cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An fMRI Study of the Interactions Between the Attention and the Gustatory Networks

In a prior study, we showed that trying to detect a taste in a tasteless solution results in enhanced activity in the gustatory and attention networks. The aim of the current study was to use connectivity analyses to test if and how these networks interact during directed attention to taste. We predicted that the attention network modulates taste cortex, reflecting top-down enhancement of incoming sensory signals that are relevant to goal-directed behavior. fMRI was used to measure brain responses in 14 subjects as they performed two different tasks: (1) trying to detect a taste in a solution or (2) passively perceiving the same solution. We used psychophysiological interaction analysis to identify regions demonstrating increased connectivity during a taste attention task compared to passive tasting. We observed greater connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex and the frontal eye fields, posterior parietal cortex, and parietal operculum and between the anterior cingulate cortex and the right anterior insula and frontal operculum. These results suggested that selective attention to taste is mediated by a hierarchical circuit in which signals are first sent from the frontal eye fields, posterior parietal cortex, and parietal operculum to the anterior cingulate cortex, which in turn modulates responses in the anterior insula and frontal operculum. We then tested this prediction using dynamic causal modeling. This analysis confirmed a model of indirect modulation of the gustatory cortex, with the strongest influence coming from the frontal eye fields via the anterior cingulate cortex. In summary, the results indicate that the attention network modulates the gustatory cortex during attention to taste and that the anterior cingulate cortex acts as an intermediary processing hub between the attention network and the gustatory cortex.
ODAP: an ontological approach for expressing the semantics of analysis patterns in conceptual modeling

Systematic software reuse is emerging as a promising route to improved software development productivity and quality. While many benefits of patterns reuse have been identified, there is a need to develop a mechanism for supporting and automating the reuse of relevant analysis patterns for conceptual modeling. To enable effective reuse of analysis patterns, extant approaches require judgment about correctly instantiating and combining the analysis patterns. Building on prior research in ontology and conceptual modeling, we propose a "top-down" approach, referred to as Ontology for Describing Analysis Patterns (ODAP), to explicitly express the semantics of analysis patterns. We show how ODAP helps provide a mechanism to identify appropriate instances of analysis patterns including the discovery of valid combinations with other patterns in a patterns base. Thus, ODAP can enable communication of the meaning of the analysis pattern constructs to modelers and be the basis for a design support environment that supports the development of conceptual schemas using analysis patterns.
A Procedure for the Routine Determination of Fluorine in Potable Waters Containing Iron, Manganese, Aluminum, and Chlorine

DY THE first of the year 1952, 158 communities in thirty-three states were D fluoridating their water supplies.' It has been estimated that a total of 34 million people will be drinking fluoridated water by the end of 1952. Epidemiological studies have established that 1.0 to 1.2 parts per million of fluoride ion naturally occurring in communal water supplies reduces the incidence of tooth decay by 50 to 60 per cent without producing mottled enamel. Because mild dental fluorosis may occur at a slightly higher concentration of fluoride ion and maximum protection against caries may not be attained if the fluoride ion concentration is too low, it is of the utmost importance that the fluoride ion be supplied and maintained at the proper level in the communal water supply. Thus, the need for a simple, rapid, and accurate method for the routine determination of fluoride is apparent. The purpose of this article is to report a method for the routine determination of fluorine in potable waters which may contain various substances that interfere in the conventional Sanchis-Scott method2 of analysis. The procedure being presented, which is a modification of the Sanchis-Scott method, permits the determination of fluoride ion in potable waters containing iron, manganese, aluminum, and chloride, as well as the substances tolerated by the Sanchis-Scott method. The unmodified Sanchis-Scott method permits the presence of chloride, sulfate, alkalinity (expressed as CaCO3), and phosphate, all in micro quantities. The employment of this modified Sanchis-Scott method of analysis for routine control of fluoride in communal water supplies will circumvent the use of the more laborious and time-consuming distillation method for the separation of the fluoride from interfering ions.
Defining health care reform

In September 1993, President Clinton proclaimed to Congress: "Our health care system takes 35 percent more of our income than any other country, insures fewer people, requires more Americans to pay more and more for less and less, and gives them fewer choices."' By the time Clinton was elected president, health care had become a seminal issue in American politics, with over 40 million people lacking insurance and millions of workers and businesses confronting skyrocketing costs. In his insightful book, Jacob Hacker tackles the question of why the Clinton administration chose "managed competition" as the centerpiece of its proposal to reform American health care. The choice was not inevitable. "Managed competition was not featured in public or political discussions of health care reform in 1991 and early 1992," Hacker writes: "the term managed competition had yet to appear in the pages of the popular press, and even many health policy specialists were unfamiliar with the concept. Although the debate over health care reform was gathering momentum, no legislation embodying the managed-competition approach had been introduced in Congress. The puzzle, then, is how managed competition moved so quickly from relative obscurity to the top of the national political agenda" (p. 5). Before Clinton took office, three other proposals had received the greatest attention: first, the "single-payer" plan proposed a Canadian-style system in which citizens paid a tax to the federal government, which then provided insurance to all Americans; the Republican tax credit plan, which liberalized the amount of money individuals and corporations could write-off for the cost of private insurance; and the "pay-or-play" proposal of the Democratic leadership, which required all employers to provide their workers with insurance or to contribute to a national program for the uninsured. Yet when President Clinton unveiled his proposal in the fall of 1993, it revolved around the idea of managed competition. Under this plan, the government regulated a complex system of purchasing alliances that would contract with the most
Distributed cross-layer resource allocation using Correlated Equilibrium based stochastic learning

In recent years, cross-layer Resource Management (RM) has been widely considered as an efficient approach for improving the network performance. However, due to the factors such as limited knowledge about the wireless environment and spontaneous characteristics of device behaviors, designing an efficient distributed RM scheme using the cross-layer paradigm becomes extremely difficult. In this paper, a distributed, cross-layer RM scheme for multi-users transmitting scalable video in an ad-hoc CDMA network is presented. For the cross-layer RM design, an end-to-end performance criterion at the APP layer is applied and the resource allocations in the PHY, LINK and APP layers are unified into a single decision process. Due to the dynamic property of the wireless channels and the uncoordinated user interactions, the distributed RM decision is modeled in the framework of stochastic game. In the game, each device gradually learns its policy using a distributed, Correlated Equilibrium (CE) based Q-Learning algorithm. In order to calculate the CE in a distributed way, the local devices apply the regret-matching based mechanism for policy and state-action value updating. Simulation experiments show that with the proposed resource management scheme, the system performance can be improved by about 15% compared to the layered RM scheme and 10% compared to the RM scheme purely based on the local-level learning.
Linkages between fishery habitat quality, stressors, and fishery populations

Abstract Increasing human population densities and development along the coasts of the United States pose a threat to fish populations through alteration of their habitats due to modification of upland watersheds, increased inputs of nutrient and domestic and agricultural chemicals, and direct habitat replacement or destruction. Injuries to these habitats will in turn affect populations of marine and estuarine organisms. To effectively evaluate the impacts of human activities on essential fish habitat we propose a framework to assess the linkages between fishery habitat alteration and modification and fishery production and community structure in coastal environments. Inherent natural variability makes it difficult to detect changes to the population or community. Therefore, we target structural and functional components of fish habitat as assessment endpoints, rather than the fish populations that utilize those habitats.
Floral neighborhood influences pollinator assemblages and effective pollination in a native plant.

Pollinators represent an important intermediary by which different plant species can influence each other’s reproductive fitness. Floral neighbors can modify the quantity of pollinator visits to a focal species but may also influence the composition of visitor assemblages that plants receive leading to potential changes in the average effectiveness of floral visits. We explored how the heterospecific floral neighborhood (abundance of native and non-native heterospecific plants within 2 m × 2 m) affects pollinator visitation and composition of pollinator assemblages for a native plant, Phacelia parryi. The relative effectiveness of different insect visitors was also assessed to interpret the potential effects on plant fitness of shifts in pollinator assemblage composition. Although the common non-native Brassica nigra did not have a significant effect on overall pollinator visitation rate to P. parryi, the proportion of flower visits that were made by native pollinators increased with increasing abundance of heterospecific plant species in the floral neighborhood other than B. nigra. Furthermore, native pollinators deposited twice as many P. parryi pollen grains per visit as did the nonnative Apis mellifera, and visits by native bees also resulted in more seeds than visits by A. mellifera. These results indicate that the floral neighborhood can influence the composition of pollinator assemblages that visit a native plant and that changes in local flower communities have the potential to affect plant reproductive success through shifts in these assemblages towards less effective pollinators.
How to Make Sure the Beat Goes On Protecting a Woman’s Heart

Heart disease remains the leading killer of women in the United States, although fewer than half of US women know it. Despite progress, American women are 6 times more likely to die of heart disease than of breast cancer, and heart disease kills more women over age 65 than all cancers combined. The most common form of heart disease, coronary heart disease, results from atherosclerosis, or the accumulation of fatty plaques in artery walls that causes arteries to narrow. If a blood clot or plaque rupture blocks a narrowed artery leading to the heart, it can cause a heart attack. Several factors are known to increase the risk for heart disease. The more risk factors a woman has, the greater her risk of a heart attack. Some risk factors cannot be controlled, such as increasing age and a family history of heart disease. Women with a father or brother who developed heart disease before age 55 or a mother or sister who developed heart disease before age 65 are at increased risk. Race is also a factor, with black women being more likely than white women to develop heart disease. However, the majority of factors that contribute to heart disease, including smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and high blood sugar, can be controlled or modified by making simple changes in your lifestyle and, if necessary, taking certain medicines. Using a tool developed by investigators from the Framingham Heart Study, the longest-running study of heart disease, you can estimate whether your chance of having a heart attack or dying of heart disease during the next 10 years is “high,” “intermediate,” or “low” (see Table 1 or go to http://hin.nhlbi.nih.gov/atpiii/calculator.asp or http://www. nhlbi.nih.gov/about/framingham/ riskabs.htm). You receive points on the basis of your age, total cholesterol level, high-density lipoprotein (“good”) cholesterol level, …
ENDOCRINE THERAPY OF FUNCTIONAL MENO-METRORRHAGIA AND OVARIAN STERILITY II. ORAL USE OF ANHYDRO-HYDROXY-PROGESTERONE AND ESTROGENS1

INHOFFEN AND HOHLWEG (1) described in 1938 the preparation of pregnen-in-on-3-0l-17 (anhydrohydroxy-progesterone; 17-ethinyl testosterone) rom estradiol. These workers reported that, when this compound was injected into immature mice, which had been treated previously with estrogens, it was approximately one-third as effective in producing progestational alterations as was synthetic progesterone, similarly administered. They observed, however, that when the sterol was given by mouth to similar animals, it was approximately 15 times as potent as progesterone given orally.
Comparison of methods for isolating Salmonella bacteria from faeces of naturally infected pigs.

2000. A series of experiments was conducted using faecal samples collected from commercial swine farms to evaluate the effects of variation in methods used for the detection of Salmonella bacteria. The primary objective of the studies was to compare the protocols routinely used in two laboratories in the USA. The studies included five experiments comparing the enrichment protocols used routinely in the respective laboratories (Method 1: 10 g faeces—buffered peptone water (BPW) pre-enrichment—selective enrichment in Rappaport/Vassiliadis (RV) broth; Method 2: 01g faeces—primary enrichments in tetrathionate and Hajna GN broths—secondary enrichment in RV broth). The effects of enrichment temperatures (37 vs 42C) using RV broth (two experiments) and delayed secondary enrichment (four experiments) were also evaluated. Direct comparison of Method 1 and Method 2 indicated comparable results. However, when compared using faecal samples of equal weight, the Method 2 enrichment protocol was more sensitive for detecting Salmonella bacteria than the Method 1 protocol. Enrichment in RV at 42C was superior to 37C, particularly for samples that were pre-enriched in BPW. Delayed secondary enrichment increased detection of Salmonella bacteria in swine faeces. These results highlight the imperfect sensitivity of culture methods, and the need for researchers to consider the sensitivity of bacteriological methods in the design and interpretation of the results of epidemiologic studies based on faecal culture
Transparency and blur as selective cues for complex visual information

Image processing techniques are applied that enable the viewer to control both the gradients of focus and transparency within an image. In order to demonstrate this concept, the authors use a geographical map whose features are organized as layers of information. This allows a user to select layers related to a particular area of interest. For example, someone interested in air transportation may choose to view airports, airport labels, and airspace in full focus. Relevant layers such as the roads and waterways are also visible but appear somewhat blurry and transparent. The user's attention is drawn to information that is clearly in focus and opaque; blurry transparent features are perceived to be in the background. Focus and transparency produce effective perceptual cues because of the human eye's ability to perceive contrast and depth. The control of focus and transparency are made accessible through a graphic interface based on a scale of importance. Rather than specifying individual focus and transparency settings, the user specifies the importance of the individual feature layers according to his needs for the task at hand. The importance settings are then translated into an appropriate combination of transparency and focus gradients for the layers within the image.
Comparative proteomic analysis of transition of saccharomyces cerevisiae from glucose-deficient medium to glucose-rich medium

When glucose is added to Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown in non-fermentable carbon sources, genes encoding ribosomal, cell-cycle, and glycolytic proteins are induced. By contrast, genes involved in mitochondrial functions, gluconeogenesis, and the utilization of other carbon sources are repressed. Glucose also causes the activation of the plasma membrane ATPase and the inactivation of gluconeogenic enzymes and mitochondrial enzymes. The goals of this study were to use the iTRAQ-labeling mass spectrometry technique to identify proteins whose relative levels change in response to glucose re-feeding and to correlate changes in protein abundance with changes in transcription and enzymatic activities. We used an experimental condition that causes the degradation of gluconeogenic enzymes when glucose starved cells are replenished with glucose. Identification of these enzymes as being down-regulated by glucose served as an internal control. Furthermore, we sought to identify new proteins that were either up-regulated or down-regulated by glucose. We have identified new and known proteins that change their relative levels in cells that were transferred from medium containing low glucose to medium containing high glucose. Up-regulated proteins included ribosomal subunits, proteins involved in protein translation, and the plasma membrane ATPase. Down-regulated proteins included small heat shock proteins, mitochondrial proteins, glycolytic enzymes, and gluconeogenic enzymes. Ach1p is involved in acetate metabolism and is also down-regulated by glucose. We have identified known proteins that have previously been reported to be regulated by glucose as well as new glucose-regulated proteins. Up-regulation of ribosomal proteins and proteins involved in translation may lead to an increase in protein synthesis and in nutrient uptake. Down-regulation of glycolytic enzymes, gluconeogenic enzymes, and mitochondrial proteins may result in changes in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and mitochondrial functions. These changes may be beneficial for glucose-starved cells to adapt to the addition of glucose.
Extramedullary tumor of monoblasts in the central nervous system: presenting feature of simultaneous bone marrow involvement by acute monocytic leukemia.

Abstract An extramedullary tumor of monoblasts in the central nervous system has been described in the literature as a single case report, preceding the development of acute monocytic leukemia by 1 year. We report a previously undescribed presentation of acute monocytic leukemia as a left temporal lobe extra-axial mass with concomitant bone marrow involvement. We describe our findings in order to heighten awareness of this entity, which may be encountered in morphologic evaluation of central nervous system masses.
CHL1 is a nuclear protein with an essential ATP binding site that exhibits a size-dependent effect on chromosome segregation

Saccharomyces cerevisiae chl1 mutants have a significant increase in the rate of chromosome missegregation. CHL1 encodes a 99 kDa predicted protein with an ATP binding site consensus, a putative helix-turn-helix DNA binding motif, and homology to helicases. Using site-directed mutagenesis, I show that mutations that are predicted to abolish ATP binding in CHL1 inactivate its function in chromosome segregation. Furthermore, overexpression of these mutations interferes with chromosome transmission of a 125 kb chromosome fragment in a wild-type strain. Polyclonal antibodies against CHL1 show that CHL1 is predominantly in the nuclear fraction of S. CEREVISIAE: CHL1 function is more critical for the segregation of small chromosomes. In chl1Delta1/chl1Delta1 mutants, artificial circular or linear chromosomes 225 kb were lost at rates (5 x 10(-)(3) per cell division) comparable to that observed for endogenous chromosome III. These results reveal an important role for ATPases/DNA helicases in chromosome segregation. Such enzymes may alter DNA topology to allow loading of proteins involved in maintaining sister chromatid cohesion.
Ginsenoside Rb1 Directly Scavenges Hydroxyl Radical and Hypochlorous Acid

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in a variety of inflammatory diseases including cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, autism, cataracts and aging. When endogenous mechanisms for the maintenance of redox homeostasis are overwhelmed, dietary intake of antioxidants contributes substantially to balancing the body's oxidant/antioxidant status. Ginsenosides are thought to be primarily responsible for the pharmacological effect of P. ginseng root extracts on oxidative stress and inflammation. However, little is known about the underlying antioxidant mechanisms of individual ginsenoside; specifically, the reactivity of ginsenoside Rb1 with ROS has not been well studied. We found that Rb1 can significantly and selectively reduce hydroxyl radical (●OH) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl), two of the strongest ROS, with unique molecular mechanisms in a cell-free system. Rb1 directly scavenges the ●OH and protects plasmid DNA from damage induced by ●OH. ●OH likely attacks the double bond on the side chain of Rb1 as well as hydrogen atoms adjacent to the -OH groups, including those of sugar moieties. Rb1 also shows a high reactivity to HOCl and effectively inhibits HOCl-induced tyrosine chlorination in a cell free system. HOCl is added to the double bond of Rb1; the -Cl group and -OH group of HOCl possibly bond at C-24 and C-25 of Rb1 based on the regioselectivity of Markovnikov's Rule. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that ginsenoside Rb1 scavenges HOCl and protects tyrosine from HOCl-induced chlorination. Thus, this study reveals unique antioxidant mechanisms of individual ginsenoside Rb1, which may contribute to the pharmacological effect of P. ginseng and to the development of effective strategies for clinical applications of ginsenosides.
Unexpected complexity in user testing of information products

This paper studies the characteristics of “complex problems,” and what usability testing professionals need to know about them so that they can be identified when they occur. If the user experience design profession is to grow, we need to demonstrate to business leaders that we have much to offer. This paper documents a case study examining the development of a demonstration project intended to show the value of usability testing to a large textbook publishing house. It also demonstrates what can happen when complex tasks go masquerading inside a whole field as simple, linear problems. The paper illustrates how complex problems manifest themselves in a traditional usability study and how recognizing them affords researchers opportunities to serve a client's needs.
A Review of “Dismantling Educational Inequality: A Cultural-Historical Approach to Closing the Achievement Gap”

A concern that lies at the root of much of educational reform—and the controversy surrounding it—is related to the idea of a gap in achievement between the various demographic elements comprising s...
The Paradoxes of Leadership: The Contribution of Aristotle:

Collins's (2001a) findings that great leaders possess a paradoxical combination of traits have, for the most part, left the leadership community unresponsive despite their potential implications for conceptualizing leadership. Playful metaphors and alluring ideas that underpin present-day leadership theory provide many insights into leadership, but seem to be unable to explain the complex and contextual nature of leadership. At a time when a host of examples attest to the limitations of understanding leadership in creative yet simplistic ways, findings that incorporate the notion of complexity require closer scrutiny. In this article, the author uses Collins's research as a starting point for addressing the salience of a holistic understanding of leadership. Specifically, the author provides an explanation of the paradoxical combination of leadership traits by invoking Aristotle's philosophy, and, in particular, the complexity inherent in his teleological, ethical, and action-oriented view of the world. R...
Length scales and the energy balance for turbulence near a free surface

The structure of turbulence near a free surface is examined by using results obtained from a direct simulation of flow between a no-slip wall and a shear free boundary, which serves as a model of a waveless free surface. An energy balance analysis shows that the pressure-strain term is the dominant producing term for the spanwise component of the turbulent kinetic energy. In addition, the dissipation rates for the horizontal components of the turbulence are reduced near the free surface, whereas the dissipation rate for the vertical component remains approximately constant. Two-point correlations, energy spectra, and length scales reveal important free surface induced effects. The length scales near the free surface are compared with the scales near the centerline of normal turbulent channel flow. This comparison reveals an increase by a factor of three in the streamwise length scales associated with the spanwise velocity fluctuations and an increase by a factor of two in the spanwise length scales for the streamwise velocity fluctuations. The length scales normal to the free surface are decreased for all velocity components. This indicates a more pancake-like eddy structure near the free surface compared with the structure near the centerline of a normal channel. The energy spectra show qualitative agreement with the Hunt-Graham model, though higher resolution calculations will be required to make more quantitative comparisons. The streaky structure in free surface bounded turbulent channel flow is noticeably more persistent than in normal turbulent channel flow. This is principally due to the attachment of streamwise oriented wall eddies to the free surface.
Effect of route of administration and age on the pharmacokinetics of amikacin administered by the intravenous and intraosseous routes to 3 and 5‐day‐old foals

The suitability of the intraosseous (i.o.) route for drug administration to equine neonates was evaluated in a study comparing the pharmacokinetics of amikacin administered by the i.o. and intravenous (i.v.) routes. Using a cross-over study design amikacin sulphate (7 mg/kg bwt) was administered i.o. or i.v. to 6 healthy foals at 3 and 5 days of age. Amikacin was instantaneously and completely absorbed after i.o. administration, achieving a mean +/- sd peak concentration (34.17 +/- 3.54 micrograms/ml) in the first sample collected 3 min after administration which was not significantly different from the mean +/- sd peak concentration (32.92 +/- 2.63 micrograms/ml) achieved after i.v. administration. The plasma amikacin concentration-time profiles for the i.o. and i.v. routes were not different and both were appropriately described by a 2-compartment open pharmacokinetic model. No significant differences attributable to route of administration were found in values for the major pharmacokinetic variables. The degree of inter-individual variation in values for indices of clearance was considerably greater than the degree of variation attributable to age. Despite this, values for body clearance (ClB) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) and values for area under the plasma amikacin concentration-time curve (AUC) and concentration of amikacin in plasma at 8 h [Cp(8h)] were significantly lower in 5- than in 3-day-old foals, indicating that amikacin was more rapidly cleared by the older foals. Technical difficulties were not encountered during i.o. needle placement in the medial aspect of the proximal tibia. Mild diffuse soft tissue swelling which developed at the i.o. site resolved completely within 1-2 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Self-efficacy scale for weight loss among multi-ethnic women of lower income: a psychometric evaluation.

Abstract Objective This study examined test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and construct and predictive validity of the Physical Activity and Nutrition Self-Efficacy (PANSE) scale, an 11-item instrument to assess weight-loss self-efficacy among postpartum women of lower income. Methods Seventy-one women completed the PANSE scale and psychosocial measures at baseline and at 7 and 13 weeks of a pilot study of weight loss. Results Test-retest reliability of PANSE scores was r = 0.55 (P Conclusions and Implications The PANSE scale demonstrated adequate reliability, internal consistency, construct validity, and moderate predictive validity. Replication is needed to confirm study findings.
Morphological and ploidy level variation ofCentaurea phrygia agg. (Asteraceae) in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Ukraine

Centaurea phrygia agg. was studied in part of Central Europe (Czech Republic, Slovakia and Ukraine) to evaluate its karyological and morphological variation. Three ploidy levels were found: diploid (C. pseudophrygia, C. stenolepis and several populations ofC. phrygia s.str.), tetraploid (C. oxylepis and several populations ofC. phrygia s.str.), and triploid (very rare, only single individuals). Only one taxon,C. phrygia s.str., comprises populations of two ploidy levels, but they seem to be geographically separated. Multivariate morphometric analysis confirmed the separation of the four taxa; the length and the width of appendages of middle involucral bracts, visibility of appendages of inner involucral bracts, the length and the width of an involucre, and the length/width ratio of middle cauline leaves are the most important discriminant characters. Several populations intermediate between two species (eitherC. pseudophrygia andC. stenolepis orC. oxylepis andC. phrygia s.str.) were found. Their possible origin from introgressive hybridization is discussed considering their morphology (intermediate between putative parental species), chromosome numbers (always the same as in putative parents), and distribution (both spatially and ecologically more or less intermediate between distribution ranges of putative parents). A determination key for the four studied species, including intermediates, is also presented.
A phonetically based semivowel recognition system

A phonetically based approach to speech recognition uses speech specific knowledge obtained from phonotactics, phonology and acoustic phonetics to capture relevant phonetic information. Thus, a recognition system based on this approach can make broad classifications as well as detailed phonetic distinctions. This paper discusses a framework for developing a phonetically based recognition system. The recognition task is the class of sounds known as the semivowels. The recognition results reported, though incomplete, are encouraging.
Effects of land management practices on water quality in Mississippi Delta oxbow lakes: Biochemical and microbiological aspects

The Mississippi Delta Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) project was designed to assess the effects of land management practices on water quality in three small oxbow lake watersheds; Thighman (1338 ha, 16 ha lake); Beasley (915 ha, 25 ha lake); and Deep Hollow (132 ha, 8 ha lake). Monthly water samples were monitored for enzymatic activity (fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, alkaline phosphatase, and substrate utilization), chemical and physical analysis (suspended solids, dissolved organic carbon, pH, nitrate, ammonium, orthophosphate, and electrical conductivity), phytoplankton and bacterioplankton populations. All of these parameters were influenced by the intrinsic nature of the watersheds, with some parameters shifting as management changes were imposed on the surrounding agricultural fields. Thighman lake water typically maintained the highest suspended solid levels, dissolved organic carbon, algal and bacterial populations, enzyme activities, and heterotrophic metabolic indexes. Introduction of reduced tillage practices and glyphosate-resistant crops in Beasley watershed resulted in lower levels of suspended sediments, but had minimal impact on overall ranking of biochemical or microbiological properties. Likewise, conversion of Deep Hollow watershed from reduced tillage to conventional tillage had little effect on suspended sediment, and most microbial activity parameters remained intermediate. However, canonical analysis indicated dynamic changes in the microbial community, suggesting that biological parameters of lake water quality were affected by changes in crop and soil management practices.
Choice of Inventory Valuation Method and Self-Selection Bias

Prior literature recognizes the existence of sample self-selection bias in LIFO-FIFO studies (e.g., Sunder 1973, Jennings et al. 1992, Maddala 1991, Hand 1995). However, these studies do not directly account for the self-selection bias. In this study, we develop a model where the choice of the inventory valuation method and its effects are jointly determined. Using Compustat data from 1973-1981, we find: (1) that the self-selection bias is a significant factor in analyzing a firm's LIFO adoption or nonadoption decision, (2) that correcting for self-selection bias leads to the robust inference that, on average, FIFO firms would pay more taxes if they were using LIFO, and LIFO firms would pay more taxes if they were using FIFO, (3) the probability of a switch from FIFO to LIFO is estimated to be between 12 and 20 percent for a typical FIFO firm, and (4) the average dollar value of tax savings for LIFO adoption lies between $3 to $11 million. We also compare our estimated selectivity-adjusted tax savings for LIFO-FIFO firms with corresponding estimates obtained under the as-if method, similar to one used in the prior literature (e.g., Dopuch and Pincus 1988, Morse and Richardson 1983, Biddle and Lindahl 1982). Our results show that the selectivity-adjusted mean dollar tax savings to LIFO firms are larger than under the as-if method. Our findings suggest that the tax benefits of adopting LIFO firms are smaller than normally understood and that the tax benefits to FIFO firms from remaining as FIFO are larger than is otherwise believed.
Characterizing engineering faculty's teaching approaches

In this paper, we identify several approaches engineering faculty use to teach engineering topics. We report results from an exploratory study, consisting of 16 faculty interviews from five diverse institutions of higher education. We focus specifically on engineering faculty because the engineering faculty teaching culture is not well explored, even though there are many ongoing projects to reform engineering education. The results from this study contribute to efforts currently underway to improve teaching and learning in engineering education, as well as in higher education. Results from this study highlight the disciplinary nature of teaching in the engineering domain. Furthermore, our results can serve as a foundation to compare teaching approaches in other disciplines, or to potential changes in engineering teaching practices.
Deep-Space Ka-band Link: Design, Continuity and Completeness

The Mars reconnaissance orbiter (MRO) Ka-band demonstration has been indefinitely postponed and its objectives must now be met through other means. One of these objectives is the evaluation of the continuity and completeness performance of the deep-space Ka-band link for different link design criteria. To meet this objective, the data from the water vapor radiometers (WVR) and the advanced water vapor radiometers (AWVR) at the three deep space network (DSN) communication complexes were used. Along with these data, MRO's DSN antenna allocation schedule, Earth-MRO geometry and telecom parameters from MRO were utilized to emulate the Ka-band link performance over a ten-month period. One pass per week per complex was selected for a total of 129 passes (43 passes per complex). For each pass, at most two data rates were chosen such that the expected data return relative to the monthly atmospheric noise temperature distribution for the given complex would be maximized subject to different minimum availability requirements (MARs). The performance of the link was measured in terms of data return, data loss, effective data rate, link availability, number of good periods, number of bad periods, good and bad period duration statistics, number of passes with outages and link stability. As expected, as the MAR was increased, the link availability and link stability increased. However, even with a MAR of 99%, 16 passes suffered outages due to weather effects. The data return remained relatively the same for MARs between 10% and 80% but it declined rapidly as the MAR approached 99%. These results indicate that a simple margin policy cannot guarantee data completeness and retransmissions must be used. Given that some form of retransmission has to be used with Ka-band, it is also recommended that the link be designed with approximately 80% MAR so that the data loss could be reduced substantially without incurring a significant penalty in data return.
The Limnology of Canyon Ferry Reservoir

Phytoplankton and zooplankton standing crop, gross and net primary production were measured. From these data the daily rate of loss of phytoplankton from the euphotic zone was calculated. The phytoplankton loss correlated well with zooplankton during Scptember and with vertical water movement during October. A grazing coefficient was calculated (G = 1.064 L water/mg dry wt. zooplankton/day). By use of this coefficient the loss of phytoplankton by zooplankton grazing was calculated for the period of study and averaged 0.255 mg glucose/L/day. Zooplankton assimilation averaged 0.216 mg glucose/L/day, indicating a digestive efficiency of 85%. Gross and net primary production from September 6 to October 17 amounted to 137.2 and 114.0 g glucose/m2, respectively. Zooplankton assimilation was estimated to be 8570 of net primary production. The ratio of zooplankton net production to zooplankton assimilation was 10.5%.
Genetic basis of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections: Potential relevance to abdominal aortic aneurysms

Ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms leading to type A dissections (TAAD) have long been known to occur in association with a genetic syndrome such as Marfan syndrome (MFS). More recently, TAAD has also been demonstrated to occur as an autosomal dominant disorder in the absence of syndromic features, termed familial TAAD. Familial TAAD demonstrates genetic heterogeneity, and linkage studies have identified TAAD loci at 5q13-14 (TAAD1), 11q23 (FAA1), 3p24-25 (TAAD2), and 16p12.2-13.13. The genetic heterogeneity of TAAD is reflected by variation in disease in terms of the age of onset, progression, penetrance, and association with additional cardiac and vascular features. The underlying genetic heterogeneity of TAAD is reflected in the phenotypic variation associated with familial TAAD with respect to age of onset, progression, penetrance, and association with additional cardiac and vascular features. Mutations in the TGFBR2 gene have been identified as the cause of disease linked to the 3p24-25 locus, implicating dysregulation of TGF-beta signaling in TAAD. Mutations in myosin heavy chain (MYH11), a smooth muscle cell-specific contractile protein, have been identified in familial TAAD associated with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) linked to 16p12.2-12.13. The identification of these novel disease pathways has led to new directions for future research addressing the pathology and treatment of TAAD.
Myocardial Protection with Cold Blood Potassium Cardioplegia during Prolonged Aortic Cross-Clamping

Abstract The efficacy of cold blood potassium cardioplegia during periods of aortic cross-clamping (greater than 100 minutes) was assessed in 127 patients undergoing a variety of open-heart surgical procedures at New York University Medical Center from January, 1978, to April, 1979. Ischemic intervals ranged from 100 to 267 minutes (mean, 128 minutes). Cardiac-related deaths occurred in only 3 patients (2.4%), and overall operative mortality was 8.7% (11 patients). The rate of perioperative infarction was 10%. Fourteen patients (11%) required vasopressor support or balloon counterpulsation after cardiopulmonary bypass despite the lengthy cross-clamp intervals. Multivariate analysis revealed no significant relationship between the length of cross-clamp time and operative mortality ( p = 0.29), incidence of perioperative infarction ( p = 0.54), or the occurrence of low-output syndrome postoperatively ( p = 0.68). These findings suggest that cold blood potassium cardioplegia provides adequate myocardial protection when periods of arrest as long as 3 to 4 hours are required for complex cardiac surgical procedures.
Fluid-mediated polymetamorphism related to Proterozoic collision of Archean Wyoming and Superior provinces in the Black Hills, South Dakota

Late Archean and Early Proterozoic continental margin pelites, graywackes, and quartzites in today’s Black Hills were regionally metamorphosed during the collision of the Archean Wyoming and Superior provinces beginning at ~1755 Ma. During east-west regional compression, metamorphism reached incipient garnet-biotite grade conditions at ~400 °C. Unzoned garnet (Sps44Alm44Pyr3Grs9) characterizes the mineral assemblage in graphitic metapelites. The low-temperature onset of the garnet-biotite assemblage is attributed to high Mn concentrations and low aH2O due to the presence of CH4 and CO2. During late stages of the collision, the rocks were intruded by the Harney Peak leucogranite (HPG). Vigorous fl uid fl ow, evidenced by abundant quartz veins, metasomatism, and consumption of graphite from metapelites, occurred in the granite aureole. The lowest-grade aureole assemblage includes chlorite that overgrows the early regional foliation and new, clear, almandine rims on garnet. Higher-grade facies include staurolite, then sillimanite, and fi nally second-sillimanite. The prograde mineral assemblages are consistent with calculated pseudosection assemblages for the average metapelite. Beginning with the sillimanite zone, almandine garnet is mostly inclusion-free. Textures suggest that this new garnet grew after dissolution of the old garnet, for which the only remaining evidence are remnant inclusions or coarse quartz-biotite clots. The new garnet grew in response to more elevated temperatures. Garnet compositions projected onto the pseudosection indicate nearly isobaric heating between 3.5–4.5 kbar during prograde metamorphism. Occasional replacements of staurolite by muscovite and biotite are attributed to infi ltration of the rocks by K-bearing magmatic fl uids. Andalusite occurs as euhedral crystals in quartz veins or as late poikiloblasts along foliations planes, where it appears to have grown while Si-rich fl uids passed through the rocks. Typically, it replaces earlier muscovite, suggesting that the fl uids had low aH2O. The andalusite indicates decompression of the still hot, buoyant, fault-bounded block that included the HPG magma, relative to surrounding blocks in the terrane. This decompression contributed to the high-T/low-P conditions that existed in this portion of the thickened orogen and suggests that the various fault-bounded blocks in the Black Hills may have had different P-T histories.
Rh antibody stimulation with an Rh-negative fetus (Rh anamnestic reaction) and its significance to the newborn.

Abstract 1. The Rh anamnestic reaction was studied in three rh-negative mothers. Each had become previously sensitized to the D factor. High anti-D titers developed in dd mothers although this time carrying dd fetuses. 2. Because the course of antibody levels resembles that of incompatible pregnancies, it is concluded that it is not possible to distinguish, by means of the antibody behavior alone, between a benign anamnestic reaction and one which may lead to erythroblastosis. 3. In each of the three cases studied, pregnancy had been electively terminated because of concern for the fetus. The three babies were without signs of erythroblastosis fetalis, although one infant died from respiratory complications incidental to the intervention. 4. It is concluded that obstetric or pediatric intervention based on maternal Rh antibody production alone is not well advised. Intervention may serve only to expose mother or child or both to such risks as are inherent in the interventions themselves.
Clinical effects of flat-cutting method on seborrheic keratosis

Objective To probe into the clinical effects of flat-cutting method on seborrheic keratosis.Methods 40 cases of seborrheic keratosis treated by our hospital were selected and divided into treatment group and control group(n = 20).Flat-cutting method was administrated to treatment group.And,liquid nitrogen freezing method was administrated to control group.The treatment effects on two groups were observed.Results It was found from the comparison that,in treatment group,12 cases were recovery;4 cases were excellent;2 cases were effective;2 cases were noneffective.The total effective rate was 90%.In control group,8 cases were recovery;3 cases were excellent;1 case was ef fective;8 cases were noneffective.The total effective rate of control group was 60%.The difference in the treatment effect between two groups was significant(P 0.05).Patients in two groups had water blister,blood blister,coloring matter deepened and letdown,infection excitation and other untoward effects.Conclusion With obvious treatment effects,small tissue injury,simple operation and high cure rate,flat-cutting method for seborrheic keratosis is worthy of clinical promotion.
Exploring Criteria Consumers Use in Evaluating Their Online Formal Wear Rental Experience: A Content Analysis of Online Reviews

To develop an understanding of consumers’ evaluations of their Rent the Runway (RTR) experiences, their online reviews were systematically sampled and saved as screen shots. Content analysis was conducted in two stages: (a) analysis of 201 reviews to develop the coding scheme and (b) data collection and analysis from an additional 600 reviews. Insights into RTR’s strategies for overcoming the challenges associated with online apparel sales were yielded. These may provide direction for other apparel companies. When planning their product offerings, online apparel rental companies should consider the most important apparel evaluative criteria found for RTR reviewers: (a) fit, (b) garment style and design elements, (c) social feedback, and (d) appropriateness. Companies may (a) adopt RTR’s unique e-service, shipping two sizes of the same dress; and (b) encourage reviewers to include more self-descriptive and dress-descriptive information in their reviews, both of which seemed to alleviate online shopping fit...