cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimizing cellular coverage in Maui Island, Hawaii

In this paper, Geospatial assets (such as Google Earth) and Genetic Algorithm are used to optimally determine the distribution of base stations over Maui Island, Hawaii. Link budget calculations are performed to obtain a path gain threshold that is used in computing the cost function for the Genetic Algorithm. In the simulations, we compare the coverage of omnidirectional base stations with that of base stations equipped with directional antennas. The results show that four omnidirectional base stations (5 dBi gain) cover ∼ 91% of the Maui region. In comparison, this same cellular coverage is shown to be achievable with the use of only two base stations equipped with directional antennas (19 dBi gain).
Mouse hepatitis virus A59 increases steady-state levels of mRNAS encoding major histocompatibility complex antigens.

The murine hepatitis viruses (MHV) have been widely studied as models of human neurologic infections. MHV strains A59 and JHM cause an acute necrotizing encephalitis in mice when inoculated intracerebrally. Studies using low doses of virus, attenuated virus strains, or temperature-sensitive mutants have shown that animals surviving the acute infection develop a chronic disease characterized by inflammatory demyelination of neurons in the central nervous system (Haspel et al., 1978; Knobler et al., 1982; Lavi et al., 1986; Koolen et al., 1987).
DIAGNOSIS, REDESIGN AND MODIFICATION OF BUILDINGS WITH OVERHEATED SPACES

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the addition of conservation and solar control measures to public buildings subject to excessive solar gains during the day and freezing temperatures at night. The exterior rooms of large buildings buffered by sunspaces, atriums and solar greenhouses often succumb to daytime overheating. The authors address such a problem involving a 1500 sq. ft. two story attached greenhouse located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. This greenhouse was added to the Cambridge Rindge & Latin High School at the same time that tight double glazed windows and other energy conserving measures were retrofit. The School Committee requested that the proposed redesign meet a number of specific objectives.
Energy Description Of Vibrating Systems

This chapter discusses the use of energy variables in describing the vibration of systems. Common ways of analyzing such systems employ modal oscillator or wave descriptions of the motion.The chapter discusses the free vibration and both sinusoidal and random excitation of vibrating systems. The time average kinetic and potential energies are equal to each other, and to half the total energy of vibration. The dynamical equations are linear and response to the actual excitation can be considered as a combination of the complex response to the complex excitation and its complex conjugate. This means that the response variables in terms of complex exponentials also can also be expressed.
Is it time to tell the emperor he has no clothes?: Intravenous amiodarone for supraventricular arrhythmias in children.

In this issue of the Journal , Chang et al1 present a thought-provoking, single-center retrospective analysis of 37 patients receiving either procainamide or IV amiodarone for refractory supraventricular arrhythmias (SVA), excluding junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET). They compare the relative efficacy of the drugs, finding procainamide to be fully successful in 50% of cases, whereas amiodarone was only successful for 15%, a statistically significant difference. Adverse effects were similar between the drugs. They conclude that procainamide may be a more effective treatment option and more importantly challenge the “perceived superiority and safety of amiodarone.” Article see p 134 The findings are indeed intriguing, but before drawing too strong a conclusion, it is critical to review a few important limitations of the study. The retrospective nature of the study along with small group sizes and diverse clinical situations led to considerable differences between the patients treated with amiodarone and those treated with procainamide. Those treated with amiodarone were more likely to have congenital heart disease and to have a postoperative arrhythmia. The mechanisms of the tachycardias differed as well, with the procainamide group having more patients with ectopic atrial tachycardia. Thus, the inferiority of amiodarone may reflect a patient population with intrinsically more difficult-to-treat arrhythmias. Further, the initial loading and maintenance doses of amiodarone (median, 2.5 mg/kg and ≈7 mg/kg/d, respectively) were considerably lower than the doses reported to be effective in previous retrospective studies2 and a prospective randomized trial,3 in which loading doses are typically 5 mg/kg and maintenance 10 mg/kg/d. However, the doses of procainamide used (median, 10 mg/kg load and 20 μg/kg/min maintenance) were comparable to those reported in the literature for acute management of tachyarrhythmias.4 This difference was probably a reflection of the authors’ observation that an arrhythmia specialist was more likely to be …
Analysis of PFAAs in American alligators part 2: Potential dietary exposure of South Carolina hunters from recreationally harvested alligator meat

Exposure to perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) has been linked to many harmful health effects including reproductive disorders, developmental delays, and altered liver and kidney function. Most human exposure to environmental contaminants, including PFAAs, occurs through consumption of contaminated food or drinking water. This study uses PFAA data from meat samples collected from recreationally harvested American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in South Carolina to assess potential dietary exposure of hunters and their families to PFAAs. Consumption patterns were investigated using intercept surveys of 23 hunters at a wild game meat processor. An exposure scenario using the average consumption frequency, portion size, and median perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) concentration in alligator meat from all hunt units found the daily dietary exposure to be 2.11ng/kg body weight per day for an adult human. Dietary PFOS exposure scenarios based on location of harvest suggested the highest daily exposure occurs with alligator meat from the Middle Coastal hunt unit in South Carolina. Although no samples were found to exceed the recommended threshold for no consumption of PFOS found in Minnesota state guidelines, exposure to a mixture of PFAAs found in alligator meat and site-specific exposures based on harvest location should be considered in determining an appropriate guideline for vulnerable populations potentially exposed to PFAAs through consumption of wild alligator meat.
Building a Pedagogical Coaching Base: Pursuing Expertise in Teaching Sport

Developing coaching expertise is a lifelong process that enables coaches to grow personally and professionally. One key approach coaches can utilize as part of this journey is to build a sound pedagogical base and implement effective pedagogical skills. In coaching, extensive subject knowledge, coupled with pedagogical experience, provides the coach with a variety of instructional options to select from to help athletes learn, especially when they fail to grasp an explanation, demonstration or concept. The purpose of this article is to provide coaches with the following six strategies to develop a pedagogical coaching base: 1) seek opportunities to learn, 2) establish a teaching style that fits, 3) adapt to the learner, 4) implement teaching cues, 5) maximize participation opportunities, and 6) give effective feedback.
Search, Screening, and Information Provision: Personnel Decisions in an Online Labor Market

Using a field experiment in an online labor market, we examine how removing a class of information from job applications–namely the applicant’s past wage rates–changes the firm’s screening process ...
Ecological Factors Influencing Breastfeeding Decisions among Korean Immigrant Mothers in America

There are complex relationships among individual, family, community, and social factors related to breastfeeding. Immigrant mothers, specifically, face several unique challenges to practicing breastfeeding while negotiating these factors within two cultural worlds. Grounded in the theory of planned behavior and the ecological perspective, our qualitative study findings unveil a part of the complex and dynamic process of breastfeeding decision-making among Korean immigrant mothers in the United States. To elicit mothers’ underlying beliefs of attitude and intention toward breastfeeding as immigrants, we conducted in-person interviews with 13 pregnant and postpartum Korean immigrant mothers, ages ranging from 30 to 39. The findings revealed that Korean mothers held positive attitudes toward breastfeeding. However, translation of these positive attitudes toward breastfeeding into actual practice depended on the feasibility of actual breastfeeding by mothers. To overcome several barriers to breastfeeding, such as inadequate milk supply, health concerns, employment status, and the relationship with a firstborn child, many Korean mothers combined breastfeeding with formula feeding. The factors that shaped the development of beliefs and behavioral intentions toward breastfeeding among Korean immigrant mothers included the dynamic family interactions with their children, husbands, mothers, mothers-in-law, and sisters; support from friends and infant care experts; information available through various technology and media; and Korean-specific cultural traditions. Our findings suggest possible directions for future cross-cultural research on breastfeeding within diverse family contexts, and may inform the design of population specific intervention programs.
Snowshoe Country: An Environmental and Cultural History of Winter in the Early American Northeast

Snowshoe Country is an environmental and cultural history of winter in the colonial Northeast, closely examining indigenous and settler knowledge of snow, ice, and life in the cold. Indigenous communities in this region were more knowledgeable about the cold than European newcomers from temperate climates, and English settlers were especially slow to adapt. To keep surviving the winter year after year and decade after decade, English colonists relied on Native assistance, borrowed indigenous winter knowledge, and followed seasonal diplomatic protocols to ensure stable relations with tribal leaders. Thomas M. Wickman explores how fluctuations in winter weather and the halting exchange of winter knowledge both inhibited and facilitated English colonialism from the 1620s to the early 1700s. As their winter survival strategies improved, due to skills and technologies appropriated from Natives, colonial leaders were able to impose a new political ecology in the greater Northeast, projecting year-round authority over indigenous lands.
A systematic experimental investigation on the synergistic effects of aqueous nanofluids on interfacial properties and their implications for enhanced oil recovery

Abstract Nanofluids have been proposed as potential enhanced oil recovery agents and additives to hydraulic fracturing fluids. The underlying mechanisms responsible for effectiveness of these fluids, however, are not well understood. In this study, we experimentally investigate synergistic effects of aqueous nanofluids on interfacial properties of oil/brine/rock systems and their role in influencing oil displacement from sandstone and carbonate rock samples. The nanofluids were prepared by dispersing three widely-used nanoparticles (i.e., SiO x , Al 2 O 3 , and TiO 2 ) and five different chemical agents (i.e., oleic acid, polyacrylic acid, a cationic, an anionic, and a nonionic surfactant) in base brine solutions. The efficacy of the mixtures was examined using a framework that including a comprehensive stability analysis, IFT and wettability characterizations, and oil recovery tests at ambient as well as high pressure and high temperature conditions (i.e., spontaneous imbibition and core-flooding experiments, respectively). Effects of stable nanofluids, identified from stability analysis, on interfacial tension and dynamic contact angle were carefully investigated. We show that co-adsorption and self-structuring of nanoaggregates and chemical agents at the solid interface leads to wettability alteration. Both spontaneous imbibition and high pressure and high temperature core-flooding results reveal the effectiveness of SiO x + nonionic surfactant nanofluid in enhancing oil recovery in Berea sandstone due to a synergistic effect between nanoparticles and surfactant molecules. In contrast, the stability of nanofluids was highly compromised in Edwards limestone due to dissolution and interaction of calcium ions with nanoaggregates at high temperature. This was evident in the drastic difference between oil recoveries obtained through ambient-temperature spontaneous imbibition and high-temperature core-flooding experiments conducted on carbonate core samples. Finally, we provide new insights on interfacial interactions in nanofluid/oil/rock systems as they relate to wettability alteration, IFT reduction, and the effect of dissolved ions such as calcium in carbonate rocks. We use this improved understanding to explain the recovery trends observed in our study.
Light-field camera and display as information retrieval systems for three-dimensional images

Light-field optics is used in light-field cameras to alter the focus condition of an image after it is obtained. This unique function implies that information captured with a light-field camera is not a “picture”; rather, it is a real object image. Thus, a two-dimensional (2-D) image of any focus condition can be generated from the acquired data. An explanation is provided on how a light-field camera records or encodes a three-dimensional (3-D) scene onto a 2-D plane as light-field data, and how the data are decoded back into a 3-D image with a light-field display. Other unique applications based on light-field optics are discussed. Unlike conventional optical systems, light-field optics does not require optical conjugation between the display plane and image plane. Thus, light-field optics can provide an effective means of advancement for conventional optical instruments. To demonstrate the potential applications of light-field optics, we developed a light-field camera and display.
The Rhotic Pronunciation of Anglo-English and Punjabi-English Bilingual Speakers in West Yorkshire

In this paper, the /r/ production of adolescent Anglo-English and Punjabi-English Bilingual speakers in West Yorkshire was analysed from speech data collected in 2000. A clear difference was found between Anglo-English speakers who used the standard British rhotic, the postalveolar approximant [ɹ], exclusively, and the Punjabi-English Bilingual speakers who used both British rhotics and a number of different variants influenced by the Punjabi retroflex flap /ɽ/. The influence of the retroflex flap /ɽ/ was proven by formant and duration results, as well as qualitative observations of the speaker spectrograms. It is predicted that Punjabi-English speaker preference for either Punjabi influenced rhotics or British rhotics depended on if they identify as culturally integrated “British Asians” or culturally alienated “Asians”. This study also considers the possibility of a progression in rhotic production of West Yorkshire Punjabi-English speakers over the last fifteen years.
Outcomes of domino liver transplantation compared to deceased donor liver transplantation: a propensity‐matching approach

Domino liver transplantation (DLT) utilizes the explanted liver of one liver transplant recipient as a donor graft in another patient. While there may be unique risks associated with DLT, it is unclear if DLT has less favorable long-term outcomes than deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT). We used a propensity score matching approach to compare the outcomes of DLT recipients to DDLT recipients. The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) registry was queried for patients undergoing DLT or DDLT in 2002-2016. Each DLT recipient was matched to a unique DDLT recipient to compare mortality and graft failure. There were 126 DLT and 62 835 DDLT recipients meeting inclusion criteria. After propensity score matching on recipient pre-transplant characteristics, 123 DLT cases were matched to DDLT controls from the same UNOS region. On stratified Cox proportional hazards regression, DLT incurred no increase in the hazard of mortality [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.4; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.8, 2.7; P = 0.265] or graft failure (HR = 1.2; 95% CI: 0.7, 2.1; P = 0.556) compared to DDLT. Using a large national registry, a propensity-matched analysis found no increased risk of mortality or graft failure associated with DLT compared to DDLT.
Clinical Application of Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Stem Cells for Tissue Regeneration

Cord blood transplantation has been utilized as an alternate allogeneic stem cell source for more than two decades for the treatment of a variety of malignant and nonmalignant diseases, including hematologic malignancies (most prominently acute leukemias), marrow failure syndromes, hemoglobinopathies, and inherited lysosomal and peroxisomal storage diseases. Advantages of cord blood transplantation as compared to other allogeneic stem cell sources include greater HLA disparity without an increase in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), faster availability and lower risk for somatic mutations and transmitting infections by latent viruses. Cord blood also contains multiple populations of stem cells and progenitors. In addition to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, non-hematopoietic stem cells with a variety of different regenerative potential have been identified in cord blood. The multitude composition and the plasticity of cord blood stem cells have elicited great interest in the therapeutic application of cord blood and its derived stem cells in tissue regeneration in non-hematopoietic organs. This chapter will discuss the development of cord blood transplantation as an autologous source for acquired diseases such as brain injury, and as a gene replacement therapy for inherited genetic diseases focusing on recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.
Can pseudonymity really guarantee privacy

One of the core challenges facing the Internet today is the problem of ensuring privacy for its users. It is believed that mechanisms such as anonymity and pseudonymity are essential building blocks in formulating solutions to address these challenges and considerable effort has been devoted towards realizing these primitives in practice. The focus of this effort, however, has mostly been on hiding explicit identify information (such as source addresses) by employing a combination of anonymizing proxies, cryptographic techniques to distribute trust among them and traffic shaping techniques to defeat traffic analysis. We claim that such approaches ignore a significant amount of identifying information about the source that leaks from the contents of web traffic itself. In this paper, we demonstrate the significance and value of such information by showing how techniques from linguistics and stylometry can use this information to compromise pseudonymity in several important settings. We discuss the severity of this problem and suggest possible countermeasures.
Fall back or spring forward?: Labor market transitions and the informal economy in South Africa

Abstract In this paper I examine changes in the overall size of the informal economy and job transitions surrounding both formal and informal jobs within South Africa. Using retrospective data from a nationally representative survey conducted in 1991, I find that while the number of informal workers declined somewhat before 1970, it changed little before 1981, and experienced a small, but steady, rise afterwards. An examination of job changes across economies during the years 1951–1991 using event history analysis shows that while drops in formal employment and policies encouraging informal economy jobs for the under-employed are associated with a rise of informal economy employment, White men are most likely to use the informal economy as a temporary haven for work. Non-whites, women, and workers with lower levels of education and experience are less likely to be able to use the informal economy as a stepping stone to formal employment, and more likely to be unemployed.
Repairing the Stroke-Damaged Brain: From Neural Stem Cells to Tissue Engineering

Stroke remains the main cause of adult disability with only very limited treatment options. Cell therapy is gradually emerging from the bench to the bedside, but the specific conditions under which administered cells can be effective remain to be defined. This translation needs to be seen in the context of endogenous repair processes which to some extent involve endogenous neural stem cells which reside in the sub-ependymal zone bordering the lateral ventricles and the sub-granular zone of the hippocampus, as well as local changes involving astrocytes, microglia and endothelial cells. The integration of cells with biomaterials also opens the opportunity for considering a replacement of lost tissue that leaves a cavity in the infarct area. Together, these approaches present new perspectives to repair some damage caused by stroke and eventually to improve outcome of patients for a better quality of life.
Leipzig in the Context of German Municipal Administration

After the reunification of Germany in 1990 and until the end of that decade, Leipzig developed a dubious reputation as a shrinking and perforated city littered by the many empty homes and office buildings that had been vacated by East Germans who had fled to the West. Opinion polls suggest that the consequences of reunification are still being felt in eastern Germany, though the mood has improved. For the first time since 1990 a narrow majority in Germany believes that the two halves of the country are growing together as one nation. According to a September 2010 survey by Forsa for Stern magazine, 48 said Yes and 47 % said No. In a separate poll by the Allensbach institute, published in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 53 % of West Germans, and 57 % of easterners, said unification was a cause for joy. But there is still a substantial unhappy minority. The Allensbach poll reported that 69 % of easterners regard westerners as “arrogant” and 54 % think they are “out for the money”. Westerners resent paying to support the eastern economy and believe their eastern cousins are ungrateful.
Maintenance and remanufacturing strategy: using sensors to predict the status of wind turbines

The costs associated with inspecting wind turbines are high due to their size and complexity. One potential method by which such costs can be reduced, is through the development of robust systems that can monitor the conditions of wind turbines remotely. This study proposes embedding sensors into wind turbines to monitor the conditions of the wind turbines throughout their life cycles. The information retrieved from these sensors could be helpful in two ways: It could facilitate the provision of predictive maintenance for the turbines and enhance the performance of end-of-life (EOL) processing operations. During the maintenance phase, sensors can help to predict failures before they occur because they provide condition information about the products. During the EOL processing phase, they help to improve disassembly and inspection operations. Therefore, the use of embedded sensors in wind turbines could potentially reduce maintenance costs and increase EOL profit. This study compares regular and sensor-embedded wind turbine systems, which are modeled using discrete event simulation. A design of experiments study was carried out on the models. During the experimental stage, while conducting experiments, key variables, such as maintenance cost, disassembly cost, inspection cost, and EOL profit, were monitored. At the analysis stage, pairwise t-tests were performed to determine the statistical significance of the results. The results stage revealed that sensors can provide significant benefits to closed-loop supply chain systems when they are embedded into wind turbines.
A Human-Centered Approach to Hazard Evaluation Checklists for the Risk of Back Pain in Manual Handling Tasks:

Low back pain is one the most common medical problems in the U.S. In workplaces, manual handling tasks show strong evidence for low back pain. Hazard Evaluation Checklists are commonly used as a ra...
In-service training for special education teachers working with students having developmental disabilities to develop effective transition goals

Objectives: The purpose was to investigate effects of an in-service training for secondary special education teachers in Turkey. The study was to serve as an initial analysis of the basic knowledge...
Characterization of shape-memory polymers for biomedical applications

This chapter discusses the laboratory techniques available to characterize shape-memory polymers in the context of biomedical device applications. It separates the techniques into five categories: structural and chemical, mechanical and thermo-mechanical, surface, biological, and imaging, presenting the relative merits of each. Along with a theoretical and practical background, the chapter leads readers through the process of selecting the most appropriate methods of analysis for any particular material or application. Three illustrative case studies, an analysis of future trends, and a list of industry reference standards are also provided.
Hierarchical Data Reduction and Learning.

This paper describes a hierarchical learning strategy for generating sparse representations of multivariate datasets. The hierarchy arises from approximation spaces considered at successively finer scales. A detailed analysis of stability, convergence and behavior of error functionals associated with the approximations are presented, along with a well chosen set of applications. Results show the performance of the approach as a data reduction mechanism for both synthetic (univariate and multivariate) and real datasets (geospatial and numerical model outcomes). The sparse representation generated is shown to efficiently reconstruct data and minimize error in prediction.
Cross-sectional association between diet quality and cardiometabolic risk by education level in Mexican adults.

OBJECTIVE Understanding the association between diet quality and cardiometabolic risk by education level is important for preventing increased cardiometabolic risk in the Mexican population, especially considering pre-existing disparities in diet quality. The present study examined the cross-sectional association of overall diet quality with cardiometabolic risk, overall and by education level, among Mexican men and women. DESIGN Cardiometabolic risk was defined by using biomarkers and diet quality by the Mexican Diet Quality Index. We computed sex-specific multivariable logistic regression models. SETTING Mexico. PARTICIPANTS Mexican men (n 634) and women (n 875) participating in the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012. RESULTS We did not find associations of diet quality with cardiometabolic risk factors in the total sample or in men by education level. However, we observed that for each 10-unit increase in the dietary quality score, the odds of diabetes risk in women with no reading/writing skills was 0·47 (95 % CI 0·26, 0·85) relative to the odds in women with ≥10 years of school (referent). Similarly, for each 10-unit increase of the dietary quality score, the odds of having three v. no lipid biomarker level beyond the risk threshold in lower-educated women was 0·27 (95 % CI 0·12, 0·63) relative to the odds in higher-educated women. CONCLUSIONS Diet quality has a stronger protective association with some cardiometabolic disease risk factors for lower- than higher-educated Mexican women, but no association with cardiometabolic disease risk factors among men. Future research will be needed to understand what diet factors could be influencing the cardiometabolic disease risk disparities in this population.
Base-Mediated Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley Reduction of Aromatic and Heterocyclic Ketones

An experimental protocol to achieve the Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley (MPV) reduction of ketones under mildly basic conditions is reported. The transformation is tolerant of a range of ketone substrates, including O- and S-containing heterocycles, is scalable, and shows potential to be used as a platform to access enantioenriched products. These studies provide a general method for achieving the reduction of ketones under mildly basic conditions and offer an alternative protocol to more well-known Al-based MPV reduction conditions.
Establishing clinical cutoffs for the PedsQL™ Epilepsy Module.

Abstract Objective The purpose of the present study was to establish clinical cutoffs for the PedsQL Epilepsy Module scales by dichotomizing scores into normative or impaired. We predicted that these cutoffs would be useful in identifying children at greater risk for impairments in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) including those who exhibit effects of ongoing seizures, antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), and polytherapy. Methods Two hundred and thirty-seven youth (2–18 years old) and their caregivers were recruited from five tertiary care hospitals across the United States. Caregivers and youth (5 years and older) completed the parent- or self-report versions of the PedsQL Epilepsy Module. Caregivers also completed measures of behavior and mood, AED side effects, and executive functioning in children. Clinical cutoffs were calculated in two ways: anchor-based (receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve) and distribution-based (0.5 standard deviation (SD)). Medical characteristics were abstracted from the medical chart. t-Tests and chi-square tests were used to determine whether children's HRQOL classified as normative or impaired in epilepsy quality of life differed on seizure freedom, AED side effects, and polytherapy. Results The final clinical cutoffs were as follows for each PedsQL Epilepsy Module subscale (caregiver and child): Impact (Parent = 60.7; Child = 64.39), Cognitive (Parent = 38.11; Child = 50.97), Executive Functioning (Parent = 46.65; Child = 57.15), Sleep (Parent = 42.07; Child = 43.90), and Mood/Behavior (Parent = 54.14; Child = 53.30). Youth with more severe AED side effects, ongoing seizures, and/or on polytherapy were more likely to have impaired quality of life across domains. Conclusion Clinical cutoffs extend this instrument's utility in surveilling common psychosocial comorbidities, tracking changes in functioning over time, and informing clinical decision-making in youth with epilepsy including recommendations for additional assessment and intervention by a range of health providers serving youth with epilepsy (YWE).
CD138- plasma cell myeloma.

![Figure][1] A 69-year-old man with a history of CD138− plasma cell myeloma (PCM) who received chemotherapy regimens and stem cell transplant presented for bone marrow biopsy, which revealed sheets of atypical plasma cells with abundant amphophilic cytoplasm, occasional binucleation, and
Adolescents in Discriminating Systems

Few aspects of adolescent life are as important as how adolescents address belonging to groups. Despite being a time when individuals seek to secure a sense of individual identity, the period of adolescence also is a time when people seek to fit in, be with others, and gain a sense of group identity. Adolescents are particularly sensitive about meaningfully belonging to groups. As a result, being seen or treated differently because of their association with a group can have dramatic effects. Similarly, so can the failure to belong. Because of this heightened sensitivity to group membership and its developmental significance to the adolescent period, group-based differential treatment necessarily plays a determinative role in adolescents’ everyday lives, development, and outcomes. Importantly, group-based differential treatment can lead to dramatic effects for reasons other than adolescents’ heightened sensitivities, as differential treatment can have dramatic effects on any group. Yet, the legal system does not directly concern itself with many forms of differential treatment; it generally concerns itself with inappropriate discrimination. This chapter details the types of discrimination that do and do not matter under the Constitution, as illustrated in cases involving biological sex, race, economic status, and immigration status. The focus is on understanding the Fourteenth Amendment’s equal protection clause and explaining the nature and development of legal rules relating to it. One obvious rule is that discrimination occurs when the government differentiates among individuals based on a protected group status, such as prohibitions against discrimination based on race. A less obvious rule is that, in some instances, the legal system requires or permits differential treatment, even based on race. These legal rules address a fundamental tension: the need to treat everyone the same way as well as the need to treat some differently so that they can be in positions to be treated equally to others. Stated differently, contemporary equality jurisprudence seeks to discern whether and, if so, when to treat people differently so that they actually are treated the same way in terms of, for example, the ability to take advantage of opportunities or to not be inappropriately disadvantaged. In putting this discernment into practice, the legal system actually permits much more differential treatment than it prohibits, which makes important the need to understand more precisely what the legal system means by equality.
FAPS-3D: feedback-directed adaptive page management scheme for 3D-stacked DRAM

Modern multiprocessor systems with multiple applications running concurrently lead to random memory access patterns during different phases of execution. Traditional static memory page policies used to exploit locality and minimize the access latency are not optimal under these varying memory access patterns. It requires a dynamic page management scheme to cope with these random memory access sequences to minimize memory access latency while maximizing available bandwidth utilization. The emergence of 3D-stacked DRAM provides several architectural advantages such as hundreds of memory banks to boost memory-level parallelism and availability of logic area to integrate custom logic in DRAM module. This paper introduces an adaptive page management scheme for 3D-stacked DRAM based main memory systems, which aims to minimize memory access latency by dynamically adjusting page modes based on the changing memory access patterns across different banks. The simulation results indicate that our scheme improves performance by 15.2% over the base close-page mode and by 4.0% over an existing access-based page management policy on average when running multi-programming SPEC workloads of varying memory intensities. It also outperforms a state-of-the-art time-based page management policy by 3.3%. Our scheme is implemented in the logic base of 3D-stacked DRAM module and has negligible area and energy overheads.
Evolution of multivariate wing allometry in schizophoran flies (Diptera: Schizophora).

The proximate and ultimate mechanisms underlying scaling relationships as well as their evolutionary consequences remain an enigmatic issue in evolutionary biology. Here, I investigate the evolution of wing allometries in the Schizophora, a group of higher Diptera that radiated about 65 million years ago, by studying static allometries in five species using multivariate approaches. Despite the vast ecological diversity observed in contemporary members of the Schizophora and independent evolutionary histories throughout most of the Cenozoic, size-related changes represent a major contributor to overall variation in wing shape, both within and among species. Static allometries differ between species and sexes, yet multivariate allometries are correlated across species, suggesting a shared developmental programme underlying size-dependent phenotypic plasticity. Static allometries within species also correlate with evolutionary divergence across 33 different families (belonging to 11 of 13 superfamilies) of the Schizophora. This again points towards a general developmental, genetic or evolutionary mechanism that canalizes or maintains the covariation between shape and size in spite of rapid ecological and morphological diversification during the Cenozoic. I discuss the putative roles of developmental constraints and natural selection in the evolution of wing allometry in the Schizophora.
Future Physics Perspectives on the Equation of State from Heavy Ion Collisions to Neutron Stars

With the computational power and algorithmic improvements available today, the ongoing STAR/RHIC and HADES/GSI experiments, the future FAIR and NICA facilities becoming operational, and the new precise measurements from NICER and LIGO/VIRGO, the high-energy nuclear physics and astrophysics communities are in the unique position to set very stringent constraints on the equation of state of strongly interacting matter. We review the state-of-the-art of different approaches used in the description of hot and ultradense baryonic matter in and out of equilibrium, and discuss the regions in the phase diagram where heavy-ion collisions and neutron star mergers can overlap. Future perspectives are discussed to help define a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary strategy to map out the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter from heavy ion collisions to neutron stars.
Revisiting “Additional Carbon”: Tracking Atmosphere–Ecosystem Carbon Exchange to Establish Mitigation and Negative Emissions From Bio-Based Systems

Climate stabilization plans rely heavily on advanced bioenergy and bioproducts for substitution of fossil-based energy sources and materials, and increasingly, for negative emissions via the direct sequestration of biogenic carbon. Yet, there remain persistent, largely unresolved critiques of bioenergy assessment methodology, particularly in the areas of land use and biogenic carbon accounting. The concept of “additional carbon” calls for evaluating the climate performance of bio-based systems by whether feedstock production creates measurable new local agro-ecosystem uptake of carbon from the atmosphere. This concept is challenging to operationalize for first-generation biofuels, and has largely been advanced as a negative critique. However, carbon additionality is more straightforward to establish—and less critical to overall system mitigation performance—in advanced bioenergy systems. In this Perspective, I review the additional carbon critique, and why it is analytically challenging to address in first-generation biofuel systems based on conventional food crops with large existing markets. Next, I make a case that carbon additionality 1) is more readily achievable with cellulosic feedstocks, 2) is more directly observable for dedicated biomass crops, and 3) is not a strict requirement for achieving net mitigation in carbon-negative bio-based systems. I end by discussing how centering atmosphere–ecosystem carbon exchanges in bio-based system assessment could create new opportunities for enterprise-scale performance monitoring and verification, augmenting and diversifying the current reliance on model-based life-cycle assessment approaches.
Understanding giant cell sarcoma of the head and neck: A population-based study.

Background Giant cell sarcomas (GCS) are rare head and neck neoplasms. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was analyzed for all patients who have been diagnosed with GCS from 1973 to 2014. Results Four hundred and forty cases of GCS of the head and neck were identified. The average age at diagnosis was 74.4 years, 86.8% were white, 82.5% were male, 70.7% were insured, and 88.2% lived in an urban metropolitan region. Connective tissue was the most frequent primary site (42.5%). The 5Y-DSS rate was 91.1%, while the 5Y-OS was 54.6% for all cases. Patients treated with surgery alone had the highest 5Y-DSS rate of 94.5. T-classification odds ratio was a significant predictor of survival accounting for confounding variables on multivariate analysis. Conclusions GCS presents most frequently in connective tissue of the head and neck with overall high probability of survival. The treatment of choice is surgery alone.
The Impact of COVID-19 on Families’ Home Literacy Practices with Young Children

The practice of shared book reading is a nurturing support for early language, literacy, and socio-emotional development within young children’s typical care. However, the closures of childcare, early education programs, and centers for family activities in the Spring of 2020 due to COVID-19 brought many sudden changes to the everyday lives of families with young children. In order to explore the impact of COVID-19 on shared reading, we surveyed parents of children between the ages of 2 and 5 (n = 85) about their children’s frequency of shared reading engagement in February and October, 2020 as well as the frequency of screen-mediated reading, the number of readers their children read with, and book preferences at both time points. Parents were also asked about changes in their children’s regular care and whether and how they had tried new kinds of (virtual) literacy activities during their increased time at home. Findings showed that there were no significant changes in frequency of shared reading from February to October, but there was a significant increase in frequency of screen-mediated reading, especially among families who lost outside-the-home childcare. There was also a significant decrease in the number of adults regularly reading with the children. Caregivers described adapting to virtual options for storytime. Ultimately, while families were still able to provide consistent amounts of shared reading with their children throughout COVID-19, the nature of that shared reading was changed. Future research will investigate whether these changes may have an impact on children’s typical learning from shared reading.
Program Redocumentation: Lessons Learned a Future Challenges

Scott Tilley is an Associate Professor of Software Engineering in the Department of Computer Sciences at the Florida Institute of Technology.
Corporate and philanthropic models of hospital governance: a taxonomic evaluation.

OBJECTIVE. We assess the theoretical integrity and practical utility of the corporate-philanthropic governance typology frequently invoked in debates about the appropriate form of governance for nonprofit hospitals operating in increasingly competitive health care environments. DATA SOURCES. Data were obtained from a 1985 national mailed survey of nonprofit hospitals conducted by the American Hospital Association (AHA) and the Hospital Research and Educational Trust (HRET). STUDY DESIGN. A sample 1,577 nonprofit community hospitals were selected for study. Representativeness was assessed by comparing the sample with the population of non-profit community hospitals on the dimensions of bed size, ownership type, urban-rural location, multihospital system membership, and census region. DATA COLLECTION. Measurement of governance types was based on hospital governance attributes conforming to those cited in the literature as distinguishing corporate from philanthropic models and classified into six central dimensions of governance: (1) size, (2) committee structure and activity, (3) board member selection, (4) board composition, (5) CEO power and influence, and (6) bylaws and activities. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS. Cluster analysis and ANCOVA indicated that hospital board forms adhered only partially to corporate and philanthropic governance models. Further, board forms varied systematically by specific organizational and environmental conditions. Boards exhibiting more corporate governance forms were more likely to be large, privately owned, urban, and operating in competitive markets than were hospitals showing more philanthropic governance forms. CONCLUSIONS. Findings suggest that the corporate-philanthropic governance distinction must be seen as an ideal rather than an actual depiction of hospital governance forms. Implications for health care governance are discussed.
Simplified assessment of segmental colonic transit

Transit times of radiopaque markers through the human gut were measured by published techniques and compared with a simplified method. Three sets of distinctive markers were ingested by 24 healthy persons on 3 successive days. In the first part of the study, daily abdominal x-rays were taken and individual stools were collected for radiography. Mouth-to-anus transits were assessed from the fecal output of markers and mean colonic and segmental colonic transits were calculated from the daily radiographs. These established methods were then compared with estimates of total colonic and segmental transits based on a single abdominal film, taken on the fourth day. The single-film technique correlated well with values obtained from the previous, but more inconvenient, methods. Using the simpler approach, colonic transit was assessed in 49 additional healthy subjects, for a total group of 73. Total colonic transit was 35.0 +/- 2.1 h (mean +/- SE); segmental transits was 11.3 +/- 1.1 h for the right colon, 11.4 +/- 1.4 h for the left colon, and 12.4 +/- 1.1 h for the rectosigmoid. Men had significantly shorter transits for the whole colon than did women (p less than 0.05), and this difference was apparent to some extent in the right (p = 0.06) and left colon (p = 0.07) but not in the rectosigmoid. Age did not influence transit significantly nor did a small dose of supplemental fiber. The technique is simple, convenient for clinical usage, and reduces the exposure to radiation to acceptable levels. There should be a role for this approach in the evaluation of colonic transit in selected patients.
Optimal stochastic sequencing with earliness and/or tardiness costs

We consider a single- or multi-server facility where tasks belonging to N priority classes arrive for processing. Each task has a due date associated with its service completion. An earliness or tardiness penalty (depending on the task's priority) is incurred if the task is completed at a time other than its due date. We characterize properties of dynamic nonidling nonpreemptive as well as dynamic nonidling preemptive scheduling strategies that minimize an infinite horizon expected discounted cost due to the earliness and tardiness penalties, and provide examples that illustrate these properties. >
Securitization and the Efficacy of Monetary Policy

A paper presented at the April 2001 conference "Financial Innovation and Monetary Transmission," sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.