cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calibration-based phase-shifting projected fringe profilometry for accurate absolute 3D surface profile measurement

In this paper, an accurate calibration-based phase-shifting measurement technique for measuring the absolute 3D surface profiles is presented, in which the system distortions for each detection location are calibrated individually. Thus, this approach offers higher accuracy than that of conventional global system model-based calibration technique. By comparing the experimental results from this technique with the data from Zeiss Universal Precision Measuring Center (Model UPMC 550), it is found that the absolute measurement accuracy for a bowl size object (about 160 mm in diameter and 40 mm in depth) is about 5 μm. This experimental result proves that, indeed, this calibration-based phase-shifting measurement technique has a good enough accuracy for precise engineering surface (such as gear gauge surface) measurement.
Use of a regional health information exchange to detect crossover of patients with MRSA between urban hospitals.

Background: A significant portion of patients already known to be colonized or infected with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) may not be identified at admission by neighboring hospitals. Methods: We utilized data from a Regional Health Information Exchange to assess the frequency that patients known to have MRSA at one healthcare system are admitted to a neighboring healthcare system unaware of their MRSA status. We conducted a retrospective, registry trial from January 1999 through January 2006 involving three healthcare systems in central Indianapolis, representing six hospitals. Results: Over one year, 286 unique patients generated 587 admissions accounting for 4,335 inpatient days where the receiving hospital was not aware of the prior history of MRSA. The patients accounted for an additional 10% of MRSA admissions received by study hospitals over one year and over 3,600 inpatient days without contact isolation. Conclusions: Information exchange could improve timely identification of known MRSA patients within an urban setting.
Large-scale spatial variability of riverbed temperature gradients in Snake River fall Chinook salmon spawning areas

In the Snake River basin of the Pacific northwestern United States, hydroelectric dam operations are often based on the predicted emergence timing of salmon fry from the riverbed. The spatial variability and complexity of surface water and riverbed temperature gradients results in emergence timing predictions that are likely to have large errors. The objectives of this study were to quantify the thermal heterogeneity between the river and riverbed in fall Chinook salmon spawning areas and to determine the effects of thermal heterogeneity on fall Chinook salmon emergence timing. This study quantified river and riverbed temperatures at 15 fall Chinook salmon spawning sites distributed in two reaches throughout 160 km of the Snake River in Hells Canyon, Idaho, USA, during three different water years. Temperatures were measured during the fall Chinook salmon incubation period with self-contained data loggers placed in the river and at three different depths below the riverbed surface. At all sites temperature increased with depth into the riverbed, including significant differences (p<0.05) in mean water temperature of up to 3.8°C between the river and the riverbed among all the sites. During each of the three water years studied, river and riverbed temperatures varied significantly among all the studymore » sites, among the study sites within each reach, and between sites located in the two reaches. Considerable variability in riverbed temperatures among the sites resulted in fall Chinook salmon emergence timing estimates that varied by as much as 55 days, depending on the source of temperature data used for the estimate. Monitoring of riverbed temperature gradients at a range of spatial scales throughout the Snake River would provide better information for managing hydroelectric dam operations, and would aid in the design and interpretation of future empirical research into the ecological significance of physical riverine processes.« less
Altering Attitudes and Knowledge about Obesity

(1991). Altering Attitudes and Knowledge about Obesity. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 131, No. 6, pp. 881-884.
Series solutions for polytropes and the isothermal sphere

The Lane–Emden equation for polytropic index and its limit of the isothermal sphere equation are singular at some negative value of the radius squared. This singularity prevents the real power series solutions about the centre from converging all the way to the outer surface when . However, a simple Euler transformation gives series that do converge all the way to the outer radius. These Euler-transformed series converge significantly faster than the series in the contained mass derived by Roxburgh & Stockman, which are limited to finite radii whenever by a complex conjugate pair of singularities. We construct some compact analytical approximations to the isothermal sphere, and give one for which the density profile is accurate to 0.001 per cent out to the limit of stability against gravothermal collapse.
Effect of the Afterglow on the Felting Shrinkage of Wool

The so-called afterglow area of electric glow discharges, even if it does not emit visible radiation, still contains active particles capable of initiating a multitude of chemical reactions. When wool was exposed to the afterglow of various gases, a considerable amount of shrinkproofing effect (SPE) was observed. Quantitatively the effect was lower than that obtained in the actual glow. However, depending on the reaction variables (power, gaseous media, and reactor design), active particles were found as far as 300 mm downstream of the glow. The effect increases with the power, almost linearly, without an increase in the temperature. Therefore, in contrast to the glow, the afterglow does not singe the yarn at higher power values. These findings supplement our present theory on the species in glow discharges responsible for shrinkproofing wool. Since the electron density of the afterglow is zero, for practical purposes, free radicals and/or activated molecular species must play an important part in this ty...
Rigid fluid: animating the interplay between rigid bodies and fluid

We present the Rigid Fluid method, a technique for animating the interplay between rigid bodies and viscous incompressible fluid with free surfaces. We use distributed Lagrange multipliers to ensure two-way coupling that generates realistic motion for both the solid objects and the fluid as they interact with one another. We call our method the rigid fluid method because the simulator treats the rigid objects as if they were made of fluid. The rigidity of such an object is maintained by identifying the region of the velocity field that is inside the object and constraining those velocities to be rigid body motion. The rigid fluid method is straightforward to implement, incurs very little computational overhead, and can be added as a bridge between current fluid simulators and rigid body solvers. Many solid objects of different densities (e.g., wood or lead) can be combined in the same animation.
UV Laser-Induced Radical-Etching For Microelectronic Processing

This paper reports work towards the development of new UV laser-induced radical-etching processes for the efficient and selective removal of: (1) polycrystalline (poly)-silicon layers deposited on silicon dioxide substrates, (2) tungsten layers deposited on either silicon or silicon dioxide substrates, and (3) silicon dioxide layers deposited on either silicon or aluminum substrates.
Dysregulation of the TOX-RUNX3 pathway in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

// Brittany O. Dulmage 1 , Oleg Akilov 1 , John R. Vu 1 , Louis D. Falo 1 , Larisa J. Geskin 2 1 Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA 2 Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA Correspondence to: Larisa J. Geskin, e-mail: ljg2145@columbia.edu Keywords: cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, sezary syndrome, gene expression, romidepsin, TOX Received: June 17, 2015 Accepted: September 18, 2015 Published: November 06, 2015 ABSTRACT Studies have examined gene expression changes in Sezary syndrome (SS), but disease pathogenesis remains largely unknown, and diagnosis and treatment are difficult. TOX is a transcription factor involved in CD4+ T-cell development with downstream effects on RUNX3 , a known tumor suppressor gene. We sought to identify genes involved in SS disease pathogenesis with the potential to enable diagnosis and treatment. We utilized previously reported transcriptome sequencing data to construct a list of candidate genes, which was narrowed using pathway analysis. qRT-PCR confirmed TOX upregulation (>7 fold increase) in SS ( n = 5), as well as two established markers, PLS3 and KIRD3DL2. We also evaluated expression of members of the TOX-RUNX3 pathway and confirmed downregulation of RUNX3 (0.59 fold decrease) and upregulation of GATA3 (2 fold increase). Moreover, TOX and RUNX3 expression were significantly inversely proportional. Using siRNA to suppress TOX, we demonstrated that TOX knockdown rescues RUNX3 expression and reduces cell viability. We evaluated TOX protein expression in paraffin-embedded skin biopsies with immunohistochemistry, showing nuclear staining of CTCL infiltrates, suggesting it is a candidate diagnostic biomarker. Further studies validating our findings and evaluating the TOX-RUNX3 pathway and the role of TOX as a disease marker and therapeutic target are warranted.
Investigation of Bone Health Subsequent to Vitamin D Supplementation in Children Following Burn Injury

Background: The effect of supplemental vitamin D on fracture occurrence following burn injuries is unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate postintervention incidence of fractures in children during the rehabilitative phase postburn (PB) following participation in a randomized clinical trial of vitamin D supplementation. Materials and Methods: Follow-up for fracture evaluation was obtained in 39 of 50 patients randomized to daily enteral vitamin D2, D3, or placebo throughout the acute burn course. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, D2, D3, calcitonin, and bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) measurements were obtained PB day 7, midpoint, discharge, and 1-year PB. Urinary calcium was obtained PB day 7 and midpoint. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was performed at discharge and 1-year PB. Results: Fractures were reported in 6 of 39 respondents. Four fractures occurred in the placebo group, 2 in the D2 group, and none in the D3 group. Serum vitamin D, calcitonin, BAP, and urina...
Predictive model for growth of Clostridium perfringens in cooked cured pork.

Mathematical models have been developed and used for predicting growth of foodborne pathogens in various food matrices. However, these early models either used microbiological media or other model systems to develop the predictive models. Some of these models have been shown to be inaccurate for applications in meat and specific food matrices, especially under dynamic conditions, such as constantly changing temperatures that are encountered during food processing. The objective of this investigation was to develop a model for predicting growth of Clostridium perfringens from spore inocula in cured pork ham. Isothermal growth of C. perfringens at various temperatures from 10 to 48.9 °C were evaluated using a methodology that employed a numerical technique to solve a set of differential equations. The estimated theoretical minimum and maximum growth temperatures of C. perfringens in cooked cured pork were 13.5 and 50.6 °C, respectively. The kinetic and growth parameters obtained from this study can be used in evaluating growth of C. perfringens from spore populations during dynamically changing temperature conditions such as those encountered in meat processing. Further, this model can be successfully used to design microbiologically “safe” cooling regimes for cured pork hams and similar products.
The Governance Challenge: Matching Institutions to the Structure of Social-Ecological Systems

Readers of this Princeton Guide to Ecology will be well informed about the immense diversity of ecological systems. Ecological systems vary in regard to their geographic range, density of specific plant and animal populations, patterns of species diversity, nutrient cycling, landscape dynamics, and disturbance patterns - to name just a few of the subjects included in the Sections of this Guide. Ecological systems are complex systems with interactions occurring at multiple spatial and temporal scales. In addition to the diversity of ecological systems considered independent of human interactions, the variety of linked social-ecological systems (SESs) that exist in the world is even larger. The 'social' side varies in regard to the size and socioeconomic attributes of users, the history of their use, the location of their residences and their work places, the types of leadership and entrepreneurship experienced, the cultural norms they share, the level of human and social capital they have, their knowledge about the ecological system, their dependence on the system for diverse purposes, and the technologies available to them - to name just a few of the most important general characteristics.
Evaluation of DSP-Based PID and Fuzzy Controllers for DC–DC Converters

In this paper, digital proportional-integral-derivative (PID)-type and fuzzy-type controllers are compared for application to the buck and boost dc-dc converters. Comparison between the two controllers is made with regard to design methodology, implementation issues, and experimentally measured performance. Design of fuzzy controllers is based on heuristic knowledge of converter behavior, and tuning requires some expertise to minimize unproductive trial and error. The design of PID control is based on the frequency response of the dc-dc converter. Implementation of linear controllers on a digital signal processor is straightforward, but realization of fuzzy controllers increases computational burden and memory requirements. For the boost converter, the performance of the fuzzy controller was superior in some respects to that of the PID controllers. The fuzzy controller was able to achieve faster transient response in most tests, had a more stable steady-state response, and was more robust under some operating conditions. In the case of the buck converter, the fuzzy controller and PID controller yielded comparable performances.
Expression of bone morphogenetic protein messenger RNAs by normal rat and human prostate and prostate cancer cells.

Human prostate cancer cells are known to produce several growth regulatory factors, including transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and heparin-binding fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), which may play as-yet-undefined roles in prostate gland morphogenesis, as well as in prostate cancer cell behavior. Recently, a family of proteins in the extended TGFβ family, the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), has been identified which stimulates bone formation in vivo, and in which, the proteins are likely involved in a variety of morphogenetic processes during embryogenesis. These powerful morphogenetic factors are capable of redirecting muscle mesenchyme cells to differentiate along the lines of bone tissue. We examined a number of well-characterized rat and human prostate cancer cell lines for the expression of BMP 2, 3, 4, and 6 messenger RNA. Poly(A + )-RNA was isolated from normal human and rat ventral prostate, from the rat prostate adenocarcinoma PAIII tumor and cultured cells derived from it, and from human prostate cancer cell lines PC-3, LNCaP, and DU-145. BMP mRNA levels were measured using BMP 2, 3, 4 and Vgr-1 (BMP 6) cDNA probes. Both normal and neoplastic prostate tissue expressed these BMP mRNAs, although the level of expression varied from tumor to tumor. Normal human prostate expressed BMP 4 mRNA predominantly, as did the human prostate cancers PC-3 and DU-145. PC-3 also expressed BMP 2 mRNA and BMP 3 mRNA in large amounts. Normal rat ventral prostate expressed all these BMP mRNAs, but the rat prostate adenocarcinoma PAIII expressed predominantly BMP 3 mRNA. The reason that different BMPs are expressed in varying amounts by these normal and neoplastic cells is unknown. However, if these BMPs are expressed in biologically active form, they could be responsible for important effects on normal prostate growth and morphogenesis, on neoplastic prostate cell behavior, and could even contribute to the capacity of prostatic cancer cells to stimulate new bone formation at metastatic tumor sites in bone. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Aortic arch recoarctation after the Norwood stage I palliation: the comparative accuracy of blood pressure cuff and echocardiographic Doppler gradients in detecting significant obstruction.

Objective. Aortic arch recoarctation is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality after the Norwood Stage I procedure. Cuff blood pressure (BP) gradients and echocardiographic Doppler gradients are routinely used as noninvasive screening tests for early detection, but accuracy has not been systematically tested. We sought to evaluate the ability of cuff BP and Doppler gradients, measured at routine outpatient clinic visits, to predict significant arch obstruction in single ventricle patients after the Norwood operation. Design. Consecutive patients who underwent Norwood operation at our institution were identified retrospectively. Cuff and echocardiographic gradients measured prior to the pre-Glenn catheterization were compared to peak-to-peak systolic neoaortic arch gradients obtained at catheterization. Statistical analyses, including Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curves, were performed using different cutpoints for cuff and echocardiographic gradients, evaluating their ability to predict a clinically significant catheter gradient. Results. Data were obtained in 68 patients. Echocardiographic gradient cutpoints were more sensitive but less specific than cuff BP gradient cutpoints at detecting a catheter gradient ≥ 10 mm Hg. Echo gradients ≥ 20 mm Hg showed 85% sensitivity and 95% specificity in detecting a systolic catheter gradient ≥ 10 mm Hg. Conclusion. Echocardiographic Doppler outperforms cuff BP as a sensitive noninvasive screening tool for early detection of significant arch obstruction in infants after the Norwood operation.
MPEG-4 image transmission using MAP source-controlled channel decoding

In this paper, we develop an error resilient variant of the MPEG-4 embedded zerotree wavelet coder, suitable for mobile fading channels. The residual redundancy in the compressed bit stream provides implicit error protection through the use of source-controlled channel decoding; no explicit channel coding is used. We propose two slight modifications to the MPEG-4 coder. The first removes the arithmetic coding in the lowest frequency subband so that hidden Markov model-based MAP estimation of both the source index and the channel state can be easily applied. The change in bit rate is negligible, while performance during severe channel fading conditions can be greatly increased. The second modification adds variable length packetization to the compressed bit stream created from the higher frequency subbands. The individual packets are independently decodable. An optional rearrangement of the bits in each packet allows MAP estimation to be applied to these subbands as well. Simulation results show a significant performance improvement for the overall system.
Nutritional composition of the diet of the gorilla (Gorilla beringei): a comparison between two montane habitats

The mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) lives in two geographically separated populations, Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda and in three national parks spanning the Virunga mountain region in Rwanda, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Uganda. The altitude, climate and plant composition of these habitats differ. Our goal was to compare the diets of gorillas living in each of these habitats. The nutrients in staple foods and in the diets of individuals in a group of gorillas in Bwindi (N = 12 individuals) and a group in the Virungas (N = 7 individuals) were compared to determine if differences in dietary composition affected concentrations of nutrients in their diets. At both sites gorilla diets consisted primarily of herbaceous leaves, but the diet of Bwindi gorillas contained more tree leaves, fruit, pith and dry wood, and fewer stems. Despite differences in habitat and dietary composition, the nutrient concentrations in both gorilla diets were remarkably similar. On a dry matter basis, the diets and staple foods of Bwindi and Virunga gorillas contained similar concentrations of crude protein (CP), fibre (NDF) and non-structural carbohydrates (TNC). Bwindi gorillas ate diets containing 18% CP, 43% NDF and 19% TNC on a dry-matter basis, while the diets of the Virunga gorillas contained 17% CP, 41% NDF and 18% TNC. Our results demonstrate that gorillas consume diets that differ by plant species and part, but contain similar concentrations of nutrients. This suggests that classifying animals by broad dietary strategy (e.g. frugivory and folivory) does not provide a reliable indicator of the nutritional quality of their diet, and that our previous assumptions about these categories should be re-evaluated.
The Aspergillus nidulans musN gene encodes a RecQ helicase that interacts with the PI-3K-related kinase UVSB

In Aspergillus nidulans, the uvsB gene encodes a member of the PI-3K-related kinase family of proteins. We have recently shown that UVSB is required for multiple aspects of the DNA damage response. Since the musN227 mutation is capable of partially suppressing defects caused by uvsB mutations, we sought to understand the mechanism underlying the suppression by cloning the musN gene. Here, we report that musN encodes a RecQ helicase with homology to S. pombe rqh1, S. cerevisiae sgs1, and human BLM and WRN. Phenotypic characterization of musN mutant alleles reveals that MUSN participates in the response to a variety of genotoxic agents. The slow growth and genotoxin sensitivity of a musN null mutant can be partially suppressed by a defect in homologous recombination caused by the uvsC114 mutation. In addition, we present evidence suggesting that MUSN may promote recovery from the DNA damage response. We suggest that a block to recovery caused by the musN227 mutation, coupled with the modest accumulation of recombination intermediates, can suppress defects caused by uvsB mutations. Finally, we report that another RecQ helicase, ORQA, performs a function that partially overlaps that of MUSN.
Gas Phase Studies of Catalytic Processes Involving V m o n Clusters and their Reaction with Alcohols, Alkenes, No x , and Nh 3 Using a Desk-Top Size Soft X-Ray Laser

Reactions of neutral vanadium oxide clusters with (1) methanol, ethanol, (2) alkenes, and (3) NOx and NH3, in a flow tube reactor, are investigated by time of flight mass spectroscopy experiments and density functional theory (DFT). Single photon ionization through using a compact soft x-ray (46.9 nm, 26.5 eV) laser is employed to detect both neutral cluster distributions and reaction products. Results and insights to catalytic processes are presented.
Large-Scale Dynamics of the Meiyu-Baiu Rainband: Environmental Forcing by the Westerly Jet*

Abstract Meiyu-baiu is the major rainy season from central China to Japan brought by a zonally elongated rainband from June to mid-July. Large-scale characteristics and environmental forcing of this important phenomenon are investigated based on a reanalysis dataset. The meiyu-baiu rainband is accompanied by a trough of sea level pressure, horizontal shears, and sharp moisture gradients near the surface, a westerly jet tilted northward with height, and large northeastward moisture transport from the south. The analysis here reveals the westerly jet as an important culprit for meiyu-baiu. Along the rainband, mean ascending motion corresponds well with a band of warm horizontal temperature advection in the midtroposphere throughout summer. This adiabatic induction of upward motion originates from the advection of warm air by the westerlies from the eastern flank of the Tibetan Plateau. The ascending motion both induces convection and is enhanced by the resultant condensational heating. The westerly jet anch...
Prognostic significance of miR-205 in endometrial cancer.

Purpose microRNAs have emerged as key regulators of gene expression, and their altered expression has been associated with tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Thus, microRNAs have potential as both cancer biomarkers and/or potential novel therapeutic targets. Although accumulating evidence suggests the role of aberrant microRNA expression in endometrial carcinogenesis, there are still limited data available about the prognostic significance of microRNAs in endometrial cancer. The goal of this study is to investigate the prognostic value of selected key microRNAs in endometrial cancer by the analysis of archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues.
Calcineurin Is Activated in Rat Hearts With Physiological Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Induced by Voluntary Exercise Training

Background—Calcineurin may play a pivotal role in the signaling of cardiac hypertrophy; since this hypothesis was first put forward, controversial reports have been published using various experimental models. This study was designed to compare the physiological left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) induced by voluntary exercise with LVH induced by aortic constriction and to determine whether calcineurin participates in the signaling of exercise-induced LVH. Methods and Results—Wistar rats were assigned to 1 of the following 5 groups: 10 weeks of voluntary exercise (EX), a sedentary regimen, a 1-week (AC1) or 4-week (AC4) ascending aortic constriction period, or a sham operation. EX rats ran 2.4±0.7 km/day voluntarily in specially manufactured cages; this was associated with an increase of LV diastolic dimension and stroke volume. Myocardial calcineurin activity markedly increased in EX rats (46.4±8.3 versus 18.4±0.5 pmol · min−1 · mg−1 in sedentary rats; P<0.001) and in AC1 rats (44.9±6.7 versus 22.1±3.7 pm...
Effects of temperature variations and light exposure on the time to growth of dermatophytes using six different fungal culture media inoculated with laboratory strains and samples obtained from infected cats.

In this study, 5/6 commercially available fungal culture media were comparable with respect to first growth, first colour change, and first sporulation when inoculated with three strains of Microsporum canis, one strain of Microsporum gypseum, and one strain of Trichophyton species when incubated at either 25°C or 30°C. Five of six plates showed 100% growth at both temperatures. Five of six plates showed 100% growth when inoculated with naturally infective M canis hairs and spores. One commercial product packaged as a self-sealing incubation plate showed growth in only 65.4% of times and the plates were prone to desiccation. M canis inoculated plates were incubated under four different light exposures (24 h of light, 24 h of dark, 12 h light/12 h dark, and room lighting) and no differences in growth or sporulation were noted.
Reflective Argumentation: A Cognitive Function of Arguing

Why do we formulate arguments? Usually, things such as persuading opponents, finding consensus, and justifying knowledge are listed as functions of arguments. But arguments can also be used to stimulate reflection on one’s own reasoning. Since this cognitive function of arguments should be important to improve the quality of people’s arguments and reasoning, for learning processes, for coping with “wicked problems,” and for the resolution of conflicts, it deserves to be studied in its own right. This contribution develops first steps towards a theory of reflective argumentation. It provides a definition of reflective argumentation, justifies its importance, delineates it from other cognitive functions of argumentation in a new classification of argument functions, and it discusses how reflection on one’s own reasoning can be stimulated by arguments.
Using Technology to Unbundle in the Legal Services Community

Unbundling legal services, also termed limited-scope services, a la carte legal services, discrete task representation, or disaggregated legal services, is a form of delivering legal services in which the lawyer breaks down the tasks associated with a legal matter and provides representation to the client only pertaining to a clearly defined portion of the client’s legal needs. The client accepts the responsibility for doing the footwork for the remainder of the legal matter until reaching the desired resolution. Providing unbundled legal services may be considered as one solution to the access to justice problem in our country.The number of unmet legal needs continues to increase in the United States as does the number of self-help individuals. The factors leading to this large unmet need in legal assistance could stem from any number of economic and political circumstances. While the scope of this article cannot address the causes for this lack of access to justice, the article will focus on potential methods of unbundling with technology to provide greater access to legal services for the public regardless of income level or societal status.
Symbiogenesis of Bacteria Within Amoebae

Intracellular symbiosis is a wide-spread and important biological phenomenon in terms of genetic novelty, bringing about genetic changes that may be greater in magnitude than those which may result from mutation, hybridization or ploidy changes [Margulis, 1993; Sato et al., 1994], because symbiosis draws genomes from the entire biosphere [Jeon & Danielii, 1971; Gray, 1992-3; Maynard Smith & Szathmary, 1995]. Bacterial infection and intracellular survival inside eukaryotic cells have been extensively studied, but much remains still unknown about the mechanisms underlying the phenomena [Galan, 1994; Bull & Fogarty, 1995; Jeon, 1995-6; Russell, 1995; Finlay & Cossart, 1997].
Efficient forward second-harmonic generation from planar archimedean nanospirals

The enhanced electric field at plasmonic resonances in nanoscale antennas can lead to efficient harmonic generation, especially when the plasmonic geometry is asymmetric on either inter-particle or intra-particle levels. The planar Archimedean nanospiral offers a unique geometrical asymmetry for second-harmonic generation (SHG) because the SHG results neither from arranging centrosymmetric nanoparticles in asymmetric groupings, nor from noncentrosymmetric nanoparticles that retain a local axis of symmetry. Here we report forward SHG from planar arrays of Archimedean nanospirals using 15 fs pulse from a Ti:sapphire oscillator tuned to 800 nm wavelength. The measured harmonic-generation efficiencies are 2.6•10-9, 8•10-9 and 1.3•10-8 for left-handed circular, linear, and right-handed circular polarizations, respectively.
Heat stability of hemagglutinin of various strains of Newcastle disease virus.

ConclusionThe stability of the hemagglutinin of different Newcastle disease virus strains, when subjected to increased temperatures, has been found to vary over a wide range. The stability of the hemagglutinin of 1 isolate was destroyed at 56°C in a period as short as 5 minutes, and that of another was diminished only after 6 hours exposure. The stability of the hemagglutinin of Newcastle virus is discussed in relation ship to influenza viruses. A relation of heat stability of strains to place and time of isolation is observed.
Laser-Assisted Enterocystoplasty in Rats

AbstractThe employment of laser welds to anastomose bowel to bladder in urological surgery has never been described. Using rats, we compared laser-assisted enterocystoplasty (LAE) with conventional sutured enterocystoplasty (CSE). A “patch” ileocystoplasty was performed using distal ileum. Operative time, intraluminal bursting pressure and histologic changes were evaluated. Operative time was 38% less in the LAE (p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences in bursting pressure between LAE and CSE groups was demonstrated (p = 0.654) in rats sacrificed 2 weeks postoperatively. Histologic findings in the laser-assisted enterocystoplasties included early loose granulation tissue and later organization of the granulation tissue with significant collagen deposition. In our preliminary study, laser welding of bowel within the urinary stream was safe, efficacious and rapid and resulted in a mechanically comparable surgical outcome.
Reversing the oncogenic roles of misdirected chromatin remodeling: Mechanistic insights into the SS18-SSX fusion protein in synovial sarcoma.

10515 Background: Synovial sarcoma (SS) accounts for ~10% of soft-tissue malignancies and is generally resistant to chemotherapy-based approaches, underscoring the need for a mechanistic understand...
The decay of mesoscale vortices

Abstract This paper deals with the nonlinear frictional evolution of a Gulf Stream ring with an initially Gaussian shape. A quasigeostrophic formulation is assumed with the reduced gravity approximation on an f -plane. The method of Swaters is used to find an expression for the evolution of the stream function which is valid for all time. The results are compared with those of a numerical simulation and the two agree well.
More Plain Talk About Testing and Race: A Final Reply to Professor Dan Subotnik

This is my final response to Professor Dan Subotnik in a long running debate we have had on the utility and reliability of standardized testing. Our current discourse ran into a little bit of controversy last summer. The University of Minnesota’s Journal of Law & Inequality accepted a piece that I had written continuing our debate, and also invited Professor Subotnik to write a response to my piece. I looked forward to reading his response, and as I mentioned previously, those reading our opposing pieces can at least make their own fully informed assessment about our positions. Unfortunately, in a stinging slap in the face to free speech, the journal rejected Professor Subotnik’s response and asked me to restate some of my original text. Furthermore, Professor Subotnik could not find another journal to publish his response. Thus, he put his response up on his SSRN author page, and I put my original draft on my SSRN author page, which you can find here: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2678799http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2678799
In vitro measurement of load-sharing in spinal implants

Efficient load-sharing in the spinal column relies on the proper working of the components of the Functional Spinal Unit (FSU). Due to various reasons such as trauma, ageing and diseases, these components or even the entire FSU can get degenerated or injured during a person’s lifetime. Spinal column reconstruction surgerieswere created with the aimto restore the functioning of the diseased or injured spine. Several spinal implants are available today for the surgeon to aid in this process. There are three major categories of these devices: anterior stabilization devices, posterior stabilization devices and motion preservation devices. This review highlights thein vitro researchdone on these devices,over the past five decades, to evaluate their ability to effectively share loads at the operated level of the spinal column. Some conclusions have been drawn based on this research.Dynamic anterior cervical plates are more successful at maintaining load-sharing after graft subsidence and anterior stabilization devices can be used to provide support to posterior stabilization devices during severe anterior column injuries. Motion preservation devices, specifically cervical disc prostheses and facet replacement systems,show great potential in maintaining physiologicalloads in the spinal column. Further clinical investigation of all these implants would help to identify the contributing factors for their success or failure post-surgery. It would also aid in determining the requirements of an ideal spine stabilization device which perfectly mimics the physiological load-sharing properties of the FSU and its components.
Cytotoxic Chemotherapy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

Over the past 10 yr, significant advances have been made with respect to new anticancer agents for metastatic colorectal cancer. These compounds include the topoisomerase I inhibitor irinotecan, the third-generation platinum analog oxaliplatin, and the oral fluoropyrimidine capecitabine, in addition to the mainstay, fluorouracil. The use of these agents is discussed in this chapter.
Comparison of Transtibial Amputations in Diabetic Patients With and Without End-Stage Renal Disease.

Background:The primary purpose of this retrospective study was to report on a consecutive series of 102 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) who underwent transtibial amputation (TTA) for chronic i...
Computational Analysis: A Bridge to Translational Stroke Treatment

Objective rapid quantification of injury using computational methods can improve the assessment of the degree of stroke injury, aid in the selection of patients for early or specific treatments, and monitor the evolution of injury and recovery. In this chapter, we use neonatal ischemia as a case-study of the application of several computational methods that in fact are generic and applicable across the age and disease spectrum. We provide a summary of current computational approaches used for injury detection, including Gaussian mixture models (GMM), Markov random fields (MRFs), normalized graph cut, and K-means clustering. We also describe more recent automated approaches to segment the region(s) of ischemic injury including hierarchical region splitting, support vector machine, a brain symmetry/asymmetry integrated model, and a watershed method that are robust at different developmental stages. We conclude with our assessment of probable future research directions in the field of computational noninvasive stroke analysis such as automated detection of the ischemic core and penumbra, monitoring of implanted neuronal stem cells in the ischemic brain, injury localization specific to different brain anatomical regions, and quantification of stroke evolution, recovery and spatiotemporal interactions between injury volume/severity and treatment. Computational analysis is expected to open a new horizon in current clinical and translational stroke research by exploratory data mining that is not detectable using the standard “methods” of visual assessment of imaging data.
The AKRON-Kalman filter for tracking time-varying networks

We propose the AKRON-Kalman filter for the problem of inferring sparse dynamic networks from a noisy undersampled set of measurements. Unlike the Lasso-Kalman filter, which uses regularization with the l 1 -norm to find an approximate sparse solution, the AKRON-Kalman tracker uses the l 1 approximation to find the location of a “sufficient number” of zero entries that guarantees the existence of the optimal sparsest solution. This sufficient number of zeros can be shown to be exactly equal to the dimension of the kernel of an under-determined system. The AKRON-Kalman tracker then iteratively refines this solution of the l 1 problem by ensuring that the observed reconstruction error does not exceed the measurement noise level. The AKRON solution is sparser, by construction, than the Lasso solution while the Kalman tracking ensures that all past observations are taken into account to estimate the network in any given stage. The AKRON-Kalman tracker is applied to the inference of the time-varying wing-muscle genetic regulatory network of the Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit fly) during the embryonic, larval, pupal and adulthood phases. Unlike all previous approaches, the proposed AKRON-Kalman was able to recover all reportedly known interactions in the Flybase dataset.
Perturbation approaches for integral projection models

Perturbation analysis of population models is fundamental to elucidating mechanisms of population dynamics and examining scenarios of change. The use of integral projection models (IPMs) has increased in the last decade, and while many of the tools and approaches developed for matrix models remain relevant, the nature of IPMs expands the framework of perturbation analysis, with different approaches often requiring important considerations. This article provides a review of – and practical guide to – different perturbation approaches for IPMs, formalizes methodologies for perturbing IPM size transition probabilities, and highlights areas where researchers should be particularly careful and critical when conducting and interpreting perturbation analysis. I use a simulated dataset to compare five hierarchical perturbation approaches for IPMs found within 63 published studies, and apply a combination of approaches to the example of an invasive perennial plant. Other perturbation approaches for IPMs are also highlighted. Most perturbation analyses for IPMs to date have focused on the response of the asymptotic population growth rate (λ) to changes in elements of the discretized projection kernel and/or the growth– survival and reproduction– recruitment sub-kernels. Perturbations to vital rate functions and regression predictions underlying these kernels provide mechanistic insight, but are less common and can require important considerations regarding the perturbation of size transitions separate from survival and the nature of the state variable (used to represent size). The second most common approach is more specific to IPMs and examines the influence of vital rate regression parameters, each of which can have broad influence on the population growth rate. Researchers using IPMs have many perturbation options available and should carefully consider which approach or combination of approaches is most applicable and interpretable for their specific questions.
OS Support for Thread Migration and Distribution in the Fully Heterogeneous Datacenter

The datacenter is becoming fully heterogeneous, integrating multiple OS-capable CPUs of different Instruction Set Architectures in separate machines. These machines present diverse performance and power consumption profiles and we show that significant potential benefits for both metrics can be expected, should these machines be able to cooperate in the processing of datacenter, multi-programmed workloads. We advocate that this cooperation should be enabled at the level of the OS, relieving the programmer from any effort related to the heterogeneity of the managed machines. We propose a distributed OS architecture running on a fully heterogeneous computer cluster, enabling this cooperation through three main components: the abstraction of the entire cluster in a single system image, a distributed shared memory system, and a heterogeneous scheduler.
The Call of Wisdom: Adult Development within Christian Community, Part I: The Crisis of Modern Theories of Post-Formal Development:

Becoming an adult is a distinct, but gradual transition in the development of an individual. A number of theories exist that attempt to describe some important features that distinguish early adult...
Superficial Siderosis Masquerading as Neuromyelitis Optica (P2.335)

Objective: To report a case of superficial siderosis initially thought to be neuromyelitis optica (NMO), and discuss diagnostic differences clinically and radiographically. Background: Superficial siderosis is a rare neurological disorder that typically follows a severe trauma in which hemosiderin is deposited over the subpial layers of the brain and spinal cord. NMO and NMO Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) is a rare autoimmune process that primarily affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. Design/Methods: 59-year-old female presented to clinic with recently diagnosed NMO. History consisted of diplopia beginning two years ago followed by a progressive gait instability. A few month later, she had an episode of cloudy vision in her left eye accompanied by pain with eye movement that improved after a couple weeks. Cervical spine MRI reported a longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. MRI brain reported as unremarkable for T2 hyperintensities. NMO antibodies were negative, however, based on imaging and possible optic neuritis she was diagnosed with NMO. A year later, she developed severe vertigo with nausea was treated with steroids for presumed NMO exacerbation. Further history revealed a severe car accident in 1996 with significant cerebral hemorrhages and a progressive hearing loss, left greater than right, since 2000. Results: Repeat MRI brain and C-spine showed moderate area of encephalomalacia and gliosis in the left parietal and posterior temporal lobe. There were also marked hemosiderin deposits consistent with superficial siderosis throughout the lower cerebral convexities and involving the brainstem, cerebellum and entire cervical cord. The iron deposition in the cervical cord appeared to mimic a longitudinal lesion in the spinal cord. There was no evidence of optic nerve enhancement or T2 hyperintensities in brain or C-spine. Conclusions: The iron deposition of superficial siderosis can cause a false hyperintensity of the spinal cord which can mimic a longitudinally extensive spinal cord lesion. Disclosure: Dr. Belliston has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bertsch has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lynch has received research support from Acorda, Actelion, Artielle, Bayer HealthCare, Biogen, Genentech, Genzyme, MedImmune, National Institutes of Health, National Multiple Sclerosis Society, Novartis, Opexa, and Roche.
Promoting Reasonableness: Science Teachers as Moral Educators

Integrating ethics into science classes requires a kind of critical thinking about values in science that can play a significant role in fostering the reasonableness of students. This chapter will offer several reasons for concluding that this is an appropriate objective of science education in the schools, even at elementary levels. Thus, an effort will be made to make a case for science teachers seeing themselves as moral educators while teaching science. This chapter will feature the work of [the late] environmental chemist Theodore Goldfarb in his efforts to help pre-college science teachers bring ethics into their classes.
Eastern Mediterranean: A New Region? Theoretical Considerations

The purpose of this chapter is to investigate whether Eastern Mediterranean can be conceptually viewed as a distinctive region. The study of regional security presupposes a well-defined region to apply. In the discipline of geography, a region is defined as an area on the earth’s surface marked by certain properties that are homogeneous inside and distinct from outside it. Regional geography, a subfield of geography, studies the specific unique characteristics of regions related to their culture, economy, topography, climate, politics and environmental factors. However, for the purposes of security analysis a region needs to be defined in terms of the security dynamics and interdependencies among states within it and which at the same time make it distinct from outside it.
An empirical relationship between rotational correlation time and solvent accessible surface area.

Structure–dynamics interrelationships are important in understanding protein function. We have explored the empirical relationship between rotational correlation times (τc and the solvent accessible surface areas (SASA) of 75 proteins with known structures. The theoretical correlation between SASA and τc through the equation SASA = Krτc(2/3) is also considered. SASA was determined from the structure, τccalc was determined from diffusion tensor calculations, and τcexpt was determined from NMR backbone13 C or 15N relaxation rate measurements. The theoretical and experimental values of τc correlate with SASA with regression analyses values of Kr as 1696 and 1896 m2s-(2/3), respectively, and with corresponding correlation coefficients of 0.92 and 0.70.