cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the maximum stable throughput problem in random networks with directional antennas

We consider the problem of determining rates of growth for the maximum stable throughput achievable in dense wireless networks. We formulate this problem as one of finding maximum flows on random unit-disk graphs. Equipped with the max-flow/min-cut theorem as our basic analysis tool, we obtain rates of growth under three models of communication: (a) omnidirectional transmissions; (b) "simple" directional transmissions, in which sending nodes generate a single beam aimed at a particular receiver; and (c) "complex" directional transmissions, in which sending nodes generate multiple beams aimed at multiple receivers. Our main finding is that an increase of Θlog2n in maximum stable throughput is all that can be achieved by allowing arbitrarily complex signal processing (in the form of generation of directed beams) at the transmitters and receivers. We conclude therefore that neither directional antennas, nor the ability to communicate simultaneously with multiple nodes, can be expected in practice to effectively circumvent the constriction on capacity in dense networks that results from the geometric layout of nodes in space.
Building a Better Boot Camp

The field of security is vast, and the temptation is to keep adding to the collection of topics we consider to be basic. However, such an approach is inefficient. This installment focuses on Basic Training's underlying mission. In particular, it explores the question of what precisely is basic training in information assurance today and proposes a higher level rather than detail focused approach. The column ends with a request for feedback.
Nature–culture constructs in science learning: Human/non-human agency and intentionality

The field of science education has struggled to create robust, meaningful forms of education that effectively engage students from historically non-dominant communities and women. This paper argues that a primary issue underlying this on-going struggle pivots on constructions of nature–culture relations. We take up structuration theory (Giddens, 1984. The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.) and decolonizing methodologies (Smith, 2012. Decolonizing methodologies research and Indigenous peoples (2nd. ed.). London: Zed Books.) to reflect on the structural principles of the settled expectations of nature–culture relations. We suggest that taken together both Giddens' and Smith's respective discussions of time-space relations provide a powerful framing for nature–culture relations. Carefully examining shifts in the temporal and spatial scales during moments of talk and action in out-of-school science activities may help to increase the field's understanding of divergences, convergences, and productive generativity between Western science and Indigenous ways of knowing to create transformative science learning. Drawing on our work in community-based design research and studies of everyday parent–child interactions, we begin to describe emergent structural principles that may desettle normative time-space and nature–culture relations. In addition, we describe specific practices and pedagogical forms that expand views of human and non-human agency, as well as present and possible socio-ecological futures. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52: 530–544, 2015
Teaching-Learning in Community: The Metaphor of Nurse as Guest

Metaphors are creative learning devices that may illustrate novel and different meanings in teaching-learning situations. In this column, the author discusses possible meanings of the metaphor of nurse as guest in nurse-community relationships from a humanbecoming theoretical lens. Humanbecoming teaching-learning essences, paradoxes, and processes are used to illustrate potential ethical meanings and implications for nurse practice.
Twisted internal charge transfer emission in B,B‐bis(mesityl) pyrroloboranes

Spectral characteristics of several simple substituted B,B-bis(mesityl)pyrroloboranes are reported which support a theoretical treatment by Bonacic-Koutecky and Michl (J. Am. Chem. Soc.107, 1765 (1985)) describing the excited states of simple aminoboranes as an example of twisted internal charge transfer. In the aminoboranes the pyrrolo moiety functions as the electron donor group and the empty p-orbital of the boron atom as the acceptor.
The efficacy and safety of daptomycin: first in a new class of antibiotics for Gram-positive bacteria

In the face of increasing resistance to currently available antibiotics, there is a continued interest in the development of new drugs to treat Gram-positive infections. One such agent is the cyclic lipopeptide daptomycin-licensed in the USA for treatment of Gram-positive complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSIs) in 2003 and currently awaiting European approval for a similar indication (complicated skin and soft tissue infections). Daptomycin exerts its rapid bactericidal effect through insertion into and subsequent depolarisation of the bacterial cell membrane, a mode of action unlike that of any other available antibiotic. This novel mechanism of action makes the development of cross-resistance between daptomycin and other antibiotic classes unlikely. Daptomycin is highly active in vitro against a range of Gram-positive pathogens, including both susceptible and multidrug-resistant staphylococci and enterococci. Bactericidal activity has also been demonstrated against both growing and stationary-phase organisms, suggesting potential utility in the treatment of deep-seated infections. Two pivotal clinical studies comparing daptomycin 4 mg/kg per day intravenously with vancomycin or oxacillin-class antibiotics demonstrated the efficacy of daptomycin for treatment of cSSSIs. Daptomycin was well tolerated, with most adverse events considered to be unrelated to study medication, of mild-to-moderate intensity, and with a frequency and distribution similar to those associated with comparator antibiotics. The favourable clinical profile and low potential for development of resistance combine to make daptomycin a promising alternative to current agents for treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.
Millimeter thick ionic polymer membrane-based IPMCs with bimetallic Pd-Pt electrodes

Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMC) are a low-voltage driven Electroactive Polymers (EAP) that can be used as actuators or sensors. This paper presents a comparative study of millimeter thick ionic polymer membrane-based IPMCs with high-performance Pd-Pt electrodes and conventional Pt electrodes. IPMCs assembled with different electrodes are characterized in terms of electromechanical, -chemical and mechanolelectrical properties. The SEM and energy dispersive X-ray (EDS) analysis are used to investigate the distribution of deposited electrode metals in the cross-section of Pd-Pt IPMCs. The study shows that IPMCs assembled with millimeter thick ionic polymer membranes and bimetallic Pd-Pt electrodes are superior in mechanoelectrical sensing and, also, show considerably higher blocking forces compared to the conventional type of IPMCs. Blocking forces more than 30 grams are measured under 4V DC. However, the actuation response is slower than conventional IPMCs having approximately 0.2-0.3 mm thickness.
Development and early usage patterns of a consumer-facing family health history tool.

Personalized medicine will require detailed clinical patient profiles, and a particular focus on capturing data that is useful in forecasting risk. A detailed family health history is considered a critical component of these profiles, insomuch that it has been coined as ‘the best genetic test available’. Despite this, tools aimed at capturing this information for use in electronic health records have been characterized as inadequate. In this manuscript we detail the creation of a patient-facing family health history tool known as OurFamilyHealth, whose long-term emphasis is to facilitate risk assessment and clinical decision support. We present the rationale for such a tool, describe its development and release as a component of Intermountain Healthcare’s patient portal, and detail early usage statistics surrounding the application. Data derived from the tool since its release are also compared against family history charting patterns in Intermountain’s electronic health records, revealing differences in data availability.
The Design of the Ophidia Desktop GUI

This report introduces the Ophidia Graphic User Interface, the key elements of the system and the design related to the “Access” section of the framework. The research leading to these results has received funding from the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research and the Italian Ministry of Environment, Land and Sea under the GEMINA project. To download the unabridged version of this research paper, please contact: giovanni.aloisio@cmcc.it.
Production and use of protein concentrates

The history of utilizing proteins in novel form dates back to gelatin manufacture from hides and bones. In this century the demand for new protein technologies and new sources of raw material first occurred in nonfood areas, such as paper and textile sizings, button manufacture, and even early attempts to make casein fabrics.
An Overview of Turbulent Inflow Boundary Conditions for Large Eddy Simulations (Invited)

Generating realistic turbulent inflow conditions for large eddy simulations (LES) and other large-scale-resolving approaches is essential to fully exploit the ever-increasing capabilities of modern computers in solving fluid flow problems of engineering interest. This research area has received much attention during the last two decades, and will continue to grow as LES is applied to an even wider range of flows. It is deceptively difficult to generate inlet turbulence that is appropriate for a specific problem being simulated and various methods have been designed to improve this “appropriateness”. We present a review of such turbulent inflow boundary conditions, broadly classified into library-based methods, recycling-rescaling-based methods, and synthetic turbulence generators. The last category is given more attention to cover a variety of creative approaches that are found in the literature, as well as due to its practicality. Selection of a particular method for a particular application is a compromise between the required fidelity and the allowable complexity and computational expense. An example case study is presented to illustrate the issues involved in the selection and adaptation process.
Fetal gastric pseudomasses

Discrete echogenic areas of 4-12 mm were observed in the fetal stomach on seven prenatal sonograms. The finding was incidental and solitary during the second trimester in six normal pregnancies. It was noted during the third trimester in a case of meconium peritonitis. These echogenic areas displayed a homogeneous texture. They disappeared on repeat prenatal examination in six patients who did not reveal any gastrointestinal symptoms on postnatal follow-up. Although their origin is not certain, these fetal gastric pseudomasses should be interpreted cautiously.
Analysis on the association of stress hyperglycemia accompanied markers with prognosis in critically ill children

Objective To analyze the variation of blood glucose(BG) and relevant markers in critically ill children and its association with stress hyperglycemia.Methods Children aged under 14 years with critical disease in Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center PICU from January 2007 to April 2008 were enrolled.Within 24 h after entering PICU,recruited subjects were classified into hyperglycemia group and normoglycemia group according to BG greater than 6.1 mmol·L-1 or not.Additional healthy children attending regular physical examination in the same period were selected.Children in the two patient groups with BG4.0 or 10.0 mmol·L-1 twice were excluded.BG,cortisol,growth hormones(GH),immune and cytokine levels and lipid profiles were measured dynamically on day 0(the day admitted),day 3 and day 5 respectively.Results Ten children in normoglycemia group,53 in hyperglycemia group and 15 in normal group were enrolled.①In hyperglycemia group cortisol secretion peak was seen on day 0,and then declined.②GH and insulin levels at 3 time points in hyperglycemia group were significantly higher than those in normoglycemia and control group.GH or IGF-1 levels in normoglycemia group did not differ significantly.③The IGF-1 levels in hyperglycemia and normoglycemia groups kept increasing through day 0 to day 5,no significant difference between groups was observed.The IL-6 and triglyceride levels of hyperglycemia group on day 0 were significantly higher than those of other two groups,however,the high density lipoprotein cholesterol level was lower than that in normoglycemia group.④Eight cases among hyperglycemia group died(8/53,15.1%).The BG,cortisol and insulin levels of the died cases were significantly higher than those of survival cases.Conclusions Elevated cortisol and insulin,accompanied abnormalities in cytokins and lipid profiles may be associated with the development of stress hyperglycemia in critically ill children,and may indicate poor prognosis.
The Influence of Cobalt and Sheep Erythropoietin on Radioactive Iron Incorporation in RBC of Starved Intact and Nephrectomized Rats

The direct-assay of cobalt and sheep erythropoietin in the nephrectomized rat revealed that removal of the kidneys reduced the erythropoietic response to cobalt but did not modify significantly the response to sheep erythropoietin. Neither sham operation nor peritoneal dialysis was observed to exert a significant influence on radioactive iron incorporation in the starved rat. A moderate elevation in plasma BUN occurred in tile dialyzed nephrectomized rats but did not modify the capacity of the nephrectomized rat to respond to erythropoietin. No significant change occurred in plasma potassium in the lavaged-nephrectomized rats. Bilateral nephrectomy was found to result in a significant reduction in total circulating red cell and blood volume. Plasma iron was significantly reduced by both nephrectomy and cobalt administration, but was not significantly influenced by sheep erythropoietin. The findings reported in these studies, as well as those of other workers, leaves little doubt that the kidney plays an "active" role in erythropoiesis. The existence of a "permissive" renal erythropoietic factor does not seem likely.
Overexpression of Glutathione S-Transferase α in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

To determine its diagnostic value, we evaluated glutathione S-transferase α (GST-α) expression in a large number of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). GST-α messenger RNA (mRNA) levels from 70 renal neoplasms were analyzed with complementary DNA (cDNA) microarray chips containing 21,632 cDNA clones. Furthermore, 348 primary renal tumors and 24 metastatic RCCs were subjected to immunohisto-chemical analysis with a GST-α–specific antibody. GST-α mRNA was elevated significantly (11.4-fold) in a majority of clear cell RCCs (28/43 [65.1%]; 28/39 [71.8%] with adjustments for informative spots) compared with other kidney tumors (1/27 [3.7%]). Strong and diffuse GST-α immunoreactivity was demonstrated in a majority of clear cell (166/202 [82.2%]; mean intensity, 2.41) and metastatic clear cell RCCs (17/24 [70.8%]; mean intensity, 2.62). Other renal tumor types did not exhibit significant GST-α immunoreactivity, confirming mRNA results. Through cDNA microarrays and immunohistochemical analysis, we demonstrated GST-α as a biomarker for clear cell RCCs.
The vasculitides and their significance in the pediatric age group.

The vasculitides in infants and children may involve small or large cutaneous vessels and may affect a variety of internal organs. With the exception of Henoch-Schiilein purpura, vasculitis is rare in the pediatric age group. Progress has been made in determining the pathogenesis of childhood vasculitis, and there has been a significant improvement in therapy.
The centenary of the discovery of trench fever, an emerging infectious disease of World War 1

Summary In 1915, a British medical officer on the Western Front reported on a soldier with relapsing fever, headache, dizziness, lumbago, and shin pain. Within months, additional cases were described, mostly in frontline troops, and the new disease was called trench fever. More than 1 million troops were infected with trench fever during World War 1, with each affected soldier unfit for duty for more than 60 days. Diagnosis was challenging, because there were no pathognomonic signs and symptoms and the causative organism could not be cultured. For 3 years, the transmission and cause of trench fever were hotly debated. In 1918, two commissions identified that the disease was louse-borne. The bacterium Rickettsia quintana was consistently found in the gut and faeces of lice that had fed on patients with trench fever and its causative role was accepted in the 1920s. The organism was cultured in the 1960s and reclassified as Bartonella quintana ; it was also found to cause endocarditis, peliosis hepatis, and bacillary angiomatosis. Subsequently, B quintana infection has been identified in new populations in the Andes, in homeless people in urban areas, and in individuals with HIV. The story of trench fever shows how war can lead to the recrudescence of an infectious disease and how medicine approached an emerging infection a century ago.
Formation of three types of glucuronides of 6-hydroxy bile acids by rat liver microsomes.

The glucuronidation of 6-hydroxylated bile acids by rat liver microsomes was studied in vitro; for comparison, several major bile acids lacking a hydroxyl group in position 6 were also investigated. The highest reaction rates were found for lithocholic and deoxycholic acid (10.2 +/- 0.2 and 7.3 +/- 1.4 nmol/mg.min, respectively); our results for these substrates agree well with published values. Glucuronidation rates for the 6 beta-hydroxylated bile acids 3 alpha, 6 beta-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholanoate (murideoxycholate) and 3 alpha, 6 beta, 7 beta-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholanoate (beta-muricholate) were only slightly lower (3.7 +/- 0.3 and 3.6 +/- 0.3 nmol/mg.min). 6 alpha-Hydroxylated bile acids were glucuronidated at rates that were lower than those for their 6 beta-hydroxy counterparts. Rigorous product identification by high-field proton NMR of methyl/acetyl derivatives revealed that while bile acids lacking a 6-hydroxyl group gave rise exclusively to the typical 3-O-glucuronide, the presence of a hydroxyl group in position 6 led to the formation, in ratios depending on the substrate, of three types of conjugate: the 3-O-, the 6-O-, and the carboxyl-linked (acyl-) glucurnide. The latter is the first example of an acyl glucuronide of a bile acid of conventional (C24) size.
Rwanda, I: Into the Danger Zone

Unlike Europe, there has been no long-term trend toward an ethnically cleansed African continent. Not that ethnic violence is lacking. As Horowitz (1985) showed, the building blocks of African politics are almost all ethnic. Parties, and factions of military officers, represent ethnic groups or regional groups that are also substantially ethnic. Most African states are weak, with little infrastructural penetration of their territories, prone to factionalism and some to disintegration. Their weakness often leads to repression and coups involving brutal murders of opponents. Civil wars bring mass killing that often takes ethnic coloration where different regions have majorities and minorities on different sides of the war. This has happened in Biafra, Angola, the Congo, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. Wars between states used to be uncommon, though they have increased in recent years. Particularly destructive wars with ethnic overtones have recently surfaced in Central Africa, triggered by the events described in this chapter. But a major restraining factor has been the sheer multiethnicity of African states. Tanzania is reputed to have 120 identifiable ethnic groups. Though its parties and factions are often organized along ethnic lines, any wishing to reach power must join in multiethnic coalitions with other parties. Elaborate bargaining then steers politicians into an instrumental view of ethnicity. This typically results in discrimination against ethnic groups denied a share in the patronage system that is so important in developing countries. But it does not encourage value commitment to organic ethnonationalism.
Patterns of Empire: Imperial Forms, Global Fields

Colonialism is successful where the subject people are unsophisticated and acquiescent, as in the case of certain South Pacific islanders. Once the dependent people, even if a small minority of them, acquire a degree of worldly wisdom and personal ambition, complications set in. Discontent, resistance, and political psychoses develop. – U.S. National Security Council 51 (1949) Colonialism is in its twilight hour. – Erasmus Kloman (1958) In what ways has the U.S. imperial formation differed from Britain's? It is not the lack of overseas colonies. Nor is it that the U.S. colonial empire was more benign or liberal, that the U.S. empire was uniquely informal, or that its citizens refused to speak the empire's name. Rather, one important difference remains. Whereas both the U.S. and British imperial formations involved colonies, and whereas both entailed informal modalities of power – cultivating clients, cajoling enemies, and deploying military force – only the British empire mixed informal and formal tactics during its period of hegemony. In the mid-nineteenth century, the British crafted allies, invaded countries, and employed various other informal tactics while also seizing overseas territory as colonial dependencies. The British state did not seize as many colonies during its period of hegemony as it did during its period of hegemonic ascent (a point to be considered later). Yet it did seize some. Alternatively, during its comparable phase of hegemony, the U.S. empire did not seize multiple new colonies. In 1947, it annexed the former Japanese mandates, but afterward the American state relied exclusively on informal imperialism. Whereas the British empire was formal and informal at once after 1815, the United States empire shifted from formal to informal after 1947.
Activating Shp2 Mutations Cause Progressive Myeloproliferative Disorder in Mice.

Mutations in the SH2-containing tyrosine phosphatase, Shp2 (PTPN11) have been found in human diseases. Germ-line Shp2 mutations cause ~50% of Noonan Syndrome (NS), which is associated with an increased risk of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). Somatic Shp2 mutations are found in ~35% of sporadic JMML, most other cases have either activating Ras mutations or homozygous Nf1 deficiency. Shp2 mutations are also found at lower incidence in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). NS and leukemia-associated Shp2 mutations often affect the same residue, but result in different substitution. We previously showed that leukemia-associated mutants E76K or D61Y, but not wild type (WT) Shp2 could transform bone marrow (BM) or fetal liver cells and give rise to cytokine-independent myeloid colony formation. Transplantation of E76K- or D61Y- (but not parental virus or WT Shp2) transduced BM evoked invasive MPD in most recipients and majority of them died at 6–7 months. We have generated knock-in mice for the Shp2 mutants D61G and D61Y to better understand the effects of these mutations under endogenous promoter control. Whereas D61G is associated with both NS and leukemia, D61Y is only found in leukemia and catalytically more active than D61G in basal state. D61G/+ mice exhibited all major features of NS and a mild, well-tolerated MPD for ~1 year and then progressed to fatal MPD. Constitutive expression of the D61Y heterozygous allele was embryonic lethal. However, when an inducible allele of D61Y (inD61Y) was crossed to Mx-Cre mice and expressed upon pI-pC induction, these mice rapidly developed MPD and ~50% mice died within a period of 4–7 months. Immunophenotypic analysis of bone marrow and spleen of these mice showed marked expansion of Gr-1/Mac-1 positive population indicating that these mice died of infiltrating MPD. Bone marrow macrophages from D61G/+ and inD61Y mice showed increased GM-CSF-evoked proliferation and increased overall tyrosine phosphorylation. Likewise GM-CSF-evoked activation of Erk, Akt, Jak2 and Stat5 were enhanced, as was Ras loading suggesting that leukemogenic Shp2 causes MPD by enhancing both Ras/Erk and Jak2/Stat5 pathways. The results of our retroviral and knock-in models suggest that leukemia-associated Shp2 mutant is sufficient to initiate myeloid leukemogenesis in mice.
Finding equilibrium in the spatiotemporal chaos of the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation

Equilibrium statistical mechanics allows the prediction of collective behaviors of large numbers of interacting objects from just a few system-wide properties; however, a similar theory does not exist for far-from-equilibrium systems exhibiting complex spatial and temporal behavior. We propose a method for predicting behaviors in a broad class of such systems and apply these ideas to an archetypal example, the spatiotemporal chaotic 1D complex Ginzburg-Landau equation in the defect chaos regime. Building on the ideas of Ruelle and of Cross and Hohenberg that a spatiotemporal chaotic system can be considered a collection of weakly interacting dynamical units of a characteristic size, the chaotic length scale, we identify underlying, mesoscale, chaotic units and effective interaction potentials between them. We find that the resulting equilibrium Takahashi model accurately predicts distributions of particle numbers. These results suggest the intriguing possibility that a class of far-from-equilibrium systems may be well described at coarse-grained scales by the well-established theory of equilibrium statistical mechanics.
Microbial Flora of Livers, Kidneys and Hearts from Beef, Pork and Lamb: Effects of Refrigeration, Freezing and Thawing.

Aerobic plate counts (APC) of livers, kidneys and hearts obtained from beef, pork and lamb soon after slaughter were nearly always 0.05). APC of livers, kidneys and hearts from pork and lamb after storage for 1, 3 or 5 days at 2 C were not significantly different (P>0.05) from those at day 0. APC of beef livers, kidneys and hearts after 5 days at 2 C differed significantly (P 25%) of the microbial flora. After storage for 5 days at 2 C, Pseudomonas sp. more often became a major part of the microbial flora of liver samples. Frozen storage for 4 days at -20 C did not change the microbial flora of beef samples greatly; in pork and lamb, coryneform bacteria more frequently became a major part of the microbial flora after freezing. Changes in pH of livers, kidneys and hearts during storage for 5 days at 2 C were small.
ACUTE IDIOPATHIC MACULOPATHY: 7-YEAR FOLLOW-UP WITH DEVELOPMENT OF OUTER RETINAL TUBULATIONS.

Purpose To describe the development of outer retinal tubulations in a patient with acute idiopathic maculopathy. Methods Chart review was performed on a single patient to collect all relevant clinical information and diagnostic imaging. Results A case of outer retinal tubulations in a patient with idiopathic maculopathy is documented. Conclusion Patients with acute idiopathic maculopathy may develop outer retinal tubulations similar to other entities that cause disturbance of retinal pigment epithelium or photoreceptors.
Structural Variation and the Soybean Genome

Genomic structural variation is an important component to genetic diversity in soybean (Glycine max). These large-scale genomic differences are now known as the underlying genetic mechanisms for a number of important phenotypic traits. Identifying structural variants across numerous individuals at higher resolution is increasingly possible with a number of improving genome analyses platforms. Understanding where these polymorphisms occur and why some are maintained over evolutionary time has important biological and agronomic implications. This chapter elaborates on detecting, describing, and developing structural variation in the soybean genome and how to incorporate these polymorphisms in ongoing soybean research and improvement.
Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Spinal Cord Injury: Challenges and Opportunities

This paper focuses on the sleep disorders in patients with spinal cord injury/disorder (SCI/D), particularly mechanism of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and challenges in diagnosis and management. Based on a review of recent literatures and studies, the paper summarizes some main challenges with respect to management of SDB in patients with SCI; what are the responsible mechanisms of disease? What are the barriers in diagnosing and treating SDB using standard treatment such as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)? Previous studies have shown that most SCI/D patients have SDB with heterogeneity in prevalence mainly related to using different definitions or methods of diagnosing SDB, while recent studies using new definition of SDB based on recommended criteria from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) and also include the data on effect of SCI/D level on prevalence and describe different types of SDB. Furthermore, recent data describes simplified method of diagnosing SDB by using a combination of home sleep apnea testing and transcutaneous CO2 monitoring. Finally, emerging data has been pointing at strong relationship between SDB and cardiovascular disease including nocturnal hypertension in patients with SCI/D. The findings indicate that early testing for SDB and associated cardiovascular disease in patients with SCI is recommended and could be beneficial in reducing the high morbidity and mortality in this group of patients with disability. In addition, studies on treatment of other sleep disorders in SCI/D are not available to inform clinical decision-making. Understanding the pathophysiology of sleep disorders in SCI/D is critical for the development of new effective therapies. This review provides evidence for best practices, highlights new discoveries for the diagnosis and management of sleep disorders in SCI/D, and discusses challenges and future directions.
Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Pediatric Liver Transplant Recipients: Carotid and Aorta Intima-Media Thickness and Their Predictors.

Objective To investigate prevalence and predictors of cardiovascular risk in pediatric liver transplant recipients using noninvasive markers of subclinical atherosclerosis: carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and aorta intima-media thickness (aIMT). Study design Cross-sectional study of 88 pediatric liver transplant recipients. The cIMT and aIMT were measured by ultrasound imaging using standardized protocol. Results Participants were 15.4 ± 4.8 years of age, and 11.2 ± 5.6 years post-transplantation. The cIMT and aIMT were both higher in males than females. In analyses adjusted for sex, age, and height, the cIMT was higher in subjects transplanted for chronic/cirrhotic liver disease and lower in subjects on cyclosporine (n = 9) than tacrolimus (n = 71). The cIMT was not associated with rejection history or current corticosteroid use. The cIMT increased with increasing diastolic blood pressure and triglycerides. The aIMT (n = 83) also increased with age, and its rate of increase post-transplant varied by age at transplantation. In adjusted analyses, aIMT was higher in subjects with glucose intolerance. In analysis of patients ≤20 years of age for whom blood pressure percentiles could be calculated (n = 66), aIMT increased with increasing diastolic blood pressure percentile (0.010 mm per 5-percentile; 95% CI, 0.000-0.021; P = 0.05). Neither the cIMT nor the aIMT was associated with obesity, systolic hypertension, or other dyslipidemia at study visit. Conclusion Measures of long-term cardiovascular risk were associated with conditions that are more common in pediatric liver transplant recipients than nontransplanted peers, namely, diastolic hypertension and glucose intolerance. Larger, longitudinal studies are warranted to investigate whether cIMT could be useful for stratifying these patients' cardiovascular risk—and potential need for proactive intervention—during long-term follow-up.
Bookending the Opportunity to Lower Wind’s LCOE by Reducing the Uncertainty Surrounding Annual Energy Production

Author(s): Mark Bolinger | Abstract: Reducing the performance risk surrounding a wind project can potentially lead to a lower weighted-average cost of capital (WACC), and hence a lower levelized cost of energy (LCOE), through an advantageous shift in capital structure, and possibly also a reduction in the cost of capital. Specifically, a reduction in performance risk will move the 1-year P99 annual energy production (AEP) estimate closer to the P50 AEP estimate, which in turn reduces the minimum debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) required by lenders, thereby allowing the project to be financed with a greater proportion of low-cost debt. In addition, a reduction in performance risk might also reduce the cost of one or more of the three sources of capital that are commonly used to finance wind projects: sponsor or cash equity, tax equity, and/or debt.Preliminary internal LBNL analysis of the maximum possible LCOE reduction attainable from reducing the performance risk of a wind project found a potentially significant opportunity for LCOE reduction of ~$10/MWh, by reducing the P50 DSCR to its theoretical minimum value of 1.0 (Bolinger 2015b, 2014) and by reducing the cost of sponsor equity and debt by one-third to one-half each (Bolinger 2015a, 2015b). However, with FY17 funding from the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmosphere to Electrons (A2e) Performance Risk, Uncertainty, and Finance (PRUF) initiative, LBNL has been revisiting this "bookending" exercise in more depth, and now believes that its earlier preliminary assessment of the LCOE reduction opportunity was overstated. This reassessment is based on two new-found understandings: (1) Due to ever-present and largely irreducible inter-annual variability (IAV) in the wind resource, the minimum required DSCR cannot possibly fall to 1.0 (on a P50 basis), and (2) A reduction in AEP uncertainty will not necessarily lead to a reduction in the cost of capital, meaning that a shift in capital structure is perhaps the best that can be expected (perhaps along with a modest decline in the cost of cash equity as new investors enter the market).
Photosynthesis in high definition

Photosynthesis is the foundation for almost all known life, but quantifying it at scales above a single plant is difficult. A new satellite illuminates plants’ molecular machinery at much-improved spatial resolution, taking us one step closer to combined ‘inside–outside’ insights into large-scale photosynthesis.
Evaluating Impacts of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug on Non-fruiting Nursery Crops1

Abstract Halyomorpha halys (Stal), the brown marmorated stink bug or BMSB, has become a major pest and nuisance since it arrived in the U.S. in 1996. This insect can feed on approximately 200 different plant species, many of which are important ornamental crops. BMSB's preference for fruits and the damage they cause is known, but it is not known how their presence on non-fruiting woody ornamentals can impact vegetative growth. The first study confined adult BMSB to branches of established stock block trees of five plant species for one month. Four measurements were taken to assess plant growth: branch length, leaf area, number of leaves, and dry weight. The second study confined adult BMSB on seedlings of eight plant species for one or two months. In this study, the same four measurements were taken as well as the change in trunk diameter. Overall, there were no significant differences in plant growth and only some marginal differences between branches or seedlings caged with BMSB versus no BMSB (control)...
Hydrogen-bonded crystals and the anisotropic heisenberg chain

We show that the transfer matrix for Yang’s two-dimensional model of a hydrogen-bonded crystal in the presence of an electric field commutes with a generalized form of the Hamiltonian of the anisotropic Heisenberg chain. Thus the connection between the two problems initially found for the ground-state eigenvector is extended to all the eigenvectors.
Constructing a spreadsheet simulation model of Chuck-a-luck: An application of logical functions

Chuck-a-luck is an inviting game played at carnivals in the Midwestern United States and England. A player picks a number from 1 to 6 and an operator rolls three dice. If the number chosen by the player comes up on all three dice, the player wins $3; if it comes up on two of the three dice, the player wins $2; if it comes up on one of the three dice, the player wins $1. Only if the chosen number does not appear at all does the player pay anything, which is just $1. We would like to know if Chuck-a-luck is a fair game, and what is its average payoff? In addition, we are interested in simulating this game using logical functions built into spreadsheet software as well as other computer programming languages.
Visualizing the uplift: digitizing poetry by African American women, 1900–1922

“Women of the Early Harlem Renaissance: African American Women Writers, 1900–1922,” aims to digitize and annotate a limited array of primary texts, mainly poetry, and present these materials as a d...
Explaining Misperceptions of Crime

Promoting public safety is a central mandate of government. But despite decades of dramatic improvements, most Americans believe crime is rising—a mysterious pattern that may pervert the criminal justice policymaking process. What explains this disconnect? We test five plausible explanations: survey mismeasurement, extrapolation from local crime conditions, lack of exposure to facts, partisan cues and the racialization of crime. Cross-referencing over a decade of crime records with geolocated polling data and original survey experiments, we show individuals readily update beliefs when presented with accurate crime statistics, but this effect is attenuated when statistics are embedded in a typical crime news article, and confidence in perceptions is diminished when a copartisan elite undermines official statistics. We conclude Americans misperceive crime because of the frequency and manner of encounters with relevant statistics. Our results suggest widespread misperceptions are likely to persist barring foundational changes in Americans’ information consumption habits, or elite assistance.
Resection of mesencephalic cavernoma using the “half-and-half” approach: 2-dimensional operative video

Brainstem cavernous malformations present a particular challenge to neurosurgeons. Their deep location and proximity to critical brainstem nuclei and fiber tracts make surgical access challenging. Despite this, microsurgical resection of brainstem cavernomas has been associated with good long-term neurological outcome, albeit with notable (but temporary) perioperative morbidity. Here, we demonstrate the microsurgical resection of a mesencephalic cavernoma via a "half-and-half" approach. Described as the temporopolar approach by Sano in 1980,1 this approach centers on the oculomotor nerve and combines the transsylvian and pre-/subtemporal corridors. A wide opening of the Sylvian fissure and posterior mobilization of the temporal lobe permits access to the interpenducular cistern, mesencephalon and rostral pons. In this way, the "half-and-half" ideally suited for lesions of the anterior and antero-lateral brainstem. While temporary postoperative oculomotor nerve palsy is not uncommon, rapid resolution is expected. Verbal consent was provided by the patient for reproduction and publication of her case.
Social Media as an Ethical Tool for Retention in Clinical Trials

The societal value—and personal sacrifice of participating in—clinical trials is only realized if the trial completes, the data are reliable and analyzed, and the results are communicated. High rat...
The Utility of the Expert Witness in a Rape Case: Reconsidering Rape Trauma Syndrome

The role of the expert witness in rape cases has been problematic for the courts and profession of psychology for some time. One of the issues that has compounded this problem is the diagnostic nomenclature regarding Rape Trauma Syndrome (RTS) and its differentiation from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This article summarizes the issues surrounding the use of RTS in expert testimony. It concludes that separating RTS diagnostically from PTSD has utility for the expert as well as for the accurate portrayal of the common sequelae of rape.
Chiral synthetic macrodiolide and macrotriolide ionophores with C2- and C2symmetry

Macrodiolide and macrotriolide synthetic ionophores 7 and 12 have been prepared from hydropyran subunits. Ion binding data and crystallographic analyses for this new class of optically pure macrocyclic hosts are reported. Macrodiolide 7 shows moderate selectivity for Li , with an association constant (K a ) of 1.5 x 10 5 M −1 .
Mother of a person: neoliberalism and narratives of parenting children with disabilities

Studying narratives is a tool for examining an individual’s construction of self. Personal narratives engage with cultural and institutional narratives. In this article, the author examines the per...
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Alleviated the Bioavailabilityof Cadmium and Lead and Changed the Uptake of Iron in HydroponicallyGrown Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L. var. Longifolia )

Leafy vegetables are a rich source of iron and fibers for the human diet, which may become hazardous if exposed to heavy metal contamination. Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are two highly toxic metals ...
Hsp60 and IL-8 axis promotes apoptosis resistance in cancer

Background Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) play crucial roles in cell survival and maintenance of cellular homoeostasis. However, cross talks between these two proteins are not defined. Methods IL-8 expression in tumour tissue sections was analysed by immunohistochemistry. IL-8 expression and release in cancer cells was quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Apoptosis was quantified using caspase activity and Annexin-V/PI staining. Results We observed IL-8 release from cancer cells in response to histone deacetylase inhibitor, apicidin (Api), and non-competitive inhibitor of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase, thapsigargin (TG). IL-8 release was increased upon TG-treatment. TG-induced IL-8 expression was reduced in the presence of Api in Bax-dependent manner. Increased apoptosis was associated with decreased IL-8 expression in response to combined treatment of TG and Api. TG and Api combination induced caspase-8 and caspase-9 dependent apoptosis. Hsp60 knockdown abrogated IL-8 expression induced by Api, TG, and their combination. The level of TGF-β, an upstream regulator of IL-8, was decreased upon Hsp60-silencing. Knocking down Hsp60 decreased IL-8 expression and its release in prostate cancer cell xenograft tumours in SCID mice. Conclusion This study describes the underlying mechanism associated with apoptosis resistance mediated via Hsp60-IL-8 axis in cancer.
Machine learning for international freight transportation management: A comprehensive review

Abstract Machine learning (ML) offers a promising avenue for international freight transportation management (IFTM) given its capability to harness the power of data that have become increasingly available to freight transportation researchers and practitioners. This paper conducts a comprehensive investigation of the state-of-the-art in developing ML models for applications to different aspects of IFTM. We start by giving an overview of various fundamental ML methods. Then, how different ML methods have been employed, adapted, and applied to a multitude of subject areas in IFTM are discussed, including demand forecast, operation and asset maintenance, and vehicle trajectory and on-time performance prediction. The potential data sources that may be used to develop ML models are further examined. Subsequently, a synthesis of the exiting work is performed to identify the specific topics addressed in the existing research, ML methods used, the trends of research, and opportunities for further explorations. Four directions for future research are proposed in the end
Philosophy and theory of sounding statuary: The sculpted ear aurality and statuary in the West, by Ryan McCormack, University Park, Pennsylvania State University Press, 2020, 224 pp., $89.95 (hc), ISBN 9780271086927

Ryan McCormack has added to the Perspectives on Sensory History series with his new volume on sounding statues. McCormack specifically posits several interesting theories that underlie the complica...
Prospects of Compulsory English Education in South Korea: What Went Wrong and What Could Be Rectified:

This article examines the conceivable rationales as to why Korean students’ English-speaking proficiency scores are not as outstanding as other international standardized test scores such as the Tr...
Impact of Partition Schemes in Loewner Matrix Macromodeling

The first step in Loewner matrix macromodeling is to partition the data into two parts. Previous research has shown that different partition schemes, although theoretically equivalent, may significantly affect matrix condition numbers. The impact of such ill-conditioning on the frequency and time domain responses of the macromodel, however, has been less addressed in the literature. In this paper, we clarify the importance of good conditioning for an accurate modeling in frequency and time domains, and compare different partition schemes using simulated and measured S parameters. The results demonstrate that with the bad schemes, the practically allowable bandwidth of the model will be greatly limited.
Coronary artery disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Clinical correlation using computed tomography coronary calcium scans

Background and aim Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and coronary artery disease (CAD) have been explored using coronary angiography, which showed a link between severe NAFLD and cardiovascular disease risk. This study's aim is to determine if computed tomography (CT) coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores used to determine CAD severity in asymptomatic populations can help predict the presence of NAFLD. Methods This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of positive CT CAC scores and liver imaging with either CT; ultrasound; magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen; or CT of the chest, which included liver images. Drinking 7 or 14 drinks per week for a female or male, respectively, and chronic viral hepatitis diagnosis were the exclusion criteria. CT CAC scores, hepatic steatosis, age, gender, lipid and liver panels, weight, blood pressure, F-4/BARD scores, and hemoglobin A1c were correlated to CAD severity and NAFLD by logistic regression. Results A total of 134 patients with a mean age of 62.3 years (σ = 9.1), with 65% males, body mass index 28.5 (σ = 6.0), and 8% diabetics, were recruited. CAD severity was not associated with the presence of hepatic steatosis (odds ratio 1.96 [95% confidence interval, confidence interval 0.74-5.23] P = 0.36). Adjusted for variables, a link between hepatic steatosis, CAD severity, body mass index over 30 (odds ratio 6.77 [95% confidence interval 1.40-32.66] P = 0.02), and diabetes (odds ratio 9.60 [95% confidence interval 0.56-165.5] P = 0.01) was observed. Conclusions In patients with CAD detected using a positive CT CAC scan, we determined that BMI over 30 and diabetes were correlated with the presence of NAFLD. There was no direct relationship between CAD presence and hepatic steatosis presence.
The Enforcement of IP-Protecting Trade Agreements: A Theory Incorporating Mechanism Design

We develop a model for ex-ante analysis of the economic effects of provisions of international trade agreements that protect and enforce intellectual property rights (IPR). The model focuses on the...