cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Interval Computations to Constraint-Related Set Computations: Towards Faster Estimation of Statistics and ODEs Under Interval, p-Box, and Fuzzy Uncertainty

In interval computations, at each intermediate stage of the computation, we have intervals of possible values of the corresponding quantities. In our previous papers, we proposed an extension of this technique to set computations, where on each stage, in addition to intervals of possible values of the quantities, we also keep sets of possible values of pairs (triples, etc.). In this paper, we show that in several practical problems, such as estimating statistics (variance, correlation, etc.) and solutions to ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with given accuracy, this new formalism enables us to find estimates in feasible (polynomial) time.
Speed up drug-approval process, feds told

It's time for Ottawa to stand and deliver on its long-promised overhaul of the drug-review system and approval process so that Canadians can get readier access to new medicines, a coalition of consumer-based advocacy groups says. Although former Health Minister Allan Rock embraced recommended
Inhibitory Effect of Bacteriophage P22 Infection on Host Cell Deoxyribonuclease Activity

Infection of Salmonella typhimurium with phage P22 causes a decrease in the activity of host deoxyribonuclease which degrades single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This decrease is reversed when the infecting phage is P22c+; it is not reversed if the infecting phage kills the cell. The decrease does not occur in infections with P22ts25.1 (which only adsorbs and injects DNA) or in infections of a lysogen by a nonvirulent phage. It does occur, however, after infections with other phages which are blocked in phage DNA synthesis. Inhibiting protein synthesis with chloramphenicol does not in itself cause the decrease in uninfected cells, but it does prevent infected cells from showing this effect.
Possible Hazards of Handling Anti-neoplastic Drugs (Continued)

As I read Dr. Ng9s letter,1 I am struck by two erroneous assumptions which are made. In the first place, the necessity for fresh preparation of many of the drugs used in cancer chemotherapy is a reflection only of the stability of the drug and has nothing to do with its cytotoxicity. Secondly, cytotoxicity itself does not necessarily imply that the drug has a vesicant action. Some of the drugs listed by him are vesicants but most of them are not.
Solar Input to the Terrestrial System

We review the physical origin, spectral nature, energetics and known variability of all solar emanations: photons, particles and fields. The potential role of line-blanketing as a cause of irradiance change is given.
Emerging Allied Dental Workforce Models: Considerations for Academic Dental Institutions

The U.S. surgeon general defined the national oral health care crisis in 2001 in Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General. The report concluded that the public infrastructure for oral health is not sufficient to meet the needs of disadvantaged groups and is disproportionately available depending upon certain racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic factors within the U.S. population. Now, several new workforce models are emerging that attempt to address shortcomings in the oral health care workforce. Access to oral health care is the most critical issue driving these new workforce models. Currently, three midlevel dental workforce models dominate the debate. The purpose of this report is to describe these models and their stage of development to assist the dental education community in preparing for the education of these new providers. The models are 1) the advanced dental hygiene practitioner; 2) the community dental health coordinator; and 3) the dental health aide therapist.
Trimethylsilyl Iodide and Bromide

Both trimethylsilyl bromide [1] and iodide [2, 3] have been known since the late 1940’s. $$ Ph - Si{\text{ (C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{)_3}{\text{ }}\xrightarrow{{{I_2}}}{\text{ Ph - I + (C}}{{\text{H}}_3}{)_3}Si - I$$ (3.1) Nevertheless, it has only been in the last six years that their use as reagents in organic synthesis has been actively explored.
The effect of type I and II interferons on human fetal retinal pigment epithelium-induced apoptosis in Jurkat T cells.

PURPOSE To examine the regulatory effects of interferon (IFN)-alpha, IFN-gamma, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha on human fetal retinal pigment epithelial (HFRPE) cell-induced apoptosis of human Jurkat T (Jkt) cells. METHODS Pure cultures of HFRPE cells were isolated. The cells were precultured with medium alone or with addition of IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, or TGF-beta for 72 hours. Thereafter, HFRPE cells were extensively washed before they were cocultured jointly with Jkt cells (standard) or cultured alone for another 48 hours to accumulate conditioned medium that is collected and added as cell-free conditioned medium to Jkt cell cultures (supernatant). Jkt cells were cocultured under the two culture conditions for 48, 72, and 96 hours. The rate of apoptosis in Jkt T cells was determined with annexin V staining and flow cytometry. RESULTS Both IFN-alpha and -gamma upregulated HFRPE-induced apoptosis in Jkt T cells. However, the apoptosis induced by IFN-alpha-activated HFRPE cells was significant only in the absence of cell-cell contact (supernatant). The supernatant induced a higher rate of apoptosis in Jkt T cells when compared to the direct coculture of the cells. TGF-beta and TNF-alpha did not upregulate HFRPE-induced apoptosis in Jkt T cells. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that type I and type II IFNs can upregulated HFRPE-induced apoptosis in Jkt T cells, IFN-gamma being the more effective cytokine. Neither, TGF-beta nor TNF-alpha upregulated the HFRPE-induced apoptosis in Jkt T cells. Although HFRPE-induced apoptosis was mediated in a cell-cell-contact-independent pathway, HFRPE cells may also express membrane-bound antiapoptotic molecules. These findings may help us to understand better the modulatory effects of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines on immune suppressive characteristics of RPE cells.
Evaluating Adolescents With Fatigue: Ever Get Tired of It?

1. Robert M. Cavanaugh Jr, MD* 1. *Associate Professor, Director of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the key elements of the history and physical examination in adolescents who are fatigued. 2. Develop a differential diagnosis for fatigue in adolescents. 3. Delineate appropriate laboratory and radiologic studies to evaluate adolescents who are fatigued. 4. Describe specific treatments and supportive therapy for adolescents who are fatigued. Unexplained fatigue in adolescents is a common and frustrating complaint that can pose a challenge for even the most experienced physicians. Although the cause usually is benign and self-limited, occasionally there is a serious underlying disorder. This symptom cannot be dismissed without performing a thorough medical history, detailed psychosocial profile, and careful physical examination. Selective use of laboratory and radiologic studies should be considered when specifically indicated. If the cause remains unclear, sequential visits often provide clues for the practitioner and reassurance for the family. The purpose of this article is to offer guidelines to the clinician caring for adolescents who have prolonged, unexplained fatigue and to stress the value of a thorough history and physical examination. For purposes of this discussion, fatigue will be defined as abnormal exhaustion after usual activities. An arbitrary cutoff of 1 month is used to distinguish acute from chronic fatigue. The term chronic fatigue syndrome is avoided because criteria for this condition are not clearly established in children or adolescents, and data must be extrapolated from studies in adults. The term neurally mediated hypotension is used to describe a fall in blood pressure in response to assuming the upright posture, physical events, and emotional stressors. Affected patients may be syncopal or presyncopal. Neurally mediated hypotension also is referred to in the literature as neurocardiogenic syncope, vasovagal reflex, vasodepressor syncope, and autonomic dysfunction. The best way to approach a problem of this nature is to establish a good relationship with …
Information Stewardship in Cloud Computing

Cloud computing ecosystems of service providers and consumers will become a significant part of the way information services are provided, allowing more agile coalitions, cost savings and improved service delivery. Existing approaches to information security do not readily extend to this complex multi-party world. The authors argue for a mathematical model-based framework for the analysis and management of information stewardship that makes explicit both the expectations and responsibilities of cloud stakeholders and the design assumptions of systems. Such a framework supports integrated economic, technology, and behavioural analyses, so providing a basis for a better understanding of the interplay between preferences, policies, system design, regulations, and Service Level Agreements. The authors suggest approaches to constructing economic, technology, and behavioural models and discuss the challenges in integrating them.
For the Longest Time: The Adjustment of Inmates to a Sentence of Life Without Parole:

Using a triangulated research design, this research examines the mental health of life without parole (LWOP) inmates. A bivariate analysis of the mental health of two groups of LWOP inmates was con...
The Meat and Poultry Hotline: Changing Trends in Food Safety

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: Identify at least three new trends in food safety questions over ten years. The US Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Meat and Poultry Hotline plays a critical role in the prevention of foodborne illness by intervening at points in the food preparation process where the risk for food mishandling is greatest. In ten years of assessing questions to USDA'S 800 number, food safety specialists on the toll-free hotline have seen a general trend toward a wider variety of issues and more complex queries. More than 360,000 inquiries have been logged into a database since the hotline opened July 1985. Data revealed that callers have begun to relate inquiries to the prevention of foodborne illness and specific foodborne pathogens, such as E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella enteritidis, Campylobacter jejuni, and Listeria monocytogenes. In addition, data showed that callers are more aware of new technologies, such as irradiation and biotechnology, and their regulations. Questions about nutrition labeling changed with implementation of the Nutrition and Labeling Act (NLEA) of 1990. Interest in fat and cholesterol content, health claims, and new products increased. Issues such as the safe handling of take-out foods were identified with subsequent development of educational materials. New and changing trends in food safety issues have been identified and assessed. Continual review of the data from inquiries is an integral component of the hotline.
Tip Characterization from AFM Images of Nanometric Spherical Particles

Since atomic force microscopy (AFM) images are a composite of probe and sample geometry, accurate size determinations are problematic. A relatively straightforward mathematical procedure for determining tip radius of curvature (RT) for an asymmetrical tip was recently developed by Garcia et al. (Probe Microsc. 1997, 1, 107). This study represents an experimental test of that procedure for both silica (∼150 nm) and polystyrene (∼50 nm) nanospheres. The procedure can be summarized by two steps: (1) tip characterization assuming that the observed AFM height is a true measure of a spherical particle's diameter and (2) use of the tip shape to extract a calculated width. To ensure that AFM heights were equivalent to the true width, a direct comparison of individual particle sizes determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and AFM was conducted. Heights measured from AFM images of polystyrene nanospheres differed, on average, less than 5% from widths measured by TEM. The quality of RT values was there...
Phosphopeptide Enrichment with TiO2-Modified Membranes and Investigation of Tau Protein Phosphorylation

Selective enrichment of phosphopeptides prior to their analysis by mass spectrometry (MS) is vital for identifying protein phosphorylation sites involved in cellular regulation. This study describes modification of porous nylon substrates with TiO2 nanoparticles to create membranes that rapidly enrich phosphopeptides. Membranes with a 22-mm diameter bind 540 nmol of phosphoangiotensin and recover 70% of the phosphopeptides in mixtures with a 15-fold excess of nonphosphorylated proteins. Recovery is 90% for a pure phosphopeptide. Insertion of small membrane disks into HPLC fittings allows rapid enrichment from 5 mL of 1 fmol/μL phosphoprotein digests and concentration into small-volume (tens of microliters) eluates. The combination of membrane enrichment with tandem mass spectrometry reveals seven phosphorylation sites from in vivo phosphorylated tau (p-tau) protein, which is associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
Is the partnership gap closing for women? Cohort differences in the sex gap in partnership chances☆

Abstract This paper test predictions from three social science explanations as to how sex differences in attainment of partnership and how women’s perceptions of sex discrimination should have changed as women have been integrated into law. Men’s and women’s partnership rates 15 years after graduation and women’s reports of sex discrimination are compared for two cohorts of University of Michigan Law School graduates: the classes of 1972 to 1978 and the classes of 1979 to 1985. Four stages at which women are selected out of, or select themselves out of, the path to partnership are investigated: (1) career plans at graduation; (2) entry into a firm; (3) early attrition from firm practice; and (4) the attainment of partnership among non-attriters. The sex gap in attaining partnership dropped across cohorts, primarily due to declines in sex differences at the first three stages; but sex differences in the percentage of non-attriters who were partners 15 years after graduation declined little across cohorts, both before and after controlling for career plans, legal specialization, work experience, law school grades, and family situations. And in both cohorts, roughly 90 percent of women reported experiences of sex discrimination.
Dynamic Characteristics of the Partially Filled Rotating Dewar of the Gravity Probe-B Spacecraft

The dynamical behavior of fluids, in particular the effect of surface tension on partially-filled rotating fluids (cryogenic liquid helium and helium vapor) in a full scale Gravity Probe-B Spacecraft propellant dewar tank imposed by various frequencies of gravity jitters have been investigated. The study of the liquid-vapor interface oscillations due to various frequencies of gravity jitter under different dewar rotating speeds and different levels of background gravity have been numerically simulated. Results disclose the time sequence evolution for the excitation of large amplitude oscillation waves at the liquid-vapor interface. The study shows that slosh waves excited inside the spacecraft propellant tank are characterized by the lowest frequency of the waves initiated, frequencies of the gravity jitters imposed on the propellant system, the levels of background gravity environment, and dewar rotating speeds. Conditions for suppression and amplification of the slosh waves are discussed. It also shows that fluid stress distribution exerted on the walls of the rotating dewar are closely related to the characteristics of slosh waves excited on the liquid-vapor interface in the rotating dewar tank. This can provide a set of data leading toward the control of spacecraft imbalance caused by the uneven fluid stress distribution from slosh waves.
Data Assimilation of Cloud-Affected Radiances in a Cloud-Resolving Model

Abstract Assimilation of cloud-affected infrared radiances from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-8 (GOES-8) is performed using a four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR) system designated as the Regional Atmospheric Modeling Data Assimilation System (RAMDAS). A cloud mask is introduced in order to limit the assimilation to points that have the same type of cloud in the model and observations, increasing the linearity of the minimization problem. A series of experiments is performed to determine the sensitivity of the assimilation to factors such as the maximum-allowed residual in the assimilation, the magnitude of the background error decorrelation length for water variables, the length of the assimilation window, and the inclusion of other data such as ground-based data including data from the Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI), a microwave radiometer, radiosonde, and cloud radar. In addition, visible and near-infrared satellite data are included in a se...
Preferred step frequency during downhill running may be determined by muscle activity

Abstract It is well established that metabolic cost is minimized at an individual's running preferred step frequency (PSF). It has been proposed that the metabolic minimum at PSF is due to a tradeoff between mechanical factors, however, this ignores muscle activity, the primary consumer of energy. Thus, we hypothesized that during downhill running, total muscle activity would be greater with deviations from PSF. Specifically, we predicted that slow step frequencies would have greater stance activity while fast step frequencies would have greater swing activity. We collected metabolic cost and leg muscle activity data while 10 healthy young adults ran at 3.0m/s for 5 min at level and downhill at PSF and ±15% PSF. In support of our hypothesis, there was a significant main effect for step frequency for both metabolic cost and total muscle activity. In addition, there was greater muscle activity in the stance phase during the slower step frequency while muscle activity was greater in the swing phase during the fast step frequency. This suggests that PSF is partially determined by the tradeoff between the greater cost of muscle activity in the swing phase and lower cost in the stance phase with faster step frequency.
Impact of bioavailability on determination of the maximal tolerated dose of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine in phase I trials.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the population pharmacokinetic parameters and the extent of absorption of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine, a nucleoside analog with activity against human immunodeficiency virus in vitro and in vivo, after oral and intravenous administration through the use of NON-linear Mixed Effects Modeling. The data were drawn from the pharmacokinetics section of an open-label, multicenter phase I study. One center administered ddI on a once-daily schedule. The other centers administered the drug once every 12 h. Drug was administered intravenously, and the plasma concentration-time profile was determined. Patients were then given the drug orally at twice the dose used in the intravenous portion of the study, and the pharmacokinetic profile was again determined. A 40-fold range of doses was examined. Forty-six human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients were studied. Concentrations in plasma were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Clearance of the drug from plasma was 47.7 liters/h/70 kg of body weight. The terminal half-life was 1.4 h. The volume of distribution in the central compartment was 18.8 liters/70 kg. Absorption was rapid, with an absorption half-life of 0.52 h. Bioavailability with once-daily administration was 27%. For twice-daily administration, bioavailability rose to 36%. This difference was significant (P much less than 0.01). For doses of less than or equal to 5.1 mg/kg given every 12 h (10.2 mg/kg/day), bioavailability was 41%. We conclude that once-daily administration results in lower mean bioavailability, probably because of a saturation of the absorption process similar to that seen with acyclovir. This difference in bioavailability on the basis of the administration schedule explains the different short-term maximal tolerated doses identified in phase I trials of this agent.
Noise Benefits of Rotor Trailing Edge Blowing for a Model Turbofan

An advanced model turbofan was tested in the NASA Glenn 9- by 15-Foot Low Speed Wind Tunnel (9x15 LSWT) to explore far field acoustic effects associated with rotor Trailing-Edge-Blowing (TEB) for a modern, 1.294 stage pressure ratio turbofan model. The TEB rotor (Fan9) was designed to be aerodynamically similar to the previously tested Fan1, and used the same stator and nacelle hardware. Fan9 was designed with trailing edge blowing slots using an external air supply directed through the rotor hub. The TEB flow was heated to approximate the average fan exit temperature at each fan test speed. Rotor root blockage inserts were used to block TEB to all but the outer 40 and 20% span in addition to full-span blowing. A configuration with full-span TEB on alternate rotor blades was also tested. Far field acoustic data were taken at takeoff/approach conditions at 0.10 tunnel Mach. Far-field acoustic results showed that full-span blowing near 2.0% of the total flow could reduce the overall sound power level by about 2 dB. This noise reduction was observed in both the rotor-stator interaction tones and for the spectral broadband noise levels. Blowing only the outer span region was not very effective for lowering noise, and actually increased the far field noise level in some instances. Full-span blowing of alternate blades at 1.0% of the overall flow rate (equivalent to full-span blowing of all blades at 2.0% flow) showed a more modest noise decrease relative to full-span blowing of all blades. Detailed hot film measurements of the TEB rotor wake at 2.0% flow showed that TEB was not every effective for filling in the wake defect at approach fan speed toward the tip region, but did result in overfilling the wake toward the hub. Downstream turbulence measurements supported this finding, and support the observed reduction in spectral broadband noise.
Innovations in Adolescent Substance Abuse Interventions

Adolescent alcohol and other drug abuse is an important public health concern, and the past two decades has seen a dramatic increase in the demand for interventions to address substance use problems among teenagers. This demand has led to the development of multiple primary, secondary, and tertiary substance abuse prevention programs, some of which have little theoretical basis and most of which currently operate in the absence of data supporting their effectiveness. Very recently, there has been increased emphasis on the goal of developing and testing theoretically based and empirically supported intervention approaches for adolescent substance abuse. We describe five ongoing research programs devoted to meeting this goal. The background and rationale for each research program are discussed, and preliminary efficacy data concerning the specific interventions are presented.
A Phase I study of 9-nitrocamptothecin given concurrently with capecitabine in patients with refractory, metastatic solid tumors.

BACKGROUND 9-Nitrocamptothecin (9-NC) is an orally available camptothecin analog with antineoplastic activity that results from the inhibition of DNA topoisomerase I. Previous studies have suggested that it has significant clinical efficacy. The primary toxicities of 9-NC include gastrointestinal upset, cystitis, and myelosuppression at the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 1.5 mg/m2 per day. Capecitabine is a prodrug of 5-fluorouracil that is approved for use in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma and colorectal carcinoma, and it offers the convenience of oral administration. This trial examined the combination of these two oral agents in patients with metastatic solid tumors. METHODS Capecitabine was administered twice daily at a total daily dose of 1300 mg/m2 per day for 14 days followed by a 1-week break. 9-NC was taken daily 5 days per week for 2 weeks in a dose-escalation scheme. The starting dose was 0.5 mg/m2 per day, and cohorts of 3 patients were enrolled until the dose level reached 1.25 mg/m2 per day. RESULTS Twenty-one patients were evaluable for toxicity and response, and nausea and emesis were the dose-limiting toxicities. Despite antiemetic prophylaxis with 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 antagonists, 2 of 3 patients at the 1.0 mg/m2 per day dose level had Grade 2–3 nausea; while at the MTD of 0.75 mg/m2 per day, 3 of 14 patients had Grade ≥ 2 nausea. The incidence of hand-foot syndrome, stomatitis, diarrhea, and myelosuppression did not exceed that expected with capecitabine alone, suggesting that 9-NC does not exacerbate these side effects. No objective responses were seen. Stable disease was observed in 9 patients (43%) with a median duration of 11 weeks, including 3 patients with responses that lasted from 20 weeks to 40 weeks. CONCLUSIONS The combination of 9-NC and capecitabine with the current schedule was limited in dose by nausea and had minimal clinical efficacy in a group of patients with refractory solid tumors. Cancer 2003;97:148–54. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11038
Optimization of photovoltaic-wind hybrid system for apartment complexes and other community living environments by minimizing excess capacity

This paper presents an approach for the optimization of photovoltaic-wind hybrid systems with battery back-up to meet the load requirements. The proposed sizing methodology is based on 10 seconds insolation data rate instead of the more commonly used hourly data rate. When analyzed for an entire year, the higher resolution of data identifies excess PV and storage capacity when combined with wind turbine, which can be removed to optimize the system cost. The case study is done on a gird-tied apartment complex in college station, Texas to meet 50% of the load by optimized hybrid system. The methodology employs a techno-economic approach to determine the system that would guarantee a reliable energy supply with lowest investment. The obtained results demonstrate a cost effective and reliable hybrid system is that in which 95% of load is provided by photovoltaic panels and the other 5% by wind turbines. The optimized hybrid system, based on accurate and enhanced 10 seconds insolation data rate of photovoltaic system, is compared to conventional PV-Wind optimized systems based on hourly and daily insolation data. Federal incentives such as Investment Tax Credits, MACRS (Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System) and Bonus Depreciation, and Renewable Energy Grants were taken into consideration to assess initial and recurring costs for owners. The Life Cycle Costing with payback time and Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) with Net Metering are provided as part of the economics in this paper.
Py*Pu·Py Type Triplexes with Modified Bases: Ab Initio SCF-MO Studies toward Improved DNA Recognition

Ab initio quantum mechanical calculations were employed to examine the binding energies and geometries of several nonnatural base analogues of nucleic acid bases bound to the major groove of the G·C base-pair in an attempt to explore promising candidate bases for triplex-helix-forming oligonucleotides. Seven neutral base analogues together with guanine and protonated forms of cytosine and adenine are considered. The full geometry optimizations were carried out at the HF/6-31G(d) level, and single-point energies were obtained at the MP2/6-31G(d,p)//HF/6-31G(d) level. Our analysis reveals that protonated cytosine (C+) has the highest binding energy over the other bases. C5-methylation of protonated cytosine does not improve the base-pairing efficiency over protonated cytosine. Among the neutral bases, the binding efficiency of 6-thioguanine is the closest to that of guanine in the Py*Pu·Py type motif (1.4 kcal/mol less than guanine at MP2/6-31G(d,p)//HF/6-31G(d)), and 8-oxoadenine ranked the least. Semiempi...
The Spatially-Resolved Star Formation History of the M31 Disk from Resolved Stellar Populations

The Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury (PHAT) is an HST multi-cycle treasury program that has mapped the resolved stellar populations of ∼1/3 of the disk of M31 from the UV through the near-IR. This data provides color and luminosity information for more than 150 million stars. Using stellar evolution models, we model the optical color-magnitude diagram to derive spatially-resolved recent star formation histories (SFHs) over large areas of M31 with 100 pc resolution. These include individual star-forming regions as well as quiescent portions of the disk. With these gridded SFHs, we create movies of star formation activity to study the evolution of individual star-forming events across the disk. We analyze the structure of star formation and examine the relation between star formation and gas throughout the disk and particularly in the 10-kpc star-forming ring. We find that the ring has been continuously forming stars for at least 500 Myr. As the only large disk galaxy that is close enough to obtain the photometry for this type of spatially-resolved SFH mapping, M31 plays an important role in our understanding of the evolution of an L* galaxy.
A Bayesian analysis of Monte Carlo correlation times for the two-dimensional Ising model

Abstract We present a new Bayesian analysis of the high-accuracy data of Nightingale and Blote for the correlation times of the two-dimensional Ising model to determine the value of the dynamical critical exponent. We demonstrate the crucial role played by the Nightingale/Blote assumption that odd terms disappear in their expression for the correlation time as a function of the size of the system. We obtain differing results for the existence of logarithmic corrections and the value of the dynamical critical exponent, depending on whether or not that assumption is valid.
A multicomputer garbage collector for a single-assignment language

An asynchronous garbage collector for a message-passing multiprocessor (multicomputer) is described. This combines Weighted Reference Counting (WRC) interprocessor collection and tracing intraprocessor collection to permit individual processors to reclaim local storage independently. A novel feature is the integration of Weighted Reference Counting collection and the communication algorithms required to support a global address space in a single assignment language. This significantly reduces communication overhead and space requirements attributable to garbage collection. In addition, techniques are described that avoid the creation of cyclic structures that cannot be reclaimed using WRC. Experimental studies performed in a concurrent logic programming system that incorporates the collector confirm its efficiency and the benefits of integrating garbage collector and language implementation.
Abortion Law Should Align With Evidence From Neuroscience

In “Rethinking Roe v. Wade: Defending the Abortion Right in the Face of Contemporary Opposition” (Manninen 2010), Manninen is justified in her concern about the security of the abortion right, give...
Point cathodes for use in virtual source electron optics

SUMMARY A comparison is made for three point cathodes which are used in an electron gun forming a virtual rather than real source. The three cathodes operate in the field emission (FE), thermal-field (TF) and Schottky emission (SE) regimes. A low angular intensity is chosen for this comparison, typical of an SEM as contrasted to an electron-beam lithography system application. Energy spread, virtual source size and current fluctuations are compared.
A study of crisis management strategies of hotel managers in the Washington, D.C. Metro Area.

SUMMARY The 9/11 terrorist attack on the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. had a devastating impact on the local hospitality industry, and tested hotel managers' preparedness for crisis management under great uncertainty and time compression. This study examines how hotel general managers handled catastrophic events, analyzes and compares empirically the impact of the terrorist attack on the human and financial aspects of the hotel industry. General managers operating hotels with different affiliations, sizes and in different locations in the Washington, D.C. Metro Area were surveyed to ascertain their crisis management and recovery strategies. The study offers an insight into crisis management strategies as performed by hotel general managers in the Washington, D.C. Metro Area and identifies strategies that can be emulated and formulated into future hotel crisis management plans.
The Pathology of Melanoma as a Basis for Prognostic Models: The UCSF Experience

A patient survival model is proposed which allows visualization of a data base, and which includes only routine and commonly recorded attributes in most melanoma clinics. It is proposed that a network of such data be collected for meta-analysis (MELNET), which could make stratification within the individual subsets more significant by virtue of the larger numbers. Such a network could then be fully tested in various melanoma clinics for clinical usefulness.
Trends in Dairy Manufacturing Education During the Past Twenty-Five Years

Functions of Land Grant universities historically have been teaching, research, and extension. In the early days of the Land Grant movement, major emphasis was on teaching practical application of already known scientific principles to students in classrooms and to farmers and processors to aid them in providing more and better quality food and fiber for consumers. As time passed, the Land Grant concept expanded to its fullest. Both basic and applied research were conducted and results taught to agriculture students on the campuses and relayed to producers and processors through extension education programs. The Land Grant idea has been one of the most productive concepts ever to come from the halls of Congress. Early in the history of Land Grant institu
Double Shottcky of NiOx/graphene/Si for enhance efficiency solar cells

We have used electro-deposition, a simple and effective method, to fabricate a NiOx/graphene (PMS) bilayer Shottcky junction. An n-Si/graphene (NMS) Shottcky junction was then deposited on top of the NiOx/graphene bilayer Shottcky junction to form a double Shottcky solar cell. This double Shottcky combination thus contains an n-type Si/grphene (NMS) Shottcky junction and a p-type NiOx/graphene (PMS) Shottcky junction, an overall n-p junction. The thicknesses of the NiOx film are different for different junctions. The NiOx films performed excellently as the p-type substance for the solar cells. SEM, EDX, UV, XRD, and Raman techniques were used to study the physical properties of these solar cell materials and devices. I–V studies were also carried out on these samples. The I–V characteristic curves show that the power conversion efficiency improves when the thickness of NiOx thin film is increased.
Critical behavior of one-dimensional superconductors: An exact solution

Abstract Using a path integral technique, the thermodynamic behavior of a 1-dimensional superconductor in the critical region is determined by the solution of the Schroedinger equation of a 2-dimensional anharmonic oscillator. Numerical integration yields the specific heat and coherence length.
A geologic test of the Kula-Pacific Ridge capture mechanism for the formation of the West Philippine Basin

In spite of nearly 30 yr of investigation, the origin of the West Philippine Basin remains elusive. This basin occupies nearly half of the Philippine Sea plate, which remains one of the most poorly understood of the major lithospheric plates on Earth. Establishing the origin of the West Philippine Basin is fundamental to deciphering the evolution of the western Pacific Basin, including the India-Asia collision and the opening of numerous marginal basins in the region. In this paper we combine new on-land kinematic data from southwest Japan with existing marine magnetic data from the ancient Kula-Pacific Ridge to test an early tectonic model that suggests that the West Philippine Basin arose by trapping of a part of the Kula-Pacific Ridge during the middle Eocene. The results suggest that this mechanism is viable, but that the ridge-capture event may have occurred during the middle Eocene, ∼10 m.y. earlier than originally proposed.
Making Science Teaching and Learning Visible Through Web-Based “Snapshots of Practice”

Documentary websites known as “snapshots of practice” provide vivid examples of teachers’ inquiries into issues they have formulated in the context of their own teaching practices and students’ learning. Designed with assistance from Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, snapshots of practice can be accessed in the K–12 section of the Gallery of Teaching and Learning (http://gallery.carnegiefoundation.org). Analysis of prospective teachers’ reflections on science-related snapshots of practice indicate that this use of technology enhanced their understanding of inquiry-based approaches to instruction. The paper also illustrates how prospective teachers used an electronic toolkit, http://www.cfkeep.org, to construct their own snapshots of practice in order to represent what they had learned in a course on methods of teaching science in elementary school.
The role of positional and orientational disparity cues in human fusional response.

Abstract Torsional retinal disparities about the line of sight are compensated by the cyclofusional mechanism. Cyclofusional stimuli generally contain two types of disparity cues: positional (point by point) and orientational disparities. All previously reported cyclofusional studies have utilized stimuli containing both positional and orientational disparities, but in this investigation the two disparity types were isolated in order to study their relative effectiveness in evoking fusional response. For most subjects, stimuli containing only positional disparities were found to evoke greater fusional ranges than stimuli containing both positional and orientational cues. Orientational disparities, however, always elicited much smaller ranges than stimuli containing either positional only or positional and orientational disparities.
Structure and application of a measurement tool-SAMPLER/3000

Design, internal structure, implementation experience and a number of unique features of the SAMPLER/3000 performance evaluation tool are presented. This package can be used to produce program CPU and wait time profiles in several levels of detail in terms of code segments, procedure names and procedure relative addresses. It also provides an accurate profile of the operating systems code which is exercised to service requests from the selective parts of the user code. Programs can be observed under natural load conditions in a single user or shared environment. A program's CPU usage is determined in terms of direct and indirect cost components. The approaches to determine direct and indirect CPU times are described. A program counter sampling technique in virtual memory domain is discussed. Certain interesting aspects of data analysis and on-line data presentation techniques are described. The features of the computer architecture, the services of the loader and compilers which relate to the operation of the tool are discussed. A case study is finally presented.
Hydrogen-ion image features of tempered martensite

SUMMARY Hydrogen-ion microscopy has been used to study first and third stage tempered ferrous martensite. Both e-carbide and cementite particles resulting from the tempering process appeared dark in the images. The image characteristics of the matrix phases in these specimens were intermediate between those of pure iron and as-quenched ferrous martensite. The sharpness of the (111) zone lines and the ‘butterfly’ pattern in {110} regions, the development of high index planes and the regularity of low index net plane edges decreased continuously with increasing carbon content of the matrix phase. The effects of carbon content and lattice strain on specimen geometry, field evaporation, hydrogen etching and field ionization are discussed. It is suggested that carbon atoms in random solid solution lead to an irregular evaporation, similar to that previously proposed for other solid solution alloys, and that the irregular evaporation is enhanced by the associated lattice strain and hydrogen etching process. The irregular end form thus produced lacks the sharp image features found in the smoother end form of the pure metal.
Metabolism of small molecular weight monodisperse nuclear RNA.

Abstract The small molecular weight, nuclear monodisperse RNA (snRNA) species of HeLa cells have been further characterized. 1. 1. In addition to the six species previously reported, three additional ones are now described. 2. 2. Several monodisperse, metabolically unstable RNA species are found in the cytoplasmic supernatant. They appear to be unrelated to the nuclear snRNA species. 3. 3. The snRNA of the nucleoplasm is more weakly bound to the chromatin than the nucleoplasmic, heterogeneous RNA. Some of the snRNA may exist in a soluble form in vivo in the nucleoplasm. 4. 4. Several of the snRNA species are metabolically as stable as ribosomes, while others have half-lives of about one day. 5. 5. The synthesis of snRNA does not appear to be co-ordinated with the replication of DNA in S phase. 6. 6. The breakdown of snRNA does not appear to occur during passage of the cells through mitosis. 7. 7. The synthesis of snRNA is strongly affected by several of the inhibitors of nucleolar RNA synthesis.
Efficient pattern relocation for EUV blank defect mitigation

Blank defect mitigation is a critical step for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. Targeting the defective blank, a layout relocation method, to shift and rotate the whole layout pattern to a proper position, has been proved to be an effective way to reduce defect impact. Yet, there is still no published work about how to find the best pattern location to minimize the impact from the buried defects with reasonable defect model and considerable process variation control. In this paper, we successfully present an algorithm that can optimally solve this pattern relocation problem. Experimental results validate our method, and the relocation results with full scale layouts generated from Nangate Open Cell Library has shown great advantages with competitive runtimes compared to the existing commercial tool.
Behavioral activation for comorbid PTSD and major depression: A case study

The present investigation details the assessment and use of Behavioral Activation (BA) therapy to treat a 37-year-old male police officer/military veteran suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). This case study is an attempt to expand empirical knowledge regarding BA, comorbid PTSD and MDD, and treatment outcome research specifically relevant to these comorbid diagnoses. The BA treatment consisted of 11 sessions, which occurred on a weekly basis. Self-report data were gathered at each session and again at midpoint between each session. At posttreatment assessment, self-report and observer-rated data indicated that the client no longer met criteria for either PTSD or MDD. Results at 1-month follow-up suggested that the therapeutic gains were not only maintained, but that the client continued to improve. It is argued that BA may be an effective treatment for comorbid PTSD and MDD and the theoretical rationale is provided.
Perceived Appearance Judgments Moderate the Biological Stress Effects of Social Exchanges

Social relationships are generally thought of as beneficial. However, the present study set out to test the hypothesis that for individuals who perceive others to judge their appearance negatively, daily social interactions can also be a source of stress. Indeed when assessing 38 young adults, we found that both more incidences of negative exchanges reported during the past month as well as perceived negative appearance judgments by others were associated with more self-reported stress. Interestingly, however, for individuals with low attribution body esteem, higher numbers of positive social exchanges during the past month were related to health-relevant changes in biological markers of chronic stress as well. The same was true for individuals with high attribution body esteem who reported to experience only very few positive exchanges. As such, these findings go beyond the initial focus on low body esteem and negative social exchanges and introduce high body esteem as well as daily positive exchanges as potential health risk factors.
Urban Landscape Perspectives

Cities present significant opportunities for new landscape perspectives that can help inform conservation and development decisions. Early in the twenty-first century, the majority of the planet’s population became urban as more people lived in city-regions for the first time in our history. As the global population increases, so does this urbanization. The environmental challenges of population and urban growth are profound. Landscapes represent a synthesis of natural and cultural processes. Cities are certainly cultural phenomena. Historically, cities provided refuge from nature. The expanding field of urban ecology, coupled with landscape ecology, can enhance how the dual natural and cultural dimensions of landscapes in cities are understood. Furthermore, concepts such as ecosystem services and green infrastructure are proving useful for urban landscape planning and design. Examples from Dayton, Ohio; Brooklyn, New York; and Austin, Texas are presented.
A dynamic model of thundercloud electric fields

A description is given of the first results obtained with a new type of dynamic electrical model of a thundercloud that allows the charge rearrangement produced in arc breakdown, as well as the conduction and displacement currents, to be calculated with realistic generator configurations. The model demonstrates the great complexity of behavior of thunderclouds owing to the interaction of the nonlinear breakdown mechanisms, the energy stored in the electric field, and a conductivity that varies with altitude. It is also seen that dynamic charge distributions and electric fields are quite different from static distributions. It is noted that these differences affect the initial conditions before and after lightning strokes. The conduction current density to the ionosphere is very much larger in the dynamic cases than in static simulations. Such basic properties of thunderclouds as the production of cloud-to-ground strokes are seen as compatible only with a very limited range of thundercloud models. Another finding is that coronal and convection currents cause the electric fields at the surface to be much smaller than they would be in their absence.