cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phenformin activates the unfolded protein response in an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent manner.

Activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) is associated with the disruption of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many human metabolic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, the nature of the signals activating UPR under these conditions remains largely unknown. Using a method that we recently optimized to directly measure UPR sensor activation, we screened the effect of various metabolic drugs on UPR activation and show that the anti-diabetic drug phenformin activates UPR sensors IRE1α and pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) in both an ER-dependent and ER-independent manner. Mechanistically, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation is required but not sufficient to initiate phenformin-mediated IRE1α and PERK activation, suggesting the involvement of additional factor(s). Interestingly, activation of the IRE1α (but not PERK) pathway is partially responsible for the cytotoxic effect of phenformin. Together, our data show the existence of a non-canonical UPR whose activation requires the cytosolic kinase AMPK, adding another layer of complexity to UPR activation upon metabolic stress.
The Effectiveness of Color-Coded Cues in Remediating Reversals

This paper explores the effectiveness of the color-coding technique in remediating the reversals of p, b, and d for children with reversal problems. In this particular experiment, using color-coded letters as cues in words was less effective than simply practicing the same words without color-coded cues. The difference was not significant. The paper further explores the usefulness of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) in determining which children will benefit most from the use of color-coding cues. Experimental students who had a higher Performance than Verbal score on the WISC showed for more significant improvement in eliminating reversals when color coding was used. When no such cues were used, the opposite was true. Students with higher Verbal than Performance scores improved much more. In both cases the significance level was p<.005.
Operator interaction, for time-delayed teleoperation, with a behavior-based controller

In many teleoperation applications including undersea and shallow space operations, communication time delay limits the applicability of force reflecting master-slave devices. We instead employ teleprogramming, a supervisory control approach to remote manipulation. A behavior-based controller, constructed under the principles of the subsumption architecture, fulfils the need for semi-autonomy at the remote site prescribed by supervisory control. In this paper we present an interface allowing operator interaction with the behavior-based controller. The use of a behavior-based controller provides a rich means of presenting diagnostic and kinesthetic state information to the operator when used with diagnostic interfaces previously developed. We demonstrate the supervisory control system on a GRASP Laboratory mock-up of a slicing task performed during a satellite repair operation where a robot held knife cuts securing tape along seams of panels of a thermal protection blanket. >
A new measure of children's optimism and pessimism: the youth life orientation test.

Background: Optimism and pessimism are positive and negative expectations linked with well-being in adults. Research on the importance of optimism and pessimism in children is limited by the lack of a developmentally appropriate measure of children's expectations. Method: Based upon the Life Orientation Test-Revised (Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994), the Youth Life Orientation Test (YLOT) is a sixteen-item self-report measure of children's optimism and pessimism. Results: Reliability and validity of the YLOT was found with 204 3rd–6th graders. Optimism also predicted fewer child-reported depressive symptoms and parent-reported behavior problems assessed three months later. Pessimism predicted more child-reported anxiety symptoms and parent-reported social and academic deficits.
A direct method of constructing H/sub 2/ suboptimal controllers-discrete-time systems

For discrete-time systems, an H/sub 2/ suboptimal control problem is defined and analyzed. An algorithm called 'H/sub 2/ suboptimal state feedback gain sequence' (H/sub 2/ SOSFGS) algorithm is developed. The H/sub 2/ SOSFGS algorithm utilizes a direct eigenvalues assignment method to come up with a sequence of H/sub 2/ suboptimal state feedback gains. Next, attention is focused on constructing a sequence of H/sub 2/ suboptimal estimator based measurement feedback controllers. Three different estimator structures-prediction, current and reduced order estimators-are considered. For a given H/sub 2/ suboptimal state feedback gain, a sequence of estimator gains for any of the three considered estimators can be constructed by dualizing the H/sub 2/ SOSFGS algorithm. This paper is the discrete-time version of the H/sub 2/ suboptimal controller given by Lin et al.
A Bug in the System for Artificial Sweeteners

A quick trip to the local supermarket reveals the pervasive access to sugar-free products in every aisle. These reduced-calorie foods and beverages, which contain noncaloric artificial sweeteners (NASs) such as saccharin and aspartame, are widely used by individuals who are trying lose weight or are suffering from metabolic syndrome. But some studies have demonstrated an association between NAS consumption and increased risk of weight gain and type II diabetes. Now, Suez et. al. report that consumption of commonly used NASs drive the development of glucose intolerance in an unsuspected manner—by altering the gut microbiome. The investigators fed mice with common NAS formulations (saccharin, aspartame, or sucralose) versus glucose at doses within the range of intake allowed for humans by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Lean mice that consumed NASs developed marked glucose intolerance compared with glucose-consuming mice, an effect that was also observed in mice on a high-fat diet. Intriguingly, NAS-induced glucose intolerance was abrogated when mice were treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, suggesting that the host microbial flora was required for this pathology. Fecal or microbial transplantation experiments demonstrated that transfer of microbiota exposed to NASs was sufficient to cause glucose intolerance in normal chow–consuming, germ-free mice. Genomic and metabolomic profiling revealed that NAS consumption caused distinct functional alterations in the gut microbiome of mice, including alterations in glycan degradatory pathways. In an attempt to translate their findings, the authors conducted a retrospective analysis of 381 nondiabetic human subjects and discovered that long-term NAS consumption was independently associated with several biomarkers of metabolic syndrome. In fact, 1 week of NAS consumption by healthy human volunteers was associated with glucose intolerance and dysbiosis of gut microbiota in a subset of individuals. This study reveals that ingestion of certain NAS formulations can cause glucose intolerance via functionally altering the gut microbiome, prompting further study of the metabolic effects of these food additives. Future research to define the precise molecular effectors of this complex pathobiology may elucidate new disease mechanisms and provide previously unrecognized therapeutic opportunities for metabolic syndrome. J. Suez et al ., Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota. Nature 10.1038/nature13793 (2014). [[Full text]][1] [1]: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature13793.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20140918
On the analysis of risk-sensitive foraging: a comment on Codding et al.

Codding et al . [[1][1]] report that the resources pursued by Ache men involve higher energy but lower variance than the resources pursued by women. This seemingly anomalous result probably stems from a misconception about the appropriate scale for their analysis and a misunderstanding of the multi
Savings Incentives and Prices: A Study of the 529 College Savings Plan Market

This Version: June 2010AbstractAlthough 529 College Savings Plans have existed for over a decade, there has been limitedscholarly attention on this investment vehicle. I analyze the market for 529 plans using a planlevel panel data set covering the years 2002 - 2006. I ﬂnd evidence of limited market competitionand a positive relationship between state tax rates and 529 plan fees. A $100 increase in potentialwage beneﬂt from investing in a 529 plan is associated with a 3-6 basis point increase in fees fordirect sold 529 College Savings Plans. This suggests that government policies designed to makecollege more aﬁordable could enable investment ﬂrms to charge excess fees. (JEL: G10, G11,H24, I22)
An integrated framework for Model-based Design and Verification of discrete automation solutions

The design process of advanced control solutions has become more and more challenging due to the increasing complexity of current automation systems. In such a context, structured design approaches based on formal reference models as well as reliable verification processes have to be adopted. In addition, in last years Model-based Design methods are being extensively adopted thanks to their capability to deal with the whole control system development process through model abstraction and independence from specific programming languages. The present paper proposes an integrated framework for Model-based Design and Verification of complex automation solutions based on innovative methods and tools. Furthermore an application example, regarding the development of the control solution for an automatic warehouse system, is addressed to highlight the benefits of the proposed framework.
A lumped parameter element for the analysis of hyperbolic paraboloid shells

This paper presents the derivation of the stiffness matrix for a lumped parameter hyperbolic paraboloid shell element. This element is used to obtain solutions to hyperbolic paraboloid shells with various edge conditions. Numerical example for three types of support conditions (a simple support, a clamped edge and a shell supported by concentric edge beams) are presented. To illustrate the applicability of the method, the results obtained by the lumped parameter element are compared with those obtained by well-known methods of analysis such as the variational procedure, the finite difference and the finite element method.
Responses of Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) to pirimiphos-methyl, spinosad, and combinations of pirimiphos-methyl and synergized pyrethrins.

Field control failures with pirimiphos-methyl against the rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton), in Weslaco, Texas, USA, led us to investigate the susceptibility of this particular strain to pirimiphos-methyl, spinosad, pyrethrins synergized with piperonyl butoxide, and pirimiphos-methyl combined with synergized pyrethrins. In laboratory bioassays, 50 eggs of C cephalonica were exposed to untreated and insecticide-treated corn and sunflower seeds to determine larval survival after 21 days, egg-to-adult emergence after 49 days, and larval damage to seeds at both exposure periods. Pirimiphos-methyl at both 4 and 8 mg kg(-1) did not prevent larval survival or egg-to-adult emergence of C cephalonica on either corn or sunflower seeds, and seed damage was evident at both rates. The C cephalonica strain was highly susceptible to spinosad at 0.5 and 1 mg kg(-1). At both spinosad rates, reduction in larval survival, egg-to-adult emergence, and seed damage relative to the control treatment was > or = 93% on both corn and sunflower seeds. Pirimiphos-methyl and spinosad were generally more effective against C cephalonica on corn than sunflower seeds. The C cephalonica strain was completely controlled on corn treated with 1.5 mg kg(-1) of pyrethrins synergized with 15 mg kg(-1) of piperonyl butoxide. Many larvae survived and became adults on corn treated with synergized pyrethrins at or = 95%, egg-to-adult emergence by > or = 97%, and seed damage by > or = 94%. Our results suggest that the C cephalonica strain can be controlled on corn by combining pirimiphos-methyl with synergized pyrethrins or with synergized pyrethrins at the labeled rate. Although spinosad is not currently labeled for use on stored corn and sunflower seeds, it appears to be effective against C cephalonica on both commodities at very low rates.
Bridging the Two Worlds: A Universal Interface between Enzymatic and DNA Computing Systems

Molecular computing based on enzymes or nucleic acids has attracted a great deal of attention due to the perspectives of controlling living systems in the way we control electronic computers. Enzyme-based computational systems can respond to a great variety of small molecule inputs. They have the advantage of signal amplification and highly specific recognition. DNA computing systems are most often controlled by oligonucleotide inputs/outputs and are capable of sophisticated computing as well as controlling gene expressions. Here, we developed an interface that enables communication of otherwise incompatible nucleic-acid and enzyme-computational systems. The enzymatic system processes small molecules as inputs and produces NADH as an output. The NADH output triggers electrochemical release of an oligonucleotide, which is accepted by a DNA computational system as an input. This interface is universal because the enzymatic and DNA computing systems are independent of each other in composition and complexity.
Metaphysics Z.l1.1036b28: α σθητ ν or α σθητικ ν?

Metaphysics Z.ll has in recent years received considerable attention, because of its importance for the exposition of Aristotle's psychology, which for some time now has been an immensely popular topic among Aristotelian scholars. Z.ll has proved contentious, however, especially over its statement of Aristotle's criticism of Socrates the Younger, who was wont to make a certain ‘comparison’ in the case of animals. Virtually nothing is known about this Socrates the Younger, nor is it known exactly what ‘comparison’ he made with animals. But, as most interpreters suppose from the context of Z. 11, his comparison certainly had much in common with that made by ‘some', who argue that natural objects, like man, are comparable to geometrical figures, like the circle, with respect to their relationship to their matter (1036b7–12). Just as the physical matter of circles, such as bronze, stone, and the like, are no part of the essence of the circle, so too the physical matter of man—flesh and bones—is no part of the essence of man. This comparison may hold true, even if, unlike circles, man is in fact found only in a single sort of matter, because the case of man may be like the counterfactual case in which all circles happen to be made of bronze. The bronze would still not belong to the essence of the circle; it would just be difficult psychologically to separate circularity from bronze (1036a31-b7).
Using simulation to identify sources of medical diagnostic error in child physical abuse

Little is known regarding sources of diagnostic error at the provider level in cases of possible child physical abuse. This study examines medical diagnosis as part of medical management and not as part of legal investigation. Simulation offers the opportunity to evaluate diagnostic accuracy and identify error sources. We aimed to identify sources of medical diagnostic error in cases of possible abuse by assessing diagnostic accuracy, identifying gaps in evaluation, and characterizing information used by medical providers to reach their diagnoses. Eight femur fracture simulation cases, half of which were abuse and half accident, were created. Providers from a tertiary pediatric emergency department participated in a simulation exercise involving 1 of the 8 cases. Performance was evaluated using structured scoring tools and debriefing, and qualitative analysis characterized participants' rationales for their diagnoses. Overall, 39% of the 43 participants made an incorrect diagnosis regarding abuse. An incorrect diagnosis was over 8 times more likely to occur in accident than in abuse cases (OR=8.8; 95% CI 2 to 39). Only 58% of participants correctly identified the fracture morphology, 60% correctly identified the mechanics necessary to generate the morphology, and 30% of ordered all appropriate tests for occult injury. In misdiagnoses, participants frequently falsely believed the injury did not match the proposed mechanism and the history provided by the caregiver had changed. Education programs targeting the identified error sources may result in fewer diagnostic errors and improve outcomes. The findings also support the need for referral to child abuse experts in many cases.
Design and performance of a high fidelity, low mass, linear haptic display

We built a high fidelity, low mass, linear haptic display, with a peak force output of 8.5 Newtons, continuous force output of 1.3 Newtons, range of motion of approximately 15 millimeters, sensing resolution of 0.5 microns, and a -3 dB bandwidth of approximately 550 Hz. By having low apparent mass of approximately 5 grams, we can realistically render linear switches, which themselves have a moving mass of only a few grams. This device utilizes a low inertia rotary motor, but over only a limited range of motion, allowing it to be driven without commutation. We constructed a linear, current controlled amplifier to drive the system. Additionally, the motor windings allow us to use electrical damping to add physical damping to the system to improve its performance.
Offshore Funds and U.S. Withholding Tax: Navigating the New Regulations

In this paper, Vanderwolk reviews the new regulations under sections 894 and 1441 as they affect payments of U.S.-source dividends, interest, and other income to foreign collective investment vehicles.
Executive Functioning and School Readiness Among Preschoolers With Externalizing Problems: The Moderating Role of the Student–Teacher Relationship

ABSTRACTResearch Findings: The objective of this study was to examine the student–teacher relationship as a potential moderator of the link between executive functioning (EF) and children’s early school readiness among a clinical sample of preschoolers with externalizing behavior problems (EBP). Participants for the study included 139 preschool children (75.54% boys, M age = 5.01 years, 84.94% Hispanic/Latino) with at-risk or clinically elevated levels of EBP. The student–teacher relationship was assessed using the Student–Teacher Relationship Scale. School readiness data were composed of standardized achievement test scores and teacher reports of kindergarten readiness. EF was measured via parent and teacher reports along with standardized measures of EF, including the Head–Toes–Knees–Shoulders task and 4 standardized subtests from the Automated Working Memory Assessment. Poorer student–teacher relationship quality was predictive of lower teacher-reported kindergarten readiness and higher academic impair...
Arithmetic complexity

We obtain lower bounds on the cost of computing various arithmetic functions and deciding various arithmetic relations from specified primitives. This includes lower bounds for computing the greatest common divisor and deciding coprimeness of two integers, from primitives like addition, subtraction, division with remainder and multiplication. Some of our results are in terms of recursive programs, but they generalize directly to most (plausibly all) algorithms from the specified primitives. Our methods involve some elementary number theory as well as the development of some basic notions and facts about recursive algorithms.
Photoexcitation and Charge-Transfer-to-Solvent Relaxation Dynamics of the I–(CH3CN) Complex

Photoexcitation of iodide–acetonitrile clusters, I–(CH3CN)n, to the charge-transfer-to-solvent (CTTS) state and subsequent cluster relaxation could result in the possible formation of cluster analo...
Suppression of Foraging Populations of the Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) by Field Applications of a Slow-Acting Toxicant Bait

A-9248 (diiodomethyl para-tolyl sulfone) baits treated at 600 ppm (wt/wt) were introduced into selected trap stations of three colonies of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, in Hallandale, Fla., between November 1987 and November 1988. Termites did not avoid foraging at sites containing treatment and nor was feeding significantly reduced on the treated versus untreated baits. One year after bait application, foraging populations of three colonies that received A-9248baits were reduced 65-98%. The results demonstrated that a toxicant bait can be used to suppress foraging populations of subterranean termite colonies and hence reduce their damage potential.
Identified Serotonergic Neurons in the TritoniaSwim CPG Activate Both Ionotropic and Metabotropic Receptors

Although G-protein-coupled (metabotropic) receptors are known to modulate the production of motor patterns, evidence from the escape swim central pattern generator (CPG) of the nudibranch mollusk, ...
Discovering educational augmented reality math applications by prototyping with elementary-school teachers

In recent years, augmented reality (AR) applications for children's entertainment have been gaining popularity, and educational organizations are increasingly interested in applying this technology to children's educational games. In this paper we describe our collaboration with teachers and game designers, in order to explore educational potential for AR technology. This paper specifically investigates the topics of: What mathematics curriculum topics should technological innovations address in the Grade 1–3 classrooms? Which of the topics are suitable for AR games? And, how can we facilitate an efficient dialogue between educators and game designers?
Astrophysics: Variable snow lines affect planet formation

Observations of the disk of dust and gas around a nascent star reveal that the distance from the star at which water in the disk forms ice is variable. This variation might hinder the formation of planets. See Letter p.258 The snow-line in a protoplanetary disk is the distance from the protostar at which a particular volatile gas condenses. Of particular importance in disk evolution is the snow-line for water, because water-ice determines the efficiency of dust and planetesimal coagulation and the formation of comets, ice giants and the cores of gas giants. Lucas Cieza et al. report long-baseline observations of the disk around V883 Ori, a protostar of 1.3 solar masses that is undergoing an accretion outburst. The data provide the first direct image of the water snow-line of a protoplanetary disk and suggest that it migrated outwards during a protostellar outburst, with implications for our understanding of the formation of planetary systems such as our own.
Stereoselective synthesis of exocyclic allenes by double hydride reduction of 3-alkynyl-2-cycloalkenones

Abstract Exocyclic allene natural products and pharmaceutical agents are rare but interesting compounds: Fucoxanthin, grasshopper ketone, and analogues of prostacyclins, cephalosporins, antithrombic agents and sterol biosynthesis inhibitors are representative. Syntheses of exocyclic allenes commonly rely on extended conjugate additions to e.g., alk-2-en-4-ynones, syn SN2′-like additions to alkynyl oxiranes, and substitution reactions such as electrophilic substitutions of propargylic silanes. We report that the reaction of 3-alkynyl-2-cycloalkenones with 2 equiv of various hydridoaluminates but not hydridoborates proceeds via diastereoselective 1,4-reduction of a vinylogously propargylic intermediate alcoholate to provide exocyclic allenes as major products. Isomeric 3-alkynylcycloalkanols also are observed.
Antioxidant and carbohydrate changes of two pomegranate cultivars under deficit irrigation stress

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biochemical responses to water stress tolerance of two pomegranate cultivars, ‘Rabbab’ and ‘Shishehgap’. After the establishment of rooted stem cuttings of both cultivars under greenhouse conditions, they were treated with four levels of deficit irrigations (100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of field capacity) in a completely randomized design with four replications. The results showed a significant difference between the two cultivars regarding antioxidant enzymes activities. In both cultivars, the water stress increased the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase. However, at high water deficit (25% field capacity, FC), ‘Rabbab’ showed significantly higher enzyme activity than ‘Shishehgap’. In each level of irrigation, there were not considerable differences in peroxidase activity between the two cultivars. An increment of 162% and 65.5% in soluble sugar was gained at 50% FC in ‘Rabbab’ and ‘Shishehgap’, respectively. ‘Rabbab’ showed better growth performance in each level of irrigation than ‘Shishehgap’. Therefore, it can be concluded that 'Rabbab', with lesser decline in leaf relative water content (RWC), a strong antioxidant system and accumulation of more soluble carbohydrates, can resist higher water stress than 'Shishehgap'.
A randomized trial of aerobic exercise on cognitive control in major depression

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an 8-week moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training intervention on cognitive control in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods Participants with a current diagnosis of MDD ( n = 30; 21.1 ± 2.0 years) were stratified by depressive symptoms and randomized to an 8-week intervention of aerobic exercise (AE) or placebo exercise (PE). AE consisted of three sessions/week of moderate-intensity exercise training while PE consisted of three sessions/week of light-intensity stretching. Cognitive control was assessed pre- and post-treatment using behavioral performance (i.e., reaction time and accuracy) and event-related potentials (i.e., N2 amplitude). Depressive symptoms and rumination were also assessed before and after the intervention. Results Compared with PE, the AE treatment arm was associated with an increase in N2 amplitude to incongruent flanker task trials, reflecting an increase in cognitive control processes. Symptoms of depression also decreased after AE although the treatments did not differ in their effects on rumination. Exploratory mediation analysis indicated that changes in N2 amplitude did not mediate pre-to-post treatment reductions in depressive symptoms. Conclusions An 8-week moderate-intensity AE program is associated with improved neural indices of conflict monitoring and reduced depressive symptoms among individuals with MDD. Significance Future research examining the influence of exercise in combination with behavioral and pharmacological treatments for neurocognitive function in MDD is warranted.
Clinical Applications of Direct Behavioral Observation

The direct observation of behavior—a method of data collection used in research and clinical practice—has a long tradition in the history of psychology. It has been used to study the child in the natural environment, mother-infant interactions, and teacher-student interactions. Its use in clinical work is most closely related with behavioral approaches to therapy. This close relationship could have been anticipated since methods of clinical assessment typically follow from one’s theoretical approaches to therapy.
Multiplanar Correction of the Lesser Digital Deviation and Indirect Plantar Plate Rupture Repair Using a Braided Polyethylene Nylon Suture: A Technique Guide.

Forefoot and lesser digital pathology continues to be a challenging area of surgical correction for foot and ankle surgeons. Many techniques for the correction of digital deformities secondary to p...
High-Resolution, Accurate-Mass (HRAM) Mass Spectrometry Urine Steroid Profiling in the Diagnosis of Adrenal Disorders.

BACKGROUND: Steroid profiling is a promising diagnostic tool with adrenal tumors, Cushing syndrome (CS), and disorders of steroidogenesis. Our objective was to develop a multiple-steroid assay using liquid-chromatography, high-resolution, accurate-mass mass spectrometry (HRAM LC-MS) and to validate the assay in patients with various adrenal disorders. METHODS: We collected 24-h urine samples from 114 controls and 71 patients with adrenal diseases. An HRAM LC-MS method was validated for quantitative analysis of 26 steroid metabolites in hydrolyzed urine samples. Differences in steroid excretion between patients were analyzed based on Z -score deviation from control reference intervals. RESULTS: Limits of quantification were 20 ng/mL. Dilution linearity ranged from 80% to 120% with means of 93% to 110% for all but 2 analytes. Intraassay and interassay imprecision ranged from 3% to 18% for all but 1 analyte. Control women had lower excretion of androgen and glucocorticoid precursors/metabolites than men ( P P = 0.06). Androgens decreased with age in both sexes ( P Z scores, especially tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol (14 vs 0.5, P P = 0.001), and 5-pregnenetriol (5.4 vs −0.4, P = 0.01). Steroid profiling also demonstrated metabolite abnormalities consistent with enzymatic defects in congenital adrenal hyperplasia and differences in pituitary vs adrenal CS. CONCLUSIONS: Our HRAM LC-MS assay successfully quantifies 26 steroids in urine. The statistically significant differences in steroid production of ACC vs ACA, adrenal vs pituitary CS, and in congenital adrenal hyperplasia should allow for improved diagnosis of patients with these diseases.
Very low-resistance Mo-based Ohmic contacts to GeTe

Low-resistance and thermally stable Ohmic contacts are essential for radio frequency switches based on the unique phase change properties of GeTe. Herein, Mo-based Ohmic contacts to p-type GeTe are reported, including the effect of pre-metallization surface preparation and annealing on Mo/Ti/Pt/Au contacts. In-situ Ar+ plasma treatment resulted in a very low contact resistance of 0.004 ± 0.002 Ω mm (5 ± 3 × 10−9 Ω cm2), which could not be achieved using ex-situ surface treatments, highlighting the need for oxide-free interfaces to obtain very low contact resistance using Mo-based contacts. Experiments aimed at creating a more Ge- or Te-rich interface yielded higher contact resistances in both cases. The contact resistance increased for short-term annealing (30 min) above 200 °C and for long-term annealing (1 week) at 200 °C. No solid-state reaction between Mo and GeTe was observed using transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. However, Te migrated from GeTe after annealing at ...
Abstract 15627: Identification of Cardiovascular Risk Factors Associated With Bone Marrow Cell Subsets in Patients With STEMI: A Biorepository Evaluation From the CCTRN TIME and LateTIME Clinical Trials

Objective: Results from several randomized, controlled cell therapy trials suggest that the use of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) results in only modest benefits in patients with...
COURAGE under fire: on the management of stable coronary disease.

The COURAGE (Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation) trial showed that coronary interventional procedures added little to optimal medical therapy with respect to the long-term outcome of patients with stable coronary disease when used as initial therapy. Detractors opine that: 1) the trial was unrealistic in design and the findings were not unexpected; 2) the use of coronary interventional procedures was suboptimal; and 3) the results of COURAGE are not applicable to current clinical practice. We herein reevaluate the evidence with regard to each of these points, and conclude that COURAGE indeed provides relevant new information to assist the practitioner in the appropriate management of patients with stable coronary disease
Energy efficiency investments in small and medium sized manufacturing firms: The case of California energy crisis

Abstract This paper investigates the effect of the 2000 California energy crisis on the take up of an engineering audit program funded by the Department of Energy, aiming operational improvements in various domains, including energy efficiency, at small and medium sized firms. Using a publicly available data set containing detailed information on both firm characteristics and the specifics of the recommendations made, a linear probability model is estimated using difference-in-difference strategy. In order to keep the treatment and the control groups as comparable as possible for ensuring credible identification, the firms that applied to be audited and made the take up decision before the crisis are compared to those that applied right before the crisis and had to decide after the crisis started. The results show that the 2000 California energy crisis was associated with about a 15% increase in the take up of the IAC energy efficiency recommendations. The coefficient estimate is statistically significant and robust to different model specifications.
Highlight: A tasteful conversation with atypical mitochondria at atypical synapses

Atypical mitochondria produce ATP used as a neurotransmitter by type II taste cells to transduce sweet, bitter, or savory flavors.
Evidence for interaction between Hsp90 and the ER membrane complex

Numerous putative heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90)-interacting proteins, which could represent novel folding clients or co-chaperones, have been identified in recent years. Two separate high-throughput screens in yeast uncovered genetic effects between Hsp90 and components of the ER membrane complex (EMC), which is required for tolerance to unfolded protein response stress in yeast. Herein, we provide the first experimental evidence supporting that there is a genuine interaction of Hsp90 with the EMC. We demonstrate genetic interactions between EMC2 and the known Hsp90 co-chaperone encoded by STI1, as well as Hsp90 point mutant allele-specific differences in inherent growth and Hsp90 inhibitor tolerance in the absence and presence of EMC2. In co-precipitation experiments, Hsp90 interacts with Emc2p, whether or not Emc2p contains amino acid sequences designated as a tetratricopeptide repeat motif. Yeast with multiple EMC gene deletions exhibit increased sensitivity to Hsp90 inhibitor as well as defective folding of the well-established Hsp90 folding client, the glucocorticoid receptor. Altogether, our evidence of physical, genetic, and functional interaction of Hsp90 with the EMC, as well as bioinformatic analysis of shared interactors, supports that there is a legitimate interaction between them in vivo.
Advances in Fertility Preservation for Young Women With Cancer

Female patients of reproductive age with cancer often require treatment that can compromise their future fertility. Treatment-related infertility is an important cancer survivorship issue and is associated with depression and diminished quality of life. Recent advances in reproductive health care provide the opportunity to preserve fertility prior to the initiation of cancer therapy. Clinical guidelines recommend that oncology providers counsel patients about the risk of treatment-related infertility and fertility preservation options, and that they refer those who are interested in fertility preservation to fertility specialists. Guidelines endorse the use of assisted reproductive techniques (ART) provided by reproductive endocrinologists to preserve fertility in young female patients with cancer. In addition, ovarian suppression with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists may be considered for ovarian protection during chemotherapy. This article reviews currently available and emerging ART for f...
Emergent Social Roles in Wikipedia’s Breaking News Collaborations

Disasters and accidents are endemic to social life, but so are the unique forms of social behavior and organization that emerge following them. The “improvisation of order out of chaos,” equanimity of victims, emergence of serendipitous and egalitarian social ties, and redemptive moments of solidarity have characterized post-catastrophe communities for centuries, but are also intrinsically ephemeral and recede as the most acute phase passes. Following unexpected and traumatic news events such as a major natural disaster, transportation accident, or mass shooting, familiar reference sources such as Wikipedia become the focus of many people seeking information to help them share information, learn about the response, and make sense of the event.
The effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination and grazing on the abundance and composition of microphytobenthos in salt marsh sediments (Pass Fourchon, LA): I. A microcosm experiment

Abstract A microcosm experiment was conducted to examine the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) contamination on the abundance and composition of microphytobenthos in surface (0–10 cm) sediments collected from a salt marsh in Pass Fourchon, LA. Plant pigment biomarkers were used to monitor changes in the microphytobenthos in sediments (over 60 days) with treatments containing high and low concentrations of PAHs. Grazing pressure on microphytobenthos by the periwinkle snail Littorina irrorata as well as its responses to PAH contamination were also examined. Concentrations of total PAHs declined in sediments over the duration of the experiment in all microcosms. There was a pattern of increasing relative abundance of high-molecular-weight PAHs in High-PAH sediments (5.5–16 ppm). Microphytobenthic biomass, estimated by chlorophyll- a concentrations, did not significantly change in the treatments with Low-PAH sediments (0.04–0.33 ppm); however, biomass decreased significantly in all treatments after 4 days from 64 μg to 2–8 μg g dry sed. −1 . Concentrations of the carotenoids fucoxanthin (a biomarker for diatoms) and zeaxanthin (a biomarker for cyanobacteria) were consistent with chlorophyll- a, showing little change in Low-PAH treatments; sediments from the High-PAH treatments showed significantly higher concentrations of fucoxanthin and zeaxanthin (1.8 and 1.2 μg g dry sed. −1 , respectively) than the Low-PAH treatments during the initial phase of the microcosm experiment. However, concentrations of fucoxanthin and zeaxanthin decreased dramatically after 4 days to 0.1–0.3 μg g dry sed. −1 and 0.01–0.15 μg g dry sed. −1 , respectively. Increased total phaeophorbide concentrations (a biomarker for metazoan grazing) over the first 12 days of the experiment in treatments with and without L . irrorata additions indicated that meiobenthos may have been important in grazing-down microphytobenthos. High-Exposure snails (from High-PAH field sites) gained more weight during the initial phase of the experiment when microphytobenthic abundance was decreasing but eventually lost more weight than did Low-Exposure snails (from Low-PAH field sites) by the end of the experiment. Although there was considerable variability in the snail growth values, we speculate that the High-Exposure snails were more active in feeding during this experiment and, after the initial decline in microphytobenthos, became resource-limited throughout the remainder of the experiment.
Differential temporal and spatial expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 in developing chick ocular tissues.

Purpose. To determine the developmental expression and localization of mRNA for insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2), a major binding protein of IGF-I and IGF-II, in ocular tissues of the embryonic and early posthatched chick. Methods. In situ hybridization and northern blot analysis were used to analyze the cellular origin and relative expression of IGFBP-2 mRNA in ocular tissues. Results. Wholemount in situ hybridization reveals that, as early as 3.5 days of embryonic development (E3.5), IGFBP-2 mRNA is already expressed in many areas of the embryo, including surface ectoderm, certain regions of the brain, pharyngeal clefts, somites, and limb buds. In the eye, IGFBP-2 mRNA is expressed only in the presumptive corneal epithelium at this time. By E6, IGFBP-2 mRNA expression is present in both the corneal epithelium and endothelium. By E12, IGFBP-2 mRNA is detected clearly in the corneal stroma as well as in several other ocular structures, such as the sclera, eyelid, and ciliary body. In the neural retina, a low, diffuse expression of IGFBP-2 mRNA is found at E6, which becomes more localized to the nuclear layers by E12. Northern blot analysis confirms that a high level of IGFBP-2 expression is present in the cornea and sclera by E8 to E12. A high level of IGFBP-2 mRNA expression, however, is not observed in the retina until E18. At posthatch day 2 (P2), northern blot analyses of ocular tissues reveal that the cornea contains the highest ocular level of IGFBP-2 mRNA expression, a value equal to that of brain and liver. Conclusions. The early appearance, along with differential temporal and spatial expression of IGFBP-2 mRNA in developing ocular tissues, suggests a role for IGFBP-2 in the regulation of growth and differentiation of several ocular tissues, including the cornea, sclera, and retina.
Design of Multi-Core and Coupled-Core Fibers

This talk will review the design factors of multi-core fibers, which include basic properties of the uncoupled multi-core fibers, and recent advances on the understanding on the random coupling in the coupled multi-core fibers.
Effects of Drainage for Silviculture on Wetland Hydrology

Wetland silviculture on the Southeastern Coastal Plain attempts to balance competing objectives of draining topsoils sufficiently to provide access and promote tree growth while maintaining hydric soil characteristics in compliance with the Clean Water Act. This balancing act is dynamic as soil hydraulic properties, and thus water table regimes, change over the stand rotation cycle. Previous studies have defined threshold ditch spacings that would sustain wetland hydrology on a wide range of poorly drained coastal plain soils in US southeast. There is strong evidence that the hydraulic conductivity (K) and transmissivity (T) of the soil profile increase as trees mature. Such changes increase drainage rates, lower water tables, and potentially remove wetland hydrology from drained sites. Results from a long term forested watershed study showed that T of the profile decreased from 50 m2/d under a mature loblolly pine plantation to 5.5 m2/d after harvest and site preparation for regeneration, and then increased to 34 m2/d by 8 years after replanting. Based on these results, a modeling case study was conducted to determine the effects of changes in soil properties on wetland hydrology for a pine plantation. Results showed that 90 cm deep drainage ditches would have to be more than 62 m apart in a young plantation (YP) to sustain wetland hydrology on a site with 15 cm of surface storage. Increases in K and T as the plantation matures increased the predicted threshold spacing (LT) for wetland hydrology from 62 m for YP to 290 m for a mature plantation (MP). For ditch spacings greater than LT, wetland hydrology will be sustained in a broad center section midway between ditches, with the width of the wetland section dependent on ditch depth, spacing and soil properties. Methods developed to estimate the lateral effect of a single ditch on wetland hydrology were used to determine the width of a strip adjacent to the ditch where wetland hydrology is not sustained, and, thereby the percentage of wetland loss from the plantation. Depending on ditch depth, wetland hydrology will not be sustained on 14 to 27% of the land area for a 200 m ditch spacing on the young plantation of the case study. As the plantation matures (to MP), wetland hydrology will not be sustained for normal ditch spacings (100 to 200 m) on these soils. More research is needed to determine effects of stand age and production practices on hydraulic conductivity for a wide range of drained soils. Wetland hydrology can be enhanced by limiting depth and increasing spacing of drainage ditches, by use of control structures in some cases, and by allowing field ditches to fill naturally as plantations mature.
Mitigating climate change: A role for regulations and risk‐taking

Why do some firms engage in actions to reduce climate change? We propose two counterintuitive mechanisms: high levels of regulation and a firm's increased tolerance for risk. Drawing from insights on how institutional contexts constrain, and enable, prosocial firm behavior, we argue that external pressures, amplified internally by a firm's higher tolerance for risk, increase the likelihood that a greenhouse gas (GHG)‐intensive firm will engage in climate change actions that exceed regulatory requirements. An analysis based on 7,101 observations of U.S. publicly traded firms during the 2013 to 2015 period supports our hypotheses. Our models show high overall prediction accuracy (88.6%) using an out‐of‐time holdout sample from 2016. Moreover, we find that firms that have exhibited environmental wrongdoing are also more likely to engage in beyond‐compliance activities, which may be a form of greenwashing. Thus, more formal and informal regulatory oversight has the potential to spur positive environmental actions. This has implications for a firm's corporate social responsibility actions as well as for climate change regulatory policy.
Biofilms: Managing Stress to Navigate Group Dynamics.

Summary To thrive in dense communities, organisms have to navigate neighbors and resources. A new study reveals that bacteria integrate cues of communal living through stress pathways. The primary source of the stress — at least for one bacterium — is a direct conflict with neighbors.
Treatment for Acute Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Fractures and Fracture-Dislocations: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) fractures and fracture-dislocations are common hand injuries and recognition of this injury pattern is essential in the management of these fractures. Although a variety of treatment options have been reported in the literature, the optimal treatment remains controversial. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and The Cochrane Library Database were screened for treatment strategies of PIPJ fracture and fracture-dislocation. Demographic data and outcome data were collected and recorded. A total of 37 studies including 471 patients and 480 fingers were reviewed. PIPJ range of motion (ROM) was greatest postoperatively in patients who underwent volar plate arthroplasty at 90.6 degrees. Dynamic external fixation resulted in the lowest PIP joint ROM with an average of 79.7 degrees. Recurrent pain and osteoarthritis were most often reported in extension block pinning at 38.5 and 46.2%, respectively. Open reduction and internal fixation had the highest rate of revision at 19.7%. Overall, the outcomes of PIP fractures and fracture-dislocations are based on the severity of injury, and the necessary treatment required. Closed reduction with percutaneous pinning and volar plate arthroplasty had good clinical and functional outcomes, with the lowest complication rates. Hemi-hamate arthroplasty and dynamic external fixation were utilized in more complex injuries and resulted in the lowest PIPJ ROM. This is a therapeutic, Level III study.