cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Massage reduces pain perception and hyperalgesia in experimental muscle pain: a randomized, controlled trial.

Abstract Massage is a common conservative intervention used to treat myalgia. Although subjective reports have supported the premise that massage decreases pain, few studies have systematically investigated the dose response characteristics of massage relative to a control group. The purpose of this study was to perform a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial of the effects of massage on mechanical hyperalgesia (pressure pain thresholds, PPT) and perceived pain using delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) as an endogenous model of myalgia. Participants were randomly assigned to a no-treatment control, superficial touch, or deep-tissue massage group. Eccentric wrist extension exercises were performed at visit 1 to induce DOMS 48 hours later at visit 2. Pain, assessed using visual analog scales (VAS), and PPTs were measured at baseline, after exercise, before treatment, and after treatment. Deep massage decreased pain (48.4% DOMS reversal) during muscle stretch. Mechanical hyperalgesia was reduced (27.5% reversal) after both the deep massage and superficial touch groups relative to control (increased hyperalgesia by 38.4%). Resting pain did not vary between treatment groups. Perspective This randomized, controlled trial suggests that massage is capable of reducing myalgia symptoms by approximately 25% to 50%, varying with assessment technique. Thus, potential analgesia may depend on the pain assessment used. This information may assist clinicians in determining conservative treatment options for patients with myalgia.
An In Situ Synchrotron Study of Zinc Anode Planarization by a Bismuth Additive

Cyclic voltammetry of zinc plated from flowing alkaline zincate electrolyte with a bismuth additive showed a marked mass transport effect during metal layer deplating. This bismuth was added as Bi2O3 and had a saturated concentration of 26 ppm bismuth. Using a small, transparent window flow cell the mechanism was studied in situ using synchrotron X-rays. X-ray microdiffraction revealed that the metal-electrolyte interface was bismuth rich, and bismuth behaved in a manner similar to a surfactant. Transmission X-ray microscopy revealed that in the presence of bismuth additive, 5 μm raised features on the metal layer were preferentially dissolved during deplating. However, macro-morphology experiments demonstrated that at 26 ppm a detrimental bismuth buildup occurred over many cycles. By reducing additive concentration to 3 ppm a metal layer was planarized compared to a no-additive control, while avoiding the bismuth buildup. These findings suggested that 3 ppm bismuth could be used to planarize zinc metal layers such as those in flow-assisted zinc batteries. However, concentration will need to be well-controlled.
Synchrotron fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy: A new tool to monitor the fate of organic contaminants in plants

FTIR microspectroscopy, with synchrotron radiation as a source, was used for the first time to study changes in plant structure induced by organic contaminants. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants were grown hydroponically in the presence of benzotriazole. Changes in the plant structure due to uptake, incorporation, and/or transformation of benzotriazole were observed. False color intensity maps of benzotriazole treated secondary root sections showed changes in plant structure, as well as the presence of aromatic CH peaks due to incorporation of benzotriazole within the plant. The presence of the characteristic benzotriazole CH out-of-plane bending mode suggests that the contaminant aromatic ring remains intact upon the uptake by the plant. Simultaneously, the changes in the lignin structure suggest that the plant suffered damage by the uptake of the benzotriazole. Spectral variations between the untreated and benzotriazole treated sunflowers were uncovered using principal components analysis (PCA). PCA also revealed clustering according to the different benzotriazole treatments.
Kinetic mechanism for human Rho-Kinase II (ROCK-II).

Rho-Kinase is a serine/threonine kinase that is involved in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction and cytoskeletal reorganization of nonmuscle cells. While the signal transduction pathway in which Rho-Kinase participates has been and continues to be extensively studied, the kinetic mechanism of Rho-Kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation has not been investigated. We report here elucidation of the kinetic mechanism for Rho-Kinase by using steady-state kinetic studies. These studies used the kinase domain of human Rho-Kinase II (ROCK-II 1−534) with S6 peptide (biotin-AKRRRLSSLRA-NH2) as the phosphorylatable substrate. Double-reciprocal plots for two-substrate kinetic data yielded intersecting line patterns with either ATP or S6 peptide as the varied substrate, indicating that Rho-Kinase utilized a ternary complex (sequential) kinetic mechanism. Dead-end inhibition studies were used to investigate the order of binding for ATP and the peptide substrate. The ATP-competitive inhibitors AMP-PCP and Y-27632 were ...
Effects of high shear on the structure and thickness of turbulent premixed methane/air flames stabilized on a bluff-body burner

Abstract The effects of preferential transport and strain on the scalar structure (profiles of major species, elemental ratios) of turbulent premixed bluff-body stabilized flames are examined using line-imaged Raman/Rayleigh/CO-LIF diagnostics combined with crossed-planar Rayleigh imaging to determine the 3D flame orientation. Comparison of the experimental measurements with laminar flame calculations shows strong effects of preferential diffusion on the flame structure and the product state in lean and rich flames. Measurements of the flame orientation show a strong correlation between the flame-front normal angle and the strength of the preferential transport effects. As the flame-front angle decreases (by increasing the reactant velocity or decreasing the distance from the surface), the coupling between the preferential diffusion through the flame brush and the recirculation region is increased, enhancing the preferential transport effects. Spatial profiles and flame thickness measurements are discussed to evaluate how the strain and the turbulence affect the flame. In fuel-lean flames, as the velocity increases, eddies smaller than the flame thickness, but larger than the reaction layer, penetrate the preheat zone, improving the mixing and thickening the flame. Higher velocities are associated with higher levels of strain, which mitigate the thickening effect of the turbulence. Increases of the flame thickness up to 10% were observed. In fuel-rich flames, both the strain and the turbulence contribute to the thickening of the flame, and a flame thickness up to 2.5 times larger than the unstrained laminar thickness is observed. Changes are not limited to the preheat zone, but affect the entire flame structure. Progress variable scalar dissipation rate profiles are also discussed.
Mesenchyme cells in Fasciola hepatica (Platyhelminthes): primitive glia?

Abstract Mesenchyme cells and their processes are found in the cerebral ganglia of the parasitic flatworm, Fasciola hepatica . The mesenchyme cell processes are found in two specialized associations within the ganglion: (i) as lamellae-like multilayer sheaths encircling the cerebral ganglia and separating it from the surrounding parenchyma cells, and (ii) invaginated into the surface of large diameter (‘giant’) nerve processes to form trophospongium-like relationships. Based on morphological criteria, these mesenchyme cells resemble general invertebrate glial cells suggesting that the mesenchyme cells of these flatworms may represent the earliest glial-like cell.
Local structure in marginal glass forming Al-Sm alloy

Abstract The local structure in rapidly quenched Al(100−x)Smx (x = 8, 10, 11, and 12) and liquid Al89Sm11 has been investigated using a combination of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction (HEXRD). TEM analysis showed a featureless microstructure with diffuse scattering in rapidly quenched Al(100−x)Smx (x = 8, 10, 11, and 12) within the glass formation composition range under the bright field (BF) conditions. Total structure factor analysis of the liquid and as-quenched alloys revealed a pre-peak located well below the main amorphous peak and a distinct side peak. The presence of the pre-peak and the side peak is related to the formation of Sm rich medium range order (MRO) clusters in the liquid that is retained in the as-quenched alloys. Atomic structure models constructed using Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) simulations from experimentally determined total structure factors and coupled with Voronoi Tessellation analysis indicated icosahedral and deformed bcc-like Voronoi polyhedron (VP) surrounding Al and Sm atoms, respectively. Sm atoms were found to be highly coordinated with Al atoms in the first shell neighborhood. The structural unit sizes corresponding to the extra broad peaks and the first shell neighborhood around Sm atoms have remarkable similarities with the high temperature metastable Al11Sm3 tetragonal phase. The existence of the Sm rich MRO clusters in the as-quenched state is believed to promote the high nucleation density of fcc-Al nanocrystals that form when the material is devitrified by acting as catalyst sites.
Ring 10 chromosome: 46,XX,r10(p15q26)

A teenage girl with mild retardation and some clinical features suggestive of the Turner syndrome was found to have an r10(p15q26) in blood and skin cells. Quantitative evaluation of 28 red cell enzymes, including two (hexokinase and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase) known to be on chromosome 10, gave normal values.
Uptake of sulphur-35 by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae on red clover and maize absorbed S35 at higher rates than did comparable nonmycorrhizal roots.
Apoptosis of T cells mediated by galectin-1

Galectin-1, a member of the family of beta-galactoside binding proteins, has growth regulatory and immunomodulatory activities. We report here that galectin-1, expressed by stromal cells in human thymus and lymph nodes, is present at sites of cell death by apoptosis during normal T-cell development and maturation. Galectin-1 induced apoptosis of activated human T cells and human T leukaemia cell lines. Resting T cells also bound galectin-1, but did not undergo apoptosis. Human endothelial cells that expressed galectin-1 induced apoptosis of bound T cells. Galectin-1-induced apoptosis required expression of CD45, and was decreased when N-glycan elongation was blocked by treatment of the cells by swainsonine, whereas inhibition of O-glycan elongation potentiated the apoptotic effect of galectin-1. Induction of apoptosis by an endogenous mammalian lectin represents a new mechanism for regulating the immune response.
Inactivation of β-galactosidase induction by ultraviolet light

Abstract The ability of Escherichia coli to form β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) is strongly inhibited (relative to total protein synthesis) by ultraviolet light if the bacteria are maintained in the same medium before and after irradiation. However, irradiation has a much smaller effect if the bacteria are transferred to a poorer medium after irradiation and before induction. High concentrations of inducer do not reverse the ultraviolet light inhibition. Ultraviolet light appears mainly to cause a “catabolite repression” of β-galactosidase formation, similar to action of 32P decay or thymine starvation, and not to inactivate the structural gene for this enzyme. Ultraviolet light inactivation of β-galactosidase induction is not an all or none phenomenon in each bacterium. Increasing doses of ultraviolet light progressively inactivate formation of the enzyme in an individual bacterium. In contrast, inactivation of galactoside permease induction is virtually complete in each damaged cell. A difference in ultraviolet light sensitivity before and after induction was noted. This is attributed to inactivation of galactoside permease which is initially essential for β-galactosidase induction. After induction had commenced, inhibition of permease formation no longer reduced the ability of the bacteria to produce β-galactosidase.
Binding of plasma fibronectin to Candida albicans occurs through the cell binding domain

Abstract Candida albicans yeast cells bind soluble human plasma fibronectin (Fn) through a glycoprotein receptor (adhesin) located on the cell surface. This work demonstrates that a 120 kDa proteolytic fragment of Fn encompassing the cell binding domain binds more avidly to the yeast cell adhesin than does the parent Fn molecule. The presence of binding of Fn fragments containing heparin- and gelatin-binding domains of Fn could not be detected. The binding of the 120 kDa fragment is inhibited by a monoclonal antibody to the cell binding domain containing the amino acid sequence, Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic acid (RGD) as well as by an RGD-containing ∼23-mer Fn peptide, but not with heparin or GRGDSPL. The fact that the cell binding domain of soluble Fn binds more avidly than does the parent molecule may explain the difference in the interaction of soluble Fn and immobilized Fn with Candida. It is possible that, upon immobilization, Fn may expose domains of the molecule previously unexposed when the molecule is in the soluble state.
Emission Spectrographic Analysis of Fused Aluminum Oxide and Fused Tin Oxide Crystals

A method is described for the analysis of fused aluminum oxide and fused tin oxide crystals in which the treatment of the samples and standards removes the effects which sample form might have on spectral excitation. The crystal sample is ground and then dissolved in a molten sodium carbonate-tetraborate flux. The cooled cake is dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid, and an internal standard is added. A drop of the solution is dried on the flat end of a graphite electrode, and the spectra are excited with an ac arc. The elements Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni. and V have been determined with the lower limits ranging from 0.001 to 0.05%. The method is applicable to many other elements over wide concentration ranges because of the convenient method of standardization.
Migration velocity analysis using traveltime wavefield tomography

ABSTRACTWe introduce an integrated wave-equation technique for migration velocity analysis (MVA) that consists of three steps: (1) forming the extended data, (2) approximating the correct transmitted wavefield, and (3) using wavefield tomography to update the velocity model. In the first step, the crosscorrelation imaging condition is relaxed to produce other nonzero-lag common image gathers (CIG) that, combined, form a common image cube (CIC). Slicing the CIC at different crosscorrelation lags forms a series of CIGs. Flattened events will occur in the CIGs at a lag other than the zero-lag when an incorrect velocity model is used in the migration. In the second step, for each event on the CIG, we pick the focusing depth and crosscorrelation lag at which it is flattest. We then model a Green’s function by seeding a source at the focusing depth using one-way wave equation modeling, then shift the modeled wavefield with the focusing crosscorrelation lag. This process is repeated for the other primary events ...
Soybean Growth and Development Alterations caused by Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) Feeding

Corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), injury to soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr, is characterized primarily by feeding on leaven, pods, and flowers. Although soybean can withstand considerable damage to each plant part individually or in combination without yield loss, corn earworm larvae frequently cause yield reductions. To evaluate alterations in plant growth that determine if yield losses occur, the plant growth and yield response of soybean to corn earworm injury was observed at six experimental sites from 1985 to 1987 (...)
Toward a Useful Theory of Mentoring A Conceptual Analysis and Critique

In this review and critique of mentoring theory and research, the authors identify persistent problems in the development of mentoring theory. Their conceptual analysis highlights these problems with a “thought experiment” illustrating the inability of mentoring theory and research to resolve certain fundamental issues, the resolution of which is a prerequisite for the advancement of explanatory theory. They conclude with ideas about demarcating “mentoring” from the sometimes confounding concepts “training” or “socialization.” Absent an ability to distinguish mentoring from related activities, progress in explanatory theory will remain impeded.
Models for the spectra of bridged mixed‐valence dimers

Models for the spectra of bridged mixed-valence dimers, which generally exhibit broad, intense bands in the visible or near infrared regions, are discussed. The two-site model of Piepho, Krausz and Schatz (PKS) [S.B. Piepho, E.R. Krausz, and P.N. Schatz, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 2996–3005 (1978)] is reviewed and compared with a three-site model which explicitly includes the bridging species. We show that when there is a strongly-coupled electronic state on the bridge, the totally symmetric vibrational motion is very important in the vibronic coupling problem for these complexes. Along the vibrational sum coordinate, the potential surfaces for the upper and lower states in the intervalence transfer transition may be treated approximately as two harmonic oscillators with displaced minima. At low temperatures, the transition intensities are given by a Poisson distribution.
Comparison of amino acid polymerization factors isolated from rat liver and rabbit reticulocytes

Abstract Using preliminary ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by calcium phosphate adsorption and elution, two complementary fractions, T 1 and T 2 , analogous to Schweet's TF-1 and TF-2, were obtained from liver as well as reticulocytes. In both cases, a further separation of the two fractions was achieved by DEAE-cellulose column adsorption and elution with a potassium chloride gradient. The prepurified liver fractions were also identified as T 1 and T 2 , respectively, after Sephadex G-200 chromatography. Cross complementation was obtained between T 1 and T 2 derived from either source. A ribosome-linked GTPase partly coincided with the T 2 fraction but did not respond to the addition of template or aminoacyl-sRNA. The T 1 fraction catalyzed GTP-linked binding of aminoacyl-sRNA to template-charged ribosomes, and GTP hydrolysis was observed coincident with the T 1 -linked binding of aminoacyl-sRNA to the ribosome but exceeded the binding reaction about 20-fold. The binding assay was performed in the absence of a sulfhydryl compound to prevent polymerization. The T 2 function was not studied in detail, except that it caused polymerization when added to the T 1 system together with a sulfhydryl compound. A common nomenclature is proposed, and a separation procedure that is generally applicable to mammalian cell extractions is presented.
Designing disk arrays for high data reliability

Abstract Redundancy based on a parity encoding has been proposed for ensuring that disk arrays provide highly reliable data. Parity-based redundancy tolerates many independent and dependent disk failures (shared support hardware) without on-line spare disks and many more such failures with on-line spare disks. This paper explores the design of reliable, redundant disk arrays. In the context of a 70-disk strawman array, it presents and applies analytic and simulation models for the time until data is lost. It shows how to balance requirements for high data reliability against the overhead cost of redundant data, on-line spares, and on-site repair personnel in terms of an array′s architecture, its component reliabilities, and its repair policies.
Properties of the lipid body lipase of Pinus eduUs and electrophoretic purification of its 64 kDa subunit

Lipase (triacyiglycerol acylhydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3) in oilseeds can be associated with either the lipid body or glyoxysomal membrane and can have various pH optima and substrate specificities. There is conflicting evidence for the subcellular location of lipase in gymnosperms, and little information exists on its activity characteristics. In this report, Pinus edulis (pinyon) was found to have an acid lipase, which was associated with the lipid body fraction and the activity of which increased during germination. Active lipase from the solubilized lipid body membrane was determined by gel permeation chromatography to have a molecular weight of 260 000. Further attempts to purify the active enzyme were unsuccessful. A lipid body membrane protein of 64 kDa which increased in parallel with lipase activity during germination was isolated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. excised, and polyclonal antibodies were made against it. Using these antibodies, active lipase was immunoprecipitated from solution, thus indicating that the 64 kDa protein is a subunit of the lipase. Pinus edulis lipase had a pH optimum of ca 4.5. and it exhibited little specificity for triacyiglycerol substrates in vitro. The lipase was specific in activity against fluorometric substrates, with the highest activity against methyl-umbelliferyl laurale. Lipase activity was inhibited by high concentrations of non-ionic detergent. This lipid body acid lipase appears to be primarily responsible for lipid hydrolysis during pinyon germination.
Yes, but not in the Caribbean

From the publication of Roots of Language onward, a significant part of the debate about Derek Bickerton's Language Bioprogram Hypothesis (LBH) focused on the cultural matrix of creolization, 1 The crucial test case for Bickerton was Hawai'i. Hawai'i was important for two reasons: (1) creole genesis had occurred much more recently there than in the Caribbean, and (2) despite having an entirely different set of substrate languages from Caribbean creoles, Hawai'i Creole English (HCE) looked very much like them. The recency of creolization in Hawai'i meant that it was possible to recover a great deal of information about what had taken place there. When Bickerton first started looking at HCE in the 1970's, people were still alive who had come from Japan and the Philippines early in the twentieth century to work on sugar plantations. Data from interviews with them (Bickerton & Odo 1976; Bickerton 1981) showed the speakers to be individuals whose English had scarcely moved past the jargon stage. As for the similarities between HCE and Caribbean creoles, the fact that HCE looked so similar to Caribbean creoles yet lacked substratal input from African languages effectively negated - for Bickerton at least - the claim that input from African substrate languages had played a critical role in the formation of Caribbean creoles: 'if a feature appears in one creole whose substratum lacks that feature, it does not matter if there are nine or 99 creoles whose substratum has it - for it has then been demonstrated that substratum presence is no longer a necessary condition for presence of that feature, and substratal... explanations become superfluous' (1984:215).
Dependence of parabolic pulse amplification on stimulated Raman scattering and gain bandwidth

An analytical model has been developed and verified by numerical simulations to determine limits induced by stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) on parabolic pulse evolution in high-power, high-energy Yb-fiber amplifiers. Our results show that the maximum achievable parabolic pulse energies are limited by SRS at low amplifier gains and by the finite gain bandwidth at high gains. Therefore, an optimum gain value exists that maximizes the achievable output pulse energy.
Quantitative characteristics of pressure-induced four-wave mixing signals observed with cw laser beams

We report observation of a pressure-induced extra resonance in four-wave mixing (PIER4 signal) using single-mode continuous-wave dye lasers. The narrow laser linewidth permits for the first time a quantitative verification of the frequency, intensity, and pressure dependence of the PIER4 signal predicted by the theory of the nonlinear susceptibility ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(3)}$.
Habitual sleep duration and the incidence of headaches in college students

The relationship between habitual sleep duration and the frequency of headaches was measured using the responses of 176 students. As was predicted, we found a significant inverse relationship between these variables.
Endocytosis inhibitors prevent poly(amidoamine) dendrimer internalization and permeability across Caco-2 cells.

Previous studies from our group demonstrated visual evidence that endocytosis mechanism(s) contribute to the internalization and intracellular trafficking of cationic and anionic poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers across Caco-2 cells. These dendrimers colocalized with established endocytosis markers, which suggested PAMAM dendrimers may be internalized by a clathrin-dependent endocytosis mechanism and are rapidly trafficked to endosomal and lysosomal compartments. In the present study, generation 4 PAMAM-NH2 (G4NH2) dendrimer was labeled with tritium to measure the rate of uptake and permeability in Caco-2 cells. The effect of endocytosis inhibitors brefeldin A, colchicine, filipin, and sucrose on G4NH2 absorption and transport was examined to give further insight into the endocytosis mechanisms that transport PAMAM dendrimers across Caco-2 cell monolayers. G4NH2 showed linear uptake at lower concentrations, and rapidly increased as a function of concentration. The rate of G4NH2 uptake significantly decl...
Using MRI to Guide the Analysis of Postmortem Brains

Our goal was to use lesions identified on MRI to guide the histological analysis of postmortem brains. After fixation, the postmortem brains were sectioned into 5 mm thick coronal slices and photographed, and the resulting slides were scanned into a computer graphics file format. The slices were co- registered to each other and assembled into a postmortem brain volume. We next co-registered the oblique coronal T1-weighted MRI to the postmortem brain volume. The transformation defined by this co-registration was used to transform the MRI lesion markings onto the postmortem brain. These transformed lesion markings were used to guide the histological analysis. Only rigid body transformations were used in this analysis. The postmortem brain volume looked most correct near the center slices, probably due to the deformations undergone by the postmortem brain during slicing, fixation, and movement. Despite this limitation and our use of rigid body transformations, the co-registered MRI and postmortem brain were reasonably well matched at the surface, at the ventricles, and at structures of interest such as the hippocampus. More precise localization of the MRI lesion markings on the postmortem brain slice will only be achieved when a nonlinear method such as warping of the brain is used.
A study of afferent input to the inferior olivary complex in the rat by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase

Under direct visualization, minute amounts of horseradish peroxidase were injected by controlled air pressure through glass micropipettes into the inferior olive of the albino rat. Well localized unilateral injections were obtained, without damage to other brainstem areas or spread into the adjacent reticular formation. After 24 to 36 hours, the entire brain and spinal cord were examined by light microscopy for labelled neurons supplying afferents to the inferior olive. With few exceptions, labelled somata rostral to the inferior olive were found ipsilateral to the injection site, the greatest number occurring in the subparafascicular nucleus and central gray substance around the caudal third ventricle, in the N. of Forel's field, Nn. of Darkschewitsch and Cajal, and adjacent reticular formation, and in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Labelled cells were also noted in the sensorimotor cortex, red nucleus, peri-aqueductal gray and all subdivisions of the pretectal complex. Caudal to the olive, labelled neurons were located primarily on the contralateral side in the lateral reticular nucleus, dorsal column nuclei and nucleus proprius of the spinal cord. At the level of the olive, numerous labelled cells occurred bilaterally, but mainly contralateral to the injection site in the lateral and interpositus nuclei of the cerebellum. A smaller number were seen in the N. prepositus hypoglossi and in the medial and spinal subdivisions of the vestibular complex ipsilaterally, in the N. spinal tract of V contralaterally, and in the gigantocellular reticular nucleus bilaterally. A few neurons in the N. raphe obscurus were also labelled. No positive cells were found in the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, locus coeruleus, or medial cerebellar nucleus. The results are compared and contrasted, region by region, with previous studies of afferent olivary pathways and, where possible, correlations are made with physiologic data.
Stratified scaffold design for engineering composite tissues

A significant challenge to orthopaedic soft tissue repair is the biological fixation of autologous or allogeneic grafts with bone, whereby the lack of functional integration between such grafts and host bone has limited the clinical success of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and other common soft tissue-based reconstructive grafts. The inability of current surgical reconstruction to restore the native fibrocartilaginous insertion between the ACL and the femur or tibia, which minimizes stress concentration and facilitates load transfer between the soft and hard tissues, compromises the long-term clinical functionality of these grafts. To enable integration, a stratified scaffold design that mimics the multiple tissue regions of the ACL interface (ligament–fibrocartilage–bone) represents a promising strategy for composite tissue formation. Moreover, distinct cellular organization and phase-specific matrix heterogeneity achieved through co- or tri-culture within the scaffold system can promote biomimetic multi-tissue regeneration. Here, we describe the methods for fabricating a tri-phasic scaffold intended for ligament–bone integration, as well as the tri-culture of fibroblasts, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts on the stratified scaffold for the formation of structurally contiguous and compositionally distinct regions of ligament, fibrocartilage and bone. The primary advantage of the tri-phasic scaffold is the recapitulation of the multi-tissue organization across the native interface through the layered design. Moreover, in addition to ease of fabrication, each scaffold phase is similar in polymer composition and therefore can be joined together by sintering, enabling the seamless integration of each region and avoiding delamination between scaffold layers.
Graduate training and the treatment of suicidal clients: The students' perspective

Existing literature suggests that graduate programs may not provide adequate training in working with suicidal clients. Therefore, we surveyed 238 predoctoral psychology interns and assessed the prevalence of clients engaging in suicidal behaviors and the amount of formal training in managing suicidal clients received. Results showed approximately 5% of participants indicated a client suicide and 99% indicated they had treated at least one suicidal client during their graduate training. In contrast, results demonstrated only 50% of the participants reported attending programs where formal training was offered. These findings suggest a continued need for increased formal training in managing suicidal clients in graduate psychology programs.
O universo pluralista do direito: em direção a um pragmatismo jurídico neo-clássico

Apos um breve esboco da historia do pragmatismo filosofico em geral, e do pragmatismo juridico especificamente (secao 1), este artigo desenvolve um novo, neo-classico pragmatismo juridico: uma teoria do Direito baseada, em parte, em Holmes, mas tambem em ideias da tradicao pragmatista classica na filosofia. Os principais temas sao o “universo pluralista” do direito (secao 2); a evolucao dos sistemas juridicos (secao 3); o lugar da logica no direito (secao 4); e a relacao entre direito e moralidade (secao 5).
Performance and Simulation Verification of a Mobile Solid State Pulsed Ring Down Array

Mobile pulsed ring down arrays are of great interest due to their ability to deliver high peak power electromagnetic pulses. Global positioning system (GPS) devices are used as a means to provide position information to individual array elements. An array of solid state radiating structures was built and tested. The array test results are compared to a Monte Carlo array simulation that take into account source jitter, timing error, and distance error between array elements due to GPS measurements.
Response to Philip Huang’s “Biculturality in Modern China and in Chinese Studies”:

Philip Huang's essay is a welcome contribution to the effort to think outside the ideological categories of the nation-state, categories in particular that reify an individual's identity as belonging to a national culture. He argues that while "the ideologies of anti-imperialism and nationalism condition us to think in terms of either/or dichotomies, culture as the lived experience of the people themselves does not carry such dictates" (Huang, 1999: 17). I am entirely sympathetic to this project and find much in the essay that is both refreshing and useful. At the same time, I want to show that nationalism is both crude and subtle; the ideological categories of the nation can run much deeper than we think. The cunning of nationalism, which raises its head to mock us just as we complete our deconstruction of it, has much to do with the fact that we have been formed by one or another national pedagogy. Indeed, I believe that the power of subjective or personal formation by nationalism is such that Huang's contrast between "ideology" and "lived experience" quoted above may be too facile for his own purposes. My goal is to strengthen the thesis by showing how parts of Huang's arguments may still embed certain nationalist assumptions. For biculturality to be a truly useful concept, we need to push the critique of nationalism further. Huang makes an interesting connection between biculturalism and bilingualism. He makes the indisputable point that language cannot be severed from cultural understandings and adduces many good examples from the Chinese language for the words for public and private
“A reappraisal of social security financing”—revisited

Richard Musgrave only touched on Social Security in his seminal book, A Theory of Public Finance (1959), but he addressed the issue directly for a 1980 Washington, D. C. symposium sponsored by the Social Security Administration (Musgrave 1981). The symposium brought together experts to help design a fix for Social Security’s financing problems that would be both effective and acceptable to the public. Musgrave’s contribution, “A Reappraisal of Social Security Financing,” reviewed the financing status of Social Security, explored the nature of the intergenerational compact, and, most pointedly, assessed the merits of the payroll tax as a means of financing Social Security. While acknowledging the importance of having an earmarked tax, Musgrave concluded that the payroll tax was unacceptably regressive and should be replaced by a flat percentage charge on a broadly defined income base. Given the importance of Social Security, solving its financing problems in a politically acceptable fashion remains a high national priority. For almost 70 years, Social Security has raised the living standards of millions of older Americans and markedly increased their sense of economic security. Currently, one-third of elderly households receive more than 90% of their income from Social Security and about two-thirds depend on Social Security for more than half of their retirement income. Social Security benefits keep some 15 million people above the poverty line and J Econ Finan (2008) 32:394–408 DOI 10.1007/s12197-008-9045-3
Linking Faculty Development to the Business School's Mission

Recently adopted standards by the International Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) require accredited schools to define a set of specific goals and student-learning outcomes from their mission statements. In addition, AACSB Participant Standard 11 requires a school to design faculty development programs to fulfill the school's mission. What is missing in the business education literature is a description of how the school can link its faculty development efforts to the achievement of its stated goals and student-learning outcomes. This article proposes a model to foster the link between mission statement, goals, student-learning outcomes, and faculty-development programs.
Sprigge's Ontology of Consciousness

Timothy Sprigge advanced an original synthesis of panpsychism and absolute idealism. He argued that consciousness is an irreducible, subjective reality that is only grasped by an introspective, phenomenological approach and constructed his ontology from what is revealed in the phenomenology. In defending the unique place of metaphysics in the pursuit of truth, he claimed that scientific investigation can never discover the essence of consciousness since it can only provide descriptions of structure and function in what we normally think of as physical existence. In this paper I present a critical evaluation of Sprigge’s view focusing in particular on his conception of the nature of scientific inquiry vis-a-vis the ambitious project of his metaphysics. I argue that a naturalistic metaphysics provides a more adequate approach to the relation between science and metaphysics.
NetView Version 2 Release 3 Graphic Monitor Facility: network management graphics support for the 1990s

The NetView® Version 2 Release 3 Graphic Monitor Facility provides an Operating System/2® (OS/2®) workstation-based graphics user interface for Net-View that permits an operator to view graphically and control via generic commands both Systems Network Architecture (SNA) and non-SNA networks. This paper describes the major new capabilities of the NetView V2R3 Graphic Monitor Facility, discusses its structure at a high level, and describes in some detail the new support in this release for graphic views of various types of networks, simplified commands for controlling these networks, and the manner in which non-SNA networks are supported.
From domestic to global solidarity: The dialectic of the particular and universal in the building of social solidarity

Contemporary moral and political philosophers who analyze the concept of solidarity tend to be divided between (philosophical) pragmatic communitarians and neo-Kantian universalists. The pragmatic communitarians contend that the bonds of mutual care that characterize a solidaristic community are constituted within particular societies where members share a strong common identity. 1 To construct a “we,” these theorists argue, particular groups define themselves against an “other.” In contrast, those writing in the Rawlsian or neo-Kantian tradition claim that human cooperative endeavors can only be sustained over time if carried out under just conditions of mutual respect. Thus, Charles Beitz and Thomas Pogge contend that today’s interdependent global society morally necessitates us to extend Rawls’s “difference principle” across borders. 2 The communitarian position emphasizes the exclusionary side of democratic sovereignty. The demos is self-defined, and, in the absence of a global state, must exclude others. But an overly pragmatic defense of particularism denies the universal impulse of democracy’s commitment to the equal moral worth of persons. A conception of community membership as static and given negates the historical reality that social movements of the excluded resort to universalist arguments when demanding to be included in the democratic polity. The egalitarian logic of democratic solidarity involves the equitable sharing of the risks, burdens, and opportunities of an interdependent society across lines of race, gender, and class. Thus, particular movements for democratic inclusion inevitably press their potential fellow citizens toward a more capacious and universal conception of equality. But, thus far, the sharing of social risk has only been achieved at the level of the state (with some social and human rights being institutionalized on a regional level within the European Union [EU]). Transnational movements for environmental, labor, and human rights have had modest successes and, upon occasion, the international community responds generously to natural disasters (but more unevenly to massive violations of human rights, as in Rwanda, the former Zaire, or Darfur). The neo-Kantian position underestimates the difficulty of transforming a transnational “ought” into a regional, let alone international “is” of effective human, labor, and environmental rights. The road to greater international solidar
Basic fibroblast growth factor prevents cAMP‐induced apoptosis in cultured Schwann cells

Peripheral nerve axotomy induces apoptosis in Schwann cell precursors; basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) protects these cells from axotomy-induced apoptosis (Jessen et al.: Neuron 12:509-527, 1994; Gavrilovic et al.: Eur J Neurosci 7:7-85, 1995). In this study, we investigate the effects of bFGF on apoptosis in neuron-free cultures of neonatal rat Schwann cells. Apoptotic cell death was induced in primary and secondary expanded Schwann cells by treatment with 1 mM concentrations of 8-bromoadenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-bromo-cAMP), a membrane-permeable analogue of cAMP which induces expression of galactocerebroside in the plasma membranes of Schwann cells. Treatment with bFGF reduced the percentage of galactocerebroside-bearing Schwann cells undergoing cAMP-induced DNA fragmentation. These findings suggest that bFGF can enhance the survival of terminally differentiated Schwann cells by preventing apoptosis.
An overview of recent literature on spare parts inventories

Abstract Spare parts inventories are not intermediate or final products to be sold to a customer, and the policies that govern spare parts inventories are different from those which govern WIP and other inventories. This paper is an update of the discussion of maintenance inventories and a discussion of the future research needed. After a discussion of unique aspects of spare parts inventories, literature is reviewed which relates to management issues, age-based replacement, multi-echelon problems, problems involving obsolescence, repairable spare parts, and special applications.
Tsarist Russia and the World Wheat Market

Abstract Russian grain trade, production, and consumption during the Tsarist period (1861–1914) is empirically evaluated. Russia was the world's largest wheat exporter during this period. Tsarist Russian agriculture is often characterized in the literature as having been “backward” and not well-integrated with international markets. In contrast to this view, this analysis finds that the Russian grain trade was significantly influenced by international prices and was well-integrated with the international commercial wheat trade. Our results indicate that after 1880 regional wheat markets in Russia were linked and that a strong connection had been established between Russian ports and cities at the center of the world wheat trade. Deviations from equilibrium price relationships were found to be eliminated more rapidly for trade between Odessa and England than for wheat trade between New York and England. In addition, grain trade is shown to have been positively influenced by the development of the rail system.
A semi-inverse problem of flows of fluids with pressure-dependent viscosities

A flow is said to be controllable if such a flow can be engendered by the application of appropriate surface tractions. The question, in which fluids are such flows possible leads to the inverse problem of determining constitutive relations, as such flows in general will not be possible in all materials. Thus the determination of the appropriate constitutive class in which certain types of deformations are possible is an inverse problem. A very special subclass of controllable flows is defined through semi-inverse methods. Such semi-inverse solutions are not possible in all bodies but only in special bodies and thus yet constitute an inverse problem. Here, we use a semi-inverse method to consider the flow of fluids whose viscosity depends on the pressure, glowing down an inclined plane, and a flow between two parallel plates. We illustrate that we have an inverse problem with regard to choices of constitutive relations by showing that such flows are only possible in fluids with special viscosity–pressure ...
Time-dependent flow of quasi-linear viscoelastic fluids

Transient flow behavior of an incompressible quasi-linear viscoelastic fluid under suddenly applied constant pressure as well as under a periodic pressure gradient was investigated using a three-parameter relaxation function. In the light of these solutions, the roll of viscoelastic relaxation in the overshooting of volumetric flow rate and the effect of viscoelastic parameters on the mean square velocity profile are discussed.
Measurement and modeling of Western Washington precipitation chemistry

Precipitation was collected and chemically analyzed for a 1 yr period at four sites in Western Washington. Spatial and seasonal variabilities in concentrations were identified with the highest concentrations nearest emission sources and in the summer. Multiple correlations among measured species revealed five groupings which were interpreted as the influences of seasalt, metals from a Cu smelter, an urban factor, soil, and acidic sulfate aerosol. A simple washout model predicted that the Cu smelter was the major contributor to a budget for rainwater sulfate. Measurement uncertainties were estimated for each analyte.
Genetic, metabolic and cellular factors influencing intracellular localization of the Wilson disease protein, ATP7B

Background Wilson disease (WD) is a disorder of copper accumulation in liver and brain caused by mutations in the coppertransporting ATPase ATP7B that affects 1 in 5000 live births. Under basal conditions, ATP7B protein localizes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) but traffics to vesicles in response to high copper. The purpose of the study is to identify genetic, metabolic and regulatory factors that regulate ATP7B function and localization to maintain normal copper homeostasis in cells. The study is divided into three parts, (a) Role of copper in normal protein folding and its ER exit, (b) Role of regulatory phosphorylation of ATP7B in its trafficking from TGN to vesicles (c) Interaction of ATP7B with regulatory proteins in its trafficking route.