. One utilizes open loop data which is only available during the flight. The other involves development and use of an uncertainty model and a mixed-μ analysis to test for stability over the full range of uncertainty. Using the extensive on-orbit data accumulated during the 14-day Shuttle mission, the effectiveness of both procedures is assessed
Extended Interneuronal Network of the Dentate Gyrus

Local interneurons control principal cells within individual brain areas, but anecdotal observations indicate that interneuronal axons sometimes extend beyond strict anatomical boundaries. Here, we use the case of the dentate gyrus (DG) to show that boundary-crossing interneurons with cell bodies in CA3 and CA1 constitute a numerically significant and diverse population that relays patterns of activity generated within the CA regions back to granule cells. These results reveal the existence of a sophisticated retrograde GABAergic circuit that fundamentally extends the canonical interneuronal network.
Synthesis and thermoelectric properties of Ce(Ru0.67Rh0.33)4Sb12

Exotic filled skutterudite compositions show promise for thermoelectric applications. Current work was undertaken with a nominal composition of Ce(Ru0.67Rh0.33)4Sb12 to experimentally verify its potential as an n-type thermoelectric material. Nominal electroneutrality was expected at 0.89 cerium filling and fully filled materials were expected to be strongly n-type. Filled precursors of the nominal composition were synthesized using straightforward solid state reaction techniques, but standard synthesis routes failed to produce a fully-filled homogenous phase. Instead, the filled thermoelectric Ce(Ru0.67Rh0.33)4Sb12 was synthesized using a combination of solid state reaction of elemental constituents and high pressure hot pressing. A range of pressure-temperature conditions was explored; the upper temperature limit of filled skutterudite in this system decreases with increasing pressure and disappears by 12 GPa. The optimal synthesis was performed in multi-anvil devices at 4-6 GPa pressure and dwell temperatures of 350-700 °C. rutheniumThe result of this work, a Ce(Ru0.67Rh0.33)4Sb12 fully filled skutterudite material, exhibited unexpected p-type conductivity and an electrical resistance of 1.755 mΩ-cm that increased with temperature. Thermal conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and resistivity were measured on single phase samples. In this paper, we report the details of the synthesis routeand measured thermoelectric properties, speculate on the deviation from expected carrier charge balance, and discuss implications for other filled skutterudite systems.
Inexpensive Digitization of an SEM

Because of the high cost of Polaroid film, many years ago we fitted our Hitachi S-450 scanning electron microscope with a 35 mm camera. At that time, we used a Pentax ME Super, which was totally manual and had to have the film advanced by a hand lever. This was an annoyance, but when we set up the system, Polaroid Type 55 film was about .10 per photo. When we traded the Hitachi S-450 for the later Hitachi S-570, we moved the 35 mm system to this microscope. About 1999, when the Pentax ZX-50 with motorized film advance became available, we adapted it to the S-570, using the Pentax electric shutter release. The lens used with both of these cameras was an elderly 50 mm screw-mount Pentax Macro lens that focused well on the CRT of the SEM.
Christian Education is More than Formation

This article considers Christian education as being spiritual in nature if it is faithful to its Christian roots, but encompassing more than an exclusive emphasis upon formation to include in expli...
Dietary specialization is linked to reduced species durations in North American fossil canids

How traits influence species persistence is a fundamental question in ecology, evolution and palaeontology. We test the relationship between dietary traits and both species duration and locality coverage over 40 million years in North American canids, a clade with considerable ecomorphological disparity and a dense fossil record. Because ecomorphological generalization—broad resource use—may enable species to withstand disturbance, we predicted that canids of average size and mesocarnivory would exhibit longer durations and wider distributions than specialized larger or smaller species. Second, because locality coverage might reflect dispersal ability and/or survivability in a range of habitats, we predicted that high coverage would correspond with longer durations. We find a nonlinear relationship between species duration and degree of carnivory: species at either end of the carnivory spectrum tend to have shorter durations than mesocarnivores. Locality coverage shows no relationship with size, diet or duration. To test whether generalization (medium size, mesocarnivory) corresponds to an adaptive optimum, we fit trait evolution models to previously generated canid phylogenies. Our analyses identify no single optimum in size or diet. Instead, the primary model of size evolution is a classic Cope9s Rule increase over time, while dietary evolution does not conform to a single model.
The Brookhaven Positron-Hydrogen Scattering Experiment: Motivation and General Scope

In this paper, I will emphasize the general motivation for the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) e+-H project by drawing appropriate analogies to e−-H scattering, with special attention given to the recent results of spin-tagged experiments carried out first at Yale University and later at City College. I will also describe the general layout of the BNL experiment as originally envisioned, and in this context I will discuss some of the results of a hybrid beam transport design study performed largely by F.J. Mulligan. Finally, I will present the updated design plans for the experiment along with some comments about the general scope of the project.
The Speed of Waveform Methods for Odes

This paper considers iterative solution techniques for ordinary differential equations and investigates the speed of convergence of various processes. The iterates are defined as solutions of a sequence of differential equations. The solutions are the “wave-forms.” Waveform iterations are superlinearly convergent so a measure of the speed of convergence is defined and this is used to compare the value of various waveform methods. This measure is the rate of increase of the order of accuracy. The speed of the waveform Gauss Seidel method depends on the numbering of the equations. The numbering of the equations corresponds to a numbering of the directed graph specifying equation dependencies. We show how to compute the rate of order increase from the structure of the numbered graph and hence the optimum numbering, that is, the one which maximizes the speed of convergence.
The Local Shwartzman Phenomenon

Sanarelly (1924) observed that two intravenous injections of bacterial culture, 24 h apart, will result in extensive hemorrhage in different organs of the animal. Shwartzman (1928) reported that if an intracutaneous injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide into rabbits is followed in 8 to 24 h by an intravenous injection of the same material or similar bacterial products, the initial skin site becomes inflamed in 2 to 4 h, and subsequently undergoes hemorrhagic necrosis. In this Exercise different doses of bacterial lipopolysaccharides will be injected intracutaneously, and the size of the hemorrhage elicited by an intravenous injection of the same endotoxin given 24 h later will be compared in a semiquantitative manner.
On the Biological Basis of Language Capacities

My title, of course, is taken from Eric Lenneberg’s major study of language and biology, now recognized as a classic in the field (Lenneberg, 1967, pp. 393-394). He set himself the task of studying language as “an aspect of [man’s] biological nature, to be studied in the same manner as, for instance, his anatomy.” The purpose of this study was “to reinstate the concept of the biological basis of language capacities and to make the specific assumptions so explicit that they may be subjected to empirical tests.” Adopting this point of view, we may regard the language capacity virtually as we would a physical organ of the body and can investigate the principles of its organization, functioning, and development in the individual and the species. Personally, I feel that this is just the right way to approach the study of human language. I would like to make a few remarks on the program that Lenneberg outlined and developed, concentrating on two theses that seem to me of particular significance.
Psychological Research in Depression and Suicide

The vulnerability of human beings to depression is documented in some of humanity’s oldest literary sources. The Psalms of the Bible, which are attributed to King David, reflect a variety of emotional states, including repeated instances of intense emotional distress and sadness: “My misdeeds and my sins confront me all the day long” (Ps. 51:3); “As I lay thinking, darkness came over my spirit... all night long I was in deep distress... my spirit was sunk in despair” (Ps. 77:3–6); “I am numbered with those who go down to the abyss and have become like a man beyond help, like a man who lies dead on the plain who sleep in the grave” (Ps. 88:4–5). Many other instances of pessimism and despair are in the Psalms. While it is not clear that the passages are all from the same writer or that they represent clinical depression, their repetitiveness suggests that they come from the hand of an individual author who was prone to severe moods similar to depression.
Differences in foliar endophyte communities of red alder (Alnus rubra) exposed to varying air pollutant levels

In the Pacific Northwest, Alnus rubra Bong. (red alder) is a common deciduous tree species especially prevalent in riparian corridors and disturbed sites, including metropolitan areas undergoing la...
Myeloproliferative neoplasms in the young: Mayo Clinic experience with 361 patients age 40 years or younger.

Between 1967 and 2017, 361 patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), age ≤ 40 years, were seen at our institution, constituting 12% of all MPN patients (n = 3023) seen during the same time period; disease-specific incidences were 12% in polycythemia vera (PV; n = 79), 20% in essential thrombocythemia (ET; n = 219) and 5% in primary myelofibrosis (PMF; n = 63). Compared to their older counterparts, younger patients were more likely to present with low risk disease (P 60 years (P < .001). Young MPN patients comprise a unique disease subset defined by an attenuated-risk cytogenetic and mutational backdrop and conspicuously longer survival compared to their older counterparts, which requires assertion during patient counseling.
Pulseless Electrical Activity Complicating Neonatal Resuscitation.

Background The most recent guidelines by the Neonatal Resuscitation Program recommend use of electrocardiography monitoring during advanced resuscitation. Objective We describe a case in whom detection of pulseless electrical activity (PEA) on electronic heart rate monitoring complicated delivery room management of an extremely low birth weight infant and offer suggestions for the identification of PEA for neonatal providers. Conclusion Further prospective studies are needed to determine the true incidence of PEA in the delivery room setting as well as its prognosis in newborns.
Toward a State-Critical STEM Education

In this essay, I will explore the role of STEM education (and educators) in efforts for egalitarian social change. This entails asking and attempting responses to the following questions: How does STEM education relate to the state and economy? Is it an outgrowth of the logic and the aims of the state? Is it imbued with capitalistic aims? How might a STEM education opposed to these socio-economic aims appear: one of left-libertarian, even anarchist, sentiments? Is it possible – even preferable to the former? I will also attempt to respond to these questions by relying in part upon Nataly Chesky and Mark Wolfmeyer’s (2015) Philosophy of STEM Education: A Critical Investigation and Judith Suissa’s (2010) Anarchism and Education: A Philosophical Perspective . I will thus explore how STEM education is poised to evolve in various directions and determine which of these would most commensurate with egalitarian educational, social, economic, and ecological aims.
Family processes and duration of untreated psychosis among US Latinos

AIM Little is known about family processes and treatment seeking among Latinos with first-episode psychosis (FEP) living in the United States. This study examined family processes prior to treatment and their relation to duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) among Latinos with FEP and their family caregivers. METHODS Thirty-three Latinos with FEP and their low-acculturated family caregivers (n = 33) participated in qualitative semi-structured interviews focused on treatment-seeking experience and family relationships. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis and themes were grouped based on short (n = 18) or long (n = 15) DUP. RESULTS Findings revealed differences based on DUP length. Patients with short DUP had stronger family relationships characterized by open communication and disclosure of symptoms that facilitated awareness and direct action by family caregivers. However, patients with long DUP had more troubled family relationships that often challenged early treatment seeking. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the relevance of family context in the provision of early treatment for Latinos with FEP. Family-based services are needed that increase awareness of symptoms and provide families with support that can facilitate ongoing patient treatment during this critical period.
The Distribution of College Grades across Fields in the Contemporary University.

Scholars have argued that grade inflation is pervasive throughout colleges and universities and that it is presently at an all-time high. Inflation is, however, a temporal concept: it is theoretically impossible for grades to keep increasing on a fixed scale. In this article we examine a related, though empirically distinct, phenomenon: the distribution of grades across fields in a university. We question global statements about grade inflation and examine if and how the university grading structure is internally differentiated. We use the idea of consensus, the extent to which practitioners of a field agree, as a means to differentiate areas in a university. Based on undergraduate grade data from a large, public university in the U.S., we use cluster analysis to ascertain an “architecture” of grades. The results demonstrate significant variation in how grades are distributed across fields. The work identifies a need to probe further the linkages between field consensus, rigor, student learning, and grade allocation in college.
Predictors of Surgical Approach to Myomectomies by Geographic Location

Study Objective To analyze patient and hospital characteristics, stratified by geographic location, among women undergoing minimally invasive and abdominal myomectomies. Design Data was abstracted from the 2010-2014 National Inpatient Sample of women ages 18-50 years undergoing myomectomy for fibroids. We used a multivariate logistic regression to analyze temporal and geographic trends in minimally-invasive (laparoscopic and robotic) and abdominal myomectomy by patient factors (age, race, insurance, income subgroups) and hospital characteristics (teaching status, for-profit status, size). Setting United States. Patients or Participants 124,880 women ages 18-50 years undergoing inpatient myomectomy for fibroids. Interventions N/A Measurements and Main Results Of the 124,880 women undergoing myomectomy for fibroids, 7% underwent minimally invasive myomectomy (MIM) and 93% underwent abdominal myomectomy. The percentage of MIM by geographic region was: South 37.6%, West 22.7%, North 21.8%, and Midwest 17.9%. In all geographic regions, women aged 41-50 had higher odds of undergoing MIM compared to younger women [North OR 2.21 95%CI 1.57 – 3.12, South OR 4.15 95%CI 3.14 – 5.50, Midwest OR 7.25 95%CI 4.36 – 12.05, West OR 4.57 95%CI 3.00- 6.96]. White women also had higher odds of undergoing MIM in the North, South, and West compared to women of other races [North OR 1.53 95%CI 1.08-2.17, South OR 1.51 95%CI 1.09-2.10, West OR 1.83 95%CI 1.32-2.54]. In the South, West, and Midwest, teaching hospitals had lower odds of performing MIM [South OR 0.71 95%CI .60- .85, Midwest OR .57 95%CI .43-.77, West OR .76 95%CI .60-.95]. Large hospitals in the North and West had lower odds of performing MIM [North OR 0.77 95%CI .62-.97, West OR .76 95%CI .60-.95]. Conclusion Utilization of MIM is low throughout the US with further regional and age disparities. MIM is more likely to be performed in older aged women and in the South.