cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors for Injury in Middle School Football Players

Background:Little is known about the frequency of or risk factors for injuries in middle school or junior high school football players.Purpose:To examine the associations of player characteristics (injury history, conditioning, player position, special equipment) and physical parameters (body mass index, weight, height, grip strength) with risk of injury.Study Design:Prospective cohort study.Methods:We documented risk factors for injury in 646 middle school football players, 10 to 15 years of age, in the Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, school district during the 1998 and 1999 seasons. Player characteristics and physical parameters were measured at the beginning of both seasons. Logistic regression methods were used to determine whether baseline variables were associated with the odds of subsequent injury.Results:More playing experience was the only variable significantly associated with the risk of injury in multivariate analyses. This association was observed regardless of the type of injury and even after indi...
A Low-Molecular-Weight (25-kDa) IGF-Binding Protein Is Increased with Growth Inhibition in the Fasting Striped Bass,Morone saxatilis

The effect of fasting on circulating IGFBPs in the striped bass was assessed in relation to changes in growth and metabolism. Thirty-day-fasted (30DF) and 60-day-fasted (60DF) fish, and 60DF fish refed for 14 additional days (REFED), were compared with control, fed fish. Growth and metabolic status of each animal were assessed by determining body length (BL) and body weight (BW) changes, hepatosomatic index (HSI), condition factor (CF), and serum glucose concentration, and by assaying for incorporation of [35S]sulfate (proteoglycan synthetic activity) and [3H]thymidine (mitotic activity) in ceratobranchial cartilage explants in vitro. Serum IGFBP concentrations were assessed by a Western ligand blot procedure using 125I-labeled human IGF-I tracer. Both 30DF and 60DF fish exhibited hypoglycemia and reduced HSI and CF, and their BL and BW growth rates were significantly inhibited. Strongly correlated with the inhibited body growth indices were significantly depressed levels of cartilage [35S]sulfate incorporation in both 30DF and 60DF animals. The 60DF group also exhibited reduced [3H]thymidine incorporation. Associated with this growth inhibition was a dramatic increase in the serum levels of a 25-kDa IGFBP (sbIGFBP-1). A 35-kDa IGFBP (sbIGFBP-3), on the other hand, was not significantly altered with fasting. All fasting-induced changes in growth, metabolism, and IGFBP levels were restored in the REFED group. These results demonstrate that an IGFBP of low molecular weight is increased with growth inhibition in the fasting striped bass, suggesting that a teleost fish counterpart to mammalian IGFBP-1 may exist.
Scaling of vibration-rotation band parameters for nonhomogeneous gas radiation

Abstract A scaling approximation for determining emission and absorption by nonhomogeneous gases with vibration-rotation bands is described. The Curtis-Godson two-parameter narrow-band scaling law is used in an invariant-embedding formulation to derrive three scaled global parameters. The resulting wide band scaling algorithm is shown to provide a fast and convenient method of computing radiation along a line of sight in a nonisothermal nonisobaric gas of nonuniform composition. Comparisons are made with the analytical methods proposed by Chan and Tien and Cess and Wang and with experimental data.
Planetesimals to planets: Numerical simulation of collisional evolution

In a simulation of collisional and gravitational interaction in the early solar system, planets of approximately 500 km diameter are generated from an initial swarm of kilometer-sized planetesimals. Collisions are treated in accordance with experimental and theoretical impact results (such as rebound, cratering, and catastrophic fragmentation) for a variety of materials whose parameters span plausible values for early solid objects. In this model, the small planets form in approximately 10,000 yr; during this time, most of the mass of the system continues to reside in particles near the original size. It is thought that the few 500-km planets may act as 'seeds' for the subsequent gradual accretional growth into full-sized planets.
Tillage compromises weed seed predator activity across developmental stages

Abstract Granivorous ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) are ubiquitous throughout temperate agricultural systems, and reduce weed seedbanks. However, trade-offs may exist between tillage frequency and ecosystem services of invertebrate seed predators, especially those in the larval stages, which have relatively poor resistance to disturbance. While much research has focused on adult activity patterns and the conservation biocontrol services they provide, almost nothing is known about carabid biology and habitat requirements during larval stages, despite the fact that adult recruitment is determined by factors that promote larval survival. We present data on larval and adult Harpalus pennsylvanicus Dej., a common weed seed predator across North America, from two experiments examining its activity density across tillage and cover-cropping treatments in organic tomato systems. Larvae emerged 4–6 weeks after the adult activity peak, and larval activity density was up to 10 times higher in no-till crop environments than in cultivated areas. After a long disturbance interval, seasonal cultivation had no effect on foraging activity of adults, but reduced larval activity density in both experiments. Additionally, larvae positively correlated with living weed biomass in no-till treatments, suggesting the importance of plant-based resources in oviposition site choice. Compared with adults, larvae are relatively immobile and vulnerable to disturbance; thus, weed management strategies that rely on frequent cultivation may undermine the ecosystem services provided by granivorous insects.
A circadian clock in murine bone marrow-derived mast cells modulates IgE-dependent activation in vitro.

Circadian rhythm is expressed in most organisms, and many functions and parameters in the immune system are associated with time-of-day. However, it is largely unknown if local circadian clocks in immune cells directly control physiological outcomes. We hypothesized that a circadian clock in murine bone marrow derived mast cells (BMMCs) modulates IgE-dependent activation in vitro. Mature BMMCs, grown from bone marrow of C57BL/6 mice, were synchronized with serum rich media (50% horse serum). Total RNA was harvested from BMMCs at 4 h intervals for up to 72 h following synchronization and expression of circadian genes (mPer1, mPer2, Bmal1, Rev-erbα, and Dbp) was measured by quantitative PCR. Serum shock synchronized expression of circadian genes (mPer2, Bmal1, Rev-erbα, and Dbp) in BMMCs. Synchronized BMMCs stimulated via the high affinity IgE receptor (FceRI) at different time intervals display circadian rhythms in IL-13 and IL-6 mRNA expression. The expression of fcer1a gene and FceRIα protein displayed a circadian pattern following serum shock, with mean periods of 18.9 and 28.6 h, respectively. These results demonstrate that synchronized BMMCs provide an in vitro model to study circadian mechanism(s) associated with allergic disease and that circadian oscillation of cytokine production following IgE-dependent activation is at least in part due to circadian oscillation of FceRIα.
Geometric Representation Of Visual Data In The Cortex Of Primates: Computer Reconstruction And Modeling Of Neo-Cortical Map And Column Systems

Much of vertebrate midbrain and mammalian cortex is dedicated to two-dimensional "maps" in which two or more stimulus parameters are encoded by the position of neural activation in the map. Moreover, there are a large number of such maps which interact in an unknown fashion to yield a unified perception of the world. Our research program is based on studying the structure and function of brain maps. In the present paper, we review a recently constructed system of computer aided neuro-anatomy which allows high resolution texture mapped models of cortical surfaces in two and three dimensions to be displayed and manipulated. At the same time, this work demonstrates some of the basic geometric patterns of architecture of the primate brain, such as columnar and topographic mapping.
Low-complexity incremental use of multiple transmitters in wireless communication systems

In this paper we develop and analyze low-complexity approaches that we call incremental multiple-input multiple-output (IMIMO) for exploiting multiple antennas for reliable high-rate communications in wireless systems. The proposed schemes leverage consecutive uses of a single transmit antenna combined with automatic repeat request (ARQ) feedback, possibly with multiple receive antennas. Unlike multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications without feedback, the schemes we propose allow for low-complexity transmitters and receivers because they do not require a space-time encoder or decoder. We compare the performance of IMIMO schemes with the corresponding MIMO system without feedback using outage probability as the metric for comparison. These comparisons show that for relatively low rates IMIMO schemes have better performance than the corresponding MIMO system without feedback. For higher rates, MIMO does better up to a certain signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), but beyond that threshold IMIMO schemes again have better performance.
The Extrapolation of Families of Curves by Recurrence Relations, With Application to Creep-Rupture Data

A method using finite-difference recurrence relations is presented for direct extrapolation of families of curves. The method is illustrated by applications to creep-rupture data for several materials and it is shown that good results can be obtained without the necessity for any of the usual parameter concepts.
Association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and epilepsy in pediatric populations

There is a bidirectional relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and epilepsy. ADHD increases seizure risk, while patients with epilepsy have an increased prevalence of ADHD. The reasons explaining this association are not fully understood. Proposed mechanisms include effects of antiepileptic medications, underlying neurodevelopmental vulnerability, the effects of chronic seizures and subclinical epileptiform activity on cognitive functions and adrenergic dysfunction. There may also be a common genetic defect underlying both disorders in some families. Antiepileptics associated with ADHD-like side effects include phenobarbital, gabapentin, vigabatrin and topiramate. Methylphenidate has been studied in a double-blind setting against placebo for treatment of ADHD comorbid with epilepsy, and has a good risk-benefit ratio. Amphetamine, atomoxetine, clonidine and guanfacine only have case series to support their use and bupropion should be avoided.
Robust Dynamic Service Composition in Sensor Networks

Service modeling and service composition are software architecture paradigms that have been used extensively in web services where there is an abundance of resources. They mainly capture the idea that advanced functionality can be realized by combining a set of primitive services provided by the system. Many efforts in web services domain focused on detecting the initial composition, which is then followed for the rest of service operation. In sensor networks, however, communication among nodes is error-prone and unreliable, while sensor nodes have constrained resources. This dynamic environment requires a continuous adaptation of the composition of a complex service. In this paper, we first propose a graph-based formulation for modeling sensor services that maps to the operational model of sensor networks and is amenable to analysis. Based on this model, we formulate the process of sensor service composition as a cost-optimization problem and show that it is NP-complete. Two heuristic methods are proposed to solve the composition problem: the top-down and the bottom-up approaches. We discuss centralized and distributed implementations of these methods. Finally, using ns-2 simulations, we evaluate the performance and overhead of our proposed methods.
Survival of embryonic limb bud transplants in snapping turtles.

Des membres furent transplantes chez des tortues embryonnaires deChelydra serpentina en combinaisons allogenique et xenogenique. Ces greffes survivaient longtemps, mais etaient usuellement rejettees de facon chronique.
Frequency cross-over of simply-supported circular ring segments

Abstract As the opening angle of a simply-supported circular ring segment is increased the frequency curves associated with the symmetric and antisymmetric mode shapes cross each other. This paper establishes the initial cross-over angles for the fundamental and first harmonic as a function of a center line extension parameter. A comparison is made to Reissner's result for a shallow sinusoidal arch.
Breastfeeding and human lactation: education and curricular issues for pediatric nurse practitioners.

Abstract Introduction This study explores the breastfeeding and human lactation education offered in pediatric nurse practitioner (PNP) masters-level nursing programs. Methods An online survey about breastfeeding and human lactation education offered in the PNP curriculum was sent to all PNP programs in the United States with viable contact information ( N = 84). The response rate was 42.9%. Results All of the respondents indicated that their PNP program curriculum includes the promotion of breastfeeding. However, 5.9% of programs do not offer any courses that incorporate these topics, and 73.5% teach this content in only one to two courses. More than three quarters of programs (81.8%) offer opportunities to counsel expectant mothers on infant feeding choices, promote breastfeeding in the clinical setting, and teach breastfeeding techniques. However, 18.2% of programs do not offer any of these opportunities. Discussion The breastfeeding and lactation education offered in PNP programs is inconsistent. Formal incorporation of research-based lactation education into PNP curricula will help to standardize knowledge and aid in the PNP clinical role.
Attentional control of visual suffix effects

An experiment was performed to compare the effects of an attentional manipulation and four suffix conditions on the recall of auditorily presented numerical sequences. In the nonattention condition, in which a suffix was described as a recall cue, spoken suffixes produced large end-of-sequence performance decrements; lipread suffixes produced similar, although smaller, effects. Suffixes “drawn” through the air on a card background (drawn) and those printed on a card (graphic) led to no significant end-of-sequence effects. In the attention condition, a suffix-prefix (the subject recalled the suffix, which was either 0 or 9, before commencing recall) was used to compel attention. The attentional manipulation led to changes in performance on sequences having lipread or drawn suffixes but not for those having graphic or spoken suffixes. The finding that attentional factors affect the size of lipread but not spoken end-of-sequence suffix effects suggests differences between auditory and visual suffix effects. Similarly, the differences in preterminal suffix effects resulting from the attentional manipulation suggest differences among various visual stimuli in sensitivity to generalized interference.
Axial Anomaly and the Proton Spin

Several authors have noted that the forward matrix element of the axial-vector current as measured in polarized deep-inelastic electroproduction represents not only the quark contribution to the target proton spin but also the gluonic component due to the anomaly. We show that the anomalous divergence equations constrain the size of this gluonic contribution. In particular it is of such sign and magnitude that the resulting quark content of the proton spin deviates even further from the naive-quark-model expectations.
Predicting stock volatility using after-hours information: Evidence from the NASDAQ actively traded stocks

Abstract We use realized volatilities based on after-hours high frequency stock returns to predict next day stock volatility. We extend the GARCH model to include additional information: the whole after hours period, the preopen realized variance, the postclose realized variance, and the overnight squared return. For the thirty most active NASDAQ stocks, we find that most of the stocks exhibit positive and significant preopen coefficients and that the inclusion of the preopen variance can mostly improve the out-of-sample forecastability of the next day conditional volatility. The inclusions of the postclose variance and overnight squared returns do provide some predictive power for the next day conditional volatility, but to a lesser degree; their predictive abilities are inferior to that of the preopen variance. Our findings support the results of prior studies: traders trade mostly for non-information reasons in the postclose period and trade mostly for information reasons in the preopen period.
Synthesis of adenylyl imidodiphosphate-β,γ-15N

Adenylyl imidodiphosphate, specifically 15N labelled in the β,γ-bridging nitrogen position, was synthesized in 5% overall yield from 15NH3.
SER-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans 5-HT2-like receptor, and a multi-PDZ domain containing protein (MPZ-1) interact in vulval muscle to facilitate serotonin-stimulated egg-laying

Serotonin (5-HT) stimulation of egg-laying in Caenorhabditis elegans is abolished in ser-1 (ok345) animals and is rescued by ser-1 expression in vulval muscle. A PDZ binding motif (ETFL) at the SER-1 C-terminus is not essential for rescue, but facilitates SER-1 signaling. SER-1 binds specifically to PDZ domain 10 of the multi-PDZ domain protein, MPZ-1, based on GST pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation. mpz-1 is expressed in about 60 neurons and body wall and vulval muscles. In neurons, GFP-tagged MPZ-1 is punctate and colocalizes with the synaptic marker, synaptobrevin. The expression patterns of ser-1 and mpz-1 overlap in 3 pairs of neurons and vulval muscle. In addition, MPZ-1 also interacts with other GPCRs with acidic amino acids in the -3 position of their PDZ binding motifs. mpz-1 RNAi reduces 5-HT stimulated egg-laying in wild type animals and in ser-1 mutants rescued by muscle expression of SER-1. In contrast, mpz-1 RNAi has no effect on 5-HT stimulated egg-laying in ser-1 mutants rescued by expression of a truncated SER-1 that lacks the C-terminal PDZ binding motif. The overexpression of MPZ-1 PDZ domain 10 also inhibits 5-HT stimulated egg-laying. These studies suggest that the SER-1/MPZ-1 interaction facilitates SER-1 mediated signaling.
Urinary Organic Acids Quantitated in a Healthy North Indian Pediatric Population

Human urine gives evidence of the metabolism in the body and contains numerous organic acids and other compounds at a variety of concentration. The concentration of organic acids in urine varies from population to population due to genotype, food habits and other epigenetic and environmental influences. Knowledge of the reference values for urinary organic acids in a healthy pediatric population is very important for critical evaluation. This study was designed to quantify 16 organic acids in a healthy north Indian pediatric population. Early morning urine samples from healthy pediatric subjects of age 1 day to 16 years who did not have symptoms of any disease were analyzed for organic acid content. The children were not on any supplemental vitamins or drugs and were on a free and unrestricted diet. The creatinine concentration of each sample was determined before organic acid analysis. Organic acids were extracted from urine with ethyl acetate, extracted residue was air dried, converted into trimethylsilyl derivatives and analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Here we reported the age wise mean values and standard deviations for each compound, adjusted for creatinine content (mmol/mol of creatinine). We found the concentration of most of the metabolites are higher in our population in comparison to other populations. Such data may help to provide a basis for diagnosing metabolic abnormalities in patients in a specific ethnicity.
Versatile supramolecular pDNA vehicles via "click polymerization" of β-cyclodextrin with oligoethyleneamines

Herein, we report the efficient synthesis of high molecular weight polymers (up to 331 kDa) that contain beta-cyclodextrin within the polymer backbone and the examination of these structures for pDNA delivery within cultured mammalian cells. Two series of polymers were synthesized, one with variation in oligoethyleneamine stoichiometry, Cd1(46), Cd2(44), Cd3(49), and Cd4(47) (1-4 oligoethyleneamines in the repeat unit, respectively and similar degree of polymerization, n(w)=44-49) and another with variation in polymer length (four ethyleneamines in the repeat unit), Cd4(27), Cd4(47), Cd4(93), and Cd4(200) [n(w)=27, 47, 93, 200] via the "click reaction". The two series of polymers revealed efficient pDNA binding and compaction through gel electrophoresis, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy experiments. The DNase protection assay showed a decrease in pDNA degradation with an increase in the polymer amine stoichiometry, where polymer Cd3(49) and all of the Cd4 analogs completely protected pDNA for up to 8 h in serum. The cellular uptake and gene expression profiles were examined in HeLa cells, which similarly demonstrated that both the series of polymers had high pDNA delivery where, Cd3(49) and Cd4(93) had the most effective luciferase gene expression. In addition, the cell viability profiles were quite high with all of the structures.
Sound propagation near magnetic phase transitions

Abstract Experimental results on critical velocity and critical attenuation changes are presented and discussed. Whereas the critical velocity changes show a uniform behavior for all substances studied, namely a frequency independent and a weak temperature dependent effect, the critical attenuation changes show a wide variety of behavior for different materials. A given substance can be characterized by the following physical parameters: spin structure (ferro- or antiferromagnet), magnetic anisotropy and range of spin interaction. In this way the rare earth metals Gd, Tb, Dy and Ho can be nicely accounted for by present theories. In insulators the coupling of the sound to the energy density of the spin system seems to be very important as shown in EuO, and also in RbMnF3 and MnF2. These latter antiferromagnets are not fully understood yet however. In addition other results (CoO, FeF2) are discussed and results for Cr presented.
The skin of primates. XXXIX. The skin of the white‐browed capuchin (Cebus albifrons)

The skin of the white-browed capuchin (Cebus albifrons), although basically similar to that of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), contains several outstanding peculiarities: (1) both the epidermis and dermis of the general body surface are devoid of melanotic melanocytes; (2) the skin of the prehensile tail has no modified, glabrous friction surface; (3) the prehensile surface of the tail has no specialized nerve end-organs; (4) cholinesterase-positive, papillary nerve end-organs rest beneath the epidermal ridges of volar skin; and (5) both the clear cells and dark cells of the eccrine glands contain glycogen but neither shows phosphorylase activity.
Liposomes. Effect of temperature on their mode of action on single frog skeletal muscle fibers.

Abstract Liposomes containing the fluorescent dye 6-carboxyfluorescein were made from dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and stearylamine. At 4°C the liposomes are adsorbed on the fiber surface and when the temperature is raised to 21°C, their contents are transferred directly into the fibers at a linear rate. Liposomes had little effect on the time course of the maximal twitch tension.
From Puritanism to Unitarianism in England A Study in Candour

spectives. The standard conception is theological.' A heterodox heritage is identified. Thereby Unitarianism is given rootage in the Radical Reformation and distinct phases of the English movement are recognized--Arminian, Arian, Socinian. The problematic nature of such a heterodox tradition is suggested by the treatments of Unitarians and of their contributions to English intellectual life rendered by students of the English Enlightenment,2 English Church History,3 and English radical and reform activity.4 These histories rightly make Unitarianism an expression of the English Enlightenment or English Liberalism. But for this gain the character of Unitarianism as a religious movement is lost. A partial corrective is provided by the histories which find a social basis for Unitarianism in Presbyterianism from which a significant portion of heterodox leadership and congregations was drawn.5 More appropriately the social and in-
Chloroprene: overview of studies under consideration for the development of an IRIS assessment.

Abstract Beta-chloroprene (C 4 H 5 Cl, chloroprene, 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene, CASRN 126-99-8) is a volatile, flammable liquid monomer utilized primarily in the manufacture of neoprene (polychloroprene) elastomer used in belts, hoses, gloves, wire coatings, and tubing. Absorption into the body occurs primarily via the respiratory system and may occur via the gastrointestinal tract or the skin. Once absorbed, chloroprene is widely distributed as evidenced by effects in several target organs including nose and lung, liver, and skin. Chloroprene metabolism is believed to include cytochrome P450 oxidation to a monoepoxide, hydrolysis by epoxide hydrolases, and glutathione conjugation. Similar to 1,3-butadiene, the epoxide is considered to be the toxic moiety, and species differences in metabolic capacity may influence the severity of effects as well as what tissues are affected. EPA has not previously developed an assessment of chloroprene's potential for human health effects. Existing human epidemiological studies offer little data on noncancer effects, and the associations of exposure with increased cancer (liver and lung) mortality reported are inconclusive. Recent epidemiological studies (submitted for publication) could offer information that may impact chloroprene's health assessment. Multiple-site tumors have been reported in rats and mice exposed to chloroprene by inhalation; nevertheless, there are marked differences in strain sensitivities (i.e., tumors in F344 rats versus no tumors in Wistar rats). Recently developed physiologically based toxicokinetic models may allow for the resolution of species and tissue differences and sensitivities as well as exposure—dose–response relationships relevant to humans. (This presentation does not necessarily reflect EPA policy.)
Erk1/2 signaling is required for Tgf-β2–induced suture closure

Transforming growth factors β (Tgf-βs) act by means of Smad signaling pathways and may also interact with the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. The hypothesis was tested that Erk1/2 signaling is required for Tgf-β2–induced suture closure, by culturing embryonic mouse calvariae in the presence of Tgf-β2 with or without Erk1/2 inhibitor PD98059 (PD). Suture widths were measured daily, and microdissected sutures and bones were homogenized and protein analyzed by Western blots. Tgf-β2 induced narrowing of the sutures after 72 hr, an effect inhibited by treatment with PD. Erk1/2 and Egf but not Smad2/3 protein expression was up-regulated by Tgf-β2 calvarial tissues at 72 hr. PD inhibited endogenous and Tgf-β2–stimulated Erk1/2 protein as well as Tgf-β2–stimulated Egf, but increased Smad2/3 protein expression. In tissues harvested 0, 15, and 30 min after exposure to Tgf-β2, Erk1/2 phosphorylation was up-regulated after 15 min, an effect abrogated by the simultaneous addition of PD. In summary, Tgf-β2 stimulated Erk1/2 phosphorylation and induced Egf and Erk1/2 expression, associated with suture closure after 72 hr. Blocking Erk1/2 activity with PD inhibited these effects but increased Smad2/3 expression. We postulate that Tgf-β2 regulates suture closure directly by means of phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and indirectly by up-regulating Erk1/2, a substrate for Fgf receptor signaling required for Fgf induction of premature suture obliteration. Developmental Dynamics 235:1292–1299, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A novel platelet-activating protein derived from rat submandibular glands.

Abstract Among the various naturally occurring substances which induce platelet aggregation and secretion, considerable attention has been focused recently on the phospholipid platelet-activating factor (PAF) derived from a variety of mammalian cells. In this report, we describe a platelet-activating protein, designated RS-PAP, which was isolated and partially purified from the submandibular salivary glands of adult male rats. This material caused a dose-related in vitro activation of washed, [3h]serotonin-labeled platelets from rats, rabbits and humans. The biologic activity of RS-PAP was compared with that of 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-5n-glycero-3-phosphoryl choline (AGEPC), a well-characterized representative of the phospholipid platelet-activating factors, and collagen, a potent platelet stimulating protein. The activation of washed rabbit platelets by RS-PAP required extracellular calcium for both aggregation and secretion of [3h]serotonin, and was not inhibited by indomethacin. Furthermore, RS-PAP was not inhibited by pretreatment with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, iodoacetate, hirudin or an acetylhydrolase which specifically degrades the phospholipid AGEPC. RS-PAP was completely inactivated by heating at 56°C for 20 minutes, by trypsinization and by a phospholipid extraction procedure. Gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200 indicated an approximate molecular weight of 22,000 - 25,000 daltons. Thus RS-PAP appears to be a new platelet stimulating protein which activates a variety of mammalian platelets.
Writing Partnership between Police Practitioners and Researchers

This paper explores the prospects and possibilities of a police researcher and practitioner writing partnership. The advantages and complexities of creating such a partnership are discussed. The author concludes that a writing partnership and greater collaboration between police researchers and practitioners is needed. Furthermore, the paper identifies selected policing research journals and trade magazines and examines what they report and who contributes to them.
Anomalous role for dietary salt in diabetes mellitus

Prevailing guidelines advocate a low-salt diet to mitigate progression of renal and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, two recent cohort studies in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus associate lower salt intake with increased rates of end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular death and all-cause mortality.
Should Career Education Be Founded in the Protestant Ethic

Much of career education philosophy presupposes the Protestant (Work) Ethic, ignoring the fact that this traditional ethic is being challenged by other viewpoints. This article includes a review of the origin and nature of the Protestant (Work) Ethic and a brief outline of some alternative ethics. Ethical and practical problems arise when career education presumes to advocate a single traditional work ethic; this article suggests a solution to these problems.
How good is your infant program? Use an observational method to find out

The proliferation of day care facilities for infants under 3 years of age has brought with it a growing concern with respect to the type and quality of care provided for infants and toddlers. That assurance of quality programming is crucial is suggested by a good deal of the literature on antecedents of high social-emotional and intellective competence in young children. For example, Watts, Barnett, and Halfar (1973) in their longitudinal ecological study of infant development have confirmed that highly competent 3-year olds, regardless of social class, have experienced markedly more interactions with adults in intellectually valuable activities. If limited financial or personnel resources exist, then certainly neither sophisticated nor lengthy measurement instruments can be used. Brevity, ease of use, specificity of developmentally desirable adult inputs, and sensitivity to caregiver differences in such inputs should be considered in choosing a method to evaluate programs with such financial constraints. If an observational method can highlight the kinds of experiences and the quality of interactions that go on between caregivers and babies, then it can be used as formative evaluation to improve program quality and to ensure the consistency of high-quality care. These methods do not have to be lengthy or complicated, but they should include teacher behaviors that reflect program goals. It is also important that input characteristics of "master" teachers of infants and toddlers be ascertained by means of such an instrument. In this manner the kinds, amounts, and qualities of adult care
The Study of Field Application of Digital Radiography Testing for Power Plant Weldments

Since Power Plant has tens of thousands welded parts in its structures, the quality on the welded parts are always a key factor for ensuring the reliability of the structures. Film based Radiography Test (hereinafter called “FRT”) is a generally accepted solution in inspecting the welded structure. However, the RT demands complex workflow, high cost, hazardous waste disposal, and etc…. In an effort to get over such shortcomings from FRT and present alternative inspection tools, this study was intended to evaluate a Digital Radiography Test (hereinafter called “DRT”). In this study, the evaluation were focused on if a DRT is applicable to the inspection of Welded structure in Power Plants, and what benefits can be generated in a use of DRT.
A Model of Micro Electro-Discharge Machining Plasma Discharge in Deionized Water

For successful commercial adaptation of the l-EDM (micro electro-discharge machining) process, there is a need to increase the process efficiency by understanding the process mechanism. This paper presents a model of the plasma discharge phase of a single discharge l-EDM event in deionized water. The plasma discharge is modeled using global model approach in which the plasma is assumed to be spatially uniform, and equations of mass and energy conservation are solved simultaneously along with the dynamics of the plasma bubble growth. Given the input discharge voltage, current and the discharge gap, complete temporal description of the l-EDM plasma during the discharge time is obtained in terms of the composition of the plasma, temperature of electrons and other species, radius of the plasma bubble and the plasma pressure. For input electric field in the range of 10–2000 MV/m and discharge gap in the range of 0.5–20 lm, timeaveraged electron density of 3:88 10m 3 30:33 10m 3 and time-averaged electron temperature of 11,013–29,864 K are predicted. Experimental conditions are simulated and validated against the spectroscopic data from the literature. The output from this model can be used to obtain the amount of heat flux transferred to the electrodes during the l-EDM process. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4026298]
Simple Wide Range Specular Reflectometer

A wide range absolute specular reflectometer of simple design has been built to measure the absolute reflectivity of single crystals at liquid nitrogen temperature. The basic design, theory of operation, and inherent limitations of the design are discussed in terms of the spectral and temperature regions attainable.The instrument built at the Institute of Optics is shown as well as samples of measured reflectivities.
Determination of Forage Chemical Composition Using Remote Sensing

Traditional forage nutrient analysis from bench-top near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) or common laboratory chemical procedures provides accurate, point-based information, but often does not provide it in a timely way to allow changes in forage or animal management. The objective of this study is to determine the feasibility of estimating concentrations of nitrogen, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of live, standing forages using a hand-held hyperspectral spectroradiometer (radiometer), and to compare these estimates to values determined via NIRS and laboratory chemical methods. Calibration equations were developed from canopy reflectance measurements from monocultures of Bermuda grass and then applied to a test data set to predict N, NDF, and ADF. Statistical analyses showed that forage composition estimates from the radiometer were equivalent to those from the NIRS. Such a remote-sensing approach would enable real-time assessment of forage quality, would allow mapping of the nutritional landscape, could be used as a tool to better manage pastures and supplements, and would assist in making harvesting decisions.
An experimental investigation of nonlinear deformations in single-lap joints

Abstract Experimental analyses of a single-lap joint were performed to investigate the geometrically nonlinear deformations and adhesive stress distributions. Strain gages were used to record the nonlinear deformation of the specimen, and the full-field moire interferometry technique was applied to determine surface deformations of the adherend and adhesive. Mechanics models of the single-lap joint were evaluated by comparing the experimental results with numerical and theoretical predictions of adherend moment and adhesive stress distributions. The three-dimensional nature of the adhesive peel stress on the free surface is documented in the moire analysis. Some comments on the failure mechanism and stress singularities are made.
New technologies for the inactivation of infectious pathogens in cellular blood components and the development of platelet substitutes.

Despite the increased safety of blood components, achieved through improved donor selection and testing, transfusion recipients remain at risk of transfusion-associated diseases. Transfusion of cellular blood components has been implicated in transmission of viral, bacterial and protozoan diseases. While it is commonly recognized that hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the human lymphotrophic viruses (HTLV), can be transmitted through cellular components, other pathogens are emerging as potentially significant transfusion-associated infectious agents. For example, transmission of protozoan infections due to trypanosomes and Babesia have been reported. In addition to viral and protozoan infectious agents, cases of bacterial contamination of platelet and red cell concentrates continue to be reported and may be an under-reported transfusion complication. More importantly, new infectious agents continue to enter the donor population, and there is an inherent time delay before the new pathogens are definitively identified and new tests implemented in order to maintain consistent safety of the blood supply. The paradigm for this problem is the HIV pandemic. During the past decade a number of methods for inactivating infectious pathogens in platelet concentrates have been investigated as a strategy to improve the safety of platelet transfusion therapy. One method of treating platelet concentrates to inactive pathogens has now reached the advanced clinical trial phase in the United States and Europe. Similar efforts with a new class of compounds are underway for red cell concentrates, and two of these are in early phase trials. In addition to studies with allogeneic platelets and red cells, a number of laboratories have described methods for developing platelet substitutes or modified platelets to avoid the use of traditional platelet concentrates as a means to improve safety.
Catheter ablation of left accessory atrioventricular connections: the transseptal approach.

Background: In the past few years, there has been a relative explosion of activity in the realm of interventional cardiology. The high rate of success of radiofrequency energy ablation have transformed catheter ablation from an investigational procedure into the first-line therapy for symptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Radiofrequency catheter ablation for preexcitation syndrome is commonly based on a ventricular approach. Such an approach might he associated with the risk of prolonged arterial catheter manipulation, retrograde left ventricular catheterization, and production of multiple, potentially arrhythmogenic, ventricular lesions created during ablation. Potential risks can be avoided using atrial insertion ablation procedures. The transseptal procedure that was developed in the 1950s and 1960s as a diagnostic procedure and then shelved in the 1970s and early 1980s has now come back into prominence as a therapeutic technique in the treatment of valvular heart disease, and then in the ablation of the left accessory atrioventricular connections. Methods: Atrial aspect of mitral annulus is a relatively smooth, nonobstructed surface that simplifies catheter movement, thereby permitting rapid and accurate accessory pathway location. Although primary use of earliest endocardial retrograde atrial activation as a marker of accessory pathway atrial insertion is sufficiently accurate to permit successful ablation, direct recording of an accessory pathway potential is an important predictor of successful ablation site. Moreover, the analysis of the unipolar atrial electrogram, recorded during sinus rhythm from the tip of the ablation catheter, provides further information for localizing the atrial insertion of the accessory pathways. Shortest atrial-accessory pathway and negative delta-accessory pathway intervals have been found to be the best predictors of the successful site. Results: A 90.5% success of the transseptal approach on an overall population of 328 patients, higher for overt than for concealed pathways, is comparable with the results of the retrograde. Complications are 0.5%. Conclusion: In conclusion, the transseptal approach for ablation at the atrial site is very safe and highly effective, and avoids prolonged arterial cannulation and catheter manipulation in the ascending aorta and left ventricle.
The excitement and challenges of space and earth exploration

Over the last 50 years, the use of space platform to explore and observe our planet and the universe surrounding us has advanced in leaps and bounds. As of today there are more than hundred scientific Spacecraft monitoring all aspects of our planet environment and studying the planets in our solar system. In this talk I will discuss the advances being made and planned for the next 20 years and the role of information systems in developing the capability to better understand our planet and inform scientists, users and policy makers about the global changes which are happening. I will also show the excitement of exploration and discovery through the eyes of the teams that are exploring our solar system.
The average haul distance and transportation work factors for biomass delivered to a central plant

A simple model to compute the transportation cost of harvesting biomass and delivering it to a central processing plant was prescribed. Under the simplified assumptions used, the equation requires inputs of: process plant size; biomass productivity; fraction of terrain occupied by crop; and geometric constraints of process site and harvest area. These are grouped into distance and geometrical factors which are tabulated for easy reference. The remarkable reduction of biomass transportation work cost in moving from extensive to intensive silviculture implies that with ever increasing fuel costs, Canadian forestry will make the transition from the current practice to SRF in the near future. 2 tables.
Renal sodium-D-glucose cotransport system. Involvement of tyrosine residues in sodium-transporter interaction.

Abstract Using brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from calf kidney cortex the effect of tyrosine-reactive reagents on sodium-dependent d -glucose transport was investigated. Treatment of the membranes for 60 min with NBD-Cl (7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole), N-acetylimidazole or tetranitromethane decreased d -glucose uptake 50, 70 and 40%, respectively. Tracer exchange experiments revealed that the inhibition of transport is due to a direct modification of the sodium- d -glucose cotransport system. The modification by NBD-Cl decreases the apparent Vmax of the transport system with respect to its interaction with sodium. In addition, the rate of inactivation of the transport system by NBD-Cl is reduced in the presence of high concentrations of sodium. The results indicate that tyrosine residues play an essential role in sodium- d -glucose cotransport and are probably involved in the binding and/or transport of sodium by the sodium- d -glucose cotransport system.
Anesthesia for Patients with Renal/Hepatic Disease

General anesthesia may be necessary for patients with significant disease processes such as renal disease or hepatic disease. A basic understanding of the effects of general anesthetics on these organs and the anticipated problems of renal and hepatic impairment on the anesthetic process is necessary to optimize conditions for patients with renal or hepatic disease. Patient preparation, drug selection, and monitoring strategies will be discussed for patients with renal and liver disease.
Software for modeling, analysis, and control design for multidimensional systems

In this paper we describe a Matlab Toolbox for modeling, analysis, and control design for multidimensional (MD) systems. This allows one to perform: MD system representations from first principles models; MD systems model reduction; MD systems manipulation, such as addition, multiplication, block transformations, etc.; spatially distributed controller design for MD systems; performance analysis of MD systems; and MD systems simulation.
Neutral-beam heating in the adiabatic toroidal compressor

Results are given for tangential injection into ATC of two 15-keV neutral beams with net power up to 100 kW. The ion temperature rise exceeds 100 eV, consistent with theoretical expectations. Fast-ion drag rates and pitch- angle scattering have been measured, the latter to determine Z/sub eff/. Injection was also made at 83 and 97$sup 0$ to the plasma current. At 83$sup 0$ some ion heating is observed; at 97$sup 0$ the heating is negligible. The fast- ion energy distributions, observed tangentially, show the severity of the ''loss- region'' for counter-circulating particles. (auth)
Bark Beetle Attacks on Ponderosa Pine Following Fire in Northern Arizona

Abstract There is little quantitative information on relationships between insect attacks and fire damage for ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson, in the southwestern United States. Tree mortality and insect attacks were measured on 1,367 trees for three years after a spring wildfire (4 May 1996), a summer wildfire (20 June 1996), and a fall prescribed fire (9 September 1995) in northern Arizona. Western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, mountain pine beetle, D. ponderosae Hopkins, roundheaded pine beetle, D. adjunctus Blandford, red turpentine beetle, D. valens LeConte, Ips species, and wood borers in the Buprestidae and Cerambycidae families were found in fire-damaged trees. The most frequently occurring insects, listed from most to least frequent, were wood borers, red turpentine beetle, Ips spp., western pine beetle, roundheaded pine beetle, and mountain pine beetle. Trees attacked by Dendroctonus and Ips spp. as a group had more crown damage from fire than unattacked trees. ...