cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of hyperglycemia-induced thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) in metastatic breast cancer

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 429 Epidemiologic studies have addressed the risk of breast cancer and abnormalities of the glucose metabolism. In vertebrates, it becomes difficult to discriminate glucose effects on gene transcription from those related to either insulin or glucagon. We analyzed the gene expression in response to glucose from 5 mM (normoglycemia) to 20 mM (hyperglycemia/diabetes) by microarray analysis (Affimetrix) in breast cancer derived cell line MDA-MD-231. We identified 8 patterns (groups) of gene expression related to glucose concentration with ≥ 1.5 fold change compared to controls. Particularly, we identified the thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) gene in group 1 (514 genes), hence this gene has been recently shown to contain carbohydrate responsive elements (ChoREs), and the RNA level of which increased as gene product particularly sensitive to the variation of the level of glucose in culture media. Furthermore, based on the recent acquisition that TXNIP acts as a modulator of the redox system through binding of thioredoxin (TRX), we also assessed the status of TRX RNA expression by semi-quantitative PCR analysis in MDA-MD-231 cells. Whereas the levels of TXNIP RNA steadily increased with the concentration of glucose (0.21±0.03/5mM ratio/βactin vs 0.95±0.1/20mM, P=0.03), TRX RNA remained unchanged (1.7±0.001/5mM vs 1.9±0.12/20mM) after 24h of incubation at the given concentration of glucose. Subsequently, we further validated our initial data on TXNIP RNA expression either in non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cells (MCF10A) or in tumorigenic MCF-7 and T47D cells by semi-quantitative PCR analysis after 24 h in tissue culture at various concentrations of glucose. The glucose-mediated TXNIP gene expression response was present in all the cell lines tested, though, the order of magnitude of the TXNIP gene response in MDA-MD-231 cells was on average 4-fold higher compared to the rest of the cells (other cell lines /1.23±0.26 vs MDA-MD-231/4.63±1.21 fold increase 5 vs 20 mM standardized to βactin). A recent study has shown that the TXNIP expression measured by immunohistochemistry in cells from colon/gastric primary tumor tissues is reduced compared to adjacent normal tissue from the primary sites of the tumors. Although these studies favor the hypothesis that the level of TXNIP decreases with the malignant transformation of the cell phenotype, our data show that the magnitude of the glucose-induced TXNIP gene regulation rather than the TXNIP level or the mechanism of glucose-response regulating its level seems to be associated with the highly metastatic phenotype in MDA-MD-231 cells. This finding was unexpected since malignant cells highly depend upon glycolysis and hyperglycemia-induced TXNIP may have an unfavorable function, the relevance of which will be investigated.
Three Problems Related to the Eigenvalues of Complex Non-central Wishart Matrices with a Rank-1 Mean

Recently, D. Wang has devised a new contour integral based method to simplify certain matrix integrals. Capitalizing on that approach, we derive a new expression for the probability density function (p.d.f.) of the joint eigenvalues of a complex non-central Wishart matrix with a rank-1 mean. The resulting functional form in turn enables us to use powerful classical orthogonal polynomial techniques in solving three problems related to the non-central Wishart matrix. To be specific, for an $n\times n$ complex non-central Wishart matrix $\mathbf{W}$ with $m$ degrees of freedom ($m\geq n$) and a rank-1 mean, we derive a new expression for the cumulative distribution function (c.d.f.) of the minimum eigenvalue ($\lambda_{\min}$). The c.d.f. is expressed as the determinant of a square matrix, the size of which depends only on the difference $m-n$. This further facilitates the analysis of the microscopic limit for the minimum eigenvalue which takes the form of the determinant of a square matrix of size $m-n$ with the Bessel kernel. We also develop a moment generating function based approach to derive the p.d.f. of the random variable $\frac{\text{tr}(\mathbf{W})}{\lambda_{\min}}$, where $\text{tr}(\cdot)$ denotes the trace of a square matrix. This random quantity is of great importance in the so-called smoothed analysis of Demmel condition number. Finally, we find the average of the reciprocal of the characteristic polynomial $\det[z\mathbf{I}_n+\mathbf{W}],\; |\arg z|<\pi$, where $\mathbf{I}_n$ and $\det[\cdot]$ denote the identity matrix of size $n$ and the determinant, respectively.
Two types of chloride transporters are required for GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition in C. elegans

Chloride influx through GABA‐gated Cl − channels, the principal mechanism for inhibiting neural activity in the brain, requires a Cl − gradient established in part by K + –Cl − cotransporters (KCCs). We screened for Caenorhabditis elegans mutants defective for inhibitory neurotransmission and identified mutations in ABTS‐1, a Na + ‐driven Cl − –HCO 3 − exchanger that extrudes chloride from cells, like KCC‐2, but also alkalinizes them. While animals lacking ABTS‐1 or the K + –Cl − cotransporter KCC‐2 display only mild behavioural defects, animals lacking both Cl − extruders are paralyzed. This is apparently due to severe disruption of the cellular Cl − gradient such that Cl − flow through GABA‐gated channels is reversed and excites rather than inhibits cells. Neuronal expression of both transporters is upregulated during synapse development, and ABTS‐1 expression further increases in KCC‐2 mutants, suggesting regulation of these transporters is coordinated to control the cellular Cl − gradient. Our results show that Na + ‐driven Cl − –HCO 3 − exchangers function with KCCs in generating the cellular chloride gradient and suggest a mechanism for the close tie between pH and excitability in the brain.
N,N'‐(11S,12S)‐(9,10‐dihydro‐9,10‐ethanoanthracene‐11,12‐diyl)bis[2‐(diphenylphosphino)‐benzamide

[152140-65-3] C54H42N2O2P2 (MW 812.87) InChI = 1S/C54H42N2O2P2/c57-53(45-33-17-19-35-47(45)59(37-21-5-1-6-22-37)38-23-7-2-8-24-38)55-51-49-41-29-13-15-31-43(41)50(44-32-16-14-30-42(44)49)52(51)56-54(58)46-34-18-20-36-48(46)60(39-25-9-3-10-26-39)40-27-11-4-12-28-40/h1-36,49-52H,(H,55,57)(H,56,58)/t49?,50?,51-,52?/m1/s1 InChIKey = BEKZNCOFLFMFHP-GKFBCKRZSA-N (chiral phosphine ligand used in Pd(0)-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation reactions1) Solubility: soluble in chlorinated solvents, THF, DME, toluene, and most organic solvents. Form Supplied in: glass foam1 or white solid.2 The substance is not commercially available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: NMR and IR details are available.1 Optical rotation [α]405 = +211.2 (c 3.35, 26 °C, dichloromethane); [α]477 = +84.7 (c 3.35, 25 °C, dichloromethane). Preparative Methods: 1, 2 The ligand was originally prepared by Trost and Van Vranken from known enantiopure 9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene-11,12-dicarboxylic acid.1 Chirotech (now a subsidiary of the Dow Chemical Company) developed an improved protocol as shown below.2 A Diels–Alder cycloaddition between fumaryl chloride and anthracene followed by Curtius rearrangement and saponification provided a racemic diamine, which can be readily resolved by chiral mandelic acid. Condensation of the chiral diamine with 2-diphenylphosphinobenzoic acid via a mixed anhydride afforded the desired ligand in high purity. Purification: column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with 30% ethyl acetate/hexanes.1, 2 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: store under nitrogen or argon at room temperature. No known toxicology data.
Adverse Drug Reactions: A Review of Relevant Factors

We examined some of the factors that contribute to the development of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and analyzed postmarketing ADR reports for 22 drugs. The role of metabolic-based drug-drug interaction in the development of ADRs can not be overstated. Assessment of the postmarketing ADR data for 22 drugs revealed that drugs with high potential for eliciting clinically significant ADRs are usually detected and either withdrawn from the market or placed on restricted use within the first year or two of marketing. Postmarketing data could be a useful tool for understanding the ADR profile of drugs if reporting can be adequately monitored and verified. It is hoped that early evaluation of the clinically meaningful factors such as metabolism, pharmacogenetics, and effect of physiologic and pathophysiologic states on the clinical effect of a drug during drug development would significantly reduce the incidence and severity of post-marketing ADRs.
A single amino acid substitution in a proteasome subunit triggers aggregation of ubiquitinated proteins in stressed neuronal cells.

Accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in inclusions is common to various neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, although it occurs in selective neurons in each disease. The mechanisms generating such abnormal aggregates and their role in neurodegeneration remain unclear. Inclusions appear in familial and non-familial cases of neurodegenerative disorders, suggesting that factors other than particular mutations contribute to protein accumulation and aggregation. Proteasome impairment triggered by aging or conditions such as oxidative stress may contribute to protein accumulation and aggregation in neurodegeneration. To test this hypothesis in mouse neuronal cells, we overexpressed a 20S proteasome β5 subunit with an active site mutation. The N-terminal threonine to alanine substitution resulted in impairment of the chymotrypsin-like activity, which is a rate-limiting step in protein degradation by the proteasome. The Thr1Ala mutation was not lethal under homeostatic conditions. However, this single amino acid substitution significantly hypersensitized the cells to oxidative stress, triggering not only the accumulation and aggregation of ubiquitinated proteins, including synuclein, but also cell death. Our results demonstrate that this genetic manipulation of proteasome activity involving a single amino acid substitution causes the formation of protein aggregates in stressed neuronal cells independently of the occurrence of mutations in other cellular proteins. These results support the notion that proteasome disruption may be central to the development of familial as well as sporadic cases of neurodegeneration.
A Statistical Hypothesis Testing Method for the Rank Ordering of the Priorities of the Alternatives in the Analytic Hierarchy Process

In analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a ratio scale (π1, π2, ⋯, πt) for the priorities of the alternatives {T1, T2, ⋯, Tt} is used for a decision problem in which πi/πj is used to quantify the ratio of the priority of Ti to that of Tj. In a group decision-making setup, the subjective estimates of πi/πj are obtained as entries of a pairwise comparison matrix for each member of the group. On the basis of these pairwise comparison matrices, one of the topics of interest in some situation is the total rank ordering of the priorities of the alternatives. In this article, a statistical method is proposed for testing a specific total rank ordering of the priorities of the alternatives. The method developed is then illustrated using numerical examples. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perspectives on epigenetic-based immune intervention for rheumatic diseases

Rheumatic disease can loosely be described as any painful condition affecting the loco-motor system, including joints, muscles, connective tissues, and soft tissues around the joints and bones. There is a wide spectrum of rheumatic diseases, many of which involve autoimmunity, including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. A significant body of evidence now links aberrant epigenetic regulation of gene expression with rheumatic disease and points toward the use of epigenetic targeting agents as potential new treatment options, particularly for those conditions associated with an autoimmune element. In this perspective, I will briefly cover the current knowledge surrounding this area in the field of rheumatology.
Deflection of oceanic transform motion at a continental margin as deduced from waveform inversion of the 1939 Accra, Ghana earthquake

Abstract Waveform inversion of teleseismic P waves of the 1939 Accra, Ghana earthquake (M = 6.5) suggests that the earthquake was composed of two events, the smaller event (M = 6.1) occurring 9.5 s before the onset of the larger (M = 6.4) event. The smaller event has a focal mechanism that suggests it occurred immediately north of the intersection of the Akwapim and Coastal Boundary fault. Inversion results also indicate that the larger event could not have occurred on the reactivated Akwapim fault system, as suggested by previous researchers. Instead, the larger event appears to have occurred along a strike-slip fault that parallels the coastline of Ghana. These results, along with the trend of historic earthquakes, indicate that not all the motion along the Romanche or Chain fracture zones is being transmitted inland along the Akwapim fault system, but that some is being deflected tangentially along a fault that parallels the Ghana coastline.
Genetic engineering of surface attachment sites yields oriented protein monolayers

There has been considerable interest in the use of self-assembly and Langmuir-Blodgett techniques to generate ordered macromolecular monolayers. We describe a general method of using genetic engineering to produce a unique chemical group on the surface of a protein at a predefined site which can be used to orient the macromolecule in a self-assembled film. Using the heme protein cytochrome b 5 , produced from a totally synthetic gene, allows direct determination of orientation through measurement of absorbance linear dichroism
Temporal evolution of ion implanted CdSe distribution in SiO2 on silicon during annealing

Abstract The temporal and spatial evolution of Cd and Se concentration distribution during formation of buried CdSe nanocrystals in thermally grown 500 nm thick SiO2 on Si(1 0 0) was investigated. For that Cd and Se was implanted at liquid nitrogen temperature. Diffusion and chemical reaction was initiated ex situ by a rapid thermal annealing process in Ar at atmospheric pressure at 800 °C and annealing times ranging from 30 s up to 32 min. The evolution of the concentration distributions of Cd and Se were quantitatively analyzed by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) by detecting the diatomic secondary ions SeCs+ and CdCs+. With RBS the absolute implanted dose was determined and used to calibrate the corresponding SIMS depth profiles. It was found, that CdSe formation takes place immediately during the first 30 s of the annealing procedure. For longer annealing times Cd and Se material diffuses nearly congruently to greater depths accompanied by CdSe precipitation. Once material has reached the SiO2/Si interface accumulation of CdSe happens inside the SiO2 at the interface in form of CdSe nanocrystallites. In the case of higher Cd over-stoichiometry and long annealing times self-organized nearly periodic concentration variations over the SiO2 thickness were observed. Details of the crystallite size and their spatial distribution were imaged by cross-sectional TEM for individual samples.
Gigahertz optical spin transceiver

We present a time-resolved optical technique to measure electron spin dynamics with GHz dynamical bandwidth, transform-limited spectral selectivity, and phase-sensitive (lock-in) detection. Use of a continuous-wave (CW) laser and fast optical bridge enables greatly improved signal-to-noise characteristics compared to traditional optical sampling (pump-probe) techniques. We demonstrate the technique with a measurement of GHz-spin precession in n-GaAs. This approach may be applicable to other physical systems where stroboscopic techniques cannot be used because of either noise or spectral limitations.
DEMONSTRATION OF ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS ANTIBODY IN HUMAN SERUMS FROM PANAMA.

SummaryEncephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus neutralizing antibody was found in 36 (20%) of 180 human sera collected in 4 geographically separated, rural areas of the Republic of Panama. Hemagglutination inhibition antibody was present in over half (58%) of the sera positive in the neutralization test. Sera from more than 15% of the population sampled in each of the 4 areas contained neutralizing antibody. Children had a significantly higher incidence than adults, a difference which is unexplained.
A semisynthetic bovine pancreatic ribonuclease containing a unique nitrotyrosine residue.

Abstract A fully active semisynthetic ribonuclease, RNase 1-118:111-124, may be prepared by enzymatically removing six residues from the COOH terminus of the protein (positions 119–124) and then complementing the inactive RNase 1–118 with a chemically synthesized peptide containing the COOH-terminal 14 residues of the molecule (RNase 111–124) [ M. C. Lin, B. Gutte, S. Moore, and R. B. Merrifield (1970) J. Biol. Chem. 245, 5169–5170 ]. Nitration of tyrosine-115 in the peptide followed by complex formation with RNase 1–118 affords a fully active enzyme containing a unique nitrotyrosine residue in a position which is known and which is very likely to be completely exterior to the active site region. The binding constant between the tetradecapeptide and RNase 1–118 (5 × 10 6 M −1 at pH 6.0) is not changed by the nitration. Crystals of the nitrated complex are isomorphous with those of RNase 1–118:111–124, for which a refined 1.8-A structure has recently been obtained.
Image Processing and Computer Graphics

For a number of years, image processing and computer graphics have been treated as separate subjects. Conferences and journals exist for one group or the other but rarely for both groups. However, the hardware for computer graphics, and even for alphanumeric displays, more and more frequently use raster-scan processing. Likewise, image processing equipment can be used for drawing vectors and writing text as well as outputting images. Recently, therefore, there has been interest in combining interactive-graphics techniques and image-processing techniques on the same display screen. This paper explores the use of ‘image mixing’ techniques and its uses in graphics and the corresponding use of graphics in image processing. Several examples are explained.
Nonlinear-optical susceptibilities of gases measured at 1064 and 1319 nm.

The third-order nonlinear-optical susceptibilities of 16 simple atoms and molecules (Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{CF}}_{4}$, ${\mathrm{SF}}_{6}$, ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{6}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{3}$${\mathrm{H}}_{8}$, n-${\mathrm{C}}_{4}$${\mathrm{H}}_{10}$, and ${\mathrm{C}}_{4}$${\mathrm{H}}_{6}$) have been measured in the gas phase at two near-infrared wavelengths using the technique of electric-field-induced second-harmonic generation (ESHG) with periodic phase matching and with He as the reference gas. These results are combined with previous ESHG data in the visible region to determine dispersion curves. The experimental estimate of the static hyperpolarizability \ensuremath{\gamma} for Ne, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{Ne}}$=119\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 a.u., is in good agreement with the best ab initio calculations, but the experimental estimates of the static hyperpolarizabilities for Ar and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{Ar}}$=1167\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20 a.u. and 〈${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{H}2}^{\mathit{e}}$〉=686\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10 a.u., differ significantly from the best ab initio results.
The influence of infused calcium on the postischemic myocardium.

Abstract Despite evidence for calcium-induced damage in the postischemic myocardium, calcium remains a frequently used inotropic agent following cardiopulmonary bypass surgery with cardioplegic arrest. The purpose of this study was (1) to challenge the postischemic myocardium with incremental doses of ionized calcium, and (2) to relate postischemic calcium reperfusion concentration to final recovery of left ventricular contractile function. Rabbit hearts (N = 38) were perfused and equipped with a ventricular balloon to monitor developed pressure (DP) ±dp/dt, and left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP). Hearts underwent 40 min of global ischemia. Hearts were then assigned to one of four groups to receive a variable calcium concentration (0.6, 1.2, 2.5, 5.0 mM) for the initial 5 min of reperfusion followed by 55 min of reperfusion (Ca+2 = 1.25 mM). No differences were found between groups for final recovery of DP ±dp/dt, or final LVEDP. It was concluded that: (1) within the physiologic range, variable calcium infusions during the first 5 min of postischemic reperfusion do not impair final recovery of LV contractile function, (2) irreversible partial recovery of left ventricular function appears due to mechanisms other than mitochondrial or myofibrillar calcium loading during reperfusion, and (3) infused calcium is a safe inotropic agent even in the postischemic myocardium.
Contribution of Heinz bodies to alterations in red cell deformability.

Abstract Incubation of human red blood cells with 0.01 and 0.02 m monomethylhydrazine (MMH) denatures hemoglobin and precipitates it both diffusely throughout the cytoplasmic compartment and in a concentrated form as Heinz bodies. Concomitantly, there is a decrease in red cell deformability (filterability), when measured as a function of the time required for passage of red cells through Millipore filters. Acetylphenylhydrazine (APH) produces Heinz bodies that attach to the cell membrane and distort the cell membrane, and also alters red cell deformability. These alterations in deformability in APH-injured cells have been attributed to Heinz body-cell membrane interactions. Unlike APH-induced Heinz bodies, MMH-induced Heinz bodies show little affinity for the cell membrane and are free of the membrane when decreases in deformability are first detected. These results show that alterations in red cell deformability with oxidative injury may be unrelated to Heinz body-cell membrane interactions. Ultrastructural observations suggest that denatured hemoglobin diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm may polymerize into a loose network and account for the altered rheological properties of MMH-injured red cells.
An Appeal for Transparency

In weighing free speech versus harassment, university administrators and lawyers tend to exert controls more suitable for commercial institutions, where the pursuit of truth is not preeminent. Harvey Silverglate cites examples of egregious restrictions that went “poof” in the bright light of exposure to the public.
A note on A.E. h -complex functions

Abstract Rabin and Blum proved the existence of 0, 1-valued recursive functions which are arbitrarily hard to compute. Their proof was partially constructive in that they effectively gave a program for a function that required computation time exceeding a given bound. However, their proof that the function required the specified time contained a non-constructive element; here we show that that element is essential.
Responses to Oral Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Frequent and Infrequent Marijuana Users

It is known that an individual's drug use history affects the quality of subjective effects experienced following administration of several clinically used psychoactive drugs such as barbiturates, diazepam, and morphine. However, it is not known whether drug use history also affects responses to therapeutic cannabinoids such as delta9-THC. The current experiment compared the subjective and behavioral effects of oral delta9-THC in two groups of volunteers: frequent users (FREQ; n = 11), who reported using marijuana at least 100 times, and infrequent users (INF; n = 10) who reported using marijuana 10 or fewer times. Subjects participated in three sessions during which they received delta9-THC (7.5 and 15 mg) and placebo. They completed subjective effects questionnaires for 5 h following administration. In the FREQ group, the lower dose (7.5 mg) increased ratings of "feel drug," relative to placebo, whereas it had no effect in the INF group. In contrast, at the higher dose (15 mg), ratings of "feel drug" were lower in the FREQ group than in the INF group, suggestive of tolerance. In addition, the INF group reported greater sedative effects than the FREQ group following the higher dose of delta9-THC, again suggesting tolerance to delta9-THC's sedative effects. These findings demonstrate that marijuana use history may affect the subjective effects of oral delta9-THC, but that the influence of drug use history depends on the dose of drug administered. These findings may have implications for the clinical use of delta9-THC and other cannabinoids.
Epileptic Seizures Predicted by Modified Particle Filters

Epilepsy is a neurological condition that makes people susceptible to seizures. A seizure is a change in sensation, awareness, or behavior brought about by a brief electrical disturbance in the brain. We have developed a novel approach to predict seizures. Assume that seizure occurrence follows a stochastic process with Poisson distribution. Wavelet transform is used to calculate the energy of a specific frequency band to remove noise in the signal and to pick up useful information. A dynamic model is developed to describe this process and a hidden variable is included in it. We assume that the initial state of hidden variable has Gaussian distribution and it follows the second order autoregressive (AR) process. The method of particle filters associated with neural networks is used to figure out the hidden variable. Four patients' intracranial EEG data are used to test our algorithm including 28 hours of ictal EEG with 14 seizures and 40 hours of normal EEG recordings. The minimum least square error algorithm is adaptively applied to the model in order to calculate the model parameters and one seizure from each patient is supposed to be known. The results show that our algorithm can successfully predict 9 out of the 10 seizures and average prediction time is 32 minutes before seizure onset. The sensitivity is 90% and the false prediction rate is approximately 0.1 FP/h.
Influence of Added Manganese, Magnesium, Zinc, and Calcium Level on Egg Shell Quality

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to study the effects of dietary calcium level on the addition of manganese, magnesium, or zinc on the performance of Leghorn hens. In the first experiment, manganese, magnesium, or zinc was added to diets containing either 2.5 or 3.5% calcium and fed for 12 periods of 28 days. The highest calcium level significantly improved specific gravity and numerically improved hen-day production, feed conversion, and shell thickness. Calcium level also had a significant effect on magnesium, manganese and zinc content of the shells. The addition of manganese improved shell thickness, especially when compared to the addition of magnesium or zinc. In Experiment 2, zinc was added to a 3.6% calcium diet at levels of 0,200, or 400 mg/kg. These levels had no significant effect on any parameters studied. Forced molted hens in Experiment 3 were fed a 3.6% calcium diet to which was added either 1% calcium (as oyster shell), 180 mg manganese/kg, or both. The additions of the calcium significantly improved shell thickness and specific gravity.
Cost share equilibria: A Lindahlian approach☆

Abstract We offer a new formalization of Lindahl's equilibrium notion for public goods which yields an endogenous theory of profit distribution in line with the benefit approach to taxation. Increasing returns in the production of public goods are not a priori excluded. Our equilibrium notion coincides with Kaneko's “Ratio Equilibrium” for economies with only one public good. By reinterpreting the commodity space, the equilibrium concept can be applied to economies with purely private goods or with externalities. In the pure private good case, our concept singles out allocations that are efficient and where individual net payments agree with average cost.
On The Mathematics Of Estimating Sound Power By The Scanning Method

Abstract A mathematical model is developed estimating sound power P by use of the scanning method. The scanning is assumed to be slow and for the purposes of the analysis, only simple paths are used. The paper shows that scanning along such paths can be very accurate. The paper discusses the existence of a sequence of paths C r the scans of which converge to the true value of P . It is found that, in general, the scan has to take into account a weighting function, a modification that is easy to incorporate in practice. It is argued that what is relevant is the percentage accuracy of the r th scan estimate, and we illustrate this by considering the case of a finite set of uncorrelated small pulsating spheres inside a sphere.
Domination and location in acyclic graphs

Locating-dominating sets are of interest in safeguard applications of graphical models of facilities. A subset S of the vertex set V of a graph G is a dominating set if each vertex u ϵ V - S is adjacent to at least one vertex in S. For each v in V - S let S(v) denote the set of vertices in S which are adjacent to v. A dominating set S is defined to be “locating” if for any two vertices v and w in V - S one has S(v) ≠ S(w). Sharp bounds on the cardinality of locating-dominating sets for arbitrary graphs on p vertices and for trees on p vertices are given, and a linear (that is O(P)) algorithm for finding a minimum cardinality locating-dominating set in an acyclic graph is presented.
Further studies of a zinc-air cell employing a packed bed anode part II: Regeneration of zinc particles and electrolyte by fluidized bed electrodeposition

Fluidized bed zinc electrodeposition appears to be an efficient way of regenerating zinc particles and electrolyte from the discharge products of the cell described in Part I. Using a laboratory cell, various electrode materials were examined to determine their suitability for this electrodeposition. The effects of current density and zincate concentration on the performance of the cell were determined. The lowest d.c. electrical energy consumption achieved was 1.92 kWh kg−1 of zinc at 1000 A m−2 superficial current density. The corresponding figure at 2000 A m−2 was 2.08 kWh kg−1. Combining these values with the results of Part I, the ‘roundtrip’ electrical energy efficiencies of a system employing the cell of Part I for discharge, and fluidized bed electrodeposition for recharge, are 50% and 46%, respectively.
SUMOylation regulates telomere length homeostasis by targeting Cdc13

Cdc13 forms a complex with Stn1-Ten1 that caps budding yeast telomeres; Cdc13 also recruits the telomerase complex. Indeed, Cdk1 phosphorylates Cdc13 and this favors the Cdc13- Est1p, at the expense of Cdc13 association with Stn1, which inhibits telomerase action at telomeres. Now a second, independent mechanism to control Cdc13-Stn1 interaction is revealed: sumoylation of Cdc13 promotes its interaction with Stn1 and prevents telomerase activity. Telomere length homeostasis is an important aspect of telomere biology. Here, we show that SUMOylation limits telomere length and targets multiple telomere proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A main target is Cdc13, which both positively and negatively regulates telomerase and confers end protection. We demonstrate that Cdc13 SUMOylation restrains telomerase functions by promoting Cdc13 interaction with the telomerase inhibitor Stn1 without affecting end protection. Mutation of the Cdc13 SUMOylation site (cdc13-snm) lengthens telomeres and reduces the Stn1 interaction, whereas Cdc13-SUMO fusion has the opposite effects. cdc13-snm's effect on telomere length is epistatic with stn1, but not with yku70, tel1 or est1 alleles, and is suppressed by Stn1 overexpression. Cdc13 SUMOylation peaks in early-mid S phase, prior to its known Cdk1-mediated phosphorylation, and the two modifications act antagonistically, suggesting that the opposite roles of Cdc13 in telomerase regulation can be separated temporally and regulated by distinct modifications.
Lipid content of swine influenza and other vaccines

An analysis of the lipids in swine influenza vaccines was performed, comparing six different lots of swine influenza, other influenza and noninfluenza vaccines. Cholesterol content and phospholipid content varied greatly, but there were no major differences between the types of vaccines. Appreciable amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine were found in only one swine influenza vaccine. The major phospholipids of influenza vaccines were phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and phosphatidic acid. A detectable amount of phosphatidylserine was not found in any swine influenza vaccine, but was present in two of three nonswine influenza vaccines. Only two of six swine influenza vaccines showed trace amounts (less than 0.5 μg/ml) of ganglioside (GM3). However, larger quantities of galactocerebroside were found (2.24–6.43 μg/ml) in all influenza vaccines examined, including swine influenza vaccines.
A Multinomial Logit Framework to Estimate Bid Shading in Procurement Auctions: Application to Cattle Sales in the Texas Panhandle

We develop an empirical methodology based upon multinomial probability models to estimate the magnitude of bid shading in cattle procurement in the Texas Panhandle region. The methodology works well in settings where data allow a good estimation of a bidder’s probability of winning, but the approach does not rely upon the bidding process following any particular structural framework or on the existence of a control group. Estimated markdowns of price from the competitive level are in the range of 5–10% and are somewhat larger than estimates of oligopsony markdowns from previous studies of cattle procurement in the U.S.
Mathematical analysis of carbon nanotube model

In this paper, we present a recently developed mathematical model for a short double-wall carbon nanotube. The model is governed by a system of two coupled hyperbolic equations and is reduced to an evolution equation. This equation defines a dissipative semi-group. We show that the semi-group generator is an unbounded nonselfadjoint operator with compact resolvent. Moreover, this operator is a relatively compact perturbation of a certain selfadjoint operator.
Electrochemical Deposition of (Bi, Sb)(sub 2)Te(sub 3) for Thermoelectric Microdevices

The experimental techniques developed, as well as the transport properties of some of the films and filled templates, will be presented.
In defense of genopolitics

(AddHealth)toshowthatvoterturnoutissignificantly associated with variants of the 5HTT and MAOA genes. This was the first study to identify specific genes associated with a political behavior, and it was also the first political science study to test a gene-environment interaction. In a recent issue of the American Political Science Review,Charney and English (2012) (hereafter “CE”) published a general critique of genopolitics, focusing in particular on our 2008 candidate gene study. CE replicated our results from the earlier study and then suggested several alternatively specified models using the same data that we employed. Here, we offer a reply to this critique. First, we describe candidate gene association tests and their limitations,reemphasizingourinitialstatementthatourfindings are only suggestive until they are replicated using independent samples. We then go on to conduct such a replication of our earlier work using new data from Wave IV of Add Health. The results show that the association between turnout and an interaction between 5HTT and church attendance replicates; however, the association with MAOA does not. We then conduct several tests with alternative specifications, showing that the 5HTT result is robust.
Rapid development of web-based query interfacesfor XML datasets with QURSED

We present QURSED, a system that automates the development of web-based query forms and reports (QFRs) for semi-structured XML data. Whereas many tools for automated development of QFRs have been proposed for relational datasets, QURSED- to the best of our knowledge, is the first tool that facilitates development of web-based QFRs over XML data. The QURSED system is available online at http://db.cse.buffalo.edu/qursed.
A Low-Cost Quantitative Absorption Spectrophotometer

In an effort to make absorption spectrophotometry available to high school chemistry and physics classes, we have designed an inexpensive visible light absorption spectrophotometer. The spectrophotometer was constructed using LEGO blocks, a light emitting diode, optical elements (including a lens), a slide-mounted diffraction grating, and a photodiode detector. The photodiode detector was mounted on a rotatable arm for wavelength selection based on elementary laws of diffraction. This simple design demonstrates basic physical principles (such as diffraction and absorption of light) that are frequently lost in commercial “black box” instruments. The homemade spectrophotometer’s performance, as measured by comparison to a commercial spectrophotometer, was shown to be sufficiently quantitative to facilitate experiments in chemistry or physics classrooms.
IRF-2 Is Involved in Up-regulation of Nonmuscle Myosin Heavy Chain II-A Gene Expression during Phorbol Ester-induced Promyelocytic HL-60 Differentiation

Transcription of the nonmuscle myosin heavy chain II-A (NMHC-A) gene is regulated by various factors, including cell type, proliferation and differentiation stage, and extracellular stimuli. We have identified an intronic region (designated 32kb-150), which is located 32 kb downstream of the transcription start sites in the human NMHC-A gene, as a transcriptional regulatory region. 32kb-150 contains an interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE). By using HeLa and NIH3T3 cells, in which NMHC-A is constitutively expressed, interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-2 was found to be the only major protein, among the IRF family proteins, that bound to the ISRE in 32kb-150 both in vitro and in intact cells. IRF-2, which is known to either repress or activate target gene expression, acts as a transcriptional activator in the context of the 32kb-150 reporter gene. The carboxyl-terminal basic region of IRF-2 serves as an activation domain in this context. This is in contrast to its acting as a repressor domain in the context of the synthetic core ISRE. Furthermore, after treatment of promyelocytic HL-60 cells with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), which triggers differentiation into macrophages, both NMHC-A expression and IRF-2 expression were found to be up-regulated with a similar time course. TPA treatment leads to recruitment of IRF-2 to 32kb-150 of the endogenous NMHC-A gene and acetylation of the core histones surrounding this region. In addition, the ISRE in the 32kb-150 reporter gene recruits IRF-2 and mediates TPA-induced activation of a reporter gene in HL-60 cells. Together, these results indicate that IRF-2 contributes to transcriptional activation of the NMHC-A gene via 32kb-150 during TPA-induced differentiation of HL-60 cells.
Competitive equilibrium and public investment plans

Abstract We examine a one-sector growth model in which public capital is an external input to private production functions. Revenues from taxing capital and labor income are used to fund public investments. The competitive equilibrium can be obtained by solving an artificial planning problem. We prove that there exists a unique competitive equilibrium which can be characterized by Euler equations and a transversality condition. We then establish the existence of an optimal public investment plan.
Gamma knife irradition—Induced changes in the normal rat brain studied with 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging

Rationale and Objectives. The pathogenesis of brain injury following radiosurgery is poorly understood. To better elucidate the relationship between blood—brain barrier disruption and metabolic derangements, we used magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and 1 H MR spectroscopy to detect early changes from focused single-fraction, high-dose irradiation injury in rat brains. Methods. Using the Leksell gamma knife, we irradiated the frontoparietal cortex of 11 male Wistar rats with a single dose of 120 Gy. Four weeks later, we sequentially performed water-suppressed 1 H MR spectroscopy and gadopentetate dimeglumine—enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging. Metabolic maps were created of n -acetylaspartate (NAA), creatine and choline (Cr/Cho), and lactate from the MR spectroscopy data set. Detection of irradiation injury among the tested modalities was assessed by receiver operating characteristic analysis and by quantitative signal intensity changes. Pathologic confirmation of irradiation damage was obtained in all rats. Results. Gadopentetate dimeglumine—enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging was the only imaging modality that detected statistically significant signal intensity changes ( p 1H MR spectroscopy. Conclusion. In our animal model, blood—brain barrier disruption was a reproducible, integral finding of single-fraction, high-dose irradiation injury. No reproducible metabolic derangements of ischemia or necrosis were detected by 1 H MR spectroscopy, possibly because of dose—latency effects or sensitivity issues.
Modulation of Immune Responses in Murine Pulmonary Histoplasmosis

The influence of endogenous interleukin (IL)-12 on the course of pulmonary histoplasmosis was examined in naive and immune mice. All naive animals pretreated with anti-IL-12 monoclonal antibody (MAb) died by day 14. All mice died when anti-IL-12 MAb was initiated as late as postinfection day 3. Unlike those of controls, lungs of naive mice given anti-IL-12 MAb had depressed levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma and increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. The 2 groups had similar IL-4 levels. Administration of anti-IL-4 MAb rescued mice from the inimical effects of anti-IL-12 MAb. Survival of mice given both anti-IL-12 and anti-IL-4 MAb was associated with a blunted TNF-alpha response. In reinfection histoplasmosis, treatment with anti-IL-12 MAb did not alter survival. Fungus burden in lungs, livers, and spleens differed at week 2, but not at week 1, of infection. Thus, endogenous IL-12 is critical for optimal generation of a protective immune response in pulmonary histoplasmosis.
The roles of telomeres and telomerase in β-cell regeneration

Telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase that is responsible for extending and preserving the end of the chromosomes (telomeres). Telomerase plays a key role in regulating the lifespan of mammalian cells and is involved in critical aspects of cellular ageing processes. In this review, we will briefly summarize our current understanding of the functions of telomeres, telomerase and their regulation. Considering that compensatory islet hyperplasia and β-cell regeneration play important roles in the prevention and/or delay of the onset of overt diabetes, we will also examine current literature regarding the effects of diabetes on telomere shortening and provide insights from our own studies on the role of telomerase in β-cell regeneration.
Nucleic Acid Related Compounds. 105. Synthesis of 2',3'-Didehydro-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides from Ribonucleoside Cyclic 2',3'-(Sulfates or Phosphates) or 2',3'-Dimesylates via Reductive Elimination with Sodium Naphthalenide 1

Treatment of purine ribonucleosides with thionyl fluoride resulted in formation of cyclic 2‘,3‘-sulfite esters. Acetylation of the 5‘-hydroxy group and Sharpless oxidation (NaIO4/RuCl3) gave the cyclic 2‘,3‘-sulfate ester derivatives. Treatment of 5‘-O-silyl-protected ribonucleosides with thionyl chloride followed by oxidation gave an alternative route to the cyclic 2‘,3‘-sulfates. Reductive elimination with sodium naphthalenide (THF/−50 °C) gave the 2‘,3‘-unsaturated nucleosides. Parallel treatment of adenosine cyclic 2‘,3‘-phosphate gave the 2‘,3‘-olefin. The adenine, hypoxanthine, and 2-amino-6-methoxypurine 2‘,3‘-didehydro-2‘,3‘-dideoxynucleosides were prepared efficiently (40−60% overall yields of crystalline, analytically pure products; 3−5 steps, some combined into one-flask procedures) by treatment of 5‘-O-protected 2‘,3‘-di-O-mesylribonucleosides with sodium naphthalenide. Reactions were performed at or below ambient temperature with readily available reagents and standard laboratory conditions.
Role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis.

ABSTRACT Alterations in vitamin D metabolism normally occur after the menopause and with aging. Increases in skeletal remodeling as a consequence of estrogen deficiency lead to increased bone resorption, suppression of serum 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D and intestinal absorption of calcium and increases in urinary calcium. Age-related changes in vitamin D metabolism include diminished dermal production of 7-dehydrocholesterol, the precursor of previtamin D3, vitamin D deficiency as a consequence of inadequate intake or exposure to sunshine (individuals may be institutionalized or housebound), a decline in intestinal vitamin D receptors and diminished intestinal absorption of calcium and secondary hyperparathyroidism which leads to further bone loss. These changes also have been implicated in the pathogenesis of senile osteoporosis. Treatment with vitamin D and its analogues such as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is sometimes of value in preventing bone loss and fractures in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis and senile osteoporosis. However, the drugs have not been approved for treatment and prevention of osteoporosis.
Thyroid binding antibodies and other immunological abnormalities in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy: effect of treatment with cyclophosphamide.

SUMMARY Patients with Graves’ophthalmopathy were studied for a possible role of thyroid binding antibodies (TBAb) as measured by a radioreceptor assay, and for in vitro evidence of immunoreactivity to orbital antigens. The effect of cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment on the immunological parameters and the clinical course of the eye disease was also studied. The mean TBAb index for all patients with eye disease was significantly less than that for normals and for patients with Graves’hyperthyroid-ism who lacked eye disease. The mean TBAb index for patients with ophthalmopathy and past or present hyperthyroidism was significantly less than for those patients with eye disease but no associated hyperthyroidism (‘euthyroid Graves’ disease). TBAb levels did not correlate with the severity or duration of the eye disease and did not change during treatment with CY. Significant titres of serum antibodies against human eye muscle extract or subcellular fractions, or macro-phage inhibitory factor (MIF) production in response to human orbital tissue extract were not detected in patients with eye disease. The congestive changes improved in all patients treated with CY, although the degree of proptosis and eye muscle involvement improved in only 3 of 24 and 11 of 20 patients respectively with these abnormalities. TBAb are unlikely to play a role in the pathogenesis of Graves’ophthalmopatliy and the hyperthyroidism and eye disease should be considered separate autoimmune disorders. The apparently anomalous finding of a higher mean TBAb index in patients with eye disease and hyperthyroidism than in those with hyperthyroidiam alone may reflect a more severe defect of suppressor T cell function in the former group. Because evidence for specific immunoreactivity