cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of cumulus cloud fields in satellite imagery

Boundary layer cumulus clouds are hard to detect in satellite imagery, especially for GOES imagery due to the coarse resolution of the IR channels. Two different approaches for the detection cumulus clouds in GOES satellite imagery are discussed and intercompared. The first step, structural thresholding, uses the morphology of cumulus cloud fields for detection. The second type, uses 1) classifiers based on texture and spectral, 2) edge detection and spectral, and 3) purely spectral features. For five selected scenes, cumulus cloud masks are created using these various methods and are compared against the expert-labeled masks. The structural thresholding method has the highest percentage of correct classification, followed by classifier based on Laplacian edge detection features. The classification time is lowest for the structural thresholding method, followed by classifiers based on spectral, edge detection, textural features. The structural thresholding method also is capable of detecting individual cumulus clouds within cloud fields. For the five scenes investigated, the average percentage of correct labeling of cumulus clouds by the structural thresholding method is 86 percent.
Prediction of the binding site of 1-benzyl-4-[(5,6-dimethoxy-1-indanon-2-yl)methyl]piperidine in acetylcholinesterase by docking studies with the SYSDOC program

In the preceding paper we reported on a docking study with the SYSDOC program for predicting the binding sites of huperzine A in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) [Pang, Y.-P. and Kozikowski, A.P., J. Comput.-Aided Mol. Design, 8 (1994) 669]. Here we present a prediction of the binding sites of 1-benzyl-4-[(5,6-dimethoxy-1-indanon-2-yl)methyl]piperidine (E2020) in AChE by the same method. E2020 is one of the most potent and selective reversible inhibitors of AChE, and this molecule has puzzled researchers, partly due to its flexible structure, in understanding how it binds to AChE. Based on the results of docking 1320 different conformers of E2020 into 69 different conformers of AChE and on the pharmacological data reported for E2020 and its analogs, we predict that both the R- and the S-isomer of E2020 span the whole binding cavity of AChE, with the ammonium group interacting mainly with Trp84, Phe330 and Asp72, the phenyl group interacting mainly with Trp84 and Phe330, and the indanone moiety interacting mainly with Tyr70 and Trp279. The topography of the calculated E2020 binding sites provides insights into understanding the high potency of E2020 in the inhibition of AChE and provides hints as to possible structural modifications for identifying improved AChE inhibitors as potential therapeutics for the palliative treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
High-Resolution Photoacoustic Imaging of Ocular Tissues

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and ultrasound (US) are methods widely used for diagnostic imaging of the eye. These techniques detect discontinuities in optical refractive index and acoustic impedance, respectively. Because these both relate to variations in tissue density or composition, OCT and US images share a qualitatively similar appearance. In photoacoustic imaging (PAI), short light pulses are directed at tissues, pressure is generated due to a rapid energy deposition in the tissue volume and thermoelastic expansion results in generation of broadband US. PAI thus depicts optical absorption, which is independent of the tissue characteristics imaged by OCT or US. Our aim was to demonstrate the application of PAI in ocular tissues and to do so with lateral resolution comparable to OCT. We developed two PAI assemblies, both of which used single-element US transducers and lasers sharing a common focus. The first assembly had optical and 35-MHz US axes offset by a 30 degrees angle. The second assembly consisted of a 20-MHz ring transducer with a coaxial optics. The laser emitted 5-ns pulses at either 532 nm or 1064 nm, with spot sizes at the focus of 35 microm for the angled probe and 20 microm for the coaxial probe. We compared lateral resolution by scanning 12.5 microm diameter wire targets with pulse/echo US and PAI at each wavelength. We then imaged the anterior segment in whole ex vivo pig eyes and the choroid and ciliary body region in sectioned eyes. PAI data obtained at 1064 nm in the near infrared had higher penetration but reduced signal amplitude compared to that obtained using the 532 nm green wavelength. Images were obtained of the iris, choroid and ciliary processes. The zonules and anterior cornea and lens surfaces were seen at 532 nm. Because the laser spot size was significantly smaller than the US beamwidth at the focus, PAI images had superior resolution than those obtained using conventional US.
Correlation of lipid content and composition with liposarcoma histology and grade.

Background: The determination of sarcoma grade, histologic type, and differentiation is often pathologist dependent and requires considerable expertise.
Arthropod Communities Associated with Darlingtonia californica

Twenty-one species of arthropods were found associated with the pitchers of Darlingtonia californica Torrey 1853. D. californica pitchers were collected from three seeps located within a 3-km radius of each other, in the Klamath Mountains in northern California. Immature insect stages were reared in pitchers in the laboratory, and reared adults were collected and identified. New arthropod-plant associations were recorded for 15 arthropods, and an undescribed species was collected in each of the genera Corynoptera (Diptera: Sciaridae), Nartshukiella (Diptera: Chloropidae), Aspilota (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and Macrosiphum (Homoptera: Aphididae). Host-parasite relationships were identified between Aspilota n. sp. and the larva of Megaselia orestes (Diptera: Phoridae), and between Orgilus strigosus Muesebeck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the caterpillar of Udea (?) sp. (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera). Significant intersite differences were found in the arthropod communities of D. californica: species inhabiting as high as 69% of the pitchers at a site, were absent from a site 3 km away. The data in this study indicated that the composition of the arthropod communities associated with the pitchers of D. californica can vary significantly over both large and small geographical areas. Resource heterogeneity, island biogeography, and habitat factors were suggested as possible mechanisms for creating species variability in pitcher faunas. The data supported earlier suggestions that the geographic distribution of the host plant is an important factor in structuring phytotelm communities. It was suggested that additional sampling of the pitcher faunas at other locations throughout the range of D. californica is necessary before the number and nature of the plant-arthropod associations in this phytotelm community can be known.
Enlisting the Help of U.S. Undergraduates in Evaluating International Teaching Assistants.

N The steady increase in the numbers of international graduate teaching assistants (ITAs) in U.S. universities has prompted most large public universities to initiate both training programs and screening procedures in order to ensure that those ITAs whose first language is not English have adequate spoken English skills for the task of presenting instructional material to U.S. undergraduates. The focus in most of this work is on the training aspect of the programs and much less on the screening aspect. In many situations, screening is tied to specific score levels on standardized instruments such as the TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) or the TSE (Test of Spoken English), rather than being entrusted to those who provide the actual training. However, the validity (and even the availability, in some cases) of these general proficiency measures has been the subject of some criticism (see Eck, 1987; Scheider & Stevens, 1987), particularly because such instruments fail to measure specific aspects of the effective spoken presentation of instructional material in front of a live audience.
Dimensions of Caregiver Burden in Dementia: Impact of Demographic, Mood, and Care Recipient Variables

Objective While typically examined as a unitary construct, there is evidence that caregiver burden may be composed of several dimensions. The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure of the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) in a sample of dementia caregivers and to explore the relationship between these factors and demographic, mood, and care recipient variables. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Academic medical center. Participants 206 spousal or adult child caregivers for patients with mild to moderate dementia residing in the community. Measurements Caregiver measures included the ZBI, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and the Burns Relationship Satisfaction Scale. Patient measures included scores on the Dementia Rating Scale, Lawton-Brody Activities of Daily Living scale, and Revised Memory and Behavior Problems Checklist. Results Factor analysis revealed three dimensions of caregiver burden: direct impact of caregiving upon caregivers' lives, guilt, and frustration/embarrassment. Caregiver depression and age emerged as unique predictors of the first two factors. Caregivers' satisfaction with their relationship with the patient and patients' functional independence also uniquely predicted the direct impact of caregiving upon caregivers' lives. Patients' behavioral problems and caregivers' level of relationship satisfaction with the care recipient served as unique predictors of frustration/embarrassment. Conclusions Findings demonstrate the multidimensionality of caregiver burden among dementia caregivers. Given the unique predictors of each dimension of burden, caregivers may benefit from different types of tailored interventions specific to the subtype of burden they are experiencing.
EVENTS SURROUNDING THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF EUGLENA CHLOROPLASTS. 12. SPECTROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF THE PROTOCHLOROPHYLL(IDE) PHOTOTRANSFORMATION IN INTACT CELLS

— Absorption measurements in the 600–720 nm region of dark-grown cells of Euglena gracilis Klebs var. bacillaris Cori were made in vivo at room temperature using computer-assisted spectrophotometry. Dark-grown wild-type cells have a prominent absorption maximum at 634 nm due to protochlorophyll(ide) absorption. Upon illumination, the absorption at 634nm decreases and a peak appears at 674nm, representing the phototransformation of protochlorophyll(ide) to chlorophyll(ide). Using difference spectroscopy, the resynthesis in the dark of protochlorophyll(ide) by previously-illuminated wild-type dark-grown cells was found to begin at about 10min after illumination and reached completion by about 25 min, the amount of protochlorophyll(ide) resynthesized being equivalent to that of dark-grown cells. Resynthesis of protochlorophyll(ide) following a second illumination follows the same kinetics, indicating that protochlorophyll(ide) resynthesis is under tight regulation, possibly via feedback control. Cells of dark-grown wild-type and W3BUL, a mutant lacking protochlorophyll(ide) contain a component absorbing at 658 nm which does not undergo phototransformation when examined by difference spectroscopy at room and liquid N2 temperatures. Following the phototransformation of protochlorophyll(ide) 634 to chlorophyll(ide) 674, the chlorophyll(ide) 674 shifts to shorter wavelengths, ultimately to 671 nm. Possible relationships among the various spectroscopic forms of protochlorophyll(ide) and chlorophyll(ide) at room temperature and liquid N2 temperature in Euglena and higher plants are presented. It is concluded that Euglena, unlike older, etiolated higher plants, contains only protochlorophyll(ide) 634, making it an excellent system in which to examine the phototransformation of this pigment species in the absence of other forms.
The Effect of Ganciclovir on Herpes Simplex Virus-Mediated Oncolysis

Entry of herpes simplex virus (HSV) into tumor cells results in viral gene expression followed by cellular lysis. Attenuated HSVs selectively destroy tumors with sparing of surrounding normal tissue. HSV encodes a thymidine kinase (TK) that converts ganciclovir to a toxic metabolite. This metabolite may be transferred between cells and lead to the death of neighboring uninfected cells, termed bystanders. We sought to determine if HSV-mediated oncolysis is enhanced by ganciclovir treatment. In addition, we examined bystander killing in cocultures of TK transfectants and parental cells. hrR3, an attenuated HSV, expresses TK. The 50% lethal dose of hrR3 for a rat gliosarcoma (9L) and three human colorectal carcinomas (HT29, KM12C6, and KM12L4) was determined. Cells were infected with a 50% lethal dose of hrR3, followed by treatment with ganciclovir, and then cell survival was quantitated. In separate experiments 9L and HT29 cells were transfected with TK. Parental cells and TK transfectants were cocultured in various ratios, in the presence of ganciclovir, and cell survival was quantitated. hrR3-mediated oncolysis was enhanced by ganciclovir in the gliosarcoma but not in the three colorectal carcinomas. Cocultures of both 9L and HT29 parental cells with their corresponding TK transfectants demonstrated bystander killing. The mortality of 9L cocultures was 54% greater than that predicted for exclusive killing of transfectants. HT29 mortality was 8% greater than predicted. The ability of ganciclovir to augment hrR3-mediated oncolysis varies significantly between tumor cells lines. The extent of ganciclovir-mediated killing of neighboring nontransduced parental cells similarly varies. Consideration should be given to these factors in the design of gene therapy strategies using HSV vectors as oncolytic agents.
Characterizing Organic Monolithic Columns Using Capillary Flow Porometry and Scanning Electron Microscopy

Polyethylene glycol diacrylate monoliths prepared using different amounts of monomer, porogen ratio, and capillary dimensions were characterized using capillary flow porometry (CFP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our results reveal good agreement between SEM and CFP measurements for through-pore size distribution. The CFP measurements for monoliths prepared by the same procedure in capillaries with different diameters (i.e., 75, 150, and 250 μm) clearly confirmed a change in through-pore size distribution with capillary diameter, thus, certifying the need for in-column measurement techniques over bulk measurements (e.g., mercury intrusion porosimetry). The mean through-pore size varied from 3.52 to 1.50 μm with a change in capillary diameter from 75 to 250 μm. Consistent mean through-pore size distribution for capillary columns with the same internal diameter but with different lengths (1.5, 2, and 3 cm) confirms the high interconnectivity of the pores and independence of CFP measurements with re...
Polymorphism of cytochrome P-450 in humans

A number of different cytochrome P-450 proteins are found in human liver and other tissues. These enzymes oxidize drugs and carcinogens as well as endogenous chemicals such as steroids and eicosanoids. As Peter Guengerich explains, activities of individual cytochrome P-450 enzymes vary among individuals as a result of both genetic and environmental influences; in some cases, the mechanisms are known. Such variation can have major influences in determining drug toxicity, inborn errors of steroid metabolism, and possibly cancer risk.
Donor clusters in silicon. II. ESR simulations.

Previously reported ESR studies of P-doped silicon have been analyzed in terms of donor clusters. Simulated spectra based on a Poisson distribution of clusters and a binomial distribution of hyperfine intensity inadequately described the peak heights of the experimental data. In the present report, an alternative approach is taken which simulates the effects due to topological hyperfine and cluster-cluster interactions. A computer-generated system of donors is partitioned into clusters, retaining all interdonor exchange energies greater than some critical ${J}_{c}$. The matrix eigenvalue problem for each cluster is solved numerically and the results used to calculate transition energies and probabilities. Simulated spectra produced in this manner show good quantitative agreement with the data.
Low-Temperature Phase Relationships in the System ZrO2-TiO2

ZIRCONIUM TITANATE solid solutions are of interest for their useful dielectric properties in the microwave frequency regime. The authors have shown that solid-solution formation with SnO/sub 2/, as in commercial dielectric compositions, is effective in stabilizing the high-temperature structure of these materials. This high-temperature structure is of the type known as ..cap alpha..-PbO/sub 2/, space group Pcnb, number 60. The space group implies a random cation distribution on the available sites and has been confirmed using Reitveld total profile analysis of neutron powder diffraction data obtained using specimens prepared during this work. Single-phase, ..cap alpha..-PbO/sub 2/-type zirconium titanate solid solutions with compositions Zr/sub 1+x/Ti/sub 1-x/O/sub 4/ (1/10 > x > - 1/6) can be prepared by solid-state reaction. The phase transition, as observed during cooling is characterized by a gradual contraction of the unit-cell volume in the temperature range 1400/sup 0/ to 1050/sup 0/C. A major inflection, especially apparent in the c-axis length, is observed between 1200/sup 0/ and 1100/sup 0/C.
A decision analytic approach to exposure-based chemical prioritization.

The manufacture of novel synthetic chemicals has increased in volume and variety, but often the environmental and health risks are not fully understood in terms of toxicity and, in particular, exposure. While efforts to assess risks have generally been effective when sufficient data are available, the hazard and exposure data necessary to assess risks adequately are unavailable for the vast majority of chemicals in commerce. The US Environmental Protection Agency has initiated the ExpoCast Program to develop tools for rapid chemical evaluation based on potential for exposure. In this context, a model is presented in which chemicals are evaluated based on inherent chemical properties and behaviorally-based usage characteristics over the chemical’s life cycle. These criteria are assessed and integrated within a decision analytic framework, facilitating rapid assessment and prioritization for future targeted testing and systems modeling. A case study outlines the prioritization process using 51 chemicals. The results show a preliminary relative ranking of chemicals based on exposure potential. The strength of this approach is the ability to integrate relevant statistical and mechanistic data with expert judgment, allowing for an initial tier assessment that can further inform targeted testing and risk management strategies.
PEER MENTORING IN HIGHER EDUCATION: A PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY FOR FACULTY

Peer mentoring as an intentional instructional improvement strategy and the concept of mutual mentoring are the focus of this article. These themes are explored through the presentation of four pee...
Neurocognitive Development in Adolescent Males or Adolescent Boys are from Pluto

Adolescence is a period of tremendous change physically, emotionally, and cognitively. Gender differences are evident in each of these areas. In this article, we consider how adolescent boys differ from adolescent girls, and review evidence from the neurosciences. We suggest strategies for supporting adolescent boys through this phase of the life cycle with a focus on developing skills for health behaviors in adulthood.
The classification of luminescent bacteria.

The luminescent bacteria are logically placed in two genera. The common coccoid and frequently non-motile species placed byBeije-rinck first in his genusPhotobacterium, 1889 under the namePhotobacterium phosphorescens syn.Bacterium phosphorescens Fischer, should be recognized as the type species ofPhotobacterium. Other characters indicate that this genus should be placed in the FamilyPseudomonadaceae Winslowet al.. and should include other straight, rod-shaped, luminescent, polar flagellate bacteria that ferment glucose without, however, necessarily producing gas (H2 and CO2) as does the type species. The species that have the form of vibrios should be accepted as members of the genusVibrio as suggested by several previous investigators. They have characters much like those ofVibrio comma, the type species of the genusVibrio.
Self-sustained and forced oscillations during ethylene and carbon monoxide oxidation on PtSiO2

Abstract The total oxidation of mixtures of ethylene and CO by oxygen on silica-supported platinum was investigated using a continuous flow reactor. Self-sustained reaction rate oscillations were observed under oxygen-rich conditions for a broad range of CO/ethylene ratios in the feed. The oscillation patterns changed smoothly with changing CO/ethylene feed ratio and were compared with oscillations observed for the oxidation of CO and ethylene alone. The main surface reaction is the oxidation of CO, whereas ethylene seems to act as a quasi-inert coadsorbent. Under oxygen-lean conditions, self-sustained rate oscillations of the relaxation type occur for a certain CO/ethylene feed ratio only. During the oscillations, fast periodic modulation of the feed flows for CO, ethylene, and oxygen demonstrated that reaction orders are positive for oxygen and negative for ethylene and CO. Large phase shifts of the response to the CO feed modulation occurred during the ignition transition of the oscillations, suggesting that CO might act as an initiator of these oscillations.
Sexual arousal as a sympathetic inhibitor in the treatment of claustrophobia

Abstract A 21-yr-old female who had been suffering from severe claustrophobic anxiety was treated by using sexual arousal as the incompatible response. Following thirteen weeks of treatment the client was able to enter and remain in the three situations that had previously produced intense anxiety. In addition, the client's daily dosage of Valium had decreased from 40 mg to almost complete elimination of the drug. At a one year follow-up all therapeutic gains had been maintained.
Capture of neutrons by cylindrical absorbing rods placed around a pile

The fraction T of neutrons escaping over the sides of a pile which will be captured by absorbing rods of radius R embedded in graphite and surrounding the sides of the pile in a single row with a regular spacing of 2a, and removed by a distance b from the edge of the pile, is given with the aid of a simple idealised model by: Here L = Diffusion length of graphite=50 cm. = Transport mean free path in graphite=2.7 cm. λ = Capture mean free path for material of absorbing rod. = “Diffusion length” of material of absorbing rod. = Ratio of thermal neutron density at edge of rod, to its average value over cross-section of rod. Full-size table Table options View in workspace Download as CSV The values of , based on simple diffusion theory, may be read off the graph of Fig. I. Numerical values of T for thorium metal are given in Fig. II, Fig. III, Fig. IV ; Fig. V Fig. II. Figure options Download full-size image Download high-quality image (318 K) Download as PowerPoint slide Fig. III. Figure options Download full-size image Download high-quality image (434 K) Download as PowerPoint slide Fig. IV. Figure options Download full-size image Download high-quality image (314 K) Download as PowerPoint slide Fig. V. Figure options Download full-size image Download high-quality image (455 K) Download as PowerPoint slide on the basis of the following assumptions: Fig. II, b=0 cm, λ=5 cm, κ=0.45 cm−1. Fig. III, b=20 cm, λ=5 cm, κ=0.45 cm−1. Fig. IV, b=0 cm, λ=5 cm, κ=0.65 cm−1. Fig. V, b=20 cm, λ=5 cm, κ=0.65 cm−1. Full-size table Table options View in workspace Download as CSV
Tissue culture of human epithelial cells from benign colonic tumors.

Human colonic epithelial cells from three classes of benign tumors have been reproducibly cultured free of fibroblasts for 8 wk using a supplemented Medium 199 (M 199S). The cultured colonic cells were identified as epithelial by the presence of junctional complexes (tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes), a brush border on the apical surface, keratin fibrils, and by both a close-packed columnar or cuboidal morphology and the capability to transport water and ions to form hemicysts. Colony formation was initiated by groups of epithelial cells, not by single cells, and was inhibited by cocultivation with either lethally irradiated 3T3 cells or human diploid fibroblasts. Enhancement of epithelial colony formation was observed following culture on nonadherent, “floating” substrates compared with substrates attached directly to the bottom of the culture dish. Replication of epithelial cells in M 199S from the class of benign colonic tumors least prone to malignancy, the tubular, was significantly enhanced by epidermal growth factor (EGF). In contrast, EGF did not stimulate the growth of cells in M 199S from the other classes of benign tumors, the villotubular and the villous, which exhibit more malignant potential. These data imply that premalignant colonic epithelial cells lose responsiveness to growth modulation by EGF as they progress toward frank carcinoma.
Optimizing the design of FT-IR spectroscopic imaging instruments to obtain increased spatial resolution of chemical species

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging provides spatially resolved chemical information. Recent developments have shown that this chemical information can be used to determine tissue cell types. Our goal is then to use the spatial distribution of tissue cell types to perform accurate diagnosis of cancer. However, this step is limited by the spatial resolution provided by current imaging systems. In this paper, we demonstrate that these instruments can be designed to provide better spatial resolution for tissue chemistry. We present an optical model for the propagation of light through an FT-IR spectroscopic imaging system. Using this model, we minimally modify an existing FT-IR spectroscopic imaging system to obtain significantly higher resolution and image quality. We demonstrate that it is possible to identify previously obscured tissue types by performing histological classification based on bio-chemically derived spectral features (metrics).
Receptor subtype mediation of feeding suppression by bombesin-like peptides

Bombesin (BN) and the related mammalian peptides gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), neuromedin C (NMC), and neuromedin B (NMB) suppress food intake in rats. Recent studies show two distinct receptor subtypes, GRP-preferring and NMB-preferring. BN interacts equally with both subtypes raising the possibility that one or both subtypes mediate the reduction of feeding by BN. To examine this issue, we compared suppression of intake produced by dose ranges (0-100 nmol/kg) of BN, GRP, NMC, and NMB and acetylated NMC and NMB. We found that all peptides elicited dose-dependent reductions of intake with overall differences in potency and efficacy. At intermediate doses, the rank order of potency for suppression was BN = AcNMC > NMC = GRP > NMB = AcNMB; however BN, GRP, and NMC were equipotent at the lowest and highest doses. Coadministration of NMC or GRP and NMB produced suppressions above that of either peptide alone and equivalent to BN. Taken together, these data support a role for both receptor subtypes in the suppression of food intake by BN and BN-like peptides.
Effect of Photic Stimulation on Human Visual Cortex Lactate and Phosphates Using 1H and 31P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Previous animal and human studies showed that photic stimulation (PS) increased cerebral blood flow and glucose uptake much more than oxygen consumption, suggesting selective activation of anaerobic glycolysis. In the present studies, image-guided 1H and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to monitor the changes in lactate and high-energy phosphate concentrations produced by PS of visual cortex in six normal volunteers. PS initially produced a significant rise (to 250% of control, p less than 0.01) in visual cortex lactate during the first 6.4 min of PS, followed by a significant decline (p = 0.01) as PS continued. The PCr/Pi ratios decreased significantly from control values during the first 12.8 min of PS (p less than 0.05), and the pH was slightly increased. The positive P100 deflection of the visual evoked potential recorded between 100 and 172 ms after the strobe was significantly decreased from control at 12.8 min of PS (p less than 0.05). The finding that PS caused decreased PCr/Pi is consistent with the view that increased brain activity stimulated ATPase, causing a rise in ADP that shifted the creatine kinase reaction in the direction of ATP synthesis. The rise in lactate together with an increase in pH suggest that intracellular alkalosis, caused by the shift of creatine kinase, selectively stimulated glycolysis.
Meningococcal infections; With particular referenceto fulminating meningococcemia (Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome) treated with cortisone and norepinephrine

Summary 1. The clinical course of thirty-six patients with meningococcal infection is presented. 2. Five patients in the series had the Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome. A. Two of these patients died before therapy was instituted. B. Three patients survived following treatment with antibiotics, cortisone, and norepinephrine.
Sewall Wright’s adaptive landscapes: 1932 vs. 1988

Sewall Wright introduced the metaphor of evolution on “adaptive landscapes” in a pair of papers published in 1931 and 1932. The metaphor has been one of the most influential in modern evolutionary biology, although recent theoretical advancements show that it is deeply flawed and may have actually created research questions that are not, in fact, fecund. In this paper I examine in detail what Wright actually said in the 1932 paper, as well as what he thought of the matter at the very end of his career, in 1988. While the metaphor is flawed, some of the problems which Wright was attempting to address are still with us today, and are in the process of being reformulated as part of a forthcoming Extended Evolutionary Synthesis.
Four-Wave Mixing and Biphoton Generation in a Two-Level System

We find that in a two-level system there are two kinds of four-wave mixing processes which destructively contribute to the third-order nonlinear susceptibility. In a paired-photon generation scheme by using a single retroreflected pump beam, these two processes occur with definite time orders. The biphoton temporal correlation, which is measured with a back-to-back geometry in a laser-cooled two-level atomic ensemble, shows a damped Rabi oscillation and photon antibunching. Without suppressing the background of Rayleigh scattering, the upper limit of Cauchy criteria is estimated.
Preferential looking and intermodal perception in infancy: Comment on Lewkowicz (1992)

Lewkowicz (1992a) reported two experiments that used a visual preference method to investigate 4and 8-month-old infants’ detection of two auditory-visual temporal invariants: rate and synchrony. Infants showed no visual preference for an event occurring at the same rate as a concurrent sound; they showed a weak visual preference for an event occurring in synchrony with a concurrent sound. Based on further experiments using habituation methods, Lewkowicz concluded that infants are sensitive to temporal invariants in bimodally specified events (Allen, Walker, Symonds, & Marcell, 1977; Humphrey & Tees, 1980; Lewkowicz, 1992a, 1992b). Nevertheless, he concludes, infants do not express this sensitivity by looking preferentially at an acoustically specified visual display. The stimuli and the procedure of Lewkowicz’s preference experiments were designed to resemble closely those of experiments reported in Spelke (1979), and a major focus of Lewkowicz (1992a) concerns the relation between the findings of these two sets of studies. According to Lewkowicz (1992a), “Spelke (1979) and Spelke, Born, and Chu (1983) reported that infants prefer to look at a bouncing object whose rate of impact with a surface corresponds to the rate at which a sound is made . . .” (p. 298); the findings reported in Lewkowicz (1992a) therefore “differ from the findings reported by Spelke (1979)” (p. 303). The general discussion of the article focuses on possible reasons for this difference. In fact, the findings of the studies reported in Lewkowicz (1992a) agree quite closely with the findings reported in Spelke (1979), and they are consistent with the find-
Dissociation quotients for citric acid in aqueous sodium chloride media to 150°C

The three molal dissociation quotients for citric acid were measured potentiometrically with a hydrogen-electrode concentration cell from 5 to 150°C in NaCl solutions at ionic strengths of 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, and 1 molal. The molal dissociation quotients and available literature data at infinite dilution were fitted by empirical equations in the all-anionic form involving an extended Debye-Huckel term and up to five adjustable parameters involving functions of temperature and ionic strength. This treatment yielded the following thermodynamic quantities for the first dissociation equilibrium at \(\begin{gathered} 25^ \circ {\text{C: log }}K_{1{\text{a}}} = - 3.127 \pm 0.002{\text{, }}\Delta H_{{\text{la}}}^{\text{o}} = \hfill \\ 4.1 \pm 0.{\text{2 kJ - mol}}^{{\text{ - 1}}} {\text{, }}\Delta S_{{\text{1a}}}^{\text{o}} = - 46.3 \pm 0.{\text{7 J - K}}^{{\text{ - 1}}} - {\text{mol}}^{{\text{ - 1}}} {\text{, and }}\Delta Cp_{{\text{1a}}}^{\text{o}} = - 162 \pm \hfill \\ {\text{7 J - K}}^{{\text{ - 1}}} - {\text{mol}}^{{\text{ - 1}}} ; \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \) for the second acid dissociation equilibrium at \(\begin{gathered} 25^ \circ {\text{C: log }}K_{{\text{2a}}} = - 4.759 \pm 0.001{\text{, }}\Delta H_{{\text{2a}}}^{\text{o}} = \hfill \\ 2.2 \pm 0.1,{\text{ }}\Delta S_{{\text{2a}}}^{\text{o}} = - 83.8 \pm 0.4{\text{, and }}\Delta Cp_{{\text{2a}}}^{\text{o}} = - 192 \pm 15 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \), and for the third dissociation equilibrium at \(\begin{gathered} 25^ \circ {\text{C: log }}K_{{\text{3a}}} = - 6.397 \pm 0.002{\text{, }}\Delta H_{{\text{3a}}}^{\text{o}} = \hfill \\ - 3.6 \pm 0.2,{\text{ }}\Delta S_{{\text{3a}}}^{\text{o}} = - 134.5 \pm 0.7{\text{, and }}\Delta Cp_{{\text{3a}}}^{\text{o}} = - 231 \pm 7 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} \).
Accounting for Transducer Dynamics in the Measurement of Friction

In many studies of sliding interfaces, the measurement of friction is complicated by quasi-harmonic vibrations of the transducer system. An analytical technique is introduced which accounts for the dynamic characteristics of a force transducer under periodic excitation, and is used to compute the forcing function in the sliding interface. The force transducer is modeled as an elastic cantilever-beam with an attached rigid mass. The forcing function is obtained by solving the time-dependent, fourth-order partial differential equation of Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. The solution is facilitated by the application of Fourier series expansions in time and eigenfunction expansions in space. Results of the method are compared to previous analyses of friction-induced vibration in which the elasticity of the transducer is modeled as a simple spring and the rigid body as a lumped mass, leading to a single degree-of-freedom (DOF) governing equation. It is found that a single DOF calculation based on instantaneous measurement of displacement agrees surprisingly well with the results of the Euler-Bernoulli analysis. A single DOF model based on instantaneous measurement of strain and a static displacement-strain calibration factor agrees well with the Euler-Bernoulli analysis for a low frequency range but deviates at higher frequencies.
Behavior of Metallic Plate Dampers in Seismic Passive Energy Dissipation Systems

Abstract Metallic plate dampers, when incorporated into a structure, provide one of the most effective energy dissipation mechanisms available during an earthquake. Increasingly, they are applied in the seismic retrofit of structures which are found to be deficient. The design of these devices, however, has been largely based upon experiments and macroscopic modeling. In order to gain more insight into the response behavior of metallic plate dampers, a microscopic mechanistic approach is followed in this paper. Included is the development of an inelastic constitutive model for the damper material. Numerical results obtained for a class of metallic plate dampers are presented and comparisons are made with experimental data for validation of the mathematical model. It is also shown that this approach sheds light on several aspects of the damper response which heretofore have not been addressed adequately.
The metamorphosis of projective methods.

Summary Early approaches to projective methods emphasized the use of unstructured materials as stimuli designed to elicit symbolic material within a psychoanalytic framework. Current theorizing concerning projective methods emphasizes the multi-level nature of test behavior and the unique role that projective methods play in the assessment armamentarium.
Predictors of practical nursing state board examination scores

The measures fall in three categories: (I) pre-admission ability tests-Statewide Testing Service I.Q.; National League for Nursing tests in Science and Health, General Information, Arithmetic, Vocabulary and Reading; (2) Course Mastery tests-examinations during the training program measuring knowledge of what has been taught and (3) the practical nursing state board examination. The various measures are presented in Table 1, with their mcans. standard deviations and their correlations with the state board examination scores.
Spectral model of premixed flame propagation

A premixed flame propagating under flamelet conditions in turbulent flow is wrinkled by the fluid fluctuations at a multitude of scales. Traditional models of premixed combustion predict the flame speed based on global parameters from the reacting mixture. As a result, there is no information on intermediate to small scales, which are thought to play an increasingly important role in generating flame surface area as the flow becomes more turbulent. In an attempt to incorporate the entire spectrum of possible turbulent and flame length scales, a combustion model based on the eddy damped quasi-normal Markovian (EDQNM) theory has been developed. By applying the theory to the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes and modified Sivashinsky equations, one can derive transport equations for the scalar-velocity cross correlation spectrum as well as the scalar and velocity antocorrelation spectra. In this model, one can examine how flame surface area is affected by turbulent fluctuations over the entire spectrum. The model predicts that the turbulent flame speed is a function of the ratio of the turbulence intensity to the laminar flame velocity (γ) and the turbulence Reynolds number. The sensitivity of the flame speed to the Reynolds number particularly at high values of γ may explain some of the scatter in the data in the literature. The model also predicts a platean in the turbulent flame speed at large values of γ. This is connected to the behavior of the scalar autocorrelation spectrum, which approaches a passive scalar spectrum in the limit γ→∞, thereby yielding a bounded limit for the turbulent flame speed.
Current understanding of the mechanisms of atherogenesis

Atherogenesis is a complex process involving several cell types, including endothelial cells, platelets, and smooth muscle cells. The development of atherogenesis depends on the modification of the function of these cells due to the interaction of cellular receptors with a variety of peptide hormones as well as with lipoprotein particles. Appropriate treatment of risk factors for atherogenesis depends on this mechanism and must be individualized to fit the major mechanisms present in each patient. New tools are emerging to improve the ability to tailor risk management to fit the needs of particular patient subgroups.
Using Geographic Information Systems to Measure District Change, 2000–2002

In this article, I use geographic information systems to develop a continuous measure of district continuity and change following the 2000-02 congressional redistricting cycle. The new measure provides details of where the new population in a district came from and how the old population was distributed within new districts. This measure is then used to demonstrate the independent and interactive influence of district change on competition for congressional elections.
Dual HER2 targeting impedes growth of HER2 gene-amplified uterine papillary serous carcinoma xenografts

Purpose:Uterineserouscarcinoma(USC)isanaggressivesubtypeofendometrialcancerthatcommonly harbors HER2 gene amplification. We investigated the effectiveness of HER2 inhibition using lapatinib and trastuzumab in vitro and in xenografts derived from USC cell lines and USC patient-derived xenografts. Experimental Design: Immunohistochemistry and FISH were performed to assess HER2 expression in 42 primary USC specimens. ARK1, ARK2, and SPEC2 cell lines were treated with trastuzumab or lapatinib. Cohorts of mice harboring xenografts derived from ARK2 and SPEC2 cell lines and EnCa1 and EnCa2 primaryhumanUSCsamplesweretreatedwitheithervehicle,trastuzumab,lapatinib,orthecombinationof trastuzumab and lapatinib. Acute and chronic posttreatment tumor samples were assessed for downstream signaling alterations and examined for apoptosis and proliferation. Results: HER2 gene amplification (24%) correlated significantly with HER2 protein overexpression (55%). All models were impervious to single-agent trastuzumab treatment. Lapatinib decreased in vitro proliferation of all cell lines and in vivo growth of HER2-amplified xenografts (ARK2, EnCa1). In addition, dual therapy with trastuzumab and lapatinib resulted in significant antitumor activity only in ARK2 and EnCa1 tumors. Dual HER2 therapy induced on target alteration of downstream MAPK and PI3K pathway mediators only in HER2-amplified models, and was associated with increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation. Conclusions: Although trastuzumab alone did not impact USC growth, dual anti-HER2 therapy with lapatinib led to improved inhibition of tumor growth in HER2-amplified USC and may be a promising avenue for future investigation. Clin Cancer Res; 20(24); 6517–28. � 2014 AACR.
The effectiveness of latanoprost for the treatment of pediatric glaucoma.

Abstract Purpose: Latanoprost is a prostaglandin F 2α analogue that substantially reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) in adults with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. The efficacy and safety of latanoprost in children is unknown. We wished to evaluate latanoprost therapy for children with glaucoma. Methods: This was a prospective study of all patients who were given latanoprost at our institution between September 1996 and January 1998. The baseline IOP was compared with the postlatanoprost IOP for each patient, and side effects and any iris color change were noted at each follow-up examination. Responders were defined as those who had at least a 15% IOP reduction on latanoprost, whereas nonresponders showed less than a 15% IOP reduction on latanoprost. Results: Fifty-seven eyes of 48 pediatric patients with a variety of glaucoma diagnoses and an average age of 7.1 years were included in the study. Of these, 31 eyes of 31 patients had interpretable IOP data; the mean IOP reduction for this group after the addition of latanoprost was 0.9% (0.2 mm Hg). Six patients (6 eyes) were responders, with an average IOP reduction of 8.5 mm Hg (34%), whereas the majority of patients (25) were nonresponders. In the responders, there was a good correlation ( r = 0.9) between baseline IOP and the magnitude of IOP reduction. Responders were significantly more likely to have juvenile open-angle glaucoma and to be older than nonresponders. Systemic and ocular side effects were infrequent and mild, and no patient had noticeable iris color changes. Conclusions: When used in a group of pediatric patients with a variety of glaucoma diagnoses and on various therapies, latanoprost is effective in only a minority of cases. In selected patients, however, latanoprost shows an impressive ocular hypotensive effect, comparable with that obtained when this drug is used in adults with open-angle glaucoma. This drug appears to be well tolerated in this short-term study of pediatric patients with glaucoma. (J AAPOS 1999;3:33-9)
RNA polymerase activities in the cytoplasm of differentiating chick muscle cells.

Abstract Three distinct activities which catalyze the incorporation of radioactivity from [3H]UTP into acid-precipitable material have been recovered from the cytoplasm of embryonic chick muscle cells. On the basis of an analysis of their in vitro products, one of them is due to an enzyme which adds terminally to RNA; however, two others are DNA-dependent and synthesize RNA heteropolymers. One of the latter two is recovered cosedimenting with polyribosomes. These activities have properties distinct from nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases described by others and from nuclear RNA polymerases found in chick embryonic muscle cells, and consequently it seems probable that they function in the cytoplasm in vivo. Since the activity found cosedimenting with polyribosomes is sensitive to α-amanitin, it is unlikely to be of mitochondrial origin.
Compound gear trains of minimum equivalent inertia

Abstract This paper develops the radii of the gears in a compound gear train of specified length and overall ratio for minimum equivalent inertia. The resultant equation set that completely solves the problem requires iterative solution, for which a FORTRAN program is supplied.
Response of the small hive beetle (Aethina tumida) to a blend of chemicals identified from honeybee (Apis mellifera) volatiles

Le Petit coleoptere des ruches, Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera : Nitidulidae) est un nouveau ravageur invasif des colonies d'abeilles domestiques, Apis mellifera L., aux Etats-Unis. Nous avons etudie en tunnel de vol ses reactions a des composes chimiques volatils identifies chez l'Abeille et qui avaient ete auparavant caracterises chimiquement et electrophysiologiquement. Les substances volatiles emises par les ouvrieres d'abeilles ont ete piegees sur un filtre Super Q, puis analysees par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplee a la detection electroantennographique (GC-EAD) (Tab. I). Plusieurs composes declenchaient des reponses antennaires de la part du Petit coleoptere des ruches. Ils ont ete identifies par chromatographie en phase gazeuse (GC) couplee a la spectrometrie de masse (MS). L'analyse en GC-MS a aussi porte sur les composes volatils emis dans le tunnel de vol par des ouvrieres vivantes et par des bandes de caoutchouc impregnees de l'extrait Super Q. On a pu ainsi identifier les composes emis dans le tunnel de vol durant des tests de 15 min. L'analyse a montre que le profil volatil etait domine par huit des composes actifs en EAD : l'acetate d'isopentyle (pheromone d'alarme des ouvrieres d'abeilles), le 2-heptanone, l'octanal, l'acetate d'hexyle, le nonanal, le 2-nonanone, le benzoate de methyle et le decanal. Les reactions du Petit coleoptere des ruches a l'extrait Super Q et au melange de ces huit composes presentes dans un rapport naturel (44 : 100 : 17 : 4 : 5 : 41 : 16 : 13) ont ete etudiees par un test de choix binaire en tunnel de vol. L'extrait Super Q et le melange des huit composes ont declenche de la part des coleopteres des reactions contre le vent dependant de la dose par rapport au temoin (solvant). Pour un equivalent de 375 jours-abeilles (1 EJA= = quantite emise/abeille/j 65 ng), l'extrait Super Q et le melange des huit composes ont respectivement declenche 76 et 74 % de reactions contre le vent. C'est comparable aux 84 % de reactions a 150-200 ouvrieres vivantes. Par contre l'attraction dans un piege par l'extrait Super Q et par le melange des huit composes a ete bien moindre que par l'odeur d'ouvrieres vivantes: 12 et 3 % contre 48 % respectivement. A l'avenir la recherche doit porter sur l'amelioration de l'efficacite du leurre avec d'autres composes chimiques pour pieger le Petit coleoptere des ruches.