cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender role violations and identity misclassification: The roles of audience and actor variables.

When people violate certain social role norms, they risk false categorization into a stigmatized group. For example, heterosexual men who perform female stereotypic behaviors are often misclassified as gay. This identity misclassification is aversive because it threatens fundamental psychological needs. Findings presented here reveal that expectations of identity misclassification fuel heterosexual actors’ (N = 216) discomfort during imagined gender role violations and that audience variables that increase the likelihood of misclassification also increase role violators’ discomfort. Moreover, expectations of misclassification strongly predict people’s discomfort during gender role violations regardless of their standing along relevant actor dimensions (e.g., attitudes and self-views). These findings suggest that people’s—and particularly heterosexual men’s—expectations of identity misclassification are powerful mechanisms that underlie adherence to traditional gender role norms.
Biotite dissolution and Cr(VI) reduction at elevated pH and ionic strength

The effects of elevated pH, ionic strength, and temperature on sediments in the vadose zone are of primary importance in modeling contaminant transport and understanding the environmental impact of tank leakage at nuclear waste storage facilities like those of the Hanford site. This study was designed to investigate biotite dissolution under simulated high level waste (HLW) conditions and its impact on Cr(VI) reduction and immobilization. Biotite dissolution increased with NaOH concentrations in the range of 0.1 to 2 mol L-1. There was a corresponding release of K, Fe, Si, and Al to solution, with Si and Al showing a complex pattern due to the formation of secondary zeolite minerals. Dissolved Fe concentrations were an order of magnitude lower than the other elements, possibly due to the formation of green rust and Fe(OH)2. The reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) also increased with increased NaOH concentration. A homogeneous reduction of chromate by Fe(II)aq released through biotite dissolution was probably the primary pathway responsible for this reaction. Greater ionic strengths increased biotite dissolution and consequently increased Fe(II)aq release and Cr(VI) removal. The results indicated that HLW would cause phyllosilicate dissolution and the formation of secondary precipitates that would have a major impact on radionuclide and contaminant transport in the vadose zone at the Hanford site.
Coordination-driven self-assembly of metallodendrimers possessing well-defined and controllable cavities as cores.

The design and self-assembly of novel cavity-cored metallodendrimers via noncovalent interactions are described. By employing [G0]−[G3] 120° ditopic donor linkers substituted with Frechet-type dendrons and appropriate rigid di-Pt(II) acceptor subunits, [G0]−[G3]-rhomboidal metallodendrimers and [G0]−[G3]-hexagonal, “snowflake-shaped” metallodendrimers with well-defined shape and size were prepared under mild conditions in high yields. The assemblies were characterized with multinuclear NMR (1H and 31P), mass spectrometry (ESI-MS and ESI-FT-ICR-MS), and elemental analysis. Isotopically resolved mass spectrometry data support the existence of the metallodendrimers with rhomboidal and hexagonal cavities, and NMR data are consistent with the formation of all ensembles. The structures of [G0]- and [G1]-rhomboidal metallodendrimers were unambiguously confirmed via single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The shape and size of two [G3]-hexagonal metallodendrimers were investigated with MM2 force-field modeling.
Fetal immune response to chorioamnionitis

Chorioamnionitis is a frequent cause of preterm birth and is associated with an increased risk for injury responses in the lung, gastrointestinal tract, brain, and other fetal organs. Chorioamnionitis is a polymicrobial nontraditional infectious disease because the organisms causing chorioamnionitis are generally of low virulence and colonize the amniotic fluid often for extended periods, and the host (mother and the fetus) does not have typical infection-related symptoms such as fever. In this review, we discuss the effects of chorioamnionitis in experimental animal models that mimic the human disease. Our focus is on the immune changes in multiple fetal organs and the pathogenesis of chorioamnionitis-induced injury in different fetal compartments. As chorioamnionitis disproportionately affects preterm infants, we discuss the relevant developmental context for the immune system. We also provide a clinical context for the fetal responses.
Terrorism Shocks: Domestic Versus Transnational Responses

This article distinguishes the demand from the supply of counterterrorism following either a large-scale terrorist attack or campaign. On the demand side, terrorism shocks increase the willingness of civilians to sacrifice their liberties for security, thereby giving the government a mandate to augment defensive and proactive measures against the terrorists. The supply side differs greatly between domestic and transnational terrorism. Supply problems may plague countermeasures against transnational terrorism as at-risk nations act strategically. In particular, there is a strong proclivity for nations to overspend on defense and to underspend on proactive measures. These tendencies are explored using simple game theory. A country's sovereignty also bolsters the ability of targeted nations to address domestic terrorism with an appropriate mix of counter- terrorism measures.
Catalytic-adsorptive stripping voltammetric measurements of hydrazines.

Abstract Hydrazine compounds can be determined by voltammetry, based on their hydrogen catalytic wave in formaldehyde-platinum-sulphuric acid media. Adsorption of the platinum-formazone complex on the hanging mercury drop electrode enhances the sensitivity, allowing convenient measurement of micromolar and submillimolar concentrations of simple hydrazines. The selectivity is better than that of conventional (anodic) measurements of hydrazines, as oxidizable compounds do not interfere. The sensitivity is also greatly improved. The hydrazine response is evaluated with respect to preconcentration time, concentration dependence, platinum and formaldehyde concentrations, reproducibility and other variables. The relative standard deviation (at 2 × 10 −5 M ) is 1.6%.
Increased myocardial performance index by echocardiography correlates with biopsy-proven rejection in pediatric heart transplant recipients

changes occured 104 /56 months after HT. Serum creatinine(creat) and inulin clearance (in cl) were measured before and serially after therapeutic changes. Data prior to changes were : creat 116 /30 micromol/l, in cl 44 /11 ml/min/1.73 m2, Cy trough level 162 /27 ng/ml. Creat before and 6 months after were compared in nine patients : 110 /34 (pre) vs 87 /21 micromol/l (post) (p 0.008). In cl was measured after 1 year in 4 patients and was improved in 4/4. Endomyocardial biopsy was performed 1 month after therapeutic changes in all patients : no significant rejection was observed (9 grade 0, 4 grade 1). Conclusion: these data suggest that, in heart transplant recipients with progressive renal failure, a reduction in calcineurin inhibitor dosage, associated with introduction of MMF leads to an improved renal function and does not result in acute rejection.
Zero Anaphora: Transfer of Reference Tracking Strategies from Chinese to English.

English contains many nominals that would be absent in Chinese because Chinese makes greater use of "zero anaphora," which is an empty grammatical slot in a sentence standing for a previously mentioned referent. Native Chinese and native English speakers were compared in comprehending modified English passages from a standardized reading test with nominals deleted that would be absent in Chinese. In three experiments, Chinese speakers showed superior comprehension as measured by objective multiple-choice questions in this case, but not when no words were deleted or when nominals were deleted that would not be absent in Chinese. These results imply that native Chinese speakers develop reference tracking strategies that they transfer to comprehending English.
Asthma without wheezing.

1973;63;64S-68S Chest Richard S. Farr, Michael T. Kopetzky, Sheldon L. Spector and David S. Hurewitz Asthma without Wheezing http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/63/4_Supplement/64S.citation can be found online on the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services ) ISSN:0012-3692 http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml ( without the prior written permission of the copyright holder. reserved. No part of this article or PDF may be reproduced or distributed Chest Physicians, 3300 Dundee Road, Northbrook, IL 60062. All rights of been published monthly since 1935. Copyright1973by the American College is the official journal of the American College of Chest Physicians. It has Chest
Acoustical Measurements of Distinctive Vowel Quantity in Malayalam

The physical nature of distinctive length in Malayalam vowels has been investigated by means of sound spectrograms made of two informants' speech. Measurements of short and long vowels, in isolation and in connected speech, show that the duration of long vowels is always in the range of twice that of short vowels in comparable environments. The environment of the vowel is also shown to have a significant effect on its duration; both short and long vowels have shorter durations before long consonants than before short ones. Relative duration, specifically a ratio of 2 to 1, is proposed as the acoustic correlate of the long versus short distinction in Malayalam vowels.
Direct Numerical Simulation of Micro-Scale Interaction Between Ice and Biological Cells

The freezing of biological material, such as cells and tissue, duing cryopreservation involves the interaction of ice in the extracellular medium with living cells. This cell-ice interaction critically determines the success of the cryo-preservation protocol, as measured by cell survival and viability after the freeze-thaw process. This paper presents numerical simulations of the response of a cell to freezing. The phase change of the aqueous salt solution outside the cell is computed using a sharp-interface technique. The cell is modeled as a salt solution enclosed by a semi-permeable membrane. We compute the concentration and temperature fields around a single cell in the presence of extracellular ice formation. Parametric variations in the factors affecting the cell-ice interaction are performed to describe the physics of thermo-solutal transport of the interaction. Cell water loss is quantified. The external ice front is computed for both stable and unstable (cellular/dendritic) growth modes. The results show that water egress from the cell is dependent on several controlling parameters in complex ways.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
SOLUTIONS OF DIFFUSION EQUATION WITH CONSTANT DIFFUSION AND SURFACE EMISSION COEFFICIENTS

ABSTRACT Closed-form solutions of the non-steady state diffusion equation with constant transport coefficients are presented. The diffusion coefficient is assumed to be finite, but the surface emission coefficient can be either finite or infinite. Mathematical conditions are established for the transport coefficients to be constant. When these conditions are met, the transport coefficients can then be easily evaluated. Diffusion test data can be compared against these conditions to determine whether or not the transport coefficients are constant. Desorption test data of northern red oak indicate that initial moisture content in wood and equilibrium moisture content in the environment are closely related to the constancy of the transport coefficients.
Personality characteristics and level of genuineness in group interaction.

St~m7nary.-3 interaction groups were formed and met for 9 sessions. Each group was composed of 5 males and 5 females, including a male and a female who acted as facilitators. The relationship of 6 FIRO-B personality needs of Ss to a criterion measure of genuineness was examined. Ss rated most genuine exhibited low needs in Expressed Control and Expressed Inclusion and high needs in Wanted Contro:.
Proton Pump Inhibitors: The Culprit for Barrett's Esophagus?

(BE)-dysplasia-carcinoma (EAC) sequence (8, 11); however, a mechanistic explanation of the proposed scenario is currently missing. We hypothesize that (i) a temporally sustained albeit transient increase in the gastric pH, may cause bile salts to become soluble in the proximity of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) where they may mobilize to the esophageal tract during reflux episodes, and (ii) during a short event of failed acid suppression in the esophagus, protonated bile salts may diffuse into the epithelial cells causing the mucosal metaplasia that could lead to BE.
Regulation of protein biogenesis at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane

The biogenesis of most secretory and membrane proteins involves targeting the nascent protein to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), translocation across or integration into the ER membrane and maturation into a functional product. The essential machinery that directs these events for model secretory and membrane proteins has been identified, shifting the focus of studies towards the molecular mechanisms by which these core components function. By contrast, regulatory mechanisms that allow certain proteins to serve multiple functions within a cell remain entirely unexplored. This article examines each stage of protein biogenesis as a potential site of regulation that could be exploited by the cell to effectively increase the diversity of functional gene expression.
Course of fibers of brachium conjunctivum revealed by evoked potential method.

In cats maintained under d-tubocurarine chloride or with high decerebration, single shock stimuli were alternately given to the exposed surfaces of crus I, culmen, simplex, and tuber vermis of the cerebellar cortex. Concurrent systematic recordings were made in the brain stem from the origin of the brachium conjunctivum all the way forward to the head of the caudate nucleus. The course of the conjunctival impulses was found to conform to the distribution of the brachium conjunctivum as described by various anatomic workers. Essentially all of the pathway crossed to the opposite side at the decussation with only small inconstant potentials seen in the issilateral red nucleus and fields of Forel. The diencephalic course was through the red nucleus, fields of Forel, nucleus centrum medianum, and then into the nucleus ventralis pars lateralis, centralis pars lateralis, and the zona incerta. The system was found to end at the rcstral pole of the nucleus ventralis pars lateralis. No confirmation was made for short latency asynaptic fibers nor for any widespread bilateral projections to the diencephalon.
Effects of Temperature, Na and K Concentration and Quinidine on Transmembrane Flux of K42 and Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation

Experimental data is presented and discussed on the effects of temperature, K and Na concentration, and quinidine on transmembrane ion fluxes and the incidence of fibrillation in isolated rabbit atria.
Effect of zinc on haemoglobin binding by red blood cell membranes

RESULTS of recent studies in our laboratory have suggested that zinc plays an important role in sickle cell anaemia. A significant proportion of sickle cell patients are zinc deficient1. Zinc binds to haemoglobin and increases oxygen affinity2,3. Sickle cells treated in vitro with zinc show markedly improved filterability at concentrations too low to be explained on an oxygen affinity basis4, and zinc may interact with the membranes to affect filterability. A recent report suggests that sickling involves the accumulation of calcium5 which is known to reduce red cell membrane deformability6. We have now found that zinc decreases the amount of haemoglobin associated with red cell membranes and inhibits the effect of calcium in causing haemoglobin retention by membranes.
Prevalence of bacteremia in hospitalized pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia.

Background:National guidelines recommend obtaining blood cultures in children hospitalized with moderate or severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of bacteremia in children, identify factors associated with bacteremia and quantify the
Fully dry solid state artificial muscles exhibiting giant electromechanical effect

This paper deals with the discovery of giant low voltage electromechanical actuation and sensing effects in an electroactive polymer composite made with a composite of poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, and poly(ethylene glycol), PEG. The experimental observations and robust performance of the new solid-state polymer actuators and sensors in the form of a strip, which is suitably surface-electroded and cation- doped, are reported herein. Recent laboratory discovery shows that such solid-state actuators are polymeric materials capable of exhibiting large motion actuation capabilities (>2% strain) in a low electric field imposed across the strip ( 10MPa) and fast responses (>10Hz). Moreover, a stable operation over ten million's of cycles in air is achieved with nearly no performance degradation. Also, by bending the strip, a voltage is produced across the thickness of the strip showing direct mechanoelectric behaviors that can be used in polymeric sensors either dynamically or quasi- statically. It must be pointed out that effectively constructed solid-state polymer sensors and actuators overcome many inherent problems that other state-of-the-art polymer sensors and actuators have, such as rate limiting dopant intercalation of conducting polymers, high voltage requirement of ferroelectric polymers, favored wet conditions for ionic polymer metal composites, and poor mechanical properties of ionic polymeric gels. Therefore, the reported solid-state polymer actuators and sensors show a tremendous potential for use in biomimetic/medical, industrial, and domestic applications superior to any other polymer materials identified so far.
“Needle-in-needle” epicardial access: Preliminary observations with a modified technique for facilitating epicardial interventional procedures

to flex over the course of insertion, and tactile assessment of force and perception of cardiac motion was limited. In this report, we describe our initial experience with the “needle-inneedle” (NIN) technique of epicardial access in which a short 18G needle is inserted under the sternum and the long 21G needle is inserted through the 18G needle. It is hoped that this technique improves the stability of the small needle and potential tactile feedback, thus reducing the risk of significant pericardial bleeding. We report preliminary results of its procedural success and acute complications compared with the standard Sosa technique, 1 which uses a 17G or 18G Touhy needle.
Epidemiology training and public health practice

There is a significant role for the practice of epidemiology throughout the world if health professionals are to work effectively towards ‘Health for All’. The status quo leaves a great deal to be desired, as evidenced by recent signals from the premier international health agency, the World Health Organization (WHO). The forty-first World Health Assembly meeting in Geneva, Switzerland, in May 1988 approved a resolution stressing ‘the importance of epidemiology as a tool for the formulation of rational health policy’ (PAHO, 1988). In addition to its key role ‘in studying the causes and means of prevention of disease’, the Assembly noted epidemiology's valuable inputs in ‘health systems research, information support, technology assessment, and the management and evaluation of health service’.
High-resolution variable-temperature 19F MAS NMR spectroscopy of vinylidene fluoride based fluoropolymers

Variable-temperature (VT) solid-state 19F NMR spectroscopy with high-speed magic-angle spinning (MAS) has been used to study copolymers of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene and of vinylidene fluoride and chlorotrifluoroethylene, and terpolymers of vinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene, and hexafluoropropylene. High-resolution spectra were obtained by simultaneously using MAS speeds up to 25 kHz and heating to 250 °C. Sufficient resolution was achieved to assign peaks by comparison to results obtained from solution-state NMR studies and to determine the monomer composition of the polymer.
Intracerebroventricular administration of calcitonin enhances glucose-stimulated release of insulin

Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of salmon calcitonin (500 ng) augmented glucose-stimulated release of insulin in rats. Vagotomy increased this enhancement effect of i.c.v. calcitonin significantly, whereas peripheral atropine treatment did not change it. Adrenal catecholamines did not participate in the centrally mediated insulinotropic effect of calcitonin since acute adrenalectomy did not modify the enhancement effect of i.c.v. calcitonin. Destruction of the sympathetic ganglia by neonatal treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine abolished the enhancement effect of i.c.v. calcitonin, which suggests that the sympathetic nervous system participates in the central action of calcitonin to enhance glucose-stimulated release of insulin.
Current Status of Nonantibiotic and Adjunct Therapies for Clostridium difficile Infection

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a leading cause of nosocomial infections and the most important cause of health care-associated diarrhea worldwide. Standard treatment of CDI consists of modifying underlying antibiotic exposure, aggressive supportive measures, and therapy with specific antibiotics, most commonly metronidazole or vancomycin. This general approach to CDI has remained largely unchanged for decades. In an effort to improve outcomes and reduce recurrences of CDI, interest has been renewed in the development of nonantibiotic and adjunct approaches to therapy. In this review, we highlight some of these recent, resurrected, and novel nonantibiotic treatments.
The parents group: Coping with the developmentally disabled adolescent

This article describes the clinical need and benefit of having a Parents Group as part of a group treatment program servicing developmentally disabled adolescents. After a definition of the term developmentally disabled (DD) is given, the experiences of these parents are discussed through an outline of the Parents Group's purpose, orientation, methods, composition and format. The article concludes with the results of a study over a five year period of group themes which represent parental concerns, including coping with institutions, managing the DD adolescent, coping with the DD adolescent and coping with personal issues.
A CONVENIENT SYNTHESIS OF THIOFIBRATE ANALOGS FROM ARYL SULFONYL CHLORIDES

An expedient synthesis of pharmacologically relevant thioisobutyric acid esters from aryl sulfonyl chlorides is described.
A novel modular systolic array architecture for full-search block matching motion estimation

A novel modular systolic array architecture for the full search block matching motion estimation algorithm (FBMA) is presented. The design efforts are focused on matching the array computation to system level input/output constraints. Compared to previously proposed FBMA architectures, this new architecture delivers highest throughput rate, achieves 100% processor utilization, requires much fewer input/output lines (pin count), and is linearly scalable. As such, this architecture offers a feasible solution for progressive-scan HDTV picture format. >
Optimum Frame Synchronization for Biorthogonally Coded Data

The optimum procedure for locating a sync word periodically inserted in uncoded binary data received over a binary symmetric channel is based on the Hamming or bit distance metric. This concise paper addresses the corresponding frame-sync problem for biorthogonally coded data transmitted over the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. For conceptual convenience, the k -bit words from the decoder output are treated as "super symbols" from an alphabet of dimension 2k. It is argued that the optimum sync-word search over the decoded data stream is based on a supersymbol distance rule matched to the properties of the biorthogonally coded transmissions over the noisy channel. An optimum frame-sync acquisition algorithm based on this distance rule is formulated, and its performance is investigated. As an example, the performance of this optimum frame-sync algorithm is contrasted analytically with that of a Hamming distance algorithm operating on decoded (32, 6) biorthogonal data, a case of interest to some recent unmanned American space missions.
NEAR-INFRARED AND MILLIMETER-WAVELENGTH OBSERVATIONS OF Mol 160: A MASSIVE YOUNG PROTOSTELLAR CORE

We have discovered two compact sources of shocked H2 2.12 μm emission coincident with Mol 160 (IRAS 23385+6053), a massive star-forming core thought to be a precursor to an ultracompact H II region. The 2.12 μm sources lie within 2'' (0.05 pc) of a millimeter-wavelength continuum peak where the column density is ≥1024 cm–2. We estimate that the ratio of molecular hydrogen luminosity to bolometric luminosity is >0.2%, indicating a high ratio of mechanical to radiant luminosity. CS J = 2→1 and HCO+ J = 1→0 observations with the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA) indicate that the protostellar molecular core has a peculiar velocity of ~2 km s–1 with respect to its parent molecular cloud. We also observed 95 GHz CH3OH J = 8→7 Class I maser emission from several locations within the core. Comparison with previous observations of 44 GHz CH3OH maser emission shows that the maser sources have a high mean ratio of 95 GHz to 44 GHz intensity. Our observations strengthen the case that Mol 160 (IRAS 23385+6053) is a rapidly accreting massive protostellar system in a very early phase of its evolution.
THE VALUE OF THEORY COURSEWORK IN ENHANCING STUDENTS' CONCEPTUAL COMPLEXITY

This paper reports the findings of an exploratory, small sample, one institution study designed to assess the value of process‐oriented theory coursework in enhancing students’ conceptual complexity. The study is based on conceptual systems theory which acknowledges that there are considerable differences among individuals in their abilities to process information in their social environments. The authors conclude tentatively from the study that process‐oriented theory coursework does affect students' conceptual complexity. For example, those who formally studied organization theory generally make more differentiations among constructs than do other students; similarly, they scored higher on a general measure of integrative complexity.
Practical uses of the surface energy criterion

Abstract The ratio of surface energy to hardness (the W p ratio) of sliding surfaces has the dimensions of length, and many length parameters of sliding systems, including the diameters of loose and of adherent wear particles, the equilibrium peak-to-trough surface roughness, the diameter of junctions, and the size of the smallest abrasive particles which give full abrasive action, are shown to be proportional to W p . At very low loads, when the real area of contact has a diameter smaller than that of the wear particles for that system, new effects are encountered, leading to low wear rates and the production of smooth surfaces.
Supercritical fluid extraction of metal-containing selective sorbents

Abstract Nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II) and lanthanum(III) complexes with bis-β-diketonate ligands form polymeric materials that function as selective sorbents for use as gas chromatographic precolumns. Supercritical fluid extraction was evaluated as a method of desorbing compounds retained by these sorbents. Alcohols, ketones, esters and suifur-containing compounds were effectively extracted using carbon dioxide at 80 atm (1 atm = 101 325 Pa) and 50°C. The blanks observed with supercritical fluid extraction were often better than those obtained with thermal desorption. The applicability of supercritical fluid extraction is demonstrated on the constituents of cigarette smoke retained on a copper-containing sorbent. Two other sorbents employing metal complexes of either a β-diketone derivative of polystyrene or a β-ketoamide derivative of silica gel were evaluated. The blanks with these materials were not found to be suitable using either thermal desorption or supercritical fluid extraction.
Meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies of pediatric bipolar disorder.

Objective Meta-analyze all published epidemiologic studies reporting pediatric mania or bipolar disorder to investigate whether pediatric bipolar disorder is becoming more prevalent and whether rates vary significantly by country. Data sources Searches of PubMed and PsycInfo were conducted through the spring of 2010 using the following search terms: child, pediatric, young, adolescent, epidemiology, prevalence, bipolar, mania, suicide, and psychiatric. We also manually reviewed references in recent reviews of epidemiology of bipolar disorder. Study selection All studies reporting rates for mania or hypomania in community epidemiologic samples with participants up to 21 years of age. Data extraction All articles were coded to extract relevant variables. Prevalence rates were calculated from reported number of cases with bipolar disorders, then logit transformed. Twelve studies were included, enrolling 16,222 youths between the ages of 7 and 21 years during a period from 1985 to 2007. Six samples were from the United States; 6 were from other countries (the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Spain, Mexico, Ireland, and New Zealand). Results The overall rate of bipolar disorder was 1.8% (95% CI, 1.1%-3.0%). There was no significant difference in the mean rates between US and non-US studies, but the US studies had a wider range of rates. The highest estimates came from studies that used broad definitions and included bipolar disorder not otherwise specified. Year of enrollment was negatively correlated with prevalence (r = -0.04) and remained nonsignificant when controlling for study methodological differences. Conclusions Mean rates of bipolar disorder were higher than commonly acknowledged and not significantly different in US compared to non-US samples, nor was there evidence of an increase in rates of bipolar disorder in the community over time. Differences in diagnostic criteria were a main driver of different rates across studies.
Determinants of mental illness stigma for adolescents discharged from psychiatric hospitalization.

Little is known about the factors that increase the risk for enacted mental illness stigma (i.e. rejection, devaluation and exclusion) as perceived by the stigmatized person. This is particularly true for the population of adolescents diagnosed with a mental illness. The aim of this study was to address this question and examine select social and clinical factors that predict enacted stigma (self-reported) with research that follows eighty American adolescents for 6 months following a first psychiatric hospitalization. Drawing on social identity theory, and research on stigma-threatening environments, social group identification and social support, this study tested four hypotheses: affiliation or identification with higher status and lower status peers predicts more and less stigma respectively (H1); a greater and more supportive social network, and more perceived family support predict less stigma (H2); greater severity of internalizing and externalizing symptoms predicts more stigma (H3); and poorer school functioning predicts more stigma (H4). Results indicated that about 70% of adolescents reported experiencing enacted stigma (at 6 months); disrespect or devaluation was more common than outright social rejection. Using OLS regression analyses, the results provided partial support for H1, H3 and H4, while H2 was not supported. The baseline factors found to be most predictive of enacted stigma ratings at 6-months were: affiliating with more friends with mental health problems, identifying with the ‘populars’ peer group, higher internalizing symptom ratings, and self-reported disciplinary problems at school. These four factors remained significant when controlling for initial enacted stigma ratings, pointing to their importance in determining changes in social stigma experiences in the follow-up period. They also remained significant when controlling for perceived public stigma ratings at follow-up, indicating that the findings were not due to generalized perceptions of stigma of youth with mental illness.
Optimal stimulation parameters to detect deficits in quadriceps voluntary activation.

The purpose of this study was to determine optimal stimulation parameters and calculation methods to estimate quadriceps voluntary activation while minimizing participant discomfort. Twelve healthy adults (8 men and 4 women; mean ± SD, age = 36.8 ± 15.6 years, weight = 76.1 ± 12.9 kg, height = 170.2 ± 8.6 cm). Repeated maximal volitional isometric contractions (MVIC) were performed while imposing 4 stimulation combinations (10 or 2 pulses; 400 or 200 V; and variable or standardized current) with the quadriceps in a relaxed state (resting twitch [RT]) and during an MVIC. Quadriceps activation was quantified by calculating the central activation ratio and the percent activation. Discomfort was quantified using the visual analog scale. When comparing calculation methods between the same stimulation parameters, the central activation ratio calculation method produced quadriceps activation values that were significantly greater (p 0.88) with activation levels obtained with a 10-pulse train of stimuli. Therefore, the use of a doublet pulse stimulus provides quadriceps activation information equivalent to other methods while minimizing participant discomfort.
Thermodynamic Study of Reduced Phases in the BaLa4Cu5O13.1−x System

The thermodynamic stabilities of reduced, perovskiterelated cuprates with the BaLa4Cu5O13.1−x structure were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry techniques. For 0 < x 0.6 the partial molar enthalpy of oxygen in the structure is constant at -187.4 kJ/mol O2. This value is almost identical to those reported for other perovskite cuprates. These results suggest that −190 kJ is a reliable value for the oxidation of Cu from 2+ to 3+ and can be used with confidence in calculations of the stabilities of the p-doped perovskite cuprates. Anomalously large enthalpies measured for samples prepared with higher values of x under forming gas probably result from trace contaminants of Cu metal.
Status of 30 cm mercury ion thruster development

Two engineering model 30-cm ion thrusters were assembled, calibrated, and qualification tested. This paper discusses the thruster design, performance, and power system. Test results include documentation of thrust losses due to doubly charged mercury ions and beam divergence by both direct thrust measurements and beam probes. Diagnostic vibration tests have led to improved designs of the thruster backplate structure, feed system, and harness. Thruster durability is being demonstrated over a thrust range of 97 to 113 mN at a specific impulse of about 2900 seconds. As of August 15, 1974, the thruster has successfully operated for over 4000 hours.
Does Corporate Investment Drive a “Race to the Bottom” in Environmental Protection? A Reexamination of the Effect of Environmental Regulation on Investment

Many fear that the mobility of corporate investment creates a “race to the bottom” in international environmental regulations as firms invest in the countries with the weakest environmental protections. But the relationship between environmental regulation and investment is poorly understood. I hypothesize that intercountry institutional distance and firm environmental capabilities moderate the relationship between the stringency of a country's environmental regulations and firms' investment in that country. Analysis of investment in the international automobile industry supports these hypotheses. Study results suggest that attracting corporate investment and preserving local environmental quality need not be opposing policy objectives.
Youth Beliefs About Health and Physical Activity

Abstract This study examined the extent to which youth at Grades 3, 6, 9, and 12 believed that frequent physical activity resulted in various physical and psychological outcomes. Youth at all four ages believed that frequent activity resulted in beneficial physical outcomes. Younger respondents were more likely to affirm external physical outcomes than either internal physiological or psychological outcomes. Older adolescents were more likely than children to affirm internal physiological outcomes. In contrast to prediction, adolescents were less likely than children to affirm psychological outcomes. The study also assessed beliefs about the effect of various harmful behaviors (e.g., smoking, drug use, lack of exercise) on physical fitness and ability. Abusive behaviors (e.g., smoking, dringking) were judged to be more harmful to physical ability than were sedentary behaviors (e.g., not exercising).
A simple method for studying slow crack growth.

A simple, inexpensive method for studying slow crack growth is described. The method entails measurements of load relaxation at constant displacement using a double torsion specimen. It is demonstrated that the data generated using this technique are in excellent agreement with data obtained using the more complex conventional techniques, for a range of materials - steel, titanium, glass, aluminum oxide, PMMA. These encouraging initial results suggest that additional and more detailed studies using this test procedure are merited.
Role of the Liver in Peripheral Tolerance: Induction Through Oral Antigen Feeding

Using a murine liver transplant model, we studied the liver's role in peripheral tolerance. Livers from BALB/c mice fed with ovalbumin (OVA) at either a low or high dose were transplanted into syngeneic recipients. Non-fed recipients were controls. Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx) was followed by OVA immunization and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) challenge. The ex vivo adoptive transfer effect of liver nonparenchymal cells (NPCs) or spleen cells (SCs) from OVA-fed mice was examined. In vitro proliferative assays and cytokine profiles were conducted on NPCs and SCs from transplant recipients. Livers from all OVA-fed mice after 10 days transferred tolerance to OVA-naive mice. The time course of adoptive transfer of liver NPCs from high-dose OVA-fed mice transferred OVA tolerance within 24 h; low-dose OVA-fed mice required ≥ 4 days to transfer tolerance. The in vitro proliferative response of the NPCs to OVA revealed a decreased response in both dosage groups over the control group. Our results suggest that the liver plays an important role in inducing peripheral tolerance in a mucosal tolerance model, especially feeding high-dose OVA.
Evaluation of immune response to orally administered Sterne strain 34F2 anthrax vaccine

Present animal vaccines against Bacillus anthracis infection are capable of inducing protective immunity. However, due to the route of administration, the vaccine has limited or no use in wildlife especially in rural areas of the world. Hence, an oral vaccine is needed for controlling this disease. For proof of concept we used the commercially available Sterne strain 34F2 vaccine mixed with oral scarifying agents. Although the immunological response as measured by ELISA in this group was not equal to the parenterally inoculated animals, the results indicate that the oral administration of this vaccine with oropharyngeal mucosa scarifying agents mixed with feed can induce immune responses in goats.
College Students' Attitudes Toward Relationships With Parents: A Five-Year Comparative Analysis

Abstract Attitudes toward parents were measured for 5 independent samples of collegeaged undergraduate students (N = 575; mean age = 20.03 years, SD = 4.35, range = 17-54) between 1992 and 1996. Students responded to two statements regarding current attitudes toward their parents: “My relationship with my MOTHER can best be described as Great!, Good, Average, Poor, Awful!” and “My relationship with my FATHER can best be described as Great!, Good, Average, Poor, Awful!” A mixed 2 × 2 × 5 factorial analysis of variance with repeated measures on parents indicated attitudes (scale values) toward mothers were consistently higher than attitudes toward fathers. Attitudes toward both parents were in the average to good range. The results are generally consistent with those of earlier studies; however, some differences from findings of cross-cultural studies are discussed.
A model for moving‐bed coal gasification reactors

A steady state model of moving-bed coal gasification reactors has been developed. Model predictions are in agreement with published commercial plant data for Lurgi pressurized gasification reactors and a pilot plant slagging gasifier. The dependence of reactor performance on operating variables has been studied for Illinois and Wyoming coals. For a given coal, maximum efficiency is determined by the coal-to-oxygen feed ratio. The location of the maximum temperature, which defines the combustion zone, is an important operating variable. Efficient operation of the dry ash reactor cannot be carried out below a critical feed gas temperature because of insufficient gasification and excessive carbon loss in the ash.
A dynamic model for condensation polymerization in tubular reactors

In this paper, a comprehensive dynamic model for melt polycondensation reactions in tubular reactors is presented. The model allows for axial dispersion and is capable of stimulating removal of low molecular weight by-products from the reaction mixture into an adjacent vapor phase. General features of the model include a generic kinetic framework that permits modeling of numerous polymeric systems and the ability to readily configure multistage systems. Simulation results are shown for two sample systems, the polymerization of polyamide 6 and polyamide 6,6. The model is suitable for analyzing startup and grade transition operations as well as for steady-state design. The model is also a useful tool for control system design.
BSIM-IMG: A Turnkey compact model for fully depleted technologies

□ BSIM-IMG is a Turnkey, Production Ready model □ Will be submitted to the CMC for standardization □ Physical, Scalable Core Model for FDSOI devices □ Plethora of Real Device Effects modeled □ Advanced Device Effects — Quantum, Back-gate bias, Self-heating □ Validated on Hardware Data from two FDSOI/ UTBSOI technologies □ Available in major EDA tools.
Regulation of Kir channels by intracellular pH and extracellular K+: Mechanisms of coupling

ROMK channels are regulated by internal pH (pHi) and extracellular K+ (K+o). The mechanisms underlying this regulation were studied in these channels after expression in Xenopus oocytes. Replacement of the COOH-terminal portion of ROMK2 (Kir1.1b) with the corresponding region of the pH-insensitive channel IRK1 (Kir 2.1) produced a chimeric channel (termed C13) with enhanced sensitivity to inhibition by intracellular H+, increasing the apparent pKa for inhibition by ∼0.9 pH units. Three amino acid substitutions at the COOH-terminal end of the second transmembrane helix (I159V, L160M, and I163M) accounted for these effects. These substitutions also made the channels more sensitive to reduction in K+o, consistent with coupling between the responses to pHi and K+o. The ion selectivity sequence of the activation of the channel by cations was K+ ≅ Rb+ > NH4+ >> Na+, similar to that for ion permeability, suggesting an interaction with the selectivity filter. We tested a model of coupling in which a pH-sensitive gate can close the pore from the inside, preventing access of K+ from the cytoplasm and increasing sensitivity of the selectivity filter to removal of K+o. We mimicked closure of this gate using positive membrane potentials to elicit block by intracellular cations. With K+o between 10 and 110 mM, this resulted in a slow, reversible decrease in conductance. However, additional channel constructs, in which inward rectification was maintained but the pH sensor was abolished, failed to respond to voltage under the same conditions. This indicates that blocking access of intracellular K+ to the selectivity filter cannot account for coupling. The C13 chimera was 10 times more sensitive to extracellular Ba2+ block than was ROMK2, indicating that changes in the COOH terminus affect ion binding to the outer part of the pore. This effect correlated with the sensitivity to inactivation by H+. We conclude that decreasing pHI increases the sensitivity of ROMK2 channels to K+o by altering the properties of the selectivity filter.
The 2-oxindole chemotype and patent activity inspired by the SU5416 franchise

Indol-2-ones or 2-oxoindole-based tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were originally identified in the late 1980s by researchers in Japan and Italy. Interest in this series of TKIs increased significantly following the disclosure of SU5416, a clinical candidate from Sugen for the treatment of cancer. During the clinical development of SU5416, there was a significant increase in patent filings related to TKIs containing 2-oxindole groups, both inside and outside of Sugen. This review will look at the patent activity inspired by the 2-oxoindole kinase inhibitors from the late 1980s to applications published through April of 2003.
Towards a Social Psychology-based Microscopic Model of Driver Behavior and Decision-making: Modifying Lewin's Field Theory☆

Abstract Central to effective roadway design is the ability to understand how drivers behave as they traverse a segment of roadway. While simple and complex microscopic models have been used over the years to analyse driver behaviour, most models: 1.) incorporate separate car-following and lane-changing algorithms, and thus do not capture the interdependencies between lane-changing and car-following vehicle; 2.) do not capture differences in the drivers’ cognitive and physical characteristics; and 3.) are constructed from observed vehicle movements and make no attempt to model the discrete differences between how each roadway element alters each driver's behaviour. This paper employs field theory to construct a conceptual framework for a new microscopic model. In field theory, an agent (e.g. the driver) views a field (i.e. the area surrounding the vehicle) filled with stimuli and perceives forces associated with each stimuli once these stimuli are internalized. Based on this theory, the resulting model would be designed to directly incorporate drivers’ perceptions to roadway stimuli along with vehicle movements for drivers of different cognitive and physical abilities. It is postulated that such a model would more effectively reflect reality, and if this model were accurately calibrated, could potentially model the effects of external stimuli such as innovative geometric configurations, lane closures, and technology applications such as variable message boards. A modified field theory could potentially capture and model “hot topics” in traffic engineering, such as the distracted drivers, road rage, the incorporation of ITS elements, and driver behaviour through a work zone.