cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ASTEC: a new approach to refactoring C

The C language is among the most widely used in the world, particularly for critical infrastructure software. C programs depend upon macros processed using the C preprocessor, but these macros are difficult to analyze and are often error-prone[4]. Existing tools that analyze and transform C source code have rudimentary support for the preprocessor, leading to obscure error messages and difficulty refactoring. We present a three part solution: (1) a replacement macro language, ASTEC, that addresses the most important important deficiencies of the preprocessor and that eliminates many of the errors it introduces; (2) a translator, MACROSCOPE, that converts existing code into ASTEC semi-automatically; and (3), an ASTEC-aware refactoring tool that handles preprocessor constructs naturally.ASTEC's primary benefits are its analyzability and its refactorability. We present several refactorings that are enabled by ASTEC. Additionally, ASTEC eliminates many of the sources of errors that can plague C preprocessor macros; Ernst et al.[4] estimate that more than 20% of macros may contain errors. In this paper, we describe our translation and refactoring tools and evaluate them on a suite of programs including OpenSSH and the Linux kernel.
Hydrogen-bonded supramolecular arrays of the [Re6(μ3-Se)8]2+ core-containing clusters

Site-differentiated clusters of the general formula [Re6(μ3-Se)8(PEt3)nL6−n](SbF6)2 [L = nicotinamide: 1 (n = 5), 2 (n = 4, trans-), and 3 (n = 4, cis-)] have been made by ligand substitution reactions of the corresponding acetonitrile solvates [Re6(μ3-Se)8(PEt3)n(MeCN)6−n](SbF6)2 (n = 5; n = 4, cis- and trans-) with nicotinamide. De-iodination of [Re6(μ3-Se)8(PEt3)nI6−n]In−4 [n = 4 (cis- and trans-), 5] with AgSbF6 in the presence of 3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (PDCA) produced a related series of cluster complexes [Re6(μ3-Se)8(PEt3)nL6−n](SbF6)2 [L = PDCA: 4 (n = 5), 5 (n = 4, trans-), and 6 (n = 4, cis-)]. Retention of stereochemistry in each case was confirmed by 1H and 31P NMR and these new cluster derivatives were further characterized by satisfactory microanalyses (CHN). In addition, the solid-state structure of trans-[Re6(μ3-Se)8(PEt3)4(PDCA)2](SbF6)2 (5) was established crystallographically, which revealed zigzag arrays of clusters mediated by complementary hydrogen-bonding interactions involving only one of the acid groups per PDCA ligand; the second acid group extends into a small space between the chains and appears to be in close contact with a Se atom on a neighboring cluster, as well as a hydrogen atom of that cluster's triethylphosphine ligands. Each polymer chain is skewed with respect to its neighbors, forming a pronounced lamellar structure.
Role of heparan sulfate in human parainfluenza virus type 3 infection.

Our current studies have demonstrated that human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV-3) utilizes heparan sulfate (HS) for its efficient cellular entry. HPIV-3 interacted with HS-agarose in vitro and the cellular entry and infection of HPIV-3 were reduced following (a) infection of human epithelial lung A549 cells with HPIV-3 pre-incubated with soluble HS; (b) treatment of A549 cells with heparinase to remove cell surface HS and sodium chlorate (NaClO(3)), a potent inhibitor of proteoglycan sulfation; and (c) infection of HS-deficient mutant CHO cell lines. However, in each instance, complete inhibition of HPIV-3 entry did not occur, suggesting the presence of additional nonproteoglycan cell surface molecule(s) that is required for HPIV-3 entry. Thus the cell surface HS appears to play an important role in efficient cellular entry of HPIV-3.
"The Wantt of health": An Early Eighteenth-Century Self-Portrait of Sickness

The suffering and illness central to Elizabeth Freke's narrative of her life reflect a sensibility new to early domestic autobiography. Unusually sensitive to the realities of sickness and infirmity, she fashions a sense of self meaningful in immediate personal and physical rather than spiritual terms. In the misfortunes of illness and death Elizabeth Freke sees confirmation of herself as a long-suffering yet defiant wife, mother, and widow.
Advocacy in Aging: Notes for the Next Generation:

Social work advocacy in aging is marked by enduring issues that call for contemporary skills and technology. Economic pressures on our clients and our agencies have resulted in an unbroken focus on access, quality, rights, and vulnerability. Effective advocacy with and on behalf of increasingly diverse elderly clients will require that we understand and confront the systems that shape our practice.
Hormone stimulated steroid biosynthesis in granulosa cells studied with a fluorogenic probe for cytochrome P-450scc

The regulation of steroidogenesis by luteinizing hormone (LH) was studied in granulosa cells during follicular development using a fluorescent reporter assay based on the metabolism of a fluorescent probe specific for cytochrome P-450SCC (cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme). Intact granulosa cells or mitochondria were obtained from the first (F1) second (F2) and third (F3) largest preovulatory follicles of the hen ovary and incubated with the fluorogenic substrate. Metabolism of this substrate by cytochrome P-450SCC generates the highly fluorescent resorufin anion (the fluorescent reporter). In both mitochondria and intact granulosa cells, incubated with the fluorescent substrate, an increase in resorufin fluorescence was observed and the increase was greater in samples derived from F1 than in samples from F2 or F3. In cells, LH added simultaneously with the P-450SCC substrate significantly increased resorufin fluorescence above control values in a time- and dose-dependent manner up to 2-3 h after the incubation was initiated. Forskolin and 8-bromo-cAMP also stimulated metabolism of the P-450SCC substrate significantly by 15 min. When granulosa cells were preincubated with LH before exposure to the P-450SCC substrate resorufin fluorescence was significantly attenuated compared to controls (not exposed to LH in the preincubation period). The decrease in resorufin fluorescence observed when cells were pretreated with LH, may be due to the release of cholesterol from endogenous pools and its competition with the exogenous fluorogenic for the substrate P-450SCC enzyme. In granulosa cells that were preloaded with the P-450SCC substrate, the stimulatory effect of LH treatment remained constant from 30 min to 2 h after hormone addition. The results show that this fluorescent probe can be used in a rapid assay for the continuous measurement of the acute effects of hormone agonists on cholesterol conversion to pregnenolone in steroidogenic cells.
The Case for Infectious Endocarditis Prophylaxis: Time to Move Forward

T HE CONCEPT OF USING antibacterial agents to prevent infectious endocarditis (IE) was proposed more than 60 years ago and was first endorsed by the American Heart Association (AHA) in its recommendations for IE prophylaxis published in 1955. Since that time, IE prophylaxis has become a widely accepted preventive measure, broadly endorsed by a number of international professional societies, representingcardiologists, gastroenterologists, infectious diseases specialists, dentists, and pediatricians. Like other rare illnesses, IE is difficult to study, and firm evidence establishing the benefit of prophylaxis has been elusive. Indeed, studies suggesting that IE prophylaxis is ineffective and carries a risk of adverse drug events, and increased bacterial resistance has prompted calls to revise the AHA recommendations and scale back its use. However, IE prophylaxis has become engrained in the minds of physicians, dentists, and their patients, and, although not its intent, the AHA recommendations for IE prophylaxis have become a clinical standard of care. In the absence of definitive data, what should the practicing clinician do? In this article, I will review the rationale for IE prophylaxis. Although the evidence is not based on randomized clinical trial data, I will argue that the evidence is robust and compelling, and more than sufficient to support the continued use of IE prophylaxis in clinical practice.
Self-consistent electronic structure of realistic models of amorphous hydrogenated silicon

The self-consistent pseudopotential method has been used to calculate the electronic structure of periodic models of amorphous hydrogenated silicon containing 7 to 13 at. % of hydrogen, both as monohydride and as dihydride. The total density of states, involving almost entirely the silicon valence electrons, has two unequal maxima in the occupied region, followed by a region of very low (possibly zero) density before rising again rapidly in the energy range that is empty of electrons in the ground state. These features vary only a little from one example to another, and are not very dependent on the number of atoms in the repeating unit or the number of plane waves in the basis set. The distribution in energy of the occupied states having large densities near the hydrogen atoms is found to be quite different, depending on whether the atoms are attached singly to silicon or in pairs. In all cases, the electron density along the Si-H axes shows the variation expected for filled bonding states and empty antibonding states. In general, states amounting to a small fraction of the total appear just below the bottom of the valence band. These are associated in at least one case withmore » a three-center bond joining a hydrogen atom and two silicon atoms.« less
Local mass transfer measurements for corals and other complex geometries using gypsum dissolution

A new method of measuring local mass transfer for highly complex geometries is demonstrated. The method combines gypsum dissolution and X-ray computed tomography (CT). An object coated in gypsum is CT scanned before and after exposure to fluid flow. Digital three-dimensional pre- and post-flow geometries are created using the CT data, and the local dissolution thickness is determined by subtracting the post-flow from the pre-flow object. The method is first demonstrated for cylinders in cross-flow and validated with mass and heat transfer data. The measurements agree with values from correlations reported in the literature when scaled using Reynolds, Sherwood, and Schmidt numbers. The method is then applied to measure local mass transfer for the complex geometry of a 0.75-scale branching scleractinian coral Stylophera pistillata. Local Sherwood numbers vary between nearly zero on the backward facing surfaces of the downstream branches of the coral and nearly 200 at the tips of the branches at the top of the coral. The upstream facing surfaces at radii between 20 and 70 % of the overall radius of the coral experience Sherwood numbers close to 100. The local measurements are integrated to produce a bulk mass transfer coefficient that lies within the range of previous bulk measurements in the literature for similar coral species. With this method, local mass transfer rates can be measured for complex objects in laboratory or natural in situ flow environments. These are geometries for which only bulk measurements were previously possible.
Presenting the Unrepresentable: Maeterlinck's L'Intruse and the Symbolist Drama 1

(1997). Presenting the Unrepresentable: Maeterlinck's L'Intruse and the Symbolist Drama. Contemporary Theatre Review: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 25-36.
High-nuclearity homometallic iron and nickel clusters: Fe22 and Ni24 complexes from the use of N-methyldiethanolamine

The use of N-methyldiethanolamine (mdaH2) in reactions with Fe(III) and Ni(II) sources has led to Fe22 and Ni24 products; the clusters are the highest and second-highest, respectively, homometallic clusters for these metals to date, and possess S = 0 and S = 6 ground states, respectively.
Natural convection from a concentrated heat source in a saturated porous medium

Abstract A boundary-layer analysis of natural convection resulting from a point heat source in saturated porous medium is re-examined in this paper. The conditions for which the boundary-layer approximation is valid are carefully examined. The boundary-layer equations are shown to have solutions of similarity form for power-law variation of the center-line temperature. Closed-form solutions are presented for both flow and temperature fields.
Thermodynamics of aqueous sodium sulfate

The activity coefficient of saturated aqueous Na2SO4 is calculated from the properties of the solid and the infinitely dilute solution as well as the solubility. These values are compared with those given by the equation of Rogers and Pitzer which is based on the measured dependence of heat capacity upon molality together with other solution properties at low temperature. Excellent agreement is found from 30 to 280°C. Consequently the equation of Rogers and Pitzer is given an extended range of validity to saturated molality and to 280°C. The trend of solubility with temperature is discussed in relation to the Δ Cp of solution.
Kinetics of nitrogen mineralization in Costa Rican soils: Model evaluation and pretreatment effects

Nitrogen mineralization kinetics of Costa Rican soils developed from volcanic ash were investigated. Two aspects of the aerobic incubation method proposed by Stanford and Smith (1972) were examined: the addition of—N nutrient leaching solution, and air-drying samples prior to incubation. Net cumulative N mineralized over 210 days was analyzed in terms of three kinetic models of N mineralization: single term, first-order (FO); two term, first-order (DFO); and combined first-order, zero-order (FOZ).
Principals' Perceptions of the Causes of Teacher Ineffectiveness.

Two hundred forty-two principals in secondary schools completed an opinion survey concerning the perceived causes of teacher ineffectiveness. The most frequently perceived causes were deficiencies in components of pedagogical knowledge--3 in-class components requiring student-teacher interaction (lesson-implementation skills, ability to establish rapport with students, and classroom-management skills), followed by 1 out-of-class component (lesson-planning skills). Deficiencies in content knowledge were the least frequently perceived cause. Principals in high- and low-performing schools produced similar ratings, except that lesson-planning skills were rated as more frequently a perceived cause of teacher ineffectiveness in low-performing schools. Alternative-certification programs that emphasize content knowledge and deemphasize pedagogical knowledge may fail to address the underlying causes of problems of teacher quality in schools.
Analysis of total human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses: relationship to viral load in untreated HIV infection

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific T-cell responses are thought to play a key role in viral load decline during primary infection and in determining the subsequent viral load set point. The requirements for this effect are unknown, partly because comprehensive analysis of total HIV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses to all HIV-encoded epitopes has not been accomplished. To assess these responses, we used cytokine flow cytometry and overlapping peptide pools encompassing all products of the HIV-1 genome to study total HIV-specific T-cell responses in 23 highly active antiretroviral therapy naive HIV-infected patients. HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses were detectable in all patients, ranging between 1.6 and 18.4% of total CD8(+) T cells. HIV-specific CD4(+) T-cell responses were present in 21 of 23 patients, although the responses were lower (0.2 to 2.94%). Contrary to previous reports, a positive correlation was identified between the plasma viral load and the total HIV-, Env-, and Nef-specific CD8(+) T-cell frequency. No correlation was found either between viral load and total or Gag-specific CD4(+) T-cell response or between the frequency of HIV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. These results suggest that overall frequencies of HIV-specific T cells are not the sole determinant of immune-mediated protection in HIV-infection.
CRYOPRESERVATION OF SEA URCHIN EMBRYOS AND SPERM

A simple method for preserving live sea urchin embryos and sperm in liquid nitrogen (LN) wasdeveloped through the use of DMSO as a cryoprotective additive. Samples of late embryos in double test tubes were cooled to— I96°C by two-step freezing, first to — 76°C and then by plunging in LN. In the case of fertilized eggs, samples were previously frozen to — 40°C, at which temperature the samples were kept for 15 min; they were then transferred into LN. After preservation in LN for various lengths of time, samples in the double test tubes were thawed in water at 15°C. The post-thaw survival was more than 90% for late embryos, and about 10% for fertilized eggs. Difference in the length of the cryopreservation period did not affect survival. Post-thaw development in cryopreserved embryos often showed abnormalities in structure. Sperm with 1.5 M DMSO was successfully preserved in LN by a similar method to the one used for cryopreservation of late embryos. Fertilizability in cryopreserved sperm was complete, regardless of the length of the preservation period. Nearly all the eggs fertilized by cryopreserved sperm developed to normal plutei.
Toxic interaction between choline and morphine

Abstract A systematic assessment of the acute toxicity induced by varying dosage combinations of choline and morphine was studied in both mice and rats. The studies revealed that the toxic interaction between morphine and choline treatment was time dependent and that the LD50 of each compound was markedly decreased by the coadministration of increasing doses of the other compound. The mortality to a combined fixed dose of morphine and choline was reduced by naloxone but not by physostigmine and atropine. The studies further demonstrated that the narcoticcholine interaction was stereospecific. In comparing two pairs of opiate enantiomers, only the active l-methadone and levorphanol exhibited a potentiating effect on toxicity whereas the inactive d-methadone and dextrophan did not. The results indicated that a potent interaction exists between opiates and choline. The precise mechanism of this interaction is not clear but it appears to be more directly related to choline than to the opiates.
Universality for the critical lines of the eight-vertex, Ashkin-Teller, and Gaussian models

A perturbation expansion has been performed for the critical lines of the eight-vertex and Ashkin-Teller models around the decoupling point. The critical temperature and the details of the mapping of these lines onto the Gaussian-model critical line is calculated to second order in the marginal parameters. We find agreement with the exactly known results for these models and with the mapping formalism of Kadanoff and Brown.
Representation of preferences in decision-support systems

The recommendations of computer-based decision-support systems depend on the preferences of the expert who is responsible for the decisions. Often, these preferences are only represented implicitly, rather than explicitly, in the system. Decision-theoretic preference models that explicitly represent the preferences of the decision maker provide numerous advantages for decision-support systems. In this paper, we describe these advantages. The creation and refinement of decision-theoretic preference models, however, is a difficult task. We describe an accurate and efficient method for determining the preferences of domain experts and refining the model that captures those preferences. In this preference assessment method, we simulate familiar decisions in the expert's area of expertise. We then infer the preferences of the expert from the choices that the expert makes on the simulated decisions, and use the preference information to refine the model automatically.
Regulation of Qa-1 expression and determinant modification by an H-2D-linked gene, Qdm.

We examined the regulation of cell surface expression of the Qa-1 alloantigens using a panel of monoclonal anti-Qa-1 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (mCTL) lines. In contrast to previous reports of tissue-specific expression, we found that Qa-1 was widely expressed, resembling the prototypical class I H-2K/D molecules. We further found that an H-2D-linked gene, which we termed Qdm for Qa-1 determinant modifier, controlled expression of certain CTL-defined Qa-1 antigenic determinants. H-2D khomozygous haplotypes expressed a recessive allele of the modifier, Qdm k, whereas all other H-2 haplotypes tested expressed a dominant allele, Qdm +. The Qdm + allele regulated in trans Qa-1 epitope expression from a Qdm kchromosome, modifying expression of particular CTL-defined Qa-1 antigenic determinants rather than affecting levels of cell surface expression. Mechanisms of Qdm function may include either a novel protein modification system or an unprecedented case of antigen recognition restricted by a nonclassical major histocompatibility complex molecule.
Evaluating the visual quality of watermarked images

ABSTRACT A recent image quality measure, M-SVD, can express the quality of distorted imag es either numerically or graphically. Based on the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), it consistently measures the distortion across different distortion types and within a given distortion type at different distortion levels. The SVD decomposes every real matrix into a product of three matrices A = USV T , where U and V are orthogonal matrices, U T U = I, V T V = I and S = diag ( s 1 , s 2 , ...). The diagonal entries of S are called the singular values of A , the columns of U are called the left singular vectors of A ,and the columns of V are called the right singular vectors of A . M-SVD, as a graphical measure, computes the distance between the singular values of the original image block and the singular values of the distorted image block, where n x nis the block size. If the image size is k x k, we have ( k/n) x (k/n) blocks. The set of distances, when displayed in a graph, represents a distortion map. The numerical measure is derived from the graphical measure. It computes the global error expressed as a single numerical value. In this paper, we will extend the SVD-based image quality measure to evaluate the visual quality of watermarked images using several watermarking schemes. Keywords: Singular Value Decomposition, image quality, water marking, Discrete Wavelet Transform, Discrete Cosine Transform, Discrete Fourier Transform, Quantization Index Modulation, Lapped Orthogonal Transform.
Complex nonvolcanic tremor near Parkfield, California, triggered by the great 2004 Sumatra earthquake

[1] In several instances, the passing surface waves from large earthquakes have ignited nonvolcanic tremor (NVT) on major faults. Still, the mechanism of tremor and its reaction to the dynamic stressing from various body and surface waves is poorly understood. We examine tremor near Parkfield, California, beneath the San Andreas fault triggered by the Mw 9.2, 2004 Sumatra earthquake. The prolonged shaking produces the richest and the most varied observations of dynamically triggered tremor to date. The tremor appears in at least three distinct locations and shows activity pulsing with encouraging stress, as has been observed in other cases. The greatest amount of triggering and tremor modulation accompanies the long-period Love waves. Rayleigh waves, on the other hand, appear to be less effective in exciting tremor sources. Also, at times, the tremor stops before the surface waves are complete, at other times it continues quivering after the waves have passed. While tremor is found to be sensitive to small stress changes, there are times when stresses of comparable magnitudes do not trigger noticeable tremor. Some tremors in this NVT sequence appear to be associated with the passage of P waves, which is unusual and surprising given the small stresses they impart.
In Situ X-ray Diffraction Study of Na+ Saturated Montmorillonite Exposed to Variably Wet Super Critical CO2

Reactions involving variably hydrated super critical CO2 (scCO2) and a Na saturated dioctahedral smectite (Na-STX-1) were examined by in situ high-pressure X-ray diffraction at 50 °C and 90 bar, conditions that are relevant to long-term geologic storage of CO2. Both hydration and dehydration reactions were rapid with appreciable reaction occurring in minutes and near steady state occurring within an hour. Hydration occurred stepwise as a function of increasing H2O in the system; 1W, 2W-3W, and >3W clay hydration states were stable from ∼2–30%, ∼31–55 < 64%, and ≥ ∼71% H2O saturation in scCO2, respectively. Exposure of sub 1W clay to anhydrous scCO2 caused interlayer expansion, not contraction as expected for dehydration, suggesting that CO2 intercalated the interlayer region of the sub 1W clay, which might provide a secondary trapping mechanism for CO2. In contrast, control experiments using pressurized N2 and similar initial conditions as in the scCO2 study, showed little to no change in the d001 spacing...
The Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale: Concurrent and Factorial Validation:

The current report covers the reliability and validity data on an extensive study of the Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale (SL-ASIA) involving a sample of 324 adults. Concurrent validity results showed that the SL-ASIA scores were significantly correlated with demographic information hypothesized to reflect levels of Asian-American identity. For example, high SL-ASIA scores were found associated with having attended school in the U.S. over a longer period of time, during which time the subject's Asian identity would have been reduced. Factorial validity was determined by comparing factors obtained for the SL-ASIA with factors reported for a similar scale measuring ethnic identity of Hispanics, the ARSMA. Of the four interpretable factors reported for the ARSMA, three were identified for the SL-ASIA.
The Detection Statistics of a Molecular-Beam Frequency Standard

The detection statistics of a molecular beam are analyzed, taking into account fluctuations in emission, transition and detection. It is discovered that the over-all process has a Poisson distribution. Because of the nature of this distribution, it is noted that the optimum method of estimating the average number of molecular transitions is by means of a long-time average of the detected current. The degree to which the detector current is a measure of the average number of molecular transitions in the device is established, with a certain minimum confidence, by use of the Tchebycheff Inequality.
Estrogen receptor β expression in vascular neoplasia: an analysis of 53 benign and malignant cases

Estrogen receptor β expression in vascular neoplasia: an analysis of 53 benign and malignant cases
Gamma-interferon corrects aberrant protein kinase C levels and immunosuppression in the spontaneously hypertensive rat

Abstract The effects of gamma-interferon (γ-IFN) on protein kinase C (PKC) levels and immunosuppression in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) were examined. First, an abnormal PKC distribution was found in spleen, thymus and aorta from SHRs relative to normotensive controls. Biweekly injections of rat recombinant γ-IFN (1000 U/kg) restored basal or resting PKC levels to those found in normotensive Wistar - Kyoto (WKY) rats. We also examined the effects of in vivo γ-IFN treatment on nuclear PKC (nPKC) activation in purified, isolated splenocyte nuclei. It was found that basal nPKC levels were higher in untreated SHRs than γ-IFN SHRs or WKYs. Also, while nuclei from untreated SHRs were relatively unresponsive to various immunoactive substances and PKC activators, γ-IFN treatment significantly restored activity. Last, the proliferative response to mitogen challenge of isolated splenocytes from untreated SHRs, γ-IFN-treated SHRs and WKYs was studied. Although γ-IFN treatment did not restore the proliferative response to that of WKYs, the mitogen response was significantly enhanced by treatment with γ-IFN. The data show that γ-IFN acts to restore normal immune function and corrects aberrant PKC levels and adds to the growing body of knowledge suggesting a role for immune dysfunction in the etiology of hypertension.
Group fission among wild toque macaques as a consequence of female resource competition and environmental stress

Abstract At Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka, four out of 29, groups of toque macaques, Macaca sinica , divided in a period of 16 years. Temporary peripheral subgroups of varying sizes and compositions preceded fission by 9–40 months. Fission crystallized within a month through an increase and stabilization of subgroup membership and permanent division. All members in the newly seceded groups had been frequent participants in pre-fission subgroups, and belonged to subordinate matrilineages. Subgroups, and hence group divisions, were initiated by cores of mutually loyal females and occurred mostly along kinship lines. In the year of fissions, the rate of change in female dominance relations was significantly greater among groups that divided than among those that did not. It is hypothesized that low-ranking females secede to form new groups when the costs, especially of intragroup competition for food resources, outweigh the benefits of group membership. Such seceding females were easily available and familiar mates for group males that had recently lost rank. Final division, therefore, resulted from a coalition of subordinate females and males acting according to their respective interests. It was triggered in this population by rapid growth of some groups to large size and by environmental stress (the reduction and fragmentation of food resources caused by drought and a cyclone), which accentuated the costs of resource competition. Male aggression, such as infanticide, which negatively affects female fitness, might also have contributed to one group fission.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Exerts Its Anti-Inflammatory Action by Disrupting Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling

Renal inflammation, characterized by the influx of inflammatory cells, is believed to play a critical role in the initiation and progression of a wide range of chronic kidney diseases. Here, we show that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) inhibited renal inflammation and proinflammatory chemokine expression by disrupting nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling. In vivo, HGF gene delivery inhibited interstitial infiltration of inflammatory T cells and macrophages, and suppressed expression of both RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in a mouse model of obstructive nephropathy. In vitro, HGF abolished RANTES induction in human kidney epithelial cells, which was dependent on NF-κB signaling. HGF did not significantly affect the phosphorylation or degradation of IκBα; it also did not influence the phosphorylation or nuclear translocation of p65 NF-κB. However, HGF prevented p65 NF-κB binding to its cognate cis-acting element in the RANTES promoter. HGF action was dependent on the activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway, which led to the phosphorylation and inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β. Suppression of GSK-3β activity mimicked HGF and abolished RANTES expression, whereas ectopic expression of GSK-3β restored RANTES induction. HGF also induced renal GSK-3β phosphorylation and inactivation after obstructive injury in vivo. These observations suggest that HGF is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine that inhibits renal inflammation by disrupting NF-κB signaling and may be a promising therapeutic agent for progressive renal diseases.
Medial Hypothalamic 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)1A Receptors Regulate Neuroendocrine Responses to Stress and Exploratory Locomotor Activity: Application of Recombinant Adenovirus Containing 5-HT1A Sequences

Our previous studies found that serotonin transporter (SERT) knock-out mice showed increased sensitivity to minor stress and increased anxiety-like behavior but reduced locomotor activity. These mice also showed decreased density of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT1A) receptors in the hypothalamus, amygdala, and dorsal raphe. To evaluate the contribution of hypothalamic 5-HT1A receptors to these phenotypes of SERT knock-out mice, two studies were conducted. Recombinant adenoviruses containing 5-HT1A sense and antisense sequences (Ad-1AP-sense and Ad-1AP-antisense) were used to manipulate 5-HT1A receptors in the hypothalamus. The expression of the 5-HT1A genes is controlled by the 5-HT1A promoter, so that they are only expressed in 5-HT1A receptor-containing cells. (1) Injection of Ad-1AP-sense into the hypothalamus of SERT knock-out mice restored 5-HT1A receptors in the medial hypothalamus; this effect was accompanied by elimination of the exaggerated adrenocorticotropin responses to a saline injection (minor stress) and reduced locomotor activity but not by a change in increased exploratory anxiety-like behavior. (2) To further confirm the observation in SERT-/- mice, Ad-1AP-antisense was injected into the hypothalamus of normal mice. The density and the function of 5-HT1A receptors in the medial hypothalamus were significantly reduced in Ad-1AP-antisense-treated mice. Compared with the control group (injected with Ad-track), Ad-1A-antisense-treated mice showed a significant reduction in locomotor activity, but again no changes in exploratory anxiety-like behaviors, tested by elevated plus-maze and open-field tests. Thus, the present results demonstrate that medial hypothalamic 5-HT1A receptors regulate stress responses and locomotor activity but may not regulate exploratory anxiety-like behaviors.
An investigation of novice programmer errors in IBM 370 (OS) assembly language

Novice Assembly Language programmer errors were "trapped" and tabulated according to type and frequency by programming assignment. In addition, the number of runs per programming assignment were investigated.Recommendations were made to facilitate the reduction of numbers of errors by novice IBM 370 (OS) Assembly Language Programmers.
Nebivolol Efficacy and Safety in Patients with Stage I-II Hypertension

Background Nebivolol is a novel, β1-adrenergic receptor blocker with vasodilatory properties mediated through activation of the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway. Hypothesis This multicenter, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study investigated the antihypertensive efficacy and safety of nebivolol in patients with stage I through stage II hypertension (sitting diastolic blood pressure [SiDBP] ≥ 95 mm Hg and ≤ 109 mm Hg). Methods A total of 811 patients were randomized to placebo or nebivolol 5 mg, 10 mg, or 20 mg once daily for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was the reduction in mean trough SiDBP from baseline. Results At study end, the least squares mean reductions in trough SiDBP from baseline with nebivolol 5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg were − 7.8 mm Hg, − 8.5 mm Hg, and − 9.1 mm Hg, respectively, compared with − 4.6 mm Hg for placebo (P = .002 for nebivolol 5 mg, P<.001 for nebivolol 10 mg and 20 mg, vs placebo). Nebivolol treatment also produced reductions in trough sitting systolic blood pressure; however, only the 20 mg dose was statistically significant compared with placebo (−6.7 mm Hg vs − 0.4 mm Hg; P<.001). Response rates (defined as an average trough SiDBP < 90 mm Hg or a decrease by ≥ 10 mm Hg from baseline at the end of the study) ranged from 66.0% to 68.9% with nebivolol 5–20 mg, compared with 49.3% with placebo (P≤.009). Nebivolol 5 mg and 10 mg doses were well tolerated, with an overall adverse event incidence comparable to placebo. Conclusions Once-daily nebivolol is an effective antihypertensive agent in patients with stage I-II hypertension. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Shape resonance in Ca- photodetachment and the electron affinity of Ca(1S).

It was only recently found that a stable negative ion ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ $^{2}$P exists below the Ca${(}^{1}$S) ground state. An electron affinity of 43\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7 meV was obtained experimentally, and numerous theoretical calculations have now found values between 0 and 100 meV. We report the first photodetachment threshold measurements on ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, which display a p-wave threshold above Ca 4s4p $^{3}$P and a large p-wave shape resonance above Ca 4s4p $^{1}$P. Both threshold energies obtained from the data agree with a new electron affinity of 18.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.5 meV for Ca${(}^{1}$S).
Detecting the onset of hyper-reflexive bladder contractions from the electrical activity of the pudendal nerve

Individuals with a spinal cord injury or neurological disorders may develop involuntary bladder contractions at low volumes (bladder hyper-reflexia), which can lead to significant health problems. Present devices can inhibit unwanted contractions through continuous stimulation, but do not enable conditional stimulation only at the onset of bladder contractions. The objectives of this study were to determine the relationship between the electrical activity of the pudendal nerve trunk (PNT) and bladder pressure during hyper-reflexive bladder contractions and to determine whether PNT activity could be used to detect the contractions. Bladder pressure and PNT electroneurogram (ENG) were recorded in eight adult male cats. The PNT ENG activity increased at the onset of a bladder contraction and the activity during bladder contractions was greater than during the intercontraction interval (p<0.001). Three algorithms were developed to detect the onset of a bladder contraction from the PNT ENG activity. A cumulative sum (CUSUM) algorithm performed better than either a constant threshold or a dynamic threshold algorithm, and enabled detection of reflex bladder contractions from the PNT ENG an average of 1.2 s after the contraction started with an average increase in pressure 7.1 cmH/sub 2//spl middot/O when evaluated on data not used to set detection parameters. These data demonstrated that recordings from the PNT could be used to detect hyper-reflexive bladder contractions and provide a signal to control closed-loop inhibitory stimulation.
Central configurations of the collinear three-body problem and singular surfaces in the mass space

Abstract This Letter is to provide a new approach to study the phenomena of degeneracy of the number of the collinear central configurations under geometric equivalence. A direct and simple explicit parametric expression of the singular surface H 3 is constructed in the mass space ( m 1 , m 2 , m 3 ) ∈ ( R + ) 3 . The construction of H 3 is from an inverse respective, that is, by specifying positions for the bodies and then determining the masses that are possible to yield a central configuration. It reveals the relationship between the phenomena of degeneracy and the inverse problem of central configurations. We prove that the number of central configurations is decreased to 3 ! / 2 − 1 = 2 , m 1 , m 2 , and m 3 are mutually distinct if m ∈ H 3 . Moreover, we know not only the number of central configurations but also what the nonequivalent central configurations are.
Anticipating floodplain trajectories: a comparison of two alternative futures approaches

Scenario-based investigations explore alternative future courses of action in a widening array of situations. Anticipating landscape patterns and the values behind them are recurring needs in such investigations. While it is accepted that how scenario assumptions are framed and who frames them matters, the sensitivity of resulting trajectories to contrasting scenario framing and modeling processes is rarely tested. Using comparable scenarios we contrast landscape change trajectories produced from two distinct approaches to modeling scenario assumptions: the first uses lay citizen groups and deterministic land allocation modeling, the second uses experts from biophysical and social sciences and agent-based modeling. Scenarios are defined and mapped for the year 2050 in western Oregon’s Willamette River Basin along a gradient of conservation oriented to development-oriented assumptions using first citizen-based and then expert-based approaches. The landscape variability and trajectories for the citizen-based Conservation 2050 and Development 2050 scenarios are then characterized and compared with those of the expert-based Conservation 2050 and Development 2050 scenarios. Results distinguish areas where trajectories always vary regardless of approach or scenario from those that never vary. Policy influence on trajectory is illustrated using agent-based model results where land conversion serves purposes of wealth production and ecosystem function. Results depict areas with strong coupling between policy and trajectory as those places experiencing the same pattern of change over time regardless of scenario. Results also indicate that the greater the variability of a given scenario’s trajectories, the more successful the scenario is at avoiding scarcity of wealth and ecosystem function.
Long-Term Respiratory Tract Infection with Canine-Associated Pasteurella dagmatis and Neisseria canis in a Patient with Chronic Bronchiectasis

Pasteurella dagmatis and Neisseria canis were repeatedly isolated from the sputum of a poodle-owning patient with chronic bronchiectasis. Commercially available systems failed to identify these unusual organisms: identification was made by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Difficulties identifying these and five other canine-associated isolates (P. dagmatis [n = 2], Pasteurella canis [n = 2], and N. canis [n = 1]) are discussed.
Beau lines, onychomadesis, and retronychia: A unifying hypothesis

Beau lines, onychomadesis, and retronychia are nail dystrophies with distinctive clinical findings. Trauma has been reported as the initiating factor in each of these entities. Infections, severe medical illnesses, major surgery/anesthesia, medication side effects, and autoimmune disease can produce Beau lines and onychomadesis. This article illustrates the common underlying pathophysiological mechanism that produces each of these nail dystrophies.
C. elegans PAT-9 is a nuclear zinc finger protein critical for the assembly of muscle attachments.

Caenorhabditis elegans sarcomeres have been studied extensively utilizing both forward and reverse genetic techniques to provide insight into muscle development and the mechanisms behind muscle contraction. A previous genetic screen investigating early muscle development produced 13 independent mutant genes exhibiting a Pat (p aralyzed and a rrested elongation at the t wo-fold length of embryonic development) muscle phenotype. This study reports the identification and characterization of one of those genes, pat-9. Positional cloning, reverse genetics, and plasmid rescue experiments were used to identify the predicted C. elegans gene T27B1.2 (recently named ztf-19) as the pat-9 gene. Analysis of pat-9 showed it is expressed early in development and within body wall muscle lineages, consistent with a role in muscle development and producing a Pat phenotype. However, unlike most of the other known Pat gene family members, which encode structural components of muscle attachment sites, PAT-9 is an exclusively nuclear protein. Analysis of the predicted PAT-9 amino acid sequence identified one putative nuclear localization domain and three C2H2 zinc finger domains. Both immunocytochemistry and PAT-9::GFP fusion expression confirm that PAT-9 is primarily a nuclear protein and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments showed that PAT-9 is present on certain gene promoters. We have shown that the T27B1.2 gene is pat-9. Considering the Pat-9 mutant phenotype shows severely disrupted muscle attachment sites despite PAT-9 being a nuclear zinc finger protein and not a structural component of muscle attachment sites, we propose that PAT-9 likely functions in the regulation of gene expression for some necessary structural or regulatory component(s) of the muscle attachment sites.
Attitudes of Blacks and Whites Toward Native American Revolutionary Tactics for Social Change

Seventy-five male Blacks and Whites in New York City responded to a questionnaire concerning the militant Native American seizure of Wounded Knee, South Dakota while the events were occurring. Despite extensive news coverage, subjects had little specific knowledge of the Native Americans' demands. Younger people and Blacks had more favorable attitudes toward the militants and their tactics. Poorer Whites also favored militant tactics. Wealthier Whites placed more blame on the government. Little good was expected to come from militant tactics, but younger Whites expected more favorable outcomes for the militants themselves, and there was a tendency to predict more favorable outcomes for the militants when the investigator was Black. Revolutionary tactics may not be expected to alter economic conditions yet may be espoused for their psychological impact on alienated members of the society.
Three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannels

This paper presents a generalization of the hydrodynamic focusing technique to three-dimensions. Three-dimensional (3-D) hydrodynamic focusing offers the advantages of precision positioning of molecules in both vertical and lateral dimensions and minimizing the interaction of the sample fluid with the surfaces of the channel walls. In an ideal approach, 3-D hydrodynamic focusing could be achieved by completely surrounding the sample flow by a cylindrical sheath flow that constrains the sample flow to the center of the channel in both the lateral and the vertical dimensions. We present here design and simulation, 3-D fabrication, and experimental results from a piecewise approximation to such a cylindrical flow. Two-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D hydrodynamic focusing chips were fabricated using micromolding methods with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing chips were fabricated using the "membrane sandwich" method. Laser scanning confocal microscopy was used to study the hydrodynamic focusing experiments performed in the 2-D and 3-D chips with Rhodamine 6G solution as the sample fluid and water as the sheath fluid.
Investigations on a triple mode waveguide horn capable of providing scanned radiation patterns

Feedhorn reflector antenna assemblies have been widely used for both satellite communications and Radar applications [1]. A dual mode feedhorn is presented in [2–3] where TE 11 and TM 01 modes are excited to generate multiple phase centers when employed as a feed source for a reflector antenna. These papers [2–3] presented a technique of beam scanning in the Φ=90° cut plane only, thereby generation of multiple phase centers in the Φ=90° cut plane by control of the amplitude and phase of the modes. In [4] authors presented a tri-mode feedhorn design that employed TE 11 , TM 11 , and TE 21 modes, but the effort was to reduce the cross-polarization in the far-field pattern of a linearly polarized offset parabolic reflector antenna. In this paper, we present investigation results of a triple mode (TE 11 , TM 11 , and TE 21 ) circular waveguide horn antenna with corrugated chokes which is capable of providing radiation pattern beam scanning in the range of θ=±24° in both Φ =0° and 90° cut planes similar to the case of a conventional phased array antenna. This is achieved by exciting all the three modes simultaneously in proper amplitude and phase. Though not discussed here, it is capable of providing multiple phase centers in both the Φ=0° and 90° cut planes. The simulation design of the horn was performed using finite element method (FEM) based full wave analysis software Ansoft HFSS. The geometry and design of the horn is discussed in section II. Simulation results of the horn are discussed in section III. Finally, section IV presents conclusion and future study.
Practical static analysis for inference of security-related program properties

We present a static analysis framework for inference of security-related program properties. Within this framework we design and implement ownership, immutability and information flow inference analyses for Java. We perform empirical investigation on a set of Java components, and on a set of established security benchmarks. The results indicate that the analyses are practical and precise, and therefore can be integrated in program comprehension tools that support reasoning about software security and software quality.