cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Critical Diagenetic Features Controlling Intergranular Flow Paths and Matrix Permeability in the Codell Sandstone, Northeastern Colorado

Abstract The Codell Sandstone is a hydrocarbon-bearing, tight sand (permeability <0.1 mD) that is an active target for unconventional hydrocarbon production in the Denver-Julesburg Basin. In northeastern Colorado, the intergranular microporous drainage network within this clay-rich sandstone is poorly understood, with a strong diagenetic control suggested by the lack of correlation between permeability and depositional facies. Core samples from the Wattenberg Field and Redtail areas in Weld County were used to identify which diagenetic processes were most important in developing a connected pore network. Thirteen diagenetic features were defined using thin-section petrography and electron microprobe mineralogical phase mapping, and skeletonized flow paths were delineated by epifluorescence imaging. Quartz overgrowths, mechanical compaction, and clay cements (illite, chlorite, and kaolinite) are better developed in the laminated facies than the burrowed facies. Authigenic calcite and pyrite, and dissolution of framework grains are equally developed in both types of facies. Cumulative 2D flow-path lengths positively co-vary with permeability, indicating that the skeletonized paths capture the features that control permeability. The longest flow paths in high permeability (≥0.09 mD) samples follow micropores created along the periphery of framework grains where the discontinuous quartz overgrowths abut clays. Micropores within intergranular clay masses (detrital, pore-filling cements, and authigenic replacements) associate with shorter flow paths that dominate in low permeability (≤ 0.01 mD) samples and feed the longer paths in high permeability samples. While compaction and all types of cements had a negative impact on the original pore network, the development of long contacts between quartz overgrowths and mechanically juxtaposed grains eventually became beneficial to the drainage system. The increased surface area along those contacts increased the continuity of the flow paths developed along grain surfaces. All observations indicate that the minute quartz overgrowths, and the high authigenic rugosity they created along grain boundaries, were a key diagenetic event in creating the most efficient drainage networks that now facilitate the movement of hydrocarbons at the core-plug scale.
Teaching Modern Multithreading in CS2 with Actors

Explosive growth in multiprocessor computing and the pervasive nature of multicore processors has not only made multithreading and related topics such as parallelism, concurrency, synchronization, etc. an essential part of any undergraduate Computer Science curriculum, it has also lead to the addition of newer constructs to support multithreading in many languages. Not only is it important to motivate student interest in this topic, it is important that they are also educated in current methods used in industry. This can mean an increase in material that needs to be covered. Because of the increase in scope of a CS education, teaching topics in parallel and distributed computing in a hands-on manner is challenging, thus it is valuable for educators to explore different methods of educational delivery in order to best engage their students within the limits of curriculum timelines. The actor model is immensely popular in industry and runs some of the most important software today. In this paper, we describe how we are using Actors as a significant part of the multithreading coverage at the CS2 level, for first-year computer science majors. We also describe a semester-long project that involves the use of these concepts to help solidify student understanding and present student feedback on the project and approach.
Biology and Management of Praxelis (Praxelis clematidea) in Ornamental Crop Production

Praxelis is a newly emerging weed species in Florida, one that Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) is considering adding to the federal noxious weed list. The plant can be easily misidentified and confused with Ageratum houstonianum (bluemink) and Conoclinium coelestinum (blue mistflower) as well as several other species that have similar flower characteristics. This new 5-page article is written for green industry professionals and others to aid in the identification and management of praxelis in and around ornamental plants. Written by Yuvraj Khamare, Chris Marble, Shawn Steed, and Nathan Boyd, and published by the UF/IFAS Environmental Horticulture Department.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ep585
Choosing awareness over fear: Risk analysis and free trade support global food security

Livestock production and global trade are key components to achieving food security, but are bedfellows with the risk for emergence and spread of infectious diseases. The World Trade Organization's Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures outlines provisions for member countries to protect animal, plant, and public health while promoting free trade. The capacity for risk analysis equips countries to increase access to export markets, improve local animal health and food safety regarding known hazards, and build the institutional capacity to respond to unexpected events. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to detect, report, and implement effective response measures to emerging challenges on a local and global scale, and it is crucial that these measures are implemented in a way that supports food production and trade. The use of risk analysis coupled with sound understanding of underlying system dynamics will contribute to resilient and enduring food systems.
Impact of the 2020 pandemic of COVID-19 on Families with School-aged Children in the United States: Roles of Income Level and Race

This study examined the experiences of families with school-aged children during the first three months of the 2020 pandemic of COVID-19 in the United States, while focusing on the roles of income ...
Josephson Microwave Sources Applied to Quantum Information Systems

Quantum computers with thousands or millions of qubits will require a scalable solution for qubit control and readout electronics. Colocating these electronics at millikelvin temperatures has been proposed and demonstrated, but there exist significant challenges with power dissipation, reproducibility, fidelity, and scalability. In this article, we experimentally demonstrate the use of a Josephson arbitrary waveform synthesizer (JAWS) to generate control signals at 4 K and perform spectroscopy of two components of a typical superconducting quantum information system: a linear resonator and a (nonlinear) transmon qubit. By locating the JAWS chip at 4 K and a qubit at 0.1 K, the direct path for quasi-particle poisoning from the JAWS chip to the qubit is broken. We demonstrate the stable, self-calibrated, and reproducible output signal of the JAWS when operated in its quantum locking range, a feature that allows these synthesizers to be replicated and scaled in the cryostat, all with identical on-chip, quantized, outputs. This is a proof-of-concept demonstration to generate signals at 4 K using driven superconducting electronics to control qubits at lower temperatures.
Detroit's Bankruptcy and Market Reentry

In 2018, four years after the Motor City went bankrupt, Detroit reentered the municipal securities market and issued new debt. The bond offer is both indicative of the city’s financial turnaround and is counter to the theory that bankrupted municipalities will be punished by markets with prohibitively expensive interest rates post-bankruptcy. This Article examines chapter 9 of the Bankruptcy Code, and the ramifications for bankrupted municipalities as they reenter the municipal securities market.
Targeted protein oxidation using a chromophore-modified rapamycin analog

Chemically induced dimerization of FKBP and FRB using rapamycin and rapamycin analogs has been utilized in a variety of biological applications. Formation of the FKBP-rapamycin-FRB ternary complex is typically used to activate a biological process and this interaction has proven to be essentially irreversible. In many cases, it would be beneficial to also have temporal control over deactivating a biological process once it has been initiated. Thus, we developed the first reactive oxygen species-generating rapamycin analog toward this goal. The BODIPY-rapamycin analog BORap is capable of dimerizing FKBP and FRB to form a ternary complex, and upon irradiation with 530 nm light, generates singlet oxygen to oxidize and inactivate proteins of interest fused to FKBP/FRB.
Removal to Federal Courts from StateAdministrative Agencies: Reevaluatingthe Functional Test

Table of ContentsI. Introduction 1832II. The Early History of the Removal Statute 1834III. Supreme Court Precedent? 1837IV. Courts Adopting the Functional Test 1839A. Tool & Die Makers Lodge Sets the Standard 1839B. The First Circuit Adopts the Functional Test 1842C. The Seventh Circuit Adopts the Functional Test 1847V. Courts Rejecting the Functional Test 1850A. The Beginning of the Split 1850B . Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals Finds Interruption of Agency Proceedings Improper 1851C. The Third Circuit Hedges: Sun Buick, Inc. v. Saab Cars USA, Inc 1852D. The Ninth Circuit Rejects the Functional Test 1857VI. Upshur County Did Not Adopt a Functional Test 1859VII The Functional Test: A Revaluation 1861A. "State Court" Requires a Plain Language Interpretation 1862B. The Policy Consequences of Allowing Removal from State Agency Proceedings 1867C. A New Solution 18711. The Correct Definition of "State Court" 18712. Amending Section 301(a) of the LMRA 1874VIII. Conclusion 1879I. Introduction"[T]here is no other phase of American jurisprudence with so many refinements and subtleties, as relate to removal proceedings, [that] is known by all who have to deal with them."1 Removal jurisdiction is by its nature a peculiar creation;2 it has no predecessor in English common law and is not mentioned in the Constitution, yet it has been an important component of federal court jurisdiction since its creation in the Judiciary Act of 1 789.3 In fact, in 2006, approximately 11% of all cases pending in federal court were removed cases.4Since 1789, one of the more troublesome refinements presented by the statate has tasked federal courts with determining whether a civil action brought originally in a state agency complies with the removal requirement that a civil action be brought originally in a state court.5 Beginning in the late nineteenth century, federal courts began to encounter this interpretative problem as states began using commissions and primitive agency-like tribunals to fulfill a number of state regulatory functions, including ratemaking, property appraisal, and condemnation proceedings.6 Savvy defendants, often corporations, attempted to use the statute to remove actions filed in these state bodies to federal court.7 During this period, the Supreme Court of the United States authored numerous opinions attempting to solve the removal problems presented by proceedings in these tribunals, but never authoritatively provided a standard delineating the requirements for a "state court."8Exacerbating the issue, in the twentieth century, states increasingly began to create agencies to regulate and to legislate in many more areas of substantive law, presenting more opportunities for the federal removal statute to clash with proceedings brought in state agencies.9 In 1959, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin fashioned a new test, one that focused on whether the state agency "functioned" as a court in adjudicating a particular proceeding. …
Indwelling device use and antibiotic resistance in nursing homes: identifying a high-risk group.

OBJECTIVES: To quantify the relationship between indwelling devices (urinary catheters, feeding tubes, and peripherally inserted central catheters) and carriage of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in nursing home residents. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Community nursinghome in Southeast Michigan. PARTICIPANTS: Residents with indwelling devices (n 5100) and randomly selected control residents (n 5100) in 14 nursing homes. MEASUREMENTS: Data on age, functional status, and Charlson comorbidity score were collected. Samples were obtained from nares, oropharynx, groin, wounds, perianal area, and enteral feeding tube site. Standard microbiological methods were used to identify methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), and ceftazidime-resistant (CTZ-R) gram-negative bacteria (GNB). RESULTS: Use of indwelling devices was associated with colonization with MRSA at any site (odds ratio (OR) 52.0, P 5.04), groin (OR 54.8, P 5.006), and perianal area (OR 53.6, P 5.01) and CTZ-R GNB at any site (OR 55.6, P 5.003). Use of enteral feeding tubes was associated with MRSA colonization in the oropharynx (OR 53.3, P 5.02). CONCLUSION: Use of indwelling devices is associated with greater colonization with antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. This study serves as an initial step in defining a high-risk group that merits intensive infection control efforts. J Am Geriatr Soc 55:1921–1926, 2007.
Spectral Classification with Array Detectors

This paper presents the principles, the techniques, and some of the astrophysical potential of spectral classification in the era of array detectors.
A dynamic graph model for representing streaming text documents

This work presents new techniques for representing an evolving stream of text documents. Text processing is traditionally performed on a fixed corpus of documents by representing the documents as vectors in a high-dimensional space with each dimension corresponding to a different word in the lexicon. The lexicon is formed by the set of unique words in the corpus. The vector entries are equal to the counts of the word in the document and often weighted by the inverse of the probability of the corresponding word occurring in a document. The probability of word occurrence, also called the document frequency, is needed in order to create document vectors which emphasize the informative words in each document. In order to apply statistical text processing techniques to a changing corpus of documents, a generalization of the vector space model is introduced. The generalization relies on managing a changing lexicon of words and approximating the probability of word occurrence over documents in the document stream. The methods presented here can be used to represent any new document as a vector, including documents that contain words that have not been seen previously in the document stream. Additionally, this work presents a graph model for representing a dynamic corpus of text documents. The graph model differs from other methods for text clustering which act on a fixed corpus of documents. The vertices in the graph represent topics and evolve as the document stream changes. The vertices contain statistics on documents of a similar topic. Each vertex has an associated lexicon and document frequency which can be used to provide information about the document stream. The graph model is demonstrated on a dataset of news articles collected over several years.
XMRV and blood safety: a case study of science and public pressure

XMRV is a recently discovered virus, related to mouse endogenous leukemia viruses. It was originally discovered in tissue from human prostate tumours and has been reported to be associated with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Accumulating data suggest that the virus itself is a laboratory artifact and that many, if not all of the reported associations may be due to contamination of samples and or reagents. However, the association of this (and similar) viruses with chronic disease has attracted a great deal of public attention, particularly from CFS patients. Additionally, it was hypothesized that the virus might offer a risk to blood safety, generating additional pressures. Current data and perspectives on the issue will be discussed.
Assessment of low activation materials

Characteristics of neutron-induced radioactivities for low-activation materials in a deuterium-tritium fusion power reactor were investigated. The criteria for the assessment of low-activation materials were reviewed. Candidate structural materials, namely, vanadium alloy (V5Cr5Ti), ferritic steel (modified HT9), and SiC composite material, and tungsten divertor material were considered in the evaluation. The assessment of these candidate materials for fusion reactor applications was made based on the issues of waste disposal, maintenance, afterheat, accidental dose release, and materials recycling. The significance of impurity elements and their levels was addressed using the recently updated activation cross sections. >
Teacher Attitudes and Teacher Knowledge in Economic Education

Establishing the determinants of teacher quality remains a difficult empirical proposition. Prior research suggests that high school teachers' subject knowledge and, separately, teacher attitudes towards their subject affect student learning. Because teacher knowledge and teacher attitudes are highly correlated, we disentangle these two effects. We survey economics teachers and their students primarily in South Carolina. Teacher economic knowledge positively and significantly affects student learning; teacher attitude has little or no effect on student learning. However, student test score gains of teachers volunteering to teach economics courses are similar in size to the effect of a comparable increase in teacher knowledge. Our results support interventions targeted towards enhancing teachers' understanding of economics and increased teacher control of course selection.
Congregation Formation in Multiagent Systems

We present congregating both as a metaphor for describing and modeling multiagent systems (MAS) and as a means for reducing coordination costs in large-scale MAS. When agents must search for other agents to interact with, congregations provide a way for agents to bias this search towards groups of agents that have tended to produce successful interactions in the past. This causes each agent's search problem to scale with the size of a congregation rather than the size of the population as a whole. In this paper, we present a formal model of a congregation and then apply Vidal and Durfee's CLRI framework [24] to the congregating problem. We apply congregating to the affinity group domain, and show that if agents are unable to describe congregations to each other, the problem of forming optimal congregations grows exponentially with the number of agents. The introduction of labelers provides a means of coordinating agent decisions, thereby reducing the problem's complexity. We then show how a structured label space can be exploited to simplify the labeler's decision problem and make the congregating problem linear in the number of labels. We then present experimental evidence demonstrating how congregating can be used to reduce agents' search costs, thereby allowing the system to scale up. We conclude with a comparison to other methods for coordinating multiagent behavior, particularly teams and coalitions.
Guiding CNF-SAT search via efficient constraint partitioning

Contemporary techniques to identify a good variable order for SAT rely on identifying minimum tree-width decompositions. However, the problem of finding a minimal width tree decomposition for an arbitrary graph is NP complete. The available tools and methods are impractical, as they cannot handle large and hard-to-solve CNF-SAT instances. This work proposes a hypergraph partitioning based constraint decomposition technique as an alternative to contemporary methods. We model the CNF-SAT problem on a hypergraph and apply min-cut based bi-partitioning. Clause-variable statistics across the partitions are analyzed to further decompose the problem, iteratively. The resulting tree-like decomposition provides a variable order for guiding CNF-SAT search. Experiments demonstrate that our partitioning procedure is fast, scalable and the derived variable order results in significant increase in performance of the SAT engine.
The influence of economic business cycles on United States suicide rates

A number of social science investigators have shown that a downturn in the economy leads to an increase in the suicide rate. However, the previous works on the subject are flawed by the fact that they employ years as their temporal unit of analysis. This time period is so large that it makes it difficult for investigators to precisely determine the length of the lag effect, while at the same time removing the autocorrelation effects. Also, although most works on suicide and the business cycle employ unemployment as a measure of a downturn in the business cycle, the average duration of unemployment represents a better measure for determining the social impact of an economic downturn. From 1947 to 1977 the average monthly duration of unemployment is statistically related to the suicide rate using multivariate time-series analysis. From 1910 to 1939 the Ayres business index, a surrogate measure for movement in the business cycle, is statistically related to the monthly suicide rate. An examination of the findings confirms that in most cases a downturn in the economy causes an increase in the suicide rate.
Sphingosine 1‐phosphate in neural signalling and function

UNLABELLED Complex sphingolipids are particularly enriched in the central nervous system. Although they were long considered to be structural components of membranes, in the last decades it has become apparent that they have other important functions. More recently, attention has been given to the sphingolipid metabolites ceramide, sphingosine and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), which have been implicated in the regulation of many aspects of neuronal proliferation, differentiation, survival and apoptosis. Dysregulation of the relative levels of these bioactive sphingolipid metabolites may have implications for a wide array of neurodegenerative disorders and neural malformations. In this paper, we will focus on studies from our laboratory over the past few years using cultured neurons to examine the roles of the sphingolipid metabolite S1P in neuronal survival and differentiation. CONCLUSION Identification of potential intracellular targets of S1P remains a crucial objective for attaining a better understanding of the potent role this molecule plays in regulating cell fate.
Coping strategies in twins with chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome.

Objectives: Individuals with chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) face debilitating symptoms as well as stressful life situations that may result from their condition. The goal of this study was to examine the coping strategies used by fatigue-discordant twin pairs. Methods: We utilized a co-twin design to assess how twin pairs discordant for chronic fatigue and CFS cope with stress. All twin pairs were administered the Revised Ways of Coping Checklist. Results: Overall, the pattern of coping strategies was similar for fatigued and non-fatigued twins. However, twins with chronic fatigue or CFS utilized more avoidance strategies than their non-fatigued counterparts; those with chronic fatigue also used more avoidance relative to problem-focused coping than their co-twins. Conclusions: These results suggest that while fatigue-discordant twins generally exhibit similar behavior patterns in order to cope with stress, there may be an association between fatigue and avoidance coping. Future research should focus on the role of avoidance and its relationship to fatiguing illnesses.
Polarization Spectral Imaging System for Quantitative Evaluation of Port Wine Stain Blanching Following Laser Treatment

Objective methods to assess quantitatively port wine stain (PWS) blanching in response to laser therapy are needed to improve laser therapeutic outcome. Previous studies have attempted to assess objectively PWS color based on point measurement devices. To date, these approaches have typically been limited by a number of factors such as small test area and need for contact. To address these issues, a polarization spectral imaging system and an image analysis method have been developed to evaluate quantitatively erythema and melanin content distribution in skin. The developed polarization spectral imaging system minimizes artifacts such as glaring, shadowing, and non-uniform illumination that interfere with image fidelity. Furthermore, the image analysis method has been employed to get images of skin melanin and erythema indices from the acquired color images for quantitative analysis. Finally, using PWS patient color image, the effectiveness in laser treatment of PWS was evaluated by calculating relative erythema index image that is the relative erythema index of PWS region to the normal region. The developed device and analysis method appears to be a simple and effective method for quantitative analysis of PWS blanching.
A Bidirectional SE' Strategy for 1,5-syn and 1,5-anti Stereocontrol Toward the Synthesis of Complex Polyols

Studies report a bidirectional SE′ strategy applicable for the stereocontrolled synthesis of nonracemic 1,5-syn and 1,5-anti diols and their derivatives. Nonracemic 1,3,2-diazaborolidine auxiliaries are incorporated by chemoselective tin–boron exchange to provide reactive allylic boranes. The convergent pathway utilizes sequential reactions with two aldehydes producing stereochemical outcomes from cyclic, closed, and open transition state preferences, respectively. Synthesis of fragment 16 of peloruside A is accomplished in four steps from readily available aldehydes 9 and 13.
Resilience Among IDUs: Planning Strategies to Help Injection Drug Users to Protect Themselves and Others From HIV/HCV Infections

Many long-term injection drug users (IDUs) engage in planning strategies. In this pilot study, we examine the relation of one planning strategy to IDUs’ engaging in safer injection practices. Sixty-eight IDUs were recruited in from a New York City (NYC) needle exchange program and referrals to participate in an innovative Staying Safe Intervention that teaches strategies to stay HIV/HCV uninfected. Responses to a baseline 185-item survey were analyzed using correlations and odds ratios. Planning ahead to have steady access to clean equipment was correlated with both individually based and networks-based safety behaviors including storing clean needles; avoiding sharing needles, cookers, and filters with other injectors; and providing clean needles to sex partners. Implications related to resilience in IDUs are discussed and the study's limitations have been noted.
A low-cost off-the-shelf FGPA-based smart wireless sensing unit

To continue with the development of a wireless sensing unit built upon an off-the-shelf FPGA development board presented by the authors at SPIE 2005, this paper outlines a further effort consisting of embedding onboard computations, simulation and validation of the FPGA-based wireless sensing unit that is able to collect, process and transmit data. This research supports the concepts of decentralized wireless sensor networks and local-based damage detection, where individual wireless sensor nodes are capable of performing intricate tasks and can eventually transmit the processed results. An FPGA-based hardware platform is thus looked upon as a major contender for performing this function in a proficient manner. Throughout this research, the principal design complexities, in terms of both hardware and software development, are kept to a minimum. Development cycle and monetary cost of the hardware are other major considerations for this research. Data processing functions including windowing, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), peak detection, are implemented into the selected FPGA, when limitations of different design options are explored to yield a solution that optimizes the resources of the selected FPGA. Numerical simulations and laboratory validations are carried out to scrutinize the operations and flexibility of the design.
Fluorescence Studies of the Bradykinin 2 and µ-Opioid Receptors Suggest that Caveolae Localization of GPCRs is Mediated by their Attached G Proteins

Caveolae are 50-100 nm plasma membrane invaginations that have several proposed functions. Some studies suggest that caveolae may influence cell signaling by sequestering certain signaling proteins such as G-protein coupled receptors. We have previously found that Caveolin-1, the main structural protein of caveolae specifically binds to Gαq and that their binding is strengthened upon Gαq activation. Here, we have used fluorescence methods to determine the effect of caveolae on the functional properties and localization of two G-protein coupled receptors: the bradykinin receptor type 2 (B2R), which is coupled to Gαq, and the µ opioid receptor (µOR), which is coupled to Gαi. While caveolae do not affect cAMP signals mediated by µOR, they prolong Ca2+ signals mediated by B2R. In A10 cells, down-regulation of Caveolin-1 ablates the prolonged calcium signal in accord with idea that caveolae binds to Gαq. Immunofluorescence and FRET studies show that a significant fraction of B2R resides at or close to caveolae domains while none or very little µOR resides in caveolae domains. FRET between B2R and caveolae is reduced by down-regulation of Gαq or by addition of a peptide that interferes with Gαq/Caveolin-1 interactions suggesting that Gαq promotes localization of B2R to caveolae domains. Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy studies on live cells show that the presence of caveolae changes the distribution of the apparent diffusion coefficients of B2R and Gαq but not µOR and Gαi. Our results suggest that Gαq can localize its associated receptors to caveolae domains to enhance their signals.
Identification of a placental lactogen in pregnant Snell and Ames dwarf mice.

AbstractSera and placentas from pregnant dwarf mice contain a placental lactogen. This placental lactogen has immunological and electrophoretic properties similar to those of placental lactogen from normal mice.
Nonlinear lumped circuit model of GaAs MESFET

A nonlinear lumped Circuit model for GaAs MESFET which includes the effect of Gunn-domain formation under the gate, mobility modulation, and diffusion process in the channel boundary is presented. The important design parameters such as C in , g_{m}, I_{dsat} , and F t , etc. can be derived from the model. The model not only predicts realistically the nonlinear I-V characteristics, but it also provides a closed form design criterion for avoiding instability due to Gunn oscillation. Moreover, a small-signal Circuit model having the same basic circuit structure as the existing empirical small-signal model in [2], [10], [14] can be derived from this nonlinear model. In addition, a two-segment piecewise-linear dc model is derived. This piecewise-linear model contains only four model parameters which can be determined very easily by measurement. Because of its simplicity, this model can be implemented into any CAD system to simulate complex circuits with significantly less CPU time. The simulation results are in excellent agreement with experimental data, and with results obtained by a much more time-consuming two-dimensional calculation.
A Shift in Fundamentals: The Changing Direction in Logistics and Transportation Management

The Great Recession of the late 2000s created a turbulent business environment that is forcing managers to reevaluate how to manage their resources effectively and efficiently. In the logistics and transportation domain the primary forces of change include, but are not limited to: rapidly changing customer requirements, increasing energy (fuel) prices, the rising cost to serve, mounting inventory costs, and growing total landed costs. These forces of change have shifted the strategic direction of the firm toward a mixed approach where firms attempt to be “all things to all people,” thereby competing on both cost and service. In contrast, the study results indicate that during and after the recession the primary goal or objective of the firm was cost reduction. Customer service as a primary goal or objective has steadily declined, and has not yet returned to 2008 levels. This can be attributed to rising transportation, inventory, and distribution costs during a time of increasing customer service requirements. Two recommendations for managers are offered: to more fully understand the relationship between logistics costs and differentiated service; and to develop data and analytical capabilities that will enable them to deliver differentiated service of the right product for the right customer, in the right quantity and the right condition, at the right place, at the right time, at the right cost.
Reliability of job evaluation: Differences across sex-typed jobs

Recent work has questioned whether a single job evaluation instrument can reliably measure jobs from different job families. To test this, a generalizability study was done to determine the reliability of three job evaluation instruments: one for male-dominated jobs, MIMA-Shop, one for female-dominated jobs, MIMA-office and one which evaluated both types, FES. Initial results indicated that the latter instrument suffered no loss in reliability, and that all three instruments were equally highly reliable. A second analysis evaluated the reliability of the FES for male-dominated jobs separately from the reliability of the FES for female-dominated jobs. These results indicated no significant difference in reliability for male-dominated jobs and for female-dominated jobs. Implications of these findings were discussed.
Ternary Phase Behavior of Ionic Liquid (IL)−Organic−CO2 Systems

Recently, we have shown that gaseous or supercritical carbon dioxide can be used to induce a liquid−liquid phase split for homogeneous mixtures that consists of methanol−1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate and aqueous/ionic liquid mixtures. [Scurto et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10276; Chem. Commun. 2003, 572.] Here, the factors that control the vapor−liquid−liquid equilibrium in ionic liquid−organic−carbon dioxide ternary systems at 40 °C are discussed. The lower-critical endpoint pressure (LCEP) locus, i.e., the pressure at which the liquid−liquid phase split occurs, is strongly dependent on the choice of organic, the type of ionic liquid (IL), and the concentration of IL in the organic. On the other hand, the K-point pressure, i.e., the pressure at which one of the liquid phases becomes identical with the CO2-rich phase, is dependent on the choice of organic only and it was determined to be same as the binary mixture critical point for the given organic−CO2 system. The compositions of...
“Am I a Better Mother Than You?” Media and 21st-Century Motherhood in the Context of the Social Comparison Theory

This article explored the relationship between media exposure and contemporary motherhood based on social comparison theory (SCT). Based on previous studies indicating the flood of media discourse of celebrity moms and mothers’ heavy reliance on the Internet, this article focused on celebrity mom and the Internet, respectively, as channels through which ideal motherhood is communicated. It was hypothesized that exposure to these channels would reinforce the ideology of contemporary motherhood characterized by intensive mothering, and promote comparison and competition. The questionnaire survey, conducted among 533 Korean mothers, revealed that exposure to celebrity mom discourse and online childrearing information was associated with the endorsement of the intensive mothering ideology, social comparison orientation (SCO), or competitiveness. Moreover, exposure to celebrity mom discourse was associated with the endorsement of intensive mothering ideology and SCO only among mothers who work outside the home...
High Power 1.3 µm Laser With Modulation Bandwidth To X-Band

High power 1.3 ,um laser with modulation bandwidth to X -bandW. NgHughes Research Laboratories, 3011 Malibu Canyon Road, Malibu, CA 90265ABSTRACTRecent progress in the development of high power( "37 mW) and high speed (^'11.5 GHz)p- substrate GaInAsP buried crescent lasers is summarized. Their modulation characteristics,such as signal to noise ratio and two -tone intermodulation distortion, are described.
Extraction of energy-differential ionization cross sections in time-dependent calculations

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa 50311~Received 27 November 2001; published 29 May 2002!We propose an alternative way to extract single-differential ionization cross sections from time-dependentwave-packet calculations. Using the Temkin-PoetS-wave model fore-H collisions, it is shown that a properlyconstructed time-dependent wave function ‘‘knows’’ the energy of the one-particle bound or continuum orbitalit has been projected on. No explicit symmetrization scheme is therefore needed to ensure a single-differentialionization cross section that accounts for the indistinguishability of the two outgoing electrons.DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.65.060701 PACS number~s!: 34.80.Dp
Self-handicapping: The interplay between self-set and assigned achievement goals

This study examined the combined impact of self-set goals and manipulated goal contexts on self-handicapping to better understand how self-set goals affect responses to different performance-oriented achievement contexts. Participants reported their self-set goals and later completed an achievement task in a goal-context condition (performance-approach, performance-avoidance, no-goal). Before the task, participants had the opportunity to self-handicap (behaviorally and claimed). The results showed that self-set performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals positively predicted behavioral self-handicapping, but only in a performance-avoidance context. Additionally, self-set mastery-avoidance goals were found to predict claimed self-handicapping, regardless of the context condition. These results show that self-set achievement goals shape individuals behaviors associated with threat and promise in achievement situations.
Tracking and imaging gamma-ray experiment (TIGRE) for 300-keV to 100-MeV gamma-ray astronomy

The Tracking and Imaging Gamma-Ray Experiment (TIGRE) uses multilayers of silicon strip detectors both as a gamma-ray converter and to track Compton recoil electrons and positron-electron pairs. The silicon strip detectors also measure the energy losses of these particles. For Compton events, the direction and energy of the Compton scattered gamma ray are measured with arrays of small CsI(TI)-photodiode detectors so that an unique direction and energy can be found for each incident gamma ray. The incident photon direction for pair events is found from the initial pair particle directions. TIGRE is the first Compton telescope with a direct imaging capability. With a large (pi) -steradian field-of-view, it is sensitive to gamma rays from 0.3 to 100 MeV with a typical energy resolution of 3% (FWHM) and a 1-(sigma) angular resolution of 40 arc-minutes at 2 MeV. A small balloon prototype instrument is being constructed that has a high absolute detection efficiency of 8% over the full energy range and a sensitivity of 10 milliCrabs for an exposure of 500,000 s. TIGRE's innovative design also uses the polarization dependence of the Klein-Nishina formula for gamma-ray source polarization measurements. The telescope will be described in detail and new results from measurements at 0.5 MeV and Monte Carlo calculations from 1 to 100 MeV will be presented.
Broccoli to baby greens, cauliflower to kimchi and potatoes to pea shoots: The culture of conflict among North Fork farmers

Long Island's North Fork, the bucolic one hundred mile stretch from gritty blue collar Riverhead to isolated Orient, jutting out into the Atlantic Ocean, is a veritable agricultural paradise. Once hosting thousands of acres of potato farms and apple orchards, it is slowly becoming a connect-the-dot between wineries, residential development communities, and elite golf courses. At first glance an obvious dichotomy exists between the glamorous style on the South Fork and the North Fork's working class spirit. However, further analysis proves that conflict remains paramount on multiple levels. It is evident on exploring the changing definition of small town within the American construction of rural, suburban and urban, the impact of urban imperialism on agricultural lifestyle and the local economic reliance on “agro-tainment”. Friction and conflict can be founds among all facets of life on the North Fork, perhaps threatening the future of its idyllic character.
Influence of Several Biotic Factors on Reproduction of Bucculatrix thurberiella

Maximum fecundity was attained only when oviposition substrate (cotton leaf discs) was continuously available to female cotton leafperforator moths. The presexual period for females is something less than 6–8 hours. Therefore, pupae must be isolated individually before moths emerge to ensure obtaining virgin perforators. Although egg production and fertility decreased with age of females at 1st mating, 3-wk-old females were surprisingly productive. Sex ratios up to 4:1 with either sex in excess had little effect on egg production and fertility, but ratios of 8:1 caused some reduction. The presence of males without contact will not stimulate normal egg production from females. Olfactory and visual cues apparently are not involved and only mating will stimulate maximum ovarian activity.
Arteries and veins: making a difference with zebrafish

Arteries and veins are structurally different and have long been functionally defined by the direction of blood flow that they carry. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that the identity of the endothelial cells that line these vessels is determined in the developing embryo, before circulation begins. Recent work on the zebrafish has led to the identification of signals that are responsible for arterial and venous differentiation of endothelial cells, and highlights the unique benefits of this model organism in the study of vascular development.
Use of the DIPPR Database for Development of Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship Correlations: Heat Capacity of Solid Organic Compounds †

Two group-contribution methods have been developed to estimate heat capacities of organic solids at ambient pressure. The power-law (PL) method utilizes an empirical temperature dependence, while the partition function (PF) method is based on the Einstein−Debye partition function for crystals with a modified frequency distribution function. Both methods have a fixed temperature functionality but utilize group contributions to obtain the compound-specific constants in the predictive equations. The training set for the group-contribution correlations consisted of 455 compounds and 7967 heat capacity data points. Both methods can be used for temperatures above 50 K, and they correlate the training set to within approximately 9.4 J·mol-1·K-1, corresponding to an average deviation of 6.8% for the PL method and 8.0% for the PF method. The PL method gives better results at lower temperatures, and the PF method at higher temperatures. Tests on the methods' extrapolation capabilities suggest that at 298 K they hav...
Model for Refraction of Water Waves

A simple explicit numerical model suitable for a personal computer is discussed that provides for the refraction and shoaling of linear and nonlinear water waves over irregular bathymetry, including wave‐current interaction. Finite‐differenced forms of the conservation of wave action and the irrotationality of the wave number equations are used in the model. Applications of the model to a planar shoreline, where Snell's law is valid, show that the model results are independent of the step size. Two other bathymetries are examined: one, an idealized coastline with a rip channel; and the other, a section of the New Jersey coastline. The model output is displayed in terms of wave height and direction vectors.
Genetic Association of the CHRNA6 and CHRNB3 Genes with Tobacco Dependence in a Nationally Representative Sample

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are activated by both endogenous acetylcholine and exogenous nicotine, making sequence variations in these receptors likely candidates for association with tobacco phenotypes. Previous studies have found evidence for significant association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genomic region containing the CHRNA6 and CHRNB3 genes and tobacco behaviors. In this study, we provide support for an association between these genes and tobacco dependence in the National Youth Survey Family Study wave 10, a nationally representative sample of households. Eight SNPs in the CHRNA6 and CHRNB3 genomic region were genotyped in 1051 subjects, approximately half of whom are members of sibling pairs. Genetic association with DSM-IV dependence was assessed using a family-based approach as implemented in the statistical package PBAT. Individual SNPs were tested for association with quit attempts and overall dependence. Variation in CHRNA6 was found to be associated with tobacco dependence (p=0.007 in Caucasians). SNPs in CHRNB3 were found to be associated with the number of quit attempts (p=0.0024). Together these results further implicate the region downstream of CHRNA6 and the region upstream of CHRNB3 in risk of nicotine dependence.
Maternal transfer of contaminants: case study of the excretion of three polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and technical-grade endosulfan into eggs by white Leghorn chickens (Gallus domesticus).

Reportedavian maternal transfer ratesof organochlorine contaminants range from 1% to as much as 20% of maternal body burdens. However, to our knowledge, no investigation of factors governing maternal transfer has been reported. Here, we report an investigation of maternal transfer of 2,3,3′,4,4′-pentachlorinated biphenyl (PCB 105), 2,3,3′,4,4′,5-hexachlorinated bi-phenyl (PCB 156), 2,3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-heptachlorinated biphenyl (PCB 189), and technical-grade endosulfan into eggs by white leghorn chickens (Gallus domesticus). Two experiments were performed to evaluate individual chemical excretion into eggs when hens were injected with each chemical individually (experiment one) or with a mixture of all four chemicals (experiment two). Each hen was injected subcutaneously every 4 d during a 21-d period with 100 μl of the dosing solution during both experiments. The mass of each chemical excreted into the egg was compared among eggs and with the mass injected into hens to determine the influence of chemical structure (experiment one) and interaction (experiment two) on maternal transfer of those chemicals into eggs. Maternal transfer of PCBs was inversely related to congener chlorination. The congener mass in eggs, as a percentage of the mass injected into hens, was 0.42% for PCB 189, 0.54% for PCB 156, and 0.61% for PCB 105. In experiment two, absolute excretion of only PCB 189 and α-endosulfan into eggs was affected by the presence of other chemicals. Excretion of PCB 189 (0.51%) and α-endosulfan (0.03%) increased and decreased, respectively, compared with when they were individually injected into hens during experiment one. Lastly, much less of the more metabolically susceptible endosulfan (0.04–0.12% of the mass injected) was excreted into the egg relative to PCBs, despite being injected into the hens at concentrations comparable with those of PCBs, suggesting, at least in avian species, lower maternal transfer of more metabolically susceptible chemicals.
SOME PROPERTIES OF DNA FROM ZOOXANTHELLAE HARBORED BY AN ANEMONE ANTHOPLEURA ELEGANTISSIMA1

SUMMARY Native DNA from the zooxanthellae harbored by an anemone, Anthopleura elegantissima consists of 2 species resolvable by differences in bouyant density in CsCl. Nuclear DNA has a density of 1.695 g/ml. Chloroplast DNA bands at a density of 1.688 g/ml. A third species of DNA, also with a density of 1.695 g/ml in the native state, is presumably mitochondrial DNA. It was detected in heat-denatured preparations. Nuclear DNA contains, in addition to the 4 usual bases, some 5-methyl cytosine. The latter was absent from chloroplast fractions.