cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Guest Editor Notes

Community violence that impacts the lives of children, adolescents and their families can take place in many forms. Developing creative and effective methods to address this violence is a topic of interest for Social Work practitioners and researchers. This special issue includes studies presenting models and empirical research that support various approaches to addressing risk factors, particularly, but not limited to, those associated with violence. The need for, and development of, innovative practices are highlighted, including those that are traumainformed and culturally relevant.
The mechanism of brightness enhancement

Abstract The paradoxical increase in brightness of a subfusional intermittent light, called brightness enhancement, requires a minimum photopic level of retinal illumination for its initiation. In this study, we have utilized a variable intensity monochromatic bipartite field, half of which was intermittent in order to determine the threshold for brightness enhancement across the visual spectrum. The action spectrum thus obtained in two subjects were identical to independently determined photopic luminosity curves obtained in the same subjects. A neuromechanism accounting for these results is suggested.
Energy efficient dual-function sorbent/catalyst media for chlorinated VOC destruction

Abstract Several exchanged zeolites (modified Y and ZSM-5) have been developed which are capable of both ambient sorption and elevated temperature catalytic destruction of common chlorinated CVOCs giving rise to an energy efficient process for first storing and later destroying environmentally sensitive solvents.
Diatom size distributions and community stratification in estuarine intertidal sediments

The organization of an intertidal epipelic diatom community was quantified in terms of vertical cell-size distributions within soft sediments. Microgradients of grain and organic particle sizes, percentage of organics, porosity, light attenuation and oxygen distributions were measured over the top 5 mm of surface sediments. Epifluorescence microscopy and computerized planimetry showed that diatom cell size was bimodally distributed between very small and very large cells. The community was vertically stratified within the sediments with large numbers of small cells massed at the interface. Large cells were concentrated deeper in the microhabitat, far below light and oxygen penetration. Community organization was related to r-K selection theory, invertebrate herbivory and size-related adaptations of the diatoms.
Job search models and frictional unemployment

Abstract A number of job search models based on Stigler's classic paper on information in the labor market have appeared recently in the literature. Since the duration of job search is a by-product of these models, they give important insights into the theory of frictional unemployment. What is particularly striking about these models is their basic assumption that individuals attempt to maximize the discounted stream of future income. The present paper attempts to make up this oversimplification by presenting an alternative job search model which posits that individuals attempt to maximize the discounted stream of future satisfaction. Predictions of the two basic models are compared. A final section draws out the implications of the utility model for frictional unemployment.
Boron tribromide mediated debenzylation of benzylamino and benzyloxy groups

Abstract The treatment of 2(or 4)-benzylamino substituted quinolines, 9-benzylaminoacridine, 2-benzylaminopyridine, a 4-benzyloxyquinoline, and an N-benzyloxyamidine with BBr3 yields the corresponding amino or hydroxy substituted compounds. The scope and limitations of this novel reaction are discussed.
Tomás Harris: ¿otro viajero inmóvil?

Este paper quiere ahondar en los significados hipoteticos del mundo representado en la poesia de Tomas Harris (La Serena, 1956), con el fin de subrayar las opciones esteticas y poeticas que Harris hubo de tomar cuando, en los ochentas, la poesia chilena enfrento el dilema de como representar la dictadura pinochetista, sin convertir su poesia en una mera arma ideologica, subsumida a su contexto. En ese contexto, la opcion de Harris por la marginalidad mas profunda, supuso un viaje hacia todo aquello que quedara ajeno a la realidad cotidiana, haciendo enfasis en la creciente virtualizacion de la experiencia y su perdida de arraigo.
Is human galvanically induced triceps surae electromyogram a vestibulospinal reflex response

Interest in understanding the human vestibulospinal reflex has increased enormously over the past three decades, because this reflex is the primary effector of maintenance of posture and balance. On a posture platform, forces exerted by the triceps surae (TS) and tibialis anterior muscles are measured to calculate center of mass sway. We wished to determine whether the TS response is a direct component of the vestibulospinal reflex. Ten healthy human beings were stimulated with sinusoidal galvanic currents delivered over their mastoid processes. Sway response on a posture platform and TS electromyogram (EMG) were recorded for the following conditions: (1) standing unrestrained; (2) standing completely restrained above the leg; and (3) sitting unrestrained. Results were similar for all subjects. Computer-aided analysis for case 1 reveals that TS EMG and horizontal body sway responses are generated at the same frequency as the stimulating current, with a phase lag of 90 degrees. For case 2, body sway response and any component of the TS EMG over the unstimulated condition were absent in all subjects. For case 3, body sway persisted, but no TS EMG above the unstimulated condition was recorded. As the TS EMG disappears when the standing subject is restrained from swaying or in the unrestrained seated subject, we conclude that the TS EMG response is compensatory to motion of more superior portions of the musculoskeletal system; it is not part of the vestibulospinal reflex.
Coupled surface—subsurface hydrologic model of a nuclear subsidence crater at the Nevada test site

A series of computer models describing overland flow, ponding and infiltration was dynamically linked to simulate the movement of water during seepage beneath a nuclear subsidence feature. The coupled surface-subsurface hydrologic model contains a terrain analysis module, an overland flow simulator using the kinematic wave equation and a numerical Richards' equation solver to simulate moisture migration within the vadose zone. Simulations resulted in successful approximations to measured surface and subsurface data. The surface water overland flow component was able to reach an agreement between observed and simulated water levels following a precipitation event. Long-term simulations underpredicted the volumetric water contents and depth of moisture fronts. The flux (Darcian velocity) at 10 m below the surface was temporally stable with a temporal mean value of 0.75 m year−1, which is in agreement with an earlier estimate of 0.60 m year−1. The mean flux at 5 m below the surface was 1.4 m year−1. Long-term simulations suggest that significant recharge does exist beneath surface collapse structures owing to periodic ponding.
Gaussian and logistic adaptations of smoothed safety first

In one model of portfolio choice, dating to the Safety First principle, the investor is assumed to select assets to minimize the probability of realizing a portfolio return below some pre-determined target or benchmark rate of return. This paper builds on a recent refinement of Safety First—Smoothed Safety First—but is distinct in that it uses Gaussian and logistic distributions instead of the extreme value type-I distribution. Empirical and simulation results suggest that these alternative smoothing functions perform very much like the original formulation, suggesting that smoothing is robust to the choice of smoothing function for suitably large samples. For smaller samples, both Smoothed Safety First and the standard normal-based smoothing function appear to deliver portfolios with slightly smaller shortfall probabilities than the logistic-based approach.
Effects of the time dependence of a bioluminescent source on the tomographic reconstruction

There are two goals in this simulation study: (1) to show that the time variation of the bioluminescence source can cause artifacts in the tomographic images such that quantification and localization becomes impossible; and (2) to show that the a priori knowledge of the light kinetics can be used to eliminate these artifacts. These goals are motivated by the fact that the half-life of luciferase has been reported as 30 min to 2 h in vivo. We perform two-dimensional simulations. We consider a 40 mm diameter circular region with an inclusion of 6 mm diameter located 10 mm away from the center. The measurement data is simulated using a finite-element-based forward solver. We model the noncontact measurements such that four-wavelength data is collected from four 90 degrees apart views. The results show that the ratio of the total imaging time to the half-life of the exponentially decaying bioluminescent source is the deciding factor in the reconstruction of the source. It is also demonstrated that a priori knowledge of the source kinetics is required to perform tomographic bioluminescence imaging of short half-life bioluminescent sources and the use of spatial a priori information alone is not adequate.
Effects of joint attributes on tunnel stability

Abstract A parametric study was carried out using the two-dimensional Discontinuous Deformation Analysis (DDA) to study the effects of joint attributes on tunnel stability. Cases were analyzed with different combinations of tunnel depth, joint orientation, joint spacing, and joint friction angle. The DDA results for 22 cases presented shed light on the effects of joint attributes on tunnel stability. DDA results show that for relatively shallow tunnels, blocks may slide on joints dipping at an angle steeper than its friction angle. Furthermore, different joint orientations may result in different block sizes and shapes even though all the joint sets have the same spacing. As a result, joint spacing may not be an adequate measure of block size. A rock block volumebased parameter may be more appropriate than joint spacing as a measure of the effects of block size on tunnel stability. In addition, DDA results show that if the intact rock is hard and the tunnel is not extremely deep, deeper tunnels are in general more stable than shallower ones due to better confinement at depth. However, higher stresses at depth may cause local failures that may not occur at shallower depths.
Content-Based Microscopic Image Retrieval System for Multi-Image Queries

In this paper, we describe the design and development of a multitiered content-based image retrieval (CBIR) system for microscopic images utilizing a reference database that contains images of more than one disease. The proposed CBIR system uses a multitiered approach to classify and retrieve microscopic images involving their specific subtypes, which are mostly difficult to discriminate and classify. This system enables both multi-image query and slide-level image retrieval in order to protect the semantic consistency among the retrieved images. New weighting terms, inspired from information retrieval theory, are defined for multiple-image query and retrieval. The performance of the system was tested on a dataset including 1666 imaged high power fields extracted from 57 follicular lymphoma (FL) tissue slides with three subtypes and 44 neuroblastoma (NB) tissue slides with four subtypes. Each slide is semantically annotated according to their subtypes by expert pathologists. By using leave-one-slide out testing scheme, the multi-image query algorithm with the proposed weighting strategy achieves about 93% and 86% of average classification accuracy at the first rank retrieval, outperforming the image-level retrieval accuracy by about 38 and 26 percentage points, for FL and NB diseases, respectively.
Performance evaluation of topology management in multi-rate ad hoc networks

In this paper, we propose a novel approach that combines the multi-rate adaptation and topology management mechanisms so as to provide the highest network throughput under very low control overhead. Under topology management, a connected dominating set (CDS) of the network topology is elected and maintained for routing protocols as the backbone of the network. A MAC protocol using multi-rate transmission capability in the physical media is further applied to provide high network throughput so that a low data-rate wireless link is substituted with a high data-rate two-hop wireless link by employing an intermediate node. The efficiency of the combined optimization algorithms is validated by network performance analysis and extensive simulations with DSR (dynamic source routing) as the routing protocol. The analytical and simulation results demonstrate that our solution significantly reduces the routing control overhead, improves the network data forwarding performance.
Recent progress in flexible displays

Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) have recently entered the market place as a competitive flat panel display technology. OLED displays are moving rapidly from small passive matrices (i.e. <3 inches diagonal) to full color active matrices based on rigid substrates. This paper is focused on new developments to help enable flexible OLED (FOLED) displays. Presented here will be high efficiency phosphorescent OLED displays that can be used in either passive or active matrix drive configurations. Passive matrix displays incorporating this technology fabricated on flexible substrates are also reported. These early demonstrations of flexible OLED displays illustrate the promise for a whole new generation of display products based on the design dimension of flexibility.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Flexible ordering of antibody class switch and V(D)J joining during B-cell ontogeny

V(D)J joining is mediated by RAG recombinase during early B-lymphocyte development in the bone marrow (BM). Activation-induced deaminase initiates isotype switching in mature B cells of secondary lymphoid structures. Previous studies questioned the strict ontological partitioning of these processes. We show that pro-B cells undergo robust switching to a subset of immunoglobulin H (IgH) isotypes. Chromatin studies reveal that in pro-B cells, the spatial organization of the Igh locus may restrict switching to this subset of isotypes. We demonstrate that in the BM, V(D)J joining and switching are interchangeably inducible, providing an explanation for the hyper-IgE phenotype of Omenn syndrome.
More on the iteration of the beam propagation method for analyzing Bragg gratings

The mathematical foundation of the iteration of the beam propagation method is described in this paper. Detailed analytical analyses are presented. These analyses explain further how the iteration of the beam propagation method works, and provide the reason why it works. Some additional comments are also presented on the formulation and practical implementation in analyzing Bragg gratings in different situations.
COAL LIQUEFACTION POLICY IN CHINA: EXPLAINING THE POLICY REVERSAL SINCE 2006

China has emerged as a leader in coal liquefaction. While the country's abundant coal resources and acute concerns about oil security help explain China's interest in liquefaction, the driving forces for this industry are complicated and policy has been inconsistent. Since 2006 Beijing has tried to slow down the development of liquefaction; even as China has become more dependent on imported oil, the central government has been wary about the large impact of liquefaction technologies on scarce resources such as water. However, local government officials in coal rich areas have strong incentives to pour investment into the technology, which helps explain the uneven development and policy. The future of coal liquefaction will depend on how these forces unfold along with major Beijing-led reforms in the Chinese coal industry, which is closing smaller mines and favoring the emergence of larger coal producing firms. Those reforms will have mixed effects on liquefaction. They temporarily contribute to higher prices for coal while over the longer term creating coal companies that have much greater financial and technical skills needed to deploy technologies such as coal liquefaction at a scale needed if this energy pathway is to be competitive with conventional sources of liquid fuel.
Flow Rates and Repose Angles of Wet-Processed Granulations

The equation of McDougall and Evans was found not to apply to granulations. The functional relationships among volumetric powder flow rates, angles of repose, and particle size were demonstrated to exhibit maxima (rather than minima) in five common pharmaceutical granulations produced by wet processing. The angular behavior of granules (such as the experienced range of angles) is explained via supported stacking geometries, and the shallow maxima in the angle of repose versus granule diameter was derived from this model.
Impact of N-Terminal Acetylation of α-Synuclein on Its Random Coil and Lipid Binding Properties

N-Terminal acetylation of α-synuclein (aS), a protein implicated in the etiology of Parkinson’s disease, is common in mammals. The impact of this modification on the protein’s structure and dynamics in free solution and on its membrane binding properties has been evaluated by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. While no tetrameric form of acetylated aS could be isolated, N-terminal acetylation resulted in chemical shift perturbations of the first 12 residues of the protein that progressively decreased with the distance from the N-terminus. The directions of the chemical shift changes and small changes in backbone 3JHH couplings are consistent with an increase in the α-helicity of the first six residues of aS, although a high degree of dynamic conformational disorder remains and the helical structure is sampled <20% of the time. Chemical shift and 3JHH data for the intact protein are virtually indistinguishable from those recorded for the corresponding N-ter...
When the happy victimizer says sorry: Children's understanding of apology and emotion

Previous research suggests that children gradually understand the mitigating effects of apology on damage to a transgressor's reputation. However, little is known about young children's insights into the central emotional implications of apology. In two studies, children ages 4-9 heard stories about moral transgressions in which the wrongdoers either did or did not apologize. In Study 1, children in the no-apology condition showed the classic pattern of 'happy victimizer' attributions by expecting the wrongdoer to feel good about gains won via transgression. By contrast, in the apology condition, children attributed negative feelings to the transgressor and improved feelings to the victim. In Study 2, these effects were found even when the explicit emotion marker 'sorry' was removed from the apology exchange. Thus, young children understand some important emotional functions of apology. Language: en
Measurement of the interplay effect in lung IMRT treatment using EDR2 films.

to each pixel is reduced to 0.4% to 0.7%. However, compared to the static delivery, the dose distribution from a 30-fraction case in the presence of motion shows some underdosing in the region of interest. We found that the maximum dose in the target remains within 1% of the maximum dose in the static case, but the minimum dose in the target is most likely to be about 6% lower than the static case. Our results indicate that there can be some underdosing of the tumor due to the interplay effect in lung IMRT delivery over the entire course of a 30-fraction treatment. PACS number: 87.53.Mr
Rasburicase for the prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia in tumor lysis syndrome.

Purpose. To review current knowledge about tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), a set of metabolic imbalances, including hyperuricemia, that often occur during chemotherapeutic or biotherapeutic treatment of patients with hematologic malignancies.Data sources. English language journal articles indexed in PubMed.Study selection. Recent reviews and original research articles related to TLS, hyperuricemia, and treatment of hyperuricemia were selected for inclusion.Results. The incidence of TLS depends highly on the type of malignancy, its growth characteristics, and the total tumor burden. Patients are at heightened risk if they have hyperuricemia, hypovolemia, or poor renal function before anticancer therapy begins. Recently published guidelines make risk assessment and patient staging more systematic. Prophylactic measures should be used to reduce the risk for TLS in vulnerable patients. Such measures include hydration to facilitate urinary excretion and administration of allopurinol to prevent de novo production o...
Optimal uneven-aged stocking guides: an application to spruce-fir stands in New England

Management guides for uneven-aged forest stands periodically need to be revisited and updated based on new information and methods. The current silvicultural guide for uneven-aged spruce-fir management in Maine and the northeast (Frank, R.M. and Bjorkbom, J.C. 1973 A silvicultural guide for spruce-fir in the northeast. General Technical Report NE-6, Forest Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture) presents two options for each of three different cutting cycles, and all guides are based on a negative exponential distribution for the number of trees by diameter class. While this guide claims to be optimal, it will be demonstrated that it is not necessarily optimal in any commonly accepted sense and is overly restrictive in its adherence to the negative exponential model of stand structure.We review a methodology that allows the objective determination of optimal stocking guides for uneven-aged stands that can be tailored to the individual stand and provides consideration for a number of alternative objectives and cutting cycles. These guides do not necessarily conform to the strict negative exponential distribution. They also suggest residual basal areas somewhat lower than those recommended by the current spruce-fir silvicultural guide for the northeastern USA.
Differential Inhibition of Nuclear Hormone Receptor-Dependent Hepatitis B Virus Replication by the Small Heterodimer Partner

The nuclear hormone receptors hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4) and retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha) plus peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) heterodimer support hepatitis B virus (HBV) pregenomic RNA synthesis and viral replication in nonhepatoma cells. Small heterodimer partner (SHP), an orphan nuclear hormone receptor lacking a DNA binding domain, inhibits nuclear hormone receptor-mediated viral transcription and replication. The inhibition of HBV replication by SHP is dependent on the presence of nuclear hormone receptors. HBV replication that is dependent on HNF4 is considerably more sensitive to SHP-mediated inhibition than RXRalpha/PPARalpha-directed viral biosynthesis. SHP inhibition of HBV biosynthesis in HepG2 cells suggests that multiple nuclear hormone receptors mediate viral replication in this human hepatoma cell line. These observations suggest that the physiological regulation of HBV biosynthesis by SHP in the liver will depend on both the level of SHP expression and the relative contribution of HNF4 and RXRalpha/PPARalpha, plus potentially additional nuclear hormone receptors, to HBV RNA synthesis and replication.
Unilateral pulmonary agenesis, esophageal atresia, and distal tracheoesophageal fistula

A small-for-gestational-age, premature infant with the combination of unilateral pulmonary agenesis, esophageal atresia, and distal tracheoesophageal fistula was treated successfully by early gastrostomy and delayed fistula division with esophagoesophagostomy. Only 2 other successfully treated cases have been reported previously. Both were full-term infants treated with early division of the tracheoesophageal fistula and esophagoesophagostomy. Gestational age, size, and associated medical problems need to be considered when planning operative therapy for these babies.
Forest disturbance by ice storms in Quercus forests of the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA

Abstract In 1994, two ice storms (major freezing rain events) disturbed forests on east- and southeast-facing slopes of the southern Appalachian Mountains, Virginia, USA. This study investigates impacts of the disturbance on Quercus forests, the predominant vegetation type in the Appalachians. Forests were sampled at six sites on two neighbouring mountains during 1997 and 1998. The two storms killed a significant number of trees, reducing basal area and density by 28.7% and 29.2%, respectively, in the transects sampled for this study. The storms also removed an estimated 43.7% of the canopy cover. Uprooting of trees disturbed 3.5% of the soil surface, on average. The ice storms eliminated some minor tree species from the sampled transects, reducing species richness; however, evenness increased. Both abiotic and biotic factors (mountain, slope, tree size, and species) influenced patterns of tree damage and mortality. Differences among species in susceptibility to ice storm damage seem particularly importan...
Abstract 12943: Malignant Melanoma Presenting as a Cardiac Tumor

Introduction: Melanoma is a neoplasm with a high propensity to metastasize to the heart. This report describes a case of widespread malignant melanoma with unknown primary diagnosed initially via screening echocardiography (TTE) during a health fair. Case report: A 54 year old Caucasian male patient (pt) with a history of rheumatoid arthritis underwent a screening TTE at a local health fair. At the health fair, he was told about a concerning finding seen on the TTE and instructed to follow-up with his primary care physician. Subsequently he underwent a repeat TTE which was suggestive of a large mass in the right atrium (7.4 x 4.5 cm) protruding through tricuspid valve (TV) into right ventricle. It was also suggestive of an incidental finding of a large liver mass (6 cm) with possible additional tumor invasion into the hepatic vein and the inferior vena cava. The pt was admitted to the hospital for further evaluation of this cardiac mass. Cardiac MRI showed a large lobulated right atrial mass with heterogeneous postcontrast enhancement, causing mass effect and prolapse, with concern for invasion of the TV and extension through the right atrial wall into the pericardium. Abdominal MRI showed multiple large liver masses. Thereafter, the pt underwent a liver biopsy consistent with metastatic melanoma. One month later, he developed worsening dyspnea on exertion and bilateral lower extremity edema. Subsequently, the pt was taken to the operating room and he underwent extensive resection of the right atrial mass with atrial reconstruction. Patient showed symptomatic improvement following the surgery. Discussion: Malignant melanoma carries a high tendency for cardiac involvement, although cardiac metastasis as the initial presentation is a rare clinical finding.
Nanoparticle-aided Radiotherapy for Retinoblastoma and Choroidal Melanoma

This work investigates the dosimetric feasibility of employing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) or carboplatin nano- particles (CNPs) to enhance radiotherapy (RT) treatment efficacy for ocular cancers: retinoblastoma (Rb) and choroidal melanoma (CM), during kV-energy internal and external beam radiotherapy. The results predict that substantial dose enhancement may be achieved by employing AuNPs or CNPs in conjunction with radiotherapy for ocular cancer using kV- energy photon beams. Brachytherapy sources yield higher dose enhancement than the external beam in kV energy range. However, the external beam has the advantage of being non- invasive.
Giving Up Appearances: Judicial Disqualification and the Apprehension of Bias

Disqualifying judges corrodes the presumption of impartiality and undercuts the importance of the judicial oath. Decisions affecting such important interests should be based on facts and not on appearances. Both the British Commonwealth and the United States, however, remove judges not only for actual bias but also when the circumstances create an appearance or apprehension of bias. Under appearance-based disqualification, the reasonable lay observer decides whether an apprehension of bias exists. Allowing the average person on the street to make the recusal call, the theory goes, will build public confidence in the impartiality of the judiciary. But the reasonable lay person of disqualification jurisprudence, whether residing in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, or the United States, does not remotely resemble a member of the public. Indeed, when unmasked the lay observer bears a remarkable resemblance to the judge deciding the recusal issue. And this should come as no surprise since the reasonable person was conceived, birthed, and raised by judges. The failure of appearance-based disqualification rests squarely with the inability of this fictional lay observer to represent the views, values, or judgment of the public.This Article, prepared for a symposium at the Birmingham City University School of Law, suggests a new disqualification regime based on facts rather than appearances. The proposal would disqualify a judge when the circumstances create a real probability or possibility of bias on the part of the average judge. Appearances would play no role in the decision. Most importantly, under the new standard the hypothetical average judge would replace the average lay person as the decision-maker.
Advanced 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Investigation of Metal-Ligand Interactions in Monolayer-Protected Gold Nanoparticles: NMR Shifts and Relaxations

While self-assembled monolayer (SAM) systems have been intensively investigated since the seminal work of Nuzzo and others in the later 1980s, the detailed nature of the interactions between thiol and gold in terms of surface bonding and ligand motion, a central theme crucial for any further advancements in the field of SAMs, is still elusive and subject to controversy. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, a canonical technique of chemistry and physics, has the unique ability of providing insightful chemical bonding and ligand motional information. Recent advances in wet chemistry in terms of synthesizing alkanethiol-protected, very stable and almost monodispersed, gold nanoparticles, due to Schriffin and co-workers, enable this feature of NMR to be harnessed in the study of thiol-metal bonding and ligand motions on gold surfaces. Here, we report a detailed 13C NMR shift and relaxation investigation of monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles as a function of metal particle size, by using selectively 13C1-labelled octanethiol. Several interesting results are obtained for the first time: as the gold particle size increases from ca. 1.5 to 4.0 nm, the 13C1 NMR shift moves down-field from ca. 39 to 50 ppm (with respect to TMS), the spin-lattice relaxation rate 1/T1 decreases, and the spin-spin relaxation rate 1/T2 increases. For a given particle size, the 1/T2 varies across the heterogeneously broadened line shape, being higher at the lower field, while there is no clear trend shown in 1/T1. All these results suggest that while particle tumbling may be the dominant spin-lattice relaxation mechanism, the physical properties of the metal core, i.e., more metallic vs. less metallic, are most probably the dominant factors influencing the 13C1 NMR shift and spin-spin relaxation. Now new doors are opened up for more detailed NMR investigations of metal-ligand interactions in SAM systems.
Abstract ED02-03: Role of diet, energy balance, nutrition, and the risk for recurrence

As the risk for recurrence following breast cancer remains elevated for the majority of women for at least 15–20 years, there is considerable interest in whether the way someone lives their life can improve prognosis. There are now numerous cohort studies that have post diagnoses measures of dietary and physical activity patterns as well as body weight and have reported on associations with recurrence. Two large randomized dietary trials have also reported both primary and secondary analyses. However, there is a degree of inconsistency in the published findings. This presentation will discuss the evidence for a role of dietary patterns, physical activity and body weight in recurrence. Dietary patterns will include those that are plant based and those with a high animal fat intake, as well as considering the impact of nutritional supplements. It will compare physical activity patterns that include half or multiple times the recommended daily pattern. With respect to obesity, the question is whether the overweight are at increased risk as well as those who are obese, and whether there are any obese women who are not at increased risk. Finally, the presentation will consider whether the real issue is not a particular lifestyle pattern but a cluster of behavioral patterns that are linked to increased risk of recurrence. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):ED02-03.
Abstract 928: Species and cell type independent core MYC target genes in cancer and stem cells

The c-Myc (hereafter Myc) transcription factor augments the induction of pluripotency of somatic cells and contributes to human tumorigenesis, but the mechanisms by which Myc mediates these phenotypes remain only partially understood. To decipher Myc9s biological functions, it is essential to define its target genes. To date, numerous Myc target gene lists have been constructed in various cellular contexts from several species but no study has rigorously defined species and cell type independent core Myc targets. Using a model of human B lymphoma cells bearing inducible MYC, we identified direct Myc target genes via chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), global nuclear run-on assay, and changes in mRNA levels. We also identified, for the first time, direct Myc targets in human embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Here we report that Myc regulates a core set of target genes that are shared in mouse and human ESCs as well as in four other human cancer cell types. The expression of this gene set is increased in Myc-expressing premalignant B lymphocytes and is highly elevated in lymphoma cells from Eμ-Myc transgenic mice. Remarkably, the expression of the core gene set significantly correlates with MYC expression across 8,129 microarray samples in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), which represent 312 cell and tissue types. Expression profiles of B cell lymphomas, acute leukemia, lung cancers and Ewing sarcomas are among those with the highest correlation. Annotation of this gene signature highlights Myc9s primordial function in ribosomal biogenesis as one of its key roles in cancer and stem cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 928. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-928
Translingual Practice among African Immigrants in the US: Embracing the Mosaicness of the English Language.

ABSTRACTThere is a need to embrace translingualism in order to avert covert tensions that emanate from the ascription of linguistic supremacy to ‘standard’ English, especially among teachers of immigrant children and in overall public discourse. Drawing inspiration from the 1974 resolutions of the Conference on College Composition and Communication and the 1996 Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights which advocate the empowerment of students to ‘own’ their languages, this paper examines the diversity inherent in world Englishes in orthography, grammar, lexis, and phonology. A plethora of indigenous and European languages spoken across Africa have influenced the emergence of varied Englishes; as a result, Africans in the US speak English with varying accents and proficiencies. The following factors contribute to the translingual character of English spoken by most first- and 1.5-generation African immigrants in the US: medium of instruction in their countries of origin; duration of exposure to ‘standar...
Exploring controls education: A re-configurable ball and plate platform kit

Advancements in technology have led to new possibilities of hands-on projects within the classroom. This paper describes the development, production, and implementation of a controls education kit as a class project in a graduate controls course at Texas A&M University. The controls kit is a ball and plate balancing platform that the students can implement different control algorithms on and analyze their controller's performance. Through this process, the students gain practical experience of designing, implementing, and tuning real controllers. The kit mainly consists of an Arduino microcontroller, a USB webcam, two hobby servo motors, pieces of threaded rod, wooden dowels, and 3D-printed parts. The platform is left to be designed by the student. The kit was assembled for approximately $130, and can be expanded upon to develop further projects with minimal investment. The kit was designed to be easily shipped, and the 3D-printed parts were designed such that a hobby-grade printer can produce them. The kit provides students with hands-on experience at an affordable price-point and is easily configurable for many classroom and laboratory exercises. The relevant files and documentation can be found at http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/156115.
Military Orthopedic Trauma Experience: Civilian Applications in an Austere Environment

The US military is in its longest wartime deployment in history. Military medical assets have been deployed in support of the nation’s military since the beginning of the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq and have achieved the highest survival rates in the history of US conflicts. Medical advances have improved the care of burn, blast, and penetrating trauma, as well as improved the return to function of wounded service members through advances in reconstructive surgery and rehabilitation. These lessons learned can be applied to the care of civilian casualties in war zones, natural disasters, and austere environments.
EPO Receptor Overexpression in Breast Cancer Cells Enhances EPO Sensitivity, Induces ERK and AKT Phosphorylation and Promotes Cellular Proliferation and Migration through a JNK-Dependent Pathway.

Abstract The ubiquitous expression of the EPO receptor (EpoR) in various non-hematopoietic tissues is associated with broad EPO-mediated tissue-protective effects. The role of EpoR expression in tumor cells and its potential for contribution to tumor biology and progression requires further characterization. We investigated whether EpoR expression levels and activation in tumor cells may modulate EPO sensitivity, proliferation and cell migration. MCF-7 breast cancer cells which express endogenous EpoR were engineered to stably express R129C-EpoR, a constitutively active EpoR that confers cytokine-independent hematopoietic cell growth but does not transform fibroblasts. Empty vector-transfected cells were negative controls. In untransfected cells, phosphotyrosine immunoblots showed EPO-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of several cellular proteins. EPO resulted in dose- and time-dependent phosphorylation of ERK1/2, but not JAK2, STAT5 or AKT. Increased EPO-induced ERK phosphorylation was associated with 2.3±0.3-fold increase in ERK kinase activity (P 1. -EPO promotes the migration of breast cancer cells through a JNK-kinase dependent signaling pathway 2. -Expression of R129C-EpoR promotes the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells 3. -EPO sensitivity is enhanced by R129C-EpoR expression leading to restoration of EPO-dependent AKT phosphorylation and increased ERK1/2 and JNK kinase phosphorylation 4. -The biologic effects of EPO in breast cancer cells are mediated through JAK2-STAT5 axis-independent signaling pathways 5. -EpoR expression levels in tumor cells may modulate tumor cell proliferation and migration responses.
Single microbubble measurements of temperature dependent viscoelastic properties

We show here that temperature influences single microbubble dynamics by changing lipid shell viscoelastic properties. A newly developed photoacoustic measurement technique drove individual microbubbles into small-amplitude oscillations through ultrasound waves generated by the absorption of an amplitude-modulated laser. Forward light scattering was used to detect bubble oscillations as the modulation frequency was swept across a two megahertz range in order to construct a resonance curve. Microbubble size, resonance frequency, and damping ratio were measured and then used to determine shell elasticity and viscosity by modeling the microbubble as a linear harmonic oscillator. Viscoelastic properties were shown to decrease nearly linearly between 20 to 52 degrees Celcius. These findings may be used to better understand microbubble dynamics for applications in biomedical ultrasound.
Does Participation in a School-to-Career Program Limit Educational and Career Opportunities?

School-to-career (STC) programs have frequently been criticized for steering participants into a one-track career path and narrowing their scope of educational possibilities. On the other hand, STC programs have been touted for their positive influence on preparing students for the challenges and responsibilities of the workplace. Little empirical evidence, however, has been put forth to gauge the positive/negative effects of STC program participation with respect to career plans, educational trajectories, and labor force attachment post-high school. This paper examines graduates of a manufacturing focused STC program alongside a comparison group in order to detect similarities and differences in their post-high school lives. STC graduates are more likely to work in and have career goals that are aligned with the STC program sponsor, yet have higher post-secondary enrollment rates, greater educational expectations, and are better prepared for the transition to young adulthood. Most importantly, program participation does not compromise career goals.
Buccal transmucosal delivery of calcitonin in rabbits using thin-film composites.

Purpose. Salmon Calcitonin (sCT) is used to treat hypercalcemia resulting from Paget's disease and osteoporosis. sCT is available either in a sterile injectable form or nasal spray. Alternative and more cost-effective dosage forms for the delivery of calcitonin are needed. We sought to deliver sCT transmucosally using a previously reported mucoadhesive bilayer thin-film composite (TFC) via the buccal route.
Neoliberal Democratization and Public Health Inequalities in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Proposed Conceptual and Empirical Design

Sub-Saharan Africa is still home to a large proportion of those living under abject poverty in the world. Regardless of massive initiatives that have tried to transform the structure of political and economic arrangements in the region in the last three decades, for example Structural Adjustment Programs, the region still lags behind on many socioeconomic indicators. Also, the disparity in standard of living between rural and urban areas still remains stark, which is disconcerting given that the majority of sub-Saharan Africans still live in rural areas. This chapter suggests a theoretical and empirical design that can be used to make sense of both the slow progress in socioeconomic development in the region and the persistent spatial inequality in quality of life between rural and urban areas. The chapter suggests a framework that can be used, for example, to investigate the impact of the concurrent implementation of neoliberalism (economic liberalization) and multiparty democratization (political democratization) on public health outcomes measured by infant mortality rates.
Combining the technical push and the business pull for natural flavours

This paper is an attempt to demonstrate the close interrelationship between the scientific and business aspects of biotechnology and natural flavours, and especially how the market pull and technical push dynamics can be effectively integrated. After all, it is consumers' insistent demand for ‘natural flavours’ and other food ingredients, and also for environmentally friendly products and “green” processes in general, that has greatly stimulated the application of enzymes and microorganisms as catalysts for flavour production. However, this is a highly fragmented and segmented industry; with very many and quite different companies involved, and a very wide range of flavour-conferring molecules, all of which can be permutated or combined creatively so as to meet the requirements of particular product requirements. Hence there are very many diverse and important factors at work which I hope to illustrate in this paper. These include manufacturing, regulatory, patenting, product labelling, raw materials supply and quality, applications and formulation factors that help make this such a challenging and fascinating area to work in. This close interrelationship of scientific and market forces is demonstrated by the following key questions that have to be answered in order for innovation to take place. Can we make the product in good quality and cost-effectively? Is it safe to use? Is there a big enough demand? Can we make and use it exclusively?
Use of starch-gelled medium for tissue culture of some fruit crops

Six cultivars of apple and two of red raspberry consistently produced equal or significantly better shoot proliferation on modified Murashige and Skoog medium gelled with a mixture of corn starch and Gelrite than on the same medium gelled with agar. Two pear cultivars grown on starch-Gelrite medium produced hyperhydric shoots and almost no growth, but the addition of a polysaccharide hydric control (‘antivitrifying’) agent to the medium eliminated hyperhydricity. The resulting shoot proliferation equaled or exceeded that on the agar-gelled medium. The starch-Gelrite mixture is easy to prepare and gelling agent costs are only 10–15% of agar, or less if starch is purchased in bulk. Although the opaque gray-white medium makes it more difficult to detect internal contaminants, external contaminants are easily discerned.
Multi-Armed Bandit Algorithms for Spare Time Planning of a Mobile Service Robot

We assume that service robots will have spare time in between scheduled user requests, which they could use to perform additional unrequested services in order to learn a model of users' preferences and receive reward. However, a mobile service robot is constrained by the need to travel through the environment to reach a user in order to perform a service for them, as well as the need to carry out scheduled user requests. We present modified versions of Thompson Sampling and UCB1, existing algorithms used in multi-armed bandit problems, which plan ahead considering the time and location constraints of a mobile service robot. We compare them to existing versions of Thompson Sampling and UCB1 and find that our modified planning algorithms outperform the original versions in terms of both reward received and the effectiveness of the model learned in a simulation.
Challenges with Behavioral Health Services Research Data

This chapter examines the complexity of data being generated by a multitude of individuals and organizations within the various areas of behavioral health (alcohol, drug abuse, and mental health) services research. It will also examine the role of technology in services research and in accessing research databases. In addition, this chapter will identify some of the major databases in behavioral health services research and illustrate the complexity of collecting, organizing, and accessing information from a vast array of data collection sources.