cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The victim in the system: The influence of police responsiveness on victim alienation

Causal modeling procedures were used to examine the interrelations of crime characteristics (severity, acquaintance), criminal justice system experiences (police concern, arrest, satisfaction), and alienation (cynicism, pessimism, hopelessness) in a sample of 220 crime victims. More severe crimes and acquaintance crimes led to greater alienation, but satisfaction led to lower alienation. Police concern had indirect effects on alienation by making victim satisfaction more likely. Tests of these indirect effects indicated that actual arrests were less important in reducing alienation than was the simple assurance from police that they would investigate the crime. Additional analyses showed that these relations did not vary substantially across subgroups in the sample defined by residence, sex, age, and other status factors. Overall, the findings show that the behavior of criminal justice officials can intensify or allay the victim's alienated state.
Does the use of biopatch devices at drain sites reduce perioperative infectious complications in patients undergoing immediate tissue expander breast reconstruction

Background:To decrease the rate of infectious complications, surgeons have begun to use Biopatch (Ethicon, Somerville, N.J.) disks at drain exit sites. The authors investigated whether use of a Biopatch disk could convey a reduction in perioperative infections in patients undergoing immediate tissue
X-Network: An Area-Efficient and High-Performance On-Chip Wormhole-Switching Network

Packet-switching networks on chip (NoCs) have emerged as a promising paradigm for designing scalable communication infrastructures for future chip multiprocessors and complex Systems on Chip (SoCs). However, the quest for highperformance networks has led to very area-consuming and complicated routers with little return in performance. This paper presents X-Network, a low-area and high-performance wormhole-switching NoC that is built on a novel PE (Processing Element)-router organization. In X-Network, each router is shared by four PEs and each general PE has access to four directly-connected routers in addition to NEWS (North, East, West, South) connections between neighboring PEs. By sharing routers among PEs, the network reduces the average hop count for packets thereby reducing the latency and improving the throughput of the network. Our design not only reduces the total number of routers for a given number of PEs, but also offers much more routing flexibility compared to existing mesh-based solutions. Any routing algorithm can be used in X-Network after incorporating our router selection functions. Extensive simulation results using both synthetic workloads and the SPLASH-2 applications show that X-Network can reduce average network latency by 51% for a system with 64 PEs. The network saturation point is extended by up to approximately 100% using a fully-adaptive routing algorithm.
Streptococcal Pharyngitis: Current Therapy and Criteria for Evaluation of New Agents

Penicillin has been the recommended drug of choice in most cases of group A streptococcus (GAS) pharyngitis for nearly 40 years based on its efficacy in the prevention of acute rheumatic fever. Since trials of other drugs for the prevention of rheumatic fever are no longer feasible in the United States, eradication of GAS pharyngitis has become the surrogate for their evaluation. On the basis of this criterion, specific therapeutic regimens have been recommended, and numerous other drugs have gained approval as alternatives to penicillin. Current therapeutic issues include possible decreased efficacy of penicillin, timing of the initiation of therapy, and drugs of choice for patients whose treatment fails, who are chronic carriers, or who have frequent infections. Criteria for assessment of new drugs include clinical response, likelihood of prevention of rheumatic fever, rates of relapse and recurrent infection, and drug safety. The establishment of uniform guidelines and definitions of response for new drug evaluations by the Infectious Diseases Society of America should aid in the further assessment of new antibacterial agents as therapy for GAS pharyngitis. However, no data yet suggest that any of these drugs should replace penicillin as the drug of choice.
NASA Ames's electric arc-driven shock tube facility and research on nonequilibrium phenomena in low density hypersonic flows

Basic requirements for a ground test facility simulating low density hypersonic flows are discussed. Such facilities should be able to produce shock velocities in the range of 10-17 km/sec in an initial pressure of 0.010 to 0.050 Torr. The facility should be equipped with diagnostics systems to be able to measure the emitted radiation, characteristic temperatures and populations in various energy levels. In the light of these requirements, NASA Ames's electric arc-driven low density shock tube facility is described and available experimental diagnostics systems and computational tools are discussed.
Some effects of orally administered ruelene on host sheep and two ectoparasites: the yellow-fever mosquito and the rocky mountain wood tick.

Ruelene® (4- tert -butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methyl-phosphoramidate) was orally administered to 3 female sheep at a dosage of 121.5 mg per kg. The cholinesterase (ChE) activity levels of blood plasma and red blood cells (RUC) of the sheep were tested at various times before and after dosage, and its minimum activity was recorded 4 hours after dosage. (ChE) activity levels of yellow-fever mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti (L.), which had fed on the treated sheep were tested concurrently with the sheeps' blood. The activity levels of ChE were correlated to mosquito mortality. Mosquito death first occurred at 33% mosquito ChE activity inhibition and 100% mortality was observed at 56% inhibition. Of the Rocky Mountain wood ticks, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles, which fed on the treated sheep, 80-100% died.
Protein Ser/Thr/Tyr Phosphorylation in the Archaea

The third domain of life, the Archaea (formerly Archaebacteria), is populated by a physiologically diverse set of microorganisms, many of which reside at the ecological extremes of our global environment. Although ostensibly prokaryotic in morphology, the Archaea share much closer evolutionary ties with the Eukarya than with the superficially more similar Bacteria. Initial genomic, proteomic, and biochemical analyses have revealed the presence of “eukaryotic” protein kinases and phosphatases and an intriguing set of serine-, threonine-, and tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in the Archaea that may offer new insights into this important regulatory mechanism.
Mixed bone marrow or mixed stem cell transplantation for prevention or treatment of lupus-like diseases in mice.

Scientific analyses fortified by interpretations of immunodeficiency diseases as 'experiments of nature' have revealed the specific immune systems to be comprised of T cells subserving cell-mediated immunities plus B cells and plasma cells which produce and secrete antibodies. These two separate cellular systems regularly interact with each other to produce a coordinated defense which permits mammals to live within a sea of microorganisms that threaten the integrity and the survival of individuals. We have shown that bone marrow transplantation (BMT) can be used as a form of cellular engineering to construct or reconstruct the immune systems and cure otherwise fatal severe combined immunodeficiency. When severe aplastic anemia complicated the first BMT which was performed to cure a fatal severe combined immunodeficiency, a second BMT cured for the first time a complicating severe aplastic anemia. Subsequently, BMT has been used effectively to treat some 75 otherwise fatal diseases such as resistant leukemias, lymphomas, inborn errors of metabolism, and genetic anomalies of the hematopoietic development such as sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, congenital neutropenias, and many other diseases. More recently, we have employed BMT in mice both to cure and cause autoimmunities, and, together, these experiments showed that autoimmunities actually reside in the hematopoietic stem cells. We have also found that mixed BMT or mixed hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can be used to prevent and cure the most complex autoimmunities such as those occurring in BXSB mice and in (NZW x BXSB)F1 W/BF1 mice. Untreated, the former develop fulminating lethal glomerulonephritis plus numerous humoral autoimmunities. Mice of the (W/B)F1 strain develop autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, coronary vascular disease with myocardial infarction, glomerulonephritis, and numerous autoantibodies. All of these abnormalities are prevented or cured by mixed syngeneic (autoimmune) plus allogeneic (normal healthy) BMT or mixed peripheral blood HSCT. Thus, the most complex autoimmune diseases can be prevented or cured in experimental animals by mixed syngeneic plus allogeneic BMT or HSCT which produce stable mixed chimerism as a form of cellular engineering.
Expectations of change: the congruency between Beat Officers and Supervisors and its impact on programmatic change

While much effort has been put forth to understand the ongoing transformation of police agencies (e.g., toward community policing, implementation of innovative practices), few researchers have looked at those mechanisms involved in the change. Drawing upon data collected from an innovative agency, this study assesses the changes in expectations held by Beat Officers and Sergeants after a year in a newly‐implemented geographical beat system. Our findings suggest that congruency is more dynamic than previous studies have shown and that a geographical patrol strategy can increase officer’s community policing activities.
Cell mediated immunity and suppressor T cell function in children with cystic fibrosis.

The relationship of general and suppressor T cell function to IgE sensitization was investigated in a group of 12 children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and 10 non-atopic control children. Increased IgE sensitization was noted in the cystic fibrosis group, as measured by increased group mean serum IgE levels and an increased incidence of multiple IgE skin sensitivities. Studies of active E rosettes, lymphocyte stimulation, delayed-type skin responsiveness, and Concanavalin A (Con A) induced suppressor cell function revealed no statistically significant group differences. The results of this study may implicate multiple mechanisms for IgE sensitization.
Influence of Anti-inflammatory Agents on Experimental Atherosclerosis

ADDITION of 1 g of cholesterol to the diet of a rabbit results in plasma lipid concentrations ten and twenty times higher than normal and in extensive lipid deposits, or atherosclerotic plaques, in the thoracic aorta within about 12 weeks (Fig. 1). Oppenheimer and Bruger first showed that simultaneous administration of cortisone inhibited plaque formation2. The inhibition is produced despite a cortisone induced increase in the dietary hyperlipaemia (Table 1)3. The mechanism of the protective effect is unknown, although it has been suggested by a number of workers that it may be related to the changes induced by cortisone in the serum lipid pattern4.
Calcium in rat peripheral nerve during chronic alterations in plasma calcium.

Abstract The calcium content in destheathed tibial nerve was compared to that in cerebellum in rats fed diets containing either 0.01% (low), 0.67% (control) or 3.0% (high) Ca, for 8 weeks. For changes in concentration of plasma ionized Ca, 48% below and 35% above the control mean, percent change in endoneurial Ca content is linearly related, with a slope of 0.80, to percent change in plasma ionized Ca. A line with a slope of 0.21 describes the relation between percent change in cerebellum Ca and percent change in plasma ionized Ca. Plasma, cerebellum and nerve concentrations of Na, K and Cl were similar in the control compared with the two experimental groups of animals. The concentration of plasma Mg varied 20% below and 17% above the control mean, inversely with plasma Ca, but nerve and cerebellum Mg did not change from control values. The results of this study fail to demonstrate Ca homeostasis in rat peripheral nerve endoneurium during chronic hypo- and hypercalcemia. Endoneurial Mg, however, appears to be regulated.
The Colonial Office and the Population Question in the British Empire, 1918-62

Dr Smart's comment marked a fundamental shift in the position of the British government toward colonial demographic issues, as the Colonial Office increasingly viewed population growth as a threat to its efforts to strengthen the British empire. As early as the mid-1930s, British colonial officials discussed the problems associated with population growth in potentially overcrowded regions of the empire. These discussions led to a population policy that embraced migration, food supplies, medical services, and family planning. The effort to address population issues continued until the early 1960s, when the British government transferred its support to international efforts under United Nations auspices. This article examines the development of population policy in the British empire from 1918 to 1962 and places it within the larger context of the politics of imperial governance and race. Despite the importance of the British presence in Asia and Africa, little has been written about British involvement in population programmes. The one comprehensive account, edited by a demographer and former colonial civil servant, portrays the development of family planning as a heroic effort against ignorance and poverty. This appraisal reflects the sympathy that many population historians feel for family planning, which they see as a solution to a genuine problem, one that benefits the poor, especially women. There exists, however, an alternative history of family planning, one that considers the influence of race, gender, and power upon population policy. While these studies provide us with a new perspective, they
Existence of Solutions for Some Singular Higher Order Boundary Value Problems

Solutions are obtained for the boundary value problem, yn + Ψ(x) f(x, y, y′, …,yn−1 − 0, yi(0) - 0, 0, ≦ i ≦ k − 1, and yj(1) - 0, k ≦ j ≦ n − 1, where Ψ(x) is singular at x - 0, 1, and f(x, y1, …, yn) is singular at yi =; 0, 1 ≦ i ≦ n. The techniques involve topological transversality methods. Fur das Randwertproblem yn + Ψ(x) f(x, y, y′, …,y(n−1 = 0, yi(0) - 0, 0 ≦ i ≦ k − 1, und yi(1) = 0, k ≦ j ≦ n − 1, wobei Ψ(x) fur x − 0,1 und f(x, y1, …, yn) fur yi - 0, 1 ≦ i ≦ n, singular ist, werden Losungen gewonnen. Die Losungs-Techniken bedienen sich topologischer Transversalitatsmethoden.
Studies on oxygen consumption in digenetic trematodes. I

Abstract 1. 1. The oxygen consumption was determined for stages in the life cycle of the trematode G. adunca by means of Cartesian diver respirometers. 2. 2. The rate of oxygen consumption of adults immediately following excystment averaged 0.130 μl O2/hr/mm3 at 23.6 °C as compared to 0.290 μl O2/hr/mm3 at 30.4 °C. 3. 3. The rate of oxygen consumption dropped sharply 24 hours after excystment, followed by lesser declines at 48 and 72 hour intervals. These determinations were made at 30.4 °C. 4. 4. The free-living cercariae averaged 5.35 μl O2/hr/mm3. Immediately prior to cyst formation in the crab, the average rate had dropped to 0.159 μl O2/hr/mm3.
Moving Past the Deficit Model and Demonstrating our Worth

Presenter: R. David Lankes, Professor and Dean's Scholar for the New Librarianship at Syracuse University's School of Information Studies and Director of the Information Institute of Syracuse In a ...
Interactions of clozapine, thioridazine, and mezilamine with oxotremorine on schedule-controlled responding.

The effects of clozapine (0.64–10 mg/kg IM), thioridazine (5–80 mg/kg IM), and mezilamine (0.1–10 mg/kg IM) were determined alone and the presence of 0.05 mg/kg oxotremorine on multiple fixed-ratio, fixed-interval responding in pigeons. All three drugs alone produced a dose-related decrease in responding. Thioridazine and mezilamine produced greater decreases in fixed-interval responding than fixed-ratio responding. Oxotremorine alone decreased responding to 10% of control. Clozapine and thioridazine produced a dose-related antagonism of the behavior-suppressing effects of oxotremorine with 5 mg/kg clozapine completely reversing the behavior-suppressing effects of oxotremorine. In contrast, mezilamine produced no antagonism of the behavior-suppressing effects of oxotremorine. It was concluded that the effects of clozapine on schedule-controlled responding in the pigeon are due to its anticholinergic effects, rather than to its antipsychotic-like effects. Thioridazine also has prominent anticholinergic effects, whereas mezilamine does not have anticholinergic effects.
Methods for optimizing the performance of directed acyclic graphs operating under strict energy constraints on multi-core architectures

Abstract The problem of energy-constrained performance optimization (as opposed to performance-constrained energy optimization) for parallel applications has garnered considerable attention in the area of sustainable computing. This paper surveys algorithms developed for effectively minimizing the degradation in schedule length that results from rescheduling a parallel program to multi-core systems under an energy budget. By utilizing dynamic voltage scaling and the structural properties of the directed acrylic graph (DAG) representing the parallel program, we embrace four static techniques in order to achieve this goal. These heuristics encompass procedures. The first is assigning to a set of tasks a maximum supply voltage followed by methodical voltage reductions, thereby geometrically “stretching” the schedule. The second is assigning to tasks a minimum supply voltage followed by judicious boosts in voltage, thereby “compressing” the schedule. In contrast with the second technique, the third method completely reschedules the DAG following each voltage adjustment. However, this technique largely follows the same procedure as the second method. The surveyed techniques effectively determine what nodes receive voltage adjustments by calculating and comparing each task's “Impact Factor”, a metric devised to assist in the intelligent allocation of resources. Calculating the “Impact Factor” of each task (node) involves examining the entire context of the DAG, a rather expensive process. In contrast with the three previous techniques, a fourth method relies only upon the local characteristics of the DAG and state of the schedule for determining a core's viability for supply voltage raise, severely reducing run-time complexity. Detailed simulation experiments demonstrate the effect of various task and processor parameters on the performance of the surveyed algorithms.
Pro-Inflammatory HDL Result from Altered HDL Oxidized Lipid Mediators in Both Idiopathic and Associated Types of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Purpose We have previously demonstrated pro-inflammatory HDL in vitro which improved with addition of apolipoprotein-A1 mimetic peptide in patients with both idiopathic (IPAH) and associated type (APAH) pulmonary arterial hypertension, [ J Heart Lung Transplant 2011; 30(4): S106-107 ]. We now evaluate alterations in HDL eicosanoid mediators that may contribute to pro-inflammatory HDL. Methods and Materials Plasma from either healthy controls (N=21) or patients with either IPAH (N=17) or APAH (N=11) was fractionated using fast performance liquid chromatography. HDL fractions from each group were analyzed for eicosanoid levels by ELISA. Results [table 1] Conclusions 1. IPAH & APAH are associated with significant increases in “oxidant stress”. 2. Significant alterations in plasma HDL-associated eicosanoid levels, likely contributed to pro-inflammatory HDL in both IPAH & APAH, in particular, increased 13- & 9-HODE. 3. Alterations in eicosanoid production may also contribute to a decreased endothelial prostacyclin synthase activity in PAH. 5-HETE 12-HETE 15-HETE 9-HODE 13-HODE CONTROL 1.65±0.29 0.30±0.04 0.24±0.05 1.05±0.14 1.13±0.23 IPAH† 65.81±8.31 13.06±1.62 10.72±1.92 24.19±7.69 29.38±3.12 APAH† 67.12±8.36 13.72±1.94 12.16±2.22 24.89±7.08 31.10±2.69 (Mean±SD); †p
Threshold of critical power in streams

Stream power is the power available to transport sediment load, and it may be defined as γ QS , where γ is specific weight of water, Q is stream discharge, and S is slope. Critical power is the power needed to transport sediment load. The threshold of critical power is where stream power/critical power = 1.0. Where stream power exceeds critical power during long time spans, additional sediment load is obtained by vertical erosion that cuts V-shaped cross-valley profiles in bedrock. The threshold is approached asymptotically during downcutting, and high-order streams approach the threshold more rapidly than do low-order streams. High discharges cause net lateral erosion in reaches near the threshold. Straths and flood plains form under such conditions. Where stream power is less than critical power, selective bedload sedimentation decreases sediment load and size and therefore the critical power. Such deposition is self-enhancing because of concurrent decreases in slope. Thus, it is unlikely that aggrading reaches attain the threshold, but the tendency to attain the threshold may keep stream and critical power roughly the same. Reaches of streams at the critical-power threshold are sensitive to changes in climate, base level, and the impact of humans; these may change stream and/or critical power and result in aggradation or degradation.
A model of speculative efficiency with ‘news’ error components

This paper proposes a theoritical model to assess of ‘news’ on the spot-forward-exchange-rate relationship and thereby predicts of the impact of ‘news’on the exchange rate. Two types of ‘news’ are analysed: rational expectations type innovations and announcement effects form newspapers. By using historical data form a time period which includes the German hyperinflation of the early 1920s, an estimate from of the model is derived which is substantially simpler than the version requried using contemporary data. Preliminary results support the main theoretical predictions but also cast some doubt on a literal interpretation of the exchange rate model plus rational expectations.
Medical Bankruptcy in Massachusetts: Has Health Reform Made a Difference?

Abstract Background Massachusetts' recent health reform has decreased the number of uninsured, but no study has examined medical bankruptcy rates before and after the reform was implemented. Methods In 2009, we surveyed 199 Massachusetts bankruptcy filers regarding medical antecedents of their financial collapse using the same questions as in a 2007 survey of 2314 debtors nationwide, including 44 in Massachusetts. We designated bankruptcies as "medical" based on debtors' stated reasons for filing, income loss due to illness, and the magnitude of their medical debts. Results In 2009, illness and medical bills contributed to 52.9% of Massachusetts bankruptcies, versus 59.3% of the bankruptcies in the state in 2007 ( P =.44) and 62.1% nationally in 2007 ( P Conclusion Massachusetts' health reform has not decreased the number of medical bankruptcies, although the medical bankruptcy rate in the state was lower than the national rate both before and after the reform.
Improved learning and memory in aged rats with chronic administration of the nicotinic receptor agonist GTS-21

Abstract The ability of two synthetic nicotine receptor ligands, GTS-21 and DMAB, to chronically enhance the cognitive function of aged rats was evaluated in three diverse tasks and compared to the cognition-enhancing effects of nicotine administration. 15 min prior to daily behavioral testing, aged 22–24 month old rats received an i.p. injection of nicotine (0.2 mg/kg), GTS-21 (1 mg/kg), DMAB (2 mg/kg), or saline vehicle and were tested in either one-way active avoidance pole jumping, Lashley III maze, or a 17-arm radial maze. GTS-21 pretreatment was as effective as nicotine for enhancing the acquisition of aged rats in both one-way active avoidance and Lashley III maze training. In 17-arm radial maze testing, GTS-21 improved both general learning and reference (long-term) memory to the same extent as nicotine. Although DMAB pretreatment enhanced reference memory in 17-arm radial maze testing to the same extent as nicotine, it did not affect general learning in this complex task and did not exert any cognition-enhancing effects in Lashley III maze training. These results indicate that GTS-21 has cognition-enhancing abilities in aged rats that are comparable to those of nicotine in a variety of behavioral tasks. Since GTS-21 acts preferentially on brain nicotinic receptors and is less toxic than nicotine, these results further indicate that GTS-21 may have substantive therapeutic value in the treatment of age-associated memory impairment (AAMI) and/or Alzheimer's disease.
Fever: Reciprocal Shift in Brain Sodium to Calcium Ratio as the Set-Point Temperature Rises

A bacterial pyrogen acts on the brain by disturbing the natural balance between two essential cations in the cerebral region involved in thermoregulation. After typhoid vaccine is administered to the unanesthetized cat, 45Ca2+ efflux into the third cerebral ventricle increases while 22Na+ is retained in hypothalamic tissue at the same time that the set-point temperature begins to rise. The subsequent rates of 22Na+ and 45Ca2+ efflux parallel the course of the bacterial fever but in a reciprocal fashion. This supports the theory that a change in the set-point temperature is determined by an alteration in the inherent ratio of Na+ to Ca2+ ions in the hypothalamus.
Structural and electronic properties of a carbon nanotorus: Effects of delocalized and localized deformations

The bending of a carbon nanotube is studied by considering the structural evolution of a carbon nanotorus from elastic deformation to the onset of the kinks and eventually to the collapse of the walls of the nanotorus. The changes in the electronic properties due to delocalized deformations are contrasted with those due to localized deformations to bring out the subtle issue underlying the reason why there is only a relatively small reduction in the electrical conductance in the former case even at large bending angles, while there is a dramatic reduction in the conductance in the latter case at relatively small bending angles.
The U.S. drought of 2012 in perspective: A call to action

The United States is the world's largest exporter of major grain and oilseed crops. In the three-year period from 2008–2010, it produced 39% of global maize and 35% of global soybean and accounted for 49% and 46%, respectively, of total global exports in these commodities. It also contributed 17% of total global exports in wheat and 11% of total rice exports. A large disruption to U.S. production of these crops, as occurred during the U.S. drought of 2012, can have a substantial impact on international grain markets. In this opinion piece, we consider the severity of this drought event and the impact on grain prices in relation to previous droughts of similar magnitude and use this information to highlight priorities for global research on drought and crop productivity to help buffer against future climatic shocks to global food supply.
AC conductivity parameters of graphene derived from THz etalon transmittance

THz frequency-domain transmittance measurements were carried out on chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) graphene films transferred to high-resistivity silicon substrates, and packaged as back-gated graphene field effect transistors (G-FETs). The graphene AC conductivity σ(ω), both real and imaginary parts, is determined between 0.2 and 1.2 THz from the transmittance using the transmission matrix method and curve-fitting techniques. Critical parameters such as the charge-impurity scattering width and chemical potential are calculated. It is found that not only the sheet charge density but also the scattering parameter can be modified by the back-gate voltage.
Tuning the reduction of 9,11,20,22-tetraaza-tetrapyridopentacene (TATPP)

Abstract Organic molecules capable of storing and shuttling multiple electrons are desirable for various applications including solar energy conversion, small molecule activation, and water splitting. Here, we demonstrate the ability to photochemically control the reduction of 9,11,20,22-tetraaza-tetrapyridopentacene (TATPP) to form either TATPPH 2 or [TATPPH] − , both of which display distinct optical and electrochemical properties, thus providing a rationale for their use in various applications.
Empathic Insights From the Rorschach: Paul Lerner's Legacy

In this article, I review the contributions of Paul Lerner concerning his “humanistic-clinical attitude” in using the Rorschach (Exner, 2003) with patients. To illustrate Paul's empathic attitude, I present a case in which the patient's percepts reflected his relationship problems and his experience of me and others as a threat to his emotional integrity. Asking the patient to give voice to his Rorschach percepts, thereby amplifying his experience of me and his world, helped me become empathically tuned to him, as described by Paul in his writings and in his approach to patients.
Scarecrow: An Implementation of Behavioral Control on a Mobile Robot

Traditional planning and programming techniques for mobile robot control do not do well in unknown and unstructured environments. The successful implementation of a control strategy for an autonomous mobile robot is presented where the motion of the vehicle is strictly based upon the integrated response of multiple uncoupled primitive reflexive behaviors which incorporate no planning. We previously demonstrated the resulting motion of a robot based upon this approach by using computer simulation. Those results show that such a robot is capable of performing many relatively complex tasks in unknown environments, with only a limited set of such primitive behaviors. In this paper, the hardware and software implementation issues required to bring these concepts into reality on an actual machine are discussed. These issues include range sensor interfacing, communications between multiple on board processors, real time control within an object-oriented environment, robot safety, and robustness in the presence of sensor error. The resulting motion of an actual mobile robot, Scarecrow, is then compared with the simulation results for a number of different higher level behaviors. The observed behavior was found to be similar to that predicted by simulation, despite significant sensor limitations.
‘A Natural and Voluntary Dependence’: The Royal Academy of San Carlos and the Cultural Politics of Art Education in Mexico City, 1786–1797

In this article, I explore the controversies that characterised the foundational years of the Royal Academy of San Carlos of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture in Mexico City (1786–1797). They provide provocative insights into questions of competing agendas and ambitions among the artists and bureaucrats of the royal academy. They also illuminate contemporary understandings about the hierarchical relationships between a metropolitan power, Spain, and its American colonies and their visual culture and artistic production, which mirror broader political hierarchies and relationships of power and subordination.
Factors Driving Anticoagulant Selection in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation in the United States

With the introduction of novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs), the factors driving anticoagulant selection in atrial fibrillation (AF) in real-world practice are unclear. The goal was to examine whether and to what extent utilization has been driven by predictions of stroke risk (treatment benefit), bleeding risk (treatment harm), or prescription benefits' coverage. We extracted a cohort of patients with nonvalvular AF initiating anticoagulation from October 2010 to December 2012 from a large US database of commercial and Medicare supplement claims. Multivariable regression examined associations between ischemic stroke (CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc) and bleeding (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation [ATRIA]) risk scores and benefits' generosity (proportion of costs covered by patients relative to total) with warfarin and novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC) selection and also between dabigatran and rivaroxaban. C-statistics and partial chi-square statistics were used to assess the variation explained. Of 70,498 patients initiating anticoagulation, 29.9% and 7.9% used dabigatran and rivaroxaban, respectively. Compared with warfarin, patients were less likely to receive an NOAC with high ischemic stroke risk (CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc ≥2; adjusted relative risk [aRR] 0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72 to 0.77) and high bleeding risk (ATRIA ≥5; aRR 0.66, 95% CI 0.64 to 0.69) but more likely with good benefits' generosity (≤20% of costs borne by patient; aRR 2.03, 95% CI 1.92 to 2.16). Prescription generosity explained almost twice the model variation as either risk score. Compared with dabigatran, patients were more likely to fill rivaroxaban with high bleeding risk (aRR 1.16, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.24). In conclusion, patients with greater bleeding and ischemic stroke risk were more likely to initiate warfarin, but generous benefits more strongly predicted NOAC usage and drove more selection.
Hemophilus influenzae infectious arthritis in an adult: cephalothin therapy: review of previous cases.

: A case of Hemophilus influenzae arthritis in a penicillin-sensitive female adult was successfully treated with large dosages of cephalothin intravenously. Upon admission to the hospital the patient gave a history of an upper respiratory-tract infection; her temperature was 104° F. Her right shoulder was hot and painful; aspiration produced about 12 ml of grossly purulent fluid. The sputum contained an abundance of pus cells and many Gram-positive cocci. Improvement started within forty-eight hours after starting cephalothin therapy, and the patient was afebrile after the fourteenth day. Cultures of the sputum, blood and joint fluid grew H. influenzae, found to be sensitive to several antibiotic drugs including cephalothin. There were no radiographic changes nor any demonstrable loss of function. A review of the 9 previously reported cases in adults is also presented.
Age differences and stress ulcer in the rat.

Abstract Rats 2-, 7- and 12- mo. old were exposed to supine body restraint plus cold (5°C) for 3 hr. The mean cumulative length of lesions for the 2-, 7-, and 12 mo. old rats was 22.0, 43.0 and 16.0 mm. respectively. The same experimental design was used in a second study, but the pylorus was ligated prior to restraint. Total acid output/hr. was 134.6, 178.2, and 64.7 μEq/60 min. respectively for the three age groups. Older rats were not more susceptible to stress-ulcer and gastric acid was not significantly related to degree of ulceration.
Lineage, migration, and morphogenesis of longitudinal glia in the Drosophila CNS as revealed by a molecular lineage marker

Abstract Previous studies described three different classes of glial cells in the developing CNS of the early Drosophila embryo that prefigure and ensheath the major CNS axon tracts. Among these are 6 longitudinal glial cells on each side of each segment that overlie the longitudinal axon tracts. Here we use transformant lines carrying a P element containing a 130 by sequence from the fushi tarazu gene in front of the lacZ reporter gene to direct β-galactosidase expression in the longitudinal glia. Using this molecular lineage marker, we show that 1 of the "neuroblasts" in each hemisegment is actually a glioblast, which divides once symmetrically, in contrast to the typical asymmetric neuroblast divisions, producing 2 glial cells, which migrate medially and divide to generate the 6 longitudinal glial cells. As with neuroblasts, mutations in Notch and other neurogenic genes lead to supernumerary glioblasts. The results indicate that the glioblast is similar to other neuroblasts; however, the positionally specified fate of this blast cell is to generate a specific lineage of glia rather than a specific family of neurons.
Bulk and Stable Isotopic Compositions of Carbonate Minerals in Martian Meteorite Allan Hills 84001: No Proof of High Formation Temperature

Understanding the origin of carbonate minerals in the Martian meteorite Allan Hills (ALH) 84001 is crucial to evaluating the hypothesis that they contain traces of ancient Martian life. Using arguments based on chemical equilibria among carbonates and fluids, an origin at greater than 650 C (inimical to life) has been proposed. However, the bulk and stable isotopic compositions of the carbonate minerals are open to multiple interpretations and so lend no particular support to a high-temperature origin. Other methods (possibly less direct) will have to be used to determine the formation temperature of the carbonates in ALH 84001.
Protein synthesis initiation factor 4G

eIF4G is a member of the class of translational initiation factors involved in mRNA recruitment to the 43S initiation complex. The proteins from yeast to mammals are present in multiple isoforms of 82-176 kDa. Mammalian eIF4G-1 is synthesized by internal initiation of translation and is specifically degraded by viral and host proteases activated by stress conditions. The role of eIF4G in protein synthesis is inferred from the presence of binding sites for other initiation factors that serve to co-localize the 5'- and 3'-termini of mRNA with RNA-helicase activity and the 40S ribosomal subunit. Growth-regulated mRNAs are preferentially translated under conditions of accentuated eIF4E-eIF4G interaction. Proteolysis of eIF4G or expression of competitor proteins interferes with its binding to either the 5'- or 3'-termini, changing the spectrum of mRNAs translated. Elevated eIF4G levels correlate with malignant cell transformation and diminished eIF4G levels, with nutritional deprivation and anoxia.
On the resistance of cadmium selenide films

Abstract During deposition the film resistance is influenced by a fast, reversible surface adsorption of gas in the vacuum system. This gas is displaced by the cadmium selenide vapor and is not incorporated in the film, at least to a significant extent. It is shown that the slow irreversible increase in resistance that occurs when the film is exposed to air is a bulk effect. It is believed to be due to oxygen diffusing into selenium vacancies. This increase is smaller for the more stoichiometric (and hence resistive) films.
Retinoids (13-cis-Retinoic Acid, Isotretinoin, Accutane, All-trans-retinoic acid)

Isotretinoin is a synthetic form of vitamin A that has been used in the United States since 1983 mainly for the treatment of severe cystic acne. Long-term therapy with low-dose isotretinoin has also been used for prevention of basal cell carcinoma and treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, and all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) has been used in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML).
Aerosol Indirect Effects on Idealized Tropical Cyclone Dynamics

AbstractThe desire to improve the forecasting skill of the intensity and size of tropical cyclones has prompted the investigation into numerous physical processes that can impact these quantities. The modification of cloud properties via aerosols injected into a tropical cyclone can initiate interactions between cloud microphysics and storm dynamics that ultimately lead to appreciable changes in the large-scale features of the storm. In this modeling study it is shown that the introduction of aerosols at the periphery of an idealized tropical cyclone can impact both the intensity and size of the storm. In general, the storm intensity increases and the storm size decreases with increasing aerosol number concentration. Results from a sensitivity study to the aerosol number concentration in a source located at the storm periphery reveal that the storm intensity is increased up to 17%, and the storm size is reduced up to roughly 16% for aerosol concentrations ranging from 100 to 2000 cm−3. The storm response ...
Validation of a novel hemodynamic model for coherent hemodynamics spectroscopy (CHS) and functional brain studies with fNIRS and fMRI.

Abstract We report an experimental validation and applications of the new hemodynamic model presented in the companion article (Fantini, 2014–this issue) both in the frequency domain and in the time domain. In the frequency domain, we have performed diffuse optical measurements for coherent hemodynamics spectroscopy (CHS) on the brain and calf muscle of human subjects, showing that the hemodynamic model predictions (both in terms of spectral shapes and absolute spectral values) are confirmed experimentally. We show how the quantitative analysis based on the new model allows for autoregulation measurements from brain data, and provides an analytical description of near-infrared spiroximetry from muscle data. In the time domain, we have used data from the literature to perform a comparison between brain activation signals measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) or with blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) fMRI, and the corresponding signals predicted by the new model. This comparison shows an excellent agreement between the model predictions and the reported fNIRS and BOLD fMRI signals. This new hemodynamic model provides a valuable tool for brain studies with hemodynamic-based techniques.
GCF extraction from multivariable polynomials using generalised Padé approximations

A new algorithm is presented for determining the GCF from multivariable polynomials. The technique consists of applying the generalised Pade approximation method for multivariable functions. The algorithm is conceptually simple and computationally easy.
Effects of μ-Opioid Receptor Modulation on GABAB Receptor Synaptic Function in Hippocampal CA1

Activation of μ-opioid receptors (MORs) alters information coding, synaptic plasticity, and spatial memory in hippocampal CA1. In CA1, MORs act by inhibiting GABA release onto both GABAA and GABAB ...
Sex differences in public restroom handwashing behavior associated with visual behavior prompts.

Handwashing after using the restroom is generally poor across the population, and one common method used to increase the frequency of handwashing is to place signs reminding individuals to wash their hands. The current study examined the association between the absence and presence of signs reminding one to wash their hands and handwashing in public restrooms. Signs prompting handwashing behavior remind restroom patrons of acceptable behavior, and the presence of these signs is hypothesized to be associated with an increase in handwashing. Observation of 175 individuals (95 women and 80 men) using public restrooms on a university campus indicated that 61% of the women and 37% of the men observed washed their hands, e.g., washing hands with soap, in the absence of the sign, and 97% of the women and 35% of the men observed washed their hands in the presence of the sign. Further, 53% of the men and 38% of the women observed rinsed their hands, e.g., washing hands without soap, in the absence of the sign, and 55% of the men and 2% of the women observed rinsed their hands in the presence of the sign. Results are discussed in terms of possible factors associated with sex differences in handwashing and the absence and presence of visual prompts for handwashing behavior.
The Perception of Word Boundaries in a Second Language.

Adult Spanish second language (L2) learners of English and native speakers of English participated in an English perception task designed to investigate their ability to use L2 acoustic-phonetic cu...
Active Microwave Measurements Of Artificial Sea Ice

A 5 m x 15 m outdoor tank of 1.2 m depth was filled with sea water, and polarimetric radar backscatter data were collected at 1.8, 5, and 10 GHz for incidence angles 0 to 60 deg. Observations commenced with open water and continued until 30 cm of sea ice formed. The roughness of the ice surface is important in determining the general backscatter level for first-year ice. Experiments were performed to study the change in backscatter with various roughness scales. Effects of freeze and thaw conditions were also examined. Absolute backscatter levels for new to gray ice are small, except for the large, coherent returns at vertical. The backscatter responses of new, gray, rough grey, and desalinated first-year ice at linear polarization are dissimilar. This is confirmed by examining their polarization signatures.
History of neuroendoscopy

Since the beginnings of medicine, physicians have sought minimally invasive ways to peer into body cavities. It is only in the last several decades that the promises of endoscopy have begun to be answered. What follows is a brief outline of the development of endoscopic technology and its application to the nervous system both for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
Infrared spectral analysis of engine preflame emission

AbstractAn investigation has been conducted to examine the previously observed infrared emission occurring at the end of an engine's compression period. The infrared preflame spectrum is measured and quantitatively compared with a radiation emission model incorporating wall effects. The likelihood and degree of contributions to the observed emission by intermediate species under non-local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions are examined, and the viability of applying high-speed infrared imaging as a diagnostic technique for observing the distribution of fuel vapour is demonstrated. A Fastie—Ebert-type grating spectrophotometer was constructed to employ a 64×64 pixel platinum-silicide charge-coupled device imager. This instrument was integrated with a four-camera infrared spatial imaging system. The combined apparatus allows the simultaneous recording of the infrared spectra and four spatial images, each recorded through separate narrow-band filters. One filter is centred at 2.47 μm and another centred at...
Coherent potential approximation of random nearly isostatic kagome lattice

The kagome lattice has coordination number $4$, and it is mechanically isostatic when nearest-neighbor sites are connected by central-force springs. A lattice of $N$ sites has $O(\sqrt{N})$ zero-frequency floppy modes that convert to finite-frequency anomalous modes when next-nearest-neighbor (NNN) springs are added. We use the coherent potential approximation to study the mode structure and mechanical properties of the kagome lattice in which NNN springs with spring constant $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ are added with probability $\mathcal{P}=\ensuremath{\Delta}z/4$, where $\ensuremath{\Delta}z=z\ensuremath{-}4$ and $z$ is the average coordination number. The effective medium static NNN spring constant ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{m}$ scales as ${\mathcal{P}}^{2}$ for $\mathcal{P}\ensuremath{\ll}\ensuremath{\kappa}$ and as $\mathcal{P}$ for $\mathcal{P}\ensuremath{\gg}\ensuremath{\kappa}$, yielding a frequency scale ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{*}~\ensuremath{\Delta}z$ and a length scale ${l}^{*}~(\ensuremath{\Delta}z){}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. To a very good approximation at small nonzero frequency, ${\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{m}(\mathcal{P},\ensuremath{\omega})/{\ensuremath{\kappa}}_{m}(\mathcal{P},0)$ is a scaling function of $\ensuremath{\omega}/{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{*}$. The Ioffe-Regel limit beyond which plane-wave states become ill-defined is reached at a frequency of order ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{*}$.
Cloning and characterization of centromeric DNA from Neurospora crassa.

The centromere locus from linkage group VII of Neurospora crassa has been cloned, characterized, and physically mapped. The centromeric DNA is contained within a 450-kb region that is recombination deficient, A+T-rich, and contains repetitive sequences. Repetitive sequences from within this region hybridize to a family of repeats located at or near centromeres in all seven linkage groups of N. crassa. Genomic Southern blots and sequence analysis of these repeats revealed a unique centromere structure containing a divergent family of centromere-specific repeats. The predominantly transitional differences between copies of the centromere-specific sequence repeats and their high A+T content suggest that their divergence was mediated by repeat-induced point (RIP) mutations. 46 refs., 8 figs., 2 tabs.