cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Entrustment of General Surgery Residents in the Operating Room: Factors Contributing to Provision of Resident Autonomy

Background Several challenges threaten the traditional premise of graduated independence in general surgery training, leading to a lack of readiness in graduating surgeons. The objective of this study was to determine the factors contributing to faculty decisions to grant residents autonomy in the operating room, the barriers to granting this autonomy, and the factors that facilitate entrustment. Study Design An anonymous online survey was distributed to 239 attending surgeons at 7 institutions. Questions consisted of open-ended and structured 5-point Likert scale questions. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and a qualitative analysis of free-text responses was performed to identify emergent themes. Results There were 116 attending surgeons who responded to the survey (49%). Factors most important to increasing resident responsibility and autonomy in the operating room were the resident's observed clinical skill and the attending surgeon's confidence level with the operation. Factors believed to prevent awarding graduated responsibility and autonomy in the operating room included an increased focus on patient outcomes, a desire to increase efficiency and finish operations earlier, and expectations of attending surgeon involvement by the hospital and patients. Among themes discerned in faculty responses to an open-ended question about the greatest challenges in graduate surgical education, 47% of faculty identified work-hour regulations/time restrictions. Fourteen percent pointed to a change to a shift-work mentality and decreased ownership of responsibility for patients by residents; 13% described a lack of resident autonomy due to increased supervision requirements. Conclusions This study identified several factors that attending surgeons report as significant limitations to transitioning autonomy to surgical residents in the operating room. These issues must be addressed in a direct manner if progressive graduated responsibility to independence is to occur in the next era of graduate surgical training.
Characterization of the effects of the vasopressin V2 receptor on sweating, fluid balance, and performance during exercise.

A regulatory effect of arginine vasopressin (AVP) on sweat water conservation has been hypothesized but not definitively evaluated. AVP-mediated insertion of sweat and salivary gland aquaporin-5 (A...
Irregularity: a fundamental property of the atmosphere*

Some early ideas concerning the general circulation of the atmosphere are reviewed. A model of the general circulation, consisting of three ordinary differential equations, is introduced. For different intensities of the axially symmetric and asymmetric thermal forcing, the equations may possess one or two stable steady-state solutions, one or two stable periodic solutions, or irregular (aperiodic) solutions. Qualitative reasoning which has been applied to the real atmosphere may sometimes be applied to the model, and checked for soundness by comparing the conclusions with numerical solutions. The implications of irregularity for the atmosphere and for atmospheric science are discussed. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1984.tb00230.x
Combustion Wave Microstructure in Gas-Solid Reaction Systems:Experiments and Theory

Using experimental techniques developed previously by the authors, the combustion wave microstructure in a gas-solid reaction system (specifically, the Ti-N2 system) was studied. A quantitative analysis of the location, shape and propagation of the combustion wave front was carried out. The relay-race mechanism of combustion wave propagation was observed for a wide range of experimental conditions. In conjunction with the experiments, a micro-heterogeneous cell model was developed that simulates the local propagation of the combustion wave in a random porous medium. For both experiments and calculations, the initial organization of the reaction medium (porosity, particle size, etc.) was found to affect the heterogeneity of the combustion wave. The fluctuations of the combustion wave, in terms of both shape and propagation, increased monotonically with increasing heterogeneity of the reaction medium (i.e., larger porosity or particle size).
Aggregation during Fruiting Body Formation in Myxococcus xanthus Is Driven by Reducing Cell Movement

When starved, Myxococcus xanthus cells assemble themselves into aggregates of about 105 cells that grow into complex structures called fruiting bodies, where they later sporulate. Here we present new observations on the velocities of the cells, their orientations, and reversal rates during the early stages of fruiting body formation. Most strikingly, we find that during aggregation, cell velocities slow dramatically and cells orient themselves in parallel inside the aggregates, while later cell orientations are circumferential to the periphery. The slowing of cell velocity, rather than changes in reversal frequency, can account for the accumulation of cells into aggregates. These observations are mimicked by a continuous agent-based computational model that reproduces the early stages of fruiting body formation. We also show, both experimentally and computationally, how changes in reversal frequency controlled by the Frz system mutants affect the shape of these early fruiting bodies.
Nearest-neighbor distances between particles of finite size in three-dimensional uniform random microstructures

Abstract Nearest-neighbor distances (first and higher order) are an important class of spatial descriptors useful in materials science and other disciplines. These descriptors play a dominant role in microstructural evolution during recrystallization, coarsening, sintering and numerous other materials processes. In the present article, nearest-neighbor distances for mono-sized hard-core spheres in three-dimensional space are studied using computer simulations by two popular algorithms (random sequential adsorption (RSA) and equilibrium Monte Carlo method) and a simple expression (given below) is proposed for the mean values of first-, second-, and higher-order (up to sixth) nearest-neighbor distances: 〈 H n 〉 〈 P n 〉 = 1 + 2 − 1 / 6 ( n − 1 ) ! [ ( 4 / 3 ) π ] − 1 / 3 Γ [ ( 3 n + 1 ) / 3 ] − 1 f f 0 2 n / ( 2 n + 1 ) where 〈Hn〉 is the mean nth nearest-neighbor distance, f is volume fraction, 〈Pn〉 is corresponding mean nearest-neighbor distance for a point process and f0 is the volume fraction for the close-packed structure (i.e., π / 18 or ∼0.74). The predictions of this equation are in good agreement with the simulated results. This expression is applicable over the complete volume fraction range of 0 to π / 18 (i.e., ∼0.74).
Recreational and household physical activity at different time points and DNA global methylation

Abstract Background DNA methylation patterns are heritable but can change over time and in response to exposures. Lower global DNA methylation, which may result in increased genomic and chromosomal instability, has been associated with increased cancer risk. Physical activity is a modifiable factor that has been inversely related to the risk of cancer. Changes in DNA methylation may be a mechanism by which lifestyle and environment factors influence disease. We investigated the relationship between DNA methylation and physical activity in a sample of women enroled in The Sister Study, a large United States (U.S.) cohort study of women aged 35–74 years with a family history of breast cancer. Methods Global DNA methylation was measured using bisulphite-converted DNA and pyrosequencing of a LINE-1 repetitive sequence in the peripheral blood of 647 non-Hispanic white women. Physical activity (average hours per week) was retrospectively assessed for three time periods: childhood (ages 5–12), teenage years (ages 13–19) and the previous 12 months. Findings Compared with women with physical activity levels below the median for all three time periods, those at or above the median physical activity for one (β = 0.20, 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.10, 0.49), two (β = 0.22, 95% CI: −0.08, 0.52) or all three (β = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.66) time periods had increased global methylation. Interpretation Maintaining higher levels of physical activity over these three time periods was associated with increased global DNA methylation, consistent with reported associations between exercise and decreased cancer risk.
Strange xenon, extinct superheavy elements, and the solar neutrino puzzle.

Anders and coworkers (Science, v. 190, p. 1251, 1262 (1975)) have suggested decay in situ of a volatile superheavy element 115 (or 114, 113) to explain the enrichment of heavy Xe isotopes in mineral fractions of the Allende meteorite. Manuel and Sabu attempt to show that the scenario described by Anders et al. cannot account for their experimental results, that these new data provide additional evidence in support of their own earlier suggestion that the isotopically anomalous Xe in the Allende and other carbonaceous chondrites was produced prior to incorporation into meteorite minerals, that the elemental and isotopic ratios of noble gases in these meteorite minerals contain an important record of the nuclear processes that produced the chemical elements, and that this record of element synthesis offers a possible explanation for the solar neutrino puzzle. Anders et al. respond that Manuel and Sabu have misunderstood the data (of Anders et al.). The samples were mixtures of two distinct phases, each with its own characteristic noble gas component. The correlations stressed by Manuel and Sabu would then be a trivial consequence of the fact that all the samples are mixtures of the two phases. 1 table. (RWR)
An implicit corrected SPH formulation for thermal diffusion with linear free surface boundary conditions

The smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method has proven useful for modeling large deformation of fluids including fluids with stress-free surfaces. Because of the Lagrangian nature of the method, it is well suited to address the thermal evolution of these free surface flows. Boundary conditions at the interface of the fluid with a solid wall are usually enforced through the use of boundary particles. However, applying conditions at free surfaces, in particular gradient boundary conditions, can be problematic with traditional SPH formulations due to the degradation of the gradient approximation in these regions. Compounding this difficulty is that traditional approximations of the Laplacian operator suffer a similar degradation near free surfaces. A new SPH formulation of the Laplacian operator is presented, which improves the accuracy near free surface boundaries. This new form is based on a gradient approximation commonly used in thermal, viscous, and pressure projection problems, but includes higher-order terms in the appropriate Taylor series. Comparisons with other approximations of second-order derivatives are given. The discretization is tested by solving steady-state and transient problems of thermal diffusion using the Backward Euler method with a GMRES solver. Boundary conditions are imposed through an augmented matrix. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Angiostatin Induces Mitotic Cell Death of Proliferating Endothelial Cells

Angiostatin is an inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis that induces regression of experimental tumors and enhances the antitumor effects of radiation therapy. We report that the cytotoxic effects of angiostatin are restricted to the proliferating endothelial cell population. In addition, angiostatin and ionizing radiation (IR) interact by inducing death of dividing endothelial cells. We also show that angiostatin and IR interact to inhibit endothelial cell migration. These findings demonstrate that angiostatin targets the proliferating tumor vasculature and provide a mechanistic basis for the cytotoxic interaction of angiostatin and IR.
(R)-N-Methyl-3-(3′-[18F]fluoropropyl)phenoxy)-3-phenylpropanamine (18F-MFP3) as a potential PET imaging agent for norepinephrine transporter

A decline of norepinephrine transporter (NET) level is associated with several psychiatric and neurological disorders. Therefore positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents are greatly desired to study the NET pathway. We have developed a C-fluoropropyl analog of nisoxetine: (R)-N-methyl-3-(3′-[18F]fluoropropyl)phenoxy)-3-phenylpropanamine (18F-MFP3) as a new potential PET radiotracer for NET with the advantage of the longer half-life of fluorine-18 (110 min compared with carbon-11 (20 min). Synthesis of (R)-N-methyl-3-(3′-fluoropropyl)phenoxy)-3-phenylpropanamine (MFP3) was achieved in five steps starting from (S)-N-methyl-3-ol-3-phenylpropanamine in approx. 3–5% overall yields. In vitro binding affinity of nisoxetine and MFP3 in rat brain homogenates labeled with 3H-nisoxetine gave Ki values of 8.02 nM and 23 nM, respectively. For radiosynthesis of 18F-MFP3, fluorine-18 was incorporated into a tosylate precursor, followed by the deprotection of the N-BOC-protected amine group with a 15% decay corrected yield in 2.5 h. Reverse-phase chromatographic purification provided 18F-MFP3 in specific activities of >2000 Ci/mmol. Fluorine-18 labeled 18F-MFP3 has been produced in modest radiochemical yields and in high specific activities. Evaluation of 18F-MFP3 in animal imaging studies is in progress in order to validate this new fluorine-18 radiotracer for PET imaging of NET. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
U.S. Courts of Appeals and Their Judges: Howard's Courts of Appeals in the Federal Judicial System

Expansion of federal regulation of American society has increased the responsibilities and importance of federal district and appellate courts in governing the United States. As Congress created regulatory agencies and brought more economic, social, and political activities under federal scrutiny, these federal courts became primary arenas for settling disputes over the nature and scope of permissible governmental intervention in society. The growth of these courts' role in overseeing regulatory agencies began in the period 1905-1920, accelerated greatly in the 1930s, and exploded in the 1960s and 1970s. This, of course, was in addition to the increased policy-making role the due process revolution brought to these courts. Unfortunately, however, there has been little parallel growth in scholarly interest in studying federal courts other than the Supreme Court. The first serious study of what federal courts do was Felix Frankfurter and James Landis's classic study, The Business of the Supreme Court: A Study in the Federal Judicial System.' For over 50 years that work remained almost the only source of information about the operation of those courts. With the publication of J. Woodford Howard, Jr.'s, Courts of Appeals in the Federal Judicial System: A Study of the Second, Fifth, and District of Columbia Circuits, 2 scholars now have a
Evolution of N-terminal sequences of the vertebrate HOXA13 protein.

While the the role of the homeodomain in HOX function has been evaluated extensively, little attention has been given to the non-homeodomain portions of the HOX proteins. To investigate the evolution of the HOXA13 protein and to identify conserved residues in the N-terminal region of the protein with potential functional significance, N-terminal Hoxa13 coding sequences were PCR-amplified from fish, amphibian, reptile, chicken, and marsupial and eutherian mammal genomic DNA. Compared with fish HOXA13, the mammalian protein has increased in size by 35% primarily owing to the accumulation of alanine repeats and flanking segments rich in proline, glycine, or serine within the first 215 amino acids. Certain residues and amino acid motifs were strongly conserved, and several HOXA13 N-terminal domains were also shared in the paralogous HOXB13 and HOXD13 genes; however, other conserved regions appear to be unique to HOXA13. Two domains highly conserved in HOXA13 orthologs are shared with Drosophila AbdB and other vertebrate AbdB-like proteins. Marsupial and eutherian mammalian HOXA13 proteins have three large homopolymeric alanine repeats of 14, 12, and 17–18 residues that are absent in reptiles, birds, and fish. Thus, the repeats arose after the divergence of reptiles from the lineage that would give rise to the mammals. In contrast, other short homopolymeric alanine repeats in mammalian HOXA13 have remained virtually the same length, suggesting that forces driving or limiting repeat expansion are context dependent. Consecutive stretches of identical third-base usage in alanine codons within the large repeats were found, supporting replication slippage as a mechanism for their generation. However, numerous species-specific base substitutions affecting third-base alanine repeat codon positions were observed, particularly in the largest repeat. Therefore, if the large alanine repeats were present prior to eutherian mammal development as is suggested by the opossum data, then a dynamic process of recurring replication slippage and point mutation within alanine repeat codons must be considered to reconcile these observations. This model might also explain why the alanine repeats are flanked by proline, serine, and glycine-rich sequences, and it reveals a biological mechanism that promotes increases in protein size and, potentially, acquisition of new functions.
On the history of AI applications. II. IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications

An understanding of the history of AI applications through its primary conferences is important for several reasons. First, it provides insight into some of the pioneers to the field and their contributions. Second, it sheds light on the nature of the contributions of academic and nonacademic organizations to the field of AI applications. Third, the national origins of the organizations supporting AI applications reflect the international structure of AI applications. Accordingly, this review focuses on the authors of papers specializing in AI applications and their organizations and countries of origin, and on the program committee members, and their organizations and countries of origin. This review takes a quantitative approach to analyzing the history of AI applications. The IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications (CAIA) is one of the first and longest running applications conferences to specialize on AI application issues. This article provides an initial view of the history of the CAIA and of AI applications in general since 1984. It gathers information regarding both the research papers and committee members, the two primary sources of data in the proceedings. This article considers quantity issues, making inferences based on various statistics. However, it ignores what might be called quality issues, since each paper goes through the same referee process required for the conference. >
Genie Control of Axolotl Metamorphosis

SYNOPSIS. Neoteny in the Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum , is caused by homozygosity for a single recessive gene. The dominant allele causing physical metamorphosis is found in the closely related species, Ambystoma tigrinum , with which it can hybridize. Despite the failure of axolotls to undergo physical metamorphosis, they do undergo a cryptic metamorphosis. A larval-to-adult hemoglobin form change, serum protein changes and other physiological events usually associated with amphibian metamorphosis occur during early larval life at ages comparable to the age at which Ambystoma tigrinum undergoes both the cryptic and external metamorphic events. Axolotl cryptic metamorphosis can be induced precociously by immersion of the larvae in low concentrations of thyroxine; physical metamorphosis can be induced with higher thyroxine concentrations. The site of action of the gene responsible for axolotl neoteny has not been identified. A change in the sensitivity of external metamorphic processes to thyroxine, or reduced hormonal stimulation by the pituitary or hypothalamus may be responsible. A comparison of these functions in Ambystoma tigrinum and the axolotl may identify the lesion.
Quantitative angiographic analysis of stent restenosis in the Scripps Coronary Radiation to Inhibit Intimal Proliferation Post Stenting (SCRIPPS) Trial.

Abstract To identify luminal dimension changes occurring within the stent alone and within the stent + margin segment, we reviewed the quantitative angiographic results obtained from the Scripps Coronary Radiation to Inhibit Proliferation Post Stenting (SCRIPPS) trial, a prospective randomized trial assessing the effect of iridium-192 (Ir-192) on the prevention of stent restenosis. Fifty-five patients were randomly assigned to receive Ir-192 or placebo sources after successful intervention. Procedural and 6-month follow-up cineangiograms were quantitatively reviewed in 52 patients to identify changes within the stent and the stent + margin segment. The percent diameter stenosis was lower within the stent than within the stent + margin segment after the procedure (6 ± 22% vs 21± 15%, p
Analysis of hair samples of mummies from Semna South (Sudanese Nubia)

Hair samples from 76 burials at Semna South (Sudanese Nubia) were examined using a variety of techniques. Electrophoresis and fluorescence microscopy indicated some oxidation of the cuticule and keratin protein had taken place. However, the cuticular structure and the lack of fluorescence of the cortex indicate that the low humidity and non-alkaline conditions preserved the physical and chemical properties of the hair well. Pigmentation, even allowing for oxidation of melanin, showed a higher proportion of lighter samples than is currently associated with the Nubian area. Hair form analysis showed medium diameter and scale count; the curling variables were intermediate between European and African samples. There was a high ratio of maximum to minimum curvature (a measure of irregularity), approached only by Melanesian samples. Meroitic and X-group burial types were not statistically significantly different (largely due to sample sizes), but the X-group, especially males, showed more African elements than the Meroitic in the curling variables. Principal components analysis showed the Semna sample to be significantly different from seven populations examined earlier.
Determination of tamoxifen and metabolites in mouse fetal tissue using nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis

Tamoxifen (TAM), an antiestrogen, has been approved for use by women at risk for developing hormone-dependent breast cancer. Administration of TAM to pregnant CD-1 mice apparently results in reproductive tract toxicity in female offspring. However, there is little or no data describing potential TAM-induced fetal toxicity to women who may become pregnant while receiving prophylactic TAM treatment. In support of the National Toxicology Program's characterization of reproductive and developmental effects of TAM, the present work describes a capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based analytical technique used for detection of TAM and two major metabolites, N-desmethyltamoxifen (DMT), and 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-HT) in CD-1 mouse fetal tissue. TAM-derived material was extracted from CD-1 mouse fetuses 2-12 h following TAM administration (100 mg/kg) to dams on gestation day 16. The presence of TAM, DMT, and 4-HT was confirmed in the solvent extracts by nonaqueous CE. The limit of detection of TAM by UV absorption was approximately 675 amol at a signal-to-noise ratio of 2:1. This work demonstrates both transplacental transport of TAM in CD-1 mice and a sensitive analytical technique for detecting low concentrations of TAM and similar compounds in biological tissues.
Acoustic emission true RMS signals used to indicate wear of a high speed ceramic insert

Abstract Tool wear measurements are a significant factor in the operation of an automation machine tool installation. This paper reports four methods for detection of tool wear: cutting force, chip direction, temperature rise and acoustic emission signal. The simple combined measurement method will be used to indicate ceramic tool wear or breakage. Ceramic inserts on a lathe single point cutting were used in the tests at high cutting speed. The true root-mean-square, RMS, of the acoustic emission signal measured at the base of the insert is shown to be the most sensitive to tool wear.
Replicable functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence of correlated brain signals between physically and sensory isolated subjects.

Objectives: Previous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments have suggested that correlated neural signals may be detected in the brains of individ...
Autoradiography may be Unreliable for Identifying Human Chromosomes

A review of the literature reveals that there is little conclusive evidence that DNA of homologous human chromosomes replicates synchronously. This means that final identification of morphologically similar chromosome pairs by autoradiography as well as the association of particular chromosomes with specific human disease syndromes, genetic loci or abnormal genetic interchanges are still only tentative.
THE CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY OF IMIPENEM (IMP) AND CILISTATIN (CIL) IN PREMATURE INFANTS

IMP/CIL is a new combination β-lactam antibiotic which possesses potent in vitro activity against a broad range of pathogens commonly isolated from premature (P) and newborn infants. To assess dosing requirements, P were assigned to 10, 15, 20 or 25 mg/kg IMP/CIL intravenously over 15 to 40 min either as single or multiple doses. 30 P (670-1890 gm) from 24.5-36 weeks gestation were studied. All were studied during the first dose (FD); 12 were restudied after at least 10 doses (SS) given q12h. All studies were performed during the first week of life. Multiple blood and urine samples (over 8-12 hrs) were obtained for the determination of IMP/CIL by HPLC. Pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was performed using standard non-compartmental methods. Total (n=29) FD PK revealed mean (±SD) IMP: 11/2=2.4(0.3), Vdss=0.5(0.1)L/kg, CI=47(12) ml/min/1.73m2 and CIL: t1/2=8(2.8), Vdss=0.4(0.1)L/kg, and CI=10.5(3.5) ml/min/1.73m2. IMP/CIL renal CI averaged 8.7(4.2) and 4.0(2.5) ml/min/1.73m2, respectively. No differences were observed in PK parameters (except AUC) for the different doses studied or between IMP FD and SS evaluations. In contrast, SS CIL AUC and t1/2 were decreased and body CI increased from FD (p<0.02). IMP/CIL AUC correlated directly with dose administered: FD IMP r=0.74 and CIL r=0.64. Peak IMP/CIL concentrations averaged 23.6 and 32.1 mg/L after 10 mg/kg FD increasing linearly over the dose range studied. A direct relationship between post conceptual age (PCA) and FD IMP/CIL body CI(r=0.61/0.55) and renal CI (r=0.31/0.68) was observed. No drug related toxicities were observed in any P. Depending on PCA, doses should range from 15 to 25 mg/kg administered q12h to maintain therapeutic peak and trough IMP serum concentrations. CIL body CI increases rapidly and to a greater extent than IMP during the first week of life.
PR1-Specific T Cells Are Associated with Unmaintained Cytogenetic Remission of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia After Interferon Withdrawal

Background Interferon-α (IFN) induces complete cytogenetic remission (CCR) in 20–25% CML patients and in a small minority of patients; CCR persists after IFN is stopped. IFN induces CCR in part by increasing cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for PR1, the HLA-A2-restricted 9-mer peptide from proteinase 3 and neutrophil elastase, but it is unknown how CCR persists after IFN is stopped. Principal Findings We reasoned that PR1-CTL persist and mediate CML-specific immunity in patients that maintain CCR after IFN withdrawal. We found that PR1-CTL were increased in peripheral blood of 7/7 HLA-A2+ patients during unmaintained CCR from 3 to 88 months after IFN withdrawal, as compared to no detectable PR1-CTL in 2/2 IFN-treated CML patients not in CCR. Unprimed PR1-CTL secreted IFNγ and were predominantly CD45RA±CD28+CCR7+CD57-, consistent with functional naive and central memory (CM) T cells. Similarly, following stimulation, proliferation occurred predominantly in CM PR1-CTL, consistent with long-term immunity sustained by self-renewing CM T cells. PR1-CTL were functionally anergic in one patient 6 months prior to cytogenetic relapse at 26 months after IFN withdrawal, and in three relapsed patients PR1-CTL were undetectable but re-emerged 3–6 months after starting imatinib. Conclusion These data support the hypothesis that IFN elicits CML-specific CM CTL that may contribute to continuous CCR after IFN withdrawal and suggest a role for T cell immune therapy with or without tyrosine kinase inhibitors as a strategy to prolong CR in CML.
A reflective conversation with James H. Borland

James H Borland, PhD is Professor of Education in the Department of Curriculum and Teaching at Teachers College, Columbia University in New York City. In this reflective conversation, he reflects on his experiences in an urban environment and the current challenges in gifted education. He argues for ongoing diagnosis of learners’ needs without the necessity for labeling some students “gifted” and others “not gifted”. He also suggests that “gifted” is a relative term dependent on culture and socioeconomic background. The biggest challenge, he suggests, is that educators want a neat, simple definition and measurement of “giftedness”, whereas the concept of “giftedness” is extremely complex and multifaceted.
Particle-Size Evidence for Source Areas of Charcoal Accumulation in Late Holocene Sediments of Eastern North American Lakes

Two methods of analyzing charcoal in sediment reveal changes in charcoal accumulation across temperate eastern North America during the last several hundred years. In one method the analyst counts mostly small particles that reflect regional emissions; in the other, the analyst counts only larger particles derived mostly from such local sources as catchment fires. We used these methods to compare charcoal accumulation at 14 lakes from the prairie/forest border in Minnesota to eastern Maine. The two methods gave concordant accumulation rates for sediments of pre-1850 age at each of 4 lakes analyzed by both methods. This concordance is consistent with the interpretation that pre-1850 emissions were controlled by broad-scale factors, such as climatically controlled regional differences in fuels and moisture. Since 1900 large particles decreased greatly, and small particles decreased slightly, in Minnesota and Wisconsin. By contrast in the Northeast the large particle accumulation has remained at the low values measured in pre-1900 sediments at most sites, while small particles increased everywhere east of central New York and Pennsylvania. The observed patterns suggest that (1) large particles primarily reflect local fires that were common in the Midwest before fire suppression became effective, (2) large particles were rare in the Northeast, especially before extensive land clearance, (3) small particles reflect regional combustion that increased in the Northeast after extensive use of fire for land clearance and wood burning for industrial purposes of the 19th century, and (4) small particles remain abundant in the Midwest long after effective fire suppression, probably because these well-dispersed small particles have a large source area that extends beyond the local wildfires that account for large particles before European settlement.
Annotated Bibliography on the Teaching of Psychology: 1999.

This bibliography is a continuation of those previously published in Teaching of Psychology (e.g., Berry & Daniel, 1984; Fulkerson & Wise, 1987; Johnson & Schroder, 1997; Wise & Fulkerson, 1996). We maintained similar search methods and criteria for inclusion that were used in previous bibliographies. We also continued the cumulative numbering of the items.
Which businesses actually help the global poor

Purpose – This paper suggests that BoP producer businesses provide greater potential positive impact on poverty alleviation than BoP consumer businesses. With this purpose, the authors explore the positive short‐term and long‐term economic effects of BoP producer businesses on the poor and compare these effects with those from BoP consumer businesses.Design/methodology/approach – The paper applies several economic and organizational theories to BoP businesses to shed light on the value each creates for the poor.Findings – It is argued that BoP producer businesses create more economic value for the poor by providing these societies with access to markets, capital and capabilities, and organizational advantages they currently lack.Practical implications – Implications for the poor, businesses considering opportunities at the BoP, and future research are discussed.Originality/value – With the help of economic theories, this paper describes the ways in which access to markets, well‐established organizations, ...
The changing presentation of pyloric stenosis

Abstract Metabolic abnormalities described in pyloric stenosis are now rare, probably because of prompter recognition of the disease. This report reviews the trend in presentation over three decades. All infants treated for pyloric stenosis during three mid-decade target periods were reviewed. Comparison between the 1975 group and the 1985 group and between the 1995 group and previous decades were designed to identify the impact of ultrasonography, since this modality has only been available in the last decade. Parameters included age at diagnosis and incidence of water and electrolyte imbalance as measures of delay in presentation. Two hundred eighty-three patients were reviewed. Mean age (weeks) at presentation was 5.4 ± 3.0 in 1975, 4.6 ± 2.0 in 1985, and 3.4 ± 1.3 in 1995 ( P
Geometric Problems in Complex Analysis

(1972). Geometric Problems in Complex Analysis. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 79, No. 5, pp. 447-468.
Oscillation dynamics of active-unsterile neutrino mixing in a 2 + 1 mixing scheme

We consider the possibility that sterile neutrinos exist and admit a description as unparticles; we call these unsterile neutrinos. We then examine the nature of neutrino oscillations in a model where an unsterile can mix with two active flavors with a very simple mass matrix of the seesaw type. Despite these simplifications, we find a number of remarkable features, all of which will occur generically when more realistic cases are considered. These include momentum dependent mixing angles, invisible decay widths for the unsterile-like mode, as well as the inheritance of a nonvanishing spectral density for the massive activelike modes. We also obtain the disappearance and appearance probabilities for the activelike neutrinos and find remarkable interference effects between the active and unsterile neutrinos as a consequence of threshold effects, yielding new oscillatory contributions with different oscillation lengths. These effects are only measurable on short baseline experiments because there both probabilities are suppressed as compared to mixing with a canonical sterile neutrino, thereby providing a diagnostics tool to discriminate unsterile from canonical sterile neutrinos. We conclude with a discussion of whether these new phenomena could aid in the reconciliation of the LSND and MiniBooNE results.
Control of ventilation in COPD and lung injury

Breathing occurs in single breaths and in patterns which are altered by the onset, progression and resolution of respiratory diseases. Through modulations of rate, depth, and patterning of breathing, the ventilatory control system maintains numerous critical variables within their homeostatic ranges. A dynamic respiratory control system is critical to successful adaptation in the face of progressive pulmonary pathology. The objective of this review, is to illustrate functional changes and compensatory mechanisms which occur with the onset and progression of acute and chronic lung disease. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) will be considered as a model of a slowly progressive pulmonary process, where destruction of lung parenchyma and airway obstruction leads to hypoxemia and hypercapnia. Over time, adaptations of the respiratory control system to this disease include changes in the intrinsic properties of respiratory muscles, chemoreceptor signaling, and central respiratory drive which increase motor output to the respiratory muscles. In contrast, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an exemplar of an acute pulmonary process. The result of severe lung injury, ARDS is characterized by lung infiltrates, rapidly progressive hypoxemic respiratory failure, and possible progression to pulmonary fibrosis. Changes in breathing patterns result from these functional changes, as well as altered processing of afferent feedback by the central controller, possibly influenced by brainstem inflammation. Taken together, these disease models highlight the plasticity of the respiratory control system in response to the development and progression of lung disease.
Palmitic acid enhances calcium sequestration by isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Abstract Long chain fatty acids have been found to accumulate in the cytosol of the ischemic myocardium. To determine if these fatty acids might contribute to the early depression of contractile function observed in the ischemic heart, we investigated the effect of palmitic acid (PA), a C 16 saturated fatty acid, on calcium sequestration by sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles (SR) in vitro . Calcium sequestration by rabbit skeletal and canine cardiac SR in the absence of calcium precipitating anions (“calcium binding”) was determined by Millipore filtration or by ultracentrifugation. When present from the onset of the reaction, 8 to 32 μ m PA increased the amount of calcium sequestered by 6 μg/ml SR in a concentration-dependent manner. Under control conditions 131 ± 10 nmol of Ca/mg skeletal SR protein was sequestered. In the presence of 8, 16, and 32 μ m PA, concentrations below the critical micellar concentrations of PA, calcium sequestration by skeletal SR was increased to 145 ± 4, 178 ± 22 and 362 ± 32 nmol Ca/mg SR protein respectively. A similar concentration-dependent enhancement of calcium sequestration by PA was observed in canine cardiac SR. When PA was added to skeletal SR 2 min after the start of the reaction, a time when calcium sequestration became maximal, similar concentration-dependent enhancement of calcium sequestration was observed. The ability of PA to enhance calcium sequestration by the SR could promote calcium retention within this intracellular membrane system under conditions where cytosolic PA is increased.
Analysis of polyaniline oligomers by laser desorption ionization and solventless MALDI

While direct laser desorption ionization of soluble polyaniline dried onto metal sample plates results in mass spectra that are similar to previously shown electrospray ionization data of similar samples, laser desorption of unsolubilized solid polyaniline results in major fragmentation of the phenyl rings. Solventless MALDI, a recently developed technique for insoluble or slightly soluble species, involves the use of only solid analyte and matrix during sample preparation. Solventless MALDI of solid polyaniline results in mass spectra that are similar to the direct laser desorption ionization spectra of the soluble oligomers with some larger molecular weight oligomers also being detected. Based on the matrix used, different series of polyaniline with dissimilar end groups are detected. The matrix also affects the percentages of benzenoid and quinoid units in the oligomers. Thus, solventless MALDI appears to be a promising new technique for the mass spectrometric analysis of low solubility, but industrially important, polyanilines.
Dorsal, an embryonic polarity gene in Drosophila, is homologous to the vertebrate proto-oncogene, c-rel

The Drosophila gene, dorsal, is a maternal effect locus that is essential for the establishment of dorsal-ventral polarity in the developing embryo. The dorsal protein was predicted from the complementary DNA sequence; it is almost 50 percent identical, over an extensive region, to the protein encoded by the avian oncogene v-rel, its cellular homolog, c-rel, and a human c-rel fragment. The oncogene v-rel is highly oncogenic in avian lymphoid, spleen, and bone marrow cells.
A linear time-of-flight mass analyzer for thermal ionization cavity mass spectrometry

Abstract In this paper we report the basic design characteristics, typical operating parameters, and isotope ratio performance of an orthogonal acceleration linear thermal ionization cavity time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TIC-TOFMS). The present system is capable of mass resolution of 750–850 (FWHM) over a wide range of masses, and can generate and analyze multi-element spectra from sub-μg samples (solids and solution residues) in
Liposome encapsulation of fluorescent nanoparticles: Quantum dots and silica nanoparticles

Quantum dots (QDs) and silica nanoparticles (SNs) are relatively new classes of fluorescent probes that overcome the limitations encountered by organic fluorophores in bioassay and biological imaging applications. We encapsulated QDs and SNs in liposomes and separated nanoparticle-loaded liposomes from unencapsulated nanoparticles by size exclusion chromatography. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy was used to measure the average number of nanoparticles inside each liposome. Results indicated that nanoparticle-loaded liposomes were formed and separated from unencapsulated nanoparticles by using a Sepharose gel. As expected, fluorescence self-quenching of nanoparticles inside liposomes was not observed. Each liposome encapsulated an average of three QDs. These studies demonstrated that nanoparticles could be successfully encapsulated into liposomes and provided a methodology to quantify the number of nanoparticles inside each liposome by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.
Primate experiments on oral sensation and dental malocclusions

1 n contrast to the vast array of metric observations on human skulls during the growth period, there is a paucity of information regarding the physiologic correlates: the factors controlling growth at the mandibular condyles, the pressure and tension systems determining bone apposition and modeling on the surfaces of the jaws, and the functional systems regulating tonus in the musculature which positions the mandible relative to the maxilla. Pilot studies1 have demonstrated that the rhesus monkey can serve as an experimental model in research on the etiology of dental malocclusions. With the use of this model, it has been possible to test certain hypotheses on the interrelationships of muscle function, skeletal form, and dental malocclusion by inductive inference rather than by surveillance. Alternative hypotheses are formulated and subjected to testing. Recent experiments have been designed to test certain theories regarding functional factors which affect the suspension of the mandible as well as the position of the teeth. The relationship of factors which influence the establishment of dental occlusion is illustrated in Fig. 1, in which A and B represent the maxilla and the mandible; C, the tongue; D and E, the muscles suspending the jaw; and P and G, the erupting or extruding teeth. The model illustrates the possible effects of changes in the relative tonus of the muscle groups (D and E) upon the distance between the jaws (A and B) as well as the space available for the tongue (C) and the extruding teeth (P and G). The question becomes: Can significant changes in muscle tonus occur in response to common environmental stimuli ? Obviously, strong orthodontic forces, muscle exercises, and selective destruction of neuromuscular components
Self-referencing optrodes for measuring spatially resolved, real-time metabolic oxygen flux in plant systems

The ability to non-invasively measure metabolic oxygen flux is a very important tool for physiologists interested in a variety of questions ranging from basic metabolism, growth/development, and stress adaptation. Technologies for measuring oxygen concentration near the surface of cells/tissues include electrochemical and optical techniques. A wealth of knowledge was gained using these tools for quantifying real-time physiology. Fiber-optic microprobes (optrodes) have recently been developed for measuring oxygen in a variety of biomedical and environmental applications. We have adopted the use of these optical microsensors for plant physiology applications, and used the microsensors in an advanced sensing modality known as self-referencing. Self-referencing is a non-invasive microsensor technique used for measuring real-time flux of analytes. This paper demonstrates the use of optical microsensors for non-invasively measuring rhizosphere oxygen flux associated with respiration in plant roots, as well as boundary layer oxygen flux in phytoplankton mats. Highly sensitive/selective optrodes had little to no hysteresis/calibration drift during experimentation, and an extremely high signal-to-noise ratio. We have used this new tool to compare various aspects of rhizosphere oxygen flux for roots of Glycine max, Zea mays, and Phaseolus vulgaris, and also mapped developmentally relevant profiles and distinct temporal patterns. We also characterized real-time respiratory patterns during inhibition of cytochrome and alternative oxidase pathways via pharmacology. Boundary layer oxygen flux was also measured for a phytoplankton mat during dark:light cycling and exposure to pharamacological inhibitors. This highly sensitive technology enables non-invasive study of oxygen transport in plant systems under physiologically relevant conditions.
Ineffectiveness of covert rehearsal with tones

We investigated whether covert rehearsal of simple musical tones enhanced memory for those tones. Subjects were presented with a series of pairs (Experiment 1) or triples (Experiment 2) of tones played separately. Some of those pairs or triples were cued for covert rehearsal during a silent interval. Although both rehearsed and unrehearsed target items were better recognized than were lure items, rehearsed items were not recognized better than were unrehearsed items. Experiment 3 showed that repetition of such items in the presentation list did benefit memory, however. Twice-presented pairs of tones were better recognized than were once-presented pairs, which in turn were better recognized than were lure pairs.
Hyper-semantic data modeling

Abstract This paper describes a new area of data modeling, a model in this new area, and the schema specification language for the model. The Knowledge/Data Model captures both knowledge semantics, as specified in Knowledge Based Systems, and data semantics, as represented by Semantic Data Models. The Knowledge/Data Model is an instance of a new class of models, called hyper-semantic data models, which facilitate the incorporation of knowledge in the form of heuristics, uncertainty, constraints and other Artificial Intelligence concepts, together with object-oriented concepts found in Semantic Data Models. The unified knowledge/data modeling features are provided via the constructs of the Knowledge/Data Language.
Variational bounds for the triton.

Variational bounds for the Reid soft core and Argonne V/sub 14/ potentials are extended through the J = 8 partial waves of those nucleon-nucleon forces using Faddeev wave functions calculated with the Jless than or equal to4 partial waves. We verify our previous conjecture that the additional components add roughly 10 keV to the binding energy, and that the convergence of the binding energy with respect to the nucleon-nucleon partial-wave angular momentum is roughly geometrical.