cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical characterization of electronic transitions arising from the Au/S interface of self-assembled n-alkanethiolate monolayers

Abstract Analyses of optical frequency ellipsometric spectra obtained in situ upon completion of the self-assembly of n-alkanethiolate monolayers on gold substrates immersed in methanol reveal the presence of a 1.2 ± 0.4 A thick S/Au interface layer. This layer exhibits unique optical transitions, modeled as two Lorentzian oscillators with imaginary parts peaked at ≈ 570 nm (≈ 2.2 eV) and ≈ 290 nm (≈ 4.3 eV), indicating a perturbation of the near-surface gold electronic structure upon thiol chemisorption. A further, more rigorous, spectral analysis involving an anisotropic, uniaxially oriented chain assembly reveals the presence of significant microscopic void defects in the otherwise densely packed monolayers.
The Teach-ins: Anti-war protest in the Old Stoned Age

Marshall Sahlins is credited with the imaginative innovation, in the 1960s, of the teach-in which, unlike the strike, is a constructive process in which participants bring all their knowledge of a critical issue of public concern to the university, with the aim ofgenerating publicity and action. Anthropology, because of its expertise in other communities, may be perceived by policy-makers as a useful tool in the 'war on terror'. But there is another role for anthropology, one in which each practitioner feels the pulse of and acts in concert with public opinion in both other communities and our own, independent of government. The teach-in became a powerful instrument in this sense, helping to shift public opinion and eventually to change government policy on the Vietnam war. Here, Sahlins offers a vignette from the past and ends with a question relevant to all of us: do anthropologists still have the will and ability to inform public opinion independently from government on issues that matter today?
How Does Supervisor Burnout Affect Leader-Member Exchange? A Dyadic Perspective

Employee burnout remains a legitimate concern for organizations because of its links to costly outcomes, including increased absenteeism, turnover, and reduced employee productivity. An emerging stream of research has provided initial evidence that burnout can be highly contagious (i.e., transferable) between employees, suggesting that it may be a meaningful dyadic construct. These initial findings suggest that if organizations do not undertake efforts to curb burnout, it could spread among employees and result in detrimental consequences. However, the existing burnout contagion literature has been plagued by methodological problems and has focused primarily on main effects, revealing little about the causal processes underlying dyadic burnout. To date, several scholars have cited the importance of the role of the supervisor in providing employees with key resources enabling them to effectively cope with job demands, thereby reducing the risk of burnout. However, although literature continues to cite the importance of supervisory behavior as a factor contributing to subordinate burnout, a model detailing the role of the supervisor in the subordinate burnout process has yet to be articulated. Drawing on a sample of 103 supervisor-subordinate dyads, this paper articulates and tests a model of dyadic burnout with a specific focus on how supervisor burnout affects subordinate burnout, both directly and through their leader-member exchange relationship. Results and implications for theory and practice are discussed.
A 19 dBm 0.13µm CMOS parallel class-E switching PA with minimal efficiency degradation under 6 dB back-off

This paper implements a digital Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) Contour based power amplifier previously proposed by the authors in [1]. The proposed PA implemented in 0.13µm digital CMOS technology, achieves a peak power of 19dBm at a peak drain efficiency of 23% and peak power added efficiency (PAE) of 18% at a center frequency of 800MHz from a 1.2V supply. The PA can maintain its peak efficiency over a 6dB dynamic range of output power by a simultaneous load and duty cycle modulation of a parallel class E PA. The PA achieves an average drain efficiency of 20% and an average PAE of 15% while generating 6dB peak to minimum ratio (PMR) OQPSK signal with bandwidths up to 20Mbps.
Progressive varicella presenting with pain and minimal skin involvement in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

PURPOSEHere we report the experience at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (CHP) with varicella zoster virus (VZV) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This record review was prompted by a patient with ALL who died suddenly of varicella hepatitis within 24 hours of presentation with a single skin lesion.METHODSWe reviewed the medical records of children diagnosed with ALL at the CHP from January 1984 through December 1993, who subsequently developed VZV infection.RESULTSOf 294 patients aged 0 to 15 years, 41 (14%) were identified as having had 42 episodes of VZV infection. Twenty patients (49%) had received prophylaxis with varicella zoster immunoglobulin (VZIG), and all 39 patients in whom the diagnosis was made premortem were treated with acyclovir. Twenty-nine of the 42 cases (70%) had disease limited to the skin. Thirteen cases (30%) had extracutaneous involvement, and five of these episodes (12% of all cases) ended in death. Risk factors for progressive varicella included age great...
Blood Supply to the Spinal Cord

To the Editor: In the July 2000 issue of Physical Therapy , Mautes et al, in an article titled “Vascular Events After Spinal Cord Injury: Contribution to Secondary Pathogenesis,”1 described the blood supply to the spinal cord. The authors stated that a segmental spinal artery enters the intervertebral foramen and divides into 3 branches outside the spinal canal at each segmental level of the spinal cord: the anterior and posterior longitudinal spinal canal arteries and the radicular artery. Furthermore, Mautes et al described the radicular artery continuing along the nerve root and dividing into an anterior radicular artery and a posterior radicular artery. They stated that, after penetrating the dura mater, the anterior and posterior radicular arteries join the 3 major arteries on the surface of the spinal cord to provide the blood supply to those areas. Mautes et al cited references by Crock and Yoshizawa2 and Domisse3 in their description of the extrinsic blood supply to the spinal cord. Although Mautes and colleagues' description of anterior and …
Calorimetric Measurement of Emissivity in Space Conditions

Accurate thermal characterization of material surfaces is critical to spacecraft thermal management. A calorimetric experiment is developed to measure the total hemispherical emissivity of thermal control materials in space conditions. The space environment is simulated by a vacuum chamber with a liquid nitrogen blackbody shroud. A test sample is mounted on an electrically heated plate, which provides the energy input. The sample is thermally insulated on the sides and bottom by a heat shield. The heat shield is uniformly maintained at the sample temperature by an independent circuit of resistance heaters and temperature controllers. A steady state energy balance is applied to the test sample in order to determine the emissivity as a function of temperature and electrical power. The validity of this experiment is confirmed by testing materials with known emissivities, such as black paint and polished metals. Error analysis of the system predicts a reasonable accuracy for the emissivity measurement for sample temperatures between -50 o C and 100 o C.
Dynamics of Unsteady Inviscid and Viscous Detonations in Hydrogen-Air

The dynamics of one-dimensional, overdriven, hydrogen-air detonations predicted in the inviscid limit as well as with the inclusion of mass, momentum, and energy diffusion were investigated. A series of shock-fitted calculations was performed in which the overdrive was varied in the inviscid limit. The 0.97 MHz frequency of oscillation predicted for a f = 1.1 overdriven detonation agrees well with the value of1.04 MHz observed by Lehr in the equivalent shock-induced combustion experiment around a spherical projectile. As the initial overdrive is lowered, the long time behavior of the system becomes more complex, causing the amplitude of pulsations to increase and oscillations at multiple frequencies to appear. When the viscous analog of these detonations was simulated, it was found that viscous effects slightly alter the structure of a stable detonation and can significantly decrease the amplitude of pulsations in an unstable detonation.
Effect of drought stress on physiology and biochemistry of rice

In drought stress conditions,the process of physiological metabolism of rice changes greatly.The net photosynthetic rate,chlorophyll content and the activities of photosynthetic enzyme decrease,the contents of free proline,abscisic acid,active oxygen species and malondialdehyde obviously increase,and the activities of antioxidase SOD,POD and CAT are strengthened and excessive active oxygen is cleared out,which lighten the damage to rice.Rice variety with strong drought resistance may be of strong resistant to oxidation.In future,drought resistance rice variety will be bred through study on the transduction and expression of functional gene related with drought resistance of rice,the inherent mechanism of water stress of rice by molecular technology and breeding with genetic engineering.
An overview of bioresorbable materials

Abstract This chapter focuses on absorbable materials, beginning with a description of the cellular involvement in material degradation. Degradation terms are defined, to allow a complete understanding of the process by which absorbable materials are reduced and removed from the body. Multiple chemical and biological mechanisms that are at work in the body during material bioresorption are described. Additionally, the design criteria and characteristics for absorbable materials are outlined. The particularly appealing characteristic of an absorbable material is the elimination of a second surgery for implant removal. The lack of a follow-up surgery translates into reduced cost, pain, and recovery time for the patient; the chapter concludes by highlighting the exciting potential of absorbable and degradable materials in biomedicine.
Apperception, Objectivity and Temporality

We have seen how Heidegger has interpreted each of the modes of the threefold synthesis as modes of time. Apprehension is essentially oriented to the present, reproduction to the past, and precognition to the future. However, Heidegger has left unclear the extent to which he concurs with Kant’s belief that the third mode of synthesis is central. Kant had said that the pure form of the third mode of synthesis is apperception, which is the ground of the unity of synthesis in general. However, Heidegger demurs at equating the pure aspect of the third mode of synthesis with apperception, and instead insists that this a priori mode was precognition, that is, a pure projection of nature as a whole. Heidegger does however recognize that this third mode has a leading role among the three modes of synthesis, and indeed has a special relationship to apperception. It is this connection that we will examine now.
Learning in Complex Environments: The Effects of Background Speech on Early Word Learning

Although most studies of language learning take place in quiet laboratory settings, everyday language learning occurs under noisy conditions. The current research investigated the effects of background speech on word learning. Both younger (22- to 24-month-olds; n = 40) and older (28- to 30-month-olds; n = 40) toddlers successfully learned novel label–object pairings when target speech was 10 dB louder than background speech but not when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was 5 dB. Toddlers (28- to 30-month-olds; n = 26) successfully learned novel words with a 5-dB SNR when they initially heard the labels embedded in fluent speech without background noise, before they were mapped to objects. The results point to both challenges and protective factors that may impact language learning in complex auditory environments.
APPROXIMATION OF FUNCTIONS

This chapter discusses the ways to generate interpolating polynomials of arbitrary degree. An interpolating polynomial is one that passes through a given set of points. One of the main advantages of the Taylor estimate is that the error is easier to calculate. The main disadvantage of the Taylor method is that it requires the reader to know the formulas for the derivatives of the function that is being approximated. In general, the interpolating polynomial of a given degree will be more beneficial than the Taylor polynomial of the same degree. However, with the interpolating polynomial, the points through which the polynomial passes through must be decided. With the Taylor polynomial, only a single point can be specified. To calculate the Taylor polynomial of degree N, all the derivatives up to and including the Nth must be calculated.
Blockade of IgM-Mediated Inflammation Alters Wound Progression in a Swine Model of Partial-Thickness Burn

In a mouse model, a second-degree burn elicits a severe inflammatory response that is mediated by circulating autoantibody specific for a neoantigen (nonmuscle myosin). Nonmuscle myosin is expressed by injured tissue, leading to amplified ulceration and scarring. We hypothesize that a synthetic peptide (N2) can mimic the neoantigen and competitively inhibit the autoantibody, decreasing inflammation, and reducing the extent of burn injury in a preclinical swine model of burn. Second-degree burns were created on young swine using brass cylinders, warmed to varying temperatures before skin contact. Animals were treated in double-blind fashion with normal saline, control peptide, or blocking peptide. Biopsies were taken at 2 hours, 1, 4, 7, and 14 days after burn injury. Burn wound healing parameters were assessed. Immunohistochemical staining for Ki-67, immunoglobulin (Ig)M, and interleukin (IL)-8 were also performed. N2 blocking peptide administration decreased dermal injury at 4 days with increased reepithelization, indicating more rapid healing. N2 normalized skin histology by 14 days and showed improved epidermal healing. Granulation tissue thickness was decreased, and there was an accompanying decrease in neutrophil infiltration. The basal layer of epidermis in N2-treated animals displayed more cells positive for Ki-67, suggesting a prompter regenerative capacity. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated decreased deposition of immunoglobulin M and interleukin-8 after thermal injury in animals treated with N2 peptide, in comparison to controls. The findings of this study identify N2 blocking a specific inflammatory pathway, as a novel therapeutic approach, preventing the evolution of cutaneous burn injuries in a preclinical animal model.
Addressing the Health Care Worker shortage in Tanzania through a Task Sharing Policy

Background and problem Tanzania’s has 7.1 clinicians per 10,000 people compared to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommendation of 23. This extreme shortage of Health Care Workers (HCW) impacts the availability and quality of health service delivery, the attainment of universal health coverage, and the achievement of desirable health outcomes. The Task Sharing Policy Guidelines (TSPG) for HCWs in Tanzania aim to ensure that the task sharing initiative, as advocated …
A multiscale approach to accelerate pore-scale simulation of porous electrodes

Abstract A new method to accelerate pore-scale simulation of porous electrodes is presented. The method combines the macroscopic approach with pore-scale simulation by decomposing a physical quantity into macroscopic and local variations. The multiscale method is applied to the potential equation in pore-scale simulation of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) catalyst layer, and validated with the conventional approach for pore-scale simulation. Results show that the multiscale scheme substantially reduces the computational cost without sacrificing accuracy.
Role of microRNA-130b in placental PGC-1α/TFAM mitochondrial biogenesis pathway

Diabetes during pregnancy is associated with abnormal placenta mitochondrial function and increased oxidative stress, which affect fetal development and offspring long-term health. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) is a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism. The molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of PGC-1α in placenta in the context of diabetes remain unclear. The present study examined the role of microRNA 130b (miR-130b-3p) in regulating PGC-1α expression and oxidative stress in a placental trophoblastic cell line (BeWo). Prolonged exposure of BeWo cells to high glucose mimicking hyperglycemia resulted in decreased protein abundance of PGC-1α and its downstream factor, mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM). High glucose treatment increased the expression of miR-130b-3p in BeWo cells, as well as exosomal secretion of miR-130b-3p. Transfection of BeWo cells with miR-130b-3p mimic reduced the abundance of PGC-1α, whereas inhibition of miR-130b-3p increased PGC-1α expression in response to high glucose, suggesting a role for miR-130b-3p in mediating high glucose-induced down regulation of PGC-1α expression. In addition, miR-130b-3p anti-sense inhibitor increased TFAM expression and reduced 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Taken together, these findings reveal that miR-130b-3p down-regulates PGC-1α expression in placental trophoblasts, and inhibition of miR-130b-3p appears to improve mitochondrial biogenesis signaling and protect placental trophoblast cells from oxidative stress.
Eye: anatomy, physiology and barriers to drug delivery

Abstract: This chapter describes current knowledge on the ocular structure, function and barrier properties to drug delivery. A broad description of different ocular parts and their histology is provided. Different routes of drug administration such as topical, oral, intravenous, subconjunctival, periocular and intravitreal routes are employed to treat ocular ailments. Critical anatomical and physiological factors that regulate drug absorption are discussed. Of the drug administration routes mentioned, topical for anterior ocular tissues, and periocular and intravitreal for back of the eye tissues are mostly preferred and recommended. Ocular drug absorption is impeded by static, dynamic and metabolic barriers. Static ocular barriers include corneal epithelium, blood aqueous barrier, sclera, retinal pigment epithelium and blood capillary endothelial cells, whereas the dynamic ocular barriers include tear drainage, conjunctival blood and lymph clearance, and choroidal blood and lymphatic circulations. These barriers are segregated and described as anterior segment and posterior segment barriers. As a barrier, the role of ocular efflux transporters, which reduces intracellular xenobiotic concentration, is briefly described.
CCS 2017: Women in Cyber Security (CyberW) Workshop

The CyberW workshop is motivated by the significant gender imbalance in all security conferences, in terms of the number of publishing authors, PC members, organizers, and attendees. What causes this gender imbalance remains unclear. However, multiple research studies have shown that a diverse group is more creative, diligent, and productive than a homogeneous group. Achieving cyber security requires a diverse group. To maintain a sustainable and creative workforce, substantial efforts need to be made by the security community to broaden the participation from underrepresented groups in cyber security research conferences. We hope this workshop can attract all underrepresented cybersecurity professionals, students, and researchers to attend top security and privacy conferences, engage in cutting-edge security and privacy research, excel in cyber security professions, and ultimately take on leadership positions.
Examining the Impacts of Dialogue Content and System Automation on Affect Models in a Spoken Tutorial Dialogue System

Many dialogue system developers use data gathered from previous versions of the dialogue system to build models which enable the system to detect and respond to users' affect. Previous work in the dialogue systems community for domain adaptation has shown that large differences between versions of dialogue systems affect performance of ported models. Thus, we wish to investigate how more minor differences, like small dialogue content changes and switching from a wizarded system to a fully automated system, influence the performance of our affect detection models. We perform a post-hoc experiment where we use various data sets to train multiple models, and compare against a test set from the most recent version of our dialogue system. Analyzing these results strongly suggests that these differences do impact these models' performance.
Tuning the resonant frequency of microstrip patch antenna in LWIR

This paper proposes a new analytical method of tuning the resonant frequency of optical microstrip patch antennas. For this method, the changing of resonant frequency of microstrip patch antenna due to coupling additional reactance can be clearly determined. In this paper, this method verifies that the TM10 resonant frequency increases by adding a ridge with variable width and height under the patch antenna. A range of resonant frequencies tuning from 20.75 to 32.4THz, by varying ridge width from 0 to 0.5um and ridge height from 0.1 to 0.6um are demonstrated.
Optothermal Manipulations of Colloidal Particles and Living Cells

ConspectusOptical manipulation techniques are important in many fields. For instance, they enable bottom-up assembly of nanomaterials and high-resolution and in situ analysis of biological cells and molecules, providing opportunities for discovery of new materials, medical diagnostics, and nanomedicines. Traditional optical tweezers have their applications limited due to the use of rigorous optics and high optical power. New strategies have been established for low-power optical manipulation techniques. Optothermal manipulation, which exploits photon–phonon conversion and matter migration under a light-controlled temperature gradient, is one such emerging technique. Elucidation of the underlying physics of optothermo–matter interaction and rational engineering of optical environments are required to realize diverse optothermal manipulation functionalities.This Account covers the working principles, design concepts, and applications of a series of newly developed optothermal manipulation techniques, includ...
Retrospective analysis of clinical outcome of EGFR mutated patients in a county hospital.

e21208Background: Mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase are observed in around 15% of lung adenocarcinoma in the United States. Multiple phase III trials have sho...
Women (Still) Ask For Less: Gender Differences in Hourly Rate in an Online Labor Marketplace

In many traditional labor markets, women earn less on average compared to men. However, it is unclear whether this discrepancy persists in the online gig economy, which bears important differences from the traditional labor market (e.g., more flexible work arrangements, shorter-term engagements, reputation systems). In this study, we collected self-determined hourly bill rates from the public profiles of 48,019 workers in the United States (48.8% women) on Upwork, a popular gig work platform. The median female worker set hourly bill rates that were 74% of the median man's hourly bill rates, a gap than cannot be entirely explained by online and offline work experience, education level, and job category. However, in some job categories, we found evidence of a more complex relationship between gender and earnings: women earned more overall than men by working more hours, outpacing the effect of lower hourly bill rates. To better support equality in the rapidly growing gig economy, we encourage continual evaluation of the complex gender dynamics on these platforms and discuss whose responsibility it is to address inequalities.
A beneficial by-product of ecological wastewater treatment: An evaluation of wastewater-grown duckweed as a protein supplement for sustainable agriculture

Abstract Ecological wastewater treatment systems that incorporate aquatic plants (like duckweed) have the potential to recover nutrients and produce high-quality protein, simultaneously alleviating two global issues: hunger and lack of sanitation. Although protein production by duckweed in simple lagoon systems and laboratory trials has been reported, its physiology throughout more complex wastewater treatment systems containing a range of different environmental conditions has not been examined. In this study, a duckweed co-culture (Lemna japonica/minor and Wolffia columbiana) was grown on wastewater from four different stages of a pilot-scale ecological treatment system. Contrary to the literature, the protein content of duckweed did not consistently increase with increasing aqueous nitrogen concentrations, but rather appeared to also be dependent on chemical and microbial interactions. This study indicates that with proper management, duckweed grown in ecological wastewater systems can sustainably produce protein at rates exceeding those of common land-grown forage crops (10.1 ton ha−1 yr−1).
Scalable high-resolution algorithms for landmine imaging problem

The goal of this paper is to describe a novel parallel high-resolution 3D numerical method for the solution of high-frequency electromagnetic wave propagation. The sequential numerical method was developed by the first author in 2014. The discussed parallel algorithm will be used later by the authors to computationally simulate data for the solution of the inverse problem of imaging mine-like targets. Thus the solution of the forward problem presented in this paper is a necessary prelude to the future solution of a related inverse problem. In this paper, land mines are modeled as small abnormalities embedded in an otherwise uniform media with an air-ground interface. These abnormalities are characterized by the electrical permittivity and the conductivity, whose values differ from those of the host media. The main challenge in the calculation of the scattered electromagnetic signal in these settings is the requirement of solving the Helmholtz equation for high frequencies. This is excessively time-consuming using standard direct solution techniques. A high-resolution and scalable numerical procedure for the solution of this equation is described in this paper. The kernel of this algorithm is a combination of a second, fourth or sixth order compact finite-difference scheme and a preconditioned Krylov subspace approach. Both fourth and sixth order compact approximations for the Helmholtz equation are considered to reduce approximation and pollution errors, thereby softening the point-per-wavelength constraint. The coefficient matrix of the resulting system is not Hermitian and possesses positive as well as negative eigenvalues. This represents a significant challenge for constructing an efficient iterative solver. In our approach, this system is solved by a combination of Krylov subspace-type method with a direct parallel FFT-type preconditioner. The resulting numerical method allows a natural and efficient implementation on parallel computers. Numerical results for realistic ranges of parameters in soil and mine-like targets confirm the high efficiency of the proposed parallel iterative algorithm.
Delayed feedback embedded in perception-action coordination cycles results in anticipation behavior during synchronized rhythmic action: A dynamical systems approach.

Dancing and playing music require people to coordinate actions with auditory rhythms. In laboratory perception-action coordination tasks, people are asked to synchronize taps with a metronome. When synchronizing with a metronome, people tend to anticipate stimulus onsets, tapping slightly before the stimulus. The anticipation tendency increases with longer stimulus periods of up to 3500ms, but is less pronounced in trained individuals like musicians compared to non-musicians. Furthermore, external factors influence the timing of tapping. These factors include the presence of auditory feedback from one’s own taps, the presence of a partner performing coordinated joint tapping, and transmission latencies (TLs) between coordinating partners. Phenomena like the anticipation tendency can be explained by delay-coupled systems, which may be inherent to the sensorimotor system during perception-action coordination. Here we tested whether a dynamical systems model based on this hypothesis reproduces observed patterns of human synchronization. We simulated behavior with a model consisting of an oscillator receiving its own delayed activity as input. Three simulation experiments were conducted using previously-published behavioral data from 1) simple tapping, 2) two-person alternating beat-tapping, and 3) two-person alternating rhythm-clapping in the presence of a range of constant auditory TLs. In Experiment 1, our model replicated the larger anticipation observed for longer stimulus intervals and adjusting the amplitude of the delayed feedback reproduced the difference between musicians and non-musicians. In Experiment 2, by connecting two models we replicated the smaller anticipation observed in human joint tapping with bi-directional auditory feedback compared to joint tapping without feedback. In Experiment 3, we varied TLs between two models alternately receiving signals from one another. Results showed reciprocal lags at points of alternation, consistent with behavioral patterns. Overall, our model explains various anticipatory behaviors, and has potential to inform theories of adaptive human synchronization.
A Comparison of Digital Observations of Students from Video Cameras and Aerial Drones

School playgrounds offer ample opportunity to observe the unstructured free-play of school-aged children; however, obtaining valid observations can be difficult to accomplish. Recent technological ...
Watch the Red, Not the Black.

On a recent business trip to New York City, I heard "watch the red, not the black, watch the red, not the black,..." being chanted repeatedly from the vicinity of Seventh Avenue and Forty-fourth Street. On casual investigation I found a street hustler rapidly shuffling three common playing cards?two of black suits, one of red?on a blanket covering a cardboard box. At the end of the shuffling, which was accompanied by the chant, spectators were offered the opportunity to select the red card from among the three cards facedown on the blanket. Not surprisingly, bets were required, usually in multiples of $20, be fore a spectator was allowed to choose. Also on occasion, a second innocent specta tor was offered the same opportunity after the first one had failed. After the thirty sec onds or so required for the entire process, the card shuffling and chanting began again. Examination of this game, and some possible variations, offers a study in ap plied probability. Since students of virtu ally any discipline are now being required to gain a speaking acquaintance with the fundamental ideas of probability and ex pected value,1 this game offers an answer to the question, "But when will I ever use this material in the real world?" Seventh Ave nue and Forty-fourth Street is as real a world as th?se students are ever likely to see.
Editorial from the TCN department of culture and gender in neuropsychology: Updates, future directions, and next steps.

The Clinical Neuropsychologist’s (TCN) Culture and Gender in Neuropsychology (CGN) Department is dedicated to advancing cutting edge and relevant science, editorial leadership, and open dialogue on...
Introduction to Sleep and Sleep Disorders

Sleep is important for energy conservation, replenishment, and memory consolidation leading to rejuvenation of the body and mind. Since sleep disorders can lead to both psychiatric and medical complications, it is essential for mental health professionals to understand the normal sleep process, expected sleep duration, and variability with age and gender. Monoamine neurotransmitters also play an integral role in both psychiatric and sleep disorders, with psychotropic medications affecting their levels. Thus, understanding their function in both conditions is essential. In the past, sleep disorders (especially insomnia) were considered to be part of the psychiatric disorders. However, unless both sleep and psychiatric conditions are addressed in the management plan, relapse of psychiatric disorders is likely. This chapter introduces readers to the normal sleep process, sleep stages as measured by polysomnography, and changes in sleep that typically occur with age. In addition, both subjective and objective measures available for assessing sleep disorders are reviewed.
Rethinking Remdesivir: Synthesis of Lipid Prodrugs that Substantially Enhance Anti-Coronavirus Activity

ABSTRACT The FDA has granted Remdesivir (RDV, GS-5734) an emergency use authorization on the basis of an acceleration of clinical recovery in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Unfortunately, the drug must be administered intravenously, restricting its use to those with relatively advanced disease. RDV is also unstable in plasma and has a complex activation pathway which may contribute to its highly variable antiviral efficacy in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. A potent orally bioavailable antiviral for early treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection is needed. We focused on making simple orally bioavailable lipid analogs of Remdesivir nucleoside (RVn, GS-441524) that are processed to RVn-monophosphate, the precursor of the active RVn-triphosphate, by a single step intracellular cleavage. In addition to likely improved oral bioavailability and simpler metabolic activation, two of the three new lipid prodrugs of RVn had anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity 9 to 24 times greater than that of RDV in Vero E6 cells
Quantum Spin Systems and Supersymmetric Gauge Theories, I

The relation between supersymmetric gauge theories in four dimensions and quantum spin systems is exploited to find an explicit formula for the Jost function of the $N$ site $\mathfrak{sl}_{2}$ $XXX$ spin chain (for infinite dimensional complex spin representations), as well as the $SL_N$ Gaudin system, which reduces, in a limiting case, to that of the $N$-particle periodic Toda chain. Using the non-perturbative Dyson-Schwinger equations of the supersymmetric gauge theory we establish relations between the spin chain commuting Hamiltonians with the twisted chiral ring of gauge theory. Along the way we explore the chamber dependence of the supersymmetric partition function, also the expectation value of the surface defects, giving new evidence for the AGT conjecture.
RNA Coding Potential Prediction Using Alignment-Free Logistic Regression Model

CPAT (Coding-Potential Assessment Tool) is a logistic regression model-based classifier that can accurately and quickly distinguish protein-coding and noncoding RNAs using pure linguistic features calculated from the RNA sequences. CPAT takes as input the nucleotides sequences or genomic coordinates of RNAs and outputs the probabilities p (0 ≤ p ≤ 1), which measure the likelihood of protein coding. Users can run CPAT online ( http://lilab.research.bcm.edu/cpat/ ) or from the local computers after installation. CPAT provides prebuilt logistic models to recognize RNAs originated from human (Homo sapiens), mouse (Mus musculus), zebrafish (Danio rerio), and fly (Drosophila melanogaster) genomes. Instructions on how to train models for other genomes are described in CPAT website ( http://rna-cpat.sourceforge.net/ ) and this chapter.
The British Association

THE Cardiff meeting of the British Association was pleasant and profitable in various ways, but the membership in an important and prosperous city like Cardiff might have been larger, and a certain amount of apathy on the part of the public in general to the presence of the Association was noticed. The Press did its best, but perhaps an influx of material prosperity has rendered folk temporarily callous to other forms of activity. My recollection of the Cardiff meeting in 1891 is that it excited more local interest—perhaps because it was the first in the city; perhaps also because the meeting included the week-end, extending from Wednesday to Wednesday, instead of ruthlessly encroaching on the four chief working days of the week and beginning sectional operations ten hours before the president's opening address. It is understood that future meetings will return to prewar conditions in this and other respects. Other improvements may be desirable, so the manifesto of your Cardiff correspondent, Dr. R. V. Stanford, on p. 13 of NATURE of September 2 is opportune and timely.
The Effects of Child Support Payment Factors on Satisfaction With Levels of Parental Involvement by Noncustodial Fathers

Purpose:Research on the influences of child support on the parental involvement of non-custodial father is mixed.Method:This study uses one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to examine...
The Protective Effect of Metformin Use on Early Nd:YAG Laser Capsulotomy.

Purpose To determine the effect of metformin on early Nd:YAG laser treatment for posterior capsule opacification (PCO) and to explore a molecular mechanism to explain a possible protective effect of metformin against PCO. Methods We conducted: 1) a retrospective cohort study of patient eyes undergoing phacoemulsification at our institution; and 2) laboratory investigation of the effect of metformin on the behavior of lens epithelial cells in the context of an animal model for PCO. Population-averaged Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to estimate risk for time to Nd:YAG. For laboratory studies, expression of markers for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) implicated in PCO pathogenesis was measured in tissue culture and following extracapsular lens extraction in a mouse model. Results The rate of Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy was 13.1% among the 9798 eyes. Both metformin use and diabetes were protective factors for Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy in univariate analysis. However, in multivariable analysis with nondiabetics as the reference group, only metformin use among diabetics was significantly protective of Nd:YAG (hazard ratio: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.54-0.85, P = 0.0008), while eyes of patients with diabetes without metformin use did not significantly differ (P = 0.5026). Treatment of lens epithelial cells with metformin reduced the level of the EMT markers ⍺-SMA and pERK induced by TGF-β2. Similarly, metformin treatment reduced ⍺-SMA expression in lens epithelial cells following extracapsular lens extraction in a mouse model. Conclusions The protective effect of metformin against early Nd:YAG may relate to its ability to downregulate EMT in residual lens epithelial cells that otherwise trend toward myofibroblast development and PCO.
An Optimization Perspective on Realizing Backdoor Injection Attacks on Deep Neural Networks in Hardware.

State-of-the-art deep neural networks (DNNs) have been proven to be vulnerable to adversarial manipulation and backdoor attacks. Backdoored models deviate from expected behavior on inputs with predefined triggers while retaining performance on clean data. Recent works focus on software simulation of backdoor injection during the inference phase by modifying network weights, which we find often unrealistic in practice due to the hardware restriction such as bit allocation in memory. In contrast, in this work, we investigate the viability of backdoor injection attacks in real-life deployments of DNNs on hardware and address such practical issues in hardware implementation from a novel optimization perspective. We are motivated by the fact that the vulnerable memory locations are very rare, device-specific, and sparsely distributed. Consequently, we propose a novel network training algorithm based on constrained optimization for realistic backdoor injection attack in hardware. By modifying parameters uniformly across the convolutional and fully-connected layers as well as optimizing the trigger pattern together, we achieve the state-of-the-art attack performance with fewer bit flips. For instance, our method on a hardware-deployed ResNet-20 model trained on CIFAR-10 can achieve over 91% test accuracy and 94% attack success rate by flipping only 10 bits out of 2.2 million bits.
Deception Considered Harmful.

Abstract A central problem in the theory of genetic algorithms is the characterization of problems that are difficult for GAs to optimize. Many attempts to characterize such problems focus on the notion of Deception , defined in terms of the static average fitness of competing schemas. This article examines the Static Building Block Hypothesis (SBBH), the underlying assumption used to define Deception. Exploiting contradictions between the SBBH and the Schema Theorem, we show that Deception is neither necessary nor sufficient for problems to be difficult for GAs. This article argues that the characterization of hard problems must take into account the basic features of genetic algorithms, especially their dynamic, biased sampling strategy.
Adhesive properties of a symbiotic bacterium from a wood-boring marine shipworm.

Adhesive properties of a cellulolytic, nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from a marine shipworm by Waterbury et al. (J. B. Waterbury, C. B. Calloway, and R. D. Turner, Science 221:1401-1403, 1983) are described. 35S-labeled cells of the shipworm bacterium bound preferentially to Whatman no. 1 cellulose filter paper, compared with its binding to other cellulose substrata or substrata lacking cellulose. The ability of the bacteria to bind to Whatman no. 1 filter paper was significantly reduced by glutaraldehyde or heat treatment of cells. Pretreatment of cells with azide, valinomycin, gramicidin-D, bis-hexafluoroacetylacetone (1799), or carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone inhibited adhesion activity. Cells pretreated with pronase or trypsin also exhibited reduced binding activity, but chymotrypsin and peptidase had no effect on adhesion activity. Cellodextrins and methyl cellulose 15 inhibited the adhesion of shipworm bacteria to filter paper, whereas glucose, cellobiose, and soluble carboxymethyl cellulose had no significant effect. The divalent cation chelators EDTA and EGTA [ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′N′-tetraacetic acid] had little or no effect on adhesive properties of shipworm bacteria. Also, preabsorbing the substratum with extracellular endoglucanase isolated from the shipworm bacterium or 1% bovine serum albumin had no apparent effect on bacterial binding. Low concentrations (0.01%) of sodium dodecyl sulfate solubilized a fraction from whole cells, which appeared to be involved in cellular binding activity. After removal of sodium dodecyl sulfate, several proteins in this fraction associated with intact cells. These cells exhibited up to 50% enhanced binding to filter paper in comparison to cells which had not been exposed to the sodium dodecyl sulfate-solubilized fraction.
The Military Roots of Critical Infrastructure Analysis and Attack

Critical infrastructures underpin the political, military, economic, and social fabrics of societies. In recent years, it has become widely recognized that infrastructure disruptions could disproportionately affect the normal functioning of a nation. However, the understanding that the destruction of key infrastructure nodes and linkages could disproportionately affect national and economic security is not new; its early origins can be traced to military writings and application in the early 1900s. During World War I, attempts to attack key nodes were hampered by operational considerations, such as the inability to bomb accurately during adverse weather and darkness, and technological limitations including crude bombsights and small, dumb bombs. By the end of the century, however, significant improvements in technology enabled precision targeting of and attacks against critical infrastructures. In this article, we trace the military roots of critical infrastructure analysis and attack from World War I to the post-Desert Storm era. Keywords: critical infrastructure; infrastructure interdependencies; strategic bombing; industrial web; Air Corps Tactical School; United States Strategic Bombing Survey; Five Rings; World War I; World War II; Gulf War
A One-Step DNA Sequencing Strategy To HLA Type Hematopoietic Stem Cell Donors at Recruitment —Rethinking Typing Strategies

In order to reduce the time required to identify a match for unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, a one-step DNA sequencing strategy was employed at the time of recruitment. The impact of this strategy on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing resolution and the effect of current registry requirements on resolution and coding of assignments were evaluated. Sanger-based DNA sequencing was used to obtain diploid exons 2 and 3 HLA-A, -B and -C assignments of 2747 unrelated African American and 1822 European American volunteers at recruitment. The results demonstrate the high resolution of the approach and challenge several aspects of the current registry typing strategy. Of the 46% of African American and 74% of European American individuals whose HLA typing resulted in alternative genotypes, the majority (≥93%) was predicted to have only a single 'common' genotype among the alternatives. The common practice of adding secondary assays to resolve alternative genotype assignments that include more than two antigen groups was also evaluated. While the percentage of assignments with greater than two antigen groups reached as high as 21% (HLA-A in European Americans), only 1.8% of individuals at most carried two common genotypes encompassing three antigen groups. The assignment of (National Marrow Donor Program) NMDP-designated allele codes to the one-pass results reduced the resolution substantially and introduced genotypes that were not included in the laboratory's assignments. We suggest the alternative strategy of using the exons 2-3 diploid nucleotide sequence as the assignment submitted to the registry with the added benefit of immortalizing the assignment in time regardless of the introduction of novel alleles. To keep pace with current donor selection criteria and with the increasing number of new alleles, it is time to rethink our recruitment typing strategies.
Dynamic Control of Engine NOx Emissions: Characterization and Improvement of the Transient Response of an Exhaust Gas Recirculation System

An effective method for reducing NOx emissions from automotive engines is to use exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to dilute the inducted air-fuel charge. Previous work has shown that degraded propagation delay and rise time characteristics of an EGR system can result in increases in NOx emissions for engine operation over dynamic rpm/torque versus time trajectories as exemplified by the Federal Test Procedure driving cycle. In an effort to improve the dynamic response of a production-like electronically controlled EGR system, the EGR system was characterized and a transient compensation scheme to improve its dynamic reresponse was implemented in a computer-based EGR controller. For an aggressive EGR schedule, the compensated EGR system had equivalent NOx control capability without the transient torque disturbances exhibited by the uncompensated system.