cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A case for runtime validation of hardware

Increasing hardware design complexity has resulted in significant challenges for hardware design verification. The growing “verification gap” between the complexity of what we can verify and what we can fabricate/design is indicative of a crisis that is likely to get only worse with increasing complexity. A variety of methodology and tool solutions have been proposed to deal with this crisis, but there is little optimism that a single solution or even a set of cooperative solutions will be scalable to enable future design verification to be cost effective. It is time we reconcile ourselves to the fact that hardware, like software, will be shipped with bugs in it. One possible solution to deal with this inevitable scenario is to provide support for runtime validation that detects functional failures at runtime and then recovers from such failures. Such runtime validation hardware will increasingly be used to handle dynamic operational failures caused by reduced reliability of devices due to large process variations as well as increasing soft errors. Expanding the use of such hardware to deal with functional design failures provides for an on-chip insurance policy when design errors inevitably slip through the verification process. This paper will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of this form of design validation, some possible forms this may take, and implications on design methodology.
Pork‐Barreling without Reelection? Evidence from the Mexican Congress

Previous research on term-limited legislators suggests they have few incentives to engage in pork-barreling. Using the case of Mexico, where all legislators are term-limited, I find legislators participate in federal budget negotiations despite the lack of a reelection incentive. I argue term-limited legislators are progressively ambitious and use interventions into the budget process to further their careers. I find legislators elected in single-member districts submit more budget amendments than those elected through proportional representation, conditional on where they intend to pursue future office. I also find governors and gubernatorial elections influence the submission of budget amendments, which is related to gubernatorial influence over political careers.
The Challenges of Multicore: Information and Mis-Information

Now that we have broken the threshold of one billion transistors on a chip and multi-core has become a reality, a lot of buzz has resulted --- from how/why we got here, to what is important, to how we should determine how to effectively use multicore. In this talk, I will examine a number of these new "conventional wisdom" nuggets of information to try to see whether they add value or get in the way. For example: what can we expect multicore to do about saving power consumption? is ILP dead? should sample benchmarks drive future designs? is hardware sequential? should multicore structures be simple? is abstraction a fundamental good? Hopefully, our examinations will help shed some light on where we go from here.
Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia: global challenges in low resource settings complete with proposed interventions in rural Haiti

HW is 22-year-old G3P1 ill-appearing Haitian female. She presents to a local mission center holding her gravid abdomen and complaining of “doule akouman”, or sharp labor pains. The mission offers little more than an exam table and several shelves of basic medications. Several female community health agents (CHA) staff the “clinic” once a week to do blood pressure checks and bridge the care between visiting teams of American physicians. CHAs are community laypersons trained to do public health education and check vitals. Fortunately, today an American medical student and resident physician are also present. Suspicious of the pains and swollen appearance of the woman, they take a blood pressure and dip her urine. This reveals a blood pressure of 200/110 and 4+ proteinuria. On exam, a transverse incision is evident which elicits a history of a- Csection. She has an unknown gestational age, zero prenatal care, and is currently contracting. The nearest hospital is a 40minute “taptap” ride -away, which she cannot afford.
The electrical transition in V-doped Ti2O3

The electrical resistivity of (VxTi1−x)2O3 with 0<x〈0.04 undergoes a change in almost the same temperature range as undoped Ti2O3. This is taken as an indication that the concomitant lattice distension is governed in part by the thermal properties and in part by the electrical characteristics of the lattice.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonist attenuates nicotine suppression effect on human mesenchymal stem cell-derived osteogenesis and involves increased expression of heme oxygenase-1

Smoking has long been associated with osteoporosis, decreased bone mineral density, increased risk of bone fracture, and increased health costs. Nicotine, the main component of cigarette smoke, has major negative effects on bone metabolism and skeletal remodeling in vivo. Although osteoblasts and osteoblast-like cells have been used extensively to study the impact of nicotine, few studies have been performed on human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). In this context, we examined the impact of nicotine on (a) hMSCs proliferation, (b) osteoblastic differentiation, (c) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and (d) expression of canonical genes during differentiation of hMSCs. MSCs isolated from human bone marrow were treated with different concentrations (0, 0.1, 1 and 10 μM) of nicotine for 7 days. Nicotine caused a dose-dependent decrease in cell proliferation, decreased heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression (p < 0.05) and attenuated osteogenesis (p < 0.05) in hMSCs (45 % reduction at day 14). In addition, nicotine caused a dose-dependent decrease in alizarin red staining for calcium and staining for ALP. Induction of HO-1 by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonist (GW0742) prevented the effect of nicotine. Nicotine caused a dose-dependent reduction in the expression of BMP-2, a well-known marker for bone formation; however, this was prevented by GW0742 treatment. Therefore, induction of HO-1 prevents the deleterious effects of nicotine on osteogenesis in hMSC. This offers insight into both how nicotine affects bone remodeling and a therapeutic approach to prevent fracture and osteoporosis in smokers.
Family of power divergence spatial scan statistics

The classical spatial scan test, which derived by maximizing the likelihood ratio statistic over a collection of cluster candidates, is widely used in spatial cluster detection. As the likelihood ratio statistic is only a special case in the family of power divergence (PD) goodness-of-fit statistics, the classical spatial scan test is extended to the family of PD spatial scan tests. Therefore, the family of PD spatial scan tests includes not only the classical case but also many other cases. The test statistics, the asymptotic null distribution, and the methods to incorporate overdispersion in the cluster detection are derived. It is found that in the absence of independent variables, the asymptotic null distribution of the PD spatial scan statistics only depends on the ratio of at risks populations and the collection of cluster candidates. Particularly, the focus is on three special cases in the family. They are the deviance, the Pearson, and the Freeman-Tukey spatial scan tests, where the deviance spatial scan test is equivalent to the classical spatial scan test. In simulation studies, it is found that the three test statistics are almost equally powerful for cluster detection.
Perceived Trustworthiness of Attitudinal and Behavioral Expressions

Summary It was hypothesized that because the individual, as opposed to the social psychologists, relies on past events for determining the trustworthiness of currently available information, he perceives predictions of attitude based on information about behavioral expression to be more trustworthy than predictions of behavior based on information about attitudinal expression. Results supported the hypothesis. Implications of results for the study of attitude and behavior were discussed.
Multiplication-free evaluation of polynomials via a stochastic Bernstein representation

A new multiplication-free method for the evaluation of multidimensional polynomials is proposed. The method is based on a Stochastic Bernstein Representation (SBR) and utilizes a random number generator, a locally encoded data structure, and a system table. The SBR is shown to be capable of representing any polynomial function and of approximating any continuous function arbitrarily closely. An error bound analysis is performed using a large deviations technique. A variant of the SBR, which has been used by others to balance an inverted pendulum, is also analyzed.
Failure Time of Loaded Wooden Beams During Fire

A model is presented for predicting the failure time of loaded wooden beams of rectangular cross-section exposed to elevated temperatures or to fire. Failure times calculated by the model were compared to failure times measured in this study using 19.05 mm x 19.05 mm simply supported southern pine beams, and to failure times measured by the National Bureau of Standards during the fire of a full scale room. Reasonable agreements were found between the calculated failure times and the data.
Pressure dependence of the superconducting transition temperature of (Y1−χPrχ)Ba2Cu3O7−δ compounds; Evidence for 4f electron hybridization

Abstract The effect of nearly hydrostatic pressure to 20 kbar on the superconducting transition temperature Tc of (Y1−χPrχ)Ba2Cu3 O7−δ compounds with 0⩽χ⩽0.5 was determined by means of low frequency ac electrical resistivity measurements. The application of pressure to this system reveals striking effects which appear to be associated with the hybridiazation between Pr 4f and valence band states. In this range of pressure P, Tc increases with P for 0⩽χ⩽0.2, exhibits a maximum at ∼6 kbar for χ=0.3, and decreases rapidly with P for χ⩾0.4, while the initial rate of increase of Tc with pressure (dTc/dP)P=0, increases with χ for 0⩽χ⩽0.3. These results suggest there is a pressure-induced electronic phase transition at ∼6 kbar foir χ=0.3 that shifts to lower values of P for higher values of χ.
Computer-assisted radiology and surgery at 20 years

Abstract This year, the International Congress and Exhibition of Computer-Assisted Radiology and Surgery (CARS 2005), returns to its birthplace, Berlin, to celebrate its 20th anniversary. In this essay, we will look back upon the past 20 years of CARS; we will be examining its history, its achievements, and the challenges it faces in the future.
Rat interferon inhibits steroid-inducible glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase synthesis in a rat glial cell line.

The treatment of animal cells by an interferon (IF) from homologous species modifies the cellular translation apparatus and renders the cells incapable of translating viral mRNA. Several authors interested in studying this problem of discriminatory translation of mRNA in cells pretreated with interferon have utilized acellular protein synthesis. In certain systems the discrimination is total [l] , in others it is partial [2,3]. One possible approach to this question would be to utilize hormonal induction of an enzyme in cell lines which have retained differentiated characteristics. In a previous paper [4], we have shown that pretreatment of Hepatoma Tissue Culture (HTC) cells by rat and mouse IF inhibits the induction of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) by dexamethasone and that this inhibition depends on the concentration of IF. In these cells, the induced synthesis of TAT requires the neosynthesis of the corresponding mRNA [51. We report there the effect of pretreating rat C6 glial cells [6] with rat IF on the induction of cytoplasmic glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) using hydrocortisone hemisuccinate (HCH) [7] as inducer.
“Did You Hear Love's Fond Farewell?” Some Examples of Thematic Irony in Wagner's Ring

Scholars have long enjoyed uncovering moments of irony in Western art music. Unsurprisingly, Wagner's operas have proven exceptionally rich in this regard, although Wagner's ironic usage of associative themes (Leitmotive), has remained largely unmentioned. Wagner's associative themes are central to the composer's vision of the music drama. As mutable entities, they can be placed in new musical contexts without destroying their sense of identity: Irony is, of course, one such form of musical-dramatic recontextualization. A study of examples of thematic irony in Wagner's Ring can help to indentify their musical and semantic underpinnings.
Influences of temporal factors on memory conjunction errors

Subjects viewed a series of faces presented two at a time for 16 seconds. Following either a 15-minute (Experiment 1) or 24-hour (Experiment 2) retention interval they received a recognition test that included old faces as well as faces constructed by recombining features from simultaneously presented study faces (simultaneous-conjunction condition), faces from successive pairs (near-conjunction condition), and faces that were two pairs apart (far-conjunction condition). In Experiment 1, false alarm rates decreased as the temporal distance between the relevant study faces increased. In Experiment 2, the false alarm rate in the simultaneous-conjunction condition was equal to the hit rate for old faces, and the false alarm rates for the other conditions was much lower. There was no effect of serial position during the study phase on the likelihood that parts of a face would later be miscombined to produce a recognition error in either experiment. The results suggest that witnesses to a crime are more likely to miscombine features of a to-be-remembered stimulus with those of another stimulus that was simultaneously present at the crime scene than with those of a stimulus encountered either earlier or later, especially when the test is delayed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Efficient symmetric discretization for the Poisson, heat and Stefan-type problems with Robin boundary conditions

We present a novel and efficient method for solving the Poisson equation, the heat equation, and Stefan-type problems with Robin boundary conditions over potentially moving, arbitrarily-shaped domains. The method utilizes a level set framework, thus it has all of the benefits of a sharp, implicitly-represented interface such as the ease of handling complex topological changes. This method is straightforward to implement and leads to a linear system that is symmetric and positive definite, which can be inverted efficiently with standard iterative methods. This approach is second-order accurate for both the Poisson and heat equations, and first-order accurate for the Stefan problem. We demonstrate the accuracy in the L^1 and L^~ norms.
Probability-based codified design: past accomplishments and future challenges

Abstract Structural design codes and standards provide a foundation of good engineering practice. The process of developing probability-based codes has brought the structural reliability research community and engineers in professional practice together and led to research toward a common goal that otherwise would not have been possible. This paper reviews developments in probability-based codified structural design during the past two decades, assesses advantages and shortcomings of the current generation of probability-based codes, and suggests several avenues for new research.
Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separation of low molecular weight nuclear RNA.

Summary Two-dimensional electrophoresis successively on 10%, pH 7.2, and 12%, pH 3.3, polyacrylamide gels was used to separate nuclear and whole cell 4–8S RNA fractions from Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells into individual RNA species. With this method, analytical studies were possible on two new species of RNA referred to as 4.2S RNA and 4.5S RNAII, respectively. The 4.2S RNA has the nucleotide composition AMP, 18.0; UMP, 23.9; GMP, 27.9; and CMP 26.7. This RNA contains 2 ψMP residues and an alkali stable dinucleotide. The 4.5S RNAII was distinctly separated from 4.5S RNAI and 4.5S RNAIII and has the nucleotide composition AMP, 20.6%; UMP, 23.7%; GMP, 30.0%; and CMP, 25.7%. It has no ψMP or 2′-0-methylated nucleotides. In addition, several other spots were separated from the major RNA species.
Activation of EP2 Prostanoid Receptors in Human Glial Cell Lines Stimulates the Secretion of BDNF

Abstract Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is produced at high levels in the injured central nervous system, where it is generally considered a cytotoxic mediator of inflammation. The cellular actions of PGE2 are mediated by G-protein signaling activated by prostanoid receptors termed EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4. Recent studies have implicated the EP2 prostanoid receptor to be in apparently conflicting roles promoting neuronal death in some model systems and the survival of neurons in others. Here we show that treatment of immortalized human microglia and CCF-STTG1 astrocytes with either PGE2 or the EP2 selective agonist butaprost stimulates the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Both cell lines express mRNA for the EP2 receptor, whereas transcripts for the other subtypes are not detected. Pharmacological studies using PGE2 and modulators of cyclic AMP signaling implicate this pathway in PGE2-stimulated BDNF release. These results indicate that EP2 prostanoid receptor activation induces BDNF secretion through stimulation of cyclic AMP dependent signaling. Our findings provide a mechanism by which endogenous PGE2 might contribute to either neurotoxicity or neuroprotection in the injured brain via the induction of BDNF release from microglial cells and astrocytes.
Compartmental models for trace metals in mammals

Kinetic models for the distribution and elimination of certain trace metals in mammals allow evaluation of metal burdens in critical target organs under time-variables exposure patterns, and thus may assist in formulating exposure standards. The linear compartmental model is described and some of its implications for conceptual models of trace metal metabolism are developed. The model is then applied to data on multiple doses of cadmium in mice. Many trace metals do not follow simple linear kinetic models because exposure to more than one metal simultaneously often results in synergistic effects.
Suitability of nonwelded pyroclastic-flow deposits for studies of magnetic secular variation: A test based on deposits emplaced at Mount St. Helens, Washington, in 1980

Paleomagnetic directions obtained from nonwelded pyroclastic-flow deposits that were emplaced at Mount St. Helens, Washington, in 1980 have a precision and accuracy similar to data obtainable from lava flows. It is concluded that nonwelded pyroclastic-flow deposits, like lava flows, are suitable for studies of magnetic secular variation. Although clast rotations apparently caused an “inclination error” in the paleomagnetic directions, the error is a few degrees at most.
Higher-order nonclassical effects in a parametric oscillator

Factorial moments for the light from a degenerate parametric oscillator mixed with a coherent local oscillator are calculated and shown to reveal novel nonclassical features of light. We have found novel regimes where the nonclassical character of the field is reflected not in the violations of inequalities based on the second-order moments but in those based on higher order moments. These violations can be observed in photoelectric measurements of light.
Laryngeal edema induced by neck dissection and catheter thrombosis.

Abstract Purpose: There are many possible causes of airway edema in a patient being treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. The differential diagnosis includes radiation changes, anaphylaxis, and venous or lymphatic obstruction secondary to mechanical compromise resulting from infection, recurrent tumor, or anatomic distortion. Methods: A 60-year-old man underwent partial glossectomy and right radical neck dissection for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. He subsequently required insertion of a Hickman catheter for administration of chemotherapy to treat recurrent disease. Edema of the left neck, shoulder, and arm was noted to accompany the onset of laryngeal obstruction secondary to supraglottic edema. Results: Catheter-induced thrombosis of the left brachycephalic vein obstructed the only residual jugular vein and was responsible for the sudden airway obstruction. Conclusion: Acute laryngeal edema may be caused by obstruction of venous outflow. Invasive catheters should be placed with caution in patients who have undergone surgical sacrifice of the contralateral internal jugular vein.
Structure determination of partially deuterated carotenoids from intrinsically labeled vegetables by HPLC-MS and 1H NMR

The structures of biosynthetic deuterated carotenoids in labeled vegetables were investigated: (all-E)-lutein and (all-E)-β-carotene from spinach, and (all-E)-β-carotene and (all-E)-α-carotene from carrots. The vegetables were grown hydroponically using a nutrient solution enriched with deuterium oxide (D2O) and were extracted using matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD). Deuterium enrichment in the carotenoid molecules was determined by liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry (LC-MS). (all-E)-Lutein and (all-E)-β-carotene in spinach showed partial deuteration from 2H1 to 2H12, with the abundance maximum at 2H5. (all-E)-β-Carotene and (all-E)-α-carotene from carrots showed partial deuteration from 2H1 to 2H17, with the abundance maximum at 2H11. The 1H NMR spectra of the four deuterated carotenoids showed additional signals for all methyl groups and decreased signal intensity for the olefinic protons and the methylene protons in the ring. These differences are due to isotopic effects and are based on the ...
QUANTUM SECURITY IS SPOOKILY CERTAIN

Quantum cryptography has been suggested as a way for two people to communicate in perfect secrecy. Now it has been shown practically that more than one listener can be brought in.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the multidrug efflux transporter NorM from Neisseria gonorrhoeae

The crystallization and preliminary X-ray data analysis of the NorM multidrug efflux pump produced by Neisseria gonorrhoeae are reported. NorM is a cytoplasmic membrane protein that consists of 459 amino-acid residues. It is a member of the recently classified multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family of transporters and recognizes a number of cationic toxic compounds such as ethidium bromide, acriflavin, 2-N-methylellipticinium and ciprofloxacin. Recombinant NorM protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by metal-affinity and gel-filtration chromatography. The protein was crystallized using hanging-drop vapor diffusion. X-ray diffraction data were collected from cryocooled crystals at a synchrotron light source. The best crystal diffracted anisotropically to 3.8 A and diffraction data were complete to 6.5 A resolution. The space group was determined to be C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 81.5, b = 164.4, c = 111.5 A.
Electrogenic Properties of the Epithelial and Neuronal High Affinity Glutamate Transporter

Abstract Active ion-coupled glutamate transport is of critical importance for excitatory synaptic transmission, normal cellular function, and epithelial amino acid metabolism. We previously reported the cloning of the rabbit intestinal high affinity glutamate transporter EAAC1 (Kanai, Y., and Hediger, M. A.(1992) Nature 360, 467-471), which [Medline] is expressed in numerous tissues including intestine, kidney, liver, heart, and brain. Here, we report a detailed stoichiometric and kinetic analysis of EAAC1 expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Uptake studies of 22Na+ and [14C]glutamate, in combination with measurements of intracellular pH with pH microelectrodes gave a glutamate to charge ratio of 1:1, a glutamate to Na+ ratio of 1:2, and a OH−/H+ to charge ratio of 1:1. Since transport is K+ dependent it can be concluded that EAAC1-mediated glutamate transport is coupled to the cotransport of 2 Na+ ions, the countertransport of one K+ ion and either the countertransport of one OH− ion or the cotransport of 1 H+ ion. We further demonstrate that under conditions where the electrochemical gradients for these ions are disrupted, EAAC1 runs in reverse, a transport mode which is of pathologic importance. 22Na+ uptake studies revealed that there is a low level of Na+ uptake in the absence of extracellular glutamate which appears to be analogous to the Na+ leak observed for the intestinal Na+/glucose cotransporter SGLT1. In voltage clamp studies, reducing extracellular Na+ from 100 to 10 mM strongly increased KL−glutamate and decreased Imax. The data indicate that Na+ binding at the extracellular transporter surface becomes rate-limiting. Studies addressing the cooperativity of the substrate-binding sites indicate that there are two distinct Na+-binding sites with different affinities and that Na+ binding is modulated by extracellular glutamate. A hypothetical ordered kinetic transport model for EAAC1 is discussed.
Flory interaction parameter χ for hydrophilic copolymers with water

In biomedical applications of hydrophilic polymers knowledge is required of the thermodynamic interactions between the candidate biomaterial and biological fluids. Since information on these interactions is not readily available, a new method is proposed here to estimate the copolymer-water Flory interaction parameter, chi, for biomaterials. The method is based on the pairwise thermodynamic interactions of copolymer segments and solvent molecules. It is validated using data for an important biomedical hydrogel, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid), in contact with water.
Consumer assessment and comparison of physical characteristics of cotton‐wool blend fabrics

This study compared physical characteristics in four fabrics before and after a wear trial. The constructed fabrics were: 100 per cent pima cotton, 90–10 per cent pima cotton/wool, 80–20 per cent pima cotton/wool, and 70–30 per cent pima cotton/wool. The physical properties of breaking strength, stiffness, tear resistance, pilling resistance, and wrinkle recovery were compared between worn and unworn fabrics. Wear trial participants (n=20) were asked to assess fabric comfort and performance satisfaction during wear. Results of physical testing found significant differences among blend levels and before and after wearing and care treatment levels. Tear resistance, breaking strength, stiffness, and wrinkle recovery were affected by fibre content and care level. Contrary to the authors' hypothesis, consumer satisfaction was also affected by fibre content of the fabrics.
Metabolism of leukotriene B4 in the monkey. Identification of the principal nonvolatile metabolite in the urine.

Five milligrams of [5,6,8,9,11,12,14,15-3H8]-leukotriene B4 (LTB4) (1.68 Ci/mmol) were infused into a monkey over a three hour period. Twenty-five per cent of the infused 3H-activity was recovered in the urine during the twenty hours of collection. Plasma and urinary metabolite volatility studies revealed that in contrast to previously studied eicosanoids, more than 70% per cent of the infused LTB4 3H-label was converted to tritiated water. The major nonvolatile urinary metabolite of LTB4 representing 0.8% of the infused material was identified as 20-OH-LTB4. LTB4 was not excreted in the urine. Other nonvolatile metabolites of LTB4 representing less than 0.4% each of the infused material were isolated from the urine. While there was an adequate quantity of some of these metabolites for partial characterization, there was insufficient material for structural elucidation. Further studies were performed in rabbits in which either LTB4 or the structurally related compound 8,15-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (8,15-diHETE) were infused intravenously. In these rabbits the metabolism of LTB4 and 8,15-diHETE was similar to that in the monkey with greater than 80% of the infused 3H-activity converted to tritiated water. These studies suggest that leukotriene B4 and structurally related compounds undergo extensive degradation in vivo via the β-oxidation system.
Disproportionation of CO on small particles of silica-supported palladium

Abstract Adsorption and desorption cycles of CO were investigated on silica-supported palladium with different values of D, the percentage of metal exposed. With high values of D (100 and 75.4%), carbon accumulated on the metal as a result of the cycling. Further results showed that disproportionation of CO to CO2 and carbon on palladium occurs on small particles, but not on larger ones. This finding suggested that the selectivity of COH2 reactions might shift to methane at the expense of methanol with decreasing palladium particle size. This shift in selectivity was observed at 535 kPa. At atmospheric pressure, the turnover rate for methane production increases as palladium particle size decreases. Thus methanation on palladium is structure-sensitive, like the disproportionation of CO.
Simulation of Gas Metal Arc Welding Short Circuiting Transfer Using a Front Tracking Method

A numerical model is developed to simulate the short-circuiting metal transfer process during gas metal arc welding (GMAW). To our best knowledge, for the first time, the energy equation is considered in analyzing the short-circuiting time, along with the continuity and momentum equations. A front tracking free surface method is implemented to explicitly track the profile of the liquid bridge. The electromagnetic field, distribution of velocity, pressure, and temperature are calculated using the developed model. Effects of welding current, Marangoni shear stress and initial drop volume on short-circuiting duration time are examined. The results show that both the electromagnetic force and Marangoni shear stress play significant roles in the short-circuiting transfer.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Many-particle hydrodynamic interactions in parallel-wall geometry: Cartesian-representation method

This paper describes the results of our theoretical and numerical studies of hydrodynamic interactions in a suspension of spherical particles confined between two parallel planar walls, under creeping-flow conditions. We propose a novel algorithm for accurate evaluation of the many-particle friction matrix in this system—no such algorithm has been available so far. Our approach involves expanding the fluid velocity field into spherical and Cartesian fundamental sets of Stokes flows. The interaction of the fluid with the particles is described using the spherical basis fields; the flow scattered by the walls is expressed in terms of the Cartesian fundamental solutions. At the core of our method are transformation relations between the spherical and Cartesian basis sets. These transformations allow us to describe the flow field in a system that involves both the walls and particles. We used our accurate numerical results to test the single-wall superposition approximation for the hydrodynamic friction matrix. The approximation yields fair results for quantities dominated by single particle contributions, but it fails to describe collective phenomena, such as a large transverse resistance coefficient for linear arrays of spheres. r 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Identification of a Role for β-Catenin in the Establishment of a Bipolar Mitotic Spindle

β-Catenin is a multifunctional protein that is known to participate in two well defined cellular processes, cell-cell adhesion and Wnt-stimulated transcriptional activation. Here we report that β-catenin participates in a third cellular process, the establishment of a bipolar mitotic spindle. During mitosis, β-catenin relocalizes to mitotic spindle poles and to the midbody. Furthermore, biochemical fractionation demonstrates the presence of β-catenin in purified centrosome preparations. Reduction of cellular β-catenin by RNA interference leads to the failure of centrosomes to fully separate, resulting in a marked increase in the frequency of monoastral mitotic spindles. Our results define a new and important function for β-catenin in mitosis and demonstrate that β-catenin is involved in vital biological processes beyond cell adhesion and Wnt signaling.
Stranglehold: The Context, Conduct and Consequences of an American Naval Blockade of China

Abstract The mounting challenge posed by China's military modernization has highlighted the need for the United States to analyze its ability to execute a naval blockade. A blockade strategy is viable, but it would be limited to a narrow context: the United States would have to be engaged in a protracted conflict over vital interests, and it would need the support of key regional powers. The United States would also need to implement a mix between a close and distant blockade in order to avoid imperiling the conflict's strategic context. If enacted, a blockade could exact a ruinous cost on the Chinese economy and state.
The Needs of Trees.

Tree rings can be used not only to look at plant growth, but also to make connections between plant growth and resource availability. In this lesson, students in 2nd-4th grades use role-play to become familiar with basic requirements of trees and how availability of those resources is related to tree ring sizes and tree growth. These concepts can then lead into studies of ecology and further inquiry-based investigations.
Coherence of a light beam through an optically dense turbid layer.

A light beam propagating through a turbid medium (e.g., aerosol) can be severely attenuated by scattering losses and still retain coherence over distances comparable to particle diameters. An expression for the two-detector mutual-coherence function is rederived by means of approximations clarified by a physical model. Its spatial and temporal properties are further examined by means of a simplified physical aerosol model leading to tractable mathematical analysis.
Prediction and postdiction: Two frameworks with the goal of delay compensation

Although prediction is one of the key tasks of intelligent brains, it often proves impossible in an unpredictably changing world. Hence, brains often decide what happened retrospectively. This framework of postdiction, the opposite of prediction, stands as an alternative or complimentary framework to prediction. I further show how motor-sensory recalibration demonstrates delay compensation at the perceptual level.
Biological Sciences: Release of Protein from Mouse Motor Nerve Terminals

RELEASE of catecholamines from the chromaffin granules of the adrenal medulla and from sympathetic nerve endings is accompanied by release of chromogranins, specific soluble proteins contained within vesicles containing noradrenaline. Since protein (chromogranin) release is dependent on calcium and is stoichiometrically related to the amount of catechplamine released, release is thought to be by exocytosis1–3. We know no report of protein released at cholinergic synapses, but biochemical studies of isolated cholinergic vesicles have revealed that many different protein components are contained within these vesicles4. We report here evidence indicating that proteins are released from nerve terminals of the neuromuscular junction.
Titration of Power Output During Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia

Radiofrequency lesions in the anterior, superior aspect of the tricuspid annulus result in selective elimination of fast pathway function in patients with typical atrioventricular (AV) nodal reentry tachycardia. This technique is simple and effective, but has been associated with a significant risk of inadvertent complete AV block. The purpose of this study was to compare the safety and effectiveness of two different techniques for radiofrequency catheter ablation of the fast AV nodal pathway. Initially, a fixed power output was used at each target site. This method was compared retrospectively to a newer technique where power output was gradually incremented at each site. Radiofrequency power was initially applied at 10 watts for 10-15 seconds. If no junctional ectopy or a change in PR interval was seen, power output was incremented by 2 to 4 watts every 10 to 15 seconds up to a maximum of 30 watts. Thirty seven of 38 (96%) patients treated using this incremental power output were cured of their AV nodal reentry tachycardia. None of these patients developed inadvertent complete AV block. In contrast, 92% of historic controls treated with a fixed power output between 20 and 30 watts achieved a primary success and nine of these 89 (10%) historic controls developed inadvertent complete AV block (P = 0.04). There was no difference in the amplitudes of atrial, His, or ventricular electrograms at the effective sites between the two groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Reaching Students Where They Go: Embedding Library Resources in Course Content

Over time, the ways that academic institutions make needed information and resources available to students have evolved, from paper pathfinders to online versions and to new technologies such as podcasts, wikis, and other Web 2.0 approaches. However, there remains a continuing challenge to ensure that students actually use the resources presented to them. While it is important to maintain a variety of approaches to meet the differing needs of different patrons, embedding library resources in course content management systems optimizes their exposure.
Expression and Function of Intestinal Hexose Transporters after Small Intestinal Denervation

Background The role of neural regulation in expression and function of intestinal hexose transporters is unknown. The aim of this study is to determine the role of intestinal innervation in gene expression and function of the membrane hexose transporters, SGLT1, GLUT2, and GLUT5 in the enterocyte. We hypothesize that denervation of the small intestine decreases expression of hexose transporters, which leads to decreased glucose absorption. Methods Six groups of Lewis rats were studied ( n = 6 each) as follows: control, 1 week after sham laparotomy, 1 and 8 weeks after syngeneic (no immune rejection) orthotopic small-bowel transplantation (SBT) (SBT1 and SBT8) to induce complete extrinsic denervation, and 1 and 8 weeks after selective disruption of intrinsic neural continuity to jejunoileum by gut transection and reanastomosis (T/A1 and T/A8). All tissue was harvested between 8 am and 10 am . In duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, mucosal messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were quantitated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), protein by Western blotting, and transporter-mediated glucose absorption using the everted sleeve technique. Results Across the 6 groups, the relative gene expression of hexose transporter mRNA and protein levels were unchanged, and no difference in transporter-mediated glucose uptake was evident in any region. The glucose transporter affinity (K m ) and functional transporter levels (V max ) calculated for duodenum and jejunum showed no difference among the 6 groups. Conclusion Baseline regulation of hexose transporter function is not mediated tonically by intrinsic or extrinsic neural continuity to the jejunoileum.
Extensional fault uplift of regional Franciscan blueschists die to subduction shallowing during the Laramide orogeny

Regional structural and stratigraphic relations in the northern California Coast Ranges require an episode of extensional tectonic unroofing of coherent blueschist terranes of the Eastern belt of the Franciscan complex along a crustal-scale, low-angle, normal-fault system, here named the Cost Range detachment. This tectonic unroofing occurred during the latest Cretaceous and early Tertiary, contemporaneous with the compressional Laramide orogeny of the North American interior. Dynamic models of accretionary wedges predict that shallowing of subduction, as has been inferred during the Laramide orogeny, will impart extensional stresses in the wedge above the subducting plate. The authors therefore suggest a single casual event--gradual shallowing of subduction in the latest Cretaceous and early Tertiary--to link the extensional fault uplift of regional Franciscan blueschists to Laramide compression in the North American interior.
Acid aluminum phosphate for the binding and coating of materials

This is a review of acid aluminum phosphate for the binding and coating of materials. The acid aluminum phosphate in the form of a solution obtained by dissolving aluminum hydroxide in phosphoric acid, with a P/Al molar ratio of 23, is effective for the binding of fibrous or particulate materials. Porous ceramic articles are made using this binder by wet forming, followed by heat treatment. The binder resides at the junction of the adjacent fibers in the porous fibrous ceramic article. No free binder was observed in fibrous or particulate articles. The porosity is 45%–90% in fibrous articles, and is 25%–82% in particulate articles. Porosity above 61% in particulate articles is attained by adding carbon particles and subsequent removal of them by combustion. The binder proportion is 3–10 wt% in fibrous articles, and is ∼0.1 wt% in particulate articles. Porous ceramic articles made using a silica binder instead of the acid aluminum phosphate binder are inferior in permeability, mechanical properties and creep resistance, and exhibit a wider pore size distribution. Free silica binder was observed in articles made with the silica binder. The acid aluminum phosphate with a P/Al ratio of 12 or 23 is also effective for coating materials, particularly graphite for the purpose of oxidation protection.
Effect of acetaldehyde on growth in succinate media and labeling RNA with 14C succinate in Polytomella caeca.

SYNOPSIS. Acetaldehyde had been shown to prevent growth of Polytomella caeca in acetate media when present at 4 mM and to depress labeling of RNA with acetate-2-14C. In order to avoid inhibition by acetaldehyde of possible malate synthase activity believed necessary for incorporation of acetate, succinate was substituted for acetate. Acetaldehyde had the same effect on growth in succinate media and labeling of RNA with succinate-2-14C as it had on utilization of acetate.
Children's descriptions of their feelings and what they found helpful during bereavement.

Although clinicians have described the value of support groups in assisting children mourn the death of someone close, little is known about helping children with bereavement. By understanding what helps children mourn, nurses can better facilitate a healthy bereavement process. The purpose of this mini-ethnographic study, which used observation and participation procedures, was to identify what 16 children found helpful during their bereavement. Initially, the children's expressions of feelings were demonstrated both verbally and through art work. The patterns of the children's emotions were labeled as affective distress, somatic complaints, and for the boys, disruptive behavior. The children then described their mourning processes as being facilitated by out-of-door activity, yelling, and talking to others (e.g. God, mom, grandmother or grandfather).
Staging of colorectal cancer

Summary CT, MR, and TRUS play complementary roles in staging CRC. Further improvements in these techniques will improve the accuracy of preoperative stating and thereby help optimize patient treatment and outcome 49 .
Community-level determinants of contraceptive use in the Philippines: a structural analysis.

We use household and community data from the Philippines to estimate a multilevel model of contraceptive use. We go beyond previous efforts in this field by developing a structural model that recognizes joint endogeneity and the temporal ordering of variables, by considering a wider range of community influences on fertility behavior, and by employing an econometric procedure allowing for a multilevel error structure. The results suggest that there are significant effects on fertility behavior of community-level family planning services, labor-market conditions, and infrastructure development. These results provide insights regarding the structural determinants of contraceptive use and fertility that are useful for drawing policy implications.
Facial orientation of parents and elicited smiling by infants

In the first experiment, 32 infants, aged 14 and 20 weeks, watched 8 30-second color videotapes of the talking, smiling individual faces of their mother, their father and of an unfamiliar male and female adult on a monitor which was upright for half the presentations and rotated 90° for the other half. Infants of both ages smiled significantly longer at upright faces than those presented sideways, and longer at females than at males. In the second experiment, 24 10- and 14-week-olds watched 6 videotapes of their mother and of a female stranger, in which one presentation of each individual was upright and accompanied by sound, one was upright and silent, and the third was oriented at 90° and accompanied by sound. The 10-week-olds did not differentiate among the stimuli, but 14-week-olds smiled significantly longer a) at their mother than the stranger, and b) at upright talking faces than at 90° or silent faces.
Species and tissue differences in the catabolism of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine: a quantitative, chromatographic study.

Abstract Using a rapid, quantitative high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure for the separation of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (AdoHcy) and its purinic metabolites in rat and mouse brain, kidney and liver, we found that uric acid is the principal catabolic product of AdoHcy metabolism in the liver, but that none forms in brain. Rat kidney formed about 10 times as much uric acid and half as much hypoxanthine as did mouse kidney. The HPLC procedure has been adapted to assay AdoHcy hydrolase activity which was found to be lowest in the brain and highest in the liver.
Conditioned reinforcement via free-operant avoidance scheduling tests

Three rats trained on a free-operant avoidance schedule with a 2-sec response-produced auditory stimulus (RPS) for each response were changed to tand FRX FRl(avoid):s, FRX:s, or a FRX superimposed
The relationship of intravenous dextrose administration during emergence from anesthesia to postoperative nausea and vomiting: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND:Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) may occur despite antiemetic prophylaxis and is associated with unanticipated hospital admission, financial impact, and patient dissatisfaction. Previous studies have shown variable impact of IV dextrose on PONV. We sought to determine the relation
Viruses in the sea

Viruses exist wherever life is found. They are a major cause of mortality, a driver of global geochemical cycles and a reservoir of the greatest genetic diversity on Earth. In the oceans, viruses probably infect all living things, from bacteria to whales. They affect the form of available nutrients and the termination of algal blooms. Viruses can move between marine and terrestrial reservoirs, raising the spectre of emerging pathogens. Our understanding of the effect of viruses on global systems and processes continues to unfold, overthrowing the idea that viruses and virus-mediated processes are sidebars to global processes.