cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Our Science is Better than Yours: Two Decades of Data on Patients Treated by a Kardecist‐Spiritist Healing Group in Rio Grande do Sul1

This article examines whether a group of Brazilian Kardecist-Spiritists are using the symbols of medicine and science to gain respectability and to better promote their beliefs and ritual activities or whether they are using the view of the world proposed by their founder to forge a new paradigm to replace science, as we know it. Their therapeutic practices, which range from the performance of surgeries without anesthesia and antisepsis to “teleporting” the astral bodies of patients to the spirit world where they are treated for illnesses acquired during previous lifetimes are described and analyzed in terms of their worldview which postulates reincarnation. Data indicating positive results from a sample of patients treated for illnesses they claim to be caused by experiences in previous lives are presented.
Crime as an environmental stressor

While relatively few people are victims of criminal attack each year, many people fear personal crime and take safety precautions that limit their lives. This paper proposes a model of crime as an environmental stressor in order to explicate the links between the threat of criminal attack and people's attitudinal and behavioral reactions to that danger. Processes that affect both the assessment of the extent of danger and the choice of strategies to reduce that danger are examined. The paper concludes with a discussion of the social policy implications of an environmental stress model of crime.
Versatile, stereocontrolled, asymmetric synthesis of E-vinyl glycine derivatives

Abstract The preparation of optically active, E-vinyl glycine derivatives is described. The bromoglycinate 4, couples with trialkyltin acetylides in the presence of ZnCl2 to furnish the anti-alkynes 5. Dissolving metal reduction directly furnishes the N-t-BOC-protected E-vinyl glycine derivatives 6.
Recent large-magnitude floods and their impact on valley-floor environments of northeastern Yellowstone

Abstract The Lamar River watershed of northeastern Yellowstone contains some of the most diverse and important habitat in the national park. Broad glacial valley floors feature grassland winter range for ungulates, riparian vegetation that provides food and cover for a variety of species, and alluvial channels that are requisite habitat for native fish. Rapid Neogene uplift and Quaternary climatic change have created a dynamic modern environment in which catastrophic processes exert a major influence on riverine–riparian ecosystems. Uplift and glacial erosion have generated high local relief and extensive cliffs of friable volcaniclastic bedrock. As a result, steep tributary basins produce voluminous runoff and sediment during intense precipitation and rapid snowmelt. Recent major floods on trunk streams deposited extensive overbank gravels that replaced loamy soils on flood plains and allowed conifers to colonize valley-floor meadows. Tree-ring dating identifies major floods in 1918, ca. 1873, and possibly ca. 1790. In 1996 and 1997, discharge during snowmelt runoff on Soda Butte Creek approached the 100-year flood estimated by regional techniques, with substantial local bank erosion and channel widening. Indirect estimates show that peak discharges in 1918 were approximately three times greater than in 1996, with similar duration and much greater flood plain impact. Nonetheless, 1918 peak discharge reconstructions fall well within the range of maximum recorded discharges in relation to basin area in the upper Yellowstone region. The ∼1873 and 1918 floods produced lasting impacts on the channel form and flood plain of Soda Butte Creek. Channels may still be locally enlarged from flood erosion, and net downcutting has occurred in some reaches, leaving the pre-1790 flood plain abandoned as a terrace. Gravelly overbank deposits raise flood-plain surfaces above levels of frequent inundation and are well drained, therefore flood-plain soils are drier. Noncohesive gravels also reduce bank stability and may have persistent effects on channel form. Overall, floods are part of a suite of catastrophic geomorphic processes that exert a very strong influence on landscape patterns and valley-floor ecosystems in northeastern Yellowstone.
Leptin, Adiponectin and Pulmonary Diseases

Adipose tissue produces leptin and adiponectin - energy-regulating adipokines that may also play a role in inflammatory pulmonary conditions, as suggested by some murine studies. Leptin and adiponectin and their respective receptors are expressed in the human lung. The association between systemic or airway leptin and asthma in humans is currently controversial, particularly among adults. The majority of the evidence among children however suggests that systemic leptin may be associated with greater asthma prevalence and severity, particularly among prepubertal boys and peripubertal/postpubertal girls. Systemic and airway leptin concentrations may also be disproportionately higher in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, particularly among women, and reflect greater airway inflammation and disease severity. Quite like leptin, the association between systemic and airway adiponectin and asthma in humans is also controversial. Some but not all studies, demonstrate that serum adiponectin concentrations are protective against asthma among premenopausal women and peripubertal girls. On the other hand, serum adiponectin concentrations are inversely associated with asthma severity among boys but positively associated among men. Further, systemic and airway adiponectin concentrations are higher in COPD patients than controls, as demonstrated by case-control studies of men. Systemic adiponectin is also positively associated with lung function in healthy adults but inversely associated with lung function in subjects with COPD. It is therefore possible that pro-inflammatory effects of adiponectin dominate under certain physiologic conditions and anti-inflammatory effects under others. The adipokine-lung disease literature has critical gaps that include a lack of adequately powered longitudinal or weight-intervention studies; inadequate adjustment for confounding effect of obesity; and unclear understanding of potential sex interactions. It is also uncertain whether adipokine derangements precede pulmonary disease or are a consequence of it. Future research will determine whether modulation of adipokines, independent of BMI, may allow novel ways to prevent or treat inflammatory pulmonary conditions.
An examination of the relationship between verbal aggressiveness, conflict management strategies, and conflict interaction goals

The purpose of this investigation was to explore the relationship between respondents' trait verbal aggressiveness, conflict management strategies and conflict interaction goals. Data were collected from 105 undergraduate students at a small private affluent southeastern university. Participants were asked to recall a dispute that they had had with a close friend. They completed the OCCI, verbal aggressiveness, and conflict goals measures. Results indicated that verbal aggressiveness was associated in predictable ways with participants' conflict strategies. There also was a substantial and significant negative relationship between verbal aggressiveness and concerns about relational goals during conflicts. These results establish a foundation for future lines of research regarding conflict goals and extend previous investigations regarding verbal aggressiveness.
Interaction of creep with the martensitic transformation in TiPdNi High Temp erature Shape Memory Alloys

High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys represent a class of Shape Memory Alloys with transformation temperatures greater than 100◦C. However, as a consequence of their high transformation temperatures, these alloys can be exposed to a temperature regime where creep behavior can occur simultaneously during the phase transformation. Depending on the transformation temperatures of a shape memory alloy, the rate dependent plastic strain generated at the high operating temperatures, can significantly impact the actuators performance. The present effort focuses on understanding the interaction between the phase transformation and creep occurring simultaneously in shape memory alloys. For this purpose two alloys with transformation temperatures that overlap with the creep regime of the material are selected and fabricated by hot rolling/extrusion. Compression specimens are machined from the rolled material and standard isothermal creep tests are conducted at specific stress levels. In addition transformation induced thermal cycling is conducted to study the simultaneous transformation/viscoplastic behavior. Optical microscopy and TEM studies are conducted on the tested specimen to observe the changes in the microstructure. Based on the thermomechanical tests and the microstructural observations suitable conclusions are drawn to explain the interaction between the two mechanisms.
The relative importance of chlorophyll and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) to the prediction of the diffuse attenuation coefficient in shallow estuaries

The availability of underwater light is a critical factor in the growth and abundance of primary producers in shallow embayments. The goal of this study was to examine the relative importance of factors influencing light availability in this type of water body. Many simulation models of aquatic ecosystems predict light attenuation from chlorophyll or phytoplankton stock. In the three southern New England sites studied here, no useful relationship was found to exist between chlorophyll and KPAR (the diffuse attenuation coefficient of photosynthetically active radiation; Kirk 1994; Mobley 1994). In 40 of 53 cases, a regression of chlorophyll versus KPAR was not statistically significant. Variation in KPAR did demonstrate a correlation to salinity, implicating a freshwater source of light attenuating material. This was true even in a system with little freshwater inflow. Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is one such terrestrial input that enters estuaries from their watersheds and can strongly influence the availability of light to aquatic primary producers. This study demonstrated that over 70% of the variability in the KPAR coefficient can be attributed to CDOM in the shallow estuaries studied. This illustrates the need for improved model formulations that include CDOM in the prediction of light attenuation in shallow coastal systems. A new equation has been developed to predict KPAR with CDOM.
Fungistatic, Bacteriostatic, and Amebicidal Studies on the Isomeric Normal Nonynoic Acids

Abstract The position of unsaturation in the isomeric normal nonynoic acids was shown to have some bearing on fungistatic activity. There is reasonable agreement with the fungistatic activity of the isomeric normal octynoic acids. In general, the nonynoic acids have higher fungistatic properties than the octynoic acids, but neither are comparable to the overall activity of undecylenic acid. The general bacteriostatic effect in vitro of the nonynoic acid isomers was shown to be negligible and contrary to the effect of the octynoic acid isomers. However, both 2- and 4-nonynoic acids were shown to have some effect in inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculatum. The in vitro amebicidal activity of the isomeric nonynoic acids was found to be of a rather low grade. The in vivo use of 2-nonynoic acid was shown to allow a higher degree of infection in the test animal than in the control animals.
Alternative Activation of STAT1 and STAT3 in Response to Interferon-γ *

Interferon-γ (IFNγ) is a pluripotent cytokine whose major biological effects are mediated through a pathway in which STAT1 is the predominant and essential transcription factor. STAT3 can also be activated weakly by IFNγ, but the mechanism of activation and function of STAT3 as a part of the interferon response are not known. Here we show that STAT3 activation is much stronger and more prolonged in STAT1-null mouse embryo fibroblasts than in wild-type cells. In response to IFNγ, SRC-family kinases are required to activate STAT3 (but not STAT1) through tyrosine phosphorylation, whereas the receptor-bound kinases JAK1 and JAK2 are required to activate both STATs. Tyrosine 419 of the IFNγ receptor subunit 1 (IFNGR1) is required to activate both STATs, suggesting that STAT1 and STAT3 compete with each other for the same receptor phosphotyrosine motif. Activated STAT3 can replace STAT1 in STAT1-null cells to drive the transcription of certain genes, for example, socs-3 and c/ebpδ, which have γ-activated sequence motifs in their promoters. Work from Ian Kerr's laboratory reveals that the gp130-linked interleukin-6 receptor, which usually activates STAT3 predominantly, activates STAT1 efficiently when STAT3 is absent (Costa-Pereira, A. P., Tininini, S., Strobl, B., Alonzi, T., Schlaak, J. F., Is'harc, H., Gesualdo, I., Newman, S. J., Kerr, I. M., and Poli, V. (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99, 8043–8047). Because STAT1 and STAT3 have opposing biological effects (STAT3 is an oncogene, and STAT1 is a tumor suppressor), the reciprocal activation of these two transcription factors in response to IFNγ or interleukin-6 suggests that their relative abundance, which may vary substantially in different normal cell types, under different conditions or in tumors is likely to have a major impact on how cells behave in response to different cytokines.
Decoding the ternary (23, 11, 9) quadratic residue code

The algebraic decoding of binary quadratic residue codes can be performed using the Peterson or the Berlekamp-Massey algorithm once certain unknown syndromes are determined or eliminated. The technique of determining unknown syndromes is applied to the nonbinary case to decode the expurgated ternary quadratic residue code of length 23.
Intravenous Fluid Management in the Pediatric Hospital Setting: Is Isotonic Fluid the Right Approach for all Patients?

The purpose of the study is to review the recent controversy in the optimal tonicity of maintenance intravenous fluids for pediatric patients and to suggest strategies for the selection of maintenance fluid rate and composition for the pediatric hospitalist. The goals of maintenance intravenous fluid management are to preserve adequate effective circulating volume, maintain normal electrolytes, and avoid fluid overload. Wide practice variation exists in the provision of maintenance fluids for pediatric patients admitted to the general ward. Two recent meta-analyses have favored isotonic over hypotonic maintenance fluids to avoid iatrogenic hyponatremia. However, the generalizability of these findings are limited as randomized studies have focused on postoperative patients and ICU settings, comparisons in terms of fluid composition have been widely variable, few studies have examined the rate of fluid administration, and there has been insufficient examination of potential adverse effects of increased solute load. In the midst of such controversy, the pediatric hospitalist must critically evaluate current evidence when choosing maintenance fluids. To mitigate iatrogenic hyponatremia while simultaneously minimizing the risks of possible excess solute, we propose using physiologic concepts including intravascular volume at the time of initiation of maintenance fluids, initial serum sodium, and risk for increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to guide maintenance fluid choice.
Single top and Higgs associated production at the LHC.

We study the production of a standard model (SM) Higgs boson in association with a single top quark and either a light jet or W boson at the LHC with a center of mass energy of 14 TeV. Because of the destructive interference of the contributing SM diagrams, the value of the top Yukawa coupling and the sign of the WWh coupling may be probed for Higgs masses above 150 GeV, where WW and ZZ are the dominant Higgs decays. We consider Higgs masses of m{sub h} = 120, 150, 180, and 200 GeV and devise experimental cuts to extract the signal from SM backgrounds and measure the top Yukawa coupling.
MEASUREMENT OF UREA CONCENTRATIONS IN NANOLITER SPECIMENS OF RENAL TUBULAR FLUID AND CAPILLARY BLOOD.

Abstract A method is described for the measurement of urea concentrations in nanoliter volumes of renal tubular fluid and capillary blood collected by micropuncture from the papilla of the gold hamster, and is based on a modification of the diacetyl monoxime method.
Heme-heme interaction in cytochrome c oxidase: the cooperativity of the hemes of cytochrome c oxidase as evidenced in the reaction with CO.

Abstract Isolated and purified cytochrome c oxidase from beef heart muscle mitochondria (Kuboyama et al. (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247 , 6375–6383) is shown to be very similar to the hemoprotein in situ with respect to its EPR absorption properties and the half-reduction potentials of the hemes and copper. The half-reduction potentials of cytochromes a and a 3 in the purified cytochrome c oxidase are 205 mV and 360 mV, respectively, and these values are the same in the presence and absence of cytochrome c . Low-temperature EPR spectra show that the binding of CO to reduced cytochrome a 3 changes the oxidized cytochrome a from high spin ( g 6) to low spin ( g 3). In samples at 5–8 °K the photodissociation of the reduced cytochrome a 3  CO compound shifts the spectrum of the oxidized low-spin cytochrome a to a lower g value and converts approximately 5% of the low-spin form to a high-spin form. The heme-heme interaction demonstrated in this reaction is very fast as evidenced by the fact that even at 5 °K the measured change in oxidized cytochrome is complete within 5 msec.
JOB ANALYSIS FOR MANAGERIAL SELECTION: A GUIDELINES-BASED APPROACH

This research note describes a job analysis study which was conducted for the purpose of deriving selection standards for entry-level management jobs in a public utility. It is aimed toward practitioners with the responsibility of conducting legally-defensible job analyses. Each step of the study was guided by the legal and professional guidelines on testing and selection (viz.,Uniform Guidelines, 1978;Principles, 1986;Standards, 1985). Procedures employed to identify job content, job groups, the importance of various work behaviors, and a set of important knowledge, skills, abilities, and personal characteristics (KSAPs) are described.
The blood pressure response to epinephrine administered intravenously to subjects with normal blood pressure and to patients with essential hypertension

Abstract Ever since Oliver and Schafer 1 (1895) discovered that epinephrine has a pressor effect, the possibility that it may be a factor in hypertension has been considered. Many have tried to prove that the vasomotor mechanism in patients with hypertension is abnormally sensitive to epinephrine, or that excessive amounts of epinephrine are present in the blood of these patients. New evidence in support of the latter possibility has recently been brought forward by Kure, Nakaya, Murakami, and Okinaka, 2 who maintain that atropine has a beneficial effect in hypertension. Hetenyi and Sumegi 3 and Hess 4 have presented experimental evidence that the vasomotor mechanism in patients with hypertension is abnormally sensitive to epinephrine, but their results were not corroborated by Kylin, 5 Deicke and Hulse, 6 Jansen, 7 Gordon and Levitt, 8 and Pickering and Kissin. 9 The observations of previous investigators were made following rather rapid intramuscular or intravenous injection of relatively small doses of epinephrine. It occurred to us that it would be interesting to compare the effects of more prolonged intravenous injections of epinephrine on the blood pressure and pulse rate of persons whose blood pressure was normal and patients with essential hypertension. The results which we obtained form the basis of this report.
Utility of glypican-3 and survivin in differentiating hepatocellular carcinoma from benign and preneoplastic hepatic lesions and metastatic carcinomas in liver fine-needle aspiration biopsies.

Glypican-3 (GPC-3), a membrane-anchored heparin sulfate proteoglycan, has been shown to be expressed in ∼80% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) but not in benign hepatic lesions. Survivin, a novel inhibitor of apoptosis, and a prognostic marker, has also been expressed in HCC. We evaluated these two immunomarkers (GPC-3 and survivin) in differentiating HCC from benign and preneoplastic hepatic lesions and metastatic carcinomas, comparing them to HepPar-1 (hepatocyte paraffin-1) in liver fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNAB). Immunohistochemistry for GPC-3, survivin and HepPar-1 was performed on 92 FNAB including HCC, hepatic cirrhosis, focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), hepatic adenoma, dysplastic hepatic nodules and metastatic carcinomas. Immunostaining was scored as positive, if ≥10% of tumor cells stained. GPC-3 is immunoexpressed in 56.8% of HCC, but not in benign and preneoplastic hepatic lesions, or metastatic carcinomas; whereas survivin is expressed in HCC (86.4%), benign hepatic lesions (85.7%), dysplastic hepatic nodules (100%) and metastatic carcinomas (94.3%). HepPar-1 is immunoexpressed in HCC (72.7%), benign hepatic lesions (100%), dysplastic nodules (100%) and metastatic carcinomas (2.9%). The sensitivity and specificity of GPC-3, survivin and HepPar-1 for detection of HCC are 56.8 and 100%, 86.4 and 6.3%, 72.7 and 70.8%, respectively. GPC-3 is a reliable and more specific immunohistochemical marker than survivin for the diagnosis of HCC in FNAB. HepPar-1, although a more sensitive marker than GPC-3, has a lower specificity for detection of HCC. Our data supports the potentially significant diagnostic utility of GPC-3 in FNABs in differentiating primary malignant from benign and preneoplastic liver lesions, and metastatic carcinomas. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Morphologic revertants of murine sarcoma virus transformed nonproducer BALB/3T3: Selective techniques for isolation and biologic properties in vitro and in vivo

Revertant clones of murine sarcoma virus transformed nonproducer BALB/3T3 cells have been isolated by selection of iododeoxyuridine-resistant colonies in methylcellulose. Each revertant contained a rescuable sarcoma virus but demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo biologic properties of nontransformed BALB/3T3 cells. Further, each clone was highly susceptible to retransformation by added sarcoma virus. The evidence indicates that these lines comprise a new class of morphologic revertants of murine sarcoma virus transformed cells.
Activation of a transposable element in the germ line but not the soma of Caenorhabditis elegans

The genetic activity of transposable elements is tightly controlled in many species. Transposons that are relatively quiescent under certain circumstances can excise or transpose at greatly increased rates under other circumstances. For example, 'genomic shock' can activate quiescent maize transposons, 'cytotype' and tissue-specific splicing regulate Drosophila P factors, copy number controls Tn5 transposition in bacteria, and developmental timing affects the production of transposon-like intracisternal A-particles in mouse embryos. The Caenorhabditis elegans transposable element Tc1 is subject to both strain-specific and tissue-specific control. Multiple copies of Tc1 are present in the genome of all C. elegans strains collected from nature. However, these elements are genetically active in only certain isolates. For example, in C. elegans variety Bristol transposition and excision of Tc1 are undetectable, but in variety Bergerac transposition and excision are frequent. Moreover, in variety Bergerac, Tc1 is about 1,000-fold more active in somatic cells than in germ cells. We have investigated the genetic basis for the germ/soma regulation of Tc1 activity. We have isolated mutants that exhibit increased frequencies of Tc1 excision in the germ line. The frequencies of Tc1 excision in the soma are unaltered in these mutants. These mutants also exhibit high frequencies of Tc1 germ-line transposition, and this results in a mutator phenotype. Nearly all mutator-induced mutations are caused by insertion of Tc1.
Interactive MR-guided, 14-gauge core-needle biopsy of enhancing lesions in a breast phantom model

Rationale and Objectives. The authors attempted to determine the accuracy of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging-guided core-needle biopsy performed with a titanium biopsy needle in a breast phantom. Materials and Methods. Eight 6–7-mm lesions were created at random positions in a lard breast phantom. Each 0.2 mL lesion contained 0.118 mg of gadopentetate dimeglumine, 0.0025 mL of methylene blue dye, and 23.8 mg of gelatin. Rapid fast spin-echo MR imaging was used to guide placement of a 14-gauge titanium core-biopsy needle. A 1.5-T MR imager was used with an open-platform phased-array breast coil. Results. Visualization of blue dye in core specimens confirmed successful biopsy in 16 of 16 attempts. One ( n = 13) or two ( n = 3) passes through the “skin” of the phantom were necessary for biopsy. The needle trajectory was adjusted less than three times for each pass through the “skin” in 15 of 16 biopsies. Cores that contained lesion-material were obtained in the first sample in 15 of 16 biopsies. On T1-weighted images, needles cast 7-mm-diameter artifacts. Conclusion. MR imaging can be used accurately to guide core-needle biopsy of 6–7-mm lesions in a breast phantom.
Dimensionality Reduction of Hyperspectral Images for Color Display using Segmented Independent Component Analysis

The problem of dimensionality reduction for color representation of hyperspectral images has received recent attention. In this paper, several independent component analysis (ICA) based approaches are proposed to reduce the dimensionality of hyperspectral images for visualization. We also develop a simple but effective method, based on correlation coefficient and mutual information (CCMI), to select the suitable independent components for RGB color representation. Experimental results are presented to illustrate the performance of our approaches.
Role of extracellular adenosine in ethanol-induced desensitization of cyclic AMP production.

: The decrease in receptor-stimulated cyclic AMP production after chronic ethanol exposure was suggested previously to be secondary to an ethanol-induced increase in extracellular adenosine. The present study was undertaken to ascertain whether a similar mechanism was responsible for the ethanol-induced desensitization of cyclic AMP production in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. The acute addition of ethanol in vitro significantly increased both basal cyclic AMP content and extracellular levels of adenosine. A 4-day exposure to ethanol decreased basal as well as 2-chloroadenosine- and forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP contents. No change in cyclic AMP content was observed after a 2-day exposure of PC12 cells to ethanol. Inclusion of adenosine deaminase during the chronic ethanol treatment significantly decreased extracellular levels of adenosine, yet the percentage decrease in 2-chloroadenosine- and forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP levels after chronic ethanol exposure was not changed by the inclusion of the adenosine deaminase. Similar results were obtained when the chronic treatment was carried out with serum-free defined media. The ethanol-induced desensitization could not be mimicked by chronic exposure of PC12 cells to adenosine analogues. A 24-h exposure of PC12 cells to 2-chloroadenosine resulted in a decrease in the subsequent ability of this adenosine analogue to stimulate cyclic AMP content, but basal and forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP levels were increased. Similar results were obtained after a 4-day exposure of PC12 cells to 2-chloroadenosine or 5′-N-ethylcarboxamido-adenosine. The present results indicate that the ethanol-induced decrease in receptor-stimulated cyclic AMP content in PC12 cells is not due to an increase in extracellular adenosine.
MAGNETIC FIELD FLUCTUATIONS OBSERVED IN THE HELIOSHEATH AND INTERSTELLAR MAGNETIC FIELD BY VOYAGER 1 AT 115.7-124.9 AU DURING 2011-2013

We discuss microscale fluctuations of the hour averages of the magnetic field B observed on a scale of one day by Voyager 1 (V1) from 2011.0 to 2012.3143 (when it was within the distant heliosheath, where the average magnetic field strength (B) = 0.17 nT) and during the interval from 2012.6503 to 2013.5855 (when it was within the interstellar plasma with (B) = 0.47 nT). In both regions, the fluctuations were primarily compressive fluctuations, varying along the average B (≈T direction in RTN coordinates). In the heliosheath, the average of the daily standard deviations (SDs) of the compressive and transverse components of B were (SD{sub c}) = 0.010 nT and (SD{sub t}) ≤ 0.005 nT (which is the limit of the measurement). In the distant heliosheath (SD{sub c})/(B) = 0.06, and the distributions of SD were skewed and highly kurtotic. The interstellar magnetic field (ISMF) strength was B = 0.48 nT, but the fluctuations were below the limit of measurement: (SD{sub c}) = 0.004 nT and (abs(SD{sub t})) = 0.004 nT. The distributions of these interstellar SDs have skewness and kurtosis consistent with a Gaussian noise distribution. We also discuss the fluctuations of 48 s averages of B on amore » scale of 1 day during a 30 day interval when V1 was observing the ISMF. For the fluctuations in all three components of B, SD = 0.010 nT, which gives an upper limit on the fluctuations of the ISMF on the scales observed by V1. This SD rules out the possibility that there is significant power in electromagnetic fluctuations generated by pickup ion ring instabilities at these scales, which strongly constrains models of the IBEX ribbon.« less
Ethics Education in Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine in the United States

Neonatology is one of the specialties that has immensely benefited from advances in medical technology in the last few decades. These advances have paralleled the rise of the civil rights movements and wider recognition of individual rights. As a result, ethical decision-making has become more complex, involving patients, parents, members of the health care team, and society in general. This has created a need for formal ethics education in neonatal-perinatal medicine fellowship programs. In this article, we briefly explore the current published data on ethics education in pediatric residency and neonatal-perinatal medicine fellowship programs. Then, we discuss the questions an academic educator may face while developing an ethics curriculum in his/her medical institution. Finally, we present the ethics curriculum that we developed in our neonatal-perinatal medicine fellowship program.
Teaching industry-expected project planning skills

The contribution from the US Electrical Engineering Technology department's industrial advisory board indicated that students need to be prepared in advance for project planning and management. This practical area is often neglected in current technology and engineering curricula because it seems intuitive and nonmathematical. This paper describes the experience of increasing the planning emphasis and introducing a software tool in a capstone design course.
FRONTIERS IN CRISIS - THE BREAKDOWN OF THE MISSIONS IN FAR NORTHERN MEXICO AND NEW-GRANADA, 1821-1849

The decline of the missions in far northern Mexico during the age of Santa Anna has attracted the attention of several scholars. Most recently David Weber in The Mexican Frontier, 1821–1846 has identified many complex national and regional factors that contributed to their demise, arguing that in the cases of California and Texas the government's secularization policy played a decisive role, while the reductions—towns of Indians converted to Christianity—in Arizona “crumbled by default” and in New Mexico were quietly abandoned by the clergy.1 (The term secularization means the replacement of state-supported missionaries from religious orders (regular clergy) with parish-supported priests obedient to the ecclesiastical hierarchy (secular clergy).) Many of these same destructive forces operated in New Granada (modern Colombia), where the once thriving missions on the eastern llanos frontier all but disappeared by the mid-nineteenth century. In striking contrast to the Mexican governments, however, those in New Granada were determined to revitalize the missions. A review of their unsuccessful efforts, when compared with the process in far northern Mexico, offers fresh insight into the viability of the mission as a frontier institution in Spanish America during the early national period.
3-dimensional microelectronic integration

A variety of technologies have been applied to the formation of three-dimensional microstructures in the past two decades. In this talk the author describes work in his group to form three-dimensional structures using direct bonding and smart cut techniques.
Cloning and characterization of NSP1, a locus encoding a component of a CDC25‐dependent, nutrient‐responsive pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Summary The NSP1 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been identified by its ability, when expressed at high levels, to bypass the CDC25 requirement for growth. Sequence analysis of the cloned NSP1 locus suggests that the NSP1 product contains 269 amino acids and has a membrane-spanning domain at its carboxyl terminus. The NSP1 protein does not have sequence similarity to other known proteins, and is not related to the CDC25 protein, or to any of the previously described suppressors of CDC25 mutants. Phosphoprotein analysis of NSP1-suppressed cells indicates that the NSP1 product controls the phosphorylation of two 31 kD proteins whose phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation are strongly correlated with cell-cycle arrest and proliferation, respectively, and suggests that the NSP1 product is an important downstream element of a CDC25-dependent, nutrient-responsive, phosphorylation pathway.
Fast Bayesian inference for gene regulatory networks using ScanBMA

Genome-wide time-series data provide a rich set of information for discovering gene regulatory relationships. As genome-wide data for mammalian systems are being generated, it is critical to develop network inference methods that can handle tens of thousands of genes efficiently, provide a systematic framework for the integration of multiple data sources, and yield robust, accurate and compact gene-to-gene relationships. We developed and applied ScanBMA, a Bayesian inference method that incorporates external information to improve the accuracy of the inferred network. In particular, we developed a new strategy to efficiently search the model space, applied data transformations to reduce the effect of spurious relationships, and adopted the g-prior to guide the search for candidate regulators. Our method is highly computationally efficient, thus addressing the scalability issue with network inference. The method is implemented as the ScanBMA function in the networkBMA Bioconductor software package. We compared ScanBMA to other popular methods using time series yeast data as well as time-series simulated data from the DREAM competition. We found that ScanBMA produced more compact networks with a greater proportion of true positives than the competing methods. Specifically, ScanBMA generally produced more favorable areas under the Receiver-Operating Characteristic and Precision-Recall curves than other regression-based methods and mutual-information based methods. In addition, ScanBMA is competitive with other network inference methods in terms of running time.
Acute hyperglycemia produces transient improvement in glucose transporter type 1 deficiency

Objective Glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome (Glut1-DS) is characterized clinically by acquired microcephaly, infantile-onset seizures, psychomotor retardation, choreoathetosis, dystonia, and ataxia. The laboratory signature is hypoglycorrhachia. The 5-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed to assess cerebral function and systemic carbohydrate homeostasis during acute hyperglycemia, in the knowledge that GLUT1 is constitutively expressed ubiquitously and upregulated in the brain. Methods Thirteen Glut1-DS patients completed a 5-hour OGTT. Six patients had prolonged electroencephalographic (EEG)/video monitoring, 10 patients had plasma glucose and serum insulin measurements, and 5 patients had repeated measures of attention, memory, fine motor coordination, and well-being. All patients had a full neuropsychological battery prior to OGTT. Results The glycemic profile and insulin response during the OGTT were normal. Following the glucose load, transient improvement of clinical seizures and EEG findings were observed, with the most significant improvement beginning within the first 30 minutes and continuing for 180 minutes. Thereafter, clinical seizures returned, and EEG findings worsened. Additionally, transient improvement in attention, fine motor coordination, and reported well-being were observed without any change in memory performance. Interpretation This study documents transient neurological improvement in Glut1-DS patients following acute hyperglycemia, associated with improved fine motor coordination and attention. Also, systemic carbohydrate homeostasis was normal, despite GLUT1 haploinsufficiency, confirming the specific role of GLUT1 as the transporter of metabolic fuel across the blood-brain barrier. The transient improvement in brain function underscores the rate-limiting role of glucose transport and the critical minute-to-minute dependence of cerebral function on fuel availability for energy metabolism. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:31–40
A systematic approach for designing testable VLSI circuits

A systematic approach has been developed to provide designers with a set of testable versions for a given design, ranging from the minimal test time solution to the minimal area overhead solution. The designer thus has the flexibility to make the necessary tradeoff between area overhead and test time depending on the constraints of the design under consideration. By employing an expert selection developed previously, the system can be extended to operate as an intelligent BIST (built-in self-test) design advisor. Experiments have been performed on several circuits generated by MABAL, a high-level synthesis tool, to demonstrate the performance of this approach. >
The influence of norethynodrel on sialic acid content of the rat hypophysis.

The influence of norethynodrel on sialic acid content of the hypophyseal pars distalis was studied in young adult intact and gonadectomized female rats. Norethynodrel was administered sc at daily doses of 0.075 and 3 mg for 10 days. Sialic acid was quantified by the method of Warren as N-acetylneuraminic acid. Norethynodrel reduced the hypophyseal concentration of sialic acid in intact rats but failed to do so in ovariectomized rats. At the 3 mg dose the total hypophyseal content of sialic acid was increased in both intact and ovariectomized animals, reflecting concurrent glandular hypertrophy. (Endocrinology 90: 1109, 1972)
Performance Analysis of a Microstrip Printed Antenna Conformed on Cylindrical Body at Resonance Frequency 4.6 GHz for TM01 Mode

Curvature has a great effect on fringing field of a microstrip antenna and consequently fringing field affects effective d ielectric constant and then all antenna parameters. A new mathematical model for inpu t impedance, return loss, voltage standing wave ratio and electric and magnetic fields is introduced in this paper. These parameters are given for TM01 mode RT/duroid-5880 PTFE substrate material. The range of operation is around 4.7 GHz.
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT IN KOREA

South Korea began its measurement of Gross National Product during the turbulent 1950's, a period of postwar rebuilding and of political and social changes. With only a small and largely inexperienced staff, and with little support from other statistical agencies whose data were essential to adequate GNP measurement, the Bank of Korea began this task in the early 1950's. Early estimates were extremely rough; over the years, the statistical staff was trained and other statistical agencies were upgraded. Measurements of output in the large agricultural sector and in manufacturing have gradually but consistently been strengthened as recent input-output data has been developed. Gaps still persist, particularly in the wholesale and retail sectors, but certain strengths are present: an outstanding job has been done in product pricing. The author describes the evolution of Korea's improving GNP program, presents its sources of data and its methodologies, and gives an assessment of problems of the past and prospects for the future.
Child's play: Nadia and romantic childhood in Nikita Mikhalkov's Burnt by the Sun

ABSTRACTThis article critically examines the integral function of Nadia in Utomlennye solntsem/Burnt by the Sun (Mikhalkov, 1994) as a necessary component of the ideological and commercial aims of the film. Critiques of the film often focus on the love triangle, but Nadia is a vital character who serves to shift the audience favour away from Mitia towards Kotov. Through a discussion of Aristotle's and Rousseau's conceptions of the child, I argue that Nadia embodies a western image of childhood contradictory to the representation of childhood in Soviet propaganda of the time. This directorial decision reveals not only Mikhalkov's political agenda, but the international ambitions for the film as a commercial product.
Abstract 1709: Activation of androgen signaling axis by NF-kappaB2/p52

INTRODUCTION: Castration-resistant progression of prostate cancer occurs in >80% of patients after failure of hormonal therapy but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Emerging evidence implies that ligand-independent activation of the androgen receptor (AR) is of critical importance during this process. Our previous studies show that the levels of NF-κB2/p52 are elevated in prostate cancer cells and that active NF-κB2/p52 promotes prostate cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we examined the role of NF-κB2/p52 in the aberrant activation of the AR during castration resistant progression, in contrast to the interaction between the AR and RelA/p65. METHODS: The effects of NF-κB2/p52 on cell survival, growth and androgen responsiveness were examined in prostate cancer cells. Modulation of LNCaP tumor growth by p52 was examined in intact and castrated male nude mice. Effect of p52 or p65 on AR activation was examined using luciferase assays, EMSA, ChIP assays and ELISA. RESULTS: Expression of NF-κB2/p52 enhanced androgen-sensitive LNCaP human CaP cell growth and clonogenic ability in androgen-deprived conditions in vitro. LNCaP cells expressing p52 exhibited protection from apoptotic cell death and cell cycle arrest induced by androgen-deprivation. Adenoviral mediated p52 expression in LNCaP cells induced tumor growth in castrated male nude mice. NF-κB/p52 induced the activation of the AR resulting in increased transactivation of AR-responsive genes such as PSA and NKX3.1 in a ligand-independent manner. NF-κB2/p52 enhanced nuclear translocation and transactivation of AR by interacting with its N-terminal domain and enhanced the recruitment of co-activators like p300 to the promoters of AR-dependent genes. These results were confirmed in 3 different prostate cancer cell lines: LAPC-4 (wild type AR), LNCaP (mutant AR) and C4-2 (androgen-insensitive). Transfection of p52 into LAPC-4 and LNCaP cells (which express low levels of p52) showed increased activation of the endogenous AR. Downregulation of endogenous p52 in C4-2 cells resulted in abrogation of AR constitutive activation. In contrast, we observed that p65 exhibited transcriptional repression of the AR, and did not induce expression of AR-responsive genes, PSA and NKX3.1. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that overexpression of NF-κB2/p52 induces castration-resistant growth and aberrant activation of the AR in LNCaP cells. NF-κB2/p52 may promote castration resistant progression by activating the AR under conditions of androgen deprivation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1709.
Hierarchical Linear Modeling Testing Multilevel Theories

The ProblemWhile nested structures occur naturally in organizational and educational settings, past research has failed to recognize these nested structures. Ordinary least squares (OLS) methods as...
Tobacco Use Among American Indian or Alaska Native Middle- and High-School Students in the United States

INTRODUCTION An estimated 0.5 million American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) adolescents under the age of 18 years smoked cigarettes during their entire lifetime. Using a national sample of AI/AN middle- and high-school students, this study examines prevalence rates and relative impacts of individual, familial, and social predictors of different types of tobacco use. METHODS A national sample of 305 (weighted N = 142,989) AI/AN middle- and high-school students in Grades 6 through 12 were selected from the 2006 National Youth Tobacco Survey. RESULTS During their entire life, most of the respondents used cigarettes (54%), followed by cigars (24%), smokeless tobacco (16%), pipes (13%), and menthol cigarettes (12%). One in 3 (32%) used 2 or more forms of tobacco. High-school students reported significantly higher for all types of tobacco use than middle-school students, while the rates did not differ by gender. Multivariate analyses showed that age, family members' smoking, and refusal to smoke predicted tobacco users with one product. Family members' smoking and refusal to smoke remained significant in predicting more than 2 forms of tobacco use (polytobacco users), while age was no longer significant. School truancy and receptivity to tobacco marketing uniquely predicted polytobacco users. CONCLUSIONS Findings underscore that tobacco control programs for AI/AN students need to address the multiple predictors of different types of tobacco use. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Research of Direct Dual Parallel Converter Based on LCL Structure and its Control Strategy

A new topology of direct dual parallel converter based on LCL structure and its control strategy are proposed.To reduce the harmonic of high power converters,staggered sample technology is applied.For the sake of suppressing the reso-nance,the improved control strategy based on virtual resistor is proposed.The simulation and experimental results prove the effectiveness of this strategy.
Sacred Texts/Sacred Space

In a short story entitled ‘The God’s Script’, the Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges has Tzinacan, an Aztec priest, tell the tale of his incarceration.2 The priest, who has conducted ceremonies of human sacrifice, has been captured by Spanish conquistadores, tortured and condemned to life-long imprisonment in a hemispheric dungeon. The dungeon is divided in half down the middle, and the other half, across from the priest, is inhabited by a jaguar. Once a day a keeper opens a trap door at the top of the dungeon to let down food and water, and during those few seconds of light the priest can see the jaguar through a barred opening between the two cells. Tzinacan, after languishing many years underground, remembers that somewhere in the world is written a secret magical message of God, and then later recalls that the jaguar is ‘one of the attributes of God’ (170). He spends many more years studying the patterns of the animal’s spots and at last, in an ecstatic, revelatory moment, discovers the divine message there. It is a fourteen-word formula that, were he to utter it, would make him all-powerful. But Tzinacan does nothing. The experience has transformed him so that he no longer has interest in mundane things, and the story concludes with him lying in his dark cell, looking forward to nothing but death.