cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Types of Communication

Our goal in this chapter is to review the most popular digital modulation techniques, specifically, those that are most often addressed in the literature, and discuss their transmitted signal form as well as their detection over the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. In all cases, we shall limit our consideration to receivers that implement the maximum a posteriori (MAP) decision rule (maximum-likelihood (ML) for equiprobable signal hypotheses) and as such are optimum from the standpoint of minimizing error probability. Emphasis will be placed on those modulations that might be used in applications where the channel exhibits multipath fading.
Multilayer detection and classification of specular and nonspecular meteor trails

[1] Meteor radar data are continuously collected by different radar systems that operate throughout the year. Analyzing this fast growing, large data set requires efficient and reliable detection routines. Currently most meteor echo routines search for underdense meteor trails, often discarding overdense and nonspecular meteor trails. This is because their main purpose is the study of mesospheric winds. But the study of meteor flux requires the unique identification of each type of meteor reflections. In this paper, a multilayer radar detection and classification algorithm is proposed to correctly identify multiple types of meteor trail reflections. The process consists of two steps. The first step is based on the time-frequency waveform detector. In this step, we start by selecting low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values in order to detect all types of radar echoes; however, a high probability offalse alarm is often produced. In the second step, several features from the detected echoes in step one are extracted and a support vector machine (SVM) classifier is constructed to further classify these echoes. The algorithm was tested using data collected from a 50-MHz radar stationed near Salinas, Puerto Rico, on April 5, 1998. A total of 270 detected echoes were labeled as underdense, overdense, nonspecular, other ionospheric echoes, and noise. We used 50% of the labeled echoes as training samples and divided the rest 50% testing samples as 10 subsets for testing. This technique successfully classified about 85% of the testing samples. Details concerning implementation, feature extraction, and data visualization are presented and discussed.
Classic lobular carcinoma in situ and atypical lobular hyperplasia at percutaneous breast core biopsy: outcomes of prospective excision.

BACKGROUND: No consensus exists on the need to excise breast lesions that yield classic lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) or atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH) (known together as classic lobular neoplasia [LN]) as the highest risk lesion at percutaneous core-needle biopsy (CNB). Here, the authors report findings from 72 consecutive lesions with LN at CNB and prospective surgical excision (EXB). METHODS: Lesions that yielded LN at CNB at the authors' center have been referred for EXB since June 2004, regardless of imaging-histologic concordance. A lesion was “concordant” if histologic findings provided sufficient explanation for imaging. An upgrade consisted of ductal carcinoma in situ and/or invasive carcinoma at EXB. Statistical analysis, including 95% confidence intervals (CIs), was performed. RESULTS: Between June 2004 and May 2009, CNB of 85 consecutive lesions yielded LN without other high-risk histologies. Eighty of 85 lesions (94%) underwent prospective EXB. Seventy-two of 85 lesions (90%; 42 LCIS, 30 ALH) had concordant imaging-histologic findings. EXB yielded low-grade carcinoma in 2 of 72 cases (3%; 95% CI, 0%-9%). In both patients, stereotactic, 11-gauge, vacuum-assisted biopsy of calcifications yielded calcifications in benign parenchyma and ALH. CNB results were discordant in 8 of 80 lesions (10%; 4 LCIS, 4 ALH), and EXB yielded cancer in 3 of those 8 lesions (38%; 95% CI, 9%-76%). The upgrade rate was significantly higher for discordant lesions versus concordant lesions (38% vs 3%; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Prospective excision of LN identified carcinoma in 3% (95% CI, 0%-9%) of concordant cases versus 38% (95% CI, 9%-76%) of discordant cases. The current data provide an unbiased assessment of the upgrade rate of LN diagnosed at CNB. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Modification of Tergitol-7 Agar for Differentiation of Hydrogen Sulfide-Producing Colonies

The indication of H2S production by a modified Tergitol-7 agar combines the advantages of both selective and differential enteric media to provide a medium with broader coverage.
Differences in bacterial diversity of host-associated populations of Phylloxera notabilis Pergande (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae) in pecan and water hickory

Host-associated differentiation (HAD) is the presence of genetically divergent, host-associated populations. It has been suggested that microbial symbionts of insect herbivores may play a role in HAD by allowing their insect hosts to use different plant species. The objective of this study was to document if host-associated populations of Phylloxera notabilis Pergande (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae) in pecan and water hickory corresponded with differences in the composition of their associated bacteria. To test this hypothesis, we characterized the symbionts present in P. notabilis associated with these two tree species through metagenomic analyses using 454 sequencing. Differences in bacterial diversity were found between P. notabilis populations associated with pecan and water hickory. The bacteria, Pantoea agglomerans and Serratia marcescens, were absent in the P. notabilis water hickory population, whereas both species accounted for more than 69.72% of bacterial abundance in the pecan population.
Expression of the Integrin Coreceptor Transglutaminase-2 in the RPE In Vivo and in Culture

Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional enzyme present in the cytoplasm, the nucleus, or the extracellular milieu in a variety of cell types. Recent reports identify a role for secreted TG2 as a coreceptor for integrins that can regulate integrin function. In the retina, synchronization of the phagocytosis of spent photoreceptor outer segment fragments in a diurnal burst depends on the integrin receptor αvβ5. Localizing to the apical, phagocytic surface of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), αvβ5 integrin stimulates a short but vigorous signaling response in the RPE that is required for particle engulfment. While ligation by the secreted integrin ligand MFG-E8 initiates this burst of αvβ5 activity, the molecular mechanisms terminating it are still unknown. To determine if TG2 may be a candidate regulator for αvβ5 integrin in the RPE, we investigated its expression and localization in retinal tissue and in primary RPE cells in culture. We found that TG2 levels in the neural retina are below the limit of immunoblot detection. In contrast, RPE tissue in vivo in wild-type and β5−/− mice and wild-type rat primary RPE in culture express TG2. TG2 localizes to the basolateral aspect of the RPE in the mouse eye. In RPE cells in culture, TG2 localizes to the cytoplasm and to the lateral membrane where it partially overlaps with the adherens junction protein β-catenin. Taken together, αvβ5 integrin-independent TG2 expression and its absence from the apical surface suggest a role for TG2 in the RPE other than interaction with the phagocytic machinery.
Logic in Access Control (Tutorial Notes)

Access control is central to security in computer systems. Over the years, there have been many efforts to explain and to improve access control, sometimes with logical ideas and tools. This paper is a partial survey and discussion of the role of logic in access control. It considers logical foundations for access control and their applications, in particular in languages for security policies. It focuses on some specific logics and their properties. It is intended as a written counterpart to a tutorial given at the 2009 International School on Foundations of Security Analysis and Design.
SU-E-T-214: Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy (IMPT) Based On Passively Scattered Protons and Multi-Leaf Collimation: Prototype TPS and Dosimetry Study

Purpose. Intensity-modulated proton therapy is usually implemented with multi-field optimization of pencil-beam scanning (PBS) proton fields. However, at the view of the experience with photon-IMRT, proton facilities equipped with double-scattering (DS) delivery and multi-leaf collimation (MLC) could produce highly conformal dose distributions (and possibly eliminate the need for patient-specific compensators) with a clever use of their MLC field shaping, provided that an optimal inverse TPS is developed. Methods. A prototype TPS was developed in MATLAB. The dose calculation process was based on a fluence-dose algorithm on an adaptive divergent grid. A database of dose kernels was precalculated in order to allow for fast variations of the field range and modulation during optimization. The inverse planning process was based on the adaptive simulated annealing approach, with direct aperture optimization of the MLC leaves. A dosimetry study was performed on a phantom formed by three concentrical semicylinders separated by 5 mm, of which the inner-most and outer-most were regarded as organs at risk (OARs), and the middle one as the PTV. We chose a concave target (which is not treatable with conventional DS fields) to show the potential of our technique. The optimizer was configured to minimize the mean dose to the OARs while keeping a good coverage of the target. Results. The plan produced by the prototype TPS achieved a conformity index of 1.34, with the mean doses to the OARs below 78% of the prescribed dose. This Result is hardly achievable with traditional conformal DS technique with compensators, and it compares to what can be obtained with PBS. Conclusion. It is certainly feasible to produce IMPT fields with MLC passive scattering fields. With a fully developed treatment planning system, the produced plans can be superior to traditional DS plans in terms of plan conformity and dose to organs at risk.
Mustard operation in the 1st month of life

Abstract Since April 1976, nine infants less than 1 month of age underwent a Mustard intraatrial baffle procedure. All had transposition of the great arteries and were persistently symptomatic or hypoxic after the Rashkind balloon atrioseptostomy. Two had an associated large ventricular septal defect patched at the time of physiologic correction. The average age of the infants was 11.6 days (range 36 hours to 28 days). Weight averaged 3.4 kg (range 2.5 to 4.2). In all the Mustard procedure was performed using deep hypothermie circulatory arrest, averaging 71 minutes (range 48 to 88) at a mean core temperature of 13 °C. An average of 2.8 days of postoperative ventilatory assistance was required. One death occurred in a 28 day old male infant with an associated ventricular septal defect who, the morning after operation, had a sudden unresponsive cardiac standstill. The postoperative hospitalization period averaged 15 days (range 10 to 23). Follow-up evaluation has extended from 4 to 63 months (average 31). Six patients were restudied 2 to 21 months postoperatively. One had obstruction of the superior limb of the baffle, which had separated from the right atrial wall permitting a modest right to left shunt. She has had uneventful repair employing a unique modification of Senning's operation. Another child has asymptomatic partial obstruction of the superior limb of the baffle demonstrated angiographically. None has pulmonary venous obstruction and all have prevailing normal sinus rhythm. Significant right ventricular dysfunction has been demonstrated in one. Early correction in these persistently symptomatic or hypoxic neonates with transposition of the great arteries with or without a ventricular septal defect has obviated the need for palliative operations and produced gratifying early and late results.
Neuraxial Block and Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin: Balancing Perioperative Analgesia and Thromboprophylaxis

The efficacy and safety of low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) as postoperative venous thromboembolism prophylaxis has been demonstrated in more than 60 clinical trials, including more than 20,000 patients (1). However, recent reports of spinal hematoma occurring spontaneously and in association with regional anesthesia (2,3) have generated concern regarding the safety of spinal or epidural anesthesia in patients receiving LMWH. This review will discuss the chronology of events leading to the current situation, as well as examine the possible factors contributing to the increased risk of spinal hematoma in patients receiving LMWH. heparin, significant anti-Xa activity is still present 12 hours after injection. The clearance of LMWH is primarily renal. The plasma half-life of LMWH is approximately two to four times longer than that of standard heparin and increases in patients with renal failure. The anticoagulant effects of standard heparin are neutralized by an equimolar dose of protamine. Because of the reduced protamine binding to LMWH fractions, only the anti-IIa activity of LMWH is completely reversed, whereas anti-Xa activity is not fully neutralized.Both anti-IIa and anti-Xa activity may return up to 3 hours after protamine reversal, possibly because of tile release of additional LMWH from the subcutaneous depot (22).
Preparation of manganese ferrite fine particles from aqueous solution

Fine manganese ferrite particles have been prepared by a coprecipitation method and subsequent digestion process (below 100°C). Manganous salts mixed with either ferric or ferrous salts were coprecipitated with sodium hydroxide. Particles produced from ferric salts were MnFe2O4 with relatively smaller sizes (5 to 25 nm) while ferrous salts created MnxFe3−xO4 (0.2 < × < 0.7) with bigger sizes up to 180 nm. In either case, the particle size appeared to be a unique function of the ratio of metal ion concentration to hydroxide ion concentration when the digestion conditions were fixed. For the system with ferric salts, the undigested samples were polycrystals with crystallite sizes of about 2 nm. Digestion, which could be described as an Ostwald ripening process, did not change the crystalline structure but increased both the crystallite size and the particle size. A basic solution was essential for an effective digestion process in this system. The system with ferrous salts, on the contrary, needed an acidic solution to create a single ferrite phase. Digestion changed both the crystalline structure and the particle size of the precipitated precursors. This process involved a dissolution and renucleation/growth mechanism. Cation and anion effects on the particle size and the evolution during digestion were also studied.
Morphine stimulates superoxide formation by glomerular mesangial cells

Focal glomerulosclerosis is the predominant glomerular lesion in heroin addicts. We studied whether morphine, a metabolite of heroin, could directly affect the formation of superoxide by glomerular mesangial cells. Mesangial cells preincubated with morphine (10−8 M) showed a higher (P<0.001) production of superoxide when compared to control cells (control) 401±21 vs. morphine 610±41 nM/mg protein/h). This effect of morphine on mesangial cells was dose dependent. Naloxone, an opiate antagonist, attenuated morphine-induced formation of Superoxide by mesangial cells [control, 317±4; morphine (10−8 M), 573±9; and naloxone (10−8 M) + morphine (10−8 M), 333±6 nM/mg protein/h]. We conclude that morphine enhances formation of superoxide by mesangial cells and this effect of morphine seems to be mediated through opiate receptors. Since superoxide has been demonstrated to cause mesangiolysis, we propose that morphine may be playing a role in the induction of mesangial injury in patients with opiate abuse.
Improving Phosphorus Use Efficiency in the Future

World demand for phosphorus (P) fertilizer and increasing environmental regulations concerning water quality will continue to motivate the search for ways to improve P use efficiency in potato production. While much effort has gone into understanding P availability and uptake from soil, relatively little is known about the possibility of increasing uptake efficiency through genetic improvement or improved root health. Potato exhibits considerable genetic variation in uptake efficiency of nutrients like nitrogen, and it is likely that genetic variation also exists in P use efficiency. Increased efficiency may be due to differences in tuber yield per unit of available P (utilization efficiency), or in rate of P absorption from the soil (uptake efficiency). Likewise, genetic improvements in resistance to root-decaying pathogens, such as Verticillium dahliae, and improved control practices are likely to help maintain a healthy root mass to aid in maintaining P uptake during periods of higher P demand during the growing season.
Analytic eikonal model for intermediate energy stripping and pickup reactions

We have developed an analytic eikonalized amplitude for the intermediate energy ($p$,$d$) reaction based on the distorted wave Born approximation. Eikonalization of the distorted waves naturally separates the important dynamical quantity, the momentum transfer, into longitudinal and transverse components. Upon evaluation of the amplitude using techniques similar to those employed by Amado, Dedonder, and Lenz for elastic scattering, we find the dependence of the transverse momentum transfer to be dominated by distortion effects. Consequently the shapes of the angular distributions are similar to those for elastic scattering. The geometry of the binding well of the picked-up neutron determines most of the dependence of the longitudinal momentum transfer. This fixes the dependence on bombarding energy. Many simple systematic features of these reactions are predicted using the analytic eikonalized amplitude and are observed in full partial wave calculations.
Structure and properties of the permanent magnet alloys

IT IS AN OLD NOTION that high coercivity in ferromagnetic materials is associated with high internal stresses. Cold working, quench hardening, and precipitation hardening have been known or suspected sources of residual stresses and they have been generally found to be responsible for increased coercive force. However, no quantitative correlation has yet been possible since the stresses or their counterpart, the reaction strains, have only recently been identified in a specific manner.
Image encoding with triangulation wavelets

We demonstrate some wavelet-based image processing applications of a class of simplicial grids arising in finite element computations and computer graphics. The cells of a triangular grid form the set of leaves of a binary tree and the nodes of a directed graph consisting of a single cycle. The leaf cycle of a uniform grid forms a pattern for pixel image scanning and for coherent computation of coefficients of splines and wavelets. A simple form of image encoding is accomplished with a 1D quadrature mirror filter whose coefficients represent an expansion of the image in terms of 2D Haar wavelets with triangular support. A combination the leaf cycle and an inherent quadtree structure allow efficient neighbor finding, grid refinement, tree pruning and storage. Pruning of the simplex tree yields a partially compressed image which requires no decoding, but rather may be rendered as a shaded triangulation. This structure and its generalization to n-dimensions form a convenient setting for wavelet analysis and computations based on simplicial grids.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Polyadenylated mRNA in Escherichia coli: Modulation of poly(A) RNA levels by polynucleotide phosphorylase and ribonuclease II

The effect of 3'-exoribonucleases on the polyadenylation of mRNA in Escherichia coli was studied by comparing the synthesis and levels of poly(A) RNA in wild-type E coli and mutant strains defective in the two major 3'-exoribonucleases: polynucleotide phosphorylase and ribonuclease II. Mutations which substantially reduced the activity of these 3'-exonucleases caused a 10-fold increase in pulse-labeling of total poly(A) RNA in intact cells. When the net rate of RNA synthesis was measured in permeabilized cells, the mutant with defective 3'-exonucleases showed 20- to 60-fold increased synthesis of total poly(A) RNA as well as of specific polyadenylated mRNAs, with less than two-fold changes in non-poly(A) RNA. Measurement of mRNA polyadenylation in permeable cells under conditions when 3'-exoribonucleases were inactive showed a 6-fold higher rate of poly(A) synthesis in the exonuclease-deficient mutant strain, suggesting a higher concentration of mRNA 3'-ends amenable to polyadenylation. Steady-state levels of poly(A) RNA, measured by the ability to serve as template for oligo(dT)-dependent complementary DNA synthesis, also increased more than 40-fold when the 3'-exonucleases were inactivated. Monitoring of the length of the poly(A) tracts by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed chain lengths of up to 45 residues in the 3'-exonuclease-deficient mutant, whereas most of the poly(A) tracts in the parent strain were shorter than 12 residues. These results show that 3'-exonucleases reduce the level of polyadenylated mRNA in E coli not merely by causing its degradation but also by reducing its rate of synthesis, presumably by competing with poly(A) polymerase for the 3'-ends of mRNA.
Mandelonitrile beta-glucuronide: synthesis and characterization

Mandelonitrile beta-glucuronide, the compound patented as Laetrile, has been synthesized from rabbit liver uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyl transferase immobilized on beaded sepharose, has been analyzed by thin-layer chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and has been tested for cytotoxicity and mutagenic activity with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98 and TA 100. Several commercial laetrile preparations contained no glucuronide; they contained amygdalin and neoamygdalin instead. Mandelonitrile, mandelonitrile glucuronide, and a mixture of amygdalin and neoamygdalin were each found to be mutagenic.
Periodic solution to the time-inhomogeneous multi-server Poisson queue

We derive the periodic family of asymptotic distributions and the periodic moments for number in the queue for the multi-server queue with Poisson arrivals and exponential service for time-varying periodic arrival and departure rates, and time-varying periodic number of servers. The method is a straight-forward application of generating functions.
Analysis of formalin-fixed and frozen myocardial autopsy samples for viral genome in childhood myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy with endocardial fibroelastosis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Viral infection of the myocardium is implicated in the pathogenesis of myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Enteroviruses have been considered the most common viral etiologic agents, based on peripheral culture and serologic methods. Recently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been shown to be useful in the detection of viral genomes from various infected organs and body fluids. In this study, myocardial samples from autopsy specimens (formalin fixed and fresh frozen) were examined for enteroviral and DNA viral (adenovirus, herpes simplex virus [HSV], and cytomegalovirus (CMV]) genome by PCR. The specimens studied were from 58 patients with myocarditis, 28 patients with DCM and endocardial fibroelastosis [EFE], and 22 controls. Viral genome was detectable in 34 of the 58 (59%) autopsy-proven myocarditis samples (18 adenovirus, 12 enterovirus, 2 CMV, 2 HSV) and 6 of the 28 samples from patients with DCM and EFE (6 adenovirus). We conclude that PCR is effective in the rapid amplification of virus from frozen and formalin-fixed myocardial samples and that adenovirus is an important etiologic agent in viral myocarditis as well as DCM with EFE.
Reading to Learn: Constructing Features from Semantic Abstracts

Machine learning offers a range of tools for training systems from data, but these methods are only as good as the underlying representation. This paper proposes to acquire representations for machine learning by reading text written to accommodate human learning. We propose a novel form of semantic analysis called reading to learn, where the goal is to obtain a high-level semantic abstract of multiple documents in a representation that facilitates learning. We obtain this abstract through a generative model that requires no labeled data, instead leveraging repetition across multiple documents. The semantic abstract is converted into a transformed feature space for learning, resulting in improved generalization on a relational learning task.
Integrating Provenance Information in Reservoir Engineering

Data management and analysis has become an integral component in the area of reservoir engineering. An important metric that determines the overall effectiveness of data analysis is data quality. Data provenance, the metadata that pertains to the derivation history of data objects, has emerged as an invaluable asset in evaluating data quality. The reservoir facilities and software systems that collect provenance information are often distributed, thus making it difficult to analyze provenance data. Our primary contribution in this paper is an approach for provenance information integration in reservoir engineering.
Cost control--time to get serious.

Although everyone seems to agree that controlling health care costs is no less critical a need than improving access to health care, the evidence suggests that cost control is not being seriously confronted. The pertinent committees in Congress, as well as key government agencies, are still flitting around the edge of tough proposals, evading the enormous difficulties of managing costs. Consider the first shot across the bow of serious cost reform, conveyed in an April 29, 2009, report of the Senate Finance Committee. Comparative-effectiveness research, it said, is a fine idea, but whatever “entity” carries it out “should be prohibited . . .
The effect of using a systems approach to project control within the U.S. defense industry

Complex systems are ubiquitous in weapon development projects within the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). For these large and expensive efforts which inevitably seek to advance the state of technology, traditional project management techniques have frequently failed to meet expectations. The U.S. Government Accountability Office has found that DoD programs take 22 months longer than expected and over 80% experience higher costs than expected. We argue that a) these projects are themselves complex systems, and b) these traditional approaches have failed because their linear logic inadequately captures the dynamics of complex adaptive systems. Drawing from approaches employed in other fields to model these kinds of systems, authors have begun exploring the utility of system dynamics as a tool for improving project management of complex development projects. The authors will present an overview of the characteristics of a complex system, a dynamic hypothesis, and a formal simulation model to help identify better project management strategies. Using a set of case studies, the authors will present insights and discuss the potential utility of this approach for improving the design and implementation of project management controls. Initial results provide insights and potential recommendations for improved success in DoD project management.
Multielectron ultrastrong laser field ionization of Arn+, Krm+ and Xel+ (n ≤ 9, m ≤ 9, l ≤ 12) at intensities from 1015 W cm−2 to 1018 W cm−2

Ionization yields are reported for Ar, Kr and Xe in ultrastrong fields from 1015 W cm−2 to 1018 W cm−2. Non-sequential ionization (NSI) is shown to be a robust and general feature in ultrahigh field ionization. NSI yields measured are consistent with the trends predicted by a rescattering model, but as one proceeds to higher Z atoms more NSI is observed than predicted theoretically. Additional recollision mechanisms that may need to be considered in future theories of ultrastrong field–atom interactions include 'chain' NSI, NSI from excited states of the atom (e.g. Rydberg states or inner-shell holes) and the possibility of ultrastrong field enhanced recollision/impact processes.
‘Just a Minute ...’—managing interruptions in the junior school classroom

Summary This study uses a continuum to exemplify the range of interruptions experienced by teachers in junior schools. Further clarification is supplied by the matrix, showing sources and types of interruptions. Reasons for the transformation of ‘interruptions’ into ‘disruptions’ are also discussed, substantiated where possible by selection from the available literature. Further illustrative material is taken from interviews with 12 head teachers and 13 class teachers. Non‐participant observations of 16 of these teachers, working in 11 schools, over a period of six months, provide the data about actual interruptions. Analyses of these data provide information about the types and frequency of interruptions and evidence of how teachers manage them. Teachers’ ‘coping strategies’ are thus identified and ways of minimising interruptions are examined. The differences between ‘proactive’ and ‘reactive’ class management are considered and the effects of both upon teachers’ effectiveness is debated.
Interval between symptom onset and hospitalization in mania.

Previous studies of illness onset in mania lack a frequency distribution for the interval between symptom onset and hospitalization (hospital latency), although a bimodal distribution of illness onset been suggested. We identified 100 patients hospitalized for mania and found a unimodal distribution, with mean ±SD of 3.3±3.2 weeks for hospital latency. Cases with short hospital latency (<1 week, n=15) were younger and had briefer psychiatric histories. The data were compared to other studies of hospital latency in mania.
Graphene-Based Plasmonic Platform for Reconfigurable Terahertz Nanodevices

We propose here a new platform to realize a plethora of graphene-based plasmonic nanodevices for frequency-agile terahertz (THz) frontend circuits. We demonstrate that a class of hybrid electronic-plasmonic nanodevices combining active graphene field-effect transistors (GFET) and graphene plasmonic waveguides (GPWG) supporting tightly confined propagation of THz signals, with tailored phase velocity and characteristic impedance controlled by the gate and drain voltages of GFET. We propose a variety of reconfigurable graphene-based nanodevices based on this general architecture, including reconfigurable and electronically programmable phase-shifters, filters, transformers, modulators, and terminators. We envision the integration of these THz circuit elements into a fully reconfigurable THz system as a fundamental step toward new design architectures and protocols for THz communication, sensing, actuation, and biomedical applications.
Labor market regulations, trade liberalization and the distribution of income in bangladesh

We examine the effects of labor market rigidities on the outcome of trade liberalization using a general-equilibrium model of Bangladesh. When there are no labor market distortions, the poorest households experience a real-wage increase following trade liberalization. When there are either severance pay regulations or minimum wages, the poorest households bear the burden of adjustment. When both sets of regulations are in effect, the net result is not very different from the case where there are no regulations.
Short-run characteristics of samples drawn by random walks

An alternative to using acceptance-rejection methods to generate a sample of points distributed uniformly over a region is to employ a random walk over that region. The sequence of points generated by a random walk has been shown, under certain easily satisfied conditions, to be a realization of a vector-valued discrete parameter Markov process, and to have the uniform distribution as its limiting distribution. The purpose of this paper is to point out that even if the marginal distribution of each point is actually uniform, rather than merely being asymptotically uniform, small samples may exhibit nonuniform characteristics due to serial autocorrelation within the sample.
Lateral geniculate projections to the superficial layers of visual cortex in the tree shrew.

Our recent studies of tree shrew striate cortex have focused on the organization of lateral geniculate projections to layer IV and the projections from IV to layer III. Although these pathways play an important role in determining the response properties of layer III neurons, there are additional pathways from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) that terminate directly in layer III. Previous studies provided evidence that these projections originate from layers 6 and 3 of the LGN and terminate in different subdivisions of layer III. In this study we used injections of biocytin to examine the projections of layers 6 and 3 to the cortex in more detail. Consistent with earlier work, we found that LGN layer 6 projects heavily to lower IIIc, while LGN layer 3 terminates densely in layer IIIb and sparsely throughout layers IIIa-I. In addition, we found that neurons in layers 6 and 3 have collateral projections: neurons in LGN layer 6 project to the bottom of layer IVb and sparsely to I–IIIb; neurons in LGN layer 3 project sparsely to layers V and VI and to the middle of IV. These patterns of projections are significant in the light of our studies of the connections from cortical layer IV to layer III. LGN projections to the superficial layers are organized into parallel pathways that exert selective influence over different populations of neurons in layers I–III and on the layer IV neurons that supply them. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Effect of Pupil Size on Visual Acuity for Photometrically Equated Test Fields at Various Levels of Luminance

Visual acuity for a grating test object was determined as a function of artificial pupil diameter at five luminance levels. In order to eliminate the effect of variation of retinal illuminance with pupil size changes as a factor in acuity, the luminance of the acuity test field as viewed through each artificial pupil was previously adjusted to match a reference field of constant luminance viewed by the other eye through a fixed pupil at five luminance values of the reference field. Selection of maximum artificial pupil size was made on the basis of photographs of the natural pupil taken under conditions similar to those which obtained in the main experiment. As pupil size is increased, acuity improves rapidly at first and then more slowly before reaching a maximum value of acuity. Further increase in pupil size, when possible, results in lowered acuity. The rise in acuity up to the maximum is steeper the higher the luminance level, whereas the drop in acuity which occurs when the pupil is made even larger is steeper the lower the luminance level. The results are interpreted as reflecting the increased importance of aberrations as a factor in acuity as pupil size is increased and the luminance level is lowered. The data are plotted to show the effect of pupil size as a parameter of the acuity-reference luminance function.
Corticosterone, brood size, and hatch order in free-living Florida scrub-jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) nestlings

It is well known that variation in developmental conditions can have profound effects upon lifetime fitness. In altricial avian species, nestlings undergo a substantial portion of development in the nest after hatching, often in the presence of nest-mates. This can result in the formation of brood hierarchies based on age, size, and competitive ability. Measurement of baseline corticosterone (CORT) levels in developing birds may provide a means to assess whether individuals within a brood experience stress due to sibling competition or nutritional state. However, few studies have attempted to correlate corticosterone concentrations with brood hierarchies in free-living, developing birds. We investigated the degree to which corticosterone levels in nestling Florida scrub-jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) were predicted by brood size, hatching order, and body mass. Nestling corticosterone levels were inversely correlated with body mass but did not differ among brood sizes. Within broods of two, second-hatched nestlings had lower CORT than first-hatched nestlings, although there was no effect of hatch order in broods of three or four nestlings. The results of this study suggest that conditions within the nest, particularly those associated with within-brood hierarchies, are manifested through differential body condition and nestling corticosterone secretion. The consequences of this variation in nestling corticosterone are unknown, but development of the adult phenotype, as well as life-long survival, may be impacted.
Mucinous pancreatic tumors: ERCP findings

Mucin-producing tumors of the pancreas are rare and difficult to diagnose neoplasms. To further characterize the nature of these lesions, four such cases are described here in which the diagnosis was suspected at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography by the presence of ampullary or intraductal mucus. In one patient, pancreatoscopy directly visualized the tumor. Ultrasound and computed tomography failed to suggest the presence of a neoplasm in the majority of these cases, but endoscopic ultrasound was performed in one and correctly identified the multi-cystic tumor. A high incidence of acute pancreatitis was seen in these cases and was felt to be secondary to intermittent ductal obstruction by mucus. The characteristic appearance of intra-ductal mucus provides an important clue to the presence of this type of pancreatic neoplasia.
Identification of a retinoid receptor response element in the human aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 promoter.

BACKGROUND The human aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 promoter contains sites that bind members of the nuclear receptor family, and one (designated FP330-3') is predicted to bind retinoic acid receptors. METHODS Binding of retinoid receptors to the FP330-3' oligonucleotide duplex and point mutations thereof was assayed using electrophoretic mobility shift assays. The function of the promoter element was determined in transfection assays. RESULTS Heterodimers of retinoic acid receptor (RAR)alpha, beta, and gamma with retinoid X receptor (RXR)alpha bound the FP330-3' site. Mutagenesis of the FP330-3' site suggested that either the upstream DR-5 or downstream DR-1 could mediate binding of RAR/RXR. FP330-3' oligonucleotide duplexes were not bound by in vitro translated RXR homodimers but weakly competed with a synthetic DR-1 oligonucleotide duplex for binding by RXR. A reporter construct carrying four copies of the FP330-3' element was induced by cotransfection of rat hepatoma cells with a construct encoding RARalpha, when the RAR-specific ligand AM580 was present. Each of the three RXR isoforms alpha, beta, and gamma stimulated the expression of reporter constructs containing the FP330-3' sites in a 9-cis retinoic acid-dependent fashion in cells in culture. This was confirmed in the case of RXRalpha using the RXR-specific ligand methoprene. CONCLUSION The human aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 promoter contains a retinoid response element, which may contribute to regulation of the gene.
Über fluorhaltige Verbindungen der Elemente der V. Hauptgruppe. V. Über Hydroxofluoroantimonate(V)

Hydroxofluoroantimonate, die durch Hydrolyse von Hexafluoroantimonat entstehen, wurden papierchromatographisch untersucht. Die Markierung der Substanzen auf dem Chromatogramm gelingt nicht mit einem der ublichen Farbeverfahren, so das Radioantimon (Sb(124)) als Indikator benutzt wurde. Nachgewiesen wurden die Ionen [SbFn(OH)6−n]−, wobei n = 2, 3, 4 und 5. Die entsprechenden Kaliumsalze sollen als Ausgangssubstanzen zur Gewinnung hochpolymer Fluoroantimonate dienen. Aus einer wasrigen Losung von KSbF6 fallt mit Nitronacetat kein Nitron-HSbF6 2 H2O, wie bisher angenommen, sondern Nitron-HSbF4(OH) · 2 H2O. Aus einer konz. Losung von K[SbF4(OH)2] erhalt man mit Nitronacetat das entsprechende Nitronsalz in reiner Form.
Research as Gendered Practice

In D. Tannen (Ed.), Gender and conversational interaction (pp. 231-280). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kuhn, E.D. (1992). Playing down authority while getting things done: Women professors get help from the institution. Locating power: In K. Hall, M. Bucholtz, & B. Moonwomon (Eds.), Proceedings of the Second Berkeley Women and Language Conference (Vol. 2), (pp. 318-325). Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Women and Language Group, University of California. Tannen, D. (Ed). (1993). Framing in discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Tannen, D. (1994). The sex-class-linked framing of talk at work. In Gender and Discourse (pp. 195-122) (Paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Senescing human cells and ageing mice accumulate DNA lesions with unrepairable double-strand breaks

Humans and animals undergo ageing, and although their primary cells undergo cellular senescence in culture, the relationship between these two processes is unclear. Here we show that gamma-H2AX foci (gamma-foci), which reveal DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), accumulate in senescing human cell cultures and in ageing mice. They colocalize with DSB repair factors, but not significantly with telomeres. These cryptogenic gamma-foci remain after repair of radiation-induced gamma-foci, suggesting that they may represent DNA lesions with unrepairable DSBs. Thus, we conclude that accumulation of unrepairable DSBs may have a causal role in mammalian ageing.
An interview with George Hallett

The distinguished South African photographer George Hallett speaks about his childhood, schooling, career in photography, exile in Europe and return to South Africa. Born in District Six and raised in Hout Bay, Hallett was introduced to the world of politics, literature and art by the novelist Richard Rive, who was his high school English teacher, and by the poet James Matthews and artist Peter Clarke, who became friends, as well as mentors. Hallett began his photographic career in Cape Town, but, struggling under the restrictions of life under apartheid, soon left for London. In Britain and, later, France and the Netherlands, he established himself as a leading photojournalist and fine art photographer. After brief stays in the United States and Zimbabwe, he returned to South Africa to photograph the 1994 elections for the African National Congress.
Rapid quantum mechanical models for the computational estimation of C-H bond dissociation energies as a measure of metabolic stability.

Several relatively inexpensive levels of theory are surveyed together with alternative algorithmic methods for the estimation of C−H bond dissociation energies (BDEs), such energies being useful for the prediction of metabolic stability in drug-like molecules. In particular, bond stretching potentials of several C−H bonds are computed using the AM1, PM3, HF/MIDI!, and B3LYP/MIDI! levels of electronic structure theory, and selected points are fit to Morse and parabolic potentials. BDEs computed by an AM1 fit to the Morse function show the smallest mean unsigned error in prediction (±3−4 kcal/mol) over 32 diverse C−H bonds. An alternative method for correlating the AM1 parabolic force constant from a two-point unrelaxed potential provides only a slightly decreased accuracy and is computationally particularly inexpensive. Both methods should prove to be useful for the rapid in silico screening of drug-like molecules for metabolic stability to C−H bond oxidizing enzymes. Keywords: C−H homolysis; bond energy; ...
Sleep dysfunction in Rett syndrome: a trial of exogenous melatonin treatment

Nine girls with Rett syndrome (mean age, 10.1 years) were monitored 24 hours a day over a period of 10 weeks using wrist actigraphy. Baseline sleep-wake patterns were assessed for 1 week. Subsequently, patients underwent a 4-week melatonin treatment period in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover protocol that employed a 1-week washout between treatment trials. Melatonin doses ranged from 2.5 to 7.5 mg, based upon individual body weight. Baseline sleep quality was poor compared with healthy children. At baseline the group demonstrated a low sleep efficiency (mean [+/- SE], 68.0+/-3.9%), long sleep-onset latency (42.1+/-12.0 minutes), and a short and fragmented total sleep time (7.5+/-0.3 hours; 15+/-2 awakenings per night). Melatonin significantly decreased sleep-onset latency to (mean +/- SE) 19.1+/-5.3 minutes (P<0.05) during the first 3 weeks of treatment. While the variability of individual responsiveness was high, melatonin appeared to improve total sleep time and sleep efficiency in the patients with the worse baseline sleep quality. Finally, a 4-week administration of melatonin appears to be a safe treatment as no adverse side effects were detected, yet long-term effects of chronic melatonin use in pediatric patients are unknown at this time.
On wave propagation in laminated composites—I. propagation parallel to the laminates

Abstract The problem of elastic wave propagation in a laminated medium is considered. Using asymptotic expansions in terms of a small parameter given by the ratio of wave velocities of the two constituents a continuum model is deduced in which microstructure effects appear as a consequence of “non-locality” in time of the laminated medium. This is manifested by a history-dependence of the current state of the medium, which results in a system of integro-differential equations. The laminated medium is found to be highly dissipative . The asymptotic behavior of this system is then examined and two differential systems are obtained for the early and late phases of the motion. It is found that the entire dynamic behavior of a laminated medium consists of two distinct phases of motion which are described as follows. During an early phase, the motion is confined to an O ( l ) boundary-layer where l is a typical macro-scale, and is characterized by damped waves. During this phase of the motion an applied pulse undergoes substantial attenuation. At a later phase and beyond this layer, the behavior is predominantly that of a macroscopically homogeneous medium, where the attenuated pulse emerging from the boundary-layer propagates essentially without distortion. As a result, it is concluded that the early phase boundary-layer motion constitutes the crucial phase of motion in a laminated medium, whereas the later phase is of no practical consequence inasmuch as pulse attenuation is essentially completed during the early phase. Thus, current efforts aimed at a continuum characterization of the later phase motion appear entirely unwarranted.
How does delayed testing reduce effects of implicit memory: context infusion or cuing with context?

Studying a word implicitly activates related associates that affect its recall in the extralist cuing task. Recall is more likely when one of these associates becomes the test cue and when other associates of the studied word activate this associate. Context disruptions occurring between study and test reduce these effects, suggesting that implicitly activated memories are linked to context. The context infusion hypothesis assumes that context information spreads throughout a word’s associative network during study, decreasing with distance from the studied word. Interactive cuing assumes that context is linked only to the studied word and that recall is based on retrieving information from the test cue and the context. The infusion hypothesis predicts that effects of disruptions will depend on link distance whereas interactive cuing predicts that distance will have no effect. The experiments evaluate these explanations by manipulating target-to-cue strength, associate-to-cue strength, and context disruption. Experiment 1 varies disruption by testing under the same or different conditions (room, modality, experimenter). Experiment 2 tests recall immediately or after 5m, 10m, or 20m of multiplication. The results are inconsistent with context infusion and support the interactive cuing explanation.