cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transforming a Traumatic Brain Injury Measure of Participation Into a Psychometrically Sound Spinal Cord Injury Participation Measure.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the use of Participation Assessment with Recombined Tools–Objective (PART-O) in spinal cord injury (SCI) and compare it with the Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique–Short Form (CHART-SF). Design Follow-up survey of inception cohort. Setting Community. Participants Individuals with SCI, rehabilitated at 2 large SCI Model Systems and enrolled in the SCI Model Systems National Database, who were due for routine follow-up (N=468; median age at injury, 29; median time post injury, 5 years). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures PART-O and CHART-SF. Results Use of Rasch analysis identified an SCI-specific scoring of PART-O that demonstrated unidimensionality (first contrast eigenvalue of 1.76) with no misfitting items or disordered steps in any response categories. Person separation and reliability were 2.00 and .80, respectively. Unlike CHART-SF, PART-O had a relatively normal distribution with no floor or ceiling effects. Test-retest reliability PART-O administered 2-4 weeks apart was 0.97, with a reliable change index of 3.1 points on a 100-point scale. PART-O correlated 0.79 with the sum of 3 CHART-SF domains with similar content. The PART-O scoring was initially validated on a second data set. Conclusions PART-O can be used successfully to measure participation in a population of people with SCI. A new method of scoring PART-O in SCI provides an initially validated, univariate interval measure of participation with good psychometric properties that has advantages over the CHART-SF legacy measure of participation.
Center-related Bias in MELD Scores Within a Liver Transplant UNOS Region: A Call for Standardization.

Background Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score-based liver transplant allocation was implemented as a fair and objective measure to prioritize patients based upon disease severity. Accuracy and reproducibility of MELD is an essential assumption to ensure fairness in organ access. We hypothesized that variability in laboratory methodology between centers could impact allocation scores for individuals on the transplant waiting list. Methods Aliquots of 30 patient serum samples were analyzed for creatinine, bilirubin, and sodium in all transplant centers within United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) region 9. Descriptive statistics, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and linear mixed-effects regression were used to determine the relationship between center, bilirubin, and calculated MELD-sodium (MELD-Na) score. Results The mean MELD-Na score per sample ranged from 14 to 38. The mean range in MELD-Na per sample was 3 points, but 30% of samples had a range of 4-6 points. Correlation plots and intraclass correlation coefficient analysis confirmed bilirubin interfered with creatinine, with worsening agreement in creatinine at high bilirubin levels. Center and bilirubin were independently associated with creatinine reported in mixed-effects models. Unbiased hierarchical clustering suggested that samples from specific centers have consistently higher creatinine and MELD-Na values. Conclusions Despite implementation of creatinine standardization, centers within a single UNOS region report clinically significant differences in MELD-Na on an identical sample, with differences of up to 6 points in high MELD-Na patients. The bias in MELD-Na scores based upon center choice within a region should be addressed in the current efforts to eliminate disparities in liver transplant access.
Review of Library service and learning: Empowering students, inspiring social responsibility, and building community connections

Abstract: Review of McDevitt, T., & Finegan, C. (Eds.). (2018). Library service and learning: Empowering students, inspiring social responsibility, and building community connections. Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries. Keywords: library service, experiential learning, social justice, service learning
Investigating the interactions of the first 17 amino acid residues of Huntingtin with lipid vesicles using mass spectrometry and molecular dynamics

The first 17 amino acid residues of Huntingtin protein (Nt17 of htt) are thought to play an important role in the protein's function; Nt17 is one of two membrane binding domains in htt. In this study the binding ability of Nt17 peptide with vesicles comprised of two subclasses of phospholipids is studied using electrospray ionization - mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Overall, the peptide is shown to have a greater propensity to interact with vesicles of phosphatidylcholine (PC) rather than phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) lipids. Mass spectra show an increase in lipid-bound peptide adducts where the ordering of the number of such specie is 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) > 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) > 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphoethanolamine (POPE). MD simulations suggest that the compactness of the bilayer plays a role in governing peptide interactions. The peptide shows greater disruption of the DOPC bilayer order at the surface and interacts with the hydrophobic tails of lipid molecules via hydrophobic residues. Conversely, the POPE vesicle remains ordered and lipids display transient interactions with the peptide through the formation of hydrogen bonds with hydrophilic residues. The POPC system displays intermediate behavior with regard to the degree of peptide-membrane interaction. Finally, the simulations suggest a helix stabilizing effect resulting from the interactions between hydrophobic residues and the lipid tails of the DOPC bilayer.
The Influence of Physeal Status on Rate of Reoperation After Arthroscopic Screw Fixation for Symptomatic Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee.

Purpose To determine if physeal status or other preoperative or intraoperative variables influence the failure rate after arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions in the knee. Methods Consecutive patients undergoing screw fixation of osteochondral fragments from OCD by a single surgeon from 2005 to 2015 with a minimum 2-year follow-up were included. Demographic, preoperative imaging, and intraoperative data were analyzed to determine risk factors associated with failure, which was defined as the need for a revision reoperation or arthroplasty after initial OCD fixation. Results A total of 45 knees met the inclusion criteria, including 26 skeletally mature patients and 19 patients with incompletely closed physes on preoperative imaging. The mean ages of the skeletally mature and immature groups were 18.3 ± 2.5 years and 14.9 ± 2.2 years, respectively (P Conclusions Outcomes after internal fixation of OCD fragments are guarded, with a fragment survival rate of 65.7% at a mean of 4.1 years’ follow-up. No difference in fragment survival was noted in skeletally mature versus immature patients. The only independent risk factor identified for fixation failure was the number of previous operations. Level of Evidence Level IV, case series with subgroup analysis.
Restos Humanos Culturalmente Modificados de Dainzú, Oaxaca

Determinar como se vieron, eliminaron o manipularon los restos humanos despues de la muerte puede proporcionar una herramienta util para comprender las sociedades del pasado. En la Oaxaca prehispanica, el hueso humano se manipulaba comunmente despues de la muerte, a veces en forma de herramientas, adornos o artefactos ceremoniales. A continuacion se describen los restos humanos modificados culturalmente de una terraza domestica ubicada en el Cerro Danush, una colina prominente en el sitio arqueologico de Dainzu en el Valle de Oaxaca, Mexico. La distribucion de la terraza y los artefactos muestran que fue habitada por un grupo familiar de elite y estuvo ocupada desde los periodos Clasico (600 d.C.) hasta el Posclasico temprano (850–1300 d.C.). Se recuperaron mas de 30 huesos humanos modificados, procedentes de individuos juveniles y adultos. Estos incluyen mandibulas perforadas y talladas, un segmento de eje femoral grabado, discos circulares de bovedas craneales y huesos largos trabajados y pulidos. Estos se interpretan como mascaras bucales y herramientas de tejido, probablemente utilizadas en actividades ceremoniales. Se discute el contexto de estos restos dentro de Dainzu y su asociacion con el paisaje religioso de Oaxaca. Al proporcionar osteobiografias detalladas, este documento amplia nuestra comprension de quien fue considerado aceptable para su inclusion en narraciones ceremoniales y roles distintos practicados en esta comunidad oaxaquena, contextualizando los restos humanos dentro del registro arqueologico.
Aboriginal fires modify an ideal free distribution.

Optimality and game-theoretic models grounded in behavioral ecology have enjoyed increasing popularity in anthropology and prehistoric archaeology over the last three to four decades. They have been especially important to prehistorians in fostering the development of comprehensive, theoretically well-grounded expectations about past human behavior and in helping to identify testable explanations for its variation across time and space. Bliege Bird et al. (1) provide an example of this approach in their discussion of two game-theoretic models in an Australian ethnographic context. The results have important implications for reconstructing the process of hunter-gatherer dispersal across Sahul (Pleistocene Australia–New Guinea) and about changes in human subsistence during the Late Pleistocene and early Holocene. One of these models describes the ideal free distribution (IFD) of a population as it grows and spreads in an ecologically heterogeneous habitat (2). Applied specifically to hunter-gatherers, it assumes that patches within the habitat contain different sets of plant and animal foods offering different nutrient return rates to potential consumers. The model predicts that incoming population members will first occupy the patch where resources offer the highest aggregate rates, allowing them to gain the best overall return in the time available for collection. If resources are finite, consumers may deplete them. If returns from exploiting them fall below those available in other patches, some consumers will move to those patches. The process may continue until all patches are occupied and return rates across all are equal. It will be accelerated by population growth: Increasing numbers of consumers means more rapid resource depletion and related consumer dispersal across the overall habitat—a negative density-dependent scenario. In some situations, the opposite pattern may be apparent: Consumer presence may increase resource availability, an example of the Allee effect (3). Although the end result may be the same as in a simple IFD, … [↵][1]1Email: oconnell{at}anthro.utah.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Particulate matter emissions associated with marcellus shale drilling waste disposal and transport

This study models emissions quantities and neighboring exposure concentrations of six airborne pollutants, including PM10, PM2.5, crystalline silica, arsenic, uranium, and barium, which resulted fr...
Snare salvage technique for deformed WEB device after deployment

The Woven EndoBridge (WEB) device is a new endovascular technology that allows safe and effective treatment of wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms without the need for dual antiplatelet therapy.1–4 The case is presented of a patient in their 50 s with a history of systemic lupus erythematosus and receiving warfarin for recurrent deep venous thrombosis and an unruptured right middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysm. The aneurysm was treated with a WEB SL aneurysm embolization device (MicroVention, Tustin, California, USA). After the final deployment, a technical error (inadvertent forward movement of the pusher) led to the deformation of the device along its longitudinal axis, leaving the aneurysm partially untreated. An Amplatz Goose Neck Microsnare was used to capture the proximal detachment marker and used gentle traction to restore the original shape of the device (video 1).5–7 A follow-up angiogram revealed a restoration of the device’s shape with a similar result during the 4- month follow-up angiogram.
Health Reinsurance as a Human Right

Health reinsurance as a public policy measure aims to offload the expensive costs of those who are catastrophically ill onto the best risk-bearer, often the state. The benefits ripple out, helping not just those with the highest health costs, but also the broader public by helping to make health coverage more widely affordable and accessible. The health and human rights discourse ought to include the notion that we all enjoy a core health right to state performance of the reinsurance function First, the features of reinsurance map well onto the features of the right to health specified in the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights and the associated General Comments. These texts suggest particular concern for the vulnerable, attention to co-variant risk, promotion of equitable distribution, and state action that ensures the underlying conditions for a strong health system. This book chapter explains how government-sponsored health reinsurance also addresses these same concerns and is instrumental in creating stable background conditions for the organization of broad health provision. I further argue that understanding the core right to health as including reinsurance helps soften certain tensions that afflict the concept of “the minimum core.” Reinsurance helps bridge 1] the tension between context sensitivity and universalizability, and 2) the tension between individually claimable rights and broader systemic duties. I illustrate these advantages using the experiences that various countries around the world have had with health reinsurance as a policy.
Technical note: A report on the Forensic Anthropology Database for Assessing Methods Accuracy.

We report on the functionality, available support, and research capability of the Forensic Anthropology Database for Assessing Methods Accuracy (FADAMA; DOJ DUBX0213). FADAMA is an online repository for case data from identified forensic skeletal cases. The goal of FADAMA is to address the lack of adequate measures for assessing accuracy and reliability of forensic anthropology methods. FADAMA requires users to apply for access with their university or organization credentials. Verified users may upload and download anonymized case data via the user interface, after signing a terms of service agreement outlining ethical behavior. Case data uploads require information about the actual biological profile of the decedent and the forensic anthropology estimations. Uploading case data takes approximately 15-25 min. FADAMA users currently have 85 methods to select from when entering case data, with the capability to add new methods as they are developed. Access to the database is free, and online video tutorials are available for users covering database functionality. Currently, the database houses anonymized case data for over 350 identified cases from across the U.S. Funding has been allocated for a database technician to assist offices with large caseloads to upload cases. As it stands, the database is easy to use, and maintains thoughtful tools to assist users. The power of the database to identify trends in both method accuracy and usage is apparent, and will continue to grow as more cases are added.
Using machine learning to predict the number of alternative solutions to a minimum cardinality set covering problem

Although the characterization of alternative optimal solutions for linear programming problems is well known, such characterizations for combinatorial optimization problems are essentially non-existent. This is the first article to qualitatively predict the number of alternative optima for a classic NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem, namely, the minimum cardinality (also called unicost) set covering problem (MCSCP). For the MCSCP, a set must be covered by a minimum number of subsets selected from a specified collection of subsets of the given set. The MCSCP has numerous industrial applications that require that a secondary objective is optimized once the size of a minimum cover has been determined. To optimize the secondary objective, the number of MCSCP solutions is optimized. In this article, for the first time, a machine learning methodology is presented to generate categorical regression trees to predict, qualitatively (extra-small, small, medium, large, or extra-large), the number of solutions to an MCSCP. Within the machine learning toolbox of MATLABÂ®, 600,000 unique random MCSCPs were generated and used to construct regression trees. The prediction quality of these regression trees was tested on 5000 different MCSCPs. For the 5-output model, the average accuracy of being at most one off from the predicted category was 94.2%.Â
Size Control of In Situ Synthesized TiB2 Particles in Molten Aluminum

Aluminum-matrix nanocomposites offer advantageous properties over conventional aluminum alloys. However, controlling the size and size distribution of ceramic nanoparticles during in situ synthesis at high temperatures has been a long-term challenge due to a lack of effective size-control mechanisms. Here, we successfully synthesized titanium diboride (TiB2) nanoparticles with an unprecedented narrow size distribution in molten aluminum. The average size of TiB2 nanoparticles was tunable from 22.1 to 171.4 nm by solely controlling the reaction temperature under a diluted reactant salt solution. To uncover the mechanism of particle size control, an interface diffusion-controlled model was developed. The dilution of reactant salt was crucial to achieve a steady reaction environment while confining the growth of the particles in a shallow region. The model suggests that the average size of as-synthesized nanoparticles is mostly controlled by reaction temperature and unaffected by the titanium salt concentration in a diluted solution due to a steady diffusion of titanium and boron. Temperature controls the diffusion of reactants and nucleation rate to dictate the average size of the as-synthesized nanoparticles.
The Unsettling Truth about Our Legal System: What the Mind Sciences Can Teach Teenagers About Criminal Injustice

Young people deserve to be told the truth, even the painful truths that shake their faith in our existing institutions and norms. As a law professor, I see one of my main jobs as teaching skepticism. The best lawyers have a skeptical eye. The problem is that in law there is a particularly strong deference to the status quo—indeed, to the past. My students come in assuming that the cases in my Criminal Law casebook were all decided correctly and that the criminal code provisions we study are fair and effective. They assume that the people who gave us our laws, precedents, and procedures were smarter and more enlightened than they are. That’s a dangerous mindset and we would do well—all of us—to combat it. In nearly every other field of inquiry innovation is encouraged and rewarded. So why not in law?
A Novel Measurement Using Digital Radiography to Minimize Fluoroscopy in Total Hip Arthroplasty

Preoperative templating for total hip arthroplasty (THA) is fraught with uncertainty. Specifically, the conventional measurement of the lesser trochanter to the center (LTC) of the femoral head used in preoperative planning is easily measured on a template but not measurable intraoperatively. The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of a novel measurement that is reproducible both on templating and in surgery as a more accurate and practical guide. We retrospectively reviewed 201 patients with a history of osteoarthritis who underwent primary THA. For preoperative templating, the distance from the top of the lesser trochanter to the equator (LeTE) of the femoral head was measured on a calibrated digital radiograph with a neutral pelvis. This measurement was used intraoperatively to guide the choice of the trial neck and head. As with any templating technique, the goal was to construct a stable, impingement-free THA with equivalent leg lengths and hip offset. In evaluating this novel templating technique, the primary outcomes measured were the number of trial reductions and the amount of fluoroscopic time, exposures, and radiation required to obtain a balanced THA reconstruction. Using the LeTE measurement, the mean number of trial reductions was 1.21, the mean number of intraoperative fluoroscopy images taken was 2.63, the mean dose of radiation exposure from fluoroscopy was 0.02 mGy, and the mean fluoroscopy time per procedure was 0.6 seconds. In hips templated with the conventional LTC prior to the LeTE, the mean fluoroscopy time was 0.9 seconds. There was a statistically significant difference in fluoroscopy time (p
Kathleen M. Quinn, MD: Visionary in Child Forensic Psychiatry

Kathleen Quinn was raised on a small family farm in northern New Jersey. Her family had a flock of sheep, as well as vegetables for sale and family use. Her father worked as a milkman, and later as a landscaper. Waking up at 2 a.m. to go on the milk route with him and deliver milk to walk-up
Stabilization of Undercooled Metals via Passivating Oxide Layers

Undercooling metals relies on frustration of liquid-solid transition mainly by an increase in activation energy. Passivating oxide layers are a way to isolate the core from heterogenous nucleants (physical barrier) while also raising the activation energy (thermodynamic/kinetic barrier) needed for solidification. The latter is due to composition gradients (speciation) that establishes a sharp chemical potential gradient across the thin (0.7-5 nm) oxide shell, slowing homogeneous nucleation. When this speciation is properly tuned, the oxide layer presents a previously unaccounted for interfacial tension in the overall energy landscape of the relaxing material. We demonstrate that 1) the integrity of the passivation oxide is critical in stabilizing undercooled particle, a key tenet in developing heat-free solders, 2) inductive effects play a critical role in undercooling, and 3) the magnitude of the influence of the passivating oxide can be larger than size effects in undercooling.
Structural Reasoning

In this paper we give a general definition of structural reasoning, followed by a typology that instantiates the definition in mathematical practices. Five major categories of structural reasoning, some with subcategories, are offered: (a) pattern generalization, (b) reduction of an unfamiliar structure into a familiar one, (c) recognizing and operating with structure in thought, (d) epistemological justification and (e) reasoning in term of general structures. The first four categories of this typology are illustrated by field-based events of secondary mathematics teachers’ mathematical behaviors. The potential contribution of the typology to research in mathematics education is that its elements can be used as indicators and conceptual labels of empirical observations. The potential contribution of the illustrative field-based events is that they can serve as initial models for structural reasoning phenomena to be examined by researchers.
Directing and re-directing inference pursuit; extra-textual influences on text interpretation

Understanding a text depends on s reader's ability to construct a coherent interpretation that accounts for the statements in the text. However, a given text does not always imply a unique coherent interpretation. In particular, readers can be steered away from an otherwise plausible explanation for a story by such extra-textual factors as the source of the text, the reading purpose, interruptions during reading, or repeated re-questioning of the reader. Some of these effects have been observed in experiments in cognitive psychology (e.g., Black [1980]). This paper presents a computer program called MACARTHUR that can vary both the depth and direction of its inference pursuit in response to re-questioning, resulting in a series of markedly different interpretations of the same text.
3,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione 4,5-Dioxygenase from Nocardia restrictus I. ISOLATION OF THE ENZYME AND STUDY OF ITS PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Abstract 3,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-secoandrosta-1,3,5(10)-triene-9,17-dione-4,5-dioxygenase was purified to a state of apparent homogeneity from Nocardia restrictus. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be around 280,000 from sedimentation equilibrium and sedimentation velocitydiffusion data. The physicochemical properties described include: sedimentation coefficient (s020,w = 10.42 S), diffusion coefficient (D020,w = 2.55 x 10-7 cm2 sec-1), frictional ratio (f/f0 = 1.47), and apparent partial specific volume (v = 0.733 ml g-1). The enzyme has an ultraviolet absorption maximum at 280 mµ, and the specific absorbance (E0.1%1 cm) is 0.93. Quantitative analytical data show 1.13 g-atoms of ferrous iron and 9 half-cystinyl residues per mole of the enzyme. Metal-chelating agents, including o-phenanthroline, 8-hydroxyquinoline, and α,α'-dipyridyl, inhibited the enzyme, and the inhibition was noncompetitive with respect to both organic substrate and molecular oxygen. Sulfhydryl inhibitors also inhibited the enzyme at the concentration of 1 mm. Substrate specificity studies indicated that substitution of an alkyl group at a position adjacent to the dihydroxyl group was required for maximal activity. Introduction of a bulky alkyl group at other positions rendered the substrate less reactive.
ELEVATED TEMPERATURE FATIGUE OF 2 1/4 CR-1 MO STEEL

ARSTRACT The effect of the load wave form on the elevated temperature fatigue life of 2 1/4 Cr-1 Mo steel in air is shown to be best explained by oxidation-fatigue interaction mechanisms. Data are presented that indicate that the form of oxide cracking that occurs is dependent on the loading wave form and that fatigue crack initiation is dependent on the mode of oxide cracking. Fatigue crack initiation is shown to be influenced more by oxidation than is fatigue crack propagation. The effect of oxidation on fatigue crack propagation depends on the time between load reversals, independent of loading wave form and this effect saturates very quickly for temperatures around 525°C. A worst-case predictive equation is presented that assumes that fatigue endurance is dependent only on crack propagation, i.e., initiation of a crack in oxidizing conditions is assumed to occur with only a few cycles.
THE CLINICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF EXCESS MAGNESIUM IN THE NEWBORN

The effect of two regimens of magnesium sulfate therapy in the toxemic mother and her newborn is reviewed. When magnesium sulfate is given intramuscularly to the mother, the newborn is usually not compromised by excess magnesium but may be affected. If continuous intravenous infusion of magnesium sulfate is used and especially if given for more than 24 hours, one can anticipate a newborn manifesting all the signs of hypermagnesemia. Serum levels in the cord blood and serial samples of the newborn do not necessarily correlate with the clinical picture and may be of little diagnostic value. In contrast to the adult, the newborn does not excrete a magnesium load satisfactorily. Magnesium toxicity should be recognized and treated as outlined in the infant of a toxemic mother who has received a large dose or prolonged magnesium sulfate therapy.
Reliable and efficient packet forwarding by utilizing path diversity in wireless ad hoc networks

It is critical to provide high-rate, reliable and energy efficient wireless communications in mobile ad hoc networks. The use of path diversity is a promising way to achieve this objective. However it requires careful cross-layer design. In this paper, we present a new cross-layer approach based on AODV and 802.11 MAC to utilize the local path diversity.
A mixed signal DWDM local area network using bi-directional add drop multiplexers

The goal of this project is to demonstrate the versatility of a bi-directional add-drop multiplexer (BADM) in supporting a mixed signal environment with signal transparency on a DWDM mesh network at high data rates. Mesh architectures typically refer to a graph topology whose node degree is greater than one providing multiple connection paths between nodes. We establish the versatility of these devices in less than optimal mixed signal DWDM network configurations using four wavelengths with one dedicated wavelength as a QAM or analog channel and the other three for digital signals. The DWDM mesh architecture LAN based around BADM device lends itself well to avionics.
Bacteriophage Mu Mor protein requires sigma 70 to activate the Mu middle promoter

Transcription during the bacteriophage Mu lytic cycle occurs in three phases: early, middle, and late. Middle transcription requires the early gene product Mor for its activation. Mor protein overproduction was accomplished by fusing the mor gene to an efficient phage T7 promoter and translation initiation region. A protein fraction highly enriched for Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (E sigma 70) from the Mor-overproducing strain was able to activate transcription from both the tac promoter (Ptac) and the Mu middle promoter (Pm) in vitro. Transcription initiation from Pm was Mor dependent, and the RNA 5' end was identical to that of in vivo RNA. Addition of anti-sigma 70 antibody to transcription reactions containing Ptac and Pm resulted in inhibition of transcription from both promoters; addition of purified sigma 70 restored transcription. These results indicate that Mor-dependent activation requires sigma 70 and therefore imply that Mor is not an alternate sigma factor. This conclusion was further substantiated by a reconstitution experiment with purified proteins in which all three components, Mor, sigma 70, and core RNA polymerase, were required for Pm-dependent transcription in vitro. The sigma 70 dependence of Mor-specific transcription and the amino acid sequence similarity between Mor and C (an activator for Mu late transcription) both support the hypothesis that Mor functions mechanistically as an activator protein.
Light Absorption and Photochemistry

When a molecule absorbs light, it is converted to one of its excited states. In the orbital approximation such a process is represented by a jump or transition of an electron from one of the orbitals that was originally filled or partly filled to one that was empty or partly empty (Fig. 6.1). The energy required to bring this about is equal, in this approximation, to the difference ℰ1 — ℰ 2 in energy between the two orbitala. The transition involves absorption od a light of frequency v, given by $$ hv = {E_1} - {E_2} $$ (6.1) where h is Planck’s constant.
The Social Value of Non-Deferential Belief

We often prefer non-deferential belief to deferential belief. In the last twenty years, epistemology has seen a surge of sympathetic interest in testimony as a source of knowledge. We are urged to abandon ‘epistemic individualism’ and the ideal of the ‘autonomous knower’ in favour of ‘social epistemology’. In this connection, you might think that a preference for non-deferential belief is a manifestation of vicious individualism, egotism, or egoism. I shall call this the selfishness challenge to preferring non-deferential belief. The aim of this paper is to meet the selfishness challenge by arguing that non-deferential belief is (pro tanto) socially valuable.
Targeting High Utilisers

Objective: To examine the utility of a self-reported health perception assessment as a screening tool to predict high near-term utilisation of healthcare services.
Revision of the genus Diclidophora Krøyer, 1838 (Monogenea: Diclidophoridae), with the proposal of Macrouridophora n. g.

The present study re-examines the detailed morphology of the type-species, Diclidophora merlangi (Kuhn, in Nordmann, 1832) Kroyer, 1838, and other Diclidophora species parasitic on gadid fishes: D. denticulata (Olsson, 1876) Price, 1943, D. esmarkii (Th. Scott, 1901) Sproston, 1946, D. luscae (van Beneden & Hesse, 1863) Price, 1943, D. minor (Olsson, 1868) Sproston, 1946, D. palmata (Leuckart, 1830) Diesing, 1850, D. phycidis (Parona & Perugia, 1889) Sproston, 1946, D. pollachii (van Beneden & Hesse, 1863) Price, 1943 and the recently described D. micromesisti Suriano & Martorelli, 1984. An amended generic diagnosis of Diclidophora Kroyer, 1838 (synonym Diclidophora Diesing, 1850) is provided, which includes the presence of a prostatic vesicle in the terminal male genitalia and the distal fusion of the median and peripheral sclerites, a1 and c1 in the clamp anterior jaw. Macrouridophora n. g. is herein proposed for species previously considered in Diclidophora, which are parasitic on macrourid and morid fishes. The clamp morphology in Macrouridophora n. g. has distinct lamellate extension attachments to peripheral sclerites c1 and the distal portion of d1, with no distal fusion between a1 and c1 in the anterior jaw. Macrouridophora macruri (Brinkmann, 1942) n. comb. is chosen as the type-species. Nine other species are herein transferred to Macrouridophora n. g.: M. coelorhynchi (Robinson, 1961) n. comb., M. lotella (Machida, 1972) n. comb., M. nezumiae (Munroe, Campbell & Zwerner, 1981) n. comb. and M. tubiformis (Rohde & Williams, 1987) n. comb. are redescribed, based on the re-examination of type or voucher specimens. Macrouridophora attenuata (Mamaev & Zubtschenko, 1979) n. comb., M. caudata (Mamaev & Zubtschenko, 1984) n. comb., M. papilio (Mamaev & Avdeev, 1981) n. comb., M. paracoelorhynchi (Mamaev & Paruchin, 1979) n. comb. and M. physiculi (Mamaev & Avdeev, 1981) n. comb. have adequately described haptoral clamps in the literature. The clamp morphology in Macrouridophora sp. from Lepidorhynchus denticulatus in Australia is also considered. Diclidophora whitsonii Suriano & Martorelli, 1984 is herein transferred to the genus Macruricotyle Mamaev & Ljadov, 1975, as M. whitsonii (Suriano & Martorelli, 1984) n. comb. D. embiotocae Hanson, 1979 is herein considered a species incertae sedis. D. caudospina Khan & Karyakarte, 1983 and D. paddiforma Deo & Karyakarte, 1979 are herein considered species inquirendae. D. aglandulosa Deo, 1977, D. glandulosa Das, 1972, D. minuta Das, 1972 and D. spindale Deo, 1977 are formally dismissed as nomina nuda. The systematic position of Diclidophora Kroyer, 1838 and Macrouridophora n. g. in the subfamily Diclidophorinae Cerfontaine, 1895 (sensu Mamaev, 1976) is discussed.
Acid dependence of the Pu(V) disproportionation reaction

The disproportionation of pentavalent plutonium is traditionally represented by two inconsistent equations. The inconsistency puts the widely-accepted, fourth-power hydrogen-ion dependence of the reaction into question. The balanced reaction equation suggests that both the stoichiometry and the acid-dependence of Pu(V) disproportionation depend on the pH of the plutonium solution.
Seasonal and longitudinal variations in apparent deposition rates within an Arkansas reservoir1

Seasonal and spatial differences in apparent sediment trapping rates were related to the establishment of longitudinal gradients in water quality at DeGray Lake, Arkansas. Gradients in turbidity developed during winter and spring due to high suspended loads, which settled primarily in the headwater region. Gradients in apparent deposition of allochthonous organic carbon and chlorophyll a also influenced detrital processing and hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen conditions. Hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen depletion started in May in the headwater region, due to a high volumetric dissolved oxygen demand, and spread slowly to the dam by winter. These patterns indicated that riverine inputs and deposition influenced biological activity along the longitudinal axis of the lake.
Male Urethral Stricture Disease

Purpose: The incidence of urethral stricture disease in the United States is unknown. We estimated the impact of urethral stricture disease by determining its prevalence, costs and other measures of burden, including side effects and the need for surgical intervention.Materials and Methods: Analyses of services for urethral stricture disease were performed in 10 public and private data sets by epidemiological, biostatistical and clinical experts.Results: Male urethral stricture disease occurred at a rate as high as 0.6% in some susceptible populations and resulted in more than 5,000 inpatient visits yearly. Yearly office visits for urethral stricture numbered almost 1.5 million between 1992 and 2000. The total cost of urethral stricture diseases in 2000 was almost $200 million, not including medication costs. A diagnosis of urethral stricture increased health care expenditures by more than $6,000 per individual yearly in insured populations after controlling for comorbidities. Urethral stricture disease a...
Diabetes care processes and outcomes in patients treated by nurse practitioners or physicians.

PURPOSEthe purpose of this study was to compare selected diabetes care processes and outcomes of nurse practitioners (NPs) and physicians (MDs) in the primary care of adults with type 2 diabetes.METHODSAdults with type 2 diabetes and no regular source of primary care were enrolled from the emergency room and randomized to an NP or MD practice. Chart reviews were conducted to assess processes of care; patient interviews and hemoglobin Al C (Al C) testing were performed to measure patient outcomes.RESULTSNPs were more likely than MDs to document provision of general diabetes education and education about nutrition, weight, exercise, and medications. They were more likely to document patient height, urinalyses results, and Al C values. No differences were found in documenting current medications; alcohol, illicit drug, or tobacco use; depression; weight and blood pressure; foot and cardiovascular exams; blood glucose and creatinine testing; or referral to ophthalmologists. No differences were found in patien...
Peripheral retinal drusen and reticular pigment: association with CFHY402H and CFHrs1410996 genotypes in family and twin studies.

PURPOSE. To evaluate the relationship between peripheral retinal drusen and reticular pigment changes and genotypes associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS. Using standard protocols, 2103 family members and twins were examined. Clinical and photographic data were graded according to the Clinical Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System (CARMS) as grade 1 (no AMD), grade 2 (small drusen and/or pigment irregularities), grade 3 (intermediate AMD), grade 4 (central or noncentral geographic atrophy), or grade 5 (neovascular disease). Peripheral drusen and reticular pigment were assessed with a standardized examination. Associations between six AMD genetic variants and retinal phenotypes were analyzed. RESULTS. AMD grade was associated with peripheral drusen and reticular pigment (odds ratio [OR] 1.9 for advanced AMD; P < 0.001). Both peripheral retinal phenotypes were associated with AMD related genotypes. For CFHY402H, the OR was 2.8 for the CC genotype versus TT (P for trend < 0.001, with increase in peripheral drusen with each additional risk [C] allele). Similar results were seen for CFHrsl410996. Reticular pigment was related to CFHY402H, with OR 2.0 for the CC genotype versus TT (P for trend < 0.001, for increase in pigment with each risk allele) and to CFHrs1410996 (P for trend = 0.006). These findings were not seen for the LOC387715 A69S gene region, CFB, C2, or C3. Among individuals with no or minimal maculopathy, CFH variants were associated with more than a twofold increased risk of drusen and reticular pigment. CONCLUSIONS. Peripheral retinal drusen and reticular pigment are associated with AMD and with CFHY402H and CFHrsl410996 genotypes, adjusting for AMD grade. These phenotypes may be a marker of genetic susceptibility for patients with or without AMD.
Interaction of satiety and reward response to food stimulation

Obesity is among the most pressing health issues affecting developed countries. The etiology of obesity remains unclear despite its associated health risks. We propose a framework for obesity modeled upon overeating as a substance dependence disorder arising from a combination of abnormal cognitive and neuroendocrine processes. While significant work in both of these fields has investigated the body's regulation of satiety signals, fewer studies have focused upon the mechanisms by which these two seemingly disparate systems interact. Although emotional states have been shown to mediate reward processing, the implications for hunger mediating reward have not previously been addressed. We review the interaction between central satiety signals and reward responses to food stimuli and discuss the implications of this research for understanding the causes of obesity.
Time-resolved crossed-beam thermal lens measurement as a nonintrusive probe of flow velocity.

A simple theory is generated for crossed-beam thermal lens and photothermal deflection in flowing sample streams. This theory is used to analyze time-resolved crossed-beam thermal lens data. The result of the regression analysis may be used as a good probe of flow velocity in the 0.2–30-mm/sec range in liquid streams. Faster flow velocity should be measurable in gas streams.
Modification of amygdaloid kindling by diazepam in juvenile rats.

Abstract The amygdaloid kindling phenomenon has been widely used to evaluate and screen potential anticonvulsant compounds in adult rats. In the current study, weanling rats (ages 23–25 days) were implanted chronically with amygdaloid electrodes. They were treated with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), 0.5 mg/kg diazepam or 1.0 mg/kg diazepam before twice daily kindling stimulations to determine the effect of diazepam on the acquisition of the kindled seizure. Additional juvenile rats implanted as weanlings and simulated twice daily without drug pretreatment until fully kindled were used to test for the acute anticonvulsant effects of diazepam (0.25–4.0 mg/kg). Diazepam was demonstrated to have anticonvulsant properties in juvenile rats by both prolonging the time to develop the fully kindled response during acquisition and by reducing the elicited seizure severity and the length of the afterdischarge in the fully kindled juvenile rats. Together, these data point to the extension of the anticonvulsant profile of diazepam to now include juvenile amygdaloid kindling in rats. They further point to the potential ability of screening proposed anticonvulsant drugs for their efficacy against amygdaloid kindling in immature rats.
Bioinspired Carbon Nanotube Fuzzy Fiber Hair Sensor for Air‐Flow Detection

Artificial hair sensors consisting of a piezoresistive carbon-nanotube-coated glass fiber embedded in a microcapillary are assembled and characterized. Individual sensors resemble a hair plug that may be integrated in a wide range of host materials. The sensors demonstrate an air-flow detection threshold of less than 1 m/s with a piezoresistive sensitivity of 1.3% per m/s air-flow change.
Utilizing scanning electron microscopy to observe the initiation and development of slip bands and fracture in a nickel based metallic glass

Abstract To gain a better understanding of the elastic/plastic deformation and fracture of metallic glasses, in situ bending of a nickel based metallic glass ribbon was observed utilizing scanning electron microscopy. The results verified that the formation of slip bands was the first observable indication of plastic deformation. The slip band formation was followed by a veined fracture and a rapid unstable fracture. It was also observed that the rapid fracture was arrested by the formation of box-like hinges in the material. It is believed that the failure of this metallic glass occurred in progressive stages of slip, veined fracture and rapid fracture.
Kink Bands in a Lamellar Diblock Copolymer Induced by Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear

Recent studies have induced a biaxial texture in lamellae-forming poly(styrene-b-ethylene propylene) diblock copolymers by applying large amplitude oscillatory shear. According to small-angle X-ray scattering, this biaxial texture consists of parallel lamellae (normal to lamellae aligned perpendicular to the shearing surfaces) and transverse lamellae (normal to lamellae aligned parallel to the shearing direction). This study determines the arrangement of these two populations of lamellae by using field emission scanning electron microscopy to examine the microstructure and superstructure. The transverse lamellae are separated from the parallel lamellae by sets of parallel wall defects which have two characteristic orientations. This parallel-transverse biaxial morphology shows an astonishing resemblance to that of kink bands. The formation of kink bands suggests that the transverse lamellae could be the result of buckling in the parallel lamellae. Relaxation of the kink band superstructure during quiescent annealing occurs primarily by lamellae tilting, rather than twisting, and produces a variety of defect structures.
What's New about the New Induction?

The problem of underdetermination is thought to hold important lessons for philosophy of science. Yet, as Kyle Stanford has recently argued, typical treatments of it offer only restatements of familiar philosophical problems. Following suggestions in Duhem and Sklar, Stanford calls for a New Induction from the history of science. It will provide proof, he thinks, of “the kind of underdetermination that the history of science reveals to be a distinctive and genuine threat to even our best scientific theories” (Stanford 2001, p. S12). This paper examines Stanford’s New Induction and argues that it – like the other forms of underdetermination that he criticizes – merely recapitulates familiar philosophical conundra.
Effect of different states of alertness on somatosensory and auditory recovery cycles

Abstract By presenting paired stimuli, separated by varying intervals, and plotting the relative amplitudes of the evoked cortical responses, a cycle of recovery may be derived. In conjunction with a photographic averaging system for recording, this procedure was applied to cats. Evoked auditory and somatosensory potentials and recovery functions were examined in different states of alertness, as defined by the EEG. Though each animal showed consistent shifts in evoked potentials with change from the alert to the non-alert state, results were consistent between cats only for the somatosensory modality; both early and late components of somatosensory potentials were reduced with alerting. On the other hand, cortical recovery consistently shifted with alertness between cats and between modalities. With a non-alert EEG, there was greater peak recovery. No further changes with sleep were noted nor did it matter whether the EEG changes were spontaneous or induced by drugs. The auditory modality showed greater fluctuation in level of recovery than did the somatosensory. While mean response amplitudes showed consistent ratios as a function of stimulus separation, individual paired responses showed no correlation of amplitudes. This indicates that mechanisms underlying recovery cycles exert only a “loose” influence through setting of mean response levels. Though measured at the cortex, it was concluded that recovery changes are probably not cortical in origin and reflect generalized changes in excitability of the CNS.
Electron Viscosity and Ultrasonic Attenuation in Noble Metals

Low-temperature absolute ultrasonic attenuations have been observed in silver and copper which are higher than free-electron predictions by a factor of 1.8. Since the real Fermi surfaces of the noble metals are now well enough known to be taken into account, we have formulated expressions for the viscosity tensor of a nonisotropic Bloch electron gas and, in a relaxation-time approximation, deduced detailed formulas for the case of the metals Ag, Au, and Cu, which conform to cubic symmetry. The nondynamical deviations from spherical symmetry do not account for the high observed attenuations, but they do create a marked anisotropy in the viscosity tensor. The electron deformation potential probably contributes significantly.