cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A giant locus for the Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy gene

Abstract The gene responsible for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy has been assigned to band Xp21 of the human X chromosome, and the isolation of DNA segments from this region has provided probes useful for prenatal diagnosis and carrier detection. It has also led to the identification and partial cloning of a large transcript that is found in skeletal muscle and potentially spans over 1.0 million basepairs of DNA. A large size for the muscular dystrophy gene locus is consistent with the observed high mutation frequency, the heterogeneity of the deletion breakpoints that are associated with the disease and the high recombination frequency of DNA markers that lie within the gene itself.
Self‐assembly of Carbon Particles as a Heat Sink Coating to Promote Radiative Cooling

Novel composite carbon particles are developed that can self-assemble as a coating on a substrate without a binder. These carbon particles were used as a coating to enhance thermal dissipation and their thermal conductivity, surface emissivity and cooling performance were measured. Carbon particles with both thiol and epoxy functional groups self-assembled to form a coating on the surface of a heat sink without a binder, which greatly improved the thermal conductivity of the coating. Coating a heat sink with the carbon particles yielded a higher thermal conductivity and emissivity than could be obtained with the addition of binder in the conventional approach, and significantly enhanced the cooling performance. In addition, the cooling performance of the carbon nanotube outperformed all other particles when coated on a substrate, because it had the highest thermal conductivity and good radiation emissivity. We developed an equation to describe the various parameters affecting the cooling performance of the thermally dissipative coating. This equation was confirmed by the experimental data.
Characterization of the hepatic receptor for insulin in the perinatal rat.

The fetus is in a constant anabolic state and responsive to insulin. To examine the possible role of the insulin cell surface receptor in mediating these effects, we have studied insulin-receptor interactions in the developing rat liver. Compared to adult hepatic membranes, specific [125I]iodoinsulin binding was approximately 2 times greater in liver tissues from 21-day-old fetal and 1-day-old neonatal rats. By several criteria (pH, temperature, and time dependencies; specificity; receptor degradation properties; and insulin dissociation characteristics), insulin receptors from perinatal and adult hepatic membranes were similar. At 20 C, however, adult hepatic membranes degraded approximately 3 times as much insulin as liver tissue from 1-day-old neonatal rats. When insulin degradation by adult hepatic membranes was minimized by incubation with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) or at 4 C, [125I]iodoinsulin binding in perinatal liver membranes remained significantly greater. Scatchard analysis revealed curvilinear pl...
Robust estimation for the coefficient of a first order autoregressive process

Nonparametric methods, Theil's method and Hussain's method have been applied to simple linear regression problems for estimating the slope of the regression line.We extend these methods and propose a robust estimator to estimate the coefficient of a first order autoregressive process under various distribution shapes, A simulation study to compare Theil's estimator, Hus-sain's estimator, the least squares estimator, and the proposed estimator is also presented.
Hyperparathyroid Crisis Due to Asymmetric Parathyroid Hyperplasia with a Massive Ectopic Parathyroid Gland

Objective: To report a rare case of primary hyperparathyroidism presenting with hyperparathyroid crisis due to parathyroid hyperplasia with ectopic glands.Methods: We present the initial clinical manifestations, laboratory results, radiologic and surgical findings, and management in a patient who had hyperparathyroid crisis. The pertinent literature and management options are also reviewed.Results: A 60-year-old female presented with hyperparathyroid crisis requiring preoperative stabilization with rehydration, diuresis, bisphosphonate therapy, and ultimately hemodialysis. Parathyroidectomy revealed asymmetric 4-gland hyperplasia, with a massive ectopic parathyroid gland in the tracheoesophageal groove extending into the mediastinum. Her postoperative course was complicated by hungry bone syndrome and hypocalcemia.Conclusion: This case illustrates the rare occurrence of hyperparathyroid crises due to asymmetric parathyroid hyperplasia with a massive ectopic parathyroid gland.
SERUM CHOLESTEROL CONCENTRATIONS IN EARLY INFANCY

Sixteen healthy term infants were followed from birth to the age of 3-6 months. Total cholesterol, VLDL-LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were determined in cord serum, in serum obtained 3-10 days after birth (mean age 4.6 days) and at the age of 3-6 months (mean 4.1 months). Mean total cholesterol increased by 1.5 mmol/l during the first 3-10 days and by an additional 1.1 mmol/l during the following 3-6 months. Mean VLDL-LdL-cholesterol increased by 1.0 mmol/l and 0.9 mmol/l, respectively, and mean HDL-cholesterol by 0.4 mmol/l and 0.3 mmol/l, respectively, during the same periods. The HDL-cholesterol: VLDL-LDL-cholesterol ratio thus fell from 1.5 at birth to 0.8 at the age of 3-10 days and to 0.6 at 3-6 months. In eight breast-fed infants, the mean total cholesterol level increased by 2.9 mmol/l from birth to the age of 3-6 months. This increase was significantly higher than the increase found in eight infants who received a cow's milk formula--i.e. 2.3 mmol/l. Free and esterified cholesterol were determined in 10 infants. Free cholesterol accounted for about one-third of the total cholesterol from birth to the age of 3-6 months.
Song in chipping sparrows, Spizella passerina: structure and function

Abstract Bird song is thought to function in territory defence and mate attraction. This ‘dual function’ hypothesis for song in male chipping sparrows was tested using two approaches. Males of this species each sing a single, simple, individually distinct song type. It has been hypothesized that selection should favour this type of song structure when song functions primarily in territorial defence. First, male responses to playbacks of songs of territorial neighbours and strangers at the boundary of a subject's territory were compared. If song functions primarily in territory defence, theory and previous studies suggest that males should respond more strongly to strangers than to neighbours. Although males did respond, there was no difference in the response to neighbour and stranger playbacks either before or after the onset of incubation. Second, the pattern of song output was examined during different stages of the breeding cycle. Song output declined to near zero after pairing, but resurged dramatically when males lost mates. These results suggest that chipping sparrow song function primarily in mate attraction, contrary to predictions based on song structure.
Cardiac effects of toxin A-III from the heteronemertine worm Cerebratulus lacteus (Leidy)

Reversible and irreversible (cytolytic) effects of pure Cerebratulus toxin A-III, a heteronemertine polypeptide toxin, upon canine cardiac Purkinje fibers were investigated using standard microelectrode techniques and a fluorometric assay for measuring release of cell protein. Sublytic concentrations (0·25-1·0 μg/ml) of A-III reversibly depolarized the resting membrane if the duration of exposure was brief. Tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin at concentrations which block the Purkinje fiber sodium channel failed to prevent the A-III induced resting membrane depolarization. The amplitude and duration of the action potential were also reversibly reduced by low concentrations of A-III. The Ca2+-dependent slow response observed in TEA-Tyrode was also blocked without alteration of the resting potential. Increasing [Ca2+]0 reduced the effectiveness of A-III in altering transmembrane potentials. Higher concentrations (> 2 μg/ml) of A-III irreversibly damaged Purkinje cells, causing release of intracellular macromolecular constituents. Toxin A-III actions upon cardiac tissue were very similar to those reported by Ho et al. (1975) for an elapid snake cardiotoxin.
Allergen‐induced increase in non‐allergic bronchial reactivity

Summary Non-allergic bronchial hyper-reactivity is a feature of most patients with asthma. We have measured non-allergic bronchial reactivity to inhaled histamine and methacholine in thirteen asthmatic subjects before and after allergen inhalation in the laboratory. The allergen inhalation produced mild early asthmatic responses (19–40% FEV1 fall) in all thirteen, additional definite late asthmatic responses (17–29% FEV1 fall) in four, and equivocal late asthmatic responses (5–11% FEV1 fall) in five. Following allergen inhalation, non-allergic bronchial reactivity increased in seven for up to 7 days. The seven included all four with definite late asthmatic responses and three of the five with equivocal late asthmatic responses. We conclude that allergens make asthma worse, partly through non-allergic mechanisms, and that avoidance of allergens is important in reducing non-allergic bronchial hyper-reactivity.
Performance analysis of greedy heuristic to find a minimum total-jogs layout

We shall show that the greedy approach does not always work and, in the worst case, will generate a layout with close to n more jogs than necessary.
CONSTITUENTS OF ELEMENTARY BODIES OF VACCINIA : III. THE EFFECT OF PURIFIED ENZYMES ON ELEMENTARY BODIES OF VACCINIA.

The effects of a number of crystalline and highly purified enzymes on elementary bodies of vaccinia are reported. These effects have been followed by determination of amino nitrogen, staining reaction, and studies of infectivity. Pepsin, at a pH which inactivates the virus, results in its solution and rapid release of amino nitrogen. Crystalline trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, and ribonuclease are without appreciable effect on the virus. Papain within a short time produces profound alteration in the staining reaction of the elementary body with release of amino nitrogen accompanied by complete inactivation of the virus. This reaction is not shared by crystalline ficin, another plant papain, or by cathepsin, an intracellular proteinase analogous to plant papains but of animal origin.
Biologically-synthesized inorganic nanomaterials

ABSTRACT A hallmark of biological systems is their ability to self-assemble. This self-assembly can occur on the molecular, macromolecular and mesoscale. In this work, we have chosen to exploit biologys ability to self-assemble by incorporating additional functionality within the final structure. Our research efforts have been directed at not only understanding how biological organisms control nucleation and growth of inorganic materials, but also how this activity can be controlled in vitro. In previous work, we have demonstrated how peptides can be selected from a combinatorial library that possesses catalytic activity with respect to inorganic nucleation and deposition. We have engineered some of these peptide sequences into self-assembling protein structures. The goal of the project was to create an organic/inorganic hybrid that retained the memory properties of the organic, but possessed the superior optical and electronic properties of the inorganic. Key Words : peptides, biomineralization, phage display, nanomaterials
Measurement of the Rate of Formation of Pi-Mu Atoms in K L 0 Decay

Hydrogenlike atoms consisting of a pion and a muon can be formed in ${{K}_{L}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}$ decays. In an intense, high-energy ${{K}_{L}}^{0}$ beam, 320 pi-mu atoms were detected and simultaneously the ${{K}_{L}}^{0}$ flux was monitored by recording ordinary ${{K}_{L}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}$ decays. The first measurement is reported of the branching ratio $R=\frac{\ensuremath{\Gamma}({{K}_{L}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{i}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{u}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{m}+\ensuremath{\nu})}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}({{K}_{L}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu})}=(3.88\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.41)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$, using a subset of 155 atoms. This ratio may be sensitive to anomalous interactions between the pion and the muon. In the absence of such interactions, theory predicts $R=(4.43\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.12)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$.
Some observations on märkl's cyclic phosphonium salt synthesis. The synthesis of a phosphocane

Markl's cyclic phosphonium salt synthesis was studied and some mechanistic conclusions drawn. The reaction was found to be generally applicable to the synthesis of C-methylated five-, six-, seven- and eight-membered ring systems. The first authenticated synthesis of a phosphocane is reported.
Insulin-stimulated GLUT4 Translocation Is Mediated by a Divergent Intracellular Signaling Pathway

Insulin stimulates glucose transport largely by mediating translocation of the insulin-sensitive glucose transporter (GLUT4) from an intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane. Using single cell microinjection of 3T3-L1 adipocytes, coupled with immunofluorescence detection of GLUT4 proteins, we have determined that inhibition of endogenous p21ras or injection of oncogenic p21ras has no effect on insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation. On the other hand, microinjection of anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies or inhibition of endogenous phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase by microinjection of a GST-p85 SH2 fusion protein markedly inhibits this biologic effect of insulin. These data suggest that the p21ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is not involved in this metabolic effect of insulin, whereas tyrosine phosphorylation and stimulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity are critical components of this signaling pathway.
Effect of catalytic surface curvature on the chemical performance with defect structures

This paper describes the steady-state chemical performance of catalytic surfaces of similar constitution but of varied global curvature exposed to two distinct chemical species which are allowed to adsorb, desorb, diffuse and react on the surface. The surface reactions are modeled to include the presence of defect structures which exist due to lattice faults and/or foreign material on the surface. Flat, circular and elliptical cylindrical surfaces are examined with similar desorption and reaction rates at the defect sites so as to evaluate the role of surface curvature on the steady-state behavior of the surface species concentrations. The methodology described here is applicable to generally curved surfaces referred to general curvilinear coordinates generated numerically to conform with the surface shapes. The continuum reaction–diffusion models transformed to the general curvilinear coordinates are solved numerically by the line successive-over-relaxation (SOR) method. Numerical results show that decreasing the surface curvature enhances the chemical process in the presence of surface defects. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Long-Term Correction of Ammonia Metabolism and Prolonged Survival in Ornithine Transcarbamylase-Deficient Mice Following Liver-Directed Treatment with Adeno-associated Viral Vectors

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of novel recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector constructs in correcting metabolic defects in the liver in two strains of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC)-deficient mice (spf and spf-ash). AAV vectors expressing mouse OTC were produced with capsids from AAV2 and the novel serotypes AAV7, 8, and 9. OTC-deficient mice were infused with these vectors as well as a control AAV2/8 vector expressing LacZ. In vivo activity of OTC was assessed by measuring a surrogate marker, urine orotate. The novel vectors restored orotate levels to virtually normal 15 days after infusion, and each persisted to 1 year posttreatment. Liver OTC enzyme activity in spf mice was substantially higher in animals receiving novel vectors compared to those receiving AAV2 vectors. Animals receiving novel OTC-expressing vectors lived longer than those treated with AAV2 OTC or untreated controls, and they were tolerant to a challenge with NH3 at 21 days and beyond, which caused severe morbidity in control OTC-deficient animals. Numerous mice, representative of all treatment groups followed for +250 days, were observed to have either nodules or discrete tumors in the liver, the etiology of which is the subject of a companion paper.
Absolute thermoelectric power and resistivity of Cr[sbnd]V and Cr[sbnd]Mn alloys

Abstract The absolute thermoelectric power S and the electrical resistivity p of polycrystalline samples were determined between 80°K and 580°K for Cr[sbnd]V alloys with up to 77 at. % V and between 300° and 750°K for Cr[sbnd]Mn alloys with up to 10 at. % Mn respectively. S of all alloys is positive. The resistivity and the thermopower are markedly affected by antiferromagnetic ordering. Both S and p have a maximum slightly below the Neel temperature, T N , where S reaches values between 34 and 43 μV/°K for alloys with 1 to 10 at. % Mn. These Mn alloys have S values between 20 and 24 μV/°K above T N . The temperature gradient of the electrical resistivity in the paramagnetic state of both Cr[sbnd]V and Cr Mn alloys is nearly composition independent. The large resistivity values for the alloy with 10 at. % Mn cannot be explained with a high density of states, because specific heat measurements on Cr Mn alloys between 100°K and and 625°K yield only very low electronic specific heat values.
Intoxicated Airline Pilots: A Case‐based Ethics Model

The ethical dilemma of managing two intoxicated airline pilots who insist on flying a commercial plane after leaving the emergency department is presented. The case explores the issues surrounding duty to warn, decision-making capacity, breaching confidentiality, and the requirements of law. A useful ethical decision-making model is reviewed to address the responsibility of the emergency physician to intervene and the options available.
Assessment of recovery in the hemiparkinson rat: drug-induced rotation is inadequate.

Abstract Recovery from apomorphine-induced rotational behavior was compared to sensorimotor and motor function in hemiparkinsonian rats receiving intrastriatal grafts of astrocytes expressing recombinant tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or control β-galactosidase (β-gal). Rats received unilateral intranigral infusions of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Animals with large lesions, as determined by apomorphine-induced rotation, received grafts of astrocytes into the denervated striatum. Behavioral recovery was assessed on days 14–16 post-transplantation using apomorphine-induced rotation, somatosensory neglect, and reaching for pellets using the Montoya staircase method. Rats that received transplants of TH-transfected astrocytes showed a 34% decrease in rotational behavior, but no consistent recovery of somatosensory neglect or skilled reaching. Post-mortem histological analyses revealed survival of grafted astrocytes in host striatum and expression of TH at 17 days post-transplantation. We suggest that TH-expressing astrocytes may reverse post-synaptic dopamine (DA) receptor supersensitivity; however, sensorimotor and motor abilities are not restored due to a failure by TH-expressing astrocytes to reestablish dopaminergic circuitry. The present results demonstrate the need to utilize a variety of sensory and motor behavioral tests that cohesively provide greater interpretability than a single behavioral measure used in isolation, such as drug-induced rotational behavior, to assess the efficacy of experimental gene therapies.
A simulation algorithm for non-causal VARMA processes

Abstract We propose a simulation algorithm for non-causal vector autoregressive moving average (VARMA) processes. The algorithm is based on the Jordan canonical form of the companion matrix in the state space representation. We illustrate its performance for a non-causal V ARMA ( 2 , 2 ) process.
Human Nature and Respect for the Evolutionarily Given: a Comment on Lewens

Any serious ethical discussion of the enhancement of human nature must begin with a reasonably accurate picture of the causal-historical structure of the living world. In this Comment, I show that even biologically sophisticated ethical discussions of the biomedical enhancement of species and speciel natures are susceptible to the kind of essentialistic thinking that Lewens cautions against. Furthermore, I argue that the same evolutionary and developmental considerations that compel Lewens to reject more plausible conceptions of human nature pose equally serious problems for some prominent critiques of biomedical enhancement that presuppose the existence of a “given” biological potential that can be distorted by agentic cultural influences.
Structure-based analysis of protein-RNA interactions using the program ENTANGLE.

Until recently, drawing general conclusions about RNA recognition by proteins has been hindered by the paucity of high-resolution structures. We have analyzed 45 PDB entries of protein-RNA complexes to explore the underlying chemical principles governing both specific and non-sequence specific binding. To facilitate the analysis, we have constructed a database of interactions using ENTANGLE, a JAVA-based program that uses available structural models in their PDB format and searches for appropriate hydrogen bonding, stacking, electrostatic, hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions. The resulting database of interactions reveals correlations that suggest the basis for the discrimination of RNA from DNA and for base-specific recognition. The data illustrate both major and minor interaction strategies employed by families of proteins such as tRNA synthetases, ribosomal proteins, or RNA recognition motifs with their RNA targets. Perhaps most surprisingly, specific RNA recognition appears to be mediated largely by interactions of amide and carbonyl groups in the protein backbone with the edge of the RNA base. In cases where a base accepts a proton, the dominant amino acid donor is arginine, whereas in cases where the base donates a proton, the predominant acceptor is the backbone carbonyl group, not a side-chain group. This is in marked contrast to DNA-protein interactions, which are governed predominantly by amino acid side-chain interactions with functional groups that are presented in the accessible major groove. RNA recognition often proceeds through loops, bulges, kinks and other irregular structures that permit use of all the RNA functional groups and this is seen throughout the protein-RNA interaction database.
In vitro adsorption of various pharmaceuticals to montmorillonite

Abstract Dissolution and dialysis studies showed that cationic drugs and certain nonionic drugs bind strongly to montmorillonite clay. The quantity of drug bound by one unit of clay varied considerably. Anionic drugs were weakly bound, and less bioavailability problems would be anticipated with these medicinals. The mechanism of binding of cationic drugs to montmorillonite was proposed as a two-step process: a cation-exchange reaction followed by strong surface chemisorption.
Guest editor's introduction - the technology of trust

Information security must be more than just a preventative against attack; it also must serve as a business enabler. The need for establishing trust across organizational boundaries has become a primary driving force, and we must reconcile a range of conflicting objectives to engineer systems that deliver adequate trust to users.
Relationship between glomerular filtration rate and maximum tubular reabsorptive rate of glucose

Relationship between glomerular filtration rate and maximum tubular reabsorptive rate of glucose. Evidence is conflicting concerning whether maximum tubular reabsorptive capacity for glucose changes in proportion to changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). In paired studies in female dogs, we studied the effects of raising GFR on the maximum tubular reabsorptive rate of glucose (Tm G ) without extracellular fluid (ECF) volume expansion. Glucose titrations were performed on fasted dogs in a control state. Creatinine clearance (C Cr ) averaged 3.6 ml/min/kg of body weight; Tm G /C Cr averaged 2.68. Each dog was restudied after four weeks, following three days of high protein diet and glucocorticoid administration. C Cr averaged 6.2 ml/min/kg of body weight; Tm G /C Cr averaged 2.69, indicating a proportional increase in GFR and Tm G . Two additional studies, utilizing bovine growth hormone to increase GFR, confirmed that Tm G increases with GFR. Simultaneous 125 I-iothalamate clearances were significantly lower than the C Cr in these glucose-loaded dogs; since the values were considerably lower than expected for the state of hydration, we conclude that iothalamate clearances were in error. Nevertheless, choosing either C Ioth or C Cr as the true marker of the GFR, Tm G increased in proportion to increases in GFR. Relation entre le debit de filtration glomerulaire et le debit maximal de reabsorption tubulaire du glucose. Il existe des arguments contradictoires quant a l'eventuelle variation de la capacite tubulaire maximale de reabsorption du glucose proportionnellement aux modifications de GFR. L'effet de l'augmentation de GFR sur Tm G , en l'absence de toute expansion, a ete etudie chez des chiennes dont chacune etait son propre temoin. Les courbes de titration du glucose ont ete realisees sur les animaux a jeun en situation de temoin. C Cr etait en moyenne de 3,6 ml/min/kg de poids corporel et Tm G /C Cr de 2,68. Chaque chien a ete etudie a nouveau apres 4 semaines, au terme de trois jours d'administration d'un regime riche en proteines et de glucocorticoides. C Cr etait en moyenne de 6,2 ml/min/kg de poids corporel et Tm G /C Cr de 2,69 ce qui traduit des augmentations proportionnelles de GFR et Tm G . Deux etudes supplementaires ou l'hormone de croissance bovine a ete utilisee pour augmenter GFR ont confirme que Tm G augmente avec GFR. Les clearances du 125 I-iothalamate realisees en meme temps que C cr ont ete significativement inferieures a ces dernieres chez les animaux surcharges en glucose. Du fait que les valeurs obtenues avec 125 I-iothalamate sont tres inferieures a celles attendues en fonction de l'hydration nous concluons qu'elles sont erronees. Quoiqu'il en soit, que l'on considere C Ioth ou C Cr comme l'indicateur glomerulaire vrai, Tm G augmente en proportion de l'augmentation de C Cr .
Atlas-based head modeling and spatial normalization for high-density diffuse optical tomography: In vivo validation against fMRI

Abstract Diffuse optical imaging (DOI) is increasingly becoming a valuable neuroimaging tool when fMRI is precluded. Recent developments in high-density diffuse optical tomography (HD-DOT) overcome previous limitations of sparse DOI systems, providing improved image quality and brain specificity. These improvements in instrumentation prompt the need for advancements in both i) realistic forward light modeling for accurate HD-DOT image reconstruction, and ii) spatial normalization for voxel-wise comparisons across subjects. Individualized forward light models derived from subject-specific anatomical images provide the optimal inverse solutions, but such modeling may not be feasible in all situations. In the absence of subject-specific anatomical images, atlas-based head models registered to the subject's head using cranial fiducials provide an alternative solution. In addition, a standard atlas is attractive because it defines a common coordinate space in which to compare results across subjects. The question therefore arises as to whether atlas-based forward light modeling ensures adequate HD-DOT image quality at the individual and group level. Herein, we demonstrate the feasibility of using atlas-based forward light modeling and spatial normalization methods. Both techniques are validated using subject-matched HD-DOT and fMRI data sets for visual evoked responses measured in five healthy adult subjects. HD-DOT reconstructions obtained with the registered atlas anatomy (i.e. atlas DOT) had an average localization error of 2.7 mm relative to reconstructions obtained with the subject-specific anatomical images (i.e. subject-MRI DOT), and 6.6 mm relative to fMRI data. At the group level, the localization error of atlas DOT reconstruction was 4.2 mm relative to subject-MRI DOT reconstruction, and 6.1 mm relative to fMRI. These results show that atlas-based image reconstruction provides a viable approach to individual head modeling for HD-DOT when anatomical imaging is not available.
Electrochemical investigation of iodides and iodine in tetramethylurea

Abstract The conductance of electrolytes in tetramethylurea (TMU) at 25° was studied. The behavior of these electrolytes—NaI, RbI and I 2 —in solution was explained by specific ion-solvent interactions. Conductance results for NaI and RbI were evaluated by the Fuoss-Shedlovsky method and by the Fuoss-Onsager equations.
SU-C-214-03: Monte Carlo Simulation of Varian OBI Cone Beam CT (CBCT) and Dose Distribution in Head Phantom in 125kVp and 100kVp

Purpose: (1) To validate a Monte Carlo model for Varian's OBI CBCT in head scan mode and calculate the dose inside a Rando head phantom; (2) To compare the dose in head phantom for 125 kVp and 100 kVp scans. Methods: The BEAMnrcMP Monte Carlo package was employed and modified to simulate Varian's OBI CBCT system operated at 125kVp and 100kVp in full‐fan full‐bowtie mode for the same mAs and 200 deg scans only. Percentage depth dose (PDD) of a single KV beam was measured with a cc01 micro ion chamber in water tank. Dose profiles of the single KV beam at multiple depths including 0.5 cm were also measured with the same micro chamber. After the validation of the Monte‐Carlo model with the measured beam data, dose calculations were performed on a Rando head phantom. Results: The Monte Carlo simulated PDD curves agree very well with the measurements. Also, the simulated dose profiles matches well to the measured ones in both in‐plane and cross‐plane directions. Monte Carlo dose calculation made on a Rando head phantom indicated that the post right side of head get higher dose, due to the posterior KV scan from gantry 290 deg to 90 deg. The dose ratio between bone and soft tissue were ∼4.4 and ∼4.9 for 125kVp and 100kVp, respectively. The dose ratio between 125kVp and 100kVp is about 1.7, close to the theoretical value of 1.252=1.56. Conclusions: Our Monte Carlo model has been validated by measurements to simulate Varian's OBI CBCT system. It was shown that CBCT dose in bone is four times of that in soft tissue, such that the accumulated bone dose during a treatment course could be up to >100cGy in posterior area. Investigation on patient dose deposition due to kV CBCT is in progress.
Helium inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: studies of matrix effects and the determination of arsenic and selenium in urine

Abstract This study on helium inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (He ICP-MS) is concerned with three related issues. First, a boron nitride sampler was explored for reducing the extent of the secondary discharge prevalent in He ICP-MS. Second, an investigation of matrix effects was conducted by adding increasing concentrations of Na, U and SO42− to solutions containing As+ and Br+ as the analytes. Third, the practical utility of He ICP-MS was explored for the determination of As and Se in a urine standard reference material (NIST SRM 2670). The major observations were: (1) the most probable ion kinetic energy for 75As+ was 15 eV with a boron nitride sampler for an 800-W He ICP, similar to the results achieved when an aluminum sampler was used for He ICP-MS, but higher than the kinetic energies that are typically reported for Ar ICP-MS; (2) enhancement of As and Br signals by Na, U and SO42− were observed, but the enhancement effects could be corrected by the use of Se as an internal standard; and (3) analysis of the urine NIST SRM 2670, using standard addition and internal standardization, gave As and Se concentrations of 500 +- 130 ng/ml and 410 +- 80 ng ml , respectively, as compared to certified values of 480 +- 100 ng ml and 460 +- 30 ng ml for As and Se, respectively. Finally, the current limitations of He ICP for practical spectrometric analysis of aqueous samples are briefly contrasted with spectrometric techniques involving microwave induced plasmas and Ar ICP.
Genetic Analysis of the Bovine Papillomavirus E2 Transcriptional Activation Domain

Abstract The bovine papillomavirus type 1 E2 transactivator has a large amino-terminal 215-residue transcriptional activation domain (TAD) that is active inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeand higher eukaryotic cells. Comparison to other transcriptional activators suggests that its functions may be mediated in part through two acidic regions, A1 and A2, in this domain. We have characterized the functional elements within the E2 TAD using LexA–E2 fusions and by screening randomly generated libraries of E2 mutations for transcriptional activation in yeast. The A1 region was highly sensitive to substitutions that reduce negative charge, although there was not a perfect correlation between overall charge and transcriptional activity. Mutations were isolated within a hydrophobic amino acid motif that overlaps the A2 region and resembles elements described in other viral and cellular transactivation domains. When fused to the LexA DNA binding domain, this hydrophobic motif within the acidic A2 region was unable to activate transcription inS. cerevisiae.Multiple highly defective mutations primarily altering hydrophobic amino acids were identified in the distal third of the E2 TAD. The transcription phenotype of many of these E2 TAD mutations was similar in yeast and COS cells.
Use of membrane-covered oxygen cathodes in tissue.

Abstract A critical appraisal of the use of membrane-covered oxygen cathodes to measure the partial pressure of oxygen at discrete points in tissue, is presented. The differential equations describing oxygen transport in an electrode-tissue model are solved, and criteria for proper electrode function are thereby established. It is found that these criteria for proper electrode function are dependent upon the details of the diffusion properties of the medium into which the electrode is placed. Thus, an electrode calibrating system must closely mimic the tissue in which the electrode will be used. It is concluded that calibration of membrane-covered cathodes in simple homogeneous media, as commonly performed, does not ensure proper electrode function in tissue, which is viewed as a heterogeneous medium.
Length-scale effects on electrical and thermal transport in polyaniline thin films

Abstract Conducting polymers are prevalently used in organic and flexible electronics and energy conversion devices. While their thermo-physical properties are well characterized for different processing and doping conditions, very little is known about the effect of length-scale, especially their thermal conductivity and thermal contact resistance of their interfaces with substrates. In this paper we develop an analytical model to capture the heat transfer in ultra-thin polyaniline thin films and their interfaces with other substrate materials. The model is demonstrated on 20–1000 nm thick 50% camphor-sulphonic acid doped polyaniline films patterned on silicon substrate using photolithography and reactive ion etching. The four-probe based technique allows simultaneous electrical and thermal characterization. Experimental results show a 500% and 200% increase in the in-plane thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity, respectively as the film thickness is increased from 20 nm to 1000 nm. These findings suggest up to 300% improvement in thermoelectric performance for 20 nm thick films when compared to the bulk. Such strong length-scale effects are observed to decay rapidly after 100 nm film thickness and can be attributed to the enhanced phonon scattering at the surface and interface boundaries at length-scales comparable to phonon mean free paths.
GSC: a generic source-based congestion control algorithm for reliable multicast

This paper presents a simple, generic source-based end-to-end multicast congestion control (GSC) algorithm for reliable multicast transport (RMT) protocols. The algorithm is completely implemented at the source and leverages the reverse control information flow in RMT protocols like PGM or RMTP. Specifically, it does not introduce any new control traffic or new fields in RMT protocol headers. It partially addresses the drop-to-zero problem by introducing a robust, adaptive time-filter based upon RTT (round trip time) estimates collected by observing NAK traffic. This solution allows it to scale for large multicast groups while being adaptive to congestion situation changes in any part of the tree. The algorithm is friendly to TCP in terms of competition for bandwidth shares. The scheme has minimal control traffic requirements and weak RTT estimation requirements.
Intertwining Operators into Cohomology Representations for Semisimple Lie Groups

Abstract LetGbe a semisimple Lie group with finite center andLthe centralizer of a torus inG. An explicit intertwining operator is constructed from a nonunitary principal series forGinto Dolbeault cohomology onG/L. The image lies in the space of strongly harmonic forms. This paper generalizes results in (L. Barchini, A. W. Knapp, and R. Zierau,J. Funct. Anal.107(1992), 302–341) by replacing the one-dimensional fiber overG/Lwith certain Langlands quotients.
Attenuation of the antinociceptive action of the selective κ-opioid receptor agonist, U-50,488H by ICS-205-930

The antinociceptive action of s.c. administered U-50,488H was antagonized by s.c. administered ICS-205-930, a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. To characterize the site of interaction, U-50,488H and ICS-205-930 were administered either intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) or intrathecally (i.t.). When U-50,488H was administered i.c.v., its antinociception action was antagonized by ICS-205-930 given either i.c.v. or i.t., increasing the ED50 values of U-50,488H by approximately twofold from 48 to 98 and 90 nmol/mouse, respectively. However, when U-50,488H was administered i.t., its antinociception action was not antagonized by ICS-205-930 given either i.c.v. or i.t. These findings suggest that i.c.v., but not i.t. administered U-50,488H may release serotonin both supraspinally and spinally to interact with 5-HT3 receptors to produce antinociception.
Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation

1st edition contents List of Illustrations Preface Introduction: Criticism in the contact zone Part I Science and sentiment, 1750-1800 Science, planetary consciousness, interiors Narrating the anti-conquest Anti-conquest II: The mystique of reciprocity Eros and Abolition Part II The reinvention of America, 1800-50 Alexander von Humboldt and the reinvention of America Reinventing America II: The capitalist vanguard and the exploratrices sociales Reinventing America/Reinventing Europe: Creole self-fashioning Part III Imperial Stylistics, 1860-1980 From the Victoria N'yanza to the Sheraton San Salvador Notes Index
Various heterologous cells exhibit interferon induced transfer of viral resistance.

Previously it was shown that cocultivation of mouse L and human WISH or baby hamster kidney cells in the presence of mouse interferon resulted in decreased viral yield from both cell species. We now show that this phenomenon also occurs when rabbit kidney and human WISH cells, with their corresponding interferons, are cocultivated with human WISH and baby hamster kidney cells, respectively. This finding increases the number of donor cell types to three. The related finding that monkey VERO and chick embryo cells can be recipients of transferred resistance expands the number of heterologous recipient cell species capable of receiving transferred resistance to five. Not all cell types tested have been shown to function in this transfer system. The fact that VERO cells, which do not produce interferon, are capable of receiving transferred resistance is significant because it indicates that the mechanism of transfer does not involve production of interferon by the recipient cells.
Development of an option in Nanotechnology: Elements of Student learning

The development of an Nanotechnology Processes Option for chemical engineers and other students in the School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering at Oregon State University is presented. The curricular development attends to content, pedagogy, and different types of knowledge. Assessment results based on Shavelson's cognitive model and plans to weave in a strand that encompasses environmental and human health in nanotechnology are summarized.
A proposed model for the analysis and interpretation of focus groups in evaluation research

Focus groups have an established history in applied research and evaluation. The fundamental methods of the focus group technique have been well discussed, as have their potential advantages. Less guidance tends to be provided regarding the analysis of data resulting from focus groups or how to organize and defend conclusions drawn from the analysis. This article reviews the methodology of the focus group with an emphasis on thematic analysis of latent data at three levels, articulated, attributional, and emergent. The three levels are described and illustrated with respect to their value and contribution to evaluation within the framework of the group method and qualitative standards of thematic analysis.
Inverse cascade via Burgers equation.

Burgers equation is employed as a pedagogical device for analytically demonstrating the emergence of a form of inverse cascade to the lowest wavenumber in a flow. The transition from highly nonlinear mode–mode coupling to an ordered preference for large scale structure is shown, both analytically (revealing the presence of a global attractor) and via a numerical example.
Closed-Range Composition Operators on {\mathbb{A}^2} and the Bloch Space

For any analytic self-map \({\varphi}\) of {z : |z| < 1} we give four separate conditions, each of which is necessary and sufficient for the composition operator \({C_{\varphi}}\) to be closed-range on the Bloch space \({\mathcal{B}}\) . Among these conditions are some that appear in the literature, where we provide new proofs. We further show that if \({C_{\varphi}}\) is closed-range on the Bergman space \({\mathbb{A}^2}\) , then it is closed-range on \({\mathcal{B}}\) , but that the converse of this fails with a vengeance. Our analysis involves an extension of the Julia-Caratheodory Theorem.
Interaction of ω-conotoxin and the membrane calcium transport system of Escherichia coli

ω-Conotoxin, a calcium channel blocker, inhibits chemotaxis by Escherichia coli. To test whether ω-conotoxin acts at the cytoplasmic membrane, the kinetics of 125I-ω-conotoxin binding was investigated. 125I-ω-Conotoxin bound to Tris–EDTA-permeabilized cells or right-side-out membrane vesicles with saturation kinetics. Binding of 125I-ω-conotoxin to membrane vesicles was inhibited by Ca2+ ions, but not by Mg2+ ions. The calA mutant, defective in calcium transport, was more resistant to ω-conotoxin inhibition of chemotaxis than the parental wild-type. 125I-ω-Conotoxin binding to membrane vesicles indicated that both the wild-type and the calA mutant had similar KDs for ω-conotoxin binding. However, the saturation level was higher with the calA mutant, indicating that there are more binding sites in the calA mutant. Thus, calA does not directly affect the affinity of the ω-conotoxin binding site. Chemical cross-linking experiments identified two proteins as potential ω-conotoxin receptors.
Field-effect magnetization reversal in ferromagnetic semiconductor quantum wells

We predict that a bias-voltage-assisted magnetization reversal process will occur in Mn-doped II-VI semiconductor quantum wells or heterojunctions with carrier-induced ferromagnetism. The effect is due to strong exchange-coupling-induced subband mixing that leads to electrically tunable hysteresis loops. Our model calculations are based on the mean-field theory of carrier-induced ferromagnetism in Mn-doped quantum wells and on a semiphenomenological description of the host II-VI semiconductor valence bands.
Uniqueness and stability of 3D heat sources

The authors discuss the uniqueness of the problem of finding a region D contained in/implied by R3 and a function U=U(x,t) such that Ut= Delta U+ chi D(x)f(t),x in R3, t>0; U(x,0)=0, x in R3; with either U((x1,x2,0),t)=g(x1,x2,t), (x1,x2) in V contained in/implied by R2 for some open set V, or U(p,t)=g(t) for some fixed p in R3. Let A(r)=area(rS2 intersection D), where S2 is the unit sphere in R3 and r is the radius of the sphere rS2 centred at the origin. For the data U(0,t)=S(t) they derive an estimate. Thus spherical averages A(r) of D, which are contained in the ball centred at the origin with radius M and which are smooth enough that A(r) is Holder continuous with exponent alpha are uniquely determined by U(0,t)=g(t). Applying this result to U(x1,x2,t)=S(x1,x2,t) they see that spherical averages A((x1,x2,0),T), where (x1,x2,0) is the centre of the sphere of radius r, are uniquely determined by g(x1,x2,t). From this and from a known result on integral geometry it follows that D is uniquely determined.
A Proper-Orthogonal Decomposition Variational Multiscale Approximation Method for a Generalized Oseen Problem

We introduce the variational multiscale (VMS) stabilization for the reduced-order modeling of incompressible flows. It is well known that the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) technique in reduced-order modeling experiences numerical instability when applied to complex flow problems. In this case a POD discretization naturally separates out structures which corresponding to the energy cascade on large and small scales, in order, a VMS approach is natural. In this paper, we provide the mathematical background necessary for implementing VMS to a POD-Galerkin model of a generalized Oseen problem. We provide theoretical evidence which indicates the consistency of utilizing a VMS approach in the stabilization of reduced order flows. In addition we provide numerical experiments indicating that VMS improves fidelity in reproducing the qualitative properties of the flow.
Y-shaped design in two dimensional photonic crystal structure for applications in integrated photonic circuits

Abstract A new Y-shaped design in a 2D-photonic crystal structure composed of air holes in silicon substrate is proposed for realization of optical logic 1 and 0. A suitable operating principle for the realization of the logic operation is presented, which is then verified by FDTD simulations. The proposed structure is expected to be a better candidate for application in optical logic gates.
Laser surface profiler

By accurately measuring the angle of reflection of a laser beam incident on a reflective surface with a position sensitive detector, changes in the surface normal direction (slope of the surface) can be determined directly. An instrument has been built that makes repeated measurements over the surface, and uses this data to produce a grayscale image of the slope. The resolution of this system to changes in the surface normal direction is found to be better than 0.01 degrees. By focusing the Iaser beam to achieve a lateral resolution of 5 pm, the resolvable surface height change due to a variation in slope is estimated to be <1 nm.