cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A complex variable approach for asymptotic Mode-III crack-tip fields in an anisotropic functionally graded material

This paper addresses asymptotic full crack-tip fields for an anti-plane (Mode-III) stationary crack in an anisotropic functionally graded material. A monoclinic material that has a material symmetry plane is considered. The complex variable approach and the asymptotic analysis are used to solve a perturbed Laplace equation resulting from material anisotropy and gradation. The out-of-plane displacement and stress solutions are provided for a crack in exponentially and linearly graded anisotropic materials by considering material gradation either parallel or perpendicular to the crack. The characteristics of the asymptotic solutions in an anisotropic functionally graded material are compared with those for anisotropic homogeneous and isotropic graded materials. Finally, engineering significance of the present work is discussed.
Regulatory Changes to Enable the Development of More Efficient Transport Category Aircraft

This paper studies the history of cabin pressurization regulations and makes policy recommendations to amend them in a manner that would encourage the design of all-new aircraft. One recently amended regulation (Code of Federal Regulations, Title 14, Sec. 25.841) has an unintended byproduct. The Federal Aviation Administration must grant a compliance waiver in order to certify a new aircraft design with wing-mounted engines to fly at altitudes much above 40,000 ft. However, the Federal Aviation Administration grandfathers existing designs with higher certified ceilings and permits these designs to be modified under the Changed Product Rule (Code of Federal Regulations, Title 14, Sec. 21.101). Because all but the largest commercial aircraft have their useful aerodynamic efficiency compromised if they are restricted to fly at or below 40,000 ft, the current regulation favors current production or derivative changes to existing certified aircraft over the development of an all-new modern airframe. Additional...
Hapten and antibody production for a sensitive immunoassay determining a human urinary metabolite of the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin

Permethrin is the most popular synthetic pyrethroid insecticide in agriculture and public health. For the development of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to evaluate human exposure to permethrin, the glycine conjugate (DCCA-glycine) of a major metabolite, cis/trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (DCCA), of permethrin was established as the target analyte. Four different types of the cis- and trans-isomers of immunizing haptens were synthesized as follows: N-(cis/trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carbonyl)glycine (hapten 3), N-(cis/trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carbonyl)-4-amino-l-phenylalanine (hapten 5), N-(N-(cis/trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carbonyl)glycine)amino-6-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)aminohexanoic acid (hapten 9), and N-(cis/trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carbonyl)glycine-4-oxobutanoic acid (hapten 24). Sixteen polyclonal antibodies produced against each cis- o...
Control of Cationic Conjugated Polymer Performance in Light Emitting Diodes by Choice of Counterion

Counterion exchange in cationic conjugated polyelectrolytes provides for a straightforward method to modulate the performance of these materials as the electron transport (injection) layer (ETL) in organic light emitting diodes. The bromide counterions of [(9,9-bis(6‘-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)-hexyl)fluorene]bromide (PF-Br) can be easily replaced with trifluoromethylsulfonate (PF-CF3SO3), tetrakis(imidazolyl)borate (PF-BIm4) or tetrakis(3,5-trifluoromethylphenyl)borate (PF-BArF4) by a procedure that involves precipitation and washing. The performance of LEDs using MEH-PPV as the emissive layer, Al as the cathode, and the conjugated polyelectrolytes as the ETL varies in the order: PF-BIm4 > PF-CF3SO3 > PF-Br > PF-BArF4. In the case of PF-BIm4, the luminous efficiencies of the devices are similar to those of devices using Ba as the cathode. Thus, by properly choosing the counterion one can use higher work function metals that are more stable than lower work function metals without a substantial barrier to e...
Ability of Hematologic and Serum Biochemical Variables to Differentiate Gram‐Negative and Gram‐Positive Mastitis in Dairy Cows

Medical records of 142 dairy cows with clinical mastitis were examined to determine whether hematologic or serum biochemical results could be used to distinguish between mastitis episodes caused by gram-negative bacteria (n = 78) from those caused by gram-positive bacteria (n = 64). Signalment, historic information, hematologic and serum biochemical results, milk culture results, and outcome (discharged from hospital or died) were obtained from the medical records. Cows with gram-negative mastitis had significantly (P < .01) lower blood leukocyte, segmented neutrophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte counts and had higher blood hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrits than did cows with gram-positive mastitis. Serum urea nitrogen was the only serum biochemical result associated with pathogen type, and it was higher in cows with gram-negative mastitis than in those with gram-positive mastitis. Mortality rate (25% overall) did not differ between groups. Logistic regression indicated that routine hematologic analysis (segmented neutrophil count, monocyte count, and hemoglobin concentration) was an accurate predictor of gram-negative mastitis, with a sensitivity of .93, a specificity of .89, and an overall accuracy of 91%. The values for sensitivity and specificity were higher than those previously reported for clinical tests differentiating mastitis episodes caused by gram-negative bacteria from those caused by gram-positive bacteria. Our results indicate that routine hematologic analysis is useful for predicting pathogen type in dairy cows with clinical mastitis, thereby facilitating treatment decisions.
Origin of the Earth's Magnetic Field

THERE is considerable physical evidence that the earth possesses a metallic core1. Jeffreys2 has estimated the viscosity of the core and finds it as low as 1010 C.G.S. units. If this value is correct, an intense thermal convection must be maintained in the core by the heat development of radioactive impurities, even if the amount of the latter is exceedingly small compared to their concentration in the earth's crust.
Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Transcription Factors 1α and 2α in the Regulation of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Expression in a Human Trophoblast Cell Line

The plasminogen activator inhibitors (PAIs) play critical roles in regulating hemostatic and invasive functions of trophoblasts through suppression of plasmin-dependent fibrinolysis and extracellular matrix degradation. The expression of PAI-1 is increased under hypoxic conditions, although the mechanism remains incompletely understood. In the current study we used HTR-8/SVneo cells, a first trimester extravillous trophoblast cell line, and siRNA technology to examine the role of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs)-1alpha and -2alpha in the regulation of PAI-1 expression. Using serum-containing and serum-free media culture media it was initially noted that levels of PAI-1, but not PAI-2 protein, were markedly induced by hypoxic (2-3% oxygen) treatment. Under hypoxic conditions, Western blotting revealed that the presence of siRNAs to HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha suppressed expression of their respective proteins, whereas treatment with non-targeting and cyclophilin B siRNAs did not. Importantly, incubation with siRNA to HIF-1alpha or HIF-2alpha alone reduced PAI-1 protein levels to a similar extent, with the combined treatment inducing a more profound effect. The presence of HIF siRNAs reduced levels of PAI-1 mRNA as measured by quantitative real-time PCR, indicating that HIF-1alpha and HIF-2 alpha regulate PAI-1 expression at a transcriptional level. These results indicate that both HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha play important and similar roles in hypoxia-mediated stimulation of PAI-1 expression in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Our findings provide insight into the physiological regulation of trophoblast PAI-1 expression in early pregnancy when placental oxygen levels are low, as well as a mechanism for over-expression of placental PAI-1 noted in pregnancies with preeclampsia.
Rapid phase modulation for optical coherence tomography using electro-optic phase modulator

Optical dispersion of an electro-optic crystal was theoretically estimated and experimentally compensated. The results show that electro-optic phase modulators can be used to implement rapid no-moving-parts phase modulation in optical coherence tomography systems.
Dispersion characteristics of open microstrip lines using closed-form asymptotic extraction

A full-wave spectral-domain method with an asymptotic extraction technique is formulated for multilayer microstrip lines. This formulation provides a simple closed-form representation of the asymptotic part of the impedance matrix by using Chebyshev polynomial basis functions with the square-root edge condition and the asymptotic behaviour of the Green's function. The formulation is applied to open microstrip lines. Numerical results, in the form of the effective dielectric constants, are presented for the dominant mode. It is shown that the proposed method significantly reduces the computational time and improves the accuracy over the conventional spectral-domain approach (SDA).
Self-association equilibria of Escherichia coli UvrD helicase studied by analytical ultracentrifugation

The Escherichia coli UvrD protein (helicase II) is an SF1 superfamily helicase required for methyl-directed mismatch repair and nucleotide excision repair of DNA. We have characterized quantitatively the self-assembly equilibria of the UvrD protein as a function of [NaCl], [glycerol], and temperature (5-35 degrees C; pH 8.3) using analytical sedimentation velocity and equilibrium techniques, and find that UvrD self-associates into dimeric and tetrameric species over a range of solution conditions (t</=25 degrees C). Increasing [NaCl] from 20mM to 200 mM decreases the dimerization equilibrium constant (L(20)) from 2.33(+/-0.30) microM(-1) to 0.297(+/-0.006) microM(-1) (pH 8.3, 20% (v/v) glycerol, 25 degrees C). The overall tetramerization equilibrium constant (L(40)) is 5.11(+/-0.80) microM(-3) at 20mM NaCl, but decreases so that it is not measurable at 200 mM NaCl. At 500 mM NaCl, only UvrD monomers are detectable. Increasing [glycerol] over the range from 20% to 40% (v/v) decreases both L(20) and L(40). We find no evidence for hexamer formation, although a species consistent in size with an octamer is detected at 35 degrees C. Inclusion of either ADP or ATPgammaS does not affect either L(20) or L(40) significantly, and does not induce the formation of additional assembly states. We also investigated the stoichiometry of UvrD binding to a 3'-(dT)(20)-18 bp DNA substrate by sedimentation equilibrium. At saturating concentrations of UvrD, three UvrD monomers can bind to the DNA substrate, although only two UvrD monomers are required to form a processive helicase complex. When the total DNA substrate concentration is about twofold greater than the total UvrD concentration, the vast majority of the DNA is bound by a single UvrD monomer.
Role of the 5′-Proximal Stem-Loop Structure of the 5′ Untranslated Region in Replication and Translation of Hepatitis C Virus RNA

Sequences of the untranslated regions at the 5′ and 3′ ends (5′UTR and 3′UTR) of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA genome are highly conserved and contain cis-acting RNA elements for HCV RNA replication. The HCV 5′UTR consists of two distinct RNA elements, a short 5′-proximal stem-loop RNA element (nucleotides 1 to 43) and a longer element of internal ribosome entry site. To determine the sequence and structural requirements of the 5′-proximal stem-loop RNA element in HCV RNA replication and translation, a mutagenesis analysis was preformed by nucleotide deletions and substitutions. Effects of mutations in the 5′-proximal stem-loop RNA element on HCV RNA replication were determined by using a cell-based HCV replicon replication system. Deletion of the first 20 nucleotides from the 5′ end resulted in elimination of cell colony formation. Likewise, disruption of the 5′-proximal stem-loop by nucleotide substitutions abolished the ability of HCV RNA to induce cell colony formation. However, restoration of the 5′-proximal stem-loop by compensatory mutations with different nucleotides rescued the ability of the subgenomic HCV RNA to replicate in Huh7 cells. In addition, deletion and nucleotide substitutions of the 5′-proximal stem-loop structure, including the restored stem-loop by compensatory mutations, all resulted in reduction of translation by two- to fivefold, suggesting that the 5′-proximal stem-loop RNA element also modulates HCV RNA translation. These findings demonstrate that the 5′-proximal stem-loop of the HCV RNA is a cis-acting RNA element that regulates HCV RNA replication and translation.
Requirement of the Adenovirus IVa2 Protein for Virus Assembly

The adenovirus L1 52/55-kDa protein is required for viral DNA packaging and interacts with the viral IVa2 protein, which binds to the viral packaging sequence. Previous reports suggest that the IVa2 protein plays a role in viral DNA packaging and that this function of the IVa2 protein is serotype specific. To further examine the function of the IVa2 protein in viral DNA packaging, a mutant virus that does not express the IVa2 protein was constructed by introducing two stop codons at the beginning of the IVa2 open reading frame in a full-length bacterial clone of adenovirus type 5. The mutant virus, pm8002, was defective for growth in 293 cells, although it replicated its DNA and produced early and late viral proteins. Electron microscopic and gradient analyses revealed that the mutant virus did not assemble any viral particles in 293 cells. In 293-IVa2 cells, which express the IVa2 protein, infectious viruses were produced, although the titer of the mutant virus was lower than that of the wild-type virus, indicating that these cells may not fully complement the mutation. The mutant viral particles produced in 293-IVa2 cells were heterogeneous in size and shape, less stable, and did not traffic efficiently to the nucleus. Marker rescue experiments with a wild-type IVa2 DNA fragment confirmed that the only mutations present in pm8002 were in the IVa2 gene. The results indicate that the IVa2 protein is required for adenovirus assembly and suggest that virus particles may be assembled around the DNA rather than DNA being packaged into preformed capsids.
Cryogenic amplifiers for Jansky Very Large Array receivers

The Very Large Array (VLA) has been recently renamed the Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA) to honor Karl Jansky, the founder of radio astronomy. It has been undergoing a major expansion since 2001 to improve both the frequency coverage and sensitivity. This project previously known as Expanded VLA (EVLA) required new designs of cryogenic amplifiers to provide continuous coverage from 1 GHz to 50 GHz in eight bands with possible best noise temperature. This paper describes the device models and design approach used, provides examples of measured and modeled results, and presents repeatability of measured performance on large samples of amplifiers. These amplifiers in majority of the bands exhibit the best noise performance ever demonstrated at these frequencies, typically about five times the quantum noise hf/k, when measured at physical temperatures of 15–20 K.
Nepotism and brood reliability in the suppression of worker reproduction in the eusocial Hymenoptera

In many eusocial Hymenoptera, workers prevent each other from producing male offspring by destroying worker-laid eggs. Kin selection theory predicts that such ‘worker policing’ behaviour can evolve by increasing the average relatedness between workers and their male brood. Alternatively, if worker-laid eggs are of low relative viability, their replacement would increase the developmental reliability of the brood. Less colony investment in terms of time and resources would be lost on poor males. This gain is independent of the relatedness of the males. Unfortunately, both nepotistic and group efficiency benefits can simultaneously accrue with the replacement of worker-laid eggs. Therefore, worker behaviour towards eggs cannot completely resolve whether both processes have been equally evolutionarily important. Adequate resolution requires the presentation of worker-produced brood of various ages. The stage at which brood are replaced can discriminate whether worker policing occurs owing to a preference for closer genetic kin, a preference for the more reliable brood or both.
The Indian Bureau and Self-Government

(Editors' Note: It perhaps should be stated here that the editors, while welcoming Dr. Embree's article, do not wish to be thought of as endorsing it. This is not because they are averse to taking sides, but rather because it seems to them that the proposal made by Dr. Embree is a question for the applied anthropologist. First, should the general policy which he states be adopted? Which means can we expect the consequences, in the long run, to be as he states them? Second, what are the steps by which this is to be done? Can we work out, again as a problem in applied anthropology, a specific program for the Indians of the United States which will take into account the varying levels of acculturation, the differences in economic opportunity, and the problems of state and local administration which would necessarily arise if the transition to independence should be brought about?We believe that the most effective answer to the questions raised by Dr. Embree would be a detailed survey of the problems and the ...
Botanical and dietary supplements for menopausal symptoms: what works, what does not.

Background: Approximately two thirds of women who reach menopause develop menopausal symptoms, primarily hot flashes. Hormone therapy long was considered the first-line treatment for vasomotor symptoms. However, given the results of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), many women are reluctant use exogenous hormones for symptomatic treatment and are turning to botanicals and dietary supplement (BDS) products for relief. Despite the fact that there is limited scientific evidence describing efficacy and long-term safety of such products, many women find these natural treatments appealing. Perimenopausal and postmenopausal women are among the highest users of these products, but 70% of women do not tell their healthcare providers about their use. Compounding this issue is the fact that few clinicians ask their patients about use of BDS, largely because they have not been exposed to alternative medical practices in their training and are unfamiliar with these products. Methods: This paper reviews the botanica...
The Legacy of Robin M. Williams Jr. in the Short Twenty‐First Century

This essay describes Robin M. Williams Jr.’s maturation from a precocious college student to a fully formed sociological researcher by describing various personal and professional encounters with significant events of the twentieth century. I reflect on the ways the historical cataclysms of depression and war galvanized Williams and his peers to work toward radical change, both in their lives and in the world about them. The result was a remarkable societal transformation that improved the lives of ordinary citizens in many and diverse ways. The essay concludes with the hope that sociologists will once again be in the vanguard of social action, as Robin Williams was during his long career of teaching, research, and public criticism.
Nanocrystalline coating enhanced ductility in a Zr-based bulk metallic glass

Compression tests were conducted on the as-cast Zr58Ni13.6Cu18Al10.4 metallic glass at room temperature. The effect of nanocrystalline Ni-15%Fe coating (mean grain size: ∼10 nm) on mechanical properties was investigated. The results demonstrate that the strength, elastic limit, Young’s modulus, and fracture geometry and morphology are not affected by this nanostructured coating. However, the compressive plastic strain increased noticeably when the specimens were coated with a layer of nanocrystal, which is attributed to the increased shear band density. The high shear band density is suggested to be due to the inhibition of shear band operation by nanocrystalline coating. The significance of this study is that a new strategy was developed to improve the ductility of bulk metallic glasses.
Application of spectral analysis techniques in the intercomparison of aerosol data. Part II: Using maximum covariance analysis to effectively compare spatiotemporal variability of satellite and AERONET measured aerosol optical depth

Moderate Resolution Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MODIS) and Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiomater (MISR) provide regular aerosol observations with global coverage. It is essential to examine the coherency between space- and ground-measured aerosol parameters in representing aerosol spatial and temporal variability, especially in the climate forcing and model validation context. In this paper, we introduce Maximum Covariance Analysis (MCA), also known as Singular Value Decomposition analysis as an effective way to compare correlated aerosol spatial and temporal patterns between satellite measurements and AERONET data. This technique not only successfully extracts the variability of major aerosol regimes but also allows the simultaneous examination of the aerosol variability both spatially and temporally. More importantly, it well accommodates the sparsely distributed AERONET data, for which other spectral decomposition methods, such as Principal Component Analysis, do not yield satisfactory results. The comparison shows overall good agreement between MODIS/MISR and AERONET AOD variability. The correlations between the first three modes of MCA results for both MODIS/AERONET and MISR/ AERONET are above 0.8 for the full data set and above 0.75 for the AOD anomaly data. The correlations between MODIS and MISR modes are also quite high (greater than 0.9). We also examine the extent of spatial agreement between satellite and AERONET AOD data at the selected stations. Some sites with disagreements in the MCA results, such as Kanpur, also have low spatial coherency. This should be associated partly with high AOD spatial variability and partly with uncertainties in satellite retrievals due to the seasonally varying aerosol types and surface properties.
Simple transverse mode analysis of cancer cells in optofluidic intracavity spectroscopy

Paraxial beam resonator analysis is applied to optofluidic intracavity spectroscopy treating individual hemangiosarcoma cells as a thin lens. The extracted experimental focal lengths are significantly larger for cancerous cells than for noncancerous cells.
The Cryolife-O'Brien stentless aortic porcine xenograft valve.

Background: The advantageous design of the Cryolife-O'Brien stentless porcine aortic valve permits specific quick, easy, supravalvular implantation using single layer continuous 30 polypropylene suture. The advantages, contraindications, and implantation errors to avoid are detailed. The use of this valve for aortic valve replacement in the elderly population has been directed to proving its efficacy and establishing its grounds for durability while maintaining all of the advantages of a stentless tissue valve. Methods: From December 1992 to September 1998, this valve was used in 240 patients (mean age 73 years: 15% > 80 years), 45% receiving associated coronary artery grafting (2.4 grafts per patient). Left ventricular (LV) myomectomy was necessary in 12% of patients. Detailed postoperative follow-up (100%) analysis included 650 serial echocardiographic studies. Results: The 30-day mortality was low at 1.2% (3 deaths of 240 elderly patients). Ten patients had late mortality (1.5 months to 5 years), all nonvalve related. No structural failure and one only explant for endocarditis have occurred. Echocardiographic analyses have shown low mean transvalvular gradients in relationship to time (8.18 mmHg at 18 months) and to valve size (8.52 mmHg for a 23-mm host aortic annulus). Incompetence has been zero or a trace in 97% of the patients at 21/2 years. No patient over the 6 years shows valve deterioration. Conclusion: Six years of experience with this stentless valve in 240 elderly patients has revealed the many advantages of this safe, composite, and truly stentless device that is assembled without the need for Dacron support. Excellent sustained hemodynamics with low gradients, minimal regurgitation, and a good effective orifice have been coupled with low immediate mortality, no intrinsic valve failure, and one explant for endocarditis. Marked LV regression and minimal late valve-related complications confirm the safety and advantages of this stentless valve.
Academic Standards and Mass Higher Education

This article considers the role of academic standards in the wider context of the problem faced by modem societies of how to reconcile the survival and provision of elite higher education with the emergence of mass education. From the advantage of an outside perspective it examines the division between higher and further education and reflects on the implications of that separation and on the costs and consequences of the academic standards that characterise the British system of elite higher education. It considers the prospects for the emergence from further education of a truly mass system of institutions marked by lower per capita costs and lower standards standing alongside and linked with a system of higher education marked by very high academic standards. The article concludes that what is still lacking is a general recognition that all degree-granting higher education is only a part, albeit a central part, of a broad system of post-secondary and continuing education, marked by a diversity of standard, mission and cost, which has as its mission the advanced education of a whole society and not just its leadership.
IS SALT‐WASTING IN CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA DUE TO THE SAME GENE AS THE FASCICULATA DEFECT?

SUMMARY Clinical studies in patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) were designed to ascertain the genetics of the salt-wasting component of the disorder. The gene controlling aldosterone biosynthesis may not be the same gene that controls 21-hydroxylase in the adrenal zona fasciculata. This we infer from the following clinical observations: (1) concordance for salt-wasting is not observed in all HLA-identical sibs with CAH; (2) the defect in aldosterone biosynthesis does not persist throughout life as does the fasciculate defect; (3) there is a significantly increased gene frequency of B40 and Bw47 in salt-wasting CAH; (4) obligate heterozygote parents of patients with salt-wasting CAH do not express a partial defect in aldosterone biosynthesis, as they do in the fasciculata. These observations cast doubt on the accepted concept of the autosomal recessive transmission of the glomerulosa 21-hydroxylase deficiency.
Metal transport and chemical heterogeneity in early star forming systems

To constrain the properties of the first stars with the chemical abundance patterns observed in metal-poor stars, one must identify any non-trivial effects that the hydrodynamics of metal dispersal can imprint on the abundances. We use realistic cosmological hydrodynamic simulations to quantify the distribution of metals resulting from one Population III supernova and from a small number of such supernovae exploding in close succession. Overall, supernova ejecta are highly inhomogeneously dispersed throughout the simulations. When the supernova bubbles collapse, quasi-virialized metal-enriched clouds, fed by fallback from the bubbles and by streaming of metal-free gas from the cosmic web, grow in the centres of the dark matter haloes. Partial turbulent homogenization on scales resolved in the simulation is observed only in the densest clouds where the vortical time-scales are short enough to ensure true homogenization on subgrid scales. However, the abundances in the clouds differ from the gross yields of the supernovae. Continuing the simulations until the cloud have gone into gravitational collapse, we predict that the abundances in second-generation stars will be deficient in the innermost mass shells of the supernova (if only one has exploded) or in the ejecta of the latest supernovae (when multiple have exploded). This indicates that hydrodynamics gives rise to biases complicating the identification of nucleosynthetic sources in the chemical abundance spaces of the surviving stars.
White matter and reading deficits after pediatric traumatic brain injury: A diffusion tensor imaging study

Pediatric traumatic brain injury often results in significant long-term deficits in mastery of reading ability. This study aimed to identify white matter pathways that, when damaged, predicted reading deficits in children. Based on the dual-route model of word reading, we predicted that integrity of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus would be related to performance in sight word identification while integrity of the superior longitudinal fasciculus would be related to performance in phonemic decoding. Reading fluency and comprehension were hypothesized to relate to the superior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and cingulum bundle. The connectivity of white matter pathways was used to predict reading deficits in children aged 6 to 16 years with traumatic brain injury (n = 29) and those with orthopedic injury (n = 27) using tract-based spatial statistics. Results showed that children with traumatic brain injury and reduced microstructural integrity of the superior longitudinal fasciculus demonstrated reduced word-reading ability on sight word and phonemic decoding tasks. Additionally, children with traumatic brain injury and microstructural changes involving the cingulum bundle demonstrated reduced reading fluency. Results support the association of a dorsal pathway via the superior longitudinal fasciculus with both sight word reading and phonemic decoding. No association was identified between the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and sight word reading or phonemic decoding. Reading fluency was associated with the integrity of the cingulum bundle. These findings support dissociable pathways predicting word reading and fluency using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and provide additional information for developing models of acquired reading deficits by specifying areas of brain damage which may predict reading deficits following recovery from the acute phase of TBI.
Do personality traits explain the association between childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and substance use and problems in young adults?

Abstract Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with increased risk of substance-related problems in adulthood. While comorbid disorders have been hypothesized to account for this risk, the role of personality factors has not yet been examined, despite findings of robust associations between temperament and personality traits and both ADHD and substance use problems. 349 young adults ages 18–38 years ( M = 23.22 years, SD = 4.79, 54.7% male) completed a multi-informant assessment protocol, including self and informant retrospective measures of childhood ADHD symptoms, self-report measures of personality traits (NEO-FFM), and ratings of substance use and related problems. A multiple mediational framework was used to examine whether personality traits explained the association between childhood ADHD symptoms and substance use and problems in adulthood. Results revealed that childhood hyperactivity–impulsivity, but not inattention, directly influenced substance use and problems in adulthood. However, several indirect effects involving personality traits also emerged. Neuroticism and agreeableness appeared to be more relevant for explaining links between childhood ADHD symptom dimensions and substance-related problems, whereas conscientiousness and openness appeared to explain associations between childhood ADHD symptom dimensions and substance use. Overall, findings highlight the importance of personality traits for understanding the overlap among disorders on the externalizing spectrum.
Research Techniques Made Simple: Noninvasive Imaging Technologies for the Delineation of Basal Cell Carcinomas

In this article we discuss the development of noninvasive imaging modalities to help delineate tumor margins of basal cell carcinomas in the setting of Mohs micrographic surgery. A review of the available literature reveals that dermoscopy can help delineate basal cell carcinomas before surgical removal but that it has no benefit over clinical inspection in reducing the number of Mohs stages. In contrast, fluorescence confocal microscopy has a sensitivity of 88–96% and specificity of 89–99% for the detection of basal cell carcinomas and can potentially serve as a rapid means for tumor evaluation on ex vivo specimens. Optical coherence tomography has shown some success in the presurgical evaluation of tumor margins in vivo, before surgical excision. With ongoing developments in device portability, speed of image retrieval, and image resolution, these technologies are likely to gain traction in cutaneous oncology research and practice. It is therefore important for dermatology clinicians and researchers to understand the mechanisms, principal uses, advantages, and limitations of each device.
Generation and Transport of Bubbles in Intense Ultrasonic Fields

This paper examines cavitation phenomena generated by a 500 kHz, high-intensity focused ultrasonic (HIFU) beam, with pressure amplitude in the focal zone of up to 19 atm, in quiescent water and at the exit of a jet. The pressure field and cavitation are visualized using high-speed digital in-line holography. The spatial distribution of the acoustic pressure is determined form the variations in the water density and refractive index. A partial standing wave is generated by the reflection of the sound from the wall of the test chamber. Several cavitation phenomena are observed. At low to moderate sound levels, bubbly layers form in the pressure nodes of the standing wave, in the periphery of the focal zone. At high sound levels, clouds of vapor bubbles are generated in the antinodes, and migrate in the direction of the acoustic beam at speeds in the 1–4 m/s range. Both the cloud size and velocity oscillate, with the size peaking in the nodes and the velocity in the antinodes. A model for the cloud dynamics shows that the periodic velocity variation is dominated by the balance between the primary Bjerknes force and the drag. The secondary Bjerknes force involving interactions among the bubbles within the cloud is a likely cause for the size oscillations.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
3D Printing and Nanomanufacturing

The rapid development of 3D printing and nanomanufacturing techniques has attracted tremendous attention within the field of bioengineering, in particular biomaterials and tissue engineering. Typical 3D printing and nanomanufacturing techniques use laser or UV light to fabricate 3D objects in a point-by-point or layer-by-layer fashion corresponding to 3D computer-aided design models. In this chapter, we give an overview of the existing 3D printing and nanomanufacturing techniques, particularly laser-assisted direct writing techniques and stereolithography systems. We describe the basic setups and processing principles of each system. We also introduce a variety of biomaterials, including their properties, applications, and the processing by the previously mentioned manufacturing systems. Furthermore, we emphasize the application of these 3D printing and nanomanufacturing techniques in the field of biomedical engineering with detailed examples of the state-of-the-art research that has been done worldwide. The cell lines, design guidelines, and parameters are reviewed as well.
Relaxation Theory and Experiments

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses relaxation theory and presents some experiments. The theoretical background for analyzing escape-avoidance behavior in terms of relaxation has been called elicitation theory or elicitation hypothesis. By and large, this approach is a comprehensive theory of behavior that borrows heavily from Hull, Guthrie, Tolman, and Skinner and represents an attempt to integrate these neo-behavioristic schools. On the contemporary scene, there are certain similarities between this theory and Premack's. In regard to learning, the theory is a monistic, contiguity position that emphasizes that a particular response must occur consistently and to the relative exclusion of other responses to be learned. Many variables that help mediate learning are those that commonly minimize or eliminate competing responses. The theory avoids positing hypothetical concepts or intervening variables, and it depends upon a continual, detailed analysis of stimulus and response for the explanation and prediction of behavior. The chapter presents the abstract concepts of stimulus, response class, and the relationship between them.
Antiviral activities of selected antimalarials against dengue virus type 2 and Zika virus.

In a previous study, twelve antimalarial compounds, amodiaquine (AQ) and derivatives, were shown to have potent anti-dengue viral (DENV) activity by using the stable DENV2 Renilla luciferase reporter replicon expressing BHK-21 cells, infectivity (plaque), and the qRT-PCR assays. In this study, we performed molecular modeling on these compounds to determine their stereo-electronic properties required for optimal antiviral activity. Based on the similarity of calculated stereo-electronic profiles, specifically the electrostatic potential profiles of the compounds, and in silico screening of related compounds from literature, we identified three additional compounds, Quinacrine (QC), Mefloquine (MQ), and GSK369796. Analysis of their antiviral activities indicated that all three compounds have high anti-DENV activity in the DENV2 replicon expressing cells with EC50 values of 5.30 ± 1.31 μM (QC), 3.22 ± 0.37 μM (MQ), and 5.06 ± 0.86 μM (GSK369796). The infectivity assays revealed the EC50 values of 7.09 ± 1.67 μM (QC), 4.36 ± 0.31 μM (MQ) and 3.03 ± 0.35 μM (GSK369796). The mode of action of these compounds is through inhibition of autophagy, thereby affecting DENV2 replication. Moreover, these compounds also showed antiviral activity against the rapidly emerging Zika virus (ZIKV) with EC50 values of 2.27 ± 0.14 μM (QC), 3.95 ± 0.21 μM (MQ), and 2.57 ± 0.09 μM (GSK369796).
The Politics of National Forest Management

On paper, the decision-making processes described in Chapter 3 appear detailed but straightforward. In theory, they are rational processes involving professional land managers reviewing proposals, assessing impacts associated with these proposals, evaluating several alternatives, and, only then, rendering a decision. In making decisions, land managers consult with agency experts from several disciplines and frequently with individuals from industry or public interest groups. Such consultation is consistent with the professional, scientific land-management paradigm. It assumes that with sufficient information about a proposal a land manager will be able to make an appropriate decision; one that efficiently utilizes public land resources and, in so doing, satisfies the public’s interest in land management.
Relationship between Teach-back and patient-centered communication in primary care pediatric encounters

Objective We proposed and tested a theoretical framework for how use of Teach-back could influence communication during the pediatric clinical encounter.
Evaluating Patient Education Materials for Grade Level

ABSTRACTPatients are often given patient education documents to take home with them when they leave the hospital. It is important that these documents be at an appropriate grade level since some patients have low health literacy and may be unable to read the materials given to them. Evaluators can use readability tools to assess their patient education materials and make sure they are at a sixth- to eighth-grade reading level. The hospital librarian can play a large role in identifying the grade level of patient education materials.
The Social Context of “Do-It-Yourself” Brain Stimulation: Neurohackers, Biohackers, and Lifehackers

The “do-it-yourself” (DIY) brain stimulation movement began in earnest in late 2011, when lay individuals began building stimulation devices and applying low levels of electricity to their heads for self-improvement purposes. To date, scholarship on the home use of brain stimulation has focused on characterizing the practices of users via quantitative and qualitative studies, and on analyzing related ethical and regulatory issues. In this perspective piece, however, I take the opposite approach: rather than viewing the home use of brain stimulation on its own, I argue that it must be understood within the context of other DIY and citizen science movements. Seen in this light, the home use of brain stimulation is only a small part of the “neurohacking” movement, which is comprised of individuals attempting to optimize their brains to achieve enhanced performance. Neurohacking itself is an offshoot of the “life hacking” (or “quantified self”) movement, in which individuals self-track minute aspects of their daily lives in order to enhance productivity or performance. Additionally, the home or DIY use of brain stimulation is in many ways parallel to the DIY Biology (or “biohacking”) movement, which seeks to democratize tools of scientific experimentation. Here, I describe the place of the home use of brain stimulation with regard to neurohackers, lifehackers, and biohackers, and suggest that a policy approach for the home use of brain stimulation should have an appreciation both of individual motivations as well as the broader social context of the movement itself.
Aspect and Argument structure in adjectival passives

This paper investigates the patterns regarding the (un)availability of by- phrases and agent-oriented modification in adjectival passives in Spanish. Departing from the observation that adjectival participles derived from change-of-state verbs ban agent-oriented modification but those derived from stative causative verbs allow it, I put forth a novel theoretical account that derives the restrictions solely from the Aktionsart of the underlying verbal predicate, syntactically modelled and independently motivated. I extend my proposal to German and Hebrew, which display a similar behavior, and propose a parametric account for languages like Greek that freely allow by- phrases and agent-oriented modification regardless of the Aktionsart of the underlying verbal predicate.
Effectiveness of Disinfectants Against Candida Auris and Other Candida Species

Contaminated surfaces are a suspected source for dissemination of the globally emerging pathogen Candida auris. In laboratory testing, sporicidal and improved hydrogen peroxide disinfectants were highly effective against C. auris, C. glabrata, and C. albicans. The widely used quaternary ammonium disinfectants exhibited relatively poor activity against all of the Candida species. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:1240-1243.
Mechanisms of Luteal Cell Regulation by Prolactin

The corpus luteum is an endocrine gland of limited lifespan formed from the remaining granulosa and theca cells of the follicle following ovulation. The main function of this gland is the synthesis and secretion of progesterone. Progesterone is a steroid hormone required for preparing the endometrium for implantation, regulating pituitary gonadotropin secretion and, importantly, maintaining a quiescent uterus by inhibiting the contractile activity of the myometrium, thus preventing the onset of parturition. In some species, such as the rat and mouse, the corpus luteum is responsible for the secretion of progesterone throughout pregnancy and is necessary for the entire length of gestation. In other species, such as human, the placenta assumes the majority of progesterone secretion at some point in gestation. In all mammals, however, progesterone is required for pregnancy and during a portion of gestation it must come from the corpus luteum.
The Basic Forms of GT-Manufacturing Systems

From the literary references and practice, there are a number of well known manufacturing processes to which different manufacturing systems can be allocated. Depending on the order batch size (small or large batches), functional machine layout and flow line systems (Fig. 2.1) are already recognized in the industrial manufacturing process.
Visualization of Civil Infrastructure Emphasizing Geomaterial Characterization and Performance

AbstractWith the advancements made in the spatial analyses, characterizarion methodologies, and management of large data sets, the visualization of geomaterial properties at different stages of civ...
The intersection of sex and gender in the treatment of influenza

Males/men and females/women differ in the outcome of influenza A virus (IAV) infections, vaccination, and antiviral treatments. Both sex (i.e. biological factors) and gender (i.e. sociocultural factors) can impact exposure and severity of IAV infections as well as responses and outcomes of treatments for IAV. Greater consideration of the combined effects of sex and gender in epidemiological, clinical, and animal studies of influenza pathogenesis is needed.
Lightwave-driven gapless superconductivity and forbidden quantum beats by terahertz symmetry breaking

Light-induced supercurrents chart a path forward for the electromagnetic design of emergent materials phases and collective modes for quantum engineering applications. However, controlled spatial–temporal modulation of the complex order parameter characterizing such non-equilibrium macroscopic quantum states remains elusive. Such ultrafast phase-amplitude modulation can manifest via high harmonic modes beyond those allowed by equilibrium symmetries. Here, we drive moving condensate states via subcycle dynamical symmetry breaking achieved with nonlinear oscillating terahertz photocurrents. These non-equilibrium macroscopic quantum states with broken inversion symmetry are controlled via Cooper pair acceleration by asymmetric and multi-cycle terahertz photoexcitations. The observed supercurrent-carrying states evolve during a lightwave cycle and exhibit three distinguishing features: Anderson pseudo-spin precessions forbidden by equilibrium symmetry, strong high harmonic coherent oscillations assisted by pairing and long-lived gapless superfluidity with minimal condensate quench. Lightwave tuning of persistent photocurrents can be extended for quantum control of unconventional superconductors and topological matter, with implications on quantum gate and sensing functionalities. The terahertz field-induced changes in the superconducting properties of a Nb3Sn film are investigated by time- and frequency-resolved terahertz spectroscopy. A gapless superconducting state and symmetry-forbidden odd-order coherent modes are observed.
Measurement of electrical contact resistance at nanoscale gold-graphite interfaces

An approach to measuring electrical contact resistance as a direct function of the true contact size at the nanoscale is presented. The approach involves conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) measurements performed on a sample system comprising atomically flat interfaces (up to several hundreds of nanometers in lateral size) formed between gold islands and a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrate. The method overcomes issues associated with traditional C-AFM such that conduction can be correlated with a measurable true, conductive contact area. Proof-of-principle experiments performed on gold islands of varying size point toward an increasing contribution of the island-HOPG junction to the measured total resistance with decreasing island size. Atomistic simulations complement and elucidate experimental results, revealing the maximum island size below which the electrical contact resistance at the island-HOPG junction can be feasibly extracted from the measured total resistance.