cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FORMULATION OF A SURROGATE FOR THE SIMULATION OF JET FUEL POOL FIRES

The simulation of pool fires involving complex hydrocarbon fuels requires the development of a simplified surrogate with a limited number of compounds having known oxidation mechanisms. A series of six-component surrogates was developed for the simulation of JP-8 pool fires, and experiments were carried out with a 30-cm-diameter pool fire to allow comparison of the surrogate fuel behavior to that of the jet fuel. The surrogate was shown to simulate the burning rate, radiant heat flux, and sooting tendency of jet fuel under steady-state pool fire conditions. This study also illustrated the transient nature of batch pool fire experiments and highlighted the difficulties associated with formulating an appropriate surrogate to mimic jet fuel behavior over the lifetime of a batch pool fire. These difficulties were shown to arise from fuel compositional changes, with preferential destruction of lighter components and accumulation of heavier components during the course of the fire.
Aural irrigation using the OtoClear Safe Irrigation System in children.

Summary Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the OtoClear® Safe Irrigation System for removing cerumen from the external auditory canal in children. Methods: Eligible subjects were 6 months–17 years of age with cerumen obstructing ≥50% of the tympanic membrane (TM) from view (by otoscopy). Pneumatic otoscopy, tympanometry, and audiometry were performed followed by cleansing of the affected ear canal(s) with the OtoClear® Safe Irrigation System and warm tap water. Otoscopy was performed after each wash of the canal. A curette or small alligator forceps was used to remove remaining cerumen if necessary. Tympanometry and audiometry were repeated after all procedures were completed. Telephone contact was made 1 week later regarding symptoms of acute otitis externa or any other problems. Results: Eighteen children (28 ears) ages 1–10/12 to 11–2/12 years were entered. Four had previously had tympanostomy tubes. At entry, there was no visible TM in 19 ears, 5–10% visible TM in 5 ears, 20% in 1 ear, and 30–40% of the TM in 3 ears. The number of washes needed per ear was: 1 wash—16 ears, 2 washes—8 ears, 3 washes—1 ear, 4 washes—2 ears; washing was stopped in 1 ear because of pain. After irrigation, a curette or forceps was used in 6 ears. Following the procedures, ≥95% of the TM was visible in 24 ears, and ≥80% was visible in all ears. Six ears (4 children) with flat tympanograms at entry became normal after irrigation. On audiometry, a conductive loss in 2 ears at entry resolved after irrigation. The mean change in pure tone average (PTA) was −2.9 dB. Three subjects were noted to have hearing losses >5dB at some frequencies which on review by audiologists were deemed non-significant. No perforations of the TM occurred. There were no reports of otitis externa or any other adverse events occurring after leaving the clinic. Conclusion: We found the OtoClear® Safe Irrigation System to be safe and effective in our small sample of children. It was well tolerated in most and provided a non-traumatic method for the removal of obstructing cerumen.
The effects of acute stress exposure on striatal activity during Pavlovian conditioning with monetary gains and losses.

Pavlovian conditioning involves the association of an inherently neutral stimulus with an appetitive or aversive outcome, such that the neutral stimulus itself acquires reinforcing properties. Across species, this type of learning has been shown to involve subcortical brain regions such as the striatum and the amygdala. It is less clear, however, how the neural circuitry involved in the acquisition of Pavlovian contingencies in humans is affected by acute stress. In the current study, we investigate the effect of acute stress exposure on Pavlovian conditioning using monetary reinforcers. Participants underwent a partial reinforcement conditioning procedure in which neutral stimuli were paired with high and low magnitude monetary gains and losses. A between-subjects design was used, such that half of the participants were exposed to cold stress while the remaining participants were exposed to a no stress control procedure. Cortisol measurements and subjective ratings were used as measures of stress. We observed an interaction between stress, valence and magnitude in the ventral striatum, with the peak in the putamen. More specifically, the stress group exhibited an increased sensitivity to magnitude in the gain domain. This effect was driven by those participants who experienced a larger increase in circulating cortisol levels in response to the stress manipulation. Taken together, these results suggest that acute stress can lead to individual differences in circulating cortisol levels which influence brain regions involved in associative learning such as the ventral striatum.
War as a Symptom of Social Crisis

WHAT ARE THE MAIN CAUSES of the Second World War? Why, in spite of all the earnest prayers of millions of people for peace, did we drift into another series of declared and undeclared wars? The search for some reasonable answers is, and will be, one of the chief preoccupations of mankind. But in his desperate search for somebody or something on which to pin the blame for starting the wars, man has wasted a great deal of effort in proving his theories on the causation of such conflicts. Each of these theories has some merit, but each has failed by its very simplicity to provide a scientific explanation of that extremely complex phenomenon.'
A treatise on chicken dam nutrition that impacts on progeny

Chick quality is dependent upon conditions in the laying house, egg handling systems, and the hatchery. If any of these areas are sub-optimal, chick quality, in addition to hatchability, may deteri...
Alkaline phosphatase‐somatostatin hybrid proteins as probes for somatostatin‐14 receptors

By inserting appropriate peptide ligands into surface loops on globular proteins, we expect to develop probes for the location, accessibility, and steric and electrostatic environment of these ligand-binding sites on their membrane-bound receptors. Three residues in a loop on the surface of E. coli alkaline phosphatase were substituted by an 18-residue peptide containing the receptor-binding segment of somatostatin-14 without significantly affecting the catalytic properties of the enzyme. This hybrid protein was then used to investigate the ligand-binding site of somatostatin receptors. Tryptic cleavage of the hybrid protein within the inserted sequence, and binding of the hybrid protein to antisomatostatin antibodies demonstrated the surface accessibility of the guest peptide. Both the wild-type enzyme and the hormone-enzyme hybrid displaced 125I-labeled somatostatin from rat brain membrane receptors only at high concentrations. How-ever, chemical cationization of the hybrid protein, which again did not disturb the phosphatase activity, enhanced its receptor-binding potency to a level only 23 times lower than that of somatostatin itself and 280 times higher than that of the cationized wild-type protein. This alkaline phosphatase/somatostatin hybrid protein appears, therefore, to be a suitable starting point for the development of probes for the steric and electrostatic environment of the ligand-binding site of somatostatin receptors. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Differentiation of a Fusicoccum sp. Causing Panicle and Shoot Blight on California Pistachio Trees from Botryosphaeria dothidea.

Smith, D. R., Michailides, T. J., and Stanosz, G. R. 2001. Differentiation of a Fusicoccum sp. causing panicle and shoot blight on California pistachio trees from Botryosphaeria dothidea. Plant Dis. 85:1235-1240. A panicle and shoot blight disease of pistachio trees in California is caused by a fungus previously identified as the anamorph of Botryosphaeria dothidea. We have compared random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequences, and conidium morphology of 15 isolates of the pistachio Fusicoccum to those of well-characterized isolates of B. dothidea, B. ribis, and F. luteum. Cluster analysis of RAPD markers separated the pistachio Fusicoccum isolates from B. dothidea, as did parsimony analysis of the ITS region sequences. Conidium size and shape were similar to those of B. ribis (Fusicoccum sp.) and F. luteum, but distinguishable from those of F. aesculi (the anamorph of B. dothidea). We conclude that the fungus causing panicle and shoot blight of pistachio is distinguishable from B. dothidea and is part of a complex containing B. ribis, F. luteum, and other fungi with Fusicoccum anamorphs. Additional keywords: Botryosphaeria ribis, Fusicoccum aesculi, Fusicoccum luteum, Pistacia vera
Social and reproductive patterns in neotropical primates: Relation to ecology, body size, and infant care

The papers in this issue stem from a symposium presented at the 1992 International Primatological Congress in Strasbourg, France. Due to the paucity of information on social organization, reproduction, and the relation of these to ecology in neotropical primates, we organized this symposium, which included researchers conducting comparative studies and those examining aspects of socioecology in single platyrrhine species. The papers in the symposium are organized around three issues: (1) the relation between body size, ecology, and reproduction (papers by Dietz et al., Tardif, and Williams et al.); (2) ranging and dispersal patterns as determinants of social structure (papers by Boinski and Mitchell, Norconk and Kinzey, and Kinzey and Cunningham); (3) phylogenetic and comparative analyses of behavioral and anatomical traits (Ford and Garber). Within these areas, the papers provide new information and new syntheses of existing information on platyrrhine socioecology. In addition, many detail innovative methodological approaches which could fruitfully be applied to other primates. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cues, Components, and Causal Structure in Laboratory Judgment Studies:

Laboratory studies of judgment in both SCPL and MCPL paradigms generally ignore the issue of the causal structure underlying the correlations between the cue(s) and the distal variable. The present note argues that two possible causal structures must be considered: cue-type tasks, in which the stimuli reflect the value of the distal variable, and component-type tasks, in which the stimuli values cause the distal variable value. It is shown that different optimal response strategies can be derived for a given set of cue validities, depending on which causality assumptions are made, and these optimal strategies are derived for the simple cases for n = 1, 2, and 3. Some implications of these results for the design and interpretation of laboratory studies are suggested.
Identification of High Potency Microbial and Self Ligands for a Human Autoreactive Class II–restricted T Cell Clone

CD4+ class II–restricted T cells specific for self antigens are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of most human autoimmune diseases and molecular mimicry between foreign and self ligands has been implicated as a possible mechanism for their activation. In this report we introduce combinatorial peptide libraries as a powerful tool to identify cross-reactive ligands for these T cells. The antigen recognition of a CD4+ T cell clone (TCC) specific for myelin basic protein peptide (MBP) (86-96) was dissected by the response to a set of 220 11-mer peptide sublibraries. Based on the results obtained with the libraries for each position of the antigen, artificial peptides were found that induced proliferative responses at much lower concentrations than MBP(86-96). In addition stimulatory ligands derived from protein sequences of self and microbial proteins were identified, some of them even more potent agonists than MBP(86-96). These results indicate that: (a) for at least some autoreactive CD4+ T cells antigen recognition is highly degenerate; (b) the autoantigen used to establish the TCC represents only a suboptimal ligand for the TCC; (c) a completely random and unbiased approach such as combinatorial peptide libraries can decrypt the spectrum of stimulatory ligands for a T cell receptor (TCR).
Cardiac-Specific Expression and Hypertrophic Upregulation of the Feline Na+-Ca2+ Exchanger Gene H1-Promoter in a Transgenic Mouse Model

The NCX1 gene contains three promoters (H1, K1, and Br1), and as a result of alternative promoter usage and alternative splicing, there are multiple tissue-specific variants of the Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger. We have proposed that for NCX1, the H1 promoter regulates expression in the heart, the K1 promoter regulates expression in the kidney, and the Br1 promoter regulates expression in the brain as well as low-level ubiquitous expression. Here, using a transgenic mouse model, we test the role of the DNA region including -1831 to 67 bp of intron 1, encompassing exon H1 of the feline NCX1 gene (NCX1H1). The NCX1H1 promoter was sufficient for driving the normal spatiotemporal pattern of NCX1 expression in cardiac development. The luciferase reporter gene was expressed in a heart-restricted pattern both in early embryos (embryonic days 8 to 14) and in later embryos (after embryonic day 14), when NCX1 is also expressed in other tissues. In the adult, no luciferase activity was detected in the kidney, liver, spleen, uterus, or skeletal muscle; minimal activity was detected in the brain; and very high levels of luciferase expression were detected in the heart. Transverse aortic constriction-operated mice showed significantly increased left ventricular mass after 7 days. In addition, there was a 2-fold upregulation of NCX1H1 promoter activity in the left ventricle in animals after 7 days of pressure overload compared with both control and sham-operated animals. This work demonstrates that the NCX1H1 promoter directs cardiac-specific expression of the exchanger in both the embryo and adult and is also sufficient for the upregulation of NCX1 in response to pressure overload.
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in women with previously treated primary breast cancer: Update XII

10596 Background: To assess the incidence of contralateral or recurrent breast cancer among women prospectively treated with HRT after initial breast cancer diagnosis. Methods: A community-based, p...
Use of interactive logic simulation software to introduce data path and control concepts in introductory architecture courses

Some Computer Science programs, such as the introductory architecture class(es) use the LC-3 computer described by Patt and Patel [1], to explain the Von Neumann model for designing a computer, gain the knowledge of how the data path, control, and memory are used in modern computers to execute the functions that make up the programs we write as software developers. In the Spring Semester of 2013, a team of two students undertook a project to implement a "working" prototype of the LC-3 data path and its corresponding control circuitry. The open source logic program Logisim [2] has been used to create an interactive data path complete with control mechanisms and memory devices. We feel that having this interactive approach can increase the quality of the students learning experience and understanding. This paper describes the design process, the resulting data path, how the various circuits can be used as educational devices and how they can improve the students understanding of the modern computer.
Design, Synthesis, and Structural Characterization of a New Class of Ferrocene-Containing Heterometallic Triple-Stranded Helicates

The new ditopic organoiron ligand, [3,5-bis(1-ferrocenyl-prop-3-enol-1-one)(pyridine)] (H2L3,5), has been prepared and the reactions of its dianion (Na2L3,5) with M3+ ions (M = Ga or In) yield a new class of “3d-np block” heterometallic triple-stranded helicates, M2(L3,5)3, by the self-assembly process. The X-ray structural analysis of the new ligand shows that it is in the enolic form with each enolic carbon bonded to the pyridine ring and each carbonyl carbon connected to a ferrocene moiety; overall, the nonferrocenyl part of the molecule is nearly planar. The M2(L3,5)3 (M = Ga or In) complexes are helicates with three ligand strands, each of which is twisted into an S-shape, coordinating to two metal ions, each of which is in a distorted octahedral geometry. The new helicates are observed as a racemic mixture in the solid state by single-crystal X-ray analysis, and in solution by NMR, with both the left-handed Λ,Λ- and the right-handed Δ,Δ-isomers present. Variable-temperature 1H NMR study of the Ga2(L...
A cigar by any other name would taste as sweet

In 2009, under the provisions of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (FSPTCA), the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) banned cigarettes with ‘characterising flavours’ like candy, clove and fruit, with the exception of menthol. Importantly, these regulations do not currently apply to cigars, which remain a heavily flavoured market.1 Amid declining cigarette consumption in the USA, cigar sales have risen and prevalence remains high among certain groups. Indeed, among African–American youth, cigars are the most popular tobacco product.2 Moreover, recent studies have shown that young adult cigar smokers have a clear preference for flavoured cigars.1 We examined trends in flavoured cigar sales between 2008 and 2014 with Nielsen's Convenience Track System data, using previously described methods.1 …
Cholesterol Extraction from Cell Membrane by Graphene Nanosheets: A Computational Study

The health risk associated with high cholesterol levels in the human body has motivated intensive efforts to lower them by using specialized drugs. However, little research has been reported on utilizing nanomaterials to extract extra cholesterol from living tissues. Graphene possesses great potential for cholesterol extraction from cell membranes due to its distinct porous structure and outstanding surface adhesion. Here we employ dissipative dynamic simulations to explore pathways for cholesterol extraction from a cell membrane by a sheet of graphene using a coarse-grained graphene nanosheets (CGGN) model. We first demonstrate that the self-assembly process among a single layer of graphene and a group of randomly distributed cholesterol molecules in the aqueous environment, which provides a firm foundation for graphene–cholesterol interactions and the dynamic cholesterol extraction process from the cell membrane. Simulations results show that graphene is capable of removing cholesterol molecules from th...
Research on PON Network Planning and Design Methodology for Distribution Automation

Optical Network Passive(PON) has a good development prospect with its easy maintenance, high return on investment, wide range of services, flexible bandwidth allocation and other advantages. This paper abstracts PON network's design model of distribution automation according to the analysis of the PON networkspecific convergence and the distribution characteristics of distribution automation sites. It also sums up a set of PON network design process and methods of distribution automation and gives an engineering example of Xianning distribution automation PON network, which provides a reference for distribution automation construction.
Transtracheal Jet Ventilation in Management of the Difficult Airway

We present the use of transtracheal jet ventilation in two uncooperative patients with a difficult airway. Although transtracheal jet ventilation is considered as a last resort option in the difficult airway algorithm, its use can be a valuable tool in selected difficult airway situations. Transtracheal jet ventilation can effectively maintain arterial oxygenation and provide extra time for attempts to intubate the trachea, either directly or fibreoptically.
The Combination of Metyrapone and Oxazepam for the Treatment of Cocaine and Other Drug Addictions

Abstract Although scientists have been investigating the neurobiology of psychomotor stimulant reward for many decades, there is still no FDA-approved treatment for cocaine or methamphetamine abuse. Research in our laboratory has focused on the relationship between stress, the subsequent activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, and psychomotor stimulant reinforcement for almost 30 years. This research has led to the development of a combination of low doses of the cortisol synthesis inhibitor, metyrapone, and the benzodiazepine, oxazepam, as a potential pharmacological treatment for cocaine and other substance use disorders. In fact, we have conducted a pilot clinical trial that demonstrated that this combination can reduce cocaine craving and cocaine use. Our initial hypothesis underlying this effect was that the combination of metyrapone and oxazepam reduced cocaine seeking and taking by decreasing activity within the HPA axis. Even so, doses of the metyrapone and oxazepam combination that consistently reduced cocaine taking and seeking did not reliably alter plasma corticosterone (or cortisol in the pilot clinical trial). Furthermore, subsequent research has demonstrated that this drug combination is effective in adrenalectomized rats, suggesting that these effects must be mediated above the level of the adrenal gland. Our evolving hypothesis is that the combination of metyrapone and oxazepam produces its effects by increasing the levels of neuroactive steroids, most notably tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone, in the medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Additional research will be necessary to confirm this hypothesis and may lead to the development of improved and specific pharmacotherapies for the treatment of psychomotor stimulant use.
Dissimilarities in the Logical Modeling of Apparently Similar Concepts in SNOMED CT

Concepts whose terms are of a similar word structure are expected to have similar logical representations. Anecdotal examples from SNOMED CT indicate that this may not always be the case. An investigation into the extent of inconsistent modeling in SNOMED CT hierarchies is carried out. A lexical methodology is used to identify sets of similar concepts. It is applied to one of the most attribute-rich hierarchies, Procedure, from which a random sample of 60 sets is derived. These sets are examined in regard to hierarchical, definitional, attribute, attribute/value, and role-group aspects. Thirty percent of the sample sets were found to have at least one type of modeling inconsistency. Their presence may interfere with the performance of terminology-driven applications. With the use of SNOMED expanding, such inconsistencies may eventually affect clinical care. Due to this, external auditing should be encouraged to identify such issues and complement IHTSDO’s efforts.
TH‐E‐201‐03: A Radiology Resident's Perspectives of Physics Teaching

The ABR Core Examination stresses integrating physics into real-world clinical practice and, accordingly, has shifted its focus from passive recall of facts to active application of physics principles. Physics education of radiology residents poses a challenge. The traditional method of didactic lectures alone is insufficient, yet it is difficult to incorporate physics teaching consistently into clinical rotations due to time constraints. Faced with this challenge, diagnostic medical physicists who teach radiology residents, have been thinking about how to adapt their teaching to the new paradigm, what to teach and meet expectation of the radiology resident and the radiology residency program. The proposed lecture attempts to discuss above questions. Newly developed diagnostic radiology residents physics curriculum by the AAPM Imaging Physics Curricula Subcommittee will be reviewed. Initial experience on hands-on physics teaching will be discussed. Radiology resident who will have taken the BAR Core Examination will share the expectation of physics teaching from a resident perspective. The lecture will help develop robust educational approaches to prepare radiology residents for safer and more effective lifelong practice. Learning Objectives: 1.Learn updated physics requirements for radiology residents 2.Pursue effective approaches to teach physics to radiology residents 3.Learn expectation of physics teaching from resident perspective J. Zhang, This topic is partially supported by RSNA Education Scholar Grant
Study of Liquid Breakup Mechanism Through a High-Speed Gas Flow

Investigation of liquid breakup mechanism is an important role to improve performance of solid rocket motor (SRM) to reduce the erosion damage near nozzle a throat section. Protection of the nozzle wall could be achieved by enhancing liquid breakup mechanism of the liquid alumina inside combustion chamber before bulk alumina slug erodes the nozzle section. This paper presents a study of air and water two-phase straight channel experiment that simulates the breakup mechanism of alumina. The study of liquid breakup mechanism is carried out by analyzing high-speed camera image through image processing technic during this straight channel two-phase experiment. This image processing extract the particle size and counts data from each frame of high-speed pictures, therefore, we have mass accumulation distribution from different particle size and his information could be useful information for combustion channel design.
Survival endpoints for young women with early stage uterine endometrioid carcinoma: a matched analysis☆

Abstract Objectives Younger age is thought to be a favorable prognostic factor in women with endometrial carcinoma (EC). Survival endpoints were compared between two matched groups of patients with early stage EC: women 45 years or younger and women older than 45 years. Methods and materials Two matched groups of patients were created based on stage, grade, lymph node dissection and adjuvant management. Recurrence-free (RFS), disease-specific (DSS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated. Results A total of 525 patients (88 younger patients and 437 older patients, matched 1:5) were included in this study. The two groups were well balanced except for less myometrial invasion in the younger patients. There were no significant differences between younger and older patients in regards to 5-year RFS (94% vs. 91%, p = 0.6902). Similarly, there was no significant difference in regards to DSS (96% vs. 97%, p = 0.9000). While 5-year OS was similar for both groups (89% vs. 89%, p = 0.9942), 10-year OS was longer in the younger group (83% vs. 68% with p = 0.13). On multivariate analysis for RFS, the presence of lymphovascular space invasion was the only predictor of shorter RFS (p = 0.0007). Tumor grade (p = 0.0002) and lower uterine segment involvement (p = 0.0141) were independent predictors of shorter DSS. Older age (p Conclusions When matched based on tumor stage, grade and adjuvant management, our study suggests that there is no difference in survival endpoints between younger and older patients with early stage endometrial carcinoma.
Operando XPS characterization of selective contacts: The case of molybdenum oxide for crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cells

We demonstrate the potential of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to characterize new carrier- selective contacts (CSC) for solar cell application. We show that XPS not only provides information about the surface chemical properties of the CSC material, but that operando XPS, i.e. under light bias condition, can also directly measure the photovoltage that develops at the CSC/absorber interface, revealing device relevant information without the need of assembling a full solar cell. We present the application of the technique to molybdenum oxide hole-selective contact films on a crystalline silicon absorber.
Teaching Striking Skills in Elementary Physical Education Using Woodball

Object control (OC) skills are a part of fundamental motor skills and basic functional skills, which work as a prerequisite to becoming a skilled performer in many sports. Of various OC skills, striking is one of the most difficult to master due to a variety of interrelated movement components. A form of vertical or underarm striking is a more advanced level of striking and is a key movement pattern for sports such as golf or field hockey. Children can have opportunities to practice this skill through physical education (PE). Woodball, a target sport, provides effective PE content for elementary students to learn striking. This article focuses on the teaching of woodball and includes its history, rules and equipment. In addition, various tasks are introduced to show how to practice different types of striking skills in woodball and ways to assess skills.
Recapturing wasted energy in water pressure reducing valves via in-conduit hydropower generators

Abstract This paper models the water supply stations by establishing a laboratory scaled platform for investigating the in-conduit hydropower generators. An operation scheme is proposed to generate electricity from the wasted energy in the pressure reducing valves (PRVs). To maximize the generator efficiency, a control scheme is designed such that converting the wasted energy of pressure drop across the PRV to electricity does not affect the required water pressure and flow on the customer side. This scheme also preserves the generator from any damage by taking its operational range into consideration. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is evaluated by testing the experimental setup in a laboratory scaled platform for different flow and pressure scenarios.
The Identified Patient in Family Therapy and Jesus Christ: A Limited Analogy:

Family therapists have recognized the importance of analogic or metaphoric thinking in the conceptualization of family problems. In this article, we develop an analogy pertaining to a frequently st...
Suppressor Cells and Cancer: Inhibition of Immune Functions by Macrophages

The macrophage may be viewed either as a primordial, poorly differentiated cell, or as a sophisticated mastermind of the immune system (Varesio et al., 1980g). On the one hand, the macrophage resembles the primordial amoeba, perceiving a “foreign” disturbance, engulfing and degrading it. On the other hand, by presenting antigens to the responding cells, macrophages can trigger immune responses and, by delivering inhibitory signals, they can modulate the extent of the responses. All of these attributes may be relevant to the tumor-host relationship. Macrophages could, in fact, modulate the specific antitumor response, exert a nonspecific toxic effect on neoplastic cells, and help to eliminate necrotic material. The ability of macrophages to suppress the immune response in tumor-bearing individuals is the topic of the present discussion.
Research on Psychological Safety: Past Findings and Future Directions

The constantly changing environment in which organizations function require that employees take more risks at work. Our symposium presents four papers that center on the construct of psychological ...
Acute and chronic toxicity to Daphnia magna of colloidal silica nanoparticles in a chemical mechanical planarization slurry after polishing a gallium arsenide wafer

Abstract Semiconductor chip manufacturers use slurries of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) as abrasives in chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) processes on wafers containing films of III/V semiconducting materials. Assessing the toxicity of these specialized NPs is challenging not only because commercial slurries may contain undefined toxic constituents, but because CMP processes can change the physical and chemical properties of the NPs. Herein, the fresh water flea Daphnia magna (D. magna) was used to assess the effects of Ultra-Sol® 200S CMP slurry containing ~30-nm colloidal silica (c-SiO2) NPs before (pristine) and after (spent) a GaAs wafer was polished with an extreme arm-pressure of 5 psi. In the acute 96-hour toxicity assessments, both the pristine and spent slurries at 4.0 mg/mL c-SiO2 NPs had little effect on D. magna morbidity and body sizes. In the chronic 21-day toxicity assessments, neither slurry at 0.10 mg/mL c-SiO2 NPs was toxic, but both slurries lead to a modest (9–10%) increase in D. magna body sizes and a significant (~2-fold) increase in reproductive output, indicative of a positive hormetic response. Identical increases in D. magna body sizes and reproductive output were observed with a supernatant of the pristine slurry, in the absence of the c-SiO2 NPs, indicating that soluble material in the pristine supernatant contributed to the hormetic response, which suggests that the soluble material may also contribute to the hormetic response of the spent material.
Hegel on Reflection and Reflective Judgement

I examine the relation between logic and nature in terms of ‘reflection’, the word that Hegel uses at the end of the Encyclopaedia Logic to describe the self-sundering or externalization of the idea into nature. Although nominally the term ‘reflection’ seems to denote a uniquely mental process and is often used so by Hegel in his early critique of Reflexionsphilosophie, in his later writings it also has an irreducibly ontological significance. Hegel describes logic's opening-out to nature as a movement of ‘reflection’ [Widerschein] and he follows Kant in describing the shift from the finite to the infinite in the relation between nature and thought as one of reflective judgement. Although Hegel generally considers reflection to be uniquely concerned with finite cognition and the constitution of finite things, I argue that in his embrace of reflective judgement he sees a key role for reflection in the relation of logic, nature and spirit.
Effect of Individual and Combined Treatments of Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Salt on Growth and Corticosterone Levels of Larval Southern Leopard Frogs ( Lithobates sphenocephala )

Human activities have introduced a variety of chemicals, including pesticides, fertilizers, and salt, into the environment, which may have deleterious effects on the organisms inhabiting these areas. Amphibians are especially susceptible to absorption of chemical pollutants. To determine the possible combined effects of these chemicals on amphibian development and stress levels, Southern leopard frog (Lithobates sphenocephala) larvae were exposed to one of eight individual or combined treatments of atrazine, ammonium nitrate fertilizer, and sodium chloride salt. Stress levels, indicated by release of the stress hormone corticosterone, were measured premetamorphosis at week 8 of development. Water hormone samples were processed to analyze corticosterone levels. Changes in tadpole growth were determined by surface area measurements taken from biweekly photographs. The combined chemical treatment of atrazine, salt, and fertilizer had a significant interactive effect by increasing stress levels before metamorphosis (p = 0.003). After a month of larval development, tadpoles exposed to ammonium nitrate had larger surface area (p = 0.035). Tadpoles exposed to atrazine had a lower growth rate throughout larval development (p = 0.025) and the lowest number of individuals reaching metamorphosis at 33%. However, the frogs in the atrazine treatment that did successfully metamorphose did so in fewer days (p = 0.002). Because amphibians are exposed to multiple chemicals simultaneously in the environment, assessing the effects of a combination of contaminants is necessary to improve application strategies and ecosystem health.
Strongly Cancellative and Recovering Sets on Lattices

We use information theory to study recovering sets ${\mathbf{R}}_L$ and strongly cancellative sets ${\mathbf{C}}_L$ on different lattices. These sets are special classes of recovering pairs and cancellative sets previously discussed in the papers of Simonyi, Frankl, and Furedi. We mainly focus on the lattices $B_n$ and $D_{l}^{k}$. Specifically, we find upper bounds and constructions for the sets ${\mathbf{R}}_{B_n}$, ${\mathbf{C}}_{B_n}$, and ${\mathbf{C}}_{D_{l}^{k}}$.
Nasal bone fractures and the use of radiographic imaging: An otolaryngologist perspective

Abstract Objective To determine radiologic preferences of practicing otolaryngologists regarding isolated nasal bone fractures. Study design An 8-question survey on isolated nasal bone fractures was designed. Setting Surveys were sent to all otolaryngology residency program directors for distribution among residents and faculty. Additional surveys were distributed to private practice otolaryngology groups. Results 140 physicians responded to the survey. 57% of the respondents were practicing otolaryngologists (75% with 10+ years of experience), while 43% of respondents were residents-in-training. 56% of respondents treated 1–5 nasal bone fractures per month. 80% of all respondents reported imaging being performed prior to consultation. If imaging was obtained before consultation, plain films and computed tomography (CT) maxillofacial/sinus scans were the most frequent modalities. 33% of residents and 70% of practicing otolaryngologists report imaging as ‘rarely’ or ‘never’ helpful in guiding management. 42% of residents and 20% of practicing otolaryngologists report asking for imaging when it wasn't already obtained. Decreased use of radiography was associated with greater years in practice and higher frequency of fractures treated. Conclusions and relevance Otolaryngologists seldom request imaging to evaluate and treat isolated nasal bone fractures. When ordered, imaging is utilized more often among residents-in-training and non-otolaryngology consulting physicians. This study highlights an opportunity to educate primary care and emergency room providers as well as otolaryngology residents on the value of comprehensive physical exam over radiographic imaging in the work-up of isolated nasal fractures. In addition, widespread adoption of a “no x-ray policy” in this setting may result in better resource utilization.
Predicting Future Years of Life, Health, and Functional Ability A Healthy Life Calculator for Older Adults

Objective: To create personalized estimates of future health and ability status for older adults. Method: Data came from the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), a large longitudinal study. Outcomes included years of life, years of healthy life (based on self-rated health), years of able life (based on activities of daily living), and years of healthy and able life. We developed regression estimates using the demographic and health characteristics that best predicted the four outcomes. Internal and external validity were assessed. Results: A prediction equation based on 11 variables accounted for about 40% of the variability for each outcome. Internal validity was excellent, and external validity was satisfactory. The resulting CHS Healthy Life Calculator (CHSHLC) is available at http://healthylifecalculator.org. Conclusion: CHSHLC provides a well-documented estimate of future years of healthy and able life for older adults, who may use it in planning for the future.
Multimodal indicators of risk for and consequences of substance use disorders: Executive functions and trait disconstraint assessed from preadolescence into early adulthood.

Abstract Risk for substance use disorders (SUDs) is hypothesized to include behavioral disinhibition, a genetically mediated inability to inhibit or regulate behavior given task demands or motivational drives. In the present study, we examined developmental trajectories of multiple indicators of behavioral disinhibition assessed from preadolescence into early adulthood among individuals with versus without alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use disorders. Participants were a population-based sample of 1512 male and female twins from the Minnesota Twin Family Study, prospectively assessed at ages 11, 14, 17, 20, and 24. Multimodal indicators of behavioral disinhibition included measures of executive function (visuospatial working memory accuracy, antisaccade task performance) and mother- and self-reported trait disconstraint. Multilevel modeling analyses that accounted for the repeated measures and nested nature of the twin family data were used to examine premorbid (age 11) indicators of executive function and trait disconstraint prior to the onset of any SUD symptoms, as well as changes from preadolescence into early adulthood (ages 11 to 24). Premorbid deviations evident at age 11 among individuals who subsequently developed SUDs included poorer performance on the visuospatial working memory test and higher levels of trait disconstraint. In addition, individuals with SUDs did not demonstrate developmentally normative improvements in inhibitory control (i.e., antisaccade performance did not improve) or in their levels of trait disconstraint. We conclude that these deviations in both neurocognitive and dispositional correlates of behavioral disinhibition precede onset of SUDs and may confer risk for their development, and in addition, problematic substance use may exacerbate preexisting deviations and interfere with normative developmental trajectories of executive function and trait disconstraint, with deleterious consequences for functioning.
The Role of Extratropical Background Flow in Modulating the MJO Extratropical Response

AbstractThe Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is the dominant mode of tropical intraseasonal variability. Many studies have found that the MJO, which acts as a tropical heating source, can excite Ros...
In Search of Greater Understanding: The Impact of Mastery Learning on Social Science Education:

Mastery learning approaches were designed to improve student learning and elevate the level of understanding across a broader swath of students. These approaches operate under the belief that all s...
Gut Microbes' Impact on Oncogenic Drivers: Location Matters.

Recent work by Kadosh et al. (2020) suggests that mutant p53 activity in gut epithelia is influenced by local production of microbial metabolites. The switch of p53 from tumor suppressor to oncogene is location-dependent and is impacted by microbially derived gallic acid.
Sediment Dynamics of a Divergent Bay–Marsh Complex

Bay–marsh systems, composed of an embayment surrounded by fringing marsh incised by tidal channels, are widely distributed coastal environments. External sediment availability, marsh-edge erosion, and sea-level rise acting on such bay–marsh complexes may drive diverse sediment-flux regimes. These factors reinforce the ephemeral and dynamic nature of fringing marshes: material released by marsh-edge erosion becomes part of a bay–marsh exchange that fuels the geomorphic evolution of the coupled system. The dynamics of this sediment exchange determine the balance among seaward export, deposition on the embayment seabed, flux into tidal channels, and import to the marsh platform. In this work, we investigate the sediment dynamics of a transgressive bay–marsh complex and link them to larger-scale considerations of its geomorphic trajectory. Grand Bay, Alabama/Mississippi, is a shallow microtidal embayment surrounded by salt marshes with lateral erosion rates of up to 5 m year−1. We collected 6 months of oceanographic data at four moorings within Grand Bay and its tidal channels to assess hydrographic conditions and net sediment-flux patterns and augmented the observations with numerical modeling. The observations imply a divergent sedimentary system in which a majority of the suspended sediment is exported seaward, while a smaller fraction is imported landward via tidal channels, assisting in vertical marsh-plain accumulation, maintenance of channel and intertidal-flat morphologies, and landward transgression. These results describe a dynamic system that is responsive to episodic atmospheric forcing in the absence of a strong tidal signal and the presence of severe lateral marsh loss.
Building an Enhanced Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Insect Flight

Makerspaces have a high potential of enabling researchers to develop new techniques and to work with novel species in ecological research. This protocol demonstrates how to take advantage of the technology found in makerspaces in order to build a more versatile flight mill for a relatively low cost. Given that this study extracted its prototype from flight mills built in the last decade, this protocol focuses more on outlining divergences made from the simple, modern flight mill. Previous studies have already shown how advantageous flight mills are to measuring flight parameters such as speed, distance, or periodicity. Such mills have allowed researchers to associate these parameters with morphological, physiological, or genetic factors. In addition to these advantages, this study discusses the benefits of using the technology in makerspaces, like 3D printers and laser cutters, in order to build a more flexible, sturdy, and collapsible flight mill design. Most notably, the 3D printed components of this design allow the user to test insects of various sizes by making the heights of the mill arm and infrared (IR) sensors adjustable. The 3D prints also enable the user to easily disassemble the machine for quick storage or transportation to the field. Moreover, this study makes greater use of magnets and magnetic paint to tether insects with minimal stress. Lastly, this protocol details a versatile analysis of flight data through computer scripts that efficiently separate and analyze differentiable flight trials within a single recording. Although more labor-intensive, applying the tools available in makerspaces and on online 3D modeling programs facilitates multidisciplinary and process-orientated practices and helps researchers avoid costly, premade products with narrowly adjustable dimensions. By taking advantage of the flexibility and reproducibility of technology in makerspaces, this protocol promotes creative flight mill design and inspires open science.
Energy Management Based on Internet of Things

These years, the control of energy consumption and the use of renewable energies are becoming more important. In addition, there is a strong transition from a model where production is planned and predictable to another decentralized model that is difficult to predict and that energy management in distributed environments is really difficult, which requires the integration of new techniques such as information and communication technology (ICT), and artificial intelligence. However, with the Internet of Things (IoT), devices can communicate and exchange data with each other. The IoT paradigm promises to increase visibility and awareness of energy consumption through smart sensors and meters in machines and production lines. The connected objects are designed to collect and analyze data in real-time. They thus make it possible to monitor and manage the use and consumption. As a result, real-time energy consumption data from production processes can be easily collected and analyzed to improve the decision making. In this context, this document contributes to an understanding of the energy production management practices made possible by the IoT technic. This technic presents an element of an open system that is always in permanent interaction with other systems. For this, the presence of interoperability is essential in this technic for adapting to other systems already existing or still to be created. In addition, energy managers can adapt the adoption of IoT in a benefit-oriented way, by addressing energy management practices more aligned with the business, data and systems maturity and the information tools available. Finally, this work can be considered as an information platform for designers and installers in the field of intelligent energy management.
The art of the steal.

An injection system used for host cell invasion by apicomplexan parasites shares a common evolutionary origin with the secretory system used for cellular defence by the free-living ciliates.
Creating an anti-ageist healthcare system to improve care for our current and future selves

COVID-19 has highlighted pervasive ageism and the interconnectedness of individuals and societies. This Comment discusses how creating an anti-ageist healthcare system will improve health outcomes for our current and future selves.