cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Case Study and Survey-Based Assessment of the Management of Innovation and Technology

This paper provides a case study of a real-world organization and its management of technology and innovation (MTI). The study examines the structure, environment, and resources of the organization as they pertain to the MTI. Specifically, the organization is examined for the alignment of the MTI to the strategy and the competitive advantages. Subjective assessment of the state of MTI is made based on this examination. To support the assessment, the case study is augmented with survey data that examines perceptions of employees to the MTI, the alignment of the MTI as stated above, and several documented antecedents of creative and innovative organizations. The research concludes with recommendations for improvement based on propositions regarding the antecedents and correlation to the state of the MTI.
Context-Based Electronic Health Record: Toward Patient Specific Healthcare

Due to the increasingly data-intensive clinical environment, physicians now have unprecedented access to detailed clinical information from a multitude of sources. However, applying this information to guide medical decisions for a specific patient case remains challenging. One issue is related to presenting information to the practitioner: displaying a large (irrelevant) amount of information often leads to information overload. Next-generation interfaces for the electronic health record (EHR) should not only make patient data easily searchable and accessible, but also synthesize fragments of evidence documented in the entire record to understand the etiology of a disease and its clinical manifestation in individual patients. In this paper, we describe our efforts toward creating a context-based EHR, which employs biomedical ontologies and (graphical) disease models as sources of domain knowledge to identify relevant parts of the record to display. We hypothesize that knowledge (e.g., variables, relationships) from these sources can be used to standardize, annotate, and contextualize information from the patient record, improving access to relevant parts of the record and informing medical decision making. To achieve this goal, we describe a framework that aggregates and extracts findings and attributes from free-text clinical reports, maps findings to concepts in available knowledge sources, and generates a tailored presentation of the record based on the information needs of the user. We have implemented this framework in a system called Adaptive EHR, demonstrating its capabilities to present and synthesize information from neurooncology patients. This paper highlights the challenges and potential applications of leveraging disease models to improve the access, integration, and interpretation of clinical patient data.
Physical activity is related to quality of life in older adults

Physical activity is associated with health-related quality of life (HRQL) in clinical populations, but less is known whether this relationship exists in older men and women who are healthy. Thus, this study determined if physical activity was related to HRQL in apparently healthy, older subjects. Measures were obtained from 112 male and female volunteers (70 ± 8 years, mean ± SD) recruited from media advertisements and flyers around the Norman, Oklahoma area. Data was collected using a medical history questionnaire, HRQL from the Medical Outcomes Survey short form-36 questionnaire, and physical activity level from the Johnson Space Center physical activity scale. Subjects were separated into either a higher physically active group (n = 62) or a lower physically active group (n = 50) according to the physical activity scale. The HRQL scores in all eight domains were significantly higher (p 0.05) between the two groups. Healthy older adults who regularly participated in physical activity of at least moderate intensity for more than one hour per week had higher HRQL measures in both physical and mental domains than those who were less physically active. Therefore, incorporating more physical activity into the lifestyles of sedentary or slightly active older individuals may improve their HRQL.
Hispanic Subgroups, Acculturation, and Substance Abuse Treatment Outcomes

This study explored Hispanic subgroup differences in substance use treatment outcomes, and the relationship of acculturation characteristics to these outcomes. Data were from a multisite randomized clinical trial of motivational enhancement therapy versus treatment as usual in a sample of Spanish-speaking substance abusers. Participants were Cuban American (n=34), Mexican American (n=209), Puerto Rican (n=78), and other Hispanic American (n=54). Results suggested that Cuban Americans and individuals with more connection to Hispanic culture had lower treatment retention. Hispanics born in the U.S and those who spoke English at home had a lower percentage of days abstinent during weeks 5-16, although Puerto Ricans born in the U.S. and Cuban Americans living more years in the U.S. had a higher percentage of days abstinent in weeks 1-4 and 5-16, respectively. Results may inform future hypothesis-driven studies in larger Hispanic treatment seeking samples of the relationship between acculturation and treatment outcome.
Asian American Women And Racialized Femininities “Doing” Gender across Cultural Worlds

Integrating race and gender in a social constructionist framework, the authors examine the way that second-generation Asian American young women describe doing gender across ethnic and mainstream settings, as well as their assumptions about the nature of Asian and white femininities. This analysis of interviews with 100 daughters of Korean and Vietnamese immigrants finds that respondents narratively construct Asian and Asian American cultural worlds as quintessentially and uniformly patriarchal and fully resistant to change. In contradistinction, mainstream white America is constructed as the prototype of gender equality. Hence, Asian American and white American women serve in these accounts as uniform categorical representations of the opposing forces of female oppression and egalitarianism. The authors consider how the relational construction of hegemonic and subordinated femininities, as revealed through controlling images that denigrate Asian forms of gender, contribute to internalized oppression and ...
Electrophoretic separation and properties of winged bean seed trypsin inhibitor

Separation of the major trypsin inhibitor protein from crude extracts of winged bean seeds (WBTi) was accomplished using a cathodic polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoretic system. The molecular weight of the WBTi protein was determined to be about 20 000. Winged bean seed extracts showed trypsin-inhibiting (Ti) activity similar to soya bean seed extracts, but large genotypic differences of the Ti activity in winged beans were found. Preliminary studies on the effects of processing on WBTi indicate that aqueous extracts of WBTi are at least as heat-labile as the Ti of aqueous extracts of soya bean seeds. Autoclaving winged bean seed meal prior to protein extraction resulted in considerable reduction of protein solubility.
Item response models for longitudinal quality of life data in clinical trials.

Assessment of quality of life is becoming standard in clinical trials. A popular method for measuring quality of life is with instruments which utilize multiple-item subscales, in which each item is scored on a Likert scale. Most statistical methods for the analysis of quality of life data in clinical trials do not explicity consider the properties and psychometric features which were of interest in scale development. In this regard, the measurement and statistical summarization of quality of life data, along with the clinical interpretation, can be somewhat disjoint from the psychometric concerns of the development process. The aim of this paper is to address the complicated issues present in analysing multiple-item ordinal quality of life data in clinical trials while maintaining fidelity to the psychometrical foundations upon which quality of life instruments are built. Accomplishing this will require the development of item response models which recognize the longitudinal aspects of clinical trial designs as well as the potential problem of informatively missing data. A general item response modeling approach is presented for longitudinal multiple-item quality of life data measured on ordinal scales with model components for missing data mechanisms and latent trait regression on treatment indicators and other covariates.
Magnet shielding effectiveness of the proposed blankets for ITER

During the conceptual design phase of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), several tritium breeding blanket designs were proposed by the four international parties, the US, the USSR, Japan (J), and the European Community (EC). The US, J, and EC designs utilize solid breeders with beryllium multipliers, while the USSR proposes an LiPb blanket design. All blankets are water cooled and use 316 SS as structural material. The shielding effectiveness of the different blanket designs was compared on the same basis and the radiation level at the superconducting toroidal-field magnets was assessed. The analysis shows that the inboard (i/b) blanket, in particular, has significant impact on magnet damage and total heating. For the US design, all magnet radiation limits are met with the current 84-cm-thick i/b region. For the other designs, the i/b blanket design should be modified to satisfy the magnet radiation limits, or 3-7 cm additional i/b shielding should be provided depending on the blanket type. The impact of the latest divertor design on the magnet damage was also analyzed, and the combined effect of both blanket and divertor designs on the overall magnet heat load was assessed. >
Communicating with patients and their families about palliative and end-of-life care: comfort and educational needs of nurses

Introduction: Effectively discussing palliative care with patients and families requires knowledge and skill. The purpose of this study was to determine perceived needs of inpatient nurses for communicating with patients and families about palliative and end-of-life (EoL) care. Method: A non-experimental design was used. In total, 60 inpatient nurses from one hospital in Idaho completed the End of Life Professional Caregiver Survey (EPCS), which examines three domains: patient and family-centered communication, cultural and ethical values, and effective care delivery. Results: The number of years’ experience nurses had (F(9,131.57)=2.22, p=0.0246; Wilk's ^=0.709) and the unit they worked on (F(6,110)=2.49, p=0.0269; Wilk's ^=0.775) had a significant effect on their comfort discussing EoL and palliative care with patients and their families. For all three domains, years of nursing experience was positively associated with comfort in communicating about EoL care. Oncology nurses were most comfortable with r...
Cancer-associated TERT promoter mutations abrogate telomerase silencing

The bulk of the DNA in the human genome is divided between 23 pairs of chromosomes. The ends of these chromosomes contain a repetitive stretch of DNA known as a telomere. Every time a cell divides, a portion of the telomere is lost and can be restored by an enzyme called telomerase. If the telomeres shorten below a critical length, the cell can no longer divide and eventually dies. Thus, long telomeres increase the number of times a cell can divide. In the majority of human cells—with the exception of stem cells—telomerase activity is absent due to the down regulation of the active protein component (called TERT) after birth. Therefore, the telomeres in these cells shorten after each cell division. However, 90% of human cancers have very high TERT activity, which enables them to divide continuously to drive tumor growth. Genes are sections of DNA that code for proteins and other molecules. The start of a gene contains a region known as the promoter, which controls when and where in the body the gene is active. Cancer cells often contain mutations in the promoter of the gene that encodes TERT. However, it remains poorly understood how these mutations lead to the formation of tumors. Chiba et al. have now used a technique called genome editing to introduce mutations that are commonly found in cancer cells into the promoter of the gene for TERT in human embryonic stem cells. Unexpectedly, these changes did not increase the activity of the telomerase enzyme in these cells, nor did they increase the length of the telomeres. Chiba et al. next caused these genetically engineered stem cells to develop into more specialized cell types—such as nerve cells. These ‘differentiated’ cells normally silence the gene that encodes TERT, but the mutations prevented the gene from being silenced. This led to abnormally high levels of telomerase activity and long telomeres. The experiments also showed that TERT activity in these cells was similar to that found in cancer cells that can divide indefinitely. Cells containing the promoter mutations were then injected into mice. The cells formed a mass of tumors that contained very long telomeres. These results together suggest that cancer-causing mutations in the gene for TERT stop this gene from being properly silenced in more specialized cells, and that this, on its own, can promote the formation of tumors. These findings are likely to underpin future efforts to treat cancers by targeting the expression and activity of the telomerase enzyme.
Testosterone and estrogen have opposing actions on inflammation-induced plasma extravasation in the rat temporomandibular joint.

The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that estrogen exacerbates inflammation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Evans blue dye was used to quantify plasma extravasation (PE) arou...
MobileAct: applying mobile design and kinetic art to an interactive visualization tool

MobileAct is an interactive visualization tool that enables users to create their own visualizations and integrate visualized information into their daily tasks. It provides a novel interaction mechanism in which the mobile, one of the most well-known kinetic art forms, is used as an interactive visualization. The mobile structure transparently presents contextually relevant, balanced, and user-specific information through its key features, connectivity, and equilibrium. MobileAct's connected frame allows for visualization of hierarchical or relative information. Users can set structures and balancing factors of their data components based on their importance or frequency level. Using its balancing and scalable capabilities, users can obtain reflective feedback regarding their data patterns. The applications of MobileAct are designed and presented to describe its implementation details. Lastly, this paper suggests how MobileAct can be improved and how its design pattern will benefit future interactive visualizations.
Late-time behavior of stellar collapse and explosions. II. Nonlinear evolution.

We compare the predictions of linearized theory for the radiation produced in the collapse of a spherically symmetric scalar field with a full numerical integration of the Einstein equations. We find power-law tails and quasinormal ringing remarkably similar to predictions of linearized theory even in cases where nonlinearities are crucial. We also show that power-law tails develop even when the collapsing scalar field fails to produce a black hole.
Optical slot antennas for enhancement of WSe 2 spontaneous emission rate

The spontaneous emission rate of light emitters has been shown to have strong dependence on their local electromagnetic environment1. Optical antennas exploit this effect and can be used to greatly increase the spontaneous emission rate of a coupled light emitter. There have been several demonstrations of this effect with promising results using dye molecules and Er3+ ions2,3. It is predicted that spontaneous emission rate enhancements greater than 1000x can be achieved with optical antennas while maintaining greater than 50% optical efficiency4. Demonstration of large spontaneous emission enhancement of semiconductor light emitters could lead to low power, high efficiency, fast light sources useful for short-range optical communications. Transition metal dichalcogenides, such as WSe 2 , are promising candidates for the light emitter of such a nanoLED device because they are semiconductors that maintain good quantum efficiency even with a nanoscale dimension. In this work we demonstrate an optical slot antenna coupled to a monolayer of WSe 2 . Photoluminescence measurements show an increase of total light emission >700x when compared to WSe 2 that is not coupled to an antenna. We estimate a spontaneous emission rate enhancement of 318x is responsible for this huge increase in light emission.
Effect of Price Inefficiency on Idiosyncratic Risk and Stock Returns

This paper finds that price inefficiency in individual stocks contributes to expected idiosyncratic volatility. If idiosyncratic risk is priced, greater price inefficiency could be associated with higher expected returns. Consistent with this hypothesis, this paper then finds a positive relation between price inefficiency and future stock returns. This return premium of price inefficiency is not explained by traditional risk factors, illiquidity, or transactions costs. It is also evidently different from the return bias related to Jensen’s inequality. This paper thus provides new insights about the determinants of expected stock returns, and new supporting evidence that idiosyncratic risk is priced.
A PASTORAL THEOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO SOME RECENT BOOKS ON THE FAMILY

Concern for the family is not new, but lately there has been a lot more of it than usual. This article reviews some of the books that have recently appeared in pastoral theology and closely related fields and engages in dialogue with some of them. My response to the books is not particularly well balanced. In reviewing a number of books one gets "hooked" by some more than others. If I am unfair to some of the authors by lack of a lengthy response, I apologize and hope to be in further dialogue with them at some other time. The practical reason for agreeing to write this article was that I had already read about half of the books on the list as a part of putting together a course entitled "The Family in Context." The practical purpose for the course was to help students meet requirements for taking the marriage and family therapist licensing exam, but we were also concerned to examine contextual issues related to the family from a Christian theological and ethical point of view. My primaiy perspective in reviewing this literature is that of a pastoral counselor and supervisor of pastoral counseling and marital and family therapy. Although I have taught courses on the pastoral care of marriage and family and co-authored a book on that topic, I have spent much more of my time in working therapeutically with couples and families. Moreover, my wife and I have spent four or five years as patients in couples therapy. Thus, as both a consumer and a provider, I have been immersed in the practice of family therapy. Although in recent years I have been attempting to "widen my horizons" and to "care for worlds" as well as persons, I must acknowledge that my vision may not be wide enough to understand and interpret some of the challenges that affect the family today and which are addressed in the books I discuss in this review. Examining work on the family in a pastoral theological journal it seems important to say what I understand pastoral theology to be. It is a type of practical theology that attempts to reflect theologically upon particular experiences in which the care of the religious community is being expressed through its ministers. Pastoral theology is theology that emerges from the crucible of pastoral responsibility. Moreover, it is a type of theology that asserts the importance of those experiences and claims practical theological meaning for the idiosyncratic and the particular in human life. It is not all that theology is nor is it identical with the larger category of practical theology, but it does
A Central Organization for Fundamental Research on Rubber

Abstract Far-sighted leaders of the rubber industry have long recognized the need of more research on rubber, particularly research of a broad, fundamental character. Ambitious plans have been proposed from time to time for the sponsoring of such research by the rubber industry. The usual history of these plans is that they have been ably presented, discussed at length, and ultimately allowed to lapse. This paper, reviving the subject, is the outcome of a conversation with the forward-looking editor of India Rubber World, and is here presented at his suggestion in the hope that it may lead to new interest and ultimately to some tangible accomplishment. The present plan, which involves no essentially new or original features, is that a relatively small, but strong, central organization be created to undertake difficult, long-term, fundamental research on rubber and, at the same time, to promote research in universities and in industry by cooperation through the dissemination of information and by other means.
Modular assembly of metal-organic supercontainers incorporating sulfonylcalixarenes

A new strategy for the design of container molecules is presented. Sulfonylcalix[4]arenes, which are synthetic macrocyclic containers, are used as building blocks that are combined with various metal ions and tricarboxylate ligands to construct metal–organic “supercontainers” (MOSCs). These MOSCs possess both endo and exo cavities and thus mimic the structure of viruses. The synthesis of MOSCs is highly modular, robust, and predictable. The unique features of MOSCs are expected to provide exciting new opportunities for the exploration of their functional applications.
Room Temperature Dehydrogenation of Ethane to Ethylene

The transient titanium alkylidyne, (PNP)Ti≡CtBu (PNP = N[2-PiPr2-4-methylphenyl]2–), activates a C–H bond of ethane at room temperature, and a β-hydrogen of the resulting ethyl ligand is subsequently transferred to the adjacent alkylidene ligand to form an ethylene adduct of titanium. Treatment of the ethylene complex with two-electron oxidants such as organic azides results in extrusion of ethene concomitant with formation of a mononuclear titanium imido complex.
An update on narcissistic personality disorder.

Purpose of review This article will discuss the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 5 proposal for narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), and highlight some of the advantages of introducing a dual diagnostic approach that includes a dimensional conceptualization for identifying and diagnosing pathological narcissism and NPD, in addition to specific traits. Recent findings Reviews and studies have specifically highlighted how people with NPD behave and are observed by others, and the negative consequences of their behavior. Accounts on the subjective perspectives of pathological narcissism stem foremost from psychoanalytic and psychodynamic accounts, but they have remained relatively separated from diagnostic and empirical studies. Summary The new diagnostic approach to NPD can encourage a better integration of the clinicians' observations of indicators of pathological narcissism from an external perspective and the patients' formulations of their own subjective experiences and understanding of their problems.
Vasovasostomy: the flap technique.

AbstractThe approximation of 2 pairs of broad, transverse vas flaps at right angles to the reanastomosis permanently widens the opening into each vas lumen. All patients undergoing this procedure had sperm in the ejaculates 5 weeks postoperatively and by 6 months there was a pregnancy rate of 64 per cent.
Steps in the selection of protective clothing materials

Technological advances in the field of technical or high performance textiles have made it possible to engineer materials designed to meet specific needs. However, there is no ideal fabric that will provide protection against all hazards. Careful selection of appropriate textiles is crucial for the performance, use, care, and maintenance of protective clothing. Broadly, a clear understanding of the work environment and performance requirements, as well as knowledge of the textiles is essential for the decision making process. According to the OSHA Technical Manual, the greater the level of chemical protective clothing, the greater are the associated risks. For any given situation, equipment and clothing should be selected that provide an adequate level of protection. Overprotection as well as under-protection can be hazardous and should be avoided. In addition to protection, the selection of textiles takes into consideration factors such as the impact of protective clothing on job performance; comfort; durability; availability, and cost; use, care, and maintenance, and cultural factors. To select protective clothing materials, relevant factors have to be identified and prioritized in a multi-step process. This chapter presents a model of the decision-making process and provides some examples of the level of detail necessary in each step. It also describes an online system as a case study to illustrate how technology can be used to assist in the selection of textile materials for protective clothing.
An E-band, scalable 2×2 phased-array transceiver using high isolation injection locked oscillators in 90nm SiGe BiCMOS

This paper presents the first E-band phased array transceiver that uses injection locked oscillators (ILOs) for beamforming. We propose a current injection distribution network with wide locking range and high isolation. A 2×2 bidirectional transceiver is demonstrated to operate from 71–86 GHz and measurements verify that each oscillator can be controlled independently with phase shift over ±300 degrees with < 5° phase error and under 0.9 dB amplitude variation. Each channel has a 9.5-dB noise figure in RX mode and a 10-dBm output power in TX mode. The phase noise of the locked oscillator exhibits less than 2.5 dB variation across the phase steering range. The 90-nm SiGe BiCMOS chip consumes 386.4 mW in TX mode and 286 mW in RX mode per channel.
Productive and counterproductive interviewing techniques: Do law enforcement investigators know the difference?

To date, there has been very little research examining the knowledge and perceived use of productive and counterproductive investigative interviewing techniques by U.S. law enforcement. The current study attempted to address this gap in the literature by presenting 212 U.S. law enforcement interviewers with video vignettes depicting productive and counterproductive interviewing techniques via an online survey. Interviewers were asked to identify each technique, report their use of each technique, and give their reasons for use and nonuse, respectively. In a subsequent section of the survey, participants were given the names and descriptions of the techniques previously shown in the videos and asked to rate the efficacy of each technique. Investigative interview training experience and knowledge of the National Institute of Justice guidelines for eyewitness evidence were also assessed. Results revealed that real-world interviewers report using productive techniques more frequently than counterproductive techniques and that the primary reason for using any interviewing technique is its perceived efficacy in gathering accurate and plentiful information. Participants also rated productive techniques as being more effective at gathering accurate and plentiful information compared to counterproductive techniques. Of participants who reported receiving academy training after the National Institute of Justice guidelines were released, only 14.6% indicated that their interview training was based on those guidelines. Taken together, law enforcement investigators presented a general awareness that using productive witness interviewing techniques elicits more plentiful, accurate information from witnesses.
Hybrid Nd:YAG/Nd:YVO 4 diode-pumped, Q-switched laser

The efficient generation of short, Q-switched laser pulses by diode-pumped solid-state lasers is of considerable interest for many applications. However, achieving this goal involves a compromise between maximizing the pulse energy and minimizing the pulse duration. Since the pulse energy depends on the energy-storage capability of the laser medium, maximizing this parameter implies the use of a material with low stimulated emission cross section and long fluorescent lifetime, Conversely, the pulse duration decreases with increasing small-signal gain and reduction of the optical resonator decay time, so that high-gain laser materials and very Short optical resonators are desirable for the generation of the shortest possible pulses.
Repeated whole cigarette smoke exposure alters cell differentiation and augments secretion of inflammatory mediators in air-liquid interface three-dimensional co-culture model of human bronchial tissue

In vitro models of human bronchial epithelium are useful for toxicological testing because of their resemblance to in vivo tissue. We constructed a model of human bronchial tissue which has a fibroblast layer embedded in a collagen matrix directly below a fully-differentiated epithelial cell layer. The model was applied to whole cigarette smoke (CS) exposure repeatedly from an air-liquid interface culture while bronchial epithelial cells were differentiating. The effects of CS exposure on differentiation were determined by histological and gene expression analyses on culture day 21. We found a decrease in ciliated cells and perturbation of goblet cell differentiation. We also analyzed the effects of CS exposure on the inflammatory response, and observed a significant increase in secretion of IL-8, GRO-α, IL-1β, and GM-CSF. Interestingly, secretion of these mediators was augmented with repetition of whole CS exposure. Our data demonstrate the usefulness of our bronchial tissue model for in vitro testing and the importance of exposure repetition in perturbing the differentiation and inflammation processes.
Investigating economic specialization on the central Peruvian coast: A reconstruction of Late Intermediate Period Ychsma diet using stable isotopes.

Objectives Hypothetical models of socioeconomic organization in pre-Columbian societies generated from the rich ethnohistoric record in the New World require testing against the archaeological and bioarchaeological record. Here, we test ethnohistorian Maria Rostworowski's horizontality model of socioeconomic specialization for the Central Andean coast by reconstructing dietary practices in the Late Intermediate Period (c. AD 900-1470) Ychsma polity to evaluate complexities in social behaviors prior to Inka imperial influence. Materials and methods Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of archaeological human bone collagen and apatite (δ13Ccol[VPDB], δ15Ncol[AIR], δ13Cap[VPDB]) and locally available foods is used to reconstruct the diets of individuals from Armatambo (n = 67), associated ethnohistorically with fishing, and Rinconada Alta (n = 46), associated ethnohistorically with agriculture. Results Overall, mean δ15Ncol[AIR] is significantly greater at Armatambo, while mean δ13Ccol[VPDB] and mean δ13Cap[VPDB] are not significantly different between the two sites. Within large-scale trends, adult mean δ13Cap[VPDB] is significantly greater at Armatambo. In addition, nearly one-third of Armatambo adults and adolescents show divergent δ15Ncol[AIR] values. Discussion These results indicate greater reliance on marine resources at Armatambo versus Rinconada Alta, supporting the ethnohistoric model of socioeconomic specialization for the Central Andean coast. Deviations from large-scale dietary trends suggest complexities not accounted for by the ethnohistoric model, including intra-community subsistence specialization and/or variation in resource access.
Consumer-driven nutrient dynamics in freshwater ecosystems: from individuals to ecosystems.

The role of animals in modulating nutrient cycling [hereafter, consumer-driven nutrient dynamics (CND)] has been accepted as an important influence on both community structure and ecosystem function in aquatic systems. Yet there is great variability in the influence of CND across species and ecosystems, and the causes of this variation are not well understood. Here, we review and synthesize the mechanisms behind CND in fresh waters. We reviewed 131 articles on CND published between 1973 and 1 June 2015. The rate of new publications in CND has increased from 1.4 papers per year during 1973–2002 to 7.3 per year during 2003–2015. The majority of investigations are in North America with many concentrating on fish. More recent studies have focused on animal-mediated nutrient excretion rates relative to nutrient demand and indirect impacts (e.g. decomposition). We identified several mechanisms that influence CND across levels of biological organization. Factors affecting the stoichiometric plasticity of consumers, including body size, feeding history and ontogeny, play an important role in determining the impact of individual consumers on nutrient dynamics and underlie the stoichiometry of CND across time and space. The abiotic characteristics of an ecosystem affect the net impact of consumers on ecosystem processes by influencing consumer metabolic processes (e.g. consumption and excretion/egestion rates), non-CND supply of nutrients and ecosystem nutrient demand. Furthermore, the transformation and transport of elements by populations and communities of consumers also influences the flow of energy and nutrients across ecosystem boundaries. This review highlights that shifts in community composition or biomass of consumers and eco-evolutionary underpinnings can have strong effects on the functional role of consumers in ecosystem processes, yet these are relatively unexplored aspects of CND. Future research should evaluate the value of using species traits and abiotic conditions to predict and understand the effects of consumers on ecosystem-level nutrient dynamics across temporal and spatial scales. Moreover, new work in CND should strive to integrate knowledge from disparate fields of ecology and environmental science, such as physiology and ecosystem ecology, to develop a comprehensive and mechanistic understanding of the functional role of consumers. Comparative and experimental studies that develop testable hypotheses to challenge the current assumptions of CND, including consumer stoichiometric homeostasis, are needed to assess the significance of CND among species and across freshwater ecosystems.
Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint Injury

Various common injuries in the shoulder, humerus, and elbow are investigated in this section. Significant attention is paid not only to proper diagnostic examination and imaging, but also to optimal non-operative and operative treatment options to manage these conditions.
Editor’s Keyboard

The most important recent advances in library science, it seems, have all-or nearly all-come from the field of information technology. Of these improvements, none has been more impressive than the astounding gains made through the development of Web technology. And yet, in spite of the ways these changes have transformed the manner in which people behave and work in libraries, the original function of the library persists, including its role as a place where people encounter collections of books and other tangible objects not through the ethereal Internet, but physically, in present places.
Capturing the Art of Public Service: The Government’s Perspective

Public Service, in popular culture, can be viewed through many artistic lenses. Although there has been a consistent negative portrayal of government through art forms such as film and television, this research looks to review how government institutions in the United States have used art to provide a positive portrayal of public service. Eight forms of public service art are outlined through a content analysis of the holdings at the Virtual Museum of Public Service. The findings show that government and public entities have historically and continually engaged in promoting public service through art. Many of these public art examples are accessible year round, without limitations, such as buildings, statues, and public structures.
Structures and mechanisms in clay nanopore trapping of structurally-different fluoroquinolone antimicrobials

Smectite clay nanoparticles are implicated in the retention of antimicrobials within soils and sediments; these clays are also inspected as drug carriers in physiological systems. Cation exchange is considered the primary adsorption mechanism of antimicrobials within smectite nanopores. However, a dual role of acid-base chemistry and adsorptive structures is speculated by recent studies. Using the prototypical smectite clay montmorillonite, we employed a combination of X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the interlayer nanopore trapping of two structurally-different fluoroquinolone (FQ) antimicrobials with similar acid-base chemistry: ciprofloxacin (a first-generation FQ) and moxifloxacin (a third-generation FQ). Greater sorption at pH 5.0 than at pH 7.0 for both FQs was consistent with cation-exchange of positively-charged species. However, the clay exhibited a near twofold higher sorption capacity for moxifloxacin than for ciprofloxacin. This difference was shown by the XRD data to be accompanied by enhanced trapping of moxifloxacin within the clay interlayers. Using the XRD-determined nanopore sizes, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of thermodynamically-favorable model adsorbates, which revealed that ciprofloxacin was adsorbed parallel to the clay surface but moxifloxacin adopted a tilted conformation across the nanopore. These conformations resulted in more slowly-exchanged than quickly-exchanged Na complexes with ciprofloxacin compared with moxifloxacin. These different Na populations were also captured by 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance. Furthermore, the simulated adsorbates uncovered different complexation interactions that were corroborated by infrared spectroscopy. Therefore, beyond acid-base chemistry, our findings imply that distinct adsorbate structures control antimicrobial trapping within clay nanopores, which can promote persistence in environmental matrices and stable delivery in biological systems.
Water-based synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles with cuboidal and spherical shapes using luteolin tetraphosphate at room temperature

The demand for eco-friendly synthetic methods of metal nanoparticles is on the rise. We hereby present a green approach for a one pot synthesis of nontoxic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using water soluble, naturally-derived luteolin tetraphosphate (LTP). LTP was used as the reducing and capping agent using water as the solvent excluding the use of other capping agents. The synthesis was achieved by varying the concentrations of the metal precursor and the reducing agent to form spherical and cuboidal AuNPs and spherical & quasi spherical AgNPs, respectively. The AgNPs and AuNPs were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive absorption spectroscopy (EDS) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). TEM images showed that the resulting AuNPs exhibited cuboidal characteristics with average particle sizes ranging from 16 to 23 nm, whereas those of the spherical nanoparticles of the synthesized AuNPs ranged from 8 nm to 11 nm. However, the average edge length of truncated AuNCs ranged from 372 nm to 509 nm. The average particle size for the spherical AgNPs ranged from 12 to 13 nm, whereas that of the larger quasi-spherical AgNPs ranged from 10 nm to 100 nm, respectively. Additional quantitative metrics assessing the properties of the nanomaterials made by our water-based, greener synthesis method and those made by other methods include lattice constant values of gold nanocubes (AuNCs) with TEM images, XRD data and 3-D models of the fcc structure using the Vesta software. The TEM images of AuNCs exhibited slightly truncated edges which are in agreement with AuNCs synthesized using organic solvents. Furthermore, the lattice constant of the SAED pattern of the AuNCs was calculated to be 4.052 A which is in agreement with that for fcc gold of 4.078 A (JCPDS 04-0784) and comparable to that for AuNCs in the literature of 4.068 A. This confirms that the synthesized AuNCs were achieved at room temperature without using organic reducing solvents and toxic capping agents. The synthesized LTP derived AuNPs were found to maintain stability for a period of 8 months compared to those synthesized using luteolin alone which showed stability for only 336 hours.
A Systematic Method for Approximate Circuit Design Using Feature Selection

As the size of technology reaches deep nanometer realm, the improvements in area, power, and timing resulting from developments in scaling have started to see a decrease. Alternative approaches to explore design space to achieve energy-efficient digital systems are of great interest in recent years. Approximate computing in hardware design has emerged as a promising paradigm which seeks to trade off the requirement of accuracy for reduction in power consumption and hardware cost. This paper presents a systematic and scalable method for approximate circuit design by employing data-driven feature selection techniques rather than using statistical or theoretical analysis, which is extremely suitable for applications at a larger scale. A case study on approximate multiplier is presented to demonstrate the proposed design flow. Our experimental results show that the proposed approach could achieve better area/power saving and comparable error performance with other existing manual approximate multiplier designs, while greatly reducing the design workload and complexity.
Joint Modeling of Text and Networks for Cascade Prediction

A critical research problem about information cascades, which is a central topic of social network analysis, is to predict the potential influence or the future growth of cascades. Recent developments of deep learning have provided promising alternatives, which no longer rely on heavy feature engineering efforts and instead learn the representation of cascade graphs in an end-to-end manner. In reality, however, the influence of a cascade not only depends on the cascade graph and the global network structure, but also largely relies on the content of the cascade and the preferences of users. In this work, we extend the deep learning approaches to cascade prediction by jointly modeling the content and the structure of cascades. We find that text information provides a valuable addition for the learning of cascade graphs, especially when some users (nodes) have rarely participated in the past cascades. To this end, a gating mechanism is introduced to dynamically fuse the structural and textual representations of nodes based on their respective properties. Attentions are employed to incorporate the text information associated with both cascade items and nodes. Empirical experiments demonstrate that incorporating text information brings a significant improvement to cascade prediction, and that the proposed model outperforms alternative ways to combine text and networks.
Modulation of Central and Peripheral Rhythmicity in the Heartbeat System of the Leech

Rhythmic movements are programmed by peripheral myogenic oscillators or central neural oscillators called pattern generators (Delcomyn, 1980; Roberts and Roberts, 1983). For peripherally programed rhythms, such as heartbeat in vertebrates, the muscles involved usually produce an endogenous polarization rhythm that drives their contractions. Myogenic oscillators have been amenable to experimental analysis because muscle is readily accessible to cellular techniques (Noble, 1979; Jewell and Ruegg, 1966). For centrally programed rhythms, such as walking, breathing, and chewing, the basic pattern of motor discharge underlying the rhythm can be produced by a part of the CNS that is isolated from all phasic sensory input. Thus a central pattern generator—a network of central neurons that requires at most tonic input to produce an oscillatory output—drives the coordinated pattern of rhythmic motor outflow. Over the past twenty years, we have developed an experimental understanding of how central pattern generators work. Most of this progress has occurred in a few favorable invertebrate preparations (Selverston and Miller, 1984; Getting, 1983; Calabrese and Peterson, 1983) where, owing to the restricted number of neurons in the CNS and the ease with which these neurons are identified and experimentally manipulated, a rigorous cellular approach is possible.
Neuropharmacological Tests of the Reciprocal Interaction Model of Sleep Cycle Control

ABSTRACT It is known that the mammalian sleep cycle is controlled by the pontine brainstem and cellular evidence suggests that the giant cells of the pontine reticular formation (FTG) are part of an active neuronal generator system for the desynchronized D (or REM) phase of the cycle. Based upon our own results of single cell recording studies and the results of others reported in the sleep pharmacology literature, the reciprocal interaction theory of sleep cycle control proposes that these “D-on” cells of the FTG are cholinergically excited and that they are normally inhibited by D-off neurons in the aminergic nuclei. The results of work summarized in this paper show that FTG cells and D sleep behavior can both be experimentally activated with cholinergic agonists. The degree of control of D sleep behavior provided by the cholinergic microstimulation technique is unprecedented in the sleep physiology literature.
Schizophrenia: a theory.

A theory is developed along the following lines: Schizophrenia is basically an illness; the variety of clinical syndromes can perhaps be understood as adaptations to a single deficit; and the multiplicity of ‘causes’ or aggravating factors can be seen as factors producing acute or chronic stress. Thus both apparent complexities could be compatible with a single basic deficit which includes vulnerability to stress.
ICTs for education and development in rural communities

Proficiency in ICT skills is now regarded as important as basic reading and writing skills. In order to achieve computer literacy among the entire population, ICTs should be incorporated into the formal education system of a country. It must be noted however, that this process does not begin and end with putting computers in schools. Maximum use and benefits can only be derived through corresponding changes in approach to teacher training, curriculum development and administration. Overall, the support from teachers and the community is necessary to ensure the success of strategic initiatives. This can only be achieved by involving input from representatives of all stakeholder groups, for the development and implementation of the necessary policies and strategies. To gauge the extent to which this goal achieves transformational development, which is sustainable, practical measures will have to be put in place.
Relating things and stuff by high-order potential modeling

In the last few years, substantially different approaches have been adopted for segmenting and detecting "things" (object categories that have a well defined shape such as people and cars) and "stuff" (object categories which have an amorphous spatial extent such as grass and sky). This paper proposes a framework for scene understanding that relates both things and stuff by using a novel way of modeling high order potentials. This representation allows us to enforce labelling consistency between hypotheses of detected objects (things) and image segments (stuff) in a single graphical model. We show that an efficient graph-cut algorithm can be used to perform maximum a posteriori (MAP) inference in this model. We evaluate our method on the Stanford dataset [1] by comparing it against state-of-the-art methods for object segmentation and detection.