cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Neuroblastoma Xenograft in Rat Flank. I. Growth, Interstitial Fluid Pressure, and Interstitial Fluid Velocity Distribution Profiles

Abstract The growth, interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) and interstitial fluid velocity (IFV) profiles of a human neuroblastoma propagated in the flank of an immune suppressed rat were characterized. IFP was measured in the tumor center as a function of size, while radial distributions of IFP and IFV were measured in 2-cm tumors. IFP and IFV were measured using the wick-in-needle and clearance of locally generated hydrogen techniques, respectively. These techniques have a high spatial resolution, permit repetitive measurements, and are minimally invasive. We observed that IFP in the neuroblastoma increased as the tumor grew. Furthermore, IFP increased and its IFV decreased from the periphery toward the center of the tumor. Measured IFP and IFV values were compared to theoretical expectations calculated from the Baxter and Jain mathematical model. The predictions were highly correlated to the measured IFP and IFV profiles with the transport impedence parameter α 2 = 24.4. From our measurement data and the Baxter-Jain equations, we computed the interstitium hydraulic conductivity for neuroblastoma to be 7.11 × 10 -6 cm 2 /mm Hg-sec.
Classification of child stuttering: Part II. Persistent late onset male stuttering, and treatment issues for persistent stutterers--psychotherapy or speech therapy, or both?

This paper is the second of a two-part study. Part I of this study presented child stuttering as a psychologically heterogeneous population so classified: transient developmental, neurogenic acquired; and persistent stuttering. In Part II, parental patterns, ego functioning and psychodynamic etiological factors are described for a group of 16 “persistent late onset male stutterers.” Specific psychotherapeutic approaches for the persistent late onset male stutterer highlights the need for the exposition and resolution of a partial negative oedipal fixation as well as the acknowledgement and relinquishment of significant narcissistic claims whose awareness is defended against by the use of the stuttering symptom. Specific psychotherapeutic techniques are described for all male and female persistent stutterers. The issue of psychotherapy versus speech therapy is addressed. The need for ongoing collaboration between child psychiatrist and speech pathologist is multiple: to address when a child psychiatry evaluation is needed, in order for the heterogeneity of stuttering to be recognized, and for further research to develop.
Subclinical hyperfunctioning pituitary adenomas: The silent tumors

Pituitary adenomas are classified by function as defined by clinical symptoms and signs of hormone hypersecretion with subsequent confirmation on immunohistochemical staining. However, positive immunostaining for pituitary cell types has been shown for clinically nonfunctioning adenomas, and this entity is classified as silent functioning adenoma. Most common in these subtypes include silent gonadotroph adenomas, silent corticotroph adenomas and silent somatotroph adenomas. Less commonly, silent prolactinomas and thyrotrophinomas are encountered. Appropriate classification of these adenomas may affect follow-up care after surgical resection. Some silent adenomas such as silent corticotroph adenomas follow a more aggressive course, necessitating closer surveillance. Furthermore, knowledge of the immunostaining characteristics of silent adenomas may determine postoperative medical therapy. This article reviews the incidence, clinical behavior, and pathologic features of clinically silent pituitary adenomas.
Nurses and the New Class: A Comparative Study of Values and Attitudes among Professionals and Semi‐Professional Occupations

Social critics have identified the emergence of a “new class” of professional-technical workers in American society who not only share structural similarities but ideological orientations (egalitarianism, liberalism, and intellectualism) as well. This study was designed to establish (1) whether or not nurses, given their uncertain structural position in the new class, participate ideologically in the new class and (2) the conditions related to nurses’ values. The data set used was NORC's General Social Survey from 1972–1980. Nurses were compared with classic professionals (such as physicians, lawyers, college teachers), teachers, secretaries, and clerks (total of 1,890 respondents). It was found that 64 percent of the classic professionals held new class values compared with 50 percent of the teachers, 48 percent of the nurses, 42 percent of the secretaries, and 37 percent of the clerks. The data showed that the most important variable related to respondents’ new dass orientation was a college education, not their occupational affiliation. A summary of the various variables involved indicated that individuals in the sample most likely to hold new class values were college educated young males living in urban areas outside the South. This description helps to explain why a female-dominated, less educated semi-professional group such as nurses is less likely to participate ideologically in the new class than is a highly educated male-dominated group such as physicians.
Reliability, availability, and serviceability (RAS) of the IBM eServer z990

The IBM eServerTM zSeries® Model z990 offers customers significant new opportunity for server growth while preserving and enhancing server availability. The z990 provides vertical growth capability by introducing the concurrent addition of processor/memory books and horizontal growth in channels by the use of extended virtualization technology. In order to continue to support the zSeries legacy for high availability and continuous reliable operation, the z990 delivers significant new features for reliability, availability, and serviceability (RAS). This paper describes these new capabilities, in each case presenting the value of the feature, both in terms of enhancing the self-management capability of the server and its availability.
Primary prevention of cryptococcal meningitis by fluconazole in HIV-infected patients

To evaluate whether oral fluconazole reduces the risk of a first episode of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected patients, we conducted a case-control study of patients cared for in a university teaching hospital and two urban HIV-outpatient clinics. Cases consisted of HIV-infected patients with CD4 cell counts less than 250/microL who developed a first episode of cryptococcal meningitis between July 1, 1990, and June 30, 1993. For each case (n = 18), 4 control subjects were chosen from HIV-infected patients (CD4 count < 250/microL) whose cerebrospinal fluid was negative for cryptococcal antigen and culture, and who were matched by age, sex, and time of lumbar puncture. There were no significant differences between cases and controls in age, sex, insurance status, mean CD4 count, history of oral candidosis, presence of a previous AIDS-defining illness, the number of visits to the HIV-outpatient clinic, or use of antiretroviral therapy. In the 6 months before lumbar puncture, 2 of 18 cases (11%) and 26 of 72 controls (36%) were exposed to fluconazole, a finding that gives a matched odds ratio (adjusted for race, route of HIV infection, and CD4 count) of 0.08 (95% CI 0.01-0.84; p = 0.035) and indicates a 92% protective efficacy. We conclude that fluconazole reduces the risk of a first episode of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected patients with a CD4 count less than 250/microL. Although the optimum dose and duration of fluconazole could not be determined, our results suggest that less than daily use was effective in the prevention of cryptococcal meningitis.
Clinical Development of Candidate HIV Vaccines: Different Problems for Different Vaccines

Abstract Realization of individual and public health benefit from an HIV vaccine requires clinical testing to demonstrate efficacy. To facilitate clinical testing, preclinical HIV vaccine developers should consider the realities of clinical practice and the conduct of clinical trials in product design. There are several essentially different approaches to prophylactic HIV vaccine design: (1) induce immunity that allows infection but reduces initial peak viremia and viral load set point; (2) induce immunity that allows infection but controls viremia to below the level of detection; (3) induce immunity that allows infection but promotes viral clearance before disease (classic vaccine approach); (4) induce “sterilizing immunity” that prevents acquisition of infection. Each approach presents different challenges for clinical product development. Current clinical trial practices and evolving treatment standards may make it infeasible to perform an efficacy trial of a preventive vaccine that only modestly reduc...
Alcohol Abuse in Asian Americans

Asian Americans are proportionately the fastest growing minority in the United States. Once considered a model minority, recent studies have suggested that Asians have a fairly high prevalence of alcoholism. The authors present epidemiological data from the few available surveys involving the Asian American community. An important consideration is that the term “Asian American” does not represent a homogenous group. It comprises people from many countries, several major religious groups, various socioeconomic levels, and different lengths of time and levels of acculturation in the United States. The presence of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) deficiency also represents a relevant biological difference in some subgroups. This heterogeneity makes it difficult to encompass all relevant parameters in any one study, but each of these factors clearly affects the rates and expressions of alcohol use, and they all represent important considerations for treatment. Culturally sensitive and/or bicultural programs are indicated for the proper treatment of this population.
The use of egocentric and exocentric location cues in saccadic programming

Theoretically, the location of a visual target can be encoded with respect to the locations of other stimuli in the visual image (exocentric cues), or with respect to the observer (egocentric cues). Egocentric localization in the oculomotor system has been shown to rely on an internal representation of eye position that inaccurately encodes the time-course of saccadic eye movements, resulting in the mislocalization of visual targets presented near the time of a saccade. In the present investigation, subjects were instructed to localize perisaccadic stimuli in the presence or absence of a visual stimulus that could provide exocentric location information. Saccadic localization was more accurate in the presence of the exocentric cue, suggesting that localization is based on a combination of exocentric and egocentric cues. These findings indicate the need to reassess previously reported neurophysiological studies of spatial accuracy and current models of oculomotor control, which have focused almost exclusively on the egocentric localization abilities of the brain.
Experimental Testing and Analtical Modeling of Semi-Active Fluid Dampers for Seismic Protection

The development, experimental testing, and analytical modeling of an intelligent seismic response control system is described in this paper. The control system is in the form of semiactive fluid damping devices which may be installed within the lateral bracing system of buildings or as part of a seismic isolation system for bridges or buildings. The dampers have mechanical properties which can be modified through a closed-loop feedback control system which utilizes the measured earthquake excitation and/or the response of the structural system. Further, the dampers exhibit fail-safe characteristics in that, in the event of failure to operate as semi-active devices, the dampers convert to passive high-damping devices. The dampers were extensively tested to determine the mechanical properties and the dynamic behavior of the devices. Furthermore, mathematical models for describing the damper behavior were developed and utilized for analytically predicting experimental results.
Using a new protocol to enhance path reliability and realize load balancing in mobile ad hoc networks

In this paper we introduce a novel end-to-end approach for achieving the dual goal of enhanced reliability under path failures, and multi-path load balancing in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). These goals are achieved by fully exploiting the presence of multiple paths in mobile ad hoc networks in order to jointly attack the problems of frequent route failures and load balancing. More specifically, we built a disjoint-path identification mechanism for maintaining multiple routes between two endpoints on top of the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), and the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol. A number of additional modifications are incorporated to the SCTP protocol in order to allow its smooth operation. The proposed approach differs from previously related work since it consists of an entirely end-to-end scheme built on top of a transport layer protocol. We provide both analytical and simulation results that prove the efficiency of our approach over a wide range of mobility scenarios.
Effects of hypoxia on capillary orientation in anterior tibialis muscle of highly active mice.

Abstract The plasticity of capillary orientation in response to combined hypoxic hypoxia and high activity levels was investigated in anterior tibialis muscle of Japanese waltzing mice (Mus wagneri rotans). Following 2 weeks of normobaric, normothermic hypoxia (PIO2 ≅ 87 Torr), muscles were perfusion-fixed in situ with glutaraldehyde and analyzed morphometrically. Muscles from hypoxic waltzers, HW, were compared with those from normoxic walterz, NW, and normoxic control mice, N. At sarcomere lengths from 2.84 to 1.69 μm, tortuosity and branching increased capillary length 3 to 38%. When capillary orientation was related to sarcomere length, muscles from HW were not different from NW or N. At group-averaged sarcomere lengths of 2.22 μm (HW), 2.33 μm (NW) and 2.35 μm (N), tortuosity and branching contributed 16,20 and 18% respectively, to capillary length. We conclude that high activity levels under normoxic or hypoxic conditions in Japanese waltzing mice do not augment muscle capillary length by means of increased capillary tortuosity and/or branching.
Random-phase radar waveforms with shaped spectrum

A random phase signal will also have random phase differences between two independent random phases. A phase increment across a time increment is in fact a phase-rate, or frequency. A phase-rate change is in fact a frequency-hop. By controlling the phase-rate, that is the characteristics of the phase increments, we can control the spectrum of the random-phase waveform. Spectrum precision and sharpness is enhanced by holding a frequency for some ‘chip’ length. For digitally generated phase samples, this means that the chip length needs to be many samples. This is a time-bandwidth issue. The definition of ‘many’ will depend on the sharpness desired, but often several tens’ of samples will be adequate. To shape the Energy Spectral Density (ESD) of a random-phase signal, we need to control the average energy at various phase-rates. This can be done with either or a combination of 1) Controlling the likelihood of specific phase increments, and/or 2) Controlling the duration of a specific phase increment chip length. For range-Doppler images, it is the 2-dimensional Impulse Response (IPR) that is of principal concern. This will tend to average out the random effects of any single pulse.
Depth of focus, eye size and visual acuity.

Abstract We develop formulas for calculating the approximate depth of focus of any eye. They show that the magnitude of depth of focus is inversely proportional to the size of the eye and to its visual acuity. One particular implication of these quantitative relations, which is supported by previous data from rats and human infants, is that small eyes with low acuity should have large depths of focus. We show that the observed relation between defocus and contrast sensitivity in rats in predicted by our formulas. We also analyze recent findings in human infants and show that they demonstrate a good correspondence between the improvement in accuracy of the accommodative response with age and the reduction in depth of focus (predicted from our formulas) as acuity and eye size increase over the same age range. Optical factors such as astigmatism, refractive error and chromatic and spherical aberration should have no effect on visual resolution unless they exceed the depth of focus of an eye. Thus, our arguments imply that these factors may be relatively unimportant in small eyes with low acuity.
Improved mechanical behavior of bulk metallic glasses containing in situ formed ductile phase dendrite dispersions

Abstract In this paper, X-ray diffraction, microstructural, and mechanical property results are presented for a ductile metal reinforced bulk metallic glass (BMG) matrix composite based on Zr–Ti–Cu–Ni–Be bulk glass forming compositions. Solute partitioning in the molten state yields an equilibrium microstructure consisting of ductile Ti–Zr–Nb β-phase primary dendrites, with the b.c.c. structure, in a Zr–Ti–Nb–Cu–Ni–Be BMG matrix. Under mechanical loading highly organized shear band patterns are formed throughout the sample, where the shear band spacing is coherent with the periodicity of the dendrites. This dramatically increases the plastic strain to failure, impact resistance, and toughness of the material. These results are the first to show how microstructural inhomogeneities can be used to control the initiation and propagation of localized shear bands in metallic glasses under a variety of unconstrained loading conditions.
Effects of cadmium on hypoxia-induced expression of hemoglobin and erythropoietin in larval sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus.

Abstract Hypoxia and toxic metals are two common stressors found in the estuarine environment. To date little information is available on the combined effects of these stressors on early larval development in fish. We investigated the effect of cadmium and hypoxia exposure alone as well in combination on larval Cyprinodon variegatus . The LC 10 for cadmium was determined to be 0.3 ppm in a 96 h acute exposure. This concentration was used in all studies. Cadmium in larvae increased significantly with exposure time (1, 3, 5 and 7 days post-hatch). The increase was proportional to body weight and not affected by hypoxia. Cadmium responsive genes were identified by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) in Cyprinodon variegatus larvae after exposure to cadmium for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. We obtained over 700 sequences from the cadmium cDNA library. Blast search of ESTs suggested that cadmium modulates multiple physiological processes. Pertinent to this study, cadmium was found to down-regulate both embryonic α and β globin, which are expressed in erythrocytes generated during the first, or primitive, wave of erythropoiesis in teleosts. Hemoglobin (Hb) and erythropoietin (Epo) (the hormone that promotes red blood cell production) are known hypoxia-inducible genes. To explore the possibility that cadmium might offset the hypoxia-induced expression of Hb and Epo, we investigated the expression of both genes following hypoxia, cadmium and combined exposures for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days post-hatch. Since Epo had not yet been identified in C. variegatus we first successfully cloned a partial coding sequence of the C. variegatus hormone. Subsequent studies revealed that expression levels of Hb and Epo remained unchanged in the normoxic controls during the time course of the study. Hypoxia increased Epo expression relative to normoxic controls, on days 3, 5 and 7, while cadmium in hypoxia inhibited the increase. Only the changes on days 5 and 7 were statistically significant. Hypoxia also lead to a modest, but significant induction of Hb after 5 days. However, in spite of the Cd-induced down-regulation of Epo on day 5, Cd did not affect the hypoxia-induced expression of embryonic Hb at this time point. It appears therefore that Epo has only limited effect on primitive erythropoiesis in C. variegatus .
Why go native? Landscaping for biodiversity and sustainability education

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to illustrate that campus and urban landscaping has important connections to biodiversity conservation, perceptions of natural heritage, sense‐of‐place, ecological literacy and the role of campus landscapes in the larger community. It also aims to show how campus landscapes express values and perform as a teaching, research and outreach resource.Design/methodology/approach – The paper was written as a literature review applied to a case study. Drawing on E.O. Wilson's idea that society must assign the same value to natural heritage as it does cultural heritage to successfully safeguard biodiversity for the long haul, the paper argues that by altering key elements of human landscapes in strategic places – campus landscapes in this case – to reflect a deep appreciation of natural heritage, we can help shift worldviews to foster real sustainability. It also raises a set of questions based on popular perceptions and some challenges based on the broad literature, then sho...
The role of immune cells and inflammatory cytokines in Paget's disease and multiple myeloma

The osteoclast (OCL) is the primary cell involved in the pathogenesis of Paget's disease (PD) and the destructive bone process in multiple myeloma (MM). Both of these diseases are characterized by increased numbers of OCLs actively resorbing bone, but they differ in that bone formation is greatly increased in PD and is suppressed in MM. The marrow microenvironment plays a critical role in both disease processes, through the increased expression of inflammatory cytokines that enhance osteoclastogenesis and, in the case of MM, also suppress osteoblast (OBL) activity. In addition, the OCLs in PD are intrinsically abnormal, are markedly increased in number and size, and are hyper-responsive to inflammatory cytokines and 1,25-(OH)2D3. This article discusses the role of immune cells and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the increased OCL activity in PD and MM bone disease, as well as the potential role of interleukin-3 in the suppression of OBL activity in MM.
Joint Linkage and Association Analysis with Exome Sequence Data Implicates SLC25A40 in Hypertriglyceridemia

Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is a heritable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Investigating the genetics of HTG may identify new drug targets. There are ∼35 known single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) that explain only ∼10% of variation in triglyceride (TG) level. Because of the genetic heterogeneity of HTG, a family study design is optimal for identification of rare genetic variants with large effect size because the same mutation can be observed in many relatives and cosegregation with TG can be tested. We considered HTG in a five-generation family of European American descent (n = 121), ascertained for familial combined hyperlipidemia. By using Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo joint oligogenic linkage and association analysis, we detected linkage to chromosomes 7 and 17. Whole-exome sequence data revealed shared, highly conserved, private missense SNVs in both SLC25A40 on chr7 and PLD2 on chr17. Jointly, these SNVs explained 49% of the genetic variance in TG; however, only the SLC25A40 SNV was significantly associated with TG (p = 0.0001). This SNV, c.374A>G, causes a highly disruptive p.Tyr125Cys substitution just outside the second helical transmembrane region of the SLC25A40 inner mitochondrial membrane transport protein. Whole-gene testing in subjects from the Exome Sequencing Project confirmed the association between TG and SLC25A40 rare, highly conserved, coding variants (p = 0.03). These results suggest a previously undescribed pathway for HTG and illustrate the power of large pedigrees in the search for rare, causal variants.
The structure and activity of chromium oxide catalysts: I. Structure analysis

Abstract Two forms of activated chromia catalysts are recognized: (1) an amorphous form, catalyst A, prepared by heating under vacuum or in an inert atmosphere, and (2) a microcrystalline form, catalyst C, prepared by heating in a reducing atmosphere. The structural properties of these catalysts have been studied by X-ray line-broadening, radial distribution analysis, electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and low temperature nitrogen adsorption. Catalyst C, prepared by heating in hydrogen, is composed of crystallites of α-chromium oxide supported on amorphous chromia. Detailed analysis of the X-ray diffraction powder pattern indicates little contribution to the linewidth from strain. The shape of the crystallites (characterized by X-ray line-broadening of the (104), (110), and (116) diffraction peaks) is oblong. The dimension along the α-axes is roughly twice that along the c-axis. The electron micrographs are consistent with this picture. Attempts to prepare crystallites with dimensions between 15 and 70 A were unsuccessful. Typically a catalyst activated at 400 °C has an effective crystallite size of 80 × 90 A while a 450 °C activated catalyst has an effective crystallite size of 110 × 200 A. The percentage crystalline phase estimated from infrared absorption in the lattice vibration region in catalysts activated for 12 hr at a temperature between 400–450 °C are in the range 5–30%. Catalyst A, prepared by heating in helium, does not give rise to a discernible X-ray diffraction pattern, but does result in a well defined radial distribution curve. Analysis of the radial distribution curve indicates that there exists local order over approximately a 10 A dimension of the same kind as found in α-Cr2O3. A model for this local order is proposed.
Flexural waves in rods within an axial plastic compressive wave

Abstract A stability concept in terms of the properties of an effective force field and an approach presented herein are employed to determine the growth of flexural waves in rod subject to axial impact strong enough to produce plastic compressive strain. The concept and approach are developed for treating a class of problems of dynamics of elastic-plastic solids which may be called initial-value-eigenvalue problems or quasibifurcation problems. The theoretical results agree reasonably well with available experimental results.
Through the Crucible of Pain and Suffering: African-American philosophy as a gift and the countering of the western philosophical metanarrative

AbstractIn this article, I argue that African-American philosophy emerges from a socio-existential context where persons of African descent have been faced with the absurd in the form of white racism (This paper is a substantially revised version on an earlier article. See Yancy, G. (2011). African-American Philosophy through the Lens of Socio-Existential Struggle. Philosophy & Social Criticism, Volume 37: 551–574). The concept of struggle, given the above, functions as both descriptive and heuristic vis-a-vis the meaning of African American philosophy. Expanding upon Charles Mills’ concept of non-Cartesian sums, I demonstrate the inextricable link between Black lived experience, struggle, and the morphology of meta-philosophical assumptions and philosophical problems specific to African-American philosophy. Because of the philosophical pretensions of white Western philosophy, with it claims to universal truth and objective knowledge, the particularity of African-American philosophical concerns with quest...
Auction Characteristics and Outcomes: An Empirical Examination of eBay

ABSTRACT Internet auctions have become a major aspect of e-Commerce, and one of them, eBay, has become the world's largest person-to-person auction site. This research examines several aspects of eBay auction offerings as they relate to two auction outcomes, the number of “sold” auctions and the final closing prices. Results confirm some of the previous findings and conclusions regarding auction outcomes, but little support was found for the effects of certain auction characteristics. Suggestions for online auction sellers are provided.
Design and synthesis of a cocaine-diamide hapten for vaccine development

Abstract A cocaine-diamide hapten was designed in an effort to obtain a potent, long-lasting anti-cocaine immune response for the treatment of cocaine abuse. The analogue incorporated an amido linker functionality in place of the carbomethoxy group at C-2 and a benzoylamino replacement of the benzoyloxy group at C-3 of the cocaine framework. Compound 3 was synthesized in 6 chemical steps starting from (+)-2-carbomethoxy-3-tropinone.
Spinal stenosis: history and physical examination

The history and physical examination are an essential component in the assessment of patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. The differential diagnosis is broad, and many conditions may be ruled out with a thorough office evaluation. Peripheral neuropathy, arteriovascular disease, and hip arthrosis are common entities with similar symptoms. Imaging studies provide poor specificity. Clinical decision making should be based on a collection of data, including the history and physical findings, functional status, imaging and electrodiagnostic studies, and other adjunctive studies.
Gorillas' use of the escape response in object choice memory tests.

The ability to monitor and control one’s own cognitive states, metacognition, is crucial for effective learning and problem solving. Although the literature on animal metacognition has grown considerably during last 15 years, there have been few studies examining whether great apes share such introspective abilities with humans. Here, we tested whether four gorillas could meet two criteria of animal metacognition, the increase in escape responses as a function of task difficulty and the chosen-forced performance advantage. During testing, the subjects participated in a series of object choice memory tests in which a preferable reward (two grapes) was placed under one of two or three blue cups. The apes were required to correctly select the baited blue cup in this primary test. Importantly, the subjects also had an escape response (a yellow cup), where they could obtain a secure but smaller reward (one grape) without taking the memory test. Although the gorillas received a relatively small number of trials and thus experienced little training, three gorillas significantly declined the memory tests more often in difficult trials (e.g., when the location of the preferred reward conflicted with side bias) than in easy trials (e.g., when there was no such conflict). Moreover, even when objective cues were eliminated that corresponded to task difficulty, one of the successful gorillas showed evidence suggestive of improved memory performance with the help of escape response by selectively avoiding trials in which he would be likely to err before the memory test actually proceeded. Together, these findings demonstrate that at least some gorillas may be able to make optimal choices on the basis of their own memory trace strength about the location of the preferred reward.
A critical look at a class of critical velocity theories for superfluid He

Elementary considerations show that under steady-state flow conditions the energy required to create vortices cannot come from the stream, contrary to all previous theories of vortex creation and growth except the fluctuation model.
MONOLAYER CULTURES DERIVED FROM NEONATAL HAMSTER PANCREAS : Light and Electron Microscopy

Cells derived by trypsinization of neonatal golden hamster pancreas were cultured in modified Eagle's medium for 120 h in the presence of glucose (0.8 mg/ml) and for an additional 48 h in medium containing glucose (0.8 or 3.1 mg/ml) or tolbutamide (1,000 microg/ml) plus glucose (0.8 mg/ml). At day 7, cultures were stained differentially for light microscopy or examined by electron microscopy. Immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) in the culture medium were measured by standard immunoassay procedures. Staining properties and ultrastructural appearance of cultured cells were comparable to those of the intact neonatal hamster pancreas. Cultures consisted predominantly of cells possessing aldehyde fuchsin positive (AF(+)) cytoplasmic granules resembling ultrastructurally those of the intact neonatal pancreatic beta cells and additionally, those of fibroblastoid, acinar, acino-insular, and aldehyde fuchsin negative (AF(-)) argyrophilic cells. IRI release rate by the cultured cells was increased in the presence of elevated glucose or tolbutamide which paralleled the loss of AF(+) granulation, but IRG release rate was suppressed by elevated glucose concentration. These findings indicate that these monolayer cultures consist of most of the cell types occurring in the neonatal pancreas, including endocrinologically competent islet cells.
Designing a high-performance TEC controller

In optical telecommunication systems, diode lasers are mostly used either as the signal source in the transmitters or as the energy source in the optical amplifiers, their operations affect the performance of the whole system directly. Only under constant temperatures, diode lasers can perform stably, otherwise, their output wavelengths and power efficiencies will change dramatically.
PLASTICITY AND ENVIRONMENT‐SPECIFIC COVARIANCES: AN INVESTIGATION OF FLORAL–VEGETATIVE AND WITHIN FLOWER CORRELATIONS

Floral traits are commonly thought to be more canalized than vegetative ones. In addition, floral and vegetative traits are hypothesized to be genetically decoupled, enabling vegetative structures to respond plastically to environmental heterogeneity, and to evolve in response to selection without disrupting the reproductive function of flowers. To test these hypotheses, we evaluate the genetic architecture of floral and vegetative traits in natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana raised under variable light-quality environments. Plants were grown either under high or low ratios of red to far-red (R:FR) light, an aspect of light quality that varies with neighbor proximity and regulates competitive shade-avoidance responses. Across environments, we detected significant genetic variation for the average expression of all measured floral traits (petal length and width, stamen length, pistil length, stigma-anther separation, and exsertion of both the stamen and pistil beyond the corolla). Light quality significantly influenced the absolute size of several floral traits as well as the allometry (i.e., relative scaling) of all floral traits, and genotypes differed in the plasticity of floral traits to the light treatments. Exposure to low relative to high R:FR resulted in significantly greater elongation in the vegetative trait, petiole length, and genotypes again differed in the plasticity of this trait to R:FR. Consistent with prior studies, most floral traits were less plastic than the vegetative trait; herkogamy (i.e., stigma-anther separation) was the exception and expressed more variable trait values across environments than petiole length, apparently as a consequence of the independent responses of stamens and pistils. Flowers also showed strong phenotypic integration; genotypic correlations were significantly positive among floral traits within each light treatment. Although floral-vegetative correlations were not significant in the high R:FR light treatment, significant correlations were detected between petal traits, pistil length, and petiole length under low R:FR, in contrast to the widely held hypothesis that floral and vegetative traits are genetically independent. Finally, we detected selection for reduced herkogamy in the low R:FR light treatment. The observed correlation between functional trait groups suggest that vegetative plasticity may affect the expression of floral traits in some environments, and that environment-specific constraints may exist on the evolution of floral and vegetative traits.
Tabula Rasa: case studies of shared governance

(1994). Tabula Rasa: case studies of shared governance. School Organisation: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 209-218.
Hip arthroscopy in the lateral position

Abstract The hip joint is the most deeply recessed joint in the body, making it difficult to access arthroscopically. Thelateral position facilitates peritrochanteric approaches, which provide reproducible bony landmarks for orientation, as well as access for most pathology within the hip joint. Minimally invasive approaches to the hip joint have been developed for situations where open techniques are less advantageous, such as the patient with a symptomatic loose body or labral tear. The different portals have varying abilities to visualize different anatomic structures. Knowledge of anatomic relationships is of utmost importance in the use of the various portals. Meticulous attention to proper positioning, adequate joint distraction, and portal placement is paramount for safe and successful arthroscopy of the hip. This article will review the seminal features of lateral positioning and minimally invasive surgical approaches to the hip.
Effects of radiation on the mouse lung and potential induction of radiation pneumonitis.

Alterations in surfactant-secreting type II pneumocytes, detectable by 24 h following exposure, are the most rapidly manifested toxic effects of lung irradiation. These studies follow the morphological and biochemical changes in the surfactant system which lead to pathologically detectable radiation pneumonitis by 18 weeks post-irradiation, and suggest the possibility that early analysis of surfactant changes may have predictive value for later pulmonary sequelae to irradiation.
Inhibition of erythropoietin production by cyproterone acetate

Abstract Studies on the effect of androgens and the androgen antagonist cyproterone acetate on ESF (erythropoietin) production during hypoxia showed that dihydrotestosterone markedly enhanced while cyproterone acetate caused a marked decrease in the serum ESF activity of rats with intact liver, whereas a reversal of this effect was seen in partially hepatectomized rats. The REF (renal erythropoietic factor) activity was significantly enhanced only in rats treated with dihydrotestosterone, whereas cyproterone acetate did not cause any inhibition of the REF activity. It appears that the effect of androgens and cyproterone acetate on serum ESF activity depends on the integrity of the liver. The individual effects of dihydrotestosterone and cyproterone acetate on serum ESF activity disappeared when they were simultaneously administered to the rats. Significantly lower serum ESF activity was observed in hepatectomized rats treated with dihydrotestosterone, whereas higher serum ESF activity in such rats treated with cyproterone acetate was observed when compared to similarly treated nonhepatectomized rats. It is concluded that androgens may have more than one site of action in the enhancement of ESF production during hypoxia.
Adapting to Unknown Smoothness via Wavelet Shrinkage

Abstract We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data. We introduce a procedure, SureShrink, that suppresses noise by thresholding the empirical wavelet coefficients. The thresholding is adaptive: A threshold level is assigned to each dyadic resolution level by the principle of minimizing the Stein unbiased estimate of risk (Sure) for threshold estimates. The computational effort of the overall procedure is order N · log(N) as a function of the sample size N. SureShrink is smoothness adaptive: If the unknown function contains jumps, then the reconstruction (essentially) does also; if the unknown function has a smooth piece, then the reconstruction is (essentially) as smooth as the mother wavelet will allow. The procedure is in a sense optimally smoothness adaptive: It is near minimax simultaneously over a whole interval of the Besov scale; the size of this interval depends on the choice of mother wavelet. We know from a previous paper by the authors that traditional smoot...
Ubiquitination of p27Kip1 Requires Physical Interaction with Cyclin E and Probable Phosphate Recognition by SKP2

p27Kip1 is an essential cell cycle inhibitor of Cyclin-dependent kinases. Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of p27Kip1 is an important mechanism for activation of Cyclin E-Cdk2 and facilitates G1/S transition. Ubiquitination of p27 is primarily catalyzed by a multisubunit E3 ubiquitin ligase, SCFSkp2, and requires an adapter protein Cks1. In addition, phosphorylation of p27 at Thr187 by Cyclin E and Cdk2 is also essential for triggering substrate ubiquitination. Here we investigate the molecular mechanism of p27 ubiquitination. We show that Cyclin E-Cdk2 is essential for targeting the p27 substrate to SCFSkp2. Direct physical contact between Cyclin E but not Cdk2 and p27 is required for p27 recruitment to SCFSkp2. In a search for positively charged amino acid residues that may be involved in recognition of the Thr187 phosphate group, we found that Arg306 of Skp2 is required for association and ubiquitination of phosphorylated p27 but dispensable for ubiquitination of unphosphorylated p21. Thus, our data unravel the molecular organization of the ubiquitination complex that catalyzes p27 ubiquitination and provide unique insights into the specificity of substrate recognition by SCFSkp2.
Cis-element dependence and occupancy of the human invariant chain promoter in CIITA-dependent and -independent transcription.

Abstract The major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-associated invariant chain (Ii) associates with the class II α/β heterodimer during its biosynthesis, inhibiting association of endogenous peptides with the peptide-binding cleft. It is therefore not surprising that there are significant similarities in regulatory mechanisms controlling the expression of the structural class II MHC and Ii genes. One important similarity is that both classes of genes can be expressed via CIITA-dependent or -independent mechanisms. In this report, we have dissected CIITA-dependent and -independent transcription of the Ii gene using an isogenic B-LCL cell pair (Jijoye and clone-13) which do or do not express the class II MHC transactivator (CIITA), respectively. Experiments using mutant or deletion constructs of the Ii gene promoter indicate that while both the X-box and Ii-κB1 elements are critical for CIITA-dependent transcription in B lymphocytes, the Ii-κB1 element is of greater importance for CIITA-independent Ii gene transcription, with the X-box playing a secondary role. Despite these clear differences in cis-element dependence of CIITA-dependent and -independent Ii transcription, there are only subtle differences in the occupancy of these elements in vivo as assessed by genomic footprinting. These differences are restricted to occupancy of the X-box and Y-box, with which the RF-X and NF-Y complexes interact in Ii-positive cells. This difference in the occupancy of the X-box and Y-box in this cell pair indicates that while protein/protein interactions between CIITA and promoter-bound factors stabilize promoter occupancy, these interactions are not absolutely required for occupancy and transcription of the invariant chain gene.
The gene space in wheat: the complete γ-gliadin gene family from the wheat cultivar Chinese Spring

The complete set of unique γ-gliadin genes is described for the wheat cultivar Chinese Spring using a combination of expressed sequence tag (EST) and Roche 454 DNA sequences. Assemblies of Chinese Spring ESTs yielded 11 different γ-gliadin gene sequences. Two of the sequences encode identical polypeptides and are assumed to be the result of a recent gene duplication. One gene has a 3′ coding mutation that changes the reading frame in the final eight codons. A second assembly of Chinese Spring γ-gliadin sequences was generated using Roche 454 total genomic DNA sequences. The 454 assembly confirmed the same 11 active genes as the EST assembly plus two pseudogenes not represented by ESTs. These 13 γ-gliadin sequences represent the complete unique set of γ-gliadin genes for cv Chinese Spring, although not ruled out are additional genes that are exact duplications of these 13 genes. A comparison with the ESTs of two other hexaploid cultivars (Butte 86 and Recital) finds that the most active genes are present in all three cultivars, with exceptions likely due to too few ESTs for detection in Butte 86 and Recital. A comparison of the numbers of ESTs per gene indicates differential levels of expression within the γ-gliadin gene family. Genome assignments were made for 6 of the 13 Chinese Spring γ-gliadin genes, i.e., one assignment from a match to two γ-gliadin genes found within a tetraploid wheat A genome BAC and four genes that match four distinct γ-gliadin sequences assembled from Roche 454 sequences from Aegilops tauschii, the hexaploid wheat D-genome ancestor.
Influence of Montmorillonite on Nucleotide Oligomerization Reactions: A Molecular Dynamics Study

We investigate a proposed origins of life scenario involving the clay montmorillonite and its catalytic role in forming oligonucleotides from activated mononucleotides. Clay and mineral surfaces are important for concentrating the reactants and for promoting nucleotide polymerization reactions. Using classical molecular dynamics methods we provide atomic details of reactant conformations prior to polynucleotide formation, lending insight into previously reported experimental observations of this phenomenon. The simulations clarify the catalytic role of metal ions, demonstrate that reactions leading to correct linkages take place primarily in the interlayer, and explain the observed sequence selectivity in the elongation of the chain. The study comparing reaction probabilities involving L- and D-chiral forms of the reactants has found enhancement of homochiral over heterochiral products when catalyzed by montmorillonite.
Prograde, peak, and retrograde P–T paths from aluminium in orthopyroxene: High‐temperature contact metamorphism in the aureole of the Makhavinekh Lake Pluton, Nain Plutonic Suite, Labrador

Static heating during intrusion of the Makhavinekh Lake Pluton (MLP) caused replacement of garnet in the adjacent country rocks (Tasiuyak Gneiss) by coronal assemblages of orthopyroxene + cordierite. Thermometry based on Al solubility in orthopyroxene, applied to relict garnet and neighbouring orthopyroxene, preserves a temperature gradient from 700 to 900 °C at distances between 5750 and 20 m from the intrusion, reaffirming the robustness of this thermometry technique. Intracrystalline and intergranular variations of Al zoning in orthopyroxene are well-preserved, suggesting that little diffusional modification of Al growth zoning occurred. Maximum Al2O3 in orthopyroxene ranges from c. 2.0 wt% at 5750 m from the intrusion to a maximum of 4.3 wt% at the contact. Individual orthopyroxene grains show decreasing Al from core to rim in samples < 500 m from the intrusion, while those at greater distances show an increase from core to rim. These features are interpreted with the aid of numerical models for conductive heat flow in the aureole. Coronas in samples close to the intrusion grew at high temperatures and along T-t paths dominated by cooling, so maximum Al content in orthopyroxene in these samples occurs in the cores of grains that grew during the earliest stages of garnet consumption. In contrast, the corona-forming reactions in rocks further from the contact proceeded along prograde heating paths, so maximum Al content in orthopyroxene occurs in the rims of grains that grew during the final stages of garnet consumption. These results document the ability of Al-in-orthopyroxene thermometry to preserve a detailed record of thermal histories in contact-metamorphic granulites; they suggest that similar intracrystalline and intergranular variations of Al zoning in orthopyroxene in regional granulites may also preserve portions of both the prograde and peak-T evolution.