cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ro 15-1788-induced seizures in rats continually exposed to diazepam for prolonged periods.

Abstract Previous reports using rats have failed to demonstrate convulsions upon withdrawal from chronic benzodiazepine (BZ) treatment. We have shown earlier that rats develop tolerance to benzodiazepines following continuous exposure to low levels of diazepam (DZ) obtained by treatment with s.c. diazepam-filled silastic capsules. This report shows that intravenous infusion of the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15–1788 can induce seizures in rats treated for prolonged periods (4 weeks) with such diazepam-filled capsules. Precipitated seizures are also seen in rats 24 h after the cessation of chronic diazepam exposure. This procedure may provide a useful paradigm with which to study in rats the neural changes which are related to the physical dependence and withdrawal associated with prolonged exposure to the benzodiazepines.
The Clinical Applications of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy With Clients Who Stutter

The field of fluency disorders has used Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) techniques to help clients who stutter manage their thoughts about stuttering by engaging in cognitive restructuring activ...
On the True, the Real, and Critique in the Study of Religions

Without Mary, man had no hope except in Atheism, and for Atheism the world was not ready. Hemmed back on that side, men rushed like sheep to escape the butcher, and were driven to Mary; only too happy in finding protection and hope in a being who could understand the language they talked, and the excuses they had to offer. How passionately they worshipped Mary, the Cathedral of Chartres shows; and how this worship elevated the whole sex, all the literature and history of the time proclaim. If...
On the unboundedness of the number of solutions of a Dirichlet problem

IN AN informative article [ 11, Lazer and McKenna proposed a modified mathematical model for the onset of large-amplitude oscillations in suspension bridges by wind with specific velocities. The study was motivated by the inadequacy of older theories to explain the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge of Seattle in 1941. In the Lazer-McKenna model, the motion of the bridge is, as usual, governed by a system of differential equations, more specifically, semilinear elliptic differential equations, the complexity of which depends on the degree of approximation and simplifications one is willing to accept. One of the new ideas introduced is the asymmetry of the restoring force from a cable, with respect to expansion and compression. The author’s basic assumption is that the cable “strongly resists expansion, but does not resist compression”. The study of elliptic equations involving a nonlinear restoring-force term of this type is still largely unexplored. In the same article, Lazer and McKenna posed many interesting open questions. Some of these have not been answered even in the one-dimensional case, when the elliptic equation becomes a second-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation. In an earlier article [5], we gave a counterexample to their problem 4. In this article, we take up another one of these questions (problem 2) concerning a nonlinear function that grows very fast at infinity. The boundary value problem we are interested in is
Production of aqueous PCB solutions for environmental toxicology

Abstract Studies investigating the toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to aquatic organisms demand a reliable method to produce aqueous PCB solutions. We evaluate the generator column method as a way of producing an aqueous solution containing a broad spectrum of PCB congeners. Solutions were created by pumping double distilled water through a column packed with glass beads coated with a standard Aroclor mix (1221, 1016, 1254, and 1260, 1:1:1:1). Water was passed through the column at a flow rate of 1.66 ml/min, well within the range of flow rates previously shown to produce saturated solutions for individual congeners. Solutions produced by the column were analyzed by high-resolution glass-capillary gas chromatography for 68 individual PCB-containing peaks. The total PCB concentration in three replicate solutions averaged 444 ± 10 μ g/ l . The aqueous PCB congener pattern produced was distinctly different from the pattern of the original Aroclor mixture. The concentration of the PCB congeners in solution decreased with increasing chlorine content. Two mono-chlorinated congeners (2- and 4-chlorobiphenyl) comprised greater than 65% of the total PCB concentration. The concentration of individual congeners in the solution were much lower than reported individual solubilities. This suggests that a partitioning of individual congeners between water and the oil phase, which is composed of the mixture of PCBs, is taking place rather than a simple dissolution. The generator column method is a rapid and reproducible technique for creating aqueous solutions containing a high concentration and broad spectrum of PCB congeners.
Neurodevelopmental Implications of the General Anesthesia in Neonate and Infants

Each year, about six million children, including 1.5 million infants, in the United States undergo surgery with general anesthesia, often requiring repeated exposures. However, a crucial question remains of whether neonatal anesthetics are safe for the developing central nervous system (CNS). General anesthesia encompasses the administration of agents that induce analgesic, sedative, and muscle relaxant effects. Although the mechanisms of action of general anesthetics are still not completely understood, recent data have suggested that anesthetics primarily modulate two major neurotransmitter receptor groups, either by inhibiting N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, or conversely by activating γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. Both of these mechanisms result in the same effect of inhibiting excitatory activity of neurons. In developing brains, which are more sensitive to disruptions in activity-dependent plasticity, this transient inhibition may have longterm neurodevelopmental consequences. Accumulating reports from preclinical studies show that anesthetics in neonates cause cellular toxicity including apoptosis and neurodegeneration in the developing brain. Importantly, animal and clinical studies indicate that exposure to general anesthetics may affect CNS development, resulting in long-lasting cognitive and behavioral deficiencies, such as learning and memory deficits, as well as abnormalities in social memory and social activity. While the casual relationship between cellular toxicity and neurological impairments is still not clear, recent reports in animal experiments showed that anesthetics in neonates can affect neurogenesis, which could be a possible mechanism underlying the chronic effect of anesthetics. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of anesthetic effects will help to define the scope of the problem in humans and may lead to preventive and therapeutic strategies. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the current evidence on neonatal anesthetic effects in the developmental CNS and discuss how factors influencing these processes can be translated into new therapeutic strategies.
Genetic analysis of alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes in pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides).

Pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) produces three ADH isozymes, sets I, II, and III, with set III being expressed only in anaerobically treated seeds or seedlings. Variant strains have been identified which produce ADH isozymes with altered electrophoretic mobilities for sets I and II but not for set III activity. Based on genetic analysis of these variants and on dissociation-reassociation experiments, we propose that the three ADH isozymes are dimers of subunits coded by two structural genes, Adh1 and Adh2, with set I being a homodimer specified by Adh1, set III a homodimer specified by Adh2, and set II a heterodimer formed between the products of Adh1 and Adh2.
Political conditionality and European Union's cultivation of democracy in Turkey

This contribution assesses the effectiveness of the European Union's (EU's) efforts to promote democracy in Turkey through strategies of political conditionality (leverage) and via the cultivation of Turkish civil society (linkage). Testing various hypotheses about leverage and linkage, it finds that the EU's efforts, particularly those emphasizing conditionality, were far more effective from 2000 to 2005, prior to the beginning of accession talks with Turkey. Since that period, ambiguities about conditionality and whether Turkey will be able to gain admission, as well as internal political developments in Turkey, have slowed political reform in Turkey. Examination of the Turkish case, therefore, shows both the possibilities and constraints of EU democracy promotion via linkage and leverage.
The role of glypicans in Wnt inhibitory factor-1 activity and the structural basis of Wif1's effects on Wnt and Hedgehog signaling.

Proper assignment of cellular fates relies on correct interpretation of Wnt and Hedgehog (Hh) signals. Members of the Wnt Inhibitory Factor-1 (WIF1) family are secreted modulators of these extracellular signaling pathways. Vertebrate WIF1 binds Wnts and inhibits their signaling, but its Drosophila melanogaster ortholog Shifted (Shf) binds Hh and extends the range of Hh activity in the developing D. melanogaster wing. Shf activity is thought to depend on reinforcing interactions between Hh and glypican HSPGs. Using zebrafish embryos and the heterologous system provided by D. melanogaster wing, we report on the contribution of glypican HSPGs to the Wnt-inhibiting activity of zebrafish Wif1 and on the protein domains responsible for the differences in Wif1 and Shf specificity. We show that Wif1 strengthens interactions between Wnt and glypicans, modulating the biphasic action of glypicans towards Wnt inhibition; conversely, glypicans and the glypican-binding “EGF-like” domains of Wif1 are required for Wif1's full Wnt-inhibiting activity. Chimeric constructs between Wif1 and Shf were used to investigate their specificities for Wnt and Hh signaling. Full Wnt inhibition required the “WIF” domain of Wif1, and the HSPG-binding EGF-like domains of either Wif1 or Shf. Full promotion of Hh signaling requires both the EGF-like domains of Shf and the WIF domains of either Wif1 or Shf. That the Wif1 WIF domain can increase the Hh promoting activity of Shf's EGF domains suggests it is capable of interacting with Hh. In fact, full-length Wif1 affected distribution and signaling of Hh in D. melanogaster, albeit weakly, suggesting a possible role for Wif1 as a modulator of vertebrate Hh signaling.
Conductive distributed Bragg reflector fabricated by oblique angle deposition from a single material

Oblique angle deposition allows the fabrication of nano-structured porous thin films of high optical quality. By selecting the incident angle, the porosity - and thereby, the refractive index - of the deposited film can be tuned to a specific desired value. This makes it possible to fabricate multi-layer optical thin film components consisting entirely of a single material which is chosen for its properties other than refractive index, such as optical absorption or conductivity. As an application for this technique we demonstrate a conductive distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) designed for 460 nm. Common material choices in this wavelength range are SiO2 and TiO2; however, both materials are insulating. Conductive DBRs are limited to epitaxially grown doped semiconductors, which generally have low index contrast. The DBR reported here is composed entirely of indium tin oxide (ITO), chosen for its conductivity and low absorption. By varying the deposition angle a refractive index contrast of Δn = 0.4 is achieved, which yields a measured reflectivity of 72.7% for a three-period low-porosity-ITO/high-porosity-ITO DBR. The reflectivity is in excellent agreement with theory.
Conjunctival cytokine expression in symptomatic moderate dry eye subjects.

Purpose To compare ocular surface cytokine expression in healthy controls and subjects with moderate dry eye and to study the ability of interleukin (IL)-1beta to modulate cytokine expression in cultured human conjunctival epithelial cells (CECs). Methods Subjective (symptom questionnaire) and objective (tear osmolality, fluorescein tear break-up time [TBUT]) measures of dry eye were determined in five healthy controls and five subjects with moderate dry eye. Tear clearance rates were measured with a fluorophotometer. Enzyme immunoassay and a cytokine bead assay were used to quantify IL-1beta in tear fluid. RT-PCR was performed to detect expression of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, growth-related oncogene (GRO)-beta, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), and ephrin A5 in conjunctival impression cytology (CIC) samples and in CECs (IOBA-NHC cell line, n=3; primary cultured CEC, n=3) exposed to 10 ng/mL IL-1beta for 6 hours. Results Subjects with moderate dry eye had significantly higher symptom scores, higher tear osmolality, and shorter TBUT than healthy controls. Subjects with dry eye demonstrated slightly slower tear clearance (13.1% per minute) than healthy controls (15.4% per minute). Very low levels of IL-1beta protein were detected in the tear fluid of both groups. TRAIL was constitutively expressed in CIC samples, whereas IL-1beta, IL-6, and GRO-beta were absent. Weak expression of IL-8 (two healthy, four dry eye), ICAM-1 (four healthy, four dry eye), and ephrin A5 (one healthy, two dry eye) was observed. IL-1beta upregulated its own expression and that of IL-6, IL-8, GRO-beta, and ICAM-1 in cultured CECs but not that of ephrin A5 or TRAIL. Conclusions The lack of major differences in ocular surface cytokine expression between the two groups of subjects implies other inflammatory pathways or etiologies are involved in moderate dry eye. Although IL-1beta modulated the expression of various cytokines in cultured CECs, its absence in tear fluid and CIC samples suggests that IL-1beta does not play a modulatory role in moderate dry eye.
Direct-current bias stable Ti:LiNbO(3) TE-TM mode converters produced by magnesium postdiffusion.

Depression of the surface index of TiLiNbO3 channel waveguides by secondary diffusion of MgO forms a buffer layer that optically isolates the guided modes from attenuation caused by electrodes placed over the guides. For x-cut, z-propagating mode-conversion devices, we find high stability to optical drift when a dc voltage as high as 60 V is applied to electrodes (typical gap of 5 μm) to establish bias operating points. Photoconductivity is found to limit the long-term stability. Devices operating at 0.633-μm wavelength generally suffer significant drift in their mode-conversion efficiency when 100 μW or more of throughput power is present and a bias of 14 V is used. 10-μW throughput at the same wavelength is found to be stable over an 8-h period. At 0.8-μm wavelength, bias voltages as high as 60 V may be used for stable operation even at 100-μW optical throughput.
A Pretabular Classical Relevance Logic

In this paper we construct an extension, $${\mathcal{L}}$$ , of Anderson and Belnap's relevance logic R that is classical in the sense that it contains $${p \& \neg p \rightarrow q}$$ as a theorem, and we prove that $${\mathcal{L}}$$ is pretabular in the sense that while it does not have a finite characteristic matrix, every proper normal extension of it does. We end the paper by commenting on the possibility of finding other classical relevance logics that are also pretabular.
Acid fumigation of soils to remove carbonates prior to total organic carbon or CARBON-13 isotopic analysis

The use of 13 C natural abundance (δ 13 C) to follow C input to soil has gained widespread acceptance. However, inorganic C present in the soil as carbonates will interfere with the measurement of soil organic 13 C unless removed or excluded from measurement. We report a simple and convenient HCl-fumigation method to remove inorganic C from soil. Soil samples are weighed in Ag-foil capsules, arranged on a microtiter plate, wetted with water to approximately field capacity, and placed in a desiccator containing a beaker with concentrated (12 M) HCl. The carbonates are released as CO 2 by the acid treatment in 6 to 8 h. The soil samples are then dried at 60°C prior to isotope determination. The advantages of the HCl-fumigation method to remove inorganic C from the soil are that: (i) no water soluble C will be lost from the soil; (ii) a large number of samples can be processed simultaneously; (iii) the removal of inorganic C is rapid and complete; and (iv) the method could also be used to determine both organic and inorganic C content in the soil. A potential disadvantage, however, is that the HCl fumigation changed the 15 N natural abundance of soil N.
Bisphosphonate Induced Osteochemonecrosis of the Jaws: An Ounce of Prevention May be Worth a Pound of Cure

Patient exposure to bisphosphonate drugs for the management of hypercalcemia of malignancy, osteolytic lesions of metastatic cancer and osteoporosis has led to increasing reports of osteochemonecrosis of the jaws (bis-phossy jaw). This serious and debilitating condition requires dental practitioners to be alert for signs and symptoms of this syndrome. Thus far, nitrogen containing bisphosphonates have been implicated as a causative agent. While only a small fraction of patients who have taken these agents will develop osteochemonecrosis, it seems that patients who have received intravenous bisphosphonates are at greater risk than those who have taken oral agents. Tooth extractions are the most frequently reported predisposing dental procedure. While appropriate management strategies for patients with osteochemonecrosis of the jaws are evolving, we are suggesting rational preventive protocols and therapies based upon current experience and knowledge. These recommendations may change over time as the profession gains more experience in managing these patients.
T. S. Eliot's THE HOLLOW MEN

Drudgery, calamity, exasperation, want, are instructors in eloquence and wisdom. (Ralph Waldo Emerson) Since the publication of the poem in 1925, much of the criticism regarding “The Hollow Men” ha...
Effects of hypophysectomy on the blood serum of male killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, in salt water.

Abstract Determinations were made of serum osmolality, major serum electrolytes, and selected organic constituents in microliter samples of the blood of parallel groups of hypophysectomized and mock-operated male killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus , maintained in salt water for 14–15 wk under standard conditions (ca. 20°C, 8 hr/day light, and daily feeding). Stress was minimized by “training” before autopsy. Although hypophysectomized killifish appeared to regulate the total serum osmolality, there was a marked decline in serum Na + (−7.9%), serum Cl − (−18.2%), and, among minor electrolytes, serum inorganic PO 4 2− (−45.3%). These decreases were offset, in part, by increases in serum Ca 2+ (9.7%), serum Mg 2+ (19.8%), and serum HCO 3 − (71.9%). Serum K + was variable, and the trend to increase was not significant. Hypophysectomy caused a significant decrease in serum glucose (−31.9%). Serum urea was more than doubled (129.2%), but the osmotic contribution remained small. Serum total protein levels rose significantly (46.4%), although only the low mobility fractions were affected. In spite of the decrease in serum inorganic PO 4 2− , serum organic phosphate increased greatly (104%), and there was a parallel, but even greater, increase in serum total cholesterol (155.2%). The estimated serum cholesterol:phospholipid ratio remained essentially the same as in the mock-operated controls (0.362 as compared with 0.352, respectively).
Red Clover Seed Production: V. Root Health and Crop Productivity

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is an important forage legume that is primarily grown for seed in western Oregon, but the effects of root health on red clover seed production systems are not well defined. This study was conducted to determine the effects of root health on red clover seed production. Thirty-one seed fields were selected in spring 1992 and their cultivar identity, age of stand, and seed certification status (seed source groupings) determined by grower interviews and DNA analyses. Two herbage removal time treatments (early May and late June) were applied and the number of flowers and soil water content measured during the period of flowering and seed production. Root rot [Fusarium solani (Kuhn) and root borer [Hylastinus obscurus (Marsham)] infestation were measured at early herbage removal time and seed harvest. The percentage of plants infested with root borers was the greatest root health determinate of seed yield, regardless of early or late herbage removal time. Seed yield was also correlated with the regrowth and flower production capacity of plants following herbage removal. For both herbage removal times, regrowth after removal was affected by the plant capacity to deplete soil water. Season-end root borer infestation and soil water depletion amount were inversely related, indicating root integrity affected water utilization. Second-year seed crops had greater disease and root borer damage than first-year crops. Late herbage removal time treatments reduced flower density, seed yield, and season-end phytomass compared with early removal. Genetic selection for improved root borer resistance may be a useful alternative selection strategy to root rot resistance for increasing red clover seed yields.
Nitrate Reductase Activity of Diverse Grain Sorghum Genotypes and Its Relationship to Nitrogen Use Efficiency

High crop N use efficiency is desirable for reducing the cost and reliance on fertilizer N, and it may help reduce ground water pollution. The objectives of this study were to (i) characterize and compare the seasonal trends in nitrate reductase activity (NRA) of seven grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] genotypes of tropical and U.S. origin, (ii) determine how NRA is related to total plant N, dry matter, grain yield, and N use efficiency, and (iii) examine how NRA and plant N accumulation affect N use efficiency for biomass (NUE 1 ) and grain production (NUE 2 ). The genotypes were evaluated in field trials in 1994 and 1996 at applied N levels of 0 and 100 N kg ha -1 on a Sharpsburg silty clay loam soil (fine, smectitic, mesic Typic Argiudoll). Plant biomass, reduced N, NRA, NUE 1 , and NUE 2 were determined at three growth stages (vegetative, anthesis, and physiological maturity). Genotypes did not differ for NRA at either N level; however, there was a definite tendency for the four tropical lines and two U.S. adapted lines to have greater NRA values at all growth stages than the one hybrid. Nitrate reductase activity decreased throughout the growing season, with the sharpest decline from anthesis to maturity. Nitrate reductase activity did not correlate with grain yield or shoot biomass, but did correlate with grain N concentration. Shoot and grain N concentration correlated with NUE 1 , while grain and shoot N contents and shoot N concentration were correlated with NUE 2 . Neither NUE 1 nor NUE 2 were significantly affected by the NRA level. Tropical lines had greater preanthesis N uptake accumulation (1.45 g plant -1 ) and greater NUE 1 than the hybrid (0.90 g plant -1 ) and U.S. adapted lines (0.73 g plant -1 ). In terms of grain N use efficiency, the hybrid had a 14% greater value than U.S. adapted lines and a 17% greater value than the tropical lines. It appears that NRA is not a factor that limited N accumulation and use efficiency in grain sorghum.
Comparison of Proofreading-Type Standardized Spelling Tests and Written Spelling Test Scores.

AbstractThe purposes of the study were: (1) to determine the relationship between proofreading standardized and written spelling test scores for students in grades one through six; and (2) to determine if significant differences exist between mean scores of the two tests. Students from high" medium, and low achieving schools in six geographic areas of the United States took a proofreading-type standardized test and a written spelling test with the same words (V = 3,024). High, significant correlations were found for each grade, and each sex by grade at all levels. Raw score comparisons revealed significant mean score differences in all but the sixth grade. Results suggest that educators are justified in using proofreading tests if information on spelling ability in general is desired. When actual spelling performance is desired, it is necessary for students to write the words.
Measurement of human fetoplacental blood volume in erythroblastosis fetalis

The fetoplacental blood volume of the human fetus was measured with the change in hematocrit at the time of intravascular transfusion for severe erythroblastosis. A total of 121 measurements were made between 18 and 31 weeks' gestation. The volume ranged from 117 ml/kg at 18 weeks to 93.1 ml/kg at 31 weeks. These values compare closely with those reported for the sheep fetus and, when they are extrapolated to term, are similar to the blood volume of human newborns plus the residual placental blood volume.
Refinement of the Stetler/Marram Model for Application of Research Findings to Practice

T he Stetler/Marram model of research util:ization was first published in 1976 (Figure l).’ Its primary focus was to facilitate application of research findings at the practitioner, rather than the organizational, level of practice. Since that time it has been widely cited and now appears in a number of research textszm4 Along with evolving refinements,5r” it is being used as a framework to facilitate utilization in the practice setting at both the practitioner and organizational levels,’ for example, at the Brigham & Womens’ Hospital, Boston (personal communication, I’. R. Ponte and D. Hanley). It is being used for educational purposes in the academic setting, again, with evolving refinements,6 for example, in a graduate research course at Johns Hopkins TJniversity and in an undergraduate course at St. Anselm College (personal communication, D. B. McGuire and C. Williams-Burgess, respectively). It has even been niodi-
Agalsidase alfa – a preparation for enzyme replacement therapy in Anderson–Fabry disease

Anderson-Fabry disease is an X-linked multisystemic disorder caused by a genetic deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme α -galactosidase A. The enzyme is responsible for degradation of glycolipids inside the lysosomes. Lack of cata- lytic activity leads to progressive depositions of undegraded glycolipids in a large number of organs. Crises of severe pain in the extremities (acropar- esthesias), hypohidrosis, corneal opacities and dysfunction of several organs (kidney, brain, heart) are the leading symptoms in patients with Anderson- Fabry disease. Females may have the same symptoms as males but to a more variable degree. The variable manifestations seen in heterozygotes can be explained by the Lyon hypothesis. This hypothesis predicts that in X-linked diseases, the carriers are a mosaic of normal and mutant cells in varying pro- portions and hence have variable expression. As in Gaucher's disease, enzyme replacement therapy recently became available for Anderson-Fabry disease. Two drugs have gained approval in the EU by the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. These are agalsidase beta (Fabrazyme ® , Genzyme Corporation) and agalsidase alfa (Replagal ® , Transkaryotic Thera- pies, Inc.). This review will describe clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability of agalsidase alfa.
A new ‘hybrid’ molecular square composed of alternating multiply-bonded dinuclear and mononuclear corners

The incorporation of both dinuclear (M2) and mononuclear (M′) units into molecular squares has been achieved by reacting a triply bonded Re2(II,II) complex that possesses two cis isonicotinate donor ligands with Pt(II) molecules that contain substitutionally labile cis triflate groups.
Mechanisms for coalition formation and cost sharing in an electronic marketplace

In this paper we study the mechanism design problem of coalition formation and cost sharing in an electronic marketplace, where buyers can form coalitions to take advantage of discounts based on volume. The desirable mechanism properties include stability (being in the core), and incentive compatibility with good eficiency, concepts from the perspectives of cooperative and non-cooperative game theory. We first analyze the problem from both these perspectives. We show the impossibility to simultaneously satisfy efficiency, budget balance and individual rationality at a Bayesian-Nash equilibrium, and propose a mechanism in the core of the game. We then present a group of reasonable mechanisms that are derived from the two perspectives, and evaluate their performance in incentive compatibility. Empirical results show positive correlation between stability and incentive compatibility(which is in turn related to efficiency). The mechanism which shares the coalition cost in an egalitarian way is the best in terms of both stability and incentive compatibility.
Some English Stationers of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: In the Light of their Autobiographies

(1966). Some English Stationers of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: In the Light of their Autobiographies. Business History: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 1-12.
Reference Pricing With Evidence Development: A Way Forward for Proton Therapy

Next month, the Washington State Health Technology Assessment Program (HTAP) will decide whether and under what circumstances the state’s public payers will pay for proton therapy, a promising but expensive cancer treatment. HTAP has a unique legislative mandate in the United States to evaluate health technologies and translate evidence of comparative cost-effectiveness into payment policy. HTAP’s decisions are closely scrutinized, and they influence the payment policy of other payers in the US health care system. HTAP’s examination of proton therapy comes at a decisive moment: major insurers have recently announced policies that restrict coverage for proton therapy to narrow indications. 1 HTAP should not follow suit. Proton therapy comparative effectiveness research is a particular priority. Compared with photon therapies such as intensitymodulated radiotherapy (IMRT), proton therapy reduces low and intermediate radiation dose to nearby normal tissue, holding promise as more effective or better tolerated radiation treatment. However, proton therapy has greater physical and biologic uncertainties. For example, because we cannot determine where proton therapy terminates in tissue with enough precision, we routinely overshoot tumor targets to ensure adequate radiation coverage. Proton therapy uncertainties could affect clinical outcomes; thus, we must establish whether its novel advantages actually translate into clinical benefits. Yet, as the HTAP appraisal shows, high-quality comparative effectiveness evidence is woefully lacking. 2 Moreover, the costs are consequential; median Medicare reimbursement for proton therapy is $13,000 higher than that for IMRT for prostate cancer and substantially greater in the commercial insurance market. Washington State and other payers face an unenviable choice: pay for an expensive therapy that has not been shown to be better than less expensive alternatives for prevalent malignancies or restrict coverage to rare tumors in which clinical benefit appears compelling. We propose a better way forward: reference pricing with evidence development. Reference pricing establishes a common level of payment for different therapies with similar outcomes. Under reference pricing,
Evaluation of transgenic mouse bioassays for identifying carcinogens and noncarcinogens

Abstract Data supporting the use of transgenic lines to identify carcinogens and noncarcinogens are thus far based on a limited number of chemicals for which there are also long-term bioassay results in rats and/or mice. Six chemicals have been tested in the heterozygous p53-deficient mice and 13 in the Tg · AC line. The results show that the p53def responds rapidly to mutagenic carcinogens and the Tg · AC responds rapidly to both mutagenic and nonmutagenic carcinogens. Neither transgenic line responded to the noncarcinogens that were tested. The p53def line failed to respond to two nonmutagenic carcinogens (N-methyloacrylamide and reserpine), the Tg · AC line failed to respond to ethyl acrylate, a nonmutagenic chemical that induced tumors of the forestomach when administered by gavage, and to triethanolamine that caused an increase in hepatocellular tumors in B6C3F1 mice via skin painting. Both of the latter chemicals are examples of highly specific responses related to either route of administration or to strain susceptibility. Further efforts to evaluate the range of chemicals to which these transgenic lines respond are currently in progress.
Alliance Capabilities Review and Research Agenda

A significant amount of empirical work has examined the role of alliances in enhancing firms’ innovative output and economic performance. Most of this research directly relates organizational and environmental attributes to alliance-related outcomes. However, in recent years, empirical research has begun to recognize the crucial role of alliance capabilities in explaining performance heterogeneities across alliances and across firms engaging in alliances. But no systematic review of the growing body of empirical research on alliance capabilities has been undertaken to help us understand why and how capabilities matter. In our paper, we first review prior empirical research on alliance capabilities, their antecedents, and their outcomes in terms of a framework that distinguishes between (1) three levels of analysis, an individual alliance versus a portfolio versus a dyad; and (2) two stages of the alliance, preformation versus postformation. We then advance the literature through an integrative conceptual ...
A single lysine in the N-terminal region of store-operated channels is critical for STIM1-mediated gating.

Store-operated Ca2+ entry is controlled by the interaction of stromal interaction molecules (STIMs) acting as endoplasmic reticulum ER Ca2+ sensors with calcium release–activated calcium (CRAC) channels (CRACM1/2/3 or Orai1/2/3) in the plasma membrane. Here, we report structural requirements of STIM1-mediated activation of CRACM1 and CRACM3 using truncations, point mutations, and CRACM1/CRACM3 chimeras. In accordance with previous studies, truncating the N-terminal region of CRACM1 or CRACM3 revealed a 20–amino acid stretch close to the plasma membrane important for channel gating. Exchanging the N-terminal region of CRACM3 with that of CRACM1 (CRACM3-N(M1)) results in accelerated kinetics and enhanced current amplitudes. Conversely, transplanting the N-terminal region of CRACM3 into CRACM1 (CRACM1-N(M3)) leads to severely reduced store-operated currents. Highly conserved amino acids (K85 in CRACM1 and K60 in CRACM3) in the N-terminal region close to the first transmembrane domain are crucial for STIM1-dependent gating of CRAC channels. Single-point mutations of this residue (K85E and K60E) eliminate store-operated currents induced by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and reduce store-independent gating by 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate. However, short fragments of these mutant channels are still able to communicate with the CRAC-activating domain of STIM1. Collectively, these findings identify a single amino acid in the N terminus of CRAC channels as a critical element for store-operated gating of CRAC channels.
Building a Sustainable Model of Human Energy in Organizations: Exploring the Critical Role of Resources

This article makes the critical role that the construct of energy plays in motivation research and reviews six literatures related to human energy in a work context: (1) conservation of resources, (2) attention restoration theory, (3) ego-depletion theory, (4) energetic activation, (5) interaction ritual chain, and (6) self-determination theory. We clarify definitions of human energy, show how they are related to constructs like flow, motivation, and resources, and show how ideas related to energy can be integrated across these literatures. We use the literatures to build and integrative model of human energy in organizations. The model captures the dynamics of human energy, demonstrates how energy can be both a scarce and an abundant resource, integrates resources and resourcing into the model, and how motivation needs to account for the creation of resources as well as the use of resources. We also use the model to provide insights into important future research in this area.
GRIP STRENGTH IMPAIRMENTS AMONG OLDER ADULTS RECEIVING PHYSICAL THERAPY IN A HOME-CARE SETTING

A hand-grip dynamometer was used to assess the magnitude and prevalence of grip strength impairments among 41 home-care patients with diverse diagnoses (e.g., stroke, cancer, fracture, osteoarthritis). Based on published reference values, patients (as a whole) were weaker than normal for age and sex. The prevalence of weakness was 85.4% on one or the other side and 70.7% on both sides. Considering the prognostic importance of grip strength, this study emphasized the potential value of its measurement in a home-care population.
Letter to the Editor---The Fiske Model of Warfare

It appears that Lanchester's well-known N-square Law, described in his book Aircraft in Warfare Lanchester, F. W. 1916. Aircraft in warfare the dawn of the fourth arm. Constable and Company, Ltd., London. and published in 1916, was anticipated at least ten years either by Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske. As reported by Robison in A History of Naval Tactics Robison, Rear Adm S. S. [U.S. Navy Ret], Robison, Mary L. 1942. A history of naval tactics from 1530 to 1930. U.S. Naval Institute, Annapolis., the Naval Institute Prize for 1905 was awarded to Rear Admiral then Commander Bradley A. Fiske for an essay titled “American Naval Policy”.
An entity-relationship approach to schema evolution

A dynamically evolving information system supports changes to its database schema in order to facilitate the needs of new application programs. This paper presents an approach to schema evolution through changes to the entity-relationship schema of a database. This approach has the advantage of being closer to the designer's perception of data, rather than to the logical database schema which describes how data are stored in the database. The underlying database structure is re-organized, if necessary, to accommodate new data without the changes affecting existing objects. In this way and through the construction of views, modifications of existing programs are avoided while all objects in the database are accessible to all application programs, both new and old. Thus, the invariance of the programs' interface is preserved by the views. >
The whys and wherefores of who reads dermatopathology slides.

Before exploring this topic, I must admit to my own financial bias. As director of an academic dermatopathology laboratory employing 4 dermatopathologists in addition to myself, I would prefer that all skin biopsy specimens be sent to our laboratory for processing and interpretation. Since this is not possible, I would settle for all skin specimens in the state of Connecticut. Since this is also unlikely, my next wish would be that all specimens in our state be sent to either Yale or the University of Connecticut. The reasons are both straightforward and simple: quality of care and economics. Dermatopathology laboratories are financially lucrative and help support not only the salaries of the highly qualified and dual and triple Board-certified faculty, but they are also often the financial engine that helps support academic department missions, including education and research. In addition, in this type of setting, there is a team approach to difficult and challenging cases. In our department we have the good fortune to have faculty who were trained by different, albeit all highly respected, mentors. As a result, in-house consultation by 5 dermatopathologists is a routine daily occurrence. When the 5 of us sit around the multiheaded microscope, there are 3 clinical dermatologists/dermatopathologists, 1 anatomic pathologist/dermatopathologist, and 1 anatomic pathologist/dermatopathologist/immuno-
The Influence of a (GT)29 Microsatellite Sequence on Homologous Recombination in the Hamster Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase Gene

Several DNA sequence elements are thought to stimulate homologous recombination, illegitimate recombination, or both in mammalian cells. Some are implicated by their recurrence around rearrangement breakpoints, others by their effects on recombination of extrachromosomal plasmids. None of these sequences, however, has been tested on the chromosome in a defined context. In this paper we show how the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase locus in CHO cells can be used to study the recombinogenic potential of defined DNA sequences. As an example we have measured the effect on homologous recombination of a dinucleotide repeat, (GT)29, which has been shown to stimulate homologous recombination in extrachromosomal vectors 3-20 fold. On the chromosome at the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase locus, however, this sequence shows no capacity to stimulate recombination or to influence the distribution of recombination events.
Spatially Weighted Objective Function to Solve the Inverse Elasticity Problem for the Elastic Modulus

We briefly review the iterative solution of the inverse problem in elasticity, which is posed as a constrained optimization method. The objective function minimizes the discrepancy between a measured and a computed displacement field in the L-2 norm and is subject to the static equations of equilibrium in elasticity. We realize that this inverse formulation is sensitive to Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions, i.e., sensitive to varying spatial deformations in the region of interest. This problem arises in particular, when solving the inverse problem for more than one inclusion in a homogeneous background, where the inclusions represent diseased tissues such as cysts, benign tumors, malignant tumors, etc. In order to address this issue, we propose to introduce a new formulation of the objective function, where the displacement correlation term is spatially weighted. We refer to this new formulation as the spatially weighted objective function and show that it improves the uniqueness of the inverse problem solution.
Contribution of Raman scattering to polarized radiation field in ocean waters

We have implemented Raman scattering in a vector radiative transfer model for coupled atmosphere and ocean systems. A sensitivity study shows that the Raman scattering contribution is greatest in clear waters and at longer wavelengths. The Raman scattering contribution may surpass the elastic scattering contribution by several orders of magnitude at depth. The degree of linear polarization in water is smaller when Raman scattering is included. The orientation of the polarization ellipse shows similar patterns for both elastic and inelastic scattering contributions. As polarimeters and multipolarization-state lidars are planned for future Earth observing missions, our model can serve as a valuable tool for the simulation and interpretation of these planned observations.
Residual Stresses in TiO 2 Anatase Thin Films Deposited on Glass, Sapphire and Si Substrates

Anatase-TiO2 films (thickness 100-1000 nm) were grown on glass, sapphire, and Si(100) substrates using pulsed dc-magnetron reactive sputtering. By measuring the curvature of substrates before and after the thin film deposition, the residual stresses were determined. These results clearly show that the bi-axial stresses are compressive type and decreases with the increasing film thickness. The Raman spectra of these films were measured with two different excitation wavelengths (514 and 785 nm) and the thickness dependent shifts of Eg phonon mode were studied. The dominant 144 cm-1 Eg mode in TiO2 anatase clearly shifts to a higher value by 0.45 to 17.4 cm-1 depending on the type of substrate and the thickness of the film. Maximum shift was seen for the films on glass substrate indicating a higher bi-axial compressive stress in agreement with the curvature measurements. The excitation wavelength dependent shift of Eg mode clearly shows that the bi-axial stress increases along the film depth, being larger at the film/substrate interface.
Elections and Decision Making on State High Courts: Examining Legitimacy and Judicial Review

There has long been a debate over how we should select and retain justices on state supreme courts. Many argue that electing the members of these courts challenges the impartiality of the judicial branch. Others highlight that these elected institutions are to be accountable to the public, a condition that is being met. To inform this debate, scholars have long sought to determine if there are significant differences in the composition of, or decision making on these courts. This article continues in that tradition, examining the use of the courts’ most important power, judicial review, on elected and appointed courts. I find very few differences in the use of judicial review among courts with different methods of selection and retention.
Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Transient Species in the Pulse Radiolytic Oxidation of Aqueous Aniline

Recent advances in time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy make it practical to examine the vibrational spectra of transient intermediates produced in radiation and photochemical processes. Appropriate studies provide structural and kinetic information on these transients, and also mechanistic information on their mode of formation and decay. Recently, we have applied this technique, combined with pulse radiolysis methods, to examine in detail the vibrational spectra and structure of several transient species, including the prototype aromatic oxy radicals such as semiquinone [1] and phenoxyl [2]. In the latter case the decay of phenoxyl radical at ~ 10−5 [M] concentrations has been shown to proceed entirely by second order processes (2k = 2.6 × 109 [M−1s−1]). In the study reported here we have examined, by Raman spectroscopy, the oxidation of aniline in aqueous solution by azide radical (N3·). In acidic solution the aniline radical cation, which is isoelectronic with phenoxyl radical, is produced by electron — transfer to the azide radical.
Temperature level and the growth of embryo and tumor of tumor-bearing eggs.

The technique of growing tumor tissue in embryonated eggs has been routine in this laboratory for more than 4 years. The use of the yolk sac method of inoculation has made it comparatively simple to maintain rat and mouse tumors indefinitely by egg to egg inoculations.1, 2The size of the tumors grown in this manner were of the same order as those obtained by transplant in the host animal. This continued to be so after as much as 114 transplant-generations or about 4 years continuously in eggs. Apparently the egg environment satisfies all the requirements of malignant tissue for vigorous growth.The inoculation of eggs through the yolk sac results in tumor implantation on the yolk sac inner wall.3 In this situation the growth of the tumor presents a minimum of interference with the development of the chick embryo. Tumor tissue and chick tissue grow together sharing a common blood supply. It is not uncommon for the egg-grown tumor to weigh as much as 6 g at the 17 th day of egg incubation, while the chick em...
Fundamental and Applied Research in Marketing

ing and to make some distinctions among kinds of research activities. Special consideration will be given to what appear to be significant differences between the nature and strategy of fundamental research and the nature and strategy of applied research. The role and the future potentials of each category will be discussed. Finally, an attempt will be made to indicate some opportunities for fundamental research that appear to be of critical importance to the professional development of marketing and to a continually rising trend line of economic performance.