cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consumer knowledge and attitudes about genetically modified food products and labelling policy

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between consumer knowledge, attitudes and behaviours towards foods containing genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and the prevalence of GMO labelling in northern New Jersey supermarkets. This cross-sectional study surveyed 331 adults, New Jersey supermarket customers (mean age 26 years old, 79.8% women). The results show a strong, positive correlation between consumer attitudes towards foods not containing GMOs and purchasing behaviour (Pearson's r = 0.701, p < 0.001) with lesser correlations between knowledge and behaviour (Pearson's r = 0.593, p < 0.001) and knowledge and attitudes (Pearson's r = 0.413, p < 0.001). GMO labelling would assist consumers in making informed purchase decisions.
Fair Scheduling on Parallel Bonded Channels with Intersecting Bonding Groups

We describe an efficient scheduling technique for providing weighted sharing of aggregate capacity in networks having parallel bonded channels in which a single channel may simultaneously be a member of multiple bonding groups. Our work is motivated by the introduction of this capability into version 3 of the Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS). Our technique extends Golestani's self-clocked fair queuing algorithm (SCFQ). We illustrate its weighted fair-sharing properties via simulation and provide some analytic results that establish fairness under certain conditions. We also demonstrate that round robin based techniques such as weighted deficit round robin do not extend equally easily and effectively to this environment.
Identification of an essential cysteine in the reaction catalyzed by aspartate-β-semialdehyde dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli

The enzyme l -aspartate-β-semialdehyde dehydrogenae from Escherichia coli has been studied by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. The focus of this investigation was to examine the role of a cysteine residue that had been previously identified by chemical modification with an active site directed reagent (Biellman et al. (1980). Eur. J. Biochem. 104, 59–64). Substitution of this cysteine at position 135 with an alanine results in complete loss of enzyme activity. However, changing this cysteine to a serine yields a mutant enzyme with a maximum velocity that is 0.3% that of the native enzyme. This C135S mutant has retained essentially the same affinity for substrates as the native enzyme, and the same overall conformation as reflected in identical behavior on gel electrophoresis and in identical fluorescence spectra. The pH profile of the enzyme shows a loss in catalytic activity upon protonation of a group with a p K a value of 7.7. The same activity loss is observed at this pH with the serine-135 mutant, despite the differences in the p K a values for a cysteine sulfhydryl and a serine hydroxyl group that have been measured in model compounds. This observed p K a value may reflect the protonation of an auxiliary catalyst that enhances the reactivity of the active site cysteine nucleophile in the native aspartate-β-semialdehyde dehydrogenase.
Precipitation of barium chromate in the presence of strontium and lead by complexation followed by volatilization of ammonia.

Abstract Cation-release is used to precipitate barium chromate from homogeneous solution in the presence of lead and strontium. MEDTA or DCTA is added to complex the metal ions at pH ⩾ 10.3 (adjusted with ammonia). On heating, the ammonia slowly volatilizes and the consequent increases in acidity releases the metal ion bound in the least stable chelate (barium). Precipitation is about 99.3–99.7% complete at pH 6.7–6.8, with less than 0.1% co-precipitation of lead or strontium. Lower pH values can be attained by volatilizing acetic or hydrochloric acid into the solution in a closed system.
Readability Assessment of Online Tracheostomy Care Resources

ObjectiveTo assess the readability of online tracheostomy care resources.Study DesignCross-sectional study.Setting:Academic center.Subjects and MethodsA Google search was performed for “tracheostom...
Chromatographic Silica Gel: Surface Area Determined by Adsorption

The surface area of silicic acid, a form of silica gel, has been determined by adsorption of methanol from a benzene solvent. The method is straightforward, uses inexpensive apparatus, and should be applicable to other particulate adsorbents.
Transfusion of cerebrospinal fluid and tissue bound chemical factors between the brains of conscious monkeys: a new neurobiological assay

Abstract A new neurobiological assay procedure has been devised whereby the brain of one unanesthetized conscious monkey serves as the assay organ for the brain of another monkey. The method is based on the supposition that pharmacologically active substances are actually released in the brain during physiological or behavioral changes in an animal. A direct transfusion of these chemical factors to the brain of a second monkey (recipient) would reveal the function of the factors if significant changes occur in the recipient. For non-specific examination of the release of neurochemical substrates into the cerebral ventricles during a physiological or behavioral change, CSF is tapped from the brain of a donor monkey via a chronically implanted cannula and pumped at a regulated rate to a corresponding site in the ventricle of a recipient monkey. Another direct method for investigating the release of chemical factors from specific structures is carried out by push-pull perfusion of a specific site in the tissue of the donor's brain. The collected perfusate from the donor is then pumped to a similar site in the brain of a recipient animal. The cannulae, surgical and fluid exchange procedures used for the brain transfusion experiments are described.
Changing lanes in ICL.

In this issue of Blood , Scott-Algara and colleagues describe decreased surface expression with intracellular accumulation of CXCR4 in CD4+ T cells of 6 patients with ICL.[1][1] This was associated with decreased migratory responses to CXCL12 and was restored by both in vitro and in vivo IL-2. In
Thermal stability and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline Fe–Ni–Zr alloys prepared by mechanical alloying

The thermal stability of nanostructured Fe100−x−y Ni x Zr y alloys with Zr additions up to 4 at.% was investigated. This expands upon our previous results for Fe–Ni base alloys that were limited to 1 at.% Zr addition. Emphasis was placed on understanding the effects of composition and microstructural evolution on grain growth and mechanical properties after annealing at temperatures near and above the bcc-to-fcc transformation. Results reveal that microstructural stability can be lost due to the bcc-to-fcc transformation (occurring at 700 °C) by the sudden appearance of abnormally grown fcc grains. However, it was determined that grain growth can be suppressed kinetically at higher temperatures for high Zr content alloys due to the precipitation of intermetallic compounds. Eventually, at higher temperatures and regardless of composition, the retention of nanocrystallinity was lost, leaving behind fine micron grains filled with nanoscale intermetallic precipitates. Despite the increase in grain size, the in situ formed precipitates were found to induce an Orowan hardening effect rivaling that predicted by Hall–Petch hardening for the smallest grain sizes. The transition from grain size strengthening to precipitation strengthening is reported for these alloys. The large grain size and high precipitation hardening result in a material that exhibits high strength and significant plastic straining capacity.
Modified Sol-Gel Synthesis of Vanadium Oxide Nanocomposites Containing Surfactant Ions

Recently, there has been much interest in creating new layered transition metal oxides. Vanadium oxides may be used as sorbents, catalysts, and cathodes in lithium batteries. The modified sol-gel technique allows for some control towards the final structure of the compound. Using this technique, a new layered vanadium oxide compound - I, containing the surfactant dodecylphosphate, has been synthesized. After the removal of the organic ligand a new compound - II is formed which might be hexagonal. The compounds were analyzed using XRD, TGA, SEM, and NMR. VO2PO3(OH)C12H25(H2O)n is the general formula of the layered product I with a layer spacing of about 40 angstroms. II appears to be hexagonal with a = 43A. The synthesis, composition, and structure of these compounds are discussed.
Anomalous dissipation in single-walled carbon nanotube resonators.

We observe a new anomalous and transient process of intrinsic dissipation in simulations of the ring-down of flexural modes in single-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) resonators. The effect is pronounced, causing the quality factor of the mode to be reduced by more that 95% for tens of picoseconds. The anomalous dissipation depends on the CNT temperature and the energy in the mode, and remarkably increasing the excitation energy in the resonator causes it to decay to zero faster. By tracking the cascade of energy as it dissipates we identify “gateway” modes that provide important channels for dissipation. The processes we observe show that an athermal phonon population accompanying dissipation can strongly influence the quality factor in nanoelectromechanical devices.
Bereavement among faculty members in a university setting.

Abstract This study examined bereavement among a group of faculty following their return to work at the university. A phenomenological approach was undertaken in an attempt to understand the faculty's experience of bereavement after returning to work following the death of a significant family member. Face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted with seven individuals who had experienced the death of a husband, a parent, a sibling, or grandparent. The findings support two main positions: (1) the grieving process may go unrecognized due to the demands and challenges inherent in the university setting, and (2) the university setting may also play a supportive role for returning faculty. Although physical and emotional responses are normal reactions to grief and loss, the faculty's perception of their experience suggests that their role and work responsibilities complicate the bereavement process. Two faculty respondents also found the university environment helpful and supportive despite occasional disre...
Hierarchical Representation of Fuzzy If-Then Rules

We introduce a hierarchical structure for the representation of fuzzy if-then rules of the type used in fuzzy systems modeling. In this structure the specificity of the rules diminishes as we go down the hierarchy. We discuss how this structure provides a natural framework for acquisition of knowledge. We introduce a new aggregation operator for combining information between levels. This operator has a saturation like component which stops aggregation when an appropriate level of specificity is reached. This saturation effect avoids the swamping of the output by less specific knowledge.
Fertility awareness‐based methods for contraception

Background 'Fertility awareness-based methods' of family planning "involve identification of the fertile days of the menstrual cycle, whether by observing fertility signs such as cervical secretions and basal body temperature, or by monitoring cycle days. Fertility awareness-based methods can be used in combination with abstinence or barrier methods during the fertile time" (WHO 2000). Several names have been used to describe this approach to contraception, including 'rhythm,' 'natural family planning' and 'periodic abstinence.' Fertility awareness-based methods can be used with abstinence from sexual intercourse. Alternatively, they can be used with barrier contraceptives or withdrawal during presumed fertile times. Objectives We retrieved and analyzed all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined any fertility awareness-based methods used for contraception. Search methods In February 2012, we searched the computerized databases CENTRAL, MEDLINE, POPLINE, and LILACS for randomized controlled trials of fertility awareness-based methods. We also searched for trials in ClinicalTrials.gov and ICTRP. Previous searches also included EMBASE. For the initial review, we examined the reference lists of trial reports as well as that of review articles. Selection criteria We included all RCTs in any language that compared any fertility awareness-based methods for contraception with a placebo; another method, including an alternative fertility awareness-based method; or fertility awareness-based methods used in conjunction with another contraceptive. Data collection and analysis We assessed all titles and abstracts found for inclusion. We evaluated the methodological quality of the trials for potential biases by qualitatively assessing the study design, randomization method, allocation concealment, blinding, premature discontinuation rates, and loss to follow-up rates. Because of methodological weaknesses, we could not enter the trial results in RevMan, calculate measures of association, or aggregate data. Main results Because of poor methods and reporting, pregnancy rates could not be determined. A trial in Colombia found similar numbers of pregnancies among women randomized to the ovulation and symptothermal methods. In contrast, a companion trial in Los Angeles observed more pregnancies in the group assigned to the ovulation method. In the two USA trials, recruitment of participants was unexpectedly difficult; this aspect was not mentioned in the report from Colombia. Continuation rates were poor. In the two larger trials, most participants discontinued their assigned method before entering the observation phase of the trial. Authors' conclusions The comparative efficacy of fertility awareness-based methods of contraception remains unknown. Despite intensive training and ongoing support, most participants in these trials discontinued prematurely. Contraceptive methods should be properly evaluated, preferably in randomized controlled trials, before adoption and dissemination.
Averaging vs Summation in Impression Formation

Three experiments were conducted to assess the adequacy of an averaging vs a summation model of impression formation and to explore the effect of varying the degree of implication between impressio...
FAMILY THERAPY RESEARCH AND THE “NEW EPISTEMOLOGY”*

Epistemological critiques of the theory and practice of family therapy recently have also been brought to bear on mainstream strategies and methods of research in family therapy. In this paper, it is argued that standard research methods are the only ethically responsible means presently available by which we can assess the efficacy of family therapy. It is also argued that standard research models have already provided data of practical relevance to clinicians, patients and public policy makers and should not be abandoned in haste. Finally, it is argued that there are insufficient grounds for divorce between the “new epistemology” and standard research, since commonplace research designs and methods are far more compatible with systemic thinking than some observers have suggested.
Phase stability, phase transformations, and elastic properties of Cu6Sn5:Ab initio calculations and experimental results

Among many Sn-based intermetallics, Cu6Sn5 (η and η′) is ubiquitous in modern solder interconnects. Using the published structural models of η and η′ and also related structures, the total energies and equilibrium cohesive properties are calculated from first-principles employing electronic density-functional theory, ultrasoft pseudopotentials, and both the local density approximation (LDA) and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) for the exchange-correlation energy. The accuracy of our calculations is assessed through comparisons between theoretical results and experimental measurements for lattice parameters, elastic properties, and formation and transformation energies. The ambient-temperature experimental lattice constants of η and η′ are found to lie between the LDA and GGA level calculated zero-temperature lattice constants. The Wyckoff positions in the structural models of η and η′ agree very well with the ab initio results. The calculated formation energy of η′ lies between −3.2 and −4.0 kJ/mol, which is more positive by about 3 to 4 kJ/mol compared to reported experimental data obtained by solution calorimetry. Our systematic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments show that the η′ → η transformation enthalpy is 438 ± 18 J/mol, which is about 66% higher than the literature value. In view of our DSC results on heating and cooling, the nature of η′ → η and η → η′ is discussed. Our experimental bulk modulus of η and η′, and the heat of η′ → η transformation agree very well with the ab initio total energy calculations at the GGA level. Based on these results, we conclude that other isotropic elastic moduli (Young’s modulus, shear, and Poissons ratio) of η and η′ phases measured by pulse-echo technique are representative of their actual properties. The scatter in experimental elastic constants in the literature may be attributed to various factors, such as the measurement technique (pulse-echo versus nanoindentation), type of specimen (bulk, Cu6Sn5-layer in diffusion couple, thin-film), and anisotropy effects (particularly in Cu6Sn5-layer in diffusion couples).
Immigration Policing Through the Backdoor: City Ordinances, the "right to the City," and the Exclusion of Undocumented Day Laborers

Whereas the federal government has exclusive authority over immigration in the United States, during the past decade (and particularly since 9/11), many cities have formulated "grassroots" policies that enable local immigration policing "through the backdoor," and have the indirect—but intended—effect of excluding undocumented immigrants from their jurisdic- tions. Providing a national overview and three case studies from the Phoenix, Arizona, metropol- itan region, this article focuses specifically on the way in which cities are deploying public space ordinances to police (presumed) undocumented day laborers within their jurisdictions. This study underscores how noncitizen status can compromise claims to "the city," and thus makes an argument that the legal geographic literature on city ordinances, public space, and the "right to the city" must engage with immigrant legal status and break free from the "territorial trap" of the
National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) construction, commissioning, and initial operations

The NSTX is a new national facility for the study of plasma confinement, heating, and current drive in a low aspect ratio, spherical torus (ST) configuration. The ST configuration is an alternate magnetic confinement concept which is characterized by high /spl beta/ (ratio plasma pressure to magnetic field pressure) and low toroidal field compared to conventional tokamaks, and could provide a pathway to the realization of a practical fusion power source. Engineering design began in October 1995. Installation of the torus in the test cell began in October 1998. First plasma was achieved in February 1999. Following this event, with the completion of the installation of the internal hardware and RF antenna over the summer of 1999, the construction project has been declared complete, and the machine has been restarted. Operation of the machine, and production of plasma, has been quite reliable, and the experimental campaign has now begun. This paper reports on highlights of the construction, commissioning, and initial operations.
PC-DUOS+: A TCAM Architecture for Packet Classifiers

We propose algorithms for distributing the classifier rules to two ternary content addressable memories (TCAMs) and for incrementally updating the TCAMs. The performance of our scheme is compared against the prevalent scheme of storing classifier rules in a single TCAM in priority order. Our scheme results in an improvement in average lookup speed by up to 49% and an improvement in update performance by up to 3.84 times in terms of the number of TCAM writes.
Service-dominant logic: continuing the evolution

Since the introductory article for what has become known as the “service-dominant (S-D) logic of marketing,” “Evolving to a New Dominant Logic for Marketing,” was published in the Journal of Marketing (Vargo, S. L., & Lusch, R. F. (2004a)), there has been considerable discussion and elaboration of its specifics. This article highlights and clarifies the salient issues associated with S-D logic and updates the original foundational premises (FPs) and adds an FP. Directions for future work are also discussed.
Recent BRCAPRO upgrades significantly improve calibration

The recent release of version 2.0-8 of the BayesMendel package contains an updated BRCAPRO risk prediction model, which includes revised modeling of Contralateral Breast Cancer (CBC) penetrance, provisions for pedigrees of mixed ethnicity and an adjustment for mastectomies among family members. We estimated penetrance functions for contralateral breast cancer by a combination of parametric survival modeling of literature data and deconvolution of SEER9 data. We then validated the resulting updated model of CBC in BRCAPRO by comparing it with the previous release (BayesMendel 2.0-7), using pedigrees from the Cancer Genetics Network (CGN) Model Validation Study. Version 2.0-8 of BRCAPRO discriminates BRCA1/BRCA2 carriers from non-carriers with similar accuracy compared to the previous version (increase in AUC: 0.0043), is slightly more precise in terms of RMSE (decrease in RMSE: 0.0108), and it significantly improves calibration (ratio of observed to expected events of 0.9765 in version 2.0-8, compared to 0.8910 in version 2.0-7). We recommend that the new version be used in clinical counseling, particularly in settings where families with CBC are common.
Some features of pararesonance /PR/ whistlers

Pararesonance (PR) whistlers observed in the topside ionosphere by the Dartmouth receiver on Ogo 6 are examined. The study extends that of Walter and Angerami (1969) to higher frequencies and shows that the upper cutoff frequency of PR whistlers closely follows a 1/L to the 4th dependence from 6 to 100 kHz (at L = 2.90 and 1.37, respectively). Most PR whistlers are attached to paralongitudinal (PL) whistlers due, presumably, to intermode coupling. The 'walking trace', or unattached PR whistler, reported by Walter and Angerami is evidently unusual. The upper cutoff frequency follows 1/L to the 4th whether attachment occurs or not. Rising sawtooth appendages starting at the upper cutoff frequency are frequency seen on PR whistlers.
Integrated Services Digital Networks: Concepts, Policies, and Emerging Issues

Western European nutiom, particularly France and Germuny, bate advanced centralized planning for the introduction of ISDN, but in the United States trial have proceeded slowly due to a luck of universal standards and the state of deregulatory policy.
State-control spectral Chebyshev parameterization for linearly constrained quadratic optimal control problems

In this paper we propose a computationally attractive numerical method for determining the optimal control of constrained linear dynamic systems with a quadratic performance. The method is based upon constructing the mth degree interpolating polynomials, using Chebyshev nodes, to approximate the control and the state vectors. The system dynamics are collocated at Chebyshev nodes. The performance index is discretized by a cell averaging method. The state and control inequality constraints are converted into algebraic inequalities through collocation at the nodes. The linear quadratic optimal control problem is thereby transformed into a quadratic programming one. Simulation studies demonstrate computational advantages relative to a standard Riccati method, a classical Chebyshev-based method, Fourier-based method and other methods in the literature.
Trade Liberalization and the Allocation of Labor between Households and Markets in a Poor Country

We consider the relationship between relative price changes and the allocation of labor between households and the formal wage labor market in the context of Vietnam's liberalization of its rice trade in the 1990s. Many individuals in poor economies work within their own household rather than in formal labor markets. We find that larger rice price increases in a community are associated with declines in hours adults devote to work within the household and increases in time spent in the wage labor market. We also observe increased specialization in household economic activities accompanying these shifts in hours towards wage work. Our results are consistent with the idea that a growth in the extent of the market shifts production and labor from households to markets during development, thereby inducing gains from specialization. Thus, the reallocation of labor between households and markets in response to a trade liberalization might be an important component in understanding the link between trade and growth in very poor economies, currently the focus of the Doha WTO negotiation round.
The effect of transient viscoelastic properties on interfacial instabilities in superposed pressure driven channel flows

Abstract In a recent study, Ganpule and Khomami (submitted to J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech.) have shown that in order to accurately describe the experimentally observed interfacial instability phenomenon in superposed channel flow of viscoelastic fluids, a constitutive equation that can accurately depict not only the steady viscometric properties of the experimental test fluids, but also their transient viscoelastic properties must be used in the analysis. In the present study, the effect of differences in transient viscoelastic properties which can arise either due to the differences in the predictive capabilities of various constitutive models or from the presence of multiple modes of relaxation on the interfacial instabilities of the superposed pressure driven channel flows has been investigated. Specifically, a linear stability analysis is performed using nonlinear constitutive equations which predict identical steady viscometric properties but different transient viscoelastic properties. It is shown that different nonlinear constitutive equations give rise to the same mechanism of interfacial instability, but the boundaries of the neutral stability contours and the magnitudes of the growth/decay rates, especially at intermediate and shortwaves, are shifted due to the overshoots in the transient viscoelastic responses predicted by the constitutive equations. In addition, the effect of the presence of multiple modes of relaxation on interfacial stability is studied using single and multiple mode upper convected Maxwell (UCM) fluids and it is shown that pronounced differences in the intermediate and shortwave linear stability predictions arise due to the fact that the increase in the number of modes gives rise to additional fast as well as slow relaxation modes and the presence of these additional relaxation modes gives rise to differences in the transient viscoelastic response of the fluids in the absence of any overshoots. The effect of fluid inertia on the interfacial stability of viscoelastic liquids is examined and it is shown that at longwaves, inertia has a pronounced effect on the stability of the interface, whereas at shortwaves, elastic and viscous effects dominate. Furthermore, the mechanism of viscoelastic interfacial instabilities is studied by a careful examination of disturbance eigenfunctions as well as performing a disturbance energy analysis. The results indicate that the mechanism of viscoelastic interfacial instabilities can be described in terms of interaction of mechanisms of purely viscous and purely elastic instabilities. However, since more than one mechanism for the instability is at work, the disturbance energy analysis can not clearly distinguish between them due to the fact that the eigenfunctions used in the energy analysis contain the information regarding both viscous and elastic effects. Hence, the mechanism of the instability must be determined by a careful examination of disturbance eigenfunctions.
The Neurological Evaluation of School-Age Children

The field of learning disabilities is literally forcing many disciplines to re-evaluate present testing and screening instruments. In this abstract, Dr. Ozer is offering a preliminary communication describing an approach that his facility is taking to devise an accurate and prompt neurological examination. It is propitious for the field of learning disabilities that neurology is attempting to measure brain function in terms of rate of learning. The Journal is looking forward to a future report from Dr. Ozer and we would suggest all interested persons make application to him for copies of the forms and instructions that he is using for this evaluation technique.—C. C. E.
Phenotype of the Obese Koletsky (f) Rat Due to Tyr763Stop Mutation in the Extracellular Domain of the Leptin Receptor (Lepr): Evidence for Deficient Plasma-to-CSF Transport of Leptin in Both the Zucker and Koletsky Obese Rat

The obese phenotypes of the diabetes ( db ) mouse and fatty ( fa ) rat are due to functional null mutations of the leptin receptor (Lepr). The recessive mutation in the Koletsky ( f ) obese rat maps to the same genetic intervals as db and fa and fails to complement the fa mutation. Comparison of the sequence of brain Lepr cDNA from +/+ and f / f animals reveals a T2349A transversion resulting in a Tyr763Stop nonsense mutation in the gene just before the transmembrane domain. Virtual absence of Lepr mRNA in whole brain from f / f animals is consistent with the presence of a null mutation. The predicted reduced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) transport of leptin in both f / f and fa / fa mutants is reflected in the ∼10-fold lower ratio of CSF/plasma leptin concentration in the obese versus lean animals. However, equivalent CSF leptin concentration between lean and obese rats ( fa / fa , f / f ) indicates that leptin can enter the CSF through a non–Lepr-mediated mechanism, which may be saturated at normal physiological plasma leptin concentration.
Contingent Partisanship: When Party Labels Matter - and When They Don’t - in the Distribution of Pork in American State Legislatures

When dividing up pork - legislative appropriations targeted at a specific district - do lawmakers concentrate money on the political territory controlled by the majority party, or do they spread money evenly across all districts? In the 1960s and 1970s, scholars concluded that the theory of minimum winning coalitions did not apply to Congress; they found instead that district spending was driven by a norm of universalism, with few advantages for members of the majority party. Recent studies of today’s more polarized Congress question that consensus, revealing mounting evidence of partisan bias when it comes to pork spending. What forces underlie this shift? This paper advances a theory of contingent partisanship. We argue that high levels of partisan polarization and tight party competition elevate the importance of majority party affiliation in pork provision. In order to test this theory, we move beyond Congress to the legislatures of six American states (California, Illinois, Montana, New York, Vermont, and Virginia) in the middle decades of the 20th century, an arena that provides variance on crucial independent variables - such as the existence or absence of two viable parties, partisan polarization, and seniority privileges - that are necessarily held constant in studies of Congress. In keeping with our predictions, we find that the majority takes a larger share of a state’s pork in houses that are polarized along party lines and where two-party competition is fierce. By contrast, in one-party states or sessions in which the parties overlap on the ideological spectrum, there is no party bias, and other factors such as seniority and centrism explain who wins the most for their district.
A Comparison of Angular Discretization Techniques for the Radiative Transport Equation

Two of the most popular deterministic radiation transport methods for treating the angular dependence of the radiative intensity for heat transfer: the discrete ordinates and simplified spherical harmonics approximations are compared. A problem with discontinuous boundary conditions is included to evaluate ray effects for discrete ordinates solutions. Mesh resolution studies are included to ensure adequate convergence and evaluate the effects of the contribution of false scattering. All solutions are generated using finite element spatial discretization. Where applicable, any stabilization used is included in the description of the approximation method or the statement of the governing equations. A previous paper by the author presented results for a set of 2D benchmark problems for the discrete ordinates method using the PN-TN quadrature of orders 4, 6, and 8 as well as the P1, M1, and SP3 approximations. This paper expands that work to include the Lathrop-Carlson level symmetric quadrature of order up to 20 as well as the Lebedev quadrature of order up to 76 and simplified spherical harmonics of odd orders from 1 to 15. Two 3D benchmark problems are considered here. The first is a canonical problem of a cube with a single hot wall. This case is used primarily to demonstrate the potentially unintuitive interaction between mesh resolution, quadrature order, and solution error. The second case is meant to be representative of a pool fire. The temperature and absorption coefficient distributions are defined analytically. In both cases, the relative error in the radiative flux or the radiative flux divergence within a volume is considered as the quantity of interest as these are the terms that enter into the energy equation. The spectral dependence of the optical properties and the intensity is neglected.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Strong-field ionization and dissociation studies on small early transition metal carbide clusters via time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

In this work, we report experimental results from the strong-field ionization and subsequent Coulomb explosion of narrow distributions of small (<40 atoms) heteronuclear clusters composed of transi...
Abstract 1131: ING4 attenuates breast cancer cell growth in Matrigel by altering Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway

ING4 is a member of the INhibitor of Growth (ING) tumor suppressor family, which plays a role in various cellular processes and suppresses hallmarks of cancer. ING4 contains a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger motif that has been implicated in transcriptional regulation via chromatin remodeling. However, the molecular mechanism(s) of ING4 tumor suppressor function is not known. In breast cancer, the ING4 locus is deleted in 10-20% of primary tumors, suggesting its role as a tumor suppressor. To better understand tumor suppressive function of ING4 in breast cancer, we tested whether ING4 can influence cell growth in three-dimensional culture environment using Matrigel. We found that ING4 retarded proliferation of T47D human breast cancer cells in Matrigel. In order to identify downstream target genes of ING4 that may be responsible for this activity, we employed gene expression profiling assays. The results showed that ING4 down-regulated several genes in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, including Wnt4, Wnt6, dishevelled 1, dishevelled 3, and frizzled 4. Deregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has been shown in human breast cancer as well as to induce mammary tumors in mice. We conclude that ING4 attenuates T47D cell growth in Matrigel by down-regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Our data suggests that ING4 may function as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer by suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signals. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1131.
MiLa: An Audiovisual Instrument for Learning the Curwen Hand Signs

We present a novel musical system for learning the Curwen-Kodaly hand signs, which stand for solfege syllables and pitches (do, re, mi, etc.). These hand postures comprise a system of musical notation typically used in sight-singing training to familiarize with patterns of musical tones. Therefore, what concerns us is music literacy as opposed to practice with any particular instrument. Our system uses a Leap motion sensor to recognize the hand signs and produce corresponding user-recorded sounds. For each hand sign, the system also displays a natural 3D scenery, which is intended to match the metaphorical nature of the tone and has a resemblance to the hand posture (e.g. mi is a steady or calm tone, so the hand sign is an open hand with palm downwards and the scenery is a calm but moving ocean).
Studying on the Design of Statistics Network Courseware

Starting from the problems existing in current network courseware of statistics,this article analyzes the reason and tries to find out the sloution to support students' individuated study.
Implementation of Integrated Health Homes and Health Outcomes for Persons With Serious Mental Illness in Los Angeles County

Objective:The Medicaid health home option of the Affordable Care Act provides a new opportunity to address the fragmented system of care for persons with serious mental illness. This study examined the implementation of integrated health homes in Los Angeles County.Methods:Longitudinal data on client-reported physical health status, clinician-reported mental health recovery, and screening for common chronic conditions among 1,941 persons enrolled in integrated care programs for serious mental illness and chronic general medical illness were combined with site visit data measuring the level of integration of general medical and mental health care among ten integrated care programs. Various analyses were used to compare outcomes by level of program integration (generalized estimating equations for physical health status and mental health recovery and logistic regression and chi-square tests for screening for common chronic conditions and clinical risk factors).Results:Clients in more highly integrated progr...
A Novel ICU Hand-Over Tool The Glass Door of the Patient Room

Background:Poor communication among health-care providers is cited as the most common cause of sentinel events involving patients. Patient care in the critical care setting is incredibly complex. A consistent care plan is necessary between day/night shift teams and among bedside intensive care unit (ICU) nurses, consultants, and physicians. Our goal was to create a novel, easily accessible communication device to improve ICU patient care.Methods:This communication improvement project was done at an academic tertiary surgical/trauma/mixed 36-bed ICU with an average of 214 admissions per month. We created a glass door template embossed on the glass that included 3 columns for daily goals to be written: “day team,” “night team,” and “surgery/consultant team.” Assigned areas for tracking “lines,” “antibiotics,” “ventilator weaning,” and “Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) screening” were included. These doors are filled out/updated throughout the day by all of the ICU providers. All services can review current plans/...
Predicting cyclohexane/water distribution coefficients for the SAMPL5 challenge using MOSCED and the SMD solvation model

We present blind predictions using the solubility parameter based method MOSCED submitted for the SAMPL5 challenge on calculating cyclohexane/water distribution coefficients at 298 K. Reference data to parameterize MOSCED was generated with knowledge only of chemical structure by performing solvation free energy calculations using electronic structure calculations in the SMD continuum solvent. To maintain simplicity and use only a single method, we approximate the distribution coefficient with the partition coefficient of the neutral species. Over the final SAMPL5 set of 53 compounds, we achieved an average unsigned error of $$2.2\pm 0.2$$ log units (ranking 15 out of 62 entries), the correlation coefficient (R) was $$0.6\pm 0.1$$ (ranking 35), and $$72\pm 6\,\%$$ of the predictions had the correct sign (ranking 30). While used here to predict cyclohexane/water distribution coefficients at 298 K, MOSCED is broadly applicable, allowing one to predict temperature dependent infinite dilution activity coefficients in any solvent for which parameters exist, and provides a means by which an excess Gibbs free energy model may be parameterized to predict composition dependent phase-equilibrium.
Functional Analytic Psychotherapy for Nursing Home Residents: A Single-Subject Investigation of Session-by-Session Changes

Nursing home settings contain unique environmental factors that may promote the acquisition and maintenance of problematic interpersonal behaviors. Functional Analytic Psychotherapy (FAP) is a contextually-based behavior therapy that can be used to modify problematic interpersonal behaviors via carefully provided and contingent in-session responses of the therapist to client behaviors. Thus, FAP would appear to be a particularly well-suited intervention approach for nursing home residents. To date, the effects of FAP have not been reported for nursing home residents. The current single case study assessed the effects of FAP on three nursing home residents using a single-subject AB design. The AB design consisted of a 2-weeks baseline phase followed by a 4-week FAP treatment phase. The nursing home residents completed pre-treatment and post-treatment measures of interpersonal relating. Client interpersonal behaviors were also recorded during each session and coded into two categories: Maladaptive in-session behaviors and adaptive in-session behaviors. Using the reliable change index and Swanson’s dsw to evaluate questionnaire outcomes, results indicated that all three participants reported a significant change in interpersonal functioning. Analysis of in-session behavior indicated that there were significant decreases in maladaptive behaviors and an increase in adaptive behaviors for two clients. Finally, observed in-session behavior changes were congruent with self-reported changes in interpersonal behavior. These results indicate that FAP was an effective intervention for these nursing home residents.
The Role of Surgery for Melanoma in an Era of Effective Systemic Therapy

Purpose of Review The recent discovery of effective systemic treatments for melanoma has dramatically improved the prognosis for patients with advanced disease. As a result, the multidisciplinary management of melanoma has evolved significantly. In the past decades surgery was reserved for symptomatic palliation in patients with metastatic melanoma. Today surgical treatment of patients responding to systemic therapies has become an integral part of disease control.
Materials Genomics Screens for Adaptive Ion Transport Behavior by Redox-Switchable Microporous Polymer Membranes in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Selective ion transport across membranes is critical to the performance of many electrochemical energy storage devices. While design strategies enabling ion-selective transport are well-established, enhancements in membrane selectivity are made at the expense of ionic conductivity. To design membranes with both high selectivity and high ionic conductivity, there are cues to follow from biological systems, where regulated transport of ions across membranes is achieved by transmembrane proteins. The transport functions of these proteins are sensitive to their environment: physical or chemical perturbations to that environment are met with an adaptive response. Here we advance an analogous strategy for achieving adaptive ion transport in microporous polymer membranes. Along the polymer backbone are placed redox-active switches that are activated in situ, at a prescribed electrochemical potential, by the device’s active materials when they enter the membrane’s pore. This transformation has little influence on...
A Stochastic Bioeconomic Model with Research

This paper provides an incremental extension of a stochastic renewable resource model (Pindyck 1984) to include population dynamics research; i.e., the rate of accrual of information regarding the stochastic evolution of the stock, as a dynamic choice variable. While Pindyck models variance in stock growth as an exogenous parameter, our formulation endogenizes this variance and characterizes the impact of scientific information accrual on both the harvest decision and the present value of rents resulting from harvest activity. We illustrate the theoretical existence of an internal optimum in research effort using a numerical example.
Locomotion, Energetics, Performance, and Behavior: A Mammalian Perspective on Lizards, and Vice Versa.

SYNOPSIS Animals are constrained by their abilities and by interactions with environmental factors, such as low ambient temperatures. These constraints range from physical impossibilities to energetic inefficiencies, and may entail trade-offs. Some of the constraints related to locomotion and activity metabolism can be illustrated through allometric comparisons of mammals and lizards, as representative terrestrial vertebrate endotherms and ectotherms, respectively, because these lineages differ greatly in aerobic metabolic capacities, resting energetic costs, and thermoregulatory patterns. Allometric comparisons are both useful and unavoidable, but "outlier" species (unusual for their clade) can also inform evolutionary scenarios, as they help indicate extremes of possible adaptation within mammalian and saurian levels of organization. We compared mammals and lizards for standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximal oxygen consumption during forced exercise (VO2max), net (incremental) cost of transport (NCT), maximal aerobic speed (MAS), daily movement distance (DMD), daily energy expenditure (DEE) during the active season, and the ecological cost of transport (ECT = percentage of DEE attributable to locomotion). (Snakes were excluded because their limbless locomotion has no counterpart in terrestrial mammals.) We only considered lizard SMR, VO2max, NCT, MAS, and sprint speed data if measured at 35-40 °C. On average, MAS is ∼7.4-fold higher in mammals, whereas SMR and VO2max are ∼6-fold greater, but values for all three of these traits overlap (or almost overlap) between mammals and lizards, a fact that has not previously been appreciated. Previous studies show that sprint speeds are similar for smaller mammals and lizards, but at larger sizes lizards are not as fast as some mammals. Mammals move ∼6-fold further each day than lizards, and DMD is by far the most variable trait considered here, but their NCT is similar. Mammals exceed lizards by ∼11.4-fold for DEE. On average for both lineages, the ECT is surprisingly low, somewhat higher for lizards, and positively allometric. If a lizard and mammal of 100 g body mass were both to move their entire DMD at their MAS, they could do so in ∼21 and 17 min, respectively, thus de-emphasizing the possible importance of time constraints. We conclude that ecological-energetic constraints related to locomotion are relatively more likely to occur in large, carnivorous lizards. Overall, our comparisons support the idea that the (gradual) evolution of mammalian endothermy did not necessarily require major changes in locomotor energetics, performance, or associated behaviors. Instead, we speculate that the evolution of thermoregulatory responses to low temperatures (e.g., shivering) may have been a key and "difficult" step in this transition.
Genetic parameter estimates for feet and leg traits in Red Angus cattle.

Kansas State University Global Food Systems Initiative Red Angus Association of America American Simmental Association