cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
901-107 Fetal Model of Single Ventricle Physiology: Hemodynamic Effects of Epinephrine, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Calcium Chloride

Neonatal and infant patients (pts) with single ventricle physiology (SVP) following bypass, for e,g, pts after stage I repair of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), often suffer from hemodynamic instability early after surgery, Specific hemodynamic effects of pharmacologic resuscitation are poorly understood. To examine these issues a model of SVP was created in fetal lambs: a Damus procedure was performed in fetal lambs using a 10 mm ePTFE tube graft and the main pulmonary artery was ligated distally. Pulmonary blood flow (PBF) was provided by creating a 6 mm systemic to pulmonary artery shunt. Neonatal lambs with SVP were delivered normally at term, At 48 hours after birth the lambs (n = 10) were instrumented and monitored. Ultrasonic flow probes were placed on the aorta and the shunt to measure systemic blood flow (SBF) and PBF. Interventions were performed In random order before and after cardiopulmonary bypass and a 30 min period of hypothermic circulatory arrest to mimic the clinical setting e.g. stage I repair of HLHS. The effects on systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances (SVR and PVR), PBF, and SBF are shown below Intervention PBF SBF PVR:SVR PBF 1 SBF 1 PVR:SVR 1 Epi infusion 2 13.5 * 20.8 * +6.8 13.8 * 14.5 * -7.5 Bicarbonate 3 9.2 * 13.5 * -4.5 10.2 * 16.6 * -0.4 Ca chloride 4 7.9 * 16.8 * +2.6 12.64 * 18.7 * -1.7 Epi bolus 5 94.1 * -68.8 * -88.8 * Values represent percent increase or decrease from baseline. 1: post bypass; 2: epinephrine O. 1 μg/kg/min; 3: sodium bicarbonate 2 mEq/kg 4: calcium chloride 10 mg/kg; 5: epinephrine 1 in 10,000: 0.05 ml/kg * P l 0.05. In summary this is the first reported model which provides a useful tool to study neonatal SVP Epinephrine infusion, sodium bicarbonate bolus, and calcium chloride bolus increased both PBF and SBF. Epinephrine bolus even at half the recommended code dose caused a tremendous increase in PBF and severe decrease in systemic blood flow causing metabolic acidosis. On average it took 5 min for the flows to return to base line values. This suggests that epinephrine boluses should be used judiciously and probably be considerably smaller in the management of patients with SVP. Calcium chloride had a good inotropic effect without significant effect on PVR:SVR ratio.
Quantum Mechanics of a Double Perturbation: Application to the Zeeman Effect of Metastable Hydrogen Molecules

A general theorem is derived which applies to any quantum-mechanical system subject to two perturbations $H$ and $G$. It is shown that the eigenvalues of the system can be found by first solving exactly the secular equation in $H$. Then the first-order perturbation of the energy by $G$ can be written explicitlv without solving for the eigenfunctions. This leads to a simple method for finding the exact Land\'e $g$ factors for the Zeeman effect of any quantum-mechanical system. These results are applied to the Zeeman effect of the hydrogen molecule in the metastable $c^{3}\ensuremath{\pi}_{u}$ state. Jette and Cahill's theory of the Zeeman effect is extended to cover all magnetic fields. Excellent agreement is found between experimental $g$ factors and theory. At higher magnetic fields, "anti-crossings" are found between pairs of states for which $\ensuremath{\Delta}J=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}F=0, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1, \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2$, and $\ensuremath{\Delta}{M}_{F}=0$. The repulsion between these levels is very small, of the order of a few Mc/sec. This causes the noncrossing rule of von Neumann and Wigner to be violated experimentally. The Landau-Zener theory of level crossings is applied. It is shown that the observed loss of quantization in the molecular-beam experiments is consistent with theory.
Ejector performance at high temperatures and pressures

Attention has recently been given to the use of thrust augmenting ejectors in the wings of V/STOL aircraft. Laboratory experiments using low temperature and pressure primary air have measured high-performance levels with well-designed ejectors. The present experiments were motivated by aircraft designers' questions regarding the effects of realistic temperatures and pressures on ejector performance. The simplest geometry was used: a convergent nozzle issuing into an axisymmetric duct that entrained from and exhausted to ambient conditions. The length of the ejector was varied from 12 to 0.75 diam. Primary temperatures and pressures spanned the intervals 60 to 1000°F and 10 to 80 psig. In support of existing theory, the mass entrainment performance usually decreased with increasing primary pressure although an aeroacoustic interaction reversed the trend over small intervals. Increasing the primary temperature decreased the performance of long ejectors but had little effect on the performance of short ejectors. The results are interpreted in terms of measurements of the pressure along the wall of the mixing duct and total pressure and temperature profiles acquired at the exhaust plane of the ejector.
SH3 Domains of Grb2 Adaptor Bind to PXψPXR Motifs Within the Sos1 Nucleotide Exchange Factor in a Discriminate Manner

Ubiquitously encountered in a wide variety of cellular processes, the Grb2−Sos1 interaction is mediated through the combinatorial binding of nSH3 and cSH3 domains of Grb2 to various sites containing PXψPXR motifs within Sos1. Here, using isothermal titration calorimetry, we demonstrate that while the nSH3 domain binds with affinities in the physiological range to all four sites containing PXψPXR motifs, designated S1, S2, S3, and S4, the cSH3 domain can only do so at the S1 site. Further scrutiny of these sites yields rationale for the recognition of various PXψPXR motifs by the SH3 domains in a discriminate manner. Unlike the PXψPXR motifs at S2, S3, and S4 sites, the PXψPXR motif at the S1 site is flanked at its C-terminus with two additional arginine residues that are absolutely required for high-affinity binding of the cSH3 domain. In striking contrast, these two additional arginine residues augment the binding of the nSH3 domain to the S1 site, but their role is not critical for the recognition of S2...
Impact of ankylosing spondylitis on work and family life: Comparisons with the US population

Objective To examine the impact of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) on work disability, nonparticipation in the labor force, marriage, divorce, and childbearing. Methods In this cross-sectional survey, we asked AS patients (n = 591, 72.8% men, mean age 48.9 years) from the Los Angeles, Houston, San Francisco, and Washington, DC metropolitan areas about work and family life. The proportion of patients who were work disabled, did not participate in the labor force, had never been married, were divorced, or had a biological child were compared with the proportions expected for each outcome based on data from population surveys. Results Patients with AS were more likely to be work disabled (13.3% versus 5.7%; P < 0.0001) and somewhat more likely to not participate in the labor force compared with the proportion expected (25.1% versus 21.8%; P = 0.07). These associations were stronger among patients age ≥45 years and those with AS for ≥20 years. AS patients were more likely than expected to have never been married (22.8% versus 15.4%; P < 0.0001) or to be divorced (13.2% versus 10.0%; P = 0.02). Women with AS were less likely than expected to have had children (54.7% versus 64.9%; P = 0.02), but the proportion of men with AS who had children was not different from that of the general population. Conclusion Patients with AS in this study were more likely to have never been married, more likely to be divorced, and more than twice as likely to be work disabled than members of the general population. Women with AS were also less likely to have had children than women in the general population.
Quaternary volcanism in the Salton Sea geothermal field, Imperial Valley, California

The Salton Sea geothermal field lies in the Salton Trough, the landward extension of the Gulf of California, an area of active crustal spreading. Surface volcanic rocks of the field consist of five small rhyolite domes extruded onto Quaternary sediments of the Colorado River delta. Two domes are linked by subaqueous pyroclastic deposits; the others are single extrusions with or without marginal lava flows. The domes are low-calcium, alkali rhyolite with 1 to 2 percent crystals. Similar silicic rocks found in wells have been extensively altered by geothermal brines. Basaltic rocks occur as xenoliths in the domes and as subsurface dikes, sills, or flows. The xenoliths consist of low-potassium tholeiitic basalt similar to that of the East Pacific Rise. Subsurface basaltic rocks are mineralogically similar to the xenoliths but have undergone extensive hydrothermal alteration. Numerous partly melted granitic xenoliths in the domes show various degrees of either cotectic melting along quartz-feldspar grain boundaries or disequilibrium incongruent melting of hydrous ferromagnesian minerals. These rocks are sodic granite containing notably higher SiO/sub 2/, CaO, and Na/sub 2/O and lower total iron than the enclosing rhyolite. Compositions and textures suggest that the granite xenoliths are fragments of basement rather than the crystallized equivalentsmore » of the rhyolite magma. The bimodal basalt-rhyolite assemblage of the Salton Sea geothermal field is believed to have formed by partial fusion in two stages of mantle peridotite, forming successive rhyolitic and basaltic melts. After formation, the rhyolitic magma was partly contaminated by continental crust material.« less
A pilot-scale continuous-jet hydrate reactor

A three-phase, pilot-scale continuous-jet hydrate reactor (CJHR) has been developed for the production of gas hydrates. The reactor receives water and a hydrate-forming species to produce the solid gas hydrate. The CJHR has been tested for the production of CO{sub 2} hydrate for the purpose of ocean carbon sequestration. Formation of CO{sub 2} hydrate was investigated using various reactor/injector designs in a 72-l high-pressure vessel. Designs of the CJHR varied from single-capillary to multiple-capillary injectors that dispersed (1) liquid CO{sub 2} into water or (2) water into liquid CO{sub 2}. The novel injector is designed to improve the dispersion of one reactant into the other and, thus, eliminate mass transfer barriers that negatively affect conversion. An additional goal was an increase in production rates of two orders of magnitude. The designed injectors were tested in both distilled and saline water. Hydrate production experiments were conducted at different CO{sub 2} and water flow rates and for pressures and temperatures equivalent to intermediate ocean depths (1100-1700 m). The pilot-scale reactor with the novel injection system successfully increased hydrate production rates and efficiency.
Stabilization Mechanisms and Burning Rates of Cylindrical Burner Flames

A study is conducted of the structure and response of curved (but unstretched), cylindrically-symmetric 1D premixed flames from a cylindrical porous burner. The study has employed (1) activation-energy asymptotics with one-step reaction constant and constant properties; (2) a numerical computation which encompassed detailed chemistry and transport behavior, and (3) drop-tower microgravity tests. Attention was given to the relative importance of heat loss vs. flow divergence as the dominant mechanism for flame stabilization; the results show that, with increasing flow discharge rate, the dominant flame stabilization mechanism changes from heat loss to flow divergence.
Selection rules for two-channel Kondo models of U4+ and Ce3+ ions in metals

Abstract Symmetry-based selection rules are developed providing minimal criteria for the existence of two-channel Kondo interactions between conduction electrons and the low energy degrees of freedom on U 4+ and Ce 3+ in a metal host, assuming that the underlying microscopics are regulated by the Anderson Hamiltonian. An additional dynamic selection rule is imposed on Ce 3+ ions. The selection rules restrict the two-channel quadrupolar Kondo effect to U 4+ ions in cubic, tetragonal and hexagonal symmetry. For hexagonal and tetragonal symmetry, the Kondo effect for a U 4+ ion will always be quadrupolar. The selection rules for Ce 3+ ions restrict the two-channel magnetic Kondo effect to one of three possible doublet ionic ground states in hexagonal symmetry and the lone doublet ionic ground state in cubic symmetry. The dynamical selection rule apparently excludes two-channel Kondo behavior for Yb 3+ ions.
Genotypic Distribution of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Among Acute Cases of HBV Infection, Selected United States Counties, 1999–2005

Background. Knowledge of the genotypic distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) facilitates epidemiologic tracking and surveillance of HBV infection as well as prediction of its disease burden. In the United States, HBV genotyping studies have been conducted for chronic but not acute hepatitis B. Methods. Serum samples were collected from patients with acute hepatitis B cases reported from the 6 counties that participated in the Sentinel Counties Study of Acute Viral Hepatitis from 1999 through 2005. Polymerase chain reaction followed by nucleotide sequencing of a 435–base pair segment of the HBV S gene was performed, and the sequences were phylogenetically analyzed. Results. Of 614 patients identified with available serum samples, 75% were infected with genotype A HBV and 18% were infected with genotype D HBV. Thirty-two percent of genotype A sequences constituted a single subgenotype A2 cluster. The odds of infection with genotype A (vs with genotype D) were 5 times greater among black individuals than among Hispanic individuals (odds ratio [OR], 5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3–10.7). The odds of infection with genotype A were 49, 8, and 4 times greater among patients from Jefferson County (Alabama), Pinellas County (Florida), and San Francisco (California), respectively, than among those living in Denver County (Colorado). Genotype A was less common among recent injection drug users than it was among non–injection drug users (OR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1–0.4). Conclusions. HBV genotype distribution was significantly associated with ethnicity, place of residence, and risk
Domain Structure of Salmonella FlhB, a Flagellar Export Component Responsible for Substrate Specificity Switching

We have investigated the properties of the cytoplasmic domain (FlhB(C)) of the 383-amino-acid Salmonella membrane protein FlhB, a component of the type III flagellar export apparatus. FlhB, along with the hook-length control protein FliK, mediates the switching of export specificity from rod- and hook-type substrates to filament-type substrates during flagellar morphogenesis. Wild-type FlhB(C) was unstable (half-life, ca. 5 min), being specifically cleaved at Pro-270 into two polypeptides, FlhB(CN) and FlhB(CC), which retained the ability to interact with each other after cleavage. Full-length wild-type FlhB was also subject to cleavage. Coproduction of the cleavage products, FlhB(delta CC) (i.e., the N-terminal transmembrane domain FlhB(TM) plus FlhB(CN)) and FlhB(CC), resulted in restoration of both motility and flagellar protein export to an flhB mutant host, indicating that the two polypeptides were capable of productive association. Mutant FlhB proteins that can undergo switching of substrate specificity even in the absence of FliK were much more resistant to cleavage (half-lives, 20 to 60 min). The cleavage products of wild-type FlhB(C), existing as a FlhB(CN)-FlhB(CC) complex on an affinity blot membrane, bound the rod- and hook-type substrate FlgD more strongly than the filament-type substrate FliC. In contrast, the intact form of FlhB(C) (mutant or wild type) or the FlhB(CC) polypeptide alone bound FlgD and FliC to about the same extent. FlhB(CN) by itself did not bind substrates appreciably. We propose that FlhB(C) has two substrate specificity states and that a conformational change, mediated by the interaction between FlhB(CN) and FlhB(CC), is responsible for the specificity switching process. FliK itself is an export substrate; its binding properties for FlhB(C) resemble those of FlgD and do not provide any evidence for a physical interaction beyond that of the export process.
Changes in cortical and striatal neurons predict behavioral and electrophysiological abnormalities in a transgenic murine model of Huntington's disease

Neurons in Huntington's disease exhibit selective morphological and subcellular alterations in the striatum and cortex. The link between these neuronal changes and behavioral abnormalities is unclear. We investigated relationships between essential neuronal changes that predict motor impairment and possible involvement of the corticostriatal pathway in developing behavioral phenotypes. We therefore generated heterozygote mice expressing the N-terminal one-third of huntingtin with normal (CT18) or expanded (HD46, HD100) glutamine repeats. The HD mice exhibited motor deficits between 3 and 10 months. The age of onset depended on an expanded polyglutamine length; phenotype severity correlated with increasing age. Neuronal changes in the striatum (nuclear inclusions) preceded the onset of phenotype, whereas cortical changes, especially the accumulation of huntingtin in the nucleus and cytoplasm and the appearance of dysmorphic dendrites, predicted the onset and severity of behavioral deficits. Striatal neurons in the HD mice displayed altered responses to cortical stimulation and to activation by the excitotoxic agent NMDA. Application of NMDA increased intracellular Ca(2+) levels in HD100 neurons compared with wild-type neurons. Results suggest that motor deficits in Huntington's disease arise from cumulative morphological and physiological changes in neurons that impair corticostriatal circuitry.
An asymptotic closed-form microstrip surface Green's function for the efficient moment method analysis of mutual coupling in microstrip antennas

A relatively simple closed-form asymptotic representation for the single-layer microstrip dyadic surface Green's function is developed. The large parameter in this asymptotic development is proportional to the lateral separation between the source and field points along the air-dielectric interface. This asymptotic solution remains surprisingly accurate even for very small (a few tenths of a free-space wavelength) lateral separation of the source and field points. Thus, using the present asymptotic approximation of the Green's function can lead to a very efficient moment method (MM) solution for the currents on an array of microstrip antenna patches and feed lines. Numerical results based on the efficient MM analysis using the present closed-form asymptotic approximation to the microstrip surface Green's function are given for the mutual coupling between a pair of printed dipoles on a single-layer grounded dielectric slab. The accuracy of the latter calculation is confirmed by comparison with numerical results based on a MM analysis which employs an exact integral representation for the microstrip Green's function. >
Satellite formation, II

A satellite formation model is extended to include evolution of planetary ring material and elliptic orbital motion. In this model the formation of the moon begins at a later time in the growth of the earth, and a significant fraction of the lunar material is processed through a circumterrestrial debris cloud where volatiles might have been lost. Thus, the chemical differences between the earth and moon are more plausibly accounted for. Satellites of the outer planets probably formed in large numbers throughout the growth of those planets. Because of rapid inward evolution of the orbits of small satellites, the present satellite systems represent only satellites formed in the last few percent of the growths of their primaries. The rings of Saturn and Uranus are most plausibly explained as the debris of satellites disrupted within the Roche limit. Because such a ring would collapse onto the planet in the course of any significant further accretion by the planet, the rings must have formed very near or even after the conclusion of accretion.
Power supply noise analysis methodology for deep-submicron VLSI chip design

This paper describes a new design methodology to analyzethe on-chip power supply noise for high-performance microprocessors.Based on an integrated package-level andchip-level power bus model, and a simulated switching circuitmodel for each functional block, this methodology offersthe most complete and accurate analysis of Vdd distributionfor the entire chip. The analysis results not only providedesigners with the inductive ΔI noise and the resistive IRdrop data at the same time, but also allow designers to easilyidentify the hot spots on the chip and ΔV across the chip.Global and local optimization such as buffer sizing, powerbus sizing, and on-chip decoupling capacitor placement canthen be conducted to maximize the circuit performance andminimize the noise.
Device implantation and complications: time to recalibrate our expectations?

This editorial refers to ‘Complications after cardiac implantable electronic device implantations: an analysis of a complete, nationwide cohort in Denmark’[†][1], by R.E. Kirkfeldt et al. on page 1186 There has been a worldwide increase in the number of patients receiving implantable pacemakers, defibrillators, and resynchronization therapy devices. Although, there is evidence from previous studies and clinical trials that implant complication rates modestly increase with the complexity of devices,1,2 these reports may not be entirely reflective of the real-world experience. This is of particular importance when discussing therapeutic options with our patients and keeping the goal of providing cost-effective ‘high value’ care. The relevance of institutional and country-specific metrics is further augmented by the rapidly evolving healthcare landscape and the need to administer personalized care via accurate assessments of the risk–benefit of therapeutic strategies such as device implantation. Device therapy is resource intensive, and its cost-effective use should be guided by rea-world data on outcomes, risks, and complications. Kirkfeldt et al .3 now present the first nationwide, population-based study comparing pacemakers and high voltage device implantation procedures. The authors describe complication rates for implantable cardiac devices in 5918 consecutive patients who underwent device implantation in Denmark from May 2010 to April 2011. The patients were enrolled prospectively with the aim of capturing pre-defined data. Importantly, although the data capture in this study was retrospective, rigorous ascertainment of complications was accomplished by chart review of every single subject. The results are provocative, showing a higher than expected rate of any complication (9.5%). … [1]: #fn-2
Approach to analyzing and reporting coronary computed tomography.

Acomprehensive coronary computed tomographic (CT) examination may include the calcium score, evaluation of the coronary arteries including prior coronary interventions such as bypass grafts and stents, qualitative and quantitative evaluation of left ventricular function, cardiac chambers and morphology, and evaluation of the cardiac valves. Calcium Score Evaluation begins with review of the prospectively triggered non-contrast-enhanced axial source images acquired for cardiac scoring. The axial source images should be reviewed in conjunction with the semiquantitative calcium scores obtained using a dedicated calcium scoring software analysis program (Fig. 1). The calcium scores for the individual coronary arteries using the AJ-130 method are reported along with the total AJ-130 score, and also the newer volume score and/or mass score. 1-3 The latter two scoring methods have been shown to be less variable and may be more useful if patients undergo follow-up examinations. While a negative calcium score implies a low probability for obstructive coronary artery disease and future coronary events, a positive calcium score is an independent predictor of both. The relative risk for an acute cardiac event increases with a higher score. The risk for an acute cardiovascular event can be potentially estimated from the total cardiac score (Table 1). 4-6 Table 1 provides the scoring strata and relative risk in asymptomatic patients. The score should be reported by percentile rank for age and gender (Table 2).
Barbados Ridge hydrogeologic tests: Implications for fluid migration along an active decollement

Hydrogeologic tests were conducted at a sealed borehole penetrating the decollement of the Barbados Ridge accretionary complex. At low excess pore pressures [λ * = ( P p – P h )/ ( P l – P h ) = 0.0 to 0.36, where P p = pore pressure, P h = hydrostatic pressure, and P l = lithostatic pressure], estimated permeabilities were comparable to those of similar, unfractured sediment. These tests complement shipboard packer tests completed at higher fluid pressures (λ * = 0.5 to 1.0) during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 156. Together, the test results suggest a 4- to 5-order-of-magnitude permeability increase as fluid pressure varied from hydrostatic (λ * = 0) to lithostatic (λ * = 1). However, unlike the results of the shipboard packer tests, the test results presented here exhibit no evidence of a relationship between permeability and pore pressure. The combined findings from the two sets of hydrogeologic tests indicate that significant permeability increases can occur within the decollement at pore pressures below lithostatic pressure.
Current limitation in large-area self-aligned gated field emission arrays

The emission current of Pt-coated self-aligned gated tip arrays deviates from FN behavior at current levels above 100 nA/tip. The space charge force on emitting electrons has been calculated for the worst-case scenario in which the electrons are emitted from a single point and travel to the anode along the same trajectory. It is suggested that the current limitation is most likely due to limitation in supply of electrons rather than the space charge effect.
Excitation Sequences of the Atrial Septum and the AV Node in Isolated Hearts of the Dog and Rabbit

The spread of excitation wave fronts over the atrial septum of puppies, adult dogs, and rabbits was studied in vitro by extracellular measurements with a 50µ-diameter electrode. Wave front spread through the AV node of puppies and rabbits was determined, and the functional location of the junctional region between atrial muscle and the AV node was evaluated during antegrade atrial and retrograde His bundle pacing. For dogs of all ages, the pattern of spread over the septum was greatly affected by the location of the pacemaker site simulating a high or low sinus node position. For all sinus pacing positions, wave fronts spread over the crista terminalis to form a posterior input to the AV node, while the anterior septal wave fronts formed another input. No functional evidence could be found for narrow, specialized inteniodal tracts of fixed location. Rather, wave fronts spread over broad areas creating patterns of simultaneous, multiple wave fronts which corresponded in extent to the gross anatomical landmarks of the septum. Only in this fashion were the findings consistent with the idea of three general routes of intemodal conduction in the dog and two general routes in the rabbit. The position of the functional boundary between atrium and AV node could be accounted for only by overlapping of the two tissues of this region; the boundary shifted between antegrade and retrograde conduction. Antegrade wave fronts within the AV node accelerated from the superior border of the node to the exit at the His bundle; retrograde excitation wave fronts from the His bundle decelerated through the AV node. The amplitude of the atrial wave forms as well as the status of die inputs from the posterior and anterior regions of the atrial septum were found to be important factors in AV node conduction.
The effect of orthognathic surgery on occlusal force.

Abstract To investigate the effect of orthognathic surgery on occlusal force, such force was measured during maximum effort, chewing, and swallowing in 70 patients who had superior repositioning of the maxilla and/or mandibular advancement or setback. Larger changes in occlusal force than could be accounted for by the altered geometry were observed in all groups. Of 15 patients who had only superior repositioning of the maxilla, ten had >20% increase in occlusal force, three had little change, and two showed a >20% decrease. When the mandible was advanced, 11 of 34 patients had >20% increase in maximum biting force, 11 had little or no change, and 12 had >20% decrease. When the mandible was set back, six of the 21 patients had >20% increase, nine had little or no change, and six had >20% decrease. It appears that considerable change in bite force, which is not primarily related to jaw geometry, occurs after orthognathic surgery.
Interleukin 1: The patterns of translation and intracellular distribution support alternative secretory mechanisms

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is synthesized as a 31 kDa precursor protein, whose multiple extracellular activities are attributed to receptor binding of a processed, carboxyterminal 17 kDa peptide. Unlike other secreted proteins, the IL-1 precursor lacks a hydrophobic leader sequence and is not found in organelles composing the classical secretory pathway. In order to further clarify the intracellular processing of IL-1, we studied its site of synthesis in human monocytes. Secreted and integral membrane proteins are translated on membrane-bound polyribosomes, while intracellular proteins are translated on free polyribosomes. Free and membrane-bound polysomes were isolated from Lipid A-stimulated monocyte lysates and immunoblotted using antibodies specific to the N-terminal regions of the IL-1α and β precursors. Free polysome fractions showed multiple small bands consistent with nascent peptide chains; membrane-bound polysomes yielded no detectable IL-1. Polysome fractions were then analyzed by immunoelectron microscopy; nascent IL-1α and β peptide chains were readily seen emerging from cytoskeletal-associated free polyribosomes, but not membrane-bound polyribosomes. Electron microscopic in situ hybridization revealed IL-1 mRNA chains attached to cytoskeletal-associated free, but not membrane-bound polyribosomes. The intracellular distribution of the fully synthesized IL-1β precursor was studied in human mesangial cells (HMC), whose cytoskeletal organization is more readily evaluated than that of monocytes. Dual immunofluorescence microscopy of these cells revealed a complex intracellular distribution of the fully synthesized 31 kDa IL-1 precursors. IL-1 was asymmetrically distributed between cytosolic, microtubule, and nuclear compartments, without association with actin or intermediate filaments. This demonstration of the sites of IL-1 synthesis and patterns of intracellular distribution provide further evidence for an extracellular release mechanism which is clearly distinct from the classical secretory pathway. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Methods and Limitations of Assessing New Noninvasive Tests Part I: Anatomy-Based Validation of Noninvasive Testing

The introduction and dissemination of new technology provide the potential for enhancing and expanding our understanding of disease processes (eg, atherosclerosis, myocardial dysfunction) and extending our treatment options while providing a tool for monitoring therapeutic responses.1,2 However, the growth of cardiac imaging has profound cost implications that will be exacerbated if newer technology is widely disseminated and used freely3 without appropriate validation. Hence, technology validation has become an important consideration in today’s healthcare reality.3 Our goal is to provide a critical review of the methods and challenges inherent to the validation of existing or emerging noninvasive imaging technologies. Historically, imaging has been considered in the context of anatomic end points. A shift from anatomy-based to outcomes-based assessments of testing has been accepted. More recently, a further shift occurred from imaging for risk identification to imaging for identification of patients’ optimal therapeutic management, ie, identifying a therapeutic approach associated with optimal survival or improved well being after a given test result for a patient. This review focuses on diagnostic approaches; the second part focuses on test validation using risk and benefit end points. In the context of assessing cardiac imaging, several factors must be considered. First, the assessment of a new modality is not a simple determination of sensitivity and specificity. Rather, it is a stepwise, multifactorial process incorporating diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic, resource use, cost-effectiveness, and other end points that considers the perspectives of patients, payers, ordering physicians, and the healthcare system.4 A series of questions drive this process: Does the modality work? For which end point? In which patient? At what cost? How does it compare with other modalities? Can it be used to improve clinical outcomes? Importantly, the end product of this assessment process must remain practical. Although “scientific” differences may be found between tests, …
Adding Value To Buyer‐Supplier Relationships In China

China’s economy is transforming at a brisk pace. A partially dismantled command economy and introduction of competition have fueled consumer demand for a greater selection of innovative new products in the retail market. The challenge for retail buyers is to adjust their procurement processes to respond to consumer needs in an efficient and effective manner. This study examines factors influencing buyer‐supplier relationships in a transition economy. We present a model to explain the factors driving retail buyer dependence on suppliers. We find that retailer evaluation of supplier credibility mediates the relationship between retailer perceptions of a supplier ability to add value to its business and the ability to achieve its desired goals. In part, this is due to the supplier’s market orientation. Interestingly, guanxi ties have no impact on the retailer perceptions of the supplier credibility, but have a positive affect on retailer dependence on its supplier partners.
Simple gate charge (Qg) measurement technique for on-wafer statistical monitoring and modeling of power semiconductor devices

Conventional measurement techniques for gate charge (Qg) require large array test-structures and additional circuitry. These techniques do not use standard ET test equipment, require careful calibration, and are expensive in terms of silicon area. Hence they are not amenable to on-wafer measurement. In this paper, we present a simple yet accurate CV method for on-wafer measurement and monitoring of gate charge. Based on the principle that Q = ∫Idt = ∫CdV, this technique uses small PCM test-structures and basic ET equipment (LCR meter), yet is accurate to within 2%, and thus enables statistical on-wafer process monitoring of Qg.
Learning force control policies for compliant robotic manipulation

Developing robots capable of fine manipulation skills is of major importance in order to build truly assistive robots. These robots need to be compliant in their actuation and control in order to operate safely in human environments. Manipulation tasks imply complex contact interactions with an unstructured environment, and involve reasoning about the forces and torques to be applied. In order for robots to co-exist in an environment with humans, safety is a prime consideration. Therefore, touching and manipulating an unstructured world requires a certain level of compliance while achieving the intended tasks accurately.
Mg2+ Inhibition of ATP-Activated Current in Rat Nodose Ganglion Neurons: Evidence That Mg2+ Decreases the Agonist Affinity of the Receptor

Li, Chaoying, Robert W. Peoples, and Forrest F. Weight. Mg2+ inhibition of ATP-activated current in rat nodose ganglion neurons: evidence that Mg2+ decreases the agonist affinity of the receptor. J...
Aligning Partnering Strategy, Partner Governance and Partner Management in R&D Projects: The Impact of Contract Choice

Firms increasingly look outside their organizational boundaries to identify partners that can improve the effectiveness of RD whereas in others they are used to improve the performance or quality of the final product. How should these variations in partnering strategy impact the governance and management choices made within projects? We examine this question using data on 172 RD and second, how this choice subsequently affects the relationship between partner integration and partnering performance in the project. The performance measures studied here focus specifically on partnering contributions to project costs and product quality. Our results indicate that the choice of contract is a function of the partnering strategy for a project, more flexible contracts being preferred in projects that seek long-run capability-based benefits and have broader scope of partnering relationships. These choices, in turn, impact the benefits associated with partner integration; while higher levels of partner integration are always associated with higher costs, they enable partners to contribute toward higher product quality only in projects that use more flexible contracts. We further show that in projects where partnering strategy and contract choice are misaligned, partner integration has no impact on product quality despite increasing project costs. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings and suggest new directions for future research.
Giving Hands and Feet to Morality

I f you look closely at the stone engraving that names the Social Science Research building at the University of Chicago, you can see a curious patch after the e in Science. Legend has it the patch covers an s that Robert Maynard Hutchins ordered stricken; there is only one social science, Hutchins insisted. I do not know whether the legend is true, but it casts in an interesting light the late Gabriel Almond’s critique of Hutchins for “losing” the Chicago school of political science. Lamenting the loss, Almond tries to explain the rise of behavioral political science at Chicago and its subsequent fall into institutional neglect. Ironically, given the topic, he alights on ideographic explanations for both phenomena, locating them in the persons of Charles Merriam and Hutchins, respectively. I want to suggest some additional explanations rooted in the broader intellectual currents of the day. I would like to think that Almond might have approved of these explanations, because they illuminate why, at the end of his life, a great political scientist might return to this particular moment in the discipline’s history. Behavioral political science did not spring full-grown from Merriam’s head. Rather, its origin owes a clear and massive debt to philosophical pragmatism, especially as represented by John Dewey, whose legacy still dominated the university’s intellectual milieu at the time. Indeed, many of Merriam’s and Harold Lasswell’s writings in philosophically oriented journals such as Ethics read like conscious attempts to translate the spirit of the Progressive Era (and its intellectual articulation in the Deweyan system) into the academic study of politics. For example, in an essay redolent with Deweyan terminology and progressivist optimism, Merriam concludes:
Laser gain narrowing by transition level preparation

The gain bandwidth of ordinary laser output is governed by the decay rates of two transition lines in a homogeneous medium or by the Doppler width in an inhomogeneous medium. We incorporate the transient line-narrowing effect and a servo control system to generate a laser output that has a much narrower gain profile than that of an ordinary laser. The limiting gain bandwidth of this laser is governed by the transient time of the pumping mechanism. These results could be applied as a means of stabilizing lasers.
Entropy Generation Minimization of Fully Developed Internal Flow With Constant Heat Flux

We use the entropy generation minimization (EGM) method to optimize a single-phase, convective, fully developed flow with uniform and constant heat flux. For fixed mass flow rate and fixed total heat transfer rate, and the assumption of uniform and constant heat flux, an optimal Reynolds number for laminar and turbulent flow is obtained. The study also compares optimal Reynolds number and minimum entropy generation for cross sections: square, equilateral triangle and rectangle with aspect ratios of two and eight. The rectangle with aspect ratio of eight had the smallest optimal Reynolds number the smallest entropy generation number, and the smallest flow length
TREATMENT OF LONG DISTANCE DEPENDENCIES IN LFG AND TAG: FUNCTIONAL UNCERTAINTY IN LFG IS A COROLLARY IN TAG

In this paper the functional uncertainty machinery in LFG is compared with the treatment of long distance dependencies in TAG. It is shown that the functional uncertainty machinery is redundant in TAG, i.e., what functional uncertainty accomplishes for LFG follows from the TAG formalism itself and some aspects of the linguistic theory instantiated in TAG. It is also shown that the analyses provided by the functional uncertainty machinery can be obtained without requiring power beyond mildly context-sensitive grammars. Some linguistic and computational aspects of these results have been briefly discussed also.
Hematopoietic Stem Cells Need Two Signals to Prevent Apoptosis; Bcl-2 Can Provide One of These, Kitl/C-KIT Signaling the Other

Growth factors can cause cells to proliferate, differentiate, survive, or die. Distinguishing between these responses is difficult in multicellular, multiparameter systems. Yet this is essential to understand the impact on cells like hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which have strict and still poorly understood growth factor requirements. Single cell plating in serum-free medium allows direct assessment of growth factor responses. The range of tested factors can be expanded if the cells are protected from growth factor deprivation–induced apoptosis. BCL-2 is overexpressed in HSCs of H2K-BCL-2 transgenic mice, protecting them from many apoptotic stimuli. The response of single wild-type and transgenic HSCs to stimulations with individual factors was tested. Surprisingly, we find that high level BCL-2 expression does not prevent rapid death under serum-free conditions, even though it does in the presence of serum. We also find that transgenic, but not wild-type cells, survive and proliferate rapidly in response to steel factor (Kit ligand). These studies show that two separate signals are necessary to prevent apoptosis in HSCs, and that Kit ligand by itself provides a strong proliferative stimulus to HSCs. However, the proliferative response does not result in self-renewal, but in differentiation to all known hematopoietic oligolineage progenitors.
Study of the reaction of diazomethane with dansylated amino acid derivatives by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Since the methylation of acids with diazomethane is widely used in trace analysis, it is extremely important for those using this technique to be alert to the analysis of compounds containing other functional groups which might become methylated with high concentrations of diazomethane. We have shown that by adding an excess of diazomethane to dansylated amino acids, not only is the methyl ester formed, but the products can be further methylated. The only remaining acidic hydrogen in the molecule is the hydrogen attached to the sulfonamide nitrogen, and the mass spectrometry results indicate that the methyl ester is formed first, and the N-methylated derivative is formed with excess diazomethane.
Financial Intermediation and the Post-Crisis Financial System with Implications for Korea

Securitization was meant to disperse credit risk to those who were better able to bear it. In practice, securitization appears to have concentrated the risks in the financial intermediary sector itself. This paper outlines an accounting framework for the financial system for assessing the impact of securitization on financial stability. If securitization leads to the lengthening of intermediation chains, then risks become concentrated in the intermediary sector with damaging consequences for financial stability. Covered bonds are one form of securitization that do not fall foul of this principle. I discuss the role of countercyclial capital requirements and the Spanish-style statistical provisioning in mitigating the harmful effects of lengthening intermediation chains. For Korea, the stability of funding emerges as a key consideration. Covered bonds may play a role in stabilizing the funding arrangement for banks.
Glycine blocks long-term potentiation of GABAergic synapses in the ventral tegmental area.

The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, originating in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is normally constrained by GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition. Accumulating evidence indicates that long-term potentiation of GABAergic synapses (LTPGABA) in VTA dopamine neurons plays an important role in the actions of drugs of abuse, including ethanol. We previously showed that a single infusion of glycine into the VTA of rats strongly reduces ethanol intake for 24h. In the current study, we examined the effect of glycine on the electrophysiological activities of putative dopamine VTA neurons in midbrain slices from ethanol-naive rats. We report here that a 15-min exposure to 10 μM glycine prevented trains of high-frequency stimulation (HFS) from producing LTPGABA, which was rescued by the glycine receptor (GlyR) antagonist strychnine. Glycine also concentration-dependently decreased the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs). By contrast, glycine pretreatment did not prevent potentiation of inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) during a continuous exposure to the nitric oxide (NO) donor, SNAP (S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine), or a brief exposure to 10 μM glycine and 10 μM NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate), an agonist of NMDA-type glutamate receptors. Thus, the blockade of LTPGABA by glycine is probably resulted from suppressing glutamate release by activating the GlyRs on the glutamatergic terminals. This effect of glycine may contribute to the reduction in ethanol intake induced by intra-VTA glycine observed in vivo.
Differential privacy: an exploration of the privacy-utility landscape

Facilitating use of sensitive data for research or commercial purposes, in a manner that preserves the privacy of participating entities, is an active area of study. Differential privacy is a popular, relatively recent, framework that formalizes data privacy. In this dissertation, I examine the often conflicting goals of privacy and utility within the framework of differential privacy. The contributions of this dissertation fall into two main categories: 1) We propose differentially private algorithms for several tasks that could potentially involve sensitive data, such as synthetic graph modeling, human mobility modeling using cellular phone data, regression, and computing statistics on online data. We study the tradeoff between privacy and utility for these analyses—theoretically in some cases, and experimentally in others. We show that for each of these tasks, both privacy and utility can be successfully achieved by considering a meaningful tradeoff between the two. 2) We also examine connections between information theory and differential privacy, demonstrating how differential privacy arises out of a tradeoff between information leakage and utility. We show that differentially private mechanisms arise out of minimizing the information leakage (measured using mutual information) under the constraint of achieving a given level of utility. Further, we establish a connection between differentially private learning and PAC-Bayesian bounds.