cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Econometric Technique versus Traditional Techniques for Obtaining Regional Employment Multipliers: A Comparative Study:

In this paper the authors compare the forecasting ability of an econometric model, which they developed in another paper, with variants of the more traditional technique of the location quotient. The econometric model provides a new method of delineating a region's employment into basic (export) and nonbasic (service) employment. Employment in the Cleveland, Ohio, (SMSA) was divided into these two categories using respectively the econometric model and two variants of the location quotient, one by Tiebout and the other by Thompson. Employment was forecasted within the sample period (1961–66) and outside the period (1967–69). The accuracy of the forecasts was gauged by calculating Theil's inequality coefficients. The results conclusively showed that the econometric method consistently forecasted more accurately than the other techniques, which registered very poor forecasts outside of the sample period.
Consciousness, Philosophical Issues About

There are many problems of consciousness, but the most significant of them is: how is it possible to explain consciousness in terms of its neural basis? Keywords: consciousness; hard problem; deflationism; inflationism; reflexivity; neural
Relational Frames and Their Ethical Implications in International Negotiation: An Analysis Based on the Oslo II Negotiations

In a recent set of papers, Donohue and colleagues used Relational Order theory to describe the relational context that evolved during the first Oslo negotiations held in 1992–1993. However, many relational shifts have developed between Palestinians and Israelis since Oslo. The question is have these shifts established a context that allows for the parties to bargain in good faith? Negotiations conducted to satisfy political agendas that are likely to fail because of stressed relationships between the parties make it difficult for parties to bargain in good faith. Relational Order Theory was used in the current article to better understand the relational context leading to the 1995 Oslo II accords and thus, the ethical sanction of the negotiations. Editorials and interviews from Palestinian and Israeli leaders leading up to the negotiations were analyzed to determine the extent to which the relational context was more affiliation-oriented or more focused on power and domination. The results indicate that the relational context leading up to Oslo II shifted dramatically over the course of several months as parties shaped their perspectives on the negotiations. However, the competition for power expressed by the exchanges suggested a less ethically defensible context for negotiations. The ethical implications of forcing negotiation in the face of a fairly aggressive relational context are discussed.
30 = 20: 'Understanding' Maximum Sentence Enhancements

In this article, Professor Herrmann argues that the due process protections of a criminal trial should apply to aggravating factors that under current "maximum-enhancing statutes" allow judges to impose lengthier punishments in the sentencing phase. Part I considers the Supreme Court's rationale for refusing to apply full due process safeguards to all types of sentencing schemes. This background will reveal the unique quality of maximum-enhancing statutes and establish why the due process protections of a criminal trial should apply to sentencing under maximum-enhancing statutes. Part I, therefore, undertakes to explain courts' rationales to deny criminal defendants full criminal due process under discretionary sentencing, mandatory minimum sentencing, and guideline sentencing. Part II focuses on maximum-enhancing statutes. It isolates and analyzes the courts' rationales for denying criminal defendants full criminal due process under them. Part II argues that no convincing rationale justifies reduced due process for minimum-enhancing statutes, no matter what one's views of the due process reasoning underlying other sentencing structures. Part III will argue that, if courts applied full criminal due process protection to maximum-enhancing factors, it is unlikely that legislatures would try to avoid the safeguards by artful drafting of criminal statutes. The Article will conclude that courts should apply the full protections appropriate to a criminal trial to findings that enhance a maximum sentence.
Late pleistocene climatic reconstruction in North Africa and the emergence of modern Europeans

A critical evaluation of a replacementist hypothesis regarding the origin of modernH. sapiens in Europe as suggested byN. T. Boaz D. Ninkovitch & M. Rossignol-Strick (1982) is presented. These authors have contended that harsh desertic conditions in North Africa between 40 ky — 30 ky B. P. resulted in the movement of modern humans from this region around the Mediterranean littoral into Europe. Two additional tenets of this hypothesis are the claim that Neandertals were islated in Europe during the first half of the Wurm and also the assertion that formation of a landbridge at the Dardanelles ca. 34 ky B. P. ended this isolation and facilitated an influx of modern humans into Europe at this time. This hypothesis is found to be unsupported by the balance of the available data. The specific points discussed include the following: a) climatic and archaeological indicators of a hospitable environment in North Africa between 40 ky — 30 ky B.P., b) the likelihood of landbridge formation at the Dardanelles throughout the last glacial cycle, c) the technological capabilities and uncertain taxonomic identity of the North African source group and d) the similarities between west Asian and European Neandertals which indicate that a prolonged separation of the two groups is unlikely.
POSTFIRE RESPONSE OF FLOOD‐REGENERATING RIPARIAN VEGETATION IN A SEMI‐ARID LANDSCAPE

Piles of large wood (LW) deposited by major floods in river corridors can interact with naturally occurring wildfires from uplands to impact the regeneration of riparian vegetation. This study examines the spatial and short-term temporal response of riparian vegetation and soil nutrients to fire along the Sabie River, South Africa, with special emphasis on the effects of burned LW piles. At the study site there were 112 species of plants recorded with 28% of species restricted to the burned plots. As expected, vegetation cover was significantly lower in burned plots as compared with the unburned plots 12 months postfire. There was a significant influence of LW on species richness with fewer species recorded in the LW plots. For both fire and LW treatments, plant cover showed a significant change over three years. After an initial increase from 12 to 24 months (postfire) there was a decline in plant cover after 36 months. Species community composition was distinctly different between burned and unburned plots 12 months postfire, and the presence of LW affected species composition for burned plots but not for unburned ones. Time series ordination of LW plots highlighted the changes in species composition over the three years of sampling. Of trees with accumulations of LW within 5 m of their base, 48% had been killed by fire as compared to only 4% with no LW accumulations in close proximity. Soil-available P was significantly higher in the burned plots and even higher with burned LW while there were no effects on soil total N. There was also a significant positive trend between available P in soils and plant vegetation cover. Soil-exchangeable K was also significantly higher and total C significantly lower in the burned and LW plots. Burned plots also had significantly higher soil electrical conductivity (EC) and soil pH. The patchy nature of the studied fire, whose complexity is exacerbated by the distribution of flood deposited LW, acted to create a mosaic of alternate successional states as the riparian community recovers from flooding and the subsequent fire. We suspect that the resultant heterogeneity will increase ecosystem resilience by providing flexibility in the form of more options for a system response to subsequent disturbances.
A New Heuristic for Single Row Routing Problems

In this paper, we present a new heuristic algorithm for the classical single row routing problem. The algorithm is based on a graph theoretic decomposition scheme and uses modified cut-numbers. The algorithm was implemented in C on VAX 8200. The experimental results show that the quality of solutions generated by our algorithm could be up to 36% better as compared to the existing algorithms.
The subjective estimation of relative syllable frequency

Ss are able to judge the relative frequency of occurrence in English of nonmorphemic syllables independent of phoneme frequency. The results support a theory of speech perception based on the syllable as a unit as opposed to the phoneme.
New by-pass, fail-safe, magnetorheological fluid damper

This paper presents experimental results for a novel external by-pass, fail-safe, magneto-rheological fluid (MRF) damper. A fail-safe MRF damper is referred to as a device which retains a minimum required damping capacity in the event of a power supply or electronic system failure. The new MRF device has a simple design, is compact, can generate a considerable dynamic force range, and can be sized for specific vibration control applications. As an example of the performance of this by-pass valve, a MRF damper is presented that can be used for vibration mitigation in cable stay bridges under strong storms. Performance characteristics of the by-pass valve and the MRF damper are discussed.
Church, State, and Physician-Assisted Suicide

In 1997, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Vacco v. Quill and Washington v. Glucksberg that state laws prohibiting physician-assisted suicide (PAS) in New York and Washington respectively are not unconstitutional, overturning decisions by the Second and Ninth Circuit Courts of Appeals. This essay is an effort to retrieve the important arguments of the Ninth Circuit Court, and especially to bring out the church-state concerns mentioned but not developed therein. By briefly reviewing the Supreme Court rulings and focusing on Washington v. Glucksberg, I will draw attention specifically to the role that negative moral judgments pertaining to suicide played in the decision. I will then argue that the Court dismissed with insufficient consideration evidence submitted in Judge Stephen Reinhardts Ninth Circuit Court Opinion showing the implications of the "Mystery Clause" of Planned Parenthood v. Casey for issues at the end of life and linking the moral opprobrium surrounding suicide directly to the Christian contribution to western intellectual history. Next, three prominent and severe academic critiques of Judge Reinhardt's historical work will be addressed, showing that rather than refuting the latter, they serve essentially to lend further support to the basic points he makes. Finally, it will be shown that although currently there is general social approval of PAS in the United States, there is at the same time vigorous opposition to the practice stemming from religious sources, primarily the Catholic Church and Evangelical activists. In
A method for inducing equi-biaxial and uniform strains in elastomeric membranes used as cell substrates

Abstract A device is described which is designed to bring about uniform and equi-biaxial strains of 0.04–0.4% on a circular elastomeric sheet upon which cells are grown in a monolayer. Strain measurements at six different radii of the well provide evidence of the uniformity of the strain field over the 2.54 cm diameter of the well with a mean strain of 0.15% and a standard deviation of 0.01% strain. Major advantages of the system over those previously described are that (1) the substrate remains in the same plane throughout the application of stretch, (2) the device is designed to provide a state of uniform equi-biaxial strain to the entire substrate of the cells and (3) all cells ‘see’ the same strain field, no matter what their orientation. This allows for real-time optical monitoring of the cells throughout the stretching cycle of the cell substrate. In this way, changes in the cell membrane, cell nucleus, cytoskeleton and in fluorescently labelled calcium can be monitored microscopically during application of an equi-biaxial mechanical stretch.
Wormhole solution to the strong CP problem.

We show that the procedure of maximizing ${G}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$(\ensuremath{\alpha}), the inverse of Newton's constant within the wormhole calculus, subject to the constraint that the effective cosmological constant vanish, drives the QCD \ensuremath{\theta} parameter to \ensuremath{\theta}=0,\ensuremath{\pi} which are the CP conserving values. We argue that, in fact, \ensuremath{\theta}=\ensuremath{\pi} is the preferred value and discuss the phenomenological consistency of this choice.
Analysis of Constituents for Phenotyping Drought Tolerance in Crop Improvement

Investigators now have a wide range of analytical tools to use in measuring metabolites, proteins and transcripts in plant tissues. These tools have the potential to assist genetic studies that seek to phenotype genetic lines for heritable traits that contribute to drought tolerance. To be useful for crop breeding, hundreds or thousands of genetic lines must be assessed. This review considers the utility of assaying certain constituents with roles in drought tolerance for phenotyping genotypes. Abscisic acid (ABA), organic and inorganic osmolytes, compatible solutes, and late embryogenesis abundant proteins, are considered. Confounding effects that require appropriate tissue and timing specificity, and the need for high-throughput and analytical cost efficiency are discussed. With future advances in analytical methods and the value of analyzing constituents that provide information on the underlying mechanisms of drought tolerance, these approaches are expected to contribute to development crops with improved drought tolerance.
Multifaceted roles of PGE2 in inflammation and cancer.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a bioactive lipid that elicits a wide range of biological effects associated with inflammation and cancer. PGE2 exerts diverse effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, and immune surveillance. This review concentrates primarily on gastrointestinal cancers, where the actions of PGE2 are most prominent, most likely due to the constant exposure to dietary and environmental insults and the intrinsic role of PGE2 in tissue homeostasis. A discussion of recent efforts to elucidate the complex and interconnected pathways that link PGE2 signaling with inflammation and cancer is provided, supported by the abundant literature showing a protective effect of NSAIDs and the therapeutic efficacy of targeting mPGES-1 or EP receptors for cancer prevention. However, suppressing PGE2 formation as a means of providing chemoprotection against all cancers may not ultimately be tenable, undoubtedly the situation for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Future studies to fully understand the complex role of PGE2 in both inflammation and cancer will be required to develop novel strategies for cancer prevention that are both effective and safe.
Enantioselective synthesis of β-hydroxyisobutyric acid: a useful synthon in the synthesis of polypropionate-type natural products

Abstract The aldol reaction of formaldehyde with the dicyclopentylborinyl enolate derived from S -(or R -) 1-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy-l-cyclohexylbutan-2-one, followed by desilylation and sodium meta-periodate oxidation, provides R -(or S -) β-hydroxyisobutyric acid.
Successive approximation procedure for steady-state optimal control of bilinear systems

The optimum regulation problem of a bilinear system with a quadratic performance criterion is obtained in terms of a sequence of algebraic Lyapunov equations. The results are based on the method of successive approximations. The proof of convergence of the proposed scheme is given and the design procedure is illustrated by two examples.
Hyperventilation syndrome in childhood. A review of 44 cases.

Because of the lack of published information and the apparent frequency of the "hyperventilation syndrome" in childhood and adolescence, 44 cases have been studied. Emphasis has been placed on the symptoms, treatment, outcome, and circumstances surrounding the development of hyperventilation in patients without previously diagnosed physiologic or psychologic disturbances. The cases illustrate the need for careful diagnostic evaluation and treatment because of the high rate of chronicity of the underlying disturbances.
Wet Fractionation Process: Preservation and Utilization of Pressed Alfalfa Forage

Abstract Lactation, digestion, and laboratory silo fermentation trials compared wet fractionated alfalfa silage treated with formic acid to conventional low-moisture silage. Eight Holstein and two Ayrshire cows in mid-lactation were fed either the formic-acid treated, pressed silage, or conventional low moisture silage as the only source of forage plus grain according to milk production. Daily intake of dry matter from forage, total intake of dry matter, and 4% fat-corrected milk production were similar for treatments. Ruminal concentrations of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids (molar %) and ammonia nitrogen (mg/100ml) were 61.3, 55.3; 19.5, 21.1; 13.5, 14.8; 18.63, 32.99; for formic-acid pressed silage and conventional low-moisture silage treatments. Apparent digestion coefficients for formic-acid pressed and low-moisture silage were: dry matter 66.3, 67.1; crude protein 71.9, 76.5; and hemicellulose 69.3, 57.4. Pressed forages treated with .00, .20, .35, .50, and .65% formic acid were incubated at 37.8C for 60 days in evacuated plastic bags. As formic acid increased, ammonia nitrogen, nonprotein nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids, and acetic acid decreased while the concentration of cell wall constituents and hemicellulose increased. Lactic acid content increased by addition of .20 and .35% formic acid and decreased when .50 or .65% formic acid was added.
A multi-method treatment for child survivors of sexual abuse: An intervention informed by relational and trauma theories

ABSTRACT This article presents a case study of the treatment of a pre-adolescent female survivor of incest. The treatment integrated relational and trauma theory perspectives in focusing on reducing self-blame, preventing further isolation, creating a safe, secure environment, and helping the patient develop positive connections with others and feelings of self-competence. In order to promote these treatment goals, we used a systemic approach in working directly within the family, school, and social service agencies. This multi-method treatment facilitated the change and maintenance of an improved environment for the patient which, we felt, was essential for psychological and interpersonal change to occur.
Elemental analysis using resonance ionization spectroscopy

Abstract This article gives a review of resonance ionization spectroscopy (RIS) and covers the historical aspects, the RIS principle, one-atom detection, the methodology (radiation sources, ionization schemes), the counting of noble gas atoms, and the determination of trace elements in solids. Related laser methods are briefly referred to.
The influence of attack, arousal, and information about one’s arousal upon interpersonal aggression

Three determinants of the magnitude of interpersonal aggression were investigated: attack, drug-induced arousal, and information regarding arousal. Under the guise of a stress and problem-solving experiment, 72 male college students participated in a 2 by 2 by 2 factorial of Arousal (Dexedrine)/No Arousal (placebo) by Information (“stimulant” or “vitamin”) by Attack/No Attack. After having their solution to a problem evaluated either favorably or unfavorably via a digital counter by a confederate, Ss used electric shocks to evaluate a solution supposedly produced by the confederate. Attack and arousal each reliably increased the amount of shock delivered. Ss told that they had received a stimulant rated themselves significantly higher in tremor and palpitation but not in anger and, unexpectedly, were slightly higher in aggression than the other Ss.
A framework for understanding commitment in the R&D organization

Abstract The complex and long-range nature of technological innovation makes commitment particularly important to the R&D organization. Using findings from previous and current research, this paper develops a conceptual framework for understanding commitment in the technology-based organization that may be more precise and meaningful than the traditional, global conceptions. Three general conclusions emerge. First, organizational commitment has positive benefits not only for the organization but also for the individual. Second, given the popularity of the project form of organization in R&D and the deep commitments individuals sometimes make to those projects, some allowance should be made for multi-commitments. Third, one of the most important and least investigated antecedents of organizational commitment is the verbal behavior of the project manager. Some implications of this perspective for future research are presented.
Effects of soil moisture and physical-chemical properties of organic pollutants on vapor-phase transport in the vadose zone

Abstract Vapor-phase transport of organic pollutants is one of the important pathways in the distribution and attenuation of volatile organic compounds in the vadose zone. In this study, the impact of vapor-phase partitioning and of the physical-chemical properties of organic pollutants on vapor-phase transport was assessed. An experimentally derived relationship to predict vapor sorption for a variety of soil types under varying soil moisture conditions was incorporated into the two-dimensional finite-element model, Vocwaste . The revised model was then used to simulate the transport of volatile organics. Vapor-phase partitioning in the model accounted for vapor uptake by sorption onto moist mineral surfaces as well as sorption at the liquid-solid interface and dissolution into soil water. Under dry conditions, vapor-phase sorption of volatile organic pollutants was shown to have a retarding effect on transport of organic vapors. However, for shallow, contaminated soils, volatilization was controlled by vapor diffusion, even under dry conditions where vapor-phase sorption was high. The influence of Henry's law constant and of the aqueous-phase (solid-liquid) partition coefficient for volatile organic pollutants was considered in the simulations. Volatilization of organic vapors was shown to be favored for contaminants with high Henry's law constants and low aqueous-phase partitioning coefficients. Because of the interdependence of these two physical-chemical properties, individual properties of the contaminant should not be considered in isolation in the evaluation of vapor transport.
Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors in Parkinson's disease.

Inhibitors of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) are commonly used as an adjunct to levodopa in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) for the amelioration of wearing-off symptoms. This narrative review aims to discuss the role of COMT inhibitors on peripheral levodopa metabolism and continuous brain delivery of levodopa, and to describe their metabolic properties. Oral application of levodopa formulations with a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor (DDI) results in fluctuating levodopa plasma concentrations, predominantly due to the short half-life of levodopa and its slowing of gastric emptying. Following transport across the blood–brain barrier and its metabolic conversion to dopamine, these peripheral ‘ups and downs’ of levodopa are reflected in fluctuating dopamine levels in the synaptic cleft between presynaptic and postsynaptic dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal system. As a result, pulsatile postsynaptic dopaminergic stimulation takes place and results in the occurrence of motor complications, such as wearing-off and dyskinesia. More continuous plasma behaviour was observed after the combination of levodopa/DDI formulations with COMT inhibitors. These compounds also weaken a levodopa/DDI-related homocysteine increase, as biomarker for an impaired methylation capacity, which is involved in an elevated oxidative stress exposure. These findings favour the concept of chronic levodopa/DDI application with concomitant inhibition of COMT and monoamine oxidase, since deamination of dopamine via this enzyme also generates free radicals. This triple combination is suggested as standard levodopa application in patients with PD who need levodopa, if they will tolerate it.
Computational modeling of microstructures

Abstract This article describes four examples of analysis of the deformation and failure of microstructures. These examples are part of a wider study of micromechanical processes in materials within, what amounts to, a new field, Computational Micromechanics. The first two are concerned with the development of shear bands in ductile single crystals and polycrystals. The third describes the deformation and failure of composite materials. The fourth deals with the failure of interfaces through separation. Physical theories for crystallographic slip and interface decohesion have been formulated and implemented in finite element models. Supercomputers allow these theories to be applied to problems involving large geometries and complex deformation modes.
Absence of a role of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in the transport of amino acids by rat renal brushborder membrane vesicles

The role of the enzyme, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase on the uptake of amino acids by the brushborder membrane of the rat proximal tubule was examined by inhibiting it with AT-125 (l-[αS, 5S]-α-amino-3-chloro-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazoleacetic acid). AT-125 inhibited 98% of the activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase when incubated for 20 min at 37°C with rat brushborder membrane vesicles. AT-125 given to ratsin vivo inhibited 90% of the activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in subsequently isolated brushborder membrane vesicles from these animals. AT-125 inhibition of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase bothin vivo andin vitro had no effect on the brushborder membrane uptake of cystine. Similarly, there was no effect of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase inhibition by AT-125 on glutamine, proline, glycine, methionine, leucine or lysine uptake by brushborder membrane vesicles. Furthermore, the uptake of cystine by isolated rat renal cortical tubule fragments, in which the complete gamma-glutamyl cycle is present, was unaffected by AT-125 inhibition of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Therefore, in the two model systems studied, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase did not appear to play a role in the transport of amino acids by the renal brushborder membrane.
Estimation of Kinetic Parameters for Nonisothermal Food Processes

This work deals with the hypothesis that kinetic parameters for nonisothermal processes can be reliably obtained using a 1-step method, Parameters were estimated for 3 typical processes: (1) no residence time distribution (RTD) (2) first-order reaction with RRTD, and (3) nth-order reaction with RTD. When nonisothermal processes were approximated isothermally, k and ΔE were underestimated 80% to 3 orders o0f magnitude; and 30% to 1 order of magnitude,respectively. Reaction order was overestimated by up to 0.81. Therefore, accounting for thermal history and RTD in critical to obtain accurate estimates of Kinetic parameters. The 1-step method was also used to solve for equivalent isothermal temperatures and times for an arbitrary nonisothermal process.
Price Stabilization and Welfare

I. Introduction, 284. — II. The Waugh-Oi results, 285. — III. A model with producers and consumers, 288. — IV. A positive storage cost, 290. — V. The gains from price stabilization: a more general analysis, 290. — VI. The distribution of gains among producers and consumers, 293. — VII. Gains to individual producers and consumers, 294. — VIII. Quantity destablization, 296 — IX. Time trend, 297. — X. Conclusions, 297.
Autonomic nervous system innervation of thymic-related lymphoid tissue in wildtype and nude mice.

A study was undertaken to determine the source and terminal distribution of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) innervation of lymphoid tissue in the mediastinum of male and female B10 and Balb/c wildtype and syngeneic nude (nu/nu) mice. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry was used to localize this hydrolytic enzyme in neural tissue and glyoxylic acid fluorescent histochemistry was used to characterize catecholaminergic (CA) innervation. The thymus was innervated by AChE-positive fibers of the vagus, the recurrent laryngeal, and the phrenic nerves. Catecholaminergic innervation was derived from the stellate ganglia and other small ganglia of the thoracic sympathetic nervous system chain. Whereas intrinsic AChE-positive innervation of the thymus was evident at the cortico-medullary boundaries and under the capsule, CA innervation was observed along the trabeculae with perivascular plexuses at the cortico-medullary boundaries and interlobular septa. Free CA fibers were noted in the medulla and in the cortex, where they were often proximal to cortical autofluorescent (CAF) cells. The rudimentary thymus of the adult nude mouse received limited ANS innervation. Only a few CA or AChE-positive fibers were evident, with the majority of fibers associated with the acinar cells of the gland. Mediastinal lymph nodes in male and female wildtype mice varied in their distribution and were frequently found clustered around nerves and ganglia. The intrinsic innervation of lymph nodes by AChE-positive fibers was confined to the subcapsular marginal sinus, with a few vascular-associated fibers in the parenchyma. Catecholaminergic perivascular plexuses were present in the hilar zone, whereas some free fibers were noted under the capsule and in the parenchyma. The mediastinal lymph nodes of male and female nude mice when compared to the lymph nodes of male and female wildtype mouse were found to be increased in number and in distribution. Clusters of these lymph nodes were found in close proximity to ANS tissue. The intrinsic innervation of the nude mediastinal lymph nodes was comparable to that present in the wildtype mouse tissue. The functional implication of these data is discussed with regard to nervous: immune system interactions.
Metabolic Engineering of Propanediol Pathways

Microbial fermentation is an important technology for the conversion of renewable resources to chemicals. In this paper, we describe the application of metabolic engineering for the development of two new fermentation processes: the microbial conversion of sugars to 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) and 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD) . A variety of naturally occurring organisms ferment glycerol to 1,3-PD, but no natural organisms ferment sugars directly to 1,3-PD. We first describe the fed-batch fermentation of glycerol to 1,3-PD by Klebsiellapneumoniae. We then present various approaches for the conversion of sugars to 1,3-PD, including mixed-culture fermentation, cofermentation of glycerol and glucose, and metabolic engineering of a “sugars to 1,3-PD” pathway in a single organism. Initial results are reported for the expression of genes from the K.pneumoniae 1,3-PD pathway in Saccharomycescerevisiae. The best naturally occurring organism for the fermentation of sugars to 1,2-PD is Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum. We describe the fermentation of several different sugars to 1,2-PD by this organism in batch and continuous culture. We report that Escherichia coli strains engineered to express either aldose reductase or glycerol dehydrogenase convert glucose to (R) -1,2-PD. We then analyze the ultimate potential of fermentation processes for the production of propanediols. Linear optimization studies indicate that, under aerobic conditions, propanediol yields that approach the theoretical maximum are possible and CO2 is the primary coproduct. Without the need to produce acetate, final product titers in the range of 100 g/L should be possible; the high titers and low coproduct levels should make product recovery and purification straightforward. The examples given in this paper illustrate the importance of metabolic engineering for fermentation process development in general.
Moult energetics of the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris)

Northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris, undergo an annual moult during which they shed all of their pelage and underlying epidermis. Moulting takes place on land and lasts a mean of 32.0±6.6 days. During this time the mean mass loss of adult females was 24.7±6.1%. Mean body composition at arrival (25.6±4.8%fat) did not differ significantly from that at departure (24.9±3.2%fat). Fat catabolism accounted for 93.6%of derived energy and 41%of mass lost. Approximately 3.5%of total mass loss was associated with the shedding of the pelage and epidermis. Moulting female northern elephant seals express an average daily metabolic rate of 2.0±0.6 times that predicted for adult terrestrial mammals. This energy demand was met by losing 3.0 kg d-1 of total body mass. These energy expenditures suggest that, similar to data for harbour seals, the moult period is a time of relatively low energy expenditure.
The scapular manipulation technique for the reduction of acute anterior shoulder dislocations

Anterior shoulder dislocations are a common occurrence in busy emergency departments. Numerous techniques for treating this problem have been reported. The majority of these techniques use traction and leverage of the humerus, often requiring considerable force and causing significant patient discomfort. We report a simple, relatively painless, and atraumatic method of shoulder reduction involving manipulation of the scapula as well as the humerus. This technique has been used in our emergency department with considerable success and no complications.
Effect of charge and composition on the structural fluxionality and stability of nine atom tin-bismuth Zintl analogues.

Synergistic studies of bismuth doped tin clusters combining photoelectron spectra with first principles theoretical investigations establish that highly charged Zintl ions, observed in the condensed phase, can be stabilized as isolated gas phase clusters through atomic substitution that preserves the overall electron count but reduces the net charge and thereby avoids instability because of coulomb repulsion. Mass spectrometry studies reveal that Sn8Bi−, Sn7Bi2−, and Sn6Bi3− exhibit higher abundances than neighboring species, and photoelectron spectroscopy show that all of these heteroatomic gas phase Zintl analogues (GPZAs) have high adiabatic electron detachment energies. Sn6Bi3− is found to be a particularly stable cluster, having a large highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)−lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) gap. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the Sn6Bi3− cluster is isoelectronic with the well know Sn9−4 Zintl ion; however, the fluxionality reported for Sn9−4 is suppressed by s...
Double‐Cantilever‐Beam Testing of a Transversely Isotropic Fibrous Silica Material

The double-cantilever-beam (DCB) geometry was used to study the fracture behavior of a transversely isotropic fibrous silica material that is used in the thermal protection system of the Space Shuttle. For this testing geometry, the evaluation of Kc requires measurement of the elastic constants of the material. Determination of the compliance behavior of the material allowed the various analytical beam models that have been put forward to describe the DCB geometry, to be distinguished. The Timoshenko beam on a generalized foundation was found to be the best model to describe the experimental compliance behavior and the Kc measurements. The measured Kc values were found to be higher than for previous work that had used the double edge-notched tensile geometry. Crack propagation in the material was found to be characterized by variations in the crack-resistance force, probably reflecting microstructural variations. The subcritical crack-growth behavior was studied using the constant-load-mode DCB technique, and the results were in agreement with the predictions of an earlier study.
Nicotinic receptor-associated modulation of stimulatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in NNK-induced adenocarcinoma of the lungs and pancreas.

Small airway-derived pulmonary adenocarcinoma (PAC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are among the most common human cancers and smoking is a risk factor for both. Emerging research has identified cAMP signaling stimulated by the stress neurotransmitters adrenaline and noradrenaline as important stimulators of several adenocarcinomas, including PAC and PDAC. The nicotine-derived nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a potent mutagen and the most powerful tobacco carcinogen. NNK is also an agonist for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Using hamster models of NNK-induced PAC and PDAC, we have tested the hypothesis that in analogy to chronic effects of nicotine in the brain, NNK may modulate the α7- and α4β2nAChRs, causing an increase in stress neurotransmitters and decrease in the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In support of our hypothesis, immunoassays showed a significant increase in serum adrenaline/noradrenaline and increased intracellular cAMP in the cellular fraction of blood of NNK treated hamsters. Western blots were done with cells harvested by laser capture microcopy from control small airway epithelia, alveolar epithelia, pancreatic islet and pancreatic duct epithelia and from NNK-induced PACs and PDACs. The GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) and GABA were suppressed in NNK-induced PACs and PDACs whereas protein expression of the α7nAChR, α4nAChR as well as p-CREB and p-ERK1/2 were upregulated. These findings suggest, for the first time, that NNK-induced alterations in regulatory nAChRs may contribute to the development of smoking-associated PAC and PDAC by disturbing the balance between cancer stimulating and inhibiting neurotransmitters.
Effect of Humidity on Heavy-Duty Transient Emissions from Diesel and Natural Gas Engines at High Altitude

The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR 40 Part 86 Subpart N) defines a universal humidity correction for NOx emissions from heavy–duty diesel and alternative fueled engines measured by the heavy–duty...
Probing the electronic structure of early transition-metal oxide clusters: polyhedral cages of (V2O5)n(-) (n = 2-4) and (M2O5(2)(-) (M = Nb, Ta).

Vanadium oxide clusters, (V2O5)n, have been predicted to possess interesting polyhedral cage structures, which may serve as ideal molecular models for oxide surfaces and catalysts. Here we examine the electronic properties of these oxide clusters via anion photoelectron spectroscopy for (V2O5)n- (n = 2−4), as well as for the 4d/5d species, Nb4O10- and Ta4O10-. Well-resolved photoelectron spectra have been obtained at 193 and 157 nm and used to compare with density functional calculations. Very high electron affinities and large HOMO−LUMO gaps are observed for all the (V2O5)n clusters. The HOMO−LUMO gaps of (V2O5)n, all exceeding that of the band gap of the bulk oxide, are found to increase with cluster size from n = 2−4. For the M4O10 clusters, we find that the Nb/Ta species yield similar spectra, both possessing lower electron affinities and larger HOMO−LUMO gaps relative to V4O10. The structures of the anionic and neutral clusters are optimized; the calculated electron binding energies and excitation sp...
Constitutive model of piezoelectric polymer PVDF

The paper concerns the development of a time dependent constitutive model of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a thin film piezoelectric polymer. Experimental evidence indicates that PVDF thin films can be characterized as orthotropic materials with different material properties in regard to the orientation of the aligned molecular chains of the polymer. Based on the experimental results, the constitutive equations of linear hereditary viscoelasticity are used to characterize the mechanical properties of PVDF.
Squeezing and photon number in the Jaynes-Cummings model.

It was recently shown that large amounts of squeezing can be obtained in the Jaynes-Cummings model by choosing the initial photon number to be large enough. A general property of squeezed states can be used to derive the complementary result that for small initial photon numbers the squeezing that is produced will be relatively weak for all times. It also illustrates the fact that for some quantum effects to be substantial, large photon numbers are required.
Introduction to PhoneGap: Developing Native Applications for Libraries

Smartphones are currently driving the demand for mobile technology, but libraries are continuing to develop mobile Web sites for a homogenous mobile technology environment. Libraries must begin to investigate native application development, which will allow a mobile Web site to use a smartphone's native Application Programming Interfaces. PhoneGap, a cross-platform framework, allows libraries to develop native applications without knowledge of specialized, programming languages or moving beyond the skill of a traditional Web developer.
Close head-to-head juxtaposition of genes favors their coordinate regulation in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract This report identifies a large number of gene-pairs in Drosophila melanogaster that share a common upstream region. 877 gene-pairs (∼12% of the genome) are separated by less than 350 bp in a head-to-head orientation. This positional relationship is more highly favored in flies than in other organisms. These gene pairs have a higher correlation of expression than similarly spaced genes that have head-to-tail or tail-to-tail orientations. Thus, the positional arrangement of genes appears to play a significant role in coordinating relative expression patterns and may provide clues for identifying the functions of unknown genes.
The Relationship between Intelligence and Age among Superior Adults

(1957). The Relationship between Intelligence and Age among Superior Adults. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 90, No. 2, pp. 131-142.
Quorum placement in networks: minimizing network congestion

A quorum system over a universe of logical elements is a collection of subsets (quorums) of elements, any two of which intersect. In numerous distributed algorithms, the elements of the universe reside on the nodes of a physical network and the participating nodes access the system by contacting every element in some quorum, potentially causing the added network congestion induced by these quorum accesses to play a limiting factor in the performance of the algorithm.In this paper we initiate the study of algorithms to place universe elements on the nodes of a physical network so as to minimize the network congestion that results from quorum accesses, while also ensuring that no physical node is overloaded by access requests from clients. We consider two models, one in which communication routes can be chosen arbitrarily and one in which they are fixed in advance. We show that in either model, the optimal congestion (with respect to the load constraints) cannot be approximated to any factor (unless P=NP). However, we show that at most doubling the load on nodes allows us to achieve a congestion that is close to this optimal value. We also shed some light on the extent to which element migration can reduce congestion in this context.
The Stone My Grandson Gave Me

Bright yellow, like his hair, and shadowed, the one side flat so it could rest here on my desk, a simple fragment of something bigger, something it seems now heaven-sent, waiting for us on the sidewalk, where his blue eyes spied it as we strolled together down the town’s one wide maple-lined street toward the old brick church, where he meant to race down the length of the muddy grass embankment, then charge up the neo-Georgian porticos and hide.
Processing of written and spoken words: Evidence for common coding

Common processing systems involved during reading and listening were investigated. Semantic, phonological, and physical systems were examined using an experimental procedure that involved simultaneous presentation of two words: one visual and one auditory. Subjects were instructed to attend to only one modality and to make responses on the basis of words presented in that modality. Influence of unattended words on semantic and phonological decisions indicated that these processing systems are common to the two modalities. Decisions in the physical task were based on modality-specific codes operating prior to the convergence of information from the two modalities.
Incorporation of wind shear terms into the governing equations of aircraft motion

Conventional analyses of aircraft motion in the atmosphere have neglected wind speed variability on the scales associated with many atmospheric phenomena such as thunderstorms, low-level jets, etc. These phemonena produce wind shears that have been determined as the probable cause in many recent commercial airline accidents. This paper derives the six degrees equations of motion or an aircraft incorporating the variable wind terms. The equations are presented in several coordinate systems (i.e., body coordinates, inertial coordinates, etc.). The wind shear terms, including the temporal and spatial gradients of the wind, appear differently in the various coordinate system. These terms are discussed. Also, the influence of wind shear on inputs to computing the aerodynamic coefficients such as the effects of wind velocity vector rotation on relative angular rates of rotation and on the time rate of change of angles of attack and side slip are addressed.
Knight Shift and Nuclear Spin-Lattice Relaxation Rate in Solid and Liquid Copper

Measurements of the Knight shift $K$ of ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{63}$ and the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{63}$ and ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{65}$ are reported for solid and liquid copper. The temperature $T$ range covered for the solid is 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to the melting point (1356\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K). Measurements of $K$ in the liquid extend from 1200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K (supercooled) to 1450\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K; measurements of ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ cover the range 1200-1370\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. In the solid, the Knight shift shows a slight increase with temperature and, up to about 1000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the product ${T}_{1}T{K}^{2}$ is constant. Above 1000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, an additional contribution to ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is observed which is attributed to a quadrupolar interaction with diffusing imperfections. There is a sudden increase of about 3.7% in $K$ and 20% in the inferred magnetic contribution to ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ on going from the solid to the liquid state at 1356\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. In the liquid state, both $K$ and ${T}_{1}T$ are independent of $T$. The values of ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in the liquid are consistent with a lack of quadrupolar contribution to ${{T}_{1}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Social behavior of juvenile chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, under risk of predation: the influence of food distribution

Social interactions can influence both foraging reward and vulnerability to predators. We examined social interactions in groups of juvenile chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, receiving food that was either spatially dispersed, with many food items appearing synchronously, or spatially clumped, with individual food items appearing asynchronously. These experiments were conducted both in the presence and absence of predators. when food was dispersed and predators were absent, juvenile chum formed schools and all individuals had access to food, despite frequent agonistic interactions. When predators were present, schooling and feeding continued, but agonistic interactions ceased. In contrast, when food was clumped, dominant fish utilized aggression to monopolize food regardless of whether predators were present or absent, resulting in decreased group cohesion. These results illustrate that food distribution and social interaction may play a role in determining how fish balance predation risk against foraging reward.