cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE NEOPLASTIC POTENTIALITIES OF MOUSE EMBRYO TISSUES : IV. LUNG ADENOMAS IN BABY MICE AS RESULT OF PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO URETHANE

The observation that adenomas develop very rapidly in the pulmonary tissue of mouse embryos implanted together with methylcholanthrene, in adult animals, has led to tests of the neoplastic potentialities of this tissue in utero. C strain females in the latter half of pregnancy were injected with urethane and the lungs of their young were searched for adenomas. None could be perceived with certainty in embryos at term or in mice just born, but they were several times found 3 days after birth and they were frequent and much larger in 10-day-old animals. The controls showed none. After 60 to 70 days they were often visible in the gross. Corroboratory findings were obtained in A mice. No parallelism could be perceived in the incidence of the tumors in mothers and offspring. The adenomas arose from tissue devoid of any sign of preliminary local disturbance. Mitoses were abundant in them and they grew rapidly for a while, but within 2 months cell division had almost ceased. By this time however many of the neoplasms were as big as any adenomas in the urethanized mother animals and in some instances twice as big. While growing fast they underwent little differentiation, but this took place when proliferation slowed and in consequence the tumors came to have the morphology of the spontaneous and induced adenomas of adults. The neoplastic cells were derived from alveolar elements, yet in proportion as differentiation of them occurred they came to resemble the epithelial cells lining the small bronchioles. Occasionally the resemblance to bronchial epithelium was complete, save that the cytoplasm of the tumor cells was slightly basophilic. The following conclusions seem justified:- 1. The injection of urethane into pregnant female mice of the C strain frequently initiates the development forthwith of pulmonary adenomas in the young she is carrying. 2. Some of the pulmonary cells of mouse embryos well along toward term possess the ability to be neoplastic. 3. The adenomatous change finds swift expression in young creatures because of conditions implicit in their youth. The rapid proliferation of the tumor cells is almost entirely due to these conditions, not to the neoplastic state as such. 4. Adenomatous change prior to birth is intrinsically the same process as that occurring in the adult creature. 5. The adenomatous state does not prevent the cells of young mice from undergoing the maturation that takes place in normal elements of the same sort as the organism grows older. Though the proliferative activity natural to youth and the unnatural activity consequent on neoplastic change are summated in the young organism, they still are separable.
Imazethapyr Rate Responses for Wild Radish, Conventional Canola, and Imidazolinone-tolerant Canola

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine dose responses to imazethapyr for imidazolinone-tolerant canola (Brassica napus) Pioneer 45A71, conventional canola Oscar, and wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum). Two weeks after treatment, foliar injury was rated and plants were harvested to determine plant dry weight. Plant responses to herbicide treatments were analyzed by nonlinear regression procedures using a modified Mitscherlich plant growth model for visual injury and the negative exponential growth function for plant dry weight. Pioneer 45A71 was tolerant of all rates of imazethapyr (0.055 to 0.60 g ai/liter). In contrast, wild radish and Oscar were sensitive to imazethapyr with significant injury and approximately 50% reduction in dry plant weight at rates of 0.275 g ai/liter and greater. For the model, increased injury from herbicide treatment resulted in significantly different asymptotic maximum (βₒ) injury for all plant types. The dry weight for the non-treated control was 1.3, 0.8, and 1.5 g/plant for wild radish, Pioneer 45A71, and Oscar, respectively. For the models, β₁ parameters indicated significant differences in response to imazethapyr treatment between the Pioneer 45A71, wild radish, and Oscar dry weights.
Application of a Batch Hindered-Settling Model to Dense-Medium Separations

Abstract Dense-medium separations were analyzed using a batch hindered-settling model. This model can predict the size/density distribution of settling particles at any point along a column. The separations were analyzed by treating the particles above a cut height as the product and the particles below this height as the refuse. This allowed fractional recovery curves to be generated for a wide range of simulation conditions. For this study, the variables examined included the size/density distribution of the coal, the solids concentration of the feed stream, the retention time of the particles, the cut height, the magnitude of the g force, and the size distribution of the magnetite. It was found that the separations were affected by the density gradient of the magnetite along the column, and as such, the results were often much different than those predicted by a batch free-settling model. The results from this study are presented in this paper.
Influence of the extracellular ionic environment on ganglionic fast excitatory postsynaptic currents.

Abstract The influence of changing the extracellular sodium or calcium concentration as well as the addition of strontium or magnesium on characteristics of nicotinic fast excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) has been studied in voltage-clamped sympathetic ganglion B cells of the bullfrog. Lithium substitution for sodium influenced both the EPSC size and decay time course in a concentration-dependent manner. In those cells exposed to either a 50% or 100% lithium-substituted solution, the EPSC decay was faster than that of control EPSCs. With a 50% replacement of lithium for sodium, the EPSC size at −50 mV was similar to control values. However, with a 100% substitution, the EPSC size was significantly reduced below control values although the voltage dependence of the decay τ, the shape of the peak EPSC-voltage relationship, or the EPSC reversal potential was not changed by replacing lithium for sodium. The change in EPSC size and decay τ in the lithium solution was due to the presence of lithium and not simply the consequence of a reduction in the external sodium concentration; as with a 50% substitution of sucrose or mannitol for sodium chloride the EPSC decay was slowed. EPSC size at −50 mV and the voltage dependence of τ was similar to control values when 50% of the sodium was replaced by sucrose. The peak EPSC-voltage relationship was linear in cells exposed to either the control or the 50% sucrose-substituted solution, although the EPSC reversal potential was shifted to a more negative voltage with 50% sucrose substitution. Facilitation of phasic transmitter release, estimated using paired pulses was depressed below control levels in those cells exposed either to a 100% lithium-substituted solution or a 50% sucrose-substituted solution suggesting that phasic transmitter release is enhanced in both experimental conditions. Both EPSC size and decay τ increased as a function of calcium concentration in the range 0.9–5.4 mM without any change in the shape of the peak current-voltage relationship, voltage-dependence of the decay τ, or EPSC reversal potential. The addition of 2 mM strontium prolonged the EPSC time course similar to that of doubling calcium, but reduced the EPSC size. In contrast, the addition of 8 mM magnesium had no influence on the EPSC decay time course but did reduce EPSC size. It is concluded that changes in the extracellular ionic environment can directly modify the kinetics of nicotinc receptor-channel gating in sympathetic postganglionic cells.
Experiments on real-time polychromatic signal detection by matched spatial filtering

Abstract Experimental results for a real-time polychromatic pattern recognition system is presented. In this technique, image recognition is performed based on both the spectral content and the shape of the target which can be a diffusely illuminated real object. The correlator employs a color encoding grating and a spatial light modulator to convert the incoherently illuminated object into spatially sampled coherent images to be processed by a multi-spectral band matched spatial filter. The advantage of this system over prior matched filtering technique is its ability to use both color and shape in recognizing real objects. Experimental results obtained by this real-time correlator indicate that the system has a high degree of color-spatial selectivity.
Research Advances in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease with a significant genetic component to susceptibility. Some environmental risks are known, and identification of specific genetic factors promises to define new molecular targets for therapy. Broad immunosuppression will be replaced by early, selective, and individualized intervention. Mortality rates will decline, and insights into therapy may apply to other autoimmune conditions.
Sterically crowded aryloxides of aluminum: intramolecular coordination of bidentate ligands

Reactions of (BHT) 2 Al(H)(Et 2 O) (BHT-H=HOC 6 H 2 -2,6- t Bu 2 -4-Me) with HOCH 2 CH 2 EMe x (E=O, S, x =1; E=N, x =2) yield dimeric species, [(BHT)Al(H)(μ-OCH 2 CH 2 NMe 2 )] 2 ( 2 ), [(BHT)Al(H)(μ-OCH 2 CH 2 OMe)] 2 ( 3 ), [(BHT)Al(H)(μ-OCH 2 CH 2 SMe)] 2 ( 4 ), respectively or [(BHT)Al(OCH 2 CH 2 NMe 2 )(μ-OCH 2 CH 2 NMe 2 )] 2 ( 5 ), [(BHT)Al(OCH 2 CH 2 OMe)(μ-OCH 2 CH 2 OMe)] 2 ( 6 ) and [(BHT)Al(OCH 2 CH 2 SMe)(μ-OCH 2 CH 2 SMe)] 2 ( 7 ), respectively, depending on the stoichiometry of the reaction. The non-bridged donor atoms interact intramolecularly to form five-coordinate aluminum centers. A mixture of (BHT)Li(Et 2 O) and (BHT) 2 Al(H)(Et 2 O), formed from the reaction of LiAlH 4 and BHT-H, reacts with the aforementioned alcohols to yield the monomeric structures (BHT) 2 Al(μ-OCH 2 CH 2 NMe 2 ) 2 Li ( 8 ), (BHT) 2 Al(μ-OCH 2 CH 2 OMe) 2 Li ( 9 ), (BHT) 2 Al(μ-OCH 2 CH 2 SMe) 2 Li ( 10 ), respectively. If the reaction is carried out with an excess of HOCH 2 CH 2 SMe, the solvate of compound 10 is formed, (BHT) 2 Al(μ-OCH 2 CH 2 SMe) 2 Li(HOCH 2 CH 2 SMe) ( 11 ). The lithium cation in compounds 8 – 11 is stabilized in the structure by formation of bonds with both the anionic oxygens as well as the neutral donor ligands. The bond valencies have been calculated for Al and Li in compounds 8 and 11 .
Prostatic fatty acids and cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy for early-stage prostate cancer

Results from some observational studies suggest that diet and energy balance influence the clinical course of early-stage prostate cancer. To evaluate possible mechanisms, we prospectively examined the relation between prostatic concentrations of fatty acids at diagnosis and cancer recurrence following primary therapy. Fatty acids were measured by capillary gas chromatography in fresh, non-cancerous prostate tissue collected from 184 men undergoing radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Their association with risk of biochemical disease recurrence (a rising serum prostate-specific antigen following a disease-free [<0.1 ng/ml] interval ≥6 months) was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models incorporating patient age, body mass index, tumor characteristics at diagnosis, and ethnicity. During an average follow-up of 48.7 months (median = 47), 14 patients experienced biochemical recurrence. Percent total polyunsaturated fatty acid and the ratio of oleic-to-stearic acid associated with risk (multivariable hazards ratio [HR] = 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.29 to 0.90, p = 0.021 and HR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.21 to 2.33, p = 0.002, respectively, per 1 standard deviation increase). The results of this study are preliminary, but they suggest that pre-diagnostic prostatic concentrations of fatty acids associate with risk of biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer.
Unique response pathways are established by allosteric interactions among nuclear hormone receptors

Heterodimerization is a common paradigm among eukaryotic transcription factors. The 9-cis retinoic acid receptor (RXR) serves as a common heterodimerization partner for several nuclear receptors, including the thyroid hormone receptor (T3R) and retinoic acid receptor (RAR). This raises the question as to whether these complexes possess dual hormonal responsiveness. We devised a strategy to examine the transcriptional properties of each receptor individually or when tethered to a heterodimeric partner. We find that the intrinsic binding properties of RXR are masked in T3R-RXR and RAR-RXR heterodimers. In contrast, RXR is active as a non-DNA-binding cofactor with the NGFI-B/Nurr1 orphan receptors. Heterodimerization of RXR with constitutively active NGFI-B/Nurr1 creates a novel hormone-dependent complex. These findings suggest that allosteric interactions among heterodimers create complexes with unique properties. We suggest that allostery is a critical feature underlying the generation of diversity in hormone response networks.
Novel statistical approach for primary high-throughput screening hit selection

The standard activity threshold-based method (the "top X" approach), currently widely used in the high-throughput screening (HTS) data analysis, is ineffective at identifying good-quality hits. We have proposed a novel knowledge-based statistical approach, driven by the hidden structure-activity relationship (SAR) within a screening library, for primary hit selection. Application to an in-house ultrahigh-throughput screening (uHTS) campaign has demonstrated it can directly identify active scaffolds containing valuable SAR information with a greatly improved confirmation rate compared to the standard "top X" method (from 55% to 85%). This approach may help produce high-quality leads and expedite the hit-to-lead process in drug discovery.
A computational/experimental platform for investigating three-dimensional puzzle solving of comminuted articular fractures

Reconstructing highly comminuted articular fractures poses a difficult surgical challenge, akin to solving a complicated three-dimensional (3D) puzzle. Preoperative planning using computed tomography (CT) is critically important, given the desirability of less invasive surgical approaches. The goal of this work is to advance 3D puzzle-solving methods towards use as a preoperative tool for reconstructing these complex fractures. A methodology for generating typical fragmentation/dispersal patterns was developed. Five identical replicas of human distal tibia anatomy were machined from blocks of high-density polyetherurethane foam (bone fragmentation surrogate), and were fractured using an instrumented drop tower. Pre- and post-fracture geometries were obtained using laser scans and CT. A semi-automatic virtual reconstruction computer program aligned fragment native (non-fracture) surfaces to a pre-fracture template. The tibiae were precisely reconstructed with alignment accuracies ranging from 0.03 to 0.4 m...
Plasma levels of transforming growth factor-β1 in renal transplant recipients receiving different immunosuppressive regimens

Experimental and clinical evidence support the role of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta(1)), a cytokine with complex immune and nonimmune effects, on the development of chronic renal allograft nephropathy (CAN). We investigated the effects of different immunosuppressive regimens on circulating TGF-beta(1) plasma levels in stable kidney transplant (KTx) recipients. Two hundred ninety-nine TGF-beta(1) plasma levels were measured in 125 kidney transplant (KTX) recipients exhibiting stable renal function, immunosuppressed with cyclosporine (CsA), tacrolimus (TAC), or sirolimus (SIR), and in 18 normal healthy volunteers (C). Activated immunoreactive TGF-beta(1) was detected in platelet-depleted plasma by an enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay. Multivariate analyses correlated immunosuppressive regimens with TGF-beta(1) levels. KTX recipients displayed significantly higher TGF-beta(1) levels compared to C (P =.0005). Patients receiving CsA had significantly higher TGF-beta(1) plasma levels compared to those receiving TAC or SIR (P =.0384). Multivariate analyses showed no correlation between TGF-beta(1) levels and immunosuppressive drug trough blood levels or doses, but only correlations with the main immunosuppressive drug. These data show that: (1) TGF-beta(1) production is activated in kidney transplant recipients; (2) CsA patients display significantly higher plasma TGF-beta(1) levels. Follow-up studies seek to assess the possible relationship with clinical events.
The Continued Evolution of Team Research: A Theoretical Model of Performance in Multiteam Systems

The growth of global companies and partnerships in and across organizations and the growth of coalitions in military campaigns have brought about new needs in team research. Specifically, organizations and the military alike are beginning to utilize teams of teams or multiteam systems (MTS) to complete more complex tasks. A MTS has been defined as “two or more teams that interface directly and interdependently in response to environmental contingencies toward the accomplishment of collective goals” (Mathieu, Marks, & Zaccaro, 2001, p. 290). We believe that MTS represent the next evolution of team research. Because of the growing importance and of MTS to the military and organizations this paper introduces a theoretical model of MTS performance, the Joint Operations Effectiveness Model. We provide a brief synopsis of teams and findings from previous team research before presenting a more detailed description of the proposed model.
Drug effects on responding maintained by stimulus-reinforcer and response-reinforcer contingencies.

Abstract The effects of pentobarbital and d-amphetamine were assessed on key pecking by pigeons under conventional single-key multiple schedules and under two-key multiple schedules in which discriminative stimuli appeared on one key (stimulus key) while pecks on a second key (constant key) produced food. Pecks on the stimulus key had no scheduled consequences. A 60-second variable-interval schedule operated in one component of each multiple schedule: either extinction or a 60-second variable-time schedule operated in the alternate component. When the alternate-component schedule was extinction, a high rate of responding was maintained in the variable-interval component of the single-key schedule; responding on both keys was maintained in the variable-interval component of the two-key schedule. Pentobarbital increased responding in the variable-interval component of the single-key schedule and increased stimulus-key, but not constant-key responding in that component of the two-key schedule. When the alternate-component schedule was changed to variable time, responding declined in the variable-interval component of the single-key schedule; stimulus-key responding was no longer maintained under the two-key schedule. Pentobarbital decreased responding in the variable-interval component of both schedules. With an exception, d-amphetamine only decreased responding in the variable-interval component of the single- and two-key schedules both when the alternate-component schedule was extinction and when it was variable time. The results suggest that the effects of pentobarbital, but not d-amphetamine, depend on the nature of the contingency (stimulus-reinforcer, response-reinforcer) that maintains responding.
Chloroplast and cytoplasmic enzymes III. Pea leaf ribose 5-phosphate isomerases

Abstract 1. 1. The apparent isoelectric points of pea (Pisum sativum) leaf chloroplast and cytoplasmic ribose-5-P isomerases ( d -ribose 5-phosphate ketol-isomerase, EC 5.3.1.6) differ by 0.2 pH unit. 2. 2. The two isoenzymes have the same optimum pH, 7.5. The Km for ribose-5-P is 2.3 mM for the chloroplast, and 2.1 mM for the cytoplasmic, enzyme. 3. 3. Ribulose-1,5-P2 is a positive modulator (increases vmax) of both isoenzymes; AMP is a competitive inhibitor. These data suggest that ribose-5-P isomerase is involved in regulating the reductive pentose phosphate cycle in the pea leaf chloroplast.
Race Sells Racialized Trade Cards in 18th-Century Britain

This article examines the uses of racialized images of Africans, American Indians, and Chinese in tradesmen’s cards (image-driven business cards) in Britain in the 18th century, a period of remarka...
X rays and solar wind composition in four comets observed with Chandra X-Ray Observatory

[1] X-ray spectra of four comets measured with Chandra X-Ray Observatory (CXO) have been uniformly processed and analyzed. Some tools have been developed that make it possible to extract abundances of C+5, C+6, O+7, O+8, and Ne+9 in the solar wind around comets from their X-ray spectra. Despite the low resolving power E/δE ≈ 5, quantitative spectroscopic analysis has been successfully applied to the CXO spectra of comets. The retrieved C+5 and O+7 abundances are corrected for contributions of the secondary ions produced by charge exchange of C+6 and O+8, respectively. The data from four comets reveal significant variability of the flow, chemical composition, and charge state in the solar wind. The C+6/C+5 ratios correlate with those of O+8/O+7 and indicate that the solar wind was slow near comet T1, fast near comets Q4 and Encke, and medium near comet S4. The mean temperature of Ne extracted from the Ne+9 abundances agrees with those from the O+8/O+7 ratios. The heavy ion flow in the solar wind varies from comet Q4 to comet T1 by a factor of 12 being near the mean value in comet Encke that was observed for a long exposure time. Coincidence of the O+8/O+7 ratios extracted independently from two line pairs and the excellent correlation between C+6/C+5 and O+8/O+7 demonstrate the high accuracy of the method. X-ray spectroscopy of comets may be used for diagnostics of the solar wind at large distances from the Earth.
Moral Implication of Acquisitive Instinct Under the Separation of Ownership and Control

The argument to be developed in this paper begins with the idea that a natural means-ends relationship comes into existence when ownership and control are combined. Property owned and con? trolled by the same person is natural in the sense that it is in accord with the original human nature. This natural relationship is based on love that intermediates the use of means and the intended ends of the owner for which means are adapted. When an owner directly manages his own business (means), whether successful or unsuccess? ful, we are assured that the owner-manager never knowingly turns against the goals or ends of his business and that the diversion in the use of means away from the intended ends cannot occur. The ugly outbreak of embezzlement, of padded expense accounts, of kick-backs, and of bribes, cannot infiltrate this natural relationship. Obviously, the owner cannot steal from his own pocket. Neither can he squander the company's money without depleting his own treasury. A bribe cannot corrupt him because the favor sought from him is worth more to him than the bribe. The owner can neither mistake nor be?
Complete spline smoothing

The purpose of this paper is to develop complete spline smoothing methods from a computational point of view, culminating in efficient stable numerical algorithms. Both the univariate and bivariate (tensorproduct) cases will be treated.
Acknowledgment of Priority: When Does a Randomly Weighted Self-normalized Sum Converge in Distribution? (Elect. Comm. in Probab. 10 (2005), 70-81)

Christian Houdre has kindly pointed us to a paper by A. Fuks, A. Joffe and J. Teugels, where their Theorem 5.3 is our Proposition 3 in the case $0 < \alpha < 1$.
Actors and Actions: The Role of Agent Behavior in Infants' Attribution of Goals.

Twelve-month-old infants attribute goals to both familiar, human agents and unfamiliar, non-human agents. They also attribute goal-directedness to both familiar actions and unfamiliar ones. Four conditions examined information 12-month-olds use to determine which actions of an unfamiliar agent are goal-directed. Infants who witnessed the agent interact contingently with a human confederate encoded the agent's actions as goal-directed; infants who saw a human confederate model an intentional stance toward the agent without the agent's participation, did not. Infants who witnessed the agent align itself with one of two potential targets before approaching that target encoded the approach as goal-directed; infants who did not observe the self-alignment did not encode the approach as goal-directed. A possible common underpinning of these two seemingly independent sources of information is discussed.
Modernism in Italian architecture, 1890-1940

Part 1 Modernism before World War I: the first Italian exposition of architecture arte nuova - Turin 1902 Sant'Elia - from arte nuova to futurism contextualism and the reasoned picturesque a modern vernacular architecture. Part 2 Modernism between the wars: decorative novecento architecture the birth of Italian rationalism rationalist architecture - a contextual avant-garde geometric novecento architecture. Part 3 Modernism and fascism: the rationalist discovery of fascism imperial architecture for the fascist revolution - Rome 1924-1934 the Casa del Fascio, Como the Eposizione Universale of 1942 the Danteum, Rome Italian rationalism and anti-semitism.
Bud10p directs axial cell polarization in budding yeast and resembles a transmembrane receptor

Abstract Background: The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can bud in two spatially programmed patterns: axial or bipolar. In the axial budding pattern, cells polarize and divide adjacent to the previous site of cell separation, in response to a cell-division remnant, which includes Bud3p, Bud4p and septin proteins. This paper investigates the role of an additional component of the cell-division remnant, Bud10p, in axial budding. Results The sequence of Bud10p predicts a protein that contains a single trans-membrane domain but lacks similarity to known proteins. Subcellular fractionations confirm that Bud10p is associated with membranes. Bud10p accumulates as a patch at the bud site prior to bud formation, and then persists at the mother-bud neck as the bud grows. Towards the end of the cell cycle, the localization of Bud10p refines to a tight double ring which splits at cytokinesis into two single rings, one in each progeny cell. Each single ring remains until a new concentration of Bud10p forms at the developing axial bud site, immediately adjacent to the old ring. Certain aspects of Bud10p localization are dependent upon BUD3 , suggesting a close functional interaction between Bud10p and Bud3p. Conclusion Bud10p is the first example of a transmembrane protein that controls cell polarization during budding. Because Bud10p contains a large extracellular domain, it is possible that Bud10p functions in a manner analogous to an extracellular matrix receptor. Clusters of Bud10p at the mother-bud neck formed in response to Bud3p (and possibly to an extracellular cue, such as a component of the cell wall), might facilitate the docking of downstream components that direct polarization of the cytoskeleton.
030 Inhibition of Mitogen Activated Kinase‐Mediated Hyaluronan Expression by Glucocorticoids

Background and Objectives: Hyaluronan (HA), a ubiquitous glycosaminoglycan is synthesized by one of three distinct hyaluronan synthases (HAS). The purposes of this study were to determine whether a cause-and-effect relationship exists between the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1β(IL-1β), and hyaluronan expression in normal jejunum-derived mesenchymal cells (JDMCs), to identify possible mechanisms involved and to determine the effects of glucocorticoids, a common therapy for intestinal inflammatory pathologies including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis (UC), on cytokine-mediated hyaluronan expression. Experimental Procedures: JDMCs were stimulated with IL-1β for 20 hr with or without pretreatment for 1 hr with mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors or dexamethasone. HA levels from culture media were quantified using a slot blotting approach. HAS transcript levels were quantified using RPA. Immunoblotting was used to detect and quantify activation of MAP kinases. Results: Preliminary data of sample tissue from patients with Crohn’s or UC indicated increased HAS transcript levels. Similarly, IL-1β induced an approximate 18-fold increase in both HAS2 steady state transcripts and HA levels. These increases were blocked by dexamethasone (95%). Knockdown with siRNA demonstrated that IL-1β induction of HA expression occurred via HAS2. Immunoblot analysis indicated that IL-1β activated the ERK1/2, p38 and JNK pathways. Inhibitors of the p38 and ERK1/2, but not JNK, blocked the IL-1β induction of HA expression (80 and 90%, repectively). Similarly, dexamethasone was also found to block activation of the ERK1/2 and p38 pathways indicating a mechanism for glucocorticoid steroid regulation of HAS expression. Conclusion: This study provides evidence for proinflammatory cytokine regulation of HA expression in JDMCs. Furthermore, this study provides support for the hypothesis that HA may be one of the targets involved in the treatment of steroid-dependent inflammatory bowel disease. Support: This work was supported by NIH GM 58530.
DR's orders: human antibody kills tumors by direct signaling.

Murine antibodies that block cell-surface antigens have been engineered (humanized) to successfully elicit human immune-effector mechanisms. Now, a fully human antibody produced entirely in vitro kills tumor cells directly through signal transduction and shows promise against lymphoma in animal studies ( pages 801–807 ).
828 Exercise Testing as a Predictor of Pulmonary Hypertension at Time of Lung Transplant

used to discriminate between WHO Groups 1 and 2; by consensus Group 1 PAH has a PW 15mmHg and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) 240 dynes.sec.cm-5 while Group 2 PH has a PW 15 mmHg. It is important to differentiate between the two groups because therapies targeted towards Group 1 have unclear benefit in Group 2 patients. Methods and Materials: Prospective, observational study of consecutive adult PAH treatment-naive subjects undergoing right heart catheterization for the evaluation of PH at Tufts Medical Center between 2001 and 2010. We compared demographic, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic characteristics of patients with PAH WHO Group 1 and PH WHO Group 2. Results: Older age, higher BMI, more comorbidities, and left atrial enlargement together with absence of significant RV dysfunction were more likely to be found in Group 2 patients (p 0.05). The diastolic PA PW difference was more discriminatory than the transpulmonary gradient in detecting PH Group II, AUC 0.96 [95%CI 0.93 0.99], p 0.001. Conclusions: There are significant clinical differences between WHO Group 1 and 2 PH patients. Diastolic PA PW difference is more discriminatory than the transpulmonary gradient, and therefore may be a better clinical tool for distinguishing PH WHO Group 2 from PAH WHO Group 1.
Perceived weight, not obesity, increases risk for major depression among adolescents

Abstract This study examined the association between major depression, obesity and body image among adolescents. Methods: Participants were 4175 youths 11–17 years of age sampled from the community who were interviewed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children and Adolescents, Version IV, completed a self-report questionnaire, and had their weight and height measured. There were 2 measures of body image: perceived weight and body satisfaction. Obesity was associated with increased risk of depression, with no controls for covariates. However, when the association was examined in models which included weight, major depression, and body image measures and covariates, there was no association between major depression and body weight, nor between body satisfaction and major depression. Perceived overweight was strongly and independently associated with body weight (O.R. = 2.62). We found no independent association between major depression and body weight. If there is an etiologic link between major depression and body weight among adolescents, it most likely operates through processes involving components of body image. Future research should focus on the role of depression and body image in the etiology of obesity.
Human Transferrins C and D1: Chemical Difference in a Peptide.

Peptide analyses have been carried out for chymotryptic digests of transferrin C and transferrin D1. There is a difference in one peptide, and amino acid analyses indicate that an aspartic acid residue in transferrin C is replaced probably by a glycine residue in transferrin D1.
Loss of grants hurts the vulnerable.

The decision to withdraw the global fund grants to treat AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria from Myanmar (formerly Burma), one of the world's poorest countries (“Global Fund pulls Myanmar grants,” J. Cohen, News of the Week, 26 Aug. 2005, p. [1312][1]), has attracted attention from activists, scientists, and Burmese expatriates. It seems that the United Nations and the Global Fund have fallen into a mindset of 20th century “sanction-oriented policies,” despite the hard lessons learned from previous sanctions on countries such as Cuba, Iraq, and North Korea. What should perhaps be obvious, after the years of futile pressure applied on these countries, is that sanctions ultimately punish only the most vulnerable segments of the totalitarian society instead of those who are in power and truly accountable. Surprisingly, the UN and the Global Fund ignored the warnings of Jeffrey Sachs and others who have argued that sanctions in Myanmar are likely to be conterproductive ([1][2]). Epidemiologists agree that the consequences of letting these infectious diseases take their course in Burma could be dire. Responsible officials in the UN and the Global Fund should therefore understand that the decision to abandon 600,000 Burmese HIV/AIDS sufferers plus tuberculosis and malaria patients would likely unleash epidemics of unprecedented proportions. Because of the steep increase in the number of the new cases, Southeast Asia requires outside AIDS programs more than any other region. Withdrawal of these grants under current circumstances should not be an option. 1. 1.[↵][3] 1. J. D. Sachs , Irrawaddy.org, “Sachs on Sanctions” (available at [www.irrawaddy.org/][4], Oct. 2004). [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.309.5739.1312a [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text" [4]: http://www.irrawaddy.org/
Environmental factors associated with physician's engagement in communication activities.

Background: Communication between patients and providers is a crucial component of effective care coordination and is associated with a number of desired patient and provider outcomes. Despite these benefits, physician–patient and physician–physician communication occurs infrequently. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between a medical practice’s external environment and physician engagement in communication activities. Methodology/Approach: This was a cross-sectional examination of 4,299 U.S. physicians’ self-reported engagement in communication activities. Communication was operationalized as physician’s time spent on communication with patients and other providers during a typical work day. The explanatory variables were measures of environmental complexity, dynamism, and munificence. Data sources were the Health Tracking Physician Survey, the Area Resource File database, and the Dartmouth Atlas. Binary logistic regression was used to estimate the association between the environmental factors and physician engagement in communication activities. Findings: Several environmental factors, including per capita income (odds ratio range, 1.17–1.38), urban location (odds ratio range, 1.08–1.45), fluctuations in Health Maintenance Organization penetration (odds ratio range, 3.47–13.22), poverty (odds ratio range, 0.80–0.97) and population rates (odds ratio range, 1.01–1.02), and the presence of a malpractice crisis (odds ratio range, 0.22–0.43), were significantly associated with communication. Practice Implications: Certain aspects of a physician’s external environment are associated with different modes of communication with different recipients (patients and providers). This knowledge can be used by health care managers and policy makers who strive to improve communication between different stakeholders within the health care system (e.g., patient and providers).
Perceptions of real-estate brokers and buyers: A sales-orientation, customer-orientation approach

Abstract This study evaluated the extent to which real-estate brokers adhere to the marketing concept by engaging in customer-oriented selling. The 24-item SOCO scale and samples of 425 real-estate consumers and 190 real-estate brokers were used to find that conflicting perceptions exist relative to the degree to which the brokers and the buyers of residential real estate assess brokers as being customer oriented.
Passively adapted and interconnected collision avoidance system design and simulation

This paper addresses the concept and application of Cyber-Physical System to the field of transportation where bidirectional communication between two cars is emergent. We emphasize the importance of four major components in CPS with which the usage of CPS become more distinct and cost-effective in order to mitigate potential car accidents. The role of a front car is magnified to prevent rear collision from a following car. That is, a passive avoidance mechanism is proposed instead of active methods OEMs have developed and implemented so far.
WNT1-induced Secreted Protein-1 (WISP1), a Novel Regulator of Bone Turnover and Wnt Signaling

WISP1/CCN4 (hereafter referred to as WISP1), a member of the CCN family, is found in mineralized tissues and is produced by osteoblasts and their precursors. In this study, Wisp1-deficient (Wisp1(-/-)) mice were generated. Using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, we showed that by 3 months, the total bone mineral density of Wisp1(-/-) mice was significantly lower than that of WT mice. Further investigation by micro-computed tomography showed that female Wisp1(-/-) mice had decreased trabecular bone volume/total volume and that both male and female Wisp1(-/-) mice had decreased cortical bone thickness accompanied by diminished biomechanical strength. The molecular basis for decreased bone mass in Wisp1(-/-) mice arises from reduced bone formation likely caused by osteogenic progenitors that differentiate poorly compared with WT cells. Osteoclast precursors from Wisp1(-/-) mice developed more tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cells in vitro and in transplants, suggesting that WISP1 is also a negative regulator of osteoclast differentiation. When bone turnover (formation and resorption) was induced by ovariectomy, Wisp1(-/-) mice had lower bone mineral density compared WT mice, confirming the potential for multiple roles for WISP1 in controlling bone homeostasis. Wisp1(-/-) bone marrow stromal cells had reduced expression of β-catenin and its target genes, potentially caused by WISP1 inhibition of SOST binding to LRP6. Taken together, our data suggest that the decreased bone mass found in Wisp1(-/-) mice could potentially be caused by an insufficiency in the osteodifferentiation capacity of bone marrow stromal cells arising from diminished Wnt signaling, ultimately leading to altered bone turnover and weaker biomechanically compromised bones.
Diesel engine emissions and combustion predictions using advanced mixing models applicable to fuel sprays

An advanced mixing model was applied to study engine emissions and combustion with different injection strategies ranging from multiple injections, early injection and grouped-hole nozzle injection in light and heavy duty diesel engines. The model was implemented in the KIVA-CHEMKIN engine combustion code and simulations were conducted at different mesh resolutions. The model was compared with the standard KIVA spray model that uses the Lagrangian-Drop and Eulerian-Fluid (LDEF) approach, and a Gas Jet spray model that improves predictions of liquid sprays. A Vapor Particle Method (VPM) is introduced that accounts for sub-grid scale mixing of fuel vapor and more accurately and predicts the mixing of fuel-vapor over a range of mesh resolutions. The fuel vapor is transported as particles until a certain distance from nozzle is reached where the local jet half-width is adequately resolved by the local mesh scale. Within this distance the vapor particle is transported while releasing fuel vapor locally, as det...
Sensitivity analysis in chemical kinetics: Recent developments and computational comparisons

The advantages and disadvantages of various methods of parametric sensitivity analysis in chemical kinetic modeling are discussed. Particular attention is given to estimates of computational labor for realistic problems, and quantitative comparisons are made utilizing a 52-reaction, 11-species CO oxidation mechanism. The authors′ CHEMSEN/AIM program compares favorably to other techniques in many circumstances, and provides the additional convenience of accepting input information in familiar chemical notation. This paper also reviews recent developments in theory of sensitivity analysis, relevant to chemical kinetic modeling.
Taxol biosynthesis: differential transformations of taxadien-5 alpha-ol and its acetate ester by cytochrome P450 hydroxylases from Taxus suspension cells.

The biosynthesis of the diterpenoid antineoplastic drug Taxol in Taxus species involves the cyclization of the ubiquitous isoprenoid intermediate geranylgeranyl diphosphate to taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene followed by cytochrome P450-mediated hydroxylation (with allylic rearrangement) of this olefin precursor to taxa-4(20),11(12)-dien-5 alpha-ol, and further oxygenation and acylation reactions. Based on the abundances of naturally occurring taxoids, the subsequent order of oxygenation of the taxane core is considered to occur at C10, then C2 and C9, followed by C13, and finally C7 and C1. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the acetylation of taxadien-5 alpha-ol may constitute the third specific step of Taxol biosynthesis. To determine whether taxadienol or the corresponding acetate ester serves as the direct precursor of subsequent oxygenation reactions, microsomal preparations isolated from induced Taxus cells and optimized for cytochrome P450 catalysis were incubated with each potential substrate. Both taxadienol and taxadienyl acetate were oxygenated to the level of a diol and to higher polyols at comparable rates by cytochrome P450 enzymes of the microsomal preparation. Preparative-scale incubation allowed the isolation of sufficient quantities of the diol derived from taxadienol to permit the NMR-based structural elucidation of this metabolite as taxa-4(20),11(12)-dien-5 alpha,13 alpha-diol, which may represent an alternate route of taxoid metabolism in induced cells. GC-MS-based structural definition of the diol monoacetate derived in microsomes from taxadienyl acetate confirmed this metabolite as taxa-4(20),11(12)-dien-5 alpha-acetoxy-10 beta-ol, thereby indicating that acetylation at C5 of taxadienol precedes the cytochrome P450-mediated insertion of the C10-beta-hydroxyl group of Taxol.
Pressure effects on sacroplasmic reticulum: a Fourier transform infrared spectroscpic study

The Ca2+-ATPase of sacroplasmic reticulum is irreversibly inactivated by exposure to 1.5–2.0 kbar pressure for 30–60 min in a Ca2+-free medium; mono- or decavanadate (5 mM) or to a lesser extent Ca2+ (2–20 mM) protect against inactivation (Varga et al. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 13943–13956). The structural basis of these effects was analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy of sarcoplasmic reticulum in 2H2O medium. The inactivation of the Ca2+-ATPase at 1.5–2.0 kbar pressure in a Ca2+-free medium was accompanied by changes in the Amide II region of the spectrum (1550 cm−1), that are consistent with increased hydrogen-deuterium (H-2H) exchange, and by the enhancement of a band at 1630 cm−1 in the Amide I region, that is attributed to an increase in β sheet. The frequency of the peak of the Amide 1 band shifted from about 1648 cm−1 at atmospheric pressure to 1642 cm−1 at ≅ 12.5 kbar pressure, suggesting a decrease in α helix, and an increase in β and/or random coil structures. Upon releasing the pressure, the shift of the Amide I band was partially reversed. Vanadate (5 mM), and to a lesser extent Ca2+ (2–20 mM), protected the Ca2+-ATPase against pressure-induced changes both in the Amide I and Amide II regions of the spectrum, together with the protection of ATPase activity. These observations establish a correlation between the conformation of the Ca2+-ATPase and its sensitivity to pressure. The involvement of the ATP binding domain of the Ca2+-ATPase in the pressure-induced structural changes is suggested by the decreased polarization of fluorescence of fluorescein 5′-isothiocyanate covalently attached to the enzyme.
Panic in the Indies: The Portuguese threat to the Spanish empire, 1640–50

(1993). Panic in the Indies: The Portuguese threat to the Spanish empire, 1640–50. Colonial Latin American Review: Vol. 2, No. 1-2, pp. 165-187.
Optimized interconnection of disjoint wireless sensor network segments using K mobile data collectors

Due to harsh environmental conditions a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) may suffer from large scale damage where many nodes fail simultaneously and thus the network gets partitioned into several disjoint network segments. Restoring intersegment connectivity is essential to avoid negative effects on the application. Employing mobile data collectors (MDCs), which by repositioning-facilitate the establishment of communication links between segments, may provide flexible solution to this problem. However the problem of finding shortest tours for MDCs is NP-Hard. In this paper we study the problem under constrained number of MDCs which makes the problem more challenging. We present a polynomial time heuristic for Interconnecting Disjoint Segments with k MDCs (IDM-kMDC). IDM-kMDC opts to minimize the tour lengths and balance the load on the k available MDCs. We model each segment by a representative. The IDM-kMDC heuristic finds k-subsets of representatives, computes an optimized tour for each subset and assigns one MDC for each tour. The performance of the algorithm is validated through simulation.
Calmodulin content in human central nervous system tumors

Benign and malignant brain tumors and normal cerebral cortex were assayed for calmodulin content by enzymatic and radioimmunoassay techniques. Normal cerebral cortex contained more (8.31 ± 1.27 vs 3.30 ± 0.42 µg/mg protein) calmodulin than the brain tumors. The contents of calmodulin in the malignant glioblastomas were significantly higher than the meningiomas (5.41 ± 0.31 vs 2.97 ± 0.16 µg/mg protein). These differences were independent of tumor location and persisted when calmodulin content was normalized for DNA rather than protein content. This data supports differences in the tissue calmodulin contents with normal cortex> primary malignant tumors> benign tumors> metastatic tumor tissue.
Comprehensive Management of Epilepsy in Persons with Mental Retardation

Epilepsy is a common occurrence in persons with mental retardation. The application of recent advances in epilepsy research to patients with mental retardation has shown that well-accepted principles of management are as relevant for multiply handicapped people as for those with epilepsy alone. Quality enhancement is emphasized as the overarching concept that determines the quality of care provided to patients with epilepsy and mental retardation. This article reviews the comprehensive management of epilepsy, discusses what is known at present, and indicates what is not known and needs further research.
NEW FORMS OF DISCRETE MECHANICS

In this paper new forms of computer simulation of non‐linear phenomena in Newtonian mechanics are developed. Energy conservation of the discrete formulations is established and applications are made to the studies of non‐linear oscillation, planetary orbits, non‐degenerate three‐body problems, and non‐linear string vibrations.