cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Psychometric Measure of Working Memory Capacity for Configured Body Movement

Working memory (WM) models have traditionally assumed at least two domain-specific storage systems for verbal and visuo-spatial information. We review data that suggest the existence of an additional slave system devoted to the temporary storage of body movements, and present a novel instrument for its assessment: the movement span task. The movement span task assesses individuals' ability to remember and reproduce meaningless configurations of the body. During the encoding phase of a trial, participants watch short videos of meaningless movements presented in sets varying in size from one to five items. Immediately after encoding, they are prompted to reenact as many items as possible. The movement span task was administered to 90 participants along with standard tests of verbal WM, visuo-spatial WM, and a gesture classification test in which participants judged whether a speaker's gestures were congruent or incongruent with his accompanying speech. Performance on the gesture classification task was not related to standard measures of verbal or visuo-spatial working memory capacity, but was predicted by scores on the movement span task. Results suggest the movement span task can serve as an assessment of individual differences in WM capacity for body-centric information.
Intra-industry adjustment and the correction of an externality

The purpose of this paper is to apply some of the existing microeconomic theory literature on intra-industry adjustment resulting from factor price changes to the use of corrective taxes on externalities. The optimal tax to correct the effects of an externality is one placed directly on the external damage. Such a tax is sometimes not practically feasible, in which case either the inputs or output of firms in the externality-producing industry must be taxed as a proxy for the external damage.
New International Measuring Stick for Defining Obesity in Non-Europeans

Body mass index (BMI) is a useful way of classifying the degree of excess weight in an individual. Defining BMI cut points at which adverse cardiovascular outcomes, diabetes mellitus, and other comorbidities are more likely to occur affords clinically relevant guidelines for patient care. Expert panels from both the National Institutes of Health and the World Health Organization1–3 have developed such cut points, which define overweight as a BMI (weight [in kilograms]/height [in meters squared]) of 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2, mild or grade I obesity as a BMI of 30 to 34.9 kg/m2, grade II or more severe obesity as a BMI of 35 to 39.9 kg/m2, and extreme or grade III obesity as a BMI ≥40 kg/m2. Epidemiological studies focusing on persons of European descent have verified that these cut points are, indeed, associated with incremental risk for cardiovascular events and all-cause death.4–6 An awareness that appropriate BMI cut points for Asians may differ from those of Europeans has been largely based on observations that cardiovascular and metabolic risk in Asians occur at a lower BMI than in Europeans. For example, there is increasing evidence of a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and elevated cardiovascular risk in certain Asian countries, despite an average BMI in these countries that is <25 kg/m2.7,8 Even for Asian-Americans, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus after adjustment for BMI is 60% higher than in their European counterparts.9 Article p 2111 The definition of clinically useful BMI cut points in Asian populations has been difficult, at least in part because of the limitations of previously used methodologies. Two general methodological approaches have been taken in the past to derive these BMI cut points in Asians: (1) recalculation of BMI cut …
Effects of X-band microwave exposure on rabbit erythrocytes

Rabbit erythrocytes were exposed in vitro to continuous wave (CW) and pulse-modulated X-band microwaves in wave guide exposure chambers. Erythrocytes were exposed as whole (heparinized) blood suspensions or as washed cells in 1:1 isotonic buffered K+-free saline suspensions. Statistically significant increases in K+ efflux relative to thermal controls were detected when red cells were exposed in whole blood suspensions to either CW or pulsed 8.42-GHz microwaves at SARs that resulted in equilibrium sample temperatures of approximately 24 degrees C. Under the same exposure conditions, no statistically significant K+ efflux occurred in the case of 1:1 red cell suspensions. Measured differences in sample heating rates and temperature gradients between microwave-exposed and heated control suspensions may account in part for the differential effect of microwave exposure but such effects do not appear to explain the results of this study fully.
Solving multiobjective flexible job-shop scheduling using an adaptive representation

In this paper, we present an alternative representation for solving multiobjective Flexible Job-shop Scheduling Problems (FJSP). In FJSP, there may be a choice of machines that can perform any given operation. In order to schedule an operation, it needs to be assigned a machine first, a process known as routing. Most previous approaches to solving FJSP assigned machines to all schedules before beginning any scheduling. In our approach, Adaptive Representation (AdRep), we assign a machine to an operation just at the time it is ready to be scheduled, allowing the routing process to incorporate information from the scheduling environment. Experimental results show that although AdRep performance does not scale as well with problem size as some other approaches that are not simultaneously searching for machine assignments, it is able to find all best published solutions on a three-objective Pareto front including makespan, total workload, and maximum workload on any machine, while its simultaneous routing search opens up new possibilities for optimality of rescheduling in response to machine failure.
A risk-benefit assessment of pharmacological treatments for panic disorder

Panic disorder, a psychiatric disorder characterised by frequent panic attacks, is the most common anxiety disorder, affecting 2 to 6% of the general population. No one line of treatment has been found to be superior, making a risk-benefit assessment of the treatments available useful for treating patients. Choice of treatment depends on a number of issues, including the adverse effect profile, efficacy and the presence of concomitant syndromes.
Impending failure detection for a discrete process

Abstract Signals from a discrete process contain a strong modulation as a result of the discrete events in the process, such as paper passage in a recirculating document feeder (RDF). This paper presents a study of the methodology of process monitoring for a RDF system. A fault tree has been established that shows the cause-and-effect relationship regarding possible malfunctions of a RDF system. Critical components of the RDF system have been identified for condition monitoring. The signature from the measurements of position, vibration, vacuum pressure, and drive motor current have been analysed. A data separation scheme was used in signal processing to demodulate the strong signal component associated with paper passage. Unique index extraction algorithms based on time series analysis and modeling have been developed to detect failures of these components. A decision-making scheme based on multiple voting has been implemented.
The social psychological legacy of Otis Dudley Duncan

Abstract Through his extensive analysis of the “socioeconomic life cycle,” of the “process of stratification,” and his pioneering use of path and structural equation models as tools of theory building, Dudley Duncan contributed to the early foundations of contemporary life course sociology and to a social psychology of social mobility. We illustrate these pioneering contributions in Duncan's research on race and poverty, intelligence and IQ, and achievement motivation, showing his creative blend of social demography with a speculative “psychosociology” of inequality and intergenerational mobility.
Regulatory role for phosphatidylcholine transfer protein/StarD2 in the metabolic response to peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα)

Phosphatidylcholine transfer protein (PC-TP, a.k.a. StarD2) is abundantly expressed in liver and is regulated by PPARα. When fed the synthetic PPARα ligand fenofibrate, Pctp−/− mice exhibited altered lipid and glucose metabolism. Microarray profiling of livers from fenofibrate fed wild type and Pctp−/− mice revealed differential expression of a broad array of metabolic genes, as well as their regulatory transcription factors. PC-TP expression in cell culture controlled the activities of both PPARα and HNF4α, suggesting that the mechanism by which it modulates hepatic metabolism is at least in part via activation of transcription factors that govern nutrient homeostasis.
Stochastic and fractal analysis of fracture trajectories

Analyses of fracture trajectories are used to investigate structures that fall between 'micro' and 'macro' scales. It was shown that fracture trajectories belong to the class of nonstationary processes. It was also found that correlation distance, which may be related to a characteristic size of a fracture process, increases with crack length. An assemblage of crack trajectory processes may be considered as a diffusive process. Chudnovsky (1981-1985) introduced a 'crack diffusion coefficient' d which reflects the ability of the material to deviate the crack trajectory from the most energetically efficient path and thus links the material toughness to its structure. For the set of fracture trajectories in AISI 304 steel, d was found to be equal to 1.04 microns. The fractal dimension D for the same set of trajectories was found to be 1.133.
Image-Guided Palliative Care Procedures

The image-guided procedures discussed in this article are used to alleviate pain and suffering of patients with malignancies and/or multiple comorbidities. It is not possible to discuss the entire breadth of image-guided palliative procedures; only a few commonly requested procedures are reviewed: cholecystostomy, biliary decompression, enteral feeding and decompression tubes, chemical neurolysis (for pain control), cementoplasty, tunneled drainage catheters, transjugular intrahepatic portasystemic shunt pleurodesis, tube thoracostomy, thermal and chemical tumor ablation, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, and selective internal radiation therapy. A decision tree is given with each procedure/disease. This review provides referring surgeons a framework for end-of-life treatment and palliation discussions.
Influence of performance setting, experience and difficulty of routine on precompetition anxiety and self-confidence of high school female gymnasts

This study examined changes in cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence as measured by the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 in a sample of 50 female high school gymnasts prior to their performances at a practice session, dual meet, and district championship meet. The purpose of the study was to examine (1) the relationship between state anxiety and performance setting, (2) experience, and (3) difficulty of the movement task. Analysis showed that at the dual meet athletes experienced significantly greater cognitive and somatic anxiety and lower self-confidence than at the practice or district championship. State anxiety did not vary significantly with the athletes' over-all experience or the difficulty of the routines they performed. The unexpected finding that the dual meet was the most anxiety-provoking was attributed to the greater uncertainty of outcome in a competition and the fact that the dual meet occurred early in the season.
Synaptic junctional glycoconjugates from chick brain. Glycoprotein identification and carbohydrate composition.

Forebrains from day-old chicks were homogenized and fractionated by differential sedimentation and density gradient centrifugation to yield subcellular fractions. The synaptosomal plasma membrane fraction was further treated with Triton X-100 to yield subsynaptic membrane fractions including synaptic junctions. Glycoproteins from these subsynaptic membrane fractions were identified after separation by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by incubating the gel slabs with radioiodinated concanavalin A. Two lectin-binding proteins were discerned in the synaptic junction fraction while none were observed in the Triton-soluble portion of the synaptic plasma membrane. The carbohydrate content of the glycoproteins from each subcellular fraction was quantitated after methanolysis and derivatization aso-methyl-trifluoroacetyl analogs by gas-liquid chromatography. The lowest concentration of glycoprotein sugars was found in the synaptic junction, mitochondrial, and soluble fractions while the greatest concentration was found in the myelin, light-synaptic plasma membrane, and the Triton-soluble portion of the synaptic plasma membrane. Of the subcellular fractions, the synaptic junction contained the highest porportion of mannose and lowest proportion of sialic acid. Moreover, this fraction's content of galactose andN-acetylglucosamine, relative to mannose was the lowest while its content of fucose was low. The oligosaccharide chains extending into the synaptic cleft therefore are predominantly of the “neutral, mannose-rich” type and are attached to a limited number of high-molecular-weight glycoproteins.
The inhibitory effect of large doses of methimazole on iodine induced lymphocytic thyroiditis and serum anti-thyroglobulin antibody titers in BB/Wor rats.

The BB/Wor rat spontaneously develops autoimmune insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and lymphocytic thyroiditis (LT). Excess iodine ingestion enhances and low iodine diet decreases the incidence of LT in this rat model but does not affect the incidence of diabetes mellitus. The administration of a low dose of methimazole (MMI; 870 ng/gm bw ip daily) from 30–90 days of age had no significant effect on thyroid function or on the incidence of iodine induced LT and serum anti-thyroglobulin (Tg) antibodies measured by an ELISA assay. A large dose of MMI (0.05% in the drinking water) induced goiter and hypothyroidism. In addition, the incidence of LT was markedly attenuated (76% vs 6%, p < 0.001) and reduced titers of serum anti-Tg antibodies (0.59 ± 0.1 OD vs 0.08 ± 0.01, p < 0.001) were observed. This inhibitory effect of MMI on the occurrence of iodine induced LT in the BB/Wor rat may be due to the lower antigenicity of the poorly iodinated Tg secondary to MMI therapy and/or to an immunosuppressant effect of MMI itself.
Indentation of an oriented transparent polyamide

In this study, the effect of orientation on the indentation hardness and energy absorption of an ori- ented transparent Trogamid polyamide was investigated with a spherical indentation methodology. It was found that the orientation significantly improved the indentation hardness and energy absorbed by plastic deformation. From the indentation hardness measurement, the elastic modulus, yield stress, and strain hardening exponent were derived from both the elastic and plastic regions of the in- dentation load-displacement curves. The elastic modulus was found to remain the same with orientation; the yield stress and the strain hardening exponent increased with orientation. The increase in the strain hardening exponent was the primary reason for the improved indentation hardness and energy absorption in the oriented samples. The mechanical properties from indentation measurements were compared to values obtained from tension true stress/true strain measurements. Good agreement was observed between the results from the indentation and tension tests. The effect of temperature on the mechanical properties was also studied. It was found that the modu- lus and yield stress were higher at a lower temperature; however, the strain hardening exponent remained unaf- fected. V C 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 112: 163-172, 2009
Discrimination between intact cell desensitization and agonist affinity changes

Abstract The relationship between epinephrine-induced receptor-epinephrine affinity changes and intact cell adenylate cyclase activity was investigated using S49 lymphoma cells. It was demonstrated that 20 nM epinephrine caused desensitization (defined as a reduction in the rate of cAMP synthesis with time), but no significant change in receptor-epinephrine affinity as measured by competition with [ 125 I]iodopindolol. On the other hand, treatment with 5 μM epinephrine caused no desensitization (as defined above), but did cause a very significant reduction in receptor-epinephrine affinity. It is suggested that there is a desensitization process which is distinct from the agonist affinity shift and which is expressed primarily as a change in the EC 50 of the hormone-induced activation. The demonstration of extensive desensitization at low concentrations of hormone may have important physiological implications.
Wilson’s disease

Abstract Wilson's disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of hepatic copper disposition caused by mutations in the gene ATP7B , located on chromosome 13. This gene encodes a P-type ATPase, known as the Wilson ATPase, which functions within hepatocytes to move copper across intracellular membranes. The copper-transporting action directly supports production of the ferroxidase ceruloplasmin, in which copper is incorporated, as well as excretion of copper into bile. Consequently, in Wilson's disease, serum concentrations of copper are low and hepatic retention of copper develops, leading to liver injury. Wilson's disease can present as hepatic, neurological or psychiatric disease; clinical phenotypes are highly varied. Other organ systems may also be involved. Although the usual age range for clinical presentation is 5−45 years, younger children and older adults may present with this disease. Clinical investigations include tests of liver function, cerebral imaging, serum ceruloplasmin and copper, basal 24-hour urinary copper measurement, and hepatic parenchymal copper concentration. Genetic diagnosis is complex and best used for family studies or in populations known to have a limited repertoire of mutations. Treatment is usually very effective and consists of life-long administration of a chelator (D-penicillamine or trientine) or of zinc in pharmacological doses. Liver transplantation is mandatory for patients presenting with fulminant hepatic failure (coagulopathy, encephalopathy, massive intravascular haemolysis, renal failure, elevated aminotransferases, subnormal alkaline phosphatase) or for those whose liver disease is not responding to usual treatment. Liver cancer is extremely uncommon in patients with Wilson's disease but screening may be appropriate for older patients.
Life events, number of social relationships, and twelve-month naturalistic course of major depression in a community sample of women.

Research suggests that negative life events and social support are associated with the course of major depressive episodes. However, the manner in which these variables may be specifically interrelated remains unclear. The present study compared two models of the relation among life events, number of social relationships, and the naturalistic course of major depression in a community sample of women. The life event profiles of 32 women were assessed during their index episode of major depression (T1) and again 1 year later (T2). Measures included the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule. Data analysis focused on whether life events and social relationships were independent predictors of depressive symptomatology (i.e., “main effects” model) or whether social relationships moderated the influence of life events on the naturalistic course of participants' major depressive episodes (i.e., “stress buffering” model). The results only partially supported the main effects model and failed to support the buffering model of the relation among life events, social relationships, and naturalistic depression course. In particular, the present findings indicated that number of social relationships was a significantly stronger predictor of naturalistic depression course than were life events. These findings suggest that insufficient social support is a particularly strong prospective predictor of elevated depressive symptomatology. Determining the quality of patients' social support networks should be a regular part of clinical assessment, and efforts should be made to help depressed patients establish supportive relationships both in the therapeutic environment and in their personal lives. Depression and Anxiety 16:104–113 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Subchronic feeding study of grain from herbicide-tolerant maize DP-Ø9814Ø-6 in Sprague-Dawley rats.

This 13-week feeding study conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats evaluated the potential health effects from long-term consumption of a rodent diet formulated with grain from genetically modified (GM), herbicide-tolerant maize DP-O9814O-6 (98140; trade name Optimum GAT (Optimum GAT is a registered trademark of Pioneer Hi-Bred)). Metabolic inactivation of the herbicidal active ingredient glyphosate was conferred by genomic integration and expression of a gene-shuffled acetylase coding sequence, gat4621, from Bacillus licheniformis; tolerance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides was conferred by overexpression of a modified allele (zm-hra) of the endogenous maize ALS enzyme that is resilient to inactivation. Milled maize grain from untreated (98140) and herbicide-treated (98140+Gly/SU) plants, the conventional non-transgenic, near-isogenic control (091), and three commercial non-transgenic reference hybrids (33J56, 33P66, and 33R77) was substituted at concentrations of 35-38% w/w into a common rodent chow formula (PMI) Nutrition International, LLC Certified Rodent LabDiet 5002) and fed to rats (12/sex/group) for at least 91 consecutive days. Compared with rats fed diets containing grain from the conventional near-isogenic control maize, no adverse effects were observed in rats fed diets containing grain from 98140 or 98140+Gly/SU maize with respect to standard nutritional performance metrics and OECD 408-compliant toxicological response variables [OECD, 1998. Section 4 (Part 408), Health Effects: Repeated Dose 90-Day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents, Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals. Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France]. These results support the comparative safety and nutritional value of maize grain from genetically modified Optimum GAT and conventional, non-transgenic hybrid field corn.
Allelic imbalance and altered expression of genes in chromosome 2q11–2q16 from rat mammary gland carcinomas induced by 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5- b ]pyridine

2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), a compound found in cooked meat, is a mammary gland carcinogen in rats. Comparative genomic hybridization of PhIP-induced rat mammary gland carcinomas revealed loss in the centromeric region of 2q, a region known to carry the mammary carcinoma susceptibility 1 (Mcs1) gene and several other genes relevant to carcinogenesis. Allelic imbalance, specifically microsatellite instability and loss of heterozygosity, was examined in mammary gland carcinomas induced by PhIP in Sprague-Dawley (SD)xWistar Furth F1 hybrid rats. In a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay with 34 microsatellite markers coinciding to 2q11-2q16, nine markers revealed allelic imbalance. The frequency of imbalance in the tumors varied from 10 to 100% depending on the specific marker. However, none of the markers coinciding with the Mcs1 gene locus showed allelic imbalance, suggesting that alterations at this locus were not associated with PhIP-induced rat mammary gland cancer. The expression of several genes physically mapped to 2q11-2q16 and potentially involved in carcinogenesis including Ccnb (cyclin B1), Ccnh (cyclin H), Rasa (Ras GAP), Rasgrf2, Pi3kr1 (p85alpha), and Il6st (gp130) was also examined by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) across a large bank of PhIP-induced SD rat mammary gland carcinomas. By quantitative real-time PCR, the mRNA expression of Rasa, Pi3kr1, Ccnh, and Il6st in carcinomas was, respectively, 22-, 20-, three- and threefold higher in carcinomas than in control mammary gland tissues (P<0.05, Student's t-test). A statistically sixfold lower expression of Rasgrf2 was detected in carcinomas whereas no significant change in Ccnb1 expression was observed. The findings from quantitative real-time PCR were confirmed by IHC for each gene. In addition, the proliferation index in mammary gland carcinomas as assessed by PCNA was found to correlate with the overexpression of Cyclin H by IHC analysis (P<0.05, Spearman Rank Order Correlation). The findings from the current study implicate molecular alterations in the proximal region of 2q in PhIP-induced rat mammary gland carcinomas.
Rationale for a single-pill combination of perindopril arginine and amlodipine besylate

A systematic review identified 86 outcome-based clinical trials involving perindopril, amlodipine, or other antihypertensive drugs. In fixed-effects meta-analyses of 11 clinical trials (90,208 subjects), amlodipine was associated with a significant 24% increase in heart failure, but a significant decrease in death, cardiovascular death, stroke, coronary heart disease, and first major cardiovascular adverse event. In five clinical trials (52,565 subjects), perindopril was associated with a significant reduction in all six cardiovascular endpoints. Network and Bayesian meta-analyses suggested that (with the exception of amlodipine and heart failure), each agent was at least as effective as an initial diuretic to prevent these events. Short-term trials have demonstrated that the combination of perindopril and amlodipine is safe and effective, with statistically greater lowering of blood pressure than either agent alone and a potential synergistic effect on pedal edema. The single-pill combination of perindopril and amlodipine may be a useful addition to the antihypertensive armamentarium.
The association of pemphigus with thymoma or malignancy: a critical review

SUMMARY In order to determine the relationship between all forms of pemphigus and malignancy or thymoma, a search of the world literature was carried out. Fifty-nine case reports or isolated citations for pemphigus with malignancies or thymomas were noted, including twenty-one reports published before the histological separation by Lever of pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid in 1953. Of these cases, twenty-six were acceptable for analysis. In approximately 54% of patients surveyed with these associations, the malignancy involved the lymphoid or reticuloendothelial systems. Approximately 48% of the patients with pemphigus and malignancy or thymoma had associated autoimmune diseases. Pemphigus with malignancies or thymomas may be related through some intervening variables such as immuno-suppressive therapy or the antigenic and cross-reacting nature of the primary tumour, or through an immunological consequence of associated autoimmune disease.
Live cell imaging reveals marked variability in myoblast proliferation and fate

During the process of muscle regeneration, activated stem cells termed satellite cells proliferate, and then differentiate to form new myofibers that restore the injured area. Yet not all satellite cells contribute to muscle repair. Some continue to proliferate, others die, and others become quiescent and are available for regeneration following subsequent injury. The mechanisms that regulate the adoption of different cell fates in a muscle cell precursor population remain unclear. We have used live cell imaging and lineage tracing to study cell fate in the C2 myoblast line. Analyzing the behavior of individual myoblasts revealed marked variability in both cell cycle duration and viability, but similarities between cells derived from the same parental lineage. As a consequence, lineage sizes and outcomes differed dramatically, and individual lineages made uneven contributions toward the terminally differentiated population. Thus, the cohort of myoblasts undergoing differentiation at the end of an experiment differed dramatically from the lineages present at the beginning. Treatment with IGF-I increased myoblast number by maintaining viability and by stimulating a fraction of cells to complete one additional cell cycle in differentiation medium, and as a consequence reduced the variability of the terminal population compared with controls. Our results reveal that heterogeneity of responses to external cues is an intrinsic property of cultured myoblasts that may be explained in part by parental lineage, and demonstrate the power of live cell imaging for understanding how muscle differentiation is regulated.
Measurements of Inter-and-Intra Device Transient Thermal Transport on SOI FETs

In this paper, we report the first resolving detailed thermal transients for CMOS devices. Furthermore we investigate different heat paths between and inside devices to reveal the importance of the thermal conductivity of the gate. This work is extended to study thermal transport within a sub-micrometer CMOS FET where we are able to detect the delayed heat pulse at the source due to heat generation in the drain. We show both by measurements and simulations that oxide does not afford good isolation and that the main cooling mechanism of SOI devices is to the gate, with transfer resistance playing an important role.
OLD TINGS, SKELINTANS, AND ROOINZ: BELIZEAN STUDENT PERSPECTIVES ABOUT ARCHAEOLOGY

A significant component of many public archaeology projects is a focus on primary school education. To develop culturally relevant pedagogy and understand the impact of knowledge about history and cultural heritage, it is important to explore ideas students already have about these concepts and how students interpret and transform information they gather. In Belize, through contact with archaeological resources, research projects, and curriculum initiatives, students develop ideas about and interests in archaeology, ruins, and “the Mayas”. This paper is based on ethnographic research with elementary school students on their interactions with archaeological sites and their knowledge and learning about local and national cultural resources. The research is comparative, taking place in two different communities and their schools. It is also interdisciplinary, crossing the fields of archaeology, cultural anthropology, and education. This paper explores the ways students learn about history, archaeology, and cultural diversity in Belize and their knowledge and misconceptions about archaeological practice, history, and culture. Key themes in student knowledge and some origins and potential implications of their ideas are addressed. The article concludes with a discussion of the broader impacts of student learning about the past and intersections with public outreach and archaeological research.
RETHINKING JUVENILE STATUS OFFENSE LAWS: CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONGRESSIONAL REVIEW OF THE JUVENILE JUSTICE AND DELINQUENCY PREVENTION ACT

Families struggling with a breakdown in communication, trying to control the behavior of an unruly child, or experiencing a crisis often look for outside help. Many families, particularly those without resources to pay for private support, turn to their local status offense system. Status offenders are young people charged with behavior unique to their status as juveniles such as running away, truancy, or disobedience. In 2007, Congress will begin to consider reauthorization of the Juvenile Justice Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA), the federal act related to status-offender policy. By providing an overview of recent state status-offense legislation and case law, this article identifies issues to be addressed by Congress in reauthorizing the JJDPA.
Serum Proteomics and Biomarkers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Chronic Liver Disease

Purpose: Proteomic profiling using surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) enables the identification of biomarkers for cancer. We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of SELDI-TOF MS for detection of established hepatocellular cancer (HCC) and compared it against α-fetoprotein (AFP), Lens culinaris agglutinin–reactive AFP (AFP-L3), and prothrombin induced by vitamin K absence-II (PIVKA-II). Experimental Design: Forty-one patients with HCC and 51 patients with hepatitis C cirrhosis were enrolled. Serum was analyzed by SELDI-TOF MS using three Ciphergen protein array types. Results: An 11-peak algorithm for HCC detection was identified. Using the AFP cutoff of 20 ng/mL, the sensitivity was 73% and the specificity was 71%. Using the AFP-L3 cutoff of 10% yielded a sensitivity of 63% and a specificity of 94%. Using the PIVKA-II cutoff of 125 milliabsorbance units (mAU), the sensitivity was 84% and the specificity was 69%. Overall, the sensitivity and specificity of SELDI-TOF MS for HCC were 79% and 86%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, the 11-peak SELDI profile was predictive of HCC independent of AFP, PIVKA, and AFP-L3. Among eight patients with the largest tumor size of Conclusions: SELDI-TOF MS accurately distinguished patients with HCC from those with hepatitis C virus cirrhosis, was more accurate than traditional biomarkers in identifying small tumors, and should be further evaluated.
Performance of Stocker Cattle Grazing Cool-Season Annual Grass Mixtures in Northern Arkansas1

Abstract Over 3 yr, cool-season annual grasses, including oats (Avena sativa L), cereal rye (Secale cereale L; CR), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.; RG), and soft-red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L) or the combinations of CR and RG (RRG); wheat and CR (WR); wheat and RG (WRG); or wheat, CR, and RG (WRRG) were planted in twenty-four 0.81-ha pastures on the University of Arkansas Livestock and Forestry Branch Station near Batesville to evaluate the effect of species of cool-season annual grass on the growth of stocker calves. Grazing was initiated on January 6, October 23, and October 30 in Year 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Summarized across year, animal performance during the fall and winter was not affected (P=0.20) by combination of cool-season annual grass, averaging 1.16 kg/d. Across year, the greatest ADG during the spring was observed for stocker calves on the RG, RRG, wheat, and WRG treatments, which did not differ (P>0.10). The spring ADG of stocker calves on the RRG treatment was 19% greater (P 0.10) for calves on the RRG, RG, WRG, and wheat treatments; calves on RRG had greater (P= 0.05) gain per hectare than calves on WRRG. Addition of RG to CR or wheat yielded the greatest in ADG and gain per hectare in 2 of the 3 yr and when averaged across year. If this enterprise were used for custom grazing and pasture were charged at $35/45.4 kg of BW gain, profit per hectare would be best for RG, RRG, wheat, and WRG (averaging $305.29, $313.64, $305.86, and $295.93/ha, respectively).
Dynamic effective pressure coefficient calibration

ABSTRACTPore pressure prediction provides an important risk assessment in the oil and gas industry. Most predrill pore-pressure prediction methods from seismic and/or well-log sonic velocities are based on the effective stress principle, which relates velocity variation to the combined effect of overburden stress and pore pressure. In the current practice of pore pressure prediction, the effective stress coefficient n is often assumed as unity, which is not always the case, especially when sediments are deeply buried and consolidated. To understand the variation of n with depth, I analyzed density and velocity trends from more than 100 Gulf of Mexico wells near the Louisiana continental shelf edge. In the study area, overpressure zones are present in most wells and compaction disequilibrium is the dominant overpressure mechanism. Normal compaction trends for velocity and density were built. The overburden pressure model was refined by taking into account that the density gradient approaches zero at the on...
State-space solution to a minimum-entropy ℋ 1 -optimal control problem with a nested information constraint

State-space formulas are derived for the minimum-entropy ℋ 1 controller when the plant and controller are constrained to be block-lower-triangular. Such a controller exists if and only if: the corresponding unstructured problem has a solution, a certain pair of coupled algebraic Riccati equations admits a mutually stabilizing fixed point, and a pair of spectral radius conditions is met. The controller's observer-based structure is also discussed, and a simple numerical approach for solving the coupled Riccati equations is presented.
Observations on the urban ecology of the Neotropical stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini)

Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille) is a small, docile, cavity-nestingstingless bee that is widely distributed in the Neotropical region. This speciesis particularly abundant in disturbed environments, including humansettlements. Between August 2005 and March 2006, we located and followed duringeight months 59 nests of this species in Medellin, the second most populatedcity in Colombia. Herein, we document their foraging behavior, mortality, andincidence of predators and natural enemies. Also, to determine if higherambient temperature and light intensity in urban environments affect the dailyforaging activity of T. angustula, wecompared the daily foraging activity of bees from nests found in open areas in thecity and bees from nests from a nearby covered, forested area. Likewise, todetermine if urban nests of T. angustulaare largely undetected and undisturbed by people, we experimentally made themvisible by adding a ring color (white, red, or black) around the nest entrance tube.Our observations indicate that higher ambient temperature and light intensity inurban environments do not significantly affect the daily foraging activity of T. angustula. Nearly half of the markednests disappeared, thus suggesting that nests of T. angustula are often undetected by people in Medellin. We discussbriefly some features of the biology of T.angustula that might contribute to its success in urban environments.
Curved Parametric Segments for the Stress Field of 3-D Dislocation Loops

Under applied mechanical forces, strong mutual interaction or other thermodynamic forces, dislocation shapes become highly curved. The authors present here a new method for accurate computations of self and mutual interactions between dislocation loops. In this method, dislocation loops of arbitrary shapes are segmented with appropriate parametric equations representing the dislocation line vector. Field equations of infinitesimal linear elasticity are developed on the basis of isotropic elastic Green`s tensor functions. The accuracy and computational speed of the method are illustrated by computing the stress field around a typical (110)-[111] slip loop in a BCC crystal. The method is shown to be highly accurate for close-range dislocation interactions without any loss of computational speed when compared to analytic evaluations of the stress field for short linear segments. Moreover, computations of self-force and energies of curved segments are guaranteed to be accurate, because of the continuity of line curvature on the loop.
HIV-Related Hematological Malignancies: A Concise Review

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and its consequence, AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) are responsible for a human tragedy of incalculable proportions. Patients afflicted by it are susceptible due to an early senescence of the immune system to opportunistic infections and malignancies. Since the introduction in 1996 of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), the landscape of malignancies associated to HIV/AIDS has changed in a significant manner as a direct result of significant improvement in the morbidity, mortality and life expectancy of HIV infected patients. While there has been a significant decrease in developed countries of malignancies such as Kaposi's sarcoma and Primary CNS lymphomas associated to the pre-HAART HIV-related immunodeficiency, hematological malignancies, particularly non-Hodgkin lymphomas continue to be the most common cancer-related cause of death in HIV infected individuals. This concise review of the subject highlights aspects of the natural history of HIV disease as it relates to the cause of malignancies with emphasis in the management and treatment of HIV-related hematological malignancies.
A de novo whole gene deletion of XIAP detected by exome sequencing analysis in very early onset inflammatory bowel disease: a case report

Children with very early-onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD), those diagnosed at less than 5 years of age, are a unique population. A subset of these patients present with a distinct phenotype and more severe disease than older children and adults. Host genetics is thought to play a more prominent role in this young population, and monogenic defects in genes related to primary immunodeficiencies are responsible for the disease in a small subset of patients with VEO-IBD. We report a child who presented at 3 weeks of life with very early-onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD). He had a complicated disease course and remained unresponsive to medical and surgical therapy. The refractory nature of his disease, together with his young age of presentation, prompted utilization of whole exome sequencing (WES) to detect an underlying monogenic primary immunodeficiency and potentially target therapy to the identified defect. Copy number variation analysis (CNV) was performed using the eXome-Hidden Markov Model. Whole exome sequencing revealed 1,380 nonsense and missense variants in the patient. Plausible candidate variants were not detected following analysis of filtered variants, therefore, we performed CNV analysis of the WES data, which led us to identify a de novo whole gene deletion in XIAP. This is the first reported whole gene deletion in XIAP, the causal gene responsible for XLP2 (X-linked lymphoproliferative Disease 2). XLP2 is a syndrome resulting in VEO-IBD and can increase susceptibility to hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis (HLH). This identification allowed the patient to be referred for bone marrow transplantation, potentially curative for his disease and critical to prevent the catastrophic sequela of HLH. This illustrates the unique etiology of VEO-IBD, and the subsequent effects on therapeutic options. This cohort requires careful and thorough evaluation for monogenic defects and primary immunodeficiencies.
Aging and the Media: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow

This paper describes the influence the media have on people and how it effects their view of the elderly. It describes aspects of the American media from the 1970s through today and discusses the changes that have occurred. Specific examples drawn from television, advertising, entertainment, and music are used to demonstrate how the media change audience perceptions and what must be done to improve perceptions of and attitudes toward elderly people today.
Charge-Transfer Dynamics at the α/β Subunit Interface of a Photochemical Ribonucleotide Reductase.

Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) catalyzes the conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides to provide the monomeric building blocks for DNA replication and repair. Nucleotide reduction occurs by way of multistep proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) over a pathway of redox active amino acids spanning ∼35 A and two subunits (α2 and β2). Despite the fact that PCET in RNR is rapid, slow conformational changes mask examination of the kinetics of these steps. As such, we have pioneered methodology in which site-specific incorporation of a [Re(I)] photooxidant on the surface of the β2 subunit (photoβ2) allows photochemical oxidation of the adjacent PCET pathway residue β-Y356 and time-resolved spectroscopic observation of the ensuing reactivity. A series of photoβ2s capable of performing photoinitiated substrate turnover have been prepared in which four different fluorotyrosines (FnYs) are incorporated in place of β-Y356. The FnYs are deprotonated under biological conditions, undergo oxidation by electron transfer (ET), and provide a means by which to vary the ET driving force (ΔG°) with minimal additional perturbations across the series. We have used these features to map the correlation between ΔG° and kET both with and without the fully assembled photoRNR complex. The photooxidation of FnY356 within the α/β subunit interface occurs within the Marcus inverted region with a reorganization energy of λ ≈ 1 eV. We also observe enhanced electronic coupling between donor and acceptor (HDA) in the presence of an intact PCET pathway. Additionally, we have investigated the dynamics of proton transfer (PT) by a variety of methods including dependencies on solvent isotopic composition, buffer concentration, and pH. We present evidence for the role of α2 in facilitating PT during β-Y356 photooxidation; PT occurs by way of readily exchangeable positions and within a relatively "tight" subunit interface. These findings show that RNR controls ET by lowering λ, raising HDA, and directing PT both within and between individual polypeptide subunits.
Analytical Applications of X-ray Excited Optical Luminescence

During the past several years, X-ray excited optical luminescences spectroscopy has been found useful in analytical chemistry, particularly for the detection and determination of rare earth impurities in inorganic materials at concentrations in the 1 part in 106 to 109 range. A recent study has shown that one or more of the rare earth elements can be easily detected at the 100 ppm level in compounds of 55 of the chemical elements, when these compounds are incorporated into appropriate phosphors. The advantages of X-ray excitation over other excitation procedures are discussed, and the concept of internal standardization is explained. Analytical procedures for the determination of rare earths in other rare earths, in Zr, Th, U, and the Fe group of transition elements will be briefly described. None of these analytical methods requires prior separation or concentration steps, and the phosphor preparation is simple and rapid.
Terms of Trade in Small Open Economies: The Role of Monopolistic Output Markets

This paper revisits the role of terms of trade using a small open economy (SOE) model in which imports are inputs in production, output markets are imperfectly competitive and firms are connected in an input-output network. Otherwise, the model nests the standard SOE model commonly used in quantitative macro. Using this framework, this paper delivers the following results: (i) terms of trade shocks affect TFP in the same way as in the data, (ii) terms of trade shocks increase the volatility of consumption relative to that of output, and (iii) input-output linkages amplify the influence of terms of trade on the real economy. The model is calibrated to Mexico. Numerical experiments show that terms of trade shocks alone account for about half of observed TFP volatility and approximately 45 percent of the observed output volatility. With respect to the excess volatility of consumption, terms of trade shocks imply a volatility of consumption that is 54 percent larger than the volatility of output. Plugging productivity and terms of trade shocks into the model generates a consumption volatility that is 5 percent more than that of output, close to the actual ratio of volatilities in the data.
Determinants of International Credit Allocation: An Analysis of U.S. Lending by Japanese Banks

The central issues addressed are the extent and causes of interdependency between Japanese banks' domestic and US lending. We examine hypotheses that domestic and US credit allocations by Japanese banks during the late 1980s and early 1990s are related through their mutual dependence on capital availability, and that the unique information role of banks as financial intermediaries leads to complementarity between their domestic and international lending. Both hypotheses receive support. Related conclusions are that economic and regulatory conditions in Japan strongly influence the extent of Japanese banks' US lending.