cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Group embedded figures test and academic achievement in engineering education

This study was conducted to investigate cognitive style patterns among students in a lower divisionengineering course and differences in the academic performance of those students related todifferences in their cognitive styles. The Group Embedded Figures Test was administered to 130undergraduate engineering students enrolled in CE 214 Engineering Mechanics-Statics at NorthCarolina State University. Analysis of variance was used to examine differences in academicachievement of students in relation to their different cognitive styles. The findings identified ahighly skewed distribution on the cognitive style scale, with the vast majority being highly analytic.In addition, students who manifested an analytic (field independent) cognitive style achievedsignificantly higher grades in the course than those with a Global cognitive style.
Necessary conditions for the depth formula over Cohen–Macaulay local rings

Abstract Let R be a Cohen–Macaulay local ring and let M and N be finitely generated R -modules. In this paper we investigate some of the necessary conditions for the depth formula depth ( M ) + depth ( N ) = depth ( R ) + depth ( M ⊗ R N ) to hold. We show that, under certain conditions, M and N satisfy the depth formula if and only if Tor i R ( M , N ) = 0 for all i ≥ 1 . We also examine the relationship between the depth of M ⊗ R N and the vanishing of Ext modules with various applications. One of them extends partially a result by Auslander on even dimensional regular local rings to complete intersections. In another application, we show that there is no nontrivial semidualizing module over Veronese subrings of the formal power series ring k [ [ X 1 , … , X n ] ] over a field k .
Who Is Keeping Their Unused Opioids and Why

OBJECTIVE To better understand patients' reasoning for keeping unused opioid pills. METHODS As part of a larger study, patients were asked their plans for their unused opioids. Responses were categorized as "dispose," "keep," and "don't know." Baseline characteristics were compared between the "keep" and "dispose" groups. Verbatim responses categorized as "keep" were analyzed qualitatively using a team-based inductive approach with constant comparison across cases. RESULTS One hundred patients planned to dispose of their pills; 117 planned to keep them. There were no differences in demographics between the groups. Among patients who planned to keep their pills, the mean age was 43 years and 47% were male. Analysis revealed four categories of patient responses: 1) plans to keep their pills "just in case," with reference to a medical condition (e.g., kidney stone); 2) plans to keep pills "just in case" without reference to any medical condition; 3) plans to dispose in delayed fashion (e.g., after pill expiration) or unsure of how to dispose; and 4) no identified plans, yet intended to keep pills. In this sample, there were no differences in characteristics of those reporting planning to keep vs dispose of pills; however, there were diverse reasons for keeping opioids. CONCLUSIONS This manuscript describes a sample of patients who kept their unused opioids and presents qualitative data detailing their personal reasoning for keeping the unused pills. Awareness of the range of motivations underpinning this behavior may inform the development of tailored education and risk communication messages to improve opioid disposal.
Exploring Resource Management for Sustainable Food Businesses: Three Vermont Case Studies

This paper is an exploratory comparative case study of three Vermont food businesses. It examines the use of transaction cost and knowledge management theories to understand how food businesses with sustainability missions make key management decisions about resource allocation (the “make or buy” decision). Results suggest that these businesses’ decisions are driven in part by their personal values and interests and their desire to support other local businesses and contribute to their communities. Their decisions also largely conform to what the aforementioned theories would predict: specifically, they make inputs and services that are within their core competencies, they form partnerships to procure key inputs and support other local businesses, and they buy inputs readily available in existing markets in order to free up their time and increase efficiency. Furthermore, they allocate their own time to activities they enjoy or those with high strategic value for the business. The discussion focuses on how these findings may guide future research and how these theoretical frame­works may be used to better understand entrepreneur behavior, foster mutually beneficial partnerships, and advance sustainability missions in food business.
Consensual Constitution-Writing Over Consensus Institutions: The Power of Inclusion through Group Rights in Mitigating Conflict

The decades-long debate about whether power sharing (consensus) governments or majoritarianism diminish conflict may be missing an even more important element in diminishing conflict, whether all major groups participate in negotiations. Using crucial moments in a regime’s history, the drafting and implementation of new constitutions, this article offers evidence that whether constitution-making processes include all relevant societal groups matters more in diminishing internal nation-state conflict than whether the resulting text constructs power-sharing institutions or majoritarian ones. After establishing this statistical pattern, we conduct further analysis showing that the mechanism of group rights establishment is at least partially responsible; that is, the inclusion of opposition groups in constitution drafting tends to produce group rights language.
Physical Activity, Mental Health, and Technology Preferences to Support Cancer Survivors During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-sectional Study.

Background: COVID-19 has had significant health-related and behavioral impacts worldwide. Cancer survivors (hereafter referred to as “survivors”) are particularly prone to behavioral changes and are encouraged to be more vigilant and observe stricter social distancing measures. Objective: We explored (1) changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviors since the onset of COVID-19, along with changes in mental health status, and (2) alternative strategies to support survivors’ physical activity and social health during and after COVID-19, along with the role of digital health in such strategies. Methods: A questionnaire was distributed among survivors participating (currently or previously) in the community-based physical activity program LIVESTRONG at the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), from 3 sites outside an urban area in Massachusetts. Questions addressed pre–COVID-19 vs current changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior. Anxiety and depression were assessed using the 2-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-2) and 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2), and scores ≥3 indicated a clinical diagnosis of anxiety or depression, respectively. Digital health preferences were assessed through closed-ended questions. Open-ended responses addressing other preferences for physical activity programs and social support were analyzed, coded, and categorized into themes. Results: Among 61 participants (mean age 62 [SD 10.4] years; females: 51/61 [83.6%]), 67.2% (n=41) reported decreased physical activity and 67.2% (n=41) reported prolonged sitting times since the onset of COVID-19. Further, 24.6% (n=15) and 26.2% (n=16) met the GAD-2 and PHQ-2 criteria for clinical anxiety and depression, respectively. All participants owned a cellphone; 90% (n=54) owned a smartphone. Preferences for physical activity programs (n=28) included three themes: (1) use of digital or remote platforms (Zoom, other online platforms, and video platforms), (2) specific activities and locations (eg, outdoor activities, walking, gardening, biking, and physical activities at the YMCA and at senior centers), and (3) importance of social support regardless of activity type (eg, time spent with family, friends, peers, or coaches). The survey revealed a mean score of 71.8 (SD 21.4; scale 0-100) for the importance of social support during physical activity programs. Social support preferences (n=15) revealed three themes: (1) support through remote platforms (eg, texting, Zoom, phone calls, emails, and Facebook), (2) tangible in-person support (YMCA and senior centers), and (3) social support with no specific platform (eg, small gatherings and family or friend visits). Conclusions: Physical activity and mental health are critical factors for the quality of life of survivors, and interventions tailored to their activity preferences are necessary. Digital or remote physical activity programs with added social support may help address the ongoing needs of survivors during and after the pandemic.
Reasons for Rank-Dependent Utility Evaluations

Three reasons for why people may evaluate utility in a rank-dependent fashion have been suggested: (1) rank-dependent weighting is a function of perceptual biases and thus not prescriptively defensible; (2) weights are (re)distributed by motivational processes which reflect stable personality characteristics of the decision maker; and (3) weights are (re)distributed as a function of the situation, allowing rank-dependent evaluation to be a rational response to an environment with asymmetric loss functions. By modifying a study by Wakker, Erev, and Weber (1994) we show that all three processes, i.e., perceptual biases, individual predispositions in weighting, as well as rational adaptation to an asymmetric loss function, can be involved in rank- dependent weighting.
Local and nonlocal solitons in a coupled real system of Landau-Lifshitz equations

Abstract We consider the gauge equivalence of all NLS-type reductions with a coupled system of Landau–Lifshitz equations. In the local case it is shown to reduce to the continuum limit of the classical isotropic Heisenberg ferromagnet equation. All nonlocal reductions, however, are shown to be equivalent to a two-sublattice antiferromagnetic system. Nonlocal solitons are shown to represent excitations from nonzero ground state magnetization and antiferromagnetic vectors, indicative of a ferrimagnetic system. An alternate geometric interpretation is given by means of a coupled Hasimoto transformation, establishing the connection between the nonlocal reductions of the AKNS system and the motion of a curve in ℂ 3 . Through Darboux transformations, the one-soliton solutions of the coupled LL equations are obtained.
Automated Spatially Targeted Optical Micro Proteomics (AutoSTOMP) 2.0 identifies proteins enriched within inflammatory lesions in tissue sections and human clinical biopsies.

ABSTRACT Tissue microenvironment properties like blood flow, extracellular matrix or proximity to immune infiltrate are important regulators of cell biology. However, methods to study regional protein expression in context of the native tissue environment are limited. To address this need we have developed a novel approach to visualize, purify and measure proteins in situ using Automated Spatially Targeted Optical Micro Proteomics (AutoSTOMP) 2.0. We previously implemented AutoSTOMP to identify proteins localized to the vacuoles of obligate intracellular microbes at the 1-2 μm scale within infected host cells1. Here we report custom codes in SikuliX to specify regions of heterogeneity in a tissue section and then biotin tag and identify proteins belonging to specific cell types or structures within those regions. To enrich biotinylated targets from fixed tissue samples we developed a biochemical protocol compatible with LC-MS. These tools were applied to a) identify inflammatory proteins expressed by CD68+ macrophages in rat cardiac infarcts and b) characterize inflammatory proteins enriched in IgG4+ lesions in esophageal tissue. These data indicate that AutoSTOMP is a flexible approach to determine regional protein expression in situ on a range of primary tissues and clinical biopsies where current tools are limited.
Increased morbidity and mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma patients in lower cost of living areas.

Increased morbidity and mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma patients in lower cost of living areas
Age and Comorbidities Impact Medical Complications and Mortality Following Free Flap Reconstruction.

OBJECTIVE Determine if age correlated with surgical or medical complications following head and neck free flap reconstruction. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review of prospectively collected databases. METHODS Patients undergoing head and neck free flap reconstruction at three tertiary care institutions were included (n = 1972). Cohorts were based on age ( 85). Outcomes reviewed operative duration, length of stay, surgical complications (free flap failure, fistula, hematoma, dehiscence, and infection), and medical complications (thromboembolism, stroke, cardiac, and pulmonary). RESULTS Anatomic site (P 85 (11%) (P = .02). Cardiac complication rates: 85 (16.4%) (P 85 (4.1%) (P < .003). Medical complications correlated with mortality rates: pulmonary (3.5% vs. 0.6%; OR: 5.5; 95% CI: 1.5-20.0; P = .004); cardiac (3.3% vs. 0.6%; OR: 6.0; 95% CI: 1.6-21.8; P = .002); thromboembolism (4.6% vs. 0.7%; OR: 7.3; 95% CI: 1.6-33.6; P = .003); stroke (42% vs. 0.5%; OR: 149; 95% CI: 40-558; P < .0001); and sepsis (5% vs. 0.7%; OR 7.5; 95% CI: 1.0-60.5; P = .03). Age did not correlate with free flap success (P = .5), surgical complications (hematoma, P = .33; fistula, P = .23; infection, P = .07; and dehiscence, P = .37), or thirty-day readmission (P = .3). CONCLUSION Following free flap reconstruction, patient age did not correlate with development of a surgical complication. Patient age did correlate with development of a medical complication. Postoperative medical complications were found to correlate with perioperative mortality. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 2021.
Style and Accuracy in the Final Draft

This chapter expounds on the level of attention required in early drafts of a paper, focusing on the organization and content. Before the paper goes to reviewers, accuracy and form in style and documentation needs to be checked. The final chore is to proofread carefully so that reviewers are not distracted by errors in style and grammar. Technical style includes what is acceptable or unacceptable in organization, type font, capitalization, punctuation, indentions and spacing, abbreviations, citations and bibliographies, headings, footnotes, and any other conventions in the format or content of the entire work. Style is the way publishers or editors want to print a particular text to provide accuracy as well as a physical and verbal appearance to their publications. Although styles differ widely, some efforts toward uniformity have been made in recent years. The style guide Scientific Style and Format was produced with a goal of providing uniformity in the technical style for all the sciences. The most obvious point at which styles still differ widely among journals is in their techniques for handling the references. The most essential criterion for documentation is that it should be accurate and complete so that readers can readily find any source of information that have been cited.
3D imaging with applications to displays, quantum imaging, optical security, and healthcare

In this paper, we present an overview of our published work in three dimensional (3D) imaging. We shall overview a variety of our recent research using 3D approaches for visualization and displays, quantum imaging under photon starved conditions, optical security using quantum imaging principles, 3D microscopy and algorithms for automated disease identification, fatigue free augmented reality 3D glasses, and optical security and authentication using photon counting for IC inspection.
COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST IN EXPERIMENTAL CLINICAL AND SUBCLINICAL MELIOIDOSIS

Nigg, Clara (University of California, Berkeley), and Margaret M. Johnston. Complement fixation test in experimental clinical and subclinical melioidosis. J. Bacteriol. 82:159-168. 1961.-Soluble stable antigens prepared from Pseudomonas pseudomallei gave 4+ complement fixation reactions in a dilution of 1 to 8,000 when tested with specific rabbit antiserum diluted 1 to 10,000. The complement fixation reaction was positive in 100% of experimentally infected rabbits 9 to 11 days postinfection. Infected guinea pigs and monkeys showed similar results. Monkeys inoculated with very small infecting doses of P. pseudomallei developed positive complement fixation reactions in the absence of clinical manifestation of infection. An anamnestic complement-fixing antibody response could be induced in such monkeys, after the titer had dropped to approximately the preinfection level, by inoculating very small doses of viable P. pseudomallei or larger doses of killed melioidosis vaccine. The complement fixation test described appeared to be both sensitive and specific, and should be of value in human melioidosis which cannot be diagnosed on the basis of clinical manifestations alone. It is suggested that subclinical infections may play a role in the epidemiology of human meliodosis. The potential application of the complement fixation test to serological surveys in areas where melioidosis occurs endemically is discussed.
Accurate calculation of prolate spheroidal radial functions of the first kind and their first derivatives

Alternative expressions for calculating the prolate spheroidal radial functions of the first kind Rml(1)(c, ζ) and their first derivatives with respect to ζ are shown to provide accurate values, even for low values of l - m where the traditional expressions provide increasingly inaccurate results as the size parameter c increases to large values. These expressions also converge in fewer terms than the traditional ones. They are obtained from the expansion of the product of Rml(1) (c,ζ) and the prolate spheroidal angular function of the first kind Sml(1)(c, η) in a series of products of the corresponding spherical functions. King and Van Buren [12] had used this expansion previously in the derivation of a general addition theorem for spheroidal wave functions. The improvement in accuracy and convergence using the alternative expressions is quantified and discussed. Also, a method is described that avoids computer overflow and underflow problems in calculating Rml(1)(c,ζ) and its first derivative.
Quadrature mismatch-shaping

Mismatch-shaping is used in lowpass and bandpass delta-sigma converters to shape the errors caused by element mismatch in multi-bit modulators. Quadrature delta-sigma converters use a pair of DACs whose elements must match well in order to prevent image signals and image noise from corrupting the band of interest. By treating the elements of each DAC as part of a common pool, it is possible to generalize the mismatch-shaping concept to multi-bit quadrature modulators.
Cultural Values and Caregiver Preference for Mexican-American and Non-Latino White Elders

This study examined caregiver preferences in the event of hip fracture between Mexican-American and non-Latino White elders. The differential effects of ethnicity and a cultural factor were also examined to elucidate the role of culture on caregiver preference.Data came from a cross-sectional survey of 89 Mexican-American and 30 non-Latino White elders. Hierarchical binary logistic regression was used to examine the differential impact of ethnicity and a cultural factor on caregiver preference. Fewer Mexican-American elders than non-Latino White elders preferred to rely on a formal/professional helper, and a greater proportion of Mexican-Americans than non-Latino Whites would turn to informal caregivers when faced with care needs following a hip fracture. The cultural factor significantly mediated the ethnic effect on caregiver preference. The need for culturally-relevant services based on caregiver preference for long-term care is discussed in addressing health disparities for ethnically diverse elders.
MHC Polymorphism and the Design of Captive Breeding Programs: Simple Solutions Are Not the Answer

As H. L. Mencken said, "to every complex problem there is a simple solution, and it is usually wrong." Hughes (1991) has proposed that the captive breeding of endangered species be designed with the "specific goal of maintaining diversity at MHC (major histocompatibility complex) loci," to us a simplistic solution to a very complicated situation. If his intention in publishing this comment was to stimulate discussion, so be it, but we feel that uninformed implementation of such a scheme would be dangerously shortsighted and would possibly further endanger captive animal populations. Many of our concerns were presented by Vrijenhoek and Leberg (1991), but we feel it is necessary to expand upon some of their points, particularly the discussion of MHC polymorphism. It appears to us after analyzing considerable data, that the pattern of genetic variation at the human MHC complex (called the HLA or human leukocyte antigen complex) indicates the importance of balancing selection (Hedrick & Thomson 1983; Hedrick et al. 1991). However, we do not feel as do some neutralists that the genes in the MHC are among the few loci under such selection. In fact, Nei and Hughes (1991) suggest that the selective advantage of heterozygotes over homozygotes is quite small, only 0.01 to 0.1. Furthermore, these authors appear to have a rather simplistic interpretation of the forces influencing MHC polymorphism, disregarding the impact of such factors as gene conversion, maternal-fetal interactions, and mating success. Also, little is known of the temporal action of selective forces on the MHC. For example, is balancing selection currently operating on these loci, or did it act at some time in the past, leaving a contemporary imprint on the pattern of genetic variation currently observed? This possibility brings up the important point that alleles that may be evolving in a neutral fashion at present may, under altered environmental conditions, become strongly adaptive in the future. Hughes states as fact "that an individual heterozygous at all or most MHC loci will be protected against a wider variety of pathogens than a homozygous individual." Obviously the MHC plays an important role in pathogen recognition, but the details of this process are only now becoming known in the best-studied systems, namely, humans and Mus musculus (e.g., Carreno et al. 1990; Schumacher et al. 1991). Note that associations of low diversity at MHC with high susceptibility to pathogens in cheetahs and cottontop tamarins, discussed by Hughes, are not based on cause-effect studies. Indeed, cheetahs have low variation at all loci examined (O'Brien 1985) and some of these other loci or some composite effect of the rest of the genome (the variation Hughes wants to throw out) may well be the critical factor influencing pathogen resistance in these species. Only in a few cases does there appear to be fairly good direct evidence of the role of the MHC in pathogen resistance, for example, B21 haplotype and resistance to Marek's disease in chickens (Gavora et al. 1986) and
Variability of Physics Education in Radiation Oncology Medical Residency Programs

Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the quality of medical physics education for radiation oncology medical residents. Methods An independent survey regarding physics education was carried out using e-mail. The survey contained 12 questions addressing the duration, length, and quality of education. Responses were tabulated and compared with the recommended educational scheme. Results Nearly 56% of institutions participated in this survey. Educational patterns were found to be significantly variable among institutions. Some have minimum physics education (10 lectures), and some have 90 lectures per year. In general, two-thirds of the institutions require residents to attend classes up to the third year. Conclusions Significant variability of physics education for radiation oncology medical residents was observed, contrary to the national recommendations. With advanced treatment techniques, physics education should be given more importance, and the number of lectures should be increased to accommodate every aspect of radiation oncology practice.
Multidisciplinary Evidence to Treat Bilingual Individuals with Aphasia

Abstract The steady increase in linguistic and cultural diversity in the country, including the number of bilingual speakers, has been predicted to continue. Minorities are expected to be the major...
Density Compensation of TDR Calibration for Geotechnical Applications

Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) technology has been widely used in areas such as agricultural science, soil science, and water resources for measuring soil volumetric water content and is beginning to be used in geotechnical engineering. Calibration relationships, which generally relate the soil volumetric water content to TDR measured dielectric constant, are critical for the accuracy of TDR measurements. For TDR technology to be useful for geotechnical engineering practice, the calibration relationship needs to be expressed in terms of gravimetric water content. Besides, geotechnical engineering deals with more compacted earth materials, where the effects of soil density on TDR calibration are significant. This paper introduces an improved TDR calibration relation that accounts for the density of soil skeleton while at the same time is simple in format. Application of this calibration relationship shows that it significantly reduces data scatter and achieves more accurate results than other existing calibration relationships.
Behaviour modification and positive training techniques — an equine case study

The term ‘behaviour modification’ was introduced by Edward Thorndike in the early 1900s and encompasses the principles of empirically altering an individual's reactions to specific stimuli via the ...
Training group workers in a behavioral-cognitive approach

Abstract This article describes a unique method of training group workers from a cognitive and behavioral perspective. It is unique in so far as the teaching procedures simulate the therapeutic training procedures used by the group workers with their clients. Emphasis is placed not only on learning leadership skills but also on the integration of research and practice. Specifically, the article describes course work, field training, evaluation instruments, and general issues and problems in carrying out the program.
Crystallin synthesis in the lens rudiment of a strain of mice with congenital anophthalmia

Abstract Immunofluorescence with anti-crystallin antisera was done on the eye rudiments of mouse embryos of a congenitally anophthalmic strain. In a few of the embryos a lens vesicle formed, which, although much smaller than in controls and delayed in development, appeared morphologically normal. α-Crystallin could be identified in the cells of the rudiments. In addition the cells looked cytologically similar to those of the normal lens vesicle; they were elongated and the nuclei displayed interkinetic nuclear migration. Therefore, the surface ectoderm of the anophthalmia mouse can differentiate into a lens vesicle that appears biochemically and cytologically normal. This indicates that the optic vesicle in this mutant is capable of inducing a lens, while the surface ectoderm can respond to the stimulus in a normal fashion.
Zero-Load Friction at Nanowire-Silicon Interfaces

The dominance of adhesive forces at the nanoscale implies that significant friction forces can be generated at the interface even with no externally applied normal load. We have nanofabricated an adhesion-friction force sensor to characterize friction in zinc oxide nanowires on silicon substrates. Experimental results show static friction coefficients for zero externally applied normal load can be as high as 45. This behavior is observed to be strongly influenced by the ambient conditions and we propose that the presence of molecularly thin moisture layers is responsible for the observed pseudo-static friction. The findings of this study will provide valuable input to nanoscale interfacial systems such as nanowires and nanotube based sensors and nanocomposites.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Quantification of the effect of system and object parameters on edge enhancement in phase-contrast radiography.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of system parameters (focal spot size, tube voltage, geometry, detector resolution, and imagenoise) and object characteristics (edge gradient/shape, composition, thickness, and overlying attenuating material) upon the edge enhancement effect in phase-contrast radiography. Each variable of interest was adjusted and images of a 3 mm lucite phantom were obtained with the other variables remaining constant. A microfocus x-ray source coupled to a CCD camera with an intensifying screen was used to acquire the digital images. Two parameters of image analysis were used to quantify the effects. The edge enhancement index (EEI) was used to measure the absolute degree of edge enhancement, while the edge enhancement to noise ratio (EE/N) was used to measure the conspicuity of the edge enhancement relative to imagenoise. Little effect on EEI was seen from tube voltage, object thickness, overlying attenuating material, while focal spot size and system geometry demonstrated measurable effects upon the degree of edge enhancement. It was also shown that while the edge enhancement effect over straight edges is highly dependent upon how the edge aligns with the x-ray beam, rounded edges, which better model biological objects, do not suffer from this dependence and the EEI reaches its maximal level at any alignment. Decreasing detector resolution diminished the EEI slightly, but even with pixel sizes of 0.360×0.360 mm edge enhancement effects were readily visible. The effect of imagenoise on EE/N was evaluated using different exposure times showing an expected improvement with longer exposure time with EE/N approaching a plateau at 5 min. Many of the parameters that will go into the design of a future PC-R imagingsystem have been quantified in terms of their effect on the degree of edge enhancement in the acquired image. These results, taken together, indicate that either a specimen or even clinical breast imagingsystem could be created with currently available technology. The major limitation to a clinical system would be the low x-ray flux from the microfocal x-ray source.
Psychopathology associated with myasthenia gravis and its treatment by psychotherapeutically oriented group counseling.

Abstract A project was undertaken to: (1) study the psychopathology associated with Myasthenia Gravis; and (2) to treat this psychopathology in a series of psychotherapeutically-oriented group counseling sessions. Seventeen patients with MG were seen, in two separate groups, for 16 counseling sessions. MMPIs administered before, during and following the intervention revealed striking changes in the direction of more positive mental health for 6 patients; 5 patients were unchanged and 2 appeared to be worse, of the 13 who cooperated with follow-up. Some characteristic psychodynamic patterns were revealed in a case report which was supplemented by empirical documentation of change. In particular, self-imposed medication overdoses in response to socially generated anxiety were noted. All findings were integrated with the existing literature. The study was interpreted as implying that a series of group counseling sessions are helpful to many MG patients. Furthermore, such a procedure may produce important psychodynamic changes in selected patients who may then be considered as candidates for more extensive individual or group psychotherapy. The group counseling procedure may also have utility shortly after diagnosis in helping to prevent particular patients from developing psychological disturbances centered around this chronic disease.
Cholinergic stimulation of glucose transport in human erythrocytes.

Abstract The effects of cholinergic stimulation on glucose equilibrium exchange rate have been studied in human erythrocytes. Carbamylcholine increases the V of equilibrium exchange by 20% but has no significant effect on Km. The cholinergic effect is abolished by the muscarinic antagonist atropine or by alterations in intracellular calcium concentrations induced by the calcium ionophore A23187.
Irradiation of Early Instars of the Angoumois Grain Moth

Effects of gamma radiation from cobalt60 on eggs and on 1st, 3rd, and last instars of Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) were determined. Egg and larval sensitivity depended on age at treatment; the older the egg, the less susceptible. No egg hatched in the 0- to 12- and the 0- to 24-hour (hr) age groups when irradiated at 6 kr and 10 kr, respectively. Hatching was observed at all doses in the 24- to 48- and 48- to 72-hr age groups. Larvae failed to develop at doses of 10, 14, and 18 kr. After doses of 2 and 6 kr and controls, larvae developed normally. Irradiation of 1st, 3rd, and last instars resulted in reduced numbers, in delayed and incomplete emergence, and in structural deformities such as twisted wings and fusion of tarsal and antennal segments. Females irradiated as 1st (18-24 hr and 4 days old), 3rd-, and last instars, then mated with normal unmated males or vice versa either laid infertile eggs or did not produce eggs at 14, 16, 17, and 20 kr, respectively. Emerged females following irradiation as last instars and mated with normal unmated males produced no eggs at 10 kr.
Some epidemiological features of lung cancer among Jewish males.

A Memorial Sloan-Kettering lung cancer study involving 1,845 males revealed the following when analyzed for religion: 1. The incidence of epidermoid and anaplastic lung cancer in New York City appears to be significantly lower among Jewish males than among Catholic and Protestant males; 2. Jewish males smoke significantly fewer cigarettes than Catholic and Protestant males; 3. The lower incidence of epidermoid and anaplastic lung cancer among Jewish males appears to be consistent with their smoking history; 4. Data on place of residence and occupations do not account for the reduced rate of lung cancer among Jewish as compared to non-Jewish males; 5. The current findings are consistent with the view that cigarette smoke is largely responsible for the high rate of lung cancer among men.
The Neurophysiology of Functionally Meaningful Categories: Macaque Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Plays a Critical Role in Spontaneous Categorization of Species-Specific Vocalizations

Neurophysiological studies in nonhuman primates have demonstrated that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a critical role in the acquisition of learned categories following training. What is presently unclear is whether this cortical area also plays a role in spontaneous recognition and discrimination of natural categories. Here, we explore this possibility by recording from neurons in the PFC while rhesus listen to species-specific vocalizations that vary in terms of their social function and acoustic morphology. We found that ventral prefrontal cortex (vPFC) activity, on average, did not differentiate between food calls that were associated with the same functional category, despite having different acoustic properties. In contrast, vPFC activity differentiated between food calls associated with different functional classes and specifically, information about the quality and motivational value of the food. These results suggest that the vPFC is involved in the categorization of socially meaningful signals, thereby both extending its previously conceived role in the acquisition of learned categories and showing the significance of using natural categorical distinctions in the study of neural mechanisms.
Fluorescent antibody studies in tissue culture of parainfluenza 3 infection.

SummaryGrowth characteristics of parainfluenza 3 virus in LLC-MK2 line of tissue culture cells have been described using 2 staining technics. The appearance of specific fluorescence was correlated with the appearance of newly formed virus. The site of synthesis of virus was shown to be restricted to the cytoplasm of infected cells. Maximum infectivity titer intracellularly is reached around the 16th hour, while viral release is maximal around the 20th hour post-infection.
Maternal psychological impact of fetal echocardiography

Abstract The maternal psychological impact of fetal echocardiography may be deleterious in the face of newly diagnosed congenital heart disease. This questionnaire-based study prospectively examined the psychological impact of both normal and abnormal fetal echocardiography. Normal fetal echocardiography decreased maternal anxiety, increased happiness, and increased the closeness women felt toward their unborn children. In contrast, when fetal echocardiography detected congenital heart disease, maternal anxiety typically increased, and mothers commonly felt less happy about being pregnant. However, among women who had recently delivered infants with congenital heart disease, those who had had fetal echocardiography during the pregnancy felt less responsible for their infants' defects and tended to have improved their relationships with the infants' fathers after the prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease. Further study of the psychological and medical impact of fetal echocardiography will be necessary to define and optimize the clinical value of this powerful diagnostic tool. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:159-66.)
Decentralized stochastic programming for real and reactive power management in distribution systems

The stochastic nature of solar renewable power poses challenges in distribution networks with high-penetration photovoltaic (PV) generation in terms of achieving thermal loss minimization, voltage regulation, and customer satisfaction. This paper introduces a stochastic optimization model for real and reactive power management in such distribution systems with high level of residential-scale PV penetration. Decision variables include demand response schedules of programmable loads, as well as reactive power consumption or generation by the PV inverters in a fashion adaptive to the uncertain real power generated by the PV units. A decentralized algorithm based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is developed. The algorithm features closed-form updates per node, and requires communication only between neighboring nodes. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated on a typical rural distribution circuit using computer simulations. The proposed method is demonstrated to have superior voltage regulation in comparison to local reactive power control alternatives.
Relationship of high school and college sports participation with alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use: A review

This study provides an exhaustive review of 34 peer-reviewed quantitative data-based studies completed on high school and college sports involvement and drug use. The studies reviewed suggest that participation in sport is related to higher levels of alcohol consumption, but lower levels of both cigarette smoking and illegal drug use. Additional research is needed in this domain to further elucidate the relationship between these variables.
Activity—composition relations of solid solutions and stabilities of manganese and nickel titanates at 1250°C as derived from equilibria in the systems MnOCoOTiO2 and MnONiOTiO2☆

Abstract Equilibria between a metal phase (either cobalt or nickel), a gas phase of known oxygen pressures, and pairs of solid-solution phases in the systems MnOCoOTiO2 and MnONiO2 are used to calculate activity—composition relations in the solid-solution series Mn2TiO4Co2TiO4, MnTiO3CoTiO3, MnTi2O5CoTi2O5, Mn2TiO4Ni2TiO4 and MnTiO3NiTiO3, and free energies of formation of the manganese titanates Mn2TiO4, MnTiO3 and MnTi2O5 and of nickel orthotitanate, Ni2TiO4. The spinel solid solutions (Mn2TiO4Co2TiO4 and Mn2TiO4Ni2TiO4) show negative deviations from ideality, the pyrophanite solid solutions (MnTiO3CoTiO3 and MnTiO3NiTiO3) show small positive deviations from ideality, and the pseudobrookite solid solution MnTi2O5CoTi2O5 probably displays a very small positive deviation from ideality. The following free energies of formation were determined for the various manganese and nickel titanates from their oxide components at 1250°C:
Impulse response analysis for several digital tomosynthesis mammography reconstruction algorithms

Digital tomosynthesis mammography algorithms allow reconstructions of arbitrary planes in the breast from limited-angle series of projection images as the x-ray source moves along an arc above the breast. Though several tomosynthesis algorithms have been proposed, no complete comparison of the methods has previously been conducted. This paper presents an analysis of impulse response for four different tomosynthesis mammography reconstruction algorithms. Simulated impulses at different 3-D locations were simulated to investigate the sharpness of reconstructed in-plane structures and to see how effective each algorithm is at removing out-of-plane blur. Datasets with 41, 21 and 11 projection images of the impulse were generated with a total angular movement of +/- 10 degrees of the simulated x-ray point source. Four algorithms, including shift-and-add method, Niklason algorithm, filtered back projection (FBP), and matrix inversion tomosynthesis (MITS) are investigated. Compared with shift-and-add algorithm and Niklason method, MITS and FBP performed better for in-plane response and out-of-plane blur removal. MITS showed better out-of-plane blur removal in general. MITS and FBP performed better when projection numbers increase.
Eigen detection filters that reject unseen clutter

Detection requires locating all objects in a scene independent of their class or aspect view and rejecting clutter. We consider new eigen filters to achieve this. They can be implemented on optical or digital correlators. Shift-invariance is required. These filters must also reject unseen clutter. Test results are presented for multi-class Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of temperature and photoperiod on oxygenation and other blood parameters of the sidewinder (Crotalus cerastes): Adaptive significance☆

Abstract 1. 1. Hemoglobin, hematocrits, red cell count, pH, blood oxygen capacities and oxygen dissociation curves were determined for the sidewinder rattlesnake, Crotalus cerastes . 2. 2. The animals were acclimated for 2 weeks at one of three temperatures (20, 25 and 30°C) and two photoperiods (18L : 6D and 12L : 12D). 3. 3. Oxygen dissociation curves were constructed by ascertaining the percent saturation of hemoglobin at different oxygen tensions. 4. 4. After the blood was equilibrated with gas mixtures, the oxygen released by the hemoglobin was measured with an oxygen electrode. 5. 5. Differences and trends in all blood parameters were found as a result of both temperature and photoperiod acclimation. 6. 6. The response of the blood gas transport system to temperature changes appears to be advantageous to the organism. 7. 7. No apparent advantage is evident from the response to the photoperiod acclimation. 8. 8. The data suggest that either a change in molecular structure or a change in the environment of the hemoglobin are the mechanisms by which the blood gas transport system responds to environmental variation. 9. 9. Two different levels of adaptation may function in the responses of oxygen transport system. 10. 10. The hemoglobin system of the sidewinder appears to be well adapted to the temperature variability of its environment.
Microscopic Lagrangian description of warm plasmas: 2. Nonlinear wave interactions

The averaged-Lagrangian method is applied to wave-wave interactions in an infinite, homogeneous, collisionless, warm magnetoplasma. The amplitudes of the waves are assumed to vary slowly in time and space, due to coupling between them. Euler-Lagrange equations are obtained from the contributions to the averaged microscopic Lagrangian second and third order in perturbation, by variation with respect to the wave amplitudes. These are the coupled-mode equations. The phase variation yields the action transfer equation. As applications of the method, coupled-mode equations are derived in explicit forms for all possible interactions among waves propagating nearly parallel, and among those propagating exactly perpendicular, to the static magnetic field. Some of the coupling coefficients are new. Where comparisons with previous iterative analyses are possible, the advantages of the method are discussed.
4-Amino-2-(aryl)-butylbenzamides and Their conformationally constrained analogues. Potent antagonists of the human neurokinin-2 (NK2) receptor

A library, evaluating a range of piperazines, piperidines and acyclic amines, as replacements for the 4-hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidine moiety in lead (1b) was prepared. These efforts identified the 4-((N)-benzimidazolone)piperidine analogue (2a) which was further optimised using classical single-compound synthesis to yield the 3-((N)-morpholino)azetidine (2j). Conformationally constrained analogues of (2j), generally offered no potency advantage in this particular series.
The church in place and space: the case of the Springfield diocese

In community after community across the USA our churches have long served as iconic anchors to our village and town centres. While businesses would come and go, the population base would change and the physical character of our communities would evolve, our churches tended to remain as a critical community stabilising element. And yet, in many parts of the nation, our long standing churches are in dramatic decline. These closings are significant to the people who worship in these places and are also important to city and town planners. Many of our older institutions are shifting from their long time prominent homes and we must be prepared to insure that we are fully aware of what is happening, why it is happening and what can be done to insure that our communities are protected. The purpose of this paper is intended to make a contribution to this end.
The Meaning of the Purchase Desire, Demand and the Commerce of Sex

Feminists and other scholars have debated theoretically what exactly is being purchased in the prostitution transaction and whether sex can be `a service like any other', but they have scarcely tackled these questions empirically. This article draws upon field observations of and interviews with male clients of commercial sex-workers and state agents entrusted with regulating them to probe the meanings given to different types of commercial sexual exchange. Manifested by client arrests and re-education, vehicle impoundment, stricter laws on underage prostitution and the possession of child pornography, recent state efforts to problematize male sexuality throughout the USA and Western Europe have been developed alongside an increasingly unbridled ethic of sexual consumption, as evidenced by soaring demand for pornography, strip clubs, lap-dancing, escorts, telephone sex and `sex tours' in developing countries. By situating commercial sexual exchange within the broader context of post-industrial transformat...
Protection of large superconducting magnets: maximum permissible undetected quench voltage

Abstract For a quench detection scheme based on voltage measurement, a formula is derived for the maximum level of quench voltage that can be left undetected. This voltage sets a minimum voltage that must be detected by any voltage detection circuit. For ‘stable’ superconducting magnets wound with copper substrate composite conductor, this voltage is tens of millivolts, independent of current density. A formula is derived for the maximum permissible circuit delay time for the actuation of a dump circuit.
The importance of waiting

Neural circuits that prevent a male C. elegans worm from copulating for several minutes after ejaculation have been identified.