cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
They can find it but they don't know what to do with it: describing the use of scholarly literature by undergraduate students

This article discusses a two-part research study. In the first part, the impact of a library instruction session on the quality of sources cited by upper-division undergraduate students was measured. Student papers and bibliographies were analysed with the use of a checklist in order to determine if students who attended a library instruction session were more likely to cite scholarly sources that addressed their paper topics than students who did not attend a session. Twenty students in total participated in the study and it was discovered that most of the students had no difficulty finding and evaluating sources in order to meet or exceed the professor's bibliographic requirements, including those students who had never attended a library instruction session. However, half of the students in this study had problems synthesising the quality information they found and incorporating it into their papers. This realisation led to the second part of the study. The students’ papers were reexamined in order to describe students’ use of the scholarly materials. A rubric was created in order to determine if the papers exhibited evidence that the students had synthesised the materials they found. Many of the students only summarised the scholarly sources specified by their professor’s bibliographic requirements then went on to make assertions about their topics without making any connection to the scholarly literature they so carefully accumulated. These findings question some of the assumptions about the information literacy needs of undergraduates held by many practitioners, as evidenced by the emphasis most instructional librarians place on teaching students how to locate, retrieve, and evaluate materials from “acceptable” sources. Further research on how undergraduates actually use the information they find can only inform librarians’ pedagogical efforts and may lead to increased collaboration between librarians and discipline faculty.
John Greig: Land Agent and Speculator

The process whereby enormous tracts of agricultural hinterland passed from original tract owners to individual settlers was facilitated by skilled mediators. These owner-agents incurred great risks, operated boldly on none-too-firm credit, and, sometimes, profited handsomely. Their task was to open new frontiers and sell America to Americans.
Matrix Protein 2 Vaccination and Protection against Influenza Viruses, Including Subtype H5N1

Changes in influenza viruses require regular reformulation of strain-specific influenza vaccines. Vaccines based on conserved antigens provide broader protection. Influenza matrix protein 2 (M2) is highly conserved across influenza A subtypes. To evaluate its efficacy as a vaccine candidate, we vaccinated mice with M2 peptide of a widely shared consensus sequence. This vaccination induced antibodies that cross-reacted with divergent M2 peptide from an H5N1 subtype. A DNA vaccine expressing full-length consensus-sequence M2 (M2-DNA) induced M2-specific antibody responses and protected against challenge with lethal influenza. Mice primed with M2-DNA and then boosted with recombinant adenovirus expressing M2 (M2-Ad) had enhanced antibody responses that cross-reacted with human and avian M2 sequences and induced T-cell responses. This M2 prime-boost vaccination conferred broad protection against challenge with lethal influenza A, including an H5N1 strain. Vaccination with M2, with key sequences represented, may provide broad protection against influenza A.
Compound extraction and fitting method for detecting cardiac ventricle in SPECT data

A new method for automatic extraction of the left ventricle of the heart from single photo emission computed tomography (SPECT) data is presented. The method involves extracting and fitting compound analytical (quadratic) surfaces which well-approximate the shape of the left ventricle. The approach exploits geometric shape constraints and utilizes Hough-based processing, hierarchical clustering, and least-squares fitting. Through extraction of the left ventricle, shape and size change analysis can be aided, which is useful for determination of cardiac health.
Formality Considered Harmful: Experiences, EmergingThemes, and Directions on the Use of Formal Representations inInteractive Systems

This paper reflects on experiences designing, developing, and working with users of a variety of interactive computer systems. The authors propose, based on these experiences, that the cause of a number of unexpected difficulties in human-computer interaction lies in users‘ unwillingness or inability to make structure, content, or procedures explicit. Besides recounting experiences with system use, this paper discusses why users reject or circumvent formalisms which require such explicit expression, and suggests how system designers can anticipate and compensate for problems users have in making implicit aspects of their tasks explicit. The authors propose computational approaches that address this problem, including incremental and system-assisted formalization mechanisms and methods for recognizing and using undeclared structure; they also propose non-computational solutions that involve designers and users reaching a shared understanding of the task situation and the methods that motivate the formalisms. This paper poses that, while it is impossible to remove all formalisms from computing systems, system designers need to match the level of formal expression entailed with the goals and situation of the users -- a design criteria not commonly mentioned in current interface design.
Time-resolved PLIF imaging of Cu in a laser-ablated copper plasma plume

Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) has been used to determine the relative number density of ground state copper atoms in laser-ablated plasma plumes. An ablation laser power flux of /spl sim/1.5 GW/cm/sup 2/ is applied to a solid copper target in a background gas, producing a plasma plume suitable for studying homogeneous copper vapor condensation. Density is measured at postablation time delays ranging from 5 /spl mu/s to 10 ms with 1-100 torr of either argon or helium as the background gas. Planar laser-induced fluorescence images are used to spatially resolve the relative density within the plume, The decrease in density is due to the homogeneous condensation of copper vapor to form particulate.
Mechanisms and control of mRNA turnover in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

INTRODUCTION 233 METHODS FOR STUDYING mRNA TURNOVER IN S. CEREVISIAE 234 Approach to Steady-State Labeling 234 Inhibition of Transcription by Using Drugs 234 Inhibition of Transcription by Using a Conditional Allele of RNA Polymerase II 234 Inhibition of Transcription by Using Regulated Promoters 235 Transcriptional Pulse-Chase: a Method for Examining Pathways of Decay 235 Identification of Intermediates in mRNA Decay 235 DETERMINANTS OF mRNA STABILITY IN S. CEREVISIAE 236 Specific Sequences Influence mRNA Half-Lives 236 Nonspecific Features of mRNAs Generally Do Not Influence mRNA Half-Lives 237 There is no correlation between mRNA length and stability 237 Ribosome protection cannot account for mRNA half-lives 237 Rare codons are not general determinants of mRNA stability 238 A COMMON PATHWAY OF mRNA DECAY 238 Deadenylation Precedes the Decay of Some Yeast mRNAs 238 Decapping and 5*-to-3* Exonucleolytic Digestion Follow Deadenylation of Some Yeast mRNAs 239 Deadenylation-Dependent Decapping Is a Common Pathway of mRNA Decay 239 Control of mRNA Half-Lives through the Deadenylation-Dependent Decapping Pathway 240 Control of mRNA deadenylation 240 (i) Poly(A)-binding protein influences deadenylation 240 (ii) Poly(A)-binding protein-dependent nuclease activity from S. cerevisiae 240 (iii) Other proteins possibly involved in deadenylation 240 (iv) Models of poly(A) shortening 240 (v) Terminal deadenylation is not a rate-determining step for 5*-to-3* decay 241 Control of mRNA decapping 241 (i) The Pab1p-poly(A) tail complex inhibits mRNA decapping 241 (ii) Control of decapping after deadenylation 242 (iii) Decapping activities from S. cerevisiae 242 (iv) Translation and mRNA decapping 242 ADDITIONAL PATHWAYS OF mRNA DECAY IN S. CEREVISIAE 243 3*-to-5* mRNA Decay 243 Endonucleolytic Cleavage of mRNAs 243 mRNA Surveillance: Rapid Deadenylation-Independent Decapping 243 Early nonsense codons trigger mRNA decapping 243 Recognition of early nonsense codons 244 (i) Specific sequences are required 3* of early nonsense codons 244 (ii) Specific upstream elements partially block nonsense codon-mediated decay 245 trans-Acting factors in nonsense codon-mediated mRNA decay 245 Where in the cell does recognition of an early nonsense codon occur? 246 REGULATED mRNA TURNOVER IN S. CEREVISIAE 246 CONCLUSIONS 246 REFERENCES 246
A test structure advisor and a coupled, library-based test structure layout and testing environment

A new test chip design environment, based on commercial tools, containing a test structure advisor and a coupled, library-based layout and testing environment has been developed. This environment results in a tenfold increase in productivity. The test structure advisor uses cross-sections of devices to recommend a comprehensive list of diagnostic and parametric test structures. These test structures can then be retrieved from the libraries of parameterized structures, customized, and placed in a design to rapidly generate customized test chips. Coupling the layout and test environments enables the automatic generation of a vast majority of the parametric test software. Using this environment, a new test chip, which would normally have taken over 1.5 weeks, was designed in 6 hours.
Weight Loss and Low-Intensity Exercise for the Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Postmenopausal Women

THE increased proportion of overweight and obese older individuals in Western societies over the past several decades is largely due to a sedentary lifestyle and dietary excess. These individuals have a high prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetSyn), a constellation of metabolic abnormalities including abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and glucose intolerance (1). The prevalence of MetSyn increases with age, affecting ∼40% of the U.S. population older than 50 years with 56% of women compared with 46% of men aged 60 years or older having MetSyn (2,3). A recent analysis of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey shows that the MetSyn is associated with a significantly higher all-cause, cardiovascular, and even noncardiac mortality in postmenopausal women that is not apparent in men over an observation period as long as 12 years (4). The high prevalence of MetSyn in older women and its strong association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD) (5–9), and decreased mobility (10–12), risk factors for disability and mortality in older people, makes its treatment a public health priority. Pharmacological interventions are effective in treating dyslipidemia, hypertension, and elevated glucose levels, but they fail to adequately address the risk factors of the 21st century sedentary obesogenic lifestyle. In contrast, lifestyle changes that directly address inactivity and overeating show encouraging results in the treatment of MetSyn. The Diabetes Prevention Program (13) and other studies (14,15) showed that diet-induced weight loss and exercise were more effective than placebo in resolution of MetSyn across the age span, but our study focuses on obese postmenopausal women where diabetes, CVD risk (3), and morbidity/mortality are high (16). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a diet-induced weight loss and low-intensity exercise program (WL+LEX) to reduce individual constituents and prevalence of MetSyn in obese postmenopausal women, as well as reduce CVD risk in obese postmenopausal women without MetSyn. We hypothesized that this lifestyle program would reduce multiple indices of CVD risk and the prevalence of the MetSyn in obese postmenopausal women primarily through reductions in body fat and that the metabolic improvements would be greater in women with worse atherogenic metabolic profiles.
Nature and Nurture: the complex genetics of myopia and refractive error

The refractive errors, myopia and hyperopia, are optical defects of the visual system that can cause blurred vision. Uncorrected refractive errors are the most common causes of visual impairment worldwide. It is estimated that 2.5 billion people will be affected by myopia alone within the next decade. Experimental, epidemiological and clinical research has shown that refractive development is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Animal models have showed that eye growth and refractive maturation during infancy are tightly regulated by visually guided mechanisms. Observational data in human populations provide compelling evidence that environmental influences and individual behavioral factors play crucial roles in myopia susceptibility. Nevertheless, the majority of the variance of refractive error within populations is thought to be because of hereditary factors. Genetic linkage studies have mapped two dozen loci, while association studies have implicated more than 25 different genes in refractive variation. Many of these genes are involved in common biological pathways known to mediate extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and regulate connective tissue remodeling. Other associated genomic regions suggest novel mechanisms in the etiology of human myopia, such as mitochondrial-mediated cell death or photoreceptor-mediated visual signal transmission. Taken together, observational and experimental studies have revealed the complex nature of human refractive variation, which likely involves variants in several genes and functional pathways. Multiway interactions between genes and/or environmental factors may also be important in determining individual risks of myopia, and may help explain the complex pattern of refractive error in human populations.
The isovolumic relaxation to early rapid filling relation: kinematic model based prediction with in vivo validation

Although catheterization is the gold standard, Doppler echocardiography is the preferred diastolic function (DF) characterization method. The physiology of diastole requires continuity of left ventricular pressure (LVP)‐generating forces before and after mitral valve opening (MVO). Correlations between isovolumic relaxation (IVR) indexes such as tau (time‐constant of IVR) and noninvasive, Doppler E‐wave‐derived metrics, such as peak A‐V gradient or deceleration time (DT), have been established. However, what has been missing is the model‐predicted causal link that connects isovolumic relaxation (IVR) to suction‐initiated filling (E‐wave). The physiology requires that model‐predicted terminal force of IVR (Ft IVR) and model‐predicted initial force of early rapid filling (Fi E‐wave) after MVO be correlated. For validation, simultaneous (conductance catheter) P‐V and E‐wave data from 20 subjects (mean age 57 years, 13 men) having normal LV ejection fraction (LVEF>50%) and a physiologic range of LV end‐diastolic pressure (LVEDP) were analyzed. For each cardiac cycle, the previously validated kinematic (Chung) model for isovolumic pressure decay and the Parametrized Diastolic Filling (PDF) kinematic model for the subsequent E‐wave provided Ft IVR and Fi E‐wave respectively. For all 20 subjects (15 beats/subject, 308 beats), linear regression yielded Ft IVR= α Fi E‐wave + b (R = 0.80), where α = 1.62 and b = 1.32. We conclude that model‐based analysis of IVR and of the E‐wave elucidates DF mechanisms common to both. The observed in vivo relationship provides novel insight into diastole itself and the model‐based causal mechanistic relationship that couples IVR to early rapid filling.
Harmonic functions via restricted mean-value theorems

Let $f$ be a function on a bounded domain $\Omega \subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$ and $\delta$ be a positive function on $\Omega$ such that $B(x,\delta(x))\subseteq \Omega$. Let $\sigma(f)(x)$ be the average of $f$ over the ball $B(x,\delta(x))$. The restricted mean-value theorems discuss the conditions on $f,\delta,$ and $\Omega$ under which $\sigma(f)=f$ implies that $f$ is harmonic. In this paper, we study the stability of harmonic functions with respect to the map $\sigma$. One expects that, in general, the sequence $\sigma^n(f)$ converges to a harmonic function. Among our results, we show that if $\Omega$ is strongly convex (respectively $C^{2,\alpha}$-smooth for some $\alpha\in [0,1]$), the function $\delta(x)$ is continuous, and $f\in C^0(\bar \Omega)$ (respectively, $f\in C^{2,\alpha}(\bar \Omega)$), then $\sigma^n(f)$ converges to a harmonic function uniformly on $\bar \Omega$.
Antimicrobial activity of long-chain, water-soluble, dendritic tricarboxylato amphiphiles

Objectives: To measure the antimicrobial activities of three series of homologous, dendritic tricarboxylato (three-headed) amphiphiles against a battery of bacteria and fungi. Methods: Three series of homologous dendritic amphiphiles were synthesized containing C 13 to C 22 fatty chains. Susceptibility of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lactobacillus plantarum, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Mycobacterium smegmatis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus niger to the amphiphiles was measured by broth microdilution and reported as the MIC. Results: Several amphiphiles from each homologous series, designed and constructed to overcome the low solubility of saturated long-chain fatty acids, had antimicrobial activity against MRSA (MIC = 36 mg/L), C. albicans (MIC = 4.4 mg/L), S. cerevisiae (MIC = 1.1 mg/L) and M. smegmatis (MIC = 8.9 mg/L). These amphiphiles had considerably better antimicrobial activities than the corresponding saturated fatty acids. Alkyl chain length influenced the values of MIC; longer chains (C 18 -C 22 ) were generally more antimicrobial, but there was no uniform pattern among the microorganisms tested. Conclusions: As the antimicrobial activity of the amphiphiles increased with increasing chain length, it is anticipated that maximum activity was not reached with these series. Thus, the identification of the optimal chain length would provide a target compound for development of low-cost, topical microbicides and anti-infectives. Further, these series of dendritic amphiphiles with the very long chains can be used as new water-soluble probes for elucidation of membrane structure and for identification of novel targets for antimicrobial design.
Television, code law, and integrated markets

The rise in network broadcasting may just be coincidental with the rise in federal regulation. Other possible explanations for the rise of the regulatory state include Democratic control of Congress and the size of the economy. Television ownership rates are herein found to have a negative relationship with the count of Federal Register pages. It is also noted that regulation at the state level was not completely crowded out by the rise in federal social regulation and the decline in economic regulation.
Culicoides Variipennis and Bluetongue-Virus Epidemiology in the United States

The bluetongue viruses are transmitted to ruminants in North America by Culicoides variipennis. US annual losses of approximately $125 million are due to restrictions on the movement of livestock and germplasm to bluetongue-free countries. Bluetongue is the most economically important arthropod-borne animal disease in the United States. Bluetongue is absent in the northeastern United States because of the inefficient vector ability there of C. variipennis for bluetongue. The vector of bluetongue virus elsewhere in the United States is C. variipennis sonorensis. The three C. variipennis subspecies differ in vector competence for bluetongue virus in the laboratory. Understanding C. variipennis genetic variation controlling bluetongue transmission will help identify geographic regions at risk for bluetongue and provide opportunities to prevent virus transmission. Information on C. variipennis and bluetongue epidemiology will improve trade and provide information to protect US livestock from domestic and foreign arthropod-borne pathogens.
Regioselective F-18 radiolabeling of AM694, a CB1 cannabinoid receptor ligand

Summary [ 18 F]AM694, [1-(5-[ 18 F]fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(2-iodophenyl)methanone, 1b, a potential radiotracer for imaging of cerebral cannabinoid receptor (CB1), has been synthesized by no-carrier-added regioselective radiofluorination of the corresponding tosylate. [ 18 F]AM694 was obtained in 20% radiochemical yield (non-decay-corrected) with a specific activity of 14 500 mCi/mmol, a radiochemical purity of >99%, and a chemical purity of 95.5%. Copyright # 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Stratified Round Robin scheduler: design, analysis and implementation

Stratified Round Robin is a fair-queueing packet scheduler which has good fairness and delay properties, and low quasi-O(1) complexity. It is unique among all other schedulers of comparable complexity in that it provides a single packet delay bound that is independent of the number of flows. Importantly, it is also amenable to a simple hardware implementation, and thus fills a current gap between scheduling algorithms that have provably good performance and those that are feasible and practical to implement in high-speed routers. We present both analytical results and simulations to demonstrate its performance properties.
AlGaN/GaN $Ka$ -Band 5-W MMIC Amplifier

A broadband Ka-band AlGaN/GaN on SiC high electron-mobility transistor monolithic-microwave integrated-circuit (MMIC) power amplifier was developed for millimeter-wave antenna applications. The 0.18-mum gate two-stage 50-Omega matched MMIC produces 13plusmn1 dB of gain from 26 to 36 GHz. At 35 GHz, the measured continuous wave (CW) saturated output power (Pout) was 4 W (5 W pulsed), indicating a CW power density of 3.3 W/mm (4.2 W/mm pulsed). The CW power-added efficiency was 23%. Across the band, the measured CW Pout was >2 W (2.5 W pulsed). While individual (or partially matched single stage) devices have been demonstrated with good output power, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a 10-GHz-bandwidth Ka-band GaN MMIC with high output power and gain. A unique aspect of the design, contributing to the wide bandwidth, is the use of positive feedback in the first stage to increase the gain. RF power stress test and detailed investigation of the channel temperature effect are presented. A preliminary RF power stress test indicates a lifetime of 1000 h at 191 degC channel temperature, and elevated temperature operation indicates that Pout decreases by 0.013 dB/degC
Temperature dependence and resonance assignment of 13C NMR spectra of selectively and uniformly labeled fusion peptides associated with membranes

Abstract HIV-1 and influenza viral fusion peptides are biologically relevant model fusion systems and, in this study, their membrane-associated structures were probed by solid-state NMR (13)C chemical shift measurements. The influenza peptide IFP-L2CF3N contained a (13)C carbonyl label at Leu-2 and a (15)N label at Phe-3 while the HIV-1 peptide HFP-UF8L9G10 was uniformly (13)C and (15)N labeled at Phe-8, Leu-9 and Gly-10. The membrane composition of the IFP-L2CF3N sample was POPC-POPG (4:1) and the membrane composition of the HFP-UF8L9G10 sample was a mixture of lipids and cholesterol which approximately reflects the lipid headgroup and cholesterol composition of host cells of the HIV-1 virus. In one-dimensional magic angle spinning spectra, labeled backbone (13)C were selectively observed using a REDOR filter of the (13)C-(15)N dipolar coupling. Backbone chemical shifts were very similar at -50 and 20 degrees C, which suggests that low temperature does not appreciably change the peptide structure. Relative to -50 degrees C, the 20 degrees C spectra had narrower signals with lower integrated intensity, which is consistent with greater motion at the higher temperature. The Leu-2 chemical shift in the IFP-L2CF3N sample correlates with a helical structure at this residue and is consistent with detection of helical structure by other biophysical techniques. Two-dimensional (13)C-(13)C correlation spectra were obtained for the HFP-UF8L9G10 sample and were used to assign the chemical shifts of all of the (13)C labels in the peptide. Secondary shift analysis was consistent with a beta-strand structure over these three residues. The high signal-to-noise ratio of the 2D spectra suggests that membrane-associated fusion peptides with longer sequences of labeled amino acids can also be assigned with 2D and 3D methods.
Greater Sage-Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus Use of Threetip Sagebrush Relative to Big Sagebrush in South-Central Idaho

Disturbances that change sagebrush Artemisia spp.-steppe communities may have an impact on greater sage-grouse Centrocercus urophasianus populations. Fire can rapidly alter sagebrush-steppe communities and may result in an increase in threetip sagebrush A. tripartita because this shrub is one of the few species of sagebrush that will sprout following fire. We examined the use of threetip sagebrush by sage-grouse as nest cover and compared nest success of grouse using threetip sagebrush to that of grouse using big sagebrush A. tridentata. Sage-grouse used threetip sagebrush as nest cover less than expected based on the abundance of this shrub. The only other species of sagebrush used as nest cover was big sagebrush, and sage-grouse used big sagebrush more than expected based on big sagebrush abundance. However, nest site selection was confounded by age of sage-grouse females. Sage-grouse that used big sagebrush as nest cover had greater nest success than grouse using threetip sagebrush. Our findings demons...
Synthesis of uniform, spherical sub-100 nm silica particles using a conceptual modification of the classic LaMer model

Abstract A strategy for production of monodisperse spherical sub-100 nm silica particles is demonstrated based on application of a conceptual modification of the classic LaMer model to the Stober process. Strategies for control of particle properties, including particle size, size distribution, and shape are proposed. The approach demonstrated herein starts from a small number of test experiments and then focuses on adjusting the reaction conditions that control undesirable particle properties of the resulting particles while leaving conditions that dictate desirable properties unchanged. This strategy reduces considerably the number of test experiments required for synthesis of uniform and spherical sub-100 nm silica particles compared to other reported methods that utilize a large number of test experiments to define optimized reaction conditions. Synthesis of particles in the size range of 27–100 nm with relative standard deviations in size of
Texas Water Availability Modeling System

A water availability modeling system was implemented during 1997–2004 by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality and its contractors, in collaboration with the water management community, under a mandate provided by comprehensive water management legislation enacted by the Texas legislature in 1997. The availability and reliability of water resources are assessed based on simulating river/reservoir system management and water allocation practices using sets of historical naturalized monthly streamflow sequences to represent basin hydrology. The prior appropriation water rights permit system and other institutional mechanisms for allocating streamflow and reservoir storage resources among numerous water users are considered in detail in evaluating basinwide impacts of water management decisions. The generalized modeling system and lessons learned in its implementation in Texas are applicable to river basin management throughout the world.
On Structural Robustness of Distributed Real-Time Systems Towards Uncertainties in Service Times

As real-time systems are becoming increasingly distributed, it becomes important to understand their structural robustness with respect to timing uncertainty. Structural robustness, a concept that arises by virtue of multi-stage execution, refers to the robustness of end-to-end timing behavior of an execution graph towards unexpected timing violations in individual execution stages. A robust topology is one where such violations minimally affect end-to-end execution delay. The paper shows that the manner in which resources are allocated to execution stages can make a difference in robustness. Algorithms are presented and evaluated for resource allocation that improve the robustness of execution graphs. Evaluation shows that such algorithms are able to significantly reduce deadline misses due to unpredictable timing violations. Hence, the approach is important for soft real-time systems, systems where timing uncertainty exists, or where worst-case timing is not entirely verified.
Simple Modifications to Improve Fifth-Generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model Performance for the Phoenix, Arizona, Metropolitan Area

Abstract The diurnal temperature cycle in the Phoenix, Arizona, metropolitan area, as represented in the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5), is examined using a high-resolution 2-km grid spacing to simulate the dry portion of the summer. The model is run for a 48-h period with negligible synoptic forcing and a sufficiently dry atmosphere so that moist convection does not occur. The standard version of MM5 underestimates the magnitude of the diurnal maximum and also causes the maximum to occur too early. This behavior is due to an overestimate of the latent heat flux in the model, resulting from a poor specification of the land cover category and corresponding physical parameters. Adjusting the available moisture improves the modeled temperature maximum at both rural and urban sites, but the model temperatures are still cooler than those observed at the urban site at night because of a poorly represented urban heat island effect. It...
Consensus Methods for Pyramids and Other Hypergraphs

A classification can most generally be viewed as a hypergraph, which is simply a set of subsets (clusters) of the finite set S of objects being studied. In this paper, we are primarily concerned with consensus functions on tree hypergraphs such as pyramids and totally balanced hypergraphs.
Lipids in Bacterial Taxonomy - A Taxonomist's View

AbstractWritten from a taxonomist's point of view and aimed primarily at other taxonomists, this review covers the types of lipids found in bacteria and actinomycetes, especially those reported in the recent literature, including fatty acids; glycerides; phospholipids; glycolipids; and amino acid-containing lipids including peptidolipids, peptidoglycolipids, sulfolipids, hydrocarbons, and waxes, and discusses their potential in taxonomy. Included are a survey of the recent findings on the stability of bacterial lipid patterns in terms of the effect of medium constituents and physical parameters of growth, age, and other factors and a short section on preferred methods of extraction, purification, and analysis.
In Accord with Norman Miller on Recency

The model proposed by Miller and Campbell (1959) is intuitively appealing; it has been a surprise and a disappointment that recent work has not been more completely confirmatory. It is helpful to have Miller (1968) discuss the bearing of recent dara on the model. He seems correct in suggesting that appropriate editing misht reconcile the model wirh the data. The main point of this comment is that the qualification he suggests-that the model may only apply when speeches are long-should be viewed not as an edltion of the model which is already firmly supported but rather as an hypothesis whlch, if confirmed, would justify faith in the new edition of the model. Research on order effects is fraught wirh inconsistencies which occurred for no apparent reason. Looking to the most pertinent studies, Zdep and Wilson (1968) suggest that rhe Miller-Campbell model implies three predictions. Miller and Campbell (1959) supported only the first two, while lnsko (1964) supported only the third, and Wilson and Miller (1968) only the second. These points can all be confirmed by the simple expedient of measuring the relative size of the curve separations in the illustrative figure (Miller & Campbell, 1959; Zdep & Wilson, 1968) and comparing these to the dara as appropriate. The question is: "Could one be sure of greater consisrenq if he simply replicated one of the studies three times?" Considering that both Insko (1984) and Wilson and Miller (1968) intended to replicate Miller and Campbell (1959) and considering the general inconsistency in the area, one should not overlook the possibility that clerical error, inappropriate .. statistics, and other flukes may influence results more than one might prefer to belleve. Equally important, even if the three studies are replicable, length of speeches is only one of their innumerable differences. One other possibility that comes readily to mind is a distinction between disputants who seek a differential response to agreed upon facts versus disputants who urge the acceptance of conflicting versions of the same facts. Insko's (1964) materials apparently have more conflicting facts. If one agrees with Zdep and Wilson (1968) that prediction 3 is most critical and then notes that only Insko (1964) has supported this prediction, one may entertain other editing. Although the dara may "essenrially" confirm the model, as Miller (1959) says, one cannot fully confirm a model, or a new edition of one, until he has (a) presented the relevant data, (b) demonstrated its reliability through replication, and (c) demonstrated its robustness in the face of changes in supposedly irrelevant factors. The last two goals seem to be unfinished business.
Capillary zone electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry for top-down characterization of the Mycobacterium marinum secretome.

Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with an electrokinetically pumped sheath-flow nanospray interface was coupled with a high-resolution Q-Exactive mass spectrometer for the analysis of culture filtrates from Mycobacterium marinum. We confidently identified 22 gene products from the wildtype M. marinum secretome in a single CZE–tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) run. A total of 58 proteoforms were observed with post-translational modifications including signal peptide removal, N-terminal methionine excision, and acetylation. The conductivities of aqueous acetic acid and formic acid solutions were measured from 0.1% to 100% concentration (v/v). Acetic acid (70%) provided lower conductivity than 0.25% formic acid and was evaluated as low ionic-strength and a CZE–MS compatible sample buffer with good protein solubility.
A Thermal Conductivity Device for Detecting the Discontinuous Release of Carbon Dioxide by Insects

Some insects retain carbon dioxide within their tissues and release it periodically in the form of “bursts.” While most of the work has been performed with insects in diapause, the phenomenon is not reserved strictly to insects in this physiological state. The American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.); numerous beetles; flies; and moths are known to release carbon dioxide in bursts. This phenomenon was first observed by Punt, and subsequently many of the theoretical aspects were considered by Buck and his co-workers. It has been referred to in the pertinent literature. (Edwards and Patton 1967).
Shopping Style Segmentation of Consumers

The World Wide Web has rapidly become an alternative means to reach customers and has attracted the attention of many businesses. Unfortunately, however, despite its growth, there is little knowledge of which consumers would be willing to switch to the new format and to what extent. Our paper is aimed at providing some insights into these questions. Specifically, we propose a model to identify segments that differ in their shopping style, i.e., in their preference for which format, or bundle of formats, they like to shop in.
Quantifying Syringe Exchange Program Operational Space in the District of Columbia

Syringe exchange programs (SEPs) are effective structural interventions for HIV prevention among persons who inject drugs. In 2000, a buffer zone policy (the 1000 Foot Rule) was implemented in Washington, DC, that prohibited SEP operations within 1000 feet of schools. We examined changes in the amount of legal SEP operational space over time. We used data pertaining to school operations and their approximate physical property boundaries to quantify the impact of the 1000 Foot Rule on legal SEP operational space from its implementation in 2000-2013. Adherence to the 1000 Foot Rule reduced SEP operational space by more than 50 % annually since its implementation. These findings demonstrate the significant restrictions on the amount of legal SEP operational space in Washington, DC, that are imposed by the 1000 Foot Rule. Changing this policy could have a significant impact on SEP service delivery among injectors.
Cytoskeleton of intestinal goblet cells: role of actin filaments in baseline secretion

Although microtubules appear necessary to maintain mucin granule transport in intestinal goblet cells, the role of microfilaments in mucus secretion is unknown. To determine the functional significance of microfilaments in goblet cell secretion, fluorescent cytochemistry of microfilaments and autoradiographic studies on granule movement were performed on rabbit intestinal goblet cells, with and without the actin depolymerizing agents, cytochalasin D (cyto D), and dihydro-cytochalasin B (dihydro B). In normal goblet cells, cytochemical localization of F-actin with NBD-phallacidin demonstrated their restriction to the apical surface of the goblet cell. Visualization of the goblet cell apical surface by electron microscopy revealed the presence of a thin layer of cytoplasm overlying the granule mass. Treatment with cyto D and dihydro B eliminated NBD-phallacidin staining of the apical cell surface. Quantitative analysis of baseline granule translocation demonstrated that treatment with cyto D and dihydro B resulted in dramatic acceleration of granule movement through goblet cells. This cellular response results from an increase in baseline secretion and facilitation of secretion of newly synthesized mucins, not stimulation of an accelerated secretory event. These data imply that actin filaments fulfill a barrier function in baseline secretion by hindering granule access to the plasma membrane; once the granule contacts the plasma membrane, exocytosis occurs. Secretion is balanced by the translocation of subjacent granules. In contrast, an accelerated secretory event is not triggered by plasma membrane access alone; this event requires a regulatory signal. We hypothesize that, unlike accelerated secretion, baseline secretion is constitutive, with exocytosis limited solely by the physical constraint of secretory granule access to the apical plasma membrane.
Architecture and Organization: Structure, Problems and Solutions.

Large software systems and projects develop a high degree of internal complexity by their sheer size, and are bound to experience trouble. This complexity is not limited to software design, but is also inherent to the process and the organization. Experienced software architects have learned to control complexity and to detect related problems before they have become critical. Their toolset consists of a variety of different measures applicable to the situation at hand. This knowledge of early symptom recognition and selection of a reaction can be collected in the form of diagnoses and therapies.
Opposing Functions of the N-terminal Acetyltransferases Naa50 and NatA in Sister-chromatid Cohesion.

During the cell cycle, sister-chromatid cohesion tethers sister chromatids together from S phase to the metaphase-anaphase transition and ensures accurate segregation of chromatids into daughter cells. N-terminal acetylation is one of the most prevalent protein covalent modifications in eukaryotes and is mediated by a family of N-terminal acetyltransferases (NAT). Naa50 (also called San) has previously been shown to play a role in sister-chromatid cohesion in metazoans. The mechanism by which Naa50 contributes to cohesion is not understood however. Here, we show that depletion of Naa50 in HeLa cells weakens the interaction between cohesin and its positive regulator sororin and causes cohesion defects in S phase, consistent with a role of Naa50 in cohesion establishment. Strikingly, co-depletion of NatA, a heterodimeric NAT complex that physically interacts with Naa50, rescues the sister-chromatid cohesion defects and the resulting mitotic arrest caused by Naa50 depletion, indicating that NatA and Naa50 play antagonistic roles in cohesion. Purified recombinant NatA and Naa50 do not affect each other's NAT activity in vitro. Because NatA and Naa50 exhibit distinct substrate specificity, we propose that they modify different effectors and regulate sister-chromatid cohesion in opposing ways.
Emotion dysregulation mediates the longitudinal relation between peer rejection and depression Differential effects of gender and grade

The goal of the current investigation was to test emotion dysregulation as a mechanism explaining the longitudinal association between peer rejection and depressive symptoms across 1 school year in middle childhood and to determine whether this process differed based on gender and grade. Youth in Grades 3 through 6 (N = 131; 71 girls) and their primary school teachers (n = 8) were recruited from a Midwestern elementary school. Youth reported on their emotion dysregulation and depressive symptoms at two time points (T1 and T2), approximately 6 months apart. Teachers completed ratings of peer rejection at T1. Peer rejection at T1 predicted youth-report of depressive symptoms at T2, even after controlling for depression at T1. Moderated mediation suggested that change in emotion dysregulation mediated the relation of peer rejection to depressive symptoms over time, but only for older boys. Results underscore the importance of considering gender-specific processes within interpersonal risk models of depressio...
Who CARES? Interprofessional Competencies for Meeting the Complex Needs of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Foster Youth With Disabilities

This paper highlights effective interprofessional competencies for school professionals who are interested in improving the educational path of culturally diverse foster youth who are at risk of a disability or who have a disability. The interprofessional competencies were developed based on the lessons learned in the first three years of a federally funded grant. We propose cost-effective ways to address shortages of highly qualified school personnel to work with diverse foster youth with disabilities. Recommendations to improve practice with diverse foster youth with disabilities include increasing the number of Culturally Affirming and Responsive Education Specialists (CARES; school social workers, school counselors, and school psychologists) who are trained to respond to the educational and mental health needs of diverse foster youth with disabilities, who are culturally competent, who are advocates in schools, and who are skilled at interdisciplinary service delivery.
Taking stock of post-socialist urban development: A recapitulation

Fifteen years after the sudden collapse of the socialist system, half of the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries that bravely toppled their communist regimes announced the successful completion of their transition to market-oriented democratic societies. This historical moment was officially sealed by the signatures of the heads of these states on the Accession Treaty of 2003, which granted these countries full membership to the European Union. Two more countries of the former Eastern Block joined the Union in 2007, and another two are on the candidates list. This recapitulation underscores two obvious but important points. First, the majority of the former socialist countries have made significant advances in implementing profound political and economic reforms. Second, these efforts have proceeded at differential rates in the CEE region, producing mixed results. Both of these conclusions render the last fifteen years in the social evolution of Central and Eastern Europe as a perfect laboratory for exploring the fundamental relationships between market, politics, and history (Thornley, 1993). Social scientists have dutifully grasped this unique opportunity, producing an avalanche of publications exploring the various stages and angles of the transition period. After all, warps of such magnitude rarely happen in history, this one affecting the lives of close to a third of the world’s population (China included). Naturally, the focus of the overwhelming majority of these studies has been on issues related to politics and economics. These two areas became the main foci of reform, their success or failure impacting all facets of society through which the waves of social changes reverberated. In the large body of literature produced over the last one and a half decades on the issues surrounding the transformation of the CEE region, studies investigating changes in urban form and structure have been quite rare. There are two major reasons for this. First, as already stated, the main focus of public attention during the transition period has been on matters related to the economic and political spheres considered central for the advancement of social reforms. Therefore, issues related to political struggles, economic development, markets, social inequalities, and class polarization have dominated the public discourse and scientific research alike. Urban form evolution, in this context, has been considered one of the many consequences of social restructuring, with minor influence on the success of reforms.
Efficient carbon-supported heterogeneous molybdenum-dioxo catalyst for chemoselective reductive carbonyl coupling

Reductive coupling of various carbonyl compounds to the corresponding symmetric ethers with dimethylphenylsilane is reported using a carbon-supported dioxo-molybdenum catalyst. The catalyst is air- and moisture-stable and can be easily separated from the reaction mixture for recycling. In addition, the catalyst is chemoselective, thus enabling the synthesis of functionalized ethers without requiring sacrificial ligands or protecting groups.
The Role of Integrated Care in Managing Chronic Pain

Chronic pain affects up to 20% of the population and costs as much as $635 billion per year in the United States alone. The management of chronic pain is fragmented among medical providers of varying specialties, and evidence-based treatments are often not readily available. Psychiatric comorbidity, which compounds chronic pain treatment, is common. Further complicating the problem are the challenges created by opioid medications, the use of which has increased dramatically in recent decades. Integrated-care psychiatrists are uniquely situated to help navigate this complex landscape and help primary care providers and patients access effective treatments. This article summarizes a number of evidence-based treatments for chronic pain and suggests ways in which an integrated-care psychiatrist may incorporate them into practice.