cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Overview of the Origin of Galactic Cosmic Rays as Inferred from Observations of Heavy Ion Composition and Spectra

The galactic cosmic rays arriving near Earth, which include both stable and long-lived nuclides from throughout the periodic table, consist of a mix of stellar nucleosynthesis products accelerated by shocks in the interstellar medium (ISM) and fragmentation products made by high-energy collisions during propagation through the ISM. Through the study of the composition and spectra of a variety of elements and isotopes in this diverse sample, models have been developed for the origin, acceleration, and transport of galactic cosmic rays. We present an overview of the current understanding of these topics emphasizing the insights that have been gained through investigations in the charge and energy ranges Z≲30 and E/M≲1 GeV/nuc, and particularly those using data obtained from the Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer on NASA’s Advanced Composition Explorer mission.
Low-power gated bus synthesis for 3d ic via rectilinear shortest-path steiner graph

In this paper, we propose a new approach for gated bus synthesis [16] with minimum wire capacitance per transaction in three-dimensional (3D) ICs. The 3D IC technology connects different device layers with through-silicon vias (TSV), which need to be considered differently from metal wire due to reliability issues and a larger footprint. Practically, the number of TSVs is bounded between layers; thus, we first devise dynamic programming and local search techniques to determine the optimal TSV locations. We then employ two approximation algorithms to generate a rectilinear shortest-path Steiner graph in each device layer. One algorithm extends the well-known greedy heuristic for the Rectilinear Steiner Arborescence problem and handles large cases with high efficiency. The other algorithm utilizes a linear programming relaxation and rounding technique which costs more time and generates a nearly-optimal Steiner graph. Experimental results show that our algorithms can construct shortest-path Steiner graphs with 22% less total wire length than the previous method of Wang et al. [16].
Transport of a passive scalar at a shear-free boundary in fully developed turbulent open channel flow

Direct numerical simulations of fully developed turbulence in an open channel geometry were performed in which a passive scalar was introduced. The simulations were intended to explore transport at free surfaces in two cases for which (1) the free surface was maintained at constant temperature and (2) the interfacial flux was fixed. These cases can be considered models for mass and evaporative heat transport where buoyancy and surface deformation effects are negligible. Significant differences were found in the thermal fields in these two cases. The turbulent statistics reveal that the surface flux in the constant temperature case was significantly more intermittent compared to the surface temperature field in the constant flux case. The surface temperature field in the latter case formed large patches of warm fluid, reminiscent of the so-called fish scale patterns revealed in recent infrared imagery of the air–water interface. The wake-like structure of the patches was evident despite the absence of surf...
Using Old Maps and New Methods to Discover the Early Chemicals and Petroleum Industries of Newtown Creek in New York City

Historical maps can be invaluable as sources of information that are relevant to twenty-first century environmental issues in that they indicate the identities of landowners or lease holders, the locations and materials of construction of buildings on production sites, and frequently include indications of specific production equipment. In providing this kind of detail, the maps reveal the locations of potential sources of pollution. Newtown Creek, a narrow but navigable channel separating Queens and Brooklyn, two outer boroughs of New York City, was one of the country's most productive industrial corridors during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This paper describes the use of online maps to discover the history of chemical and oil production of Newtown Creek using the fine detail found on fire insurance maps of the time. These digitized maps, available from the Web site of the New York Public Library, establish not only the locations of the area's major oil refineries and chemical manufactu...
The Influence of Non-Clinical Patient Factors on Medical Oncologists’ Decisions to Recommend Breast Cancer Adjuvant Chemotherapy

The extent to which medical oncologists consider non-clinical patient factors when deciding to recommend adjuvant chemotherapy is unknown. Medical oncologists who treated a population-based sample of early stage breast cancer patients reported to the Los Angeles and Detroit Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries 2005-2007 were asked how strongly they consider a patient's ability to follow instructions, level of social support, and level of work support/flexibility in decisions to recommend adjuvant chemotherapy. Responses of 4 (Quite strongly) or 5 (Very strongly) on a five-point Likert scale defined strong consideration. Associations between oncologist/practice characteristics and strong consideration of each non-clinical factor were examined. 134 oncologists (66 %) reported strong consideration of one or more factor. Ability to follow instructions was strongly considered by 120 oncologists (59 %), social support by 78 (38 %), and work support/flexibility by 73 (36 %). Larger percent of practice devoted to breast cancer was associated with lower likelihood of strongly considering ability to follow instructions [odds ratio (OR) 0.98, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.97-0.99; P = 0.04]. Increased years in practice was associated with lower likelihood of strongly considering social support (OR 0.96, CI 0.93-0.99; P = 0.011), while non-white race (OR 2.1, CI 1.03-4.26; P = 0.041) and tumor board access (OR 2.04, CI 1.01-4.12; P = 0.048) were associated with higher likelihood. Non-white race was associated with strongly considering work support/flexibility (OR 2.44, CI 1.21-4.92; P = 0.013). Tumor board access (OR 2, CI 1.00-4.02; P = 0.051) was borderline significant. Non-clinical patient factors play a role in medical oncologist decision-making for breast cancer adjuvant chemotherapy recommendations.
Ethanol inhibition of pituitary-thyroid axis: an effect secondary to nutritional deficiency.

Ethanol as either 20% or 36% of total calories in a Lieber diet was administered to male rats. At these concentrations, ethanol consumption relative to body weight did not differ. Pair-fed controls were restricted to the amount of calories consumed by rats given ethanol. Under these conditions, a direct effect of ethanol on the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-thyroid axis could not be demonstrated. There were nodifferences between pair-fed control and ethanol treated rats in serum or pituitary TSH, TSH response to TfH, or T4 ond T levels. On the other hand, in rats given ethanol as 36% of total calories serum T4 levels occurred (25% and 30%), relative to the corresponding “20%” groups. The decreased T4 in the “36%” groups was associated with a pronounced fallin caloric intake, decreased serum TSH, anddeclines in adenohypaphyseaf and body weights – all ofwhichwere of similar magnitude in experimental and control rats. Thus, inanition wasprobably the primary cause of reduced thyroid function in the “36%” groups. A...
Tsallis entropy induced metrics and CAT(k) spaces

Abstract Generalizing the group structure of the Euclidean space, we construct a Riemannian metric on the deformed set R q n induced by the Tsallis entropy composition property. We show that the Tsallis entropy is a “hyperbolic analogue” of the “Euclidean” Boltzmann/Gibbs/Shannon entropy and find a geometric interpretation for the nonextensive parameter q . We provide a geometric explanation of the uniqueness of the Tsallis entropy as reflected through its composition property, which is provided by the Abe and the Santos axioms. For two, or more, interacting systems described by the Tsallis entropy, having different values of q , we argue why a suitable extension of this construction is provided by the Cartan/Alexandrov/Toponogov metric spaces with a uniform negative curvature upper bound.
c-src and other proto-oncogenes implicated in neuronal differentiation

The proto-oncogene c-src has been implicated in the development and mature function of the nervous system. pp60c-src, the protein product of the c-src gene, is a tyrosine protein kinase that is highly enriched in fetal neural tissue. pp60c-src appears in two phases of neuronal development. Neuroectodermal cells of gastrulating embryos first express pp60c-src around the time of commitment to neuronal or glial pathways. Later, committed neuroepithelial cells express pp60c-src near the onset of terminal neuronal differentiation. Immunocytochemical analyses of pp60c-src in developing chick retina, telencephalon, and cerebellum show immunoreactivity concentrated in regions rich in growth cones and neurites. Moreover, pp60c-src is concentrated approximately 10-fold in a biochemical fraction from fetal rat brain that is enriched in nerve growth cone membranes. These results point toward a function for pp60c-src in neurite outgrowth. A functional role for other proto-oncogenes in the development of the nervous system was indicated from a study of the expression of a battery of proto-oncogenes during the retinoic acid-induced differentiation of the mouse embryonal carcinoma cell line P19 to a neuronal phenotype. Nuclear runoff transcription of the proto-oncogenes c-src, c-fms, c-sis, N-ras, c-myc, and c-fos was observed in proliferating and retinoic acid-treated cells.
AO system considerations for Retinal Imaging

Modern adaptive optics systems for retinal imaging represent a blend between optical design and software control. The problems faced for real-world clinical imaging include the need to obtain high quality data rapidly in less than ideal conditions, including variable size and shape moving pupils, the need to control low order aberrations of 10’s of microns while also correcting high order aberrations to RMS values on the order of 20-40 ums.
Polyenaminoesters from α,α′‐bis(carbomethoxy)diacetylbenzenes and phenylene diamines

Polyenaminoesters are prepared by condensation of α,α′-bis(carbomethoxy)diacetylbenzenes with phenylene diamines in the presence of N,N-dimethylaniline hydrochloride. Thermogravimetric analysis allowed the determination of the optimum temperature at which to conduct cyclization of the polymers to form thermally stable polypyridoquinolones. The structures of the polymers were assigned by spectroscopic comparisons with appropriate model compounds.
Error correcting codes over Z/sub 2(m/) for algorithm-based fault tolerance

Algorithm-based fault tolerance is a scheme of low-cost error protection in real-time digital signal processing environments and other computation-intensive tasks. In this paper, a new method for encoding data is proposed and, furthermore, two kinds of error-correcting codes over Z/sub 2(m/), which can be used with fixed-point arithmetic in practical algorithm-based fault tolerant systems, are introduced. >
Pulsed doppler echocardiography in diagnosis of pulmonary regurgitation: Its value and limitations

Abstract Ninety-eight patients were studied with two dimensional echocardiography combined with pulsed Doppler echocardiography to assess the usefulness and limitations of the Doppler technique in the diagnosis of pulmonary regurgitation. The diagnosis of pulmonary regurgitation by pulsed Doppler echocardiography depended on subjective interpretation of the audio signal and objective interpretation of the time interval histogram for the presence of wide frequency dispersion. During cardiac catheterization in 53 of the 98 patients, indocyanine green was injected into the pulmonary artery, and simultaneous sampling was performed from the right ventricle and femoral artery to diagnose pulmonary regurgitation. Pulmonary regurgitation was confirmed by pulmonary arteriogram in one patient. Among 62 patients with adequate pulsed Doppler echocardiographic studies, diastolic turbulence was noted in 21. When diastolic turbulence was less than 50 percent of the period of diastole, no pulmonary regurgitation was demonstrated in patients studied by indicator-dilution technique. However, three of the four patients with diastolic turbulence greater than 50 percent had positive evidence of pulmonary regurgitation. Audio output was more sensitive than the time interval histogram, and only five patients' findings suggested pulmonary regurgitation. Three of these patients underwent dye-dilution studies; two studies were positive for pulmonary regurgitation and one was negative. Thus, interpretation of pulmonary regurgitation based on the time interval histogram alone produces a large number of false positive results. When diastolic turbulence is greater than 50 percent of the period of diastole, both the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis of pulmonary regurgitation are increased. Combining audio output and the time interval histogram results in improved diagnostic capability.
CMB anisotropies in the radio range

Abstract In this lecture the general properties of anisotropy measurements made at frequencies less than about 90 GHz using coherent detection techniques, and the galactic foreground that affect them – especially the Draine & Lazarian [1998, ApJL, 494, L23] rotating dust grain model, are discussed.
Chromenes through Metal-Catalyzed Reactions of Styrenyl Ethers. Mechanism and Utility in Synthesis

An efficient metal-catalyzed process that converts styrenyl ethers to 2-substituted chromenes is described. This class of reactions may be carried out on either terminal or disubstituted styrenyl substrates. Depending on the level of substitution of the olefins, the Ru−carbene catalyst may initiate reaction either by interaction with the styrenyl or the carbocyclic alkene. Metal-catalyzed rearrangements, carried out under an atmosphere of ethylene, afford excellent yields of monomeric products. With disubstituted styrene ethers, the presence of ethylene is also critical to reaction efficiency. Mechanistic data that rationalize these observations are provided. Although Ru complexes (PCy3)2Cl2RuCHCHCPh2 or (PCy3)2Cl2RuCHPh effectively serve as catalysts, with the more functionalized substrates, higher yields are obtained when Mo(CHCMe2Ph)(N(2,6-(i-Pr)2C6H3))(OCMe(CF3)2)2 is used. A variety of starting materials for the metal-catalyzed chromene synthesis (disubstituted styrenes) are available in the opticall...
Molecular genetics of autosomal-dominant axonal charcot-marie-tooth disease

The autosomal-dominant axonal peripheral neuropathies comprise a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders that are clinically subsumed under Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2 (CMT2). A significant increase in the number of genes underlying major forms of CMT2 has improved the classification of specific CMT phenotypes. The molecular dissection of cellular functions of the related gene products has only begun and detailed pathophysiological models are still missing, but already the biological scope of genes linked to CMT2 is more diversified than CMT1. The known CMT2 genes present key players in these pathways and will likely prove as powerful tools in identifying eventual future targets for therapeutic intervention.
Initial and boundary conditions for flux-limited diffusion theory

Abstract Initial and boundary layer analyses are performed to obtain the asymptotically correct initial and boundary conditions for the Levermore flux-limited diffusion approximation to the equation of radiative transfer.
Gas Bladder Deflation of Depressurized Largemouth Bass

Abstract Rapid depressurization oflargemouth bass Micropterus salmoides caught from deep water can result in expansion of the gas bladder. Largemouth bass released in such condition are unable to submerge and are subject to injury and predation. I compared angler returns in three California reservoirs for three groups of largemouth bass caught by angling: 76 fish with expanded gas bladders that were deflated by puncturing prior to release, 49 that did not demonstrate any gas bladder expansion but were punctured prior to release, and 159 that did not demonstrate any gas bladder expansion and were not punctured. Returns did not differ between punctured and control groups, suggesting that deflation of largemouth bass with expanded gas bladders is not harmful and can improve survival of released fish. Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides that have acclimated to deep water and that are caught there by anglers are subjected to depressurization as they are brought to the surface, My observations indicate that m...
Analysis and Optimization of Flow Distribution Channels for Uniform Flow in Fuel Cells

The paper presents the results of investigation about flow distribution and uniformity of flow fields in three types of flow distributors with novel design. The flow distributors have a number of bifurcations to split one flow into a number of sub-streams of equal flow rates on a bipolar plate which may accommodate the electrochemical reaction in a fuel cell. There are three types of bifurcation structures studied, which are the 90° tee-type, rounded-type, and slanted-type. Numerical analysis and experimental test was conducted to investigate the flow uniformity in a multiple channels that come from several stages of bifurcations. Pressure drops of the whole flow field from inlet to outlet of the bipolar plates were also studied in the numerical simulation. Overall evaluation of flow uniformity and pressure drops in the three designs was also conducted.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Management of recurrent cystourethritis in women

Abstract Recurrent cystourethritis in women is a troublesome, recurrent disease. Most women will respond satisfactorily to a regimen including antibiotics, fluids, sitz baths, and frequent voidings. A few, however, remain symptomatic. In these patients it seemed reasonable to marsupialize and obliterate the infected suburethral glands. Sixteen such patients have undergone incision and drainage of infected suburethral glands during the past four years. The results have been most encouraging. We recommend this simple surgical procedure when all else has failed.
Localization of GABA-like immunoreactivity in the monkey amygdala.

Abstract Neurons exhibiting GABA-like immunoreactivity were identified in the monkey amygdala using an avidin-biotin immunohistochemical technique. The pattern of GABA immunoreactivity was very similar in the basolateral and superficial amygdaloid nuclei. In these regions GABA-positive cells were nonpyramidal neurons that were often arranged in clusters or curvilinear rows. These GABA-positive nonpyramidal neurons constituted about 25% of the total neuronal population of the basolateral and superficial amygdaloid nuclei. Numerous GABA-positive puncta resembling axon terminals were observed both in the neuropil and encapsulating the perikarya of GABA-negative pyramidal cells. The pattern of GABA-like immunoreactivity was different in the central and medial amygdaloid nuclei. These regions contained a very dense array of GABA-positive puncta. There were numerous GABA-positive neurons in the lateral subdivision of the central nucleus and fewer cells in the medial nucleus and medial subdivision of the central nucleus. Many immunoreactive puncta were observed contacting the perikarya and dendrites of GABA-positive cells in these regions. The intercalated nuclei consisted of numerous, small, GABA-positive neurons and a few, larger, GABA-negative cells. Both cell types were contacted by GABA-positive puncta. This study indicates that neuronal subpopulations in each of the amygdaloid nuclei of the monkey are GABAergic. The pattern of immunoreactivity varies in different amygdaloid regions and is very similar to that described in the rat. Certain aspects of the functional organization of this rich GABAergic circuitry can be elucidated by correlating the findings of the present investigation with previous anatomical, physiological, and pharmacological studies of the amygdala.
Mutagenicity of 2-amino-N6-hydroxyadenine to TK6 human lymphoblast cells.

Abstract TK6 human lymphoblast cells (tk+/t-; hprt+) were treated with various concentrations of 2-amino-N6-hydroxyadenine (AHA) for 24 h. AHA was quite toxic to TK6 cells in the dose range 0–0.05 μg/ml, but additional toxicity was not observed between 0.05 and 0.10 μg/ml. AHA induced mutations at 2 distinct genetic loci: the autosomal thymidine kinase (tk) and the X-linked hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt). Significant levels of both tk-NG mutants (normal growth rate of 16–18 h, colonies visible after 10–11 days incubation) and tk-SG mutants (slow growth rate of > 24 h, colonies visible after 18 days incubation) were induced. 15 hprt− mutants were isolated and analyzed by Southern blot. 8 of these had normal restriction fragment patterns after digestion with PstI, EcoRI, and HindIII, and were defined as ‘point’ mutations; the remaining 7 had partial deletions of the hprt gene. 32 tk− mutants were also isolated. 3 of 22 normal growth mutants and 6 of 10 slow growth mutants had lost the active tk alle. These data suggest that both point mutations and larger-scale alterations are induced by AHA.
Family and Reproduction in Southeastern China: A Comparison of Cantonese, Hakka, and Yao

Abstract Family systems theory holds that the cultural norms of a group's family system critically inform reproductive goals, and in particular the decisions made at each step of the way in building up an offspring set. This paper pursues the link between family system and reproductive behavior with respect to two Chinese speech groups, Cantonese and Hakka, and one of their non-Han neighbors, the Yao. In reviewing the family-cum-gender systems of the three groups, I show that the salience of patriliny and the conjugal power of husbands vary from high among Cantonese to low among Yao, with Hakka intermediate; and that female autonomy and empowerment vary from high among the Yao to low among Cantonese, with Hakka intermediate. My analysis of strategic interventions to shape the size and configuration of offspring uses data from the 1% household sample of the 1990 census. I find that Cantonese strategize for a son (or two) early in the build-up of offspring sets, whereas Yao strategize for a daughter (or two...
892 HUMAN PLASMA POLYAMINE-CONJUGATED PEPTIDE, PUTRESCINI

To define a cystic fibrosis factor and its potential relationship to polyamine metabolism an investigation of the low molecular weight peptide profile of human blood was undertaken. Previous investigations indicated polyamines were detectable in serum and plasma following extensive alkali or acid hydrolysis. We report the existance of a polyamine peptide conjugate in human plasma. This peptide was isolated by fractionation of citrated whole human plasma following chromatography on Biogel P10. The elution profile, monitored at 220nm, resulted in the identification of 6 peaks. These polypeptides had a molecular weight range of 2 to 10,000 daltons as evidence by retention on Diaflomembranes and gel chromatography. The major peak (putrescinin) was purified by Biogel P6 chromatography, paper chromatography and DEAE celulose chromatography. This plasma peak was present in CF patients and controls, and disappeared from blood following coagulation. The molecular weight of putrescinin was 4600 daltons. Amino acid analysis revealed 43 amino acid residues with absence of methionine, cysteine and abundant quantitites of glycine, glutamate asparate, serine and alanine. One mole of ornithine was detected per mole of putrescinin. Putrescine and spermidine was covalently bound to putrescinin; 3-5 moles of putrescine and 0.3-0.5 moles of spermidine/mole peptide. The conjugated polyamine content was 10-30 times that of free plasma polyamine. The significance of this peptide in coagulation and to CF will be discussed.
A PCR-RFLP Method for the Detection of Helicobacter hepaticus in Frozen or Fixed Liver from B6C3F1 Mice

Establishing the diagnosis of Helicobacter hepaticus infection in mouse liver has recently become important for the interpretation of rodent carcinogenicity bioassays. A seminested primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene in combination with a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay was designed to identify and distinguish H. hepaticus from H. muridarum and H. bilis in mouse liver. The PCR-RFLP assay was applied to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded and, when available, corresponding frozen liver tissues from male and female B6C3F1 mice with or without histologic evidence of infection from various National Toxicology Program 2-yr bioassay studies. PCR products consistent with H. hepaticus were detected in 10-80% of livers from mice in studies with other evidence of infection that were frozen or fixed for less than 24 hr but not in liver fixed for several weeks. The sensitivity of the PCR-RFLP assay for H. hepaticus on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded mouse liver varied between studies from markedly decreased when compared to the results from frozen liver or histologic evaluation to nearly equivalent or more sensitive than histologic evaluation. The PCR-RFLP results appeared dependent on the duration of fixation and bacterial load but not on the presence of hepatitis, sampling from neoplastic or nonneoplastic liver, or sex of the mouse.
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell migration after hypofractionated radiation therapy in a murine model.

Purpose To characterize the recruitment of bone marrow (BM)-derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) within tumor microenvironment after radiation therapy (RT) in a murine, heterotopic tumor model. Methods and Materials Lewis lung carcinoma tumors were established in C57BL/6 mice and irradiated with 30 Gy given as 2 fractions over 2 days. Tumors were imaged with positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and measured daily with digital calipers. The HSPC and myelomonocytic cell content was assessed via immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry. Functionality of tumor-associated HSPCs was verified in vitro using colony-forming cell assays and in vivo by rescuing lethally irradiated C57BL/6 recipients. Results Irradiation significantly reduced tumor volumes and tumor regrowth rates compared with nonirradiated controls. The number of CD133 + HSPCs present in irradiated tumors was higher than in nonirradiated tumors during all stages of regrowth. CD11b + counts were similar. PET/CT imaging and growth rate analysis based on standardized uptake value indicated that HSPC recruitment directly correlated to the extent of regrowth and intratumor cell activity after irradiation. The BM-derived tumor-associated HSPCs successfully formed hematopoietic colonies and engrafted irradiated mice. Finally, targeted treatment with a small animal radiation research platform demonstrated localized HSPC recruitment to defined tumor subsites exposed to radiation. Conclusions Hypofractionated irradiation resulted in a pronounced and targeted recruitment of BM-derived HSPCs, possibly as a mechanism to promote tumor regrowth. These data indicate for the first time that radiation therapy regulates HSPC content within regrowing tumors.
Antisenescent Activity of Natural Cytokinins

The antisenescent activity of naturally occurring cytokinins (bases and ribosides) has been evaluated by measuring chlorophyll retention in detached wheat (Triticum vulgare) leaf segments. 6-(3-Methyl-2-butenylamino)-2-methylthiopurine (ms2ip) was the most active cytokinin followed by 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-trans-2-butenylamino)purine (tZ). 6-(4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-cis-2-butenylamino)-9-β-D-ribofuranosylpurine (cZR), 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-trans-2-butenylamino)-2-methylthio-9β-D-ribofuranosylpurine (MstZR), and 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-cis-2-butenylamino)-2-methylthio-9-β-D-ribofuroanosylpurine (mscZR) were essentially inactive. 9-Ribosyl substitution did not affect the activity of tZ, (±)-6-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbutylamino)purine (DHZ), or 6-(3-methyl-2-butenylamino)purine (2ip), but lowered the activity of 6-(o-hydroxybenzylamino)purine (OHBA) and 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-cis-2-butenylamino)purine (cZ). 2-Methylthio substitution increased the activity of 2ip and DHZ, decreased the activity of tZ, and had no effect on the activity of cZ. The activities of the simultaneously substituted 2-methylthio-9-ribosyl compounds are lower than those of their corresponding unsubstituted or 2-methylthio substituted bases with the exception of DHZ. Structure-activity relationships for chlorophyll retention did not parallel many of the relationships found for callus tissue growth stimulation.
Early Experience with Biodegradable Implants in Pediatric Patients

We retrospectively studied nine children and adolescents with congenital malformations, large reconstruction after tumor excision, fractures and osteotomies of the upper extremity, and hand trauma with bone and soft tissue defects treated by internal synthesis using a biocopolymer of L- and DL-stereoisomers of lactic acid polymers and trimethylenecarbonate. A total of 52 biodegradable implants were placed in bone. At a minimum followup of 7 months (mean, 17 months; range, 7–22 months), wound healing was uncomplicated; local or systemic inflammatory tissue reactions, foreign body reactions, and infections were not observed. Bone healing was complete. Six biodegradable screws broke during insertion because of inadequate drilling and tapping, and three biodegradable screws had to be replaced because of damage to the screw head during assembly with the screwdriver. Biodegradable copolymers of poly-L-lactic-poly-DL-lactic acid and trimethylenecarbonate can be used safely and effectively for reconstruction and fixation of bone in children and adolescents. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
AMPS cell transmitter interference to CDMA mobile receiver

There exists significant interference from an AMPS base transmitter to a CDMA mobile receiver. This interference is severe when the CDMA mobile gets close to a same-system noncolocated AMPS site or close to other-system AMPS site. We investigate the interference of AMPS cell site to a CDMA mobile subscriber unit in 1:3 colocated AMPS and CDMA deployment (or other pattern). A quantitative evaluation of the interference was carried out including the side-band noise and an exact evaluation of third order intermodulation. The paper covers same system interference as well as other system interference.
Interleukin-8 gene induction in the myocardium after ischemia and reperfusion in vivo.

Abstract Neutrophil adhesion and direct cytotoxicity for cardiac myocytes require chemotactic stimulation and are dependent upon CD18-ICAM-1 binding. To characterize the potential role of IL-8 in this interaction, canine IL-8 cDNA was cloned and the mature recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 cells. Recombinant canine IL-8 markedly increased adhesion of neutrophils to isolated canine cardiac myocytes. This adhesion resulted in direct cytotoxicity for cardiac myocytes. Both processes were specifically blocked by antibodies directed against CD18 and IL-8. In vivo, after 1 h of coronary occlusion, IL-8 mRNA was markedly and consistently induced in reperfused segments of myocardium. IL-8 mRNA was not induced in control (normally perfused) myocardial segments. Minimal amounts of IL-8 mRNA were detected after 3 or 4 h of ischemia without reperfusion. Highest levels of induction were evident in the most ischemic myocardial segments. IL-8 mRNA peaked in the first 3 h of reperfusion and persisted at high levels beyond 24 h. IL-8 staining was present in the inflammatory infiltrate near the border between necrotic and viable myocardium, as well as in small veins in the same area. These findings provide the first direct evidence for regulation of IL-8 in ischemic and reperfused canine myocardium and support the hypothesis that IL-8 participates in neutrophil-mediated myocardial injury.
Association of genetic ancestry with breast cancer in ethnically diverse women from Chicago.

Introduction Non-Hispanic (nH) Black and Hispanic women are disproportionately affected by early onset disease, later stage, and with more aggressive, higher grade and ER/PR negative breast cancers. The purpose of this analysis was to examine whether genetic ancestry could account for these variation in breast cancer characteristics, once data were stratified by self-reported race/ethnicity and adjusted for potential confounding by social and behavioral factors.
Overexpression of Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor In Vivo Rescues Chick Ciliary Ganglion Neurons from Cell Death

Ciliary ganglion (CG) neurons undergo target-dependent cell death during embryonic development. Although ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) was identified in vitro by its ability to support the survival of chick CG neurons, its function as a target-derived neurotrophic factor has been questioned by those working on mammalian-derived forms of CNTF. We have purified and cloned a chicken CNTF [chCNTF; formerly growth-promoting activity (GPA)] that is expressed in CG targets during the period of cell death and is secreted by cells transfected with chCNTF. In the present study we used a retroviral vector, RCASBP(A), to overexpress chCNTF in CG target tissues. Elevation of chCNTF biological activity three- to fourfold in the embryonic eye rescued an average of 31% of the neurons that would have normally died in vivo. In some individuals, nearly all of the neurons were rescued. ChCNTF had no effect on the number of neurons observed prior to cell death, nor were there any deleterious effects of either viral infection or overexpression of CNTF. These results show that chCNTF is able to function in vivo as a trophic factor for CG neurons, and suggest that limited availability of trophic support is one of the factors regulating CG neuron survival during development.
Clenbuterol administration does not enhance the efficacy of furosemide in attenuating the exercise-induced pulmonary capillary hypertension in Thoroughbred horses.

The stimulation of pulmonary beta2-adrenergic receptors causes a decrease in vascular resistance. Thus, the present study was carried out to examine whether concomitant administration of clenbuterol-a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, to horses premedicated with furosemide would attenuate the exercise-induced pulmonary capillary hypertension to a greater extent than furosemide alone, and in turn, affect the occurrence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH). Experiments were carried out on six healthy, sound, exercise-trained Thoroughbred horses. All horses were studied in the control (no medications), furosemide (250 mg i.v., 4 h pre-exercise)-control, and furosemide (250 mg i.v., 4 h pre-exercise)+clenbuterol (0.8 microg/kg i.v., 11 min pre-exercise) experiments. The sequence of these treatments was randomized for every horse, and 7 days were allowed between them. Using catheter-tip-transducers whose in-vivo signals were referenced at the point of the left shoulder, pulmonary vascular pressures were determined at rest, sub-maximal exercise, and during galloping at 14.2 m/s on a 3.5% uphill grade--a workload that elicited maximal heart rate. In the control study, incremental exercise resulted in progressive significant (P<0.05) increments in heart rate, right atrial as well as pulmonary arterial, capillary and venous (wedge) pressures, and all horses experienced EIPH. Furosemide administration caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction in mean right atrial as well as pulmonary capillary and venous pressures of standing horses. Although exercise in the furosemide-control experiments also caused right atrial and pulmonary vascular pressures to increase significantly (P<0.05), the increment in mean pulmonary capillary and wedge pressures was significantly (P<0.05) attenuated in comparison with the control study, but all horses experienced EIPH. Clenbuterol administration to standing horses premedicated with furosemide caused tachycardia, but significant changes in right atrial or pulmonary vascular pressures were not discerned at rest. During exercise in the furosemide+clenbuterol experiments, heart rate, mean right atrial as well as pulmonary arterial, capillary and wedge pressures increased significantly (P<0.05), but these data were not different from the furosemide-control experiments, and all horses experienced EIPH as well. Thus, it was concluded that clenbuterol administration is ineffective in modifying the pulmonary hemodynamic effects of furosemide in standing or exercising horses. Because the intravascular force exerted onto the blood-gas barrier of horses premedicated with furosemide remained unaffected by clenbuterol administration, it is believed that concomitant clenbuterol administration is unlikely to offer additional benefit to healthy horses experiencing EIPH.
Campaign Targets and Messages in Direct Mail Fundraising

Political campaigns raise millions of dollars each election cycle. While past research provides valuable insight into who these donors are and why they are motivated to give, little research takes into account the actions of political campaigns. This paper examines why and how campaigns target habitual donors for political donations. Using the 2004 Campaign Communication Survey, a national survey of registered voters who were asked to collect and send in all campaign mail they received during the last 3 weeks of a campaign, we show that campaigns send donation solicitations predominantly to individuals who have previously donated to a campaign. We also show that campaigns match targeting fundraising appeals to the potential motivations for giving: campaigns target the type of fundraising appeal they use, whether ideological, solidary, or material, to match the socioeconomic and partisan characteristics of the potential donor. The implication of effective targeting is that the “unequal” voice of participation in campaign contributions is not one-sided and simply resource based, but rather that campaigns also contribute to the situation with targeted messages to potential donors.
Long-wavelength surface-tension-driven Bénard convection: experiment and theory

Surface-tension-driven Benard (Marangoni) convection in liquid layers heated from below can exhibit a long-wavelength primary instability that differs from the more familiar hexagonal instability associated with Benard. This long-wavelength instability is predicted to be significant in microgravity and for thin liquid layers. The instability is studied experimentally in terrestrial gravity for silicone oil layers 0.007 to 0.027 cm thick on a conducting plate. For shallow liquid depths ( 0.024 cm), the system forms only the hexagonal convection cells. A two-layer nonlinear theory is developed to account properly for the effect of deformation on the interface temperature profile. Experimental results for the long-wavelength instability are compared to our two-layer theory and to a one-layer theory that accounts for the upper gas layer solely with a heat transfer coefficient. The two-layer model better describes the onset of instability and also predicts the formation of localized elevations, which the one-layer model does not predict. A weakly nonlinear analysis shows that the bifurcation is subcritical. Solving for steady states of the system shows that the subcritical pitchfork bifurcation curve never turns over to a stable branch. Numerical simulations also predict a subcritical instability and yield long-wavelength states that qualitatively agree with the experiments. The observations agree with the onset prediction of the two-layer model, except for very thin liquid layers; this deviation from theory may arise from small non-uniformities in the experiment. Theoretical analysis shows that a small non-uniformity in heating produces a large steady-state deformation (seen in the experiment) that becomes more pronounced with increasing temperature difference across the liquid. This steady-state deformation becomes unstable to the long-wavelength instability at a smaller temperature difference than that at which the undeformed state becomes unstable in the absence of non-uniformity.
Comparison of van der Waals and semiempirical calculations of the molecular volumes of small molecules and proteins

Molecular volumes for hydrocarbons, amino acids, peptides, and 14 globular proteins were calculated by techniques using van der Waals radii and by semiempirical molecular orbital methods. The resulting values were compared to experimentally determined volumes. The values obtained by methods employing van der Waals radii were found to be up to three times smaller than the experimentally determined values in the case of proteins, 25% smaller than the experimental values for peptides, and up to 50% greater than experimental values for simple hydrocarbons. For the semiempirical calculations, neither the type nor precision of the calculation altered the percentage of the electron density required to reproduce the experimentally observed volumes for any of the different types of molecules tested. For molecules en vacuo, the amount of electron density included was approximately 98.5% of the total calculated value. For solvated molecules, the percentage was closer to 99.5%. From the results of our studies, we conclude that semiempirical techniques are more reliable, less arbitrary, and hence are more accurate for the determination of molecular volumes. The methods by which we employ semiempirical techniques for determination of molecular volume will be described in detail.
Whey Protein Supplementation Does Not Affect Exercise Training-Induced Changes in Body Composition and Indices of Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged Overweight and Obese Adults

Little is known about the effects of different quantities of whey protein on exercise training–induced changes in body composition and indices of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged overweight and obese adults. Therefore, we examined the effects of consuming 0.8-MJ supplements with 0 (n = 126), 10 (n = 112), 20 (n = 44), or 30 (n = 45) g whey protein twice daily in conjunction with resistance (2 d/wk) and aerobic (1 d/wk) exercise training in a double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled, community-based 9-mo study in men (n = 117) and women (n = 210); (age: 48 6 7.9 y; BMI: 30.0 6 2.8 kg/m 2 ). Whey protein supplementation did not influence any of the following outcomes, some of which were affected by training. Among all participants, strength increased by 15 6 12% (P , 0.001) and maximal oxygen uptake capacity (VO2max) increased by 9 6 15% (P , 0.001). Body weight was unchanged (0.1 6 3.7 kg, P= 0.80), lean body mass increased by 1.9 6 2.8% (0.95 6 1.3 kg, P , 0.001), and fat mass decreased by 2.6 6 9.4% (20.86 6 3.1 kg, P= 0.001). Oral-glucose-tolerance testing showed that plasma glucose AUC was unchanged (218.0 6 170 mmol/L 3h , P= 0.16), insulin AUC decreased by 2.6632% (27.5629 nmol/L3h,P=0.01), and HOMA-IR (0.2 62.0,P=0.81) and the insulin sensitivity index (0.363.0, P= 0.63) were unchanged. Plasma concentrations of TG; total, LDL,and HDL cholesterol; C-reactive protein; plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; blood pressure; and waist circumference were unchanged. Whey protein supplementation did not affect exercise training–induced responses in body composition and indices of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged overweight and obese adults who maintained body weight. J. Nutr. 142: 1532–1539, 2012.
Power aware scheduling for AND/OR graphs in multiprocessor real-time systems

Power aware computing has become popular recently and many techniques have been proposed to manage the energy consumption for traditional real-time applications. We have previously proposed (2001) two greedy slack sharing scheduling algorithms for such applications on multi-processor systems. In this paper, we are concerned mainly with real-time applications that have different execution paths consisting of different number of tasks. The AND/OR graph model is used to represent the application data dependence and control flow. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, we extend our greedy slack sharing algorithm for traditional applications to deal with applications represented by AND/OR graphs. Then, using the statistical information about the applications, we propose a few variations of speculative scheduling algorithms that intend to save energy by reducing the number of speed changes (and thus the overhead) while ensuring that the applications meet the timing constraints. The performance of the algorithms is analyzed with respect to energy savings. The results obtained show that the greedy scheme is better than some speculative schemes and that the greedy scheme is good enough when a reasonable minimal speed exists in the system.
Facing and Managing Climate Change: Assumptions, Science, and Governance Responses

Too often the debate over climate change is overly simplistic. Given the scale of the problem and the assumption of catastrophic harm, the tendency is to rely on top-down, one-size-fits-all governance solutions, centralized authoritative and coercive governance structures and policies, or a centralized global 'contraction and convergence' carbon trading scheme. These approaches leave little room for robust democratic debate and choice with respect to governance institutions and policies. This article seeks to more fully engage the debate over climate change and governance responses in order to develop a more nuanced, sophisticated understanding, of use to scholars and decision-makers. It does so by employing the two most basic assumptions underlying the climate change and governance debate - the speed of change and the expected severity of climate change effects - as a tool to demonstrate how differing assumptions are likely to affect our understanding of the climate change problem set and thus our prefer...