cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Avian muscular dystrophy: serum thyroid defect and limited improvement with methimazole and propylthiouracil.

Abstract Serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T 3 ) and thyroxine (T 4 ) were determined by radioimmunoassay in normal and genetically related muscular dystrophic chicks at 2 through 42 days ex ovo . There were no significant differences in T 4 concentrations, but T 3 concentrations were reduced about 35% below normal values in dystrophic birds at 14 to 42 days. The situation was reversed, however, on day 2, with T 3 concentrations about 50% greater in dystrophic than in normal serum. Administration of T 3 beginning on day 2 ex ovo did not alter phenotypic expression of dystrophic signs. Administration of the thyroid “antagonists,” methimazole and propylthiouracil, however, significantly increased righting ability and reduced serum creatine kinase activity in dystrophic chicks. None of the administered substances improved the histopathology of dystrophic pectoralis major muscles. The data indicate that serum T 3 concentrations may provide an early “marker” for avian dystrophy, and suggest that lowered serum T 3 concentrations in older chicks may represent a compensatory response to the elevated serum T 3 in newly hatched dystrophic chicks.
Silver(I) induced rearrangement of the benzotricyclo[3.2.0.02,7]heptene ring system

Abstract The silver ion promoted isomerization of several substituted benzotricyclo- [3.2.0.0 2,7 ]heptenes to benzonorbornadienes has been found to readily occur.
How I do it: gastrointestinal cutaneous fistulas.

Gastrointestinal cutaneous fistulas are among the more complex surgical conditions, with mortalities in the current series between 6% and 20%, and in some non-U.S. series, up to 40%. The series of principles of recognition, preparation of the abdominal wall, enteral and parenteral nutrition, and support, is outlined. Diagnosis in the absence of signs of sepsis is usually obtained by a fistulagram done by collaboration between the senior surgeon and the senior radiologist and followed to make certain that there is no intestinal obstruction. If spontaneous (nonoperative) closure does not occur in 5 to 6 weeks, it is unlikely to occur and an operation will be required. In our experience, obliterative peritonitis does not subside until a minimum of 4 months, and so an elective operative approach should take place when required after 4 months since the previous operation (when the fistula occurred). A technical approach to operation is described. Avoiding enterotomies is critical. The abdomen should be entered in a fresh area, either by an extended incision, or in a virgin area transversely, if the previous incision was vertical and occupied the entire length of the abdomen. It often takes between 1.5 and 2 h to get into the abdomen without making additional enterotomies. The goal is to dissect laterally in one area until one enters a free lateral space which is free of adhesions. One then proceeds from lateral to medial to take down the adhesions from the previous incisions. When one is finished taking down these adhesions, it is usual that only 12 to 18 in. of bowel of the fistula and the surrounding enterotomies requires resection. An end-to-end anastomosis should be performed. Our practice is a two-layer silk-interrupted anastamosis. Adjunctive steps following the operation usually include a gastrostomy and a catheter jejunostomy. In order to be successful, the best results are obtained with a native abdominal wall closure with either component separation or an Abrahamson-type closure. If this cannot be achieved, multiple layers of vicryl are used, which usually enables the fistula to heal; a hernia usually results, but that can be dealt with at some future time. Using these principles, the last 50 cases at our personal series have been done without mortality.
Conserving energy in domestic refrigerators through the use of refrigerant mixtures

Resume Pour les refrigerateurs menagers a deux niveaux de temperature, ou pourrait appliquer un cycle frigorifique a deux evaporateurs. Si l'on utilise un melange de frigorigenes dans le circuit et qu'on le dirige en serie d'abord dans l'evaporateur a basse temperature, puis dans l'evaporateur a temperature plus elevee, l'elevation progressive de la temperature reduit les irreversibilites du cycle. Ce rapport passe en revue les documents publies et indique une serie de simulations de plusieurs cycles differents avec des melanges variables de frigorigenes. L'analyse montre qu'on peut economiser environ 12% de l'energie consommee par le compresseur en utilisant un melange a parties egales de R 12 et de R 114 au lieu de R 12 pur.
Activity-dependent Regulation of h Channel Distribution in Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons

The hyperpolarization-activated cation current, Ih, plays an important role in regulating intrinsic neuronal excitability in the brain. In hippocampal pyramidal neurons, Ih is mediated by h channels comprised primarily of the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel subunits, HCN1 and HCN2. Pyramidal neuron h channels within hippocampal area CA1 are remarkably enriched in distal apical dendrites, and this unique distribution pattern is critical for regulating dendritic excitability. We utilized biochemical and immunohistochemical approaches in organotypic slice cultures to explore factors that control h channel localization in dendrites. We found that distal dendritic enrichment of HCN1 is first detectable at postnatal day 13, reaching maximal enrichment by the 3rd postnatal week. Interestingly we found that an intact entorhinal cortex, which projects to distal dendrites of CA1 but not area CA3, is critical for the establishment and maintenance of distal dendritic enrichment of HCN1. Moreover blockade of excitatory neurotransmission using tetrodotoxin, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, or 2-aminophosphonovalerate redistributed HCN1 evenly throughout the dendrite without significant changes in protein expression levels. Inhibition of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II activity, but not p38 MAPK, also redistributed HCN1 in CA1 pyramidal neurons. We conclude that activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors by excitatory temporoammonic pathway projections from the entorhinal cortex establishes and maintains the distribution pattern of HCN1 in CA1 pyramidal neuron dendrites by activating calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-mediated downstream signals.
Large-scale pickup and delivery work area design

This paper presents a new approach to rationalizing the design of work areas for drivers who pickup and deliver hundreds of packages a day. Taking into account the random nature of demand, visit frequency, and service time, the objective is to partition the customers into the minimum number of convex, continuous clusters such that each can be serviced by a single vehicle within the time available in a day. An additional requirement is that the aspect ratio of a work area must satisfy certain geometric conditions. The problem is formulated as a generic capacitated clustering problem with side constraints and solved with a combination of aggregation to achieve analytic tractability, column generation to determine good clusters, regeneration to diversify the exploration of the feasible region, and heuristic variable fixing to find good feasible solutions. A novel set of geometric constraints allows for the implicit generation of clusters, and several valid inequalities are introduced to strengthen the pricing subproblem formulation. In addition, ideas from tabu search are adopted to limit the number of subproblems that are solved at each iteration. This greatly improved the efficiency of the column generation algorithm without sacrificing quality. The methodology was tested with data provided by a leading carrier. Six data sets were examined, ranging in size from roughly 6000 to 45,000 customers. The results showed that much more compact work areas could be obtained than currently exist, and that the number of drivers could be reduced by an average of 7.6%. This translates into millions of dollars in annual saving when all service areas across the U.S. are taken into account.
SUPPRESSION OF RELAXIN GENE EXPRESSION BY RETINOIDS IN SQUAMOUS DIFFERENTIATED RABBIT TRACHEAL EPITHELIAL CELLS

Northern blot analysis of total RNA from a variety of rabbit tissues indicated that placenta is the primary site of expression of the protein hormone relaxin (previously called SQ10) in rabbits. Relaxin was not detected by this method in other rabbit tissues, including normal trachea and several squamous tissues. However, relaxin is highly induced during squamous cell differentiation in cultured rabbit tracheal epithelial (RbTE) cells. Retinoic acid and retinoids that selectively bind to the nuclear retinoid receptors, the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs), and induce RARE- or RXRE-dependent transactivation as well as repression of AP-1-dependent transactivation, were all effective in suppressing relaxin expression. In addition, the retinoid SR11302, which exhibits only anti-AP-1 activity but does not induce RARE- or RXRE-dependent transactivation, was also able to inhibit relaxin expression. These results suggest that the suppression of relaxin expression is related to the anti-AP-1 activity of retinoids. To determine whether the relaxin gene is regulated by retinoids at the level of transcription, a 4.3 kb fragment of the 5' flanking region of the rabbit relaxin gene was cloned and analyzed. This regulatory region included a classic TATA-box as well as consensus sequences for several transcription factors, including CREB, NF-kappaB and AP-1. The ability of the 4.3 kb regulatory region to control the transcription of a luciferase reporter gene was analyzed in transiently transfected, squamous-differentiated RbTE cells. The results demonstrated that this regulatory region caused strong transactivation of the reporter gene. This transactivation was inhibited by retinoic acid, suggesting retinoid control at the transcriptional level. Deletion analysis indicated that multiple regulatory elements are involved in the regulation of relaxin gene expression during squamous differentiation as well as in the suppression by retinoids.
Physiologic, morphologic and behavioral responses of perpetual cultures of Caulobacter crescentus to carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus limitations

Perpetual cultures ofCaulobacter crescentus were maintained in a chemostat and provided with media that provided glucose, glutamate, ammonium chloride, and Na/K phosphate as sources, respectively, of C, of C and N, of N and of P. All cultures were maintained at the same relative flow rate, f/V, so that reproductive rate was constant. As the C∶N∶P ratio was shifted from a balanced ratio of 100 μg C∶9–10 μg N∶1 μg P, the cells modulated their rates of uptake, reducing the rates of uptake of excess element-sources and accelerating the uptake of potential sources of the limiting element. The change in N-limited cells was the greatest, resulting in a nearly 150-fold increase in rate of uptake of amino acids. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate or polyphosphate was stored whenever C or P, respectively, was not the limiting element. Direct measurement of cell and stalk surface areas on purified peptidoglycan sacculi of P-limited cells revealed that the surface of both swarmer and stalked cells, as well as the stalk surface, participated in the accelerated rate of phosphate uptake. Swarmers from N-limited populations were the only cells that exhibited chemotactic responsiveness-to methionine, NH4Cl and glutamate, but not to glucose or phosphate-sufficient to be detectable in a microcapillary assay. In populations that were C-limited and provided with ammonium ions as the principal source of N, morphogenesis and reproduction deteriorated and a steady state could not be maintained. Generally, the responses ofC. crescentus were appropriate to manage unbalanced nutrient supplies, but this oligoheterotrophic organism did not tolerate excesses of inorganic nutrients when limited for its sources of C, of energy, and of ammonium acceptor.
Utilization of choline sulphate for growth by a choline sulphohydrolase-deficient Pseudomonas species

Abstract 1. 1. By assaying for the release of choline from choline o -sulphate (COS), an enzyme catalyzing the utilization of this ester as a sulphur source was detected in Pseudomonas C 12 B. 2. 2. The enzyme, which is distinct from those concerned with COS formation by this bacterium, was easily released from intact cells during growth and appears to be cell wall-associated. 3. 3. The enzyme was synthesized maximally by cells grown on 0.01 mM l -eysteine and is therefore not substrate-inducible.
Provider practices impact adequate diagnosis of sleep disorders in children with epilepsy.

Sleep disorders significantly affect the lives of children with epilepsy. Limited data exist about provider practices concerning detection and correct diagnosis of sleep problems in epilepsy. The a...
Elicitins from Phytophthora and basic resistance in tobacco

Elicitins are a family of small proteins secreted by species of Phytophthora. They are thought to be major determinants of the resistance response of tobacco against these oomycetes, since purified elicitins, alone and at low concentrations, can induce vigorous defense responses in tobacco (i.e., hypersensitive cell death and resistance against subsequent pathogen attack), and in vitro elicitin production by Phytophthora isolates is strongly negatively correlated with their pathogenicity on tobacco plants. A number of elicitins have been purified and their amino acid sequences have been determined and found to be conserved. A three-dimensional structure for elicitin is emerging from nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Two structural classes, alpha and beta, are distinguished by their biological effects when applied to decapitated stems or petioles; the beta class causes more necrosis on leaves and provides better subsequent protection against pathogen attack. However, both these classes of elicitins will similarly cause necrosis when each is, instead, directly infiltrated into tobacco leaf panels. Effects of elicitins on tobacco cells include rapid electrolyte leakage, changes in protein phosphorylation and amounts of active oxygen species, and later production of ethylene and capsidiol. The sites of initial interaction with tobacco cells are unknown, but the interaction appears to induce general defense-related responses.
Non-MSE data compression for emitter location of radar pulse trains

This paper ties together and extends several recent results we have presented. We previously showed: (i) the usefulness of non-MSE distortion criteria in data compression for time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) emitter location (SPIE 2001 & 2002), and (ii) the ability to exploit redundancy between radar pulses in a joint TDOA/FDOA (frequency-difference-of-arrival) location scheme (SPIE 2001 & 2002). In (ii) we showed how to compress radar signals by gating around the detected pulses and then putting the pulses into the rows of a matrix which is then compressed through use of the SVD; this approach employed a purely MSE distortion criterion. An open question in this approach was: Is it possible to eliminate some of the pulses from the pulse matrix to increase the compression ratio without significantly sacrificing location accuracy? We resolve this question by applying our proposed non-MSE to the FDOA accuracy and finding the optimal set of pulses to remove from the pulse matrix. The removal of pulses is shown to have negligible impact on the FDOA accuracy but does degrade the TDOA accuracy from that achievable using the SVD-based compression without pulse elimination. However, we demonstrate that the SVD method includes an inherent de-noising effect (common in SVD-based signal processing) that provides an improvement in TDOA accuracy over the case of no compression processing; thus, the overall impact on TDOA/FDOA accuracy is negligible while providing compression ratios on the order of 100:1 for typical radar signals.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Section II. Summary

In Section II, eight articles having to do with the nature of teacher education programs were presented. Each addressed different iterations of the program theme and each gave rise to different, al...
Interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor α are produced in the mouse uterus during the estrous cycle and are induced by estrogen and progesterone

Abstract The ovarian steroids, estrogen and progesterone, regulate cellular and molecular changes which occur in the uterus during the estrous cycle. Cycles of protein synthesis, cell proliferation and differentiation, and cell death are the direct results of changes in hormone concentration. To explore the possibility that cytokines, which stimulate proliferation and differentiation of numerous types of cells, might be associated with those cyclic changes, the production of IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα was examined in the mouse uterus. Cytokine mRNA expression, bioactivity, and immunoreactivity were quantitated during the estrous cycle, following ovariectomy and exposure of ovariectomized mice to estrogen and progesterone. IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα mRNA was detected, and mRNA levels for each of the cytokines varied with the stage of the cycle. Cytokine bioactivity was expressed throughout the cycle, but levels of each cytokine were highest during proestrus and/or estrus. Immunoreactivity paralleled bioactivity. Uterus from ovariectomized mice contained little or no cytokine activity, and systemic administration of estrogen or progesterone resulted in the induction of IL-1α and IL-1β mRNA expression. Significant amounts of IL-6 and TNFα mRNA appeared only following the exposure of ovariectomized mice to estrogen plus progesterone. Cytokine bioactivity and immunoreactivity also appeared following the administration of estrogen and/or progesterone. The highest activity levels for each cytokine were observed following the injection of estrogen plus progesterone. Cyclic expression of IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα in the uterus and their apparent regulation by estrogen and progesterone raise the possibility that cytokines and factors which are induced by cytokines are part of the regulatory process which is induced by ovarian hormones in the uterus of reproductive age females.
Epilepsy in football players and other land-based contact or collision sport athletes: When can they participate, and is there an increased risk?

We discuss the impact of epilepsy on the lives of athletes involved in contact sports. Recommendations for epilepsy patients with regard to contact sports have changed over the years from avoidance to encouragement. It is conceivable that exercise could exacerbate seizures either directly, through hyperventilation, or indirectly by alteration of anticonvulsant levels. Seizures could also be injurious in contact sports, and recurrent minor head trauma could worsen epilepsy. However, evidence to the contrary abounds and very few case reports support these notions. Exercise benefits individuals with epilepsy in many ways including improved seizure control, mood, and quality of life. We suggest that athletes with epilepsy be evaluated on an individual basis, and follow sensible guidelines while participating in contact sports. There is no significant evidence to suggest that contact sports are harmful to athletes with epilepsy; however, common sense rules still apply.
The Control Mechanism for Lagging Strand Polymerase Recycling during Bacteriophage T4 DNA Replication

Given the polarity of DNA duplex, replication by the leading strand polymerase is continuous whereas that by the lagging strand polymerase is discontinuous proceeding through Okazaki fragments. Yet the respective polymerases act processively, implying that the recycling of the lagging strand polymerase is a controlled process. We demonstrate that the rate of the lagging strand polymerase relative to that of fork movement affects Okazaki fragment size and generates ssDNA gaps. We show by using a substrate with limited priming sites that Okazaki fragments can be shifted to shorter lengths by varying the rate of the primase. We find that clamp and clamp loader levels affect both primer utilization and Okazaki fragment size, possibly implicating clamp loading onto the RNA primer in the mechanism of lagging strand polymerase recycling. We formulate a signaling model capable of rationalizing the distribution of Okazaki fragments under various conditions for this and possibly other replisomes.
Precision Machining Commercialization

The potential for large DOD cost savings by fabricating optical parts using state-of-the-art precision turning techniques has resulted in an Air Force Materials Laboratory program to commercialize the technology, now largely within DOE contractor laboratories and production facilities. Machining process is becoming an extension of optical process requiring a melding of optical and machining disciplines, including cost trade off for part complexity and production volume. Differences in terminology and specification conventions are being resolved. The goal of the three-year commercialization program is to accelerate a technology diffusion process faster than is likely to be realized by market forces so as to capture potential fabrication savings for presently identified needs. The program will sponsor seminars and workshops, aid in procurement specification writing, provide shop floor assistance in tool performance testing and supply documentation of the technology for individual reference. Program plans call for a partnership with selected industrial companies in commercializing state-of-the-art precision turning technology.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Occurrence of fragile particles inferred from optical plankton counters used in situ and to analyze net samples collected simultaneously

[1] We hypothesized that the optical plankton counter (OPC) senses particles in situ that are not collected by nets and analyzed in the laboratory. An OPC was deployed in situ between 1998 and 2004 in the mouth of a bongo net with 505-μm-mesh nets in the upper 210 m at stations in the California Current Region. Here we compare paired data sets from the OPC in situ and the OPC analysis in the laboratory of the simultaneously collected net samples for four seasons of 2 years. We restricted our analysis to particle sizes 1.26–6.35 mm equivalent spherical diameter (ESD), a size class shown from the lab OPC data to be retained efficiently by the net. On average, 4 (3) times more particles by number (volume) were sensed in situ by the OPC than sensed in net collections by the OPC in the lab. These values varied an order of magnitude among the eight cruises examined. Time of day, distance offshore, season, year, chlorophyll a concentration, and Brunt-Vaisala frequency each explained significant variation in these differences. The excess of particles sensed in situ over that measured in the net samples was due primarily to smaller particles in the 1.26–6.35 mm ESD range. We infer that the particles measured by the OPC in situ but not in the lab were fragile and thus not collected by the net. We hypothesize that these fragile particles are primarily aggregates and abandoned houses of larvaceans.
Cardiovascular Disorders and Rheumatic Disease

Cardiovascular disease is a common and under-recognized problem in patients with systemic rheumatic conditions. Patients may present with disease associated heart involvement at the time of diagnosis or later in the course of the illness. The manifestations vary by disease, and all structures in the heart can be affected and may result in significant morbidity and mortality. Manifestations of cardiac disease in these patients range from subclinical to severe and may require aggressive immunosuppressive therapy. Early recognition is important for prompt institution of appropriate therapy. Treatment of disease associated cardiac involvement is based on severity of disease with more severe manifestations often requiring a combination of corticosteroid and cytotoxic agent. Premature atherosclerosis has been increasingly recognized in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis and may result in premature coronary death when compared to the general population. Aggressive control of systemic inflammation in these diseases may result in a reduction in the risk of ischemic heart disease. Although aggressive treatment of the primary rheumatic disease has been associated with an improvement in mortality rates, specific guidelines for prevention of ischemic heart disease in this group of patients have not been formulated and recommendations at this time include aggressive control and monitoring of traditional risk factors.
Diversity as interest-convergence in academia: a critical race theory story

This paper presents a critical race theory story regarding diversity and affirmative action in academia. The story's purpose is to raise issues regarding the treatment of diversity as a commodity in academia and how white faculty seek to privilege themselves in the diversity discourse. The story raises questions regarding the costs and benefits of diversity and affirmative action for minority faculty. The story illustrates how white faculty privilege themselves in diversity discourses by silencing diversity.
Ontogeny of short- and long-term memory capacities for passive avoidance training in undernourished mice

To assess the effects of early postnatal undernutrition upon the developing abilities of infant and juvenile mice to acquire and retain a passive-avoidance response, we reared mice following birth in either “normally nourished” or “undernourished” conditions by maintaining litter sizes of 6 or 16, respectively. At ages ranging from 7 to 21 days of age, mice from each nutritional condition were trained to withhold stepping off from a small vibrating platform in order to avoid shock. Following training to a common criterion, separate groups of mice were retrained to the same criterion either 1 or 24 hr later. From the comparisons with yoked control groups at each age and retention interval, we conclude that although undernutrition results in some age-related differences in the ability to withhold responding, these are quite small during acquisition within each age group. In contrast, the retention data suggest that undernutrition delayed the development of both short- and long-term memory abilities on this task. In general, these results are similar to earlier data involving discriminated shock-escape wherein undernutrition had little apparent effect upon acquisition at the early ages but rather marked effects upon developing memory systems.
Blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia and domoic acid in the San Pedro Channel and Los Angeles harbor areas of the Southern California Bight, 2003-2004

Abundances of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and concentrations of particulate domoic acid (DA) were determined in the Southern California Bight (SCB) along the coasts of Los Angeles and Orange Counties during spring and summer of 2003 and 2004. At least 1500 km2 were affected by a toxic event in May/June of 2003 when some of the highest particulate DA concentrations reported for US coastal waters were measured inside the Los Angeles harbor (12.7 μg DA L−1). Particulate DA levels were an order of magnitude lower in spring of 2004 (February and March), but DA concentrations per cell at several sampling stations during 2004 exceeded previously reported maxima for natural populations of Pseudo-nitzschia (mean = 24 pg DA cell−1, range = 0–117 pg DA cell−1). Pseudo-nitzschia australis dominated the Pseudo-nitzschia assemblage in spring 2004. Overall, DA-poisoning was implicated in >1400 mammal stranding incidents within the SCB during 2003 and 2004. Ancillary physical and chemical data obtained during our regional surveys in 2004 revealed that Pseudo-nitzschia abundances, particulate DA and cellular DA concentrations were inversely correlated with concentrations of silicic acid, nitrogen and phosphate, and to specific nutrient ratios. Particulate DA was detected in sediment traps deployed at 550 and 800 m depth during spring of 2004 (0.29–7.6 μg DA (g sediment dry weight)−1). The highest DA concentration in the traps was measured within 1 week of dramatic decreases in the abundances of Pseudo-nitzschia in surface waters. To our knowledge these are the deepest sediment trap collections from which DA has been detected. Sinking of the spring Pseudo-nitzschia bloom may constitute a potentially important link between DA production in surface waters and benthic communities in the coastal ocean near Los Angeles. Our study indicates that toxic blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia are a recurring phenomenon along one of the most densely populated coastal stretches of the SCB and that the severity and magnitude of these events can be comparable to or greater than these events in other geographical regions affected by domoic acid.
Labor's spatial praxis and the geography of contract bargaining in the US east coast longshore industry, 1953–1989

Abstract This paper examines the production of new geographical scales of contract bargaining in the United States east coast longshore industry during the post-Second World War period. In particular, it analyses how the International Longshoremen's Association, which represents east coast waterfront workers, forged a national contract in response to political challenges by a rival union and economic challenges brought about by the introduction of new labor-saving technologies such as containerization. As a means to equalize working conditions in ports from Maine to Texas the union used strikes, work slowdowns, legal action, political pressure and cargo-handling boycotts to force reluctant employers in 1957 to agree to a master contract covering the North Atlantic ports. Upon completion of negotiations in the North Atlantic, the terms of this master contract were also usually adopted by ports in the South Atlantic and Gulf regions. The implementation of a master contract represented a significant change from the system of port-by-port bargaining which had traditionally dominated labor relations in the industry. In response, employers subsequently felt compelled to restructure their own organization so that by the 1970s a number of regional employer groups had formed throughout the industry to negotiate for several ports at once. Following its success in securing a regional master contract, in 1977 the union negotiated a national agreement covering a number of items related to job security. However, during the 1980s the increasing costs of the union's contracts encouraged many West Gulf employers to turn to cheaper non-union labor to the point where, in 1986, 11 locals in this region broke with the national union and offered concessions as a means to preserve work for their members. This schism poses a significant threat to the union's efforts to continue ensuring that all dockers enjoy the same basic contractual rights. The paper shows how struggles over the scale at which bargaining takes place have been fundamental to the development of the industry's economic geography. Furthermore, the fact that groups of dockers adopted an explicitly geographical response to the threat of job loss raises questions about how workers' activities are theorized in explanations of the production of the economic geography of capitalism.
Specific 14C labeling of sialic acid and N-acetylhexosamine residues of glycosphingolipids after hydrazinolysis.

The sialic acid and the amino sugar moieties of glycosphinoglipids were N -deacetylated (or N -deglycolylated) by hydrazinolysis without considerable (5%) N -deacylation of ceramide residue. The total recoveries of various glycosphingolipids after hydrazinolysis were globoside, 52%; neolactopentaosylceramide, 46%; sialyl-lactosylceramide, 50%; N -glycolylneuraminyl-neolactotetraosylceramide, 36%; and GM1, 30%. The N -deacetylated glycosphingolipids were re- N -acetylated quantitatively (96%) with [1- 14 C]acetic anhydride to obtain [ acetyl - 14 C]glycosphingolipids of high specific activity.
Imaging high-dimensional spatial entanglement with compressive sensing

We use compressive sensing to efficiently image spatial correlations from spontaneous parametric downconversion at high resolution and witness entanglement. This technique efficiently scales to large dimensions and efficiently handles very low flux signals.
Novel homozygous deletions of chromosomal band 18q22 in pancreatic adenocarcinoma identified by STS marker scanning.

The identification of homozygous deletions in sporadic neoplasms has been pivotal in the positional cloning of several tumor suppressor genes. Chromosomal arm 18q harbors the DPC4, SMAD2, and DCC genes and is suspected on the basis of high frequencies of allelic loss to harbor additional tumor suppressor genes. We applied high-resolution sequence-tagged site (STS) marker scanning to a panel of 106 pancreatic adenocarcinomas to identify novel regions of homozygous deletions on 18q. Three homozygous deletions were identified. Physical mapping of these deletions showed them to be nonoverlapping, but clustered in an approximately 7- to 10-Mb region of chromosome band 18q22. Each deletion spanned physical distances of nearly 1.3 to 3 Mb. A number of transcribed genes map within these deletions. The identification of these homozygous deletions might aid in the identification of novel tumor suppressor genes on chromosomal arm 18q. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 25:370-375, 1999.
Tunneled Right Atrial Catheter Infection Presenting as Renal Failure

We report two cases of progressive renal failure secondary to membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with subclinical septicemia from a tunneled right atrial catheter used for home parenteral nutrition administration. Although the occurrence of line infection and septicemia is a common complication of central venous catheters, a review of the literature reveals only one case report of renal failure secondary to an infected implanted central venous device. Both patients presented with azotemia and had biopsy-proven membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, accompanied by leukocytoclastic vasculitis. In both cases, removal of the right atrial catheter and prolonged antibiotic therapy was effective in resolving the ongoing infection and resulted in marked improvement in renal function. A high index of suspicion for catheter sepsis should be maintained in patients with tunneled right atrial catheters presenting with subacute renal failure.
Genetics of methane and methanol oxidation in Gram-negative methylotrophic bacteria

Within the past few years, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the molecular genetics of methane and methanol oxidation. In order to summarize this progress and to illustrate the important genetic methods employed, this review will focus on several well-studied organisms. These organisms include the gramnegative faculative methylotrophsMethylobacterium extorquens, Methylobacterium organophilum andParacoccus denitrificans. In addition, the obligate methanotrophsMethylococcus capsulatus andMethylosinus trichosporium are discussed. We have chosen not to discuss the genetics of methanol oxidation in the yeasts or in gram-positive bacteria. Likewise, the genetics of related topics (for example, methylamine oxidation and carbon assimilation pathways) are not reviewed here. Broad host range conjugatable plasmids have enabled researchers to complement mutations and clone genes from gram-negative methylotrophic bacteria. More recently, ‘promoter probe’ derivative plasmids have been used to elucidate aspects of gene regulation. Also, alternative gene-cloning techniques are proving useful in circumventing problems in the genetic studies of the obligate methanotrophs, the group of bacteria that is the most refractory to traditional methods.
Hydrogen permeation characteristics of some Fe-Cr-Al alloys☆

Abstract Hydrogen permeation data are reported for two Fe-Cr-Al alloys, Type-405 SS (Cr 14-A1 0.2) and a member of the Fecralloy family of alloys (Cr 16-A1 5). The hydrogen permeability of each alloy (in a partially oxidized condition) was measured over a period of several weeks at randomly selected temperatures (between 150 and 850°C) and upstream H2 pressures (between 2 and 1.5 × 104 Pa). The permeabilities showed considerable scatter with both time and temperature and were 102 to 103 times lower than those of pure iron, even in strongly reducing environments. The exponent, n, for the relationship between upstream H2 pressure, P, and permeability, φ, (φ ~ Pn) was closer to 0.7 than to the expected 0.5, indicating a process limited by surface effects (e.g., surface oxide films) as opposed to bulk material effects. Comparison of these results with prior permeation measurements on other Fe-Cr-Al alloys, on Fe-Cr alloys, and on pure iron shows that the presence of a few weight percent aluminum offers the best prospects for achieving low tritium permeabilities with martensitic and ferritic steels used in fusion-reactor first wall and blanket applications.
Crater alignments in the flamsteed region of the moon

Abstract Evidence is presented to demonstrate the linear ‘chaining’ of craters in preferential directions in the neighbourhood of the low ring Flamsteed P and, again, in the neighbourhood of the sharp crater Encke C. One of these directions, 50° from North through East † , is common to both areas and appears to form part of the ‘system B’ section of the lunar grid system. Two further directions, 120° and 170° from North through East, are present only in the Flamsteed area, but may be identified in an investigation of the alignments of lines joining the centres of pairs of craters which morphologically resemble one another, performed for an adjoining region. No evidence was found for the preferential chaining of craters parallel to the walls of Flamsteed P, contrary to the expected trends postulated on the basis of the hypothesis of O'Keefe et al. and Fielder for the origin of this formation.
Polyethylene spark chamber for 50-250 MeV neutrons

Abstract A spark chamber with polyethylene loaded plates has been used to detect neutrons from the decay Λ °→n π °. The average detection efficiency for neutrons between 50 and 250 MeV was found to be 12%. The average neutron spin analyzing power was found to be −0.035.
Optically assisted atomic patterning: a multiple-quantum transition master equation study

Abstract Electron tunneling through the tip-surface junction at hydrogen-passivated silicon surfaces is well-known to cause hydrogen desorption via inelastic electron–phonon interactions. We develop a model that allows multiple-quantum transitions in the Si–H stretching mode. This model agrees quantitatively with available desorption data. We apply this model to desorption processes where the Si–H stretching vibration is pre-excited by near-infrared radiation. Although overtone excitation is inefficient, it is more efficient than inelastic electron scattering. Hence the combination of electron tunneling from the tip with pre-pumping of the long-lived Si–H stretching vibrations could lead to orders of magnitude enhanced patterning rates, while maintaining spatial resolution.
An RNA Interference Screen Identifies the Deubiquitinase STAMBPL1 as a Critical Regulator of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Nuclear Export and NF-κB Activation

The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax oncoprotein actively shuttles between the nucleus, where it interacts with transcriptional and splicing regulatory proteins, and the cytoplasm, where it activates NF-κB. Posttranslational modifications of Tax such as ubiquitination regulate its subcellular localization and hence its function; however, the regulation of Tax trafficking and NF-κB activation by host factors is poorly understood. By screening a deubiquitinating (DUB) enzyme small interfering RNA (siRNA) library, we identified the metalloprotease STAM-binding protein-like 1 (STAMBPL1) as a positive regulator of Tax-mediated NF-κB activation. Overexpression of wild-type STAMBPL1, but not a catalytically inactive mutant, enhanced Tax-mediated NF-κB activation, whereas silencing of STAMBPL1 with siRNA impaired Tax activation of both the canonical and noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathways. STAMBPL1 regulated Tax-induced NF-κB signaling indirectly by controlling Tax nuclear/cytoplasmic transport and was required for DNA damage-induced Tax nuclear export. Together, these results reveal that the deubiquitinase STAMBPL1 is a key regulator of Tax trafficking and function.
Effect of Carrier-Frequency Shift on Short-Pulse Holography*

We have assembled a single-transverse-mode, single-longitudinal-mode ruby laser with a pulse length of ~6–12 ns (intensity half-height full width). Pulsed holograms have been made by use of this laser. The laser carrier-frequency shift (or chirp) has been measured and is found to be the limiting factor on the depth of field of the hologram. In order to demonstrate this, we present a quantitative measurement of hologram quality.
FLEXIBLE CITIZENSHIP IN DUBAI: Neoliberal Subjectivity in the Emerging “City‐Corporation”

This essay addresses subjectivity in the context of the emergence of neoliberalism in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The appropriation of neoliberal values and policies in Dubai offers data on cultural processes that demonstrate the highly localized ways neoliberalism is inflected, challenging theories of neoliberal policies as monolithic instruments of global integration. Unlike other national contexts such as Singapore, local inflections of neoliberalism in Dubai are governed more by notions of ethically “valuable” citizenship and authentic identity than by economically “valuable” citizenship. The essay focuses on the young corporate employees of some of Dubai's leading corporations, who I call Dubai's “flexible citizens.” First situating the genealogy of neoliberalism and its flexible citizens in the colonial history of Dubai, the essay goes on to analyze the ways Dubai's flexible citizens appropriate neoliberal discourses to mediate local ambiguities and tensions of social and gender identity. The essay concludes with a discussion of how neoliberal Dubai is evolving in the wake of the 2008 world economic crisis.
Effectiveness of the Katy Freeway HOV-Lane Pricing Project Preliminary Assessment

The QuickRide program, implementing priority-lane pricing on the Katy high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane in Houston, Texas, is described. The program allows two-person carpools to use the HOV lane for $2.00 during peak periods, when the lane has a three-or-more person restriction. The use of QuickRide during its first 6 months is reported, and an analysis of the program's effectiveness is presented. QuickRide usage and data from before and after implementation are employed to analyze users' travel patterns, observed travel time-savings, and changes in person-throughput in the Katy Freeway corridor. The results of this analysis show that the participation in the QuickRide program is too low to observe significant impacts on travel speeds and person-throughput in the general-purpose lanes and the Katy HOV lane. Also, the analysis indicates that use of the QuickRide program reached a plateau about two months after start-up. Participants seem to be using QuickRide occasionally or infrequently, and a majority of the participants do not use it at all in any given week. Most of the QuickRide users appear to be previous two-person carpool commuters, with a substantial minority of single-occupant vehicle (SOV) drivers now forming carpools to participate. Higher vehicle-occupancy modes are not losing many patrons to the QuickRide program. An analysis shows that travel time-savings for participants are substantial and are worthwhile for two-person carpools, with a value of time exceeding $6.57/hr. However, the analysis also indicates that, at this initial stage, the observed changes in vehicle- and person-throughput are not statistically meaningful. To improve participation in the program, a lower fee is recommended, and marketing efforts should be enhanced, especially to SOV drivers.
Grain-Size Variation on Dunes in the Southwest Kalahari, Southern Africa

ABSTRACT Grain-size parameters (mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis) were determined for 83 sediment samples from six dune cross-profiles and one 28 km long-profile on dunes in the southwest Kalahari Desert in southern Africa. Although some studies elsewhere and previous studies in the Kalahari have reported significant grain-size variation over dune cross-profiles, data presented here show no systematic variation of grain-size parameters except that sediments from the crest of a dune are almost invariably better sorted (indicated by the standard deviation of the sample) than samples from the base, or plinth, of the dune. The proportion of fines (< 63 µm) in plinth sediments is also greater than in crest samples. There is no significant trend in grain-size parameters along the length of a linear dune. This lack of significant pattern corresponds with similar findings for central Australian dunes.
Rod-cone interaction in light adaptation.

1. The increment-threshold for a small test spot in the peripheral visual field was measured against backgrounds that were red or blue. 2. When the background was a large uniform field, threshold over most of the scotopic range depended exactly upon the background's effect upon rods. This confirms Flamant & Stiles (1948). But when the background was small, threshold was elevated more by a long wave-length than a short wave-length background equated for its effect on rods. 3. The influence of cones was explored in a further experiment. The scotopic increment-threshold was established for a short wave-length test spot on a large, short wave-length background. Then a steady red circular patch, conspicuous to cones, but below the increment-threshold for rod vision, was added to the background. When it was small, but not when it was large, this patch substantially raised the threshold for the test. 4. When a similar experiment was made using, instead of a red patch, a short wave-length one that was conspicuous in rod vision, threshold varied similarly with patch size. These results support the notion that the influence of small backgrounds arises in some size-selective mechanism that is indifferent to the receptor system in which visual signals originate. Two corollaries of this hypothesis were tested in further experiments. 5. A small patch was chosen so as to lift scotopic threshold substantially above its level on a uniform field. This threshold elevation persisted for minutes after extinction of the patch, but only when the patch was small. A large patch made bright enough to elevate threshold by as much as the small one gave rise to no corresponding after-effect. 6. Increment-thresholds for a small red test spot, detected through cones, followed the same course whether a large uniform background was long- or short wave-length. When the background was small, threshold upon the short wave-length one began to rise for much lower levels of background illumination, suggesting the influence of rods. This was confirmed by repeating the experiment after a strong bleach when the cones, but not rods, had fully recovered their sensitivity. Increment-thresholds upon small backgrounds of long or short wave-lengths then followed the same course.