cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Paleohydraulic reconstruction of flash-flood peaks from boulder deposits in the Colorado Front Range

Nine watersheds in the Colorado Front Range with steep bedrock channels were used to test the accuracy of paleohydraulic reconstruction of large flash floods using boulder deposits. The nine basins consist of eight small ungauged basins ranging in size from 1.6 to 29 km2 and the Big Thompson River at the mouth of the Big Thompson Canyon, draining 790 km2. Between 1923 and 1976, all nine basins had had one catastrophic flash flood, the magnitude of which has been estimated by the conventional slope-area method. In each basin, coarse boulder deposits of the large flash floods were identified, and three axes of the five largest boulders were measured, along with at least two profiles of the valley cross section. A simple arithmetic average of two theoretical and two empirical relationships was used to estimate average flood velocity using boulder size and shape. Average depth was estimated as the arithmetic average of four values computed from the Manning equation, a regression equation for boulder size and unit stream power, a relative smoothness equation, and a modified Shields' relationship. The appropriate flood width for the estimated average depth was found by iteration, using the valley cross sections. The paleohydraulic discharges thus computed generally underestimate conventional slope-area discharge estimates on small streams by as much as 75%, although the average amount is only 28% too low, and the reconstructed discharge in one stream was 31% too large. The Big Thompson River flood of 1976 was overestimated by 76%. Reasons for discrepancy in reconstructed peaks could include (1) the possibility that floods may have been able to move boulders larger than those available to be moved; (2) overestimation of the slope-area discharge because high-water marks were set prior to erosion of the channel; (3) underestimation of original roughness coefficients; and (4) macroturbulent effects during fast, deep flows. The paleohydraulic technique is applied to two other streams in Colorado with sedimentological evidence of large flash floods, but no conventional indirect discharge estimates. A small tributary to the Big Thompson River draining 1.8 km2 has a paleohydraulic reconstructed flood peak of about 60 m3/s from a flood in 1976. Using boulders excavated from a foundation site in Holocene alluvium along Boulder Creek in Boulder, Colorado, a paleohydraulic reconstructed flood peak of between 860 and 1,512 m3/s is calculated. This is 1.4 to 2.4 times the magnitude of the estimated 500-yr flood.
First report of warfarin dose requirements in patients possessing the CYP2C9*12 allele.

Abstract Background Warfarin is the most frequently prescribed anticoagulant in North America and Europe. It is administered as a racemate, but S-warfarin is principally responsible for its anticoagulant activity. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 is the enzyme primarily responsible for the metabolism of S-warfarin. Numerous variant alleles of CYP2C9 have been identified. The CYP2C9*12 (rs9332239) allele harbors a P489S substitution in CYP2C9 which has been shown to result in a 40% decline in catalytic activity in vitro. Cases Four Caucasian patients with a low mean weekly warfarin dose (MWWD) were genotyped for CYP2C9 , VKORC1 and APOE variant alleles. None of the four patients carried the common CYP2C9 variant alleles (*2, *3, *5, *6, *7, *8, *9, *11, *13) despite a relatively low MWWD (23.4 ± 7.94 mg) compared to 208 patients carrying the CYP29C9*1 genotype (32.2 ± 12.65 mg). Given that CYP2C9*12 confers decreased in vitro activity to the enzyme, we investigated whether these patients carried this allele. All four patients were CYP2C9*12 CT heterozygotes. Individual comparisons with patients possessing the same VKORC1 and APOE genotypes also demonstrated lower dose requirements in the patients that possessed CYP2C9*12 allele. Conclusions There are no reports of the clinical impact of rs9332239 on CYP2C9 substrates. This is the first report of patients with the rare CYP2C9*12 genotype and lower warfarin dose requirements.
Rude and barbarous kingdom: Russia in the accounts of sixteenth-century English voyagers

Rude and Barbarous Kingdom presents the modernized narratives of six English travellers to Muscovy, including the entirety of Giles Fletcher's Of the Russe Common Wealth, also available in a facsim...
Shock-wave shapes on hypersonic axisymmetric power-law bodies

Shock wave shapes over axisymmetric power law bodies in hypersonic flow, noting asymptotic flow theory implications
Electrical Properties of the Plasmalemma and Tonoplast in Valonia ventricosa.

Studies were made on the electric potentials of the plasmalemma ( E co ) and tonoplast ( E vc ) in small cells (1-3 mm diameter) of Valonia ventricosa. To measure E co , microelectrodes with long tapers were inserted into the vacuole with the path of electrode entry off-center. The microelectrode then was pushed across the vacuole and into the cytoplasm on the opposite side of the cell. A reference electrode was placed in the artificial seawater bathing the cell. A similar method was used to measure E vc except that the reference electrode was placed in the vacuole. Both E co and E vc were influenced by light. In the light, E co was −70 millivolts and it changed to −60 millivolts in the dark (cytoplasm-negative to outside). For E vc , the potentials were +86 millivolts in the light and +69 millivolts in the dark (vacuole-positive to cytoplasm). The vacuole potential ( E vo ) was demonstrated to be the algebraic sum of E co and E vc . For example, in the light, the sum of the means (±se) for E co (= −70 ± 1) and E vc (= +86 ± 5) is +16 millivolts, which is comparable to the measured E vo of +17 ± 2 millivolts. In the dark, the sum of E co (= −60 ± 3) and E vc (+69 ± 6) is +9 millivolts and the measured value of E vo is +9 ± 4 millivolts. The external K + concentration had a controlling effect on both E co and the direct current resistance of the plasmalemma, which suggests that E co is largely a K + diffusion potential. The tonoplast electrical properties were affected only slightly by external K + . The data presented are indicative of a K + electrogenic influx pump in the tonoplast. It is also considered possible that H + might be electrogenically pumped from the cytoplasm both into the vacuole and to the cell exterior.
Is ileal pouch-anal anastomosis really the procedure of choice for patients with ulcerative colitis?

PURPOSE: Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is widely claimed to have replaced total proctocolectomy with ileostomy as the “procedure of choice” for ulcerative colitis, largely on the basis of a perceived improved quality of life. There exists relatively little support for this assertion in the literature. Our aim was to determine if educated patients choosing total proctocolectomy with ileostomy have a similar quality of life as with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. METHODS: All patients with ulcerative colitis referred to a single surgeon and deemed an appropriate surgical candidate were educated and then offered ileal pouch-anal anastomosis or total proctocolectomy with ileostomy. Age, gender, and complications (including pouchitis) were recorded prospectively, and all patients were questioned regarding functional outcome and level of satisfaction. They were then asked to complete a slightly modified Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire, which was analyzed by categoric and overall scores. RESULTS: Sixty-seven patients underwent elective surgery for ulcerative colitis during the study period. Fifty-five patients chose ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, and 12 had total proctocolectomy with ileostomy. The groups were similar except for younger age and longer follow-up in the ileal pouch-anal anastomosis group. Patients undergoing ileal pouch-anal anastomosis had significantly more short-term or long-term complications (49vs. 8 percent), with pouchitis being the most frequent complication. There was no difference in level of satisfaction between the two groups, and no patient in either group wishes they had undergone the other procedure. There was no difference in the overall or any categoric Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire score. CONCLUSION: Patient satisfaction with both procedures was similarly high. Patients who undergo ileal pouch-anal anastomosis can expect a high level of satisfaction, with a good quality of life. However, educated patients choosing an ileostomy can achieve the same quality of life, without the higher complication rate associated with a pelvic pouch.
A change in sister chromatid behavior precedes nuclear division in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

We used a genetic assay to monitor the behavior of sister chromatids during the cell cycle. We show that the ability to induce sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) with ionizing radiation is maximal in budded cells with undivided nuclei and then decreases prior to nuclear division. SCE can be induced in cells arrested in G2 using either nocodazole or cdc mutants. These data show that sister chromatids have two different states prior to nuclear division. We suggest that the sister chromatids of cir. III, a circular derivative of chromosome III, separate (anaphase A) prior to spindle elongation (anaphase B). Other interpretations are also discussed. SCE can be induced in cdc mutants that arrest in G2 and in nocodazole-treated cells, suggesting that mitotic checkpoints arrest cells prior to sister chromatid separation.
The volatile fraction of the cometary nucleus

Abstract In order to prepare a flyby mission to Comet Encke, six different sources of information on the possible chemical composition of the cometary nucleus are compared. These are: the neutral and charged radicals and molecules observed in cometary spectra; the chemical composition of type I carbonaceous chondrites; the meteor spectra; the metallic ions collected in the upper atmosphere and correlated with the meteor shower associated with Comet Encke; and finally the volatile molecules observed in a volatile-rich sample of lunar soil, that were interpreted as a possible cometary impact. Possible molecular abundances for the volatile fraction of Comet Encke are tentatively proposed.
Treatment with cortisone plus heparin or hexuronyl hexoaminoglycan sulfates of murine tumors and their lung deposits.

Heparin, cortisone, and combination of these two drugs were used for treatment of solitary tumors and artificial lung metastases of the fibrosarcoma NFSA and the mammary carcinoma MCA-K in C3Hf/Kam mice. Heparin reduced the number of artificial metastases of both tumors, but it did not affect the s.c. growth of these tumors. Conversely, cortisone reduced both the number of artificial metastases and the growth rate of s.c. tumors. The effect of cortisone was not further influenced by heparin. Cortisone showed a tendency for causing enhancement of spontaneous metastases. In addition, two heparin analogs, hexuronyl hexaminoglycan sulfates were studied against MCA-K solitary tumors and their spontaneous metastases. They were ineffective when given alone, and they did not influence the effect of cortisone on the s.c. tumor growth. However, they slightly reduced the cortisone-induced enhancement of spontaneous metastases.
High-energy electron-helium scattering in a Nd:YAG laser field

We report measurements of the scattering of electrons by helium atoms in the presence of 1.17 eV photons from a Nd:YAG laser. The incident energy of the electrons was in the range 50--350 eV, and the polarization of the laser was arranged to be parallel to electrons scattered through ${135}^{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}$. Energy-shifted peaks corresponding both to one- and two-photon emission were observed. Calculations using the Kroll-Watson approximation are perfectly consistent with the data.
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in rooster sperm

A 165,000g pellet fraction, isolated from lysed rooster spermatozoa, was shown to contain a deoxynucleotide polymerizing activity which banded in sucrose at a buoyant density of 1.15gm/ml. The solubilized enzyme, partially purified by gel filtration, was estimated to have a molecular weight of 33,000 and utilized dT10 or dG10 as exogenous primers in template-independent reactions sensitive to either sodium pyrophosphate or ethylenediaminetetra- cetic acid. Pyrimidine nucleotides (dTTP) were preferentially polymerized in the presence of Co++, while purine nucleotides (dGTP) were the preferred substrate when Mn++ was the divalent cation. These properties are all consistent with those of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. An enzyme with similar properties was also obtained by subjecting a rooster sperm lysate to the procedure utilized to isolate terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase from calf thymus. It is hypothesized that the enzyme may be involved in the regulation of gene expression during embryogenesis.
URETERAL OBSTRUCTION IN THE PATIENT WITH PROSTATIC CARCINOMA1

SUMMARY Diagnosis and treatment of ureteral metastasis from prostatic carcinoma is discussed via an illustrative case report.
Size Distribution and Surface Area Measurements of Gas Turbine Combustor Smoke

This work is concerned with measurements of mass concentration, size distribution, and specific surface area of soot particles extracted from a model gas turbine combustor. Particles from a variety of fuels including JP-4, Jet A, and DF-2 were collected using a water-cooled stainless steel probe and a heated filter. A centerline mass concentration profile for DF-2, obtained by measurement of sample mass and gas volume, showed concentrationas greater than or nearly equal to previously reported results for five fuels. Size distribution measurements, obtained both by counting particles shown on electron microscope photographs and by a Stokes flow settling technique, showed no apparent change in size distribution with axial location. Specific surface area measurements were made to try to explain the lack of change in size distribution with axial location. The data show a dramatic decrease in the particle specific surface area as the particles travel from 16.5 cm to 29.2 cm downstream of the flameholder. Three hypotheses have been proposed to explain both the size distribution and specific surface area results.
Three-Dimensional Mode Shapes For Higher Order Circumferential Thermoelastic Waves In An Annular Elastic Cylinder

Abstract Three-dimensional mode shapes for thermoelastic waves in an infinite annular elastic cylinder of arbitrary constant wall thickness are studied using the exact three-dimensional thermoelastic coupled equations for the vibrations in the n = 0, 1 circumferential modes. Three-dimensional axial dispersion curves are presented for a range of parameters. The corresponding mode shapes and their three-dimensional equivalents are plotted so that the types of wave vibration can be identified.
Professionalism and Urban Reform: An Organizational Perspective on Municipal Finance

The uncertainty of intergovernmental grants-in-aid in the 1980s has made municipal professionalism an issue that deserves increasing attention. Defining professionalism in terms of classical political and structural reform as well as administrative reform, this analysis finds that politically reformed cities are not necessarily administratively reformed. A subsequent analysis explores the reasons professionalism influences municipal dependence on grants-in-aid. In short, we find that professional governments depend little on state aid, which we do not find to be true regarding their dependence on federal aid. These results even hold when controlling for the effects of urban need, municipal fiscal policies, and grant allocations. The findings suggest that municipalities may be in a position to manage their dependence on state aid, but their dependence on federal aid is more a function of federal aid objectives and allocation policy.
Trematode Parasites (Digenea) of the Slender Madtom Noturus exilis and Black River Madtom Noturus maydeni (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) from Arkansas, U.S.A

ABSTRACT: Between June 2012 and July 2013, 43 slender madtoms (Noturus exilis) and 21 Black River madtoms (Noturus maydeni) were collected from 4 counties of northern Arkansas and examined for helminths. Eleven (26%) slender madtoms were infected with digenean trematodes, including 3 (7%) with metacercaria of Posthodiplostomum minimum, 3 (7%) with Alloglossidium sp., and 7 (16%) with Plagioporus sp.; a single (5%) Black River madtom was infected with Caecincola sp. We document new host records for each of these 4 helminths. Notable among these new host records are new distributional records for Caecincola sp. To our knowledge this represents the first report of any helminth from N. exilis and N. maydeni.
Maternal and paternal alcohol use: Effects on the immune system of the offspring

There is no single mechanism which can account for such a complex biological phenomenon as immune regulation, nor is it clear how alcohol teratogenicity exerts its multiple adversive effects, including lasting immune deficits. Much of the research aimed at unravelling effects of pre- or early postnatal alcohol exposure on the organism's defense mechanisms and long-term health risks has been phenomenological. A better understanding of mechanisms which underlie alcohol effects on immune competency will require integrated studies of the neuro-immune-endocrine networks.
Growing food crops on sludge‐amended soils: Problems with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency method of estimating toxic metal transfer

The use of sewage sludges as farm fertilizers, encouraged in recent years by changes in US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) policy, has raised concerns among some scientists regarding food safety and long-term soil productivity. The US EPA risk assessment for entry into the human diet of three of the most toxic metals, cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb), utilized uptake coefficients (UCs) to calculate the amount of each metal that could enter food crops from the soil. Each UC was calculated as the increment of metal concentration in the edible part of the crop per unit increase of metal loading to the soil. However, the final UC estimates employed in the risk assessment are biased toward low values by a number of factors. These include the use of geometric means to obtain single-point averages of UCs for each crop group evaluated, rather than using arithmetic means or probabilistic methods, a systematic analytical or contamination error apparent in the reported metal concentrations of the control crops, and the fact that most of the UC values were derived for soils with pH 6 or higher. For more than 50% of all the soil and cropping conditions represented in the riskmore » assessment, the geometrically averaged Cd UC values used by the US EPA underestimated the actual risk posed by uptake into crops. The UC values for Pb and Hg are uncertain because of analytical or contamination errors, and because of the few data available for a number of crops. These uncertainties and biases in the risk assessment would advise a more cautious approach to agricultural and home garden use of sewage sludge than is permitted by the US EPA 503 rule.« less
Competition between RNA polymerase and DNA polymerase for the DNA template

Abstract RNA polymerase reacts with native and denatured DNA to give relatively poorly dissociated complexes. Such complexes are unavailable as templates for replication by DNA polymerase or as substrates for exonucleases I, II, or III, although they are readily degraded by micrococcal nuclease of E. coli endonuclease I. We interpret these findings to mean that RNA polymerase binds strongly at or near the 3′-hydroxyl terminus of helical DNA chains.
Deep Brain Stimulation: An Evolving Technology

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is widely used as a safe and effective medical treatment for certain neurological disorders. It continues to evolve with improving techniques in functional neurosurgery and biomedical device engineering. This paper provides an overview of the enabling science and technology that have allowed DBS to successfully treat certain neurological disorders. It also points toward some of the engineering advances that will enable DBS to yield a more predictable outcome for current indications and to be systematically developed as a treatment for new indications.
A suggestion on the role of tidal forces in the deformation of the Earth's crust

Abstract It is proposed that a contribution to orogeny is made by tidal flexing of the Earth's crust. It is suggested that the crust of the Earth is continually expanding horizontally as a result of tidal flexing, and that the pressures caused by this expansion are relieved by folding, faulting and volcanism in zones of weakness which ultimately become zones of granitic accumulation. This expansion also helps account for the concentration of granitic materials of the crust into continental masses.
Endoscopic management of upper esophageal strictures after treatment of head and neck malignancy.

Background Dysphagia, usually due to proximal esophageal strictures, is a debilitating complication of therapy (surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy) for head and neck malignancy. Scant attention has been given in the literature to the endoscopic management of these proximal esophageal strictures. Objective Our purpose was to assess the technical and functional outcomes of endoscopic management of proximal esophageal strictures after therapy for head and neck cancers. Design Retrospective case series. Setting Academic medical center. Patients Consecutive patients undergoing endoscopy and dilation of proximal esophageal strictures caused by chemoradiation or surgery for head and neck malignancy. Main Outcome Measurement Technical and functional success after endoscopic dilation. Results Twenty-four patients were included. The mean age of patients was 70.4 years (range 42 to 82 years). The primary tumor site was larynx in 10 patients, oropharynx or hypopharynx in 4 patients, upper esophagus in 4 patients, and other sites in the remainder. Technical success (a luminal diameter of 42F or greater) was achieved in 80% of patients. Adequate dysphagia relief was achieved in 84% of patients whose esophageal stricture was dilated at least up to 42F. The average follow-up was 22 months (range 1-96 months). Repeat dilation was needed in 58% of patients. No complications or death occurred during the study period. Limitations Retrospective design and highly selected patient population. Dysphagia assessment in conjuction with a speech pathologist was not performed in all patients. Results may not be applicable to other settings. Conclusion In this case series, proximal esophageal strictures after treatment of head and neck malignancy were amenable to antegrade endoscopic dilation; however, no patient in our study had complete lumen obstruction. Repeat dilations are often needed and are effective in achieving and maintaining adequate dysphagia relief.
Gastrointestinal imaging: Endoscopic ultrasound

The development of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) since its introduction in the early 1980s has added greatly to the quality of imaging of the gastrointestinal tract. EUS is probably the investigation of choice for local staging of several gastrointestinal tumors and evaluation of submucosal masses. In addition to well-established indications, newer applications of EUS are emerging. For example, EUS is proving useful in evaluation of other pathologies such as chronic pancreatitis and choledocholithiasis. However, the applications of EUS are no longer limited to the gastrointestinal system, and recent studies have suggested that it has a significant role to play in the staging of nongastrointestinal tumors, such as non–small cell lung cancer. EUS has progressed from being a purely imaging modality to one that can provide a tissue diagnosis by fine needle aspiration (FNA) and deliver therapy (interventional EUS). Indeed, EUS-guided FNA should now be regarded as a routine extension of EUS. The ability to obtain tissue under EUS has made its acceptance more widespread. The field of interventional EUS is one that is in its relative infancy, but many potential applications are under investigation, and there is real promise with several of these applications. It is likely, as with the development of interventional endoscopic techniques, that many of these procedures will be accepted as standard in the future. There continue to be technological advances in the instrumentation used, such as miniprobes and thinner video echoendoscopes. Because the impact of EUS on patient care is increasingly documented in terms of both improved diagnostic accuracy and reduction in costs, the clinical applications of this tool will be difficult to ignore. After years of being limited mainly to academic centers, EUS is finally being performed more widely, but there are training issues that remain to be addressed. This review describes the established and more tentative indications for EUS (Table 1) and covers the applications of EUS in FNA and as an interventional tool. Potential future applications are also discussed. Instrumentation
PCA-Based algorithm for unsupervised bridge crack detection

Abstract Principal Component Principles (PCA) based algorithm to extract cracks in concrete bridge decks for the purpose of automating inspection is presented. PCA will be used to identify clusters using a database of bridge images. Results from three different PCA approaches are presented in this work. The first approach employs PCA by itself on raw data. In the second approach, a linear structure modeling is implemented prior to PCA processing in an effort to enhance the results since cracks can be detected as linear structures. Several convolution-processes with masks designed to identify linear structure in the data are used. In both cases, attempts to detect cracks in a global framework were used. The third approach, on the other hand, used local information (neighborhoods) instead of global. That is, each image is segmented into small blocks where each block is processed as an individual entity. Experimental results show enhancement in the local detection with linear modeling over the global.
The use of small group case‐based exercises in human gross anatomy: A method for introducing active learning in a traditional course format

As part of the curricular change at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, we focused on active learning and greater integration of basic and clinical sciences. With these objectives in mind, this report describes the use of small-group, case-based exercises in our gross anatomy course and provides one example of integrating such activities into a traditional course. In addition to formal lectures and laboratory dissection, students meet approximately every fourth class period in small groups to discuss a clinical case which focuses on the relevant anatomy taught at that time. Two first-year students lead each small group; one fourth-year student facilitator also attends to provide clinical correlations, answer questions, and reinforce the anatomy. Formative feedback suggests students enthusiastically endorse the self-directed active learning; they feel these exercises offer both a valuable approach to learning and an opportunity to practice presentation and leadership skills. First-year students enjoy the interaction with fourth-year facilitators and the fourth-year students appreciate the opportunity to review basic science material. Our data suggest that students learn to “think” about the anatomy, and we hope learn to use their understanding and knowledge base in a practical fashion. Moreover, these case-based exercises can fit nicely into a variety of curricular formats, especially where problem-based tutorials may not be feasible or desirable. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparison of seastar (Asteroidea) fauna across island groups of the Scotia Arc

The Antarctic shelf fauna is isolated from other continental shelf faunas both physically by distance, and oceanographically by the Antarctic circumpolar current (ACC). To elucidate the relative importance of these two isolating mechanisms, we used the seastar fauna of the south-Atlantic sub-Antarctic islands to address the hypothesis that the ACC is dominant in controlling the distribution pattern of Antarctic fauna. We expected that seastar faunas from islands on the high latitude side of the ACC would show more similarities to each other than to faunas from islands on the low latitude side. The alternative isolation by distance model predicted that the island furthest from others would have the most unique fauna. For shelf-depth (<500 m) Asteroidea of the Scotia Arc region, assemblages were more similar between islands on each side of the ACC barrier than islands that were closer together, and this pattern was caused by differences in abundance of a few ubiquitous species.
Open Microwave Resonators for Ionized Wake Measurement

A method is described for measuring changing ionization levels by observing the phase shift of a microwave signal which has passed through an open resonator while the resonator is being perturbed by the ionization. The measurement range is 109 to 1011 e/cm3 with a time resolution of 1 ?s and a spatial resolution of 2.5 cm. Methods of measuring the phase shift and converting the phase information to useful results are detailed. Sources of error are also considered.
Reclaiming Rousseau : the Government of Poland's relevance for modern anthropology

Rehabilitation de Rousseau et de son ouvrage « Considerations sur le gouvernement de la Pologne ». Reprenant les themes abordes par Rousseau (changer le moins possible, prendre en compte le caractere ethnographique et national, abolir le servage, etablir l'egalite, creer une federation et une petite republique, fonder un systeme de service public), l'A. montre en quoi ces considerations du 18 eme siecle sont applicables a l'anthropologie moderne et plus particulierement a la vie politique de Pohnpei dans les Iles Carolines orientales
A Bijection on Ordered Trees and Its Consequences

A bijection is introduced in the set of all ordered trees having n edges from which one derives that, for each positive integer q, the parameters “number of nodes of degree q” and “number of odd-level nodes of degree q?1” are equidistributed.
Error-free 31-hop cascaded operation of an optical packet switching router with all-optical 3R regeneration

This paper demonstrates 31-hop cascaded operation of an optical-label switching router. The all-optical 3R regeneration enables error-free 31-hop cascaded packet switching with no additional penalty beyond 3 hops up to 31 hops.
Electrocerebral Recovery During the Intracarotid Amobarbital Procedure: Influence of Interval Between Injections

Summary: Purpose and Methods: During the intracarotid amobarbital procedure (IAP) at the University of Michigan, continuous scalp EEG monitoring guides the timing for presentation of memory items and postinjection testing. Most of our patients have undergone bilateral injections. The interval between injections varied from 22 to 60 min, depending on the test and recovery time, as well as the time to catheterize the second side. After noting a trend toward prolonged electro-graphic recovery following the second injection, we tested our clinical impression that recovery of the second hemisphere may be influenced by (a) the time between injections and (b) which hemisphere is injected first (epileptogenic or nonepileptogenic). To study these questions, we analyzed EEG recovery data from 48 consecutive IAPs. Approximately half the patients had the epileptogenic side injected first. Results: We found that (a) electrographic recovery after the second injection is prolonged if the interval between bilateral injections is less than 40 minutes and (b) electrographic recovery is more rapid after injection of the epileptogenic hemisphere. Conclusions: We now recommend waiting at least 45 min between injections. The pathophysiology of more prolonged amobarbital effect on the nonepileptogenic hemisphere than on the epileptogenic hemisphere remains unclear.
Predicting the utilization of helicopter emergency medical services: An approach based on need

Accurately predicting the utilization of helicopter emergency medical services is critical to both resource allocation and fiscal integrity, and health planning agencies may insist that the need for such services be demonstrated before the system can become operational. Most utilization predictions have been based solely on the experience of other services despite wide variation in need and use. This kind of prediction has the serious disadvantage of not considering local demographics and individual system variations. A better method uses needs analysis to predict utilization and to calculate demand. This method is based on a systematic identification of conditions that will benefit significantly from helicopter transport to a referral center, the incidence of those conditions, and the population to be served. The need for service is estimated by multiplying the population by the incidence. The fraction of patients with demonstrated need who will actually use the service is estimated on the basis of the interaction between local characteristics and condition variables.
A Test of the Copernican Principle

The blackbody nature of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation spectrum is used in a modern test of the Copernican principle. The reionized universe serves as a mirror to reflect CMB photons, thereby permitting a view of ourselves and the local gravitational potential. By comparing with measurements of the CMB spectrum, a limit is placed on the possibility that we occupy a privileged location, residing at the center of a large void. The Hubble diagram inferred from lines of sight originating at the center of the void may be misinterpreted to indicate cosmic acceleration. Current limits on spectral distortions are shown to exclude the largest voids which mimic cosmic acceleration. More sensitive measurements of the CMB spectrum could prove the existence of such a void or confirm the validity of the Copernican principle.
Computed tomography in radiation therapy (report of the Committee on Radiation Oncology Studies Subcommittee on CT Scanning and Radiation Therapy).

Abstract The goal of radiation therapy is to achieve uncomplicated local-regional cure of cancer. Computed tomography (CT scanning) coupled with computerized treatment planning and dosimetry offers a great potential for improving radiation therapy through accurate localization of tumor and critical normal structures within the host and by utilizing the tissue density and X-ray attenuation coefficients to increase the accuracy of dose computations. Such a system will utilize measurements from the actual patient for corrections necessary for dose perturbations resulting from tissue heterogeneity . In this report we attempt to define and emphasize the importance of local-regional control to ultimate survival and decreased morbidity of cancer and to show the potential for improvement by interfacing CT scanning with computerized treatment planning both for conventional megavoltage photon and electron beam irradiation and for experimental high linear energy transfer (LET) radiations. Predictions are made that justify the expense of CT scanning. Specifications are outlined for CT units to be adapted for use in radiation therapy treatment planning. A high priority for funding must go into a major Evaluation-Demonstration Program to demonstrate the need, usefulness, and impact of the procedure, to define the applicability and methodology, and to define future goals of development. Potential research problems in treatment planning for photons and electrons include those of patient position verification, registry, and position duplications, treatment planning algorithms and photoelectric and interface effects as they affect the use of attenuation coefficients. Relevant clinical research questions include those for refining accuracy of tumor localization, dose response studies in tumors and normal tissues, aspects of combined modality dose response correlations and in tumor staging.
The origin of superplasticity in the sn-5%bi alloy

Abstract A study was made of the plastic deformation processes in an extruded Sn-5 % Bi alloy by means of mechanical measurements and microstructural observations. The flow stress, and strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress, d log σ / d log ϵ , are strong functions of strain rate and Sn grain size. The log σ-log ϵ curve is S-shaped with a region of maximum rate sensitivity at an intermediate strain rate, which increases with decreasing grain size. In this region, superplastic elongations of 1000 % are observed. Concurrent study of the development of microstructure on a polished surface during deformation confirms that distinct deformation mechanisms are dominant at high and low strain rates. At high rates the dominant mechanism is slip, at low rates, grain boundary sliding. High rate sensitivity is associated with the rapid drop in flow stress occurring at strain rates at which grain boundary sliding becomes an important mode of deformation. This interpretation is consistent with a body of evidence in the literature of high temperature creep.
Comprehensive psychological services at the secondary level utilizing student paraprofessionals

Abstract This article notes references in school psychology literature which focus on dissatisfaction with role, claiming that the field has remained reactive and narrow in scope in spite of major statements calling for more expansive roles during the past several decades. A broad, comprehensive paraprofessional training/supervisory model utilizing secondary level students is described; the model incorporates twelve paraprofessional involvement areas as part of a total high school psychological services delivery system. It is noted that individual client data and program evaluation have portrayed student improvement rates ranging from 50% to 90%, increased consumer satisfaction with psychological services, and increased visibility and knowledge of the psychologist's role among total school population. Suggestions for further research and evaluation are discussed.
Responses of pontine neurons of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, to temporally patterned sound pulses

Under free field stimulation conditions, this study examined the responses of pontine neurons of Eptesicus fuscus to temporally patterned sound pulses by means of repetitive single pulses and pulse trains. Among 93 pontine neurons isolated, 90 always discharged less than 5 impulses to sound pulses presented during this study and 3 discharged impulses throughout the whole duration of each presented pulse. Responses to sound pulses at different repetition rates were examined in 65 neurons. The number of impulses of individual neurons discharged to each pulse varied within a given repetition rate and among different repetition rates. Although these pontine neurons showed different degrees of habituation to high repetition rates, more than 25% could follow the highest repetition rate tested (100 pps). However, they did not always discharge maximal number of impulses to this repetition rate. The total number of impulses discharged by a neuron was also affected by pulse duration. Thus, each pontine neuron discharged maximally to a specific combination of pulse repetition rate and duration. Using a 50% difference between the maximal and minimal responses as a criterion, the response function with respect to repetition rate and duration can be described as band-pass, low-pass, high-pass, all-pass and irregular. These response properties reflect more those of inferior collicular neurons than auditory cortical neurons. This study also showed that response latencies of pontine neurons examined were lengthened by increasing pulse repetition rate and duration. In addition, whereas minimum thresholds of pontine neurons were elevated by increasing repetition rate, they were lowered by increasing pulse duration.
Glucose oxidase as a pharmaceutical antioxidant

AbstractThe effect of five antioxidant systems on the rate of oxidation of isoproterenol formulations was studied. In addition to a control, the antioxidants were studied alone and in all possible combinations of two. The systems tested were glucose oxidase, nitrogen, sodium bisulfite, acetylcysteine and thiourea. Glucose oxidase and its combination with nitrogen flushing or thiourea were found to be effective. Acetylcysteine appeared to inactivate glucose oxidase. The combination of sodium bisulfite and thiourea was also effective although nitrogen or thiourea alone were not effective.
Quantitative correlation of ethanol elimination rates in vivo with liver alcohol dehydrogenase activities in fed, fasted and food-restricted rats.

Abstract The effects of nutritional states upon liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity and ethanol elimination rate in vivo have been examined in the rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, 250–280 g, were studied in the fed state, after fasting for 24, 48 and 72 hr, and after 9 days of food restriction (5g food/day). Total ADH activity per liver or per animal (2.20 m-moles/hr in fed rats) decreased after a 24-hr fast and was 1.32 and 0.94 m-moles/hr after a 48-hr fast and food restriction respectively. Cytosolic protein and liver wet weight decreased in parallel with total ADH activity, but DNA content exhibited only a 10% decrease with fasting and a 20% decrease with food restriction. Ethanol elimination rate in vivo per animal after intraperitoneal injection of 2g ethanol/kg was 1.92, 1.14 and 0.84 m-moles/hr in the fed, 48 hr-fasted and food-restricted rats, respectively. These data indicate that the decrease in the ethanol elimination rate with fasting and food restriction may be caused by decreasing ADH activity, since the cytosolic free NAD+/ NADH in liver after acute administration of alcohol in vivo has been reported to be nearly identical in the fed and 48 hr-fasted rats. The close agreement between liver ADH activity and ethanol elimination rate in vivo suggests that the total enzymatic activity of liver ADH is an important rate-limiting factor in ethanol metabolism under the nutritional conditions examined.
An analysis of lifetime fractures in women with epilepsy.

Objective – To clarify the relationship between fractures and antiepileptic drug (AED) use. Methods – Menopausal women with epilepsy were interviewed at two clinics regarding site, year and circumstances of any fracture, duration of AED use and menopause. Fracture sites were analyzed according to AED use. Results – Twenty-nine fractures occurred in 20 of the 50 interviewed subjects (mean age 54). Nine occurred prior to AEDs; seven attributed to accident and two to clumsiness. Twenty occurred on AEDs; 10 attributed to clumsiness (most in the leg and foot), eight to seizure (most in the arm or hand) and two to accident. Duration of AED exposure was similar in both groups and in osteoporotic vs non-osteoporotic sites. Conclusions – Epilepsy therapy may contribute more to the lifetime occurrence of fracture than seizures themselves. More screening for osteoporosis is required. While adjusting doses to prevent seizures, ongoing screening for neurotoxicity must be maintained in order to avoid fractures.
Two‐Dimensional gel electrophoresis of dexamethasoneinduced organ‐specific developmental proteins (fsa,fsb) in rat lung fibroblasts

Glucocorticoids are known to enhance fetal lung maturation. Previous studies with whole lung have shown that specific proteins are enhanced by these hormones. At least two effects of glucocorticoids on fetal lung epithelia require the presence of mesenchymal elements. Since the lung consists of several different cell types, further understanding of glucocorticoid effects on fetal lung protein synthesis requires that such studies be carried out with specific cell types. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we have examined the synthesis and secretion of proteins by fetal rat lung fibroblasts in the presence and absence of glucocorticoid. Two proteins, fsa and fsb, are enhanced by dexamethasone, appear to be organ specific, and are enhanced only during prenatal and early postnatal life. They are not enhanced by a variety of other hormones.
On certain Hamiltonian inner triangulations

Abstract We investigate the Hamiltonian cycle problem for inner triangulations, i.e., 2-connected planar graphs in which every interior face is a triangle. These include the Euclidean proximity graphs called Delaunay triangulations. In particular, we present a linear-time algorithm for finding Hamiltonian cycles in inner triangulations possessing a property called “simple nestedness”, which allows a partition of the vertex set into nested cycles. Several applications of the graphs are mentioned.
Early cellular events in systemic autoimmunity driven by chromatin-reactive T cells.

In vivo exposure of the thymus of normal mice to procainamide-hydroxylamine, a lupus-inducing drug, causes development of chromatin-reactive T cells. Autoantibodies subsequently appear, but their origin and significance are unknown. The current studies were undertaken to determine the specificities of B cells that respond to chromatin-reactive T cells at the initiation of this autoimmune process. Three days after adoptive transfer of 6 x 10(6) chromatin-reactive T cells, B cells with the capacity to secrete IgM anti-chromatin antibodies were detected in 1/10(6) splenocytes, and these became 10- to 50-fold more numerous if either the donor T cells or the recipient had defective Fas due to the lpr allele. Five days later these mice developed IgG anti-chromatin-secreting B cells at a precursor frequency of 3-6 x 10(-5). B cells with dDNA-binding activity isolated from mice primed in vivo to a complex of methylated pigeon cytochrome c and dDNA could stimulate naive, cytochrome c-reactive T cells in vitro, demonstrating that B cells can internalize dDNA-bound proteins through their dDNA immunoblobulin receptor and can functionally present a T cell epitope. However, no capacity of chromatin for binding anti-dDNA antibodies was detected, and IgM dDNA-specific B cells did not expand when challenged with chromatin-reactive T cells in vivo. The rapid and robust expansion of anti-chromatin-secreting B cells indicates that the normal immune repertoire includes nontolerant autoreactive B cells that respond to strong T cell drive and are readily manifested if Fas-mediated activation-induced cell death is inhibited.
Discrimination of interaural differences of level as a function of frequency.

Discrimination of interaural differences of level (IDLs) was measured for pure tones as a function of frequency and as a function of the interaural difference of phase or level of a standard. Varying the interaural difference of the standard was assumed to change the lateral position of its intracranial image. Threshold IDLs were approximately constant over a frequency range from 200–5000 Hz, except in a region near 1000 Hz where they were slightly elevated. Thresholds increased as the value of the standard interaural differences of phase or level increased, implying that interaural resolution declines as the lateral image moves away from midline. The results are generally consistent with the predictions of current models of lateralization, but additions to these models are required in order for them to account for the slight frequency dependence of threshold IDLs.
A class of supersymmetric effective actions

The relativistic Bergmann-Wigner equations are used in a first-order approach to effective Lagrangians. Interaction terms involve both derivative and non-derivative couplings. Examples based on the groupsSU2K,2K/N (withK = 1, 2, 3;N = 1 orN =K) are given. When equations of motion are used, the Lagrangian changes by a total divergence. The breaking of theSU2,2/1-subgroup toOSp4/1 and toSP4 is also considered. Possible applications to hadron physics are outlined.