cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substrate Specificity with Palladium-on-Silica Get Catalysts

Hydrogenation studies using palladium deposited upon silica gels prepared in the presence of various alkaloids indicate substrate selectivity. The selectivity appears analogous to that observed with enzymes (biocatalysts).
Personalization is not a panacea: balancing serendipity and personalization in medical news content delivery

Personalization is viewed as a potential solution to the "information overload" problem. In contrast, serendipity is a natural part of human information seeking process that can lead to unexpected and useful discoveries. It appears both serendipity and personalization are important. However, it remains unclear how these modes of interaction impact content retrieval and consumption. To empirically analyze the influence of personalization and serendipity on information retrieval, a medical news information system named MedSIFTER was developed. The system can personalize the presentation of news articles based on users' interest profiles. Using a control variable, built into the system, MeSIFTER's personalization level can be modulated, ranging from high to low (or zero). In this study, based on MedlinePlus as main information source, three different system modalities were compared (zero, low, and high levels of personalization). The experimental analysis engaged three different user groups, over a four week period. Strong evidence of serendipity was found across all three user groups, independent of the level of personalization. Users also appeared to be uniformly satisfied regardless of the level of personalization.
Are group sources always credible? An experimental study of sources, stakes and participation:

When is mobilization of group identity successful? Work on social movements suggests that frames that target group identity can mobilize groups. However, this work does not address when group mobilization using frames is likely to be successful. Recent work on source credibility finds that same-group sources are an important moderator of framing effects, and previous work on stakes of the decision shows that individuals in high stakes are more likely to participate than those in low stakes. I combine these two moderators of frames to generate predictions for when group sources are most likely to be credible. I test these predictions in the context of a public goods game laboratory experiment in which targeted frames are given to group members by sources that share their group identity and in which stakes of the decision are varied. The findings of this project have implications for political mobilization and campaigning based on group identities.
π–π Interactions in diimine Pt(II) complexes with thiacrown ligands: The crystal structure of (1,4,7-trithiacyclononane)(3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1, 10-phenanthroline)platinum(II) hexafluorophosphate

We wish to report the crystal structure for the heteroleptic platinum(II) complex with the crown thioether 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane (9S3) and the diimine ligand 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (tmphen), [Pt(9S3)(tmphen)](PF6)2 (1). The Pt(II) center is surrounded by a cis-S2N2 ligand environment formed by the bidentate diimine and two of the three sulfur atoms from the 9S3 ligand. These two sulfurs are positioned 2.2665(10) and 2.2612(11) A from the Pt(II), but the third sulfur shows a long distance interaction at 2.8849(13) A to form an elongated square pyramidal structure. An examination of the structure reveals π–π-intermolecular stacking of the phen groups with alternating distances of 3.53 and 3.62 A between the planes of the phen ligands. A detailed survey of 12 other divalent Pt(II) and Pd(II) diimine complexes of 9S3 reveals three different stacking motifs involving π–π interactions in the solid state. Crystal Data for (1): P-1, a = 10.868(2) A, b = 11.292(2) A, c = 11.513(2) A, α = 93.76(3)°, β = 90.82(3)°, γ = 92.28(3)°, V = 1408.5(5) A3, Z = 2.
An Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis of the Southern California Current Circulation and Ecosystem

Adjoint methods of sensitivity analysis were applied to the California Current using the Regional Ocean Modeling Systems (ROMS) with medium resolution, aimed at diagnosing the circulation sensitivity to variations in surface forcing. The sensitivities of coastal variations in SST, eddy kinetic energy, and baroclinic instability of complex time-evolving flows were quantified. Each aspect of the circulation exhibits significant interannual and seasonal variations in sensitivity controlled by mesoscale circulation features. Central California SST is equally sensitive to wind stress and surface heat flux, but less so to wind stress curl, displaying the greatest sensitivity when upwelling-favorable winds are relaxing and the least sensitivity during the peak of upwelling. SST sensitivity is typically 2‐4 times larger during summer than during spring, although larger variations occur during some years. The sensitivity of central coast eddy kinetic energy to surface forcing is constant on average throughout the year. Perturbations in the wind that align with mesoscale eddies to enhance the strength of the circulation by local Ekman pumping yield the greatest sensitivities. The sensitivity of the potential for baroclinic instability is greatest when nearshore horizontal temperature gradients are largest, and it is associated with variations in wind stress concentrated along the core of the California Current. The sensitivity varies by a factor of ;1.5 throughout the year. A new and important aspect of this work is identification of the complex flow dependence and seasonal dependence of the sensitivity of the ROMS California Current System (CCS) circulation to variations in surface forcing that was hitherto not previously appreciated.
Utilitarian Models of the Solar Nebula

Models of the primitive solar nebula based on a combination of theory, observations of T Tauri stars, and global conservation laws are presented. The models describe the motions of nebular gas, mixing of interstellar material during the formation of the nebula, and evolution of thermal structure in terms of several characteristic parameters. The parameters describe key aspects of the protosolar cloud (its rotation rate and collapse rate) and the nebula (its mass relative to the Sun, decay time, and density distribution). For most applications, the models are heuristic rather than predicted. Their purpose is to provide a realistic context for the interpretation of solar system data, and to distinquish those nebular characteristics that can be specified with confidence, independently of the assumtions of particular models, form those that are poorly constrained. It is demonstrated that nebular gas typically experienced large radial excursions during the evolution of the nebula and that both inward and outward mean radial velocities on the order of meters per second occured in the terrestrial planet region, with inward velocities predominant for most ofthe evolution. However, the time history of disk size, surface density, and radial velocities are sensitive to the total angular momentun of the protosolar cloud, which cannot be constrained by purely theoretical considerations.It is shown that a certain amount of 'formational' mixing of interstellar material was an inevitable consequenc of nebular mass and angular momentum transport during protostellar collapse, regardless of the specific transport mechanisms invloved. Even if the protosolar cloud was initially homogeneous, this mixing was important because it had the effect of mingling presolar material that had experienced different degrees of thermal processing during collapse and passage through the accertion shock. Nebular thermal structure is less sensitive to poorly constrained parameters than is dynamical history. A simple criterion is derived for the condition that silicate grains are evaporated at midplane, and it is argued that this condition was probably fulfilled early in nebular history. Cooling of a hot nebula due tocoagulation of dust and consequent local reduction of optical depth is examined, and it is shown how such a process leads naturally to an enrichment of rock-forming elements in the gas phase.
Remembering John E. Elliott

J ohn E. Elliott has passed away, leaving behind his wife Rose and children John David, Richard, Lisa, James, and Nina. This is an intellectual tribute to John E. Elliott, not a full obituary for him. I will not try to capture the deep meaning and the profound significance of John E. Elliott to his family and to his loved ones. I will not try it because I am a mere colleague and cannot do it justice. As an admiring colleague, though, I will try to do justice to Professor Elliotrs intellectual gift to me and to you, his fellow social economists. John Elliott's 1956 doctoral dissertation at Harvard was "Toward a More Generalized Theory of Economic Planning in a Free Society." In that same year he began his lifelong career of teaching and writing at the University of Southern California. His university granted him many awards and honors for excellent teaching and outstanding faculty service. The Association for Social Economics awarded John Elliott the Thomas Divine Award for Distinguished Lifetime Contributions to Social Economics in 1992. The International Journal of Social Economics (Volume 19, Number 7, 1992) honored him with a wonderful festschrift. These and other honors were richly deserved. Professor John E. Elliott died in his 46th year of service at the University of Southern California, while still teaching and writing full time. John Elliott was not lacking in work ethic. He published 13 books, including three editions of his student guide and resource book and including three editions of his Economic Issues and Policies. He wrote 94 articles and chapters in books, including 10 in Review of Social Economy, 18 in International Journal of Social Economics and 3 in Forum for Social Economics. He also wrote 40 book reviews. Two more books and one article were in progress. John Elliotrs research interests included a number of related areas. Our understanding of Soviet economics and of the Russian transition to capitalism were expanded considerably by his efforts. He also wrote extensively on classical economics, Marxist economics, Keynesian economics, Schumpeterian economics, institutional economics and on democratic economic planning, adding significantly to our understanding of each. Economic methodology and philosophy also benefited by the light he shone on them. He served on numerous editorial boards and refereed countless articles.
Some biochemical and pharmacological actions of α-methylphenylalanine

Abstract The catecholamine-depleting activity and certain pharmacological actions of l - α -methylphenylalanine, a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, were compared in a number of species with those of the related α-methyl amino acids, l - α -methyl- p -tyrosine and dl - α -methyl- m -tyrosine. α-Methylphenylalanine was more active than α -methyl- p -tyrosine in depleting heart norepinephrine, but was less effective in reducing central amines; in addition, its duration of action in the heart was more prolonged. α -Methyl- m -tyrosine proved to be the most active compound on both brain and heart catecholamines. Metaraminol was found to be a metabolite of α-methylphenylalanine and was identified in the hearts, brains and adrenals of mice, rats and dogs. No overt signs of sedation were seen in dogs or squirrel monkeys given α-methylphenylalanine, although loss of avoidance responding could be demonstrated. This contrasted with results obtained with α -methyl- m -tyrosine, which produces stimulation and an increase in lever-pressing behavior. α-Methylphenylalanine, as found with α -methyl- p -tyrosine and α -methyl- m -tyrosine, reduced cardiac responses to the indirect sympathomimetic amines and to adrenergic nerve stimulation. It was concluded that the pattern of biochemical and pharmacologie events after α-methylphenylalanine falls between those because of α -methyl- p -tyrosine, a relatively pure tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, and α -methyl- m -tyrosine, whose effects are related predominantly to its rapid metabolism to metaraminol with a consequent release and depletion of catecholamines.
From the Parlor to the Barnyard: Obama and Holder on Race

This essay explores Barack Obama's “A More Perfect Union” speech and Eric Holder's speech marking African American History Month as a case study of contemporary public discourse on race. This article argues that in these speeches, Obama and Holder perform the social drama of race relations in profoundly different ways. Drawing on the Burkean parlor and barnyard as metaphors of rhetorical form, the analysis demonstrates the interplay of these dialogic and agonistic forms in motivating democratic deliberation on race. Implications of these rhetorical forms for healthy democratic practice are discussed.
Infrared characterization of interfacial Si-O bond formation on silanized flat SiO2/Si surfaces.

Chemical functionalization of silicon oxide (SiO2) surfaces with silane molecules is an important technique for a variety of device and sensor applications. Quality control of self-assembled monola...
Displacement of the indolyl sulfide linkage in the synthesis of 3-substituted indoles

The indolyl sulfide compounds (5,6,7,8) gave 3-3′-diindole methane derivatives by a double decomposition-displacement reaction. These same compounds when reacted with alkoxides yielded 3-alkoxy-methylindole derivatives (9-14).
Secular trends in the association between nativity/length of US residence with body mass index and waist circumference among Mexican-Americans, 1988-2008.

Objectives We investigated whether associations between nativity/length of US residence and body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) varied over the past two decades.
Who Killed WATERS? Mess, Method, and Forensic Explanation in the Making and Unmaking of Large-scale Science Networks:

Science studies has long been concerned with the theoretical and methodological challenge of mess—the inevitable tendency of technoscientific objects and practices to spill beyond the neat analytic...
A novel method to optimize photovoltaic generator operation

Photovoltaic (PV) energy is an alternative energy source for the future due to the world's limited energy resources. In this paper, a new technique to improve the performance of a PV array is presented. The study is based on the determination of the optimal configuration of a PV generator for a fixed number of modules. The aim of the study is to extract the maximum power from a PV generator connected in a direct coupling to a load. Different considerations (commutation current alone, commutation voltage alone, commutation current and voltage) are described. The presented method is based on microcontroller utilization. Very simple calculations allowed to decide, in real time, which configuration is appropriate for any load and any work conditions. Theoretical and experimental results are included. The effectiveness of the applied method is assessed by simulations and experiments. The method using commutation current and commutation voltage leads to good results unlike the other techniques. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
De novo fatty acid synthesis mediated by acyl-carrier protein in Neurospora crassa mitochondria

The acyl-carrier protein (ACP) in Neurospora crassa mitochondria [Brody, S. & Mikolajczyk, S. (1988) Eur. J. Biochem. 173, 353–359] mediated a cerulenin-sensitive, de novo fatty acid synthesis independent of the fatty acid synthetase complex present in the cytoplasm. Incubation of mitochondria with [2-14C]malonate labeled only the ACP as indicated by autoradiography after SDS/PAGE. Under these in vitro conditions ATP was required for the initial acyl-ACP formation, but further elongation required either magnesium or the direct addition of NADPH. Labeled hexanoic (6:0) and caprylic (8:0) acids were detected as intermediates in the pathway, as well as hydroxymyristic acid. All of the intermediates, and the eventual product of the reaction, myristic acid (14:0), were released from the ACP by alkaline treatment. Pulse-chase experiments demonstrated the incorporation on to, and release of label from, the ACP. In vivo labeling of ACP with [2-14C]malonate was also detected and the label was in the form of hydroxymyristic acid. This newly discovered pathway is discussed from the standpoint of its possible role in providing acyl chains for mitochondrial lipids.
Abstract Artifacts in Pretence

In this paper I criticise a recent account of fictional discourse proposed by Nathan Salmon. Salmon invokes abstract artifacts as the referents of fictional names in both object- and meta-fictional discourse alike. He then invokes a theory of pretence to forge the requisite connection between object-fictional sentences and meta-fictional sentences, in virtue of which the latter can be assigned appropriate truth-values. I argue that Salmon's account of pretence renders his appeal to abstract artifacts as the referents of fictional names in object-fictional discourse explanatorily redundant. I further argue that his account is therefore no improvement over those he criticises, thus leaving his own account unmotivated.
Soot formation in weakly buoyant acetylene-fueled laminar jet diffusion flames burning in air☆☆☆

Abstract The structure and soot properties of weakly buoyant, acetylene-fueled, laminar jet diffusion flames were studied experimentally for combustion in air at pressures of 0.125–0.250 atm. Properties along the axis, where soot processes are similar to behavior within nonbuoyant diffusion flames, were emphasized. The following measurements were made: soot volume fractions using laser extinction, temperatures using both thermocouples and multiline emission, soot structure using thermophoretic sampling and analysis by transmission electron microscopy, concentrations of major gas species using sampling and analysis by gas chromatography, and velocities using laser velocimetry. As distance increased along the axis of the present acetylene-fueled flames, significant soot formation began when temperatures exceeded roughly 1250 K, and ended when fuel-equivalence ratios decreased to roughly 1.7, where the concentration of acetylene became small. This behavior allowed observations of soot growth and nucleation for acetylene concentrations of 6 × 10−6-1 × 10−3 kg-mol/m3 and temperatures of 1000–2100 K. Over this range of conditions, soot growth rates were comparable to past observations of new soot in premixed flames, and after correction for effects of soot oxidation yielded essentially first-order growth with respect to acetylene concentrations with a negligible activation energy, and an acetylene/soot collision efficiency of 0.53%. Present measurements of soot nucleation rates also suggested first-order behavior with respect to acetylene concentrations but with an activation energy of 32 kcal/gmol and with rates that were significantly lower than earlier estimates in the literature. Nevertheless, uncertainties about effects of soot oxidation and age on soot growth, and about effects of surface area estimates and translucent objects on soot nucleation, must be resolved in order to adequately define soot formation processes in diffusion flames.
Predicting Direct Recharge of Surficial Aquifers

ABSTRACT A one-dimensional, physically-based computer model was developed for predicting direct groundwater recharge. The model was verified using three years of data from an instrumented site in east central Minnesota. Although the processes of infiltration and redistribution during frozen soil periods were not modeled, the model is capable of operating during both frozen and nonfrozen soil periods. The model includes submodels for evapotranspiration, soil-water extraction, snowmelt, surface depressional storage, infiltration and redistribution. The model predicts water table level and soil moisture. Water extraction may also be modeled. The model predicted both water table elevations and soil moisture levels with reasonable accuracy over the three-year period modeled.
Visual simulation of ice crystal growth

The beautiful, branching structure of ice is one of the most striking visual phenomena of the winter landscape. Yet there is little study about modeling this effect in computer graphics. In this paper, we present a novel approach for visual simulation of ice growth. We use a numerical simulation technique from computational physics, the "phase field method," and modify it to allow aesthetic manipulation of ice crystal growth. We present acceleration techniques to achieve interactive simulation performance, as well as a novel geometric sharpening algorithm that removes some of the smoothing artifacts from the implicit representation. We have successfully applied this approach to generate ice crystal growth on 3D object surfaces in several scenes.
An assay to measure angiogenesis in human fat tissue.

Inhibition of angiogenesis reverses rodent obesity. A validated assay in human fat tissue is needed to study the role of angiogenesis in human obesity. Human fat tissue fragments from surgery were placed in 96-well plates, embedded in fibrin thrombin clot and overlaid with cell culture media containing 20% fetal bovine serum. After 15 days, the clots were examined by histology and electron microscopy. The effect of taxol, cobalt chloride and a heparin-steroid combination was tested in the fat tissue assay and compared to the validated human placental vein angiogenesis model (HPVAM). Blood vessels initiated growth and elongated from the fat tissue fragments over 15 days. Presence of blood vessels was confirmed with histology and electron microscopy. Taxol at 10−6 and 10−7 M completely inhibited angiogenesis, while Taxol 10−8 and 10−9 M and the heparin-steroid partially inhibited angiogenesis.The response to taxol and heparin-steroid was similar to that of the HPVAM, a validated angiogenesis assay. Cobalt chloride, a stimulator of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulated angiogenesis initiation at 10−9 M in fat tissue and the HPVAM, but at 10−10 M blood vessel growth was stimulated only in the fat assay. This angiogenesis assay based on human fat tissue uses three-dimensionally intact human tissue. The vessels are derived from quiescient vessels within the fat. These properties allow the angiogenic switch to be evaluated in an in vitro setting. The angiogenic response of fat tissue is not identical to placental tissue. This assay allows exploration of angiogenesis in fat tissue.
Effect of metoprolol on absolute myocardial blood flow in patients with heart failure secondary to ischemic or nonischemic cardiomyopathy.

F, Berger P, Popma J, Dangas G, et al. Point-of-care measured platelet inhibition correlates with a reduced risk of an adverse cardiac event after percutaneous coronary intervention. Results of the GOLD (AU-Assessing Ultegra) multicenter study. Circulation 2001;103:2572–2578. 2. Smith J, Steinhubl S, Lincoff A, Coleman J, Lee T, Hillman R, Coller B. The rapid platelet function assay: an automated and quantitative cartridge-based method. Circulation 1999;99:620–625. 3. The EPIC Investigators. Use of a monoclonal antibody directed against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor in high-risk coronary angioplasty. N Engl J Med 1994;330:956–961. 4. The EPILOG Investigators. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade and low-dose heparin during percutaneous coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1689–1696. 5. The EPISTENT Investigators. Randomised placebo-controlled and balloonangioplasty-controlled trial to assess safety of coronary stenting with use of platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa blockade. The EPISTENT Investigators. Evaluation of Platelet IIb/IIIa Inhibitor for Stenting. Lancet 1998;352:87–92. 6. Chew D, Bhatt D, Lincoff A, Moliterno D, Brener B, Wolski K, Topol E. Defining the optimal activated clotting time during percutaneous coronary intervention—aggregate results from 6 randomized, controlled trials. Circulation 2001;103:961–966.
Supermode analysis of phase-locked arrays of semiconductor lasers

The optical characteristics of phase-locked semiconductor laser arrays are formulated in terms of the array supermodes, which are the eigenmodes of the composite-array waveguide, by using coupled-mode theory. These supermodes are employed to calculate the near fields, the far fields, and the difference in the longitudinal-mode oscillation wavelengths of the array. It is shown that the broadening in the far-field beam divergence, as well as the broadening of each of the longitudinal modes that were observed in phase-locked arrays, may arise from the excitation of an increasing number of supermodes at increasing pumping levels.
Static dependent costs for estimating execution time

We present the first system for estimating and using data-dependent expression execution times in a language with first-class procedures and imperative constructs. The presence of first-class procedures and imperative constructs makes cost estimation a global problem that can benefit from type information. We estimate expression costs with the aid of an algebraic type reconstruction system that assigns every procedure a type that includes a static dependent cost. A static dependent cost describes the execution time of a procedure in terms of its inputs. In particular, a procedure's static dependent cost can depend on the size of input data structures and the cost of input first-class procedures. Our cost system produces symbolic cost expressions that contain free variables describing the size and cost of the procedure's inputs. At run-time, a cost estimate is dynamically computed from the statically determined cost expression and run-time cost and size information. We present experimental results that validate our cost system on three compilers and architectures. We experimentally demonstrate the utility of cost estimates in making dynamic parallelization decisions. In our experience, dynamic parallelization meets or exceeds the parallel performance of any fixed number of processors.
THE DISTRIBUTION, ULTRASTRUCTURE, AND CHEMISTRY OF MICROFILAMENTS IN CULTURED CHICK EMBRYO FIBROBLASTS

The distribution, ultrastructure, and chemistry of microfilaments in cultured chick embryo fibroblasts were studied by thin sectioning of flat-embedded untreated and glycerol-extracted cells, histochemical and immunological electron microscopic procedures, and the negative staining of cells cultured on electron microscopic grids. In these cultured cells, the microfilaments are arranged into thick bundles that are disposed longitudinally and in looser arrangements in the fusiform-shaped cells. In the latter case, they are concentrated along the margins of the flattened cell, on the dorsal surface, and particularly at the ends of the cell and its ventral surface, where contact is made with the plastic dish or with other cells. Extracellular filaments, presumably originating from within the cell, are found at these points of contact. The microfilaments are composed in part of an actin-like protein. These filaments are between 70 and 90 A in diameter, they are stable in 50% glycerol, they have an endogenous ATPase (myosin-like?) associated with them, they bind rabbit muscle heavy meromyosin, and they specifically bind antibody directed against isolated actin-like protein. In the cultured chick embryo fibroblasts, the microfilaments are essential for the establishment and maintenance of form, and they are probably critical elements for adhesion and motility. The microfilaments might also serve as stabilizers of intramembranous particle fluidity.
Effect of Adherend Thickness and Mixed Mode Loading on Debond Growth in Adhesively Bonded Composite Joints

Symmetric and unsymmetric double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens were tested and analyzed to assess the effect of: (1) adherend thickness, and (2) a predominantly mode I mixed mode loading on cyclic debond growth and static fracture toughness. The specimens were made of unidirectional composite (T300/5208) adherends bonded together with EC3445 structural adhesive. The thickness was 8, 16, or 24 plies. The experimental results indicated that the static fracture toughness increases and the cyclic debond growth rate decreases with increasing adherend thickness. This behavior was related to the length of the plastic zone ahead of the debond tip. For the symmetric DCB specimens, it was further found that displacement control tests resulted in higher debond growth rates than did load control tests. While the symmetric DCB tests always resulted in cohesive failures in the bondline, the unsymmetric DCB tests resulted in the debond growing into the thinner adherend and the damage progressing as delamination in that adherend. This behavior resulted in much lower fracture toughness and damage growth rates than found in the symmetric DCB tests.
Behaviorally equivalent stressors differentially modify the monoamine altering property of d-amphetamine.

Abstract We previously demonstrated that behaviorally equivalent heat and cold stressors interacted with d-amphetamine (AMPH) treatment to produce different effects in rats responding for food on a fixed ratio 15 (FR15) schedule of reinforcement [25]. The present study was carried out to determine if these stressors differentially affect the disposition of AMPH to brain and/or if the stressors alone or in combination with AMPH affect CNS monoamines in a dissimilar manner. Exposure to either heat or cold stressor produced equivalent elevations of [3H]-AMPH in brain following 3 mg AMPH/kg but not 1 mg AMPH/kg. Neither stressor alone significantly altered any of the neurochemical parameters measured in any of the brain regions studied. In forebrain, heat and cold stressors interacted with AMPH treatment in different manners. Thus, although [3H]-AMPH was equally elevated in stressed groups following the high dose, cold-induced stress was not associated with an increase in dopamine (DA) levels, which was observed in Nonstressed and Heat-Stressed subjects. Although serotonin (5-HT) levels were not changed by any manipulation, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels were lowered in Nonstressed and Cold-Stressed subjects following both doses of AMPH. This effect was not associated with heat-induced stress. The apparent attenuation of AMPH behavioral toxicity observed in Cold-Stressed and/or exacerbation in Heat-Stressed rats observed in the earlier study may involve a pharmacodynamic interaction of AMPH and stress with transmitter substances, including DA and/or 5-HT. The data support the view that the term “stress” should not be indiscriminately utilized, even when qualitatively different stressors are equated in terms of exposure time and behavioral consequences. This becomes especially obvious in studies in which drugs are introduced as independent variables.
Measurement of electron capture from electron-positron pair production in relativistic heavy ion collisions.

We have used a novel new spectrometer to make the first observation and measurement of electron capture from ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$-${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ pair production in relativistic heavy ion collisions. For a 0.96 GeV/nucleon ${\mathrm{U}}^{92+}$ beam the cross section for a Au target is 2.19(0.25) b, and the target Z dependence is ${\mathit{Z}}_{\mathit{t}}^{2.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.25}$. We also measured the energy and angular distributions of the of the positrons, and for comparison, the cross section for ${\mathit{e}}^{+}$-${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ pair production without capture is 3.30(0.65) b.
Evaluation of an internet diabetes self-management training program for adolescents and young adults

Background: There are inadequate information and support resources available for adolescents and young adults with diabetes. This article describes the pilot phase of an Internet program to assist these individuals who are transitioning to adult-centered medical care. Methods: We developed an online program consisting of background information on diabetes, goal-setting exercises with individualized feedback, role-playing, group discussions, empowerment activities, and communication skills training designed to improve interactions with health professionals. We provided low-income participants enrolled in the study with recycled desktop computers and dial-up Internet service. They also received encouragement and computer use reminders from a diabetes educator. During a 6-month intervention period, we monitored participant utilization of the Internet program. Results: We recruited a convenience sample of 19 young adults with diabetes from the Chicago Childhood Diabetes Registry, as well as from two inner-cit...
A comparison of bidding strategies for simultaneous auctions

Bidding for multiple items or bundles on online auctions raise challenging problems. We assume that an agent has a valuation function that returns its valuation for an arbitrary bundle. In the real world all or most of the items of interest to an agent is not present in a single combinatorial auction. We focus on bidding for multiple items in a set of auctions, each of which sell only a single unit of a particular item. Hence an agent has to bid in multiple auctions to obtain item bundles. While an optimal bidding strategy is known when bidding in sequential auctions, only suboptimal strategies are available when bidding for items sold in auctions running simultaneously. We investigate a hill-climbing bidding strategy, which is optimal given an infinite number of restarts, to decide on an agent's bid for simultaneous auctions. We provide a comparison of this algorithm with existing ones, both in terms of utilities generated and computation time, along with a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of these strategies.
Thank You to the Reviewers of the 2015 Auk, Volume 132

Peer review, honest and careful, is the cornerstone of modern scientific publishing, and essential to the maintenance of high standards in a journal. The efforts of reviewers are critical and yet unpaid, and so in the name of all of us at The Auk: Ornithological Advances, I take the opportunity to thank all of you who contributed reviews while Volume 132 was in preparation (reviews completed between July 2014 and June 2015). Individuals with an asterisk next to their name reviewed two or three manuscripts. The Auk: Ornithological Advances is also grateful for the work of our two dedicated Editors, our busy Associate Editors, and the In Memoriam, Book Reviews, and 100 Years Ago Editors, and the expert editorial team members of the Central Ornithology Publication Office (COPO) whose work made the another successful year of The Auk possible.
A spectroscopic study distinguishing between chemical phase separation with different degrees of crystallinity in Hf(Zr) silicate alloys

Abstract Chemical phase separation at device processing temperatures is an important issue for integration of Zr and Hf silicates alloys into advanced complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices. Chemical phase separation into ZrO 2 and SiO 2 has been detected by different spectroscopic techniques, including Fourier transform infrared, X-ray photoelectron, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, as well as X-ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging as well. Comparisons between these techniques for Zr silicates identify an unambiguous approach to distinguishing between chemical phase separation with different degrees of micro- and nano-crystallinity.
EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS : 111IN CHELATION, CONJUGATION TO A BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER DELIVERY VECTOR VIA A BIOTIN-POLYETHYLENE LINKER, PHARACOKINETICS, AND IN VIVO IMAGING OF EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN TUMORS

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a potential peptide radiopharmaceutical for detection of brain tumors, because many human gliomas overexpress the EGF receptor (EGFR). The transport of EGF to the brain, however, is restricted by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The purpose of the present study was to develop a vector-mediated brain delivery system for radiolabeled EGF. Human EGF was monobiotinylated with NHS-PEG3400-biotin, where NHS is N-hydroxysuccinimide and PEG3400 is poly(ethylene glycol) of 3400 Da molecular mass. EGF-PEG3400-biotin was radiolabeled with either 125I or 111In through the metal chelator, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). The radiolabeled EGF was then conjugated to a BBB delivery vector comprised of a complex of the OX26 monoclonal antibody (MAb) to the rat transferrin receptor, which was coupled to streptavidin (SA). Following intravenous injection in rats, the 125I conjugate was rapidly degraded in vivo, while the 111In conjugate was metabolically stable. The brain delivery of [111In]DTPA-EGF-PEG3400-biotin was enabled by conjugation with OX26/SA and was optimized by co-injection of unlabeled EGF to saturate EGF receptors in the liver. The specific binding of the [111In]DTPA-EGF-PEG3400-biotin conjugated to OX26/SA to the EGF receptor was confirmed in C6 rat glioma cells, which had been transfected with a gene encoding for the human EGF receptor under the regulation of a dexamethasone-inducible promoter. In vivo studies of C6-EGFR experimental tumors in Fischer 344 rats demonstrated successful brain imaging only when the peptide radiopharmaceutical was conjugated to the BBB delivery system, although the C6-EGFR tumors did not express EGFR in vivo. In conclusion, these studies describe the molecular formulation of a peptide radiopharmaceutical that can be used for imaging brain tumors behind the BBB.
Precursor cerebral circulation models.

Abstract In vivo cerebral circulation study is difficult because of the inaccessibility and small size of the main cerebral arteries as well as the lack of appropriate instrumentation to measure the pertinent parameters. As a result, it is not presently possible to describe the blood flow distribution to the various lobes of the brain with any degree of certainty. Simulation techniques have contributed much to the understanding of this vital and complex flow system but thus far the models have lacked the sophisticated characteristics of pulsatile flow and flexible vessels. In this paper, hydraulic transmission line theory is used to formulate pulsatile flow-flexible vessel models of arterial systems which, since they contain all the essential characteristics of the cerebral circulation, can be called precursors of more involved and complete models of the vessels afferent and efferent to the circle of Willis (the main distribution center for cerebral blood). A unique feature of this prototype system and of the models considered herein is the rejoining of arteries that previously bifurcate so as to form vessel loops, thus providing alternate flow paths in case of injury to or disease in the various parts of the system. The validity of the resulting analytical fluid impedance solutions is shown by their agreement with experimental results from latex tubing fluid models excited over the pertinent frequency spectrum by a hydraulic oscillator.
Landscape ecology and biogeography: Rethinking landscape metrics in a post-FRAGSTATS landscape

Landscape pattern indicators or ‘metrics’ provide simple measures of landscape structure that can be easily calculated with readily available data and software. Unfortunately, the ecological releva...
Nitrogen in coal as a source of nitrogen oxide emission from furnaces

Abstract In this paper are presented some experimental results on the conversion of fuel-nitrogen to nitric oxide in both diffusion and premixed flames, and the results are used to speculate on mechanisms of nitric oxide formation. Models of pulverized-coal combustion are reviewed and used to examine the conditions under which fuel-nitrogen contributes significantly to nitric oxide emission. Mechanisms are suggested to explain why fuel-nitrogen contributes most of the emission from fluidized-bed combustors but only a small fraction of the emission from pulverized-coal flames.
Negative Concord and Restructuring in Palestinian Arabic: A Comparison of TAG and CCG Analyses

This paper discusses interactions between negative concord and restructuring/clause union in Palestinian Arabic. Analyses formulated in Tree Adjoining Grammar and Combinatorial Categorial Grammar are compared, with the conclusion that a perspicuous analysis of the the intricacies of the data requires aspects of both formalisms; in particular, the TAG notion of the extended domain of locality and the CCG notion of flexible constituency.
Essential fatty acid supplementation of DHA and ARA and effects on neurodevelopment across animal species: a review of the literature

Docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) are long chain essential fatty acids used as supplements in commercial infant formula. DHA/ARA deficient states are associated with adverse neurological outcomes in animals and humans. Preterm infants are at risk for DHA/ARA deficiency. A few clinical reports on the effects of fatty acid supplementation have shown benefit in preterm, low birth weight, and normal infants in the first year of life, whereas others did not. Studies in animals have reported shortened gestation, fetal growth retardation, reduced infant body mass, and increased fetal mortality with consumption of fatty acids during pregnancy. To understand the data that support fatty acid supplementation in infant formula, a review of the animal model literature was undertaken, to examine the effects of DHA/ARA on neurodevelopment, including the effects on visual acuity. Several points emerged from this review. (1) Animal studies indicate that requirements for DHA/ARA vary depending on developmental age. Alterations of the ratio of DHA/ARA can impact developmental outcome. (2) The available studies suggest that while supplementation of DHA/ARA in an appropriate ratio can increase tissue levels of these fatty acids in the brain and retina, tissues sensitive to depletion of fatty acids, the benefit of routine supplementation remains unclear. Few studies measure functional outcome relative to changes in physiologic pools of DHA/ARA after supplementation. (3) Animal literature does not support a clear long-term benefit of replenishing DHA/ARA tissue levels and administration of these fatty acids at concentrations above those in human milk suggests adverse effects on growth, survival, and neurodevelopment.
The Ivory Tower: The History of a Figure of Speech and Its Cultural Uses

This is a historical survey of how and why the notion of the Ivory Tower became part of twentieth- and twenty-first-century cultural vocabularies. It very briefly tracks the origins of the tag in antiquity, documents its nineteenth-century resurgence in literary and aesthetic culture, and more carefully assesses the political and intellectual circumstances, especially in the 1930s and 1940s, in which it became a common phrase attached to universities and to features of science and in which it became a way of criticizing practices and institutions deemed to be ‘irrelevant’. The paper concludes by reflecting on the tag's relationship to pervasive cultural tropes and how its modern history may be used to appreciate better where science and its academic setting now stand in the ancient debate between the active and contemplative lives.
A Prototype Device for Linear Accelerator-Based Extracranial Radiosurgery

A prototype frame for accurate stereotactic localization and linear accelerator (LINAC)-based treatment of extracranial targets was developed. The ECRSF is designed to employ either spinal or skeletal osseous fixation to immobilize the area of interest and then encircle the targeted region with a traditional orthogonal, three-axis system. A series of experiments (n = 5) with semi-radiolucent calibration targets (n = 15) and computed tomography (CT) scanning using the EC showed that a mean localization error of 0.98 +/− 0.22 mm was obtainable in the last two and most accurate series of experiments with these targets (n = 8). Using the LINAC to irradiate these same targets demonstrated an overall radiation treatment accuracy ranging from 1.4 to 2.0 mm. This discrepancy between localization error and overall radiation treatment error can be explained by a lack of isocentricity of the LINAC treatment which is typically less than 1 mm and can be as low as 0.5 mm. These data demonstrate that extracranial stereotactic radiosurgery is now technically feasible and that the accuracy of such treatment would be acceptable for clinical treatment.
Keynote presentation: Taking the “virtual” out of virtual reality

Today's graphics programs cannot only produce stunning photo-realistic images or convincingly real scene displays for interactive exploration, they can also produce physical output — thanks to the emergence of several different layered manufacturing technologies. For many design activities creating tangible models through some rapid-prototyping prcess is a new and crucial feedback loop for debugging the functionality or customer-appeal of a new product. Dr. Sequin has two decades of experience with creating mathematical visualization models and designs ranging from university buildings to abstract geometrical sculptures. Turning these virtual creations into physical realities, however, raises a whole new set of issues that are often overlooked in the initial virtual design phase.
LL-03STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY FOR SALVAGE TREATMENT OF RECURRENT CNS LYMPHOMA

BACKGROUND: Primary and secondary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL, SCNSL) are typically treated with chemotherapy and external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). There is no standard salvage therapy for either. The role of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) as salvage therapy in PCNSL and SCNSL is poorly defined. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed of all patients having SRS, typically using the Gamma Knife (GK), for recurrent intracranial PCNSL and SCNSL at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 2004 and 2011. RESULTS: Fourteen patients underwent SRS. All had their SRS via the GK. The median patient age was 71 years. Seven patients (50%) had PCNSL and seven patients had SCNSL. All had received prior chemotherapy and 10 patients (71%) had undergone prior EBRT with a median dose of 40 Gy in 25 fractions. The median tumor volume was 6.7 cm3 (range, 0.5-37.7); the median margin dose was 15.5 Gy (range, 10-18). Eleven patients (79%) had tumor regression (n = 11) shown on MRI after SRS. The median overall survival after SRS was 288 days, 472 days for PCNSL and 288 days for SCNSL. Significant factors contributing to survival greater 9 months following SRS, were increased marginal dose (Odds ratio = 7.8, p = 0.006, 95% CI (1.74-188.79), increase in maximal dose (Odds ratio = 1.54, p = 0.008, 95% CI (1.09-2.77), and increase in pre-treatment Karnofsky score (Odds ratio = 4.69, p = 0.001, 95% CI (1.45-75.5). No patient had a major radiation-related complication. CONCLUSION: SRS for patients with recurrent CNS lymphoma is well-tolerated and has a high rate of radiographic response. Survival after SRS varied based on multiple factors including marginal and maximal radiation dose and pretreatment Karnofsky score. Control of microscopic disease using established therapies remains vitally important and is not addressed with SRS. SRS represents a viable therapy for local control of recurrent CNS lymphoma for properly selected patients.
Applying internal coordinate mechanics to model the interactions between 8R-lipoxygenase and its substrate

Background Lipoxygenases (LOX) play pivotal roles in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes and other biologically active potent signalling compounds. Developing inhibitors for LOX is of high interest to researchers. Modelling the interactions between LOX and its substrate arachidonic acid is critical for developing LOX specific inhibitors. Currently, there are no LOX-substrate structures. Recently, the structure of a coral LOX, 8R-LOX, which is 41% sequence identical to the human 5-LOX was solved to 1.85A resolution. This structure provides a foundation for modelling enzyme-substrate interactions.