cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Free Market Democracy and the Chilean and Mexican Countryside

Free Market Democracy and the Chilean and Mexican Countryside. By Marcus J. Kurtz. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 264p. $70.00.Marcus Kurtz makes his contribution to a sizable body of works examining the impact of economic liberalization on political opening in Latin America, arguing that the countryside in Latin America offers us a crucial piece of the puzzle of why transitions to democracies may succeed despite widening social inequalities. The answer to this paradox, Kurtz argues, is that “competitive national-level democracy [is] based in part on conservative hegemony and peasant quiescence in the countryside” (p. 21). He contends that processes put in place by market-based policies, rather than coercion or clientelism, explain why peasants and rural workers continued to back the politicians who initiated and deepened programs of credit deregulation, price liberalization, and trade opening. Thus, the grim lesson of Free Market Democracy and the Chilean and Mexican Countryside: If those with the most to lose in neoliberal conditions are quickly atomized and dispossessed by transitions to market-based conditions, competitive multiparty electoral systems will endure at national levels. Or, in a semantic twist worthy of Alice in the rabbit hole, in modern conditions, democracy thrives on a certain lack of it.
Dual-particle imaging system based on simultaneous detection of photon and neutron collision events

Abstract A dual-particle imaging (DPI) system capable of simultaneously detecting and imaging fast neutrons and photons has been designed and built. Imaging fast neutrons and photons simultaneously is particularly desirable for nuclear nonproliferation and/or safeguards applications because typical sources of interest (special nuclear material) emit both particle types. The DPI system consists of three detection planes: the first two planes consist of organic-liquid scintillators and the third plane consists of NaI(Tl) inorganic scintillators. Pulse shape discrimination technique(s) may be used for the liquid scintillators to differentiate neutron and photon pulses whereas the NaI(Tl) scintillators are highly insensitive to neutrons. A prototype DPI system was set up using a digital data acquisition system as a proof of concept. Initial measurements showed potential for use of the DPI system with special nuclear material. The DPI system has efficiencies of the order of 10 −4 correlated counts per incident particles for both neutron and photon correlated counts, with simple-backprojection images displaying peaks within a few degrees of the source location. This uncertainty is expected to decrease with more extensive data interpretation.
Central inhibition of nitric oxide synthase preferentially augments release of oxytocin during dehydration.

Abstract Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of N G - monomethyl- l -arginine monoacetate (NMMA; 500 μg; 402 mM) and G - nitro- l -arginine methyl ester (NAME; 270 μg; 200 mM), inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase, enhanced the rise in oxytocin but not vasopressin levels in plasma of conscious rats following 24 h of water deprivation. This effect of NMMA occurred by 10 min after administration, reached its peak at 15 min and decreased by 20 min. Daily administration of lower doses (50 μg and 0.5 μ g 5 μ l , i.c.v.) of another inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, N G - nitro- l -arginine , just before and after 24 h of water deprivation and in control animals treated similarly were without effect on either vasopression or oxytocin levels. Nitric oxide, therefore, attenuates preferentially the release of oxytocin during dehydration.
Investigating Adaptive Grieving Styles: A Delphi Study

There has been an evolution in the understanding of the nature of grief since S. Freud's initial work, Mourning and Melancholia (1917/1953). Mental health practitioners and researchers have established new models to aid in the conceptualization and treatment of grief issues. The purpose of this study was to examine the opinions of experts in the field of grief regarding elements of a new model of adult bereavement, Martin and Doka's (2000) adaptive grieving styles, using the Delphi Method to identify points of consensus. A survey of 20 experts in the field of thanatology reached consensus on 21 items in which the panelists addressed the uniqueness of the griever, recognized there are multiple factors that influence the grieving process (i.e., culture, personality, and gender), that most bereaved individuals use both cognitive and affective strategies in adapting to bereavement, and that bereaved individuals experience both internal and external pressures to grieve in particular ways.
Teaching Artist Development Studio: A Teaching Artist's Experience in a Forty-Hour Professional Development Program.

ABSTRACT A photographer and teaching artist details her experience in a forty-hour professional development program where the emphasis was on planning and teaching from artistic practice.
A Nonbulk Addition Technique for Associative Processors

A process is described for continuing adaptation, after hyperplanes that separate pattern classes in pattern space have been found, in order to increase the distance between sample patterns and hyperplanes.
In vitro production of nucleolar channel system by progesterone in human endometrium.

ELECTRON microscope examination of normal human endometrium during the midsecretory phase of the menstrual cycle demonstrates that the nucleolus of the epithelial cell differentiates into an organelle variously termed a nucleolar canalicular system1, a nucleolar basket2 or a nucleolar channel system3. Such a structure appears if ovulation has occurred. Nucleolar baskets have been seen as early as the sixteenth day of a normal 28 day cycle. After this they may increase in number, reaching a maximum around the twentieth day and then disappear, not being found later in the cycle. They have not been seen in the proliferative phase of the cycle or in early pregnancy.
ON THE IMPACT OF CLOUDINESS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NOCTURNAL DOWNSLOPE FLOWS

The effects of cloud cover amount and the height of cloud base on nighttime thermally induced downslope flow were investigated using analytical and numerical model approaches. The conclusions obtained with the analytical and the numerical model evaluations agreed. It was concluded that, (i) as cloud cover increases and/or the height of cloud base decreases, the depth and the intensity of nighttime thermally-induced downslope flows may decrease by a factor reaching one sixth and one tenth, respectively, in the case of overcast low cloud; (ii) when skies suddenly cloud over around midnight, the development of the downslope flow is altered in different ways: a reduction in intensity; or a cessation of further development, depending on the fraction of cloud coverage, and (iii) with a sudden clearing of overcast low cloud around midnight, the depth and the intensity of the downslope flow increases significantly.
Design and fabrication of chemically robust three-dimensional microfluidic valves

A current problem in microfluidics is that poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), used to fabricate many microfluidic devices, is not compatible with most organic solvents. Fluorinated compounds are more chemically robust than PDMS but, historically, it has been nearly impossible to construct valves out of them by multilayer soft lithography (MSL) due to the difficulty of bonding layers made of “non-stick” fluoropolymers necessary to create traditional microfluidic valves. With our new three-dimensional (3D) valve design we can fabricate microfluidic devices from fluorinated compounds in a single monolithic layer that is resistant to most organic solvents with minimal swelling. This paper describes the design and development of 3D microfluidic valves by molding of a perfluoropolyether, termed Sifel, onto printed wax molds. The fabrication of Sifel-based microfluidic devices using this technique has great potential in chemical synthesis and analysis.
Constrained iterative restoration algorithms

This paper describes a rather broad class of iterative signal restoration techniques which can be applied to remove the effects of many different types of distortions. These techniques also allow for the incorporation of prior knowledge of the signal in terms of the specification of a constraint operator. Conditions for convergence of the iteration under various combinations of distortions and constraints are explored. Particular attention is given to the use of iterative restoration techniques for constrained deconvolution, when the distortion band-limits the signal and spectral extrapolation must be performed. It is shown that by predistorting the signal (and later removing this predistortion) it is possible to achieve spectral extrapolation, to broaden the class of signals for which these algorithms achieve convergence, and to improve their performance in the presence of broad-band noise.
Comparing the Incomparable: Politics and Ideas in the United States and the Soviet Union

This is a strange enterprise and an incautious one. What do we find reasonably to compare in two systems so contradictory to each other's basic premises? Are they not mirror images, opposite in every particular? Even so, while living and teaching at Moscow University in 1979, where during the spring semester it was my task to offer a course of lectures and small group instruction on American history to some forty students majoring in the subject (and to their faculty), comparative reflections were irresistible. 1 Tracing parallels between the two countries is a risky undertaking for someone who is an Americanist and must rely upon the scholarship of others for the Soviet dimension, but what is intended here is an essay of suggestion only.
Summer and Winter Habitat Selection by Juvenile Chinook Salmon in a Highly Sedimented Idaho Stream

Abstract Summer and winter habitat utilized by age-0 spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha was assessed in the Red River, an Idaho stream heavily embedded with fine sediment. During summer 1985, chinook salmon used habitats with water velocities less than 20 cm/s, depths of 20–80 cm, and close associations with cover (undercut banks). Densities were greater than 60 fish/100 m2. As the fish became larger they selected faster, deeper water. Eighty percent of the chinook salmon emigrated from the study sites in October when stream temperatures were 4–8°C, apparently because suitable winter habitat was not available. Those fish that remained in the study sites selected areas where submerged sedges and grasses overhanging undercut banks provided cover and where water velocities were less than 12 cm/s. After cobble substrate was added to the streambed (September 1985) beneath undercut banks and in midchannel in a glide and a riffle habitat, eight times more chinook salmon used the cobble substrate in N...
The Phylogenetic Relationships of the Endemic Genera of Australo-Papuan Hawks

Abstract Six genera of accipitrids (Erythrotriorchis, Hamirostra, Harpyopsis, Henicopernis, Lophoictinia, and Megatriorchis), composed of a total of eight species, are endemic to the Australo-Papuan region. Traditionally, these were assigned to four subfamilies in the Accipitridae; however, a recent hypothesis suggested they together comprise an endemic radiation of closely related genera and species. We investigated these alternatives using phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences of the slowly evolving nuclear RAG-1 exon. Bootstrapped maximum likelihood trees and a permutation likelihood ratio test provide robust evidence that these genera represent four clades placed in three divergent higher taxa of accipitrids: (1) Hamirostra, Henicopernis, and Lophoictinia comprise a monophyletic clade of pernine kites, (2) Harpyopsis is a harpy eagle, and (3) Erythrotriorchis and Megatriorchis represent two unrelated clades of accipiters. Parsimony and Bayesian analyses confirmed these results. The hypothesis that th...
Optimal decentralized charging control algorithm for electrified vehicles connected to smart grid

Abstract Electrified vehicles (EV) and renewable power sources are two important technologies for sustainable ground transportation. If left unmitigated, the additional electric load could over-burden the electric grid. Meanwhile, a challenge for integrating renewable power sources into the grid lies in the fact their intermittency requires more regulation services which makes them expensive to deploy. Fortunately, EVs are controllable loads and the charging process can be interrupted. This flexibility makes it possible to manipulate EV charging to reduce the additional electric load and accommodate the intermittency of renewable power sources. To illustrate this potential, a two-level optimal charging algorithm is designed, which achieves both load shifting and frequency regulation. Load shifting can be realized through coordination of power generation and vehicle charging while reducing power generation cost and carbon dioxide emissions. To ensure practicality, a decentralized charging algorithm for load shifting is formulated by emulating the charging pattern identified through linear programming optimization solutions. The frequency regulation is also designed based on frequency droop that can be implemented in a decentralized way. The two control objectives can be integrated because they are functionally separated by time scale. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed decentralized algorithm.
Reciprocal Space Analysis of the Microstructure of Luminescent and Nonluminescent Porous Silicon Films

The microstructure of anodically prepared porous silicon films was determined using a novel X-ray diffraction technique. This technique uses double-crystal diffractometry combined with position-sensitive X- ray detection to efficiently and quantitatively image the reciprocal space structure of crystalline materials. Reciprocal space analysis of newly prepared, as well as aged, p{sup {minus}} porous silicon films showed that these films exhibit a very broad range of crystallinity. This material appears to range in structure from a strained, single-crystal, sponge-like material exhibiting long-range coherency to isolated, dilated nanocrystals embedded in an amorphous matrix. Reciprocal space analysis of n{sup +} and p{sup +} porous silicon showed these materials are strained single-crystals with a spatially-correlated array of vertical pores. The vertical pores in these crystals may be surrounded by nanoporous or nanocrystalline domains as small as a few nm in size which produce diffuse diffraction indicating their presence. The photoluminescence of these films was examined using 488 nm Ar laser excitation in order to search for possible correlations between photoluminescent intensity and crystalline microstructure.
Models of nonlinear vibration. II. Oscillator with bilinear stiffness.

(1989). Models of Nonlinear Vibration. II. Oscillator with Bilinear Stiffness. Acta Oto-Laryngologica: Vol. 108, No. sup467, pp. 249-256.
Geothermal resources of the northern gulf of Mexico basin

Abstract Published geothermal gradient maps for the northern Gulf of Mexico basin indicate little or no potential for the development of geothermal resources. Results of deep drilling, from 4000 to 7000 meters or more, during the past decade however, define very sharp increases in geothermal gradient which are associated with the occurrence of abnormally high interstitial fluid pressure (geopressure). Bounded by regional growth faults along the landward margin of the Gulf Basin, the geopressured zone extends some 1300 km from the Rio Grande (at the boundary between the United States and Mexico) to the mouth of the Mississippi river. Gulfward, it extends to an unknown distance across the Continental Shelf. Within geopressured deposits, geothermal gradients range upwards to 100 °C/km, being greatest within and immediately below the depth interval in which the maximum pressure gradient change occurs. The 120 °C isogeotherm ranges from about 2500 to 5000 m below sea level, and conforms in a general way with depth of occurrence of the top of the geopressured zone. Measured geostatic ratios range upward to 0.97; the maximum observed temperature is 273 °C, at a depth of 5859 m. Dehydration of montmorillonite, which comprises 60 to 80 percent of clay deposited in the northern Gulf Basin during the Neogene, occurs at depths where temperature exceeds about 80 °C, and is generally complete at depths where temperature exceeds 120 °C. This process converts intracrystalline and bound water to free pore water, the volume produced being roughly equivalent to half the volume of montmorillonite so altered. Produced water is fresh, and has low viscosity and density. Sand-bed aquifers of deltaic, longshore, or marine origin form excellent avenues for drainage of geopressured deposits by wells, each of which may yield 10,000 m3 or more of superheated water per day from reservoirs having pressures up to 1000 bars at depths greater than 5000 m.
Abridgment of the revolving field theory of the capacitor motor

The paper presents an accurate theory of the split-phase motor, both as regards starting and running performance. The general equations for an unbalanced two-phase motor are first derived, and the results are then applied to the special case of the capacitor motor. Evidence of the validity of the theory is given in the form of curves, comparing test results with calculations. The principal factors affecting practical capacitor motor design are discussed, and finally the performance characteristics of the motor are compared with those of repulsion-start induction motors. It is concluded that the capacitor motor has important advantages which will justify its extensive use. The complete derivation of the theory is given in an appendix.
An initial value method for the computation of characteristic values and functions of an integral operator

Abstract A convergence proof is given for an initial value method for finding the spectral properties of an integral operator. The algorithm, which is based on a Cauchy system for the Fredholm determinants, is related to the Nystrom method and results of Anselone and Atkinson become applicable. The proof is also shown to work for a modification of the procedure due to Kalaba and Scott.
Integrating Real-Time Antecedent Rubrics via Blackboard™ into a Community College General Psychology Class.

Numerous studies have reported on the innovative and effective delivery of online course content by community colleges, but not much has been done on how learning management systems (LMS) can deliver real-time (immediate data delivery) antecedents that inform students of performance requirements. This pilot study used Blackboard’s™ interactive real-time rubric (9.1 release) to provide college students immediate data delivery of the assessment requirements and evaluation, established by the instructor, for a writing assignment. In one general psychology on-campus class, the rubric was placed on the psychology studies program website. In two other general psychology classes—one an on-campus and another, a distance learning class—the same rubric was deployed via the Blackboard™ interactive rubric tool. The interactive rubric was presented to students, as programmed by the instructor, as a real-time interactive antecedent. Although the rubric was the same for all classes, using the real-time interactive rubri...
Adrenergic Regulation of the Reduction in Acetyl Coenzyme A: Arylamine 7V‐Acetyltransferase Activity in the Rat Pineal

: Pharmacologically active agents were employed to study the mechanisms that control the reduction in levels of acetyl-coA: arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity (NAT) (EC 2.3.1.5) in the rat pineal. Pretreatment of rats with phenoxybenzamine or phentolamine prevented the rapid light-mediated decrease in NAT activity, although pretreatment with yohimbine or atropine did not alter this effect of light. Administration of mecamylamine resulted in a rapid reduction in enzyme activity prior to light exposure. When clonidine was administered intraperitoneally to animals with elevated NAT levels, there was a rapid decrease in enzyme activity, mimicking the effects of light. However, intraperitoneal injections of norepinephrine, methoxamine and phenylephrine into similar groups of animals had no significant effect on enzyme acitivity. When clonidine and norepinephrine were administered intraventricularly, there was a rapid reduction in enzyme activity. On the other hand, intraventricular administration of phenylephrine did not result in reduced enzyme activity. Pretreatment of animals with phenoxybenzamine failed to block the reduction in NAT activity precipitated by low doses of clonidine. This clonidine-mediated reduction in enzyme activity was, however, blocked by yohimbine. When animals were simultaneously exposed to light and administered clonidine, the rapid reduction in NAT activity was affected only when animals were pretreated with both yohimbine and phenoxybenzamine. In contrast to the decrease in pineal NAT activity observed in in vivo preparations, incubation of pineals with clonidine in an organ culture system produced a moderate, but consistent, rise in enzyme activity. These results suggest that stimulation of a receptor with α-adrenergic characteristics mediates the reduction in NAT activity produced by light. Stimulation of yet a second adrenergic-like receptor appears to mediate a reduction in pineal NAT activity precipitated by clonidine. Our evidence suggests that one or both of these receptors are located within the central nervous system.
Development of soil halinity classes for Connecticut tidal marshes

Abstract A soil's halinity, or ocean derived salinity, can determine much about its use, capabilities, and ecology. This paper uses measurements of electrical conductivity (in a 1 part soil and 5 parts deionized water by volume mixture, EC1:5vol) of estuarine soil samples stratified by ecological community to correlate soil halinity to vegetative community on the Connecticut River. The communities studied here are (in decreasing order of halinity): 1) Low salt marsh/Spartina alterniflora; 2) High salt marsh/Spartina patens, Distichlis spicata, and Juncus gerardii; 3) Back salt marsh/Bolboschoenus and Schoenoplectus species; 4) Brackish marsh/Iva frutescens and Panicum virgatum; and 5) Tidal fresh marsh/Typha and Phragmites species. Out of these, four distinct tidal marsh communities (low salt marsh, high salt marsh, back salt marsh, and tidal fresh) were found to have significantly different mean halinities. These results are a starting place for generating a regional and national soil halinity classification system, and the methods are recommended for use in other estuaries for purposes of ecological classification, soil mapping, and general land/habitat management.
Caye Caulker: Economic Success in a Belizean Fishing Village

Caye Caulker: Economic Success in a Belizean Fishing Village. ANNE SUTHERLAND. Westview Special Studies in Social, Political, and Economic Development. Boulderand London: Westview Press, Inc., 1986. xvii+170 pp., index, bibliography, 5 maps, 2 tables, 7 figures. $28.50 (paper). ISBN 0-8133-7283-6
14.9 Sub-sampling all-digital fractional-N frequency synthesizer with −111dBc/Hz in-band phase noise and an FOM of −242dB

The noise performance of an all-digital phase-locked loop (ADPLL) is limited by the resolution of the time-to-digital converter (TDC). Most TDC research in the past focused on the arrival time difference between the edges of the divider feedback and the reference signal [1-2]. This results in coarser TDC resolution and worse ADPLL noise performance. This paper presents a fractional-/VADPLL that employs a new time-to-digital conversion technique based on sub-sampling phase detection. It is accomplished by directly sampling the analog voltage signal at the PLL's high frequency node and converting it into a digital code. This achieves a higher time resolution with less power.
Review: High-throughput automation design considerations for biotechnology processes involving RNA purification protocols using multi-centrifuge bioseparation steps

Design of an automation line is a multi-objective optimization problem involving throughput, yield, floor space and cost constraints. The paper examines the feasibility of a computer-aided automation design for biotechnology applications using Arena(TM) software. A generic case study chosen for this study involves a sequence of steps in a preparation process of RNA from tissue-cultured cells. These steps involve repetitive usage of centrifuging operations to perform separation of biochemical substances. A sample must be loaded onto a centrifuge by a pick-and-place device (typically a robot manipulator). Consecutive centrifuging steps may involve multiple centrifuges as well as robots, or some measure of equipment sharing. The paper proposes a unified simplified cost model for all design objectives (throughput, space utilization, process capital and operational cost) and a quantitative selection criterion to allow for an optimal automation design.
Opportunity to learn: A language-based perspective on assessment

In many countries today schools have been subjected to a testing and accountability agenda tied to a return to 'basic skills' in reading, maths and science and a demand that all children, regardless of race and class, learn these skills. In this paper I argue that current work in sociolinguistics, cognitive science, and literacy studies, work not directly involved with assessment, suggests a more complicated view of assessment and its ties with learning and equity. This view challenges the current testing and accountability agenda, but can also redefine more broadly how we have to think about learning, assessment, and equity in schools. I develop this view around one key notion, namely opportunity to learn . In each section of the paper I discuss some area of current research relevant to learning and assessment and then state a principle about opportunity to learn. While I centre my discussion around assessing reading, in the end I make clear that my argument applies to assessment of all content areas in ...
Nutrients discharged to the Mississippi river from eastern Iowa watersheds, 1996-1997.

: The introduction of nutrients from chemical fertilizer, animal manure, wastewater, and atmospheric deposition to the eastern Iowa environment creates a large potential for nutrient transport in watersheds. Agriculture constitutes 93 percent of all land use in eastern Iowa. As part of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program, water samples were collected (typically monthly) from six small and six large watersheds in eastern Iowa between March 1996 and September 1997. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to determine land use and quantify inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus within the study area. Streamliow from the watersheds is to the Mississippi River. Chemical fertilizer and animal manure account for 92 percent of the estimated total nitrogen and 99.9 percent of the estimated total phosphorus input in the study area. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads for 1996 were estimated for nine of the 12 rivers and creeks using a minimum variance unbiased estimator model. A seasonal pattern of concentrations and loads was observed. The greatest concentrations and loads occur in the late spring to early summer in conjunction with row-crop fertilizer applications and spring nmoff and again in the late fall to early winter as vegetation goes into dormancy and additional fertilizer is applied to row-crop fields. The three largest rivers in eastern Iowa transported an estimated total of 79,000 metric tons of total nitrogen and 6,800 metric tons of total phosphorus to the Mississippi River in 1996. The estimated mass of total nitrogen and total phosphorus transported to the Mississippi River represents about 19 percent of all estimated nitrogen and 9 percent of all estimated phosphorus input to the study area.
Improving Pregnancy Outcomes: Public Versus Private Care for Urban, Low‐Income Women

: This study describes the characteristics of women who received maternity care from the Chicago Department of Health or from private practitioners in 1988 and the first half of 1989, and who delivered at the University of Illinois Hospital or Cook County Hospital. The risk of preterm low birthweight for the infants of these women was compared according to source of prenatal care. The likelihood of giving birth to a preterm, low-birthweight infant was significantly greater (odds ratio 3.1, 95% confidence interval 2.3–4.0) for women who received care only from private physicians (n = 530) compared with those who received care entirely from the Chicago Department of Health (n = 2465). This relationship remained after adjustment for race, age, parity, history of adverse pregnancy outcomes, smoking, and use of drugs during pregnancy. We examined alternative explanations for these findings, and concluded that although the role of urban public health departments in the direct delivery of maternity care services continues to be a source of controversy, these institutions remain an important provider of such care for low-income women.
The Nature of Cobalt Species in Co−ZSM-5 NO Emission Control Catalysts

The chemical nature of Co2+ ion-exchanged ZSM-5 catalyst has been studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and diffuse-reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT). EPR and in-situ XPS investigations show that the oxygen coordination geometry around the Co2+ at intersections or in channels of ZSM-5 does not have high symmetry and that Co2+ cations occupy at least two different sites in the zeolitic pores. The oxidation state of Co2+ cations in ZSM-5 zeolites remains unchanged after being treated in oxygen at 450 °C, while the locations and coordination of the Co2+ cations may have been altered. In-situ DRIFT studies of Co−ZSM-5 illustrate a strong interaction of Co2+ cations with coordinated molecular oxygen species, indicating a modification of the catalytically active sites in Co−ZSM-5 by oxygen or NO2 under the simulated exhaust condition.
The aging process in aluminum alloy 2024 studied by means of eddy currents

Abstract The influence of precipitation kinetics during the aging of aluminum alloy 2024 on electrical conductivity, as measured by eddy currents, and on hardness was investigated. Aging temperatures between 21 and 190°C were used and measurements were made on both unstretched and plastically deformed (3% permanent strain) samples. The two techniques, electrical conductivity and hardness, respond in a complementary manner to the varying microstructures that form during different stages of the aging process.
Parties, presidents, and State consolidation: cross-national evidence with illustrations from Kenya

This paper conceives of state consolidation as comprising the two distinct concepts of state strength and state firmness. It is argued here that increasing the accountability between various branches of government and limiting the number of parties will lead to increases in the administrative capacity of the state (strength) and to increases in the republican character of the state (firmness). The results of several least squares analyses are combined with case evidence from Kenya to provide support for these arguments. Implications for bureaucratic and economic efficiency are discussed, as is the nature of African party systems.
Facilitating Arab‐Jewish intergroup dialogue in the college setting

The Israeli–Palestinian conflict is an especially entrenched ethno‐national stalemate. The upsurges of violence in the Middle East provide flashpoints for tension among Arabs, Jews and other students on college campuses. The author presents methods for facilitating dialogue between these groups in the form of a psychologically informed, educational case study. A short, university‐level course helped students from different cultural backgrounds deepen their understanding of this complex conflict in the context of learning about Jewish‐ and Arab‐Americans. The instructors used an intergroup dialogue model of pedagogy enabling students to engage with each other in a setting that allow affect and conflict to emerge safely. Students developed greater understanding of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict by hearing ‘the other side’ and attributed learning primarily to their peers. The author provides several recommendations for replicating this course or conducting similar interventions.
Two-Photon Fluorescence Vascular Imaging with a New Fluorene-RGD Peptide Conjugate

Two-photon fluorescence microscopy is a powerful tool in the study of living cells, and tissue microvasculature. Herein, a 2PFM was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of a new 2PA conjugate designed to target αvβ3 integrins.
Radiologic analysis of femoral acetabular impingement: from radiography to MRI

Femoral acetabular impingement is a set of morphologic abnormalities that are considered to be a major cause of degenerative disease in the hip joint. Early changes are already present in adolescence when it is the pediatric radiologist who must assess current damage with the aim of averting progression to more severe and debilitating osteoarthritis. A multimodality approach is used for diagnosis, that includes conventional radiography and CT to assess the osseous structures. MR arthrography is the primary advanced imaging modality for assessment of morphologic changes as well as injuries of the labrum and articular cartilage. Details of radiologic imaging are offered to guide the radiologist and provide an avenue for the accurate description of the osseous and articular alterations and injury.
Mnemonics in Marketing: a Pedagogical Tool

The popular mnemonic techniques are defined, classified, and described. Empirical evidence is cited supporting the effectiveness of mnemonic techniques in a variety of learning contexts. It is explained why mnemonics are effective. Then, a particular mnemonic technique, the first letter mnemonic, is selected to illustrate how the topic of questionnaire design can be taught using mnemonics. The use of mnemonics in classroom teaching is discussed with specific reference to teaching marketing research and other marketing courses.
Cognitive Salience of Subjugation and the Ideological Justification of U.S. Geopolitical Dominance in Japan

To explore the causal role of cognition about subjugation in the justification of the geopolitical status quo, Japanese attitudes about U.S.–Japan relations were assessed after experimentally making salient either Japan’s dominance or subjugation regarding the United States. In addition, participants completed measures of ideology, including system justification, social dominance orientation, and right-wing authoritarianism. Results demonstrated that those reminded of Japan’s geopolitical subjugation to (but not dominance over) the U.S. endorsed U.S. hegemony to the degree that system justification motivation was high. Findings suggest that (a) international hierarchies have attitudinal consequences that may be especially pronounced among those who endorse the status quo, and (b) current Japanese policy-related attitudes are influenced by the salience of U.S. hegemony in Japan.
On the mechanical interaction of a boa constrictor and its prey

Abstract The rather gruesome title provides the inspiration for an example involving the interaction between two different nonlinear viscoelastic material models. The boa constrictor is modeled as a circular band of muscle that can contract while exhibiting nonlinear viscoelastic tensile properties. It is wrapped around a prey whose chest and lungs are modeled as a cylinder of a compressible nonlinear viscoelastic material. Contraction results in tension in the muscle and a radial compressive load on the cylinder. It is assumed that the boa constrictor, as would a human, feels discomfort when its muscle tension becomes too large. The initial muscle contraction thus raises the boa constrictor’s muscle tension to the level of incipient discomfort, which then relaxes due to muscle viscoelasticity combined with compressive creep of the prey’s volume. Further muscle contraction raises the tension back to the maximum comfort level and the process is repeated until the volume of the prey has reduced to an extent that its viability is no longer possible. This behavior is illustrated with a numerical example.
Surveying The Impact Of Work Hours And Schedules On Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Sleep

BACKGROUND: Given the long hours on the road involving multiple and interacting work stressors (i.e., delivery pressures, irregular shifts, ergonomic hazards), commercial drivers face a plethora of health and safety risks. Researchers goal was to determine whether and to what extent long-haul trucker work schedules influence sleep duration and quality. METHODS: Survey and biometric data collected from male long-haul truck drivers at a major truckstop in central North Carolina over a six month period. RESULTS: Daily hours worked (mean = 11 hours, 55 minutes) and frequency of working over government-mandated daily HOS regulations (23.8% "frequently or always") were statistically significant predictors of sleep duration. Miles driven per week (mean = 2,812.61), irregular daily hours worked (63.8%), and frequency of working over the daily hour limit (23.8% "frequently or always") were statistically significant predictors of sleep quality. CONCLUSION: Implications of findings suggest a comprehensive review of the regulations and operational conditions for commercial motor vehicle drivers be undertaken. Language: en
A ray tracing study of shock leakage in a model supersonic jet

Recent work has described screech noise from a supersonic jet as being due to leakage of a wave that is otherwise trapped in the jet's interior. In that work, the simplest of many techniques used is ray tracing for a single shear-layer modeled as a row of Stuart vortices. In the present work, a lower row of vortices is added to form a plane jet. Instead of plotting ray paths, a technique of visualization analogous to streaklines is used that better corresponds to instantaneous density fields as observed, for instance, by the Schlieren method. This produces striking images that show leakage of waves at each internal reflection resulting in a row of acoustic sources as envisioned since the 1950s. However, the sources are not isotropic and each has a zone of silence in the downstream direction. Leakage creates a fold in the wave pattern internal to the jet which leads to fine scale features. Reported experiments have also observed fine scale features (described as splitting) in the shock-cell pattern; they m...
Tracing the Liberal Arts Traditions in Support of Service-learning and Public-engaged Scholarship in the Humanities:

Disciplines in the humanities have been slow to adopt service-learning and public-engaged scholarship overall, and scholars opposed to it often refer to the private goals of higher education, including private contemplation shielded from market and political forces, and furthering knowledge for its own sake in their respective academic disciplines. However, some scholars have embraced the public-engaged scholarship worldview, although they maintain it in conflict with the goals of humanities disciplines. Alternatively, other humanities scholars center the civic, ethical, and public purposes of their work. The author outlines the historical origins of the two main academic paradigms in higher education, the “orators” and the “philosophers” that led to these distinctions. The more “public,” humanities-based orientation, the orators, evolved first, and it offers its own justification for the humanities in support of public-engaged scholarship. The author proposes additional exploration of this tradition, par...
American Standards of Ophthalmic Lenses

(1957). American Standards of Ophthalmic Lenses. Clinical and Experimental Optometry: Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 176-181.
The substellar mass function: A Bayesian approach

We report our efforts to constrain the form of the low-mass star and brown dwarf mass function via Bayesian inference. Recent surveys of M, L, and T dwarfs in the local solar neighborhood are an essential component of our study. Uncertainties in the age distribution of local field stars make reliable inference complicated. We adopt a wide range of plausible assumptions about the rate of Galactic star formation and show that their deviations from a uniform rate produce little effect on the resulting luminosity function for a given mass function. As an ancillary result, we calculate the age distribution for M, L, and T spectral types. We demonstrate that late L dwarfs, in particular, are systematically younger than objects with earlier or later spectral types, with a mean age of 3 Gyr. Finally, we use a Bayesian statistical formalism to evaluate the probability of commonly used mass functions in the light of recent discoveries. We consider three functional forms of the mass function, including a two-segment power law, a single power law with a low-mass cutoff, and a lognormal distribution. Our results show that at a 60% confidence level the power-law index α for the low-mass arm of a two-segment power law has a value between -0.6 and 0.6 for objects with masses between 0.04 and 0.10 M-circle dot;. The best-fit index is alpha = 0.3 plus or minus; 0.6 at the 60% confidence level for a single-segment mass function. Current data require this function to extend to at least 0.05 M-circle dot with no restrictions placed on a lower mass cutoff. Inferences of the parameter values for a lognormal mass function are virtually unaffected by recent estimates of the local space density of L and T dwarfs. We find that we have no preference among these three forms using this method. We discuss current and future capabilities that may eventually discriminate between mass function models and refine estimates of their associated parameter values.
TAR DNA-binding protein 43 pathology in Alzheimer's disease with psychosis

Background: TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) has been identified as a major disease protein in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. More recently, TDP-43 proteinopathy has also been observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) with a characteristic distribution of TDP-43 predominantly in the mesial temporal lobe, and to a lesser degree in the neocortical areas. AD subjects with psychotic symptoms (AD+P) represent a subgroup characterized by greater impairment of frontal cortex-dependent cognitive functions and more severe frontal cortical neuropathology. The aim of this study is to determine whether there is an association between TDP-43 pathology and AD+P. We hypothesized that TDP-43 pathology would be more frequent in AD+P than in AD without psychosis. Methods: We studied the presence and distribution of TDP-43 pathology by immunohistochemistry in the dentate gyrus (DG) and prefrontal cortex (FC) of postmortem brain specimens from 68 subjects with a primary neuropathologic diagnosis of AD as determined by the Neuropathology Core of the University of Pittsburgh Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. Results: Forty-five (66%) subjects were classified as AD+P. Fourteen (20.6%) subjects had TDP-43 pathology in DG, eight (11.8%) had TDP-43 pathology in FC, and six (8.8%) had TDP-43 pathology in both regions. TDP-43 in DG was not significantly associated with AD+P. However, TDP-43 in FC demonstrated a trend toward reduced likelihood of psychosis (p = 0.068). TDP-43 pathology in DG, but not FC, was significantly associated with greater age at death and longer duration of illness. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that there was no association between concomitant TDP-43 pathology in DG or FC and AD+P.
Pyroelectric detectors and their applications

The authors review the principles of operation of pyroelectric detectors. The equations for current responsivity, voltage responsivity, noise, noise equivalent power, and detectivity are derived from the fundamental thermodynamic model of a pyroelectric detector. The frequency-dependent current and voltage responsivities are explained. Factors influencing the choice of pyroelectric material for various applications are summarized. The possibilities of various new applications and the developments of pyroelectric detectors are discussed. A laboratory prototype demonstration system has been built using an ELTEC detector type 5192. For a high signal-to-noise ratio, an electric charge integration technique is applied. High-precision operational amplifiers are used for high-quality signal conditioning. The pyroelectric detector consists of two parallel opposed dual lithium tantalate pyroelectric single crystals with a junction FET source follower sealed in a standard TO-5 housing. >
Elastic scattering of deuterons by 14C from Ed = 4 to 10 MeV

Abstract Angular distributions for the elastic scattering of deuterons by 14 C were measured at nine energies between E d = 4.2 and 10 MeV. Excitation functions were taken in 50 keV steps from E d = 4 to 10 MeV. A resonance was observed at E d = 4.5 MeV, which corresponds to an excitation energy of 14.41 MeV in 16 N. An analysis using an optical model plus a single-level formula derived from the R -matrix formalism yields an l -value assignment of l = 4 for this resonance. Of the three J π values allowed for l = 4 ( J π = 3 + , 4 + , 5 + ), the value of J π = 3 + is found to be slightly preferred. Possible identification of this resonance with an analog in 16 O is discussed. The angular distributions measured at off-resonance energies were analyzed with an optical-model potential which has a surface-peaked imaginary well. The energy dependence of the real and imaginary well depths are explicitly determined in the present work for E d = 4 to 10 MeV. The best-fit optical-model parameters obtained from the present study are compared to those from the 14 N(d, d) 14 N work.
Laboratory Investigation of PRRS Virus Infection in Three Swine Herds

Late in 1991, an enveloped RNA virus (now called porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome [PRRS] virus) was identified as the etiologic agent for mystery swine disease. In 1992, laboratory procedures for the diagnosis of this disease evolved rapidly, and veterinary diagnosticians started applying these tests to field cases. This report is written from the perspective of veterinary laboratory diagnosticians and utilizes 3 case studies to define the advantages and disadvantages of the various available diagnostic laboratory PRRS test procedures in different clinical situations. The diagnostic procedures currently used in our laboratory for investigating PRRS are pathologic examination, serologic testing, fluorescent antibody (FA) testing, and virus isolation. Interstitial pneumonia, characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration of alveolar walls with normal airway epithelium, is a hallmark lesion for the disease, especially in neonatal pigs with respiratory distress. Interstitial pneumonia is not a specific lesion and must be coupled with other tests to verify PRRS virus infection. Demonstration of seroconversion is helpful, especially in sows that have experienced reproductive failure. The indirect FA test detects antibody sooner than the serum neutralization test and will likely become the serologic test of choice. The direct FA test on fresh tissue utilizes monoclonal antibody and is useful for investigating PRRS virus-associated pneumonia. Virus isolation utilizing swine alveolar macrophages has also been a useful diagnostic procedure. All of the above tests have been universally unrewarding when applied to aborted, mummified, or stillborn piglets.
Self-organizing maps for analyzing mammographic findings

The purpose of this study is to analyze mammographic findings using self-organizing map artificial neural networks. Using two findings of patient age and mass margin extracted by radiologists, self-organizing maps were developed to analyze both the distribution and topology of the input findings. These results can help to explain the underlying nature of mammographic findings data, which may in turn help radiologists to improve breast cancer diagnosis and assist in the development of other neural networks.