cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cleavage and the distortion of stratigraphic thicknesses in Appalachian folds

In a study undertaken by the writer in the central Appalachians, an attempt is being made to determine the effect which tectonic action—diastrophism—may have had on the original stratigraphic thicknesses of sedimentary rocks. This study, of which this account is merely an early progress report, has been initiated at the suggestion and under the most helpful guidance of Ernst Cloos. The Paleozoic rocks with which the work is concerned are considered to be sedimentary in character, although they have been folded and fractured and rearranged to a greater or lesser degree. The major part of this problem deals with the cleavages which are developed in these folded Paleozoic rocks. By coming first to know, as nearly as possible, just what happened to the rock components to produce a given cleavage, inferences as to the effects on thicknesses of such changes as have produced the cleavage, should be more correctly drawn. The examination of the cleavage thickness relationships in more or less completely exposed folds in the field is, perhaps, just as important as the reliance on such inferences. Deductions based on observations of small folds are assumed to hold for large folds which are never completely exposed.
The effects of mortality salience on intergroup bias between minimal groups

We tested the hypothesis, derived from terror management theory, that mortality salience would increase intergroup bias between minimal groups. After assignment to groups, participants wrote about death or a neutral topic, and rated the personality characteristics of the ingroup and outgroup. Results supported the hypothesis.
The decay of 104, 104mAg, 104, 104mRh and levels of 104Pd

Abstract Gamma-ray spectra following the decay of 104, 104mAg and 104, 104mRh were studied with a Ge(Li) detector. Energies and relative intensities of more than 90 γ-rays from the decay of 104, 104mAg were measured. Several previously unreported γ-rays following the decay of 104, 104mRh, were observed. Most of the 90 γ-ray transitions from the decay of 104, 104mAg and all of the transitions from the decay of 104, 104mRh were placed in a proposed decay scheme. Proton inelastic scattering was used to obtain the energy levels of 104Pd. The two-phonon 0+, 2+, 4+ triplet of 104Pd at 1.3 MeV was well resolved. Also the previously unreported 3- one-phonon octupole vibrational level was seen at 2.192 MeV. Comparison of some characteristics of the vibrational levels of doubly even palladium and cadmium nuclei are discussed. Some characteristics of 104Pd and other doubly even palladium and cadmium isotopes are compared with predictions of the collective spherical-vibrational model.
A mechanistic analysis of the Birch Reduction.

The Birch Reduction is one of the main reactions of organic chemistry. The reaction involves the reaction of dissolving metals in ammonia with aromatic compounds to produce 1,4-cyclohexadienes. Discovered by Arthur Birch in 1944, the reaction occupies 300 pages in Organic Reactions to describe its synthetic versatility. Thus, it is remarkable that the reaction mechanism has been so very controversial and only relatively recently has been firmly established. Perhaps this is not that surprising, since the reaction also has many unusual and esoteric mechanistic facets. Here, I provide a description of how I have applied ever-evolving levels of quantum mechanics and a novel experimental test to understand details of the mechanism and the origins of the selectivities observed in the Birch reduction.The reaction involves an initial radical anion resulting from introduction of an electron from the blue liquid ammonia solution of free electrons formed by the dissolution of Li or related metals. This radical anion...
Hypophysectomy-induced inhibition of augmented acetylcholine responses of the rat bowel following adrenalectomy and/or whole body irradiation.

Functional changes in the intestinal responsiveness to a fixed. dose of acetylcholine were studied in muscle strips removed from young adult male rats previously exposed to whole body gamma radiation. In the irradiated rat the responsiveness to a fixed dose of acetylcholine was found to be augmented in the small intestine but not in the colon. Similar motor patterns for the small intestine were found when muscle strips from adrenalectomized rats were studied. Preradiation adrenalectomy further exaggerated the post-radiation sensitivity of the rat small intestine to acetylcholine. Hypophysectomy prior to either adrenalectomy and/or whole body radiation was associated with an absence of augmented small intestinal motor activity following administration of acetylcholine. The response of the large bowel to acetylcholine, however, was not modified by adrenalectomy and/or hypophysectomy. These observations suggest an endocrine component to the acute 3–5 day intestinal radiation syndrome.
Facets of personality and the phenomenology of autobiographical memory

SUMMARY The relationship between individual differences in autobiographical memory and personality was examined by having 118 undergraduates complete the NEO Personality Inventory after rating 15 word-cued autobiographical memories on 20 scales. The Openness to Feelings facet (O3) correlated with measures of belief in the accuracy of memories, recollection, sensory imagery and emotion. Four other facets had correlations with belief (A3—Altruism, E1—Warmth, E4—Activity, E6— Positive Emotions). These facets also deal with emotional components of personality. In multiple regressions, measures of belief and measures of recollection were predicted by different variables, and for measures of belief, the O3 facet increased the variance accounted for beyond that of just the cognitive variables. Our results are consistent with and extend studies of the effects of depression and emotional suppression on autobiographical memory. Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. In clinical psychology, the contents of autobiographical memory are often used to infer and attempt to alter personality. Here we focus on the cognitive processes and phenomenological judgments involved in autobiographical memory rather than on the contents. Given the increase in interest in the effects of individual differences measures related to personality on autobiographical memory (Read & Winograd, 1998), a study examining personality in a broad way would provide a needed base of comparison for more specific investigations. It would be of great practical importance to know if and how differences in personality traits were related to individual differences in memory. To begin such a project we need to commit to a theoretical view of personality and of autobiographical memory that allow both to be measured and interrelated. For personality we use the Five Factor Model (Digman, 1990; John & Srivastava, 1999; McCrae & Costa, 1999). We view autobiographical memory as an integration of component systems (Rubin, 1998; Rubin, Schrauf, & Greenberg, 2003).
Orotic acid biosynthesis in rat liver: studies on the source of carbamoylphosphate.

Abstract Measurements of the incorporation of radiolabeled precursors into orotic acid in tissue slices and minces provided evidence of the participation of the intramitochondrial carbamoylphosphate synthetase (CPSase-I) in the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidines in rat liver. Ammonia, the only nitrogen source utilized by CPSase-I, markedly stimulated the incorporation of NaH14CO3 into orotic acid in liver slices, and ornithine, which enhances the intramitochondrial consumption of carbamoylphosphate (CP) in citrulline synthesis, antagonized the stimulation by ammonia. Sensitivity of the incorporation of NaH14CO3 into orotic acid to stimulation by ammonia was found to increase with age in concert with the emergence of CPSase-I in the liver during late fetal and neonatal development. Tissues lacking in CPSase-I activity did not exhibit the responses to ammonia and ornithine observed with the adult rat liver. While the occurrence of CPSase-I in the liver contributes extensively toward the exceptionally high capacity of that tissue for the de novo biosynthesis of orotic acid, our results also indicate that the physiological rate of orotic acid biosynthesis in rat liver is approximately one-third of capacity; the incorporation of NaH14CO3 into orotic acid averaged 488 nmol/g of tissue in 3 h in the presence of toxic levels of ammonia, but declined to 160 nmol/g of tissue in 3 h when physiological levels of both ammonia and ornithine were provided. However, the rate of orotic acid biosynthesis observed with physiological concentrations of ammonia and ornithine could be reduced further, to about one-quarter of the physiological rate, by providing additional ornithine; thus, physiological levels of ornithine do not prevent the escape of intramitochondrial CP into the cytoplasm. Finally, over 80% of the incorporation of NaH14CO3 into orotic acid at physiological levels of ammonia and ornithine was found to be ammonia dependent, and all but a small fraction of the ammonia-dependent incorporation could be blocked by providing ornithine in amounts in excess of physiological. These results indicate that CPSase-I is the major source of CP in the biosynthesis of hepatic pyrimidines under normal (physiological) conditions as well as in ammonia toxicity.
Scaling wafer stresses and thermal processes to large wafers

Gravitational stresses limit maximum temperatures for processing semiconductor wafers. Allowable rates of heating and cooling are also limited by the combined affects of thermal and gravitational stresses, particularly in batch processing of stacked wafers. With increasing wafer diameter these limitations become more severe, requiring such measures as improved wafer support to maintain a desired processing temperature or increased wafer spacing to maintain desired rates of heating and cooling. These issues are addressed here through the derivation of scaling rules and engineering formulas relating allowable operating conditions to wafer dimensions. Gravitational stresses and displacements are first determined analytically for wafers supported by rings or at discrete points. The maximum operating temperature is then computed by comparing the calculated gravitational stresses with the temperature-dependent wafer strength. The difference between wafer strength and gravitational stress is used to determine the allowable thermal stress and allowable temperature variation across the wafer. Finally, an analytical model of radial heat transfer in a batch furnace is used to compute the maximum permissible rates of heating and cooling as a function of the instantaneous wafer temperature. Example calculations illustrate the dependence of maximum operating temperatures and allowable ramp rates on wafer dimensions, support geometry, and wafer spacing.
Vibrational localization in amorphous silicon.

Localized vibrational modes have been identified in a number of computer-generated models of amorphous silicon. Networks containing coordination defects give rise to extra resonance states at low frequencies. The densities of states, and dynamic structure factors for localized, resonant, and extended modes, are discussed and compared with recent neutron scattering data.
Transient diffraction efficiency of a D96N mutant bacteriorhodopsin film

A three-laser-beam technique is developed to study the transient diffraction efficiency of M-state dynamic phase holograms in a D96N mutant bacteriorohodopsin film (BR). A CW beam from 532 nm doubled Nd:YAD laser is used to pump BR molecules from B-state to photoexcited M-state. Then the M- state absorption laser 413-nm wavelength from a Krypton Ion laser is used to write holographic gratings in the excited M- state. The writing process also depletes M-molar concentrations. This process offers the advantages of better modulation and faster response. The reading is done with a 680 nm laser, which is far away from the absorption bands to ensure a negligible erasing effect on the gratings written in the film, resulting a pure phase hologram with high efficiency. A maximized transient peak diffraction efficiency approaches a saturated value when the ratio of write to pump intensity is approximately unity.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Why do male Columbian ground squirrels give a mating call

Male Columbian ground squirrels, Spermophilus columbianus, give a repetitive vocalization after copulation. This ‘mating call’ sounds similar to certain alarm calls that are given during attacks by terrestrial predators. During 2005–2006, we investigated (1) the acoustic structure and similarity of mating calls and alarm calls; (2) the environmental context when mating calls occur; (3) whether males that are likely to benefit from mate guarding (viz., males that have sperm precedence because they are the first to copulate in a female's series of matings) give mating calls to guard oestrous females; and (4) whether mating calls advertise the caller to females that have not yet mated. Our approach was to observe mating behaviour in the field and quantify reactions of squirrels to mating calls and alarm calls, both in and out of their normal context, with playback experiments. Males that were the first to copulate with an oestrous female called during mate guarding, and guarded females experienced delays before subsequent copulations. Although sound characteristics of mating calls and alarm calls did not differ, squirrels became vigilant and sought protection upon hearing alarm calls, but continued feeding during mating calls. However, when we played recorded mating calls to squirrels after breeding season, they usually reacted as if an alarm call had been given. We conclude that (1) the male mating call is an intrasexual or intersexual signal that announces postcopulatory mate guarding, and (2) contextual information is important for assessing the message of mating calls.
Expression of the adrenergic phenotype in cultured fetal adrenal medullary cells: Role of intrinsic and extrinsic factors

Abstract During embryogenesis of the rat the enzymes tryosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) are first detected by immunocytochemistry or biochemical assay on the 16th day of gestation (E 16). It is not until E 18 that the enzyme phenylethanolamine- N -methyltransferase (PNMT), which is required for biosynthesis of adrenaline, can be detected cytochemically or biochemically. In this study we sought to determine whether the delayed appearance of PNMT is consequent to invasion of the adrenal medulla by E 18 of cells destined to express PNMT, cues provided by the ingrowing splachnic nerves or the action of corticosterone (CS) secreted by the adrenal cortical anlage, a hormone which regulates PNMT in adult rats. When adrenal glands are removed on E 16 and placed in culture, PNMT cannot be detected cyto- or biochemically until 2 days later (E 16 + 2). While CS levels increase 100-fold in vivo between E 16 and E 18, the surge of CS is not necessary for expression of PNMT since (a) adrenals removed on E 16 and cultured in the absence of exogenous ACTH fail to increase CS yet still express PNMT and (b) addition of CS (10 −5 M ) to the cultures on E 16 does not alter the time of appearance of the enzyme. CS, on the other hand, increases the amount of PNMT protein and activity 3-fold with respect to control at all time points, without any effect on TH. We conclude that (a) it is the cells already present in the adrenal medulla at E 16 which differentiate to express PNMT; (b) the initial expression of PNMT is not controlled by nerves nor by corticosteroids; and (c) corticosteroids have a selective action on regulating the amount of PNMT, once it is expressed, but not TH enzyme protein. It remains to be determined whether the differentiation of PNMT is elicited by genetic or epigenetic signals.
Effect of Si in reactively sputtered Ti-Si-N films on structure and diffusion barrier performance

Si23N43 (b3) and Ti35Si13N52 (c3), are synthesized by reactively sputtering a Ti5Si3 or a Ti3Si target, respectively. The silicon-lean film (c3) has a columnar structure closely resembling that of TiN. As a diffusion barrier between a shallow Si n+p junction diode and a Cu overlayer, this material is effective up to 700 °C for 30 min annealing in vacuum, a performance similar to that for TiN. The silicon-rich (b3) film contains nanocrystals of TiN, randomly oriented and embedded in an amorphous matrix. A film of (b3) maintains the stability of the same diode structure up to 850 °C for 30 min in vacuum. This film (b3) is clearly superior to TiN or to (c3). Similar experiments performed with Al instead of Cu overlayers highlight the importance of the thermodynamic stability of a barrier layer and demonstrate convincingly that for stable barriers the microstructure is a parameter that directly determines the barrier performance.
Less is more: the problematic future of irregular warfare in an era of collapsing states

Abstract US success against irregular threats is inversely related to the priority senior US officials (civilian and military) attach to the effort. When one investigates the return on investment in the global war on terror (gwot), now increasingly described as the Long War, in Iraq versus in the Philippines, it is clear that US efforts in the Philippines are achieving great success with minimal resources, while efforts in Iraq are achieving limited success with almost unlimited resources. The same is true of US success against an irregular threat in El Salvador in the 1980s. During that period the focus of US military attention was in Europe. El Salvador was a backwater that was never of particularly great importance to the Pentagon. This paper will seek to understand why limited efforts against irregular threats seem to result in greater success than all-out efforts.
Resonant interactions between Kelvin ship waves and ambient waves

We consider the nonlinear interactions between the steady Kelvin waves behind an advancing ship and an (unsteady) ambient wave. It is shown that, for moderately steep ship waves and/or ambient waves, third-order (quartet) resonant interaction among the two wave systems could occur, leading to the generation of a new propagating wave along a specific ray in the Kelvin wake. The wave vector of the generated wave as well as the angle of the resonance ray are determined by the resonance condition and are functions of the ship forward speed and the wave vector of the ambient wave. To understand the resonance mechanism and the characteristics of the generated wave, we perform theoretical analyses of this problem using two related approaches. To obtain a relatively simple model in the form of a nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation for the evolution of the resonant wave, we first consider a multiple-scale approach assuming locally discrete Kelvin wave components, with constant wave vectors but varying amplitudes along the resonance ray. This NLS model captures the key resonance mechanism but does not account for the detuning effect associated with the wave vector variation of Kevin waves in the neighbourhood of the resonance ray. To obtain the full quantitative features and evolution characteristics, we also consider a more complete model based on Zakharov's integral equation applied in the context of a continuous wave vector spectrum. The resulting evolution equation can be reduced to an NLS form with, however, cross-ray variable coefficients, on imposing a narrow-band assumption valid in the neighbourhood of the resonance ray. As expected, the two models compare well when wave vector detuning is small, in the near wake close to the ray. To verify the analyses, direct high-resolution simulations of the nonlinear wave interaction problem are obtained using a high-order spectral method. The simulations capture the salient features of the resonance in the near wake of the ship, with good agreements with theory for the location of the resonance and the growth rate of the generated wave.
JOINT INTER-INTRA PREDICTION BASED ON MODE-VARIANT AND EDGE-DIRECTED WEIGHTING APPROACHES IN VIDEO CODING

Most modern video compression codecs, like VP9, HEVC and H.264, encode square or rectangular blocks either by inter prediction or intra prediction. A joint inter-intra predictor that combines motion compensation and intra extrapolation by two novel weighting schemes is proposed to improve compression quality. Prior work on joint prediction employs inter-intra weights that only rely on the pixel locations. As an enhancement, we design a weighting approach by also considering the angle of intra prediction, which is the actual direction that the intra prediction errors evolve. Moreover, our second approach, inspired by prior work on geometric-partition-based motion compensation, breaks the limitation of traditional quad-tree partition by jointly using different predictors that implies soft step weighting functions for new and existing objects co-occurring around irregular motion edges. The proposed joint prediction approaches deliver consistent coding gains, as shown by extensive experiments on the experimental branch of VP9, Google's open source video compression tool.
Community networks and the evolution of civic intelligence

Although the intrinsic physicality of human beings has not changed in millennia, the species has managed to profoundly reconstitute the physical and social world it inhabits. Although the word “profound” is insufficient to describe the vast changes our world has undergone, it is sufficiently neutral to encompass both the opportunities—and the challenges—that our age provides. It is a premise of my work that technology, particularly information and communication technology (ICT), offers spectacular opportunities for humankind to address its collective problems. The problems themselves are equally spectacular that is war and militarism, poverty, environmental depletion and destruction, disease, etc., and lack of successful alleviation may prove catastrophic. Humankind’s problems will not be solved by elite fiat, by chance, or as a side-effect of the “free market.” To address these challenges effectively and appropriately, “civic intelligence” will be required. This paper is designed to explore the relation between community networks and the nascent concept of civic intelligence. Civic intelligence describes the capacity of society to consciously adapt to its environment and shape a future environment that is healthy, equitable, and sustainable. Although individuals contribute to civic intelligence, the concept describes a phenomenon that is collective and distributed. This paper argues that community networks were an important manifestation of civic intelligence in the early days of the Internet revolution. It further argues that a theory of civic intelligence can be used to account for the declining influence of traditional community networks and to provide useful prescriptions for renewed vitality and influence of community networks in the future.
Teratogenic Effects of a Tranquilizer, Trifluoperazine Dihydrochloride on the Yellow-Fever Mosquito

Adults obtained from larvae of the yellow-fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.), treated with dilute solutions of a tranquilizer, trifluoperazine dihydrochloride (2 to 75 ppm), indicate that the chemical has teratogenic effects on the insect. Some of the ensuing adults showed morphological abnormalities similar to those of recognized mutants which have been found in nature or produced as a result of thermal stress in the laboratory. In others, some of the head structures were either deformed or fused, and the normal functioning of the mouthparts became impossible. At the highest concentration tested (75 ppm) the eclosion of the imagoes was also affected. It is suggested that chemicals having similar properties, which are per se nontoxic, can be used effectively for the regulation of insect populations.
Verrucous squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity

Verrucous-type oral tumors have been reviewed. This variety of epidermoid carcinoma of the oral cavity presents as a warty growth in patients who have a history of chewing tobacco and poor oral hygiene. They are slow-growing, locally invasive, and do not metastasize to lymph nodes in our experience. In five of these patients, the microscopic pattern was that of a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. The others presented the classical histologic pattern of verrucous carcinoma. No difference was found in the behavior of these two groups. Three cases developed anaplastic transformation after irradiation and surgery. A change in the clinical behavior of the tumor was observed in these patients and all three died. There is some possibility that ionizing radiations could be the trigger mechanism in this transformation. The authors feel that surgery is the treatment of choice in early or easily resectable lesions. It would appear unnecessary to perform neck dissection in these patients. Radiation therapy should be used in advanced verrucal-type lesions in which surgical resection is difficult or not feasible. These patients require frequent and careful observation. The authors believe that this entity deserves further investigation.
A benzimidazobenzophenanthroline polymer molecular transistor fabricated using club sandwich electrodes

Abstract Connecting three electrode terminals to an electroactive molecular film as gate, source, and drain of a molecular transistor can be accomplished by serial connection of two sandwich electrode assemblies. The arrangement. Pt(source)/polymer/Au(gate)-Au/polymer/Pt(drain), is illustrated with plots of source-drain potential vs. current at static gate potential for the conducting polymer benzimidazobenzophenanthroline (BBL). Plots are presented for both solvent-wetted and dry films. A comparison is also made of the sandwich and array electrode designs as employed for fabrication of molecular devices.
Effect of Gonadotropins on Steroidogenesis in Rat Ovaries at Dioestrus

MAINLY because of the classical work of Evans et al.1 and Astwood2, it has been generally accepted that prolactin plays a leading part in the regulation of the function of the corpus luteum in the rat. It has been reported3, however, that prolactin is not capable of acting alone in hypophysectomized rats but requires the synergistic action of a hormone with luteinizing hormone (LH) activity. In all these studies, corpus luteum function or, specifically progestin secretion was assessed indirectly either by the production of traumatic uterine placentomata1,3 or by the production of persistent vaginal mucification2. It is possible to assess progestin secretion directly by cannulating the ovarian vein and measuring the steroids chemically, and by this technique in rabbits it has been found that the intravenous injection of LH produces a rapid and marked elevation of the ovarian secretion of progestins4. Prolactin and other pituitary tropic hormones were completely ineffective. The demonstration that the ovarian vein of the rat can be cannulated5 afforded us an opportunity to assess the acute effect of tropic hormones on the ovarian secretion of progestin in that animal. This note describes some of the preliminary results.
Abstract 4160: Glycoprotein biomarkers for bladder cancer detection identified using LC-MS/MS and label free quantification

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL PURPOSE: Cancers of the urinary bladder are the fifth most commonly diagnosed malignancy in the US. Early clinical diagnosis of bladder cancer remains a major challenge and the development of noninvasive methods for detection and surveillance is desirable for both patients and health care providers. METHODS: In order to identify urinary proteins with potential clinical utility we enriched and profiled the glycoprotein component of urine samples using a dual-lectin affinity chromatography and LC-MS/MS platform. RESULTS: From a primary sample set obtained from 56 cancer patients and 47 healthy individuals, a total of 265 distinct glycoproteins were identified with high confidence, and changes in glycoprotein abundance between groups were quantified by a label-free spectral counting method. Validation of candidate biomarker disease association was performed on second set of 70 independent samples using an antibody-lectin sandwich microarray and ELISA. Increased levels of urinary alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) glycoprotein were identified and confirmed as being indicative of the presence of bladder cancer (p value < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The described strategy can be used to discover biomarkers for disease status in other body fluids. Application of the strategy in this study has provided novel candidate biomarkers for the non-invasive molecular detection of bladder cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4160. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4160
More bounds for moments of some rank statistics

Let X1,…,X7 be i.i.d. random variables with a common continuous distribution F, Two parameters, μ(F) = P(X1 < X5 and X1+X4 < X2+X3) and λ(F) = P(X1+X4 < X2+X3 and X1+X7 < X5+X6), which appear in the moments of some rank statistics have been studied by several authors. It is shown that the existing lower bound, 3/10 ≤ μ(F) can be improved to 3/10 < μ(F) and that no further improvement is possible. It is also shown that the existing upper bounds μ(F) ≤ (21/2+6)/24 ≈ 0.30893 and λ(F) ≤ 7/24 ≈ 0.29167 can be improved to [14+(2/3)1/2]/48 ≈ 0.30868 and {7 − [1 − (2/3)1/2]2/4}/24 ≈ 0.29132.
Repeated matings offset costs of reproduction in female crickets

Courtship food gifts can be a significant source of nutrition to females and costly for males to produce; hence, costs of reproduction should be reduced for multiple-mating females and increased for multiplemating males in a gift-giving species. We tested this hypothesis by experimentally manipulating mating opportunities of males and females of two cricket species,Gryllodes sigillatus, a gift-giving species andGryllus veletis, a non-gift-giving species. Females of both species consume the externally attached spermatophore after mating, but inG. sigillatus, the sperm-containing ampulla is accompanied by a large gelatinous spermatophylax. In both species, survival of mated females given limited access to males was reduced relative to virgin females, thus suggesting a cost of reproduction to females. However, females given unlimited mating opportunities lived as long as virgins and also produced significantly more offspring than limited-access females. These results suggest that benefits of repeated matings, particularly those arising through spermatophore consumption, offset costs of reproduction in females. Lack of a treatment by species interaction suggests that females of both species derive nutritional benefits through spermatophore consumption, and that any additional advantage to the consumption of the spermatophylax inG. sigillatus is offset by more frequent mating byG. veletis females. In contrast to females, varying mating opportunities had no effect on male survival, suggesting that mating effort is not very costly to males. Male survival increased linearly with body mass but only when males were food-deprived, suggesting that larger males possess greater initial energy reserves to sustain their longevity when food-stressed.
Effects of Organic Fertilization and Organic Diets on Production of Channel Catfish in Earthen Ponds

Abstract We evaluated the effects of organic fertilization and “organic” diets on the production of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. During fingerling production, four 0.4-ha earthen ponds were fertilized with a combination of inorganic fertilizers and regular cottonseed meal (control ponds) and four were fertilized with organically produced cottonseed meal only (organic ponds). Swim-up fry were stocked into each pond at a rate of 247,000 fish/ha and fed a control or organic diet daily to apparent satiation for one growing season. During food fish production, overwintered control and organic fingerlings (mean initial weights = 50.8 and 44.8 g/fish, respectively) from fingerling production were each stocked into five 0.04-ha ponds at a rate of 14,800 fish/ha and fed a control or organic diet daily to apparent satiation for one growing season. Fish were raised with a predetermined organic program that was largely based on U.S. livestock organic standards, since there were no organic aquaculture standard...
The Role of the North Atlantic Oscillation in Shaping Regional-Scale Peak Seasonal Precipitation across the Indian Subcontinent

Abstract The present study focuses on the impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in shaping the regional-level precipitation during the peak months of the two main rainy seasons over the Indian subcontinent. Monthly precipitation data from 1871 to 2005 were collected for 30 homogenous regions across the subcontinent. Regression analysis was used to analyze the strength of the relationship between NAO on regional-level precipitation patterns. The results of the study showed distinct spatial variations in the response of regional-level rainfall to the monthly NAO index. There were greater variations in the strength of the regression coefficients for peak monsoon rainfall (PMR) compared to the peak winter rainfall (PWR) season. During the latter half of the year, the association between PMR and the NAO index was predominantly negative. In general, the role of NAO was more pronounced across most of the regions in the peninsular India.
Delving into Third Space: Supporting Multilingual and Multicultural Students’ Writing

As the number of pupils who are multilingual and multicultural continues to increase in the United States, finding ways to best support these learners’ writing has become a priority. This project explores the creation and use of third spaces that support writing in three diverse urban classroom contexts. Ethnographic case studies reveal the ways in which teachers created third spaces for multicultural and multilingual students’ voices to be heard (Bakhtin, 1986; Dyson, 2003). Findings suggest that co-constructing third spaces can contribute to a writing pedagogy that includes multilingual and multicultural student discourse(s) while expanding the social and practical purposes for writing. These findings have implications for teacher educators, researchers, and classroom teachers with regard to the power of co-constructed spaces where students’ lives and languages are used as the foundation for merging school and local networks.
Thermal Diffusivity Imaging of Ceramic Composites

Strong, tough, high temperature ceramic matrix composites are currently being developed for application in advanced heat engines. One of the most promising of these new materials is a SiC fiber-reinforced silicon nitride ceramic matrix composite (SiCf/Si3N4). The interfacial shear strength in such composites is dependant on the integrity of the fiber’s carbon coating at the fiber-matrix interface. The integrity of the carbon rich interface can be significantly reduced if the carbon is oxidized. Since the thermal diffusivity of the fiber is greater than that of the matrix material, the removal of carbon increases the contact resistance at the interface reducing the thermal diffusivity of the composite. Therefore thermal diffusivity images can be used to characterize the progression of carbon depletion and degradation of the composite. A new thermal imaging technique has been developed to provide rapid large area measurements of the thermal diffusivity perpendicular to the fiber direction in these composites. Results of diffusivity measurements will be presented for a series of SiCf/Si3N4 (reaction bonded silicon nitride) composite samples heat-treated under various conditions. Additionally, the ability of this technique to characterize damage in both ceramic and other high temperature composites will be shown.Copyright © 1993 by ASME
Detection of Malignant Cells in the Peripheral Blood of Patients With Multiple Myeloma: Clinical Implications and Research Applications

Objective To review the methods for detecting and quantifying malignant cells in the peripheral blood (PB) and to correlate such cells with the activity of multiple myeloma (MM). Design Results of personal investigations and studies reported in the literature were summarized. Results MM is characterized by a monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Although usually clinically inapparent, these plasma cells can circulate in the PB and be detected by use of sensitive immunofluorescence, flow cytometric, or molecular genetic techniques. The detection of these cells is clinically important because they correlate with disease activity. As MM progresses, the plasma cells appear in greater numbers in the PB. When patients respond to chemotherapy, the number of circulating plasma cells decreases. Conclusion Determining the molecular, immunologic, and morphologic characteristics of the circulating cells is important for improving our understanding of the pathogenesis of MM and deciding which cells to target therapeutically.
Guardian Support of Sexually Abused Children A Definition in Search of a Construct

The support provided by the nonoffending guardian of a sexually abused child after disclosure is a critical consideration. Although a number of studies have assessed guardian support after disclosure, no known article has closely examined the construct of guardian support. The purpose of this article is to consider how the construct of guardian support is defined and operationalized, as well as to consider its intervening variables. This analysis found that approximately 75% of non-offending guardians are partially or fully supportive after disclosure. The four primary groups of intervening variables for guardian support appear to be grouped within immediate stressors or buffers, the child's previous abuse history, the believability of the disclosure, and the guardian's relationship with the offender. More problematic is the definition of guardian support across most studies, which is seldom grounded in theoretical literature but instead appears to be driven by the needs of the child protection system.
Scalable, distributed data mining—an agent architecture

Scalability determines the potential in distributing both data and computation in data mining. The PADMA (PArallel Data Mining Agents) architecture will be described, along with experiments on text to address scalability. PADMA agents offer parallel data access, and hierarchical clustering, with results visualized through a JAVA web-interface.
The number of optimal binary one-ended codes

Binary prefix-free codes in which all codewords end with "1" are considered. A recursion is given to construct all "optimal" 1-ended codes and to compute the number of such codes with n codewords.
Explicit and Implicit Beliefs

We provide an answer to the three questions asked by H.J.Levesque during his AAAI-84 presentation: 1. How to distinguish between local and global inconsistencies i.e. between Believe(p) & Believe(¬p) and Belicve(p&¬p) ? 2. How to introduce quantifiers to the logic of beliefs ? 3. Is it possible to determine whether an agent explicitly believes in a statement p in a time better then O(KB*p) ? We introduce a logic of explicit and implicit beliefs B#L, which allows local inconsistencies, but forbids global ones. We prove its soundness and completeness. The semantics for the B#L logic is given by a Kripke model. We show how to introduce quantifiers to this logic and discuss its computational properties.
The Effect of Temperature on the Fracture-Surface Energy of A Waste Disposal Glass

The work-of-fracture of a glass frit designed for nuclear waste disposal was measured at six temperatures, ranging from 298 to 680 K. The fracture-surface energy and toughness went through a minimum at 580 K. Elastic moduli were measured by determining mechanical resonance frequencies.
Stress hormones mediate predator-induced phenotypic plasticity in amphibian tadpoles

Amphibian tadpoles display extensive anti-predator phenotypic plasticity, reducing locomotory activity and, with chronic predator exposure, developing relatively smaller trunks and larger tails. In many vertebrates, predator exposure alters activity of the neuroendocrine stress axis. We investigated predator-induced effects on stress hormone production and the mechanistic link to anti-predator defences in Rana sylvatica tadpoles. Whole-body corticosterone (CORT) content was positively correlated with predator biomass in natural ponds. Exposure to caged predators in mesocosms caused a reduction in CORT by 4 hours, but increased CORT after 4 days. Tadpoles chronically exposed to exogenous CORT developed larger tails relative to their trunks, matching morphological changes induced by predator chemical cue; this predator effect was blocked by the corticosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor metyrapone. Tadpole tail explants treated in vitro with CORT increased tissue weight, suggesting that CORT acts directly on the tail. Short-term treatment of tadpoles with CORT increased predation mortality, likely due to increased locomotory activity. However, long-term CORT treatment enhanced survivorship, likely due to induced morphology. Our findings support the hypothesis that tadpole physiological and behavioural/morphological responses to predation are causally interrelated. Tadpoles initially suppress CORT and behaviour to avoid capture, but increase CORT with longer exposure, inducing adaptive phenotypic changes.
Effect of Influenza Anti-Neuraminidase Antibody on Virus Neutralization

Antibody to influenza virus neuraminidase participates in tissue culture neutralization tests in which inhibition of hemadsorption is the end point. Presumably, by inhibiting virus release it functions additively with anti-hemagglutinin in reducing total virus replication.
Analysis of the jointly adapting and asynchronously configured V.32 modem implementation

The authors describe an implementation of a V.32 modem using new concepts which make it possible to realize a completely digital V.32 modem. The first new concept incorporated is a jointly adapting echo canceler and equalizer where the error signal is derived from the final data decisions. Another new concept used in this implementation is a sample rate convertor algorithm. The receive modem transmits and receives data at the same rate, as determined by the receiving modem. Since the sending modem is typically asynchronous to the receiving modem, a sample rate conversion of the receive data to the rate at which the data were sampled at the sending modem is required in order to recover every data sample transmitted. These concepts are analyzed, and their importance in realizing a completely digital modem is discussed. Results of the actual software solutions are shown along with a block diagram of the final implementation. >
Embolic stroke due to a left atrial thrombus two years after placement of an atrial septal defect closure device.

A 29-year-old woman who had undergone closure of a secundum-type atrial septal defect using the Amplatzer device 2 years previously developed acute and progressive altered mentation. Initial clinical and imaging data confirmed the diagnosis of multiple cerebral, cerebellar and brain stem emboli, and infarcts. She was treated urgently with an intra-arterial thrombolytic agent with only minimal improvement. Transesophageal echocardiography revealed a large thrombus attached to the left atrial disc of the atrial septal defect occluder, which was the source of the emboli. In conclusion, this is the first reported case, to our knowledge, of disseminated cerebral emboli and infarctions as a late complication of transcatheter closure of a secumdum-type atrial septal defect.
Characterization and effectiveness of Phialophora spp. isolated from a Montana take-all suppressive soil in controlling take-all disease of wheat

Selected fungi from a take-all suppressive wheat field in Montana were characterized morphologically and identified as Phialophora spp. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) fragments from four Phialophora spp. and two known Gaeumannomyces isolates were amplified with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using universal primers, cloned, and sequenced. Sequence comparison of the rDNA ITS regions revealed that these Phialophora isolates were not closely related to Gaeummanomyces sp. Alignment of the ITS sequences allowed the design of PCR primers that distinguished the Phialophora isolates from Gaeummanomyces sp. as well as Phialophora sp. related to Gaeummanomyces. Phialophora sp. 1-52 and Phialophora sp. 1-58 were tested alone and in combination for suppression of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in the field. When introduced on autoclaved canola seed, 1-52 proved to be an efficient biological control agent against wheat take-all disease in its original suppressive soil, as well as in a highly conducive soil. Isolate 1-58 ...
Analysis and computation of a least-squares method for consistent mesh tying

In the finite element method, a standard approach to mesh tying is to apply Lagrange multipliers. If the interface is curved, however, discretization generally leads to adjoining surfaces that do not coincide spatially. Straightforward Lagrange multiplier methods lead to discrete formulations failing a first-order patch test [T.A. Laursen, M.W. Heinstein, Consistent mesh-tying methods for topologically distinct discretized surfaces in non-linear solid mechanics, Internat. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 57 (2003) 1197-1242]. This paper presents a theoretical and computational study of a least-squares method for mesh tying [P. Bochev, D.M. Day, A least-squares method for consistent mesh tying, Internat. J. Numer. Anal. Modeling 4 (2007) 342-352], applied to the partial differential equation [email protected]?^[email protected][email protected]@f=f. We prove optimal convergence rates for domains represented as overlapping subdomains and show that the least-squares method passes a patch test of the order of the finite element space by construction. To apply the method to subdomain configurations with gaps and overlaps we use interface perturbations to eliminate the gaps. Theoretical error estimates are illustrated by numerical experiments.
A Convenient, One-Pot Synthesis Of 2,3-Disubstituted Allylic Amines

Abstract A series of organometallic reagents have been added to a 2-arylsubstituted vinamidinium perchlorate. The resulting reaction mixture was treated with borane or diisobutylaluminum hydride solution to produce a series of 3-substituted-2-aryl-N,N-dimethyl allylic amines. The overall one-pot procedure constitutes a convenient synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted allylic amines.
Automated Video Exposure Assessment of Repetitive Hand Activity Level for a Load Transfer Task

Objective:A new method is described for automatically quantifying repetitive hand activity with the use of digital video processing.Background:The hand activity level (HAL) is widely used for evalu...
Temperature elevation generated by a focused Gaussian beam of ultrasound

The steady state temperature elevation generated by a focused Gaussian beam, including the effect of perfusion, has been calculated along the beam axis. The medium is assumed to be a homogeneous absorbing one. The results indicate: (1) The temperature rise is an increasing function of the intensity gain of the focusing transducer, but never seems to exceed twice that at the interface of the transducer and the medium generated by its unfocused counterpart; and (2) The temperature rise at the interface of the transducer and the medium is not affected significantly by focusing.