cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Convergence of Certain Probability Distribution Functions

Properties of the space of one-dimensional continuous probability distribution functions endowed with the topology of pointwise convergence are investigated. For example, the operation of convolution is shown to be continuous.
Animal-sediment relations in shallow water benthic communities

Abstract Ninety benthic samples were used to study animal-sediment relations in Tomales Bay, California. While most of the benthic species studied were found more often in a particular type of substrate, individuals of such species were occasionally found in other substrates. There is a striking tendency for species occurring outside of their characteristic environment to be associated with the most diverse assemblages of the foreign substrate. Species low in the order of succession are those species that are found more frequently on other substrates. These phenomena are explained in terms of environmental stability. The concepts involved suggest a means of predicting the sequence of faunal changes following the alteration of the substrate. A commonly used index of diversity (Brillouin's equation) was found to be very sensitive to the occurrence of two ubiquitous species. A high correlation was obtained between the number of species and the index of diversity when the two ubiquitous species were not considered. The benthic environment of Tomales Bay is gradational and faunal variation is correspondingly continuous. Under such circumstances, the animal-sediment and diversity relations described are probably more apparent than in areas where the slope of the environmental gradient is greater. Similar relations would be expected, however, in the deep sea and in continuous stratigraphic sequences in the geologic record.
Transient Homologous Chromosome Pairing Marks the Onset of X Inactivation

Mammalian X inactivation turns off one female X chromosome to enact dosage compensation between XX and XY individuals. X inactivation is known to be regulated in cis by Xite, Tsix, and Xist, but in principle the two Xs must also be regulated in trans to ensure mutually exclusive silencing. Here, we demonstrate that interchromosomal pairing mediates this communication. Pairing occurs transiently at the onset of X inactivation and is specific to the X-inactivation center. Deleting Xite and Tsix perturbs pairing and counting/choice, whereas their autosomal insertion induces de novo X-autosome pairing. Ectopic X-autosome interactions inhibit endogenous X-X pairing and block the initiation of X-chromosome inactivation. Thus, Tsix and Xite function both in cis and in trans. We propose that Tsix and Xite regulate counting and mutually exclusive choice through X-X pairing.
Governance of Metropolitan Planning Organizations: Board Size, Composition, and Voting Rights

Federal law requires metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) to be governed by a board composed of local elected officials, modal authorities, and appropriate state officials. Other than this simple requirement, federal law is silent on board size, composition, voting rights of members, and advisory committees to the board. This paper summarizes results from a survey of 133 MPOs about these topics. The results show that board structures vary widely and are crafted to accommodate the intergovernmental politics of their regions. The results found that the average MPO board had 16.1 voting members and 3.1 nonvoting members. Further, 27% of MPOs had at least one seat that rotated among a group of eligible seat holders. Only 13% of MPOs had a weighted voting scheme in place. Other results discussed include nonvoting board membership types, meeting frequency, and the existence of advisory boards. Information on these topics will help MPOs compare themselves with their peers and understand the breadth of options available to them during periods of organizational change.
On the responses of laughing gull chicks (Larus atricilla) to the calls of adults II. Age changes and responses to different types of call

Abstract Three age-groups of laughing gull chicks were tested with playback of recordings of calls of their parents and calls of neighbouring adults. The chicks in each group showed response to the playback calls, and recognition of the voices of their parents. The chicks in the early group (1 to 3 days post-hatching) showed the least evidence of parent recognition: the chicks of the late group (12 to 28 days post-hatching) showed the lowest levels of response in general. Evidence of relationships between variation in the behaviour in the tests and variation in the test recordings was found from correlation analysis, the type of call initiating positive response, and analysis of temporal association. This evidence, and the results of tests which allowed responses to the parents' crooning and responses to the parents' ke-hah calls to be compared for chicks in the late group, indicate that whereas the filial approach behaviour of very young chicks is stimulated by crooning but suppressed by ke-hah and long-calls, this behaviour in older chicks requires the occurrence of ke-hah calls or long-calls for its elicitation. However the ke-hah calls and long-calls of adults other than the parents continue to have negative effects on the behaviour of older chicks. It is argued that this progression in discrimination of the voices of the parents and the changes in responsiveness to the different types of adult calls are consistent with functional requirements, both from the point of view of changes in a growing chick's social situation and from the point of view of the characteristics of the calls. The changes are also discussed from a developmental point of view.
Molecular insights gained from covalently tethering cGMP to the ligand-binding sites of retinal rod cGMP-gated channels

A photoaffinity analog of cGMP has been used to biochemically identify a new ligand-binding subunit of the retinal rod cGMP-activated ion channel, as well as amino acids in contact with cGMP in the original subunit. Covalent tethering of this probe to channels in excised menbrane patches has revealed a functional heteogeneity in the ligand-binding sites that may arise from the two biochemically identified subunits.
DETERMINATION OF SOME METHOXYLATED FLAVONES IN CITRUS JUICES BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Five citrus methoxy flavones that have been found to have physiological activities on human erythrocyte can be separated and determined quantitatively by HPLC. Tangerine juice was found to have more nobiletin and tangeretin but lower amounts of the other three known flavones than orange juice. Several other peaks remain to be identified. Characteristic patterns of these juice flavones may be used to determine the presence of one juice in the other.
Malevamide D: Isolation and structure determination of an isodolastatin H analogue from the marine cyanobacterium Symploca hydnoides

Malevamide D (1), a highly cytotoxic peptide ester, and the known compound curacin D (5) were isolated from a Hawaiian sample of Symploca hydnoides. The structure of 1 was elucidated by spectroscopic analysis including NMR and high-resolution MS/MS. Partial stereochemical assignments of 1 were made by chiral HPLC analysis of acid and base hydrolysates. Malevamide D (1) demonstrated toxicity against P-388, A-549, HT-29, and MEL-28 cell lines in the subnanomolar range, while curacin D (5) was weakly cytotoxic. Malevamide D (1) is closely related to isodolastatin H (2), which was previously isolated in low yield from the sea hare Dolabella auricularia. A second Hawaiian sample of S. hydnoides yielded curacin D (5) along with the known dolastatin-10 analogue symplostatin-1 (3).
Paleoecology and sedimentology of a late triassic lake, culpeper basin, Virginia, U.S.A

Late Triassic and Early Jurassic lacustrine sedimentary rocks in the Culpeper Basin, northern Virginia and Maryland, U.S.A., locally contain abundant fossil ostracodes (Darwinula sp.), conchostracans (clam shrimp, Cyzicus sp. and Cornia sp.), fish, and plant fragments. Stromatolites, pelecypods, notostracans (tadpole shrimp, Triops cf. cancriformis), and insects are known from some Late Triassic beds, and freshwater gastropods have been reported from the Early Jurassic of the Culpeper Basin. A 7-m thick, Late Triassic, lacustrine sequence exposed in the central part of the Culpeper Basin records the history of a perennial saline lake. The lake deposits consist chiefly of olive gray mudstone and claystone, with interbedded sandstone and siltstone, and stromatolitic limestone in the upper part. Evaporite crystal molds and pseudomorphs are present locally in the central part of the sequence, indicating saline conditions. Red laminated and cross-laminated sandstone and siltstone beds at the top and near the bottom of the sequence were deposited by fresh water inflow to the lake. Marginal lacustrine deposits associated with these fluvial redbeds contain abundant faunal remains, including ostracodes, conchostracans, notostracans, and scarce fish remains and insects. These organisms were restricted to relatively fresh water near the lake margins; faunal remains are absent from the central, saline part of the lake sequence.
Tight Junction Properties Change During Epidermis Development

In terrestrial animals, the epidermal barrier transitions from covering an organism suspended in a liquid environment in utero, to protecting a terrestrial animal postnatally from air and environmental exposure. Tight junctions (TJ) are essential for establishing the epidermal permeability barrier during embryonic development and modulate normal epidermal development and barrier functions postnatally. We now report that TJ function, as well as claudin-1 and occludin expression, change in parallel during late epidermal development. Specifically, TJ block the paracellular movement of Lanthanum (La(3+)) early in rat in vivo prenatal epidermal development, at gestational days 18-19, with concurrent upregulation of claudin-1 and occludin. TJ then become more permeable to ions and water as the fetus approaches parturition, concomitant with development of the lipid epidermal permeability barrier, at days 20-21. This sequence is recapitulated in cultured human epidermal equivalents (HEE), as assessed both by ultrastructural studies comparing permeation of large and small molecules and by the standard electrophysiologic parameter of resistance (R), suggesting further that this pattern of development is intrinsic to mammalian epidermal development. These findings demonstrate that the role of TJ changes during epidermal development, and further suggest that the TJ-based and lipid-based epidermal permeability barriers are interdependent.
REFolution: reference service in a constantly changing world, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, Tuesday and Wednesday, April 13‐14, 2010

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a case study of the selection process used to select the ReSearcher Suite, and its implementation including an outline of why and how the suite was implemented at the Library in the Institute of Technology in Tallaght.Design/methodology/approach – Case study – single site.Findings – The Simon Frasier University (SFU) hosted ReSearcher Suite (with support) provides an open source solution for open URL linking integrated with inter‐library loan submission, federated searching, knowledge base, coverage data, and A‐Z listings for journals and databases. While it does not have the full integration with the library management system that a vendor supplied product would, the functionality is strong enough on the user end to offer a viable alternative.Practical implications – Provides a start point for similar projects.Originality/value – The site studied is an international customer for SFU, while the suite is still in beta. The option to have open source softwar...
Intestinal cell kinase (ICK) localizes to the crypt region and requires a dual phosphorylation site found in map kinases.

Identification of key regulatory kinases in the intestinal epithelium are useful to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie proliferation and differentiation in cells found in this compartment. We used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the catalytic kinase domain of serine-threonine kinases by employing degenerate primers and then screened an intestinal crypt cDNA library to clone and sequence the open reading frame of a novel serine-threonine kinase. This was then further characterized by Northern blot analysis and RNA in situ hybridization. This kinase, designated intestinal cell kinase, harbors a dual phosphorylation site found in mitogen-activating protein (MAP) kinases that is important for kinase activity. J. Cell. Physiol. 183:129–139, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Presence and Roles of Calcium Gradients along the Dorsal-Ventral Axis in Drosophila Embryos

Dorsal-ventral specification of the Drosophila embryo is mediated by signaling pathways which have been very well described in genetic terms. However, little is known about the physiology of Drosophila development. By imaging patterns of free cytosolic calcium in Drosophila embryos, we found that several calcium gradients are generated along the dorsal-ventral axis. The most pronounced gradient is formed during stage 5, in which calcium levels are high dorsally. Manipulation of the stage 5 calcium gradient affects specification of the amnioserosa, the dorsal-most region of the embryo. We further show that this calcium gradient is inhibited in pipe, Toll, and dorsal mutants, but is unaltered in decapentaplegic (dpp) or punt mutants, suggesting that the stage 5 calcium gradient is formed by a suppression of ventral calcium concentrations. We conclude that calcium plays a role in specification of the dorsal embryonic region.
War, Depression, Prohibition and Racism: The Response of the Sunday School to an Era of Crisis, 1933-1941

...Johnson's greatest contribution is in showing that the much-maligned Sunday School in America has been, and continues to be, an influential institution, capable of both reflecting and shaping the mindset of Americans.-JOURNAL OF CHURCH AND STATE
Kinetic equations for smooth granular systems

Abstract In the present work we derive kinetic equations for the rarified granular gas from the Fokker-Planck equation that describes the time evolution of the reduced distribution function for the translational granular degrees of freedom. We obtain the explicit form for the inelastic dissipation term and calculate the time evolution of the granular temperature for the homogeneous granular gas. Our result differs from that in which the coefficient of restitution is assumed to be velocity independent.
Aligned carbon nanotubes with built-in FeN4 active sites for electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen

The electrocatalytic site FeN4, which is active towards the oxygen reduction reaction, is incorporated into the graphene layer of aligned carbon nanotubes prepared through a chemical vapour deposition process, as is confirmed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and other characterization techniques.
Random assignment problems

Abstract Analysis of random instances of optimization problems provides valuable insights into the behavior and properties of problem’s solutions, feasible region, and optimal values, especially in large-scale cases. A class of problems that have been studied extensively in the literature using the methods of probabilistic analysis is represented by the assignment problems, and many important problems in operations research and computer science can be formulated as assignment problems. This paper presents an overview of the recent results and developments in the area of probabilistic assignment problems, including the linear and multidimensional assignment problems, quadratic assignment problem, etc.
The effects of shrinkage flow and gravity level on the onset of convection during vertical directional dendritic solidification of NH4Cl-H2O

A numerical investigation of the conditions influencing the onset of convection during Bridgman vertical directional solidification of NH4Cl- 72 wt percent H2O has been made using a linear stability model. The effects of shrinkage flow and gravity level on the transition from diffusion-dominated to convection-dominated solidification are shown to be significant. Both shrinkage flow opposite the direction of growth and increased gravity levels tend to decrease the stability limits defining the onset of convection for the solidifying NH4Cl-H2O system.
Detecting undetectable controller faults using power analysis

In systems consisting of interacting datapaths and controllers, the datapaths and controllers are traditionally tested separately by isolating each component from the environment of the system during test. This is not possible when the controller-datapath pair is an embedded system designed as a hard core. This work facilitates the testing of controller-datapath pairs in a truly integrated fashion. The key to the approach is a careful examination of the types of gate level stuck-at faults that can occur within the controller. A class of faults that are undetectable in an integrated test by traditional means is identified. These faults create faulty but functional circuits. The effect of these faults on power consumption is explored, and a method based on power analysis is given for detecting these faults. Analysis is given for three example systems.
Basic Social Influence Is Underestimated

Scholars of various kinds, including some re-nowned social psychologists, have long documentedthe powerful influence that observed social behaviorhas on subsequent social behavior (e.g., Festinger,1954; Le Bon, 1960; MacKay, 1841/1932; Milgram,Bickman, & Berkowitz, 1969). What’s surprising,given the ubiquity and strength of the evidence, is howlittle note people take of this potent form of influenceat three crucial and often-encountered decision points:when, as observers, they decide how to interpret thecauses of their own actions; when, as tacticians, theydecide how to influence the actions of others; andwhen, as experts, they decide whether to seek the inputof others. Let’s take each in turn.
Formation and analysis of self-assembled monolayers from U-shaped oligo(phenylene ethynylene)s as candidates for molecular electronics

We present the synthesis of novel oligo(phenylene ethynylene)-[1,1‘;3‘1‘ ‘]terphenyls and oligo(phenylene ethynylene)-1,8-anthracenes and their analyses at the metal−molecule interface when forming self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold surfaces. The target compounds were synthesized with thioacetate functionalities that serve as molecular “alligator clips” upon thiol deprotection, to promote metallic adhesion. The resulting monolayers were studied, and the integrity of the molecule−gold attachment was corroborated by single-wavelength ellipsometry (SWE), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Additionally, the kinetics of SAM formation on a gold electrode were probed by CV, while a clear signal corresponding to the thiol−gold bond was detected by XPS. These conformationally restricted oligomers are designed to be of use in studies utilizing scanning probe microscopy techniques to elucidate switching mechanisms and negative differential resistance behavior thought to be bas...
Translated Alu sequence determines nuclear localization of a novel catalytic subunit of casein kinase 2

Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a tetrameric enzyme constitutively expressed in all eukaryotic tissues. The two known isoforms of the catalytic subunit, CK2alpha and CK2alpha', have been reported to have distinct tissue-dependent subcellular distributions. We recently described a third isoform of the catalytic subunit, designated CK2alpha", which is highly expressed in liver. Immunoblot analysis of HuH-7 human hepatoma cell fractions as well as immunofluorescent microscopy revealed that CK2alpha" was exclusively localized to the nucleus and preferentially associated with the nuclear matrix. CK2alpha and CK2alpha' were found in nuclear, membrane, and cytosolic compartments. Deletion of the carboxy-terminal 32 amino acids from the CK2alpha" sequence resulted in release of the truncated green fluorescent protein fusion protein from the nuclear matrix and redistribution to both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Demonstration that the carboxy terminus is necessary but not sufficient for nuclear retention indicates that the underlying mechanism of CK2alpha" nuclear localization is dependent on the secondary structure of the holoenzyme directed by the carboxy-terminal sequence.
Factors associated with racing performance of Thoroughbreds undergoing lag screw repair of condylar fractures of the third metacarpal or metatarsal bone.

Objective—To evaluate effects of sex, fracture configuration, affected limb, and screw placement on outcome of Thoroughbreds with condylar fractures involving the third metacarpal or metatarsal bone. Design—Cohort study. Animals—56 horses. Procedure—Age, sex, affected limb, fracture configuration, fracture length, fracture fragment width, and distance of the most distal screw from the articular surface were analyzed in logistic regression models. Results—Females were more likely to have displaced fractures and race in fewer races after surgery than males. Sex and fracture configuration were associated with number of postoperative races. Among horses that returned to racing, those with thicker fracture fragments were 11 times as likely as horses with thinner fracture fragments to win a race after surgery. Horses with longer fractures and older horses had fewer postoperative races. Horses in which the most distal screw had been placed further from the joint surface had more races. Conclusion and Clinical Re...
Yoga decreases kyphosis in senior women and men with adult onset hyperkyphosis: results of a randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether a specifically designed yoga intervention can reduce hyperkyphosis. DESIGN: A 6-month, two-group, randomized, controlled, single-masked trial. SETTING: Community research unit. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred eighteen women and men aged 60 and older with a kyphosis angle of 401 or greater. Major exclusions were serious medical comorbidity, use of assistive device, inability to hear or see adequately for participation, and inability to pass a physical safety screen. INTERVENTION: The active treatment group attended hour-long yoga classes 3 days per week for 24 weeks. The control group attended a monthly luncheon and seminar and received mailings. MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcomes were change (baseline to 6 months) in Debrunner kyphometer-assessed kyphosis angle, standing height, timed chair stands, functional reach, and walking speed. Secondary outcomes were change in kyphosis index, flexicurve kyphosis angle, Rancho Bernardo Blocks posture assessment, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). RESULTS: Compared with control participants, participants randomized to yoga experienced a 4.4% improvement in flexicurve kyphosis angle (P 5.006) and a 5% improvement in kyphosis index (P 5.004). The intervention did not result in statistically significant improvement in Debrunner kyphometer angle, measured physical performance, or self-assessed HRQOL (each P4.1). CONCLUSION: The decrease in flexicurve kyphosis angle in the yoga treatment group shows that hyperkyphosis is remediable, a critical first step in the pathway to treating or preventing this condition. Larger, more-definitive studies of yoga or other interventions for hyperkyphosis should be considered. Targeting individuals with more-malleable spines and using longitudinally precise measures of kyphosis could strengthen the treatment effect. J Am Geriatr Soc 57:1569–1579, 2009.
The Organizational Structure of International Drug Smuggling

While most group offending is not well organized, it is generally assumed that high levels of organization can be found in group offending that generates revenue, such as white-collar crime, drug sales, and smuggling drugs or humans. The organizational structure of international drug smuggling has typically been viewed as highly rational and formally structured. Employing interviews with thirty-four federal prisoners convicted of smuggling large volumes of cocaine into the United States, this study explored the organizational structure of high level international drug smuggling. The subjects described a general lack of formal structure and depicted the drug smuggling operations as composed of isolated work groups without formal connections among each other. These findings bring into question the idea that these groups are rationally organized around pursuing efficiency and support recent research that suggests network security or minimizing risk are key organizing principles of drug trading organizations.
Attenuated insular and frontocingulate decision-making related activation during an aversive interoceptive state in methamphetamine-dependent individuals

s / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 146 (2015) e34–e117 e109 Attenuated insular and frontocingulate decision-making related activation during an aversive interoceptive state in methamphetamine-dependent individuals Jennifer L. Stewart1, April C. May1, Natasha Poppa1, Paul W. Davenport2, Susan F. Tapert3,1, Martin P. Paulus3,1 1 Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States 2 Physiological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States 3 Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States Aims: Stimulant dependent individuals oftenmake drug-taking decisions when they do not feel well. Yet few studies have examined the influence of an aversive state on decision-making relatedneuralprocessing.We investigatebrainactivation toactionoutcome contingencies during an aversive interoceptive challenge in methamphetamine users using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods: Abstinent methamphetamine dependent inpatients (MD; n=20) and healthy comparison subjects (CTL; n=22) performed a two-choice prediction task at three fixed error rates (20%= reward, 50%=uncertainty, 80%=punishment) while anticipating and experiencing episodes of inspiratory breathing load during fMRI. Participants rated breathing load unpleasantness/intensity using visual analog scales (VAS). Results: MD exhibited lower anterior insula (AI) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) activation thanCTLacross trials.MDalso showed lower posterior insula (PI) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) activation than CTL during breathing load independent of error rate. For the crucial error rate by interoception interaction, MD displayed lower dorsal ACC activation to punishment than CTL during breathing load. Within MD, higher VAS unpleasantness was linked to lowerdorsalACCactivation topunishmentduring loadedbreathing. Conclusions: AI/IFG attenuations in MD are suggestive of a global decision making deficit, reflecting reduced resources allocated to the processing of action-outcome contingencies. In contrast, PI/ACC reductions in MD appear specific to impairments in registering and evaluating interoceptive experiences. Taken together, inadequate activationof brain areas that are important for regulatinghowone feels during anaversive interoceptive statemay be the neural basis for poor decision-making by MD individuals. Financial support: NIDA 5P20DA027843-04. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.663 Evidence of gender-specific telescoping effects in chronic, regular heroin users Jonathan J. Stoltman, Eric A. Woodcock, Leslie Lundahl, Mark K. Greenwald Psychiatry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI,
A Critical Role for CHIP in the Aggresome Pathway

Recent evidence suggests that aggresome formation is a physiologic stress response not limited to misfolded proteins. That stress response, termed "physiologic aggresome," is exemplified by aggresome formation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), an important host defense protein. CHIP (carboxy terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein) is a highly conserved protein that has been shown to mediate substrate ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome. In this study, we show that CHIP has a previously unexpected critical role in the aggresome pathway. CHIP interacts with iNOS and promotes its ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome as well as its sequestration to the aggresome. CHIP-mediated iNOS targeting to the proteasome sequentially precedes CHIP-mediated iNOS sequestration to the aggresome. CHIP is required for iNOS preaggresome structures to form a mature aggresome. Furthermore, CHIP is required for targeting the mutant form of cystic fibrosis transconductance regulator (CFTRDeltaF508) to the aggresome. Importantly, the ubiquitin ligase function of CHIP is required in targeting preaggresomal structures to the aggresome by promoting an iNOS interaction with histone deacetylase 6, which serves as an adaptor between ubiquitinated proteins and the dynein motor. This study reveals a critical role for CHIP in the aggresome pathway.
The recursive Green's function method for surface integral equation analysis of inhomogeneous media

The numerical simulation of electromagnetic phenomena in continuously varying inhomogeneous domains is an important problem which finds application in numerous areas. Many such simulations involve a moment method solution of the volume integral equation. The difficulty with this approach is the overwhelming computational resources consumed when applied to even moderately-sized domains. This paper introduces a new approach to solving the scalar wave equation in inhomogeneous domains which allows substantial reduction in the computational storage and complexity requirements as compared to conventional techniques. This algorithm, called the recursive Green's function method (Jensen and Freeze, 1996), allows efficient construction of the Green's function for the region which can subsequently be used in surface integral formulations for the fields.
Dual blockade of P-selectin and β2-integrin in the liver inflammatory response after uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock

Abstract Background: Neutrophil infiltration is a characteristic feature of the hepatic injury associated with prolonged hypotension. Previous work has already stressed the important contribution of neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions in the organ injury seen after hemorrhagic shock. Single-blockade strategies using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against either selectin or integrin receptors have been demonstrated to be effective in limiting the tissue inflammatory response observed in this clinical disorder. One unexplored topic is the additive effect(s) and the potential antiinflammatory properties of the combined blocking of P-selectin plus β 2 -integrin in the liver inflammatory response after uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in rats. Study Design: Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 64) weighing 250–300 g were included in a three-phase model of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. A prehospital phase consisted of 90 minutes of fluid resuscitation with lactated Ringer's solution to reach a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40 mmHg; a hospital phase consisted of 60 minutes of hemostasis and fluid resuscitation with lactated Ringer's solution to reach a MAP of 80 mmHg; and the third phase was 3 days of observation. All rats had 3 mL/100 g of blood volume shed during the initial 15 minutes. At 30 minutes, 75% tail amputation produced uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. Four groups were randomized (n = 16 per group), and treatment at the beginning of resuscitation included normal saline (group 1); anti–P-selectin MAb, RMP-1 (group 2); anti–β 2 -integrin MAb, WT.3 (group 3); or anti–P-selectin plus anti–β 2 -integrin MAbs (group 4). The following indices were evaluated: fluid requirements for resuscitation, liver injury tests, liver tissue myeloperoxidase, and liver histology. Results: Dual blockade of P-selectin and β 2 -integrin significantly reduced fluid requirements for resuscitation (p Conclusions: These results indicate that dual-blockade strategies aimed at P-selectin and β 2 -integrin provided a protective effect in the liver inflammatory response after uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in rats. Although dual blockade was more effective than either individual blockade alone, questions remain about the possible redundancy in the inflammatory adhesion pathways after this clinical condition.
The effects of substrate resistivity on RF component and circuit performance

The benefits of using high-resistivity substrates for RF CMOS applications are experimentally quantified. The quality factors of spiral inductors with a patterned ground shield, varactors, and transistors have been measured on both p/sup +/ (with epi) and p/sup -/ substrates, and in each case, Q is higher on p/sup $/substrates. A 5.35-GHz VCO on a p-substrate has an 8 dB lower phase noise than that on a p/sup +/ substrate, while a 7-GHz LNA on a p/sup -/ substrate has a 6 dB higher gain and /spl sim/2.5 dB lower noise figure than that on a p/sup +/ substrate.
Neocampanella, a new corticioid fungal genus, and a note on Dendrothele bispora

The new genus Neocampanella (Agaricales, Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) is established for Dentocorticium blastanos Boidin & Gilles, a crustose species, and the new combination, Neocampanella blastanos, is proposed. Morphological and molecular studies support the recognition of the new genus and its close ties to Campanella, a pleurotoid agaric. The recently described Brunneocorticium is a monotypic, corticioid genus closely related to Campanella also. Brunneocorticium pyriforme S.H. Wu is conspecific with Dendrothele bispora Burds. & Nakasone, and the new combination, Brunneocorticium bisporum, is proposed.
Density Functions for Mesh Refinement in Numerical Optimal Control

needed to understand how the density/monitor functions can be used in numerical optimal control and how they can influence the accuracy and robustness of numerical optimal control algorithms. Furthermore, the choice of “good” density/monitor functions for mesh discretization of optimal control problems seems to be open. Inthispaperweattempttoprovideapartialanswertotheprevious questions. We introduce a method to distribute the mesh points efficiently using density/monitor functions. Although different monitor functions can be used for mesh generation, an appropriate choice of a monitor function can generate a better quality mesh, and can improve the accuracy of the solution along with the speed of convergence. Hence, the problem of mesh generation can be treated asaproblemof findinganappropriatedensity/monitorfunction.Two possible choices of density functions are used in the numerical examples, based on the discrete control/state histories from the previousiterationduringthemeshrefinementprocess.Theproposed method avoids the numerical integration step and the use of ODE solversforthesystemdynamicsaswasdonein[8].Yet,itgeneratesa mesh with a suitable level of adaptive discretization that provides sharp resolution around the places where the control switches or the trajectory meets/leaves state constraints, thus resulting in better accuracy of the overall final solution. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the advantage of the proposed method, and comparisons are provided against the industry-standard sparse optimal control software (SOCS).
Stem-cell-triggered immunity through CLV3p-FLS2 signalling

Stem cells in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of plants are the self-renewable reservoir for leaf, stem and flower organogenesis. In nature, disease-free plants can be regenerated from SAM despite infections elsewhere, which underlies a horticultural practice for decades. However, the molecular basis of the SAM immunity remains unclear. Here we show that the CLAVATA3 peptide (CLV3p), expressed and secreted from stem cells and functioning as a key regulator of stem-cell homeostasis in the SAM of Arabidopsis, can trigger immune signalling and pathogen resistance via the flagellin receptor kinase FLS2 (refs 5, 6). CLV3p-FLS2 signalling acts independently from the stem-cell signalling pathway mediated through CLV1 and CLV2 receptors, and is uncoupled from FLS2-mediated growth suppression. Endogenous CLV3p perception in the SAM by a pattern recognition receptor for bacterial flagellin, FLS2, breaks the previously defined self and non-self discrimination in innate immunity. The dual perception of CLV3p illustrates co-evolution of plant peptide and receptor kinase signalling for both development and immunity. The enhanced immunity in SAM or germ lines may represent a common strategy towards immortal fate in plants and animals.
Navigating Social and Institutional Obstacles Low-Income Women Seeking Abortion

Nearly half of all women in the United States will have at least one abortion during their lifetime, and many will encounter economic, logistical, and/or social obstacles while attempting to undergo the procedure. The purpose of this project was to examine the abortion-seeking experiences of a volunteer sample of Oregon women, to identify key barriers and the strategies women employed to overcome them. Using a mixed-methods approach combining survey and interview data with participant observation, we found that low-income women experienced structural and economic barriers to abortion even though abortion is covered by the state Medicaid program in Oregon. Social support helped women overcome obstacles, and a lack of support was itself experienced as an obstacle. Women of lower socioeconomic status also encountered more barriers and had a more difficult time overcoming them. Our findings indicate the need for improved advocacy to reduce structural delay, and to improve access to social support and other re...
Light-weight domain-based form assistant: querying web databases on the fly

The Web has been rapidly "deepened" by myriad searchable databases online, where data are hidden behind query forms. Helping users query alternative "deep Web" sources in the same domain (e.g., Books, Airfares) is an important task with broad applications. As a core component of those applications, dynamic query translation (i.e., translating a user's query across dynamically selected sources) has not been extensively explored. While existing works focus on isolated subproblems (e.g., schema matching, query rewriting) to study, we target at building a complete query translator and thus face new challenges: 1) To complete the translator, we need to solve the predicate mapping problem (i.e., map a source predicate to target predicates), which is largely unexplored by existing works; 2) To satisfy our application requirements, we need to design a customizable system architecture to assemble various components addressing respective subproblems (i.e., schema matching, predicate mapping, query rewriting). Tackling these challenges, we develop a light-weight domain-based form assistant, which can generally handle alternative sources in the same domain and is easily customizable to new domains. Our experiment shows the effectiveness of our form assistant in translating queries for real Web sources.
Pathways From Religion to Advance Care Planning: Beliefs About Control Over Length of Life and End-of-Life Values

Purpose of the Study: To evaluate the extent to which religious affiliation and self-identified religious importance affect advance care planning (ACP) via beliefs about control over life length and end-of-life values. Design and Methods: Three hundred and five adults aged 55 and older from diverse racial and socioeconomic groups seeking outpatient care in New Jersey were surveyed. Measures included discussion of end-of-life preferences; living will (LW) completion; durable power of attorney for healthcare (DPAHC) appointment; religious affiliation; importance of religion; and beliefs about who/what controls life length, end-of-life values, health status, and sociodemographics. Results: Of the sample, 68.9% had an informal discussion and 46.2% both discussed their preferences and did formal ACP (LW and/or DPAHC). Conservative Protestants and those placing great importance on religion/spirituality had a lower likelihood of ACP. These associations were largely accounted for by beliefs about God’s controlling life length and values for using all available treatments. Implications: Beliefs and values about control account for relationships between religiosity and ACP. Beliefs and some values differ by religious affiliation. As such, congregations may be one nonclinical setting in which ACP discussions could be held, as individuals with similar attitudes toward the end of life could discuss their treatment preferences with those who share their views.
Scared Kids, Unattached Kids, or Peer Pressure: Why Do Students Carry Firearms to School?

This study assesses the impact of fear of criminal victimization on juvenile firearm possession at school, while controlling for variables in Hirschi's social bond theory and a derivative of Sutherland's differential association theory. Using responses from a sample of approximately 8,000 public high school students in a southeastern state, this research highlights a statistically significant association between adolescents' fear of criminal victimization and their firearm possession at school, even after controlling for the aforementioned explanations of crime.
Dopamine requires the unoccupied progesterone receptor to induce sexual behavior in mice.

Using the recently generated mutant mice strain (PRKO) carrying a null mutation for the progesterone receptor (PR) gene by gene targeting, we examined the critical role of PR as a coordinator of key regulatory events involved in the steroid hormone and dopamine-facilitated sexual behavior in female mice. In vitro one-point binding analyses of estradiol benzoate (EB)-induced cellular PRs and immunohistochemistry of PR in the mediobasal hypothalamus demonstrated a reduction in binding in the homozygous females, equivalent to background levels seen in EB-unresponsive tissue. The biochemical findings correlated well with the behavioral observations, with the wild type females exhibiting high levels of lordosis, while the homozygous females showed minimal lordosis in response to mating by male mice. As a critical validation of our earlier studies on ligand-independent activation of PRs by dopamine, we examined the facilitation of sexual behavior by a dopamine agonist in the null mutants. Wild type females having the full complement of PRs exhibited high levels of lordosis, while the homozygous females showed minimal lordosis in response to dopamine. To determine whether this reduced response was due to a general lack of ability to express lordosis, mice were treated with another neurotransmitter, serotonin. No significant difference in the serotonin-facilitated lordosis response was observed between the wild type and the homozygous females. We conclude that multiple signal transduction pathways coexist in the neuroendocrine system for
DYNAMIC YIELD STRENGTH OF A PALLADIUM ALLOY METALLIC GLASS

Taylor anvil tests in the reverse ballistic mode have been carried out to determine the dynamic yield strength of a Pd{sub 77.5}Cu{sub 6.0}Si{sub 16.5} metallic glass. Scanning electron microscopy has been utilized to evaluate the details of the rod and anvil interface after impact. Computer simulations have also been carried out to interpret and confirm the results and conclusions. 7 refs., 10 figs.
Risk factors for colonization due to carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae among patients exposed to long-term acute care and acute care facilities

Background. This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) colonization among patients screened with rectal cultures upon admission to a hospital or long-term acute care (LTAC) center and to compare risk factors among patients who were screen positive for CRE at the time of hospital admission with those screen positive prior to LTAC admission.Methods. A retrospective nested matched case-control study was conducted from June 2009 to December 2011. Patients with recent LTAC exposure were screened for CRE carriage at the time of hospital admission, and patients admitted to a regional LTAC facility were screened prior to LTAC admission. Cases were patients with a positive CRE screening culture, and controls (matched in a 3∶1 ratio to cases) were patients with negative screening cultures.Results. Nine hundred five cultures were performed on 679 patients. Forty-eight (7.1%) cases were matched to 144 controls. One hundred fifty-eight patients were screened...
Measurement of diffractive photoproduction of vector mesons at large momentum transfer at HERA

Elastic and proton–dissociative photoproduction of $\rho^0$ , $\phi$ and $J/\psi$ vector mesons ( $\gamma p\rightarrow Vp$ , $\gamma p\rightarrow VN$ , respectively) have been measured in $e^+p$ interactions at HERA up to $-t=3$ GeV $^2$ , where t is the four-momentum transfer squared at the photon–vector–meson vertex. The analysis is based on a data sample in which photoproduction reactions were tagged by detection of the scattered positron in a special-purpose calorimeter. This limits the photon virtuality, $Q^2$ , to values less than 0.01 GeV $^2$ , and selects a $\gamma p$ average center-of-mass energy of $\langle W\rangle$ = 94 GeV. Results for the differential cross sections, $\mbox{d}\sigma/\mbox{d}t$ , for $\rho^0$ , $\phi$ and $J/\psi$ mesons are presented and compared to the results of recent QCD calculations. Results are also presented for the t-dependence of the pion-pair invariant-mass distribution in the $\rho^0$ mass region and of the spin-density matrix elements determined from the decay-angle distributions. The Pomeron trajectory has been derived from measurements of the W dependence of the elastic differential cross sections $\mbox{d}\sigma/\mbox{d}t$ for both $\rho^0$ and $\phi$ mesons.
Effects of disorder on the transport properties of polymers

Results of numerical calculations of eigen states in disordered rings of hydrogen atoms are presented. These results succeed in demonstrating localization in systems involving clusters of realistic atoms and including all neighbor interactions. The nature of the eigenstates as a function of degree of disorder is considered.
Functional interactions between memory and recognition judgments

One issue facing agents that accumulate large bodies of knowledge is determining whether they have knowledge that is relevant to its current goals. Performing comprehensive searches of long-term memory in every situation can be computationally expensive and disruptive to task reasoning. In this paper, we demonstrate that the recognition judgment-a heuristic for whether memory structures have been previously perceived - can serve as a low-cost indicator of the existence of potentially relevant knowledge.We present an approach for computing both context-dependent and context-independent recognition judgments using processes and data shared with declarative memories. We then describe an initial, efficient implementation in the Soar cognitive architecture and evaluate our system in a word sense disambiguation task, showing that it reduces the number of memory searches without degrading agent performance.
BIDIAGONAL PAIRS, THE LIE ALGEBRA &#x1d530;&#x1d529;2, AND THE QUANTUM GROUP Uq(&#x1d530;&#x1d529;2)

We introduce a linear algebraic object called a bidiagonal pair. Roughly speaking, a bidiagonal pair is a pair of diagonalizable linear transformations on a finite-dimensional vector space, each of which acts in a bidiagonal fashion on the eigenspaces of the other. We associate to each bidiagonal pair a sequence of scalars called a parameter array. Using this concept of a parameter array we present a classification of bidiagonal pairs up to isomorphism. The statement of this classification does not explicitly mention the Lie algebra &#x1d530;&#x1d529;2 or the quantum group Uq(&#x1d530;&#x1d529;2). However, its proof makes use of the finite-dimensional representation theory of &#x1d530;&#x1d529;2 and Uq(&#x1d530;&#x1d529;2). In addition to the classification we make explicit the relationship between bidiagonal pairs and modules for &#x1d530;&#x1d529;2 and Uq(&#x1d530;&#x1d529;2).