cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urethral Hypotonicity After Suprasacral Spinal Cord Injury

Established suprasacral spinal cord injuries usually are associated with detrusor hyperreflexia and varying degrees of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. Occasionally, such injuries result in detrusor areflexia or urethral hypotonicity or both. The results of the urodynamic evaluation of 4 patients with suprasacral spinal cord injuries are described. Detrusor areflexia and urethral hypotonicity were demonstrated in 3 cases and urethral smooth muscular hypotonia but preserved reflex detrusor function in 1. It is shown that destruction of the thoracolumbar sympathetic outflow can cause the complete loss of urethral smooth muscular closing function and that resting urethral closure is totally independent of preganglionic cholinergic influences.
Management of exertional heat stroke.

I read with interest the article by Wallace and Steel regarding the management of exertional heat stroke from primary care physicians.1 Without question, improper management and care of an exertional heat stroke (EHS) patient can lead to increased risk of morbidity and mortality, thus necessitating the adoption and implementation of current standards of care for the recognition and management of EHS. …
A Review of Auto-Injector Pen Safety and Preventative Strategies

Reports of auto-injector pen injuries have increased over the past decade. However, the true incidence of these injuries is unknown. We present the case of an accidental digital self-injection by a dermatologist whilst he was trying to administer the medication to a patient presenting with anaphylaxis as an example of a typical auto-injector injury. Additionally, we discuss safety issues, commonly reported injuries of accidental self-injection, and review the safety guidelines for use of a common auto-injector pen. Finally, we explore common barriers to proper auto-injector handling and suggested preventative strategies in order to decrease injuries caused by auto-injectors.
Variable Magnitude and Frequency Financial Reinforcement is Effective at Increasing Adults’ Free-Living Physical Activity

Financial rewards can increase health behaviors, but little research has quantified the effects of different reinforcement schedules on this process. This analysis compares the average moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) associated with six distinct positive reinforcement schedules implemented within a physical activity promotion clinical trial. In this trial, participants (N = 512) wore an accelerometer for 1 year and were prescribed one of two types of MVPA goals: a static 30-min goal or an adaptive goal based on the MVPA produced over the previous 9 days. As participants met goals, they transitioned through a sequence of reinforcement stages, beginning with a continuous-fixed magnitude (CRF-FM), then CRF-variable magnitude (CRF-VM), followed by a series of variable ratio-VM (VR-VM) schedules. The average accumulation of MVPA bouts over the last 24 days of each stage was compared to each other. Average MVPA during stage transitions was also examined. The results indicated that immediate reinforcement resulted in more MVPA relative to a comparison group and that the relative effectiveness of adaptive versus static goals was dependent on the magnitude of daily MVPA goals. Schedule effects were qualitatively different for individuals who frequently met their daily goals (Large Intervention Effect subgroup) versus those who did not (Small Intervention Effect subgroup). For the Large Intervention Effect group, the CRF-VM schedule produced the most MVPA, in particular within the adaptive goal condition, with increases observed immediately upon encountering this schedule. In contrast, the CRF-FM schedule produced small amounts of MVPA. This pattern was reversed for the Small Intervention Effect subgroup, where the most MVPA was associated with the CRF-FM stage. Future interventions should focus on discriminating small versus large intervention effects as quickly as possible so that the optimal reinforcement schedule can be used.
Close to the Truth

We often think or say that someone was wrong about something but almost right about it or close to the truth. This can mean more than one thing. Here, I propose an analysis of the idea of being epistemically close to the truth. This idea plays an important role in our practice of epistemic evaluation and therefore deserves some detailed attention. I start (section1) with an exposition of the idea of getting things right by looking at the main forms of reliabilism about true belief and belief acquisition. The focus on reliabilism is justified because (almost) everyone is a reliabilist in a basic sense. Section 2 develops a notion of closeness to the truth in two steps. Section 3 mentions some ways in which this notion is useful, one having to do with the Gettier problem.
Disparities in Opioid Use Disorder Treatment Admissions in the United States

**Objectives:** The Cincinnati region has been at the epicenter of the nation’s unfolding opioid epidemic. The objectives of this study were twofold: (1) to compare the Cincinnati region to the United States in length of time to obtain treatment and planned medication-assisted therapy for the treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD); and (2) to assess racial disparities within the Cincinnati region in wait time and type of treatment. **Methods:** The 2017 Treatment Episode Data Set: Admissions (TEDS-A) from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) was used to identify a cohort of eligible individuals with a primary substance use of opioids, including opioid derivatives. Logistic regression models were performed to assess the differences for treatment wait time and type of planned treatment. Model covariates included patient demographics and socioeconomic characteristics. Three different models were performed to assess the influence of covariates of the outcomes. **Results:** There were 678 766 US and 3298 Cincinnati region individuals admitted for OUD treatment in 2017. The rate per 1000 for treatment admissions was 2.08 and 1.51 (P value < 0.0001) for the United States and Cincinnati, respectively. The fully saturated regression results found that the odds of Cincinnati individuals receiving planned medication-assisted therapy were 0.497 (95% CI, 0.451–0.546; P value < 0.001). The odds of waiting longer for treatment in Cincinnati were higher than in the United States as a whole: 2.33 (95% CI, 2.19–2.48; P value < 0.001). In Cincinnati, there were 3102 Caucasian, 123 African American, and 73 Other admissions. The fully saturated model results found that Caucasians and Other had an increased likelihood of receiving planned medication-assisted therapy (OR 1.89, P value 0.039; OR 7.07, P value 0.002, respectively) compared to African Americans. Within Cincinnati, there was not a statistically significant difference in the likelihood of waiting time to receive treatment by race. **Conclusion:** Individuals seeking treatment for OUD in Cincinnati were less likely to receive planned medication-assisted therapy and were more likely to wait longer than individuals in the United States as a whole. These results suggest that the demand for treatment is greater than the supply in Cincinnati. Within Cincinnati, there does not appear to be a racial disparity in treatment type or length of time to receive treatment for OUD.
Generation IV nuclear reactors

Abstract The Generation IV International Forum (GIF) was initiated by the US Department of Energy in 2000 and formally chartered in mid-2001. It is an international collective representing governments of 14 countries where nuclear energy is significant now and also seen as vital for the future. Most are committed to joint development of the next generation of nuclear technology. The original charter members of GIF are Argentina, Brazil, Canada, France, Japan, South Korea, South Africa, the UK, and the USA. They have been joined by Switzerland, the EU (Euratom), China, Russia, and Australia. The purpose of GIF is to share Research and Development (RD accordingly, within GIF, these four are designated as “inactive members.” Russia formalized its accession to the Framework Agreement in August 2009 as its tenth member, with Rosatom as implementing agent. In 2011 the 13 members decided to modify and extend the GIF charter indefinitely. (Australia joined as the 14th GIF member in June 2016.) In February 2015 the Framework Agreement was extended for ten years, with Rosatom signing for the extension in June, and Euratom in November 2016. In 2005 the technical secretariat transferred to the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), alongside that of Multinational Design Evaluation Program (MDEP) and from mid-2015 also the International Framework for Nuclear Energy Cooperation (IFNEC) The NEA in Paris provides the technical secretariat to support the system steering committees, project management boards, modeling working groups, and task forces for GIF.
Efficacy of low dose and short duration defibrotide prophylaxis for hepatic veno-occlusive disease after autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) is a serious systemic endothelial complication after stem cell transplantation. Defibrotide is under investigation as a prophylactic agent for VOD; however, high costs limit its utility. We evaluated the prophylactic efficacy of a low-dose defibrotide regimen for VOD. We retrospectively enrolled 147 paediatric patients who underwent autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT; 69 with defibrotide prophylaxis and 78 historical controls) at the Yonsei Cancer Center in Seoul, Korea, between March 2013 and Feb 2020. Low-dose defibrotide (12.5 mg/kg/day) was administered from D−3 to D+10 after HSCT. The most common diagnosis in the cohort was brain tumour (N = 86). VOD developed in 10 (12.8%) and 3 (4.3%) patients in the control and prophylaxis groups, respectively (P = 0.071). In the second HSCT group, VOD incidence was significantly lower in the prophylaxis group [2.9% (1/35)] than in the control group (28.6%, 6/21, P = 0.005). VOD severity was significantly higher in the control group than in the prophylaxis group (P = 0.006). Three VOD-related mortalities occurred in the control group, whereas no VOD-related mortality occurred in the prophylaxis group. In conclusion, low-dose defibrotide prophylaxis is a promising and economical strategy for preventing VOD, especially in second-round HSCT.
Contemporary treatment of keloids: A 10-year institutional experience with medical management, surgical excision, and radiation therapy.

Abstract Introduction We evaluate a single center’s, decade-long experience utilizing 3 approaches to keloid treatment: corticosteroid medical management (MM), surgical excision (SE), and surgical excision + radiation therapy (SE + RT). Study design Patients undergoing keloid treatment were identified (2008–2017). Outcomes were symptomatology/cosmesis for MM, and recurrence and complications for SE and SE + RT. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with recurrence and complications. Results 284 keloids (95 MM, 94 SE, 95 S E + RT) corresponded to patients with a median age of 39.1 (IQR: 26.1–53), 68.1% Black, and followed-up for 15.4 months (IQR: 5.6–30.7). For MM, 84.6% and 72.5% reported improvement in cosmesis and symptoms, respectively. SE and SE + RT recurrence were 37.2 and 37.9%, respectively. In adjusted analyses, higher radiation doses were associated with decreased recurrence whereas male gender (OR 3.3) and postoperative steroids (OR 9.5) were associated with increased recurrence (p Conclusions MM resulted in at least some improvement. Recurrence rates after SE and SE + RT were similar. Female sex is protective, race does not affect outcomes.
Differences in seasonal distribution of wild and stocked juvenile lake trout by depth and temperature in Lake Champlain

Abstract Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) reared in hatcheries are exposed to an environment and feeding regime that is different from wild lake trout, and are stocked at substantially larger sizes with higher lipid reserves. In addition to differences in diet and growth, this early experience may alter habitat use compared to the wild cohort. We used seasonal data on the depth and temperature distribution of wild and stocked juvenile lake trout to test for differences in habitat use and inform sampling strategies to evaluate annual recruitment. Bottom trawling was conducted from 2015 to 2019 in the central basin of Lake Champlain every two to four weeks during the ice-free season. Differences in distribution of wild and stocked lake trout were most pronounced during thermal stratification, when wild juveniles were more abundant than stocked juveniles at shallower depths and warmer temperatures and stocked juveniles were more abundant at deeper depths and colder temperatures. Temperature preferences may be a consequence of different early rearing environments; wild lake trout are acclimated to lake temperatures and forage, whereas stocked fish entered the lake with high lipid content and little foraging experience. Unbiased assessment of the proportion of wild lake trout and growth and survival of the entire juvenile lake trout population using bottom trawl sampling should either take place in the pre- and post-stratification seasons when wild and stocked fish are at the same depths, or include the full range of depths and temperatures that wild and stocked fish occupy during the stratified period.
Seismic illumination of small-throw seismogenic faults, Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma

AbstractSubstantial increase in the occurrence of injection-induced seismicity across Central and Eastern United States in the past decade, has highlighted a need for novel approaches to geophysica...
Understanding Epidermal Necrolysis after the Initial Hospitalization.

In-hospital mortality for epidermal necrolysis (EN) has been well-characterized, but less is known about the long-term complications. Marxer et al. (2020) report mortality rates of 7.4% during the initial hospitalization, 4.8% within 90 days, and 7.6% after 91 days. Compared with that of matched controls, long-term mortality was not increased, highlighting the importance of understanding the long-term sequelae of EN survivors.
Responses to chemical cross-talk between the Mycobacterium ulcerans toxin, mycolactone, and Staphylococcus aureus

Buruli ulcer is a neglected tropical disease caused by the environmental pathogen, Mycobacterium ulcerans whose major virulence factor is mycolactone, a lipid cytotoxic molecule. Buruli ulcer has high morbidity, particularly in rural West Africa where the disease is endemic. Data have shown that infected lesions of Buruli ulcer patients can be colonized by quorum sensing bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but without typical pathology associated with those pathogens' colonization. M. ulcerans pathogenesis may not only be an individual act but may also be dependent on synergistic or antagonistic mechanisms within a polymicrobial network. Furthermore, co-colonization by these pathogens may promote delayed wound healing, especially after the initiation of antibiotic therapy. Hence, it is important to understand the interaction of M. ulcerans with other bacteria encountered during skin infection. We added mycolactone to S. aureus and incubated for 3, 6 and 24 h. At each timepoint, S. aureus growth and hemolytic activity was measured, and RNA was isolated to measure virulence gene expression through qPCR and RNASeq analyses. Results showed that mycolactone reduced S. aureus hemolytic activity, suppressed hla promoter activity, and attenuated virulence genes, but did not affect S. aureus growth. RNASeq data showed mycolactone greatly impacted S. aureus metabolism. These data are relevant and significant as mycolactone and S. aureus sensing and response at the transcriptional, translational and regulation levels will provide insight into biological mechanisms of interspecific interactions that may play a role in regulation of responses such as effects between M. ulcerans, mycolactone, and S. aureus virulence that will be useful for treatment and prevention.
Repulsion-based p-dispersion with distance constraints in non-convex polygons

Motivated by the question of optimal facility placement, the classical p-dispersion problem seeks to place a fixed number of equally sized non-overlapping circles of maximal possible radius into a subset of the plane. While exact solutions to this problem may be found for placement into particular sets, the problem is provably NP-complete for general sets, and existing work is largely restricted to geometrically simple sets. This paper makes two contributions to the theory of p-dispersion. First, we propose a computationally feasible suboptimal approach to the p-dispersion problem for all non-convex polygons. The proposed method, motivated by the mechanics of the p-body problem, considers circle centers as continuously moving objects in the plane and assigns repulsive forces between different circles, as well as circles and polygon boundaries, with magnitudes inversely proportional to the corresponding distances. Additionally, following the motivating application of optimal facility placement, we consider existence of additional hard upper or lower distance bounds on pairs of circle centers, and adapt the proposed method to provide a p-dispersion solution that provably respects such constraints. We validate our proposed method by comparing it with previous exact and approximate methods for p-dispersion. The method quickly produces near-optimal results for a number of containers.
Water Vapor, Aqueous Ethyl Alcohol, and Heat Activation of Bacillus megaterium Spore Germination

Dormant spores of Bacillus megaterium were activated for germination on glucose by heating them in aqueous suspension (but not if heated dry), by treating them with aqueous ethyl alcohol at 30 C, or by exposing them to water vapor at room temperature. The degree of water vapor activation depended upon the relative humidity, the time, and the temperature of exposure. Activation increased the extent and rate of glucose-induced germination and decreased the average microlag. Extended water vapor treatment also activated spores for germination induced by KI and by l-alanine. Spores activated by any of the three treatments were deactivated by treatment at 66 C, either for 18 hr in 100% ethyl alcohol or for 40 hr over P 2 O 5 . Deactivated spores were reactivated by heat, by 5 m ethyl alcohol, or by water vapor. It is postulated that heating and ethyl alcohol may change the structure of liquid water, so that it is more like water vapor and can more readily penetrate to and hydrate a critical (enzymatic?) spore site, leading to activation.
The case for fine-grained traffic engineering in data centers

In recent years, several techniques have been suggested for routing and traffic engineering in data centers. However, not much is known about how these techniques per-formrelative to each other under realistic data center traffic patterns. Our preliminary study reveals that existing techniques can only achieve 80% to 85% of the ideal solution in terms of the number of bytes delivered. We find that these techniques suffer due to their inability to utilize global knowledge of the properties of traffic flows and their inability to make coordinated decision for scheduling flows at fine time-scales. Even recent traffic engineering techniques such as COPE fail in data centers despite their proven ability to adapt to dynamic variations, because they are designed to operate at longer time scales (on the order of hours, at least). In contrast, data centers, due to the bursty nature inherent to their traffic, require adaptation at much finer times scales. To this end, we define a set of requirements that a data center-oriented traffic engineering technique must possess in order to successfully mitigate congestion. In this paper, we present the design for a strawman framework that fulfills these requirements.
Children in Lesbian and Gay Families: Theories and Evidence

(1994). Children in Lesbian and Gay Families: Theories and Evidence. Annual Review of Sex Research: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 73-100.
A Comparison of Health between Upland and Coastal Late Prehistoric Agriculturists from the Southeast USA

During the late prehistoric period (ad 1250–1550) in the southeast USA, when native populations transitioned to living in permanent, nucleated settlements practicing maize agriculture, most experienced a decline in health. However, some research shows that not all groups experienced the decline in the same way as there were regional differences in dental caries and iron deficiency anaemia frequencies and patterns of physical activity. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine if regional differences in health also existed between late prehistoric upland and coastal inhabitants from one part of the southeastern USA. Pathological lesion frequencies were calculated for 441 individuals from 23 upland archaeological sites and compared with previously published data for 340 individuals from 11 coastal sites. Significant differences in lesion frequencies were observed between upland and coastal groups. For example, upland adult men have more carious teeth among the maxillary first incisors, maxillary second molars, mandibular canines, and mandibular second molars. For women, greater caries frequencies are found among the maxillary first and third molars, mandibular first incisors, and mandibular third premolars. Upland children show higher percentages of caries for 14 tooth classes. Coastal juveniles have a greater frequency of porotic hyperostosis, and more of them exhibit an enamel hypoplasia. Periosteal lesion frequency is greater for the coastal group at the humerus, radius, femur, and tibia. Lesions indicative of degenerative joint disease are more often found on the thoracic spinal segment, sacrum and shoulder of upland men with upland women having more lesions at the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal segments, the sacrum, and the shoulder. Taken together, these results show that adults from the upland region consumed more maize and lived a more physically demanding life while coastal adults struggled more with infection. Among children, more coastal inhabitants were anaemic and more of the experienced significant growth disturbances. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of Apolipoprotein E mRNA in the Epithelium and Interstitium of the Testis and the Epididymis

Apolipoprotein E (apo E) is an important constituent of plasma lipoproteins and is believed to be involved in the regulation of lipid transport and distribution between tissues. The production of this apolipoprotein in extra-hepatic tissues such as the testis and epididymis could facilitate specific local functions. Apo E mRNA was detected in testis, epididymis, seminal vesicles, and prostate. In the epididymis, apo E was detected using in situ hybridization in epithelial cells and in some cells in the interstitium throughout the organ (i.e., caput, corpus, and cauda). Northern blot analysis showed that apo E mRNA is present in Sertoli cells and germ cells, but not peritubular myoid cells. Interstitial cells of the testis displayed the most intense signal for apo E message using in situ hybridization. Messenger RNA for apo E was also detected in the interstitium of rat testes at 3 and 6 days after animals were treated with ethylene dimethanesulfonate (EDS) to eliminate Leydig cells. Thus, in addition to Leydig cells, other cell types within the interstitium are capable of producing apo E message. Levels of testicular apo E mRNA increased between 30 and 60 days pc during which the germ cell population is increasing. As determined by northern blot analysis of RNA from stage synchronized testes, the levels of apo E mRNA fluctuate in relation to the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. The cells responsible for this stage-specific variation in message could not be identified by in situ hybridization. Apolipoprotein Al (apo Al) mRNA was also found to be expressed in the epididymis but not in the testis of adult rats. The role of apolipoproteins in spermatogenesis and sperm maturation has not been elucidated. The results of this study demonstrate the specific tissues and cells types which play a role in the production and possible regulation of apo E mRNA in the male reproductive tract. These data will help in the elucidation of the function of apo E in spermatogenesis and sperm maturation.
Proteoglycan synthesis in human erythroleukaemia (HEL) cells.

Abstract Synthesis of sulphated proteoglycans was compared in human erythroleukaemia (HEL) cells grown under control conditions and under stimulation by dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Synthesis of [35S]sulphate-labelled proteoglycans by DMSO-treated cells was decreased by about 35% relative to controls, but synthesis of proteoglycans by PMA-treated cells increased 3-4-fold. Control and DMSO-treated cells secreted 65% of the newly synthesized proteoglycans, but PMA-treated cells secreted more than 90%. Sepharose CL-6B chromatography and SDS/PAGE suggested the presence of several proteoglycans in the cells and culture medium. The PMA-treated cells synthesized a low-Mr proteoglycan (Kav. 0.3( that was not present in controls and DMSO-treated cultures. The proteoglycans of the cells and medium from control, DMSO-treated and PMA-treated cultures could be separated into three fractions by octyl-Sepharose chromatography. The proteoglycans were resistant to trypsin but were degraded by Pronase and papain to fragments similar in size to the NaOH/NaBH4-generated glycosaminoglycans. The average chain length of the glycosaminoglycans (Kav. 0.20 on Sepharose CL-6B for controls) was decreased by DMSO (Kav. 0.25) and by PMA (Kav. 0.30-0.38). Chondroitin ABC lyase digestion of the proteoglycans from the medium of the control cultures produced two core proteins at Mr 31,000 and 36,000. The DMSO medium proteoglycans had only the 31,000-Mr core protein, and the PMA culture medium proteoglycans had core proteins of Mr 27,000, 31,000 and 36,000. Changes in synthesis of proteoglycans induced by DMSO or PMA may have relevance for the maturation of haematopoietic cells.
Slow Wave Potentials — a Propagating Electrical Signal Unique to Higher Plants

Plants have at least three kinds of propagating electrical signals. In addition to a sustained wound potential (WP) that stops a few millimeters from dying cells, these signals are action potentials (APs) and slow wave potentials (SWPs). All three signals consist of a transient change in the membrane potential of plant cells (depolarization and subsequent repolarization), but only SWPs and APs make use of the vascular bundles to achieve a potentially systemic spread through the entire plant. The principal difference used to differentiate SWPs from APs is that SWPs show longer, delayed repolarizations. Unfortunately, SWP repolarizations also show a large range of variation that makes a distinction difficult. SWPs and APs do differ more clearly, however, in the causal factors stimulating their appearance, the ionic mechanisms of their depolarization and repolarization phases as well as the mechanisms and pathways of propagation. The depolarizations of a SWP arise with an increase in turgor pressure cells experience in the wake of a hydraulic pressure wave that spreads through the xylem conduits after rain, embolism, bending, local wounds, organ excision and local burning. The generation of APs occurs under different environmental and internal influences (e.g. touch, light changes, cold treatment, cell expansion) that — mediated through varying generator potentials — trigger a voltage-dependent depolarization spike in an all-or-nothing manner. While APs and WPs can be triggered in excised organs, SWPs depend on the pressure difference between the atmosphere and an intact plant interior. High humidity and prolonged darkness will also suppress SWP signaling. The ionic mechanism of the SWP is thought to involve a transient shutdown of a P-type H+-ATPase in the plasma membrane and differs from the mechanism underlying APs. Another defining characteristic of SWPs is the hydraulic mode of propagation that enables them — but not APs — to pass through killed or poisoned areas. Unlike APs they can easily communicate between leaf and stem. SWPs can move in both directions of the plant axis, while their amplitudes show a decrement of about 2.5% cm−1 and move with speeds that can be slower than APs in darkness and faster in bright light. The SWPs move with a rapid pressure increase that establishes an axial pressure gradient in the xylem. This gradient translates distance (perhaps via changing kinetics in the rise of turgor pressure) into increasing lag phases for the pressure-induced depolarizations in the epidermis cells. Haberlandt (1890), after studying propagating responses in Mimosa pudica, suggested the existence of hydraulically propagated electric potentials at a time when only APs were conceivable. It took a century to realize that such signals do exist and that they coincide with the characteristics of SWPs rather than those of APs. Moreover, we begin to understand that SWPs are not only ubiquitous among higher plants but represent a unique, defining characteristic without parallels in lower plants or animals.
Using ordination and clustering techniques to assess multimetric fish health response following a coal ash spill

The effect of coal ash exposure on fish health in freshwater communities is largely unknown. Given the large number of possible pathways of effects (e.g., toxicological effect of exposure to multiple metals, physical effects from ash exposure, and food web effects), measurement of only a few health metrics is not likely to give a complete picture. The authors measured a suite of 20 health metrics from 1100+ fish collected from 5 sites (3 affected and 2 reference) near a coal ash spill in east Tennessee over a 4.5-yr period. The metrics represented a wide range of physiological and energetic responses and were evaluated simultaneously using 2 multivariate techniques. Results from both hierarchical clustering and canonical discriminant analyses suggested that for most species × season combinations, the suite of fish health indicators varied more among years than between spill and reference sites within a year. In a few cases, spill sites from early years in the investigation stood alone or clustered together separate from reference sites and later year spill sites. Outlier groups of fish with relatively unique health profiles were most often from spill sites, suggesting that some response to the ash exposure may have occurred. Results from the 2 multivariate methods suggest that any change in the health status of fish at the spill sites was small and appears to have diminished since the first 2 to 3 yr after the spill. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:1903–1913. Published 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Steroid therapy in acute pancreatitis.

Acute pancreatitis, on the basis of prognosis, falls into benign and malignant types. Cortisone and its analogs have been shown to be life-saving in the “malignant” type. Its usefulness in the severe forms of the benign disease remains to be evaluated. Many conditioning factors may be responsible for the failure of cortisone in some cases, but until a more accurate estimate of appropriate dosages is available, this agent cannot be fully evaluated. The surgeon may now more confidently explore the abdomen in abdominal catastrophes of unknown etiology with the knowledge that he has in cortisone a potent hormone to provide nonspecific support against the trauma of surgery.
Magnetoresistance of Co-EuS, a macroscopic ferrimagnet

Macroscopic ferrimagnets are materials consisting of two magnetic phases with a negative magnetic exchange at the phase boundary. A prototypical example is the Co-EuS system which consists of {approx}10 nm particles of EuS in a matrix of metallic cobalt. The EuS is exchange coupled antiferromagnetically to the cobalt at least at the Co/EuS interface. Because of the small size of the EuS particles, a large fraction of the EuS is in close proximity to the interface and thus influenced by the strong Co/EuS exchange. These materials have been shown to have unusual magnetic and magneto-optical properties including magnetic compensation points depending on the mole fraction of EuS. Magnetization and Kerr hysteresis loops have confirmed the macroscopic ferrimagnetic model for these systems. The Co/EuS exchange in these systems is sufficiently weak that it can be overcome at high fields of order 2 T leading to alignment of the Co and EuS moments with the applied field. This magnetic transition is well above the coercive field and technical saturation of the film. In the same field range they observe a large negative magnetoresistance. They believe this effect is related to the giant negative magnetoresistance observed in granular solids consisting of magnetic precipitatesmore » in a conductive nonmagnetic matrix. The Co-EuS system differs in that both the conductive matrix and the particles are magnetic.« less
Molecular Genetic Characterization of a Cluster in A. terreus for Biosynthesis of the Meroterpenoid Terretonin

Meroterpenoids are natural products produced from polyketide and terpenoid precursors. A gene targeting system for A. terreus NIH2624 was developed, and a gene cluster for terretonin biosynthesis was characterized. The intermediates and shunt products were isolated from the mutant strains, and a pathway for terretonin biosynthesis is proposed. Analysis of two meroterpenoid pathways corresponding to terretonin in A. terreus and austinol in A. nidulans reveals that they are closely related evolutionarily.
Noise performance of RTD-gated plasma-wave HEMT THz detectors

In this paper, we study the noise performance of RTD-gated plasma-wave HEMT THz detectors. It is shown that noise in these devices is dominated by gate tunneling shot noise, and that a smaller effective electron mass promises much improved noise performance by boosting the responsivity while slightly decreasing the noise spectral density (NSD). This implies that it is desirable to realize RTD-gated plasma-wave HEMT THz detectors in material systems with low effective mass.
Influence of Suspended Particulates on the Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Serotype H-14 Against Mosquito Larvae

The efficacy of spore-crystal formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner serotype H-14 (var. israelensis de Barjac) decreased against mosquito larvae when in aqueous environments containing a concentration of soil or clay particles ≥ 0.5 mg/ml. Fresh whole-culture B. thuringiensis var. israelensis was similarly affected by the soil and clay particles. Sand grains did not have a strong effect on efficacy except when finely ground into particles of 147 μ or less. Settling out of the particulates before the addition of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis did reduce their suppressive effect on the bacterium.
A large-volume proportional counter

Abstract A large-volume, atmospheric-pressure proportional counter was constructed to detect 20 keV photons.
Deletion mapping of the t complex of chromosome 17 of the mouse

THE dominant T mutation in the t complex on chromosome 17 of the mouse causes a shortening of the tail in heterozygotes and embryonic lethality in homozygotes1. Recessive t alleles are defined by their interaction with T to cause tail-lessness in double heterozygotes (T/t) and are often associated with three other properties: (1) homozygous lethality at several different embryonic stages, (2) effects on male reproduction including sterility and transmission ratio distortion, and (3) crossover suppression2,3. Although the multiplicity of these effects suggests that several genes are involved, crossover suppression has made classical genetic analysis of the region difficult. As T/t animals are viable, the lethal factors associated with recessive t homozygosity cannot be allelic to those associated with T homozygosity. Lyon et al. studied exceptional crossovers and found evidence that the homozygous lethality of t alleles and their property of interacting with T to cause tail-lessness were specified at different genetic loci4,5. We have studied a presumed deletion, Torl in crosses with recessive t alleles as well as with alleles at closely linked loci to map further the multiple effects associated with the t complex. We report here that factors associated with t lethality are distal to the Torl deletion and separable from those responsible for at least one kind ot t allele-associated male sterility apparently included in the deletion.
The transcriptase complex of the paramyxovirus SV5

Abstract Structures with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (transcriptase) activity have been isolated from SV5 virions and from infected cells. Transcriptase activity was greater in the presence of Mn 2+ than Mg 2+ ions and was stimulated more than twofold by the polyamines spermidine and spermine. The RNA synthesized by detergent-disrupted virions was virus specific; all of the product hybridized to virion RNA. This RNA synthesized in vitro had a sedimentation coefficient of ∼16–18 S in sodium dodecyl sulfate-sucrose and denaturing (dimethyl sulfoxide-sucrose) gradients. In saturation hybridization experiments using radioactive genome RNA, the in vitro RNA product protected approximately 17% of the genome RNA. This finding, the sedimentation behavior of the product, and its complexity as determined by T1 ribonuclease finger-printing are all consistent with the synthesis in vitro of a species of RNA complementary to about one-sixth of the SV5 genome, a size which would be compatible with one mRNA species. Analysis of the polypeptide composition of transcriptase complexes isolated from disrupted virions and from infected cells by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis revealed that the complexes from both sources contained the nucleocapsid polypeptide (NP), a polypeptide with an estimated molecular weight of ∼46,000 (5), and a small amount of a high molecular weight protein (L).
Numerical simulation of segmented penetrator impact

Abstract The performance of segmented and continuous penetrators impacting semi-infinite and spaced armor is studied using both the EPIC-2 and HULL hydrocodes. First the performance of a segmented rod is studied, striking semi-infinite armor, for various parameters such as striking velocity, segment spacing and number of segments. Then an actual penetrator configuration proposed by A. Charters is analyzed and the use of normalized penetration is discussed. Finally three-dimensional simulations are presented for segmented and continuous penetrators impacting oblique spaced armor varying such parameters as striking velocity, segment spacing, number of segments, and target thickness.
Cracking behavior of xerogel silica films on silicon substrates

An analysis of the cracking behavior of sol–gel derived silica, “xerogel,” films on silicon substrates is presented. At the onset of film cracking, xerogel films on 〈100〉 Si substrates show a crosshatched crack pattern, while such films on 〈111〉 Si substrates show a random pattern. This is explained by the fact that for an isotropic film the critical film thickness for cracking decreases for increasing substrate compliance. For a 〈100〉 Si wafer, the directions of highest compliance in the plane of the wafer are in the 〈100〉 directions, which lead to cracks in the film parallel to them. A 〈111〉 Si substrate is isotropic in the plane of the wafer and, hence, there is no preferred direction for film cracking. A random pattern is the result.
Case 5-1988: A 34-Year-Old Man with a Destructive Sacral Lesion and a Left Gluteal Mass

Presentation of Case A 34-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of a painful left sacral and gluteal mass. There was a long history of low-back pain that was aggravated by lifting. X-ra...
Potential influence of body weight on the clearance of polymorphically acetylated drugs.

: The acetylation clearance of sulfamethazine was found to be significantly dependent upon body weight in both intermediate and rapid acetylators. The correlation beween acetylation clearance and body weight was stronger in the rapid acetylator. It is recommended that weight-corrected acetylation clearance values be used when constructing distribution histograms for phenotyping purposes. Within a phenotypic mode, body weight may be useful in providing initial estimates of dosing needs.
Exact current density solutions for spherical field coils

Efficient and high performance magnetic field gradient and active shim coils have always been desirable in today's molecular imaging applications using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Various MR techniques, such as high spatial resolution single shot echo-planar imaging (EPI), MR diffusion imaging and MR microscopy as well as cardiac imaging, do require efficient and high performance coils in order to be feasible for imaging small animals. Exact solutions for current density on a spherical surface were explored for generating various orders of field harmonics within a spherical volume. Such compact expressions can be very useful for further coil optimization. After carrying through tedious mathematical expansions and algebraic reductions, exact surface current solutions for spherical field coils have been obtained for various zonal orders and validated. In the paper, the current density on a spherical surface is expanded in associated Legendre polynomial series of order 1, the resulting vector potential of magnetic field was evaluated, and the analytical expressions for both magnetic field and stored magnetic energy were obtained. Then, the continuous current density expressions for various orders of harmonics were identified analytically. Applying the stream function technique, the discrete current wire model can be generated from that of the continuous. The analytical predictions were in an excellent agreement with numerical results. These exact analytical solutions offer a useful mathematical relationship for future magnetic field coil design involving spherical geometry.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evaluation of a Microcatheter–Arterial Port System for Intraarterial Therapy in an Animal Model

A new microcatheter–arterial port system for transarterial regional therapy was evaluated in a swine model. Subclavian or femoral access was followed by superselective catheterization of target arteries (hepatic, n = 6; splenic, n = 3). A hemostatic sleeve was placed at the arterial puncture site. Implantation into the target vessel succeeded in all nine placements (100%). After animal movement, no microcatheter tip moved by more than 10 mm. A small hematoma developed at one of the subclavian insertion sites. This system holds promise for transarterial therapies for regional cancer therapy.
Kinship care: Two case management models

Children in the care and custody of the state are increasingly placed with “kin” rather than in “unrelated” foster homes. Current estimates suggest that 400,000 children are in kinship care arrangements, with a projected increase to over a half million by 1995 (Center for the Study of Social Policy, 1990). This article provides an overview of the trend toward increasing use of kinship care for foster children and the reasons for this development. It then presents the case management models currently used in kinship care cases by two large public child welfare agencies, and it concludes with discussion of these models and their implications.
Tailoring of a photoactive compound for non-chemically amplified 248-nm resist formulations

Several approaches toward the design of non-chemically amplified deep UV resists have been reported using different photoactive compounds and resins. 1 Diazo-dione chromophores are particularly attractive for this application 2 , but the keto-ketenes derived from their photolysis are more reactive than those derived from the analogous diazonaphthoquinones 3 . Specifically, the 3-diazo-4-ketocoumarin chromophore has been identified as a promising candidate around which to design a non-chemically amplified 248nm resist 4 . In order to optimize the design of this system, the influence of both electronic and steric influences on the rate of reaction of the ketene with novolac resin has been studied. These experiments were carried out using a low temperature matrix isolation FT-IR technique similar to that previously reported 3 . The reaction of the ketene with the resin hydroxyl group follows pseudo first order kinetics and the rate constant is dependent on the substituents and the substitution pattern on the coumarin.
Epilogue: From Introspections, Brain Scans, and Memory Tests to the Role of Social Context: Advancing Research On Interaction and Learning

The goal of this epilogue is to use the methodological contributions of the studies presented in this special issue as a starting point for suggestions about methodology in conducting future interaction research. As is the case in most developing fields, interaction research develops methods internally as it continually borrows and extends techniques used in other disciplines and revitalizes older techniques by adding new or different angles unique to interaction. Interaction researchers have also begun to forge relationships in new areas (e.g., by working with psychologists and developing working memory [WM] tests). This sort of cooperation is an important step in the drive to uncover more information about the relationship between interaction and learning. As several contributors to this special issue have noted, the most recent advances in methodology have been driven by questions about how interaction works (as opposed to whether it works). In turn, some of the methodological innovations discussed here will also ultimately allow new questions to be asked. Indeed, the relationship between questions (i.e., suggestions about what needs to be investigated next) and methods (i.e., plans for how to carry out such investigations) is particularly close in interaction research, which is a relatively new but vibrant and quickly developing area. Consequently, this epilogue considers both methods and questions conjointly, beginning with a discussion of methodological issues in the most recent theorizing about the interaction hypothesis.
Gelation of Amphiphilic Lipopolymers at the Air−Water Interface: 2D Analogue to 3D Gelation of Colloidal Systems with Grafted Polymer Chains?

Amphiphilic lipopolymers are known to form 2D thermoreversible gels at the air−water interface. Recently, we have reported surface rheology and film balance experiments on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) lipopolymers of different molecular weights, which indicated that a sufficient cross-sectional area mismatch between polymer and lipid moieties is necessary to form stable 2D gels (J. Coffman and C. Naumann, Macromolecules 2002, 35, 1835). In the current studies, we have investigated the influence of the hydrophobic anchor on the gelation properties by surface rheology and film balance technique. Experiments on PEG lipopolymers carrying saturated and partially unsaturated alkyl chains and on poly[(2-n-nonyl-2-oxazoline)x-b-(2-methyl- or 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)y] (NxMy or NxEy) diblock copolymers of different block length show that the gel formation is not merely the result of the area mismatch between hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties of the amphiphile (cone shape), but that a sufficient strength of van der W...
The Knowledge Utilization Process in Management and Organization

This article deals with the knowledge utilization process in management and organization and relates the concepts of knowledge flow to management education and development. Primary attention is giv...