cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of rituximab-resistant B-NHL clones: deficiencies in rituximab-mediated changes in lipid raft microdomains and cell signaling

4657 The chimeric mouse anti-human CD20 mAb Rituximab, alone or combined with chemotherapy, has significant anti-lymphoma activity. A subset of patients does not respond initially or following treatment with rituximab. In order to investigate the mechanism of rituximab resistance, we have developed rituximab-resistant (RR) clones of Ramos and Daudi cells following culture with increasing concentrations of rituximab and limiting dilution analysis of single cells. The CD20+ expressing RR clones failed to respond to rituximab-mediated CDC, cytostasis, chemo-sensitization, cross-linked rituximab-mediated apoptosis (Jazirehi and Bonavida, Oncogene, 24:2121-43, 2005). Studies were undertaken to examine the underlying mechanism of rituximab resistance in the clones. The RR clones showed over-expression of the complement inhibitor CD59. In the wild type cells, treatment with rituximab resulted in a rapid and transient increase in acid-sphingomyelinase activity concomitant with cellular ceramide generation in lipid rafts. Rituximab treated cells externalized both acid sphingomyelinase and ceramide which co-localized with the CD20 receptor (Bezombes, et al., Blood,104:1166-73, 2004). Preliminary results show that rituximab-induced acid sphingomyelinase translocation and ceramide generation at the cell surface is reduced in RR clones compared to parental clones. We further analyzed possible mutations in the CD20 coding sequence. There was no difference in mutations between the parental and RR clones. Since lipid rafts serve as signaling platforms, thus, it seems that resistance to rituximab in these clones is due to a defect of the sphingomyelin-ceramide pathway. RR clones exhibit hyperactivation of the ERK1/2 and NF-kB survival signaling pathways concomitant with overexpression of Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, and Mcl-1. Treatment of RR clones with specific pharmacological inhibitors of these pathways sensitized the RR clones to various chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g., CDDP, Vincristine, Adrimycin, Taxol, Etoposide) and significant synergy in apoptosis was achieved. These findings demonstrate that the development of resistance to rituximab treatment may result from alteration of the cell signaling mediated by rituximab and failure to mobilize the lipid rafts on the cell membrane and the failure to inhibit downstream survival signaling pathways. In addition, the findings suggest the potential therapeutic application of combining sensitizing agents and conventional therapeutic drugs in the treatment of rituximab and drug-resistant B-NHL. This study was supported in part by a philanthropic contribution from the JCCC/Rosenfield Fund under the direction of David Leveton.
Effects of chemical and physical mutagens on the frequency of a large genetic duplication in Salmonellatyphimurium: II. Stimulation of duplication-loss from merodiploids

Abstract Strains of Salmonella typhimurium which contain a duplication of approximately 30% of the genome mey be obtained by a simple selective procedure. These strains are highly unstable, losing the duplication when grown on non-selective medium. In this paper we report that treatment of merodiploid bacteria with mutagenic agents stimulates the rate at which haploid segregants are obtained from merodiploid strains. The mutagens which have been tested for this effect are X-rays, ultraviolet light (UV), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), and the azaacridine half-muscard ICR-372.
Theca-cell tumor of ovary in child one year of age

Summary The literature on theca-cell tumors of the ovary is reviewed. A case of thecoma of the left ovary in a 1-year, 8-day-old female is described. There was a history of white vaginal discharge present shortly before one year of age, and, subsequently, vaginal bleeding occurred. Examination revealed a slightly enlarged uterus in the lower abdomen, an approximately 3×3 cm., freely movable, smooth, hard and nontender tumor mass. Breasts were enlarged to about the size of those of a 12-year-old girl, and pubic hair was present. The labia minora were definitely enlarged and there was redundancy of the hymen. The 17-ketosteroid determination revealed 0.05 mg. per twenty-four hours. The urine collected over a twenty-four-hour period contained the equivalent of 230 I.U. of estrone, an amount well within the range of the normal, adult, cycling female. The tumor tissue was assayed for estrogen and found to contain the equivalent of 2 I.U. per gram of fresh tissue. Preoperative vaginal smears revealed cornified epithelial cells comparable to those of women at the midinterval of the menstrual cycle. Late postoperative vaginal smears showed regression of the vaginal epithelium to the infantile condition. The diagnosis of theca-cell tumor in this case rests on the presence of intracellular and extracellular lipoid droplets containing birefringent granules, and large amounts of reticular fibrils. This is one case which supports the view that an ovarian tumor can produce feminizing characteristics, and contain by far a major portion of theca-cell rather than granulosa-cell element.
Meta dynamic states for self healing autonomic computing systems

Studying the fundamental behavior of complex systems for emergent systemic properties forms the foundation for designing robust and intelligent systems. Computational systems like autonomic computing systems (ACS) are no different. Researchers working on designing ACS are faced with a challenge trying to identify what it is that bestows autonomic behavior to such systems. Complex systems exhibit complex behavior like homeostasis, robustness etc, but the way they achieve is probably very simple. This paper is an attempt to view ACS as complex dynamical systems exhibiting certain lower order behaviors, which can be used as scaffolding to construct higher order behaviors like homeostasis, robustness and self-healing. The technique discussed here exploits the simple behavior of all dynamical systems organizing their state space into attractors and basins of attractors and uses it to impart homeostatic properties to such systems. This is a classic case of higher level orders emerging out of the lower level order for free.
A pentaerythritol-derived spirodiphosphonate

The title spirodi­phospho­nate, 3,9-di­methyl-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3λ5,9λ5-diphospha­spiro­[5.5]­un­decane-3,9-dione, C7H14O6P2, a polymer additive, has crystallographic symmetry 2. At 100 K, its six-membered rings have chair conformations, with endocyclic torsion-angle magnitudes in the range 51.87 (8)–58.93 (9)°. The P=O distance is 1.4749 (8) A, while the P—C(methyl) distance is 1.7691 (12) A.
Modeling AIDS survival after initiation of antiretroviral treatment by Weibull models with changepoints.

Mortality of HIV-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy in the developing world is very high immediately after the start of ART therapy and drops sharply thereafter. It is necessary to use models of survival time that reflect this change.
Effect of various types of egg white on characteristics and gelation of fish myofibrillar proteins.

: Three types of egg white protein (regular dried egg white [REW], special dried egg white [SEW], and liquid egg white [LEW]) were compared for their effect in surimi (CON), containing no egg white (EW). They were characterized for enzyme inhibition and time of EW addition, either with cryoprotectants prior to freezing or during gel preparation, using Pacific whiting surimi. In addition, the setting (suwari) effect and fish protein–EW protein interactions (dynamic rheological properties, total sulfhydryl groups, and fracture gel analysis) were evaluated using Alaska pollock surimi. After 12 mo frozen storage, adding 2% and 3% SEW to Pacific whiting surimi during chopping significantly (P 0.05) to CON (1055.1 g; 19.3 mm) and significantly (P < 0.05) better than 2% REW (666.1 g; 15.6 mm). Texture results corresponded well to other data where 2% SEW showed the lowest total sulfhydryl groups (48.3 mole/105 g), and higher elastic modulus (G′), which suggests improved protein interaction for gel formation. Overall, the addition of 2% to 3% SEW improved gel textural properties of Pacific whiting and Alaska pollock fish protein.
A fluctuating water-level chamber for biogeochemical experiments in tidal marshes

An experimental chamber is described which is closed to the water column but encompasses a selected section of the marsh surface. The microcosm is connected to a subsurface collapsible reservoir which functions as a flood water source. Head differences due to tidal fluctuations force reservoir water into and out of the microcosm, so that over complete tidal cycles the net exchanges of materials can be quantified. For this study, seasonal patterns of ammonium and phosphate dynamics in a tidal freshwater marsh were determined using four experimental chambers. On average, phosphate was removed from the water column during the spring, and released to the water column during summer and early fall. Seasonal patterns of ammonium dynamics were less clear, but the marsh removed ammonium from the water column on two of three summer sampling dates. Ammonium and phosphate removal from replicated chambers in vegetated sections of the marsh complex was greater than from unvegetated sections, indicating spatial heterogeneity of nutrient processing. The use of chambers in tidal marshes creates the opportunity to run controlled experiments in situ without imposing artificial hydrologic regimes.
Negotiating Stigma: Lessons From the Life Stories of Gay Men

Gay men, like lesbians, bisexuals, and transgender persons, must negotiate their sexual orientation due to the socially constructed negative view of homosexuality in our culture. Stigma is experienced in various ways according to the meaning that the individual applies to it. This study gleans lessons from the life stories of 15 gay men who recognized the stigma of homosexuality and devised strategies to cope with it. An important finding was that mentors, acting as “cultural brokers,” played a significant role in helping to cope with stigma. The intent of this study is to add to the literature regarding mechanisms that social workers can employ to help gay men cope with stigmatization.
Indoor-outdoor relationships for particulate matter: Exposure classifications and health effects

Abstract As part of a study on the effects of indoor and outdoor air pollutants on respiratory health, measurements of indoor inhalable (PM 10 ) and respirable (PM 2.5 ) particulate matter have been collected in a sample of exposure-classified households. There was a close relationship between average indoor PM in these two size ranges, with a slope of 1.08 (PM 10 to PM 2.5 ), intercept of 12.5 μg/m 3 and R 2 of 88.6%. Samples collected in the same household during sequential weeks were generally closely related (R 2 of 85% for both sizes; difference was nonsignificant), although week-specific activities were important in explaining difference within some homes. The median indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio was 0.63 for homes without reported smoking, and 1.1 for those with smoking. Corresponding mean indoor-outdoor differences were −3.6 and +13.5 μg/m 3 , which was only significant for homes with smoking (p 10 over 50 μg/m 3 was associated with non-specific (annoyance) symptoms. PM 2.5 over 15 μg/m 3 was related to symptoms of acute respiratory infections (depending on age group) and to daily variability in peak flow rates (independent of age and sex). These effects may be related to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposures that are correlated with the measured PM concentrations, although more specific indicators of ETS are needed to confirm this.
Ultralow Protein Adsorbing Coatings from Clickable PEG Nanogel Solutions: Benefits of Attachment under Salt-Induced Phase Separation Conditions and Comparison with PEG/Albumin Nanogel Coatings

Clickable nanogel solutions were synthesized by using the copper catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) to partially polymerize solutions of azide and alkyne functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) monomers. Coatings were fabricated using a second click reaction: a UV thiol-yne attachment of the nanogel solutions to mercaptosilanated glass. Because the CuAAC reaction was effectively halted by the addition of a copper-chelator, we were able to prevent bulk gelation and limit the coating thickness to a single monolayer of nanogels in the absence of the solution reaction. This enabled the inclusion of kosmotropic salts, which caused the PEG to phase-separate and nearly double the nanogel packing density, as confirmed by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). Protein adsorption was analyzed by single molecule counting with total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy and cell adhesion assays. Coatings formed from the phase-separated clickable nanogel solutions attached with salt adsorbed significantly less fibrinogen than other 100% PEG coatings tested, as well as poly(L-lysine)-g-PEG (PLL-g-PEG) coatings. However, PEG/albumin nanogel coatings still outperformed the best 100% PEG clickable nanogel coatings. Additional surface cross-linking of the clickable nanogel coating in the presence of copper further reduced levels of fibrinogen adsorption closer to those of PEG/albumin nanogel coatings. However, this step negatively impacted long-term resistance to cell adhesion and dramatically altered the morphology of the coating by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The main benefit of the click strategy is that the partially polymerized solutions are stable almost indefinitely, allowing attachment in the phase-separated state without danger of bulk gelation, and thus producing the best performing 100% PEG coating that we have studied to date.
Intra-patient colon surface registration based on tæniæ coli

CT colonography, a prevalent tool to diagnose colon cancer in its early stages, is often limited by bad distention, or retained fluids, which will cause segments of the colon to be impossible to process by CAD tools. By scanning patients in both prone and supine positions, collapsed segments and retained fluids will not be in the same place in both images, increasing the length of the colon that can be processed correctly. In order to fully use these two scans, they must be registered, so that a lesion identified on one of them can be mapped to the other, thus increasing sensitivity and specificity of CAD tools. The surface of the colon is however large (more than half a million vertices on our images), and has no canonical shape, which makes atlases and other widely used registration algorithms non optimal. We present in this paper a fast method to register the colon surface between prone and supine scans using landmarks present on the colon, the teniae coli. Our method is composed of three steps. First, we register the body, based on manually placed landmarks. Then we register the three tenit coli, and, from this registration, we compute a deformation field for each vertex of the colon surface. We tested our method on 5 cases, by measuring the RMS error after body registration, quantifying the intrisic movement of the colon, and after colon surface registration. The RMS error was reduced from 1.8 cm to 0.49 cm, a reduction of 71%.
A scalable implementation of sparse approximation on a field programmable analog array

Compressed sensing is an important optimization problem in signal and image processing applications. A Hopfield-Network-like analog system is proposed as a solution, using the Locally Competitive Algorithm (LCA) [1] to solve an overcomplete l1 sparse approximation problem. A scalable system architecture using sub-threshold currents is described. A 2×3 system is implemented on the RASP 2.9v chip, a Field Programmable Analog Array. The circuit successfully reproduced the outputs of a digital L1LS solver, converging to within 2.5% RMS error, and successfully matching its support vector. The paper concludes by discussing methods for scaling the architecture and including it in compressed sensing systems.
Long-Term Outcomes of Augmentation Enterocystoplasty with a Catheterizable Channel in the Adult Neurogenic Population

Augmentation enterocystoplasty with a continent catheterizable stoma is a common approach to refractory neuropathic bladder, incontinence and end-stage bladder disease that aims to provide a large capacity, low-pressure reservoir and continent stoma. The goal is to not only to prevent renal deterioration, but also provide the patient with an improved quality of life. Several recent studies, reviewed in this chapter, have assessed the long-term outcomes of these procedures, demonstrating durable improvement in bladder capacity, bladder compliance, continence and quality of life. The long-term complications of the surgery include stomal complications such as stenosis and prolapse, channel related complications leading to difficult catheterization, bladder stones, recurrent urinary tract infections, bladder rupture, metabolic derangement and in very rare cases, malignant transformation. Successful surgery and good outcomes depend on proper patient selection, surgeon and center experience with the procedure, and close follow-up.
Species-specific differences in covalently crosslinked complexes of yeast cytochrome C peroxidase with horse and yeast ISO-1 ferricytochromes C

Abstract 1. 1. The results of chemically crosslinking yeast cytochrome c peroxidase with both horse and yeast iso-1 ferricytochromes c have been studied by a combination of gel electrophoresis and proton NMR spectroscopy. 2. 2. The complexes were formed at a variety of potassium phosphate concentrations ranging from 10 to 300 mM using the water soluble crosslinking agent, EDC (l-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-carbodiimide). 3. 3. The primary crosslinking product in both cases is the 1:1 covalent complex, but, for each pair of partner proteins the yield of the 1:1 crosslinked complex varies with the salt concentration. 4. 4. Furthermore, at low salt concentrations the yield of the 1:1 covalent complex involving horse cytochrome c is much larger than the yield of the 1:1 covalent complex formed with yeast iso-1 cytochrome c , whereas at high salt concentrations the situation is reversed. 5. 5. Proton NMR spectroscopy, in combination with gel electrophoresis, provides evidence for the formation of different types of 1:1 complexes for the peroxidase/yeast cytochrome c pair and has been used to study the effect of changes in the solution ionic strength upon both the peroxidases/horse cytochrome c and the peroxidase/yeast cytochrome c complexes. 6. 6. This work indicates that electrostatic interactions between proteins play a dominant role in formation of complexes between cytochrome c peroxidase and horse ferricytochrome c , whereas the hydrophobic effect plays a comparatively larger role in stabilizing complexes between cytochrome c peroxidase and yeast iso-1 ferricytochrome c .
METRONIDAZOLE HYPERSENSITIVITY AND ORAL DESENSITIZATION

The patient was a 31-year-old black woman first diagnosed with vaginal Trichomonas 4 to 5 years ago. Approximately 10 minutes after taking a single dose of metronidazole (2 gm orally), she developed hives over her entire body, followed by shortness of breath. Her symptoms resolved spontaneously after 15 minutes. Two years ago, the patient again developed vaginal Trichomonas and was treated with metronidazole, followed by the same symptoms. The patient was treated in the emergency room with subcutaneous epinephrine. During the past year, the patient has had a persistent Trichomonas infection despite multiple clinic visits and alternative treatments to metronidazole, including topical clotrimazole cream and zinc oxide. The patient had no other drug or food allergies. Physical examination was significant only for vaginitis with a strawberry type cervix and yellow frothy discharge. Laboratory data were positive by wet-drop examination and Trichomonas direct fluorescent Ab test. The patient was referred for an allergy consultation for metronidazole desensitization for persistent Trichomonas (Table I). At approximately one half the therapeutic dose (750 mg), the patient developed an urticarial lesion associated with throat tightness within 10 minutes. Blood pressure remained stable, and her chest was clear to percussion and auscultation. Treatment with an antihistamine (astemizole, 10 mg orally, one dose) and corticosteroids (dexamethasone, 8 mg intramuscularly, one dose) was then administered. The urticarial lesion and chest tightness re-
Spectral solution of acoustic wave-propagation problems

The Chebyshev spectral collocation solution of acoustic wave propagation problems is considered. It is shown that the phase errors decay exponentially fast and that the number of points per wavelength is not sufficient to estimate the phase accuracy. Applications include linear propagation of a sinusoidal acoustic wavetrain in two space dimensions, and the interaction of a sound wave with the bow shock formed by placing a cylinder in a uniform Mach 4 supersonic free stream.
An Interview with Alvin W. Wolfe

Alvin W. Wolfe made a number of important contributions to applied anthropology throughout a career lasting nearly 50 years. Born in Nebraska in 1928, he joined the US Army in 1945 where he received training in Japanese language and culture, as well as participating in the armored and the airborne corps. Using the GI Bill he enrolled in the University of Nebraska where he majored in anthropology and English, graduating in 1950. He became interested in archaeology by working in a museum under the direction of archaeologist A.T. Hill. To learn more about the other fields of anthropology, he enrolled at Northwestern University where he did dissertation fieldwork among the Ngombe, of the then-Belgian Congo, in 1952-53 under the direction of Melville J. Herskovits. In 1954-55, he was the Logan Museum Teaching Fellow at Beloit College, from 1955-57 he taught at Middlebury College, 1957-61 at Lafayette College, 1961-68 at Washington University in St. Louis, and from 1968-74 at the University of Wisconsin-Milwauk...
Differences in growth dynamics of loblolly and slash pine plantations in the southeastern United States

Abstract A species comparison study was established in 1995 in the Lower Coastal Plain of southern Georgia and northern Florida, in which loblolly and slash pine plots were paired for combinations of planting density (741–3706 trees/ha) and management intensity (operational and intensive) at nine locations. With the age 2–15 year data, species comparisons were conducted using a mixed-effect model for split-plot experiment design with repeated measurements, for average DBH, average height, average live crown length and crown ratio, cronartium infection, survival, stand density index, stand basal area and total volume. Loblolly pine consistently had greater average height and live crown length than slash pine. Average DBH did not differ between species. Loblolly pine outperformed slash pine in terms of stand basal area and total volume, partially due to the higher cronartium infection and mortality of slash pine. More intensive management significantly increased species differences in average height, stand basal area and total volume. Planting density significantly affected species difference only in live crown length.
Gender and Age Differences in Awareness and Endorsement of Gender Stereotypes about Academic Abilities.

We measured age and gender differences in children’s awareness and endorsement of gender stereotypes about math, science, and verbal abilities in 463 fourth, sixth, and eighth graders. Children reported their perceptions of adults’ beliefs and their own stereotypes about gender differences in academic abilities. Consistent with study hypotheses, fourth and sixth graders had a stronger tendency than eighth graders to favor their own gender group rather than report traditional stereotypes. On average, girls favored girls over boys in all three domains. Fourth grade boys favored boys in all three domains; middle school boys reported traditional verbal stereotypes and were on average egalitarian in beliefs about math and science. Children’s reports of their perceptions of adults’ stereotypes mirrored age and gender differences in their own stereotypes and were correlated with their own stereotype endorsement. In addition to showing beliefs favoring girls in verbal domains and a tendency for most age and gender groups to not endorse traditional math and science stereotypes, the results support a synthesis of developmental and social identity theories regarding individual differences in children’s stereotype endorsement. Children’s tendency to favor girls in verbal domains may contribute to gender differences in educational and career choices by pulling girls toward the humanities and social sciences and discouraging boys from pursuing those domains.
Some Observations on the Use of Elliptically Polarized Light to Study Metal Surfaces

Measurements and calculations using elliptically polarized light to determine the thickness and index of refraction of barium stearate films on a variety of substrates are described. Attention is focused especially upon problems associated with the study of very thin films, that is, films which are less than 100 A thick.Measurements of the optical constants of metal substrates are presented. An apparent dependence of the index of refraction n and extinction coefficient κ and independence of the absorption coefficient k upon the angle of incidence is observed and is discussed.Several effects, including accuracy and sensitivity, of the angle of incidence in studying film growth are noted. It is shown that there exists a characteristic angle of incidence at which the growth of a film produces a negligible change in the ellipticity, and it is shown how advantage may be taken of this to facilitate measurements of rapidly changing surfaces.It is demonstrated that extraneous films are satisfactorily accounted for in measuring thin films by means of the Drude equations through their effects upon the apparent optical constants of the substrate. Advantage may be taken of this fact to extend the thickness range over which the Drude linear equations are applicable by a computational procedure.The problem of the anomalous index of refraction of very thin films as determined by the Drude equations is considered. It is concluded that the anomalies revealed by the Drude equations are associated with the system under study and are not caused by any inherent limitation in the Drude equations. It appears that at the interface between a dielectric layer and metal system there is an absorbing region which produces the anomaly in the refractive index calculated by the Drude equations and for which explicit allowance must be made in order to make accurate measurements of the thickness of very thin films.
Representation of 3D and 4D objects based on an associated curved space and a general coordinate transformation invariant description

This paper presents a new theoretical approach for the description of multidimensional objects for which 3D and 4D are particular cases. The approach is based on a curved space which is associated to each object. This curved space is characterised by Riemannian tensors from which invariant quantities are defined. A descriptor or index is constructed from those invariants for which statistical and abstract graph representations are associated. The obtained representations are invariant under general coordinate transformations. The statistical representation allows a compact description of the object while the abstract graph allows describing the relations in between the parts as well as the structure.
Acetylcholine hyperpolarizes central neurones by acting on an M2 muscarinic receptor.

Acetylcholine (ACh) is considered to act as a neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain by binding to membrane receptors and bringing about a change in neurone excitability. In the case of muscarinic receptors, cell excitability is usually increased1; this effect results from a closure of membrane potassium channels in cortical cells2,3. However, some central neurones are inhibited by ACh1, and we hypothesized that these two opposite effects of ACh resulted from interactions with different subtypes of muscarinic receptor. We made intracellular recordings from neurones in the rat nucleus parabrachialis, a group of neurones in the upper pons some of which themselves synthesize ACh4,5. ACh and muscarine caused a membrane hyperpolarization which resulted from an increase in the membrane conductance to potassium ions. The muscarinic receptor subtype was characterized by determining the dissociation equilibrium constant (KD) for pirenzepine during the intracellular recording; the value of ∼600 nM indicates a receptor in the M2 class. This muscarinic receptor is quite different from that which brings about a decrease in potassium conductance in other neurones, which has a pirenzepine KD of ∼10nM (M1 receptors)6–8. It is possible that antagonists selective for this kind of M2 receptor would be useful in the management of conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, which are associated with a reduced effectiveness of cholinergic neurones.
Assessment of the Contribution of Forests to the Economy of the Northeastern States of India

SUMMARY The economic and environmental benefits of the extensive biodiversity-rich forest areas of Northeast India are immense and are depended upon by the people for their livelihoods. However, for historical, topographical, logistic and complex sociological reasons, quantitative data on most of the economic and environmental components of forests are lacking. Quantification of both tangible and intangible forest benefits remains a neglected research area. The paper provides some available data on the forest contribution and models this based on the current rate of forest revenue generation. Considering the ample opportunities of the forestry sector, the need for strategic planning to enhance the contribution of forests to the overall economy of the region is emphasised. The paper identifies various system components and forcing functions impacting forest benefits and suggests what issues need to be addressed to enhance them.
An instability theory of air-sea interaction for coastal upwelling

A surface wind (seabreeze), thermally generated by differential sea surface temperature, is introduced to Gill-Clarke’s model (1974) through wind stress for investigating the effects of seabreeze on coastal upwelling. A coupled air-sea system is treated as an eigenvalue problem. The solutions show that the thermally forced local winds break down the coastal Kelvin wave into three parts: small-scale (L 200 km) coastal Kelvin modes. The consistency of the length scale between the most growing mode predicted by this model and the observed cold/warm alternation pattern of surface water near the Peruvian Coast (around 15 °S) implies that seabreeze may play some role in coastal upwelling.
Incorporation of native and denatured whey proteins into cheese curd for manufacture of reduced fat, Havarti-type cheese

Abstract Undenatured and heat-denatured whey proteins were incorporated into Havarti-type cheese by manufacturing cheese from ultrafiltered milk that had been heated to 72°C for 17s or 85°C for 17s. Traditional Havarti also was manufactured and used as a control. Cheeses were ripened for 12 wk. High heat treatment resulted in significantly greater percentages of denatured whey proteins in milk. The rate of α s1 -CN hydrolysis, as determined by urea-PAGE, was significantly lower in cheese that had been manufactured from UF milk heated to 72°C than in control cheese and cheese made from UF milk heated to 85°C. More whey proteins, mostly denatured, were recovered in cheese manufactured from milk heated to 85°C than in cheeses manufactured from milk heated to 72°C. The overall flavor intensity among cheeses was indistinguishable by the sensory panel; however, control cheeses were more bitter than UF cheeses.
Money, inflation, and investment

Abstract This paper analyzes an infinite horizon, optimizing, monetary growth model with endogenously determined income tax rates. The technology is linear and random, and preferences exhibit unitary relative risk aversion and a constant elasticity of substitution between real money balances and consumption. An explicit solution for the rational expectations equilibrium is derived. The relationship between the money growth rate and investment depends on the elasticity of substitution. Moreover, maximizing welfare is inconsistent with choosing a money growth rule to maximize investment.
Abstract 475: GATA3 mutations in breast cancer

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide, resulting in over 400,000 deaths per year. Approximately 90% of breast cancers occur in women who have no family history of breast cancer, indicating that most breast cancers occur following spontaneous mutations resulting from the aging process or the action of environmental agents. Breast cancers can be divided into several subtypes base on gene expression profiles. Luminal breast cancer, the most common subtype, is characterized by expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha). The zinc finger transcription factor GATA3, which is known as a regulator of mammary gland development, is frequently expressed in luminal breast cancer cells, and its expression is highly correlated with ER-alpha. In breast cancers, the expression levels of GATA3 directly correlate with favorable prognosis, and its ectopic expression leads to the suppression of tumor metastasis. Comprehensive genomic analysis of breast tumors has revealed frequent somatic mutations of GATA3 in luminal breast cancers. However it is unclear how these GATA3 mutations affect the biological properties of breast cancer. These mutations are located at exclusively in exons 5 and 6 that encode the carboxyl terminus of the protein. Exon 5 contains the second of two zinc finger domains (ZnF2), which is important for the DNA binding activity of GATA3. Exon 6 has no previously described biochemical function. In this study, we focus on two mutations found in cancer patients - a frame shift at tyrosine 345 (Y345fs) and a frame shift at arginine 330 (R330fs). These two mutants are of particular interest as they produce truncated proteins, and both mutants lack exon 6. Y345fs preserves ZnF2, while R330fs interrupts ZnF2. These two mutants permit dissection of the molecular outcomes flowing from loss of exon 6 (Y345fs) versus the combination of loss of ZnF2 and exon 6 (R330fs). To assess the impact of these mutations, we established breast cancer cells expressing Y345fs and R330fs respectively, and analyzed their phenotype at the cellular and molecular levels. These studies begin to address the biochemical and functional outcomes of commonly occurring mutations in breast cancer. Citation Format: Motoki Takaku, Aleksandra Adomas, Sara A. Grimm, Shimbo Takashi, Paul A. Wade. GATA3 mutations in breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 475. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-475
Standardized approach to laparoscopic right colectomy: Outcomes in 70 consecutive cases

Background The purpose of this article is to describe a standard operative technique, postoperative care plan, and outcomes for laparoscopic right hemicolectomy. Study design A consecutive series of patients requiring laparoscopic right colectomy for neoplasia from March 1999 to April 2003 at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, were analyzed. Data collected included age, gender, indication for surgery, American Society of Anesthesiology class, body-mass index, operative duration, length of hospital stay, complications, mortality, and 30-day readmission rate. Operative steps and instrumentation for the procedure were standardized. Conversion was performed when a sequential step could not be completed in a reasonable time frame. A standard perioperative care plan was used. Results From March 1999 through April 2003, 70 laparoscopic right hemicolectomies were attempted and 64 (90.1%) were completed. Indications for resection were cancer (30) and polyps (38). The mean operative time was 85 ± 32 minutes. Mean length of hospital stay was 3.2 ± 2 days for completed cases and 4.3 ± 2 days for converted cases. Anastomotic leaks occurred in 2 (2.8%) patients. The morbidity rate including the anastomotic leaks was 7.1%. There were no operative mortalities or port site tumor recurrences. Conclusions Results indicate that a structured approach to laparoscopic right colectomy is associated with reasonable operative times, acceptable morbidity, and reductions in hospital stay.
ON BOUNDING MEASURES OF PRIMENESS IN INTEGRAL DOMAINS

Let D be an integral domain. In this paper, we investigate two (integer- or ∞-valued) invariants ω(D, x) and ω(D) which measure how far a nonzero x ∈ D is from being prime and how far an atomic integral domain D is from being a unique factorization domain (UFD), respectively. In particular, we are interested in when there is a nonzero (irreducible) x ∈ D with ω(D, x) = ∞ and the relationship between ω(A, x) and ω(B, x), and ω(A) and ω(B), for an extension A ⊆ B of integral domains and a nonzero x ∈ A.
The detection of aromatic acids in plant extracts by the ultraviolet absorption spectra of their ions.

Summary In alcoholic solution the wavelength of maximum absorption of those acids which contain a carboxyl group attached to, or conjugated with, an aromatic nucleus is shifted toward the shorter wavelengths in the presence of sodium acetate. This shift provides an easy method for distinguishing aromatic acids from their esters and other phenolic compounds in plant extracts. Esters and simple phenols do not show such a shift. Addition of sodium ethylate to an alcoholic solution of an acid or ester results in a bathochromic shift. The shift is considerably greater with esters than with the corresponding acids.
The Importance of Sport in Building Women's Potential.

(1982). The Importance of Sport in Building Women's Potential. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 18-36.
Sepsis and evolution of the innate immune response.

Objective: To review the role of the Toll-like receptors (TLR) as the principal sensors used by the innate immune system in the context of the pathologic processes underlying sepsis and septic shock. Data Sources: Literature review. Data Summary: Through the Toll-like receptors, macrophages and other defensive cells see endotoxin (TLR4), peptidoglycan (TLR2), and bacterial DNA (TLR9). Representatives of the family predated the divergence of plants and animals and, at that time, had already acquired a defensive function. The strengths and liabilities of the innate immune system, which defends against infection and which also may cause shock and death, are rooted in its ancient origins. In the current era of shock research, the nature of the signals that Toll-like receptors transduce and the effects of genetic variation on microbial sensing are two major challenges.
Chemical and physical characterization of ovomucin, a sulfated glycoprotein complex from chicken eggs.

Abstract 1. 1. A preparation of ovomucin from chicken egg white was shown to be essentially free of other egg white proteins by starch-gel electrophoresis. It contained 83.3% anhydroamino acids, 2.2% total sulfur, 0.44% sulfate sulfur and 14.2% total nitrogen. The protein portion of ovomucin contained 16.6% nitrogen. The 18.6% carbohydrate consisted of 7.2% hexosamine, 7.4% hexose and 4.0% sialic acid. The amino acid composition is similar to that of ovomucoid. 2. 2. The ovomucin was characterized by free-boundary electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, by osmotic pressure and viscosity measurements, and by electron microscopy. When disaggregated in 6 M guanidine · HCl plus 0.2 M mercaptoethanol, the resulting glycopeptide chains had a number-average molecular weight of 1.1 · 10 5 and a viscosity-average molecular weight of 1.6 · 10 5 . 3. 3. Optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism measurements indicate that ovomucin has little α-helix content. Both a o and b o show only minor changes with pH or upon addition of mercaptoethanol, although the intrinsic viscosity, a strong function of salt concentration, is markedly decreased by addition of mercaptoethanol. Ovomucin is probably composed of extended glycoprotein chains held together by disulfide cross-links. It appears inherently heterogeneous.
Efficient Gradient-Based Tolerance Optimization Using Monte Carlo Simulation

A gradient-based optimization approach is employed to select design tolerances for the component dimensions of a mechanical assembly to minimize manufacturing cost while achieving a desired probability of meeting functional requirements, known as the yield. Key to the feasibility of such an approach is to be able to use Monte Carlo simulation to make estimates of the derivatives of the yield with respect to the design tolerances quickly and accurately. A new approach for making these estimates is presented and is shown to be far faster and more accurate than previous approaches. Gradient-based optimization using the new approach for estimating the derivatives is applied to example problems from the literature. The solutions are superior to all previously published solutions and are obtained with very reasonable computer run times. Additional advantages of a gradient-based approach are described.
Water-Soluble, Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized, Monolayer-Protected Nanoparticles and an Ionically Conductive Molten Salt Containing Them

Sulfonic acid-functionalized monolayer-protected gold clusters (SO3-MPCs) have been synthesized by the reaction of the Bunte (thiosulfate) salt of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (SO3) with tetrachloroaurate and borohydride in aqueous acetic acid. The nanoparticles produced have an average core diameter, obtained by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), of 2.2 ± 1.1 nm, and a 30 wt % ligand content, obtained by thermogravimetric analysis. These parameters, assuming an ideal closed-shell truncated octahedral nanoparticle, correspond to an average nanoparticle formula of Au314SO3111. Proton NMR, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and UV/vis spectroscopies are consistent with nanoparticle formation, and acid/base titrations are consistent with the strong acid character of the SO3-MPC monolayer. These nanoparticles add to a growing family of water-soluble MPCs. Synthesis of a salt of SO3-MPC with a polyether-tailed triethylammonium countercation yields an ionically conductive molten salt, which...
ON THE ROLES OF COMPLEMENTARY AND ADMISSIBLE BOUNDARY CONSTRAINTS IN FOURIER SOLUTIONS TO THE BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS OF COMPLETELY COUPLED r TH ORDER PDES

Abstract A heretofore unavailable double Fourier series based approach, for obtaining non-separable solution to a system of completely coupled linear r th order partial differential equations with constant coefficients and subjected to general (completely coupled) boundary conditions, has been presented. The method has been successfully implemented to solve a class of hitherto unsolved boundary-value problems, pertaining to free and forced vibrations of arbitrarily laminated anisotropic doubly curved thin panels of rectangular planform, with arbitrarily prescribed (both symmetric and asymmetric with respect to the panel centerlines) admissible boundary conditions and subjected to general transverse loading. Existing solutions such as those due to Navier or Levy are based on the well-known method of separation of variables. Such solutions represent particular solutions whenever the method of separation of variables work, and when these particular solution functions fortuitously satisfy the boundary conditions. For derivation of the complementary solution, the complementary boundary constraints are introduced through boundary discontinuities of some of the particular solution functions and their partial derivatives. Such discontinuities form sets of measure zero. Various cases of lamination, geometry and dynamic response (forced and free vibrations) of a class of thin anisotropic laminated shells (curved panels) have been shown to follow from the above. Six sets of boundary conditions are used to illustrate the present method for the derivation of complementary solutions. Navier-type solutions whenever available form special cases of the present general solution.
Penetrating the black box of phylogenetic analysis

![Figure][1] The Phylogenetic Handbook: A Practical Approach to Phylogenetic Analysis and Hypothesis Testing, Second Edition Edited by Philippe Lemey, Marco Salemi and Anne-Mieke Vandamme Cambridge University Press (2009) 723 pages, ISBN 978-0-521-73071-6 (paperback), 978-0-521-87710-7 (
Entropy Quad-Trees for High Complexity Regions Detection

This paper introduces entropy quad-trees, which are structures derived from quad-trees by allowing nodes to split only when those correspond to sufficiently complex sub-domains of a data domain. Complexity is evaluated using an information-theoretic measure based on the analysis of the entropy associated to sets of objects designated by nodes. An alternative measure related to the concept of box-counting dimension is also explored. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of entropy quad-trees to mine complex regions. As an application, the proposed technique is used in the initial stage of a crater detection algorithm using digital images taken from the surface of Mars. Additional experimental results are provided that demonstrate the crater detection performance and analyze the effectiveness of entropy quad-trees for high-complexity regions detection in the pixel space with significant presence of noise. This work focuses on 2-dimensional image domains, but can be generalized to higher dimensional data.
Good Guys Are Still Always in White? Positive Change and Continued Misrepresentation of Race and Crime on Local Television News

A content analysis of a random sample of Los Angeles television news programs was used to assess racial representations of perpetrators, victims, and officers. A series of comparisons were used to assess whether local news depictions differed from outside indicators of social reality. In a significant departure from prior research, they revealed that perpetration was accurately depicted on local TV news. Blacks, in particular, were accurately depicted as perpetrators, victims, and officers. However, although Latinos were accurately depicted as perpetrators, they continued to be underrepresented as victims and officers. Conversely, Whites remained significantly overrepresented as victims and officers. The implications of these findings are discussed in light of incognizant racism, ethnic blame discourse, structural limitations, and the guard dog perspective of news media.
Microstructure of Desmanthus illinoensis

Structure and histochemistry of mature seeds of Desmanthus illinoensis (Illinois bundle flower) show that the seed has typical legume structure. The seed can be separated into two major fractions including the seed coat/endosperm and the embryo. The seed coat consists of a cuticle, palisade sclereids, hour glass cells and mesophyll. Endosperm is attached to the inner portion of the seed coat and is thicker beneath the pleurogram in the center of the seed. The embryo consists mostly of two large cotyledons, the major storage structures of the seed. The cotyledons are high in protein which occurs in protein bodies. Protein bodies in the cotyledons include those without inclusions, those with phytin inclusions and those with calcium-rich crystals. The phytin inclusions are spherical and have high phosphorus and magnesium contents. The calcium-rich crystals are also included inside protein bodies and are druse-type crystals.