cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Operative management of children's fractures of the shoulder region

Fractures about the shoulder in children rarely require operative treatment. Exceptions include open fractures and those associated with neurovascular compromise. Fractures of the proximal humerus in older children that cannot be adequately reduced and maintained should be treated with open reduction and internal fixation. Interposition of periosteum and biceps tendon can lead to difficulty in fracture reduction. Irreducible displaced fractures of the clavicular shaft, fractures that develop nonunion, and congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle can be treated by an intramedullary pin technique with bone grafting. Posterior displacement of fractures of the medical clavicle sometimes become an orthopedic emergency. Reduction by closed or open means should be accomplished to relieve compression of mediastinal structures. This injury does not require internal fixation. Types IV, V, and VI distal clavicle injuries require open reduction and reefing of the periosteal tube with occasional need for temporary lag-screw fixation. There is some debate about the type III injury. Large glenoid fractures involving the anterior rim that are associated with instability of the glenohumeral joint are best treated by open reduction and internal fixation.
Intermediate filaments and cytoplasmic networking: New connections and more functions

Abstract Recent research highlights the roles of cytoskeletal intermediate filaments (IFs) and their interactions with both the cell surface and other cytoskeletal systems in maintaining cellular integrity and the mechanical properties of cytoplasm. This has been demonstrated by analyses of mutations in IF-associated proteins (IFAPs) that are involved in connecting IFs to cell surface junctions. New data also point to the role of IFAPs as molecular ‘nuts and bolts’ in the construction of an integrated cytoplasmic architecture. This is highlighted by the initial descriptions of a family of multifunctional molecules that are capable of bridging IFs to other cytoskeletal elements. These findings, together with the development of specific peptide inhibitors capable of disassembling IF networks in vivo , are paving the way to the identification of new cellular functions for IFs and IFAPs.
Minimally Invasive Robotic Kidney Transplantation for Obese Patients Previously Denied Access to Transplantation

Epidemiological data indicate that 20-50% of patients on dialysis for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥30 kg/m2) (1). Obese patients with chronic renal failure have longer wait times until kidney transplantation (2) and inferior patient outcomes (3-7). In the US, for example, patients with a BMI 40 kg/m2 (2). Higher BMIs in kidney transplant recipients are associated with excess risk of surgical site infections (SSIs), which negatively impact graft survival (8). Obesity is also associated with comorbidities such as diabetes, although data on whether obesity increases mortality in kidney transplanted patients remains unclear (8,9). Provider perceptions of these risks accompanied by the expectation of some centers to give obese patients time to lose weight are the main reasons why a number of transplant centers are reluctant to list obese patients for transplantation (2,10). Unfortunately, many of these obese patients have diabetes and hypertension likely secondary to their obesity (11) and such patients who remain on dialysis have a very high mortality rate. The 5-year mortality rate for diabetic and hypertensive dialysis patients is 75 and 70%, respectively (1). A recent study demonstrated that obese patients who did not present with any SSIs had the same kidney transplant success rate as patients with a normal BMI (8). If surgical procedures could be developed that prevent SSIs and demonstrate successful outcomes, transplant centers may become less reluctant to list obese patients for kidney transplantation. Although any benefit would still have to be weighed against potential increased risks from obesity-related comorbidities. The prevalence of obesity and ESRD is higher among racial and ethnic minority populations, including African-Americans and Hispanics, compared to Non-Hispanic whites (12-15). These observations suggest developing kidney transplantation options for obese patients with ESRD may also help to reduce health disparities in racial and ethnic minorities. We therefore developed a new, minimally invasive, robotic-assisted kidney transplantation method using a short epigastric incision. This method avoids any incision in the infection prone lower quadrants of the abdomen. We hypothesized a priori that the robotic approach would reduce SSIs and improve outcomes in obese kidney transplant patients. Herein, we present our experience and outcomes of the patients undergoing minimal invasive, robotic kidney transplantation at a single institution compared to patients who underwent the conventional open procedure.
Atypical facial pain.

"Atypical facial pain" is the current label for a possibly heterogeneous group of discomforts localized in the lower half of the head and often confused with dental disease. As illustrated in seventeen cases reviewed here, the condition occurs mostly in women, and there are often neurotic problems in addition to the pain. The pain is dull or burning, incessant, and, in contrast to trigeminal neuralgia, relatively poorly relieved by carbamazepine or diphenylhydantoin sodium; antidepressants and psychotropic agents are worth considering. Although local pathology can occasionally be detected, in this condition the entire state of the patient and the emotional concomitants of the illness require particular attention.
Characterization of indoor-outdoor aerosol concentration relationships during the Fresno PM exposure studies

Particle size distributions were measured indoors and outdoors of a single, detached residence during the Fresno particulate matter exposure studies in winter (February 1-28, 1999) and spring (April 18-May 16, 1999). Data was collected for particle sizes ranging from about 0.01 to 2.5
Strain on the framework of a mandibular free‐end saddle partial denture under load

Summary Strairra were determined in a typical maridibiilar partial denture metal framework of the free-end saddle type. The overall strain patterirs were det,ermined using a brittle lacquer coating t,echriiqrie and loads were a.pplied vertically to positions on the saddles. The resulk from the coating study indicated the area of high strain were jrist anterior and posterior t,o t,he finishing lines. Strain gages were attached to posit,ions anterior and posterior to t,he finishing lines and the strain was measured at, t,hese positions when the saddles were loaded either at a posterior or anterior posit,ion at, intervals of 2 Ib up t,o 20 Ib. When a st,at,ic load of 20 Ib was applied to the posterior of t,he left aaddle n st,rairi of 7.50 p in./in. was obtained, which for the alloy used was eynivalent t,o a st>ress of 22,200 lb/in.2. The amount of st,rairi observed was a funct,ioii of the leirgt8h of t,he saddle, the biilk of the framework, the relation of the site of the gage to the position of loading, the presence of an indirect retainer, arid t,he posit,ioii of the fiilcriini for the loading conditions used.
Input-output and benefit-cost analysis for water resource development projects.

: The proper use of input-output for estimating regional benefits and costs is described for instances where project outputs go to final or intermediate demand. How that estimation is affected by the method used to value the primary project benefits and by the sector content of the input-output model compared to the primary sector affected are discussed as are points of terminological confusion between the two methods.
Replication of Spatio-temporal Land Use Patterns at Three Levels of Aggregation by an Urban Cellular Automata

The SLEUTH urban growth model (1) is a cellular automata model that has been widely applied throughout the geographic literature to examine the historic settlement patterns of cities and to forecast their future growth. In this research, the ability of the model to replicate historical patterns of land use is examined by calibrating the model to fit historical data with 5, 10, and 15 different land use classes. The model demonstrates it robustness in being able to correctly replicate 72-93% of the land use transitions over an eight-year time period, in both space and time.
Correcting for verification bias in studies of a diagnostic test's accuracy:

Standard methods for assessing the accuracy of diagnostic tests require determination of true disease status for each study patient. In practice, some study patients might not have verified disease status. If the decision to verify a patient is influenced by the test result, analysis using only verified cases might lead to biased results, commonly known as verification bias. This paper reviews recent developments in bias-correction methods for studies on the accuracy of diagnostic tests.
A High-Performance Pulsewidth Modulator for an Inverter-Fed Drive System Using a Microcomputer

An Intel 8086 microcomputer-based pulsewidth modulator (PWM) is described which receives digital voltage and frequency commands independently at the input, generates precision three- phase PWM waves at the output, and can be used to drive a transistor or thyristor inverter for ac drive systems. A computation intensive uniform sampling technique is used in the low-frequency region, whereas the higher frequency region is based on word recognition and pattern retrieval method. A laboratory breadboard of the modulator has been built and tested for the frequency range 0-250 Hz with resolution of 0.0077 Hz and smooth voltage variation up to square wave within a one-percent step in the whole range. The modulator has been extensively tested with a transistor inverter and hybrid computer simulated induction motor drive system and shows performance improvement over the currently available techniques.
Peptide release promoted by methylated RF2 and ArfA in nonstop translation is achieved by an induced-fit mechanism

Here we report that the specificity of peptide release in the ribosome on a nonstop mRNA by ArfA and RF2 is achieved by an induced-fit mechanism. Using RF2 that is methylated on the glutamine of its GGQ motif (RF2(m)), we show that methylation substantially increases the rate of ArfA/RF2-catalyzed peptide release on a nonstop mRNA that does not occupy the ribosomal A site, but has only a modest effect on k(cat) by the same proteins on longer nonstop mRNAs occupying the A site of the mRNA channel in the ribosome. Our data suggest that enhancement in the kcat of peptide release by ArfA and RF2 under the cognate decoding condition is the result of favorable conformational changes in the nonstop complex. We demonstrate a shared mechanism between canonical and nonstop termination, supported by similarities in the kinetic mechanisms in antibiotic inhibition and methylation-correlated enhancement in the rate of peptide release. Despite these similarities, our data suggest that nonstop termination differs from canonical pathway in the downstream event of recycling.
Electroluminescence from silicon-based photonic crystal microcavities with PbSe colloidal quantum dots

An electrically injected silicon photonic crystal microcavity light source operating at room temperature is demonstrated. The active gain medium consists of PbSe colloidal quantum dots which are embedded in the photonic crystal and whose emission peak is at 1.55µm. The resonant modes of the microcavity are observed in the device output spectra.
Cell lineage analysis of the expression of an engrailed homolog in leech embryos.

ht-en is an engrailed-class gene that is expressed during early development and neurogenesis in embryos of the leech Helobdella triserialis. During the early development of this annelid (stages 7–9), ht-en is expressed in each of the ectodermal and mesodermal teloblast lineages that contributes progeny to the definitive segments. ht-en is expressed transiently by individually identified cells within the segmentally iterated primary blast cell clones. Its expression is correlated with the age of the primary blast cell clone. After consegmental primary blast cell clones from the different teloblast lineages have come into segmental register, cells that express ht-en during stages 7–9 are clearly confined to a transverse region corresponding to the posterior portion of the segmental anlage, but not all cells within this region express ht-en. Only a minority of the identified cells that express ht-en during terminal differentiation of the segmental ganglia and body wall (stages 10–11) are descendants of cells that express ht-en in early development (stages 7–9).
Efficient viral delivery system for unnatural amino acid mutagenesis in mammalian cells

Here we report the development of a baculovirus-based delivery system that enables the efficient incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins in mammalian cells. We have exploited the large cargo-capacity (>30 kb) and stability of the double-stranded DNA genome of baculovirus to deliver to a variety of cell types all of the components required to genetically incorporate novel amino acids. These include the engineered tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pair and the nonsense mutant of the target gene. Mammalian cell transduction efficiency of baculovirus was significantly improved by incorporating genetic elements from mammalian viruses. Two polyspecific tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pairs were inserted into this expression system, enabling the site-specific incorporation of a variety of unnatural amino acids with novel chemical and biological properties into proteins.
Development of a nanoscale directionally sensitive optical radiation sensor for guidance and control of nanorobotic space exploration systems -the VCELL

This paper will report on efforts to develop an enabling nanotechnology compatible directionally sensitive optical radiation sensor (VCELL) prototype. The proposed sensor is a novel silicon optical sensor that is directionally sensitive to incident light without the usual necessity of requiring mechanical assemblies for directing impinging radiation. The VCELL can be integrated into the front end of a single nanochip guidance system for future space exploration systems requiring extremely small size (mass constrained and power constrained) such as small robots, picosatellites and sensor networks, etc. The VCELL will enable a low cost miniature optical sensor for future MSFC Mission Area applications. Among these are a Sun pointer for MARS satellites, landers and rovers and various other scientific spacecraft such as small communications satellites, remote sensing satellites, sun sensors for rovers for daylight directional navigation.
"Metabolic insufficiency": a double-blind study using triiodothyronine, thyroxine and a placebo: psychometric evaluation of the hypometabolic patient.

ABSTRACT Triiodothyronine has been recommended in the treatment of “metabolic insufficiency,” a syndrome characterized by a low basal metabolic rate, a normal level of serum protein-bound iodine, and a normal thjToidal uptake of radioactive iodine. Only 22 patients fulfilling the foregoing criteria were found in a busy out-patient department during the year of investigation; 18 (11 females and 7 males) were available for detailed study. The average age was 35 years. The most common complaints were nervousness, fatigue and weakness. In 10 patients, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory test showed a high degree of abnormality, with responses suggesting depressive, hypochondriacal and schizoid traits. The basal metabolic rate averaged –21 per cent, the serum protein-bound iodine level 5.2 μg. per 100 ml., and the thyroidal I131 uptake 23 per cent. Thyroxine (0.1 mg.) triiodothyronine (.025 mg.) and lactose were given in the form of coded tablets which were identical in appearance. Their identity w...
High resolution electronic spectroscopy of 4-methylanisole in the gas phase. Barrier height determinations for the methyl group torsional motion

Rotationally resolved fluorescence excitation spectra of the S1 ← S0 origin band transition of 4-methylanisole have been recorded in the gas phase. The origin band spectrum is split into two subbands owing to tunneling motions along the methyl group torsional coordinate. An analysis of this data provides information about the preferred configuration of the methyl group and the barrier opposing its motion in both the ground and excited electronic states. The results show that electronic excitation has a significant impact on the torsional dynamics of the isolated molecule.
Costs and effects of a telephonic diabetes self-management support intervention using health educators

Abstract Background Self-management is crucial to successful glycemic control in patients with diabetes, yet it requires patients to initiate and sustain complicated behavioral changes. Support programs can improve glycemic control, but may be expensive to implement. We report here an analysis of the costs of a successful telephone-based self-management support program delivered by lay health educators utilizing a municipal health department A1c registry, and relate them to near-term effectiveness. Methods Costs of implementation were assessed by micro-costing of all resources used. Per-capita costs and cost-effectiveness ratios from the perspective of the service provider are estimated for net A1c reduction, and percentages of patients achieving A1c reductions of 0.5 and 1.0 percentage points. One-way sensitivity analyses of key cost elements, and a Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis are reported. Results The telephone intervention was provided to 443 people at a net cost of $187.61 each. Each percentage point of net A1c reduction was achieved at a cost of $464.41. Labor costs were the largest component of costs, and cost-effectiveness was most sensitive to the wages paid to the health educators. Conclusions Effective telephone-based self-management support for people in poor diabetes control can be delivered by health educators at moderate cost relative to the gains achieved. The costs of doing so are most sensitive to the prevailing wage for the health educators.
Anxiety Sensitivity, Experiential Avoidance, and Mindfulness Among Younger and Older Adults Age Differences in Risk Factors for Anxiety Symptoms

In this cross-sectional study, we examined age-related differences in anxiety sensitivity (AS), experiential avoidance (EA), and mindfulness among younger adult students (N=426; M age=20.1 years) and community-dwelling older adults (N=85; M age=71.8 years). Participants anonymously completed the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills, Beck Anxiety Inventory, Geriatric Anxiety Scale, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Independent t tests indicated that younger adults reported significantly higher levels of AS and EA, whereas older adults reported significantly higher levels of trait mindfulness. Correlational analyses demonstrated that AS and EA were significantly associated with each other and with anxiety-related symptoms. However, trait mindfulness was significantly inversely related to AS, EA, and to trait and state anxiety. To date, these three factors have yet to be examined simultaneously within the context of age differences, and the present study illuminates these differences as well as their relationships. AS, EA, and low mindfulness appear to be significant correlates for anxiety-related symptoms in younger and older adults.
Information literacy in 2015: International graduate business students' perceptions of information literacy skills compared to test-assessed skills

ABSTRACTIn 2015, the information literacy (IL) team designed an instrument to determine international graduate business students' perceptions of their IL skills and their actual test-assessed IL skills. The purpose of this research was to compare international graduate students' perceptions of their IL skills versus their test-assessed competencies, with the aim of creating training modules to improve test-identified deficiencies. Results demonstrate that wide discrepancies exist between students' perceptions of their own skills and their actual skills on all six ILA-topic areas assessed by the internally developed test instruments, with students overestimating their abilities in all areas.
Cardiac Failure in Children: A Hemodynamic Overview

Birth radically changes the hemodynamic patterns of the circulatory system. It is after these changes occur that congenital anatomic anomalies, with which the fetus has been living quite compatibly, may manifest themselves in the form of deficiencies in the transport of oxygen to the tissues. And when the compensatory mechanisms usually established are outstripped, cardiac failure is likely to ensue.
When chronic kidney disease becomes advanced. Guidelines for care in the emergency department and hospital.

PREVIEWPatients with chronic kidney disease often visit emergency departments and are hospitalized because of problems related to underlying medical conditions and dialysis access. In this article, the authors discuss clinical care issues in this population, including maintenance of vascular access and optimal nutrition, appropriate selection of medications and laboratory tests, and effective coordination of care.
A Novel Population of Wake-Promoting GABAergic Neurons in the Ventral Lateral Hypothalamus

The largest synaptic input to the sleep-promoting ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) [1] arises from the lateral hypothalamus [2], a brain area associated with arousal [3-5]. However, the neurochemical identity of the majority of these VLPO-projecting neurons within the lateral hypothalamus (LH), as well as their function in the arousal network, remains unknown. Herein we describe a population of VLPO-projecting neurons in the LH that express the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT; a marker for GABA-releasing neurons). In addition to the VLPO, these neurons also project to several other established sleep and arousal nodes, including the tuberomammillary nucleus, ventral periaqueductal gray, and locus coeruleus. Selective and acute chemogenetic activation of LH VGAT(+) neurons was profoundly wake promoting, whereas acute inhibition increased sleep. Because of its direct and massive inputs to the VLPO, this population may play a particularly important role in sleep-wake switching.
Darwinian Strategies to Avoid the Evolution of Drug Resistance During Cancer Treatment

Acquired drug resistance in cancer results from Darwinian selection and evolution among cancer cells, fuelled by their cell-heritable heterogeneity. As a consequence, targeted therapies are generally not curative or sustainably effective. Avoiding acquired resistance during therapy will require alternatives to the standard drug classes, such as cytotoxins, that are known to drive cancer’s evolutionary response towards acquired resistance. Important characteristics of cancer cannot be attributed solely to the individual cells composing it, but instead emerge as collective properties of the population of cancer cells. Such collective properties do not vary among individual cells and thus do not provide fuel for cellular selection and the resulting evolution of acquired drug resistance Therapies that target collective cooperation among pathogen cells instead of targeting the cells themselves have been called ‘antisocial’ therapies. Theory predicts that antisocial therapies will delay acquired drug resistance and retain effectiveness better than cytotoxins can. Empirical results have supported this prediction for other cellular pathogens, but it has yet to be tested carefully in cancer. Doing so should be a high priority.
Masamune-Roush conditions

Applicabla to base-sensitive aldehydes and phosphonates for the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction
Insight into the cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome following carotid endarterectomy from the national Vascular Quality Initiative

Background Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome (CHS), characterized by severe ipsilateral headache, seizures, and intracranial hemorrhage, is a rare, poorly understood complication that can be fatal following carotid endarterectomy (CEA). The purpose of the study was to determine the factors associated with CHS as captured in the Vascular Quality Initiative.
0 + states in Xe 130 , 132 : A search for E(5) behavior

The level structures of $^{130,132}\text{Xe}$ were studied with the inelastic neutron scattering reaction followed by $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray detection. Level lifetimes were measured using the Doppler-shift attenuation method and low-lying excited states in these nuclei were characterized. With a focus on the decay properties of the ${0}^{+}$ states, these nuclei were examined as representations of the E(5) critical-point symmetry.
Evaluation of the diagnostic value of a venous phase in CT angiography of the extremities in the setting of trauma: is vein imaging in vain?

This study examined the value of including a venous phase in addition to the initial arterial phase in the CT angiography evaluation of extremity trauma. CT studies from 157 patients (average age 38 years, age range 18–89 years, male 83%, female 17%) were obtained for trauma to the upper or lower extremity with both arterial and venous phases and retrospectively reviewed. The detection rate and type of vascular injury were evaluated by using the arterial phase alone and compared to the detection rate when interpreting the arterial and venous phases together. Arterial injury was identified in 35 cases (22%), and venous injury was identified in seven cases (5%). Four cases of discrepant diagnoses were identified between image interpretation of the arterial phase alone and interpretation using both phases, all of which were venous injuries that were visible only on the venous phase. None of the four cases of venous injury required a change in surgical management. Overall, no significant difference in diagnosis between the two methods of image interpretation (arterial phase alone, arterial and venous phases) was discovered (p > 0.125; CI 95%). The use of a venous phase in the CT angiography evaluation of extremity trauma does not add significant arterial diagnostic or clinical management value despite its potential of increasing the diagnostic detection rate of venous injury.
Computer-aided detection of bladder masses in CT urography (CTU)

We are developing a computer-aided detection system for bladder cancer in CT urography (CTU). We have previously developed methods for detection of bladder masses within the contrast-enhanced and the non-contrastenhanced regions of the bladder individually. In this study, we investigated methods for detection of bladder masses within the entire bladder. The bladder was segmented using our method that combined deep-learning convolutional neural network with level sets. The non-contrast-enhanced region was separated from the contrast-enhanced region with a maximum-intensity-projection-based method. The non-contrast region was smoothed and gray level threshold was applied to the contrast and non-contrast regions separately to extract the bladder wall and potential masses. The bladder wall was transformed into a straightened thickness profile, which was analyzed to identify lesion candidates in a prescreening step. The candidates were mapped back to the 3D CT volume and segmented using our auto-initialized cascaded level set (AI-CALS) segmentation method. Twenty-seven morphological features were extracted for each candidate. A data set of 57 patients with 71 biopsy-proven bladder lesions was used, which was split into independent training and test sets: 42 training cases with 52 lesions, and 15 test cases with 19 lesions. Using the training set, feature selection was performed and a linear discriminant (LDA) classifier was designed to merge the selected features for classification of bladder lesions and false positives. The trained classifier was evaluated with the test set. FROC analysis showed that the system achieved a sensitivity of 86.5% at 3.3 FPs/case for the training set, and 84.2% at 3.7 FPs/case for the test set.
Magnetized direct current microdischarge. II. Effect of magnetic field amplitude on the plasma

The influence of magnetic field amplitude on the direct current low-pressure (5 Torr) microplasma parameters is studied using one-dimensional particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collisions model with magnetized electrons and unmagnetized ions. We find that the breakdown voltage as the function of magnetic field has the local minimum. The position of this minimum corresponds to the value of magnetic field at which the electron magnetization is obtained. Also, we obtain two modes of microdischarge operation, namely, a low- and a high-current mode. These modes are separated by the magnetic field at which the electron mobility in the vicinity of the cathode becomes smaller than the ion mobility. This critical magnetic field also separates stable and unstable microplasma behaviour.
Do consultancies compromise academic research and ethics? A case study of Burma/Myanmar

ABSTRACTThis paper contributes to ongoing debates about interactions between the political science discipline and policymaking communities by analysing the role played by scholars who work as consultants for governments, non-governmental organizations, and international aid agencies in conflict-affected and post-conflict societies. It argues that although consultancies permit scholars to engage with policy communities and provide convenient access for data collection, they also present methodological constraints and can complicate and compromise research ethics due to the inherent tensions linking the two different realms with their differing norms, agendas, and goals. The findings are based on the author’s decades of field experience in Myanmar, a country which has recently received much attention from the international community, on interviews with nine PhD candidates or PhD holders who have been employed as consultants for aid agencies in Myanmar and Southeast Asia, and analysis of secondary sources on...
System-level electro-thermal analysis of R DS(ON) for power MOSFET

A coupled-electro-thermal R DS(ON) (drain to source ON resistance) co-analysis methodology for Power MOSFET is proposed. The methodology contains two functional modules: 1) physical field solvers and 2) equivalent circuit/network solver. The field solver resolves the electrical and thermal field variables by the conventional 3D finite-element method, while the network solver can achieve accurate and efficient results by connecting the equivalent electrical, thermal and flow circuits that are extracted from the system through advanced numerical computational schemes. The integrated equivalent network can then be solved by a generic circuit solver for steady state and transient responses. The methodology is demonstrated, via simulation and measurement, on a 2.5MHz DCDC buck-boost converter. Good correlation between co-analysis methodology and laboratory measurements is achieved.
Experimental measurements of the Paschen–Back effect in helium triplet transitions

Experimental confirmation of the theoretical calculations of the Zeeman and Paschen–Back effects in the prominent 2 3S – 2 3P He I 1083 nm near-infrared (NIR) transition by means of high-resolution...
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with greater comorbidity in comparison to the general population. Individuals with SLE are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer, osteoporosis, and infection among others. Some others, such as vitamin D deficiency in SLE, may have a dual role in disease activity and bone health. End-stage renal disease, infection, and cardiovascular disease remain the leading causes of death. Risk of cardiovascular disease continues to be poorly addressed in SLE, with an increased rate of hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke, in contrast to decreasing rate of hospitalization in the general population. Other increased risks for cardiovascular complications include hypertension, premature coronary artery disease, and cerebrovascular events. It can be difficult to distinguish between the contribution of disease activity and its duration and the enhancing effect of chronic glucocorticoid use. Infections commonly complicate the course of SLE with a higher risk of major infections in patients with steroids, even at moderate doses. A wide spectrum of infections has been reported in SLE, mostly bacterial, but opportunistic infections may occur. In addition, SLE is associated with an overall increase incidence of malignancy, mainly non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, leukemia, and laryngeal, lung, liver, vagina/vulvar, and thyroid malignancies. A decreased risk in other malignancies especially cancers of the breast, endometrium, and prostate have been reported. Fibromyalgia may complicate the course of the disease. Physicians need to be alert in recognizing the onset when depression and widespread pain coexist. The burden of comorbidity is associated not only with higher mortality but also with poorer quality of life and increased utilization of hospital and medical resources. Clinicians should be aware of the increased risks and consider treatment of comorbidities as an integral part of the clinical care of these patients.
The water consequences of a transitioning US power sector

Abstract The US power sector is in a state of transition, prompted by significant shifts in technological innovations, energy markets, regulatory structures, and social pressures. As the electricity generation fleet changes, so too does the spatial & temporal distribution of the cooling water requirements for power plants. However, to date, these impacts have yet to be quantified. This study uses power plant-specific fuel consumption, generation, and cooling water use data to assess changes in the water withdrawn and consumed by thermoelectric power plants across 8-digit Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC-8) watersheds between 2008 and 2014. During this period, a few prominent trends are noted, including transitions in generation from coal-fired steam to natural-gas combined cycle units, from once-through cooling to wet recirculating towers and dry cooling systems, and from traditional fresh and saline surface cooling water to reclaimed water and groundwater sources. Total US cooling water withdrawals and consumption volume decreased from 2008 to 2014. The average water withdrawn per unit of electrical output decreased over this time, while changes in water consumption rates stayed relatively flat. Changes in water use at the watershed scale were unevenly distributed, as some water-scarce regions experienced increases in cooling water usage for thermal power plants, while others experienced significant water reductions and environmental benefits, especially where coal-fired generation was retired or retrofitted. The results from this study underscore the importance of evaluating water withdrawals and consumption at local spatial scales, as the water extraction, water quality and environmental health consequences of power plants on downstream users are non-uniform.
Adaptive Golf: History, Rules and Equipment Modifications, and Sport-Specific Injuries

The sport of golfing has expanded to gain global mainstream popularity across a diverse collection of demographic groups. The challenge of striving to acquire a greater skill level, collegiality, and the natural beauty of the course are aspects of the game enjoyed by avid golfers and infrequent participants alike. Adaptations to the official rules of the game and code of conduct afforded by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) have enabled many individuals with disabilities to participate in both recreational and tournament events over the past several decades. Multiple organizations have successfully formed and lobbied for implementation of ADA legislation to create properly accessible golf facilities for all individuals. The equipment industry has kept pace by engineering adaptive devices to assist a broad spectrum of disabled golfers. As a result, adaptive golf is thriving and serving to build a community focused on a message of ability despite physical or mental limitations.
A Review of ‘Tourism resilience and adaptation to environmental change: definitions and frameworks’: edited by Alan A. Lew and Joseph M. Cheer, New York, NY, Routledge, 2018, 324 pp., $140U(hbk), ISBN 978-1-138-20679-3

In Tourism Resilience and Adaptation to Environmental Change: Definitions and Frameworks, editors Alan Lew and Joseph Cheer have organized case study contributions from authors around the world to ...
Pattern-based Search of Epigenomic Data Using GeNemo

Compared with the robust text-based search tools for genomic or RNA sequencing data, current methodologies for pattern-based searches of epigenomic and other functional genomic data are very limited. GeNemo is the first online search tool that accomplishes this goal. Users input their functional genomic data in the Browser Extensible Data (BED), Peaks, and bigWig formats, and may search for data in any of the three formats. Users may specify which types of datasets to search against, choosing from a variety of online datasets, with the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) representing different epigenomic marks, transcriptional factor binding sites, and chromatin hypersensitivities or accessibilities in specific cell types, and developmental stages or species (mouse or human). GeNemo returns a list of genomic regions with matching patterns to the input data, which may be viewed in the browser as well as downloaded in the BED file format. The upgraded GeNemo has improved graphical display, has more robust interface, and is no longer prone to errors due to changes in the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) genome browser. Troubleshooting steps for common problems are discussed. As the amount of functional genomic data is expanding exponentially, there is a critical need to develop and refine new bioinformatic tools such as GeNemo for data analyses and interpretation.
Reverse chemical ecology at the service of conservation biology

Chemical ecology is the study of the chemical languages, cues, and mechanisms controlling interactions among living beings, including communication among individuals of the same species and between organisms and their environment. Organisms use chemicals to lure their mates, associate with symbionts, deter enemies, and fend off pathogens (1). Since the identification of the silkworm moth sex pheromone almost six decades ago (2), chemical ecologists have been deciphering hundreds of these “Rosetta Stones” (3) by using bioassay-guided protocols. This conventional chemical ecology approach is based on an invasive process of extracting secretions from chemical signal (semiochemical) senders (e.g., female moths), separating extracts into fractions, using receivers (e.g., male moths) to assist in the identification of active ingredients and, finally, by elucidating chemical structures and synthesis. The state-of-the-art techniques in chemical ecology have reduced analysis to even single individuals in many cases, but it is still too invasive for studying endangered or vulnerable species. In PNAS (4), a multidisciplinary group of scientists from China, Italy, and France apply tools of reverse chemical ecology (5) to study chemical communication in the giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca , a vulnerable species endemic to China. The giant panda has an obligate bamboo diet and a carnivorous digestive system (6), which leads to a sedentary life with a limited reproduction rate, resulting in only a single offspring every other year. This mismatch of lifestyle and physiology coupled with fragmented habitats in its native environment in southwest China placed the giant panda on a list of … [↵][1]1Email: wsleal{at}ucdavis.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Fossil Temperature, Salinity, and Vorticity Turbulence in the Ocean

Abstract Small scale fluctuations of temperature, salinity, and vorticity in the ocean occur in isolated patches apparently caused by bursts of active turbulence. After the turbulence has been dampened by stable stratification the fluctuations persist as “fossil turbulence”. The persistence times and internal structure of fossil turbulence are investigated by considering the evolution of a patch of very strong turbulence in a stratified fluid after the source of turbulent kinetic energy has been removed. A variety of parameters, scales, and spectral properties are inferred from this model. Comparison with observations reveals that oceanic temperature microstructure below the mixing layer is fossil temperature turbulence or a combination of active and fossil temperature turbulence; fully turbulent patches are not observed. Even though the mixing rate is greatest in the most active temperature patches, the degree of fossilization is also greatest. The persistence of the fossil patches increases with the parameter γ o /N, which is the rate of strain of turbulence at the time of fossilization compared to the Brunt-Vaisala frequency. Information about the original turbulence, such as γ o and the size and location of the turbulent region, is preserved in the fossil turbulence structure.
Coordination of two- and one-joint muscles: functional consequences and implications for motor control.

The purpose of this paper is three-fold: (a) to summarize available data on coordination of major two- and one-joint muscles in multijoint tasks and identify basic features of muscle coordination, (b) to demonstrate that there may exist an optimization criterion that predicts essential features of electromyographic activity of individual muscles in a variety of tasks, and (c) to address the functional consequences of the observed muscle coordination and underlying mechanisms of its control. The analysis of the literature revealed that basic features of muscle coordination are similar among different voluntary motor tasks and reflex responses. It is demonstrated that these basic features of coordination of one- and two-joint muscles in two-dimensional tasks are qualitatively predicted by minimizing the sum of muscle stresses cubed. Functional consequences of the observed coordination of one- and two-joint muscles are (a) reduction of muscle force as well as stress, mechanical and metabolic energy expenditu...
Structured communication in Java

Goals: The goal of this tutorial is to explore Java based communication facilities in a hands-on setting. In particular the tutorial will explore from the client side: String communication Object communication Error detection Polymorphic communication And also examine multithreading and synchronization at the server end.
Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez

Entry for the Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties, forthcoming from Routledge. This entry describes the case of Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, decided by the Supreme Court in 1978. Martinez held that federal courts had no subject matter jurisdiction to hear cases arising out of the Indian Civil Rights Act and that the Act did not operate to waive the sovereign immunity of Indian tribes. While a strong statement from the Court affirming tribal sovereignty, the case's holding served to uphold the right of the Santa Clara Pueblo community to enact membership criteria that discriminated against the rights of female members of the community. The case has been both criticized and lauded by feminist legal scholars and Indian people.
Controlo intensivo da pressão arterial na diabetes mellitus tipo 2: qual a evidência?

Aim: To verify if intensive antihypertensive treatment (systolic blood pressure <130mmHg) has beneficial effects on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension, compared with standard antihypertensive treatment (systolic blood pressure <140mmHg). Data sources: National Guideline Clearinghouse, NHS Evidence, CMA InfoBase, Cochrane, DARE, MEDLINE/PubMed. Review methods: Meta-analyses (MA), systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCT) and guidelines in English and Portuguese, published between 2006 and 2016 were searched, using the MeSH terms ‘antihypertensive agents’, ‘diabetes mellitus’, and ‘blood pressure’. The Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) scale from the American Family Physician was used to evaluate the levels of evidence (LE) and the strength of recommendation (SR). Results: A total of 662 articles were obtained, amongst which 12 fulfilled the inclusion criteria: three MA, one RCT and eight guidelines. MA showed that intensive blood pressure (BP) control reduces the risk of stroke, microalbuminuria and nephropa-thy in diabetic patients (LE 2). However, intensive BP control was associated with an increased risk of adverse effects in these patients, and seems to increase cardiovascular mortality (LE 2). The RCT has only shown a reduction on the risk of development of microalbuminuria (LE 2). Finally, most guidelines do not recommend intensive BP control in diabetic patients and advise that the BP control should be more intensive only in young diabetic patients, in those with target organ damage, or those with more than one risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Conclusions: According to the evidence available, intensive BP control in patients with type 2 diabetes should not be recommended, except in young diabetic patients and in certain risk groups (SR B). Nevertheless, this study reinforces the importance of BP control in these patients, and highlights the key role of the family physician in the individualized assessment of the risks and benefits of intensive BP treatment.
Conclusion and Policy Recommendations: Concrete Strategies for Advancing Trade Facilitation Agenda and Fostering Regional Economic Development in West Africa

Regional and international trade integration is crucial for the socio-economic and political transformation of West Africa. Inter-regional trade among countries in the continent grew to 15 per cent in the last decades; exports grew much faster at more than 15 per cent. Regional economic integration globally advances growth as well as development through job creation, political cooperation, and a more aggressive intra-regional trade. During the global recession, many of the regions that were integrated economically showed accelerated growth and resilience in regional trade. Thus, Africa’s integration into the global markets, especially with Europe, is expected to improve and so is its trade relations with other continents, including its relations with the United States, which will gain greater acceleration. The regional blocks of the East, South, and West African nations are at the forefront in the area of intra-regional trade. ECOWAS and SADC are part of the five regional communities that have done so much in regional integration on the continent. Trade among African countries has also led to competitive markets among these countries. Based on this background, the purpose of this chapter is to articulate a strategy that allows for effective participation by all West Africans in the regional trade and development process. This requires the implementation of a strategy which will be more effective if carried out at the local levels in a bottom-top approach (like the Saemaul Undong Movement SUM).
Random matroids

A simple combinatorial construction capable of producing an arbitrary matroid is introduced, and some of its properties are investigated. The structure of a matroid is defined one rank at a time, and when random choices are made the result might be called a random matroid. Some experimental statistics about such matroids are tabulated. If we specify the subsets of rank =