cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Independent Nonprofessionals in the Community: A Case History Analysis of a Human Relations Program

For eight years a group of nonprofessional human relations trainers conducted a community-based Adult-Youth T-Group Program in a suburban community under the auspices of the Board of Education. Their history provides the material for this case analysis, which will focus on two sets of issues. One set of issues surrounds the fact that these group leaders were "independent nonprofessionals": trained but noncredentialed persons performing functions usually reserved for professionals (or performed under professional supervision) and performing them outside of institutional and professional boundaries. A second set of issues, only partially related to the first, surrounds the organizational dilemmas and social-political conflict which beset this team and the program which they conducted.
Forest landscape management in response to change: the practicality

In this chapter, we examined forest landscape management from a pragmatic (practical as opposed to idealistic) perspective. The discussion was framed in the context of the landscape: a spatially explicit geographic area consisting of recognizable and characteristic component ecosystems. This perspective provided two opportunities for management: the individual component ecosystems and the mosaic of ecosystems that form the landscape per se. A point of emphasis was that forest management is not a generic concept and requires specification of the purpose of management, the spatial unit(s) being managed, the type of forest being managed, and the projected desired outcome of management. Given these constraints, we considered how the principal drivers of landscape change (disturbances, climate, and domestication) influence forest management practices. We concluded with an examination of the concept of designed forest landscapes to provide human-valued goods and services and identified constraints to achieving this end.
Trace element partitioning and Lu-Hf isotope systematics in spinel peridotites from the Rio Grande Rift and Colorado Plateau: Towards improved age assessment of clinopyroxene Lu/Hf- 176 Hf/ 177 Hf in SCLM peridotite

Abstract Our study of Colorado Plateau and Rio Grande rift spinel peridotite xenoliths determined bulk Lu–Hf budgets and cpx, opx, and whole rock 176Hf/177Hf to evaluate the potential age significance of Lu/Hf–Hf isotope correlations in sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) derived xenoliths. The samples have fertilities (spinel Cr# range from 0.1 to 0.5), and equilibration temperatures (950–1050 °C) that overlap with those of spinel peridotites commonly used in Lu–Hf dating studies. The Lu/Hf of clinopyroxene (cpx) and its associated whole rock (WR) are similar in fertile samples, but cpx has a lower Lu/Hf than that of the WR in refractory samples. Orthopyroxene (opx) has systematically higher Lu/Hf than cpx, but in many samples, the opx and cpx have identical 176Hf/177Hf, suggesting that the Hf isotope composition of these minerals is supported by the Lu/Hf of the WR rather than that of the individual minerals. Many opx fractions and whole rocks have less radiogenic 176Hf/177Hf than their corresponding cpx (but similar to that of the host magma), reflecting contamination. Because the 176Hf/177Hf of cpx is supported by the WR Lu/Hf, it is necessary to use the latter rather than the cpx Lu/Hf for isochron dating. However, because the actual WR Lu/Hf values are susceptible to secondary overprinting, we recommend using model WR Lu/Hf values (determined from mineral Lu and Hf concentrations and modal abundances) to construct external cpx isochrons. Model WR and measured cpx 176Hf/177Hf are correlated (r2 = 0.98) in a suite of eastern Colorado Plateau xenoliths and yield an apparent age of 1.2 Ga (versus 1.5 Ga when – incorrectly – using cpx Lu/Hf). Despite the good correlation between Lu/Hf and 176Hf/177Hf, we do not find correlations between indicators of melt depletion and Lu/Hf or 176Hf/177Hf. This suggests that Lu/Hf–176Hf/177Hf correlations are not the result of melt depletion. Instead, we propose that Lu/Hf–176Hf/177Hf correlations are the result of mixing between depleted and enriched components (e.g. metasomatism of depleted lithospheric mantle). We emphasize that additional data should be utilized (e.g. whole rock Lu–Hf budget, degree of metasomatism, opx 176Hf/177Hf) when interpreting apparent Lu–Hf isochrons for age significance.
The Free Trade Area of the Americas and the Market for Processed Orange Products

The proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas would join the world's two largest processed orange producing regions: Brazil and the United States. Because the United States currently imposes a sizeable tariff on imported processed orange products, there is concern by U.S. orange growers over possible adverse effects resulting from tariff elimination. A model of the world processed orange market is developed as a spatial equilibrium model with implicit supply functions based on the dynamic behavior of orange production. The model is used to estimate the impact of U.S. tariff elimination on U.S. production, grower and processor prices, and imports. The results suggest a sizeable price impact on U.S. producers if the tariff is eliminated.
Pricing by non-profit institutions: The case of hospital cost-shifting

This paper shows that a hospital whose objective function includes output as well as profits may raise price to private paying patients in response to cuts in the price it receives for Madicaid or Medicaid patients. Evidence is presented to show that hospitals in Illinois 'cost-shifted' in this manner in response to substantial reductions in Medicaid payments in the early 1980s. As private sector pricing becomes more competitive, however, the ability and willingness of hospitals to cost-shift will wane.
Medical students' knowledge, attitudes, skills, and practices of cancer prevention and detection.

Abstract Background. Surveys of U.S. physicians show deficiencies in cancer detection and counseling skills. Thus, there is a compelling need to provide skills teaching during medical school for cancers with preventable mortality and for counseling techniques for smoking prevention and cessation. Methods. In advance of the integration of initiatives for cancer education into the medical school curriculum, the authors conducted a baseline survey of students’ knowledge, attitudes, skills, practices, observation, and training (KASPOT) related to cancer education. Eighty‐one percent of Boston University School of Medicine students (n = 499) completed surveys. Results. The students reported higher levels of KASPOT for breast and cervical cancers, compared with skin cancer examination or tobacco use cessation or prevention counseling. More than half of third‐ and fourth‐year students reported that too little emphasis was given to cancer control education. Conclusions. It appears that students’ practice and skil...
A Proposed Curriculum on Suicide Care for Psychiatry Residency

This paper discusses suicide care as a core curriculum component of psychiatry residency. The reasons for formal conceptualization of suicide care education are discussed, and a model curriculum is offered. The model is in no way intended to be restrictive, but is offered as a reference point for residency programs to compare their own activities in this important area of psychiatry. The paper grew from discussion of this topic in the Core Curriculum Committee of the American Association Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training.
The Great War and the Origins of Humanitarianism, 1918–1924

Introduction: human disasters: humanitarian rights and the transnational turn in the wake of the First World War 1. 'Rights, not charity': Rene Cassin and war victims 2. Justice and peace: Albert Thomas, the ILO and the dream of a transnational politics of social rights 3. The tragedy of being stateless: Fridtjof Nansen and the rights of refugees 4. The hungry and the sick: Herbert Hoover, the Russian famine, and the professionalization of humanitarian aid 5. Humanitarianism old and new: Eglantyne Jebb and children's rights Conclusion: human dignity: from humanitarian rights to human rights Bibliographical essay Bibliography.
Congress summary: the molecular perspective

It is obvious that W. D. Bauer and I cannot summarize a week of interesting talks and an impressive array of posters in 20 minutes each. It also is doubtful that what we picture as major advances are the same as the ones that struck you.
Decreased Phosphorylated Protein Kinase B (Akt) in Individuals with Autism Associated with High Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and Low Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

Dysregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway could contribute to the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders. In this study, phosphorylated Akt concentration was measured in 37 autistic children and 12, gender and age similar neurotypical, controls using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Akt levels were compared to biomarkers known to be associated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and c-Met (hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor) pathways and severity levels of 19 autism-related symptoms. We found phosphorylated Akt levels significantly lower in autistic children and low Akt levels correlated with high EGFR and HGF and low gamma-aminobutyric acid, but not other biomarkers. Low Akt levels also correlated significantly with increased severity of receptive language, conversational language, hypotonia, rocking and pacing, and stimming, These results suggest a relationship between decreased phosphorylated Akt and selected symptom severity in autistic children and support the suggestion that the AKT pathways may be associated with the etiology of autism.
Unusual Behavior by Bison, Bison bison , Toward Elk, Cervus elaphus , and Wolves, Canis lupus

Incidents are described of Bison ( Bison bison ) in Yellowstone National Park mauling and possibly killing a young Elk ( Cervus elaphus ) calf, chasing wolves ( Canis lupus ) off Elk they had just killed or were killing, and keeping the wolves away for extended periods. During one of the latter cases, the Bison knocked a wolf-wounded Elk down. Bison were also seen approaching wolves that were resting and sleeping, rousting them, following them to new resting places and repeating this behavior. These behaviors might represent some type of generalized hyper-defensiveness that functions as an anti-predator strategy.
Reduction of image noise in low tube current dynamic CT myocardial perfusion imaging using HYPR processing: A time-attenuation curve analysis

Purpose: This study describes a HighlY constrained backPRojection (HYPR) image processing method for the reduction of image noise in low tube current time-resolved CT myocardial perfusion scans. The effect of this method on myocardial time-attenuation curve noise and fidelity is evaluated in an animal model, using varying levels of tube current. Methods: CT perfusion scans of four healthy pigs (42–59 kg) were acquired at 500, 250, 100, 50, 25, and 10 mA on a 64-slice scanner (4 cm axial coverage, 120 kV, 0.4 s/rotation, 50 s scan duration). For each scan a sequence of ECG-gated images centered on 75% R-R was reconstructed using short-scan filtered back projection (FBP). HYPR processing was applied to the scans acquired at less than 500 mA using parameters designed to maintain the voxel noise level in the 500-mA FBP images. The processing method generates a series of composite images by averaging over a sliding time window and then multiplies the composite images by weighting images to restore temporal fidelity to the image sequence. HYPR voxel noise relative to FBP noise was measured in AHA myocardial segment numbers 1, 5, 6, and 7 at each mA. To quantify the agreement between HYPR and FBP time-attenuation curves (TACs), Bland-Altman analysis was performed on TACs measured in full myocardial segments. The relative degree of TAC fluctuation in smaller subvolumes was quantified by calculating the root mean square deviation of a TAC about the gamma variate curve fit to the TAC data. Results: HYPR image sequences were produced using 2, 7, and 20 beat composite windows for the 250, 100, and 50 mA scans, respectively. At 25 and 10 mA, all available beats were used in the composite (41–60; average 50). A 7-voxel-wide 3D cubic filter kernel was used to form weighting images. The average ratio of HYPR voxel noise to 500-mA FBP voxel noise was 1.06, 1.10, 0.97, 1.11, and 2.15 for HYPR scans at 250, 100, 50, 25, and 10 mA. The average limits-of-agreement between HYPR and FBP TAC values measured 0.02+/−0.91, 0.04+/−1.92, 0.19+/−1.59, 1.13+/−4.22, and 1.07+/−6.37 HU (mean difference +/−1.96 SD). The HYPR image subvolume that yielded a fixed level of TAC fluctuations was smaller, on average, than the FBP subvolume determined at the same mA. Conclusions: HYPR processing is a feasible method for generating low noise myocardial perfusion data from a low-mA time-resolved CT myocardial perfusion scan. The method is applicable to current clinical scanners and uses conventional image reconstructions as input data.
Is the optimal ω best for the SOR iteration method

Abstract The successive-overrelaxation (SOR) iterative method for linear systems is well understood if the associated Jacobi matrix B is consistently ordered and weakly cyclic of index 2. If, in addition, B 2 has only nonnegative eigenvalues and if ϱ ( B ), the spectral radius of B , is strictly less than unity, then by D. M. Young's classical theorem, the optimal relaxation parameter for the SOR method is given by ω b ≔ 2 1+ 1−ϱ 2 (B) . Young derived this result assuming that σ ( B 2 ) ⊂ [0, β 2 ] (with β = ϱ ( B )) (∗) is the only information available about the spectrum σ( B 2 ) of B 2 . It is also well known that no polynomial acceleration can improve the asymptotic rate of convergence of the SOR scheme if the optimal relaxation parameter has been selected. The recent claim by J. Dancis “that a smaller average spectral radius can be achieved by using a polynomial acceleration together with a suboptimal relaxation factor ( ω ω b )” therefore comes as a surprise. A closer look however reveals that this improvement can only be achieved if more profound information on σ( B 2 ), of the form σ( B 2 ) ⊂ [0, γ 2 ] ∪ { β 2 } (with γ β ), (∗∗) is at hand. We show that no polynomial acceleration of the SOR method (for any real ω ) is asymptotically faster than the SOR scheme with ω = ω b under the assumption 08 (∗), thereby answering the question in the title of this paper in the affirmative, as well as solving an old related conjecture of D. M. Young. We also carefully investigate the question of what can be gained from the additional information (∗∗).
Exclusive quasifree pion photoproduction on complex nuclei in the Delta region.

We present an analysis of the reaction A(\ensuremath{\gamma},\ensuremath{\pi}N)B in the full distorted wave impulse approximation carried out in momentum space. The bound nucleon is in a single particle orbital while the outgoing pion and nucleon are described by appropriate optical potential wave functions. The pion photoproduction operator of Blomqvist and Laget is used. This reaction allows for more direct studies of \ensuremath{\Delta} properties in the nuclear medium than the reaction A(\ensuremath{\gamma},\ensuremath{\pi})B since the final nucleon is no longer bound and the sensitivity to the nuclear structure of the target is thereby largely reduced. Kinematically, the reaction provides a great deal of flexibility because the target can take up a wide range of momentum transfer and little energy. Our calculations agree roughly with data from Tomsk but overestimate data from Bates. Nonlocal effects tend to enhance the total cross sections and in some cases are significant. For future experiments we propose kinematics that greatly reduce uncertainties from the optical potentials and expose information from the production vertex. We find that photon asymmetry contains such information in the cleanest way and it should be pursued. We suggest forward pion angles where discrepancies between data and theory exist should be studied more carefully by experiments.
Multiline phase conjugation at 4 microm in germanium.

Phase conjugation by degenerate four-wave mixing in the 4-μm region in germanium has been observed for both single-line and multiline radiation. By using single-line output of a DF laser at 3.8 μm, χ3 has been measured to be 4 × 10−11 esu. Phase conjugation of multiline laser output has been achieved with an efficiency of 0.03%, a level that is consistent with the susceptibility found for single-line phase conjugation and the assumption of independent conjugation of each line of the multiline output.
Vitamin C Function in the Brain: Vital Role of the Ascorbate Transporter (SVCT2)

Ascorbate (vitamin C) is a vital antioxidant molecule in the brain. However, it also has a number of other important functions, participating as a co-factor in several enzyme reactions including catecholamine synthesis, collagen production and regulation of HIF-1α. Ascorbate is transported into the brain and neurons via the Sodium-dependent Vitamin C Transporter-2 (SVCT2), which causes accumulation of ascorbate within cells against a concentration gradient. Dehydroascorbic acid, the oxidized form of ascorbate, is transported via glucose transporters of the GLUT family. Once in cells, it is rapidly reduced to ascorbate. The highest concentrations of ascorbate in the body are found in the brain and neuroendocrine tissues such as adrenal, although the brain is the most difficult organ to deplete of ascorbate. Combined with regional asymmetry in ascorbate distribution within different brain areas, these facts suggest an important role for ascorbate in the brain. Ascorbate is proposed as a neuromodulator of glutamatergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic and GABAergic transmission and related behaviors. Neurodegenerative diseases typically involve high levels of oxidative stress and thus ascorbate has been posited to have potential therapeutic roles against ischemic stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntingdon's disease.
Strain analysis using quartz deformation bands

Abstract Quartz deformation bands are kink bands in quartz crystals. A deformation band develops as a region of localized crystal-plastic deformation with boundaries perpendicular to the slip plane and slip direction, which usually is along an α-axis in the basal plane. Under cross-polarized light, the difference in crystallographic orientation between a deformation band and its host is indicated by a difference in extinction positions. The displacement between the c axis in a deformation band and the c axis in the host represents the angular shear of the deformation band in the direction of the c axis in the host grain. Assuming the deformation is homogeneous at the grain scale, the angular shear of the grain (the gauge) is calculated by multiplying the angular shear of the deformation band by the ratio of the sheared part to the whole grain. Using the strain-gauge method for three-dimensional infinitesimal strain analysis, a minimum number of five grains measured on universal stage is needed to solve for the deviatoric strain components of the aggregate if the strain is homogeneous in the aggregate. Data from more than five grains are used to find the best-fit strain components by a least-squares method. The principal strains and their orientations are found from these strain components by calculating the eigenvalues and eigenvectors. A 3-D strain ellipsoid also is obtained from strain ellipses in three perpendicular planes determined from the two-dimensional flat-stage measurements by the Wellman method. Both the strain-gauge method and the Wellman method are tested by using synthetic data sets and applied to a naturally deformed sample. Both methods give similar results; the established Wellman method thus confirms the strain-gauge calculation.
A synthesis of labeled ethidium bromide.

Abstract A method is described for the synthesis of labeled ethidium (3,8-diamino-5-ethyl-6-phenyl phenanthridinium) bromide. Based on benzoic acid, the radioactive precursor used, the yield is 15% of a compound that is indistinguishable from authentic ethidium bromide in its absorption spectra (uv, visible, ir), Chromatographie behavior, and mutagenic effectiveness in the induction of respiration-deficient cell lines in baker's yeast.
High milk lipase activity associated with breast milk jaundice.

Summary: Human milk samples that inhibit bilirubin-UDP-glucuronyl transferase (UDPGT) activity in vitro have been associated with prolonged unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in newborn infants. We measured the concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (total and individual fatty acids), total fat and protein, and lipase activities (with and without bile salt stimulation) in milk samples from two groups of women. Women whose infants had prolonged unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and whose milk inhibited the activity of UDPGT were in the first group (N = 9). Volunteers with healthy infants acted as controls. Inhibitory milk contained significantly more nonester?fied fatty acids (total, palmitic, and oleic) than did controls. Fat and protein concentrations and bile salt-stimulated lipase activities were similar in the two groups. Unstimulated lipase activity was higher in the inhibitory milks (11.9 ± 0.8 mM±min-1±ml-1) than in the controls (6.0 ± 0.2 mM±min-1±ml-1) (P ≤0.01). The specific activity (mM±min-1±mg protein-1) of unstimulated lipase was also significantly higher in the inhibitory milks (P ≤0.0001). The high nonesterified fatty acid levels in inhibitory milks is accounted for by the elevated unstimulated lipase activities. How these circumstances lead to jaundice in the infants remains to be shown. Speculation: The strong association between high unstimulated lipase activity in human milk and the syndrome of breast milk jaundice leads us to conclude that fat digestion and absorption may have an important efffect on the metabolism of bilirubin in newborn infants. Further studv of the influence of the digestive Drocess on the absorption aid further metabolism of dietaiy lipid ih neonates may help to illuminate the relationship between lipid metabolism and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.
Rhombencephalitis caused by West Nile fever virus.

West Nile virus, a mosquito-borne flavivirus, was first isolated in the country of Uganda in 1937 and later in other regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Before the outbreak in the greater New York area in the late summer of 1999, no human West Nile virus case had been reported in North America.1 In the past, West Nile fever has manifested as a systemic illness involving acute fever, myalgia, headache, lymphadenopathy, and maculopapular rash.2 However, in 1 to 40% of cases there has been infection of the neuroaxis, including encephalitis, meningitis, myelitis, radiculopathy, and peripheral neuropathy.3,4 We describe an adolescent with West Nile encephalitis with brainstem manifestations. A healthy 15-year-old boy presented with a 3-day history of fever, headache, vomiting, and confusion. Recent history was remarkable for multiple insect bites while living in the Bronx and during a visit to Rhode Island in July 1999. History was negative for immunosuppression, systemic illness, rashes, vaccinations, trauma, or drug use. The patient was hospitalized in the Bronx on September 5, 1999. Pertinent laboratory investigations …
Coal Slag Protection of Silicon Carbide with Chemically Vapor Deposited Mullite Coatings

The corrosion characteristics of bulk alumina, SiC, mullite, and CVD mullite coatings on SiC in contact with coal slag were investigated. Uncoated SiC corroded in the presence of coal slag, forming mixed FeSi phases and carbon. Bulk Al2O3 and slag formed a diffusional phase believed to be the spinel hercynite (Fe,Mg)O·(Al,Fe)2O3. After exposure to coal slag, a compositional difference was observed at bulk mullite/coal slag interfaces, yet this diffusional phase did not appreciably degrade the mullite samples and no cracking was observed. CVD mullite coatings offered protection to SiC in a simulated coal gasification atmosphere with corrosion protection dependent on the uniformity of the coating. Microprobe analysis of the CVD mullite coating/slag interface showed the formation of a Fe(Mg)Al.
Response of sparrows to songs of deaf and isolation‐reared males: Further evidence for innate auditory templates

Adult song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) were tested for response to songs of conspecific males that had been reared in acoustic isolation or deafened early in life. Territorial males responded more aggressively to playback of songs of isolated males than to songs of deafened males but did not discriminate between songs of deafened males and heterospecific songs. Captive females showed an identical pattern when their response was measured in terms of the number and intensity of courtship displays evoked by song. The results support the auditory template theory of song development in demonstrating that species-identifying features are present in songs of isolates and in showing that males unable to hear their own song production do not incorporate these species-identifying features into their songs.
Studies on the nature of replicating DNA in T4-infected Escherichia coli

The replicating DNA of T4-infected Escherichia coli has been isolated as a rapidly sedimenting structure of about 200 s at 15 minutes after infection. This sedimentation, rate is approached from smaller values at earlier times after infection. Several properties suggest that it differs from ordinary molecules of phage DNA or nonspecific aggregates of phage DNA. The very fragile structure breaks into products that sediment like phage DNA but are less homogeneous and appear to be more sensitive to further breakage than phage DNA. Treatment with nucleases that act on denatured DNA results in the simultaneous formation of intermediate rapidly sedimenting material and heterogeneous fragments ranging from 30 s to 100 s. An early hydrolysis product sediments at 73 s. The latter resembles a DNA fraction recovered from chloramphenicol-treated phage infected cells ( Frankel, 1963 ). The buoyant density in CsCl of the isolated replicating DNA is almost identical with that of phage DNA. After recovery from the same density band, the two DNA's retain, in part, their difference in sedimentation rate. The replicating DNA is more sensitive to thermal denaturation than phage DNA, but after complete denaturation the densities of the two are identical. Preliminary experiments suggest that the polynucleotide strands of replicating DNA are not longer than those of phage DNA. It is concluded that T4 phage DNA in the replicating state has a structure that is different from mature phage DNA. The former may be longer and could contain all of the newly synthesized DNA in a single, bizarre structure. This structure would possess regions in which the usual base pairing of native DNA is interrupted. Other structures, however, are not excluded.
Ghost cell odontogenic tumor associated with odontoma--report of two rare cases.

The ghost cell odontogenic tumor (GCOT) is a neoplastic/cystic lesion with a diverse histopathological and clinical behavior. It was formerly known as calcified odontogenic cyst, but in 2005 the World Health Organization categorized this lesion as an odontogenic, benign tumor rather than a cyst; nominating this neoplasm as calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor. A later comprehensive classification named it ghost cell odontogenic tumor, because the most remarkable histopathologic characteristic is the presence of a mass of ghost cells embedded in the epithelium. We report two cases of a rare variant of a ghost cell odontogenic tumor associated with odontoma; to our knowledge, one is the youngest patient (four month old) reported in the English literature.
Segmental arterial mediolysis: course, sequelae, prognosis, and pathologic-radiologic correlation.

Abstract Background Segmental arterial mediolysis is a vascular disease of putative vasospastic origin that causes massive hemorrhages. Although once considered rare, awareness of this disease has resulted in increased reports in the pathology and radiology literature. Despite this, uncertainties concerning pathologic and radiologic correlations, the course of this disease, and aspects of its prognosis exist. This article addresses these issues. Methods Thirteen radiologic reports of segmental arterial mediolysis are analyzed, and slides of 25 cases of segmental arterial mediolysis are searched for lesions analogous to the radiologic findings. Results Six angiographic presentations are identified: (a) arterial dilatation, (b) single aneurysm, (c) multiple aneurysms, (d) dissecting hematomas, (e) arterial stenosis, and (f) arterial occlusions. Pathologic correlations reveal that lytic loss of medial muscle causes arterial dilatation, dilated arterial gaps form aneurysms, dissections develop at arterial–medial gap junctions or from reparative granulation tissue and reparative alterations, and thrombi cause stenosis and occlusions. The most common radiologic findings at onset are aneurysms, arterial dilatation, and occlusions, while dissections and stenotic lesions often are delayed. These images correlate with the histologic evolution of segmental arterial mediolysis. Conclusions Segmental arterial mediolysis is an acute limited disease. Sequelae recognized radiologically include aneurysms, dissecting hematomas, arterial stenosis, and occlusions. Generally, these persist, become smaller, or resolve, but symptomatic dissections with delayed onset occur. Sequelae of subclinical forms of segmental arterial mediolysis may cause isolated idiopathic aneurysms or may evolve into arterial lesions indistinguishable from fibromuscular dysplasia.
Design and Reflection Help Students Develop Scientific Abilities: Learning in Introductory Physics Laboratories

Design activities, when embedded in an inquiry cycle and appropriately scaffolded and supplemented with reflection, can promote the development of the habits of mind (scientific abilities) that are an important part of scientific practice. Through the Investigative Science Learning Environment (ISLE), students construct physics knowledge by engaging in inquiry cycles that replicate the approach used by physicists to construct knowledge. A significant portion of student learning occurs in ISLE instructional labs where students design their own experiments. The labs provide an environment for cognitive apprenticeship enhanced by formative assessment. As a result, students develop interpretive knowing that helps them approach new problems as scientists. This article describes a classroom study in which the students in the ISLE design lab performed equally well on traditional exams as ISLE students who did not engage in design activities. However, the design group significantly outperformed the non-design gro...
Comparative mapping of DNA markers from the familial Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome regions of human chromosome 21 to mouse chromosomes 16 and 17

Abstract Mouse trisomy 16 has been proposed as an animal model of Down syndrome (DS), since this chromosome contains homologues of several loci from the q22 band of human chromosome 21. The recent mapping of the defect causing familial Alzheimer disease (FAD) and the locus encoding the Alzheimer amyloid beta precursor protein (APP) to human chromosome 21 has prompted a more detailed examination of the extent of conservation of this linkage group between the two species. Using anonymous DNA probes and cloned genes from human chromosome 21 in a combination of recombinant inbred and interspecific mouse backcross analyses, we have established that the linkage group shared by mouse chromosome 16 includes not only the critical DS region of human chromosome 21 but also the APP gene and FAD-linked markers. Extending from the anonymous DNA locus D21S52 to ETS2, the linkage map of six loci spans 39% recombination in man but only 6.4% recombination in the mouse. A break in synteny occurs distal to ETS2, with the homologue of the human marker D21S56 mapping to mouse chromosome 17. Conservation of the linkage relationships of markers in the FAD region suggests that the murine homologue of the FAD locus probably maps to chromosome 16 and that detailed comparison of the corresponding region in both species could facilitate identification of the primary defect in this disorder. The break in synteny between the terminal portion of human chromosome 21 and mouse chromosome 16 indicates, however, that mouse trisomy 16 may not represent a complete model of DS.
Treating the Root Cause: Acupuncture for the Treatment of Migraine, Menopausal Vasomotor Symptoms, and Chronic Insomnia

This case report describes the effectiveness of a single intervention, acupuncture, for relieving or abolishing severe migraines, menopausal vasomotor symptoms, and chronic insomnia and, thus, markedly improving quality of life. A 49-year-old woman was referred for acupuncture treatment of her daily migraines, menopausal vasomotor symptoms, and chronic insomnia. The patient had received polypharmacy treatment for these conditions for several years but had rather limited relief of her symptoms. The patient received 10 weekly or biweekly acupuncture treatments over three months. Her migraines reduced in frequency and intensity after her first acupuncture treatment, and she was able to discontinue use of her migraine medications after her eighth treatment. Subsequently, her menopausal vasomotor symptoms and chronic insomnia resolved. This case illustrates successful treatment of the symptoms of three medical conditions with a single complementary, alternative, and integrative medicine procedure, namely, acupuncture, one of the key elements of traditional Chinese medicine. The patient's medical problems had been treated for years with a multitude of medications, which led to adverse effects and little symptomatic improvement. Providers of complementary, alternative, and integrative medicine and providers practicing allopathic medicine should seek treatment options for their patients that promise to be helpful for various symptoms or diseases, that is, treating the root cause rather than using polypharmacy for various symptoms.
Cultivation of artemisia annua L plantlets in a bioreactor containing a single carbon and a single nitrogen source.

Micropropagation of a number of plant species by the shoot culture technique is well established. The process is labor intensive and expensive. Micropropagation in submerged culture systems are potentially cost-effective as less materials and labor may be required and shoots and roots may be grown in the same reactor vessel
Inner-shell charge transfer in asymmetric ion-atom collisions

A method used previously for inner-shell ionization in asymmetric ion-atom collisions is extended to include charge transfer between the target inner shells and projectile K shell. We work in the energy range eta/sup 1/2/ = h v/Z/sub N/e/sup 2/ < or approx. = 1 and use an independent-electron model (Hartree-Fock) for the target. We treat the interaction with the projectile as a time-dependent perturbation due to a bare charge moving on a straight-line path. Our method, as for ionization, is very efficient in that with our target-centered expansion of the system wave function, all requisite matrix elements needed at a particular projectile energy are pretabulated and used at all impact parameters. A critical feature of our results is the recognition of the importance of target continuum states of energy approximately equal to the kinetic energy (in the target frame) of the electron on the projectile, and the development of a method to properly include such resonance states in our pseudostate calculation. We present selected numerical results to illustrate our method and to demonstrate the projectile energy and nuclear charge dependence of the cross sections. A general feature of the results presented is that the computed cross sections are of themore » order of 0.3--0.5 times the Brinkman-Kramers estimate. Simultaneously, we also compute cross sections for electron stripping of the projectile, and find them to be dominated by transitions to the above-described resonant continuum state of the target.« less
Lithium tremor revisited: pathophysiology and treatment.

Objective Tremor occurs frequently as a side-effect of lithium, and it is, however, easily overlooked in the clinical setting. In this article, we attempt to review the pathophysiology and the clinical approach of lithium tremor. Method We searched the Pubmed and Cochrane Library for relevant articles up to the year 2012. Sixty-four articles including 10 review papers, 3 clinical trials, and 12 case reports were reviewed. Results Lithium tremor is classified as a postural tremor and subcategorized as an exaggerated physiologic tremor. Differential diagnosis includes metabolic abnormalities, benign essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, and lithium toxicity. Various methods of evaluating lithium tremor and treatment options are discussed. Conclusion When lithium tremor has developed, thorough history taking, physical examination, and blood examination including serum lithium level are needed. Pharmacotherapy is indicated only in patients with disabling tremor.
Photochemical escape of atomic carbon from Mars

We have modeled the escape fluxes of atomic carbon from the Martian atmosphere for low and high solar activities due to various photochemical escape mechanisms, including photodissociation of CO, dissociative recombination of CO + , electron impact dissociation and dissociative ionization of CO, photodissociative ionization of CO, and dissociative charge transfer of O ++ to CO. Only photodissociation of CO and dissociative recombination of CO + are found to be important, and the time-averaged escape flux is predicted to be controlled by the high solar activity values. The computed global average escape fluxes of C due to photodissociation of CO at low and high solar activities are 1.65 x 10 5 and 1.8 × 10 6 cm -2 s -1 , respectively, and those for dissociative recombination are 2.9 x 10 4 and 6.2 x 10 5 cm -2 s -1 , respectively. The other sources contribute <10% to the total. The photochemical escape rates are slightly larger than those estimated for sputtering by O + pickup ions in the present era. If current estimates are correct, however, sputtering will dominate the escape in earlier epochs when the solar wind is predicted to have been much stronger. Ion outflow may also constitute an important loss mechanism if escape rates are on the order of their predicted upper limits.
Combining nanocalorimetry and dynamic transmission electron microscopy for in situ characterization of materials processes under rapid heating and cooling.

Nanocalorimetry is a chip-based thermal analysis technique capable of analyzing endothermic and exothermic reactions at very high heating and cooling rates. Here, we couple a nanocalorimeter with an extremely fast in situ microstructural characterization tool to identify the physical origin of rapid enthalpic signals. More specifically, we describe the development of a system to enable in situ nanocalorimetry experiments in the dynamic transmission electron microscope (DTEM), a time-resolved TEM capable of generating images and electron diffraction patterns with exposure times of 30 ns–500 ns. The full experimental system consists of a modified nanocalorimeter sensor, a custom-built in situ nanocalorimetry holder, a data acquisition system, and the DTEM itself, and is capable of thermodynamic and microstructural characterization of reactions over a range of heating rates (102 K/s–105 K/s) accessible by conventional (DC) nanocalorimetry. To establish its ability to capture synchronized calorimetric and microstructural data during rapid transformations, this work describes measurements on the melting of an aluminum thin film. We were able to identify the phase transformation in both the nanocalorimetry traces and in electron diffraction patterns taken by the DTEM. Potential applications for the newly developed system are described and future system improvements are discussed.
Muscarine and water: Ab initio potentials

Ab initio SCF-LCAO-MO (Self Consistent Field-Linear Combination Atomic Orbitals-Molecular Orbital) computations have been carried out on the muscarine ion in different conformations. The rotational barrier around the C3-C2-C1-N dihedral angle has been calculated and the results show that the molecule possesses a fairly rigid structure in this respect. The rotational barrier around the HO2-O2-C4-H4 dihedral angle (τ 2) was also analyzed, and it was found that in vacuum the preferred conformation is the one withτ 2=0. SCF calculations have also been carried out on the muscarine-water system at many different separations and/or orientations. The interaction energies were then fitted to pair potential functions, which allowed makeup of isoenergy maps that explicitly show the interaction minima and the repulsive regions. These potential functions are also necessary in order to carry out statistical simulations of the molecule water solution. In order to assess the role of the ring methyl group in muscarinic activity, the interaction of the demethylmuscarine molecule with water was also studied; the results show that the loss of the terminal methyl leads to a distinct loss of hydrophobic character.
Conservation of Helicobactev pylori Genotypes in Different Ethnic Groups in Houston, Texas

This study was concerned with whether the Helicobacter pylori strains circulating among ethnic groups living in the same region differ. The polymerase chain reactions to genotype (cagA, vacA, and iceA) H. pylori isolates from healthy volunteers from 4 ethnic groups (black, n = 35; white Hispanic, n = 31; whites, n = 30; Vietnamese, n = 29) residing in Houston were examined. The Vietnamese volunteers had the East Asian-type cagA 3' repeat region structure, and the others had the non-Asian type. The most common genotypes were delineated as follows: blacks and Hispanics, cagA+, vacA slb-ml, and iceA2; whites, cagA+, vacA sla-m2, and iceA2; and Vietnamese, cagA+, vacA slc-m2, and iceA2. Two Hispanic families were also examined. H. pylori isolates from the children and their mothers had the same genotype and were different from those associated with the children's fathers or brothers-in-law. Conservation of an H. pylori genotype within ethnic groups over the course of generations will prove useful for epidemiological study of the coevolution of humans and H. pylori.
Building solid models from boreholes and user-defined cross-sections

Solid models of geologic structures are useful tools for geologists and engineers. Solid models completely and unambiguously define the stratigraphy for the site being modeled, including complex boundaries and embedded seams. Past research has focused on the "set operations" approach to create solid models. Whereas the set operations approach is flexible, it requires significant user intervention and is therefore difficult to use. A simple approach for generating solid models from borehole data, called the horizons method, is presented. The horizons method can be used to build solids directly from borehole data with minimal user intervention. The user first assigns horizon ids to each of the borehole contacts. The horizon ids represent the depositional sequence and increase from the bottom to the top of the boreholes. The solids are then built by interpolating each of the surfaces defined by the horizons and extruding the surface into a solid. In each case, the solid is built by extruding the solid from the current surface down to the uppermost surface defined by the top of all previous horizons. In cases where more control over the resulting solids is necessary, the horizons method can be easily modified to honor user-defined cross-sections in addition to the borehole data.
Radioisotopic studies of DNA biosynthesis in relation to growth of Zea mays roots

Root growth consists of two basic processes, cell division and cell elongation. An integral part of the first process is the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA biosynthesis was studied in primary roots of Zea mays through incorporation of 3 H-thymidine by autoradiography and liquid scintillation spectrometry. DNA synthesis was restricted to the meristematic region of the primary root. The curve representing this process was bell-shaped with a peak at 1.5 mm from the tip. Up to 3 mm distance from the tip, the root was growing both by cell division and cell elongation. This was also the region of DNA synthesis. The root region between 3 to 9 mm from the tip. was growing only by cell elongation. The relative elemental rate of elongation had a maximum at 3.5 mm from the tip, or shortly after cessation of DNA synthesis and cell division. Cells stopped elongating at 9 mm distance from the tip.
Characters for Identification of Some Common Plusiine Caterpillars of the Southeastern United States

Keys are presented for the differentiation of larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner); T. oxygramma (Geyer); Pseudoplusia includens (Walker); Argyrogramma verruca (F.); the celery looper, Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby); Autographa biloba (Stephens); Rachiplusia ou (Guenee); and Agrapha acrea (Hubner), which represent 8 of the 11 species of this complex known to occur in the southeastern United States. Vestigial prolegs, mandibles, sclerotized ridges on hypopharynx and their processes, setae and pinnacula of 1st, 2nd, and 4th abdominal segments are described and illustrated. Some notes on the biology of the species are given.
Joint spatial Bayesian modeling for studies combining longitudinal and cross-sectional data:

Design for intervention studies may combine longitudinal data collected from sampled locations over several survey rounds and cross-sectional data from other locations in the study area. In this case, modeling the impact of the intervention requires an approach that can accommodate both types of data, accounting for the dependence between individuals followed up over time. Inadequate modeling can mask intervention effects, with serious implications for policy making. In this paper we use data from a large-scale larviciding intervention for malaria control implemented in Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania, collected over a period of almost 5 years. We apply a longitudinal Bayesian spatial model to the Dar es Salaam data, combining follow-up and cross-sectional data, treating the correlation in longitudinal observations separately, and controlling for potential confounders. An innovative feature of this modeling is the use of Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process to model random time effects. We contrast the results with other Bayesian modeling formulations, including cross-sectional approaches that consider individual-level random effects to account for subjects followed up in two or more surveys. The longitudinal modeling approach indicates that the intervention significantly reduced the prevalence of malaria infection in Dar es Salaam by 20% whereas the joint model did not suggest significance within the results. Our results suggest that the longitudinal model is to be preferred when longitudinal information is available at the individual level.
Convergence characteristics of the cumulant expansion for Fourier path integrals

The cumulant representation of the Fourier path integral method is examined to determine the asymptotic convergence characteristics of the imaginary-time density matrix with respect to the number of path variables N included. It is proved that when the cumulant expansion is truncated at order p, the asymptotic convergence rate of the density matrix behaves like N -(2p+1) . The complex algebra associated with the proof is simplified by introducing a diagrammatic representation of the contributing terms along with an associated linked-cluster theorem. The cumulant terms at each order are expanded in a series such that the asymptotic convergence rate is maintained without the need to calculate the full cumulant at order p. Using this truncated expansion of each cumulant at order p, the numerical cost in developing Fourier path integral expressions having convergence order N -(2P+1) is shown to be approximately linear in the number of required potential energy evaluations making the method promising for actual numerical implementation.