cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Worsening of Liver Function with Fluconazole and Review of Azole Antifungal Hepatotoxicity

OBJECTIVE:To report a case of fluconazole worsening of liver dysfunction.CASE SUMMARY:A patient with hepatitis experienced worsening of her liver function when treated with fluconazole for a Candida infection in her urine. Elevations in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and total bilirubin concentrations along with increased prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were noted as early as the second day of therapy. After discontinuation of the fluconazole, the liver parameters returned to their normal baseline level.DISCUSSION:Hepatotoxicity associated with azole antifungal therapy is reviewed. This patient experienced elevations in liver function enzymes; the literature relating to this topic is evaluated.CONCLUSIONS:It is probable that fluconazole therapy was involved in the worsening of this patient's liver function. Liver function should be monitored during the course of fluconazole therapy in patients with underlying liver dysfunction. It appears from the publishe...
Theophylline: Its rise, demise, and resurrection

Abstract Theophylline is an extremely potent drug that was once the mainstay of therapy for asthma int he United States. Over the last 2 decades, use of theophylline has decreased markedly as safer, more effective bronchodilators have been created. However, theophylline remains commonly used outside this country. Even in the United States, it continues to have a role in the management of neonatal apnea and moderate-to-severe asthma. With the guarantee of theophylline's continued use, it is essential for clinicians to recognize the causes, manifestations, and consequences of theophylline intoxication. This report provides such a summary, along with currently recommended practice guidelines for the treatment of theophylline poisoning.
Visual perception and praxis in adults after stroke.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the performance of persons with right cerebrovascular accident (RCVA) and persons with left cerebrovascular accident (LCVA) on a variety of measures of praxis and visual perception in order to examine the relative contributions of the left and right cerebral hemispheres to praxis and perception. METHODS: Forty-five subjects, 15 with RCVA, 15 with LCVA, and 15 without CVA (control subjects), were tested on three tests of praxis-praxic production, gesture comprehension, and gesture discrimination-and selected tests of visual perception, including the Judgement of Line Orientation Test, the Motor Free Visual Perception Test, the Hooper Visual Organization Test, and the Line Bisection Test. RESULTS: Subjects in both groups with CVA performed more poorly on all of the tests than did control subjects. The group with LCVA performed most poorly on tests of gesture comprehension and praxis production, whereas the group with RCVA performed most poorly on tests of gesture discrimination and visual perception. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that both the right and left cerebral hemispheres contribute to different aspects of praxis. Elements of visual perception may be related to gesture comprehension, gesture discrimination, and praxis production in adults who have had stroke. These findings have clinical implications regarding instructional style and perceptual and praxic training. Language: en
Lateral Violence in Nursing A Review of the Past Three Decades

The author of this article reviews the literature on lateral violence in nursing. This concept was first discussed over three decades ago. Bullying and incivility are concepts similar to lateral violence that have become increasingly utilized in nursing research and scholarly writing. The research on these concepts suggests that the behavior still exists in the nursing workplace, and that few interventions have been developed to change the behaviors or the power dynamics that cause them. Suggestions are included to change practice and scholarship in this area.
Postoperative gangrene of the finger following digital nerve block anesthesia

Abstract A case of postoperative gangrene of the finger following digital nerve block anesthesia is reported. The recent literature on this subject is reviewed, stressing the relatively small number of these cases present in the American literature. The injudicious use of abnormally hot, wet dressings following the use of local anesthesia is stressed as a frequent cause of this complication.
Relation of acute myocardial infarction to cocaine abuse.

It is estimated that 10 million Americans have used cocaine and that 5 million use it regular1y.l Although cocaine was first introduced in 1884 as a local anesthetic, little information appeared on the cardiovascular effects of cocaine use until recently. Cocaine abuse has been associated with tachycardia, systemic hypertension, ventricular arrhythmias, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and sudden death.2-7 Coleman et al2 reported the first case of AM1 associated with illicit use of cocaine; however, the patient was presumed to have underlying coronary artery disease, although he did not undergo coronary angiography. Kossowsky and Lyon3 described 6 patients with AMI attributed to cocaine abuse. Four of their patients had some degree of atherosclerotic narrowing of the coronary arteries by angiography or autopsy and 2 did not have cardiac catheterization. Schachne et al4 described another patient whose coronary arteries were normal. We describe another cocaine user who had AMI.
Basal cell carcinomas of the ear are more aggressive than on other head and neck locations

Background On pathology review, basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) on the ear more commonly present as aggressive subtypes. It is unclear if this histologic observation translates into more clinically aggressive tumors. Objective We sought to determine the clinical aggressiveness of ear BCCs compared with BCCs elsewhere on the head and neck. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of all BCCs treated at an academic center from 2005 through 2012. Subjects were divided into ear and non-ear groups. Subtypes classified as "aggressive" included morpheaform, infiltrative, micronodular, adenoid, metatypical, and mixed histology. Results Of the 7732 head and neck BCCs, 758 (9.8%) were on the ear. Ear BCCs presented as larger lesions (1.28 vs 0.98 cm 2 ), required more Mohs layers (16.5% vs 10.7%), and produced a larger final defect (4.29 vs 3.49 cm 2 ) than non-ear lesions. When comparing only aggressive subtypes, ear BCCs also presented as larger lesions (1.42 vs 1.23 cm 2 ), more frequently required 3 or more layers for clearance (22.3% vs 14.2%), and produced a larger final defect (4.92 vs 4.21 cm 2 ) than non-ear lesions. Limitations Limitations include single-center design and lack of long-term follow-up. Conclusion Ear BCCs appear to exhibit greater subclinical extension compared with non-ear head and neck BCCs. Therefore, the ear should be considered a high-risk location for BCCs.
NSAID-related gastrointestinal injury. Evidence-based approach to a preventable complication.

PREVIEWIn the United States, an estimated 15 million to 20 million people use nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on a long-term basis. With such statistics, it is not surprising that the most common side effect, gastrointestinal mucosal injury, remains a clinically important issue. Fortunately, this complication is largely preventable. In this review, Dr Fennerty focuses on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, prevention, and treatment of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injury and provides the reader with the data necessary to select care that prevents it.
Combinatorial Auctions in the Procurement of Transportation Services

Most shippers use annual auctions to procure transportation services, leading to annual contracts. By using combinatorial auctions they can reduce their operating costs while protecting carriers from winning lanes that do not fit their networks, thereby improving carriers' operations as well. Combinatorial auctions account for carriers' economies of scope, which many consider more important than economies of scale in transportation operations. Any transportation procurement procedure, however, must account for level of service and other nonprice variables, which are as important as price in determining which carrier should serve what lane. These considerations can be incorporated into the combinatorial auction framework easily and holistically. After several years of using this approach, leading shippers have adopted it, and several software providers offer the requisite software.
Adolescent drug using groups in Chicago parks.

Abstract In a northern Chicago neighborhood, observational and interview data were collected at parks, school lots, and beaches where adolescents congregate to buy, sell, and use nonopiate drugs. These sites were geographically distinct from areas where heroin is regularly distributed. Users at each area generally resided in the immediate neighborhood, were well known to one another, were predominantly male, displayed similar socioeconomic, religious and ethnic backgrounds, and had attended the same grade schools and high schools. These sites were relatively stable during the summer months, although visitors occasionally changed locations in response to police harassment. Attendance fluctuated with weather and time of day. Drug use was generally confined to the daily use of marihuana and weekend use of alcohol and sedative-hypnotics, but availability seemed to determine the type and frequency of drug use to a greater extent than drug perference. This study suggests the potential of a fieldwork model for prevention and intervention activities prior to the onset of more intense and diversified drug use.
3-Dimensional structural characterization of cationized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) with styryl and phenylethyl capping agents

Abstract The 3-dimensional gas-phase conformations of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), R 8 Si 8 O 12 , capped with styryl and phenylethyl substituents (R) and cationized by sodium were examined. MALDI was used to generate sodiated styryl–POSS (Na + Sty 8 T 8 ) and phenylethyl–POSS (Na + PhEt 8 T 8 ) ions and their collision cross-sections in helium were measured using ion mobility-based methods. Five distinct conformers with different collision cross-sections were experimentally observed for Na + Sty 8 T 8 while only one conformer was detected for Na + PhEt 8 T 8 . Theoretical modeling of Na + Sty 8 T 8 , using molecular mechanics/dynamics calculations, predicts three low-energy conformations. In each conformer, the Na + ion binds to four oxygens on one side of the SiO cage and the styryl groups extend away from the cage. However, different numbers of styryl groups “pair” together (forming 2, 3 or 4 pairs), yielding three different conformations. The calculated cross-sections of these conformers match the largest three cross-sections obtained from the ion mobility experiments (∼2% error). If, however, one or two of the styryl groups are rotated so that the phenyl groups are “ cis ” with respect to the Si atom on the cage (i.e., the SiCCC dihedral angle changes from 180 to 0°) two smaller conformers are predicted by theory whose cross-sections match the smallest two values obtained from the ion mobility experiments (1–2% error). Theoretical modeling of Na + PhEt 8 T 8 yields one low-energy conformation in which the Na + ion binds to one oxygen on the SiO cage and is sandwiched between two phenyl groups. The remaining phenylethyl groups fold toward the SiO cage, yielding a significantly more compact structure than Na + Sty 8 T 8 (∼20% smaller cross-section). The calculated cross-section of the predicted Na + PhEt 8 T 8 structure agrees very well with the experimental cross-section obtained from the ion mobility experiments (∼1% error).
Design of a MITL for a 1 MA LTD Driving a Wire Array Z-Pinch Load

Summary form only given. A self-magnetically insulated transmission line (MITL) has been designed to transmit a 1 MA 100 kV pulse with a 70 ns rise-time from a Linear Transformer Driver (LTD) to a wire array z-pinch load. The transmission line has three stages: a coaxial line, followed by a radial line, and finally a conical line to the load. The transmission line geometry was chosen to ease construction and to lower cost while maintaining a low inductance. Both collisionlessand collisional MITL models were used to determine the lower limit of the anode-cathode gap for the transmission line. A third case assuming vacuum insulation with a limiting electric field of 200 kV/cm in the transmission line was also investigated. The transmission line inductance in each of these cases was calculated analytically, and a PSpice simulation of the circuit was used to compare the performance of the designs. Assuming the z-pinch load inductance was approximately 3 nil, the collisional and collisionless MITL models each met the goal of a 1 MA pulse with a 70 ns rise-time. The vacuum insulation design did not meet these requirements. The anode-cathode gap in the collisional MITL design was expanded until the transmission line inductance reached 4 nH, such that the current pulse shape still met the preset goals and a factor of safety was added to reduce the possibility of arcing. This MITL design will be constructed and implemented on the LTD z-pinch being constructed in 2007 at the University of Michigan.
Modeling Intransitivity in Matchup and Comparison Data

We present a method for learning potentially intransitive preference relations from pairwise comparison and matchup data. Unlike standard preference-learning models that represent the properties of each item/player as a single number, our method infers a multi-dimensional representation for the different aspects of each item/player's strength. We show that our model can represent any pairwise stochastic preference relation and provide a comprehensive evaluation of its predictive performance on a wide range of pairwise comparison tasks and matchup problems from online video games and sports, to peer grading and election. We find that several of these task -- especially matchups in online video games -- show substantial intransitivity that our method can model effectively.
Gambling and Death in Vietnam (a)

This case updates the situation outlined in the A case (UVA-E-0323), providing information that helps students to both evaluate the decision made in the A case and determine what to do next.
The executive prominent/memory prominent spectrum in Alzheimer's disease is highly heritable

Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) can present heterogeneously, with several subtypes recognized, including dysexecutive AD. One way to identify people with dysexecutive AD is to consider the difference between memory and executive functioning, which we refer to as the executive prominent/memory prominent spectrum. We aimed to determine if this spectrum was heritable. We used neuropsychological and genetic data from people with mild LOAD (Clinical Dementia Rating 0.5 or 1.0) from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center and the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. We cocalibrated the neuropsychological data to obtain executive functioning and memory scores and used their difference as a continuous phenotype to calculate its heritability overall and by chromosome. Narrow-sense heritability of the difference between memory and executive functioning scores was 0.68 (standard error 0.12). Single nucleotide polymorphisms on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 11, 12, and 18 explained the largest fraction of phenotypic variance, with signals from each chromosome accounting for 5%-7%. The chromosomal pattern of heritability differed substantially from that of LOAD itself.
Gains from Trade Under Monopolistic Competition

The monopolistic competition model in international trade predicts three sources of gains from trade that are not present in traditional models: consumer gains from having access to new import varieties of differentiated products; gains from a reduction in firm markups due to import competition; and gains from the self-selection of more efficient firms into export markets, provided that firms are heterogeneous in their productivities. With the added assumption that the distribution of firms’ productivity is Pareto, and with a support that is unbounded above, we argue that only the third source of gains from trade, due to the self-selection of firms, operates. This result helps to explain the simple formula for the gains from trade found by Arkolakis et al. (2012). If the Pareto distribution is bounded above, however, then all three sources of gains from trade operate once again.
Genome-Wide Mapping of Chromatin Secondary Structure using Ionizing Radiation Coupled with Sequencing

Chromatin packages two meters of human DNA into a five-micron nucleus while allowing regulated access to the genome. At the intermediate length scale of ∼1 kilobase, which spans nucleosome-nucleosome interactions, chromatin structure is expected to play a crucial role in regulating transcription, DNA replication and DNA repair. However, our structural understanding of this level of chromatin organization continues to lag behind our rapidly developing understanding of both single nucleosomes and higher-order, long-range interactions. We have developed a novel method, RICC-seq, for probing chromatin structure at this poorly understood length scale. RICC-seq uses hydroxyl radicals generated by ionizing radiation to create sparse and spatially correlated strand breaks that result in short DNA fragments. The lengths and mapping locations of these fragments can be used to place basepair-resolved pairwise distance constraints on sequence loci in 3D space. In order to understand the detailed architecture underlying chromatin compaction and DNA accessibility, we have generated the first genome-wide RICC-seq maps of chromatin compaction in terminally differentiated fibroblasts, comparing chromatin structure between heterochromatic and euchromatic regions. These data reveal differential packaging geometries for heterochromatic regions with significantly more DNA contacts with specific chromatin post translational modifications. We envision that RICC-seq is a generalizable method for high-resolution understanding of condensed nucleic acids with potential applications to targets as diverse as folded RNA to viral genomes within capsids.
A simulation model of house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) development in poultry manure

Developmental times were determined at constant temperatures for egg–larval (prepupal) and egg–larval–adult (preadult) house flies in poultry manure. Developmental time decreased as temperature increased but declined at temperatures above 35°C. The average time from oviposition to pupation ranged from 26.8 days at 16°C to 5.2 days at 35°C, and the average time to adult emergence ranged from 43.1 to 8.8 days. Pupae were formed at 41°C, but no adults emerged above 38°C. The relationship between developmental rate and temperature was determined and used in a rate summation model to simulate prepupal and preadult developmental times in poultry manure, with manure bed temperature as input. The model was tested on the basis of developmental times determined in a poultry house during the fly-breeding season. The observed mean time to pupation under field temperatures ranged from 6.7 to 15.6 days, and adult emergence required from 12.5 to 27.1 days. Simulations were closest to the observed times when actual manure bed temperatures were used as input; however, soil temperatures obtained from a nearby weather station also provided satisfactory simulation results after an empirical correction was used.
The Rainfall Intensity - Duration Control of Shallow Landslides and Debris Flows

Published records of the rainfall intensities and durations associated with shallow landsliding and debris flow activity suggests a limiting threshold for this type of slope instability. The limit ...
A Faculty Practice Plan for the Acute Care and Critical Care Nurse

This article discusses faculty clinical practice and explains the steps that one group of nursing faculty used to develop a faculty practice plan at a private college of nursing in a small, faith-based university in a midwestern city. The goal of the faculty practice plan was to link faculty interests and advanced practice skills with targeted populations and community needs. This was done to provide healthcare services to schools, agencies, health and human services programs, and populations in need. Examples of faculty roles in the faculty practice domains of educator, researcher, and expert clinician in an acute care setting illustrate how nurses can individualize their participation in the faculty practice plan to support their professional career goals. Faculty practice plans can benefit not only nursing faculty but also the college of nursing, its students, and its community and populations of interest.
Evaluation of Two Density Estimators of Small Mammal Population Size

We evaluated naive density estimates and density estimates corrected for “edge effect” using mean maximum distance moved (MMDM) for small mammal populations by Monte Carlo methods. Two densities, 25 and 100/ha, were generated in random or slightly clumped spatial patterns within a 4-ha area and populations had average capture probabilities of either 0.16 or 0.24 allowing variation in time, behavior, and heterogeneity. Animals were assumed to have a bivariate normal utilization distribution of either 0.25, 0.5, or 0.75 ha. An 18 by 18 trapping grid with 7 m trap spacing was simulated with trapping over 6 or 8 occasions. Evaluation of 1,393 repetitions divided among 8 different cases revealed a large positive bias (69–89%) for the naive density estimates, and density estimates by using the MMDM had less than 22% bias. A robustness to home range size was demonstrated by the MMDM. Difficulties with both methods are indicated.
Tappan vs. Edwards on the Freedom Necessary for Moral Responsibility

Whether or not we act freely is a question that has fascinated philosophers, theologians, and others for centuries, and continues unabated today. One of the reasons this topic has been so important over the ages is the connection it has with the concept of moral responsibility. Whether or not we should, it is the case that we hold ourselves and others morally responsible for our actions. On the surface it appears that freedom is necessary in order for us to be morally accountable beings. However, we need to consider what kind of freedom is necessary for this. Will it be as the libertarian claims that we could have acted otherwise or will it be along the lines of a compatibilist we are free as long as we can do as we please? This debate was a particularly important one during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in America. Jonathan Edwards was one of the key figures in this debate and his work on the will still stands as a standard defense of compatibilism. Of those who rejected the determinism of Calvinism and, in particular, Edwards' version that attempted to maintain determinism and moral responsibility, the most prominent were the adherents of Thomas Reid's commonsense realism. Among Edwards' commonsense critics no one was more successful in confronting Edwards' compatibilism than Henry Philip Tappan. In 1754 Edwards published A Careful and Strict Enquiry into the Modern Prevailing Notions of That Freedom of Will, Which is Supposed to be Essential to Moral Agency, Virtue and Vice, Reward and Punishment, Praise and Blame. Perry Miller called the Freedom of the Will "the cornerstone of Edwards' fame; it is his most sustained intellectual achievement, the most powerful piece of sheer forensic argumentation in American literature."1 There are a number of fine books written on Jonathan Edwards over the past couple of decades.2 Allen Guelzo's book Edwards on the Will: A Century of American Theological Debate is particularly good in reminding us of the importance of Edwards' work on the will. In the early pages Guelzo claims that many scholars acknowledge the genius of Edwards' Freedom of the Will, but by doing so "have apparently assumed that Freedom of the Will need no longer be taken seriously as history."3 Guelzo does an excellent job not only of showing the influence of Edwards' work on the will
Evaluation of Uncertainty in Detection of Dehydroacetic Acid in Pickles by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

[Objective]To set up uncertainty analysis methods in the determination of dehydroacetic acid in pickles by High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC),so as to assess the quality of results and identify the key influencing factors.[Methods]According to the methods,mathematical model of uncertainty was established,uncertainty components were calculated.[Results]When dehydroacetic acid content was 0.200g/kg,the expanded uncertainty was 0.0064 g / kg.Recovery had greatest impact on uncertainty in determination.[Conclusion]This method is suitable for assessing the uncertainty in the determination of dehydroacetic acid in pickles by HPLC.
A Combined Experimental/Computational Analysis of the Butt-Friction-Stir-Welded AA2139-T8 Joints

Combined experimental and computational investigations are carried out of the mechanical properties of materials residing in different weld zones of friction stir-welded (FSW) joints of thick plates of AA2139-T8. The experimental portion of the work comprised (a) identification of the weld zones within the FSW joints, through the use of optical-microscopy characterization of a transverse section; (b) validation of the weld zones identified in (a) via the generation of a micro-hardness field over the same transverse section; (c) extracting and subsequently testing miniature tensile specimens from different weld zones; and (d) extracting and testing a larger-size tensile specimen spanning transversely the FSW weld. The computational portion of the work comprised (i) validation of the mechanical properties, as determined experimentally using the miniature tensile specimens, of the material residing within different zones of the FSW joint; and (ii) clarification of the benefits yielded by the knowledge of the local material properties within the FSW joint. These benefits arise from the fact that (a) joint mechanical properties are generally inferior to those of the base metal; (b) the width of the weld in thick metallic-armor is often comparable to the armor thickness, and therefore may represent a significant portion of the armor exposed-surface area; and (c) modeling of the weld-material structural response under loading requires the availability of high-fidelity/validated material constitutive models, and the development of such models requires knowledge of the local weld-material mechanical properties.
SY13NEW INSIGHTS INTO FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDERSSY13-1LONG-LASTING CHANGE ON ASTROCYTE SECRETOME FOLLOWING EARLY ALCOHOL EXPOSURE

Glial cells are central players in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders like Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Ethanol can modulate gene expression in astrocytes imposing dramatic changes to the developing brain. We test the hypothesis that ethanol exposure in ferrets during a period equivalent to the last months of human gestation leads to a long-lasting change …
Understanding Challenging Behaviors of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Physical Education

Challenging behaviors of students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may occur for a variety of reasons. These behaviors can contribute to the emotional burnout of teachers and impact the learning and safety of the student with ASD and his or her classmates. Physical education is one educational context where high and multiple risks of challenging behaviors may occur due to its unique characteristics compared to other subject areas (e.g., natural stimuli in the gymnasium, variety of equipment, need for physical assistance). The purpose of this article is to address several possible reasons why students with ASD demonstrate challenging behaviors, and to provide strategies for physical educators to minimize these behaviors.
Frontogenesis and Turbulence: A Numerical Simulation

AbstractA numerical simulation is analyzed that resolves the full range of motions from rotationally dominated, growing baroclinic waves to quasi-isotropic, three-dimensional shear instabilities. The results confirm a 40-yr-old prediction, made by B. Hoskins and F. Bretherton, that frontogenetic collapse of cross-frontal spatial scales, driven by baroclinic-wave deformation fields, will continue to the Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) turbulent transition. This process of frontal collapse followed by K–H transition provides a mechanism for spontaneous loss of balance in an initially geostrophic flow, and a direct, spectrally nonlocal pathway for downscale energy transfer that is phenomenologically distinct from traditional concepts of turbulent cascades and can contribute substantially to total kinetic energy dissipation. These results, which neglect surface drag and several other potentially relevant atmospheric processes, would suggest that the turbulence associated with collapsing fronts in the atmosphere can ex...
The Superintendent Shortage: Findings From Research on School Board Presidents.

Media reports of a crisis in the American superintendency, based on anecdotal reports and scattered superintendent opinions about a growing number of retirements, high turnover, and an inadequate p...
Mechanical Property Testing and Analysis of 3D Printing Objects

3D printing known as additive manufacturing has been widely used in academics and industries to make various 3D objects for various applications. The strength of the 3D printing parts is different from its original material strength due to this additive manufacturing technique. The 3D printing parts should be treated as anisotropic materials. However, the information of mechanical property such as the ultimate strength of 3D printing parts is very limited. There is little information about the mechanical property of 3D printing parts at different print angles. This research was focused on exploring the mechanical properties of 3D printing objects. The tensile test specimen of two different materials: acrylonitrile butadiene styrene-electrostatic dissipative (ABS-ESD) and Nylon 12 were printed at the 5 different print angles through the Fortus 450mc 3D printer. Tensile test results, data analysis, detailed discussion and the empirical formula of the tensile strength of 3D printing objects vs different print angles will be presented.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
A Simple Technique for Auto-Shaping Lever Pressing by the Rat Within a Single Session

9 rats were exposed to a simple technique for auto-shaping magazine approach and lever pressing. 60 food pellets were presented noncontingently during magazine training at a fixed time of 60 sec. with levers covered. Lever covers were removed and rats were provided access to pellets on a Continuous Reinforcement Schedule (CRF). All Ss acquired magazine approach and lever-pressing behavior during the first session, earning 90 pellets on a CRF schedule within 17–34 min. after exposure to the lever.
Understanding victim participation in restorative practices: Looking for justice for oneself as well as for others:

Restorative justice (RJ) promotes a constructive dialogue between the victim of a crime and the offender. Restorative practices have been credited for allowing victims to move on from victimization...
Marianne Moore’s “Light Is Speech,” Decision Magazine, and the Wartime Work of Intellectual Exchange

In this essay Setina analyzes Moore’s 1941 poem “Light Is Speech” in the periodical in which it first appeared, Klaus Mann’s anti-fascist magazine Decision, to show how Moore shapes a poetics of resistance that both participates in and flags reservations to a wider wartime conversation about the political power of art and cultural exchange. Products of a transitional period in Moore’s own career, “Light Is Speech” and Moore’s further writings for Decision reflect her changing sense of the poet’s role as activist. Setina argues that Decision, short-lived though it was, provides a crucial interlocutor and context for Moore’s development as a political poet, one who saw a need for poetry not just to speak, but also to reach readers and move them to act.
Thymic epithelial cell-derived signals control B progenitor formation and proliferation in the thymus by regulating Let-7 and Arid3a

The postnatal thymus is an efficient microenvironment for T cell specification and differentiation. B cells are also present in the thymus and have been recently shown to impact T cell selection, however, the mechanisms controlling B cell development in the thymus are largely unknown. In Foxn1lacZ mutant mice, down-regulation of Foxn1 expression in thymic epithelial cells beginning 1 week after birth caused a dramatic reduction of T progenitors and an increase of B cell progenitors. This time point is coincident with the switch from fetal to adult-type hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which is regulated by the Lin28-Let7 system. We hypothesize that the thymic environment might regulate this process to suppress fetal-type B cell development in the thymus. In this study we show that in the Foxn1lacZ thymus, although the down-regulation of Lin28 in thymocytes was normal, up-regulation of Let-7 was impaired. The failure to up-regulate Let-7 caused a transient increase of Arid3a in B precursors, which is known to promote fetal-type B cell fate. Over-expression of Lin28a in HSCs also reduced Let-7 and promoted Arid3a expression in BM and thymic B progenitors, increasing B cell production in the thymus. The level of Let-7 in thymic B progenitors was up regulated by in vitro co-culture with IL15, Vitamin-D3, and retinoic acid, thus down-regulating Arid3a to promote B cell differentiation. All of these signals were produced in thymic epithelial cells (TECs) related to Let-7 expression in thymic B progenitors, and down-regulated in Foxn1lacZ mutants. Our data show that signals provided by TEC control thymic B cell development by up-regulating Let-7, suppressing Arid3a expression in intrathymic progenitor B cells to limit their proliferation during the neonatal to adult transition.
Health needs of adolescents in the military services.

Stresses of the military life style can lead to psychological problems in the adolescent military dependent. The goals of military pediatricians are to ameliorate the consequences of these stresses and, in the future, to extend their services to adolescents on active military duty.
Internally Generated Predictions Enhance Neural and Behavioral Detection of Sensory Stimuli in an Electric Fish

Studies of cerebellum-like circuits in fish have demonstrated that synaptic plasticity shapes the motor corollary discharge responses of granule cells into highly-specific predictions of self-generated sensory input. However, the functional significance of such predictions, known as negative images, has not been directly tested. Here we provide evidence for improvements in neural coding and behavioral detection of prey-like stimuli due to negative images. In addition, we find that manipulating synaptic plasticity leads to specific changes in circuit output that disrupt neural coding and detection of prey-like stimuli. These results link synaptic plasticity, neural coding, and behavior and also provide a circuit-level account of how combining external sensory input with internally generated predictions enhances sensory processing.
The Role of Families Among Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Confronting HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa

This chapter provides an overview of the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on vulnerable children and families in sub-Saharan Africa. There is a discussion of the terms used to describe HIV-affected vulnerable children. As a result of the generalized epidemic and widespread poverty, many children and families are in need of services. This chapter covers the research on the impact of HIV/AIDS on children and their families in four key areas: (1) care arrangements, (2) educational opportunities, (3) mental health, and (4) HIV risk behaviors. This is followed by a review of the emerging literature on services and programs. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the shortcomings of the research and what has been learned from the studies and programs to date.
Examining Latinos Involvement in the Workforce and Postsecondary Technical Education in the United States

In this article, the authors report the results of two studies examining the participation rates of Latino students in postsecondary technical education (CTE) programs in community colleges and two-year proprietary institutions in the United States in 1994 and 2000. It is believed that the quality of the future U.S. Labor market will depend, to a great extent, on this group’s education and job skills. Although Latinos are the fastest growing minority group in the United States, they are also the poorest and most undereducated when compared to other minority groups. Results of both studies show that few Latino students enroll in and graduate from postsecondary CTE programs. Of those students that do enroll in and complete CTE programs at the postsecondary level, very few complete programs that are considered high-skill, high-wage.
Advances in neuroblastoma therapy.

Purpose of reviewOur understanding of the biologic basis of neuroblastoma, the genetic heterogeneity of this malignancy and the role of host factors has expanded significantly in recent years. In this review, we highlight current and future risk-based treatment approaches and discuss the opportuniti
Group work publications-1991

Abstract Twenty-one new publications in group work are listed, of which nine are reviewed. Those discussed include group counseling and psychotherapy, structured groups, support groups, psychodrama, and social group work.
End of life (EOL) care in patients with metastatic lung cancer harboring EGFR-mutations.

e20508 Background: Metastatic lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the US. In the last decade, patients (pts) with EGFR mutations have benefitted from improved medical outcom...
Intermittent acceleration as a countermeasure to soleus muscle atrophy.

The centrifuge proposed for the Space Station will most likely be used, in part, for countermeasure studies. At present, there is a paucity of information concerning the duration and frequency of a...
The Continuing Cost of the Iraq War: The Spread of Jihadi Groups Throughout the Region

The US invasion and subsequent occupation of Iraq, initiated in part to retaliate against Al Qaeda for the 9/11 strikes, had the effect of inspiring the creation of new Al Qaeda franchises. One such group is The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, formed as the Iraqi Al Qaeda affiliates spread into Syria. The formation of ISIS and the other Jihadi groups active in Syria and now spreading elsewhere through the region, together responsible for thousands of deaths, is one of the many costs of the Iraq war. These new groups – which formed and trained during the US occupation of Iraq – are impeding US foreign policy and preventing donor nations from providing humanitarian relief.
A comparison of surgical pulmonary embolectomy and catheter-directed lysis for life-threatening pulmonary emboli

Objectives Patients with life-threatening pulmonary emboli (PE) have traditionally been treated with anticoagulation alone, yet emerging data suggest that more aggressive therapy may improve short-term outcomes. The purpose of this study was to compare postoperative outcomes between catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDL) and surgical pulmonary embolectomy (SPE) in the treatment of life-threatening PE. Methods A retrospective single-centre observational study was conducted for patients who underwent SPE or CDL at a single US academic centre. Preprocedural and postprocedural echocardiographic data were collected. Unadjusted regression models were constructed to assess the significance of the between-group postoperative differences. Results A total of 126 patients suffered a life-threatening PE during the study period [60 SPE (47.6%), 66 CDL 52.4%]. Ten (24.4%) SPE patients and 10 (15.2%) CDL patients had massive PEs marked by preprocedural hypotension. Six (10.0%) SPE patients and 4 (6.0%) CDL patients suffered a preprocedure cardiac arrest (P = 0.41). In-hospital mortality rate was 3.3% (2) for SPE, and 3.0% (2) for CDL (P = 0.99). SPE patients were more likely to require prolonged ventilation (15.0% vs 1.5%, P = 0.01). No significant differences were found in other major complications. At baseline echocardiography, 76.9% of SPE patients and 56.9% of CDL patients had moderate or severe right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. Both treatment groups showed marked and durable improvement in echocardiographic markers of RV function from baseline at midterm follow-up. Conclusions Both SPE and CDL can be applied to well-selected high-risk patients with low rates of morbidity and mortality. Further research is necessary to delineate which patients would benefit most from either SPE or CDL following a life-threatening PE.
Securing Adequate Legal Defense in Proceedings under International Investment Agreements: A Scoping Study

The primary research question that the Scoping Study was requested to address is: How can adequate legal defense for parties in proceedings under International Investment Agreements (IIAs) be better secured? The Scoping Study provides a broad and inclusive overview of issues, concerns, empirical evidence, opinions, lessons learned, and proposed solutions as they relate to potential or expanded Assistance Mechanisms for international investment law. This Scoping Study reflects input received on a confidential basis from: government officials (of all World Bank Group economic development levels); individuals who have experience establishing or working for existing or attempted Assistance Mechanisms; individuals who have experience working for an arbitral institution; academics who have written on and/or advised states with respect to international investment law; private practitioners; representatives of non-governmental organizations; and representatives of private sector foreign investors. Concerns about IIAs and ISDS are much more fundamental than only the financial costs of participation in this system. The Scoping Study considers the range of problems that states and other actors have in engaging with and benefiting from international investment law and in participating effectively in investor-state dispute settlement processes related to: - investment policy-making - IIA negotiation - implementation and management of their IIAs and associated policies - dispute prevention - pre-dispute management and consultations - case staffing - anticipating, and potentially resolving, ISDS cases at an early phase - appointing arbitrators - dealing with uncertainty and ambiguity - working with experts - engaging in discovery of and managing information. The Scoping Study surveys a wide variety of models that Assistance Mechanisms, both with respect to international investment law as well as those employed in other legal fields, have taken and may take to address various concerns. Various cross-cutting issues emerged from analysis of and experience with existing Assistance Mechanisms. These cross-cutting issues should be considered by policy-makers as they consider the breadth and depth of services as well as the model(s) that an Assistance Mechanism could follow. The cross-cutting issues that are explored in depth in the Scoping Study include: Quality, reliability, reputation, and trust; Funding of an Assistance Mechanism and scope of services; Costs of support and who bears them; Stakeholder tensions; Identifying the client/beneficiary; Location, staffing, and remuneration; Institutionalized vs. ad hoc mechanisms; “Politics” surrounding the role of an Assistance Mechanism; and Intersection with other reforms.
Improved Techniques for Model Inversion Attacks

Model inversion (MI) attacks in the whitebox setting are aimed at reconstructing training data from model parameters. Such attacks have triggered increasing concerns about privacy, especially given a growing number of online model repositories. However, existing MI attacks against deep neural networks (DNNs) have large room for performance improvement. A natural question is whether the underperformance is because the target model does not memorize much about its training data or it is simply an artifact of imperfect attack algorithm design? This paper shows that it is the latter. We present a variety of new techniques that can significantly boost the performance of MI attacks against DNNs. Recent advances to attack DNNs are largely attributed to the idea of training a general generative adversarial network (GAN) with potential public data and using it to regularize the search space for reconstructed images. We propose to customize the training of a GAN to the inversion task so as to better distill knowledge useful for performing attacks from public data. Moreover, unlike previous work that directly searches for a single data point to represent a target class, we propose to model private data distribution in order to better reconstruct representative data points. Our experiments show that the combination of these techniques can lead to state-of-the-art attack performance on a variety of datasets and models, even when the public data has a large distributional shift from the private data.
Indirect Endovascular Revascularization via Collaterals: A New Classification to Predict Wound Healing and Limb Salvage

Background In the setting of chronic limb ischemia, lower extremity (LE) wounds require revascularization of source arteries for wound healing and limb salvage. Direct revascularization of the source artery is preferred but cannot always be performed. Our objective was to analyze the influence of arterial-arterial connections on clinical outcomes after angiosome-directed endovascular revascularization. Methods Consecutive LE wounds in patients with isolated infra-popliteal disease revascularized endovascularly from 2012 to 2016 within a single center were retrospectively reviewed. Treatment was classified as direct revascularization (DR) if the source artery supplying the wound angiosome was treated, indirect revascularization via collaterals (IR-C) if the source artery angiosome was revascularized by another major artery via arterial connections, or indirect revascularization (IR) if direct revascularization of the source artery angiosome was not possible. Demographics, comorbidities, and patient outcomes were collected. Results Of 105 patients with 106 LE wounds, there were 35, 38, and 33 patients in the DR, IR-C, and IR groups, respectively. The mean age was 65.8 years old (standard deviation (SD) 11.9) with 81 males (77.1%) and 24 females (22.9%). Average follow-up was 21.0 months (SD 14.0). Overall wound healing rates were 80.0%, 92.1%, and 63.6% for DR, IR-C, and IR, respectively (P = 0.009). Significant differences were found between all 3 group comparisons, DR versus IR-C (P = 0.010), DR versus IR (P = 0.013), IR-C versus IR (P = 0.008). Overall major amputation-free survival was 85.7%, 89.5%, and 69.7% in DR, IR-C, and IR groups, respectively, with statistically significant differences between the IR-C and IR groups (P = 0.036). Conclusions Treating diseased infra-popliteal arteries and improving blood flow via arterial-arterial connections as per the angiosome model improved wound healing and amputation-free survival in this cohort. Although DR is still the gold standard, revascularization using IR-C may give superior healing results even in highly comorbid patients. This offers an additional avenue for treatment, especially when DR is not possible.