cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Has global financial reporting comparability improved

Motivated by ongoing worldwide efforts to improve the comparability of reported accounting numbers, I examine the temporal trend in global financial reporting comparability. While there is considerable regulatory interest in improving comparability, numerous frictions can limit the effectiveness of these efforts. Accordingly, I apply time-series comparability measures to a sample of the 36 largest economies, providing two key empirical insights. First, I confirm expectations of increasing comparability over 2002–2018. Second, I document that this increase in comparability primarily occurs in firms using local accounting standards, as opposed to those using global standards (defined as either US GAAP or IFRS). Additional analyses reveal that (i) firms using local standards are becoming more comparable to IFRS firms, but not to US GAAP firms, and (ii) comparability within global standards firms is not changing. Overall, the results reveal that comparability is indeed increasing over time—consistent with systematic regulatory efforts—but that this increase arises heterogeneously across firms, with the primary effects in recent years occurring in those applying local standards.
The Exact Relation of Taguchi's Signal-to-Noise Ratio to His Quality Loss Function

Taguchi's quality loss function and his signal-to-noise ratio are reviewed for the three types of static measurable performance characteristics. For the cases of "smaller the better" and "larger the better" quality characteristics, t..
A Frequency Selective Surface Design Fabricated with Tunable RF Meta-Atoms

Frequency selective surfaces are being used in applications from RF to optical systems. Current applications involve beam steering or blocking transmission for electromagnetic signals. The RF Meta-atom is an excellent and novel component for frequency selective surfaces which alter or block propagating RF signals. Based on research into the tunable RF meta-atoms, a frequency selective surface has been developed that effects the propagation of RF signals. Integrating RF meta-atoms with microelectromechanical systems varactors provides a tunable method for frequency selective surfaces. Optimization of the frequency selective surface is performed through design, modeling, simulation and experimental testing for controlling propagating electromagnetic signals. To test the design concept, an RF meta-atom array was fabricated using surface micromachining fabrication methods. The RF meta-atom array was placed into RF strip-line to experimentally show the transmission and reflection response of propagating electromagnetic signals impending onto the array. The experimental results show that the resonant null at 4.85 GHz decreases from a transmission magnitude of 0.51 at 0 VDC to 0.14 at 70 VDC. This investigation shows results on how RF meta-atoms integrated with MEMS varactors can be arrayed for frequency selective surfaces.
Uniform Conservation Easement Act Study Committee Background Report

This report was prepared by Nancy A. McLaughlin, Robert W. Swenson Professor of Law at the University of Utah S.J. Quinney College of Law, in her role as Reporter for the Uniform Law Commission's Uniform Conservation Easement Act Study Committee. The report provides an overview of the Uniform Conservation Easement Act (UCEA), which was approved by the Commission in 1981, and examines the provisions in individual state conservation easement enabling statutes that differ from the provisions in the UCEA.
HWRF Based Ensemble Prediction System Using Perturbations from GEFS and Stochastic Convective Trigger Function

ABSTRACT In this study, an ensemble prediction system (EPS) for the operational Hurricane Weather Research and Forecast (HWRF) model at the Environmental Modeling Center (EMC) of National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) is introduced and evaluated. The HWRF-EPS takes into account two main sources of uncertainties related to the initial/boundary conditions and the model physics by 1) using the large scale fields from NCEP Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS); and 2) stochastically perturbing the convective trigger function in the cumulus convection parameterization scheme. Verification for the 2011-2012 North Atlantic hurricane seasons shows that HWRF-EPS outperforms its deterministic versions at all lead times for both track and intensity forecast errors. Statistical characteristics are investigated and analyzed to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the HWRF-EPS. The relationship between ensemble spread and forecast error for track and intensity in the HWRF-EPS indicated that the spread is likely more useful as a predictor of forecast error when it has moderately low values. Rank histogram analysis shows that the HWRF-EPS is well dispersed in both track and intensity forecasts except for the systematic errors inherited from the deterministic version. Further comparison with 2012 hurricane season’s top-flight models shows improved track and intensity forecasts from the HWRF-EPS.
Toward Runtime-Throttleable Neural Networks

As deep neural network (NN) methods have matured, there has been increasing interest in deploying NN solutions to "edge computing" platforms such as mobile phones or embedded controllers. These platforms are often resource-constrained, especially in energy storage and power, but state-of-the-art NN architectures are designed with little regard for resource use. Existing techniques for reducing the resource footprint of NN models produce static models that occupy a single point in the trade-space between performance and resource use. This paper presents an approach to creating runtime-throttleable NNs that can adaptively balance performance and resource use in response to a control signal. Throttleable networks allow intelligent resource management, for example by allocating fewer resources in "easy" conditions or when battery power is low. We describe a generic formulation of throttling via block-level gating, apply it to create throttleable versions of several standard CNN architectures, and demonstrate that our approach allows smooth performance throttling over a wide range of operating points in image classification and object detection tasks, with only a small loss in peak accuracy.
A Two-Fluid Conditional Averaging Paradigm for the Theory and Modeling of Turbulent Premixed Combustion

This paper extends a recent theoretical study that was previously presented in the form of a brief communication (Zimont, C&F, 192, 2018, 221-223), in which we proposed a simple splitting method for the derivation of two-fluid conditionally averaged equations of turbulent premixed combustion in the flamelet regime, formulated more conveniently for applications involving unclosed equations without surface-averaged unknowns. This two-fluid conditional averaging paradigm avoids the challenge in the Favre averaging paradigm of modeling the countergradient scalar transport phenomenon and the unusually large velocity fluctuations in a turbulent premixed flame. It is a more suitable conceptual framework that is likely to be more convenient in the long run than the traditional Favre averaging method. In this article, we further develop this paradigm and pay particular attention to the problem of modeling turbulent premixed combustion in the context of a two-fluid approach. We formulate and analyze the unclosed differential equations in terms of the conditions of the Reynolds stresses , and the mean chemical source , which are the only modeling unknowns required in our alternative conditionally averaged equations. These equations are necessary for the development of model differential equations for the Reynolds stresses and the chemical source in the advanced modeling and simulation of turbulent premixed combustion. We propose a simpler approach to modeling the conditional Reynolds stresses based on the use of the two-fluid conditional equations of the standard “ ” turbulence model, which we formulate using the splitting method. The main problem arising here is the appearance in these equations of unknown terms describing the exchange of the turbulent energy and dissipation rate in the unburned and burned gases. We propose an approximate way to avoid this problem. We formulate a simple algebraic expression for the mean chemical source that follows from our previous theoretical analysis of the transient turbulent premixed flame in the intermediate asymptotic stage, in which small-scale wrinkles in the instantaneous flame surface reach statistical equilibrium, while the large-scale wrinkles remain in statistical nonequilibrium.
Mutation of the Hydrophobic Residues in Factor Va2 C1 Domain Affects the Phosphatidylserine Mediated Prothrombin Activation.

Tightly associated factors V a and X a serve as the essential prothrombin-activating complex that assembles on phosphatidylserine (PS)-containing platelet membranes during blood coagulation. The binding of factor V a to PS membranes regulates assembly of the prothrombinase complex. The C-terminal domain (C2) of factor V a (residues 2037–2196 in human factor V a ) contains a soluble phosphatidylserine (C6PS) binding pocket flanked by a pair of tryptophan residues, Trp 2063 /Trp 2064 (Srivastava A, Quinn-Allen MA, Kim SW, Kane WH, Lentz BR. Biochemistry, 2001, 40(28): 8246–55). Our recent results have shown that mutating these Trp residues abolishes FV a2 -membrane binding, but does not affect the assembly and activity of the prothrombinase in the presence of 25% PS membranes or soluble C6PS. Our data also indicates that there is another site on factor V a2 that might be specific for PS or C6PS and might serve as a regulatory site for assembly or activity of the FV a2 -FX a complex. A pair of solvent exposed amino acids, Tyr 1956 /Leu 1957 in the C1 domain is located analogously to the critical Trp residues in C2. Recently, we showed that prothrombin activation in the presence of the factor V a mutant (Y1956, L1957) A was markedly impaired on phospholipid vesicles containing 10% or less PS but was essentially normal on vesicles containing 25% PS (Saleh, M., Peng, W., Quinn-Allen, MA., Macedo-Ribeiro, S., Fuentes-Prior, P., Bode,W. and Kane, WH. Thromb. Haemost. 2004,91:16–27). Our work aims to test the hypothesis that the PS regulatory site in V a2 is located analogously to the C6PS binding site in the C2 domain. We have used factor V a mutants with mutations in either the C1 domain, (Y1956, L1957) A or in both the C1 and C2 domains, (Y1956, L1957, W2063, W2064) A. We determine the rate of thrombin formation in the presence of 400 mM C6PS and wild type, C1 and C1C2 mutated factor V a2 to be 170, 12 and 11 nM/S −1 /M −1 , respectively. Mutations in the C1 and C1C2 domains of factor V a2 reduced the rate of activation of prothrombin to thrombin by 14–15 fold. We have also determined the effect of these mutations on the assembly of factors X a –V a2 complex by monitoring the change in fluorescence of dansyl-glutamyl-glycyl-arginyl-chloromethylketone (DEGR-CK)-X a with the addition of wild type, C1 and C1C2 mutated factor V a2 in the presence of 400 mM C6PS. Our data shows that the K d ’s of factor X a with factor Va2 (wild type, C1 mutant and C1C2 mutant) are 3, 564, 624 nM respectively. Our results support the hypothesis that a PS regulatory site is located in the C1 domain of factor V a and includes residues Tyr 1956 and Leu 1957 .
UDP-Glycosyltransferase 3A Metabolism of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Potential Importance in Aerodigestive Tract Tissues.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are potent carcinogens and are a primary risk factor in the development of lung and other aerodigestive tract cancers in smokers. The detoxification of PAHs by glucuronidation is well-characterized for the UDP-glycosyltransferase (UGT) 1A, 2A, and 2B subfamilies; however, the role of the UGT3A subfamily in PAH metabolism remains poorly understood. UGT3A enzymes are functionally distinct from other UGT subfamilies (which utilize UDP-glucuronic acid as cosubstrate) due to their utilization of alternative cosubstrates (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine for UGT3A1, and UDP-glucose and UDP-xylose for UGT3A2). The goal of the present study was to characterize UGT3A glycosylation activity against PAHs and examine their expression in human aerodigestive tract tissues. In vitro metabolism assays using UGT3A2-overexpressing cell microsomes indicated that UGT3A2 exhibits glycosylation activity against all of the simple and complex PAHs tested. The Vmax/Km ratios for UGT3A2 activity with UDP-xylose vs. UDP-glucose as cosubstrate ranged from 0.71-4.0 for all PAHs tested, demonstrating that PAH glycosylation may be occurring at rates up to four-fold higher with UDP-xylose than UDP-glucose. Limited glycosylation activity was observed against PAHs with UGT3A1-overexpressing cell microsomes. While UGT3A2 exhibited low levels of hepatic expression, it was shown by Western blot analysis to be widely expressed in aerodigestive tract tissues. Conversely, UGT3A1 exhibited highest expression in liver with lower expression in aerodigestive tract tissues. These data suggest that UGT3A2 plays an important role in the detoxification of PAHs in aerodigestive tract tissues, and that there may be cosubstrate dependent differences in the detoxification of PAHs by UGT3A2. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT UGT3A2 is highly active against PAHs with either UDP-glucose or UDP-xylose as a cosubstrate. UGT3A1 exhibited low levels of activity against PAHs. UGT3A1 is highly expressed in liver while UGT3A2 is well-expressed in extra-hepatic tissues. UGT3A2 may be an important detoxifier of PAHs in humans.
Point-of-care ultrasound for assessing arteriovenous fistula maturity in outpatient hemodialysis.

Background:Point-of-care ultrasound in end-stage renal disease is on the rise. Presently the decision to cannulate an arteriovenous fistula is based on its duration since surgery and physical exam....
Is a Picture Worth A Thousand Words? An Experiment Comparing Observer-Based Skin Tone Measures

Several different measures of skin color are popular in social science surveys, yet we have little evidence to suggest which method is the most valid or reliable when we design new studies. In this experiment, we compare three different ways of asking raters to evaluate skin tone, testing whether common methods designed to reduce variation across raters from different social groups are effective. We compare two popular scales: a simple text-based 5-point skin tone scale (which asks raters to classify pictures on a scale from very light to very dark) and a newer 10-point palette-based skin tone scale (which asks raters to choose a number from 1 to 10, with pictures associated with each number). We also ask raters to use a more complex two-axis color grid that we created, in order to test whether addressing common criticisms of the palette-based scales improves rating reliability. Experiment participants rated a randomly selected subset of pictures with a wide range of skin tones. We find that demographic characteristics of the raters such as gender, race, their amount of contact with diverse racial groups, and immigration status affect skin tone ratings that observers assign, no matter what type of measure is used, and the three measures have reliability ratings that are statistically similar. We discuss the implications of the differences between the measures for designing social science surveys and interview studies.
Syringomyelia and the Chiari Malformations

In this chapter, we review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, treatment options, and prognosis of syringomyelia in respect to patients with Chiari malformation.
Deep Learning-based Carrier Frequency Offset Estimation with One-Bit ADCs

Low resolution architectures are a power efficient solution for high bandwidth communication at millimeter wave and terahertz frequencies. In such systems, carrier synchronization is important yet has not received much attention. In this paper, we develop and analyze deep learning architectures for estimating the carrier frequency of a complex sinusoid in noise from the 1-bit samples of the in-phase and quadrature components. Carrier frequency offset estimation from a sinusoid is used in GSM and is a first step towards developing a more comprehensive solution with other kinds of signals. We train four different deep learning architectures each on eight datasets which represent possible training considerations. Specifically, we consider how training with various signal to noise ratios (SNR), quantization, and sequence lengths affects estimation error. Further, we analyze each architecture in terms of scalability for MIMO receivers. In simulations, we compare execution time and mean squared error (MSE) versus classic signal processing techniques. We demonstrate that training with quantized data, drawn from signals with SNRs between 0-10dB tends to improve deep learning estimator performance across the entire SNR range of interest. We conclude that convolutional models have the best performance, while also requiring shorter execution time than FFT methods. Our approach is able to accurately estimate carrier frequencies from 1-bit quantized data with fewer pilots and lower signal to noise ratios (SNRs) than traditional signal processing methods.
Legacy Effects of Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) in a Riparian Ecosystem Three Years Post-Removal

Exotic invasive plants leave legacy effects when impacts persist following invader removal. Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) is an actinorhizal tree that is widespread along rivers in interior western North America. We monitored soil N and plant community response to E. angustifolia removal in a riparian ecosystem in eastern Colorado, USA. We collected pre-removal data for two years, and tracked post-removal response for three years. Soil N was generally higher in E. angustifolia plots than in reference plots (not under E. angustifolia) within each removal status treatment (No Removal, Removal, Control). Percent cover of native species was higher in reference plots than in E. angustifolia plots, within treatments in all years. Percent cover of exotic species was higher in E. angustifolia plots than in reference plots, except in the Removal and No Removal treatments immediately following tree removal. Underlying this pattern was a shift in exotic species dominance from Nepeta cataria to Bassia scoparia. The removal treatment successfully reduced E. angustifolia populations at the study sites, but three years afterwards riparian soils and plant communities showed little evidence of recovery towards reference conditions. However, E. angustifolia removal did not appear to worsen invasion impacts or produce novel management problems.
Advance Quantity Meal Preparation Pilot Program Improves Home-Cooked Meal Consumption, Cooking Attitudes, and Self-Efficacy

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effects of a group-based Advance Quantity Meal Preparation (AQMP) program on the consumption of home-cooked meals, cooking attitudes, and self-efficacy in healthy adults. Methods Participants (n = 10) in a group setting prepared healthy meals weekly consisting of 10 entrees and 5 snacks for 6 weeks. A survey assessing cooking attitudes, cooking self-efficacy, and cooking behavior and consumption at 3 time points: preprogram, postprogram (T2), and 3 months postprogram (T3). Results The AQMP program increased the proportion of overall home-cooked meal consumption (T2, P = 0.03), home-cooked dinner consumption (T2, P = 0.04), cooking attitudes (T3, P = 0.01), and cooking self-efficacy (T2, P = 0.002). Conclusions and Implications This pilot study indicates that AQMP may increase home-cooked meal consumption, cooking attitudes, and cooking self-efficacy.
Nanopore sequencing technology, bioinformatics and applications

Rapid advances in nanopore technologies for sequencing single long DNA and RNA molecules have led to substantial improvements in accuracy, read length and throughput. These breakthroughs have required extensive development of experimental and bioinformatics methods to fully exploit nanopore long reads for investigations of genomes, transcriptomes, epigenomes and epitranscriptomes. Nanopore sequencing is being applied in genome assembly, full-length transcript detection and base modification detection and in more specialized areas, such as rapid clinical diagnoses and outbreak surveillance. Many opportunities remain for improving data quality and analytical approaches through the development of new nanopores, base-calling methods and experimental protocols tailored to particular applications. Au and colleagues outline the field of nanopore sequencing.
TARPS: A Prototype Expert Database System For Training and Administration of Reserves Officer Placement

The billet assignment duration for Training and Administration of Reserves (TAR) officers is normally two to three years. A placement officer determines where the TAR officer’s subsequent assignment will be based on the officer’s qualifications and billet requirements. This assignment is vitally important because it significantly affects the officer’s career opportunities for promotion and command. This paper describes the design and implementation of a prototype expert database system that will enhance the placement officer’s ability to efficiently select the optimum billet for each officer. The prototype integrates a rule based expert system with officer and billet databases to produce a list of billets that match an officer’s qualifications and desires.
Channel Assignment in Wireless Networks and Classification of Minimum Graph Homomorphism

We study the problem of assigning different communication channels to access points in a wireless Local Area Network. Each access point will be assigned a specific radio frequency channel. Since channels with similar frequencies interfer e, it is desirable to assign far-apart channels (frequencies) to nearby access points. Our goal is to assign the channels so as to minimize the overall interference experienced by all access points. The above problem can be formulated as an instance of the Minimum Graph Homomorphismproblem. We give a complete description of all possible approximation classes for the g eneral formulation of the problem.
Experimental Simulation of Manipulator Base Compliance

Many future applications of robotic systems will require manipulators to operate from moving vehicles. Such vehicles will be compliant in comparison to the rigid bases on which most manipulators are mounted today. Base compliance can seriously degrade system performance. Statically base compliance may lead to error in the position of the end effector, and dynamically base compliance may interact with the motion of the manipulator and impair the stability of the system. The accuracy of the manipulator may be improved by modelling the base compliance and compensating for its deflection. Further improvement in accuracy may be achieved by endpoint feedback control of the position of the end effector relative to the task frame. A Vehicle Emulator System (VES) has been developed for experimental investigation of the static and dynamic behavior of manipulators mounted on compliant bases. The VES operates under admittance control and can experimentally simulate a wide variety of linear and non-linear six-degree-of-freedom compliances. A series of experiments are described that use modelling of the base compliance and end point control to achieve precise positioning of the end effector of a manipulator manipulator mounted on a compliant base.
The New Outspoken Atheism and Education

In this essay, Nel Noddings calls upon U.S. public schools to equip students with a more nuanced understanding of religious vocabulary, history, and ideas. Examining recent books by outspoken atheists including Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, Sam Harris, and Christopher Hitchens, Noddings argues that schools should help students "communicate across the chasm" between belief and unbelief in an effort to prepare a more civil and informed citizenry. In a wide-ranging discussion of religious vocabulary, belief, logic, morality, and aesthetics, she illustrates ways in which schools can incorporate religious literacy across the curriculum and foster a rich understanding of religious history and ideas among the students they serve.
"Macromolecular crowding": thermodynamic consequences for protein-protein interactions within the T4 DNA replication complex.

Abstract In vitro biochemical assays are typically performed using very dilute solutions of macromolecular components. On the other hand, total intracellular concentrations of macromolecular solutes are very high, resulting in an in vivo environment that is significantly "volume-occupied." In vitro studies with the DNA replication proteins of bacteriophage T4 have revealed anomalously weak binding of T4 gene 45 protein to the rest of the replication complex. We have used inert macromolecular solutes to mimic typical intracellular solution conditions of high volume occupancy to investigate the effects of "macromolecular crowding" on the binding equilibria involved in the assembly of the T4 polymerase accessory proteins complex. The same approach was also used to study the assembly of this complex with T4 DNA polymerase (gene 43 protein) and T4 single-stranded DNA binding protein (gene 32 protein) to form the five protein "holoenzyme". We find that the apparent association constant (Ka) of gene 45 for gene 44/62 proteins in forming both the accessory protein complex and the holoenzyme increases markedly (from approximately 7 x 10(6) to approximately 3.5 x 10(8) M-1) as a consequence of adding polymers such as polyethylene glycol and dextran. Although the processivity of the polymerase alone is not directly effected by the addition of such polymers to the solution, macromolecular crowding does significantly stabilize the holoenzyme and thus indirectly increases the observed processivity of the holoenzyme complex. The use of macromolecular crowding to increase the stability of multienzyme complexes in general is discussed, as is the relevance of these results to DNA replication in vivo.
A Review of “The Heart of Higher Education: A Call to Renewal”

In The Heart of Higher Education, authors Parker J. Palmer and Arthur Zajonc, a sociologist and physicist, respectively, practice what they preach. The second subtitle for their short book is Trans...
D1/D5 Dopamine Receptor Activation Increases the Magnitude of Early Long-Term Potentiation at CA1 Hippocampal Synapses

The role of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system in the reinforcement of learning suggests that dopamine should be able to modulate activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. We have examined the effect of D1/D5 agonists on early long-term potentiation (LTP) (40 min) in the CA1 region of hippocampal slices. D1/D5 agonists (+)bromo-APB, 6-chloro-PB, and dihydrexidine increased the magnitude of LTP in a synapse-specific manner (by approximately 10, 15, and 20%, respectively). This D1/D5 effect was mimicked by a low dose (10 microM) of the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin. The D1/D5 antagonist (+)SCH 23390 reduced early LTP. In catecholamine-depleted slices, LTP was smaller by approximately 20-25% and could not be decreased further by D1/D5 antagonist. Under these conditions, D1/D5 agonist 6-chloro-PB and forskolin produced a larger enhancement of LTP (20-25%), restoring it to the control level. At the same dose, dideoxyforskolin did not affect early LTP. The D1/D5 agonist effect was completely blocked by the D1/D5 antagonist (+)SCH 23390. These results indicate that dopamine produces a synapse-specific enhancement of early LTP through D1/D5 receptors and cAMP.
Biases in Individual Forecasts: Experimental Evidence

Trueman [1994] provides a model of forecasting behavior in which analysts do not always make forecasts that are consistent with their private information. Using Trueman's model to provide theoretical direction, we conduct six experimental sessions to investigate individual forecasting behavior. In each session, four individuals predict earnings based on possibly divergent information. We manipulate forecast ability so that two individuals are strong analysts and two are weak. In three sessions, forecasts are released simultaneously. We find that forecasts do not always reflect private information. Both weak and strong analysts make forecasts that are inconsistent with private information, although the behavior is much more pronounced for weak analysts. In another three sessions, forecasts are released sequentially. We find that weak second analysts engage in herd behavior: that is, they mimic the reporting behavior of the first analyst. In contrast, strong second analysts are unaffected by the reporting b...
Treating the Patient with Kidney Failure to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk.

The reduction of cardiovascular disease risk in kidney failure involves treatment of modifiable risk factors and provision of proven interventions to patients with established disease. Volume status management is key to blood pressure control. Statins are the agents of choice for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Target hemoglobin levels should be achieved using intravenous iron and erythropoietic agents. Combinations of calcium and noncalcium-containing phosphorus binders and vitamin D and its analogues should be used to attain target parathyroid hormone, phosphorus, and calcium phosphorus product levels. β Blockers and aspirin are recommended in patients with ischemic heart disease and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (or angiotensin II receptor blockers), and β blockers are recommended in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. In patients who require revascularization, studies suggest a survival benefit of coronary artery bypass graft surgery over percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and coronary artery stenting.
NWChem: a comprehensive and scalable open-source solution for large scale molecular simulations

The latest release of NWChem delivers an open-source computational chemistry package with extensive capabilities for large scale simulations of chemical and biological systems. Utilizing a common computational framework, diverse theoretical descriptions can be used to provide the best solution for a given scientific problem. Scalable parallel implementations and modular software design enable efficient utilization of current computational architectures. This paper provides an overview of NWChem focusing primarily on the core theoretical modules provided by the code and their parallel performance.
Electrosorption of ions from aqueous solutions by carbon aerogel: An electrical double-layer model

An electrical double-layer model is developed to predict electrosorption of ions from aqueous solutions by carbon aerogel electrodes. The carbon aerogel electrodes are treated as electrical double-layer capacitors, and electrosorption is modeled using classical electrical double-layer theory. Because of the porous characteristics of the electrodes, the total capacity of the system is obtained by summing the contributions of the individual pores. The pore size distribution of the carbon aerogel is measured by the physical adsorption of N2 and CO2 as well as by mercury intrusion porosimetry. When a pore has a width smaller than a specific value (cutoff pore width), it does not contribute to the total capacity because of the electrical double-layer overlapping effect. This effect greatly reduces the electrosorption capacity for electrodes with significant numbers of micropores, such as carbon aerogel; thus, it is considered in the electrical double-layer model. The model in this study focuses on the electros...
Genetic Variation in Fundulus heteroclitus: Geographic Distribution

Studies of 16 polymorphic loci in the fish Fundulus heteroclitus have uncovered significant directional changes in gene frequencies with latitude (i.e., clines). These spatial patterns could have arisen by primary and/or secondary intergradation. While we cannot presently distinguish between these two models, mitochondrial DNA analyses indicate that if previous isolation occurred as required for secondary intergradation, it must have been relatively recent and of short duration. Herein we discuss the roles of genetic drift, random migration, nonrandom migration, selection and others as potential driving forces for both modes of cline formation. In addition, we address the potential role of the last glacial period in (1) creating isolating barriers, (2) the opening of unoccupied habitats for range extension, and (3) as a mechanism for thermal selection. While some evidence exists that at least one of the driving forces is selection, the extent to which it and other deterministic forces participate as opposed to various stochastic processes must await further analysis
Cerebral rhinocele, hydrocephalus, and cleft lip and palate in infants with cardiac fibroma

Cardiac transplantation was performed in two infants with unresectable fibromas of the myocardium. In one patient, lip surgery was also required for unilateral cleft lip and palate. At autopsy, communicating hydrocephalus of mild to moderate degree was found in both cases. In the patient with facial clefts, there was also a large, ipsilateral cyst, or rhinocele, of the olfactory lobe. This unusual lesion, which seems to represent a previously unreported malformation, was apparently formed by segmental dilatation of a persistent olfactory ventricle. Cerebral or cranial anomalies are thought to be rare in cases of cardiac fibroma; however, macrocephaly was present in five patients. Furthermore, presenting abnormalities among previously reported cases included hydrocephalus in one case, and cleft lip and palate in another. These and other findings suggest that, at least in some cases, cardiac fibroma is a manifestation of a more extensive developmental disorder.
Gamma-M synthesis during the secondary antibody response in mice.

SummaryThe secondary response in mice was characterized by the appearance first of gamma M globulin followed in 3 to 7 days by the appearance of gamma G globulin which then remained the principal circulating antibody. The titers of both gamma M and gamma G antibody appeared more rapidly and rose to higher levels after the second injection than after the initial antigenic exposure.
What Knowledge Is of Most Worth? Perspectives on Kinesiology from Pedagogy

Historically, physical education “birthed” the discipline areas and was the umbrella term for the studies now included in the term kinesiology. In many places, the relationship between pedagogy and the disciplines grew uneasy with the desire of the field to gain academic respectability. This paper explores the status of the relationship between kinesiology and physical education at this point and time, the value of discipline knowledge for the preparation of teachers in physical education, and alternative perspectives on resolving some of the issues presented in the relationship between the two areas of study.
Mathematical principles of a new interferometric system

We introduce in this paper the mathematical principles of a new interferometric system. The analyses are couched within the framework of electromagnetic theory, neglecting relativistic effects. The basic physical set-up of the system is similar to that of the velocity interferometer but with the introduction of additional optical components, and has the advantage of eliminating the problem of the presence and/or the rotations of the principle axes of the dielectric tensor of the shocked portion of the window material. An added advantage of the system is that it is now possible to calculate the desired physical quantities from the experimental data of the fringe counts without having to calibrate window materials.
A system approach to intravenous thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction in community hospitals: the influence of paramedics.

UNLABELLED During a 3-year period, intravenous streptokinase (IV STK) was given to 110 consecutive patients ages 34-78 in the course of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in three community hospitals served by the same paramedic system. 1.5 million units of IV STK was given over 30 minutes. Half of the patients were brought to the hospital by paramedics. The average time from onset of pain to administration of IV STK was 107 minutes in the paramedic group and 182 minutes for the others. Of 110 patients, 98 (89%) showed clinical evidence of reperfusion and 94 of 106 patients (89%) showed angiographic reperfusion. Angiography was performed from 1 to 10 days post-AMI. Mean time to angiography was 6 days for the first 58 patients and 2 days for the last 52 patients. In-hospital mortality was 2 of 110 patients and there was 1 late death at 8 months for an overall 3-year mortality 2.7%. Of 86 patients, 83 (96%) working before their infarct are working now. Of 107 survivors, 96 (90%) are Functional Class I. CONCLUSIONS (1) IV STK is safely administered in a high percentage of AMI patients. (2) IV STK is safely administered in community hospitals. (3) Paramedics act as an early warning system and allow for earlier treatment than patients presenting without paramedic involvement. (4) Successful coronary reperfusion with IV STK results in low mortality rates and minimizes functional disability. (5) A system-wide approach to reducing time to treatment in AMI may be the most influential factor in affecting morbidity and mortality.
Interactions of energy levels offered to holstein cows prepartum and postpartum. I. Production responses and blood composition changes.

Abstract Digestible energy levels of 115% (low-prepartum) and 160% (high-prepartum) of maintenance requirements were provided for groups of 32 Holstein cows during the last six to eight weeks of gestation. All 64 cows were factorially assigned to two energy levels postpartum. One group was fed concentrates sufficient to maintain body weight through a complete lactation (high-postpartum). The second group was fed according to the energy requirements of lactation recommended by the National Research Council in 1958 (low-postpartum). Unadjusted 305-day yields of milk, fat, protein, and lactose plus minerals were 5,600, 193.6, 190.4, 298.2 (low-prepartum-low-postpartum); 7,002, 223.0, 233.6, 367.2 (low-prepartum-high-postpartum); 6,223, 210.9, 208.6, 327.7 (high-prepartum-low-postpartum); 6,534, 210.9, 220.9, 337.2 kg (high-prepartum-high-postpartum), respectively. Prepartum energy levels did not significantly (P
Investigation of oxidation parameters of tantalum-type layers

The formation rate of the oxide layers and the oxidation rate of the Ta2N, Ta−Al, Ta−Ti layers made by reactive sputtering were investigated.
Programmed materials in seventh‐grade open‐ended laboratory experiences

A carefully designed exploration of programmed materials used in conjunction with open-ended laboratory exercises.
Distortional effects on the ethane internal rotation barrier and rotation barriers in borazane and methylsilane

Abstract Distortional effects on the barrier to internal rotation of ethane are investigated through ab initio calculations, yielding a theoretical barrier of 3.071 kcal/mole (experimental 2.928 kcal/mole). The computed barrier is 3.064 kcal/mole for borazane and 1.44 kcal/mole for methylsilane (experimental 1.71 kcal/mole).
Palmitate oxidation in human muscle: Comparison to CPT and carnitine

The evaluating of palmitate oxidation in muscle tissue may be a useful screening test for detecting defects in fatty acid metabolism in human neuromuscular disease. If the test is to be useful, it is necessary to obtain data on a wide variety of muscle illnesses for comparative purposes. We report our experience with palmitate oxidation, muscle carnitine, and carnitine palmityl transferase (CPT) activity in 148 muscles biopsies from a variety of illnesses. The efficacy of using total protein, citrate synthase, and (1-14C) pyruvate oxidation as internal references was investigated. Palmitate oxidation was significantly less than normal (P less than or equal to 0.01) in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, congenital nonprogressive myopathy, congenital muscular dystrophy, malignant hyperpyrexia, and denervation, depending on the internal reference used. Muscle carnitine levels followed a similar pattern, however, CPT activity did not. The possibility of these findings being secondary to inactivity is discussed.
Potential sources of copper contamination of farm milk supplies measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

Abstract A method was developed to use atomic absorption spectrophotometry for copper measurements in milk filtrates prepared from equal volumes of milk and 20% trichloracetic acid. Results are reported for 11 farms for water supplies, wash and rinse solutions, and milk. Copper below 10 μ g/liter was found at the well for the 5 farms with their own spring supply. Averages and ranges for all 11 farms in μ g/liter were 33 (0 to 156) at the cold water tap in the milk house, 220 (8 to 1,360) at the hot water tap, 246 (8 to 1,722) in the wash sink with added detergent and hot water, and 275 (9 to 1,823) after using the wash solution. Rinse solution with hypochlorite in cold water showed a rise from 31 (1 to 157) before use to 51 (5 to 206) after use. Copper in milk averaged 99 μ g/liter (72 to 163). In spite of relatively high copper in wash solutions, copper in milk was not correlated positively, giving rise to question whether adsorbed copper from such solutions can contribute much copper to milk. Thorough rinsing with low copper cold water and a high dilution ratio in milk were seen as mitigating factors. Direct contact of milk with copper bearing metals presented a greater opportunity for contamination. Removal of substantial amounts of copper from pipe lines and bulk tanks with sulfamic acid was demonstrated.
Numerical calculation of the characteristics of an isolated ac gas discharge display panel cell

Device characteristics calculated from a one-dimensional dynamic simulation, incorporating space charge effects, of the gaseous discharge occurring at an isolated cell of an ac gas discharge panel are presented. The theoretical model shows all the qualitative features associated with plasma panels, and the quantitative agreement with experimental data inspires confidence in the general validity of the method.
Toward a systems analysis of the root

During the past 20 years, our work on root development has been influenced by and has contributed to three biological approaches: molecular genetics, genomics, and systems biology. Characterization of mutations that affect root radial patterning led to the identification of a transcription factor that acts as both a signaling molecule and a key developmental regulator. Combining cell sorting with microarray analysis provided a platform for determining genome-wide expression profiles of mRNAs under standard and stress conditions, revealing a vast amount of tissue-specific response. A focus on connections among molecular components identified a tissue-specific gene regulatory network and a clock-like process that determines the position of lateral roots along the primary root axis. Finally, the genetic basis for the physical network of different roots that constitutes root system architecture is being dissected using automated imaging of growing root systems.
The cell cycle specificity of the morphological conversion of chinese hamster ovary cells by N6,-O2′-dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-phosphate☆

Abstract Incubation of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with N6,O2′-dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-phosphate (db-cAMP) causes the epithelial-like cells to assume a fibroblast-like morphology. We have analysed this morphological conversion in cells synchronized by the mitotic shake-off method. Here, we report that only cells in the G I phase of the cell cycle initiate elongation when incubated with db-cAMP.
Flexor tendon ruptures in the rheumatoid patient

Abstract In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, flexor tendon ruptures are much less common than extensor tendon ruptures. The most common cause of flexor tendon rupture is direct abrasion on a bony prominence. The most common flexor tendon rupture is the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) attritional rupture within the carpal canal. The best treatment for flexor tendon rupture is prevention. Flexor tenosynovectomy is indicated when medical management does not control wrist tenosynovitis. A variety of techniques are available for reconstruction of flexor tendon ruptures. Irrespective of the reconstructive method, the results of reconstruction for rheumatoid flexor tendon rupture are poor.
The effects of rapid rearing and early calving on the subsequent performance of dairy heifers

1. One-hundred-and-ten British Friesian, British Friesian × Ayrshire or successive backcrosses to British Friesian heifer calves were allocated to three groups. Groups A and B were rapidly reared and fed a barley-beef diet which resulted in mean body-weight gains exceeding 1 kg/day (13 to 39 weeks) and group C was normally reared on summer grazing and hay plus concentrates in winter at a mean body-weight gain never exceeding 0·74 kg/day. Animals in group A were first mated at an average age of 42·9 weeks (body weight, 302 kg). Groups B and C were mated later at average ages of 78·4 and 78·1 weeks (average body weights, 443 and 353 kg respectively). After the first calving all animals were fed and managed as a single group.2. There were no significant differences between the proportion of heifers conceiving at first service in groups A (55·5%), B (66·7%) and C (72·4%).3. There were no differences in the incidence of dystocia at first calving in heifers served by an Aberdeen Angus bull but 12 out of 19 heifers in group A served by a British Friesian bull had dystocia.4. Average 305-day fat-corrected milk yields in the first four lactations in group A (18 animals) were 1959, 2918, 3545 and 3210 kg and in the first three lactations in group B were2450,3216and3310kgand in group C 3863,4694 and 4813 kg. Thus milk yield was significantly lower in all lactations for rapidly-reared animals irrespective of the age at breeding and was further significantly lowered in the first lactation of animals mated early.5. There was a high incidence of laminitis and bloat in heifers reared on the barley-beef diet, but during lactation, there was a lower incidence of mastitis in the lower-yielding, rapidly-reared groups.
Charcot in Morocco

Toby Gelfand (University of Ottawa Press) . I am suspicious of people with neat handwriting. If one has the time to legibly record one’s ideas then perhaps one doesn’t have enough of them, is my thinking. By this standard, Jean-Martin Charcot, the father of neurology, would be above any reproach
A framework for semantic web services discovery

This paper describes a framework for ontology-based flexible discovery of Semantic Web services. The proposed approach relies on user-supplied, context-specific mappings from an user ontology to relevant domain ontologies used to specify Web services. We show how a user's query for a Web service that meets certain selection criteria can be transformed into queries that can be processed by a matchmaking engine that is aware of the relevant domain ontologies and Web services. We also describe how user-specified preferences for Web services in terms of non-functional requirements (e.g., QoS) can be incorporated into the Web service discovery mechanism to generate a partially ordered list of services that meet user-specified functional requirements.