cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 3284: Influence of Blood Clot Age, Density and Thrombin Content on In Vitro Sonothrombolysis Rate and Efficacy

Sonothrombolysis (STBL) uses ultrasound to lyse thrombi that cause stroke, myocardial infarct and other vascular occlusion diseases; and efficacy is improved markedly by combining tPA and/or microbubbles (MBs) with ultrasound. The efficacy of in vitro STBL varies considerably depending upon how blood clots are formed. However, the relationship between the physical and chemical nature of blood clots and STBL efficacy has not been quantified. This study measured the effects that clot age, density and thrombin content had on STBL efficacy and the ability of tPA and MBs to complement STBL. Blood clots with different characteristics were produced by mixing pooled rabbit plasma with rabbit blood cells, adding varied amounts of thrombin and calcium, followed by incubation at 37 o C in glass tubes for 3 h to 72 h. Blood clots were then cured at 5 o C for 24 h to 72 h. The volume and mass density of the clots were measured, 9-11 mg pieces were cut from the main clot, weighed and then insonated with 1 MHz, pulsed (20% duty factor) ultrasound in a Mylar chamber through which fresh rabbit serum containing tPA and or MBs was flowed continuously past the clot. STBL efficacy was measured as % of clot mass lysed in 15 min. For clots incubated 3 h to 24 h at 37 o C with 5 mM Ca + 2 and 5 U of thrombin, maximal STBL with ultrasound plus tPA was observed with 0.1 mg/ml tPA for all ultrasonic intensities tested. Using MBs (1.0-2.5 x10 8 /ml) produced a comparable level of STBL. More effective STBL was produced by combining tPA with MBs, even with reduced tPA concentrations (0.006-0.01 mg/ml). However, increasing clot thrombin, up to 60 U, proportionally reduced STBL efficacy with tPA or MBs, and combining tPA with MBs no longer produced an additive STBL effect. This was also true for clots incubated with 25 mM Ca + 2 that did not contract and thus had a fourfold lower mass density. Increasing thrombin levels produced clots whose STBL efficacy was markedly lower with either tPA or MBs, and for which combining tPA with MBs produced no additive STBL effect. Hence, the level of thrombin used during clot formation (and putatively the degree of fibrin networks) was the major factor in determined STBL efficacy and whether or not tPA combined with MBs were additive in potentiating STBL. Surprisingly, the mass density of the clot alone had no effect on STBL efficacy.
Hydrologic Footprint Residence: A New Metric to Assess Hydrological Alterations Due to Urbanization

Urbanization modifies hydrological processes in a watershed as surface alterations, such as the use of impervious cover, increase runoff volumes and modify the temporal patterns of the hydrograph. Higher peak flows and increased flood duration often lead to erosion and degradation of ecosystems. Typically, the peak flow for a design storm is used to assess the impact of land use change on the hydrological cycle. This approach, however, does not capture the extent of hydrologic change and impact on downstream communities. Floodplains have an important function in controlling downstream floods and sustaining sensitive ecosystems. This research proposes a new metric to quantify the effects of development based on the change in floodplain areas. The Hydrologic Footprint Residence (HFR) is proposed to evaluate the modification of floodplain areas and duration of a flood's residence. HFR can be used to analyze hydrological changes, gauge riparian ecosystem health, and develop watershed management plans. The use of HFR is demonstrated for a case study located on the Texas A&M University campus to evaluate the hydrologic impact of watershed development.
Online deuterium hydrogen exchange and protein digestion coupled with ion mobility spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry.

Online deuterium hydrogen exchange (DHX) and pepsin digestion (PD) is demonstrated using drift tube ion mobility spectrometry (DTIMS) coupled with linear ion trap (LTQ) mass spectrometry (MS) with electron transfer dissociation (ETD) capabilities. DHX of deuterated ubiquitin, followed by subsequent quenching and digestion, is performed within ∼60 s, yielding 100% peptide sequence coverage. The high reproducibility of the IMS separation allows spectral feature matching between two-dimensional IMS-MS datasets (undeuterated and deuterated) without the need for dataset alignment. Extracted ion drift time distributions (XIDTDs) of deuterated peptic peptides are mobility-matched to corresponding XIDTDs of undeuterated peptic peptides that were identified using collision-induced dissociation (CID). Matching XIDTDs allows a straightforward identification and deuterium retention evaluation for labeled peptides. Aside from the mobility separation, the ion trapping capabilities of the LTQ, combined with ETD, are dem...
Production of Tolerance in the Rat to Octamethyl Pyrophosphoramide (OMPA).

SummaryThe cumulative effect of OMPA in rats has been confirmed. It was possible to induce a tolerance to OMPA by gradually increasing the daily dose or by treating the animals daily with a sublethal dose for a prolonged period. Animals prepared in this manner were able to tolerate for several weeks, without symptoms, a daily dose which would normally kill all rats in a few days. No gross or microscopic pathological changes were seen in the organs of the rats examined in this study.
Resolution of osteosclerosis after alloHCT in systemic mastocytosis

![Figure][1] A 52-year-old man received HLA-matched sibling allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) for aggressive systemic mastocytosis (ASM) with KITD816V mutation. Diffuse or focal osteosclerosis, common in systemic mastocytosis, was seen in this patient (panels A-B;
Age at the Time of Surgery and Maintenance of Head Size in Nonsyndromic Sagittal Craniosynostosis.

BACKGROUND Repair of nonsyndromic sagittal craniosynostosis should durably improve intracranial volume and cranial index. The optimal timing of surgery is not known. The authors previously reported reoperation in patients aged younger than 6 months at primary repair. METHODS Patients undergoing primary reconstruction for sagittal craniosynostosis before age 1 year between 2005 and 2013 at Oregon Health & Science University underwent retrospective computed tomographic determination of cranial index and intracranial volume preoperatively and 2 years postoperatively and head circumference measurements until age 6 years. RESULTS Fifty-six patients undergoing operation before their first birthday were studied in two groups: those younger than 6 months [34 (61 percent)] and those aged 6 months or older at the time of operation. Head circumference percentile increased immediately after surgery but decreased at 1 and 2 years after surgery, significantly more so in patients younger than 6 months (p < 0.015 at 1 year; p < 0.011 at 2-year follow-up). Mean 2-year postoperative cranial index was significantly increased in both groups (p < 0.001), which did not differ preoperatively (younger than 6 months, 76.5; 6 months or older, 78.0) or 2 years postoperatively (younger than 6 months, 88.4; 6 months or older, 87.1; p = not significant). Intracranial volume increased in all patients from before surgery to 2 years postoperatively and was higher in the patients aged 6 months or older (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Cranial reconstruction for nonsyndromic sagittal craniosynostosis improved cranial index equally in all patients but increased head circumference and intracranial volume significantly more in patients who underwent surgical reconstruction at age 6 months or older. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, III.
The Masking of the Decline in Manufacturing Employment by the Housing Bubble

The employment-to-population ratio among prime-aged adults aged 25–54 has fallen substantially since 2000. The explanations proposed for the decline in the employment-to-population ratio have been of two broad types. One set of explanations emphasizes cyclical factors associated with the recession; the second set of explanations focuses on the role of longer-run structural factors. In this paper, we argue that while the decline in manufacturing and the consequent reduction in demand for less-educated workers put downward pressure on their employment rates in the pre-recession 2000–2006 period, the increased demand for less-educated workers because of the housing boom was simultaneously pushing their employment rates upwards. For a few years, the housing boom served to "mask" the labor market effects of manufacturing decline for less-educated workers. When the housing market collapsed in 2007, there was a large, immediate decline in employment among these workers, who faced not only the sudden disappearance of jobs related to the housing boom, but also the fact that manufacturing's steady decline during the early 2000s left them with many fewer opportunities in that sector than had existed at the start of the decade.
Intelligence as Intuition

Intelligence intuits by employing the same immediately given mental content with which the psyche feels and consciousness senses. The psyche feels its own feeling without distinguishing anything objective from its sensibility, whereas consciousness is certain of the being of what it senses without thereby apprehending that sense-certainty is a product of mind. By contrast, intuiting intelligence apprehends the same manifold comprising feeling and sensation but relates to it immediately as both a subjective and an objective determination.
The Research on the Developing directions of the Cultivating System of Competitive Reserved Talents in China

In our era,the developing directions of the cultivating system of competitive reserved talants in China had distinctly advanced and appeared some new changes."three levels of training network" reflects many shortcomings,which were not conducive to develop the competitive talents.According to the condition in our country,we should put forward to establish our belief in educating talents,and definite our thoughts on the "people-oriented" concept,in order to open up the sources and achieve our goals in efficiency improvement,and also need to optimize and combine all those essential points to raise an educational system.Using the guiding ideology of "fewer but better troops",we're preparing to reconstruct the cultivating system of competitive reserved talents in China.Reconstruction of the pool of sports training system.Relying on the educational system,well explore s system,which will be managed by the authorities and led by the concept that "combination of sports and education" to develop competitive reserved talents and built up advanced competitive teams.Follow the road of sustainable development will be the only way to develop the cultivating competitive reserved talents in future.
POSTER: Reliable and Efficient Protection of Consumer Privacy in Advanced Metering Infrastructure

We are investigating a novel approach towards reliable and efficient protection of consumer privacy in the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). In the smart grid, one of the main concerns of consumers is associated with the usage of the smart meters and how utility companies handle energy consumption data, which can potentially reveal sensitive and private information about consumers. Current solutions provide privacy-preserving protocols using zero-knowledge proofs and homomorphic encryption, which work on aggregated smart meter data. There is still lack of an integrated solution that enables privacy preservation with access to fine-grained data such that opportunities of making energy consumption more efficient are not sacrificed. Such access will also enable other forms of advanced intelligent analysis like energy fraud detection. In this regard, we propose a three-tier privacy preservation model that includes secure communication among smart meters, utility company, and a Trusted Third Party (TTP) using Certificateless Public Key Encryption and AES 128. It is a flexible framework allowing protection of consumer privacy such that only consumers can securely retrieve their fine-grained readings through the TTP’s web-portal. This protocol supports dynamic rate utilization as well as data mining for advanced analysis. In addition, the proposed secure framework satisfies computational resource limitations in the Advanced Metering Infrastructure and provides a scalable solution for efficient consumer privacy-preserving billing.
Cephazolin: A Comparison to Ampicillin in Respiratory and Urinary Infections with Dosage Regulation by a Nomogram:

Cephazolin sodium was shown to be as effective as ampicillin in the treatment of respiratory and urinary system infections in patients who were infected with susceptible organisms and had a much less troublesome side reaction rate of hypersensitivity type. In addition, it was found that predictable blood levels of cephazolin could be obtained in patients with renal failure when dosage was regulated according to a nomogram calculated from the patient's serum half-life based on clearance of creatinine.
Deformation and Fracture of Intermetallic Compounds Having the L12 Crystal Structure

Intermetallic compounds having the L12 structure show many unusual mechanical properties. For example, many show an anomalous temperature dependence of the flow stress which has been related in various models to the structure of screw dislocation cores. Others, however, show a bcc-like behavior, which also has been related to core structures. Apparently unrelated to the flow behavior, L12 compounds also have a tendency for brittleness at low temperatures, with failure either occurring by transgranular cleavage or by intergranular failure mechanisms. Cleavage in some L12 materials, e.g. Fe-modified Al3Ti, tends to occur on a remarkably large number of planes in both poly- and single crystals. The cleavage resistance of this material can be slightly increased only by Mn additions. Ni3Al, on the other hand, tends to fail intergranularly, unless the grain boundaries contain B, and even then, failure under triaxial stress states tends to occur intergranularly. Intergranular cracks propagate randomly through the grain boundaries of Ni3Al with little preference for boundaries of any particular type, except that cracks tend to avoid symmetrical twin and low angle tilt boundaries. In this paper our current understanding of the flow and fracture behavior of this class of materials will be reviewed.
Defining the role of pneumococcal neuraminidases and O-glycosidase in pneumococcal haemolytic uraemic syndrome

The host and bacterial factors that lead to development of pneumococcal haemolytic uraemic syndrome (pHUS) remain poorly defined; however, it is widely believed that pneumococcal exposure of the Thomsen–Friedenreich antigen (T-antigen) on host surfaces is a key step in pathogenesis. Two enzymatic activities encoded by pneumococci determine the level of T-antigen exposed. Neuraminidases cleave terminal sialic acid to expose the T-antigen which is subsequently cleaved by O-glycosidase Eng. While a handful of studies have examined the role of neuraminidases in T-antigen exposure, no studies have addressed the potential role of O-glycosidase. This study used 29 pHUS isolates from the USA and 31 serotype-matched controls. All isolates contained eng, and no significant correlation between enzymatic activity and disease state (pHUS and blood non-pHUS isolates) was observed. A prior study from Taiwan suggested that neuraminidase NanC contributes to the development of pHUS. However, we observed no difference in nanC distribution. Similar to previously published data, we found no significant correlation between neuraminidase activity and disease state. Accurate quantification of these enzymatic activities from bacteria grown in whole blood is currently impossible, but we confirmed that there were no significant correlations between disease state and neuraminidase and O-glycosidase transcript levels after incubation in blood. Genomic sequencing of six pHUS isolates did not identify any genetic elements possibly contributing to haemolytic uraemic syndrome. These findings support the hypothesis that while exposure of T-antigen may be an important step in disease pathogenesis, host factors likely play a substantial role in determining which individuals develop haemolytic uraemic syndrome after pneumococcal invasive disease.
Electron Scattering and Diffraction

Clinton Joseph Davisson (1881–1958) was born in Bloomington, Illinois.1 He enrolled at the University of Chicago in 1902 after graduating from the public high school. Before finishing his Bachelor of Science degree, however, he was hired as a part-time physics instructor by Princeton University. During his time at Princeton, he was able to complete the requirements for his undergraduate degree by returning to Chicago during summer sessions. He eventually earned his Ph.D. from Princeton in 1911, writing a dissertation under the guidance of O.W. Richardson On The Thermal Emission of Positive Ions From Alkaline Earth Salts. Davisson then went on to serve as an instructor at the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburg until 1917, when he moved to the Western Electric Company (later Bell Telephone Laboratories) in New York City. This industrial research position, which initially consisted in war-related work, eventually provided Davisson with the freedom to do scientific research which he lacked in his previous academic appointment. While at Western Electric, Davisson studied the ejection of electrons from metals by heat (thermionic emission) and by bombardment with other electrons. This latter research program eventually led to his famous work, in collaboration with Lester Germer, for which Davisson was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1937. The famous Davisson-Germer experiment is described in the reading selection below. It begins with a short introduction by the editor of the Bell System Technical Journal, in which the article was published in 1928.
Commentary on “Evaluation of ureteral jet dynamics in pediatric kidney stone formers: A cross-sectional study”

Increasing prevalence and cost [1,2] have made pediatric urolithiasis a prominent topic of urologic conversation. Urolithiasis imaging techniques, however, are becoming increasingly controversial [3,4]. Thus, the article by Celik et al. [5] is both timely and important. The authors found that children with lower pole renal stones had significantly slower ureteral jets than did children without visible stones. So should we all begin using ureteral jet dynamics as standard urolithiasis evaluation? As with most scientific questions, the devil is in the details. In caseecontrol studies, it is crucial to use an appropriate control group. In this case, one should include children who are at average risk of developing a future stone. Given that the controls for this study were drawn from urology and nephrology referrals, this condition may or may not be true. Similarly, when reading a study of a novel technique, it is wise to consider whether the results are reproducible and generalizable before fully embracing the conclusions. Given that this is a small sample; that it is from a single center; that only two radiologists performed the imaging; that stone size and location were not confirmed by CT; and that this is the initial publication in children; this would seem to argue against widespread adoption. In short, this is an interesting preliminary report of ureteral jet dynamics using Doppler
An Angstrom-sensitive, differential MEMS capacitor for monitoring the milliliter dynamics of fluids

A device, with MEMS sensors at its core, has been fabricated and tested for measuring low fluid pressure and slow flow rates. The motivation was to measure clinically relevant ranges of slow-moving fluids in living systems, such as the cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. For potential clinical utility, the device can be read transcutaneously by inductive coupling to MEMS capacitive sensors in circuits with resonance frequencies in the MHz range. Signal shifts for flow rates in the range of 0-42 mL/h and differential pressure levels between 0.1 and 2 kPa have been measured, because the sensitivity in the capacitance gap measurement is about 1 A. The sensors have been used successfully to monitor simulated cerebrospinal fluid dynamics. The device does not utilize any internal power, since it is powered externally via the inductive coupling.
The Hyde Amendment at 40 Years and Reproductive Rights in the United States: Perennial and Panoptic

On September 30, 1976, in the waning months of the 94th Congress, freshman Representative Henry J. Hyde (R-IL) witnessed his namesake amendment enacted into law via the Departments of Labor and Health, Education, and Welfare Appropriation Act of 1977 (PL 94-439).1 All of one sentence, the amendment stipulated that “None of the [Medicaid] funds contained in this Act shall be used to perform abortions except where the life of the mother would be endangered if the fetus were carried to term.”1 For the past 40 years, the Hyde Amendment, an appropriation rider (annually renewed provision), has been unfailingly extended and frequently reworded.2 Moreover, its blueprint for the dissociation of federal funds from abortion services has been progressively applied to multiple public, as well as private, health insurance plans.2 Today, the Hyde Amendment remains controversial, and the subject of opposing partisan calls for its nullification or codification. This Viewpoint traces the evolution of the Hyde Amendment, explores its unremitting expansion, and discusses its likely future.
The Legal Response to the Next Financial Crisis

This essay, done for a symposium sponsored by the Transatlantic Law Forum, speculates as to how legal and regulatory institutions will respond to the next financial crisis. To be sure, much of the governing done during that crisis will be by actors making political decisions that will either be within their legal discretion or that, at least, will not be challenged during the crisis by those so worried about the threat to the economy as to be cowed from standing up for procedural regularity. Underneath this exercise of discretion, however, lies an increasingly robust set of legal and regulatory relationships that take some crisis response options off the table, while creating frameworks for others, and a predictable and familiar system around which businesses and policymakers can plan. Governments will attempt to forestall the next crisis by regulating their financial entities in the same way, and by reviewing one another’s work to ensure consistency. When the next crisis occurs, independent central banks will stand ready to lend to one another, while finance ministers and heads of states will collaborate. The prominence of reinvigorated institutions like the G-20 and arrangements like central bank swap lines, along with (maybe) cooperation and coordination in the resolution of large, cross-border financial institutions, will comprise much of the institutional response to the next crisis. There are gaps in this structure — a multinational financial institution will collapse in the future, and yet countries and their regulators may well disagree how they will handle the corresponding race for the assets of the firm. Moreover, power in this system is distributed extremely unevenly. Nonetheless, as a model of global governance, this system can only be deemed an accomplishment, as it has created process and institutions to rationalize what was formerly pure discretion, and, at worst, panic.
Theorizing Reciprocity: Andean Cooperation and the Reproduction of Community in Highland Bolivia

Resumen Los estudios andinos han sido cuajado, en gran parte, por la nocion compartida de la reciprocidad como un elemento central de la cultura indigena andina, y la reciprocidad (ayni) continua ser tanto como una practica activa de las comunidades andinas y una forma idealizada en los movimientos politicos contemporaneos. Sin embargo, los usos de ayni en los discursos politicos contemporaneos han sido criticadas fuertemente como esencialista, estatico y anticuado. En este trabajo, se propone una nueva teorizacion de la reciprocidad andina como una practica economica-moral-simbolico que se reproduce socialmente a traves de las practicas cotidiana. Re-imaginando la reciprocidad de esta manera nos permite ver como la reciprocidad andina es una forma de interracion dinamica y cambiante que sirve los propositos eticos, simbolicos y economicos, y por lo tanto evita tratar la reciprocidad andina como un artefacto tradicional. Basandose en extenso trabajo de campo etnografico en tres comunidades del altiplano boliviano, este trabajo propone que la interaccion reciproca constituye un sitio importante donde las comunidades andinas sean reproducido.
Soluble membrane attack complex in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-infected individuals, relationship to HIV RNA, and comparison with HIV negatives.

Abstract The soluble membrane attack complex (sMAC) represents the terminal product of the complement cascade. We enrolled 47 HIV + adults (12 of whom underwent a second visit at least 24 weeks after starting therapy) as well as 11 HIV negative controls. At baseline, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sMAC was detectable in 27.7% of HIV + individuals. CSF sMAC correlated with CSF HIV RNA levels and was more likely to be detectable in HIV + individuals on cART compared to HIV negative controls. In HIV + participants, there were negative association trends between sMAC and neurocognitive performance but these did not reach statistical significance.
Estimating morning change in land surface temperature from MODIS day/night observations: Applications for surface energy balance modeling

Observations of land surface temperature (LST) are crucial for the monitoring of surface energy fluxes from satellite. Methods that require high temporal resolution LST observations (e.g., from geostationary orbit) can be difficult to apply globally because several geostationary sensors are required to attain near-global coverage (60°N to 60°S). While these LST observations are available from polar-orbiting sensors, providing global coverage at higher spatial resolutions, the temporal sampling (twice daily observations) can pose significant limitations. For example, the Atmosphere Land Exchange Inverse (ALEXI) surface energy balance model, used for monitoring evapotranspiration and drought, requires an observation of the morning change in LST - a quantity not directly observable from polar-orbiting sensors. Therefore, we have developed and evaluated a data-mining approach to estimate the mid-morning rise in LST from a single sensor (2 observations per day) of LST from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor on the Aqua platform. In general, the data-mining approach produced estimates with low relative error (5 to 10%) and statistically significant correlations when compared against geostationary observations. This approach will facilitate global, near real-time applications of ALEXI at higher spatial and temporal coverage from a single sensor than currently achievable with current geostationary datasets.
Adjunctive Use of Olanzapine in the Treatment of Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder in Children and Adolescents in an Eating Disorders Program

Abstract Objective: There is little information about the pharmacological treatment of avoidant and restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), a challenging feeding disorder associated with marked impairment and developmental arrest. This brief clinical report seeks to fill this gap. Methods: A retrospective chart review of nine patients with ARFID treated in an eating disorder (ED) program (residential, partial hospital, and intensive outpatient levels of care) with adjunctive olanzapine was undertaken. Results: The mean initial and final olanzapine doses were 0.9 + 0.63 mg/day and 2.8 + 1.47 mg/day, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in weight gain pre- versus post-olanzapine treatment (3.3 ± 7.3 lbs vs. 13.1 ± 7.9 lbs [2.99 ± 6.62 lb SI vs. 11.88 ± 7.17 lb SI], paired t-test (p < 0.04, t = −2.48). Clinically, adjunctive olanzapine was helpful for not only weight gain but also reduction of associated anxious, depressive, and cognitive symptoms. Clinical Global Impressions scal...
The influence of tobacco retailers on adolescent smoking: prevention and policy implications.

Background Smoking rates are higher among adolescents in South Korea than among those in other Asian countries. Researchers have reported associations between the presence of licensed tobacco retailers and adolescent smoking rates. However, few researchers have examined the factors that influence adolescent smoking including those that are intrapersonal, interpersonal or related to the tobacco retailers' environment. Aim The purpose of this study was to describe factors related to the students, the licensed tobacco retailers and the schools and how those factors are associated with adolescent smoking outcomes such as tobacco marketing receptivity, lifetime smoking and current smoking. Methods The survey data were gathered from 740 South Korean adolescents, and geographic data for 3488 licensed tobacco retailers were also used. Geographic Information Systems and multilevel modeling were used to describe the variables and determine the factors associated with smoking outcomes in the sample. Results The factors that influenced receptivity to tobacco marketing included the presence of peers who smoke and the frequencies of licensed tobacco retailers passed on the way to school. The factors that influenced lifetime smoking included gender, perceived economic status, weekly income, the presence of siblings or peers who smoke and frequencies of licensed tobacco retailers passed on the way to school. The factors that influenced current smoking included gender, weekly income, and the presence of siblings or peers who smoke. Conclusions These factors will guide adolescent tobacco prevention programs and policies. Implications for nursing practice and health policy The study's implications for nursing practice and health policy are that school nurses and public health nurses need to be encouraged to use retailer-related factors in adolescent smoking-prevention programs. There is also a need for zoning and licensing regulations to restrict licensed tobacco retailers in areas that adolescents frequent, including schools.
Rearrangement of Coenzyme A-Acylated Carbon Chain Enables Synthesis of Isobutanol via a Novel Pathway in Ralstonia eutropha.

Coenzyme A (CoA)-dependent pathways have been explored extensively for the biosynthesis of fuels and chemicals. While CoA-dependent mechanisms are widely used to elongate carbon chains in a linear fashion, branch-making chemistry has not been incorporated. In this study, we demonstrated the production of isobutanol, a branched-chain alcohol that can be used as a gasoline substitute, using a novel CoA-dependent pathway in recombinant Ralstonia eutropha H16. The designed pathway is constituted of three modules: chain elongation, rearrangement, and modification. We first integrated and optimized the chain elongation and modification modules, and we achieved the production of ∼200 mg/L n-butanol from fructose or ∼30 mg/L from formate by engineered R. eutropha. Subsequently, we incorporated the rearrangement module, which features a previously uncharacterized, native isobutyryl-CoA mutase in R. eutropha. The engineered strain produced ∼30 mg/L isobutanol from fructose. The carbon skeleton rearrangement chemist...
Women in Tenth-Century Germany

In this chapter, Jestice places Ottonian queens in the context of women of the Ottonian reich. She demonstrates that, despite clerical and classical stereotypes of weak and dependent women, society in general valued women highly. Men trusted female family members and friends for advice and relied on their prayers. This chapter also demonstrates that women enjoyed property rights and were able to make decisions for themselves and their families. In short, Jestice demonstrates that the Ottonian queens were not exceptional, but rather existed as members of a society inclined to value them highly.
Tantalum thin-film superconducting transition edge thermometers

Sputter deposited Ta thin films make excellent superconducting transition edge temperature sensors. Depending on film thickness, their transition temperature, Tc, ranges from 4.4K to as least as low as 0.5K. A figure of merit of 50K−1 is easily achieved. The films are mechanically extremely strong, and at room temperature show minimal aging. Using a simple heat treatment technique, Tc can be tuned to the desired operating range.
Time as a Measure of Parsing Efficiency

Charniak and his colleagues have proposed implementation-independent metrics as a way of comparing the efficiency of parsing algorithms implemented on different platforms, in different languages, and with different degrees of "incidental optimization". We argue that there are easily immaginable circumstances in which their proposed metrics would mask significant differences in efficiency; we point out that their data do not, in fact, support the usability of such metrics for comparing the efficiency of different algorithms; and we analyze data for a similar metric to try to quantify the degree of variation one might expect between such metrics and actual parse time. Finally, we propose a methodology for making cross-platform comparisons through the use of reference parser implementations.
Does Article 2 Inform CISG Damages

This Article urges that while the CISG is primary authority for resolution of cases arising under it, courts and commercial parties should neither over emphasize the importance of Article 2 in CISG cases nor completely neglect or overlook the limited role it might play where its provisions on particular aspects of remedies are consistent with or provide evidence of international practice.
CHESAPEAKE BAY PHYSICAL MODEL INVESTIGATIONS OF SALINITY RESPONSE TO NEAP-SPRING TIDAL DYNAMICS: A DESCRIPTIVE EXAMINATION

Abstract Automation and computer control capabilities have advanced state-of-the-art physical modeling practice, enabling dynamic testing with computer-generated variable source tides and computer-controlled freshwater discharges. Several large-scale dynamic tests conducted at the Chesapeake Bay hydraulic model illustrate distinctive salinity responses to neap-spring tidal dynamics. Oscillations from well-mixed spring tide conditions to partially-stratified neap tide conditions are indicated. These responses vary by location within the main estuary and its many subestuaries. Freshwater discharge variations can modify these responses, though they are not totally obscured. The hydraulic model is well suited for dynamic neap-to-spring investigations since boundary conditions can be carefully controlled (no meteorological disturbances to contaminate the records) and the entire estuarine system can be easily sampled at concurrent times.
Natural Language Generation from Ontologies

This paper addresses the problem of automatic generation of natural language descriptions for ontology-described artifacts. The original motivation for the work is the challenge of providing textual narratives of automatically generated scientific workflows (e.g., paragraphs that scientists can include in their publications). The paper presents two systems which generate descriptions of sets of atoms derived from a collection of ontologies. The first system, called nlgPhylogeny, demonstrates the feasibility of the task in the Phylotastic project, providing evolutionary biologists with narrative for automatically generated analysis workflows. nlgPhylogeny utilizes the fact that the Grammatical Framework (GF) is suitable for the natural language generation (NLG) task; the paper shows how elements of the ontologies in Phylotastic, such as web services and information artifacts, can be encoded in GF for the NLG task. The second system, called \(\mathtt{\small nlgOntology}^{A}\), is a generalization of nlgPhylogeny. It eliminates the requirement that a GF needs to be defined and proposes the use of annotated ontologies for NLG. Given a set of annotated ontologies, \(\mathtt{\small nlgOntology}^{A}\) generates a GF suitable for the creation of natural language descriptions of sets of atoms derived from these ontologies. The paper describes the algorithms used in the development of nlgPhylogeny and \(\mathtt{\small nlgOntology}^{A}\) and discusses potential applications of these systems.
Retrospective Chart Analysis of Child and Adolescent Trichomonas vaginalis Infection in Houston, Texas.

BACKGROUND Trichomonas vaginalis infection causes significant morbidity in the United States. Despite its high national disease burden, the epidemiologic characteristics of child and adolescent cases are not well understood. In this study, we aimed to describe the socioeconomic, transmission risk factors, clinical manifestations, and geospatial variables associated with cases of T vaginalis infection in the Houston, Texas, metropolitan area. METHODS We performed a retrospective chart abstraction of all T vaginalis cases at 2 large pediatric hospitals in Houston between 2008 and 2016. RESULTS We identified 87 patients (mean age, 16 years; range, 4-18 years); 30% of them were asymptomatic, and 39% were coinfected with another sexually transmitted infection(s). Almost all T vaginalis infections in sexually assaulted patients were diagnosed incidentally. Geospatial analysis identified clustering of cases in areas of high poverty and in minority populations. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that children and adolescents are at risk for T vaginalis infection; however, their risk factors might differ from those in adults. In addition, our geospatial analysis revealed the need for dedicated resources in neighborhoods associated with health disparities to prevent future incident cases.
Fall Ascertainment and Development of a Risk Prediction Model Using Electronic Medical Records.

Objectives To examine the use of electronic medical record (EMR) data to ascertain falls and develop a fall risk prediction model in an older population. Design Retrospective longitudinal study using 10 years of EMR data (2004-2014). A series of 3-year cohorts included members continuously enrolled for a minimum of 3 years, requiring 2 years pre-fall (no previous record of a fall) and a 1-year fall risk period. Setting Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, an ambulatory setting. Participants A total of 57 678 adults, age 60 years and older. Measurements Initial EMR searches were guided by current literature and geriatricians to understand coding sources of falls as our outcome. Falls were captured by two coding sources: International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes (E880-889) and/or a fall listed as a "primary reason for visit." A comprehensive list of EMR predictors of falls were included into prediction models enabling statistical subset selection from many variables and modeling by logistic regression. Results Although 72% of falls in the training data set were coded as "primary reason for visit," 22% of falls were coded as ICD-9 and 6% coded as both. About 80% were reported in face-to-face encounters (eg, emergency department). A total of 2164 individuals had a fall in the risk period. Using the 13 key predictors (age, comorbidities, female sex, other mental disorder, walking issues, Parkinson's disease, urinary incontinence, depression, polypharmacy, psychotropic and anticonvulsant medications, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis) identified through LASSO regression, the final model had a sensitivity of 67%, specificity of 69%, positive predictive value of 8%, negative predictive value of 98%, and area under the curve of .74. Conclusion This study demonstrated how the EMR can be used to ascertain falls and develop a fall risk prediction model with moderate sensitivity/specificity. Concurrent work with clinical providers to enhance fall documentation will improve the ability of the EMR to capture falls and consequently may improve the model to predict fall risk.
Teach the Earth: Making the Connection between Research and Practice in Broadening Participation.

In the decade since the 2007 JGE special issue on broadening participation, much work has been done to draw new voices into the geosciences, and the number of students from underrepresented groups ...
Integration of a Highly Selective Demethylation of a Quaternized Ergoline into a One-Pot Synthesis of Pergolide

We have developed a high-yielding one-pot synthesis of pergolide (10) from dihydrolysergol (1), which was isolated as pergolide mesylate (6, Permax), a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid marketed for the adjunctive treatment of Parkinson's disease. The process involved the formation of quaternized amine intermediates, followed by a highly selective demethylation and thioether formation via thiomethoxide ion. A novel tandem chromatography procedure was used to remove closely related byproducts, which included an unexpected and unusual thiomethyl ether homologue of pergolide.
P107 Thumb auto-amputation following tourniquet syndrome

Case Report A 12 month old boy presented to the Paediatric Emergency Department (PED) with ischaemic necrosis of the distal phalanx of the left thumb as a result of Tourniquet Syndrome. Six days prior to presentation an adhesive bandage had been applied to the digit to discourage thumb sucking. His mother described crying and irritability, and when the dressing was removed forty-eight hours after application, the infant’s mother noted the digit to be shrivelled and mottled. The following day the area began to blister and he was brought to his General Practitioner for review, where hospital attendance was advised. Examination of the left thumb revealed dry necrosis of the nailbed and distal phalanx extending 1 cm proximal to the nailfold, with an obvious tourniquet mark present at the interphalangeal joint. The infant was admitted under the joint care of the Plastic Surgery and General Paediatric Teams. The injury was initially managed conservatively. The distal phalanx subsequently auto-amputated and formal surgical debridement and terminalisation at the level of the interphalangeal joint was undertaken. At follow-up twelve months later the injury had healed well with a satisfactory functional outcome. The severity of the injury coupled with the delay in presentation raised suspicion of neglect or non-accidental injury, and the case was referred to the Medical Social Work Department. The history given by both parents was consistent with the presenting injury. No other concerning injuries or previous hospital presentations were noted and appropriate child-parent interaction was noted throughout. A child protection case conference found that the injury was unintentional and that the infant was not at ongoing risk of significant harm through neglect. A family support plan was put in place on discharge to the community. Discussion Tourniquet Syndrome is a surgical emergency as circumferential constriction impedes lymphatic drainage with resultant venous outflow obstruction and oedema. Raised interstitial pressures then restrict arterial supply, causing ischaemia and associated pain. If it is not possible to remove the tourniquet in the PED, general anaesthetic and removal in theatre may be required. In cases of significant vascular compromise necrosis and auto amputation may occur as illustrated. Due to it’s insidious nature, a high index of suspicion for this condition is required for timely detection. Added vigilance is required in the case of preverbal children and those with speech or learning difficulties who may not be able to express discomfort easily.
Improved GNSS-R Ocean Surface Altimetry With CYGNSS in the Seas of Indonesia

Ocean surface altimetry with GNSS reflectometry (GNSS-R) has the potential to improve the observation and retrieval of mesoscale ocean current flows by increasing the spatial density of ocean surface observations. The leading challenges in current GNSS-R altimetry investigations include precise delay retracking, correction of ionospheric effects, and spacecraft receiver positioning. Here, we present improved methods to account for these challenges. A reflection-model-based approach is presented for delay retracking that uses simulated delay-Doppler maps (DDMs) to retrieve the specular delay from measured DDMs. Global ionosphere maps are used to estimate the group delay effect along the direct and reflection paths. Precise orbit determination techniques are used to improve estimates of the receiving spacecraft position and reduce systematic intersatellite biases. We analyze altimetric height retrievals from two cases, strongly coherent or diffuse reflections. We study the residual systematic error signals with a focus on understanding the errors identified above. The strong coherent observations have narrow, symmetric delay waveforms and provide higher than average signal-to-noise ratio. The DDMs of diffuse observations, originate from relatively rough ocean surfaces and have the characteristic horse-shoe shape. Only measurements from the ocean and seas surrounding Indonesia are considered as this area provides a significant number of strongly coherent reflections. More than 50 000 single-point observations and week-long averaged results are presented to quantify the noise and systematic characteristics of the retrieved surface heights.
Salicylate-induced phantom auditory effects on reinforced behavior in pre- and postweanling rats

In two behavioral experiments, normal hearing or salicylate-induced phantom auditory perception were investigated in young pigmented rats. Twenty-four hours prior to training in Experiment 1, 45 preweanling pups (14–21 days of age) were exposed to continuous background noise. They were injected with sodium salicylate or saline either before or after training to suppress approach responses to a lactating dam during noise offset periods. The sequence of injection initiation affected acquisition and extinction rates, and the oldest subjects behaved similarly to adults reported in studies of salicylate-induced auditory effects. Adapting the task in Experiment 2 for 18 postweanling pups 32 days of age produced greater suppression and prolonged extinction when salicylate was administered prior to both acquisition and extinction sessions, whereas subjects injected with saline before training and salicylate before extinction showed rapid recovery from suppression. The experiments support the notion that the auditory system undergoes functionally important change at around 15–16 days of age.
“I would say it’s alive”: Understanding the social construction of place, identity, and neighborhood effects through the lived experience of urban young adults:

A burgeoning literature provides evidence that neighborhood matters, especially in relation to urban adolescent development. Exposure to crime and poverty has been shown to negatively impact key as...
Multi-dimensional COVID-19 short- and long-term outcome prediction algorithm

COVID-19 is an evolutionarily unprecedented natural experiment testing human immunological fitness and the potential to recover from a virus-activated ‘cytokine storm syndrome’ [1], a manifestation...
Lithium and potassium isotope fractionation during silicate rock dissolution: An experimental approach

Abstract This study experimentally investigates the isotopic behaviors of Li and K during the dissolution of silicate rocks (i.e., basalt and granite). Proton-driven dissolution (in 0.8 M HNO3) and ligand-driven dissolution (in 5 mM critic acid or oxalic acid) experiments were performed in batch-closed systems over 15 days. We provide a time-series interpretation of Li and K isotope fractionation during silicate dissolution in ultra-acidic (unidirectional) and near-natural (biologically affected) environments. As the reaction progressed, we measured large isotope fractionation between the liquid (l) phase and the pristine silicate (s) phase, ranging from −10.3 to 0.1‰ (Δ7Lil-s) and from −1.01 to −0.11‰ (Δ41Kl-s) through the early stage of dissolution (