cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dogs and Birds in Plato

Arguing for censorship of the poets in the Republic , Socrates draws most of his examples from Homer. These examples often depict soldiers facing death on the battlefield. Homer, in turn, often represents a soldier’s death with the image of dogs and birds scavenging upon his body. Homer’s representations of death, then, often include dogs or birds, and these images are found in the near background of Plato’s Republic . How does Plato himself use these animal images? I discuss Plato’s depictions of dogs and birds, and characterize his general notion of their function in moral education and mental functioning.
A new layered niobium oxochloride cluster compound with novel framework topology

The asymmetric arrangement of chloride and oxide ligands around the octahedral Nb6 cluster core and their electrostatic interaction with Ti3+ counterions play an important role in the formation of a novel 2D framework with cluster connectivity unprecedented in compounds containing octahedral clusters.
Influence of saccharide length on polysaccharide appetite in the rat.

The appetite of female rats for saccharides of different chain lengths was assessed in brief (5-min) one-bottle acceptance and two-bottle preference tests. The saccharides (and their lengths in glucose units) included glucose (1), maltose (2), maltotriose (3), maltooligosaccharide (4–8), maltopolysaccharide (average length 43), and Polycose (1 to 30+); 0.0125 and 0.025 molar solutions of these saccharides were tested. The results revealed that the rats' order of preference for these saccharides was as follows: maltooligosaccharide > maltotriose = maltose > glucose; and maltooligosaccharide > Polycose = maltopolysaccharide > maltose. Thus, as saccharide chain length increased from 1 to 4–8 glucose units palatability increased, but with further increases in chain length palatability declined somewhat. Previous findings have suggested that rats have a “polysac-charide” taste receptor and the present results indicate that the receptor is maximally (or near-maximally) stimulated by saccharides of 4–8 glucose units in length.
The Shc 66 and 46 kD Isoforms Are Differentially Downregulated at Parturition in the Fetal Mouse Lung

Many of the signaling pathways regulating fetal lung mesenchymal cell proliferation are mediated by the Shc intracellular signaling proteins. Shc is expressed as three isoforms: 52 kD and 46 kD proteins (Shc 52 and Shc 46, respectively) translated from the same mRNA, and a 66 kD form (Shc 66) translated from a separate mRNA. Shc 52 is an activator of Ras and mitogen-activated protein kinase, whereas Shc 66 antagonizes Ras activation. The function of Shc 46 is unclear. We hypothesized that the Shc isoforms are differentially regulated during fetal mouse lung morphogenesis. Relative Shc 66 and Shc 46 protein expression are high until parturition (term = 18.5 d), when a dramatic decrease begins; by postconceptual d 20, relative Shc 66 and Shc 46 expression have fallen by 75 and 69%, respectively. A similar pattern of decreasing Shc 66 mRNA expression in the peripartum period was detected by reverse transcription and competitive polymerase chain reaction during the same period. By isoform-specific immunohistochemistry, Shc 66 is widely distributed in the embryonic lung but becomes restricted to the bronchial smooth muscle and overlying epithelia, periarterial smooth muscle, and the interlobar pleura late in gestation. After parturition, Shc 66 is virtually absent from the lung. All three Shc isoforms are phosphorylated by epidermal growth factor stimulation in fetal lung mesenchymal cells, indicating that Shc 66 is functional in these cells. These data indicate that Shc isoforms are differentially regulated during lung development.
Cell Surface Trafficking of TLR1 Is Differentially Regulated by the Chaperones PRAT4A and PRAT4B

The subcellular localization of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is critical to their ability to function as innate immune sensors of microbial infection. We previously reported that an I602S polymorphism of human TLR1 is associated with aberrant trafficking of the receptor to the cell surface, loss of responses to TLR1 agonists, and differential susceptibility to diseases caused by pathogenic mycobacteria. Through an extensive analysis of receptor deletion and point mutants we have discovered that position 602 resides within a short 6 amino acid cytoplasmic region that is required for TLR1 surface expression. This short trafficking motif, in conjunction with the adjacent transmembrane domain, is sufficient to direct TLR1 to the cell surface. A serine at position 602 interrupts this trafficking motif and prevents cell surface expression of TLR1. Additionally, we have found that ER-resident TLR chaperones, PRAT4A and PRAT4B, act as positive and negative regulators of TLR1 surface trafficking, respectively. Importantly, either over-expression of PRAT4A or knock-down of PRAT4B rescues cell surface expression of the TLR1 602S variant. We also report that IFN-γ treatment of primary human monocytes derived from homozygous 602S individuals rescues TLR1 cell surface trafficking and cellular responses to soluble agonists. This event appears to be mediated by PRAT4A whose expression is strongly induced in human monocytes by IFN-γ. Collectively, these results provide a mechanism for the differential trafficking of TLR1 I602S variants, and highlight the distinct roles for PRAT4A and PRAT4B in the regulation of TLR1 surface expression.
Prototype of multi-stacked memory wafers using low-temperature oxide bonding and ultra-fine-dimension copper through-silicon via interconnects

Reported for the first time is proof-of-concept multi-stacking of memory wafers based on low-temperature oxide wafer bonding using novel design and integration of two types of ultra-fine-dimension copper TSV interconnects. The combined via-middle (intra-via) and via-last (inter-via) strategy allows for the greatest degree of interconnectivity with the tightest allowable pitches and permits a highly integrated interconnect system across the stack. In combination with the successful metallization of the ultra-fine-dimension TSVs, the present work has shown the viability to extend the perceived TSV technology beyond the ITRS roadmap.
Chlorine Monoxide Radical, Ozone, and Hydrogen Peroxide: Stratospheric Measurements by Microwave Limb Sounding

Profiles of stratospheric ozone and chlorine monoxide radical (C1O) have been obtained from balloon measurements of atmospheric limb thermal emission at millimeter wavelengths. The C1O measurements, important for assessing the predicted depletion of stratospheric ozone by chlorine from industrial sources, are in close agreement with present theory, The predicted decrease of C1O at sunset was measured. A tentative value for the stratospheric abundance of hydrogen peroxide was also determined.
Late Pleistocene sedimentation on the continental slope and rise off western Nova Scotia

Reflectivity patterns in echograms recorded from relatively smooth continental slope and rise off Nova Scotia can be grouped into four depositional associations. The shallowest association corresponds to gravelly sand on the outer shelf that spills over the shelf edge and mixes with mud down to 500-m water depth. A sharp boundary near 62°30′ W, extending from 500 m down to the abyssal plain, separates associations farther seaward. Sediments transported downslope by near-bottom gravity processes accumulated west of the boundary; hemipelagic sediments accumulated east of the boundary from 500 to 4,300 m. Below 4,300 m, sediment waves are common in a contonrite-fan association. These associations indicate that during the late Pleistocene radically different sedimentation processes were juxtaposed across a sharp boundary down the slope and rise. West of 62°30′W, small-scale slope failure occurred over a wide area due to relatively rapid accumulation of fine-grained glacial debris. The slope progiraded seaward; the lower rise received distal turbidity-current and debris-flows deposits. East of 62°30′W, relatively less failure occurred in hemipelagic sediment. Lower on the rise seaward of the hemipelagics, turbidity currents and contour currents carried sediment (originating in deep canyons to the east of 61°30′W) along the lower rise toward the south and west. In the west, the primary depocenter was the slope and upper rise; in the east, the depocenter was on the lower rise. A glacial-sediment source on land and relict shelf morphology probably controlled sedimentation processes and, thus, the location of depocenters seaward of the shelf edge.
Cardiovascular effects of 6 months of hormone replacement therapy versus placebo: differences associated with years since menopause.

Abstract Objective In response to post-Women's Health Initiative dialog regarding individualized hormone replacement therapy (HRT), this study evaluates cardiovascular and neuroendocrine effects of HRT versus placebo in postmenopausal women grouped according to time since menopause. Study design Resting and stress blood pressure (BP), hemodynamic, plasma catecholamine, and cholesterol levels were obtained in 69 women randomly assigned to placebo or active HRT in a 6-month double-blind study. Analyses evaluated if treatment effects differed among those postmenopausal less than 5 years versus 5 years or more. Results Compared with the placebo-treated and HRT/≥5 groups, the HRT/ Conclusion Reduced BP and sympathetic tone are evident in some HRT users, with diminishing benefit after the initial postmenopausal years. Time since menopause may be an important consideration in making individualized patient treatment decisions.
Developmental localization of NMDA receptors, Src and MAP kinases in mouse brain.

Abstract Activation of NMDA receptors (NMDAR) is associated with divergent downstream signaling leading to neuronal survival or death that may be regulated in part by whether the receptor is located synaptically or extrasynaptically. Distinct activation of the MAP kinases ERK and p38 by synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDAR is one of the mechanisms underlying these differences. We have recently shown that the Src family kinases (SFKs) play an important role in neonatal hypoxic–ischemic brain injury by regulating NMDAR phosphorylation. In this study, we characterized the distribution of NMDAR, SFKs and MAP kinases in synaptic and extrasynaptic membrane locations in the postnatal day 7 and adult mouse cortex. We found that the NMDAR, SFKs and phospho-NR2B were predominantly at synapses, whereas striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) and its substrates ERK and p38 were much more concentrated extrasynaptically. NR1/NR2B was the main subunit at extrasynaptic membrane with concomitant NR2B phosphorylation at tyrosine (Y) 1336 in the immature brain. STEP expression increased, while p38 decreased with development in the extrasynaptic membrane. These results suggest that SFKs and STEP are poised to differentially regulate NMDAR-mediated signaling pathways due to their distinct subcellular localization, and thus may contribute to the age-specific differences seen in vulnerability, pathology and consequences of hypoxic–ischemic brain injury.
The Effects of Relational Benefits On Customers' Perception of Favorable Inequity, Affective Commitment, and Repurchase Intention in Full-Service Restaurants

The purpose of this study is to investigate how relational benefits (including confidence benefits, social benefits, and special treatment benefits) affect customers' perceptions of favorable inequ...
Flexor tendon rehabilitation: A basic guide

Advances in research, surgical, and rehabilitative techniques have led to new protocol options for patients with flexortendon lacerations. These protocols differ greatly from earlier ones in that the surgical repair and rehabilitative technique that follow are interdependent on each other, requiring the surgeon who uses them to decide which protocol to use at the time of surgery. Although new and exciting, not all these protocols are appropriate for all tendon lacerations. The treating surgeon must determine the protocols that will best provide for optimal healing of each injury. Each of the protocols outlined—Kleinert, Modified Duran and Early Active Mobilization—have inherently different methods that address different problems that arise with tendon repairs. Likewise, there are specific aspects of each that make them not suitable for certain types of surgical repair or patient circumstances. A basic knowledge of what rehabilitative options are available will allow surgeons to make better decisions and to envision comprehensive plans of care for their patients.
Analysis of WACSIS Data Using Directional HWM

WACSIS (Wave Crest Sensor Inter-comparison Study) is a Joint Industrial Project (JIP). Many different types of instruments were attached to a steel jacket platform that located in 18 m deep water and about 9 km from the Dutch coast to measure ocean waves during this project. The sensors for measuring wave elevation include Marex and SAAB Radars, a Baylor wave staff, an EMI Laser, a Vlissingen and Marine 300 step gauges. A S4ADW current meter was deployed at 10m below the MWL to measure pressure and particle velocities. In addition, a Directional Waverider Buoy was deployed nearby the platform to provide the information of wave directionality. The Directional Hybrid Wave Model (DHWM) was recently developed to deterministically decompose and predict a directional wave field. By the DHWM, the wave properties nearby the platform can be deterministically predicted based on at least three wave measurements. If the prediction location happens to be same as other instruments whose measurements have not been used for the prediction, then the comparison between the prediction and the measurement by this instrument may reveal the consistency and suitability of this instrument. Several such kind of comparisons are given in this study, indicating the DHWM is valuable to the analysis of field wave measurements.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Role and potential mechanisms of anabolic resistance in sarcopenia.

There is pressing need to understand the aging process to better cope with its associated physical and societal costs. The age-related muscle wasting known as sarcopenia is a major contributor to the problems faced by the elderly. By hindering mobility and reducing strength, it greatly diminishes independence and quality of life. In studying the factors that contribute to the development of sarcopenia, the focus is shifting to the study of disordered muscle anabolism. The abnormal response of muscle to previously well-established anabolic stimuli is known as anabolic resistance, and may be a key factor in the development and progression of sarcopenia. Factors such as age, obesity, inflammation, and lipotoxicity contribute to anabolic resistance, and have been studied either directly or indirectly in cell systems and whole animals. Understanding the physiologic and mechanistic basis of anabolic resistance could be the key to formulating new and targeted interventions that would ease the burden currently borne by the world’s aged population.
Preparation of Tissue for Scanning Electron Microscopy: Freeze-Fracturing as a Technique for Enhancing Visibility of Structural Relationships

Retinas from 3-wk-old mice were prepared for scanning electron microscopy by freezing in Freon 12 at —160 C, cleaving, and then freeze-drying. Preparations were shadowed, and produced clean surfaces which showed well-preserved detail in three dimensions.
Design of a pixel scale optical power meter suitable for incorporation in a multitechnology FPGA

A new multi-technology FPGA (MT-FPGA) architecture has recently been proposed. This new class of programmable hardware allows for the incorporation of a variety of multi-technology blocks like the optical sensor block as described in this paper. Using MT-FPGA technology, a system designer can readily implement any prototype multi-technology system with (1) logic parts in programmable section of MT-FPGA and (2) Multi-technology components by incorporating different multi-technology blocks from standard library. Thus, our new class of multi-technology FPGA will extend the benefits of rapid prototyping, re-configurability and evolvable hardware to multi-technology environments/applications that currently do not benefit from the advantages of programmable hardware. This paper highlights the use of an MT-FPGA chip through the implementation and evaluation of an optical power meter block. This mixed technology block is designed for implementation using a 0.35 micron CMOS process and consists of a p-diffusion to n-well photodetector followed by a wide-swing variable gain differential amplifier and a 4 bit FLASH ADC. The amplifier gain characteristics are adjustable by two analog control signals. One adjusts the gain and the other controls the biasing conditions of the differential amplifier. The last stage of the system is a 4 bit ADC that has a worst case resolution of 0.5 mV.
Multiple ovarian responses to single estrogen injections early in rat estrous cycles: impaired growth, luteotropic stimulation and advanced ovulation.

Estradiol benzoate (EB) injections were made early in rat estrous cycles, and the effects on follicle development, timing of spontaneous ovulation and corpus luteum development were observed. EB (5-20 μg) injected on diestrus day 1 to 4-day cycling rats advanced the timing of spontaneous ovulation and cyclic changes in secondary sex structures 24 hr, resulting in 3-day cycles. Similar injections to 5-day rats did not advance ovulation but rather appeared to block it. However, EB injections on diestrus day 2 to 5-day rats advanced ovulation 24 hr. Nembutal (31.5 mg/kg) at 1300 the day following EB treatment blocked advanced ovulation; Nembutal at 1800 or later had little effect as did Nembutal at 1300 on the day of EB treatment. Follicle development was suppressed following EB treatment, and ovum counts at ovulation were consistently low in both 4- and 5-day rats. Indications of morphologic luteolysis in corpora lutea formed in the cycle immediately prior to treatment were absent at EB-advanced ovulation. ...
The prognosis of severe lupus nephritis based on the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study estimated glomerular filtration rate.

The level of renal function at biopsy is predictive of outcome in patients with severe lupus nephritis (SLN). While renal function has been based on serum creatinine (SCr) alone, measuring the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) utilizing the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation has been found to be more accurate. The MDRD eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) at biopsy was calculated in 86 patients with SLN and patients were categorized based on eGFR: ≥60 (33 pts), 59–30 (33 pts) and <30 (20 pts). An eGFR was <60 in 18% of patients with a normal SCr. After 120 ± 65 months of follow-up, attainment of a complete remission (76% versus 30% versus 10%, p < 0.0001) and patient survival without end-stage renal disease (ESRD; 10 year survival: 85% versus 45% versus 14%, p < 0.0001 overall) was highest in patients with an eGFR ≥60 and lowest in those with an eGFR <30. The long-term prognosis for patients with severe lupus nephritis and an eGFR ≥60 was extremely good. Since the prognosis for patient...
Effect of three anti-gibberellin growth retardants on tuberization of induced and non-induced Katahdin potato leaf-bud cuttings

Katahdin potato plants were grown in a growth chamber undernoninducing conditions and treated with three anti-gibberellin growth retardants. Other plants were sprayed with gibberellic acid and placed in aninducing growth chamber adjusted to promote tuber induction. Treatments were repeated the following week. After final treatment, apical, sub-apical, medial and basal leaf-bud cuttings were taken from each plant and placed in a mist chamber. After two weeks, cuttings were examined for tuberization. Two of the retardants were associated with approximately 3 and 2 fold increases in tuberization over the non-induced control. Although induced control cuttings exhibited almost complete tuberization, application of gibberellic acid to plants grown under identical conditions, reduced tuberization 14 fold. Tuberization response of induced control cuttings was unaffected by stem location. In non-induced control and quaternary ammonium compound-treated cuttings, basal cuttings tuberized significantly better than those taken from higher on the stem. This pattern was eliminated for plants treated with the triazole compound. Below-ground portions of donor plants were also examined and showed a significant increase in average rhizome number and total rhizome length associated with inducing conditions. Tuber number of donor plants was also increased for those plants grown under inducing conditions or treated with the triazole compound under noninducing conditions.
Suppression of feeding but not killing of a prey species in the ringtail cat (Bassariscus astutus)

Using a single-subject illness-induced aversion paradigm, a ringtail cat (Bassariscus astutus) was subjected to an induced illness from a lithium chloride (LiCl) injection after having attacked and eaten a mouse. Repeated mouse-LiCl pairings resulted in little change in attack latencies, but latencies to feed were greatly increased. A mouse-saline pairing, as well as a noncontingent induced illness, had no effect on latencies.
Starting a Consumer Health Information Service in a Public Library

More people than ever before are seeking information about health topics. Many of them turn to public libraries and librarians to assist them with their inquiries. Since most public librarians do not have a specialty in medical information, actually establishing a consumer health service can be a daunting task. This article outlines a step-by-step guide for planning and implementing such a service.
Expression of gap junctional proteins connexin 43, 32, and 26 throughout follicular development and atresia in cows

Detection of connexin (Cx) proteins has been used as an indicator of the presence of structural and functional gap junctions in tissues. To examine the role of gap junctions during follicular growth and atresia, the presence of three major connexins, Cx43, Cx32, and Cx26, was evaluated in bovine ovaries by using immunohistochemistry and Western immunoblot analysis. Cx43 was not present in primordial follicles, but was present in granulosa cells of primary/secondary and antral follicles. Cx43 also was present on the borders between granulosa cells and the oocyte. Expression of Cx43 increased in healthy developing antral follicles, but decreased during follicular atresia. Cx32 was not present in healthy follicles but was present in granulosa cells of atretic antral, and especially small antral follicles. Cx26 was present in the oocyte of primordial and primary/secondary follicles, and in the granulosa and/or thecal cell layers of healthy antral follicles. The percentage of healthy antral follicles that expressed Cx26 also increased during follicular development, but decreased during atresia. Cx32 and Cx26 also were detected in ovarian blood vessels and in stromal tissues adjacent to the tunica albuginea in some ovaries. The pattern of expression of these Cx indicates that gap junctional proteins may be involved in the control of follicular growth and atresia in cows.
Language, Suffering, and the Question of Immanence: Toward a Respectful Phenomenological Psychopathology.

This paper explores the status of language and suffering in recovery from psychosis from a transcendentally-informed phenomenological perspective. We suggest that each of these concepts can apply both to the illness itself and to the person with the illness. The relationship between the two will be one focus of this discussion. The other focus will be on the various ways in which phenomenological approaches to psychopathology have understood the nature of this relationship; a relationship characterized by different meanings of the term "immanence." Drawing inspiration from a Borges poem and from Husserl's debate with Heidegger over the content of his "Phenomenology" article for the Encyclopedia Britannica, we argue that it is misleading, as well as unhelpful, to continue to focus on deficits and dysfunction while ignoring the person's hopes, strengths, assets, and agency. As long as there remains no cure for psychosis, we conclude that it is more effective to promote recovery among people with psychosis than to remain focused on reducing, minimizing, or eliminating their disorder.
Index to collectors of the piperaceae represented in the T. G. Yuncker Herbarium of DePauw University

In 1987 the New York Botanical Garden (NY) purchased the T. G. Yuncker Herbarium of DePauw University (DPU), which contains T. G. Yuncker’s collections of Piperaceae from the Pacific, South America, and Central America. An index to the collectors of the Piperaceae is presented. These collections have been incorporated into the New York Botanical Garden Herbarium and are available for study.
GENDER AND WORKPLACE JUSTICE: A FIELD ASSESSMENT

There is extensive and persuasive documentation that the gender of an individual may bias a wide variety of managerial decisions. Potential differences in workplace justice as a function of the “defendent's” gender, however, have received little attention in organizational studies, and remain untested outside laboratory protocol. This study of 361 workplace justice proceedings in a field setting strongly suggests that men and women receive substantially different outcomes. These results are invariant across differences in the severity and viability of the contested issues.
Existence of super-harmonics in quarter-vehicle system responses with nonlinear inertia hydraulic track mount given sinusoidal force excitation

Hydraulic engine mounts (and other elastomeric devices) are usually experimentally characterized based on the assumption that mount response to harmonic displacement input is purely sinusoidal, although they contain strong super-harmonics. Time domain responses of a quarter-vehicle system with a nonlinear inertia track-type mount are examined in this communication, with emphasis on the super-harmonics. Finally, internal (mount) path forces are evaluated in order to clarify their contribution to the system responses and the effect of nonlinearities.
An analysis of individual differences in similarity judgments about complex random forms

A variation of the method of graded dichotomies was used to obtain judgments of interstimulus similarity for all pairings of 21 12-turn random shapes. Using the Tucker-Messick procedure, a six-dimensional spatial model, representing individual variation in performance on the task, was derived. Six "idealized individuals" (lIs) were isolated. A five-dimensional Euclidean spatial model was obtained for each II using the Shepard-Kruskal scaling technique. The resulting psychological dimensions of perceived form were related to two sets of physical measures on the forms: the factor space suggested by Brown and Owen and a set of more basic physical measures. These basic measures allowed interpretation of most of the psychological dimensions and revealed differences between lis in patterns of cue utilization. One of the dominant features of the visual world is form. Form is what Torgerson (1958) would call a "complex attribute"; it is capable of variation along an array of dimensions. Brown and Owen (1967) have demonstrated, for sets of random shapes of varying complexity, that the more complex the set of forms, the greater the number of orthogonal physical dimensions needed to describe that set adequately. If a set of forms can be characterized by specifying the value each assumes on a number of physical dimensions, it then becomes meaningful to ask to what extent people (Ss) use these dimensions of physical stimulus variation in making similarity judgments about forms. If, in the case of form perception, a population of potentially relevant physical dimensions is assumed and if that population is relatively large, then individual Ss would necessarily use only some of the dimensions to characterize the forms. Each S would select a sample of the dimensions (cues) and respond in terms of that sample. Different Ss might choose different samples of cues, and therefore, individual differences in similarity judgments would result. Since domains of greater complexity would require a larger population of physical dimensions, greater variability
Trade-Offs in Forage and Seed Parameters of Annual Medicago and Trifolium Species in North-Central Texas as Affected by Harvest Intensity

The trade-off between early spring harvest of cool-season annual forage legumes and summer seed production may shed light on subsequent yearly stand regeneration. Sixteen annual clover and medic cultivars or locally collected accessions were seeded in the autumn of 1999 at Stephenville, TX, on a Windthorst (fine, mixed thermic Udic Paleustalf) fine sandy loam and allowed to self-reseed in the autumn of 2000 and 2001. During the first 2 yr, three harvest treatments were imposed: harvest at 5 cm from crown whenever branches reached 10 cm from crown, harvest at 10 cm when branches attained 15 cm, and a single April harvest. Forage yields showed a year x species interaction (P = 0.001) and ranged up to 6 Mg ha -1 yr -1 . Plants harvested in April only were consistently more productive than the 5-cm harvest and yielded nearly 4.9 Mg ha -1 in Year 1. Forage acid detergent fiber and crude protein concentrations reflected entry x harvest x year interactions (P < 0.05). Seed yields varied considerably among entries, and all the annual clovers and most medics were able to self-reseed regardless of harvest treatment, showing promise for self-reseeding, sustainable pasture systems in the southern Great Plains.
Structural instability of Sn-doped In2O3 thin films during thermal annealing at low temperature

Abstract We report on observations of structural stability of Sn-doped In 2 O 3 (ITO) thin films during thermal annealing at low temperature. The ITO thin films were deposited by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering at room temperature. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that the as-deposited ITO thin films are nanocrystalline. After thermal annealing in a He atmosphere at 250 °C for 30 min, recrystallization, coalescence, and agglomeration of grains were observed. We further found that nanovoids formed in the annealed ITO thin films. The majority of the nanovoids are distributed along the locations of the original grain boundaries. These nanovoids divide the agglomerated larger grains into small coherent domains.
Precession of spinning magnets levitated over high-temperature superconductors

Both the experimental and theoretical aspects of the precession of a magnet over both a melt-processed and sintered high-temperature superconductor are explored. The freely levitated magnet is spun to high frequencies to obtain a large angular momentum, and tilted using a second magnet. The levitated magnet slowly precesses about a position at least close to the center of mass of the magnet, and the tilt angle decays back to the original orientation. A simple torque equation is used to obtain the applied torque from the measured rate of change of the tilt angle and the precession angle. We discuss how to relate the torques to the moments in the superconductor.
Does Subchondral Bone Affect the Fate of Osteochondral Allografts during Storage

BackgroundOsteochondral allografts currently are hypothermically stored for a minimum of 14 days to a maximum of 28 days before surgical implantation, making storage conditions increasingly importa...
How do psychiatric nurses learn?: Modes of learning and learning self-directedness

Houle's typology of continuing professional learning was used to investigate the phenomena of continuing professional learning and learning self-directedness in psychiatric nurses. Five research questions guided the study that was the first to examine the learning styles and preferences of psychiatric nurses. The results have relevance for those planning educational opportunities and programs for psychiatric nurses and for those psychiatric nurses interested in insight into the dynamics of their own continuing learning.
Sub-shot-noise frequency-modulation spectroscopy by use of amplitude-squeezed light from semiconductor lasers

We have demonstrated sub-shot-noise FM spectroscopy on thermal cesium atoms, using amplitude-squeezed light from a semiconductor laser. The light source used in our experiment was a custom-made GaAs transverse junction stripe semiconductor laser featuring broadband amplitude squeezing and a large FM bandwidth. We have also developed a new technique by which a semiconductor laser can be frequency modulated with infinitesimally small residual AM and with complete preservation of the squeezed-amplitude fluctuations.
Lipoprotein-glycosaminoglycan interactions in aortas of rabbits fed atherogenic diets containing different fats

Abstract The interaction of lipoprotein and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) was studied in aortas of normal and atherosclerotic rabbits by extracting the complexes by 0.15 M NaCl, collagenase and elastin. Atherosclerosis was induced by feeding the animals 8 weeks of chow supplemented with 1% cholesterol and 6% peanut oil or butter-coconut oil. Diet-induced hypercholesterolemia resulted in marked increases in VLDL- and LDL-cholesterol with peanut oil group having lower VLDL-cholesterol values than butter-coconut oil group ( P P P
Extending resolution limits of EUV resist materials

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) technology continues to progress and remains a viable candidate for next generation lithography1, which drives the need for EUV resists capable of high resolution with high sensitivity and low LWR. While chemically amplified resists (CARs) have demonstrated the ability to pattern 12nm half-pitch features2, pattern collapse continues to limit their ultimate resolution. We have taken multiple approaches to extend resist capabilities past these limits. Recent results in pattern collapse mitigation using a resist encapsulation and etch back strategy will be discussed. We continue to investigate EUV patterning of semi-inorganic resists to simultaneously increase EUV photon absorption and extend mechanical strength beyond CAR capabilities. The limitations of metal oxide-based nanoparticle photoresists have been investigated, and have provided key insights to further understanding the mechanism of this class of materials.
Formation, evolution, and inversion of the middle Tertiary Diligencia basin, Orocopia Mountains, southern California

The Diligencia basin, located in the eastern Orocopia Mountains of southern California, contains 1500–2000 m of Oligocene−Miocene continental, siliciclastic sedimentary rocks and subordinate limestone and evaporite deposits, intercalated with basaltic lavas. These rocks are locally intensely folded and faulted, defining in present-day coordinates an elongate east-west−trending basin, and are unconformably overlain by flat-lying late Pliocene(?) and Pleistocene alluvial deposits. The sedimentological, stratigraphic, and structural history of the basin is compatible with late Oligocene−early Miocene formation as a half-graben basin produced by orthogonal, Basin and Range−type extension, and latest Miocene to Pliocene basin inversion in either a localized transpressional Transverse Range regime, or a more diffuse compressional regime associated with north-south shortening of the entire Mojave block. Facies associations in the lower part of the Diligencia basin display a distinctly asymmetric distribution across the basin, indicating deposition in a half-graben with a steep, possibly fault controlled, south-facing northern escarpment and a more gentle north-facing southern slope. Paleocurrent data, particularly from high-energy deposits on the northern basin margin, indicate stream flow toward the southeast to south-southeast, oblique to the deformed basin margins, and suggest an approximate northeast to east-northeast strike for the basin before deformation. Previously published paleomagnetic data, however, indicate that the elongate, currently east-west−trending, fault block containing the Diligencia basin has rotated clockwise by as much as 110° about a vertical axis (angle depends on data and model used) since deposition ceased. If correct, this would suggest that the basin may have originally opened to between the northeast and east-northeast, subparallel to well-documented extension directions in Miocene age basins in the Mojave Desert to the east. Clockwise rotation on east-west fault blocks exposed in this region has previously been bracketed as between ca. 10 and 4.5 Ma. Structural and paleomagnetic data indicate that inversion of the Diligencia basin occurred after block rotation, implying a latest Miocene to Pliocene age for inversion. We speculate that basin inversion within a north-south (and still active) compressive stress field resulted from the locking, and subsequent internal deformation, of this previously passively rotating elongate crustal block.
Response to the Comment: “What is Heterodox Economics? Conversations with Historians of Economic Thought”

The comment to “What is Heterodox Economics? Conversations with Historians of Economic Thought” spotlights critical issues in the possibility and probability of articulation and proposes a compelling argument in the explanation of the “inability of heterodoxy to define itself...” The core argument suggests that heterodox groups of economic thought cannot successfully articulate the nature of its varied programs until it recognizes and articulates the metaphysically and ontologically different system of knowledge which serves as the foundation for heterodox thought.
Visualization of representative volume elements for three-dimensional four-step braided composites

A CAD model is developed to describe representative volume elements (RVEs) for four-step braided fabric composites. The simplest RVEs for braids can be assumed to be the unit cells to which appropriate boundary conditions are applied. The interior, surface and the corner regions of the braided composite each have their own set of unit cells. An infinite variety of unit cells exist for each region depending on the location in the composite from which they are extracted. CAD models are presented for unit cells extracted from six different positions in the interior of the braid. The unit cells developed integrate the diverse unit cells reported in the literature as special cases of a generic class of unit cells. The effects of yarn crimp and braiding speeds in the yarn architecture on the unit cell geometry are examined.
Righting reflexes and spontaneous locomotor activity during hypothermia

Summary Righting reflexes were tested, and spontaneous locomotor activity was measured in unanesthetized small mammals during the induction of progressive hypothermia. The body-on-body-righting reflex was lost by the guinea pig at a body temperature of 29.2 ± 0.8 (S. E.) °C, the neck-righting reflex at 25.3 ± 0.5°C, and the labyrinthine-righting reflex at 21.8 ± 0.6°C. The neck-righting reflex ended at 16.9 ± 1.6°C in the hamster. Spontaneous locomotor activity was suppressed in the rat at a body temperature of 20.7 ± 0.1°C, 3 to 4°C below the body temperature at which trained performance has been reported to be suppressed in that species.
Lipid peroxidation products in human spermatozoa: detection and pathogenic significance.

Zusammenfassung Lipid-Peroxidations-Endprodukte in menschlichen Spermatozoen Endprodukte der Lipidperoxydation in menschlichen Spermatozoen: Nachweis und pathogene Bedeutung Produkte der Lipidperoxydation (Schiffsche Basen) wurden in normalen menschlichen Spermatozoen nachgewiesen. Nach Inkubation der Spermatozoen mit einer prooxidativ wirkenden Substanz (FeSO4) waren diese Produkte vermehrt vorhanden. Als Folge der Zunahme resultierte eine Verminderung der Spermatozoenmotilitat. Somit konnten prooxidativ wirkende Substanzen (z.B. Fe bei Hamachromatose, Porphyrine bei Porphyrien, phenolische Prooxidantien) bei bestimmten Formen der Infertilitat von Bedeutung sein. In Ubereinstimmung damit ware der therapeutische Effekt von Vitamin E durch dessen antioxidative Wirkung (Hemmung von Lipidperoxidationsreaktionen) zu erklaren.
Design of two-stranded and three-stranded coiled-coil peptides.

The structural features required for the formation of two- versus three-stranded coiled coils have been explored using de novo protein design. Peptides with leucine at the \`a' and \`d' positions of a coiled-coil (general sequence: Leu $\_{\text{a}}$ Xaa $\_{\text{b}}$ Xaa $\_{\text{c}}$ Leu $\_{\text{d}}$ Glu $\_{\text{e}}$ Xaa $\_{\text{f}}$ Lys $\_{\text{g}}$ ) exist in a non-cooperative equilibrium between unstructured monomers and helical dimers and helical trimers. Substituting valine into each \`a' position produces peptides which still form trimers at high concentrations, whereas substitution of a single asparagine at the \`a' position of the third heptad yields a dimer. During the course of this work, we also re-investigated a helical propensity scale derived using a series of coiled-coil peptides previously believed to exist in a monomer-dimer equilibrium (O'Neil & DeGrado 1990). Detailed analysis of the concentration dependence of ellipticity at 222 nm reveals that they exist in a non-cooperative monomer-dimer-trimer equilibrium. However, the concentration of trimer near the midpoint of the concentration-dependent transition is small, so the previously determined values of $\Delta \Delta $ G $\_{\alpha}$ using the approximate monomer-dimer scheme are indistinguishable from the values obtained employing the complete monomer-dimer-trimer equilibrium.
Searching for charged lepton flavor violation: New results from the MEG experiment

Discovery of charged lepton flavor violation would be unambiguous evidence of new physics beyond the Standard Model. The MEG experiment focuses on μ+ → e+γ decay and has recently published a search result based on data collected in 2009 and 2010. No evidence of this decay mode is found in this data sample, resulting in an upper limit on the branching ratio of 2.4 10−12 at 90% confidence level, the best limit ever achieved for this process. This result as well as the current status and prospects of the MEG experiment are reported here.
Changes in the pattern of patients receiving surgical-orthodontic treatment.

Introduction The characteristics of patients who seek and accept orthognathic surgery appear to be changing over time but have not been well documented in the 21st century. Methods Records for patients who had orthognathic surgery at the University of North Carolina from 1996 to 2000 and from 2006 to 2010 were reviewed to collect data for changes in the prevalence of patients with mandibular deficiency (Class II), maxillary deficiency or mandibular prognathism (Class III), long face, and asymmetry problems. The changes were compared with those in previous time periods and at other locations. Results Between 1996 and 2000 and between 2006 and 2010, the percentage of Class III patients increased from 35% to 54%, and the percentage of Class II patients decreased from 59% to 41%, while the percentages for long face and asymmetry showed little change. The decrease in Class II patients was accentuation of a long-term trend; the increase in Class III patients occurred only after the turn of the century. Conclusions A similar but less-marked change has been noted at some but not all other locations in the United States. It appears to be related primarily to an increase in the numbers of African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanics, and Asians who now are seeking surgical treatment, but it also has been affected by changes in where orthognathic surgery is performed, decisions by third-party payers (insurance and Medicaid) about coverage for treatment, and the availability of nonsurgical orthodontic treatment options for Class II patients.
Cardiac computed tomography in the evaluation of an intra-pericardial mediastinal mass

Cardiac computed tomography (CCT) in the evaluation of an intra-pericardial mediastinal mass. An 82-year-old man being worked up for urothelial carcinoma was found on abdominal computed tomography to have a 4.1 × 3.8 cm discrete, non-enhancing, intra-pericardial mass adjacent to the right atrium (RA) ( Panel A ). A transthoracic echocardiogram disclosed a …
Towards swarming mobile devices

Emergency and disaster operation require the computing devices in the zone to operate smoothly and uninterruptedly i.e. they must have the capacity to tolerate faults in the disaster. The mobile computing during the disaster faces challenges such as network or service unavailability, mobile device hardware failure and user incapacity to compute. This paper proposes a novel method to address this issue by using a distributed intelligence method called swarm intelligence. The mobile devices collaborate through ad-hoc networks, stimulus response model and resource sharing to minimize the degraded computing system
Vgll2a is required for neural crest cell survival during zebrafish craniofacial development

Invertebrate and vertebrate vestigial (vg) and vestigial-like (VGLL) genes are involved in embryonic patterning and cell fate determination. These genes encode cofactors that interact with members of the Scalloped/TEAD family of transcription factors and modulate their activity. We have previously shown that, in mice, Vgll2 is differentially expressed in the developing facial prominences. In this study, we show that the zebrafish ortholog vgll2a is expressed in the pharyngeal endoderm and ectoderm surrounding the neural crest derived mesenchyme of the pharyngeal arches. Moreover, both the FGF and retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathways, which are critical components of the hierarchy controlling craniofacial patterning, regulate this domain of vgll2a expression. Consistent with these observations, vgll2a is required within the pharyngeal endoderm for NCC survival and pharyngeal cartilage development. Specifically, knockdown of Vgll2a in zebrafish embryos using Morpholino injection results in increased cell death within the pharyngeal arches, aberrant endodermal pouch morphogenesis, and hypoplastic cranial cartilages. Overall, our data reveal a novel non-cell autonomous role for Vgll2a in development of the NCC-derived vertebrate craniofacial skeleton.
Norepinephrine and stimulant addiction.

No pharmacotherapies are approved for stimulant use disorders, which are an important public health problem. Stimulants increase synaptic levels of the monoamines dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and norepinephrine (NE). Stimulant reward is attributable mostly to increased DA in the reward circuitry, although DA stimulation alone cannot explain the rewarding effects of stimulants. The noradrenergic system, which uses NE as the main chemical messenger, serves multiple brain functions including arousal, attention, mood, learning, memory, and stress response. In preclinical models of addiction, NE is critically involved in mediating stimulant effects including sensitization, drug discrimination, and reinstatement of drug seeking. In clinical studies, adrenergic blockers have shown promise as treatments for cocaine abuse and dependence, especially in patients experiencing severe withdrawal symptoms. Disulfiram, which blocks NE synthesis, increased the number of cocaine-negative urines in five randomized clinical trials. Lofexidine, an α2-adrenergic agonist, reduces the craving induced by stress and drug cues in drug users. In addition, the norepinephrine transporter (NET) inhibitor atomoxetine attenuates some of d-amphetamine’s subjective and physiological effects in humans. These findings warrant further studies evaluating noradrenergic medications as treatments for stimulant addiction.