cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A general synthesis of side chain derivatives of Δ9-thc

Abstract The synthesis of (6aR, 10aR)-trans-3-[1′,3′-dithian-2′-yl]-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9- trimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-l-ol t-butyldimethylsilyl ether ( 4b ) is reported. The use of this compound as a source of side chain derivatives of cannabinoids is illustrated by syntheses of 1′-,2′-,3′- and 4′-hydroxy-Δ9-THC, and 3-carboxy-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-o1 ( 6 ).
Formal verification of a programming logic for a distributed programming language

Abstract This paper presents a method for mechanically proving the soundness of a programming logic for a distributed programming language, in support of the development of verified program verification tools. We focus on: 1. (1) how to formalize the operational semantics of a distributed programming language; 2. (2) how to formalize the concept of program correctness for distributed programs; 3. (3) how to mechanically prove the soundness of a programming logic with respect to the formal semantics of the language; 4. (4) how to use the mechanized and sound logic to develop verification tools with soundness guaranteed; and 5. (5) how to accomplish all above in the same formalism. Our programming logic permits the verification of single processes executing in isolation and, also, the verification of the composition of concurrently executing processes. Our method demonstrates that structuring the specification of operational semantics can ease the creation of a sound and mechanized programming logic for distributed programming languages. We believe that our method can be scaled up to larger distributed programming languages and their programming logics. The Cambridge HOL theorem proving system is used in our research.
SCATTERING OF 2- TO 4-MEV POLARIZED NEUTRONS BY CARBON

The right-left asymmetry in elastic scattering of partially polarized neutrons by carbon was observed for 45 deg (c.m.) scattering angle and for neutrons in the 2- to 4-Mev energy range. The C/sup 12/(n,n) polarization, inferred from the measured asymmetries, has a direction and energy dependence in agreement with phaseshift analyses obtained previously by others. The magnitude of the polarization is slightly larger than predicted. (auth)
Vocational Satisfaction Among Ministerial Students

84 graduate students attending the Seventh-day Adventist Seminary for North America Q-sorted 50 self-relevant, socially neutral statements to measure self-concept and occupational role percept of the “ideal” Seventh-day Adventist minister. Correlations were computed for congruence between self-percepts and occupational role percepts, as an operational approximation to the construct “vocational satisfaction.” Mean correlations in extreme quartiles of the resultant distribution differed beyond .001; subjects in extreme quartiles were accordingly regarded as “more” or “less” vocationally satisfied. Significant differences were found between more- and less-satisfied subjects on 3 of 16 personality factors (adventuresomeness, shrewdness, ergic tension); on 1 of 6 values (social); on 1 of 10 vocational interests (social service); and on 2 of 15 elements of educational-social history (extent of previous church-conducted education, vocational preference during high school).
Exogenous nitric oxide can trigger a preconditioned state through a free radical mechanism, but endogenous nitric oxide is not a trigger of classical ischemic preconditioning.

Nitric oxide (NO) has been reported to play an important role in the late phase of ischemic preconditioning (PC) in the rabbit heart. However, the role of NO in the early phase of ischemic PC ("classical PC") is controversial. Accordingly, the present study was designed to determine whether NO contributes to the cardioprotective effect of classical PC in rabbits. Isolated hearts experienced 30 min of regional ischemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion. Infarct size was measured with triphenyltetrazolium chloride. In control hearts infarction was 30.2+/-3.3% of the risk zone. PC with 5 min of global ischemia and 10 min of reperfusion reduced infarct size to 10.2+/-2.4% (P<0.05). Perfusion with 2 microm S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), a NO donor, in lieu of ischemia mimicked PC (4.4+/-1.9% infarction, P<0.01 v control). To determine whether this protection was dependent on either protein kinase C (PKC) as has previously been demonstrated for classical PC or free radicals known to be produced during exogenous NO administration, chelerythrine (5 microm), a PKC inhibitor, or N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)-glycine (300 microm), a free radical scavenger, was administered with or shortly after SNAP. Neither drug had any independent effect on infarct size, and each blocked SNAP's cardioprotection (31.0+/-5.1 and 25.7+/-5.2% infarction, resp.). N(omega)-nitro- L -arginine methyl ester (L -NAME, 100 microm), a NO synthase inhibitor, failed to block the cardioprotection from the above ischemic PC protocol (9.5+/-2.8% infarction, P<0.05 v control). L -NAME alone had no effect on infarct size (30.6+/-2.7%). These results suggest that the beneficial effect of exogenous NO production during SNAP pretreatment is mediated by a protein kinase C-dependent pathway via MPG-sensitive oxidants. However, we were unable to show any contribution of endogenous NO to classical PC's protection in isolated rabbit hearts.
The acetyltransferase activity of San stabilizes the mitotic cohesin at the centromeres in a shugoshin-independent manner

Proper sister chromatid cohesion is critical for maintaining genetic stability. San is a putative acetyltransferase that is important for sister chromatid cohesion in Drosophila melanogaster, but not in budding yeast. We showed that San is critical for sister chromatid cohesion in HeLa cells, suggesting that this mechanism may be conserved in metazoans. Furthermore, although a small fraction of San interacts with the NatA complex, San appears to mediate cohesion independently. San exhibits acetyltransferase activity in vitro, and its activity is required for sister chromatid cohesion in vivo. In the absence of San, Sgo1 localizes correctly throughout the cell cycle. However, cohesin is no longer detected at the mitotic centromeres. Furthermore, San localizes to the cytoplasm in interphase cells; thus, it may not gain access to chromosomes until mitosis. Moreover, in San-depleted cells, further depletion of Plk1 rescues the cohesion along the chromosome arms, but not at the centromeres. Collectively, San may be specifically required for the maintenance of the centromeric cohesion in mitosis.
Homicide Patterns and Public Housing: The Case of Louisville, KY (1989-2007)

This study examines the impact of the revitalization of low-income, public housing properties on homicide patterns. It tracks the movement of homicide clusters from the initial properties to those neighborhoods where public housing residents were displaced over a 19-year period in Louisville, Kentucky. The median-income level of residents and vacant housing emerged as important predictors of homicide clusters. This article concludes that low-income public housing and Section 8 housing properties provide an environment where homicides are likely to occur. This pattern remained in effect even when the nature of public housing changed.
Free will and mystery: looking past the Mind Argument

Among challenges to libertarians, the Mind Argument has loomed large. Believing that this challenge cannot be met, Peter van Inwagen, a libertarian, concludes that free will is a mystery. Recently, the Mind Argument has drawn a number of criticisms. Here I seek to add to its woes. Quite apart from its other problems, I argue, the Mind Argument does a poor job of isolating the important concern for libertarians that it raises. Once this concern has been clarified, however, another argument serves to renew the challenge. The Assimilation Argument challenges libertarians to explain how ostensible exercises of free will are relevantly different from other causally undetermined outcomes, outcomes that nobody would count as exercises of free will. In particular, libertarians must explain how agents can have the power to settle which of two causally possible futures becomes the actual future. This will require them to distinguish cases where this power is supposedly present from similar cases where it’s clearly absent.
Of paradigms and metaphors in auditing thought

. Assumptions serve as the basis from which we reason and therefore pervasively influence the nature of our understanding of any substantive area. Auditing is no exception. Yet, the core assumptions that underlie auditing thought have largely been left unexamined. The purpose of this paper is to examine the core ontological assumptions, (assumptions as to the primitive elements of what constitutes reality), and epistemological assumptions, (assumptions as to how knowledge is attained), that underlie contemporary auditing thought. It is concluded: 1) that auditing is characterized by an overwhelming domination of a functionalist paradigm, which views reality as concrete and objective (rather than uncertain and subjective) and which emphasizes a regularized, patterned existence (rather than one characterized by intrinsic tension and contradiction); and 2) that this paradigm ultimately influences and constrains our understanding of auditing. Alternative paradigms are used to examine the concepts of audit evidence and auditor consensus to dramatize the effects of making alternative assumptions of reality. Implications for practitioners and for researchers are also explored. Resume. Les hypotheses servent de fondement a nos raisonnements et par consequent, influencent l'essence de notre comprehension de tout domaine. La verification n'est pas une exception et les hypotheses essentielles qui sous-tendent la pensee en verification, n'ont pas vraiment ete examinees. L'objectif de cet article est d'examiner les hypotheses essentielles ontologiques (hypotheses concernant les elements primitifs de ce qui constitue la realite) et les hypotheses epistemologiques (hypotheses relatives au comment de l'atteinte de la connaissance) qui sous-tendent la pensee contemporaine en verification. On y conclut: 1) que la verification est caracterisee par une domination ecrasante d'un paradigme fonctionnel qui voit la realite comme etant concrete et objective (plutot qu'incertaine et subjective) et qui met l'emphase sur une existence regularisee et modelee (plutot qu'une existence caracterisee par la contradiction et une tension intrinseque); et 2) que ce paradigme influence et contraint ultimement notre comprehension de la verification. Des paradigmes alternatifs sont utilises pour examiner les concepts d'information probante et de consensus du verificateur afin de dramatiser les effets d'utiliser des hypotheses alternatives de la realite. Les implications pour les practiciens et les chercheurs sont egalement considerees.
Pteridinium: An Element of Late Precambrian Ediacaran Fauna from Carolina Slate Belt, Southern Appalachian Orogen: ABSTRACT

Discovery of oil and gas in the western overthrust belt has spurred renewed efforts in the southwestern and eastern overthrust belts. Reinterpretations of existing data and acquisition of new data, both geologic and geophysical, have led to several interpretations of the sedimentary history and overthrust geometry of these belts. Although the Carolina Slate belt (CSB) is not a prime petroleum exploration target, the documentation of metazoan elements belonging to the late Precambrian Ediacaran fauna in the CSB is new data pertinent to interpretations of sedimentary history and accretion geometry of an exotic terrane that by some interpretations may be involved in overthrusting and is thus concealing potentially petroleum-bearing strata. The presence of Pteridinium in the CSB provides correlation with late Precambrian strata of the Russian platform, South West Africa, and South Australia, and is thus very significant in paleogeographic reconstructions. Pteridinium in the CSB is represented by 4 specimens that are impressions of "petal-like" metazoans. These metazoans are approximately bilaterally symmetrical, crudely ovoid-shaped, and composed of curved segments that join across a medial zig-zag groove created by the proximal End_Page 479------------------------------ ends of alternating left and right segments. The segments curve toward one end of the organism, terminating distally in spines. Individual segments exhibit longitudinal ornamentation, and grooves separating adjacent segments indicate articulation. Data from the USSR, Africa, and South Australia suggest that Pteridinium lived in a shallow water, near-shore, high-energy environment. However, the CSB examples are preserved in an essentially bedding-parallel position in deep-water flysch, suggesting transportation from nearshore into deep water. End_of_Article - Last_Page 480------------
Kinetics of proton transfer from benzo[b]-2,3-dihydrofuran-2-one and benzo[b]-2,3-dihydrothiophene-2-one. Effect of anion aromaticity on intrinsic barriers.

Rates of the reversible deprotonation of benzo[b]-2,3-dihydrofuran-2-one (6H-O) and benzo[b]-2,3-dihydrothiophene-2-one (6H-S) by OH-, primary aliphatic amines, secondary alicyclic amines, and carboxylate ions have been determined in water at 25 °C. As noted earlier by Kresge and Meng, 6H-S (pKa = 8.82) is considerably more acidic than 6H-O (pKa = 11.68), which mainly reflects the greater aromatic stabilization of the conjugate base of 6H-S (thiophene derivative) compared to that of 6H-O (furan derivative). The main focus of this paper is to assess how the difference in the aromaticity of the two enolate ions affects the intrinsic barrier to the proton transfer. These intrinsic barriers were determined from Bronsted plots for the reactions with the amines and carboxylate ions or calculated on the basis of the Marcus equation for the reactions with OH-. They are consistently somewhat higher for the reactions of 6H-S than for the reactions of 6H-O, implying that the aromaticity in the anion enhances the int...
Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring

Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring is a widely utilized means of assessment of fetal status during labor. Whereas little evidence exists regarding efficacy, this modality continues to be used extensively in every modern labor and delivery unit in developed countries. It is of importance that all providers of health care to the woman in labor and her newborn have a clear understanding of the basic pathophysiology of fetal heart rate monitoring and an appreciation for labor course and concerns as they arise in order to optimize outcomes and patient safety.
Liquid crystal voltage controlled retardation display.

The various methods of realizing a liquid crystal voltage controlled retarder are reviewed. The factors influencing uniformity and stability are examined. Asymptotic expressions for the retardation in the high voltage limit are given, and this is shown to be the most stable operating region. The application of this device to a color display system is discussed. Color uniformity and limiting resolution are examined. Data on the 45° twist cell are presented.
The use of case-parent triads to study joint effects of genotype and exposure.

Most noninfectious disease is caused by low-penetrance alleles interacting with other genes and environmental factors. Consider the simple setting where a diallelic autosomal candidate gene and a binary exposure together affect disease susceptibility. Suppose that one has genotyped affected probands and their parents and has determined each proband's exposure status. One proposed method for assessment of etiologic interaction of genotype and exposure, an extension of the transmission/disequilibrium test, tests for differences in transmission of the variant allele from heterozygous parents to exposed versus unexposed probands. We show that this test is not generally valid. An alternative approach compares the conditional genotype distribution of unexposed cases, given parental genotypes, versus that of exposed cases. This approach provides maximum-likelihood estimators for genetic relative-risk parameters and genotype-exposure–interaction parameters, as well as a likelihood-ratio test (LRT) of the no-interaction null hypothesis. We show how to apply this approach, using log-linear models. When a genotype-exposure association arises solely through incomplete mixing of subpopulations that differ in both exposure prevalence and allele frequency, the LRT remains valid. The LRT becomes invalid, however, if offspring genotypes do not follow Mendelian proportions in each parental mating type—for example, because of genotypic differences in survival—or if a genotype-exposure association reflects an influence of genotype on propensity for exposure—for example, through behavioral mechanisms. Because the needed assumptions likely hold in many situations, the likelihood-based approach should be broadly applicable for diseases in which probands commonly have living parents.
Genomic Organization of the Hamster Phospholipase C-δ1Gene: Differential Loss of Separate Alleles of the Phospholipase C-δ1Gene in Two Fibroblast Mutants Lacking Phospholipase C-δ1

Abstract In earlier work from this laboratory, mutant Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts D1-6b and D1-9b were shown to lack phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-δ1(PLCδ1). In the current study, Northern analysis of mRNA samples from these mutants fails to detect full-length transcripts for PLCδ1. Southern analysis of SacI digests of wild type and mutant cell genomic DNA hybridized against probe made to full-length rat brain PLCδ1cDNA suggested that these mutants differ from one another and wild type controls. This observation is shown to be the result of the differential loss, in both mutants, of one of two alleles for the hamster PLCδ1gene normally present in the parental cell line. During the course of these studies, the hamster PLCδ1gene was cloned and sequenced. This genomic sequence spans 13 kb of DNA and encodes 98.5% of the predicted coding sequence for the hamster PLCδ1cDNA within 15+ exons.
Monodithiolene molybdenum(V, VI) complexes: a structural analogue of the oxidized active site of the sulfite oxidase enzyme family.

The active sites of the xanthine oxidase and sulfite oxidase enzyme families contain one pterin−dithiolene cofactor ligand bound to a molybdenum atom. Consequently, monodithiolene molybdenum complexes have been sought by exploratory synthesis for structural and reactivity studies. Reaction of [MoO(S2C2Me2)2]1- or [MoO(bdt)2]1- with PhSeCl results in removal of one dithiolate ligand and formation of [MoOCl2(S2C2Me2)]1- (1) or [MoOCl2(bdt)]1- (2), which undergoes ligand substitution reactions to form other monodithiolene complexes [MoO(2-AdS)2(S2C2Me2)]1- (3), [MoO(SR)2(bdt)]1- (R = 2-Ad (4), 2,4,6-Pri3C6H2 (5)), and [MoOCl(SC6H2-2,4,6-Pri3)(bdt)]1- (6) (Ad = 2-adamantyl, bdt = benzene-1,2-dithiolate). These complexes have square pyramidal structures with apical oxo ligands, exhibit rhombic EPR spectra, and 3−5 are electrochemically reducible to MoIVO species. Complexes 1−6 constitute the first examples of five-coordinate monodithiolene MoVO complexes; 6 approaches the proposed structure of the high-pH form...
Intragraft localization of activated nuclear factor κB in recurrent hepatitis C virus disease following liver transplantation

Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) is activated during viral infection and is central to the regulation of host immune responses. The NF-kappaB activation status and its morphological sources were assessed by immunohistochemistry in allograft biopsy specimens of orthotopic liver transplantation patients with recurrent hepatitis C virus (HCV). Hepatocellular NF-kappaB immunostaining was detected in HCV cases compared with controls (nontransplant: P <.001; transplant: P =.006), which correlated with the number of NF-kappaB positive hepatocytes (P =.007) and contrasted to the absent to weak staining of controls (nontransplant: P =.001; transplant: P =.009). Enhanced NF-kappaB staining of cytokeratin 19-positive bile ducts and proliferating ductules in the HCV group was in contrast to controls. Intense NF-kappaB immunoreactivity was detected in CD68-positive Kupffer cells and macrophages of all HCV specimens compared with a few controls (nontransplant: P <.001; transplant: P =.001) and contrasted to the weak staining of controls (nontransplant: P <.001; transplant: P =.001). NF-kappaB-positive immunoreactivity correlated with the number of T cell receptor (TCR) alpha/beta-positive lymphocytes (P <.001), which was not observed in controls. In those HCV cases showing evidence of necroinflammatory activity (grade) and individual features of portal inflammation, periportal inflammation/piecemeal necrosis, lobular inflammation, and fibrosis (stage), higher NF-kappaB staining intensity scores within bile ducts, proliferating ductules, hepatocytes (piecemeal necrosis: P =.016; stage: P =.030), and lymphocytes (stage: P =.044) and increased number of NF-kappaB-positive cells within bile ducts, proliferating ductules (grade, lobular inflammation, piecemeal necrosis, stage: P =.022), hepatocytes, and lymphocytes were observed. Increased staining intensity and frequency of NF-kappaB-positive cells were similarly observed in HCV-positive allografts obtained from patients under tacrolimus- compared with cyclosporine-based immunosuppression. These data implicate an immunoregulatory role of intragraft NF-kappaB activation in the pathogenesis and progression of posttransplantation HCV disease recurrence.
Contemporary tectonics of the Himalayan frontal fault system: folds, blind thrusts and the 1905 Kangra earthquake

The Sub-Himalayan fold-thrust belt consists of deformed late Cenozoic and older deposits south of the Main Boundary thrust (MBT). In Pakistan, east of the Indus River, the Sub-Himalaya comprises the Potwar Plateau and the Salt Range, which is thrust southward over the Jhelum River floodplain along the Salt Range thrust. Although an estimated 9–14 mm a−1 shortening has been taken up on the Salt Range thrust during the last 2 Ma, the range-front scarp does not show signs of recent faulting. Shortening may be shifting southward to the Lilla overpressured anticline, which rises from the Jhelum floodplain as a fault-propagation fold. Farther east, shortening is partitioned among several anticlines underlain by foreland- and hinterland-dipping blind thrusts. Southeast of the main deformation zone, the Pabbi Hills overpressured anticline is best explained as a fault-propagation fold. Throughout the Potwar Plateau and Salt Range, thrusts and folds rise from a basal decollement horizon in Eocambrian evaporites. The Pakistani part of the decollement horizon could generate large earthquakes only if these evaporites die out northward at seismogenic depths. In India and Nepal, the Sub-Himalaya is narrower, reflecting the absence of evaporites and a steeper slope of the basement towards the hinterland. The southern boundary of the Sub-Himalaya is the Himalayan Front fault, discontinuous because part of the shortening is expressed at the surface by folding. Broad, alluvial synclinal valleys (dun valleys) are bounded on the south by rising barrier anticlines of Siwalik molasse. The 1905 Kangra earthquake (M8) produced uplift on the Mohand anticline and the Dehra Dun Valley, suggesting that this earthquake occurred on a decollement horizon above basement, downdip from the fold. If so, the Kangra event is the largest known earthquake on a blind thrust expressed at the surface as a fold.
A study of syntactic processing in aphasia I: Behavioral (psycholinguistic) aspects

This paper presents the results of a study of syntactically based comprehension in aphasic patients. We studied 42 patients with aphasia secondary to left hemisphere strokes and 25 control participants. We measured off-line, end-of-sentence, performance (accuracy and reaction time) in two tasks that require comprehension--enactment and sentence-picture matching--and in grammaticality judgment, with whole sentence auditory presentation. We also used sentence-picture matching and grammaticality judgment as tasks in two self-paced listening studies with the same patients to measure on-line performance. In each task and presentation format, we presented sentences that tested the ability to assign and interpret three structural contrasts chosen to examine different basic syntactic operations: actives and passives, subject and object extracted relative clauses, and reflexive pronouns and matched sentences without these elements. We examined these behavioral data to determine patterns of impairment in individual patients and in groups of patients, using correlational analyses, factor analyses, and analyses of variance. The results showed that almost no individual patients had stable deficits referable to the ability to interpret individual syntactic structures, that a variety of structural features contributed to sentence processing complexity both on-line and off-line, that correct responses were associated with normal on-line and errors with abnormal performance, and that the major determinant of performance is a factor that affected performance on all sentence types. The results indicate that the major cause of aphasic impairments of syntactically based comprehension are intermittent reductions in the processing capacity available for syntactic, interpretive, and task-related operations.
Transition from the turbulent to the laminar regime for internal convective flow with large property variations.

Transition from turbulent to laminar regime as consequence of high heating rates for internal convective flow, noting roles of Nusselt numbers and friction factors
IMAGE results illustrate Earth's active role in space storms

New findings from a NASA satellite provide a global picture of the active role that Earth's ionosphere plays in providing energetic particles in solar storms, a team of scientists announced at a 9 May news briefing at NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C.
Nonlinear Baroclinic Instability on the Sphere: Multiple Life Cycles with Surface Drag and Thermal Damping

Abstract A multilevel, global, primitive equation model is used to examine the nonlinear development of baroclinic waves (confined initially to a single zonal wavenumber) on a symmetric zonal flow. The focus is on the influence of highly simplified surface drag and thermal damping on the evolution of the flow beyond an initial eddy life cycle. Without surface drag and thermal damping and with relatively weak internal diffusion, it is found that multiple life cycles occur in the evolution to an essentially wave-free state. With stronger diffusion, only a single life cycle characterized by baroclinic growth and barotropic decay is obtained. The life cycles that follow the initial cycle with weak diffusion are strongly barotropic, entailing barotropic growth and decay. The episodes of barotropic growth are associated with wave radiation, wave breaking, and overreflection on the equatorward flanks of the jet near a critical surface. With strong diffusion, the potential vorticity mixing associated with the bre...
Weathering controls on mechanisms of carbon storage in grassland soils

Author(s): Masiello, C.A.; Chadwick, O.A.; Southon, J.; Torn, M.S.; Harden, J.W. | Abstract: On a sequence of soils developed under similar vegetation, temperature, and precipitation conditions, but with variations in mineralogical properties, we use organic carbon and 14C inventories to examine mineral protection of soil organic carbon. In these soils, 14C data indicate that the creation of slow-cycling carbon can be modeled as occurring through reaction of organic ligands with Al3+ and Fe3+ cations in the upper horizons, followed by sorption to amorphous inorganic Al compounds at depth. Only one of these processes, the chelation of Al3+ and Fe3+ by organic ligands, is linked to large carbon stocks. Organic ligands stabilized by this process traverse the soil column as dissolved organic carbon (both from surface horizons and root exudates). At our moist grassland site, this chelation and transport process is very strongly correlated with the storage and long-term stabilization of soil organic carbon. Our 14C results show that the mechanisms of organic carbon transport and storage at this site follow a classic model previously believed to only be significant in a single soil order (Spodosols), and closely related to the presence of forests. The presence of this process in the grassland Alfisol, Inceptisol, and Mollisol soils of this chronosequence suggests that this process is a more significant control on organic carbon storage than previously thought.
The Living Arrangements of Single Mothers with Dependent Children

. Despite the rapid increase in families headed by single mothers, sufficient attention has not been paid to the living arrangements of these families. Most prior research has generally relied on Bureau of the Census definitions as household head and subfamily head to categorize single mothers' living arrangements. This two part grouping, however, obscures the actual diversity of living arrangements undertaken, including cohabitation with unrelated males. This paper moves beyond the standard two part grouping of single mothers and instead provides a detailed taxonomy of single mothers' living arrangements using data from the Current Population Survey. Among the findings, the economic status of families headed by single mothers varies tremendously by living arrangement, a fact which has been entirely overlooked in earlier research.
Effect of Overprocessing on Availability of Amino Acids and Energy in Soybean Meal

Abstract Commercial, dehulled, solvent-extracted soybean meal (DSBM) was overprocessed by autoclaving at 121 C and 105 kPa for 0, 20, 40, or 60 min. Analyzed concentrations (acid hydrolysis followed by ion-exchange chromatography) of lysine and cystine, and to a lesser extent arginine, in DSBM were reduced by increased autoclaving time. Autoclaving time had little or no effect on levels of other amino acids. Performance of chicks fed 40-min autoclaved DSBM as the sole source of dietary protein was inferior to that of chicks fed unautoclaved DSBM. True digestibilities of several amino acids in DSBM decreased (P
Web-accessible geographic integration and calibration of webcams

A global network of webcams offers unique viewpoints from tens of thousands of locations. Understanding the geographic context of this imagery is vital in using these cameras for quantitative environmental monitoring or surveillance applications. We derive robust geo-calibration constraints that allow users to geo-register static or pan-tilt-zoom cameras by specifying a few corresponding points, and describe our Web interface suitable for novices. We discuss design decisions that support our scalable, publicly accessible Web service that allows webcam textures to be displayed live on 3D geographic models. Finally, we demonstrate several multimedia applications for geo-calibrated cameras.
The Effects of ESD in Multiple Testing Environments on Adhesive-Label RFID Tags

The purpose of this study was to determine the ESD susceptibility of commercially available label-enclosed RFID tags. Six different types of adhesive labels with RFID transponders were subjected to ESD in different testing environments. Initial data shows that most of the tags were sufficiently protected from fairly large discharges by their covering material. The magnitude of discharge and distance of the discharge to the IC did not have the expected effects on the tags. Instead, the presence of a ground plane and low label resistance were correlated to larger damage rates. The type of antenna and IC also played a role in susceptibility.
Using Helmholtz Machines to Analyze Multi-channel Neuronal Recordings

One of the current challenges to understanding neural information processing in biological systems is to decipher the "code" carried by large populations of neurons acting in parallel. We present an algorithm for automated discovery of stochastic firing patterns in large ensembles of neurons. The algorithm, from the "Helmholtz Machine" family, attempts to predict the observed spike patterns in the data. The model consists of an observable layer which is directly activated by the input spike patterns, and hidden units that are activated through ascending connections from the input layer. The hidden unit activity can be propagated down to the observable layer to create a prediction of the data pattern that produced it. Hidden units are added incrementally and their weights are adjusted to improve the fit between the predictions and data, that is, to increase a bound on the probability of the data given the model. This greedy strategy is not globally optimal but is computationally tractable for large populations of neurons. We show benchmark data on artificially constructed spike trains and promising early results on neurophysiological data collected from our chronic multi-electrode cortical implant.
Optochemical control of RNA interference in mammalian cells

Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been widely used in mammalian tissue culture and model organisms to selectively silence genes of interest. One limitation of this technology is the lack of precise external control over the gene-silencing event. The use of photocleavable protecting groups installed on nucleobases is a promising strategy to circumvent this limitation, providing high spatial and temporal control over siRNA or miRNA activation. Here, we have designed, synthesized and site-specifically incorporated new photocaged guanosine and uridine RNA phosphoramidites into short RNA duplexes. We demonstrated the applicability of these photocaged siRNAs in the light-regulation of the expression of an exogenous green fluorescent protein reporter gene and an endogenous target gene, the mitosis motor protein, Eg5. Two different approaches were investigated with the caged RNA molecules: the light-regulation of catalytic RNA cleavage by RISC and the light-regulation of seed region recognition. The ability to regulate both functions with light enables the application of this optochemical methodology to a wide range of small regulatory RNA molecules.
Effect of preventing Staphylococcus aureus carriage on rates of peritoneal catheter-related staphylococcal infections. Literature synthesis.

ObjectiveTo determine whether specific preventive measures reduce the rate of peritoneal catheter-related infections and peritoneal catheter loss due to Staphylococcus aureus.DesignStructured liter...
Computational Modeling and Design of Actively-Cooled Microvascular Materials

The computational modeling and design of an actively-cooled microvascular fin specimen is presented. The design study is based on three objective functions: (i) minimizing the maximum temperature in the thermally loaded fin, (ii) optimizing the flow efficiency of the embedded microchannel, and (iii) minimizing the void volume fraction of the microvascular material. A recently introduced Interface-enriched Generalized Finite Element Method (IGFEM) is employed to evaluate the temperature field in a 2D model of the specimen, allowing for the accurate and efficient capturing of the gradient discontinuity along the fluid/solid interface without the need of meshes that conform to the geometry of the problem. Finding the optimal shape of the embedded microchannel is thus accomplished with a single non-conforming mesh for all configurations. Prior to the optimization study, the IGFEM solver is validated through comparison with infrared measurements of the thermal response of an epoxy fin with a sinusoidal microchannel.
Soxhlet-dialysis: a method to recover soluble polymer supported catalysts

Soxhlet-dialysis is used to facilitate the recovery and reuse of a PEG-supported titanium-salen catalyst for the asymmetric silylcyanation of benzaldehyde—up to five times without any loss in activity or enantioselectivity.
Dispersal between Shallow and Abyssal Seas and Evolutionary Loss and Regain of Compound Eyes in Cylindroleberidid Ostracods: Conflicting Conclusions from Different Comparative Methods

Complex organs such as eyes are commonly lost during evolution, but the timescale on which lost phenotypes could be reactivated is a matter of long-standing debate, with important implications for the molecular mechanisms of trait loss. Two phylogenetic approaches have been used to test whether regain of traits has occurred. One way is by comparison of nested, continuous-time Markov models of trait evolution, approaches that we term tree-based tests. A second way to demonstrate statistical support for trait regain is through use of node-based tests that employ explicit estimation of ancestral node states. Here, we estimate new molecular and morphological phylogenies and use them to examine the possibility of eye regain and dispersal between abyssal and shallow seas during the history of cylindroleberidid ostracods, a family of about 200 species, comprising both eyeless and sighted species. First, we confirmed that eye presence/absence is correlated with habitat depth. Parameter estimates from a phylogenetic model indicate that speciation is more rapid in deep-sea eyeless clades compared with shallow-water sighted clades. In addition, we found that tree-based statistical tests usually indicated reversals, including both transitions from deep to shallow seas and regain of eyes. In contrast, node-based statistical tests usually failed to show significant support for reversals. These results also hold for simulated phylogenies, indicating that they are not unique to the current data set. We recommend that both tree-based and node-based tests should be examined before making conclusions about character reversal and that ideally, alternative character histories should be tested using additional data, besides just the phylogenetic distribution of presence/absence of the characters.
Outcomes in Hand Rehabilitation Using Occupational Therapy Services

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to measure functional outcomes after outpatient occupational therapy for clients who had upper-extremity injury and surgery or both. METHODS. A sample of 33 clients referred to occupational therapy outpatient intervention was recruited from five clinics in Ohio. The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) was used to guide the occupational therapy sessions and to measure outcomes. The Disability of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire and the Short Form 36 (SF-36) were also administered to the clients pre and post 6 to 8 weeks of hand rehabilitation services. Two to three months after discharge, the clients responded by the telephone to the Community Integration Questionnaire. RESULTS. The clients received a mean of 13 hours of outpatient occupational therapy services and received no other rehabilitation service. Functional performance gains following 6 to 8 weeks of services were significant (COPM; t(32) = -11.5, p < .001; t(32) = -11.31, p < .001; DASH; t(32) = 9.22, p < .001; t(32) = -9.02, p < .001). Effect sizes on the COPM and DASH ranged between 1.43 and 2.52. Progress in the clients’ goals was moderately correlated to progress in functional measures. CONCLUSION. Clients with upper-extremity injury or surgery made strong, positive gains in functional measures following client-centered occupational therapy services. The COPM was the most sensitive to client change, followed by the DASH, and then the SF-36.
Measurement of Dry Strength of Clay Bodies

Factors affecting the measured modulus of rupture of unfired clay bars were studied. These included the following variables: mixing time and aging of plastic clay; minor modifications in extrusion-machine design; and span width, rate of load application, and diameter of test bar used in cross-breaking machine. It was also found that exposure of dry clay bars to atmospheres of increasing per cent relative humidity decreased their strength values significantly.
TEXTURAL AND ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF IRISH POTATOES: I. Textural Properties*

Steam-peeled unprocessed potatoes showed the least hardness, gumminess, and resistance to shear or to compression forces in comparison to those peeled by lye or by abrasion. Fracturability values were greater than hardness values for the unprocessed potatoes, while the reverse was true for processed potatoes. Processed lye-peeled potatoes showed the greatest amount of cohesiveness and gumminess, and required the largest forces to shear or compress. The peeling method had no observed effect on adhesiveness values of processed potatoes. Texture profile parameters as well as resistance to shear or compression forces, and sensory hardness ratings increased during storage of processed potatoes. Steam and lye-peeled potatoes were more preferred organoleptically than abrasion-peeled potatoes.
Long-term Hypoxia Alters Calcium Regulation in Near-term Ovine Myometrium

Abstract Previous studies showed that long-term hypoxia (LTH) during pregnancy alters myometrial contractility. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that LTH during pregnancy suppresses myometrial contractility in sheep by affecting the calcium signaling cascade. Pregnant sheep were maintained at high altitude (3820 m) from Day 30 to Day 139 of gestation, when the animals were killed for collection of myometrial tissue. Tissue was also collected from age-matched, normoxic controls. Circular and longitudinal layers were separated, and strips from each layer were mounted in a muscle bath. After pretreatment with 10−8 M oxytocin, the strips were exposed to increasing half- or quarter-log doses of nifedipine (L-type calcium-channel blocker), ruthenium red, ryanodine (blockers of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-insensitive calcium stores), or 2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-N,N-diphenylcarbamate (NCDC; phospholipase C inhibitor). Area under the contraction curve was analyzed, and pD2 (log of concentratio...
Day/Night Whole Sky Imagers for 24-h cloud and sky assessment: history and overview

A family of fully automated digital whole sky imagers (WSIs) has been developed at the Marine Physical Laboratory over many years, for a variety of research and military applications. The most advanced of these, the day/night whole sky imagers (D/N WSIs), acquire digital imagery of the full sky down to the horizon under all conditions from full sunlight to starlight. Cloud algorithms process the imagery to automatically detect the locations of cloud for both day and night. The instruments can provide absolute radiance distribution over the full radiance range from starlight through daylight. The WSIs were fielded in 1984, followed by the D/N WSIs in 1992. These many years of experience and development have resulted in very capable instruments and algorithms that remain unique. This article discusses the history of the development of the D/N WSIs, system design, algorithms, and data products. The paper cites many reports with more detailed technical documentation. Further details of calibration, day and night algorithms, and cloud free line-of-sight results will be discussed in future articles.
Li-ion battery shut-off at high temperature caused by polymer phase separation in responsive electrolytes

For the purpose of realizing inherently safe high-power Li-ion batteries, a model Li4Ti5O12/LiFePO4 rechargeable battery is investigated using the thermally responsive polymer, poly(benzyl methacrylate), in an ionic liquid. At high temperature, battery operation is inhibited as a result of increased internal resistance caused by polymer and ionic liquid phase separation. Li-ion concentration is shown to affect the phase transition temperature and the extent to which batteries are deactivated.
Polymerase manager protein UmuD directly regulates Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III α binding to ssDNA

Replication by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III is disrupted on encountering DNA damage. Consequently, specialized Y-family DNA polymerases are used to bypass DNA damage. The protein UmuD is extensively involved in modulating cellular responses to DNA damage and may play a role in DNA polymerase exchange for damage tolerance. In the absence of DNA, UmuD interacts with the a subunit of DNA polymerase III at two distinct binding sites, one of which is adjacent to the single-stranded DNA-binding site of a. Here, we use single molecule DNA stretching experiments to demonstrate that UmuD specifically inhibits binding of a to ssDNA. We predict using molecular modeling that UmuD residues D91 and G92 are involved in this interaction and demonstrate that mutation of these residues disrupts the interaction. Our results suggest that competition between UmuD and ssDNA for a binding is a new mechanism for polymerase exchange.
AC conductance modeling and analysis of graphene nanoribbon interconnects

This paper presents the first accurate AC impedance extraction methodology for the evaluation of high-frequency behavior of graphene nanoribbon (GNR) structures targeted for interconnect and inductor applications. To overcome the simplifying assumptions of Ohm's law that is invalid for high-frequency analysis of GNRs and to take into account the electric field variation within a mean free path, the current density is derived starting from the basic Boltzmann equation and combining the unique E-k dispersion relation and the concept of two equivalent valleys in the Brillouin zone of graphene. This is followed by self-consistent numerical calculation of electric field with Green's function approach using the concept of vector potentials. Using the developed method the intricate high-frequency effects in GNR such as Anomalous Skin Effect (ASE), high-frequency resistance and inductance saturation, intercoupled relation between edge specularity and ASE and the influence of linear dimensions on impedance are investigated in details for the first time.
Finding Out What They Really Think: Assessing Non-Science Majors’ Views of the Nature of Science

As institutions of higher learning are increasingly held accountable for student outcomes, faculty are faced with the challenge to clearly articulate and assess what students should learn in their courses. We report on the assessment of a liberal studies learning outcome related to the nature of science, which involved 178 students from 41 academic non-science majors at DePaul University in Chicago. Students were shown a video recording of an interview with a research scientist and asked to respond to prompts about falsifiable predictions, uncertainty, and the functions of hypotheses, observations, and reasoning. We found that students held a wide range of views and misconceptions about the nature of science. Responses were, on average, at a “developing” level (a score of 2 on a scale from 1–4). We discuss several possible changes to curriculum and pedagogy to address these misconceptions based on a review of the science education research literature.