cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing neural crest cells in culture: correlation of cytochrome oxidase activity with SSEA-1 and dopamine-β-hydroxylase immunoreactivity

Abstract This study examines possible changes in energy demands by developing neural crest cells in vitro using cytochrome oxidase (C.O.) histochemistry and immunohistochemial labeling of adrenergic (automatic) cells and primary sensory neurons. Cytochrome oxidase is a key enzyme for oxidative metabolism and energy production, and it is used as a sensitive metabolic marker for neurons in the brain and dorsal root ganglia. In primary neural crest cell cultures, C.O. staining intensities differ among 4 distinct cellular populations (sensory neurons, adrenergic cells, pigment cells, and non-neuronal crest cells). At all stages, pigment cells exhibit extremely low C.O. staining. Neurons (both primary sensory and adrenergic cells) have higher C.O. activity than other cell types such as non-neuronal crest cells. This indicates that neurons have higher energy demands and presumably higher levels of functional activity than other types at least under the present culture conditions. All neurons in neural crest cell cultures elevate their demands during development, implying that energy metabolism and functional activity increase with neuronal maturation. At all stages, early determined sensory neurons exhibit more intense C.O. staining than late-developing sensory neurons. The difference in C.O. activity between the two population of sensory neurons may be caused by different levels of functional activity due to their different time course of development. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) at 0.5–1 μM concentrations causes a decrease in the level of C.O. activity in the early determined sensory neurons, which may be correlated with a decrease in the functional activity of these neurons. Triple staining combining C.O. histochemistry with direct immunofluorescence of antibodies against the stage specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1, which labels quail sensory neurons) and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH, which labels adrenergic cells) distinguish the levels of C.O. activity between sensory neurons and autonomic cells DBH + cells exhibit relatively low C.O. staining. However, the C.O. activity among SSEA-1 + neurons varies from high to low levels. In general, SSEA-1 + sensory neurons are much more C.O. reactive than DBH + autonomic cells. This suggest that developing sensory neurons in culture may have higher spontaneous and/or synaptic activity than autonomic neurons.
Toward an Understanding of Norm Prevalence: A Comparative Analysis of 20 Years of Research.

MAUREEN P. DONNELLYJERRY J. VASKEDOUG WHITTAKERColorado State UniversityFort Collins, Colorado 80523, USABO SHELBYOregon State UniversityCorvallis, Oregon 97331, USAABSTRACT / Norms are defined as evaluative standardsregarding individual behavior or conditions in a given con-text. They define what behavior should be, rather than actualbehavior. Norm prevalence refers to the proportion of indi-viduals in a population who can articulate a norm in a givenevaluation context. This paper empirically examines theprevalence of encounter norms in 56 evaluation contexts.Data for this comparative analysis were obtained from 30studies that used a single-item question asking recreation-ists to indicate the highest number of encounters they wouldtolerate before the experience changed. Four predictor vari-ables were examined: (1) type of resource, (2) type of activ-ity, (3) type of encounter, and (4) question response format.As anticipated, norm prevalence varied by type of resource(backcountry or frontcountry), type of encounter (no conflictversus conflict), and question response format (two-cat-egory implicit, two-category explicit, and three-category).These three independent variables explained 64% of thevariance in norm prevalence. Also as hypothesized, therewas no relationship between type of activity (consumptive ornonconsumptive) and norm prevalence. Implications for fu-ture research and management are discussed; it is arguedthat prevalence is an important characteristic of socialnorms.
ACKNOWLEDGING UNIQUE OTHERS: ETHICS, “EXPRESSIVE REALISM,” AND SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONISM

Abstract As Goffman (1967) remarks: “[if] the minute social system that is brought into being with each encounter [becomes] disorganized ... participants will feel unruled, unreal, and anomic” (p.135). In other words, if we and our interlocutors are to communicate readily and easily, we rely on those with whom we are involved to sustain the sense of a collective-we between us, a shared reality that is our reality. And it is only in relation to such a shared reality that we can express to each other who we are, express the nature of our unique inner lives to each other. To an extent, we owe our very being, our identity, to it. If it collapses, then it is quite easy for us to feel unheard, or unable to express ourselves. Is there something wrong with us? Or with the world? If we are to sustain the sense of a collective-we, then we find ourselves with, as Goffman notes, certain “involvement obligations,” or “interactive responsibilities,” to our joint affairs: only if you respond to me in a way sensitive to ...
THE NYSTAGMUS BLOCKAGE SYNDROME

Summary Nystagmus blocking syndrome is a form of infantile esotropia with characteristic features that include head turn, nystagmus on abduction of either eye. and frequent amblyopia. It has to be differenciated from crossed fixation or a true abduceans paralysis. It may explain recurrent esotropia after repeated surgery. The treatment is surgical, but the results of surgery are less predictable than with ordinary types of esotropia.
Nutrient pathways to flexor tendons using hydrogen washout technique

The nutrient pathways of the flexor tendons within the flexor sheath were studied using the hydrogen washout technique. Hydrogen uptake and decay of a free segment of flexor tendon detached from its blood supply were not significantly different from an intact tendon lying in the synovial bed. There was no hydrogen uptake by flexor tendons which were mechanically separated from the synovial bed, even though muscular, periosteal and vincular attachments were intact. We concluded from this study that the synovium of the flexor tendon was a significant nutrient pathway for the flexor tendon and that the blood vessels did not appear to play a significant role in the nourishment of the flexor tendon.
Period doubling: Universality and critical-point order

The dependence of the universal bifurcation ratio on the order of the local maximum is studied for a family of maps $f(x)=1\ensuremath{-}a{x}^{z}$($z=2,4,6,8$). Although these maps all exhibit period doubling, the precise bifurcation ratio depends on the order $z$, and seems to be an increasing function of $z$. We have employed a renormalization-group method to calculate $\ensuremath{\delta}(z)$ to second order. They agree very well with the exact values.
Speed of Motor Conflict Resolution as Related to Type of Conflict and Manifest Anxiety

Summary In a study of motor conflict resolution, 20 Ss in each of two groups, designated as high drive (HD) and low drive (LD) according to scores on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, had to resolve approach-approach (AP-AP), avoidance-avoidance (AV-AV), and double approach-avoidance (DAP-AV) conflicts. The HD group took significantly longer to resolve all three conflicts than did the LD group; however, resolution time for both drive groups did not differ for the AV-AV and DAP-AV conflicts, but was significantly faster for the AP-AP conflict. It was concluded that manifest anxiety was inversely related to performance in complex conflict situations, and several areas of follow up research were indicated.
Freeze‐Drying Cake Batter for Microscopic Study

SUMMARY— A method is reported for preparing cake batter for microscopic study through the technique of freeze-drying, followed by fixation and staining of the fat with osmium tetroxide, infiltration with paraffin, and sectioning of the freeze-dried batter. Microscopic examination reveals that a cake batter is an emulsion of fat in an aerated aqueous phase. The fat particles are irregularly “globular” shaped droplets dispersed throughout the aqueous starch-protein system. In like manner, the air bubbles are dispersed in the batter. They are not incorporated in the fat particles, but are instead distributed throughout the aqueous phase.
Credit in the Production Organization of the Firm

EACH firm has a financial component as well as nonfinancial components. The financial component includes claims held and debts owed, values reported in a balance sheet of the firm. A less evident part of the financial component is liquidity of the firm: access to financial assets and terms on which such access may be gained. Profit-seeking managers are willing to pay for liquidity in more or less tangible terms. The most tangible, perhaps, is found in insurance. The second is in choices made that favor liquid relative to illiquid assets and flexibly managed debts relative to inflexible debt commitments. A third is in reservation of "credit"-credit defined as the capacity to borrow. Unused credit, like balance sheet assets that are liquid, constitute a reserve of liquidity that can be called upon to counter the effects of failure in expectations. Though not included in the balance sheet, liquidity also has value. In this article, I outline the effects of liquidity value, in the form of "credit," on production organization of the firm and stress the fact that the values are attached to the unused portion of "credit." To exchange credit for a loan generates a cost in the tangible form of interest. The exchange also entails a loss of liquidity. How costly it is to lose liquidity depends upon the total credit available to the entrepreneur and alternative sources of liquidity. In any event, I argue that "credit" is an asset which can be managed-made to grow, decline, and change in structureand that the results are important for production organization of the firm. t Ideas contained in this article were assembled in seminars which I conducted at the Universities of Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, and Western Australia (Perth) and Australian National University in 1967. However, their origin is in research conducted earlier at the University of Illinois. Thanks are due especially to G. D. Irwin, D. E. Neuman, and L. F. Rogers for early testing of the utility of the notion of lender preferences and to staff and students at the various universities for criticisms on the broader frame of reference in which this article is cast. Finally, I am grateful for comments from two anonymous Journal reviewers.
Frictional ageing from interfacial bonding and the origins of rate and state friction

Earthquakes have long been recognized as being the result of stick-slip frictional instabilities. Over the past few decades, laboratory studies of rock friction have elucidated many aspects of tectonic fault zone processes and earthquake phenomena. Typically, the static friction of rocks grows logarithmically with time when they are held in stationary contact, but the mechanism responsible for this strengthening is not understood. This time-dependent increase of frictional strength, or frictional ageing, is one manifestation of the 'evolution effect' in rate and state friction theory. A prevailing view is that the time dependence of rock friction results from increases in contact area caused by creep of contacting asperities. Here we present the results of atomic force microscopy experiments that instead show that frictional ageing arises from the formation of interfacial chemical bonds, and the large magnitude of ageing at the nanometre scale is quantitatively consistent with what is required to explain observations in macroscopic rock friction experiments. The relative magnitude of the evolution effect compared with that of the 'direct effect'--the dependence of friction on instantaneous changes in slip velocity--determine whether unstable slip, leading to earthquakes, is possible. Understanding the mechanism underlying the evolution effect would enable us to formulate physically based frictional constitutive laws, rather than the current empirically based 'laws', allowing more confident extrapolation to natural faults.
Theoretical feasibility study for wave-mixing near-field optics experiments in biology, chemistry, and materials science

Although the advance of near field optics gives us the ability to achieve sub-wavelength resolution in microscopy, so far its application to chemistry and biology has been mostly limited to fluorescence and transmission imaging. In this study we propose a new method, namely using the nonlinear near field optics properties to study the material interactions directly, by wave-mixing the near field and the external pumping field. Using this method, one can study the rich non-linear spectroscopic properties of many systems with the added bonus of near field resolution.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of diet on the weight of brown adipose tissue in rodents.

Abstract Interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) weighed more in rats given access to a solution of sucrose in addition to a nutritionally complete basal diet than in rats eating only a basal diet. This incremental effect of drinking sucrose solution occurs across a variety of dietary conditions. In the first experiment, rats were fed diets containing either 9%, 18%, 27% or 36% casein. Rats given access to a sucrose solution had significantly larger brown fat pads than controls when the diets contained 9 or 18% casein, but not when diets contained either 27% or 36% casein. The second experiment examined the weight of brown adipose tissue as a function of the type of protein and the percentage of fat in the diet. Animals given a sucrose solution had significantly more BAT than animals not given sucrose. Neither the type of protein (casein or soy protein) nor the percentage of fat (14.5% or 36.4%) in the diet influenced the weight of BAT. Animals given access to either a sucrose solution or a glucose solution had significantly heavier BAT than animals given access to a fructose solution, granulated sucrose or water.
Flow Characteristics of Coal Ash in a Circulating Fluidized Bed

Solids flow characteristics of coal ash are investigated with the measurement of the local solids flux, local solids concentration, and spatial distribution of particle size. Two sets of the solids sampling probe are used to quantify the local solids flux at different radial and axial locations. The macroscopic flow structure is presented by analyzing the radial profiles of solids flux and the local particle size distributions, while the mesoscale flow structure is illustrated on the basis of probability density function of instantaneous solids concentration, the intermittency index, and the cluster frequency. It is found that both macroscopic and mesoscopic structures of gas−solid flow of coal ash are different from those of commonly studied fluid catalytic cracking and sand particles. The differences include higher upward and downward solids fluxes in the lower dense region, significant particle segregation, and more uniform annular flow. Furthermore, a semiempirical model taking into consideration the ...
Nonrigid conflation for vector datasets using EM algorithm and Mixture of Gaussian approach

One of the key elements of the data integration process is conflation of spatial data from two different sources, which results in a single data set that incorporates data and attributes from both sources. Registration techniques needed for conflation can be rigid or non-rigid, depending on the underlying transformation. A key characteristic of rigid transformation is that all distances are preserved.
Spectroscopic and magnetic evidence for multiple-state emission from tris(2,2′-bipyridine) ruthenium (II) sulfate

Abstract Spectral changes of the charge-transfer photoluminescence of the title compound between 2 and 10°K have been interpreted in terms of a manifold of emitting states in thermal equilibrium. Analysis of the band shape changes by means of the Boltzmann law yields an energy gap of 10.2 cm −1 in excellent agreement with the value obtained from published decay time measurements. A 75-kG magnetic field on the sample maintained at 1.65°K switches the emission back to that seen at 4.2°K. These results also corroborate the assignment of the lowest two states responsible for the luminescence to A 1 and E symmetry in the group D 3 .
Traumatized mothers can change their minds about their toddlers: Understanding how a novel use of videofeedback supports positive change of maternal attributions.

This study explored the use of a brief experimental intervention that integrates principles of infant-parent psychotherapy, videofeedback, controlled exposure to child distress in the context of parental posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and stimulation of parental reflective functioning (RF). The Clinician Assisted Videofeedback Exposure Session (CAVES) was applied to 32 interpersonal violence-exposed mothers of very young children (8-50 months) with respect to change of maternal perception of her child. While we found no significant reduction over two videotaped assessment visits with a mental health professional, we did find a significant reduction in the degree of negativity of maternal attributions towards her child following the videotaped visit focused on the CAVES (p<.01). Maternal RF, a mother’s capacity to think about mental states in herself and her child, accounted for 11% of the variance in reduction of maternal negativity after accounting for baseline levels of negativity. Clinician-assisted videofeedback appears to support emotional self-regulation of mothers with violence-related PTSD. Focusing with a therapist on videofeedback of child separation distress exposes mothers to avoided mental states of helplessness and perceived loss of protection. Negative maternal attributions may mark violent trauma-associated emotion dysregulation and projected self-representations of the maltreated mother.
Weyl cohomology and the effective action for conformal anomalies

We present a general method of deriving the effective action for conformal anomalies in any even dimension, which satisfies the Wess-Zumino consistency condition by construction. The method relies on defining the coboundary operator of the local Weyl group, ${g}_{\mathrm{ab}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{exp}(2\ensuremath{\sigma}{)g}_{\mathrm{ab}},$ and giving a cohomological interpretation to counterterms in the effective action in dimensional regularization with respect to this group. Nontrivial cocycles of the Weyl group arise from local functionals that are Weyl invariant in and only in the physical even integer dimension $d=2k.$ In the physical dimension the nontrivial cocycles generate covariant nonlocal action functionals characterized by sensitivity to global Weyl rescalings. The nonlocal action so obtained is unique up to the addition of trivial cocycles and Weyl invariant terms, both of which are insensitive to global Weyl rescalings. These distinct behaviors under rigid dilations can be used to distinguish between infrared relevant and irrelevant operators in a generally covariant manner. Variation of the $d=4$ nonlocal effective action yields two new conserved geometric stress tensors with local traces equal to the square of the Weyl tensor and the Gauss-Bonnet-Euler density, respectively. The second of these conserved tensors becomes ${}^{(3)}{H}_{\mathrm{ab}}$ in conformally flat spaces, exposing the previously unsuspected origin of this tensor. The method may be extended to any even dimension by making use of the general construction of conformal invariants given by Fefferman and Graham. As a corollary, conformal field theory (CFT) behavior of correlators at the asymptotic infinity of either anti--de Sitter or de Sitter spacetimes follows, i.e., ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{d+1}\ensuremath{-}$ or ${\mathrm{deS}}_{d+1}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{CFT}}_{d}$ correspondence. The same construction naturally selects all infrared relevant terms (and only those terms) in the low energy effective action of gravity in any even integer dimension. The infrared relevant terms arising from the known anomalies in $d=4$ imply that the classical Einstein theory is modified at large distances.
Chromatographic methods in radiation chemistry

Abstract Recent developments in detectors for liquid chromatographic analysis have increased detection sensitivities by several orders of magnitude. Many products in the radiolysis of organic substrates can now be determined at micromolar levels. With this sensitivity it is possible to examine radiolytic systems in detail with doses as low as 100 rads. As a result one can determine initial yields in studies which here-to-fore have not been possible. This presentation describes studies of the oxidation of aromatic systems by HPLC methods involving spectrophotometric detection with diode array detectors. Digital storage of 3-dimensional data makes it possible to display readily the chromatographic data in a variety of formats. As a result one obtains an in depth understanding of the product distribution and considerable insight into the radiation chemical mechanism. These spectroscopic approaches can be supplemented by chromatographic studies employing electrochemical, refractive index, radiochemical and ion detectors which are particularly useful when reference samples of radiolytic products are not available. We illustrate these approaches with results from recent studies of the radiolytic oxidation of substituted naphthalenes and biphenyls where the complex mixtures of isomeric products can be resolved by HPLC methods. These studies provide information on the features which control the position of attack of OH on aromatic systems.
Improving the Weight of the Nation by engaging the medical setting in obesity prevention and control

This manuscript highlights examples of strategies that have made strides in improving the quality of health care environments, systems-level improvements to support self-management, and collaborations between primary care and public health to support effective approaches to prevent obesity among children and adults in the U.S.
Host Defense and Pathogenesis in Staphylococcus aureus Infections

Staphylococcus aureus is the most abundant cause of bacterial infections in the United States. As such, the pathogen has devised means to circumvent destruction by the innate immune system. Neutrophils are a critical component of innate immunity and the primary cellular defense against S aureus infections. This article reviews human neutrophil function in the context of S aureus virulence mechanisms and provides an overview of community-associated methicillin-resistant S aureus pathogenicity.
Propagandizing in the interest of war: A rhetorical study of the committee on public information

The Committee on Public Information was created by President Woodrow Wilson in 1917 and charged with informing the public about the European War. The Committee undertook a vigorous campaign which included censorship of official press releases, advertising, production of patriotic films, release of pamphlets and newspapers, and a national speaking program. This essay describes rhetorical strategies used by the Committee, accounts for their success, and illustrates public reaction to these messages. The essay also seeks to explain how the rhetoric of this era helped shape the American doctrine of the “just war” and consequently influenced the rhetoric of subsequent wars.
A rapid degradation of starch at hardening temperatures.

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of transfer from a nonhardening temperature (25 °C) to a hardening temperature (5 °C) on the starch content of the most rapidly growing leaf of cabbage plants was determined during a 24-hr exposure. 2. 2. As much as 1 3 – 3 4 of the total starch content disappeared within 24 hr, and as much as 1 3 – 4 10 within 6 hr at 5 °C. 3. 3. 14C-Labeled starch was significantly degraded within about 1 2 hr at 5 °C. 4. 4. This large a loss in such a short time and at such a low temperature can be explained only by activation of preexisting enzyme.
New perspective on galaxy clustering as a cosmological probe: General relativistic effects

We present a general relativistic description of galaxy clustering in a Friedmann-Lema\^{\i}tre-Robertson-Walker universe. The observed redshift and position of galaxies are affected by the matter fluctuations and the gravity waves between the source galaxies and the observer, and the volume element constructed by using the observables differs from the physical volume occupied by the observed galaxies. Therefore, the observed galaxy fluctuation field contains additional contributions arising from the distortion in observable quantities and these include tensor contributions as well as numerous scalar contributions. We generalize the linear bias approximation to relate the observed galaxy fluctuation field to the underlying matter distribution in a gauge-invariant way. Our full formalism is essential for the consistency of theoretical predictions. As our first application, we compute the angular auto correlation of large-scale structure and its cross correlation with CMB temperature anisotropies. We comment on the possibility of detecting primordial gravity waves using galaxy clustering and discuss further applications of our formalism.
Redshifts and Optical Properties for a Statistically Complete Sample of Poor Galaxy Clusters

From the poor cluster catalog of White et al. (1996), we define a sample of 71 optically-selected poor galaxy clusters. The surface-density enhance- ment we require for our clusters falls between that of the loose associations of Turner and Gott (1976) and the Hickson compact groups (Hickson, 1982). We review the selection biases and determine the statistical comleteness of the sample. For this sample, we report new velocity measurements made with the ARC 3.5-m Dual-Imaging spectrograph and the 2.3-m Steward Observatory MX fiber spectrograph. Combining our own measurements with those from the literature, we examine the velocity distributions, velocity dispersions, and 1-d velocity substructure for our poor cluster sample, and compare our results to other poor cluster samples. We find that approximately half of the sample may have significant 1-d velocity substructure. The optical morphology, large-scale environment, and velocity field of many of these clusters is indicative of young, dynamically evolving systems. In future papers, we will use this sample to derive the poor cluster X-ray luminosity function and gas mass function (see astro-ph/9606120), and will examine the optical/X-ray properties of the clusters in more detail.
Damage-Plasticity Modelling of Concrete: Calibration of Parameters using Separation of Fracture Energy

This paper presents a method for the calibration of parameters of coupled damage-plasticity models for concrete. The determination procedure uses the experimental fact that during the fracture process in concrete in tension a considerable part of energy dissipation occurs via a plastic frictional mechanism hitherto disregarded in many constitutive models. The procedure developed provides a consistent and rational way of determining the parameters for coupled damage-plasticity models of concrete. We highlight the advantages of the thermodynamic approach that serves as the basis for the constitutive model used here, and give a simple one-dimensional example as an illustration of the calibration process.
NK/T cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in a HIV-positive patient

NK/T lymphomas have rarely been reported in HIV/AIDS patients. Here we report a case of a 37-year-old woman, with AIDS and a recent diagnosis of Kaposi sarcoma in a mesenteric lymph node, who presented with extra-ocular nerve palsies and gastrointestinal bleeding. A small intestine resection specimen revealed an extra-nodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type. The unique presentation of this rare and aggressive lymphoma in the setting of AIDS and Kaposi sarcoma underscores the importance of maintaining a broad differential diagnosis when evaluating a malignant neoplasm from a HIV-positive patient.
Evidence of an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus in domestic dogs

In humans, chronic infection with the gammaherpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus is usually asymptomatic; however some infected individuals develop hematological and epithelial malignancies. The exact role of EBV in lymphomagenesis is poorly understood partly because of the lack of clinically relevant animal models. Here we report the detection of serological responses against EBV capsid antigens in healthy dogs and dogs with spontaneous lymphoma and that dogs with the highest antibody titers have B cell lymphoma. Moreover, we demonstrate the presence of EBV-like viral DNA and RNA sequences and Latent Membrane Protein-1 in malignant lymph nodes of dogs with lymphoma. Finally, electron microscopy of canine malignant B cells revealed the presence of classic herpesvirus particles. These findings suggest that dogs can be naturally infected with an EBV-like gammaherpesvirus that may contribute to lymphomagenesis and that dogs might represent a spontaneous model to investigate environmental and genetic factors that influence gammaherpesvirus-associated lymphomagenesis in humans.
Modeling the Effect of Intra-Voxel Diffusion of Contrast Agent on the Quantitative Analysis of Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Quantitative dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) provides estimates of physiologically relevant parameters related to tissue blood flow, vascular permeability, and tissue volume fractions which can then be used for prognostic and diagnostic reasons. However, standard techniques for DCE-MRI analysis ignore intra-voxel diffusion, which may play an important role in contrast agent distribution and voxel signal intensity and, thus, will affect quantification of the aforementioned parameters. To investigate the effect of intra-voxel diffusion on quantitative DCE-MRI, we developed a finite element model of contrast enhancement at the voxel level. For diffusion in the range of that expected for gadolinium chelates in tissue (i.e., 1 × 10(-4) to 4 × 10(-4) mm(2)/s), parameterization errors range from -58% to 12% for K(trans), -9% to 8% for ve, and -60% to 213% for vp over the range of K(trans), v(e), v(p), and temporal resolutions investigated. Thus the results show that diffusion has a significant effect on parameterization using standard techniques.
The surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis

The markedly improved results of the surgical treatment of nonspecific ulcerative colitis over the past 20 years have been owing largely to the elimination of ileostomy complications and a better understanding of the physiologic changes which occur after operation. Complete rehabilitation of patients after appropriate surgical procedures may be expected in the great majority of these cases. Indications for surgical therapy are usually clearly defined and have been discussed. Routine use of proctocolectomy in one stage for all cases of ulcerative colitis is to be deprecated, mainly, because this removes forever, the possibility of re-establishment of intestinal continuity. The problem of reconnection, i.e., ileorectal anastomosis, demands serious consideration. It is extremely doubtful whether this operation should be carried out in the presence of active disease in the rectum or any rectal complications, such as fistula, anal incontinence, polyposis and stricture. There is urgent need for individualization and careful appraisal of each patient.
The health and economic benefits associated with pneumococcal vaccination of elderly persons with chronic lung disease.

Background More than 50% of the elderly population has not received pneumococcal vaccination. Uncertainty regarding the benefits of immunization, particularly for noninvasive disease, may contribute to the underuse of pneumococcal vaccine. Objective To assess the health and economic benefits associated with pneumococcal vaccination. Methods We conducted a 2-year retrospective cohort study among all elderly members of a staff-model managed care organization who had a baseline diagnosis of chronic lung disease. The study outcomes were assessed over 2 years, from November 15, 1993, through November 14, 1995, and included hospitalizations for pneumonia and influenza, death, and hospitalization costs. Using administrative data, we compared these outcomes for vaccinated and unvaccinated subjects using multivariate models to control for subjects' baseline demographic and health characteristics. The additive benefits of combined influenza and pneumococcal vaccination were also assessed for the 2 influenza seasons included in the study. Results There were 1898 subjects. Pneumococcal vaccination was associated with significantly lower risks for pneumonia hospitalizations (adjusted risk ratio [RR], 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38-0.84;P=.005) and for death (adjusted RR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.56-0.91;P=.008). For the control outcome of all nonpneumonia hospitalizations, rates did not differ significantly between the 2 groups (adjusted RR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.77-1.07;P=.24). During the influenza seasons included in the study, the benefits of pneumococcal and influenza vaccinations were additive, with an adjusted RR of 0.28 (95% CI, 0.14-0.58;P Conclusions Pneumococcal vaccination of elderly persons with chronic lung disease was associated with fewer hospitalizations for pneumonia, fewer deaths, and direct medical care cost savings.
Video and image-based reflective learning tools for professional training environments

I am interested in the learning processes that go on in hands-on professional training domains, and how to design digital technology to help people acquire professional skills. In my dissertation research, I am conducting a multi-year ethnography-for-design project at a local dental hygiene training program looking at how new students develop expertise in instrumentation skills during hands-on training in a clinical laboratory. I have helped the school design a new clinical training laboratory, equipped with a variety of digital media technology, such as embedded monitors and overhead cameras. I am investigating how digital imaging and video technology affect how novices develop the complex skill set (perceptual, manual and conceptual) required of expert dental hygienists. In order to create successful technology for teaching expert skills, it is important to understand the learning effects of certain kinds of representations, media, and instructional strategies. Research methods are informed by ethnography-for-design and contextual design [11], situated in a framework provided by distributed cognition theory [12].
Coherent ray tracing via stream filtering

We introduce an approach to coherent ray tracing based on a new stream filtering algorithm. This algorithm, which is motivated by breadth-first ray traversal and elimination of inactive ray elements, exploits the coherence exhibited by processing arbitrarily-sized groups of rays in SIMD fashion. These groups are processed by a series of filters that partition rays into active and inactive subsets throughout the various stages of the rendering process. We present results obtained with a detailed cycle-accurate simulation of a hardware architecture that supports wider-than-four SIMD processing and efficient scatter/gather memory and stream partitioning operations. In this context, stream filtering achieves frame rates of 15-25 fps for scenes of high geometric complexity rendered with path tracing and a variety of advanced visual effects.
Globus Nexus

Globus Nexus is a professionally hosted Platform-as-a-Service that provides identity, profile and group management functionality for the research community. Many collaborative e-Science applications need to manage large numbers of user identities, profiles, and groups. However, developing and maintaining such capabilities is often challenging given the complexity of modern security protocols and requirements for scalable, robust, and highly available implementations. By outsourcing this functionality to Globus Nexus, developers can leverage best-practice implementations without incurring development and operations overhead. Users benefit from enhanced capabilities such as identity federation, flexible profile management, and user-oriented group management. In this paper we present Globus Nexus, describe its capabilities and architecture, summarize how several e-Science applications leverage these capabilities, and present results that characterize its scalability, reliability, and availability. Globus Nexus provides hosted identity, profile and group management capabilities.Globus Nexus is used by thousands of researchers across the world.We describe seven applications that leverage Globus Nexus as a platform.Our cloud-based deployment model provides high reliability and availability.We show that Globus Nexus can scale well beyond our current requirements.
Error in estimation of contained milk volume in the dairy goat with cerium-141.

Abstract Cerium-141 as a nonabsorbable radiomarker was used in nine separate trials with two goats to determine milk volume by isotopic dilution techniques. A correction procedure, developed for guinea pigs, showed an average underestimate of contained milk volume of 1.1% (range, .61 to 4.06%) for goats having from 353 to 1,202ml of milk per udder half. A correction for incomplete penetration of cerium-141 into the alveolar spaces of the mammary gland is not needed in the goat.
Elastic-plastic Poisson's ratio of borsic--aluminum

Poisson's ratio as a function of tensile strain has been examined for four volume fractions of unidirectional Borsic-reinforced aluminum composites. Linear relationships were found between Poisson's ratio and filament volume fraction during Stage I (elastic filaments-elastic matrix) and Stage II (elastic filaments-plastic matrix) deformation which could be correlated to filament and matrix values of Poisson's ratio. These results confirm that a simple rule-of-mixtures relationship may be used to predict composite Poisson's ratios as a function of filament volume fraction. The marked increase in the Poisson's ratio of the matrix upon yielding causes an abrupt rise in the slope of the composite Poisson's ratio versus longitudinal strain curve. This sudden increase may be used as an accurate method of determining matrix yield in filament-reinforced, metal-matrix composites.
Stochastic Integration in Abstract Spaces

We establish the existence of a stochastic integral in a nuclear space setting as follows. Let 𝐸, 𝐹, and 𝐺 be nuclear spaces which satisfy the following conditions: the spaces are reflexive, complete, bornological spaces such that their strong duals also satisfy these conditions. Assume that there is a continuous bilinear mapping of 𝐸×𝐹 into 𝐺. If 𝐻 is an integrable, 𝐸-valued predictable process and 𝑋 is an 𝐹-valued square integrable martingale, then there exists a 𝐺-valued process (∫𝐻𝑑𝑋)𝑡 called the stochastic integral. The Lebesgue space of these integrable processes is studied and convergence theorems are given. Extensions to general locally convex spaces are presented.
TAIR: a resource for integrated Arabidopsis data.

The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR; http://arabidopsis.org) provides an integrated view of genomic data for Arabidopsis thaliana. The information is obtained from a battery of sources, including the Arabidopsis user community, the literature, and the major genome centers. Currently TAIR provides information about genes, markers, polymorphisms, maps, sequences, clones, DNA and seed stocks, gene families and proteins. In addition, users can find Arabidopsis publications and information about Arabidopsis researchers. Our emphasis is now on incorporating functional annotations of genes and gene products, genome-wide expression, and biochemical pathway data. Among the tools developed at TAIR, the most notable is the Sequence Viewer, which displays gene annotation, clones, transcripts, markers and polymorphisms on the Arabidopsis genome, and allows zooming in to the nucleotide level. A tool recently released is AraCyc, which is designed for visualization of biochemical pathways. We are also developing tools to extract information from the literature in a systematic way, and building controlled vocabularies to describe biological concepts in collaboration with other database groups. A significant new feature is the integration of the ABRC database functions and stock ordering system, which allows users to place orders for seed and DNA stocks directly from the TAIR site.
A Hermeneutic Phenomenological Understanding of Men’s Healing From Childhood Maltreatment

Purpose: To describe and interpret men’s experience of healing from childhood maltreatment. Design: Hermeneutic phenomenological. Method: In-depth interviews. Community-based purposive, maximum variation sampling approach. Recruitment occurred through posting flyers and advertisements. Verbatim data were analyzed and themes of the meaning of healing were identified. Findings: The meaning of healing was interpreted as “moving beyond suffering.” Five themes were identified to capture the multidimensional nature of the phenomenon: (a) breaking through the masculine veneer, (b) finding meaning, (c) choosing to live well, (d) caring for the self using holistic healing methods, and (e) engaging in humanizing relationships. Conclusions: Men who survived childhood maltreatment have needs to heal holistically mind, body, and spirit. Meeting their needs requires the provision of highly compassionate humanistic healing environments and healing-promotive nursing care.
The Health Impact of Living with a Cognitively Impaired Elderly Spouse: Blood Pressure, Self-Rated Health, and Health Behaviors

The purpose of this study was to identify the health consequences of living with a cognitively impaired spouse in a sample of 318 spouse pairs, drawn from a representative sample of noninstitutionalized elderly individuals. Our principal findings were that (a) cognitive impairment in wives was significantly (p < .05) associated with elevated systolic blood pressure in husbands, whereas cognitive impairment in husbands was not associated with systolic blood pressure in wives; (b) cognitive impairment in wives was significantly (p < .05) associated with perceived declines in health status in husbands, but cognitive impairment in husbands was not related to perceived declines in health status in wives; (c) the relationships between wives' cognitive impairment and husbands' blood pressure and perceived health status were not mediated through limitations in activities of daily living in wives, chronic conditions in wives, or perceived inadequacy of emotional or instrumental support; and (d) cognitive functioni...
Plant Cell Signaling: In Vivo and -omics Approaches

Scientists from around the world converged on Santa Fe, NM, February 1–6, 2005 (Figure 1), for a Keystone Symposium that brought together recent and exciting developments in plant cell signaling. The meeting also provided a platform to lay out and discuss the most modern methodologies and approaches that will govern how the next generation of scientists will propel plant biology into the ‘‘post-genomic’’ era. Although the remit of the conference covered Plant Cell Signaling, important developments and discoveries frequently spanned the biology of multiple species, and this was ably demonstrated in a number of talks that discussed experimental systems from different kingdoms. Such versatility was especially evident in the keynote address given by Michael Snyder (Yale University), who provided an overview of information made available by massive sequencing projects ( 250 fully sequenced genomes) and efficient use of this sequence information to reach the ultimate goal of understanding the function and regulation of each gene and protein. Within plant biology, it is clear that Arabidopsis thaliana largely remains the model system of choice, as its fully sequenced genome is being successfully exploited to fuel concepts within systems biology, large scale and high throughput screening. However, it is important to note that, in contrast to this, both novel methodology and exciting new developments were presented at this meeting using tobacco, maize, cotton, barley, tomato, and rice, illustrating continued diversity in experimental plant systems. On the technical side, advances in microscopy such as developments in Forster/fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) techniques, and multi-mode fluorescence microscopy have allowed the maturation of practical methods not only to visualize fluorescently tagged proteins or subcellular compartments but also to analyze in vivo the dynamics of protein–protein interactions and intracellular trafficking in living cells. To this end, a specific workshop on FRET-related techniques and a session dedicated to development of single-cell techniques were also held at the meeting. Additionally, the power of the ‘‘in silico’’ biology became apparent with the introduction of a number of new Web-based tools allowing dissection of the ever-growing amount of data from highthroughput screens and analyses. In this report we focus on presentations that provided direction to the plant community and that summarized the most recent developments in the field. Authors are listed alphabetically and contributed equally. Received: 7 April 2005; accepted: 11 April 2005; Online publication: 28 July 2005 *Corresponding author; e-mail: j.p.taylor@unc.edu J Plant Growth Regul (2005) 24:46–54 DOI: 10.1007/s00344-005-0039-5
Hidden vegetables: an effective strategy to reduce energy intake and increase vegetable intake in adults

Background: The overconsumption of energy-dense foods leads to excessive energy intakes. The substitution of low-energy-dense vegetables for foods higher in energy density can help decrease energy intakes but may be difficult to implement if individuals dislike the taste of vegetables. Objective: We investigated whether incorporating pureed vegetables to decrease the energy density of entrees at multiple meals reduced daily energy intakes and increased daily vegetable intakes. Design: In this crossover study, 20 men and 21 women ate ad libitum breakfast, lunch, and dinner in the laboratory once a week for 3 wk. Across conditions, entrees at meals varied in energy density from standard versions (100% condition) to reduced versions (85% and 75% conditions) by the covert incorporation of 3 or 4.5 times the amount of pureed vegetables. Entrees were accompanied by unmanipulated side dishes. Participants rated their hunger and fullness before and after meals. Results: Subjects consumed a consistent weight of foods across conditions of energy density; thus, the daily energy intake significantly decreased by 202 ± 60 kcal in the 85% condition (P < 0.001) and by 357 ± 47 kcal in the 75% condition (P < 0.0001). Daily vegetable consumption significantly increased from 270 ± 17 g of vegetables in the 100% condition to 487 ± 25 g of vegetables in the 75% condition (P < 0.0001). Despite the decreased energy intake, ratings of hunger and fullness did not significantly differ across conditions. Entrees were rated as similar in palatability across conditions. Conclusions: Large amounts of pureed vegetables can be incorporated into various foods to decrease the energy density. This strategy can lead to substantial reductions in energy intakes and increases in vegetable intakes. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01165086","term_id":"NCT01165086"}}NCT01165086.
Local Supersymmetry and Interactions

An examination of some of the results of gauge supersymmetry is given. Topics discussed include unification of gravitation and electromagnetism and appearance of minimal electromagnetic couplings, the absence of the cosmological constant, possible origin of internal symmetries, and models involving color and flavor.