cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vibration of thermally stressed plates with various boundary conditions.

By discarding Lurie's (1952) assumption of mode identity, it is shown that linear theory correctly predicts the frequency of all modes of a thermally stressed cantilever plate as well as the frequency and modes of plates with other boundary conditions. The thermal stress distribution is obtained for whatever temperature distribution and boundary conditions that may be specified. Experimental results are compared to calculated results for several different plates. Boundary conditions for the plates range from a plate with edges completely clamped to a plate with edges completely free with various other combinations of mixed and uniform edge conditions. Comparison of calculated data to experimental data shows that accurate, quantitative results can be obtained from linear theory for 'as cut' real plates for a significant range of heating when the assumption of mode identity is discarded.
A word/bit parallel inexact match content addressable memory

The design of a content addressable memory (CAM) is described which evaluates Hamming distances greater than zero between the search key and the stored data with a word/bit parallel search instead of the word parallel/bit serial search used by other CAMs. This word/bit parallel searching makes this new CAM as efficient as existing CAMs for computations that require best match or other non-zero Hamming distances. Fully functional prototype chips have been fabricated using a 2/spl mu/ CMOS technology. >
Irrigated, no-till corn and barley response to nitrogen in northern Colorado.

Converting irrigated, conventional-till (CT) systems to no-till (NT) production systems can potentially reduce soil erosion, fossil fuel consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. Nitrogen fertilization effects on irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) and malting barley (Hordeum distichon L.) yields in a corn-barley rotation were evaluated for 6 yr on a clay loam soil to determine the viability of using a NT system and N needs for optimum crop yield. Six N treatments were established with N rates varying from 0 to 224 kg N ha - 1 for corn and 0 to 112 kg N ha -1 for barley. Corn and barley grain yields were significantly increased by N fertilization each of 3 yr in the rotation. Three year average corn grain yields were near maximum with an available N (AN) (soil + fertilizer + irrigation water N) level of 274 kg N ha -1 . Barley yields increased linearly with increasing N rate with grain protein content near 130 kg protein Mg 1 grain at the highest N rate. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) by corn and barley, based on grain N removal, decreased with increasing AN level and ranged from 204 to 39 and 68 to 31 kg grain kg -1 AN for the low and high N treatments for corn and barley, respectively. Total plant N uptake required to produce one Mg grain at near maximum yield in this study averaged 21 kg N for corn and 27 kg N for barley. Corn and barley residue production increased with increasing N rate. Irrigated, NT corn yields obtained in this corn-barley rotation were acceptable (>10 Mg ha -1 ) for northern Colorado; however, barley yields did not meet our expected yield goal of 5.4 Mg ha with the N rates used in this study, but grain protein was near maximum for malting barley. An irrigated, NT com-barley production system appears to be feasible in northern Colorado.
On the sputtering of metals and insulators: A nonlinear evolution problem with nonlinear boundary condition

In this paper the author considers a nonlinear evolution problem denoted in the paper as P. Problem (P) arises in the study of thermal evaporation of atoms and molecules from locally heated surface regions (spikes) invoked as one of several mechanisms of ion-bombardment-induced particle emission (sputtering). Then in the case of particle-induced evaporation, the Stefan-Boltzman law of heat loss by radiation is replaced by some activation law describing the loss of heat by evaporation. The equation in P is the so-called degenerate diffusion problem, which has been extensively studied in recent years. However, when dealing with the nonlinear flux boundary condition, {beta}({center_dot}) is usually assumed to be monotene. The purpose of this paper is to provide a general theory for problem P under a different assumption on {beta}({center_dot}), i.e., Lipschitz continuity instead of monotonicity. The main idea of the proof used here is to choose an appropriate test function from the corresponding linearized dual space of the solution. The similar idea has been used by many authors, e.g., Aronson, Crandall and Peletier, Bertsch and Hilhorst and Friedman. The author follows the proof of Bertsch and Hilhorst. The paper is organized as follows. They begin by stating the precise assumptions onmore » the functions involved in P and by defining a weak solution. Then, in Section 2 they prove the existence of the solution by the method of parabolic regularization. The uniqueness is proved in Section 3. Finally, they study the large time behavior of the solution in Section 4.« less
Remedying misperceptions of computer science among middle school students

Past research extensively points to gross misperceptions of the discipline of Computer Science among students in middle and high school. As efforts to introduce computing education in K-12 gains traction in tandem with initiatives that address issues of interest and attitudes towards CS, misperceptions of computing as a discipline must also be addressed as early as middle school, which is known to be a key time for identity building. This paper shares the results of a curricular intervention that aims to show CS to students in a new light - in real world contexts and as a creative and problem-solving discipline; as something bigger and broader than the "computer-centric" view that students are known to harbor.
Synthesis and characterization of photodefinable polycarbonates for use as sacrificial materials in the fabrication of microfluidic devices

A fabrication technique recently developed at Georgia Institute of Technology involving thermally sacrificial polymeric materials allows for fabrication of microfluidic devices with greater degrees of functionality (i.e., fully integrated, complex, multi-level fluidic systems with functional valves, pumping systems, and other micro- electromechanical system [MEMS] components). In this method, thermally sacrificial polymers are coated onto a substrate and patterned into the shape of the desired channels and devices. These polymeric structures are then over-coated with a permanent structural material such as an inorganic glass or polymer. These steps can be repeated to produce complex, three-dimensional systems. Once the device build-up is complete, the structure is heated to a temperature at which the sacrificial polymer slowly decomposes, thus leaving behind the desired open-channeled structures. This process was first developed using functionalized polynorbornenes that decompose at temperatures in the range of 425 degree(s)C. In order to make this approach compatible with a wider range of substrates and structural materials, polymers with lower decomposition temperatures were desired. Polycarbonates were identified as a class of polymers with the desired lower decomposition temperatures (200- 300 degree(s)C). A disadvantage of commercially available polycarbonates, like poly (propylene carbonate), is that they have low glass transition temperatures (T g approximately equals 40 degree(s)C). This introduces several problems, including pattern deformation at elevated processing temperatures. Also, a significant number of process steps are required to pattern the channel structures using simple polymer materials. Therefore, this paper will describe recent results of work on photodefinable polycarbonates with improved thermal properties. Utilizing a polymer that can be patterned directly by conventional lithography greatly simplifies the fabrication process and eliminates the need for the plasma etch steps required in the original process. Results of the synthesis and characterization of polycarbonates patterned with the use of a photoacid generator, thus exploiting the acid-catalyzed thermolysis of polycarbonates, will be presented.
Differential effect of genetic burden on disease phenotypes in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: analysis of a North American cohort.

Differential Effect of Genetic Burden on Disease Phenotypes in Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis: Analysis of a North American Cohort
Normal impact of blunt projectiles on moving targets: experimental study

Abstract An experimental investigation was performed to study impact on targets moving at right angles to the striker trajectory with a velocity of 40 m/s. Tests were executed with a compressed gas gun using 6.35 mm diameter, 38.1 mm long hard steel blunt-nosed cylindrical strikers in the velcity range 49–213 m/s and with a powder gun using a blunt 9.53 mm diameter cylindrical projectile with an aspect ratio of 2 up to velocities of 492 m/s. The post-impact projectile trajectory and attitute as well as the configuration of the craters produced in thin targets of cold-rolled steel and soft aluminum were observed. The impact process produced asymmetric plugging followed by either front or side petaling. The latter phenomenon was found to be controlled by the ultimate tensile strain of the target and the ratio of the projectile to target speed. The test parameters and resulting data were primarily selected to permit comparison with the predictions of an analytical model of the process described in a companion paper.
In vivo serial selection of human pancreatic cancer cells in orthotopic mouse models produces high metastatic variants irrespective of Kras status.

Introduction Kras mutations have been thought to play an important role in pancreatic cancer progression. In this study, we evaluated how serially passaging primary pancreatic tumors with and without Kras mutations, in nude mice, can generate more aggressive variants of human pancreatic cancer.
High Intensity Accelerators below 1 GeV

A brief description is presented of high-intensity accelerators being considered at a number of laboratories for operation in the energy range of from 400 to 1000 Mev. Various types are included, such as the sector-focusing cyclotron, the negative-ion cyclotron, the linear accelerator, and the separated-orbit cyclotron. It is clear that at present designs exist whereby the intensity of a beam of protons can be increased by a factor of at least a thousand over that currently available. When these machines become available, research by physicists and bio-medical workers will undoubtedly be enhanced significantly.
Determination of cyanide in waste water by low‐resolution surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy on sol‐gel substrates

We introduce the concept of low-resolution surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for cyanide as a potentially highly useful, cost-effective approach to detection and analysis for monitoring water contamination. We present high-sensitivity, low-resolution measurements of cyanide in water using a solid-state gold sol–gel substrate. These data suggest a sensitivity limit for low-resolution SERS detection of cyanide in water in the region of 10 ppb. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Empirical Methodology for Estimating Entrainment Losses at Power Plants Sited on Estuaries

Abstract A model based on empirically derived age-, time-, and space-variant entrainment susceptibility data may be used for estimating conditional entrainment mortality of aquatic organisms, particularly fish and shellfish, caused by operation of one or more power plants on an estuary. Model application requires knowledge of the morphometry of the water body, the power-plant flow rates, the probability of entrainment survival, and the duration, distribution, and abundance of entrainable age-groups. A novel feature of the model is that organism distribution and movement within the model are defined by information derived from field samples rather than by hydrodynamic principles and equations.
Autoradiographic comparison of [3H]DPDPE and [3H]DSLET binding: evidence for distinct δ1 and δ2 opioid receptor populations in rat brain

The delta opioid ligands, [3H]DPDPE (S1) and [3H]DSLET (δ2) were used in quantitative autoradiographic experiments to ascertain whether separate populations of delta opioid subtypes could be identified in rat brain. Densitometric image analysis showed a general similarity in δ1 and δ2 distributions. However, statistically significant differences in binding levels were observed in anatomically discrete regions. Examples of these regions and their δ2/δ1 ratio(s) are: dorsomedial hypothalamus (9.3), ventromedial hypothalamus (4.9), superior colliculis (2.7), medial division of bed nucleus stria terminalis (1.6–3.0), external cortex of the inferior colliculis (2.1), amygdaloid nuclei (1.5–2.1), cingulate cortex (1.8), CAI, CA2, and CA3 regions of Ammon's horn (1.6–2.0), dentate gyrus (1.7), laminar VI of the frontal, forelimb, hindlimb and parietal cortices (1.3–1.8), nucleus accumbens (1.4) and caudate/putamen (1.3). These findings provide evidence supporting the existence of distinct δ1 and δ2 opioid receptors.
Sound radiation from real airfoils in turbulence

Abstract Leading edge noise measurements and calculations have been made on a three airfoils immersed in turbulence. The airfoils included variations in chord, thickness and camber and the measurements encompass integral scale to chord ratios from 9 to 40 percent as well as 4:1 ratios of leading edge radius and airfoil thickness to integral scale. Angle of attack is found to have a strong effect on the airfoil response function but for the most part only a small effect on leading edge noise because of the averaging effect of the isotropic turbulence spectrum. Angle of attack effects can therefore be significant in non-isotropic turbulence and dependent on airfoil shape. It is found that thicker airfoils generate significantly less noise at high frequencies but that this effect is not determined solely by the leading edge radius or overall thickness. Camber effects appear likely to be small. Angle of attack effects on the response function of a strongly cambered airfoil are shown to be centered on zero angle of attack, rather than the zero lift angle of attack.
Involvement of Ethylene in Responses of Etiolated Bean Hypocotyl Hook to Coumarin

Coumarin, at concentrations between 1.0 and 0.1 mm, inhibited red light-induced opening of the etiolated bean hypocotyl hook. In addition, anthocyanin synthesis and geotropic bending were inhibited. Coumarin stimulated ethylene synthesis, and ethylene was shown to mediate the inhibitory actions of coumarin. This conclusion was supported by: (a) the parallel concentration dependence and time sequence of hook closing and ethylene synthesis, (b) the restriction of the bulk of coumarin-induced ethylene production to the curved portion of the hook where opening is expressed, (c) the ability of both coumarin and ethylene to reclose partially opened hooks, and (d) the ability of exogenous ethylene, in the amounts produced by coumarintreated hooks, to duplicate the inhibitory effects of coumarin. There was an increasing stimulation of growth of the straight portion of the hypocotyl hook section as coumarin concentrations were increased from 0.1 to 1.0 mm. This action of coumarin was not duplicated by ethylene and occurred regardless of the presence or absence of added ethylene. The results of this study suggest that many actions of coumarin in growth systems are mediated by ethylene produced in response to the coumarin.
Modified Extraction 2-Thiobarbituric Acid Method for Measuring Lipid Oxidation in Poultry

A simple and accurate objective test for monitoring lipid oxidation in poultry products is needed. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of cooked poultry meat were determined by a distillation method and by a modified extraction method. Perchloric acid was used in the extraction method to release TBA reactive substances from the meat. The maximum absorption wavelength of the TBA-malonaldehyde complex was 531 nm. The TBA values for cooked chicken and turkey were highly correlated (r = .91) for both the extraction and distillation methods. Sensory scores of warmed-over flavor in precooked poultry were highly correlated with TBA values in both the distillation (r = .83) and extraction (r = .85) methods. Results indicate that the extraction method is faster, easier to perform, and as accurate as the distillation method for monitoring lipid oxidation in poultry.
Systemic hypertension in infants withbronchopulmonary dysplasia

Thirteen of 30 infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia demonstrated systolic blood pressure readings above 113 mm Hg on at least three separate occasions. In contrast, only one of 22 infants without BPD developed hypertension. The onset of hypertension often followed discharge from the nursery, was transient, and responded well to antihypertensive medication. Its significance is exemplified by the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy in three infants and a cerebrovascular accident in one child. We conclude that systemic hypertension is a significant problem in infants with BPD, and recommend close monitoring of blood pressure during their follow-up care.
The Rb97D gene encodes a potential RNA-binding protein required for spermatogenesis in Drosophila

Many proteins that bind RNA contain a common RNA-binding domain, the RNP motif. We have been studying two Drosophila RNP motif proteins, Hrb98DE and Hrb87F, which are hnRNA-binding proteins. We report here the characterization of the Rb97D gene, which encodes a protein that is closely related to the Hrb proteins in the RNP motif domain, but has a distinctive proline-rich C-terminal domain. The gene is located at 97D on the right arm of the third chromosome, near the rough gene. Multiple transcripts from the Rb97D gene are present at varying levels throughout development. The transcripts are generated by alternative processing in the coding and 3' untranslated regions, and can encode two protein isoforms. Analysis of a mutant containing a P element inserted into the 5' untranslated region of the gene demonstrates that Rb97D is required for male fertility. Possible models for the function of Rb97D in testes are discussed.
To be or not to be trusted: The influence of media richness on defection and deception

Abstract When business transactions take place between strangers, individuals rely on the cues during communication to determine whether they can trust others’ intentions. How that process occurs in the context of computer-mediated, video-mediated, and face-to-face interactions is still somewhat unknown. We examine how media richness influences both affective-based and cognitive-based trust in the context of two studies with two different social dilemma scenarios. Further, we explore how these two types of trust influence not only non-cooperative behavior (defection) but also lying (deception). Results from the first study suggest cognitive-based trust mediates the relationship between media richness and defection, while results from both studies suggest that affective-based trust mediates the relationship between media richness and deception. Video-mediated communication solves some, but not all, of the problems inherent when interacting via communication technology.
Mechanism of cavitation damage in thin liquid films : collapse damage vs. inception damage

Abstract Much experimental and theoretical work has been done on the collapse or bursting of vapour bubbles onto solid surfaces in liquids, and it is generally held that this is also the underlying cause of surface damage (“cavitation” damage). However, due to experimental difficulties, much less work has been done on the time-evolution of bubbles and cavities in thin liquid films, e.g. in thin lubricating films during shear. Thus, the intuition gained from experiments on, for example, hydrofoils in water tunnels, may not apply to tribological situations. We have used the surface forces apparatus technique to observe, at the submicroscopic level, the rapid growth and disappearance of vapour cavities between two moving surfaces while simultaneously monitoring their effects on the deformations and wear of the surfaces. We find that under these conditions the inception of cavities is a much more violent event than their collapse. The sudden nucleation and growth of cavities is associated with the relaxation of high local stresses on nearby surfaces, and it is at this point that damage occurs rather than during the much smoother subsequent collapse of cavities. Time-lapse video photos taken during the life cycles of cavities are presented. These clearly show the highly complex and inter-related processes that occur in the liquid and nearby surfaces during cavitation.
A protective factors model for alcohol abuse and suicide prevention among Alaska Native youth.

This study provides an empirical test of a culturally grounded theoretical model for prevention of alcohol abuse and suicide risk with Alaska Native youth, using a promising set of culturally appropriate measures for the study of the process of change and outcome. This model is derived from qualitative work that generated an heuristic model of protective factors from alcohol (Allen et al. in J Prev Interv Commun 32:41–59, 2006; Mohatt et al. in Am J Commun Psychol 33:263–273, 2004a; Harm Reduct 1, 2004b). Participants included 413 rural Alaska Native youth ages 12–18 who assisted in testing a predictive model of Reasons for Life and Reflective Processes about alcohol abuse consequences as co-occurring outcomes. Specific individual, family, peer, and community level protective factor variables predicted these outcomes. Results suggest prominent roles for these predictor variables as intermediate prevention strategy target variables in a theoretical model for a multilevel intervention. The model guides understanding of underlying change processes in an intervention to increase the ultimate outcome variables of Reasons for Life and Reflective Processes regarding the consequences of alcohol abuse.
Inhibitory effects of melatonin on ferric nitrilotriacetate-induced lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage in the rat kidney

Abstract Ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) is a known complete renal carcinogen which induces lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage in rat kidney. In this study, the in vivo and in vitro effects of melatonin on Fe-NTA-induced lipid and oxidative DNA damage were determined. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxyalkenals (4-HDA) were assayed as an index of lipid peroxidation and the levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) as an endpoint of oxidative DNA damage. In in vitro studies, the increased levels of MDA and 4-HDA induced by Fe-NTA were observed to be dose-dependent and time-dependent. The increase in lipid peroxidation was inhibited by melatonin in a concentration-dependent manner. When Fe-NTA(15 mg Fe/kg body weight) was intraperitoneally injected into rats, the levels of MDA+4-HDA and 8-OH-dG in the rat kidney were increased 1 h after its administration as compared to levels of these constituents in the control group. Pretreatment with melatonin (25 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg) 30 min before the Fe-NTA injection resulted in a significant reduction in the levels of lipid peroxidation and 8-OH-dG induced by Fe-NTA in the rat kidney. These results are consistent with the conclusion that the toxicity of Fe-NTA is due to the generation of reactive oxygen species and that melatonin’s protective effects relate to its direct radical scavenging ability and due to other antioxidative processes induced by the indole.
On the residual stresses in multi-pass welds: coupling of welding simulation and fatigue analysis

Abstract This paper presents a fatigue assessment for multi-pass welds based on the simulation of a welding process, a post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) and a cyclic fatigue loading. The commercial software Virtual Weld Shop is used for the modelling of a welding process and PWHT. Welding induced residual stresses and the information about the material state can then be used in the fatigue analysis of the entire engine structure by the submodeling technique in ANSYS. Based on this calculation procedure a more accurate prediction of the component lifetime is possible. In order to validate the proposed approach an experimental setup with multi-pass single bevel butt weld is investigated. Temperature evolution during welding and X-ray measured residual stresses were compared with the results of simulation as well as failure behavior after cyclic loading. The fatigue analysis, including the welding induced residual stresses based on the Findley criterion with critical plane approach, was able to predict the different crack initiation for specimens with and without PWHT. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of ICM11
Critique of mechanisms of formation of deformation, annealing and growth twins: Face-centered cubic metals and alloys

Abstract The formation of deformation, annealing and growth twins in face-centered cubic materials is discussed. Slip precedes deformation twinning, and twins form from the interaction between primary and secondary slip dislocations having co-planar, but different, Burgers vectors. The influence of several metallurgical variables on twinning can only be rationalized in terms of the model. Annealing twins form due to growth accidents on differently inclined {1 1 1} facets present on a migrating grain boundary. Growth twins also form by growth accidents on the {1 1 1} planes.
Energy landscape and thermally activated switching of submicron-sized ferromagnetic elements

Thermally activated switching and the energy landscape of submicron-sized magnetic elements are studied using the string method. For thin films, we found that switching proceeds by two generic scenarios: Domain-wall propagation and reconnection followed by edge domain switching, or vortex nucleation at the boundary followed by vortex propagation through the sample. The second scenario is preferred for thicker films whereas the first is preferred for thin (less than 20 nm) films. The energy landscape of such a system is nicely summarized on the plane spanned by the average magnetization in the in-plane directions. For three-dimensional samples, we found that switching proceeds by vortex propagation through the sample. The implication of the Landau–Lifshitz dynamics is also discussed.
Synthesis and Biotesting of Metallic Surfactants

The silver, mercury, lead, zinc, copper, and iron salts of lauryl sulfate, dioctyl sulfosuccinate, and isopropylnaphthalene sulfonate have been made. The activity of these has been determined against Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The activity of the copper, iron, zinc, and lead salts of the surfactants against the bacteria was increased over the activity of their corresponding chlorides, nitrates, or sulfates. There was a decrease in activity in the mercury and silver surfactants against the bacteria. The antifungal activity of all six metals was increased in the form of the surfactant salts as compared with their corresponding chloride, nitrate, or sulfate salts. Of the three surfactants used, the alkyl sulfate appeared to increase the activity of iron, mercury, and silver more than the other two against Micrococcus aureus . The alkyl sulfate salts of mercury and silver were more active against Trichophyton mentagrophytes than the same salts of the other two surfactants.
EMPIRICAL MASS RELATIONS FOR THE HADRONIC PARTICLES.

The validity of several types of linear mass relations previously proposed by the author has been reexamined in the light of additional experimental information now available concerning the mass spectrum of the hadronic particles. The mass relation $m=p{m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$, where $p$ is an integer and ${m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}=\frac{1}{2}(m_{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}+m_{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{}{}_{}{}^{0})$, is shown to be satisfied for 13 particles with strangeness $S=0$.
Physiological rationale for the treatment of neuropathic pain

Neuropathic pain occurs when irritation or injury of peripheral nerves causes the development of ectopic neural pacemaker sites and the degeneration of inhibitory interneurons. The type of neuropathic pain depends on the degree of nerve injury. Trigeminal nerve irritation only causes degeneration of some inhibitory interneurons leading to an excessive response of low-threshold mechanoceptive neurons to tactile stimulation and episodic, allodynic pain when the paroxysmal firing spreads to wide dynamic range neurons. Injury to the trigeminal nerve causes destruction of low-threshold mechanoceptive neurons and more extensive loss of inhibitory interneurons, leading to continuous overreaction of wide dynamic range neurons perceived as ongoing pain. Drugs that are GABA-B agonists and kainic acid antagonists should be effective in the treatment of episodic and allodynic pain, and drugs that are GABA-A agonists and NMDA antagonists should be useful in the treatment of ongoing neuropathic pain.
Feeding and Bleeding The Institutional Banalization of Risk to Healthy Volunteers in Phase I Pharmaceutical Clinical Trials

Phase I clinical trials are the first stage of testing new pharmaceuticals in humans. The majority of these studies are conducted under controlled, inpatient conditions using healthy volunteers who are paid for their participation. This article draws on an ethnographic study of six phase I clinics in the United States, including 268 semistructured interviews with research staff and healthy volunteers. In it, I argue that an institutional banalization of risk structures the perceptions of research staff and healthy volunteers participating in the studies. For research staff, there are three mechanisms by which risk becomes banal: a perceived homogeneity of studies, Fordist work regimes, and data-centric discourse. For healthy volunteers, repeat study participation contributes to the institutional banalization of risk both through the process of desensitization to risk and the formation of trust in the clinics. I argue that the institutional banalization of risk also renders invisible ethical concerns about exploitation of underprivileged groups in pharmaceutical research.
Combined Force and Moment in a Three Dimensional Model of Elastic Contact of Nominally Flat Rough Surfaces

In this paper we consider the contact between two rectangular rough surfaces that provide normal and tangential contact force as well as contact moment to counteract the net moment imposed by the applied forces. The surfaces are permitted to develop slight angular misalignment and thereby contact moment is derived. Through this scheme it is possible to also define elastic contribution to friction since the half-plane tangential contact force on one side of an asperity is no longer balanced by the half-plane tangential force component on the opposite side. The elastic friction force however is shown to be of a much smaller order than the contact normal force. Approximate closed form equations are found for contact force and moment as functions of separation, asperity radius of curvature sum, mean plane slope and nominal contact dimension. The approximate equations are shown to give error within seven percent.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Influence of interfacial copper during the dealloying and nitridation of Cu-Ti films

Abstract Cu(Ti 27 at.%) alloy and Cu(90 nm)/Ti(20 nm) bilayer films were deposited on thermally grown silicon-dioxide and dealloyed under thermal treatment at temperatures 400–700 °C for 30 min in an ammonia ambient. During annealing Ti segregated to both the free surface and the alloy/SiO 2 interface. At the interface the Ti dissociated the SiO 2 and reacted with the freed Si and O to form a TiO/Ti 5 Si 3 structure. High-resolution energy dispersive X-ray technique revealed the presence of interfacial copper between the Ti-silicide and Ti-oxide layers. The interfacial copper did not reduce the reaction temperature. Nevertheless it was associated with the enhanced dissociation of SiO 2 . The data suggested that in the presence of the interfacial copper, the rate of oxide consumption is increased by a factor of 3 to 4. The enhancement of the oxide consumption was observed at temperatures between 450 and 600 °C. It is believed that the higher reaction rate is due to a catalytic effect exhibited by the interfacial Cu when it exists in the form of Cu 2 O.
Threats to Sustainability in African Agriculture: Searching for Appropriate Paradigms

This paper attempts to identify the main threats to and sources of sustainability in African agricultural systems by examining cases of unsustainability and resilience at various levels. Current concepts of sustainable agriculture are based mainly on the experiences and norms of western industrial nations and may not be appropriate to sub-Saharan Africa and other developing regions. The things we want to sustain comprise a hierarchy of attributes, components, and systems at increasing scales, and it is important to examine the dynamics of sustainability at each significant level as well as the impacts of events at one level on others. Cases of crop declines and of collapses of larger systems indicate that extreme perturbations, both biophysical and social, are more important as causes of unsustainability than suggested in the literature, while the significance of resource degradation or of overuse of technological inputs have been overemphasized. Survey data from Kenya and Nigeria show that the main causes of crop disappearances have been major disease or pest outbreaks, followed by changes in crop preferences. Fertility and land use stresses have been only a tertiary factor. Sources of resilience that have buffered households and larger systems from the impacts of these range from farmers' strategies of crop and income diversification and searches for resistant cultivars to interventions by national and international bodies. Numerous population and large-scale system collapses have also occurred over the past century in Africa, almost all caused by extreme social and/or biophysical perturbations. There is no evidence that land degradation or land use pressure has played a significant role in these. Increased land use pressure has led to the disappearance or alteration of many prior practices, though farmers have generally adapted to these. Resource management systems have also declined due to outmigration as regions undergo a transition from remote and relatively closed systems to more open systems. These may call for a greater rather than lower use of modern technology to enhance the income earning potential of agricultural production.
Integrating open‐source software applications to build molecular dynamics systems

Three open-source applications, NanoEngineer-1, packmol, and mis2lmp are integrated using an open-source file format to quickly create molecular dynamics (MD) cells for simulation. The three software applications collectively make up the open-source software (OSS) suite known as MD Studio (MDS). The software is validated through software engineering practices and is verified through simulation of the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-a and isophorone diamine (DGEBA/IPD) system. Multiple simulations are run using the MDS software to create MD cells, and the data generated are used to calculate density, bulk modulus, and glass transition temperature of the DGEBA/IPD system. Simulation results compare well with published experimental and numerical results. The MDS software prototype confirms that OSS applications can be analyzed against real-world research requirements and integrated to create a new capability. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Separation of polar and non-polar analytes using dimethyl sulfoxide-modified subcritical water

Abstract Separations using methanol–water or acetonitrile–water mixtures at different temperatures have been well investigated in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. However, reversed-phase separation with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)–water mixtures is much less studied. In this work, separations of polyhydroxybenzenes, phenol derivatives, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with DMSO-modified subcritical water were performed at several temperatures to evaluate the effect of temperature on the elution strength of DMSO–water mixtures. The column efficiency obtained by using DMSO-modified subcritical water was also studied. Finally, the resolution of ethylbenzene and p -xylene was investigated.
Contactless charging and communication for electric vehicles

Charging batteries in electric vehicles needs to cover several aspects including electrical safety, the weight of an onboard charger, different types of chargers needed by different types of batteries, low line disturbance with high efficiency, and the influence of the charging process on the lifetime of the battery. Another important problem is the communication between the vehicle and the outside world during the charging process. This article describes a system combining energy transfer and signal transmission in one unit, which is able to solve all of the above-mentioned problems. Minimal power electronic components are installed in the vehicle. The system uses contactless energy transmission employing an inductive high-frequency coupler. The charging process is monitored and controlled by an onboard charge meter, which can communicate with the converter outside the vehicle via the signal transmission included in the inductive coupler. A laboratory setup able to transfer up to 5 kW was built to demonstrate the performance of the system. The efficiency of the overall system, including all filters, converters, and rectifiers, is at a power level of 5 kW better than 92%. The used gelled lead acid battery, 35 Ah and 288 V, was made from 24 battery modules. >
Polarization-independent one-pump fiber-optical parametric amplifier

One-pump fiber optical parametric amplifiers (OPAs) can be rendered polarization independent by using a polarization-diversity technique. We have experimentally demonstrated a fiber OPA with peak signal gain of 9 /spl plusmn/ 0.2 dB when the signal polarization angle was varied from 0/spl deg/ to 90/spl deg/. Power penalty of less than 1 dB was measured in a 10-Gb/s transmission system.
New calibration method for prism infrared spectrometers.

Based on the minimum deviation equation N sinϕ = sin(ϕ + δ), a linear equation which relates drum screw scale to arcsin(N sinϕ) for the prism spectrometer calibration has been developed. The use of this linear equation and the dispersion formula for prism material allows the preparation of a calibration table of numbers, rather than the usual less precise drum-wavelength calibration curve, for practical transfer of wavelength drum-scale values D to wavelengths λ. The method requires only two or three reference points, applicable to various prisms with high accuracy in their recommended wavelength range. The linearity suggests another advantage, because it permits linear transformation of the old drum setting for a prism that was first calibrated to the new drum setting.
Gene expression in the limbless mutant: polarized gene expression in the absence of Shh and an AER.

Abstract Limb buds in thelimblesschick begin to form normally but fail to form an AER and ultimately degenerate. Wnt7a and LMX-1, which are restricted to the dorsal half of a normal limb bud, are expressed throughout the ectoderm and mesenchyme of the mutant buds, respectively. Engrailed-1, normally expressed in ventral limb ectoderm, is not expressed in thelimblessbud. This defect precedes the normal period of AER formation and no localized expression of genes normally found in the AER is observed inlimblessbuds. Consistent with the lack of molecular specialization of an AER, Shh and BMP-2 are not expressed in the ZPA of the mutant bud. Despite the lack of Shh, FGF-4, or BMP-2 expression, the hoxd genes are expressed at low levels in the posterior mesenchyme of the bud. Forced expression of Shh fails to rescue the positive feedback loop between the AER and the ZPA and does not lead to distal outgrowth. However, Shh does maintain the part of the bud formed during pre-AER stages. These results support the importance of the dorsal/ventral boundary in the initiation of AER formation and imply that Shh is not required for the initial activation of polarized hoxd gene expression during limb development.
Static and Dynamic Effects on Vicinal Scalar J Couplings in Proteins and Peptides: A MD/DFT Analysis

Vicinal scalar J-coupling constants in polypeptides are analyzed using density functional theory (DFT) in combination with molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulations. The couplings studied are the six 3J-coupling constants that involve the φ backbone torsion angle, 3J(HN−Hα), 3J(HN−Cβ), 3J(HN−C‘), 3J(C‘−Hα), 3J(C‘−Cβ), and 3J(C‘−C‘), and two 3J-coupling constants, 3J(Hα−N) and 3J(N−N), that involve the ψ backbone torsion angle. The dependence of these couplings on their main torsion angle as well as other degrees of freedom are investigated by computations performed on two different versions of the alanine dipeptide, Ala-Ala-NH2 and Ace-Ala-NMe, with sets of coordinates obtained by different structure optimization schemes and from snapshots extracted from a MD trajectory of ubiquitin. In this way, assumptions that underlie the widely used Karplus relationships can be independently tested. Static Karplus curves, which are fitted to the computed couplings as a function of the φ-torsion angle, are generall...
Reasons for quitting among emerging adults and adolescents in substance-use-disorder treatment.

Objective:Understanding developmental differences in reasons for quitting substance use may assist clinicians in tailoring treatments to different clinical populations. This study investigates whether alcohol-disordered and problem-drinking emerging adults (i.e., ages 18–25 years) have different reasons for quitting than younger adolescents (i.e., ages 13–17 years) Method:Using a large clinical sample of emerging adults and adolescents, we compared endorsement rates for 26 separate reasons for quitting between emerging adults and adolescents who were matched on clinical severity. Then age group was regressed on total, interpersonal, and personal reasons for quitting, and mediation tests were conducted with variables proposed to be developmentally salient to emerging adults. Results:Among both age groups, self-control reasons were the most highly endorsed. Emerging adults had significantly fewer interpersonal reasons for quitting (Cohen's d = 0.20), and this association was partially mediated by days of be...
Theoretical Analysis of Corrosion by Liquid Sodium and Sodium-Potassium Alloys

Abstract Sodium and its alloys such as sodium-potassium (NaK) have been used or considered as coolants in nuclear reactors, including space reactor systems. One potentially serious problem of using...
TU‐G‐108‐07: Development and QA of a Novel Framework to Quantify Normal Tissue Toxicity Using the Jacobian Map

Purpose: To develop and validate a novel computational method that quantifies the dose‐response of tissues on a voxel‐to‐voxel level. Methods: An algorithm was created to calculate the Jacobian Map (JM) from the deformation computed between a planning CT image and treatment image. This Jacobian Map represents local volume change at the voxel level. The relationship between the JM and the local radiation dose can be used to investigate the dose‐response of tissues on a voxel level. To validate the algorithm, a mathematical phantom simulating swelling of known quantities was used. The algorithm was then used to investigate esophageal swelling associated with grade 3 esophagitis for five non‐small cell lung cancer patients previously treated with external beam radiotherapy. The JM was calculated for CT images of the first and final week of treatment, deformed from the planning CT image. The JM for the first week is a control to assess patient specific uncertainties in this framework. The mean JM of the final week and dose to the esophagus for each axial slice were analyzed for each patient. Results: The phantom test showed the accuracy and precision of the algorithm to calculate the JM. The five patients analyzed showed a similar behavior as the phantom: an increasing JM corresponds to increasing dose. Week 1 mean JM values were 0.95–1.1 with standard deviations of 0.08–0.12, indicating no quantifiable swelling. Final week JM values showed a quadratic trend with dose with a mean correlation coefficient of 0.78 (range 0.70–0.85). The amount of expansion was patient dependent (range 40%–200%) and greatest at maximal doses. Conclusion: The computational framework developed in this study shows viability to quantify esophageal expansion throughout the course of radiotherapy as an objective test for normal tissue toxicity. This method may be applied to other organs as well as tumor response.
The Changing Profile of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) between 1988 and 1994 |[dagger]| 1249

In the 1990's, increasing use of antenatal steroid and routine surfactant therapy has enabled us to wean infants off of ventilatory support at much earlier postnatal ages. Even infants with 1 Kg were: 13(13) in Period A, and 13(15) days in Period B. In 1 Kg infants were 13(25) in Period A and 19(27) days in Period B. Other data are in the Table. Summary and Conclusions In <1 Kg infants, there was a slight reduction in the overall duration of assisted ventilation in Period B. However, neither the overall duration of O2 requirement nor the rate of BPD (as defined above) changed significantly over the time course. It appears that the impact of antenatal steroid and surfactant is far greater on the early course of preterm infant's lung disease rather than on the course later during the first month.
Vision in the fireflyPhoturis lucicrescens (Coleoptera: Lampyridae): Spectral sensitivity and selective adaptation in the compound eye

The waveform of the electroretinograms (ERGs) recorded from the compound eyes in the dark-active fireflyPhoturis lucicrescens was different in the short (near-UV and violet) and long (green-yellow) wavelengths (Fig. 1). The spectral sensitivity curves in the dark and chromatic adaptation conditions suggested the presence of receptor types in the short (near-UV, Fig. 4, and violet, Fig. 5) and long wavelength (green; λmax 550 nm, Figs. 3–5) regions of the spectrum. The green peak is in correspondence with the species' bioluminescence emission peak at 554 nm (Fig. 3c).
Theory of Strings with Boundaries: Fluctuations, Topology, and Quantum Geometry

We discuss Polyakov's quantization of the string in the presence of a boundary allowing for an arbitrary topology for the world sheet. In addition to the dynamical conformal factor discovered by Polyakov, there are a finite number of new degrees of freedom if the surface is more complicated than a sphere or a disc. The quantization of the Liouville theory in an arbitrary topology is discussed. A one-loop calculation shows that the model is renormalizable if one performs a mass renormalization and an additive field renormalization. The renormalization group equations have a perturbative infrared unstable fixed point in all topologies.