cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social support, coping, and psychological adjustment among caregivers of head-injured patients

Abstract The purpose of this study was to test a mediational model of risk and protective factors associated with the psychological adjustment of caregivers of head-injured patients. Forty-three caregivers of patients who had suffered a head injury participated in the study. Findings strongly supported hypotheses. Caregiver burden was associated with poorer psychological adjustment. Social support and a higher percentage of approach coping strategies relative to overall coping strategies were associated with better psychological adjustment. As predicted, caregiver burden showed a direct relationship to psychological adjustment, while social support showed an indirect relationship to adjustment mediated by percentage approach coping.
Advances in Alzheimer’s Disease Drug Development

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the foremost cause of dementia worldwide. Clinically, AD manifests as progressive memory impairment followed by a gradual decline in other cognitive abilities leading to complete functional dependency. Recent biomarker studies indicate that AD is characterized by a long asymptomatic phase, with the development of pathology occurring at least a decade prior to the onset of any symptoms. Current FDA-approved treatments target neurotransmitter abnormalities associated with the disease but do not affect what is believed to be the underlying etiology. In this review, we briefly discuss the most recent therapeutic strategies being employed in AD clinical trials, as well the scientific rationale with which they have been developed.
Once weekly intraperitoneal therapy for gram-positive peritonitis.

The pharmacokinetics and clinical outcome following a 30 mg/kg/2 L intraperitoneal (IP) dose of vancomycin, which was administered once a week for 3 weeks, was studied in ten continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients with peritonitis. Vancomycin was 91% absorbed following the first dose and rapidly achieved therapeutic serum concentrations, 19 ± 8 mcg/mL at 1 hour and a peak of 37 ± 8 mcg/mL at 6 hours. Vancomycin was eliminated slowly with a mean total clearance of 7 ± 3 mL/min/70 kg and a distribution volume of 1.2 ± 0.3 L/kg. The resultant mean serum t1/2 over the first week was 184 hours and the mean serum concentration at 168 hours was 10 ± 4 mcg/mL. Based on the positive clinical outcome (100% cure) among patients with uncomplicated gram-positive peritonitis, the potential use of this alternative vancomycin dosing regimen is proposed.
Cigarette smoking and its relationship to other substance use among eating disordered inpatients.

Objective: The present study examines prevalence rates of tobacco, caffeine, alcohol and other substance use and abuse among eating disordered inpatients and compares smokers (regular vs occasional vs non-smokers) and eating disorder (ED) subtypes [anorexia nervosa (AN) vs bulimia nervosa (BN); restrictors vs purgers] on substance use behaviors, family history, depressive symptoms and impulsivity. Method: Participants were 100 ED inpatients who completed assessment upon treatment entry. Results: A high incidence of regular cigarette smoking (29%) and occasional smoking (13%) was detected and associations were found with caffeine abuse, alcohol and marijuana use, family history and depression. BNs were more likely to smoke occasionally and use alcohol than ANs, while Purgers demonstrated higher caffeine and alcohol use than Restrictors. Discussion: Comprehensive assessment and intervention for smoking, caffeine and other substance use among ED patients is clearly indicated.
ANSEL Character Set for the Macintosh

Research libraries typically acquire materials written in many languages. Providing effective bibliographic control of these materials requires using an extended character set, often referred to as the extended ALA character set, to represent special characters and diacritical marks found in languages other than English. This character set is more specifically known as the American National Standard Extended Latin (ANSEL) character set.
Frequency of Trigeminal Nerve Injuries Following Third Molar Removal

Purpose To estimate oral and maxillofacial surgery reporting of the frequency of temporary and permanent inferior alveolar and lingual nerve damage from lower third molar extraction and injury etiology, and to identify factors associated with injury rates. Materials and Methods A postal survey was sent to all members of the California Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons requesting information on known instances of inferior alveolar and lingual nerve damage that had occurred in their practices over a 12-month period and known instances of permanent damage over their entire careers. Results Replies were obtained from 535 California Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (OMFS) representing 86% of all OMFS in California. Instances of injury to the inferior alveolar nerve in a 12-month period were reported by 94.5% of OMFS; 53% reported instances of lingual nerve injury in a 12-month period. Instances of permanent nerve injury of the inferior alveolar nerve were reported by 78% of OMFS; 46% reported permanent lingual nerve injury occurring during their professional lifetime. The overall estimated self-reported rate of injury was 4 per 1,000 lower third molar extractions for the inferior alveolar nerve and 1 per 1,000 extractions for the lingual nerve for all cases (temporary and permanent). In most cases (80%) of inferior alveolar nerve injury the cause was known, but in a majority of cases of lingual nerve injury (57%) the injury etiology was unknown. Self-reported rates of permanent injury were 1 per 2,500 lower third molar extractions for the inferior alveolar nerve and 1 per 10,000 lower third molar extractions for the lingual nerve. Injury rates were associated with provider experience (ie, extractions per year) and years in practice. Conclusion This survey included a high percentage of California OMFS. Injury to the inferior alveolar and lingual nerve was reported by most OMFS in California following lower third molar removal, and many reported cases of permanent nerve injury, frequently with unknown cause.
Liver alcohol dehydrogenase inhibition by fatty acid amides, N-alkylformamides and monoalkylureas.

Abstract With ethanol as substrate, N-n-alkylformamides and mono-n-alkylureas, like fatty acid amides, inhibited horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase uncompetitively, presumably by forming ternary complexes with the enzyme - reduced nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide binary complex. Compounds with 11- or 12-atom chains were better inhibitors than longer or shorter chain compounds. In vivo (mice), the urea derivatives were ineffective, as were the amides, with the exception of butanamide; the latter compound was less active than iso-butanamide. Formamides with 4- to 12-atom chains were active in vivo but, unlike in vitro , the shorter chain compounds were the most potent. A variety of branched-chain alkyl-, cyclic alkyl- and arylalkylamides and N-substituted formamides also inhibited alcohol dehyrogenase in vitro .
Malignant vascular tumors in young patients.

BACKGROUND To the authors' knowledge there are few published series of malignant vascular tumors in patients age ≤ 21 years. METHODS The authors retrospectively documented the clinical presentation, pathology, treatment, and outcome of patients age ≤ 21 years with malignant vascular tumors treated between 1970-1995 at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. The histologic sections were rereviewed to confirm the diagnosis. RESULTS Four patients were identified with angiosarcoma and two with malignant hemangioendothelioma. Five patients were female and one was male; the median age at diagnosis was 11.8 years (range, 8 months-21 years). The tumor involved the skin in one patient, soft tissue in one patient, bone in two patients, and internal organs in two patients. One patient had associated diffuse angiomatosis and another had the Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome. This patient received prior radiation therapy to the primary site with the subsequent development of a vascular sarcoma. None of the patients had distant metastases at diagnosis. Resection was attempted in five patients and completed in four. Chemotherapy alone was given to three patients whereas radiation therapy alone and radiation plus chemotherapy were administered to one patient each. The median follow-up was 4.9 years (range, 1 month-12 years). There were three deaths from progressive disease and two deaths from locoregional recurrences. Reexcision and radiotherapy controlled one local recurrence. Another patient developed recurrence to regional lymph nodes and further dissemination. The primary tumor in all three survivors was excised completely whereas two of the three patients who died of progressive disease underwent an incomplete excision or biopsy alone. CONCLUSIONS Malignant vascular tumors are rare in the first two decades of life and when they do occur are very aggressive. Complete resection is curative for patients with localized lesions. Cancer 1998;83:1634-1639. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Tethering Naturally Occurring Peptide Toxins for Cell-Autonomous Modulation of Ion Channels and Receptors In Vivo

The physiologies of cells depend on electrochemical signals carried by ion channels and receptors. Venomous animals produce an enormous variety of peptide toxins with high affinity for specific ion channels and receptors. The mammalian prototoxin lynx1 shares with α-bungarotoxin the ability to bind and modulate nicotinic receptors (nAChRs); however, lynx1 is tethered to the membrane via a GPI anchor. We show here that several classes of neurotoxins, including bungarotoxins and cobratoxins, retain their selective antagonistic properties when tethered to the membrane. Targeted elimination of nAChR function in zebrafish can be achieved with tethered α-bungarotoxin, silencing synaptic transmission without perturbing synapse formation. These studies harness the pharmacological properties of peptide toxins for use in genetic experiments. When combined with specific methods of cell and temporal expression, the extension of this approach to hundreds of naturally occurring peptide toxins opens a new landscape for cell-autonomous regulation of cellular physiology in vivo.
Cellular immunity to herpes simplex infection in humans.

Abstract A comparison of lymphocyte interferon production and transformation as in vitro parameters of cellular immunity to herpes simplex in humans in different types of mononuclear cell cultures is reported. Mononuclear cells were purified on Ficoll-Hypaque gradients and nylon fiber columns (purified T lymphocytes). Reactivity was then compared to that observed in autochthonous macrophage-lymphocyte cultures. The quantity and type (I or II) of interferon, as well as the magnitude of the transformation response, is affected by the type of cell culture used for assay. The kinetics of lymphocyte reactivity in donors studied within 12 weeks after disease were compared to those occurring at greater than 12 weeks after disease and in seronegative donors. The observed kinetics were variable according to the methods used to prepare mononuclear cells for culture.
SKI VIBRATIONS AND DAMPING

Skis and runners sliding on snow like to vibrate. Soft snows tend to dampen ski vibrations but icy surfaces often set up severe oscillations. A feedback situation, such as driving on a gravel road, may also exist since vibrating skis create washboard conditions. Skis are subject to a range of forcing functions from low frequencies in big moguls (bumps) to 200–300 Hz frequencies at high speeds on icy surfaces. Analysis is complicated by random inputs, nonprismatic and anisotropic structures, and varying suspension systems.
A biometrical-genetic analysis of granule cell number in the area dentata of house mice

Abstract Considerable variability in the number of granule cells in the area dentata has been found among inbred strains of mice. In this report a simplified triple-test cross breeding design was employed to identify and discriminate between heritable and nonheritable sources of this variability. Granule cell numbers were estimated in two previously identified extreme strains of mice and in their reciprocal F 1 hybrids with 3 strains of mice known to be intermediate between the 2 extremes. Analytical techniques of biometrical genetics applied to the neuron number estimates indicated that genetic transmission of this trait involves genes located upon autosomes. Transmission does not involve cytoplasmic factors within the female egg, or maternally-mediated differences in nutrition. Of the total variability in dentate granule cell number, 86% is estimated to be determined by an additive genetic component. A dorsal-to-ventral increase in the size of granule cell nuclei was found for all genotypes; some possible bases for this increase are discussed.
Compartmentalized, multiphasic nanocolloids with potential applications in drug delivery and biomedical imaging

Nanoparticles are excellent candidates for drug delivery or biomedical imaging, because they often exhibit superb tuneability of critical properties, such as size, surface characteristics, degradation rate, and therefore drug release rates. We have recently developed a route towards fabrication of sub-micron particles that relies on electrohydrodynamic co-jetting. In this process, fluid manipulation in an electrical field is used to fabricate large quantities of multi-compartment particles, where individual compartments can be independently loaded with different drugs or selectively surface-modified. In this contribution, aspects of multifunctional particles for biomedical applications are reviewed and a specific focus is given to recent progress with compartmentalized, multiphasic nanocolloids in our laboratory.
Isolation and characterization of α-N-acetylβ-endorphin(1–26) from the rat posterior/intermediate pituitary lobe

Abstract An extract from 50 rat posterior intermediate pituitaries was fractionated by gel filtration followed by cation exchange chromatography. α-N-Acetylated derivatives of β-endorphin-like molecules were detected with a specific radioimmunoassay for α-N-acetylβ-endorphins. Six peaks of α-N-acetylβ-endorphin-like immunoreactivity were observed in the cation exchange chromatography fractions. One of these peaks was purified to homogeneity using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The isolated peptide was characterized by tryptic digestion followed by RP-HPLC and by amino acid analysis. The results showed that the isolated peptide was α-N-acetylβ-endorphin(1–26) with an oxidized methionine residue at position 5. Two previously unrecognized α-N-acetylβ-endorphin derivatives were also observed during the isolation procedure.
Steroid-Protein Interactions: IX. Interaction of Aldosterone with Human Serum Proteins in Competition with Spirolactones and Other Steroids

The effect of spirolactones (SC-9420 and SC-8109) on aldosterone binding to serum proteins was studied and compared with the competitive effect of other steroids, in order to investigate the possibility that the antagonism of aldosterone by spirolactones may be mediated through a competition for protein binding sites. Aldosterone was found to interact more strongly with whole human serum than with albumin, at both 37 and 4 C. Relatively large concentrations of spirolactones were required to displace aldosterone from human serum proteins; similar displacement was obtained with small concentrations of cortisol or progesterone. Variations in the serum levels of endogenous 17- hydroxycorticosteroids, produced by suppression of adrenocortical secretion or by ACTH administration, were shown to affect aldosterone binding.
Calculation of thermodynamic properties of metastable phases of the elements

A chemical bonding model that provides a method of predicting thermodynamic properties of metastable structures of the solid elements is presented. The method involves a Born-Haber-type cycle to calculate the difference in bonding energies between the room temperature stable structures and metastable structures. To carry out the calculations, spectroscopic data are used to determine the promotion energies from the ground state of the gaseous atom to the valence state corresponding to each structure. Such data are available for most elements, but in cases where experimental data are lacking, they are derived using predictive models. Combinations of promotion energies and heats of sublimation are used to determine bonding enthalpies. The contribution of the outer-shell s and p-electrons and the inner-shell d and f electrons to the bonding energies are considered taking into account the crystal field effect upon the bonding abilities of different d and f orbitals
Development of a High-Pressure, High-Temperature, Optically Accessible Continuous-Flow Vessel for Fuel-Injection Experiments

The focus of this work was to develop a continuous-flow vessel with extensive optical access for characterization of engine-relevant fuel-injection and spray processes. The spray chamber was designed for non-reacting experiments at pressures up to 1380 kPa (200 psi) and temperatures up to 200°C. Continuous flow of inert “sweep gas” enables acquisition of large statistical data samples and thus potentially enables characterization of stochastic spray processes. A custom flange was designed to hold a common-rail diesel injector, with significant flexibility to accommodate other injectors and injector types in the future. This flexibility, combined with the continuous flow through the chamber, may enable studies of gas-turbine direct-injection spray processes in the future. Overall, the user can control and vary: injection duration, injection pressure, sweep-gas temperature, sweep-gas pressure, and sweep-gas flow rate. The user also can control frequency of replicate injections.There are four flat windows installed orthogonally on the vessel for optical access. Optical data, at present, include global spray properties such as liquid-phase fuel penetration and cone angle. These measurements are made using a high-speed spray-visualization system (up to 100 kHz) consisting of a fast-pulsed LED (light emitting diode) source and a high-speed camera. Experimental control and data acquisition have been set up and synchronized using custom LabVIEW programs. The culmination of this development effort was an initial demonstration experiment to capture high-speed spray-visualization movies of n-heptane injections to determine liquid-phase fuel penetration length (i.e., liquid length) and spray cone angle. In this initial experiment, fuel-injection pressure was ∼120 MPa (1200 bar) and the injection command-pulse duration was 800 μs. At room conditions, liquid length and nominal spray cone angle were ∼170 mm and ∼14.5°, respectively. In contrast, with air flow in the chamber at 100 psi and 100°C, liquid length was considerably shorter at ∼92 mm and spray cone angle was wider at ∼16.5°. Future experiments will include the continuation of these measurements for a wider range of conditions and fuels, extension of high-speed imaging to vapor-phase fuel penetration using schlieren imaging techniques, and detailed characterization of spray properties near the injector nozzle and near the liquid length.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Stereotactic radiosurgery for tumor-related trigeminal pain.

OBJECTIVE: Between 1 and 6% of patients who are diagnosed with facial pain syndromes have tumors that involve the trigeminal nerve. We report the effects of stereotactic radiosurgery on tumor-related trigeminal pain. METHODS: We reviewed results, from a prospective database, for 24 consecutive patients with cranial base tumors and either trigeminal neuralgia (n = 9) or painful trigeminal neuropathy (n = 15) who underwent stereotactic radiosurgery during an 8-year period. The tumor was the radiosurgical target for these patients (not the trigeminal nerve or ganglion). The median clinical follow-up period after radiosurgery was 45 months (range, 12-90 mo); the median neuroimaging follow-up period was 36 months (range, 5-86 mo). RESULTS: There were 20 women and 3 men, with an average age of 57 years (range, 33-79 yr). One patient had bilateral facial pain and underwent staged radiosurgery. Pathological classification indicated 16 meningiomas and 8 malignant cranial base tumors (adenoid cystic carcinoma, n = 6; squamous cell carcinoma, n = 2). Twelve of 24 patients (50%) were initially free of pain, and another 11 patients (46%) reported that they experienced significant improvements in their trigeminal pain syndromes after radiosurgery. The tumor histological type, quality of facial pain, preexisting facial numbness, and marginal and maximal radiation doses were not related to postradiosurgical facial pain outcomes. Three patients with malignant cranial base carcinomas developed recurrent facial pain, 1 to 9 months after radiosurgery, which was related to tumor progression outside the irradiated volume. One patient (4%) developed new partial V 2 numbness after radiosurgery. CONCLUSION: Radiosurgery proved to be effective in improving tumor-related trigeminal pain for the majority of patients with either benign or malignant cranial base tumors. Recurrence of trigeminal pain is frequent for patients with malignant cranial base carcinomas and is related to tumor progression.
Optic Nerve Sheath Meningioma: Visual Improvement During Radiation Treatment

Purpose To describe four patients with optic nerve sheath meningioma in whom visual improvement began to occur even before completion of a standard course of radiation therapy. Design Retrospective case review. Methods A review was conducted of 35 patients who received stereotactic three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for optic nerve sheath meningioma from 1990 to 2005. Results Four patients with radiographic confirmation of optic nerve sheath meningioma were identified who had neuro-ophthalmologic assessment, which included perimetry, either while radiation treatment was underway or immediately afterwards. All of the patients showed improvement in visual acuity and visual fields. Conclusion A rapid response to radiation therapy may occur in some patients with optic nerve sheath meningioma. In such patients, it may be possible to customize the radiation dose by assessing of visual function during the course of therapy.
Evaluation of conformational energy populations of alkanes

Abstract An algorithm has been developed for calculating approximate conformational energy populations of methyl-substituted alkanes. One important use is to compute the statistical mechanical correction term needed to convert a heat of formation calculated for a single conformation to the heat of formation applicable to the alkane, which consists of a distribution of conformational populations.
BDNF Val66met polymorphism, white matter abnormalities and remission of geriatric depression

Abstract Objective The polymorphism BDNF val66met of the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is common, may increase the risk for depression, and affects BDNF secretion, critical for neuronal survival, plasticity, neurogenesis, and synaptic connectivity. Our objectives were: 1) to test the hypothesis that BDNF val/met status influences the remission rate of geriatric depression; 2) to explore whether the relationship between BDNF allelic status to remission is influenced by the presence of microstructural white matter abnormalities. Method Non‐demented older subjects with major depression had a 2‐week placebo period, after which those with a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) of 18 or greater received escitalopram 10 mg daily for 12 weeks. Fractional anisotropy was determined in specific regions using the Reproducible Object Quantification Scheme (ROQS) software that operates on non‐normalized data. Results BDNF met carriers were more likely to achieve remission than BDNF val/val homozygotes after 12 weeks of treatment with escitalopram 10 mg daily. Microstructural abnormalities in the corpus callosum, left superior corona radiata, and right inferior longitudinal fasciculum were also associated with lower remission rate. However, there were no significant interactions between BDNF val66met status and microstructural abnormalities in predicting remission. Limitations Small number of subjects, focus on a single BDNF polymorphism, fixed antidepressant dose. Conclusions Depressed older BDNF met carriers had a higher remission rate than BDNF val/val homozygotes. This effect was not related to microstructural white matter abnormalities, which predicted remission independently. We speculate that the relationship between BDNF val66met and remission is due to different effects of BDNF in brain structures related to mood regulation.
Effect of electrostatic charges on particle deposition in a hollow cast of the human larynx-tracheobronchial tree☆

Abstract Electrostatic charges on particles significantly increased the deposition of monodispersed aerosols in a hollow cast of the human larynx-tracheobronchial tree. The charge levels varied from 360 to 1000 negative charges/particle and the mass median aerodynamic dia. varied from 2 to 7 μm. Most of the enhancement in deposition was found in the larynx and the trachea, resulting from image forces. The increase in deposition followed the theory of Yu and was correlated with an electrostatic force parameter. Laboratory generated aerosols should be completely neutralized prior to their use in inhalation studies in order to avoid misinterpretation of data due to charge effects. Implications of the electrostatic charge effects to the assessment of airborne health hazards are also discussed.
Assessing Neurobehavioral Changes in HIV+ Infants and Children: A Methodological Approach

The rationale and development of a developmental approach to assessing neurobehavioral changes in infants and children exposed to or infected with the HIV-1 virus is presented. Methodological problems in earlier approaches to assessment are reviewed. Among these are measures employed, impact of different treatments on measures of outcome, multicultural differences between samples, and analytic approaches to developmental data. The assessment protocol developed by the Pediatric Neurobehavioral Study Group of NIMH/NICHD/NIAID is described.
The Sequence of the Dictyostelium myo J Heavy Chain Gene Predicts a Novel, Dimeric, Unconventional Myosin with a Heavy Chain Molecular Mass of 258 kDa

The complete sequence of the Dictyostelium myo J heavy chain gene has been determined from overlapping genomic clones. The gene spans approximately 7400 base pairs, is split by two small introns, and encodes a 2241-residue, 258-kDa heavy chain polypeptide that that is composed of an N-terminal 944-residue myosin head domain, a central 863-residue domain that is predicted to form an alpha helical coiled-coil containing six hinges, and a C-terminal 434-residue globular domain. The head domain is notable in that it contains a approximately 30 residue insert near the nucleotide binding pocket, and five potential calmodulin/myosin light chain binding sites at the head/tail junction. The existence within the Myo J tail domain of both an extensive coiled-coil structure and a large globular domain suggests that this myosin is dimeric and incapable of self-assembly into filaments. While these properties, as well as the overall predicted structure of the Myo J protein, are reminiscent of class V myosins, the sequence of the 434-residue globular tail piece of Myo J shows no similarity to that of either yeast or vertebrate myosins V. Consistent with this, phylogenetic analyses based on myosin head sequence comparisons do not classify Myo J as a type V myosin. These and other sequence comparisons indicate that Myo J and two as-yet-unclassified unconventional myosins from Arabidopsis represent members of the newest class within the myosin superfamily (class XI). Northern blots analyses suggest that Myo J may function predominantly in vegetative Dictyostelium cells. Finally, Southern blot analyses suggest that Dictyostelium possesses another myosin that is very closely related to Myo J.
Scaling rules of phase error control for the manufacturing of alternating phase-shifting masks for 193-nm photolithography and beyond

The use of alternating phase shifting masks (alt-PSM) can significantly improve lithographic process windows. However, the existence of phase error between the nominal 0 and 180 degree phase regions can cause printed lines to shift laterally toward each other in pairs at image planes away from the best focus. Such asymmetry, especially evident with small ground rules, challenges both overlay and critical dimension (CD) control. To minimize such effect, tight control in phase angle has been implemented, which contributes to the higher fabrication cost for an alt-PSM. Since the effect of the phase error varies with different lithographic conditions, knowing how much phase control is necessary for a given lithographic situation becomes essential to the reduction of the mask fabrication cost. Although this phenomenon has been studied in the past with a number of simulations and experiments, a systematic understanding of its mechanism, especially its interaction with CD and numerical aperture has not been reported. This paper explores the theoretical relationship between phase error and important parameters of photolithographic processes, such as CD, numerical apertures (NA), and overlay tolerance. A simple equation of the phase error is developed, which indicates that the effect of the phase error is inversely proportional to both phase error and defocus. We have compared the predictions of this theory to our first experimental results from a test mask and a good agreement is found. Based on this theory, we develop the quantity “tolerable phase error” relating the effect of the phase error to the CD, pitch, and depth of focus of the imaging system. We have found that for a system with depth of focus of +/- 300 nm, a phase error control about 2 degrees is necessary to realize a line shift control of less than 2.5% of the CD for the most aggressive feature size at any NA. We also note that the control of phase error can be relaxed at high NA. Calculations for 193 nm as well as 157 nm lithography are presented.
Surface spectroscopic characterization of Cu/Al2O3 catalysts

The surface properties of a series of impregnated CuAl2O3 catalysts were investigated by a variety of spectroscopic techniques: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA or XPS), low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS), photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS), and X-ray diffraction. The surface characteristics of the catalysts are affected by both metal loading and calcination temperature. At low Cu loadings (<10%), copper ions form a well-dispersed interaction species with the support. At higher copper contents, segregation of bulk-line CuO occurs. Reduction by H2 and sulfidation with 15% H2SH2 (350 °C), lead to formation of metallic Cu and Cu2S, respectively.
Regional Anesthesia for Children in the Twenty-First Century

The use of regional anesthesia in children is increasing. The advancements in the use of ultrasonography have allowed peripheral regional anesthetic techniques to be completed with greater ease in pediatrics. Nerve stimulation continues to be an important tool in completing blocks. Currently, there is limited evidence to determine if the use of ultrasonography reduces the total dose of local anesthetic needed for successful nerve blockade or has additional safety benefits in pediatrics. Whichever technique is chosen, successful peripheral nerve blockade provides children with pain relief, potentially eliminating opioid use and associated unwanted side effects, leading to an improved operative experience for both children and their families.
Influence of Air Voids on Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Mixtures

ABSTRACT Air voids play an important role in influencing the performance of asphalt mixtures. This study utilized several mechanical tests to characterize the influence of air void distributions on mechanical properties and response of asphalt mixtures. The overlay tester, Hamburg Wheel-Tracking Test (HWTT), and a repeated tensile test were used to characterize the resistance to fatigue cracking, permanent deformation, and moisture damage, respectively. The overlay test results showed that specimens with more uniform air void distribution had less variability in terms of resistance to fatigue cracking compared with specimens with less uniform air void distribution. Consequently, recommendations were made to improve air void distribution and reduce the test variability. The HWTT results were found to be insensitive to the air void distribution. The repeated tensile test was used to measure material properties that were required inputs to a fracture-based model for the analysis of moisture damage. The repea...
Influence of Friction Damping on Workpiece-Fixture System Dynamics and Machining Stability

In this paper, a dynamic model that considers the vibrations of both the workpiece and fixture elements in order to accurately predict the friction damping over a wide range of clamping forces has been developed. The model is established based on the theory of variational inequality and solved via a nonlinear FEM. It is shown that the model is capable of predicting the system dynamics over a wide range of clamping forces. It is also demonstrated that the increasing then decreasing trend of the damping ratio caused by interface locking is due to the relative velocity change at the contact interface. With multiple contact interfaces, the locking occurs sequentially. Finally, the model is used to study the influence of friction damping on machining process stability.
The role of exercise interval training in treating cardiovascular disease risk factors

Contemporary exercise guidelines focus on aerobic exercise conditioning that uses exercise intensities from 40% to 85% of maximal aerobic capacity for people who are at risk for cardiovascular disease. After a position statement from the American College of Sports Medicine challenged exercise practitioners to study exercise intensity, interval training began to emerge in the literature. Interval training involves having participants exercise briefly at higher exercise intensities (90%–95% of maximum oxygen consumption) followed by a period of recovery. Although the net effect of interval training is aerobic, this style of training involves periodic excursions of exercise intensity into “anaerobic” metabolism and appears to better stimulate whole-body cardiorespiratory improvements as well as cellular signaling involved in metabolism and energy flux. Recent reports demonstrate that interval training is effective in the elderly and patients with peripheral artery disease, intermittent claudication, coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Is ghrelin a signal for the development of metabolic systems

Ghrelin, produced in the stomach, acts on growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHSRs) in hypothalamic neurons to potently increase food intake. However, male mice with deletions of ghrelin (Ghrl-/- mice) or GHSR (Ghsr-/- mice) display normal growth and regulation of food intake. Furthermore, adult Ghrl-/- mice display a normal sensitivity to high-fat diet-induced obesity. These findings from early studies raised the question as to whether the ghrelin system is an essential component for the regulation of food intake and body weight homeostasis. However, recent studies by Wortley et al. and Zigman et al. demonstrate that Ghrl-/- and Ghsr-/- mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity when fed a high-fat diet during the early post-weaning period. This commentary highlights 3 key issues raised by these 2 reports: (a) the impact of ghrelin on the development of metabolic systems; (b) the constitutive activity of GHSR; and (c) gender differences in the sensitivity to deletion of the ghrelin signaling system.
Crystal structures of Histone and p53 Methyltransferase SmyD2 reveal a conformational flexibility of the Autoinhibitory C-terminal domain

SmyD2 belongs to a new class of chromatin regulators that control gene expression in heart development and tumorigenesis. Besides methylation of histone H3 K4, SmyD2 can methylate non-histone targets including p53 and the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor. The methyltransferase activity of SmyD proteins has been proposed to be regulated by autoinhibition via the intra- and interdomain bending of the conserved C-terminal domain (CTD). However, there has been no direct evidence of a conformational change in the CTD. Here, we report two crystal structures of SmyD2 bound either to the cofactor product S-adenosylhomocysteine or to the inhibitor sinefungin. SmyD2 has a two-lobed structure with the active site located at the bottom of a deep crevice formed between the CTD and the catalytic domain. By extensive engagement with the methyltransferase domain, the CTD stabilizes the autoinhibited conformation of SmyD2 and restricts access to the catalytic site. Unexpectedly, despite that the two SmyD2 structures are highly superimposable, significant differences are observed in the first two helices of the CTDs: the two helices bend outwards and move away from the catalytic domain to generate a less closed conformation in the sinefungin-bound structure. Although the overall fold of the individual domains is structurally conserved among SmyD proteins, SmyD2 appear to be a conformational “intermediate” between a close form of SmyD3 and an open form of SmyD1. In addition, the structures reveal that the CTD is structurally similar to tetratricopeptide repeats (TPR), a motif through which many cochaperones bind to the heat shock protein Hsp90. Our results thus provide the first evidence for the intradomain flexibility of the TPR-like CTD, which may be important for the activation of SmyD proteins by Hsp90.
Inelastic He-atom scattering from the MgO(001) surface

Dispersion curves of Rayleigh phonons on an in situ cleaved, room-temperature surface of MgO(001) are determined by time-of-flight measurements of inelastically scattered He atoms. Along both the \ensuremath{\Gamma}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} X\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} and \ensuremath{\Gamma}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} M\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} directions, the measured phonon frequencies agree fairly well with a shell-model calculation for an unrelaxed MgO(001) surface.
Effect of 5-Hydroxytryptamine on Sodium Transport across Bullfrog Skin

5-hydroxytryptamine, when present in the solution bathing the inside surface of bullfrog skin at concentrations of 0.25–25.0 mM, reduced both electrical potential difference and short-circuit current across the skin. The magnitude of reduction in potential difference and short-circuit current was dependent on 5 HT concentration. Reduction in sodium influx entirely accounted for the reduction in short-circuit current. Preliminary evidence suggested a competition between 5 HT and vasopressin in the production of their effects on sodium transport across the skin, while high Ca++ concentrations and 5 HT seemed to act independently of each other.
Glacier-Derived August Runoff in Northwest Montana

Abstract The second largest concentration of glaciers in the U.S. Rocky Mountains is located in Glacier National Park (GNP), Montana. The total glacier-covered area in this region decreased by ∼35% over the past 50 years, which has raised substantial concern about the loss of the water derived from glaciers during the summer. We used an innovative weather station design to collect in situ measurements on five remote glaciers, which are used to parameterize a regional glacier melt model. This model offered a first-order estimate of the summer meltwater production by glaciers. We find, during the normally dry month of August, glaciers in the region produce approximately 25 × 106 m3 of potential runoff. We then estimated the glacier runoff component in five gaged streams sourced from GNP basins containing glaciers. Glacier-melt contributions range from 5% in a basin only 0.12% glacierized to >90% in a basin 28.5% glacierized. Glacier loss would likely lead to lower discharges and warmer temperatures in strea...
Perioperative Anesthetic Management for Esophagectomy

Esophageal resection is a formidable operation associated with high morbidity and mortality. Anesthetic management may contribute to the containment of respiratory failure and anastomotic leakage by the use of thoracic epidural analgesia, protective ventilation strategies, prevention of tracheal aspiration, and judicious fluid management.
Unsteady heat transfer from a rotating disk to fluids with low Prandtl numbers

An analysis is presented concerning unsteady heat transfer from a rotating disk to a low Prandtl number fluid under the condition of a step change in surface temperature with time. Entire time history results for the surface heat flux are given for Prandtl numbers up to 0.04, and these results are obtained by means of a first-order perturbation about the solution for zero Prandtl number. Steady-state heat transfer predicted by this method agrees almost precisely with exact values.
Synthesis of methoxypoly(oxyethylene)propionic acid

We have investigated the reaction chemistry of methoxypoly(oxyethylene)propionitrile, I, to synthesize methoxypoly(oxyethylene)propionic acid, II. We have found that II can be prepared by converting I first to the corresponding amide. Subsequent hydrolysis of the amide then yields II.
Dabigatran: uncharted waters and potential harms.

Dabigatran has received much attention after its approval for prevention of thromboembolic stroke in the setting of atrial fibrillation in the United States and for prevention and treatment of veno...
Repertaxin, a novel IL-8 receptor inhibitor, ameliorates ischemia-reperfusion injury after experimental lung transplantation

FEV1% at presentation of 35.8 (range 24–47%). In these patients, treatment consisted of 7–10 days of intravenous ribavirin and oral prednisolone at 1mg/kg. Clinical manifestations of hMPV in 67% of patients included bronchospasm, inspiratory squeaks and abnormal chest radiographs, indicative of bronchiolitis. All patients had a return to baseline lung function, with no development of obliterative bronchiolitis (OB)(mean follow up 257 days). Conclusions: In our LT cohort over 10% of previously virus-negative RVI were attributable to hMPV. The incidence and spectrum of disease were similar to RSV. Therapy with ribavirin and corticosteroids may reduce the subsequent risk of OB. We recommend testing of NPA samples for hMPV to assess local epidemiological patterns.
A new track etch model for mica

Abstract We propose a new model for track etching in muscovite mica valid for ions with ∼ keV/amu energies. This model is crucial for experiments which use the ∼ Gyr age of mica to search for hypothetical particles such as monopoles or Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), a dark matter candidate. We then confront this new model with four independent experimental observations, which cannot be explained by any model to date, and find that it succesfully reproduces all of them.
Legislative intent and depository library selection practices

Abstract While the 1962 amendments to the Depository Library Act embody the potential to instigate major improvement in Federal depository library selection practices, little has been written to document any such improvement. This article offers an analysis of the legislative intent of the provisions of section 9 of those amendments. Pertinent documents are examined to determine the intended relationship between depository library selection practices and the 1962 amendments providing for the creation of regional depositories and the disposal of documents. Included are statistical data that suggest that little quantitative change has occured in depository item number selection since the passage of the provisions in 1962.
Cloning and characterization of the Halobacillus trueperi betH gene, encoding the transport system for the compatible solute glycine betaine

Halobacillus trueperi accumulates glycine betaine under condition of high osmolarity. A fragment of the glycine betaine transporter betH gene was obtained from the genome of H. trueperi with degenerate primers. Through Southern blot hybridization and inverse PCR, a 5.1 kb EcoRI fragment containing the complete betH gene was identified and subsequently sequenced. The betH gene was predicted to encode a 55.2 kDa protein (504 amino acid residues) with 12 transmembrane regions. BetH showed 56% identity to the OpuD of Bacillus subtilis which belongs to the betaine/carnitine/choline transporter (BCCT) family. Its putative promoter region was highly homologous to σB-dependent promoter of B. subtilis. A 2.6 kb fragment containing the betH gene was cloned into pUC18 and transformed into the Escherichia coli MKH13. The accumulation of glycine betaine in transformed E. coli MKH13 bacteria was confirmed using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Nicotine up‐regulates expression of neurotrophic factors and attenuates apoptosis of spinal cord neurons

Nicotine may induce neuroprotection in spinal cord injury; however, the mechanisms of these effects are not fully understood. The present study focused on the effects of nicotine on expression of neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) in a model of spinal cord injury. In this model, cultured spinal cord neurons are exposed to 10 mm arachidonic acid (AA). Exposure to AA diminished expression of BDNF and FGF-2; however, pretreatment with nicotine protected against these effects. Mecamylamine and α-bungarotoxin inhibited nicotine-mediated up-regulation of BDNF and FGF-2. Moreover, nicotine, BDNF and FGF-2 protected against AA-induced apoptosis of spinal cord neurons. These results suggest that AA can induce apoptosis of spinal cord neurons by depletion of neurotrophic factors and that nicotine can protect against these effects through the alpha7 receptor-mediated pathway. Acknowledgements: Supported by grants from Philip Morris Research Program and KSCHIRT.
Workout Machine that Combines Cardiovascular Exercise with Strength Training

Currently, 1 in every 3 American adults is considered clinically obese, placing a burden on the US economy in excess of $215 billion. Among the causes of this condition is the fast-paced lifestyle led by many Americans, compounded by lack of time to exercise. The Elasto-Trak combines the cardiovascular workout of a treadmill with the resistance training of springs, thereby enabling users to achieve the benefits of both exercises simultaneously. Testing of this device will entail testing the strength of the device's frame, testing that the device successfully raises the user's heart rate into the cardiovascular training range, and ease of use. The resultant forces on the frame were calculated assuming a maximum load of 300 pounds. Based upon these calculations, the Elasto-Trak will be able to support users up to 300 pounds without causing any detectable deflection of the frame. This fusion of cardiovascular exercise with strength training through a user-friendly medium will provide the basis for user compliance and convenience, thus promoting a healthier lifestyle.