cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The porcine translational research database: a manually curated, genomics and proteomics-based research resource

The use of swine in biomedical research has increased dramatically in the last decade. Diverse genomic- and proteomic databases have been developed to facilitate research using human and rodent models. Current porcine gene databases, however, lack the robust annotation to study pig models that are relevant to human studies and for comparative evaluation with rodent models. Furthermore, they contain a significant number of errors due to their primary reliance on machine-based annotation. To address these deficiencies, a comprehensive literature-based survey was conducted to identify certain selected genes that have demonstrated function in humans, mice or pigs. The process identified 13,054 candidate human, bovine, mouse or rat genes/proteins used to select potential porcine homologs by searching multiple online sources of porcine gene information. The data in the Porcine Translational Research Database (( http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=6065 ) is supported by >5800 references, and contains 65 data fields for each entry, including >9700 full length (5′ and 3′) unambiguous pig sequences, >2400 real time PCR assays and reactivity information on >1700 antibodies. It also contains gene and/or protein expression data for >2200 genes and identifies and corrects 8187 errors (gene duplications artifacts, mis-assemblies, mis-annotations, and incorrect species assignments) for 5337 porcine genes. This database is the largest manually curated database for any single veterinary species and is unique among porcine gene databases in regard to linking gene expression to gene function, identifying related gene pathways, and connecting data with other porcine gene databases. This database provides the first comprehensive description of three major Super-families or functionally related groups of proteins (Cluster of Differentiation (CD) Marker genes, Solute Carrier Superfamily, ATP binding Cassette Superfamily), and a comparative description of porcine microRNAs.
Maria Gaetana Agnesi's Other Curves (More Than Just the Witch)

SummaryMaria Gaetana Agnesi's name is commonly associated with the curve known as “the Witch of Agnesi.” However, the versiera (or versoria), as Agnesi called it, is only one of many curves she introduced in her mathematical compendium, the Instituzioni Analitiche (1748). Some of the other curves are much more interesting and complex than the versiera, and they are grouped in the lengthy section (pp. 351–415) titled “On the construction of Loci of degree higher than second degree.” This article showcases Agnesi's presentation of some of them, made without using calculus. Instead, her tools of choice were geometry, algebra, and the method of using easier and already-known curves to build more challenging ones.
Genome Context Viewer: visual exploration of multiple annotated genomes using microsynteny.

Summary The Genome Context Viewer is a visual data-mining tool that allows users to search across multiple providers of genome data for regions with similarly annotated content that may be aligned and visualized at the level of their shared functional elements. By handling ordered sequences of gene family memberships as a unit of search and comparison, the user interface enables quick and intuitive assessment of the degree of gene content divergence and the presence of various types of structural events within syntenic contexts. Insights into functionally significant differences seen at this level of abstraction can then serve to direct the user to more detailed explorations of the underlying data in other interconnected, provider-specific tools. Availability and implementation GCV is provided under the GNU General Public License version 3 (GPL-3.0). Source code is available at https://github.com/legumeinfo/lis_context_viewer. Contact adf@ncgr.org. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
An economic analysis of complete streets policies

Abstract This paper tests whether adoption of a Complete Streets policy (a transport policy and design approach that requires streets to be designed and operated to allow equal access to all people and major forms of transportation, rather than just motor vehicles) has amenity value for local residents by analyzing the link between Complete Streets policy adoption and house prices using a difference-in-differences matching procedure (DIDMP). We employ this DIDMP because commonly employed least-squares-regression techniques may fail to fully account for selection effects. We show that commonly employed least-squares-regression techniques generally overestimate the effect of a Complete Streets policy and using DIDMP we find that Complete Streets policy adoption had no statistically significant effect on house prices.
A practical step length algorithm using lower limb angular velocities.

Abstract The use of Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) for spatial gait analysis has opened the door to unconstrained measurements within the home and community. Bandwidth, cost limitations, and ease of use has historically restricted the number and location of sensors worn on the body. In this paper, we describe a four-sensor configuration of IMUs placed on the shanks and thighs that is sufficient to provide an accurate measure of temporal gait parameters, spatial gait parameters, and joint angle dynamics during ambulation. Estimating spatial gait parameters solely from gyroscope data is preferred because gyroscopes are less susceptible to sensor noise and a system comprised of only gyroscopes uses decreased bandwidth compared to a typical 9 degree-of-freedom IMU. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of a novel method of step length estimation using gyroscopes attached to the shanks and thighs. An Inverted Pendulum Model algorithm (IPM) was proposed to calculate step length, stride length, and gait speed. The algorithm incorporates heel-strike events and average forward velocity per step to make these assessments. IMU algorithm accuracy was determined via concurrent validity with an instrumented walkway and results explained via the collision model of gait. The IPM produced accurate estimates of step length, stride length, and gait speed with a mean difference of 3 cm and an RMSE of 6.6 cm for step length, thus establishing a new approach for spatial gait parameter calculation. The lack of numerical integration in IPM makes it well suited for use in continuous monitoring applications where sensor sampling rates are restricted.
Simultaneous Fractures of the Ipsilateral Scaphoid and Distal Radius.

Background Ipsilateral fractures of the distal radius and scaphoid are rare, with few reports describing mechanisms of injury, fracture patterns, and treatment approaches. Purpose This article describes the clinical and radiographic features of ipsilateral distal radius and scaphoid fractures occurring simultaneously. Materials and Methods Electronic databases from 2007 to 2017 at a single Level 1 trauma center were reviewed for patients with concurrent fractures of the distal radius and scaphoid. Patient demographics, injury mechanism, scaphoid and distal radius fracture pattern, treatment approach, and radiographic healing were studied. Results Twenty-three patients were identified. Nineteen of the 23 (83%) were males, and 19 of 23 (83%) of the injury mechanisms were considered high energy. Twenty-two of the 23 (96%) scaphoid fractures were nondisplaced, all treated with screw fixation. Most distal radius fractures were displaced and comminuted, 17 of 23 (74%) were intra-articular. All distal radius fractures were treated surgically with internal and/or external fixation. Three patients were lost to follow-up. Average follow-up of the remaining 20 was to 19.8 weeks. Nineteen of the 20 (95%) scaphoids healed, one scaphoid went on to nonunion with avascular necrosis. All 20 radius fractures healed, 16 of 20 (80%) in anatomic alignment. Conclusion Ipsilateral fractures of the distal radius and scaphoid are rare and are usually result of high-energy mechanisms. The scaphoid fracture is usually a nondisplaced fracture at the waist. The distal radius fracture pattern varies but most are displaced and comminuted. The union rate of the scaphoid is high, even if subjected to radiocarpal distraction required for distal radius management. Level of Evidence Therapeutic level IV study.
Identification of Prosthetic Joint Infection Pathogens Using a Shotgun Metagenomics Approach.

Background Metagenomic shotgun sequencing has the potential to change how many infections, particularly those caused by difficult-to-culture organisms, are diagnosed. Metagenomics was used to investigate prosthetic joint infections (PJIs), where pathogen detection can be challenging. Methods Four hundred eight sonicate fluid samples generated from resected hip and knee arthroplasties were tested, including 213 from subjects with infections and 195 from subjects without infection. Samples were enriched for microbial DNA using the MolYsis basic kit, whole-genome amplified, and sequenced using Illumina HiSeq 2500 instruments. A pipeline was designed to screen out human reads and analyze remaining sequences for microbial content using the Livermore Metagenomics Analysis Toolkit and MetaPhlAn2 tools. Results When compared to sonicate fluid culture, metagenomics was able to identify known pathogens in 94.8% (109/115) of culture-positive PJIs, with additional potential pathogens detected in 9.6% (11/115). New potential pathogens were detected in 43.9% (43/98) of culture-negative PJIs, 21 of which had no other positive culture sources from which these microorganisms had been detected. Detection of microorganisms in samples from uninfected aseptic failure cases was conversely rare (7/195 [3.6%] cases). The presence of human and contaminant microbial DNA from reagents was a challenge, as previously reported. Conclusions Metagenomic shotgun sequencing is a powerful tool to identify a wide range of PJI pathogens, including difficult-to-detect pathogens in culture-negative infections.
Globalization and Changes in Industrial Concentration: State and Regional Exports from America’s Heartland, 1988 To 1997

This paper is a first-step toward understanding how changes in globalization in the 1990s affected the industrial concentration of export sales in America’s Heartland (defined in this paper as the following seven states: Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Tennessee, and Wisconsin). Two measures of concentration, based on sector share of export sales, are measured and compared for each of the seven states, the region, and the US. The first of these measures, Top 3, is the sum of the shares of the three largest export industries in 1988 for each state and region. The second measure, Top 12, is defined as the sum of the absolute difference of the actual sector share from 8.33 (the sector share that would prevail if each of the 12 largest export sectors had equal shares of exports and these 12 sectors exhausted all export sales.) This is a measure of concentration (or diversification) because its value would equal zero if all industries had equal shares. The value of Top 12 increases as sector exports are less equally distributed across industries.
CAN YOU HEAR WHAT I SEE? NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION AND THE CHANGING FACE OF TML

Business training and education are changing. Organizations have experienced dramatic changes in their structure, competitive environment, and the demographics and demands of their employees. As a result, organizations are seeking new and innovative ways to train employees. At the same time the evolution of technology mediated learning tools (TML) has resulted in flexible, interactive, engaging, learning technology tools that promote experiential learning, analytical thinking and problem solving. Simulation based technology mediated learning (SimTML) tools are gaining popularity in practice. SimTML facilitates lifelike environments that utilize animated pedagogical agents (APAs) which employ nonverbal communication traits in their interaction with the user. The effect is a lifelike, face-to-face interaction, between the user and the APA. The result is a flexible, interactive, engaging, TML tool that promotes experiential learning, analytical thinking and problem solving. This paper explores current SimTML technology, how we interact with learning technology, and provides selection and evaluation principles for organizations to use when evaluating SimTML tools for their own training programs.
Supervising School Counselors and Interns: Resources for Site Supervisors

This article features a review of selected resources related to supervision of school counselors and school counselors-in-training during their internship. These resources are grouped by profession...
Respiratory Failure following Abdominal Wall Reconstruction: An Analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample.

Background:Patients undergoing abdominal wall reconstruction are at increased risk of postoperative respiratory failure. Understanding the epidemiology of this complication may guide preventive efforts.Methods:The authors performed a population-based retrospective cohort study of adults undergoing e
Intact HIV-1 proviruses accumulate at distinct chromosomal positions during prolonged antiretroviral therapy

Chromosomal integration of genome-intact HIV-1 sequences into the host genome creates a reservoir of virally infected cells that persists throughout life, necessitating indefinite antiretroviral suppression therapy. During effective antiviral treatment, the majority of these proviruses remain transcriptionally silent, but mechanisms responsible for viral latency are insufficiently clear. Here, we used matched integration site and proviral sequencing (MIP-Seq), an experimental approach involving multiple displacement amplification of individual proviral species, followed by near-full-length HIV-1 next-generation sequencing and corresponding chromosomal integration site analysis to selectively map the chromosomal positions of intact and defective proviruses in 3 HIV-1-infected individuals undergoing long-term antiretroviral therapy. Simultaneously, chromatin accessibility and gene expression in autologous CD4+ T cells were analyzed by assays for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-Seq) and RNA-Seq. We observed that in comparison to proviruses with defective sequences, intact HIV-1 proviruses were enriched for non-genic chromosomal positions and more frequently showed an opposite orientation relative to host genes. In addition, intact HIV-1 proviruses were preferentially integrated in either relative proximity to or increased distance from active transcriptional start sites and to accessible chromatin regions. These studies strongly suggest selection of intact proviruses with features of deeper viral latency during prolonged antiretroviral therapy, and may be informative for targeting the genome-intact viral reservoir.
Response: successful endovascular treatment of three fusiform cerebral aneurysms with the pipeline embolization device in a patient with dilating HIV vasculopathy. Authors’ reply

We read with great interest the letter from Dr Bruno Law-Ye Jr et al 1 commenting on our recent article on the use of flow diversion for treatment of three de novo fusiform aneurysms due to dilating HIV vasculopathy in an adult patient.2 As clearly stated in our manuscript, although this entity is most commonly seen in children, the natural history …
Smart City Digital Twin–Enabled Energy Management: Toward Real-Time Urban Building Energy Benchmarking

AbstractTo meet energy-reduction goals, cities are challenged with assessing building energy performance and prioritizing efficiency upgrades across existing buildings. Although current top-down bu...
Pediatric trauma mortality: an ecological analysis evaluating correlation between injury-related mortality and geographic access to trauma care in the United States in 2010.

Background Trauma is the leading cause of mortality in the pediatric population >1 year. Analyzing relationships between pediatric trauma-related mortality and geographic access to trauma centers (among other social covariates) elucidates the importance of cost and care effective regionalization of designated trauma facilities. Methods Pediatric crude injury mortality in 49 United States served as a dependent variable and state population within 45 minutes of trauma centers acted as the independent variable in four linear regression models. Multivariate analyses were performed using previously identified demographics as covariates. Results There is a favorable inverse relation between pediatric access to trauma centers and pediatric trauma-related mortality. Though research shows care is best at pediatric trauma centers, access to Adult Level 1 or 2 trauma centers held the most predictive power over mortality. A 4-year college degree attainment proved to be the most influential covariate, with predictive powers greater than the proximity variable. Conclusions Increased access to adult or pediatric trauma facilities yields improved outcomes in pediatric trauma mortality. Implementation of qualified, designated trauma centers, with respect to regionalization, has the potential to further lower pediatric mortality. Additionally, the percentage of state populations holding 4-year degrees is a stronger predictor of mortality than proximity and warrants further investigation.
A Validated Forward Solution Dynamics Mathematical Model of the Knee Joint: Can It Be an Effective Alternative for Implant Evaluation?

Abstract Background Mathematical modeling is among the most common computational tools for assessing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) mechanics of different implant designs and surgical alignments. The main objective of this study is to describe and validate a forward solution mathematical of the knee joint to investigate the effects of TKA design and surgical conditions on TKA outcomes. Methods A 12-degree of freedom mathematical model of the human knee was developed. This model includes the whole lower extremity of the human body and comprises major muscles and ligaments at the knee joint. The muscle forces are computed using a proportional–integral–derivative controller, and the joint forces are calculated using a contact detection algorithm. The model was validated using telemetric implants and fluoroscopy, and the sensitivity analyses were performed to determine how sensitive the model is to both implant design, which was analyzed by varying medial conformity of the polyethylene, and surgical alignment, which was analyzed by varying the posterior tibial tilt. Results The model predicted the tibiofemoral joint forces with an average accuracy of 0.14× body weight (BW), 0.13× BW, and 0.17× BW root-mean-square errors for lateral, medial, and total tibiofemoral contact forces. With fluoroscopy, the kinematics were validated with an average accuracy of 0.44 mm, 0.62 mm, and 0.77 root-mean-square errors for lateral anteroposterior position, medial anteroposterior position, and axial rotation, respectively. Increasing medial conformity resulted in reducing the paradoxical anterior sliding midflexion. Furthermore, increasing posterior tibial slopes shifted the femoral contact point more posterior on the bearing and reduced the tension in the posterior cruciate ligament. Conclusion A forward solution dynamics model of the knee joint was developed and validated using telemetry devices and fluoroscopy data. The results of this study suggest that a validated mathematical model can be used to predict the effects of component design and surgical conditions on TKA outcomes.
Combining Like Terms: A Qualitative Meta-synthesis of Algebra I Interventions in Mathematics and Special Education

Many students struggle with the transition from arithmetic to algebra. Despite meta-analytic work on algebra instruction and calls for meta-syntheses of mathematics education topics, little has been done to synthesize the corpus of qualitative mathematics education research in algebra. The purpose of this meta-synthesis is to summarize the techniques teachers use to elicit algebraic thinking from students with mathematics difficulty or disability in the mathematics and special education literature. Although both mathematics and special educators used student-centered and collaborative techniques to encourage students to share algebraic reasoning, students with mathematics difficulty and disability struggled to participate meaningfully, and directions for further critical work in algebra are specified.
Enhancing damage-resistance in low carbon martensitic steels upon dual-pass laser treatment

Abstract The fast development of various additive manufacturing processes is motivating research to improve microstructure control during laser assisted treatments, in order to spatially vary material properties on engineering components. In the present work, we demonstrate that a dual-pass laser treatment applied to a low carbon lath martensitic steel can simultaneously repair solidification or fatigue cracks, reduce surface roughness, and, most importantly, trigger phase transformations to create a more damage-resistant microstructure, namely, one that includes interlath austenite. We investigate these influences employing various scanning electron microscopy and transmission high energy X-ray diffraction analyses, mechanical characterization tests, and discuss the underlying mechanisms.
Giant Intrahepatic Subcapsular Haematoma: A Rare Complication following Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy-A Case Report and Literature Review.

We report on a 59-year-old female with symptomatic cholelithiasis on a background of morbid obesity who underwent an elective LC with an uncomplicated intraoperative course; however, she experienced a refractory hypotension within one hour postoperatively with an acute haemoglobin drop requiring fluid resuscitation and blood transfusion. A triphasic computed tomography scan revealed a large intrahepatic subcapsular haematoma (ISH) measuring surrounding the lateral surface of the right hepatic lobe without active bleeding. She was managed conservatively with serial monitoring of haemoglobin and haematoma size. A follow-up ultrasound scan after eight weeks confirmed complete resolution of the haematoma. Giant ISH is a fairly rare, but life-threatening complication following LC which merits special attention. This case demonstrates the necessity of close postoperative monitoring of patients undergoing LC and considering the possibility of ISH, although being rare event, in those who experience a refractory postoperative hypotension. It also highlights the decisive role of diagnostic imaging in securing a timely and accurate diagnosis of post LC-ISH.
A 2TeV W R , supersymmetry, and the Higgs mass

A recent ATLAS search for diboson resonances and a CMS search for eejj resonances which both show excesses with significance around 3σ have generated interest in SU(2) R gauge extensions of the Standard Model with a W ′ mass around 2 TeV. We investigate the possibility that an SU(2) R gauge extension of the MSSM compatible with an explanation of the diboson anomaly might give rise to a significant enhancement of the Higgs mass above the MSSM tree level bound m h,tree < 90 GeV due to non-decoupling D-terms. This model contains a vector-like charge −1/3 SU(2) R singlet quark for each generation which mixes significantly with the SU(2) R doublet quarks, affecting the W R phenomenology. We find that it is possible to achieve m h,tree > 110 GeV, and this requires that the Z ′ mass is close to 3 TeV.
Comparison of energy intake assessed by image-assisted food records to doubly labelled water in adolescents with intellectual and developmental disabilities: a feasibility study.

Background There are currently no validated methods for energy intake assessment in adolescents with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of collecting 3-day image-assisted food records (IARs) and doubly labelled water (TDEEDLW ) data in adolescents with IDD and to obtain preliminary estimates of validity and reliability for energy intake estimated by IAR. Methods Adolescents with IDD completed a 14-day assessment of mean daily energy expenditure using doubly labelled water. Participants were asked to complete 3-day IARs twice during the 14-day period. To complete the IAR, participants were asked to fill out a hard copy food record over three consecutive days (two weekdays/one weekend day) and to take before and after digital images of all foods and beverages consumed using an iPad tablet provided by the study. Energy intake from the IAR was calculated using Nutrition Data System for Research. Mean differences, intraclass correlations and Bland-Altman limits of agreement were performed. Results Nineteen adolescents with IDD, mean age 15.1 years, n = 6 (31.6%) female and n = 6 (31.6%) ethnic/racial minorities, enrolled in the trial. Participants successfully completed their 3-day food records and self-collected doubly labelled water urine samples for 100% of required days. Images were captured for 67.4 ± 30.1% of all meals recorded at assessment 1 and 72.3 ± 29.5% at assessment 2. The energy intake measured by IAR demonstrated acceptable test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation = 0.70). On average, IAR underestimated total energy intake by -299 ± 633 kcal/day (mean per cent error = -9.6 ± 22.2%); however, there was a large amount of individual variability in differences between the IAR and TDEEDLW (range = -1703 to 430). Conclusions The collection of IAR and TDEEDLW is feasible in adolescents with IDD. While future validation studies are needed, the preliminary estimates obtained by this study suggest that in adolescents with IDD, the IAR method has acceptable reliability and may underestimate energy intake by ~9%.
Development of the institutional basis for cooperation between Ukraine and the EU

У статті розглядається розвиток інституційної структури співробітництва України та ЄС протягом 1991–2018 рр. Розкрито еволюцію інституційної структури співпраці та охарактеризовано її етапи: 1991–1998 рр. – етап становлення тимчасових форм організаційного забезпечення двосторонніх відносин між Україною та ЄС, 1998–2014 рр. – етап формування стабільної інституційної структури співпраці та третій – з 2014 р. – етап удосконалення інституційної основи співробітництва України та ЄС. Особлива увага приділена розгляду інституційної структури співробітництва, визначеної Угодою про асоціацію України та ЄС, дана характеристика всіх її складових: самітів Україна – ЄС; Ради асоціації; Комітету асоціації; Парламентського комітету асоціації; Платформи громадянського суспільства. Робиться висновок, що у процесі співробітництва України та ЄС склалася ефективна інституційна структура забезпечення співпраці, яка дозволяє успішно реалізувати завдання, визначені Угодою про асоціацію між Україною та Європейським Союзом.
The Interaction and Impact of Social Support and Father Absence on Breastfeeding

Background: Behaviors related to early childhood nutrition are influenced by a mother's social environment. In many low- and middle-income countries, breastfeeding rates have steadily declined. At ...
Basal cell carcinoma with bone invasion: A systematic review and pooled survival analysis.

Background Although basal cell carcinoma (BCC) tends to follow an indolent course, some tumors can exhibit locally aggressive behavior and invade into bone. Objective To analyze all published demographic, clinical, and treatment data on recurrence patterns, disease progression, disease-specific death, and overall mortality of BCC with bone invasion. Methods A systematic review and pooled-survival analysis was performed, including case reports and case series of BCC with bone invasion. Results The study included 101 patients from 70 publications. BCC tumors invading into bone were most often large, neglected tumors located in high-risk face areas. At 5 years, patients had a 30% risk probability of disease recurrence (after negative margins), a 72.1% risk of disease progression or death (with ambiguous margin status), an 18.2% risk of BCC-related death, and a 20.7% overall probability of death. Limitations Limitations include the reliance on case reports and series for individual patient data, which has the potential to introduce selection bias. Conclusion The high rate of disease progression and suboptimal 5-year survival rate highlights the poor prognosis of BCC with bone invasion and further underscores the importance of early detection and treatment.
Preoperative Management of Gastrointestinal and Pulmonary Medications: Society for Perioperative Assessment and Quality Improvement (SPAQI) Consensus Statement

Abstract Perioperative medication management is integral to preoperative optimization but remains challenging because of a paucity of literature guidance. Published recommendations are based on the expert opinion of a small number of authors without collaboration from multiple specialties. The Society for Perioperative Assessment and Quality Improvement (SPAQI) recognized the need for consensus recommendations in this area as well as the unique opportunity for its multidisciplinary membership to fill this void. In a series of articles within this journal, SPAQI provides preoperative medication management guidance based on available literature and expert multidisciplinary consensus. The aim of this consensus statement is to provide practical guidance on the preoperative management of gastrointestinal and pulmonary medications. A panel of experts with anesthesiology, perioperative medicine, hospital medicine, general internal medicine, and medical specialty experience was drawn together and identified the common medications in each of these categories. The authors then used a modified Delphi approach to review the literature and to generate consensus recommendations.
Effective Construction of Models

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the effective construction of models. The models considered in the chapter are all countable, with universe ω, and the languages are all recursive. A type is a set of formulas all having precisely the same set of free variables. The chapter presents Solovay's results showing that the degrees of non-standard models of true arithmetic are precisely the degrees of enumerations of Scott sets containing the arithmetic sets. Solovay's proof makes use of the fact that if R is an enumeration of a Scott set containing the arithmetic sets, then the theory of true arithmetic is recursive in R.
Blind channel identification and equalization for precoded communication systems

By employing the correlation of the multirate filterbank precoded signals, new methods are proposed for blind channel identification/equalization, blind direct equalization and blind synchronization. Both batch and adaptive algorithms are developed utilizing the correlation cancelling techniques. The new algorithms have broader applications than many existing ones. Their computational complexity is lower and can even be O(N). Simulations demonstrate their good performance.
'You are Too Square, I Need to Straighten You Out' The Tamed Rebels of 1950s Coming-of-Age Films in Cross-Cultural Perspective

Coming-of-Age films have in common that they must address the social contradictions an adolescent experiences as he or she joins the world of adults. At the same time they have to come to a resolution of these contradictions that is acceptable to the audiences as well as the direct or indirect mechanisms of censorship of the movie industry. In the aftermath of World War II, a number of social paradigms had been upset (as for example gender roles, intergenerational relations, representations of state and paternal authority).The 1950s were thus a time when the contradictions experienced by all generations of adolescents were even more acutely brought to the foreground and thus represent a particularly fertile ground for this genre. The Coming-of Age films of this period played a crucial role in reintroducing established social paradigms by way of offering “false closures” that temporarily offered resolutions to the contradictions experienced by this particular generation of young adults.
Recombination of Salmonella phase 1 flagellin genes generates new serovars.

Abstract To determine the evolutionary mechanisms generating serotypic diversity in Salmonella strains, we sequenced the central, antigen-determining part of the phase 1 flagellin gene (fliC) in strains of several serovars for which estimates of chromosomal genomic relatedness had been obtained by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. The nucleotide sequence of this region was identical in several chromosomally divergent strains of Salmonella heidelberg (phase 1 antigen r) but differed by 19% from the corresponding and similarly invariant sequence in strains of the closely related serovar Salmonella typhimurium (phase 1 antigen i). Mutational drift of the sequence present in the common ancestor is unlikely to have generated the difference between the phase 1 flagellins of these two serovars, which we attribute instead to a recombination event. This interpretation is supported by evidence that Salmonella strains of very diverse chromosomal backgrounds but similar phase 1 antigens may have closely similar nucleotide sequences for this highly polymorphic region. We suggest that lateral transfer and recombination of phase 1 flagellin genes is a major evolutionary mechanism generating new Salmonella serovars.
Mutation Rates: Evolution

Mutation rates are controlled by genetic factors, which are themselves subject to evolutionary processes. Mutation rates (both local and global) are expected to evolve to allow adaptive change while minimizing maladaptive mutation. Keywords: mutation; evolution; selection; modifier; evolvability
GRANULAR CELL MYOBLASTOMA IN CHILDHOOD Report of an Unusual Case

The granular cell myoblastoma is a rare tumor of childhood with only 10 cases previously reported. The occurrence of the tumor in the vulva of a 6-year-old child is presented. No authentic case of this tumor in its malignant form has been recorded in childhood. The granular cell myoblastoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of soft tissue tumors in children and offers an excellent prognosis.
Answering Queries using Humans, Algorithms and Databases

For some problems, human assistance is needed in addition to automated (algorithmic) computation. In sharp contrast to existing data management approaches, where human input is either ad-hoc or is never used, we describe the design of the first declarative language involving human-computable functions, standard relational operators, as well as algorithmic computation. We consider the challenges involved in optimizing queries posed in this language, in particular, the tradeoffs between uncertainty, cost and performance, as well as combination of human and algorithmic evidence. We believe that the vision laid out in this paper can act as a roadmap for a new area of data management research where human computation is routinely used in data analytics.
Modulation of Aβ 42 low-n oligomerization using a novel yeast reporter system

While traditional models of Alzheimer's disease focused on large fibrillar deposits of the Aβ42 amyloid peptide in the brain, recent work suggests that the major pathogenic effects may be attributed to SDS-stable oligomers of Aβ42. These Aβ42 oligomers represent a rational target for therapeutic intervention, yet factors governing their assembly are poorly understood. We describe a new yeast model system focused on the initial stages of Aβ42 oligomerization. We show that the activity of a fusion of Aβ42 to a reporter protein is compromised in yeast by the formation of SDS-stable low-n oligomers. These oligomers are reminiscent of the low-n oligomers formed by the Aβ42 peptide in vitro, in mammalian cell culture, and in the human brain. Point mutations previously shown to inhibit Aβ42 aggregation in vitro, were made in the Aβ42 portion of the fusion protein. These mutations both inhibited oligomerization and restored activity to the fusion protein. Using this model system, we found that oligomerization of the fusion protein is stimulated by millimolar concentrations of the yeast prion curing agent guanidine. Surprisingly, deletion of the chaperone Hsp104 (a known target for guanidine) inhibited oligomerization of the fusion protein. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Hsp104 interacts with the Aβ42-fusion protein and appears to protect it from disaggregation and degradation. Previous models of Alzheimer's disease focused on unravelling compounds that inhibit fibrillization of Aβ42, i.e. the last step of Aβ42 assembly. However, inhibition of fibrillization may lead to the accumulation of toxic oligomers of Aβ42. The model described here can be used to search for and test proteinacious or chemical compounds for their ability to interfere with the initial steps of Aβ42 oligomerization. Our findings suggest that yeast contain guanidine-sensitive factor(s) that reduce the amount of low-n oligomers of Aβ42. As many yeast proteins have human homologs, identification of these factors may help to uncover homologous proteins that affect Aβ42 oligomerization in mammals.
THE ADRENAL GLAND IN THE HUMAN FETUS: An Interpretation of Its Physiology and Unusual Developmental Pattern

The work of recent years has clarified the function of the human fetal adrenal gland to a point where a reasonable explanation of its several peculiarities appears possible. We believe that the fetal adrenal is a steroidogenic organ with a high biogenetic capacity. Its steroid products are qualitatively similar to those of the adult gland, but certain quantitative differences may be present. There is indirect evidence that relatively little aldosterone is produced or required by the fetus. The placenta serves to regulate electrolyte homeostasis in the mammalian fetus. We believe that the primary adrenotropin stimulating the fetal adrenal is ACTH from the fetal pituitary and that the enlargement of the fetal adrenal reflects the intensity of the stimulus. Since there is some evidence that in the fetus, as in the adult, adrenal steroids control a feed-back mechanism operating between the pituitary and adrenal, we believe that strong ACTH stimulation reflects an increased fetal demand for corticosteroidogenesis. This increased demand could be secondary to either defective production of steroids by the fetal adrenal or increased metabolism of steroids by the fetus. A likely, though unproved, mechanism is destruction of corticosteroids in the placenta. We believe that species differences in fetal adrenal size, and the atrophic adrenals in human anencephalic monsters, reflect variations in the intensity of fetal pituitary ACTH stimulation, and that the poorly differentiated glomerular zone common to all mammals reflects the lack of stimulation by the tropic hormone for aldosterone. There is at present no evidence that the apparently active human fetal adrenal gland plays a critical role in normal fetal development. We have attempted to indicate those numerous areas where appropriate data with which to test our interpretation of fetal adrenal physiology are not presently available. It would be surprising if our concept survives these tests entirely unmodified. We hope, however, that this interpretation may indicate profitable areas for further work, and that it is sufficiently well founded on observation and experimentation that its basic concepts will prove to be reliable.
State Supreme Court Ideology and 'New Style' Judicial Campaigns

We introduce a new method to measure the ideology of state supreme court justices using campaign finance records. In addition to recovering ideal point estimates for both incumbent and challenger candidates, the method's unified estimation framework recovers judicial ideal points in a common ideological space with a diverse set of candidates for state and federal office, thus facilitating comparisons across states and institutions. We use these measures to study the relationship between judicial selection methods and the quality of ideological representation in the state courts. We find that judicial elections can lead to more representative courts but that the beneficial effects are negated by policies intended to promote judicial impartiality by limiting the politicizing effects of partisan affiliation and campaign speech. We provide a direct test of this claim by exploiting the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Republican Party of Minnesota v. White as a natural experiment.
Mutational Analysis of the Human 2B4 (CD244)/CD48 Interaction: Lys68 and Glu70 in the V Domain of 2B4 Are Critical for CD48 Binding and Functional Activation of NK Cells

Interaction between receptors and ligands plays a critical role in the generation of immune responses. The 2B4 (CD244), a member of the CD2 subset of the Ig superfamily, is the high affinity ligand for CD48. It is expressed on NK cells, T cells, monocytes, and basophils. Recent data indicate that 2B4/CD48 interactions regulate NK and T lymphocyte functions. In human NK cells, 2B4/CD48 interaction induces activation signals, whereas in murine NK cells it sends inhibitory signals. To determine the structural basis for 2B4/CD48 interaction, selected amino acid residues in the V domain of the human 2B4 (h2B4) were mutated to alanine by site-directed mutagenesis. Following transient expression of these mutants in B16F10 melanoma cells, their interaction with soluble CD48-Fc fusion protein was assessed by flow cytometry. We identified amino acid residues in the extracellular domain of h2B4 that are involved in interacting with CD48. Binding of CD48-Fc fusion protein to RNK-16 cells stably transfected with wild-type and a double-mutant Lys68Ala-Glu70Ala h2B4 further demonstrated that Lys68 and Glu70 in the V domain of h2B4 are essential for 2B4/CD48 interaction. Functional analysis indicated that Lys68 and Glu70 in the extracellular domain of h2B4 play a key role in the activation of human NK cells through 2B4/CD48 interaction.
Heterogeneity of the molecular biology of methemoglobinemia: a study of eight consecutive patients

Congenital methemoglobinemia can be caused by mutations involving five different genes. We studied the etiology and molecular biology of eight consecutive patients with methemoglobinemia. Four had b5R mutations; two were novel. A novel intronic mutation caused markedly reduced mRNA resulting in type II methemoglobinemia. Three patients had acquired methemoglobinemia without any b5R mutations.
The specific heats below 320°K of potassium, rubidium and caesium

The specific heat of potassium has been measured in the range 0·4 to 26°K and the specific heats of rubidium and caesium in the range 0·4 to 320°K. Previously reported specific heat anomalies in the range 100 to 300°K were not confirmed. The θ c 0 and γ values were estimated as 90·6 +1·4 -0·3 °K and 497 ± 20 μ cal degK -2 gatom -1 for potassium, as 55·6 ± 0·5°K and 576 +70 -40 μ cal degK -2 gatom -1 for rubidium and as 38·4 ± 0·6°K and 764 ± 250 μ cal degK -2 gatom -1 for caesium. A slow release of energy (~ 1 μ cal s -1 gatom -1 ), dependent on thermal history, was observed from rubidium and caesium in the region of 4°K and may correspond to the annealing out of defects introduced by plastic strain on cooling. Positive anharmonic contributions to the specific heat are evident at high temperatures and an additional contribution to the specific heat, of the form (e - E / RT /T 2 ), becomes apparent from about 50°K below the melting point and may be identified with the thermal generation of lattice vacancies. The melting point of pure rubidium is estimated as 312·65 ± 0·01°K and the latent heat of fusion as 524·3 ± 1·0 cal/gatom. For caesium the melting point is 301·55 ± 0·01°K and, with some assumptions, the latent heat is 498·9 ± 0·5 cal/gatom. For both metals the specific heat of the liquid decreases with increasing temperature.
Optimizing QoS-Based Multicast Routing in Wireless Networks: A Multi-objective Genetic Algorithmic Approach

With increasing demand for real-time services in next generation wireless networks, quality-of-service (QoS)-based routing offers significant challenges. Multimedia applications like video conferencing, real-time streaming of stock quotes or processing of scientific images relayed from satellites require strict QoS guarantee (e.g. bandwidth, delay) while communicating among multiple hosts. This gives rise to the need for an efficient multicast routing protocol which will be able to determine multicast routes satisfying the different QoS constraints. Design of such protocol boils down to a multi-objective optimization problem, which is computationally intractable. In fact, discovering optimal multicast routes is an NP-hard problem when the network state information is inaccurate - a common scenario in mobile wireless networks. In this paper, we propose a novel multicast tree selection algorithm that determines near-optimal multicast routes on demand. Based on the multi-objective genetic algorithmic (MOGA) approach, our solution attempts to optimize multiple QoS parameters (e.g. end-to-end delay, bandwidth guarantee and residual bandwidth utilization) simultaneously. We mathematically analyze the performance and convergence of the developed algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that our algorithm is capable of discovering on-demand a set of QoS-based, near-optimal multicast routes within a few iterations, even with imprecise network information. From these set of routes one can choose the best possible multicast route depending on the specified QoS requirements.
Scales and comparison classes

This paper discusses comparison classes—sets that relativize the interpretation of gradable adjectives, often specified with for-clauses as in John is smart for a linguist. Such a discussion ultimately lends support to the thesis that scales, degrees, measure functions, and linear orders are grammatically derived from more basic relations between individuals. Three accounts of comparison classes are compared and evaluated. The first proposes that such classes serve as an argument to a function that determines a standard of comparison. The second maintains that these classes restrict the domain of a measure function used to map entities to degrees. The third proposes that these classes limit the kind of individuals that participate in a binary relation; this relation is then used in the construction of a scale and a measure function. It is this third account that is most consistent with the empirical data. It can explain how comparison classes fix a standard of comparison, induce presuppositions concerning the comparative subjects, and induce incommensurability in comparative constructions.
OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE FOR A MULTIPHASE OUTFLOW IN QUASAR FIRST J1044+3656

Spectral absorption features in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) have traditionally been attributed to outflowing photoionized gas located at a distance of order a parsec from the central continuum source. However, recent observations of quasi-stellar object FIRST J104459.6+365605 by de Kool and coworkers, when interpreted in the context of a single-phase gas model, imply that the absorption occurs much farther (≈700 pc) from the center. We reinterpret these observations in terms of a shielded, multiphase gas, which we represent as a continuous low-density wind with embedded high-density clouds. Our model satisfies all the observational constraints with an absorbing gas that extends only out to ~4 pc from the central source. The different density components in this model coexist in the same region of space and have similar velocities, which makes it possible to account for the detection in this source of absorption features that correspond to different ionization parameters but have a similar velocity structure. This model also implies that only a small fraction of the gas along the line of sight to the center is outflowing at the observed speeds and that the clouds are dusty, whereas the uniform gas component is dust-free. We suggest that a similar picture may apply to other sources and discuss additional possible clues to the existence of multiphase outflows in AGNs.