cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enzymic Milk Coagulation: Role of Equations Involving Coagulation Time and Curd Firmness in Describing Coagulation

Abstract Digitized curd firmness data were fitted to an exponential equation by a nonlinear, least squares regression computer program. Solutions were obtained for actual coagulation time, curd firming rate, and theoretical maximum firmness. Actual coagulation time occurred before an increase in firmness was detectable and coincided with the inflection point of apparent absorbance changes of coagulating milk. Only the initial portion of the curve of firmness on time could be fitted to the exponential equation. Beyond this region, experimentally observed curd firmness lagged behind predicted firmness. Apparent absorbance measurements indicated this was from effects of "microsyneresis", the consolidation of casein micelle chains into strands and the concomitant formation of micro-droplets of milk serum between strands of the gel network. Actual coagulation time corresponds to the instant when an extended space network of casein particles is formed. For this network to be formed, aggregating micelle clusters must reach a critical volume subsequent to which any further diffusion results in immediate collision with another cluster. Dilution of milk inhibits attainment of this critical point, and a curd is not formed. Determination of coagulation time visually or rheologically is an estimate of actual time, and close correspondence of coagulation time to actual depends on the methods. In general, visual time is more than actual because a finite amount of rigidity must be produced before coagulation can be detected.
Assessing southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) long-term population trends in the northern Gulf of Mexico using time series analyses

A long-term fisheries independent data set (1975–2008) was used to assess population trends of juvenile and adult southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) along the Texas coast in the northern Gulf of Mexico, USA. The dataset contained a total of 46,784 sites that were sampled with bag seines to monitor small nekton abundance and 22,870 sites that were sampled with gill nets to assess adult fisheries trends. These data were examined for age-specific population trends using generalized least squares and extended with non-parametric bootstrapping to obtain interval estimates of regression parameters (juveniles) and linear regression (adults). These data showed long-term declines in juvenile southern flounder abundance (1.3% per year). For adult southern flounder, rate of decline was much more rapid (2.5% per year). Results suggest that survival of post-juvenile flounder has decreased during the time series. This precipitous decline has prompted increasingly stricter harvest restrictions along the Texas coast. However, these management measures have been insufficient to curb declines.
The child's rights as a medical patient

Abstract As child rights advocates we must concern ourselves with whether the medical care which children receive is administered in such a way that it infringes upon their other rights. The United Nations Declaration of the Rights of the Child gives us a clear perspective of medical care as only one aspect of care which may promote the overall goal of the development of the child as a dignified and worthwhile human being. This paper concerns itself with the rights of children to receive medical care which is administered in ways least likely to be psychologically damaging to them, and emphasizes the need for specially trained staff to help in giving such care. A bill of rights for children in medical care settings which addresses their psychological needs is presented.
Coupled-Physics Modeling of a Lithium-Ion Battery Cylindrical Cell Microstructure

Safety of consumer vehicles is an extremely important consideration for the automotive industry. An emerging market in the automotive industry today is the electric and hybrid-electric vehicle market. As environmental concerns grow, such vehicles will become a necessity for manufacturers to remain within increasingly stringent emissions regulations. A recent problem with the high-voltage lithium-ion batteries used in many of these vehicles is that of thermal runaway following a severe collision. This paper represents our early attempt to look at one aspect of this extensive project — a coupled-physics model of battery cell microstructure. In this case, couple-physics refers only to thermal-structural coupling and the microstructure being studied here is the laminate-level structure. A 2-D finite element model of a lithium-ion cell was therefore developed. This 2-D model of the cell, also called a jellyroll, is a cross-section cut of one cell within a battery pack. Each battery cell is an assembly of alternating thin sheets of functional materials (anode, separator and cathode), which are rolled into a cylindrical shape. The cross-section then takes the form of a layered spiral. The typical cell is made of an aluminum cathode with coating, copper anode with coating, and a non-linear, viscoelastic polymer separator. Once the 2-D jellyroll FE model was created, some initial structural element simulations were run to validate the geometry setup and model integrity. Next, thermal-structural coupled-field simulations were run to investigate stress propagation resulting from thermal loads as well as the same loading cases performed with the structural-only model. Different loading conditions, including uniaxial stress-strain state, hydrostatic pressure test, and thermo-mechanical loading were simulated. The results from the simulations performed in the project set the groundwork of future models involving electrical properties and models of 3-D cells and the full battery pack.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
NEURAL NETWORK FOR CLASSIFYING FLOW IN A TANK

A neural network trained with responses to a step input in concentration for a vessel with various percentages of perfect mixing, short circuiting, and distance-velocity lag classifies accurately flow patterns that the program has not encountered previously. Flow responses digitized at a selected sequence of times were the inputs and the percentages of three modes of flow were the outputs for a commercial program for neural networking. Default values of the program worked quite well for the layout of the network and for the convergence error for training, and tweaking these values had little effect on training time or performance.
Allowing methadone clients control over dosage: A 48-week controlled trial☆

Abstract Two strategies for client self-regulation of dosage in methadone maintenance were examined in a 48-week randomized clinical trial. Subjects assigned to the two experimental conditions (SR-1 and SR-2) were able to regulate their dosage weekly. In addition, SR-2 subjects could earn additional take-home dose privileges by reducing dosage. A total of 85 subjects were randomly assigned to either SR-1 (n = 28), SR-2 (n = 31), or a standard treatment control condition (n = 26). An anomalous trend for female control subjects to lower their dosage was observed, but otherwise dosage trends over time were similar in all treatments. Nevertheless, control subjects showed more illicit opiate use than either self-regulation group. Results confirm that methadone maintenance clients act responsibly when given the ability to regulate their own dosage. The opportunity for an increased number of take-home doses and the convenience of less frequent clinic visits seems not to be an adequate incentive to induce clients to significantly decrease their ongoing maintenance dosage.
A simple and sensitive ELISA to detect immune (γ) interferon induced I-A on a macrophage line

Abstract A convenient and sensitive cell surface ELISA is described to detect immune (γ) interferon induced I-A determinants on a murine macrophage line, P388D 1 . The ELISA is performed on monolayers of P388D 1 cells grown in 96-well culture plates for 2 days in the presence of recombinant γ IFN or supernatants from cultures of antigen-activated T cells. After glutaraldehyde fixation, the cultured cells are overlayered with fetal calf serum to block nonspecific antibody binding during the assay. A double sandwich technique employing a monoclonal anti-I-A d (MKD6) antibody followed by peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse γ chain antibody is then used to detect the presence of I-A on the cell monolayers. Detection of I-A induced by both rγIFN and the supernatant from an antigen-stimulated T cell line was highly reproducible and sensitive using this method. Furthermore, the assay is easily performed and many sample supernatants can be rapidly screened for this activity. The assay is used by this laboratory to detect the antigen-stimulated production of γIFN by T cell clones and hybridomas.
Phonological neighborhoods and phonetic similarity in spoken word recognition

English neighborhood literature has demonstrated that neighborhood density affects the auditory word recognition. However, an unresolved question is exactly how neighborhood density should be calculated. In this paper the definition of a lexical neighborhood is explored in Japanese. Data for the analyses were collected from Japanese neighborhood experiments using the same 700 test words and a lexicon that consisted of only nouns from the NTT psycholinguistic database [Amano and Konodo, 1999]. Three different neighborhood calculations were used to analyze the data. The first calculation was based on Greenberg–Jenkins phoneme substitution, deletion, and insertion rules. The second calculation included prosodic information as another dimension in the neighborhood calculation in order to reflect the finding that prosodic information has a vital role in Japanese word recognition. The third calculation was based on the auditory properties of the words in the lexicon. Neighborhood density was measured by comparing the similarity of cochleagrams of the 66 000 audio files. The results of the analyses demonstrated that phonological similarity within the lexicon seems to be calculated based on higher‐level abstract representations rather than on a lower‐level acoustic‐auditory representation in any of the experiments. The implications from the results to the current word recognition theories will also be discussed. [Work supported by NIH.]
Analysis of tip deflection and force of a bimetallic cantilever microactuator

The authors present a model of the electromechanical performance of bimetallic cantilever microactuators by deriving the relationship between the tip deflection and change in temperature using a simple analytical approach. The model is verified by comparison with finite element analysis and published experimental data. The maximum tip force generated by a bimetallic cantilever beam is calculated by finding the reaction force needed at the tip to prevent cantilever beam deflection.
An expanded domain of fgf3 expression in the hindbrain of zebrafish valentino mutants results in mis-patterning of the otic vesicle

The valentino (val) mutation in zebrafish perturbs hindbrain patterning and, as a secondary consequence, also alters development of the inner ear. We have examined the relationship between these defects and expression of fgf3 and fgf8 in the hindbrain. The otic vesicle in val/val mutants is smaller than normal, yet produces nearly twice the normal number of hair cells, and some hair cells are produced ectopically between the anterior and posterior maculae. Anterior markers pax5 and nkx5.1 are expressed in expanded domains that include the entire otic epithelium juxtaposed to the hindbrain, and the posterior marker zp23 is not expressed. In the mutant hindbrain, expression of fgf8 is normal, whereas the domain of fgf3 expression expands to include rhombomere 4 through rhombomere X (an aberrant segment that forms in lieu of rhombomeres 5 and 6). Depletion of fgf3 by injection of antisense morpholino (fgf3-MO) suppresses the ear patterning defects in val/val embryos: Excess and ectopic hair cells are eliminated, expression of anterior otic markers is reduced or ablated, and zp23 is expressed throughout the medial wall of the otic vesicle. By contrast, disruption of fgf8 does not suppress the val/val phenotype but instead interacts additively, indicating that these genes affect distinct developmental pathways. Thus, the inner ear defects observed in val/val mutants appear to result from ectopic expression of fgf3 in the hindbrain. These data also indicate that val normally represses fgf3 expression in r5 and r6, an interpretation further supported by the effects of misexpressing val in wild-type embryos. This is in sharp contrast to the mouse, in which fgf3 is normally expressed in r5 and r6 because of positive regulation by kreisler, the mouse ortholog of val. Implications for co-evolution of the hindbrain and inner ear are discussed.
Low-income African American women's beliefs regarding exercise during pregnancy

Exercise may decrease the incidence of obesity and obesity related complications during pregnancy including gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. African American women are at higher risk for obesity and physical inactivity during pregnancy when compared to other patient groups. The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe in detail the unique beliefs and perspectives regarding exercise during pregnancy of African American women. A series of 6 focus groups discussions with pregnant African American women were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Focus group transcripts were qualitatively analyzed for major themes and independently coded for beliefs regarding exercise during pregnancy. A total of 34 pregnant, African American women participated in 6 focus group discussions. The majority of women were single (94%), had only a high school education (67%), received Medicaid (100%) and had a mean BMI of 33 kg/m(2). Three major themes emerged regarding our subjects' beliefs about exercise during pregnancy: (1) women had a broad definition of what types of activities constituted exercise, (2) women believed exercise was generally beneficial during pregnancy and (3) women believed certain types of activities or movements could cause problems with pregnancy. African American women overwhelmingly believe that exercise positively impacts pregnancy. A lack of knowledge concerning the benefits of exercise during pregnancy was not found to be a major contributor to inactivity in African American women. However, health care providers should be aware of cultural myths that prevent many African American women from performing certain activities during pregnancy.
Effects of Feed Restriction on the Nucleolar Structure and Function in Lymphocytes

Since malnutrition leads to adverse effects of several drugs on haemopoiesis and blood morphology, we tested if malnutrition itself could affect the nucleolar structure and function in rat lymphocytes. We report changes in the proportion of different nucleolar types that were dependent on the severity of feed restriction. The observed changes resemble those seen with cytostatics suggesting a possible link between feed restriction and haemotoxicity.
Practical analysis of high purity chemicals--V. Precision silver chloride gravimetry.

Abstract A reasonably simple gravimetric silver chloride procedure with fairly wide tolerance in conditions is presented in full detail with all critical steps and precautions delineated. The procedure allows the precision determination of chloride by analysts having limited expertise with exacting gravimetric methods, and can be performed with equipment common to nearly all laboratories and without dependence on a standard substance. The elapsed and actual working times for the assessment of a solid sample in triplicate are 65 and 10–12 hr respectively. The application of the procedure to the assay of some highpurity chloride salts and to the standardization of hydrochloric acid solutions is described.
Tabular asterisks, Paul Meehl, and looking at the data

Abstract Three of Meehl’s major concerns are examined in this summary. They are the problem of null-hypothesis testing as a strategy, the central significance of heterogeneity in human behavior, and the over-dependence on rating scales with their inherent lack of precision.
Scanning electron microscopic study of the otolithic organs in the bichir (polypterus bichir) and shovel‐nose sturgeon (scaphirhynchus platorynchus)

The anatomy and ultrastructure of the sacculus, lagena, and utriculus of the ear of Polypterus bichir and Scaphirhynchus platorynchus were studied using the scanning electron microscope. The otolithic organs each contain a single dense calcareous otolith in close contact with a sensory epithelium (macula). The maculae have sensory hair cells typical of those found in other vertebrates, surrounded by microvilli-covered supporting cells. The hair cells on each macula are divided into several groups, with all of the cells in each group morphologically polarized in the same direction. The cells of the utricular macula in both species are divided into opposing groups in a pattern similar to that found in other vertebrates. The saccular and lagenar maculae are located in a single large chamber in both species. In Scaphirhychus the two maculae are on the same plane, while in Polypterus they are at right angles to one another. The hair cells on the saccular maculae of both species are divided into two oppositely oriented groups. In Scaphirhynchus the cells on the posterior half of the macula are oriented dorsally on the dorsal half of the macula and ventrally on the ventral half. The anterior region of the macula is rotated and the cells of the dorsal and ventral groups are shifted so that they are oriented on the animal's horizon plane. A similar pattern is found in Polypterus, except that this macula is shaped like a "J" with the vertical portion of the J having horizontal cells and the bottom portion vertical cells. The lagenar maculae in both species have dorsally oriented cells on the anterior side of the macula and ventrally oriented cells on the posterior half of the macula. While these data are not sufficient for clarifying the taxonomic relationship between the two species studied, it is clear that the ears in these species have a number of significant differences from the teleost ear that could have functional and/or taxonomic significance.
Multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have intrinsic advantages over other nanoparticles for various biomedical applications. These advantages include visualization, heating, and movement properties. There are now numerous efforts underway to expand the applications of these particles for non-invasive magnetic targeting/localization, drug/adjuvant delivery and release, cellular imaging and cellular therapies. In order to move these applications forward it is necessary to define new assays and methods to visualize, move and heat these particles and define their interactions with cellular systems. Our studies of the movement and heating of these nanoparticles in solutions and gels suggest a strong response of these properties to the size and coating of the particles, the suspending medium and the field parameters. Additionally, cellular association is a strong function of the coating and concentration of the nanoparticles and the time of incubation. X-ray computed tomography (CT) can be used to image at least two orders of concentration (1-40 mg Fe/ml) higher than that by 1.5 T Magnetic Resonance (MR) (0.01-0.4 mg Fe/ml) and could prove to be useful for image-guided treatments in vivo.
Multidisciplinary management of childhood brain tumors: a review of outcomes, recent advances, and challenges.

Object Brain tumors are the most common category of childhood solid tumors. In the 1970s and 1980s, treatment protocols for benign tumors focused almost exclusively on surgery, with radiation treatment as a salvage modality, whereas the management of malignant tumors employed a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, with therapeutic approaches such as “8-in-1” chemotherapy often applied across histological tumor subsets that are now recognized to be prognostically distinct. During the ensuing years, treatment has become increasingly refined, based on clinical and, more recently, molecular factors, which have supported risk-adapted treatment stratification. The goal of this report is to provide an overview of recent progress in the field. Methods A review of the literature was undertaken to examine recent advances in the management of the most common childhood brain tumor subsets, and in particular to identify instances in which molecular categorization and treatment stratification of...
COOPERATIVITY MUTANTS OF BACTERIOPHAGE LAMBDA CI REPRESSOR : TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF SELF-ASSEMBLY

Analytical ultracentrifugation was used to study higher order self-assembly of λ cI repressors, including eight mutants whose monomer to dimer reactions were recently characterized [Burz et al. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 8399]. Six of the mutants were found to remain dimeric up to 50 μM total protein; the remaining mutants (EK102 and PT158) were found to undergo higher order oligomerization, as does wild-type cI. For these three repressors, we determined the stoichiometries and energetics of higher order assembly over the temperature range 5−40 °C. Weak dimerization exhibited by two other mutants, SN228 and SR228, was also evaluated by sedimentation equilibrium over this same temperature range. The end-state for higher order assembly of wild-type cI was determined to be octameric, in agreement with Senear et al. [(1993) Biochemistry 32, 6179−6189]. The assembly free energies resolved by the sedimentation analysis program NONLIN [Johnson, M. L., et al. (1981) Biophys. J. 36, 575−588] leads to the prediction t...
The use of the Personal Home Page by adults with Down's syndrome as a tool for managing identity and friendship

There has been considerable debate regarding whether people with a learning disability should be encouraged to develop friendships with disabled or nondisabled people and what influence this might have on their sense of identity. It is also increasingly recognized that the Personal Home Page is a useful tool for making contact with potential friends and for managing identity. This paper explores the extent to which people with Down's syndrome are using Personal Home Pages to make and maintain friendships and, thus, say something about the self-image they wish to portray. The Personal Home Pages of five Internet Service Providers were sampled and 16 Personal Home Pages of adults with Down's syndrome were found that referred in some way to friendships. A thematic analysis of these pages indicated that the authors could be attempting to present an image of themselves as someone who is capable of having friends. Analysis of the guest-book messages also revealed that the readers of the Home Pages were responding to these attempts at initiating a relationship. Further work needs to be done to develop the sampling methodology in order to enable further exploration of what influences the publication of these Home Pages.
Cosmos Crumbling: American Reform and the Religious Imagination

PROLOGUE: ULTRAISTS, SEEKERS, AND THE SOLDIERY OF DISSENT PART I: FOUNDATIONS OF THE REFORM COSMOLOGY 1: Benjamin Rush and Revolutionary Christian Reform 2: Lyman Beecher and the Cosmic Theater 3: War in the West: The Radical Revival PART II: EVANGELICAL REFORM 4: The Temperance Reformation 5: Sabbatarianism and Manual Labor PART III: RADICAL TRANSFORMATION 6. William Lloyd Garrison and the Birth of Abolitionism 7. The Body Reforms 8. The Woman Question 9. Woman's Rights and Schism NOTES INDEX
Measurement of minority carrier lifetime in n-type MBE HgCdTe and its dependence on annealing

Results are presented for minority carrier lifetime in n-type molecular beam epitaxy Hg1−xCdxTe with x ranging from 0.2 to 0.6. It was found that the lifetime was unintentionally degraded by post-growth annealing under Hg saturated conditions in a H2 atmosphere that was both time and temperature dependent. This effect was minimal or non-existent for x∼0.2 material, but very strong for x ≥ 0.3. Hydrogen was identified as responsible for this degradation. Identical annealing in a He atmosphere avoids this degradation and results in neartheoretical lifetime values for carrier concentrations as low 1 × 1015 cm−3 in ≥0.3 material. Modeling was carried out for x∼0.2 and x∼0.4 material that shows the extent to which lifetime is reduced by Shockley-Real-Hall recombination for carrier concentrations below 1 × 1015 cm−3, as well as for layers annealed in H2. It appears that annealing in H2 results in a deep recombination center in wider bandgap HgCdTe that lowers the lifetime without affecting the majority carrier concentration and mobility.
EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS IN CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS SABAEUS (THE GREEN AFRICAN MONKEY) BY ORAL AND OTHER ROUTES

The green African monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus, has been infected with experimental poliomyelitis after feeding artificially contaminated food. This species is also highly susceptible to intracerebral, intranasal, and intraabdominal inoculations. In one experiment with a human stool from a case of poliomyelitis, Cercopithecus was more susceptible to intranasal and to intraabdominal inoculation than Macaca mulatta.
Flow cytometric DNA analysis of stage I endometrial carcinoma

Abstract Flow cytometric DNA analysis was performed on 203 paraffinembedded archival specimens obtained from patients with surgical stage I endometrial carcinoma. Primary therapy for those patients (1979–1983) had been definitive extirpation with adjuvant therapy determined by histologic grade, histologic subtype, myometrial invasion, and peritoneal cytologic findings. Diploid DNA patterns were identified in 171 (84%) specimens and nondiploid characteristics were observed in the remaining 32 (25 DNA aneuploid, 7 DNA tetraploid). Although DNA nondiploid specimen accounted for only 16% of all stage I patients, they accounted for 50% of all relapses. Regardless of treatment or other pathologic features, progression-free 5-year Kaplan-Meier survival estimates were 92 and 63% for patients with DNA diploid and DNA nondiploid patterns, respectively ( P P
The effects of exchange-rate volatility on commodity trade between the U.S. and Brazil

Abstract As Brazil continues its emergence as a major world economy, it has enjoyed both increased trade and capital inflow-fueled currency appreciations. But while it is often thought that exchange-rate volatility hurts trade, the economic literature has found that this is not always true. This study examines bilateral export and import flows between the United States and Brazil from 1971 to 2010, using cointegration analysis to estimate the effects of this risk. This study arrives at three main conclusions. First, while the majority of industries are not affected by volatility in the long run, an unexpectedly large share of those that are affected responds positively to increased risk. Second, sensitivity to risk differs markedly by industry sector: Brazilian exports of agricultural products are particularly harmed, while U.S. machinery imports are not impacted at all. Finally, products with small trade shares more likely to respond to increased uncertainty than are major exporters.
Io's Sodium Cloud

The first two-dimensional images of the source region of Io's neutral sodium cloud have been acquired by ground-based observation. Observed asymmetries in its spatial brightness distribution provide new evidence that the cloud is supplied by sodium that is ejected nonisotropically from Io or its atmosphere. Complementary, high-time-resolution, calibrated image sequences that give the first comprehensive picture of the variations of the fainter regions of the cloud extending more than 100,000 kilometers from Io were also obtained. These data demonstrate that the cloud exhibits a persistent systematic behavior coupled with Io's orbital position, a distinct 'east-west orbital asymmetry', a variety of spatial morphologies, and true temporal changes. The geometric stability of the sodium source is also indicated. Isolation of the cloud's temporal changes constitutes an important milestone toward its utilization as a long-term probe of Io and the inner Jovian magnetosphere.
Views of Children in Health Policy Formation: Opinions of Children Can Make an Impact

Abstract Opinions of children have become increasingly important in U.S. culture. It is no longer “children are to be seen and not heard.” The voice of children has not only been heard, but responded to in recent events. Children are blocking the passage to abortion clinics or holding placards expressing freedom of choice in the abortion issue, often under the direction of an adult. The New York Times reported that of 73 antiabortion protesters arrested for blocking passage to a Milwaukee women's clinic, 47 were children (“More Arrests,” 1992). Some write letters to United States and Russian leaders seeking peace instead of nuclear war (Daniloff, 1983). Views of children, when appropriately directed, can become a positive force in health policy formation.
IN-VITRO DEMONSTRATION OF THYMIC HORMONE IN THE MOUSE BY CONVERSION OF PRECURSOR CELLS INTO LYMPHOCYTES

Abstract In mice, a partially purified product of the thymus specifically induces precursor cells to differentiate into T lymphocytes. It is demonstrable in vitro by its ability to induce the development of cells bearing the characteristic T-lymphocyte surface antigens TL, Thy-1, and Ly from populations of spleen or bone-marrow cells. This simple assay should greatly facilitate investigation of the thymic " hormone " or " inducer ". Similar studies are feasible in man and may be relevant to the treatment of immunological deficiencies. Also, the induction of T-lymphocyte differentiation in vitro by a definable product of the thymus offers an unequalled model for studying genetic-control systems in mammalian cells, since it involves activation of genes at four known loci (linkage groups II, IX, XI, and XII) whose products are antigenically defined components of the T-lymphocyte surface.
Diffusion in a finite system with a moving boundary

Abstract Important characteristics of many oxidation reactions are associated with the infusion of oxygen into the metal in advance of the oxide-metal interface. The calculation of the resulting oxygen profiles generally involves the solution to the diffusion equation for a finite system with a moving boundary. While it was possible to obtain at least approximate analytical solutions in this case for the simplest initial and boundary conditions, it is apparent that these solutions are not easily applicable to many reactions of interest. In this paper, we will present the approximate analytical solutions to the finite-geometry moving-boundary problem, and compare results from these solutions with those obtained by a finite-difference method based on a simple model of the system. The excellent agreement in the computed profiles for the isothermal parabolic reactions is regarded as encouraging evidence that both methods are reasonably accurate and further suggests that the latter method would be an especially useful approach in examining diffusion behavior under more complicated conditions.
The abundance of gaseous H$_{\mathsf 2}$O and O$_{\mathsf 2}$ in cores of dense interstellar clouds

We have used chemical models that include both gas-phase and grain-surface processes to try to understand the low water and molecular oxygen abundances inferred from SWAS observations towards dense molecular clouds. The models represent an improvement over pure gas-phase chemistries in that they are more realistic, and they are largely successful at reproducing the low O2 abundances. For cold clouds, such as TMC-1 and L134N, the limits on the H2O abundance are met by the models only after relatively long periods of accretion (10 6 -10 7 yr), but we show that ground-based observations of these clouds do not necessarily contradict these ages, especially for L134N. If the upper limits on the H2O abundance were to be revised downwards, however, or if water were to be observed in the cold clouds at the same level as in some star-forming regions, then even heavier depletions would be required. For this reason, the low H2O abundance observed by SWAS in ρOph cannot be reproduced by the models without calculating unphysically low abundances of CO.
Empowering middle managers in public education

Reports on two sets of perceptions which public school principals have about empowerment. One set involves the recent expansion of responsibilities delegated to principals by their superiors in the school district office as well as the empowering by the principals of their teachers of some of these responsibilities. The other set of perceptions focusses on the introduction of input by principals as evaluatees to their evaluation by their superiors in the school district office. Offers conceptual guidelines about empowerment as guides for these studies and introduces these first. Ends with selected implications of these studies for practice.
Ultra-small scale-free geometric networks

We consider a family of long-range percolation models (G p ) p>0 on ℤ d that allow dependence between edges and have the following connectivity properties for p ∈ (1/d, ∞): (i) the degree distribution of vertices in G p has a power-law distribution; (ii) the graph distance between points x and y is bounded by a multiple of log pd log pd | x - y | with probability 1 - o(1); and (iii) an adversary can delete a relatively small number of nodes from G p (ℤ d ∩ [0, n] d ), resulting in two large, disconnected subgraphs.
Upper and lower values of differential games

Here y and z are players; they choose control functions y(t), s(t) that are measurable functions with values in given compact sets Y and 2, respectively, of some euclidean spaces. A more natural definition of upper and lower values, v+ and V-, was later given in Friedman [7]; it generalizes a previous approach of Varaiya and Lin 1141. In all the above cited papers the authors prove under some conditions that the upper value is equal to the lower value; this common number is then called the value of the game. To state some of these results we introduce some conditions: (B,) f(t, x, y, z) is continuous in [to, Z’] x Rm x Y x 2 and
Ion bombardment induced cone formation on glassy carbon and graphite surfaces

Abstract Surfaces of various types of carbon were bombarded with 750 eV argon ions at low pressures to a total ion dosage of about 1020 ions/cm2. This dosage was sufficient to produce distinctive conical protrusions at the surfaces of all samples. The study shows that sputtering is an effective way to roughen carbon surfaces.
Accurate ab initio structure, dissociation energy, and vibrational spectroscopy of the F(-)-CH4 anion complex.

Accurate equilibrium structure, dissociation energy, global potential energy surface (PES), dipole moment surface (DMS), and the infrared vibrational spectrum in the 0−3000 cm−1 range of the F−−CH4 anion complex have been obtained. The equilibrium electronic structure calculations employed second-order Moller−Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) and coupled-cluster (CC) method up to single, double, triple, and perturbative quadruple excitations using the aug-cc-p(C)VXZ [X = 2(D), 3(T), 4(Q), and 5] correlation-consistent basis sets. The best equilibrium geometry has been obtained at the all-electron CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pCVQZ level of theory. The dissociation energy has been determined based on basis set extrapolation techniques within the focal-point analysis (FPA) approach considering (a) electron correlation beyond the all-electron CCSD(T) level, (b) relativistic effects, (c) diagonal Born−Oppenheimer corrections (DBOC), and (d) variationally computed zero-point vibrational energies. The final De and D0 values ...
Looking back, looking around, looking forward: The impact of intelligence theories on gifted education

(2001). Looking back, looking around, looking forward: The impact of intelligence theories on gifted education. Roeper Review: Vol. 23, Intelligence Theories on Gifted Education, pp. 124-125.
Presidential Rhetoric, Candidate Evaluations, and Party Identification Can Parties “Own” Values?

By embedding value cues in their rhetoric, presidential candidates hope to present themselves and their parties as stewards of those values. This article examines the effects of this rhetoric by testing two hypotheses. The first hypothesis is that this rhetoric educates the public about the values of the candidates and their parties. The second suggests that this rhetoric primes existing perceptions of party “ownership” of values. The author’s findings suggest that candidates are successful at using value rhetoric to modify public perceptions of their values as individuals. However, this rhetoric does not affect perceptions of party labels and individual candidates identically.
Digoxin toxicity: pediatric survival after asystolic arrest.

We report the first case of a child with known cardiac disease who presented in full cardiac arrest secondary to digoxin poisoning and was successfully resuscitated. A 12-week-old female presented 1-week status post surgical repair of a congenital heart anomaly in asystolic cardiac arrest. The patient was successfully resuscitated with standard Advanced Pediatric Life Support. A toxic digoxin level returned, Digoxin-specific antibody fragments (Digibind®, Fab) were administered, and all signs and symptoms of toxicity resolved. The patient was discharged 6 days after presentation with full neurological recovery.
THE EVOLUTION OF MATING SYSTEMS IN TEMPERATE ZONE DRAGONFLIES (ODONATA: ANISOPTERA). II. LIBELLULA LUCTUOSA (BURMEISTER).

The behavioral ecology of Libellula luctuosa (Burmeister) (Odonata: Anisoptera) was studied at several ponds in northern New York State, U.S.A. The male Libellula maintained territories which were slightly overlapping on each pond. As many as six males utilized each territorial sector of the pond concurrently. Conspecifics showing submissive behavior were allowed on the mating site, and all males on the territory recognized and maintained the boundaries. These communal sites were primarily mating/ovipositing areas. Aggressive interactions among co-occurring males resulted in the establishment of a dominance hierarchy on each territory. The dominance hierarchy increased the reproductive efficiency of the dominant male probably by reducing interference with mating. Subordinate males occasionally mated. The relative advantage of dominance in mating attempts is quantified. The average number of males at the pond changed little during the day and males did not localize their behavior to specific parts of the pond. An individual male returned to the pond an average of 5 different days. While at the water, males either flew over a territory or perched adjacent to the pond. Individuals frequently left the pond and returned during the day. The amount of time spent in each activity depended on the time of day and number of conspecific competitors. Site attachment was low and males commonly flew to different territorial sectors. The dominance status of individual males often changed quite rapidly, especially when changing sectors or upon returning to the pond. Female Libellula occurred at low average daily density and showed no preference for specific areas of the pond or for certain times of day. Time budgets and analyses of mating behavior of Libellula luctuosa are considered with regard to the males' response to the availability and predictability of females and mating/ ovipositing sites. The behavioral patterns are analyzed with reference to a time-energymaturational-experiential hypothesis for the evolution of the behavior. Extensive comparisons are made between Libellula luctuosa (Burmeister) and Plathemis lydia (Drury).
Macroscopic findings in lymphocytic colitis.

A57-year-old man with intermittent watery diarrhea for 6 weeks presented for colonoscopy. He denied any symptoms of blood or mucous in the stools, tenesmus, or severe abdominal pain. There was no weight loss, nausea, vomiting, or loss of appetite. Symptoms were stable for the last 6 weeks. Patient was hemodynamically stable without any evidence of dehydration or orthostasis. Abdominal examination was unremarkable with soft, nontender abdomen without any organomegaly. Prior evaluation was negative for stool Clostridium difficile, ova, and parasites. Colonoscopy was performed, which showed extensive linear “furrowed” mucosal pattern (Figure A), unassociated with trauma, extending from transverse colon to the rectum. The changes were more prominent in the distal colon and the rectum with elaborate mosaic pattern seen in the rectum (Figures B and C). Multiple random biopsies were taken with histology confirming lymphocytic colitis (Figure D). Patient was treated conservatively with resolution of symptoms. Lymphocytic colitis is a type of microscopic colitis characterized by watery diarrhea and increased subepithelial lymphocytes on colon biopsies. Typically, it is associated with a normal endoscopic appearance. Recently, case reports have described evidence of macroscopic abnormalities in patients with microscopic colitis, with most cases being collagenous colitis. To our knowledge, this is the first case describing a “furrowed” and “mosaic” mucosal pattern that may be seen in patients with lymphocytic colitis. Lymphocytic colitis may not be all that microscopic after all!
Digital gallium arsenide circuit approaches for associative memory applications

As associative memories begin playing an Increasingly Important role In the desIgn of hIgh-performance systems novel circuit desIgn and chip architecture approaches for these devices become crucial. Currently designed exclusively in silicon associative memory circuits have recently been introduced as commercial parts. While not as mature as silicon gallium arsenide (GaAs) may hold a key for providing several advantages over silicon in associative memory performance. This paper will address the technical issues surrounding the application of GaAs in the design of associative memory circuits. Several current silicon applications of associative memory will be described. An overview of some of the most recent circuit developments will be included along with a description of some of the prominent features of available associative memories. GaAs will then be introduced as a technology which holds certain key advantages over silicon. These features stand to dramatically improve the speed and processing capability of logic which is found in most associative memory. A novel GaAs associative memory test circuit under development will be discussed and the overall theme that a GaAs associative memory may provide an important role In future highperformance systems will be presented. 1 .© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
APPROPRIATING THE PAST: TWENTIETH-CENTURY RECONSTRUCTION OF PRE-MODERN ISLAMIC THOUGHT

This essay examines the writings of the famous twentieth-century salafī , Rashīd Ridā, in which he discussed and reconstructed the views of Shawkānī, one of the leading thinkers of the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-centuries, on the subject of legal analogy ( qiyās ). Shawkānī had opposed the introduction of new laws through qiyās on the grounds that it arrogates to humans a right to legislate which is reserved to God. Ridā, however, mistakenly implied that Shawkānī had advocated a separation between ' ibādāt and mu'āmalāt , allowing the use of qiyās in the latter case. I argue that Ridā's reconstruction of Shawkānī was driven by his desire to find Islamic models that corresponded to the European institutions of the nation state: in an age in which the powers of the nation state were increasing dramatically, a jurisdiction that covered "all aspects of life" would have seemed more appropriate to Ridā than a legal code which does not purport to exhaust all aspects of this life.
Intravenous drug delivery systems: Toward an intravenous "vaporizer"

Anesthesiologists now routinely use a variety of sophisticated devices for the delivery of intravenous (Iv) drugs. The gravity driven infusion systems in widespread use just a few years ago are primitive compared with the convenience, accuracy, and precision provided by today’s infusion pumps. However, while modern infusion systems are remarkable advanced, they still fall short of the convenience and theoretical appeal associated with the delivery of inhaled anesthetics by a drug-specific vaporizer. Emulation of the clinical convenience and pharmacokinetic-dynamic exactness provided by vaporizers is perhaps the ultimate goal in the development of infusion devices for lV anesthetics. The aim of this review is to summarize briefly the history of IV drug delivery devices, contrast IV versus inhaled anesthetic delivery systems, develop the concept of the computer-controlled infusion pump as an “intravenous vaporizer,” survey the current state of the art in computer-controlled drug delivery, and forecast areas of future advancement.
Millimeter-Wave Dielectric Properties Of Infrared Window Materials

The millimeter-wave dielectric properties of a series of IR window materials were determined over the temperature range 23-1000°C. Materials studied included Al 2 0 3 , ZnS, ZnSe, aluminum oxynitride (ALON), and magnesium-spinel (MgAl 2 0 4 ). These materials all exhibited fairly high millimeter-wave dielectric constants (e' = 8-10), but with essen-tially negligible room-temperature losses for most applications. However, both the dielectric constant and loss tangent increase significantly with increasing temperatures. The increases in dielectric constant with temperature can be analyzed in terms of a macroscopic dielectric virial expansion model, and are primarily due to the effective increase in volume for each polarizable unit of the material. Consequently, a strategy to overcome this degradation would be to search for new materials or composite structures with low thermal expansion coefficients. The observed millimeter-wave loss properties are characteristic of contributions from intergranular impurities and show an onset of increased absorption at ca. 500°C. However, even at 1000°C, typical loss tangents are still below 0.05, and should be acceptable in most millimeter-wave window applications for reasonable thicknesses (/ < X).
Photoinduced Carbon Monoxide Migration in a Synthetic Heme−Copper Complex

Time-resolved infrared (TRIR) flash photolytic techniques have been employed to initiate and observe the efficient dissociation of CO from a synthetic heme-CO/copper complex, [((6)L)Fe(II)(CO)..Cu(I)](+) (2), in CH(3)CN and acetone at room temperature. In CH(3)CN, a significant fraction of the photodissociated CO molecules transiently bind to copper (nu(CO)(Cu) = 2091 cm(-)(1)) giving [((6)L)Fe(II)..Cu(I)(CO)](+) (4), with an observed rate constant, k(1) = 1.5 x 10(5) s(-)(1). That is followed by a slower direct transfer of CO from the copper moiety back to the heme (nu(CO)(Fe) = 1975 cm(-)(1)) with k(2) = 1600 s(-)(1). Additional transient absorption (TA) UV-vis spectroscopic experiments have been performed monitoring the CO-transfer reaction by following the Soret band. Eyring analysis of the temperature-dependent data yields DeltaH(double dagger) = 43.9 kJ mol(-)(1) for the 4-to-2 transformation, similar to that for CO dissociation from [Cu(I)(tmpa)(CO)](+) in CH(3)CN (DeltaH(double dagger) = 43.6 kJ mol(-)(1)), suggesting CO dissociation from copper regulates the binding of small molecules to the heme within [((6)L)Fe(II)..Cu(I)](+)(3). Our observations are analagous to those observed for the heme(a3)/Cu(B) active site of cytochrome c oxidase, where photodissociated CO from the heme(a3) site immediately (ps) transfers to Cu(B) followed by millisecond transfer back to the heme.