cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU‐FF‐J‐110: Geometrical Verification of Real‐Time Tumor Tracking Using Electronic Portal Imaging Device (EPID)

Purpose: We have developed a novel method to verify the geometrical accuracy of real‐time tumor tracking. An Electronic Portal Imaging Device(EPID) is used as a virtual phantom system. Methods and Materials: This virtual phantom system uses virtual target motion in the absence of a moving phantom and fluoroscopic mode of EPID for monitoring the motion of the tracking aperture. The expected apertures are designed from real‐time detection of tumor motion, and the delivered apertures are monitored from the EPID system. These two apertures are compared for geometrical accuracy of a real‐time tracking technique. The virtual phantom system was tested with several tracking patterns with irregular motion. Target motion was designed for an oval‐shaped tumor with 40 mm and 55 mm in diameters for four cases: (1) stationary; (2) rigid‐body two‐dimensional (2‐D) displacement with a period variation from 3 to 10 s and 20‐mm peak‐to‐peak distance in the superior‐inferior direction and 10 mm in the left‐right direction; (3) 2‐D displacement with deformation, and (4) 2‐D displacement with both deformation and rotation. In the continuous acquisition mode of EPID,MLC aperture images were acquired at ∼8 Hz. Root‐mean‐square (RMS) deviation between the designed and delivered aperture motions were calculated for each case. Results: The RMS deviation is 0.005 mm for the stationary case, 0.5 mm for the 2‐D displacement, 0.7 mm for the 2‐D displacement with deformation, and 0.7 mm for the 2‐D displacement combined with both deformation and rotation. Conclusion: The EPID‐based virtual system can measure geometrical accuracy of real‐time tumor tracking without a moving phantom. Besides, it can be used even for complex target motion (i.e., 2‐D displacement combined with deformation and rotation), which is not possible with any existing moving phantom. Therefore, this EPID‐based virtual system shows great potential as a quality‐assurance process to verify real‐time tumor tracking.
Analysis of methods for calculating spectral properties in solids

Abstract This article is mainly concerned with the analysis of methods of computation of spectral properties of solids. These properties cover a large variety of fields such as optical spectra of crystals, phonon effects in superconducting tunneling, infrared absorption, X-ray emission, dynamic magnetic susceptibilities, impurity modes, photoemission of electrons, phonon, electron and magnon densities of states, etc. A common feature of the calculation of all these properties is integration over the Brillouin zone. Five computational methods for performing this integration have evolved and have been applied so far. In this article these methods are analyzed for the first time on a general basis, and particular emphasis is put on resolution, accuracy and computing effort. Because of the very broad scope of the subject, a number of relevant problems of physical and computational nature are briefly introduced and discussed in a separate section.
Electron-transfer reactions in mixed solvents. An electrochemical probe of unsymmetrical selective solvation

One of the unique aspects of electron-transfer reactions in mixed solvents is the possibility for unsymmetrical selective solvation of reactants versus products. We have developed a versatile electrochemical method, based on reaction-entropy measurements, to detect its occurence. The method is illustrated by results for five related redox systems: Ru(NH 3 ) 6 3+/2+ , Ru(NH 3 ) 5 (py) 3+/2+ , Ru(NH 3 ) 4 (bpy) 3+/2+ , Ru(NH 3 ) 2 (bpy) 2 3+/2+ , and Ru(bpy) 3 3+/2+ (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine; py=pyridine), in mixtures of acetonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent
Validation of Decisional Balance and Self-Efficacy Measures for HPV Vaccination in College Women:

Abstract Purpose. Women younger than 25 years are at greatest risk for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, including high-risk strains associated with 70% of cervical cancers. Effective model-based measures that can lead to intervention development to increase HPV vaccination rates are necessary. This study validated Transtheoretical Model measures of Decisional Balance and Self-Efficacy for seeking the HPV vaccine in a sample of female college students. Design. Cross-sectional measurement development. Setting. Online survey of undergraduate college students. Subjects. A total of 340 female students ages 18 to 26 years. Measures. Stage of Change, Decisional Balance, and Self-Efficacy. Analysis. The sample was randomly split into halves for exploratory principal components analyses (PCAs), followed by confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) to test measurement models. Multivariate analyses examined relationships between constructs. Results. For Decisional Balance, PCA indicated two 4-item factors (Pros –α = ...
Connectivity in frame matroids

We discuss the relationship between the vertical connectivity of a biased graph @W and the Tutte connectivity of the frame matroid of @W (also known as the bias matroid of @W).
Modified thermal clearance technique for determination of blood flow during local hyperthermia

The thermal clearance method utilizes the rate of temperature decay after the applied power is turned off to estimate the local blood flow. A limitation of this method has been its inability to account for the contribution of thermal conduction to the rate of temperature decay. As a result, the blood flow is generally overestimated. A modification of the thermal clearance method is described in this paper which enables the conduction component to be determined. Profiles of the tissue temperature are obtained in three mutually orthogonal directions about the point where thermal clearance is measured. The Laplacian of the temperature is evaluated from these profiles by the method of finite differences. The tissue thermal conductivity is estimated from literature values. The greatest source of error is the uncertainty in the location of the washout point in each catheter. Strict thermometry requirements must be adopted to reduce the localization error to ± 0.25 cm. The thermometry catheters should be orthogo...
Dietary boron modified the effects of magnesium and molybdenum on mineral metabolism in the cholecalciferol-deficient chick

The metabolic effects of dietary boron, magnesium, and molybdenum on mineral metabolism in the cholecalciferol-deficient chick, with emphasis on growth cartilage histology, were studied. One-day-old cockerel chicks were assigned to groups in a fully-crossed, three factor, 2 x 2 x 2 design. The basal diet was based on ground corn, high-protein casein, and corn oil and contained 125 IU cholecalciferol (inadequate), 0.465 mg B, 2.500 mg Mg, and 0.420 mg Mo/kg. The treatments were the supplementation of the basal diet with B at O or 3; Mg at 300 (inadequate) or 500 (adequate); and Mo at 0 or 20 mg/kg. At d 25, B depressed mortality, alleviated the cholecalciferol-deficiency induced distortion of the marrow sprouts (MS) of the proximal tibial epiphysial plate, and elevated the numbers of osteoclasts within the MS. Adequate Mg exacerbated the cholecalciferol-deficiency induced bone lesions. Mo widened the MS markedly. In Mg-deficient chicks, B elevated plasma Ca and Mg concentrations and growth, but inhibited initiation of cartilage calcification; B had the opposite effect in Mg-adequate chicks. An interaction among B, Mg, and Mo affected plasma uric acid and glucose concentrations. B may function to modify mineral metabolism in cholecalciferol deficiency, suppressing bone anabolism in concurrent Mg deficiency and bone catabolism in concurrent Mg adequacy.
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) prediction of mass fraction profiles of gas oil and gasoline in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) riser

Abstract Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is an important process for the conversion of gas oil to gasoline. The paper is an attempt to model the phenomenon theoretically; using commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software and 3-lump kinetic model. Geometry, boundary conditions and dimensions of industrial riser for catalytic cracking unit is conferred for 2D simulation using commercial CFD code. Continuity, momentum, energy and species transport equations, applicable to two phase solid and gas flow, are used to simulate the physical phenomenon efficiently. This paper uses the granular Eulerian multiphase model with k–e turbulence and species transport. Time accurate transient problem is solved with the prediction of mass fraction profiles of gas oil, gasoline, light gas and coke. The output curves demonstrate the mass fraction and distribution of temperature in both phases. At the end comparison of the computational results with other computational and experimental data available in literature is also given.
A fuzzy approach for the analysis of unbalanced nonlinear rotor systems

The components of most structural and mechanical systems exhibit considerable variations or uncertainties in their properties. Thus, the performance characteristics of such systems are also subject to uncertainties. In the case of a rotor-bearing system, the nonlinear bearing restoring force is usually represented as a third or fourth power of displacement or as a piecewise linear function of displacement. The coefficients of these models are acquired from experiments and approximations, and will vary considerably during the operation of the bearing. Hence, it is more reasonable to treat them as uncertain values. Other bearing parameters such as the inertial properties of concentrated disks, distributed mass and damping of the rotating assemblies are also uncertain due to manufacturing and assembly errors and imprecise operating conditions. It is known that the vibration response of a rotor is highly sensitive to small fluctuations or variations in the bearing parameters. Therefore, any realistic analysis and design of rotor-bearing systems must take the uncertainties into account. In this paper, a methodology is presented for the fuzzy analysis of nonlinear rotor-bearing systems along with numerical results to demonstrate the computational feasibility of the methodology.
Correction for Series Resistance in A.C. Polarography.

Abstract : The apparent or measured series resistance of an electrochemical cell is influenced by the geometry of the electrodes. At a dropping mercury electrode, the resistance increases as the frequency of the measuring signal decreases. The question arises as to how to correct for the series resistance when calculations are made of the faradaic impedance. It is shown here that the use of the high-frequency limit of the resistance gives better results than use of the apparent resistance at each frequency. Nevertheless, the correction made in this way represents only an approximation. (Author)
THE REACTION OF DIBENZYLMERCURY WITH SECONDARY PHOSPHINES: FORMATION VERSUS BENZYL SUBSTITUTION

Abstract In an attempt to find a simple, high yield synthetic method to create a phosphorus-phosphorus bond from phosphorus-hydrogen bonds, we have investigated the reaction of dibenzylmercury DBM with secondary phosphines. The overall reaction is: DBM + R2PH→r toluene + Hg + R2P - PR2. Thus reaction of diphenylphosphine with DBM produces the desired coupled product tetraphenyldiphosphine in 85–90% yield. In contrast, the reaction of DBM with 1.3-bis(phenyIphosphino)propane Ph(H)P-(CH2)3-P(H)Ph produces the benzyl-substituted product Ph(Bz)P-(CH2)3-P(Bz)Ph rather than the expected cyclic compound 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-diphospholane PhP-(CH2)3-PPh. The dioxide or disulfide of Ph(H)P-(CH,),-P(H)Ph undergoes no reaction with DBM. The bulky 2.4,6-tris(tertbutyl) phenylphosphine ArPH, with DBM yields diastereomers of the coupled disecondary diphosphine Ar(H)P-P(H)Ar. The reaction of DBM with diphenylchlorophosphine results in a high yield of tetraphenyldiphosphine, but with phenyldichlorophosphine produces the benz...
e0243 A Study on epidemiological trend of elderly hypertension in Beijing

Object To explore the epidemiological trend of elderly hypertension, so as to provide basis for prevention of hypertension. Method A group of 2832, 1828, 2277 elderly residents aged ≥60 in Beijing were chosen into this study in the year 2000, 2004, 2007 by well-established statistical sampling techniques such as cluster, stratification and random selection, and epidemiological trend of elderly hypertension was analysed by x 2 analysis. Result The prevalence rate (69.2%, 61.9%, 56.0%) of hypertension and the control rate (22.6%, 16.7%, 21.5%) lowered annually, and awareness rate (43.7%, 55.8%, 57.6%) of treatment elevated annually. There was no rising in the control rate of male (26.2%, 16.7%, 20.8%), less older (28.0%, 18.4%, 21.0%) and rural (19.5%, 9.6%, 13.4%). Conclusion The results indicate that the prevalence of hypertension is high in the elderly rural people, while the rates of awareness, treatment and control are low. It suggests that effective public measures need to be developed to improve the prevention and control of hypertension.
Plasma prolactin and thyrotropin and the response to thyrotropin-releasing factor in children with primary and hypothalamic hypothyroidism.

The plasma concentration of PRL and TSH were determined in 41 infants and children with primary hypothyroidism without galactorrhea. These results were compared to those in children with idiopathic hypothalamic (tertiary) hypothyroidism (28 children), hypopituitarism due to a mass lesion (18 children), and hyperthyroidism (15 children). The mean basal PRL concentration was 25.4 ± 3.1 (SE) ng/ml in children with primary hypothyroidism, 13.9 ± 2.1 ng/ml in those with idiopathic hypothalamic hypopituitarism, and 16.3 ± 2.5 ng/ml in those with hypopituitarism secondary to tumors involving the hypothalamus and/or pituitary. The PRL values in primary hypothyroidism were significantly different from the latter two groups (P < 0.01) and from those in normal children (5.0 ± 0.6 ng/ml; P < 0.001). The PRL levels in children with hyperthyroidism were similar to those in normal children. The mean basal concentration of plasma TSH was 382 ± 85.5 μU/ml in children with primary hypothyroidism and correlated significantl...
THE INTERFACE BETWEEN COTTON TISSUE AND A PENETRATING NOBLE METAL PROBE

A passive system that may be useful for measuring changes of the redox potential of in viyo, extracellular plant tissue has been developed within the past few years. The technique involves the placement of a small (250 ,um diam) noble metal probe into the anatomical region of interest and subsequent monitoring of the time variation in the measured electrode potential of this probe. The result of this measuring technique has been termed an electrophytogram. The observed voltage fluctuations may be empirically correlated with several observable plant growth phenomena. However, elucidation of the physiological basis for electrophytograms must involve the proper anatomical interpretation of the position of the probe relative to the plant tissue. This paper reports the results of freeze-fracture electron microscopic examination of the probe/ tissue interface after wound healing has occurred. Electron micrographs clearly show cell wall material, appressed directly against the probe. These results indicate that the electrophytogram system provides a method for monitoring the electrochemical status of the cell wall space. Insertion of the probe into mature, fully elongated tissue appears to cause little physical damage to non-xylem tissue organization beyond the adjacent cell layers and virtually no damage to
Concurrent multi-level model for damage evolution in microstructurally debonding composites

This paper develops an adaptive concurrent multi-level computational model for multi-scale analysis of composite structures undergoing damage initiation and growth due to microstructural damage induced by debonding at the fiber– matrix interface. The model combines macroscopic computations using a continuum damage model developed in a preceding paper [Raghavan, P., Ghosh, S., 2005. A continuum damage mechanics model for unidirectional composites undergoing interfacial debonding. Mech. Mater. 37 (9), 955–979.] with explicit micromechanical computations of stresses and strain, including explicit debonding at the fiber–matrix interface. The macroscopic computations are done by conventional FEM models while the Voronoi cell FEM is used for micromechanical analysis. Three hierarchical levels of different resolution adaptively evolve in this to improve the accuracy of solutions by reducing modeling and discretization errors. Three levels include: (a) level-0 of pure macroscopic analysis using a continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model; (b) level-1 of asymptotic homogenization based macroscopic–microscopic RVE modeling to monitor the breakdown of continuum laws and signal the need for microscopic analyses; and (c) level-2 regions of pure micromechanical modeling with explicit depiction of the local microstructure. Two numerical examples are solved to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the multi-scale model. A double lap bonded composite joint is modeled for demonstrating the model’s capability in handling large structural problems. � 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Gross-Entrainment Behavior of Turbulent Jets Injected Obliquely into a Uniform Crossflow

Turbulent jets injected at various inclinations into a uniform crosse ow have been studied using Mie-scattering e ow visualization and image-processing techniques. Injection angles ranging from i 45 to 45 deg from the normal direction to the crosse ow have been studied for the square root of momentum ratio ranging from 5 to 20. Instantaneous and ensemble-averaged images were obtained for each jet cone guration, and their centerline trajectories were determined. A skewed coordinate system that accommodates changes in injection angle of the jets was used with a power-law equation to collapse the trajectories to a single proe le. Combining this correlation of the jet centerline with the conservation equations of mass and momentum, an algebraic expression was derived to estimate the mass entrained by dee ected jets. A jet with negative injection angles entrains the crosse ow e uid more efe ciently, leading to more rapid and compact mixing.
Daily Observations During Healing of a Full-Thickness Human Surgical Wound by Second Intention

After his preauricular basal cell carcinoma had been excised by Mohs micrographic surgery, a patient took daily photographs of his 6 × 3-cm full-thickness wound as it healed by second intention over the next 44 days. Wound contraction produced a linear decrease in wound area between postoperative days 3 and 40 that accounted for 57% of the area of the original wound. The remainder of the wound was resurfaced by new epithelium, beginning on day 16. Few comparable reports address the contributions of contraction and re-epithelialization in large full-thickness human wounds.
Structure of the GDP-Pi complex of Gly203-->Ala gialpha1: a mimic of the ternary product complex of galpha-catalyzed GTP hydrolysis.

Abstract Background G proteins play a vital role in transmembrane signalling events. In their inactive form G proteins exist as heterotrimers consisting of an α subunit, complexed with GDP and a dimer of β γ subunits. Upon stimulation by receptors, G protein α subunits exchange GDP for GTP and dissociate from β γ . Thus activated, αsubunits stimulate or inhibit downstream effectors. The duration of the activated state corresponds to the single turnover rate of GTP hydrolysis, which is typically in the range of seconds. In G iα1 , the Gly203→Ala mutation reduces the affinity of the substrate for Mg 2+ , inhibits a key conformational step that occurs upon GTP binding and consequently inhibits the release of β γ subunits from the GTP complex. The structure of the Gly203→Ala mutant of G iα1 (G203AG iα1 ) bound to the slowly hydrolyzing analog of GTP (GTP γ S) has been determined in order to elucidate the structural changes that take place during hydrolysis. Results We have determined the three dimensional structure of a Gly203→Ala mutant of G iα1 at 2.6 a resolution. Although crystals were grown in the presence of GTP γ S and Mg 2+ , the catalytic site contains a molecule of GDP and a phosphate ion, but no Mg 2+ . The phosphate ion is bound to a site near that occupied by the γ -phosphate of GTP γ S in the activated wild-type α subunit. A region of the protein, termed the Switch II helix, twists and bends to adopt a conformation that is radically different from that observed in other G iα1 subunit complexes. Conclusions Under the conditions of crystallization, the Gly203→Ala mutation appears to stabilize a conformation that may be similar, although perhaps not identical, to the transient ternary product complex of G iα1 -catalyzed GTP hydrolysis. The rearrangement of the Switch II helix avoids a potential steric conflict caused by the mutation. However, it appears that dissociation of the γ -phosphate from the pentacoordinate intermediate also requires a conformational change in Switch II. Thus, a conformational rearrangement of the Switch II helix may be required in Gα-catalyzed GTP hydrolysis.
Practice Patterns, Safety, and Rationale for Tracheostomy Tube Changes: A Survey of Otolaryngology Training Programs

Introduction: Tracheotomy for long-term ventilation is a common surgical procedure in the hospital setting. Although the postoperative care is often perceived as routine, complications associated with tracheostomy changes may result in loss of airway and death. In addition, the practice patterns, rationale, and complications related to tube changes have been poorly described. Study Design and Methods: A survey of chief residents in accredited otolaryngology training programs was performed to determine the management strategies, rationale, and complications associated with postoperative tracheostomy tube changes. Results: The first tube change was performed after a mean of 5.3 (range, 3–7) days after the procedure, most frequently by junior residents. The first change was performed in a variety of locations including the intensive care unit (88%), step down unit (80%), and regular floor (78%). Twenty-five percent performed these changes at night or on weekends. The most frequently reported rationale for performing routine tracheotomy changes was examination of the stoma for maturity (46%), prevention of stomal infection (46%), and confirmation of stability for transport to a less monitored setting (41%). Twenty-five (42%) respondents reported awareness of a loss of airway, and nine (15%) respondents reported awareness of a death as a result of the first tube change at their institution during their residency. A statistically significant higher incidence of airway loss was reported by respondents who reported performing the first tube change on the floor (96.1% vs. 63.6%). Conclusion: There is significant variability in the approach to postoperative tracheostomy tube management. The occurrence of major complications including deaths from routine tube changes requires an examination of the rationale and safety of this practice.
Unjustified: The Imbalance of Information and Funding With Noninvasive Prenatal Screening

Background: Noninvasive prenatal screening (NIPS) is the latest in prenatal testing technologies for Down syndrome and other aneuploidies. It joins existing traditional screening and invasive testing. The administration and funding of prenatal testing for aneuploidy has been the subject of several studies evaluating whether women are making informed choices and whether prenatal testing is cost-effective. Methods: A review of professional medical guidelines, studies on informed consent and cost-effectiveness, and how NIPS is currently being administered and covered by private and public insurance was conducted. Results: Since the major medical organizations have recognized NIPS, particularly for women considered high risk, NIPS is being offered to expectant mothers. Increasingly, public and private insurance are covering NIPS based on the medical guidelines, with cost-effectiveness studies justifying its coverage. The same guidelines recommend pre-test counseling and post-test counseling along with providi...
Oral eruption cysts in a child with hepatoblastoma.

Oral eruption cysts develop when extravasated fluid, epithelial remnants of tooth embryogenesis, and blood obliterates the submucosal space encapsulating an erupting primary or permanent tooth. In immunocompetent children, these lesions are treated conservatively with watchful monitoring for spontan
The impact of temporal context and risk on the judged value of future outcomes

Abstract This study investigated (1) the impact of time frames on the subjective values of time or the discounting function, the discounting operation, and the response strategy used in two tasks, (2) scale convergence across risky and riskless investments for time and the value of outcomes, (3) the effect of continuous and categorical response formats on the subjects' judgments, and (4) the comparability of the discounting strategy used in rating and preference tasks. College students were asked to evaluate the desirability of risky investments that were presented in the context of a short time frame or a long time frame. All of the subjects judged risky investments during one session and indicated their strength of preference for riskless investments during the other session. Results indicated that the time frame manipulation affected the form of the discounting function. Although scale convergence was obtained for the interest rates across tasks, scale convergence did not occur for time. The subjective values for time, generated from the riskless investments, consistently exceeded the scale values obtained with the risky investments. The discounting functions for time were much steeper for the riskless investments than for the risky investments. For example, a $300 return from a riskless investment was discounted more, as a function of the time, than was a $300 return associated with risk. These results are discussed in relation to previous research and the implications for a general model of temporal discounting.
Political efficacy and political ideology: the role of communication in a media-rich, underdeveloped country:

Borrowing from the literature of mass communication and development and its many variations over time, a model was formulated to explain the role of mass media and interpersonal discussion on two persistent communication concerns, namely, political efficacy and political ideology. These relationships were examined in light of their possible modification or refinement based on an individual's location in the social structure. Using survey data collected in an urban area of a media-rich underdeveloped country, eleven hypotheses were tested. A structural equation technique (LISREL) demonstrated that all the hypotheses were at least partially supported, furthermore the effects of the communication variables were all fully supported. We concluded that our model, developed from literature in the United States and Third World countries, appears to have substantial external validity.
The patient-centered outcomes research institute: research done differently.

Background: The Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) was authorized by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 to fund comparative clinical effectiveness research to provide reliable evidence to help patients and their healthcare providers make informed decisions. Objective: The aim of this paper is to describe the synergy between nursing research and PCORI funding priorities, discuss unique aspects of PCORI funding, and identify the implications for nurse researchers. Discussion: Goals of nursing research are well aligned with PCORI interests. Given this synergy, many phenomena that nursing scientists study could become topics of a competitive proposal for PCORI funding. Major aspects of PCORI funding with implications for nurse researchers include the nature of the questions asked, funding priorities, engagement of patients and stakeholders, compliance with the PCORI’s methodology standards, and the proposal review criteria and process.
Parenting style as a mediating link between parental emotional health and adjustment of maltreated children

The roles of parenting style and parents' emotional health status on children's social-emotional functioning were examined. Approaches to child-rearing were expected to mediate the impact of parental emotional health on child adjustment. The sample consisted of 55 parent-child dyads characterized by child maltreatment. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that both aspects of parental functioning, emotional health status and child-rearing style, predicted child adjustment. However, further analyses yielded support for the mediation model; the impact of emotional health on child adjustment was significantly reduced when the effects of parenting style were controlled. Results suggest that parental approaches to child-rearing play a key role in shaping children's social-emotional functioning, with parents' emotional health status playing a more indirect role.
iRUNC Advantages and Real Geometrical Dimensions of Microband Electrodes

Microband electrodes have two important advantages relative to microdisks: (a) larger and thus more easily measured currents and (b) smaller ohmic drop (iRUNC). Measurements of electrode kinetics and of transport under linear diffusion conditions at microband electrodes require knowledge of their actual areas. This paper describes the use of microbands, fabricated by sandwiching a thin metal film between insulators (sandwich electrode) and by lithographic deposition of a thin metal strip on an insulating substrate (line electrode), under radial and linear diffusion conditions, achieved using respectively fluid and highly viscous solutions. When compared under linear diffusion conditions to microdisk and line electrodes, most sandwich microband electrodes have actual areas that are larger than their planned, geometrical areas. The difference is not revealed under radial diffusion conditions. This paper also describes linear diffusion experiments which test the theory that predicts smaller iRUNC effects at...
Latent meiotic anomalies related to an ancestral exposure to a mutagenic agent.

When urethan is administered to cytologically normal F2 progeny descended from grandsires exposed to ethyl methanesulfonate, meiotic anomalies in the forms of site-specific X-chromosome deletions and bivalent associations are noted in spermatocytes of male Armenian hamsters examined 6 and 8 days after treatment, respectively. These latent anomalies are initiated and retained in a premutated state for two generations after the ancestral exposure to ethyl methanesulfonate, the additional impetus required to complete the mutational processes being supplied by urethan.
Complex odontoma of the maxilla; report of a case.

Abstract A case report of a complex odontoma of the maxilla is presented. Normal eruption of the dentition followed surgical excision of the odontoma.
RISK, SEGMENTATION, AND THE MUNICIPAL TERM STRUCTURE

This paper examines the impact of institutional demand on the tax-exempt term structure while controlling for biases induced by using ratings as measures of risk. Using a more extensive database than any used in previous studies, the author controls for risk by employing a random coefficient model and by introducing several new variables. Results of the study indicate that the risk hypothesis provides a significantly better explanation of the rising term structure than does the institutional demand hypothesis.
Subpopulations of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons express different levels of tyrosine hydroxylase messenger RNA.

Subpopulations of mesencephalic dopamine containing neurons possess different electro-physiological, pharmacological, biochemical, and anatomical properties. In order to determine whether such differences are related to the regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis of catecholamines, the regional distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase messenger RNA in these neurons was examined using in situ hybridization histochemistry. In the mouse, labelling for tyrosine hydroxylase messenger RNA associated with individual neurons was significantly less in the lateral substantia nigra pars compacta than in the medial substantia nigra pars compacta and the ventral tegmental area. A similar pattern of labelling was observed in the rat. Labelling for tyrosine hydroxylase messenger RNA was significantly less in the lateral substantia nigra pars compacta than in medial pars compacta (a densely cellular region), the area dorsal to the medial substantia nigra pars compacta (a less cell dense region), and the ventral tegmental area. Differences in levels of labelling for messenger RNA in mesencephalic dopamine neurons were not related to differences in cell size as measured in sections processed for tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. The results suggest that tyrosine hydroxylase messenger RNA is differentially regulated in Subpopulations of mesencephalic dopamine neurons, supporting the view that these neurons are physiologically distinct.
Considerations on the role of cardiolipin in cellular responses to PDT

Cardiolipin is a unique phospholipid containing two phosphatidyl glycerol moieties and four fatty acids per molecule. It is found exclusively in the mitochondrial inner membrane and at the contact sites between the inner and outer membranes. The acridine derivative, nonyl-acridine orange (NAO), is a highly specific probe of cardiolipin, with a binding affinity approximately two orders of magnitude greater than that for binding to other anionic phospholipids. We recently reported that when NAO is bound in the mitochondria of human prostate cancer PC-3 cells and activated at 488 nm, NAO could transfer fluorescence resonance energy to the phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4. This observation indicates that one site of Pc 4 binding is very near to NAO and therefore very near to cardiolipin. The average distance between the two fluorophores was calculated to be 7 nm. In the present study, we have extended the observation to the endogenously synthesized photosensitizer, protoporphyrin IX, an intermediate in heme biosynthesis that is used for photodynamic therapy of several types of malignant and non-malignant conditions. Protoporphyrin IX is generated in the mitochondria but is known to bind to other cellular sites as well, especially the endoplasmic reticulum. The ability of this molecule to accept resonance energy from NAO in cells is consistent with a localization of at least some of the molecules in the mitochondria either on the inner membrane, the site of cardiolipin, or within about 10 nm of it. Since protoporphyrin IX binds with high affinity to the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, a component of the permeability transition pore complex that forms at contact sites between the inner and outer membranes, our observations provide evidence for the close association of several critical molecules for mitochondrial functions and suggest that cardiolipin may be an early oxidative target during PDT with at least two photosensitizers.
RELATION OF ANTIFERROMAGNETIC STRUCTURE TO THE BINDING ENERGIES OF SOME b.c.c. TRANSITION METALS

Zener's theory of antiferromagnetic structure for V, Cr, Nb, Mo, Ta, and W is discussed from the point of view of binding energy. According to such a picture the large binding energies must come from coulomb interaction between cores. The importance of the outer $d$ electrons in achieving large coulomb attraction is pointed out. A mathematical scheme for treating binding energy in the case of extensive overlap of cores is discussed. By dismissing the contribution of a Wigner-Seitz type calculation, the remaining contributions to the binding energy of tungsten are calculated at the observed lattice constant. Results obtained demonstrate the importance of the coulomb attractive energy in an antiferromagnetic structure.
An Exploratory Study of Endorectal Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy of the Prostate as Preoperative Predictive Biomarkers of Biochemical Relapse After Radical Prostatectomy

Purpose: Radical prostatectomy has significant side effects. Preoperative information predicting its long-term outcome would be valuable to patients and physicians. We determined whether pretreatment endorectal magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging predicts biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: Of 202 patients who underwent endorectal magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging from January 2000 to December 2002 before radical prostatectomy 130 satisfied study inclusion criteria and were included in analysis. We compared imaging factors with potential predictive capability to biochemical recurrence data, including magnetic resonance imaging risk score based on local disease extent and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging index lesion characteristics, such as the number of voxels and degree of metabolic abnormality (magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging grade). We evaluated associations of these imaging variabl...
Identification of Streptococcus pyogenes proteins that bind to rabbit kidney in vitro and in vivo

Proteins were extracted from the surface of a nephritogenic strain of Streptococcus pyogenes M12 and tested for binding to rabbit kidney using indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunoassays. Streptococcal antigens bound in vitro in a fine linear pattern to basal laminae of glomeruli, Bowman's capsule, and tubules. Perfusion of rabbit kidney in vivo with streptococcal components resulted in focal and segmental fine granular staining of glomerular capillaries. Three streptococcal proteins (43, 31 and 9 kDa) were recovered from renal tissue that was pretreated in vitro with S. pyogenes extract. Streptococcal components bound in vitro to heparan sulfate, heparin, laminin and collagen IV but only weakly or not at all to fibronectin, bovine serum albumin or dextran sulfate. Affinity chromatography of bacterial extracts on heparin-agarose produced a 9 kDa streptococcal protein (pI 9.5) which bound to kidney basement membranes in vitro and in isolated perfused kidneys. Several additional strains of group A streptococci were found to contain the 9 kDa cationic protein. This bacterial protein, when released into the blood by the bacterium during infection, may contribute to the pathogenesis of streptococcus-associated nephritides in man.
Skeletal Pathology in Pan Troglodytes Schweinfurthii in Kibale National Park, Uganda

The ecological pressures shaping chimpanzee anatomy and behavior are the subject of much discussion in primatology and paleoanthropology, yet empirical data on fundamental parameters including body size, morbidity, and mortality are rare for wild chimpanzees. Here, we present skeletal pathology and body size data for 20 (19 crania, 12 postcrania) chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) from Kibale National Park, Uganda. We compare these data with other East African populations, especially Gombe National Park. Estimated body size for Kibale chimpanzees was similar to other East African populations and significantly larger than Gombe chimpanzees. The high rates of trauma and other skeletal pathology evident in the Kibale chimpanzee skeletons were similar to those in the Gombe skeletal sample. Much of the major skeletal trauma in the Kibale skeletons was attributable to falls, although other pathologies were noted as well, including apparent injuries from snares, degenerative arthritis, and minor congenital abnormalities. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Frequency Divide-and-Conquer Approach to Creating Ultra-broadband Optical Frequency

Octave-wide phase- and frequency-locked combs in the mid-infrared can be generated using a degenerate OPO which downconverts the spectrum of a pump frequency comb to its subfrequency and has intriguing coherence properties studied by interferometry
Achievable Strength of Nanostructured Composites with Co-Deformable Components

Large amount of research has been undertaken on the effects of conventional thermomechanical treatment and chemistry variations on the mechanical properties of nanostructured bulk materials developed for wire rod and sheet products. The thermomechanical treatments are selected to refine as much as possible the microstructure to achieve high strength. In most of the cases, the alloy additions are deliberated added to be beneficial to the mechanical properties of the nanostructured materials, especially the tensile strength. In addition to refine the microstructure, both the thermomechanical treatments and chemistry variations may also alter the shape and distribution of the strengthening phases. This article describes the nanostructured composites with face-centered cubic (fcc) copper or body-centered cubic (bcc) ferrite as matrix and discusses several factors that affect the mechanical strength of such materials.
Thermodynamic theory of the solvent-jump relaxation method. Coupled equilibria[1]

Abstract The thermodynamic properties of an unrestricted number of chemically coupled equilibria in solvent-jump relaxation experiments are described. An overall mean relaxation amplitude Δξo is defined, for which an expression is derived as a function of the dilution ratio, the overall equilibrium constants in the initial and final media of given dielectric constants, as well as the stoichiometric coefficients, activity coefficients, mole numbers, and charges of the species present in the coupled system. In the limit of only one reaction being present, the final equation reduces to an expression obtainable for a single uncoupled equilibrium. The possibility of using Δξo in mechanistic decision making is discussed.
Head Position Change Is Not Associated with Acute Changes in Bilateral Cerebral Oxygenation in Stable Preterm Infants during the First 3 Days of Life.

Objective Several recent intraventricular hemorrhage prevention bundles include midline head positioning to prevent potential disturbances in cerebral hemodynamics. We aimed to study the impact of head position change on regional cerebral saturations (SctO 2 ) in preterm infants ( Study Design Bilateral SctO 2 was measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. The infant's head was turned sequentially to each side from midline (baseline) in 30-minute intervals while keeping the body supine. Bilateral SctO 2 before and after each position change were compared using paired t -test. Results In relatively stable preterm infants (gestational age 26.5 ± 1.7 weeks, birth weight 930 ± 220 g; n = 20), bilateral SctO 2 remained within normal range (71.1–75.3%) when the head was turned from midline position to either side. Conclusion Stable preterm infants tolerated brief changes in head position from midline without significant alternation in bilateral SctO 2 ; the impact on critically ill infants needs further evaluation.
In vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of topical ketoconazole and miconazole in human stratum corneum

A direct study evaluating whether differential drug uptake of topical 2% miconazole and 2% ketoconazole from cream formulations into human stratum corneum correlated with differential pharmacological activity against Candida albicans was investigated in healthy human subjects. A single 24-h topical dose of 2% ketoconazole cream or 2% miconazole cream was applied unoccluded, at the same dose (2.6 mg of formulation per cm2 of surface area), at four skin sites on both ventral forearms of six human subjects. At the end of the treatment, residual drug was removed with a tissue from all sites and the treated site was tape stripped 11 times, either 1, 4, 8, or 24 h later. The first tape disc was discarded. The remaining tape discs, 2 through 11, were combined and extracted for drug quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography and bioactivity against C. albicans growth in vitro. Topical 2% ketoconazole produced 14-, 10-, and 7-fold greater drug concentrations in stratum corneum than 2% miconazole at 1, 4, and 8 h after a single topical dose. Ketoconazole and miconazole concentrations in the stratum corneum were similar 24 h after drug removal. Tape disc extracts from 2% ketoconazole-treated skin sites demonstrated significantly greater bioactivity in the bioassay than 2% miconazole. The increased efficacy of 2% ketoconazole compared with that of 2% miconazole in vitro reflects their differential uptake into the stratum corneum and inherent pharmacological activity. Tape stripping the drug-treated site in conjunction with a bioassay is therefore a useful approach in the determination of bioavailability of topical antifungal agents.
Morphological Studies of Lightly Sulfonated Polystyrene Using 23Na NMR: Effects of Polydispersity in Molecular Weight

Ion content and molecular weight have been shown to affect the 23Na NMR spectra of monodisperse sodium-neutralized sulfonated polystyrene ionomers (MNaSPS). A new NMR peak at −2.7 ppm appears at ionization levels above 1.2% and molecular weights of a least 35 000; this peak is not present in polydisperse NaSPS. The fraction of NMR intensity due to this peak is relatively constant above Mn ∼ 100 000. It is proposed that this peak is due to a distorted version of an isolated site. Along with the new −2.7 ppm peak, the monodisperse materials also have far fewer isolated ions than the corresponding polydisperse ionomers. It is possible that the greater chain uniformity of the monodisperse ionomers eliminates plasticization of the aggregates by the low molecular weight components and steric hindrances from the high molecular weight components and permits more complete aggregation of the ionic groups. The new NMR peak can be removed by casting from a cosolvent of THF/water, but not by casting from THF/methanol....
Squeal: a structured query language for the Web

The Web contains an abundance of useful semi-structured information that can and should be mined. Types of structure include hyperlinks between pages, structure within hypertext pages, and structure within URLs. We have implemented a programming language, Squeal, that facilitates structure-based queries. Specifically, the Squeal user can query the Web as if it were in a standard relational database. We describe Squeal and show the ease of writing structure-based information tools in Squeal.
Early infarct expansion: Structural or functional?

With the onset of ischemia, the length of myocardial segments increases rapidly, distorting ventricular geometry. Permanent stretching and thinning of infarcted zones have been termed infarct expansion. Although these changes are noted within minutes in vivo, infarct expansion may not be seen for days in postmortem preparations. The apparent postmortem reversal of early infarct expansion suggests that early expansion may be a functional phenomenon, reversible in the early hours of infarction. Alternatively, reversal of expansion may be a postmortem artifact, concealing the importance of underlying structural abnormalities. Myocardial infarction was produced in five dogs by occluding the left anterior descending coronary artery. Ultrasound sonomicrometers were used to measure myocardial segment end-diastolic length in the infarct and normal zones. After 3 hours of ischemia, the heart was arrested in diastole and biopsy specimens were taken from the normal and infarct zones. Sarcomere length was measured from electron photomicrographs, and myofiber width was measured from light photomicrographs. After 3 hours of ischemia, infarct zone segment length had increased significantly more than normal zone length (116 ± 11 [SD] versus 103 ± 4% of control length, p These data suggest that systolic stretching of ischemic zone segments during ischemia results in sarcomere stretching, myofiber thinning and segment lengthening. The apparent normalization of infarct zone segment length seen postmortem may be caused by elastic retraction which causes waviness of abnormally thinned and stretched myofibers. Thus, early infarct expansion is associated with interrelated structural abnormalities. The absence of expansion in postmortem specimens that demonstrated expansion in vivo should be considered a postmortem artifact.