cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic models of G-protein coupled receptor dimers: indications of asymmetry in the rhodopsin dimer from molecular dynamics simulations in a POPC bilayer

Based on the growing evidence that G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) form homo- and hetero-oligomers, models of GPCR signaling are now considering macromolecular assemblies rather than monomers, with the homo-dimer regarded as the minimal oligomeric arrangement required for functional coupling to the G-protein. The dynamic mechanisms of such signaling assemblies are unknown. To gain some insight into properties of GPCR dimers that may be relevant to functional mechanisms, we study their current structural prototype, rhodopsin. We have carried out nanosecond time-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a rhodopsin dimer and compared the results to the monomer simulated in the same type of bilayer membrane model composed of an equilibrated unit cell of hydrated palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidyl choline (POPC). The dynamic representation of the homo-dimer reveals the location of structural changes in several regions of the monomeric subunits. These changes appear to be more pronounced at the dimerization interface that had been shown to be involved in the activation process [Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:17495, 2005]. The results are consistent with a model of GPCR activation that involves allosteric modulation through a single GPCR subunit per dimer.
Induction of gp130-related Cytokines and Activation of JAK2/STAT3 Pathway in Astrocytes Precedes Up-regulation of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein in the 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine Model of Neurodegeneration KEY SIGNALING PATHWAY FOR ASTROGLIOSIS IN VIVO?

Reactive gliosis is a hallmark of disease-, trauma-, and chemical-induced damage to the central nervous system. The signaling pathways associated with this response to neural injury remain to be elucidated, but recent evidence implicates the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway. Here, we used the known dopaminergic neurotoxicant, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), to selectively damage striatal dopaminergic nerve terminals and elicit a glial response. We then analyzed changes in gene expression and protein phosphorylation, in vivo, to identify ligands and mediators of the JAK-STAT pathway that accompany glial activation. Administration of MPTP caused rapid tyrosine (Tyr-705) phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT3 in striatal astrocytes, prior to the induction of glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA and protein. Pharmacological protection of dopaminergic nerve terminals with nomifensine abolished MPTP-mediated phosphorylation and translocation of STAT3 and prevented induction of astrogliosis. Among the Janus kinase family of tyrosine kinases, only JAK2 was associated with the phosphorylation of STAT3 after MPTP and, inhibition of JAK2 by AG490, in vivo, attenuated both the phosphorylation of STAT3 and induction of GFAP. The p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK; ERK1/2) also was activated by MPTP, but was not associated with activation of STAT3, because serine (Ser-727) was not phosphorylated. The mRNA for ligands of the gp130-JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway, interleukin-6, leukemia inhibitory factor, and oncostatin M were elevated prior to activation of STAT3 and induction of astrogliosis; neuroprotection with nomifensine blocked these effects of MPTP. Taken together, our results suggest that the gp130-mediated activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway may play a key role in the induction of astrogliosis.
The Remembrance of Things Past: On the Collection and Recollection of Ingredients Useful in the Treatment of Disorders Resulting from Unhappiness, Rootlessness, and the Fear of Things to Come.

Lack of hope for future change is hypothesized as a distinguishing factor between suicidally depressed young adolescents and other young people who are also objectless, the developmentally dispossessed. Methods by which the affective reserve of hope and self-love can be therapeutically augmented are suggested, and speculations are offered on the role of the personal past and group past in generating hopefulness in the nonclinical population.
Theorizing Community Integration as Desistance-Promotion:

Recent criminological studies have focused on what promotes desistance from crime, ranging from internal promoters (such as narrative identity shift) to external promoters (such as employment and marriage). An understudied promoter is the role of ordinary community members in integrating released offenders into community life. This article draws on qualitative data collected from a Circles of Support and Accountability (CoSA) program in Vermont, which uses community volunteers to create a circle around selected medium-to-high risk offenders (often sex offenders) who present a risk for reoffense due to their isolation. The nature of the forged relationships is examined, and the article asserts that desistance can be achieved through the actions of community members who communicate a sense of shared moral space, and a genuine sense of belonging. By actively integrating offenders into community life, CoSA model normative lives, create normative and ordinary relationships of mutual obligation and respect, and...
AudioExplorer: multiple linked representations for convergence

The problem of convergence is an important one for designing collaborative-learning environments. Ideally, learning environments allow novices to work together to achieve convergence of correct understanding, without constant support from experts. In order to achieve this, software designers need to investigate properties of the environment that support convergence. One of these properties is multiple linked representations (MLRs). In this paper, I describe AudioExplorer, a learning environment where students, working in pairs, explore the physics of music. AudioExplorer is remarkable in its use of many linked representations; thus, it is a good environment to research the role of MLRs in the convergence process.
On the use of non-stationary penalty functions to solve nonlinear constrained optimization problems with GA's

We discuss the use of non-stationary penalty functions to solve general nonlinear programming problems (NP) using real-valued GAs. The non-stationary penalty is a function of the generation number; as the number of generations increases so does the penalty. Therefore, as the penalty increases it puts more and more selective pressure on the GA to find a feasible solution. The ideas presented in this paper come from two basic areas: calculus-based nonlinear programming and simulated annealing. The non-stationary penalty methods are tested on four NP test cases and the effectiveness of these methods are reported. >
Composition of Innovative Activity in ICT Equipment R&D

Has the market structure for inventive ideas in the Information and Communications Technology (“ICT”) equipment industry undergone dramatic changes in the last three decades in the United States? What does statistical evidence from U.S. patent activity suggest about change to the concentration of sources of inventive ideas? This Study characterizes levels, and changes in those levels, in the concentration of sources of new invention from 1976 to 2010. The analysis finds pervasive deconcentration across a wide set of areas. It also finds that the deconcentration takes place despite the role lateral entry by existing firms plays in driving concentration levels up. Furthermore, the evidence suggests that the deconcentration trend cannot be attributed to a single supply factor in the market for ideas, such as the breakdown of AT&T during the deregulation of the telecommunications industry.
Arsenic contamination in water resources: mitigation and policy options

Risk of arsenic contamination in water supplies continues to increase in many countries, especially in developing nations. Its sources and effects are multiple and diffused in nature and it requires detailed assessment and policy. This paper discusses the global extent of the problem, its sources and effects and explores different policy options. Sources and pathways of interaction require comprehensive assessment and policy. Innovation in low cost technologies offers possibilities for reducing abatement cost and for economic efficiency. To reduce arsenic in water resources, incentive policies such as taxing and subsidizing can be used to reduce arsenic levels in point sources through creation of appropriate incentives. The paper also identifies opportunities for enhancing self-protection efforts through education and information sharing. Under a self-protection policy, though the damages decline to a greater extent, there is a possibility of an increase in arsenic emission. We propose a combination of policies that involve low cost technology, education and awareness to mitigate the damage from arsenic contamination at a watershed scale. It is also necessary to enforce these policies through appropriate institutional changes that involve coordination and cooperative efforts to mitigate arsenic contamination.
Conditional relations by monkeys: Reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity.

Two cynomolgous macaques categorized six colors into two groups of three after conditional discrimination training (zero-delay symbolic match-to-sample). The procedures resulted in the establishment of relations among the elements of each set—relations that were not specifically trained and that can be characterized by the properties of reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity. Each set of colors was related to a characteristic pattern of responding: One response pattern involved temporal duration (press and hold the response keys); the second response pattern entailed repeated pressing and releasing of the response keys (fixed ratio 8). Six combinations of two colors were trained, three combinations from each set. After discriminative performance stabilized for each monkey, they were tested with 10 additional color combinations, all of which differed from the training combinations. The conditional relations established between test combinations can be characterized as stimulus equivalence. The training procedures were analogous to the procedure of using category names, and have implications for understanding the function of language in the formation of equivalence classes.
The Milieu Enhancement Model: A Nursing Practice Model, Part I

The Milieu Enhancement Nursing Practice Model (MEM) served as the conceptual framework for implementing a 3-year project funded by the Department of Health and Human Services through the Division of Nursing as a demonstration grant (No. 1 D10 NU 600013) from October 1987 through September 1990. The MEM is described and examples of its use in developing health care forms, conducting research, guiding practice, and categorizing enhancements are presented.
CHK It Out! Blocking WEE Kinase Routs TP53 Mutant Cancer

Mutations in TP53, encoding the master tumor suppressor p53, have posed a developmental therapeutic dilemma due to inability to target loss of function. Inhibition of WEE1 or CHK1 kinase, negative regulators of the G2-M checkpoint, selectively sensitizes p53-deficient cells to exogenous DNA damage, abrogating G2 arrest and precipitating mitotic catastrophe.
Geological implications of deep‐focus Earthquakes

Five years ago at the Pasadena meeting of the Seismological Society the writer ventured to state in a preliminary report of the evidence for a focal depth of 400 km for the Japanese earthquake of March 29, 1928, that the occurrence of earthquakes at a depth of 400 km may well have large significance for isostasy and related problems, as well as in regard to structure, constitution, and condition of the Earth. At that time deep foci enjoyed only a modicum of scientific respectability, but since then they seem to have found an accepted place in the family of scientific data, and interest has arisen in regard to their significance and implications. The present paper is an attempt to develop, to a little extent, some of these implications.
On the Consequences of Limiting Chain Extensibility of Vulcanized Rubbers : Stiffening, Self-Homogenization, and Coupling of Strain Components

Large deformation behavior of vulcanized rubbers is generally studied within the context of hyperelasticity. Various hyperelastic models have been proposed in the literature based either on continuum mechanics principles or on the molecular considerations of network chains of rubbers. As a phenomenological continuum-mechanical model with two well-defined parameters, Gent model has been shown to predict the large deformation of rubbers fairly well. Gent model constrains the first invariant of the left Cauchy—Green deformation tensor to a limiting maximum value and recovers the well-known neo-Hookean model as a subset. Albeit a phenomenological model, this feature of the Gent model accounts for the limiting or finite chain extensibility of network chains. In the last decade, various homogeneous and inhomogeneous deformation modes were analyzed using the Gent model. All these efforts mainly point to the stiffening effect of the limiting chain extensibility. In this article, helical shearing deformation of a ...
Deprotonated 2,3:5,6-Dibenzo-7- aza bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene as a Nitrido Nitrogen Source by Anthracene Elimination: Synthesis of an Iodide(nitride)chromium(VI) Complex.

Instead of azides, which can be explosive and poorly soluble in nonpolar solvents, azabicycloheptadienes can be used to synthesize nitrides. The reaction of diiodide 1 with the lithium amide 3 provides the red nitride 2 in 60 % yield with loss of lithium iodide and anthracene. The remaining iodo ligand in 2 can undergo an exchange reaction with lithium amide 3, but no more anthracene is released.
The Biology Behind mTOR Inhibition in Sarcoma

Dysregulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has been found in many human tumors and implicated in the promotion of cancer cell growth and survival. Hence, the mTOR pathway is considered an important target for anticancer drug development. Currently, the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and its derivatives CCI-779, RAD001, and AP23573 are being evaluated in cancer clinical trials. To date, clinical results have shown good tolerability of treatment with mTOR inhibitors in most reports and varying effectiveness of mTOR inhibitors in a variety of tumors in a subset of patients. For the targeted treatment of sarcomas, AP23573 has shown promising clinical efficacy and low toxicity profiles in patients. Further studies should define the optimal dose/schedule, patient selection, and combination strategies with other biological agents, especially those targeting signaling pathways crucial for cell survival. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Do Formal Intellectual Property Rights Hinder the Free Flow of Scientific Knowledge? An Empirical Test of the Anti-Commons Hypothesis

While the potential for intellectual property rights to inhibit the diffusion of scientific knowledge is at the heart of several contemporary policy debates, evidence for the %u201Canti-commons effect%u201D has been anecdotal. A central issue in this debate is how intellectual property rights over a given piece of knowledge affects the propensity of future researchers to build upon that knowledge in their own scientific research activities. This article frames this debate around the concept of dual knowledge, in which a single discovery may contribute to both scientific research and useful commercial applications. A key implication of dual knowledge is that it may be simultaneously instantiated as a scientific research article and as a patent. Such patent-paper pairs are at the heart of our empirical strategy. We exploit the fact that patents are granted with a substantial lag, often many years after the knowledge is initially disclosed through paper publication. The knowledge associated with a patent paper pair therefore diffuses within two distinct intellectual property environments %u2013 one associated with the pre-grant period and another after formal IP rights are granted. Relative to the expected citation pattern for publications with a given quality level, anticommons theory predicts that the citation rate to a scientific publication should fall after formal IP rights associated with that publication are granted. Employing a differences-indifferences estimator for 169 patent-paper pairs (and including a control group of publications from the same journal for which no patent is granted), we find evidence for a modest anti-commons effect (the citation rate after the patent grant declines by between 9 and 17%). This decline becomes more pronounced with the number of years elapsed since the date of the patent grant, and is particularly salient for articles authored by researchers with public sector affiliations.
Inference of Scatterer Size Distribution from Single Scattering Matrix Data

We have studied procedures for inferring the scatterer size distribution from the polarization of scatter radiation. The information content of specific matrix element measurements is evaluated with assessments of the impact of the assumption of sphericity and other modeling errors as well as random measurement errors on the computed size distribution.
Qualifications required in advertisements for hospital pharmacy management positions.

Advertisements for pharmacy management positions were analyzed to determine the extent to which advanced degrees or experience were required. Advertisements were collected from three professional journals for 1971-1981 for the following positions: director and assistant director of pharmacy services, director and assistant director of clinical services, director and assistant director of drug information, and clinical coordinator. The following information was obtained from each advertisement: position title, educational degree required or preferred, number of beds in institution, type of ownership of institution, residency required or preferred, and experience required or preferred. Of 224 advertisements analyzed, 124 were for directors of pharmacy, 59 for assistant directors of pharmacy, and 41 for clinical management positions. No degree was required or preferred in 85 of the advertisements. A degree qualification was specified for all the clinical management positions; 37 out of 41 required a Pharm.D. or advanced degree. Advertisements for directors and assistant directors requiring and advanced degree were evenly divided between Pharm.D. and M.S. degrees. Since 1979, the number of advertisements not specifying a degree appears to have decreased and the number specifying M.S. or Pharm.D. to have increased. Managerial experience was mentioned in 51 of 183 advertisements for directors and assistant directors. For clinical management positions, only 6 specified managerial experience and 22 required clinical experience. Many employers specified residencies as qualifications. Advanced degrees are increasingly in demand for management positions. Advancement opportunities in the future may not be as promising as in the past for pharmacists who hold only B.S. degrees.
Unlocking Spectrum Value Through Improved Allocation, Assignment and Adjudication of Spectrum Rights

Technological developments have continued to increase the importance of radio spectrum, with citizens, companies and government users increasing their use of wireless-enabled services of all kinds, from smartphone apps to aerial surveillance. Since technology places limits on the coexistence of multiple radio systems, usage rights must be allocated among various competing uses. Currently, the management of the wireless spectrum in the United States (and elsewhere) is heavily constrained by government regulation. That makes it difficult for spectrum players — whether wireless service providers, citizens using unlicensed devices, or government users — to reach mutually agreeable, efficiency-enhancing agreements through direct negotiation with one another. This Hamilton Project discussion paper describes the importance of moving towards a more economically efficient system for managing the use of wireless spectrum and proposes concrete policy steps to move us closer to such a model. In particular, it sets forth three pillars of a reformed policy regime: (1) reduce ambiguity about the responsibilities of receivers to tolerate interference by defining harm claim thresholds that state the signal levels that must be exceeded before one operator can claim harmful interference from another; (2) reduce the drawbacks of excessive band fragmentation by introducing band agents that could represent large groups of licensees in negotiating changes in operating rights with neighbors; and (3) move adjudication from the current ad hoc and politically charged process to a more fact-based procedure that can resolve spectrum-related disputes in a timely fashion using judges with expertise in spectrum policy, either in the FCC and/or a newly created Court of Spectrum Claims. All three proposals reform the legacy spectrum policy framework by empowering individual spectrum licensees to develop win-win solutions without having to invoke time-consuming regulatory processes. Taken together, these reforms promise to move more spectrum management from one model more closely controlled by regulators to one authorizing end users to make more flexible, win-win uses of spectrum. Based on our rough estimates, we conclude that these reforms could bring a total of a $10 billion per year in additional consumer surplus.
Culture, practice and politics: anthropology and the study of social movements

L'A. s'interroge sur les raisons de contributions de l'anthropologie a l'etude des mouvements sociaux. Il presente les differentes notions utilisees dans les theories des mouvements sociaux (A. Touraine, E. Laclau et C. Mouffe, et A. Melucci) afin de montrer la pertinence d'une approche anthropologique. Il analyse l'ouvrage de O. Starn sur un mouvement paysan au Perou avant de conclure sur le debat quant aux consequences des analyses anterieures pour le developpement d'une anthropologie des mouvements sociaux.
Preoperative obesity is associated with decreased survival after heart transplantation.

Background : It is difficult to assess candidacy of obese patients for heart transplantation because the effect of obesity before heart transplantation on posttransplantation outcome has not been examined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the impact of both preoperative weight and postoperative weight gain on outcome after heart transplantation. Methods : The retrospective sample included 193 consecutive patients undergoing transplantation between March 1984 and June 1991 (mean age 47 ± 14 years, 75% male). Data were gathered from retrospective chart review. Percent ideal body weight was calculated for each patient. Patients were divided into three groups based on pretransplantation percent ideal body weight : 110% ideal body weight (n = 84). Chi-square, analysis of variance, Kaplan-Meier survival distributions, and the Cox Proportional Hazards Model were used for analyses. Results : Patients > 110% ideal body weight tended to have more coronary artery disease and higher serum triglyceride levels and significantly higher cholesterol levels than patients <90% ideal body weight. After heart transplantation, no significant differences were found among the three pretransplantation percent ideal body weight groups regarding acute rejection, infection, and allograft arteriopathy. Survival was significantly worse among patients who were overweight before surgery (p = 0.018). A multivariate survival analysis showed that percent ideal body weight was an independent predictor of survival after heart transplantation (p = 0.046). Conclusions : Despite a similar incidence of infection and rejection after heart transplantation among the three percent ideal body weight groups, obesity before heart transplantation is associated with significantly decreased survival after heart transplantation. .
Effects of anoxia on intracellular Ca2+ and contraction in isolated guinea pig cardiac myocytes

Single, enzymatically isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes were exposed to 3-min periods of anoxia with glucose-free Tyrode solution containing 1 mM sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4) and were then reoxygenated for 10 min. The myocytes were exposed to rapid applications of 10 mM caffeine during the control, anoxic, and reoxygenation periods. Intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was measured ratiometrically using indo 1 with simultaneous measurements of cell length. The effects of anoxia on Ca2+ were compared with those of hypoxia and metabolic inhibition. The amplitude of the electrically stimulated (Ca transient) and caffeine-evoked Ca2+ (Caff-Ca) transients decreased during anoxia and recovered after reoxygenation. Diastolic [Ca2+]i did not change during 3 min of anoxia but rose progressively after prolonged anoxia and remained at this higher level on reoxygenation. During metabolic inhibition the Ca transients decreased, while the Caff-Ca transients showed no change in amplitude. During hypoxia the Ca transients decreased. Anoxia slowed the time to peak of the Ca transient, the time to 50% relaxation, and the time to 90% relaxation. The decline of indo 1 fluorescence on rapid caffeine application was slowed during anoxia, metabolic inhibition, and hypoxia and partially recovered after reoxygenation.
Rehabilitation of Common Athletic Injuries of the Hand and Wrist

Rehabilitation of athletic injuries of the hand and wrist should begin at the time of injury. Early recognition and prompt medical attention can serve to minimize the initial effects of injury. A systematic evaluation should include assessment of deformity, joint instability, active and passive motion, edema, and nerve and tendon function. In spite of initial negative findings, painful joints should be protected. Joints of the hand and wrist are particularly vulnerable to the effects of aggressive rehabilitation. Signs of reaction to exercises should be closely observed. Upgrading of activity should only occur as soft-tissue healing will allow.
Atrial natriuretic peptide and nitroprusside cause relaxation of cultured rat mesangial cells.

Abstract These studies evaluate the effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and nitroprusside (NP) on cultured mesangial cells (MC) grown on a flexible silicone rubber surface. The basal tone of the MC produced wrinkles on the silicone rubber surface. A decrease in number or magnitude of wrinkles was considered to represent cell relaxation, whereas an increase represented cell contraction. ANP (10(-9) M) produced a relaxation in greater than 60% of the cells by 10 min. The percentage of cells showing a decrease of wrinkles was significantly higher (P less than 0.05 at 5 min and P less than 0.001 at 10 min) during the ANP-treated period than during the control period. NP (10(-5) M) caused a decrease of wrinkles in greater than 80% of cells (P less than 0.02 at 5 min and P less than 0.01 at 10 min) compared with a 5% decrease in the control period. Dibutyryl guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (DBcGMP; 10(-4) M) also produced a decrease of wrinkles in 81% of the cells (P less than 0.02) compared with a 9% decrease in the control period. MC treated with ANP, NP, or DBcGMP and then labeled with 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl (NBD)-phallacidin did not show obvious alteration of morphology of actin filaments compared with untreated cells. ANP could inhibit as well as partially reverse the agonist (angiotensin II)-induced contractile response. ANP (10(-10)-10(-8) M) as well as NP (10(-5) M) increased intracellular cGMP content of MC (P less than 0.005) compared with control cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Temporal diffraction in a chirped-pulse amplification system

Pulse shaping has received considerable attention for manipulating ultrashort pulses. In most cases the pulse shaper is linear, i.e., the amplitude and/or phase masks do not depend on the intensity of the pulse. Recently, nonlinear pulse shapers—ones in which the pulse-shaping effect is a function of the laser intensity—have been demonstrated.1,2 Here we report nonlinear pulse shaping by using two chirped pulses propagating in a laser gain medium. The unique feature of our experiment is that we simultaneously resolve temporal and spectral behaviors of the pulses by using a spectrometer-streak-camera combination. We show that additional frequencies are generated as a result of nonlinear interaction in the gain medium, and the pulses that carry the new frequencies are those created by temporal diffraction as a result of pulse shaping.
EST contig-based SSR linkage maps for Malus × domestica cv Royal Gala and an apple scab resistant accession of M. sieversii, the progenitor species of domestic apple

Malus sieversii is a progenitor species of domestic apple M. × domestica. Using population “GMAL 4595” of 188 individuals derived from a cross of Royal Gala × PI 613988 (apple scab resistant, M. sieversii), 287 SSR (simple sequence repeats) loci were mapped. Of these SSRs, 80 are published anchors and 207 are newly developed EST (expressed sequence tag) contig-based SSRs, representing 1,630 Malus EST accessions in GenBank. Putative gene functions of these EST contigs are diverse, including regulating plant growth, development and response to environmental stresses. Among the 80 published SSRs, 18 are PI 613988 specific, 38 are common and 24 are Royal Gala specific. Out of the 207 newly developed EST contig-based SSRs, 79 are PI 613988 specific, 45 are common and 83 are Royal Gala specific. These results led to the construction of a M. sieversii map (1,387.0 cM) of 180 SSR markers and a Royal Gala map (1,283.4 cM) of 190 SSR markers. Mapping of scab resistance was independently conducted in two subsets of population “GMAL 4595” that were inoculated with Ventura inaequalis races (1) and (2), respectively. In combination with the two major resistance reactions Chl (chlorotic lesions) and SN (stellate necrosis) to each race, four subsets of resistance data, i.e., Chl/race (1), SN/race (1), Chl/race (2) and SN/race (2), were constituted and analyzed, leading to four resistance loci mapped to the linkage group 2 of PI 613988; SNR1 (stellate necrosis resistance to race (1)) and SNR2 are tightly linked in a region of known scab resistance genes, and ChlR1 (Chlorotic lesion resistance to race (1)) and ChlR2 are also linked tightly but in a region without known scab resistance genes. The utility of the two linkage maps, the new EST contig-based markers and M. sieversii as sources of apple scab resistance are discussed.
Teaching in Ferguson: A Rhetorical Autoethnography from a Scholar/Activist

ABSTRACTOn January 11–16, 2015, I took a group of students to Ferguson, Missouri, for a 1-week immersion class. In this brief essay and by way of autoethnography, I share my experiences teaching in Ferguson after the protests in response to the death of Michael Brown.
Core Epo Receptor Signaling Circuits in Adult Bone Marrow-Derived Primary Pro-Erythroblasts.

Knock-in experiments have revealed that Epo receptor-dependent steady-state erythropoiesis is supported by a Jak2-coupled cytoplasmic Epo receptor (EpoR) box-1 domain. However, signals that are transduced by this cytoplasmic phosphotyrosine-null EpoR-HM allele (and by a related EpoR-H allele with a restored PY343-STAT5 binding site) are not well understood. To address this basic question, conditions have been optimized for the serum-free expansion of adult bone marrow- derived primary erythroid progenitor cells, and core signaling circuits for EpoR-HM, EpoR-H and wt-EpoR receptor forms have been defined. As an important baseline consideration, each receptor form proved to activate Jak2 at an essentially equivalent time-course and intensity (but EpoR-HM did not detectably activate Stat5, or appreciably stimulate CIS transcription). In addition, EpoR-HM failed to stimulate AKT, and this outcome discounts possible EpoR-HM plus Jak2 coupling to P13K (eg. via IRS-1/2 and/or GAB-1/2). AKT was stimulated at moderate, yet sustained levels via EpoR-H (and a PY343/Stat5 axis). EpoR-HM, however, did couple to p60Src and ERK1, 2. While p60-Src stimulation was somewhat diminished, ERK1/ 2 activation via EpoR-HM was sharp and sustained (as compared directly to EpoR-H and the wt-EpoR). EpoR coupling to apoptotic factors also was assessed. In EpoR-HM erythroblasts, Bcl-xl expression was clearly (and reproducibly) deficient, but occurred at wild-type levels in Stat5-coupled EpoR-H erythroblasts. Bax expression was less affected, but was reproducibly increased 1.5 to 2-fold in both EpoR-HM and EpoR-H erythroblasts. Finally, expression of an under-studied pro-apoptotic DAPK-1 orthologue, DAPK2 (death associated protein kinase-2) was discovered to be markedly elevated in EpoR-HM erythroblasts, but to be repressed to normal levels in EpoR-H cells. With regards to bioactivity, EpoR-HM pro-erythroblasts faltered in their ex vivo development specifically at a transition from a Ter119 neg CD71 low to Ter119 pos CD71 high stage, and were visibly deficient in their levels of hemoglobinization. Overall, these first-time detailed studies of Epo signaling in primary adult pro-erythroblasts from minimal EpoR allele knock-in mice reveal: 1/ that EpoR plus Jak2 dependent erythropoiesis may depend primarily upon enhanced ERK1/2 stimulation (and not upon collateral Stat5 or AKT circuits); 2/ that EpoR-HM retains coupling to p60-Src; 3/ that an EpoR-H/PY343/Stat5 axis (but not an EpoR/Jak2 only axis) can link to AKT; 4/ that EpoR/PY343/Stat5 signals regulate not only Bcl-xl, but also pro-apoptotic DAPK2 expression at a key stage of Epo-dependent pro-erythroblast development; and 5) that EpoR-PY coupled signals contribute in several important ways to red cell development.
"Location, Location, Location: A Geographic Perspective on Innovation Adoption Bandwagons"

The proximity of firms has historically played a significant role in management practice and research, yet effective assessment of its impact has been cumbersome due to lack of available research t...
An analysis of applications reviewed for NIMH grant support for training for leadership in public psychiatry for fy 1984

The authors undertook a study of the 1984 public psychiatry training grant applications that were submitted for review by a National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Initial Review Group (IRG) consisting of 12 psychiatrists in March, 1984. The programs recommended for approval and disapproval were analyzed to determine which characteristics in the opinion of the reviewers constituted a well organized and sound training program in public psychiatry worthy of NIMH grant support. Nine factors were found to be associated with the programs recommended for approval.
PhD Forum: Multimodal IoT and EMR Based Smart Health Application for Asthma Management in Children

According to a study done in 2014 by National Health Interview Survey around 6.3 million children in United States suffer from asthma [1]. Asthma remains one of the leading reasons for pediatric admissions to children's hospitals, and has a prevalence rate of approximately 10% in children and it leads to missed days from school and other societal costs. This occurs despite improved medications to control asthma symptoms. Asthma management is challenging as it involves understanding asthma causes and avoiding asthma triggers that are both multi- factorial and individualistic in nature. It is almost impossible for doctors to constantly monitor each patient's health and environmental triggers. According to a recent article, the IoT device market in health-care will increase to a worth of $117 billion by the year 2020 [2]. The monitoring segment of IoT devices have predicted to increase $15 billion in 2017 [5]. The sales of smart watches, fitness and health trackers, are expected to account for more than 70% of all wearables sale worldwide in 2016 [6]. According to IBM, the volume of health-care data has reached to 150 exabytes in 2017 [7]. The data generated from these consumer graded devices is increasing day by day. This data collection has exacerbated the problem of understanding the data and making sense of it. We can use these low-cost sensors and consumer graded devices for continuous monitoring and management of asthma patients. We developed kHealth¹, a framework for continuous monitoring of the patient's personal, public and population-based health signals and send alerts to the patient when a condition deserves patient's or clinician's attention. This can assist the clinician in determining the triggers and deciding the future course of action for prevention and treatment of the disease. More importantly, it can also help a patient to better take control of his/her health management by taking more timely actions(e.g., in case of asthma, using an inhaler in a more timely manner to ward off an attack). Our kHealth framework goes well beyond the efforts of data collection and focuses on contextual and personalized processing of multi-modal data to help understand asthma control level and vulnerability score (change in conditions that increases the chances of an adverse event, thus requiring proactive action). Another unique aspect of our research is close collaboration with clinician combined with on-going evaluation of clinician's at the Dayton Children's hospital which involves an ongoing trial of our novel technical approach with a cohort of 200 patients.
Changes in Tissue Histology Associated with Adaptation and Acclimation to Hypoxia

The terms adaptation and hypoxia are both widely used but not always with quite the same meanings. Now that it is possible to measure the partial pressure of oxygen in every part of the mammalian organism with a fair degree of accuracy and a high degree of spatial resolution it seems appropriate to define hypoxia as a partial pressure of oxygen significantly lower than that normally found in that part of the organism. Thus an inspired Po2 of much less than 150 Torr and a Lubbers histogram of tissue oxygen tensions shifted to the left would both be defined as hypoxia.
Influence of a Stationary Heat Source on the Stress State of a Half Space with Rigidly, Smoothly, or Flexibly Fastened Boundary

By using the thermoelastic potential of displacements and the Love biharmonic function, we determine the temperature, displacements, and stresses caused by a stationary heat source in a semiinfinite body whose boundary is rigidly, smoothly, or flexibly fastened either under the conditions of zero temperature kept on it or under the conditions of heat insulation. The plots of the dependences of axial, radial, circular, and tangential stresses on the boundary of the body on the distance between the heat source and this boundary are presented.
Ferroelectric transistor model based on self-consistent solution of 2D Poisson's, non-equilibrium Green's function and multi-domain Landau Khalatnikov equations

We present a physics-based model for ferroelectric/negative capacitance transistors (FEFETs/ NCFETs) without an inter-layer metal between ferroelectric and dielectric in the gate stack. The model self-consistently solves 2D Poisson's equation, non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) based charge and transport equations, and multi-domain Landau Khalatnikov (LK) equations with the domain interaction term. The proposed simulation framework captures the variation of ferroelectric (FE) polarization (P) along the gate length due to non-uniform electric field (E) along the channel. To calibrate the LK equations, we fabricate and characterize 10nm HZO films. Based on the calibrated model, we analyze the gate/drain voltage dependence of P distribution in the FE and its effect on the channel potential and current-voltage characteristics. Our results highlight the importance of larger domain interaction to boost the benefits of FEFETs with subthreshold swing (SS) as small as ∼50mV/decade achieved at room temperature. As domain interaction increases, the characteristics of FEFETs without inter-layer metal (SS, negative drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL), negative output conductance) approach those of FEFETs with inter-layer metal.
Do Large-Scale Owners Enjoy Brand-Induced Premiums?

Executive Summary In this paper, we examine the impact of large-scale ownership on commercial real estate rent and selling price premiums. We also examine whether ENERGY STAR premiums found in the literature are a result of a signal for an ownership brand effect rather than the label itself. The results suggest that large-scale owners generate significant market rental premiums, indicating a potential brand effect. The effect of sales prices is mixed when buyers manage the property. We argue that large scale owners create a brand effect by reducing information asymmetry in the commercial real estate leasing market. The results show that the price and rental premiums associated with the ENERGY STAR designation might signal the brand effect to the market.
Commentary on Hans Hahn’s Contributions to the Theory of Curves

In 1887, Camille Jordan defined a curve in his Cours d’Analyse, reflecting the usage at that time, as the continuous image of a line segment (see (8), p. 90). He proceeded to formulate what has become known as the Jordan Curve Theorem: A closed curve without multiple points partitions the plane into an inside and an outside (see (8), p. 92). In (32), O. Vehlen had this to say about Jordan’s proof: “It assumes the theorem without proof in the important special case of a simple polygon and of the argument from that point on, one must admit at least that all details are not given.” Based on a system of axioms for geometry, which are equivalent to Hubert’s axioms of order and connection (see (5)), that he pubhshed in an earlier paper (31), Veblen proved in (32) that Jordan’s theorem is true for simple closed polygons. Hahn, in turn, did not find Veblen’s proof binding (“leider erscheint mir aber der Beweis gerade dieses Satzes bei Veblen nicht bindend” — [14], “On the Order Theorems of Geometry” p. 289) and proceeds with his own proof which is also based on Veblen’s system of axioms. The proof is lengthy and tedious but this is unavoidable, considering that the theorem has to be developed from eight axioms with “point” and “between” as the only undefined concepts and with appropriate definitions interjected whenever required. No use whatever is made of continuity. It takes 26 theorems to get finally to theorem 27, which states that every point that does not lie on a simple (closed) polygon can be joined to every point on the polygon by a polygonal path that does not contain any point from the polygon.
Case 5: The Too-Small Rigid Bronchoscope

A 12-year-old boy (70 kg) with right bronchial obstruction is scheduled for fiber-optic bronchoscopy and rigid bronchoscopy with laser treatment. His history and physical examination are unremarkable. A tumor of unknown origin is thought to partially obstruct the right main bronchus. The patient has no known drug or food allergies and no previous anesthesia/surgery. The family history is negative for anesthesia-related complications. The patient is classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status II (ASA 2).
Genetic Engineering of an Insect Parasite

Growing public concern over chemical insecticides, particularly groundwater contamination, residues on food and turfgrass, resistance development, and wildlife kills, have fueled an intense search for safer alternatives. The use of natural enemies, particularly parasitoids and insect pathogens, as biological insecticides have been considered by many to be the most viable pest management alternative. Nevertheless, biological insecticides are presently contributing little to replacing chemicals, making up less than 1.5% of all insecticides used in the U.S. (B. Carlton, personal communication). However, at present, greater than 90% of all biologicals used are some derivative of Bacillus thuringiensis. If endotoxins produced by B. thuringiensis were regarded as chemical insecticides, and there are persuasive arguments to this effect (1), then the most important true biologicals are insect-parasitic or entomopathogenic nematodes.
DD13: Radikale Konstruktivität! Wohlwillen! (Dezember 2005)

Der radikale Konstruktivismus ist eine philosophische Richtung, die lehrt, dass wir die Wirklichkeit subjektiv erfinden und nicht etwa objektiv entdecken, wie es sich viele Wissenschaftler einzubilden belieben. Es gibt also vor allem die eigene konstruierte Wirklichkeit. Objektives Erkennen ist gar nicht moglich! Wir sind namlich Opfer unserer Sinneswahrnehmungen, jeder eines der eigenen. Wir konnen uns hochstens intersubjektiv daruber verstandigen, wie lang ein Meter ist! Und schon das ist schwierig!
Medical device regulation in the European Union.

The challenge to a government in establishing a system of controls over medical devices is to protect patients but without unduly impeding innovation or driving up product costs. Medical devices are, essentially, health care products other than pharmaceuticals.* Medical devices comprise a diverse array of products ranging from simple items like bandages and bedpans to complex products like pacemakers and other implants. Accordingly, the level of control needed to protect patients can range from minimal, for low-risk products, to a more protective level, for those high risk products that need testing and third-party review before entering general use.
Quine and Davidson on Perceptual Knowledge

One of the main differences between Quine’s and Davidson’s theories of knowledge and mind lies in their accounts of the content of perception and the way in which it contributes to our knowledge of the external world. Both thinkers are very sensitive to these differences and it has been the subject of discussion between them in recent publications. To put it very roughly, Quine holds firmly to the position that although we finally manage to get veridical knowledge of the external world, the content of our perceptions are just the triggerings of our sense receptors that give us reliable clues about the objects and happenings in our environment. Davidson considers this view to be a naturalized successor of an older defective empiricism which should be abandoned. In its place he proposes an externalist theory of perceptual content, according to which content is fully determined or constituted by the objects and events in the external world. This move, among other things, bypasses many of the troubles that Quine’s approach faces and gives a solid ground for our intersubjective communication. In other words, if the central concern of Quine’s epistemological project is epistemology naturalized, so the central concern of Davidson’s corresponding project is epistemology externalised.1
Dietary Copper and Diet Issues for Patients with Wilson Disease

Copper is a mineral essential to human health being integral to critical biological pathways including red blood cell formation, immune function, and bone health. For those with (WD), the inability to excrete excess copper changes the way we consider dietary copper intake. There is much debate over the role of diet in Wilson disease (WD), with some health professionals proposing strict lower copper diets and others completely discounting the role of diet in treatment. So what information should we provide WD patients on optimal dietary intake at diagnosis? The following chapter presents a proposal for moderation of dietary copper intake with individualization on a case-by-case basis. In addition to impact on food intake, nutrition has other roles in management of WD. Special considerations need to be given to patients who have advanced liver disease or neurological involvement or who need supplements or nutrition support. The role of nutrition in these cases will be explored, and recommendations will be provided.