cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Network vulnerability to single, multiple, and probabilistic physical attacks

Telecommunications networks heavily rely on the physical infrastructure and, are therefore, vulnerable to natural disasters, such as earthquakes or floods, as well as to physical attacks, such as an Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) attack. Large-scale disasters are likely to destroy network equipment and to severely affect interdependent systems such as the power-grid. In turn, long-term outage of the power-grid might cause additional failures to the telecommunication network. In this paper, we model an attack as a disk around its epicenter, and provide efficient algorithms to find vulnerable points within the network, under various metrics. In addition, we consider the case in which multiple disasters happen simultaneously and provide an approximation algorithm to find the points which cause the most significant destruction. Finally, since a network element does not always fail, even when it is close to the attack's epicenter, we consider a simple probabilistic model in which the probability of a network element failure is given. Under this model, we tackle the cases of single and multiple attacks and develop algorithms that identify potential points where an attack is likely to cause a significant damage.
Computing the Solution Path for the Regularized Support Vector Regression

In this paper we derive an algorithm that computes the entire solution path of the support vector regression, with essentially the same computational cost as fitting one SVR model. We also propose an unbiased estimate for the degrees of freedom of the SVR model, which allows convenient selection of the regularization parameter.
Dlx1&2 and Mash1 Transcription Factors Control MGE and CGE Patterning and Differentiation through Parallel and Overlapping Pathways

Here we define the expression of approximately 100 transcription factors (TFs) in progenitors and neurons of the developing mouse medial and caudal ganglionic eminences, anlage of the basal ganglia and pallial interneurons. We have begun to elucidate the transcriptional hierarchy of these genes with respect to the Dlx homeodomain genes, which are essential for differentiation of most gamma-aminobutyric acidergic projection neurons of the basal ganglia. This analysis identified Dlx-dependent and Dlx-independent pathways. The Dlx-independent pathway depends in part on the function of the Mash1 basic helix-loop-helix (b-HLH) TF. These analyses define core transcriptional components that differentially specify the identity and differentiation of the globus pallidus, basal telencephalon, and pallial interneurons.
Context-sensitive Bayesian classifiers and application to mouse pressure pattern classification

In this paper, we propose a new context-sensitive Bayesian learning algorithm. By modeling the distributions of data locations by a mixture of Gaussians, the new algorithm can utilize different classifier complexities for different contexts/locations and, at the same time, keep the optimality of Bayesian solutions. This algorithm is also an online learning algorithm, efficient in training, and easy for incorporating new knowledge from data sets available in the future. We apply this algorithm to detecting computer-user mouse pressure patterns during episodes likely to be frustrating to the user By modeling user identity as hidden context, this algorithm achieves on average 10.6% user-independent test error rate.
Incomplete taxa, incomplete characters, and phylogenetic accuracy: is there a missing data problem?

Abstract The problem of missing data is often considered to be the most significant obstacle in reconstructing the phylogeny of fossil taxa and their relationships to extant taxa. In this paper, I review the results of recent simulation studies and present new results that explore how missing data affect phylogenetic accuracy, which is defined here as the success of a method at reconstructing the true phylogeny. Missing data cells are typically added to a phylogenetic analysis in the form of incomplete taxa (e.g., highly fragmentary fossil taxa) or incomplete characters (e.g., a set of DNA sequence or soft anatomical characters in an analysis including living and fossil taxa). These two types of incomplete data affect phylogenetic analyses in two very different ways, suggesting that there is not a single “missing data problem.” Recent simulation results show that including incomplete taxa is a problem of including too few characters rather than too many missing data cells—if enough characters are scored i...
Journey to Nodule Formation: From Molecular Dialogue to Nitrogen Fixation

Soil bacteria collectively called rhizobia establish a unique beneficial interaction with most legumes and a few nonleguminous plants in the family of Ulmaceae (Parasponia sp.). This endosymbiosis between rhizobia and the host plant leads to the formation of N2-fixing nodules, in which bacteria are provided with a carefully regulated oxygen and carbon supply allowing the bacteria to reduce nitrogen efficiently for the plant. The early steps of this symbiosis begin with exchange of signals, a molecular dialogue between the symbiotic partners. The chemical signals involved determine a high degree of host specificity. The release of the plant-derived chemicals to the rhizosphere activates the expression of the bacterial nodulation genes, resulting in the production of lipochitooligosaccharide signaling molecules called Nod factors. Nod factors induce a cascade of events in the host plant that leads to the formation of nodule primordia. Since nodulation and the subsequent nitrogen fixation are energy-intensive processes, the host plant maintains a balance between cost and benefit by limiting the number of nodules that form through autoregulation of nodulation. Functional nodules are not maintained throughout the life cycle of plants and nodules senesce when they get old. This review examines the current state of knowledge of signals and mechanisms involved in the early establishment of rhizobium–legume symbioses, focusing on how the host plant induces Nod factor production, how these signals are perceived and transduced in the host plant, and the physiological and morphological changes associated with root nodule development.
Distinguishing between Consistency and Error in Reliability Coefficients: Improving the Estimation and Interpretation of Information on Measurement Precision

Reliability coefficients indicate the proportion of total variance due to differences not attributable to error among measures separated along a quantitative continuum by a testing, survey, or assessment instrument. Person score or measure reliability is influenced by both the internal consistency of a data set and the number of items, though textbooks and research papers rarely evaluate the extent to which these factors independently affect the data in question. Probabilistic formulations of the requirements for unidimensional measurement separate consistency from error by modeling individual response processes instead of group-level variation. The utility of this separation is illustrated via analyses of small sets of simulated data, and of subsets of data from a 78-item survey of over 2,500 parents of children with disabilities. Measurement reliability ultimately concerns the structural invariance specified in models requiring sufficient statistics, parameter separation, unidimensionality, and other qualities that historically have made quantification simple, practical, and convenient for end users. The paper concludes with suggestions for a research program aimed at focusing measurement research more on the calibration and wide dissemination of tools applicable to individuals, and less on the statistical study of inter-variable relations in large data sets.
Molecular Biological Aspects, Therapeutic Targets and New Treatment Strategies

The term pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) describes a rare group of diseases characterized by raised pulmonary vascular resistance, resulting from vascular remodelling in the pre-capillary resistance arterioles (<100 μm in cross-sectional diameter) [1]. Left untreated, patients die from right heart failure, with a mortality approaching most serious cancers. To date, most treatment has been focused on the endothelial cell vascular dysfunction seen in these disorders. As such, pulmonary vasodilators, such as endothelin (ET-1) receptor antagonists, prostacyclin (PGI2) analogues and phosphodiesterase type V inhibitors (enhancing endogenous nitric oxide (NO)) have improved both morbidity and mortality. Indeed, there is continuing development into new and improved drugs that target these established pathways. Recent examples are the dual ET-1 receptor antagonist, macitentan [2], and the soluble guanylate cyclase activator, riociguat [3]. However, none are a cure and the treated mortality rate is still unacceptable [4]. Further research into the molecular mechanisms underpinning the pathogenesis of PAH has led to the discovery of new putative pathways that may allow the targeting of vascular remodelling itself; such “reverse remodelling” may provide a cure for this devastating disease in the future and remains the “holy grail”.
Isolation of Phagostimulative Substances from the Host Plant of the Colorado Potato Beetle

Substances which stimulate feeding of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were isolated from potato leaf powder and fresh potato leaves. An agar-cellulose medium was used to evaluate the stimulative effect of leaf fractions. Sucrose, isolated from potato leaf powder, was found to be partially responsible for the stimulative effect of the powder on feeding. A phospholipid fraction obtained from fresh potato leaves also showed stimulative effects. A feeding stimulant present in the lead acetate precipitate of fresh potato leaves was isolated and identified as chlorogenic acid. Tests with several related phenolic acids showed that only chlorogenic acid can elicit the feeding response. Preference experiments, using a lettuce-disc assay, indicated the presence of a botanically restricted stimulant. This stimulant was partially purified from an alcoholic extract of fresh potato leaves. It is suggested that this specific stimulant could be a phenolic flavonoid or related compound.
A Bacterial Disease of the Peach

From time to time during the past five or six years peach growers in various sections of the country have called attention to a shot-hole disease of peach leaves which, in wet seasons at least, has caused a great deal of premature defoliation. In I903 Mr. P. J. O'Gara, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, found it prevalent in Georgia and suggested that it was of bacterial origin. During the same season Clinton* observed a leaf-spot disease, evidently the same, in Connecticut, and noted it in his report for that year.t It was again found in Georgia in 1905 by Mr. W. M. Scott, of the Department of Agriculture. In I906, 1907, and also in the past season the writer, who undertook a somewhat detailed study of the disease found it to be prevalent throughout the South and Middle West, and, in those sections at least, it is the commonest shot-hole disease of peach leaves, the Cercospora leaf-spot being but rarely met with. That a bacterium caused the disease was proved by inoculation experiments. A bacterial disease of peach twigs and of the fruit was also found, and it seems probable that they, as well as the leaf-spot, are caused by the organism in question. The form occurring on the leaves is by far the commonest and most wide spread. It causes somewhat angular, purplishbrown spots '8 to Y4 inch in diameter which, when infections have been numerous, coalesce so that quite large areas of the leaf may be involved. The diseased tissues soon fall out, giving a shot-hole effect. Leaves which are at all badly affected soon drop to the ground, so that the trees may become prematurely defoliated. This is especially true in orchards which have not been well pruned and cultivated. In August, I906, very small spots from fresh leaves were
Validated Model? Not So Fast. The Need for Model "Conditioning" as an Essential Addendum to Model Validation 1

What constitutes a validated model? What does the model validation process involve? These questions still have not been completely resolved by the model validation community. This paper argues that a validated model for “best-estimate plus uncertainty” (BEPU) predictions requires and implies something very different from what many contemporary paradigms of model validation are focused on and built around. Starting from what is required of a validated model for BEPU predictions, the author works back to the implications on the model validation process (conceptually, operationally, interpretationally, etc.). Ultimately a shift is required in the conceptualization and articulation of model validation, away from contemporary paradigms. Indeed, the paper introduces and illustrates a “model conditioning” step that is often essential in a model validation process that supports BEPU predictions (i.e., extrapolation or interpolation with the validated model), yet does not appear to have been previously recognized in the validation literature. Another aspect of the paradigm shift advocated by the author is that hypothesis tests for model rejection or acceptance are often arbitrary and not useful for best-estimate predictions with estimated uncertainty. The conceptualization and articulation of model validation in this paper accommodates a cohesive framework that extends from validation experiments, to model conditioning, validation, and accreditation, to optimized model predictions within a BEPU philosophy.
Evaluation of a “Kit” Method for the Measurement of Total Serum Globulins

An evaluation of a commercial kit for the determination of total serum globulin concentration is presented. The method involves the reaction of glyoxylic acid with serum globulins and is standardized with a solution containing human gamma globulin and albumin. The precision of the method is 2.77% and gamma globulin added to serum is quantitatively recovered. Close correlations between this kit and the accepted protein fractionation reference procedures of electrophoresis and salt fractionation were found.
Linkage studies of genes for sickling and MNS blood groups; negative findings.

SummaryAnalysis of data supplied by 55 Negro families comprising 325 kindred, failed to reveal linkage between the MNS blood group genes and the gene for sickling. These findings are not in accord with those of Snyder and coworkers. Thus an example of autosomal linkage, for which Snyder et al. presented evidence, is now in doubt and warrants further investigation. Data ascertainable for linkage calculations between the blood group S and sickling, and MN and S were very small. Linkage between S and sickling could not be found. The blood groups MN and S afforded evidence for linkage thus fitting into the very considerable evidence on this point for Caucasians.
Terbutaline aerosol from a metered dose inhaler via a 750 ml spacer. Effect on large and small airways.

The effect on large and small airways of a pressurized terbutaline aerosol delivered via a 750 ml spacer, or via an ordinary actuator, was investigated in a double-blind study of 15 patients with reversible obstructive airflow disease. There was significant bronchodilatation with both devices as measured byRaw, FEV1.0, PEFR, MEF75, MEF50, and MEF25.Raw showed, a significant difference in favour of the 750 ml spacer. Measurement of Closing Volume (CV) revealed a significant decrease with the spacer, but with the ordinary actuator there was a slight increase in CV; the difference between the devices was significant. The quotient Closing Volume/Vital Capacity (CV/VC%) was significantly decreased with the 750 ml spacer but not with the ordinary actuator. The decrease in volume of isoflow (Viso \(\dot V\)) was more pronounced with the spacer but not significantly so. The results suggest that use of a 750 ml spacer may promote more extensive peripheral deposition of the drug in the bronchial tract.
Optimization of an enclosed gas analyzer sampling system for measuring eddy covariance fluxes of H 2 O and CO 2

Abstract. Several initiatives are currently emerging to observe the exchange of energy and matter between the earth's surface and atmosphere standardized over larger space and time domains. For example, the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) and the Integrated Carbon Observing System (ICOS) are set to provide the ability of unbiased ecological inference across ecoclimatic zones and decades by deploying highly scalable and robust instruments and data processing. In the construction of these observatories, enclosed infrared gas analyzers are widely employed for eddy covariance applications. While these sensors represent a substantial improvement compared to their open- and closed-path predecessors, remaining high-frequency attenuation varies with site properties and gas sampling systems, and requires correction. Here, we show that components of the gas sampling system can substantially contribute to such high-frequency attenuation, but their effects can be significantly reduced by careful system design. From laboratory tests we determine the frequency at which signal attenuation reaches 50 % for individual parts of the gas sampling system. For different models of rain caps and particulate filters, this frequency falls into ranges of 2.5–16.5 Hz for CO2, 2.4–14.3 Hz for H2O, and 8.3–21.8 Hz for CO2, 1.4–19.9 Hz for H2O, respectively. A short and thin stainless steel intake tube was found to not limit frequency response, with 50 % attenuation occurring at frequencies well above 10 Hz for both H2O and CO2. From field tests we found that heating the intake tube and particulate filter continuously with 4 W was effective, and reduced the occurrence of problematic relative humidity levels (RH > 60 %) by 50 % in the infrared gas analyzer cell. No further improvement of H2O frequency response was found for heating in excess of 4 W. These laboratory and field tests were reconciled using resistor–capacitor theory, and NEON's final gas sampling system was developed on this basis. The design consists of the stainless steel intake tube, a pleated mesh particulate filter and a low-volume rain cap in combination with 4 W of heating and insulation. In comparison to the original design, this reduced the high-frequency attenuation for H2O by ≈ 3∕4, and the remaining cospectral correction did not exceed 3 %, even at high relative humidity (95 %). The standardized design can be used across a wide range of ecoclimates and site layouts, and maximizes practicability due to minimal flow resistance and maintenance needs. Furthermore, due to minimal high-frequency spectral loss, it supports the routine application of adaptive correction procedures, and enables largely automated data processing across sites.
Effects of Finite Size and Proton Disorder on Lattice-Dynamics Estimates of the Free Energy of Clathrate Hydrates

We consider lattice dynamics methods for calculation of the free energy of clathrate hydrate phases, specifically the cubic structure I (sI), cubic structure II (sII), and hexagonal structure H (sH) phases, in the absence of guest molecules; water molecules are modeled with the TIP4P potential. We examine in particular the effects of finite size and proton disorder on the calculated free energies and consider these in the context of the free-energy differences between the phases. We find that at 300 K, the finite-size, proton-disorder, and quantum effects between phases are, respectively, on the order of 0.4, 0.03, and 0.1 kJ/mol. Details of the calculations are provided, with emphasis on efficiencies developed to handle various aspects related to rigid-molecule lattice dynamics with electrostatic interactions in large crystalline systems.
Developmental expression of the axonal glycoprotein TAG-1: differential regulation by central and peripheral neurons in vitro

TAG-1 is a 135,000 Mr axonal glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily that promotes axon extension in vitro. One distinguishing feature of TAG-1 is its transient expression on subsets of axons in the developing nervous system. To examine the mechanisms that regulate TAG-1, we have monitored the expression of this protein by developing central and peripheral neurons in vitro. TAG-1 was detected on the surface of a subset of E11 to E13 spinal cord neurons in vitro and was also released by these neurons. Expressions of TAG-1 on the cell surface was transient but it was possible to detect a released form of TAG-1 at all times in vitro. Spinal cord neurons isolated from older embryos did not express surface TAG-1 when they regenerated axons in vitro. Changes in the environment of spinal cord neurons did not alter the time course of TAG-1 expression, suggesting that regulation of the protein is cell autonomous. In contrast to these results with spinal cord neurons, surface expression of TAG-1 by DRG neurons persisted in vitro and adult DRG neurons re-expressed TAG-1 when grown in vitro. The cell surface and released forms of TAG-1 therefore appear to be regulated differently by central and peripheral neurons.
Determination of the mechanical properties of solid and cellular polymeric dosage forms by diametral compression

At present, the immediate-release solid dosage forms, such as the oral tablets and capsules, are granular solids. They release drug rapidly and have adequate mechanical properties, but their manufacture is fraught with difficulties inherent in processing particulate matter. Such difficulties, however, could be overcome by liquid-based processing. Therefore, we have recently introduced polymeric cellular (i.e., highly porous) dosage forms prepared from a melt process. Experiments have shown that upon immersion in a dissolution medium, the cellular dosage forms with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as excipient and with predominantly open-cell topology disintegrate by exfoliation, thus enabling rapid drug release. If the volume fraction of voids of the open-cell structures is too large, however, their mechanical strength is adversely affected. At present, the common method for determining the tensile strength of brittle, solid dosage forms (such as select granular forms) is the diametral compression test. In this study, the theory of diametral compression is first refined to demonstrate that the relevant mechanical properties of ductile and cellular solids (i.e., the elastic modulus and the yield strength) can also be extracted from this test. Diametral compression experiments are then conducted on PEG-based solid and cellular dosage forms. It is found that the elastic modulus and yield strength of the open-cell structures are about an order of magnitude smaller than those of the non-porous solids, but still are substantially greater than the stiffness and strength requirements for handling the dosage forms manually. This work thus demonstrates that melt-processed polymeric cellular dosage forms that release drug rapidly can be designed and manufactured to have adequate mechanical properties.
Bone Marrow Transplantation for Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Failing Conventional Therapy

Over the last two decades, dramatic progress has been made in the treatment of acute leukemias in childhood. Recognition of disease characteristics identifying patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at low, intermediate or high risk of relapse following conventional chemotherapy has spawned the development and application of increasingly intensive regimens for intermediate and high risk patients, thereby improving their chances for extended diseasefree survival [1].
Statistical Analysis of Auto Dilution Vs Manual Dilution Process in Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer Tests

Gregory Poole Equipment Company is the Caterpillar Dealer in eastern North Carolina which sells and services anything that Caterpillar Incorporated manufactures. One value added service provided by this company is fluid analysis. This service consists of 22 separate tests on engine oil, power train lubricants, hydraulic oils, coolants and fuels. One particular test performed in this suite of tests is a plasma spectrometer test which analyzes wear metals in the oil. This test is specifically used to help technicians troubleshoot problems or to assist in scheduling planned maintenance in construction and mining equipment fleets. This particular test is currently the bottleneck in the oil lab and more specifically the dilution sub-process in prepping the oil sample for the plasma spectrometer. To overcome this bottleneck an auto diluter was installed to complement the manual dilution process that is also still in process today. The lab manager questioned if the auto-diluter process is generating the same results as the manual process with regards to the quality control check performed on three different certified known value calibration solutions. This paper analyzes control data results from the two populations of different dilution methods to determine if they are producing the same results.
Initial Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (MIP) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) Correlate with Disability Levels at Times of ALS Diagnosis (P07.081)

OBJECTIVE: To compare the rate of disease progression and disability in ALS patients who differ in their initial forced vital capacity (FVC) and maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) at times of diagnosis. BACKGROUND: The AAN parameters uses FVC DESIGN/METHODS: A database review of patients with definite or probable ALS from 2010-12. Variables studied include age, gender, FVC, MIP, DeltaFS, preslope, ALSFRS, AALS at times of diagnosis and duration of disease. ANOVA was used for comparison of the three groups based upon FVC and MIP at time of diagnosis. Group 1, FVC > 50%, MIP 50% and MIP>60cm, Group 3, FVC RESULTS: 98 patients were studied [61.8 ± 10.9 years; 49% F; 36% bulbar; disease duration 17.9 ± 12.2 months]. FVC and MIP at diagnosis were 79.6 ±23.7 % and -55.2 ± 21.5 cm, respectively. Group 1 were 65 % female and 36% bulbar. Group 2 (n=37) were 32.4% female and 27% bulbar. Group 3 (n=9) were 33.3% female and 66.6% bulbar. For group 4 (n=2) the small number limited analysis. There was no difference between groups for rate of progression at time of diagnosis. There was a statistically significant difference between groups for initial AALS score (p=0.001) and preslope (P=0.045) with Group 2 having slowest rate of progression, lower disability score and Group 3 with the fastest progression, higher disability score. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirms FVC and MIP are associated with rate of progression and initial level of disability. The study also shows a significant number of patients with FV >50% have MIP9s Disclosure: Dr. Ilieva has nothing to disclose. Dr. Vora has nothing to disclose. Dr. Simpson has received personal compensation for activities with Grofels for speaking. Dr. Simpson has received research support from International Foundation
Uterotonic Medications: Oxytocin, Methylergonovine, Carboprost, Misoprostol

Uterine atony is a common cause of primary postpartum hemorrhage, which remains a major cause of pregnancy-related mortality for women worldwide. Oxytocin, methylergonovine, carboprost, and misoprostol are commonly used to restore uterine tone. Oxytocin is the first-line agent. Methylergonovine and carboprost are both highly effective second-line agents with severe potential side effects. Recent studies have called into question the effectiveness of misoprostol as an adjunct to other uterotonic agents, but it remains a useful therapeutic in resource-limited practice environments. We review the current role these medications play in the prevention and treatment of uterine atony.
Activity-Dependent Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Release Is Required for the Rapid Antidepressant Actions of Scopolamine.

Abstract Background Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a key role in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression. Recent clinical studies demonstrate that scopolamine, a nonselective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, produces rapid antidepressant effects in patients with depression. Rodent studies demonstrate that scopolamine increases glutamate transmission and synaptogenesis in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Here we tested the hypothesis that activity-dependent BDNF release within the mPFC is necessary for the antidepressant actions of scopolamine. Methods Behavioral effects of scopolamine were assessed in BDNF Val/Met knock-in mice, in which BDNF processing and release are impaired. In addition, intra-mPFC infusion of a BDNF-neutralizing antibody was performed to test the necessity of BDNF release in driving scopolamine-induced behavioral responses. Further in vivo and in vitro experiments were performed to delineate BDNF-dependent mechanisms underlying the effects of scopolamine. Results We found that BDNF Met/Met mice have attenuated responses to scopolamine and that anti-BDNF antibody infusions into the mPFC prevented the antidepressant-like behavioral effects of scopolamine. In vitro experiments show that scopolamine rapidly stimulates BDNF release and tropomyosin receptor kinase B–extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling. Moreover, these effects require alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor activation and are blocked by neuronal silencing. Importantly, pretreatment with verapamil prevented scopolamine-induced behavioral responses and BDNF–tropomyosin receptor kinase B signaling, suggesting that these effects are dependent on activation of voltage-dependent calcium channels. Conclusions The results identify an essential role for activity-dependent BDNF release in the rapid antidepressant effects of scopolamine. Attenuation of responses in BDNF Met mice indicates that patients with the Met allele may be less responsive to scopolamine.
Das alte und das neue Japan Lafcadio Hearn und Hugo von Hofmannsthal

In Hugo von Hofmannsthals 1904 veroffentlichtem Nachruf auf Lafcadio Hearn Spiegelt sich der Ubergang seiner fruhen “impressionistischen” Japanbegeisterung zur spateren intensiven Auseinandersetzung mit fernostlicher Philosophie. Die durch Hearn vermittelten Konzepte von Praexistenz und Karma als kollektiver Lebenskraft bezieht Hofmannsthal in seine Gestaltung des Elektra-Stoffes, aber auch in seine Vorschlage zur geistigen Erneuerung Europas wahrend des Ersten Weltkriegs ein.
Fluids Demonstrations: Trailing Vortices, Plateau Border, Angle of Repose, and Flow Instability.

Demonstrations of physics phenomena via relatively simple devices and toys have been around for a long time. Because of the pedagogical value of demonstrations, this journal and other periodicals have published papers on the subject of classroom demonstrations including those related to fluid mechanics. Four new, low-cost apparatuses that demonstrate a variety of fluid mechanics phenomena are presented in this paper. The apparatuses are self-contained, instantly set up, require no electric power for operation, and are maintenance free. They can be used as demonstration tools to enhance classroom lectures and outreach activities. Alternatively, these apparatuses can be assigned as projects for students to construct and test. Further involvement, from an aesthetic point of view, might be to construct variations of them as decorative objects by collaborating with students/teachers in visual arts. Features of the apparatuses are presented first, followed by notes on fabrication to enable interested readers to replicate them.
The Glycoproteomics–MS for Studying Glycosylation in Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure

With recent advancements of analytical techniques and mass spectrometric instrumentations, proteomics has been widely exploited to study the regulation of protein expression associated with disease states. Many proteins may undergo abnormal change in response to the stimulants, leading to regulation of posttranslationally modified proteins. In this review, the physiological and pathological roles of protein glycosylation in cardiac hypertrophy is discussed, and how the signal pathways regulate heart function and leading to heart failure. The analytical methods for analysis of protein glycosylation, including glycans, glycosite, occupancy, and heterogeneity is emphasized. The rationale on glycoproteins as disease biomarkers is also discussed. The authors also propose potential research in this field and challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
Development of a hybrid molecular beam epitaxy deposition system for in situ surface x-ray studies

A portable metalorganic gas delivery system designed and constructed to interface with an existing molecular beam epitaxy chamber at beamline 33-ID-E of the Advanced Photon Source is described. This system offers the ability to perform in situ X-ray measurements of complex oxide growth via hybrid molecular beam epitaxy. The performance of the hybrid molecular beam epitaxy system while delivering metalorganic source materials is described. The high-energy X-ray scattering capabilities of the hybrid molecular beam epitaxy system are demonstrated both on oxide films grown solely from the metalorganic source and ABO3 oxide perovskites containing elements from both the metalorganic source and a traditional effusion cell.
England is the World and the World is England

Medieval Christians arguably lived in a ‘real’ world – a tangible place in which they lived, worked, loved, hated, and died – but through a process of world-building continually reconstructed it anew around themselves as the mythical land they called ‘Christendom.’ This was predicated first on reconceptualizing and then ultimately on removing (or attempting to remove) the non-Christians in their midst. In twelfth- and thirteenth-century England, Jews were the prime focus of such efforts, demonized and monsterized, and then expelled en masse. Still, it seems that every work that seeks to reconstruct England by othering Jews also undercuts its efforts by collapsing differences in time and space, so that England becomes everywhere, and the present moment becomes everywhen. This brief essay will consist of a whirlwind tour through the Hereford Map, tracing various vectors along its buckling surface, to and from that small, marginalized protuberance at the lower-left corner of creation – Britain.
A retrospective study of anti-EGFR antibody therapy in small bowel adenocarcinoma.

e16264Background: The benefit of anti-EGFR therapy in RAS-wild type (WT) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is often extrapolated to metastatic small bowel cancer adenocarcinoma (mSBA). However, t...
Introduction: The Impact of Education in South Asia—From Sri Lanka to Nepal

The introduction begins with an account of an educated Brahmin woman’s taking charge of infant immunizations as an indication of her ability to insure her family’s health. This contrasts with a non-Brahmin mother’s fear of allopathic medication for her infant daughter with pertussis. The three nations represented in this volume—Sri Lanka, India, and Nepal—all have compulsory education. However, the stark contrast between “public” (private) and government schools reveals a marked difference in educational quality for the socioeconomically comfortable and the poor. The introduction includes a discussion of the types of learning and concludes with a reflection of the geographical and social strata in the papers as representing the breadth and depth of Pauline Kolenda’s interests and contributions.
Role of Live-coding in Learning Introductory Programming

Live-coding is an approach to teaching programming by writing actual code during class as part of the lectures. In a live-coding session, the instructor thinks aloud while writing code and the students are able to understand the process of programming by observing the thought processes of the instructor. In our study, we conducted a live-coding session to two groups of students as a part of a teaching intervention that was originally designed for studying the effects of using the native language for learning programming. We analyzed the student feedback data that was collected and found that many students have mentioned about the usefulness of live-coding for learning programming. We conducted a grounded theory analysis of the student feedback data to understand the value of live-coding for learning introductory programming. We found that live-coding (1) makes the process of programming easy to understand for novice programmers, (2) helps students learn the process of debugging, and (3) exposes students to good programming practices. We also found that students prefer to code along with the instructor during a live-coding session rather than being mere observers.
James A. Herrick: Visions of Technological Transcendence: Human Enhancement and Rhetoric of the Future - Reviewed by JOHN MCCLELLAN

Technologists, research scientists, communication professionals, and others involved in computer and internet technologies, including graduate students, will find this book both relevant and prescient. Readers interested in philosophy, futurism, or the fate of humanity will like it too. The book achieves its purpose of outlining, with salient references and a sense of history, the prominent strains of thought in the transhumanist and human enhancement communities - and their philosophical forebears - along with critical responses. The book stands out as a comprehensive, measured look at technology, its future, and its narratives. The author's well-researched, historical look at the stories we tell ourselves about the future—and, crucially, how those stories drive technological advances and policies—details the beliefs of transhumanism: where those beliefs came from and how they are driving the shape of our future. The author also balances the book with critical responses to each of these narratives. The book is focused more on the mythology of the future and technology, rather than on practical applications of any of the technologies discussed. Therefore, it would be most suited to a graduate-level course, or for consideration by policy makers and designers who are potentially influenced by these myths. The book’s value - and its contribution to its field - is in its scope and context, as well as its critical balance.
Regioselective Cp*Ir(III)-Catalyzed Allylic C-H Sulfamidation of Allylbenzene Derivatives.

In this study we report the development of the regioselective Cp*Ir(III)-catalyzed allylic C–H sulfamidation of allylbenzene derivatives, using azides as the nitrogen source. The reaction putativel...
Little citizens, big missions in Manchuria: the Shōkokumin as imperial pedagogy

ABSTRACTThe wartime shōkokumin discourse of Japan rested on two competing premises, each catenated with a different part of the compound word: the “shō” that emphasized children’s immaturity and vu...
Structural Imaging and Target Visualization

The explosion in neuroimaging techniques beginning in the 1970s has led to a revolution in our ability to identify, define, and visualize targets deep within the brain. These techniques have since been adopted and adapted to the neurosurgical OR, improving outcomes and making new targets amenable to intervention. They simultaneously improve consistency of targeting key structures across patients while allowing for individualization of targets and trajectories for each patient, thus compensating for individual variability as well as disease-specific structural changes. This chapter outlines the theoretical and practical principles of imaging modalities involved in target visualization. These principles are discussed with particular focus on decision making as well as the clinical drawbacks and merits of specific options and approaches. Further, we discuss the integration of these approaches into the neurosurgical workflow, beginning from operative planning and concluding with postsurgical imaging and follow-up. Finally, we engage in a limited discussion of functional neuroimaging in the context of its ability to help define and visualize structural targets in the brain.
Elasticity Theory After Germain

The mathematical theory of elastic vibrating plates originated in 1811, when Sophie Germain first developed the first valid hypothesis. This led to the first fourth-order partial differential equation now known as the Germain-Lagrange equation. Much more work had yet to be done, of course. The governing equation for the equilibrium of thin elastic plates was derived from that basic formulation.
The effect of local chemical environment on the energetics of stacking faults and vacancy platelets in α -zirconium

Abstract The onset of breakaway irradiation growth in Zr and its alloys has been correlated with the nucleation and growth of faulted vacancy c-loops on basal planes. One theory for c-loop stabilization at high fluence is the reduction in stacking fault energy by solute or impurity segregation. This hypothesis is investigated through density functional theory calculations of the binding energy of Fe, Sn, Nb, Cr, and Ni to basal extrinsic, basal intrinsic or prismatic stacking faults in α -Zr. By means of a thermodynamic model, the ab initio binding energies have been correlated to segregation profiles and modified SFEs. Sn and Fe are shown to be tightly bound to basal stacking faults with only a weak interaction towards prismatic stacking faults. The corresponding segregation to faulted basal c-loops significantly reduces their formation energies and has the potential to stabilize these defects in the matrix. Based on the DFT calculations presented here, Nb, Cr, and Ni do not have a considerable effect on faulted c-loop formation energies. The binding energies of Fe, Sn, Nb, Cr, Ni, and H to a 19-vacancy platelet were additionally calculated to confirm the behavior of these elements with a nucleating c-loop defect. Fe and Cr in particular show strong binding to the periphery of this high-energy structure and correspondingly reduce the nucleation barrier for a vacancy c-loops.
Coexistence of alcohol-related pancreatitis and alcohol-related liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract Background Available estimates of coexistent alcohol-related pancreatitis (ALP) and alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) vary widely, and factors that determine coexistent disease are largely unknown. We performed a systematic review of published literature with the primary aim to generate robust estimates for coexistent alcohol-related chronic pancreatitis (ACP) and alcohol-related cirrhosis (ALC). Methods We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases from inception until February 2018. Studies included were those in English-language, sample size ≥25 and allowed calculation of the coexistent disease. Pooled estimates were calculated using a random-effects model approach. Results Twenty-nine (including 5 autopsy studies) of 2000 eligible studies met inclusion criteria. Only 6.9% included patients were female. Fifteen studies enabled calculation of ACP in ALC, and 11 for ALC in ACP. Pooled prevalence of ACP in ALC was 16.2% (95% CI 10.4–24.5) overall, and 15.5% (95% CI 8.0–27.7) when data were limited to clinical studies. Corresponding prevalence for ALC in ACP was 21.5% (95% CI 12.0–35.6) and 16.9% (95% CI 11.5–24.3), respectively. There was significant heterogeneity among studies (I2 – 65–92%). Pooled prevalence for ALP in ALD or ALD in ALP in clinical studies were 15.2% and 39%, respectively. None of the studies reported outcomes in patients with coexistent disease. Conclusion A sizeable fraction of patients with ACP or ALC have coexistent disease. Future studies should define the prevalence of coexistent disease in women and minority populations, and the consequences of coexistent disease on clinical presentation and short- and long-term outcomes.
Broadening Participation in Computing: Promoting Affective and Cognitive Learning in Informal Spaces

In this work we examine youth learning in an informal computing program implemented through a library-university partnership. In particular, we introduce and illustrate a culturally responsive computing framework which served as a foundation for the design of the program. Subsequently, we examine youth collaboration as well as affective and cognitive learning outcomes. Data were collected from university program facilitators and 30 youth over one semester. Data were collected through observations, lesson plans, computational artifacts and interviews with two case study youth. Results indicated that youth formed a variety of learning communities during the collaborative development of computing artifacts. Frequent participants were found to work with a greater number of peers compared to less frequent participants. Results from case study participants also indicated improvements in their computational competencies. Findings from this work have implications for the design of informal learning environments that help broaden participation in computing.
Malnutrition is Associated with Poor Postoperative Outcomes Following Laparoscopic Hysterectomy.

Background Malnutrition continues to be pervasive among the general population, with rates as high as 50% of patients undergoing surgical procedures. Data is limited about women undergoing surgery for non-malignant gynecologic indications (generally elective laparoscopic hysterectomies, after failed conservative measures). With the significant increase in benign gynecologic surgery, it is of the upmost importance that surgeons optimize modifiable risk factors for patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy. The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of malnutrition on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign conditions. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted utilizing data that was collected through the American College of Surgeon's National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) Database. All patients that underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign indications were identified. Patients with malnutrition were identified by either low albumin (≤ 3.5 g/dL), low body mass index (≤ 18.5), or 10% weight loss within 6 months. The frequency of postoperative complications was evaluated with univariate and multivariate analyses where appropriate. Results Following adjustment, multivariate analysis illustrated pre-operative malnutrition to be a risk factor for the following complications: any complication, death, bleeding requiring transfusion, wound, cardiac, pulmonary, renal, thromboembolic, sepsis complications, extended length of stay, and reoperation (p ≤ 0.05 for all). Conclusion Malnourished patients were at significantly higher risk of developing postoperative complications during the acute postoperative period. With elective laparoscopic hysterectomies, pre-operative evaluation and intervention for malnutrition should be considered to improve nutritional status.
Open Problem: Can Single-Shuffle SGD be Better than Reshuffling SGD and GD?

We propose matrix norm inequalities that extend the Recht and Re (2012) conjecture on a noncommutative AM-GM inequality, by supplementing it with another inequality that accounts for single-shuffle in stochastic finite-sum minimization. Single-shuffle is a popular without-replacement sampling scheme that shuffles only once in the beginning, but has not been studied in the Recht-Re conjecture and the follow-up literature. Instead of focusing on general positive semidefinite matrices, we restrict our attention to positive definite matrices with small enough condition numbers, which are more relevant to matrices that arise in the analysis of SGD. For such matrices, we conjecture that the means of matrix products satisfy a series of spectral norm inequalities that imply “single-shuffle SGD converges faster than random-reshuffle SGD, which is in turn faster than with-replacement SGD and GD” in special cases.